LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

University  of  California. 


GIFT    OF 


Class    5  Z  '^ 


m^. 


:^J^)^ 


THE 


IMPERIAL   DICTIONARY 


AND 


ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF   KNOWLEDGE 

UNABRIDGED 


Etymological  and  Pronouncing,  Literary,  Scientific  and  Technical 


CONTAINING  A  FULL  VOCABULARY  WITH  NUMEROUS  COLLOQUIALISMS  AND  PHRASES,  AND  NOTES 
ON  SYNONYMS,  PRONOUNCING  LISTS  OF  PROPER  NAMES  ;  FOREIGN  WORDS  AND  PHRASES  ;  ABBRE- 
VIATIONS, KEY  TO  NOTED  NAMES  IN  FICTION,  MYTHOLOGY,  ETC.;  ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF 
WRITERS  OF  ENGLISH  ;  WITH  DATES  AND  DEATH  ;  PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY  OF  GREEK,  LATIN, 
SCRIPTURAL  AND  OTHER  ANCIENT  NAMES;  PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL 
NAf4ES,  SELECT  PRONOUNCING  LIST  OF  MODERN  BIOGRAPHICAL  NAMES.  WORDS,  PHRASES,  AND 
NOTEWORTHY  SAYINGS  FROM  THE  LATIN,  GREEK  AND  MODERN  LANGUAGES  MET  WITH  IN  CUR- 
RENT ENGLISH  ;  ABBREVIATIONS  AND  CONTRACTIONS  COMMONLY  USED  IN  WRITING  AND  PRINT- 
ING ;  FORMS  OF  ADDRESS  IN  CEREMONIES,  COMMUNICATIONS  WITH  PERSONS  OF  TITLE  OR  OFFICIAL 
position;  principal  moneys  of  the  WORLD,  AND  THEIR  EQUIVALENTS  OR  APPROXIMATE 
EQUIVALENTS     IN     KNCiLISH     CURRENCY  ;    CONSTITUTION    OF    THE     UNITED     STATES    OF    AMERICA. 


Charles  Annandale,  .M.  A.   LL.D. 


THE   DICTIONARY 


STATISTICS  OF  THE   WORLD 

Of  the   Following  : 

age.  agriculture.  army.  astronomv.  balloon.  banks.  botany.  bridges.  burials.  butter.  beetroot, 
bklls.  birds.  births.  cities.  clans.  civil  srrvice.  coal.  commercr.  curiositie."!.  customs.  death. 
depopulation.  dairy.  diet.  disease.  divorce.  distances.  education.  electricity  emigration.  fasting, 
finance.  food.  fo-ests.  freights.  fruits.  gold  and  silver.  grain.  ice.  incomk.  ifjon.  insurance, 
irrigation.  kangaroo.  koumiss.  kings.  laborer.  lace.  lakes.  land.  libraries.  i.ifb.  lighthouse, 
lightning.  living.  cost  of  manufactures.  maize.  machinery.  m  ning.  money  monuments.  murder. 
music.  names.  nations.  navy.  night.  nobles.  occupation.  population.  pictures.  pins.  placards, 
police.  prices.  prostitution.  protection.  public  works.  quakers.  quicksilver.  rabbits.  railways. 
religion.  ransom.  seamen.  servants.  science.  shipping.  steam  pow^er.  squares.  statistics.  tide.  time, 
tobacco.    toys.    trade  union.    wages.   wars.    wealth  of  nations.    weight.   wheat.    windmills.    wine.    wool. 


-BY- 


MlCHAEL    G.     MULHALL 


AL   SOCIETY.        MEMBER   OF   THE    COMMITTEE   OF  THK    BRITISH    ASSOCIATION.       HONORARY   CORRES 
KR    OF  THE   I^OYAL  SCOTTISH    GEOGRAPHICAL   SOCIETY.       .\UTUOR   OF    "THE 
OGRESS   OF  THE    WORl  D,"    '"THE    HISTORY    OF    PRICES,"    ETC. 


WITH    NUMEROUS   COLORED    DIAGRAMS 


*  Jc    n' impost'    riev.  :   j'f    fie  f<rpposc    ^n^tiie    rien;  /'  expose.^'' — DuNOYKR 


CHICAGO: 

BELFORD    PUBLISIING   CO. 

i8q2 


Copyrighted, 
ROBERT  J.  BELFORD, 


Mb 


HINTS  ON  ENGLISH  ETYMOLOGY. 


The  English  language  is  one  of  a  group  of  closely  allied 
languages  wliich  are  known  by  the  general  name  of  the  Teu- 
tonic or  Germanic  tongues.  The  other  languages  of  the  group, 
some  of  whieh  are  more  closely  connected  with  EngUsh  than 
the  rest,,  are  Dutch,  German,  Danish,  Icelandic  or  Old  Norse, 
Swedish,  and  Gothic;  to  which  may  he  added,  as  of  less  im- 
portance and  having  more  the  character  of  dialects,  Norwe- 
gian, Frisian,  the  Plattdeutsch  or  Low  German  of  Northern 
Germany,  and  Flemish,  which  differs  little  from.Dutch.  The 
evidence  that  all  these  languages  are  closely  akin  is  to  be 
found  in  the  great  number  of  words  that  they  possess  in  com- 
mon, in  the  siniilarity. of  their  structiu-e,  their  inflections, 
their  manner  of  compounding  words— in  short,  in  their  family 
likeness.  This  likeness  can  only  be  accounted  for  by  suppos- 
ing that  these  languages  are  all  descended  from  one'  common 
language,  the .  primitive  Tetitonic,  which  must  have  been 
spoken  at  a  remote  period  by  the  ancestors  of  the  present 
Teutonic  peoples,  there  being  then  only  one  Teutonic  people 
as  well  as  one  Teutonic  tongue.  (,Iu  their  earliest  form,  there- 
fore, .and  when  they  began  to  be  differentiated,  these. lan- 
guages must  have  had  the  character  of  mere  dialects,  and  it 
is  only  in  so  far  as  each  has  Had  a  history  and  literature  of  its 
own  that  they  have  attained  the 'rank  of  independent  lan- 
guages'."The  rise  of  dialects  is  a  well-known  phenomenon, 
taking  its  origin  in  the  perpetual  change  to  which  all  lan- 
guages are  subject.  A  language  that  comes  to  bespoken  over 
a  considerable  area  and  by  a  considerable  number  of  persons 
—more  especially  when  not  yet  to  some  extent  fixed  by  writ- 
i.iig  and,  literature— is  sure  to  develop  cUalects,  and  each  of 
ihese  may  in  course  of  time  become  unintelligible  to  the  per- 
sons using,  the  others,  if  the  respective  speakers  ha,ve  little 
intercourse /with  each  other,  being  separated  by  niountain. 
ranges,  arms  of  the  sea,  or  merely  by  distance.  In  this  way 
is  the  existence  of  the  different  Teutonic  tongues  to  be  ac- 
coimted  for.  'A  similar  instance  of  several  languages  arising 
from  one  is  seen  in  the  case  of  Italian,  French,  Spanish,  and 
Portuguese,  all  of  which  are  descended  from  the  Latin.  Of 
the  connnon  origin  of  these  we  have,  of  course,  direct  and 
abundant  evidence. 

The  Teutonic  tongues  are  often  divided  into  three  sections, ' 
based  on  closeness  of  relationship:  the  High  German,  of  which 
the  modern  classical  German  is  the  representative;  the  Loio 
German,  including  English,  Dutch,  Frisian,  and  Gothic;  and 
i\ieScoj)yMnavian,  including  Danish,  Swedish,  and  Icelandic. 
.Another  division  is  into:  East  Germanic,  which  includes  only 
the  Gothic;  North  Germanic,  which  includes  Danish,  Swed- 
ish, and  Icelandic;  and.West  Germanic,  which  includes  Eng- 
lish, Dutch,  and  German.  Some  authorities  again  make  only 
two  divisions:  East  Germanic,  including  Gothic  and  Scandi- 
navian; and  West  Germanic,  including  the  others. 

The  Gothic  language  presents  us  with  the  earliest  specimens 
of  any  Teutonic  speech  that  we  possess.  This  tongue,  which 
has  long  been  extinct,  is  known  to  us  almost  solely  from 
fragments  of  a  translation  of  the  Bible  made  by  Bishop 
Ulfilas  orWulfllas,  about  \.x>.  360.  These  remains,  scanty  as 
they  are,  are  of  the  highest  importance  to  tile  student  of 
Teutonic  philology:  Next  to  Gothic  in  the  antiquity  of  its 
iterary  remains  comes  English.  The  earliest  form  of  Eng- 
lish, say  English  as  used  up  to  a.d.  1100,  is  usually  called 
Anglo-Saxon,  though  many  now  call  it  Old  English.  In 
this  dictionary  Old  English  is  applied  to  a  later  stage  of  the 
language  than  what  belongs  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  period,  yet 
it  must  never  be  forgotten  that  Anglo-Saxon  is  really  Old 
EngUsh,  and  that  there  has  been  no  break  in  the  life  of  the 
English  language  since  it  was  introduced  into  Britain  by  the 


Saxons,  Angles,  and  Jutes.'  Anglo-Saxon,  however,  is  very 
different  from  modern  English.  It  possesses  many  inflections 
long  since  lost  and  many  words  long  since  gone  out  of  use, 
and,  indeed,  has_to  be  studied  by  a  modern  Englishman  as  if 
it  were  a  foreign  tongue.  Old  Saxon  is  the  name  given  to 
the  form  of  speech  anciently  in  use  among  the  Continental 
Saxons  and  preserved  in  a  poem  on  our  Saviour  belonging  to 
the  ninth  century. 

The  Teutonic  tongues,  with  the  primitive  or  parent  TtV- 
tonic  from  which  they  are  descended,  have  been  proved  bjS 
the  investigations  of  philologists  to  belong  to  a  wider  group 
or  family  of  tongues,  which  has  received  the  name  of  the 
Aryan,  Indo-European,  or  (especially  in  Germany)  Indo- 
Germanic  family.  The  chief  members  of  this  family  are  the 
Teutonic,  Slavonic  (Polish,  Russian,  Bohemian),  Lithuanian, 
Celtic  (Welsh,.  Irish,  Gaelic,  &c.),  Latin  (or  Italic),  Greek  (or 
Hellenic),  Armenian,  Persian,  and  Sanskrit.  Just  as  the 
Teutonic  tongues  are  believed  to  be  the  offspring  of  one 
parent  Teutonic  tongue,  so  this  parent  Teutonic  and  the 
other  members  of  the  Arj'an  family  are  all  believed  to  be 
descended  from  one  primitive  language,  the  Aryan  or  Indo- 
Eiuropean  parent-speech.  The  people  who  spoke  this  primeval 
Aryan  language,  the  ancestors  (linguistically  at  least)  of  the 
Aryan  races  of  Europe  and  Asia,  are  believed  by  many  to 
have  had  their  seat  in  Central  Asia  to  the  eastward  of  the 
southern  extremity  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  "This,  however,  is 
very  problematical,  and  some  philologists  see  reason  to  think 
that  Europe  may  rather  have  been  the  original  home  of  the 
Aryan  race.  • 

_  How  remote  the  period  may  have  been  when  the  ancestors 
of  the  Teutons,  the  Celts,  the  Slavs,  tl'.e  Greeks,  Eomans,' 
Persians,  and  Hindus  were  living  together  and  speaking  a 
common  language  is  uncertain.  Yet  the  general  character  of 
their  language  is  approximately  known,  and  philologists  tell 
us  with  some  confidence  what  consonant  and  what  vowel 
sounds  the  Aryan  parent-speech  mnst  have  possessed,  what 
were  the  forms  of  its  inflections,  and  what,  at  the  least,  must 
have  been  the  extent  of  its  vocabulary,  judging  from  the  words 
that  can  still  be  traced  as  forming  a  common  possession  gf 
the  sister  tongues  of  the  family.  In  investigating  and  deciding 
on  matters  of  this  kind,  however,  hypothesis  must  alv/ays 
play  a  great  part,  and  thus  what  has  been  accepted  for  fact  at 
one  time  has  been  discarded  as  baseless  at  another.  Hence  it 
is  not  improbable  that  many  of  the  so-called  Aryan  or  Indo- 
European  roots  that  modern  philologists  have  established  to 
account  for  the  various  words  and  forms  in  the  Aryan  tongues 
may  have  to  be  abandoned  as  a  result  of  further  investiga- 
tions. Such  roots  have  at  best  but  a  shadowy  existence,  since 
they  can  only  be  regarded  as  mere  abstractions,  having  no  life 
apart  from  the  words  in  which  they  are  presumed  to  exist. 

The  Aryan  tongues,  ancient  and  modem,  are  entitled  to 
claim  the  first  rank  among  the  languages  of  the  globe,  both' 
for  richness,  harmony,  and  variety,  and  more  especially  as 
embodying  a  series  of  literatures  to  which  no  other  family  of 
tongues  can  show  a  parallel.  Next  in  importance  come  the 
Semitic  tongues-rHebrew,  Chaldee,  Syriac, Arabic,  &c.  These, 
like  the  Aryan  tongues,  form  a  well-marked  family,  one  not- 
able peciiliarity  of  which  is  the  possession  of  '  triliteral '  roots, 
or  roots  of  which  three  consonants  form  the  basis  and  give 
the  general  meaning,  while  inflection  or  modification  of 
meaning  is  indicated  by  internal  vowel-change.  Thus  the 
vowels  play  a  subordinate  part  to  the  consonants,  and  do  not,' 
as  in  the  Aryan  tongues,  associate  with  them  on  equyl  terms. 
Other  important  linguistic  families  are  the  Havdtio,  'xvhich 
includes  the  ancient  Egyptian  and  the  Coptic;  the  ihiranian 


HINTS   ON   ENGLISH   ETYMOLOGY. 


or  Ural-Altaic,  which  includes  Turkish,  Finnish,  Hungarian, 
Mongolian,&c. ;  and  theMonosyllabic  oiSouth-EasternAsiatic, 
•which  includes  Chinese,  Siamese,  &c.  All  these  families  form 
groups,  so  far  as  i»  known,  quite  separate  from  and  indepen- 
dent of' each  other;  and  attempts  to  connect  an ;  two  of  them, 
as  Aryan  and  Semitic  for  instance,  have  met  with  no  success. 
Formerly  etymologists  had  no  hesitation  in  deriving  English 
words  from  Hebrew  roots,  but  this  was  in  the  days  when 
there  was  no  science  of  comparative  philology.  That  all 
languages  are  descendants  of  one  original  tongue,  as  is  he- 
lloed by  many,  linguistic  science  can  neither  aMrm  nor  deny. 


The  exact  relationship  which  the  different  Aryan  languages 
bear  to  each  other  has  been  much  discussed,  and  the  question 
is  not  yet  settled.  It  has  been  maintained,  for  instance,  that 
Latin  and  Greek  are  more  closely  akin  to  each  other  than  to 
any  other  languages  of  the  family.  Some,  on  the  other  hand, 
have  insisted  that  Latin  is  more  nearly  akin  to  Celtic  than  to 
Greek.  It  is  generally  admitted  that  Sanskrit  and  Persian 
are  closely  akin.  The  following  scheme, ,  in  the  form  of  a 
genealogical  table,  exhibits  the  most  commonly  accepted 
theory  as  to  their  relatibnship:— 


Abtan  Pabemt-Speech. 


Asiatic. 


EunoFEAN. 
I 


Indian 

(Sanskrit). 


Iranian 
(Persian,  Zend). 


S.  European. 

! 

Greek  (Hellenic).       Italo-Celuc. 


K  European. 


Italic 

(Latin,  Italian,  French, 

Spanish,  &c.). 


Germanic  or 
Teutonic. 

I 

Celtic 

(Welsh,  Irish,  Gaelic, 

Armoric  or  Breton). 


LlTU- 
SLAVONXO. 


"By  lH5§e 'Who  have  learned  something  vaguely  of  the  an- 
tiquity and  linguistic  importance  of  Sanskrit,  this  language 
is  sometimes  supposed  to  be  the  parent-speech  of  English  and 
other  European  tongues.  The  above  table  shows  how  errone- 
ous such  a  notion  is,  Sanskrit  being  only  a- collateral  relative. 

Though  English  is  a  Teutonic  language  it  has  admitted 
into  its  vocabulary  a  vast  number  of  non-Teutonic  words- 
more  especially  words  of  Latin  origin  that  have  passed 
through  the  French.  If  we  consider  merely  the  vocabulary, 
therefore,  Enghsh  may  be  said  to  be  a  composite  language. 
But  in  structure  it  is  entirely  Teutonic;  in  its  grammar,  its 
inflections,  its  fotmative  elements,  &c.,  it  remains  true  to  its 
origin.  And  we  must  remember  that  the  Franco-Latin,  or 
foreign  portion  of  its  vocabulary,  has  a  very  diiferent  charac- 
ter from  the  Teutonic.  The  latter  is  indispensable,  the  former 
is  not.  Without  the  Teutonic  portion  of  our  vocabulary 
communication  is  impossible;  but  a  conversation  of  some 
length  could  be  carried  on,  or  a  composition  of  some  extent 
written,  without  the  usq  of  a  single  Franco-Latin  word.  The 
Lord's  Prayer,  for  example,  is  almost  entirely  Teutonic,  and 
inight  easily  be  made  wholly  so.  Even  when  the  language, 
whether  written  or  spoken,  is  made  up  to  the  largest  possible 
extent  of  non-Teutonic  elements,  these  are  still  forced  into 
the  Teutonic  mould;  the  verbs  are  conjugated  as  English 
verbs,  the  adjectives  are  compared  after  the  native  model, 
and  the  whole  is  welded  together  by  the  indispensable  native 
particles  a,  an,  the,  of,  with,  to,  and,  &c.,  and  by -verbs  and 
verbal  forms  that  are  peculiarly  the  property  of  the  Teutonic 
tongues. 

It  is  probably  the  fact  of  our  language  containing  so  many 
extraneous  elements,  combined  with  the  idea  of  Anglo-Saxon 
being  a  separate  language  from  English,  that  has  led  to  the 
popular  notion  that  all  English  words  are  'derived'  from 
some  foreign  source.  It  is  to  be  feared  there-  are  too  many 
persons  who,  when  they  learn,  for  example,  that  the  German 
haus  means  the  same  as  English  house,  fhink  that  in  some 
m;ysterious  way  the  English  word  is  derived  from  the  German. 
But  this  word,  and  the  same  of  course  is  the  case  with  a 
great  many  others,  belongs  to  the  earliest  period  of  the  lan- 
guage (Anglo-Saxon);  and  the  reason  why  similar  forms  ap- 
pear in  the  German  and  the  rest  of  the  Teutonic  tongues  is 
because  they  all  have  these  slightly  varying  forms  as  a 
common  inheritance  from  the  primitive  Teutonic.  Even 
when  the  original  of  a  modem  English  word  cannot  be 
found  in  Anglo-Saxon  the  word  is  not  necessarily  borrowed 
or  derived  from  any  other  language.  If  it  clearly  has 
Teutonic  relatives  its  absence  from  Anglo-Saxon  may  be 
accounted  for  by  the  imperfection  of  the  records;  for  there 


can  be  little  doubt  that  words  were  used  in  Anglo-Saxon 
times  that  we  do  not  find  in  the  Uterary  remains  of  the  period. 
The  same  must  be  the  case  also  in  regard  to  the  other  Teu- 
tonic tongues,  and  thus  the  history  of  some  of  our  common 
words  is  very  defective.  In  the  etymologies  of  this  dictionary 
the  Anglo-Saxon  original  of  any  English  word  is  always  given 
when  it  is  known,  and  the  form  the  word  assumes  in  the  other 
Teutonic  tongues  is  added  for  the  sake  of  comparison,  and  to 
show  how  widely  the  word  is  spread.  Sometimes  only  certain 
words  supposed  to  be  connected  with  the  one  in  hand  are  aU 
that  can  be  given. 

The  Teutonic  portion  of  our  vocabulary  then  is  mainly 
of  native  origin  and  not  derived  from  any  foreign  source. 
Certain  Teutonic  words,  however,  we '  must  admit  to  have 
been  borrowed  into  the  English  language.  These  are  chiefly 
Dutch  in  origin,  and  are  mostly  connected  with  maritime  or 
commercial  affairs.  A  large  number  of  distinctively  Scandi- 
navian words  also  exist  in  the  language,  but  most  of  these 
are  to  be  regarded  as  not,  strictly  speaking,  borrowed,  but  as 
having  been  introduced  by  the  Scandinavians  (Danes)  who 
settled  in  the  country  before  the  Norman  Conquest,  and 
formed  an  important  element  of  the  population,  more  espe- 
cially in  the  northern  districts. 

In  order  to  understand  how  it  is  that  many  words  in  the 
different  Aryan  tongues  are  reaUy  of  the  same  origin,  though 
superficially  they  may  appear  very  different,  it  is  necessary  to 
know  something  of  Orimm's  Law.  This  law,  which,  like  a 
natural  law,  is  simply  a  statement  of  observed  facts,  is  so 
named  from  the  great  German  philologist  who  first  definitely 
laid  it  down  as  the  result  of  observation  and  comparison  of 
the' relative  linguistic  phenomena.  It  concerns  the  so-called 
'  mute '  consonants  and  takes  effect  more  especially  when  these 
are  initial.  According  to  it,  in  words  and  roots  that  form  a 
common  possession  of  the  Aryan  tongues,  being  inherited  by 
them  from  the  parent-speech,  where  in  English  (more  especially 
Anglo-Saxon)  and  in  most  of  the  Teutonic  tongues  we  find 
t,  d,  or  th,  we  find  in  Latin,  Greek,  and  Sanskrit,  not  these 
letters,  but  respectively  d  instead  of  t,  an  aspirated  sound 
instead  of  d,  and  t  instead  of  th.  That  is,  an  English  t  corre- 
sponds to  a  Latin,  Greek,  and  Sanskrit  d,  as  is  seen  In  tame 
compared  with  L.  domare,  Gr.  damaein,  Skr.  dam,  to  tame; 
an  English  d  corresponds  to  Latin/,  Greek  th,  Sanskrit  dh,aa 
in  E.  door,.  L.  fores,  Gr.  thyra,  Skr.  dvdra  (for  original 
dhvd7-a),  a  door;  an  English  th  corresponds  to  Latin,  Greek, 
and  Sanskrit  t,  as  in  thin,  compared  with  L.  tenuis,  Gr.  tanaos, 
Skr.  tanu,  from  root  tan,  to  stretch.  If  we  next  take  the 
gutturals  we  find  that  English  k  (or  c  hard),  g,  h,  correspond 
respectively  ia  the  above  languages  to  fir,  A  {ch,  gh),  k,aaia 


HINTS   ON   ENGLISH   ETYMOLOGY. 


il 


seen  ia  ly  kin,  L.  genus,  Gr.  yenos,  Skr.  janas  (where  j  is  for 
original  flr);  E.  goose  (modified  from  original  gana),  compared 
with  L.  anser  (for  older  hanser),  Gr.  chen,  Skr.  hansa;  E.  head 
(A.  Sa,x.  Jieafod),  L.  caput,  Gr.  kephale,  Skr.  kapdla.  Similarly 
6  in  English  corresponds  to /in  Ijatin,  pft  in  Grsek,  and  bh  in 
Sanskrit,  as  in  brother==li.  /rater,  Gr.  phrater,  Skr.  bhratri, 
a  brother;  /in  English  to  i?  in  Latin,  Greek,  and  Sanskrit,  as 
in  father— li.  pater,  Gr.  pater,  Skr.  pitri,  father.  German 
exhibits  certain  letter  changes  peculiar  to  itself,  and  for  this 
reason  is  placed,  in  any  full  statement  of  Grimm's  law,  apart 
from  the  other  Teutonic  tongues.  In  German,  for  instance, 
t  takes  the  place  of  an  English  d,  as  in  G.  tag,  E.  day,  G.  teil, 
E.  deal;  d  the  place  of  th,  as  in  G.  ding,  E.  thing,  G.  drei, 
E.  three,  &c.  In  some  cases  the  law  does  not  operate  in  con- 
sequence of  the  influence  of  other  letters;  thus  the  s  of  stand 
prevents  the  t  from  becoming  th,  as  it  ought  to  do  to  corre- 
spond with  L.  stare,  to  stand.  Similarly  take  and  L.  tango, 
to  touch,  are  believed  to  be  allied  words  though  both  have  the 
consonant  t,  because  they  are  considered  to  be  both  from  the 
root  stag  (the  n  in  tango  being  inserted  as  is  often  the  case). 
Certain  exceptions  to  the  law  are  accounted  for  by  a  sub- 
sidiary law  of  more  recent  discovery  than  Grimm's  law,  known 
as  Verner's  Law,  and  formulating  certain  facts  connected  with 
the  original  accentuation  of  Aryan  words. 

The  correspondence  of  English  words  with  cognate  words  is 
often  fully  seen  only  when  we  take  them  in  their  earliest  or 
Anglo-Saxon  form  or  when  we  note  their  spelling  and  know 
what  their  original  pronunciation  was.  Thus  the  verb  to  lean 
corresponds  to  L.  clino  (in  incline),  Gr.  klino,  but  we  might  not 
have  been  sure  of  this  had  we  not  had  the  A.  Sax.  hlinian,  to 
lean,  in  which'the  h  (afterwards  lost)  represents  the  Latin  and 
Greek  k  as  Grimm's  law  demands.  Similarly  know,  which  is 
now  pronounced  no,  duly  corresponds  (apart  from  the  sufBi) 
to  L.  gnosco,  Gr.  (gi)gn6sko;  and  night  (nJt),  A.  Sax.  niht,  to 
the  noct  of  L.  nox,  noctis.  The  older  sounds  are  often  better 
preserved  in  the  dialects  (aa  in  that  of  Scotland)  than  in 
the  modem  pronunciation  of  the  educated;  thus,  while  in 
England  wright  is  now  pronounced  as  rite,  in  Scotland  it  is 
uttered  so  as  to  let  the  w  and  the  guttural  be  very  distinctly 
heard. 

It  may  be  useful  here  to  give  the  Anglo-Saxon  alphabet 
with  the  sounds  of  the  various  letters  ao  far  as  can  be  ascer- 
tained. 
The  vowels  are  as  follows : 

a,  like  a  in  far  or  ask. 

a  or  a,  similar  but  longer. 

SB,  like  a  in  glad  or  nl(;^n. 

ae,  &,  similar  but  long  (printed  ae  in  this  dictionary). 

e,  like  e  in  met, 

6  or  e,  like  e  in  there  or  ai  in  hair. 

i,  like  i  in  sin,  or  rather  like  French  i  short. 

I  or  i,  like  ee  in  seem  or  t  in  machine. 

0,  like  0  in  on  or  not. 


6  or  5,  like  o  in  sore  or  oa  in  moan. 

u,  like'M  in  full. 

(i  or  <},  like  oo  in  fool  or  ou  in  route. 

y,  like  I'rench  u,  German  ii. 

■y  or  y,  the  same  sound  lengthened; 
The  consonants  are  b,  c,  d,  f,  g,  h,  I,  m,  n,  o,  p,  q,  r,  s,  t,  th 
(two  characters  for  this),  w,  x.  With  regard  to  the  pronun- 
ciatiop  of  these  it  must  be  noted^ttiat  c  was  always  sounded 
like  k  (which  is  used  in  some  MS.),  and  was  heard  in  such 
words  as  cnetiw,  knee,  cnif,  knife;  oio=gi«  (as  in  queen,  A.  Sax. 
cwen).  O  was  always  like  g  in  go,  or  sometimes  perhaps 
nearly  like  y  consonant;  it  was  sounded  when  initial  before  n 
(as  in  gnagan,  to  gnaw).  Hwaa  always  heard;  when  medial 
and  final  (as  in  niht,  night,  burh,  city)  it  was  strongly  guttural 
like  Scotch  or  German  ch.  It  was  common  as  an  initial  and 
distinctly  pronoimced  before  I,  n,  and  r,  a  position  from 
which  it  has  since  disappeared.  Hw  was  written  where  we 
now  write  wh  (AM^t=white).  In  wl,  wr  initial,  the  w  was  pro- 
noimced, as  also  in  such  words  as  sdwl,  soul,  tredwth,  truth, 
sndw,  snow,  being  then  a  semi-vowel. 

In  their  transition  to  modem  English  Anglo-Saxon  words 
undergo  various  changes,  some  of  which  take  place  with  great 
regularity;  thus  d  becomes  o  or  oa,  as  in  A.  Sax.  hdm,  E.  home, 
A.  Sax.  de,  E.  oak,  A.  Sax.  bdt,  E.  boat;  ck  becomes  ee  or  ea 
(with  same  soimd),  as  del,  E.  eel,  sldepan,  E.  to  sleep,  sd,  E.  sea/ 
e  becomes  ee  or  ea,  as  in  fdlan,  to  feel,  cipan,  to  keep,  grine, 
green,  rSdan,  to  read;  6  becomes  oo  or  its  equivalent,  as 
A.  Sax.  td,  E.  to,  too,  A.  Sax.  ddm,  E.  doom,  A.  Sax.  mdd,  E. 
mood:  ii,  becomes  ou,  as  in  A-  Sax.  fiil,  E.  foul,  A.  Sax.  miilh, 
E.  mouth,  A.  Sax.  M»,  E.  house,  &c.  Among  consonantal 
changes  may  bo  noted  the  softening  of  the  k  sound  to  the 
palatal  ch,  as  in  church,  birch,  watch,  wretch,  &c.;  and  the 
softening  of  g  into  the  j  sound,  w  or  y,  as  in  A.  Sax.  ecg, 
E.  edge,  A.  Sax.  hrycg,  E.  ridge,  A.  Sax.  gnagan,  E.  gnaw, 
A.  Sax.  dceg,  E.  day,  A.  Sax.  gedr,  E.  year. 

Since  there  are  so  many  words  of  French  origin  ir  English 
it  may  be  as  well  to  state  that  in  early  French  there  was  a 
declension  in  substantives  and  adjectives  based  on  the  Latin 
declension,  and  with  special  forms  for  the  nominative  and 
accusative.  Afterwards  when  only  one  form  was  retaine  1  for 
the  noun  as  subject  and  as  object  it  was  the  old  accusative 
(based  on  the  Latin  accusative)  that  as  a  rule  deterct  ined  this 
general  form;  so  that  such  a  word  as  motion,  for  exan-ple, 
does  not  come  from  the  Latin  nominative  motio,  but  from 
the  accusative  motioncm;  sucl  a  word  as  favour  is  not  from 
L.  favor,  but  from  favorem.  It  is  customary,  however,  in 
etymologies  to  give  the  nominative  as  the  typical  form  of  tL" 
noun,  and  to  say  that  motion  is  from  mot'o,  n  ot^onis,  the 
genitive  being  given  to  show  the  declenRional  character. 
Besides,  many  French  words,  being  taken  directly  in  modem 
times  from  the  Latin  dictionary,  are  not  as  a  matter  of  fact 
based  on  the  accusative  though  formed  aftet  the  satre  model 
as  those  that  are  historically  so. 


PREFIXES  AND   SUFFIXES. 


PREFIXES. 


A-.  This  13  a  prefix  of  varying  origin  and 
roeaning.  (1)  Having  an  intensive  mean- 
ing, equivalent  to  up,  from ;  from  A.  Sax.  d- 
iatensive;  as  iu  arise,  atoaks.  (2)  From,  oil'; 
from  A.  Sax.  o/(=E.  of,  of);  as  in  adovm. 
(3j=on,  in  afoot,  amid,  ii)  —  L.  ad,  to,  in 
ascend,  achieve.  (5)=L.  ab,  from,  in  avert. 
(6)=L.  e  or  ex,  in  amend.  (7)-7=Gr.  a,  priv. 
or  E2g.,  in  amorphous. 

hh-,  from,  awa}';  as  in  abduci,  abjure.  From 
L.  ab,  from,  prefix  and  preposition ;  al- 
lied to  E.  of,  off.  Or.  ape,  from  or  awav. 
Before  c  and  t  it  gsnerally  assumes  tiie 
!en,Tthened  form  nog,  it  also  appears  a3  a- 
(seeA-i. 

Abs-.    See  Ab-. 

Ac-.    A  form  of  Ad-. 

Ad-^  to,  towards,  at  or  near;  as  !n  adapt, 
adnut,  lie.  From  L.  ad,  to,  preposition 
and  prefix;  allied  to  E.  at.  Takes  by  as- 
Bimilation  the  forms  ac-,  af-,  ag-,  a!-,  an-, 
CP-,  ar-,  OS-,  at-;  as  in  accede,  affirm,  aggre- 
gate, aliude,  annex,  applaud,  ai'rogaiit, 
assume,  attribute.  It  also  appears  as  a- 
ill  ascend. 

Af-,  Ag-,  Al-.-    Forms  of  Ad-. 

Aabi-,  Amb",  about,  around ;  as  in  a^nbl- 
tion,  amputate.  From  L.  anihi-,  ar,Ui-,  on 
both  sides,  around;  allied  to  Gr,  amphi, 
about,  L.  aniboy  both;  A.  Sax.  enib,  j/wb, 
G.  7im,  about. 

AapM-,  about,  around,  on  both  or  all  fides; 
as  in  amphihio-M,  cmphilhecttre.  From 
(ir.aniphi,  about,  around,  prep,  and  prefix. 
See  Ambi-. 

An-.  (l)=Ad-.  (2)  Not,  negation  or  priva- 
tion, from  Gr.  an-  or  a-,  the  negative  pre- 
fix; as  in  anarchy.  Allied  to  E.  «ii-,  L. 
tM-.  not.  (3)  =  A.  Sax.  and-,  against,  op- 
posite; as  in  answer.  It  appears  an  >i-  in 
itlong.  Same  as  Goth,  and-,  G.  ant-,  e>it-. 
Or.  a:iti. 

Asii^,  up,  thror.gh,  throughout ;  as  In  t/)w- 
lysis,  anatomy,  anabasis.  From  Gr.  una, 
up,  preposition  and  prefix;  allied  to  E.  on. 

Ant-,  against;  as  iu  antagonist,  antacid. 
Same  as  Anti-. 

Ante-,  before;  as  iu  antecedeni,  antedate. 
':o.  From  L.  ante,  before,  preposition  and 
prefix.    See  Anti-. 

.'•Titl-,  against,  in  opposition;  as  in  anii- 

■irist,  anticlir.iax,   &c.      From  Gr.   anti, 

.  gainst,  preposition  and  prefix;  allied  to 

^.  ante,  before,  and  to  the  A.  Sax.  prefix 

r.nd-,  an-,  seen  in  answer.    See  An-. 

.lo-.    A  form  of  Ad-. 

•  no-,  Aph-,  away,  apart,  off;  as  in  npo.'itla, 
■postate,  aphelion.  From  Gr.  apo,  from, 
;.\vay,  preposition  and  prefix;  allied  to  L. 
ab,  from,  E.  off.    See  Ab-. 

Ar-.    A  form  of  Ad-. 

Arch-,  Arclii-,  chief,  head,  ruling;  as  in  arch- 
bishap,  architect,  archangel.  From  Gr. 
o.rchi-,  chief,  from  archi,  rule, beginning. 

As-,  At-.    Forms  o!  Ad-. 

Auto-,  (self,  of  one's  self;  as  in  autograph, 
atitoynatic.  From  Gr.  auto-,  ivam  pronoun 
autos,  self. 

Be-.  From  A.  Sa::.  be-,  hi-,  from  U,  l)i(7=E. 
by.  Has  various  meaningti:  by  or  near,  or 
(Innoting  locality,  as  in  beside,  beneath,  be- 
low; with  a  causative  or  intensive  force,  as 
in  be/>.umb,hesi')ri,ikle,bemire;  with  a  priv- 
iti\e  force,  in  behead;  upon  or  against,  as 
in  be/ail. 

yi-,  twice,  two  wpv»,  doublp,  as  ic  ^^ry(•'^, 
iniiinial,  bisixt.  From  L.  bi-,  double,  for 
older  dui-,  akin  to  duo,  two  (comp.  bellwn. 
war,  for  dueilum),  and  to  K.  two. 


Bis-,  twice,  double;  as  in  biscuit.  Louger 
form  of  Bi-. 

Cata-,  Catb-,  Cat-,  down,  downward, 
through,  accoitJing  to;  as  iu cataract,cata- 
clysm,  catarrh,  catholic,  catechism.  Fn  m 
Gr.  iaZa,  down,  through,  &<;.,  pieposition 
and  prefix. 

Circum-,  arouud,  all  round;  as  in  circum- 
navigate, circumspect,  circumntance.  From 
L.  circum,  round,  prep,  and  prefix,  from 
circus,  a  circle.    S'Ceu  also  in  circuit 

Cis-,  on  this  side  of;  as  in  cisalpine.    From  I 
L.  cis,  piep.  and  prefix. 

Co-,  Col-,    tiamo  a-i  Com-. 

Com-,  with,  together,  altofrether  (iiito-.i- 
sivelyl;  as  iu  combine,  compound,  coui- 
vitiwl.  &o.  From  L.  coin-,  prefix,  used  for 
prep,  cv.ni.  With,  allied  to  Gr.  Kt/n,  bkr. 
sain,  with.  Appears  also  a»  ro-,  cot-,  con-, 
cor-,  as  iu  co-exist,  eoVact,  connivt,  corre- 
spond. 

Coil-.    Sania  as  Com-. 

Contra-,  agaiust;  as  In  contruUicI,  contra- 
vene. From  L.  contra,  against,  ]jreix)sition 
Rod  prefix,  from  con-  or  c-um-  and  -tra  (as 
in  intra,  within,  ezt7-a,  beyond),  akin  to 
trans,  across,  Skr.  tar,  to  pass. 

Cor-.    Same  as  Com-. 

Counter-,  against;  B.ame  as  Contra,  but 
directly  from  Ir.  contre,  at;nin»t. 

Be-,  down,  from,  away;  as  in  descend,  de- 
nude, depart,  describe,  &c.  Frora  L.  de, 
from,  out  of,  prep,  and  prefix.  In  some 
cases  De-  represents  O.Fr.  des-,  fi'ora  h. 
dis;  apart,  as  in  decry,  defeat. 

Demi-,  half,  semi-  From  Fr.  demi  See  iu 
Diet. 

DI-,  double,  as  Iu  dimorphous.  From  Or. 
di-,  doable,  akiu  to  die-,  bis-. 

Dia-,  through,  between,  double;  as  la  diu- 
wetor,  diagnosis,  dialogue.  From  Gr.  dia, 
through,  between,  prep,  and  prefix;  akin 
to  di-,  dis-. 

Dlf-.    A  form  of  DI».. 

Dis-,  apart,  asunder,  In  two;  aa  In  disarm, 
discharge,  dist)T.rt;  also  UGod  negatively, 
as  in  disbelief,  disapprove.  From  L.  dis, 
asuuder,  preposition  and  jjrefix;  allied  to 
Gr.  dis-,  di;  double,  and  to  I,,  his,  twice. 

Dys-,  bad,  ill,  difficult;  as  in  dysenieri/,  dys- 
pepsia.   From  Gr.  dys-,  prefix. 

E-.  Same  as  Ex-.  Tn  cnowg.^,  «- represent  j 
A.  Sax.  prefix  ge-;  in  esq-j.ire,  estate,  &c..  it 
is  a  mere  euphonic  element  prefixed  for 
ease  in  pronunciation. 

Ec,  Ex-,  out;  as  in  ecstasy,  eclectic,  exodus. 
From  Gr.  eU,  ex,  out,  prep,  and  preiix, 
akin  to  L.  ex. 

Ef-.    A  form  of  Ex-. 

Em-,  En-,  in;  as  in  e'/nbrace,  enclose,  enlist; 
or  used  with  a  causal  force,  as  in  enable, 
enlarge.  From  Fr.  em-,  en-,  L.  im-,  in-, 
prep,  and  prefix.    See  In-. 

En-,  in;  as  in  encaustic,  energy.  Prom  Gr. 
en,  in,  prep,  and  prefix,  akin  to  L.  in,  A. 
Sax.  ill,  in. 

Enter-,  between,  among ;  as  in  enterprise. 
From  Fr.  enire,  L.  inter.    See  Inter-. 

Ep!-,  Eph-,  Ep-,  upon,  over;  as  in  epitaph, 
epithet,  epide7-mis,  epheni^raL  From  Gr. 
epi,  upon;  akin  to  Skr.  api. 

Es-,  out,  awr.y;  as  in  escape,  escheat.  Prcm 
L.  ex  (which  see). 

Eu-,  well;  as  in  eulogy,  eurhonp.  From  Or. 
eu;  well,  prefix,  neuter  of  eua,  good,  for 
esus,  frorj  root  as,  to  be  (seen  in  E.  is). 

Ex-,  out  of,  out,  from;  a^ia  exceed,  exclude; 


also  nsed  Intensivel?,  as  in  exacerbate,  ex- 
asperate. From  L.  ex,  out,  akin  to  Gr.  ek, 
£2,  out.  Seo  E0-.  Appearsalsoas  c-,e/-, ««-. 

Extra-,  beyond,  without;  as  iu  extraordi- 
r.ary,  extrajudicial.  From  L.  extra,  with- 
out, prep,  and  prefix,  from  ex  and  -J/o. 
See  Coutra-. 

For-.  Used  ir.t'3us:vely  or  almost  .legative- 
ly;  as  in  forgive,  forbid,  forgo.  From  A. 
Sax.  for-,  same  ns  Icel.  and  Dan.  for-,  1). 
and  G.  per-,  Goth. /ra-;  allied  to  far,  L. 
per. 

Fore-,  beforehand,  in  advance;  as  in  fore- 
l'!lL  fc)-eshou>,  foreground,  &c.  See  Fore, 
in  iJict. 

Kemi-,  half;  as  in  hemisphere.  From  Gr. 
prefix  hs.ni-,  half,  akin  to  L.  ser.ii. 

Iletcrc-,  other,  diflercnt;  as  in  haterolox, 
heterogeneous.    From  Gr.  htteros,  other. 

Holo-,  whole,  entire;  as  iu  holograph,  holo- 
caust.   From  Gr.  holoa,  whole. 

Homo-,  same ;  as  in  hojnonym.  From  Gr. 
homos,  Biiaie;  allied  to  E.  sanu. 

Eyper-,  over,  beyond,  too ;  hyperborean, 
hypercritical.  From  Gr.  hyper,  above,  over, 
prep,  and  prefix;  allied  to  L.  super,  E. 
ever,  up. 

Eypo-,  under,  beneath;  as  in  hypocaust, 
hypotenuf^e,  hypotfiesis.  From  Gr.  hypo, 
under,  prop,  and  prefix;  allied  to  jj.  mib, 
under. 

H-.    A  form  of  In-  (2  and  3). 

Im-.    A  form  of  In-. 

In-.  (1)  In,  as  in  inborn,  insight,  &c.  From 
A.  Sax.  aud  E.  prep,  in,  cog.  with  L.  in,  iu 
(whence  next  In-).  It  may  become  im- 
Bs  in  ivtbed,  imbody.  (2)  In,  into;  as  in 
include,  inclose.  From  L.  in,  in,  prep,  and 
prefix;  cog.  Gr.  en,  in,  E.  and  Goth,  in, 
Iccl.  iyin,  G.  ein.  Before  to,  6,  p,  it  be- 
comes im-,  as  in  immitre,  inibibe,  implant; 
before  I,  il- ;  before  r,  ir-.  (S)  Kot  — 
the  ng.-;ative  prefix;  as  in  inactive,  inca- 
Vctble,  ic.  From  L.ta-,not,  prefix;  Gr.  an-, 
E.  un-,  not  feee  TJn-).  liike  the  preceding 
it  appear.3  also  as  il-,  im-,  ir-;  as  in  illegiti- 
•mate,  i'.nmacutaie,  irrational. 

Inter-,  between,  among;  as  in  intercede,  in- 
termingle, interchange,  &c.  From  L.  i;:ter, 
between,  among,  prep,  and  prefix;  a  com- 
parative form  r.kin  to  intra,  intro,  within, 
interior,  inner,  interims,  internal.  See 
XTNpEE  in  Diet.  It  takes  also  the  form 
Izitel-,  ae  in  iiiiellect. 

Intra-,  within;  as  in  intramural.  I^om  L. 
intra,  within.    See  Inter-. 

Intro-,  within,  into;  as  iu  introduce,  iutrc- 
spection.    See  Inter-. 

It-.    A  form  of  In-. 

Juxta-,  noar,  nigh ;  as  in  Juxtapoeition. 
From  L.  prep,  juxta,  near. 

Mai-,  Maie-,  ill,  br,dly;  as  in  malai'/Mni- 
stration,  ■:)ialadroic,  rAalconfe7U,nial:fci:tor. 
From  Fv.mal-,  L.n;c2e,  badly,  malua,  evil. 

Heta-,  Met-,  after,  beyond,  among,  or  de- 
noting change;  as  in  metaphysics,  meta- 
phor, mctariurphosis,  metathesis,  motoii- 
ymy.  Prom  Gr.  meta,  with,  among,  prep, 
and  prefix;  .cog.  with  A.  Sax.  mid,  G.  mit, 
Goth,  mith,  with. 

Mis-.  (1)  Wrong,  wrongly,  bad,  badly;  as 
in  misdeed,  mistake,  misshapen,  mieho.p. 
misrinformed.  From  .4. Sax.  Icel.  Dan.  and 
D.  wis-,  Sw.  m<3S;  Goth,  tnitsa-,  wrorgly; 
altin  to  '.erb  miss.  (2)  111,  unfortunate; 
as  iu  misadventure,  misalliance,  mischance. 
From  O.Fr.  mes-,  from  L.  minus,  less.  See 
Diet. 


PREFIXES.  AN0    SUFFIXES. 


XIII 


Mono-,  Mon-,  single,  sole,  having  only  one; 
ae  in  monarch,  monodv,  monopram,  mono- 
maniac.   From  Gr.  monot,  sole,  single. 

Multi-,  Mult-,  many;  as  in  multangular, 

multiform,  niuUivalve.    From  L.  multut, 

many,  much. 
N-,  negative  element;  as  in  never,  none. 

Prom  A.  Sax.  ne,  not;  cog.  with  L.  ne,  not, 

Skr.  na,  E.  no.    See  No  in  Diet. 
Koa-,  not;  often  used  as  in-,  negative,  or  as 

uvr.  From  L.  non,  not,  from  ne  wnum,  not 

one.    See  above. 
Ob-,  against,  before,  in  the  way  of ;  as  in 

object,  obstacle,    obstruct.    .  From    L.  ■  06, 

against,  prep,  and  prefix;  allied  to  Gr.  epi, 

upon,  Skr.  api,  moreover.   It  appears  also 

as  0-,  0C-,  of;  op;  as  in  omit,  occur,  offend, 

oppress. 

Oc-,  Oi-.    Perms  of  Ob-. 
Off-,  from;  as  in  offshoot,  offspring.  See  Orr 

in  Diet. 
On-,  on,  against;  as  in  onset,  onslaught.  Bee 

On  in  Diet. 
Op-.    A  form  of  Ob-. 
Oct-,  out,  beyond;  as  in  outbid,  ouU)urst. 

Sea  Out  in  Diet. 

Over-,  abov3,  beyond,  too  much;  as  in  over- 
head,  overhang,   overburden,   overcharge. 

See  OvEK  in  Diet. 
?an-,  Panto-,  all;  as  in  panacea,  pantheism, 

pantograph.    From  Gr.  pan,  pantos,  all. 
Para-,  Par-,  beside,  beyond  or  aside  from; 

as  in  parallel,  paradox,  parable,  parody. 

From  Gr.  para,  beside,  prep,  and  prefix; 

allied  to  peri,  around,  L.  per,  through;  E. 

for-.'  See  For-. 
Pel-.    A  form  of  Per-. 
Pen-,  almost;  as  in  penitutula,  penultimate. 

From  h.  pene,  poene,  almost. 

Per-,  through,  throughout,  thoroughly;  as 
in  perforate,  pervade,  perfect,  perdition. 
It  has  sometimes  the  effect  of  E.  for-  (in 
forswear,  forget],  as  in  perfidy,  perjury. 
From  L.  per,  through,  prep,  and  prefix ; 
allied  to  Gr.  pdra,  E.  for-.  In  pellucid  it 
appears  as  pel. 

Peri-,  around,  about;  as  in  periphery,  peri- 
patetic, periphrasis.  From  Gr.  peri,  about, 
prep,  and  prefix;  allied  to  Gr.  para,  L.  per. 

Pol-.    A  form  of  Por-. 

Poly-,  many;  as  in  potygamy,  polygon,  poly- 


syllable.  From  Gr.  polys,  many;  same  root 
as  £.  full. 

Per-,  Pol-,  forward,  forth;  as  in  portend, 
pollute.  From  L.  prefix  por-,  pot-,  akin  to 
pro,  before,  Gr.  pro,  Skr.  pra,  E.  forth.,  . . 

Post-,  after,  behind;  as  in  postdate,  post- 
pone. From  L.  post,  after,  prep.and  prefix. 

Pre-,  Prae-,  before,  beforehand,  in  advance; 
as  in  predict,  prefer,  prefigure,  preem.inent. 
From  L.  prce,  before,  prep,  and  prefix; 
akin  to  pro,  per,  prim,us.  It  is  the  pr  of 
prison,  the  jyro  of  provost. 

Preter-,  beyond,  above;  as  in  preternatural, 
preterit.  Frum  L.  prceter,  beyond,  a  com- 
parative form  of  pra.    See  Prae-. 

Pro-,  before,  forth,  forward;  as  in  produce, 
project,  profess,  promise:  also  instead  of; 
as  in  pronoun,  proconsul.  From  L.  pro, 
before,  for,  prep,  and  prefix;  akin  to  pros 
and  to  Gr.  pro,  before,  Skr.  pra,  away,  E. 
for-  (which  see).  In  some  words  pro-  is  the 
Gr.  pro,  as  in  prologue,  prophet. 

Pros-,  towards,  in  addition;  as  in  proselyte, 
prosody.  From  Gr.  pros,  towards,  prep, 
and  prefix;  akin  to  Skr.  prati,  towards, 
E.  forth. 

Proto-,  Prot-,  first,  original;  as  in  protocol, 
protoplasm,  protagonist.  Prom  Gr.  protos, 
first,  akin  to  pro,  before. 

Re-,  Red-,  back,  a^ain;  as  in  reeaXl,  regain, 
return,  retract;  silso  change  of  place,  as  in 
remove.  From  L.  re-,  red-,  prefix,  the  lat- 
ter form  being  used  before  vowels,  as  in 
redeem,  redolent,  redundant. 

Retro-,  backward;  as  in  retroact,  retro- 
grade. Prom  L.  prefix  retro-,  backwards, 
a  comparative  of  Re-  (comp.  intro  and  in). 

Be-,  aside,  apart;  as  in  secede,  seduce,  se- 
clude; also  without,  as  in  secure.  From 
L.  se-,  originally  sed-,  only  used  as  a  prefix. 

Semi-,  half;  as  in  semicircle.  From  L.  pre- 
fix semi-,  half;  akiu  to  Skr.  sami,  half, 
Gr.  hfmi-  (see  Hemi-). 

81ne-i  without;  as  in  siru:cure.  Prom  L. 
sine,  without,  prep,  and  prefix,  from  si,  if, 
and  ne,  not. 

Sub-,  under,  beneath,  inferior;  as  in  sub- 
ject, subordinate,  submarine,  submerge,  sub- 
mit; also  slightly,  as  in  subacid,  subobtuse. 
From  L.  sub,  under,  prep,  and  prefix ; 
allied  to  Gr.  hypo,  under,  Skr.  upa,  near; 
and  to  E.  up,  over.  It  appears  also  as  su-, 
*nc;  tuf;  tug-,  sutn-,  tup-,  sur-,  ag  in  sus- 


ipect,  sueettd,  luffeVj  mggeit,  «t4nmon,  tup- 

press,  surreptitious. 
Bubter-,  beneath;  as  iu  subterfuge.    From 

L.   subter,  beneath,  prep,  and  prefix,  a 

comparative  of  mb  (which  see).- 
Bnc-,  Bnf-,  Sag-,  Sum-,  Sup-.    Tormi  of 

Sub.. 
Super-,  above,  over,  more  than;  as  in  super- 

abourid,  superadd,  supersede,  superhuman. 

From  L.  super,  over,  above,  prep,  and 

prefix ;  a  comparative  form  akin  to  sub, 

and  to  Gr.  Ayper,. over,  E.  over.  See  Supek 

in  Diet. 
Buprfc-,  above;  as  in  supraeostal..  Prom  L. 

supra,  above,  akin  to  super. 

Bur-,  over,  above;  as  in  surface,  surmount, 
from  Pr.  sur,  above,  from  L.  super  (which 
see). 

Bur-.    A  form  of  Bub-. 

Syn-,  Sym-,'  8yl-,  with,  together  with,  in 
company;  as  m  synagogue,  synclinal,  (sym- 
metry,  sympathy , syllabic,  syllogism.  From 
Gr.  syn,  with,  prep,  and  prefix;  allied  to 
L.  cum.    See  Com-. 

Vo-,  this,  on  this;  as  in  to-day,  to-night, 
together,  toward,  &c.    Prom  prep.  to. 

Trans-,  Tra-.  across,  over,  through,  beyond; 
as  in  tranimit,  transport,  transfix,  trans- 
gress, traverse,  traduce.  From  L.  trwM, 
across,  prep.  and  prefix;  same  root  as  £. 
through.    See  Tbsouoh  in  Diet. 

Tri-,  three,  thrice,  threefold;  as  in  triar^le, 
tricolour,  trident,  trilbbite,trilogy.  From 
L.  and  Gr.  tri-,  prefix,  three,  thrice;  allied 
to  E.  three. 

Ultra-,  beyond;  as  in  ultramarine,  uLira- 
montane.  From  L.  ultra,  beyond,  prep, 
and  prefix.    See  Ultra  in  Diet. 

TTn-.  (1)  The  negative  prefix-=not;  as  in  tttt- 
availing,  unanswerable,  &c.  From  A.  Sax. 
un-,  not;  allied  to  L.  inr,  not.  (2)  Denotin'g 
reversal  of  an  action;  as  in  undo,  untie,  &c. 
From  A.  Sax.  un-,  akin  to  G.  ent-,  Goth. 
and-,  E.  an-  in  answer.    See  Un-  in  Diet. 

Under-,  below,  beneath;  as  in  undercurrent, 
underlie,  underhand,  undersell.  Seo  UiUJEn 
in  Diet; 

Up-,  up;  as  in  upheave.    See  Up  in  Diet. 

With-,  against,  back;  as  in  withstand,  with- 
draw, withhold.  From  A.  Sax.  with, 
agunst,  same  as  prep,  with.    See  Diet. 


SUFFIXES. 


■able,  that  may  be,  capable  of  being;  as  In 

lovable,  affable.    L.  -cibilit. 
-ac,  pertaining  to;  as  in  cardiac,  demoniae, 

Gr.  ,-akos. 
-aceous,  partaking  of  the  properties  of;  as, 

in  arenaceous,  herbaceous,    t.  -aceus. 
-acioui,  characterized  by;  as  in  tenacious, 

pugnacious.    Pr.  -acieux,  L.  -ax,  -ads. 
-age,  abstract  or  collective,  also  locality;  as 

in  advaritage,  foliage, _parsonage.   Fr.  -age, 

L.L.  -aiicum,  L.  -aticus,  adj.  termination. 
-aln,  fjiving  adjectives  and  nouns:  as  in 

certain,  captain.    Fr.  -ain,  L.  -anus. 
-al,  pertaining  to;  as  in  annual,  filial.    L. 

-alts. 

-an,  noun  and  adj.  suflSx;  as  in  pagan,  Ro- 
man, human.    L.  -anus. 
•ance,  -ancy,  denoting  state  or  action;  as  in 

abundance,  acceptance.     L.  -an(ia.      See 

-nee. 

■ana,  adj.  suflix;  as  in  mundane,  humane. 

li.  -onus. 

■aneoas,  belonging  to;  as  in  contemporane- 
ous,   li.  -aneus. 
•a^t,  equivalent  to  E.  suffix  -inoj  as  in 

abundant,  accordant,  pleasant.     L.  -ans, 

■antis,  term,  of  preseiit  participle. 
-&r,  pertaining  to;  as  in  angular,  familiar, 

polar.    L.  -oris.  ■ 
-ard,  denoting  disposition  or- character;  as 

Ki CM r.;v,', mggtxri, sluggard.  Partly fi'om 


A.  Sax.  -heard,  lit.  hard,  partly  from  Pr. 

^rd,  from  G.  hart,  hard, 
-ary,  adj.  and  noun  suffix;  aa  in  auxiliary, 

sontrary,    library,    secretary,    antiquary, 

seminary.    L.  -arius,  -arium. 
-asm.    See  -Ism. 
-aster,  denoting  contempt;  as  in  poetaster, 

criticaster.    O.Fr.  -astre,  h.  -aster,  having 

somewhat  of,  adj.  termination.' 

-ate,  seen  in  verbs,  adjectives,  and  nojino; 

as  animate,  agitate,  delicate.      Prom  L. 

-atus,  term,  of  past  participle, 
-ble.    See  -able,  -Ible. 
-ble,  as  in  treble.    See  -pie. 
-cle,  -cule,  dim.  suffix;  as  in  article,  particle, 

animalcule.    L.  -ctdus,  -eula,  -eulum. 
-cy,  state  of;  as  in  idiocy.    Fr.  -eie,  L.  Ha. 
-d.    See  -ed. 
-dom,  power  or  jurisdiction,  state;  as  in 

kingdom,  earldom,  uiisdom,    martydom. 

A.  Sax.  d&m,  judgment,  authority ;  a-kin 

G.  -thum.     See  Doom  in  Diet. 
-ed,  -d,  suffix  of  past  tense.    A.  Sax.  -dt, 

shortened  for  -dide,  past  tense  of  ddn,  E. 

to  do. 
-ed,  -d,  suffix  of  past  participle  and  some 

adjectives  and  nouns;  as  in  loved,  booted, 

Iwnied.  Originally  -th,  and  corresponding 

to  L.  -tus,  of  past  participle;  same  as  the 

■d,  -i,  -ih,  of  cold,  dead,  flight,  height,  death, 

heallh,  &c. 


■ee,  denoting  one  who  Is  acted  on,  a  recipi- 
ent; as  in  legatee,  referee,  trustee.  Pr.  -i,  -ee, 
from  L.  -atus,  of  past  participle.  See  -ace. 

-eer,  -ier,  denoting  profession  or  employ- 
ment; as  in  brigadier,  charioteer.  Pr.  -ier, 
L.  -arius. 

-ol,  dim.    See  -le. 

-en,  -n,  made  of;  as  in  golden,  v>axen,  lea- 
thern; also  pertaining  to,  as  in  heathen. 
A.  Sax.  -en,  G.  -en,  Goth,  -ein;  tk'n  to  L 
-nus,  Gr.  -nos,  Skr.  -nas. 

-en,  dim.  as  in  chicken,  ic>,ilen     A.  Sax  -e^. 

-an,  pi.;  an  in  oxen,  Kine,  shoon.  A.  Ear.  -ai . 

■en,  to  make,  verbal  cermination;  »s  .°n 
soften,whiten.  A.  Sax.  and  Goth,  jcfiniti'  e 
-nan,  originally  an  intransitive  form. 

-ence,  -ency.     Similar  to  -ance,  -ancy. 

-ecus,  pertaining  to,  containing;  as  in  <i<,t<^- 
ous.  L.  -ewe.  [In  courteous,  -enus  is  from 
L.  .-cnsit;  in  righteous,  also  of  different 
origin.] 

-er,  one'  who  does;  as  In  baker,  singer, 
writer.  A.  Sax.  -ere,  G.  -er,  Goth,  -areis, 
allied  to  L.  -anus.  Sometimes  takes^ 
before  it,  as  in  bowytr,  lawyer,  taw^ar;  in 
lia/r  takesTorm  of  -or. 

-er,  frequentative;  as  in  flicker,  ipviUr.  A. 
Sax.  -erian,  G.  -em. . 

■er,  coniparative  suffix.  A.  Sax.  -er,  or, 
G.  -er,  I.  -0J-. 


PREFIXES    AND    SUFFIXES. 


crel,  dim.;  as  In  coclerel,  mongrel.  O.Fr. 
■erel. 

-erly,  to  or  from  m  direction;  as  In  nor- 
thsrly,  easterly.    For  -trn-ly. 

-em,  expressing  direction;  as  in  aouthem. 
A.  Sax.  -<rn. 

-ery,  business  or  place  where  it  is  carried 
ou,  also  with  collective  force;  as  in  arcAery, 
brewsri/,  ctitlery,  fiiiery,  soldiery.  From 
nouns  in  -er  with  Fr.  -ie,  L.  -ia. 

-es,  -s,  denoting  plurals.  A.  Sax.  -as;  com- 
mon to  the  Aryan  languages. 

-escent,  becoming  gradually ;  as  in  con- 
valescent, effervescent.  L.  -escens,  -escentia, 
pi-es.  part,  of  inceptive  verbs  in  -esco. 

-ese,  belonging  to  a  country  or  city;  as  in 
Siamese,  Maltese.  Fr.  -ai«,  -ois.  It.  -ese,- 
from  L.  -ensis. 

-esque,  partaking  of;  as  in  picturesque.  Fr. 
-esque,  from  L.  -iscus,  a  form  of  -icus. 

-ess,  feminine  suffix;  as  in  authoress,  coun- 
tess, giantess.  Fr.  -esse,  L.  -issa,  from  Gr. 
-issa. 

-est,  suffix  of  superlatives.  A  Sax.  -est, 
-ost,  G.  -est;  allied  to  Gr.  -istos,  Skr, 
•ishthas. 

-et,  -ette,  dim.  suffix;  as  in  iilUt,  coronet, 
palette.    Fr.  -et,  -ette. 

-ey,  adjective  suffix.    See  -y. 

-ferous,  bearing,  prodticing;  as  in  aurifer- 
ous, quartziferous.  L.  -fer,  from  /era,  to 
bear. 

-fold,  denoting  multiplication;  as  in  three- 
fold, manifold.    From  fold,  noun  or  verb. 

-ful,  full  of;  as  in  fanciful,  mournful.  A. 
Sax.  -/kZ=E.  full. 

-fy,  to  make ;  as  in  beautify.  Fr.  -Jier,  L. 
f.care,  from  facio,  to  make. 

-geneouB ,  -genoos,  as  in  homogeneous.  From 
Gr.  and  L.  root  -gen,  to  produce. 

-graph,  -graphy.  From  Gr.  -graphos, 
-graphia,  from  grapho,  to  write. 

-head,  -hood,  state,  condition;  as  ^ja.  God- 
head, tmdowhoodt  A.  Sax.  hdd,  state,  rank 
=  G.  -heit. 

-ible,  same  meaning  as  -able ;  as  in  acces- 
sible. 

-Ic,  pertaining  to;  as  in  botanic,  periodic, 
public.    L.  -icus,  Gr.  -ikoa,  Skr.  -iJcas. 

-ical,  pertaining  to;  as  in  logical.  From  L. 
-icus  and  -alis  combined. 

-icB,  properly  plural,  but  used  as  a  singular 
in  names  of  branches  of  knowledge;  as  in 
mathematics,  ethics.  Gr.  -ika,  neut.  pi.  of 
-titos,  lit.  things  belonging  to. 

•id,  adjective  feuffix;  as  in  arid,  fluid,  torpid. 
L.  -idiis. 

-Id,  -Idae,  suffix  of  familynames  of  animals. 
Gr.  -ides,  denoting  descent. 

-Ide,  suffix  of  certain  chemical  comijounds; 
as  chloride.     Gr.  -eidos,  form. 

•ie,  -y,  dim.  suffix;  as  in  uiifie,  Johnnie.  From 
-ick,  weaker  form  of  -ock. 

-ier.    Same  as  -eer. 

-ile,  capable  of  being;  as  in  doHle,  fragile. 
L.  -iHs. 

-ile,  belonging  to;  as  in  puerile,  senile,  Gen- 
tik.    li.  -His. 

-Ine,  feminine  suffix;  as  in  heroine.  Fr.  -ine, 
h.  -ina. 

-ine,  suffix  of  adjectives  and  nouns;  aS  in 
divine,  iodine.    L.  -inus,  -ina. 

-ing,  noun  suffix;  as  in  whiting,  shilling.  A. 
Sax.  -ing. 

-ing,  termination  of  present  participles. 
Corrupted  from  A.  Sax.  -ende. 

-ing,  termination  of  verbal  nouns.  A.  Sax. 
-utig. 

-ion.    See  -sion,  -tion. 

-ique,  adj.  suffix;  as  in  antique,  unique.  Fr. 
-iqiie,  L.  -iquiis,  a  form  of  -icus. 

-ise.    See  -ize. 

-lah,  pertaining  to,  having  somewhat  of;  as 
in  childish,  foolish,  du^arfish,  whitish,  Eng- 
lish.   A.  Sax.  -isc,  G.  -isch,  Goth.  -isle. 
-lah,  verbal  suffix;  as  in  nourish,  perish. 
From  forms  in  -iss-  of  French  verbs,  from 


li.  -esc-  of  inceptive  verbs  (as  abolesco^ 
abolish). 

•ism,  -asm,  suffix  of  nouns,  often  implying 
state,  system,  doctrines;  as  in  barbarism, 
atheism,  organtsiyi,  scepticisr.z,  pleonasm. 
L.  -isnius,  -asmus,  from  Gr.  -ismos,  -asmos. 

-1st,  -ast,  one  who;  suffix  often  correspond- 
ing to  -ism,  -asm;  as  in  atheist,  gymnast. 

-ite,  one  of,  a  follower  of;  as  in  Israelite,  Spi- 
nozite.    L.  -ita,  Gr.  -ites. 

-ite,  a  geological  suffix= -Zife.  Also  a  chem- 
ical Euffix,  from  L.  adjective  suffix  -itiis, 

-itis,  suffix  denoting  inflammation:  used 
in  medical  terms;  as  in  laryngitis.  Gr. 
-itis. 

-ity,  state;  as  in  ability.    L.  -itas.    See  -ty. 

-ix.    See  -trlx. 

-ize,  -iae,  to  make,  to  act;  as  in  civilize,  eco- 
nomize. Fr.  -iser,  O.Fr.  -ieer,  L.L.  -izare, 
from  Gr.  -izein. 

-kin,  dim.  suffix;  as  in  lambkin.  Not  in  A. 
Sax.;  same  as  D.  -ek-en;  G.  -ch-en;  equiv- 
alent to  -ock-e7i,  and  thus  a  double  dimin- 
utive. 

-Ie,  -el,  a  suffix  in  nouns  denoting  instru- 
ment, &c.;  as  in  needle,  saddle,  steeple, 
navel,  weasel.  A.  Sax.  -el,  -ol,  -id,  -ela,  G. 
-el,  Aryan  -al,  -ar.  Also  in  some  adjec- 
tives, as  idle. 

-Ie,  dim.  and  freq.  suffix  of  verbs ;  as  in 
frizzle,  nibble,  sparkle. 

-lence,  suffix  in  abstract  nouns,  corresponds 
to  -lent. 

-lent,  full  of;  as  in  violent,  purulent.  L. 
-lentus. 

-less,  free  from,  without;  as  in  artless, 
fatherless.  A.  Sax.  -Zeds,  6.  -los;  akin  lose, 
loss. 

-let,  dim.  suffix;  as  in  leaUet,  streamlet. 
From  -Ie  or  -el,  and  -et. 

-ling,  dim.  suffix;  as  in  darling,  lordling, 
starveling.  From  -ing,  A.  Sax.  -iixg,  with 
prefixed  -Ie  or  -el. 

-ling,  -long,  adverbial  suffix;  as  in  darkling, 
endlong.  A.  Sax.  -linga,  -Iwiga,  adverbial 
datives. 

-lite,  in  mineralogical  terms,  &c.,  means 
stone;  as  in  (lerolite.     Gr.  lithos,  a  stone. 

-logy,  doctrine,  science;  as  in  biology.  Gr. 
-logia,  from  logos,  a  word,  speech. 

-ly,  like,  an  adjective  and  adverbial  suf- 
fix; as  in  lovely,  truly.  A  form  of  adj.  like; 
A.  Sax.  -lie,  adjective  suffix,  -lice,  adver- 
bial suffix. 

-ment,  act  of,  state  of;  as  in  agreemeiit,  ar- 
gument, experiment.  Fr.  -ment,  L.  -men- 
turn. 

-meter,  a  measure ;  as  in  hydj-ometer.  Gr. 
m,etrcm,  a  measure. 

-mony,  state;  as  in  matrimony,  parsimony. 
L.  -inoniuyn,  -monia. 

-most,  suffix  in  superlatives;  as  foremost. 
Not  the  same  as  jnost,  superlative  of  mtich, 
but  a  double  superlative  composed  of  su- 
perlative suffixes  -ma  and  -est.  See  Fore- 
most in  Diet. 

-nee,  -ncy,  suffix  of  abstract  nouns  usually 
denoting  state;  as  in  vigilance,  brilliancy, 
abhorrence,  excellency.  Fr.  -nee,  L.  -ntia, 
from  present  participles  in  -ans,  -antis, 
■ens,  -etitis,  with  suffix  -ia. 

•ness,  denoting  state  of  being;  as  in  barren- 
ness, fulness,  redness.  A.  Sax.  -nes,  same 
as  G.  -nig,  Goth,  -nassus. 

-ock,  diminutive  suffix;  as  in  hillock,  bull- 
ock.   A.  Sax.  -uca. 

-oid,  -oidal,  resembling;  as  in  elephantoid, 
spheroidal.    Gr.  -oeides,  from  eidos,  form. 

-on,  noun  suffix,  as  in  dragon,  falcon.  Fr. 
-on,  L.  -onem,  accus.  suffix  of  nouns  in  -o, 
-onis. 

-or,  one  who;  as  in  emperor,  sailor.  Fr. 
-eur,  from  L.  -torem,  accus.  of  nouna  in 
•tor. 

-ory.    See  -tory. 

-our,  -or,  suffix  of  abstract  nouns ;  as  in 
colour  or  color,  favour,  honour.  Fr.  -eur, 
L.  -orem,  accus.  of  nouns  in  -or,  -oris. 


•ous,  -ose,  full  of,  abounding  with;  as  in 
copious,  famous,  operose,  vei-bose.  Fr.  -eux, 

L.  -0»M«. 

-pathy,  state  of  feeling;  as  in  antipathy. 
Gr.  -pathia,  from  pathos,  suffering. 

-phorous,  bearing,  carrying;  as  in  phyllo- 

'  phorous.   Gr.  -phoros,  from  phero,  to  bear. 

-pie,  same  sense  as  -fold;  as  in  triple,  quad- 
ruple.   It.  -plus,  akiu  to  -pleo,  to  fill. 

-red,  -ric.  See  Hatred,  Bishopric,  in  Diet. 

-ry,  collective  noun  suffix,  an  art;  as  in 
nunnery,  cookery,  poetry.    Fr.  -rie,  L.  -ria. 

-'a,  suffix  of  the  possessive.  A.  Sax.  -es=G. 
-s,  -es,  L.  -is.  The  old  notion  that  it  stands 
for  his  is  quite  erroneous,  though  this 
may  be  the  origin  of  the  '. 

-scope,  -scopy,  what  assists  sight,  a  seeing. 
Gr.  -skopos,  -skopia,  from  skopeo.  to  see. 

-ship,  state  of,  office  of;  as  in  apprentice- 
ship, censorship,  rectorship.  A.  Sax.  -scipe, 
akin  to  ship,  shape. 

•sion,  state  or  action  abstractly;  as  in  ea;p2o- 
si07i,  tension.    L.  -sio,  -sionis,  akin  -tion. 

-some,  full  of,  abounding  in;  as  'n  glad- 
some, frolicsome,  troublesome.  A.  Sax. 
-sum,  Icel.  and  G.  -gam;  akin  to  same. 

-ster,  one  who;  as  in  gamester,  maltster, 
songster.  A.  Sax.  -estre,  originally  a  femi- 
nine suffix,  as  still  in  spinster. 

-sy,  state;  as  in  heresy,  phantasy.  Gr.  -sis, 
-sia. 

-t,  suffix  of  nouns;  as  in  height,  flight  Same 
as  -th. 

-teen,  ten;  as  in  fifteen.    A.  Sax.  -tyne. 

-ter,  ther,  a  comparative  suffix;  as  in  after, 
other.  A.  Sax.  -ter,  -der,  -ther.  See  After 
in  Diet. 

-th,  suffix  of  abstract  nouns;  as  in  breadth, 
death,  health.  A.  Sax.  -th,  allied  to  L.  -tus, 
as  in  juventus,  youth. 

-th,  suffix  of  ordinals ;  as  sixth.  A.  Sax. 
-tha;  allied  to  -tus,  in  L.  sextus,  sixth. 

-ther,  an  agent;  as  in /after,  mother,  brother. 
A.  Sax.  -ocr,  -dor,  -thor;  allied  to  L/  -tor, 
Skr.  -tar,  denoting  an  agent. 

-tion,  state  or  action  abstractly;  as  in  con- 
ception, perception.  L.  -tio,  -tionis;  akin 
-sion. 

-tor,  an  agent;  as  in  actor.    See  -ther. 

-tory,  adjective  suffix;  as  in  amatory,  con- 
firmatory, explanatory.  L.  -tortus,  corre- 
sponding to  nouns  in  -tor.  From  the  neu- 
ter -torium  comes  the  termination  when 
signifying  place,  aavixdorviitory,  lavatory. 

-trix,  feminine  suffix  corresponding  to  -tor; 
as  in  testatiijc.    L.  -trix. 

•tude,  suffix  of  abstract  nouns;  as  in.  forti- 
tude, gratitude.    L.  -tudo,  -tudinia. 

-ture.    See  -ure. 

-ty,  suffix  t)f  abstract  nouns;  as  in  gravity, 
levity.    Fr.  -te,  D.  -tas,  -talis. 

-ty,  ten  times;  as  in  fifty.  A.  Sax.  -tig;  akin 
to  ten,  -teen. 

-ale,  dim.  suffix ;  as  in  globule,  pilule.  L. 
-ulus,  -ula,  -uh'm. 

-ure,  act,  thin^  produced;  as  in  capture, 
gesture,  creature,  picture.    L.  -ura. 

-ward,  -wards,  suffix  of  direction;  as  in 
homeward,  homewards.  When  with  -«  it 
is  an  adverbial  genitive.  A.  Sax.  -weard, 
-weardes;  akin  to  worth  (verb),  L.  verto,  to 
turn. 

-way,  -ways,  suffix  of  manner;  as  in  alumys, 
straightway.  From  way,  manner;  -ways  is 
an  adverbial  genitive. 

-wise,  suffix  of  manner;  as  in  lengthwise, 
likewise.    See  Wise  in  Diet. 

-y,  -ey,  adjective  suffix;  as  in  bloody,  clayey, 
dirty,  filthy,  skyey,  woody.  A.  Sax.  -ig,  6. 
-ig;  allied  to  L.  -icus,  Gr.  -ikos.  In  hasty, 
jolly,  it  represents  Fr.  -if,  L.  -ivus. 

-y,  noun  suffix.  Sometimes,  as  in  company, 
fallacy,  it  represents  Fr.  -ie,  L.  -ia,  or  Gr. 
-ia  (as  in  apology);  sometimes  it  represents 
L.  -ium.  as  in  remedy,  subsi(^y;  sometimes 
L.  -ius,-  a°  in  notary;  sometimes  L.  -atut^, 
as  in  deputy. 


THE   PRONUNCIATION. 


THE   PEONUNCIATION. 


la  showing  the  pronunciation  the  simplest  and  most  easily 
miderstood  method  has  been  adopted  in  this  Dictionary,  that 
of  re-writing  the  word  in  a  different  form.  In  doing  so  the 
same  letter  or  combination  of  letters  is  made  use  of  for  the 
same  sound,  no  matter  by  what  letter  or  letters  the  soimd 
may  be  represented  in  the  word  whose  pronunciation  is  shown. 
The  key  to  the  pronunciation  by  this  means  is  greatly  simpli- 
fied, the  reader  having  only  to  bear  in  mind  one  mark  for 
each  sound.  Sounds  and  letters,  the  reader  must  bear  in  mind, 
are  often  very  different  things.  In  the  English  language  there 
are  over  forty  sounds,  while  in  the  English  alphabet  there  are 
only  twenty-six  letters  to  represent  them.  Our  alphabet  is, 
therefore,  very  far  from  being  adequate  to  the  duties  required 
of  it,  and  very  different  from  a  perfect  alphabet,  which  would 
have  a  distinct  letter  for  each  sound,  bo  that  the  same  sound 
would  always  be  represented  by  the  same  letter.  The  princi- 
pal vowel  sounds  (including  diphthongs)  are  as  shown  in  the 
following  table,  which  gives  also  the  characters  that  are  used 
in  the  Dictionary  to  show  the  pronunciation,  most  of  them, 
distinguished  by  diacritical  marks. 


it> 
a, 
«• 
e. 
e, 
«. 
i. 
i. 


as  in fate. 

, far. 

fat. 

foU, 

, me. 

m«t. 

„     her. 

, pine. 

pin. 


S,  . 
o,  . 
0,  . 
O,  , 
u,  . 
fl.  • 
a,  . 
oi, . 


. . . .  note. 

....  not. 

....  move. 

....  titbe. 

....t«b. 

....bidl. 

....  Sc. abwne (Fr.u). 

. . . .  oil. 

....  pound 


The  vowel  which  is  heard  in  the  key-word /a(«  is  heard  also 
in  the  words  mail,  pray,  pear,  feign,  prey,  and  there,  although 
it  is  written  by  different  means  in  each.  In  the  Dictionary 
the  reader  is  directed  to  give  to  each  of  those  words  the  vowel 
a  of  fate,  'hy  the  following  notation,  mal,  pra,  par,  fan,  pra, 
thar.  Thus  the  same  letter,  with  the  same  mark  to  distin- 
guish it,  i^  adopted  to  denote  the  same  sound,  whatever  the 
orthography  of  the  word  may  be.  It  must  be  observed,  how- 
ever, that  the  sameness  of  the  sound  is  all  that  is  intended  to 
be  expressed,  for  the  sound  may  be  rather  longer  or  rather 
shorter  in  duration  than  that  of  the  key- word. 

Strictly  speaking  the  vowel  sound  heard  in  pear,  there,  and 
similar  words,  differs  slightly  from  that  heard  in  the  other 
words  given  in  being  absolutely  simple  or  pure  in  character. 
The  vowel  in  the  word /ate,  on  the  other  hand,  is  a  compound 
sound,  the  ending  being  slightly  different  from  the  initial 
part  of  it.  The  initial  part  is  a  vowel-sound  of  a  specific 
character,  which  gradually  changes  until  it  becomes  similar 
to  the  e  of  me  or  the  i  of  pin,  when  it  completes  the  vowel. 
The  compound  character  of  the  vowel,  and  the  transition 
from  the  first  to  the  last  part  of  it,  are  best  noticed  in  a  very 
long  syllable,  such  as  the  word  praise,  which  may  be  uttered 
in  a  slow  and  drawling  manner  for  the  purpose. 

Besides  the  sound  just  noticed  the  letter  a  has  three  other 
very  distinct  sounds;  and  it  also  sometimes  takes  sounds  bet- 
ter represented  by  e  or  o,  as  in  any,  quality.  The  letters  e,  o, 
and  u  have  each  three  separate  sounds,  and  i  has  two.  The 
fourth  sound  of  v,  which  is  used  in  the  key  is  not  an  English 
sound,  though  very  common  in  Scotch  and  French,  as  also  in 
German,  &c. 

The  compound  vowel-sounds  are  named  diphthongs,  that  is 
double  sounds,  whether  they  be  written  with  one  or  more 
letters.  Six  of  the  vowel-sounds  in  English  are  diphthongs, 
of  which  three,  viz.  those  in  the  key- words /aie,  pine,  and  oil, 
end  in  t  of  me,  and  those  in  note,  tube,  and  pound,  end  in  o 
of  move.  The  remaining  vowels  are  simple  soundis,  and  are 
named  monophthongs,  that  is  single  sounds,  whether  they  1)e 
written  with  one  or  more  letters  (as  in  fault,  meet,  four, 
&c.). 


The  consonant  sounds  in  English  may  be  said  to  be  twenty- 
five  in  number,  as  given  below.  Some  of  them,  it  wiU  be 
noticed,  are  represented  by  two  letters,  this  clumsy  method 
being  necessary  from  the  imperfection  of  the  alphabet.  In 
any  perfect  alphabet  sh,  eh,  ng,  &c.,  would  have  each  a  single 
character.  The  consonants  may  be  divided  into  various 
classes  according  to  their  character.  Two  important  divisions, 
into  one  or  other  of  which  they  are  all  arranged,  are  the 
voice -consonants  and  the  voiceless  consonants,  otherwise 
called  respectively  sonant  and  surd  consonants. 


Voice-Consonants. 

B.— bed,  e6& 

D.— do,  add 

6.— CO,  effflr 

li.—lo,  all. 

M.— roan,  a»». 

N. — no,  an. 

R.— roe,  far. 

v.— ^est,  have  . 

W.— we 

Y.— you. 

Z.— «est,  ha«8   . 
Ha.—eina. 
ZH.— azure  .       . 
TH.— <Ais,  laOa 

J,— jew,  judge 


Voiceless  Consonants. 
,       P.— pin,  up. 

T.— to,  at. 

K.— fcin,  ar*. 


V.—fai,  6ff, 
Wh.— wAy. 

8.— 10,  pa«r, 

Sh.— alied,  a«R^ 
Th.— (Ain,  pitA: 
Oh.— «)iurcft. , ' 
H.— ftope. . 


Neither  e  nor  g  requires  to  lie  given,  the  former  having  hd 
characteristic  sound  of  its  own,  being  always  equivalent  to  » 
or  fc;  the  latter,  which  is  always  followed  by  u,  having  the 
sound  of  A;  (qu=ltw). 

The  voice-consonants  are  uttered  with  voice,  the  voiceless 
consonants  with  mere  breath,  as  any  one  may  learn  by  care- 
fully studying  his  own  pronunciation  of  them.  A  syllable  is 
formed  by  the  utterance  of  one  or  more  of  the  elementary 
sounds  in  one  issue  of  voice.  A  syllable  can  only  have  one 
simple  or  compound  vowel  In  it;  thus  the  word  view  has  only 
one  vowel-sound  in  it,  that  of  the  Q  of  tube,  written  by  the 
trigraph  tew.  Some  syllables  have  no  vowel,  a  consonant 
alone  being  sufficient  to  form  the  syll^le,  as  in  the  finals  of 
fickle,  little,  garden,  maiden,  In  which,  though  the  c  appears 
in  the  spelling,  it  is  really  silent.  As  many  consonants  may 
go  to  form  a  syllable  as  there  is  a  possibility  of  pronouncing. 

The  special  key-words  for  the  consonants  as  used  in  show- 
ing the  pronunciation  throughout  the  Dictionary  are  given 
immediately  below.  It  will  be  understood  that  ch  always 
represents  the  sound  it  has  in  chain,  never  that  which  it  has 
in  machine:  g  has  always  its  so-called  hard  soimd,  j  being 
used  for  the  corresponding  soft.  The  only  foreign  sound  re- 
presented in  the  key  is  that^of  the  French  n,  as  in  bon.  This 
is  a  sound  that  requires  to  be  heard  properly  pronounced 
before  it  can  be  correctly  acquired. 

ch,  . .  as  in  . .  ehaia.  th, as  in then. 

eh,  ..     „     ..  Sc.locft,6er.nac*t.     th ,..thin. 

i job.  w,    ,     wig. 

g,    ..     „     ..go.  wh whig. 

n Fr.  ton.  zh,  » azure. 

ng,  ..     „     ..  sin^r. 

The  application  of  this  key  to  the  pronunciation  of  foreign 
words  can  as  a  rule  only  represent  approximately  the  true  pro- 
nunciation of  those  v/ords.  It  is  applicable,  however,  to  Latin 
and  Greek  words,  as  those  languages  are  commonly  pro- 
nounced in  England. 

In  order  to  the  correct  pronunciation  of  words  their  accent 
must  be  known.  In  words  consisting  of  more  than  one  syllable 
one  or  more  of  the  syllables  is  uttered  with  a  certain  stress  or 
emphasis,  called  an  accent;  as  the  first  syllable  of  the  word 
labour,  the  second  of  delay,  and  the  third  of  comprehension. 
The  accented  syllable  is  the  most  prominent  part  of  the  word, 


SVl 


ABBREVIATIONS,   SIGNS. 


being  made  so  by  means  of  the  accent.  In  this  Dictionary, 
an  in  most  others,  it  is  denoted  by  the  mark  '.  Tliis  mark, 
also  called  an  accent,  is  placed  above  and  heyond  the  syllable 
which  receives  the  accent,  as  in  the  words  la'bour,  delay',  and 
comprehen'sion. 

Many  polysyllabic  words  are  pronounced  with  two  accents, 
the  primary  and  the  secondary  accent,  as  the  word  excom- 
munication, in  which  the  third,  as  well  as  the  fifth  syUable 


is  commonly  accented.  The  accent  on  the  fifth  syllable  is 
the  primary  or  tonic  accent,  while  that  on  the  third  is  a 
mere  euphonic  accent,  and  consists  of  a  slight  resting  on 
the  syllable  to  prevent  indistinctness  in  the  utterance  of  so 
many  unaccented  syllables.  Where  both  accents  are  marked 
in  a  word,  the  primary  accent  is  thus  marked",  and  the 
secondary,  or  inferior  one,  by  this  mark  ',  as  in  the  word 
excomrHu'jiica"tion. 


THE   ABBREVIATIONS   AND    SIGNS 


USED  IN-  THIS  DICTIOa[ARY. 


a.  or  adi- 

■=«.  adjective. 

ethn. 

=  ethnography. 

■meteor. 

=  meteorology. 

poZ.  eeon. 

=  political  economy. 

abbrev. 

..  abbreviation,  ab- 

ethnology. 

M.H.G. 

..  Middle  High  Ger- 

poss. 

..  possessive.   ■ 

breviated. 

etym. 

..  etymology. 

man. 

pp. 

..  past  participle. 

ace. 

•..  accusative. 

exclam. 

.,  exclamation. 

Mil. 

..  Milton. 

ppr. 

..  present  participle. 

adv. 

..  adverb. 

fem. 

..  feminine. 

mint. 

..  military,  in  mili- 

Pr. 

..  Provencal. 

agri. 

..  agriculture. 

fig. 

..  figuratively. 

tary  affairs. 

prep. 

..  preposition. 

alg. 

.,  algebra. 

Fl. 

..  Flemish. 

mineral. 

..  mineralogy. 

pres. 

..  present. 

Amer, 

..  American. 

foH. 

..  fortification. 

Mod.  Fr. 

. .  Modern  French. 

pret. 

..  preterite. 

anat. 

..  anatomy. 

Pr. 

..  French. 

mus. 

..  music. 

print. 

..  printing. 

ane. 

..  ancient. 

freq. 

..  frequentative. 

myth. 

..  mythology. 

priv. 

..  privative. 

antiq. 

..  antiquities. 

Fris. 

..  Frisian. 

N. 

..  Norse.Norwegian. 

pron. 

..  pronunciation. 

aor. 

..  aorist,  aoristic. 

fut. 

..  future. 

n. 

..  noun. 

pronounced. 

Ar. 

..  Arabic. 

G. 

..  German. 

nat.  hist. 

. .  natural  history. 

pron. 

,.  pronoun. 

arch. 

..  architecture. 

Gael. 

..  Gaelic. 

nat.  order 

. .  natural  order. 

pros. 

.,  prosody. 

archceoL 

..  archaeology. 

galv. 

..  galvanism. 

nat.  phil. 

natural  philosophy. 

prov. 

.  prov-incial. 

aritk. 

..  arithmetic. 

geuit. 

..  genitive. 

naut. 

..  nautical. 

rail. 

.  .■  railways. 

Armor. 

..  Armoric. 

geog. 

..  geography. 

navig. 

..  navigation. 

reft. 

..  reflexively,  with  a 

art. 

..  article. 

geol. 

..  geology. 

neg. 

..  negative. 

refiexire  pronoun. 

A.  Sax. 

..  Anglo-Saxon. 

geom. 

..  geometry. 

neut. 

..  neuter. 

R.Cath.Ch. 

..  Roman   Catholic 

astrol. 

..  astrology. 

Goth. 

..  Gothic. 

N.H.G. 

New  High  German. 

Church. 

astron. 

..  astroDomy. 

Gr. 

..  Greek. 

nom. 

..  nominative. 

rha. 

.  rhetoric. 

at.  wt. 

..  atomic  weight. 

gram. 

. .  grammar. 

Norm.  . 

..  Norman. 

Rom.  antiq.  Roman  antiquities. 

aug. 

..  augmentative. 

gun. 

..  gunnery. 

North.  E. 

..  Northern  English. 

Rus. 

.  Russian. 

Uol. 

,.  biology. 

Heb. 

..  Hebrew. 

N.T. 

..  New  Testament. 

Sax. 

.  Saxon. 

hot. 

..  botany. 

her. 

..  heraldry. 

numis. 

..  numismatics. 

Sc. 

.  Scotch. 

Bret. 

.  .Breton(=Armoric). 

Hind. 

..  Hindustani,  or 

obj. 

..  objective. 

Scand. 

..  Scandinavian. 

Carl. 

..  Garlyle. 

Hindi. 

obs. 

..  obsolete. 

Scrip. 

.  Scripture. 

carp. 

..  carpentry. 

Mat. 

..  history. 

obsoles. 

..  obsolescent. 

sculp. 

.  sculpture. 

caus. 

..  causative. 

hm-t. 

..  horticulture. 

O.E. 

..  Old   English  (i.e. 

Shak. 

.  Shakspere. 

Celt. 

..  Celtic. 

Hung. 

..  Hungarian. 

English   between 

sing. 

.  singular. 

chem. 

..  chemistry. 

hydros. 

..  hydrostatics. 

A.  Saxon  and  Mo- 

Skr. 

.  Sanskrit. 

chron. 

..  chronology. 

Icel. 

..  Icelandic. 

dern  English). 

Slav. 

.  Slavonic,  Slavic 

Class. 

..  Classical  (=Greek 

ich. 

..  ichthyologry.' 

O.Pr. 

..  Old  French. 

Sp. 

.  Spanish. 

and  Latin). 

imper. 

..  imperative. 

O^.G. 

. .  Old  High  German. 

sp.  gr. 

.  specific  gravity. 

cog. 

,.  cognate,    cognate 

imperf. 

..  imperfect. 

0.  Sax. 

. .  Old  Saxon. 

subj. 

.  subjunctive; 

with. 

impers. 

..  impersonal. 

O.T. 

..  Old  Testament. 

superl. 

.  superlative. 

colloq. 

,.  coUoqiiial. 

incept. 

..  inceptive. 

omith. 

..  ornithology. 

surg. 

.  surgery. 

com. 

..  commerce. 

ind. 

,.  indicative. 

P- 

..  participle. 

surv. 

.  surveying. 

comp. 

.  compare. 

Ind. 

..  Indian. 

paint. 

..  painting. 

Sw. 

.  Swedish. 

compar. 

..  comparative. 

indef. 

..  indefinite. 

palceon. 

..  palaeontology. 

sym. 

.  symbol. 

conch. 

.;  conchology. 

Indo-Eur. 

..  Indo-European. 

part. 

..  participle. 

syn. 

.  synonym. 

conj. 

..  conjunction. 

inf. 

..  infinitive. 
..  intensife. 

pass. 

..  passive. 

technol. 

.  technology. 

contr. 

..  contraction,  con- 

intens. 

pathol. 

..  pathology. 

teleg. 

.  telegraphy. 

tracted. 

interj. 

..  interjection. 

pejor. 

..  pejorative. 

Tenn. 

.  Tennyson. 

crystal,. 

..  crystallography. 

It. 

..  Irish. 

Per. 

..  Persian. 

term. 

.  termination. 

D. 

..  Dutch. 

It. 

..  Italian. 

perf. 

..  perfect. 

Teut. 

.  Teutonia 

Dan. 

..  Danish. 

L. 

..  Latin.  " 

pers. 

..  person. 

Thack.. 

.  Thackeray. 

dat.  '' 

..  dative. 

L.G. 

. .  Low  German. 

persp. 

..  perspective. 

theol. 

.  theology. 

def.  > 

..  definite. 

lit. 

• .  literal,  literally. 

Pg. 

..  Portuguese. 

trigon. 

.  trigonometry. 

diaL: 

..  dialect,  dialectal. 

Lith. 

. .  Lithuanian. 

phar. 

..  pharmacy. 

Turk. 

.  Turkish. 

dim. 

..  diminutive. 

L.ii. 

. .  late  Latin,  low  do. 

philol. 

..  philology. 

typog. 

.  typography. 

distrib. 

..  distributive. 

mach. 

..  machinery. 

philos. 

..  philosophy. 

v.i. 

.  verb  intransitive. 

dram. 

..  drama,  dramatic. 

manuf. 

..  manufactures. 

Phoen. 

..  Phoenician. 

v.n. 

.  verb  neuter. 

dyn. 

..  dynamics. 

masc. 

..  masculine. 

photog. 

..  photography. 

v.t. 

.  verb  transitive. 

E.,  En^. 

..  English. 

math. 

..  mathematics. 

phren. 

..  phrenology. 

W. 

.  Welsh. 

eccles. 

..  ecclesiastical,  in 

mech. 

..  mechanics. 

phys.  geog. 

physical  geography. 

tool. 

.  zoology. 

ecclesiastical  affairs. 

med. 

..  medicine. 

physiol. 

..  physiology. 

t 

.  rare. 

elect. 

..  electricity. 

Med.Ii. 

. .  Medieval  Latin. 

pi.      . 

..  plural. 

i 

.  obsolete. 

engin. 

..  engineering. 

mensvr. 

..  mensuration. 

pnettm. 

..  pneumatics. 

.  equivalent  to. 

engr. 

..  engraving. 

metal. 

..  metallurgy. 

poet. 

..  poetical. 

.  comparison     of 

entom. 

..  entomology. 

metaph. 

..  metaphysics. 

Pol. 

..  Polish. 

synonyms. 

CONCISE 


ENGLISH    DICTIONAEY. 


ABELB 


A,  the  firrt  letter  in  the  English  and  other 
alphabets  derived  from  the  Latin  and 
(ireek  alphabets.  In  music,  it  designates 
the  sixth  note  of  the  model  or  diatonic 
scale  of  C,  the  note  sounded  by  the  open 
second  string  of  the  violin. 

A,  the  indefinite  article,  a  contraction  of 
an,  used  before  nouns  singular,  beginning 
with  a  consonant.    An. 

A 1,  a  character  attached  to  a  ship  of  the 
first  class  in  Lloyd's  register  of  shipping. 

Aam,  am.M.  [D,  from  L.tema,  a  bucket.] 
Liquid  measure  in  Holland=about30gals. 

Aardvark,  ard'vark,  n.  [  D.=  earth  pig.] 
The  ground-hog  of  South  Africa,  a  Dur- 
rowing,  insectivorous,  edentate  animal. 

Aardwolf,  tird'wulf,  n.  (  D.=  earth  wolf.] 
The  earth  wolf  of  South  Africa,  an  animal 
allied  to  the  hyaenas  and  civet8> 

Aaronic,  Aarouical,  a-ron'ik,  a-ron'ik-al, 
n.  Pertaining  to  Aaron,  or  to  his  priest- 
hood. 

Abaca,  ab'a-ka,  n.  Native  name  of  the 
plant  whicli  yields  Manilla-hemp. 

Aback,  a-bak',  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and  back.} 
Backwards;  naut.  catching  the  wind  so 
as  to  urge  a  vessel  backwards  (of  sails) ;  fig. 
by  surprise;  unexpectedly;  as,  to  take  a 
person  aback. 

Abacus,  ab'a-kus,  n.  [L.]  A  slab  or  board 
for  reckoning  on ;  the  Pythagorean  multi- 
plication table;  arch,  a  slab  or  table  form- 
ing the  crowning  of  a  column  and  its 
capital. 

Abaft,  a-baf t',  adv.  or  prep.  [Prefix  a,  and 
A.Sax.  fte-cp/tan,  fto/ton.  Aft.]  On  or  to- 
wards the  aft  or  hinder  part  of  a  ship. 

Abandon,  a^ban'dun,  v.t.  [Fr.  abandonner, 
from  a,  to,  and  O.  Pr  bandon,  control, 
liberty;  to  leave  at  liberty.  Ban.]  To 
detach  or  withdraw  one's  self  from;  desert; 
forsake;  give  up;  resign;  yield  up;  refl. 
to  yield  one's  self  up  without  attempt  at 
restraint ;  as,  to  abandon  one's  self  to  grief. 
— n.  Abandonment)-;  heartiness;  frank, 
unrestrained  demeanour  (a  French  usage). 
—Abandoned,  a-ban'dund,  a.  Given  up 
to  vice;  shamelessly  and  recklessly  wicked; 
profligate ;  depraved ;  vicious.  —  Aban- 
donedly,  a-ban'dund-li,'  adv.  In  an  aban- 
doned manner.  —  Abandonee,  a-ban'dun- 
6",  re.  Law,  one  to  whom  anything  is  aban- 
doned.—Abandoner,  a-ban'dun-6r,  n.  One 
who  abandons.  —  Abandonment,  a-ban  - 
dun-ment,  n.  The  act  of  abandoning  or 
state  of  being  abandoned;  relinquishment; 
desertion ;  giving  up. 

Abartlculatlon,  aD-ar-tik'0-l8."shon,n.  [L. 
ab,  from,  and  articuhia,  a  joint.]  Anat. 
an  immovable  articulation. 

Abase,  a-bas',  v.t. — abased,  abasing.  [Pr. 
abaiasar — a,  to,  and  baisser,  to  lower,  from 
L.L.  bassus,  low.  Base.]  To  lower  or 
depress  ( of  material  objects)  { ;  to  re- 
duce lower,  as  in  rank ;  humble ;  degrade. 
—Abasement,  a-bas'ment,  re.  The  act  of 
abasing;  a  state  of  depression,  degi'ada- 
tion,  or  humiliation. — Abaser,  a-bas'er,  n. 
One  who  abases. 

Abash,  a-bash',  v.t.  [O.Pr.  esbakir,  ppr. 
esbahissant,  from  es  =  ex,  in  tens.,  baXr, 
baer,  to  gape;  Mod.  Fr.  aibahir,  to  be 
astonished ;  probably  from  baht  exclama- 
tion of  astonishment.]  To  confuse  or  con- 
found, as  by  consoiousnesa  of  guilt,  infe- 


riority, &c.;  make  ashamed;  put  to  con- 
fusion. Abash  is  a  stronger  word  than 
confuse,  but  not  so  strong  as  eonfound. — 
Abashment,  a-bash'ment,  n.  Act  of;  state 
of  being. 

Abate,  a-bftt',  v.t— abated,  ahaiing.  [Fr. 
abailre,  to  beat  down,  from  K.  hate.re,  a 
form  of  batuere,  to  beat.  Batter.  ]  To  beat 
downj;  to  lessen;  diminish;  remit;  mod- 
erate (zeal,  a  demand,  a  tax) ;  Inv),  to 
annul;  put  an  end  to.— t).i.  To  rleorea.se  or 
become  less  in  strength  or  violence. — 
Abatable,  a«bat'a  bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
abated.— Abatement,  a-bat'ment,  n.  The 
act  of  or  state  of  being;  decrease?  decline; 
mitigation;  amount  or  sum  deducted; 
deduction;  decrease —Abater,  a-b5t'6r,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  abates. 

Abattig,  Abatis,  ab-a-t5  or  ab'a-tia,w.  [Pr. 
abatis,  abattis,  from  abattre,  to  beat  down. 
Abate.]  Fort,  a  collection  of  felled  trees, 
from  which  the  smaller  branches  have 
been  cut  off,  and  which  are  laid  side  by 
side,  with  the  branched  ends  towards  as- 
sailants, forming  an  obstruction  to  their 
iWgress.— Abattised,  ab'a-tist,  a.  ¥io- 
Vfded  with  an  abattis. 

Abattoir,  a-bat-war,  n.  [Fr.,  from  abattre, 
to  beat  or  knock  down.  Abate  J  A  pub- 
lic slaughter-house. 

Abaxlal,  Abaxile,  ab-ak'si-al,  ab-aks'il,  a. 
[Prefix  ab,  from, and  axis.]  Not  in  the  a.xis. 

Abb,  ab,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ab  or  06,  the  woof.] 
Yarn  for  the  warp  m  weaving ;  two  quali- 
ties of  wool,  called  respectively  coarse  abb 
and  fine  abb. 

Abbacinate,t  ab-ba'sin-at^  v.t.  [It.  abba- 
cinare— ab  for  ad,  to,  and  bacino,  a  basin.] 
To  deprive  of  sight  by  applying  a  red-hot 
copper  basin  close  to  the  eyes:  a  mode  of 
punishmerit  employed  in  the  middle  ages. 

Abbacy,  ab'ba-si,  n.  The  dignity,  rights, 
and  privileges  of  an  abbot.— Abbat,  ab'- 
bat,  re.  Sa.me  ss  Abbot. — Abbsitical,  Ab- 
batial,  ab-bi^t'ik-al,  ab-ba'shi-al,  o.  Be- 
longing to  .an  abbey. 

AbbS,  abrba,  n.  [Fr.,  an  abbot.]  In  France, 
especially  before  the  revolution,  one  who 
devoted  himself  to  divinity,  or  who  had 
pursued  a  course  of  study  in  a  theological 
seminary;  many  of  them  became  tutors, 
professors,  and  men  of  letters. 

Abbess,  ab'bes,  n.  [Fr.  abbesse,  L.L.  a66a- 
tissa.  ]  A  f  em  al  e  superior  of  an  abbey,  pos- 
sessing, in  general,  the  same  dignity  and 
authority  as  an  abbot,  except  that  she 
cannot  exercise  the  spiritual  functions 
appertaining  to  the  priesthood. — Abbey, 
ablDe,  n.  [Fr.  abbaye,  from  L.L.  abbatia, 
an  abbey.  Abbot.]  A  monastery  or  mon- 
astic establishment  of  the  highest  rank;  a 
society  of  persons  of  either  sex,  secluded 
from  the  world,and  devoted, to  religion  and 
celibacy,  governed  by  an  abbot  or  abbess. — 
Abbot,  ab'but.  n.  [Formerly  abbat,  L.L. 
abbas,  abbaiis,  from  Syr.  and  Chal.  abba, 
father.)  The  male  head  or  superior  of  an 
abbey  or  monastery.  Some  abbots  were 
mitred  abbots,  almost  equal  in  rank  with 
bishops.  Laymen  were  sometimes  abbots, 
enjoying  the  abbey  revenues. —  AbBot- 
Bhlp,  anbut-ship,  n.  The  state  or  office  of 
an  abbot. 

Abbreviate,  ab-br6'vi-*t,  v.t. — abbreviated, 
dbbreviating.     [L.  abbrevio,  abbreviatum. 


to  ehorten— 06,  for  ad,  and  brevia,  short. 
Brikf,  Abridok  (which  is  really  the  same 
word).]  To  make  briefer;  Bhorten:  abridge; 
reduce  to  smaller  compass.  —  Abbrevia^ 
tlon,  ab-br6'vi-a"shon,  n.  Act  of  abbro- 
viatmg,  shortening,  or  contracting;  that 
Tvhich  18  abbreviated;  a  syllable,  letter, 
or  series  of  letters,  standing  for  a  word 
or' words;  as,  esg.  for  esquire;  F.R.S.  for 
Fellovi  of  the  Royal  iSocte^i/ —  Abbreviator, 
ab-brc'vi-a-t^r,  n.  One  who' abbreviates. 
— Abbrevlatory,  ab-br6'vi-a-to-ri,  a.  Ab- 
breviating or  tending  to  abbreviate;  shor' 
tening. 

Abdest,  al/dest.  n.  [Per.  Cbdaat—Ob,  wa  ter. 
and  dast,  hand.]  Purification  or  ablution 
before  prayer;  a  Mohammedan  rite. 

Abdicate,  ab'di-kat,  v.t. — abdicated,  ahdL 
caiino.    [L.  abdico,  abdicatum—ab,  from. 


manner,  as  a  throne,  duties,  sc;  vacate; 
resign.— 1>.».  To  renounce  or  giveup  power 
voluntarily.— Abdicant,ab'di-kant,  w.  One 
■who  abdicates. —a.  Renouncing.  —  Abdi- 
cation, ajfi-di-kft'shon,  n.  The  act  of  ab- 
dicating an  oflice,  especially  the  kingly 
office— Abdlcator,  ab'di-kat-*r,  n.  One 
who  abdicates. 

Abdomen,  ab-do'men  or  ab  do-men,  v. 
[L,]  That  p!lrt  of  the  human  body  which 
lies  between  the  thorax  and  the  pelvis, 
containing  the  stomach, liver,  spleen,  pan- 
creas, kidneys,  bladder,  and  intestines; 
the  posterior  of  the  three  parts  of  a  per- 
fect insect.— Abdominal,  aD-dom'in-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  abdomen  or  belly.— Aft- 
dominal  region^,certa.iji  regions  into  which 
the  abdomen  in  men  is  arbitrarily  divided 
for  convenience  in  anatomical  or  medical 
descriptions.- Abdominous  t,  ab-dom '  in- 
us,  a.    Abdominal;  pot-bellied. 

Abduce,  ab-dus',  v.t.  —  abduced,  abducing. 
[L.  abduco,  t©  lead  away— a6,  and  dnco, 
to  lead,  to  draw.  Duke.]  To  draw  or 
conduct  away.— Abducent,  ab-dQs'ent,  a. 
Drawing  away;  pulling  back. — Abducent 
muscles,  muscles  which  pull  back  certain 
parts  of  the  body  from  the  mesial  line. — 
Abduct,  ab-dukt',  v.t.  To  draw  or  lead 
away ;  to  take  away  surreptitiously  and 
by  force.  —  Abduction,  ab-duk  shon,  n. 
The  act  of  abducting;  anat.  the  action  by 
which  muscles  withdraw  a  limb  or  other 
part  from  the  axis  of  the  body ;  law,  the 
unlawful  leading  away  of  a  person,  as  a 
young  woman,  by  fraud,  persuasion,  or 
open  violence.  —  Abductor,  ab-duk't6r,  re. 
One  who  or  that  which  abducts;  anat.  a 
muscle  which  moves  certain  parts  from 
the  axis  of  the  body. 

Abeam,  a-bem',  adv.  Naut.  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  beams,  that  is,  at  right  angles 
to  the  keel  of  a  ship. 

Abecedarian,t  a'be-se-da"ri-an,  n.  [From 
the  letters  a,  b.  r,  <?.]  One  who  teaches  the 
letters  of  the  alphabet,  or  a  learner  of  the 
letters.— Abecedary,)  a-b6-8iS'da-ri,a.  Per- 
taining to  or  formed  by  the  letters  of  the 
alphabet. — n.  A  first  principle  or  element; 
rudiment. 

Abed,  a-bed',  adv.    In  bed;  gone  to  bed. 

Abele,  a-bel', »».  [D.  abeel,  G.  aVbele,  L.  al- 
bug,  white.]    The  white  poplar. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;     mS,  met,  h6r; 
en,  chain;    ch,  .So.  locft;    g,  go; 


pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tQbe,  tub,  li^ill;     oil,  pound;      U.  Sc.  abunc— the  Fr.  u, 
j.job;     n,  Pr.  tore;     as,  ting',     »h,  (fcen;  th,  iAin;     w,  wig;     Vvh,  uf/jig;     zh,  azure. 


aberdevi>:e 


ABORT 


AberdaTine,  a-b6r'de-viii,  n.  The  siskin, 
a  ■well-known  song-bird. 

Aberr.t  ab-er',  v.i.  [L.  aberro,  aisrrcClum — 
ab,  from,  and  erro,  to  wander,  to  err.]  To 
wander;  to  err. —Aberrance,!  Aberrancy,! 
ab-er'rans,  ab-er'ran-si,  n.  A  wandering; 
aberration. — Aberrant,ab-er'rant,a.  Char- 
acterized by  aberratiou;  wandering;  stray- 
ing from  the  right  way ;  differing  from  a 
common  type. — Aberrate,t  ab-er'rat,  v.i. 
To  wander  or  deviate  from  the  right  way. 
— Aberration,  ab-er-i-a'shon,  n.  JL.  aber- 
ratio.i  The  act  of  wandering  from  the 
right  way  ;  deviation  from  truth  or  recti- 
tude, or  from  a  type  or  standard;  partial 
alienation  of  mind;  mental  wandering; 
the  diffbrence  between  the  true  and  the 
observed  position  of  a  lieavenly  body. 

Aberuucator,  ab-e-rung'Kat-er,  n.  [L.  ab, 
from,  e,  out,  and  runco,  to  weed.]  An  im- 
plement for  extirpating  weeds. 

Abet,  a-bef,  v.t.— abetted,  abetting.  [O.Fr. 
abetter,  abater,  to  incite,  to  lure ;  abet,  a 
bait — prefix  a,  and  word=6ait,  to  incite, 
set  on.  Bait,  Bite.]  To  encourage  by  aid, 
countenance,  or  approval :  used  chiefly  in 
a  bad  sense ;  incite ;  support ;  encourage ; 
back  up.— Abetment.Abettal,  a-bet'ment, 
a-bet'al,  n.  The  act  of.  abetting;  aid.— 
Abetter,  Abettor,  a-bet'er,  n.  One  who 
abets  or  incites;  a  supporter  or  encourager, 
generally  of  something  bad. 

Abeyance,  a-ba'ans,  n.  fO.Fr.  abbaiaunce, 
e.xpectation,  from  abbayer,  to  listen  with 
the  mouth  open,  from  buyer,  baer,  to  gape, 
as  in  crying  bah !  Abash.]  A  state  of 
expectation,  or  waiting  for  an  occupant 
or  holder:  said  of  lands,  honours,  or  dig- 
nities; a  state  of  temporary  suspension. 
—Abeyant,  a-ba'anfc,  a.  Being  in  abey- 
ance. 

Abhor,  ab-hor",  u.t. — abhorred,  abhorring, 
lli.abkorreo,  to  shrink  back — ab,  from,  and 
raorreo,  to  feel  horror.  Horrible.]  To  hate 
extremely  or  with  loathing;  loathe,  detest, 
or  abominate;  shrink  from  with  horror; 
till  with  horror  and  loathing  [tllMk.  )t.— Ab- 
horrence, ab-hor'rens,  n.  Extreme  hatred; 
detestation;  great  aversion.- Abhorrent, 
ab-hor'rent,  o.  Struck  with  aflhorrence; 
hating;  detesting;  utterly  repugnant :  in 
the  last  sense  used  formerly  with  from, 
now  with  to.— Abhorrently,  ab-hoi'rent- 
li,  adv.  With  abhorrence. — Abhorrer,  ab- 
hor'6r,  TO.  One  who  abhors.— Abhorring, 
ab-hor'ing,  n.  Feeling  of  abhorrence; 
object  of  abhorrence.    |0.T.] 

Ablb,  a 'bib,  n.  The  first  month  of  the 
Jewish  ecclesiastical  year,  called  also 
Nisan,  answering  to  the  latter  part  of 
Starch  and  beginning  of  April. 

i^bide,  a-bid',  v.i. — abode  (pret.  &  pp.),  abid- 
ing. [A.Sax.  abidan,gebidan,to  abide,  from 
bidan,tohide.  See  Bide.]  To  take  up  one's 
abode;  dwell;  stay;  not  to  depart. —  To  a. 
by,  to  remain  beside;  to  adhere  to;  to  main- 
tain; to  remain  satisfied  with.— 1).<.  To  he 
prepared  for;  to  await;  be  able  to  endure 
or  sustain ;  remain  firm  under;  to  put  up 
with;  to  tolerate.— Abider,  a-bid '6r,  n. 
One  who  abides. — Abiding,  a-bid'ing,  a. 
Continuing;  permanent;  steadfast;  as, 
an  abiding  faith.— Abidingly,  a-bid'ing-li, 
adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to  continue; 
permanently. 

Abies,  ab'i-es,  n.  [L.]  The  genus  of  trees 
to  wliich  the  fir  belongs;  a  tree  of  this 
genus.— Abietic,  ab-i-et'ik,  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  trees  of  the  genus  Abies. 

AblgaU,  ab'i-gal,  n.  [From  the  title  of 
handmaid  assumed  to  herself  by  Abigail, 
wife  of  Nabal.  Sep  1  Sam.  xx.  5.]  A 
general  name  for  a  waiting  woman  or 
lady's-maid.    [Colloq.] 

Ability,  a-bil'i-ti,  n.    [Fr.  habUiU,  L.  ha- 

I  bilitas,  ableness.  Able.]  The  state  or 
condition  of  being  able;  power,  whether 

I  bodily  or  mental ;  pi.  talents ;  powers  of 
the  mind;  mental  gifts  or  endowments. 

Ablo^eneds,  Ablogeny,  a-bi'o-jen"e-siB,  a- 

,  bi-oj'en-i,  n.    [Gr.  a,  priv.,  bios,  life,  and 

I  genesis,  generation.]  The  doctrine  that  liv- 
ing matter  may  be  produced  by  not  living 

1  matter.      Biogenesis,    Heterooenesis. — 

1  Ablogenesist,  Abiogeniat,  a-bio-jen"e-si8t, 
a-bi-oj'en-ist,  n.  A  believer  in  the  doctrine 
of^  abiogenesis.  —  Abiogenetic,  a-bi'6-jen- 
et"ik,  a.    Of,  pertaining  to,  or  produced 


by  abiogenesis.  —  Abiogenetically,  a-bi'<3- 

.jen-et"ik-al-li,  adv.  In  an  abiogenetic 
manner. 

Abject,  ab'jekt,  a.  [L.  dbjectus,  from  ab- 
jicio,  to  throw  away  —  ab,  and  judo,  to 
throw.]  Sunk  to  a  low  condition;  worth- 
less, mean,  despicable ;  low,  grovelling. — 
n.  A  person  in  a  low  or  abject  condition. — 
Abjection,  ab-jek'shon,  n.  A  low  state; 
meanness  of  spirit;  abjectness. — Abjectly, 
ab'jekt-li,  adv.  In  an  abject  or  contempt- 
ible manner;  meanly;  servilely.- Abject- 
ness, ab'jekt-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
abject;  meanness;  servility. 

Abjunctive,t  ab-jungk'tiv,  a.  [L.  alijnngo, 
abjunctum — a6,  from,  and  jungo,  to  join.] 
Isolated;  exceptional. 

Abjure,  ab-jur',  v.t.  —  abjured,  abjuring. 
[L.  abjuro,  to  deny  upon  oath  —  ab,  and 

juro,  to  swear.  Jury.]  To  renounce  upon 
oath;  to  reject  or  withdraw  from  with 
solemnity;  abandon  (as  allegiance,  er- 
rors); to  recant  or  retract.— Abjurement, 
ab-jur'ment,  n.  The  act  of  abjuring;  re- 
nunciation.—  Abjurer,  ab-jur'fer,  n.  One 
who  abjures. — Abjuration,  ab-ju-ra'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  abjuring;  a  renunciation 
upon  oath;  a  rejection  or  denial  with  so- 
lemnity ;  a  total  abandonment. — Abjura- 
tory,  ab-ju'ra-to-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  ab- 
juration. 

Ablactate,  ab-lak'tat,  v.t.  [L.  aiblacto,  to 
wean— ab,  from,  and  lac,  milk.]  To  wean 
from  the  breast.- Ablactation,  ab-!ak-ta'- 
shon),  71.  The  weaning  of  a  child  from 
the  breast;  hort.  same  as  Inarching. 

Ablative,  ab'la-tiv,  a.  [L.  ablativtts,  from 
ablatus,  carried  away— ab,  away,  and  lotus, 
carried. )  Taking  or  tending  to  take 
awayt;  applied  to  a  case  of  nouns  in  Sans- 
krit, Latin,  and  some  other  languages,  ori- 
ginally given  to  the  case  in  Latin  because 
separation  from  was  considered  to  be  one 
of  the  chief  ideas  expressed  by  it. — Abla- 
tion.t  ab-la'shon,  n.  A  carrying  or  taking 
away. 

Ablaut,  ablout,  n  [G.,  from  ab,  off,  and 
laut,  sound.  ]  Philol.  a  substitution  of 
one  vowel  for  another  in  the  body  of  a 
word,  to  indicate  a  corresponding  modifi- 
cation of  use  or  meaning;  as,  bind,  band, 
bound,  bond;  especially  the  change  of  a 
vowel  to  indicate  tense-change  in  verbs, 
instead  of  the  addition  of  a  syllable  (-ed); 
as,  sink,  sanX;  sunk. 

Ablaze,  a-blaz',  adv.  or  a.  In  a  blaze;  in  a 
state  of  eager  excitement  or  desire. 

Able,  a'bl,  a.  fO.Fr.  able,  huble,  habile, 
skilful,  fit,  from  L.  habilis,  suitable,  fit, 
from  habeo,  to  have;  akin  are  ability, 
?iabilatnent,  tiabit,  suffix  -able.]  Having 
the  power,  means,  or  qualification  sufti- 
cient;  competent;  qualified;  having  strong 
or  unusual  powers  of  mind,  or  intellectual 
qualifications;  gifted;  vigorous;  active.— 
Able,t  a'bl,  v.t.  To  make  able;  to  enable; 
to  warrant  or  answer  for.  fSftafc.]— Able- 
bodied,  a.  Having  a  sound,  strong  body; 
having  strength  sufficient  for  work:  often 
applied  to  a  seaman  who  is  well  skilled 
in  seamanship,  and  classed  in  the  ship's 
books  as  A.E.  — Ableness.  a'bl-nes,  n. 
Ability  of  body  or  mind ;  force;  vigour. — 
Ably,  aljli,  adv.  In  an  able  manner;  with 
ability. 

Ablepsla,tAblepsy,t  a-blep'si-a,  a-blep'si,  n. 
[Gr.  ablepsia — a,  not,  and  blepH,  to  see.] 
Want  of  sight;  blindness. 

Ablet,  ablet,  n.  [Fr.  ablette,  from  Jj. albus, 
albidus,  white,  whitish,  from  its  colour. 
The  name  bleak  is  given  it  for  the  same 
reason.]  A  small  fresh -water  fish,  the 
bleak.    Called  also  Ablen. 

Ablocate,  ab'lo-kat,  v.t.—abloeated,  ablo- 
cating.  [L.  abloco — ab,  away,  and  locare, 
to  let  out,  from  locus,  a  place.]  To  let 
out;  to  lease.— Ablocation,  ab-lo-ka'shon, 
n.    A  letting  to  hire. 

Abloom,  a-blom',  a.  or  adv.  In  a  blooming 
state. 

Ablnent,  ab'la-ent,  a.  [L.  abluens,  ablu- 
entis,  ppr.  of  abluo.to  wash  off— ab,  from, 
and  /mo,  to  wash.]  Washing  clean;  cleans- 
ing by  water  or  liquids.— n.  That  which 
washes  or  carries  oft  impurities;  a  deter- 
gent.—Ablution,  ab-la'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  washing;  cleansing  or  purification  by 
water  or  other  liquid;  specifically,  a  wash- 


ing of  the  body  preparatory  to  religious 
rites.  —  Ablntionary,  ab-lQ'shon-a-ri,  a. 
Pertaining  to  ablution. 

Abnegate,  ab'ne-gat,  v.t. — abnegated,  abne- 
gating. [L.  abnego,  abtiegattim — ab,  from, 
and  Jiepo,  to  deny.  Isegative,  De.nv.)  To 
deny;  to  renounce. — Abnegation,  ab-ne- 
ga'shon,  n.  I L.  abnegalio.  ]  The  act  of 
abnegatiug;  denial;  renunciation. — Ab- 
negative,  ab-iieg  a-tiv,  a.  Lenyiiig;  neyu- 
tivu. — Abnegator,  ab'ne-ga-ter,  n.  One 
who  abnegates,  denies,  or  renounces. 

Abnormal,  ab-nor'mal,  a.  [L.  ab»iormis— 
ab,  from,  and  nomia,  a  rule.  Normal.] 
Not  conformed  or  conforming  to  rule;  de- 
viating from  a  type  or  standard;  irregu- 
lar; contrary  to  system  or  law. — Abnor- 
mality, ab-nor-mal'i-ti,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  abnormal;  deviation  from 
a  standard,  rule,  or  type;  irregularity; 
that  which  is  abnormal. — Abnormity,!  ab- 
nor'mi-ti,  n.    Abnormality. 

Aboard,  a-bord',  adv.  On  board;  within  a 
ship  or  boat.— prep.  On  board;  into  (to  go 
aboard  a  ship). 

Abode,  a-bod',  pret.  of  abide.  —  Abode,  a- 
bod',  71.  [From  abide.]  Residence  or  place 
of  residence;  a  place  where  a  person  al  >ides; 
a  dwelling;  habitation. — To  make  abode, 
to  dwell  or  reside. 

Abolish,  a-bol'ish,  v.t:  [Fr.  abolir;  L.  abo- 
lere,  to  annul,  abolish— ob,  from,  and  oleo, 
to  grow.  Adult.]  To  do  away  with;  to  put 
an  end  to;  to  destroy;  to  efface  or  obliter- 
ate; to  make  void;  to  annul;  to  put  out  of 
existence.— Abolishable,  a-bol'ish-a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  abolished.— Abolisher, 
a-bol'ish-er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
abolishes.  —  Abolishment,  t  a  -  bol '  ish  - 
ment,  n.  Abolition.— Abolition,  ab-o-li'- 
8hon,7i.  The  act  of  abolishing,  or  the  state 
of  being  abolished.— Abolitionism,  ab-o- 
li'shon-izm,  n.  The  principles  of -an 
abolitionist.  —  Abolitionist,  ab-o-li '  shon- 
ist,  71.  A  person  who  favours  the  aboli- 
tion of  anything:  applied  especially  to 
those  who  favoured  the  abolition  of  slavery 
in  the  United  States. 

Abomasus,  Abomasum,  ab-6-ma'sus,  ab-o- 
ma '  sum,  n.  [L.  prefix  ab.  from,  and  ovia- 
sum.]  The  fourth  stomach  of  ruminating 
animals,  lying  next  to  the  omasum  Or 
third  stomach. 

Abominate,  a-bom'in-St,  v.t. — abominated, 
abominating.  [L.  abominor,  abominaiuK, 
to  deprecate,  as  of  ill  omen— ab,  from, 
and  omen,  an  omen.]  To  hate  extremely; 
to  abhor;  to  detest.  —  Abominable,  a- 
bom'in-a-bl,  a.  Deeen'ing  or  liable  to 
be  abominated;  detestable;  loathsome; 
I  odious  in  the  utmost  degree;  execrable.— 
Abominableness,  a-bom'in-a-bl-nes,  ti. 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  abomin- 
able, detestable,  or  odious.— Abominably, 
a-bom'in-a-bli,  adv.  In  an  abominable 
manner  or  degree. — Abomination,  a-bom'- 
in-a"shon,  n.  The  act  of  abominating  or 
state  of  being  abominated;  detestation; 
that  which  is  abominated  or  abominable ; 
hence,  hateful  or  shameful  vice. 

Aboral,  ab-o'ral,  a.  [L.  ab,  from,  and  os, 
oris,  a  mouth. |  Anat.  away  from  or  at 
the  opposite  extremitj-  from  the  mouth. 

Aboriginal,  ab-o-rij'in-al,  a.  [L.  ab,  from, 
and  origo,  origin.]  Inhabiting  a  country 
from  the  earliest  known  times;  as.  abori- 
ginal tribes.- 71.  An  original  inhabitant; 
one  of  an  aboriginal  race.— Aboriginally, 
ab-o-rij'in-al-li,  adv.  In  or  at  first  orrfrin; 
originally :  from  the  very  first.-  Aborigi- 
nes, ab-o-rij'in-ez,  to.  pi.  [L.l  The  pctple 
found  in  a  country  at  the  time  of  the  ear- 
liest known  settlement. 

Abort,  a-bort',  v.i.  [L.  aborior,  abortus,  to 
miscarry— ab,  and  orior,  ortus,  to  arise. 
Orient.]  To  miscarry  in  giving  birth; 
to  appear  in  a  rudimentaiy  or  undeveloped 
state.- Aborted,a-bort'ea,a.  Imperfectly 
developed.— Abortient,  a-bor'shi-ent,  a. 
JBot.  sterile;  barren. —Abortion,  al>or'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  miscarrying,  or  pro- 
ducing young  before  the  natural  time,  or 
before  the  fetus  is  perfectly  formed;  the 
product  of  untimely  birth;  a  misshapen 
being;  a  monster;  anything  which  fails  be- 
fore it  is  matured  or  perfect,  as  a  design.l 
—Abortive,  a-bort'iv,  a.  Brought  forth  in. 
an  immature  state;  rudimentary;  Smper- 


rate,  far. fat,/ftU;^  me, met, hte;     plne.pin;     note, not,  nievej     tube, tub,  buU;     .pjl.  pound;_tJ,  Sc.  abun^^tbefnjuJ 


ABOUND 


ABSTAIN 


fectly  formed  or  developed ;  producing  or 
intended  to  produce  abortion;  not  brought 
to  completiou  or  to  a  successful  issue; 
coming  to  nought.— Abortive,  a.-bort'lv,n. 
A  drug  causing  or  thought  to  cause  abor- 
tion.—  Abortively,  a-bort'iv-li,  adv.  In 
an  aboitiv;  iii:.niioi';  imniaturely. — Abor- 
tivenesi,  a-borl'iv-nes,n.  The  state  of  bo- 
iitg  abortive.— Abortment.t  a-bort'ment, 
n.  An  untimely  birth;  abortion. 
Abound,  a-bound',  v.i.  [Fr.  abonder,  from 
JLi.  abundare,  to  overflow— a6,  and  uiida,  a 
wave.  Undulate,  Watkr.]  To  be  in  great 
plenty;  be  very  prevalent;  have  or  possess 
in  great  qilantity ;  be  copiously  supplied : 
in  the  latter  sense  followed  by  leith  or  in. 
About,  a-bout',  prep.  [A.  Sax.  dbiltan, 
onbdtan,  about,  around  — prefixes  A,  on, 
on,  and  h&tan,  without.  But.]  Around; 
on  the  outside  or  surface  of;  in  a  circle 
surrounding;  round  (tv^o  yards  about  the 
stem) ;  near  to  in  place,  time,  size,  num- 
ber, quantity,  &c.;  near  to  in  action;  on 
the  point  of  (to  be  about  to  speak):  in  this 
sense  followed  by  the  infinitive;  concerned 
in;  engaged  in  (what  is  he  about})  con- 
cerning; relating  to;  respecting.  —  adv. 
Around  the  outside;  in  circuit;  in  a  circle; 
near  to  in  number,  time,  place,  quality,  or 
degree  (about  as  high);  hero  and  there; 
around;  in  one  place  and  another ;  in  dif- 
ferent directions.  —  To  bring  about,  to 
cause  to  happen;  to  effect  or  accomplish. 
—  To  come  about,  to  come  to  pass;  to  hap- 
pen.—  To  go  about,  to  prepare  to  do. — Turn 
about,  week  about,  &c.,  alternately;  on  each 
alternate  week,  and  the  like. 
Above,  a-buv',  prep  [A.  Sax.  dbAfan, 
above:  a  triple  compound  of  d,  on,  at,  be, 
by,  and  it/an,  upwards,  akin  to  E.  over,  L. 
super.  Or.  hyper,  above.  I  -In  or  to  a  higher 
place  than;  superior  to  in  any  respect; 
too  high  for  {above  mean  actions);  more 
in  number,  quantity,  or  degree  than;  in 
e.vcess  of  (above  a  ton). — Above  all,  above- 
or  before  everything  else;  before  every 
other  consideration.  —  adv.  In  or  to  a 
higher  place;  overhead;  before,  in  rank 
or  order,  especially  in  a  book  /or  writ- 
ing (what  has  been  said  above);  besides, 
in  the  expression  over  and  above.  Above 
is  often  used  elliptically  as  a  noun,  mean- 
ing (1)  heaven;  (2)  the  aforesaid;  as,  from 
the  above  you  will  leam.  It  is  equal  to  an 
adjective  in  such  phrases  as,  the  above 
particulars,  in  which  cited  or  mentioned  is 
understood.— Above-board,  adv.  [Ssiid  to 
mean  lit.  above  the  table,  not  with  hands 
below  the  table  as  one  trying  to  cheat  at 
cards.]  In  open  sight;  without  tricks  or 
disguise.— Above-ground,  adv.  Alive;  not 
buried. 

Abracadabra,  ab'ra-ka-dab"ra,  n.  A  word 
of  eastern  origin  used  in  incantations. 
When  written  on  paper  so  as  to  form  a 
triangle,  the  first  line  containing  the  word 
in  full,  the  one  below  it  omitting  the  last 
letter,  and  so  on  each  time  until  only  one 
letter  remained,  and  worn  as  an  amulet, 
it  was  supposed  to  be  an  antidote  against 
certain  diseases. 

Abrade,  a-brad',  v.t— abraded,  abrading. 
[L.  abrado,  to  scrape  off— a6,  away,  and 
rado,  to  scrape,  wlience  raze,  razor,  &cj 
To  rub  or  wear  down;  to  rub  or  grate  ofE 
—Abradant,  a-brad 'ant,  n.  A  material 
foi-  grinding,  usually  in  powder,  such  as 
eraery,  sand,  glass,  &c. — Abrasion,  ab-ra'- 
zhon,  n.  The  act  of  abrading;  the  act  of 
wearing  or  rubbing  off  or  down ;  a  super- 
ficial lesion  of  the  skin  by  the  partial  re- 
moval of  the  cuticle. 

Abrahamic,  a-bra-ham'ik,  a.     Pertaining 
to  Abraham,  the  patriarch.   . 
Abranchiate,  a-brang'ki-at,a.  [Gr.  a,  with- 
out, and  branckia,  gills.]    Devoid  of  bran- 
chiae or  gills.  —  n.  A  vertebrate  animal 
(mammal,  bird,  reptile)  that  at  no  period 
of  its  existence  possesses  gills. 
Abrasion.    See  Abrade. 
Abrazitic,  ab-ra-zit'ik,  a.  [Gr.  a,  not,  hraz6, 
to  bubble.]  Mineral  not  effervescing  when 
melted  before  the  blow-pipe. 
Abreast,  a-brest',  adv.    Side  by  side,  with 
the  breasts  in  a  line;  hence,  up  to  a  level 
or  standard  (to  keep  abreast  of  science). 
Abreption,  ab-rep'shon,  n.  *  [L.  abripio, 
abreptum,  to  snatch  away^-a6,  from,  and 


rapjo, to  snatch.]  Acarryingaway,or  state 
of  being  seized  and  carried  away. 

Abridge,  a-brij',  v.t. — abridged,  abridging. 
[Fr.  abriger,  from  L.  abbreviare,  to  shor- 
ten. Abbreviatk.]  To  make  shorter;  to 
curtail;  to  epitomize;  to  shorten  by  using 
fewer  words;  to  condense;  to  lessen;  to 
diminish;  to  deprive  or  cut  off  from:  in 
the  last  sense  ifoUowed  by  of  (to  abridge 
one  of  his  rights).— Abridger,  a-brij'tr,  n. 
One  who  or  tliat  which  abridges. — Abridg- 
taent,  a-brij'ment,  n.  The  act  of  ubridg- 
ing  or  state  tof  being;  that  which  is 
abridged ;  an  epitome ;  a  summary,  as  of 
a  book ;  kn  abstract.  .'.An  abridgment  is 
a  larger  work  shortened;  a  coinpendiwm 
is  a  condensed  view  of  a  particular  sub- 
ject regarded  as  complete  in  itself;  an 
epitome  has  more  reference  to  the  selec- 
tion of  essential  facts  than  an  abridgment; 
an  abstract  is  a  bare  statement  of  facts 
contained  in,  or  of  the  leading  features  of 
a  work. 

Abroach,  a-broch',  a.  or  adv.  Broached: 
in  a  position  for  letting  out  liquor :  said 
of  a  cask. 

Abroad,  a-brad',  adv.  At  large;  without 
being  confined  to  narrow  limits;  with  ex- 

Eansion  (to  spread  its  branches  abroad) ; 
eyond  or  out  of  the  walls  of  a  house  or 
other  inclosure ;  beyond  the  bounds  of  a 
country;  in  foreign  fcountries. 

Abrogate,  ab'ro-gat,  v.t,— abrogated,  abro- 
gating. [L.  abrogo,  to  repeal — ab,  from, 
and  rogo,  to  ask,  propose  as  a  law.]  To 
repeal ;  to  make  void ;  to  do  away  with ; 
to  annul  by  an  authoritative  act. — Abro- 
gable,  ai)'ro-ga-bl,  a.-  Capable  of  being 
abrogated. — Abrogation,  ab-ro-ga'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  abrogating ;  repeal  oy  autho- 
rity.—Abrogative,  ab'ro-ga-tiv,  a.  Cap- 
able of  abrogating;  tending  to  abrogate. 

Abrupt,  ab-rupt',  a.  [L.  abruplus,  from 
abrumj>o,  to  break  off— aft,  off,  from,  and 

'nimpo,  ruptum,  to  break,  whence  rupture, 
&c.]  Steep;  craggy tof  rocks,  precipices, 
&c. );  sudden;  witnout  notice  to  prepare  the 
mind  for  the  event  (an  u6/i(;)t  entrance); 
disconnected ;  having  -sudden  transitions 
(an  abrupt  style). — Abrupt  leaf,  root,  bot., 
one  terminating  suddenly  as  if  the  end 
were  cut  off. — Abruption,  ab-rup'shon,  n. 
A  sudden  and  violent  breaking  ofl'. — Ab- 
ruptly, ab-rupt'li,  adv.  In  an  abrupt  man- 
ner; suddenly;  without  any  notice  or 
warning;  precipitously. — Abruptness,  ab- 
rupt'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
abrupt;  precipitousness;  suddenness;  un- 
ceremonious haste  or  vehemence. 

Abscess,  ab'ses,  n.  [B.  abscessu^,  from  ab- 
scedere,  to  separate,  to  gather  "into  an 
abscess — abs,  away,  and  cedo,  cessum,  to 
go,  whence  cession,  cede,&c.]  A  collection 
of  purulent  matter  in  the  tissue  of  an 
organ  or  part,  with  pain  and  heat. 

Abscind,  ab-sind',  v.t.  [B.  abscindo,  ab- 
scissum,  to  cut  off— atL  from,  and  scindo,  to 
cut.]  To  cut  off.— Abscissa,  ab-sis'sa,  n. 
pi.  Abscissae,  ab-8is's5.  Any  part  of  the 
diameter  or  transverse  axis  of  a  conic  sec- 
tion (as  an  ellipse),  intercepted  between 
the  vertex  and  another  line  at  right  angles 
to  the  axis  and  terminated  in  the  curve. 
—Abscission,  ab-si'zhon,  n.  The  act  of  cut- 
ting off;  severance;  removal. 

Abscond,  ab-skond',  v.i.  [B.  abscondo,  to 
hide— a6s,  from,  and  condo,  to  hide.]  To 
withdraw  or  absent  one's  self  in  a  private 
manner;  run  away  in  order  to  avoid  a' 
legal  process;  decamp.  —  Absconder,  ab- 
skond'er,  n.    One  who  absconds. 

Absence,  ab'sens,  n.  [B.  absentia,  from 
absens,  absenlis,  absent,  pres.  part  of  ab- 
sum,  to  be  absent— a6  or  abs,  away,  and 
«Mm,  esse,  to  be.]  The  state  of  being  ab- 
sent: opposite  of  presence;  the  state  of 
being  at  a  distance  in  place ;  the  state  of 
being  awanting;  non-existence  within  a 
certain  sphere  (absence  of  evidence);  inat- 
tention.— Absence  of  mind,  attention  not 
to  things  or  objects  present,  but  to  others 
distant  or  foreign.  —  Absent,  ab'sent,  a. 
Not  present;  away;  somewhere  else;  awant- 
ing; having  the  mind  withdrawn  from 
what  is  passing;  characterized  by  absence 
of  mind  (an  absent  man).  —  Abaent,  ab- 
sent', v.t.  To  keep  away  intentionally: 
used  refl.;  as,  to  absent  one's  self  from  a 


meeting.  —  Absentee,  ab-sen-ts',  n.~  One 
'who  is  absent ;  one  who  absents  himself: 
often  applied  to  landlords  who,  deriving 
their  income  from  one  country,  reside  and 
spend  it  in  another.  —  Absenteeism,  ab- 
sen-te'izm,  n.  The  practice  or  habit  of  an 
absentee. —  Absenter,  ab-sent'6r,  n.  One 
who  absents  himself.— Absently,  ab'sent- 
li,  adv.  In  an  abaent  or  inattentive  man- 
ner.—Absentment,  ab-sent'ment,  n.  The 
act  of  absenting. 

Absinthe,  ab-sant  or  ab'sinth,  n.  [Fr., 
from  B.  a6«tni7aum,  wormwood.]  A  pop- 
ular French  liqueur  orcordial  consisting 
of  brandy  flavoured  with  wormwood. — 
Absintliian,  Absinthic,  ab-sin'thi-au,  ab- 
sin'thik,  a.  Pertaining  to  wormwood,  or 
obtained  from  it.  —  Ab.sinthiate,  ab-sin'- 
thi-at,  v.t.  To  impregnate  with  worm- 
wood. 

Absolute,  ab'so-ltlt,  a.  {B.  absotutus.  Ab- 
solve'.] Freed  from  bmitation  or  con- 
dition; unconditional  (an  absolute  pro- 
mise) ;  unlimited  by  extraneous  power  or 
control  (an  a6*oiu<e  government  or  prince); 
complete  in  itself ;  finished ;  perfect  (abso- 
lute beauty);  free  from  mixture  (absolute 
alcohol);  positive;  decided;  peremptory 
(now  rare);  metaph.  (a)  not  relative;  con- 
sidered without  reference  to  other  things; 
(absolute  knowledge) ;  .  (b)  existing  inde- 
pendent of  anv  other  cause;  self-existing; 
unconditioned ;  gram,  applied  to  the  case  ■ 
which  is  not  determined  by  any  other 
word  in  the  sentence.— Absolutsly,  ab'so- 
lut-li,  adv.  In  an  absolute  manner;  com- 
pletely; without  restriction,  limitation, 
or  qualification ;  unconditionally ;  posi- 
tively.—Abgolutenes8,ab'8r)-lQt-nes,n.  The 
state  of  being.— Absolutism, ab'so-lut-izm, 
n.  State  of  being  absolute,  or  jJriuciples  of 
absolute  government. — Absolutist,  ab'so- 
lut-ist,  n.  An  advocate  for  absolute  gov- 
ernment.—Absolutistic,  Absolutist,  ab'so- 
lut-ist  ik,  ab'so-lQt-ist,  a.  Pertaining  to 
absolutism. 

Absolution,  ab-so-ltt'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
absolving  or  state  of  being  absolved;  spe- 
cifically, in  the  Roman  Catholic  and  some 
other  churches,  a  remission  of  sins  pro- 
nounced by  a  priest  in  favour  of  a  peni- 
tent.—Absolutory,  ab-sol'ti-to-ri,  a.  Ab- 
solving or  capable  of  absolving. 
Absolve,  ab-solv',  v.t.— absolved,  absolving. 
[B.  absolvo,  absolutum,  to  set  free  — a6, 
fi*m,  and  aolvo,  to  loose.  Solve.]  To  set 
free  or  release  from  some  duty,  obligation, 
or  responsibility  (to  absolve  a  person  from 
a  promise);  acquit;  to  forgive  or  grant 
remission  of  sins  to ;  pronounce  forgive- 
ness of  sins  to  (with  /row).— Absolvable, 
ab-solv'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  absolved. 
— Absolvatory,  ab  -  solv  'a-  to  -  ri,  a.  Con- 
ferring or  having  power  to  absolve.— Ab- 
solver,  ab-8olv'6r,  n.  One  who  absolves. 
Absorb,  ab-sorb',  v.t.  [B.  absorbeo—ab, 
from,  and  sorbeo,  to  suck  in.]  To  drink  in; 
suck  up;  imbibe,  as  a  sponge;  take  in  by 
capillarity;  swallow  up;  engross  or  en- 
gage wholly.  —  Absorbability,  ab-sorb'a- 
bil"i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
absorbable.— Absorbable,  ab-sorb'a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  absorbed  or  imbibed. — 
Absorbent,  ab-sorb'ent,  a.  Capable  of 
absorbing  fluids;  performing  the  f  unctioh 
of  absorption. — Absorbent,  ab-sorb'ent,  n. 
An>'thing  which  absorbs:  a  vessel  in  an 
animal  body  which  takes  iii  nutritive  mat- 
ters into  the  system;  a  substance  applied 
to  a  wound  to  stanch  or  arrest  the  flow  of 
blood.— Absorption,  ab-sorp'shon,  n.  The 
act  or  process  of  absorbing;  state  of  being 
absorbed  or  engrossed. — Absorptive,  ab- 
sorp'tiv,  a.  Having  power  to  absorb  or  im- 
bibe.—Absorptivity.ab-sorp-tiv'i-ti.n.  The 
power  or  capacity  of  absorption. 
Abstain,  ab-stan',  v.i.  [O.Fr.  abstener. 
Mod.  Fr.  abstenir,  from  B.  abstineo,  to 
keep  from- a6«,  from,  and  teneo,  to  hold, 
whence  contain,  tenant,  tenacious,  &c.]  To 
forbear  or  refrain  voluntarily;  to  withhold. 
—Abstainer,  ab-stan'6r,  n.  One  who  ab- 
stains; specifically,  one  who  abstains  from 
the  use  of  intoxicating  liquors.- Absten- 
tion, ab-sten'shon,  n.  The  act  of  holding 
offor  abstaining;  abstinence.— Abstinence, 
ab'eti-nens,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  volun- 
tarily refraining  from  the  use  of  anything 


ch,  cftain;     ch,Sc.loch;     8,J30i     j.  job;      a,  Fr.  towj^*  »gi!_8i»ffJW*l>.^'il^tbt.'fc"iv'   '!i^J!MiM^\h^MSi     ahfa«ure. 


ABSTEMIOUS 


4' 


ACCEDE 


•within  our  reach,  especially  from  some 
bodily  indulgence;  partaking  sparingly  of 
food  or  drinK. — Abstinent,  ab'sti-nent,  a. 
Practising  abstinence.— Abstinently,  ab'- 
sti-nent-li,  adv.   In  an  abstinent  manner. 

Abstemious,  ab-ste'mi-us,  o.  [L.  dbstemius 
— abs,  and  root  seen  in  temetum,  strong 
drink,  temulentus,  drunken;  Skr.  tim,  to 
be  wet.]  Sparing  in  diet;  refraining  from 
a  free  use  of  food  and  strong  drinks;  tem- 
perate; devoted  to  or  spent  in  abstemious- 
ness or  abstinence  (an  ahgtemioua  life);  very 
moderate  and  plain ;  very  sparing  (abste- 
mAofus  diet). — Abstemiously,  ab-ste'mi-us- 
ii,  adv.  In  an  abstemious  manner. — Ab- 
stemiousness, ab-ste'mi-us-nes,  n. 

Abstention.    Abstain. 

Absterge,  ab-st6rj',  v.t.—dbaUrged,  absterg- 
ing. [L.  abstergeo,  to  wipe  off-^aftsj  and 
tergeo,  tersum,  to  wipe,  whence  terse.l  To 
wipe,  or  make  clean  by  wiping ;  to  wash 
away;  to  deterge.— Abstergent,  ab-st6rj'- 
ent,  a.  Having  cleansing  or  purgative 
properties.  —  Abstergent,  ab-st6rj  'ent,  n. 
Whatever  aids  in  scouring  or  cleansing; 
a  detergent.  —  Ab3terse,t  ab-st6rs',  v.t. 
To  absterge ;  to  Cleanse ;  to  purify.— Ab- 
stersion, ab-stfefshon,  n.  The  act  of  ab- 
sterging or  cleansing.  —  Abstersive,  ab- 
sters'iv,  a.  Cleansing;  abstergent. — Ab- 
stersive, ab-st6rs'iv,-!i.  That  which  effects 
abstersion.  —  Abstersiveness,  ab-sters'iv- 
n0s,  n.  Quality  of  being  abstersive  or  abr 
stergeut. 

Abstinence,  Abstinent,  Abstinently.  See 
Abstain. 

Abstract,  ab-strafet',  v.<.  [Prom  L.  abstraho; 
abstractum,  to  draw  away— a6s,  and  traho, 
tractum,  to  draw,  seen  also  in  trace,  con- 
tract, detract,rMract,  &c.]  To  draw  or  take 
away ;  to  withdraw ;  to  purloin ;  to  take 
away  mentally ;  consider  separately ;  epi- 
tomize or  reduce  to  a  summary.  —  Ab- 
stract, ab'strakt,  a.  Considered  or  thought 
of  in  itself ;  not  concrete ;  considered  and 
treated  apart  from  any  iJarlicular  object 
{abstract  mathematics;  abstract  logic).  In 
gram,  and  logic,  abstract  nouns  or  terms 
are  names  of  qualities,  in  opposition  to 
concrete,  which  are  names  of  things. — n.  A 
summary  or  epitome  containing  the  sub- 
stance; a  bare  or  brief  statement  Of  facts 
detailed  elsewhere.  Syn.  vmder  Abkidg- 
MENT.— Abstracted,ab-strakt'ed,a.  Absent 
in  mind ;  inattentive.— Abstractedly,  ab- 
Btrakt'ed-li,adi;.  In  an  abstracted  or  absent 
manner.  —  Abstractedness,  ab-strakt'ed- 
nes,  n. — Abstracter,  ab-strakt'6r,  n.  One 
who  abstracts  or  purloins. — Abstraction, 
ab-strak'shon,  n.  The  act  of  abstracting  or 
separating;  the  act  of  withdrav.'ing;  the  act 
of  considering  separately  what  is  united  in 
a  complex  object;  something  abstract;  an 
idpa  or  iiotion  of  an  abstract  character; 
absence  of  mind;  the  state  of  being  entirely 
engrossed  in  thought. — Abstractive,  ab- 
strakt'iv,  a.  Having  the  power  or  quality 
of  abstracting.— Abstractively,  ab-strakt'- 
iv-li,  adv.  In  an  abstractive  manner.  — 
Abstractly,  ab-strakt'li,  ody.  In  an  ab- 
stract manner  or  state.— Abstractness.ab'- 
strakt-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing abstract. 

Abstriction,t  ab-strik'shon,  n.  [li.ab,  from, 
and  stringo,  strictum,  to  bind.]  The  act  of 
unbinding.— AbBtringe,t  ab-strinj',  v.t.  To 
unbind. 

Abstruse,  ab-strtis',  a.  [L.  abstrusus,  pp. 
of  abstiiido,  to  thrust  away.]  Remote 
from  ordinary  minds  or  notions ;  difficult 
to  be  comprehended  or  understood ;  pro- 
found; recondite. — Abstrusely,  ab-strfls'li, 
adv.  In  an  abstruse  manner:  profoiindly; 
with  terms  or  notions  remote  from  such 
as  are  obvious.  —  Abstruseness,  ab-stras'- 
nes,  n.   The  quality  of  being  abstruse. 

Absurd,  ab-s6rd',  a.  [L.  abs^urdus—ab,  and 
surdus,  deaf,  insensible.  Surd.]  Incon- 
sistent with  reason  or  common  sense;  ridi- 
culous ;  nonsensical ;  logically  contradic- 
tory.— Absurdity,  ab-s6rd'i-ti,  re.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  absurd ;  that  which  is 
absurd ;  an  absurd  action,  statement,  &c. 
— Absurdly,  ab-s6rd'li,  adv.  In  an  absurd 
manner.— Absurdness,  ab-s6rd'nes,  w.  The 
quality  of  being  absurd. 

AJ>undance,  a-bun'dans,  n.  [L.  abundantia, 
abundance,  from  aMindo,to  abound  (which 


see).]  A  fulness  «r  plenteonsness  great  to 
overflowing;  ample  sufficiency;  plenteous- 
ness;  copiousness. — Abiuxdant,aA)un'dant, 
a.  Plentiful;  ample;  fully  suiiicient; 
abounding;  overflowing. — Abundantly,  a- 
bun'dant-h,  adv.  In  a  plentiful  or  suflS- 
cient  degree;  amply;  plentifully. 

Abuse,  a-btiz',  v.t. — abused,  abusing.  [Ft.. 
abuser;  L.  abutor,  abusus — ab,  and  utor,  to 
use.  Use.]  To  misuse;  to  put  to  i,  wrong 
or  bad  use;  to  do  wrong  to;  injure;  dishon- 
our; violate;  deceive; 'impose  on;  take  un- 
due advantage  of. — Abnsable,a-buz'a-bl,a. 
Capable  of  being  abused.  — Abuse,  a-bUs',  n. 
Improper  treatment  or  employment ;  itn- 
proper  use  or  application;  misuse;  a  corrupt 
practice  or  custom  (the  abuses  of  govern- 
ment); injury;  scurrilous  or  contumelious 
language. — Abuser,  a-biiz'^r,  n.  One  who 
abuses,  in  speech  or  behaviour. — Abusive, 
a-bus'-iv,  a.  Practising  abuse;  oflFering 
harsh  words  or  ill-treatment ;  scurrilous ; 
opprohrittus;  insulting. — Abusively.a-bus'- 
iv-ii,adv.  In  an  abusive  manner.— tAbusive- 
ness,  a^bas'-iv-nes,  ji.  The  quality  of  being 
abusive;  rudeness  of  language. 

Abxit,  a,-\mt',  v.i.— abutted,  abutting,  [Fr.- 
abouiir,  to  meet  at  the  end,  to  border  on— 
«,at,  and  bottt,  extremity.  Butt.]  To  be 
contiguous;  to  join' at  a  border  or  boun- 
dary ;  to  form  a  point  or  line  of  Contact : 
wiljh  on,  upon,  against. — Abutment,  a-but'- 
ment,  re.  The  condition  of  abutting;  the 
part  abutting ;  the  soUd  part  of  a  pier  or 
wall  against  which  an  arch  abuts,  or  from 
which  it  springs. — Abuttal,  a-but'al,  n. 
The  abutting  part  of  a  piece  of  land.— 
Abutter,  a-but'6r,  n.    That  which  abuts. 

Aby,  a.-hi',  v.t.—abied.  [=prefix  a,  and  btij/: 
A.  Sax.  Ohicgan,  to  pay  a  penalty.]  To 
atone  for;  to  suffer  for;  to  pay  the  penalty 
for. 

Abyss,  a-bis',  n.  [L.  abyssus,  Gr.  abysses , 
bottomless — a,  priv.,  and  byssos,  bottom,] 
A  bottomless  gulf;  anything  profound  and 
unfathomable,  literally  or  figuratively. — 
Abysmal,  a-biz'mal,  a.  Pertaining  to  an 
abySs;  profound;  immeasurable. — Abyssal, 
a-bis'al,  a.  Relating  to  or  like  an  abyss ; 
pertaining  to  the  deeper  parts  of  the  sea. 

Abyssinian,  ab-is-sin'i-an,  a.  Belonging  to 
Abyssinia  or  its  inhabitants. — re.  A  native 
or  inhabitant  of  Abyssinia ;  a  member  of 
the  Abyssinian  Church. 

Acacia,  a-ka'shi-a,  n.  [L.  acacia,  Gr.  akaJcia, 
from  ake,  a  point.]  A  genus  of  ornamental 
plants,  some  species  of  which  produce 
catechu,  and  some  exude  gum-arabic. 
Acacia-tree,  a  name  sometimes  given  to 
the  locust-tree  {Robinia  pseudObacia). 

Acacio,  a-ka'shi-g,  n.  A  heavy  durable 
wood  of  the  red-mahogany  character,  but 
darker  and  plainer.    Called  also  Acajou. 

Academy,  a-kad'e-mi,  n.  [  L.  academia, 
Gr.  academeia,  the  Academy,  from  the 
hero  Academus,  to  whom  the  ground  ori- 
ginally belonged  which  formed  the  garden 
in  which  Plato  taught.]  The  members  of 
the  philosophical  school  founded  by  the 
Greek  philosopher  Plato;  a  school  holding 
a  rank  between  a  college  and  an  elemen- 
tary school;  a  seminary  of  learning  of  the 
higher  class;  an  association  for  the  promo- 
tion of  literature,  science,  or  art,  estab- 
lished sometimes  by  government,  and 
sometimes  by  the  voluntary  union  of  pri- 
vate individuals,  the  members  of  which 
are  called  Academicians.  —  Academe,  n. 
An  academy.  [  Poet.]  —  Academic,  Aca- 
demical, ak-a-dem'ik,  ak-a-dem'ik-al,  a. 
Belonging  to  the  school  or  philosophy  of 
Plato ;  belonging^  to  an  academy,  or  to  a 
college  or  university;  as,  academic  studies. 
— Academic,  ak-a-dem'ik,  re.  A  disciple  of 
Plato;  a  student  in  a  college  or  univessity. 
— Academical,  ak-ardem'i-kal.  n.  A  mem- 
ber of  an  academy;  pi.  the  costume  proper 
to  the  officers  and  students  of  a  school  or 
college.— Academically,  ak'a-dem"ik-al-li, 
adv.  In  an  academical  manner. — Acade- 
mician. ak'a-d5-mi"shan,re.  A  member  of 
an  academy  or  society  for  promoting  arts 
and  sciences.  —  Academics,  Acadeimsm, 
ak-a-dem'iks,  a-kad'em-izm,  re.  The  doc- 
trines of  the  Academic  philosophy ;  Pla- 
tonism. — Academist,  a-kad'em-ist,  n.  An 
Academic  philosopher. -Academiclsm.ak- 
a-dem'i-slzm,  n.    The  system  or  mode  of 


teaching  at  an  academy ;  an  academical 
mannerism. 

Acadian,  a-k&'di-an,  a.  .Belonging  to  Aca- 
dia, a  former  name  of  Nova  Scotia. — re.  A 
native  or  inhabitant  of  Acadia. 

Acajou,  ak'a-j(),  n.  [Pr.  acajou,  mahogany, 
probably  from  Malay  kayu,  a  tree.]  A 
kind  of  heavy  red  mahogany;  acacio;  gum 
and  resin  from  the  stem  of  the  mahogany 
tree. 

Acalephs,  a-ka-le'fe, ».  pi.  [Gr.  akalephe, 
a  nettle.]  A  name  sometimes  applied  to 
the  marine  animals  commonly  known  as 
sea-nettles,  jelly-fish,  &c. — Acaleph^  Aca- 
lephan,  ak  a-lef ,  ak-a-le'fan,  re.  A  member 
oftheAcalephae.— Acalephoid,a-ka-l6'foid, 
a.  Like  an  acaleph  or  medusa;  medusoid. 

Acalycine,  Acalycinous,  a^kari-sin,  ak-a- 
lis'in-us,  a.  [Gr.  o,  not,  and  kalyx,  a  cup.] 
Bot.  without-a  calyx  or  flower-cup. 

Acanaceous,  ak-a-na'shus,  a.  [Gr.  akanos, 
a  prickly  shrub.]  Bot.  armed  with  prickles. 

Acautha,  a-kan'tha,  re.  [Gr.  akantha,  a 
spine  or  thorn.]  A  prickle  of  a  plant;  a 
spine  of  an  animal;  one  of  the  acute  pro- 
cesses of  the  vertebrse  of  animals. — Acan- 
thaceouB,  ak-an-tha'shus,  a.  Armed  with 
prickles,  as  a  plant.^-Acanthine,  a-kan'- 
thin,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the 
plant  Acanthus;  prickly.— Acantnold, 
Acanthous,  a-kan'thoid,  a-kan'thus,  a. 
Spiny.  —Acanthopliorous,  ak-ah-tho  for- 
us,  a.  Having  or  producing  spines  or 
prickles.- Acanthus,  a-kan'thus,  re.  [Gr. 
akanthos,  from  its  prickly  leaves.]  The 
plant  bear's-breech  or  brankursine;  an 
architectural  ornament  used  in  capitals 
of  the  Corinthian  and  Composite  orders, 
and  resembling  somewhat  the  foliage  of 
this  plant. 

Acauthopterygii,  a^kan'thop-te-ri j "  i,i,  n. 
pi.  [Gr.  akantha,  a  thorn,  and  pterygion, 
the  fin  of  a  fish,  from  pteryx,  a  wing.  J  One 
of  the  two  primary  divisions  of  the  osseous 
fishes,  characterized  by  having  one  or  more 
of  the  first  rays  of  the  fins  in  the  form  of 
spines. — Acanthopterygian,  Acanthopte- 
rygious,a-kan'thop-te-rij"i-an,a-kan'thop- 
te-rij"i-us,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Acan- 
thopterygii.— Acanthopterygian,  a-kan'- 
thop-te-rij''i-an,  n.  An  Acanthopterygian 
fish. 

Acanthus,  a-kan'thus, «.    Acantha. 

Acardia,  a-kar'di-a,  re.  '[Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
kardia,  the  heart.]  The  state  of  being 
without  a  heart,  as  is  the  case  in  some 
monstrous  births. 

Acarida,  a-kar'i-da,  re.  pi.  [Gr.  akares,  tooi 
short  to  be  cut,  small^  tiny— a,  priv.,  and 
keiro,  to  cut.]  A  divisio^^  of  Arachnida, 
including  the  mites,  ticks,  and  water- 
mites.  Tlie  mouth  in.  all  is  formed  for 
suction.— Acaridan,  Acarid,  a-kar'i-dau, 
9,k'a-rid,  re.  One  of  the  Acarida.— Acari- 
cide,  a-kiir'i-sid,  re.  A  substance  that  de- 
stroys mites. 

Acarpous,  a-kar'pus,  a.  [Gr.  akarpos,  un- 
fruitful—a, priv.,  and  karvos,  fruit.]  Bot. 
not  producing  fruit;  sterile;  bafren. 

Acatalectic,  a'kat-a-lek"tik,  a.  [Gr.  akat- 
alektos.]  Having  the  complete  number  of 
syllables  (an  acatalectic  verse). 

Acataleptic,  a'kat-a-lep"tik,  a.  [Gr.— a, 
priv.,  kata,  down,  and  ISpsis,  a  taking.] 
Incomprehensible;  not  to  be  known  with 
certainty. — re.  One  who  beli^'es  that  we 
can  know  nothing  with  certainty.. 

Acaulcus,  Acaulescent,  a-kal'us,  a-kal-es'- 
ent,  a.  TGr.  a,  priv.,  and  kaulos,  a  stalk.] 
Bot.  without  a  conspicuous  stem;  stem- 
less.  Acauline,  Acaulose,  are  also  used  in 
same  sense. 

Accad,  Accadtan,  ak'ad,  ak-ka'di-an,  re.  A 
member  of  one  of  the  primitive  races  of 
Babylonia,  a  non-Semitic  race  the  exist- 
ence of  which  has  been  shown  by  the  cunei- 
form inscriptions;  the  language  of  this 
race. — AccadlaJi,  ak-ka'di-an,  a.  Belong- 
ing to  the  Accads  or  their  language. 

Accede,  ak-sfid',  v.i. — acceded,  acceding. 
[Pr.  accider,  to  assent,  from  L.  accedo^ 
ad,  to,  and  eedo,  to  move,  to  give  place. 
Cede.]  To  agree  or  assent,  as  to  a  pro- 
position, or  to  terms  proposed  by  another; 
to  become  a  party  by  agreeing"  to  terms; 
to  join  or  be  added;  to  succeed,  as  an  hek; 
come  to  by  inheritance:  said  especially  of 
a  sovereign.— Accession,  ak-se  shon,  n. 


Fate,  f ^,  fat,  fgll;     me,  met,  "hii;     piae,  pin;     nSte,  noi,  mtfve;     tube,  tub,  b\}^;     oil,  pound;     tt,  Sc.  abuae— tbe  i^.  «. 


ACCELERATE 


ACCOMPLISH 


The  act  of  acceding;  tlie  act  of  agreoiag 
or  assenting;  increase  by  something  added; 
that  -which  is  added;  the  act  of  succeed- 
ing to  a  throne,  office,  or-  dignity ;  the 
attack  or  commencement  of  a  disease. 
Accelerate,  ak-Sel'6r-at,  v.t.— accelerated, 
accelerating.     [L.   accelerOr  acceleratwn, 
to  hasten— ad,  to,  and  celer,  swift.    Ce- 
uiRiTY.]    To  make  qiiicker ;  to  cause  to 
move  or  advance  faster;  hasten;  add  to  the 
velocity  of;  bring  about  or  help  to  bring 
about  more  speedily.— Acceleration,  ak  r 
Bel-6r-a"ghon,  n.    The  act  of  accelerating 
or  state  of  being  Accelerated ;,  increase  of 
velocity.— Accelerative,  ak-sel'Cr-at-iv,  a. 
Tending  to  accelerate;  adding  to  velocity. 
—Accelerator,  ak-ser6r-at-6r,  n.   One  who 
or  that  which  accelerates ;  a  hastener. — 
Acceleratory,  ak-sel'er-a-to-ri,  a.    Accel- 
erating or  tending  to  accelerate.  ■ 
Accend.t  ak-send',  v.t.     [L.  accencU),  ae- 
censum,  to  kindle;  root  seen  in  candle, 
candid,  &c.]    To  set  on  fire;  to  kindle.— 
Accendent,  ak-sen<tlent,  n.  <  An  accensor. 
— Accendible,  ak-send^-bl,  a.    Capable  of 
being  inflamed  or  kindled. — Accension, 
ak-sen'shon,  n.    The  act  of  kindling  or 
setting  on  fire.— Accenaor,  ak-sen's&r,  n. 
R.  Cath:  Ch.  one  whose  busine.ss  it  is  to 
light  and  trim  the  candles  and  tapers. 
Accent,  ak'sent,  re.    [L.  cKcentns,  an  ac- 
cent—ad,  to,  and  cano,  cantuia,  to  sing. 
Chant.]     A  superior  stress  or  force  of 
voice  upon   certain  syllables  of  words; 
which  mstinguishes  them  from  the  other 
syllables,  and  forms  an  element  in  correct 
pronunciation;  a  mark  or  character  used 
in  writing  to  direct  the  stress  of  the  voice 
in  pronunciation,  or  to  mark  a  particular 
tone,  lengtli  of  vowel  sound,  or  the  like; 
a  peculiar  or  characteristic  modulation  or 
modificationof  the  voice,such  as  that  found 
in  a  given  district;  pZ. words  or  expressions; 
music,  stress  or  emphasis  on  particular 
notes.— 1;.<.  ak-sent'.  To  give  an  accent  or 
accents  to  in  speaking ;  mark  with  an  ac- 
cent or  accents. — Accentor ,'ak-sent'er,  n. 
The'  hedge-warbler,  dunnock,  or  hedge- 
sparrow.— Accentual,  ak-sent'il-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  accent. — Accentuate,  ak-sent'- 
a-at,  v.t. — accentuated,  accentuating.     To 
mark  or  pronounce  with  an  accent   or 
with  accents;  to  emphasize  or  give  promi- 
nence  to.  —  Accentuation,  ak-sent '  a-a"- 
shon,  n.    The  act  of  accentuating  or  state 
of  being  accentuated. 
Accept,  ak-sept',  v.t.    PD.  acceptare,  freq. 
of  accipio,  acceptum,  to  accept — ad,  to, 
and  capio,  to  take.  Capable,  Havi.1    To 
take  or  receive,  as  something  offered;  re- 
ceive with  approbation  or  favour;  take  as 
it.  comes;  accede  or  assent  to  (a  treaty,  a 
■proposal);  to  acknowledge,  especially  by 
signature,  and  thus  to  promise  to  pay  (a 
bill  of  exchange).— Acceptable,  ak-sep'ta- 
bl,  a.    Capable,  worthy,  or  sure  of  being 
accepted  or  received;  pleasing  to  a  re- 
ceiver; gratifying;  agreeable;  welcome. — 
AcceptablenesB,  Acceptability,  ak-sep'ta- 
bl-nes,  ak-sop'ta-bil"i-ti,  n.    Tne  quality 
of  being  acceptable.— Acceptably,  ak-sep 
ta-bli,  adv.    In  an  acceptable  manner;  in 
a  manner  to  please.— Acceptance,  ak-sep'- 
tans,  n.    The  act  of  accepting ;  a  taking 
or  receiving;  favourable  reception;  an 
agreeing  to  terms;  a  written  engagement 
to  pay  money,  made  by  a  person  signing 
his  name  across  or  at  the  end  of  a  bill  of 
exchange;  an  accepted  bill.'or  the  amount 
contained  in  it. — Acceptant,t  ak-sep'tant, 
n.    One  who  accepts.— Acceptation,  ak- 
sep-ta'shon,  n.    The  act  of  accepting  or 
receiving;  kind  or  favourable  reception; 
the  meaning  or  sense  in  which  a  word  or 
expression  is  understood,  or  generally  re- 
ceived.— Accepter,  Acceptor,  ak-sept'^r, 
alc-sept'or,  n.    A  person  ^ho  accepts;  spe- 
cifically, the  person  who  accepts  a  bill  of 
exchange.- Acceptress.t  ak-sep'tres,  n.  A 
female  who  accepts. 

Access,  ak'ses,  n.  [L.  accessus,  from  oc- 
cedo,  to  come  near,  to  approach.  Ac-. 
CEDE.]  A  coming  to;  near  approach;  ad- 
mittance; admission;  the  means  or  way  of 
approach ;  passage  allowing  commiuuca- 
tion;  increase  or  accession;  attack  or  re- 
turn fit  of  a  disease.- Accessibility,  ak'- 
8es-si-bil"i-ti,  n.    The  condition  or  quality 


of  being  accessible  or  of  adraittins  ap- 
proach.— Accessible,  ak-ses'sl-bl,  a.  Cap- 
able of  being  approached  or  reached;  easy 
Of  access ;  approachable ;  attainable.  — 
Accessibly,  ak-ses'si-bli,  adv.  So  as  to  be 
accessible. —  Accession,  ak-se'shon,  n. 
Accede. —  Accessional,  Accessive,  ak-se'- 
shon-al,  ak-ses'iv,  a.  Additional. 
Accessory,  Accessary,  ak'ses-so-ri,  ak'ses- 
sa-ri,  a.  [L.  accessorius,  from  a<cesius, 
accedo.  Accede.]  Contributing;  aiding 
in  producing  some  effect,  or  acting  in  sub- 
ordination to  the  principal  agent;  con- 
tributing to  a  general  effect;  belonging  to 
Bomething  else  as  principal;  accompany- 
ing.— n.  One  who  aids  or  gives  countenance 
to  a  crime;  that  which  belongs  to  some- 
thing else,  as  its  principal;  that  which,  corf- 
tributes  to  the  effect  of  something  more 
important ;  an  accompaniment.—  Acccs- 
BOiial,  ak-ses-so'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  an 
accessory. — Accessonly,  Accessarily,  ak'- 
ses-so-ri-li,  ak'ses-sa-ri-li,  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  au  accessory;  not  as  principal 
but  as  a  subordinate  agent. —  Accessoj^i- 
ness,  Accessai-iness,  ak'ses-so-ri-nes,  ak'- 
ses-sa-ri-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  acces- 
sory, or  of  being  or  acting  in  a  secondary 
character. 

Accident,  ak'si-dent,  n.  [L.  aecidetig,  fall- 
ing.=-ad,  and  cado,  to  fall,  whence  ease, 
cadence,  casual,  decadence,  oc]  Chance  or 
what  happens  by  chance;  an  event  that 
happens  when  quite  unlooked  for;  an  un- 
foreseen and  undesigned  inj  ury  to  a  person; 
casualty;  mishap;  a  property  or  quality  of 
a  thing  which  is  not  essential  to  it  nor  is 
one  of  its, invariable  signs  (as  whiteness  in 
paper).— Accidence,  ak'si-dens,  n.  [A  cor- 
ruption of  accidents  in  the  old  sense  of  in- 
flections of  words.]  That  part  of  grammar 
wliich  treats  of  the  inflection  of  words,  or 
the  declension  of  nouns,  adjectives,  &c., 
and  the  conjugation  of  verbs;  a  small  ])ook 
containing  the  rudiments  of  grammar. — 
Accidental,  ak-si-dent'al,  a.  Happening 
by  chance  or  accident,  or  unexpectedly ; 
'casual;  fortuitous;  non-essential;  not  ne- 
cessarily belonging ;  adventitious.  — n.  A 
casualty;  a  property  not  essential;  music. 
a  sharp,  flat,  or  natural  which  does  not 
occur  in  the  clef,  and  which  implies  some 
change  of  key  or  modulation  different 
•from  that  in  which  the  piece  began. — Ac- 
cidentalism, Accidentallty,  ak-si-dent'- 
al-izm,  ak'si-den-tal"i-ti,  n.  The  condi- 
tion or  quality  of  being  accidental;  acci- 
dental character;  that  which  is  accidental. 
— Accidentally,  ak-si-dent'al-li,  adv.  In 
an  accidental  manner;  by  chance;  fortuit- 
ously; not  essentially. 
Accipiter,  ak-sip'i-t6r,  n.  [L.  accipiter,  a 
bird  of  prey,  from  root  ak,  signifying 
sharpness  and  swiftness,  and  pet,  to  fly, 
like  Gr.  Okypteros,  swift-wingea.]  One  of 
the  order  of  birds  Accipitres  or  Eaptores. 
— Accipitres,  ak-sip'i-trez,  n.  pi.  An  order 
of  rapacious  birds,  now  usually  called 
Raptores.  —  Accipiiral,  Accipitrlne,  ak- 
sip'i-tral,  ak-sip'i-trin,  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Accipitres;  having  the  charac- 
ter of  a  bird  of  prey;  rapacious. 
Accite,t  ak-sit',  v.t.  To  call  or  summon. 
[Slw,k.\ 

Acclaim,!  ak-klam',  v.t.  [L.  acclamo—ae 
for  ad,  and  clamo,  to  cry  out,  whence 
claim,  clamour,  &c.]  To  applaud;  to  de- 
clare or  salute  by  acclamation.— Acclaim, 
ak-klam',  n.  A  shout  of  joy;  acclamation. 
—  Acclamation,  ak-kla-ma'shon,  n.  A 
shout  or  other  demonstration  of  applause 
made  by  a  multitude,  indicating  joy, 
hearty  assent,approbation,  or  good  wishes. 
— Acclamatory,  ak-klam'a-to-ri,  a.  Ex- 
pres'sing  joy  or  applause  by  acclamation. 
Acclimate,  Acclimatize,  ak-kli'mat,  ak- 
kli'mat-iz,  v.t. — acclimated,  acclimating; 
acclimatized,  acclimatvHng.  ,  [Fr.  accli- 
mater,  to  acclimate.  Climate.]  To  habi- 
tuate to  a  foreign  climate;  to  render  proof 
against  the  prejudicial  influences  of  a 
foreign  climate;  to  adoijt  for  permanent 
■existence  and  propagation  in  a  foreign 
climate.  —  Acclimatation,  Acclimation, 
Acclimatization,  ak-kli''ma-ta"8hon,  ak- 
kli-ma'shon,  ak'kli-mat-iz-a"shoil,  n.  The 
act  or  process  of  acclimating  or  acclima- 
tizing, or  state  of  being  acclimatized. 


Accllnal,  ak-kli'nal,  a.  VL.  acclino,  to  bend 
up.  AccLiviTV.]  Geol.  leaning  or  bending 
up,  as  the  slopes  of  a  stratum  towards  au 
anticUneil  axis. 

Acclivity,  ak-kUv'i-ti,  n.  [L.  aeclivitas,  an 
acclivity— ac  for  aiZ,  £9,  and  clivus,  a  slope, 
from  root  cli  seen  in  clino,  inclino,  to  in- 
cline, Gr.  klinO,  to  bend,  incline;  akin  E. 
to  lean.]  A  slope  or  inclination  of  the 
earth,  as  the  side  of  a  hill,  considered  as 
ascending,  in  opposition  to  declivity. — Ac- 
clivitous,  Acclivous,  ak-kliv'i-tus,  ak-kliv'- 
us,  a.'  Rising,  as  a  hill  with  a  slope;  elop- 
ing upwards. 

Accolade,  ak-ko-la(J',  n.  [Fr.  accolade,  the 
accolade,  lit.  ab  embracing  of  the  neck — 
L.  ad,  to,  and  collum,  the  neck;  Fr.  accoler, 
to  embrace,  donner  Vaccolade,  to  dub  a 
knight.  Collar.]  A  ceremony  used  in 
conferring  knighthood,  anciently  con- 
sisting in  putting  the  hand  on  the  knight's 
neck,  now  usually  a  blow  over  the  neck  or 
shoulder  with  the  flat  of  a  sword. 
Accommodate,  ak-kom'mo-dat,  v.t.—dccom- 
madated,  accommodating.  [L.  accommado, 
to  apply  or  suit — ac  for  ad,  to,  and  com- 
modo,  to  profit  or  help,  from  con,  with, 
and  modus,  measure,  proportion,  Umit, 
or^manner.  Mode.]  To  make  suitable, 
correspondent,  or  consistent;  to  fit;  adapt; 
conform;  adjust;  reconcile  {with  to  after 
the  object) ;  to  supply  or  furnish  with  re- 
quired conveniences  (with  witft  after  the 
object,  as  a  friend  with  money ).  —  Ac- 
con^modating,  ak-kom'mS-dat.-ing,  a. 
Obbging;  yielding  to  the  desires  of  others; 
disposed  to  comuly  and  to  oblige  another. 
— Accommodation,  ak-kom '  mo-da"shon, 
n;  The  act  of  accommodating ;  adjust- 
ment ;  adaptation ;  adjustment  of  differ- 
ences; anything  which  supplies  a  want,  as 
in  respect  of  ease,  refreshment,  and  the 
like ;  a  convenience ;  lodgings ;  a  loan  of 
money.— .Accommodation  bill,  a  bill  of  ex- 
change not  given  like  a  genuine  bill  of 
exchange  in  payment  of  a  debt,  but  merely 
intended  to  accommodate  the  drawer. — 
Accommodation  ladder,  a  light  ladder 
hung  over  the  side  of  a  ship  to  facilitate 
ascending  from,  or  descending  to,  boats. — 
Accommodative,  ak-kom 'mo-dat-iv,  a. 
Furnishing  accommodation.  — Accommo- 
dator,  ak-kom'mo-dftt-er,  n.  One  who  ac- 
commodates or  adjusts.  —  Accommod- 
able,  ak-kom' mo  -  da -bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  accommodated,  made  suitable,  or 
made  to  agree;  adaptable. — Accommoda- 
bleness,  ak-kom'mo-da-bl-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  condition  of  being  accommodable. 
Accompany,  ak-kum'pa-ni,  v.t. — accompa- 
nied, accompanying.  TFr.  accompagner,  to 
accompany — ac  for  ad,  to,  and  cam,pagnon, 
a  companion.  Companion.]  To  po  with  or 
attend  as  a  companion  or  associate;  to  go 
together;  to  be  associated  or  connected 
with;  to  play  a  subordinate  musical  part 
to,  as  to  a  singer  or  other  performer  of  a 
niusical  composition.— Accompanier,  ak- 
kum'pa-ni-6r,  n.  One  who  accompanies. — 
Accompaniment,  ak-kum'pa-ni-ment,  n. 
Something  that  attends  as  a  circumstance, 
or  which  is  added  by  way  of  ornament  to 
the  principal  thing,  or  for  the  sake  of 
symmetry;  the  subordinate  part  o^  parts 
performed  by  instruments  accompanying 
a  voice,  or  several  voices,  or  a  principal  in- 
strument.—Accompanist,  ak-kum'pan-ist, 
n.  The  performer  in  music  who  pUiys  the 
aocompaniment. 

Accomplice,  ak-kom'plis,  n.  [Prefix  ac  for 
ad,  to,  and  the  older  E.  complice,  Fr.  con„- 
plicCj  Li.  complex,  coynplicis,  confederate, 
participant — con,  with,  and  plico,  to  fold; 
plica,  a  fold,  a  stem  which  appears  also 
in  E.  comply,  ply,  triple,  &c.  Plv,  &c.J 
An  associate  or  confederate,  especially  in 
a  crime;  a  partner  or  partaker  in  guilt.— 
Accomplice8bip,t  ak-kom'plis -ship,  n. 
State  of  being  an  accomplice. — Accom- 
pllcity,t  ak-kom-plis'i-ti,  w.  The  state  of 
being  an  accomplice. 

Accomplish,  ak-kom'plish,  v.t.  [Fr.  accom- 
plir,  to  finish— prefix  ac  for  ad,  to,  and 
li.  compleo,  to  complete.  Complete.]  To 
complete ;  to  finish  entirely;  to  execute ; 
to  carry  out;  to  fulfil  or  bring  to  pass.— 
Aecomplishable,  ak-kom'plish-a-bl,  a. 
Capable    of    accomplishment.  —  Accom- 


ch,cAain;     cA,Sc'.  loeA;     g»  {ro;    Jij'ob;     ii,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sina;     to,  theui  th,  thm;     w.wig;     wb,  wAig;     zh.a^ure. 


JrcCDMFT 


6; 


ACESCENT 


plished,  ak-koTn'pHsht,  a.  Perfected;  fin- 
ished; consuuimate ;  having  the  attain- 
ments and  graces  regarded  as  necessary 
for  cultivated  or  fashionable  society.— Ac- 
complisher,  ak-kom'plish-er,  n.  One 
vrho  accomplishes. — AccompUsmnent,  ak- 
kom'plish-ment,  n.  The  act  of  accomplish- 
ing or  carrying  into  effect;  fulfilment: 
acquirement;  attainment,  especially  such 
as  belongs  to  cultivated .  or  fashionable 
society. 

A.ccompt,  ak-kount',  n.  An  account. — . 
Accomptant,  ak-kount'ant,n.  A  reckon- ' 
er;  a  computer;  an  accountant.]  Accmnpt 
and  accojnptant  are  obsolete  or  nearly  so 
{account,  accountant,  being  now  generally 
■written),  though  they  may  still  be  used  in 
the  formal  or  legal  style. 

Accord,  ak-kord ,  n.  [Fr.  aecora,  agree- 
ment.— prefix  ae  for  ad,  to,  and  h.cor,  cor- 
dis, the  heart,  formed  like  L.  concors,  dis- 
cors,  E:  concord,  discoM.]  Agreement; 
harmony  of  minds;  as,  to  do  a  thing  with 
one  accord;  just  ccarespondence  of  tilings; 
concord;  harmony  of  sound;  voluntary  or 
spontaneous  impulse  or  act:  in  this  sense 
in  such  phrases  as.  of  rrry,  of  his,  of  its,  of 
their  otiin  accord. — v.t.  To  make  td  agree  or 
correspond  t;  to  grant;  to  give;  to  concede; 
as,  to  accord  to  one  due  .praise. — v.i.  To  be 
in  correspondence  or  harmony. — Accord- 
ance,-Accordancy,  ak-kord'ans,  ak-kord'- 
an-si,  n.  The  state  of  being  in  accord; 
agreement  with  a  person;  conformity  with 
a  thing.— Accordant,  ak-kord'ant,  a.  Cor- 
responding; consonant;' agreeable;  of  the 
same  mind. — Accordantly,  ak-kord'ant-li, 
adv.  In  accordance  or  agreement. — Ac- 
cording, ak-kord'ing,  a.  Agreeing;  agree- 
able; in  accordance.— .Accordimfif  as,  agree- 
ably, conformably,  or  proportionately  as. 
— According  to,  agreeably  to  or  in  accord- 
ance with  (zeal  according  to  knowledge) : 
followed  by  a  personal  object  it  refers  to  a 
statement  of  the  person  {according  to  him 
you  are  wrong). — Accordingly,'  ak-kord'- 
mg-li,  adv.-  Agreeably;  suitably;  in  a 
maimer  conformable;  consequently. 

Accordion,  ak-kord'i-on,  n.  [From  accord.} 
A  small  keyed  wind-instrument,  whose 
tones  are  generated  by  the  play  of  wind 
upon  metallic  reeds. — Accordionist,  ak- 
koid'i-oa-ist,n.  A  player  on  the  accordion. 

Accost,  ak-kost',  D.<.  [Fr.  aceoster,  L.L.  ac- 
costa7-e—ac  for  ad,  to,  and  L.cos<a(Fr.cOfe), 
a  rib,  aside..  C0.4ST.]  To  speak  first  to; 
to  address,  before  the  party  addressed  has 
spoken  to  us. 

Accoucheur,  ak-kb-8h6r,  n. '  [Fr.,  a  man- 
midvdf e — ac  for  adi  and  covdiir,  to  lie  or 
lay  down.  Codch.]  A  surgeon  who  at- 
tends women  in  childbirth. — Accoucb- 
ense,  ak-ko-sh6z,  n.    A  midwife. 

Account,  ak-kount',  n.  -  [O.E.  accompt — ae 
for  ad,  and  O.Fr.  compie,  a  calculation, 
from  li.  compnto,  to  compute,  reckon. '  The 
modern  Fr.  conte,  conter,  present  the  sa.me_ 
chans-eof  m  into  n  as  our  own  word.]  A' 
reckoning,  enumeration,  or  computation; 
a  list  of  debts  and  credits,  or  charges;  a 
statement  of  things  bought  or  sold,  of 
pajTnents,  services,  &c.;  an  explanatory 
statement  of  particulars,  facts,  or  events; 
narrative;  relation;  description;  reason  or 
consideration  ;  ground  (on  all  accounts) ; 
profit;  advantage  (to  turn  to  acconnt); 
rejrard;  behalf;  sake  (trouble  incurred 
en  one's  account) ;  stockbroking,  the  oper- 
ations on  the  stork-exchange  performed 
during  the  period  before  the  ordinary 
settling-day. — To  make  account  of,  to  hold 
in  estimation  or  esteem ;  to  value :  with 
an  adjective  of  quantity,  as  mtxch,  litUe, 
no,  &c. — Account  current,  the  statement 
of  the  successive  mercantile  transactions 
of  one  person  with  another,  drawij  out 
in  the  form  of  debtor  and  creditor,  and 
in  tlie  order  of  their  dates.— Account,  ak- 
kount',  v.t.  To  deem,  judge,  think,  or  hold 
in  opinion.— u.t.  To  render  an  account  or 
relation  of  particulars;  to  answer  in  a  re- 
sponsible character;  to  give  reasons;  to 
explain :  followed  by  to  before  a  person, 
for  before  a  thing.— Accountability,  ak- 
koujat'a-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  ac- 
countable or  answerable.— Accountable, 
ak-kount'a-bl,  a.  ■  Liable  to  pay  or  make 
good  in  case  of  loss;  responsible  for  a  trust; 


■liable  to  be  called  to  account;  answerable 
to  a  superior. — Accoimtableness,  ak-. 
kount'a-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  ac- 
countable; accountability  i — Accountably, 
ak-kount'a-bli,  .adv.  In  an  accountabls 
manner.  —  Acaonntant,  ak-kount '  ant,  n. 
Oncwho.makes  the  keeping  or  examina- 
tion of  accounts  his  profession;  an  oflScer 
in  a  public  office  who  has  charge  of  the 
accounts.— Accoiiiitaiitsliip,ak-kount'ant- 
ship,  n.  The  office  or  employment  of  an 
accountant.  —  Account  -  book,  ak-kount'- 
buk,  n.  A  book  in  which  accounts  are 
kept. 

Accoutre,  ak-kb'tSr,  v.t. — accoutred,  accou- 
tring.   [Pi:,  aceovtrer — prefix  ac  for  ad, to, 

.  and  couture,  a  seam,  from  L.  consutura,  a 
stitching  together,  from'  con,  together, 
and  suo,  sutum,  to  sew.]  (f o  e^nip  cr  fur- 
nish with  personal  trappings ;  especially, 
to  array  in  a  military  dress  and  arms;  to 
equip  ii?r  military  service.  —  Accoutre- 
ments, ak-ko'ter-ments,  n.  pi.  .  .Military 
dress  and  arms;  fighting  array. 

Accredit,  ak-kred'it,  v.t.  [Fr.  accriditer,  to 
accredit— L.  ad,  to,  a.nA-credo,  creditum, 
to  trust.]  To  repose  confidence  in ;  to 
trust  ia  person) ;  to  give  credit  to ;  to  be- 
lieve (a  story) ;  to  ciJnier  credit  or  autho- 
rity on;  to  send  with  credentials,  as  an 
envoy. — Accreditation,  ak-kred'it-a"shon, 
n.    Tbe  act  of  accrediting. 

Accresce,  ak-kres',  v.i.  [L.  accresco,  accre-, 
itim,  to  increase,  to  grow  to— ad,  to,  and 
cj'esco,  to  grow,  increase.]  To  accrue  (which 
see).— Accrescence,  akires'ens, «.  Act  of 
increasing;  gradual  growth  or  increase; 
accretion.  —  Accrescent,   ak-kres'ent,   a. 

■  Increasing;  growing. — Accrete,+  ak-kr5t', 
v.i.  To  grow  by  accretion;  to  be  added  by 
growth.— Accretion,  ak-ki-e'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  accreting  or  accrescing ;  a  growing 
to;  an  increase  by  natural  growth;  ah.  in- 
crease by  an  accession  of  parts  externally; 
vied,  the  growing  together  of  parts  natur- 
ally separate,  as  the  fimgers  or  toes;  tbe 
thing  added  by  grovrth ;  an  accession. — 
Accretive,  ak-kret'iv,  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  accretion.  —  Accrementitial,  ak'kre- 
men-ti"enai,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  accre- 
mentition.— Accrementition,  ak'kre-men- 
ti"shon,  n.  The  procesij  in  the  lower  ani- 
mals of  producing  a  new  individual  by  the 
growth  and  separation  of  a  part  of  the 
parent;  gemmation.  ._. 

Accriininate,ak-krim'in-at,«).<.  [Prefix  etc, 
and  criminate.}  To  charge  with  a  crime; 
to  accuse. 

Accrue,  ak-krii',  v.i.— accrued,  acci'uing.  [Fr.' 
cuicrue,  increase,  from  accrit,pp.of  accroitre, 
to  increase,  from  h:  accrescere—ae  for  ad, 
to,  and  cresco,  to  grow,  seen  also  in  cres- 
cent, decrease,  increase.]    To  be  gained  or 

:  obtained;  to  proceed,  arise,  or  spring;  as, 
a  profit  or  a  loss  accrues  from  a  commercial 
transaction.— Accrument.t  ak-kro'ment, 
n.  That  which  accrues;  addition;  increase. 

Accnmbent,ak-kuin'bent,a.  [L.dcc«»i6ens, 
ppr.  of  accumbo,  from  ad,  to,  and  cumbo,  to 
lie  down.]  Leaning  or  reclining;  lying 
against  anything.  —  Accnmbency,  ak  - 
kum'ben-si,  n.  State  of  being  accumbent. 

Accumulate,  ak-ka'mQ-lat,  v.t— accumu- 
lated, accumulating.  [L.  accumulo,  acevr 
mulatum,  to  heap  up — ad,  to,  and  cuviulus, 
a  heap.]  To  heap  or  pile  up;  to  amass;  to 
collect  or  bring  together.— v.t.  To  grow  to 
be  extensive  in  number  or'quantitv;  to  in- 
crease greatly.— Accumulation,  ak-kti'mu- 
la"shon,  n.  The  act  of  accumulating;  a,  col- 
lecting or  being  heaped  up;  that  which  has 
accumulated;  a  mass  that  has  been  col- 
lected.—Accumulative,  ak-kfi'mQ-lat-iv,a. 
Causing  accumulation;  heaping  up. — Ac- 
cumulatively, ak-ku'mu-lat-iv-li,  adv.  In 
an  accumulative  manner;  inheaps. — Accu- 
mulator, ak-ku'mu-lat-6r,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  accumulates;  a  contrivance, 
such  as  a  spring,  that  by  being  coiled  up 
serves  as  a  store  of  force ;  a  kind  of  elec- 
tric battery  by  which  electric  energy  may 
be  kept  in  store. 

Accurate;  ak'kil-rat,  a.  [L.  acewraius,  pre- 
pared with  care — ac  for  ad,  to,  and  cura, 
care.  Cure.]  In  exact  conformity  to 
truth,  or  to  a  standard  or  rule,  or  to  a  mo- 
del; free  from  error  or  defect;  exact;  pre- 
cise ;  stri.ctly  correct ;  adhering  to  exact- 


ness or  correctness.- Accuracy,  Accuratfi- 
ness,  ak'ku-ra-si,  ak'ka-rat-nes,  n.  The 
condition  or  quality  of  being  accurate;  ex- 
treme precision  or  exactness;  exact  con- 
formity to  truth,  or  to  a  rule  or  model; 
correctness. — Accurately,ak'fcli-rat-li,ad». 
In  an  accurate  manner. 

Aocurae,  ak-k6rs',  v.t.  [Prefix  ae  for  ad,  or 
A.  Sax.  d,intens.,  and  curse.}  To  call  down 
curses  on;  to  curse. — Accused,  Accurst, 
ak-kerst'  orak-kers'ed,  ak-kerst',  o.  Lying 
under  a  curse;  blasted;  ruined^  execrable; 
cursed. 

Accuse,  ak-'kQT^jV.t.—accttsed,  accusing.  [L. 
accuso,  to  call  to  account,  blame,  indict — 
ad,  to,  and  causa,  cause,  process.  Cavse.] 
To  ch^ge  with  a  crime,  offence,  or  fault ; 
to  blame  (with  of  before  the  crime  or  of- 
fence) Accuse  is  both  a  legal  and  a  gen- 
eral term,  and  commonly  expresses  some- 
thing more  formal  than  charge.  The  con- 
struction of  the  two  verbs  is  also  different: 
accuse  of,  charge  with. — Accusable,  ak- 
kliz'a-bl,  a.  Liable  to  be  accused;  charge- 

.  able  witn  a  crime, — Accusant,  ak-kiiz'ant, 
».  One  who  accuses.— Accusation,  ak-kO^ 
za'shon,  n.  The  act  of  accusing ;  that  of 
which  one  Is  accused ;  a  charge  brought 
against  one. — Accusative,  ak-kuz'at-iv,  a. 
Accusatory. — Accusative,  ak-kuz'at-iv,  n. 
The  fourth  case  of  nouns  and  other  declin- 
able words  in  Latin,  Greek,  &c.,  corre- 
sponding to  the  objective  in  English. — Ac- 
cusativelyj  ak-kuz'at-iv-li,  adv.  By  way 
of  accusation ;  in  the  position  or  relation 
of  an  accusative  case. — Accusatory,  Accus- 
atorial, ak-kuz'a-to-ri,  ak-kuz'a-to"ri-al,  a. 
Accusing ;  containing  an  accusation ;  as, 
an  acciisatory  libel.— Accusatorlally,  ak- 
kuz'a-to"ri-al-li,  adv.  By  way  of  accussw- 
tion.  —  Accused,  ak-kilzd',  syp.  used-  as  a 
noun.  A  person  or  persons  charged  ■with 
acrime. — Accuser,  ak-kuz'6r,n.  One  who 
accuses;  one  who  formally  brings  a  charge. 

Accustom,  ak-kus'tum,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  accous- 
tuxrrer,  to  accustom — ac  for  L.  ad,  to,  and 
O.Fr;  -cousttmie,  custom.  Custom.]  To 
familiarize  by  use  or  habit ;  to  habituate 
or  Inure.— Accustomarily,t  ak-kus'tum-a- 
ri-li,  adv.  According  to  custom ;  custom- 
arily .—Accustomary;  f  ak-kus'tum-a-ri ,  a. 
Usual;  customary.— Accustomed,  ak-kus'- 
tumd,  a.  Often  practised;  customary;  ha- 
bitual ;  wonted;  familiar ;  as,  in  their  ac- 
customed  manner. 

Ace,  as,;»i.  [Fr.  as,  ace  at  dice  or  cards;  L. 
as,  a  unit,  a  pound,  a  foot,  &c.,  from  Doric 
6r.  as,  ais,  Attic  Gfr.  heis,  one.]  A  unit;  a 
single  pip  on  a  card  or  die,  or  the  card  or 
face  of  a  die  so  marked ;  a  trifle  or  insig- 
nificant quantity  or  distance  (within  an 
ace  of  it).  '     „ 

Acentric,  a-sen'trik,a.  [Prefix  a,neg.,an(t 
centre.}    Not  centric;  away  from  a  centre. 

Acephala,  a-sei'a-la,  n.  pi  [Gr.  akepkalos, 
headless  —  a,  priv.,  and  kephale,  head.] 
Molluscous  animals,  like  the  oyster  and 
EcaUop,  that  have  not  a  distinct  head.— 
Acephalan,  a-sef'a-lan,  n.  One  of  the 
Acephala;  a  lamellibranchiate  mollusc. — 
Acepbalist,  Acepha,lite,  a-sef'al-ist,  a-sef- 
al-it,  n.  One  who  acknowledges  no  head 
or  superior.— Acephalous,  a-sef'al-us,  a. 
Without  a  head;  headless. 

Acerb,  a-s6rb',a.  [L.  ace?'&MS,unripe,  harsh,' 
sour,  from  ace7;  sharp;  same  root  as  in 
acid.}  Sour,  bitter,-  and  harsh  to  the 
taste;  sour  with  astringency  and  rough- 
ness.—Acerbity,  a-s6rb'it-i,  u.  Sourness, 
with  roughness  or  astringency  of  taste ; 
poignancy  or  severity;  painf  ulness;  sharp- 
ness; harshness  or  severity  of  temper,  sour- 
ness. 

Aceric,  a-ser'ik,  a.  [L.  acer,  a  maple-tree.] 
Pertaining  to  the  maple;  obtained  from 
the  mkple. 

Acerous,  Acerose,  as'6r-u8,  a,s'6i-^z,  a.  |L. 
aceros^is,  chafiy,  from  acus,  aceris,  chaff.] 
Bot  resembling  chaff;  narrow  and  slender, 
with  a  sharp  point, 

Acervate,t  a-serv'at,  v.t.  [L.  acervo,  to  heap 
up,  from  acervus,  a  heap.]  To  heap  up.— 
Acervation,t  as-^r-va'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
heaping  together. 

Acescent,  a-ses'ent,  a.  [L.  acesr^ns,  turn- 
ing sour.  Acid.]  Turning  sour;  becoming 
tart  or  acid;  slightly  sour;  acidulous;  sub- 
acid.-^AcesCencc  Aceacsssey,  a-ses'ens,  a- 


Fate,  far, fat^fftU;    .me,  met,  h6r.;,   , pine,  pis.;     n5te,  not  mOve^   .ttlbe,  tub,  b\tll;     oil,  pound;   .ti.Sc.  abtme^tbeFr.  «. 


ACETABULUM 


ACQUIRE 


gesen-Bi,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  becom- 
ing acescent. 

Acetabulum,  as-S-tab'tl-ium,  n.  pi.  Ace- 
tabula,  as-e-tab'0-la.  [L.,  vinegar  cruet, 
a  cup-shaped  vessel,  from  acetum,  vine- 

far.  Acid.)  The  cavity  which  receives 
he  head  of  the  thigh-bone;  the  socket  in 
which  the  leg  of  an  insect  is  inserted;  the 
cup-like  sucker  with  which  the  arms  of 
the  cuttle-fish  are  provided ;  the  cup-  or 
saucer-like  fructification  of  many  lichens; 
the  receptacle  of  certain  fungi. — Acetabu- 
liferoua,  as-e-tab'a-lif"6r-u8,  a.  Having 
ace  tabula  or  cup-like  suckers.— AcetabulC 
Xorm,  as'e-ta-ba  'li-form,  a.  Cup-shaped. 
Acetary,  as'e-ta-ri,  n.  [L.  acetaria,  herbs 
eatea  raw  with  vinegar  and  oil,  from  ace- 
<«ni,  vinegar.  Acid.J  An  acid  pulpy  sub- 
stance in  certain  fruits,  as  the  pear.— 
Acetarious,  as-e-ta'ri-us,  o.  A  term  ap- 
plied to  plants  used  in  making  salads;  such 
as  lettuce,  mustard  and  cress,  endive,  &c. 
Acetic,  a-set'ik,  a.  [h.  acetum,  vinegar.] 
Having  the  properties  of  vinegar;  sour. — 
Acetic  acid,  an  acid  often  prepared  by 
the  oxidation  of  alcohol  (acetdus  fermen- 
tation), and  along  with  water  forming 
the  chief  ingredient  of  vinegar. — Ace- 
tate, as'e-tat,  n.  A  salt  formed  by  the 
union  of  acetic  acid  with  a  base.  —  Ace- 
tlfication,  a-8eti-fi-ka"Bhon,  n.  The  act 
of  acetifying  or  making  acetous  or  sour; 
the  process  of  becommg  acetous;  the 
operation  of  making  vinCgar.— Acetifler, 
a-set'i-fi-er,  n.  An  apparatus  used  in  mak- 
ing vinegar. — Acetify,  a-set'i-fi,  v.t.—acet- 
iHed,  acetifying.  To  convert  into  acid  or 
vinegar  —v.i.  To  become  acid;  to  be  con- 
verted into  vinegar.— Acetimeter,  Acet- 
ometer,  as-et-im'et-tr,  as-et-om'et-6r,7i.  An 
instrument  for  ascertaining  the  strength 
or  purity  of  acids;  an  acidimeter. — Acet- 
imetry,  as-et-im'et-ri,  n.  The  act  or  me- 
thod of  ascertaining  the  strength  or  purity 
of  acids.— Acetopathy.as-et-op'a-thi.n.  A 
method  of  treating  ailments  by  applying 
dilute  acetic  acid  to  the  surface  of  the 
body  —Acetous,  Acetose,  a-s5'tus,  as-et- 
Os',  a.  Having  a  sour  taste;  having  the 
character  of  vinegar;  acid;  causing  or  con- 
nected with  acetification. 
Ache,  ak,  n.  LA.  Sax.  ace,  cece,  ece,  ache, 
pain;  acan,  to  ache;  akin  to  Icel.  aka,  to 
drive,  press  hard;  cog.  L.  ago,  to  drive.} 
Pain,  or  continued  pain,  in  opposition  to 
sudden  twinges,  or  spasmodic  pain;  a  con- 
tinued gnawing  pain  as  in  toothache  or 
earache;,  feeling  of  distress  (heartaci.e). 
—  v.i.— ached,  aching.  To  suifer  from  an 
ache  or  pain;  to  be  distressed.— Acheweed, 
ak'wed,  n.  Same  as  Goutwort. 
Acheue,  Achenium,  a-ken',  a-ke'ni-um,  n. 
LGr.  a,  priv.,aiid  cAaino,  to  yawn,  to  gape.] 
Bot.  a  small  dry  carpel,  containing  a  single 
seed,  which  does  not  open  when  ripe. 
Achieve,  a-chcv',  v.t. — achieved,  achieving. 
[Fr.  achever,  to  finish- a,  to,  and  O.i'r. 
cheve,  Fr.  chef,  the  head  or  end,  from  L. 
caput,  the  head.  Chief.]  To  perform  or 
execute;  to  finish  or  carry  on  to  a  final 
and  prosperous  close ;  to  obtain  or  bring 
about,  as  by  effort.— Achievable,  a-chev - 
a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  achieved  or  per- 
formed.— Achievance,t  a-chev'ans,  n.  A- 
chievement.— Achievement,  a-chev'ment, 
n.  The  act  of  achieving  or  performing; 
accomplishment;  an  exploit;  a  great  or 
heroic  deed;  an  escutcheon  or  ensign  ar- 
morial; a  hatchment.— Achiever,  a-chev'- 
6r,  n.  One  who  achieves  or  accomplishes. 
Achlamydate,  a-klam  id-at,  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv., 
and  chlamya,  chlamydoa,  a  cloak.]  Zool. 
not  possessing  a  mantle,  as  certain  mol- 
luscs.—AchlamydeouB,  a-kla-mid'e-us,  a. 
Bot.  having  neither  calyx  nor  corolla,  the 
flowers  being  without  floral  envelope. 
Achor,  a'kor,  n.  (Gr.  achor,  dandrufT.] 
Scald  head,  a  skin  disease. 
Achromatic,  ak-iO-mat'ik,  o.  (Gr.  a,  priv., 
and  cA )  Oma,  ch}-0maio8,  colour. )  Destitute 
of  colour;  transmitting  light  without  de- 
composing it  into  its  primary  colours;  as, 
an  achromatic  lens  or  telescope. — Achro- 
maticity.  Achromatism,  ak'r6-ma-tis"i-ti, 
ak-r5'ma-tizm,  n.  The  state  of  being  ach- 
romatic; want  of  colour.— Achromatize, 
a-kr5'ma-tlz,  v.t.  To  deprive  of  colour;  to 
render  achromatic.  —  Achromatopsy,  a- 


"  krO'ma-top-si,  n.  [-opsy,  from  Gr.  opaia, 
si^^ht]    Colour  blindness. 

Achronic,  Achronlcal,  a-kron'ik,  a-kron'- 
ik-al,  a.    Acronvc. 

Acicula,  a-sik'a-la,  n.  pi.  Aciculse,  a-slk'Q- 
16.  fL.,  dim.  of  ac«s,  aneedle.  Acid.]  A 
name  given  by  naturalists  to  a  spine  or 
prickle  of  an  animal  or  plant.— AciciUar, 
Aciculate,  Aclculiform,  Aciform,  a-sik'a- 
ler,  a-sik'Q-lat,  a-sik'a-li-form,  as'i-form, 
o.  Having  the  shape  of  a  needle;  having 
sharp  points  like  needles:  needle-shaped. 
—  Acicularly,  a-stk'Q-Ifir-li,  adv.  In  an 
acicular  manner. 

Acid,  asid,  a.  [L.  aHdus,  sour,  from  root 
ac,  a!c,  a  point,  seen  in  acua,  a  needle; 
acuo,  to  sharpen ;  acer,  sharp ;  aceo,  to  be 
sour;  acetum,  vinegar;  giving  such  English 
words  as  acrid,  acumen,  acute,  ague,  eager, 
&c.]  Sour,  sharp,  or  biting  to  the  taste;  not 
sweet;  not  alkaline.  —  Acid,  as'id,  n.  A 
sour  substance;  specifically,  in  chem.  a 
compound  of  which  hydrogen  is  an  es- 
sential constituent.  Acids  possess  a  sour 
taste,change  blue  vegetable  colours  to  red, 
and  combine  with  bases  to  form  salts. — 
Acidlferous,  as-id-if 'fer-us,  a.  Bearing,  pro- 
ducing, or  containing  acids,  or  an  acid. — 
Acldlly,a-sid'i-fi,u.<.— aci(ii'te<i,aci(ii/^ini7. 
To  make  acid ;  to  convert  into  an  acid. — 
Acidifiable  a-sid'i-fi-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  acidified  or  converted  into  ap.  acid.— 
Acidific,  as-id-if'ik,  a.  Producing  acidjty 
or  an  acid.  —  Acidiilcatlon,  a-sio/i-fi-ka - 
shon,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  acidifying. — 
Acldtfier,  a-sid'i-fi-Cr,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  acidifies;  an  acetifier. — Acidimeter, 
Acldimetry,a8-id-im'et-er,as-id-im'et-ri.n. 
Same  as  Acetimeter,  Acetimetry. — Acidity, 
Acidness,  a-sid'i-ti.  as'id-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  acid  or  sour;  sourness; 
tartness.  —  Acidulate,  a-fid'a-lat,  v.t. — 
acidulated,  acidulatina.  [Fr.  aciduler,  to 
make  slightly  sour;  L.  acidulua,  slightly 
sour.]  To  make  acid  in  a  moderate  de- 
gree.—Acldnlent,  a-sid'0-lent,  o.  Some- 
what acid  or  sour;  tart;  peevish. — Aclda- 
lous,  a-sid'a-lus,  a  Slightly  sour;  sub- 
acid; as  cream  of  tartar,  oranges,  4c. 

Aciform,  as'i-form,  a.    Acicula. 

Acinaceous  as-in-a'shus,  a.  [L.  acinus,  a 
grape-stone  or  kernel.]  Full  of  kernels.— 
Acinarious,  as-in-a'ri-us,  a.  Bot.  covered 
with  little  spherical  stalked  vesicles  re- 
sembling grape-seeds,  as  in  some  algoe. — 
Aciuifonu,  a-sin'i-form,  a.  Having  the 
form  of  grapes,  or  being  in  clusters  like 
grapes. — Acinose,  Acinous,  as'in-os,  as'in- 
us,  a.  Consisting  of  minute  granular  con- 
cretions. 

Acinaciform, as-ln-as'i-form^.  IL.acinoces, 
Gr.  akinakes,  a  scimetar]  Formed  like  or 
resembUng  a  scimetar;  as,  an  acinaciform 
leaf. 

Acknowledge,  ak-nol'ej,  v.t— acknowledged, 
acknowledging.  fPrenx  a,  on,  and  know- 
ledge.] To  own  or  recognize  by  avowal 
or  Dy  some  act:  to  assent  to  the  truth  or 
claims  of;  to  admit  to  be;  to  own  or  con- 
fess ;  to  avow  receiving.  .'.  We  acknow- 
ledge what' is  in  some  way  brought  or 
set  before  our  notice:  when  we  confeaa  we 
make  known,  and  often  of  our  own  free 
will.— Acknowledger,  ak-nol'ej-er,  n.  One 
who  acknowledges.  —  Acknowledgment, 
ak-nol'ej-ment,  n.  The  act  of  acknowledg- 
ing; owning;  recognition;  avowal;  confes- 
sion ;  expression  of  thanks ;  something 
given  or  done  in  return  for  a  favour;  a  re- 
ceipt for  money  received. 

Acme,  ak'me^n.  [Gr.  akme,  a  point.  Root 
ak.  Acid.]  The  top  or  highest  point;  the 
furthest  point  attained;  maturity  or  per- 
fection; the  height  or  crisis  of  a  disease. 
Acne,  ak'ne,  n.  [Gr.  akne.\  An  eruption 
of  distinct,  hard,  inflamed  tubercles  on 
the  face.  Called  also  Lycoais. 
Acolyte,  ak'o-lit,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.L.  acoly- 
thus,  an  acolyte;  Gr.  akolouthoa,  a  fol- 
lower.] An  attendant;  in  the  R.  Cath.  Ch. 
the  second  of  the  inferior  orders  of  clergy, 
whose  office  it  is  to  follow  and  attend  on 
the  superior  orders. 

Acondylons,  Acondylose,  a-kon'di-lus,  a- 
kon'di-lOs,  a.    [Gr.  neg.  prefix  o,  and  kor^ 
dyloa.  a  joint.]    Jointless. 
Aconite,  ak'on-lt,  n.     [L.  aconitum,  Gr. 
akonlton,  a  poisonous  plant,  like  monk's- 


hood.]  The  plant  wolf  s-bane  or  monk's- 
hood,  Aconitum,  JXapellua.—Aconitic.  ak- 
on-it'ik,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  aconite.— 
Aconitin,  Aconituxe,  ak-on'it-in,  n.  A 
highly  poisonous  narcotic  alkaloid,  got 
from  the  roots  and  leaves  of  aconite. 

Acopic,  a-kop'ik,  o.  {Qt.  akojyos,  prefix  a, 
priv.,  and  kopoa,  toil,  weariness.]  Med. 
fitted  to  relieve  weariness;  restorative. 

Acorn,  a'korn.  n.  [A.  Saix.  ceceren,  aecem, 
an  acom;  Goth,  akran,  fruit;  Icel.  akarn. 
Can.  agem,  O.H.G.  ackeran,  an  acorii;  the 
word  originally  meant  simply  fruit,  fruit 
of  the  field,  being  allied  to  acre.}  The 
fruit  of  the  oak ;  a  one-celled,  one-seeded, 
oval  nut,  which  grows  in  a  permanent  cup. 
— Aconied,a'kornd,a.  Furnished  or  loaded 
with  acorns.- Acorn-cup.  n.  The  capsule 
of  the  acom.  —  Acorn-oil,  n.  An  oil  ex- 
pressed from  acorns. — Acorn-shell,  n.  The 
shell  of  the  accm;  a  marine  molluscous 
animal,  one  of  the  cirripeds. 

Acosmism,  a-koz'mizm,  n.  [Gr.  neg.  prefix 
a,  and  koamaa,  the  world.]  The  denial  of 
the  existence  of  an  eternal  world. — Acoa- 
mist,  a-koz'mist,  n.  One  who  holds  the 
doctrine  of  acosmism. — Acosmiatic,  a-koz- 
mist'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  doctrine  of 
acosmism. 

Acotyledoft,  a-kot'iI-6"don, n.  [Gr.  a,  priv., 
andkotyUdOn,  any  cup-shaped  cavity,  from 
kotyle,  a  hollow.]  Bot.  a  plant  whose  seeds, 
called  spores,  are  not  furnished  with  cotyl- 
edons or  seed-lobes.- AcotyledoHous.  a- 
kot'il-e"don-us,  a.    Having  no  seed  lobes. 

Acouchy ,  a-kOsh'i,  n.  [Fr.  a/^ouchi.  agouchi, 
name  in  Guiana.]  AJa  animal  belonging 
to  the  guinea-pig  family, the  olive  cavy  or 
Surinian  rat,  inhabiting  Guiana. 

Acoustic,  Acoustical,  a-kous'tik,  a-kous'- 
tik-al,  a.  [Gr.  akoustikoa,  from  akouO,  to 
hear.]  Pertaining  to  ^the  sense  or  organs 
of  hearing,  or  to  tHe  science  of  acoustics.— 
Acoustic,  ».  A  remedy  for  deafness  or 
imperfect  hearing. — Acoustically,  a-kous'- 
tik-al-li,  adv.  In  relation  to  or  in  a  man- 
ner adapted  to  acoustics.— Acoustician,  a- 
kous-ti'Bhan,n.  One  skilled  in  the  science 
of  acoustics.— Acoustics,  a-kous'tiks,  n. 
The  science  of  sound,  teaching  the  cause, 
nature,  and  phenomena  of  the  vibrations 
of  elastic  bodies  which  aftect  the  organ  of 
hearing. 

Acquaint,  ak-kwBnt',  r>.<.  [O.Fr.  accointer; 
L.L.  acco^idare,  to  make  Known,  from  L. 
od,  to,  and  copni<««, known, from  cognoaco, 
cognitum,  to  know;  same  root  as  in  know.] 
To  make  to  know ;  to  make  aware  of ;  to 
apprise;  to  make  familiar;  inform:  with 
is  used  before  the  subject  of  information, 
if  a  noun  (acquaint  a  person  ieith  facts). — 
Acquaintance,  akkwant'ans,  n.  A  state 
of  being  acquainted,  or  of  having  more  or 
less  intimate  knowledge ;  knowledge ;  fa- 
miliarity (followed  by  mih);  a  person 
known  to  one ;  the  whole  body  of  those 
with  whom  one  is  acquainted.— Acquaint- 
anceship, ak-kwant'ans-yhip,  n.  State  of 
being  acquainted.  —  Acquainted,  ak- 
kwant'ed,  a.  Having  acquaintance;  know- 
ing, but  not  a  close  or  intimate  friend. 

Acquiesce,  ak-kwi-es',  v.i. — acquieaced,  ac- 
quieadng.  [Fr.  acquieacer,  L.  acquieaco,  to 
rest,  to  acquiesce — ad,  to,  and  quieaco,  to 
be  quiet.  QurEx.]  To  rest  satisfied,  or 
apparently  satisfied,  or  to  rest  without  op- 
position and  discontent;  to  assent  quietly; 
to  agree.  —  Acquiescence,  Acquiescency, 
ak-kwi-es'ens,  aK-kwi-es'ens-si,  n.  The  act 
of  acquiescing  or  giving  a  quiet  assent.— 
Acquiescent,  ak-kwi-es'ent,  a.  Disposed  to 
acquiesce;  disposed  to  submit;  quietly  as- 
senting.—Acquiescently,  ak-kwi-es'ent-li, 
adv.    In  an  acquiescent  manner. 

Acquire,  ak-kwir*,  v.t— acquired,  acquiring. 
VL.  acquiro,  to  get — ad,  to,  and  quaro,  to 
look  or  search  for.  Quest.]  To  get  or  gain, 
the  object  being  something  which  is  more 
or  less  permanent  (as  fortune,  title,  habi  ts, 
&c.).  .'.  A  mere  temporary  possession  is 
not  expressed  by  acquire,  but  by  obtain, 
procure,  &c.;  as,  to  obtain  (not  acquire)  a 
Dook  on  loan.— Acqulrablllty,  ak^wir'a- 
bil"i-ti,  n.  State  of  being  acquirable. — 
—Acquirable,  ak-kwir'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  acquired.— Acquirement,  ak-kwir'- 
ment.  n.  The  act  of  acquiring,  or  of  mak- 
ing acquisition ;  that  which  is  acquired ; 


ch,  cAain;     cA,  Sc.  locA;     g,  jro;     Ji/obi     n,Fr.  ton;     ng,  sin^;     ih,  (Aen;  th,  tfiin;     w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  a^ure. 


ACQUIT 


ACTUAL 


attainment,  especially  personal  attain- 
ment (as  contrasted  with  a  natural  gift  or 
endottmienty.— Acqirirer,  ak-kwir'4r,  n.  A 
person'  who  acquires.  —  Acquisition,  ak- 
kwi-zi'shon,  ti.  The  act  of  acquiring;  the 
thing  acquired  or  gained :  generally  ap- 

g lied  to  material  gains. — Acquisitive,  ak- 
wiz'it-iv,  a.  Disposed  to  make  acquisi- 
tions; having  a  propensity  to  acq  aire  pro- 
perty.—Acquisitively,ak-kwiz'it-iv-li,adv. 
In  an  acquisitive  manner ;  by  way  of  ac- 
quisition.—Acquisitiveness,  ak-twiz'it-iv- 
nes,  n.  Quality  of  being  acquisitive;  a 
propensity  to  acquire  property;  pftren.  the 
organ  which  is  said  to  produce  the  desire 
to  acquire  and  possess. 
4,cquit,  %)s.^ynv,vX—ae(xuitled,ac<]vitti7^g. 
[Pr.  acguitter,  to  discharge,  to  set  at  rest 
with  respect  to  a  claim— Jj.  ad,  to,  and 
quietus,  at  rest,  quiet.  Quiet.]  To  release 
or  discharge  from  an  obligation,  accusa- 
tion, or  the  like ;  to  pronounce  not  guUty 
(with  of  before  the  thing);  refl.  to  behave; 
to  bear  or  cpnduct  one's  self.— Acquittal, 
ak-kwit'al,  n.  The  act  of  acquitting ;  a 
judicial  setting  free  from  the  charge  of 
an  offence.— Acquittance,  ak-kwit'ans,  n. 
An  acquitting  or  discharging  from  a  debt 
or  any  other  liability ;  the  writing  which 
is  evidence  of  such  a  discharge. 
Acre,  a'kfer,  n.  [A.  Sax.  acer,  (Beer,  a  field= 
D.  akker,  Icel.  akr,  Dan.  a^er,  G.  acker, 
Goth,  akrs,  arable  land,  a  field ;  L.  ager, 
Gr.  agros,  Skr.  ajra,  a  field.  Prom  root  ag, 
ak,  as  in  L.  ago,  Icel.  oka,  to  drive,  the 
word  probably  meaning  originally  the 
place  to  or  over  which  Cattle  were  driven; 
a  pasture.-  Acorn  is  from  this  root.]  A 
definite  quantity  of  land.  The  British 
statute  or  imperial  acre  contains  160  square 
rods  or  perches,  or  4840  square  yards. — 
ffocTs  acre,  God's  field;  the  church-yard. — 
Acreable,  a'k6r-a-bl,  a.  According  to  the 
acre;  measured  or  estimated  in  acres  or  by 
the  acre.— Acreage,  a'ker-aj,  n.  The  num- 
ber of  acres  in  a  piece  of  land;  acres  taken 
collectively.— Acred,  aTs^rd,  a.  Possessing 
acres  or  landed  property. 
Acrid,  ak'rid,  o.  [From  L.  acer,  acris,  acre, 
sharp :  with  id,  from  the  common  L.  ad- 
jective termination  -idus.  Acid.]  Sharp 
or  biting  to  the  taste;  pungent;  bitter; 
virulent ;  bitter  (as  in  temper  or  disposi- 
tion).—Acrid,  ak'rid.  n.  An  acrid  or  irri- 
tant poison.— Acridity,  AcridiieM,a-krid'- 
i-ti,  ak'rid-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
acrid  or  pungent. 

Acrimony,  ak'ri-mo-ni,  n.  [L.  acrimonia, 
from  acris,  sharp.]  Acridity;  pungency; 
sharpness  or  severity  of  temper;  bitterness 
of  expression;  acerbity;  asperity  .—Acrimo- 
nious, ak-ri-mo'ni-us,  a.  Abounding  in 
acrimony;  severe;  bitter;  virulent;  caustic; 
stinging.— Acrimoniously,  ak-ri-mo'ni-us- 
li,  adv.  In  an  acrimonious  manner;  sharp- 
ly; bitterly ;_  pungently.  —  Acrimonlous- 
ness,  ak-ri-mo'ni-U8-nes,n.  The  quality  of 
being. 

Acrisia,  a-kris'i-a,  n.  [Gr.  neg.  prefix  a,  and 
krisis,  judgment.]  A  condition  of  disease 
in  which  no  judgment  cart  be  formed. — 
Acritical,  a-krit'ik-al,  a.  Having  or  giv- 
ing no  indications  of  a  crisis. 
Acritude.tak'ri-tQd.n.  lli.acritttdo.  Acrid.] 
An  acrid  quality ;  acridity. 
Acroamatic,  AcroamatlcaJ^  Acroatlc,  ak'- 
ro-a-mat"ik,  ak'ro-a-mat"ik-al,  ak-rO-at'- 
ik,  o.  [Gr.  akroamatikos,  fiom  akroaomai, 
to  hear.]  Designed  for  being  heard  only 
by  a  select  audience;  h(ince,  abstruse;  per- 
taining to  deep  learning;  esoteric. 
Acrobat,  ak'ro-Dat,n.  IGt.akrohates — akros, 
high,  and  bainO,  to  go.]  A  rope-dancer; 
also,  one  who  practises  vaulting,  tumbl- 
ing, throwing  somersaults,  4c.  —  Acro- 
batic, ak'r5-bat-ik,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
an  acrobat  or  his  performance. 
Acrocarpous,  ak-ro-karp'us,  a.  [Qr.  akros. 
highest,  and  karpos,  fruit.]  Bot.  applied 
to  mosses  whose  flower  terminates  the 
growth  of  a  primary  axis. 
Acrocephallc,  ak'r(>-se-fal"ik,  o.  [Gr.afcro*, 
high,  and  kephaU,  the  head.]  High- 
skulled;  having  the  .top  of  the  skull  high 
or  pyramidal. 

Acroceraunian,  ak'ro-g5-rft"ni-an,  a.  [Gr. 
akron,  a  summit,  and  keraunos,  thunder.] 
Thunder  -  smitten :    applied   to   certain 


mountains  in  Greece,  from  being  often 
struck  with  lightning.  [PoeticalT 
Acrogen,  ak'rO-jen,  n.  [Gr.  akros,  high,  on 
the  top,  and  root  gen,  to  produce.]  A  plant 
■  (as  a  moss,  fern,  horse-tail)  increasing  by 
extension  of  the  stem  or  axis  of  growth  at 
the  top.— Acrogenous,  a-kroj'en-us,  a.  In- 
creasing by  growth  at  the  summit,  as  the 
tree-fema;  pertaining  to  the  acrogens. 
Acrolith,  ak'rO-Uth,  n.  [Gr.  akros,  high, 
extreme,  and  litkos,  a  stone.]  In  arch,  and 
acvlp.  a  statue,  of  which  only  the  extremi- 
ties are  stone. — Acrolithan,  a-kro'lith-an, 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  formed  like  an  acro- 
Uth. 

Acromion,  a-kro'mi-on,  n.  [Gr.  akros,  high, 
extreme,  and  Omos,  shoulder.]  A  process 
of  the  shoulder-blade  which  receives  the 
collar-bone. 

Acroaarcotic,  ak'ro-nar-kot"ik,  n.  [Gr. 
akros,  extreme,  and  E.  narcotic]  A  nar- 
cotic poison  which  irritates  and  inflames 
the  alimentary  canal,  and  acts  on  the 
brain  and  spinal  cord. 
Acronyc,  Acronycal,  Acronyctous,  a-kron'- 
ik,  a-kron'ik-al,  ak-ro-nik'tus,  a.  [Gr.  ak- 
ros, extreme,  and  n>/x,  night.]  Astron. 
culminating  at  midnight :  said  of  a  star 
which  rises  as  the  sun  sets,  and  sets  as  the 
sun  rises. — Acronycally,  a-kron'ik-al-U, 
adv.  In  an  acronycal  manner. 
Acropolis, a-krop'o-lis, n.  [Gr.— oJtrog, high, 
and  polls,  a  city.]-  The  citadel  or  highest 
part  of  a  Grecian  city,  usually  Situated  on 
an  eminence  commanding  the  town. 
Acrospire,  ak'ro-spir,  n.  [Gr.  akros,  high- 
est, and  speira,  a  spire,  or  spiral  line.]  The 
first  leaf  which  rises  above  the  ground 
when  corn  germinates;  also  the  rudimen- 
tary stem  or  first  leaf  which  appears  in 
malted  grain.— Acrospired,  ak'ro-spird,  a. 
Having  or  exhibiting  the  acrospire. 
Across,  a-kros',  prep,  and  adv.  [Prefix  a, 
and  cross.]  From  side  to  Side:  opposed  to 
along;  athwart;  quite  over;  intersecting; 
passing  over  at  any  angle ;  from  one  side 
to  another;  crosswise. 
Acrostic,  a-kros'tik,  n.  [Gr.  akrostichion, 
an  acrostic— aArros,  extieme,  and  stichos, 
order  or  verse.]  A  composition  in  verse, 
in  which  the  first,  or  the  first  and  last,  or 
certain  other  letters  of  the  lines,  taken 
in  order,  form  a  name,  title,  motto,  &c., 
which  is  the  subject  of  the  poem.— a.  Rela- 
ting to  or  containing  an  acrostic. — Acros- 
tically,  a-kros'tik-al-li,  adv.  In  the  man- 
ner of  an  acrostic. 

Acroterimu,  ak-ro-te'ri-um,  n.  pi.  Acrote- 
ria,  ak-rO-te'ri-a.  [Gr.  akroterion,  a  sum- 
mit, apex,  from  akros,  highest.]  Arch,  an 
angle  of  a  pediment,  or  a  small  pedestal 
resting  on  the  angle. 

Acrotic,  a-krot'ik,  a.  [L.L.  acrotieus,  from 
Gr.  akros,  extreme.]  Med.  belonging  to 
or  affecting  external  surfaces. 
Acrotism,  ak'ro-tizm,  n.  [Gr.  a,  priT.,and 
krotos,  a  beating.]  An  absence  or  weak- 
ness of  the  pulse. 

Act,  akt,  v.  i.  [L.  ago,  actum,  to  exert  power, 
to  put  irt  motion,  to  do;  Gr.  ago,  to  lead ; 
allied  to  Icel.  aka,  to  drive,  and  to  E.  a/^e 
(which  see).]  To  exert  powerj  to  produce 
effects;  to  be  in  action  or  motion;  to  carry 
into  effect  a  purpose  or  determination  of 
the  mind;  to  behave,  demean,  or  conduct 
one's  sfelf ;  to  nerform,  as  an  actor. — v.t.  To 
transact;  to  do  or  perform ;  to  represent 
as  real ;  to.  perform  on  or  as  on  the  stage; 
to  play;  hence,  to  fei^  or  counterfeit. — 
Act,  akt,  n.  That  wmch  is  being  done  or 
which  has  been  done;  a  deed;  an  exploit; 
the  exertion  of  power;  the  effect  of  which 
power  exerted  is  the  cause;  a  state  of  real- 
ity or  real  existence,  as  opposed  to  a  possi- 
bility;  actuality ;  a  part  or  division  of  a  play , 
generally  subdivided  into  smaller  portions 
called  scenes;  a  decree,  edict,  or  law,  es- 
pecially one  proceeding  from  a  legislative 
body.  Action.— /»  the  act,  in  the  actual 
performance  or  commission  of  some  mis- 
deed.—/?i  act  to,  prepared  or  ready  to,  by 
being  in  a  suitable  posture.  —  Actable, 
akt'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  acted  or 
performed;  practically  possible.- Acting, 
akt'ing,  a.  Performing  duty,  service,  or 
functions;  doing  the  real  work  of  an  office 
for  a  nominal  of  "honorary  holder  of  the 
post.— n.  A  playing  on  the  stage.— Actor, 


ak'tfer,  n.  One  who  acts  or  performs;  one 
who  represents  a  character  or  acts  a  part 
in  a  play.— Actress,  ak'tres,  n.  A  female 
actor. 

Actinia,  ak-tin'i-a,  n.  pi.  Actinlse.  [Gr.  ak- 
tis,  aktinos,  a  ray;  from  their  tentacles 
bemg  ray-like.]  .  A  sea-anemone;  a  polyp 
having  the  mouth  surrounded  by  tentacles 
in  concentric  circles,  which  when  spread 
resemble  the  petals  of  a  flower:  often  of 
brilliant  colours. 

Actinic,  ak-tm'ik,  a.  [Gr.  aktis,  aktinos,  a 
ray.]  Pertaining  to  rays;  pertaining  to 
the  chemical  rays  of  the  sun. — Actinism, 
ak'tin-izm,  n.~  The  radiation  of  heat  or 
light;  the  property  of  the  chemical  part 
of  the  sun's  ravs,  which,  as  seen  in  pho- 
tography, produces  chemical  combina- 
tions and  decompositions.— Actinoid,  ak'- 
tin-oid,  a.  Resembling  a  ray  or  rays ;  ra- 
diated.—Actinograph,  ak-tin'o-graf ,  n.  An 
instrument  for  measuring  and  registering 
the  variations  of  actinic  or  chemical  in- 
fluence in  the  solar  rays.— Actinology,  ak- 
ti-nol'o-ji,  n.  The  science  which  investi- 
gates the  power  of  sunlight  to  cause  chemi- 
cal action.  —  Actinolite,  ak-tin'o-lit,  n. 
[■lite=Gr.  lithos,  a  stone.]  A  radiated 
mineral,  nearly  allied  to  hornblende,  and 
consisting  chiefly  of  silica,  calcium,  mag- 
nesium, and  iron. — Actinolitic,  ak-tin'o- 
lif'ik,  a.  Like  or  pertaining  to  actinolite. 
— Actinometer,  ak-tin-om ' et-6r,  n.  An 
instrument  for  measuring  the  intensity  of 
the  Sun's  actinic  rays.— Actinometric,  ak- 
tin'o-mef'rik,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
actinometer  or  its  use.— Actinozoa,  ak- 
tin'o-zo"a,  n.  pi.  •  [-zoa,  from  Gr.  tOon,  an 
animal.]  A  class  of  radiated,  soft  marine 
zoophytes,  embracing  the  -sea-anemones, 
corals,  sea-pens,  &c.  With  the  Hj-drozoa 
they  constitute  the  sub-kingd^ni  Coelen- 
terata. — Actinozoon,  ak-tiu'o-zo'  on,  n.  An 
individual  member  of  the  Actinozoa. 

Action,  ak'shon,  n.  [L.  actio.  Act.]  The 
^tate  or  manner  of  acting  or  being  active, 
as  opposed  to  rest;  activity  ;•  an  act  or 
thing  done;  the  performance  of  a  func- 
tion; a  deed:  an  exploit;  a  battle  or  en- 
gagement; the  mechanism  or  inovement 
of  a  compound  instrument,  or  the  like: 
agenc}';  operation;  impulse;  the  connected 
series  jof  events  on  which  the  interest  of 
a  drama  or  work  of  fiction  fieperjds;  ges- 
ture or  gesticulation;  a  suit  or  process  at 
law.  .'.  Action  and  Act  have  some  mean- 
ings in  common,  but  others  are  peculiar 
to  each.  Thus,  the  meanings  battle,  Uiw- 
8uit,niechanism,belongonly  to  the  former; 
those  of  law,  part  of  a  play,  to  the  latter. 
So  we  speak  of  a  course  of  action.  But  we 
may  speak  of  performing  a  noble  action 
or  a  noble  act.— Actionable,  ak'shon-a-bl, 
a.-  Furnishing  ground  for  an  action  at 
law.— Actionably,  ak'shon-ft-bli,  adv.  In 
an  actionable  manner. 

Active,  ak'tiv,  a.  I  Fr.  actif,  active;  li.acti- 
wis.  Act.]  Having  the  power  or  property 
of  acting;  exerting  or  having  the  power  to 
exert  an  infl.uence  (as  opposed  to  passive); 
performingactions  quickly;  quick  ;nimble; 
brisk;  agile;  constantly  engaged  in  action; 
busy;  assiduous;  accompanied  or  charac- 
terized by  action,  work,  or  by  the  perfor- 
mance 01  business  (an  active  demand  for 
goods);  actually  proceeding  {active  hostili- 
ties); gram,  expressing  action,  especially 
action  affecting  an  object;  transitive. — 
Actively,  ak'tiv-li,  adv.  In  an  active  man- 
ner.—Acti-vity,  ak-tiv'i-t),  n.  The  state  or 
qualitj"of  being  aAive;  the  active  faculty; 
active  force;  nimbleness;  agility;  brisk- 
ness.—Actlveness,  ak'tiv-nes,  n.  State  of 
being  active. 

Acton,  ak'ton,  n.  [O.Fr.  acoton,  avqneton, 
Sp.  alrcoton,  Ar.  al^'oton,  from  being 
originally  padded  with  cotton.)  A  kind 
of  vest  or  tunic  made  of  taffeta  or  leather 
quilted,  formerly  worn  to  protect  the  body 
from  wounds. 
Actor,  Actress.  Act. 
Actual,  ak'tQ-al,  a.  Acting  or  existing 
really  and  objectively;  real;  effectively 
operative ;  effectual:  opposed  to  potoniial 
or  nominal;  now  existing;  present. — 
n.  Something  actual  or  real.- Actusdist, 
ak'ta-al-ist,  n.  One  who  deals  -with  actu- 
alities: opposed  to  idealist.— ActutXaeu, 


Fate,  far,  fat,  f«ll;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tub,  bull ;     oil,  pound;     U,  So.  ab»aie— the  Fr.  u. 


ACTUARY 


ADHERSJ 


ak'tfl-al-nea.  The  quality  of  being  actual. 
—Actuality,  ak-tu-al'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of 
being  actual;  that  which  is  real  or  actual. 
— Actualization,  ak'ta-al-iz-&"8hon,  n.  A 
making  real  or  actual. — Actualize,  ak'tft- 
al-iz,  v.t.— actualized,  actualizing.  To  make 
actual.  —  Actually,  ak'tu-al-li,  adv.  In 
fact;  really;  with  active  manifestation. 

Actuary,  ak'ta-a-ri,  n.  (L.  actuarius,  a 
clerk,  a  registrar,  from  acta,  records,  acts.J 
A  registrar  or  clerk ;  an  official  in  a  joint- 
stock  company,  particularly  an  insurance 
company,  whose  duty  it  is  to  make  the 
necessary  computations,  especially  compu- 
tations of  some  complexity. — Actuarial, 
ak-tQ-a'ri-al,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an 
actuary  or  to  his  business.  j 

Actuate,  ak'tQ-at,  v.t.— actuated,  actuating. 
[From  act.]  To  put  into  action;  to  move 
or  incite  to  action. — Actuation,  ak-ta-a'- 
shon,  n.  The  state  of  being  put  in  action. 
—Actuator,  ak'ta-at-6r,  n.  One  who  actu- 
ates or  puts  in  action. 

Aculeate,  Aculeated,  a-kti'l5-at,Qi-kQ'l5-ftt- 
ed,  a.  [L.  acuteus,  a  spine,  a  prickle,  dim. 
of  acus,  a  needle.  Acid.]  Bot.  having 
prickles  or  sharp  points;  sooi.' having  a 
sting.  —  Acttleif orm,  a-ku '  le-i-fonn,  a. 
Formed  like  a  prickle.^— Aculeolate,  a-ku'- 
le-o-lat,  a.,  Bot.  having  small  prickles  or 
sharp  points. 

Acumen,a-ku'men,n.  [L.ac«TOera,from  acw>, 
to  sharpen.  Acid.]  Quickness  of  percep- 
tion^  mental  acuteness  or  penetration; 
keenness  of  insight;  sagacity. — Acumin- 
ate, Acuminated,  a-ku'min-at,  a-ku'min- 
at-ed,  a.  [  L.  acuminatus,  sharpened.] 
Pointed;  acute. — Acuminate,  a-ku'min- 
at,  v.t. — acuminated,  acuminating.  To 
render  sharp  or  keen. — v.i.i  To  taper  to  a 
point.— Acumination,  a-ku'min-a"8hon,  n. 
Act  of  acuminating  or  sharpening;  a  point- 
ed extremity;  a  sharp  point  or  jag. 

Acupressure,  Acupression,  ak-u-pre'shClr, 
ak-Q-pre'shon,  n.  [L.  acus,  a'  needle,  and 
E.  press.]  Surg,  a  method  of  stopping 
hasmorrhage  in  arteries  in  amputations, 
&c.,  by  means  of  needles  or  wires  which 
keep  the  wound  close  instead  of  ligatures. 
— AcupreES,ak'u-pres,  v.t.  To  stop  haemor- 
rhage in  by  means  of  acupressure. 

Acupuncture,  ak-u-pungk'tur,  n.  [L.  acus, 
a  needle,  and  p%vnciura,  a  pricking.  Punc- 
ture.] A  surgical  operation  resorted  to 
in  certain  complaints,  as  in  headaches, 
neuralgia,  rheumatism,  &c.,  and  consist- 
ing in  the  insertion  of  a  delicate  needle 
or  set  of  needles  beneath  the  tissues. — 
Acupuncturator,  ak-fl-pungk'tQ-rat-er,  n. 
An  instrument  tor  performing  the  opera- 
tion of  acupuncture. 

Acuru,  ak'ij-ro,  n.  The  name  in  India  of 
a  fragrant  aloe-wood. 

Acute,  a-kat',  a.  [L.  aculus.  sharp-pointed, 
from  acuo,  to  sharpen.  From  root  ac,  ak, 
a  point.  Acid.]  Sharp  at  the  end;  ending 
in  a  sharp  point:  opposed  to  blunt  or  ob- 
tuse; intellectually  sharp;  perceiving, 
minute  distinctions,  or  characterized  by 
the  use  of  such;  characterized  by  keenness 
of  insight:  opposed  to  dull  or  stupid; 
having  nice  or  quick  sensibility;  suscep- 
tible of  slight  impressions  {acute  hearing); 
keen;  sharp:  said  of  pain;  high  in  pitch; 
shrill:  said  of  sound;  med.  a  term  applied 
to  a  disease  which  is  attended  with  more 
or  less  violent  symptoms,  and  comes 
speedily  to  a  crisis;  geoin.  less  than  a  right 
angle. — Acutely,  a-kut'li,  adv.  In  an  acute 
manner;  sharply;  keenly;  with  nice  discri- 
mination.— Acuteness,  a-kut'nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  acute;  sharpness;  keen- 
ness; sagacity;  acumen. 

Adage,  ad'aj,  n.  [Fr.  adage,  li.  adagium, 
a  proverb.]  A  proverb;  an  old  saying, 
wLich  has  obtained  credit  by  long  use. 

Adagio,  a-da'jo,  a.  and  adv.  [It.]  Music, 
slow;  slowly,  leisurely,  and  with  grace.— 
n.  A  slow  movement. 

Adam,  ad'am,  n.  The  name  of  the  first 
man;  hence,the  frailty  inherent  in  human 
nature.  —  Adam's  apple,  the  prominence 
on  the  fore  part  of  the  throat.— Adam's 
needle,  the  popular  name  of  the  plants 
otherwise  called  Yucca.— Adamlc,  a-dam'- 
ik,^  a.    Pertaining  to  Adam. — Adamite, 

)  ad'am-lt,  n.  One  of  an  ancient  religious 
sect  who  aimed  at  establishing  a  state  of 


innocence,  and  went  naked.  —  Adamitlc, 
ad-am-it'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Adam- 
ites or  to  Adam. 

Adamant,  ad'a-mant,  n.  [L.  adamas,  ada- 
mantis,  dr.  adamas,  the  hardest  iron  or 
steelj  anything  inflexibly  hard,  the  dia- 
mond; lit.  the  unconquerable— 6r.  o,  priv., 
and  damaO,  to  tame.  Tame,.  Diamond.] 
Any  substance  of  impenetrable  hardness: 
chiefly  a  rhetorical  or  poetical  word. 
(Formerly  it  sometimes  meant  the  dia- 
mond, sometimes  loadstone.)— Adamant- 
ean.  Adamantine,  ad'a-mant-6"an,  ad-a- 
mant'in,  a.  Made  of  adamant;  having  the 
qualities  of  adamant;  impenetrable. 

Adapt,  a-dapt'.  v.t.  lli.  adapto — ad,  to,  and 
apto,  to  fit.  A^T.]  To  make  suitable;  to 
make  to  correspond;  to  fit  or  suit;  to  pro- 
portion; to  remodel,  work  up,  and  render 
fit  for  representation  on  the  stage,  as  a 
play  from  a  foreign  language  or  a  novel. — 
Adaptability,  Adaptaoleness,  a-dapt'a- 
bil"r-ti,  a-dapt'a-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  capable  of  adaptation. — Adapt- 
able, a-dapt'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
adapted.— Adaptation,  ad-ap-ta'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  adapting  or  making  suitable; 
the  state  of  being  suitable  or  fit;  that 
which  is  adapted.— Adaptedness,  a-dapt'- 
ed-nes,  n.  State  of  being  adapted;  suit- 
ableness.—Adapter,  a-dapt'er,  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  adapts. — Adaptive.t  a^dapt'- 
iv,  a.  _  Tending  to  adapt;  suitable. 

Adar,  a'dar,  n.  A  Hebrew  month,  answer- 
ing to  the  latter  part  of  February  and  the 
beginning  of  March,  the  twelfth  of  the 
sacred  and  sixth  of  the  civil  year. 

Add,  ad,  v.t.  [L.  addo,  to  add— od,  to,  and 
do,  to  put,  to  place,  to  give.]  To  set  or. 
put  together;  to  join  or  unite;  to  put  into 
one  gum;  to  annex;  subjoin;  say  further. 
—v.i.  To  be  or  serve  as  an  addition  (with 
to);  also,  to  perform  the  arithmetical  oper- 
ation of  acfdition.— Addability,  Addlbil- 
Ity,  ad-a-bil'i-ti,  ad-i-bil'i-ti,  n.  The  condi- 
tion of  being  addahle;  the  capability  of 
being  added.— Addable,  Addible,  ad'a-bl, 
ad'i-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  added.— Ad- 
dition, ad-di'snon.w.  The  act  or  process  of 
adding ;  the  uniting  of  two  or  more  num- 
bers in  one  sum ;  the  rule  or  branch  of 
arithmetic  which  treats  of  adding  num- 
bers; an  increase;  something  added;  a  title 
coming  after  a  personal  name  iShak.) — Ad- 
ditional, ad-di'shon-al,  a.  Added;  supple- 
mentary.— Additionally,  ad-di'shon-al-Ji, 
adv.  By  way  of  addition. — Additive,  ad'- 
it-iv,  a.  Falling  to  be  added;  additional; 
helping  to  increase. 

Addax,  ad'aks,  n.  A  species  of  large  ante- 
lope inhabiting  Africa,  with  long,  and 
beautifully  twisted  horns. 

Addendum,  ad-den'dum,  n.  pi.  Addenda, 
ad-den'da.  [L.]  A  thing  to  be  added;  an 
addition;  an  appendix  to  a  work. 

Adder,  ad'er,  n.  [O.E.  addre,  addere,  by 
loss  of  initial  n  from  A.  Sax.  ncedre,  noeddre, 
O.  and'  Prov.  E.  nedder,  Icel.  nadr,  Goth. 
nadrs,  G.  natter.  For  a  similar  loss  of  n 
comp.  aproti,  napron.]  A  venomous  ser- 
pent, the  common  viper,  found  in  Britain 
and  over  Europe.— Adder-fly,  n.  A  name 
of  the  dragon-fly.— Adder-pike,  n.  A  small 
fish,the  lesser  weever  or  sting-fish. — Adder- 
stone,  n.  A  name  given  to  certain  rounded 
perforated  stones,  popularly  supposed  to 
have  a  kind  of  supernatural  eflicacy  in  cur- 
ing the  bites  of  adders.— Adder's- tongue,  n. 
A  species  of  f  em.— Adder's-wort,  »i.  Snake- 
weed, a  kind  of  plant. 

Addible.    See  under  Add. 

Addict;  ad-dikt',  v.t.  [L.  addico,  addictum, 
to  devote— actj  to,  and  dico,  to  dedicate.) 
To  apply  habitually;  to  habituate:  gene- 
rally with  a  reflexive  pronoun,  and  usually 
in  a  bad  sense  (followed  by  to) ;  as,  to  ad- 
dici  one's  self  to  intemperance. — Addicted, 
ad-dikt'ed,a.  Habitually  practising;  given 
up;  devoted;  habituated  (followed  by  to). — 
Addictedness,  ad-dikt'ed'-nes,  n.  The  qua- 
lity or  state  of  being  addicted.— Addiction, 
ad-dik'shon,  n.  The  q,ct  of  devoting  or  giv- 
ing up  one's  self  to  a  practice;  the  state  of 
being  devoted;  devotion. 

Addition,  Additional,  &c.    Add. 

Addle,  ad'l,  a.  [From  A.  Sax.  adela,  filth; 
Sw.  adel  (seen  in  koadel,  cow  urine),  urine; 
So.  addle,  putrid  water,  urine.]    Having 


lost  the  powerof  development  and  becomo 
rotten;  putrid:  applied  to  eggs;  hence,  bar- 
ren; producing  nothing.  —  v.t. — addled, 
addling.  To  make  rotten,  as  eggs.— Addle- 
headed,  Addle -pated,  a.  Stupid;  mud- 
dled. 

Addres8,ad-dres',».t.  iVr.  adresser.  Dress.] 
To  direct  or  aim  words;  to  pronounce;  to 
apply  to  bywords  or  writings;  to  accost ; 
to  speak  to;  to  direct  in  writing;  to  write 
an  address  on;  to  court  or  make  suit  to. — 
To  address  oiie's  self  to,  to  speak  to ;  to 
address. — n.  The  act  of  addressing  one's 
self  to  a  person;  a  speaking  to;  any  speech 
or  writing  in  whicn  one  person  or  tet  of 
persons  makes  a  communicatioil  to  an- 
other person  or  set  of  persons;  manner  of 
speaking  to  another;  a  person's  bearing 
in  conversation;  courtship  (in  this  sense 
generally  in  the  plural);  skill;  dexterity; 
adroitness;  direction  of  a  letter.— Addres- 
see, ad-dres'e,  n.  One  who  is  addressed. — 
Addresser,  ail-dres'er,  n.  One  who  ad. 
dresses  or  petitions.  , 

Adduce,  ad-dus',  v.t— adduced,  adducing. 
[L.  adduco,  to  lead  or  bring  to— od,  to,  and 
duco,  to  lead.  Duke.]  To  cite;  to  name 
or  instance  as  authority  or  evidence ;  to 
bring  to  notice  as  bearing  on  a  subject. — 
Adducent,  ad-dQs'eut,  a.  Bringing  for- 
ward or  together  (an  adducent  muscle). — 
Adducer,  ad-du8'*r,  n.  One  that  adduces. 
— Adduclble,  ad-dQs'i-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  adduced.— Adduction:,  ad-duk'shoii, 
71.  The  act  of  adducing;  anat  the  action 
by  which  a  part 'of  the  body  is  drawn  to- 
wards the  bodily  axis.  — Adductive,  ad- 
dukt'iv,  a.  Adducing  or  bringing  for- 
ward.—Adductor,  ad-dukt'6r,  n.  A  muscle 
which  draws  one  part  of  the  body  toward 
another. 

Adenalgy,  ad-en-al'ji,  n.  [Gr.  adCn,  a  gland, 
a.iid_algos,  pain.]  Pain  in  a  gland.— Aden- 
Iforin,  Adenoid,  a-den'i-form,  ad'en-oid, 
a.  Of  a  gland-like  shape;  glandular. — 
Adenological,  ad'en-o-loj  "  ik-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  adenology.— Adenology,  ad-en- 
ol'o-ji,  n.  The  doctrine  of  glands,  their 
nature,  atid  their  uses.— Adenophorous, 
ad-e-nof'or-us,  a.  Bearing  glands.— Aden- 
ose,  Adenous,  ad'en-os,  ad'eu-us,  a.  Like 
or  appevtaining  to  a  gland;  glandular. — 
Adenotomy,  ad-en-ot'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  <orn5, 
a  cut  tiii2.  J  A  cutting  or  incision  of  a  gland. 

Adephagla, ad-€-fa'ji-a, n.  [Gr.  adin,  abun- 
dantly, and  phagO,  to  eat.]  Morbidly 
voracious  appetite. 

Adept,  a-dept',  n.  [L.  adeptus,  pp.  of  adi- 
pi^cor,  to  obtain.  Alchemists  who  were  re- 
puted to  have  obtained  the  philosopher's 
stone  were  termed  adepts ;  hence  adept,  a 
proficient.]  One  fully  skilled  or  well  versed 
in  any  art;  a  proficient.— a.  Well  skilled. 

Adequate,  ad'e-kwat,  a.  [L.  adctquatus. 
made  equal,  pp.  of  adceqt(0—ad,  to,  and 
atquus,  eciual.]  Equal;  proportionate;  ex- 
actly coirespondent;  fully  sufficient.— Ade- 
quacy, ad'e-kwa-si,  n.  The  state  of  being 
adequate;  a  sufficiency  for  a  particular 
purpose. — Adequately,  ad'e-kwat-li,  adv. 
In  an  adequate  manner;  sufficiently. — 
Adequateness,ad'e-kwat-nes,n.  The  state 
of  being  adequate;  sufficiency. 

Adhere,  ad-her',  v.i.  — adhered,  adhering. 
[L.  adhcereo—ad,  to,  and  hcereo,  to  stick, 
whence  hesitate.]  To  stick  together;  to 
cleave;  to  become  closely  joined  or  united; 
to  be  fixed  in  attachment  or  devotion. — 
Adherence,  ad-her'ens,  71.  The  quality  or 
state  of  adhering;  fidelity;  steacfy  attach- 
ment.—Adherent,  ad-her'ent,a.  Sticking 
fast  to  something;  clinging;  attached. — 
Adherent,  Adherer,  ad-her'ent,  ad-her'*r, 
n.  One  who  adheres;  one  who  follows  a 
leader,  partv,  or  profession;  a  follower  or 
partisan.— Adherently,  ad-hcr'ent-Ii,  adv. 
In  an  adherent  manner. —  Adhesion,  ad- 
he'zhon,7i.  [h.  adhcesio,  from  adJicereo,  to 
adhere.]  The  act  or  state  of  adhering,  or 
being  united  and  attached;  a  sticking  to- 
gether of  the  surface  of  bodies;  close  con- 
nection or  association;  steady  attachment 
of  the  mind  or  feelings;  assent;  concur- 
rence {adhesion  to  a  treaty).. —Adhesive, 
ad-he'siv,  a.  Sticky ;  tenacious.  —  Adhe- 
sively, ad-he'siv-li,  adv.  In  an  adhesive 
manner.— Adhesiveness,  ad-he'siv-nes,  7». 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  adhesive ;: 


ch,  cAain;     eft,  Sc.  locft;     g,  go;     j,  ;ob;     ii,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sing;     th,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;     wh,  whig;     zh,  aeure. 


AJ)HIBIT 


10 


ADMONISH 


phrcn.  an  organ  which  is  said  to-  promote 
attachment  to  objects. 

Adhibit,  ad-hibit,  v.t.  [L.  adhibeo,  adhibi- 
turn — ad,  to,  and  habeo,  to  hold.  J  To  applyt; 
to  attach  (one's  signature). — Adhibitiou, 
ad-hi-bi'shon,  ?i.    The  act  of  adhibiting. 

Adiactinic,  a'di-ak-tin"ik,  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv., 
dia,  through,  and  E.  aclinic.]  Impervious 
to  the  actinic  or  chemical  rays  of  light. 

Adiaphorous,  a-di-af  or-us,  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv., 
and  diaphorvs,  different.]  Indifferent;  neu- 
tral ;  neither  right  nor  wrong  morally. 

Adiathermic,  a'di-a-th6r"mik,  a.  IGr.  a, 
priv. ,  dia,  th  rough,  and  th.erme,  heat.]  Im- 
pervious to  heat. 

Adien,  a-du'.  [Fr.  d,  to,  and  Diea,  God,  It. 
addio,  Sp.  a  dios,  all  forms  of  L.  ad,  to, 
and  I)eus,  God.]  iit. -to  God:  an  ellipsis 
for  I  commend  you  to  God;  farewell;  an 
expression  of  kind  wishes  at  the  parting 
of  friends. — n.  pi.  Adieus  or  Adieus,  a- 
duz'.  A  farewell  or  commendation  to  the 
care  of  God. 

Adipic,  a-dip'ik,  a.  [L.  adeps,  adipis,  fat.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  fat. 

Adipocere,  ad'i-po-ser,  n.  [L.  adeps,  fat, 
and  cera,  wax.]  A  soft,  unctuous,  or  waxy 
substance,  into  which  the  flesh  of  dead 
animals  is  converted  when  protected  from 
atmospheric  air,  and  under  certain  cir- 
cumstances of  temperature  and  humidity. 
— Adipocerate,ad-i-pos'er-at,t;.t  To  convert 
into  adipocere. — Adipocerous,  ad-i-pos  er- 
u^,  a.  Kelating  to  adipocere;  containing 
adipocere. 

Adipose,  ad'i-pos,  a.  [From  L.  adeps,  adi- 
pis, fat]  Fatty;  consisting  of  or  resem- 
bling fat — n.  Fat;  the  fat  on  the  kidneys. 

Adipsia,  Adipsy,  a-dip'si-a,  a-dip'si,  n.  [Gr. 
a,  priv.,  and  dipsa,  thirst.]  Med.  the  total 
absence  of  thirst.— Adipsous,  a-dip'sus,  a. 
Tending  to  quench  thirst. 

Adit,  adit,  ».  [L.  aditus — ad,  to,  and  eo, 
itum,  to  go]  Approach;  access;  passage; 
a  more  or  le&i  horizontal  passage  into  a 
mine. 

Adjacent,  ad-jsi'sent,  a.  [L.  adjaeeng,  ad- 
jacentis,  pp.  of  adjaceo,  to  lie  contiguous — 
ad,  to,  and  jaeeo,  to  lie.]  Lying  near  or 
close;  bordering  upon;  neighbouring,  ad- 
joining.—Adjacence,  Adjacency,  ad-ja'- 
sens,  ad-ja'sen-si,  n.  The  state  of  being 
adjacent.— Adjacently,  ad-ja'sent-li,  adv. 
So  as  to  be  adjacent. 

Adjective,  ad'jek-tiv,n.  [L.  adjectivum,  ad- 
jectivus,  added— ad,  to,  and  jacto,  to  throw.  ] 
Gram,  a  word  used  with  a  noun  to  express 
a  quality  of  the  thing  named,  or  something 
attributed  to  it,  or  to  specify  or  describe 
a  thing  as  distinct  from  something  else, 
and  so  to  limit  and  define  it. — Adjectival, 
ad-jek-tiv'al,  a.  Belonging  to  or  like  an 
adjective;  having  the  import  of  an  adjec- 
tive.—Adjectivally,  Adjectively,  ad-jek- 
tiv  al-li,  ad'jek-tiv-li,  adv.  By  way  of,  or 
as,  an  adjective* 

Adjoin,  ad-join',  v.t.  IFr.  adjoindre;  L.  ad- 
jungo — ad,  to,  and  jungo,  to  join.  Join.] 
To  join  or  add;  to  unite;  to  annex  or  ap- 
pend.— v.i.  To  lie  or  be  next  or  in  contact; 
to  be  contiguous. — Adjoining,  ad-join'ing, 
a.  Adjacent;  contiguous;  neighbouring 

Adjourn,  ad-jem',  v.t.  [Fr.  ajounier,  O.Fr. 
ajoriier,  adjomer — prefix  o,  ad,  t»,  and 
O.  Fr.  joni  (now  jwr),  a  day,  h.  diumus, 
diurnal,  from  dies,  a  day.  Diurnai,.]  To 
put  off  or  defer  to  another  day  or  till  a 
later  period ;  to  suspend  the  meeting  of, 
as  of  a  public  or  private  body,  to  a  future 
day;  to  postpone  to  a  future  meetingof  the 
same  body.— t'.t.  To  cease  sitting  and  carry- 
ing on  business  for  a  time.— Adjournment, 
ad-jem'ment,  n.  The  act  of  adjourning ; 
the  period  during  which  a  public  hod.v  ad- 
journs its  sittings. 

Adjudge,  ad-juj',  v.t. — adjudged,  adjudging. 
[Prefix  nd,  and j|«dsre.  Judge.]  To  award 
judicially;  to  adiudicatc  upon;  to  settle.— 
Adjudgment,  ad-juj  ment,  7i.  The  act  of 
adjudging;  adjudication;  sentence. 

Adjudicate,  ad-jci'di-kat,  v.t— adjudicated, 
adjudicating.  (L.  adjudico,  to  give  sen- 
tence— ad, to, and JMdico.tojudge.  Judge.! 
To  adjudge;  to  award  judicial! i .—r.t.  To 
«!it  in  judgment;  to  give  a  judicial  decision. 
Adjudication,  ad-ju'di-ka"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  adjudicatiii^;  the  acv  or  process  of 
trying  and  determining  judicially;  judg- 


ment oruf  I  i^vior,  of  a  court.— Adjudicator, 
ad-ju'di-kat-er,  n.  One  who  adjudicates. 
Adjunct, ad'jungkt, n.  [lj.adjunclu8,3oined, 
from  adiungo—ad,  to,  and  jjmpo,  jjtnctum, 
to  join.  Join'.]  Something  added  to  an- 
other, but  not  essentially  a  part  of  it.  a. 
United  with  in  office  or  in  action  of  any 
kind;  conjoined  with.— Adjunction,  ad- 
jungk'shon,  n.  The  act  of  joining;  the 
thing  joined. — Adjunctive,  ad-jungk'tiv, 
a.  Joining;  having  the  quality  of  joining. 
— n.  One  who  or  that  whi,ch  is  joined. — 
Adjunctively,  ad-jungk'tiv-li,  adv.  In 
an  adjunctive  manner. —  Adjunctly,  ad- 
jungkt'li,<idt'.  In  connection  with;  byway 
of  addition  or  adjunct. 
Adjure,  ad-jtir',  v.t. —  adjured,  adjuring. 
fli.  adjuro  —  ad,  to,  and  iwro,  to  swear.] 
To  charge,  bind,  or  command,  earnestly 
and  solemnly.— Adjuration,  ad-ju-ra'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  adjuring;  a  solemn  charg- 
ing on  oath;  a  solemn  oath.— Adjuratory, 
ad-jtir'a-to-ri,  a.  Containing  an  adjura- 
tion, or  characterized  by  adjurations. — 
Adjurer,  ad-jur'Cr,  n.  One  who  adjures. 
Adjust,  ad-jubt',  v.t.  [Fr.  ajuster — L.  ad,  to, 
and  Justus,  just,  exact.  Jusi.J  To  fit;  to 
make  correspondent;  to  adapt;  to  accom- 
modate; to  put  in  order;  to  regulate  or 
reduce  to  system;  to  settle  or  bring  to  a 
satisfactory  state, so  that  parties  are  agreed 
in  the  result. — Adjtistabie,  ad-just'a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  adjusted.— Adjuster,  ad- 
just er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  adjusts. 
— Adjnstive,  ad-just 'iv,  a.  Tending  or 
serving  to  adjust.— Adjustment,  ad-just'- 
ment,  n.  The  act  of  adjusting 
Adjutant,  ad'ju-tant,  n.  [L.  adjutans,  ppr. 
of  adjuto,  to  assist— ad,  and  juvo,  jutum,  to 
help.]  ililit.  an  officer  whose  business  is 
to  assist  a  commanding  officer  bv  receiving 
and  communicating  orders. — Adjutancy, 
ad  ju  tan-si,  n.  The  office  of  an  adjutant. 
—  Adjutant-bird,  Adjutant-crane,  Adju- 
tant-stork, n.  A  very  large  grallatorial 
bird  allied  to  the  storks;  a  native  of  the 
warmer  parts  of  India.  It  feeds  on  car- 
rion, and  is  most  voracious. 
Adjutor,t  "ad-jut'er,  n.  A  helper;  a  coad- 
jutor.—Adjutrtx,t  ad-ju'triks,  n.  A  female 
assistant.— Adjuvant,  ad'ju-vant  or  a4-jQ'- 
vant,  n.  An  assistant;  vied,  a  sul)stance 
added  to»a  prescription  to  aid  the  opera- 
tion of  the  principal  ingredient  or  basis. 
Admeasure,  ad-me'zhfir,  v.t. — admeasured, 
admeasuring.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  E.  measure. 
Measure.]  To  ascertain  the  dimensions, 
size,  or  capacity  of;  to  measure. — Admea- 
surement, ad-me'zhUr-ment,  n.  The  act 
of  admeasuring;  the  measure  of  a  thing, 
or  dimensions  ascertained.-  -Admeasurer, 
ad-me'zhur-6r,  n.  One  who. 
Adminicular^  Adminiculary,  ad-min-ik'Q- 
ler,  ad-min-ik'U-la-ri,  a.  [L.  adminiciUum, 
a  prop,  stay,  or  support.]  Supplying  help; 
helpful;  lending  aid  or  support. 
Administer,  ad-min'is-ter,  v.t.  [L.  admi- 
nistro — ad,  to,  and  ministro,  to  serve. 
MiNrsTER.1  To  manage  or  conduct  aschief 
agent  or  directing  and  controlling  official; 
to  direct  or  superintend  the  execution  of, as 
of  laws;  to  afford,  give,  furnish,  or  supply; 
to  give,  as  a  dose  of  medicine;  to  dispense 
or  distribute;  to  tender,  as  an  oath;  law, 
to  manage,  as  the  estate  of  a  deceased  per- 
son, collecting  debts,  paying  legacies,  &c. 
— v.i.  To  contribute  assistance;  to  bring 
aid  or  supplies:  with  to;  as,  to  adrr.inister 
to  one's  necessities ;  law,  to  perform  the 
office  of  administrator.  —  Administerial, 
ad-min'is-t6"ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  ad- 
ministration, or  to  the  executive  part  of 
government.—  Administrable,  ad-min'is- 
tra-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  administered. 
—Administration,  ad-min'is-tra"shon,  n. 
The  act  of  administering;  direction;  man- 
agement; government  of  public  affairs; 
the  executive  functions  of  government; 
the  persons.coUectively,  who  are  intrusted 
with  such  functions ;  the  executive ;  law, 
the  management  of  the  estate  of  a  de- 
ceased persofi,  consisting  in  collecting 
dclits,  paying  debts  and  legacies,  and  dis- 
tributing the  property  among  the  heirs. — 
Administrative,  ad-min'is-trat-iv,  o.  Per- 
taining to  administration.- Administra- 
tor, ad-min'is-trat-fir,  n.  One  who  admin- 
isters, or  who  directs,   manages,  distri- 


butes, or  dispenses;  one  wlwi  has  the 
charge  of  the  goods  and  estate  of  a  person 
dying  without  a  will.-Administratorsliip, 
ad-min'is-trat-fer-ship,  n.  The  office  of  an 
administrator.— Administratrix,  ad-min'- 
is-trat-riks,  n.    A  female  administrator. 

Admirable,  &c.    Admire. 

Admiral,  ad'mi-ral,  n.  [O.E.  amiral,  Fr. 
amiral,  from  Ar.  amir,  emir,  a  prince, 
chief,  with  the  Ai.  article  suffixed.]  A 
naval  officer  of  the  highest  rank;  a  com- 
mander-in-chief of  a  fleet  or  navy;  thure 
being  three  degrees  of  this  rank,  namely, 
admiral,  vice-admital,  and  rear-admiral ; 
the  ship  which  carries  the  admir.il ;  also, 
the  most  considerable  ship  of  any  fleet ;  a 
name  given  to  two  species  of  butterflies, 
Vaiiessa  atalanta,  or  red  admiral,  and  Li- 
menitis  Camilla,  or  white  admiral.  —  Ad- 
miralship,  ad'mi-ral-ship,  n.  The  office  or 
power  of  an  admiral.— Admiralty,  ad'mi- 
ral-ti,n.  The  office  and  jurisdiction  of  the 
officials  appointed  to  take  the  general 
management  of  the  naval  affairs  of  a  state; 
the  officials  collectively;  the  building  in 
which  they  transact  business.— Admiral- 
shell,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  sub-genus 
of  magnificent  molluscous  shells. 

Admire,  ad-mir',  v.t— admired,  admiring. 
[Fr.  admirer,  L.  admiror — ad,  and  mirnr, 
to  wonder]  To  wonder  atl;  to  regard  with 
wonder  mingled  with  approbation,  esteem, 
reverence,  or  affection;  to  take  pleasure  in 
the  beauty  of ;  to  look  on  or  contemplate 
with  pleasure.— y.i.  To  feel  or  express  ad- 
miration. —  Admirer,  ad-mir'er,  n.  One 
who  admires:  one  who  esteems  greatly; 
ene  who  openly  shows  his  admiration  of  a 
woman;  a  lover.— Admiringly,  ad-mir'ing- 
li,  adv.  In  an  admiring  manner;  with 
admiration. — Admiration,  ad-mi -ra'shon, 
71.  Wonder*;  wonder  mingled  with  pleas- 
ing emotions,  as  approbation.esteem ,  loVe, 
or  veneration;  an  emotion  excited  by  some- 
thing beautiful  or  excellent.— Admirable, 
ad'mi-ra-bl,  o.  Worthj'  of  admiration ; 
most  excellent.  — Admirableness,  ad'mi- 
ra-bl-nes,  n.  —  Admirably,  ad  mi-ra-bli, 
adv.  In  an  admirable  manner;  excellently: 
exceedingly  well. 

Admissible,  &c.    Under  Admit. 

Admit,  ad-mit',  v.t— admitted,  admitting, 
[h.  admitto — ad,  to,  and  initio,  viissum,  to 
send,  seen  also  incomiHit,  submit,  minsion, 
&c.]  To  suffer  to  enter;  to  grant  entrance 
to;  to  give  right  of  entrance  to ;  to  grant 
in  argument;  to  receive  as  true;  to  permit, 
grant,  or  allow,  or  to  be  capable  of;  to 
acknowledge;  to  own;  to  confess.— y.i.  To 
give  warrant  or  allowance;  to  grant  op- 
portunity; to  permit:  with  of  (the  words 
do  not  admit  of  this  interpretation). — 
Admittable,  ad-mit 'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  admitted.— Admittability,  ad-mit'- 
a-bil"i-ti,  n.  Capability  of.— Admittance, 
ad-mit'ans,  n.  The  act  of  admitting;  per- 
mission to  enter;  entrance.— Admittedly, 
ad-mit'ed-li,  adv.  By  admission,  acknow- 
ledgment, or  concession.— Admitter,  ad- 
mit'er,  n.  One  who  admits.— Admissible, 
ad-mis'i-bl,  a.  [Fr.  admissible,  L.L.  ad- 
missihilis,  from  admitto,  admissum,  to 
admit.]  Capable  of  being  admitted,  al- 
lowed, or  conceded.— Admissibility,  ad- 
mis 'i-bil"i-ti,  n.     •  The  quality  of  being 

•  admissible.— Admissibly,  ad-mis'i-bli, adw. 
In  an  admissible  n.anner;  so  as  to  be  ad- 
mitted. —  Admission,  ad-rai'shon,  n.  [L. 
admissio.]  The  act  of  admitting;  power 
or  permission  to  enter;  entrance;  access; 
power  to  approach;  the  granting  of  an  ar- 
gument or  position  not  fully  proved;  a 
point  or  statement  admitted;  acknowledg- 
ment; confession  of  a  charge,  error,  or 
crime.— Admissory,  ad-mis'so-ri,a.  Grant- 
ing admission ;  admitting.  —  Admissive, 
ad-mis'iv,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  an 
admission. 

Admix,  ad-miks',  v.t.  [Prefix  ad,  to.  and 
mix.]  To  mingle  with  something  else.— 
Admixture,  ad-miks '  tur,  n.  The  act  of 
mingling  or  mixing;  that  which  is  formed 
by  mingling. 

Admonish,  ad-mon'ish,».<.  lO.T..amoneste, 
O.Fr.  amOTiester,  to  admonish — prefix  a. 
od,  and  L.L.  monestum,  for  L.  monitum, 
pp.  of  nwneo,  to  warn.  Monition.]  To 
warn  or  notify  of  a  fault ;  to  reprove  with 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  htr,     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mttre;     tabe,  tub,  b\iU;     oil,  pound;     ti,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  u. 


ADNASCENT 


11 


lD  VENTURE 


mildneBs;  to  counsel  against  wrong  prac- 
tices; to  caution  or  advise;  to  instruct  or 
direct;  to  remind;  to  recall  or  incite  to 
duty.— Admonislier,  ad-mon'ish-er,  n.  One 
who  admonishes. —  Admonishment, +  ad- 
mon'ish-ment,  n.  Admonition. — Admoni- 
tion, ad-mo-ni'shon,  n.  The  act  of  ad- 
monishing ;  counsel  or  advice ;  gentle  re- 
proof; instruction  in  duties;  caution;  di- 
rection. —  Admonitive,  ad-mon'it-iv,  a. 
Containing  admonition.  —  Admonitively, 
ad-mon '  it-iv-li,  adv.  By  admonition.— 
Adnonitor,  ad-mon'it-er,  n.  An  admon- 
isher;  a  monitor.— Admonitorial,  ad-mon'- 
i-to"ri-al,  a.  Admonitory.— Admonitory, 
ad-mon 'i-to-ri,  a.  Containing  admonition; 
tending  or  serving  to  admonish. 

Adnascent,t  ad-nas'ent,  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  jvag- 
cens,  growing.  ]  Growing  on  something 
else.— Adnata,  ad'nat,  a.  [L.  adnatus— 
adrto,  and  natus,  grown.]  Growing  at- 
tached: chiefly  a  term  in  hot. 

Adnominal,  aa-nom'in-al,  a.  Oram,,  re- 
lating to  an  adnoun  or  adjective;  adjec- 
tival.—Adtoun,  ad'noun,  n.  Gram,  an 
adjective  or  attribute,  so  called  because 
going  with  a  noun. 

Ado,  a-do',  n.  [Prefix  a  for  of,  and  do,  that 
is,  to  do;  at  being  here  the  sign  of  the  in- 
finitive, as  in  Icelandic]  Bustle;  trouble; 
labour;  difficulty. 

Adobe,  a -do' be,  n.  [Sp.  ]  A  sun-dried 
brick. 

Adolescence,  Adolescency.  ad -'S-les'ens, 
ad-S-les '  en-si,  n.  [L.  adolescentia — ad, 
and  olesco,  to  grow.]  The  state  of  growing: 
applied  almost  exclusively  to  the  young  of 
the  human  race :  youth,  or  the  period  of 
life  between  childhood  and  the  full  de- 
velopment of  the  frame.— Adolescent,  ad- 
o-les'ent,  a.  Growing  up;  advancing  from 
childhood  to  manhood. 

Adonic,  Adonean,  a-don'ik,  ad-o-nS'an,  a. 
[  From  Adonis,  a  mythical  personage 
among  the  Greeks,  originally  the  Phoeni- 
cian sun-god.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Adonis. 
— Adonic  verse,  in  Greek  and  Latin  poetry, 
a  verse  consisting  of  a  dactyl  and  a  spon- 
dee or  trochee.- Adonise.t  Adonize,t  ad'- 
on-iz,  v.t.  To  make  an  Adonis  of  one's  self 
with  the  view  of  attracting  admiration. 

Adopt,  a-dopt',  v.t.  [L.  adopto—ad,  and 
opio,  to  desire  or  choose.  Option.]  To 
take  into  one's  family  and  treat  as  one's 
own  child;  to  take  to  one's  self  by  choice 
or  approval,  as  prmciples,  opinions,  a 
course  of  conduct,  &c. — Adoptability,  a- 
dopt'a-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being 
adoptable.-AdoptaWe,  a-dopt'a-bl,  a.  Cap- 
able of,  fit  for,  or  worthy  of  being  adopted. 
— Adoptedly,  a-dopt'ed-li,  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  something  adopted. — Adopter, 
a^dopt'6r,  n.  One  who  adopts. — Adoptioiv, 
a-dop'shon,  n.  [L.  adoptio.]  The  act  of 
adopting,  or  the  state  of  being  adopted. — 
Adoptive,  a-dopt'iv,  a.  [JJ.  adoptivvs.] 
Constituted  by  adoption;  adopting  or 
adopted;  assumed. 

Adore,  a-dor',  v.t.— adored,  adoring.  I~L 
adoro,  to  pray,  to  adore — ad,  to,  and  oro, 
to  ask.  Oracle.]  To  worship  with  pro- 
found reverence ;  to  pay  divine  honours 
to;  fo  regard  wjth  the  utmost  esteem,  love 
and  respect;  to  love  in  ths  highest  degree 
as  a  man  a  woman. — Adorability,  a-dor'- 
a-bil"i-ti,  n.  Quality  of  being  adorable.— 
Adorable,  a-dor' a-bl,  a.  Demanding  ador- 
ation; worthy  of  being  adored. — Adorable- 
ness,  a-d5r'a-bl:*!es,  n.— Adorably,  a-dor'a- 
bli,  adv.  In  a  manner  worthy  of  adoration, 
— Adoration,  ad-or-a'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
adoring;  the  act  of  paying  honour-s  as  to  a 
divine  being;  worship  addressed  to  adeity; 
the  highest  degree  of  love,  as  of  a  man  for 
a  woman. — Adorer,  a-dor'er,  n.  One  who 
adores;  one  who  worships  or  honours  as 
divine;  a  lover;  an  admirer. — Adoringly, 
a-dOr'ing-li,  adv.  With  adoration. 
Adorn,  a-dom',  v.t.  [L.  adomo — ad.  to,  and 
orno,  to  deck  or  beautify.]  To  deck  or  de- 
corate; to  add  to  the  attractiveness  of  by 
dress  or  ornaments ;  to  set  off  to  advan- 
tage; beautify;  embellish.  —  Adomer,  a- 
dom'6r,  n.  One  who  adorns. — Adorning,  a- 
dom'ing.  w.  Ornament;  decoration.  [N.T.] 
— Adorningly,  a-dom 'ing-li,  adv.  By 
adorning.  —  Adornment,  a-dom'ment,  n. 
An  ornament  or  decoration. 


Adosculation,  ml  osT.n-lr."sh(ju,  n.  [h.  ad, 
to,  and  oscukUio,  a  kissing,  from  osctdum, 
a  kiss,  OS,  oris,  the  mouth.]  The  impreg- 
nation of  plants;  impregnation  of  animals 
by  external  contact  merely. 
Adown,  a-doun',  prep.  [A. Sax.  of-dAne,  off 
or  from  the  down  or  hill.]  From  a  higher 
to  ■  a  lower  situation ;  down ;  along  the 
length  of;  downwards;  all  along.— adv. 
Downward;  down. 
Adpressed,  ad  -  prest ',  a.  Bot.  growing 
parallsl  to  and  in  contact  with  a  stem  but 
not  adhering  to  it. 

Adrift,  a-drift',  a.  or  ado.  [Prefix  a,  on, 
and  drift,  a  driving  or  floating.  Drive.] 
Floating  at  random;  impelled  or  moving 
without  direction;  at  the  mercy  of  winds 
and  currents;  swayed  by  any  chance  im- 
pulse; at  sea;  at.  a  loss. 
Adroit,  a-droit',  a.  [Fr.  adroit,  dexterous, 
— a,  to,  and  droit,  right,  as  opposed  to  left 
(comp.  dexterous,  from  L.  dexter,  right); 
from  L.  directus,  straight,  direct.]  Dex- 
terous; skilful;  expert;  active  in  the  use 
of  the  hand,  and,  figuratively,  in  the  ex- 
ercise of  the  mental  faculties:  ready  in  in- 
vention or  execution.— Adroitly,  a-droit'- 
li,  adv.  In  an  adroit  manner;  with  dex- 
terity; readily;  skilfully.— Adroitness,  a- 
droit'ijes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  adroit; 
dexterity;  readiness. 

Adry,  a-dri',  o.  or  ado.  [Prefix  a  for  o// 
intens.,  and  dry.]  Thirsty;  in  want  of 
drink;  athirst. 

Adscititious,  ad-si-ti'shus,  a.  (L.  adscisco, 
to  take  knowingly  ,to  appropriate.]  Added; 
taken  as  supplemental ;  additional ;  not 
requisite.— Ad8cititiously,ad-si-ti'shu8-li, 
adv.  In  am  adscititious  manner. 
Adscript,  ad'skript,  n.  [L.  adscriptua,  pp. 
of  adscribo,  to  enroll— od,  to,ji,nd  scribo, 
to  write.]  One  who  is  held  to  service  as 
attached  to  some  object  or  place;  a  serf. — 
Adscriptive,  ad-skript'iv,  a.  Pertaining  to 
an  adscript. 

Adstriction,  ad-strik'shon.n.  jX.  adstrictio, 
—ad,  to,  and  stringo.  Btkict.J  A  binding 
fast  together;  costiveness;  constipation. 
Adnlarla,  ad-a-la'ri-a,  n.  [From  Adula, 
the  summit  of  the  St.  Gothard,  where  fine 
specimens  are  got.]  A  very  pure,  limpid, 
translucent  variety  of  the  common  felspar, 
called  also  moonstone. 
Adulation,  ad-Q-la'shon,  n.  [  L.  adulatio, 
adidalionis,  a  fawning,  advlor,  adulatua, 
tci  flatter.]  Servile  flatterj; ;  praise  in  ex- 
cess, or  beyond  what  is  merited;  high  com- 
pliment.—Adulate,  ad'Q-lat,  v.t.  Vo  show 
feigned  devotion  to;  to  flatter  servilely. — 
Adulator,  ad'Q-lat-fer,  n.  A  flatterer.— Ad- 
ulatory, ad'a-lat-o-ri,  a.  Flattering. 
Adolt,  a-dult',  a.  [L.  adultus,  grown  to 
maturity,  from  ad,  to,  oko,  to  grow.  Ad- 
olescence.] Having  arrived  at  mature 
years,  or  to  full  size  and  strength;  pertain- 
ing or  relating  to  full  growth ;  suitable 
f6r  an  gdult. — Adult,  a-dult',  n.  A  person 
grown  to  full  size  and  strength.— Adult- 
ness,  a-dult'nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
adult. 

Adulterate,  a-dul'tfer-at,  v.t. — advlterated, 
adulterating.  [L.  adultero,  from  adulter, 
mixed,  an  adulterer — ad,  to,  and  alter, 
other.]  To  debase  or  deteriorate  by  an 
admixture  of  foreign  or  baser  materials.— 
Adulterant,  a-dul'ter-ant,  n.  The  person 
or  thing  that  adulterates. — Adulteration, 
a-durter-a"shon,  n.  The  act  of  adulterat- 
ing, or  the  state  of  being  adulterated  or 
debased  by  foreign  mixture.  —  Adulter- 
ator, a-dul't^r-at-er,  n.  One  who. 
Adultery,  a-dul'ter-i,  n.  [L.  adulterium, 
from  adtdter,  an  adulterer.  Adulteuate.J 
Violation  of  the  marriage-bed;  sexual 
commerce  by  a  married  person  with  one 
who  is  not  his  or  her  wife  or  husband. — 
Adulterer,  a-dul'ter-6r,  n.  A  man  guilty  of 
adultery.— Adulteress,  a-dul'ter-es,  n.  A 
woman  guilty  of  adultery. — Adulterine, 
a-dul'f&r-in,  a.  Proceeding  from  adulter- 
ous commerce. — Adulterous,  a-dul'ter-us, 
a.  Guilty  of  adultery;  pertaining  to  adul- 
tery; illicit.— Adulterously,  a-dul'tfer-us- 
li,  ody.  In  an  adulterous  manner. 
Adumbrate,  ad-um'brat,  v.t. — adumbrated, 
adumbrating.  fL.  adumbro,  to  shade — ad, 
...and  umbra,  a  shade.]  To  give  a  faint  sha- 
dow of;  to  exhibit  a  faint  resemblance  of. 


like  .a  shadow ;  to  shadow  forth. — Adum- 
brant, ad-um'brant,  a.  Giving  a  faint  sha- 
dow, or  showing  a  slight  resemblance. — 
Adumbration,  ad-um-bra'shon,  n.  The  a6t 
of  adumbrating  or  shadowing  forth;  a  faint 
or  imperfect  representation  of  a  thing. — 
Adumbrative,  ad-um'bra-tiv,  o.  Shadow- 
ing forth;  faintly  resembling.— Adumbra- 
tively,  ad-um'bra-tiv-li,  adv.  In  an  adum- 
brative manner. 

Aduncous,  ad-ungk'us,  o.  [  L.  aduncus, 
hooked^— ad,to,and  M7icMs,a  hook.]  H  ooked; 
bent  or  made  in  the  form  of  a  hook.— Ad- 
uncity,  ad-un'si-ti,  n.    Hookedness. 

Adust,  a-dust' ,a.  [L. adustus, burned— ad, 
to,  and  uro,  ustum,  to  bum.]  Burned; 
scorched;  parched  up;  looking  as  if  burned 
or  scorched. 

Advance,  ad-vans',  v.t— advanced,  advanc- 
ing. [Fr.  avancer,  from  avant,  forward 
(whence also E.van),'L.abante, from  before, 
in  front — ab,  from,  ante,  before.]  To  bring 
forward;  to  move  further  in  front;  to  pro- 
mote; to  raise  to  a  higher  rank;  to  forward 
or  further ;  to  encourage  the  progress  of ; 
to  enhance  (price);  to  accelerate  the  growth 
of;  to  ofi"er  or  propose;  to  bring  to  view  or 
notice,  as  something  one  is  prepared  to 
abide  by;  to  allege;  to  supply  beforehand; 
to  furnish  on  credit,  or  before  goods  are 
delivered,  or  work  done.— y.t.  To  move  or 
go  forward;  to  proceed;  to  make  progress; 
to  grow  better,  greater,  wiser,  or  older;  to 
rise  in  rank,  omce,  or  consequence. — n.  A 
moving  forward  or  towards  the  front;  a 
march  forward ;  gradual  progression;  im- 
provement; advancement;  promotion;  a 
proposal;  a  first  step  towards- addition  to 
price ;  rise  in  price ;  a  giving  beforehand ; 
that  which  is  given  beforehand,  especially 
money. — In  advance,  in  front;  before;  be- 
forehand; before  an  equivalent  is  received. 
— Advancement,  ad-vans'ment,  n.  The  act 
of  advancing;  the  state  of  being  advanced; 
the  act  of  promoting;  preferment;  promo- 

'tion;  improvement;  furtherance. — Ad- 
vancer, aa-vans'6r,n.  One  who  advances. — 
Advance-note,  n.  A  draft  on  the  owner  or 
agent  of  a  vessel,  generally  for  one  month's 
wages,  given  by  the  master  to  a  sailor  on 
his  signing  the  articles  of  agreement.    . 

Advantage,  ad-van' taj, n.  [O.Fr.  advantage, 
Fr.avantage,iroTa  avant,hetoie.  Advance.] 
Any  state,  condition,  circumstance,  oppor- 
tunity, or  means  specially  favourable  to 
success,  prosperity,  or  any  desired  end  (the 
advantage  of  a  good  constitution,  of  an  ex- 
cellent education);  superiority;  benefiti; 
gain ;  pro&t.— v.t— advantaged,  advantag- 
in-g.  To  bring  advantage  to;  to  be  of  service 
to;  to  benefit ;  to  yield  profit  or  gain  to. 
— Advantageous,  ad-van-ta'jus,  a.  Being 
of  advantage;  profitable;  useful;  bene- 
ficial.—Advantageously,  ad-van-ta'jus-li, 
adv.  In  an  advantageous  manner. — Ad- 
vantageousness,  ad-van-ta'jus-nes,  n. 

Advene,  ad-v5n',  v.i.  [L.  advenio,  to  come 
to — ad,  to,  and  venio,  to  come.  Venture.  ) 
To  accede  or  be  superadded ;  to  become 
a  part,  though,  not  essential.  —  Advent, 
ad'vent,  n.  [L.  advenius,  an  arrival.]  A 
coming;  approach;  visitation;  the  coming 
of  our  Saviour;  an  ecclesiastical  division 
of  the  year  embracing  the  four  weeks  be- 
fore Christmas.  —  Adventitious,  ad-ven- 
tifh'us,  a.  [h.  adventitius.]  Added  extrin- 
sically;  not  essentially  inherent;  acciden- 
tally or  casually  acquired. — Adventitious- 
ly, ad-ven-tish'us-li,  adw.— Adventitious- 
ness,  ad-ven-tish'us-nes,  n. 

Adventure,  ad-ven'tur,  n.  [O.Fr.  adventure, 
Fr.  aventure,  L.L.  adventura,  aventura, 
from  L.  adventurus,  about  to  arrive,  fut. 
part,  of  adwenio,  to  arrive.  Advene.]  Haz- 
ard; risk;  chance;  a  hazardous  enterprise; 
a  bold  and  dangerous  undertaking  of  un- 
certain issue ;  a  commercial  speculation ; 
a  speculation  in  goods  sent  abroad ;  a  re- 
markable occurrence  in  one's  personal  his- 
tory; a  noteworthy  event  or  experience  in 
one's  life. — v.t.—adveniured,  adventuring. 
To  risk  or  hazard;  to  venture  on;  to  at- 
tempt.— Adventurerjad-ven'tilr-6r,n.  One 
who  engages  in  an  adventure  or  specula- 
tion; one  who  attempts  or  takes  part  in 
bold,  novel,  or  extraordinary  enterprises; 
one  who  lives  by  underhand  means,  or  by 
a  system  of  imposition. — Adventureas, 


ch,  chain;     eh,  Sc.  loch;     g,  go;     j,  yob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sing;     ta,  then;  th,  thia;     w,  wig;     wb,  whig;     zh,  asure 


ADVERB 


12 


^RTJGINOUS 


ad-ven'tur-es,  n.  A  female  adventurer. — 
AdventnrouB,  ad-ven'tur-us,  a.  Bold  to 
encounter  danger >  daring;  courageous; 
enterpri sing ;  f  uU  of  h  azard;  attended  with 
risk.  —Adventurously,  ad-ven'tttr-us-U, 
adv.  In  an  adventurous  manner.— Adven- 
turousness,  ad-ven'tQr-us-nes,  n. 

Adverb,  ad'vferb,  n.  [L.  adverbium — ad, 
to,  and  verbmn,  a  word,  a  verb.]  Gram. 
one  of  the  indeclinable  parts  of  speech,  so 
called  from  being  frequently  joined  to 
verbs  for  the  purpose  of  limiting  or-  ex- 
tending their  signification. — Adverbial, 
ad-verb'i-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having 
the  character  or  structure  of  an  adverb. — 
Adverbialize,  ad-verb'i-al-iz,  v.t.  To  give 
the  form  or  force  of.  an  adverb  to ;  to  use 
as  an  adverb. — Adverbially,  ad-v6rb'i-al- 
li,  adv.  In  the  manner  or  with  the  force- 
or  character  of  an  adverb. 

Adversary,  ad'v6r-sa-ri,  n.  [L.  adversariug. 
Adverse.]  An  enemy;  a  foe;  an  antagon- 
ist; an  opponent.  An  adversary  is  one 
who  is  opposed  to  another,  without  lieces- 
sarily  having  hostile  fgelings;  an  atUag- 
onist  is  one  who  strives  personally  against 
another  for  victory;  an  enemy  is  one  who 
entertains  feelings  of  personsu  hostility. 

Adversative,  ad-v6rsat-iv,  a.  Expressing 
difference,  contn>riety,  or  oppiosition  (an 
adversative  conjunction). — tj.  A  word  de- 
noting contrariety  or  opposition. 

Adverse,  ad'vers,  a.  [L.  adversus,  oppo- 
site— ad,  to,  and  versMi,  turned,  from  verto, 
to  turn.]  Acting  in  a  contrary  direction; 
counteracting;  opposing  {adverse  winds); 
hostile;  inimical  (a  party,  oriticisin);  un- 
fortunate; calamitous;  unprosperous  (fate 
or  circumstances). — Adversely,  ad'vers-U, 
adv.  In  an  adverse  manner.  —  Adverse- 
negs,  ad'vfers-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  adverse. — Adversity,  ad-vfers'i-ti, 
n.  An  event,  or  series  of  events,  which 
oppose  success  or  desire;  rhisfortune;  cala- 
mity; affliction^  distress;  state  of  unhap- 
piness. . 

Advert,  ad-v6rt',  v.i.  [L.  adverto-^ad,  to, 
and  verto,  to  torn.]  To  turn  the  mind-  or 
attention;  to  regard,  observe,  or  notice; 
to  refer  or  allude:  followed  by  to. .'.  -Ad- 
vert is  to  turn  directly,  .and  it  may  be 
abruptly;  allude  is  to  touch  slightly,  and 
it  may  be  in  a  very  vague  and  uncertain 
manner;  refer,  lit.  to  carry  back,  is  to  bring 
a  thing  already  well  known,  into  notice; 
to  mention  or  speak  of  directly.— Advert- 
ence, Advertency,  ad-vert'eus,  ad-v6rt'en- 
si,  n.  Attention;  notice;  regard;  heedful- 
ness.-  Advertent,  ad-v6rt'ent,  a.  Atten- 
tive; heedfuk— Advertently,  ad-v6rt'ent- 
li,  adv.    In  an  advertent  manner. 

Advertise,  ad-ver-tiz',  v.t  — advertised,  ad- 
vertisiiig,  [Fr.  avertir,  avertissant,  to 
warn,  inform,  from  L.  adverto,  to  turn 
towards  —ad,  to,  vet-to,  to  turn.]  To  in- 
form or  give  notice;  to  make  public  inti- 
mation of,  especially  by  printed  notice. — 
v.i.  To  announce  one's  wishes  or  inten- 
tions by  a  public  and  usually  a  printed 
notice.— Advertisement,  ad-vfer'tiz-ment, 
n.  'Waming,  advice,  or  admonition  {Shak.); 
a  written  or  printed  notice  intended  to. 
make  .something  known  to  the  public; 
especially  a  printed  and  paid  notice  in  a 
newspaper  or  other  public  print. — Adver- 
tiser, aa-v6r-tiz'6r,  n.    One  who. 

Advice,  ad-vis',  n.  [0.  Fr.  advis,  opinion, 
counsel — L.  ad,  to,  and  vistim,  what  is 
seen  or  judged  proper.  Vision.]  An  opin- 
ion recommended,  or  offered,  as  worthy  to 
be  followed;  counsel;  suggestion;  informa- 
tion; notice;  intelligence;  a  notification 
in  respect  of  a  business  transaction. — To 
take  advice,  to  consult  vrith  others;  speci- 
fically, to  take  the  opinion  of  a  professional 
or  skilful  man,  as  a  physician  or  lawyer. 
—Advisability,  ad-viz'a-bil"i-ti,  n.  Advis- 
ableness;  expediency.— Advisable,  ad-viz'- 
a-bl,  a.  Proper  to  be  advised;  expedient; 
proper  to  be  done  or  practised;  open  to 
advice.— Advisableness,  ad-viz'a-bl-nes,  re. 
The  quality  of  being'  advisable  or  expe^ 
dient.— Advisably,  ad-viz'a-bli,  adv.  With 
advice.— Advise,  ad-viz',  v.t. — advised,  ad- 
vising. [Fr.  aviser.  Advice.]  To  give 
counsel  to;  to  counsel;  to  give  informa- 
tion to ;  to  inform :  to  acquaint. — v.i.  To 
consider;  to  reflect;  to  take  counsel.— 


Advised,  ad-vizd',  a.  Cautious;  prudent; 
done,  formed,  or  taken  with  advice  or  de- 
liberation (an  advised  act).  —  Advisedly, 
ad-viz 'ed-U,  adv.  With  deliberation  or 
advice;  heedfully;  purposely;  by  design. — 
Advisedness,  ad-viz'ed-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being'  advised;  prudent  procedure. — 
Adviser,  ad-viz'6r,  re.  One  jrho  gives  ad- 
vice or  admoiiitionj  a  counsellor. — Ad- 
•visership,  ad-viz'er-ship,  re.  The  office  of 
an  adviser.— Advisory,  ad-vizo-ri,a.  Hav- 
ing power  to  advise;  containing  advice. 
Advocate,  ad'vo-kat,  n.  [L.  advocatus,  one 
summoned  to  aid — ad,  to,  and  voco,  voca- 
tum,  to  call.    Voice,  VoCal.]    One  who 

f>leads  the  cause  of  another  in  a  court  of 
a'w^;  one  who  defends,  vindicates,  or  es- 
pouses a  cause  by  argument;  a  pleader  in 
favour  of  something;  an  upholder;  a  de- 
fender.— v.t. — advocated,  advocating.  To 
plead  in  favour  of  (a  thing,  not  a  person); 
to  defend  by  argument,  before  a  tribunal; 
to  support  or  'vindicate.— Advocacy,  ad'- 
vo-ka-si,  n.  The  act  of  pleading  for ;  in- 
tercession; defence.  —  Advocateship,  ad'- 
vo-kat-ship,  re.  The  office  or  duty  of  an 
advocate. — Advocation,  ad-vo-ka'shon,  re. 
The  act  of  advocating;  a  pleading  for. 

Advcvson,  ad-vou'sn,  re..  [O.Fr.  advoeson, 
advouson,  protectioii,  patronage;  L.  advo- 
catio,  advocationis,  a  calling  ^o  one  for 
help.  Advocate.]  The  right  of  presen- 
tation to  a  vacant  benefice  in  the  estab- 
lished Churoh  of  England.— Advowee,  ad- 
vou-6',  re.  One  who  has  the  right  of  ad- 
vowson. 

Adynamy,  a-din'armijn.  fGr.  a,  priv.,  and 
dynamis,  power.}  Weakness;  want  of 
streil^h  occasioned  by  disease;  a  deficien- 
cy of  vital  power.— Adynamic,  Adynami- 
cal,  a-di-nam'ik,a-di-nam'ik-al,  a.  Weak; 
destitute  of  strength. 

Adytum,  .ad'i-tum,  re.  pi.  Adyta,  ad'i-ta. 
[L.  adytum,  Gr.  adyton,  lit.  a  place  not  to 
be  entered— a,  priv.,  and  dyO,  to  enter.] 
An  innermost  sanctuary  or  shrine;  the 
chancel  or  altar-end  of  a  church. 

Adze,  Adz,  adz,  re,  [O.E.  addice,  A.  Sax. 
adese,  an  adze.]  An  instrument  of  the 
axe  kind  used  for  chipping  the  surface  of 
timber,  the  cutting  edge  oeing  at  right 
angles  to  the  handle. — v.t.  To  chip  or  shape 
with  an  adze. 

iE.  Some  words  formerly  spelled  'with  ce 
are  now  spelled  with  e  (as  ether).  Words 
of  this  kind  when  not  found  here  may  be 
found  under  E. 

JEgagrus,  e-gag'rus,  re.  [Gr.  aigagros—aix, 
aigps,  a  goat,  and  agros,  a  field.]  A  ■wild 
■species  of  ibex  found  in  troops  on  the  Cau- 
casus, and  many  Asiatic  mountains. 

.Sgis,  S'jis,  re.  [Gr.  aigis.]  Among  the  an- 
cient Grfeeks  the  shield  of  Zeus ;  in  later 
times  part  of  the  armour  of  Pallas  Athena, 
a  kind  of  breastplate;  hence,  anything 
that  protects  or  shields. 

^grotat,  e-gro'tat,  re.  fL.,he  is  sick.]  A 
medical  certificate  showing  that  a  person 
is  unable  to  attend  to  his  duties. 

iEolotropic,  e'ol-5-trop"ik,  a.  Applied  to 
bodies  unequally  elastic  indifferent  direc- 
tions: opposed  to  isotropic. 

Mon,  n.    Same  as  JSow. 

.flSpyomis,  g-pi-or'nis,  n.  [Gr.  alpys,  aipyos, 
high  J  and  oi~n,is,  a  bird.]  A  genus  of  gi- 
gantic birds  found  fossil  in  Madagascar. 

iErarian,  e-ra'ri-an,  re.  [L.  cerarius,  from 
as,  ceris,  bronze,  bronze  money.]  A  Roman 
citizen  of  the  lowest  class  of  freemen. 

Aera^te,  a'6r-at,  v.t.— aerated,  aerating.  [L. 
aer,  air.  Air.]  To  combine  with  carbonic 
acid  or  other  gas,  or  with  air.  — Aerated 
waters,  acidulous  and  alkaline  beverages 
more  or  less  impregnated  with  carbonic 
acid,  including  lemonade,  soda-water,  &c. 
— Aeration,a-tr-a'ghon,n.  The  act  or  opera- 
tion of  aerating.— Aerator,  a'6r-&t-er,  re.  A 
blower;  an  anparatus  for  making  aerated 
waters.  —  Aerial,  a-g'ri-al,  a.  [L.  aeriiis.] 
Belonging  or  pertaining  to  the  air  or  at- 
mosphere; inhabiting  or  frequenting  the 
air;  produced  by  or  in  the  air;  reaching 
far  into  the  air;  high;  lofty;  possessed  of  a 
light  and  graceful  beauty  .^Aerially,  a-e'- 
ri-al-Ii,  adv.  In  an  aerial  manner.— Aerif- 
erona,ft-er-if'er-us,a.  Conveying  air.— Aer- 
iform, a'gr-i-form,  a.  Having  the  form  or 
nature  of  aif. -^Aerify,  a'6r-i-fi,  v.t.—aeri- 


fled,  aerifying.  To  infuse  air  into ;  to  fill 
■with  air,  or  to  combine  air  with;  to  change 
into  an  aeriform  state.— Aerificatioii,  a'6r- 
i-fi-ka"shon,  re.    The  act  of  aerifying. 

Aerie,  e're  or  S'6r-i,  re.  [Fr.  and  Pr.  aire, 
X.L.  aeria,  aerea,  area,  an  aerie;  origin 
doubtful;  perhaps  L.  aer,  air.]  The  nest 
of  a  bird  of  prey,  as  of  an  eagle  or  hawk;  a 
brood  of  eagles  or  hawks;  an  eagle  (Shak.}. 
Written  also  Eyrie. 

Aerocyst,  a'er.-o-sist,  n.  [Gr.  aer,  air,  and 
kystis,  a  bladder.]  Bot.  an  air-vessel,  or 
bladder. 

Aerodynamics,  a'6r-o-di-nam"ik8,  re.  [Gr. 
aer,  air, and  dyiiainis,  power.]  The  science 
which  treats  of  the  motion  of  the  air  and 
other  gases,  or  of  their  properties  and  me- 
chanical effects  when  put  in  motion. 

Aeroklinoscope,  a'gr-5-klm"o-skop.  n.  [Gr. 
aer,  air,  klinO,  to  bend  or  incline,  aiid 
skope6,l  ■view.]  An  apparatus  for  showing 
the  direction  of  the  ■wind  in  connection 
with  the  barometric  pressure. 

Aerolite,  AeroUth,  a'er-o-lit,  a'fr-o-lith,  re. 
[Gr.  aer,  air,  and  lithos,  a  stone.']  .A  stoue 
falling  from  the  aii'  or  atmospheric  regions; 
a  meteoric  stone;  a  meteorite. — Aerolitho- 
logy,  a'gr-o-lith-ol"o-ji,  re.  The  science  of 
aerolites.— AeroUtic,  a'er-o-lit"ik,  a.  Re- 
lating to  aerolites. 

Aerology,  Aerognosy,  a-^r-ol'o-ji,  a-6r-og'- 
no-si,  re.  [Gr.  aer,  aeros,  air,  logos,  descrip- 
tion, gjiCsis,  knowledge.]  That  branch  of 
physics  which  treats  of  the  air,  its  con- 
stituent parts,  properties,  and  phenomena . 
— Aerologic,  Aerological,  a'*r-o-loj"ik,  a'- 
gr-o-loj"ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  aerology. 
— Aerologist,  a-gr-ol'o-jist,  n.  One  who  is 
versed  in  aerology. 

Aeromancy,  a'er-o-man"8i,  re.  [Gr.  aer,  air, 
and  manteia,  divination.1  Divination  by 
means  of  the  air  and  winds  or  atmospheric 
phenomena. 

AeroJneter,  a-6r-om'et-6r,  n.  [Gr.  air,  air, 
and  metron,  measure.]  An  instrument  for 
weighing  air,  or  for  ascertaining  the  den- 
sity of  air  and  gases.— Aerometric,  a'er-o- 
mef'rik,  a.  Pertaining  to  aerometry.  — 
Aerometry,  a-gr-om'et-ri,  re.  The  science 
of  measuring  the  weight  or  density  of  air 
and  gases. 

Aeronaut,  a'6r-o-nat,  re.  [Gr.  aer,  air,  and 
navtes,  a  sailor,  from  naus,'a.  ship.]  An 
aerial  navigator;  a  balloonist.— Aeronau- 
tic, A6ronautical,a'er-o-nat"ik,a'6r-o-nat"- 
ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  aeronautics  or 
aerial  sailing. — Aeronautics,  a'er-o-n^t"- 
iks,  re.  The  doctrine,  science,  or  art  of 
floating  in  the  air,  as  by  means  of  a  balloon. 
— Aeronautlsm,  a'tr-o-nat-um,  n.  The 
practice  of  an  aeronaut. 

Aerophobia,  a'6r-o-fo"bi-a,  re.  [Gr.  aer,  air, 
and  phobos,  fear.]  A  dread  of  air,  that  is, 
of  a  current  of  air;  a  symptom  common  in 
cases  of  hydrophobia. 

Aeroph3rte,  a'6r-0-fit,  re.  [Gr.  aer,  air,  and 
phyton,  a  plant.]  A  plant  which  lives  ex- 
clusively in  air,  absorbing  all  its  food  from 
it  alone. 

Aeroscopy,  a-Sr-osTco-pi,  n.  [Gr.  aSr,  pir, 
and  skopeo,  to  explore.]  The  investigation 
or  observation  of  the  state  and  variations 
of  the  atmosphere. 

.ffirose,  e'ros.a.  [L.  <ero«ws,  containing  brass 
or  copper.]  Hartng  the  nature  of  or  re- 
sembling copper  or  brass;  coppery. 

Aerosiderite,  a'6r-o-sia"er-it,  n.  [Gr.  air, 
air,  and  side7-os,  iron.]  An  iron  meteorite. 
—  Aerosiderolite,  a'6r-o-8id''er-o-lit,  n. 
[-lite  =  Gr.  lUhos,  a  stone.]  A  meteor  con- 
taining both  stone  and  iron. 

Aerostat,  a'fer-o-stat,  re.  [Fr.  airostat,  a 
balloon,  Gr.  aer,  air,  and  statos,  standing, 
from  histemi,  to  stand.]  A  machine  or 
vessel  sustaining  weights  in  the  air;  a  nnnie 
given  to  air-balloons.— Aerostatic,  Aerc- 
Btatical,  5'6r-o-stat"ik,  a'6r-o-stat"ik-al,i/. 
Pertaining  to  aerostatics;  pertaining  to 
aerostation,  or  aerial  navigation.— Aero- 
statics, a'tr-o-stafiks,  n.  The  science 
which  treats  of  the  weight,  pressure,  and 
equilibrium  of  air  and  other  elastic  fluids, 
and  of  the  equilibrium  of  bodies  Bu.<^tained 
in  them.— Aerostation,  a'er-5-sta"shon,  re. 
Aerial  navigation. 

iEruginous,  JErnglneou*,  e-rb'jin-us,  e-rO- 
jTn'6-u8,  a.  [L.  oervginot/us,  from  cerugo, 
rust  of  copper,  verdigris.]    Partaking  of, 


Fate.fir,  fat,  fjU;    m5,  met,  hfir;     piae,  pic;     note,  no*,  move;     tObe,  tub,  bijll ;     oil,  pound;     ti,  Sc.  alwne— the  Fr.  «. 


AERY 


13 


AFFRONT 


)  pertaining  to,  or  resembling  verdigris  or 
the  rust  of  copper. 

Aery,  a'6r-i,  a.  Airy;  breezy;  aeriaL  [Po- 
etic] 

^sthematology,  6s-the'ma-tol"o-ji,  n.  [6r. 
aistMma,  a  perception,  and  200*08,  dis- 
course.] The  doctrine  of  the  senses,  or  the 
apparatus  of  the  senses;  that  part  of  phy- 
siology which  treats  of  the  senses. 
.Bsthesia,  es-th&'si-a,  n.  [Gr.  aisthesia,  per- 
ception, sensibility.]  Perception;  feeling; 
sensibility.— ^sthesiology,  C3-the'si-ol"-o= 
ji,  n:  The  doctrine  or  branch  of  knowledge 
couoemed  with  the  sensations. 
iSEathesiometer,  6s-the'si-om"et-6r,  n.  [Gr. 
aisthesis,  perception,  and  metron,  a  mea- 
sure.] An  instrument  for  testing  the  tac- 
tile sensibility  of  the  human  body  inhealth 
and  disease.  -  '  •        ^ 

.Ssthesodic,  es-th5-sod'ik,  a.  [Gr.  aisthisis, 
and  hodos,  a  path.]  Capable  of  conductiag 
sensation.    • 

Esthete,  es'thet,  n.  [From  aesthetic]  One 
devoted  to  the  principles  or  doctrines  of 
{esthetics;  a  lover  of  the  beautiful. — Es- 
thetic, .ffisthetical,  53-thet'.ik,  es-thet'ik-al, 
a.  [Gr.  aisthetikos,  from  aisthamynxai,  to 
perceive  by  the  senses.]  Pertaining  to  the 
science  of  taste  or  beauty;  pertaining  to 
the  sense  of  the  beautiful.— Pathetically, 
.es-thet'ik-al-li,  adv.  According  to  the  prib- 
ciples  of  SDstheties;  with  reference  to  the 
Eense  of  the  beautiful.,— .Ssthetlolsm,  Ca- 
thet'i-sizm.n.  The  principles  or  doctrines 
of  festhetics;  attachment  to  aesthetics. — 
/Esthetics,  Cs-thet'iks,  n.  The  theory  of 
the  fine  arts;  the  science  or  that  branch  of 
philosophy  which  deals  with  the  beautiful; 
the  doctrines  of  taste. 
.Sstho-physiology,  fis'tho-fiz4-ol"o-ji,  n. 
[(ir.  aisthanompd,  to  perceive,  and  E.  p/ty- 
siology.]  The  physiology  of  sensation. 
.Estif erous,  cs-tif 'fer-us^  a.  FL.  a?^Ms,  heat, 
and /ero,  to  bear.]  Producing  heat. 
.Estivation.  Estivation. 
/Ether.    Ether. 

Ethrioscope,  6th'ri-o-skop,  n.  [Gr.  aiXh- 
rios,  clear,  pertaining  to  the  open  air,  and 
skopeo,  to  see.]  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing the  minute  variatious  of  temperature 
due  to  different  conditions  of  the  sky. 
Afaoe,  a-fas',  iidv.  In  face;  in  front. 
Afar,  a-f  ar',  adv.  At  a  distance  in  place;  to 
or  from  a  distance;  often  with  from  pre- 
ceding or  o#  following,  or  both. 
AfEable,  af'fa-bl,  a.  [L.  affabilis,  affable— 
a/ for  ad,  to,  fari,  to  speak.]  Easy  of  con- 
versation; admitting  others  to  free  conver- 
sation without  reserve;  courteous;  com- 
plaisant; of  easy  manners;  condescending. 
—Affability,  x\fiableness,  af-fa-bil'i-ti,  ar- 
f  a-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  affable. — 
Affably,  af  f a-bii,  adv.  In  an  affable  man- 
ner; courteously. 

Affair,  af-far',  n.  [Fr.  affaire — o,  to,  and 
/aire,  to  do,  L.  facere,  to  make,  do.]  Busi- 
ness of  any  kind;  that  which  is  done, 
or  is  to  be  done;  m.atter;  concern;  some- 
times used  by  itself  in  the  plural  with  the 
specific  sense  of  public  affairs  or  pecuniary 
affairs;  special  business;  personal  concern; 
a  rencontre;  a  skirmish.— .<ajfair  of  Honour, 
a  duel. 

Affect,  af-fekt',  v.t.  [L.  afecto,  to  desire, 
to  strive  after,  freq.  of  officio,  affectum,  to 
affect  the  mind  or  body — a/ for  ad,  to,  and 
facio,  to  do.]  To  act  upon;  to  produce  an 
effect  or  change  upon;  to  influence;  to 
move  or  touch  by  exciting  the  feelings;  to 
aspire  to;  to  endeavour  after;  to  choose 
commonly;  to  habitually  follow  after; 
make  a  show  of;  to  assume  the  appearance 
of;  to  pretend. — Affectation,  AScctedncss, 
af-fek-ta'shon,  af-fekt'ed-nes.n.  [L.  affecta- 
iio.]  An  attempt  to  assume  or  exhibit 
what  is  not  natural  or  real;  false  pretence, 
especially  of  what  is  praiseworthy  or  un- 
common; artificial  appearance  or  show. — 
Affected,  af-fekt'cd.  a.  Inclined  or  dis- 
posed (especially  with  well,  ill,  &o.);  given 
to  affectation;  assuming  or  pretending  to 
possess  what  is  not  natural  or  real;  as- 
sumed art;iflcially;  not  natural.— Affect- 
edly, af-fekt'ed-b,  adv.  In  an  affected  or 
assumed,  manner ;  with  affectation.— Af- 
fecter,  af-fekt'Sr,  n.  One  who  affects,  pre- 
tends, or  assumes.— Affecting,  af-fekt'fng,  . 
«,,^  Having  power  to  excite  emotion;  i 


suited  to  affect;  pathetic.  —  Affectingly, 
af-fekt'ing-li,  adv.  In  an  affecting  or  im- 
pressive manner. 

Affection,  af-fek'shon,  n.  [L.  affectio,  affee- 
Uonis,  the  being  affected  or  touched.  Ar- 
FECT.]  The  state  of  having  one's  feelings 
affected  in  some  way;  bent  or  disposition 
of  mind ;  sentiment  or  moral  feeling  (as 
esteepi,  envy,  jealousy);  appetite;  inclina- 
tion; a  settled  good-will,  love,  or  zealous 
attachment;  a  property  or  attribute  in- 
separable from  its  object  (a^  figure  from 
bodiep);any  particular'morbid  state  of  the 
body  i  (a  gouty  affection).  —  Affectionate, 
af-fek'shon-at,  o.  Having  great  love  or 
affection;  warmly  attached ;  fond;  kind; 
loving;  proceeding  from  affection;  tender. 
— Affectionately,  af-fek'shon-at-li,  odw.  In 
an  affectionate  manner;  fondly;  tenderly; 
kindly.— Afleetionateness,  af-fek'shon-at- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  affectionate; 
foniJness;  affection.— Affectioned,  af-fek'- 
shond,  a.  Having  a  certain  disiKtsition  of 
feeling;  disposed. 

Affeer,  af-fer',.'W,<.  [O.Pr.  offerer,  afforer, 
to  assess  or  value,  from  L.  forum,  a  mar- 
ket.] Law,  to  assess  or  settle,  as  aa  arbi- 
trary fine. 

Afferent,  af'f6r-ent,  a.  [L.  afferens,  dffer- 
entia,  ppr.  of  affero—a/  for  ad,  to,  and 
fero,  to  carry.]  Carrying  to  or  inwards  (of 
vessels  or  nerves  in  animals). 
A£lance,  af-fi'ans,  n.  [O.Pr.,  from  af  for 
ad,  toy.  and  Jiancer,  to  betroth,  L.  fidana, 
Jidantia,  ppr.  of  Jido^  to  pledge  one's  faith, 
fides,  faitn.J  Marriage  contract  or  pro- 
raise;- faith  j)ledged;  confidence;  reliance. 
,—v.l.—affiaiiced,  affiancing.  To  betroth;  to 
bind  by  promise  of  marriage.— Affianced, 
af-fi'anst, ».  One  bound  by  a  promise  of 
marriage;  a  betrothed  wife. — Afflancer,  ai- 
fi'ans-er,  n.  One  who  affiances. 
A£davit,  af-fl-da'vit,  n.  (3rd  pers.  sing. 
•  perf.  ind.  of  L.L.  «u/Wo, .to  pledge  ones 
faith- L.  af  for  ad,  to,  and  fides,  faith.] 
A  written  declaration  upon  oath:  a  state- 
ment, of  facts  in  writing  signed  by. the 
party,  and  sworn  to  or  confirmed  by  a  de^ 
claration  before  an  authorized  magistrate. 
Affiliate,  af-fil'i-at,  v.t.  — affiliated,  affiliat- 
ing. (.L.Jj.aclftKare.toadoptasasdn — L.ad, 
to.  Bind  filiua,  a  son.]  To  adopt:  to  receive 
into  a  family  as  a^'  son;  to  establish  the 
paternity  of,  as  of  a  bastard  child;  to  con- 
nect in  the  way  of  descent;  to  receive  into 
■  a  society  as  a  member. — Afftliation,  af-fil'- 
i-a"shon,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  affiliates; 
the  settlement  of  the  paternity  of  a  child 
on  its  true  father.— Affiliable,  af-fil'i-a-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  affiliated. 
Afflned.t  af-find',  a.  [O.Fr.  afflner^  to  unite. 
Affinity.]  Joined  in  affinity;  akin;  bound 
or  impelled  Dy  any  kindof  alhnity.  [Shak.] 
Affinity,  af-iin'i-ti,  n.  [L.  affiniias.  from 
affinia,  adjacent,  related— a/for  ad,  f  o,  and 
,^nts,boundary .  ]  The  relation  contracted  by 
marriage,  in  contradistinction  from  co>i- 
aanguinit'j,  or  relation  by  blood;  relation, 
connection,  or  alliance  in  general  (as  or 
languages,  sounds,  &c.);  similarity  in  kind 
or  nature;  ehevi.  that  force  by  which  bodies 
of  dissimilar  nature  unite  in  certain  de- 
finite proportions  to  form  a  compound, 
different  in  its  nature  from  any  of  its  con- 
stituents.—Afttnitatlvely,af-fiii'i-tat-iv-li, 
adv.  By  means  of  affinity. 
Affirm,  af-fermVv.i.  [li.  affirmo — Ofior  ad. 
to,  and  firmo.  to  make  firm.]  To  assert 
positively;  to  tell  with  confidence;  to  aver; 
declare;  allege:  opposed  to  deny;  to  con- 
firm or  ratify.— w.i.  To  make  a  solemn  as- 
sertion or  declaration;  to  make  a  legal  af- 
firmation. —  Afflnnable,  af-f6rm'a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  affirmed,  asserted,  or  de- 
clared. —  Affirmably,  af-tferm'a-bli.  adv. 
In  a  way  capable  of  affirmation. — Affinn- 
ance^f  at-fferm'ans,  n.  Confirmation;. rati- 
ficatiomaflirmation.- Affirmant.Affirmer, 
af-f6rm  anf,  af-f6rm'fer,  a.  One  who  afr 
firms  or  asserts;  one  who  makes  affirma- 
tion instead  of  an  oath.— Affirmation,  af- 
fSr-ma'shon,  n.  The  act  of  affirming  or 
asserting  as  true;  that  which  is  asserted; 
averment;  confirmation;  ratification;  a 
solemn  declaration  made  in  lieu  of  an  oath 
by  one  who  has  scruples  about  taking  the 
.  oath. «-  Aflnnatlve,  af  rf6ra^at-ir,  o.  Af  - 
firming  or  asserting:  opposed, to  negative. 


~^n:  A  word  or  phrase  expressing  assent 
or  affirmation  or  answering  a  question 
affirmatively ;  the  opposite  of  a  negative.' 
—The  affirmative,  that  side  of  a  debated 
question  which  maintains  the  truth  of  the 
Eiffirmative  proposition.  -^  Affirmatively, 
af-ferm'at-iv-li,  adv.  la  an  affirmative 
manner;  positively.   *'**  .  •     ,  -^ 

Affix,  af-fiks',  v.t.  [L.  affigo,  aMxum-af 
for  ad,  to,  and /E^Ov  .ftrwrn.  to  fix,]  To  sub- 
join, annex,  unite,  or  add  -at  the  cl^  or 
end;  to  append;  to  attach.— Affix,  arflks, 
n.  A  syllable  or  letter  added  to  the  end 
of  a  word;  a  suffix;  a  post-fix.  —  Affixail, 
af-fiks'al,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  affix:  having 
the  character  of  an  afiix. —  Affixio&,t  af- 
fik'shon,  n.    The  act  of  affixing.  '. ', 

Afflatlon,  af-fia'shon,  n.    [L.-c#o,  v^atum, 
—afioT  ad,  to,  and  flo,  to  blow.]    A  blow- 
ing or  breathingon.-^Afflatus,  af-fla'tus,  n. 
[L.J   A  breath  or  blast  of  wind;  inspira- 
tion; the  inspiration  of  the  poet. 
Afflict,  af-flikt',  v.t.    [L.  afflicto,  intens.  of 
affligo.  to  dash  down — af  for  ad,  to,  and 
^ligo,  to  strike.J    To  give  (to  the  body  or 
mmd)  pain  which  is  continued  or  of  some 
pennanence;  to  trouble,. gri6ve,  jiarass.or 
distress.— Amicter,  af-flikt'6r,  n.  One  who 
.  afflicts.- Afflicting,  af-flikt'ing,  a.    Griev- 
-f  ous;  distressing  (an  afflicting  event). — Af- 
flictingly ,  af-fiikt'ing-li,  adv.  In.an  afflict- 
ing manner.— Affliction,af-flik'shon.n.  The 
state  of  being  afflicted ;  a  state  oi  acute 
pain  or  distress  of  body  or  mind;  the  ciiuse 
of  continued  pain  of  body  or  inind..'../lffltc- 
.  tton  is  stronger  than  grief,  and  grief  than 
aorrow.    Amiction  is  acute  mental  suffer- 
ing caused  Dy  the  loss  of  something  cher- 
'  ished,  as  friends,   health,  or  fortune. — 
AiHlctive,  af-flikt 'iv,  a.     Painful;  dis- 
tressing.- Afflictively,  af-flikt'iv-li,  adv. 
Affluence,  af 'flvj-ens,  n.   [L.  aMuentia,  from 
affluo,  to  flow  to— ad,  to,  and  /iiw,  to  flow. 
Iluent.]   a  flowing  to  or  concourse;  an 
abundant  supply;  great  plenty  of  worldly 
goods;  wealth.  Also  Affluency,  af^^i-en-si. 
—Affluent,  affl-ii-ent,  a.     Plowing  to;^ 
wealthy ;  abundant.  —  n.     A    tributary 
stream.— Affluently,  af'fly-ent-li,  adv. 
Afflux, af'fluks,n.  [Viorali.aMuOyaffluxwm. 
Afflcencjs.]    The  act  of  flowing  to ;  a 
flowing  to,  or  that  which  flows  to. 
Afford,  afford',  v.t.    (O.  E.  aforth,  to  afford, 
from  prefix  a,  ^nd  forth:  A.  Sa-x,  forthian, 
to  further.]  To  give  forth;  to  yield,  supply, 
or  produce  (fruit,  profit);  to  grant  or  con- 
fer (as  consolation,  gratification);  to  buy, 
sell, expend,  4c.,  from  having  a  sufficiency 
of  means;  to  bear  the  expense  of  (with 
can,  could,  may,  might,  &c.). 
Afforest,  af-for'est,  v.t.    [Prefix  af  for  ad, 
to,  and  forest.)    To  convert  into  a  forest; 
to  turn  into  forest  land.— Afforestation, 
af-for'e8-ta"shon,  n.    The  act  of. 
Afformatlve,  af-form'a-tiv,  n.    [Prefix  aj 
f  cr  ad,  to,  and  formative.}    An  affix.       -  ■' 
Affranchise,  af-fran'chia,  v.t.     [Prefix  af, 
and  franchise.!    To  make  free;  to  liberate 
from  servitude.  —  Affrancbisement,  af • 
■  fran'chiz-ment,  n.    The  act  of. 
Ai&ay,  af-fra'.t;.*.  [O.  or  Prov.  Fr.  affraier^ 
effroyer,  Pr.  effrayer,  to  frighten;  from  L.L, 
exfrediare—L.  ex,  intens.,  and  O.  H.G. 
/rtdt<,G./n«de,  peace.  Afkaid.)  To  fright- 
en; to  tcrrjtfy.— n.  Peart;  a  noisy  quarreU 
a  brawl;  a  tumult;  disturbance.  ' .  | 

Affreight,  af-frat',  y.<.  [Prefix  af  for  oa,: 
to,  and  freight]  To  hire  for  ijhe  transpor* 
tation  of  freight;  to  freight.  .^-^, 
Affright,  af-frit',  v.t.  [A. ,  Sax.  .afyrhtiani 
afyrhtan — prefix  a,  intens.,  and  fyrhtan, 
to  frighten.  Peiqut.]  To  impress  with 
sudden  fear;  to  frighten.— «.  Sudden  or 
great  fear;  terror.— Aflrightedly,  af-frit'- 
ed-li,  adv.  With  fright.— Affi-ighten.t  af- 
frit'n,  v.  t.  To  terrify;  to  affright.- AfWght- 
ment,  af-frit'ment,  n. .  ^he  act  of.  terrify- 
ing; affright}  terror.  ■. 
Affront,  af-ffunt',  v.t.  [Tr  affrcmter,  to 
encounter  face  to  face— af  for  ad,  to,  and 
L./rowe,/rcmfi8,  front,  face.)  To  confront 
.(Shak.)l;  to  offend  by  an  open  manifesta- 
tion of  disrespect;  to  insult;  to  put  out  of 
countenance.— n.  An  open  manifestation 
of  disrespect  or  contumely;  an  outrage  to 
the  feelings;  an  insult;  anything  produc- 
ing a  feeling  of  shame  or  disgraoe.— Af- 
frouter,  af-fruut'6r,  >^    One  who  affronts. 


rhribaiai     Cta^idashi,    g.oo;     3.iob>    p.  Pr.  tomi    ng.  sitfgi    ShSMSIuMJbilik'StJSSiL    lilSixXMSl^l^US^ 


AFFUSE 


14 


AGGLUTINATE 


Afiose,  af-faz',  v.t.—affused,  affusing.  [L. 
affundo,  affusum — a/ for  ad,to,  and  fundo, 
fugum,  to  pour  out.]  To  pour  upon;  to 
sprinkle,  as  with  a  liquid.— Afiusion,  af- 
fu'zhon,  n.  The  act  of  pouring  or  sprink- 
ling, liquid  upon;  med.  the  act  of  pouring 
water  on  the  body  as  a  curative  means. 

Affy.J af-fi',  v.t.—aMed,affyvng.  [Affiance.] 
To  betroth;  to  aliance. — v.i.  To  trust  or 
coDtide. 

Afield,  a-fdd',  adv.  To  the  field ;  in  the 
field;  astray. 

Afire,  a-fir',  a.  or  adv.    On  fire. 

Aflame, a- tlam',a.orad«.  Flaming;  glowing. 

Aflat,  a-llat',  a.  or  adv.  On  a  level  witn 
the  ground. 

Aflaunt,  a-flant',  a.  or  adv.  In  a  flaunting 
manner;  with  showy  equipage  or  dress. 

Afloat,  a-flot',  a.  or  aav.  Borne  on  the 
water;  floating ;  passing  from  one  person 
to  anotherj^  in  circulation  (as  a  rumour). 

Afoam,  a-fom',  a.  or  adv.  In  a  foaming 
state;  foaming.  „ 

Afoot,  a-f ut',  a.  or  adv.  On  foot;  Borne  by 
the  feet;  walking;  in  a  state  of  being 
planned  for  execution  (as  a  plan  or  plot). 

Afore,  a-f  or',  adv.  [Prefix  o,  at,  and  fore; 
A.  Sax.  onforan.]  Before  in  time  or  place: 
now  mainly  a  nautical  term ;  in  the  fore 
part  of  a  vessel.— prejj.  Before  in  time, 
position,  i-ank,  ikc;  in  presence  o£:  now  a 
naut.  term.;  more  toward  the  head  of  a 
ship  than;  nearer  the  stem. than. — Afor& 
the.  mast,  applied  to  a  common  sailor.— 
Aforegoing,  a-fOr'go-ing,  a.  Going  before. 
— Aforehaud,  a-fo?hand,  adv.  In  time  pre- 
vious; by  previous  provision;  not  behind- 
hand. —  Aforementioned,  Aforenamed, 
Aforesaid,  Orformen-shond,  a-for'namd, 
a-for'sed,  a.  Mentioned  before  in  the 
same  writing  or  discourse. — Aforethought, 
a-for^that,  a.  Thought  of  beforehand;  pre- 
meditated; prepense. — Aforetime,J  a-for'- 
tim,  adv.    In  time  past;  formerly.  fN.  T.] 

Afraid,  a-frad',  a.  or  pp.  [O.  E.  affrayd, 
afrayde,  &c.,  pp.  of  affray.  Affray.]  Ira- 
pressed  with  fear  or  apprehension;  fear- 
ful: not  used  attributively.  [Colloquially, 
/  am  afraid  is  often  nearly  equivalent  to 
I  suspect,  I  am  inclined  to  think,  or  the 
like.] 

Afresh,  afresh',  adv.  Anew;  again;  after 
intermission. 

African,  af  rik-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Africa. 
—n.  A  native  of  Africa.— Africander,  af- 
rik-an-d6r,  rii  A  native  of  South  Africa 
bom  of  white  parents.— Africanize,  af'rik- 
an-iz,  v.t  To  give  an  African  or  negro 
character  to. 

Afrit,  Afreet,  af-rit',  af-ret',  n.  MoMm- 
medan  myth,  a  powerful  evil  jinnee  or  de- 
mon.   Written  also  Efreet,  Afrite. 

Afront,  a-frunt',  adv.    In  front.   [ShaJcl 

Aft,  aft,  a.  or  adv.  [A.  Sax.  oeft,  eft,  after, 
behind ;  Goth,  afta;  from  A.  Sax.  af,  cef, 
Goth,  af,  E.  of,  off]  Navt.  a  word  used  to 
denote  position  at  or  near,  or  direction 
towards  the  stem  of  a  ship. 

After,  aft'fer,  a.  [A.  Sax.  after,  a  compar. 
from  af,  E.  of,  off,  -ter  being  the  compar. 
syllable,  seen  as  -ther  in  whether,  hither,  as 
-der  in  under.  Of.]  Later  in  time;  subse- 
quent; succeeding;  as;  an  after  period  of 
life:  in  this  sense  often  combined  with  the 
following  noun. — prep.  Behind  in  place; 
later  in  time;  in  pursuit  of;  in  search  of; 
with  or  in  desire  for;  in  imitation  of,  or  in 
imitation  of  the  style  of  {after  a  model); 
according  to;  in  proportion  to  {after  our 
deserts);  below  in  rank  or  excellence;  next 
to;  concerning  (inquire  after).— After  all, 
at  last;  upon  the  whole;  at  the  most;  not- 
with.standing. — adv.  Later  in  time;  after- 
wards; behind;  in  pursuit.  —  Afterinjts, 
aft'er-ingz,  n.  pi.  The  last  milk  drawn  in 
milking;  strokings. 

After-age,  n.  A  later  age  or  time;  posterity. 
—After-birth,  n.  That  which  is  expelled 
from  the  uterus  after  the  birth  of  a  child: 
called  also  Secundines.  —  After -body,  n. 
That  part  of  a  ship's  hull  which  is  abaft 
the  midships.  —  After-cost,  n.  Expense 
after  the  execution  of  the  main  design. — 
After-crop,  n.  The  second  crop  in  the 
same  year. — After-damp,  n.  Choke-damp 
or  carbonic  acid,  found  in  coal-mines  after 
an  explosion  of  'fire-damp.' — After-grass, 
n.     'rlie  grass  which  again  springs  up 


from  land  previously  mowed  the  same 
year.— After-growth,  n.  A  second  growth 
or  crop  springing  up  after  a  previous  one 
has  been  removed. — After-hold,  n.  That 
portion  of  a  ship's  hold  lying  behind  the 
mainmast. — After-hours,  n.  pi.  Hours 
that  follow  business;  time  following. — 
After-life,  n.  Future  life;  remainder  of 
life;  the  life  after  death. — After-math,  n. 
A  second  mowing  of  grass  from  the  same 
land  in  the  same  season.  —  After -men- 
tioned, o.  Mentioned  or  to  be  mentioned 
afterwards.  —  Afternoon,  n.  The  part  of 
the  day  which  follows  noon,  between  noon 
and  evening.  —  After-pains,  n.  pi.  The 
pains  which  succeed  childbirth.  — After- 
part,  n.  The  latter  part;  the  part  of  a 
ship  towards  the  stern. — After-piece,  n. 
A  short  dramatic  entertainment  per- 
formed after  the  principal  performance. — 
After-sail,  n.  One  of  a  vessel's  sails  on 
the  main  and  mizzen  masts. — After-t^uite, 
11.  A  taste  which  succeeds  eating  or  drink- 
ing.—After-thought,  n.  Reflection  after 
an  act;  some  consideration  that  occurs  to 
one's  mind  too  late  or  after  the  perform- 
ance of  the  ajct  to  wliich  it  refers.— After- 
time,  n.  Succeeding  time:  more  com- 
monly in  the  plural.— After- wise,  a.  Wise 
after  the  event;  wise  when  it  is  too  late. 
— After-wit,  n.  Wisdom  that  come^  too 
late: 

Aftermost,  aft'6r-most,  a.  euperl.  [A.  Sax. 
aftemest,  a  double  superlative,  mest  being 
from  ma  +  st,  two  superlative  suffixes.] 
Hindmost:  opposed  to  foremost. 

Afterward,  Aiterwards,  aft'6r-w6rd,  aft'- 
fer-wCrdz,  adv.  [A.  Sax.'  wfterweard.  Af- 
terwards is  an  adverbial  genitive.  'Ward.] 
In  later  or  subsequent  time. 

Aga,  a'ga,  n.  In  the  Turkish  dominions,  a 
commander  or  chief  oflicer. 

Again,  a-gen'  or  a-gan',  adv.  [A.  Sax.  on^ 
gedn,  again;  gecin,  against.  Against.]  A 
second  time;  once  more;  on  another  occa- 
sion; on  the  other  hand;  moreover;  be- 
sides; further;  in  return;  back;  in  an- 
swer. 

Against,  a-genst',  prep.  [O.E.  agayiiB,  on- 
gaenes,  A.  Sax.  ongedn,  against.  The  ea 
is  an  adverbial  or  genit.  termination  and 
the  t  has  been  added,  like  that  in  amidst, 
betwixt.  A.  Sax.  ge&n,  again  or  against,  is 
the  same  as  gain  in  gainsay;  G.  gegen, 
against.]  Opposite  in  ^lace  (often  pie- 
ceded  by  over);  in  opposition  to;  adverse 
or  hostile  to  {against  law  or  public  opin- 
ion); towards  or  upon;  so  as  to  meet  (to 
strike  against  a  rock);  bearing  or  resting 
upon  (to  lea,n  against);  in  preparation  for 
(an  event). 

Agallochum,  a-gal'lok-um,  n.  [Gr.  agallo- 
ehon.]  A  fragrant  wood  used  by  the  Orien- 
tals as  supplying  a  perfume. 

Agalmatofite,  a-gal-mat'o-lit,  n.  [Gr.  agal- 
ma,  image,  and  lithos,  stone.]    A  kind  of 

"  soft  stone  found  in  China  and  resembling 
steatite,  often  cut  into  images. 

Agami,  ag'a-mi,  n.  [Native  name.]  The 
golden-breasted  trumpeter,  a  bird  of  the 
crane  family,  a  native  of  South  America. 

Agamic,  a-gam'ik,  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
gamos,  marriage.]  Reproduced  without 
the  congress  of  individuals  of  the  oppo- 
site sex.— Agamist,  ag'am-ist,  n.  One  who 
refuses  or  rejects  marriage. 

Agamogenesis,  a-gam'o-jen"e-sis,  n. .  [Gr. 
a,  priv.,  gamos,  marriage,  and  genesis,  re- 
production.] The  production  of  young 
without  the  congress  of  the  sexes. — Agam- 
ogenetic,  a-gam'o-jen-et"ik,  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  agamogenesis. 

Agape,  a-gap'j  adv.  or  a.  Gaping  as  with 
wonder;  having  the  mouth  wide  open. 

Agape,  ag'a-p5,  Ji.  [Gr.  afliapg,love.]  Among 
the  primitive  Christians  a  love-feast  or 
feast  of  charity,  held  before  or  after  the 
communion,  when  contributions  were 
made  for  the  poor. 

Agar-agar,  a'fear-a'gar,  n.  The  native  name 
of  a  dried  sea- weed  much  used  in  the  East 
for  soups  and  jellies. 

AgariCja.-gar'ik,  n.  [Gr.  agarikon."]  A  name 
of  various  fungi.  Many  of  the  species  are 
edible  like  the  common  mushroom,  while 
others  are  deleterious  and  even  poisonous. 
—  Agaric  mineral,  mountain -milk,  or 
Twnmtain-m^al,  a  native  carbonate  of  lime. 


resembling  a  fungus;  a  stone  of  which 
bricks  may  be  made  so  light  as  to  float  in 
water. 

Agast.    Aghast.  "' 

Agastric,  a-gastrik,  a.  [Gr.  a,  without, 
and  gaster,  gastros,  belly.]  Without  a 
stomach,  or  proper  intestinal  canal,  as  the 
tape-worm. 

Agate,  ag'at,  n.  [Fr.  a^ai*,  from  h.  achates, 
so  called  because  found  near  a  river  of 
that  name  in  Sicily.]  A  semipcllucid 
mineral,  consisting  of  bands  or  layers  of 
various  colours  blended  together,  the  base 
generally  being  chalcedony,  and  this 
mi.xed  with  jasper,  amethyst,  quartz,  opal, 
&c.:  used  for  rings,  seals,  cups,  beads,  &c.; 
an  instrunicnt  used  by  gold-wire  drawers, 
60  called  from  the  agate  in  the  middle  of 
it ;  a  gilder's  tool ;  a  kind  of  type,  called 
also  iiM&2/.— Agatiftrous,  ag-at-if'er-us,  a. 
Containing  or  producing  agates.-Agatine, 
ag'at-in,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
agate.— Agatize,  ag'at-iz,  v.t.  To  change 
into  agate. — Agatized  ivood,  a  kind  of 
honistone  formed  by  petrifaction. -Agaty, 
ag'at-i,  a.    Of  the  nature  of  agate. 

Agave,  a-ga'v6.  n.  [Gr.  agauos,  noble.]  A 
genus  of  plants,  comprehending  the  Ame- 
rican aloe.  They  live  for  many  years— ten 
to  seventy — before  flowering. 

Age,  aj,  n.  [Fr.  dge,  O.Fr.  eage,  L.L.  cetat- 
i<;t<m,from  lj.cBtas,cBtatis,  abbrev.  of  cevitas, 
tvom  cevum,a.na.ge.  Ever.]  A  period  of 
time  representing  the  whole  or  a  part  of 
the  duration  of  any  individual  thing  or 
being;  the  time  during  which  an  indivi- 
dual has  lived;  the  latter  part  of  life;  the 
state  of  being  old;  oldness;  old  people  col- 
lectively; the  state  of  having  arrived  at 
legal  maturity  (the  completion  of  the  first 
twenty -one  years  of  one's  life);  great 
length  of  time)  a  long  or  protracted  period, 
sometimes  definitely  a  century;  a  histori- 
cal epoch;  an  epoch  having  a  particular 
character;  the  people  who  live  at  a  parti- 
cular period.— 2'^e  age,  the  times  we  live 
in.— v.i.— aged  (ajd),  aging.  To  grow  old; 
to  assume  the  appearance  of  old  age. — 
v.t.  To  give  the  character  of  age  or  ripe- 
ness to  (to  age  wine).— Aged,  aj'ed.a.  Old; 
having  lived  long ;  having  a  certain  age 
{aged  forty  years).- Agedly,  aj'ed-li,  adv. 
Like  an  aged  person.— Agedness,  aj'ed-nes, 
n.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  aged ; 
oldness. 

Agenda,  a-jen'da,  n.  pi.  [L.,  things  to  be 
done.  ]  Memoranda ;  a  memorandum- 
book;  a  church  service;  a  ritual  or  liturgy. 

Agent,  a'jent,  n.  [L.  agens,  agentis,  acting. 
Act.]  One  who  or  that  which  acts;  an 
actor;  one  that  exerts  power  or  has  the 
power  to  act ;  an  active  power  or  cause ; 
a  body  or  substance  that  causes  a  certain 
action  to  begin;  a  person  intrusted  with 
the  business  of  another.— Agency,  a'jen-si, 
n.  The  state  of  being  in  action  or  of  exert- 
ing power;  operation;  instrumentality; 
the  office  or  business  of  an  agent  or  factor. 
-Agential,  a-jen'shal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
an  agent  cr  agency. 

Ageustia,  a-gtis'ti-a,  n.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
geuomai,  to  taste.]  Med.  a  defect  or  loss 
of  taste. 

Agglomerate,  ag-glom'er-at,  v.t— agglom- 
erated, ayglomeraiing.  [L.  agglomero—ad, 
and  glomus,  glomeris,  a  ball  of  yam.]  To 
collect  or  gather  into  a  mass. — v.i.  To  be- 
come collected  into  a  ball  or  mass.- n. 
Geol.  a  collective  name  for  masses  con- 
sisting of  angular  fragments  eject-cd  from 
volcanoes.  —  Agglomeration,  ag-glom  'er- 
a"shon,  n.  The  act  of  agglomerating;  a  col- 
lection; aheap.— Agglomerative,  ag-glom'- 
6r-at-iv,  a.    Disposed  to  agglomerate. 

Agglutinate,  ag-glQtin-at,  v.t— agglutin- 
ated, agglutinating  [L.  agglviino—ad,  and 
glutino,  from  gluten,  glue.  Gluk.]  To 
unite  or  cause  to  adhere,  as  with  glue  or 
other  viscous  substance;  to  glue  together. 
—a.  United  as  by  glue;  joined.— Agglutin- 
ate languages,  languages  in  which  the 
suffixes  for  inflection  retain  a  kind  of  in- 
dependence, and  are  felt  to  be  distinct 
from  the  root  or  body  of  the  word.  Called 
also  Agglutinating  and  Poly  synthetic.  — 
Agglutinant,  ag-glQ'tin-ant,  a.  Uniting 
as  glue;  tending  to  cause  adhesion.— n.  Any 
viscous  substance  which  agglutinates  or 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  hfer;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tube,  tub,  b^iU:      oil,  pound;     U,  Sc.  abune — the  Fr.  v~ 


AGMJRANDIZE 


15 


AGRONOMY 


mutea  other  substances.— Agglutination, 
ag-glQ'tin-a"8hon,  n.  The  act  of  aggluti- 
nating or  the  state;  adhesion  of  parts;  the 
marked  feature  of  agglutinate  languages. 
— Agglutinative, ag-glutin-at-iv, a.  Tend- 
ing or  having  power  to  agglutinate. 
Aggrandize,  ag'gran-diz,  v.t. — aggrandized, 
aggrandizing.  LFr.  agrandir  —  L.  prefix 
a  for  ad,  to,  and  grandis,  grand.]  To  make 
great,  or  greater;  especially,  to  make 
greater  in  power,  wealth,  rank,  or  honour; 
to  exalt;  to  elevate;  extend;  enlarge.— 
—Aggrandizement,  ag'gran-dlz-ment,  n. 
The  act  of  aggrandizing;  the  act  of  in- 
creasing one's  own  power,  rank,  or  honour; 
exaltation.  —  Aggrandizer,  ag'gran-diz-6r, 
n.  One  that  aggrandizes.- Aggrandizable, 
ag'gran-diz-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  ag- 
grandized.—Aggrandization,  ag'gran-diz- 
a"shon,  n.  The  act  of  aggrandizing. 
Aggravate,  ag'gra-vat,  v.t.  — aggravated, 
aggravating.  [L.  aggravo — ad,  to,  and 
grwiis,  heavy,  whence  grave,  grief,  &c.]  To 
make  worse,  more  severe,  or  less  tolerable; 
to  make  more  enormous,  or  less  excusable; 
to  intensify;  to  exaggerate;  to  provoke;  irri- 
tate; tease.— Aggravating,  ag'gra-vat-ing, 
a.  Provoking;  annoying.— Aggravatingly, 
ug'gra-vat-ing-li,  adv.  In  an  aggravating 
manner.— Aggravation,  ag-gra-va'shon,n. 
The  act  of  aggravating  or  making  worse; 
addition  to  that  which  is  evil  or  improper; 
provocation;  irritation. 
Aggregate,  ag'gre-gat,  v.t.— aggregated,  ag- 
gregating. [L.  aggrego,  aggregatum—ad, 
and  grex,  gregis,  a  herd  or  band.]  To  bring 
together;  to  collect  into  a  sum,  mass,  or 
body.— a  Formed  by  the  conjunction  or 
collection  of  particulars  into  a  whole  mass 
or  sum;  total.— n.  A  sum,  mass,  or  assem- 
blage of  particulars;  a  whole  or  total. — 
In,  the  aggregate,  taken  altogether;  consi- 
dered as  a  whole;  collectively.  —  Aggre- 
gateljTj  ag'gre-gat-li,  adv.  Collectively; 
taken  in  a  sum  or  mass.- AggregatioUjag- 
gre-ga'shon,  n.  The  act  of  aggregatmg; 
the  state  of;  an  aggregate. — Aggregative, 
ag'gr5-gat-iv,  a.  Tending  to  aggregate; 
coUe 'tive. — Aggregator,  ag'gre-gat-6r,  n. 
One  who  collects  into  a  whole  or  mass. 
Aggress,  ag-gres',  v.i.  [L.  aggredior,  aggret- 
»it.« — ad,  and  gradior,  to  go.]  To  make  a 
first  attack;  to  commit  the  first  act  of  hos- 
tility or  offence.— D.i.t  To  attack.— Aggres- 
sion, ag-gre'shon,  n.  The  first  attack  or 
act  of  hostility;  the  first  act  leading  to  a 
war  or  controversy.— Aggressive,  ag-gres'- 
iv,  a.  Characterized  by  aggression;  tend- 
ing to  aggress. — Aggressiveness,  ag-gres'- 
iv-nes, n.  The  quality  of  beingaggressive. 
—Aggressor,  ag-gres'6r,  n.  The  person 
who  aggresses;  an  assaulter;  an  invader. 
Aggrieve,  stg-gT5v',v.t. — aggrieved,  aggriev- 
ing. [O.Fr  agriver,  to  weigh  down,  from 
grever,  to  oppre-  s,  from  L.  orains,  heavy, 
whence  also  grief,  grave,  Scj  To  give 
pain  or  sorrow ;  to  afliict ;  to  grieve ;  to 
Dear  hard  upon;  to  oppress  or  injure  in 
one's  right?:  — Aggrievance,f  ag-grev'ans, 
n.  Oppression;  hardship;  grievance. 
Aghast,  a-gast',  a.  or  p.  [A  participial  form 
from  O.E.  agasten, ageaten,to  terrify — pre- 
fix a,  intens.,  and  A.Sax.firae8ta7i.to  terrify; 
allied  to  Goth,  gaisjan,  vsgaisjan,  to  ter- 
rify; comp.  Prov.  E.  gast,  to  terrify,  gast, 
fear,  gastfrd.}  Struck  with  amazement; 
stupefied  with  sudden  fright  or  horror. 
Written  also  agast,  which  is  etymologi- 
cally  the  better  spelling. 
Agile,  aj'il,  a.  [Fr.  agile;  L.  agilis,  from 
ago.  Act.]  Nimble;  quick  in  movement; 
brisk;  active.  —  Agilely,  aj'il-li,  adv.  In 
an  agile  or  nimble  manner.  —  Agility, 
Agileness,  a-jil'i-ti,  aj'il-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  agile;  nimbleness; 
briskness;  activity. 

Agio,a'ji-o,n.  [It.]  The  difference  in  value 
between  one  sort  of  money  and  another, 
especially  between- paper-money  and  me- 
tallic coin.— Agiotage,  a'ji-ot-aj,  n.  The 
manoeuvres  by  which  speculators  in  stocks 
contrive  to  lower  or  enhance  their  price; 
stock-jobbing. 

Agist,  a-jist',  v.t.  [O.  Fr.  agister,  from 
giste  (Fr.  t^tte),  a  lodging;  L.  jacitum,  from 
jacere,  to  lie.]  Law,  to  take  the  cattle  of 
others  ,to  graze  at  a  certain  sum.— Agist- 
age,  Agistment,  a-jist'aj,  a-jist'ment,  n. 


The  taking  and  feeding  of  other  men's 
cattle;  the  price  paid  for  such  feeding. 

Agitate,  aj'it-at,  v.t.— agitated,  agitating. 
fL.  agito,  agitatum,  freq.  from  ago.  Acr.J 
To  move  or  force  into  violent  irregular 
action;  to  shake  or  move  briskly;  to  dis- 
turb; to  perturb;  to  discuss;  debate;  arouse 
public  attention  to,  as  by  speeches,  pam- 
phlets, &c.— i;.i.  To  engage  in  agitation. — 
Agitable,  aj'it-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
agitated. —Agitated,  aj'it-at-ed,  a.  Dis- 
turbed ;  perturbed ;  excited ;  expressing 
agitation  (countenance,  manner). — Agita- 
tion, aj-it-a'shon,  n.  The  act  of  agitating, 
or  state  of  being  agitated;  perturbation  of 
mind  or  feelings;  commotion;  disturbance. 
— Agitative,  aj'it-at-iv,  a.  Having  a  ten- 
dency to  agitate. — Agitator,  aj'it-at-6r,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  agitates,  rouses,  or 
stirs  up. 

Aglet,  ag'let,  n.  [Fr.  aiguillette,  a  point, 
from  aiguille,  a  needle;  L.  amis,  a  needle.] 
A  metal  tag  at  the  end  of  a'  lace  or  point, 
formerly  worn  on  dresses. 

Aglow,  a-glo',  a.    In  a  glow;  glowing. 

Aglutition,  ag-glu-ti'shon,  n.  [Gr.  a.  priv., 
and  L.  glutio,  to  swallow.]  Inability  to 
swallow.     , 

Agminate,  Agmlnated,  ag'min-at,  ag'min- 
at-ed,  a.  [L.  agmen,  agminin,  a  crowd,  a 
band.]  Crowded;  closely  packed;  anat.  ap- 
plied to  certain  glands  or  follicles  in  the 
small  intestine. 

Agnail,  ag'nal.  n.  [A.  Sax.  angncegl — ange, 
pain,  and  ncegl,  naU.]  A  sore  beside  a  nail; 
a  com. 

Agnate,  ag'nat,  n.  [L.  agnatus — ad,  and 
nascor,  tuitus,  to  be  bom.]  Any  male  re- 
lation by  the. father's  side. — a.  Related  or 
akin  by  the  father's  side. — Agnatic,1^  ag- 
nat'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  descent  by  the 
mala  line  of  ancestors. — Agnation,  ag-na'- 
shon.n.  Relation  by  the  father's  side  only, 
or  descent  in  the  male  line. 

Agnomen,  ag-no'men,  n.  [L.—ag  for  ad, 
to,  and  noiinen,  a  name.]  An  additional 
name  or  epithet  conferred  on  a  person. — 
Agnomination,!  ag-nom'in-a"8hon,  n.  An 
additional  name  or  title. 

Agnostic,  ag-nos'tik,  n.  [Gr.  agnOstoa,  un- 
knowing, unknown,  from  a,  priv.,  and 
stem  of  gignOakO,  to  know.  Same  root  as 
know.]  One  of  those  persons  who  disclaim 
any  knowledge  of  God  or  of  the  origin  of 
the  universe  or  of  anything  but  material 
phenomena,  holding  that  with  regard  to 
such  matters  nothing  can  be  known. — a. 
Pertaining  to  the  agnostics  or  their  doc- 
trines.—  Agnosticism,  ag-nos'ti-sizm,  n. 
The  doctrines  or  belief  of  agnostics. 

Agnus,  ag'nus,  n.  [L.,  a  lamb.]  An  image 
of  a  lamb  as  emblematical  of  our  Saviour; 
an  agnus  J)n.— Agnus  Dei.  fL.,  Lamb  of 
God.]  A  medal,  or  more  frequently  a  cake 
of  wax,  consecrated  by  the  pope,  stamped 
with  the  figure  of  a  lamb  supporting  the 
banner  of  the  cross ;  supposed  to  possess 
great  virtues,  such  as  preserving  those  who 
carry  it  in  fq,ith  from  accidents,  &c. 

Ago,  a-go'.  a.  or  adv.  [Really  a  pp.,  being 
shortened  form  of  agone,  formerly  used  in 
same  sense;  A.  Sax.  dgdn,  gone  by— d,  away, 
g&n,  to  go.]    Past;  gone;  as,  a  year  ago. 

Agog,  a-gog',  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and  W. 
gog,  activity,  gogi,  to  shake.]  In  eager  ex- 
citement; highly  excited  by  eagerness  after 
an  object. 

Agoing,  a-go'ing,  adv.  [Prefix  a  for  on,  and 
verbal  iloun  going.]  In  motion  (to  set  a 
machine  agoing). 

Agone,J  a-gon',  adv.    Ago.    [O.T.] 

Agonic,  a-gon'ik, a.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and  g6nia, 
an  angle.]  Not  forming  an  angle. — Agonic 
lines,  two  lines  on  the  earth's  surface,  on 
which  the  magnetic  needle  points  to  the 
true  north,  or  where  the  magnetic  meri- 
dian coincides  with  the  geographical. — 
Agone,  ag'on,  n.    An  agonic  line 

Agonist,t  ag'o-nist,n.  [Gi.agOnistes.  Agony.] 
One  who  contends  for  the  prize  in  public 
games;  a  combatant;  a  champion. — Agon- 
istics,  ag-o-nist'iks,  n.  The  art  of  con- 
tending inpublic  games. 

Agony,  ag'o-ni,  n.  [Gr.  agOnia,  struggle, 
anguish,  from  agOn,  a  contest  or  struggle, 
from  ago,  to  leaxl,  to  bring  together.]  A 
violent  contest  or  strivingt;  the  struggle, 
frequently  unconscious,  that  precedes  na- 


tural death;  the  death  throe  or  pang  (often! 
in  plural);  extreme  bodily  or  mental  pain; 
intense  suffering ;  anguish  ;  torment.  /. 
Agony  is  extreme  bodily  pain;  anguish  is 
mental  pain  or  the  effect  of  extreme  dis- 
tress on  the  mind.— Agonize,  ag'o-mz,  v.i. 
— agviiized,  agonizing.  To  writhe  with 
agony  or  extreme  pain. — v.t.  To  distress 
with  extreme  pain;  to  torture.— Agoniz- 
ing, ag'o-niz-ing,  a._  Giving  extreme  pain. 
— Agonizingly,  ag'o-niz-ing-li,  adv. 

Agouti,  a-go'ti,  n.  The  native  American 
name  of  several  species  of  rodent  mam- 
mals allied  to  the  guinea-pig. 

Agraffe,  Agraff,  a-graf',  n.  [Fir.  agrafe.]  A 
sort  of  hook  or  clasp,  often  jewelled. 

Agraphia,  a-graf'i-a,  n.  (Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
grapho,  to  write.]  A  form  of  aphasia,  in 
which  the  patient  is  unable  to  express 
ideas  by  written  signs. 

Agrarian,  a-gra'ri-an,  a.  [L.  agrarius,  from 
ager,  a  field.  Ache.]  Relating  to  lands, 
especially  public  lands ;  growing  wild  in 
fields!.- .Agrarian  laws,  in  ancient  Rome, 
laws  for  regulating  the  distribution  of  the 
public  lands  among  the  citizens.- n.  One 
in  favour  of  an  equal  division  of  landed 
property.  — Agrarianian,  a-gra'ri-an-izm, 
n.  The  upholding  of  an  equal  division  of 
lands  and  property;  the  principles  of  one 
who  does  so. — Agrarianlze,  a-gra'ri-an-iz, 
v.t.  To  distribute  among  the  people,  as 
land. 

Agree,  argre',  v.i.— agreed,  agreeing.  [Fr. 
affr^e?-— o,to,and  gri,O.FT.  j/rei, good- will, 
favour,  from  L.  gratus,  pleasant,  whence 
gratitude,  grateful,  &c.]  To  be  of  one  mind: 
to  harmonize  in  opinion;  to  live  in  concord 
or  without  contention;  to  come  to  an  ar- 
rangement or  understanding;  to  arrive  at 
a  settlement  {agree  to  a  proposal;  agree 
with,  a  person);  to  be  consistent;  to  har- 
monize; not  to  contradict  or  be  repugnant 
(stories  agree  vrith  each  other);  to  tally;  to 
match;  to  correspond;  to  suit;  to  be  accom- 
modated or  adapted  (food  agrees  with,  a 
person);  gram,  to  correspond  in  number, 
case,  gender,  or  person.- Agreeabllity, 
a-gre'a-bil"i-ti,  n.  Agreeableness. —Agree- 
able, a-grS'arbl,  a.  Suitable;  conform- 
able; correspondent;  pleasing,  either  to 
the  mind  or  senses  {agreeable  manners; 
agreeable  to  the  taste);  willing  or  ready  to 
agree  or  consent ;  giving  consent :  with  to. 
-7- Agreeableness,  a-gre '  a-bl-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  agreeable;  tffe 
quality  of  pleasing. — Agreeably,  a-grS'a- 
Mi,  adv.  In  an  agreeable  manner;  suit- 
ably; consistently;  conformably;  in  a  man- 
ner to  give  pleasure;  pleasingly. — Agree- 
ment,a-gr6'ment,n.  The  state  of  agreeing 
or  being  a^eed;  harmony;  conformity; 
union  of  opinions  or  sentiments;  bargain; 
compact;  contract. 

Agrestlal.t  Agre»tic,t  a-gres'ti-al,  a-jgres'- 
tik,  a.  [L.  agreatia,  from  ager,  a  field.] 
Rural;  rustic. 

Agriculture,  ag'ri-kul-tQr,  «.  [L.  agricul- 
tura—ager,  a  field,  and  cultura,  cultiva- 
tion. Acre  and  Culture.  )  The  cultiva- 
tion of  the  ground,  more  especially  with 
the  plough  and  in  large  areas  or  fields:  it 
may  include  also  the  raising  and  feeding 
of  cattle  or  other  live  stock-;  husbandry ; 
tillage;  farming.  —  Agricultural,  ag-ri- 
kul'tar-al,  a.  Pertaining  to,  connectted 
with,  or  engaged  in  agriculture. — Agri- 
culturist, Agriculturaliat.ag-ri-kul'tar-ist, 
ag-ri-kul'tur-al-ist,  n.  One  engaged  or 
skilled  in  agriculture;  a  husbandman. 

Agrimony,  ag'ri-mon-i,  n.  [L.  argemonia, 
from  Gr.  argema,  a  whitish  ulceration  on 
the  eye  (which  this  plant  was  supposed  to 
cure),  from  arj/os,  white.]  A  British  plant 
formerly  of  much  repute  as  a  medicine. 
Its  leaves  and  root-stock  are  astringent, 
and  the  latter  yields  a  yellow  dye. 

Agrln,  a-grin',a.  or  adv.  In  the  act  or  state 
of  grinning;  on  the  grin. 

Agriology,  ag-ri-ol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  agrioa,  per- 
taining to  a  wild  state,  and  logos,  a  dis^ 
course.]  The  comparative  study  of  human 
customs,  especially  of  the  customs  of  man 
in  a  rude  or  uncivilized  state.— Agriolo- 
gist,  ag-ri-ol'o-jist,  n.  A  student  of' agri- 
ology. 

Agronomy,  a-gron'o-mi,  n.  [Gr." afirronomos, 
rural,  from  aaroa,  a  field.]'  Agriculture 


«b,  c/tain;     eft,  Sc.  locft;     g,go;     j,yob;     n.  Fr.  ton;     ng,  siwff;     th,  <ften;  th,  ttia;     w,  wig;   \-wh,  wftig; '   zh^ 


AGROSTOGIWLPHY 


IS 


ALARM 


and  other  rural  pursuits.— A^onomic,  Ag- 
Tonomical,  ag-ro-nom'ik,  ag-ro-nojn'it3, 
a.  Relating  to  agronomy.— Agronomist, 
a-gron'o-mist,  n.  One  who  studies  agro- 
nomy. 

Agrostography,  a-gros-tog'ra-fi,  w.  [Gr. 
agrosiis,  a  grass.]  A  descripti9n  of  grasses. 
—  Agrostology,  a-gros-toro-ji,  n.  That 
part  of  botany  which  relates  to  grasses. 

Aground,  a-ground',  adv.  or  o.  On  the 
groimd;  run  ashore;  stranded. 

Agroupment,  a-gr6p'ment,n.  [Fr.  agrouper, 
to  group.]  The  arrangement  of  a  group  in 
a  picture  or  in  statuary;  grouping. 

Agrypnotic,  ag-rip-not'ik,  n.  [6r.  agrypnoB, 
sleepless.]  Sometning  which  tends  to  drive 
away  sleep. 

Aguardiente,  ft'gwar-d5-ent"a,  n.  [Sp., 
contr.  for  agua  ardiente,  burning  water.] 
A  second-class  brandy  made  from  the  red 
wines  of  Spain  and  Portugal. 

Ague,  a'gij,  n.  ^Fr.  aigu,  acute;  flivre  aigue 
{li.li.  febris  acuta),  acute  fever;  L.  acutua, 
sharp.]  The  cold  fit  op^igor  which  pre- 
cedes a  fever  or  a  paroxysm  of  fever  in 
intesmittents;  a  fever  coming  in  periodical 
fits  accompanied  by  shivering ;  a  chill  or 
state  of  shaking  not  resulting  from  disease. 
— Agued,  a'gud,  o.  Having  a  fit  of  ague; 
shivering  with  cold  or  fear.— Aguish,  a'- 
gtl-ish,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  an  ague; 
productive  of  agues;  chilly;  shivering. — 
Aguishness,  a'gu-ish-nes,  n.  The  quapty 
of  being  aguish;  chilliness.— Ague-cake,  n. 
The  tumour  caused  by  enlargement  and 
hardening  of  the  spleen.- Ague-tree.  n. 
A  name,  sometimes  applied  to  Sassairas 
on  account  of  its  febrifuge  qualities. 

Agynous,  a'jin.-us,  a.  [Gi.  a,  without,  and 
gyiiS,  a  female.]  Bot.  applied  to  plants 
having  no  female  organs,  "      t 

Ah,  a.  [A  natural  cry  expressive  ,of  suddfen 
emotion;  comp.  Q.  ach,  L.  ah,  Slu\  d,  dh, 
ah.J  An  exclamation  expressive  of  pain, 
surprise,  pity,  cofiipassion,  complaint,  con- 
tempt, dislike,  joy,  exultation,  &e.,  ax> 
cording  to  the  manner  of  utterance.— Aha. 
a-ha'.  [A  lengthened  form  of  ah,  or  formed 
of  ah  and  ha;  cojap,Ot.aha,  Skr.aAd,  ahaha.^ 
An  exclamation  expressing  triumph,  con- 
tempt, surprise,  &c. 

Ahead,  a-hed',  adv.  .Headlong^;  head  fore^ 
mostl;  in  or  to  the  front;  in  advance;  be- 
fore ;  further  on  (to  walk  ahead  o/a-j^rapp); 
naui.  opposite  to  astern. 

Aheap, a-^$p'.0$J?;.  SuddloJ  gjr. Jieaped  to- 
gether. 

Anoy,  a-hoi',  «a;cZam.  [Longerform  of  ftoy/] 
A  word  used  chiefly  at  sea  in  hailing.  ■ 

Al,  &'6,  n.  Thgtlne§;^ed  ^otii,  so  -Called 
from  its  cry.       '  .  ■ 

■\ld,  ad,  v.i.  [Fr.  aider,  O.Fr.  ajnder,  from 
L.  adjiitare,  freq.  of  adjuvo,  adjvtum,  to 
help— ad,  to,  and  juvo,  jutum,  to  help.]  To 
help;  to  assist;  to  cpme  to  the  support  or 
relief  of;  to  sijccour.— Aid,  ad,  n.  [Fr.  aide.] 
Help;  succour;  support;  assistance;  the 
person  or  thing  that  aids  or  yields  assist- 
ance; a  helper;  an  auxiliary;  an  assistant; 
a  subsidy  or  tax  formerly  granted  by  par- 
liament to  the  crown ;  a,  tax  paid  by  a 
feudal  tenant  to  his  lord.— Aidance.t  ad'- 
ans,  w,  ^d;  help;  assistance.— Aidant.J 
fid' ant,  a."  Helping;  helpful;  supplying 
aid.  [iS7iofc.]-!-Aioer.  ad'6r,  n.  On9  who  aids; 
an  assistant.  -^  Aidful.t  ad'fvjl,  «.  Giving 
aid;  helpfuL-rr^jdleBB,  M'l^Si  flc  .Without 
aid  or  succour.  "    .         *-  ? 

Aide-de-camp,  fid-de-kofi,  n.  pi.  Aides-de- 
camp, ad-de-kon.  [Fr.,  bt.  field  assistant.] 
Miht.  an  officer  whose  duty  is  to  receive 
and  communicate  the  orders  of  a  general 
officer,  to  act  as  his  secretary,  &o. 

Aigret,  Aigrette,  a'gret,  8rgret',  n.  [Eorbt.] 
A  plume  or  ornament  for  the  head  (im- 
posed of  feathers  orprecious  stones. 

Aiguille,  a'gwiljTi.  [rr.,a  needle.]  A  name 
given  to  the  needle-like  points  or  tops  of 
rocks  and  mountain  masses,  or  to  sharp- 
pomted  masses  of  ice  on  glaciers,  &c. 
All,  al,  v.t.  [O.E.  eylen,  A.  Sax.  eglian,  to 
feel  pain;  to  ail;  eglan,  to  give  pain;  egle, 
jtroviple,  grief;  comp.  Goth,  agio,  affliction, 
Sw.  agg,  a  prick.]  To  affect  with  pain  or 
.uneasiness,  either  of  body  or  mind ;  to 
trouble;  to  be  the  matter  with  (with  what, 
itfittdng,  something,  be,  as  nom.).— v.i.  To 
^JA.  i»ia  or  trQuble.-rAilJiPMlt,  Sl'ment, 


n.    Disease;  indisposition;  morbid  ajSec- 

-tion  of  the  body. 

AllanthuB,  a-lan'thus,  n.  [From  ailarUo, 
the  Malacca  name.]  A  handsome  tree  of 
India  and  China,  now  planted  in  France 
and  Germany  to  shade  public  walks,  &c. 

Aim  am,  v.i.  [O.Fr.  esmer,  aesmer — L.  ad, 
to,  and  cestimare,  to  estimate.]  To  direct 
a  missile  towards  an  object;  to  direct  the 
mind  or  intention;  to  make  an  attempt; 
to  endeavour  (followed  by  at  before  the 
object).— v.t  To  direct  or  point  to  a  par- 
ticular object  with  the  intention  of  hit- 
ting it ;  to  level  at.— n.  The  pojiiting  or 
directing  of  a  missile;  the  point  intended 
to  be  hit,  or  object  intended  to  be  effected; 
the  mark;  a  purpose;  intention;  design; 
scheme.- Aimer,  am'er,  n.  One  that  aims. 
—Aimless,  am'les,  a.  Without  aim;  pur- 
poseless.—Aimlessly,  am'les-Ii,  adv.  Pur- 
Air,  ax,  ».  [Fr.  air,  li.  aSr,  from  6r.  aSr, 
air.]  The  fluid  which  we  breathe;  an  in- 
odorous, invisible,tafiteless,colourle8s,elas- 
tic  fluid  composed  of  oxygen  and  nitrogen 
and  essential  to  Ufe;  air  in  motion;  a  light 
breeze ;  a  tune ;  a  short  song  or  piece  of 

-music  adapted  to  words;  a  melody;  the  so- 
prano part  in  a  harmonized  piece  of  music; 
the  peculiar  look,  appearance,  and  bearing 
of  a  person;  the  general  character  or  com- 
plexion of  anything;  appearance;  sem- 
blance; an  aflfected  manner^  manifestation 
of  pride  or  vanity  (chiefly  in  the  phrase  to 
give  one's  self  airs). — To  take  the  air,  to  go 
out  of  doOrs;to  walk  or  ride  alittle  distance. 
— v.i.  To  expose  to  the  air;  to  ventilate; 
to  display;  to  bring  before  public  notice; 
to  make  comfortable  by  heating  (slippers, 
sheets).  —  Airy,-a'ri,  a.  Consisting  of  or 
having  the  character  of  air;  ethereal;  un- 
substantial ;  relating-  to  the  air ;  high  in 
air;  open  to  a  free  current  of  air;  exposed 
to  all  winds  (an  airy  situation) ;  gay  and 
sprightly;  full  of  vivacity;  lively.— Airily, 
a'ri-li,  adv.  In  ato  airy  manner;  in  a  light, 
gay  manner.  —  Airiness,  a'ri-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  airy.— Airing,  a'- 
ring,  n.  A  short  walk  or  drive  out  of 
doors.— Alrwards,t  ar'w6rdz,  adv.    Up  in 

•  the  air;  towards  the  heavens. 

Air-bath,  n.  The  exposure  of  the  person  to 
the  action  of  the  air;  an  arrangement  for 
drying  substances  by  exposing  them  to  air 
of  any  temperature  desired. — Air-bed,  n. 
An  air-tight  bed-shaped  ba^  inflated  with 
air.— Air-bladder,  n.  A  vesicle  filled  with 
air;  a  bag  situated  under  the  backbone  of 
certain  fishes,  and  which,  being  full  of  air, 
is  supposed  to  assist  in  regulating  their 
buoyancy.— Air-bone,  n.  A  bone  with  a 
large  cavity  filled  with  air,  as  in  birds.— 
Air-brake,  n.  A  railway  brake  applied  by 
means  of  condensed  atmospheric  air. — 
Air-cell,  n.  A  cell  or  minute  cavity  con- 
taining air,  especially  in  a  vegetable  or  ani- 
mal;  one  of  the  cells  of  the  lungs.— Air- 
condenser,  n.  An  apparatus  for  condens- 
ing air,  usually  a  close  vessel  with  a  syringe 
attached  to  it.— Air-course,  n.  A  passage 
in  a  coal-mine  intended  for  ventilation. — 
Air-cushion,  n.  A  cushion  made  by  inflat- 
ing a  bag  with  air.— Air-drain,  n.  A  cavity 
round  the  external  walls  of  a  building  to 
prevent  the  earth  from  lying  agaiUst  them. 
—Air-engine,  n.  An  engine  in  which  air, 
heated  or  compressed,  is  employed  as  the 
motive  power.- Air-exhauster,  n.  A  con- 
trivance by  which  collected  air  may  escape 
from  water-mains,  &c.;  a  contrivance  for 
removing  exhausted  air  from  any  place. 
-Air-filter,  n.  A  contrivance  for  filtering 
or  purifying  air.  —  Air  -  furnace,  re.  A 
furnace  which  has  no  blast,  but  only  a 
natural  draught.— Air-gas,  n.  An  inflam- 
mable illuminating  gas  made  by  charging 
ordinary  atmospheric  air  with  TOe  vapours 
-of  petrolqum,  naphtha,  or  some  similar 
substance.— Air-gun,  n.  A  kind  of  gun  in 
which  highly-condensed  air  is  used  to  pro- 
ject the  ball,  a  small  quantity  of  air  being 
allowed  to  escape  from  the  reservoir  at- 
tached to  the  ^un  and  act  on  the  ball  at 
each  shot.  —  Air-jacket,  n.  A  jacket  in- 
flated with  air  to  render  persons  buoyant 
in  water. — Air-passage,  n.  Anat.  one  of 
t)ie  tubes  by  which  air  is  admitted  to  the 
lungs ;  bot.  a  large  .intercellular  spice  in 


the  stems  and  leaves  of  aquatic  plsmts,  and 
inthestemsofendogens. —Air -plant,  re.  A 
general  name  for  plants  which  grow  upon 
others  and  derive  all  their,  food  from  the 

"atmosphere;  an  epiphyte. — Air-pump, 
re.  A  pneumatic  machine  for- the  purpose 
of  exhausting  the  air  from  a  close  vessel 
called  a  receiver,  and  thereby  producing 
what  is  called  a  vacuum.  The  air-pump 
acts  by  means  of  a  piston,  with  a  proper 
valve,  working  in  a  cylindrical  barrel  or 
tube,  somewhat  after  the  manner  of  a 

-common  water-pump.  —  Air-sac,  re.  One 
of  the  membranous  bags  or  receptacles  of 
air  lodged  in  the  hollow  bones  and  the 
cavities  of  the  body  of  birds,  and  com- 
municating with  tlie  lungs.— Air-shaft,  n. 
A  passage  for  air  int6  a  mine.— Air-stove, 
n.  A  stove  which  is  employed  to  heat  a 
current  of  air,  the  heated  air  being  then 
admitted  to  an  apartment.— Air-tight,  a. 
So  tight  or  close  as  to  be  impermeable  to 
air. — Air-trap,  n.  A  contrivance  for  ex- 
cluding the  effluvia  arising  from  drains 
and  sinks.  —  Air-way,  n.  A  passage  for 
air;  a  passage  for  the  admission  of  air  to 
a  mine. 

Aisle,  il,  re.  EO.Fr.  aisle.  Ft.  aiJe,  a  wing, 
an  aisle;  L.  ala,  a  wing;  the  8  does  not 
properly  belong  to  the  word.l  A  lateral 
division.  Of  a  cathedral  or  other  chUrch, 
separated  from  the  central  part,  called  the 
nave,  by  pillars  or  piers.— Aisled,  ild,  a. 
Furnished  with  aisles. 

Ait,  at,  re.  [A  form  of  eyot,  an  islet.]  A 
small  island  in  a  river  or  lake. 

Aitchbone,  ach'bon,  re.  [For  natch-bone  (by 
loss  of  initial  n  as  in  aprmi),  from  Fr.  nache, 
L.L.  naticce,  li.  reaves,  the  rump.  ]  The 
rump-bone  of  an  ox.  Called  also  Hdge- 
hone  (by  false  etymology). 

Ajar,  a-jar',  adv.  [O.E.  achar,  onchar,  lit. 
on  the  turn— prefix  a,  on,  jar,  char,  A.  Sax. 
c«rre,atum,6eenalsomcAare,c/iarwoman.] 
On  the  turn;  neither  quite  open  nor  shut: 
partly  opened:  said  of  a  door. 

Ajutage,  a'jut-aj,  re.  [Fr.  ajouiage,  from 
ajouter,  to  join— L.  ad,  to,  juxta,  nigh.] 
A  sort  of  tube  fitted  to  the  aperttire  of  a 
vessel  through  which  water  is  played. 

Akee,  a-ke',  re.  The  fruit  of  a  tree  (Blighia 
sapida)  belonging  to  W.  Africa,  now  com- 
mon in  the  W.  Indies  and  S.  America. 

Akimbo,  a-kim'bo,  a.  or  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on, 
and  kimbo,  from  loel.  keng-boginn,  lit. 
crook -bowed,  kengr,  a  crook.]  \Vith  the 
elbow  pointing  outwards  and  the  hand 
resting  on  the  hip:  said  of  the  arm. 

Akin,  a-kin',  a.  or  adv.  [Prefix  a,  of,  and 
kin.]  Related  by  blood;  allied  by  nature;, 
partaking  of  the  same  properties. 

Alabaudine,  al-a-ban'dm,  n.  [From  Ala- 
banda,  in,  Asia  Minor.]  Manganese  glance 
or  blende,  a  sulphide  of  manganese. 

Alabaster,  al'a-bas-ter,M.  [h.  alabaster,  Gr. 
alabastros,  from  Alabastron,  a  village  in 
Egypt  where  it  was  got.]  A  soft,  semi- 
transparent,  marble-like  mineral  of  which 
there  are  two  well-known  varieties— the 
gypseous  and  the  calcareous.  Small  works 
of  art  are  often  made  of  it.— Alabastrine, 
al-a-bas'trin,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to. 

Alack,  a-lak',  inter}.  [Probably  a  corruption 
of  alas;  but  comp.  lauk!  euphemism  for 
Lord.]  An  exclamation  expressive  of  sor- 
row.— Alackaday,a-lak'a-da,ire<e?3.  [Comp. 
Well-a-day  .']  An  exclamation  uttfiiejcl  to 
express  regret  or  sorrow. 

Alacrity,  a-lak'ri-ti,  re.  [L.  alaci-itas,  from 
alacer,  alacns,  cheerful.]  A  cheerful  readi- 
ness or  promptitude  to  do  some  act;  cheer- 
ful willingness ;  briskpess. 

A-la-mode,  Alamode,  a-la-mod',  adv.  [Fr. 
d  la  mode,  after  the  fashion.].  According 
to  the  fashion  or  prevailing  mode ;  some- 
times used  as  an  adjective. 

Alar,  a'l6r,  a.  [L.  aZa,a  wing.]  PertainiuK 
to  wings ;  having  the  character  of  a  wing. 

Alarm,  a-larm',  re.  [Fr.  aZarwi«, alarm,  from 
It.  alV(trme'=li.  ad  arma,  to  arms.]  A 
summons  to  arms ;  an  outcry  or  other  no- 
tice of  approaching  danger ;  a  tumult ;  a 
disturbance;  a  sudden  fear  or  painful  sus- 
pense excited  by  an  apprehension  of  dan- 
ger; apprehension;  terror;  a  mechamcal 
contrivance  for  awakening  persons  from 
sleep  or  rousing  their  attention. — v.t.  To 
call  to  arms  for  defence ;  to  give  notice  of 


iEaie,  f4r.  fa,t,  f^t '  Si9,  m«ti  \iiti    ioIiSt  smi    n^Jte,  not,  mi>Tei     tQhe,  tub,  buU «     pil>  pound;     «,  go.  abune^be  Ix-Jb 


ALAHUM 


17 


AXEXIPHAR^nC 


danger ;  to  rouse  to  yigilance ;  to  disturb 
■with  terror;  to  fill  with  anxiety  by  the 

frospect  of  evil.— Alarmed,  a-larmd',  a. 
ndicating  or  expressive  of  alarm  (look, 
countenance). — Alarming,  a-larm'ing,  o. 
Calculated  to  rouse  alarm;  causing  appre- 
hension.—Alarmingly,  a-larm'iug-li,  adv. 
In  an  alarming  manner.  —  Alajrmlst,  a- 
larm'ist,  n.  One  that  excites  alarm ;  one 
who  is  prone  to  take  alarm,  and  to  circu- 
late and  exaggerate  any  sort  of  bad  news. 

Alarum,  a-Ur'um,  n.  [A  corruption  of 
alarm.]  An  alarm;  a  watchword  or  signal 
indicating  danger;  any  loud  noise  or  dis- 
turbance.   [Now  only  poetical.] 

Alary,  a'la-ri,  a.    Alar. 

Alaa,  a-las',  exclam.  [O.Fr.  alas,  from  in- 
terj.  a, ah,  L.  lassus,  weary.]  An  exclama- 
tion expressive  of  sorrow,  grief,  pity,  con- 
cern, or  apprehension  of  evil. 

Alate,  a'lat,  a.  [h.  alatua,  winged,  ala,  a 
wing.]  Winged;  having  membranous  ex- 
pansions like  wings. 

Alb,  Albe,  alb,  n.  [L.  alha,  white  {veatis, 
garment,  understood).]  A  clerical  vest- 
ment worn  by  priests.a  long  robe  of  white 
linen  bound  with  a  girdle. 

Albacore,  Albicore,  al'ba-kSr,  al'be-kiSr.n. 
[Sp.  albacora,  Ft.  albicore,  from  Ar.  al,  the, 
bakr,  a  young  cow  or  heifer.]  A  name 
given  to  sevei-al  fishes  of  the  tunny  kind, 
especially  to  the  Pacific  tunny. 

Albata,  al-bata,  n.  [It.  albua, ■white.]  An 
allpy  consistin  g  of  a  combination  of  nickel, 
zinc,  tin,  and  copper,  often  with  antimony 
and  silver;  German  silver. 

Albatros,  Alba.trosa,  arba-tros,ni  [Fr.  al- 
batros,  a  corruption  of  Sp.  and  Pg.  alcatraz, 
a  pelican,  from  Ar.  al-qdd-us,  the  bucket  of 
a  water-wheel,  the  pelican  being  supposed 
to  carry  water  to  its  young  ones  in  the 
pouch  Delow  its  bill.  ]  An  aquatic  bird, 
the  largest  sea-bird  known,  some  measur- 
ing 17i  feet  from  tip  to  tip  of  the  wings, 
met  with  at  immense  distances  from  land. 

Albeit,  al-be'it,  conj.  [Al  in  old  sense  of 
tliough,  be,  and  it,  and  equivalent  to  be  it 
so.]  Be  it  so ;  admit  all  that ;  although ; 
notwithstanding. 

Albert,  al'bert,  n.  [After  the  Prince  Con- 
sort, ^Jberi.]  A  short  chain  attaching  the 
watch  to  a  waistcoat  button-hole. 

Albescent,  al-bes'ent,  a.  [L.  albeaco,  to 
grow  white,  an  incept,  from  aZbug,  white.] 
Becoming  white  or  rather  whiti^;  moder- 
9,tely  white:  of  a  pale,  hoary  aspect. 

Albicore,  al'DS-kor,  n.    Albacore. 

Albigenses,  al-bi-jens'ez,  n.  pi.  A  party  of 
religious  reformers  in  tlie  twelfth  century, 
who  were  ruthlessly  persecuted;  so  called 
from  A  Ibi,  a  town  of  Languedoc  in  France, 
where  they  resided. 

Albino,  al-bi'nu,n.  pi.  Albinos  or  Albinoes, 
al-bi'noz.  [Pg.,  from  L.  albus,  white.]  A 
person  of  abnormally  pale,  milky  com- 
ple.xion,with  light  hair  and  pink  eyes;  an 
animal  characterized  by  the  same  peculi- 
arity in  physical  constitution^— Albinism, 
Albinolam,  al'bin-izm,al-bi'no-izm,ji.  The 
state  or  condition  of  an  albino;  leucopathy. 

Albite,  al'bit.n.  [L.  aibws,  white.]  A  name 
given  to  felspar  whose  alkali  is  soda  in- 
stead of  potash;  it  is  a  constituent  in 
Aberdeen  granite. 

Albuginea,  al-bu-j  in'e-a,  n.  \Jj.  albugo,  albu- 
ginis,  whiteness,  from  albus,  white.]  The 
white  fibrous  coating  of  the  eye;  the  white. 
— AlbugineouB,  al-ba-jin'e-us,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  the  white  of  the  eye 
or  of  an  egg. 

Album,  al'bum,  n.  [L.,  from  albus,  white.] 
A  book,  originally  blank,  in  which  may 
be  inserted  autographs  of  celebrated  per- 
sons or  favourite  pieces  of  poetry  or  prose, 
generally  contributed  by  friends ;  a  book 
for  preserving  photographic  or  other#iews, 
portraits,  &c. — Album  G-raecum,  n.  [Lit. 
Greek  white.]  The  dung  of  dogs,  wolves, 
&o.,  whitened  by  exposure  to  the  air,  used 
by  tanners  to  soften  leather. 

Aibumen,  al-bu'men,  n.  [L.,  from  albua, 
white.]  A  substance  entering  largely  into 
the  eomposition  of  the  animal  and  vege- 
table fluids  and  solids;  so  named  from  the 
Latin  for  the  white  of  an  egg,  in  which  it 

,  abounds  in  its  purest  natui-al  state. — Al- 

I  bumeuize,  al-bQ'men-iz,  v.t. — albumenized, 
albumenizing.    To  convert  into  albumen ; 


to  cover  or  impregnate  with  albumen.— 
Albuminoid,  al-bo/min-oid,  o.  Like  albu- 
men.— n.  A  substance  resembling  albumen; 
proteid.— Albtiminose,  Albiiminous,al-bu'- 
min-08,  al-bu'min-us,.  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  properties  of  albumen;  applied 
to  plants  whose  seeds  have  a  store  of  albu- 
men, as  all  kinds  of  grain,  palms,  &c. — 
Albuminousneas,  al-bU'min-us-nes,  n. 

Alburnum,  al-b6r'num,  fi.  [L.  alburnum, 
sapwood,  from  aUmg,  white.]  The  white 
and  softer  part  of  the  wood  of  exogenous 
plants  between  the  inner  bark  and  the 
heart-wood;  the  sapwood. — AlbumottS,  al- 
ber'nus,  a.    Relating  to  alburnum. 

Alcahest,  al'ka-hest,  n.    Same  as  Alkahest. 

Alcaic,  al-kfi'ik,  a.  [h.  alcaicus.]  Pertain- 
ing to  Alcceua,  a  lyric  poet  of  Mityleue. — 
Alcaic  verse,  a  variety  of  verse  used  in 
Greek  and  Latin  poetry,  consisting  of  five 
feet,  a  spondee  or  iambus,  an  iambus,  a 
long  syllable,  and  two  dactyls. 

Alcalde,  Alcaide,  al-kal'da,  al-ka'i-da,  n. 
[Sp.  and  Pg.  from  Ar.)  In  Spain,  Portugal, 
ic,  a  commander  of  a  fortress ;  the  chief 
civil  magistrate  of  a  town;  also,  a  jailer. 

Alchemy,  Alchymy,  al'ke-mi,  al'ki-mi,  n. 
[Ar.  al,  the,  and  Jclmld,  chemistry.  Chem- 
istry.] The  art  which  had  for  its  main 
objects  the  transmuting  of  the  baser 
metals  into  gold  or  silver,  the  discovery  of 
an  elixir  of  life,  a  universal  solvent,  &c.— 
Alchemic,  Alchemical,  Alchemistlc,  Al- 
chemistical,  al-kem'ik,  al-kem'ik-al,  al- 
kem-ist'ik,  al-kem-ist'ik-al,  a.  Relating 
to,  produced  by,  or  practising  alchemy. 
Also  spelt  with  y  for  e. —  Alchemlcally, 
Alchymically,  al-kem'ik-al-li,  al-kim'ik- 
al-li,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  alchemy. — 
Alchemist,  Alchymist,  al'kem-ist,  al'kim- 
ist,  n.  One  who  practises  alchemy.— Al- 
chemi8e,t  al'kem-iz,  v.t.  To  change  by 
alchemy;  _to  transmute,  as  metals. 

Alco,  al'ko,  n.  A  small  variety  of  dog 
found  wild  in  Mexico  and  Peru,  and  now 
domesticated. 

Alcohol,  al'ko-hol,  n.  [Sp.  Pg.  alcohol— At. 
al,  the,  and  kohl,  a  fine  powder  of  anti- 
mony, hence  anything  very  fine  or  puri- 
fied,as  rectified  spirits.]  Aliquid  forming 
the  intoxicating  principle  of  all  vinous 
and  spirituous  liquors,  and  obtained  by 

■  distillation.  Having  been  first  procured 
from  wine,  the  name  of  spirit  of  unne  is 
given  to  the  strongest  alcohol  used  in  com- 
merce, containing  about  90  per  cent  of 
pure  alcohol. —Alcoholate,  Alcohate,  al'- 
ko-hol-at,  arko-hat,n.  A  salt  in  Which  al- 
cohol appears  to  replace  the  water  of  crys- 
tallization.—  Alconolid,  al-ko-hol'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  alcohol,  or  partaking  of  its 
qualities. — n.  An  alcoholic  liquid.— Alco- 
holism, al'ko-hol-izm,  n.  The  condition  of 
habitual  drunkards,  whose  tissues  are  sat- 
uratedwith  spirits. — Alcoholize,  al'ko-hol- 
iz,  v.t.  To  convert  into  alcohol;  to  rectify 
(spirit)  till  it  is  wholly  purified— Alcohol- 
meter,  Alcoholometer,  al-ko-hol'mS-tiir, 
al'ko-hol-om"et-6r,  n.  An  instrument  for 
determining  the  quantity  of  pxire  alcohol 
in  any  liquid. — Alcoholometrical,  al'ko- 
ho-lo-met"rik-al,  a.  Relating  to  thealco- 
holometer.  —  Alcoholometry,  al '  ko-hol- 
om"et-ri,  n.  The  determination  of  the 
percentage  of  absolute  alcohol  in  aliquid. 

Alcoran.    Alkoran. 

Alcove,  al'kov,  n.  |  Fr.  alcove,  Sp.  alcoba — 
Ar.  al,  the,  and  kubbeh,  an  alcove,  a  little 
chamber.]  A  wide  and  deep  recess  in  a 
room,  intended  for  the  reception  of  a  bed 
or  seats,  &c. ;  any  natural  recess. 

Alcyonlum,  al-8i-o'ni-um,n.  [L.]  The  gen- 
eric name  of  various  polyps,  some  of  which 
grow  grouped  together  so  as  to  form  fleshy 
bodies,  familiarly  known  as  'deadmaa's 
fingers'  and  'cow's  paps.'  They  are  akin 
to  the  animals  that  produce  coral. 

Aldehyde  al'de-hid,  n.  [Al,  first  syllable 
of  alcohol,  and  dehyd,  the  first  two  of  de- 
hydrogenatus,  deprived  of  hydrogen.  1  A 
transparent  colourless  liquid  produced  by 
the  oxidation  of  pure  alcohol;  one  of  a 
class  of  organic  compounds,  derived  from 
alcohol  by  the  abstraction  of  two  atoms 
of  hydrogen,  and  converted  into  acids  by 
the  addition  of  one  atom  of  oxygen. — AI- 
dehydic,  al-ds-hid'ik,  o.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  or  containing  aldehyde. 


Alder,  fil'dfer,  n.  [O.E.  alter  (the  d  being  a 
more  modem  insertion),  A.  Sax.  aler,  air; 
Icel.  6lr,  G.  eller;  allied  to  L.  alnus,  an 
alder.]  The  popular  name  of  plants  of 
the  genus  Alnus.  A.  glutinosa  is  the  com- 
mon alder,  usually  growing  in  moist  land. 
— Alder-buckthom,»i.  Rhamnus  Frangula, 
a  British  jjlant,  a  shrub  3  to  10  feet  high. 

Alderman,  al'der-man,  n.  pi.  Aldermen, 
al'der-men.  iA.  Sax.  aldorman,  ealdor^ 
man — ealdor,  an  elder,  from  eald,  old,  and 
man.]  Anciently,  an  Anglo-Saxon  noble- 
man, often  a  governor  of  a  shire;  now  a 
magistrate  or  oflicer  of  a  town  corporate, 
next  in  rank  below  the  mayor. — Alder- 
manlc,  al-dfer-man'ik,  o.  Relating  to  or 
becoming  an  alderman. — Aldermanly,  al'- 
d6r-man-li,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  an 
alderman.  —  Alderinancy,  Aldermanry, 
Aldermanship,  al'd^r-man-si,  al'd6r-mau- 
ri,  al'd6r-man-sbip,n.  The  office,  quaUt.v, 
or  condition  of  an  alderman. 

Aldine,  al'din,  a.  Proceeding  from  the 
printing-press  of  .4  Whs  Manulius,  of  Ven- 
ice, and  his  family,  from  1490  to  1597. 

Ale,  al,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ealu,  Dan.  Sw.  .and 
Icel.  61,  ale.]  A  liquor  made  from  an  in- 
fusion of  malt  by  fermentation;  beer,  or  a 
kind  of  beer;  a  merry  ineeting  in  English 
country  places,  so  called  from  the  liquor 
drunk.— Ale-%rry,  n.  A  beverage  made 
by  boiling  aleWvith  spice,  sugar,  and  sops 
of  bread.— Alifc^onner,  n.  [Con,  to  know 
or  see.]  An  ol^  er  appointed  to  assay  ale 
and  beer,  or  to  inspect  the  measures  used 
in  public-houses. — Ale-cost,  n.  Costmary, 
a  plant  put  into  ale  to  give  it  an  aromatic 
flavour.— Ale-gill  (-jil),n.  A  kind  of  medi- 
cated liquor  from  the  infusion  of  ground- 
ivy  in  malt  liquor.  —  Ale-hoof,  n.  [D. 
eiloof,  ivy.]  Ground -ivy.  The  word  as- 
sumed this  form  because  its  leaves  were 
used  in  making  ale  before  the  use  of  hops. 
— Ale-house,  n.  A  house  where  ale  is  re- 
tailed; a  beer-shop. — Ale-wife,  n.  A  wo- 
man who  keeps  an  ale-house.— Ale-yard,  n. 
A  very  elongated  form  of  drinking-glass 
and  measure  for  ale  formerly  used. 

Aleatory,  al'e-a-to-ri,  a.  [L.  al^a,  a  die, 
chance.]  Law,  depending  on  a  contingent 
event. 

Alee,  a-l6',  adv.  JSfaut.  on  the  lee  side ;  ou 
the  side  opposite  to  that  on  which  the 
wind  strikes:  opposite  of  a-weather. 

Alegar,  al'S-gSr,  n.  [  Ale,  and  eager,  Pr. 
aigre,  sdur.]  Sour  ale;  vinegar  made  of 
ale. 

Alembic,  a-IemTjik,  n.  [L.L.  dlembicum; 
Sp.  alambique  —  Ar.  al,  the,  ambik,  an 
alembic,  from  Gr.am6!a;,acup.]  A  chemi- 
cal vessel  formerly  used  in  distillation, 
usually  made  of  glass  or  copper. 

Alepldote,  a-lep'i-dot,  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
lepis,  lepidos,  a  scale.]  Not  having  scales. 
— n.  Any  fish  whose  skin  is  not  covered 
with  scales. 

Alert,  a-l6rt',  o.  [Fr.  alerie,  alert,  and  (as 
noun)  alarm  or  notice  of  danger,  formerly 
allerte,  and  a  I'erte,  frora  It.  aU'erta,  on  the 
alert,  from  oH',  to  the,  erto,  erect,  from 
'L.  erectile,  erect.]  Active  in  vigilance; 
watchful;  vigilant;  brisk;  nimble. — On  or 
upon  the  alert,  upon  the  watch;  on  the 
look-out ;  guarding  against  surprise  or 
danger.  — Alertness,  a-lfert'nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  alert. 

Alethiology,t  a-le'thi-oro-ji,  n.  [Gr.  ale- 
tlieia,  truth,  and  logos,  discourse.]  The  doc- 
trine of  truth;  the  method  of  investigat- 
ing the  laws  of  truth. 

Alexanders,  al-egz-an'derz,  n.  A  plant  of 
the  carrot  and  parsnip  family  formerly 
used  as  a  salad  herb. 

Alexandrian,  al-egz-an'dri-an,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Alexandria  in  Egypt,  more  espe- 
cially ancient  Alexandria.— Alexandrine, 
al-egz-an'drin,  n.  A  kind  of  verse  consist- 
ing of  twelve  syllables  in  English  poetry, 
or  in  French  of  twelve  and  thirteen  in 
alternate  couplets:  so  called  from  a  poem 
written  in  French  on  the  Ufe  of  Alexa'ndtr 
the  Great. 

Alexipharmic,  Alexipharmlcal,  a-lek'si- 
farm"ik,  a-lek'Bi-farm"ik-al,  o.  [Gr.  alex6, 
to  ward  off,  pharmakon,  a  drug,  remedy, 
poison.]  Acting  as  a  means  of  warding 
oflF  disease  or  the  effects  of  poison;  acting 
as  a  remedy.— Alejdpharmic,  n.  A  remedy; 


«b,  cAain;  _  «A,  Sc.  locA;     g,goi     j.iob;     u,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sin^;     th,  tAen;  th,  ifiia;     w,  wig; 


wh,  whig, 

2. 


tix,  a£ure. 


ALFA 


18 


ALLANTOIS 


an  antidote.— Aleziterlc,  Alexiteiical,  a- 
lek'8i-ter"ik,  a-lek'8i-ter"ik-al,  a. .  Resist- 
ing poison;  obviating  the  effects  of  venom. 
— n.  A  medicine  of  this  kind. 

Alfa,  AUa-grass,  al'fa,  al'fa-igras,  a.  A 
North  African  name  for  one  of  the  varie- 
ties of  esparto  and  its  fibre. 

Alga,  al'ga,  n.  pi.  Algse,  al'je.  [L.]  A  sea- 
weed ;  one  of  an  order  of  cryptogamic 
plants  found  for  the  most  part  in  the  sea 
and  fresh  water,  comprising  sea-weeds. — 
Algal,  al'gal,  ji.  One  of  the  Algae.— Algal, 
Algous,  al'gal,  al'gus,  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Alcse;  ha^Tlng  the  nature  of  the 
Algffi.— Algology,  al-gol'o-ji,  n.  The  study 
or  science  of  Algce. 

Algebra,  al'je-bra,  n.  [Sp.  algebra,  from. 
Ar.  al-Jabr,  the  putting  together  of  broken 
things,  reduction  of  fractions  to  whole 
numbers,  from  Ar.  jabara,  to  bind  to- 
gether, to  consolidate.]  That  branch  of 
mathematical  analysis  in  which  signs  are 
employed  to  denote  arithmetical  opera- 
tions, and  letters  are  made  to  represent 
numbers  and  quantities;  a  kind  of  univer- 
sal arithmetic.  —  Algebraic,  Algebraical, 
al-je-br&'ik,  al-je-l>ra'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  algebra;  containing  an  operation  of  al- 
gebra. —  AlgebraicaJly,  al-je-bra'ik-al-li, 
adv.  By  algeorajc  process. — Algebraist,  al- 
je-bra'ist,  n.  One  versed  in  the  science  of 
algebra. 

Algerian,  Algerlne,  al-j5'ri-an,  al-je-r5n',  a. 
Pertaining  to  Algeria  or  its  inhabitants. 
— n.  A  person  belonging  to  Algiers  or  Al- 
geria. 

Algid,  al'jid,  a.  [L.  algiduSy  cold,  aXgeo,  to 
be  cold.]  Cold.  —  Algid  cholera,  Asiatic 
cholera.— Algidity,  Algidaess,  al-jid'i-ti, 
al'jid-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  algid; 
chilliness ;  coldness.  —  Algific,  al-jif 'ik,  a. 
IL.  algiiicus.]  Producing  cold. — Algor.al'- 
gor,  n.  LL.]  An  unusual  coldness  in  the 
human  system.— Algose,  al'gos,  a.  [L.  aU 
gognB.]    Cold  in  a  high  degree. 

Algology.    Alga, 

Algorithm,  Algorism,  .al'go-rithm,  al'go- 
rizm,  n.  [Fr.  algorithme,  Sp.  alguritmo— 
Ar.  al,  the,  and  Gr.  arithmoa,  number.] 
The  art  of  computing  or  reckoning  in  re- 
ference to  some  particular  subject,  or  in 
some  particular  way  (the  algorithm  of  the 
differential  calculus). 

Algous.    Alga. 

Alhambraic,  Alhambresque,  Hl-tlm-br&'ik, 
al-am'bresk,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Alhambra  (lit.  red  house),  a  Moorish  pal- 
ace near  Granada  in  Spam;  built  or  de- 
corated after  the  fanciful  manner  of  the 
Alhambra,  in  which  arabesques  are  a 
notable  feature. 

Alias,  a'li-as,  adv.  [L.]  Otherwise :  used 
especially  of  persons  who  assume  various 
names  (John  Smith  alias  Thomas  Jones). 
— n.  pi.  Aliases,  a'lj-as-ez.  An  assumed 
name;  another  ife,me. 

Alibi,  al'i-bi,  n.  [L.,  elsewhere.]  Law,  a 
plea  which  avers  that  the  accused  was  in 
another  place  at  the  time  of  the  commis- 
sion of  the  offence,  and  therefore  cannot 
be  guilty. 

Alien,  ftl'yen,  a.  [li.  alienus,  alien,  from 
alius,  another.  The  same  root  appears  in 
E.  else.]  Not  belonging  to  the  same  coun- 
try, land,  or  government;  foreign;  differ- 
ent in  nature;  estranged;  adverse:  with  to 
or  from. — n.  A  foreigner;  one  born  in  or 
belonging  to  another  country;  one  who  is 
not  a  detiizen,  or  entitled  to  the  privileges 
of  a  citizen.— Alienability,  al'yen-a-bil"i- 
ti,  71.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  alien- 
able.—Alienable,  al  yen-a-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  alienated,  sold,  or  transferred  to 
another.— Alienage,  al'y en-aj  ,n.  The  state 
of  being  an  alien. — Alienate,  al'yen-at,  v.t. 
— alienated,  alienating.  [L.  alieno,  alienat- 
um,  to  alienate.]  To  transfer  or  convey,  as 
title,  property,  or  other  right,  to  another; 
to  withdraw,  as  the  affections;  to  niake 
indifferent  or  averse,  where  love  or  friend- 
ship before  subsisted;  to  estrange;  to  wean: 
with  /rowi.— Alienation,  al-yen-a'shon,  n. 
[  L.  alienatio.  ]  The  act  of  alienating  or 
the  state  of  being  alienated.— Alienator, 
ftl-yen-a'tfer,  n.  One  who  alienates. — 
Alienee,  al-yen-S',  n.  One  to  whom  the 
title  of  property  is  transferred. — Alienism, 
alydU-izm,  u.  The  state  of  beilig  an  alien. 


—Alienor,  al'yen-or, «.  One  who  transfers 
property. 

Aliferous,  Allgerous,  a-lif'fir-us,  a-lij'6r-us, 
a.  IL.  ala,  wing,  and  fero,  gero,  to  bear.] 
Having  wings.— Aliform,  a'D-form,  a.  [L. 
ala,  wing,  and  forma,  shape.]  Having  th« 
shape  of  a  wing  or  wings. 

Alight,  a-lit',  v.i.  [A.Sax.  dlihtan,  gelihtan, 
to  alight  or  light.  See  ].iight  in  this  sense.] 
To  get  down  or  descend,  as  from  horseback 
or  from  a  carriage;  to  settle  or  lodge,  as  a 
bird  on  a  tree;  to  light  down. 

Alight,  a-lit',  a.  or  adv.  Lighted;  kindled; 
made  to  burn  by  having  a  light  applied. 

Align,  a-lin'-,  v.t.  [Fr.  aligner,  to  align— a, 
to,  and  ligne,  L.  linea,  a  line.]  To  lay  out 
or  regulate  by  a  line;  to  form  in  line,  as 
troops. —Alignment,  a-lin'ment,  n.  The 
act  of  aligmng;  an  adjusting  to  a  Une;  the 
line  of  adjustment;  the  ground-plan  of  a 
railway  or  other  road,  in  distinction  from 
the  gradients  or  profile. 

Alike,  a-lik',  a.  (Prefix  a,  and  like;  A.Sax. 
gelic,  alike.  Like.]  Having  resemblance 
or  similitude;  similar;  without  difference 
(always  used  as  a  predicate).— Alike,  a-lik', 
adv.  In  the  same  manner,  form,  or  de- 
gree; in  common  (all  have  erred  alike). 

.^iment,  al'i-ment,  n.  [L.  alim^ntum,  nour- 
ishment—aJo,  to  nourish.]  That  which 
nourishes;  food;  nutriment.  —  Alimental, 
al-i-ment'al.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  ali- 
ment; supplying  food;  having  the  quality 
of  nourishing.— Allmentally,  al-i-ment'al- 
li,  adv.  In  an  alimental  manner.  —  Ali- 
mentarlness,  al-i-ment'a-ri-nes,  n.  The 
•quality  of  being  alimentary  .—Alimentary, 
al-i-ment'a-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  aliment 
or  food;  having  the  quality  of  nourishing. 
—Alimentation,  al'i-ment-a"shon,  n.  The 
act  or  power  of  affording  nutriment;  the 
state  of  being  nourished.  —  Alimentive- 
ness,  al-i-ment'iv-nes,  n.  Phren.  the  organ 
that  is  said  to  communicate  the  pleasure 
which  arises  from  eating  and  drinking. — 
Alimony,  al'i-mo-ni,  n.  [L.  alimonia.^ 
An  allowance  out  of  her  husband's  estate 
made  for  the  support  of  a  woman  legally 
separated  from  him. 

Alineation,  a-lin'e-a"shon,  n.  [L.  o,  by  or 
from,  and  linea,  a  line.]  The  determma- 
ati-on  of  the  position  of  a  more  remote  ob- 
ject, by  following  a  line  drawn  through 
one  or  more  intermediate  and  more  easily 
recognizable,  objects. 

Aliped,  al'i-ped,  a.  [L.  ala,  wing,  and  pes, 
pedis,  a  foot.]  Wing-footed;  having  the 
toes  connected  by  a  membrane,  which 
serves  as  a  wing,  as  the  bats. — n.  An  animal 
whose  toes  are  so  connected. 

Aliquant,  al'i-kwant,  a.  [L.  aliquanium,, 
somewhat.]  Arith.  applied  to  a  number 
which  does  not  measure  another  without 
a  remainder. — Aliquot,  al'i-kwot,  a.  [L. 
aliquot,  some,  several.]  Arith.  applied  to 
a  part  of  a  number  or  quantity  which  will 
measure  it  without  a  remaina:er. 

Alive,  a-liv',  a.  (Prefix  a  for  on,  and  life; 
in  old  English  it  was  written  on  live,  on 
lyve,  where  live,  lyve  is  a  dat.  form  of  life.] 
Having  life;  living;  not  dead;  in  a  state 
of  action;  in  force  or  operation  (keep  an 
agitation  alive),  full  of  alacrity';  sprightly 
(alive  with  excitement);  easily  impressed; 
sensitive  to;  susceptible  (alive  to  the  beau- 
ties of  nature):  used  always  after  its  noun. 

Alizarine,  al'i-za-rin,  n.  [Fr.  alizarine,  from 
alizari,  an  Eastern  name  of  madder,  from 
the  (Ai:.)  root  of  azure,  with  the  article 
prefixed.]  A  red  colouring  matter  obtained 
from  madder,  but  made  for  commercial 
purposes  from  coal-tar  products,  and  now 
largely  used  instead  of  madder. 

Alkahest,  al'ka-hest,  n.  ( Etym.  unknown.] 
The  pretended  universal  solvent  or  mem- 
struum  of  the  alchemists.— Alkahestic,  al- 
ka-hest'ik,  a.   Pertaining  to  the  alkahest. 

Alkali,  al'ka-Ii,  n.  pi.  Alkalies  or  Alkalis, 
al'ka-liz.  [Sp.  Fr.  alcali,  Ar.  al-qali,  the 
plant  from  which  soda  was  first  obtained.! 
A  term  applied  to  an  important  class  of 
bases  which  combine  with  acids  to  form 
salts,  turn  vegetable  yellows  to  red  and 
vegetable  blues  to  green,  and  unite  with 
oil  or  fat  to  form  soap.  The  proper  alka- 
lies are  hydrate  of  potassium  (potash),  hy- 
drate of  sodium  (soda),  hydrate  of  lithium 
(lithia),  and  hydrate  of  ammonium  (au 


aqueous  solution  of  ammonia).— Alkales- 
cent, al-ka-les'ent,  a.  Tending  to  the  pro- 
perties of  an  alkali;  slightly  alkaline. — 
Alkalescence,  Alkalescency,  al-ka-les'ens, 
al-ka-les'en-si,  n.  A  tendency  to  become 
alkaline.— Alkaliflable,  al'ka-li-fi-a-bl  or 
al-kal'j-fi-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  alkali- 
fied.— Alkalify,  al'ka-li-fi  or  al-kal'i-fi,  v.t. 
— alkali*Uid,alkalifying;  Alkalize,  al'ka-liz, 
v.t. — alkalized,  alkalizing.  To  form  or  to 
convert  into  an  alkali;  to  make  alkaline. 
—v.i.  To  become  an  alkali.— Alkaligenotis, 
al-ka-lij'en-u8,  a.  Producingor generating 
alkali.— Alkalimeter,al-ka-lim'et-6r,n.Au 
instrument  for  ascertaining  the  strength 
of  alkalies.  —  Alkalimetric,  Alkalimetric- 
al,  arka-li-met"rik,  arka-li-met"rik-al,  a. 
Relating  to  alkalimetiy.  — Alkalimetry, 
al-ka-Um'et-ri,  n.  The  finding  of  the 
amount  of  real  alkali  in  an  alkaline  mix- 
ture or  liquid.  —  Alkaline,  al'ka-lin,  a. 
Having  the  properties  of  an  alkali.— ^i- 
kaline  earths,  lime,  magnesia,  baryta, 
strontia.— Alkalinity,  al-ka-lin'i-ti,  n.  The 
state  of  being  alkaline;  the  quality  which 
constitutes  an  alkali.- Alkalization,  al'ka- 
liz-a"shon,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  render- 
ing alkaline.— Alkaloid,  al'ka-loid,  n.  A 
term  applied  to  a  class  of  nitropenized 
compounds  found  in  living  plants,  and 
containing  their  active  principles,  such  as 
morphine,  quinine,  aconitine,  caffeine,  &c. 
—a.  Relating  to  or  containing  alkali. 

Alkanet,  al'ka-net,  n.  [Sp.  alcaneta,  dim. 
of  alcana,  alcanna,  from  Ar.  al-hinna, 
henna.].  A  plant,  Alkanna  (Anchusa) 
tinctoria,  whose  root  yields  a  red  dye. 

Alkoran,  al-ko-ran'  or  al'ko-ran,  n.  [Ar. 
— al,  the,  qurdn,  book.]  The  book  which 
contains  the  religious  and  moral  code  of 
the  Mohammedans,  and  by  which  indeed 
all  their  transactions,  civil,  legal,  mili- 
tary, &c.,  are  regulated;  the  Koran. 

All,  51I,  a.  [A.  Sax.  eal  (sing.),  ealle  (pi.); 
Icel.  allr,  Goth,  alls,  G.  all,  all.  Common 
to  all  the  Teutonic  tongues;  also  in  Celtic] 
Every  one  of;  the  whole  number  or  quan- 
tity of.  It  goes  before  an  article  or  adj.  be- 
longing to  the  same  noun:  a22  the  men,  all 
good  men,  all  my  labour,  &c.  With  nouns 
of  time  it  is  equivalent  to  durfng  the 
whole  (aU  day,  all  night).— adv.  Wholly; 
Completely;  entirely;  altogether;  quite 
(all  alone,  all  unarmed). — AU  but,  nearly; 
almost;  not  quite. — All  one,  the  same 
thing  in  effect;  quite  the  same.  —  n.  The 
whole  number;  the  entire  thing ;  the  ag- 
gregate; the  total.  —  At  all,  in  the  least 
degree;  to  the  least  extent;  under  any  cir- 
cumstances.— In  all,  everything  reckoned 
or  taken  into  account;  all  included. — A II, 
in  composition,  has  often  the  force  of  an 
adverb;  as  in  almighty,  all-powerful,  all- 
perfect,  oK -important;  sometimes  of  a 
noun  in  the  objective  case;  as,  all-seeing. — 
Ail-along,  adv.  Throughout;  from  the  be- 
ginning onwards. — All-fools'  Day,  n.  The 
first  day  of  April. — All-fours,  n.  A  game 
at  cards,  so  called  from  the  four  chances 
of  which  it  consists,  for  each  of  which  a 
point  is  scored. — On  all-fours,  on  four  legs, 
or  on  two  legs  and  two  arms  or  hands ; 
hence,  tig.  even  or  evenly;  as  a  parallel 
case. — All-hail,  exclam.  and  n.  All  health: 
a  phrase  of  salutation.— All-hallows,n.  A 11- 
saints'  Day.— All-hallowmas,  All-hallow- 
tlde,  n.  The  time  near  All-saints,  or  first 
of  November.- All-heal,  n.  A  plant,  cat's 
or  common  wild  valerian;  so  called  from 
its  medicinal  virtues.  —  All-in-all.  Used 
as  a  noun,  everything  to  a  person;  every- 
thing in  all  respects;  used  as  an  adverb, 
altogether;  as  a  whole.— All-saints' Day.  A 
church  festival  held  on  first  November; 
Hallowmas.  —  All-souls'  Day.  A  church 
festival  held  on  2d  November,  when  pray- 
ers are  offered  up  for  the  dead.— All-spice,' 
n.  A  spice  of  a  mildly  pungent  taste,  the 
fruit  of  a  West  Indian  tree,  so  called  from 
being  regarded  as  combining  many  differ- 
ent flavours;  pimento.  i 

AUah,  al'la,  n.  The  Arabic  name  of  the 
Supreme  Being.  J 

Allantois,  Allan  told,al-Ian'toi8,aMan'toid; 
n.  [Gr.  alias,  allantos,  a  sausage,  and  eidos, 
form.]  A  sac  developed  from  the  posterior 
end  of  the  abdominal  cavity  in  vertebrate 
embryos.  —  Allantoic,  Allantold,  AUan^i 


Fftte^fartfattfaU;     no,  met,  Uer;     piae,  jpm;     uOte,  not,  uiOve;     fabe,  tub,  b\^l ;     oil,  poviBd;     tt,  Sc.  abtme— the|^._H>^ 


ALLAY 


19 


ALM4-MATEE. 


toidal,  al-lan-to'ik,  al-lan'toid,  al-lan-toid'- 
al,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  contained  in  the 
allantois. 

Allay,  al-la',  v.t.  (A.  Sax.  dlecgan,  to  lay 
down,  suppress,  tranquillize,  from  prefix 
<l,  and  lecgun,  to  la,y.  Lav.  J  To  make  quiet; 
to  pacify  or  appease  (a  tumult) ;  to  abate, 
mitigate,  or  subdue;  to  relieve  or  alleviate 
(grief,  thirst).  —  v.i.  To  subside ;  to  grow 
calm.— Allayer,  al-la'6r,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  allays. — AUayment,al-la'ment, 
n.    The  act  of  allaying;  the  state  of  being. 

Allege,  al-lej',  v.t.— alleged,  alleging-  Ifr. 
alUgtter,  to  allege ;  L.  allegare,  to  depute, 
to  allege — ad,  and  legare,  to  depute,  to  an- 
nounce.] To  pronounce  with  positiveness; 
to  declare;  to  affirm;  to  assert;  to  produce 
as  an  argument,plea,or  excuse;  cite;  quote; 
bring  forward. — Allegation,  al-l6-ga'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  alleging;  affirmation;  de- 
claration; that  which  is  affirmed  or  assert- 
ed.—AUegeable,  al-lej'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  alleged  or  affirmed. 

Allegiance,  al-le'jans,  n.  [Prefix  a,  to,  and 
O.Fr.  ligence,  allegiance,  loyalty,  from  lige, 
loyal.  LiEQE.J  The  tie  or  obligation  of  a 
subject  to  his  sovereign  or  government; 
the  du  ty  of  fidelity  to  a  king,  government, 
or  state. 

Allegory,  al'le-go-ri,  h.  [Gr.  alUgoriOr—alXos, 
other,  and  agoreuO,  to  speak,  from  agora, 
a  forum,  an  oration.]  A  figurative  dis- 
course, in  which  the  principal  subject  is 
described  by  another  subject  resembling 
it  in  its  properties  and  circumstances ;  a 
narrative  in  which  abstract  ideas  are  per- 
sonified ;  a  continued  metaphor.  —  Alle- 
goric, Allegorical,  al-l6-gor'ik,  al-l6-gor'- 
ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  allegory;  in  the 
manner  of  allegory.— AUegorically,  al-le- 
gor'ik-al-li,  adv.  In  an  allegorical  man- 
ner; by  way  of  allegory. — Allegoricalness, 
al-l6-gor'ik-al-nes,  n.— Allegonst,  Allego- 
rlzer,  al'le-go-rist,  al'lS-go-riz-fer,  n.  One 
who  alleg(frizes ;  a  writer  of  allegory. 
— Allegorize,  al'le-go-riz,  v.t. — allegorized, 
allegorizing.  To  turn  into  allegory;  to  nar- 
rate in  allegory;  to  explain  in  an  allegor- 
ical sense.— y.i.  To  use  allegory.— Allegor- 
izatlon,  al'l5-gor-i-za"8hon,  n.  The  act  of 
turning  into  allegory. 

Allegro,  al-la'gro,  a.  and  n.  fit.,  merry, 
cheerful.]  Jfitsic,  a  word  denoting  a  brisk 
movement;  a  sprightly  part  or  strain. — 
Allegretto,  al-le-gret'to.  Time  quicker 
than  andante,  but  not  so  quick  as  allegro. 

Alleluia,  AJleluiah,  al-le-ltt'ya,  n.  [Heb. 
haldil-udh,  praise  to  Jah— AataJ,  to  praise, 
and  y^A,  Jehovah.]  Praise  Jehovah:  a 
word  used  to  denote  pious  joy  and  exulta- 
tion, chiefly  in  hymns  and  anthems.  Writ- 
ten also  Halleluiah,  Hallelujah. 

Alleviate,  al-le'vi-at,  v.t. — alleviated,  aUevi- 
ating.  [L'.L.  alleviate,  alteviatus,  h.  alle- 
vare,  allevatus—ad,  to,  and  leva,  to  ease, 
from  levis,  light.  Levity.]  To  make  light, 
in  a  figurative  sense;  to  lessen,  mitigate,or 
make  easier  to  be  endured  (sorrow,  pain, 
distress).— Alleviation,  al-l(5'vi-a"shon,  n. 
The  act  of  alleviating;  that  which  lessens, 
mitigates,  or  makes  more  tolerable.— Al- 
leyiative,  al-le'vi-at-iv,  a.  Tending  to  al- 
leviate; mitigative.— n.  That  which  alle- 
viates or  mitigates.— Alleviator,  al-l6'vi- 
at-er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  alleviates. 

Alley,  al'li,  n.  [Pr.  allee,  from  alter,  to  go, 
from  O.Fr,  aner,  from  L.  adnare,  lit.  to 
swim  to— ad,  to,  and  nare,  to  swim.]  A 
passage;  especially,  a  narrow  passage  or 
way  in  a  town. 

Alliaceous,  al-li-a'shus,  a.  fL.  allium,  gar- 
lic] Pertaining  to  garlic  and  allied 
plants;  having  the  properties  of  garlic. 

Alliance.    Ally. 

Alligation,  al-li-ga'shon,  n.  [L.  alligatio,  a 
binding  together— ad,  and  ligo,  to  bind.) 
The  act  of  tying  together;  the  state  of 
being  tied;  a  rule  of  arithmetic  for  finding 
the  price  of  a  compound  of  ingredients  of 
different  values. 

AUigator,  al'li-gS-tfer,  n.  [A  corruption  of 
op.  el  lagarto,  lit.  the  lizard— ef,  the,  and 
lagarto,  a  lizard,  from  L.  tacerf us,  whence 
E.  lizard.]  A  large  reptile  of  the  crocodile 
family  found  in  tropical  America.  The 
alligators  differ  from  the  true  crocodiles 
in  having  a  shorter  and  flatter  head,  in 
having  cavities  or  pits  in  the  upper  jaw, 


into  which  the  long  canine  teeth  of  the 
under  jaw  fit,  and  in  having  the  feet  much 
less  webbed. 

AUision.t  al-li'zhon,n.  [L.  allisio,alHsioni8, 
f  rbm  allido,  to  dash  against— od,  and  loedoi 
Ivesum,  to  hurt  by  striking.]  A  striking 
against. 

Alliteration,  al-lit-fir-a'shon,  n.  [L.  al  for 
ad,  to,  and  litera,a,  letter.]  The  repetition 
of  the  same  letter  at  the  beginning  of  two 
or  more  words  immediately  succeeding 
each  other,  or  at  short  intervals  (as  in  'apt 
alliteration's  artful  old'). —Alliterative, 
Alliteral,  al-lit'6r-at-iv,al-lit'er-al,a.  Per- 
taining to  or  consisting  in  alliteration; 
characterized  by  alliteration.— Alliterat- 
ivenesg,  al-lit'6r-at-iv-ne8,  n.  "Quality  of 
"being  alliterative.— AUiterator,  al-lit'6r- 
at-tr,  n.    One  who  uses  alliteration. 

Allocate,  al'lo-kat,  v.t.— allocated,  allocat- 
ing, [h.  ad,  to,  and  loco,  locatuin,  to  place, 
from  locus,  a  place.]  To  assign  or  allot  to 
a  person  or  persons;  to  set  apart  for  a  par- 
ticular purpose;  to  apportion  or  distribute 
(shares  in  a  public  company  or  the  like). — 
Allocation,  al-lo-ka'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
allocating,  allotting,  or  assigning;  allot- 
ment; assignment;  apportionment. 

AUochrous,  al-lok'rus,  a.  [Gr.  allochrooa, 
allochrous— alios, other, and  diroa, colour.] 
Of  various  colours:  geuerally  applied  to 
minerals.— Allochrolte,  al-lo-kro;;it,  n.  A 
massive,  fine-grained  variety  of  iron  gar- 
net, showing  changes  of  colour  before  the 
blow-pipe.  ' 

Allocution,  al-lo-ka'shon,  n.  (L.  dllocutio— 
ad,  to,  and  loqv.or,  to  speak.]  A  speaking 
to;  an  address,  especially  a  formal  address. 

Allodium,  al-lO'di-um,  n.  IL.L.  allodium, 
of  Ger.  or  Scand.  origin;  comp.  Icel.  6dal, 
Dan.  and  Sw.  odel,  a  patrimonial  estate.] 
Freehold  estate;  real  estate  held  in  abso- 
lute independence,  without  being  subject 
to  any  rent,  service,  or  acknowledgment 
to  a  superior. —Allodial,  al-16'di-al,  o.  Per- 
taining to  allodium  or  freehold;  held  in- 
dependent of  a  lord  paramount:  opposed 
to  feudal.  —  Allodlally,  al-lo'di-al-u,  ody. 
In  an  allodial  manner. 

Allomorphism,  al-lo-mor'fizm.n.  [Gr.  alios, 
other,  and  morphe,  form.]  That  property 
of  certain  substances  of  assuming  a  oifTer- 
ent  form,  the  substance  remaining  other- 
wise.unchanged.— AUomorplUc,al-lo-mor'- 
fik,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  possessing  the 
qualities  of  allomorphism. 

Allopathy,  al-lop'a-thi,  n.  [Gr.  alios,  other, 
and  pathos,  morbid  condition.]  That  me- 
thod of  treating  disease  by  which  it  is  en- 
deavoured to  protluce  a  condition  of  the 
system  eiMier  difTerent  from,  opposite  to, 
or  incompatible  with  the  condition  essen- 
tial to  the  disease:  it  is  opposed  to  homoeo- 
pathy,said  is  the  common  method  of  treat- 
ment.—Allopathic,  al-lo-path'ik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  allopathy.— Allopathlcally,  al- 
lo-path'ik-al-li,  adv.  In  a  manner  con- 
formable to  allopathy. — AUopathlst,  al- 
loi)'a-thist,n.  One  who  practises  allopathy. 

Allophane,  al'lo-fan,  n.  [Gr.  alios,  other, 
a.na  phainO,  to  appear.]  A  mineral  of  a 
pale  blue,or  sometimes  of  a  green  or  brown 
colour. 

AUophylian,  al-lS-fil'i-an,  n.  [Gr.  Mophy- 
los— alios,  other,  and  phyle,  a  tribe.]  One 
of  another  tribe  or  race;  specifically,  one 
of  the  pre-Aryan  inhabitants  of  Europe. 

Allot, al-)ot', v.t.—allotted,aZlotting.  [O.Fr. 
allotir,  alloter,  to  divide,  part — al  for  ad, 
to,  and  lotir,  to  cast  lots  for,  from  lot,  a 
share,  which  itself  is  a  Teutonic  word  =  A. 
Sax.  hlot.  Lot.]  To  distribute  or  parcel 
out  in  parts  or  portions;  to  assign;  to  set 
apart;  to  destine. — Allotable,  al-lot'a-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  allotted.-Allotment, 
al-lot'ment.n.  The  act  of  allotting ;  that 
which  is  allotted;  a  share,  part,  or  portion 
granted  or  distributed;  a  place  or  piece  of 
ground  appropriated. — Allottee,  al-lot't6, 
n.    One  to  whom  anything  is  allotted. 

Allotropy,  Allotropism,  al-lot'ro-pi,  al-lot'- 
ro-pizm,  n.  [Gr.  alios,  another,  and  tropos, 
condition.]  The  capability  exhibited  by 
some  substances  of  existing  in  more  than 
one  form,  and  with  difTerent  characteris- 
tics (thus  carboh  forms  both  the  diamond 
and  charcoal). -Allotroplc,  al-lo-trop'ik, 
a.    Of  or  pertaining  to. 


Allow,  al-lou',  v.t.  [Ft.  allouer,  to  grant, 
settle,  L.L.  allocare — ad,  to,  and  locare,  to 
place.  (Allocate.)  O.  Fr.  allouer,  to  ap- 
prove or  pi-aise,  from  L.  ad,  and  laitdare, 
to  praise,  from  (ats,  iowdis,  praise,  has  also 
influenced  the  meaning.]  To  grant,  give, 
or  make  over;  to  assign  (to  allow  hiin 
£300  a  year);  to  admit;  to  own  or  acknow- 
ledge  {allow  a  claim);  to  abate  or  deduct; 
to  set  apart  {allow  so  much  for  loss) ;  to 
grant  permission  to;  to  permit.— r.i.Tocon- 
cede;  to  make  abatement  or  concession. — 
Allowable,  al-lou' a-bl,  a.  Proper  to  be  or 
capable  of  being  allowed  or  permitted; 
not  forbidden;  permissible.  —  Allowable- 
ness,  al-lou 'a-bl-nes,  ji.  — Allowably,  al- 
lou'a-bli,  adv.  In  an  allowable  manner; 
with  propriety. — Allowance,  al-lou'ans,»i. 
Permission;  license;  sanction;  a  quantity 
^  allowed  or  granted;  relaxation  of  severity 
in  censure;  a  deduction  or  abatement.- 
Allowance,  al-lou'ans,  v.t.  To  put  upon 
allowance.— Allowedly,t  al-lou'ed-li,  adv. 
Admittedly.— AUower,  al-lou'6r,  n.  One 
who  allows,  permits,  grants,  or  authorizes. 

Alloy,  al-loi',  n.  [Fr.  aloi,  legal  standard 
of  coin— a,  according  to,  and  iot,  law,  from 
L.  lex,  legis,  law.]  A  baser  metal  mixed 
with  a  finer;  a  mixture  of  difTerent  metals: 
any  metallic  compound ;  fig.  evil  mixed 
with  good.— Alloy,  al-loi',  v.t.  To  reduce 
the  purity  of  (a  metal)  by  mixing  with  it 
a  portion  of  less  valuable  metal;  to  reduce, 
abate,  or  impair  by  mixture. — Alloyage, 
al-loi'fij,  n.    The  act  of  alloying  metals. 

Allspice,  al'spis,  n.    A  ll. 

Allude,  ai-lQd',  v.i.—allu/ied,  alluding.  [L. 
alludo,  to  play  upon,  to  allude — ad,  and 
Ivdo,  to  play.]  To  refer  to  something  not 
directly  meiitionfed;  to  hint  at  by  remote 
suggestions  (followed  by  to).  Syn.  undei* 
Advert. — Allusion, al-lQ'zhon,»i.  The  act 
of  alluding ;  a  reference  to  something  not 
explicitly  mentioned;  an  indirect  or  in- 
cidental suggestion ;  a  hint.  —  Allusive, 
Allasory,  al-iiVsiv,  al-la'so-ri,a.  Having 
allusion  or  reference  to  something  not 
fully  expressed;  containing  allusions. — 
Allttsively,  al-lu  siv-li, ody.  In  an  allusive 
manner;  by  way  of  allusion.  —  AUusIve- 
ness,  al-lQ'siv-nes,  n. 

Allure,  al-lur',  v.t.— allured,  alluring.  [Pre- 
fix al  for  ad,  to,  and  lure,  Fr.  leurrer,  to 
decoy.  Lure.]  To  tempt  by  the  offer  of 
«ome  good,  real  or  apparent;  to  draw  or 
try  to  draw  by  some  proposea  pleasure  or 
aavantage;toentice, decoy,  tempt,  attract. 
— Allurement,  al-lur'ment,  n.  The  act  of 
alluring,  or  that  which  allures.- Allurer, 
al-lar'fir.  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  al- 
lures.—Allurinif,  al-lQr'ing,  a.  liiviting; 
having  the  quality  of  attracting  or  tempt- 
ing.— Alluringly,  al-lOr'ing-li,  odu.  In  an 
alluring  manner;  enticingly. 

Alluvium,  al-lf.'vi-um,  n.  [L.  alluviua,  al- 
luvial— ad,  to,  and  liio=  Gr.  louo,  L.  lavo, 
to  wash;  akin  deluge,  lotion,  dilute,  &c.] 
Soil  deposited  by  means  of  the  action  of 
water,  often  washed  down  from  mountains 
or  high  gi-ounds.- Alluvial,  al-lu'vi-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  having  the  character  of 
alluvium;  deposited  by  the  action  of  waves 
or  currents  of  water. 

Ally,  al-li',  v.t.— allied,  allying.  [Fr.  allier, 
to  join,  to  unite,  s'allier,  to  confederate  or 
become  allied— al  for  ad,  to,  and  Her,  to 
tie  or  unite;  L.  ligare,  to  bind,  whence 
league,  ligament.]  To.  unite  Ijy  marriage, 
treaty,  league,  or  confederacy;  to  connect 
by  formal  agreement;  to  bind  together  or 
connect  (as  by  friendship  or  pursuits).— 
v.i.  To  be  closely  united.— >i.  A  prince  or 
state  united  by  treaty  or  league;  a  con- 
federate.—Alliance,  al-li'ans,  n.  [O.Fr. 
alliance.]  The  state  of  being  allied  or 
connected ;  the  relation  or  union  between 
families,  contracted  by  marriage;  a  union 
between  nations,  contracted  by  compact, 
treaty,  or  league;  any  union  or  connection 
of  interests;  a  compact  or  treaty;  the 
persons  or  parties  allied. 

Almagra,  al-ma'gra,  n.  [Sp.,  from  Ar.  nl- 
■maghrat,  red  clay  or  earth.]  A  fine  deep 
red  ochre ;  Indian  red. 

Alma -Mater,  al'ma-ma'tfer.  [L.,  benign 
mother,  fostering  mother.]  An  epithet 
applied  by  students  to  the  university 
where  they  have  been  trained. 


ch|  ch&iu;     ch,  &c.  loch;     g,  go;     j.job;     u,  Fr.  ton;     us,  aing;     tb,  thea;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;     wh,  wMg;     lb,  a«ur9. 


ALMANAC 


20 


ALTERN 


Almanac,  Almanack,  ?il'ma-nak,  n.^Fr. 
alinanach,  Sp.  almanuque.  At.  al-manakh, 
probably  from  a  root  meaning  to  reckon; 
Heb.  ■ynanah.i  A  table,  book,  or  pMblica- 
tion  of  some  kind,  generally  annual,  com- 
prising a  calendar  of  days,  ■weeks,  and 
months,  with  the  times  of  the  rising  of 
the  sun  and  moon,  changes  of  the  moon, 
eclipses,  stated  festivals  of  churches,  &c., 
for  a  certain  year  or  years. 

Almandlne,  Almondine,  al'man-din,  al'- 
;muu-diu,  n.  [k'l.  aimandine,  L.L.  ala- 
mandina,  alavandina,  alifbandina,  a  gem 
brought  from  Alabanda,  a  city  in  Asia 
■Minor.]  A  name  given  to  the  yiolet  or 
;Violet-red  varieties  of  the  spinel  ruby, and 
'also  to  precious  or  noble  garnet. 

Alme,  Aim  eh,  al'me,  n.  The  name  given 
in  some  parts  of  the  East,  and  especially 
in  Egypt,  to  singing  and  dancing  girls. 

Almighty,  ^l-mlti,  a.  [All  and  viighti/.] 
iPossessiug  all  power;  omnipotent;  being 
[of  unlimited  uiight.— The  Almighty,  the 
omnipotent  God. — Almightily,t  ?il-mi'ti- 
rli,  adv.  In  an  almighty  manner;  with 
almighty  power.— Almightiness,  al-mi'ti- 
nes,  n.    Tne  quality  of  being  almighty; 

,  omnipotence. 

Almond,  a'mund,  n.  [O.Fr.  almandre,  Fr. 
atnande.  It.  araandola,  corrupted  from  L. 

'  amygdala, Gt.  atnygdale,an  almond.]  The 
seed  or  kernel  of  a  tree  allied  to  the  peach ; 
the  tree  itself.  There  are  two  varieties, 
sweet  and  bitter.  The  name  is  also  given  to 
the  seeds  of  some  other  species  of  plants; 
also  to  a  tonsil  or  gland  of  the  throat. — 
Almond-cake,  n.  The  cake  left  after  ex- 
pressing the  oil  from  almonds.— Almond- 
oil,  n.  A  bland,  fixed  oil  obtained  from 
almonds. — Almond-paste,  n.  A  cosmetic 
to  soften  the  skin  and  prevent  chaps. — 
Almond-willow,  n.  Salix  amygdalina,  a 
British  species  of  willow. 

Almondine.    Almandine. 

Almoner,  al'nion-Ar,  n.'  [O.Fr.  almosnier, 
L.L.  eleemosynariiis,  from  Gr.  eleemosynS 
=E.  aimsj  A  dispenser  of  alms  or  char- 
ity; more  especially  an  oflBcer  who  directs 
or  carries  out  the  distribution  of  charit- 
able doles  in  connection  with  religious 
communities,  hospitals,  or  almshouses,  or 
on  behalf  of  some  superior.— Almonry,  al'- 
mon-ri,  n.  The  place  where  an  almoner 
resides,  or  where  alms  are  distributed. 

Almost,  ftl'most,  adv.  \.AU  and  raost] 
Nearly;  well  nigh;  for  the  greatest  part. 

Alms',  amz,  n.  [O.E.  ahnesse,  almes,  A.  Sax. 
almes,  <xlmesse,hoTTovfed  from  li.eleemo- 
syna,  alms,  from  Gr.  eleeTnosyruT,  pity.] 
Anything  given  grattiitously  to  relieve 
the  poori  a  charitable  dole;  charity.  [This 
word  (like  riches)  is  strictly  a  singular, 
but  its  form  has  caused  it  to  be  often  re- 
garded as  grammatically  plural.] — Alms- 
deed,  n.  An  act  of  charity;  a  charitable 
gift.— Alms-folk,  n.  Persons  supported  by 
alms. — Alms-gate,  n.  The  gate  of  religious 
or  great  houses,  at  which  alms  were  dis- 
tributed to  the  poor.- Alms-giver,  n.  One 
who  gives  alms.- Alms-giving,  n.  The 
act  of  giving  alms. — Alms-house,  n.  A 
house  appropriated  for  the  use  of  the  poor 
who  are  supported  by  the  public  or  by  a 
revenue  derived  from  public  endowment; 
a  poor-house. — Alms-man,n.  pi.  Alms-men, 
A  person  supported  by  charity  or  by  pub- 
lic provision. 

Almug,  Algum,  al'mug,  al'gum,  n.  A  tree 
or  wood  of  unknown  species  mentioned 
in  the  Old  Testament. 

Alnage,  al'naj.  n.  [Fr.  auZnope,  from  O.Fr. 
alne,  L.  vlria,  an  ell.]  A  measuring  by 
the  ell. — Alnager,-  al'na-jfer,  n.  Formerly 
an  official  whose  duty  was  to  inspect  and 
measure  woollen  cloth,  and  fix  upon  it  a 
seal. 

Aloe,  al'o,  n.  [Gr.  aloi.l  The  common 
name  of  the  plants  of  the  genus  Aloe,  of 
the  same  order  as  the  lily.  They  are  na- 
tives of  warm  climates,  and  especially 
abundant  in  Africa.  Several  species  yield 
aloes,  the  well-known  bitter  purgative 
medicine. — Aloes-wood, n.  Same  as  Agal- 
locA-um.— Aloetic,  Aloetical,  al-o-et'ik,  al- 
o-et'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  obtained 
from  the  aloe  or  aloes;  partaking  of  the 
qualities  of  aloes. 

Aloft,  al()ft',e<Ju.   [Icel.  d  lopl  (pron.  loft). 


^Lorr.]  On  high;  in  the  air;  high  above  the 
ground;  naiU.  on  the  higher  yards  or  rig- 
ging. 

Alone,  a-lon',  a.  or  adv.  lAll  and  on«— the 
alt  and  one  being  formerly  pf  inted  as  sepa- 
rate words;  G.  alletn,  Dan.  atlene,  D.  allten, 
alone,  are  formed  in  the  same  way.]  Apart 
from  another  or  others;  single;  solitaiy 
(to  remain  almie,  to  walk  alune);  only;  to 
the  exclusion  of  other  persons  or  things; 
solely  (he  alone  remained,  two  men  alone 
returned).  Karely  used  before  a  noun,  as 
one  alone  verse.  —  'I'o  let  alone,  to  leave 
untouched  or  not  meddled  with.— Alone- 
ne8s,t  a-lon'nes,  ti.  The  state  of  being. 
Along,  a-loug",  adv.  (A.  Sax.  andlang,  an' 
ton{7— prefix  rtju/,  an  (in  answer),  and  lang, 
long.]  By  the  length;  lengthwise;  in 
a  line  with  the  length  (stretched  along}; 
in  a  line  or  with  a  progressive  motion; 
onward  (to  walk  along);  in  company;  to- 
gether (followed  by  with).— prep.  By  the 
length  of,  as  distinguished  from  across; 
in  a  longitudinal  direction  over  or  near. — 
Alongshore,  a-long'shOr,  adv.  By  the 
shore  or  coast;  lengthwise  and  near  the 
shore. — Alvigshore  man,  a  labourer  em- 
ployed about  shipping. — Alongside,  a- 
long^sid,  adv.  Along  or  by  the  side;  besifle 
each  other  (to  lie  alongside  or  alongside 
of). — prep.  Beside;  by  the  side  of. 
Along,  a-long',  prep.  [A.  Sax.  gelang,  ow- 
ing to,  from  gdingan,  to  happen.)  Owing 
to;  on  account  of:  followed  by  of,  and  now 
used  mainly  by  the  vulgar  or  uneducated. 
Aloof,  a-lof,  adv.  [O.E.  a-lofe—pre&x  a, 
on,  and  loo/ or  Inff,  windward.]  At  a  dis- 
tance, but  within  view;  apart;  separated. 
— prep.\  Away  or  apart  from.  \Mil.] 
Alopiecy,  al'O-pe-si,  n.  [L.  alopecia,  Gr.  alo- 
pekia,  from  ulopex,  a  fox,  because  foxes 
are  said  to  he  subject  to  this  disease.)  A 
disease  called  the  fox-evil  or  scurf,  accom- 
panied by  a  falling  off  of  the  hair. 
Aloud,  a-loud',  adv.  With  a  loud  voice  or 
great  noise;  loudly. 

Alow,  a-lo',  adv.  In  a  low  place,  or  a  lower 
part:  opposed  to  aloft. 
Alp,  alp,  n.  [From  the  Alps,  well-known 
mountains  in  Central  Europe.]  A  high 
mountain.  —  Alpenhom,  al 'pen-horn,  n. 
[G.  Alpen,  the  Alps,  and  horn,  a  horn.] 
A  verv  long,  powerful,  nearly  straight 
horn,  hut  curving  slightly  and  widening 
towards  its  extremity,  used  on  the  Alps 
to  convey  signals.  CaLed  also  A  Iphom. — 
Alpenstock,  al'pen-stok,  n.  |Q.  Alpen, 
the  Alps,  and  stock,  a  stick.]  A  strong  tall 
stick  shod  with  iron,  pointed  at  the  end, 
used  in  climbing  the  Alps  and  other  high 
mountains.— Alpine,  al'pin,  a.  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  connected  with  the  Alps, 
or  any  lofty  mountain ;  mountainous. — 
n.  An  Alpine  plant.— Alpinery,al-pin'er-i, 
n.  A  place  in  a  garden  or  elsewhere  set 
apart  for  the  cultivation  of  Alpine  plants. 
Alpaca,  al-pak'a,  n.  -  |  Peruv.  alpaco.  j  A 
ruminant  mammal,  of  the  camel  tribe,  a 
native  of  the  Andes,  valued  for  its  long, 
soft,  and  silky  wool,  which  is  woven  into 
fabrics  of  great  beauty;  a  fabric  manufac- 
tured from  the  wool  of  the  alpaca. 
Alp}i»,arfa,n.  The  first  letter  in  the  Greek 
alphabet,  answering  to  A,  sometimes  used 
to  denote  what  is  first  or  a  beginning. — 
'  Alphabet,  al'fa-bet,  n.  |Gr.  atvha  and  beta, 
A  and  B.]  The  letters  of  a  language  ar- 
ranged ia  the  customary  order;  any  series 
of  elementary  signs  or  symbols  used  for  a 
similar  purpose;  hence,  first  elements; 
simplest  rudiments. — Alphabetaiian,  al'- 
fa-bet-a  'ri-an,n.  A  leamerof  thealphabet. 
—Alphabetic,  Alphabetical,  al-fa-bet'ik, 
al-fa-bet'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  alpha- 
bet; furnished  with  an  alphabet;  expressed 
by  an  alphabet;  in  tl>e  order  of  an  alpha- 
bet. —  Alphabetically,  al-f a-l)et '  ik-al  -  li, 
adv.  In  an  alphabetical  manner;  in  the 
customary  order  of  the  letter.'.  —  Alpha- 
betize, al'fa-bet-iz,  v.t.  To  arrange  alph.-i- 
betically. 

AlqnlfoQ,  Alqnifore,  al'ki-fo,  alTii-for,  n. 
[Fr-  alquifoux,  Sp.  alquifol :  of  Arabic 
origin.]  A  sort  of  lead  ore  found  in  Corn- 
wall, used  by  potters  to  give  a  green  var- 
nish to  their  wares,  and  called  potter's 
ore. 
Already,  al-red'i,  adv.    lAU  and  ready.] 


Before  the  present  time;  before  some  spe- 
cified time.  j^ 
Alsatian,  al-si'shi-an,  o.'0f  or  pertaining 
to  Alsace  in  Germany. — n.  A  native  of 
Alsatia. 
Also,  al'so,  adv.  and  conj.  [All  and  so; 
A.  Sax.  eall-swA,  ealswd,  alswd,  from  eall, 
eal,  all,  quite,  and  swd,  so.  As  is  this 
word  contracted.]  In  like  manner;  like- 
wise; in  addition;  too;  further. 
Altaic,  Altaian,  al-tfi,'ik,  al-ta'yan,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  Altai,  a  vast  ranjie  of 
mountains  in  Eastern  Asia. —  Altaic  or 
Altaian  family  of  languages,  a  family  of 
languages  which  includes  Hungarian, 
Finnish,  Turkish,  &c.  Also  called  iivylhi- 
an  and  Twramon. 

Altar,  al'ter,  n.  (X.  altare,  from  a  root 
seen  in  L.  altus,  high.]  An  elevated  place 
on  which  sacrifices  were  offered  or  incense 
burned  to  a  deity ;  in  some  Christian 
churches  the  term  applied  to  the  com- 
munion-table.—Altarage,  al'ter-Sj,  n.  Of- 
ferings made  upon  an  altar  or  to  a  church; 
the  profits  arising  to  priests  from  obla- 
tions, gifts,  or  dues  on  account  of  the 
altar;  the  small  tithes.  Called  also  A  Uar- 
dweg.  — Altar-bread,  n.  Bread  prepared 
for  the  eucharirt. — Altar-card,  n.  A  prin- 
ted or  written  transcript  of  certain  por- 
tions of  the  communion  service  for  the 
use  of  the  priest  officiating  at  the  altar. — 
Altar-cloth,  n.  The  cloth  that  covers  the 
altar,  and  hangs  dow  n  in  front.  —  Altar- 
piece,  n.  A  painting  or  piece  of  sculj>tur3 
placed  behind  or  above  an  altar  in  a  church . 
— Altar-table,  n.  The  commuuion-tabie. — 
Altar-tomb,  n.  A  tomb  having  a  general 
resemblance  to  an  altar. 
Alter,  arter,w.<.  IL.L.afiero,  tochange,  from 
L.  alter,  another  of  two— root  al,  another 
(seen  in  alius,  Gr.  alios,  another,  E.  else), 
and  compar.  suffix  -ter—}i.  -ther  in  othtr, 
&c.]  To  make  other  or  different;  to  make 
some  change  in;  to  vary  in  ►ome  degree, 
without  an  entire  change.—  v.i.  To becouie, 
in  some  re.'-pects,  diflei-ent;  to  varj" ;  to 
change.— Alterability,  al  t6r-a-bil"i-ti,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  susceptible  of  altera- 
tion.—Alterable,  al'ter-a-bl,  o.  Capabla 
of  being  altered,  varied,  or  made  differeut. 
— Alterableness,  al'ter-a-bl-nes.  n.  The 
quality  of  being  alterable.— Alterably,  a!  - 
ter-a-bli,  adv.  In  an  alterable  maiiuer; 
60  as  to  be  altered  or  varied.— Alteration, 
al-ter-a'shon,  r(.  The  act  of  altering;  the 
state  of  being  altered ;  al.-o,  the  chaune 
made. — Alterative,  al'ter-at-iv, a.  Causing 
alteration ;  having  the  poMer  to  alter  : 
med.  having  the  poA\cr  to  restore  the 
healthy  functions  of  the  body  without 
sensible  evacuations. — n.  A  medicine  hav- 
ing this  character. 

Altercate,  al'ttr-kat,  v.i.  [Ij.  altercor,  al- 
tercatus,  to  wrangle,  from  alter,  another. 
Altkr.]  To  contend  in  words;  to  v  ranglu. 
— Altercation,  al-ttr-ka'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  altercating;  vv.-irm  contention  in  \\ord8; 
heated  argument;  a  wningle. 
Altem.t  al'teni,  a.  [L.  altemns,  from  alter, 
another.  Alter.]  Acting  by  turns;  al- 
ternate. [Jl/iJ.]- Altemacy,t  al-ter'na-si, 
n.  The  state  of  being  alternate. — Alter- 
nant, al-t6r'nant,  a.  Alternating.— Alter- 
nate, al-ter'nat,  a.  (L.  attei-natus,  pp.  of 
cdterno,  to  do  by  turns.]  Being  by  turns; 
following  one  another  in  time  or  place 
by  turns;  first  one,  then  another  8Ul■re^- 
sively;  reciprocal;  having  one  intervening 
between  each  pair;  occupjing  every  se- 
cond place;  consisting  of  parts  or  mem- 
bers proceeding  in  this  way  (an  altemute 
series). — Alternate  generation,  thAt  species 
of  generation  among  animals  by  which 
the  young  do  not  resemble  their  parent, 
but  their  grand-parent  or  some  remote 
ancestor;  heterogcnesis. — Alternate,  al'- 
t^r-natoral-t(?r'nat,  v.t.— alternated,  alter- 
nating. To  perform  by  turns  or  in  suc- 
cession; to  cause  to  succeed  or  follow  by 
turns. — v.i.  To  follow  one  another  in  time 
or  place  by  turns.— Alternately,  al-ttr'- 
nat-li,  adv.  In  an  alternate  manner.— 
Altematene8«,al-t6r'nat-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  alternate.— Alterna- 
tion, al-tfer-n&'shon,  n.  The  act  of  alter- 
nating, or  state  of  being  alternate;  the 
act  of  following  and  being  followed  in 


jrtle.'-far,  fat,  fftU;     m$,  met,  b^r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  piiiire;     tObe,  tub,  bull ;     oil,  pound;     u,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr  w 


^LTHOUGH^ 


'21 


AMBIGUOUS 


turn.— Alternative,  al-t<^r'na-ti'',  a.  Offer- 
ing'a  choice  or  possibility  of  one  of  two 

I  things.— n..  A  choice  between  two  things, 

'  so  that  if  one  is  taken  the  other  must  be 
left;  a  possibility  of  one  of  two  things,  so 
that  if  one  is  false  the  other  must  be  true. 
—Alternatively,  al-ter'na-tiv-li,  adv.  In 
an  alternative  manner.— Altemativeneas, 
al-t^r'na-tiv-nes,  n. 

Although,  al-THo',  cotij.  [All,  if,  even,  and 
though;  comp.  albeit.]  Grant  all  this;  be 
it  so;  suppose  that;  admit  all  that.  Al- 
though differs  very  little  from  though,  but 
is  perhaps  rather  stronger. 

Altimeter,  al-tim'et-fer,  n.  [L.  uUus,  high, 
and  Gr.  inetron,  measure.]  An  instrument 
for  taking  altitudes  by  geometrical  prin- 
ciples, as  a  quadrant.— Altimetry,  al-tim'- 
et-ri,ri.  The  art  of  ascertaining  altitudes. 

A.ltiscope,  al'tiskop,  n.  [h.  alius,  high,  and 
Gr.  skopeO,  to  look  at.]  An  instrument  of 
a  telescopic  character  with  lenses  and 
mirro)s,  enabling  a  person  to  overlook  ob- 
jects intervening  between  himself  and 
another  object. 

Altitude,  al'ti-tud,  n.  [L.  allitudo,  from  al- 
ius,high  {whence  exalt,  haughty].]  Height; 
amount  of  space  to  a  point  above  from  one 
below;  measure  of  elevation;  pi.  haughty 
airs  (eolloq.). 

Alto,  al'tiJ  or  al'to,  a.  [It.,  from  L.  alius, 
high.]  Hi^h.— ».  Mus.  same  as  Contral- 
io:  so  called  from  being  higher  than  the- 
tenor,  to  which  in' old  music  the  melody 
was  assigned. — Alto-clef,  ?i.  Mus.  the  C 
clef.— Alto-relievo,  Alto-rilievo,  al'to-re- 
le'vo,  arto-re-le-a"vo,  n.  High  relief:  ap- 
plied in  regard  to  sculptured  figures  to 
express  that  they  stand  out  prominently 
from  the  back-ground. 

Altogether,  al-tu-geTH'6r,  acZw.  [A  H,  quite, 
and  together.]  \v holly;  entirely;  com- 
pletely; quite. 

Altruism,  al'trO-izm,  n.  [It.  altrui.  Ft. 
auirui,  others,  from  L.  alter,  another.] 
Devotion  to  others  of  to  humanity:  the 
opposite  of  ««;^s/mess.— Altruistic,  al-trii- 
ist'ik,  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  altru- 
ism; regardful  of  othera. 

Alum,  arum,  n.  [L.  ahimen.]  A  general 
name  for  a  class  of  double  sulphates  con- 
taining aluminium  and  such  metals  as 
potassium, ammonium,  iron,&c.  Common 
or  potash  alum  is  used  medicinally  as  an 
astringent  and  a  styptic;  in  dyeing,  as  a 
mordant;  in  tanning,  for  restoring  the  co- 
hesion of  skins. — v.t.  To  steep  in  or  im- 
pregnate with  a  solution  of  alum.  — 
Alumina,  Alumine,  al-a'min-a,  al'u-min, 
n.  The  oxide  of  aluminium,  the  most 
abundant  of  the  earths,  widely  diffused 
in  the  shape  of  clay,  loam,  &c. — Alumin- 
iferous,  al-fl'min-if'er-us,  a.  Containing 
alum  or  alumina.  —  Aluminiform,  al-n- 
min'i-form,  a.  Having  the  form  of  alum, 
alumina,  or  aluminium. — Aluminite,  al- 
u'min-it,  n.  Hydrous  sulphate  of  alumina. 
— Aluminium,  Aluminum,  al-a-min'i-um, 
al-u'min-um,ra.  Chemical  sym.  Al;  atomic 
weight=27'5;  sp.  gr.  26  nearly.  The  me- 
tallic base  of  alumina;  a  white  metal  with 
a  bluish  tinge,  and  a  lustre  somewhat  re- 
sembling, but  far  inferior  to,  that  of  sil- 
ver.— Alumiriiuni  froW, an  alloy  of  10  parts 
of  aluminium  to90of  copper.— Aluminous, 
al-u'min-us,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  contain- 

'  ing  alum  or  alumina.— Alum-rock,  Alum- 
stone,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  grayish  or  yel- 
lowish-white colour,  containing  alumina 
and  potash. — Alum-root,  n.  A  name  given 
to  the  astringent  root  of  several  plants. — 
/  Alum-schist,  Alum-slate,  n.    A  thin  bed- 

I  ded  fissile  rock  chiefly  composed  of  silica 

'  and  alumina. 

Alumnus,  a-lum'nus,n.  pi.  Alumni,  a-lnm'- 

•  ni.    [L.,  a  disciple,  from  ala,  to  nourish.] 

\  A  pupil ;  a  graduate  or  undergraduate  of 

I  a  university,  regarded  as  his  alma-mater. 

Alveary,  al' v5-a-ri,  n.  [L.  alvearium,  a  bee- 

j  hive.]    A  bee-hive,  or  something  resem- 

,  bling  a  bee-hive;  the  hollow  of  the  exter- 
nal ear.— Alveated,  al'v5-at-ed,  a.  Formed 
or  vaulted  like  a  bee-hive.— Alveolar,  Al- 
iveolary,  al've-o-lfer,  al've-o-la-ri,  a.  Con- 
taining sockets,  hollow  cells,  or  pits;  per- 
taining to  sockets,  specifically  the  sockets 
of  the  teeth.  — Alveolate,  al've-o-lat,  a. 

iDeeply  pitted,  so  as  to  resemble  a  honey- 

ts^  -     • 


comb. — Alveolus,  al-v6'o-IuF,n.  pl.Alveoll, 
al-ve'o-li.  [1j.,  a  little  hollow,  dim.  of 
alveus.]  A  cell,  as  in  a  honey -comb  or  in 
a  fossil;  the  socket  of  a  tooth.— Alveus, 
al've-us,  n.  [L.,  a  hollow  vessel,  a  chan- 
nel.] Anai.  a  tube  or  canal  through  which 
some  fluid  flows. 

Alvine,  al'vin,  a.  [From  L.  alvua,  the 
belly.)  Belonging  to  the  belly  or  intestines; 
relating  to  the  intestinal  excrements. 

Always,  ^I'waz,  adv.  [All  and  way,  -ways 
being  an  adverbial  genitive.  J  Perpetually; 
uninterruptedly;  continually  (always  the 
same);  as  often  as  occasion  recurs  (he  is 
always  late). 

Am,  am.  [For  hypothetical  arm,  asm; 
comp.  Goth,  im  for  isrji,  Icel.  em  for  erm, 
esm,  Lith.  esini,  L.  sum,  Skr.  a8m,i,  made 
up  of  root  as,  to  breathe,  exist,  be,  and 
mi,  cognate  with  E.  m,e.  In  the  conjuga- 
tion of  this  verb  three  different  roots  are 
employed;  seen  in  am,  was,  be.  Be,  Was.] 
The  first  person  of  the  verb  to  be,  in  the 
indicative  mood,  present  tense. 

Amadou,  am  a-do,  n.  [Fr.  amadou,  a  word 
of  Scandinavian  origin.]  A  soft  leathery 
substance  used  for  tinder,  prepared  from 
a  fungus  growing  on  trees;  German  tinder. 

Amain,  a-man',  adv.  [Prefix  a,  in,  on,  and 
main,  foi'ce.]  With  force,  strength,  or  vio- 
lence; suddenly;  at  once. 

Amalgam,  a-mal'gam,  Ji.  [Fr.  qmalgame, 
GT.rii,alagm,a,  a.  soft  mass.]  A  compound 
of  mercury  or  quicksilver  with  another 
metal ;  any  metallic  alloy  of  which  mer- 
cury forms  an  essential  constituent  part; 
a  mixture  or  compound  of  different  things. 
— Amalgama.te,  a-mal'gam-at,  v.i. — amal- 
gamated, amalgaviating.  To  compound  or 
mix  (a  metal)  with  quicksilver;  common- 
ly, to  blend,  unite,  or  combine  generally 
into  one  mass  or  whole. — v.i.  To  combine 
to  form  an  amalgam;  to  finite  or  coalesce 
generally;  to  become  mixed  or  blended 
together. — Amalgamation,  a-mal'ga-m  a"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of  amalga- 
mating ;  the  state  of  being  amalgamated; 
union  or  junction  into  one  body  or  whole; 
the  process  of  separating  gold  and  silver 
from  their  ores  by  combining  them  with 
mercury,  which  dissolves  and  separates 
the  other  metal,  and  is  afterwards  driven 
off  by  heat. — Amalgamator,  a-mal'ga- 
ma-ter,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  amal- 
gamates. 

Amandine,  a-man'din.  n.  [Fr.  amandef  an 
almond.]  A  kind  of  paste  for  chapped 
hands  prepared  from  almonds. 

Amandola,a-man'do-la,n.  [It.,  an  almond.] 
A  green  marble  with  white  spots. 

Amanuensis,  a-man'u-en"sis,  n.  pi.  Aman- 
uenses, a-man'il-en"sez.  [L.  a,  by,  and 
m,anus,  the  hand.)  A  person  whose  em- 
ployment is  to  write  what  another  dictates, 
or  to  copy  what  has  been  written  by  an- 
other. 

Amaracus,  a-mar'a-kus,  n.  [L.]  Marjoram. 

Amaranth,  am'a-ranth,n.  [Gr.  amaranioa, 
unfading— a,  neg.,and  m,arainO,to  wither.  ] 
A  poetical  name  loosely  used  to  signify  a 
flower  supposed  never  to  fade;  a  colour 
inclining  to  purple.- Amaranthine,  am-a- 
ranth'in,  a.  Belonging  to,  consisting  of, 
or  resembling  amaranth;  never-fading; 
of  a  purplish  colour. 

Amass,  a-mas',t).<.  [Fr.  am,aaser — a,  to,  and 
masse,  L.  massa,  a  mass.]  To  collect  into 
a  heap;  to  gather  a  great  quantity  or 
number  of;  to  accumulate. — Amassment, 
a-mas'ment,  n.    The  act  of  amassing. 

Amateur,  am'a-tilr,  am-a-t6r  (6  long),  n. 
[Fr.,  from  L.  amator,  amatoria,  a  lover, 
from  avw,  to  love.]  One  who  cultivates 
any  study  or  art  from  taste  or  attachment 
without  pursuing  it  professionally  or  with 
a  view  to  gain;  one  who  has  a  taste  for  the 
arts.— Amateurish,  am-a-tnr'ish,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  characteristic  of  an  amateur; 
wanting  the  skill,  finish,  or  other  faculties 
of  a  professional. 

Amative,  am'at-iv,  a.  [L.  amo,  amaium, 
to  love.]  Full  of  love;  amorous;  amatory. 
—Amativeness,  am'at-iv-nes,  n.  Phren. 
that  propensity  which  impels  to  sexual 
passion.— Amatorial,t  Amatorian,t  Ama- 
torious,t  am-a-to'ri-al,  am-a-to'ri-an,  am- 
a-to'ri-us,  a.  Pertaining  to  love;  amatorv. 
— Amatory,  am'a-to-ri,  a.    Pertaining  to 


or  prodnring  love;  expressive  of  love 
(verses,  sighs,  4c.). 

Amaurosis,  am-a-rS'sis,  n.  [Gr.  amaurosis, 
from  amauros,  obscure.]  A  partial  or  com- 
plete loss  of  sight  from  loss  of  power  in 
the  optic  nerve  or  retina,  without  any 
visible  defect  in  the  eye  except  an  immov- 
able pupil;  gutta  serena.  —  Amaurotic, 
a-ma-rot'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  affected 
with  amaurosis. 

Amaze,  a-maz',  v.t.  [Prefix  a,  on  or  in,  and 
maze  (whichsee).]  To  confound  with  fear, 
sudden  surprise,  or  wonder;  to  confuse 
utterly;  to  perplex;  to  astound;  to  aston- 
ish^ to  surprise.— n.  Astonishment;  con- 
fusion; amazement:  used  chiefly  in  poetry. 
— Amazedly,  a-maz 'ed-li,  adv.  With  a- 
mazement. — Amazedness,  a-maz'ed-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  amazed;  amazement.— 
Amazefttl,t  a-maz'ful,  a.  Full  of  amaze- 
ment ;  amazing.  —  Amazement,  a  -  ni  az'- 
ment,  n.  The  state  of  being  amazed  or 
astounded;  astonishment:  great  surprise. 
— Amazing,  a-maz  ing,  a.  Very  wonderful; 
exciting  astonishment.  —  Amazingly,  a- 
maz'ing-li,  adv.  In  an  amazing  manner 
or  degree. 

Amazon,  am'a-zon,  n.  [Gr.  amazOn:  of  un- 
known origin.]  One  of  a  fabled  race  of 
female  warriors  who  are  mentioned  by  the 
ancient  Greek  writers ;  hence,  a  warlike 
or  masculine  woman;  a  virago. — Amazon- 
ian, am-a-zO'ni-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling an  Amazon;  of  masculine  man- 
ners; also,  belonging  to  the  river  Amazon 
in  South  America. 

Ambages,t  am-ba'j6z,  n.  pi.  [L.]  Windings 
or  turnings ;  hence,  circumlocution;  sub- 
terfuges; evasions.— Ambagious,t  ApibsL^- 
tory,t  am-ba'jus,  am-baj'i-to-ri,  a.  Cir- 
cumlocutory; roundabout. 

Ambassador,  am-bas'sa-dor,  n.  [Fr.  am- 
bassadeur,  from  ambassade,  an  embassy, 
from  L.  ambactus,  a  vassal,  a  dependant, 
from  a  Teutonic  word  =  Goth,  andbahis, 
A.  Sax.  ambiht,  ambehi,  a  servant,  from 
prefix  and  (the  an  in  answer),  and  a.  root 
allied  to  Skr.  bhai,  to  serve  or  honour.] 
A  minister  of  the  highest  rank  employed 
by  one  prince  or  state  at  the  court  of 
another  to  transact  state  affairs.  (The 
spelling  Embassador  is  obsolete,  though 
Embassy,  not  Ambassy,  is  used.]  —  Am- 
bassadorial, am-ba8'Ba-do"ri-al,  a.  Be- 
longing to  an  ambassador.  —  Ambassad- 
ress, am-bas'sa-dres,  n.  The  wife  of  an 
ambassador;  a  female  ambassador. 

Amber,  am'bfir,  n.  (Fr.  ambre.  It.  ambra, 
Sp.  ambar,  from  Ar.  ambar,  ambergris, 
from  its  resemblance  to  this.J  A  mineral- 
ized pale-yellow,  and  sometimes  reddish 
or  brownish,  resin  of  extinct  pine-trees, 
found  most  abundantly  on  the  shores  of 
the  Baltic— Amber-seed,  n.  The  seed  of 
Abelmoschus  moschatus,  an  Asiatic  plant, 
used  as  a  perfume,  having  a  musky  smell. 
—Amber-tree,  n.  An  African  shrub,  the 
leaves  of  which,  when  bruised,  emit  a  fra- 
grant odour. 

Ambergris,  am'b6r-gr5s,  n.  [Fr.  ambre 
gria  {gris,  gray),  gra-y  amber.]  A  solid, 
opaque,  ash -coloured  inflammable  sub- 
stance used  in  perfumery.  It  is  a  morbid 
secretion  obtained  from  the  spermaceti 
whale. 

Ambidexter ,t  am-bi-deks'tfer,  n.  [L.  ambo, 
both,  and  dexter,  the  right  hand.]  A 
person  who  uses  both  hands  with  equal 
facility;  one  equally  ready  to  act  on  either 
side.  —  Ambidexterity ,t  Ambidextrotu- 
ness,t  am'bi-deks-ter"i-ti,  am-bi-deks'trus- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ambidex- 
trous ;  double-dealing.  —  Ambidextrous,! 
am-bi-dekstrus,  a.  Having  the  faculty  of 
using  both  hands  with  equal  ease;  doublu- 
dealing.  j| 

Ambient,  am'bi-ent,  a.  [L.  amoiens,  ain- 
bieniia—amb,  around,  and  iena,  ppr.  of  ii-e, 
to  go.]  Surrounding;  encompassing  on  all 
sides:  applied  to  fluids  or  diffusible  sub- 
stances (the  ambient  air).  1 

Ambiguous,  am-big'u-us,  a.  [L.  ambiguuit, 
from  ambigo,  to  go  about--aTObt,  about, 
and  ago,  to  drive.]  Doubtful  or  uncertain,. 
especially  in  respect  to  signification;  liable^ 
to  be  interpreted  two  ways;  e  ' 
indefinite.— Ambiguously,,  am-b  . 
adv.     In  an  ambiguous  msmner; 


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AMBILOQUOUS 


22 


AMICABLE 


doubfful    meaning.  —  Ambiguity,    Am- 
i  bigttousness,  am-bi-gO'i-ti,  am-big'u-us- 
iies,  n.    The  state  or  quality  of  being  am- 
i  biguous ;    doubtfulness   or   uncertainty, 
particularly  of  signification. 
Ambiloquous.t  am-bil'o-kwus,  a.  [L.  ambo, 
;  both,  and  toawor,  to  speak.]  Using  ambigu- 
ous expressions. 

Ambit,?  am'bit,  n.  [L.  ambitus,  a  circuit. 
'  Ambient.]  Compass  or  circuit;  circum- 
'  ference. 

Ambition,  am-bi'shon,  n.  fL.  ambiiio,  am- 
biiiotiis,  the  going  about  of  candidates  for 
office  in  Rome,  hence  flattery,  ambition — 
am.b,  around,  round  about,  and  eo,  Hum,, 
to  go,  from  L.  Gr.  and  Skr.  root  i,  to  go.] 
An  eager  and  sometimes  inordinate  desire 
after  honour,  power,  fame,  or  whatever 
confers  distinction;  desire  to  distinguish 
one's  self  a.aong  others.  —  v.tA  To  seek 
after  ambitiously. — Ambitionless,  am-bi'- 
shon-les,  a.  Devoid  of  ambition. — Ambi- 
tious, am-bi'sh  us,  a.  [li.am^itiosus.'i  Pos- 
sessing ambition;  eagerly  or  inordinately 
desirous  of  power,  honour,  fame,  office, 
superiority;  or  distinction;  strongly  desir- 
ous (with  of  or  after) ;  springing  from, 
indicating,  or  characterized  by  ambition; 
shoAvy;  iiretentious  [utribitious  ornament). 
—Ambitiously,  am-bi'shus-li,  adv.  In  an 
ambitious  manner.— Ambltiousness,  am- 
hishus-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  am- 
bitious; ambition. 

Amble, am'bl,  v.i. — airibUd,  ambling.  [O.Fr. 
ambler,  to  amble,  from  L.  ambulo,  to  walk, 
from  avib,  about.]  To  move  by  lifting 
both  legs  on  each  side  alternately:  said  of 
horses,  &c. ;  hence,  to  move  easily  and 
gently.  —  n.  The  pace  of  a  horse  or  like 
animal  when  ambling;  easy  motion;  gen- 
tle pace.— Ambler,  am'bltr,  n.  One  who 
ambles.  —  Amblingly,  am'bling-li,  adv. 
AVith  an  ambling  gait. 
Amblotic,  am-blo'tik,  o.  [6r.  amblOsis, 
abortion.]  Having  the  power  to  cause 
abortion. 

Amblygon,  am'bli-gon,  n.  [Gr.  amhlya, 
obtuse,  and  gOnia,  an  angle.]  An  obtuse- 
angled  triangle. —  Amblygonal,  am-blig'- 
on-al,  a.  Having  an  obtuse  angle;  obtuse. 
—  Amblygonite,  am-blig'on-it,  n.  A 
greenish  -  coloured  mineral,  of  different 
pale  shades,  marked  with  reddish  and  yel- 
lowish brown  spots. 

Ambo,  Ambon,  am'bo,  amTjon,  w.  [Gr.  awi- 
bon,  a  stage,  a  pulpit.]  In  early  Christian 
churches  a  raised  desk  or  pulpit. 
Amboyna-wood,  am-boi'na-wud,  n.  {Amr- 
boyna,  one  of  the  Molucca  Islands.]  A 
beautifully  mottled  and  curled  wood  em- 
ployed in  cabinet-work. 
Ambreada,  am-bre-a'da,  n.  [From  amber. '\ 
A  kind  of  fictitious  amber. 
Ambrosia;  am-bro'zhi-a,  n.  [Gr.  ambrosia, 
from  ambrotos,  immortal — a,  priv.,  and 
same  root  as  L.  m/)rs,  death,  E.  murder.] 
The  fabled  food  of  the  ancient  Greek  gods, 
■which  conferred  immortality  on  those 
who  partook  of  it;  hence,  anything  pleas- 
ing U>  the  taste  or  smell,  as  a  perfumed 
draught,unguent,or  the  like. — Ambrosial, 
am-bro'zhi-al,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  am- 
brosia; anointed  or  fragrant  with  am- 
brosia; delicious;  fragrant. — Ambroaially, 
am-bro'zhi-al-li,  adv.  In  an  ambrosial 
manner;  with  an  ambrosial  odour. 
Ambry,  am'bri,  n.  [Contracted  from  al- 
mxmry.]  An  almonryt;  a  niche  or  recess- 
in  the  wall  of  ancient  churches  near  the 
altar  in  which  the  sacred  utensils  were  de- 
posited; a  cupboardt. 

Ambulacmm,  am-bQ-la'krum,  n.  pi.  Am- 
bulacra, am-bQ-laTcra.  [L.  ambulacrum,, 
an  alley.]  One  of  the  perforated  spaces  or 
avenues  through  which  are  protruded  the 
tube  feet,  by  means  of  which  locomotion 
is  effected  in  the  sea-urchins,  &c.  —  Am- 
bulacral,  am-bQ-la'kral,  a.  Pertaining  to 
ambulacra. 

Ambulance,  amTjO-lans,  n.  [Fr.  Ambu- 
late.] An  hospital  establishment  which 
accompanies  an  army  in  its  movements  in 
the  field.  —  Ambulance-cart,  Ambulance- 
wagon,  n.  A  wheeled  vehicle  fitted  with 
suitable  appliances  for  conveying  the 
wounded  from  the  field  of  battle. 
Ambulate.t  amOafi-lat,  v.i.— ambulated,  am- 
bulating.   [L.  ambulo,  ambulatum,  to  go 


.•\bout.  Amble.]  To  move  backTrar'l  and 
forward;  to  walk.— Ambulant,  amTja-lant, 
o.  Walking;  moving  from  place  to  place. 
— Ambulation,  am-bu-la'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  ambulating  or  walking  about.  —  Am- 
bulator, am'bfi-lat-6r,  n.  One  who  walks 
about;  an  instrument  for  measuring  dis- 
tances travelled. — Ambulatory,  am'bu-la- 
to-ri,  a.  Having  the  power  or  faculty  of 
walking;  adapted  for  walking;  pertaining 
to  a  walk;  accustomed  to  move  from  place 
to  place ;  not  stationary  (an  ambulatory 
court). — n.  Any  part  of  a  building  intended 
for  walking  in. 

Ambury,  am'bu-ri,  n.    Same  as  Atiberry. 

Ambuscade,  am-bus-kad',  n.  [Fr.  embiis- 
cade,  from  It.  imboscare,  to  lie  in  bushes 
— in,  in,  and  bosco,  a  wood,  the  same  word 
as  E.  bush.]  A  lying  in  wait  and  con- 
cealed for  the  purpose  of  attacking  an 
enemy  by  surprise ;  a  place  where  one 
party  lies  concealed  with  a  view  to  attack 
another  by  surprise;  those  lying  so  con- 
cealed; ambush. — v.t.  and  i. — ambuscaded, 
amb.Lscading.  To  lie  in  wait  in  order  to 
attack  from  a  concealed  position. —  Am- 
bush, am'bush,  n.  [O.Fr.  embusche,  verb 
embuscher,  to  lie  in  wait.]  iSame  as  Am- 
buscade.— v.t.  To  post  or  place  in  ambush. 
— v.i.  To  lie  or  be  posted  in  ambu.^h. — Am- 
bushment,  amTsush-ment,  n.  An  ambush. 
[O.T.J 

Ameer,  Amir,  a-mer'.  n.  [Ar.]  A  nobleman} 
a  chief;  a  ruler;  an  emir. 

Ameliorate,  a-mel'yor-at,  v.t. — am^iorated, 
ameliorating.  [Fr.  ameliorer,  fi-om  L.  ad, 
to,and  melioro,vielioratum,to  make  better, 
from  melior,  better.]  To  make  better;  to 
improve;  to  meliorate.— v.i.To  grow  better; 
to  meliorate.  —  Ameliorable,  a-mel'yor- 
a-bl,  o.  Capable  of  being  ameliorated. — 
Amelioration,  a-meryor-a"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  ameliorating;  improvement;  melior- 
ation.—  Ameliorative,  a-mel'yor-at-iv,  a. 
Producing,  or  having  a  tendency  to  pro- 
duce, amelioration. — Ameliorator,  a-msl'- 
yor-at-6r,  n.    One  who  ameliorates. 

Amen,  a-men.  [Heb.  am^n,  verily,  firm, 
established.]  A  term  occurring  generally 
at  the  end  of  a  prayer,  and  meaning  So  be 
it.  In  the  N.  T.  it  is  used  as  a  noun  to 
denote  Christ  as  being  one  who  is  true  and 
faithful,  and  as  an  adjective  to  signify 
made  true,  verified,  fulfilled. 

Amenable,  a-me'na-bl,  a.  [Fr.  amener,  to 
bring  or  lead  to — a,  to,  and  mener,  to  lead. 
Demean.]  Liable  to  answer  or  be  called 
to  account;  responsible;  ready  to  yield  or 
submit,  as  to  ad'\nce ;  submissive.  —  Am- 
enableness.  Amenability,  a-me'na-bl-nes, 
a-me'na-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being 
amenable. —  Amenably,  a-me'na-bli,  adv. 
In  an  amenable  manner. 

Amend,  a-mend',  v.t.  [Fr.  am^nder,  for 
em^nder,  to  correct,  from  L.  emeiido,  to 
free  from  faults — e,  out,  out  of,  and  meti- 
da,  a  fault.  Mend.]  To  make  better,  or 
change  for  the  better,  by  removing  what 
is  faulty;  to  correct;  to  improve;  to  re- 
form.— v.i.  To  grow  or  become  better  by 
reformation  orrectifyingsomething  wrong 
in  manners  or  morals.  .'.  Amend  differs 
from  im,prove  in  this,  that  to  amend  im- 
plies something  previously  wrong,  while 
to  improve  does  not  necessarily  do  so. — 
Amendable,  a-mend'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  amended  or  corrected.— Amenda- 
tory, a-mend'a-to-ri,  a.  Supplying  amend- 
ment; corrective.— Amender,  a-mend'6r, 
n.  One  who  amends.  —  Amendment,  a- 
mend  'ment,  n.  The  act  of  amending, 
or  changing  for  the  better,  in  any  way; 
the  act  of  becoming  better,  or  state  of 
having  become  better;  an  alteration  pro- 
posed to  be  made  in  the  draft  of  a  parlia- 
mentary bill,  or  in  the  terms  of  any  mo- 
tion under  discussion  before  a  meeting. — 
Amends,  a-mendz',  n.  pi.  Compensation 
for  a  lo'S  or  injury;  recompense;  satisfac- 
tion; equivalent. 

Amende,  a-mand,  n.  [Fr.  amende,  L.L. 
amenda,  a  penalty,  reparat-on.  Amend.] 
A  pecuniary  punishment  or  fine;  a  recanta- 
tion or  reparation. — Amende  honorable,  a 
public  or  open  recantation  and  reparation 
to  an  injured  party. 

Amenity,  a-men'i-ti,  n.  [Fr.  aminiti,  L. 
amosnitcLS,  amoinus,  pleasant.]    The  qua- 


lity of  being  pleasant  or  agreeable,  in  re- 
spect of  situation,  prospect,  climate,  Ac, 
as  also  of  temper,  disposition,  or  manner?. 

Amentia,  a-men'shi-a,  n.  [L.,  want  of  rea- 
son—a, from,  and  mens,  mentis,  mind.] 
Imbecility  of  mind;  idiocy  or  dotage. 

Amentum,  a-men'tum,  n.  pi.  Amenta,  a- 
men'ta.  JBot.  a  kind  of  inflorescence  con- 
sisting of  unisexual  apetalous  flowers  in 
the  axils  of  scales  or  bmcts  ranged  along 
a  stalk  or  axis;  a  catkin.— Amentaceous, 
a-men-ta'shus,  o.  Consisting  of,  resem- 
bling, or  furnished  with  an  amentum  or 
amenta. 

Amerce,  a-m^rs',  v.t. — am,erced,  am^rdv^. 
[Fr.  amercii,  fined  at  the  mercy  of  the 
court— a,  at,  and  merci,  mercy.]  To  punish 
by  a  pecuniary  penalty,  the  amount  of 
which  is  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  court; 
hence,  to  punish  by  deprivation  of  any 
kindt.— Amercsable,  a-mfirs'a-bl,  a.  Liable 
to  amercement.  —  Amercement,  a-mers'- 
ment,  n.  The  act  of  amercing;  a  pecuni- 
ary penalty  inflicted  on  an  offender  at  the 
discretion  of  the  court. — Amercer,  a-mfers'- 
tr,  n.    One  who  amerces. 

American,  a-mer'i-kan,  a.  Pertaining  to 
America;  often,  in  a  restricted  sense,  per- 
taining to  the  United  States. — n.  A  native 
of  America;  in  a  restricted  sense,  one  of 
the  inhabitants  of  the  United  States. — 
Americanism,  a-mer 'i-kan-izm,  n.  The 
feelings  of  nationality  which  distinguish 
American  citizens;  tlie  exhibition  of  na- 
tional prejudice  by  Americans;  a  word, 
phrase,  or  idiom  peculiar  to  Americans.— 
Americanize,  a-mer'i-kan-iz,  v.t. — ameri- 
canized,  ainer>/:anizing.  To  render  Ameri- 
can or  like  what  prevails  in  or  is  charac- 
teristic of  America  (especially  the  United 
States);  to  naturalize  in  America. 

Ametabola,  a-me-tab'o-la,  n.vl.  [Gr.  ame- 
tabolos,  unchangeable.]  A  division  of  in-, 
sects,  including  such  as  do  not  undergo 
any  metamorphosis  (lice,  &c. ).— Ametabol- 
ic,  a-met'a-bol"ik,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to 
the  Ametabola. 

Amethyst,  am'e-thist,  n.  [Gr.  dmethystot 
—a,  neg..  and  metfii/o,  to  inebriate,  from  its 
supposed  power  of  preventing  or  curing 
intoxication.]  A  violet-blue  or  purple  va- 
riety of  quartz  which  is  wrought  into 
variousarticlesof  jewelry.— Oriental  ^Dte- 
thyst,  a  rare  violet-coloured  gem,  a  variety 
of  corundum,  of  extraordinary  brilliancy 
and  beauty. — Amethystine,  a-me-thist'in, 
a.  Pertaining  to,  composed  of,  or  resem- 
bling amethyst. 

Amiable,  a'mi-a-bl,  a.  [Partly  from  Fr. 
aim^ble, lovely,  amiable, from  L.  ar)iabilis, 
from  amo,  to  love,  partly  from  Fr.  ami- 
able, amicable,  L.  amicabilis.]  Worthy  of 
love;  delightful  or  pleasinglsaid  of  thingslt; 
possessing  agreeable  moral  qualities;  hav- 
ing an  excellent  and  attractive  disposi- 
tion; lovable.— Amiability,  Amiableness, 
a'mi-a-bil"i-ti,  a'mi-a-bl-nes,  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  amiable  or  lovable;  sweetness 
of  temper.— Amiably,  a'mi-a-bU,  adv.  In 
an  amiable  manner. 

Amianth,  AmianthUE,  am'i-anth,  am-i-an'- 
thus,  n.  (Gr.  arniantos—a,  neg.,  and  mi- 
ainO,  to  pollute  or  vitiate:  so  called  from 
its  incombustibility.]  Flexible  asbestos, 
earth-flax,  or  mountain-flax;  an  incom- 
bustible mineral  composed  of  delicate 
filaments,  very  flexible,  and  somewhat 
elastic,  often  long  and  resembling  threads 
of  silk.— Amianthiformi,  am-i-an'thi-form, 
a.  Having  the  form  or  likeness  of  ami- 
anth.— Amianthoid,  am-i-an'thoid,  n.  A 
mineral  which  resembles  amianth  or  as- 
bestos. 

Amicable,  am'ik-a-bl,  a.  [L.  amiccmhs, 
from  amicus,  a  friend,  from  amo,  to  love.] 
Characterized  by  or  exhibiting  friendship, 
peaceableness,  or  harmony;  friendly: 
peaceable;  harmonious  in  social  or  mutual 
transactions..'. -4 wiieab/e  is  a  weaker  word 
thajx  friendly.  Friendly  is  active  and  posi- 
tive; amicable  simply  implies  a  degree  of 
friendship  such  as  makes  us  unwilling  to 
disagree  with  those  with  whom  we  are  on 
harmonious  terms.— Amicability,  Amic- 
ableness,  am  'ik-a-bil"i-ti,am'ik-a-bl-ne8,n. 
Quality  of  being  amicable.  — Amlc*bly, 
am'ik-a-bli,  adv.  In  an  amicable  or 
friendly  manner;  with  harmony. 

-J 


"Fatfli  ftr,  fat,  fftll; , ,  me^met,  herj^pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mdve;  -t  tobe,  tub,  b\^U;  ^  oil,  pound;     ti,  So.  abune— the  Fr.  W 


AMICE 


23 


AMPHITHEATRE 


A'ri'-'',  .ini'is  n.  [O.Fr.  aviis,  a'niit.,  L. 
amictus,  a  cloak.]  A  flowinR  cloak  for- 
merly worn  b^  priests  and  pilgrims;  an 
oblong  embroidered  piece  or  strip  of  fine 
linen,  falling  down  the  shoulders  like  a 
cope,  worn  under  the  alb  by  priests  in 
the  service  of  the  mass. 

Amid,  Amidst,  a-mid',  a-midst',  prep.  [Pre- 
tix  a,  on,  in,  and  inid,  viidet,  O.E.  amidde, 
amiddea  (the  latter  a  genitive  form):  A. 
Sax.  o)v-miildan;  the  t  has  been  tacked  on 
as  in  against.]  In  the  midst  or  middle  of; 
surrounded  or  encompassed  by;  mingled 
with;  among.— Amidships,  a-mid'ships, 
adv.  In  or  towards  the  middle  or  the 
middle  line  of  a  ship. 

Amide,  Amine,  amid,  am'in,  n.  [From 
am-  of  ammonia.\  Chem.  names  given  to 
ii  series  of  salts  produced  by  the  substitu- 
tion of  elements  or  radicals  for  the  hydro- 
gen atoms  of  ammonia:  often  used  as  ter- 
minations of  the  names  of  such  salts. — 
Amidiue,  am'id-in,  n.  A  peculiar  sub- 
stance procured  from  wheat  or  potato 
htarch,  the  soluble  or  gelatinous  jiart. 

Amiss,  a-mis',  a.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and  miss.] 
Wrong;  faulty;  out  of  time  or  order;,  im- 
proper.—adw.  In  a  faulty  manner. — To  be 
not  amiss,  to  be  passable  or  suitable;  to  be 
pretty  fair.  [CoUoq.J 

Amission,!  a-mi'shon,  n.  [L.  amissio,  amis- 
aiouis,  from  dmiito — a,  away,  and.mifto,  to 
send.]  Loss. — Aiaissibility,t  a-mis'i-bil"- 
i-ti,  n.  The  capability  or  possibility  of  be- 
ing lost.— AmisBible,t  a-mig'i-bl,  a.  Cap- 
able of  being  or  liable  to  be  lost. 

Amity,  am'i-ti,  n.  [Fr.  amiti4,  from  L.L. 
aiiucitas,  friendship;  L.  amic^is,  a  friend, 
from  amo,  to  love. J  Friendship;  harmony; 
good  understanding,  especially  between 
nations. 

Ammonia,  am-nio'ni-a,  n.  TGr.  ammoniak- 
on,  sal-ammoniac,  from  oeing  first  ob- 
tained near  the  Temple  of  Amman  in 
Libya.]  The  modem  name  of  the  ifoldtile 
alkali,  formerly  so  called  to  distinguish  it 
from  the  more  fixed  alkalies.  It  is  a  pun- 
gent gas,  and  may  be  procured  artificially 
from  organic  matter  (except  fati  by  sub- 
jecting it  to  heat  in  iron  cylinders.  It  is 
used  for  many  purposes,  both  in  medicine 
and  chemistry,  most  frequently  in  solu- 
tion in  water,  under  the  names  of  liquid 
ammonia  or  spirits  of  hartahoi-n. — Ammo- 
niac, Ammoniacal,  am-mo'ni-ak,  am-mo- 
ni'ak-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  ammonia,  or 
possessing  its  properties.  —  Ammo&ium, 
am-mo'ni-um,  n.  A  name  given  to  the 
liypothetical  base  of  ammonia,  not  ob- 
tained separately. 

Ammonite,  am'mon-it,  n.  [Resembling 
the  horns  with  which  Jupiter  Ammon  was 
furnished  when  represented  by  statues.] 
One  of  the  fossil  shells  of  an  extensive 
genus  of  extinct  cuttle-fishes,  coiled  in  a 
plane  spiral,  and  chambered  within  like 
that  of  the  nautilus,  to  which  the  ammon- 
ites were  allied.  — Ammonltlferous,  am'- 
mon-it-if "  6r-us,  a.  Containing  the  re- 
mains of  ammonites. 

Ammunition,  am-mu-ni^hon,  n.  [Fr.  amu- 
lUtion,  L.  m,wiitio,  defence,  from  mwiio,  to 
fortify.]  Military  stores,  especially  such 
articles  as  are  used  in  the  discharge  of 
firearms  and  ordnance  of  all  kinds,  as 
powder,  balls,  shells,  shot,  &c. 

Amnesia,  am-ne'si-a,  n.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
mnSsis,  memory.]    Loss  of  memory. 

Amnesty,  am'nes-ti,  n.  [L.  amnestia,  from 
Gr.  am,nestia,  oblivion — a,  not,  and  root 
mna,  to  remember.]  An  act  of  oblivion; 
a  general  pardon  of  the  offences  of  sub- 
jects against  the  government,  or  the  pro- 
clamation of  such  pardon. — v.t. — amnes- 
tied,  amnestying.  To  grant  an  amnesty  to; 
to  pardon. 

Amnion,  Amnios,  am'ni-on,  am'ni-os,  n. 
[Gr.]  The  innermost  membrane  surround- 
ing the  fetus  of  mammals,  birds,  and  rep- 
tiles; also  a  thin,  semi-transparent,  gela- 
tinous fluid,  in  which  the  embryo  of  a 
seed  is  suspended  when  it  first  appears.— 
Amniotic,  am-ni-ot'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  amnion;  possessing  an  amnion. 
Amoeba,  a-me'ba,  n.  [Gr.  amoibe,  change.] 
The  generic  name  of  various  microscopic 
Protozoa,  one  of  which  is  common  in  our 
fresh-water  ponds  and  ditches.     It  con- 


sists of  a  eelstinous  mass,  and  from  con- 
tinually altering  its  shape  it  received  this 
as  well  as  its  former  name  of  proteus- 
animoZcuie.- Amoeboid,  Amoebous,  a-me'- 
boid,  a-meT)us,  o.  Of  or  pertaining  to  or 
resembling  the  amoeba. 

Amosbean,  am-6-be'an,  a.  [L.  amcebceus, 
from  Gr.  amoibaios,  alternate,  amaibe,  an- 
swer.] Alternately  answering  or  reepon- 
sive;  exhibiting  persons  speaking  alter- 
nately (an  amoebcean  poem). 

Amok,  a-mok',  n.    Same  as  AwMck. 

Among,  Ainongst,a-mung',a-mungst',prep. 
[O.E.  amonge,  amonges,  amongest,  A.  Sax. 
amang,  onmang,  from  mengan,  to  mingle; 
the  es  being  an  adverbial  genitive  termin- 
ation, and  the  t  tacked  on,  as  in  amidst. 
Mingle.  I  Mixed  or  mingled  with  (imply- 
ing a  numberi;  in  or  into  the  midst  of;  in 
or  into  the  number  of  (one  among  a  thou- 
sand); jointly  or  with  a  reference  to  some 
one  or  other  (they  killed  hini  amonir  them). 

Amontillado,  a-mon'til-a"do,  n.  [Sp.]  A 
dry  kind  of  sherry  of  a  light  colour. 

Amorous,  am'or-us,  a.  [Fr.  am,oureux,  L.L. 
amorosus,  L.  amor,  love;  akin  amity,  ami- 
able, &c.]  Inclined  to  love  persons  of  the 
opposite  sex;  having  a  propensity  to  love, 
or  to  sexual  enjoyment;  loving;  fond;  per- 
taiaing  or  relating  to  love ;  produceci  by 
love;  indicating  love;  enamoured  (in  this 
sense  with  of).  —  Amorously,  am'or-us-li, 
adv.  In  an  amorous  manner;  fondly;  lov- 
ingly.-Amorousness,  am'or-us-ne8,n.  The 
quality  of  being  amorous. 

AxaorpnouE,  a-mor'fus,  a.  [Or:  artwrphos — 
o,  neg.,  and  morphe.  form.]  Having  no 
d«(terminate  form;  of  irregular  shape;  not 
having  the  regular  forms  exhibited  by  the 
crystals  of  minerals;being  without  crystal- 
lization; formless;  characterless. — Amor- 
phism,  a-mor'fizm,  n.  State  of  being  amor- 
phous or  without  shape.— Amorpliy,t  a- 
mor'fi,  n.  Irregularity  of  form. 

Amortize,  a-mor'tiz,  v.t.— amortized,  anvyr- 
tizin^.  (L.L.  amortisare,  to  sell  in  mort- 
main— L.  ad,  to,  and  mors,  mortis,  death.] 
To  alienate  in  mortmain;  to  extinguish  (a 
debt)  by  means  of  a  sinking  fund. — Amor- 
tization, Amortizement,  a-mor'tiz-a"8hon, 
a-mor'tiz-ment,  n.  The  act  or  right  of 
alienating  lands  or  tenements  in  mort- 
main •,  the  extinction  of  debt,  especially 
by  a  sinking  fund. 

Amount,  a-mount',  v.i.  [O.Fr.  ar,ionter,  to 
advance,  increase,  am.ont,  upwards — a,  to, 
and  mont,  L.  vxons,  mmttis,  a  hill.  ]  To 
mount  upwards  t ;  to  reach  a  certain 
total  by  an  accumulation  of  particulars; 
to  come  in  the  aggregate  or  whole ;  to  re- 
sult in;  to  be  equivalent*  followed  by  to. — 
n.  The  sum  total  of  two  or  more  particular 
sums  or  quantities;  the  aggregate;  the 
effect,  substance,  or  result. 

Amour,  a^mor',  n.  [Fr.,from  L.  awior,  love.] 
A  love  intrigue;  an  affair  of  gallantry. 

Amphibia,  am-fib'i-a,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  amphi- 
bios,  living  a  double  life  —  am.phi,  both, 
and  bios,  life.]  A  term  strictly  applied 
to  such  few  animals  as  have  both  gills  and 
lungs  at  once;  but  ordinarily  extended 
so  as  to  include  all  animals  which  possess 
both  gills  and  lungs,  whether  at  different 
stages  of  their  existence  or  simultaneous- 
ly, thus  including  the  frogs  and  toads, 
which  have  ^ills  in  the  tadpole  stage. — 
Amphibious,  am-fib'i-us,  a.  Having  the 
power  of  living  in  two  elements,  air  and 
water ;  having  the  characters  of  the  Am- 

f(hibia:  applied  in  popular  usage  to  any 
ung-breathing  animal  which  can  exist  for 
a  considerable  time  under  water :  as  the 
crocodile,  whale,  seal,  &c. ;  adapted  for 
living  on  land  or  at  sea.— Amphibial,  Am- 
phibian, am-fib'i-al,  am-fib'i-an,  a.  Am- 
phibious.—n.  One  of  the  Amphibia. — Am- 
phibiousness,  am-fib'i-us-nes,  n. 
Ampbiblastic,  am-fi-blas'tik,a.  A  term  ap- 
plied to  ova  intermediate  between  the 
holo^lastic  or  mammalian  ova,  and  the 
meroblastic,  or  ova  of  birds  or  reptiles. 
Amphibole,  am'fi-bol,  n.  [Gr.  amphibolos, 
doubtful,  equivocal.]  A  name  given  to 
hornblende,  from  its  resemblance  to  aug- 
ite.for  which  it  may  readily  be  mistaken. 
—Amphibolic,  am-fi-borik,a.  Pertaining 
to  or  resembling  amphibole. — Amphibo- 
Ute,  am-fib'o-Ut,  n.   A  rock  with  a  base  of 


amphibole  or  hornblende ;  trap  or  green- 
stone. 

Amphibology,  am-fi-bol'o-ji,n.  [Gr.  amphi- 
holorjia — amphi,  in  two  ways,  ballo,  to 
throw,  and  logos,  discourse.]  A  phrase  or 
discourse  susceptible  of  two  interpreta- 
tions; and  hence,  a  phrase  of  uncertain 
meaning.— Amphibolous,  am-fib'ol-us,  a. 
[Gr.  amphibolos.]  Susceptible  of  two  mean- 
ings; ambiguous;  equivocal. — Amphiboly  ,t 
am-fib'o-li,  n.  Ambiguity  of  meaning. — 
Amphibological,  am-fib'o-loj"ik-al,  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  amphibology;  of  doubtful 
meaning;  ambiguous. — Ampnibologically, 
am-fib'o-loj"ik-aI-li,  adv.  With  a  doubtful 
meaning. 

Amphibrach,  Amphibrachys,  am'fi-brak, 
am-£b'ra-kis,  n.  [  Gr. — amphi,  on  both 
sides,  and  brachys,  short.]  Proa,  a  foot  of 
three  syllables,  the  middle  dne  long,  the 
first  and  last  short. 

Amphicarpic,ABiphlcarpoua,am-fi-k&r'pik, 
am-fi-kar  pus,  a.  [Gr.  amphi,  in  two  ways, 
and  karpos,  fruit.]  Bot.  possessing  two 
kinds  of  fruit,  either  in  respect  of  form  or 
time  of  ripening. 

Amphicoelous,  Amphlcoellan,  am-fi-se'lus, 
am-fi-se'li-an,  a.  [Gr.  am.phi\  at  both  ends, 
and  koilos,  hollow.]  Applied  to  vertebriE 
which  are  doubly  concave  or  hollow  at 
both  ends  (as  in  fishes). 

Amphigean,  am-fi-je'an,  a.  [Gr.  amphi, 
around,  and  ge,  the  earth.]  Extending 
over  all  the  zones  of  the  globe. 

Amphigen,  am'fi-jen,n.  [Gr.  amphi,  around, 
and  root  gen,  to  produce.]  A  plant  which 
has  no  distinct  axis,  but  increases  by  the 
growth  or  development  of  its  cellular  tis- 
sue on  all  sides,  as  the  lichens. 

Amphigory ,  am'fi-gor-i,  n.  [Vr.amphigouri.] 
A  msanincless  rigmarole;  a  nonsensical 
parody.— Ainphigoric,  am-fi-gor'ik.  o.  Of, 
relating  to,  or  consisting  of  amphigory ; 
absurd;  nonsensical. 

Amphihezahedral,  am-fl-heks'a-he"dral,  o. 
Doubly  hexahedral ;  six-sided  in  both  di- 
rections: said  of  crystals. 

Amphilogy,  am-fil'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  amphi,  in 
two  ways,  and  logos,  discourse.]  Equivo- 
cation; amphibology. 

Amphimacer,  am-fim'a-s6r,  n.  [Gr.  amphi- 
makros,  long  on  both  sides.]  Pros,  a  foot 
of  three  syllables,  the  middle  one  short 
and  the  others  long.  ' 

Amphiozus,  am-fi-oks'us,  n.  [Gr.  am,phi, 
on  both  sides,  and  oxus  or  oxys,  sharp, 
because  sharp  at  both  ends.]  A  kind  or 
fish  of  a  very  rudimentary  type,  the  lan- 
celet. 

Amphipneust,  am'fip-nOst,  n.  [Gr.  amphi, 
in  two  ways,  and  pne<5,  to  breathe.]  An 
animal  strictly  amphibious,  or  having 
both  gills  and  lungs. 

Amphipod,  am'fi-pod,  n.  [Gr.  amphi,  on 
both  sides,  and  poiis,  podoa,  a  foot.]  One 
of  an  order  (Amphipoda)  of  small  crusta- 
ceous  animals  common  in  fresh  and  salt 
water,  including  such  as  the  sand-hopper. 

AmphIprostyle,am-fip'ro-stil,a.  IGi.amphi, 
on  both  sides,  pro,  before,  and  atyli,  a 
column.]  Having  a  prostyle  or  portico  on 
both  ends  or  fronts,  out  with  no  columns 
on  the  sides. 

Amphisbxna,  am-fis-b€'na,  n.  [Gr.  amphit- 
baina — am,phis,  on  both  sides,  and  bainO, 
to  go,  from  the  belief  that  it  moved  with 
either  end  foremost.]  The  generic  name 
of  small  serpent-like  reptiles,  formerly  but 
erroneously  deemed  poisonous. 

Amphiscii,  Amphlscians,  am-fish'i-i,  am- 
fish'i-anz,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  amphi,  on  both  sides, 
and  sArta, shadow.)  The  inhabitants  of  the 
intertropical  regions,  whose  shadows  at 
noon  in  one  part  of  the  year  ve  cast  to  the 
north  and  in  the  other  to  the  south. 

Amphitheatre,  am-fi-the'a-tfer,  n.  [Gr.  am- 
phitheatron  —  amphi,  on  both  sides,  and 
theatron,  theatre.]  An  ancient  edifice  of 
an  oval  form,  having  a  central  area  encom- 
passed with  rows  of  seats,  rising  higher  as 
they  receded  from  the  centre,  on  which 
people  used  to  sit  to  view  some  spectacle 
or  performance;  a  similar  modem  edifice; 
anything,  as  a  natural  hollow  among  hills, 
resembling  an  amphitheatre  in  form. — 
Amphitheatral,  Amphitheatric,  Amphi- 
tbeatrical,  am-fi-th6'a-tral,  am'fi-the-at"- 
rik,  am'fi-the-at"rik-al,  o.    Pertaining  to 


£lw^sumj    chj  Sc.  locA;    g,  go;    3,  job;    o,  Fr.  ton;    ng,  eing;    vh,  thea;  tb,  thin;    w,  tine;     wh,  whig;    zh,  a^ure. 


AMPHITROPAL 


24 


ANAESTHESIA 


iir  resembling  an  amphitheatre;  exhibited 
in  an  amphiwieatre. 

Ataphitropal,  AmphitropouB,  am-fit'rop- 
al,  am-fit  rop-us,  a.  [Gr.  amphi,  round, 
and  ivepo,  to  tum.J  Bot.  applied  to  an 
ovule  curved  upon  itself  so  that  both  ends 
are  brought  near  to  each  other,  with  the 
hilum  in  the  middle. 

Amphluma,  am-fi-u'ma,  n.  !iGr.  amphi, 
both,  and  huo,  to  wet.)  A.  Korth  American 
animal  belonging  to  the  Amphibia,  2  or  3 
feet  in  length. 

Amphora,  am'fo-ra,  n.  pi.  Amphorae,  am'- 
fo-re.  [L.  amphora,  Gr.  aniphorevs— am- 
phi, on  both  sides,  and  phoreO,  to  carry, 
from  its  two  handles.]  Among  the  Greeks 
and  Romans,  a  vessel,  usually  tall  and 
narrow,  with  two  handles  or  ears  and  a 
narrow  neck,  used  for  holding  wine,  oil, 
honey,  and  the  like.— Amphoral,  am'fo- 
ral,  a.  i'crtaining  to  or  resembling  an 
amphora. 

Ample,  am'pl,  a.  [Fr.  ample,  L.  amplua— 
prefix  am,  amb,  round,  about,  and  root  of 
pleo,  to  fill;  akin  double.]  Large  in  di- 
mensions; of  great  size,  extent,  cai>acity, 
or  bulk;  wide;  epucious;  extended  (ample 
room) ;  fully  sufficient  for  some  purpose 
Intended;  abundant;  copious;  plentiful 
(an  ample  supply;  avip'e  justice). —  Am- 
pleneaa,  am'pl-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
ample;  largeness;  sufBciency;  abundance. 
— Ampllative,  am'pli-at-iv,  a.  Enlarging; 
increasing;  philos.  adding  to  what  is  in- 
volved in  the  meaning.of  the  subject  of  a 
px-oposition.— Amplification,  am'pli-fi-ka"- 
ehon,  n.  The  act  of  amplifying;  an  en- 
largement; extension;  diffusive  descrip- 
tion or  discussion.— Amphficative,  Ampli- 
ficatory.  am'pli-fi-kat-iv,  am'pli-fi-ka-to- 
ri,  a.  Serving  or  tending  to  amplify.— 
Amplifier,  am'pli-fi-er,  n.  One  who  am- 
plifies or  enlarges.  —  Amplify,  am'pli-fi, 
v.t.— amplified,  amplifying.  [Vr,  amplifier, 
to  enlarge— L.  ampins,  ample,  and  facto, 
to  make.]  To  make  more  ample,  larger, 
more  extended,  more  copious,  and  the  like. 
— v.i.  To  grow  or  become  ample  or  more 
ample;  to  be  diffuse  in  argument  or  de- 
Bcnption. — Amplitude,  am'pli-tud,  n.  [L. 
ampUUcdo.]  State  of  being  ample;  large- 
ness of  dimensions;  extent  of  surface  or 
space;  greatness;  aatron.  an  arc  of  the 
horizon  intercepted  between  the  east  or 
west  point  and  the  centre  of  the  sun  or 
star  at  its  rising  or  setting.— Amply,  am'- 
pli,  adv.  In  an  ample  manner;  largely; 
sufBciently;  copiously. 

Amplectant,  am-plek'tant,  a.-  [h.amptec- 
tans,  ainplectantis,  ppr.  of  am,plector,  to 
embrace.  ]  Bot.  embracing;  clasping.— Am- 
plezicaul,  am-plek'si-kal,  a.  [L.  amplexvs, 
embracing.and  caJtZts,  a  stem.]  £ot.  nearly 
surrounding  or  embracing  the  stem,  as 
the  base  of  a  leaf. 

Ampulla,  am-pul'la,  n.  pi.  Ampulla,  am- 
pul'le.  [L.]  A  more  or  less  globular  bot- 
tle, used  by  the  Romans  for  holding  oil ; 
a  vessel  for  holding  the  consecrated  oil 
used  in  various  church  rites  and  at  the 
coronation  of  kings;  a  small  sack  or  bag- 
like appendage  of  a  plant;  a  hollow  flask- 
shaped  leaf.  —  AmpuUaceouB,  am-pul-la'- 
shus,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  or  like  an 
ampulla. 

Amputate,  am'pfl-tst,  v.t.— amputated,  am- 
putating.  [L.  amputo,  avipiitatum — anib, 
about,  and  puto,  to  prune.]  To  cut  off, 
especially  a  human  limb  or  that  of  an 
animal. — Amputation,  am-pu-ta'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  amputating ;  the  operation  of 
cutting  off  a  limb  or  other  projecting  part 
ofthe  Dody. 

Amuck,  a-muk'.  n.  [Malay  or  Javanese.] 
A  furious,  reckless  onset:  a  term  used  in 
the  Eastern  Archipelago  by  Malays,  who 
are  occasionally  seen  to  rush  out  in  a 
frantic  state  with  daggers  in  their  hands, 
yelling  'Amuck,  amuck,'  and  attacking  all 
that  come  in  their  way. —  To  run  amuck, 
to  rush  about  frantically,  attacking  all 
that  come  in  the  way;  to  attack  all  and 
Eundry. 

Amulet,  am'n-let,  n.  fL.  amuletum,  Fr. 
amulette,  from  Ar.ftanidtat,anything  worn, 
from  hatnala,  to  carry,  to  wear.]  Some- 
thing woKD  or  carried  about  the  person, 
intended  to  act  as  a  charm  or  preservative 


against  evils  or  ruisohief,  Buch  as  disea?es 
and  witchcraft,— Amuletic,  am-a-let'ik,a. 
Pertaining  to  an  aKulet. 

Amurcous.t  a-merk'as,  a.  fli.  amurca,  the 
dregs  or  lees  of  olives.]  Full  of  dregs  or 
lees;  foul.— Amurcosity,t  a-m*r-ko8'i-ti,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  amurcous. 

Amu^e,  a-mUz',  v.t.  —  aviueed,  amusing. 
[Fr.  amuser,  to  amuse,  to  divert,  to  hold 
in  play— a,  to,  and  O.Fr.  muser,  to  muse. 
Musk,  v.]  To  entertain  the  mind  of  agreo- 
ablys  to  occupy  or  detain  the  attention  of 
in  a  pleasant  manner  or  with  agreeable 
objects;  to  divert;  entertain:  often  reji.; 
to  keep  in  expectation,  as  by  flattery, 
plausible  pretences,  and  the  like;  to  keep 
m  play.  .'.  A'Muse  is  to  occupy  lightly  and 
pleasantly;  divert  generally  impliessome- 
thing  absolutely  lively  or  sportive;  enter- 
tain, to  keep  in  a  continuous  state  of  in- 
terest, often  by  something  instructive. — 
Amuaable,  a-muz'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
amused. —  Amusement,  a-muz'meut,  n. 
The  act  of  amusing,  or  state  of  being 
amused;  a  slight  amount  of  mirth  or  ten- 
dency towards  meiTiment;  that  which 
amuses;  entertainment;  sport;  pastime. — 
Amaser,  a-muz'er,  n.  One  who  amuses. — 
Amusing,  a-muz'ing,  a.  Giving  amuse- 
ment; pleasing;  diverting.  —  Amuaingly, 
a-muz'ing-li,  adv.  In  an  amusing  manner. 
— Amusive,t  a-mtt'ziv,  a.  Having  power 
to  amuse. 

Amygdalate,  a-mig'da-lat,  n.  [li.amygda- 
lus,  an  a'uiond.]  An  emulsion  made  of 
almonds;  milk  of  almonds.— Amygdaline, 
a-mig'da-lin,  a.  Pertaining  to,  resem- 
bling, or  made  of  almonds.— Amygdalic, 
a-mig-dal'ik,  a.  Obtained  from  almonds. 
—Amygdaloid,  a-mig'da-loid,  n.  A  term 
applied  to  igneous  rock,  especially  trap, 
containing  I'ound  or  almond-shaped  vesi- 
cles or  cavities  partly  or  wholly  filled  with 
crystalline  nodules  of  various  minerals. — 
Amygdaloidal,  a-mig'da-loid"al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  amygdaloid;  almond-shaped. 

Amyl,  am'il.n.  IGr.  amylon,  starch.]  Cliem. 
a  hypothetical  radical  said  to  exist  in 
many  compounds,  as  amylic  alcohol,  4c. 
— Nitrate  of  amyl,  an  amber-coloured  fluid 
with  a  pleasant  odour,  having  the  pro- 
perty when  inhaled  of  quickening  the 
heart's  action,— Amylaceous,  am-il-a'shus, 
a.  Pertaining  to  starch,  or  the  farinaceous 
part  of  grain;  resembling  starch.— Amyl- 
ate,  am'il-at,  n.  A  compound  of  starch 
with  a  base.— Amylene,  am'il-Sn,  n.  A 
hydrocarbon  obtained  from  amylic  alco- 
hol, and  possessing  anaesthetic  properties. 
— Amylic,  am-il'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
amyl. —Amyloid,  am'il-oid, «.  K esumbl ing 
or  being  of  the  nature  of  amyl. — n.  A  semi- 
gelatiiinus  substance,  analogous  to  starch, 
met  with  in  some  seeds. 

An,  A,  an,  a,  indef.  art.  [A.  Sax.  dn,  one, 
an,  the  former  being  the  original,  the 
latter  a  developed  meaning;  the  i-ame 
word  as  one.  One.]  A  word  used  before 
nouns  in  the  singular  number  to  denote 
an  individual  as  one  among  more  belong- 
ing to  the  same  class,  and  not  marking 
singleness  like  one,  nor  pointing  to  some- 
thing known  and  definite  like  the.  In 
such  phrases  as  'once  an  hour,'  'a  shilling 
an  ounce,'  an  has  a  distributive  force,  be- 
ing equivalent  to  each,  every.  The  form  a 
is  used  before  consonants  (including  the 
name  sound  of  u  as  in  unit,  European^ 
yu);  an  is  used  before  words  beginning 
with  a  vowel  sound,  or  the  soundof  ft  when 
the  itccent  falls  on  any  syllable  except  the 
first;  as,  an  inn,  an  umpire,  an  heir,  an 
historian  (but  also  a  historian). 

Ana,  a'na,  n.  pi.  [The  neuter  plural  ter- 
mination of  Latin  adjectives  in  -anus, 
often  forming  an  aflBx  to  the  names  of 
eminent  men  to  denote  a  collection  of  their 
memorable  sayings  —  thus  Scaligeriana, 
Johnsoniana.  ]  The  sayings  of  notable  men; 
personal  gossip  or  anecdotes. 

Anabaptist,  an-a-bap'tist,  n.  [  Gr.  ana, 
again,  and  baptistis,  a  baptist.]  One  who 
holds  the  invalidity  of  infant  baptism, 
and  the  necessity  of  rebaptism,  generally 
by  immersion,  at  an  adult  age.— Anabap- 
tistic,  Anabaptigtical,  an'a-bap-tis"tik, 
an'a-bap-ti8"{ik-al,  a.  Relating  to  the 
Anabaptists  or  to  their  doctrines.  —  Ana- 


haptistn,  ana-bap'tizm,  n.  The  doctrine 
or  practices  of  the  AnabaptiFts. 

Anabasis,  an-ab'a-sis,  »i.  [Gr.  —  ana,  up, 
and  basis,  a  going,  from  baino,  to  go.]  A 
going  up;  an  expedition  from  the  coast 
inland. 

Anacamptic,  an-a-kam'tik,  o.  [Gr.  ana, 
back,  and  kampto,  to  bend.]  Pertaining 
to  the  reflection  of  light  or  sound;  reflect- 
ing or  reflected.  —  Anacamptlcally,  an-a- 
kam'tik-al-li,  adv.  By  reiiectiou.— Ana- 
camptics,  an-a-kam'tiks,  n.  The  doctrine 
of  reflected  light  or  sound. 

AnacanthouE,  an-a-kan'thus,  a.  [Gr.  neg. 
prefix  a»,  and  akantha,  a  spine.]  Spine- 
less; a  term  applied  to  fishes  with  spineless 
fins,  such  as  the  cod,  plaice,  &c. ;  mala- 
copferygious. 

Anacatharsls,  an'a-ka-th&r"Eis,  n.  [Gr.  ana, 
upward,  and  kathairO,  to  cleanse.]    Med. 

Eurgation  upward;  also  cough,  attended 
y  expectoration.— Anacathartic,  an'a-ka- 
thar"tik,a.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  anacatharsis. — n.  A  medicine  which  ex- 
cites discharges  by  the  mouth  or  nose,  as 
expectorants,  emetics,  &c. 

Anacharis,  an-ak'a-ris,  n.  [Ana,  for  Or. 
neg.  prefix  an,  and  charis,  favour,  from 
being  often  a  nuisance.]  A  water-plant 
introduced  from  North  America  into  Brit- 
ish rivers  and  ponds,  which  by  its  rapid 
growth  tends  to  choke  them  up ;  water- 
thyme  or  water-weed. 

Anachronism,  an-ak'ron-izm,  n.  [Gr.  ana, 
implying  inversion,  error,  and  chronoi. 
time.]  An  error  in  computing  historical 
time ;  any  error  which  implies  the  mis- 
placing of  persons  or  events  in  time;  any- 
thing foreign  to  or  out  of  keeping  with  a 
specified  epoch  (as  where  Shakspere  makes 
Hector  quote  Aristotle). —  Anachronous, 
Anachronic,  Anachronical,  Anachrozust- 
ic.  Anachronistical,  an-ak'-ron-us,  an-a- 
kron'ik,  an-a-kron'ik-al,  an-ak'ron-isf'ik, 
an-ak'ron-ist"ik-al,  o.  Erroneous  in  date; 
containing  an  anachronism. 

Anaclastic,  an-a-klas'tik,  a.  [Gr.  anaklasis, 
a  bending  back — Gr.  ana,  back,  and  klasis, 
a  breaking,  from  klaO,  to  break.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  produced  by  the  refraction  of 
light ;  bending  back;  flexible.  —  Anaclas- 
tics,  an-a-klas'tiks,  n.  A  term  equivalent 
to  Dioptrics. 

Anacoluthon,  an'a-kol-n"thon,  n.  [Gr. 
anakolovihos,  wanting  sequence  —  neg. 
prefix  an,  and  akolouthos,  following.  ] 
Grain,  want  of  sequence  in  a  sentence, 
owing  to  the  latter  member  of  it  belonging 
to  a  different  grammatical  construction 
from  the  preceding;  as,  '  He  that  curseth 
fhther  or  mother,  let  him  die  the  death.' 
Mat.  XV.  4.— Anacoluthlc,  an'a-kQl-a"thik, 
a.  AVanting  sequence;  containing  an  ana- 
coluthon. 

Anaconda,  an-a-kon'da,  n.  The  popular 
name  of  two  of  the  largest  species  of  the 
serpent  tribe,  namely,  a  Ceylonese  species 
and  a  South  American  species, both  grow- 
ing to  tlie  length  of  over  30  feet. 

Anacreontic,  a-nak're-on  'tik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  after  the  manner  of  Anacreon; 
relating  to  the  praise  of  love  and  wine; 
convivial;  amatory.— Anacreontic,  a-nak'- 
re-on"tik,  n.  A  poem  by  Anacreon,  or  com- 
posed in  the  manner  of  Anacreon;  a  little 
poem  in  praise  of  love  or  wine. 

Anadem,  Anademe,  an'a-dem,  rn'a-dfm.n. 
[Gr.  anadema,  a  bead-band  or  fillet— ana, 
up,  and  deo,  to  bind.]  A  band,  fillet,  gar- 
land, or  wreath. 

Anadromoua,  a-nad  *rom-us,  a«  [Gr.  ana, 
up,  and  dromx)8,  course.]  Passing  from 
the  sea  into  fresh  waters  at  stated  seasons, 
as  the  salmon. 

Anaemia,  a-n?'mi-a,  n.  [Gr.— an,  priv.,  and 
haima,  blood.]  Med.  a  deficiency  of  blood; 
a  state  of  the  system  marked  by  a  de- 
ficiency in  certain  constituents  of  the 
blood.— An»mic,  a-n&'mik,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  affected  with  anaemia. 

Ansesthesia,  AnxEthesis,  an-es-thi^'si-a,  an- 
es-the'sis,  n.  [Gr.  anaisthisia,  anaisthisit 
—  an,  priv.,  and  aisthanomia,  to  feel.] 
Diminished  or  lost  sense  of  feeling;  an 
artificially  produced  state  of  insensibility, 
especially  to  <;he  sense  of  pain.  —  An»a- 
thetic,  an-es-thet'ik,  a.  OlTor  belonging 
to  anaesthesia;  having  the  power  of  de- 


bate, f^,  fat,  fflll;     mS,  met,  her;     pine,  pinj     note,  not,  mOve;     tQbe.  tub,  b\)ll;     oil,  pound;     It,  So.  abun»— the  Fr.  Wy 


ANAGLYPH 


25 


ANBERRY 


priTing  of  feeling  or  sensation.— n.  A  sub- 
stance wliicli  has  the  power  of  depriving 
of  feeling  or  sensation,  as  chloroform  when 
its  Tapour  is  inhaled.— Ansesthetize,  an- 
es'thO-tiz,  v.t. — aruKsthatUed,  ancesthetizlng. 
To  bring  under  the  influence  of  an  anaes- 
thetic agent;  to  render  insensible  to  the 
feeling  of  pain. 

Anaglyph,  an'a-glif,  n.  [Gr.  anaglyphon, 
embossed  yvork— ana,  up,  and  glypho,  to 
engrave.]  An  ornament  in  relief  chased 
or  embossed. — Anaglyphlc,  Anaglyphical, 
an-a-glif'ik,  an-a-glif'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  anaglyphs  or  to  the  art  of  chasing  and 
embossing  in  relief.— Anaglyphy,  an-ag'- 
li-fi,ii.  The  act  of  chasing  or  embossing  in 
relief.  —  Anaglyptic,  Anaglyptical,  an-a- 
glip'tik,  an-a-glip'tik-al.  Same  as  Ana- 
ylyphic.  —  Anaglyptograph,  an-a-  glip '  to- 
graf,  n.  An  instrument  for  making  a 
medallion  engraving  of  an  object  in  relief, 
such  as  a  medal  or  cameo.  —  Anaglyp- 
tography,  an'a-glip-to§"ra-fi,  n.  The  art 
of  copying  works  in  relief. 

Anagoge,  Analogy,  an'a-go-j5,  an'a-go-ji, 
n.  IGr.  anagoge— ana,  upward,  and  agOge, 
a  leading,  from  ago,  to  lead.)  An  elevation 
of  mind  to  things  celestial;  the  spiritual 
meaning  or  application  of  words;  a  mys- 
terious or  allegorical  interpretation,  es- 
pecially of  Scripture.  —  Anagogic,  Ana- 
gogical,  an-a-goj'ik,  an-a-goj'ik-al,  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  anagoge;  mysterious;  ele- 
vate<l;  spiritual.— Anagogically,  an-a-goj'- 
ik-al-li,  ady.  In  an  anagogic  manner. 

Anagi-am,  an'a-gram,  n.  [Gr.ana,  up,  again, 
and  gruuima,  a  letter.]  A  transposition  of 
the  letters  of  a  word  or  sentence,  to  form 
a  new  word  or  sentence. — Anagi'ammatlo, 
Anagrammatical,  an'a-g'-am-mat"ik,  an'a- 
gram-mat"ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  form- 
ing an  anagram.— Anagrammatically,an'- 
a-gram-mat"ik-al-li,  adv.  In  the  manner 
of  an  anagram. — Anagrammatism,  an-a- 
grani'mat-izm,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of 
making  anagrams.— Anagrammatist,  an- 
a-grani'mat-ist,  n.  A  maker  of  anagrams. 
— Anagrammatize,  an-a-gram'mat-iz,  v.t. 
To  transpose,  as  the  letters  of  a  word,  so 
as  to  form  an  anagram.— v.i.  To  make  ana- 
grams. 

Anal,  a'nal,  a.  [L.  anus,  the  fundament.] 
Pertaining  to  or  situated  near  the  anus. 

Analcime,  a-nal'sim,  n.  [Gr.  an,  priv.,  and 
alkimos,  strong,  from  a?ifc<?,  strength.]  A 
mineral  of  frequent  occurrence  in  trap- 
rocks,  especially  in  the  cavities  of  amyg- 
daloids.  By  friction  it  acquires  a  weak 
electricity;  hence  its  name. 

Analecta,  an-a-lek'ta,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  neut.  pi. 
of  analektos,  select — ana,  up,  and  legO,  tc 
gather.  1  Extracts  or  small  pieces  selected 
from  different  authors. — Analect,  an'a- 
lekt,  n.  A  selected  piece;  an  extract. — 
Analectio,  an-a-lek'tik,  a.  llelating  to 
analecta;  made  up  of  selections. 

Analepsis,  an-a-lep'sis,  n.  [Gr.,  from  ana, 
up  or  again,  and  lepsis,  a  taking,  from 
lumbanO,  to  take.]  Med.  recovery  of 
strengtii  after  disease. — Analeptic,  an-a- 
lep'tik,  a.  Invigorating;  giving  strength 
after  disease. 

Analogy,  an-al'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  analogia—ana, 
according  to,  and  logos,  ratio,  proportion.] 
An  agreement  or  likeness  between  things 
in  some  circumstances  or  effects,  when  the 
things  are  otherwise  entirely  different;  re- 
lationship; conformity;  parallelism;  like- 
ness. .".  A  nalogy  is  sometimes  confounded 
with  sivUlarity,  but  the  latter  properly 
denotes  general  likeness  or  resemblance; 
theforther  implies  general  difference,  with 
identity  or  sameness  in  one  or  more  rela- 
tions. Thus  there  is  analogy,  but  no  simi- 
larity hetvreen  the  wing  of  a  bird  and  that 
of  a  bat.  [We  say  aftalogy  between  things, 
one  thing  has  an  analogy  to  or  with  an- 
other.]—Analogical,  an-a-loj'ik-al,a.  Hav- 
ing analogy;  analogous;  used  by  way  of 
analogy;  expressing  or  implying  analogy. 
—Analogically,  an-a-loj'ik-aldi,  adv.  In  an 
analogical  manner.— Analogicalness,an-a- 
loj'ik-al-nes,  n.  The  qualit.Y  of  being  analo- 
gical.—Analogism,an-aro-jizm,n.  An  argu- 
ment from  thecause  totheeffect;  ana  pri- 
ori argument;  investigation  of  things  by 
the  analogy  they  bear  to  each  other. — Ana- 
logist,  an-al'o-jist,  n.    One  who  adheres  to 


analogy.—Analogize,  an-al'o-iiz,  v.t.— an- 
alogized, aytalogizing.  To  explain  by  an- 
alogy; to  consider  with  regard  to  its  anal- 
ogy to  something  else. — Analogous,  an-al- 
og-us,  a.  Having  analogy;  bearing  some 
resemblance  in  the  midst  of  differences 
(followed  by  <o  or  «)i<A). — Analogously,  an- 
al'og-us-li,  adv.  In  an  analogous  manner. 
— Analogue,  an'a-log,w.  Something  having 
analogy  with  something  else. 

Aualysii^,  an-al'i-sis,  n.  pi.  Analyses,  an- 
al'i-sez.  [Gr. — prefix  ana,  implying  distri- 
bution, and  lysis,  a  loosing,  resolving,  from 
lyo,  to  loosen.]  The  resolution  of  a  com- 
pound object  whether  of  the  senses  or  the 
intellect  into  its  constituent  elements  or 
component  parts;  a  consideration  of  any- 
thing in  its  separate  parts  and  their  rela- 
tion to  each  other:  opposed  to  synthesis; 
the  process  of  subjecting  to  chemical  tests 
to  determine  ingredients;  a  syllabus  or 
table  of  the  principal  heads  of  a  discourse 
or  treatise. — Analysable,  an-a-liz'a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  analysed.— Analyaation, 
an'a-liz-8."shon,n.  The  act  of  analysing. — 
Analyse,  an'a-liz,  v.t.— analysed,  analysing. 
[Fr.  analyser.]  To  resolve  into  its  elements; 
to  separate,  as  a  compound  subject,  into 
its  parts  or  propositions. — Analyser,  an'- 
a-liz-6r,  n.  ..On&  who  or  that  which  analy- 
ses.-.-Analyst,  an'a-list,  n.  One  who  an- 
alyses or  is  versed  in  analysis;  one  who 
subjects  articles  to  chemical  tests  to  find 
out  their  ingiedients.— Analytic,  Analyt- 
ical, an  a-iit'ik,  an-a-lit'ik-al,  n.  Pertain- 
ing to  analysis;  resohving  into  first  prin- 
ciples or  elements. —Analytically,  an-a- 
lit'ik-al-li,  adv.  In  an  analytical  manner; 
in  the  manner  of  analysis.  —  Analytics, 
an-a-lit'iks,  n.    The  science  of  analysis. 

Anamorphosis,  Anamorphism,  an-a-mor'- 
fo-sis  or  an'a-mor-fo"sis,  an-a-mor'fizm,  n. 
[Gr.  ana,  again,  and  morphosis,  forma- 
tion, from  mnrphe,  a  form.]  A  drawing 
liresenting  a  distorted  image  of  the  object, 
unless  when  viewed  from  a  certain  point, 
or  reflected  by  a  curved  mirror;  an  ano- 
malous development  of  any  part  of  a  plant. 

Anandrotts,  an-an'drus,  o.  [Gr.  an,  priv., 
and  an(;r,andros,a,  male  or  stamen.]  Bot. 
applied  to  flowe^-s  that  are  destitute  of  a 
stamen  (female  flowers). 

Anantherous,  an-an'th6r-us,  a.  [Gr.  an, 
priv.,  and  E.  anther.}  Bot.  destitute  of 
anthers. 

Ananthoos,  an-an'thus,  a.  [Gr.  an,  priv., 
and  anthos,  a  flower.]  Destitute  of  flow- 
ers. 

Anapest,  Anapaest,  an'a-pest,  n.  [L.  ana- 
pcestus,  from  Gr.  anapaistos.)  A  poetical 
foot  consisting  of  three  syllables,  the  first 
two  short  or  unaccented,  the  last  long  or 
accented.— Anapestic,  an-a-pes'tik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  an  anapest;  consisting  of  ana- 
pests.  —  Anapestically,  an-a-pes'tik-al-li, 

•  adv.    In  an  anapestic  manner. 

Anaphrodisiac,  an-a,f'ro-diz"i-ak,  n.  [Gr. 
neg.  prefix  an,  and  aphrodisiakos,  vener- 
eal.] A  substance  capable  of  dulling  sex- 
ual appetite. 

Anaplasty,  an'a-plas-ti ,  n.  [G  r .  ana,  again , 
and  plassO,  to  fashion.]  Surg,  an  opera- 
tion to  supply  by  the  employment  of  ad- 
jacent healthy  structure  the  loss  of  small 
portions  of  flesh. — Anaplastic,  an-a-plas'- 
tik,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  anaplasty. 

Anaplerotic,  an'a-pl5-rot"ik,  a.  [Gr.  ana, 
up,  and  plcroO,  to  fill.]  Med.  filling  up; 
promoting  granulation  of  wounds  or  ul- 
cers.—n.  A  remedy  which  promotes  the 
granulation  of  wounds  and  ulcers. 

Anapodeictlc,  an-ap'o-dik"tik,  o.  [Gr.  an, 
priv., and  apodeifr^ifcos, demonstrable.]  In- 
capable of  being  demonstrated. 

Anaptotic,  an-ap-tot'ik,  a.  [Gr.  ana,  back, 
and  ptosis,  inflection.]  Philol.  applied  to 
languages  which  have  a  tendency  to  lose 
the  use  of  inflections. 

Anarchy,  an'iir-Ui,  nT  [Gr.  anarchia,  law- 
lessness—an, priv.,  and  arcftg,  rule.]  Want 
of  government;  a  state  of  society  when, 
there  is  no  law  or  supreme  power;  political 
confusion.  Also  Anarchism,  an'ark-izm. — 
Anarchic,  Anarchical,  an-ark'ik,  an-ark'- 
ik-al,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  anarchy;  in 
a  state  of  anarchy  or  confusion;  lawless. 
Also  Anarchal,  an-ark'al.— Anarchist,  An- 
arch, an'ilrk-ist,  an'ark,  n.  -  One  who  ex- 


cites revolt  or  promotes  disorder  in  a  state, 
— Anarchize.t  an'ar-kiz,u.<.  To  put  into  a 
state  of  anarchy  or  confusion. 

Anarthropoda,  an-ar-throp'o-da,  n.  pi. 
[Gr.  an,  priv.,  arthros,  joint,  and  pons, 
podos,  foot.]  One  of  the  two  great  divisions 
(the  Arthropoda  being  the  other)  of  the 
Annulosa,  or  ringed  animals,  including  the 
leeches,  earthworms,  .&c.— Anarthropo- 
douB,  an-ar-throp'o-dus,  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Anarthropoda. 

Anarthrous,  an-ar'thrus,  a.  [Gr.  an,  priv., 
and  arlhron,  a?  joint  or  article.]  Gram. 
without  th6  article;  zool.  without  joints  or 
jointed  appendages. 

Anasarca,  an-a-sar'ka,  n.  [Gr.  ana,  imply- 
ing distribution,  through,  and  sarx,  flesh.] 
Med.  dropsy  of  the  cellular  tissue:  genei'al 
dropsy.— Ajiasarcous,-  an-a-sar'kus,  a. 
BrQpsical. 

Anastaltic,  an-a-stal'tik,  a.  [Gr.  anasial- 
tikos,  fitted  for  checking.]  Jlf ed.astringent; 
styptic. 

Anastatic, an-a-stat'ik.a.  [^Gr.  ana, up,  and 
histanai,  to  stand.]  Consisting  of  or  fur- 
nished with  raised  characters;  applied  U> 
a  mode  of  printing  from  zinc  plates  etched 
so  that  the  design  or  what  else  is  to  be 
shown  is  left  in  relief..  _ 

Anastomose,  a-nas'tO-moz,  v.t. — anastomo^ 
ed,  anastomosing.  [Fr.  anastomoser,  Gr. 
anastomofi— ana,  again,  anew,  and  stoma, 
a  mouth.]  Anat.  and  hot.  to  inosculate  or 
run  into  each  other,  to  communicate  with 
each  other  by  minute  branches  or  ramifi- 
cations, as  the  arteries  and  veins. — Anas- 
tomosis, a-nas't3-mo"8i8,  n.  The  inoscu- 
lation of  vessels  in  vegetable  or  animal 
bodies. — Anastomotic,  a-nas'to-mot"ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  anastomosis. 

Anastrophe,  Anastrophy.  a-nas'tro-fe,  n. 
[Gr.— a7ia,  back,  sirepho,  to  turn.]  An  in- 
version of  the  natural  order  of  words. 

Anathema,  a-nath'e-ma,  n.  [Gr.  anathema, 
a  thing  devoted  to  evil,  from  anatithSmi, 
to  dedicate— area,  up,  and  tithimi,  to  place.] 
A  curse  or  denunciation  pronouncedwith 
religious  solemnity  by  ecclesiastical  au- 
thority, and  accompanied  by  excommuni- 
cation; execration  generally;  curse.— Ana- 
thematic,  Anathematlcal,  a-nath'€-m  at"- 
ik,  a-nath'e-mat'  ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  nature  of  an  anathema.— Ana- 
thematically,  anath'S-mafik-al-li,  adv. 
I n  the  manner  of  anathem a. — Anathemat- 
ization, a-nath'6-mat'iz-a"shon,  n.  The  act 
of  anathematizing.  —  Anathematize,  a- 
na.ih'&-Taia,t-\z,v.t.— anathematized,  dnathe- 
m,atizing.  To  pronounce  an  anathema 
against.— tJ.i.  To  pronounce  anathemas;  to 
curse.— Anathematizer,a-nath'e-mat-iz-6r, 
n.    One  who. 

Anatomy,  a-nat'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  anatom£— 
ana,  up,  and  tome,  a  cutting.]  The  art  of 
dissecting  or  artificially  separating  the 
different  parts  of  an  organized  body,  to 
discover  their  situation,  structure,  and 
economy;  the  science  which  treats  of  the 
internal  structure  of  organized  bodies,  as 
elucidated  by  dissection:  when  used  alone 
it  refers  to  the  human  body,  vegetahlfi  an- 
atomy being  the  anatomy  of  plants,  zoot- 
omy that  of  the  lower  animals;  the  act  of 
taking  to  pieces  something  for  the  purpose 
of  examiniiig  in  detail  (the  anatomy  of  a 
discourse);  a  skeleton  (colloq.);  hence,  a 
thin  meagre  person. — Anatomic,  Anatom- 
ical, an-a-tom'ik,an-a-tom'ik-al,a.  Belong- 
ing to  anatomy  or  dissection. — Anatomic- 
ally, an-a-tom'ik-al-li,  adu.  In  an  anatom- 
ical manner;  by  means  of  dissection. — 
Anatomist,  a-nat'o-mist,  n.  One  who  is 
skilled  in  dissection,  or  in  the  doctrine  and 
principles  of  anatomy.— Anatomization, 

'a-nat'o-miz-a"8hon,  n.  The  act  of  anato- 
mizing. —  Anatomize,  a-nat'o-miz,  v.t. — 
anatomized,  anatomizing.  To  cut  up  or  dis- 
sect for  the  purpose  of  displayilig  or  exa- 
mining the  structure ;  fig.  to  lay  open  or 
expose  minutely;  to  analyse  (to  anatomize 
an  argument). 

Anatropal,  Anatropotu,  a-nat'rop-al,  a- 
nat'rop-us,  a.  [Gr.  ana,  denoting  inver- 
sion, and  trep6,  to  turn.]  Bot.  having  the 
ovule  inverted,  so  that  the  chalaza  is  at 
its  apparent  apex. 

Anberry,  an'be-ri,  n.  [A.  Sax.  a»=on,  and 
berry.]    A  kind  of  wsirty  protuberance  or 


cb^i&ain;     eft,  So.  locA:     g,  90;    j,yob:     n.  Fr,  ton;     ng.aing;     «h,  (ften:  th,  <ftia,;     w.twgj     wh,  wftig;     7,h.  a«ure. 


ANCESTOR 


26 


ANGED 


Riowth  on  a  horse  or  ox,  sometimes  hang- 
uig  quite  loosely;  a  kind  of  gall  or  excre- 
scence on  a  turnip. 

Ancestor,  an'ses-tfer,  n.  10. Fr.  ancesire, 
ancessor,  Fr.  ancetre,  an  ancestor,  from  L. 
antecessor,  a  predecessor— ante,  before,  and 
cedo,  cessum,  to  go.  Cede.]  One  from 
whom  a  person  descends,  either  by  the 
father  or  mother,  at  any  distance  of  time; 
a  progenitor;  aforefatlier;  one  from  whom 
an  inheritance  is  derived. — Ancestral,  An- 
cestorial,  an-ses'tral,  an-ses-to'ri-al,  o. 
Pertaining  to  ancestors;  claimed  or  de- 
scending from  ancestors.  —  Ancestress,! 
aii'ses-tres,  n.  A  female  ancestor. — Ances- 
try, an'ses-tri,  n.  A  series  of  ancestors; 
lineage;  honourable  descent;  high  birth. 

Anchor,  ang'kCr,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ancor,  bor- 
rowed from  L.  ancora,  Gr.  angkyra.  an 
anchor.  From  a  root  meaning  crooked, 
bent,  seen  in  L.  angvlui,  a  corner,  E. 
ankle,  angle,  a  fish-hook.J  An  iron  imple- 
ment, consisting  usually  of  a  straight  bar 
called  the  shank,  at  the  upper  end  of 
which  is  a  transverse  piece  called  the 
stock,  and  of  two  curved  arms  at  the  lower 
end  of  the  shank,  each  of  which  arms  ter- 
minates in  a  triangular  plate  called  a 
fluke,  and  used  for  holding  a  ship  or  other 

.  vessel  at  rest  in  comparatively  shallow 
water;  something  serving  a  purpose  ana- 
logous to  that  of  a  ship's  anchor;  fig.  that 
which  gives  stability  or  security;  that  on 
which  we  place  dependence  for  safety. — 
At  anchor,  floating  attached  to  an  anchor; 
anchored.— ti.(.  To  hold  at  rest  by  lower- 
ing the  anchor;  to  place  at  anchor;  fig. 
to  fix  or  fasten  on;  to  fix  in  a  stable  con- 
dition.—  v.i.  To  cast  anchor;  to  come  to 
anchor.  —  Anchorable,  ang'ker-a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  beinganchored;  fit  for  anchor- 
ing.—Anchorage,  ang'kfer-aj,  to.  Anchor- 
ing ground;  a  place  where  a  ship  can  an- 
chor; a  duty  imposed  on  ships  for  anchor- 
ing in  a  harbour. 

Anchoret,  Anchorite,  ang'ko-ret,  ang'kG- 
rit,  n.  [L.  anachoreta;  6r.  anachorStis — 
ana,  back,  and  chOreO,  to  retire,  from 
chOro's,  a  place.]  A  hermit;  a  recluse;  one 
who  retires  from  society  to  avoid  the  temp- 
tations of  the  world  and  devote  himself  to 
religious  duties.— Anchoritess,  Anchoress, 
ang'ko-rit-es,  ang'ko-res,  n.  A  female 
anchoret.— Anchoretic,  Anchoretical,  An- 
choritical,  ang-ko-ret'ik,  ang-ko-ret'ik-al, 
ang-ko-rit'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  her- 
mit, or  his  mode  of  life. 

Anchovy,  ari-cho'vi,  n.  [Pg.  and  Sp.  an- 
chova,  an  anchovy,  from  Basque  anehua, 
anchuva,  dry.J  A  small  fish  belonging  to 
the  herring  family,  caught  in  vast  num- 
bers in  the  Mediterranean,  and  pickled  for 
exportation.  An  esteemed  sauce  is  also 
made  from  them. . 

Anchovy-pear,  an-cho'vi-par,  n.  A  fruit 
of  Jamaica,  which  is  pickled  and  eaten. 

Anchylose,  ang'ki-los.  A  common  but  er- 
roneous spelling  of  Ankyloae. 

Ancient,  an'shent,  a.  (Fr.  ancien,  L.L. 
aniianits,  from  L.  prep,  ante,  before.  The 
final  t  has  no  right  to  its  place  in  this 
word.]  That  happened  or  existed  in  for- 
mer times,  usually  at  a  great  distance  of 
time;  associated  with,  or  bearing  marks 
of  the  times  of  long  ago  (ancient  authors); 
of  long  standing;  having  lasted  from  a 
remote  period;  of  great  age;  old  (an  an- 
cient city);  having  lived  long  lan  ancient 
man— poetical).  .•.  Old  refers  to  the  dura- 
tion of  the  thing  itself;  ancient,  to  the 
period  with  which  it  is  associated.  An- 
cient is  opposed  to  modem;  old,  to  young, 
new,  fresh.  An  old  dress,  custom,  &c.,  is 
one  which  has  lasted  a  long  time,  and 
which  still  exists;  an  ancient  dress,  cus- 
tom, &c.,  is  one  which  prevailed  in  former 
ages. — n.  A  person  living  at  an  early 
period  of  history  (generally  in  plural,  and 
opposed  to  modemn);  a  very  old  man;  an 
elder  or  person  of  influence. — Anciently, 
5n'shent-li,  adv.  In  old  times ;  in  times 
long  past. — Ancientness,  an'shent-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  character  of  being  ancient ; 
antiquity. 

Ancient,^  an'shent,  n.  [Corrupted  from 
ensign.]    A  flag;  an  ensign;  also,  a  stan- 

l  dard-bearer.  [Shak.^ 

Ancillary,  an'sil-la-ri,  a.    [L.  ancillarit. 


from  ancilla,  a  maid-servant.]  Subser- 
vient; aiding;  auxiliary;  subordinate. 

Ancipital,  Ancipitous,  an-sip'it^al,  an-sip'- 
it-UB,  a.  [L.  ancaps,  ancipiiis,  two-headed, 
ambiguous— an  for  amb,  on  both  sides,  and 
caput,  the  head.]  iJoubtful  or  double;  am- 
biguous; bot.  two-edged. 

Ancon,  .an'kon,  n.  pi.  Ancones,  an-ko'n6z. 
[L.  ancon, 'Gr.  angkon,  the  elbow.]  Anat. 
the  upper  end  of  the  ulna  or  elbow;  arch. 
a  console,  cantilever,  corbel,  or  other  stone 
projection.— Anconal,  an-ko'nal,  a.  Per- 
taining tothe  ancon  or  elbow.— Anconoid, 
an'kon-oid,  a.  Elbow-like:  applied  to  a 
process  of  the  forearm. 

And,  and,  coni.  [A.  Sax.  and,  V>.  en,  ende, 
G.  und,  O.H.6.  anti,  all  signifying  and; 
Icel.  enda,  and  yet,  and  if.]  A  particle 
joining  words  and  sentences,  and  express- 
ing the  relations  of  connection  or  addi- 
tion ;  sometimes  used  to  introduce  inter- 
rogative and  other  clauses.  In  old  writers 
and,  an,  has  often  the  sense  of  if;  hence 
'but  and  if  in  the  Bible=but  if  if. 

Andaluslte.  an-da-la'sit,  n.  A  pellucid 
mineral  of  the  garnet  family,  of  a  gray, 
green,  bluish,  flesh  or  rose-red  colour:  so 
called  from  Andalusia  in  Spain,  where  it 
was  first  discovered. 

Andante,  an-dan  ta,  a.  [It.  andante,  walk- 
ing moderately,  from  andare,  to  go.] 
Music,  moving  with  a  moderate,  even, 
graceful,  onward  progression.— n.  A  move- 
ment or  piece  composed  in  andante  time. 
— Andautino,  an-rtau-te'no,  a.  Applied  to 
a  movement  quicker  than  andante. 

Andean,  an-de'an,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Andes,  the  great  mountain  chain  of  South 
America.— ^Andesin,  an'dez-in,  n.  A  min- 
eral resembling  felspar  originally  obtained 
from  the  Andes.    ) 

Andiron,  and'i-fem,  n.  [O.E.  andiren,  aund- 
irin,  aundire,  O.Fr.  andier:  origin  un- 
known.] A  horizontal  iron  bar  raised  on 
short  legs,  with  an  upright  standard  at 
one  end,  used  to  support  pieces  of  wood 
when  buxning  on  an  open  hearth,  one  be- 
ing placed  on  each  side;  a  fire-dog. 

Andranatomy,  an-dra-nat'o-mi,  n.  [Gr. 
aner,  andros,  a  man,  and  anatomS,  dissec- 
tion.] The  dissection  of  a  human  body, 
especially  of  a  male;  androtomy. 

Androecium,  an-dre'si-um,  n.  [Gr.  aner, 
andros,  a  man,  a  male,  and  oikos,  a  house.] 
Sot.  the^male  system  of  a  flower;  the 
assemblage  of  the  stamens. 

Androgynal,  Andi^ogyaous,  an-droj'in-al, 
an-droj'in-us,  a.  [Gr.  androgynos—aner, 
andros,  a  man,  and  cj/n5,woman.]  Having 
two  sexes;  being  male  and  female;  her- 
maphroditical;  having  or  partaking  of  the 
mental  characteristics  of  both  sexes.— An- 
drogynally,  an-droj'in-al-li,  adv.  With  the 
parts  of  both  sexes. 

AndropetaJous,  an-dro-pet'al-us,  o.  [Gr. 
aner,  andros,  a  male,  and  petalon,  a  petal.] 
Bot.  applied  to  double  flowers  produced 
by  the  conversion  of  the  stamens  into 
petals. 

Androphagi,  an-drof  a-ji,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  anir, 
andros,  a  man,  and  phagO,  to  eat.l  Man- 
eaters  ;  anthropophagi.  —  Andropnagous, 
an-drof'a-gus,  a.  Pertaining  or  addicted 
to  cannibalism. 

Andi'ophore,  an'dro-f5r,  n.  [Gr.  anir,  an- 
dros, a  male,  and  phero,  to  bear.]  JBoi.  a 
stalk  supporting  the  stamens. 

Androsphfnx,  an'dro-sfingks,  n.  [Gr.  anir, 
andros,  a  man,  and  sphingx,  a  sphinx.]  A 
sphinx  with  a  human  head. 

Androtomy,  an-drot'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  ait^r, 
andros,  a  man,  and  tome,  a  cutting.]  Same 
as  Andranat-omy. 

Androug,  an'drus,  a.  [Gr.  anir,  andros,  a, 
male.  ]  Bot.  producing  stamens  only ; 
staminate;  male. 

Anecdote,  an'ek-d5t,  n.  [Gr.  anekdotos, 
not  published — a,  neg.,  ek,  out.  and  dotos, 
given,  from  didOm,i,  to  give.]  A  short 
story,  narrating  a  detached  incident  or  fact 
of  an  interesting  nature ;  a  biographical 
incident;  a  single  passage  of  private  life. — 
Anecdotic,  Anecdotal,  Anecdotical,  an- 
ek-dot'ik,  an'ek-dot-al,  an-ek-dot'ik-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  anecdotes;  ponsisting  of  or 
of  the  nature  of  anecdotes.— Anecdotist, 
Anecdot&rian,  an'ek-dst-ist,  an'ek-do-ta"- 
ri-an,  n.    One  who  deals  in  anecdotes. 


Anelectric,  an-f'-lek'trik,  a.  [Gr.  on,  priv., 
and  E.  electric]  Having  no  olcctric  pro- 
perties; non-electric. 

Anelectrode,  an-e-lek'trod,  n.  (I'refix  ana, 
up,  and  electrode.]  The  positiv6.pole  of  a 
galvanic  battery:  opposed  to  catelectrode: 

Anemograph,  a-nem'o-graf, n.  [Gr.  anemos, 
the  wind.]  An  instrument  for  measuring 
and  recording  the  force  and  direction  of 
the  wind.— Aiemography,  an-e-mog'ra-fi, 
n.  The  use  of  the  anemograph.  —  Ane- 
mology,  an-e-mol'o-ji,  n.  The  doctrine  of 
or  a  treatise  on  winds. — Anemometer,  an- 
e-mom'et-6r,n.  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing the  force  and  velocity  of  the  wind.— 
Anemometry,  an-e-mom'et-ri,  n.  The  pro- 
cess of  determining  the  pressure  or  force 
of  the  wind. 

Anemone,  a-nem'o-ne,  n.  [Gr.  anemOni, 
the  wind-flower,  from  anemos,  the  wind, 
being  easily  stripped  of  its  petals  by  the 
wind.]  Wind-flower,  a  genus  of  plants. 
Three  species  occur  in  Britain,  but  only 
one,  the  wood-anemone,  is  truly  a  native. — 
Sea-anemone.  Actinia. — Anemonic,  an-e- 
mon'ik,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  anemone. 

Anemophilous,  an-e-mof'i-lus,  o.  [Gr.  ane- 
mos, wind,  philos,  loving.]  Bot.  having  the 
pollen  conveyed  and  fertilization  effected 
by  the  wind. 

Anemoscope,  a-nem'o-skop,n.  [Gr.  anewos, 
wind,  and  skopeO,  to  view.]  A  contrivance 
which  shows  the  direction  of  the  wind ;  a 
weathercock;  a  wind-vane. 

Anemosig,  an-5-m5'sis,  n.  [Gr.  anem/>»,  the 
wind.]  A  condition  of  the  timber  of  trees 
in  which  the  annual  layers  are  separated 
from  each  other,  sometimes  regarded  as 
the  result  of  strong  gales. 

Anent,  a-nent',  prep.  [A.  Sax.  on  efn,on 
emn,  on  a  level,  near,  lit.  on  even.  The  t, 
as  in  ancient,  is  superfluous.]  About;  re- 
specting; regarding. 

Anenterous,  an-en'tfer-us,  a.  [Gr.  an,  priv., 
and  entera,  bowels.]  Destitute  of  intes- 
tines; having  no  alimentary  canal. 

Aneroid,  an'e-roid,  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  niroi, 
moisture,  and  eidos,  form.]  Dispensing 
with  fluid,  as  with  quicksilver. — Aneroid 
barotneter,  a  barometer  the  action  of  which 
depends  on  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere 
on  a  circular  metallic  box  exhausted  of  air, 
hermeticallv  sealed,  and  having  a  slightly 
elastic  top,the  vacuum  serving  the  purpose 
of  the  column  of  mercviry  in  the  ordinary 
barometer. 

Anesthesia,  an-es-the'si-a,  n.  Same  as  An- 
ceathesia.  —  Anesthetic,  an-es-thet'ik,  a. 
Same  as  Ancesthetic. 

Aneurism,  an'a-rizm,  n.  [Gr.  aneurysm's, 
a  widnning  — ana,  up,  and  eurys,  wide.] 
Med.  the  swelling  of  an  artery,  or  the  dila- 
tation and  expansion  of  some  part  of  an 
artery,  often  a  very  dangerous  ailment. — 
Aneurismal,  an-a-riz'mal,  o.  Pertaining 
to  an  aneurism. 

Anew,  a-nQ',  adv.  [Prefix  a,  of  or  on.  and 
new.]    Over  again;  in  a  new  form;  airesh. 

Anfractuous,  an-frak'tQ-us,  o.  [Fr.  anfrac- 
tueux,  h.  an/ractus,'windmg—/rango,  frac- 
iMm,  to  break.]  Winding;  full  of  winoinge 
and  turnings;  sinuous. — Anfractuose,  an- 
frak'to-os,  a.  Bot.  twisted  or  sinuous. — 
Aufractuosity,  an-frak'ta-os"i-ti,  n.  A 
state  of  being  anfractuous;  anat.  a  sinuous 
depression.— AnfractuouBness,an-frak'ta- 
us-nes,  n.    Anfractuosity. 

Angel,  an'jel,  n.  [L.  angelus,  Gr.  anggelos,  a 
messenger.  ]  A  divine  mesBenger;  aspiritual 
being  employed  in  the  service  of  God;  also 
applied  to  an  evil  being  of  similar  powers; 
a  gold  coin,  formerly  current  in  England, 
varyingin  value  from  6«.  8d.  to  10«.,  bearing 
the  figure  of  the  archangel  Michael.— An- 
gelhood, an'jel-hod,  n.  The  state  or  condi- 
tion of  an  angel ;  the  angelic  nature  or 
character.— Angelic,  Angelical,  an-jel'ik, 
an-jel'ik-al,  a.  Resembling  or  belonging 
to, or  partaking  of  the  nature  and  dignity 
of  angels.— Angelica,  an-jelik-a,  n.  [From 
possessing  what  were  regarded  as  angelic 

Eowers  or  virtues.]  The  name  of  two  um- 
elliferous  plants.  One  (Angelica  sylves- 
tris)  is  common  in  Britain  and  used  in 
preparing  gin  and  bitters,  &c.;  the  other, 
garden  angelica  (Archangelica  officinalis), 
possesses  carminative  and  tonic  proper- 
ties.—Angelically,  an-jel'ik-al-li,  adv.    In 


iTate.  far.  fat.  faU;iiU90>l»&ti.hexi.ikfinea.CuU.akiiCte^notvmi)Te;^M.t&be,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;  r\tt,.8c.  abune— the  Fr.  n^ 


ANGERA 


27 


ANIMATE 


nn  atiRolic  mannor.  —  Angelicalness,  an- 
jol'ik-al-nes,  n.— An^ellc'ze,  Angelify, An- 

felizo,  iiu-jel'i-siz,  au-jel'i-fi,  an'jel-iz,  v.t. 
'o  make  angeliu  or  like  an  angel.— Angel-- 
olatry.an-jel-ol'a-tri.n.  [E.  awpei,  and  Ur. 
latrcia,  worship.]  The  worship  of  angels. 
— Angelology,  an-jel-ol'o-ji,n.  A  discourse 
ou  angels,  or  tne  doctrine  of  angelic  beings. 
— Angelophany,  ftn-jel-of'a-ni,  n.  [Angel, 
and  <Jr.  phainO,  to  appear.]  The  appear- 
ance of  an  angel  or  angels  to  man.— An- 
gelas, an'j  el-US,  n.  R.  Vath.  Ch.  a  solemn 
devotion  in  memory  of  the  incarnation; 
the  bell  tolled  to  indicate  the  time  when 
the  anselus  is  to  be  recited.— Angel-fish, 
ftn'jel-hsh,  n.  A  fish  nearly  allied  to  the 
sharks:  so  called  from  its  pectoral  fins, 
which  are  so  large  as  to  spread  like  wings. 
Anger,  anggfer,  n.  lOriginally  grief,  from 
Icel.  angr,  grief,  sorrow,  angra,  to  grieve, 
annoy;  l)an.  anger,  sorrow;  same  root  as  in 
A.  Sax.  ange,  vexed,  narrow,  G.  enge,  nar- 
row ;  L.  ango,  to  trouble,  angor,  vexation, 
Gr.  angcho,  to  choke.]  A  violent  passion  or  , 
emotion  of  the  mind,  excited  by  a  real  or 
supposed  injury  to  one's  self  or  others;  pas- 
sion; ire;  choler;  rage;  wrath.  .*.  Anger  is 
more  general,  and  expresses  a  less  strong 
feeling  than  wrath  and  rage,  both  of  which 
imply  a  certain  outward  manifestation, 
and  the  latter  violence  and  want  of  self- 
command. — v.t.  To  excite  to  auger;  to 
rouse  resentment  in;  to  make  angry;  to 
exasperate.— Angerly,t  ang'g6r-li,a(<t».  An- 

frily.  [renn.]— Angrily,  ang'gri-li,  adv. 
n  an  angry  manner.— Angriness,  ang'gri- 
nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  angry.— Angry, 
ang'gri,  a.  Feeling  resentment;  provoked; 
showing  anger;  caused  by  anger;  raging; 
tumultuous. 

Angevin,  an'jS-vin,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Anjou,  a  former  province  of  France. 

Angina,  an-j  i'na,  n.  [L.,  from  ango,  to  choke. 
Anger.]  Med.  an  irmammatory  affection 
of  the  throat  or  fauces.— .4  nj/ina  pectoris, 
a  fatal  disease  characterized  by  paroxysms 
of  intense  pain  and  a  feeling  of  constric- 
tion in  the  chest.  .„       .*. 

An^fiocarpqua,  an'ji-o-kar"pus,  a.  [Gr.  an- 
geion,  a  capsule,  and  karpoa,  fruit.]  Bot. 
having  a  fruit  whose  seed-vessels  are  in- 
closed within  a  covering  that  does  not  form 
a  part  of  themselves,  as  the  acorn. 

Angiography,  Angiology,  an-ji-og'ra-fi,  an- 
ji-ol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  angeion,  a  vessel.]  Med. 
a  description  of  the  vessels  of  the  body. 

Angiosperm,  an'ji-o-sp6rm, n.  [Gr.angeion, 
a  vessel,  and  sperma,  seed.]  Hot.  a  plant 
which  has  its  seeds  inclosed  in  a  seed-ves- 
sel.- AngioapermouB,  an'ji-6-sperm"us,  a. 
Bot.  having  seeds  inclosed  in  a  seed-vessel. 

Angle,  ang  gl,  n.  [L.  angulus,  a  comer. 
Anchor.]  The  point  where  two  lines  or 
planes  meet  that  do  not  run  in  the  same 
straight  line;  a  comer;  the  degree  of  open- 
ing or  divergence  of  two  straight  lines 
which  meet  one  another.— Angled,  an^- 
gld,  a.  Having  angles:  used  chiefly  m 
compounds.— Anglemeter,  an^'gl-me-t6r, 
n.  Any  instrument  for  measuring  angles. 
—Angular,  ang'gQ-lfer,  a.  Having  an  angle 
or  angles;  having  corners;  pointed;  consist- 
ing of  or  forming  an  angle. — Angular  mo- 
tion, angular  velocity,  the  motion  or  velo- 
citv  of  a  body  or  a  point  moving  circularly. 
—Angularity,  ang-ga-lar'i-ti,  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  angular.— Angularly,  ang"- 
gQ-l6r-li,  adv.  In  an  aijgular  manner. — 
AngtUamess,  ang'gQ-l6r-nes,  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  angular.  —  Angulate,  Angu- 
lated,  ang'gQ-liit.ang'gtl-lftt-ed,  a.  Angled; 
cornered. — Angulation,  ang-gQ-la'shon,  n. 
The  state  of  being  an^ulated;  that  which 
is  angulated.— Angnlosity,  ang-ga-los'i-ti, 
n.  A  state  of  being  angulous  or  angular. — 
Angulose,  ang'gu-15s,  a.  Angular.— Angle- 
bar,  n.  A  bar  fitting  into  an  angle  or  cor- 
ner to  connect  the  side  pieces.  —  Angle- 
Iron,  n.  A  piece  of  rolled  iron  in  the  shape 
of  the  letter  L,  used  for  forming  the  joints 
of  iron  plates  in  girders,  boilers,  &c.,  to 
which  it  is  riveted.  .      •'- 

Angle,  ang'gl.n.  [A.  Sax.  an^eZ,  a  fish-hook; 
G.  angel,  Icel.  ongull,  a  hook ;  from  a  root 
meaning  crooked,  seen  also  in  Anchor.}  A 
fish-hook.  —  Angle,  ang'gl,  t>.t.  —  angled, 
angling.    To  fish  with  an  angle,  or  vnith 

I  line  and  hook.— Angler,  ang'gl^r,  n.    One 


who  fishes  with  an  ann'o ;  3  fish  havinf; 
louj?  filamentous  append.agc8  in  its  head, 
which  attract  the  smaller  fishes  and  thuo 
provide  it  with  prey.— Angling,  ang'gling. 
n.  The  act  or  art  of  fishing  with  a  rod 
and  line;  rod-fishing. 

Angles, ang'glz,  n.  pi.  [A.  Ba.x.Angle,  Engle, 
the  Angles.]  A  Low  German  tribe  who  in 
the  fifth  century  and  subsequently  crossed 
over  to  Britain  along  with  bands  oi  Saxons, 
Jutes,  and  others,  and  colonized  a  great 
part  of  what  from  them  has  received  the 
name  of  England.— Anglian,  ang'gli-an,  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  tribe  of  the  Angles. 
— n.  A  member  of  the  tribe  of  the  Angles. 

Anglican,  ang'glik-an,  a.  fL.L.  anglicus, 
English.  ]  English  ;  pertaining  to  the 
English  Church.  —  Anglican  Church,  the 
Church  of  England  and  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  churches  in  Ireland,  Scotland, 
and  the  colonies;  sometimes  including 
also  the  Episcopal  churches  of  the  United 
States,— ».  A  member  of  the  Anglican 
Church. -Anglicanism,  ang'glik-an-izm, 
n.  The  principles  of  or  adherence  to  the 
Established  Church  of  Englaild.— Angllce, 
ang'gli-se.afZv.  [L.]  In  English;  in  the  Eng- 
lish manner.-*AngIiciam,  ang'gli-sizm,  n. 
The  quality  at  being  English;  an  English 
idiom.  —  AnigUclze,  Auglify,-  ang'gli-siz,' 
ang'gU-fi,  v.t. — anglicized,  anglicizing.  To 
make  English ;  to  render  confoimable  to 
the  English  idiom  or  to  English  analogies. 
— Anglification,  ang'gli-fi-ka"8hon,n.  The 
act  of  converting  into  English. 

Anglo-,  ang'glo,  prefix.  IL.L.  Anglus,  an 
Englishman.]  A  prefix  signifying  Kng- 
lith,  or  connected  with  England.— Anglo- 
American,  n.  A  descendant  from  EngDsh 
ancestors  bom  in  America  or  the  United 
States:  used  also  as  an  adj.— Anglo-Catho- 
11c,  n.  A  member  of  the  English, Pro- 
testant Church. — a.  A  term  employed  to 
designate  those  churches  which  adopt 
the  principles  of  the  English  Reforma- 
tion.— Anglo-Catholicism,  n.  The  princi- 
ples or  doctrines  of  the  Anglican  Church. 
— Anglo-Indian ,n.  One  of  the  English  race 
born  or  resident  in  the  East  Indies.  Also 
as  an  adj.— Anglo-Irish,  n.  pi.  English 
people  born  or  resident  in  Ireland;  descen- 
dants of  parents  English  on  the  one  side 
and  Irish  on  the  other.  Also  as  an.adj. — 
Anglomania,  .ang-gls-ma'ni-a,  n.  [Gr. 
mania,  madness.]  An  excessive  or  undue 
attachndent  to,  respect  for,  or  imitation  of 
Englishmen  or  English  institutions  and' 
customs  by  a  foreigner. — Anglophobia, 
ang-glo-fo'bi-a,  n.  [Or.  phobos,  fear.]  An 
excessive-  hatred  to  or  dread  of  English 
people,  customs,  or  institutions. — Anglo- 
Saxon,  n.  [Angles,  Saxon.]  One  of  the 
nation  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Angles, 
Saxons,  and  other  early  Teutonic  settlers 
in  Britain,  or  one  of  their  descendants; 
one  belonging  to  the  Engliah  race;  the 
language  of  the  Anglo-Saxons,  or  the  Eng- 
lish language  in  its  first  stage. — a.  Per- 
taining to  the  Anglo-Saxons  or  to  the 
oldest  form  of  English. 

Angola,  an-g5'la,  n.  A  litrht  cloth,  made 
from  the  wool  or  long  silky  hair  of  the 
Angora  goaf,  a  native  of  Asia  Minor. — 
Angola-cat.  A  large  variety  of  the  do- 
mestic cat  originally  from  Angora,  with 
beautiful  long  silky  hair. 

Angostura,  ang-gos-tu'ra,  a.  Belonging  to 
or  brought  from  the  town  of  Angostura  in 
.Venezuela— an  epithet  of  a  kind  of  bark 
having  febrifugal  properties  and  of  a  kind 
of  bitters  made  from  it. 

Angrily,  Angrinesa,  Angry.    Anger. 

An^ullliform,  an-gwil'li-form,  a.  [L.  an- 
guilla,  an  eel,  and  forma,  shape.]  Having 
the  form  of  an  eel  or  of  a  serpent. 

Anguine,  Anguineal,  an'gwin,  an-gwin'e- 
»  al,  a.  [h.  anguineus,  from  anguis,  a  snake.] 
ifi  Pertaining  to  or  resembUng  a  snakejsnake- 
"  like. 

Anguish,  ang'gwish,  n.  [O.E.  anguis,  an- 
goise,  Fr.  arigoisse,  from  L.  anguatia,  a 
strait,  perplexity,  from  angustus,  narrow; 
root  ang  as  in  E.  anger.]  Extreme  pain, 
either  of  body  or  mind;  any  keen  affection 
of  the  emotions  or  feelings  ('  an  anguish  of 
delight.'  Thack.).  —  Angui8h,+  ang'gwish, 
v.t.    To  distress  extremely. 

Angular,  Angularity,  &c.    Angle. 


AngTistUoUate,  ang-gus'ti-fmi-at,  o.  (L. 
angustus,  narrow,  and/o<iM»», aleaf.J  Bot. 
having  narrow  leaves. 

Anhelation,  an-he-la'shon,  n.  [L.  anhela- 
tio,  anhelationis,  from  anhelo,  to  pant.  ] 
Shortness  of  breath;  a  panting;  also,  eager 
desire  or  aspiration. 

Anhydrous,  ftn-hi'drus,  a.  [Gr.  anydros, 
dry— neg.  prefix  an,  and  hydOr.  water.] 
Destitute  of  water;  specifically,  chem.  des- 
titute of  the  water  of  crystallization.  — 
Anhydride,  an-hi'drid,  n.  One  of  a  class 
of  oxygen  compounds  m  which  there  is  no 
water. — Anhydrite,  an-hi'drit,  n.  Anhy- 
drous sulphate  of  calcium,  a  mineral  re- 
sembling a  coarse-grained  granite. 

Anient,  an'i-kut,  n.    Annicut. 

Anidiomatical,  an-id'i-o-mat"ik-al,  a.  [Gr. 
nag.  prefix  an,  and  E-  idiomatical.]  Con- 
trary to  the  idiom  of  a  language. 

Anil,  an'il,  n.  [Sp.  anil.  Ax.  neel,  Skr. 
uUam,  indigo,  ntli,  the  indigo-plant.] .  A 
shrub  from  whose  leaves  and  stalks  the 
West  Indian  indigo  is  made.— Anllla,  an- 
il'la,  n.  A  commercial  term  for  West  In- 
dian indigo.— Aniline,  an'i-lin,  n.  A  sub- 
stance obtained  from  indigo  and  other 
organic  substances,  though  the  aniline  of 
commerce  is  obtained  from  benzole,  a  pro- 
duct of  coal-tar.  It  fui'nishes  a  numberof 
brilliant  dyes. 

Anile,  an'il,  a.  [L.  anilis,  from  anus,  an 
old  woman.]  Old-womanish;  aged;  imbe- 
cile. —  Anility,  Anilenesa,  a-nil'i-ti,  an'- 
il-nes,  n.    The  state  of  being  anile. 

Animadvert,  an'i-mad-v6rt",  v.i.  [L.  anim- 
adverto  —  animus,  mind,  and  adverto,  to 
turn  to.]  To  perceive  or  take  cognizance; 
usually,  to  make  remark  by  way  of  criti- 
cism; to  pass  strictures  or  criticisms  (fol- 
lowed by  on,  upon).— Anlmadverter,  an'i- 
mad-v6rt"6r,  n.  One  who  animadverts. — 
Animadversion,  an'i-mad-v6r'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  one  who  animadverts;  a  remark 
by  way  of  criticism  or  censure^  stricture; 
censure.— Anlmadver8ive,t  an'.i-mad-v6r"- 
siv,  a.    Perceiving;  percipient. 

Animal,  an'i-mal,  n.  [L.  animal,  a  living 
being,  from  anima,  air,  breath,  life,  the 
soul,  from  a  root  an,  to  breathe  or  blow.] 
A  living  being  characterized  by  sensation 
and  voluntary  motion;  an  inferior  or  irra- 
tional being,  in  contradistinction  to  man; 
also  often  popularly  used  to  signify  a  qiiad- 
ruped.  —  a.  Belonging  or  relating  to  ani- 
mals {animal  functions);  pertaining  to  the 
merely  sentient  part  of  a  living  being,  as 
distinguished  from  the  intellectual  or  spi- 
ritual part  {animal  passions):  of  or  per- 
taining to,  or  consisting  of,  the  flesh  of 
animals. — Animalish,t  an'i-mal-ish,  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  or  like  an  animah  brutish. 
-Animalism,  an'i-mal-izm,  n.  The  state 
of  a  mere  animal;  the  state  of  being  actu- 
ated by  sensual  appetites  only;  sensuality. 
— Animality,  an-i-mal'i-ti,  n.  The  state 
of  being  an  animal;  physiol.  those  vital 
phenomena  which,  superadded  to  vege- 
tality,  constitute  animal  existence.— Ani- 
malization,  an'i-mal-iz-a"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  animalizing;  conversion  into  ani- 
mal matter  by  the  process  of  assimilation. 
— Animalize,  an'i-mal-iz,  v.t. — animalized, 
animalizing.  To  give  animal  life  to;  to 
convert  into  animal  matter:  to  bring 
under  the  sway  of  animal  appetites. — Ant 

.  malness,  an'i-mal-nes,  n.    Animality. 

Animalcule,  an-i-malicQl,  n.  [L.L.  ani- 
malculum,,  dim.  of  L.  animal,  an  animal-] 
A  minute  animal,  especially  one  that  is 
microscopic  orjnvisible  to  the  naked  eye. 
— Animaicttlar,  Animalculine,  an-i-mal'- 
ka-l6r,  an-i-malTiQ-lin,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
resemoling  animalcules.  —  Anintalculum, 
an-i-mal'ka-lum,  n.  pi.  Animalcula,  an- 
i-mal'ktl-la.    An  animalcule. 

Animate,  an'i-mat,  v.t.— animated,  animat- 
ing. [L.  animatus,  animated,  pp.  of  animo, 
to  fill  with  breath.  Animal.]  To  give 
natural  life  to;  to  quicken;  to  make  alive; 
to  give  life,  spirit,  or  liveliness  to;  to 
heighten  the  powers  or  effect  of;  to  stimu- 
late or  incite;  to  inspirit;  rouse. — Ani- 
mate, an'i-mat,  a.  AUve;  possessing  ani- 
mal life.— Animated,  an'i-mfit-ed,  a.  En- 
dowed with  animal  life;  lively;  vigorous; 
full  of  spirit  (an  animated  discourse).  — 
Animater,  Animator,  ai;'i-m&t-6r.  n.  One ', 


cli,$Aain;    ,cft,  Sc.  locA;    g.go;    jjdjs;,    ^  Fr.  tow;    jn&^si»u/i  \ra,JA?iy^th,<Ain;.  \Wjjpig:     wb,  !eW«;    .«h  a?we*' 


AKIME 


'28\ 


ANOMALY 


»Tho  animates. —Animating,  sn'i-mat-irig, 
a.  Giving  life;  infusing  spirit;  enliven- 
ing ;  rousing.  —  Animatingly,  an'i-m at- 
ing-li,  adv.  So  as  to  animate— Anima- 
tion, an-i-mft'shon,  n.  The  act  of  animat- 
ing or  state  of  being  animated;  state  of 
having  life;  liveliness;  briskness;  vivacity. 
— Animative,  an'i-mat-iv,  a.  Giving  life 
or  spirit. 

Anime,  an'i-me,  w.  [Sp.]  A  resin  exuding 
from  a  large  American  tree,  called  in  the 
AVest  Indies  locust-tree.  It  produces  a  fine 
varnish.  The  name  is  also  given  to  In- 
dian copal. 

Animism,  an'i-mizm,  n.  [L.  anima,  the 
soul.]  The  old  hypothesis  of  a  force  {Ani- 
■ma  mundi,  soul  of  the  world)  immaterial 
but  inseparable  from  matter,  and  giving 
to  matter  its  form  and  movements;  the 
doctrine  of  souls  and  other  spiritual  be- 
ings.—  Animist,  an'i-mist,  n.  One  who 
holds  to  animism.— Animistic,  an-i-mist'- 
ik,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  founded-on,  ani- 
mism. 

Animosity,  an-i-mos'i-ti,  n.  [L.  animosi- 
tas,  from  animosus,  full  of  courage,  ardent, 
from  animus,  the  mind,  courage,  pride.] 
CourageJ ;  railcorous  feeling ;  bitter  and 
active  enmity._ 

Animus,  an'i-mus,  n.  [L.,  spirit,  temper.] 
Intention;  purpose;  spirit;  temper;  especi- 
ally, hostile  spirit  or  angry  temper. 

Anion,  an'i-on,  n.  [.Gr.  ana,  upward,  and 
ion,  going.]  Meet,  the  element  of  an 
electrolyte  which  is  evolved  at  the  posi- 
tive pole  or  anode. 

Anise,  aa'is,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  aniswin.]  An 
annual  umbelliferous  plant  {Pimpinella 
Anisum),  the  seeds  of  which  have  an  aro- 

"^atic  smell  and  a  pleasant  warm  taste, 
and  are  employed  in  the  manufacture  of 
liqueurs. — Aniseed,  an'i-s5d,  n.  The  seed 
of  the  anise. — Anisettej  an-i-set,  n.  [Fr.] 
A  lii^ueur  flavoured  with  anise.— Anisic, 
a-nis  ik,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  anise. 

Anisomeric,  an-i'so-mer"ik,  o.  [Gr.  anisos, 
unequal,  aiid  meros,  a  part.]  Not  consist- 
ing of  symmetrical  or  corresponding  parts; 
unsymmetrtcal. 

Anisostemonous,  an-i'so-stem"on-us,  a. 
[Gr.  anisos,  unequal,  and  stemOn^ stamen.] 
Bot.  having  the  number  of  the  stamens 
not  corresponding  with  the  number  of  the 
petals  or  the  sepals. 

Anisotrope,  Anisotropic,  an'i-so-tr5p,  an'- 
i-3o-trop"ik,  a.    Same  as  JEolotropic. 

Anltrogenons,  a-ni-troj'en-us,  a.  Hot  con- 
taining or  supplying  nitrogen;  non-nitro- 
genous. 

Anker,  ang'kfer,  n.  A  Dutch  liquid  mea- 
sure, formerly  used  in  England,  contain- 
ing lO-wifie  gallons. 

Ankle,  ang'kl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ancUow,  O.  Fris. 
ankel,  Dan.  and  Sw.  ankel,  G.  enkel;  from 
a  root  ang,  meaning  crooked.  Anchor.] 
The  joint  which  connects  the  foot  with 
the  leg.— Ankled,  ang'kld,  a.  Having 
ankles:  used  in  composition. — Anklet, 
ang'klet,  n.  An  ornament,  support,  or 
protection  for  the  ankle. 

Ankylosis,  ang-ki-lo'sis,  n.  [Gr.,  from  ang- 
A:2/Zo8,crooked.]  Stiflfness  and  immovability 
of  a  joint ;  morbid  adhesion  of  the  articu- 
lar ends  of  contiguous  bones.— Ankylose, 
ang'ki-los,  v.t. — ankylosed^  ankylosing.  To 
aflfect  with  ankylosis. — v.%.  To  become  an- 
kylosed.— Ankylotic,  ang-ki-lot'ik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  ankylosis. 

Anna,  an'na,  n.  In  the  East  Indies,  the 
sixteenth  part  of  a  rupee,  or  about  lid. 

Annals,  an  nalz,  n.  pi.  [ti.  annalea  {libri, 
books,  understood),  annalis,  pertaining  to 
a  year,  from  annus,  a  year.]  A  history  or 
relation  of  events  in  chronological  order, 
each  event  being  recorded  under  the  y«ar 
in  which  it  happened.— Annalist,  an  nal- 
jst,  n.  A  writer  of  annals.— Annallstic, 
an-nal-ist'ik,  d.  Pertaining  or  peculiar  to 
an  annalist. 

Annate,  Annates,  an'nats,  an'n&ts,  tt.  t)2. 
[L.L.  anT!<i<a,  from  L.  <mntt«,  ayear.]  The 
first  year's  income  of  a  spiritual  living, 
formerly  vested  in  the  sovereign,  but  in 
the  reign  of  Queen  Anne  appropriated' to 
the  augmentation  of  poor  livings. 

Annatto,  an-nat'to,  n.    Arnotto. 

Anneal,  an-nel',  v.t.     [A.  Sax.  ancelan,  on- 

,  celan,  to  set  on  fire,  to  anneal— an  or  on. 


on,  and  mlan,  to  kindle.]  To  heat,  as  glass 
or  iron  vessels,  in  an  oven  or  furnace,  and 
then  cool  slowly,  for  the  purpose  of  ren- 
dering less  brittle;  to  temper  Dy  a  gradu- 
ally diminishing  heat;  to  heat  in  order 
to  fix  colours;  to  bake.' 
Annelid,  Annelldan,  an'ne-lid,  an-nel'i- 
daii,  n.  [li.  annellm,  a  little  ring,  and  Gr. 
eidos,  form.]  One  of  an  extensive  division 
or  class  of  annulose  animals,  bo  caUed 
because  their  bodies  are  formed  of  a  great 
number  of  small  rings,  as  in  the  earth- 
worm.—Annelida,  an-nel'i-da,  n.  pi.  The 
annelids. 

Annex,  an-neks',t'.t  [L.  annectOtannexui^, 
to  bind  to — ad,  to,  and  necto,  nexum,  to 
bind.]  To  unite  at  the  end;  to  subjoin;  to 
unite,  as  a  smaller  thing  to  a  greater;  to 
connect,  especially  as  a  consequence  (to 
anjiea;  a  penalty). —n.  Something  annexed. 
— Annexation,  an-neks-a'shon,w.  The  act 
of  annexing;  what  is  annexed;  addition; 
union.  —  Annexationist,  an-neks-a'shon- 
ist,  n.  One  favourable  to  annexation,  as  of 
a  portion  of  another  country  to  his  own. — 
Annexe,  an-neks',  n.  [Fr.]  A  wing  or  sub- 
sidiary building  communicating  with  the 
main  edifice.  —  Annexion.t  an-nek'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  annexing  or  thing  annexed; 
annexation.   [Shak.] 

Annicut,  an'ni-kut,  n.  In  the  East  Indies, 
a  dam. 

Annihilate,  an-m'hil-5t,  v.t.— annihilated, 
annihilating.  [L.  annihilo — ad,  to,  and 
nihil,  nothing.]  To  reduce  to  nothirfg;  to 
destroy  the  existence  of;  to  cause  to  cease 
to  be;  to  destroy  the  form  or  peculiar  dis- 
tinctive properties  of. — Annihilable,  an- 
ni'hil-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  annihil- 
ated.— Annihilation,  an-m'hil-a"shon,  n. 
The  act  of  annihilating  or  the  state  of 
beiDg  annihilated.— Annihilationist,  an- 
ni'hil-a"8hon-ist,  n.  One  who  believes  that 
annihilation  by  way  of  punishment  is  the 
fate  of  the  wicked  after  death. — Annihila- 
tor,  an-ni'hil-at-6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  annihilates. 

Anniversary,  an-ni-v6rs'a-rii  a.  [L.  arini- 
versarius— annus,  a  year,  and  verto,  ver- 
sum,  to  turn.]  Returning  with  the  year 
at  a  stated  time;  annual;  yearly. — n.  A 
stated  day  on  which  some  event  is  annu- 
ally celebrated ;  the  annual  celebration  in 

.honour  of  an  event. 

Annomination,  an-nom'in-3."shon,  n.  [L. 
od,  to,jiomen,  aname.]  The  use  of  words 
nearly  alike  in  sound  but  of  different 
meanings;  a  pun;  a  paronomasia. 

Annotate,  an'no-tat,  v.t.— annotated,  anno- 
tating, [li.  annoto,  annotatum — ad.  to,  and 
«oto,tonote.J  To  comment  upon;  to  make 
remarks  on  by  notes.— v.i.  To  act  as  an  an- 
notator;  to  make  annotations  ornotes  (with 
on).— Aiinotation,  an-no-ta'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  annotating  or  making  notes  on;  an 
illustrative  note  on  some  passage  of  a 
book.  —  Annotator,  an' no-tat-6r,  n.  A 
writer  of  annotations  or  notes;  a  commen- 
tator.—Annotatory,  an-not'a-to-ri),  o.  Re- 
lating to  or  containing  annotations. 

AnnotinouB,  an-not'in-us,  a.  [L.  annoiinus, 
from  annus,  a  year.]  Sot.  being  a  year 
old;  lasting  from  the  previous  year. 

Annotto,  Ajinotta,  auTnot'to,  an-uot'ta,  n. 
Arnotto. 

Announce,  an-nouns',  v.t— announced,  an- 
nouncing. [Fr.  annoncer.froirfL.onnwncio 
—ad,  and  nuncio,  to  tell,  from  nuncius, 
a  messenger.]  To  publish;  to  proclaim; 
to  give  notice  or  first  notice  of. — An- 
nouncement, an-nouns'ment,  n.  The  act  of 
announcing  or  giving  notice;  proclama- 
tion; publication. — Announcer,  an-nouns'- 
6r,  n.    One  that  announces;  a  proclaimer. 

Annoy,  an-noi',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  anoieVf  from 
anoi,  annoyance,  vexation,  from  L.in  odio, 
in  hatred,  common  in  such  phrases  as  est 
mihi  in  odio,  it  is  hateful  to  me.  Odium.] 
To  torment  or  disturb,  especially  by  con- 
tinued or  repeated  acts;  to  tease,  vex,  pes- 
ter, or  molest. — n.  Molestation;  annoyance 
(chiefly  a  poetical  word). — Annoyance,  an- 
noi'ans,  n.  The  act  of  annoying;  the  state 
of  being  annoyed;  that  which  annoys: 
trouble.— Annoyer,  an-noi' 6r,n.  One  that 
annoys.- Annoying,  an-noi'ing,  a.  Vexa- 
tious; troublesome. 

Annual,  an'nQ-al,  a.    [L.L.. annua2i<,  from 


L.  anmi.s,  a  year.]  Returning  every  year; 
coming  yearly;  lasting  or  continuing  only 
one  year  or  one  yearly  season;  performed 
in  a  year;  reckoned  by  the  year.— n.  A 
plant  that  grows  from  seed,  flowers,  and 
perishes  in  the  course  of  the  same  season; 
a  literary  production  published  annually. 
— Annually,  an'na-al-li,  adv.  Yearly;  re- 
turning every  year;  year  by  year.  ^ 

Annuity,  an-nti'i-ti,  n.  (Fr.  annuiU,  from 
annus,  a  jear.]  A  yearl;y  payment  of 
money  which  a  person  receives  for  life  or 
for  a  term  of  years,  the  person  being  usu- 
ally entitled  to  such  payment  in  consider- 
ation of  money  advanced  to  those  who  pay. 
—Annuitant,  an-nu' it-ant,  n.  One  re- 
ceiving an  annuity. 

Annul,  an-nul',  v.t.— annulled,  annulling. 
[Fr.  annviler,  from  L.  od  ntdlum,  to  noth- 
ing.] To  reduce  to  nothing  or  annihilate 
{Mil.)X;  to  make  void;  to  nullify;  to  abro- 
gate; cancel  (laws,  decrees,  compacts,  &c.). 
— Annnller,  an-nul'fer.  n.  One  who  annuls. 
—Annulment,  an-nul  ment.n.  The  act  of . 

Annular,  Annulary  ,t  an'nu-l6r,  an'nU-la-ri, 
a.  [L.  annularis,  from  annulus,  anulua, 
dim.  of  anus,  a  ring,  akin  to  annv^,  a  year. 
ANNDAt.]  Having  the  form  of  a  ring;  per- 
taining to  a  ring. — Annular  eclipse,  an 
eclipse  of  the  sun  in  which  aring  of  light 
formed  by  the  sun's  disc  is  visible  around 
the  darkihadow  of  the  moon.— Annularly , 
an'na-16r-li,  ady.  In  the  manner  of  a  ring. 
— Annulata,  an-nti-la'ta,  n.  pi.  Same  as 
4nneZida.— Annulate,  Annulated,  an'na- 
lat,an'nQ-lat-ed,a.  Furnished  vrtth  rings, 
or  circles  like  rings;  having  belts.— Annu- 
lation,  an-nu-la'shon,  n.  A  circular  or 
ring-like  formation. — Annulet,  an'nti-let, 
n.  [A  dim.  from  L.  annulus,  a  ring.]  A 
little  ring  or  ring-like  body.— Annuloida, 
an-nu-loi'da,  n.  pi.  A  division  of  animals 
made  up  of  the  sea-urchins,  tf.pe-worms, 
&c.— Annulose,  an'nQ-los,  a.  Furnished 
with  rings;  having  a  body  composed  of 
lings :  a  term  applied  to  animals  forming 
a  sub-kingdom  wlaich  embraces  the  worms, 
leeches,  crabs,  spiders,  insects. — Annulosa, 
an-nu-lo'sa,  n.  pi.    The  annulose  animals. 

Annumerate,tan-na'm6r-at,t).t.— annwmer- 
ated,  annumerating.  [L.  annumero—ai, 
and  numerus,  number.]  To  add  to  a  for- 
mer number.— Annumeration,  an-nu'm6r- 
&"8hon,  n.  Addition  to  a  former  number. 

Annunciate,  an-nun'shi-at,  v.t— annunci- 
ated, annunciating.  [Announce.]  To  bring 
tidings  of;  to  announce. — Aimunciation, 
an-nun'shi-a"shon,n.  The  act  of  announc- 
ing; announcement;. the  tidings  brought 
by  the  angel  to  Mary  of  the  incarnation  of 
Christ;  the  church  festival  in  memory  of 
this  announcemeut.falling  on  25th  March. 
— Annunciative,  Aimunciatory,  an-nun'- 
shi-at-iv,  an-nun'shi-a-to-ri,  a.  Having 
the  character  of  an  annunciation.  —  An- 
nunciator, an-nun'shi-at-6r,  n.  One  who 
announces. 

Anode,  an'od,  n.  [Gr.  ana,  upwards,  and 
hodos,  a  way.]  The  part  of  the  surface  of 
an  electrolyte  which  the  electric  current 
enters:  opposed  to  cathode. 

Anodjrne,  an'o-din.  n.  [Gr.  neg.  prefix  on, 
and  odirne,  pain.  ]  Any  medicine  which 
allays  pain.— a.  Assuaging  pain.— Ano- 
dynous,  an'o-din-us,  a.  Having  the  quali- 
ties of  an  anodyne. 

Anoint,  a-noint',t).<.  [O.E.  anointen,  enoin- 
teh;  O.Fr.  enoindre,  part,  enoint,  from  L. 
imungere,  inunctum,  from  in,  in,  on,  and 
ungo,  unctitm,  to  anoint.  Unguent.]  To 
pour  oil  upon;  to  smear  or  rub  with  oil  or 
unctuous  substances;  to  consecrate  by  unc- 
tion, or  the  use  of  oil. — Anointer,  a-noint'- 
6r,  n.  One  who  anoints. — Anointment,  a- 
noint'ment,  n.    The  act  of  anointing. 

Anomaly,  a-nom'a-li,  n.  [Fr.  anomalie;  L. 
anomalia,  Gr.  anOmaZia,  inequality,  neg. 
prefix  an,  and homalo8,ea\xaX,  similar,  from 
homos,  the  same.  Same.]  Deviation  from 
the  common  rule ;  something  abnormal ; 
irregularity;  astron.  the  angular  distance 
of  a  planet  from  its  perihelion,  as  seen 
from  the  sun;  also  the  angle  measuring 
apparent  irregularities  in  the  motion  of  a 
planet.— Anomalism,  a-nom'al-izm,n.  An 
anom^y;  a  deviation  from  rule.— Anoma- 
listic, a-nom'a-list"ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  an 
aikOvatLly.— Anomalistic  year,  the  interval 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  htr;     pine,  pin;  „  nOte,  not,  mOve;  ^  tabe,  tub,_bviU  J^j^oU.  pound;._  tl,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr.  «,^ 


ANON 


29 


ANTERO-FOSTERIOR 


between  two  occasions  when  the  eayth  is 
in  perihelion,  rather  longer  than  the  civil 
year.  —  Anomalous,  a-nom'a-lus,  a.  [  L. 
anomalua,  Gr.  anonialoa.^  Forming  an 
anomaly ;  deviating  from  a  general  rule, 
method,  or  analogy;  irregular;  abnormal, 
—  Anomalously,  a-nom'a-lus-li,  adv.— 
Anomalousness,  a-uom'a-lus-ues,  n. 
Anon,  a-non',adu.  [O.E.anan,an6on,  A.  Sax. 
on  An,an  &n=on  one,thati8,withoui  hreak.] 
Forthwith;  immediately;  quickly;  at  an- 
other time;  thereafter;  sometimes. — Ever 
and  ano/i,  every  now  and  then. 
Anonymous,  a-non'lm-us,  a.  [G-r.  anOnymot 
-rneg.  prefix  an,  and  onoma,  name.  Name.] 
"VVauting  a  name ;  without  any  name  ac- 
knowledged as  that  of  author,  contributor, 
and  the  like. — Anonymously,  a-non'im;Ub- 
li,  adv.  In  an  anonymous  manner;  with- 
out a  name.— Anonyme,  an'on-im,  n.  An 
assumed  or  false  name.  —  Anonymity, 
AnonymousnesB,  a-non-im'i-ti,  a-ndn'im- 
us-ne3,  n.  The  state  of  being  anonymous. 
Auoplotherlum,  an'op-lo-the'  ri-um,  ti.  [Gr. 
neg.  prefix  an,  hoplon,  armour,  and  tMrion, 
a  beast.]  The  generic  name  of  certain  ex- 
tinct hoofed  animals,  discovered  in  the 
gypsum  quarries  of  Paris  and  fresh-water 
deposits  of  tlie  Isle  -of  AVight. 
Anorexy,  an'o-rek-si,  n.  [Gr.  neg.  prefix  an, 
and  orexis,  desire,  appetite.]  Want  of  ap- 
petite without  a  loathing  of  food. 
Anorthic,  an-or'thik,  a.  f  Gr.  neg.  prefix  an. 
and  orthos,  straight,  right.]  Without  right 
angles;  mineral,  having  unequal  oblique 
axes.— Anorthite,  a-nor'thit,n.  A  mineral 
of  the  felspar  family. 

Anosmia,  an-os'mi-a,w.  [Gr.neg.  prefix  an, 
and  osmg,  smell.]  Med.  a  loss  of  the  sense 
of  smell. 

Another,  an-UTH'6r,  a.  [An,  indefinite  art., 
and  other.]  Not  the  same ;  difi'erent;  one 
more,  in  addition  to  a  former  number;  any 
other ;  any  one  else.  Often  used  without 
a  noun,  as  a  substitute  for-  the  name  of  a, 
person  or  thing,  and  much  used  in  opposi- 
tion to  one :  as,  one  went  one  way,  aywther 
another.  Also  frequently  used  with  one  in 
a  reciprocal  sense;  as. '  Love  one  another.'' 
^notta,  Anotto,  a-uot'ta,  a-not'to,n.  Same 
as  Amotto. 

/Lnoura,  an-ou'ra,  n.  pi.  Same  as  Anura. 
Anserine,  an's6r-in,  a.  [L.  anserinus,  from 
anser,  a  goose.]  Relating  to  or  resembling 
a  goose,  or  the  skin  of  a  goose:  applied  to 
the  skin  when  roughened  by  cold  or  dis- 
ease.—AnBerous,t  an'str-u3»  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  goose;  foolish;  silly. 
Answer,  an'sfer,  v.t.-  [A.  Sax.  andsiDerian. 
to  answer— and,  a  prefix  meaning  against 
(=a  in  along,  L.  ante,  before,  Gr.  anti, 
against),  and  swe^-ian,  to  swear.]  To  speak 
or  write  in  return  to;  to  reply  to;  to  refute; 
to  say  or  do  in  reply;  to  act  m  compliance 
with,  or  in  fulfilment  or  satisfaction  of;  to 
render  account  to  or  for;  to  be  security 
for  [Shak.) ;  to  be  equivalent  or  adequate 
to;  to  serve;  to  suit.— v.i.  To  reply;  to  speak 
or  write  by  way  of  return ;  to  respond  to 
some  call;  to  be  fit  or  suitable.— To  answer 
for,  to  be  accountable  for:  to  guarantee.— 
To  answer  to,  to  be  known  by;  to  correspond 
to,  in  the  way  of  resemblance,  fitness,  or 
correlation.— Answer,  an'sfer,  n.  -A  reply; 
that  which  is  said,  written,  or  done,  in  re- 
turn to  a  call,  question,  argument,  chal- 
lenge, allegation,  petition,  prayer,  or  ad- 
dress; the  result  of  an  arithmetical  or 
mathematical  operation;  a  solution;  some- 
thing done  in  return  for,  or  in  consequence 
of,  something. else;  law,  a  counter-state- 
ment of  facts-  in  a  course  of  pleadings. — 
— Answerable,  an'sfer-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  answered;  obliged  to  give  an  account; 
amenable;  responsible;  correspondent. — 
— Anawerableness,  an's6r-a-bl-nes,n.  The 
quality  of  being  answerable. — Answer- 
ably,  an'sfer-a-bli,  ady.  In  due  proportion, 
correspondence,  or  conformity;  suitably. 
— Answerer,an's6r-6r,7i.  One  who  answers. 
— Ans'S?erless,an's6r-le3,a.  Having  no  an- 
swer, or  incapable  of  being  answered.— 
Answerlessly,  an's6r-les-li,  adv. 
; Ant,  ant,  n.  [  From  A.  Sax.  cemete, .  an 
emmet  (like  aunt,trora  L.  amita).  Emmet.] 
An  emmet;  a  pismire;  a  hymenopterous 
insect  living  in  communities  Which  consist 
of  males,  females,  and  neuters.  The  name 


is  also  given  to  the  neuropterous  insects 
more  correctly  called  Temiilea. — Ant-bear, 
«.  A  kind  of  large  ant-eater. — Ant-eater, 
n.  A  quadruped  that  eats  ants,  especially 
an  edentate  animal  (genua  Myrmeco- 
phaga)  which  feeds  on  ants  and  other  in- 
sects, catching  them  by  thrusting  among 
them  the  loug  tongue  covered  with  a' vis- 
cid saliva.— AJit-egg,  n.  One  of  the  small 
white  bodies  found  in  the  hillocks  of  ants, 
popularly  supposed  to  be  their  eg^s,  but 
really  their  larvae.— Ant-hill,  Ant-hillock, 
n.  A  little  tumulus  or  hillock  formed  by 
ants  for  their  habitation,  and  composed  of 
earth,  leaves,  twigs,  &c. — Ant-lion,  n.  The 
larva  of  a  neuropterous  insect  which  i>re- 
pares  a  kind  of  pit-fall  for  the  destruction 
of  jants,  &c. 

Antacid,  ant-as'id,  n.  [Anti,  against,  and 
acid.i  An  alkali,  or  a  remedy  for  acidity 
in  the  stomach. — a.  Counteracting  acidity. 
Antacrid,  ant-ak'rid,  n.  [Anti,  against, 
a,nd  acrid.}  That  which  corrects  acridity 
of  the  secretions. 

Antagonist;  an-tag'o-nis't,  n.  [Gr.  antagO- 
niites  —  anti,  against,  and  agOnistet,  a 
fchampion,  a  combatant,  from  agOn,  a  con- 
test (whence  agony).}  One  who  contends 
with  another;  an  opponent;  a  competitor; 
an  adversary.  .•.  Syn.  under  AnvERSART. — 
a.  Counteracting;  opposing  (said  of  mus- 
cles).— AntagoiUstic,  Anuigonistical,  an- 
tag'o-nist"ik,  an-tag'o-nist"ik-al,  a.  Con- 
tending against;  acting  in  opposition;  op- 
posing.— Antagonistic,  n.  A  muscle  whose 
action  counteracts  that  of  another. — An- 
tagonistically, au-tag'o-nis"tik-al-li,  adv. 
In  an  antagonistical  manner. — Antago- 
nize, an-tag'o  niz.u.t. — antagonized,  antago- 
nizing. To  contend  against:  to  act  in  op- 
position—Antagonism, an-tag'3-nizm,  n. 
Character  of  being  an  antagonist  or  an- 
tagonistic ;  counteraction  or  contrariety 
of  things  or  principles. 
Antalgic,  an-tal'jik.  n.  [Gr.  anti,  against, 
and  algos,  pain.J  A  medicine  to  alleviate 
pain;  an  anodyne. — a.  Alleviating  pain. 
AataUtali,  ant-al'ka-li,  n.  [Anii,  against, 
and  alkali.]  A  substance  which  neutralizes 
an  alkali.— Antalkaline,  ant-al'ka-lin,  a. 
Having  the  property  of  neutralizing  alka- 
lies. 

Antaphrodistac,  Antaphrodltic,  ant-afro- 
diz"i-ak,  ant-af 'ro-dit 'ik,  o.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  aphrodisios,  venereal.]  An- 
tivenereal;  having  the  quality  of  extiii- 
guishing  or  lessening  venereal  desire. — n. . 
A  medicine  vrith  this  property. 
Autarchism.f  ant-Ur'kizm,  n.  [Gr.  anti,  and 
arche,  govemment.-J-  Opposition  to  all 
governunent, — Aiitarchlsf  ,t  ant-ar'kist,  n. 
One  who  opposes  all  social  government,  or 
control  of  individuals  by  law. — Antarchls- 
tic.t  ant-ai>ki8'tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  ant- 
.  archism. 

Antarctic,  ant-ark'tik,  a.  [L.  atitarcticus, 
Gr.  aiUarktikos — anti,  against,  and  arktos, 
the  north.  Arctic]  Opposite  to  the  north- 
em  or  arctic  pole;  relating  to  the  southern 
pole  or  to  the  region  near  it,  and  applied 
to  a  circle  parallel  to  the  equator  and  dis- 
tant from  the  pole  23''  28'. 
Antarthiitic,  ant-ar-thrit'ik,  a.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  arthritis,  gout.]  Counteract- 
ing the  gout. — n.  A  remedy  which  cures  or 
alleviates  the  gout. 

Antasthmatic,  ant-ast-mat'ik,  a.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  asthma,  asthma.]  Fitted  to 
relieve  asthma. — n.  A  remedy  for  asthma. 
Antatrophic,  an-ta-lrof'ik,  a.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  atrophia,  a  wasting  away.] 
Efficacious  against  atrophy  or  consump- 
tion.— n  A  medicine  for  the  cure  of  atrophy. 
Antebrachial,  an-te-bra'ki-al,  a.  [L;  ^nte, 
before,  and  brachium,  the  arm]  Anat.  at 
or  pertaining  to  the  fore-arm. 
Antecede,  an-te-s5d',  v.t. — anteceded,  ante- 
ceding.  [L.  ante,  before,  and  cedo,  to  go. 
Cede.]  To  go  before  in  time;  to  precede. 
—  Antecedence,  Antecedency,  an-te-s6'- 
dens,  an-t5-s5'den-si,  n.  The  act  or  state 
of  going  before  ih  time;  precedence. — An- 
tecedent, an-t6-a6'dent,  a.  Going  before ; 
prior;  anterior;  preceding. — re.  One  who  or 
that  which  goes  before  in  time  or  place ; 
gram,  the  noun  to  which  a  relative  or  other 
pronoun  refers ;  pi.  the  earlier  events  of  a 
man's  life ;  previous  course,  conduct,  or 


avowed  principles.— Antecedently,  an-te- 
se'dent-b,  adv.  Previously;  at  a  time  pre- 
ceding.— Aotecessor,  an-te-ses'er,  n.  One 
who  goes  before;  a  leader;  laiv,  an  ancestor. 
Ante-chamber,  Anteroom,  dn'tC-cham-ber, 
an'te-rom,  n.  A  chamber  or  room  before 
or  leading  to  another  apartment. 
Ante-chapel,  an'te-chap-el,  n.  The  part  of 
the  chapel  through  which  is  the  passage 
to  the  choir  or  body  of  it. 
Antecians,  Antoeci,  an-te'shi-anz,  an-ts'si, 
n.  pi.  [Gr.  anti^  against,  and  Oikos,  a 
house.]  Those  livng  m  the  same  latitude, 
but  on  different  sides  of  the  equator. 
Antedate,  an'tc-dat,  n.  [PreUx  ante,  be- 
fore, and  date.]  Prior  date;  a  date  ante- 
cedent to  another. — v.t. — antedated^  ante- 
dating. To  date  before  the  true  time  or 
beforehand;  to  give  an  earlier  date  than 
the  real  one  to;  to  anticipate  or  give  effect 
to  before  the  due  time. 
Antediluvian,  an'te-di-la"vi-an,  a.  [L.  ante, 
before,  and  diluvium,  a  flood.]  Existing, 
happening,  or  relating  to  what  happened 
before  the  deluge. — n.  One  who  lived  be- 
fore the  deluge.' 

Antelope,  an'te-Iop,  n.  [Doubtfully  de- 
rived from  a  Gr.  antholops,  an  antelope, 
supposed  to  be  compounded  of  ant?ios,  a 
flower,  and  Ops,  an  eye.]  A  name  applied 
to  many  species  of  ruminant  mammals 
resembling  the  deer  in  general  appearance, 
but  essentially  different  in  nature  from 
them,  having  hollow,  unbranched  horns 
that  are  not  deciduous. 
Antelucan,  an-to-la'kan,  a.  [L.  antelu- 
can«s—onfe,  before,  and  Ztw,  light.]  Being 
before  light;  preceding  the  dawn. 
Antemeridian,  an'te-m5-rid"i-an,  «e.  [L. 
ante,  before,  and  'ineridies,  noon.]  Being 
before  noon;  pertaining  to  the  forenoon. 
Antemetic,  ant-«-met'ik,  a.  [Prefix  anti, 
against,  and  emetic]  Restraining  or  allay- 
ing,vomiting.—n.A  medicine  which  checks 
vomiting. 

Antemundane,  an-te-mun'dan,  a.  [L,  anre, 
before,  and  mundus,  the  world.].  Being 
before  the  creation  or  the  world. 
Antenatal,  an-te-na'tal,  a.  [L.  ante,  before, 
and  natalis,  pertaining  to  birth.]  Exist- 
ing or  happening  previous  to  birtli. 
Antenna,  an-ten'na,  n.  'pl.  Antennae,  an- 
ten'ne.  [L.  antenna,  a  sail-yard.]  One  of 
the  hornlike  filaments  that  project  from 
the  head  in  insects,  Crustacea,  and  myria- 
pods.and  are  considered  as  organs  of  touch 
and  hearing;  a  feeler. — Antennal,  an-ten'- 
nal,  a.  Belonging  to  the  antennae.— An- 
tenniferoas,  an-ten-nif'6r-us,  a.  Bearing 
antennjB.— Antennlform,  an-ten'ni-form. 
a.  Shaped  like  antennse. 
Antennptial,  an-te-nup'shal,  a.  [Prefix 
ante,  before,  and  miptial.}  Occurring  or 
done  before  marriage;  preceding  marriage. 
An,tepa)ichal,  an-te-pas'kal,  a.  [Prefix  ante, 
before,  and  paschal.}  Pertaining  to  the 
time  before  Easter. 

Antependinm,  an-t«S-pen'di-uin,  n.  [L.  ante, 
before,  and  pendo,  to  hang.]  The  hanging 
v.-ith  which  the  front  of  an  altar  is  covered. 
Antepenult,  Antepenultima,  an'te-pe-nult, 
an'te-pe-nul' ti-ma,  n.  [L.  ante,  before, 
pcv^,  almost,  and  ^dtim,us,  last.]  The  last 
sj'Uable  of  a  word  except  two.  —  Ante- 
penultimate, an'te-pe-nur'ti-mat,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  last  syllable  "but  two. — n. 
The  antepenult. 

Antepilcptic,  aiit-ep'i-lep"tik,  n.  [Anti, 
against,  and  epileptic.}  Resisting  or  cur- 
ing epilepsy. — n.  A  remedy  for  epilepsy. 
Anteposluon,  an't5-po-zi"shon,  n.  [Prefix 
ante,  before,  and  positimi.}  A  placing  be- 
fore; gram,  the  placing  of  a  word  before 
another  which  ought  to  follow  it. 
Anteprandial,  an-te-pran'di-al,  a.  [L.  ante, 
before,  and  prandium,  a  meal,  a  diimer.J 
Relating  to  the  time  before  dinner;  occur- 
ring before  dinner. 

Anterior,  an-t€'ri-6r, a.  [L.,  a. comparative 
from  ante,  before.]  Before  ini  time;  prior; 
antecedent ;  before  in  place ;  in  front. — 
Anteriority,  an-te'ri-or"i-ti,  n.  The  state 
of  being  anterior  in  time  or  place. — An- 
.  teriorly,  an-t6'ri-6r-li,  odi>.  In  an  anterior 
manner;  before.       '  • 

Anteroom,  an'te-rtim,  n.  Amte-chakber. 
Antero-posterior,  an'te-r5-pos-te"ri-er,  a. 
[L.  anterior,  from  a/)Ue,  before,  and  poa- 


fih2^ctoin;^cA,  6c.  lo«A} g.^oj     j.^ob;     6,  Fr.  ton;     »g,  sinp;     «h,  (heo;  th,  (AUi>     w,  wi^r;     wb,  wAig;  .  z^,  ag9Ifi>- 


ANTHELION 


30 


ANTIEPHIALTIC 


terior,  from  post,  behind.]  Lying  in  a  direc- 
tion from  behind  forward. 

AntheUon,  ant-he'li-on,  n.  pi.  Aathella, 
ant-he'li-a.  [Ur.  anti,  opposite  to,  ana 
Ae/ios,  the  sun.]  A  luminous  ring,  or  rings, 
caused  by  the  diffraction  of  light,  seen  in 
alpine  and  polar  regions  opposite  the  sun 
when  rising  or  setting. 

Anthelminthic,  Anthelmintic,  an  -  thel  - 
min'thik,  an-thel-min'tik,  a.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  tiehnins,  helminthos,  a  worm.] 
Med.  destroying  or  expelling  worms  in  the 
intestines. — n..  A  vermifuge;  a  remedy  for 
worms  in  the  intestines. 

Anthem,  an '  them,  n.  [O.  E.  antempne, 
antemne,  ante/iie,  &c.,  A.  Sax.  antefen,  an 
anthem;  from  L.L.  antipfiona,  from  Gr.- 
antip?i6non,  an  antiphon  —  anti,  against, 
and  phoni,  sound,  the  voice.]  A  hymn 
sung  in  alternate  parts;  in  modem  usage, 
a  sacred  tune  or  piece  of  music  set  to  words 
taken  from  the  Psalms  or  other  parts  of 
the  Scriptures. 

Anther,  an'thfer,  n.  [Gr.  antheros,  flowery, 
from  anthoa,  a  flower.]  The  essential  part 
of  the  stamen  of  a  plant  containing  the 
pollen  or  fertilizing:  dust. — AntheraT,  an'-, 
ther-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  anthers.  —  An- 
therif erous,  an-th«r-if '6r-us,  a.  Producing 
or  supporting  anthers.— Antherifonn,  an- 
th6r'i-form,  a.  Ha,ving  the  form  of  an  an- 
ther.—Antneroid,  an  th6r-oid,  a.  Keeem- 
bling.an  anther. 

Anthesis,  an-the'sis,  n.  [Gr.,  from  antheo, 
to  bloom,  from  anthoa,  a  flower.]  The 
period  when  flowers  expand ;  expansion 
into  a  flower. 

Anthocarpons,  an-tho-kar'pus,  a.  [Gr. 
anthoa,  a  flower,  and  karpoa,  fruit.]  ±<ot. 
said  of  a  fruit  formed  by  masses  of  in- 
florescence adhering  to  each  other,  as  the 
fir-cone,  pine-apple,  &c. 

Anthocyanin,  an-tho-si'an-in,  n.  [Gr.  an- 
thoa, a  flower,  and  kyanos,  blue.]  The 
blue  colouring  matter  of  plants. 

Anthodium,  an-tho'di-um,n.  [Gt.  anthodia, 
from  anthoa,  a  flower.]  Bot.  the  head  of 
flowers  of  composite  plants,  as  of  a  thistle 
or  daisy. 

Anthography,  an-thog'ra.fi,  a.  [Gr.  anthoa, 
a  flower,  and  graphe,  description.]  That 
branch  of  botany  which  treats  of  flowers; 
a  description  of  flowers. 

Anthoid,  an'thoid,  a.  [Gr.  anthoa,  a  flower, 
and  eidoa,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a 
flower;  resembling  a  flower. 

Antholite,  an'tho-Iit,  n.  [Gx.  anthoa,  flower, 
lithoa,  stone.]  Geol.  the  impress  of  the  in- 
florescence of  plants  on  rocks. 

Anthology,  an-thol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  anthologia, 
from  anthologoa,  flower-gathering — anthoa, 

'&  flower,  and  legO,  to  gather.]  A  collection 
of  beautiful  passages  from  authors;  a  col- 
lection of  selected  poems.— Anthologlcal, 
an-tho-loj'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  an- 
thology. 

Anthophore,  an'tho-for,  n.  [Gr.  anthoa,  a 
flower,  and  pherein,  to  bear.]  Bot.  a 
columnar  process  arising  from  the  bottom 
of  the  calyx,  and  having  at  its  apex  the 
petals,  stamens,  and  pistil. 

Anthophyllite,  an-thof'il-it,  n.-  [L.L.  an- 
t/wnAyHuTO,  a  clove.]  A  clove-brown  variety 
of  hornblende,  occurring  in  radiating  co- 
lumnar aggregates. 

Anthotaxis,  an-tho-taks'is,  n.  [Gr.  anthoa, 
a  flower,  and  taxia,  order.]  Bot.  the  ar- 
rangement of  flowers  on  the  axis  of  growth; 
the  inflorescence. 

Anthoxanthin,  an-tho-zan '  thin,  n.  [Gr. 
anthoa,  a  flower,  and  xanthoa,  yellow.]  The 
yellow  colouring  matter  of  plants. 

Anthracite,  an'thra-sit,  >n.  [Gr.  anthrax, 
anthrakoa,  coal.]  Glance  or  blind  coal,  a 
non-bituminous  coal  of  a  shining  lustre, 
approaching  to  metallic,  and  which  bums 
without  smoke,  with  a  weak  or  no  flame, 
and  with  intense  heat. — Anthracitic,  an- 
thra-sit'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  anthracite. — 
Anthraconite,  an-thrak'on-it,  n.  A  variet.r 
of  marble  of  a  coal-black  lustre,  occurring 
at  Kilkenny:  stinkstone. 

Anthrax,  an'thraks,  n.  [Gr.]  Med.  a  car- 
buncle; a  malignant  ulcer. 

Anthroplc,  an-throp'ik,  a.   [Gr.  anthrOpoa, 

r  a  man.]    Belonging  to  man;  man-like; 

'  sprung  from  man. 

Anthropogeny,  an-thro-poj 'en-i,  n.    [Gr. 


anthrOpoa,  a  man,  and  root  gen,  to  beget.] 
The  science  of  the  origin  and  development 
of  man.  —  Anthropogenic,  an-thro'po-je"- 
nik,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  anthropogeny. 

Anthropography,  an-thri>pog'ra-fi,  ji.  (Gr. 
anthropos,  a  man,  and  graphe,  a  descrip- 
tion.] A  description  of  man  or  of  the 
humaui  race;  ethnography. 

Anthropoid, an'thro-poid, a.  [Gr.anthropoa, 
a  man,  and  eidoa,  resemblance.]  Kesembl- 
ing  man;  specifically  applied  to  such  apes 
as  most  closely  approach  the  human  race.' 

Anthropolatry,  an-thrO-pol'a-tri,  n.  [Gr. 
anthrOpoa,  a  man,  and  latreia,  service, 
worship.]    The  worship  of  man. 

AnthropoUte,  an-thro'po-lit,  n.  [Gr.  an- 
thrOpoa, a  man,  and  lithoa,  a  stone.]  A 
petrifaction  of  the  human  body  ur  skele- 
ton. 

Antliropology,  an-thrO-pol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  an- 
thrOpoa, a  man,  and  logos,  discourse.]  The 
science  of  man  and  mankind,  including 
the  study  of  the  physical  and  mental  con- 
stitution of  man;  or  his  whole  nature,  as 
exhibited  both  in  the  present  and  the  past. 
—Anthropologic,  Anthropological,  an- 
thro'po-loj"ik,  an-thro'po-loj"ik-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  anthropology.  —  Anthropolo- 
gist, an-thro-pol'o-jist,  n.  One  who  writes 
on  or  studies  anthropology. 

Anthropometry,  an-thro-pom'et-ri,  n.  [Gr. 
anthrOpoa, .a.  man,  and  metron,  measure.] 
The  measurement  of  the'  human  body. 

Anthropomorphism,  an-thro'pd-morf"izm, 
n.  (Gr.  anthropos,  a  man,  and  morphi, 
form.]    The  representation  or  conception 

■  of  the  Deity  under  a  human  form,  or  with 
human  attributes  and  affections.  —  An- 
thropomorphic, an'thro-pi5-mor"fik,  o. 
Relating  to  or  characterized  by  anthropo- 
morphism ;  resembling  man.  —  Anthro- 
pomorphist,  Anthropomorphite,  an-thro'- 
po-niorf"ist,  an-thro'po-morf"it,  n.  One 
who  believes  that  the  Supreme  Being 
has  a  human  form  and  human  attributes. 
— Anthropomorphitic,  AnthropomorplU- 
tical,  an-thro'po-morf-it"ik,  an-thro'po- 
morf-it"ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  anthropo- 
morphism. —  Anthropomorphitism,  an- 
thro'po-morf"it-izm,  n.  The  doctrines  of 
anthropomorphites.-Anthropomorphous, 
an-thro'po-morf"us,  a.  Having  the  figure 
of  or  resemblance  to  a  man. 

Anthropopathism,     Anthropopathy,    an- 

'thro-pop'ath-izra,an-thro-pop'a-thi,n.  [Gr. 
anthrOpoa,  a  man,  and  pathos,  passion.] 
The  affections  or  passions  of  man;  the 
ascription  of  human  passions  to  the  Su- 
preme Being.— Anthropopathlc,  Anthro- 
popathical,  aTi-thr6'po-path"ik,  an-thro'- 
po-path"ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  anthro- 
popathism. —  Anthropopatlilcally,  an- 
thro'po-path"ik-al-li,  adv. 

Anthropophagi,  an-thro-pof 'a-ji,  n.  pi. 
[Gr.  anthrOpoa,  a  man,  and  phagO,  to  eat.] 
Man-eaters;  cannibals;  men  that  eat 
human  flesh.  —  Anthropophagical,  an- 
thro'po-faj"ik-al,  a.  Relating  to  canni- 
balism.— Anthropophagite,  an-th ro-pof'a- 
jit,  n.'  A  cannibal.  —  Anthropophagous, 
an-thro-pof'a-gus,  a.  Feeding  on  human 
flesh.  —  AnthrojKtphagy,  an-thro-pof 'a-ji, 
n.    Cannibalism. 

Anthropotomy,  an-thro-pot'o-mi,  n.  [Gr. 
anthrOpoa,  a  man,  and  tom^,  a  cutting.] 
The  anatomy  or  dissection  of  the  human 
body;  human  anatomy. 

Antlanarchic,  an'ti-an-ar"Uk,  a.  Opposed 
to  anarchy  or  confusion. 

Antiar,  an'ti-ar,  n.  [Javanese.]  The  milky 
juice  which  exudes  from  wounds  made  in 
the  upas-tree,  and  which  is  one  of  the  most 
acrid  and  virulent  vegetable  poisons. 

Antiarthritic,  an'ti-ar-thrit"ik,  a.  Effica- 
cious against  the  gout  (arthritis). 

Antiasthmatic,  an'ti-ast-mafik,  n.  A  re- 
medy for  the  asthma. 

Antibacchius,  an'ti-bak-ki"u8,n.  [Gr.]  Proa, 
a  foot  the  opposite  of  the  bacchius,  con- 
sisting of  three  syllables,  the  two  first  long 
and  the  last  short. 

Antibilious,  an-ti-bil'yus,  a.  Counteractive 
of  bilious  complaints. 

Antic,  an'tik,  a.  [A  form  of  anOqite,  L.  an- 
tiquua,  ancient.  The  modem  sense  of  this 
word  is  derived  from  the  grotesque  figures 
seen  in  the  antique  sculpture  of  the  middle 
ages.  Antique.]  Odd;  fanciful;  grotesque; 


fantastic  (tricks,  postures).— n.  A  buffoon 
or  merry -andrew  {Shak.);  a  grotesque  or 
fantastic  figuie  [Shak. ) ;  an  absurd  or  ridi- 
culous gesture ;  an  odd  gesticulation ;  a 
piece  of  Duffoonery;  a  caper. — Anticly,  an'- 
tik-li,  adv.  In  an  antic  manner. — Antic- 
ness,  an'tik-nes,  n. 

Anticardium,  an-ti-kar'dl-um,n.  [Gr.  anti, 
opposite  to,  and  kardia,  the  heart.]  Tlie 
hollow  at  the  bottom  of  the  breast  or  epi- 
gastrium; the  pit  of  the  stomach. 

Antichlor,  au'ti-klCr,  n.  [Gr.ontt,  against, 
and  the  chlor-  of  chlorine.]  A  substance 
employed  to  remove,  or  neutralize  the 
effects  of,  the  free  chlorine  left  in  goods 
bleached  by  means  of  chloride  of  lime,  &c. 

Antichrist,  an'ti-krist,  n.  An  opponent  of 
Christ ;  a  person  or  power  antagonistic  to 
Christ.— Antichristian,  an-ti-kris'tyan,  a. 
Opposite  to  or  opposing  the  Christian  re- 
ligion. 

Anticipate,  an-tis'1-pat,  v.t— anticipated, 
anticipating.  [L.  anticipo  for  antecipo,  to 
take  beforehand— ante,  before,  and  capio, 
to  take.]  To  be  before  in  doing  something; 
to  prevent  or  preclude  by  prior  action ;  to 
forestall ;  to  realize  beforehand ;  to  fore- 
taste or  foresee;  to  look  forward  to;  to  ex- 
pect.— v.i.  To  treat  of  something,  as  in  a 
narrative,  before  the  proper  time.— Antici- 
pant, an-tis'i-pant,  a.  Anticipating;  an- 
ticipati ve.  —  Anticipation,  an-tis '  i-pa  "  - 
slion,  n.  The  act  of  anticipating;  expecta- 
tion ;  foretaste ;  realization  beforehand ; 
previous  notion ;  preconceived  opinion. — 
Anticipatlve,  an-tis'i-pat-iv,  a.  Anticipat- 
ing or  tending  to  anticipate ;  containing 
anticipation.— Anticipatively.an-tis'i-pat- 
iv-li,  adv.  By  anticipation.— Anticipator, 
an-tis'i-pat-fer,  n.  One  who  anticipates. — 
Anticipatory,  an-tis'i-pa-to-ri,  a.  An- 
ticipatlve. 

Anticlimax,  an-ti-kli'maks,  n.  A  sentenpe 
in  which  the  ideas  first  increase  in  force, 
and  then  terminate  in  something  less  im- 
portant and  striking:  opposed  to  ciimax. 

Anticlinal,  an-ti-kli'nal,a.  [Gr.  a?i<i, oppo- 
site, and  klino,  to  incline.]  Inclining  in 
opposite  directions. — Anticlinal  axis,  geoL 
a  line  from  which  strata  dip  on  either  side 
as  from  the  ridge  of  a  house :  opposed  to 
aynclinal. — n.  An  anticlinal  line  or  axis. — 
Anticlinic,  an-ti-klin'ik,  a.    Anticlinal. 

Anticonstitutional,  an-ti-kon'sti-tQ"shon- 
al,  a.  Opposed  to  the  constitution  of  a 
state;  unconstitutional.    ' 

Anticontagious,  an'ti-kon-t5"jus,  a.  Op- 
posing or  destroying  contagion. 

Anti-convulsive,  an'ti-kon-vul'.'siv,  a.  Effi- 
cacious against  convulsions. 

Anticous,  an-ti'kus,  a.  [L.  dnticua.  In  front, 
from  anie,  before.]  Bot.  placed  in  front  of 
a  flower  or  organ,  as  the  lip  in  orchids. 

Anticyclone,  au'ti-si-klon,  n.  A  meteoro- 
logical phenomenon  consisting  of  a  region 
of  high  barometric  pressure,  the  pressure 
being  greatest  in  the  centre,  with  light 
winds  flowing  outwards  from  the  centre, 
and  not  Inwards  as  in  the  cyclone. 

Antidactyl,  an-ti-dak'tll,  n.  A  dactyl  re- 
versed; an  anapest. 

Antidemocrat,an-ti-dem'o-krat,n.  One  who 
is  opposed  to  democrats  or  democracy. — 
Antidemocratic,  Antidemocratical,  an-ti- 
dem'o-krat"ik,  an-ti-dem'o-krat"ik-al,  a. 
Opposing  or  contrary  to  democracy. 

Antidote,  an'ti-dot,  n.  [L.aniidot«m,from 
Gr.  antidoton,  an  antidote  — anti,  against, 
and  dotos,  given,  from  didOmi,  to  give.]  A 
medicine  to  counteract  the  effects  of  poi- 
son,or  of  anything  noxious  taken  into  the 
stomach ;  ./?£/.  anything  that  prevents  ur 
counteracts  evil.— Antidotal,  Antidotical, 
an-ti-dot'al,  an-ti-dot'ik-al,  a.  Having  tlie 
qualities  of  an  antidote;  serving  as  an  an- 
tidote. —  Antidotally,  Antidotically,  an'- 
ti-dot-al-li,  an-ti-dot'ik-al-li,  ady.  In  the 
mannerof  an  antidote;  by  way  of  antidote. 

Antidysenteric,  an'ti-dis-en-ter"ik,o.  Effi- 
cacious against  dysentery.— ^i.  A  remedy 
for  dysentery. 

Antiemetic,  an'ti-«-met"lk,o.  Actmg  in  the 
opposite  manner  of  an  emetic ;  checking 
vomiting.— n.  A  substance  with  this  pro- 
perty. 

Antienthuslastlc,  an'ti-en-thtt'zi-as'  tik,  a. 
Opposed  to  enthusiasm; 

Antlephlaltic,  an'ti-ef 'i-al"tlk, «.  [Gr.anh, 


>J(llte,  far,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  bfirj     pin?,  pip;     nOte,  not,  mOveji  ^^  tube,  tij.b,^\ill  5^  oil;  jiound;  ,  U,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fv.  u. 


ANTIEPELEPTIC 


31' 


AKTi  variolous; 


aRainst,  and  ephialtis,  nightmare.]  Cura- 
tive of  jiightmare. — n.  A  remedy  for  night- 
mare. 

Antlepileptic,  an'ti-ep'i-lep"tik,  a.  and  n. 
Same  as  Antepileptic. 

Antiepiscopal,  an'ti-e-pi8"kop-aI,  a.  Op- 
posed to  Episcopacy.. 

Antievangelical,  an'ti-S-van-jel "  ik-al,  o. 
Opposed  to  evangelical  principles. 

Antifebrile,  an-ti-feb'ril  or  an-ti-f6'bril,  a. 
Having  the  quality  of  abating  fever;  op- 
posing or  tending  to  cure  fever. 

Antifederal,  an-ti-fed'6r-al,  a.  Opposed  to 
or  opposing  federalism  or  a  federal  consti- 
tution. —  Antifederalism,  an-ti-fed'6r-al- 
izm,  n.  Opposition  to  federalism. — Anti- 
federalist,  an-ti-fed'6r-al-ist,  n.  One  who 
is  averse  to  federalism. 

Antifriction,  an-ti-f rik'shon,  a.  Obviating 
or  lessening  friction. 

Antigraph,  an'ti-graf,n.  [Gr.  anti,  equal  to, 
and  grapho,  to  write.j  Law,  a  copy  or 
counterpart  of  a  deed. 

Antihypnotic,an'ti-hip-not"ik,a.  [Gr.  anti, 
and  hypnos,  sleep.]  Counteracting  sleep; 
tending  to  prevent  sleep  or  lethargy. 

Antihypochondriac,  an-ti-hip '  0-kon  "  dri- 
ak,  a.    Counteracting  or  tending  to  cure 

'  hypochondriac  affections. 

Antihysteric,  an'ti-his-ter"ik,  a.    Prevent- 

,  ing  or  curing  hysterica. — n.  A  remedy  for 
hysterics. 

Antilegomena,  an'ti-le-gom"e-na,  n.  pi.  [Gr. 

,  — anti,  against,  and  legom:na,  things 
spoken,  from  iegO,  to  speak.J  Lit.  things 
spoken  against;  specifically,  applied  to  cer- 
tain books  of  the  New  Testament  whose  in- 
spiration was  not  at  first  universally  ac- 
knowledged by  the  church. 

Antilibration,  an'ti-li-bra"8hon,n.  The  act 
of  counterbalancing,  or  state  of  being 
counterbalanced;  equipoise. 

Antilithic,  an-ti-lith'ik,a.  [Gr.an^i, against, 
and  lithot,  a  stone.  I  Med.  tending  to  de- 
stroy or  prevent  the  formatioti  of  urinary 
calculi. — n.  A  medicine  with  this  property. 

Antilogy,  an-til'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  antilogia  — 
anti,  against,  and  legO,  to  speak.]  A  con- 
tradiction between  any  words  or  passages 
in  an  author,  or  between  members  of  the 
same  body. — Antilogous,  an-til'o-gus,  a. 
Contradictory;  elect,  applied  to  that  pole 
of  a  crystal  which  is  negative  when  being 
electrified  by  heat,  and  afterwards,  when 
cooling,  positive. 

Anti-macas8ar,an'ti-ma-kas"ar,n.  [Gr.anii, 
against,  and  E.  niacassar-oil.]  A  covering 
for  chairs,  sofas,  couches,  &c.,  made  of  open 
cotton  or  worsted  work,  to  preserve  them 
from  being  soiled. 

Antimeter,  an-tim'et-6r,  n.  [Gr.  anti,  and 
metron,  measure.]  An  optical  instrument 

I  for  measuring  angles  under  10°.    Called 

'  also  the  Refiecting  Sector. 

Antimonarchic,  Antimonarchical,  an'ti- 
•mon-ark"ik,  an'ti-mon-ark"ik-al,  a.  Op- 
posed to  monarchy;  opposing  a  kingly 

'  government.  —  Antimonarchist,  an  -  ti  - 
mon'ark-ist,  n.    An  enemy  to  monarchy. 

Antimony,  an'ti-mo-ni,  n.  [It.  of  twelfth 
century  antimonium;  origin  doubtful.] 
Chemical  sym.  Sb,  from  L.  stibium;  sp.  gr. 
67.  '  A  brittle  metal  of  a  bluish-white 
or  silver-white  colour  and  laminated  or 
scaly  texture,  much  used  in  the  arts  in 
the  construction  of  alloys,  and  also  in 
medicine.— Antimonial,  an-ti-mo'ni-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  antimony,  or  partaking  of 
its  (jualities;  composed  of  or  containing 
antimony.  —  Antivionial  wine,  med.  solu- 
tion of  tartar  emetic  in  sherry  wine. — n.  A 
preparation  of  antimony;  a  medicine  in 
which  antimony  is  a  principal  ingredient. 
— Antiaioniated,  an-ti-mo'ni-at-ed,  a.  Par- 
taking of  antimony;  mixed  or  prepared 
with  antimony.— Antimonic,  Antimoni- 
ous,  an-ti-mon'ik,  an-ti-mo'ni-us,  a.  Ap- 
plied to  acids  derived  from  antimony. 

Antinatural,  an-ti-na'tQr-al,a.  Opposed  to 
what  is  natural ;  non-natural. 

Antinephritic,  an'ti-ne-frit"ik,  a.  Med. 
counteracting  diseases  of  the  kidneys. 

Antinomy,  an-tin'om-i,n.  [Gr.  an<i,against, 
and  nomos,  a  law.]  The  opposition  of  one 
law  or  rule  to  another  law  or  rule ;  any- 
thing, as  a  law,  statement,  &c.,  opposite  or 
contrary-. — Antinomian,  an-ti-no'mi-an,  a. 
Opposed  to  law;  pertaining  to  the  Antino- 


mians.  —  n.  One  of  a  sect  who  maintain 
that,  under  the  gospel  dispensation,  the 
moral  law  is  of  no  use  or  obligation.— An- 
tinomianiam,  au-ti-nO'mi-an-izm,  n.  The 
tenets  of  the  Antinomians. 

Antipapal,  Antipapistical,  an-ti-pfi'pal, 
an'ti-pa-pis"tik-al,  a.  Opposed  to  the  pope 
or  to  Roman  Catholicism. 

Antiparalytic,  an'ti-pa-ra-lit"ik,  a.  Med. 
effective  against  paralysis.— n.  A  remedy 
for  paralysis. 

Antipathy,  an-tip'a-thi,  n.  [Gr.  aniipa- 
theia — anti,  against,  and  pathos,  feeling. 
Pathos.]  Natural  aversion;  instinctive 
contrariety  or  opposition  in  feeling  j  an 
aversion  felt  at  the  presence  of  an  object; 
repugnance ;  contrariety  in  nature :  com- 
monly with  to  before  the  object. — Anti- 
pathetic, Antipathetlcal,an'ti-pa-thet"ik, 
au'ti-pa-thet"ik-al,  o.  Having  antipathy. 
— Antipathist.t  an-tip'a-thist,  n.  A  direct 
opposite.  [Coleridge.] 

Antiphlogistic,  an'ti-flo-jis"tik,  a.  Opposed 
to  the  theory  of  phlogiston;  counteracting 
inflammation,  or  an  excited  state  of  the 
system. — n.  A  medicine  which  checks  in- 
flammation. 

Antipbon,  Antlphony,  an'ti-fon,  an-tif'o- 
ni,  n.  [Gr.  anti,  in  response  to,  and  pfioni, 
voice.  Anthem  is  the  same  word.]  The 
answer  of  one  choir  or  one  portion  of  a 
congregation  to  another  when  an  anthem 
or  psalm  is  sung  alternately;  alternate 
singing;  a  short  versicle  sung  before  and 
after  the  psalms. —  Antiphonal,  Antiph- 
onary,  an-tifo-nal,  an-tif  o-na-ri,  n.  A  book 
of  antiphons  or  anthems.  —  Antiphonal, 
Antiphonic,  Antiphonlcal,  an-tif  on-al, 
an-ti-fon'ik,  an-ti-fon'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  antiphony  oraltetnate  singing. 

Antiphrasis,  an-tif 'ra-sis,  n.  [Gr.  anti, 
agamst,  and  phrasis,  a  form  of  speech.] 
Rhet.  tlie  use  of  words  in  a  sense  oijposite 
to  their  proper  meaning. — Antiphraatic, 
an-ti-fras'tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  antiphrasis. 
— AntiphrasticaUy,an-ti-fras'tik-al-li,a(ii;. 
In  the  manner  of  antiphrasis. 

Antipodes,  an-tip'o-dez,  n.  pi.  [Gr. — anti, 
opposite,  and  poua,  podos,  foot.]  Those 
who  live  on  the  oppos'te  side  of  the  globe; 
the  region  directly  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  globe;  fig.  anything  diametrically  op- 
posite or  opposed  to  another;  a  contrary. 
—  Antipodal,  Antipodean,  an-tip'o-dal, 
an-tip'o-de"an,  a.  Pertainingto  antipodes. 
— Antipode,  anti-pod,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  is  in  oppositioivor  opposite. 

Antipoison,  an-ti-poi'zn,  n.  An  antidote 
for  a  poison;  a  counter-poison. 

Antipole,  an'ti-pOl,  n.    The  opposite  pole. 

Antipope,  an'ti-pop,  n.  One  who  usurps  the 
papal  power  in  opposition  to  the  pope ;  a 
pretender  to  the  papacy. 

Antiputrefactive,  Antiputrescent,  an'ti- 
pQ-tre-fak"tiv,  an'ti-pQ-tres"sent,a.  Coun- 
teracting or  preventing  putrefaction;  an- 
tiseptic. 

Antipyretic,  an'ti-pi-ret"ik,  n.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  pyretos,  fever.  ]  Med.  a  remedy 
efficacious  against  fever. 

Antiquary,  an'ti-kwa-ri,  n.  [L.  anttqwxrius, 
from  antiquus,  old,  ancient,  from  ante,  be- 
fore. 1  One  devoted  to  the  study  of  ancient 
times  through  their  relics;  one  versed  in 
antiquity ;  an  archaeologist.  —  Antiqua- 
rian, an-ti-kwa'ri-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
antiquaries  or  to  antiquity. — n.  An  anti- 
qtiary.--Antiquarianlsm,  an-ti-kwa'ri-an- 
izm,  n.  Character  of  an  antiquarian;  love 
or  study  of  antiquities. — Antiquated)  an'- 
ti-kwat-ed.  a.  Grown  old-fashioned;  ob- 
solete ;  out  of  use ;  behind  the  times.  — 
Antiquatedness,  an'ti-kwat-ed-nes,  n. — 
Antique,  an-t5k',  a.  [Fr.,  from  li.antiquus, 
ancient.  Antic  is  a  form  of  this  word.] 
Having  existed  in  ancient  times;  belong- 
ing to  or  having  come  down  from  anti- 

•^.quity;  ancient  (an  antiqxie  statue);  having 
the  characteristics  of  an  earlier  day ; 
smacking  of  bygone  days ;  of  old  fashion 
(an  antiqus  xohe). — n.  Anything  very  old; 
specifically,  a  term  applied  to  the  remains 
of  ancient  art,  more  especially  to  the  works 
of  Grecian  and  Koman  antiquity.— An- 
tiquely, an-tekli,  adv.— Antiqueness,  an- 
tsk'nes,  n.  —  Antiquity,  an-tik'wi-ti,  n. 
[L.  antiquitas,  from  antiquus,  ancient.] 
The  quality  of  being  ancient;  ancientness; 


great  age;  ancient  times;  former  ages;  the 
people  of  ancient  times;  pi.  the  remains 
of  ancient  times;  institutions,  customs, 
&c.,  belonging  to  ancient  nations. 

Antirrhinum,  an-ti-ri'num,  n.  [Gr.  anti, 
like,  and  rhin,  a  nose.  The  flowers  of 
most  of  the  species  bear  a  resemblance  to 
the  snout  of  some  animal.]  Snap-dragon, 
the  generic  name  of  various  plants  with 
showy  flowers,  much  cultivated  in  gar- 
dens. 

Antisabbataiian,  an-ti-sab'ba-ta"ri-an,  n. 
One  averse  to  observing  the  Christian  Sab- 
bath with  the  strictness  of  the  Jewish 
Sabbath. 

Antiscil,  Antisclans.  an-tish'i-i,  an-tish'i- 
anz,  n.  pi.  [L.  anfecii— Gr.  anti,  opposite, 
and  sA:io,  shadow.]  The  inhabitants  of 
either  side  of  the  equator,  as  contrasted 
with  those  of  the  other  side,  whose  shadow 
is  cast  in  a  contrary  direction. 

Antiscorbutic,  an'ti-skor-ba"tik,  a.  Med. 
counteracting  scurvy  or  a  scorbutic  ten- 
dency.— n,  A  remedy  for  or  preventive  of 
scurvy. 

Antiscrlptural,  an-ti-skrip'tor-al,  a.  Op- 
posed to  the  principles  or  doctrines  of 
Scripture.— Antiscripturist.t  an-ti-skrip'- 
tur-ist,  n.  One  who  opposes  the  truth  of 
Scripture. 

Antiseptic,  Antiseptical,  an-ti-sep'tik,  an- 
ti-sep'tik-al,  a.  [Gr.  anti,  against,  and 
sgptos,  putrid,  from  sepO,  to  putrefy.]  Op- 
posing or  counteracting  putrefaction,  or 
a  putrescent  tendency. — n.  A  substance 
which  resists  or  corrects  putrefaction. 

Antisoclalist,  an-ti-so'shal-ist,  a.  Opposed 
to  the  doctrine  and  practice  of  socialism. 

Antispasmodic,  an'ti-Bpaz-mod"ik,a.  Med. 
opposing  spasm  ;  resisting  convulsions.- 
n.    A  remedy  for  spasm. 

Antispast,  an'ti-spast,  n.  [Gr.  antispaatos.] 
Pros,  a  fpot,  in  which  the  first  and  last 
syllables  are  short  and  the  two  middle 
syllables  long. 

AntUplenetic,  an'ti-sple-net"ik,  a.  Good 
as  a  remedy  in  diseases  of  the  spleen. 

Antistrophe,  an-tis'tro-fe,  n.  [Gr.— anti, 
opposite,  and  strophe,  a  turning.]  A  part 
of  an  ancient  Greek  choral  ode  alternating 
with  the  strophe.- Antistrophio,  an-ti- 
strof'ik,  o.    Relating  to  the  antistrophe. 

Antistmmatlc,  Antistnunous,  an'ti-stro- 
maf'ik,  an-ti-stro'mus,  o.  Good  against 
struma  or  scrofulous  disorders. 

Antisyphilltic,  an-ti-sif'il-it"ik,  a.  Effica- 
cious against  syphilis,  or  the  venerea^ 
poison. — n.  A  medicine  of  this  kind. 

Antitheism,  an-ti-th6'izm,  n.  Opposition 
to  theism.  — Antltheist,  an-ti-the'ist,  n. 
An  opponent  of  theism.  —  Antitheistlc, 
an'ti-the-i8"tik,  o.  Pertaining  to  antithe- 
ism. 

Antithesis,  an-tith'e-sis,  n.  pi.  Antitheses, 
an-tith'e-s6z.  [Gr.  antithesis— anti,  against, 
and  thesis,  a  setting,  from  tithemi,  to 
place.]  Opposition;  contrast;  rhet.  a  figure 
by  which  contraries  are  opposed  to  con- 
traries; a  contrast  or  opposition  of  words  or 
sentiments;  as,  the  prodigal  rol^s  his  lieir, 
the  miser  ro6«  himself. — Antithetic,  Anti- 
thetical, an-ti-thet'ik,  -an-ti-thet'ik-a!,  a. 
Pertaining  to  antithesis;  chamcterized  by 
the  use  of  antithesis.— Antithetically,  an- 
ti-thet'ik-al-U,  adv.  In  an  antithetical  i 
manner. 

Anti-trade,  an'ti-trfid,  n.  A  name  given  to 
any  of  the  upper  tropical  winds  which 
move  northward  or  southward  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  trade-winds  which  blow  be- 
neath them  in  the  opposite  direction. 

Antitriuitarian,  an-ti-trin '  i-ta  "  ri-an,  n. 
One  who  denies  the  doctrine  of  the  Trini- 
ty, or  the  existence  of  three  persons  in  the 
Godhead.  —  a.  Opposing  the  doctrine  of 
the  Trinity.— Antitrinitarianlsm,  an-ti- 
trin'i-ta"ri-an-izm,  n.  Opposition,  to  the 
doctrine  of  the  Trinity. 

Antitype,  an'ti-tip,  n.  That  which  is  cor- 
relative to  a  type;  that  which  is  prefigured 
or  represented  by  the  type.— Antityplcal, 
an-ti-tip'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  anti- 
type; explaining  the  type.— AntitypicaJ- 
ly,  an-ti-tip'ik-al-li,  adv.  By  way  of  anti- 
type. 

Antivaccinlst,  an-ti-vak '  sin-ist,  n.  One 
who  is  opposed  to  vaccination. 

Antivariolous,  an'ti-va-ri"ol-us,  a,'   Pre- 


cb.  cftaiu:  ~  cA,  Sc.  locA;     g,go;     },job;     n,  Fr.  tonj    j^iSing;     »Hjfce!i;JhJAini    cvjjjdg^    yh,  wW(jj     zl),i^esi^^ 


ANTIVENEREAL 


82 


APLOMB 


renting  the  contagion  of  small-pox  (rari- 
ola). 

Antivenereal,  an'ti-v5-n6"re-al,  a.  Resist- 
ing or  efficacious  against  the  venereal  poi- 
son. 

Antler,  ant'Ur;  n.  [O.Fr.  antoilUer,  en- 
toillier;  origin  doubtful.]  A  branch  of  the 
horn  of  a  deer,  particularly  of  a  stag;  one 
ot  the  horns  of  the  cervine  animals. — 
Antlered,  ant'lerd,  a.  Furnished  with 
antlers. 

Antlia,  ant'li-a,  n.  [Gr.  antlia,  a  pump.] 
The  spiral  tongue  or  proboscis  of  butter- 
flies and  moths,  by  which  they  pump  up 
the  juices  of  plants. 

Antonomasia,  Antonomasy,  an-ton'o-ma"- 
zi-a,  an-ton'o-ma-zi,  n.  [Gr.  antonomasia — 
anti,  instead,  onmna,  a  name.]  Jthet.  the 
use  of  the  name  of  some  office,  dignity, 
profession,  4c. ,  instead  of  the  name  of  the 
person;  or,  conversely,  the  use  of  a  proper 
noun  instead  of  a  common  noun  (as  'a 
iiol(y»ion,'  for  a  wise  man). — Antonomastic,"^ 
Antonomastical,  an-ton'o-mas"tik,  an- 
ton'o-mas"tik-al,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
antonomasia.  —  Antonomastically,  an- 
ton'o-nias"tik-al-Ii,  adv.  With  use  of  an- 
tonomasia. 

Antorbital,  ant-orTsit-al,  a.  [L.  aiite,  be- 
fore, and  orbitus,  an  orbit.]  Anterior  to 
the  orbit. 

Antre.J  an'tSr,  n.  [Fr.  antre,  L.  anti~um,  a 
cave.]    A  cavern;  a  cave.  IShak.]  i 

Antrorse,  an-trors',  a.  [From  L.  ante,  be- 
fore, und  versiis,  turned.]  Bot.  forward  or 
upward  in  direction. 

Anura,  a-nu'ra,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  an,  priv.,  and 
oura,  a  tail.]  An  order  of  batrachians 
which  lose  the  tail  when  they  reach  ma- 
turity, as  the  toad  and  frog.  Written  also 
Anoura. — Anoran,  a-nu'ran,  n.  One  of 
the  Anura. — Anurous,  a-nu'rus,  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Anura. 

Anus,  a'nus,  n.  [L.J  ^nat.  the  inferior 
opening  of  the  alimentary  canal;  the 
fundament. 

Anvil,  an'vil,  n.  [A.  Sax.  avJUt,  O.H.6. 
anafah — an,  on,  and  A.  Sax.  fealdan,  6. 
fatten,  falzen,  to  fold.]  An  iron  block  with 
a  smooth,  usually  steel,  face,  and  often  a 
projecting  horn,  on  which  metals  are  ham- 
mered and  shaped. — v.ti  To  form  or  shape 
on  an  anvil. 

Anxiety,  ang-zi'e-ti,  n.  [L.  anxietas,  from 
arm«g,  solicitous,  from  ango,  to  vex.  An- 
ger.] Pain  or  uneasinessof  mind  respect- 
ing some  event,  future  or  uncertain;  con- 
cern ;  solicitude ;  care ;  disquietude.  — 
Anxious,  angk'shus,  a.  Full  of  anxiety 
or  solicitude  respecting  something  future 
or  unknown;  being  in  painful  suspense 
(of  persons);  attended  with  or  proceeding 
from  solicitude  or  uneasiness  (of  things): 
followed  often  by  for,  about,  on  accowit  of. 
— Anxiously,  anck'shus-li,  adv.  In  an  anx- 
ious manner;  solicitously.— Anxiousness, 
angk'shus-nes,  n.    Anxiety. 

Any,  en'ni,  a.  [A.  Sax.  cenig,  from  dn,  one, 
and  term,  ig  (parallel  to  nrmig,  nonet;  like 
G.  einig,  D.  eenig,  any.]  One  out  of  inany 
indefinitely  {any  man);  some;  an  indefinite 
number  or  quantity  (any  men,any  money); 
often  used  as  a  pronoun ,  the  noun  being  un- 
derstood.— adv.  In  any  degree;  to  any  ex- 
tent; at  all  (any  better).— Anybody,  en'ni- 
bo-di,  n.  Any  one  person. — Anyhow,  en'- 
ni-hou,  adv.  In  any  manner;  at  any  rate; 
in  any  event;  on  any  account. — Anywhere, 
en'ni-whar,  adu.  In  any  place. — Anywlae, 
en'ni-wiz,  adv.  l-vnse= guise.]  In  any  way. 

AorlBt,  a'or-ist,  n.  [Gr.  aoristos,  indefinite 
— a,  priv.,  and  furros,  limit.]  Gram,  a 
tense  in  the  Greek  verb  which  expresses 
past  time  indefinitely  (Uke  E.  did  or  saw). 
— Aoristis,  Aoristical,  a-or-ist'ik,  a-or-ist'- 
ik-al),a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  char- 
acter of  an  aorist. 

Aorta,  6-or'ta,  n.  [Gr.  (torti,  from  aeirO,  to 
lift,  to  heave.]  Anat.  the  great  artery  or 
trunk  of  the  arterial  system,  proceeding 
from  the  left  ventricle  of  the  neart,  and 
giving  origin  to  all  the  arteries  except  the 

1  pulmonary. — Aortal,  Aortic,  ft-or'tal,  5- 
or'tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  aorta.— Aort- 
Itii,  Srortri'tis,  n.  Inflammation  of  the 
aorta.  •       •  ^  .  , 

Apace,  a-pfis'.cufv.  .With  a  qiuck  pace; 
fast;  speedily;  with  haste,  i^' 


Apiagjmoiu,  a-paj'in-us,  a.  [Gr.  hapax, 
once,  and  gyne,  a  female.]  Bot.  fructify- 
ing but  once,  perishing  thereafter. 

Apanthropy,  ap-an'thro-pi,  n.  [Gr.  apan- 
thrOpia — apo,  from,  and  anthrOpos,  man.] 
An  aversion  to  the  company  of  men;  a  love 
of-eolitude. 

Apart,  a-part',  adv.  [Fr.  d  part,  aside, 
separate— d,  from  L.  ad, to,  part=Vl.  part, 
side.]  Separately;  in  a  state  of  separa- 
tion; distinct  or  away  from  others;  at 
some  distance. — Apartment,  a-part'ment, 
n.  [Fr.  appartement.'i  A  room  in  a  build- 
ing; a  division  in  a  house  separated  from 
others  by  partitions;  pi.  a  suite,  or  set,  of 
rooms;  lodgings  (a  French  usage). 

Apathy,  ap'a-thi,  n.  [L.  apathia,  Gr.  apa- 
theia — o,  priv.,  and  pathos,  suffering.] 
Want  of  feeling;  privation  of  passion, 
emotion,  or  excitement;  insensibility;  in- 
difierence. — Apathetic,  Apathetical,  ap- 
a-thet'ik,  ap-a-thet'ik-al,  a.  Affected  with 
or  proceeding  from  apathy;  devoid  of  feel- 
ing; insensible.— Apaithist,  ap'a-thist,  n. 
One  affected  with  apathy,  or  destitute  of 
feeling. 

Apatite,  ap'a-tit,  n.  [Prom  Gr.  apataO,  to 
deceive,  it  having  been  often  mistaken  for 
othep  mineiuls.  J  Native  phosphate  of 
lime. 

Ape,  ap,  n.  [A.  Sax.  apa,  Icel.  api,  D.  aap, 
JJan.  abe,  G.  affe,  O.H.G.  affo,  It.  and  Gael. 
apa:  an  initial  guttural  has  been  lost,  seen 
in  Gr.  kepos,  Skr.  kapi,  an  ape.]  One  of  a 
family  of  quadrumanous  animals  found 
in  both  continents,  having  the  teeth  of  the 
saise  number  and  form  as  in  man,  and 
possessing  neithertails  nor  cheek-pouches; 
.^ff.  one  who  imitates  servilely. — v.t. — aped, 
aping.  To  imitate  servilely;  to  mimic. — 
Aper,ap'6r,n.  One  who  apes.— Apery,  &p'- 
6r-i,n.  A  collection  of  apes;  tricks  of  apes; 
the  practice  of  aping.  —  Apish,  ap'ish,  o. 
Having  the  qualities  of  an  ape ;  inclined 
to  imitate  superiors;  affected.— Apishly, 
ap'ish-li.ady.  In  an  apish  manner.— Apian- 
ness,  ap'ish-nes,  n. 

Apeak,  a-p6k',  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and  peak, 
a  point.]  On  the  point ;  in  a  posture  to 
pierce ;  naut.  perpendicular,  or  inclining 
to  the  perpendicular :  said  of  the  anchor 
or  yards. 

Apellous,  a-pellus,  o.  [Gr.  a,  without,  and 
L.  pellis,  a  skin.]    Destitute  of  skin. 

Apepsia,  Apepsy,  a-pep'si-a,  a-pep'si,  n.  [Gr. 
a,  priv.,  and  pepW,  to  digest.]  Defective 
digestion;  indigestion;  dyspepsia. 

Aperient,  a-pe'ri-ent,  a.  [L.  aperiens,  ape- 
rientis,  part,  of  aperio,  to  open.  ]  Med. 
gently  purgative;  having  the  quality  of 
opening;  deobstruent;  laxative. — n.  A  me- 
dicine Avhich  gently  opens  the  bowels;  a 
laxative.— Aperitive,  a-per'it-iv,  a.  Ape- 
rient. 

Apert,  a-p6rt',  a.  [L.  apertus,  open.]  Open; 
evident.— Aperture,  ap'6r-tur,  n.  [L.  aper- 


tura,  from  aperio,  dpertum,  to  open.]    An 
opening;  amouth,entrance,gapjCleft,( 


,&c.; 


a  passage;  a  perforation;  the  diameter  of 

-  the  exposed  part  of  the  object-glass  of  a 
telescope  or  other  optical  instrument. 

ApetalouB,  a-pet'al-ns,  a.  [Gr.  a,  neg.,  and 
j>etalon,  a  petal.]  Bot.  having  no  petals  or 
corolla.— Apetaiousne8s,a-pet'al-us-ne8,n. 

Apex,  a'peks,  n.  pi  Apices,  Ape?:eB,  aj»i- 
sez,  a'peks-ez.  [L.  apex,  pi.  ajiicea.]  The 
tip,  point,  or  summit  of  anything. 

Apnaeresis,  Apheresis,  a-fe're-sis,  n.  [Gr. 
aphairesis,  a  taking  away — apo,  from,  and 
hairei,  to  take.  ]  Gram,  the  taking  of  a 
letter  or  syllable  from  the  beginning  of  a 
word ;  med.  the  removal  of  anything  nox- 
ious; surg.  amputation. 

Aphajnipterous,  af-an-ip'tSr-ns,  o.  [Gr.  ap/i- 
anes,  indistinct  (a,  priv. ,  pfiainO,to  appear), 
and  ptero»i,a  wing.]  Destitute  of  conspic- 
uous wings:  said  of  insects. 

Aphanite,  af  an-it,  n.  [Gr.  aphanis,  ipdisr 
tinct — a,  priv.,  and  phainO,  to  appear.) 
Compact  amphibole,  a  mineral  consisting 
of  hornblende,  <iuartz,  and  felspar  so  inti- 
matelj[  intermixed  as. to  be  individually 
undistinguishable,  whence  the  name. 

Aphelion,  a-fcTi-on,  n.  pi.  Aphelia,  a-fe^i-a. 
[Gr.  apo,  from,  and  /idZios,  the'sun.]  That 
point  of  a  planet's  or  comet's  orbit  which 
is  most  distant  from  the  sun :  opposed  to 
perihelion. 


Aphilanthropy,  a-fil-an'thr5-pi,  n.  [Prefix 
a,  neg. ,  and  philanthropy.]  Want  of  love 
to  mankind;  want  of  benevolence;  dislike 
to  society. 

Aphis,  a 'fis,  n.  pi .  Aphidea,  af 'i-dEz.  [A  term 
of  modem  origin.perhaps  from  Gr.ap/ij(»8(>, 
to  draw  or  dJink  up  liquids.  ]  A  plant- 
louse;  a  puceron  or  vine-frettcr.  The  aphi- 
des are  small  insects,  some  of  them  wing- 
less; they  are  very  numerous  and  destruc- 
tive, almost  evezT  species  of  plant  support- 
ing a  different  variety.— Aphidiin,  a-fid'i- 
an,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  aphides.— Aphi- 
divorouB,  af-i-div  o-rus,  a.  [-vorous,  from 
L.  voro,  to  eat.]  Eating  or  subsisting  on 
aphides. 

Aphuology,  af-noro-jiv  n.  [  Gr.  apknos, 
wealth,  and  logos,  a  djscoui-se.]  The  science 
of  wealth;  plutology. 

Aphonia,  Aphony,  a-fo'ni-a,  af  o-ni,  to.  [Gr. 
a,  priv. ,  and  phone,  voice.  J  A  loss  of  voice; 
dumbness;  speechlessness. — ^Aphonoi;s,af'- 
o-nus,  o.    Destitute  of  voice. 

Aphonsn,  afor-izm,  n.  [Gr  aphorismos, 
from  aphorizO,  to  mark  out,  to  define — apo, 
from,  and  horos,  a  boundary.]  A  precept 
or  principle  expressed  in  a  few  words ;  a 
brief  sentence  containing  some  important 
truth ;  a  maxim.  .".  Aphorism  is  the  brief 
statement  of  a  doctrine.  .<4  riow,  a  atato- 
ment  claiming  to  he  considered  as  a  self- 
evident  truth.  Irlaxim,  a  formula  refer- 
ring rather  to  practical  than  to  abstract 
truth ;  a  rule  of  conduct.  Apophihepin,  a 
terse  sententious  saying. — Aphorlsxaatic, 
Aphorismic,  af'or-iz-mat"ik,  af-or-iz'mik, 
a.  B  elating  to  or  containing  aphorisms. — 
Aphorist,  afor-ist,  n.  A  writer  of  aphor- 
isms.—Aphoristic,  Aphoristical,  af-cr-ist'- 
ik,  af-or-ist'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to,  resem- 
bling, or  containing  aphorisms;  in  the 
form  of  an  aphorism.- Aphoristlcally,  af- 
or-ist'ik-al-li,  adv.  In  the  form  or  manner 
of  aphorisms.- Aphorize,  af'or-iz,  v.i.  To 
make  aphorisms. 

Aphrite,  af  rit,  n.  [Gr.  aphros,  froth.]  A 
variety  of  carbonate  of  lime  or  calc-spar  of 
a  pearly  lustre. 

Aphrodisiac.  Aporodisiacal,  af-ro-diz'i-ak, 
af-ro-diz'i-ak-al,  a.  [Gr.  aphrodisios,  aph- 
rodisiakos,  from  Aphrodtti,  goddess  of 
love.]  Exciting  venereal  desire.— Ajjhro- 
disiac,  n.  Food  "or  %  medicine  Exciting 
sexual  desire. 

Aphtlue,  af'thf,  n.  pT.  [  Gr.  aphthai.  J  In 
nuid.  small  white  ulcers  upon  the  tongute 
and  inside  of  the  mouth ;  thrush:— Aph- 
thous, af  thus,  a.  Pertaining  to  aphthae 
or  thrush. 

Aphyllose,  Aphyllous,  af 'il-os  or  a-fil'os,  af- 
il-us  or  a-fil'us,  a.  [Gr.  a,  neg. ,  and  phytlon, 
a  leaf.]   Bot.  destitute  of  leaves. 

Apiary,  a'pi-a-ri,  n.  [L.  apiarium,  from 
apis,  a  bee.]    The  place  "where  bees  are 

■  kept;  a  stand  or  shed  for  bees.- Apiarian, 
a-pi-a'ri-an,  a.  Relating  to  bees. — n.  A 
bee-keeper;  an  apiarist.— Apiarist,  a'pi-a- 
rist,  n.  One  who  keeps  bees;  a  bee-master. 
— Apiculture,  ap-i-kul'tur,  n.  The  art  of 
managing  bees  m  hives;  bee-keeping. 

Apical,  ap'ik-al,-a.  [1/.  apex,  an  apex,  a 
sharp  point  or  peak.]  Relating  to  the  apex 
or  top ;  belonging  to  the  pointed  end  of  a 
cone-shaped  body.— Apices,  Apex.es,  pi.  of 
apea;.— Apicillary,  ap-i-sil'a-ri.a.  Situated 
at  or  near  the  apex.— APJculate,  Apicu- 
lated,  a-pik'u-lat,  a-pik'u-lat-ed,  a.  Bot. 
tipped  with  a  short  and  abrapt  point. 

Apician,  a-pi'shan,o.  [From  A  picitis,  a  cele- 
brated Roman  gourmand.]  Relating  to  or 
resembling  Apicius;  relating  to  cookery  or 
delicate  viands. 

Apiece,  a-pes',  adv.  To  each:  as  the  share 
of  each;  each  by  itself;  by  the  individual. 

Apish,  Apishly.    Ape. 

AplacentaJ,  ap-la-sen'tal,o.  [Prefix  a,  priv., 
and  placental.]  Applied  to  those  mammals 
in  which  the  young  arc  destitute  of  a  pla- 
centa (as  the  kangaroo,  djick-raole,  &c.).   ' 

Aplanatic,  ap-la-nat'ik,  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv., 
and  pliLnaO,to  wander.]  Opitc«, corrective 
of  the  defect  by  which  rays  of  light  diverge 
and  do  not  come  to  a  focus  (an  aplanatic 
lens).— Aplanatism,  a-plan'a-tizm,  n.  Op- 
tics, the  condition  of  being  aplanatic. 
Aplastic,  a-plas'tik,  a.  [Prefix  a,  priv.,  and 
plastic.^  Not  plastic;  not  easily  moulded. 
Aplomb,  a-plon,  n.    (Fr.,  lit.  the  state  of 


^^ftte,lttrv^tj.fiyiJtfflejj|StL^«ri'*^ine^ifti*  ipiOte,  not,.mi)Te;^ftie,i»b,  bjUj^oU,  ppwdj^jjl,  Sp.  ahwne^the  Fr-  V 


APOCALYPSE 


/?3 


/APPARITION, 


being  perpendicular,  or  true  to  the  plumb- 
line.]  Self-possession  springing  from  per- 
fect self-confidence;  assurance. 

Apocalypse,  a-pok'a-lips,  n.  [Gr.  apokalyp- 
sis,  from  apokalypto,  to  disclose— prefix 
apo,  and  kalypto,  to  cover.}  Revelation; 
discovery^  disclosure;  specifically,  applied 
as  the  name  of  the  last  book  of  the  New- 
Testament.— Apocalyptic,  Apocalyptical, 
a-pok'a-lip"tili,  a-pok'a-lip"tik-al,  a.  Con- 
taining or  pertaining  to  revelation ;  per- 
taining to  the  Revelation  of  St.  John. — 
Apocalyptic,  Apocalyptist,  a-pok'a-lip"- 
tik,  a-pok'a-lip'tist,  n.  A  writer  jon  the 
Apocalypse.  —  Apocalyptically,  a-pok'a- 
lip"tik-al-li,  adv.  In  an  apocalyptic  man- 
ner; by  revelation. 

Apocarpous,  ap-o-kar'pus,  a.  [Gr.  apo,  de- 
noting separation,  and  karpoa,  fruit.l  In 
bot.  having  the  carpels,  or  at  least  thair 
styles,  disunited. 

Apocope,  a-pok'o-pe,  n.  [Gr.  apokopS.  a,  cnt- 
tmg  oiT- opo,  and  hope,  a  cutting.]  The 
cutting  off  or  omission  oJ>the  last  letter  or 
syllable  of  a  word,  as  th'  for  </ie.— Apoco- 
pate, a-pok'o-pat,  v.t.—apftcopafed,  apoco- 
pating. To  cut  off  or  drop  the  last  letter 
or  syllable  of. 

Apocrustic,  ap-o-krus'tik,a.  [Gr.apokrous- 
tikos — apo,  away,  and  krouo,  to  drive. J  Med. 
repelling;  astringent.— w.  An  astringent 
and  repellent  medicine.  ' 

Apocrypha,  a-pok'ri-fa,  n.  [Gr.  apokryphoa, 
hidden,  spurious— apo,  away,  and  krypto, 
to  conceal.  Crypt.]  The  collective  name 
of  certain  books  admitted  by  the  R.  Cath- 
olics into  the  Old  Testament  canon,  but 
whose  authenticity  as  inspired  writings  is 
not  generally  admitted. — Apocryphau,  a- 
pok'ri-fal.a.  Pertaining  to  the  Apocrypha; 
not  canonical;  of  uncertain  authority  or 
credit;  fictitious.— Apowyphally,  a-pok'- 
ri-fal-li,  ady.  In  an  apocryphal  manner; 
equivocally ;  doubtfully.  —  Apocryphal  - 
ness,  a-pok'ri-fal-nes,  n. 

Apodal,  Apodous,  ap'o-dal,  ap'o-dus,  a. 
Having  no. feet:  also  said  of  fishes  having 
no  ventral  fins,  as  the  eel,  sword-fish,  &c. 

Apodeictic,  Apcdeictical,  ap-o-dik'tfk,  ap- 
o-dik'tik-al,  a.  [  Gr.  apodeiktikos  —  apo, 
forth,  and  deiknyvii,  to  show.]  Demon- 
strative; evident  beyond  contradiction. 
Spelled  also  Apodictie,  Apodictical. — Apo- 

■  deictically,ap-o-dik'tik-al-li,a(Zv.  Demon- 
stratively. 

Apodosis,  a-pod'o-sis,  n.  [Gr.  apodosia,  a 
giving  back— apo,  from,  and  didOmi,  to 
give.  1  Gram,  the  latter  part  of  a,  condi- 
tional sentence  (or  one  beginning  with  if, 
though,  &c.),  dependent  on  the  protasis  or 
condition. 

Apogee,  ap'o-js,  n.  [Gr.  apo,  from,  and  ge, 
tiie  earth.]  That  point  in  the  orbit  of  a 
planet  or  other  heavenly  body  which  is  at 
the  greatest  distance  from  the  earth;  pro- 
perly this  particular  point  of  the  moon's 
orbit.— Apogean,  ap-o-j5'an,a.  Pertaining 
to  or  connected  with  the  apogee. 

Apograph,  ap'o-graf,  n.  [Gr.  apo,  from,  and 
Orapho,  to  write.]    A  copy  or  transcript. 

Apologue,  ap'o-log,  n.  [Gr.  apologos,  an  ap- 
ologue, a  fable— ajjo,  from,  and  logos,  dis- 
course.] A  moral  fable;  a  relation  of  fic- 
titious events -intended  to  coftvey  useful 
truths,  such  as  the  fables  of  jEsop. 

Apology,  a- pol'o-ji.n.  (Gr.apoio(7ia,  a  speech 
la  defence — apo,  away  from,  and  logos,  a 
discourse.]  Something  said  or  written  in 
defence;  justification;  vindication;  an  ac- 
knowledgment, usually  accompanied  by 
an  expression  of  regret,  for  some  improper 
remark  or  act ;  a  temporary  substitute  or 
make-shift  (coUoq.).— Apologetic,  Apolo- 
getical,  a-poro-jet"ik,  apoVo-jefik-al,  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  or  containing  apology; 
defending  by  words  or  arguments. — Apolo- 
getically, a-poro-jet"ik-al-li,  adv.  In  an, 
apologetic  manner;  by  way  of  apology. — 
Apologetic3,a-pol'o-jet"ik8,n.  That  branch 
of  theology  by  which  Christians  are  enabled 
scientifically  to  justify  and  defend  the  pe- 
culiarities of  their  faith,  and  to  answer  its 
opponents.— Apologist,  Apologizer,  a-pol'- 
o-jist,  a-pol'o-jiz-^r,  n.  One  who  makes  an 
apology.— Apologize,  a-pol'o-jiz,  v  i. — apo- 
logized, apologizing.  To  make  an  apology. 

Apomecometer,  ap'o-me-kom"et-fer,n.  [Gr. 
apo,  away,  ineJto*,  distance,  metron,  mear 


sure.]  An  instrument  used  in  measuring 
distances  on  the  principle  of  the  sesla'nt. 

Ai:)oneuroEia,  ap'o-nu-r0"8i8,  n.  pi.  Apoaau- 
roses,  ap'o-nu-r6"se2.  [Gr.  aponenrCnio — 
apo,  from,  and  neuron,  a  nerve,  because 
formerly  supposed  to  be  an  expansion  of 
a  nerve  or  nerves.]  A  white,  shining,  and 
very  resisting  membrane,  composed  of  in- 
terlaced fibres,  found  surrounding  the  vol- 
untary muscles,  large  arteries,  and  other 
parts  of  the  body.— Aponeui'otic,  ap'o-nu- 
rof'ik.  a.    Relating  to  the  aponeuroses. 

Apophthegm,  ap'o-them,  n.  [Gr.  apo,  from, 
and  phihegma,  word.  J  A  short,  pithy,  sina 
instrucj,ive  saying;  a  sententious  precept 
or  maxim.  Written  also  Apothegm.  Syn. 
under  Aphorism.— Apophtnegmatic,  Ap- 
ophthegmatical,  ap'o-theg-mat"ik,  ap'o- 
theg-mat"i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  character  of  an  apophthegm;  sen- 
tentious.-Apophthegmatize,  ap-o-theg'- 
mat-iz,  v.i.    To  utter  apophthegms. 

Apophyllite,  a-pof'i-lit,  n.  [Gr.  apo,  from, 
and  jyhyllon,  a  leaf,  from  its  tendency  to 
exfoliate.]  A  mineral  of  a  foliated  struc- 
ture, and  r,eadily  separating  into  thin  la- 
minae, witA  a  peculiar  lustre. 

Apophysis,  a-pof'i-sis,  n.  pi.  Apophyses,  a- 
pof'i-s5z.  [Gr.  — apo,  from,  and  physis, 
growth.]  Anat.  a,  prominence;  a  promi- 
nent part  of  a  bone. 

Apoplexy,  ap'o-plek-si,  n.  [Or.  apopUxia, 
apoplexy- apo,  f  pom,  and  hUsso,  ptixo^  to 
strike.]  Abolition  or  sudden  diminution 
of  sensation  and  voluntary  motion,  result- 
ing from  congestion  or  rupture  of  the 
blood-vessels  of  the  brain. —Apoplectic, 
Apoplectical,  ap-o-plek'tik,'  ap-o-plek'tik- 
al,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in  apo- 
plexy; predisposed  to  apoplexy  .—Apoplec- 
tic, ap-o-plek'tik,  n.  A  person  affected 
with  apoplexy. 

Aposiopesis,  ap'o-si-o-p5"si8,  n.  [Gr.— apo, 
from,  and  siopao,  to  be  silent.]  Rhet.  sud- 
den stopping  short  and  leaving  a  state- 

.  ment  unfinished  for  the  sake  of  effect. 

Apostasy,  a-pos'ta-si,  n.  [Gr.  apostasia,  a 
standing  away  from,  a  defectiob  —  apo, 
from,  and  root  sta,  to  stand.]  An  aban- 
donment of  what  one  has  professed;  a  total 
desertion  or  departure  from  one's  faith, 
principles,  or  party.— Apostate,  a-pos'tat, 
n.  One  who  has  forsaken  his  faith,  prin- 
ciples', or  party.— a.  False;  traitorous.- 
Apostatize,  a-pos'ta-tiz,  v.i.— apostatized, 
apostatizing.  To  turn  apostate;  to  abandon 
principles,  faith,  or  party. 

Aposteme,  ap'os-tem,  n.  [Gr.  apostima — 
apo,  from,  and  hiaUmi,  to  stancl.]  An  ab- 
scess; a  swelling  filled  ■  with  purulent 
matter.  —  Apostemate,  a-pos't5-mat,  v.i. 
To  form  into  an  abscess;  to  swell  and  fill 
with  pus.  —  Apostemation,  a-pos'te-ma"- 
shon,  n.  The  formation  of  an  aposteme. 
— Apostematous,  ap-os-tem'at-us,  a.  Per- 
taining to  an  abscess. 

A  posteriori,  a  pos-te'ri-o"ri.  [L.  posterior, 
after.]  A  phrase  applied  to  a  mode  of  rea- 
soning founded  on  observation  of  effects, 
consequences,  or  facts,  whereby  we  reach 
the  causes ;  inductive :  opposed  to  a  pri- 
ori. 

Apostle,  a-posl,  n.  [Gr.  apostoloa,  lit.  one 
sent  forth,  a  messenger —  apo,  forth,  and 
Stella,  to  send.]  One  of  the  twelve  dis- 
ciples of  Christ,  who  were  commissioned 
to  preach  the  gospel;  one  regarded  as  hav- 
ing a  similar  mission.  —  Apostleship,  ,a- 
posl-ship,  n.  The  office  or  dignity  of  an 
apostle.— Apostolate,  a-pos'tol-at,  n.  The 
dignity  or  office  of  an  apostle;  a  mission; 
the  dignity  or  office  of  the  pope,  the  holder 
of  the  apostolic  see.— Apostolic,  Apostoli- 
cal, ap-os-tol'ik,  ap-os-tol'ik-al,  a.  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  or  characteristic  of 
an  apostle,  more  especially  of  the  twelve 
apostles;  according  to  the  doctrines  of  the 
apostles ;  proceeding  from  an  apostle.  — 
Apostolic  see,  the  see  of  the  bishop  of 
Rome,  as  directly  founded  by  the  apostle 
Peter. — Apostolic  svceession,  the  uninter- 
rupted succession  of  bishops,  and,  through 
them, of  priests  and  deacons,  in  the  church 
by  regular  ordination  from  the  first  apos- 
tles down  to  the  present  day.— Apostoli- 
cally,  ap-os-tol'ik-al-li,  adv.  In  an  apos- 
tolical manner. — Apostolicalness,  Apos- 
tolicism,  Apoatolicity,t  ap-os-tol'ik-al-nes. 


ap-os-tol'i-sizm,  ap-o8'tol-is"i-tI,  n.  The 
character  of  being  apostolical. 

Apostrophe,  a-pos'tro-fe,  n.  [Gr.  apo,  from, 
and  strophe,  a  turning.]  A  sudden  change 
in  discourse;  a  sudden  and  direct  address 
to  a  person  or  thing  in  the  course  of  a 
speech;  gram,  the  omission  of  a  letter  or 
letters  from  a  word  jparked  by  a  sign  ('I ; 
the  sign  used  to  maik  tl.e  omission,  or 
merely  as  the  .fign  of  the  pos-^essive  case 
in  nouns. — Apostrophic,  ap-ot-trof'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  an  apostrophe.— Apostroph- 
ize, a-pos'trof-iz,  v.t.— apostrophized,  apos- 
trophizing. To  address  by  apostrophe;  to 
make  a  direct  address  to  in  course  of  a 
speech;  to  mark  with  an  apostrophe.— f.i. 
To  make  an  apostrophe  in  speaking. 

Apothecary,  a-poth'e-ka-ri,  n.  [L.L.  apo- 
ihecarius,  a  shopkeeper,  from  Gr.  japo- 
theke,  a  repository— apo,  away,  p-nd  thekc, 
a  chest,  from  titkemi,  to  place.]  One  who 
practises  pharmacy;  a  skilled  person  who 
prepares  drugs  for  medicinal  uses,  and 
keeps  them  for  sale. 

Apothecium,  ap-o-the'si-um,  n.  pi.  Apo- 
tnecia,  ap-o-thCsi-a.  [Apothecary.]  Jiot. 
the  receptacle  of  lichens,  the  spore-case. 

Apothegm,  Apothegmatic,  ap'o-them,  ap'- 
o-theg-mat"ik.  Same  a.a  Apophthegm,  Apo- 
phthegmaiic, 

Apotheosis,  ap'o-th6-o"sis,  n.'  [Gr. — apo, 
away,  and  theos,  God.  ]  Deification ;  the 
act  of  placing  a  person  among  the  heathen 
deities.  —  Apotheosize,  ay'o-th5-6  "  siz  or 
ap-o-th6'o-3iz,  v.t.  To  exalt  to  the  dignity 
of  a  deity;  to  deify. 

Apozem,  ap'o-zem,  n.  [Gr.  apozema—apo, 
off,  and  zeO,  to  boil.]  Med.  a  decoction.— 
Apozemical,  ap-o-zem'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  resembling  an  apozem. 

Appal,  Appall,  ap-pal',  v.t— appalled,  ap- 
palling. [O.Fr.  appaiir,  to  make  pale;-from 
prefix  ap  for  ad,  and  palle,  pale,  from  L. 
palWlus,  pallid.)  To  impress  with  over- 
powering fea,r;"to  confound  with  terror; 
to  dismay.— n.  Terror;  affright;  dismay. 
[Coujper. J— Appalling,  ap-pal'ing,  a.  Cal- 
culated to  cause  dismay  or  horror. — Ap- 
pallingly, ap-pal'ing-Ii,  adv.  In  a  manner 
to  appal.— Appalment,  ap- pal 'ment,  n. 
State  of  being  appalled. 

Appanage,  ap'pan-aj,  n.  [Fr.  app'anag'^, 
apanage,  from  O.Fr.  aijaner,  L.L.  opart- 
ore,  to  furnish  with  bread— Ij.  ad,  to,  and 
panis,  bread.]  An  allowance  to  the  younger 
branches  of  a  sovereign  house  out  of  the 
revenues  of  the  country,  generally  to- 
gether with  a  grant  of  public  domains ; 
whatever  belongs  or  falls  to  one  from  rank 
or  station  in  life.  — Appanaglst,  ap'pan- 
5j-ist,  n.    A  prince  having  an  appanage. 

Apparatus,  ap-pa-ra'tus,  n.  aing.  and  pi.; 
pi.  rarely  Apparatuses,  ap-pa-ra'tus-ez. 
[L.,  from  apparo,  to  prepare — ad,  and 
paro,  to  make  ready.]  Things  provided 
as  means  to  some  encl;  a  collection  or  com- 
bination of  articles  or  materials  for  the 
accomplishment  of  some  purpose,  opera- 
tion, or  experiment;  phj/siol.  a  collection 
of  organs  all  ministering  to  the  same 
function.  > 

Apparel,  ap-par'el,  n.  (no  pi.).  [Fr.  op- 
pareil,  dress,  appareiller,  to  match,  to  fit, 
to  suit— a,  to,  and  pareiJ,  like,  L.L.  pari- 
cuius,  from  L.  par,  equal.)  Clothing;  ves- 
ture; garments;  dress;  external  array;  the 
furniture  of  a  ship.— v.t.— apparKlled.^ui'- 
parelling.  To  dress  or  clothe ;  to  cover  as 
with  garments. 

Apparent,  ap-pa'rent,  a.  [L-  apparens, 
apparentis,  ppr.  of  afipareo.  Appear.! 
Visible  to  the  eye;  within  sight  or  view; 
appearing  to  the  eye  or  to  the  judgment; 
seeming  (often  in  distinction  to  real);  ob- 
vious; plain;  evident;  in  the  latter  sense 
now  used  only  as  a  predicate.— //eir  ap- 
parent,  the  heir  who  is  certain  to  inherit 
if  he  survive  the  present  bolder. — n.t  Heir 
apparent:  one  who  has  a  claim.  [Shak.] — 
Appai-ently,  ap-pa'rent-li,  adv.  Openly; 
evidently ;  seemingly ;  in  appearance. — 
Apparentness,  ap-pa'rent-nes,  n. 

Apparition,  ap-pa-ri'shon,  n.  [Appear.] 
The  act  of  appearing;  appearance;  the 
thing  appearing;  especially,  a  ghost;  a 
spectre;  a  visible  spirit. — Appaxitional, 
ap-pa-ri'shon-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  ap- 
]iariU>.iu. 


ch,  cftaju;     cA,  Sc,  locA;     g,  jro;     3,  job;     n,  "Pr.  ton;     ng,  sinfr;     ?h,  tAen;  th,  tAin;     yr,toi$;    wb,  wAigi     ah,  a*ure. 


APPARITOE 


34 


APPREHEKD 


Apparitor,  ap-par'it-or,  >i.  [L.,  from  ap- 
pareo,  to  attend.  Appear.I  A  messenger 
cr  officer  who  serves  the  process  of  a  spirit' 
ual  court;  the  beadle  in  a  university. 

Appeal, ap-p£r,f .1.  [Fr.  appeler, from  L.  ap- 
peUare,  to  call,  address,  appeal  to.  ]  To  call, 
as  for  aid,  mercy,  sympathy,  and  the  like; 
to  refer  to  another  person  or  authoritj'  for 
the  decision  of  a  question  controverted;  to 
refer  to  a  superior  judge  or  court  for  a 
final  settlement.  —  v.t.  To  summon  or  to 
challenge  t;  to  remove  (a  cause)  from  an 
inferior  to  a  superior  judge  or  court;  to 
charge  with  a  crime;  to  accuse. — n.  A  call 
for  sympathy,  mercy,  aid,  and  the  like;  a 
supplication;  an  entreaty;  the  removal  of 
a  cause  or  suit  from  an  inferior  to  a  supe- 
rior trkjunal,  that  the  latter  may,  if  need- 
ful, amtnd  the  decision  of  the  former ;  a 
challenge;  a  reference  to  another  for  proof 
or  decision;  resort;  recourse  {appeal  to 
arms).— Appealable,  ap-pel'a-bl,  a.  Liable 
to  be  appealed;  removable  to  a  higher 
tribunal  for  decision.— Appealer,  ap-pel'- 
6t,  n.  One  who  appeals ;  an  appellant. — 
Appellancy,  ap-peran-si,n.  Appeal;  capa- 
bility of  appeal.— Appellant,  ap-pel'ant,  n. 
One  who  appeals;  one  who  removes  a  cause 
from  a  lower  to  a  higher  tribunal.— Appel- 
late, ap-pel'at,  a.  Relating  to  appeals;  hav- 
ing co^izance  of  appeals. — Appellee,  ap- 
pel-le',  n.  One  against  whom  an  appeal  is 
brought.— Appellor,  ap-pel'or.n.  One  who 
appeals. 

Appear,  ap-per*,  v.i.  [O.  Fr.  apparoir,  L. 
appareo — ad,  to,  and  pareo,  to  show  one's 
self.]  To  come  or  be  m  sight;  to  be  or  be- 
come visible  to  the  eye ;  to  stand  in  pre- 
sence of  some  one;  to  be  obvious;  to  be 
clear  or  made  clear  by  evidence;  to  seem; 
to  look  like.— Appearance,  ap-per'ans,  n. 
The  act  of  appearing  or  coming  into  sight; 
a  coming  ii,to  the  presence  of  a  person  or 
persons ;  the  thing  seen ;  a  phenomenon ; 
an  apparition;  external  show;  semblance, 
in  opposition  to  reality  or  substance;  mien; 
build  and  carriage;  figure.— Areearer,  ap- 
psr'Cr,  n.    One  who  appears. 

Appease,  ap-pez',  v.t— appeased,  appeasing. 
[Ft.  apaiser,  to  pacify— a,  from  L.  ad,  to, 
and  O.Fr.  pais  (Fr.  paix),  L.  pax,  pads, 
peace.]  To  make  quiet;  to  still;  to  assuage 
(hunger) ;  to  tranquillize ;  to  calm  or  pa- 
cify (a  person,  anger).— Appeasable,  apr 
F6z'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  appeased  or 
pacified.  —  Appeasableness,  ap-pez '  a-bl- 
nes,  n.  —  Appeasement,!  ap-p5z'ment,  n. 
The  act  of  appeasing,  or  state  of  being  ap- 
peased.—Appeaser,  ap-p5z'6r,  n.  One  who 
appeases.— Appe&sive,  ap-pez'iv,  a.  Hav- 
ing the  power  to  appease;  mitigating; 
quieting. 

Appellant,  Appellate,  4c.    Appeal. 

Appellation,  ap-pel-a'shon,  n.  [L.  appd- 
latio,  from  appellare,  to  address,  accost, 
appeal  to.  Appeal.]  The  word  by  which 
a  thing  or  person  is  known;  name;  title. — 
Appellative,  ap-pel'a-tiv,  a.  Having  the 
character  of  an  appellation ;  serving  to 
name  or  mark  out;  denominative. — n.  A 
distinctive  nance;  an  appellation;  a  general 
name  or  name  of  a  class.— Appellatively, 
ap-pel'a-tiv-li,  adf.  In  an  appe)  lative  man- 
tier  ;  as  an  appellation.— Appellative&egB, 
ap-pel'a-tiv-nes,  n. 

Append,  ap-pend',w.t  \li.  appendo— ad,  to, 
and  p«ndo,  to  bang.]  To  hang  on  or  attach; 
to  add,  as  an  accessory  to  the  principal 
thing;  to  subjoin;  to  annex.— Appendage, 
ap-pend'aj,»i.  Something  appended  or  at- 
tached ;  what  liangs  attached  to  a  greater 
thing.— Appendant, ap-pend'ant,a.  Hang- 
ing to;  annexed;  attached. — n.  That  which 
isappendant. — Appendicle,ap-pend'i-kl,n. 
A  small  appendajre.  —  Appendicular,  ap- 
pen-dik'Q-kr,  a.  Having  the  character  of 
uii  appendage.  —  Appendiculate,  ap-pen- 
diku-lat, w.  Provided  with  appendages; 
having  the  character  of  an  appendage. — 
Appendix,  ap-pen'diks,n.  pi.  Appendixes, 
ap-pen'diks-ez,  and  Appendices,  ap-pen'di- 
sez.  [Jj.  appendix,  appendicis,  from  appen- 
do.] Somethinx  appended  or  added;  most 
commonly  an  addition  appended  to  a  book 
relating,  but  not  essential,  to  the  main 

J  work.— Appendicatory,  ap-pend'i-ka-to-ri, 

I  a.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  ot  an 
appendix.  ^^ 


Apperception.  ap-p6r-sep'shon,  n.  [Prefix 
ap  for  ad,  and  pereepti<yii.]  Perception  that 
reflects  upon  itself ;  consciousness ;  spon- 
taneous thought. 

Appertain,  ap-p6r-tan',  v.i.  [Fr.-  appartenir 
—  L.  ad,  and  pertiiieo,  to  pertain.)  To  be- 
long or  pertain:  with  to.— Appertaining, 
Appertainment.t  ap-p6r-tan'ing,  ap-per- 
tan'ment,  n.  That  which  appertains  or 
belongs,  [i'/iafc.]  —  AppertinentJ,  ap-pfer*- 
tin-ent,  a.  Belonging;  appurtenant.  Also 
as  It.    [Shak.] 

Appetence,  Appetency,  ap'pe-tens,  ap'pe- 
ten-si,  n.  [L.  appeteniia,  from  appetens, 
appttentis,  ppr.  of  appeto,  to  desire— ad, 
and  peto,  to  desire.  Petition.]  Desire; 
inclination;  propensity;  strong  natural 

'  craving  or  tendency;  appetite.— Appetent, 
ap'p5-tent,  a.  Desiring;  very  desirous. — 
Appetible,t  ap'pet-i-bl,  a.  Desirable;  cap- 
able of  being  the  object  of  appetite.— Ap- 
petite, ap'pe-tit,  n.  [L.  appetitus,  desire.] 
The  natural  desire  of  pleasure  or  good; 
taste ;  inclination ;  a  desire  to  supply  a 
bodily  want  or  craving;  a  desire  for  food 
or  drink;  eagerness  or  longing.— Appe- 
titive, ap'pe-tit-iv,  a.  Having  the  quality 
of  desiring.— Appetize,  ap'pe-tiz,  v.t. — ap- 
petized,  appetizing.  To  give  an  appetite  to; 
to  increase  or  whet  the  appetite  of.— Ap- 
petizer, ap'p6-tiz-6r,  n.  That  which  ap- 
petizes  or  whets  the  appetite.— Appetizing, 
ap'p6-tiz-ing,  a.    Whetting  the  appetite. 

Applaud,  ap-plad',  v.t.  [L.  applaudo,  ap- 
plausum—ad,  and  plaudo,  to  make  a  noise 
by  clapping  the  hands.]  To  show  approba- 
tion of  by  clapping  the  hands,  acclama- 
tion, or  other  significant  sign;  to  praise 
highly;  to  extol. — v.i.  To  give  praise;  to  ex- 
press approbation. — Applause,  ap-pla«',  n. 
Praise  loudly  expressed;  approbation  ex- 
pressed by  clapping  the  hands  or  shouting; 
commendation ;  approvji!.  —  Applausive, 
ap-plaz'iv,  a.  Applauding;  containing  ap- 
plause. 

Apple,  apl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  oeppel,  cepl.  aword 
common  to  the  Teutonic,  Celtic,  Slavonic, 
and  Lithuanian  tongues;  root  unknown.] 
A  fruit  of  a  well-known  fruit-tree,  or  the 
tree  itself;  also  a  name  popularly  given  to 
various  exotic  fruits  or  trees  having  little 
or  nothing  in  common  with  the  apple,  as 
the  pine-appJe,  &c. — Apple  of  the  eye,  the 
pupil.— AppZe  of  Sodom,  a  fruit  described 
by  old  writers  as  externally  of  fair  appear- 
ance,but  tumingto  ashes  when  plucked. — 
Adam's  apple,  a  prominence  on  the  throat. 
— Apple-blight,  n.  A  species  of  aphis.— 
Apple-john,  n.  A  kind  of  apple,  considered 
to  be  in  perfection  when  shrivelled  and 
withered.  [Shak.'i  —  Apple-moth,  n.  A 
moth, "the  larvae  of  which  take  up  their 
abode  in  apples. — Apple-pie,  n.  A  pie  made 
of  apples,  covered  with  paste.— Apple-pie 
order,  perfect  order.    [OoUoq.] 

Apply,  ap-pli',  v.t.— applied,  applying.  [O. 
Fr.  applier,  from  L.  applicare,  to  fasten 
to— ad,  to,  and  plico,  to  fold.  Ply.]  To 
lay  on  (the  hand  to  a  table);  to  put  or  place 
on  another  thing;  to  use  or  employ  for  a 
particular  purpose  or  in  a  particular  case 
(a  remedy,  a  sum  of  money);  to  put,  refer, 
or  use  as  suitable  or  relative  to  some  per- 
son or  thing  (a  proverb,  &c.);  to  engage 
and  employ  with  attention;  to  occupy  (the 
mind,  or  refi.).—v.i.  To  suit;  to  agree;  to 
have  some  connection,  agreement,  ana- 
logy, or  reference;  to  make  request;  to 
solicit;  to  have  recourse  with  a  view  to 
gain  something:  followed  by  to.— Appli- 
able,t  ap-pli'a-bl,  a.  Applicable.— Appli- 
ance, ap-pli'ans,  n.  The  act  of  applying ; 
the  thing  applied ;  means  to  an  end ;  a 
device;  an  application;  a  remedy  (Shale.}. 
—Applicability,  ap'pli-ka-bil"i-ti,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  applicable.— Applicable, 
ap'pli-ka-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  applied; 
fit  to  be  applied;  having  relevance.- Ap- 
plicableness,  ap'pli-ka-bl-nes,  n.  The 
state  or' quality  of  being  applicable.— Ap- 
plicably,  ap'pli-ka-bli,  adv.  In  an  appli- 
cable manner.— Appllcancjr,  ap'pli-kan-si, 
n.  The  state  of  being  applicable.— Appli- 
cant, ap/pli-kant,  n.  One  who  applies;  a 
petitioner ;  a  candidate. — Applicate,t  ap'- 

Sli-kat,  a.    Applied  or  put  to  some  use. — 
pplication,  ap-pli-ka'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
applying  or  putting  to;  the  thing  applied; 


the  act  of  making  request  or  soliciting; 
the  employment  of  means;  close  study; 
attention;  the  testing  of  somethinj;  theo- 
retical by  applying  it  in  practice.— Appli- 
cative, Applicatory,  appli-kat-iv,  ap'pli- 
ka-to-ri,  a.  Having  an  application;  th;it 
may  be  applied.— Applier,  ap-pli'er,  u.  One 
that  applies. 

Appoggiatura,  ap-poj'a-t6"ra,n.  [It.]  J/«.s. 
a  grace-note;  an  added  note  of  embellish- 
ment to  an  original  passage. 

Appoint,  ap-point',  v.t.  [Fr.  appointor, 
from  L.L.  appunctare,  to  bring  to  tlio 
point — L.  ad,  to,  and  punctmn,  a  point. 
Point.]  To  make  firm,  establish,  or  secure 
(O.T.)t ;  to  constitute,  ordain,  or  decree; 
to  allot,  set  apart,  or  designate;  to  nomin- 
ate, as  to  an  office;  to  settle;  to  fix,  name, 
or  determine  by  authority  or  upon  agree- 
ment; to  equip.— t).t.  To  ordain;  to  deter- 
mine.—  Appointable,  ap -point 'a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  appointed  or  constituted. 
— Appointer,  ap-poiut'fr,  n.  One  who 
appoints.— Appointment,  ap-point'ment, 
n.  The  act  of  appointing;  designation  to 
office;  an  office  held;  the  act  of  fixing  by 
mutual  agreement;  arrangement;  decree; 
direction;  command;  equipment,  furni- 
ture, &c.  (Shak.);  an  allowance;  a  salary  or 
pension. 

Apportion,  ap-por^shon,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  appor- 
iu/ner—li.  ad,  -and  portio,  portion.]  To 
divide  and  assign  in  just  proportion ;  to 
distribute  in  proper  shares;  to  allot.— Ap- 
portioner,  ap-por'shon-6r,  n.  One  that 
apportions.- Appo^tionment,ap•po^'shon- 
ment,  n.    The' act  of  apportioning. 

Apposite,  ap'po-zit,  a.  [L.  appositus,  set 
or  put  to,  from  appono,  apposituxn—ad, 
and  pono,  to  put  or  place.]-  Suitable;  fit; 
appropriate;  very  applicable;  well  adapted: 
followed  by  to,  and  said  of  answers,  argu- 
ments,ic.— Appositely,ap'po-2it-li  .adv.  In 
an  apposite  manner;  suitably;  fitly.— Ap- 
positeness,  ap'po-zit-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  apposite;  fitness. — Apposi- 
tion, ap-po-zi'shon»  n.  The  act  of  adding 
to ;  addition ;  a  getting  to ;  gram,  the  re- 
lation in  ■which  a  noun  or  a  substantive 
phrase  or  clause  stands  to  a  noun  or  pro- 
noun when  it  explains  without  being  pre- 
dicated of  it,  at  the  same  time  agreeing  in 
case;  as,  Cicero,  the  orator,  was  there. — 
Appositional,  ap-po-zi'shon-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  apposition.— Appositive,  ap- 
poz'it-iv,  a.    Placed  in  apposition. 

Apprai«e,  ap-praz',  v.t.  —  appraised,  ap- 
praising. [O.Fr.  appreiser;  L.  appretiare, 
to  set  a  price  on — ad,  to,  and  pretium,  a 
price.  Praise,  Price,  Precious.]  To  set 
a  price  upon;  to  estimate  the  value  of 
under  the  direction  of  a  competent  author- 
ity; to  estimate  generally  .—Appraisement, 
ap-praz'ment,  n.  The  act  of  appraising; 
the  value  fixed:  the  valuation.— Appraiser, 
ap-praz'er,n.  One  who  appraises;  a  person 
licensed  and  sworn  to  estimate  and  fix 
the  value  of  goods  and  estate. 

Appreciate,  ap-pre'shi-at,  v.t.— appreciated, 
appreciating.  [Fr.  appreder,  to  set  a 
value,  L.  appretio,  appreciatum.  Ap- 
praise.] To  set  a  just  price,  value,  or  esti- 
mate on;  to  estimate  or  value  properly. — 
v.i.  To  rise  in  value;  to  become  of  more 
value.  —  Appreciable,  ap-pre'shi-a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  appreciated  or  estimated; 
sufficiently  great  to  be  capable  of  estima- 
tion.—Appreciably,  ap-pre'shi-a-bli,  adv. 
To  a  degree  that  may  be  appreciated  or 
estimated ;  perceptibly.  —  Appreciation, 
ap-pr6'shi-&"snon,  n.  The  act  of  appreciat- 
ing; the  act  of  valuing  or  estimating;  the 
act  of  setting  a  due  price  or  value  on. — 
Appreciative,  ap-pre'sbi-a-tiv,  a.  Capable 
of  appreciating;  manifesting  due  appre- 
ciation.—Apprcciatory,  ap-pre'shi-a-to-ri, 
a.    Pertaining  ^o  appreciation. 

Apprehend,  ap-pre-hend',  v.t.  [L.  appre- 
hendo—ad,  and  prehendo,  to  take  or  seize, 
prce,  before,  and  hejuLo  (not  used),  to 
seize.]  To  take  or  seize  (a  person);  to  ar- 
rest; to  take  or  lay  hold  of  by  the  mind;  to 
become  cognizant  of;  to  understand;  to 
entertain  suspicion  or  fear  of;  to  dread  or 

.ba  apprehensive  of.— v.t.  To  form  a  con- 
ception; to  conceive;  to  believe  or  be  of 

■  opinion  without  positive  certainty;  to  be 
apprehensive;  to  be  in  fear  of  a  future 


'.'ate,  fit!-,  f;it,  liiU;  ,  me,  met,  her; ,  pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tQbe,  tub,  bull ;     oil,  pouau;     U,  Sc.  ubi«ue-tho  lY,  u. 


APPEETS'TICE 


35 


AQUILINE 


evil.— Apprehender,  ap-pr6-hend'6r.  n. 
One  wko  apprehends.  —  Apprehensible, 
ap-pre-hen'si-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  ap- 
iSrahended  or  conceived.— Apprehension, 
ap-pre-hen'shon,  n.  The  act  of  apprehend- 
ing; a  seizing  or  arresting  by  legal  process; 
the  operation  of  the  mind  m  contemplat- 
ing ideas,  or  merely  taking  them  into  the 
mind;  opinion;  belief;  the  power  of  perceiv- 
ing and  understanding;  distrust  or  fear  at 
the  prospect  of  future  evil,  accompanied 
with  uneasiness  of  mind.— Apprehensive.' 
ap-pre-hen'siv,  a.-  Quick  of  apprehension 
{Shale);  inclined  to  believe,  fear,  or  dread; 
anticipating,  or  in  expectation  of  evil  (ap- 
vreJie^isive  of  evil;  apprehensive  for  our 
lives).— Apprehensively,  ap-pre-hen'^iv-li, 
adv.  In  an  apprehensive  manner. — Ap- 
pi'ehensiveness,  ap-prS-hen'siv-nes.ti.  The 
character  of  being  apprehensive. 

Apprentice,  ap-pren'tis,  n.  [L.L.  appreiv- 
tUius,  from  L.  apprehendo,  apprendo,  to 
seize,  to  apprehend.  Apprehend.]  One 
bound,  often  by  legal  document.'to  leam 
some  art,  trade,  or  profession;  a  learner  in 
any  subject;  one  not  well  versed  in  a  sub- 
ject.— v.t. — apprenticed,  apprenticing.  To 
make  an  apprentice  of ;  to  put  under  the 
care  of  a  master,  for  the  purpose  of  learn- 
ing a  trade  or  prof  easion.— Apprenticeship, 
ap-pren'tis-ship,  ri.  The  state  or  condition 
of  an  apprentice ;  the  term  during  which 
I  one  is  an  apprentice. 

Apprise,  ap-priz',  v.t. — apprised,  apprising. 
fO.E.  apprise,  notice,  information,  from 
Fr.  appris,  apprise,  pp.  of  apprendre,  to 
inform,  to  leam,  L.  apprehendo.  Appke- 
HEND.]  To  give  notice,  verbal  or  written: 
to  inform :  followed  by  of  before  that  of 
which  notice  is  given. 

Approach,  ap-proch',  v.i.  [Fr.  approcher, 
from  L.L.  appropiare,  to  approach— L. 
ad,  to,  and  prope,  near.  PKOPrNQUin'.J 
To  come  or  go  near  in  place  or  time;  to 
draw  near;  to  advance  nearer;  to  approxi- 
mate.— V  t.  Tobriugnear;  to  advance orput 
near;  to  come  or  draw  near  to,  either  lit- 
erally or  figuratively;  to  come  near  to,  so 
as  to  bo  compared  with. — n.  The  act  of  ap- 
proaching or  drawiiig  near;  a  coming  or 
advancing  near;  access;  a  passage  or 
avenue  by  which  buildings  are  approach- 
ed.—Approachable,  ap-proch'a-bl,  a.  Cap- 
able of  being  approached;  accessible.— 
Approachableness,  ap-proch'a-bl-ues,  n. — 
Approacher,  ap-proch'6r,  n.  One  who  ap- 
proaches or  draws  near. — Approachless, 
ap-proch'les,  a.  That  cannot  be  approach- 
ed.—Approachment,t  ap-priJch'raent,  n. 
The  act  of  approaching;  approach. 

Approbate, t  ap'pro-bat,  v.t.  [L.  approbo, 
approbatum,  to  approve.  'Approve.]  '  To 
express  satisfaction  witli;  to  express  ap- 
proval of;  to  approve.— Approbation,  ap- 
prO-ba'shon,  n.  [L.  ajiprobatio.]  Tho  act 
of  approving;  that  state  or  disposition  of 
the  mind  in  which  we  assent  to  the  pro- 
priety of  a  thing  with  some  degree  of  ])lea- 
sure  or  satisfaction;  approval.— Approba- 
tive,  ap'pro-bat-iv,  a.  Approving;  imply- 
ing approbation. 

A.ppropriate,  ap-pro'pri-at,  v.t— appropri- 
ated, .  appropriating.  [L.  ajpproprio,  ap- 
propriatum,  to  make  one's  own— aa,  to, 
propriua,  one's  own.  Proper,  Propriety.] 
To  claim  or  take  to  one's  self  in  exclusion 
of  others;  to  claim  or  use  sfi  by  an  exclu- 
sive right;  to  set  apart  for  or  assign  to  a 
particular  purpose.  —  a.  Set  apart  for  a 
particular  uije  or  person;  hence,  belonging 
peculiarly;  peculiar;  suitable;  fit;  proper. 
—Appropriable,  ap-pro'pri-a-bl,  a.  Cap- 
able of  being  appropriated,  set  apart,  or 
assigned  to  a  particular  use. — Appropri- 
ately, ap-pro'pri-at-li,  adv.  In  an  appro- 
priate manner.— Appropriateness,  ap-pro'- 
pri-ftt-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  appro- 
priate.~Appropriation,ap-pro'pri-a"Bhon, 
n.  The  act  of  appropriating;  applicatign  to 
a  special  use  or  purpose ;  the  act  of  mak- 
ing one's  own ;  anything  approprijited  or 
set  apart. — Appropriative,  ap-pro'pri-&t- 
iv,  a.  Appropriating;  making  appropri- 
ation.—Appropriator,  ap-pro'pri-at-fer,  n. 
One  who  appropriates. 

Approve,  ap-prov',  v.t.— approved,  approv- 
inrj.  TFr.  appnyttvisr,  approver,  from  L. 
approOo,  to  approve,  to  find  good — act,  to, 


and  probare,  to  try,  test,  prove,  from  pro- 
bus,  good.]  To  admit  the  propriety  or 
excellence  of;  to  think  or  judge  well  or 
favourably  of ;  to  find  to  be  satisfactory; 
to  show  to  be  real  or  true  (to  approve  one's 
bravery);  to  pro ve  by  trial  (Shak.  )l.—v. i.  To 
be  pleased;  to  feel  or  express  approbation; 
to  think  or  judge  well  or  f.avourably:  fol- 
lowed by  o/.— Approvable,  ap-prov'a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  approved.— Approvable- 
ness,  ap-prav'a-bl-nes,  n— Approval,  ap- 
prov'aljjt.  The  act  of  approving;  approba- 
tion; commendation;  sanction;  ratifiea- 
tion.— Approver,  ap-pr<Jv'6r,  n.  One  who 
approves ;  one  who  confesses  a  crime  and 
accuses  another.— Approvingly,  ap-prOv'- 
ing-li,  adv.    In  ai>  approving  manner. 

Approximate,  ap-prok 'si-mat,  v.t.—ap- 
proximatedrapproximating.  iL.L.approxi- 
mo,  approximatum,  to  bring  or  come  near 
— L.  ad,  to,  and  prozitnus,  nearest.  Proxi- 
mate, Approach.]  To  carry  or  advance 
near;  to  cause  to  approaph  (especially  said 
of  amount,  state,  or  degree).— y.i.  To  come 
near;  to  approach  (especially  as  regards 
amount,  state,  or  character).— a.  Being 
near  iaitate, place, orquantity ;  approach- 
ing; nearly  equal  or  like.— Approximate- 
ly, ap-prok'si-mfit-li,  adv.  In  an  approxi- 
mate manner;  by  approximation. — Ap- 
proximation, ap-prok'si-ma"8hon,ra.  The' 
act  of  approximating;  an  approximate  es- 
timate or  amount;  approach. — Approxi- 
mative, ap-prok'si-mat-iv,  a.  Coming  near, 
as  to  some  state  or  result. 

Appulse,  Appulsion,  ap-puls',  ap-pul'shon, 
n.  [L.  apimlsus—ad,  to,  and  pello, pulsum, 
to  drive.]  The  act  of  striking  against ;  a 
sudden  contact;  astron.  the  approach  of  a 
planet  to  a  conjunction  with  the  sun. — 
Appulsive,  ap-puls'iv,o.  Striking  against; 
impinging.  —  Appulsively,  ap-puls 'iv-li, 
adv.    By  appulsion. 

Appurtenance,  ap-p6r'ten-ans,  n.  [Fr.  ap<- 
partcnance.  Appertain.]  .  That  which  ap- 
pertains or  belongs  to  something  else; 
something  belonging  to  another  thing  as 
principal;  an  adjunct;  an  appendage.— 
Appurtenant,  ap-p6r'ten-ant,  a.  Apper- 
taining or  belonging;  pertaining;  being 

'  an  appurtenance. 

Apricot,  a'pri-kot.  n.  [O.E.  apricock,  abri- 
cot,  Fr.  abricot,  Sp.  albarcoque,  from  Ar. 
alburqilq,  from  al,  the  article,  and  L.  Gr. 
praikokkion,  from  L.  prmcox,  prmcoquug, 
early  ripe.  Precocious.]  A  roundish  fruit 
of  a  delicious  flavour,  the  produce  of  a 
tree  of  the  plum  kind. 

April,  a'pril,  n.  [L.  aprilis,  the  month  in 
which  the  earth  opens  for  the  growth  of 
plants,  from  aperio,  to  open.]  The  fourth 
month  of  the  yea.r.— April  fool,  one  who 
is  sportively  imposed  upon  by  others  on 
the  1st  of  April,  as  by  being  sent  on  some 
absurd  errand. 

A  priori,  a  pri-o'ri.  [L.,  from  something 
prior  or  going  before.]  A  phrase  applied 
to  a  mode  of  reasoning  by  which  we  pro- 
ceed from  the  cause  to  the  effect,  as  op- 
posed to  a  posteriori  reasoning,  by  which 
we  proceed  from  the  effect  to  the  cause ; 
also  a  term  applied  to  knowledge  inde- 
pendent of  all  experience. 

Apron,  a'prun,  n.  [O.E.  tiap^'on,  Fr.  nap- 
peron,  from  nape,  nappe,  a  table-cloth,  &c. 
(whence  E.  napkin),  nappe  being  another 
form  of  mappe,  E.  map.  Apron,  like  adder, 
auger,  has  lost  the  initial  n.]  A  piece  of 
cloth  or  leather  worn  on  the  fore-part  of 
the  body  to  keep  thp  clothes  clean  or  de- 
fend them  from  injury;  a  covering  for  the 
front  part  of  a  hody.—v.t.  To  put  an  apron 
on;  to  furnish  with  an  apron. 

Apropos,  ap-ro-po,  a.  [Fr. — d,  to,  according 
to,  and  propos,  purpose,  L.  propositum,  a 
thing  proposed.)  •  Opportune;  seasonable; 
to  the  purpose  (an  apropos  remark). 

Apse,  aps,  n.  [Gr.  (A)apsis,  \h)apsldos,  an 
arch,  vault,  joining,  from  (h)apt6,  to  join.] 
A  portion  of  any  building  forming  a  ter- 
mination or  projection  semicircular  or 
polygonal  in  plan,-  and  having  a  dome  or 
vaulted  roof;  especially  such  a  structure 
at  the  east  end  of  a  church. — Apsidal,  ap- 
si'dal,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  an 
apse;  pertaining  to  apsides. — Apsis,  ap'sis, 
n.  pi.  Apsides,  ap-si'dez.  Arch,  an  apse; 
aitron.  one  of  the  two  points  in  the  orbit 


of  a  heavenly  body  which  mark  its  great- 
est and  its  least  distance  from  the  primary 
round  which  it  revolves. 

Apt,  apt,  a.  [L.  aptus,  fitted,  fit.]  Pit; 
suitable;  apposite;  pertinent;  appropriate; 
having  a  tendency;  liable:  inclined;  dis- 
posed; ready;  prompt. — Aptitude,  ap'ti- 
tQd,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  apt; 
disposition;  tendency;  fitness;  suitable- 
ness; readiness  in  learning;  docility. — 
Aptly,  apt'li,  adv.  In  an  apt  or  suitable 
manner;  justly;  pertinently;  readily; 
quickly ;  cleverly.  —  Aptness,  apt  nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  apt;  fitness; 
tendency;  quickness  of  apprehension; 
readiness  in  learning;  docility. 

Aptera,  ap't6r-a,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  apteros,  with- 
out wings— a,  priv.,  and  pieron,  a  wing.] 
An  order  of  insects  which  have  no  wings. 
—Apteral,  Apterous,  ap'ter-al,  ap'tfer-us,a. 
Destitute  of  wings.' —  Apteran,  ap't6r-an, 
n.    One  of  the  Aptera;  a  wingless  insect. 

Apteryx,  ap'tftr-iks,  n.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
pteryx,  a  wing.]  A  bird  peculiar  to  but 
now  nearly  extinct  in  New  Zealand,having 
no  tail  and  very  short  rudimentary  wings. 

Aptote,  ap'tot,  n.  [Gr.  aptotos,  indeclin- 
able.] Gram,  a  noun  which  has  no  varia- 
tion of  termination  or  distinction  of  cases; 
an  indeclinable  noun. — Aptotic,  ap-tot'ik, 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  aptote;  having 
no  declensional  forms,  &c. 

Apyretlc,  ap-i-ret'ik,  a.  [Gr.  a,  without, 
and  pyrttos,  fever,  from  pyr,  fire.]  With- 
out lever;  marked  by  the  absence  of  fever. 
— Apjrrexia,  Apyrexy,  ap-i-rek'si-a,  ap'i- 
rek-si,  n.  The  absence  or  intermission  of 
fever.— Apyrous,  a-pi'rus,  a.  Incombus- 
tible, or  capable  of  sustaining  a  strong 
heat  without  alteration. 

Aqua,  akVa,  n.  [L.]  Water:  a  word  form- 
ing an  element  in  various  terms;  also  used 
by  itself  as  a  commercial  name  of  whisky: 
—Aqua  fortis  (=8trong  water),  a  name 
given  to  weak  and  impure  nitric  acid. — 
Aqua  regia  (  =  royal  water),  a  mixture  of 
nitric  and  hydrochloric  acids,  so.  called 
from  its  power  of  dissolving  gold  and  other 
noble.metals.— .4gMa  vitoe  (= water  of  life), 
ardent  spirits,  as  whisky,  brandy,  &c. — 
Aquarium,  a-kwa'ri-um,n.  A  case,  vessel, 
tank,  or  the  like,  in  which  aquatic  plants 
and  animals  are  kept;  a  place  containing 
a  collection  of  such  vessels  or  tanks.— 
Aquarius,  a-kwa'ri-us,  n.  [L.]  The  ■\i'ater. 
bearer;  a  sign  in  the  zodiac  which  the  sun 
enters  about  the  21st  of  January.~Aqttatic, 
a-kv/at'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  water;  living 
in  or  frequenting  water. — n.  A  plant  which 
grows  in  water;  pi.  sports  or  exercises 
practised  on  or  in  water,  as  rowing  or  swim- 
ming.—Aquatile,  ak'wa-til,  a.  Inhabiting 
the  water.— Aqueous,  ak'w6-UB,  a.  Partak- 
ing of  the  nature  of  water,  or  abounding 
With  or  formed  by  it;  watery.— Aqueons- 
ness,  ak'w5-us-nes,n..  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  aqueous. 

Aquamarine,  ak'wa-ma-r5n,  n.  [L.  d^rta, 
water,  and  marinus,  pertaining  to  the  sea.] 
The  finest  beryl,  so  called  from  its  bluish 
or  sea-green  tint. 

Actuatlnt,  Aquatinta,  ak'wa-tint,  ak-wa- 
tin'ta,  n.  [L.  aqua,  water,  and  It.  tinta, 
dye,  tint.]  A  method  of  etching  on  copper 
by  which  a  beautiful  effect  is  produced, 
resembling  a  fine  drawing  in  water-colours 
or  Indian  ink. — Aqaatinter,  ak-wa-tint'- 
6r,  n.  One  who  practises  the  art  of  aqua- 
tinting.— Aquatiuting,  ak-wa-tint'ing,  n. 
The  art  or  process  of  engraving  in  the 
aquatint  method.  . 

Aqueduct,  ak'wS-dukt,  Jt.  [L.  aquoeductua 
—aqua,  water,  and  ducttis,  a  pipe  or  canal, 
from  duco,  to  lead.]  A  conduit  or  channel 
for  conveying  water  froni  one  place  to. 
another;  a  sTructure  for  conveying  water 
for  the  supply  of  a  town. 

Aqueous,    tjnder  Aqoa. 

Aquiferous,  a-kwif'6r-us,  a.  [ii.  aQua,w&ter, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  Conducting  water  gr 
watery  fluid  {aquiferous  system  of  the 
sponges). — Aquilorm,  ak'wi-forra,  a.  [L. 
aqiia,  water,  and  forma,  form.]  In  the 
form  of  water. 

Aquiline,  ak'wil-in,  a.    [L.  aqmlinus,iro.A 
aquila,  an  eagle.]    Of  or  belonging  to  i     ? 
eagle;  resembling  an  eagle's  beik  ;  - 
ing;  hooked. 


'd^,ie^ain^^(A,.Sc.JQ.c6ij)''(«^J»)Jjltiliol^;^  zl»,  a«uiw. 


ARAB 


36 


ARCHITECT 


Arab,  ar'ab,  n.  A  native  of  Arabia;  a 
neglected  outgist  boy  or  girl  of  the  f  treets. 
—a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Arabs  or  Ar- 
^  abia.— Arabesque,  ar'ab-esk,  n.  fFr.,from 
the  Arahi,  who  brought  the  style  to  high 
perffutiou.  ]  A  species  of  architectural 
ornamentation  for  enriching  flat  surfaces, 
either  painted,  inlaid,  or  wrought  in  low 
relief,  often  consisting  of  fanciful  figures, 
human  or  animal,  combined  with  floral 
forma.— Arabian, a-ra'bi-an, a.  Pertaining 
to  Ai'a  bia.— n.  A  native  of  Arabia;  an  Arab. 
— Arabic,  ar'ab-ik,  a.  Belonging  to  Arabia 
or  the  language  of  its  inhabitants.— n.  The 
language  of  the  Arabians. 

Arable,  ar'a-bl,  a.  [Fr  arable,  L.  arabiiis, 
from  aro,  to  plough,  from  root  seen  also 
in  A.  Sax.  erimi,  E.  to  ear,  Icel.  erja,  Goth. 
erjan,  Lith.  arti.  R\is.  orati,  to  plough,  to 
till;  Ir.  and  W.  ar,  tillage;  W.  aru,  to 
plough.]    Fit  for  ploughing  or  tillage. 

Arachis,  ar'a-kis,  n.  The  generic  name  of 
the  ground-nut  {A.  hypogcea).  —  Arachis 
oil,  the  oil  expressed  from  the  seeds  of  the 
ground-nut,  the  nut-oil  of  commerce. 

Arachnida,  a-rak'ni-da,  n.  pi.  [Gi.arachne, 
a  spider.]  A  class  of  annulose,  wingless 
animals,  intermediate  between  the  insects 
and  the  Crustacea,  including  spiders, 
mites,  and  scorpions. — Arachnidan,  a-rak'- 
ni-dan,  n.  One  of  the  Arachnida.— Arach- 
noid, a-rak'noid,  a.  Resembling  a  spider's 
web;  anat.  applied  to  a  semi-transparent 
thin  membrane  which  is  spread  over  the 
brain  and  pia  mater;  bot.  having  hair  that 
gives  an  appearance  of  being  covered  with 
cobweb.  —  Arachnology,  ar-ak-nol'o-ji,  n. 
That  branch  of  natural  history  which 
treats  of  spiders.  —  Arachnologist,  ar-ak- 
nol'o-jist,  11.    One  versed  in  arachnology. 

Arack,  ar'ak,  n.    Same- as  Arrack. 

Aramaic,  ar-a-ma'ik,  n.  [From  Aram,  a 
son  of  Shem,  the  supposed  ancestor  of  the 
Chaldeans  and  Syrians.]    A  language  or 

froup  of  languages  anciently  spoken  in* 
yria,  the  earliest  specimens  being  the 
Chaldee  passages  in  the  Old  Testament 
and  Apocrypha;  Chaldaic;  Chaldee. 

Araneid,  a-ra'ne-id,  n.  [L.  aranea,  a  spider.] 
An  animal  of  the  spider  family. — Aranei- 
form,  a-r» '  n5-i-f orm,  a.  Resembling  a 
spider.— Araneous,  Araneose,  a-ra'ne-us, 
a-ra'ne-os,  a.  Resembling  a  cobweb;  arach-, 
noid. 

Arancaria,  ar-a-ka'ri-a,  n.  [From  the  Aran- 
eanoK,  a  tribe  of  Indians  in  Chili.]  The 
generic  name  of  some  fine  coniferous  trees 
found  chiefly  in  South  America,  but  now 
also  commonly  grown  in  Britain. — Arau- 
carian.  ar-a-ka'ri-an,  a:  Relating  to  the 
araucarias. — Arancarite,  a-ra'ka-rit,  n. 
A  fossil  plant  allied  to  the  araucarias. 

Arbalist,  Arbalest,  iir'bal-ist,  iir'bal-est,  n. 
(O.Fr.  arbaleste,  fiom  L.  arcuii,2i  bow,  and 
6ani«ta,&aZf«ta,  an  engine  to  throw  stones.] 
A  kind  of  powerful  cross-bow  formerly 
used.— Arballster,  arTjal-ist-er,  n.  A  cross- 
bow-man. 

Arbiter,  arTjit-6r,  n.  [L.,  an  arbiter,  um- 
pire, judge.]  A  person  appointed  or  chosen 
by  parties  in  controversy  to  decide  their 
differences;  one  who  judges  and  deter- 
mines without  control;  one  whose  power 
of  deciding  and  governing  is  not  limited; 
an  arbitrator.  —  Arbitrament,  ar-bit'ra- 
ment,  n.  Detennination;  decision;  settle- 
ment; award  (the  arbitrament  of  the 
Bword).  -^  Arbitrary,  ar'bi-tra-ri,  a.  [L. 
arbiirariua.]  Given,  adjudged,  or  done  ac- 
cording to  one's  will  or  discretion ;  exer- 
cised according  to  one's  will  or  discretion; 
capricious;  despotic;  imperious;  tyranni- 
cal; uncontrolled. — Arbitrarily,  ai^bi-tra- 
ri-li,  adv.  In  an  arbitrary  manner;  capri- 
ciously .-ArbltrarinesB,  arT)i-tra-ri-ne8,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  arbitrary.  —  Arbi- 
trate, ar'bi-trat,  v.i.— arbitrated,  arbitrat- 
ing. [L.  arbUror,  arbitraius.]  To  act  as  an 
arbiter  or  umpire;  to  hear  and  decide  in  a 
dispute.— 1».<.  To  hear  and  decide  on. — Ar- 
bitration, ar-bi-tra'shon,  n.  The  act  of  ar- 
bitrating; the  hearing  and  determination 
of  a  cause  between  parties  in  controversy, 
by  a  person  or  persons  chosen  bj-  the  par- 
ties.—Arbitrator,  arT)i-trat-6r,  m.  One  who 
arbitrates ;  an  arbiter.— Arbitrement,  ar- 
bit're-ment,  n.    Same  as  Arbitrament. 

Arblast,ar^last,n.  A  cross-bow;  an  arbalist. 


Arbor,  ar'bor,  n.  fL.,  a  tree,  a  wooden  bar, 
4c.]  The  principal  spindle  or  axis  of  a 
machine,  communicating  motion  to  the 
other  moi-ing  parts.- Arboreons,  Arboi'e- 
ai,  ar-bo're-us,  ar-bo'r5-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  trees;  living  on  or  among  trees;  having 
the  character  of  a  tree. — Arborescence,  ar- 
bor-es'ens,  n.  The  state  of  being  arbores- 
cent; an  arborescent  form  or  growth. — 
Arborescent,  ar-bor-es'ent,  a.  fL.  arbores- 
cens,  pp.  of  arboresco,  to  grow  to  a  tree.] 
Resembling  a  tree ;  bot.  partaking  of  the 
nature  and 'habits  of  a  tree;  dendritic. — 
Arboretum,  ar-bo-re'tum,  n.  (L.]  A  place 
in  which  a  collection  of  difterent  trees  and 
shrubs  is  cultivated  for  scientific  or  educa- 
tional purposes. — Arborization,  ar'bor-i- 
za"shon,  n.  A  mineral  or  other  body  with 
a  tree-like  form. 

Arboriculture,  arlDo-ri-kul"tur,  n.  [L.  ar- 
bor, a  tree,  and  czdtura,  cultivation.  Cui/- 
TURE.]  The  cultivation  of  trees;  the  art  of 
planting,  dressing,  and  managing  trees 
andshrubs.— ArboricuItural,ar-bor'i-kul"- 
tur-al,  a.  Relating  to  arboriculture. — Ar- 
boriculturist, ar'bo-ri-kul'tur-ist,  n.  One 
who  practises  arboriculture. 

Arbor-vitae,  ar'bor-vi'te,  n.  [L.,  the  tree  of 
life.]  A  common  name  of  certain,  conifer- 
ous trees ;  a  tree-like  arrangement  which 
appears  in  the  medullary  suostance  of  the 
brain  when  the  fcerebellum  is  cut  verti- 
cally. 

Arbour,  Arbor,  iir'bir,  n.  [O.E.  herber, 
O.Fr.  herbier,  L.  herba,  herb.]  A  seat  in 
the  open  air  sheltered  by  intertwining 
branches  or  climbing  plants;  a  bower.— 
Arborous,  ar'bor-us,  a.  Having  the  ap- 
pearance or  nature  of  an  arbour.    [JtfiZ.J 

Arbuscnlar,  ar-hus'ku-ler, a.  (From  h.ar- 
buscula, din\.  of  arbor,&  tree.]  Resembling 
a  shrub  or  small  tree. 

Arbutus,  ar'bu-tus,  n.  [L.,  the  stmwberry- 
tree.]  The  generic  name  of  an  evergreen 
tree  or  shrub,  with  bright  red  or  yellow 
berries,  somewhat  like  the  strawberry, 
having  an  unpleasant  taste  and  narcotic 
properties. — Also  called  Arbute,  ar'but. — 
Arbutean,  ar-bu-te'an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  arbutus. 

Arc,ark,n.  [L. ajrt(8,abow.  Arch.]  Geom. 
a  curve  line  forming  or  that  might  form 
part  of  the  circumference  of  a  circle ;  for- 
merly also  an  arch.— Arcade,  ar-kad',  n. 
[Fr.,  L.L.  areata,  L.  arena,  an  arch.]  A 
series  of  arches  supported  on  pillars,  often 
used  as  a  roof  support  or  as  an  ornamental 
dressing  to  a  wall ;  a  covered  in  passage 
containing  shops  or  stalls. 

Arcadian,  ar-ka'di-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Arcadia,  a  mountainous  district  in  south- 
em  Greece;  hence,  rustic;  rural;  pastoral. 

Arcanum,  ar-ka'num,  n.  pi.  Arcana,  ar- 
ka'na.  [L.]  A  secret ;  a  mystery :  gener- 
ally used  in  the  plural  {the  arcana  of  na- 
ture). 

Arch,  arch,  n.  [Fr.  arche,  L.L.  archia,  from 
L.  areus,  a  bow,  arch,  arc]  A  structure 
composed  of  separate  wedge-shaped  pieces, 
arranged  on  a  cun-ed  line,  so  as  to  retain 
their  position  by  mutual  pressure ;  a  cov- 
ering, or  structure  of  a  bow  shape;  a  vault. 
— Co^trt  of  arches,&n  ecclesiastical  court  of 
.  appeal  pertaining  to  the  archbishopric  of 
Canterbury,  anciently  held  in  t'ne  church 
of  St.  Mary-le-bow,  called  also  St.  Mary- 
of-the-archea. — v.t.  To  cover  or  span  with 
an  arch ;  to  curve  or  form  into  the  shape 
of  an  arch.— Archway,  arch'wa.  n.  A  pas- 
sage under  an  arch. 

Arch,  arch,  a.  [Icel.  argr,  A.  Sax.  earg, 
faint-hearted,  G.  I).  Sw.  Dan.  arg,  crafty, 
roguish.  Arkant.]  Cunning;  sly;  shrewd; 
waggish;  mischievous  for  sport ;  roguish. 
— Archly,  arch'li,  adv.  In  an  arch  or  rogu- 
ish manner. — Archness,  arch'nes,  n. 

Arch,  arch,  a.  [From  Gr.  archi,  in  com- 
pound words,  from  .'^tem  of  arche,  power  or 
rule.]  Chief;  of  the  first  classorrank:  prin- 
cipally used  in  composition  as  the  first 
part  of  many  words;  as,  arcftbishop,  arch- 
priest,  &c.—n.  J  A  leader;  a  chief.    [Shak.] 

Archaeology,  ar-ke-ol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  archaioa, 
ancient,  and  Zopog,  discourse.]  The  science 
of  antiquities,  especially  prehistoric  an- 
tiquities, which  investigates  the  history 
of  peoples  by  the  remains  belonging  to  the 
earlier  periods  of  their  existence.- Archse- 


ological,  Archaeologic,  ar'ke-o,loj"ik-al,ar'- 
k6-o-loj"ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  archaeology. 
— Archseologist,  Archseologlan,  ar-ke-ol'o- 
jist,  ar'ke-o-lo"ji-an,  n.  One  skilled  in  ar- 
chaeology. 

Archaeopteryx,  kr-ke-op'tfer-iks,  n.  [Gr.  ar- 
chaioa, sincient,  and  pteryx,-wiB.g.]  A  fossil 
bird  of  the  size  of  a  rook,  having  two  claws 
representing  the  thumb  and  forefinger  pro- 
jecting from  the  wing,  and  about  twenty 
tail  vertebrae  prolonged  as  in  mammals. 

Archaic,  Archaical,  ar-ka'ik,  ar-ka'ik-al,  a. 
[Gr.archatkos,o\d-fstshioned,fTom  archaioa, 
ancient.]  Old-fashioned;  obsolete;  anti- 
quated.— Archaism,  ar'ka-izm,  n.  An  an- 
cient or  obsolete  word  or  idiom;  antiquity 
of  style  or  use;  obsoleteness. 

Archangel,  ark-an'jel,- n.  An  angel  of  the 
highest  order  in  the  celestial  hierarchy. — 
Archangelic,  ark-an-jel'ik,  o.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  archangels. 

Archbishop,  arch-bish'up,n.  A  bishop  who 
has  the  supervision  of  other  bishops  (the 
sees  of  whom  form  his  province),  and  also 
exercises  episcopal  authority  in  his  own 
diocese.— Archbishopric,  arch-bish'up-rik, 
n.  The  jurisdiction,  office,  or  8e6  of  an 
archbishop. 

Archdeacon,  arch-delsn,  n.  In  England, 
an  ecclesiastical  dignitary,  next  in  rank 
below  a  bishop,  who  has  jurisdiction  either 
over  a  part  of  or  over  the  whole  diocese. — 
Archdeaconate,  Archdeaconry,  arch-de'- 
kn-at,  arch-de'kn-ri,  n.  The  office,  juris- 
diction, or  residence  of  an  archdeacon. 

ArchduJie,  arch-dak',  n.  A  prince  belong- 
ing to  the  reigning  family  of  the  Austrian 
empire.— Archducal,  arch-dfik'al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  an  archduke. -.Archduchess, 
arch-duch'es,  n.  The  wife  of  an  archduke. 
—Archduchy,  Archdukedom,  arch-dueh'i, 
arch-dQk'dum,  n.  The  territory  or  rank 
of  an  archduke  or  archduchess. 

Archegony,  ar-keg'o-ni,  n.  [Gr.  arche,  be- 
ginning, and  gonog,  offspring.]  The  doc- 
trine of  the  origin  of  life. 

Archenemy,  arch-en'6-mi,  n.  A  principal 
enemy;  Satan. 

Archer,  arch'tr,  u.  [Fr.  arclier,  from  are, 
L.  a?*CM«,  a  bow.  Arch.]  One  who  uses,  or 
is  skilled  in  the  use  of  the  bow  and  arrow; 
a  bowman.— Archery,  arch'fer-i,  n.  The 
practice,  art,  or  skill  of  shooting  with  a 
bow  and  arrow.— Archer-fish,  n.  A  small 
fish  of  Asia  which  shoots  drops  of  water  at 
insects,  causing  them  to  fall  into  the  water 
and  become  its  prey. 

Archetype,  ar'ke- tip,  n.  [Gr.  arc/ie/j/»07i — 
arche,  beginning,  and  typoa,  form.]  A  mo- 
del or  first  form ;  the  original  pattern 
after  which  a  thing  is  made,  or  to  which 
it  con-esponds.— Archetypal,  arTce-tip-al, 
a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  an  archetype. 

Archidiaconal,  ar'ki-di-ak"on-al,  a.  [Gr. 
archi,  chief,  diakonos,  deacon.]  Pertaining 
to  an  archdeacon. 

Archieplscopacy,  Archi  episcopate.  arTci-e- 
pis"ko-pa-si, ijr'ki-e-pis'ko-pat, n.  The dig- 
nitj',  office,  or  province  of  an  archbishop. — 
Archiepiscopal,  ar'ki-5-pi8"ko-pal,  a.  Be- 
longing to  an  archbishop. 

Archil,  ar'kil,«.  A  violet,  mauve,  or  purple 
colouring  matter  obtained  from  lichens 
growing  on  rocks  in  the  Canary  and  Cape 
de  Verd  Islands. 

Archimandrite,  ar-ki-man'drit,  n.  [Gr. 
archi,  chief,  ?na»idro,  a  monastery.]  Cfreek 
Ch.  an  abbot,  or  abbot-general,  who  has 
the  superintendence  of  other  abbots  and 
convents. 

Archimedean,  ar'ki-m5-de"an,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Archimedes,  the  Greek  philosopher. 
— Archimedean  screw,  an  instrument  for 
raising  water,  formed  by  winding  a  flex- 
ible tube  round  a  cylinder  in  the  form  of 
a  screw;  being  placed  in  an  inclined  posi- 
tion.and  the  lower  end  immersed  in  water, 
by  causing  the  screw  to  revolve  the  water 
is  raised  to  the  upper  end. 

Archipelago,. ar-ki-pel'a-go,  n.  [Gr.  archi, 
chief,  and  pelagoa.  the  sea.]  Originally 
the  Egean  Sea,  which  is  studded  with  a 
number  of  smadl  islands;  hence  any  water 
space  interspersed  with  many  islands;  a 
group  of  many  islands.  —  Archipelagic, 
ar'ki-pe-laj"ik,  o.  Relating  to  an  archi- 
pelago.   

Architect,  &rTci-tekt,  n.     (Fr.  arehUecte, 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mdve;     tabe,  tub,  bvjll ;     oil,  pound;     fl,  Sc.  abime-the  Fr.  u. 


AHeHITRAVE 


87 


ARISTOCRACY^ 


Jj.  architecius,  Gr.  prefix  archi,  chief,  and 
tekton,  a  workman.]  A  person  slulled  in 
the  art  and  science  of  building;  one  who 
makes  it  his  occupation  to  form  plans  and 
designs  of  buildings,  and  superintend 
their  erection;  a  former  or  maker.— Archi- 
tectonic,Architectomcal,ar'ki-tek-ton"ik; 
ar'ki-tek-ton"ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
skilled  in  architecture.— Architectonics, 
ar'ki-tek-ton"iks,  n.  The  science  of  arclii- 
tecture.  —  Architecttiral,  ar-ki-tek'tfir-al, 
a.  Pertaining  to  architecture  or  the  art 
of  building.— Architecture,  ar'ki-tek-tur, 
ti.  [L.  architectura.]  The  art  or  science  of 
building;  that  branch  of  the  fine  arts 
which  has  for  its  object  the  production  of 
edifices  pleasing  to  a  cultivated  and  artis- 
tic taste;  construction. 
Architrave,  ar'ki-trav,  n.  [It.  architrave — 
prefix  archi,  chief,  and  irat/e,  f rom  L.  trabs, 
a  beam.]  Arch,  the  lower  division  of  an 
entablature,  or  that  part  which  rests  im- 
mediat.ely  on  the  column. 
Archive,  ar'kiv,  n.  [L.L.  arehivum,  a  place 
for  keeping  public  records,  from  Gr.  arche- 
ion,  a  government  building,  from  archi, 
rule,  government.  ]  A  record  or  document 
presen'ed  in  evidence  of  something ;  al- 
most always  in  plural  and  signifying  docu- 
ments or  records  relating  to  the  affairs  of 
a  family,  corporation,  community,  city,  or 
kingdom.— Archival,  iir'kiv-al,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  contained  in  archives  or  records. 
—Archivist, arkiv-ist or ar'ki-vist, n.  The 
keeper  of  archives  or  records. 
Archlute,  arch'lut,  n.  A  kind  of  large 
lute;  a  theorbo; 

Archon,  ar'kon.  n.    [6r.]    One  of  the  chief 
magistrates  of  ancient  Athens  chosen  to 
superintend  civil  and  religious  concerns. 
Arctation,   ark-ta'shon,  n.     [L.  arctiis, 
tight.]    NaiTowness  or  constriction;  med. 
unnatural   contraction  of    any  natural 
opening,  as  of  the  anus. 
Arctic,  ark  tik,  a.    [L.  arcticus;  Gr.  arkti- 
kos,  from  arctos,  a  bear,'  the  northern  con- 
stellation Ursa  Major.]     Northern;  sur- 
rounding or  lying  near  the  north  pole. 
The  arctic  circle  is  a  circle  parallel  to  the 
equator,  23°  28'  from  the  north  pole. 
Arctitude,  ark'ti-tud,  n.    Arctation. 
Arctums,  ark-ttt'rus,  n.    [Gr.  arktoa,  a 
bear,  and  oura,  tail.]    A   fixed   star  of 
the  first  magnitude  near  the  tail  of  the 
Great  Bear. 

Arcuate,  ark'Q-at,  a.  ,  [L.  arcuatus,  from 
arcus,  a  bow.]  Bent  or  curved  in  the  form 
of  a  bow. — Arcuation,  a,rk-u-a'8hon,  n. 
The  act  of  bending;  incurvation;  curvity. 
Arcnbalist,  ark'u-bal-ist,  n.  An  arbalist. 
Ardent,  ar'dent,  a.  [L.  ardeiia,  ardentU, 
pp.  of  ardeo,  to  bum,  to  be  eager.]  Burn- 
ing; causing  a  sensation  of  burning; 
warm:  applied  to  the  passions -and  affec- 
tions; vehement;  passionate;  eager;  fer- 
vent; fervid;  zealous. — Ardent  spirits,  al- 
coholic drinks,  as  brandy,  whisky,  rum, 
&c.— Ardently,  ar'dent-li,  adv.  In  an  ar- 
dent manner;  with  warmth. — Ardentness, 
ar'dent-nes,  n.  The  state  or-  quality  of 
being  ardent;  ardency. — Ardency,  ar'den- 
si,  n.  The  qixality.of  being  ardent;  warmth; 
ardour;  eagerness. — Ardour,  ar'dfer,  n.  [L. 
ardor.]  Heat  in  a  literal  sense;  warmth 
or  heat,  as  of  the  passions  and  affections; 


Arduous,  ar'dQ-ug,  a.  \1j..  arduus;  allied 
to  Ir.  and  Gael,  ard,  high.]  Steep,  and 
therefore  difficult  of  ascent;  hard  to  climb; 
attended  with  great  labour;  difficult;  hard 
(task  or  employment).— Arduously,  ar'du- 
us-li,  adv.  In  an  arduous  manner. — Ar- 
duousness,  ar'du-us-nes,  n. 

Are,  ar.  [O.  Northumbrian  aron,  am,  we 
(you,  they)  are;  the  A.  Sax.  form  proper  is 
sind  or  sindon.  The  r  is  changed  from  «, 
the  root  being  as.  Am.]  The  present  tense 
plural  of  the  verb  to  be,  art  being  the 
second  pers.  sing. 

Are,  ar  or  ar,  n.  [L.  area,}  The  unit  of 
French  superficial  or  square  measure,  con- 
taining 100  square  metres  or  1076  44  English 
square  feet. 

Area,  a'r5-a,n.  [L.  area,  a  thrashing-floor, 
then  any  level  open  piece  of  land.]  Any 
plain  surface  within  boundaries,  as  the 
floor  of  a  hall,  &c.;  a  space  sunk  below  the 
general  surface  of  the  ground  before  win- 


dows in  the  basement  storj'  (t  a  building; 
a  yard;  the  superficial  contents  of  any 
space;  a  surface,  as  given  in  square  inches, 
feet,  yards,  &c.  —  Areal,  a're-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  an  area.  ' 
Areca,  a-re'ka,  n.  [The  Malabar  name.] 
A  genus  of  palms,  including  the  betel-nut 
and  cabbage-trees. 

Areed,*  a-red',  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  araedan.]  To 
advise  or  counsel.  [Mil.] 
Arefaction,  ar-e-fak'shon,  n.  [L.  are/ado, 
to  dry,  areo,  to  be  dry,  facio,  to  make.] 
The  act  of  drying;  the  state  of  growing 
dry.— Arefy,  ar'e-fi,  v.t.  To  dry  or  make 
dry. 

Arena,  a-rg'na,  n.  [L.  arena,  lit.  sand,  a 
sandy  place.]  The  inclosed  space  (usually 
covered  with  sand)  in  the  central  part  of 
the  Roman  amphitheatres;  hence,  the 
scene  or  theatre  of  exertion  or  contest  of 
any  kind. — Arenaceous,  ar-e-na'shus,  a. 
Abounding  with  sand;  having  the  proper- 
ties of  sand;  sandy;  granular.— Arenarions, 
Arenose,  ar-e-na'ri-us,  a-r6'nos,  a.  Sandy. 
Aren^,  a-reng',  n.  The  sago-paJm. 
Aremlitic,  a-re'm-lit"ik,  a.  [L.  arena,  sand, 
and  Gr.  lithos,  a  stone.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  sandstone. 

Areola,  a-re'o-la,  n.  [L.,  dim.  of  area 
(which  see).]  A  small  area  or  space;  a 
small  interstice;  the  coloured  circle  or 
halo  surrounding  the  nipple  or  surround- 
ing a  pustule.  —  Areolar,  a-r5'o-l^r,  a. 
Pertaining  to  an  areola.— Areolate,  a-r5'- 
o-lat,  a.  Marked  by  areolae  or  small  spots. 
— Areolation,  a-r5'o-la"shon,n.  Any  small 
■  space  or  spot  differing  from  the  rest  of  a 
surface  in  colour,  texture,  4c. 
Areometer,  ar-e-om'et-6r,  n.  [Gr.  araios, 
rare,  thin,  itnd  'metron,  a  measure.]  An 
instrument  for  measuring  the  specific 
gravity  of  liquids;  a  hydrometer.— Areo- 
metrlc,  Areometrical,  a-r6'o-met"rik,  a-re'- 
6-met"rik-al,  o.  Pertaining  to  an  areo- 
meter.—Areometry,  ar-S-om'et-ri,  n.  The 
measuring  of  the  specific  gravity  of  fluids. 
Areopagus,  ar-e-op'a-gus,  n.  [Gr.,  lit.  hill 
of  Ares  or  Mars.]  A  tribunal  at  ancient 
Athens;  so  called  because  held  on  a  hill  of 
this  natne.— Areopagist,  Areopagite,  ar- 
?-op'a-jist,  ar-5-op'a-jit,  n.  A  member  of 
the  Areopagus. ,— Areopagitic,  ar-e-op'a- 
jif'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Areopagus.- 
Aretalogy,  Arexology,  ar-e-tal '  o-ji,  ar-e- 
toFo-ji,  n.  [Gr.  arete,  virtue,  and  logos, 
discourse.]  That  part  of  ethics  •which 
treats  of  virtue. 

Argal,  Argol,  ar'gal,  ar'gol,  n.  Unrefined 
or  crude  tartar ;  a  nard  crust  formed  on 
the  sides  of  vessels  in  which  wine  has  been 
kept. 

Argali,  &r'ga-li,  n.  [Mongolian  name.]  A 
species  of  wild  Asiatic  sheep  with  very 
large  horns,  nearly  as  bulky  as  a  moder- 
ately sized  ox. 

Argand-Iamp,  ar'gand-lamp,  n.  [From 
name  of  inventor.]  A  lamp  with  a  circu- 
lar hollow  wick,  allowing  an  outside  and 
inside  current  of  air,  which  greatly  in- 
creases the  brilliancy  of  the  flame — Ar- 
gand  burner,- a.  gas-burner  in  a  similar 
form. 

Ai'gent,  ar'jent,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  argentum, 
silver;  cog.  Gr.  argyros,  silver,  ar^ros,  white; 
Ir.  arg,  white,  airgiod,  silver,  money.]  Sil- 
vert;  whiteness,  lik,e  that  of  silver;  her.  the 
white  colour  in  coats  of  arms,  intended  to 
represent  silver,&c.— a.  Resembling  silver; 
bright  like  silver;  silvery.— Argental,  Ar- 
gentic, ar-jent'al,  ar-jent'ik,  a.  Pertaining 
to,  like,  or  containing  silver.— Argenta- 
tion,  ar-jen-ta'shon,  n.  An  overlaying  with 
silver.— Argentiferous,  arjen-tif'6r-us,  a. 
Producing- or  containing  silver  (argentif- 
erous ore).— Argentine,  ar'jen-tin,  a.  Per- 
taining to,  resembling,  or  sounding  like 
silver;  silvery. — n.  A  silvery-white  slaty 
variety  of  calc-spar ;  white  metal  coated 
■with  silver.— Argentite,  ar'jen-tit,w.  Sul- 
phide of  silver,  a  valuable  ore  of  this 
metal,  a  blackish,  lead-gray  mineral. 
Argil,  ar'jil,  n.  [L.  argilla,  white  clay,  al- 
lied to  argentura,  silver.  Argent.]  Clay 
or  potter's  earth;  sometimes,  pure  clay  or 
alumina. — Argillaceous,  ar-jil-la'shus,  a. 
Partaking  of  the  nature  of  argil  or  clay; 
clayey. —Argilliferous,  ar-jil-Uf'fer-us.  a. 
Producing  or  containing  clay  or  argfl. — 


Argillitc,  ar'jil-lit,  n.  Clay-slate.— Argil- 
Utic,  ar-jil-lit'ik,a.  Pertaining  to  argillite. 
Argive,  ar'jiv,  n.  A  native  or  inhabitant 
of  Argos,  in  ancient  Greece ;  an  ancient 
Greek.    [Poetical.] 

Argonaut,  ar'go-nat,  n.  [Gr.  ArgO,  and 
nautes,  a  sailor.]  One  of  the  persons  who, 
ill  the  Greek  legend,  sailed  to  Colchis  -with 
Jason,  in  the  ship  Argo,  in  quest  of  the 
golden  fleece ;  a  molluscous  animal  be- 
longing to  the  class  of  cuttle-fishes,  called 
also  the  paper-nautilus  or  paper-sailor  of 
the  Mediterranean,  the  female  having  a 
boat -like  shell,  in  which  its  eggs  are  re- 
ceived. The  account  of  its  floating  with  its 
arms  extended  to  catch  the  breeze,  and 
with  other  arms  as  oars,  is  a  mere  fable. — 
Argonautic,  ar-go-na'tik,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  Argonauts. 

Argosy,  ar'go-si,  n.  [From  Raausa.]  A 
large  merchantman  or  other  ship,  espe- 
cially if  richly  laden.  [Poetical.] 
Argue,  ar'gu,  v.i.—argtted,  arguing.  [L.  ar- 
guo,  to  show,  argue,  to  make  clear.]  To 
offer  reasons  to  support  or  overthrow  a 
proposition,  opinion,  or  measure;  to  rea- 
son; to  discuss;  to  debate;  to  dispute. — 
v.t.  To  debate  or  discuss  (argvA  a  cau^e  in 
court);  to  prove,  show,  or  evince;  to  cause 
to  be  inferred  (his  conduct  argued  suspi- 
cion).— Arguable,  ar'gfl-a-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  argued.— Arguer,  ar'gQ-6r,?».  One 
who.— Argument,  ar'gti-ment,  n.  [L.  ar- 
miment^mi,  proof,  theme,  subject-matter.] 
The  subject  of  a  discourse  or  writing ;  an 
abstract  or  summary  of  a  book  or  section 
of  a  book;  a  reason  offered  for  or  against 
something ;  a  debate,  controversy,  or  dis- 
cussion; a  process  of  reasoning. —  .4  rf»u- 
mentum  ad  nominem,  an  argument  which 
presses  a  man  with  consequences  drawn 
from  his  own  principles  and  c(/ncessions, 
or  his  own  conduct.— Argumental,  ar-gu- 
ment'al,  a.  Belonging  to  or  consisting 
in  argument.  —  Argumentation,  ar'gu- 
men-ta"shon,  n.  The  act  of  arguing,  dis- 
cussing, or  debating;  reasoning.— Argu- 
mentative, ar-ga-ment'a-tiv,  a.  Consist- 
ing of  argument;  addicted  to  argument, 
disputing,  or  debating.— Argumentative- 
ly,  ar-gu-ment'a-tiv-li,  adv.— Argumenta- 
tiveness, ar-ga-ment'a-ti v-nes,  n. 
ArgUB,  ar'gus,  n.  A  being  in  Greek  myth- 
ology having  a  hundred  watchful  eyes; 
hence,  any  -watchful  person ;  a  species  of 
pheasant  having  its  plumage  marked  witn 
eye-like  spots.— Argus-eyed,  a.  Vigilant; 
watchful;  extremely  observant. 
Argute,  ar-gQt',  a.  [L.  argutus.]  Subtle; 
ingenious;  sagacious;  shrewd.— Argutely, 
ar-gut'li,  adv.  In  an  argute  or  subtle  man- 
ner— Argutenees,  ar-gtit'nes,  n. 
Aria,  a'ri-a,  n.  [It.  aria.]  A  song;  an  air; 
a  tune.— Arietta,  a-ri-et'ta.  A  short  song 
or  air, 

Arian,  a'ri-an,  r».  One  maintaining  the 
doctrines  of  Arius  (fourth  century  a.d.), 
who  held  Christ  to  be  a  created  being  in- 
ferior to  God.— Arian,  a'ri-an,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Arius  or  to  his  doctrines.— Arian- 
ism,  a'ri-an-izm,  n.  The  doctrines  of  the 
Arians. 

Arid,  ar'id,  a.  [L.  aridus.]  Dry;  exhausted 
of  moisture;  parched  with  heat.— Aridity, 
Aridness,  a-rid'i-ti,  ar'id-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  arid;  dryness;  want  of  interest. 
Aries,  a'ri-?z,  n.  [L.  aries,  a  ram.]  The 
Ram,  a  northern  constellation,  the  first  of 
the  twelve  signs  in  the  zodiac,  which  the 
sun  enters  at  the  vernal  equinox. 
Aright,  a-rit',  adv.  In  a  right  way  or  form; 
properly;  correctly;  rightly. 
Aril,  ar'il,  n.  [L.  areo,  to  be  dry,  because 
it  falls  off  when  dry.]  An  extra  covering 
of  the  seed  of  some  plants  (as  the  nutmeg) 
outside  of  the  true  seed-coats,  falling  off 
spontaneously.— Arillated,  Arilled,  a-ril'- 
lat-ed,  ar'ild,  a.  Furnished  with  an  aril. 
Arise,  a-riz',  t>.i.— arose  (pret.),  arisen  (pp.), 
arising.  [Prefix a, and-rige;  A.Sax.dri«an. 
Rise.]  To  move  to  a  higher  place;  to 
mount  up;  to  ascend;  to  come  into  view; 
to  get  out  of  bed,  or  quit  a  sitting  or  lying 
posture;  to  spring ;  to  originate;  to  start 
into  action;  to  rise. 

Arista,  a-ris'ta,  n.    [L.]    Bot.  an  awn  or 
beard.- Arlstate,  a-ris'tat,  a.    Awned. 
Aristocracy,  ar-is-tok'ra-si,  n.    [Gr.  arista- 


ch,  cAain;    cA,  So.  locA;    g,  co;    j,;ob;     n,  Fr.  tow;    ng,  sinj/;     th,  t/ien;  th,  <Wn;    w,  tdg;    vrh.wftig;    zh,  a*ure. . 


ARISTOTELIAN 


38 


AIIRXY 


lratia-7-aristos,  best,  and  kratos,  rule.] 
Uovemment  by  the  nobility  or  persons  of 
i-ank  in  the  state;  the  nobility  or  chief 
persons  in  a  state.— Aristocrat,  a-ris'to- 
krat,  n.  A  member  of  the  aristocracy ; 
one  who  favours  an  aristocracy;  one  who 
apes  the  aristocracy.  — Aristocratic,  Ar- 
istocratical,  a-ris'to-krat"ik,a-ris'to-krat"- 
ik-al,  a.  Pertainiag  or  belonging  to  the 
itristocracy  or  to  the  rule  of  aristocijats; 
resembling  the  aristocracy. — Aristocr^k- 
tically,  a-ris'to-krat"ik-al-li,  adu.— Aristo- 
craticalness,  a-ris '  to-krat'lk-al-nes,  n. — 
Aristocratism,  a-ris'to-krat-izm,  n.  The 
condition  of  belonging  to  an  aristocracy; 
support  of  an  aristocracy. 

Aristotelian,  a-ris'to-te"li-an,  o.  Pertain- 
ing to  Aristotle  (bom  b.c.  384),  the  cele- 
brated Greek  philosopher,  and  founder  of 
the  Peripatetic  school. — n.  A  follower  of 
Aristotle;  a  peripatetic— Aristotelianiam, 
a-ris'to-te'li-an-izm,  n.  The  philosophy  or 
doctrines  of  Aristotle. 

Arithmetic,  a-rith'met-ik,  n.  [Gr.  arith- 
raetike,  from  arithnios,  number.  ]  The 
science  of  numbers  or  the  art  of  computa- 
tion by  figures  or  numei'als. — Aritlunetl- 
cal,  ar-ith-met'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
arithmetic;  according  to  the  rales  or  me- 
thods used  in  arithmetic. — Arithmetical- 
ly, ar-ith-metik-al-li,  adv.  By  the  rules 
or  methods  of  arithmetic— Arithmetician, 
a-rith'me-ti"shan,  n.  One  skilled  in  arith- 
metic. ' 

Ark,  ark,  n.  [A.  Sax.  arc,  from  L.  area,  a 
chest.J  A  small  chest  or  cofferj ;  Scrip. 
the  fepositorj'  of  the  covenant  or  tables  of 
the  law,  over  which  was  placed  the  golden 
covering  or  mercy-seat;  the  large  floating 
vessel  in  which  Noah  and  his  family  were 
presetted  duringthe  deluge;  hence.a  place 
of  safety  or  shelter. 

Arkose,  ar'kos,  n.  A  sandstone  formed 
from  the  disintegration  of  granite. 

Arm,  arm,  n.  [A.  Sax.  arni,  earin.=Goth. 
amis,  Icel.  armr,  G.  Fris.  D.  Dan.  and  Sw. 
arm;  cog.  L.  armus,  the  shoulder;  Ut. 
armos,  a  fitting,  from  arO,  to  fit.]  The 
limb  of  the  human  body  which  extends 
irom  the  shoulder  to  the  hand;  an  anterior 
limb;  anything  projecting  from  a  main 
body,  as  a  branch  of  a  tree,  a  narrow  inlet 
of  watei-s  from  the  sea;  fig.  powej',  might, 
strength. — Armful,  arm'fuJ,  n.  As  much 
as  the  arms  can' hold;  that  which  is  em- 
braced by  the  arms.— Armless,  iirm'les,  a. 
Without  arms.  —  Armlet,  arm'let,  it.  A 
little  arm;  a  piece  of  armour  for  defending 
the  arm;  an  ornament  worn  on  the  arm;  a 
bracelet.  —  Arm-chair,  n.  A  chair  with 
arms  to  support  the  elbows. — Arm-hole,  n. 
The  arm-pitt;  a  hole  for  the  arm  in  a  gar- 
ment. —  Arm-pit.  The  cavity  tinder  the 
shoulder  or  upper  arm. 

Arm,  arm,  n.  LFr:  arme,  a  weapon,  from 
L.  amia,  arms.]  A  weapon;  a  branch  of 
the  military  service;  pi.  war;  the  military 
profession;  armour;  armorial  bearings. — 
Umall  arms,  arms  that  can  be  carried  by 
those  who  use  them. — A  stand  of  arms,  a 
complete  set  of  arms  for  one  soldier.  — 
v.t.  To  furnish  or  equip  with  arms  or 
■weapons;  to  cover  or  provide  with  what- 
ever will  add  strength,  force,  or  security; 
to  fortify.— y.i.  To  provide  one's  self  with 
arms;  to  take  arms. — Armada,  ar-ma'da, 
n.  [Sp.]'  A  fleet  of  armed  ships;  a  squad- 
ron: usually  appUed  to  the  Spanish  fleet 
intended  to  act  against  England  in  the 
reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  a.d.  1588.— 
Annidillo,  ar-ma-dillo,  n.  [Sp.  dim.  of 
amiado,  one  who  is  armed,  so  called  from 
its  bony  shell.]  A  mammal  peculiar  to 
South  America,  covered  with  a  hard  bony 
shell,  divided  into  belts,  composed  of  smafl. 
separate  plates  like  a  coat  of  mail. — Ar- 
mament, ar'ma-ment,  n.  A  body  of  forces^ 
equipped  for  war;  a  land  force  or  a  naval" 
force.— Armature,  ar'ma-tar,  n.  Armour; 
hence,  anything  serving  as  a  defence,  as 
the  prickles  and  spines  of  plants;  a  piece 
of  iron  connecting  the  two  poles  of  a  mag- 
net. 

AmMnian,  Sr-me'ni-an,  o.  Pertaining  to 
Armenia,  a  country  in  Asia.— n.  A  native 
of  Armenia;  the  language  of  the  country; 
an  adherent  of  the  Christian  Church  of 
Annenia, 


Armilla,  ar-mil'la,  n.  [L.,  from  annus,  the 
shoulder.)  An  armlet;  a  bracelet;  an  iron 
ring,  hoop,  or  brace,  in  which  the  gudgeons 
of  a  wheel  move;  a  circular  ligament  of 
the  wrist  binding  the  tendons  of  the  whole 
hand. — Armillary,  ar'mil-la-ri,a.  Resem- 
bling an  armilla;  consisting  of  rings  or 
circles.  —  Armillary  sphere,  an  arrange- 
ment of  rings,  all  circles  of  one  sphere,  in- 
tended to  show  the  relative  positions  of 
the  principal  circles  of  the  heavens. 

Arminian,  ar-min'i-an,  n.  A  nieml)er  of 
the  Protestant  sect  who  follows  the  teach- 
ing of  Ai~minius,  a  Dutch  theologian  (died 
1609),  specially  opposed  to  the  Calvinistic 
doctrine  of  predestination. — a.  Pertaining 
to  Arminius  or  his  principles. — Armini- 
anism,  ar-min'i-an-izm,  n.  The  peculiar 
doctrines  or  tenets  of  the  Arminians. 

Armipotent,  ar-mip'5-tent,  a.  [L.  armipo- 
tens,armipotentis—  anna,  arms,  and  j30  teres, 
powerful.]  Powerful  in  arms;  mighty  in 
battle.  —  Armipotence,  ir-mip'o-tens,  n. 
Power  in  arms. 

Armistice,  ar'mis-tis,  n.  [L.  a7ina,  arms, 
sisto,  to  stand  still.]  A  temporary  suspen- 
sion of  hostilities  by  agreement  of  the 
parties;  a  trace. 

Armorlc,  Armorican,  ar-mor'ik,  ar-mor'ik- 
an,  a.  [Celt,  ar,  upon,  and  mor,  the  s^ea.] 
Pertaining  to  the  north-western  part  of 
France,  formerly  called  Annorica,  now 
Brittany.— n.  The  language  of  the' Celtic 
inhabitants  of  Brittany,  allied  to  the 
Welsh. 

Armour,  ar'mfer,  n.  [O.E.  armure,  O.Fr. 
armetire,  from  L.  armaiura,  armour,  from 
armare,  to  arm.]  Defensive  arms;  any 
covering  worn  to  protect  the  body  in  bat- 
tle; also  called  Haitiess;  the  steel  or  iron 
covering  intended  as  a  protection  for  a  ship 
of  war. — Armorial,  ar-mo'ri-al,  a.  Belong- 
ing to  armour,or  to  the  arms  or  escutcheon 
of  a  family.— Armourer,  ar'm&r-fer,  n. .  A 
maker  of  armour  or  arms,  or  one  who  keeps 
them  in  repair ;  one  who  has  the  care  of 
arms  and  armour.  —  Armoury,  Armory, 
ar'mSr-i,  n.  A  place  where  arms  and  in- 
struments of  war  are  niade  or  deposited 
for  safe-keeping;  a  collection  of  arms. — 
Armour-bearer,  n.  One  who  carries  the 
armour  of  another. — Armour-plate,  n.  An 
iron  or  steel  plate  of  great  thickness  at- 
tached to  the  side  of  a  ship,  or  the  outer 
wall  of  a  fort,  with  the  view  of  rendering 
them  shot-proof.— Armour-plated,  a.  Co- 
vered or  protected  by  armour-plates;  iron- 
clad. 

Armstrong-gunj  arm'strong-gun,n.  [After 
its  inventor.  Sir  William  Armstrong.]  A 
rifled  cannon  of  wrought-iron,  constructed 
principally  of  spirally -coiled  bars,  and 
occasionally  having  an  inner  tube,  or  core 
of  steel. 

Army,  ar'mi,  fi.  (Fr.  amUe,  an  armed 
force  or  army,  from  armer,  to  arm.  Arm, 
a  weapon.]  A  collection  or  body  of  men 
armed  for  war.and  organized  in  regiments, 
brigades,  or  similar  divisions,  under  pro- 
per officers ;  a  host ;  a  vast  multitude ;  a 
great  number.— Army-corps  (-kor),  n.  One 
of  the  largest  divisions  of  an  army  in  tlie 
field. — Army-list,  n.  A  publication  issued 
periodically,  containing  a  list  of  the  officers 
in  the  army,  the  stations  of  regiments,  &c. 

Amatto,  ar-nat'to,  n.    Arnotto. 

Amaut^  Amaout,  ar'nont,  n.  A  native  of 
Albania;  an  Albanian. 

Amee,  Ami,  ar'ne,  n.  One  of  the  Indian 
varieties  of  the  bxiffalo,  remarkable  as  be- 
ing the  largest  animal  of  the  ox  kind. 

Arnica,  ar'ni-ka.  n.  A  composite  plant, 
otherwise  calletl  mountain-tobacco.  The 
roots  yield  taimin,  and  a  tincture  of  the 
plant  is  used  as  an  application  to  wounds 
and  bruises. 

Amotto,  Annotto,  ar-not'to,  an-not'to,  n. 
A  small  tropical  American  tree,  the  seeds 
of  which  yield  an  orange-red  dye-stuff, 
also  called  amotto.  Called  also  Annotta, 
Annatto,  Amatto. 

Amut,  ar'nut,  n.  [A  coiruption  of  earth- 
nut.]  The  nut  or  tuber  of  the  earth-nut 
plant.    EARTH-^•UT. 

Aroint,  v.t.    Arovnt. 

Aroma,  a-rO'ma,  n.  [Gr.  arOma,  spice, 
sweet  herb.]  An  agreeable"  odour;  fra- 
grance; perfume;  fig-  delicate  intellectual 


quality;  flavour.— Aromatic,  ar-o-mat'ik, 
a.  Giving  out  an  aroma;  fragrant;  sweet- 
scented;  odoriferous.  Also  Aromatical, 
ar-o-mat'ik-al.— .Aromatic  vinegar,  a  per- 
fume made  by  adding  oil  of  lavender, 
cloves,  &c.,  to  acetic  acid. — Aromatic,  ar- 
o-mat'ik,  n.  A  plant  or  drug  which  yields 
a  fragrant  smell,  and  often  a  warm,  pun- 
gent taste.  —  Aromatlzation,  a-rO'mat-i- 
za"shon,  n.  The  act  of  rendering  aromatic. 
— Aromatize,  a-ro'mat-iz,  v.t. — aromatized, 
aromatizing.  To  impregnate  witl  aroma; 
to  render  fragrant ;  to  perfume.— Aroma- 
tizer,  a-ro'mat-iz-6r,  ».  One  who  or  that 
which. 

Arose,  a-roz',  pret.  and  pp.  of  arise. 

Around,  a-round',  piep.  About;  on  all 
sides;  encircling;  encompassing.- adv.  In 
a  circle;  on  every  side. 

Arouse,  a-rouz',  v.t.— aroused,  arousing. 
[Prefix  a,  with  intens.  force,  and  rouse.] 
To  excite  into  action  that  which  is  at  rest; 
to  stir  or  put  in  motion  or  exertion;  to 
rouse;  to  animate;  to  awaken. — Arousal, 
a-rouz'al,_n.    The  act  of  arousing. 

Arow,  a-ro',  adv.  In  "a  row;  successively; 
one  after  the  other. 

Aroynt,  Aroint,  a-roint',  interi-  [From 
imperat.  of  A.  Sax.  r^man,  geryman,  to 
make  room,  to  give  place,  from  rlJm, 
room.  ]  An  interjection  equivalent  to 
begone!  avaunt!  away!    \Shak.] 

Arpeggio,  ar-ped'je-d,  n.  [It.,  from  arpa,  a 
harp.j  The  distinct  sound  of  the  notes  of 
a  chord,  heard  when  the  notes  are  struck 
in  rapid  succession. 

Arquehuse,  Arquebus,  arTcwe^bus,  n.  [Fr. 
arquebvee,  corrupted  from  D.  haakbus,  a 
gun  fired  from  a  rest,  from  haak,  a  hook, 
a  forked  rest,  and  6ms,  a  gun=E.  hagbut, 
hackbut.]  An  old-fashioned  hand-gun  fired 
from  a  rest.  Spelled  also  Harguebuse,  &c. 
— Arquehusier,  ar'kwe-bus-er",  n.  A  sol- 
dier armed  with  an  arquehuse. — Arque- 
busade,  ar'kws-bus-ad",  n.  An  aromatic 
spirituous  liquor  applied  to  sprains  or 
bruises. 

Arquerite,  arTce-rit,  n.  A  rich  silver  ore 
found  in  the  silver  mines  of  Arqueros, 
near  Coquimbo,  Chili. 

Arrack,  ar'ak,  n.  [Ar.  araq,  juice,  spirits, 
from  araqa,  to  sweat.]  A  spirituous  liquor 
distilled  in  the  East  Indies  from  rice,  the 
juice  of  the  cocoa-nut,  and  other  palms, 
&c. 

Arraign,  a-ran',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  arraigner,  ares- 
ner,  &c.,  to  arraign — L.  ad,  to,  and  ratiOi 
rationis,  account,  a  pleading  in  a  suit. 
Reason.]  To  call  or  set  at  the  bar  of  a 
court  of  justice ;  to  call  before  the  bar  of 
reason  or  tatste;  to  accuse  or  charge;  to  cen- 
sure publicly;  to  impeach.— Arraigner,  a- 
ran'er,  n.  One  who  arraigns.— Arraign- 
ment, a-ran'ment,  n.  The  act  of  arraign- 
ing. 

Arrange,  a-ranj',i».t.— an-atif»ed,  arranging. 
[Fr.  arranger — ar-=L.  ad,  and  ranger,  to 
range,  from  rang,  a  rank.  Range,  Bank.] 
To  put  in  proper  order;  to  dispose  or  tet 
out;  to  give  a  certain  collocation  to;  to 
adjust;  to  settle;  to  com.e  to  an  agreement 
or  understanding  regarding.— w.i.  To  make 
or  come  to  terms;  to  come  to  a  settlement 
or  agreement.  —  Arrangement,  a-ranj'- 
ment,n.  The  act  of  arranging;  disposition 
in  suitable  form;  that  which  is  arranged; 
preparatory  measure;  preparation;  settle- 
ment; adjustment.— Arranger,  a-ranj'er, 
n.    One  that  arranges  or  puts  irk  order. 

Arrant,  ar'ant,  a.  [A  participial  form  from 
A.  Sax.  eargian,  to  oe  timid,  from  earg, 
timid  (whence  E.  arch,  o.),  influenced  by 
errant.]  Cowardlyt:  shameless;  notorious; 
thorough;  downright.— Arrantly,  ayant- 
li,  adv.    In  an  arrant  manner. 

Arras,  ar'as,  n.  [From  Arras,  in  France, 
where  this  article  was  manufactured.] 
Tai)estry ;  hangings,  consisting  of  woven 
Stuffs  ornamented  with  fi^fures. 

Array, a-ra',  n.  [O.Fr.  arrai,  order, arrange- 
ment, dress— prefix  ar-  (L.  ad,  to),  and  rot, 
order,  from  the  Teutonic  root  seen  in  E. 
ready.]  A  collection  or  assemblage  of  men 
or  things  disposed  in  regular  order,  as  an 
army  in  order  of  battle ;  raiment ',  dress ; 
apparel. — v.t.  To  place  or  dispose  in  order, 
as  troops  for  battle;  to  marshal ;  to  deck 
or  dress;  to  attire.— Axrayer,  a-ra'*r,  n. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  f«ll;4^me,  met,  h6r;  '  p'me,  pin;     nSte,  not,  m()ve;^^tObe,  tub,  b\ill;_  oU,  pound;  _  fl,  8c.  abim©— the  Fr..i«. 


AUREAK 


S9 


ARUNDINACEOUS 


.One  who.— Arrayment,  a-ra'ment,  n.  The 
act  of . 

Arrear,  a-rer',  n.  [Pr.  arrikre,  behind— 
L.  ad,  to,  and  retro,  behind.]  The  state  of 
being  behindhand;  that  which  remains 
unpaid  or  undone  when  the  due  time  is 
past:  usually  in  the  plural. 
Arreot,  a-rekt',  v.t.  [L.  arrigo,  arrectum, 
to  raise  or  erect— ad,  to.  rego,  to  direct.] 
To  raise  or  lift  up;  to  prick  up  (the  ears). 
— a.  Erect ;  pricked  up :  said  of  the  ears ; 
hence,  attentively  listening. 
Arrest,  a-rest',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  arrester,  Fr.  ar- 
reter—h.  ad,  to,  and  restore,  to  remain. 
Rkst.]  To  check  or  hinder  the  motion  or 
action  of ;  to  stop ;  to  seize  or  apprehend 
by  virtue  of  a  warrant  from  authority; 
to  seize  and  fix  (attention);  to  engage;  to 
secure;  to  catch.— n.  The  act  of  seizing  or 
apprehending  by  authority;  hinderance; 
interruption ;  stoppage ;  restraint.  —  Ar- 
restatlon,t  a-rest-a'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
arresting,— Arrester,  Arrester,  a-rest'6r, 
a-rest'or,  n.  One  who  arrests.  —  Arrest- 
ment, a-rest' ment,  n.  The  act  of  arrest- 
ing; detention;  arrest. 

Arris,  ar'is,  n.  [O.Fr.  arreste,  an  arris.] 
Carp.  &c.,  the  line  in  wh-ich  two  surfaces 
of  a  body,  forming  an  exterior  angle,  meet 
each  other. 

Ai-rive,  a-riv',  v.i.— arrived,  arriving.  [Fr. 
arriver,  froin  L.L.  adripare,  to  come  to 
shore— L.  ad,  to,  and  ripa,  Fr.  rive,  the 
shore  or  bank.]  To  come  to  a  certain  place 
or  point ;  to  progress  either  by  water  or 
land;  to  reach  a  point  or  stage ;  to  attain 
to  a  certain  result  or  state:  followed  by 
at.—v.t.\  To  reach  or  arrive  at.  [Mil.}— 
Arrival,  a-ri'val,  n.  The  act  of  arriving; 
a  coming  to  or  reaching;  attainment;  the 
person  or  thing  which  arrives. 

Arrogance,  a'ro-gans,  ».  [L.  arrogantia, 
arrogo,  arrogatum — ad,  to,  and  rogo,  to 
ask  or  desire.]  The  character  of  being 
arrogant;  the  disposition  to  make  exorbi- 
tant claims  of  rank,  dignity,  or  estimation; 
the  pride  which  exalts  one's  own  import- 
ance; pride  with  contempt  of  others;  pre- 
sumption; haughtiness;  disdain.  —Arro- 
gant, a'ro-gant,  a.  Making  exorbitant 
claims  on  account  of  one's  rank,  power, 
worth;  presumptuous;  haughty;  overbear- 
ing ;  •proud  and  assuming.  —  Arrogantly, 
a'ro-gant-li,  adu.  In  an  arrogant  manner. 
—Arrogate,  a'ro-gat,  v.t.  —arrogated,  arro- 
gating. To  claim  or  demand  undul::  or 
presumptuously;  to  lay  claim  to  in  an  over- 
bearing manner.  —  Arrogatlon,  a-ro-pa'- 
ahon,  ji,  The  act  of  arrogating;  the  claim- 
ing of  superior  consideration  or  privileges. 

Arrondissementv  a-ron-des-man,  n.  [Fr.] 
In  France,an  administrative  district  form- 
ing a  subdivision  of  a  department. 

Arrow,  a'ro,  n.  [A.  Sax.  arewe,  aruwe,  arwe; 
allied  to  A.  Sax.  earn,  swift,  Icel.  or,  pi. 
orvar,  an  arrow,  orr,  swift.]  A  mis- 
sile weapon,  straight,  slender,  pointed, 
and  barbed,  to  be  shot  with  a  bow ;  any- 
thing resemliing  this.— Arrowy,  a'ro-i,  a. 
Kesembling  an  arrow  in  shape,  in  rapidity 
of  flight,  or  the  like.— Arrow-headed,  a.- 
Shaped  like  the  head  of  an  arrow :  said  of 
alphabetic  characters  used  in  ancient  As- 
.syria;  cuneiform.— Arrow-root,  n.  A  flour 
or  starch  obtained  from  the  rootsfocks  of 
several  West  Indian  reed-like  plants,  and 
much  used  as  an  article  of  food. 

Arsenal,  aar'se-nal,  n.  [Fr.  arsenal,  Sp.  ar- 
senal, from  an  Ar.  word.]  A  repository  or 
magazine  of  arms  and  military  stores  for 
land  or  naval  service ;  a  public  establish- 
ment where  arms  or  warlike  equipments 
are  manufactured  or  stored. 

Arsenic,  ar'sen-ik,  n.  [Fr.  arsdnic,  from  L. 
araenicuin,  Gr.  arsenikon,  from  arsen,  ar- 
senos,  male— from  its  powerful  qualities.] 
A  chemical  element  of  a  steel-blue  colour, 
quite  brittle.  Combined  with  oxygen  it 
forms  arsenious  oxide,  which  is  the  white 
ai'senie,  or  simply  arsenic,' of  the  shops,  a 
well-known  virulent  poison.— Arsenical, 
ar-sen'ik-al,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  arsenic; 
containing  arsenic— Arsenicate,  ar-sen'- 
ik-at,  v.t.  To  combine  with  arsenic. — Ar- 
senious, ar-se'ni-us,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
containing  arsenic. 

Arsis,  ar'sis,  n.    [6r.  arsis,  from  air6,  to 

\elevate.]  Elevation  of  the  voice  at  a  word 


or  syllable,  in  distinction  from  thesis,  or  its 
depression;  pros,  a  greater  stress  or  fcfrce 
on  a  syllable. 

Arson,  ar'son,  n.  [O.Fr.  ars(yn,  from  L.  ar- 
deo,  arsum,  to  bum.]  The  malicious  buiji- 
in^  of  a  house,  shop,  church,  or  other 
building,  agricultural  produce,  ship,  &c., 
which  by  the  common  law  is  felony. 

Art,  art.    Second  pers.  sing.    Are. 

Art,  art,  n.  [L.  ars,  artis,  art,  from  same 
root  as  Gr.  aro,  to  join,  to  lit.  Arm.]  The 
use  or  employment  of  things  to  answer 
some  special  purpose ;  the  employment  of 
means  to  accomplish  some  end :  ojsposed 
to  nature;  a  system  of  rules  to  facilitate 
the  performance  of  certain  actions ;  skill 
in  applying  such  rules  (the  art  of  building 
or  of  engraving;  the  fine  arts):  opposed  to 
science;  one  of  the  fine  arts  or  the  fine  arts 
collectively,  that  is  those  that  appeal  to 
the  taste  or  sense  of  beauty,  as  painting, 
sculpture,  music;  the  profession  of  a  pain- 
ter or  sculptor ;  the  special  skill  required 
by  those  who  practise  these  arts;  artistic 
faculty;  skill;  dexterity;  knack;  artful- 
ness; cunning;  duplicity. — Art  union,  a"n 

■  association  for  encouraging  art,  an  ob- 
ject which  it  mainly  pursues  by  dispos- 
ing of  pictures,  sculptures,  &c.,  by  lottery 
among  subscnbers.  — Artful,  art'ful,  a. 
Cunning;  sly:  deceitful;  crafty.— Artfaily, 
art'ful-li,  adv.  In  an  artful  manner;  cun- 
ninglv;  craftily.— Artfulness,  art'ful-nes, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  artful.- Artless, 
artles,  a.  Devoid  of  art,  skill,  or  cunning; 
natural;  simple.— Artlessly,  art'le8-li,adt^. 
In  an  artless  mantfer;  naturally;  simply. 
— «Artlessnes8,  art'les-nes,  n.  Naturalness; 
simplicity ;  ingenuousness. 

Artery,  ar't6r-i,  n.  [L.  arteria,  Gr.  artS- 
ria.]  One  of  a  system  of  cylindrical  ves- 
sels or  tubes',  which  convey  the  blood 
from  the  heart  to  all  parts  of  the  body, 
to  be  brought  back  again  by  the  veins. 
—Arterial,  ar-te'ri-al,  a. .  Pertaining  to 
or  contained  in  an  artery  or  the  arteries. 
— Arterialization,  ar-t5'ri-al-iz-a"8hon,  ». 
The  conversion  of  the  venous  into  the  ar- 
terial blood.— Arterialize,  ar-te'ri-al-iz,  v.t. 
—arterialized,  arterializing.  To  commu- 
nicatfe,  as  to  venous  blood,  the  qualities  of 
arterial  blood,  a  result  effected  by  the  oxy- 
gen of  the  air  taken  into  the  lungs.— Arte- 
riotomy,  ar-te'ri-ot"o-mi,  w.  [-temy=Gr. 
tome,  a  cutting.]  Anat.  the  opening  of  an 
artery  by  the  lancet  or  other  instrument, 
for  the  purpose  of  letting  blood. 

Artesian,  ar-te'zi-an,  a.  [Fr.  artisien,  lit. 
pertaining  to  ArLois.]  Term  descriptive 
of  a  kind  of  well  formed  bv  a  pei-pendicu- 
lar  boring  into  the  ground,  often  of  great 
depth,  through  which  water  rises  to  tHe 
surface  of  the  soil  by  natural  gravitation, 
producing  a  constant  flow  or  stream. 

Artful,  &c.    Under  Art. 

Arthritis,  ar-thri'tis,n.  [Gr.,from  arthron, 
a  joint.]  Any  inflammation  of  the  joints; 
the  gout.— Arthritic,  Arthritical.ar-thrit'- 
ik,  ar-thrit'ik-al,  a.  Pertairiing  to  or  affect- 
ing the  joints ;  pertaining  to  the  gout. — 
Arthrodia,  ar-tnro'di-a,  n.  A  ball-and- 
soclcet  joint.— Arthrodial,  Arthrodlc,  ar- 
thro'di-al,  ar-throd'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
an  arthrodia.  . 

Artichoke,  ar'ti-chok,  n.  [It.  articiocco, 
probably  of  Ar.  origin.]  A  composite  plant 
somewhat  resembling  a  thistle,  cultivated 
in  gardens  for  the  thick  and  fleshy  recep- 
tacle (or  part  supporting  the  flower),which 
is  eaten.  The  Jerusalem  artichoke  is  a 
species  of  sunflower,  whose  roots  are  used 
like  potatoes. 

Article,  ar'ti-kl,  n.  [L.  articulus,  a  joint, 
division,  part,  or  member,  dim,  of  artva,  a 
joint.]  A  single  clause,  item,  point, or  par- 
ticular; a  point  of  faith, doctrine, or  duty; 
a  prose  contribution  to  a  newspaper,  ma- 
gazine, or  other  periodical ;  a  particular 
commodity  or  substance;  a  part  of  speech 
used  before  nouns  to  limit  or  define  their 
application — in  English  a  or  an  and  the. 
— Articles  of  war,  the  regulations  for  the 
government  and  discipline  of  the  British 
army  and  navy,  embodied  in  the  Mu^ 
tiny  Act  passed  each  year. — v.t. — articled, 
articling.     To  draw  up   under  distinct 

•  heads  or  particulars;  to  bind,  as  an  appren- 
tice; to  indenture.— Articular,  ar-tik'u-l6r. 


o.  [  L;  articularis.  ]  Belonging  to  the 
joints  or  to  a  joint.— Articularly,  ar*tik'Q- 
I6r-li,adii.— Articulata,ar-tik'a-la"ta,n.pZ. 
According  to  the  arrangement  of  Cuvier, 
all  the  invertebrate  animals  with  an  ex- 
ternal skeleton  forming  a  series  of  riilgs 
articulated  together  and  enveloping  the 
body,  such  as  the  crustaceans,  insects, 
worms,&c.— Articulate,  ar-tik'a-lat,  a.  [L. 
artieulatus,  joirited,  distinct.]  Jointed; 
formed  with  joints  (an  articulate  animal); 
formed  by  the  distinct  and  intelligent 
movement  of  the  "Organs  of  speech ;  pro- 
nounced distinctly;  expressed  clearly;  dis- 
tinct [articulate  speech  or  utterance). — n. 
One  of  the  Articulata.— v.t.  articulated,  ar- 
ticulating. To  jointj  to  unite  by  means  of 
a  joint;  to  utter  by  intelligent  and  appro- 
priate movement  of  the  vocal  organs ;  to 
enunciate,  pronounce,  or  speak ;  to  draw 
up  or  write  in  separate  particulars  or  in 
articles  {Shak.)  *.—v.i.  To  utter  articulate 
sounds;  to  utter  distinct  syllables  or  words; 
to  treat  or  stipulate  (Shak.) I. — Articu- 
lately, ar-tik'Q-lat-li,  adv.  In  an  articu- 
late manner;  with  distinct  utterance, — 
Articulateness,  ar-tik'a-lat-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  articulate.— Articulation, 
ar-tik'u-la"shon,  n.  The  act  or  manner  of 
articulatingor  being  articulated}  a  joining 
or  juncture,  as  of  the  bones;  a  joint;  a  part 
between  two  joints.— Articulator,  ar-tik'- 
a-lat-6r,  n.    One  who  articulates. 

Artifice,  ar'ti-fis,n.  [L.  art\ficium — ars,  ar- 
tis. art,  and  J^acio,  to  make.]  Artful,  skil- 
ful, or  ingenious  contrivance;  a  crafty  de- 
vice; trick ;  shift ;  stratagem ;  deception ; 
cunning ;  guile ;  fraud.— Artificer,  ar-tif - 
is-6r,  n.  A  skilful  or  artistic  worker;  a 
constructor ;  a  maker;  a  contriver;  an  in- 
ventor: a  mechanic  or  handicraftsman.— 
Artlficlal,ar-ti-fish'al,a.  Made orcontrived 
by  art,  or  by  human  skill  and  labour; 
feigned;  fictitious;  assumed;  affected;  not 
genuine  or  natural.  —  Artificiality,  ar- 
ti-fi8h'al"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
artificial.  —  Artiflcialize.f  ar-ti-fish'al-iz, 
v.t.  To  render  artificial.— Artificially,  &r- 
ti-fish'al-li,  adv.  In  an  artificial  manner; 
by  human  skill  and  contrivance.— Arti- 
ficialness,  ar-ti-fish'al-nes,  n.  Artificiality. 

Artillery,  ar-til'lCr-i,  n.  (No  pi.)  [Fr.  ar- 
tillerie,  from  artiller,  to  work  with  art,  to 
fortify,  from  L.  ars,  artis,  art.]  Formerly 
offensive  weapons  of  war  in  general 
whether  large  or  small  (see  1  ba.  xx. 
40):  now,  cannon;  great  guns;  ordnance; 
ordnance  and  its  equipment  both  in  men 
and  material;  the  men  and  officers  that 
manage  the  guns;  the  science  which  treats 
of  the  use  and  management  of  great  guns. 
—Artillerist,  ar-tU'lfer-ist,  n.  A  person 
skilled  in  gunnery.— ArtlUery-man,  n.  A 
man  engaged  in  the  management  of  large 
guns. 

Artiodactyle,  ar'shi-o-dak"til,n.  [Gv.ariios, 
even-numbered,  and  daktylos,  a  toe.]  A 
hoofed  mammal  in  which  the  number  of 
toes  is  even  (two  or  four),  as  the  ox  and 
other  ruminants,  the  pig,  &c. 

Artisan,  ar'ti-zan,  n.  [Fr.  artisan.  It.  ar- 
tigiano.li.li.  artitianus, from  L.  ars,  artis, 
art]  One  skilled  in  any  art  or  trade;  a 
handicraftsman;  a  mechanic. 

Artist,  art'ist,  n.  [Fr.  artiste.  It.  artista, 
from  li.  ars,  artis,  art.]  One  skilled  in  on 
art  or  profession,  especially,  one  who  pro- 
fesses and  practises  one  of  the  fine  arts, 
as  painting,  sculpture,  engraving,  and 
architecture;  specifically,  and  most  fre- 
quently, a  painter.— Artiste,  ar-t5st,  n. 
[Fr.]  One  who  is  peculiarly  skilful  in  al- 
most any  art,  as  a  public  singer,  an  opera- 
dancer,  and  even  a  cook.— Artistic,  Artis- 
tical,  ar-tist'ik,  ar-tist'ik-al,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  art  or  artists;  trained  in  art;  con- 
formable to  or  characterized  by  art. — Ar- 
tistically, ar-tist'ik-al-li,  adv.  In  an  ar- 
tistic manner. 

Artless,  &c.    Under  Art. 

Arum,  a'rum,  n.  [L.  arum,  Gr.  aron.]  The 
generic  name  ■  of  certain  plants,  one  of 
which,  the  common  arum,  wake-robin,  or 
lords-and-ladies,  is  abundant  in  woods  and 
hedges  in  England  and  Ireland. 

Arundinaceous,  a-run'di-na"shus,  a.  [L. 
arundo,  a  reed.l  Pertaining  to  reeds;  re- 
sembling a  reed.— Anmdlneous,  Amndln- 


ch,  cTtain;     ch,  Sc.loch;/   g,  go;  -v  j,  job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ns,  eing;     ta,  tften;  tk,  thin;     w,  wig;     wh,  whig;     zh,  asuru. 


ARUSPEX 


40 


ASPERSE 


03e,ar-un-<lin'e-us,a-run'dm-os,a.  Abound- 
ing with  reeds. 

Ariispex,  Amspice,  a-rus'peks,  a-rus'piB, 
n.  [h.  aruiptx  or  haru»pex.]  One  of  a 
class  of  priests  in  ancient  Rome  whose 
business  was  to  inspect  the  entrails  of 
victims  killed  in  sacrifice,  and  by  them  to 
foretell  future  events.— Aruspicy,  a-rus'pi- 
81,  ?i.  The  art  of  an  aruspex;  augury; 
prognostication. 

Aryan,  ar'i-an  or  fi'ri-an,  n.  (Skr.  Arya, 
noble,  eminent.]  An  ludo-European;  a 
meniber  of  that  division  of  the  human 
race  which  includes  the  Hindus  and  Per- 
sians and  most  Europeans  (except  Turks, 
Hungarians,  Finns,  &c.). — a.  Pertaining  or 
belonging  to  the  Aryans;  -Indo-European. 

As,  iiz,  udv.  pnd  conj.  [(Jontr.  from  A.  Sax. 
euil»u>d,  that  is,  all  so,  through  the  forms 
algwa,  also,  alse,  als,  ase';  similarly  G.  als, 
aiso,  as.]  A  word  expressing  equality, 
similarity  of  manner  or  character,  like- 
ness, proportion,  accordance;  in  the  same 
manner  in  which  (j'e  shall  be  as  gods ;  I 
live  as  I  did);  while;  when  (he  wljistled  as, 
he  went);  for  example;  forin§tance>  thus; 
because;  since  [as  the  wind  Was  fair  we 
Bet  sail);  often  equivalent  to  the- relative 
that  after  such  (give  us  such  things  cw  you 
please). 

As,  as,  n.  pi.  Asses,  as'ez.  A  Roman  weight 
of  12  oz.;  also,  a  Roman  copper  or  bronze 
cuin,  latterly  weighing  i  oz.         . 

Asafetida,  Asafoetida,  as-a-fe'tid-a,  n. 
[Per.  aza,  gum,  and  L.  fcetidus,  fetid. J  A 
fetid  inspissated  sap  from  a  large  umbel- 
liferous plant  found  in  Central  Asia,  used 
in  medicine  as  an  antispasmodic,  in  flatu- 
lency, hysteric  paroxysms,  Ac. 

Asbestos,  Asbestus,  as-bes'tos.  as-bes'tus, 
n.  I  Gr.  asbestos,  inextinguishaole — a,  neg. , 
una  sbennymi,  to  extinguish.]  A  fibrous 
variety  of  several  members  of  the  horn- 
blende familj',  ha^ingfine,  elastic,  flexible, 
flaxy-like  filaments,  which  are  incombus- 
tible, and  are  made  into  fire-proof  cloth, 
paper,  &c. — Asbestic,  as-bes'tifc,  a.  Relat-" 
ing  to  or  containing  asbestos.  — Asbesti- 
form,  as-bes'ti-form,  a.  Having  the  struc- 
ture of  asbestos. — Asbestine,  as-bes'tin,  a. 
Pertaining  to  asbestos,  or  paxtaking  of  its 
nature  and  qualities. 

Ascenct,  as-Kend',i'.i.  IL.oscendo-^d.to, and 
Bcando,  to  climb.  Scan.  J  To  move  up- 
wards; to  mount ;  to  go  up  from  a  lower 
to  a  higher  j)lace ;  to  rise ;  to  proceed 
from  an  inferior  to  a  superior  degree,  from 
mean  to  noble  objects,  from  particulars  to 
generals,  &c.;  to  pass  from  a  grave  tone  to 
one  more  acute.— w.  <.To  go  or  mo  ve  upwards 
upon;  to  climb;  to  move  upwards  along; 
to  go  towards  the  source  of  (a  river). — As- 
cendable,  Ascendible,  as-send'a-bl,  as- 
8end'i-bl,  o.  Capable  of  being  ascended. — 
Ascendant, as-Fend'ant,n.  An  ancestor,  or 
one  who  precedes  in  genealogy  or  degrees  of 
kindred;  superiority  or  commanding  influ- 
ence; predominance. — Ascendant,  Ascend- 
ent, as-send'ant,  as-send'ent,  a.  Directed 
upward;  rising;  superior;  predominant; 
surpassing.— Ascendency,  as-send'en-si,  n. 
Govemingorcon trolling  influence;  power; 
Bway;  control. — Ascension,  as-sen'snon,  n. 
[L.  ascensio.]  The  act  of  ascending;  a 
rising;  the  ascension,  the  visible  elevation 
of  our  Saviour  to  heaven. — Ascetision  Day, 
the  day  on  which  the  ascension  of  tlie 
Saviour  is  commemorated,  falling  on  the 
Thursday  but  one  before  Whitsuntide. — 
Right  ascBTision  of  the  sun  or  of  a  star, 
the  arc  of  the  equator  intercepted  be- 
tween the  first  point  of  Aries  and  that 
point  of  the  equator  which  comes  to  the 
meridian  at  the  same  instant  with  the 
star. — Ascensional,  as-sen'shon-al,  o.  Re- 
lating to  ascension;  ascending  or  rising 
up.— Ascent,  as-sent',  n.  The  act  of  rising; 
motion  upwards;  rise;  the  wa3\by  which 
one  ascends;  acclivity;  an  upward  slope; 
the  act  of  proceeding  from'  an  inferior  to  . 
a  superior  degree,  from  particulars  to 
generals,  &c. 

Ascertain,  as-s6r-tan',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  ascertain- 
er — as  for  ad,  to,  certain,  from  L.  ceitus, 
sure.  Certain.]  To  make  certain-,  to 
make  sure  or  find  out  by  trial  or  examina- 
tion; to  establish:  to  determine  with  cer- 
tainty.—Ascertainable,  as-sir-t&n'a-bl,  a. 


Capable  of  being  ascertained  or  certainly 
known.^-Ascertainer,  as-sCr-tan'fer,  n.  One 
who. — Ascertainment,  aa-ser-tau'meht,  n. 
The  act  of. 

Ascetic,  as-set'ik,  a.  [Gr.  asketos,  exercised, 
disciplined,  from  askeO,  to  exercise.]  Ex- 
cessively strict  or  rigid  in  devotions  or  mor- 
tifications; severe;  austere.— Ascetic,  as- 
set ik,  n.  One  who  retires  from  the  world 
and  devotes  himself  to  a  strictly  devout 
life;  one  who  practises  excessive  rigour 
and  self-denial;  a  hermit;  a  recluse. — As- 
ceticism, as-set'i-sizm,  n.  The  condition 
or  practice  of  ascetics. 

Ascian,  as'si-an,  n.  [L.  ascius,  Gr.  askios — 
a,  priv.,  and  sHa,  a  shadow.]  One  who 
has  no  shadow;  an  inhabitantof  the  torrid 
zone  when  the  sun  is  in  the  zenith. 

Ascidian,  as-sid'i-an,  n.  (Gr.  askidion,  a 
little  bottle.]  One  of  certain  marine  mol- 
luscous animals  of  a  low  type,  having 
frequently  the  shape  of  a  double-necked 
bottle,  often  found  on  the  beach  at  low 
water  or  attached  to  rocks,  shells,  &c.;  a 
sea-squirt ;  a  tunicate  animal.  —  Ascidi- 
form,  as-sid'i-form,  a.  Shaped  like  an  as- 
cidian; bottle-shaped. — Ascidium,  as-sid'i- 
um,  n.  £ot.  a  pitcher -like  appendage 
found  in  some  plants  and  formed  by  a 
modified  leaf. 

Ascites,  as-si'tez,  n.  [Gr.  askos,  a  bladder.] 
Med.  dropsy  of  the  abdomen,  or  of  the 
peritoneal  cavity. — Ascitic,  Ascltical,  as- 
sit'ik,  as-sit'ik-al,  a.  Relating  to  ascites; 
dropsical. 

Ascititious,  as-si-tish'us,  o.  Same  as  Ad- 
sciiitiotis. 

Asqlepiadic,  as-kl5'pi-ad"ik,  a.  [From  As- 
clepiadis,  a  Greek  poet,  who  invented  this 
metre.]  Pros,  consisting  of  four  feet,  a 
spondee,  two  choriambi,  and  an  iambus. 

Ascribe,  as-krib',  v.t. — ascribed,  ascribing. 
[L.  ascribo — ad,  to,  and  scribo,  to  write. 
Scribe.]  To  attribute,  im.pute,  or  refer, 
as  to  a  cause;  to  assign;  to  set  down;  to 
attribute,  as  a  quality  or  appurtenance. — 
Ascribable.  as-krib 'a-bl,  o.  Capable  of 
being  ascribed  or  attributed.— Ascription, 
as-krip'shon,  n.  The  act  of  ascribing. — 
Ascriptitioos,  as-kiip-tish'us,  a.  [L.  as- 
eriptitiuSi  enrolled  as  a  soldier,  bound.] 
Bound  or  attached  to  the  soil :  ai)plied  to 
serfs  or  villeins  annexed  to  the  freehold 
and  transferable  with  it. 

Ascos,  asTtus,.?!.  pi.  Asci,  as'ki.  [Gr.  askos, 
a  leather  bottle.]  Bot.  one  of  the  little 
membranous  bags  or  cells  in  which  the 
spores  of  lichens,  some  fungi,  and  some 
other  cryptogams  are  produced. 

Asexual,  a-seks'u-al,  o.  [Prefix  o, neg., and 
sexual.]-  Not  Fextial;  having  no  distinc- 
tive organs  of  sex,  or  imperfect  organs; 
performed  without  the  union  of  males  and 
females.  —  Asezually,  a-seks'u-al-li,  adv. 
In  an  asexual  manner. 

Ash,  ash,  n.  [A.  Sax.  <B.?C"=Icel.  cwArr,  Sw. 
ana  Ban.  ask,  D.  esch,  G.  esdie.']  A  well- 
known  tree  cultivated  extensively  for-its 
hard  and  tough  timber;  the  timber  of  this 
tree. — Ash,  Ashen,  ash,  ash'en;  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  like  the  ash;  made  of  ash. 

Ash,  aih,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cesce,  .asce — a  word 
common  to  the  Teutonic  tongues.]  What 
remains  of  a  body  that  is  burnt;  the  dust 
or  powdery  substance  to  which  a  body  is 
reduced  by  the  action  of  fire:  generally 
used  in  the  plural;  incombustible  residue; 
the  remains  of  a  human  body  when  burnt 
or  otherwise  decayed;  Jig.  a  corpse.i-.AsA 
Wednesday,  the  first  day  of  Lent,  so  called 
from  the  ancient  custom  of  sprinkling 
ashes  on  the  heads  of  penitents  on  that 
day.— Ashery,  ash'6r-i,  n.  A  pit  or  hole  for 
ashes. — Ashy,  ash'i,  a.  Composed  of  or  re- 
sembling ashes;  lifeless  and  pale. — Ashy- 
pale,  a.    Pale  or  white  as  ashes. 

Ashame,  a-sham',  v.t. — ashamed,  ashamirw. 
[Prefix  a,  intens.,  for  of,  and  shame.]  To 
make  ashamed;  to  shame. — Ashamed,  a- 
shilmd',  p.  and  a.  Affected  or  touched  by 
shame;  feeling  shame;  exhibiting  shame 
(an  ashamed  look):  with  of  before  the  ob- 
\ect.— Ashamedly,  a-sham'ed-li,  adv.  In  a 
shamefaced  manner. 

Ashlar,  Ashler,  ash'l^r,  Vi.  [0.  Fr.  aisselle. 
aissil,  a  shingle,  from  L.  assida,  a  small 
boartl,  a  chip  or  splinter.)  Common  free- 
stones rough  from  the  quarry;  a  facing 


made  of  squared' stones  on  the  front  cf 
buildings;  hewn  stone  for  such  facing. 
Ashore,  a-shor',  adv.  On  the  shore,  bank, 
or  beach ;  on  the  land  adjacent  to  water; 
to  the  shore. 
Asian,  a'shi-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Asia,  one 
of  the  continents  of  the  globe.— Asiatic, 
a-shi-at'ik,  a.  Belonging  to  Asia  or  its  in- 
habitants.— n.  A  native  of  Asia. 

Aside,  a-sid',  adv.  On  or  to  one  side;  to  or 
at  a  short  distance  ofT;  apart;  away  from 
some  normal  direction ;  out  of '  one's 
thoughts,  consideration,  or  regard;  away; 
olf  (to  lay  cares  aside);  so  as  not  to  be  heard, 
or  supposed  not  to  be  heard,  by  some  one 
present. — Aside,  a'Sid',  n.  Something 
spoken  and  not  heard,  or  supposed  not  to 
be  heard  by  some  one  present,  as  some- 
thing uttered  by  an  actor  on  the  stage. 

Asinine.    Under  Ass. 

Ask,  aSk,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  ascian,  acsian,  axian 
=iDan.  (eske,  D.  eischen,  O.Fris.  askia,  O.G. 
eisc6n.]  To  request;  to  seek  to  obtain  by 
words;  to  petition  (with  o/ before  the  per- 
son); to  require,  expect,  or  claim;  to  de- 
mand; to  interrogate  or  inquire  of;  to 
question;  to  inquire  concerning;  to  seek 
to  be  informed  about  (to  ask  the  way);  to 
invite.  (This  verb  may  take  two  objectives; 
as,  to  ask  a,  person  the  time.]— u.i.  To  make 
a  request  or  petition  (with  for  before  an 
object);  to  inquire  or  seek  by  request  (often 
followed  by  after).— Asker,  ask'er,  n.'  One 
who  a«ks;  a  que§tioner,inquirer,petitioner. 

Askance,  a-skans',  adv.  [Etymology  doubt- 
ful; perhaps  It.  scansare,  to  slip  aside.] 
Sideways;  obliquely;  out  of  one  comer  of 
the  eye.— Askant,  a-skant',  adv.  A  less 
common  form  of  Askance. 

Askew,  a-sku',  adv.  In  an  oblique  or  skew 
position;  obliquely;  awry. 

Aslant,  a-slant',  a.  or  adv.  Slantwise;  on 
one  side;  obliquely;  not  perpendicularly  or 
at  right  angles. 

Asleep,  a-slep',  a.  or  adv.  In  or  into  a  state 
of  sleep;  at  rest. 

Aslope,  a-slop',  a.  or  adv.  Sloping;  deflected 
from  the  perpendicular. 

Asp,  Aspic,  asp,  as'pik,  n.  [L.  and  Gr. 
aspis,  an  asp.]  A  deadly  species  of  viper 
found  in  Egypt;  also,  a  species  of  viper 
found  on  the  continent  of  Europe. 

Asparagus,  as-par'a-gus,n.  (Gr.  asparagos.] 
A  perennial  herb  of  the  lily  family  cul- 
tivated in  gardens,  the  young  shoots  be- 
ing used  at  table. 

Aspect,  as'pekt,  n.  [L.  aspecttts,  from  as- 
picio,  to  look  on — ad,  to,  and  specio,  to  see 
or  look.]  Look;  view;  appearance  to  the 
eye  or  the  mind  (to  present  a  subject  in  its 
true  aspect) ;  countenance  ;  look  or  par- 
ticular appearance  of  the  face;  mien;  air  (a 
severe  aspect);  view  commanded;  prospect; 
outlook  (a  house  with  a  southern  aspect); 
astrol.  the  situation  of  one  planet  with 
respect  to  another. 

Aspen,  asp'en,  n.  (A.  Sax:  aspen,  aspe,  th« 
aspen;  D.  esp,  Icel.  osp,  Sw.  and  Dan.  ai,p. 
G.  espe,  the  aspen -tree.]  A  species  of 
poplar  that  has  become  proverbial  for  the 
trembling  of  its  leaves,  which  mo\  e  with 
the  slightest  impulse  of  the  air. 

Asperate,t  as'ptr-at,  v.t. — asperated,  asper- 
ating. [L.  a«pero,  from asper,  rough.]  To 
make  rough  or  uneven. — Asperation,!  as- 
p6r-a'shon,  n.  A  making  or  becoming 
rough. 

Aspergill,  Asperc^V.us,  as'pSr-jil.as-pfr-jil'- 
lus,  n.  [Dim.  from  L.  as})ergo,  to  sjirinkle 
— ad,  to, and  spargo,  to  sprinkle.]  R.  Culh. 
Ch.  the  brush  used  for  sprinkling  holy 
water  on  the  people,  said  to  have  been 
originally  made  of  hyssop. 

Asperity,  as-per'i-ti,  n.  ( L.  asperitiis,  from 
asper,  rough.]  The  quality  or  state  of  be- 
ing  rough;  roughness  or  harshness  to  the 
touch,  taste,  hearing,  or  feelings;  tartness; 
crabbedness;  severity:  acrimony.    ■ 

Aspennous,  Aspermatous,  a-sperm'us,  a- 
sptrm'a-tus.a.  tGr.a,without,ands/)e»-nia, 
seed.]    Bot.  destitute  of  seed. 

Asperse,  as-pers',  v.t.— aspersed,  aspersing. 
[L.  aspergo,  aspersus — ad,  and  spargo,  to 
scatter  or  sprinkle.]  To  bespatter  with 
foul  reports  or  false  and  injurious  charges; 
to  slander  or  calumniate. — Asperser,  a's- 
p^rs'er,  n.  One  that  asperses  or  vilifies 
another.  —  Ai^rsion,  as-p6r'shon,  n.    A 


Fate,  far,  fat,  f«ll;/vme,  met,  h6r;-^pme,  t»in;^iirit.«,  m^.,  mnvp;  ^  t.nlx-,  tn^,  bull;  —  oilj  ]t>9undj^^,ii.  Sc.  abtme— theJFr^wA 


ASPHALT 


41 


ASSIG^ 


8prinklmg,asof  water(S/iafc.)t;  the  spread- 
ing of  calumnious  reports  or  charge.^;  cal- 
umny; censirre.  —  Aspersive,  Aspersory, 
as-pers'iv,  as-p6r'so-ri,  a.  Tending  to  as- 
perse;defamatory;calumnious;  slanderous. 
Asphalt,  as-falt',  n.  IGr.  asphaltos,  from 
the  Phoenician.]  The  most  common  variety 
of  bitumen;  mineral  pitch;  a  black  or 
brown  substance  which  melts  readjly  and 
has  a  strong  pitchy  odour;  a  mixture  of 
asphalt  or  bitumen  and  sand  or  other  sub- 
stances, ui>ed  for  pavements,  floors,  the 
lmmgottj,nks,&c.— Asphalt  rock  or  stone, 
a  dark  -  coloured  bituminous  limestone 
found  in  Switzerland  and  elsewhere. — 
Asphaltic,  as-falt'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
containing  asphalt;  bituminous. 
Asphodel,  as'fo-del,  n.  [Gr.  asphodelos.'] 
The  name  given  to  various  species  of 
plants  of  the  lily  family:  the  asphodel  of 
the  older  English  poets  is  the  daffodil. 
Asphyxia,  Asphyxy,  as-fik'si-a,  as-fik'si.  n. 
LGr.  asphyxia— a,  priv.,  and  sphyxis,  the 
pulse,  from  sphyzo,  to  throb.]  Suspended 
animation  or  loss  of  consciousneos,  with 
temporary  stopjiage  of  the  heart's  action, 
caused  by  interrupted  respiration,  parti- 
cularly from  suffocation  or  drowning,  or 
the  inhalation  of  irrespirable  gases.— As- 
phyxial,  as-fik'si-al,  a.  Relating  td  as- 
phyxia; resulting  from  or  indicating 
asphyxia.  —  Asphyxiate,  as-fik'si-at,  v.t. 
To  bring  to  a  state  of  asphyxia;  to  cause 
asphyxia  in. —Asphyxiation,  as-fik'si-a"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  causing 'asphyxia ;  a 
state  of  asphyxia. 
Aspic,  Aspick.  See  Asp. 
Aspick,  as'pik,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  spiea,  -a 
spike  or  ear  of  com.]  A  species  or  laven- 
der growing  in  France,  and  yielding  a 
white,  aromatic,  and  very  inflammable 
oil,  used  by  painters,  &c. 
Aspic,  as'pik,  n.  [Fr.;  origin  unknown.?  A 
dish  consisting  of  a  clear,  savoury,  meat 
jelly,  and  containing  fowl,  game,  fish,  &c. 
Aspire,  as-pir*,  v.i. — aspired,  aspiring.  [L. 
aspiro,  to  breathe— ad,  to,  and  spiro,  to 
Ijreathe,  to  endeavour  after  (in  expire, 
respire,  &c.).  Spikit.]  To  desire  with 
eagerness;  to  pant  after  a  great'  or  noble 
object;  to  aim  at  something  elevated  or 
above  one;  to  be  ambitious:  followed  by 
to  or  after ;  to  ascend;  to  tower;  to  point 
upward;  to  soar.— Aspirant,  as-pir'ant,  ». 
One  who  aspires  or  seeks  with  eagerness; 
a  candidate.  —  Aspirate,  as'pi-rat,  v.t.  — 
aspirated,  aspirating.  To  pronounce  with 
a  breathing  or  audible  emjssion'Of  breath; 
to  pronounce  with  such  a  sound  as  our 
letter  h  has;  to  add  an  /t-sound  to  (the 
word  horse  is  aspirated,  but  not  the  word 
hour).— 11.  An  aspirated  sound  like  that  of 
h;  the  letter  h  itself,  or  any  mark  of  aspi- 
ration.—Aspiration,  as-pi-ra'shon/ji.  The 
act  of  aspirating ;  an  aspirated  sound ; 
the  act  of  aspiring  or  of  ardently  desiring; 
an  ardent  wish  or  desire  chiefly  after  what 
is  great  and  good.— ;Aspiratory,  as-pir'a- 
to-ri,  a.  Pertainingto  Dreathing;  suited 
to  the  inhaling  of  air.— Aspirer,  as-pir'ftr, 
n.  One  who  aspires;  an  aspirant.— Aspir- 
ing, as-pir!ing,  o.  Having  an,  ardent  de- 
sire of  power,  importance,  or  excellence; 
ambitious.— Aspiringly,  as-pir'ing-li,  adv. 
In  an  aspiring  or  ambitious  manner. — 
Aspiringness,  as-pir'ing-nes,  n. 
Asportation,  as-pOr-ta'shon,  n.  [L.  aspor- 
talio—abs,  from,  and  porto,  to  carry.]  A 
carrying  away;  specifically,  the  felonious 
removal  of  goods  from  the  place  where 
they  were  deposited. 

Asquint,  a-skwint',  adv.  In  a  squinting 
manner;  not  in  the  straight  line  of  vision; 
obliquely. 

Ass,  as,  n.  [A.  Sax.  assa,  a  male  ass,  asse, 
the  female,  also  esol,  asal;  GotH;  asilus, 
D.  ezel,  a.  esel,  Icel.  asni,  asna,  Dan.  ase», 
Lith.  asilas,  Gael,  asal,  W.  asyn,  L.  asin- 
■us;  ultimate  origin  unluiown.]  A  well- 
known  quadruped  of  the  horse  family, 
supposed  to  be  a  native  of  Asia,  in  parts 
of  which  vast  troops  roam  in  a  wild  state; 
from  the  slowness  and  want  of  spirit  of 
the  domestic  ass,  the  type  .of  obstinacy 
and  stupidity ;  hence,  a  dull,  stupid  fel- 
low; a  dolt;  a  blockhead.— Asinine,  as'i- 
nin,  a.  (L.  asininus,  from  asinus,  an  ass.] 
Belonging  to  or  having  the  qualities  of  an 


ass;  absurdly  stupid  or  obstinate.— Also 
Assish,  as'ish. 

Assafuetida,  n.  Same  as  Asafetida. 
Assagai,  as'sa-g&,  n.  fPg.  azayaia.  As.  al- 
zagaya — al,  the,  and  za  jaya-,  a  Berber  word 
for  a  kind  of  weapou.j  An  instrument  of 
warfare  among  the  Katlirs;  a  throwing 
spear ;  a  species  of  javelin. 

Assail,  as-sal',  v.t.  [Fr.  assaillir,  from  L. 
assilio,  to  leap  or  rush  upon  —  ai,  to,  and 
salio,  to  leap,  to  ribe.  Assault.]  To  fall 
upon  with  violence;  to  set  upon;  assault; 
attack,  with  actual  weapons  or  with  argu- 
ments, censure,  abuse,  criticism,  CTitreat- 
ies,  or  the  like.  .'.  Assail  is  not  so  strong 
as  assault,  which  implies  more  violence, 
and  is  more  frequently  used  iti  a  figui'ative 
sense.— AssailaDle,  as-sal'a-bl.a.  Capable 
of  being  assailed.— Assailant,  as-sal'ant,  n. 
One  who  assails,  attacks,  or  assaults. — 
a.  Assaulting;  attacking.  —  Assailer,  as- 

-  sal'ir,  n.    One  who  assails. 

Assapan,  Assapanic,  as-sa-pan',  as-sa-pan'- 
ik,  n.  [American  Indian.]  A  North  Ame- 
rican species  of  llying-squirrel. 

Assassin,  as-sas'sin, n.  [Ar.hashdshin,ha8h- 
ishin,  one  who  murders  when  infuriated 
by  hashish,  a  maddojiiiig  drink  made  from 
hemp.]  One' of  a  strange  sect  in  Palestine 
in  the  time  oi  the  Crusades,  the  followers 
of  the  Old  Man  of  the  Mountains,  distin- 
guished for  tTieir  secret  murders;  one  who 
kills  or  attempts  to  kill  by  surprise  or 
secret  assault;  a  secret  murderer;  a  cut- 
throat.— Assassinate,  as-sas'sin -at,  v.t. — 
assassinated,  assassinating.  To  kill  or 
attempt  to  kill  by  surprise  or  secret  as- 
sault; to  murder  by  sudden  'violence. — 
n.J  [Fr.  assassinat.]  An  assassin;  assassin- 
ation.—Assassination,  as-sas'sin-a"shon,n. 
The  act  of  assassinating;  a  killing  or 
murdering  by  surprise  orsecret  assault. — 
Assassinator,  as-sas '  sin-at-^r,  n.  An  as- 
sassin. 

Assault,  as-salt',  n.  [O.Fr.  assault  (Fr.  as- 
saut),  from  L.L.  assaults,  from  L.  ad,  to, 
and  saltus,  a  leap,  from  sdlio,  to  leap. 
Assail,  insult,  result,kc.,  are  akin.]  An 
attack  or  violent  onset ;  an  onslaught ;  a 
violent  attack  with  the  intention  of  in- 
juring a  person;  specifically,  a  sudden  and 
vigorous  attack  on  a  fortified '  post ;  a 
storm. — Assault  at  arms,  a  name  some- 
times given  to  an  exhibition  of  fencing  or 
similar  military  exercises. —v.*.  To  fall 
upon  by  violence  or  with  a  hostile  inten- 
tion; to  fall  on  with  force;  to  assail.  As- 
sail.—Assaulter,  as-salt '6r,  n.  One  who 
assaults. 

Assay,  as-sa',  n.  [O.Fr.  assai,  essay,  a  trial, 
examination,  essayer,  to  test,  from  L.  ex- 
agium,  Gr.  exagion,  a  weighing — ex,  out, 
ago,  to  brinfe.  Essay  is  the  same  word.] 
Examination;  trial;  the  trial  of  the  good- 
ness, purity,  weight,  value,  &c.,  of  metals 
or  metallic  substances,  especially  gold  and 
silver,  their  ores  and  alloys.— Assay,  as- 

.  sa',  v.t.  To  make  any  assay  of;  to  examine 
by  trial ;  to  test  the  purity  or  metallic 
constituents  of;  to  attempt,  endeavour, 
essay  (Shak.)X. — Assayer,  as-sa'er,  m.  One 
who  assays. 

Assegai,  n.    Same  as  Assagai. 

Assemble,  as-sem'hl,  v.t.—assemhled, ass«»?i- 
bling.  [Fr.  assembler,  from  L.L.  assiviulo, 
to  assemble — L.  ad,  to,  and  simul,  toge- 
ther; akin  similar,  simulate,  assimilate, 
&c.;  same  root  as  E.  same.]  To  collect 
into  one  place  or  body;  to  bring  or  call 
together;  to  convene;  to  congregate;  to 
fit  together  (pieces  of  mechanism).— r.i. 
To  meet  or  come  together;  to  gather;  to 
convene; — Assemblage,  as-scm'blaj,  n.  The 
act  of  assembling,  or  state  of  being  assem- 
bled; a  collection  of  individuals  or  of  par- 
ticular things;  a  gathering  or  company. — 
Assembler,  as-sem'bl-6r,  n.  One  who  as- 
sembles.—  Assembly,  as-sem'bli,  n.  [Fr. 
assemblie.']  A  company  or  collection  of 
human  beings  in  the  same  place,  usually 

for  the  same  purpose;  the  name  given  to 
the  legislative  body  or  one  of  the  divisions 
of  it  in  various  states ;  a  ball,  especially  a 
subscription  .ball. — General  Assembly,  the 
chief  ecclesiastical  court  of  the  Estab- 
lished and  of  the  Free  Church  of  Scotland. 

Assent,  as-sent',  n.  [O.Fr.ossent— L.ad,and 
sentio,  to  think  (also  in  cotisent,  dissent, 


sense,  &<i.).]  The  act  of  the  mind  in  admii- 
ting  or  agreeing  to  the  truth  of  a  proposi- 
tion; consent;  concurrence;  acquiescence; 
agreement  to  a  proposal;  accord;  agree- 
ment; approval.— /ioj/aJ  assent,  the  appro- 
bation given  by  the  British  sovereign  in 
parliament  to  a  bill  .which  has  passed  both 
houses,  after  which  it  becomes  law. — v.i. 
To  express  an  agreement  of  the  mind  to 
what  is  alleged  or  proposed;  to  concur;  to 
acquiesce. — Assentation,  a8-sen-ta'sbon,n. 
[L.  assentaiio,  flattery,  from  assentor,  to 
assent  from  interested  motives,  to  flatter.] 
Flattery ;  adulation.  —  Assenter,  Assen- 
tient,  as-sent'er,  as-sen'shi-ent,  n.  One 
who  assents. — Assentisnt,  Assenti've,  as- 
sent'iv,  a.  Yielding  assent;  complying. 
Assert,  as-s6rt',  v.t.  [L.  assero,  assertum — 
ad,  to,  and  sero,  sertum,  to  join,  connect, 
bind,  from  root  of  series.]  To  support  the 
cause  or  claims  of  (rights,  liberties) ;  to 
vincHcate  a  claim  or  title  to;  to  affirm 
positively;  to  asseverate;  to  aver;  refi.  to 
come  forward  and  assume  one's  rights, 
claims,  &c. — Assertion,  as-ser'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  aflirming;  the  maintaining  of  a 
claim;  a  positive  declaration  or  averment; 
an aflirmation. — As8ertional,t  as-sershon- 
al,  a.  Containing  an  assertion. — Assertive, 
Assertory,  as-s6rt'iv,  as-strt'o-ri,  o.  Posi- 
tive; affirming  confidently;  peremptory; 
declaratory.  —  Assertively,  as-pert'iv-li, 
adv.  In  an  assertive  manner;  aflirmative- 
ly.— Assertor,  Asserter,  as-sert'^r,  n.  One 
who  asserts;  one  who  affirms  positively; 
one  who  maintains  or  vindicates. 
Assess,  as-ses,  v.t.-  [O.Fr.  assesser,  L.I/. 
assessare,  from  L.  assideo,  assessum,  to 
sit  beside,  and  hence  to  act  as  assessor — 
ad,  to,  and  sedeo,  to  sit;  akin  assiduous, 
residue,  sedentary,  &c.]  Gft)  set,  fix,  or 
charge  a  certain  sum  upon  (a  person),  by 
■way  of  tax ;  to  value,  as  property  or  the 
amount  of  yearly  income,  for  the  purpose 
of  being  taxed;  to  settle  or  determine  the 
amount  of  (damages).— Assessable,  as-ses'- 
a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  assessed;  liable 
to  be 'assessed. -^Assessably,  as-ses'a-bli, 
adv.  By  assessment.- Assessment,  as-ses'- 
ment,  n.  The  act  of  assessing;  a  valuation 
of  property,  profits,  or  income,  for  the 
purpose  of  taxation;  a  tax  or  specific  sum 
charged  on  a  persoif  or  property.— Assess- 
or, as-ses'6r,  n.  One  appointed  to  make 
assessments ;  an  officer  of  justice  who  sits 
to  assist  a  judge. — Assesaorial,  as-ses-so'- 
ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  assessor  or 
assessors. 

Asset,  as'set,  n.  [O.Fr.  aset,  assetz,  Fr.  as- 
sez,  enough,  from  L.  ad,  to,  and  satis, 
enough.]  An  article  of  goods  or  property 
available  for  the  payment  of  a  person's 
obligations  or  debts:  generally  used  in  the 
plural ;  any  portion  of  the  entire  effects 
belonging  to  a  person. 
Asseverate,  as-sev'fer-at,  v.t. — asseverated, 
asseverating.  [L.  assevero,  asseveratum — 
ad,  to,  and  seve^-us,  serious,  severe.]  To 
affirm  or  aver  positively,  or  with  solem- 
nity.—Asseveration,  a8-8ev'6r-a"shon,  n. 
The  act  of  asseverating ;  positive  affirma- 
tion or  assertion.- Asseveratory,  as-sev'- 
6r-a-to-ri,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  an  assever- 
ation; solemnly  or  positively  affirming, 
Assibilate,  a.s-sih'i-lat,v.t.—  assibilated,  as- 
sibilating.  To  make  sibilant,  as  a  letter. — 
Assibilation,  as-sib'i-la'.'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  assibilating. 

Assident,  as'si-dent,  a.  [L.  assidens — ad, 
and  sedeo,  to  sit.]  Accompanying;  con- 
comitant: applied  to  signs  or  symptoms  in 
med. 

Assiduous,  as-sid'O-us,  a.  [L.  assiduug, 
from  assideo,  to  sit  close — ad,  and  sedeo,  to 
sit.  Assess.]  Constant  in  application;  at- 
tentive; devoted:  unremitting;  perfoi-med 
vVith  constant  diligence  or  attention. — 
Assiduously,  as-sid'u-us-H,  adv.  In  an  as- 
siduous manner.  —  Assiduousness,  Assi- 
duity, as-sid'u-us-nes,  a8-si-du'i-ti,n.  The 
quality  of  being  assiduous;  constant  or 
diligent  application  to  any  husiness  or 
enterprise;  diligence. 

Assign, as-sin',  v.t.  [Fr.assigner,li.assigno 
— ad,  and  signo,  to  allot,  mark  out,  from 
signum,  a  mark  (whence  sign,  consign, 
&c.).]  To  mark  out  as  a  portion  allotted; 
to  apportion;  to  allot;  to  fix  or  specify; 


ch,  cAaia;     cA,  So.  IccA;     g,  ^o;     j.job;     u,  Fr.  toJi;     iig,iiing;     tb,  tlitiii;  ih,  thin;     w,  wig;     wh,  wAig;     zh,  azure. 


ASSIMILATE 


42 


ASTONISH^ 


Inw,  to  transfer  or  make  over  to  another. 
—  n.  A  iJerson  to  whom  property  or  an 
interest  is  transferred ;  an  assignee. — As- 
signable, as-sin'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
assigned.— Assignation,  as-sig-na'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  assigxiing  or  allotting;  the  act 
of  fixing  or  specifying ;  a  making  over  by 
transfer  of  title ;  an  appoinment  of  time 
and  place  for  meeting:  used  chiefly  of 
love-meetingB.— Assignee,  as-sin-5',  n.  A 
person  to  whom  an  assignment  is  made; 
a  person  appointed  or  deputed  to  perform 
some  act  or  business,  or  enjoy  some  right. 
— Assigner,  Assignor,  as-sin'6r,  as-sin-or", 
n.  One  who  assigns  or  appoints.— Assign- 
ment, as-sin'ment,  n.  The  act  of  assign- 
ing, fixing,  or  specifying ;  the  writing  by 
which  an  interest  is  transferred. — Assig- 
nat,  as'sig-nat  or  as-sin-ya,  n.  TFr.,  from 
L.  assignatus,  assigned.]  A  public  note  or 
l)ill  in  France  during  the  first  revolution. 

Assimilate,  as-sim '  il-at,  v.t. — assimilated, 
assimilating.  [L.  assimilo  —  ad,  to,  and 
siniilis,\ike.  Assemble.]  To  make  alike;  to 
cause  to  resemble;  to  absorb  and  incorpo- 
rate (food)  into  the  system;  to  incorporate 
with  organic  tissues;  to  liken  or  comparet. 
— v.i.  To  become  similar ;  to  harmonize ; 
to  become  incorporated  with  the  body;  to 
perform  the  act  of  converting  food  to  the 
substance  of  the  body.  —  Assimilability, 
as-sim'il-a-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
assimilable.  —  Assimilablej  as-sim'il-a-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  assimilated.— Assim- 
ilation, as-sim 'il-a"shon,  n.  The  act  or 
process  of  assimilating  or  being  assimil- 
ated ;  the  process  by  which  animals  and 
plants,  convert  and  absorb  nutriment  so 
that  it  becomes  part  of  the  substances 
composing  them. —Assimilative,  Assim- 
ilatory,  as-sim'il-at-iv,  as-sim'il-a-to-ri,  a. 
Having  the  power  of  assimilating;  tend- 
ing to  assimilate;  producing  assimilation. 

Assist,  as-sist',  v.t.  [Fr.  (fssister,  to  stand 
by,  help;  L.  assisto—ad,  to,  and  sisto,  to 
stand,]  To  help;  to  aid;  to  succour. — v.i. 
To  lend  aid;  to  be  present;  to  take  part  in 
a  ceremony  or  discussion.— Assistance,  as- 
sist'ans,  n.  Help;  aid;  succour;  a  contri- 
hytion  in  aid. — Assistant,  as-sist'ant,  a. 
Helping ;  lending  aid  or  support ;  auxil- 
iary.— n.  One  who  aids  or  assists  another; 
one  engaged  to  work  along  with  another; 
£m  auxiliary. — Assister,  as-sist'6r,  n.  An 
assistant. 

Aissize,  Assise,  as-siz',  n.  [Fr.  assises,  as- 
sizes, assise,  a  fixed  rate,  a  tax,  from  L. 
assideo,  to  be  an  assessor.  Assess.]  A  jury 
or  similar  assemblyt ;  the  periodical  ses- 
sions held  at  stated  intervals  by  at  least 
two  judges  in  each  of  the  counties  of  Eng- 
land and  Wales  (except  Middlesex),  for 
the  pujposeof  tryingcriminal  and  certain 
other  cases  before  a  jury:  generally  in  the 
plural ;  an  ordinance;  a  decree;  an  assess- 
ment ;  particularly,  an  ordinance  former- 
ly fixing  the  weight,  measure,  and  price  of 
articles  (hence  the  word  si^e). — v.t. — as- 
sized,  assising;  assised,  assising.  To  fix  the 
weignt,  measure  or  price  of;  to  fix  the 
rate  of;  to  assess  J. — Assizer,  as-siz'^r,  n. 
An  officer  who  has  the  care  or  inspection 
of  weights  and  measures. 

Associate,  as-so'shi-at,  v.t.— associated,  as- 
sociating. [L.  associo,  associatuwr-ad,  to, 
and  socius,  a  companion.  Social.]  To 
join  in  company  (another  with  ourselves); 
to  adopt  as  a  partner,  companion,  and 
the  like;  to  join  or  connect  intimately 
(things  together);  to  unite;  to  combine. — 
v.i.  To  unite  in  company ;  to  join  in  a 
confederacy  or  association.— a.  Joined  in 
interest,  ol^ject,  office,  &c.;  combined  to- 
gether; joined  with  another  or  others. 
—M.  A  companion;  a  mate;  a  fellow;  a 
partner ;  a  confederate ;  an  accomplice ; 
an  ally. — Associable,  as-so'shi-a-Dl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  associated;  compan- 
ionable; social.  —  Assoclability,  Associa- 
bleness,  as-so'shi-a-bil"i-ti,  as-so'shi-a-bl- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  associable. — 
Associateship,  as-so'shi-at-ship,  n.  The 
state  or  office  of  an  associate.— Association, 
as-so'8hi-a"8hon,  n.  The  act  of  associating 
or  state  of  being  associated ;  connection; 
union ;  a  society,  the  members  of  which 
are  united  by  mutual  interests  or  for  a 
common  purpose ;    phUos.  the  tendency 


which  one  idea,  feeling,  &c..  has  for  one 
reason  or  another  to  recall  another. — 
Associational,  as-so'8hi-S."ghon-aI,  a.  Per- 
taining to  association. — Associative,  as- 
sS ' shi-at-iv,  a.  Capable  of  associating; 
tending  to  associate  or  unite ;  leading  to 
association. 

Assoil,}:  as-soil',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  assoiler,  from 
L.  absolvo,  to  absolve.]  To  solve ;  to  re- 
lease; to  acquit. — Assoilzie,  as-soil'ye,  v.t. 
Scots  law.  to  acquit ;  to  pronounce  inno- 
cent; to  absolve. 

Assonant,  as'so-nant,  a.  [L.  assonans,  ppr. 
of  assono — ad,  to,  and  sono,  to  sound.] 
Having  a  resemblance  of  sounds;  pros. 
rhyming  only  so  far  as  thf  vowels  are 
concerned. — Assonance,  as'so-nans,  n.  Ke- 
semblance  of  sounds;  pros,  a  species  of 
imperfect  rhyme  which  consists  in  using 
the  same  vowel  with  different  consonants. 

Assort,  as-sort',  v.t.  [Fr.  assortir,  to  sort, 
to  assort — as  for  L.  ad,  to,  and  sors,  sortis, 
a  lot.  Sort.]  To  separate  and  distribute 
into  sorts,  classes,  or  kinds;  to  furnish  with 
a  suitable  variety  of  goods  (to  assort  a 
cargo) ;  to  adapt  or  suit. — v.i.  To  agree;  to 
suit  together;  to  associate;  to  keep  com- 
pany.—Assortment,  as-sort'ment,  n.  The 
act  of  assorting;  a  collection  of  things 
assorted. 

Asstiage,  as-swaj',  v.t—assiiaged,  assvaging. 
[O.Fr.  ass6uager,  assouagier,  from  L.  ad, 
to,  and  sudvis,  sweet.]  To-  allay,  mitigate, 
ease,  or  lessen  (pain  or  grief);  to  moderate; 
to  appease  or  pacify  (passion  or  tumult). — 
Assuagement,  aa-swaj'ment,  n.  The  act 
of  assuaging ;  mitigation ;  abatement. — 
Assuager,  as-swaj'6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  assuages  or  allays. — Assuasive,t  as- 
swa'siv,  a.  Softening;  mitigating;  tran- 
quillizing. 

Assuetude,!  as'sw5-tud,  n.  [L.  assueiudo, 
from  assuetus,  part,  of  assuesco,  to  accus- 
tom.]   Custom;  habit;  habitual  use. 

Assume,  as-sQm',  v.t. — assumed,  assuming. 
[L.  assumo—ad,  to,  and  sum/),  to  take,  also 
seen  in  consume,  presume,  sumptuous,  &c.] 
To  take  upon  one's  self;  to  take  on;  to  ap- 
pear in  {assume  a  figure  or  shape) ;  to  ap^ 
propriate;  to  take  for  granted;  suppose  as 
a  fact;  to  pretend  to  possess;  to  put  on  {as- 
sume a  wise  air).— r.i.  To  be  arrogant;  to 
claim  more  than  is  due;  law,  to  undertake 
or  promise.— Assumer,  as-sQm'6r,  n.  One 
who  assumes.  —  Assuming,  as-sQm'ing,  a. 
Putting  on  airs  of  superiority ;  haughty ; 
arrogant;  overbearing.  —  Assuinption,  as- 
sum'shon,  n.  [L.  assumptio.]  The.  act  of 
assuming;  a  taking  upon  one's  self;  the 
act  of  taking  for  granted;  supposition;  the 
thing  supposed;  a  postulate  or  proposition 
assumed;  a  festival  in  honour  of  the  mir- 
aculous ascent  to  heaven  of  the  Virgin 
Mary,  celebrated  by  the  Roman  and  Greek 
churches. — Assumptive,  as-,sam'tiv,  a. 
Capable  of  being  assumed;  assumed.— As- 
sumptively,  as-sum'tiv-li,  adv.  In  an  as- 
sumptive manner;  by  way  of  assumption. 

Assure,  a-shiir',  v.t— assured,  assuring.  [Fr. 
assurer,  O.Fr.  asseiirer,  L.L.  assecurare — 
L.  ad,  to,  and  securus,  secure.]  To  make 
(a  person^  sure  or  certain ;  to  convince  (to 
assure  a  person  of  a  thing) ;  to  declare  or 
alHrm  solemnly  to;  to  confirm;  to  ensure; 
to  secure  (to  assure  success  to  a  person); 
to  insure  (one's  life  or  property) ;  to  em'- 
bolden  or  make  confident  (N.T.);  to  affi- 
ance or  betroth  {Shak.).  —  Assurable,  a- 
shOr'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  assured; 
suitable  for  insurance.  —Assurance,  a- 
shOr^ans,  n.  The  act  of  assuring;  a  pledge 
furnishing  ground  of  full  confidence;  firm 
persuasion;  certain  expectation;  undoubt- 
mg  steadiness;  intrepidity;  excess  of  bold- 
ness; impudence;  laudable  confidence; 
self-reliance;  insurance. — Assured,  a- 
shcSrd',  a.  Certain;  convinced;  not  doubt- 
ing or  doubtful;  bold  to  excess;  confident; 
having  life  or  goods  insured  (in  this  sense 
often  a  noun,  sing,  or  pi.). — Assuredly,  a- 
sh5r'ed-li,  adv.  Certainly;  indubitably.— 
Assuredness,  a-shflr'ed-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  assured;  certainty ;  full  confidence. 
— Assurer,  a-shOr'ftr,  n.  One  who  assures; 
an  insurer  or  underwriter.  —  Assuringly, 
a-shor'ing-li,  adv.  In  an  assuring  manner; 
in  a  way  to  create  assurance. 

AsTKrgent,  as-sfir'jent,  a.     [L.  assurgens. 


assurgeniis,  ppr.  of  assuj-go—ad,  to,  and 
surgo,  to  rise.  Surge.]  Rising  or  directed 
upward.  —  AssTirgency,t  as-sfer'jen-si,  n. 
The  act  of  rising  upward. 

Assyrian,  as-sir'i-an,  a.  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  Assyria  or  to  its  inhabitants.— n. 
A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Assyria;  the 
language  of  the  Assyrians.— Assyrlologist, 
as-sir'i-oI"o-jist,  n.  One  skilled  in  the  an- 
tiquities, language  (as  exhibited  in  the 
cuneiform  inscriptions),  &c.,  of  ancient 
Assyria. 

Astatic,. a-stat'ik,  a.  [Gr.  o,  priv.,  and'  root 
sta,  to  stand.]  Being  without  polarity. — 
Astatic  needle,  a  magnetic  needle  having 
its  directive  property  destroyed  by  the 
proximitj'  of  another  needle  of  the  same 
intensity  fixed  parallel  to  it,  but  with  the 
poles  reversed.  —  Astatically,  a-stat'ik-al- 
li,  adv.    In  an  astatic  manner. 

Astel,  as'tl,  n.  [O.Fr.  astelle,  L.  astuta,  a 
splint  or  chip.J  Mining,  a  board  or  plank; 
an  arch  or  ceiling  of  boards  over  the  men's 
head  in  a"  mine,  to  protect  them  from  any 
portion  of  the  roof  falling. 

Aster,  as  ter,  n.  [Qr.  aster,  a  star.]  A  large 
genus  of  composite  plants,  the  flowers  of 
which  somewhat  resemble  stars.- Asteria, 
as-te'ri-a,  n.  A  variety  of  sapphire,  show- 
ing a  star-like  opalescencein  the  direction 
of  the  axis,  if  cut  round. — Asteriated,  as- 
te'ri-at-ed,  a.  Radiated;  presenting  diverg- 
ing rays,  like  a  star.— Asterid,  Asteridan, 
as'ter-id,  as-tfer'i-dan,  n.  A  star-fish.— 
Asterisk,  as't6r-isk,  n.  [Gr.  asteriskos,  a 
little  star.]  The  figure  of  a  star,  thus  ", 
used  in  prmting  and  writing,  as  a  refer- 
ence to  a  note  or  to  fill  the  space  where 
something  is  omitted.— Astensm,  as't6r- 
izm,  n.  [Gr.  asterismos.]  A  small  collec- 
tion of  stars ;  an  asterisk,  or  several  aster- 
isks to^etherl-. 

Astern,  a-st6m',  adv.  In  or  at  or  toward 
the  stem  of  a  ship;  behind  a  ship;  back- 
ward; with  the  stem  foremost. 

Asteroid,  as'tfer-oid,  n.  [Gr.  aster,  a  star, 
and  eidos,  form.]  One  of  the  small  planets 
between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and  J  upiter, 
more  accurately  called  plar,£loids.  —  As- 
teroid, Asteroidal,  as't6r-oid,  as-t6r-oid'al, 
a.  Resembling  a  star;  pertaining  to  the 
asteroids,  or  to  the  star-fishes. 

Asterolepis,  as-tfer-ol'e-pis,  n.  [Gr.  astSr,  a 
star,  and  lepis,  a  scale.]  A  genus  of  gigan- 
tic ganoid  fishes  which  sometime&attained 
the  length  of  18  or  20  feet,  found  fossil  in 
the  olfl  red  sandstone. 

Asthenia,  Astheny,  as-th6-ni'a,  as'the-ni, 
n.  [Gr.  astheneia — a,  priv.,  and  sthenos, 
strength.]  Debility;  want  of  strength. — 
Asthenic,  as-then'ik,  a.  Characterized  by 
asthenia  or  debility.  —  Asthenolo^,  as- 
then-ol'o-ji,  n.  The  doctrine  of  diseases 
connected  with  debility. 

Asthma,  ast'ma,  n.  [Gr.  asthma,  short- 
drawn  breath.]  A  chronic  disorder  of  re- 
spiration, characterized  by  difliculty  of 
breathing,  a  cough,  and  expectoration. — 
Asthmatic,  Asthmatical,  ast-mat'ik,  ast- 
mat'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  asthma:  af- 
fected by  asthma.  — n.  A  person  troubled 
with  asthma.— Asthmatically,  ast-mat'ik- 
al-li,  adv.    In  an  asthmatical  manner. 

Astigmatism,  a-stig'mat-izm,  n.  (Gr.  a, 
neg,,  and  stigma,  stigmatos,  a  mark.]  A 
malformation  of  the  lens  of  the  eye,  such 
that  rays  of  light  are  not  brought  to  con- 
verge in  the  same  point. 

Astir,  a-ster',  adv.  or  a.  On  the  stir;  on  the 
move;  stirring;  active;  not  used  attribu- 
tively. 

Astomatous,  Astomons.  as-tom'a-tus,  as'- 
to-mus,  a.  [Gr.  a,  without,  and  stoma,  a 
mouth.]    V/ithout  a  mouth. 

Astonish,  as-ton'ish,  v.t.  [Partly  from 
O.Fr.  estonner,  L.L.  extonare,  lit.  to  make 
thunder-struck,  from  ex,  intens.,  and 
tono,  to  thunder;  partly  from  A.  Sax.  rts- 
tunian—d,  intensive,  and  stunian,to  stun.] 
To  strike  or  impress  with  wonder,  surprise, 
or  admiration ;  to  surprise ;  to  amaze ;  to 
stunt;  to  confound!.  —  Asfionishedly.f  as- 
ton'ish-ed-li,  adv.  In  an  astonished  man- 
ner.—Astonishing,  as-ton'ish-ing,  a.  Cal- 
culated to  astonish;  amazing;  wonderful. 
— Astonishingly,  as-tou'ish-ing-li,  adv.  In 
an  astonishing  manner.  —  Astonishing  - 
iiess,t  as-ton'ish-ing-nes,  n.  —  Astonisn- 


Fate,  fiir,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  b6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     ti,  Sc.  abuue— the  Fr.  v- 


ASTRADDLE 


43 


ATMIDOMETER 


mont,  as-ton'iBli-nient,  n.  The  state  or  ftiel- 
ing  of  being  astonished;  amazement;  great 
surprise ;  a  cause  or  matter  of  astomsh- 
ment  lO.T.).— Astony,  as-tO'ni,«;.^  [A.Saz. 
dsiiinian.'\  To  astonish;  to  terrify;  to  con- 
found. [Obs.  or  poet.  J— Astound,  as-touud', 
v.t.  IFor  old  astoune,  A.  Sax.  Astuman, 
withd  added,  as  in  sound,  expound.]  To 
astonish;  to  strike  dumb  with  amaze- 
ment.—AstOTinding,  as-tound'ing,  a.  Fit- 
ted or  calculated  to  astound;  causing 
terror;  astonishing.  —  A8tonndmeiit,t  as- 
tound'ment,  n.    Amazement. 

Astraddle,  a-slrad'l,  adv.  Straddling;  with 
one  leg  on  either  side;  astride. 

Astragal,  as'tra-gal,  n.  [Gr.  astragalos,  a 
huckle-bone,  a  moulding.]  A  small  semi- 
circular moulding  separating  the  shaft  of 
a  column  from  the  capital;  one  of  the  bars 
which  hold  the  panes  of  a  window ;  the 
huckle  or  ankle  bone;  the  upper  bone  of 
the  foot. 

Astrakhan,  aa'tra-kan,  n.  [From  Astra- 
khan in  Russia.)  A  rough  kind  of  cloth 
with  a  curled  pile. 

Astral,  as'tral,  a.  [L.  astralii,  from  astrum, 
a  star.]    Belonging  to  the  stars;  starry. 

Astray,  a-stra',  adv.  Having  strayed;  out 
of  the  right  way  or  proper  place. 

Astrict.t  as-trikt',  v.t.  IL.  astrictuni.  As- 
TKiNOE.] '  To  constrict;  to  contract;  to 
limit. —  Astriction,  as-trik'shou,  n.  The 
act  of  binding  close,  contracting,  or  re- 
stricting; limitation. -Astrictive,  as-trikt'- 
iv.  a.  Binding;  compressing. 

Astride,  a-strid',  adv.  With  one  leg  on  each 
«i<le;  with  the  legs  wide  apart. 

Astringe,t  as-trinj',  v.t.  —  astringed,  aa- 
iringing.  [L.  astringo—ad,  to,  and  stringo, 
to  strain.  Stkain.]  To  compress;  to  bind 
together.  —  Astringency,  as-trin'jen-si,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  astringent.— Astrin- 
gent, as-trin'jent,  a.  Contracting;  espe- 
cially contracting  the  organic  tissues  and 
canals  of  the  body,  and  thereby  check- 
ing or  diminishing  excessive  discharges. — 
n.  An  astringent  substance,  as  alum,  ca- 
techu, &c.  —  Astringently,  as-trin'jent-li, 
adv.    In  an  astringent  manner. 

Astrogeny,  as-troj'e-ni,  n.  [Ur.  astron,  a 
star,  and  root  yen,  to  produce.]  The  crea- 
tion or  evolution  of  the  celestial  bodies. — 
Astrognosy,  as-trog'uo-si,  n.  l-gnosi/,  fron^ 
Gr.  gnosis,  knowledge.]  Knowledge  of  the  , 
stars.  —  Astrography,  as-trog'ra-fi,  n.  A 
description  of,  or  the  art  of  describing,  the 
stars. 

Astrolabe,  as'tro-lab,  n.  [Gr.  astei',  a  star, 
and  root  lab,  seen  in  lamhano,  to  take.] 
Au  instrument  formerly  used  for  taking 
the  altitude  of  the  sun  or  stars  at  sea, 
now  superseded  by  the  quadrant  and  sex- 
tant. 

Astrolatry,  as-trol'a-tri,  n:  [Gr.  aster,  sfcir. 
latreia,  worship.  ]  The  worship  of  the 
stars. 

AstroUthoIogy,  as'tro-li-thol"p-3i,  w.  [Gr. 
aster,  star,  lithos,  stone,  logos,  discourse.] 
The  science  of  aerolites. 

Astrology,  as-trol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  astron,  a 
star,  and  logos,  discourse,  theory.]  The 
pseudo-science  which  pretends  to  enable 
men  to  discover  effects  and  influences  of 
the  heavenly  bodies  on  human  and  other 
muu.lane  affairs  and  to  foretell  the  future; 
astronomy  t.  —  Astrologer,  Astrologiau, 
as-trol'o-jer,  as-tro-lo'ji-an,  n.  One  who 
practises  astrology;  an  astronomer t. — 
Astrologic,  Astrological,  as-tro-loj'ik,  as- 
tro-loj'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  astrology. — 
Astrologically,  as-tro-loj'ik-al-li,  adv.  In 
an  astrological  manner. — Astrologize,  as- 
trolo-jiz,  v.i.    To  practise  astrology. 

Astrometer,  as-trom'et-er,  n.  [Gr.  astron, 
a  star,  and  meiron,  a  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment which  measures  the  stars  or  the 
light  of  the  stars. — Astrometry,  as-trom'- 
et-ri,  n.  The  art  of  determining  by  mea- 
surement the  relative  distances,  magni- 
tudes, &c.,  of  the  stars. 

Astronomy,  as-tron'o-mi,  «.  [Gr.  astron,  a 
star,  and  nonios,  alaworrule.J  The  science 
which  treats  of  the  celestial  bodies,  their 
nature.  magnitudQS,motions,distances,  pe- 
riodsof  revolution, &c.;  astrology  (S/tafc.)l. 
— Astronomer,  as-tron'o-mer,  n.  One  who 
is  versed   in  astronomy;    an   astrologer 

,  (5/iaA;.)t.— Astronomic,  Astronomical,  as- 


tro-nom  i'i,  .'!,s-tr!nuy;i'i;;-al,  a  Pertain- 
ing to  astronomy.  —  Astronomically,  as- 
tro-nom'ik-al-li,  adv.  In  an  astronomical 
manner;  b^'  the  principles  of  astronomy. — 
Astronomize,  as-tron'o-miz,  v.i.  To  study 
astronomy. 

Astncious,  as-ta'ehus,  a.  [Fr.  astiicieux, 
L.  astus,  craft.]  Astute;  crafty.— Astticity, 
as-tft'si-ti,  n.    Astuteness;  craftiness. 

Astute,  as-tut',  a.  [L.  astuius,  from  astua, 
craft,  subtlety.]  Of  a  shrewd  and  pene- 
trating turn;  cunning;  sagacious;  keen. — 
Astutely,  as-tut'li,  adv.  In  an  astute  man- 
ner ;  shrewdly ;  sharply;  cunningly. — As- 
tuteness, as-tat'nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  astute;  cunning;  shrewdness. 

Astylar,  a-sti'l6r,  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and  sty- 
los, a  column.]  Arch,  having  no  columns. 

Asunder,  a-sun'der,  adv.  In  sunder;  apart; 
into  parts;  separately. 

Asylum,  a-si'lum, n.  [L.  asylum,  Gr.  asylon 
— a,  priv.,  and  syla6,to  strip,  plunder.]  A 
sanctuary  or  place  of  refuge;  any  place  of 
retreat  and  security;  an  institution  for 
receiving  and  maintaining  persons  labour- 
ing under  certain  bodily  defects.or  mental 
maladies;  a  refuge  for  the  unfortunate. 

Asjnmmetry,  a-sim'met-ri,  n.  |Gr.  a,  pi-iv., 
and  symmetria,  symmetry.)  The  want  of 
symmetry  or  proportion  between  the  parts 
of  a  thing.— Asymmetrical,  a-sim-met'rik- 
al,  a.  Not  having  symmetri';  inharmoni- 
ous; not  reconcilable. 

Asymptote,  as'im-tot,  n.  [Gr.  asyrnptotos, 
not  falling  together — c,  priv.,  syn,  with, 
and  pipto,  to  fall;  viath.  a  line  which ap- 

g roaches  nearer  and  nearer  to  some  curve, 
ut  though  infinitely  extended  would 
never  meet  it.— Asymptotic,  Asymptoti- 
cal, as-im-tot'ik,  as-im-tot'ik-al,a.  Belong- 
ing to  or  having  the  character  of  an  as- 
ymptote. —Asymptotically,  as-im-tot'ik- 
al-li,  adv.   In  an  asymptotic  manner. 

Asynartete,  a-sin'ar-tet,  a.  [Gr.  asynar- 
tctos—a,  not,  syn,  with,  artuo,  to  fasten-.] 
Dis  onnected;  not  fitted  or  adjusted. 

Asyndeton,  a-siu'de-ton,  n.  [Gr.  a,  priv., 
syn,  together,  deO,  to  bind.]  A  figure  of 
speech  by  which  connectives  are  omitted ; 
as,  veni,  vidi,  vici ;  I  came,  I  saw,  I  con- 
quered.—Asyndetic,  as-in-det'ik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  characterized  by  tlie  use  of 
asyndeton. 

At,  at,  prep.  [A.  Sax.  nt,  Goth.  O.  Sax. 
Icel.  at,  Dan.  ad,  O.U.G.  az;  allied  to  L. 
ad,  to,  Skr,  adhi,  upon.]  Denotinfj  coinci- 
dence or  contiguity:  in  time  (at  tirstl;  tji 
space  (at  home,  at  church);  in  occupation 
or  condition  [at  work,  at  prayer);  in  degree 
OT  condition  {at  )>est,a<  the  worst);  in  effect, 
as  coincident  with  the  cause  (at  the  sight); 
in  relation,  .a.s  existing  between  two  ob- 
jects {at  your  command) ;  in  value  {at  a 
shilling  a  head);  also,  direction  towards 
(fire  at  the  target). — At  large,  at  libertj'; 
unconfined;  also,  generally;  as  a  whole 
(the  country  at  large). 

Atacamite,  at-a-ka'mit,  n.  [From  A  tacama, 
in  Chili.]  A  copper  ore  occurring  abun- 
dantly in  some  parts  of  S.  America. 

Ataghan,  at'a-gan,  n.    Yataghan. 

Atavism,  at'a-vizm,  n.  [Ij.  atavus,  an  an- 
cestor.] The  resemblance  of  offspring  to  a 
remote  ancestor;  the  return  or  reversion 
among  animals  to  the  original  type;  rued. 
the  recurrence  of  any  peculiarity  or  diisease 
of  an  ancestor. 

Ataxia,  Ataxy,  a-tak'si-a,  at'ak-si,  n.  [Gr. 
a,  priv.,  and  taxis,  order.]  Want  of  order; 
disturbance;  med.  irregularity  in  the  func- 
tions of  the  body  or  in  the  crisis  and  parox- 
ysms of  disease.— Ataxic,  a-tak'sik,  a.  Ir- 
regular ;  disorderly ;  characterized  by  ir- 
regularity. 

Atchievemeut,  at-ch5v'ment,  m.  A  hatch- 
ment. 

Ate,  at.    The  preterit  of  eat  (which  see). 

Atechnic,t  a-tek'nik,  n.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
techne,  art.]  A  person  unacquainted  with 
art,  especially  with  its  technology.  —  a. 
Destitute  of  a  knowledge  of  art. 

Atelier,  at-le-a,  n.  [Fr.,  a  workshop.]  A 
workshop;  specifically,  the  workroom  of 
sculptors  and  painters. 

A  tempo.ii  tem'po.  [It.|  JfMSic,  a  direction 
that,  after  any  change  of  movement,  the 
original  movement  be  restored. 

Athalamous,  a-thal'a-mus,  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv., 


ihalamos,  bed.]  Bot.  not  furnished  with 
shields  or  beds  for  the  spores. 
Athanasian,  ath-a-na'si-an,  a.  Pertaining 
to  Athaiwsius,  bishop  of  Alexandria,,  in 
the  fourth  centviry.— Athanasian  creed,  a 
creed  of  the  Christian  church,  erroneously 
attributed  to  Athauasius,  and  also  as- 
cribed to  Hilary,  bishop  of  Aries  (about 
430).  It  defines  the  doctrines  of  the  trinity 
and  the  incarnation  in  very  precise  and 
emphatic  language,  declaring  dainnation 
to  be  the  lot  of  those  who  do  not  hold  the 
right  faith. 

Ataeism,  a'thg-izm,  n.  [Gr.  atheos,  an  athe- 
ist— a, priv. , and  theoa,  God.]  The  disbelief 
of  the  existence  of  a  God  or  Supreme  in- 
telligent Being.— Atheist,  a'the-istjU.  One 
who  professes  atheism  or  disbelief  in  God. 
—Atheistic,  Atheistical,  a-the-ist'ik,a-the- 
ist'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to,  implying,  or 
containing  atheism ;  disbelieving  the  ex- 
istence of  a  God.— Atheistically,  a-the-ist'- 
ik-al-Ii,  adv.  In  an  atheistic  manner. — 
Atheisticalness,  a-the-ist '  ik-al-nes,  n. — 
Atheize,  a'the-iz,  v.i.  To  discourse  as  an 
atheist. — v.t.  To  render  atheistic. 
Atheling,  iEtheling,  ath'el-ing,  eth'el-ing. 
I  A.  Sax.  cetheling,  from  lethele,  noble=G. 
edel,  noble.]  In  Anglo-Saxon  times,  a 
prince ;  one  of  the  royal  family ;.  a  noble- 
man. 

Athen»nm,AtIieneuiii,ath-e-ne'um,n.  |L., 
from  Gr.  Athene,  the  goddess  of  wisdom.  | 
An  institution  for  the  encouragement  of 
literature  and  art,  where  a  library,  iieri- 
odicals,  &c.,  are  kept  for  the  use  of  the 
members. 
Athenian,  a-thS'ni-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Athens,  in  Greece. — n.  A  native  or  inhabi- 
tant of  Athens. 

Atheous.t  a'the-u8,  o.  Atheistic;  impious. 
[Mil.] 

Athermanous,  a-thir'man-us,  a.  [Gr.  a, 
priv., and  thennain6,to  heat,  fiomlhemii, 
heat.]  A  term  applied  to  those  substances 
which  have  the  power  of  absorbing  radiant 
heat.— Athermancy,  a-th6r'man-si,  n.  The 
power  or  property  of  absorbing  radiant 
neat. 

Atheroma,  Atberome,  ath-e-rO'ma,  ath'e- 
rOm.n.  [(Jr.,  from  at/tera,  pap.]  A  species 
of  wen  or  encysted  tumour,  whose  contents 
resemble  bread  -  sauce.  —  Atheromatous, 
ath-e-ro'mat-us,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  ath- 
eroma. 

Athirst,  a-thferst',  a.  or  adv.  Thirsty;  want- 
ing drink;  having  a  keen  appetite  or  desire 
(with  for). 

Athlete,  ath'let,  n.  [Gr.  athletes,  from  atA- 
Ion,  a  contest.]  One  trained  to  exercises 
of  agility  and  strength. — Athletic,  ath-let'- 
ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  athletes  or  such  exer- 
cises as  are  practised  by  athletes ;  strong; 
robust;  vigorous. — Athletics,  ath-let'iks, 
n.  pi.  Athletic  exercises.— Athletically, 
ath-let'ik-al-li,  adv.  In  an  athletic  man- 
ner. —  Athleticism,  Athletism,  ath-let'i- 
sizm,  ath'let-izm,  n.  The  practice  of  ath- 
letics; the  profession  of  an  athlete. 
Athwart,  a-thwart',  pi-ep.  Across;  from 
side  to  side  of ;  naut.  across  the  line  of  a 
ship's  course.— acJy.  In  a  manner  to  cross 
and  perple.x;  crossly;  wrong.  [Shak.] 
Atilt,  a-tilt',  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  tilter; 
in  the  manner  of  a  cask  tilted  up. 
Atlas,  at'las,  n.  [  Gr.  Atlas,  one  of  the 
Titans,  who,  according  to  the  legend,  bore 
the  earth  on  his  shoulders.]  A  collection 
of  maps  in  a  volume ;  a  volume  of  plates 
or  tables  illustrative  or  explanatory  of 
some  subject;  the  first  vertebra  of  the 
neck  (so  named  because  it  supports  the 
head).— Atlantean,  at-lan-te'an,  a.  Per- 
taining to  Atlas;  resembling  Atlas. — At- 
lantes,  at-lan't6z,  n.  pi  [Gr.,  pi.  of  Adas.] 
Sculptured  figures  or  half  figures  of  men 
used  in  the  place  of  columns  or  pilasters 
in  buildings,  supporting  or  seeming  to 
support  some  mass  above  them.— Atlantic, 
at-lan'tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  descended 
from  Atlas  {Mil.);  pertaining  to  that  divi- 
sion of  the  ocean  which  lies  between  Eu- 
rope and  Africa  on  the  east  and  America 
on  the  west  (named  from  Mt.  Atlas). 
Atmidometer,  at-mi-dom'et-er,  n.  [Gr.  at- 
mis,  atmidos,  vapour,  vietron,  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  eyapo- 
ration  from  water,  ice,  or  snow. 


\li^Aaanj''*'^cV&.lo£Ai^.gigoi„jjebj,-\niJ!i._t<)nL,^^  «A«n.j  th,  {Aint    w,  wig;   .wb,  wAigj" 'Zbiaairaii 


ATMOLOGY 


44 


^ATTENUATE 


Atmology,  at-mol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  ah»o«, vapour, 
Joaos,  discourse.]  That  branch  of  science 
which  treats  of  the  laws  and  phenomena 
of  aqueous  vapour.— Atmological,  at-mo- 
loj"ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  atmology.  — 
Atmologist,  at-mol '  o-jist,  n.  One  who 
studies  atmology. 

Atmolysis,  at-mol'i-sis,  n.  [Gr.  atmos,  va- 
pour,  lysis,  a  loosing,  from  ly6,  to  loose.] 
A  method  of  separating  the  constituent 
elements  of  a  compound  gaS,  by  causing 
it,  to  pass  through  a  vessel  of  porous  ma- 
terial. 

Atmometer,  at-mom'et-^r.'n.  [Gr.  atmos, 
vapour,  rnetron,  measure  J  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  quantity  of  exhalation 
from  a  humid  surface  in  a  given  time;  an 
evaporometer. 

Atmosphere,  at'mos-fer,  n.  [Gr.  ai?nos,va- 
I>our,  and  sphaira,  a  sphere.]  The  whole 
mass  of  aeriform  fluid  smrounding  the 
earth,  and  generally  supposed  to  extepd 
to  the  height  of  40  or  50  miles  above  its 
surface;  any  similar  gaseSus  envetepe  or 
medium;  the  amount  of  pressure  of  a  col- 
umn of  the  atmosphere  on»  a'  square  inch 
(=15  lbs.);  fig.  pervading  influence  (to  live 
in  an  atmosphere  of  doubt). — Atmospheric, 
Atmospherical,  at-mos-fer'ik,  at-mos-fer'- 
ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to,  existing  in,  or 
consisting  of  the  atmosphere;  caused,  pro- 
duced, or  operated  on  by  the  atmosphere. 
—AtniospJietic  railu>ay,Si  railway, the  mo- 
tive power  of  which  is  derived  from  the 
pressure  of  the  atmosphere,  brought  to  act 
when  air  is  exhausted  from  a  tube  of  uni- 
form bore,  laid  from  one  place  to  another. 
Atoll)  a-tol',  "n.  [Name  in  the  Maldire 
group.]  A  coral  island,  consisting  of  a 
strip  or  ring  of  coral  surrounding  a  central 
lagoon  or  lake:  such  islands  are  vieiy  com- 
mon in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
Atom,  at'om.  n.  [L.  atomus,  Gr.  atomos,  an 
atom,  lit.  what  is  indivisible— =a,  not,  and 
temno  to  cut.]  An  extremely  minute  par- 
ticle of  matter;  a  molecule ;  a  particle  of 
matter  so  minute  as  to  admit  of  no  divi- 
sion either  mechanical  or  chemical;  hence, 
anything  extremely  small;  a  minute  quan- 
tity (not  an  atom  of  sense).— Atomic,  a- 
tom'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  atoms ;  consist- 
ing of  atoms;  extremely  minute. — Atomic 
philosophy ;  a,  syatera  of  philosophy  which 
taught  that  atoms,  by  virtue  of  their  own 
properties,  brought  all  things  into  being 
vrithout  the  aid  of  a  Creator. — Atomic 
theory,  the  theory  that  all  chemical  com- 
binations take  place  in  a  definito  manner 
between  the  ultimate  particles  or  atoms 
of  bodies.— Atomical,  a-tom'ik-al,  a.  A- 
tomic— Atomician,AiomiBt,at-om-i'shan, 
at'om-ist,  n.  An  adherent  of  the  atomic 
philosophy  or  theory. — Atomism,  at'om- 
izm,  n.  The  doctrine  of  atoms;  atomic 
philosoi>hy.  —  Atomistic,  at-om-ist'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  atomism.  —  Atomiz^on, 
at'om-iz-a"shon,  n.  The  process  of  atomiz- 
ing or  state  of  being  atomized.— Atomize, 
at'om-iz,  v.t. — atomized,  atomizing.  To  re- 
duce to  atoms.— Atomizer,  at'om-iz-6r,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  atomizes  or  re- 
duces to  atoms;  an  apparatus  for  reducing 
a  liquid  into  spray  for  disinfecting,  cool- 
ing, perfuming,  &e.— Atomy,  at'om-i,  n. 
An  atom;  a  minute  creature.  [ShaJc.'] 
Atone,  a-ton',  v.i. — aton^,  atoning.  [Com- 
pounded of  at  and  one,  often  found-  toge- 
ther in  such  phrases  as  '  to  be  aJ  one,' '  to 
set_at-(j»e.']  To  be  at  onet;  to  a^ree  or 
accord  {Shale.)X;  to  make  reparation,  a- 
mends,x)r  satisfaction,  as  for  an  offence  or 
a  crime. — v.t.  To  expjate;  to  answer  or 
mslke  satisfaction  for;  to  reconcile,  as 
parties  at  variance.! —Atonable,  a^ton'a- 
bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  atoned  for;  recon- 
cilable.—Atonement,  a-ton'raent,  n.  The 
act  of  atoning,  reconciling-,  or  inakihg 
reparation;  reconciliation  after  enmity  or 
controversy:  specifically,  the  reconcilia- 
tion of  God  -with  man  through  Christ; 
satisfaction;  expiation.  —  Atoner,  a-toa'- 
it,  n.  One  who  makes  atonement. 
Atony,  at'o-ni,  n.  [Gr.  atonia—a,  priv., 
tonoa,  tone.]  Med.  a  want  of  tone;  defect  i 
of  muscular  power;  weakness  of  every 
organ;  debiUty.— Atonic,  a-ton'ik,  a.  Med. 
characterized  Dy  atony.  -^  -•'■  -  -^ 
Atop,  a-top',  adv.    On  or  at  the  top. 


Atrabilitrian,  Atrabilarions,  at'ra-bi-la"ri- 
an,  af ra-bi-la"ri-us,  a.  [L.  afi'a  6ilis,  black 
bile,]  Affected  with  melancholy,  which 
the  ancients  attributed  to  black  bile;  very 
bUious.— Atrabilari&n,  at'ra-bi-la"ri-an,ji. 
A  person  "of  an  atrabiliar  temperament;  a 
hypochondriac- Atrabilarionsness.at'ra- 
bi-la"ri-us-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  at- 
rabilious.- Atrabiliar,  Atrabiliary,  Atra- 
bilioiis,  at-ra-bil'i-ar,'at-ra-bil'i-a-ri,  at-ra- 
bil'i-us,  a.  Melancholic  or  hypochondria- 
cal; atrabilarian. 

Atramental,  Atramentarious,  Atrame&> 
tons,  at-ra-men'tal,  at'ra-men-ta"ri-us,  at- 
ra-men'tus,  a.  [L.  airamsntum,  ink.] 
Inky;  black  as  ink. 

Atrinm,  a'tri-um,  n.  [L.]-  The  entrance- 
hall  and  usually  the  most  splendid  apart- 
ment of  an  ancient  Roman  house;  zool. 
the  chamber  into  which  the  intestine 
opens  in  ascidians. 

Atrocious,  a-tro'shus,  a.  [L.  atrox,  atrocis, 

■  fierce,  cruel.]  Extremely  heinous,  crimi- 
nal, or  cruel;  enormously  or  outrageously 
wicked;  enormous;  horrible. —Atrociously, 
a-tro'shus-li,  adv.  In  an  atrocious  manner. 
— AtrocipusBess,  a-tro '  shus-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of. being  atrocious.— Atrocity,  a- 
tros'i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
atrocious;  enormous  wickedness  or  cruel- 
ty; a  specific  act  of  extreme  heinousness 
or  cruelty. 

Atropal,  Atroi)o\is,  at'ro-pal,  afro-pus,  a. 

[Gi.  a,  priv.,  and  trepO,  to  turn.]    Bot. 

erect:  said  of  an  ovule. 
Atrophy,  at'ro-fi,  n.  [Gr.  atrophia^-a^  priv., 

and  trepho,  to  nourish.]   A  wasting  of  the 

flesh  with  loss  of  strength;  emaciation. 
Atropin,  Atropine,  ait'ro-pin,  n.    A  very 

poisonous  substance  obtained  from  the 

deadly  nightshade. 
Attach,  at-tach',  v.t.    [Tr.  attacker,  same 

■  word  as  attoAjuer,  to  attack,  from  Arm. 
tach.  It.  taca,  a  peg,  a  nail=E.  tack,  a 
small  nail.]  To  make  to  adhere;  to  tie, 
bind,  or  fasten;  to  connect  or  associate;  to 
gain  over,  win,  charm,  or  attract;  to  arrest 
or  seize  (a  person  or  goods)  by  lawful  au- 
thority, as  in  case  of  debt,  &c. — v.i.  To  be 
attache^  or  connected,  to  be  joined  or 
bound  up  with;  to  belong:  vrith  to  (in- 
terest aMaches  to  a  subject).— Attachable," 
at-tach'a-bl,  o.  Capable  of  being  at- 
tached".- Attach^,  S-ta-sha,  n.  [Fr.]  One 
attached  to  an  embassy  or  legation  to  a 
foreign  court. — Attachment,  at-tach'ment, 
n.  The  act  of  attaching;"  the  state  of  being 
attached;  close  adherence  or  affection;  any 
passion  or  liking  which  binds  one  person 
to  another  or  to  a  place,  <fec.;  love;  regard; 
that  which  attaches  one  object  to  another; 
the  object  attached;  an  adjunct;  law,  a 
taking  of  a  personor  goods  by  legal  means 
to  secure  a  debt. 

Attack,  at-tak',t).<.  [Fr.  a Wa«««r.  Attach.] 
To  assault;  to  fall  upon  with  force  or  vio- 
lence: to  make  a  hostile  onset  on;  to  assail; 
to  endeavour  to  injure  by  any  act,  speech, 
or  writing;  to  come  or  fall  upon;  to  seize, 
as  a  disease. — v.i.  To  make  an  attack  or 
onset;  to  begin  an  assault. — n.  A  falling 
on,  with  force  or  violence,  or  •vriih.  calum- 
ny, satire,  &c.;  an  onset;  an  assault;  a 
seizure  by  a  disease.— Attackable,  at-tak'- 
a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  attacked-;  as- 
sailable.—Attacker,  at-tak'6r,  n.  One  who 
attacks. 

Attaghan,  at'ta-gan,  n.    Yataghan.    ' 

Attain,  at-tan',  v.t.  [O.Pr.  ataindre,  Fr. 
atteindre,  L.  attingere—ad,  to,  and  tango, 
to  touch.  Akin  attaint,  attainder,  tact, 
tangent,  Ac]  To  reach  by  effort;  to  achieve 
or  accomplish;  to  acquire;  to  gain:  said  of 

'  an  end  or  object;  to  come  to;  to  arrive  at; 
to  reach :  said  of  a  place. — v.i.  To  reach; 
to  come  or  a^ve:  followed  by  <o.— Attain- 
able, at-t5n'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
attained,  reached  achieved,  or  accom- 
plished. —Attainability,  Attainableness, 
at-tah'a-bil"i-ti,  at-tan 'a-bl-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  attainable.— Attainment, 
at-tan'ment,  n.  The  act  of  attaining; 
that  which  is  attained;  an  acquisition; 
an  acquirement. 

Attainder,  at-tan'dfir,  n.  [O.Fr.  atteiiKire, 
attaindre,  to  touch  or  reach,  as  with  law; 
to  attaint,  from  L.  attingo.    Attain,  v.t.] 

iThe  act  or  legal  process  of  subjecting  a 


person  to  the  consequences  of  judgment 
of  death  or  outlawry  pronounced  in  respect 
of  treason  or  felony;  forfeiture  of  civil 
privileges;  a  bringing  under  some  disgrace 
or  dislaonour  (S/ihA:.).— Attaint,  at-tant', 
v.t.  [O.Fr.  attaint,  pp.  of  attaindre,  atain- 
dre.] To  affect  with  attainder;  to  find 
guilty  of  a  crime,  as  of  felony  or  treason, 
involving  forfeiture  of  civil  privileges. 
Attaint,!  at-tant',  n.  [Prefix  at,  from  L. 
ad,  to,  and  taint,  from  L.  tinctus,  pp.  of 
tingo,  to  dye.  Taiiw.]  A  spot,  taint,  stain, 
disgrace.  lSkak.}—a.l  Tainted;  corruptpd; 
infected.-   [Shak.] 

Attar,  at'tar,  n.  [Ar.  atr,  perfume.]  A  per- 
fume from  flowers.  —  Attar  or  otto  of 
roses,  an  essential  oil  made  from  various 
spefcies  of  roses,  which  forms  a  valuable 
•  perfume. 

Attemper,  at-tem'p6r,  v.t.  [L.  attempero— 
ad,  and  tempero,  to  temper,  mix,  or  mo- 
derate. Temper.]  To  reduce,  mollify,  or 
moderate  by  mixture;  to  soften,  modify, 
or  regulate;  to  accommodate  or  make  fit. 
— Attemperation,  at-tem'per-a"shon,  n. 
The  act  of  regulating  temperature. — At- 
temperator,  at-tem'pfer-at-^r,  n.  A  con- 
trivance for  regulating  temperature,  as  in 
brewing. 

Attempt,  at-temt,'  v.t.  {O.Fr.  attempter, 
from  L.  attemptare—ad,  tor  and  tempto,  to 
try.]  To  make  an  effort  to  effect;  tojen- 
deavour  to  perform;  to  undertake;  to  try: 
to  attack;  to  make  an  effort  upon  (a  per- 
son's life);  to  try  to  win  or  seduce.— n.  An 
essay,  trial,  or  endeavour;  an  effort  to  gain 
a  point;  an  attack,  onset,  or  assault.— 
Attemptability,  at-temt'a-bil"i-ti,  n.  The 
state  or  condition  of  being  attemptable. — 
Attemptable,  at-temt'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  attempted.— Attempter,  at-temt'6r, 
n:  One  who  attempts. 
Attend,  at-tend',  v.t.  [Fr.  attendre,  L.  at- 
Umdo,  to  turn  one's  mind  to,  to  turn  to — 
ad,  to,  and  tendo,  to  stretch.  Tend.]  To 
accompany  or  be  present  with,  as  a  com- 
'  panion  or  servant ;  to  be  present  at  or  in 
for  some  purpose  (church,  a  concert,  &c.); 
to  accompany  or  follow  in  immediate  se- 
quence.especially  from  acausal  connection 
(a  cold  attended  with  fever) ;  to  wait  forj. 
— v.i.  To  pay  regard  or  heed;  to  be  present, 
in  pursuance  of  duty;  to  act  as  an  attend- 
ant; to  be  concomitant:  by  itself  or  follow- 
ed by  on  or  upon. — Attendance,  at-tend'- 
ans,  n.  The  act  of  attending  or  attending 
on;  theact  of  waiting  on  or  serving;  service; 
ministry;  the  persons  attending  for  any 
purpose ;  a  train ;  a  retinue. — Attendant, 
at-tend'ant,  a.  Accompanying;  being 
present  or  in  attendance  upon;  connected 
with,  or  immediately  following. — n.  One 
who  attends  or  accompanies  another;  one 
who  belongs  to  a  person's  retinue;  a  fol- 
lower; one  who  is  present  or  regularly 
-  present;  that  which  accompanies  or  is 
consequent  on. — Attender,  at-tend 'er,  n. 
One  who  attends;  a  companion;  an  asso- 
ciate.—Attention,  at-ten'shon,  n.  (L.  aU 
tentio,  attentionis,  from  attendo.]  The  act 
of  attending  or  heeding;  the  application 
of  the  ear  to  sounds,  or  of  the  mind  to  ob- 
jects presented  to  its  contemplation;  heed- 
fulness  ;  observation ;  an  act  of  civility  or 
courtesy.— Attentive,  at-tent'iv,  a.  Pajing 
or  giving  attention ;  heedful ;  intent ;  ob- 
servant; regarding  with  care;  mindful; 
habituallv  heedful  or  mindful;  sedulous. 
—Attentively,  at-tent'iv-li,  adv.  In  an  at- 
tentive manner.— Attentiveness,  at-tent'- 
iv-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  attentive;  at- 
tention, X        ..  .,..  ,   J       . 

Attenuate,  at-ten'Q-5t,  v.t.—attenvated,  at- 
tenvating.  [L.  attenuo,  attenuatum— ad, 
and  <enuo,tomakethin;  tenuis, thin;  same 
root  as  in  E.  thin,  tender.]  1o  make  thin, 
fine,  or  slender,  to  reduce  the  thickness  of 
either  liquids  or  solid  bodies;  to  reduce 
the  strength  of ;  to  render  meagre  or  je- 
june. —  v.i.  To  become  thin,  slender,  or 
^e;  to  diminish;  to  lessen.— Attenuation, 
at-ten'u-a"shon,  n.  The  aet  of  attenu- 
ating or  making  thin,  as  fluids, or  slender 
and  fine,  as  solid  bodies.— Attenuant.at- 
ten'Q-ant,  a.  Attenuating;  making  thm, 
as  fluids ;  diluting.— n.  A  medicine  which 
increases  the  fluidity  of  the  humours;  a 
diluent.  / 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;  "^  me,  met,  h*r; ""  pine,  pin;  »  jiote.  not.  mdve:  a>tabe.  tub.  bull ;     oil,  pound;     U,  8c.  abune— the  Fr.  w. 


ATTEST 


45 


AUGUR 


Attest,  at-test',  v.l.  [Fr.  attester,  L.  attestor 
— ad,  and  testi>r,  to  witness.  Testament, 
Detest.]  To  bear  witness  to;  to  certify; 
to  affirm  to  be  true  or  genuine;  to  declare 
the  truth  of;  to  manifest  (one  s  joy,&c.). — 
Attestation,  at-test-a'shon,  n.  Tlie  act  of 
attesting;  a  solemn  declaration,  verbal  or 
written,  in  support  of  a  fact;  evidence; 
testimony.— Attester,  Attestor,  at-test'fer, 
n.    One  who  attests. 

Attic,  at'tik,  a.  [L.  Atticus,  Gr.  Attikoa.] 
Pertaining  to  Attica,  in  Greece,  or  to  its 
principal  city,  Athens;  marked  by  the 
(jualities  characteristic  of  the  Athenians; 
as,  Attic  wit,  Attic  salt,  a  delicate  wit  for 
which  the  Athenians  were  famous. — n.  The 
dialect  spoken  in  Attica  or  Athens ;  the 
chief  literary  and  most  elegant  language 
of  ancient  Greece;  arch,  a  low  story  erected 
over  a  principal;  an  apartment  in  the  ujj- 
permost  part  of  a  house,  with  windows  in 
the  cornice  or  the  roof;  a  garret.— Atticism, 
at'ti-sizm,  n_  A  pecujiarity  or  character- 
istic of  the  Attic  dialect  of  Greek;  elegance 
of  diction.  —  Atticize,  at'ti-siz,  v.t.  and  i. 
To  conform  to  the  Attic  dialect. 

Attire,  at-tir',  v.t. — attired,  attiring.  [O.Fr. 
attirer,  to  amy,  from  prefl.-s  at,  L.  ad,  to, 
and  same  wonl  as  G.  zier,  ornament,  A.Sax. 
tir,  splendour,  Dan.  ziir,  ornament.]  To 
dress;  to  deck;  to  array;  to  adorn  with 
elegant  or  splendid  garments.— n.  (no  pi.). 
Dress;  clothes;  garb;  apparel. 

Attitude,  at'ti-tud,  n.  [Fr.,  from  It.  atti- 
tudine,  fitness,  posture,  L.t.  aptititdo,  fit- 
ness, L.  aptus,  fit.  Apt.]  Posture  or  posi- 
tion of  a  person,  or  the  manner  in  wnich 
the  parts  of  his  body  are  disposei ;  state, 
condition,  or  conjuncture,  as  likely  to  have 
a  certain  result;  aspect  (the  attitude  of  af- 
fairs).—Attltudinal,  at-ti-tud'in-al.a.  Per- 
taining to  attitude.— Attitudinarian,  at- 
ti-tQd'in-a-'ri-an,  n.    One  who  studies  or 

?iractises  attitudes.  —  Attitudinize,  at-ti- 
ad'in-iz,  v.i.— attitudinized,  attitudinizing. 
To  assume  affected  attitudes,  airs,  or  pos- 
tures. 

AttoUent,  at-tol'lent,  a.  [L.  attoUena,  al- 
tollentis,  ppr.  of  attollo— ad,  a.nd  tollo,  to 
lift.]  Lifting  up;  raising  (an  attolent  mus- 
cle). . 

Attorney,  at-t6r'ni,  n.  [O.Fr.  attorn^,  pp. 
of  attorner,  to  transfer — at,  L.  od,  to,  and 
torner,  to  turn.  Turn.]  One  appointed  by 
another  to  act  in  his  place  or  stead;  a 
proxy  [Shak.) ;  law,  one  who  is  appointed 
or  admitted  in  the  place  of  another  to 
transact  any  business  for  him ;  one  who 
acts  for  another,  as  in  a  court  of  law;  a 
solicitor;  a  law-agent. — Letter  or  power  of 
attorney,  a  formal  instrument  by  which 
one  person  authorizes  another  to  do  some 
act  or  acts  for  him. — v.t.X  To  perform  by 
proxy;  to  employ  as  a  proxy  (Hhak.). — At- 
tonleyshlp,  at-tCr'ni-ship,  n.  The  office  of 
an  attorney;  agency  for  another.  —  At- 
torney-general, n.  The  first  ministerial 
law  officer  of  the  British  crowTQ;  the  public 
prosecutor  on  behalf  of  the  crown. 

Attract,  at-trakt',  v.t.  [L.  attraho,  attrac- 
tum^-ad,  to,  and  traho,  to  draw,  whence 
tract,  treat,  trace,  &c.]  To  draw  to  or  to- 
ward, either  in  a  physical  or  mehtal  sense; 
to  cause  to  draw  near  or  close  to  by  some 
influence;  to  invite  or  allure;  to  entjce;  to 
win.— w.i.  To  possess  or  exert  tho  power  of 
attraction ;  to  be  attractive  or  winning. — 
Attractability,  at-trakt'a-bil"i-ti,  n.  Tlie 
quality  of  being  attractable. — Attractable, 
at-trakt'a-bl,a.  Capable  of  being  attracted; 
subject  to  attraction.- Attraqter,  Attrac- 
tor,  at-trakt'*r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
attracts.- Attractile.t  at-trakt'il,  a.  Hav- 
ing the  power  to  attract;  attractive.— At- 
traction, at-trak'shon,  n.  The  act,  power, 
or  property  of  attracting;  physics,the  ten- 
dency, force,  or  forces  through  which  all 
particles  of  matter,  as  well  as  all  individual 
masses  of  matter,  are  attracted  or  drawn 
towards  each  other;  the  inherent  tendency 
in  bodies  to  approach  each  other,  to  unite 
and  to  remain  united;  the  power  or  act  of 
alluring,drawing  to,  inviting,  or  engaging; 
allurement;  enticement;  that  which  at- 
tracts; a  charm;  an  allurement. — Attrac- 
tive, at-trakt'iv,  a.  [Ft.  attractif.]  Having 
the  quality  of  attracting;  having  the  power 
of  charming  or  alluring;  inviting;  engag- 


ing; enticing.— n.  That  which  attracts;  a 
charm  or  allurement.— Attractively,  at- 
trakt'iv-li,  adv.  In  an  attractive  manner. 
—Attractiveness,  at-trakt'iv-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  attractive  or  engaging. 

Attralient,t  at'tra-hent,  a.  [L.  attraliens, 
attrahentis,  ppr.  of  attraJio.  Attract.  ] 
Drawing  to;  attracting;  dragging  or  pull- 
ing. 

Attribute,  at-trib'Qt,  v.t. —attributed,  at- 
tributing. [L.  attriouo,  attributum—ad, 
and  tribua,  to  assign.]  To  ascribe;  to  im- 
pute; to  consider  as  belonging  or  as  due; 
to  assign.— Attribute,  at'tri-but,  n.  Any 
property,  q^uality,  or  characteristic  that 
can  be  ascribed  to  a  person  or  thing;  fine 
arts,  a  symbol  of  office  or  character  added 
to  any  figure  (thus  the  eagle  is  the  attri- 
bute of  Jupiter). —  Attributable,  at-trib'- 
Ot-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being,  or  liable  to 
be  attributed  ;  ascribable ;  imputable.  — 
Attribution,  at-tri-ba'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
attributing;  that  which  is  nscribed;  attri- 
bute.-^Attrlbtttive,  at-trib'u-tiv,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  expressing  an  attribute ; 
gram,  coming  before  the  noun  it  qualifies.' 
— n.  (rrajji.  a  word  expressive  of  an  attri- 
bute; an  adjective.  —  Attributively,  at- 
trib'Q-tiv-li,  adv.  Gram,  in  an  attributive 
manner;  used  before  tho  noun. 

Attrition,  at-tri'shon,  n.  [L.  attritio,  from 
altera,  attntum,  to  rub  down— ad,  to,  and 
tero.  tritum,  to  rub.]  The  act  of  wearing  or 
ruboing  down;  the  state  of  being  worn 
down  or  smoothed  by  friction;  abrasion. 

Attune,  at -tan',  v.t.  —  attained,  attuning. 
[Prefix  at  for  ad,  to,  and  tune. ]  To  tune  or 
put  in  tune;  to  adjust  one  sound  to  another; 
to  make  accordant ;  fig.  to  arrange  fitly ; 
to  bring  into  harmony.,  concord,  or  agree- 
ment. £* 

Atween,  a-twen',  adv.    Between.    [Tenn.] 


Atypic,  a-tip'ik,  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and  typua, 

pe.]    Devoid  of        '    '    " 
regular. 


a  type.]    Devoid  of  typical  character;  ir- 


Anbum,  aTitrn,  a.  [L.L.  o?6wrn««,  whitish, 
from  L.  cilbus,  white.]  Originally,  whitish 
or  flaxen-coloured;  now  reddish  brown  or 
rich  chestnut:  genorally  applied  to  hair. 

Auction,  ak'shou,  »i.  ( L.  audio,  from  augeo, 
auctum,  to  increase  (from  the  rising  in 
successive  bids);  allied  to  Icel.  auka,  Goth. 
aukan,  E.  eke,  to  increase.  Adgment, 
Auxiliary.]  A  public  sale  of  property  to 
the  highest  bidder.— y.t.  To  sell  oy  auction. 
— Anctionary,  ak'shon-a-ri,  a.  Belonging 
to  an  auction  or  public  sale.— Auctioneer, 
ak-shon-Cr'-,  n.  One  whose  business  it  is 
to  sell  things  by  auction.— y.t.t  To  sell  by 
auction. 

Audacious,  (^-da'shus,  a.  [L.  audax,audaeia, 
from  aiedeo,  to  dare.]  Over  bold  or  daring; 
bold  in  wickedness ;  insolent;  impudent; 
shameless ;  unabashed.  —  Audaciously,  a- 
da'shus-li,  adv.  In  an  audacious  manner. 
— Audaciousness,  Audacity,  a-da'shus-ncs, 
a-das'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  auda- 
cious; impudence;  effrontery;  insolence. 

Audible, a'di-bl,a.  [L.  audibili8,fT0m audio, 
to  hear;  same  root  as  in  E.  ear.]  Capable 
of  being  heard;  perceivable  by  the  ear; 
loud  enough  to  be  heard.  —  Audibleness, 
Audibility,  ft'di-bl-nes,  a-di-biri-ti,7i.  The 
quality  or  being  audible.— Audibly,  a'di- 
bli,  adv.  In  an  audible  manner. — Aiidi- 
ence,  a'di-ens,  n.  [li.  audientia.]  The  act  of 
listening;  a  hearing;  liberty  oropportunity 
of  being  heard  before  a  person  or  assembly; 
an  assembly  of  hearers. 

Audiometer,  a-di-om'et-6r,  n.  [L.  audio,  to 
hear,  and  Gr.  inetron,  measure.]  An  in- 
strument for  testing  the  sense  of  hearing. 

Andiphone,  a'di-fon,  n.  (L.  audio,  to  hear, 
and  Gr.  phone,  voice.]  An  instrument  for 
enabling  the  deaf  to  hear,  essentially  con- 
sisting of  a  fan-shaped  vibratory  plate  of 
caoutchouc  which  is  applied  to  the  upper 
I  teeth,  through  which  tlie  sound  vibrations 
are  conveyed  to  the  auditory  nerve. 

Audit, adit, n.  fL.audii,hehear8,orat«JiiM«, 
a  hearing,  from  audio,  to  hear.  Audible.] 
An  examination  into  accounts  or  dealings 
with  money  or  property  by  proper  officers, 
or  persons  appointed  for  that  purpose; 
hence,  a  calling  to  account;  an  examina- 
tion into  one's  actions;  also,  an  audience 
or  hearingt.— w.t.  To  make  audit  of;  to  ex- 
amine, as  an  account  or  accounts.- Audi- 


tion, a-di'shon,  n.  [L.  auditU),  a  hearing.] 
The  act  of  hearing;  a  hearing  or  listening. 
—Auditor,  a'dit-er,  n.  [L.J  A  hearer;  a 
listener ;  a  person  appointed  and  author- 
ized to  audit  or  examine  an  account  or 
accounts.  —  Auditorium,  a-di-to'ri-um,  n. 
[L.]  In  an  opera-house,  public  hall,  «c., 
the  space  allotted  to  the  hearers. — Audi- 
tory, a'di-to-ri,  a.  [L.  auditorius.]  Re- 
lating to  hearing  or  to  the  sense  or  organs 
of  hearing. — n.  [L.  auditorium.]  An  audi- 
ence; an  assembly  of  hearers;  a  place  for 
hearing  or  for  the  accommodation  of 
hearers;  an  auditorium.— Auditress.t  ft'di- 
tres,  n.    A  female  hearer.    [Mil.] 

Augean,  a-jo'an,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
mythical  Augeaa,  King* of  Elis,  in  Greece. 
—Aiigean  stable,  the  stable  of  this  king, 
in  which  he  kept  3000  oxen,  and  the  clean- 
ing, out  of  which,  after  it  had  rcanained 
uncleaned  for  thirty  years,  was  assigned 
as  a  task  to  Hercules,  who  accomplished 
it  in  a  single  day.  Hence  cleaning  the 
Augean  stables  became  a  synonym  for  the 
removal  of  accumulated  nuisances,  abuses, 
&c. 

Auger,  a'g6r,  n.  [For  nauger,  initial  n 
having  been  lost  (as  in  adder,  aprow,  this 
word  being  from  A.Sax.  nafe-gdr,  nafugdr, 
from  na/u,  nafa,  the  nave  of  a  wheel;  and 
gdr,  a  sharp-pointed  thing,  a  dart  or  jave- 
lin. Nave,  Gore,  to  pierce.]  An  instru- 
ment for  boring  holes  larger  than  those 
bored  by  a  gimlet,  chiefly  used  by  carpen- 
ters, joiners,  &c.,  and  made  in  a  great 
many  forms;  instruments  on  the  same 
plan  are  used  for  boring  into  the  soil. 

Aught,  ^t,  n.  [A.  Sax.  dwiht,  from  d  for  an, 
one,  and  wiht^E.  whit,  wight;  lit.  a  whit, 
its  negative  being  naught,  not  a  whit.) 
Anything,  indefinitely;  any  part  or  quan- 
tity; anywhit. 

Augite, a'jit, n.  [Gr.owpS, brightness.]  The 
name  given  to  a  class  •/  minerals,  greenish- 
black,  pitch  or  velvet  black,  or  leek-green 
in  colour,and  consisting  of  silicatesof  lime, 
magnesia,  and  iron,  with  alumina  in  the 
darker  varieties.- Augitlc,  ^-jit'ik,  a.  Per- 
taining to,  consisting  of,  resembling,  or 
containing  augite. 

Augment,  t(g-ment',  v.t.  [Fr.  augmenter, 
\i.  augmento,  from  augm«ntum,  increase, 
from  augeo,  to  increase.  Auction.]  To 
increase ;  to  enlarge  in  size  or  extent ;  to 
swell;  to  make  bigger.— u.i.  To  increase; 
to  grow  larger.— Augment,  ag'mOnt,  n.  In- 
crease; enlargement  by  addition  f;  gram. 
an  increa.se  at  the  beginning  of  certain 
inflectional  forms  of  a  verb,  as  the  e  pre- 
fixed in  certain  tenses  of  the  Greek  verb, 
and  the  ge  in  the  past  participle  of  the 
German  verb  — Augmentable,  ag-ment'a- 
bl,  a.  Capabl8_of  being  augmented  or  in- 
creased.—Augmentation,  ag-mcn-ta'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  augmenting;  the  act  of 
adding  to  or  enlarging;  the  state  or  con- 
dition of  being  made  larger;  increase;  en- 
largement; accession;  the  thing  added  by 
way  of  enlargement;  addition.  —  Aug- 
mentative, ag-ment'a-tiv,  a.  Having  the 
quality  or  power  of  augmenting.  —  n.  A 
word  formed  to  e^ipress  greatness:  opf)osed 
to  a  diminutive.  —  Augmentatively,  ag  - 
ment'a-tiv-li,  adv.  In  an  augmentative 
manner;  in  a  manner  to  augment.— Aug- 
menter, !ig-ment'6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  augments. 

Augur,  a'g^r,  n.  fL.  augur,  fr<mi  avia,  a 
bird,  and  root  of  gusto,  to  taste.]  Among 
the  ancient  Romans  a  functionary  whose 
duty  was  to  derive  signs  concerning  future 
events  from  the  flight  or  other  actions  of 
birds,  from  certain  appearances  in  quad- 
rupeds, from  lightning,  and  other  unusual 
occurrences;  hence.one  who  foretells  future 
events  by  omens;  a  soothsayer;  a  prophet. 
— v.i.  To  guess;  to  conjecture,  as  from  signs 
or  omens;  to  be  a  sign;  to  bode  (to  augur 
well  or  ill  for  a  project). — v.t.  To  guess  or 
conjecture;  to  predict;  to  anticipate:  said 
of  persons;  to  betoken;  to  forebode:  said  of 
things.— Augural,  a'gQ-ral,  a.  Pertaining 
to  an  augur,  or  the  duties  or  profession  of 
an  augur;  pertaining  to  di  vination.-Augu- 
rate,t  a'gu-rat,  v.t.  or  t.  To  conjecture  or 
foretell  by  augury;  to  predict. — Augurer, 
iV'g6r-er,  n.  One  who  augurs ;  an  augur. 
iSAaJt.]— Augurlze.t  a'g6r-iz,  v.t.  or  i.    To 


ch,  chaia;     ch,  Sc.  loch;     g,  po;     j,  ioh;     u,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  ang;     7B,  thuu;  th,  ^in;     w,  wig;    vh,  wAig;    zh,  azure. 


AUGUST 


46 


AUTOMATIC 


augur;  to  act  as  an  augur.— Augnrshlp, 
ft'g6r-8hip,  n.  The  office  or  period  of  office 
of  an  augur. —Augury,  ti'gtl-ri  or  a'gfer-i,  n. 
The  art  or  practice  of  an  augur;  that  which 
forebodes;  that  from  which  a  prediction  is 
drawn;  a  prognostication. 

August,  a-gust',  a.  [L.  auffustus,  from  ou- 
geo,  to  increase,  the  same  word  as  thename 
Augu8tu8.  Augment,  Acction.]  Grand; 
magnificent;  majestic;  impressing  awe; 
inspiring  reverence.— Augustly,  a-gust'Ji, 
adv.  In  an  august  manner.— Augustness, 
a-gust'nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  au- 
gust. 

August,  a'gust,  n.  [L.  Augiuttis,  from  the 
Roman  Emperor  Augustus.]  The  eighth 
month  of  the  year,  containing  thirty-one 
days.— Augustan,  a-gust'an,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  Emperor  A-uffMStus;  as,  the  .4m- 
guatan  age,  which  was  the  most  brilliant 
period  in  Roman  literature;  hence,  any 
brilliant  period  in  the  literary  history  of 
other  countries. 

Augustin,  Augustine,  a-gust'in^.  A  mem- 
ber of  one  of  several  monastic  fraternities 
who  follow  rules  framed  by  St.  Augustine 
or  deduced  from  his  writings. 

Auk,  ak,  n.  [Dan.  alke,  Icel.  alka,  dUca,  an 
auk.]  The  name  of  one  or  two  swimming 
birds  found  in  the  British  seas,  having 
their  legs  placed  so  far  back  as  to  cause 
them  to  stand  nearly  upright,  and  with 
very  short  wings  more  useful  for  ewim- 
ming  and  diving  than  for  flight. 

Aolic,  a'Uk,  a.  [L.  aidicvs,  from  atda,  Gr. 
aule,  a  court.]  Pertaining  to  a  royal  court. 

Aunt,  ant,  n.  [O.Fr.  ante,  from  L.  amita, 
contracted  in  the  same  way  as  evimet  is 
contracted  into  ant.]  The  sister  of  one's 
father  or  mother,  a  term  correlative  to 
nephew  or  niece. 

Aura,  ft'ra,  n.  [li.  aura,  a  breath  of  air] 
An  air;  an  effluvium  or  odour-  an  exhala- 
tion. — Aural,  a'ral,  a.  Pertaining  to  an 
aura. 

Aural,  a'ral,  a.  [L.  auris,  the  ear.]  Relat- 
ing to  the  ear  {aural  surgery).— Auriform, 
JV'ri-form,  a.  Ear-shaped;  having  the  form 
of  the  human  ear.— Atirist,  a'rist,  n.  One 
skilled  in  disorders  of  the  ear,  or  who  pro- 
fesses to  cure  them.— Aurited,  ^'rit-eo.  a. 
[L.  auritvs.]  Bot.  and  zool.  eareA;  auricu- 
late ;  having  lobes  or  appendages  like  an 
ear. 

Aurated,t  a'rat-ed,  a.  [L.  auraius,  pp.  of 
auro,  to  gUdj,  from  aurum,  gold.]  Re- 
sembling gold;  golden-coloured;  gilded.— 
Aureate,  ft're-at,  a.  Uj.  aureatua.]  Golden; 
gilded. 

Aurelia,  a-re'li-a,  n.  [From  L.  aurum,  gold, 
from  its  colour.]  The  nymph,  chrysalis, 
or  pupa  of  a  butterfly  or  other  lepidop- 
terous  insect.— Aurellan,  a-reli-an.a.  Like 
or  pertaining  to  the  aurelia. 

Aureola,  Aureole,  a-re'6-la,  a'r5-ol.  n.  (Tr. 
aureole,  from  L.  aureoltia,  dim.  of  aureua, 
golden,  from  aurum,  cold.]  Painting,  an 
illumination  surrounding  a  holy  person, 
as  Christ,  a  saint,  &c. ;  anything  resem- 
bling an  aureola;  a  halo. 

Auricle,  a'ri-kl,  n.  {h.  anriciila,  dim.  from 
auria,  the  ear.]  The  external  ear,  or  that 
part  which  is  prominent  from  the  head; 
either  of  the  two  cavities  in  the  mamma- 
lian heart,  placed  above  the  two  ventricles, 
and  resembling  in  shape  the  external  ear. 
— Anricled,  a'ri-kld,  a.  Having  ears  or 
auricles;  having  appendages  resembling 
ears.  — Auricula,  »-rik'a-la,  n.  A  garden 
flower  of  the  primrose  family,  found  na- 
tive in  the  Swiss  Alps,  and,  sometimes 
called  bear's -ear  from  the  shape  of  its 
leaves.— Auricular,  a-rik'U-lfer,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  ear  or  the  sense  of  hearing, 
or  to  an  auricle;  confided  to  one's  ear, 
especially  privately  confided  to  the  ear  of  a 

I)rie8t  (aurieuiar  confession). —  Auricnlar- 
y,  a-rik '  a-l6r-li,  adv.  In  an  auricular 
manner;  by  words  privately  addressed  to 
the  ear.— Anriculate,  s-rik'n-lat,  a.  Shaped 
lika  the  ear;  having  ears  or  some  kind  of 
expansions  resembling  ears;  eared,  as  a 
leaf. 

Auriferons,  ?i-rif'6r-u8,  a.  [X.  aurifer— 
a«r«7n,  gold,  and /ero,  to  produce.]  Yield- 
ing or  producing  gold;  containing  gold. 

Auriform,  Aurist.     Under  Aural. 

Aarochs,  R'rokc,  n.   [Q.J    A  species  of  wild 


bull  or  buffalo,  once  abundant  on  the 
continent  of  Europe,  but  now  reduced  to 
a  few  herds  inhabiting  the  forests  of  Lith- 
uania. 

Aurora,'  a-ro'ra,  n.  [L.,  the  goddess  of 
morning,  the  dawn;  same  root  as  L.  uro, 
to  bum,  aurum,  gold.]  The  dawn,  or 
morning  twilight;  the  goddess  of  the 
morning,  or  dawn  deified;  the  aurora 
borealis  (in  this  sense  vs-ith  the  plural  au- 
rorcB).  —  Aurora  borealia,  the  northern 
lights  or  streamers,  a  luminous  meteoric 
phenomenon  of  varying  brilUancy  seen  in 
the  northern  heavens,  and  in  greatest 
magnificence  in  the  arctic  regions,  be- 
lieved to  be  electric  in  origin.  —  Aurora 
auatralis,  the  aurora  of  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere, quite  a  similar  phenomenon  to  that 
of  the  north.  —  Auroral,  a-ro'ral,  a.  Be- 
longing to  or  resembling  the  dawn ;  be- 
longing to  or  resembling  the  polar  lights; 
roseate;  rosy. 

Auscultation,  as-kul-ta'shon,  n.  [L.  aiiS- 
cuUatio,  a  listening,  from  ausculto,  to 
listen,  from  a'lria,  the  ear.]  Mtd.  a  me- 
thod ot.  distinguishing  the  state  of  the  in- 
ternal parts  of  the  body,  particularly  of 
the  chest,  by  observing  the  sounds  arising 
there  either  through  the  application  of 
the  ear  or  by  the  stethoscope.- Auscultat- 
or,  as'kul-tat-fer,  n.  One  who  practises 
auscultation.— Auscultatory,  as-kul'ta-to- 
ri,  o.    Pertaining  to  auscultation. 

Auspice,  a'spis,  n.  [L.  ausjncium,  from 
auapex,  an  augur— <rwi«,  a  bird,  and  apecio, 
to  view.]  An  augury  from  birds;  an  omen 
or  sign  in  generjiJ;  protection;  favourable 
influence. — Ausplcate.t  a'spi-k5t,  v.t.  [L. 
auMticor,  to  take  the  auspices.]  To  initiate 
with  pomp  or  ceremony;  to  inaugurate.— 
Auspicatory,  a'spi^ka-to-ri,  a.  Of  or  be- 
longing to  auspices  or  omens.  —  Auspi  - 
cious,  iv-spi'shus,  o.  Having  omens  of 
success,  or  favourable  appearances;  pro- 
pitious; favourable;  prosperous;  happy. — 
Auspiciously,  a-spi'shus-li,  adv.  In  an 
auspicious  manner.  —  Aospiciousness,  a- 
spi'shus-nes,  n. 

Austere,  a-stSr',  a.  TL.  austerus,  Gr.  aua- 
t£ros,  harsh.]  Harsh;  tart;  sour;  rough 
to  the  taste;  fig.  severe;  harsh;  rigid;  rig- 
orous; stem.  —  Austerely,  a-ster'li,  adv. 
In  an  austere  manner;  severely;  rigidly; 
harshly.- AuBtereness,  Austerity,  a-ster'- 
nes,  a-ste'ri-ti,  n.  The  state  or  qusdity  of 
being  austere;  severity;  rigour;  strictness; 
harshness. 

Austral,  as'tral,  o.  [L.  a%L8trali8,  from  a%ia- 
ter,  the  south  wind,  or  south.]  Southern; 
lying  or  being  in  the  south.— Australasian, 
as-tral-a'shi-an,  a.  [From  austral  and 
Aaia.]  Relating^ to  Australasia,  that  is,  to 
Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  the  adjacent 
islands. — n.  Anative  of  Australasia.— Au- 
stralian, as-trali-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Au- 
stralia.— 71.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Australia. 

Authentic,  a-then'tik,  a.  [L.  authenticus, 
from  Gr.  authentikos,  original,  genuine, 
from  authentfa,  one  who  does  anything 
with  his  own  hand.]  Being  what  it  pur- 
ports to  be;  not  false  or  fictitious;  genu- 
ine; valid;  authoritative;  reliable.  .'.  Au- 
thentic, applied  to  a  document  or  book,  in- 
dicates that  it  can  be  relied  on  as  narrat- 
ing real  facts;  genuine,  that  we  have  it  as 
it  left  its  author's  hands. — Autlientically, 
a-then'tik-al-li,  adv.  In  an  authentic 
manner.— Authenticate,  ft-then'ti-kat,  v.t. 
—authenticated,  authenticating.  To  render 
authentic;  to  give  authority  to  by  proof, 
attestation,  &c. ;  to  prove  authentic ;  to 
determine  as  genuine. — Authentication, 
a-then"'ti-ka"8hon,  n.  The  act  of  authen- 
ticating; the  giving  of  proof  or  authority. 
—Authenticity,  a-then-ti8'i-ti,n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  authentic;  the  quality  of  be- 
ing genuine;  gentiineness. 

Author,  a'thor, n.  [O.Fr.  autheur,  L.  auetor, 
improperly  -written  autor,  autlior,,  from 
augeo,  auctum,  to  increase,  to  produce. 
Augment.)  The  beginner,  former,  or  first 
mover  of  anything  (auihor  of  our  being) ; 
the  originator  .or  creator ;  efficient  cause ; 
the  original  composer  of  a  literary  work; 
the  writer  of  a  book  or  other  literary  pro- 
dtiction.— Authoress,  a'thor-es,  n.  A  fe- 
male author.— Authoritative,  ft-thor'i-t&- 


tiv,  a.  Having  authority;  having  the  sanc- 
tion or  appearance  of  authority;  positive; 
peremptory ;  dictatorial.— Aiithoritative- 
ly,  ?i-thor'i-ta-tiv-li,  adv.  In  an  authori- 
tative manner;  with  a  show  of  authority. 
— Authoritativeness,  a-thor'i-ta-tiv-nes.  n. 
The  quality  of  being  authoritative.— Au- 
thority, a-thor'i-ti,  n.  [O.Fr.  avihorite.) 
Power  or  rigHt  to  command  or  act;  do- 
minion; control;  the  power  derived  from 
opinion,  respect, or  er,t«em;  influence  con- 
ferred by  character,  station,  mental  super- 
iority, Ac;  a  person  or  persons  exercioing 
power  or  command:  generally  in  the  plural 
(the  civil  and  military  autliorities);  that  to 
which  or  one  to  whom  reference  may  be 
made  in  support  of  any  fact,  opinion, 
a<;tion,.&c.  (a  person's  authority  for  a  state- 
ment); credit  or  credibility  (a  work  of  no 
authority). — Authorize,  a'thor-iz,  v.t.—au- 
tkoi'ized,  authorizing.  To  give  authority, 
warrant,  or  legal  power  to;  to  give  a  right 
to  act ;  to  empower;  to  make  legal ;  to  es- 
tablish by  authority  or  by  usage  or  public 
opinion  (an  authorized  idiom);  to  warrant; 
to  sanction;  to  justify.  —  Authorization, 
ft'thor-iz-a"shon,  n.  The  act  of  authorizing. 
—Authorship,  a'thor-ship,  n.  The  charac- 
ter or  state  of  being  an  author;  the  source 
from  which  a  work  proceeds. 
Autobiography,  a.'to-bi-og"ra-fi,  n.  fGr. 
autos,  self,  and  E.  Wography.]  Biography 
or  memoirs  of  a  person  written  by  himself. 
— Autobiographer,  Autobiographist,  a'to- 
bi-og"ra-f6r,  a'to-bi'0g"ra-fist,  n.  One  who 
writes  an  autobiography.  —  Autobiogra- 
phic, Autobiographical,  a-to-bi'o-graf'ik, 
ft-to-biSo-graf  "ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to,  con- 
sisting of,  or  containing  autobiography.^ 
Autobiographically,  a-to-bi'o-graf "  ik-al- 
li,  adv.  In  an  autobiographical  manner. 
Autochthon,  a-tok'thon,  n.  pi.  Autoch- 
thones, a-tok'thon-6z.  [Gr.  autochthon  — 
autos,  self,  and  chthon,  the  earth.]  One  of 
the  primitive  inhabitants  of  a  country;  an 
aboriginal  inhabitant;  that  which  is  ori- 
ginal to  a  particular  country.  —  Autoch- 
thonal, Autochthonous,  Autochthonic, 
a-tok'thon-al,  a-tok'thon-us,  a-tok-thon'ik, 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  autochthones;  in- 
digenous. 

Autocracy,  a-tok'ra-si,  ».  [Gr.  autokrateia 
— autos, selfi  and  kratos,  power.]  Supreme, 
uncontrolled,  or  unlimited  authority  over 
others,  invested  in  a  single  person;  the 
government  or  power  of  an  absolute  mon- 
arch.—Autocrat,  a'to-krat,  n.  [Gr.  auto- 
kratSs.]  An  absolute  sovereign;  a  monarch 
who  governs  without  being  subject  to  re- 
striction: a  title  assumed  by  the  emperors 
of  Russia;  hence,  one  who  is  invested  with 
or  assumes  unlimited  authority  in  any  re- 
lation. —  Autocratic,  Autocratical,  a-tu- 
krat'ik,  a-to-krat'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
autocracy;  absolute;  holding  unbmited 
powers  of  government.  —  Autocratically, 
a-to-krat'ik-al-U,  adv.  In  an  autocratic 
manner.— AutooratriXjt  a-tok'ra-triks,  n. 
A  female  autocrat. 

Auto-de-fe,  ou'to-de-fa",  n.  pi.  Autos-de-fe, 
ou'tos-de-fa".  [Sp.,  lit.  act  (in  sense  of 
decree,  judgment,  sentence )  of  faith  — 
auto  =  L.  actum,  an  act.  de,  of,  and  fe  =■  L. 
^«8,  faith.]  A  public  solemnity,  formerly 
held  by  the  courts  of  the  Inquisition  in 
Spain  and  Portugal  and  their  dependen- 
cies at  the  execution  of  heretics  condemned 
to  the  stake.  Auto-da-fe,  ou'to-da-fa",  is 
the  Portuguese  forra. 

Autogenous,  a-toj'en-us,  a.  [Gr.  autos,  self, 
and  root  gen,  to  generate.]  Self-produced; 
self-generated;_produGed  independently. 
Autograph,  a'to-graf,  n.  [Gr.  autos,  felt, 
and  graphs,  'VTiting.'i  A  person's  own 
handwriting;  an  original  manuscript  or 
signature.- Autographic,  Autographical, 
a-to-graf'ik,  a-to-graf'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining 
or  relating  to  an  autograph,  or  one's  own 
handwriting;  relating  to  or  used  in  the 
process  of  autography.  —  Autography,  ft- 
tog'ra-fi,  n.  A  person's  own  handwritingt; 
a  process  in  lithography  by  which  a  writ- 
ing or  drawing  is  transferred  from  paper 
to  stone. 

Automatic,  Automatical,  a-to-mat'ik,  s-to- 
mat'ik-al,  a.  [Gr.  auUymatos,  self-acting— 
autos,  self,  and  root  ma,  to  strive.]  Belong- 
ing to  or  proceeding  by  spontaneous  move- 


Fat<j,  far,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  h4r;     pind,  pin;     note,  not,  tabye;     tube,  tub,  byll;     oil,  pound;     ii,  iSc.  abicie— the  Fr.  «. 


AUTOMORPHIC 


47 


AVOIRDUPOIS 


ment ;  having  the  power  of  self-motion ; 
self-acting:  said  especially  of  mechanism; 
not  depending  on  the  will;  instinctive:  ap- 
plied to  actions.  —  Automatism,  a-tom'- 
a-tizm,  n.  Automatic  action;  theory  re- 
garding automatic  actions. — Automatcm, 
^-tom'a-ton,  n.  pi.  Automata,  Automatons, 
ft-tom'a-ta,  a-tom'a-tonz.  That  which  is 
self -moving  or  has  the  power  of  sj)onta- 
neous  movement;  a  self-acting  machine  (as 
a  clock  or  watch);  a  contrivance  in  which 
the  purposely-concealed  power  is  made  to 
imitate  the  arbitrary  or  voluntary  motions 
of  living  beings. 

Automorphic,t  a-tO-mor'fik,  a.  [Gr.  autos, 
self,  and  inorphe,  form.]  Framed  or  con- 
ceived after  the  form  of  one's  self. 

Autonomy,  a-ton'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  autonomia 
— autos,  self,  and  nomos,  law,  rule.J  The 
power  or  right  of  self-government. — Auto- 
nomic, Autonomous,  a-to-nom'ik,  a-ton'o- 
mus,  a.  Relating  to  autonomj';  inde- 
pendent in  government;  having  the  right 
of  self-government. 

Autophagi,  a-tof 'a-ji,  n.  pi.  f Gr.  autos,  self, 
and  phagein,  to  eat.  ]  Birds  which  have  the 
power  of  feeding  themselves  as  soon  as  they 
are  hatched. 

Autoplasty,  a'to-plas-ti,  n.  [Gr.  autos,  self, 
and  plaSBO,  to  form.]  Surg,  same  as  Jino- 
phistij. 

Autopsia,  Autopsy,  a-top'si-a,  a'top-si,  n. 
[Gr.,  from  autus,  self,  and  opsis,  sight.] 
Personal  observation;  ocular  view;  ined. 
post-mortem  examination.  —  Antoptic, 
Autoptical,  a-top'tik,  a-top'tik-al,  a.  Re- 
lating to  or  (based  on  autopsy  or  personal 
observation.— Autoptically,a-top'tik-al-li, 
adv.    In  an  autoptical  manner. 

Autotype,  a 'to -tip,  n.  [Gr.  avios,  self, 
typos,  a  stamp.]  A  photc^aphic  process 
resembling  heliotype;  a  picture  produced 
by  the  process. 

Autotypography,  a'to-ti-pog"ra-fi,  n.  [Gr. 
prefix  autos,  self,  and  E.  typography.]  A 
process  by  which  designs  are  impressed  on 
a  metal  plate,  from  which  copies  may  be 
taken  for  printing. 

Autumn,  a'tum,  n.  [L.  autumnus,  for 
anctuynniis,  the  season  of  increase,  from 
augeo,  auctum,  to  increase.  Augment.] 
The  third  season  of  the  year,  or  the  season 
between  summer  and  winter,  popularly 
regarded  as  comprising  Aug.,  Sept.,  and 
Oct.,  but  astronomically  beginning  at  the 
autumnal  equinor,  23d  Sept.,  and  ending 
at  the  winter  solstice,  21st  December. — 
Autumnal,  a-tum'nal,  a.  Belonging  to 
autumn;  produced  or  gathered  in  autumn; 
fig.  belonging  to  the  period  past  the  mid- 
dle stage  of  life. 

Auxiliary,  Rg-zil'i-a-ri,  a.  [L.  auxiliaris, 
from  auxiiium,  aid,  from  augeo,  to  in- 
crease, whence  also  auction,  augment,  au- 
tumn, &c.]  Conferring  aid  or  support; 
helping;  aiding; -assisting;  subsidiary. — 
Auxiliary,  ag-zil'i-a-ri,  n.  A  helper;  an 
assistant;  aii  associate  in  some  undertak- 
ing; pi.  foreign  troops  in  the  service  of  a 
nation  at  war;  gram,  a  verb  which  helps 
to  form  the  moods  and  tenses  of  other 
verbs;  as,  have,  may,  shall,  and  will. 

Avail,  a-val',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  valeir,  to  be  worth, 
from  L.  valeo,  to  be  strong,  with  prefix  a 
for  L.  ad.}  To  be  for  the  advantage  of;  to 
assist  or  profit;  to  benefit.— To  avail  one's 
self  of,  to  tuiu  to  one's  profit  or  advantage; 
to  talce  advantage  of. — v.i.  To-  be  of  use, 
benefit,  or  advantage;  to  answer  a  purpose; 
to  have  strength,force,orefl5cacy  suflScient. . 
— n.  Advantage  tending  to  promote  suc- 
cess; benefit;  service;  utility;  efficacy:  used 
in  such  phrases  as,  of  little  avail;  of  much 
afaiJ. -^  Available,  a-val'a-bl,  a.  Advan- 
tageous; having  efficacy;  capable  of  being 
used;  attainable;  accessible.— Available- 
aess.  Availability,  a-val'a-bl-nes,  a-val'a- 
bil"i-ti,  n.  State  of  being  available;  power 
or  efficacy;  legal  force;  validity. — Availa- 
bly, a-val'a-bli,  adv.  In  an  available 
manner. 

Avalanche,  av'a-lansh,  n.  [Fr.  avalanche, 
from  avaler, to  descend— a,  to,  val,a,  valley.] 
A  vast  body  of  snow  or  ice  sliding  down  a 

-mountain,  or  over  a  precipice. 

Avaat-courler,  a-van-ko-rer,  n.  [Fr.  avant, 
before,  from  L.  ab,  from  atite,  before.]  A 
person  despatched  before  another  person 


or  a  company,  to  give  notice  of  thei?  ap- 
proach.—Avant-guard,a-van-gard,n.  [Fr. 
avant-garde.]  The  van  or  advanced  body 
of  an  army;  the  vanguard. 

Avanturine,  Aventurine,  a-van'tti-rin,  a- 
veu'tu-rin,  n.  [Fr.  aventure,  chance.]  *A 
variety  of  artificial  gem  consisting  of  glaiss, 
oxide  of  copper,  and  oxide  of  iron:  a  com- 
pound discovered  accidentally  (par  aven- 
ture) ;  also,  a  variety  of  quartz  rock  con- 
taining spangles  of  mica  or  quartz. 

Avarice,  av'aris,  to.  [L.  avaritia,  from 
avarus,  greedy,  from  aveo,  to  covet.]  An 
inordinate  desire  of  gaining  and  possess- 
ing wealth;  covetousness;  cupidity;  greedi- 
ness.— Avaricious,  ar-a-ri'shus,  a.  Charac- 
terized by  avarice;  greedy  of  gain;  miserly; 
covetous.  —  Avariciously,  av-a-ri'shus-li, 
adv.  In  an  avaricious  manner;  covetously; 
greedily.  —  Avariciousness,  av-a-ri '  shus- 
nes,  n.    The  quality  of  being  avaricious. 

Avast,  a-vast',  exclam,.  [From  D.  houd  vast, 
hold  fast,  stop.]  Naut.  the  order  to  stop, 
hold,  cease,  or  stay  in  any  operation  :• 
sometimes  used  colloquially  .without  refer- 
ence to  ships. 

Avatar,  Avatara,  av-a-tajr*,  av-a-t&'ra,  n. 
(Skr.  avatdra — ava,  down,  and  root  tn,  to 
go.]  A  descent  from  heaven;, the  incarna- 
tion of  the  Hindu  deities,  or  their  appear- 
ance in  some  n&anifest  shape  upon  earth. 

Avaunt,  a-vant',  inierj.  [Fr.  avant,  en 
avarU,  forward,  march  ! — from  L.  06,  from 
ante,  before.    Van  is  the  same  word.] "  Be- 

'  gone;  depart:  an  exclamation  of  contempt 
or  abhorrence. 

Ave,  a'vS,  bilerj.  t^.]  Hail !  farewell !  God 
bless  you !  Sometim  es  used  as  a  noun  for  an 
Ave-Maria.  —  Ave-Maria,  a've-ma-ri'a,  n. 
[L.=hail  Mary!— the  first  words  of  Gab- 
riel's salutation  to  the  Virgin  Mary.]  De- 
votional words  often  repeated  in  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  chaplets  and 
rosaries  being  divided  into  a  certain  num- 
ber of  ave-marias  and  paternosters. 

Avenaceous,  av-e-na'shus,  a.  tX>.  avena, 
oats.]  Belonging  to  or  partaking  of  the 
nature  of  oats. 

Avenge,  a-venj',  v.t.  — avenged,   avenging. 

.iO.Vr.  avengier — prefixa,and  Ir.  vijidicare, 
to  avenge,  vindicate.]  To  vindicate  by  in- 
flicting pain  or  evil  on  the  wrong-doer;  to 
deal  punishment  for  injury  done  to:  with 
a  person  as  object;  to  take  satisfaction  for, 
by  pain  or  punishment  inflicted  on  the  in- 
juring party ;  to  deal  punishment  on  ac- 
count of:  with  a  thing  as  object. — Avenge- 
ment,  a-ven  j'ment,  n.  The  act  of  9.venging. 
—Avenger,  a-venj'6r,  n.  Onewho  avenges; 
one  who  takes  vengeance. 

Avens,  av'enz,  n.  'The  popular  name  of 
several  species  of  rosaceous  plants  grow- 
ing wild :  'common  avens  is  also  called 
herb-bennet. 

Aventurine,'  n.  and  a.    Avanturine. 

Avenue,  av'e-na,  n.  [Fr.,  from  avenir,  to 
arrive,  L.  advenio.  Advene,  Advent.]  A 
passage;  a  way  or  opening  for  entrance;  a 
wide  straight  roadway  or  street;  an  alley 
or  walk  planted  on  each  side  with  trees; 
Jig.  means  of  access  or  attainment. 

Aver,  a.-vit,  v.t. — averred,  averring.  [Fr. 
averer,  from  L.  ad,  to,  and  verus,  true.] 
To  affirm  with  confidence;  to  declare  in  a 
positive  or  peremptory  manner;  to  assert. 
—Averment,  a-v6r'ment,  n.  The  act  of 
averring;  affirmation;  a  positive  assertion 
or  declaration. 

Average,  av'6r-aj,  n.  [Fr.  avarie,  Sp.  aue- 
via,  damage  sustained  by  goods  at  sea; 
from  Aj'.  avAr,  defect,  flaw,  modified  by 
the  influence  of  L.L.  averagium.  t\iQ  car- 
riage of  goods  by  averia  or  draught-cattle, 
a  contribution  towards  loss  of  thiiigs  car- 
ried, from  O.  Fr.  aver,  a  work -horse,  from  L. 
habere,  to  have.]  A  contribution  falling 
on  the  owners  of  a  ship's  freight  and  cargo, 
in  proportion  to  their  several  interests,  to 
make  good  a  loss  that  has  been  sustained; 
a  sum  or  quantity  intermediate  to  a 
number  of  different  sums  or  quantities;  a, 
mean  or  medial  amount;  a  general  esti- 
mate based  on  comparison  of  a  number 
of  diverse  cases;  a  medium. — a.  Exhibit- 
ing a  mean  proportion  or  mean  quality; 
forming  an  average;  medium;  not  ex- 
treme; ordinary;  cmn.  estimated  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  rules  of  average.— i».t. — 


averaged,  averaging.  To  find  the  average 
of;  to  reduce  to  a  mean  sum  or  quantity; 
to  show  or  have  as  an  average  or  mean 
(trees  average  50  feet  in  height).— Aver- 
agely,  av'6r-aj-li,  adv.  In  an  average  way 
or  manner;  by  taking  an  average. 

Avemian,  a-v6r'ni-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Avemus,  a  lake  of  Campania,  in  Italy,  re- 
presented by  classical  poets  as  the  entrance 
to  hell. 

Avemmcate,  av-e-rung'kat,  v.t.  [L.  aver- 
runco,  to  avert— a,  from,  and  verrunco,  to 
turn.]    To  avert.  —  Averruncation,  av  e- 

,ruag-ka"shon,  n.  The  act  of  averting; 
eradication;  extirpation;  removal. — Aver- 
runcator, av-e-rung'k&t-fer,  n.  An  imple- 
ment for  pruning  trees  when  their 
branches  are  beyond  easy  re^ch  of  the 
hand. 

Avert,  a-v6rt',  v.t.  [L.  averto,  aversum,  to 
turn  away— a,  from,  and  verto,  versum,  to 
turn,  whence  verse,  convert,  converse,  di- 
verse, &c.]  To  turn  or  direct  away  from; 
to  turn  or  to  cause  to  turn  off  or  away  (the 
eyes,  calamity,  &c.). — Averter,  a-v^rt'er, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  averts  or  turns 
away.' — Averse,  a-vers',  a.  [L.  aversus, 
turned  from,  pp.  of  averto.]  Turned  away 
from;  averted  {Mil.);  unwilling;  having 
repugnance:  now  regularly  followed  by 
to,  not  by  /rom.— Aversely,  a-vtrsli,  adv. 
In  an  averse  manner;  with  repugnance; 
unwillingly.  —  Averseness,  a-vers'nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  averse.  —  Aversion,  a- 
v6r'shon,  n.  Opposition  or  repugnance  of 
mind;  dislike;  disinclination;  reluctance; 
hatred:  used  absolutely  or  with  to;  the 
cause  of  dislike;  the  object  ofrepugnance. 

Avesta,  a-ves'ta,  n.  The  sacred  writings 
attributed  to  Zoroaster;  the  Zend-avesta. 
— Avestan,  a-ves'tan,  n.  The  language  of 
the  Avesta;  Zend. 

Avian,  a'vi-an,  a.  [L. -avis,  a  bird.]  Per- 
taining to  birds.- Aviary,  il'vi-a-ri,  n.  [L. 
aviarium.]  A  building  "or  inclosure  for 
the  breeding,  rearing,  and  keeping  of 
birds.- Aviculture,  a'vi-kul-tur,  n.  The 
breeding  and  rearing  of  birds.— Avifauna, 
a'vi-fft-na,  n.  A  collective  name  for  the 
birds  or  avian  fauna  of  a  district. — Avi- 

.form,  ft'vi-form,  a.    Bird-shaped. 

Avid,  av'id,  o.  [  L.  avidus,  from  aveo,  to 
desire;  akin  avarice.]  Eager;  greedy:  with 
0/.  — Avidity,  a-vid'i-ti,  n.  (L.  avidUas.] 
Greediness;  strong  appetite;  eagerness; 
intenseness  df  desire. - 

Avizandum,  av-i-zan'dum.  In  Scotland, 
the  private  consideration  by  a  judge  of  a 
case  that  has  been  heard  in  court. 

Avocado,  av-6-ka'do,  n.  (.Corrupted  froila 
M'exican  name.]  The  alligator-pear,  the 
fruit  of  a  small  tree  of  the  laurel  family, 
common  in  tropical  America  and  the  West 
Indies. 

Avocat,  av-S-ka,  n.    [Fr.J   An  advocate,  a 

.  name  given  to  the  higher  class  of  Frenib 
lawyers. 

Avocate,t  av'5-kat.  v.t.  [LT  avoco,  avoca- 
tum — a,  from,  and  voeo,  to  qp.ll.]  To  call 
off  or  away;  to  remove  from  an  inferior  to  a 
superior  court. — Avocation,  av-o-ka'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  calling  aside  or  diverting 
from  some  object  or  employment;  the  au- 
thoritative removal  of  a  case  from  an  infe- 
rior to  a  superior  court;  that  which  calls  a 
man  away  from  his  proper  business;  a  dis- 
traction; a  hinderance;  a  man's  business, 
pursuit,  or  occupation;  vocation  or  calling. 
— Avocative,  a-vok'a-tiv,  a.    Calling  off. 

Avocet,  av'o-set,  n.    SSime  as  Avoset. 

Avoid,  a-void',  v.t.  [Originally  to  empty; 
from  prefix  a,  and  void.]  To  make  void  (in 
legal  phraseology);  to  shun;  to  keep  away 
from;  to  eschew;  to  evade;  to  elude  (ex- 
pense, danger,  bad  company). — v.i.  To  be- 
come void  or  vacant;  to  retirej;  to  with- 
drawt. — Avoidable,  a-void'a-bl,  a.  That 
may  be  vacated  or  annulled;  capable  of 
being  avoided,  shunned,  or  escaped. — 
Avoidance,  a-void'ans,  n.  The  act  of  an- 
nulling or  making  void;  the  act  of  avoid- 
ing or  shunning. — Avolder,  a-void'6r,  h. 
One  who  avoids.— A voidless.t  a-voidles,  a/ 
Inevitable;  certain;  unavoidable. 

Avoirdupois,  av-tr'da-poiz",  n.  [O.Fr.  awotr, 
du  pais,  to  have  weight— L.  habeo,  to  have, 
pensuin,  something  weighed  out.  Poise.] 
A  system  of  weight  of  which  1  lb.  containa 


Lchj^cfcun;^'v eh,  Sc.  loch-^ g,  go;    j, ^ob;^.  n,  Fr.  ton;^   'ng,  sitw;^^  SH,  tfien:  th,  tluuiJstyr,wiB;/fkwh,jwMg}^ zti^javxex 


AVOSET 


48 


AZYMOUS 


16  oz. ,  in  distinction  to  troy  weight,  which 
has  only  12 — the  system  by  which  commo- 
dities in  general  are  weighed. 

Avoset,  avo-set,  n.  [Fr.  avocette.  It.  avo- 
cetta.}  A  wading-bird  of  the  size  of  a  lap- 
wing, with  very  long  legs,  feathers  varie- 
gated with  black  and  white,  and  a  long 
slender  bill  bent  upwards  toward  the  tip. 

Avouch,  a-vouch',  t>.t.  IPrefix  a  (=L.  ad, 
toi,  and  vouch:  O.Pr.  avocMer,  avocher.] 
To  affirm  openly;  to  avow;  to  maintain, 
vindicate,  or  justify  (a  statement) ;  to  es- 
tablish; guarantee;  substantiate. — n.{  Evi- 
dence; testimony.  [SftaA.J-^Avouchable, 
a-voucn'a-bl,a.  Capable  of  being  avouched. 

—  Avoucher,  a- vouch '6r,  n.  One  who 
avouches.— Avonchment,  a-vouch'ment,  n. 
The  act  of  avouching;  declaration;  avowal. 

Avow,  a-vou',  v.t.  [Fr.  avmcer—a  (from  L. 
ad,  to),  and  v<yuer,  to  vow.  Vow.l  To  de- 
clare openly,  vrith  a  view  to  justify,  main- 
t?.in,  or  defend  (sentiments,  &c.);  to  ac- 
knowledge; to  own. — Avowable,a-vou'a-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  avowed  or  openly  ac- 
knowledged.— Avowably,  a-vou'a-bli,  adv. 
In  aa  avowable  manner.— Avowal,  a-vou'- 
al,n.  An  open  declaration;  frank  acknow- 
ledgment.— Avowance,  a-vou'ans,  n.  The 
act  of  avowing;  avowal. — Avowed,  a-voud', 
a.  Declared;  open  (an  avowed  enemy). — 
Avowedly,  a-vou'ed-li,  adv.  In  an  avowed 
or  open  manner;  with  frank  acknowledg- 
ment.—  Avower,  a-vou'er,  n.  "One  who 
avows,  owns,  or  asserts. 

Avulsion,  a-vxd'shon,  n.  [L.  avulsio,  from 
avello — a,  from,  away,  and  vello,  vulsttm, 
to  pull.]  A  pulling  or  tearing  asunder  or 
off. 

Avuncular,  a-vung'ka-l6r,  a.  [L.  avun- 
culus, as  uncle.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an 
uncle. 

Await,  a-wat',  v.t.  To  wait  for;  to  look  for 
or  expect;  to  be  in  store  for;  to  be  ready 
for  (a  reward  awaits  him). 

Awake,  a-wak',v.t. — avmke  or  ayaked  (pret. 
&  pp.),  atvakiiig.  [Prefix  a,  intens.,  and 
wake;  A.  Sax.  dwacan,  pret.  dwoc,  also 
dwacian,  to  awake.  Wake.]  To  rouse 
from  sleep  or  fronl  a  state  resembling 
sleep;  to  put  into  action  or  new  life.— t;.i. 
To  cease  to  sleep;  to  bestir  or  rouse  one's 
self  from  a  state  resembling  sleep. — a.  [A. 
Sax.  dwacen,  pp.  of  dwacan.]  Not  sleep- 
ing; in  a  state  of  vigilance  or  action. — 
Awakement,  a-wak'ment,  n.  Act  of  awak- 
ening, or  state  of  being  awake;  revival. — 
Awaiken,  a-wak'n,  v.i.  ['A.  Sax.  dwxcnan, 
dwacnian,  to  awake  (intrans.).]  To  be- 
come awake;  to  awake.— w.t.  To  rouse 
from  sleep;  to  awake. — Awakoner,  a-wftk'- 
n-*r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  awakens. 
Awakening,  a-wak'n-ing,  n.  Act  of  awak- 
ing from  sleep;  a  revival  of  religion. — a. 
Housing ;  alarming.  —  Awakeningly,  a- 
v/ak'ii-ing-li,  adv.  In  a 'manner  to  awaken. 

—  Awakenment,  a-wak'n-ment,  n.  The 
act  of  awakening,  or  state  of  being  awak- 
ened. 

Awanting,  a-wont'ing,  a.  Wanting;  ab- 
sent; missing.    [Not  used  attributively.] 

Award,  a-ward',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  awarder,  to 
have  under  ward,  to  inspect,  to  pronounce 
as  to  the  sufficiency  of.  Ward.]  To  ad- 
judge; to  assign  judicially  or  by  Sentence 
(aa  an  arbitrator  pronouncing  upon  the 
rights  of  parties).  —  v.i.  To  make  an  a- 
ward.  —  n.  Judgment ;  decision ;  the  de- 
cision of  arbitrators  on  points  submitted 
to  them.  —  Awarder,  a-ward'&r,  n.  One 
that  awards  or  makes  an  award. 

Awcxe,  a-wSr',  o.  [Prefix  a,  and  ware  (as 
in  beware);  A.  Sax.  gewcer,  wary,  cautious; 
G.  gewahr,  aware.  Ware,  Wary.]  Ap- 
prised; cognizant;  informed;  conscious: 
followed  by  of.  INot  used  attributively.] 

Away,  a-w&',  adv.  [A.  Sax.  onweg — on,  on, 
and  weg,  way.]  Absent;  at  a  distance; 
apart;  to  a  distance  (to  go  away).  It  is 
often  used  elliptically  (whither  away  so 
fast?).  With  many  verbs  it  conveys  a  no- 
tion of  using  up  or  consuming  (to  squan- 
der away,  to  idle  or  loiter  away);  it  has  also 
merely  an  intensive  force  (eat  away,  laugh 
away).— int.  Begone!  depart!  go  away. 

Awe,  (i.  n.  [O.E.  aghe,  eghe,  A.  Sax.  ege, 
fear,  dread ;  Icel.  agi,  awe,  terror,  Goth. 


agis,  fear;  allied  to  Gael,  agh,  fear;  6r. 
achos,  anguish— from  root  seen  in  anguish, 
anger,  &c.  Angeh.]  Dread  or  great  fear; 
fear  mingled  with  admiration  or  rever- 
ence; reverential  fear;  feeling  inspired  by 
something  sublime.  —  v.t. — awed,  awing. 
To  strike  with  awe;  to  influence  by  fear, 
reverence,  or  respect. — Awelesa,  Awless, 
ft'les,  a.  Devoid  of  awe ;  wanting  the 
power  of  inspiring  reverence  or  awe. — 
Awful,  a'ful,  a.  Striking  or  inspiring 
with  awe;  nUing  with  dread,  or  dread 
mingled  with  profound  reverence;  pro- 
ceeding from  awe;  extraordinary  or  highly 
remarkable  (colloq.).  —  Awfully,  a'ful-h, 
adv.  In  an  awful  manner;  in  a  manner 
to  fill  with  awe ;  terribly ;  excessively. — 
Awfulness,  a'ful-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  awful,'  or  of  striking  with  awe,  rev- 
erence, or  terror. 

Aweary,  a-we'ri,  a.    Weary.    [Poetical.] 

Aweather,  a-weTH'6r,  o.  or  adv.  On  or  to 
the  weather  side  of  a  ship:  opposed  to  alee. 

Awhile,  a-whil',  adv.  [Prefix  o,  on,  or  indef. 
art.  a,  and  whUe,  time  or  interval.]  For  a 
space  of  time;  for  some  time. 

Awkward,  ^k'w^rd,  a.  [O.E.  awk,  awke, 
wrong,  backwards,  reverse,  and  term. 
-ward.  Awk  corresponds  to  Icel.  ofigr, 
ofugr,  Sw.  afvig,  turned  the  wrong  way, 
from  a/='El.  off.]  Wanting  dexterity  in  the 
use  of  the  hands  or  of  instruments;  bung- 
ling; clumsy;  ungraceful  in  manners;  un- 
couth-— Awkwardly,  ak'werd-li,  adv.  In 
an  awkward  manner;  clumsily.  —  Awk- 
wardness, ak'w6rd-ne8,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  awkward. 

Awl,  al,  n.  [A.  Sax.  auniZ,  ael,  dl;  Icel.  air, 
G.afile.]  A  pointed  Instrument  for  piercing 
small  holes  in  leather ^wood,  &c. 

Awn,  an,  n.  [Icel. ogn,  Dan.  avne,  Sw.  agne, 
chaff,  husk;  akin  to  Gr.  achne,  chaff]  The 
bristle  or  beard  of  com  or  grass,  or  any 
similar  bristle-like  appendage. — Awned, 
a.  Having  awns.— Awner,  Rn'6r,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  removes  awns  from 
grain;  a  hummeller.— Awny,  ftu'i, «.  Hav- 
ing awns. 

Awning,  an'rng,  n.  [L.G.  havenung,  a  shel- 
ter, froni  haven,  a  haven.]  A  covering  pf 
canvas  or  other  cloth  spread  over  any  place 
as  a  protection  from  the  sun's  rays. 

Awry,  a-ri',  a.  or  adv.  In  a  wry  position; 
turned  or  twisted  toward  one  side;  asquint; 
crooked;  perverse. 

Axe,  Ax,  aks,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ax,  cex,  Icel. 
ox,  Dan.  oxe,  D.  aakse,  G.  ax,  ttxl;  allied 
to  Gr.  axine,  L.  ascia  for  acsia — an  axe. 
From  root  ac,  ak,  a  point.  Acid.1  An 
instrument,  consisting  of  a  head,  with  an 
arching  edge  of  steel  in  the  plane  of  the 
sweep  of  the  tool,  attached  to  a  handle, 
and  used  for  hewing  timber  and  chopping 
wood.— Axe-head,  n.  The  head  or  iron  of 
an  axe.— Axe-stone, ».  The  mineral  neph- 
rite or  jade. 

Axial,  Axially  Ac.    See  Axis. 

Axil,  Axilla,  aks'il,  aks-il'la,  n.  [Ij.  axitta, 
the  arm-pit.]  The  arm-pit;  a  cavity  under 
the  upper  part  of  the  arm  or  shoulder; 
bot.  the  angle  on  the  upper  side  between 
an  axis  and  any  organ  growing  from  it. — 
Axlllar,  Axillary,  aks'U-Ur,  aks'il-la-ri.o. 
Pertaining  to  the  arm-pit  or  to  the  axil  of 
plants. 

Axiom,  ak^'i-om,  n.  [Gr.  axiOma.'i  A  self- 
evident  truth  or  proposition;  a  proposition 
whose  truth  is  so  evident  at  first  sight 
that  no  process  of  reasoning  ordemonstra- 
tion  can  make  it  plainer;  an  established 
principle  in  some  art  or  science;  a  prin- 
ciple universally  received.— S^ii.  under  A- 
FHORisu. — Axiomatic,  Axiomatical,  aks'- 
i-o-mat"ik,  aks'i-o-mat"ik-al,a.  Pertaining 
to,  consisting  of,  or  having  the  character  of 
an  axiom. — Axiomatically,  aks'i-o-mat"- 
ik-al-li,  adv.    In  an  axiomatic  mainner. 

Axis,  aks'is,  n.  pi.  Axes,  aks'ez.  [LJ  The 
straight  line,  real  or  imaginary,  passing 
through  a  body  or  magnitude,  on.  which 
it  revolves,  ortnay  be  supposed  to  revolve; 
bot.   the   central   line  or  column  about 

.  which  other  parts  are  arranged;  anat.  the 
second  vertebra  of  the  neck.— Axial,  aks*- 
i-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  axis.— Axrlally', 
aks'i-al-li,  adv.    According  to  or  in  line 


with  the  axis.— Axiform,  aks'i-form,  a. 
In  the  form  of  an  axis. — Axile,  aksTl,  a. 
Bot.  of  or  belonging  to  the  axis;  lying  in 
the  axis. 

Axis,  aks'iSj  n.  A  species  of  East  Indian 
deer.beautifully  marked  with  white  spots. 

Axle,  Axle-tree,  aks'l,  aks'l-tre,n.  [A  dim. 
from  A,  Sax.  eax,  ex,  an  axle;  same  root 
as  L.  axis,  namely,  ag,  to  drive.  Acre.] 
A  piece  of  timber  or  bar  of  iron  on  which 
the  wheels  of  a  vehicle,  &c.,  turn. — Axled, 
aks'ld,  a.  Furnished  with  an  axle.  — 
Axle-nut,  n.  A  screw-nut  on  the  end  of 
an  axle  to  keep  the  wheel  in  place.— Axle- 
pin,  n.    Same  as  Linch-pin. 

Axolotl,  aks'o-lotl,  n.  [Mexican  nanre.]  A 
remarkable  member  of  the  tailed  amphi- 
bians found  in  Mexican  lakes,  possessing 
four  limbs  resembling  those  of  a  frog,  and 
retaining  throughout  life  both  lungs  and 
gills. 

Axunge,  aks'unj,  n.  [h.  axungia — axis,  an 
axle,  and  ungo,  to  grease.]    Hog's  lard. 

Ay,  Aye,  i,  adv.  [Of  doubtful  origin.l  Yes; 
yea;  a  word  expressing  assent  or  affirma- 
tion; truly;  certainly;  indeed.  — n.  The 
word  by  which  assent  is  expressed  in  Par- 
liament; hence,  an  affirmative  vote. — 7'he 
ayes  have  it,  the  affirmative  votes  are  in  a 
majority. 

Ayain,  a'ya,  n.  In  the  East  Indies,  a  native 
waiting  woman  or  lady's-maid. 

Aye,  a,  adv.  [Icel.  ei,  aye,  ever;  A.  Sax.  d, 
aJways;  allied  to  L.  cevum,  Gr.  aiOn,  age, 
aiei,  ever.]  Always;  for  ever;  continually; 
for  an  indefinite  time:  used  mostly  in 
poetry. 

Aye-aye,  i-i,  n.  [From  its  cry.]  A  noctur- 
nal quadruped,  about  the  size  of  a  hare, 
found  in  Madagascar,  allied  to  the  lemurs, 
and  in  its  habits  resembling  the  sloth. 

Azalea,  a-za'le-a,n.  [Gr.  azaleos,  dry,  from 
inhabiting  dry  localities.]  The  generic 
name  of  certain  plants  belonging  to  the 
heath  family,  remarkable  for  the  beauty 
and  fragrance  of  their  flowers,  and  distin- 
guished from  the  rhododendrons  chiefly 
by  the  flowers  having  ten  stamens  instead 
ot  five. 

Azimuth,  az'i-muth,  n.  [Ar.  as-mtmuth, 
pi.  of  as-san\i,  a  way.  a  path.  Zenith  has 
the  same  origin.]  Astron.  an  arc  of  the 
horizon  intercepted  between  the  meridian 
of  a  place  and  the  vertical  circle  passing 
through  the  centre  of  a  celestial  object 
and  the  zenith. — Azimuth  circle,  a  circle 
passing'  through  the  zenith  and  cutting 
the  horizon  perpendicularly.  — .Azimwt/i 
compass,  a  kind  of  compass  used  for  find- 
ing the  ;tzimuth  of  a  heavenly  object. — 
Azimuthal,  az'i-muth-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  azimuth. 

Azoic,  a-zo'ik,  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and  eOS, 
life.]  Destitute  of  any  vestige  of  organic 
life:  applied  to  rocks,  especialiy  some  very 
old  rocks,  in  which  no  fossils  nave  as  yet 
been  found. 

Azote,  az'ot,  n.  [Grl  a,  priv.,  and  zOi, 
Uie.]  A  name  formerly  given  to  nitrogen 
because  it  is  unfit  for  respiration. — Azotic, 
a-zot'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  !i?ote;  fatal  to 
animal  life.  —  Azotide,  az'o-tid,  n.  An 
azotized  body. — Azotize,  az'o-tiz,  v.t. — azo- 
tized,  ckzotidng.  To  imbue  with  nitrogen; 
to  deprive  of  life.— Azotous,  a-zo^tus,  o. 
Nitrous. 

Aztec,  az'tek,  n.  and  a.  One  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Aztecs,  the  ruling  tribe  in 
Mexico  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  inva- 
sion. 

Azure,  S'zhOr,  a.  [Fr.  CKur,  L.L.  oeMmitn, 
lazurum,  Ac,  from  Arab,  lazwerd,  blue.] 
Resembling  the  clear  blue  colour  of  the 
sky;  sky-blue.— n.  The  fine  blue  colour  of 
the  sky;  a  name  common  to  several  sky- 
coloured  or  blue  pigments,  as  ultramarine 
or  smalt;  the  sky  or  vault  of  heaven.— 
v.t.  To  colour  blue.— Azurite,  a'zhttr-it,  n. 
A  blue  mineral,  an  ore  of  copper,  composed 
chiefly  of  hydrous  carbonate ;  called  also 
Azure-stone. 

Azygous,  az'i-gns,  a.  [Gr.  azygoa — a,  priv., 
and  zygon,  a  yoke.]  Not  one  of  a  pair; 
single:  applied  to  certain  muscles,  &c. 

Azymoua,t  az'im-us,  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
zyme,  leaven.]  Unleavened;  unfermented. 


Fate,  fix,  fat,  Iftll;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     uot«,  not,  mOve;^  tabe,  tub,  b\}ll ;     oil,  pound;  _a,  8c.  abwne— the  Fr.  w. 


49 


BACKWARD 


B. 


B,  the  second  letter  and  the  first  consonant 
in  the  English  and  most  other  alphabets; 

'mws.  the  seventh  note  of  the  model  dia- 
tonic scale  or  scale  of  C. 

Baal,  ba'al,  w.  [Heb/ba'oZ,  lord.]  A  deity 
worshipped  among  the  Canaanites,  Phoe- 
niciams,  &c.,  and  supposed  to  represent 
the  Sim.  —  B&alism,  ba'al-izm,  n.  The 
worship  of  Baal;  gross  idolatry.— Baalite, 
ba'al-it,  n.  A  worshipper  of  Baal;  a 
grovelling  idolizer. 

Babbitt-metal,  bab'it-met-al,  n.  [From  the 
name  of  the  inventor.]  An  alloy  of  cop- 
per, zinc,  and  tin,  used  for  obviating  fric- 
tion in  the  bearings  ^f  cranky,  axles,  &c. 

Babble,  bab'bl,  vA.  [From  ba,  a  sound 
uttered  by  an  infant;  D.  and  G.  babbeln, 
Icel.  babbla,  Dan.  babie,  Fr.  babiller.]  To 
utter  words  imperfectly  or  indistinctly; 
to  talk  idly  or  irrationally;  to  make  a  con- 
tinuous murmuring  sound;  to  prate;  to 
tell  secteU.—v.t.  To  utter  idl.v  or  irration- 
ally.—n.  Idle  talk;  senseless  prattle;  mur- 
mur as  of  a  stream.- Babblement,!  bab'- 
bi-ment,  n.  Idle  talk;  babble.  [JUU.}— 
Babbler,  bab'blfer,  n.  One  who  babbles; 
a  teller  of  secrets. 

Babe,  Baby,  bab,  ba'bi,  n.  [JFrom  the  Cel- 
tic: W.  Ir.  and  Gael,  baban,  Gael,  and  Ir. 
bab,  chijd,  infant.]  An  infant;  a  young 
child  of  either  sex.— Babish,  Babyish, 
ba'bish,  ba'bi-ish',  a.  Like  a  babe:  child- 
ish.-Babishly,  bftb'ish-li,  adv.  Childish- 
]y..,-Babl3hhes8,  Babyishness,  bab'ish-nes, 
ba'bi-ish-nes,  n.  —  Babyhood,  ba'bi-hud, 
n.  The  state  of  being  a  baby;  infancy. — 
Babyism,  ba'bi-izm,  n.  The  condition  of 
a  baby;  babyhood.— Baby-farm,  n.  The 
establishment  of  a  baby-farmer.— Baby- 
farmer,  n.  One  who  receives  infants,  gene- 
rally illegitimate,  along  with  a  sum  of 
money  for  their  bringing  up,  and  whoso 
object  is  to  get  rid  of  the  children,  by 
neglect  or  ill  usage,  as  soon  as  possible. — 
BaDv-farming,  n.  The  system  or  practices 
of  a  baby-farmer. 

Babel,  ba'bel,  n.  The  city  mentioned  in 
Scripture  where  the  confusion  of  tongues 
took  place;  ajiy  great  city  where  confusion 
may  oe  supposed  to  prevail ;  a  confused 
mixture  of  sounds;  confusion;  disorder.  . 

Babiroassa,  bab-i-ros'sa,  n.  Same  as  Baby- 
Tnissa. 

Bablah,  bab'la,  n.  The  pod  of  several  spe- 
cies of  acacia  sometimes  used  in  dyeing, 
to  produce  a  drab  colour. 

Baboo,  Babu,  ba-bo',  n.  A  Hindu  title  of 
respect  paid  to  gentlemen,  equivalent  to 
master,  &if. 

Baboon,  ba-bOn',  n.  [Fr.  babouin.']  A  term 
applied  to  certain  quadrumanous  animals 
of  the  Old  World  having  elongated  muz- 
zles like  a  dog,  strong  canine  teeth,  short 
tails,  cheek-pouches,  small  deep  eyes  with 
huge  eyebrows,  and  naked  callosities  on 
the  hips. 

Baby,  4c.    Babe. 

Babylonian,  Babylonish,  Babylonie,  bab- 
i-lo'ni-an,  bab-i-lo'nish,  bab-i-lon'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  Babylon;  like  the  confusion 
of  tongues  at  Babd;  mixed;  confused. 

Babyrussa,  Babyroussa,  bab-i-ros'sa,  n;  A 
species  of  the  swine  family  with  long 
curved  tusks  in  the  upper  jaw,  inhabiting 
the  islands  of  the  Eastern  Archipelago 
and  the  Malayan  Peninsula,  and  allied  to 
the  wild  boars  of  Europe. 

Bacca,  bak'ka,  n.  [L.]  Bot.  a  berry;  a 
one-celled  fruit,  with  several  naked  seeds 
immersed  in  a  pulpy  mass.  —  Baccate, 
bak'kat,  a.  Bot.  having  a  pulpy  texture 
bke  a  berry;  bearing  berries;  berried.— 
Baccatsd,  bak'kat-ed,  a.  Having  many 
berries;  set  or  adorned  with  pearls.— Bac- 
clferons,  bak-sif'er-us,  a.  [L.  bacca,  and 
Zero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  or  producing 
berries.— Baccivorous,  bak-siv'o-rus,  a. 
[L.  bacca,  and  voro,  to  devour.]  Eating 
or  subsisting  on  ben'ies. 

Baccalaiircate,  bak-ka-la'r5-at,  n.     [L.L. 


'baccalaureatris,  from  hacealaweuBi  a  cor- 
rupted form  of  L.L.  baccalariua,  Fr. 
bachelier,  a  bachelor,  or  one  who  has  at- 
tained the  lowest  degree  in  a  university. 
Bachelor.]  The  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Arts.— o.  Pertaining  to  a  Bachelor  of 
Arts. 

Baccarat,  baklca-rat  or  bak-ka-r^,  n.  [Fr.  1 
A  game  of  cards  played  by  any  number  of 
players  or  rather  bettors. 

Bacchanal,  Bacchanalian,  bak'a-nal,  bak- 
a-na'li-an,  a.  [L.  bacchanalis,  froiff' Bac- 
chus, the  god  of  wine.J  Revelling  in  or 
characterized  by  intemperate  drinking; 
riotous ;  noifey. — n.  A  votary  of  Bacchus ; 
one  who  indulges  in  drunken  revels;  a 
(Lrunken  feast.  —  Bacchanalia,  bak-a-na'- 
li-a,  n.jal.  [L.J  Feasts  or  festive  rites  in 
honour  of  Bacchus.  —  Bacchanallanlsm, 
bak-a-na'li-an-izm,  n.  The  practice  of 
bacchanalian  rites;  drunken  revelry.— 
Bacchanaliaiily,t  bak-a-na'li-au-li,  adv. 
In  a  bacchanalian  manner.  —  Bacchant, 
ba-kant',  n.  [L.  bacchans,  ppr.  of  bacckor, 
to  celebrate  the  feast  of  Bacchus.]  A  priest 
of  Bacchus;  a  bacchanal.— Bacchante,  ba- 
kan'te,  n.  [It.  baccmite.'i  A  priestess  of 
Bacchus,  or  one  who  joined  in  the  feasts  of 
Bacchus;  one  in  a  state  of  bacchic  frenzy; 
a  female  bdcchanal.— Bacchic.  Bacchical, 
bak'ik,  bak'ik-al,  a.  Relating  to  Bacchus; 
jovial;  drunken;  mad  with  intoxication. 

Bacchius,  ba-ki'us,  n.  Proa,  a  foot  com- 
posed of  a  short  syllable  and  two  long 
ones,  the  opposite  of  the  antiba/:chitis. 

Bachelor,  bach'el-6r,  n.  [O:  Fr.  bacheler, 
bachiler,  Fr.  bacfielier,  from  L.L.  baccala- 
rius,  the  owner  of  a  small  farm  or  a  herd 
of  cows,  a  vassal,  from  bacca,  for  L.  vacca, 
a  cow.]  Formerly,  a  young  man  in  the 
first  or  probationary  stage  of  knighthood; 
hence,  a  man  who  has  not  been  married ; 
one  who  has  taken  the  degree  below  that 
of  Master  or  Doctor  in  Arts,  Science,  or 
other  subjects  at  a  university.  —  Knight 
bachelor,  a  man  who  has  been  knighted 
without  being  made  a  member  of  any  of 
the  orders  of  knighthood,  as  the  Bath. — 
Bachelorhood,  Bachelor!  sm.Bachelorship, 
bach'el-6r-hud,  bach'el-6r-izm,  bach'el-6r- 
ship,  n.   The  state  of  being  a  bachelor. 

BaciUus,  ba-sil'lus,  n.  pi.  Bacilli,  ba-sil'li. 
[L.,  a  little  rod.]  A  microscopic  organism 
that  often  swarms  in  the  blood  of  animals 
in  morbid  states. 

Back,  bak,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bcec,  Icel.  Sw.  and 
L.G.  bak.]  The  posterior  part  of  the  trunk; 
the  region  of  th«  spine;  the  hinder  part  of 
the  body  in  man  and  the  upper  in  other 
animals;  that  which  is  behiad  or  furthest 
from  the  face  or  front ;  the  rear  (the  back 
of  a  house);  that  which  is  behind  or  in 
the  furthest  distance;  the  part  which 
comes  behind  in  the  ordinary  movements 
of  a  thing,  or  when  it  is  used  (the  back  of 
the  hand,  a  knife,  saw,  &c.);'  a  reserve  or 
secondary  resource ;  a  support  or  second ; 
vl.  among  leather  dealers  the  thickest  and 
oest-tanned  hides.— BeWred  one's  b(tck,  in 
secret,  or  when  one  is  absent.— adu.  [Short 
for  aback,  A.  Sax.  on  bcec,  back.]  To  or  to- 
ward a  former  place,  state,  or  condition ; 
not  advancing ;  in  a  state  of  restraint  or 
hinderance  (to  keep  hack) ;  toward  times 
or  things  past  (to  look  back);  again;  in  re- 
turn (to  give  back);  away  from  contact;  by 
reverse  movement;  in  withdrawal  or  re- 
silement  from  an  undertaking  or  engage- 
ment (to  draw  back). — To  go  or  give  back, 
to  retreat,  to  recede ;  to  give  way ;  to  suc- 
cumb.—a.  Belonging  to  the  back;  lying  in 
the  rear;  remote;  in  a  backward  direction: 
chiefly  in  compounds. — v.t.  To  furnish  with 
a,  back  or  backing ;  to  support ;  to  second 
or  strengthen  by  aid  (often  with  up) ;  to 
bet  or  wager  in  favour  of;  to  get  upon  the 
back  of;  to  mount;  to  write  something  on 
the  back  of;  to  endorse;  to  put  backward; 
to  cause  to  move  backwards  or  recede. — 
v.i.  To  move  or  go  back;  to  move  with  the 


back  foremost.— Backed,  bakt,  a.  Having 
a  back:  used  chiefly  in  composition.— 
Backer,  bak'er,  n.  One  who  backs  or  gets 
on  the  back ;  one  who  supports  another ; 
one  who  bets  in  favour  of  a  particular 
party  in  a  contest.— Backing,  bak'ing,  n. 
Something  put  at  or  attached  to  the  back 
of  something  else  by  way  of  support  or 
finish. 

Back,  bak,n.  [Fr.  bac,  a  back  or  ferry-boat, 
a  brewer's  or  distiller's  back ;  Armor,  bac, 
a  boat;  D.  bak,  a  bowl;  Dan.  bakke,  a  tray. 
The  word  may  be  originally  Celtic.  Basin 
is  akin  to  tKis  word.  ]  A  ferry-boat, 
especially  one  adapted  for  carrying  vehi- 
cles, and  worked  by  a  chain  or  rope  fa.s- 
tened  on  each  side  of  the  ferry ;  brewing 
and  distilling,  a  large  tub  or  vessel  into 
which  the  wort,  &c.,  is  drawn  for  the  pur- 
pose of  cooling,  straining,  mixing,  &c. 

Backbite,  ha.k.'hit,v.t.— backbit  {pret.\, back- 
bit or  backbitten  (pp.),  backbiting.  To  cen- 
sure, slander,  or  speak  evil  of,  in  the  ab- 
sence of  the  person  traduced.— Backbiter, 
bak'bit-6r,  n.  One  who  backbites;  a  ca- 
lumniator of  the  absent.  —  Backbiting, 
bak'bit-ing,  n.  Secret  calumny.  —  Back- 
bitingly,  bak'bit-ing-li,  adv.  With  secret 
slander. 

Backboard,  bak'bord,  n.  A  board  for  the 
back ;  a  board  used  to  support  the  back 
and  give  erectness  to  the  figure. 

Backbone,  bak'bon,  n.  The  bone  of  the 
back;  the  spine;  the  vertebral  column; 
Jig.  firmness;  decision  of  character;  resolu- 
tion.— To  this  backbone,  to  the  utmost  ex- 
tent ;  out  and  out ;  all  through  or  over  (a 
soldier  to  the  backbone). 

Backdoor,  bak'dor,  n.  A  door  in  the  batk 
part  of  a  building. 

Backgammon.bak-gam'mon.n.  [  Dan.  bakke, 
a  tray,  gammen,  mirth.]  A  game  played 
by  two  persons  upon  a  table  or  board  made 
for  the  purpose,  with  pieces  or  men,  dice- 
boxes,  and  dice. 

Background,  bak'ground,  n.  The  part  of  a 
picture  represented  as  farthest  from  the 
spectator;  yt(7.  a  situation  little  seen  or  no- 
ticed: a  state  of  being  out  of  view  (to  keep 
a  fact  in  the  background). 

Backhand,  bak'hand,  n.  Writing  sloping 
backwards  or  to  the  left.— Backhand.Back- 
handed,bak'hand,bak'hand-ed,a.  With  the 
hand  turned  backward  (a  backhanded 
blow);  unfair;  oblique;  indirect;  sloping 
back  or  to  the  left  (of  writing).  — Back- 
handedness,  bak '  hand-ed-nes,  ri.  —  Back- 
hander, bak'hand-6r,  n.  A  blow  with  the 
back  of  tlie  hand.    [CoUoq.] 

Back-settlement,  n.  An  outlying  and  un- 
reclaimed or  only  patrtially  reclaimed  dis- 
trict of  a  country  be_ginning  to  be  occupied 
for  cultivation.  —  Back  -  settler, '  n.  One 
inhabiting  the  back -settlements  of  a 
country. 

Backshish,  Backsheesh,  bak'shSsh,  n.  Same 
as  Bakshish. 

Backside.  bak'sid,n.  The  back  part  of  any- 
thing; the  side  opposite  to  the  front  or  be- 
hind that  which  is  presented  to  the  spec- 
tator. 

Back-sight,  n.    The  rear  sight  of  a  gun. 

Backslide,  bak'slid,t).i  (conjugated  as  slide). 
To  slide  back;  to  fall  off  or  turn  away  from 
religion  or  morality;  to  apostatize.— Back- 
slider, bak'slid-er,  n.  One  who  backslides; 
one  who  falls  away  from  religion  or  mor- 
ality.—Backsliding,  bak'slid-ing,  a.  Apos- 
tatizing from  faith  or  practice. — Backslid- 
ingness,  bak'slid-ing-nes,  n. 

Backstair,  Backstairs,  bak'star,  bak'starz, 
n.  A  stair  or  stairs  ia  the  back  part  of  a 
house;  private  stairs. — a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  backstairs;  hence,  indirect;  underhand; 
secret  and  unfair  [backstairs  influencel. 

Back-stay,  n.  A  long  rope  or  stay  extend- 
ing from  the  top  of  a  mast  backwards  to 
the  side  of  a  ship  to  assist  the  shrouds  in 
supporting  the  mast. 

Backward,  Backwards,  bak'wtrd,  bak'- 


^»cAafe;„C^Sc,  locA;     g,  {70;     j,yob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinj/;     tn,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  leig; 


wh,  tu/iig; 
4 


zh,  asure. 


BACKWOODS 


50 


BALANCE 


wirdz,  adv  [Back,  and  ward,  denoting  di- 
rection.] With  the  back  in  advance;  to- 
ward the  back ;  in  a  direction  opposite 
to  forward;  toward  past  times  or  events; 
from  a  better  to  a  worse  state ;  in  a  con- 
trary or  reverse  manner,  way,  or  direction. 
— Backv/ard,  a.  Being  in  the  back  or  at 
the  back ;  turned  or  directed  back  ( a 
backward  look);  unwilling;  reluctant; 
slow;  dull;  not  quick  of  apprehension; 
late ;  behind  in  time.  —  Backwardation, 
bak-w6rd-a'shon,  n.  A  consideration  paid 
to  purchasers  for  an  extension  of  time  by 
speculators  on  the  Stock  Exchange  unable 
to  supply  the  stock  or  shares  they  have 
contracted  to  deliver.  Contango. — Ba,ck- 
■wardly,bak'wtrd-li,adv.  Tlnwillingly;  re- 
luctantly; aversely;  perverselyt.  —  Back- 
wardness, bak'werd-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  backward. 

Backwoods,  bak'wudz,  n.  pi.  Woody  or  for- 
est districts  of  a  country  situated  back  or 
away  from  the  more  thickly  settled  parts: 
more  especially  used  in  regard  to  the 
United  States  and  Canada. — Backwoods- 
man, bak'Avndz-man,  n.  An  inhabitant  of 
the  backwoods. 

Bacon,  ba'kn,  Ji.  [O.Fr.  iacon,  from  O.D. 
taken,  bacon,  from  bak,bake,  a  pig;  G.bache, 
a  wild  sow.]  Swine's  flesh  salted  or  pickled 
and  dried,  usually  in  smoke. 

Baconian,  ba-kO'ni-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Lord  Bacon,  or  his  system  of  philosophy. 

Bacterium,  bak-te'ri-um,  n.  pi.  Bacteria, 
bak-te'ri-a.  [Gr.  bakierion,  a  stick.]  A 
name  applied  to  certain  veiy  minute  or- 
ganisms which  appear  in  infusions  of  or- 
ganic matter,  in  fluids  exposed  to  the  air, 
in  diseased  animal  tissues,  <Sc. 

Bactrian,  bak'tri-an,  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Bactria,  an  ancient  province  of  the  Per- 
sian empire  (the  Bactrian  cainel). 

Bactris,  bak'tris,  n.  [Gr.  baktron,  a  staflF.] 
A  fine  species  of  palm  found  about  rivers 
and  in  marshy  places  in  America  within 
the  tropics. 

Bacnlite,  bak'Q-lit,  n.  [L.  baculum,  a  staif.] 
A  fossil  cephalopod  with  a  shell  straight, 
conical,  and  very  much  elongated. 

Bad,  bad,  a.  compar.  (from  quite  a  differ- 
ent root)  worse,  superl.  vjorst.  [Perhaps  of 
Celtic  origin;  comp.  Com.  bcrf,  Gael,  baodh, 
baoth,  vain,  foolish,  &c.]  The  opposite  of 
good;  wanting  good  qualities,  physical  or 
moral;  not  coming  up  to  a  certain  type  or 
standard  or  the  average  of  individuals  of 
the  particular  class;  wicked,  unprincipled, 
depraved,  immoral,  vicious;  pernicious, 
debasing,  corrupting  (influence,  habits); 
ill,  infirm  (health);  unwholesome,  noxious 
(air,  climate,  food);  defective,  insuflicient 
(work,  crop);  infertile,  sterile  (soil);  unfor- 
tunate or  unhappy  (result,  marriage  i;  in- 
competent (workman),  &c.  &c.  —  n.  That 
which  is  bad.  —  To  go  to  the  bad,  to  fall 
into  bad  company,  bad  ways,  or  bad  cir- 
cumstances; to  fall  into  vicious  courses 
and  ruin  one's  life.  —  Baddish,  bad'ish,  a. 
Somewhat  bad ;  indifferent.  [CoUoq.]— 
Badly,  bad'li,  adv.    In  a  bad  manner;  not 

.well;  unskilfully.  — Badness,  bad'ncs,  n. 
The  state  of  being  bad;  want  of  good 
qualities,  physical  or  moral 

Bad,  Bade,  bad,  pret.  of  bid. 

Baddam,  bad'dam,  n.  A  species  of  bitter 
almond  imported  into  some  parts  of  India 
from  Persia  and  used  as  money:  worth 
aliout  one  farthing. 

Badderlocks,  bad'er-loks,  n.  A  common 
name  for  a  sea-weed  found  on  the  shores 
of  the  north  of  Europe,  the  midrib  of 
which  is  edible. 

Badge,  baj,  n.  [L.L.  bagia,  a  sign,  pro-- 
bably  from  O.  Sax.  bag,  A.  Sax.  bedg,  Icel. 
bangr,  a  bracelet,  ring,  garland.]  A  mark, 
sign,  token,  or  cognizance  worn  to  show 
the  relation  of  the  wearer  to  any  person, 
occupation,  or  order. — v.t.i  To  mark  or  dis- 
tinguish with  a  badge  or  as  with  a  badge. 
I  Shak.]  —  Badgeman,  baj'man,  n.  A  man 
who  wears  a  badge;  an  alms-house  man. 
Badger,  baj'6r,  n.  [For  bladger,  from  O.Fr. 
blaage,  store  of  corn  (the  animal  being 
supposed  to  steal  com),  from  L.L.  bladum, 
wheat  (Fr.  bU),  lit.  grain  carried  off  the 
field;  L.  ablatum — ah,  from,  and  latum, 
tarried.]  A  plantigrade  carnivorous  mam- 
mal belonging  to  a  family  intermediate 


between  the  bears  and  the  weasels,  living 
in  a  burrow,  nocturnal  in  habits,  and 
feeding  on  vegetables,  small  quadrupeds, 
&c. — v.t.  To  attack  (a  person),  as  the  bad- 
ger is  attacked  when  being  drawn  or 
baited;  to  assail  (as  with  importunities, 
commands,  &c.l;  to  worry;  to  pester.— Bad- 
ger-legged, a.  Having  a  leg  or  legs  shorter 
on  one  side  than  on  the  other,  as  the  bad- 
ger's are  erroneously  supposed  to  be. 

Badlane,  Badian,  ba'di-an,  bad'i-an,  n.  The 
fruit  of  the  Chinese  anise  tree  used  as  a 
condiment. 

Badigeon,  ba-dij'on,  n.  [Fr.]  A  mixture 
compounded  in  various  ways  (with  plaster, 
whiting,  or  other  substances),  and  used  to 
fill  up  small  holes  in  joiners'  or  other 
work. 

Badinage,  bad'i-naj  orba-de-nazh,  ri.  [Fr., 
from  badin,  facetious.]  Light  or  playful 
discourse. 

Badminton,  bad'min-ton,  m.,  [From  a  resi- 
dence of  the  Dukes  of  Beaufort.]  An  out- 
door game,  the  same  as  lawn-tennis  but 
played  with  shuttlecocks;  a  kind  of  claret- 
cup  or  summer  beverage. 

Baffle,  baf'fl,  v.t.—baMed,  baffling.  [Origin 
unknown.]  To  elude;  to  foil;  to  frustrate; 
to  defeat;  to  thwart;  to  subject  to  indig- 
nitiest  (Shak.).—v.i.i  To  struggle  ineffectu- 
ally (as  a  ship  in  a  storm).  —  Baffler,  baf- 
fler, n.  One  who  or  that  which  balSes.— 
Baffilngly,  baf'fling-li,  adv.    In  a  baffling 

'  manner.— Bafllingness,  baf'fling-nes,  n. 

Bag,  bag,  n.  [Icel.  baggi,  boggr,  a  bag,  a 
bundle;  comp.  O.Fr.  bagtie,  a  bundle,  Gael. 
bag,  a  bag.]  A  sack;  a  wallet;  a  pouch; 
what  is  coritained  in  a  bag  (as  the  animals 
shot  by  a  sportsman);  a  definite  quantity 
of  certain  commodities.  —  v.t.  —  bagged, 
bagging.  To  put  into  a  bag;  to  distend;  to 
swell;  to  shoot  or  othenvise  lay  hold  of 
(game).— ?'.i.  To  swcU  or  hang  like  a  bag. 
—Bagging,  bag'ing,  n.  The  cloth  or  other 
materials  for  bags.— Baggy,  bag'i,  a.  Hav- 
ing the  appearance  of  a  bag;  puffy.— Bag- 
finess,  bag'i-nes,  n.  Character  of  being 
aggy.  —  Bagman,  bag'man,  n.  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  a  commercial  travel- 
ler.—Bagpipe,  bag'pip,  n.  A  musical  wind- 
instrument  consisting  of  a  leathern  bag 
which  receives  the  air  ■from  the  mouth  or 
from  a  bellows;  and  of  pipes  into  which 
the  air  is  pressed  from  the  bag  by  the  per- 
former's elbow.— Bagpiper,  lij^g'pip-6r,  n. 
One  who  plays  on  a  oagpipe.  —  Bag-wig. 
n.  A  wig  with  a  sort  of  purse  attached 
to  it. 

Bagasse,  ba-gas',  n.  [Fr.]  The  sugar-cane 
in  its  dry  crushed  state  as  delivered  from 
the  sugar-mill. 

Bagatelle,  bag-a-tel',  n.  [Fr.,  from  It. 
bagatella,  a  dim.  of  bagata,  a  trifle,  L.L. 
baga,  a  bundle,  a  bag.]  A  trifle;  a  thing 
of  no  importance;  a  game  played  t>n  a 
board  having  at  the  end  nine  holes,  into 
which  balls  are  to  be  struck  with  a  cue 
or  mace.— Bagatelle-board,  n.  The  board 
or  table  on  which  to  play  at  bagatelle. 

Baggage,  bag'aj,  n.  [Fr.  bagage.  baggage, 
O.Fr.  bague,  a  bundle.  Bag.]  The  neces- 
s.aries  of  an  army,  or  other  body  of  men  on 
the  move;  luggage;  things  required  for  a 
journey. 

Baggage,  bag'aj,  n.  [Fr.  bagasse.  It.  bag- 
ascia,  Sp.  bagazo,  a  strumpet.]  A  low 
worthless  woman ;  a  strumpet :  now  usu* 
ally  a  playful  epithet  applied  familiarly 
to  any  young  woman. 

Bagnio,  baa'yo,  n.  [It.  bagno,  from  L. 
balneum,  a  bath.]  A  bath;  a  brothel;  a 
stew. 

Bah,  ba,  interj.  An  exclamation  express- 
ing contempt,  disgust,  or  incredulity. 

Bail,  bal,  v.t.  fO.Fr.  bailler,  to  bail,  to 
guard,  from  L.  bamlua,  a  bearer,  later  a 
tutor  or  governor.  Hence  buiUff.]  To  lib- 
erate from  arrest  and  imprisonment,  upon 
security  that  the  person  liberated  shall 
appear  and  answer  in  court. — n.  The  per- 
son or  persons  who  procure  the  release  of 
a  prisoner  from  custody  by  becoming 
surety  forvhis  appearance  in  court;  the 
security  given  for  the  release:  not  used 
with  a  plural  termination  (we  were  his 
bai?).  — Bailable,  bal'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  admitted  to  bail;  admitting  of  bail 
(a  bailable  offence).— Bailer,  bal'fer,  n.  One 


who  or  that  which  bails.  — Bail-bond.  n. 
A  bond  given  for  the  appearance  in  court 
of  a  person  who  is  bailecf. 

Bail,  bal,  n.  ( O.  Fr.  baiUe,  a  palis;ide, 
from  L.  bacuhtm,  a  rod  or  staff.]  A  little 
stick  laid  on  the  tops  of  the  stumps  iu 
playing  cricket. 

Bail,  bal,  v.t.  I  Fr.  haille,  a  bucket.  Armor. 
bal,  a  tub.]  To  free  (a  boat!  from  water 
with  a  bucket  or  other  utensil. 

Bailiff,  ba'lif,  n.  [O.Fr.  baillif,  bculU,  from 
baillir,  bailkr,  to  hold,  to  govern,  L.  bajK- 
tare,  to  bear,  bajulus,  a  porter.  Bail,  to 
liberate.  ]  A  civil  oflicer  or  functionary, 
subordinate  to  some  one  else;  an  overseer 
or  under-steward  on  an  estate.—  Water 
bailiffs,  officers  who  protect  rivers  from 
poachers,  and  from  being  fished  at  illicit 
seasons.— Bailie,  Baillie,  ba'li,  n.  A  ma- 
gistrate in  Scotland  corresponding  to  an 
alderman  in  England.  —  Bailiwick,  ba'li- 
wik,  n.  [-ivick  from  A.  Sax.  wic,  dwelling, 
station,  L.  vicus,  a  village.]  The  precincts 
in  which  a  bailiff  has  jurisdiction;  the 
limits  of  a  bailiff's  authority. 

Bairam,  Beiram,  ba'ram,  bi'ram,  n.  The 
name  of  two  Mohammedan  festivals,  one 
held  at  the  close  of  the  fast  Ramazan,  the 
other  seventy  days  aft«r. 

Bairn,  barn,  n.  [A.  Sax.  beai-n,  Icel.  and 
Goth,  barn;  from  bear,  to  bring  forth.]  A 
child.    [Prov.  E.  and  Sc] 

Bait,  bat,  v.t.  [From  Icel.  beita,  to  make 
to  eat,  to  feed,  to  bait  a  hook— a  causative 
of  bita,  E.  bite.]  To  give  a  portion  of  food 
and  drink  to  a  beast  when  travelling;  to 
furnish  with  a  piece  of  flesh  or  other  sul)- 
stance  which  acts  as  a  lure  to  fish  or  other 
animals  (to  bait  a  hook);  to  provoke  and 
harass  by  dogs  (as  a  bull,  badger,or  bear) ;  to 
annoy.— n.i.  To  take  a  portion  of  food  and 
drink  for  refreshment  on  a  journey.— ii.  A 
portion  of  food  and  drink,  or  a  refresh- 
ment taken  on  a  joumey;  any  substance 
used  as  a  lure  to  catch  fish  or  other  ani- 
mals; an  allurement;  enticement. 

Bait,  bat,  v.i.  [Fr.  battre,  to  beat.  Bate.] 
To  clap  the  wings ;  to  hover  above  prey. 
IShak.l 

Baize,  baz,  n.  [A  modified  plural;  O.E. 
bayes,  Fr.  bale,  coarse  woollen  cloth,  origin- 
ally of  a  bay  colour;  from  L.  badivs,  bay- 
coloured.]  A  coarse  woollen  stuff  witha 
long  nap,  sometimes  friezed  on  one  side. 

Bake,  bak,  v.t.  —  baked,  baking  (old  pp. 
baken).  [A.  Sax.  6aca»i=Icel.  and  Sw.  baka, 
Dan.  bage,  D.  bakken,  G.  backen.]  To  dr.v 
and  harden  by  heat,  in  an  oven,  kiln,  or 
furnace,  or  by  the  solar  rays  ( as  bread, 
bricks,  pottery);  to  prepare  in  an  oven. — 
v.i.  To  do  the  work  of  baking ;  to  dry  and 
harden  in  heat.  —  Baker,  bak'er,  n.  One 
whose  occupation  is  to  bake  bread,  biscuit, 
&c. — Bakery,  bak'Cr-i,  n.  A  place  used  for 
the  business  of  baking  bread,  &c.;  a  bake- 
house.—Baking,  bak'ing,'n.  A  quantity 
baked  at  once.— Baked-meat,  Bake-meat, 
n.  Meat  cooked  in  an  oven;  a  meat-pie. 
— Bake-house,  n.  A  house  or  building  for 
baking. 

Bakshish,  Bakshish,  bak'shesh,  buk'shesh, 
n.  [  Per.,  from  bakkshidan,  to  give.]  A 
present  or  gratuity  of  money:  used  in. 
Eastern  countries. 

Balachong,  ba'la-chong,  n.  [Malay.]  A  sub- 
stance composed  of  small  fishes  or  shrimps 
pounded  up  with  salt  and  spices  and  then 
dried;  used  in  the  East  as  a  condiment. 

Balance,  bal'ans,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  bilanx — 
bis,  double,  and  lanx,  a  dish,  the  scale  of 
a  balance.]  An  instrument  for  ascertain- 
ing the  weight  of  bodies,  consisting  in  its 
common  form  of  a  beam  or  lever  sus- 
pended exactly  at  the  middle,  and  having 

.  a  scale  or  basin  hung  to  each  extremity  of 
exactly  the  same  weight,  so  that  the  beam 
rests  horizontally  when  nothing  is  iu 
either  scale  or  when  they  &,re  loaded  witli 

.equal  weights;  the  excess  by  which  on.^ 
thing  is  greater  th.an  another;  suri'lus;  tlie 
difference  of  two  sums;  the  sum  due  on 
an  account;  an  equality  of  weight,  power, 
advantage,and  the  Uke;  the  part  of  a  clock 
or  watch  which  regulates  the  beats;  the 
balance-wheel. — v.t. — balanced,  balancing. 
To  bring  to  an  equipoise;  to  keep  in  equi- 
librium on  a  small  support;  to  poise;  to 
compare  by  estimating  the  relative  impor- 


i'kU,  iiii',  ful,  ijtll; 


,  lucl,  I.^i;     paio,  pin;     uot«,  uot,  m8ve;     tube,  tub,  bflU;     eil,  pounds     u.  Sc.  abime— tlio  Fr;  w. 


BALANIFEROUS 


61 


BAN 


tance  or  value  of ;  to  weigh ;  to  serve  as  a 
counterpoise  to;  to  settle  (an  account)  by 
paying  what'  remains  due;  to  examine  (a 
mercliant's  books)  by  summations  and 
show  how  debits  and  credits  stand.— w.i.  To 
be  in  equipoise;  to  have  equal  weight  or 
importance;  to  be  employed  in  finding  bal- 
ances on  accounts.— Balancement,  bal'ans- 
ment,  n.  The  act  of  balancing,  or  state 
of  being  balanced.— Balancer,  bal'ans-er, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  balances;  an 
organ  of  an  insect  useful  in  balancing  the 
body.  —  Balance-electrometer,  n.  An  in- 
strument on  the  principle  of  the  common 
balance  and  weights  to  estimate  the 
mutual  attraction  of  oppositely  electrified 
surfaces. — Balance-sheet,  n.  A  statement 
of  the  assets  and  liabilities  of  a  trading 
concern.— Balance-wheel,  n.  That  part  of 
a  watch  or  chronometer  which,  like  a 
pendulum,  regulates  the  beat  or  strike. 

Balanif erous,  bal-a-nif  er-us,  a.  [li.  balanus, 
an  acorn,  and  /ero,  to  bear.J  Yielding  or 
producing  acorns.  —  Balanoid,  bal'a-noid, 
a.  Having  the  form  or  appearance  of  an 
acorn. — n.  One  of  the  acorn-shells. 

Balas,  bal'as,  ba-las', n.  [From  Ar.  balakhsh, 
from  Badakhshan,  in  Central  Asia.]  A 
variety  of  spinel  ruby,  of  a  pale  rose-red 
colour,  sometimes  inclining  to  orange.  . 

Balaustine,  ba-las'tin,  n.  [Gr.  balaustion, 
a  wild-pomegranate  flower.)  Pertaining 
to  the  pomegranate.— iiataicsiine  flowers, 
the  dried  flowers  of  the  pomegranate,  used 
in  medicine  as  astringents. 

Balbuties,  bal-bu'ti-ez,  n.  fL.  balbuUo,  to 
stammer,  balbus,  stammering.]  The  de- 
fect of  speech  known  as  stammering. 

Balcony,  bal'ko-ni ,  n.  ( 1 1.  balcone,{iom  balco, 
a  scaffold,  from  O.H.G.  balcho,  G.  ba.lken= 
E.  balk,  a  beam.]  A  platform  projecting 
from  the  front  of  a  building,  supported  by 
columns,  pillars,  or  consoles,  and  encom- 
passed with  a  balustrade,  railing,  or  para- 
pet; a  projecting  gallery  in  the  interior  of 
a  building,  as  of  a  theatre.  —  Balconet, 
bal'ko-net,  n.  A  low  ornamental  railing 
to  a  door  or  window,  projectin  g  bn  t  slightly 
beyond  the  threshold  or  sill. — Ealconied, 
bal'kO-nid,  a.     Having  balconies. 

Bald,  bald,  a.  [O.E.  balled,  lit.  marked  with 
a  white  spot;  of  Celtic  origin,  comp.  Armor. 
bal,  a  white  mark  on  an  animal's  face;  Ir. 
and  Gael.  baZ.aspot.]  Having  white  on  the 
face  (said  of  aiiimals) ;  destitute  of  hair, 
especially  on  the  top  and  back  of  the  head; 
destitute  of  .the  natural  oi'  usual  covering 
of  the  head  or  top;  destitute  of  appropriate 
omam'ent;  unadorned  (said  of  style  or 
language);  bot.  destitute  of  beard  or  awn. 
—Baldly,  bald'li,  ado.  Nakedjy;  meanly; 
inelegantly.— Baldness,  bald'nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  bald. — Bald-eaglo, 
Bald-erne,  n.  The  white-headed  erne  or 
sea-eagle  of  America.  —  Bald  -  faced,  a. 
Having  a  white  face  or  white  on  the  face: 
said  of  animals.  —  Bald-head,  n.  A  man 
bald  on  the  head.    [O.T.] 

Baldachin,  Baldashiuo,  Baldaqtiin,  bal'da- 
kin,  bal-da-ke'no,  bal'da-kin,  n.  [It.  6al- 
dacchino,  Sp.  baldaqiiino,  from  Baldacco, 
Italian  form  of  Bagdad,  where  the  cloth 
was  manufactured,]  A  canopv  or  cover- 
ing; a  canopy  on  four  poles  held  over  the 
pope;  a  canopy  on  four  columns  over  an 
altar;  a  canopy  over  a  throne. 

Balderdash, bal'der-dash, n.  (W-bdldordus, 
prattling,  baldordd,  prattle.]  Senseless 
prate;  a  jargon  of  words;  noisy  nonsense. 

Ealdpate,  n.    Same  as  Bald-Jiead. 

Baldi-ick,  Baldric,  bald'rik,  n.  [O.E.  battd- 
ric,  baldric,  &c.,  O.&r.  baudric,  fromO.G, 
balderich,  from  balz,  a  belt.  Belt.]  A 
broad  belt,  stretching  from  the  right  or 
left  shoulder  diagonally  across  the  body, 
either  as  an  ornament  or  to  suspend  a 
sword,  dagger,  or  horn. 

Bale,  bal,  re.  [O.Fr.  6ate,  the  same  word  as 
ball,  meaning  originally  a  round  package.] 
A  bundle.or  package  of  goods. — v.t. — baled, 
baling._  To  make  up  into  a  bale  or  bundle. 

Bale,  bal,  v.t.—baUd,  baling.  To  free  from 
water  by  laving;  to  bail. 

Bole,  bal,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bealu,  O.  Sax.  halu, 
Icel.  bol,  calamity,  sorrow.]  Misery;  ca- 
lamity ;  that  which  causes  ruin,  destruc- 
tion, or  sorrow.-.-BaJeful,  bal'ful,  a.  FuU 
of  ba'e, destruction,  or  mischief;  destrus- 


tive;  pernicious;  calamitous;  deadly.-^ 
Balefvdly,  bai'ful-li,  adv.  In  a  baleful  or 
calamitous  manner.— Balefulness,  bal'ful- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  Bale- 
ful. 

Baleen,  ba-l5n',  n.  [Fr.  baleine,  from  L.  6a- 
Icena,  a  whale.  J  The  whalebone  of  com- 
merce. 

Bale-fire,  bal'fir,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bael,  fire,  flame, 
a  funeral  pile ;  Icel.  bdl,  flame,  a  funeral 
pile.]    A  signal-fire;  an  alarm-fire. 

Balk.bak.n.  [A.  Sax.  balca,^  balk  or  ridge, 
a  beam;  Icel.  balkr,  Sv.^.  balk,  a  balk,  a  par- 
tition; Dan.  bjelke,  G.  balken,  a  beam.]  A 
ridge  of  land  left  unploughed;  an  unculti- 
vated strip  of  land  serving  as  a  boundary; 
a  beam  or  piece  of  timber  of  considerable 
length  and  thickness ;  a  barrier  or  check ; 
a  disappointment. — v.t.  To  bar  the  way  of; 
to  disappoint ;  to  frustrate.— wi.  To  turn 
aside  or  stop  in  one's  course  (as  a  horse). — 
Bd,lker,  bak'er,  n.  One  who  balks.— Balk- 
ingly,  bak'ing-li,.  adv.  In  a  manner  to 
balk  or  frustrate. 

BaU,  bal,  n.  [Fr.  balle,  from  O.H.G.  holla, 
G.  ball,  Icel.  bollr,  ball.  Bale,  a  package, 
is  another  form,  and  balloon,  ballot  are  de- 
rivatives.] A  round  body;  a  small  spheri- 
cal body  often  covered  with  leather  and 
used  in  many  games ;  any  part  of  a  thing 
that  is  rounded  or  protuberant ;  farriery, 
a  form  of  medicine,  corresponding  to  the 
term  bolus  in  pharmacy ;  metal,  a  mass  of 
half-melted  iron ;  a  loop;  the  projectile  of 
a  firearm;  a  bullet  (in  this  sense  also  used 
collectively).— JSaK-a7wi-socA;eO'oini,a  joint 
(as  in  the  human  hip)  formed  by  a  ball  or 
rounded  end  playing  within  a  socket  so  as 
to  admit  of  motion  in  all  directions.— BaU, 
bal,  v.t.  To  make  into  a  ball. — v.i.  To  form 
or  gather  into  a  ball.— Ball-cartridge,  n. 
A  cartridge  containing  a  ball,  in  contra- 
distinction to  blank-cartridge.— 'Bail-coc)i., 
n.  A  kind  of  self-acting  stop-cock  opened 
and  shut  by  means  of  a  hollow  sphere  or 
ball  of  metal  floating  on  the  surface  of  a 
liquid,  and  attached  to  the  end  of  a  lever 
connected  with  the  cock. — Ball-proof,  a. 
Impenetrabfe  by  balls  from  firearms. 

Ball,  bal,  n.  [Fr.  bal,  L.L.  ballare,  to  dance, , 
to  shake,  from  Gr.  oaUizd,to  dance.  Akin' 
ballad^  ballet.]  A  social  assembly  of  per- 
sons of  both  sexes  for  the  purpose  of  danc- 
ing. 

Ballad,  ballad,  n.-  fFr.  ballade,  from  L.L. 
(and  It.)  ballare,  to  dance.  EALL,a  dance, 
Ballet.]  A  short  narrative  poem,  especi- 
ally such  as  is  adapted  for  singing;  a  poem 
partaking  of  the  nature  both  of  the  epid 
and  the  lyric— Ballad.t  bal'lad,  v.t.  To 
celebrate  in  a  ballad.  [SAai.]— Balladlst, 
bal'lad-ist,  n.  A  writer  or  singer  of  ballads. 
— Balladize, t  bal'lad-iz,  v.t.  To  convert 
into  the  form  of  a  ballad. — Ballad-monger^ 
n.  A  dealer  in  ballads ;  an  inferior  poet ; 
a  poetaster.- Ballad-opera,  n.  An  opera 
in  which  only  ballads  are  sung. 

Ballan-wrasse,  bal'lan-ras,  n.  [Lit.  spotted- 
wrasse  ;  Ir.  bal,  ball,  a  spot,  Gael,  ballach, 
spotted.]  A  fish  of  no  great  value  taken 
all  along  the  British  coasts. 

Ballast,  bal'ast,  n.  [D.  ballast,  ballast, 
literally  worthless  load  (being  worthless  in 
itself),  from  bal  -(akin  to  E.  bale,  misery), 
bad,  and  last,  a  load.  (Last.)  In  Danish 
it  was  modified  to  baglast,  lit.  a  back-load 
—baa,  back,  after,  and  last,  load.]  Heavy 
matter,  as  stone,  sand,  or  iron,  carried  in 
the  bottom  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel,  to  pre- 
vent it  from  being  readily  overset  (the 
vessel  being  said  to  lie  in  ballast  when  she 
sails  without  a  cargo);  sand  carried  in  bags 
in  the  car  of  a  balloon  to  steady  it,  and 

'enable  the  aeronaut  to  lighten  the  balloon 
by  throwing  part  of  it  out;  material  filling 
up  the  space  between  the  rails  on  a  rail- 
way in  order  to  make  it  firm  and  solid ; 
fig.  that  which  confers  steadiness.on  a  per- 
son.— v.t.  To  placeballast  in  or  on  (a  ship,  a 
railway  track);  fig.  to  steady;  to  counter- 
balance.—Ballasting,  balOast-ing,  re.  Ma- 
terials for  -ballast;  ballast.  —  Ballast - 
heaver,  n.  One  who  is  employed  in  put- 
ting ballast  on  board  ships. 

Ballet,  bal-la  or  bal'let,  re.  [Fr.  ballet.  It. 
balletto.    Ball,  a  dance.]    A  dance,  more 

.  or  less  elaboratis,  in  which  several  persons 
t?.ke  part ;  a  theatrical  representation,  in 


which  a  story  is  told  by  gesture,  accompa- 
nied with  dancing,  scenery,  &c. 

Ballista,  Ballsta,  bal-lis'ta,  ba-Us'ta;  n.  pi'. 
Ballistae,  Ballstee,  bal-lis'te,  ba-lis'te.  [L., 
from  Gr.  ballo,  to  throw.]  A  military  en- 
gine used  by  the  ancients  for  discharging 
heavy  stones  or  other  missiles  especially 
against  a  besieged  place. — Ballistic,  bal- 
lis'tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  ballista  or  its 
use. — Ballistic  pendulum,  a  kind  of  pendu- 
lum made  to  vibrate  by  the  impact  of  a 
shot  for  ascertaining  the  velocity  of  mili- 
tary projectiles,and  consequently  theforce 
of  fired  gunpowder. 

Balloon,  bal-lon',  re.  [Fr.  ballon,  an  aug. 
of  balle,  a  ball.  Ball.]  A  large  hollow 
spherical  body ;  a.  very  large  bag,  usually 
made  of  silk  or  other  light  f  abric,vamished 
with  caoutchouc,  and  filled  with  hydrogen 
gas  or  heated  air,  or  any  other  gaseous 
fluid  lighter  than  common  air,  the  con- 
tained gas  causing  it  to  rise  and  float  in 
the  atmosphere.— Ballooning,  bal-lon'ing, 
n.  The  art  or  practice  of  managing  bal- 
loons.—Ballooni.st,  bal-lOn'ist,  re.  One  who 
manages  or  ascends  in  a  baDoon;  an  aero- 
naut.— Balloon-fish,  re.  A  curious  tropical 
fish,  having  the  power  of  distending  itself 
by  swallowing  air  and  maldng  it  pass  into 
cavities  beneath  the  skin,  causing  its 
spines  to  erect  themselves.. 

Ballot,  ballot,  re.  [Fr.  ballotte,  a  ball  used 
in  voting,  dim.  of  balle,  a  ball.  Ball.]  A 
ball,  ticket,  paper,  or  the  like,  by  which 
one  votes,  and  which  gives  no  indication 
of  who  the  voter  is ;  the  system  of  voting 
by  means  of  this  kind. — v.i.  To  vote  or  de- 

,  cide  by  ballot :  frequently  with  /or.— Bal- 
loter,  ballot-er,  re.  One  who  ballots  or 
votes  by  ballot. — BaUot-boz,n.  A  box  for 
receiving  ballots. 

Balai,  bam,  »i.  [O.Fr.  baulrm,  Fr.  hawme;  a 
centr.  of  balsam.1  A  name  common  to 
several  species  of  odoriferous  or  aromatic 
trees  or  shrubs,  and  to  the  fragrant  medi- 
cinal exudations  from  them;  any  fragrant 
or  valuable  ointment;  anything  which 
heals,  soothes,  or  mitigates  pain. — Bahm, 
bam,  v.t.  To  anoint  as  with  balm  or  with 
anything  fragrant  or  medicinal;  to  soothe; 

•  to  mitigate;  to  assuage;  to  heal. — Balmily, 
bam'i-li,adw.  In  a  balmy  manner. — Balxni- 
ness,  bam'i-nes,  re.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  balmy. — Balmy,  bam'i,  a.  Having 
the  (Qualities  of  balm;  aromatic;  fragrant; 
healing;  soothing;  assuaging^  refreshing. 

Balsam,  bal'sam,  re.  [L.  batsarrmm,  Gr. 
balsarnon,  a  fragrant  gum.]  An  oily,  aro- 
matic, resinous  substance,  flowing  sponta- 
neously or  by  incision  from  certain  plants 
and  used  in  medicine  and  perfumery; 
balm.— Balsamic,  bal-sam'ik,  a.  Having 
the  qualities  of  balsam;  stimulating;' unc- 
tuous; soft;  mitigating;  mild.— re.  A  warm, 
stimulating,  demulcent  medicine,  of  a 
smooth  and  oily  consistence; — Balsamic- 
ally,  bal-sam'ik-al-li,  adv.  In  a  balsamic 
manner.— Balsamifcrous,  bjil-sam-ifer-us, 
a.  Producing  or  yielding  balm  or  balsam. 

Baluster,  bal'us-ter,  re.  [Fr.  balustre.  It. 
balaustro,  a  baluster,  from  L.  balaustium, 
Gr.  balauslion,  the  flower  of  the  wild 
pomegranate,  being  so  called  from  some 
resemblance  of  form.]  A  small  column 
or  pilaster,  of  various  forms  and  dimen- 
sions, used  for  balustrades.  —  Balnstradfi, 
bal-us-trad',  re.  [Fr.  balustrade.]  A  row 
of  small  columns  or  pilasters,  joined  by  a 
rail,  serving  as  an  inclosure  for  altars, 
balconies,  staircases,  terraces,  &c.,  or  used 
merely  as  an  ornament. 

Bambino,  bam-bc'no,  re.  fit.,  a  child.J  '  In 
Catholic  countries,  the  figure  of  our  Sav- 
iour represented  as  an  infant  in  swaddling- 
clothes,  often  surrounded  by  a  halo,  and 
watched  over  by  angels.  

Bamboo,  bam-bO',  re.  [Malay.]  A  tropical 
plant  of  the  family  of  the  grasses,  with 
large  jointed  stems,  the  thickest  being 
much  used  in  India,  China,  <fec.,  for  build- 
ing purposes,  and  the  slenderest  focwalk- 
ing-canes.  ^       _ 

Bamboozle,  bam-bS'ri,  v.t.  ttOrigjrisaoubt- 
ful.]  To  impose  or  practise  upon;-to  hoax; 
to  humbug-i  to  deceive.  —  Bamboozler, 
bam-bo'zl-er,  re.    One  who  bamboozles. 

Ban,  ban,  re.  [A.  Sax.  han,_/gebann,  inter- 
dict, proclamation,  edict;  I>,  ion,  escom- 


^VCh.  ehaiu;^  ch,  Sc.  loch;  ^.j(,  go;  ^  j,yob;    jq,  Fr.  tow;_^ng,  8infr;^'iH,  tAen;  th,  tMn;^w,jpig;/   wh,  w)Ug^     'eh,'a«ure,. 


BAN 


52 


BANSHEE 


munication;  Icel.  and  Sw.  bann,  proclam- 
ation ;  Dan.  band,  a  ban,  bande,  to  curse. 
Akin  bandit,  banish,  abandon,  &c.]  An 
edict  or  proclamation  in  general;  an  edict 
of  interdiction  or  proscription;  interdic- 
tion; prohibition;  curse;  excommunica- 
tion; anathema;  pi.  proclamation  of  mar- 
riage (Banns). — v.t.— banned,  banning.  To 
curse;  to  execrate;  to  prohibit;  to  inter- 
dict.— v.i.  To  curse. 

Ban,  ban,  n.  [Serv.  ban,  a  lord.]  A  Servian, 
Croatian,  or  Hungarian  military  chief  or 
governor. 

Banal,  ban'al,  a.  [Fr.]  Hackneyed;  com- 
m'^nplace;  vulgar. 

Banana,  ba-na'na,  n.  [Sp.,  from  the  native 
name.]  A  herbaceous  plant  closely  allied 
to  the  plantain,  and  extensively  culti- 
vated in  tropical  countries  for  its  soft 
luscious  fruit,  which  is  the  staple  food  of 
millions  of  people. 

Banco,  bang'ko,  n.  [It.,  a  bank.  Bank.] 
Com.  bank  money  or  value;  the  money 
standard  in  whfch  banks  in  some  countries 
keep  or  kept  their  accounts,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  the  current  money  of  the 
place;  latv,  a  seat  or  bench  of  justice. 

Baind,  band,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bend,  a  band,  from 
bindan,  to  bind;  D.  Icel.  Sw.  and  G.  band. 
In  sense  of  body  of  men,  from  Fr.  bande, 
G.  bande,  from  same  root.  Bind.]  That 
which  binds  together;  a  bond  or  rreans  of 
attachment  in  general;  a  fetter  or  similar 
fastening;  a  narrow  strip  or  ribbon-shaped 
ligature,  tie,  or  connection;  a  fillet?  a 
border  or  strip  on  an  article  of  dress;  that 
which  resembles  a  band,  tie,  or  ligature; 
pi.  the  linen  ornament  about  the  neck 
of  a  clergyman,  with  the  ends  hanging 
down  in  front;-  a  compaijy  of  persons 
united  together  by  some  common  bond, 
especially  a  body  of  armed  men;  a  com- 
pany of  soldiers;  an  organized  .body  of  in- 
strumental musicians;  an  orchestra. — v.t. 
To  bind  with  a  band;  to  mark  with  a 
band;  to  unite  in  a  troop,  company,  or 
confederacy.— u.i.  To  associate  or  imite 
for  some  common  purpose.  —  Bandage, 
^and'aj,  n.  A  fillet,  roller,  or  swathe  used 
in  dressing  aod  binding  up  wounds,  re- 
straining hemorrhages,  &c.;  a  band  or 
ligature  in  general;  that  which  is  bound 
over  something  else.— v.t— bandaged,  ban- 
daging. To  put  a  bandage  on.— Bandbox, 
band'boks,  n.  A  box  made  of  pasteboard, 
or  thin  flexible  pieces  of  wood  and  paper, 
for  holding  bands,  bonnets,  or  other  light 
articles.— Band-fijji,  n.  A  long  thin  flat 
fish;  ribbon-fish  or  snake-fish.  —  Baiided, 
band'ed,  a.  Marked  by  bands  or  stripes; 
striped.— Band-master,  n.  The  conductor 
and  trainer  of  a  band  of  musicians.- Band- 
saw,  re.  A  saw  formed  of  a  long  flexible 
belt  of  steel  revolving  on  pulleys.- Baiids- 
man,  bandz'man,  n.  A  player  in  a  band 
of  musicians. 

Bandala,  ban-da'la,  n.  [Native  name.]  The 
strong  outer  fibre  of  the  plant  yielding 
Manilla-hemp,  made  into  cordape,  especi- 
ally .into  the  wfeU-known  Manilla  wbite 
rope. 

Bandana,  Bandanna,  ban-dan'a,  n.  [In- 
dian name.]  A  i)eculiar  kind  of  silk 
handkerchief  manufactured  by  the  Hin- 
dus; any  silk  and  cotton  handkerchief 
having  a  like  pattern,  that  is,  a  uniform- 
ly dyed  ground,  usually  of  bright  red  or 
blue,  ornamented  with  white  or  yellow 
circular,  lozenge-shaped,  or  other  simple 
figures. 

Bandeau,  ban'do,  n.  pi.  Bandeaux,  ban'- 
do.  [Fr.,  dim.  from  6ared€,  a  band.]  A 
fillet  worn  round  the  head;  a  head-band. 

Banderole,  ban'de-rol,  n.  [Fr.  banderole, 
Sp.  banderola,  a  little  banner,  from  6a?i- 
dera,  a  banner,  from  G.  band.  Band.]  A 
little  flag  or  streamer  affixed  to  a  mast,  a 
military  weapon, or  a  trumpet;  a  pennon; 
a  bandrol. 

Bandicoot,  ban'di-kut,  n.  [Corruption  of 
the  Telinga  name  pandikoku,  lit.  pig-rat.] 
A  large  s)  )ecies  of  rat,  attaining  the  weight 
of  2  or  3  lbs.,  anative  of  India  and  Ceylon, 
where  its  flesh  is  a  favourite  article  of  food 
among  the  coolies. 

Bandit,  ban'dit,  n.  pi.  Bandits,  Banditti, 

jbiin'ilits,  bandit'ti.     [It.  bawiito,  i;p.  di 

\bandire,  L.L.  bannire,  to  banish.  "Ban, 


Banish.]  An  outlaw ;  more  commonly  a 
robber;  a  highwayman. 

Bandlet,  Bandelet,  band'let,  band'e-let,  re. 
[Fr.  bandelette,  dim.  of  bande,  a.  band.]  A 
small  band  or  fillet  or  something  sinular 
in  shape. 

Bandog,  ban 'dog,  re.  [Band  and  dog,  lit, 
bound-dog.]  A  large,  fierce  kind  of  dog, 
in  England  generEuly  a  mastiff,  usually 
kept  chained. 

Bandoleer,  ban-do-ler',  re.  [Sp.  bdndolera, 
Fr.  bandouliire,  from  Sp.  banda,  a  sash. J 
A  large  leathern  belt,  to  which  v/ere  at- 
tached a  bag  for  balls  and  a  number  of 
cases,  each  containing  a  charge  of  gun- 
powder, worn  by  ancient  musketeers. 

Bandoline,  ban'dd-len,  n.  A  gummy  per- 
fumed substance  used  to  impart  a  glossi- 
ness and  stiffness  to  the  hair.  "* 

Bandore,  »baxi'dor,  re.  [Fr.,  from  It.  pan- 
dora, L. pandura,  Gr.  pandoicra,a,  musical 
instrument  ascribed  to  Pare.]  A  musical 
stringed  instrument  like  a  lute. 

Bandrol.  band'rol,  re.    Same  as  Banderole. 

Bandy,  ban'di,  n.  [Fr.  bamii,  bent,  from 
bander,  to  bepd  a  bow,  to  bind,  to  swathe, 
from  G.  band,  a  band.  Band.]  A  club 
bent  at  the  end  for  striking  a  ball  at  play; 
a  game  played  with  such  clubs.— j).t—6an- 
digcj,  bandying.  To  beat  to  and  fro,  as  a 
bail  in  play;  to  toss  from  one  to  another; 
to  exchange  contentiously;  t  j  give  and  re- 
ceive reciprocally  (words,  compliments). — 
v.i.  To  contend;  to  strive.  [SAafc.]— Bandy, 
ban'di;  a.  Bent,  especially  having  a  bend 
or  crook  outwards:  said  of  a  person's  legs. 
—  Bandy-legged,  a.  Having  bandy  or 
crooked  legs. 

Bane,-  ban,  re.  [A.  Sax.  tana,  destruction, 
death,  bane;  Icel.fcani.  Dan,  and  Sw.  bane, 
O.H.G.  bana;  allied  io  Gr.  phonos,  mur- 
der.] Any  fatal  cause  of  mischief,  injury, 
or  destruction;  ruin;  destruction;  deadly 
poison —Baneful,  han'ful,  a.  Destructive; 
pernicious;  poisonous. — Banefully,  ban'- 
ful-li,  adv.  In  a  baneful,  manner.— Bane- 
fulness,  ban'ful-nes,  re.  The  quality  of 
being  baneful. — Bafie-wort,  re.  A  poison- 
ous plant;  belladonna  or  deadly-night- 
shade. 

Banf ,  bang,  v.t.  [Comp.  Icel.  bang,  a  knock- 
ing ;  G.  bdngel,  a  club,  the  clapper  of  a 
bell;  D.  bangel,  a  bell.]  To  beat,  as  with 
a  club  or  cudgel;  to  thump;  to  cudgel;  to 
beat  or  handle  roughly  or  with  violence 
(Shak.);  to  bring  a  loud  noise  from  or  by, 
as  in  slamming  a  door,  and  the  like.— v.i. 
To  resound  with  a  loud  noise;  to  pro- 
duce a  loud  noise;  to  thump  violently. — 
re.  A  loud,  sudden,  resonant  sound;  a  blo'w 
as  with  a  club;  a  heavy  blow. 

Bang,  re.    Bhang. 

Bangle,  bang'gl,  re.  An  ornamental  rin,; 
worn  upon  the  arms  and  ankles  in  India 
and  Africa. 

Banian,  ban'i-an,  re.  [Hind,  baniya,  Skr. 
banija,  a  merchant.]  An  Indian  trader  or 
merchant;  more  particularly  one  of  tha 
great  "traders  of  Western 'India,  who  wear 
a-peculiar  dress  and  are  strict  in  the  ob- 
servance of  fasts.  Hence— £areiare  days, 
days  in  which  sailors  have  no  flesh-meat 
served  out  to  them;  days  of  poor  fare. 

Banian,  ban'yan,  re.    A  tree,  the  banyan. 

Banish,  ban'ish,  v.t.  [Fr.  bannir,  ppr.  ban- 
nissant,  to  banish,  from  L.L.  bannire,  to 
proclaim,  denounce, from  O.H.G.  bannan, 
to  proclaim.  Ban.]  To  condemn  to  exile; 
to  send  (a  person)  from  a  country  jis  a 
punishment;  to  drive  away;  to  exile;  to 
cast  from  the  mind  (thoughts,  care,  busi- 
ness).—Banisher,  ban'ish-fer,  re.  One  who 
banishes.  —  Banishment,  ban'ish-ment,  re. 
The  act  of  banishing;  the  state  of  being 
banished;  enforced  absence;  exile. 

Banjo,  ban'jo,  re.  [Negro  corruption  of  ban- 
dore.] A  musical  instrument  having  six 
strings,  a  body  like  a  tambourine,  and  a 
neck  like  a  guitar. 

Bank,  bangk,  re.  [A.  Sax.  banc,  a  bank,  a 
hillock,  also  bene,  a  bench;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
banJc,  bank,  Icel.  bakki  (for  banki),  D.  and 
G.  bank,  a  bank,  a  bench.  In  sense  of 
establishment  dealing  in  money  the  word 
is  directly  from  the  Fr.  banque,  a  banking 
establishment;  It.  banco,  a  bench,  counter, 
a  baak,  this  being  from  the  German. 
Bench  is  the  same  word.]    A  mound  or 


heap  of  earth;  any  steep  acclivity,  as  on» 
rising  from  a  river,  the  sea,  or  lorming 
the  side  of  a  ravine  or  the  like ;  a  rising 
ground  in  the  sea,  partly  above  water  or 
covered  everywhere  with  shoal  water;  a 
Ehoal;  the  face  of  coal  at  which  miners  are 
working;  a  bench  or  seat  for  the  rowers  in 
a  galley;  one  of  the  rows  of  oars;  an  estab- 
lishment which  trades  in  money;  an  es- 
tablishment for  the  deposit,  custody,  re- 
mittance, and  issue  of  money;  the  office 
in  which  the  transactions  of  a  banking 
company  are  conducted;  the  funds  of  a 
gaming  establishment ;  a  fund  in  certain 
games  at  cards.— y.<.  To  inclose,  defend,  or 
fortify  with  a  bank;  to  embank;  to  lay  ui.. 
or  deposit  in  a  bank.  —  v.i.  To  deposit; 
mioney  in  a  bank.— Bankable,  bangk'a-bl, 
a.  Keceivable  or  discountable  at  a  bank. 
— Banker,  bangk'fer,  re.  One  who  keeps  a 
bank;  one  who  traffics  in  money,  receives 
and  remits  money,  negotiates  bills  of  ex- 
change, &c.— Banking,  bangk'ing,  re.  The 
business  or  profession  of  a  banker;  the 
system  followed  by  banks  in  carrying  on 
their  business.— Bank-agent,  re.  A  person 
employed  by  a  bank  to  conduct  its  bank- 
ing operations  in  a  branch  office.— Bank- 
book, re.  The  book  given  to  a  customer,  in 
which  the  officers  of  the  bank  enter  his 
debits  and  credits.— Bank-note,  n.  A  pro- 
missors'  note  issued  by  a  banking  company 
payable  in  gold  or  silver  at  the  bank  on 
demand. — Bank-stock,  a  share  or  shares 
in  the  capital  stock  of  a  iDank. 

Bankrupt,  bangk'rupt,  re.  [Bank,  a  bench, 
and  L. r«piws,  broken,  lit.  one  whose  bench 
has  been  broken,  the  bench  or  table  which 
a  merchant  or  banker  formerly  used  in 
the  exchange  ha,ving  been  broken  on. his 
bankruptcy.]  A  person  declared  by  legal 
authority  unable  to  pay  his  debts;  popu- 
larly, one  who  has  wholly  or  partially 
failed  to  pay  his  debts;  one  who  has  com- 
pounded with  his  creditors;  an  insolvent. 
— a.  Insolvent;  unable  to  meet  one's  obli- 
gations. —  Bankruptcy,  bungk'rupt-si,  re. 
The  state  of  being  a  bankrupt;  inability  to 
pay  all  debts;,  failure  in  trade. 

Banlieue,  ban'lH,  n.  [Fr.  ban,  jurisdiction, 
and  lieiie,  a  league,  a  district  of  indeter- 
minate extent.]  The  territory  without  the 
walls,  but  within  thelegal  limits  of  a  town 
or  city. 

Banner,  ban'6r,  n.  [Fr.  bannUre,  L.L. 
banderia,  from  oaredum,  banner,  standard, 
from'  G.  band,  a  band  or  strip  of  cloth, 
from  birvdeif,  to  bind.]  A  piece  of  clotti 
usually  bearing  sotne  warlike  or  heraldic 
device  or  national  emblem,  attached  to 
the  iippewpart  of  a  pole  or  8taff;'an  ensign ; 
a  standard;  a  fljig.- Banneral,  Bannerol, 
ban'^r-al,  ban'*r-ol,  re.  A  little  flag;  a 
banderole.— Bannered,  ban'^rd,  a.  Fur 
nished  with  or  bearing  a  banners  display- 
ing baJiners.  [JIfiJ.]— Banneret,  ban'er-ei, 
re.  A  higher  degree  of  knighthood  con- 
ferred on  the  field  for  some  heroic  act;  the 
person  upon  whom  the  degree  was  con- 
ferred, of  a  rank  intermediate  between  a 
baron  and  a  knight. 

Banns,  banz,  re.  pi.  [See  Ban.]  The  pro- 
clamation in  church  necessary  to  consti- 

,  tute  a  regular  marriage,  made  by  calling 
over  the  names  of  the  parties  intending 
matrimony. 

Banquet,  bangTcwet,  re.  [Fr.  banquet,  dim. 
of  barique,  a  bench,  a  seat,  and  hence  a 
feast.  Bank.]  A  feast;  a  rich  entertain- 
ment of  meat  and  drink;  fig.  something 
specially  delicious  or  enjoyable.— v.t.  To 
treat  with  a  feast  or  rich  entertainment. 
~^v.i.  To  feast;  to  regale  one's  self;  to  fare 
daintUy.— Banqueter,  bang'kwet-fer,  re.  A 
feaster ;  one  who  provides  feasta  or  rich 
entertainments. 

Banquette,  ban-ket,  re.  [Fr.,  from  banc,  a 
bench,  a  bank.]  Fort,  a  little  raised  way 
or  bank  running  along  the  inside  of  a 
parapet,  on  which  musketeers  or  riflemen 
stand  to  fire  upon  the  enemy  in  the  moat 
or  covere<^way;  the  footway  of  a  bridge 
when  raised  above  the  carriage-way. 

Banshee;  Benshi,  ban'shs,  ben'shi,  re.  [Ir. 
bean-sith,  Gael,  ban-silh,  from  Ir.  and  GaeL 
bean,  6an,woman,  and  sitA,fairy.]  A  kind  of 
female  fairy  believed  in  Ireland  and  soma 
parts  of  Scotland  to  attach  herself  to  a  par- 


\Fate,  fkr,  fat,  fftlh  A«n6,  met,  h«r;^  pine,  pin;^.n5te,  not,  jnOves^tdbe,  tub,  b\»ll;     oil,  pound;^^tlt^Sc..ab«ne!r:the  Fr.  «.< 


BANTAM 


53 


BARGE 


tioular  house,  and  to  appear  before  the 
death  of  one  of  the  family. 

Santam,  ban' tarn,  n.  A  small  but  spirited 
breed  of  domestic  fowl  with  feathered 
slianks,  first  brought  from  the  East  Indies, 
and  supposed  to  derive  its  name  from 
Bantam  in  Java.— ct.  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
Ksmblins  the  bantam;  of  the  breed  of  the 
•bantam;  henoe,  diminutive;  puny. 

Banter,  ban'tfer,  w.t.  [Origin  unknown.]  To 
addre.ss  humorous  raillery  to;  to  attack 
■with  jokes  or  jests;  to  make  fun  of;  to 
rally. —n.  (no  pi.)  A  joking  or  jesting; 
humorous  raillery;  pleasantry  with  which 
a  person  is  attacked.  -  Banterer,  ban'tfer- 
er,  71.    One  who  banters. 

Bantling,  bant 'ling,  n.  [Probably  from 
band,  a  wrapping,  and  the  dim.  suffix  -ling, 
meaning  properly  a  child  in  swaddling 
clothes.]  A  young  child;  an  infant:  a 
term  carrying  with  it  a  shade  of  con- 
tempt. 

Banxring,  bangks'ring,  n.  [Native  name.] 
The  popular  name  of  certam  squirrel-like 
insectivorous  mammals  of  the  Bast. 

Banyan,  Banyan-tree,  ban'yan,  n.  [From 
the  connection  of  one  'such  tree  with  cer- 
tain banians  or  Indian  merchants.]  An 
Indian  tree  of  the  fig  genus,  remarkable 
for  its  horizontal  branches  sending  down 
shoots  which  take  root  when  they  reach 
the  ground  and  enlarge  into  trunks,  which 
in  their  turn  send  out  branches;  the  tree 
in  this  manner  covering  a  prodigious  ex- 
tant of  ground. 

Banyan,  ban'yan,  n.  A  native  Ipdian  mer- 
chant.    Banian. 

Baobab,  ba'5-bab,  n.  [The  name  in  Sene- 
gal.] A  large  Airicah  tree  usually  from 
40  to  70  feet  high,  and  often  80  feet  in 
diameter,  having  an  oblong  pulpy  fruit 
called. moukey -bread;  "the  sour-gourd  or 
calabash-tree. 

Baphomet,  baf'o-met,  n.  [A  corruption  of 
Mahomet.]  The  imaginary  idol  or  symbol 
which  the  Templars  were  accused  of  ei5a- 
ploy  ing  in  their  mysterious  rites.— Bapho- 
metic,  baf-o-met'ik,  a.  Of  of  pertaining  to 
Baphomet  or  to  the  rites  in  which  it  was 
supposed  to  be  employed.    [Carl.] 

Baptism,  bap'tizm,  n.  (Gr.  baptiama,  from 
baptize,  to  baptize,  from  baptO,  to  dip  in 
water.  ]  The  application  of  water  by 
sprinkling  or  immersion  to  a  person,  as  a 
sacrament  or  religious  ceremony.  —  Bap- 
tismal, bap-tiz'mal,  a.  Pertaining  to  bap- 
tism. —  Baptismally,  bap-tiz'mal-li,  adv. 
In  a  baptismal  manney.- Baptist,  bap'- 
tist,  n.  [Gr.  baptistSs.]  One  who  adminis- 
ters baptism:  specifically  applied  to  John, 
the  forerunner  of  Christ;  as  a  contraction 
of  Anabaptist,  one  who  objects  to  infant 
baptism.— Baptistery,  bap'tis-tfer-i,  n.  A 
building  or  a  portion  of  a  building  in 
which  is  administered  the  rite  of  baptism. 
— Baptistic,  Baptistical.t  bap-tis'tik,  bap- 
tis'tik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  baptism. — 
Baptistically.t  bap-tis'tik-al-li,  adv.  In 
a  baptistical  manner.  —  Baptizable,  bap- 
tiz'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  baptized. — 
Baptize,  bap-tiz',  v.t.— baptized,  baptizing. 
[Gr.  baptizO.]  To  administer  the  sacra- 
ment of  baptism  to;  to  christen.— Baptizer, 
bap-tiz'er,  n.    One  who  baptizes. 

Bar,  biir,  n.  [Fr.  barre;  from  the  Celtic; 
W.  and  Armor,  bar,  the  top  branch  of  a 
tree,  a  rail,  a  bar.  Barrier,  barrister, 
barricade,  embarrass,  &c.,  are  derivatives.] 
A  piece  of  wood,  metal,  or  other  solid 
matter,  long  in  proportion  to  its  thickness; 
a  pole;  a  connecting  piece  in  various  posi- 
tions and  structures,  often  for  a  hinder- 
ance  or  obstruction;  anything  which  ob- 
structs, hinders,  or  impedes;  an  obstruc- 
tion; an  obstacle;  a  barrier;  a  bank  of  sand, 
gravel,  or  earth  forming  an  obstruction  at 
the  mouth  of  a  river  or  harbour;  the  rail- 
ing inclosing  the  place  which  counsel  oc- 
cupy in  courts  of  justice;  the  place  in  court 
where  prisoners  are  stationed  for  arraign- 
ment, trial,  or  sentence;  all  those  who  can 
Ijlead  in  a  court;  barristers  in  general;  the 
profession  of  barrister;  the  railing  or  parti- 
tion which  separates  a  space  near  the  door 
from  the  body  of  either  house  of  parlia- 
ment; a  tribunal  in  general;  the  inclosed 
place  of  a  tavern,  inn,  or  other  establish- 
ment where  liquors,  &c.,  are  served  out; 


the  counter  over  which  such  articles  are 
served  out;  music,  a  line  drawn  perpen- 
dicularly across  the  staff  dividing  it  into 
equal  measures  of  time ;  the  space  and 
notes  included  between  two  such  lines. — 
v.t.— barred,  barring.  To  fasten  with  a 
bar  or  as  with  a  bar;  to  hinder;  to  obstruct; 
to  prevent;  to  prohibit;  to  restrain;  to  ex- 
cept; to  exclude  by  exception;  to  provide 
with  a  bar  of  bars;  to  mark  with  bars;  to 
cross  with  one  or  more  stripes  or  lines. — 
Bar-maid,  n.  A  maid  or  woman  who  serves 
at  the  bar  of  an  inn  or  other  place  of  re- 
freshment.—Bar-room,  n.  The  room  in  a 
public-hou»e,  hotel,  &c.,  containing  the 
bar  or  counter  where  refreshments  are 
served  out. — Bar-shot,  n.  A  double  shot 
consisting  of  two  round-shot  united  by  a 
bar.— Bar-wood,  n.  A  kind  of  red  dye- 
wood  from  Africa. 

Barb,  barb,  n.  [Fr.  barbe,  L.  barba,  beard.] 
The  sharp  point  projecting  backwards 
from  the  penetrating  extremity  of  an  ar- 
row, fish-hook,  or  other  instrument  for 
piercing,  intended  to  prevent  its  being  ex- 
tracted; &  barbel;  a  beard.— o.i.  To  shave 
or  dress  the  bearat;  to  furnish  with  barbs, 
as  an  arrow. 

Barb,  barb,  n.  [Contr.  froai  Barbary.]  A 
horse  of  the  Barbary  breed,  remarkable 
for  speed,  endurance,  and  docility. 

Barbacan,  BarbicaQ,  bar'ba-kan,  biir'bi- 
kan,  m.  [JPr.  bdrbacane.  It.  barbacane, 
from  Af.  bM-khdnah,  a  gateway  or  gate- 
house.] A  kind  of  watch-tower;  an  ad- 
vanced work  defending  the  entrance  to  a 
castle  or  fortified  town,  as  before  the  gate 
or  drawbridge. 

Barbadoes  Tar,  bar-ba'doz,  n.  Petroleum 
or  mineral  tar  found  in  some  of  the  West 
Indian  islands. 

Barbarian,  bar-bS'ri-an,  n.  [L.  barbarus, 
from  Gr.  barbaros,  one  whose  language  is 
unintelligible,  a  foreigner.)  A  foreigner  { 
(N.T.);  a  man  in  his  rude  savage  state;  an 
uncivilized  person;  a  cruel,  savage,  brutal 
man;  one  destitute  of  pity  or  humanity.— 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  sava^s;  rude;  un- 
civilized; cruel;  inhuman.— Barbaric,  bar- 
bar'ik,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to,  or  charac- 
teristic of  a  barbarian;  uncivilized;  savage; 
wild;  ornate  without  being  in  accordance 
with  sound  taste.  —  Barbarism,  bar'bar- 
izm,n.  An  uncivilized  state;  want  of  civi- 
lization ;  rudeness  of  manners ;  an  act  of 
barbarity,  cruelty,  or  brutality;  an  out- 
rage; an  offence  against  purity  of  style  or 
language ;  any  form  of  speech  contrary  to 
correct  idiom.— Barbarity,  bar-bar'i-ti,  n. 
The  state  of  being  barbarous ;  barbarous- 
ness;  savageness;  ferociousness;  inhuman- 
ity; a  barbarous  act.— Barbarization,  bar'- 
bar-iz-a"shon,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
rendering  barbarous  or  of  becoming  bar- 
barous. —  Barbarize,  bar'bar-iz,  v.t.  To 
become  barbarous. — v.t.  To  make  barba- 
rous. —  Barbarous,  bar'ba-rus,  a.  Unac- 
quainted with  arts  and  civilization ;  \m- 
civilized ;  rude  and  ignorant;  pertaining 
to  or  characteristic  of  oarbarians;  adapted 
to  the  taste  of  barbarians;  barbaric;  cruel; 
ferocious;  inhuman.  —  Barbarously,  bar'- 
ba-rus-li,  adv.  In  a  barbarous  manner; 
without  knowledge  or  arts ;  savagely ; 
cruelly ;  ferociously ;  inhumanly.  —  Bar- 
barousness,  bar'ba-rus-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  barbarous;  barbarity. 

Barbe,  Barb,  barb,  n.  [For  barde,  Fr.  barde, 
Sp.  albarda,  from  Ar.  barda'a,  a  pad,  a 
covering  for  a  horse's  back.]  One  of  the 
ornaments  and  housings  of  a  horse;  one  of 
the  pieces  of  defensive  armour  with  which 
the  war-horses  of  knights  were  anciently 
clad.— Barbed,  barbd,  p.  and  a.  Furnished 
with  or  clad  in  barbes  or  armour. 

Barbecue,t  bar'be-ka,  n.  [Conjectured  to  be 
from  Fr.  barbe-d-queue,  from  beard  to  tail: 
more  probably  from  Carib  barftacoa,  a  kind 
of  large  gridiron.]  A  hog  or  other  large 
animal  dressed  whole ;  a  terrace  partly  or 
wholly  surrounding  a  house.— 1;.<. — barbe- 
ciced,  barbecuing.  To  dress  and  cook  whole 
by  splitting  to  the  backbone  and  roasting 
on  a  gridiron. 

Barbel,  bar'bel,  n.  [O.Fr.  barbel,  from  L. 
6ar6«8^a  barbel  (the  fish),  from  barba,  a 
beard.  In  sense  of  appendage  it  is  rather 
for  barbule.]    A  fresh-water  fish  having 


four  beard-like  appendages  on  its  upper 
jaw;  a  vermiform  process  appended  to  the 
mouth  of  certain  fishes,  serving  as  an  organ 
of  touch. 

Barber,  barTafer,  n.  [Fr.  barbier,  from  barbe, 
L.  barba,  a  beard.]  One  whose  occupa- 
tion is  to  shave  the  beard  or  to  cut  and 
dress  hair. — v.t.  To  shave  and  dress  the 
hair  of.    [Skak.] 

Barberry,  bar'be-ri,  n.  [Fr.  berberis,  from 
At.  barbiXrig,  the  barberry,  but  the  spel- 
ling has  been  modified  so  as  to  give  the 
word  an  English  appearance. J  A  shrubby 
plant  bearing  small  acid  and  astringent, 
red  berries,  common  In  hedges. 

Barbet,  bar'bet,  a.  [Fr.  barbet,  from  L. 
barba,  a  beard.]  A  variety  of  dog  having 
long  curly  hair;  a  poodle;  one  of  a  group 
of  climbing  birds,  approaching  the  cuc- 
koos, having  a  large  conical  beak,  and  at 
its  base  tufts  of  stiff  bristles. 

Barbette,  bar-bet',  n.  [Fr.]  The  platform 
orbreastworkofafortification,  from  which 
the  cannon  may  be  fired  over  the  parapet 
instead  of  through  an  embrasure. 

Barbican,  n.    Bakbacan. 

Barbule,  bar'bQl,  n.  [L.  barbula,  dim.  of 
barba,  a  beard.]  A  small  barb;  a  little 
beard. 

Barcarolle,  bar'ka-rol,  n.  [Fr.,  from  It. 
barcarolo,  a  boatman,  from  barca,  a  boat 
or  barge.]  A  simple. song  or  melody  sung 
by  Venetian  gondoliers;  a  piece  of  instru- 
mental music  composed  in  imitation  of 
such  a  song. 

Bard,  bard,  n.  [Celtic]  A  poet  and  singer 
among  the  ancient  Celts;  a  poet  generally. 
— Bardic,  bard'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  bards 
or  to  their  poetry.— Bardish,  biird'isb,  a. 
Pertaining  to  bards;  written  by  a  bard.— 
Bardlsm,  bard'izm,  n.  The  learning  and 
maxims  of  bards.— Bardling,  bard'ling,  n. 
An  inferior  bard;  a  mediocre  poet. — Bard- 
Bhlp,  bard'ship,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  a  bard. 

Bare,  bar.    Old  pret.  of  bear,  now  Bore. 

Bare,  bar,  a.  [A.  Sax.  beer,  Icel.  ber,  Sw. 
Dan.  bar,  D.  baar,  G.  bar,  baar,  probably 
from  root  meaning  shining  seen  in  Skr. 
t/id*,  toshine.J  Naked;  witnout  covering; 
laid  open  to  view;  detected;  no  longer  con- 
cealed; poor;  destitute;  indigent;  ill-sup- 
plied; empty;  unfurnished;  unprovided: 
often  followed  by  of  {bare  of  money); 
threadbare; -much  worn. — v.t. — bared,  bar- 
ing. To  strip  off  the  covering  from ;  to 
make  naked.— Barely,  bar'li,  adv.  In  a 
bare  manner;  nakedly;  poorly;  without  de- 
coration jscarcely;hardly. — Bareness,  bar"- 
nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  bare;  want  of 
clothing  or  covering;  nakedness;  defici- 
ency of  appropriate  covering,  ornament, 
and  the  hke;  poverty;  indigence.— Bare- 
backed, bar'bakt,  a.  Having  the  back 
uncovered;  unsaddled.— Bareboned,  bar'- 
bond,  a.  Having  the  bones  scantly  cov- 
ered with  flesh;  verylean.— Barefaced,bar'- 
fast,  a.  Having  the  face  uncovered;  hence 
undisguised:  unreserved;  shameless;  im- 
pudent; audacious  {barefaced  robbery). — 
Barefacedly,  bar'fast-li.  adv.  In  a  bare- 
faced manner;  openly;  shamelessly;  impu- 
dently. —  Barefacedness,  bar'fast-nes,  n. 
Effrontery;  assurance.  —  Barefoot,  Bare- 
footed, bar'fut,  bar'fut-ed,  a.  and  adv. 
With  tne  feet  bare;  without  shoes  or  stock- 
ings, i 

Barege,  ba-razhj  n.  [From  Bariges,  a 
village  of  the  Pyrenees.]  A  thin  gauze- 
like fabric  for  ladies' dresses,  usually  made 
of  silk  and  worsted,  but,  in  the  inferior 
sorts,  with  cotton  instead  of  silk.    •  i 

Bargain,  b&r'gin,  n.  [O.Fr.  bargains,  L.L. 
barcania,  a  bargain,  traffic;  believed  to  be 
from  L.L.  barca,  a  bark.]  A  contract  or 
agreement  between  two  or  more  parties; 
a  compact  settling  that  something  shall 
be  done,  sold,  transferred,  &c.;  the  thing 
purchased  or  stipulated  for;  what  is  ob- 
tained byan  agreement;  something  bought 
or  sold  at  a  low  price. — v.i.  To  make  a 
bargain  or  agreement;  to  make  an  agree- 
ment-about  the  transfer  of  property.— 1>.<. 
To  sell ;  to  transfer  for  a  consideration: 

fenerally  followed  by  away. — Bargainer, 
ar'gin-6r,  n.  .One  who  bargains  or  stipu-j 

lates.  '"  5^      ^'t>^t.i 

Barge,  barj',  n.'^  [O.Fr.  harge^Jj.^barsrial 


ch,  chiiay-  cA^Sc.Jfi£A^*5l4?oi'^  j.iobi'^ii.  Fr^to»i>^iis  si»ei''< iH^ttenjJbj feinijltwiwisi/*  vbvttAigj'  'sb^uum 


BARILLA 


54 


BARYTA 


barga,  Uo-ca,  hark.  Tarqie.!  A  vessel 
or  boat  elegantly  fitted  up  and  decorated, 
used  on  occasions  of  state  and  pomp;  a 
flat-bottomed  vessel  for  loading  and  un- 
loading ships  or  conveying  goods  from  one 
place  to  another.— Bargee,  barj'g.?i.  One 
of  the  crew  of  a  barge  or  canal-boat.  — 
Bargeman,  barj'mau,  ?i.  The  man  who 
manages  a  barge. 

Barilla,  ba-ril'la,  n.  [Sp.)  An  impure  soda 
or  carbonate  and  sulphate  of  soda  obtained 
in  Spain  and  elsewhere  by  burning  several 
species  of  plants;  a  kind  of  kelp;  Spanish 
soda. 

Baritone,  bar 'i- ton,  n.  and  o.  Same  as 
Barytone. 

Barium,  ba'ri-um,  n.  [Gr.  harys,  heavy. 
Baryta.]  The  metallic  basis  of  baryta 
(which  is  an  oxide  of  barium);  a  metal  as 
yet  obtained  in  very  small  quantities. 

Bark,  bark,  n.  {Dan.  and  Sw.  hark,  IceL 
borkr,  G.  borke,  bark.]  The  outer  rind  of 
a  tree,  shrub,  &c.;  the  exterior  covering  of 
exogenous  plants,  Composed  of  cellular 
and  vascular  tissue.— y.J.  To  strip  bark 
off;  to  peel;  to  apply  bark  to;  to  treat  with 
bark  in  tanning.  —  Barker,  bark'fer,  n. 
One  who  barks;  one  who  removes  the  bark 
from  trees. —Bau:kery,bark'^r-i,n.  A  tan- 
house,  or  place  where  bark  is  kept. — Bark- 
bed,  Bark-stove,  n.  A  bed  formed  of  the 
spent  bark  used  by  tanners,  which  is 
placed  in  the  inside  of  a  brick  pit  in  a 
glazed  house,  constructed  for  forcing  or 
for  the  growth  of  tender  plants. — Bark- 
mill,  n.  A  mill  for  crushing  bark  for  the 
use  of  tanners  and  dyers. 

Bark,  bark,  n.    Same  as  Barque. 

Bark,  bark,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  beorcan.^  To 
emit  the  cry  of  a  dog,  or  a  similar  sound. 
— n.  The  cry  of  the  domestic  dog;  a  cry  re- 
sembling that  of  the  dog.— Barker,  bark'- 
er,  n.  An  animal  that  barks;  a  person 
who  clamours  unreasonably. 

Baxkantine ,  bark'an-tin,  n.  Same  aS  Bar- 
qtiantiiie  (which  see). 

Barker's  Mill,  n.  A  machine  driven  by 
water;  a  kind  of  simple  turbine.     . 

Barley,  bar'li,  n.  [O.E.  barlic,  berlic,  from 
A.  Sax.  here  (=Sc.  bear),  barley,  and  leac, 
a  plant  (also  a  leek);  comp.  garlic.]  A  kind 
of  grain  commonly  grown  and  used  es- 
pecially for  making  malt;  the  plant  yield- 
ing the  grain.— Barleycorn,  bar'li-kom,  n. 
A  grain  of  barley;  a  measure  equal  to  the 
third  part  of  an  inch.— Barley-stigar,  n. 
Sugar  boiled  till  it  is  brittle  (formerly 
with  a  decoction  of  barley),  and  candied.— 
Barley-water,  n.  A  decoction  of  pearl- 
barley  used  in  medicine  as  an  emollient. 

Barm,  barm,  n.  [A.  Sax.  6eojT)ia=Sw.  Mr- 
ma,  Dan.  Mrme,  L.  G.  barine,  G.  bdrme, 
barm;  from  root  of  brew.]  Yeast. — Barmy, 
biirm'i,  a.  Containing  or  consisting  of 
barm;  frothy,  as  beer. 

Bam,  bam,  n.  [A.  Sax.  berern—bere,  bar- 
ley, and  em,  a  house.]  A  covered  building 
for  securing  grain,  hay,  or  other  farm  pro- 
duce.—f.f.  To  store  up  in  a  bam.— Barn- 
owl,  n.  The  common  white  owl  often 
found  in  bams,  where  it  proves  very  use- 
ful by  destroying  mice. 

Barnacle,  bar'na-kl,  n.  fFr.  bemacle,  bar- 
nacle, I/.L.  bemacula,  for  pemacula,  dim. 
of  L.  pema,  a  ham,  a  kind  of  sheU-fish. 
In  sense  of  goose  origin  doubtful.)  A 
stalked  cirriped,  often  found  on  the  bot- 
toms of  ships,  on  timber  fixed  below  the 
surface  of  tne  sea,  &c.;  a  species  of  ^oose 
found  in  the  northern  seas,  but  visiting 
more  southern  climates  in  winter. 

Barnacles,  bar'na-klz,  n.  pi.  [Origin  un- 
known.] An  instrument  to  put  upon  a 
horse's  nose,  to  confine  him  for  shoeing, 
bleeding,  or  dressing;  a  cant  name  for  a 
pair  of  spectacles. 

Barograpn,  bar'o-graf,  n.  [Gr.  6aro«, weight, 
and  grapho,  to  write.]  A  self -registering 
barometric  instrument  for  recording  the 
variations  in  the  pressure  of  the  atmo- 
sphere. 

Barometer,  ba-rom'et-6r,  n.  [  Gr.  baros, 
weight,  and  j)ie<n.ni,  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  weight  or  pressure 
iif  the  atmosphere,  consisting  ordinarily 
of  a  glass  tube  contr.ininx  a  column  of 
mercury,  it.i  lower  end  di|>i>iiig  into  a  cup 
containing  the  Hanie  metal ;  nie  mercury 


in  the  tulx?,  having  a  vacuum  alx)ve  it, 
rises  and  falls  according  to  the  varjing 
pressure  of  the  air  on  the  mercury  in  the 
cup.  In  the  aneroid  barometer  no  fluid  is 
used.  —  Barometric,  Barometrical,  bar-o- 
met'rik,  bar-o-met'rik-al,  a.  Pertaining 
or  relating  to  the  barometer;  made  by  a 
barometer.  —  Barometrically,  bar-o-met'- 
rik-al-li,  kdv.    By  means  of  a  barometer. 

Baron,  bar'on,  n.  [Fr.  bar<m,  from  O.H.G. 
bar,  a  man,  from  beran  =  E.  to  bear,  the 
original  ,sense  being  probably  that  of 
oue  who  could  bear,  as  being  strong 
and  robust.]  In  Great  Britain,  a  title  or 
degree  of  nobility;  one  who  holds  the  low- 
est rank  in  the  peerage ;  a  title  of  certain 
judges  or  officers;  as,6(wons  of  the  exchequer, 
the  judges  of  the  court  of  exchequer. — 
Baronof  beef,  two  sirloins  not  cut  asunder. 
—  Baronage,  bar'on-5j,  n.  The  whole 
body  of  barons  or  peers;  the  dignity  or 
condition  of  a  baron. — Baroness,  bar'on-es, 
n.  A  baron's  wife  or  lady. — Baronet,  bar*- 
on-et,  n.  [Dim.  of  baron.]  One  who  pos- 
sesses a  hereditary  rank  or  degree  of  hon- 
our next  below  a  baron*  and  therefpre  not 
a  member  of  the  peerage ;  one  belonging 
to  an  order  founded  by  James  I.  in  1611.— 
Baronetage,  bayon-et-aj,  n.  The  baronets 
,  as  a  body;  the  dignity  of  a  baronet.— Bar- 
onetcy, bar'on.-et-si,  u.  The  title  and  dig- 
nity of  a  baronet. — Baronial,  ba-ro'ni-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  baron  or  a  barony.— 
Barony,  bai'on-i,  n.  The  title  or  honour 
of  a  baron ;  abo  the  territory  or  lordship 
of  a  baron;  to  Ireland,  fi  territorial  divi- 
sion, corresponding  nearly  to  the  English 
hundred. . 

Barouche,  ba-rdsh',  n.  [From  G.  bartttsehe, 
from  It.  haroccio.biroccio,  from  L.  birotus, 
two -wheeled  —  bis,  double,  and  rota,  a 
wheel.]  A  four-wheeled  carriage  with  a 
falling  top. 

Barque,  biirk,  n.  [Fr.  barque,  li.h.barca, 
a  barque,  through  a  dim.  form  barica,  from 
Gr.  bans,  a  skiff.  Barge  is  a  form  of  this 
word.]  A  sailing  vessel  of  any  kind;  na«t 
a  three-masted  vessel  with  only  fore-and- 
aft  sails  on  the  mizzen-mast,  the  other  two 
masts  being  square-rigged.— Barquantine, 
bark'an-tin ,  n.  [From  barque,  in  imitation 
of  brigantine.  ]  A  three  -  masted  vessel 
square-rigged  in  the  foremast  and  fore- 
■and-aft  rigged  in  the  main  and  mizzen 
masts. 

Barrack,  bar'ak,  n.  [Fr.  baraque.  It.  bar- 
aeta,  from  L.L.  barra,  a  bar,  from  the 
Celtic;  comp.  Ir.  barrachad,  a  hut  or  booth.] 
A  hut  or  house  for  soldiers,  especially  in 
garrison;  permanent  buildings  in  which 
both  officers  and  men  are  lodged ;  a  large 
building,  or  a  collection  of  huts  for  a  body 
of  work-people:  generally  in  pi.— Barrack- 
master,  n.  The  officer  who  superintends 
the  barracks  of  soldiers. — Barracoon,  bar- 
a-kon',  n.  A  negro-barrack;  a  slave  depot 
or  bazaar. 

Barranca,  bar-ran'ka,M.  fSp.]  A  deep  gully 
or  ravine — a  name  used  in  America. 

Barrator,  bar'a-tor,  n.  [O.Fr.  barateur,  a 
cheater,  ftarate,  deceit.  Barter.]  One  who 
frequently  excites  suits  at  law;  an  encour- 
ager  of  litigation ;  the  master  or  one  of 
the  crew  of  a  ship  who  commits  any  fraud 
in  the  management  of  the  ship  or  cargo, 
by  which  the  owner,  freighters,  or  insurers 
are  injured.  — Barratrous,  bar'a-trus,  a. 
Characterized  by  or  tainted  with  barratry. 
— Barratrously,  bar'a-tms-li,  adti.- Bar- 
ratry, bar'a-tri,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of 
a  barrator;  the  exciting  and  encouraging 
of  lawsuits  and  quarrels;  fraud  in  a 
shipmaster  to  the  injury  of  the  owners, 
freighters,  or  insurers,  as  by  running  away 
with  the  ship,  sinking,  or  deserting  her. 

Barrel,  bar'el,  n.  [O.Fr.  bareil,  Fr.  baril, 
from  Celt.;  cobip.  W.  baj-U,  Gael,  barail,  a 
barrel ;  so  called  because  made  of  bars  or 
staves.  Bar.]  A  somewhat  cylindrical 
wooden  vessel  made  of  staves  and  bound 
with  hoop?;  a  cask;  anything  resembling  a 
barrel  in  shape;  a  hollow  cylinder  or  tuije 
(as  the  barrel  of  a  gun).—v.t. — barrelled, 
barrelling.  To  put  in  a  liarrel.- Barrelled, 
bar'eld.  a.  Having  ^  barrel  or  barrels: 
generally  used  in  composition.  —  Barrel- 
bellied,  a.  Having  a  round  and  protuber- 
ant or  barrel-shaped  belly.— Barrel-bulk, 


n.  Xavi.  a  measure  of  capacity  for  freight, 
equal  to  5  cubic  feet.— Barpel-organ,  n.  An 
organ  in  which  a  barrel  or  cylinder  fur- 
lUshed  with  pegs  or  staples,  when  turned 
round,  opens  a  series  of  valves  to  admit  a 
current  of  air  to  a  set  of  pipes,  or  acts  on 
wires  like  those  of  the  piano  so  as  to  pro- 
duce a  tune. 

Barren,  bar'on,  a.  [From  O.Fr.  baraigtie, 
brehai-M,  hrehuigne,  sterile,  possibly  from 
Armor,  brec^han,  sterile.  ]  Incapable  of 
producing  its  kind;  not  prolific;  applied 
to  animals  and  vegetables;  unproductive; 
unfruitful ;  sterile :  applied  to  land ;  tig. 
not  producing  or  leading  to  anything 
Ibarren  speculation,  barren  of  ideas);  un- 
Buggestive;  uninstructive.— Ji.  A  barren  or 
unproductive  tract  of  land.  —  Barrenly, 
bar'en-U,  adv.  UnfruitfuUy.— Barrenness, 
bai-'en-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
barren;  sterility;  want  of  fertility,  in; 
structiveness,  interest,  or  the  Uke  {baiTen- 
ness  of  invention). 

Barretor.  Barretry,  bar'et-or,  bar'et-ri,  n. 
Same  as  Barrator,  Barratry. 

Barricade,  bar-i-kad',  n.  [Fr.  barricade, 
from  barre,  a  bar.  Bar.]  A  temporary  for- 
tification made  of  trees,  earth,  stones,  or 
anything  that  will  obstruct  the  progress 
of  an  enemy  or  serve  for  defence  or  security 
against  his  shot ;  a  fence  around  or  along 
the  side  of  a  space  to  be  kept  clear ;  any 
barrier  or  obstruction. — v.t.—b.arricaded, 
barricading.  To  stop  up  by  a  barricade ; 
to  erect  a  barricade  across ;  to  obstruct. — 
Barricader,  bar-i-kad'6r,  n.  One  who  erects 
barricades. 

Barrier,  bar'i-«r,  n.  [Fr.  barrih-e,  a  barrier, 
from  barre,  a  bar.  Bar.]  A  fence;  a  rail- 
ing; any  obstruction;  what  hinders  ap- 
proach, attack,  or  progress;  what  stands 
in  the  way ;  an  obstacle ;  a  limit  or  boun- 
dary of  any  kind ;  a  line  of  separation. — 
Barrier  reef,  a  coral-reef  rising  from  a 
great  depth  to  theJevel  of  low  tide,  encir- 
cling an  island  like  a  barrier,  or  running 
parallel  to  a  coast,  with  a  navigable  chan- 
nel inside,  as  on  the  north-east  coast  of 
Australia. 

Barring,  bar'ing,  pari,  of  verb  to  bar,  used 
as  prep.  Excepting;  leaving  out  of  ac- 
count. [CoUoq.J— BaiTing-out,  n.  The  act 
of  excluding  a  schoolmaster  from  school 
by  barricading  the  doors  and  windows ;  a 
boyish  sport  at  Christmas. 

Barrister,  bar'is-t^r,  n.  [  From  bar.  ]  A 
counsellor  or  advocate  admitted  to  plead 
at  the  bar  of  a  court  of  law  in  protection 
and  defence  of  clients :  a  term  more  espe- 
cially used  in  England  and  Ireland,  the 
corresponding  term  in  Scotland  being  ad- 
vocate, in  the  United  States  counsellor. 

Barrow,  bar"*^!.  [A.  Sax.  berewe,  a  barrow, 
from  beran,  E.  to  bear,  to  carry ;  comp, 
bier.]  A  light  small  carriage,  moved  or 
earned  by  hand:  when  having  a'ftheel  it 
is  a  u)A«ei-barrow. 

Barrow,  bar's, n.  [k.^K7i.beorg,beorh,berg, 
a  hill  or  funeral  mound;  Dan.  Sw.  G.  berg, 
a  hill ;  allied  to  burgh.]  A  prehistoric  or 
at  least  ancient  sepulchral  mound  formed 
of  earth  or  stones,  found  in  Britain  and 
elsewhere,  and  met  with  in  various  forms: 
often  containing  remains  of  the  dead,  im- 
plements, &c. 

Barter,  bar'ter,  v.i.  [O.Fr.  bareter,  barater, 
to  cheat,  to  barter,  barat,  barate,  deceit, 
barter:  origin  doubtful.]  To  traffic  or 
trade  by  exchanging  one  commodity  for 
another  (and  not  for  money).— v.t.  To  give 
in  ejfchange;  to  exchange,  as  one  commo- 
dity for  another.— n.  The  act  of  exchang- 
ing commodities;  the  thing  given  in  ex- 
change.—Barterer,  bar't*r-er,  n.  One  who 
barters  or  traffics  by  exchanging  commo- 
dities. 

Bartizan,  bar'ti-zan,  n.'  [Comp.  O.Fr.  bre- 
tesche,  a  fortification  of  timber;  G.  brel,  a 
board.]  A  small  tuiret  projecting  from 
the  top  part  of  a  tower  or  wall,  with  aper- 
tures for  archers  to  shoot  through. 

Barwood,  bar'wnd,  n.  A  red  dye-wood 
brouglit  from  Africa;  camwood. 

Baryta,  ba-ri'ta,  n.  [Gr.  barya,  heavy. 
barytes,  weight.]  Oxide  of  barium,  called 
sometimes  heavy-earth,  generally  found  in 
combination  with  sulphuric  and  carbonic 
acids,  forming  sulphate  and  carbonate  of 


^ate,  far,  fat,  fftU;     jne,  met,  Mr;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,- move;    jtobe,  tub,  b\ill ;     oU,  pound;,    tl,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  u. 


BARYTONE 


55 


BASSORINE 


bar.vta,  tlio  former  of  which  is  called 
hedvy-gpar.  Baryta  is  a  gray  powder  with 
d.  sharp  caustic  alkaline  taste. — Bajytes, 
ba-ri't6z,  n.  A  name  of  baryta  or  its  sul- 
phate (heavy-spar).— Barytic,  ba-ri'tik,  a; 
Of  or  containing  baryta. 
Barytone,  Baiyton,  bar'i-ton,  a.  [Gr. 
bari/s,  heavy,  and  tonos,  tone.]  Ranging 
between  tenor  and  bass;  having  a  voice 
ranging  between  tenor  and  bass;  Greek 
gram,  having  no  accent  marked  on  the  last 
syllable,  the  grave  bqing  understood.— n.  A 
male  voice,  the  compass  of  which  partakes 
of  the  bass  and  the  tenor,  but  which  does 
not  descend  so  low  as  the  one  nor  rise  as 
high  as  the  other;  a  person  possessing  a 
voice  of  this  quality. 

Basalt,  ba-salt',  n.  [Gr.  bagalteg,  of  un- 
known origin.)  A  well-known  igneous 
dark-gray  or  black  rock  occurring  in  the 
ancient  trap  and  the  recent  volcanic  series, 
and  remarkable  as  often  assuming  the 
form  of  regularly  prismatic  columns,  such 
as  are  to  be  seen  at  Fingal's  Cave  in  Staffa, 
or  the  Giant's  Causeway  in  the  north  of 
Irelanrd.— Basaltic,  ba-salt'ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  basalt ;  formed  of  or  containing 
basalt.— Basaltiform,  ba-salt'i-form,  a.  In 
the  form  of  basalt;  columnar. 
Basanite,  baz'an-it,  n.  [Gr.  basanos,  the 
touchstone.]  Touchstone. 
Bascinet,  bas'i-net,  n.  [O.Fr.  bassinet,  6a- 
cinet,  dim.  of  bassin,  bacin,  a  helmet  in 
the  form  of  a  basin.]  A  light  helmet,  ori- 
ginally without  a  vizor. 
Bascule,  bas'kul,  n.  IFr.]  An  arrange- 
ment in  bridges  Ijy  which  one  portion  bal- 
ances another.— Bascvle  bridge,  a  kind  of 
drawbridge  in  which  the  projecting  por- 
tion is  counterbalanced  by  an  inner  por- 
tion, which,  when  the  former  is  raised,  de- 
scends into  a  dry  well. 
Sase,  bas,  a.  [Fr.  bus,  low,  from  L.L. 
bassus,  low,  short,  allied  to  Ir.  basSf  W. 
bas.  Armor,  baz,  shallow.]  Of  little  or  no 
value;  coarse  in  comparison  "(the  base 
metals);  worthless;  fraudulently  debased 
in  value;  spurious  {base  coin);  of  or  per- 
taining to  humble  or  illegitimate  birth; 
of  low  station;  lowly;  of  mean  spirit; 
morally  low;  showing  or  proceeding  from  a 
mean  spirit;  deep;  grave:  applied  to  sounds. 
—n.  pi.  An  old  name  for  a  skirt  or  some- 
thing similar  worn  by  knights,  &c.  [Mil.] 
—Basely,  basli,  adv.  In  a  base  manner 
or  condition;  meanly;  humbly;  vilely. — 
Baseness,  bas'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  base;  meanness;  lowness;  vileness; 
worthlessness.  —  Base-bora,  a.  Bom  in  a 
base  condition;  of  illegitimate  birth. — 
Base-court,  n.  The  court  or  yard  at  the 
back  of  a  house. 

Base,  bas,  n.  [Fr.  base,  L.  basis,  a  base,  a 
pedestal,  from  Gr.  basis,  a  going,  a  foot, 
a  base.'from  bainO,  to  go.]  The  bottom  of 
anything,  considered  as  its  support,  or 
the  part  of  a  thing  on  which  it  stands  or 
rests;  the  opposite  extremity  to  the  apex; 
arch,  the  part  between  the  bottom  of  a 
column  and  the  pedestal  or  the  floor; 
chem.  one  of  those  compound  substances 
which  unite  with  acids  to  form  salts;  dyer 
ing,  a  mordant;  geom.  thg"  line  or  surface 
forming  that  part  of  a  figure  on  which 
it  is  supposed  to  stand;  mus.  the  bass; 
milit.  a  tract  of  country  protected  by  for- 
tifications, or  strong  by  natural  advan- 
tages, from  which  the  operations  of  an 
army  proceed;  the  place  from  which  racers 
or  tilters  start;  a  starting-post;  the  game 
of  base-ball  or  prisoner's  base,  or  an  old 
game  somewhat  similar. — v.t.— based,  bas- 
ing. To  lay  the  base  or  foundation  of;  to 
place  on  a  basis;  to  found.  —  Basal,  Bas- 
ilar, Basilary,  bas'al,  baz'il-6r,  baz'il-a-ri, 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  base;  situated  at 
the  base. — Baseless,  bas'les,  a.  Without 
a  base  ;■  without  grounds  or  foundation  (a 
baseless  rumour).  —  Basement,  bas'ment, 
n.  Arch,  the  lowest  story  of  a  building, 
whether  above  or  below  the  ground. — 
Basic,  bas'ik,  a.  Relating  to  a  base;  chem. 
performing  the  office  of  a  base  in  a  salt,  or 
having  the  base  in  excess.— Basicity,  bas- 
|is'i-ti,  n.  Chem.  the  state  of  being  a  base; 
[the  power  of  an  acid  to  unite  with  one  or 
[more  atoms  of  a  base.  —  Base-ball,  n.  A 
f  game  somewhat  similar  to  rotinders.played 


with  a  short  bat.  and  a  ball  by  two  pai-ties 
or  sides.— Base-line,  n.  A  line  adopted  as 
a  base  or  foundation  from  which  future 
operations  are  carried  on,  or  on  which 
they  depend  or  rest.'as  in  surveying,  mili- 
tary affairs,  &c.— Base-moulding,  n.  Arch. 
one  of  the  projecting  mouldings  placed 
above  the  plinth  of  a  building  or  column. 

Bash,  bash,  v.t.  [Scand.:  Dan',  bask,  a  slap, 
baske,  to  slap;  akin  to  box,  to  fight.]  To 
beat  violently;  to  knock  out  of  shape. 
[CoUoq.] 

Bashaw,  ba-sha',  n.  [Per.  bdshd,  pdshdh.] 
A  pasha.     . 

Bashful,  bash'ful, a.  [For abashful.]  Easily 
put  to  confusion;  modest  to  excess;  diffi- 
dent; shy.— Bashfully,  bash'ful-U,  adv.  In 
a  bashful  manner;  very  modestly. — Bash- 
fulness,  bash'ful-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  bashful;  excessive  modesty;  timor- 
ous shyness. 

Bashi-bazouk,  bash'e-ba-zOk",  n.  [Turk.] 
A  kind  of  irregular  soldier  in  the  Turkish 
army,  a  member  of  a  corps  collected  has- 
tily in  a  time  of  emergency. 

Basial,t  bS'si-al,  a.  [L.  basium,  a  kiss.]  Re- 
lating to  or  consisting  of  a  kiss.       ' 

Basib,  Basicity.    Under  Base,  n. 

Basidium,  ba-sid'i-um,  n.  pi.  Basidia,  ba- 
sid'i-a.  [Gr.  basis,  a  base,  and  eidos,  like- 
ness.] Bot.  the  cell  to  which  the  spores  of 
some  fungi  are  attached. 

Basil,  biz'il,  n.  [O.Fr.  bisel,  perhaps  from 
L.  bis,  denoting  doubleness.  Bezel  is  the 
same  word.]  The  slope  at  the  edge  of  a 
cutting  tool,  as  of  a  chisel  or  plane. — v.t. 
To  grind  the  edge  (of  a  tool)  to  an  angle. 

Basil,  bazlK'n.  [Shortened  from  O.Fr. 
basilic,  from  Gr.  basilikos,  royal,  basileus, 
a  king.]  A  plant,  a  native  of  India,  culti- 
vated in  Europe  as  an  aromatic  jDot-herb, 
and  used  for  flavouring  dishes.  —  Basil- 
thjnne,  n.  A  British  plant  with  bluish- 
purple  flowers  and  a  fragrant  aromatic 
smell.— Basil-weed,  n.  Wild-basil  or  field- 
basil,  a  plant  common  in  woods  and 
copses. 

Basilar.    Under  Base,  n. 

Basillan,  ba-zU'i-an,  a.  Belonging  to  the 
order  of  St.  Basil,  an  order  of  monks 
founded  in  the  fourth  century  in  Cappa- 
docia  by  a  saint  of  that  nam,.. — n.  A  monk 
of  the  order  of  St.  Basil. 

Basilica,  ba-zil'ik-a,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  bas- 
ilike,  a  colonnade,  lit.  a  royal  colonnade 
or  porch,  from  basileus,  2i  king.]  Origin- 
ally, the  name  applied  by  the.  Romans 
to  their  public  halls:  usually  of  rectangu- 
lar form,  with  a  middle  and  two  side  aisles 
and  an  apse  at  the  end.  The  ground-plan 
of  these  was  followed  in  the  early  Chris- 
tian churches,  and  the  name  is  now  ap- 
plied to  some  of  the  churches  in  Rome  by 
way  of  distinction,  or  to  other  churches 
built  in  imitation  of  the  Roman  basilicas. 
— Basilical,  BasiUcan,  ba-zil'ik-al,  ba-zil'- 
ik-an,  a.  In  the  manner  of  or  pertaining 
to  a  basilica;  anat.  applied  to  the  middle 
vein  of  the  right  arm  and  the  interior 
branch  of  the  axillary  vein  (=royal  vein). 

Basilicon,  ba-zil'ik-on,  n.  [L.  basilicon, 
from  Gr.  basilikos,  royaL]  An  ointment 
composed  of  yellow  wax,  black  pitch,  and 
resin. 

Basilisk,  baz'il-isk,  n.  [Gr.  basUiakos,  lit. 
little  king,  from  basileus,  king.]  A  fabu- 
lous creature  formerly  believed  in,  and 
variously  regarded  as  a  kind  of  serpent, 
lizard,  or  dragon,  and  sometimes  identified 
with  the  cockatrice;  a  name  of  several 
reptiles  of  the  lizard  tribe  with  a  crest  or 
hood;  a  large  piece  of  ordnance  formerly 
used. 

Basin,  ba'sn,  n.  [Fr.  bassin,  O.Fr.  bacin, 
a  dim.  of  bac,  a  wide  open  vessel,  same  as 
E.  back,  a  brewer's  vat.  Back.]  A  vessel  or 
dish  of  some  size,  usually  circular,  rather 
broad  and  not  very  deep,  used  to  hold 
water  for  washing,  and  for  various  other 
purposes;  any  reservoir  for  water,natural 
or  artificial;  the  whole  tract  of  country 
drained  by  a  river  and  its  tributaries; 
geol.  an  aggregate  of  strata  dipping  to- 
wards a  common  axis  or  centre;  strata  or 
deposits  lying  in  a  depression  in  older 
rocks.  " 

Basis,  bas'is,'™.  pi.  Bases,  bas'ez.  [L.  and 
Gr.  basis,  the  foundation.  Base.]  Abase; 


a  fiiandation  or  part  on  which  something 
rests;  Jig.  grounds  or  foundation.    Bask. 

Bask,  bask,  v.i.  [Formerly  to  bathe,  a  word 
of  Scandinavian  or!gin=Icel.,6aWiO  sik,  to 
bathe  one's  self— siA:  being  the  reflexive 
pronoun.  Biisk  is  a  similar  form.]  To  lie 
in  warmth ;  to  be  exposed  to  genial  heat; 

Jig.  to  be  at  ease  and  thriving  under  benign 
influences. — v.t.  To  warm  by  continued  ex- 
posure to  heat;  to  warm  with  genial  heat. 
— Basking-shark,  n.  A  species  of  shark, 
so  called  from  ite  habit  of  Ij-ing  on  the 
surface  of  the  water  basking  m  the  sun. 

Basket,  bas'ket,  n.  [W.  basged  or  basgawd, 
Ir.  hascaidi,  a  basket ;  W.  basg,  a  netting 
cr  piece  of  wickenvork.  ]  A  vessel  made 
of  twigs,  rushes,  thin  strips  of  wood,  or 
other  flexible  materials  interwoven;  as 
much  as  a  basket  wUl  hold.— w.t.  To  put 
in  a  basket.— Basket-carriage,  n.  A  light 
carriage  made  of  wickerwork.  —  Basket- 
hilt,  n.  A  hilt,  as  of  a  sword  or  rapier, 
■which  covers  the  hand,  and  defends  it  from 
injury. 

Basque,  bask,  n.  A  language  of  unlqiowii 
affinities  spoken  in  parts  of  France  and 
Spain  on  both  sides  of  the  Pyrenees  at  the 
angle  of  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  supposed  to 
represent  the  tongue  of  the  ancient  Iberi- 
ans, the  primitive  inhabitants  of  Spain; 
Biscayan  or  Euskarian.— a.  Pertaining  to 
the  people  or  language  of  Biscay. 

Bas-relief,  Basso-rilievo,  ba-re-l5f,  bas'so- 
re-le-a'vo,  n.  [Fr.  bas.  It.  basso,  low,  and 
relief.  It.  rilievo,  relief.]  A  sculpture  in 
low  relief;  a  mode  of  sculpturing  figures 
on  a  flat  surface,  the  figures  being  raised 
above  the  surface,  but  not  so  much  as  in 
high  relief  or  alto-rilievo. 

Bass,  Basse,  has,  n.  [A  corruption  of  barse, 
A.  Sax.  beers,  G.  bars,  D.  baars,  a  perch.] 
The  name  oi  various  British  and  Ameri- 
can sea-fishes  allied  to  the  perch,  some  of 
them  of  considerable  size  and  used  as  food. 

Bass,  bas,  n.  [Same  as  bast,  the  t  being 
dropped  or  changed  to  s.  Bast.]  The 
American  linden  or  lime  tree;  a  mat  made 
of  bast;  a  hassock.— Bass-wood,  n.  The 
American  lime-tree  or  its  timber. 

Bass,  bas,  n.  [It.-6a«so,deep,  low.  BASE.a.l 
Mus.  the  lowest  part  in  the  harmony  of 
a  musical  composition,  whether  vocal  or 
instrumental;  the  lowest  male  Voice. — a. 
Mus.  low;  deep;  grave. — v.t.\  To  sound  in 
a  deep  tone.  [Shak.\-v.i.  To  sing  a  bass 
part.— Bass-clef,  n.  The  character  shaped 
like  an  inverted  C  put  at  the  beginning  of 
the  bass-staff". — Bass-staff,  n.  The  staffon 
which  are  written  the  notes  belonging  to 
the  bass  of  a  harmonized  composition^^ 
Bass-viol,  n.    A  violoncello. 

Bass,  bas,  n.  A  variety  of  bitter  pale  ale 
brewed  by  the  firm  Bass  &  Co.  of  Burton- 
on-Trent.  • 

Basselisse,  bas'lis;  a.  [Fr.basse-Usse,  low 
warp.]  Wrought  with  a  horizontal  warp: 
said  of  a  kind  of  tapestr3  ./as  distinguished 
from  hautelisse  tapestry,  or  that  wrought 
with  a  perpendicular  warp. 

Basset,  bas'set  or  bas-set',  n.  TFr.  bassette; 
It.  bassetta.']  An  old  game  at  cards,  re- 
sembling modem  faro. 

Basset,  bas'set,  n.  A  miner's  term  for  the 
outcrop  or  surface  edge  of  any  inclined 
stratum. — v.i.  Mining,  to  incline  upwards, 
so  as  to  appear  at  the  surface;  to  crop  out. 

Basset-hom,  bas'set-horn,  n.  (It.  bassetto, 
somewhat  low,  and  E.  horn.'}  A  musical 
instrument,  eC  sort  of  clarinet.of  etdarged 
dimensions  and  extended  compass. 

Bassinet,  bas'i-net,  n.  [Probabl;?-  a  dim. 
from  Fr.  berceau,  a  cradle.]  A  wicker-bas- 
ket with  a  covering  or  hood  ovfer  one  end, 
in  which  young  children  are  placed  by  waj 
of  cradle. 

Bassoon,  bas-s8n',  n.  [Fr.  basson;  It,  bas- 
sone,  aug.  of  basso,  low.]  A  musical  wind- 
instrument  of  the  reed  order,  blown  with 
a  bent  metal  mouthpiece,  and  holed  and 
keyed  like  the  clarinet.  It  serves  for  the 
ba;8S  among  wood  wind-instrutnents,  as 
hautboys,  flutes,  &c.— Bassoonist,  bas-sSn'- 
ist,  n.    A  performer  on  the  J>assdon. 

Bassorine,  bas'so-rin.  n.  A  substance  ex- 
tracted from  gum-tragacanth  and  gum  of 
Bassora  (which  is  alm.ost  entirely  com- 
posed of  it),  by  treating  these  gums  suc- 
cessively with  water,  alcohol,  and  ethe». 


IcbtCtakm;/^  Sh,  Sc.  locA;  ^  g^  yoj  ^i^  j.  job;  ^  n.  Tr.  tony     ng,  aii^i^^^jUj^  then;  th,  thia;     w,  trig;     wh,  whig;     zh,  a*ure. 


bass-relief 


58 


BATTLE 


Brss-reltef,  bas  ns-lef,  n.    Bas-reui.f. 

Bast,  bast,  Ji.  [A.  Sax.  bcBsl—lcel.  Sw.'D. 
JJan.  and  G.  bast,  bark,  perhaps  from  root 
of  bind.]  The  inner  bark  of  exogenous 
trees,  especially  of  the  lime,  consisting  of 
stfvc-ral  layers  of  fibres.;  rope  or  matting 
made  of  this. 

Basta,  baa'tu,  interj.  [It.]  Enough !  stop  ^ 
[Sliuk] 

Bastard,  bas't-6rd,  n.  [O.Fr.  bastard,  from 
bant  (Pr.  hiUl,  a  pack-saddle,  with  the  com- 
riion  terruinatiou  -ard  added  to  it,  refer- 
ring to  the  old  locution  fits  de  ba8t,^on  of 
a  pack-saddle,  the  old  saddles  being  often 
nsfcd  by  way  of  bedsortoseireas  pillow*.] 
A  natural  child;  a  child  begotten  and 
borti  out  of  wedlock;  an  illegitimate  or 
spurious  child:  what  is  spurious  or  inferior 
in  qualitj";  a  kind  of  impure,  soft,  brown 
fugar;  a  Itind  of  sweet,  heady  Spanish 
wine  (i'/iot.l. — a.  Begotten  and  bomoutof 
lawful  matrimony;  illegitimate;  spurious; 
not  genuine;  false;  adulterate;  impure; 
not  of  the  first  or  usual  order  or  character. 
— Bastardism.J  bas'tfird-izm,  n.  Bastardy. 
— Bastardize,  bas'terd-i8,t;.t.—fca«ta7"(/i^e(<, 
hastardiztng.  To  make  or  prove  to  be  a 
bastard.— Bastardly,  bas'terd-li,  a.  Bas- 
t:ird;  spurious. — Bastardy,  bas't6rd-i,  n. 
The  state  of  being  a  bastard,  or  begotten 
and  bom  out  of  lawful  wedlock. — Bastard- 
wing,  n.  A  group  of  stiff  feathers  attached 
to  the  bone  of  a  bird's  wing  that  represents 
the  thumb. 

Ea^te,  bast,  v.t. — basted,  basting.  [Allied  to 
Icel.  bei/sta,  to  strike,  to  beat,  Dan.  boste, 
to  beat.  As  term  in  cookery  the  origin 
may  be  different.]  To  beat  with  a  stick ; 
to  cudgel ;  to  give  a,  beating  to ;  to  drip 
butter  or  fat  upon  meat  in  roasting  it. 

Baste,  hast,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  bastir,  lit.  to  sew 
with  hast,  the  fibres  of  bast  having  been 
u«ed  as  thread.  Bast.]  To  sew  with  long 
stitches,  and  usually  to  keep  parts  together 
temporarily;  to  sew  slightly.  —  Basting, 
bast'ing,  n.  The  long  stitches  by  which 
pieces  of  garments  are  loosely  attached  to 
each  other. 

Bastile,  Bastille,  bas-teV,  n.  [Fr.  bastilU, 
a  fortress,  O.Fr.  bastir,  to  build.]  A  tower 
or  fortification. —  The  BastiUe,a,n  old  castle 
in  Paris  used  as  a  state  prison,  demolished 
by  the  enraged  population  in  1789. 

Bastinado,  bas-ti-na'do,  n.  [Sp.  bastonada, 
from  baston,  a  stick,  a  baton.]  A  sound 
I'cating  with  a  stick  or  cudgel ;  a  mode  of 
punishment  in  oriental  countries,  especi- 
ally Mohammedan,  by  beating  the  soles 
of  the  feet  with  a  rod. — v.t.  To- beat  with 
a  stick  or  cudgel;  to  beat  on  the  soles  of 
the  feet,  as  a  judicial  punishment. 

Bastion,  bas'ti-on,  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  bastion, 
from  O.Fr.  and  Sp.  bastir,  Fr.  baiir,  to 
build.]  Fort,  a  huge  mass  of  earth,  faced 
with  sods,  brick,  or  stonesi  standing  out 
with  an  angular  form  from  the  rampart 
at  the  angles  of  a  fortification.— Bastion- 
ary,  has '  ti-on-a-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
consisting  of  bastions. — Bastioned,  bas'ti- 
ond,  a.    Provided  with  bastions. 

Bat,  bat,  n.  [A  Celtic  word:  Ir.  and  Armor. 
bet,  a  stick.]  A  heavy  stick  or  club;  a 
piece  of  wood  shaped  somewhat  like  the 
broad  end  of  an  oar,  and  provided  with  a 
round  handle,  used  in  driving  the  ball  in 
cricket  and  similar  games;  a  batsman  or 
batter;  a  piece  of  a  brick;  a  brickbat. — v.i. 
— batted,  batting.  To  manage  a  bat  or  play 
with  one  at  cricket.— Batlet,  Batlei::,  bat'- 
let,  batler,  n.  [Dim.  of  bat.]  A  small 
bat  or  square  piece  of  wood  with  a  handle 
for  beating  linen  when  taken  out  of  the 
>)uck.— Ektsman,  Batter,  bats'man,  bat'^r, 
71.  Cricket,  the  player  who  wields  the  bat. 
Bat,  bat,  n.  (Corruption  of  O.E.  back,  bale; 
Sc.  bak,  hakie-bird,  a  bat,  Dan.  bakke  (in 
aften-bakke,  a  bat,  lit.  evening-bird),  the 
word  having  lost  an  I,  seen  in  Icel.  lethr- 
hlaka, '  leather-flapper,'  a  bat,  from  blaka, 
to  flutter.]  One  of  a  group  of  mammals 
possessing  a  pair  of  leathery  wings  which 
extend  between  the  fore  and  the  posterior 
limbs,  the  former  being  specially  modified 
for  flying,  the  bones  of  the  fore-feet  being 
extremely elongated.—Batty,bat'i,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  a  bat.  [Shak.] — 
Bat-fowUng,  n.  A  mode  of  catching  biitls 
at  night  by  means  of  a  light  and  nets;  the 


bird*  bein4  i-ovsoi  I'y  towavdu  the  light 
and  are  entangled  in  the  nets. 

Batavian,  ba-ta.'vi-an,  a.  [From  L.  Batavi, 
a  people  anciently  inhabiting  an  island  at 
the  rdouth  of  the  Rhine.]  Pertaining  to 
Holland  or  its  inhabitants,  or  to  Batavia 
in  Java  the  capital  of  the  Dutch  East 
lndie,s.— n.  A  Dutchman  or  inhabitant  of 
Batavia. 

Batch,  bach,  n.  [From  the  verb  to  bdke.l 
The  quantity  of  bread  baked  at  one  time; 
any  quantity  of  a  thing  made  at  once;  a 
number  of  individuals  or  articles  similar 
to  each  other. 

Bate.t  bat,  n.  [Abbrer.  of  d£hate.'\  Strife; 
contention.    [Shak.] 

Bate,  bat,  v.t.—^ated,  bating.  [Abbrev.  of 
abate.]  To  abate,  lessen,  or  reduce;  to 
leave  out;  to  take  away;  to  weaken, dull, 
or  blunt  {Shak.)*.—v.i,.l  To  grow  or  become 
less;  to  lessen.— Bating,  bat'ing,  ppr.  used 
as  prej).  Abating;  taking  away;  deduct- 
ing; excepting.— Batement,  b&tment,  n. 
Abatement. 

Bateau,  ba-to',  n.  [Fr.]  A  light  broad  and 
flat  boat  used  in  Canada;  also  the  pontoon 
of  a  floating  bridge.  ' 

Bath,  bath,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bceth,  a  bath-Icel. 
bath,  Dan.  D.G.  bad;  from  root  of  bake; 
tost  is  akin.)  The  immernon  of  the  body 
or  a  part  of  it  in  water  or  other  fluid  or 
medium;  a  vessel  for  holding  wat-er  in 
which  to  plunge,  or  wash  the  body ;  an 
apparatus  or  contrivance  for  exposing  the 
surface  of  the  body  to  water  or  other  diffu- 
sible body  (as  oil,  medicated  fluids,  steam, 
&c.!;  a  building  in  which  people  may 
bathe;  an  apparatus  for  regulating  the 
heat  in  chemical  processes,  by  interpos- 
ing a  quantity  of  sand,  water,  &c.,  be- 
tween the  fire  and  the  vessel  to  be  heat- 
ed.—iTntpftt*  of  the  Bath,  a  British  order 
of  knighthood  instituted  at  the  coronation 
of  Henry  IV.  in  1399,  and  revived  by 
George  I.  in  1725.  It  received  this  name 
from  the  candidates  for  the  honour  being 
put  into  a  bath  the  preceding  evening, 
to  denote  a  purification  or  absolution  from 
evil  deeds.— Bathe,  baTH,j;.t.— 6a</ie(i,6aiA- 
ing.  [A.  Sax.  baihian,  from  bceth,  a  bath  = 
Icel.  batha,  Dan.  bade,  D.  and  G.  baden. 
Batb.]  To  subject  to  a  bath;  to  immerse 
in  water,  for  pleasure,  health,  or  cleanli- 
ness; to  wash,  moisten,  or  suffuse  with 
any  liquid;  to  immerse  in  or  surround 
with  anything  analogous  to  water. — v.t. 
To  take  a  bath;  to  be  or  lie  in  a  bath;  to 
be  in  water  or  in  other  liquid ;  to  be  im- 
mersed or  surrounded  as  if  with  water. — 
Bather,  baTH'er,  n.  One  who  bathes. — 
Bathing-box.  n.  A  fixed  covered  shed  in 
which  bathers  dress  and  undress. — Bath- 
ing-machine, n.  A  covered  vehicle,  driven 
into  the  water,  in  which  bathers  dres§  and 
undress. — Bath-room,  n.  A  room  for  bath- 
ing in. 

Bath,  bath,  n.  [Heb.]  A  Hebrew  liquid 
measure,  the  tenth  part  of  a  homer. 

Bath-brick,  bath'brik,  n.  [From  the  town 
of  Bath,  in  Somersetshire.]  A  prepara- 
tion of  siliceous  earth  in  the  form  of  a 
brick,  used  for  cleaning  knives,  Ac— Bath- 
bun,  n.  A  sort  of  light  sweet  roll  or  bun, 
generally  mixed  with  currants,  &c.— Bath- 
chair,  n.  A  small  carriage  capable  of 
being  pushed  along  by  an  attendant:  used 
by  invalids.— Bath-metal,  n.  An  alloy  of 
copper  and  zinc  in  nearly  equal  propor- 
tions.—Bath-stone,  n.  A  species  of  lime- 
stone extensively  worked  near  Bath,  and- 
belonging  to  the  oolite  formation. 

Bathometer,  ba-thom'et-^r,  n.  [Gr.  bathos, 
depth,  and  nxelron,  a  measure.]  An  ap- 
paratus for  taking  soundings,  especially 
one  in  which  a  sounding-line  is  dispensed 
with.— Bathymetrical,  bath-i-met'ri-kal, 
a.  [Gr.  bathyn,  deep,  and  metron.]  Per- 
taining to  bath.ynietry,  or  to  depth  under 
water.— Bathymetry,barthim'et-ri,n.  The 
art  of  sounding  or  of  measuring  depths  in 
the  sea. 

Bat-horse,  bailors,  n.  [Fr.  bat,  a  pack-sad- 
dle. ]  A  pack-horse;  a  baggage-horse. 
Batman. 

Bathos, ba'thoB,n.  [Gr.  6atAo8,from  bathys, 
deep.]  A  ludicrous  descent  from  the  ele- 
vated to  the  mean  in  writing  or  speech;  a 
sinking;  anti-climax.— Bathetic,!  ba-thet'- 


jk.  o,  (Formed  va  iyp''  of  pathnt'C  from 
pathos:]  Relating  to  bathos;  sinking; 
from  the  lofty  to  the  mean. 

Bathybius,  ba-thib'i-us,  n.  [Gr.  bathys, 
deep,  and  bios,  life.]  A  name  for  masses 
of  animal  matter  (or  what  appears  to  be 
so)  found  covering  the  sea-bottom  at  great 
depths,  and  similar  to  protoplasm. 

Bating.     Under  Bate. 

Batist,  Batiste,  ba-tgst',  n.  [Fr.  batiste, 
from  its  inventor  Baptiste.]  A  fine  linen 
cloth  made  in  Flanders  and  Picardy,  a 
kind  of  cambric. 

Batman,  ba'man,  n.  [Fr.  b&t,  a  pack-sad- 
dle.] A  person  having  charge  of  the  cook- 
ing utensils  of  each  company  of  aregimeat 
of  soldiers  on  foreign  service,' and  of  the 
horse  (bat-horse)  that  carries  them. — Bat- 
money,  bft'mun-i,  n.  Honey  paid  to  a  bat- 
man. 

Baton,  bat'on,  n.  [Fr.  hUon,  O.Fr.  baston; 
akin  baste,  to  beat.]  A  staff  or  club;  a 
truncheon,  the  official  badge  of  various 
officials  of  widely  different  rank;  the  stick 
with  which  a  conductor  of  music  beats 
time. 

Batrachia,  ba-tralii-a,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  batm- 
dujs,  a  frog.]  Frog-like  animals;  a  group 
of  amphibious  animals,  otherwise  known 
as  the  tailless  Amphibia,  or  frogs,  toads, 
&c.  When  young  they  breathe  >)y  gills. — 
Batrachian,  ba-tra'ki-an,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  Batrachia. — n.  Oneof  theBatnichia. 
— Batrachoid,  bat'ra-koid,a.  Having  the 
form  of  a  frog ;  pertaining  to  the  Batra- 
chia. 

Batta,  bat'ta,  n.  An  allowance  made  to 
British  officers  serving  in  the  East  Indies 
over  and  above  their  pay. 

Battalion,  bat-tal'yon,  ii.  [Fr.  bataUlon,  It. 
battaglio^te,  aug.  of  battaglia,  a  battle  or 
body  of  soldiers.  Battle.]  A  body  of  in- 
fantry, varying  from  about  300  to  1000 
men,  and  usually  forming  a  division  of  a 
regiment.— Battalloned,  bat-tal'yond,  a. 
Formed  into  battalions. 

Batten,  bat'n,  v.t.  [Icel.  batna,  to  grow 
better,  from  root  bat,  bet  in  better.']  To 
fatten;  to  make  fat;  to  make  plump  by 
plenteous  feeding. — v.i.  To  grow  or  become 
fat;  to  feed  greedily;  to  gorge. 

Batten,  bat'n,  n.  [Fr.  bdton,  a  stick,]  A 
long  piece  of  wood  from  1  inch  to  7  inches 
broad,  and  from  i  in.  to  2i  in.  thick;  a 
plank:  na^d.  one  of  the  slips  of  wood  used 
to  k?ep  a  tarpaulin  close  over  a  hatchway; 
weav.  a  lathe.— p.t.  To  fasten  with  battens 
(to  batten  down  the  hatches). 

Batter,  bat'er,t>.<.  [Fr.  battre.  It.  battere, 
from  L.L.  batere,  a  form  of  L.  baluere,  to 
beat,  whence  also  baUle.]  To  beat  with 
successive  blows;  to  beat  with  violence,  so 
as  to  bruise-or  dent;  to  assail  by  a  ba.tter- 
ing-ram  or  ordnance ;  to  wear  or  impair, 
as  by  beating,  long  service,  or  the  like 
(usually  in  pp.). — v.i.  To  make  attacks,  as 
by  a  battering-ram  or  ordnance.  —  Batter, 
bat'tr,  n.  A  mixture  of  several  ingredi- 
ents, as  flour,  eggs,  &c.,  beat-en  together 
with  some  liquor  into  a  paste,  and  used  in 
cookery.— Battering-ram,- n.  An  engine 
formerly  used  to  beat  down  theyalls  of 
besieged  places,  consisting  of  a  largo  beam', 
with  a  head  of  iron  somewhat  resembling 
the  head  of  a  ram,  whence  its  name. — 
Battery,  bat'<^r-i,  n.  (Fr.  hatterie.]  The 
act  of  battering!;  a  small  body  of  cannon 
for  field  operations,  with  complement  of 
wagons,  artillerymen,  &c.;  a  fiarapet 
thrown  up  to  cover  a  gun  of  puns  and  the 
men  employed  in  loading,  &c.;  a  number 
of  guns  placed  near  eacn  other  and  in- 
tended to  act  in  concert;  elect,  an  appara- 
tus for  originating  an  electric  current;  a 
series  of  connected  Leyden  jars  that  may 
be  discharged  together;  law,  the  unlawful 
beating  of  a  person. 

Battle,  bat'l,  n.  [Fr.  bataille,  from  L.L.  bat- 
alia,  batnalia,  a  fight;  from  L.  baluere,  to 
beat,  to  fence.  Batter.]  A  fight  or  encoun- 
ter between  enemies  or  opposing  armies;  an 
engagement;  more  especially  a  general  en- 
gagement between  large  bodies-of  troops; 
a  combat,  conflict,  or  struggle ;  a  division 
of  an  armyl. —  To  give  battle,  to  attack;  to 
join  battle,  to  meet  in  hostile  encounter. 
.■.Battle  is  the  appropriate  word  for  great 
engagements.    Fight  has  reference  to  ac- 


Fate,-  f ^,  fat,  f nil;     me,  met,  hte;     piae,  pin;     note,  U9%%  uOve;     tube,  tub,  b\ill ;     oil,  pound;     tl,  Sc.  &b«me— the  Fr.  jb 


BATTLEDOUS 


67 


BEAR" 


tual  conflict ;  a  man  may  take  part  in  a 
bhitle,  and  have  no  share  in  the  fightitig. 
Combat  is  a  word  of  greater  dignity  than 
Jight,  but  agrees  with  it  in  denoting  close 
encountSr.— u.i. — battled,  battling.  To  join 
in  battle;  (to  contend;  to  struggle;  to  strive 
or  exert  one's  self  .—Battle-axe,  n.  An  axe 
anciently  used  as  a  weapon  of  war. — Bat- 
tle-field, n.  The  field  or  scene  of  a  battle. 
Battlement,  bat'1-ment,  n.  [Perhaps  from 
O.Fr.  bastille,  a  fortress,  bastUler,  to  for- 
tify, to  embattle,  modified  by  the  influ- 
ence of  E.  battle.]  A  notched  or  indented 
parapet,originally  constructed  for  defence, 
afterwards  for  ornament,  formed  by  a  se- 
ries of  rising  parts  called  cops  or  merlons, 
Beparated  by  openings  called  crenelles  or 
embrasures,  the  latter  intended  to  be  fired 
through.  —  Battled,  bat'ld.  a.  Furnished 
or  strengthened  with  battlements. 

Battledore,  Battledoor,  bat'1-dor,  n.  [From 
Sp.  batidor,  a  beater,  from  hatir,  to  beat.] 
An  instrument  with  a  handle  and  a  flat 
board  or  palm,  used  to  strike  a  ball  or 
shuttlecock;  a  racket; 

Battology,  bat-tol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  battologia, 
from  battos,  a  stammerer,  and  logos,  dis- 
course.] Idle  talk  or  babbling;  a  needless 
repetition  of  words. 

Battue,  bat-tu, n.  [Fr.,  from battre,  tobeat.J 
A  kind  of  sport  in  .which  the  game  is 
driven  by  a  body  of  beaters  from  under 
cover  into  a  limited  area  where  the  animals 
can  be  easily  shot. 

Bauble,  ba'bi,  n.  [O.Fr.  babole,  a  toy  or 
baby-thing;  fro^ji  same  Celtic  root  as  babe.] 
A  short  stick  with  a  fool's  head,  anciently 
carried  by  {he  fools  attached  to  great 
houses;  a,  trifling  piece  of  finery;  some- 
thing showy  without  real  value;  a  gewgaw; 
a  trifle. 

Baulk,  bak.    Same  as  Balk. 

Bavin,  bav'in,  n.  [Perhaps  connected  with 
O.Fr.  bafe,  a  faggot.]  A  faggot  of  brush- 
wood; light  and  combustible  wood  used 
for  lighting  fires. 

Bawble,  ba'bl,  n.    Sanae  as  Bauble. 

Bawd,  bad,  n.  [O.Fr.  baud,  bold,  wanton, 
from  G.  6aW= E.  bold.]  A  person  who  keeps 
a  house  of  prostitution  or  acts  as  a  go-be- 
tween in  illicit  amours. — Bawdry ,bad'ri  ,n. 
Lewdness;  obscenity;  fornication.  (Shak.] 
— Bawdy,  ba'di,  a.  Obscene;  lewd ;  inde- 
cent; smutty;  unchaste.  Hence  Bawdily, 
Bawdiness. 

Bawl,'  bal,  v.i.  [A  word  imitative  of  sound; 
akin  bell,  bellow;  L.  balo,  to  bleat.]  To  cry 
out  with  a  loud  full  sound;  to  make  vehe- 
ment or  clamorous  outcries;  to  shout. — 
v.t.  To  proclaim  by  outcry;  to  shout  out. — 
n.  A  vehement  cry  or  clamour. — Bawler, 
bal'er,  n.    One  who  bawls. 

Bay,  ba,  n.  [Fr.  bale,  L.L.  baia,  a  bay;  of 
doubtful  origin.]  A  rather  wide  recess  in 
the  shore  of  a  sea  or  lake ;  the  expanse  of 
water  between  two  capes  or  headlands ;  a 
gulf;  any  recess  resembling  a  bay.— Bay- 
salt,  n.  Coarse-grained  salt;  salt  obtained 
by  the  natural  evaporation  of  sea-water.^ 
Bay-window,  n.  A  window  forming  a  re- 
cess or  bay  in  a  room,  and  projecting  out- 
wards on  a  generally  polygonal  plan.  — 
Bay.wood,  n.  A  variety  of  mahogany  ex- 
ported from  Honduras,  ortVie  Bay  of  Hon- 
duras. 

Bay,  ba,  w.  [Fr.  haie,  L.  hacca,  a  berry.] 
The  laurel-tree, noble  laurel,or  sweet-bay; 
a  garland  or  crown  bestowed  as  a  prize 
for  victory  or  excellence,  consisting  of 
branches  of  the  laurel;  hence,  fame  or 
renown ;  laurels :  in  this  sense  chiefly  in 
plural. 

Bay,  ba,  n.  [O.Fr.  abai.abbai,  a  barking, 
uhbayer,  to  bark;  Mod.  Fr.  aboi,  a  barking, 
aux  aboia,  at  bay;  comp.  Fr.  bayer,  to  gape, 
or  stand  gaping.  Abash.]  The  bark  of  a 
dog ;  especially,  a  deep-tcned  bark. — At 
bay,  so  hard  pressed  by  enemies  as  to  be 
compelled  to  turn  round  and  face  them 
from  impossibility  of  escape. — v.i.  To  bark; 
to  bark  with  a  deep  sound. — v.t.  To  bark 
at;  to  follow  with  barlcing  (Shak.);  to  ex- 
press by  barking. 

Bay,  ba,  a.  [Fr.  bai,  L.  baditis,  brown  or 
chestnut  coloured ;  akin  baize.]  Red  or 
reddish,  inclining  to  a  chestnut  colour. — 
Bayard,  ba'ard,  n.  A  horse  of  this  colour. 

Baya,  ba'ya,  n.   [Hind.]   The  weaver-bird, 


an  East  Indian  bird  somewhat  like  the 
bullfinch  which  weaves  a  pendulous  nest. 
Bayadeer,  Bayadere,  ba-ya-der',  n.  [Pg. 
bailadeira,  from  bailar,  to  dance.]  In  the 
East  Indies,  a  professional  dancing  girl. 
Bayberry,  ba'be-ri,  n.  The  iruit  of  the  bay- 
tree;  also  the  wax-myrtle  and  its  fruit. 
Bayonet,  ba'on-et,  n.  [O.Fr.  bayonnette,  Fr. 
baionnette,  usually  derived  from  Bayonne 
in  France,  because  bayonets  are  said  to 
have  been  first  made  there.]  A  short  tri- 
angular sword  or  dagger,  made  so  that  it 
may  be  fixed  upon  the  muzzle  of  a  rifle  or 
musket. — v.t.  To  stab  with  a  bayonet;  to 
compel  or  drive  by  the  bayonet. 
Bayou,  bi-0',  n.  [Fr.  boyau,  a  gut,  a  long 
narrow  passage.]  In  the  United  States  a 
channel  proceeding  from  a  lake  or  a  river. 
Bazaar,  Bazar,  ba-zar',  n.  [Per.  bAzdr.]  'In 
the  East,  a  place  where  goods  are  exposed 
for  sale,  usually  consisting  of  small  shops 
or  stalls  in  a  narrow  street  or  series  of 
streets;  a  series  of  connected  shops  or  stalls 
in  a  European  town;  a  s-ale  of  miscellane- 
ous articles  in  furtherance  of  some  chari- 
table or  other  purjxjse;  a  fancy  fair. 
Bdelliuib,  del'h-um,  n.  [L.  bdellium,  Gr. 
bdeliion,  from  Heb.]  An  aromatic  gum- 
resin  brought  chiefly  from  Africa  and  In- 
dia, in  pieces  of  different  sizes  and  figures, 
used  as  a  perfume  and  a, medicine,  exter- 
nally of  a  dark  reddish  brown,  internally 
clear;  and  not  unlike  glue. 
Be,  be,  v.i.  substantive  verb,  pres.  am,  art, 
is,  are:  pret.  was,  wast  or  wert,  were;  subj. 
pres.  be;  pret.  were;  imper.  be;  pp.  been; 
ppr.  being.  [One  of  the  three  VM'bal  roots 
required  in'  the  conjugation  of  the  sub- 
stantive verb,  the  others  being  am  and 
was.  A.  Sax.  bed,  I  am,  bedn,  to  be;  G.  bin, 
I  am;  allied  to  L.  ftti,  I  was,  Skr.  bhU,  to 
be.  It  is  now  chiefly  used  in  the  subjunc- 
tive, imperative,  infinitive,  and  parti- 
ciples, being  seldom  used  in  the  present 
tense.  Am  and  Was.]  To  have  a  real 
state  or  existence;  to  exist  in  the  world  of 
fact,  whether  physical  or  mental;  to  exist 
in  or  have  a  certain  state  or  quality;  to 
become;  to  remain.  .'.  The  most  common 
use  of  the  verb  to  be  is  to  assert  cohnfec- 
tion  between  a  subject  and  a  predicate, 
forming  what  is  called  the  copula;  as,  he 
is  good;  John  was  at  home;  or  to  form  the 
compound  tenses  of  other  verbs.— Being, 
being,  n.  Existence,  whether  real  or  only 
in  the  mind;  that  which  has  life;  a  living 
existence;  a  creature. — Be-all,  ».  All  that 
is  to  be.  [Shak.] 

Beach,  b6ch,n.  [Origin  doubtful;  comp.Icel. 
bakki,  Sw.  backe,  Dan.  bakke,  a  bank,  the 
shore;  or  from  old  bealch,  to  belch,  allud- 
ing to  the  washing  up  of  pebbles,  Ac]  That 
part  of  the  shore  of  a  sea  or  lake  which  is 
washedby  the  tide  and  waves;  the  strand. 
— Raised  beaches,  in  geol.  a  term  applied 
to  those  long  teiTaced  level  pieces  oi  land, 
consisting  of  sand  and  gravel,  and  con- 
taining marine  shells,  now,  it  may  be,  a 
considerable  distance  above  and  away 
from  the  sea.  —  v.t.  To  rjin  (a  vessel)  on  a 
beach.  —  Beached,  becht,  a.  Having  a 
beach;  bordered  by  a  beacn;  formed  by,  or 
consisting  of ,  «  beach.  [Shak.]  —  Boachy, 
bech'i,  a.  Having  a  beach  or  beaches;  con- 
sisting of  a  beach  or  beaches.  [Shak.] 
Beacon,  be'kn,  n.  [A.  Sax.  b4cn,  bedcen,  a 
beacon;  hence  beck,  beckon.]  An  object 
visible  to  some  distance,  and  serving  to 
notify  the  presence  of  danger,  as  a  light 
or  signal  shown  to  notify  the  approach  of 
an  enemy,  or  to  warn  seamen  of  the  pre- 
sence of  rocks,  shoals,  &c. ;  hence,  any- 
thing used  for  a  kindred  purpose. — v.t.  To 
light  up  by  a  beacon;  to  illumine;  to  sig- 
nal.— w.i.t  To  serve  as  a  beacon.— Beacon- 
age, be'kn-aj,  n.  Money  paid  for  the  main- 
tenance of  beacons. — Beaconed,  be'knd,  a. 
Having  a  beacon. 

Bead,  bed,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bed,  bead,  a  prayer, 
from  biddan,  to  pray.  From  beads  being 
used  to  count  prayers  (as  in  the  rosary), 
the  word  which  originally  meant  praj'er 
came  to  mean  what  counted  the  prayers. 
Bin.]  A  little  perforated  ball  of  gold, 
amber,  glass,  &c.,  strung  with  others  on  a 
thread,  and  often  worn  round  the  neck  as 
an  ornament,  or  used  to  form  a  rosary;  any 
small  globular  body,  as  a  drop  of  liquid 


and  the  like;  ('rch.  and  juincnj,  a  8ni:i!l 
round  moulding  sometimes  cut  so  as  to 
resemble  a  series  of  beads  or  pearls;  an 
astragal. — v.t.  To  mark  or  ornament  with 
beads.  —  Beaded,  bed'ed,  a.  Furnished 
with  beads;  beady.— Beady,  bed'i,  a.  Con- 
sisting of  or  containing  beads;  bead-like. 
— Bead -proof ,  a.  Carrying  bubbles  on  the 
surface  after  being  shaken:  said  of  spirit- 
uous liquors. — Bead-roll,  n.  A  list  of  per- 
sons for  the  repose  of  whose  souls  a. cer- 
tain number  of  prayers  is  to  be  said ; 
hence,  any  list  or  catalogue. — Bea^s-man, 
n.  A  man  employed  in  praying,  gener- 
ally in  praying  for  another;  one  privileged 
to  claim  certain  alms  or  charities.— Beads- 
woman, n.  The  feminine  equivalent  of 
Beads-man. 

Beadle,  be'dl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bydel,  a  herald, 
a  beadle,  from  beddan,  to  bid.  Bin.]  A 
messenger  or  crier  of  a  court;  a  parish 
officer  whose  business  is  to  punish  petty 
offenders;  a  church  officer  with  various 
subordinate  duties.  —  Beadleship,  be'dl- 
ship,  n.  The  office  of  a  beadle. 
Beagle,  be'gl,  n.  [Comp.  Ir.  and  Gael,  beag, 
little.]  A  small  smooth-haired,  hanging- 
eared  hound,  formerly  kept  to  hunt  hares. 
Beak,  bek,  >i.  [Fr.  bee,  from  the  Celtic- 
Armor,  bek,  beg,  Ir.  and  Gael,  bee,  a  beak.] 
The  bill  or  neb  of  a  bird;  anything  in  some 
way  resembling  a  bird's  bill;  the  bill-like 
mouth  of  some  fishes,  reptiles,  &c. ;  a 
pointed  piece  of  wood  fortified  with  bra.ss, 
fastened  to  the  prow  of  ancient  gstUeys, 
and  intended  to  pierce  the  vessels  of  an 
enemy;  a  similar,  but  infinitely  more 
powerful  appendage  of  iron  or  steel  in 
modern  war-ships. — Beaked,  bekt,  a.  Hav- 
ing a  beak  or  something  resembling  a 
beak;  beak-shaped;  rostrate. 
Beaker,  bek'6r,  n.  [Icel.  bikarr,  t).  beker, 
G.  becher,  from  L.L.  bicarium,  a  cup, 
from  Gr.  bikos,  a  wine-jar.]  A  large  drink- 
ing cup  or  glass. 

Beam,  bem,  n.  [A.  Sax.  5«dm,  a  beam,  a 
post,  a  tree,  a  ray  of  light;  D.  boom,  O. 
■  oaum,  a  tree.]  A  longstraiglit  and  strong 
piece  of  wood  or  iron,  especially  when 
holding  an  important  place  in  some  struc- 
ture, and  serving  for  support  or  consolida- 
tion; a  horizontal  piece  of  timber  in  a 
structure;  the  part  of  a  balance  from  the 
ends  of  which  the  scales  are  suspended; 
the  pole  of  a  carriage  which  ruiis  between 
the  horses;  a  cylindrical  piece  of  wood, 
making  part  of  a  loom,  on  which  the  warp 
is  wound  before  weaving;  one  of  the  strong 
timbers  stretching  across  a  ship  from  one 
side  to  the  other  to  support  the  docks  and 
retain  the  sides  at  their  proper  distance; 
the  oscillating  lever  of  a  steam-engine 
forming  the  communication  between  the 
piston-rod  and  the  crank-shaft;  a  ray  of 
light,  or  more  strictly  a  collection  of 
parallel  rays  emitted  from  the  sun  or 
other  body.— vi.  To  emit  rays  of  light  or 
beams;  to  give  out  radiance;  to  shine.— 
Beamful,  bcm'ful,  a.  Beaming;  bright. — 
BeamlesB,  bem'les,  a.  Emitting  no  rays 
of  light;  rayless.— Beamy,  bem'i,  a.  Like 
abeam;  heavy  or  massive;  emitting  beams 
or  rays  of  light;  radiant. — Beam-compass, 
n.  Ajq  instrument  consisting  of  a  wooden 
or  brass  beam,  baving  sliding  sockets  that 
♦carry  steel  or  pencil  points:  used  for  de- 
scribing large  circles. 

Bean,  ben,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bedn  =  Icel.  baun, 
Sw.  bona,  Dan.  bonne,  V.  boon,  6.  bohne.] 
A  name  given  to  several  kinds  of  valuable 
leguminous  seeds  contained  in  a  bivalve 
pod,  and  to  the  plants  producing  them,  as 
the  common  bean,  cultivated  both  in 
fields  and  gardens  for  man  and  beast,  tbe 
French-bean,  the  kidney-bean,  &c. — Bean- 
caper,  n.  A  small  tree  growing  in  warm 
climates,  the  flower -buds  of  which  are 
used  as  capers.— Bean-fly,  n.  A  beautiful 
fly  of  a  pale  purple  colour  found  on  bean 
flowers.— Bean-goose,  n.  A  species  of  wild 
goose  which  winters  in  Britain.  —  Bean- 
king,  n.  The  person  who  presided  as  king 
over  the  Twelfth-night  festivities,  attain- 
ing this  dignity  through  getting  the  bean 
buried  in  the  Twelfth-night  cake. 
Bear,  bar,  v.t.  pret.  bore  (formerly  bare) ; 
pp.  borne;  ppr.  beartng.  [A.  Sax.  6e»-an= 
Icel.  bera,  Dan.  bcere,  to  bear,  to  carry,  to 


Ch,  cAaiui     ch,Sc.loch;     c,go;    j,;ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;    ng,  sinjr;    th,  iAen;  th,  t/tin;     w,  wig;    wh,  w/tie;    zh,  asure. 


BEAR 


C8 


CECHAAl  EL 


Kriiij:  fDi-tli;  D.  barcn,  Ci.  (ije)h<'iren,  to 
liriug  foi-th;  cog.  li./erre,  Cjr.  pherein,  Skr. 
bhri,  to  bear,  to  support.  AHn  are  birth, 
burden,  bairn,  ban-ow.]  To  support,  hold 
up,  or  sustain,  as  a  weight;  to  suffer,  en- 
diire,  undergo,  or  tolerate,  as  pain,  loss, 
blame,  &c.;  to  caiTy  or  convey;  to  have, 
possess,  Jiave  on,  or  contain;  to  bring  forth 
or  produce,  as  the  fruit  of  plants  or  the 
joujQg  of  animals.  [Bom  is  the  passive 
participle  in  the  sense  of  brought  forth  by 
a  female,  as  the  child  was  bom;  but  we 
say  actively,  she  has  borne  a  child.  Bom 
is  also  used  attributively,  borne  not.] — To 
bear  down,  to  overcome  by  force. —  To  bear 
out,  to  give  support  or  countenance  to  (a 
person  or  thing) ;  to  uphold,  corroborate, 
establish,  justify. —  To  hear  up,  to  support; 
to  keep  from  sinking. — To  bear  a  hand,  to 
lend  aid;  to  give  assistance.— To  bear  in 
Tnind,  to  remember.— y.t.  To  suffer,  as  with 
pain;  to  be  patient;  to  endure;  to  produce 
(fruit) ;  to  be  fruitful ;  to  lean,  weigh,  or 
rest  burdensomely;  to  tend;  to  be  directed 
or  move  in  a  certain  way  (to  bear  back, 
to  bear  out  to  sea,  to  bear  down  upon  the 
enemy);  to  relate;  to  refer:  with  upon;  to 
be  situated  as  to  some  point  of  the  com- 
pass, with  respect  to  something  else.— To 
bear  up,  to  have  fortitude;  to  be  firm;  not 
to  sink.  —  To  bear  with,  to  tolerate;  to  be 
indulgent;  to  forbear  to  resent,  oppose,  or 
punish.  —  Bearable,  bar'a-bl,  o.  Capable 
of  being  borne,  endured,  or  tolerated. — 
Bearably,  bar'a-bli,  adv.  In  a  bearable 
manner.— Bearer,  bar'er,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  bears,  sustains,  supports,  car- 
ries, conveys,  &c. —  Bearing,  bar'ing,  n. 
The  act  of  one  who  bears;  manner  in  which 
a  person  comports  himself;  carriage,  mien, 
or  behaviour;  import,  effect,  or  force  (of 
words);  that  part  of  a  shaft  or  axle  which 
is  in  connection  with  its  support;  the 
direction  or  point  of  the  compass  in  which 
an  object  is  seen,  or  the  situation  of  one 
object  or  place  with  regard  to  another.— 
Bearing-rein,  n.  The  rein  by  which  the 
head  of  a  horse  is  held  up  in  driving. 

Bear,  bar,  n.  [A.  Sax.  l>era,  a  bear=  C.  heer, 
G.  bar,  Icel.  6e?'a.]  A  name  common  to 
various  quadrupeds  of  the'  carnivorous 
order  and  of  the  plantigrade  group,  hav- 
ing shaggy  hair  and  a  very  short  tail,  the 
most  notable  being  the  brown  or  mack 
bear  of  Europe,  the  grisly  bear  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  the  white  or  Polar 
bear,  Ac;  the  name  of  two  constellations 
in  the  northern  hemisphere,  called  the 
Greater  and  Lesser  Bear;  fig.  a  rude  or 
uncouth  man;  in  stock -exchange  slang,  a 
person  who  does  all  he  can  to  bring  down 
the  price  of  stock  in  order  that  he  may 
buy  cheap:  opposed  to  a  bull,  who  tries  to 
raise  the  price  that  he  may  sell  dear. — 
Beari&li,  bar'ish,  a.  Kesembling  a  bear; 
rude;  violent  in  conduct;  surly.— Bear- 
baiting,  n.  The  sportof  baiting  bears  with 
dogs.— Bear-bine,  Bear-bind,  »i.  A  climb- 
ing plant  of  the  convolvulus  family,  with 
a  milky  juice  and  large  beautiful  flowers. 
-Bear-garden,  n.  A  place  in  which  bears 
arc  kept  for  sport,  as  bear-haiting.  &c.; 
fig.  a  place  of  disorder  or  tumult. — Bear- 
leader, n.  One  who  leads  about  a  trained 
bear.— Bear-pit,  n.  A  pit  or  sunk  area  in 
ii  zoological  garden  for  keeping  bears.  — 
Bear's-ear,  n.  A  species  of  primrose,  so 
called  from  the  shape  of  the  leaf.— Bear's- 
foot,  n.  A  herbaceous  plant  of  the  helle- 
bore genus,  having  a  rank  smell  and  purga- 
tive and  emetic  properties.-Bear'a-greage, 
n.  The  fat  of  the  bear,  but  often  the  fat  of 
some  other  animal  substituted,  used  for 
promoting  the  growth  of  the  hair. 

Bear,  ber,  n.    Same  as  Bere. 

Beard,  herd,  n.  [A.  Sax.  beard,  a  beard= 
D.  baard,  G.  haH;  L.  barha,  W.  and  Armor, 
fcar/— beard.]  The  hair  that  grows  on  the 
chin,  lips,  and  adjacent  parts  of  the  face 
of  male  adults;  anything  resembling  this; 
a  hairy,  bristly,  or  thread-like  appendage 
of  vanouB  kinds,  such  as  the  filaments  by 
which  some  shell-fish  attach  themselves 
to  foreign  bodies,  &c.;  the  awn  on  the  ears 
of  grain;  a  barb,  as  of  an  arrow.— w.t.  To 
take  by  the  beard ;  to  oppose  to  the  face; 
to  set  at^  defiance.— Bearded,  l)Crd'ed,  a. 
Having  a  beard  in  any  of  the  senses  of 


that  word.— Beardless,  bPrd'lcs,  a.  With- 
out a  teard;  hence,  of  persons  of  the  male" 
sex,  young;  not  having  arrived  at  man- 
hood.—  Beard -grass,  n.  The  name  given 
to  two  well-known  British  grasses,  from 
the  bearded  appearance  of  the  panicle. — 
Beard-moss,  n.  A  lichen  which  clothes 
trees  with  a  shaggy  gray  growth. 

Beast,  bSst,  n.  [O.Fr.  beste,  from  L.  bestia, 
a  beast.]  Any  four-footed  animal,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  birds,  insects,  fishes,  and 
man;  as  opposed  to  vian,  any  irrational 
animal;  a  brutal  man;  a  disgusting  per- 
son.- Beastish,  bCst'ish,  o.  tike  a  rieast; 
brutal.  [J/ ii!.]— Beastliness,  best'li-nes,ii. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  beastly;  bru- 

.  tality;  filthiness.— Beastly,  best'li,  a.  Like 
a  beast;  brutish;  brutal;  filthy;  contrary 
to  the  nature  and  dignity  of  man. 

Beat,  bet,  v.t.  pret.  beat;  pp.  beat,  beaten; 
ppr.  beating.  [A.  Sax.  beiitan=l<x\.bautc, 
bjdta,  O.H.G.pdzan,  to  beat;  akin  butt, 
abut,  beetle  (a  mallet).]  To  strike  repeat- 
edly; to  lay  repeated  blows  upon;  to  knock, 
rap,  or  dash  against  often ;  to  pound ;  to 
strike  for  the  purpose  of  producing  sound 

.(ardrum);  to  shape  by  hammer;  to  scour 
with  bustle  and  outcry  in  order  to  raise 
game;  to  overcome,  vanquish,  or  conquer 
in  a  battle,  contest,  competition,  &c.;  to 
surpass  or  excel;  to  be  too  difficult  for;  to 
be  beyond  the  power  or  skDl  of ;  to  baffle; 
to  fatigue  utterly;  to  prostrate;  to  flutter 
(the  wings). — To  beat  back,  to  compel  to  re- 
tire or  return. —  To  beat  down,  to  dash  down 
by  beating  or  battering,  as  a  wall ;  to  lay 
flat;  to  cause  to  lower  a  price  by  impor- 
tunity or  argument;  to  lessen  the  price  or 
value  of;  to  depress  or  crush. —  To  beat  off, 
to  repel  or  drive  back. — To  beat  out,  to  ex- 
tend oy  hammering. — To  teat  lip,  to  attack 
suddenly;  to  alarm  or  disturb,  as  an  ene- 
my's quarters.— To  beat  time,  to  regulate 
time  in  music  by  the  motion  of  the  hand  or 
foot. — To  beat  a  retreat,  to  give  a  signal  to 
retreat  by  a  drum ;  hence,  generally,  to 
retreat  or  retire. — v.i.  To  strike  or  knock 
repeatedly;  to  move  with  pulsation;  to 
throb  (as  the  pulse,  heart,  &c.);  to  dash  or 
fall  with  force  or  violence  (as  a  storm, 
flood,  &c.);  to  summon  or  signal  by  beat- 
ingadrum;  naut.^to  make  progress  against 
the  direction  of  the  wind  by  sailing  in  a 
zigzag.  —  To  beat  about,  to  make  search 
by  various  means  pr  ways.  —  J'o  beat  up 
for,  to  go  about  in  quest  of  (recruits);  to 
search  earnestly  or  carefully  for.  —  n.  A 
stroke ;  a  blow ;  a  pulsation ;  a  throb ;  a 
footfall;  a  round  or  course  which  is  fre- 
quently gone  over,  as  by  a  policeman,  &c.; 
music,  the  beating  or  pulsation  resulting 
from. the  joint  vibrations  of  two  sounds  of 
the  same  strength,  and  all  but  in  unison. 
— Beaten,  bet'n,  p.  and  a.  Made  smooth 
by  beating  or  treading;  worn  by  use;  con- 
quered; vanquished;  exhausted;  bdfiled. 
{Beat  is  so  far  synonymous  with  beaten, 
but  is  less  of  an  adjective,  not  being  used 
attributively  as  the  latter  is;  thus  we  do 
not  say  beat  gold.]— Beater,  bet'^r,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  beats ;  an  instrument 
for  pounding  or  comminuting  substances; 
the  striking  part  in  various  machines. 

Beatify,  be-at'i-fi,  v.t. — beatijied,  beatifying. 
[Fr.  beatijier,  L.  beatiflcare — 6eat?ts,blessed, 
and  facere,  to  make.]  To  make  happy;  to 
bless  with  the  completion  of  celestial  en- 

•joyment;  R.  Cath.  Ch.  to  declare  that 
a  person  is  to  be  reverenced  as  blessed, 
though  not  canonized.  —  Beatific,  Beatifi- 
cal, Ije-a-tif'ik,  be-a-tif'ik-al,  a.  Blessing 
or  making  happy;  imparting  bliss. — Bea- 
tifically,  be-a-tif'ik-al-li,  adv.  In  a  beatific 
manner.— Beatification,  b6-at'i-fi-ka''8hon, 
n.  The  act  of  beatifying;  the  state  of  be- 
ing blessed;  blessedness;  R.  Cath.  Ch.  an 
act  of  the  pope  by  which  he  declares  a 
person  beatified;  an  inferior  kind  of  can- 
onization.—Beatitude,  be-at'i-tod,  n.  IL. 
beatit7ido.]  Blessedness;  felicity  of  the 
highest  kind;  consummate  bliss;  felicity; 
one  of  the  declarations  of  blessedness  to 
particular  virtues,  made  by  our  Saviour  in 
the  sermon  on  the  mount. 

Beau,  bo,  n.  pi.  Beaux,  boz.  [Fr.  beau, 
O.Fr.  bel,  from  L.  bellus,  beautiful.]  One 
whose  great  care  is  to  deck  his  person  ac 
cording  to  the  first  fashion  of  the  times; 


a  fnp;  a  dandy:  a  man  who  attends  or  is 
suitor  t<>  a  lady:  a. male  sweetheart  or  , 
lover.  —  Beauish.  bo'ish,  a.  Like  a  beau; 
foppish ;  fine.  —  Beau  Ideal,  biJ  i-dP'al  or 
e-da-al,n.  [Fr.  bean  ideal,  beautiful  idi-al.  ] 
A  conception  of  any  object  in  its  perfect 
typical  form;  a  model  of  exceJlence  in  the 
mind  or  fancy. — Beau  Monde,  bo  mond,  ii. 
[Fr.  beau,  fine,  and  monde,  world.]  The 
fashionable  world;  people  of  fasliion  and 
gaiety. 

Beauty,  bu'ti,  n.  [CFr.  biaute,  Fr.  beautt!, 
beauty,  from  li.li.beUitas,  bellitatis,hesiuty, 
from  L.  bellus,  beautiful.]  An  asseml)laKc 
of  perfections  through  which  an  object  is 
rendered  pleasing  to  the  eye;  those  ciuiUi- 
ties  in  the  aggregate  that  give  pleasure  to 
the  aesthetic  sense;  qualities  that  delight 
the  eye,  the  ear,  or  the  mind;  lovelinesx; 
elegance;  grace;  a  particular  grace  or  or- 
nament; that  which  is  beautiful;  a  part 
which  surpasses  in  beauty  that  with  which 
it  is  united;  a  beautiful  person,  especially, 
a  beautiful  woman.  —  Beauty-spot,  n.  A 
patch  or  spot  placed  on  the  face  to  heighten 
beauty;  something  that  heightens  beauty 
by  contrast. — Beauteous,  bu'te-us,  a.  Pos- 
sessing beauty;  beautiful. —  Beauteously, 
bQ'te-us-li,  adv.  In  a  beauteous  manner; 
beautiful]}'. — Beauteousness,bQ'te-us-ues, 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  beauteous; 
beauty.  —  Beautification,  bu'ti-fi-ka"shon, 
n.  The  act  of  beautifying  or  rendering 
beautiful;  decoration;  adornment;  embel- 
lishment.—Beautlfier,  bu'ti-fi-er,  ii.  One 
who  or  that  which  makes  beautiful. — 
Beautiful,  bu'ti-ful,  a.  Having  the  quali- 
ties that  constitute  beauty;  highly  pleas- 
ing to  the  eye,  the  ear,  or  the  mind  (a 
beautiful  scene,  melody,  poem,  character, 
but  not  a  beautiful  taste  or  smell) ;  beau- 
teous; lovely;  handsome;  fair;  charming; 
comely.— TAfi  beautiful,  all  that  possesses 
beauty;  beauty  in  the  abstract.  —  Beauti- 
fully, ba'ti-ful-li,  adv.  In  a  beautiful 
manner.  — Beautifulness,  bu'ti-ful-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  beautiful;  beauty.— 
Beautify,  bu'ti-fi,ti.t.— fceautiyicj,  beautify- 
ing. To  make  or  render  beautiful ;  to 
adorn;  to  deck;  to  decorate;  to  emlieUish. 

Beaver,  b5'v6r,  n.  [A.  Sax.  befer=D.  bever, 
Dan.  bcever,  Sw.  bdfver,  Icel.  bjOrr,  G.  biher, 
L.  fiber.']  A  rodent  quadruped  valued  for 
its  fur,  about  2  feet  in  length,  haunting 
streams  and  lakes,  now  found  in  consider- 
able numbers  only  in  North  America,  and 
generally  living  in  colonies,  with  large 
webbed  hind-feet  and  a  flat  tail  covered 
with  scales  on  its  u  pper  surface;  beaver-fur; 
a  hat  or  cap  made  of  beaver-fur. — Beaver- 
teen,  be'ver-ten,  n.  [Erroneously  formed 
from  benver,  on  the  model  of  velveteen.]  A 
species  of  fustian  cloth.— Beaver-rat,  n.  A 
rodent  animal  of  Tasmania,  an  excellent 
swimmer  and  diver;  also  the  musk-rat. 

Beaver,  be'ver,  n.  [O.Fr.  baviere,  a  child's 
bib,  a  beaver,  bave,  slaver.]  The  face- 
guard  of  a  helmet,  so  constructed  with 
joints  or  otherwise  that  the  wearer  could 
raise  or  lower  it  to  eat  and  drink;  a  visor. 
— Beavered,  be'vftrd,  a.  Having  a  beaver 
or  visor. 

Bebeeru,  be-be'rd,  n.  [Native  name.]  A 
tree  of  British  Guiana  of  the  laurel  family, 
the  timber  of  which,  knoT\Ti  as  green- 
heart,  is  used  for  building  ships  ana  sul>- 
marine  structures.— Bebeerine,  be-be'rin, 
n.  The  active  principle  of  the  bark  of  the 
bebeeru,  analogous  to  quinine,  and  highly 
febrifuge. 

Becalm,  be-kam',«.t.  To  render  calm,  still, 
or  quiet  (the  sea,  imssions,  &c.)t;  to  keep 
from  motion  for  want  of  wind  (as  a  ship); 
to  delay  (a  person)  by  a  calm. 

Became,  be-kam',  pret.  of  become. 

Because,  be-kaz',  con}-  IBe  for  by,  and 
cause;  O.E.  bicnuse,  bycausr  ='by  or  for  the 
cause  that.]  By  cause,  oi  by  the  cause 
that;  on  this  account  thai;  for  the  cause 
or  reason  next  explained;  as,  he  fled  be- 
cause (as  the  reason  given)  he  was  afraid. 

Beccafico,  bek-a-fe'ko,  n.  [It.,  lit.  fig- 
pecker.]  A  bird  resembling  the  nightin- 
gale; the  greater  petty -chaps  or  garden- 
warbler,  a  summer  visitant  to  England. 

Bechamel,  l)esh'a-mel,»i.  |  Named  after  its 
inventor.]  A  fine  white  broth  or  sauce 
thickened  with  cream. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fjtU;     me,  met,  hit;     pine,  pin;     uCte,  not,  move;      tabe,  tub,  b\iU;     oil,  pound;     il,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr.  v. 


BECHANCE 


59 


BEFORE 


Bechance,?  l>c- Chans',  v.t  To  befall;  to 
happen  to.    [Shak.] 

Bechs- de-icer,  bash-de-mer,  n.  [Fr.,  lit. 
sea-spade,  from  its  shape  when  dried  and 
pressed.]  The  trepaug,  a  species  of  sea- 
slug  or  sea-cucumber  obtained  in  Eastern 
seas,  and  eaten  by  the  Chinese. 

Beck,  bek,  n.  ficel.  bekkr.  Dan.  bcek,  Sw. 
back,  D.  beek,  G.  bach,  a  orook— the  beck 
in  Wel6ecA;,Trout6e(;*,&c.J  A  small  stream; 
a  brook. 

Beck,  bek,  vA.  [Shortened  form  of  beckon.l 
To  nod  or  make  a  significant  gesture. — 
v.t.  To  call  by  a  nod;  to  intimate  a  com- 
mand or  desire  to  by  gesture.— ».  A  nod 
of  the  head  or  other  significant  gesture  in- 
tended as  a  sign  or  signal. 

Becket,  bek'et,  n.  A  contrivance  in  ships 
for  confining  loose  ropes,  &c. 

Beckon,  bek'n,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  bedcnian,  bic- 
nian,  to  beckon,  from  be&cn,  bdcn,  a  bea- 
con.] To  make  a  sign  to  another  by  a  mo- 
tion of  the  hand  or  finger,  &c.,  intended  as  a 
hint  or  intimation.— w.t.  To  make  a  signi- 
ficant sign  to ;  to  direct  by  making  signs 
[becicon  him  to  us). 

Become,  be-kum',  v.i. — became  (pret.),  6e- 
come  (pp.),  becoming.  [A.  Sax.  becuman, 
bicuman,  to  arrive,  happen,  turn  out — 
prefix  be=by,  and  cuman,  to  come,  to  hap- 
pen.] To  pass  from  one  state  to  another; 
to  change,  grow,  or  develop  into  (the  boy 
becomes  a  man ).  —  To  become  of  ( usually 
with  what  preceding),  to  be  the  fate  of;  to 
be  the  end  of;  to  be  the  final  or  subsequent 
condition. — v.t.  To  suit  or  to  be  suitable 
to  (anger  becomes  him  not);  to  befit;  to  ac- 
cord with,  in  character  or  circumstances; 
to  be  worthy  of,  or  proper  to;'to  grace  or 
suit  as  regards  outward  appeai'ance  ( a 
garment  becomes  a  person).  —  Becoming, 
bS-kum'ing,  o.  Suitable;  meet;  proper; 
appropriate;  befitting;  seemly. —  Becom- 
ingly, be-kum'ing-li,  adv.-  After  a  becom- 
ing or  proper  manner. 

Bed,  bed,  n.  [Al.  Sax.  bed  —  D.  bed,  bedde, 
Dan.  bed,  Goth,  badi,  G.  bett.}  That  on  or 
in  which  one  sleeps,  or  v/hich  is  specially 
intended  to  give  ease  to  the  body  at  night; 
especially,  a  large  flat  bag  filled  with  fea- 
thers or  other  soft  materials:  the  word 
may  include  or  even  be  used  for  the  bed- 
stead; a  plat  or  piece  of  tilled  ground  in 
a  garden;  the  bottom  of  a  riven  or  other 
stream,  or  of  any  body  of  water;  a  layer; 
a  stratum;  an  extended  mass  of  anything, 
whether  upon  the  earth  or  within  it;  that 
on  which  anything  lies,  rests,  or  i«  sup- 
ported.—w.<.—6edded,  bedding.  To  place 
in,  or  as  in,  a  bed;  to  plant,  as  flowers,  in 
Iseds.  —  Bedding,  bed'ing,  n.  A  bed  and 
its  furniture;  materials  of  a  bed.  —  Bed- 
fast, bed'fast,  a.  Confined  to  one's  bfed  bv 
illness,  4c. —  Bedrid,  Bedridden,  bed'rid., 
bed'rid-n,  a.  [A.  Sax.  bed-ridA,  lit.  a  bed- 
rider.]  Long  confined  to  bed  by  age  or 
infirmity. —  Bedstead,  bed'sted,  n.  The 
framework  of  a  bed.— Bedstraw,  bted'stra, 
n.  Straw  for  packing  into  a  bed ;  also,  a 
herbaceous  perennial  plant  bearing  yellow 
or  white  flowers  growing  in  waste  places 
in  Britain.— Bed-chair,  n.  A  chair  with  a 
back  so  constructed  as  to  be  folded  down 
and  constitute  abed.— Bed-chamber,  n.  An 
apartment  intended  for  sleeping  in,  or  in 
which  there  is  a  bed;  a  bed-room. — Bed- 
clothes, n.  pi.  Blankets.coverlets, &c., for 
beds.  —Bed-fellow,  n.  One  who  occupies  the 
same  bed  with  another. — Bed-key,  n.  An 
instrument  for  fitting  the  parts  of  a  bed- 
stead tightly  together.  —  Bed  -  linen,  n. 
Sheets,  pillow-covers,  &c.,ffr  beds.— Bed- 
pan, n.  A  pan  for  warming  a  bed;  also  a 
necessary  utensil  for  bedridden  persons. — 
Bed-plata.  The  sole-plate  or  foundation- 
plate  of  an  engine,  &c.— Bed-post,  n.  One 
of  the  posts  forming  part  of  the  frame- 
work and  often  supporting  the  canopy  of 
a  bed.— Bed-room,  n.  A  room  intended  for 
sleeping  in;  a  sleeping-room  or  bed-cham- 
ber.—Bed-sore,  n.  A  sore  liable  to  occur 
on  bedridden  persons  on  the  parts  of  the 
body  subjected  to  most  pressure.  —  Bed- 
tick,' ».  A  tick  or  stout  linen  or  cotton 
bag  for  containing  the  feathers  or  other 
packing  material  of  a  bed.— Bed-time,  m. 
The  time  to  go  to  bed ;  the  usual  hour  of 
retiring  to  rest.  .,;r  '      , 


Bedabble,  bc-dab'!,  v.t— bedabble,  hedah- 
hling.    To  wet;  to  sprinkle.    [Shak.} 

Bedaub,  be-dab',  v.t.  To  daub  over;  to  soil 
with  anything  thick,  slimy,  and  dirty. 

Bedazzle,  be-daz'l,  v.t. — bedazzled,  bedazzl- 
ing. To  dazzle;  to  blind  by  excess  of  light. 

Bedeck,  be-dek',  v.t.  To  deek;  to  adorn;  to 
grace. 

Bedegar.  Bedeguar,  bed'5-gar,  n.  fFr.  bid- 
egar,  bedeguar,  from  Per.]  A  spongy  ex- 
crescence or  gall  found  on  roses,  especially 
the  sweet-brier,  produced  by  insects. 

Bedell,  Bedel,  be'dl,  n.  [L.L.  bedellus- 
E.  beadle.  ]  A  beadle  in  a  university  or 
connected  with  a  law-court. 

Bedesman,  bedz'man,  n.  A  beads-man; 
formerly,  in  Scotland,  a  privileged  beggar. 

Bedew,  be-du',  v.t.  To  moisten  with  or  aa 
with  dew. 

Bedlght,t  be-dit',  v.i.— pret.  &  pp.  bedight 
or  bedighted.  To  array;  to  equip;  to  dress; 
to  trick  out. 

Bedim,  be -dim',  v.t.- — bedimm,ed,  bedim- 
ming.  To  make  dim;  to  obscure  or  darken. 

Bedizen,  be-diz'n,  v.t.  [Dizen.  ]  To  deck 
or  trick  out;  especially,  to  deck  in  a  taw- 
dry manner  or  with  false  taste. 

Bedlam,  bedlam,  n.  [Corrupted  from  Beth- 
lehem, the  name  of  a  religious  house  in 
London,  afterward  converted  into  an 
hospital  for  lunatics.]  A  mad-house;  a 
place  appropiated  for  lunatics:  hence,  any 
scene  of  wild  uproar  and  madness. — Bed- 
lamite, bed'lam-it,  n.    A  madman. 

Bedouin,  bed'O-in.  n.  [Ar.  beddwt,  dwellers 
in  the  desert.]  A  nomadic  Arab  living  in 
tents  in  Arabia,  Syria,  Egypt,  and  else- 
where. 

Bedraggle,  bs-drag'l,  v.t. —bedraggled,  be- 
draggling. To  soil  by  draggling;  to  soU 
by  drawing  along  on  mud. 

Bedrop,  be-drop',  v.t.  To  sprinkle,  as  with 
drops;  to  speckle. 

Bee,  be,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bed,  61=Icel.  M,  Sw. 
Dan.  bi,  D.  by,  bije,  O.  and  Prov.  G.  beie, 
Ir.  and  Gael,  beach,  a  bee.] .  An  insect,  of 
which  there  are  numerous  species,  the 
honey  or  hive  bee  being  the  most  familiar 
and  typical  species,  having  been  kept  in 
hives  from  the  earliest  periods  for  its  wax 
and  honey.— Bee-bread,  n.  A  brown  sub- 
stance, the  pollen  of  flowers,  collected  by 
bees  as  food  for  their  young. — Bee-eater, 
n.  A  bird  of  several  species  that  feeds  on 
bees.— Bee-hive,  n.  A  case  or  box  intended 
as  a  habitation  for  bees,  and  in  which  they 
may  store  honey  for  the  use  of  their 
owners.— Bee-line,  n.  The  direct  line  or 
nearest  distance  between  two  places.— Bee- 
master,  n.  One  who  keeps  bees.  —  Bee- 
orchis,  Bee-flower,  n.  An  orchid  with  a 
bee-like  flower.  — -  Bee-moth,  n.  A  moth 
that  produces  caterpillars  which  infest 
bee-hives. — Bees'- wax, n.  The  waxsecreted 
by  bees,  and  of  which  their  cells  are  con- 
structed.—Bees'-wing,  n.  A  gauzy  film  in 
port-wines  indicative  of  age,  and  muck 
esteemed  by  connoisseurs. 

Beech,  bech,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bice,  from  bdc,  a 
beech,  a  book=Icel.  bdk,  Dan.  bog,  D.  beuk, 
G.  buclie,  a  beech ;  cog.  L.  fagvs,  a  beech ; 
Gr.  j)hego8,  the  esculent  oak,  from  root 
seen  in  Gr.  phagein,  Skr.  Vhag,  to  eat,  from 
its  nuts  being  eaten.  Book.]  A  large-sized 
tree  with  a  smooth  bark  yielding  a  hard 
timber  made  into  tools,  &c.,  and  nuts  from 
which  an'oil  is  expressed.— Beechen,  bech'- 
en,  o.  Consisting  of  the  wood  of  the  beech; 
belonging  to  the  beecii.  —  Beech-mast,  n. 
The  mast  or  nuts  of  the  beech-tree.— Beech- 
nut, n.  One  of  the  nuts  or  fruits  of  the 
beech.  —  Beech-oil,  n.  A  bland,  fixed  oil 
expressed  from  beech-mast. 

Beef,  b6f,  n.  [Fr.  bceuf,  from  L.  boa,  bovis, 
an  ox;  cog,  Ir.  and  Gael,  bo,  W.  biw,'Skr. 
go,  a  cow.]  Originally,  an  animal  of  the 
ox  kind  in  the  full-grown  state  (in  this 
sense  with  the  plural  6eeyes,but  the  singu- 
lar is  no  longer  used);  the  flesh  of  an  ox, 
bull,  or  cow  when  killed. — Beef-eater,  n. 
A  yeoman  of  the  royal  guard  of  England, 
a  Dody  of  men  who  attend  the  sovereign 
at  state  banciuets  and  on  other  occasions; 
an  African  bird  that  picks  the  larvae  of  in- 
sects from  the  hides  of  oxen.— Beef-steaJi, 
n.  A  steak  or  slice  of  beef  for  broiling. — 
Beef-tea,  n.  A  nutritious  soup  made  from 
the  flesh  of  the  ox  which,  from  being  easy 


of  digestion,  is  recommended  for  invalids 
and  convales<2ent8.— Beef-witted,  a.  With 
no  more  wit'  than  an  ox ;  dull ;  stupid. 
[^iViaA:.]— Beef-wood,  n.  The  timber  of  some 
Australian  trees  of  a  reddish  colour,  hard, 
and  with  dark  and  whitish  streaks,  chiefly 
used  in  ornamental  work. 

Beelzebub,  be-el'z6-bub,  n.  [Heb.  hadl, 
lord,  and  zebvb,  a  fly.]  A  god  of  the  Phil- 
istines; in  the  N.T.  the  prince  of  devils." 

Beer,  b5r,  n.  [A.  Sax.  6edr=D.  and  G.  bier; 
origin  doubtful,]  A  fermented  alcoholic 
liquor  made  from  any  farinaceous  grain, 
but  generally  from  malted  barley  flavoured 
with  hops,  and  yielding  a  spirit  on  being 
distilled;  a  fermented  drink  prepared  with 
various  substances,  as  ginger,  molasses, 
&c.— Beery,  be'ri.  a.  Pertaining  to  beer; 
soiled  or  stainea  with  beer:  aft'ected  by 
beer;  intoxicated.— Beer-engine,  n.  A  hy- 
draulic machine  for  raising  beer  out  of  a 
cask  in  a  cellar.— Beer-house,  Beer-shop,  n. 
A  house  or  shop  where  malt-liquors  are 
sold;  an  ale-house.— Beer-money,  n.  A  pe- 
cuniary allowance  made  to  soldiers,  ser- 
vants, &c.,  as  an  equivalent  for  a  supply  of 
beer.— Beer-pump,  n.  A  pump  for  raising 
beer  from  tbe  cellar  to  the  bar  in  a  beer- 
shop. 

Beestie,  b€g'ti,  n.  [Hind,  bihishti.'i  An 
East  Indian  water-carrier,  who  supplies 
domestic  establishments  with  water,  fills 
the  baths  of  the  house,  &c. 

Beestings,  Tae-sfingz,  n.  pi.  [A.  Sax.  basting, 
b^st,  be6st,  D.  biest,  biestem^lk,  G.  biest- 
milch.]  The  first  milk  given  by  a  cow  after 
calving. 

Beet,  bet,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bite,  D.  Met,  G.  beeta, 
from  L.  beta,  beet.]  A  plant  of  various 
species  cultivated  for  its  thick  fleshy  roots, 
the  red  varieties  of  which  are  much  used 
as  a  kitchen  vegetable,  while  the  white 
varieties  yield  a  large  portion  of  sugar, 
which  is  prepared  on  the  Continent. — 
Beet-root,  n.  The  root  of  the  beet  plant; 
the  plant  itself. 

Beetle  b6'tl,n.  [A.SsLX.'b^tl,  Mfe?,  a  mallet, 
from  bcdtan,  to  beat;  li.G.betel,  hotel.}  A 
heavy  wooden  mallet  used  to'drive  wedges, 
consolidate  earth,  &c.—v.t.  To  use  a  beetlo 
on ;  to  beat  with  a  heavy  wooden  mallet 
as  a  substitute  for  mangling,  —  Beetle- 
headed,  a.  Having  a  head  like  a  beetle 
or  mallet;  dull;  stupid.  [Shak.} 

Beetle,  be'tl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bitel,  from  bitan, 
to  bite.]  A  general  name  of  mai^r  insects 
having  four  wings,  the  anterior  pair 'of 
which  are  of  a  horny  nature  and  form  a 
sheath  or  protection  to  the  posterior  pair; 
a  coleopterous  insect. 

Beetle,  be'tl,  v.i.  [Prom  A.  Sax.  bitel,  sharp, 
hence  prominent,  from  bitan.  to  bite.]  To 
be  prominent  (as  a  cliff,  a  battlement);  to 

.  hang  or  extend  out ;  to  overhang ;  to  jut. 
—Beetling,  be'tl-ing,  a;  Standing  out 
from  the  main  body;  jutting;  overhanging: 
said  of  cliffs,  &c.— Beetle-brow,  n.  A  pro- 
minent brow.— Beetle-browed,  a.  .Having 
wominent  brows. 

Beeve,t  bev,  n.  A  bovine  animal,  as  an  ox. 
Beef. 

Befall,  hii-fKV,v.t.—befell,befallen,  befalling. 
[A.  Sax.  be/eallan—pTenx  be,  and  feallan, 
to  fall.]  To  happen  to;  to  occur  to.— v.i. 
To  happen;  to  come  to  pass. 

Befit,  be-fit',  v.t.— befitted,  batting.  [Prefix 
be,  and  fit.}.  To  be  fitting  for;  to  suit;  to 
be  suitable  or  proper  to. 

Befog,  be-fog',  v.t.— befogged,  befogging.  To 
Jnvolve  in  fog;  hence,  to  confuse. 

Befool,  be-fal',  v.t.  To  fool;  to  make  a  fool 
of;  to  delude  or  lead  into  error. 

Before,  be-for',  prep.  [A.  Sax.  beforatir— 
prefix  be,  and  foran,  fore.]  In  front  of; 
preceding  in  space;  in  presence  of;  in 
sight  of ;  under  the  cognizance  or  consider- 
ation of  (a  court,  a  meeting);  preceding  in 
time;  earlier  than;  ere:  in  preference  to; 
prior  to;  having  precedence  of  in  rank, 
dignity,  &c. — Before  the  mcwi,  in  or  into 
the  condition  of  a  common  sailor,  the  por- 
tion of  a  ship  behind  the.  main-mast  being 
reserved  for  the  officers.  —  adu.  Further 
onward  in  place;  in  front;"in  the  forepart; 
in  time  preceding ;  previously;  formerly; 
already. — Beforehand,  be-for'nand,  a.  In 
good  pecuniary  circumstances;  having 
enough  to  meet  one's  obligations  and  some- 


,ch,  cftain;  A  cfe^Sc.  loch;  A  gitro;  M.i,  job;  :m  6.  Fr.  toji;  x^ng,  sing;     th.  <Aen;  th,toin;  ;\w,j*igj^fc2b»,**Wgi^^)Lagi£ei 


BEFOUL 


60 


BELL 


thing  over.— adv.  In  anticipation;  in  ad- 
vance.—Beforetime.i  be-for'tim,  adv.  For- 
merly; of  old  time.    [O.T.] 

Befoul,  be-foul',  v.t.    To  make  foul;  to  soil. 

Befriend,  be-frend',  v.t.  To  act  as  a  friend 
to;  to  aid,  benefit,  or  assist. 

Beg,  beg.    Same  as  Bey,  a  Turkish  title. 

Beg,  beg.  v.t— begged,  begging.  [Contr.  it  is 
believed  from  A.  Sax.  bedegian  ot  bedecian, 
to  beg ;  from  stem  of  bid,  A.  Sax.  biddan, 
to  beg,  to  ask;  comp.  Goth,  bidagwa,  a  beg- 
gar, from  same  root.  ]  To  ask  or  supplicate 
m  charity;  to  ask  for  earnestly  (alms);  to 
ask  earnestly  (a  person) ;  to  beseech ;  to  im- 
plore ;  to  entreat  or  supplicate  with  humil- 
ity; to  take  for  granted;  to  assume  without 
proof.  [The  phrase  /  beg  to  is  often  used  as  a 
polite  formula  for  introducing  a  question  or 
communication;  as,  /  beg  to  inquire,  /  beg 
to  state.  It  may  be  regarded  as  elliptical 
for  /  beg  leave  to.]— w.i.  To  ask  alms  or 
charity;  to  live  by  asking  alms.— Beggar, 
beg'er,  ii.  One  that  begs;  a  person  who 
lives  by  asking  alms;  one  who  supplicates 
with. humility;  a  petitioner.  —  v.t.  To  re- 
duce to  beggary;  to  impoverish;  to  exhaust 
the  resources  of  (to  beggar  description);  to 
exhaust.  —  Beggarlinesg,  beg'6r-Li-nes,  n. 
The  character  of  being  beggarly;  mean- 
ness; extreme  poverty.  —  Beggarly,  beg'- 
er-li,  a.  Like  or  belonging  to  a  beggar; 
4)oor;  mean;  contemptible. — Beggary ,Deg'- 
er-i,  ».  The  state  of  a  beggar,  a  st^te  of 
extreme  indigence.  —  Beggar -my -neigh- 
bour, n.    A  child's  game  at  cards. 

Began,  be-gan',  pret.  of  begin. 

Beget,  be-get',  v.t — begot,  t>egat  (pret.  the 
latter  now  almost  obsolete),  begot,  begotten 
(pp.),  begetting.  [A.  Sax.  begitan,  bigUan 
— prefix  be,  and  gitan,  to  get.]  To  procre- 
ate, as  a  father  or  sire;  to  produce,  as  an 
effect ;  to  cause  to  exist ;  to  generate.  — 
Begetter,  be-get'6r,  n.  One  who  begets  or 
procreates;  a  father. 

Begin,  bs-gin',  v.i.— .began  (pret.),  begun 
(pp.),  beginning.  [A.  Sax.  beginnan,  to  be- 
gin— prefix  be,  and  gin^ian,  to  begin.]  To 
take  rise;  to  originate;  to  commence;  to 
do  the  first  act;  to  enter  upon  something 
new;  to  take  the  first  step.-^-Begin,  be-gin', 
v.t  To  do  the  fii'st  act  of ;  to  enter  oil;  to 
commence.  —  Beginner,  be-gin '6r,  n.  A 
person  who  begins  or  originates;  the  agent 
who  is  the  cause;  one  who  first  enters  upon  , 
any  art,  science,  or  business;  a  young 
practitioner;  a  novice;  a  tyra— Beginning, 
be-gin'ing,  n.  The  first  cause;  origin;  the 
first  state;  commencement;  entrance  into 
being;  that  from  which  a  greater  thing 
proceeds  or  grows.— BeginnlagleM,  be-gin'- 
ing-les,  a.    Having  no  beginning. 

Begird,  be^gferd',  v.t.— begirt  (pret.  &  pp.), 
begirding.  [A.  Sax.  begyrdan!]  To  gird  or 
bind  with  a  band  or  girdle;  to  surround ; 
to  encompass. 

Beglerbeg,  beg'16r-beg,  n.  TTurk.  begUr- 
begi,  beg  of  begs.]  The  governor  of  a  pro- 
vince in  the  -Turkish  Empire,  next  in  dig- 
nity to  the  grand  vizier. 

Begone,  be-gon',  interj.  Go  away;  hence ! — 
the  imperative  be  and  pp.  gone  combined. 

Begonia,  be-gS'ni-a,  to.  [From  M.  Begmi,,  a 
French  botanist.]  The '  generic  name  of 
tropical  plants  much  cultivated  in  hot^ 
houses  for  the  beauty  of  their  leaves  and 
flowers. 

Begot,  b6-got'  (pret.  &  pp.),  Begotten;,  b€- 
got'n,  pp.  of  beget 

Begrime,  be-grim',  v.t.— begrimed,  begrim- 
ing. To  make  grimy;  to  blacken  with  dirt. 

Begrudge,  be-gruj',  v.t.  —  begrudged,  be- 
grudging.  To  grudge;  to  envy  the  posses- 
sion of:  with  two  objects  (to  begrudge  a 
person  something). 

Beguile,  be-gil',  v.t— beguiled,  beguiling.  To 
practise  guile  upon;  to  delude;  to  deceive} 
to  cheat;  to  trick;  to  dupe;  to  impose  on 
by  artifice  or  craft;  to  dispel  or  render  u»- 
felt  by  diverting  the  mind  (cares);  to  while 
awav  (time).  —  Beguilement,  be-gil'ment, 
n.  The  act  of  state  of .— Beguller,  be-gil'fer, 
n.  One  who.  —  Beguilingly,  be-gil'ing-li,' 
adv.    In  a  manner  to  beguile  or  Jeceive. 

Beguine,  ba-gen',  ft.  [Fr.  beauine.']  One  of 
an  order  of  females  in  Holland,  Belgium, 
and  Germany,  who,  without  taking  the 

;  monastic  vows,  form  societies  for  the  pur- 
poses of  devotion  and  charity. 


Begnm,  be'gwm,  n.  In  the  East  Indies,  a 
princess  or  lady  of  high  lank.. 

Begun,  be-gun',  pp.  of  oegin. 

Behalf,  be-haf',  n.  [Prefix  be,  and  half,  in 
old  sense  of  side.]  Interest;  profit;  sup- 
port; defence :  always  in  such  phrases  ^ 
in  or  on  behalf  of,  in  my,  hiSj  some  per- 
son's behalf. 

Behave,  bfe-haV,  v.t. — behaved,  behaving. 
[Prefix  be,  and  Aawe.]  To  conduct  one's 
self ;  to  demean  one's  self :  used  refl. — v.i. 
To  act ;  to  conduct  one's  self.— Behaved, 
be-havd',  a.  Having  or  being  of  a  certain 
behaviour.  —  Behaviour,  be-hav'y6r,  n. 
Manner  of  behaving;  conduct;  deport- 
ment; mode  of  acting  (of  a  person,  a  ma- 
chine, Ac). 

Behead,  be-hed',  v.t.  To  cut  off  the  head  of; 
to  sever  the  head  from  the  body  of. 

Beheld,  b5-held',  pret.  &  pp:  of  behold. 

Behemoth,  be'he-moth,  n.  [Heb.]  An  ani- 
mal described  in  Job  xl.  15^24,  and  which 
some  suppose  to  be  an  elephant,  others  a 

•  hippopotamus,  crocodile;  &c. 

Behen,  Ben,  be'hen,  ben,  n.  [Per.  and  Ar.] 
A  plant,  the  bladder-campion;  the  root  of 
one  or  two  plants  used  in  medicine. 

Behest,  be-hest',  n.  [Prefix  be,  and  liest; 
A.  Sax.  behaes.  Hkst.]  A  command;  pre- 
cept; mandate.    [Poetidal.] 

Behind,  be-hind',  prep.  [A.  Sax;  behindan, 
behind --prefix  he,  and  hindun,  behind. 
Hind.]  On  the  side  opposite  the  front  or 
nearest  part  of,  or  opposite  to  that  which 
fronts  a  person ;  at  the  back  of ;  towards 
the  back  or  back  part  of;  reqaaining  alter; 
later  in  point  of  time  than ;  farther  back 
than ;  in  an  inferior'  position  to. — adv.  At 
the  back;  in  the  rear;  out  of  sight;  not  ex- 
hibited; remaining;  towards  the  back  part; 
backward  ;  remaining  after  one's  depart- 
m-e.— Behindhand,  be-hind'hand,  adv.  or 
a.  In  a  state  in  which  means  are  not  ade- 

.  quate  to  the  supply  of  wants  in  arrear ; 

'  in  a  backward  state ;  not  suificiently  ad- 
vanced; not  equally  advanced  witn  an- 
other; tardy. 

Behold,  h^hold',  v.t— beheld  (pret.  &  pp.), 
beholding^  [A.  Sax.  behealdan — prefix  be, 
and  healdan,  to  hold.]  To  fix  the  eyes 
upon;  to  look  at  with  attention;  to  observe 
with  care ;  to  contemplate,  view,  survey, 
regard,  or  see.— j;.i.  To  look;  to  direct  the 
eyes  to  an  object;  to  fix  the  attention  upon 
an  object;  to  attend  or  fix  the  m^ind :  in 
this  sense  chiefly  in  the  imperative,  and 
used  interjectionally.— Beholden,  be-hold'- 
n,  a.  Uhder  obligation ;  bound  in  grati- 
tude ;  obliged ;  indebted.  —  Beholder,  be- 
hold'^r,  n.    One  who  beholds;  a  spectator. 

Behoof,  be-h8f'  n.  [A.  Sax.  beh6f=  IJ.  behoef, 
G.  6€A«/— prefix  be,  and  word  equivalent  to 
Icel.  h6f,  measure,  moderation.]  That 
which  is  advantageous  to  a  person;  behalf; 
interest;  advantage;  profit;  benefit:  always 
in  such  phrases  as  in  or  for  behoof  ot,  for  a 
person's  behoof. — Behove,  be-hSv',  v.t. — be- 
hoved, behoving.  [A.  Sax.  behdjian,  from 
the  noun.]  To  be  fit  or  meet  for,  with' re- 
spect to  necessity,  duty,  or  convenience; 
to  be  necessai7  for :  used  impersonally  {it 
behoves  us,  or  the  like). 

Beiram,  bi'ram,  n.    Same  as  Bairam. 

Belstings,  best'ingz.    Same  as  Beestings. 

Belabour,  be-l5'b*r,  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  la- 
bour; comp.  G.  6«or6etfen,  to  labour,  and  to 
beat  sounoly- prefix  ie,  and  afftett,  work.] 
To  beat  soundly;  to  deal  blows  to;  to 
thump. 

Belace,  he-las',  v.t.^belaeed;  belacing.  To 
fasten,  as  with  a  lace  or  cord;  to  adorn 
with  lace. 

Beladle,  b6-la'dl,  v.t.  To  pour  out  with  a 
ladle;  to  ladle  out.    [Thack.] 

Belate,  be-lat',  v.t  [Prefix  be,  and  late.]  To 
make  too  late;  to  benight:  generally  used 
in  pp.belated,yntE  sense  of  having  lingered 
or  remained  till  late;  being  out  lat^;  over- 
taken by  darkness;  bemghted. 

Belaud,  be-lad',  v.t  [Prefix  be,  and  laud.] 
To  laud;  to  praise  highly. 

Belay,  be-la',v.<.  [Prefix  be, and  lay.]  Naut. 
to  make  fast  by  winding  round  something. 
— Belaying-pin,  n.  NatU.  a  pin  for  belay- 
ing ropes  to. 

Beloh,  belsh,  v.t  [O.E.  beUcen,  helke,  A.  Sax. 
bealcian.  to  belch.]  To  throw  out  or  eject 
■with  violence,  as  from  the  stomach  or  from 


a  deep  hollow  place;  to  cast  forth  (a  vol- 
cano belches  flames  or  ashes). — v.i.  To 
eject  wind  from  the  stomach;  to  issue  out, 
as  with  eructation.— ».  The  act  of  one  who 
or  that  which  belches;  eructation. 

Beldam, Beldame, bel'dam,  bel'dam, n.  [Fr. 
belle,  fiine,  handsome,  and  dame,  lady ;  it 
was  at  one  time  applied  respectfuUy  to 
elderly  females.]  Agrandmother  {Shak.)t; 
an  old  woman  in  general,  especially  an 
ugly  old  woman;  a  bag. 

Beleaguer,  be-leg'er,  v.t  [Prefix  be,  and 
leaguer.]  To  besiege:  to  surround  with  an 
army  so  as  to  precluoie  escape;  to  blockade. 
— Beleagnerer,  be-leg'^r-er,  n.    One  who. 

Belemidte,  bel'em-nit,  to.  [Gr.  belemnon,  a 
dart  or  arrow,  from  befog,  a  dart,  from  the 
root  of  ballo,  to  throw.]  A  straight,  taper- 
ing, dart-shaped  fossil,  the  internal  Ixine 
or  shell  of  animals  allied  to  the  cuttle- 
fishes, common  in  the  chalk  formation ; 
the  animal  to  which  such  a  bone  belonged. 

Bel  Esprit,  bel  es-pre,  to.  pi.  Beaux  Esprits, 
boz  es-pre.  [Fr.]  A  fine  genius  or  man  of 
wit. 

Bfclfry,  bel'fri.n.  [.O.'Fr. belfroi,beffroit,&c., 
a  watch-tower,  from  O.G.  berorit,  bercvrit, 
a  toweif.or  castle  for  defence,  from  bergen, 
to  protect,  and  frid,  a  strong  place  (Mod.  G. 
friede,  peace).  False  etymology  connected 
the  word  with  beH,  hence  its  modern  Eng- 
lish meaning.]  A  bell -tower,  generally  at- 
tached to  a  church  or  other  building;  that 
part  of  a  building  in  which  a  bell  is  hung. 

Belgian,  bel'ji-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Bel- 
gium.— TO.  A  native  of  Belgium. 

Eelgravian,  bel-gra'vi-an,  a.  Belonging  to 
Betgravia,  an  aristocratic  portion  of  Lon- 
don; aristocratic ;  fashionable. — n.  An  in- 
habitant of  Belgravia;  a  member  of  the 
upper  classes.    ITliack.] 

Belial,  be'li-al,  ».  [Heb.  belial^-beli,  not, 
without,  and  vaal.use,  profit.]  Wicked- 
ness ;  a  wicked  and  unprincipled  person ; 
an  evil  spirit;  Satan. 

Belie,  be-li',  v.t — belied,  belying.  [Prefix  be, 
and  lie,  to  speak  falsely;  like  G.  belUgan, 
to  belie.  Lie.]  To  tell  lies  eonceraing;  to 
calumniate  by  false  reports;  to  show  to.be 
false ;  to  be  in  contradiction  to  (his  terror 
helies  his  words) ;  to  fail  to  equal  or  come 
up  to;  to  disap^int  (belie  one's  hopes). 

Believe,  be-lev*,  v.t  —  believed,  believing. 
[O.E.  inleve,  beleve,  from  A.  Sax.  gelyfan, 
geUfan,to  belie-^e,  the  initial  particle  being 
changed;  -lieve  is  akin  to  Zie/and  leave,n.] 
To  credit  upon  the  ground  of  authority, 
testimony,  argument,  or  any  other  circum- 
stances tSian  personal  knowledge;  to  ex- 
pect or  hope  with  confidence. — v.i.  To  be 
more  or  less  firmly  persuaded  of  the  truth 
of  anything. — To  believe  in,  to  hold  as  an 
object  of  faith ;  to  have  belief  of.— Belief, 
be-lef ,  TO.  An  assent  of  the  mind  to  the 
truth  of  a  declaration,  proposition;  or  sd- 
leg^d  fact,  on  the  ground  of  evidence,  dis- 
tinct from  personalknowledge;  theol.fsMi, 
or  a  fimr  persuasion  of  the  truths  of  reli- 
gion; the  thing  believed;  the  object  of  be- 
lief; the  body  of  tenets  held  by  the  profes- 
sors of  any  faith;  a  creed.— Believability, 
be-lev^a-bifi-ti,  n.  Credibility;  capability 
of  being  believed.— Believable,  beJev'a-bl, 
o.  Capable  of  being  believed;  credible.— 
BeUevablene88,  be-lev'a-bl-nes,  to.  Credi- 
bility. —  Believer,  be-lev'er,  n.  One  who 
believes;  an  adherent  of  a  religious  faith; 
a  professor  of  Christianity  .—Believing,  be- 
lev'ing,  a.  Having  faith  or  belief. — Be- 
lievingly,  b6-l5v'ing-li,  ad».  In  a  believing 
manner.  „    „    ,    .,     -i 

Belike,  be-lik',  adv.  [Prefix  be  for  by,  and 
like.]    Perhaps;  probably.  „        , 

Belittle,  be-lit'l,  v.t  To  make  smaller ;  to 
lower;  speak  disparagingly  of.  ^  ^   ^  „ 

Bell,  bel,  to.  [A.  Sax.  beUa;  alhed  to  beUan, 
to  bellow,  E.  to  bell,  as  a  deer;  akin  bel- 
low, and  G.  bellen,  to  bark.]  A  metallic 
vessel  which  gives  forth  a  clear,  musical, 
ringing  soiind  on  being  struck,  genemlly 
cup-shaped ;  anything  in  form  of  a  beU ; 
pi.  the  phrase  employed  on  shipboard  to 
denote  the  divisions  of  daily  time,  from 
their  being  marked  by  strokes  on  a  bell 
each  half-hour.— To  bear  the  bell,  to  be  the 
'first  or  leader,  in  allusion  to  the  bell, 
wether  of  a  flock.  —  Passing  beU,  a  bell 
which  used  to  be  rung  when  a  person  wa« 


^&te..fejfe*,AUii 


liferj^ptoe,  pin;l<^p8te.  not.  mi)ve:ii^tttbe.  tab.  bTill;  AoU.  PftWDduHtt.  Sc  ab«<nft=the-ft-.  «.* 


BELI, 


61 


BENEFICE 


on  the  point  of  death.— w.i.  To  flower;  to 
put  out  bell-shaped  blossoms. — v.t.  To  put 
a  bell  on.— Bell-bird,  n.  A  South  Ameri- 
can passerine  bird,  and  also  an  Australian 
insessorial  bird:  so  named  from  their  bell- 
like notes.  —  Bell  -  buoy,  n.  A  buoy  on 
which  is  fixed  a  bell,  which  is  rung  by  the 
heaving  of  the  sea.— Bell-crank,  n.  Much. 
a  rectangular  lever  by  which  the  direction 
of  motion  is  changed  through  an  angle  ol 
90°.  —  Bell-flower,  n.  A  common  name  of 
plants  of  the  genus  Campanula,  from  the 
shape  of  the  flower.— Bell-gable,  n.  The 
gable  of  a  church  or  other  building  hav- 
ing its  apex  surmounted  by  a  small  tur- 
ret for  the  reception  of  one  or  more  bells. 

—  Bell-glass,  n.  A  glass  covering  for 
flowers  or  vegetables  in  the  shape  of  a 
bell.— Bell-hanger,  n.  One  who  fixes  up 
bells  in  houses.— Bell-man,  n.  A  public 
crier  who  uses  a  bell. — Bell-metal,  n.  An 
alloy  of  copper  and  tin,  used  for  making 
bells.  —  Bell-mouthed,  a.  Gradually  ex- 
panded at  the  mouth  in  the  for<sn  of  a  bell. 

—  Bell-pull,  n.  That  by  which  a  bell  is 
made  to  ring;  a  bell-rope.— Bell-punch,  n. 
A  small  punch  fitted  to  the  jaws  of  a  pin- 
cers-shaped instrument,  combined  with  a 
little  bell  which  sounds  when  the  punch 
makes  a  perforation,  used  as  a  check  on 
tramway-car  conductors,  &c. — Bell-ringer, 
n.  One  who  rings  a  bell;  a  ringeT  of  church 
bells.— Bell-rope,  n.  A  rope  for  ringing  a 
bell.  —  Bell  -  tower,  Bell-turret,  n.  A  bel- 
ixy.  —  Bellwether,  n.  A  wether  or  sheep 
which  leads  the  flock,  with  a  bell  on  his 
neck. 

Bell,  bel,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  bellan,  Icel.  betja, 
to  bellow.  Bellow.]  To  roar;  to  bellow, 
as  a  bull  or  a  deer  in  rutting-time. 
Belladonna,'  bel-la-don'na,  n.  [It.,  beauti- 
ful lady.  J  A  perennial  plant  of  the  potato 
family,  a  native  of  Britain  and  throughout 
Europe.  The  whole  plant  is  poisonous, 
but  it  yields  a  useful  and  powerful  medi- 
cine. 

Belle,  bel,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  hellus,  beauti- 
ful.] A  young  lady;  a  lady  of  superior 
beauty  and  much  admired. 
Belleric,  bel-ler'ik,  n.  An  astringent  fruit 
imported  from  India  under  the  name  of 
myrobalans  for  the  use  of  calico-printers. 
Belles-lettres,  bel-let-tr,  n.  pi.  [Fr.  Belle 
and  Letter.]  Polite  or  elegant  literature, 
a  term  including  rhetoric,  poetry,  history, 
criticism,  with  tne  languages  in  which  the 
standard  works  in  these  departments  are 
written. 

BelUcoee,  bel'li-kos.  a.  [L.  bellicosus,  from 
belium,  wa.r.']  Inclined  to  war;  warlike; 
pugnacious;  indicating  warlike  feelings. 
Belligerent,  bel-lij'er-ent,  a.  [L.  belium, 
war,  and  gerena,  gerentia,  carrying  on.] 
Waging  war;  carrying  on  r^ar;  pertaining 
to  war  or  warfare. — n.  A  nation,  power,  or 
state  carryin(?  on  war;  one  engaged  in 
fighting.  — Belligerence,t  bel-lij'6r-en8,  n. 
The  act  of  caiTymg  on  war;  warfare. 
Bellon,  bel'lon,  n.  [Fr.  bellon.]  That  va- 
riety of  colic  produced  by  the  action  of 
lead  on  the  system;  painter's  colic. 
Bellow,  bel'lo,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  bylgean,  to 
bellow,  allied  to  bellan,  to  bell,  Icel.  belja, 
to  bellow.  Bell.]  To  utter  a  hoUcw,  loud 
sound,  as  a  bull;  to  make  a  loud  noise  or 
outcry;  to  roar.— n.  A  loud  outcry;  roar. 
— Bellow^er,  bel'lo-fer,  n.  One  who  bellows. 
Bellows,  bel'loz,  n.  sing,  and  pi.  [Really  a 
plural  form  of  the  word  bellii,  A.  Sax.  bwlg, 
helg,  boelig,  a  bag,  a  belly,  bellows.  Belly.] 
An  instrument  for  producing  a  strong  cur- 
rent of  air,  and  principally  used  for  blow- 
ing fire,  either  in  private  dwellings  or  in 
forges,  furnaces,  mines,  &c.,  or  for  supply- 
ing the  pipes  of  an  organ  with  wind. — 
Bellows-fish,  n.  A  fish  found  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  rarely  in  the  British  seas, 
having  an  oval  body  and  a  tubular  elon- 
gated snout. 

BeUy,  bel'li,  n.  (A.  Sax.  bcflg,  belg,  bcelig, 
bag,  belly=  Icel.  belgr,  D.  balg,  Dan.  bielg, 
G.  balg,  the  belly;  akin  to  bulge;  comp. 
Gael,  and  Ir.  bolg,  balg,  the  belly,  a  bag, 
bellows.  Bellows  is  a  plural  form  of  this 
word.]  That  part  of  the  human  body 
which  extends  from  the  breast  to  the 
thighs,  containing  the  bowels;  the  abdo- 
men; the  corresponding  part  of  a  beast; 


the  part  of  anything  which  resembles  the 
human  belly  in  protuberance  or  cavity. — 
v.t. — bellied,  bellying.  To  fill;  to  swell  out. 
— v.i.  To  swell  and  become  protuberant 
lik^  the  belly.  —  Bellied,  bel'lid,  a.  Hav- 
ing a  belly:  used  generally  in  composition; 
also  swelling  out  in  the  middle;  protuber- 
ant. —  Bellyful,  bel'li-ful,  n.  As  much  as 
satisfies  the  appetite.  —  Belly-band,  n.  A 
band  that  goes  round  the  belly  of  a  horse 
as  part  of  its  harness.— Belly-god,  n.  One 
who  makes  a  god  of  his  belly;  a  glutton 
or  epicure. 

Belong,  be-long',  v.i.  [Prefix  be,  and  O.E. 
long,  to  belong  (to  extend  in  length  to), 
from  the  adjective  long;  comp.  D.  and  G. 
belangen,  to  concern,  from  lang,  long.]  To 
be  the  property  of;  to  appertain;  to  be  the 
concern  or  aflair;  to  be  appendant  or  con- 
nected; to  be  suitable;  to  be  due;  to  have 
a  settled  residence;  to  be  domiciliated;  to 
be  a  native  of  a  place;  to  have  original  re- 
sidence: in  all  senses  followed  by  to.— Be- 
longing, be-long'ing,  n.  That  which  be- 
longs to  one:  used  generally  in  plural; 
qualities,  endowments,  property,  posses- 
sions, appendages. 

Beloochee,'bel-u'che,  n.  A  native  or  in- 
habitant of  Beloochistan. 

Belopteron,  be-lop't6r-on,  n.  [Gr.  belos^  a 
dart,  and  pteron,  a  wing.]  The  fossil  in- 
ternal bone  of  an  extinct  cephalopod  some- 
what like  a  belemnite,  but  having  a  wing- 
like projection  on  each' side. 

Beloved,  be-luv'ed,  a.  Loved;  greatly  loved; 
dear  to  the  heart. 

Below,  bg-lo',  prep.  [Prefix  be,  and  low.] 
Under,  in  place;  beneath;  not  so  high  as; 
infeiior  to  m  rank,  excellence,  or  dignity. 
—adv.  In  a  lower  place,  with  respect  to 
any  object:  beneath;  on  the  earth,  as  op- 
posed to  the  heavens;  in  hell,  or  the  re- 
gions of  the  dead;  in  a  court  of  inferior 
.lurisdiction. 

Belt,  belt, ».  [A.  Sax.  belt=Da.n.  bcelte,  Icel. 
belli,  .a  belt,  a  girdle,  from  L.  balleus,  a 
belt.  Comp.  Ir.  and  Gael,  bait,  a  border, 
a  welt.]  A  girdle;  a  band,  usually  of  lea- 
ther, in  which  a  sword  or  other  weapon  is 
hung;  anything  resembling  a  belt;  a  strip; 

■  a  stripe;  a  band;  a  band  passing  round 
two  wheels,  and  communicating  motion 
from  one  to  the  other.— y.<.  To  encircle;  to 
surround.- Belted,  belt'ed,  a.  Wearing  a 
belt;  marked  or  diatinguished  with  a  belt. 
—Belting,  belt'ing,  n.    Belts  taken  gener- 

■  ally;  the  material  of  which  the  belts  used 
in  machinery  are  made.— Belt-saw,  n.  A 
saw  of  a  belt-shape  running  on  pulleys. 

Bsltane,  bel'tan,  n.  [Ir.  and  Gael.,  from 
Beal  or  Bel,  the  sun,  the  sun-god,  and 
tein,  fire.]  The  name  of  a  sort  of  festival 
formerly  observed  among  all  the  Celtic 
tribes  of  Europe.  It  was  celebrated  in 
Scotland  on  the  first  day  of  May  (o.s.),  and 
in  Ireland  on  21st  June,  by  kindling  fires 
on  the  hills  and  eminences. 

Beluga,  be-lu'ga,  n.  [Kus.  bieluga,  from 
bielyi,  white.]  A  kind  of  whale  found  in 
northern  seas,  the  white  whale  or  white 
fish,  from  12  to  18  feet  in  length,  killed  for 
its  oil  and  skin. 

Belvedere,  bel've-der,  n.  [It.,  lit.  a  beau- 
tiful yiew—bello,  bel,  beautiful,  and  vedere, 
to  see.]  In  Italy  an  open  erection  on  the 
top  of  a  house  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
a  view  of  the  country;  in  France,  a  sum- 
mer-house on  an  eminence. 

Belvidere,  bel'vi-der,  n.  [L.  bellus,  fine,  and 
videre,  to  see.]  A, plant,  broom-cypress  or 
summer -cypress,  cultivated  as  an  orna- 
mental annual. 

Bema,  be'ma,  n.  [Gr.]  A  stage  or  platform 

.for  an  6rator;  part  of  a  church  raised  above 
the  rest  and  reserved  for  the  higher  clergy. 

Barnaul,  be-mal',  v.t.  To  maul  or  beat  se- 
verely. 

Bemaze,  b5-maz',  v.t.    To  bewilder. 

Bemire,  b6-mir',  v.t.  —  bemired,  bemiring. 
To  drag  or  stall  in  the  mire;  to  soil  by  mud 
or  mire. 

Bemoan,  be-mon',  v.t.  To  moan  or  mourn 
for;  to  lament;  to  bewail;  to  express  sor- 
row f  or.— Bemoanable,  b6-m6n'a-bl,a.  Cap- 
able or  worthy  of  being  lamented. — Be- 
moaner,  be-m5n'6r,  n.  One  who  bemoans. 

Bemock,  be-mok',  v.t.  To  treat  with  mock- 
ery; to  mock. 


Bemused,  b6-mQzd',  a.  Originally,  over- 
come with  musing;  sunkinrevelrie;  hence, 
muddled;  stupefied. 

Ben,  ben,  n.  A  tree  of  India,  called  also 
horse-radish  tree,  having  seeds  or  nuts 
that  yield  an  oil  {oil  of  ben)  which  keeps 
without  becoming  rancid  for  many  years. 
Bench,  bensh,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bene,  a  bench  = 
Dan.  bwnk,  a  parallel  form  with  bank. 
Banr.]  A  long  seat;  a  strong  table  on  which 
carpenters  or  other  mechanics  prepare 
their  work;  the  seat  on  which  judges  sit 
in  court;  the  seat  of  justice;  the  persons 
who  sit  as  judges ;  the  court. — Bench  of 
bishopa,  or  episcopal  bench,  a  collective 
designation  of  the  bishops  who  have  seats 
in  the  House  of  hords.— -Queen's  (or  King's) 
Bench,  a  superior  English  court  of  civil 
and  (Sriminal  jurisdiction,  now  incorpo- 
rated in  the  High  Court  of  Justice. — 
v.t.  To  furnish  with  benches;  to  seat  on  a 
bench  or  seat  of  honour  (Shak.]X. — y.i.J  To 
sit  on  a  seat  of  justice.  [S/ioAr.]— Bencher, 
bensh'er,  n.  One  of  the  senior  barristers 
in  an  inn  of  court,  who  have  the  govern- 
ment of  the  society. — Benchership,  oensli'- 
6r-ship,  n.  Ofiice  or  condition  of  a  bencher. 
Bend,  bend,  v.t.— bended  or  bent  (pret.  & 
pp./,  bending.  [A.  Sax.  bendan,  to  bend, 
lit.  to  bencT  and  keep  bent  by  the  string, 
from  bend,  a  band;  comp.  Fr.  bander  un 
arc,  to  bend  a  bow,  from  bande,  a  string,  j 
To  curve  or  make  crooked;  to  deflect  from 
a  normal  condition  of  straightness ;  to 
direct  to  a  certain  point  (one's  mind, 
course,  steps);  to  subdue;  to  cause  to  yield. 
— v.i.  To  be  or  become  curved  or  crooked; 
to  incline;  to  lean  or  turn;  to  be  directed; 
to  bow  or  be  submissive. — n.  A  curve;  a 
crook;  a  turn;  flexure;  incurvation. 
Bene,  ben'e,  n.  Benne. 
Beneath,  be-nCth',  prep. .  [A.  Sax.  beneoth, 
6«?ieo<Aan— prefix  be,  and  neothan,  below. 
Nether.]  Under;  lower  in  place  than 
something  which  rests  above:  burdened  or 
overburdened  with ;  lower  than  in  rank, 
dignity,  or  excellence;  below  the  level  of. 
—adv.  In  a  lower  place;  below. 
Benediclttr,  ben-e-dis'i-te,  n.  [L.,  lit.  bless 
ye,  the  first  word  of  the  hymn.]  A  canticle 
or  hymn  in  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer, 
as  old  as  the  time  of  St.  Chrysostom. 
Benedick,  Benedict,  ben'e-dik,  ben'e-dikt, 
n.  A  sportive  name  for  a  married  man, 
especially  one  who  has  been  long  a  bache- 
lor: from  one  of  the  characters  {Benedick) 
in  Shakspere's  Much  Ado  about  A'othing. 
Benedictine,  ben-e-dik'tin,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  monks  of  St.  Benedict. — n.  A  Black- 
friar;  a  member  of  the  order  of  monks 
founded  at  Monte  Casino  about  the  year 
530  by  St.  Benedict,  and  wearing  a  loose 
black  gown  with  large  wide  sleeves,  and  a 
cowl  on  the  head. 

Benediction,  ben-e-dik'shon,  n.  [L.  ben«- 
dictio—bene,  well,  and  dictio,  speaking.] 
The  act  of  invoking  a  blessing ;  blessing, 
prayer,  or  kind  wisljes  uttered  in  favour 
of  any  person  or  thing ;  a  solemn  or  affec- 
tionate invocation  of  happiness. — Benedic- 
tive.  Benedictory,  ben-e-dik'tiv,  ben-e- 
dik'to-ri,  a.  Giving  a  blessing;  expressing 
a  benediction,  or  wishes  for  good. 
Benedictus,  ben-e-dik'tus,  n.  [L.,  blessed— 
'Blessed  be  the  Lord  God  of  Israel,'  Ac] 
The  song  of  Zacharias  in  Luke  i.,  used  in 
the  service  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
and  introduced  with  English  words  into 
themorning prayerof  the  English  Church. 
Benefaction,  ben-e-fak'shon,  n.  [L.  bene- 
/actio,  from  benefacio,  to  do  good  to  one. 
Benefice.]  The  act  of  conferring  a  bene- 
fit; a  benefit  conferred,  especially  a  charit- 
able donation.— Benefactor,  ben-e-fak'ttr, 
n.  One  who  confers  a  benefit.— Benefac- 
tress, ben-e-fak'tres,  7i.  A  female  who 
confers  a  benefit. 

Benefice,  ben'e-fis,  n.  [Fr.  bMflce,  a  bene- 
fice, from  L.  benefccium,  a  kindness,  in  late 
L.  an  estate  granted  for  life— 6ene,  well, 
and  fado,  to  do.]  An  ecclesiastical  living; 
a  church  endowed  with  a  revenue  for  the 
maintenance  of  divine  service,  or  the  re- 
venue itself. — Beneficed,  ben'e-fist,  a.  Pds- 
sessed  of  a  benefice  or  churcli  preferment. 
— Beneficence,  be-nef'i-sens,  n.  [L.  bene'?' 
centia.]  The  practice  of  doing  good;  active 
goodness,  kindness,  or  charity.  .*.  Bem- 


Ch,  cAain;     cA,Sc.locA;     g,  ?p;    .jj^;ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     »g,  sinp;     th,  tftenv  th,  t/iin;     w,  wig;     wh,  wWg;     zh,  aaure. 


BEN'EriT 


62 


BESMEAR 


(ieence.  lit.  ^ell- doing,  is  the  outcome 
and  visible  expression  of  benevolence,  or 
well-willicg.  Benevolence  may  exist  with- 
out henejiceiice,  but  bene^ficence  always  pre- 
supposes benevoleiice. —  Beneficent,  Bene- 
ficient,^  be-uef  i-sent,  beu-e-ti'sheut,  a. 
Doing  good ;  performing  acts  of  kindness 
and  charity. — Beneficently,  be-nef'i-sent- 
li,  adii.  In  a  beneficent  manner. — Bene- 
ficial, ben-e-fi'shal,  a.  Contributing  to  a 
valuable  end;  conferring  benefit;  advan- 
tageous;.usef  ul;  profitable;  helpful. — Bene- 
ficially, ben-e-fi'shal-li,  adv.  In  a  beneficial 
manner;  advantageously;  profitably;  help- 
fully.—Beneficiamess,  ben-e-ti'shal-nes,  n. 
— Beneficiary,  ben  -  e  -  fl '  shi  -  a  -  ri,  a.  Con- 
nected with  the  receipt  of  benefits,  profits, 
or  advantages. — ji.  One  who  holds  a  bene- 
fice; one  who  is  in  the  receipt  of  benefits, 
profits,  or  advantages ;  one  who  receives 
something  as  a  free  gift. 

Benefit,  ben'e-fit,  n.  [O.E.  benfite,  bienfet, 
U.Fr.  bienfet,  from  L.  bene/actum,  a  bene- 
fit. Benefice.]  An  act  of  kindness;  a 
favour  conferred;  whatever  is  for  the  good 
or  advantage  of  a  person  or  thing ;  advan- 
tage; profit;  a  performance  at  a  theatre  or 
other  place  of  public  entertainment,  the 
proceeds  of  which  go  to  one  of  the  actors, 
or  towards  some  charitable  object.  —  v.t. 
To  do  good  to ;  to  be  of  service  to ;  to  ad- 
vantage.—v.t.  To  gain  advantage;  to  make 
improvement. 

Benevolence,  be-neVo-lens,  n.  [L.  benevo- 
Untia—bene,  well,  and  volens,  volentis,  ppr. 
of  volo,  to  will  or  wish.]  The  disposition 
to  do  good ;  the  love  of  mankind,  accom- 
panied with  a  desire  to  promote  their  hap- 
piness; good-will;  kindness;  charitable- 
ness: an  act  of  kindness;  a  contribution  or 
tax  illegally  exacted  by  arbitrary  kings  of 
England.  .:  Beneficence.  —  Benevolent, 
be-iiev'o-lent,  a.  Possessing  love  to  man- 
kind, and  a  desire  to  promote  their  pr(^s- 
perity  and  happiness ;  iucliued  to  charit- 
able actions.— Benevolently,  be-nev'o-lent- 
li,  adu.    In  a  benevolent  manner. 

Bengalee,  Bengali,  ben-gal-5',  n.  The  lan- 
guage or  dialect  spoken  in  Bengal. — Ben- 
galese,  ben-gal-ez',  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Bengal. — n.  sing.a.udpl.  A  native  or  natives 
of  Bengal.— Bengal-light,  n.  A  species  of 
fireworks  used  as  signals  by  night  or  other- 
wise, producing  a  steady  and  vivid  blue- 
coloured  fire. 

Benight,  be-nit',  v.t.  To  shroud  with  the 
shades  of  night ;  to  shroud  or  involve  in 
gloom;  to  overtake  with  night:  in  this 
sense  usually  in  past  participle;  fig^  to  in- 
volve in  moral  darkness  or  ignorance  (the 
benighted  heathen). 

Benign,  b5-nin',  a.  fL.  benignus  for  beni- 
genus,  kind-hearted  —  bemis  for  bonus, 
good,  and  genus,  kind,  race.]  Of  a  kind 
disposition;  gracious;  kind  (our  benign 
sovereign) ;  proceeding  from  or  expressive 
of  gentleness,  kindness,  or  benignity;  salu- 
tary (benign  influences);  nied.  mild;  not 
severe  or  violent.  —  Benignant,  be  -  nig'- 
nant,  a.  Kind;  gracious;  favourable:  fre- 
quently, like  benign,  used  of  the  kind- 
ness of  superiors;  but  benign  is  more  a 
poetical  word.— Benignantly,  be-nig'nant- 
li,  adv.  In  a  benignant  manner. — Benig- 
nity, bg-nig'ni-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  benign  or  benignant;  kindness  of 
Uiiture  ;  graciousness ;  beneficence.  —  Be- 
nignly, bc-nin'li,  adv.  In  a  benign  man- 
ner; favourably;  kindly;  graciously. 

Benison,  ben'i-zn,  n.  fO.Fr.  beneison,  from 
li.  heiiediclio,  a  benediction.  Benediction 
Is  thus  the  same  word.]  A  blessing  uttered 
by  a  person;  a  benediction. 

Benjamin,  ben'ja-min,  n.  [Fr.  ften/oin,  ben- 
zoin. I  A  common  form  of  the  name  of  the 
gum  benzoin. 

Benne,  bcn'e,  n.  [Malay.]  Sesame,  an  East 
I  iidian  .annual  herbaceous  plant,  from  the 
seeds  of  which  a  valuable  oil  is  expressed, 
used,  like  olive-oil,  as  an  article  of  diet 
and  for  other  i)urposes. 

Bent,  bent,  pret.  &  pp.  of  bcnd.—n.  Origi- 
nally, a  condition  of  being  bent  (as  a 
bow);  flexure;  hence,  fi,(t.  turn;  inclination; 
disposition;  natural  tendency;  leaning  or 
bias  of  the  mind. 

Bent,  Bent-grass,  bent,  bent'gras,n.  [A.Sax. 
6eo)iet=G.  binse,  a  rush.].  A  wiry  grass. 


such  as  grows  on  commons  xir  neglected 
ground ;  any  wild  piece  of  land.— Benty, 
ben'ti,  at  Abounding  in  or  resembling 
bent. 

Benthamism,  ben'tham-izm,  n.  That  doc- 
trine of  ethics  or  of  social  and  political 
economy  taught  by  Jeremy  Bentham;  a 
branch  of  utilitarianism. 
Benumb,  b6-num',  v.t.  [Ncmb.]  To  make 
numb  or  torpid;  to  deprive  of  sensation; 
€b  stupefy;  to  render  inactive.— Benumber, 
bC-uum'er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  be- 
numbs. —  Benwnbment,  be-num'ment,  n. 
Act  of  benumbing;  torpidity. 
Benzoin,  Benzolue,  ben-zo'in  or  ben'zoin, 
n.  [Of  Ar.  origin  ==Fr.  benjoin,  Pg.  bei- 
yoiwi.]  Gum  benjamin ;  a  concrete  resin- 
ous juice  or  balsam  flowing  from  incisions 
made  in  the  stem  of  a  tree  of  Sumatra, 
&c.,  chiefly  used  in  cosmetics  and  per- 
fumes, and  in  incense,  having  a  fragrant 
and  agreeable  smell.— Benzoic,  ben-zo'ik, 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from  ben- 
zoin.—Benzole,  BenzoUne,  ben'aOl,  ben'zo- 
lin,  n.  A  clear  colourless  liquid,  of  a  pe- 
culiar ethereal  agreeable  odour,  obtained 
from  coal-tar,  much  used  as  a  solvent  for 
removing  grease  spots,  &o.  Called  also- 
Benzine  (ben'zin). 

Bepraise,  be-jsraz',  v.t.—^epraised,  beprais- 
ing.  To  praise  greatly  or  extravagantly; 
to  pufl'. ,  ' 

Bequeath,  b5-kwe?H',  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  becwe- 
than  —  prefix  be,  and  cwetJian,  to  say. 
Quoth.]  To  gi^-a  or  leave  by  will;  to  de- 
vise by  testament;  to  hand  down;  to  trans- 
mit. —  Bequeathable,  be-kwBTH'a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  bequeathed.— Bequeath- 
er,  b5-kweTH'6r,n.  One  who.— Bequest,  be- 
kwest',  n.  The  act  of  bequeathing  or  leav- 
ing by  will;  something  left  by  will;  a 
legacy. 

Berate,  be-r5t',  v.t— berated,  berating.    To 
rate  or  chide  vehemently;  to  scold. 
Berber,  bCrlaer,  n.    A  person  belonging  to, 
or  the  language  spoken  by,  certain  tribes 
of  North  Africa  (Barbary). 
Berberlne,  b6r'ber-in,  n.    A  substance  ob- 
tained from  the  root  of  the  barberry-tree, 
used  in  dyeing  yellow. 
Bere,  ber,  n.    [A.  Sax.  bere,  barley.    Bar- 
LEv.J    A  species  of  barley  having  six  rows 
in  the  ear. 

Bereave,  be-rBv',  v.t. '—  bereaved  or  bereft 
(pret.  &  pp.),  bereaving.  [Prefix  be,  and 
reave;  A.  Sax.  bereufian.  Rkave.]  To  de- 
prive of  something  that  is  prized;  to  make 
destitute;  to  rob;  to  strip:  with  of  before 
the  thing  taken  away.— Bereavement,  be- 
rev'mcut,  n.  The  act  of  beregiving,  or  state 
of  being  bereaved;  deprivation,  particu- 
larly the  loss  of  a  friend  by  death.  —  Be- 
reaver,  be-rev'6r,  )i.  One  who  or  that 
which  bereaves. 

Berg,  berg,  n.  [A.  Sax.  and  G.  berg,  a  hill.] 
A  large  mass  or  mountain,  as  of  ice;  an 
iceberg. — Bergmehl,  bftrg'mal,  n.  [G.  berg, 
mountain,  and  mehl,  meal.]  Mountain- 
meal,  a  geological  deposit  in  the  form  of 
an  extremely  fine  powder,  consisting  al- 
most entirely  of  the  minute  siliceous  por- 
tions of  diatoms. 

Bergamot,  b^r'ga-mot,  n.  [Fr.  berga-nioie. 
It.  bergamotta,  from  Bergamo,  in  Italy.] 
A  variety  of  pear;  the  lime  or  its  fruit, 
the  rind  of  which  yields  a  fragrant  oil;  an 
essence  or  perfume  from  the  fruit  of  the 
lime;  a  coarse  tapestry  manufactured  ori- 
ginally at  Bergamo,  in  Italy. 
Bergomask,  ber' go-mask,  n.  [It.  berga- 
viasco,  from  Bergamo  in  N.  Italy.]  A  kind 
of  rustic  dance.  [Shak.'\ 
Bergylt,  b^r'gilt,  n.  The  Norwegian  had- 
dock, a  fish  found  in  the  northern  seas. 
Berlin,  bfer'lin  or  ber-lin',  n.  A  four- 
wheeled  vehicle  of  the  chariot  kind,  first 
made  at  Berlin;  Berlin  wool;  a  knitted 
glove.— Berlin  blue,  Prussian  blue,— Ber- 
lin  wool,  a  kind  of  fine  dyed  wool  used  for 
tapestry  Jmitting,&c.—jKerUn  work,  fancy 
work  iu  Berlin  wools  or  worsted. 
Berm,  Berme,  berm,  n.  [O.Fr.  barme,  from 
G.  braine,  6?Yirn«=E.  brim,  border.]  Fort. 
a  space  of  ground  of  3, 4,  or  S  feet  in  width, 
between  the  rampart  and  the  moat  or 
fosse;  the  bank  or  side  of  a  canal  which  is 
opposite  to  the  towing-path. 
Bernese,  ber'nez,  n.  sing,  and  pi.  A  citizen 


or  citizens  of  Berne.  —  a.  Pertaining  to 
Berne  or  its  inhabitants. 

Beroe,  ber'o-6,  n.  [Gr.  Beroe,  one  of  the 
ocean  nymphs.]  A  marine  coelenterate 
animal  gelatinous  and  transparent,  re- 
sembling a  globe  of  jelly,  shining  at  night 
while  floating  in  the  sea. 

Berry,  be'ri,  n.  [A.  Sax.  berie,  a  berry; 
Icel.  ber,  Sw.  and  D.  bar,  G.  beere,  Goth. 
basi;  root  seen  in  Skr.  bhas,  to  eat.]    A 

-  succulent  or  pulpy  fruit,  containing  many 
seeds,  and  usually  of  no  great  size,  such  as 
the  gooseberry,  the  strawberry,  &c.;  what 
resembles  a  berryi  as  one  of  the  eggs  of 
the  lobster.— ti.i.  To  bear  or  produce  ber- 
ries.—Berried,  be'rid,  a.  Furnished  with 
berries. 

Bersaglieri,  ber-siil'ye-a-re,  n.  pi.  The  rifle- 
men or  sharp-shooters  in  the  Italian  army. 

Berserk,  Berserker,  ber'sftrk,  bfer'ser-kfer,  n. 
[Icel.  berserkr,  lit.  'bear-sark,'  or  bear- 
shirt.]  A  kind  of  wild  warrior  or  cham- 
pion of  heathen  times  in  Scandinavia:  a 
person  of  extreme  violence  and  fury. 

Berth,'  berth,  n.  [From  the  root  of  bear.] 
A  station  in  which  a  ship  lies  or  .can  lie;  a 
small  room  in  a  ship  set  apart  for  one  or 
more  ijersons;  a  box  or  place  for  sleeping 
in  a  ship  or  railway-carnage;  a  post  or  ap- 

E ointment;  a  situation.— v.i.  To  assign  a 
erth  or  anchoring  ground  to:  to  allot  a 
berth  or  berths  to.— Berthage,  berth'aj,  n. 
A  charge  made  on  vessels  occupyiEg  a 
berth  in  a  dock  or  harbour. 

Beryl,  ber"!!,  n.  [L.  beryllus,  Gr.  bSryllos, 
of  •eastern  origin.]  A  colourless,  yellowish, 
bluish,  or  less  brilliant  green  variety  of 
emerald,  the  prevailing  hue  being  green. 
— Berylline,  ber'il-lin,  a.  Like  a  beryl;  of 
a  light  or  bluish  green.— Beryllium,  be- 
ril'li-um,  n.    Glucmum. 

Beseech,  hi-sUch', v.t.— besought  (pret.  &  pp.), 
beseeching.  |0.E.  beseke,  toete— prefix  be, 
and  seek.]  To  entreat;  to  supplicate;  to 
implore;  to  beg  eagerly  for;  to  solicit.— 
Beseecher,  be-sech'er,  n.  One  who  be- 
seeches.—Beseechingly,  b5-sech'ing-li,acif. 
In  a  beseec'hing  manner. 

Beseem,  Ue-sem',  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  seein, 
in  old  sense  of  become,  be  seemly.]  To  be- 
come; to  be  fit  for  or  worthy  of.— Beseem- 
ing, be-sem'ing,  a.  Becoming;  fit;  worthy 
of.— Beseemingly,  be-sem'ing-li,  adv.  In 
a  beseeming  manner. — Beseemingness,  be- 
s6m'iiig-nes,  n. 

Beset,  be-set',  v.t. — beset,  besetting.  [A.  Sax. 
besettan,  to  set  near,  to  surround — prefix 
be,  and  settan,  to  set.]  To  distribute  over; 
to  intersperse  through  or  among ;  to  sur- 
round; to  inclose;  to  hem  in  (beset  with 
enemies,  a  city  beset  with  troops);  to  press 
on  all  sides,  so  as  to  perplex  (temptations 
that  beset  us);  to  press  hard  upon. — Beset- 
ment,  be-set' ment,  n.  The  condition  of 
being  beset;  the  sin  or  failing  to  which 
one  13  most  liable  ;•  a  besetting  sin. — Be- 
setting, be-set'ing,  a.  Habitually  attend- 
ing or  assailing  us  (a  besetting  sin). 

Besnrew,  be-shrii',  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  shrew. 
Shrewd.]  To  wish  a  curse  to;  to  execrate: 
generally  used  impersonally  in  jjhrases  in- 
tended as  mild  imprecations  or  maledic- 
tions ibeshrew  me !  beshrew  the  fellow '). 

Beshroud,  be-shroud',  v.t.  To  cover  with  or 
as  with  a  shroud;  to  hide  in  darkness. 

Beside,  be-sid',  prep.  [  Prefix  be,  by,  and 
side.]  At  the  side  of  a  person  or  thing; 
near  to;  apart  from;  not  connected  with 
(beside  the  present  subject).— 3'o  be  beside 
one's  self,  to  be  out  of  one's  wits  or  senses. 
—Beside,  Besides,  be-sidz',  adv.  Moreover; 
over  and  above;  not  included  in  the  num- 
ber, or  in  what  has  been  mentioned.  |  Be- 
«td«sisnow  the  commoner  form.] — Besides, 
prep.  Over  and  above;  separate  or  distinct 
from;  in  addition  to. 

Besiege,  bc-sej',  v.t.— besieged,  besieging.  To 
lay  siege  to;  to  beset  or  surround  with 
armed  forces  for  the  purpose  of  compelling 
to  surrender;  to  beset ;  to  harass  {besieged 
with  applications).— Besieger,  be-s5j'er,  n. 
One  who  besieges. 

Beslobber,  Beslubber,  bE-slob'4r,be-8lub'(ir, 
v.t.    To  soil  or  smear;  to  besmear. 

Besmear,  be-smCr',  v.t.  To  smear  all  over ; 
to  bedaub;  to  overspread  with  some  viscous, 
glutinous,'or  soft  substance  that  adheres; 
to  foul;  to  soil. 


F&te,  fiir,  fat,  fjvU;     roe,  met,  hOr;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tnbe^tub,  bull;,    oil,  pound;     U,  Sc.  absm^-the  Ft  «. 


BESOM 


63 


BEZANT 


Besom,  be'zum,  n.  [A.  Sax.  beaevia,  besma, 
a  besom  =  D.  bezein,Q.  besevi,  besen :  root 
unknown.]  A  broom;  a  bmsh  of  twigs  or 
other  materials  for  sweeping. — v.t.t  To 
sweep,  as  with  a  besom.    IC'owper.] 

Besot,  be-sot',  v.t. — besetted,  basotting.  To 
make  sottish,  as  with  drink;  to  infatuate; 
to  stupefy;  to  make  dull,  stupid,  or  sense- 
less.—Besotment,  b5-sot'ment,  n.  The  act 
of  be>!ottlng;  the  state  of  being  besotted; 
stupidity;  infatuation. — Besotted,  be-sot'- 
ed,  a.  Made  sottish  by  drink;  indicating 
or  proceeding  from  gross  stupidity;  stupid; 
iulatuated. — Besottedly,  be-sot'ed-li,  adv. 
Ill  a  besotted  manner.— Besottedness,  be- 
sot'ed-nes,  n. 

Be-.ought,  be-sat',  pret.  &  pp.  of  beseech. 

Bespangle,  be-spang'gl,  v.t.—besisangled,  be- 
s/Miiigling.  To  adorn  with  spangles;  to  dot 
or  sjjrinkle  with  something  brilliant. 

Bespatter,  be-spat'6r,  v.t.  To  soil  by  spat- 
tering; fig.  to  asperse  with  calumny  or  re- 
proach. 

Bespeak,  be-sp6k',  t».<.  —  bespoke  (pret.),  be- 
spoke, bespoken  ip'^.), bespeaking.  To  speak 
for  (something  wanted)  beforehand;  to  or- 
der or  engage  against  a  future  time;  to 
betoken ;  to  indicate  by  outward  appear- 
ance (an  action  that  bespoke  a  kind  heart). 
— n.  Among  actors,  a  benefit. 

Bespice,  b6-spis',t).<.  To  season  with  spices; 
to  mingle  drugs  with;  to  drug.    [Shak.] 

Bespread,  bs-spred',  v.t.  To  spread  over;  to 
cover  or  form  a  coating  over. 

Besprent,  be-sprent',  pp.  -  [A  participle  of 
the  obsolete  verb  besprenge,  to  besprinkle.] 
Sprinkled  or  scattered.    [Poetical.] 

Besprinkle,  be-spring'kl,  v.t.  To  sprinkle 
over;  to  cover  by  scattering  or  being  scat- 
tered over. 

Bessemer-steel,  bes'e-m6r-st5l,  n.  [From 
Sir  H.  Bessemer,  the  inventor  of  the  pro- 
cess.] Steel  made  directly  from  molten 
cast-iron  by  driving  through  it  currents  of 
air  so  as  to  oxidize  and  carry  off  the  carbon 
and  impurities,  the  proper  quantity  of  car- 
bon for  making  steel  being  then  intro- 
duced. 

Best,  best,  a.  superl.  [A.  Sax.  betest,  betst, 
best,  serving  as  the  superl.  of  g6d,  good= 
D.  and  G.  best,  Dan.  beste,  Icel.  bestr,  Sw. 
biista.  The  root  is  bat,  bet,  seen  also  in  bet- 
ter, Goth,  batista,  best.  Bktter.]  Most 
good;  having  good  qualities  orattainments 
in  the  highest  degree;  possessing  the  high- 
est advantages. — Best  man,  the  right-hand 
man  or  supporter  of  the  bridegroom  at  a 
wedding.— adw.  In  the  highest  degree. — 
n.  Highest  possible  state  of  excellence 
(Shak.) ;  all  that  one  can  do,  or  show  In 
one's  self :  often  used  in  this  sense  with 
the  possessive  pronouns  my,  thy,  his,  their, 
&c. — At  best,  considered  or  looked  at  in  the 
most  favourable  light. — To  make  the  best 
of,  to  use  to  the  best  advantage;  to  get  all 
that  one  can  out  of ;  to  put  up  with  as 
well  as  one  can. 

Bestead,  b6-sted',  pp.  of  an  obs.verb.  [Prefix 
be,  and  stead,  place.]  Placed,  disposed,  or 
circumstanced  as  to  convenience,  benefit, 
and  the  like ;  situated :  now  always  with 
ill,  well,  sore,  &c. 

Bestial, bes'ti-al, a.  [L.  bestialis,fvoTabestia, 
a  beast.]  Belonging  to  a  beast  or  to  the 
class  of  beasts ;  animal;  having  the  quali- 
ties of  a  beast;  brutal;  brutish. — Bestiality, 
bes-ti-al'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  a  beast; 
beastliness. — Bestialize,  bes'ti-al-iz;  v.t. — 
bestialized,  besiializing.  To  make  like  a 
beast ;  to  bring  or  reduce  to  the  condition 
of  a  beast.— Bestially,  bes'ti-al-li,  adv.  In 
a  bestial  manner.— Bestiarian,  bes-ti-a'ri- 
an,  n.  One  who  takes  an  interest  in  the 
kind  treatment  of  beasts;  one  who  opposes 
vivisection. 

Bestir,  be-ster',  v.t.  To  stir;  to  put  into 
brisk  or  vigorous  action:  usually  reH. 

Bestovir,  b5-sto',  v.t.  To  stow  away;  to  lay. 
up  in  store;  to  deposit ;  to  lodge ;  to  place 
(often  refl.);  to  give;  to  confer;  to  impart: 
followed  by  on  or  upon  before  the  recipient. 
— Eestower,  be-sto'er,  n.  One  who  bestows; 
a  giver;  a  disposer.— Bestowment,  Bestow- 
al, b6-sto'ment,  be-sto'al,  n.  The  act  of 
bestowing. 

Bestrew,  be-str8'  or  be-stro',  v.t.  To  scatter 
over;  to  besprinkle;  to  strew. 

Bestride,  be-strid',  v.t. —bestrid,  bestrode 


(pret.),  bestrid,  bestridden  (pp.),  bestriding. 
To  stride  over;  to  stand  or  sit  on  with  the 
legs  on  either  side;  to  step  over;  to  cross 
by  stepping  (Shak.). 

Bet,  bet,  v.t.  and  i.—bet  or  betted,  totting. 
[A  contraction  of  ahet,  to  encourage,  l>ack 
up.]  To  lay  or  stake  in  wagering;  to  stake 
or  pledge  something  upon  the  event  of  a 
contest;  to  wager. — n.  A  wager;  that  which 
is  laid,  staked,  or  pledged  on  any  uncer- 
tain question  or  event;  the  terms  on  which 
a  bet  is  laid.— Better,  Bettor,  bet'fer,  het'- 
or,  n.    One  who  lays  bets  or  wagers. 

Betake,  be-tak',  v.t. — betook  (pret.),  betaken 
(pp.),  bitdking.  [Prefix  6e,  and  taie. J  To 
repair ;  to  resort ;  to  have  recourse :  with 
the  reflexive  pronpnns. 

Betel,  Betle,  be'tl,  n.  [An  Oriental  word.] 
A  species  of  pepper,  a  creeping  or  climb- 
ing plant,  cultivated  throughout  India, 
tho  Malayan  Peninsula  and  Islands,  for 
the  sake  of  its  leaf,  which  is  chewed  with 
the  betel-nut  and  lime.— Betel-nut,  n.  The 
kernel  of  the  fruit  of  a  beautiful  palm-tree 
found  in  India  and  the  East,  which  is 
eaten  both  in  its  unripe  and  mature  state. 

Bethink,  be-thingk',  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
think. \  To  call  or  recall  to  mind;  to  bring 
to  consideration:  always  with  a  reflexive 
pronoun  ito  bethink  one's  self  o/ a  thing). 
— w.i.t  To  have  in  recollection;  to  consider. 

Betide,  be-tid',  v.t.  — betid,  betided  (pret.), 
betid  (pp.),  betiding.  [Prefix  be,  and  tide, 
from  A.  Sax.  tidan,  to  happen.  Tide.j 
To  happen  br,  to  befall;  to  dome  to.—v.i. 
To  come  to  pass;  to  happen. 

Betimes,  be-timz',  adv.    [Prefix  be  for  by, 

•and  time,  with  adverbial  genitive  termina- 
tion.] Seasonably;  jn  good  season  or  time; 
early;  at  an  early  hour;  soon;  in  a  short 
time. 

Betoken,  bC-toTcn,  v.t.  To  be  or  serve  as  a 
token  of;  to  foreshow;  to  indicate  as  future 
by  that  which  is  seen. 

Beton,  bet'on  or  ba-ton,  n.  [Fr.  beton,  from 
O.Fr.  beter,  to  harden.]  A  mixture  of  lime 
and  gravel,  which  grows  into  a  compact, 
mass;  concrete. 

Betongue,  be-tung',  v.t.  To  scold;  to  at- 
tack with  the  tongue. 

Betony,  bet'o-ni,  n.  [L.  betonica.']  A  British 
plant  formerly  much  employed  in  medi- 
cine, and  sometimes  used  to  dye  wool  of  a 
fine  dark  yellow. 

Betook,  bc-tnk',  pret.  of  betake. 

Betray,  be-tra',  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  O.Fr. 
trair,  Fr.  trahir,  to  betray,  from  L.  tradere, 
to  give-up  or  over.  Tradition.]  To  deliver 
into  the  hands  of  &n  enemy  by  treachery 
in  violation  of  trust;  to  violate  by  fraud 
or  uiifaithfulness  (to  betray  a  cause  or 
trust) ;  to  play  false  to ;  to  reveal  or  dis- 
close (secrets,  designs);  to  let  appear  or  be 
seen  inadvertently  (to  betray  ignorance). 
—Betrayal,  be-tr§,'al,  n.  Act  of  betraying. 
—Betrayer,  b6-tra'6r,  n.  One  who  betrays; 
a  traitor. 

Betroth,  b5- troth',  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
troth.  Troth.]  To  contract  to  any  one  in 
order  to  a  future  marriage;  to  affiance;  to 
pledge  one's  troth  to  (O.  T.).— Betrothal, 
Betrothment,  be-troth'al,  b5-troth'ment, 
n.    The  act  of  betrothing. 

Better,  bet'fer,  a.  serving  as  the  compar.  of 
good.  [A.  Sax.  betera,  betra,  with  corres- 
ponding forms  in.  the  other  Teutonic 
languages.  Best.]  Having  good  qualities 
in  a  greater  degree  than  another;  prefer- 
able, in  regard  to  use,  fitness,  or  the  like; 
improved  in  health. — To  be  better  off,  to  be 
in  improved  or  in  superior  circumstances. 
—adv.  In  a  more  excellent  or  superior 
manner;  more  correctly  or  fully;  in  a 
higher  or  greater  degree;  with  greater  ad- 
vantage; more, in  extentor amount  (better 
than  a  mile).— v.t.  To  make  better;  to  im- 
prove; to  ameliorate;  to  increase  the  good 
qualities  of  (soil,  &c.);  to  advance  the  in- 
terest or  worldly  position  of;  to  surpass; 
to  exceed;  to  improve  on  (as  a  previous 
effort).  —  v.i.  To  grow  better ;  to  become 
better;  to  improve.— n.  A  superior;  one. 
who  has  a  claim  to  precedence:  generally 
in  the  plural,  and  with  possessive  pro- 
nouns.—  The  better,' a,  state  of  improve- 
ment: generally  in  adverbial  phrase  for 
the  better  (to  alter  a  thing  /or  the  better) ; 
advantage;  superiority;  victory  (to  have 


or  get  the  better  of).— Betterment,  bet'fer- 
ment,  n.  A  making  better;  improvement. 
— Bettemess,  bet'6r-nes,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  better;  superiority.— Better-half, 
n.    A  colloquial  term  for  wife. 

Bettong,  bet'tong,  n.  [Native  name.}  A 
marsupial  animal  inhabiting  Australia, 
allied  to  the  kangaroos. 

Between,  be-twen',  prep.  [A.  Sax.  betuied- 
num,  betwednan—pie&x.  be,  and  dat.  pi.  of 
twein,  twain,  from  twd,  two;  akin  twain, 
twin.]  In  the  space,  place,  or  iuteival  of 
any  kind  separating;  in  intermediate  re- 
lation to;  from.one  to  another  of  (letters 
passing  between  them);  in  partnership* 
among  (shared  between  them);  so  as  to  af- 
fect both  of;  pertaining  to  one  or  other  of 
two  (the  blame  lies 6eto««n  you).— Betwixt, 
be-twikst', prep.  [A.  Sax.  betweox,  betweohs 
— prefix  be,  and  tweoh,.ixon\  twd,  two.  The 
t  is  excrescent  as  in  amidst,  &c.]  Between; 
passing  between;  from  one  to  another. 

Bevel,  bev'el,  n.  [O.Fr.  bevel;  origin  un- 
known.] The  obliquity  or  inclination  of 
one  surface  of  a  solid  body  to  another  sur- 
face of  the  same  body;  an  instrument  for 
drawing  or  measuring  angles.— a.  Having 
the  form  of  a  bevel ;  slant ;  not  upright. 
[5^ai-.] — v.u. — bevelled,  bevelling.  To  cut  to  a 
bevel. — v.i.  To  slaiitorinclineoffto^  bevel- 
angle.— Bevel-angle,  n.  Any  angle  except 
a  right  angle.— Bevelrgeax,  n.  A  species 
of  wheel-work  in  which  the  axis  or  shaft 
of  the  driving-wheel  forms  an  angle  with 
the  axis  or  shaft  of  the  wheel  driven. — 
Bevelled,  bev'eld,  a.  Having,  a  bevel; 
formed  with  a  bevel-angle.  —  Bevelling, 
bev'el-ing,  a.  Inclining  from  a  right  line; 
slanting  toward  a  bevel-angle. 

Beverage,  bev'er-aj,  n.  [O.Fr.  beuvrage, 
from  boivre,  bevre,  L.  bibere,  to  drink.j 
Drink;  liquor  for  drinking. 

Bevy,  bev'i,  n.  [Perhaps  of  similar  origin 
with  beverage,  and  originally  a  drinking 
company,  or  animals  collected  at  aTwater- 
ing-place.]  A  flock  of  birds;  a  company  of 
females. 

Bewail,  be-wal',  v.t.  To  wail  or  weep  aloud 
for;  to  lament.— Bewailable,  be-wal'a-bl, 
a.  Capable  or  worthy  of  being  bewailed. 
— Bewailer,  be-wal'fer,  n.  One  who  bewails 
or  laments.  —  Bewailing,  b^-wal'ing,  n. 
Lamentation.— Bewailingly,be-waring-li, 
adv.  In  a  bewailing  manner.  —  Bewail- 
ment,  b6-wal'ment,  n.  The  act  of  bewail- 
ing. 

Beware,  b5-war',t».i.  [Be,  imperative  of 
verb  to  be,  and  ware=wary.  Ware,  AVart.] 
To  be  wary  or  cautious ;  to  be  suspicious 
of  danger;  to  take  care:  now  used  only  in 
imperative  and  infinitive,  with  of  before 
the  noun  denoting  what  is  to  be  avoided. 

Bewilder,  be-wil'dfer,  v.t..  [Prefix  be,  and 
old  mlder,  to  lead  astray.  Wild.]  To  lead 
into  perplexity  or  confusion ;  to  perplex ; 
to  puzzle;  to  confuse.— Bewilderingly,  b5- 
wil'd6r-ing-li,  adv.  So  as  to  bewilder. — 
Bewilderment,  be- wil'dfer-ment,  n.  State 
of  being  bewildered. 

Bewitch,  be-wich',  v.t.  To  subject  to  tlie 
influence  of  witchcraft;  to  throw  a  charm 
or  spell  over;  to  please  to  such  a  degree  as 
to  take  away  the  power  of  resistance. — 
Bewitcher,  b5-wich'6r,  re.  One  that  be- 
witches or  fascinates.  —  Bewitchery,  be- 
wich'6r-i,  n.  Witchery;fa8cination; charm. 
— Bewitching,  bc-wich'ing,  a.  Having 
power  to  bewitch  or  to  control  by  the  arts 
of  pleasing.— Sewjtchingly,be-wich'ing-ii, 
odw.— Bewitchingness,  be-wich'ing-nes,  n. 
—Bewitchment,  be-wich'ment,  n.  Fascin- 
ation; power  of  charming. 

Bewray,t  be-ra;,  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  A.  Sax. 
wrigan,  to  disclose,  accuse.]  To  disclose 
perfidiously;  to  betray;  to  divulge.  [N.T.] 

Bey,  ba,  n.  [Turk,  beg,  pron.  as  bey.]  A 
governor  of  a  town  or  district  in  the  Turk- 
ish dominions;  also,  a  prince;  a  beg. 

Beyond,  be-yond',  prep.  [A.  Sax.  begeond, 
begeondan-prenx  be,  and  geond,  yond, 
yonder.  Yon.]  On  the  further  side  of; 
oat  of  reach  of;  further  than  the  scope  or 
extent  of;  above;  is  a  degree  exceeding  or 
surpassing. 

Bezant,  bez'ant,  re.  [From  Byzantium.]  A 
gold  coin  of  Byzantium;  a  coin  current  in 
England  from  the  tenth  century  till  the- 
time  of  Edward  III. 


ch,  cftain;     eft,  So.  locft;     ^,  po;_  j,  jolo;^^n^Fr.  ton;  _  njr,  eing;     tB^thexa  th,  <Wn;     w,  wigj^^wh.joftig;^  zh,a«ure. 


BEZEL 


6f 


BIGT 


Bezel,  bez'el,  n.  [A  form  of  hasil,  Fr.  beseau, 
a  slope.  Basil.]  The  part  of  a  finger  ring 
which  surrounds  and  holds  fast  the  stone; 
the  groove  in  which  the  glass  of  a  watch  is 
set. 

Bezetta.  b5-zet'ta,  n.  Coarse  linen  rags  or 
sack)  ng  soaked  in  certain  pigments,  which 
are  thus  prepared  for  exportation;  such 
pigment  itself.  Ked  bezetta  is  colotired 
with  cochineal. 

Bezique,  bo-zek',  n.  [Fr.]  A  simple  game 
at  cards,  played  by  two,  three,  or  four  per- 
sons. 

Bezoar,  be'zor,  n.  [O.Fr.  bezoar,  from  Per. 
pCuizahr — pad,  dispelling,  and  zAhr,  poi- 
son.) A  name  for  certain  concretions 
found  in  the  intestines  of  some  animals 
(especially  ruminants),  formerly  (and  still 
in  some  places)  supposed  to  be  an  anti- 
dote to  poison. 

Bhang,  bang,  n.  An  Indian  variety  of  the 
common  hemp,  having  highly  narcotic 
and  intoxicant  properties;  a  drug  pre- 
paTed  from  the  plant  used  as  a  narcotic, 
an  anodyne,  &c. 

Biangular,  Biangulate,  bi-ang'gu-ler,  bi- 
aug'gu-lat,  a.  Having  two  angles  or  cor- 
ners. 

Biarticulate,bi-ar-tik'u-lat,  o.  Having  two 
.ioints. 

Bias,  bi'as,  n.  [Fr.  biais,  from  L.L.  bifax, 
bifacis,  two-faced — L.  6i,double,  and/acies, 
the  face.J  A  weight  on  the  side  of  a  bowl 
'which  turns  it  from  a  straight  line;  that 
which  causes  the  mind  to  incline  towards 
a  particular  object  or  course;  inclination; 
bent;  prepossession.  —  v.t.  —  biassed  or  bi- 
ased; biassinit  or  biasing.  To  give  a  bias 
or  particular  direction  to;  to  prejudice;  to 
prepossess.— at/v.  In  a  slanting  manner; 
oljliquely. 

Biaxal,  Biaxial,  bl-aks'al,  bi-aks'i-al,  a. 
Having  two  axes. 

Bib,  bib,  n.  A  fish  of  the  cod  family,  about 
a  foot  in  length,  found  in  the  Britisli  seas. 

Bib,*  bib,  v.t.  and  i.— bibbed,  bibbing.  [L. 
bibo,  bibere,  to  drink.]  To  sip ;  to  tipple ; 
to  drink  frequently.  —  n.  [So  called  be- 
cause protective  of  the  child's  dress  when 
drinking.]  A  small  piece  of  linen  or  other 
cloth  worn  by  children  over  the  breast. — 
Bibacious,t  bi-ba'shus,  a.  [L.  bibax,  biba- 
cis.]  Addicted  to  drinking. —Blbacity,t 
bi-bas'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  biba- 
cious. — Bibber,  bib'6r,_ji,  A  tippler;  a 
man  given  to  drinking. — Bibulous,  bib'u- 
lus,  a.  [L.  bibulus.]  Having  the  quality 
of  imbibing  fluids;  spongy;  addicted  to 
drinking  intoxicants ;  ^  pertaining  to  the 
drinking  of  intoxicant^  (bibulous  propen- 
sities). ■ 

Bibaslc,  bi-bas'ik,  o.  [Prefix  bi,  double, 
and  basic.}  Chem.  a  term  applied  to  those 
acids  which  combine  with  two  equivalents 
of  a  base. ' 

Biberine,  bi-b5'rin,  n.  ■  Same  as  Bebeerine. 

Bible,  Whl,  n.  [Fr.  bible,  6r.  biblia,  the 
books,  pi.  of  biblion,  dim.  from  biblos,  pa- 
pyrus, paper,  a  book.]  Originally  a  book, 
but  specifically  restricted  now  to  The 
Book.,  by  way  of  eminence;  the  sacred 
Scriptures,  consisting  of  two  parts,  the 
Old  Testament,  originally  written  in  He- 
brew, the  New  Testament  in  Greek. — Bib- 
lical, bib'lik-al,  a.^  Pertaining  to  the  Bible 
or  to  the  sacred  writings. — Biblically,  bib'- 
lik-al-li,  adv.  In  a  bililical  manner ;  ac- 
cording to  the  Bible.— Biblicist,  bib'li-sist, 
n.  One  skilled  in  the  knowledge  and  in- 
terpretation of  the  Bible.  —  Biblist,  bi'- 
blist,  n.  One  conversant  with  the  Bible; 
one  who  mivkes  the  Bible  the  sole  rule  of 
faith. 

Bibliography,  bib-li-og'ra-fi,  n.  [Gr.  bib- 
lion,  a  boo)c,  and  grapho,  to  write.]  A  his- 
tory or  description  of  books  or  manu- 
Bcnpts,  with  notices  of  the  different  edi- 
tions, the  tiines  when  they  were  printed, 
&c.— Bibliographer,  bib-li-og'ra-ftr,n.  One 
versed  in  bibliography;  one  who  composes 
or  compiles  the  history  of  books. — Biblio- 
graphic, BibUographical,  bib'li-o-graf'ik, 
bib'li-o-graf"ik-al,  a^  Pertaining  to  bib- 
liography. 

Bibliolatry,  bib-li-ora-tri,  n.  [Gr.  biblion, 
a  book,  and  latrda,  worship.]  Worship  or 
homage  paid  to  books;  excessive  reverence 
for  any  book,  especially  the  Scriptures.— 


Bibllolatrist,  bib-li-ol'a-trist,  n.  A  book- 
worshipper;  a  worshipper  of  the  Bible. 

Bibiiolo^,  bib-li-oro-ji,  n.  [Gr.  biblion,  a 
book,  and  logos,  discourse.]  Biblical  liter- 
ature, doctrine,  or  theology;  a  treatise  on 
books;  bibliography.  —  Bibliological,  bib'- 
li-o-loj"ik-al,  a.    Relating  to  bibliology. 

Bibliomancy,  bib'li-O-man-si,  n.  [Gr.  bib- 
lion, a  book,  and  manteia,  divination.] 
Divination  performed  by  means  of  a  book; 
divination  by  means  of  the  Bible,  consist- 
ing in  selecting  passages  of  Scripture  at 
hazard  and  drawing  from  them  indications 
concerning  things  future. 

Bibliomania,  bib'li-o-ma"ni-a,  n.  [Gr.  bib- 
lion, a  book,  and  mania,  madness.]  Book- 
madness;  a  rage  for  possessing  rare  and 
curious  books.  —  Bibliomaniac,  bib'li-o- 
ma"ui-ak,  n.  One  affected  with  biblio- 
mania. — Bibliomaniacal,  bib'li-o-ma-ni"- 
ak-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  bibliomania. — 
Bibliomani8t,t  bib-li-om'an-ist,  n.  A  bib- 
liooianiac. 

BibUopegy,  bib-li-op'e-ji,  n.  [Gr.  biblion,  a 
book,  and  pegnymi,  to  make  firm.]  The 
art  of  bookbinding. 

Bibliophile,  bib'li-o-fil,  n.  [Gr.  biblion, 
book,  and  phileO,  to  love.]'  A  lover  of 
books.  — Bibliophilism,  bib-li-of'il-izm,  n. 
Love  of  bibliography  or  of  books. — Bibli- 
ophilist,  bib-Ii-of'il-ist,  n.    A,  bibliophile. 

Bibliopole,  .,bib'li-o-pol,  n.  [Gr.  biblion,  a 
book,  and  poleO,  to  sell.]  A  bookseller. — 
Bibliopolic,  Bibliopolical,  bib'li-o-pol"ik, 
bib'li-o-pof''ik-al,  a.  llelating  "to  book- 
selling or  booksellers.— Bibliopolist,  bib- 
li-op'ol-ist,  n.    A  bibliopole. 

Blbllotheca,  bib'li-o-the"ka,  n.    [L.,  from 

*Gr.  biblion,  a  book,  and  iheke,  a  reposi- 
tory.]   A  library,— Bibliothecal,  bib'li-G- 

.  the"kal,  a.    Belonging  to  a  library. 

Bibulous.    Bib. 

Bicameral,  bi-kam'6r-al,  a.  [L.  prefix  bi, 
twice,  aiid  camera,  a  chamber.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  consisting  of  two  legislative  or 
other  chambers.  , 

Bicarbonate,  bi-karTjon-at,  n.  A  carbonate 
containing  two  equivalents  of  carbonic 
acid  to  one  of  a  btise. 

Bice,  Bise,  bis,  n.  [Fr.  bis;  etymology  un- 
known;] A  name  given  to  two  colours 
used  in  painting,  one' blue,  the  other 
green,  and  both  native  carbonates  of  cop- 
per. 

Bicentenary,  bi-sen'te-na-ri,  n.  [L.  bi,  twice, 
and  E.  centenar!/.'\  The  period  of  two 
hundred  years;  the  commemoration  of  an 
event  that  happened  two  hundred  years 
before. — a.  Relating  to  a  bicentenary;  oc- 
curring once  in  two  hundred  years. 

Biceps,  Di'seps,  n.  [L.,  from  bi,  dquble,  and 
caput,  the  head.]  A  muscle  having  two 
heads  or  origins;  the  name  of  two  muscles, 
one  of  the  arm  the  other  of  the  thigh. — 
Bicipital,  Bicipitons,  bi'sip'it-al,  bi-sip'it- 
us,  a.  Having  two  heads;  two-headed; 
pertaining  to  a  biceps. 

Bicker,  bik'6r,  v.i.  [W.  bicra,  to  fight,  bicre, 
conflict.]  To  skirmish;  to  quarrel;,  to  con- 
tend in  words;  to  scold;  to  run  rapidly;  to 
m^e  quickly  with  some  noise,  as  a  stream; 
to  quiver;  to  be  tremulous,  like  flame  or 
water;  to  makea  confused  nx)ise;  to  clatter. 
— n.  A  fight,  especially  a  confused  fight. 

Biconcave,  bi-kon'kav,  a.  Hollow  or  con- 
cave on  both  sides.    , 

Blconjugate,  bi-kon'ju-gat,  a:  In  pairs; 
placed  side  by  side;  boi.  twice  paired,  as 
when  a  petiole  forks  twice. 

Blcom,  Bicomons,  bi'kom,  bi-kor'nus,  a. 
[h.  bi,  double,  and  comw,  a  horn.]  Hav- 
ing two  horns  or  antlers;  credent-shaped. 

Bicorporal,  bi-kor'po-ral,  a.  Ha-\-ing  two 
bodies;  double-bodied. 

Bicuspid,  bi-kus'pid,  a.  [L.  prefix  bi,  two, 
and  ctispis,  a  prong.]  With  two  cusps  or 
points;  two-fanged:  often  applied  to  teeth, 
as  to  the  two  first  pairs  of  grinders  in  each 
jaw. 

Bicycle,  bi'si-kl,  n.  [L.  prefix  bi,  two,  and 
Gr.  kyklos,  a  circle  or  wheel.]  A  two- 
wheeled  velocipede;  a  vehicle  consisting 
of  two  wheels,  one  behind  the  other,  con- 
nected by  a  curved  metal  bar  carrying  a 
seat,  the  machine  being  propelled  by  the 
feet  of  the.  rider  acting  on  levers  which 
move  the  large  front  wheel. — Blcycllat, 
bi'sik-list,  n.    One  who  rides  on.a  bicycle. 


Bid,  bid,  v.t.— bid  or  bade  (pret.),  bid,  bid- 
den (pp.),  bidding.  [Partly  from  A.  Sax. 
biddan,  to  pray,  ask,  declare,  command  = 
Icel.  bidja,  G.  bitten,  Goth,  bidjan,  to  ask, 
to  pray;  partly  from  A.  Sax.  beOdan,  to 
offer,  to  bid  =  Goth,  biudan,  6.  biete^i,  to 
offer,  command.]  To  ask,  request,  or  in- 
vite (a  person);  to  pray;  to  wish;  to  say  to 
by  way  of  greeting  or  benediction  (to  bid 
good-day,  farewell);  to  command;  to  order 
or  direct;  to  enjoin:  followed  by  an  objec- 
tive and  infinitive  without  to  {bid  him 
come);  to  offer;  to  propose,  as  a  price  at 
an  auction. — n.  An  ofter  of  a  price,  espe- 
citiUy  at  an  auction.— Bidder,  bid'er,  n. 
One  who  bids  or  offers  a  price.  —  Eidding- 
prayer,  n.  An  old  form  of  prayer  used 
before  sermon  exhorting  the  people  to 
pray  for  men  of  all  conditions. 

Bide,  bid,  v.i.  (A.  Sax.  bidan=lcel.  bida, 
D.  beiden,  Goth,  beidan.  Hence  abide.] 
To  be  or  remain  in  a  place  or  state;  to 
dwell;  to  inhabit.— ».<.  To  endure;  to  suf- 
fer; to  bear;  to  wait  for  (chiefly  in  phrase 
to  bide  one's  tivie). 

BIdental,  Bidentate,  bi-den*tal,  M-den't5t, 
a.  [L.  bidens—pre&x  bi,  and  dens,  a  tooth.] 
Having  two  teeth,  or  processes  like  teeth; 
two-toothed. 

Bidery,  bid'6r-i,  n.  [From  Bidar,  a  t«wn 
in  India.]  An  alloy  of  copper,  lead,  tin, 
and  zinc,  vised  in  India  for  making  many 
elegant  and  artistic  articles. 

Bidet,  bi-det'  or  be-da,  n.  [Fr.]  A  horse 
for  carrying  a  trooper's  baggage;  a  cham- 

.  ber^ot  mounted  on  a  stand;  a  sort  of 
small  portable  bath. 

Biennial,  bi-en'ni-al,  a.  [L.  biennirim,  a 
space  of  two  years— prefix  bi,  twice,  an- 
nus, a  year.]  Happening  or  taking  place 
once  in  two  years;  bot.  continuing  for 
two  years  and  then  perishing ;  taking  two 
years  to  produce,  its  flowers  and  fruit. — 
n.  A  biennial  plant.— Biennially,  bi-eu'ni- 
al-_li,  adv.  Once  in  two  years;  at  the  re- 
turn of  two  years. 

Bier,  bc-r,  n.     (O.E.  beere,  bere,  A.  Sny. 
baer,  a  bier;  from  the  root  of  hear,  ii 
carry.]    A  carriage  or  frame  of  wooi:    ■ 
conveying  a  coipse  to  the  grave. 

Biestings,  best'ingz.    See  Beestiko  • 

Bifacial,  bi-f a'shi-al,  a.  [L.  prefix  I 
fades,  a  face.]  Having  the  oppo 
faces  alike. 

Bifarious,  bi-fa'ri-us,  a.    [L.  bifari.i 
fold.]    Divided  into  two  parts;  du.      ■ 
twofold. — Bifariously,  bi-fa;ri-us-li,  <; 
In  a  bifarious  manner.  '  . 

Biferous,  bif'er-us,  o.     IL.  prefix  bi,  twice, 

,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  Bot.  bearing  flowers 
or  fruit  twice  a  year. 

Biffin,  bif'in,  n.  (Prom  the  resemblance  pf 
its  flesh  to  beef.]  An  excellent  kitchen 
apple  cultivated-  in  England  and  often 
sold  in  a  dried  and  flattened  condition. 

Bifid,  bi'fid,  tt.  [L.  bytdus— prefix  bi,  twice, 
findo,fldi,  to  split.]  Cleft  or  divided  into 
two  parts;  forked;  bot.  divided  half-way 
down  into  two  parts;  opening  with  a 
cleft. 

Bifilar,  bi-fil6r,  a.  CL.-  prefix  bi,  twice, 
and  Jilum,  a  thread.]  Two-threaded;  fit- 
ted or  furnished  with  two  threads  (a  b^lar 
micrometer). 

Bifold,  bi'fold,  a.  [Prefix  bi,  twice,  and 
fold.]  Twofold;  double;  of  two  kinds,  de- 
grees, &c.    [Sliak.] 

Bifoliate,  bi-fo'li-at,  a.    [L.  bi,  twice,  two, 

'  and  folium,  a  leaf.]  In  bot..  having  two 
leaves. 

Biforiu,  Bifonued,  bi'form,  bi'formd,  a. 
[Ij.  biformis,  double-formed  —  bi,  twice, 
and  forma,  form.]  Having  two  forms, 
bodies,  or  shapes;  double-bodied. — Bifor- 
mity,  bi-for'mi-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being 
biform;  a  doubleness  of  form. 

Bifurcate,  bi-f6r'kat,  a.    [h.  bi,  twice,  and 

furca,  a  fork.1  Forked;  divided  into  two 
branches.- Bifurcation,  bi-f4r-ka';ihon,  r.. 
A  forking  or  division  into  two  branches. 

Big,  big,  a.  [Etymology  doubtful;  perhaps 
connected  with  Sc.  or  North.  E.  to  Ing, 
Icel.  byggja.  Dan.  bygge,  to  build.]  ITa\- 
ing  size,  whether  large  or  small;  niorc 
especially,  great;  large;  bulky;  great.wiili 

?oung;  pregnant;  hence.  Jig.  full  of  some- 
hing  important;  teeming;  distended;  full, 
aa  with  grief  or  passion;  tumid;  haughty 


•Fate. ffiiJa tall fel!;.iA.ine.  wetLbiJi^me^pin;^^^  note,  not,  naOve;  itabe,  tub,  b\tU ; ..^ oil,  pouadi.^ tt.  Sc  jibune— tbe'Fr,  v. 


BIGAMY 


65 


BmARY 


in  air  or  mien:  pompous;  proud.— Bigness, 

big'nfes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  beinK 
big;  size;  bulk.— IJig-hora,  ra.  A  large  and 
very  wild  8i)ecio8  of  sheep  with  horns  3i 
feet  long  found  in  the  western  mountains 
of  N.  America;  the  Rocky  Mountain  sheep. 
-^Big-wig,  n.  A  person  of  great  importance, 
consequence,  or  dignity;  a  great  or  notable 
personage.    [CoUoq.J 

Bigamy,  big^u-mi^  n.  [Prefix  oi,  twice,  and 
Gr.  gamos,  marriage.]  The  erinic,  fact,  or 
state  of  having  two  (or  more)  wives  or 
husbands  at  once.— Bigamist,  big'a-mist, 
n.  One  who  ha'i  committed  bigamy.  — 
Bigamous,  big'a-mus,  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  bigamy;  guilty  of  bigamy. 

Bigg,  big,  n.  [Icel.  hijgg,  Dan.  hyg,  barley.] 
A  variety  of  barley  having  six  rows  of 
grains;  here. 

Biggin,  Biggen,  big'in,  n.  [Fr.  b4guin,  the 
cap  of  the  Beguines.]  A  child's  cap;  a 
night-cap;  a  coif.    [ShaJc.} 

Biggin,  big'in,  n.  [A  form  of  plggin,  from 
pig,  a  small  earthen  vessel.]  A  can;  a  con- 
trivance for  straining  the  grounds  from 
coffee. 

Eight,  bit,  n.  [A.  Sax.  byht,  from  blgan, 
biigan,  to  bow  or  bend  =  L.G.  Dan.  Icel. 
bugt,  a  bending,  a  bay. '  Bow.]  A  bend  in 
a  ooast-line;  a  bay ;  the  double  of  a  rope 
when  folded;  a  bend  anywhere  except  at 
the  ends;  a  loop. 

Blgnonia,  big-no'ni-a,  n.  [After  M.  JBignon, 
librarian  to  Louis  XIV.]  The  generic 
name  of  a  number  of  plants,  inhabitants 
of  hot  climates,  usually  climbing  shrubs 
with  beautiful  trumpets  shaped  flowers, 
hence  their  name  of  trumpet-/tower. 

Bigot,  big'ot,  n.  [Fr.  bigot,  a  bigot:  Ifc. 
bigotto,  bigofzo.  Etymology  uncertain. 
Some  suppose  it  a  corruption  of  Visigoth; 
others  j'eier  it  to  the  oath  bi  Gott  (by 
God)  common  among  the  Norse  settlers 
in  Normandy.]  A  person  obstinately  and 
unreasonably  wedded  to  a  pai-ticular  re- 
ligious creed,  opinion,  or  practice  3  a 
person  blindly  attached  to  any  opinion, 
system,  or  party.— Bigoted,  Bigotted,  big*- 
ot-ed,  a.  Having  the  character  of  a  bigot; 
lielonging  to  a  bigot;  showing  blind  at- 
tachment to  opinions.— Bigotedly,  big'ot- 
cd-li,  adv.  In  a  bigoted  manner. — Bigotry, 
big'ot-ri,  n.  The  practice  or  tenets  of  a 
bigot;  obstinate  or  blind  attachment  to  a 
particular  creed  or  to  certain  tenets;  un- 
reasoning zeal;  intolerance. 

Bijou,  b6-zha,  n.  [Fr.l  A  jewel;  something 
small  and  pretty.— BiJoTiterie,  be-zhd-tr6, 
n.    Jewelry;  trinkets.' 

Bijugous,  Bijugate,  bi'jn-gus,  bi'ja-gftt,  a. 
[Li.  bijugis,  bijugua,  yoked  two  together, 
double— 6i,  two,  and  jwerum,  a  yoke.]  £ot. 
having  two  pairs  of  leaflets. 

Bilabiate,  bi-la'bi-9,t,  a.    [h.  bi,  twice,  and 

.  labium,  a  lip.]  £ot.  applied  to  a  corolla 
having  two  lips,  the  one  placed  over  the 
other. 

BUamlnar,  bi-Iam'i-n6r,  a.  [L.  bi,  twice, 
two,  and  lamina,  a  lamina.]  Having  or 
consisting  of  two  thin  plates  or  lamime. 

BUander,  T)i'lan-d6r,  n.  [D.  bijlander—bij, 
by,  near,  and  land,  land.]  A  small  mer- 
chant vessel  with  two  masts,  used  chiefly 
in  the  Dutch  canals;  a  kind  of  ho^. 

Bilateral,  bi-lat'6r-al,  a.  [L.  bi,  twice,  and 
latus,  lateris,  a  side.]  Having  two  sides; 
of  or  pertaining  to  two  sides;  two-3ided. 

Bilberry,  bil'be-ri,  n.  [Dan.  667Ze6cer^  bil- 
berry —  bolle,  of  doubtful  meaning,  and 
beer,  a  berry.]  A  dark  blue  or  almost  black 
beriy,  the  fruit  of  a  small  shrub  belonging 
to  the  cranberry  family  (akin  to  the  heaths) 
Ero\ying  on  moors  and  woods  in  Britain; 
the  shrub  itself. 

BUbo,t  bil'bo,  n.  [From  BiTboa  in  Spain, 
famous  for  their  manufacture.]  A  rapier; 
a  sword.— Bilboes,  bil'boz,  n.  pi.  A  con- 
trivance for  confining  the  feet  of  prisoners 
— a  long  bar  or  bolt  of  iron  with  shackles 
sliding  on  it  and  a  lock  at  the  end. 

Bile,  bil,  n.  [Fr.  bile,  L.  hUi»,  bile,  also 
anger,  spleen.]  A  yellow  bitter  liquid, 
separated  from  the  blood  b^  the  action  of 
the  liver,  and  discharged  into  the  gall- 
bladder, its  most  obvious  use  being  to  as- 
sist in  the  process  of  digestion;  ill-nature; 
bitterness  of  feeling;  spleen.— Bilia.ry,  bil'- 
i-a-ri,  n.  Pertaining  to  or  containing  bile. 


—Bilious,  bil'i-us,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  af- 
f'-ctod  by  bile ;  having  an  excess  of  bile ; 
liaving  tho  health  deranged  from  excesa 
of  bile  in  the  system. —BiliouBaess,  bil'i- 
us-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
bilious,  or  of  suffering  from  an  excessive 
secretion  of  bile. 

BUge,  bilj,  n.  [A  different  orthography  of 
bulge.]  The  protuberant  part  of  a  cask;, 
the  breadth  of  a  ship's  bottom,  or  that 
part  of  her  floor  which  approaches  to  a 
horizontal  direction. — v.i.Naut.  to  spring  a 
leak  in  the  bilge. — Bilge-pump,  n.  A  pump 
to  draw  the  bilge-water  from  a  ship.  — 
Bilge-water,  71.  A  water  wliich  enters  a 
ship  and  lies  upon  her  bilge  or  bottom. 

Bilingual,  bi -ling'gwal,  o.  [L.  bilinguig— 
bi,  double,  and  lingua,  a  tongue,  a  lan- 
guage.] Containing,  or  expressed  in,  two 
languages  (a  bilingual  dictionary).  —  Bi- 
Unguous,  bi-ling'gwus,  a.  Speaking  two 
lauguages;  bilingual. 

Biliteral,  bi-ljt'6r-a,l,  a.  [L.  U,  twice,  and 
litera,  a  letter.]   Consisting  of  two  letters. 

Bilk,  bilk,  v.t.  [Probably  a  form  of  balk.] 
To  deceive  or  defraud  by  non-fulfilment 
of  engagement;  to  leave  in  the  lurch;  to 
deeamp  without  paying  (a  person). 

Bill,  bil,  n.  I  A.  Sax.  bile,  a  beak.]  The 
beak  of  a  fowl.— ti.t.  To  join  bills  or  beaks, 
as  doves;  to  caress  fondly.— Billed,  bild,  a. 
Having  a  bill:  usually  in  composition. 

Bill,  bil,w.  [A.  Sax.  bil,  bill,  a  bill; a  sword, 
&c.;  D.  and  G.  Mile,  a  pick;  Dan.  biil,  D. 
bijl,  G.  beil,  a  hatchet;  root  in  Skr.  bhU,  to 
split.]  A  cutting  instrument  hook-shaped 
towards  the  point,  or  with  a  concave  cut- 
ting edge,  used  in  pruning,  ic;  a  bill- 
hook ;  an  ancient  military  weapon,  con- 
sisting of  a  broad  hook -shaped  blade, 
having  a  short  pike  at  the  back  and  an- 
other at  the  summit,  attached  to  a  long 
handle.— Bill-hook,  n.  A  small  variety  of 
hatchet  with  a  hook  at  the  end  of  the 
cutting  edge. 

Bill,  bil,  n.  [O.Fr.  biUe,  a  label  or  note, 
from  L.L.  billa,  bulla,  a  seal,  a  letter,  a 
roll,  from  L.  bulla,  a  boss,  a  stud,  whence 
bull,  a  papal  edict.]  A  sheet  or  piece  of 
paper  containing  a  statement  of  certain 
particulars;  a  sheet  containing  a  public 
notice  or  advertisement;  a  note  of  charges 
for  goods  supplied,  work  done,  or  the  like, 
with  the  amount  due  on  each  item ;  a 
declaration  of  certain  facts  in  legal  pro- 
ceedings; a  written  promise  to  pay  or  docu- 
ment binding  one  to  pay  a  specified  sum  at 
a  certain  date ;  a  bill  01  exchange  (see  be- 
low); a  draft  of  a  law  presented  to  a  legis- 
lature to  be  passed  into  an  act :  also  ap- 
plied to  various  measures  that  are  really 
acts. — Bill  of  divorce,  a  writing  given  by 
a  husband  to  his  wife  among  the  Jews  by 
which  their  marriage  was  dissolved. — Bui 
of  entry,  a  written  account  of  goods  entered 
at  tho  custom-house.— jBi//  of  erxhange,  an 
order  drawn  by  one  porson  (the  drawer)  on 
another  (the  drawee)  who  is  either  in  the 
same  or  in  some  distant  country,  request- 
ing or  directing  him  to  pay  money  at  a 
specified  time  to  some  person  assigned  (the 
payee),  who  may  either  be  the  drawer 
himself  or  some  other  person.  The  person 
on  whom  the  bill  is  drawn  becomes  the 
'acceptor'  by  writing  his  name  on  it  as 
such.  —  Bill  of  fare,  in  a  hotel,  restau- 
rant, &c.,  a  list  of  refreshments  ready  to 
be  supplied.- .BiM  of  health,  a  certificate 
signed  by  consuls  or  other  authorities  as 
to  the  health  of  a  ship's  company  at  the 
time  of  her  clearing  any  port,  a  clean  bill 
being  given  when  no  disorder  is  supposed 
to  exist,  and  a  foul  bill  when  it  is  known 
to  exist. — BiU  of  lading,  a  memorandum 
of  goods  shipped  on  board  of  a  vessel, 
signed  by  way  of  receipt  by  the  master  or 
the  vessel.- BiK  of  mortality,  an  official 
return  of  the  number  of  deaths  occurring 
in  a  place  within  a  certain  time. — Bill  of 
sale,  a  formal  instrument  for  the  trans- 
fer of  personal  property  (as  furniture,  the 
stock  in  a  shop),  often  given  in  security 
for  a  debt,  empowering  the  receiver  to 
sell  the  goods  if  the  money  is  not  repaid 
at  the  appointed  time.  —  Bill-broker,  n. 
One  who  buys,  negotiates,  or  discounts 
bills  of  exchange,  promissory  notes,  and 
the  like,— Bill-poster,  Bill-sticker,  n.  One 


who  posts  or  sticks  up  bills  or  placards  in 
public  places. 

Billet,  bil'et,  n.  [A  dim.  of  bUl'^Sr.  billet. 
BiLi..]  A  small  pgper  or  note  in  writing; 
a  short  letter;  a  ticket  directing  soldiers 
at  what  house  to  lodge. — Billet,  bil'et,  v.t. 
Toquai-ter  or  place  in  lodgings,  as  soldiers 
in  private  houses.— w.t.  To  be  quartered; 
to  lodfe;  specifically  applied  to  soldiers. 

Billet,  bil'et,  «.  [Fr.  billot,  a  log,  from 
biUe,  the  stock  of  a  tree,  from  the  Celtic! 
A  small  stick  or  round  piece  of  wood  used 
for  various  purposes;  arch,  an  imitation 
of  a  wooden  billet  placed  in  a  hollow 
moulding  at  intervals  apart,  usually  equal 
to  its  own  length. 

BUlet-doux,bil-le-diJ,n.  pi.  BiUets-doux, 
bil-le-do.  [Fr.,  lit.  sweet  billet  or  note.] 
A  love  note  or  short  love-letter. 

Billiards  bil'yertlz,  n.  |Fr.  billard,  the 
game  of  billiards,  a  billiard  -  ciie,  from 
bille,  a  piece  of  wood.]  A  game  played  on 
a  long,  rectangular,  cloth-covered  table, 
with  cues  or  maces  and  ivory  balls,  which 
the  players  strike  against  each  other,  and 
generally  also  drive  into  pockets  at  the 
sides  and  comers  of  the  table. — Billiard, 
biry<:rd,  a.  Pertaining'  to  or  used  in  the 
mme  of  billiards.  —  Billiard -marker,  ». 
One  who  attends  on  players  at  billiards 
and  records  the  progress  of  the  game. 

Biilicock,  bil'i-kok,  n.  A  low-crowned  felt 
h.at.    [Colloq.l 

Billingsgate,  bil'ingz-gat,  n.  [From  a  fish- 
market  of  this  name  in  London,  celebrated 
for  the  use  of  foul  language.]  Profane  or 
foul  language;  ribaldry. 

Billion,  bU'yon,  n.  IFr.,  contr.  from  L.  bis, 
twice,  and  miUionA  A  million  of  millions. 

Billon,  bil'on,  n.  [Fr.J  An  alloy  of  copper 
and  silver,  used  in  some  countries  for  coins 
of  low  value. 

Billow,  bil'o,  n.  [Icel.  bylgja,  Dan.  biilgc, 
Sw.  bolia,  n  swell,  a  billow,  from  root  of 
bvlge,  belly,  bellows.]  A  great  wavo  or 
surge  of  the  sea. — v.i.  To  swell;  to  rise  and 
roll  in  largo  waves  or  surges. — BlUoyy, 
bil'lo-i,  a.  Swelling  into  large  waves;  full 
of  surges;  belonging  to  billows;  w^avy. 

BUIy-boy,  bil'U-boi,  n.  A  flat-bottomed, 
blutf-bowed  bargo,  especially  built  for  tho 
navigation  of  the  liumber  and  its  tribu- 

Bllobate,  bi-lo'bat,  a.  [Prefix  bi.  and  lobate.] 
Divided  into  two  lobes  (a  bilooate  leaf). 

BUocular,  bi-lok'0-lfir,  a.  [L.  bi,  twice,  and 
?ocii2M?,acelI,from  toc?M,  a  place.]  Divided 
into  two  cells,  or  containing  two  cells  in- 
ternally. 

Blmaculate,  bi-mak'a-lat,  a.  [Ii.  hi,  twice, 
doubly,  and  vuacula,  a  spot.]  Having  two 
spots;  marked  with  two  spots. 

Bunanotis,  bi'ma-uus,  o.  [L.  bi,  twice,  two, 
and  manus,  a  handj  Having^twb  hands; 
pertaining  to  the  Bimana.— -Blmana,  bi'- 
ma-na,  n.  pi.  Animals  having  two  hands: 
a  term  applied  to  the  highest  order  of 
Mammalia,  of  which  man  is  the  type  and 
sole  genus. 

Bimensal,  bi-men'sal,  a.  [L.  bi,  two,  twice, 
and  mensis,  a  month. J.  Occurring  once  in 
two  months. 

Bimetallic,  bi-me-tal'ik,  o.  [Prefix  6t, 
twice,  and  metallic.'}  Of  or  pertaining  to 
two  metals ;  pertaining  to  -the  use  of  a 
double  metallic  standard  in  currency. — 
BimetaUism,  bi-met'al-izm,  n.  That  sys- 
tem of  cun-ency  which  recognizes  coins  of 
two  metals,  as  silver  and  gold,  as  legal 
tender  to  any  amount. — Bfinetalllst,  bi- 
met'al-ist,  n.  One  who  favours  bimetal- 
lism. 

Bimonthly,  bi-munth'U,  a.  [Prefix  H, 
twice,  and  monthly.]  Occurring  every  two 
months. 

Bin,  bin,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bin,  hinn,  a  bin,  a 
hutch;  D.  ben,  G.  benne,  binne,  a  basket.] 
A  box  or  inclosed  place  used  as  a  reposi- 
tory of  any  commodity;  one  of  tho  sub- 
divisions of  a  cellar  for  wine-bottles. 

Binacle,  bin'a-kl,  n.    Same  as  Binnacle. 

Binary,  bi'na-ri,  a.  [L.  binus,  double,  two 
and  two.]  Consisting  or  composed  of  two 
or  of  two  parts;  double;  twofold;  dual, — 
Binary  compound,  chem.  a  compound  of 
two  elements,  or  of  an  element  and  a  com- 
pound equivalent  to  an  element,  or  of  two 
such  compounds,  according  to  tho  laws  of 


oli.c/tain;     eft,  Sc.  locAj     giPo;     J.jpbi    jij,  Fr.  tonj  'ng,  8i»»<;;     «ii,  fAeu;  th,  Wtin:     w,  wigj     wh,  »Aigi     zh,  a»ure. 


BIXD 


66 


BISHOP 


combination. — Binary  star,  a  double  star, 
one  of  tivo  stars  associated  together  so  as 
to  form  a  sj'stem,  the  one  revolving  round 
the  other,  or  both  round  their  common 
centre  of  gravity. — Blnate,  bi'nat,  a.  Jiot. 
being  double  or  in  couples;  growing  in 
pairs. 

Sind,  bind,  v.t — bound  (pret,  &  pp.),  bind- 
iiig.  [A.  Sax.  bindan,  pret.  hand,  pp.  6Mn- 
den= Icel.  §tv.  binda,  Uan.  binde,  D.  and 
G.  binden,  same  root  "as  Skr.  bandh,  to 
bind."]  To  tie  or  confine  with  a  cord,  or 
anything  that  is  flexible;  to  fasten  or  en- 
circle, as  with  a  band  or  ligature;  to  put 
a  ligature  or  bandage  on;  to  put  in  bonds 
or  fetters;  to  hold  in,  confine,  or  restrain; 
to  engage  by  a  promise,  agreement,  vow, 
law,  duty,  or  any  other  moral  or  legal  tie; 
to  form  a  border  on,  or  strengthen  by  a 
border;  to  sew  together  and  cover  (a  book). 
— v.i.  To  exercise  an  obligatory  influence; 
to  be  obligatory;  to  tie  up;  to  tie  sheaves 
up;  to  grow  hard  or  stiff  (of  soil). — Binder, 
bind'tr,  n.  A  person  who  binds;  one 
whose  occupation  is  to  bind  books;  one 
who  binds  sheaves ;  anything  that  binds, 
as  a  fillet,  cord,  rope,  or  band;  a  bandage. 
— Bindery,  bind'er-i,  ji.  A  place  where 
books  are  bound. — Binding,  bind'ing,  a. 
Serving  to  bind;  having  power  to  bind  or 
oblige ;  obligatory ;  making  fast ;  astrin- 
gent.— n.  The  act  of  one  who  binds;  any- 
thing which  binds;  the  cover  of  a  book, 
with  the  sewing  and  accompanying  work; 
something  that  secures  the  edges  of  cloth. 
— Bindingly,  bind'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  bind- 
ing manner:  so  as  to  bind. — Bindingness, 
bind'ing-nes,  n.  The  character  of  being 
binding  or  obligatory  — Bind-weed,n.  The 
common  name  for  twining  or  trailing 
plants  of  the  convolvulus  family,  common 
in  cornfields  and  waste  places  and  over- 
running hedges. 

Bine,  bin,  n.  [From  the  verb  to  bind.]  The 
slender  stem  of  a  climbing  plant :  some- 
times written  Bind. 

Bing,  bing,  n.  [Dan.  binge,  Icel.  bingr,  a 
heap.]    A  large  heap,  as  of  com,  coal,  ore, 

•  &c. 

Binn,  bin,  n.    Same  as  Bin. 

Binnacle,  bin'a-kl,  n.  [Formerly,  bittacle, 
from  Fr.  habitacle,  a  little  house  for  pilot 
and  steersman,  from  L.  hdbitaculum,  an 
abode,  from  habito,  to  dwell.  Habitation.] 
A  box  on  the  deck  of  a  vessel,  near  the 
helm,  containing  the  compass  and  lights 
by  which  it  can  be  read  at  night. 

Binocle,  bi'no-kl  or  bin'o-kl,  n.  [L.  binus, 
double,  and  oculus,  an  eye.]  A  telescope 
with  two  tubes  to  enable  a  person  to  view 
an  object  with  both  eyes  at  oiice.— Binocu- 
lar, bi-nok'Q-l6r,  a.  Having  two  eyes; 
pert.aining  to  both  eyes;  suited  for. the 
simultaneoususe  of  both  eyes. 

Binomial,  bi-no'mi-al,  n.  [L.  &i,  two,  twice, 
aad  nomen,  a  name.]  Alg.  aja  expression 
or  quantity  consisting  of  two  terms  con- 
nected by  the  sign  plvs  (+)  or  fnintis  ( — ). 
— a.  Pertaining  to  binomials. — Binomial 
theorem,  a  celebrated  theorem  by  Sir  Isaac^ 
Newton,  for  raising  a  binomial  to  any*"" 
power,  or  for  extracting  any  root  of  it. — 
Binominal,  bi-nom'i-nal,  p..  Consisting  of 
or  pertaining  to  two  names;  pertaining  to 
.the  scientific  n  a-mingof  plants  and  animals 
by  a  Latin  or  Latinized  generic  and  speci- 
ficcame,  a  system  introduced  byLinnDeus; 
as  Etepkas  Indicus,  the  Indian  elephant. 

Binturong,  biu'ta-rong,  n.  [Native  name.J 
An  ursine  animal  allied  to  the  racoon, 
found  in  the  Malay  archipelago. 

Biocellate,  bi-os'el-lat,  a.  [L.  bi,  two,  and 
ocellus,  an  eyelet.]  Marked  with  two  eye- 
like spots,  as  an  insect's  wing. 

Biodynamics,  bi'5-di-nam"iks,  n.  fGr.  hios, 
life,  and  E.  dynamics  (which  see).]  The 
doctrine  of  vital  forces  or  energy. 

Biogenesis,  bi-o-jen'e-sis,  n.  fGr.  bios,  life, 
and  genesis^  generation.  ]  The  origin  of 
what  has  life  (vegetable  or  animal)  from 
living  matter;  the  doctrine  which  holds 
that  living  Organisms  can  spring  only 
from  living  parents :  as  opposed  to  afko- 
oenesis;  the  hjstorj'  of  the  life  development 
of  organized  existences.— Biogenetic,  bi-6- 
je-net'ik,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  biogenesis. 

Biography,  bi-og'ra-fi,n.  [Gr.  bios,  life,  and 
i/rapiio,  to  write.]    The  history  of  the  life 


and  character  of  a  particular  person;  a  life; 
a  memoir ;  biographical  writings  in  gen- 
eral, or  as  a  department  of  literature. — 

'  Biographer,  bi-og'ra-f  6r,  n.  One  who  writes 
aViography;  a  writer  of  lives. — Biographic, 
Biographicail,  bi-o-graf'ik,  bi-o-graf'ik-al, 
a.  Pertaining  to  biographj';  containing 
biography.  —  Biographically,  bi-o-gral'ik- 
al-li,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  biograph3'. 
— Biographize,  bi-og'ra-fiz,  v.t.  /To  write 
the  biography  of. 

Biology,  bi-ol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  bios,  life,  and 
logos,  a  discourse.]  The  science  of  life;  that 
branch  of  knowledge  which  treats  of  or- 
ganized beings  or  animals  and  plants,  in- 
cluding their  morphology,  physiology,  ori- 
gin or  development,  and  distribution. — 
Biologic,  Biological,  bi-o-loj'ik,  bi-o-loj'ik- 
al,  a.  Pertaining  to  biology.— Biologist, 
bi-ol'o-jist,  Ji.  One  skilled  in  or  who  studies 
biology. 

Bioplasm,  bi'o-plazm,  n.  [Gr.  bios,  life,  and 
plastna,  anything  formed,  from  plasso,  to 
form.]  The  albuminoid  substance  consti- 
tuting the  living  matter  of  the  elementary 
part  or  cell  in  p;nfits  and  animals;  ger- 
minal matter. — Bioplasmic,  bi-0-plaz'mik, 
a.  Consisting  of  or  pertaining  to  bio- 
Ijlasm. 

Biota,xy,  bi'O-tak-si,  n.  [Gr.  bios,  life,  and 
taxis,  arrangement.]  The  scientific  classi- 
fication of  animals  and  plants. 

Blparous,  bip'a-rus,  a.  [L.  'bi,  twice^  and 
pario,  to'  bear.]  Bringing  forth  two  at  a 
birth. 

Bipartlble,  Bipartile,  bi-par'ti-bl,  bi-par'til, 
a.  [L.  prefix  bi,  twice,  and  partio,  to  di- 
vide.] Capable  of  being  divided  into  two 
parts. — Bipartite,  bi-par'tit,  a.  In  two 
parts;  having  two  correspondent  parts; 
double;  bat.  divided  into  two  parts  nearly 
to  the  base,  as  leaves.— Bipartition,  bi-par- 
ti'shon,  n.    The  act  of  making  bipartite. 

Biped,  bi'ped,  n.  [L.  bipes — bi,  twice,  and 
pes,  pedis,  a  foot.]  An  animal  having  two 
feet,  as  man.— Bipedal,  bi'ped-al,  o.  [L. 
bipedalis.]    Having  two  feet. 

Bipennate,  bi-pen'nat,  a.  [L.  bi,  double, 
and  penna,  a  wing.]  Having  two  wings 
or  organs  resembling  wings. 

Bipinnate,  bi-pin'nat,  a.  [L.  bi,  double,  and 
mnnatus,  winged.]  Bot.  doubly  pinnate ; 
having  pinnae  which  are  themselves  pin- 
nate: said  of  leaves. 

Biplicate,  bi'pli-kat,  a.  [L.  hi,  twice,  and 
plico,to  fold.]  Doubly  folded;  twice  folded 
together.— Biplicity,  bi-plis'i-ti,  n.  State 
of  being  biplicate;  doubleness. 

Biquadratic ,bi-kwod-rat'ik,»i.  [L.6i,double, 
twice,  and  quadratus,  squared.]  Math,  the 
fourth  power,  arising  from  the  multipli- 
cation of  a  square  number  or  quantity  by 
itself ;  the  square  of  the  square.- a.  Per- 
taining to  the  biquadratic  or  fourth 
power. 

Birch,  birch,  n.  [A.  Sax.  byre,  beorc=lce\. 
and  Sw.  bjork,  Dan.  and  Sc.  birk  (comp. 
Sc.  kirk,  "E.  church),  D.  berk,  G.  birke,  Rus. 
bereza,  Lith.  berzas,  Skr.  bhurja—a.  birch.] 
A  graceful  tree  having  small  leaves,  slen- 
der, often  drooping  branches,  and  a  smooth 
whitish .  bark ;  a  kind  of  wine  is  made 
from  its  spring  sap,  its  bark  is  much  used 
in  tanning,  and  its  timber  is  employed  in 
turnery;  an  instrument  of  punishment 
used  by  schoolmasters,  generally  made  of 
the  tough,  slender  twigs  of  the  common 
birch. — Birchen,  bferch'en,  a.  Made  of 
birch ;  consisting  of  birch. 

Bird,  b6rd,  n.  [A.  Sax.  brid,  a  young  bird, 
from  the  root  of  brood,  breed.  Fowl  was 
originally  the  word  for  bird  in  general.] 

.A.  feathered,  warm-blooded  animal,  ijith 
two  legs  and  two  wings,  producing  j'oung 
from  eggs;  one  of  the  feathered  class  (Aves) 
of  the  vertebrate  animals. — v.i.  To  catch 
birds.— Bird-bolt,  n.  An  arrow,  broad  at  the 
end,  for  shooting  birds.— Bird-call,  n.  An 
instrument  for  imitating  the  cry  of  birds'in 
order  to  attract  or  decoy  them.  —  Bird- 
cherry,  n.  A  species  of  cherry  having  the 
flowers  in  racemes  and  fruit  only  fit  for 
birds.— Bird-lime,  n.  A  viscous  substance 
prepared  from  holly-bark,  &c.,  used  for 
entangling  birds,  twigs  being  for  this  pur- 
pose smeared  with  it  at  places  where  birds 
resort.— «.<.  To  besmear  with  bird-lime.-^ 
Bird-of-Faradlae,  n.    One  of  a  family  of 


conirostral  birds  found  in  the  islands  of 
the  Indian  Archipelago,  the  male  birds 
being  celebrated  for  their  gorgeous  plum- 
age.— Bird-oYgan,n.  A  small  barrel-organ 
used  in  teaching  birds  to  whistle  tunes. — 
Bird's-eye,  71.  The  popular  name  of  a  spe- 
cies of  primrose  or  wild  germander  and  sev- 
eral other  plants;  a  kind  of  cut  tobacco,  the 
minute  slices  of  the  stems  of  which  are 
marked  somewhat  like  a  bird's  eye.-Bird's- 
eye  maple,  the  wood  of  the  sugar-maple, 
which  is  marked  by  little  knotty  spots  re- 
sembling birds'  eyes,  and  is  m\ich  used  in 
cabinet-making. — Bird's-eye  t)ieM),a  view  or 
landscape  Shown  as  it  might  appear  to  a 
flying  bird;  hence,  a  rapid  and  compre- 
hensive viev/  of  a  subject.— Bird's-foot,  n. 
A  common  name'  for  sevflral  plants,  hav- 
ing legumes  somewhat  resembling  the 
claws  of  a  bird.— Blrd's-nest,  n.  A  name 
of  several  plants,  especially  a  British  or- 
chid having  a  root  resembling  a  nest. — 
Bird-spider,  n.  A  Brazilian  species  of 
spider  large  enough  to  prey  on  small  birds. 
— Bird-witted,  a.  Not  having  the  faculty 
of  attention;  liighty. 

Bireme,  bi'rem,  n.  [L.  hireviis — bi,  two,  and 
remus,  an  oar.]  An  ancient  Greek  or 
Roman  vessel  with  two  banks  or  tiers  of 
oars. 

Blretta,  Beretta,  be-ret'ta,  ba-ret'ta,  n.  [It. 
berretta;  L.L.  bireiium,  birretum,  dim.  of 
biTTus,  a  hood.]  A  square  cap  worn  by 
ecclesiastics;  priests  have  it  black,  bishops 
purple,  cardinals  red:  written  also  Bir- 
retta. 

Birostrate,  bi-ros'trat,  a.  [L.  bi,  twice,  and 
rostrum,  a  beak.]  Having  a  double  beak, 
or  process  resembling  a  beak. 

Birr,  bir,  n.  [Imitative  of  the  sound.]  A 
whirring  noise.— t>.i.  To  make  a  whirring 
noise. 

Birth,  berth ,n.  [A.  Sax.  beorth, byrih, from 
beran,  to  bear;  Goth,  gabaurths,  G.  geburt.] 
The  act  or  process  of  being  bom;  the  occa- 
sion of  an  individual's  coming  into  life ; 
the  act  of  bearing  or  bringing  forth ;  par- 
turition ;  the  condition  in  which  a  person 
is  bom;  lineage;  extraction;  descent;  that 
which  is  born  or  produced;  origin;  begin- 
ning.—Birthday,  n.  The  day  on  which 
any  person  is  bom,  or  the  anniversary  of 
the  day;  day  or  time  of  origin.— Birth- 

.  mark,  n.  Some  congenital  mark  or  blem- 
ish on  a  person's  body. — Birthnight,  n.  The 
night  in  which  a  person  is  bom;  the  anni- 
versary of  that  night.— Birthplace,  n.  The 
place  of  one's  birth ;  place  of  origin.  — 
Birthright,  n.  Any  right  or  privilege  to 
which  a  person  is  entitled  by  birth;  right 
of  primogeniture.— Birth-root,  n.  A  North 
American  plant,  the  roots  of  which  are 
esteemed  as  astringent,  tonic,  and  anti- 
septic. 

Biscotin,  bis'kot-in,  n.  [Pr.;  It.  biacotino. 
BiscuJT  ]  A  confection  made  of  flour,  sugar, 
marmalade,  and  eggs;  sweet  biscuit. 

Biscuit,  bis'ket,  n.  [Fr.  bis,  twice,  and 
cvit  ill  coctus),  cooked.  Cook.)  A  kind  of 
hard,  dry,  flat  bread,  so  prepared  as  not  to 
be  liable  to  spoil  by  being  kept;  a  kind  of 
small  baked  cake  variously  made;  porce- 
lain or  earthenware  after  being  first  fired, 
and  before  the  application  of  the  glazing 
and  embellishments;  unglazed  porcelain, 
of  which  small  articles  of  statuary  are 
made. 

Biscutate,  bi- ska 'tat,  a.  [L.  prefix  bi, 
double,  and  sciUum.,  a  shield.]    Bot.  re- 

,  sembling  or  having  two  shield-like  parts. 

Bisect,  bi-sekt',  v.t.  [L.  bi,  two,  and  seco, 
sectum,  to  cut.]  To  cut  or  divide  into  two 
parts,  more  especially  into  two  equal 
parts,  as  a  line,  &c. — Bisection,T)i.-sek'shon, 

■  n.  The  act  of  bisecting;  the  division  of  a 
line,  angle,  &c.,  into  two  equal  parts. — 
Bisegment,  bi-seg'ment,  n.  One  of  the 
parts  of  a  bisected  line. 

Biserial,  Blseriate,  bi-s6'ri-al,  bi-se'ri-at,  a. 
Arranged  in  two  series  or  rows. 

'Bisexual,  bi-seks'fl-al,  a.  Having  the  organs 
of  both  sexes  in  one  individual;  of  two 
sexes;  hermaphrodite;  bot.  having  both 
stamen  and  pistil  within  the  satiie  enve- 
lope. J 

Biiihop,  bi8h'up,n.  [A.  Sax.  Mscop,  a  bishop; 
from  Gr.  episcavos,  an  overseer — evi,  over, 
and  skopeo,  to  look.    Bishop  is  the  same 


'''ate,  far,  fat,  fftll;     me.met,  h4r;.   pine,  pin;     note.-not,  move;     tabe,  tub,  bflll ;     oil,  pound;     tl,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.u 


BISK 


67 


blacjk: 


word  as  Fr.  dveque  (a  bishop),  though  they 
jhave  not  a  letter  in  common.]  A  member 
of  the  highest  order  of  the  Christian  min- 
istry; a  prelate  having  the  spiritual  direc- 
tion and  government  of  a  diocese,  the 
oversight  of  the  clergy  within  it,  and  with 
whom  rests  the  power  of  ordination,  con- 
firmation, and  consecration;  a  piece  in  the 
game  of  chess  having  its  upper  section 
cleft  in  the  form-  of  a  bishop's  mitre. — 
Bishopric,  bish'up-rik,  n.  [Bishop,  and 
ric,  jurisdiction  =  A.  Sax.  rice,  D.  rijk,  (i. 
reich,  realm,  dominion.]  The  office  or  dig- 
nity of  a  bishop;  the  district  over  which 
the  jurisdiction  of  a  bishop  extends;  a  dio- 
cese. 

Bisk,  bisk,  n.  [Fr.  bisque,  probably  from 
L.  biscoctus,  twice  cooked  or  boiled.  Bis- 
cuit. ]  Soup  or  broth  made  by  boiling  sev- 
eral sorts  of  meats  together. 

Bismuth,  bis'muth  or  biz'muth,  n.  [G.  big- 
muth,  wismnth.]  Chemical  sym.  Bi;  sp. 
gr.  9'8.  A  metal  of  a  yellowish  or  red- 
dish white  colour  and  a  lamellar  texture, 
somewhat  harder  than  lead  and  not  mal- 
leable, used  in  the  composition  of  pewter, 
in  the  fabrication  of  printers'  types,  and 
in  various  other  metallic  mixtures. — Bis- 
'muth glance,  the  name  of  one  or  two  ores 
of  bismuth;— Blsmuthal,  Bismuthlc,  bis'- 
(biz')muth-al, big'(biz')muth-ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  composed  of  bismuth. — Blsfiiutn- 

'in,  Bisinuthine,  bis' (biz')  muth-in,  n.  A 
native  sulphurBtof  bismuth.— Blsmuthite, 
bi3'(bi2')muth-it,  n.  Native  carbonate  oi 
bismuth;  a  white,  dull  green,  or  yellowish 
mineral. 

Bison,  bi'son,  n.  [L.  bison,  Gr.  bisSn,  a  name 
borrowed  from  the  ancient  Germans.]  The 
name  of  two  bovine  quadrupeds,  the  Euro- 
pean bison  or  aurochs,  and  the  American 
bison,  usually  but  improperly  called  the 
buffalo,  havyig  -ehort,  black,  rounded 
horns,  and  on  the  shoulders  a  large  hunch, 
consisting  of  a  fleshy  substance. 

Bisque,  bisk,  n.  [Fr.]  Unglazed  white 
porcelain  for  making  statuettes;  biscuit. 

Bissextile,  bis-seks'til,  n.     fL.  bisextilis 

'  (annus),  leap-year,  from  bi,  twice,  and  sex- 
tus,  sixth,  because  the  sixth  day  before 
the  calends  of  March (=our  24th  Feb.) -was 
reckoned  twice  every  fourth  year,  a  day 
(the  biseztvs)  being  intercalated.]  Leap- 
year.— a.  Pertaining  to  leap-year. 

Bistort,  bis'tort,  n.  [L.  bistorta—bis,  twice, 
and  tortus,  twisted.]  A  plant,  so  called 
because  of  its  twisted  roots:  called  also 
Snakeweed  and  Adder' s-wort. 

Bistoury,  bis'tu-ri,  n.  [Fj.  biatottri.]  A 
surgical  instruihent  for  making  incisions, 
shaped  in  various  ways. 

Bistre,  Bister,  bis'tfer,  n.  [Fr.  bistre.1  A 
brown  pigment  prepared  from  the  soot  of 
wood,  especially  of  the  beech. 

Bisulcate,  Vji-surkat,  a.  [L.  bi,  double,  and 
sulcus,  a  turrow.]  Cloven-footed,  or  hav- 
ing two-hoofed  digits,  as  oxen  or  swine. 

Bisulphate,  bi-sul'fat,  n.  In  chem.  a  salt 
of  sulphuric  acid,  in  which  one-half  of  the 
hydrogen  of  the  acid  is  replaced  by  a 
metal.  — Bisulphite,  bi-sul'fit,  n.  A  salt 
of  sulphurous  acid,  in  which  one-half  of 
the  hydrogen  of  the  acid  is  replaced  by  a 
metal. 

Bit,  bit,  pret.  &  pp.  ot  bite. 

Bit,  bit,  n.  [From  the  verbal  stem  bite,  lu 
sense  of  piece  it  is  the  A.  Sax.  biia,  bite, 
Icel.  biti,  a  bite,  a  mori-el;  in  sense  of  part 
of  a  bridle  it  corresponds  to  A.  Sax.  hitol, 
X>.  bit,  Icel.  bitill,  G.  gebiss.'j  A  small  piece 
of  anything;  a  piece,  morsel,  fragment,  or 
part;  any  small  coin  (a  fourpcnny-6it);  the 
metal  part  of  a  bridle  which  is  inserted  in 
the  mouth  of  a  horse,  and  its  appendages, 
to  which  the  reins  are  fastened;  a  boring 
tool  for  wood  or  metal,  fixed  in  a  stock, 
brace,  lathe,  or  the  like;  the  part  of  a  key 
which  enters  the  lock  and  acts  on  the  bolts 
and  tumblers;  the  cutting  blade  of  a  plane. 
. .  In  certain  phrases  a  bit  often  means 
somewhat,  a  little,  a  whit;  as,  he  is  a  bit 
of  a  painter;  not  a  bit  better.— A  bit  of 
one's  mind,  one's  candid  opinions  expressed 
in  clear  and  unflattering  terms. —v.£.— 
bitted,  bitting.  To  put  a  horse's  bit  into 
t!;9  mouth  of. 

Bitch,  'oich,  n.  [A.  Sn.x.  bitce—Hc.  bicJc,  Tcel, 
bik.vja,  ly..n.  bikke.}    The  female  of  canine 


animals,  as  of  the  dog,  wolf,, and  fox;  a 
term  of  reproach  for  a  woman. 

Bite,  hit, v.t.— bit  (pret.),  bit,  bitten  (pp.),  bit- 
ing. [A.  Sax.  61tan=Icel.  bita,  IX  bijten, 
Goth,  beitan,  G.  beiszen;  allied  to  L.  findo, 
fidi,  Skr.  bhid,  to  split.  Bit,  bitter,  beetle  are 
from  this  stem.]  To  cut,  break,  or  crush 
with  the  teeth;  to  penetrate  or  seize  with 
the  teeth;  to  cause  a  sharp  or  smarting 
pain  to  (pepper  bites  the  mouth);  to  pinch 
or  nip  as  with  frost ;  to  blast  or  blight ;  to 
grip  or  catch  into  or  on,  so  as  to  act  with 
effect  (as  an  anchor,  a  file,  &c.);  to  corrode 
or  eat  into,  by  aqua  f  ortis  or  other  acid. — 
v.i.  To  have  a  habit  of  biting  persons;  to 
seize  a  bait  with  the  mouth ;  to  grip  or 
catch  into  another  object,  so  as  to  act  on 
it  with  effect  (the  anchor  bites).— n.  The 
seizure  of  anything  by  the  teeth  or  with 
the  mouth;  a  wound  made  by  the  mouth; 
a  mouthful;  a  bit;  a  cheat,  trick,  fi-audj ; 
catch  or  hold  of  one  object  on  another. — 
Biter,  bit'6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
bites;  an  animal  given  to  biting;  one  who 
cheats  or  deceives!. —  Biting,  bit'iug,  a. 
Sharp ;  severe ;  cutting ;  pungent ;  sarcas- 
tic— Bitingly,  bit'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  biting 
manner;  sarcastically;  sneeringly 

Bitt,  bit,  n.  [Comp.  Icel.  biti,  a  cross-beam 
or  girder.]  NavX.  a  piece  of  wood  or  frame 
secured  to  the  deck,  on  which  to  make 
fast  the  cables. 

Bittacle,t  bit'a-kl,  n.    A  binnacle. 

Bitter,  bit'6r,  a.  [A.^ax.  biter,  from  bitan, 
to  bite,  from  causing  the  tongue  to  smart 
=  D.  G.  Dan.  and  Sw.  bitter,  Icel.  bitr.'] 
Acrid,  biting,  pungent  to  taste;  keen, 
cruel,  poignant,  severe,  sharp,  harsh,  pain- 
ful, distressing,  piercing  to  the  feelings  or 
to  the  mind;  reproachful,  sarcastic,  or 
cutting,  as  words. —  Bitterish,  bit'6r-ish, 
a.  Somewhat  bitter,  especially  to  the 
taste.  —  Bitterishness,  bit'fer-ish-nes,  n.— 
Bitterly,  bit'tr-li,  adv.  In  a  bitter  man- 
ner; keenly,  sharply,  severely,  intensely. — 
Bittern,  bit'6m,  n.  The  residual  brine  in 
salt-works,  used  for  making  Epsom  salts. — 
Bitterness,  bit'fer-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  bitter  in  all  its  senses, 
whether  to  the  taste,  feelings,  or  mind. — 
Bitters,  bit'Srz,  n.  pU  A  liquor  prepared 
with  bitter  herbs  or  roots,  and  used  as 
a  stomachic,  &c.  —  Bitter  -  apple,  Bitter- 
gourd,  n.  A  plant  the  fruit  of  which  is  a 
many-seeded  gourd;  colocynth. — Bitter- 
sweet, n.  The  woody  nightshade,  a  trail- 
ing plant  with  small  scarlet  berries  and 
strongly  narcotic  leave8,common  in  hedges 
in  Britain,  so  called  because  the  root  and 
branches  when  chewed  produce  first  a 
bitter,  then  a  sweet  taste.— Bitter-sweet- 
ing, n.  A  variety  of  apple  which  has  sup- 
plied many  allusions  to  the  poets. — Bit- 
terwort,  bit'Sr-wfert,  n.  Yellow  gentian,  so 
called  from  its  remarkably  bitter  taste. 

Bittern,  bit'6rn,  n.  [O.  E.  bitore,  bittor, 
bittour;  Fr.  butor,  Sp.  bitor;  origin  uncer- 
tain.] A  name  given  to  several  grallato- 
rial  or  wading  birds  of  the  heron  family: 
the  common  British  species  is  celebrated 
for  the  singular  booming  or  drumming 
noise  it  makes. 

Bitumen,  bi-ta'men,  n.  [L.]  A  mineral 
substance  of  a  resinous  nature  and  highly 
inflammable,  appearing  in  a  variety  of 
forms  which  are  known  by  different  names, 
naphtha  being  the  most  fluid,  petroleum 
and  riiinevol  tar  less  so,  and  asphalt  being 
solid.— Bitimiinate,  bi-tu'min-at,  v.t.—bi- 
tuvii7iated,  bituminating.  To  impregnate 
with  bitumen.— Bituminiferous,  oi-tu'mi- 
nif"6r-us,  a.  Producing  bitumen. — Bitu- 
minlzation,  bi-ta'min-iz-a"shon,  n.  Trans- 
formation into  a  bituminous  substance.— 
Bltuminize,  bi-til'min-iz,  v.t. — bituminized, 
hituminieing.  To  form  into  or  impregnate 
with  bitumen;  to  convert  (as  wood)  into  a 
bituminous  body. — Bitumlnons.bi-tQ'min- 
us,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  bitumen; 
containing  or  yielding  bitumen. 

Bivalve,  bi'valv,  n.  [L.  prefix  bi,  double, 
and  valva,  a  valve.]  Aji  animal. of  the 
molluscous  class,  having  two  valves,  or  a 
shell  consisting  of  two  parts  which  open 
by  an  elastic  hinge  and  are  cloced  by  mus- 
cles, as  the  oyster,  cockle,  massel,  &c.; 
bot.  a  pericarp  in  which  the  seed-case  opens 
or  splits  into  two  parts.— Bivalve,  Bivalvu- 


lar,  bi'valv,  bi-val'vQ-l6r,  a.  Having  two 
valves:  said  especially  of  the  shells  of  mol- 
luscs. ■'•«• 

Bivouac,  biv'o-ak,  n.  [Fr.  bivouac,  bivac, 
from  G.  beiwache;  lit.  by- or  near-watch. 
Wake,  Watch.]  An  encampment  of  sol- 
diers in  the  open  air  without  tents,  each 
remaining  dressed  a,nd  with  his  weapons 
by  him;  a  similar  encampment  of  travel- 
lers, hunters,  &c. — v.i. — bivouacked,  bivou- 
acking. To  encamp  in  bivouac;  to  pass 
the  night  in  the  open  air  without  tents  or 
covering. 

Biweekly,  bi-wSk'li,  a.  Occurring  or  ap- 
pearing every  two  weeks  {a,  biweekly  maga- 
zine). 

Bizarre,  bi-zar',  a.  [Fr.,  from  Sp.  bizarro, 
gallant,  of  Basque  origin.]  Odd  in  appear- 
ance; fanciful;  fantasticEil;  formed  of  in- 
congruous parts. 

Blab,  blab,  v.t— blabbed,  blabbing.  [Allied 
to  L.G.  blabben,  Dan.  blabbre,  G.  plappem, 
to  gabble ;  Gael,  blabaran,  a  stutterer; 
blubber-lipped,  blob,  &c.]-  To  utter  or  tell 
in  a  thoughtless  or  unnecessary  manner 
what  ought  to  be  kept  secret;  to  let  out 
(secrets). — v.i.  To  talk  indiscreetly;  to  tat- 
tle; to  tell  tales.- n.  One  who  blabs;  a  tell- 
tale. [Afii.>— Blabber,  blab'er,  n.  A  blab; 
a  tattler ;  a  tell-tale. 

Black,  blak,  a.  [A.  Sax.  blcec,  bloc,  black  ~ 
Icel.  blakkr,  O.H.G.  plak,  black;  comp.  D. 
and  Ij.G,  blaken,  to  bum  or  scorch,  .Gr. 
phlegO,  to  bum,  the  original  meaning  per- 
haps referring  to  blackness  caused  by  fire.l 
Of  the  darkest  colour;  the  opposite  of 
white;  very  dark  in  hue  (though  not  ab- 
solutely incapable  of  reflecting  light);  de- 
stitute of  light,or  nearly  8o;di8mal,gloomy, 
sullen,  forbidding,  or  the  like;  destituta 
of  moral  light  or  goodness;  mournful;  ca- 
lamitous; evil;  wicked;  atrocious.- JSJocfc 
art,  the  art  of  performing  wonderful  feats 
by  supernatural  means,  or  aided  by  evil 
spirits;  necromancy;  vaa,gic.— Black  beer, 
a  kind  of  beer  of  a  black  colour  and  synipy 
consistence  manufactured  at  Dantzic. — 
Black  cattle,  oxen,  cows.  Sec,  reared  for 
slaughter,  as  distinguished  from  dairy 
cattle:  used  without  reference  to  colour. 
Black  death,  an  oriental  plague  v/hich 
first  visited  Europe  in  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury, characterized  by  inflammatory  boila 
and  black  spots  all  over  the  ekin.— Black 
/rt5r,the  flag  formerly  assumed  by  pirates.*- 
Biack  list,  a  printed  list  circulated  among 
commercial  men,  containing  the  names  of 
persons  who  have  become  bankrupt  or  un- 
able to  meet  their  bills,  kc— Black  snake, 
a  name  given  to  some  snakes  of  a  black 
colour,  such  as  a  large  non- venomous 
North  American  snake  which-  feeds  on 
birds  •  and  small  quadrupeds.  —  Black 
spruce,  a  spruce  tree  belonging  to  North 
America,  which  furnishes  the  spruce  deals 
of  commerce.— re.  The  opposite  of  white: 
a  black  dye  or  pigment  or  a  hue  produced 
by  such;  a  black  part  of  scimetbing,  as  of 
the  eye;  a  black  dress  or  mourning:  fre- 

-  quently  in  plural;  a  small  flake  of  soot; 
a  member  of  one  of  the  dark-coloured  races; 
a  negro  or  other  dark  skinned  person.— v.t. 
To  make  black;  to  apply  blacking  to  (shoes;; 
to  blacken;  to  soil. — Blacken,  olak'n,  v.t. 
To  make  black ;  to  polish  with  blacking ; 
to  sully;  to  stain:  to  defame;  to  vilify;  to 
slander. — v.i.  To  become 'black' or  dark. — 
Blacking,  blak'ing,  n.  A  composition  for 
polishing  boots,  shoes,  harness,  &c.,  con- 
sisting usually  of  a  mixture  of  lamp-black, 
oil,  vinegar,  &c.  —  Blackish,  blak'ish,  a. 
Somewhat  black.— Blackly,  blak'li,  adv. 
In  a  black  manner;  darkly;   gloomily; 

■  threateningly;  angrily;  atrociously.— 
Blackness,  blak'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  black;  black  colour;  darkness; 

■  gloominess;  sombreness;  sullen  or  severe 
aspect;  atrocity.— Blacky,  blak'i,  n.  A  col- 
loquial term  tor  a  negro  or  person  of  the 
dark-coloured  races. — Blackamoor,  blak'- 
a-mor,  n.  [Black,  and  Moor,  in  the  old 
sense  of  black  man  or  negro,  formerly, 
written  also  blackmoor.']  A  negro;  a  black 
man  or  woman. — Black-ball,  v.t.  To  reject, 
as  a  proposed  member  of  a  club,  by  putting 
black  balls  ir\to  a  ballot-box;  to  excUid^ 
bv  vote.- Black-band, re.  The  most  vr-r.:-- 
able  kind  of  clay -ironstone  (clay-c!:,^  ouii- 


ch,  cftaiu;     ch,Sc.  loch;^  e,0o;  .  j,/ob;     n,  JFr.  tore;  _ng,sin{;;^H,  tftgp;  th,  tMp;  'i^,vis-  ^"^rh,  wMgi  *.&,  Mioe. 


BLACK 


68 


BLAST 


ate)  from  which  most  of  the  Scotch  iron 
ismanufactured.— Black-beetle, n.  Acock- 
roach.— Black-berry,  n. .  The  bei-ry  of  the 
bramble.  —  Blackbird,  blak'bSrd,  n.  An 
insessorial  bird  of  the  thrush  family,  the 
male  bird  being  characterized  by  its  black 
plumage  and  its  rich  mellow  note;  the 
merle.— Black-board,  n.  A  board  painted 
black,  used  in  schools  and  lecture-rooms 
for  writing  or  drawing  lines  on  for  in«truc- 
tion. — Black-cap,  n.  A  dentirostal  British 
bird  of  the  warblev  family,  noted  for  the 
sweetness  of  its  soiig,  and  so  called  from 
its  black  tufted  crown ;  an  apple  roasted 
till  black.— Black-chalk,  n.  A  mineral  of 
a  bluibh-black  colour,  also  a  preparation 
of  ivory-black  and  fine  clay,  used  for  draw- 
ing.—  Black-coat,. n.  A  colloquial  name 
for  a  clergyman,  as  red-coat  is  for  a  soldier. 
Black-cock,  n.  A  bird  of  the  grouse  family, 
80  called  from  the  glossy  black  plumage 
of  the  male ;  the  heath  -  cock  or  black 
grouse. — Black-currant,  n.  A  well-known 
garden  plant  and  its  fruit,  so  called  from 
its  black  berries. — Black-dranght.n.  A  pur- 
gative medicine,  consisting  of  the  infusion 
of  senna  with  sulphate  of  magnesia.— 
Black-fiiix,  n.  A  mixture  of  carbonate  of  po- 
tash and  charcoal,  used  in  melting  metallic 
substances.— Black-friar,  n.  A  friar  of  th^ 
Dominican  order,  so  called  from  the  col- 
our of  the  dress;  a  Dominican.  —  Black- 
guard, blak'gard  or  bla'gard,  n.  [Formerly 
a  name  given  to  the  scullions  and  lowest 
menials  connected  with  a  great  household, 
who  attended  to  the  pots,  coals,  &c.]  A  man 
of  coarse  and  offensive  manners;  a  fellow 
of  low  character;  a  scamp;  a  scoundrel.— 
v.t.  To  revile  in  low  or  scurrilous  lan- 
guage.—Blackguardism,  blak'gard-izm  or 
bla'gard-izm,  n.  The  conduct  or  language 
of  a  blackguard.— Blackguardly,  blak'- 
gSlrd-li  or  ola'gard-li,  a.  Characteristic 
of  a  blackguard;,  rascally;  villainous.— 
Black-heaxted,  a.  Having  a  blacl^  or  ma- 
lignant heart.— Black-hole,  n.  Formerly 
a  dungeon  or  dark  cell  in  a  prison;  now 
more  specifically  applied  to  a  place  of  con- 
finement for  soldiers.— Black-jack,  n.  A 
capacious  can,now  made  of  tin,  but  former- 
]y  of  waxed  leather;  the  fla^  or  ensign  of  a  • 
pirate;  a  name  given  by  miners  to  an  ore 
ofzinc;blende.—Black-fead,M.  Amorphous 
graphite;  plumbago.  Graphite.— Black-' 
leg,  n.  [Origin  undecided.]  One  who  sys- 
tematically tries  to  win  money  by  cheat- 
ing in  connection  with  races,  or  with  cards, 
billiards,  or  other  game;  a  rook;  a  swin- 
dler; also  same  as  Black-qiMrtgr,  a  disease 
of  cattle.— Black-letter,  «.  The  Old  Eng- 
lish or  Gothic  type  used  in  early  printed 
books,  being  an  imitation  of  the  written 
character  in  use  before  the  art  of  printing, 
still  in  general  use  in  German  books. — 
Black-maU,  n.  i-^mail  is  from  Icel.  mM, 
stipulation,  agreement,  mcela,  to  8tipu- 
late.]  Money  or  an  equivalent,  anciently 
paid,  in  the  north  of  England  and  in  Scot- 
land, to  certain  men  allied  with  robbers, 
to  be  protected  by  them  from  pillage; 
hence.cxtortion  by  means  of  intimidation, 
as  by  threats  of  accusation  oj  exposure. — 
Black  -  Monday,  n.  A  naine  sometimes 
given  to  Easter  Monday,  probably  from 
some  calamity  happening  on  that  day; 
among  schoolooys  the  first  Monday  after 
holidays. — Black-nob,  n.  A  workman  who 
refuges  to  join  a  trades  -  union.  —  Black- 
pudding,  n.  A  kind  of  sausage  made  of 
plood,  suet  thickened  with  meal,  &c.— 
Black-quarter,  n.  An  apoplectic  disease 
peculiar  to  cattle,  indicated  by  lameness 
of  the  fore-foot  and  blackness  of  the  fle.sh. 
— Bla«k-rod,  n.  In  England,  the  usher  be- 
longing to  the  order  of  the  Garter,  usher 
of  parliament,  and  one  of  the  ofacial  mes- 
sengers of  the  House  of  Lords,  so  called 
from  the  black  rod  which  he  carries.— 
Black-Eheep,  n.  A  member  of  a  family  or 
society  distinguished  from  his  fellows  by 
low  habits  or  loose  conduct. — Blacksmith, 
blak'smith,  n.  A  smith  who  works  in  iron 
and  makes  iron  utensils ;  an  ironsmith : 
opposed  to  a  whitesmith  or  tinsmith. — 
Black-thorn,  n.  The  sloe.— Black-tin,  n. 
Tin  ore  when  dressed,  stainped,  and  wash- 
ed, ready  for  smelting.  — -Black-vomit,  n. 
A  discharge  from  the  stomach  t>f  sub- 


stances of  a  black  appearance,  as  in  yellow 
fever,  &c.— Black-wad,  n.  An  ore  of  man- 
ganese tised  as  a  drying  ingredient  in 
paints. 

Bladder,  blad'6r,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hlcedr,  bUsddre, 
a  bladder,  pustule,  blister  =  Icel.  blathra, 
Sw.  Uaddra,  L.G.  bladere,  bUdder,  O.H.G. 
pldtara,  a  bladder,  G.  blatter,  a  pustule; 
the  root  is  probably  in  E.  to  blow.]  A  thin 
membranous  bag  in  animals,  which  serves 
as  the  receptacle  of  some  secreted  fluid, 
as  the  urine,  the  gaU,  &c.;  any  vesicle, 
blister,  or  pustule,  especially  If  filled  with 
air  or  a  thin  watery  liquor ;  a,  hollow  ap- 
pendage in  some  plants.— v.<.  To  put  up 
in  a  bladder,  as  lard ;  to  puflt  up ;  to  fiU 
with  windt.— Bladdery,  blad'6r-i,  a.  Ile- 
sembling  or  containing  bladders. 

Blade,  blad,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bleed,  a  leaf=D. 
Dan.  Sw.  blad,  Icel.  blatk,  G.  blatt,  a  leaf; 
from  root  of  to  blow,  and  allied  to  bloom, 
bloaeom.]  The  leaf  of  a  plant,  especially 
the  leaf  or  the  young  stalk  or  spire  of  grass 
or  com  plants;  a  thing  resembling  a  blade 
in  shape,  &c.,  as  the  cutting  part  of  an  In- 
strument; the  broad  part  of  an  oar;  a 
dashing  or  rollicking  fellow;  a  swaggerer; 
a  rakish  fellow.— w.<.  Xo  furnish  with  a 
blade.— v.i.  To  come  into  blade;  to  produce 
blades.  —  Bladed,  blad'ed,  a.  Having  a 
blade  or  blades.  —  Blader- bone,  n.  The. 
scapula  or  upper-bone  in  the  shovdder;  the 
shoulder-blade. 

Blain,  blan,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bleaen^D.  blein, 
Dan.  blegn,  a  blain,  a  blister;  probably 
from  root  of  to  blow,  and  allied  to  bladder.] 
A  piistule;  a  botch;  a  blister. 

Blame,  bliim,  v.t. — blamed,  blaming.  [Fr. 
bldmer,  O.Pr.  blasmer,  from  L.L.  blasphe- 
mare,  from' Gr.  blaapkemein,  to  calumni- 
ate. Blaspheme  is  the  same  word-J  To 
express  disapprobation  of  (a  person  or 
thing);  to  find  fault  with;  to  censure;  to 
reproach;  to  chide;  to  condemn;, to  up- 
braid. .'.In  such  phrases  as*  he  is  toblame,' 
to  blame  has  the  passive  meahing^to  be 
blamed,  like  'a  house  to  let,'  &c.— ».  An 
expression  of  disapprobation  for  some- 
thing deemed  to  be  wrong;  imputation  of 
a  fault:  censure;  reproach;  reprehension; 
that  which  is  deserving  of  censure  (the 
6tome  la  yours);  fault;  crime;  sin.— Blam- 
able,  blam'a-bi,  a.  Deserving  of  blame  or 
censure;  faulty;  culpable;  reprehensible; 
censurable.— BlamaDlene88,blam'a-bl-nes, 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  blam- 
able. — Blamably,  blam'a-bli,  adv.  In  a 
blamable  manner;  culpably.  —  BlameftU, 
blam'ful,  a.  Meriting  blame;  reprehensi- 
ble; faulty;  guilty;  criminal.— Blamefully, 
blam'ful-li.  adv.  In  a  blameful  manner. 
BlamefulncsSjblam'ful-nes,  re. -^Blameless, 
blam'les,  a.  Not  meriting  blame  or  cen- 
sure; v7ithout  fault;  undeserving  of  re- 
proof ;  innocent ;  guiltless.— Blamelessly, 
blamles-li, ady.  lua blameless  manner. — 
Blamelessness,  blam'les-nes,  n. — Blamer, 
blam'Cr,  n.  One  who  blames,  finds  fault, 
or  censures.— Blameworthy,  biam'w6r-THi, 
a.  Deserving  blame;  censurable,  culpable; 
reprehensible. — Blameworthiness,  olsm'- 
w6r-iHi-nes,  n. 

Blanch,  blansh,  v.t.  [Pr.  UancMr,  to  whit- 
en, from  blanc,  white.  Blanb_]  To  whiten 
by  depriving  of  colour;  to  render  white, 
pale,  or  colourless  (fear  fctawcftes  the  cheek); 
hort.  to  whiten  or  prevent  from  .turning 
green  by  excluding  the  light,  a  process 
applied  to  kitchen  vegetables,  such  as  cel- 
ery, lettuce,  sea-kale,  &c. ;  to" whiten  or 
make  lustrous,  as  metals,  by  acids  or  other 
means.— t).i.  To  become  white;  to  bleach. 
— Blancher ,  blansh'6r,  n.  One  Vif  ho  blanches 
or  whitens. 

Blanc-manga,  Blanc-manger,  bla-m^nzh', 
blftn-man-zha,  n.  [Fr.  blane,  white,  and 
manger,  food.]  Cookery,  a  preparation  of 
the  consistency  of  a  jelly,  variously  com- 
posed of  dissolved  isinglass,  arrow-root, 
maize-flour,  &c,,  with  milk  and  flavor.ring 

Bland,  bland,  a.  [L.  Wondtts,  mild.]  Mild; 
soft;  gentle  {bland  zephyrs);  aflftible;  suave 
(his  manner  is  very  blarui);  soothing;  kind- 
ly.—Blandness,  bland'nes,  n.  State  of  be- 
ing bland;  mildness;  gentleness. — Blan- 
diloquence.t  blan-dil'o-kwens,  n.  [h.  blan- 
diloquentior—blandus,  mild,  and  loguor,  to 


speak.]  Fair,  mild,  flattering  speech;  com-' 

jpliment.  ! 

Blandish, blan'dish,  v.t.  &  i.  [O.Tr.  blandir, 
blandissant,  L.  blandior,  to  flatter,  from 
blandus^  bland.]  To  render  pleasing,  al- 
luring, or  enticing;  to  caress,  soothe,  fawn, 
or  flatter.— Blandisher,  blan '  dish-er,  n. 
One  that  blandishes;  one  that  flatters 
with  soft  words.  —  Blandishment,  blan- 
dish-ment,)i. ,  Words  or  actious  expressi\  e 
of  afiection  or  kindness,  and  tending  to 
win  the  heart;  artful  caresses;  flattering 
attention;  cajolery;  endearment. 

Blank,  blangk,  a.  [Fr.  blanc,  white,  blank, 
from  G.  blank.  White,  lustrous,  blank,  from 
blinken,  to  blink,  to  glimmer;  cog.  D.  Dan. 
and  Sw.  blank,  white.  Blinr.]  White  or 
palet;  void  of  written  or  printed  characters, 
as  paper;  wanting  something  necessary  .to 
completeness;  vacant;  unoccupied;  void; 
empty;  pale  from  fear  or  terror;  hence, 
coniused;  confounded;  dispirited;  deject- 
ed; unrhymed:  applied  to  verse.— )i.  A  piece 
of  paper  without  writing  or  printed  mat- 
ter on  it;  a  void  space  on  paper  or  in  any 
written  or  printed  document;  a  document 
remaining  incomplete  till  something  es- 
sential is  filled  in;  any  void  space;  a  void; 
a  vacancy;  a  ticket  in  a  lottei-y  on  which 
no  prize  is  indicated;  a  lot  by  which  notli- 
ing  is  gained;  archery,  the  white  mark  in 
the  centre  of  a  butt  or  target  to  which  an 
arrow  is  directed;  hence,  the  object  to 
which  anything  is  directed;  aim;  a  piece 
of  metal  prepared  to  be  formed  into  some- 
thing useful  by  a  further  operation;  a 
plate,  or  piece  of  gold  or  silver,  c^it  and 
shaped,  but  not  stamped  into  a  coin. — v.t.X 
To  make  white  or  pale;  confuse,  confound, 
dispirit.  [S/iafc. J— Blankly,  blangk'li,  adv. 
In  a  blank  manner;  with  paleness  or  con- 
fusion. — Blankness,  blangk'nes,  n.  §tate 
of  being  blank.— Blank-cartridge,  «.  A 
cartridge  filled  with  powder  but  having 
no  ball.  •■ 

Blanket,  blang^et,  n.  [O.Fr.  blanket,  dim. 
from  blanc,  white.  BlaSk..]  A  soft  thick 
cloth  made  of  wool  loosely  woven,  and 
used  as  a  covering  in  beds ;  any  similar 
fabric  used  as  covering,  kc.—v.t.  To  toss 
in  a  blanket  by  w^y  of  punishment;  to 
cover  or  clothe  with  a  blanket  (Shak.). 

Blare,  bl5r,  v.i.—hlared,  blaring.  [Proba- 
bly an  imitative  word;  comp.  D.  blaren, 
li.Gr^blarren,  blaren,  G.  blarren,  bldrren, 
to  bellow,  bleat,  blare.]    To  give  forth  a 

loud  sound  like  a  trumpet;  to  give  out  a 
brazen  sound;  to  bellow. — v.t.  To  sound 
loudly;  to  proclaim  noisily. — n.  Sound  like 
that  of  a  trumpet;  noise;  roar. 

Blamsyj  blar'ni,  n.  [From  Castle  Blame}/.' 
near  Cork,  in  the  wall  of  which  is  a  stone 
said  to  endow  any  one  who  kisses  it  with 
skill  in  the  use  of  flattei^.]  Excessively 
complimentary  language';  gross  fl'.tttry ; 
smooth,  deceitful  talk;  gammon.  [Colloq.] 
—v.t.  To  talk  over  by  soft  delusive  speeches; 
to  flatter;  to  humbug  with  talk.  [Colloq.) 

Blase,  bla-za.  [Pr.]  Lost  to  the  jower  of 
enjoyment;  used  up;  having  the  healthy 
energies  exhausted. 

Blaspheme,  bias -fern',  v.t.  —  liasphemsd, 
blasnheming.  [L.  blasp?iema7-e,  Gr.  bias- 
phemein,  to  calumniate — from  blapsifj  in- 
jury, and  phenii,  to  speak.  Blame  is  a 
shortened  form  of  this  word.]  To  speak 
in  terms  of  impious  irreverence  of;  to  re- 
vile or  speak  reproachfully  of  instead  of 
reverentially:  used  of  speaking  against 
God  or  things  sacred.— v.i.  To  utter  blas- 
phemy; to  use  blasphemous  language.— 
Blasphemer,  blas-fem'6r,  n.  One  who  blas- 
phemes; one  who  speaks  of  God  in  impious 
and  irreverent  terms.— Blasphemous.blas'- 
fe-mus,  a.  Containing  or  exhibiting  blas- 
phemy; impiously  irreverent  or  reproach- 
ful toward  God.— Blasphemously,  blas'- 
fe-mus-li,  adv.  In  a  blasphemous  man- 
ner.—Blasphemy,  blas'fe-mi,  n.  The  lan- 
guage of  one  who  blasphemes ;  words  ut- 
lered  impiously  against  God;  grossly  irrev- 
erent or  outrageous  laugwage. 

Blast,  blast,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bluest,  a  puff  of 
vrind,  from  blaesan,  to  blow=Icel.  bldstr, 
Dan.  blcest,  a  blowing;  Icel.  bldsa,  Dan. 
blcese,  G.  blasen,  to  blow;  same  root  as  E. 
blow,  blwie.]  A  gust  or  puflF  of  wind;  a 
sudden  gust  of  wind;  the  sound  made  by 


rate,  filr,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;    note,  not,  move;     tfftbe,  tub,  bflU;     oil,poundj     tl.  So,  abtoie-tbe  Fr.  «. 


BLASTEMA 


69 


BLIND 


Iilowing  a  wind-instrumeul.,  as  a  liorxi  or 
trumpet;  the  sound  produced  by  one 
breath;  a  blight  or  sudden  pernicious  in- 
fluence on  animals  or  plants ;  a  forcible 
stream  of  air  from  the  mouth,  bellows.&c; 
a  violent  explosion  of  gunpowder  or  other 
explosive  in  splitting  rocks,  &c.—v.t.  To 
injure  by  a  blast;  to  cause  to  fade,  shrivel, 
or  wither;  to  blight  or  cause  to  come  to 
nothing;  to  ruin;  to  split  by  an  explosion. 
—v.i.  To  wither  or  be  blighted.  [Shak.]— 
Blast-engine,  n.  A  ventilating  machine 
used  to  draw  off  foul  air ;  a  machine  for 

groducing  a  blast  by  compressing  air.— 
last-furnace,  n.  The  smelting  furnace 
used  for  obtaining  iron  from  its  ores  with 
the  aid  of  a  powerful  blast  of  air,  usually 
a  lofty  furnace  of  masonry,  in  which  the 
iron  is  smelted  from  its  ore  by  being  mixed 
with  coal  and  the  whole  mass  kept  burn- 
ing, the  melted  metal  being  run  off  at  the 
bottom.  —  Blasting-powder,  n.  A  poarse 
kindof  gunpowder  for  mining  and  quarry- 
ing purposes.— Blast-pipe,  n.  The  pipe  of 
a  locomotive  steam-engine  which  carries 
the  waste  steam  up  the  .chimney,  and  thus 
induces  a  stronger  draught. 

Blastema,  blas-te'ma,  n.  [Gr.  blastema,  a 
shoot,  growth,  from  blastanO,  to  bud.l  Bot. 
the  axis  of  .growth  of  an  embryo;  that 
part  of  the  embryo  comprising  the  radicle 
and  plumule,  with  the  intervening  por- 
tion.— Blastemal,bla8-te'mal,  a.  Relating 
to  blastema;  rudimentary. 

Blastocarpous,  blas-to-kar'pus,  a.  [Gr. 
blastos,  a  germ,  and  karpos,  fruit.]  Hav- 
ing the  germ  beginning  to  grow  inside  the 
pericarp  of  the  fruit.— Blastoderm,  blas'- 
to-d6rm,rr.  [Gr.  dernia,  a  skin.]  Anat.tho 
germinal  skin  or  membrane;  the  superfi- 
cial layer  of  the  embryo  in  its  earliest  con- 
dition.—Blastodermic,  blas-to-d6r'mik,  a. 
Relating  to, the  blastoderm".  —  Blaatogen- 
esis,  blas-to'-jen'e-sis,  n.  Biol,  reproduc- 
tion by  germination  or  budding. 

Blatant,  bla'tant,  o.  [Prom  Prov.E.  blate,. 
to  bleat,. -with  suffix  -ant,  as  in  errant,  &c.] 
Bellowing;  bawling;  noisy. 

Blskze,  blaz,  n.  [A.  Sax.  blcese,  a  blaze,  a 
torch,  from  root  of  blow;  comp.  Icel.  blue, 
Dan.  blus,  a  torch;  akin  to  blast]  The 
stream  of  light  and  heat  from  any  body 
when  burning;  a  flame;  brilliant  sunlight; 
effulgence;  brilliance;  a  bursting  out;  an 
active  or  violent  display  (a  blaze  of  Wrath). 
—v.i. — blazed,  blazing.  To  flame;  to  send 
forth  or  show  a  bright  and  expanded 
light.  —  Blazing,  blaz '  ing,  a.  Emitting 
flame  or  light;  flaming. 

Blaze,  blaz,  v.t— blazed,  blazing.  [A.  Sax. 
blaesan,  to  blow=Icel.  bldsa,  Dan.  blcese. 
Or.  hlasen,  to  blow,  to  sound  as  a  trumpet. 
Blast,  Blow.]  To  make  known  to  all ; 
to  noise  abroad ;  to  proclaim.  —  Blazer, 
blaz'fer,  w.  One  who  blazes;  one  who  pub- 
lishes and  spreads  reports. 

Blaze,  blaz,  n.  [D.  bles,  Icel.  blesi,  Dan. 
blis,  a  white  spot  or  streak  on  the  fore- 
head.] A  white  spot  on  the  forehead  or 
face  of  a  horse  or  other  quadruped;  a 
white  spot-on  a  tree  by  removing  the  bark 
with  a  hatchet. — v.t.  To  set  a  blaze  on,  by 
paring  off  part  of  the  bark;  to  indicate 
or  mark  out,  as  a  path,  by  paring  off  the 
bark  of  a  nurftber  of  trees  in  succession. 

Blazon,  bla'zn,  n.  [O.E.  blasoun,  blason,  Fr. 
blason,  heraldry,  blasonner,  to  blazon,  from 
a  G.  word  equivalent  to  E.  blaze,  to  spread 
abroad  or  make  known.]  The  drawing  or 
representation  on  coats  of  arms;  a  heraldic 
figure;  show;  pompous  display,  by  words 
or  other  means  {Shak.). — v.t.  To  explain, 
in  proper  terms,  the  figures  on  ensigns 
armorial;  to  deck;  to  embellish;  to  adorn; 
to  displaj' ;  to  publish ;  to  celebrate  — 
Blazoiier,  bla'zn-6r,  n.  One  that  blazons; 
a  herald ;  one  prone  to  spread  reports ;  a 
propagator  of  scandal.— Blazonment,  bla'- 
zn-ment,  n.  The  act  of  blazoning;  embla- 
zonment.—Blazonry,  bla'zn-ri,  n.  The  art 
of  describing  or  explaining  coats  of  arms 
in  proper  heraldic  terms  and  method; 
emblazonry. 

Bleach,  blech.  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  blaecan,  from 
blaeo,  pale,  white.  Bleak.]  To  make 
white  or  whiter  by  taking  out  colour;  to 
whiten;  to  blanch;  to  whiten  by  exposure 
to  the  attion  of  the  air  and  sunlight  or  of 


chemical  prcpa,ratic<ai!.  —  v.i.  To  Rrow 
white  in  any  manner.  — Bleacher,  blech'fer, 
n.  One  who  bleaches;  one  whose  occupa- 
tion is  to  whiten  cloth. — Bleachery,  bl5ch'- 
6r-i,  n.  An  establishlnent  where  bleaching 
textile  fabrics  or  the  like  is  carried  on. 
— Bleachfield,  blech'feld,  n.  A  piece  of 
ground  where  cloth  or  yam  is  bleached, 
often  connected  with  ableachery. — Bleach- 
ing, blech'ing,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  freeing 
textile  fibres  and  fabrics  and  various  other 
substances  from  their  natural  colour,  and 
rendering  them  white. — Bleaching -pow- 
der, n.  Chloride  of  lime  made  by  exposing 
slaked  lime  to  the  action  of  chlorine. 

Bleak,  blek,  a.  [A.  Sax.  blaec—lcel.  bleikr, 
D-  bleek,  G.  bleicTi,  pale,  pallid,  white ; 
allied  to  A.  Sax.  bUcan,  Icel.  blikja,  G. 
blicken,  to  shine,  to  gleam,  E.  to  blink. 
Bleach  is  from  this  word.]  Exposed  to 
cold  and  winds  (situation,  tract  of  land); 
desolate ;  ungenial ;  cheerless ;  dreary ; 
cold;  chill  (bleak  winds).— Bleaklsh,  blek'- 
ish,  a.  Moderately  bleak. — Bleakly,  blek'- 
li,  adv.  In  a  bleak  manner;  coldly.— 
Bleakness,  blek'nes,  n.  .State  of  being 
bleak  ;  coldness ;  desolation.  —  Bleaky.f 
blek'i,  a.    Bleak;  unsheltered;  cold;  chill. 

Bleak,  blek,  n.  [So  called  from  the  bleak 
or  pale  colour  of  its  scales.]  A  small  river 
fish,  5  or  6  inches  long,  belonging  to  the 
carp  family,  occurring  in  laany  European 
and  English  nvers. 

Blear,  bier,  a.  [L.G.  hlarr,  bleer,  blear; 
Sw.  blira,  Dan.  blire,  plire,  to  twinkle,  to 
wink;  Dan.  pliiroiet,  blear-eyed.]  Sore, 
with  a  watery  rheum:  said  of  the  eyes. — 
v.t.  To  make,  sore  so  that  the  sight  is  in- 
distinct; to  affect  with  soreness  of  eyesj  to 
make  ilieumy  and  dim;  fig.  to  hoodwink 
or  deceive. —  Blearedness,  bl6r'ed-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  bleared  or  dimmed  with 
rheum. — Blear-eyed,  a.  Having  sore  eyes; 
having  the  eyes  dim  with  rheum;  clim- 
sighted;  wanting  in  perception  or  under- 
standing. 

Bleat,  blet,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  blaetan=J).  blaten, 
bleeten,  L.G.  blaten,  bleten,  to  bleat,  pro- 
bably aji  imitative  word.]  To  utter  the 
cry  of  a  sheep  or  a  similar  cry. — Bleat, 
Bleating,  blct'ing,  n.  The  cry  of  a  sheep. 
— Bleater,  blet'er,  n.  One  who  bleats;  a 
sheep. 

Bleed,  bled,  v.i. — bled (pret.  &  pp.),  bleeding. 
[A:  Sax.  bUdan,  from  bldd,  blood=D.  bloe- 
den,  Icel.  blcetha,  Dan.  blode,  to  bleed.] 
To  lose  blood ;  to  be  drained  of  blood ;  to 
run  with  blood ;  to  let  sap  or  other  mois- 
ture flow  from  itself;  to  trickle  or  flow, 
as  from  an  incision;  to  have  money  ex- 
torted, or  to  part  with  it  freely  to  some 
wheedling  or  unworthy  party  (colloq.). — 
v.t.  To  take  blood  from  by  opening  a  vein; 
to  emit  or  di.stil  (a  tree  bleeds  juice,  sap, 
or  gum);  to  extort  or  extract  money  from 
(colloq.).  —  Bleeding,  bled'ing,  n.  A  run- 
ning or  issuing  of  blood;  a  hemorrhage; 
the  operation  of  letting  blood,  as  in  sur- 
gery; the  drawing  of  sap  from  a  tree  or 
plant. 

Bleek -bok,blak'bok,  n.  [D.  bleek,  pale, 
bok,  buck.]  The  pale-buck,  a  South  Afri- 
can species  of  antelope. 

Blemish,  blem'ish,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  ilemir,  blem- 
issant,  to  spot,  to  beat  one  blue,  from  Icel. 
bldvian,  the  livid  colour  of  a  wound,  from 
bldr,  blue,  livid.  Blue.]  To  injure  or  im- 
pair; to  mar  or  make  defective;  to  deface; 
to  sully;  to  tarnish,  as  reputation  or  char- 
acter; to  defame. — n.  A  defect,  flaw,  or  im- 
perfection; something  that  mars  beauty, 
completeness,  perfection,  or  reputation. 

Blench,  blensh,  v.i.  [Probably  a  softened 
form  of  blink,  in  old  sense  to  wink;  hence, 
to  turn  aside,  to  flinch;  blanch  seems  to 
have  been  partly  confounded  with  it.]  To 
shrink;  to  start  back;  to  give  way;  to 
flinch;  to  turn  aside,  as  from  pain,  fear, 
repugnance,  Ac— n.  A  start  back;  a  devi- 
ation; aberration.  . 

Blend,  blend,  v.t.— blended  (pret.),  blended 
or  blent  (pp.),  blending.  [A.  Sax.  blandan, 
to  mix  =  Icel.  and  Sw.  fcZanda.-Dan.  blande, 
to  mix;  allied  to  blind,  originally  turbid. 
Blind.]  To  mix  or  mingle  together;  to  con- 
found so  that  the  separate  things  mixed 
cannot  be  distinguished. — u.i.To  be  mixed; 
to  become  united;  to  merge  insensibly  the 


ovic  into  tho  other  (as  colours).-  n.  A  mix- 
ture, as  of  liquids,colours,&c.;  a-mixture  of 
spirits  from  different  distilleries.— Blend- 
ing, blend' ing,  n.  The  act  of  one  who 
blends;  painting,  a  process  by  which  the 
pigments  are  made  to  melt  or  blend  to- 
gether; the  effect  or  result  of  such  process. 

Blende,  blend,  n.  [G.  blende,  blend,  from 
blenden,  to  blind,  to  dazzle.]  An  ore  of 
zinc,  ofwhich  there  are  several  varieties; 
a  native  sulphide  of  zinc.  This  word  is 
also  employed  in  such  compound  terms 
as  manganese  blende,  zinc  blende,  ruby 
blende. 

Blenheim,  blen'em,  n.  One  of  a  breed  of 
dogs  of  the  spaniel  kind,  preserved  in  per- 
fection at  Blenheim  Palace  in  Oxford- 
'shire,  the  seat  of  the  Dukes  of  Marl- 
borough. 

Blennogenons,  blen-noj'en-us,  a.  [Gr. 
blennos,  mucus,  and  root  gen,  to  produce.] 
Med.  producing  or  generating  mucus. — 
Blennorrhoea,  blen-no-re'a,  n.  [Gr.  rlieO, 
to  flow.]    A  flow  of  mucus;  gonorrhoea. 

Blenny,  blen'i,  n.  The  name  given  to  several 
species  of  small  fishes  frequenting  rocky 
coasts. 

Bles-bok,  bles' bok,  n.  [D.  bles,  a  blaze  or 
spot  on  the  forehead,  and  bok,  a  buck.] 
An  antelope  of  Cape  Colony,  with  a  white 
face. 

Bless,  bles,  v.t.— blessed  or  blest,  blessing. 
[A.  sax.  bletsian,  bledsian,  to  bless,  from 
bUd,  blood ;  originally  perhaps  to  conse- 
crate by  sprinkling  blood.]  To  invoke  the 
divine  favour  on;  to  express  a  wish  for  the 
gq^od  fortune  or  happiness  of;  to  bestow 
happiness,  prosperity,  or  good  things  of 
any  kind  upon  (blest  with  peace  and 
plenty);  to  make  and  pronounce  holy;  to 
consecrate;  to  glorify  for  benefits  re- 
ceived ;  to  extol  for  excellencies  (to  bless 
the  Lord);  to  esteem  or  account  happy: 
with  the  reflexive  pronoun.  —  Bless  me  ! 
bless  -my  soul!  expressions  of  surprise. — 
Blessed,  bles'ed,  a.  [As  pret.  and  pp.  blesneJ 
is  now  commonly  pronounced  blest,  and 
is  also  so  written.]  Enjoying  happiness; 
favoured  with  blessings;  higlily  favoured; 
happy;  fortunate;  enjoying  spiritual  bless- 
ings and  the  favour  of  God;  fraught  with 
or  imparting  blessings;  sacred;  hallowed; 
holy.  —  Blessedly,  bles'ed-li,  adv.  In  a 
blessed  or  fortunate  manner;  joyfully. — 
Blessedness,  bles'ed-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  blessed;  happiness;  felicity;  heaven- 
ly joys;  the  favour  of  Crod.— Single  blessed- 
ness, the  unmarried  state;  celibacy.— 
Blesser,  bles'fer,  n.  One  that  blesses. — 
Blessing,  bles'ing,  n.  The  act  of  one  who 
blesses;  a  prayer  or  solemn  wish  implor- 
ing happiness  upon  another;  a  benedic- 
tion; the  act  of  pronouncing  a  benediction 
or  blessing;  that  which  promotes  tem- 
poral prosperity  and  welfare  or  secures 
immortal  felicity;  any  good  thing  falling 
to  one's  lot;  a  mercy. 

Blew,  bid,  pret.  of  blow. 

Blewits,  blQ'its,  n.  [Corruption  of  blue 
hats.  1  The  popular  name  in  England  of  a 
purplish  mushroom  common  in  meadows 
in  autumn. 

Blight,  blit,  n.  [Possibly  from  prefix  be, 
and  light,  the  original  meaning  being  per- 
haps to  scorch  or  blast  as  by  lightning.] 
Something  that  nips,  blasts,  or  de.«tr<iys 
plants;  a  diseased  state  of  plants;  smut, 
mildew,  or  other  plant  disease;  fig.  some- 
thing that  frustrates,  blasts,  destroys, 
brings  to  nought,  &c.—v.t.  To  affect  with 
blight;  to  cause  to  wither  or  decay;  to 
blast;  to  frustrate —!J.i.  To  injure  or  blast 
as  blight  does.- Blighted,  blit'ed,  a.  Smit- 
ten with  blight;  blasted  (blighted  hopes). 
—  Blighting,  blit'ing,  a.  Producing  the 
effects  of  blight;  blasting;  destroying.— 
.  Bllghtingly,  blit'ing-li,  adv.  By  blight- 
ing. 

Blind,  blind,  a.  [A.  Sax.  D.  Icel.  Sw.  Dan. 
G.  blind;  originally  meaning  turbid  or 
cloudy,  and  allied  to  blend,  to  mix.]  Desti- 
tute of  the  sense  of  sight;  not  having 
sight;  not  haviitg  the  faculty  of  discern- 
ment; destitute  of  intellectual,  moral,  or 
spiritual  1  ight;  not  easily  discernible;  dark; 
obscure  (blind  paths,  blind  mazes);  indis- 
criminate; heedless  (blind  wrath);  without 
openings  for  admitting  light  (blind  win- 


ch, cAaiu;     ch,Sc.lQch;     g,Oo;     j.yob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,aing;     rn,  then;  fh,  thin;     w,  wig;     v/h,  wTtig;     zh,  asure. 


BLINK 

tlow),  or  otherwise  wantinp  son^.ethiuz  or- 
diuaiily  essential;  closed  at  one  end;  hav- 
ing no  outlet  {nblind  alley).— y.t.  To  make 
physieally.niorally.orintellertually  blind; 
to  render  incapable  of  clear  vision  (blincltd 
by  passion);  to  darken;  to  obscure  to  tile 
eye  or  to  the  mind;  to  conceal  ('to  blind 
the  truth."  Tenn.);  to  eclipse. —n.  Some- 
thing to  hinder  sight,  to  intercept  a  view, 
or  keep  out  light;  a  screen  of  some  sort  to 
prevent  too  strong  a  light  from  shining  in 
at  a  window,  or  to  keep  people  from  see- 
ing in;  something  ostensible  to  conceal  a 
covert  design;  a  cover;  a  pretext.— Blind- 
age, blin'daj,  n.  Milit.  a  kind  of  screen 
made  of  timber  and  earth,  used  to  protect 
men  in  fortresses. — Blind  -  beetle,  n.  A 
name  for  the  cockchafer.— Blinder,  blind'- 
ev,  K.  One  who  or  that  which  blinds ;  a 
blinker  on  a  horse's  bridle.  —  Blindfold, 
blind 'fold,  a.  Having  the  eyes  covered, 
as  with  a  bandage;  having  the  mental 
eye  darkened  (Shak.).  —  v.t.  To  cover  the 
ejes  of;  to  hinder  from  seeing  by  binding 
something  round  the  eyes.  —  Blinding, 
blind'ing,  a.  Making  blind;  preventing 
fiom  seeing  clearly ;  depriving  of  sight 
or  of  understanding.  —  BUndiagly,  blind'- 
ing-li,  adv.  In  a  blinding  manner;  so 
as  to  blind.  —  Blindly,  blind'li,  adv.  In 
a  blind  manner;  without  sight  or  under- 
standing ;  without  examination ;  regard- 
lessly ;  recklessly.— Blindman's-buff,  Blind- 
Harry,  n.  A  play  in  which  one  person  isi 
blindfolded  and  tries  to  catch  some  one  of 
the  company  and  tell  who  it  is.  —  Blind- 
ness, blind'nes,  n.  State  of  being  blind ; 
want  of  bodily  sight;  mental  darkness; 
ignorance.— Blind-tooling,  n.  In  bookbiiid- 
itig,  the  ornamental  impressions  of  heated 
tools  upon  leather  without  the  interposi- 
tion of  gold-leaf,  ink,  &c.— Blind- worm, 
n.    [So  called  because,  its  eyes  being  very 

•minute,  it  has  popularly  been  supposed  to 
lie  blind.]  A  small  harmless  worm-like 
reptile,  called  also  slow- worm,  connecting 
the  serpents  and  lizards. 

Blink,  blingk,  t>.i.  [Same  word  as  D.  blinken, 
I>a.n.blinke,  Sw.  blinka,  G.  bHnken,to  shine, 
glance,  twinkle ;  allied  to  A.  Sax.  hllcan, 
togleam,  D.  blikken,  Dan.  blikke,  G.blicken, 
to  glance,  to  glimpse.  Akin  blank,  blench, 
bleach,.]  To  wink;  to  twinkle;  to  see  with 
the  eyes  half  shut  or  with  frequent  wink- 
ing; to  get  a  glimpse;  to  peep  (Shak.);  to 
intermit  light;  to  glimmer.^.*.  To  shut 
one's  eyes  to;  to  avoid  or  purposely  evade 
(to  blink  a  question  or  topic).— n.  A  glance 
of  the  eye;  a  glimpse;  a  gleam,;  a  glimmer; 
the  gleam  or  glimmer  reflected  from  ice 
in  the  Arctic  regions.  —  Blinkard,  bling'- 
kerd,  n.  A  person  who  blinks  or  has  bad 
eyes.  —  Blinker,  hling'kfer,  n.  One  who 
blinks;  a  leather  flap  placed  on  either  side 
of  a  horse's  head,  to  prevent  him  from 
seeing  sideways  or  backwards.  —  Blinky,t 
bling'ki,  a.    Prone  to  blink  or  wink. 

Bliss,  blis,  n.  [A.  Sax.  blis,  bliss,  joy, 
alacrity,  exultation,  from  blithe,  blithe. 
BLtTHE.J  The  highest  degree  of  happi- 
ness; blessedness;  felicity;  often  specifi- 
cally heavenly  felicity.— Blissful,  blis'ful, 
a.  Full  of,  abounding  in,  enjoying,  or 
conferring  bliss.  —  Blissfully,  hhs'ful-li, 
adv.  In  a  blissful  manner. — Blissfulness, 
blis'ful-ncs,  n.  Exalted  happiness;  feli- 
city; fulness  of  joy. 

Blister,  blis'tSr,  n.  [Connected  with  blast, 
to  blow  or  puff,  from  same  root  as  to  6^010; 
comp.  G.  blase,  a  blister,  a  bladder.]  A 
thin  vesicle  on  the.skin,  containing  watery 
matter  or  serum;  a  pustule;  an  elevation 
made  by  the  separation  of  an  external 
film  or  skin,  as  on  plants;  something  ai>- 
plicd  to  the  skin  to  raise  a  blister;  a  vesi- 
catory.— v.t.  To  raise  a  blister  or  blisters 
on. — v.i.  To  rise  in  blisters  or  become  blis- 
tered. —  Blister-beetle,  Blister-fly,  n.  A 
beetle  used  to  raise  a  blister  on  the  skin; 
the  Spanish-fly. —Blistering,  blis't6r-ing, 
a.  Causing  or  tending  to  cause  blisters. — 
Blister-plaster,  n.  A  plaster  of  canthafides 
or  Spanish-flies  designed  to  raise  a  blister. 
— Blistor-rteel,  n.  Iron  bars  which,  when 
converted  into  steel,  have  their  surface 
covered  with  blisters.—Blistery,  blis'tSr-i, 
a.    Full  of  blisters. 

BUthe,  bliTH,  a.    [A.  S&x.. blithe,  blithe. 


7(n 


joyful;  O.  Sax.  blithi,  clear,  joyful;  Goth. 
bleiths,  merciful;  I  eel.  bllthr,  Dan.  blid, 
bland ;  D.  blijde,  blithe.  Hence  bliss.] 
Gay;  merry;  joyous;  sprightly;  iairthful; 
characterized  by  blitheness  or  j  oy  — Blithe- 
ly, bliTH'li,  adv.  In  a  blithe,  gay,  or  joy- 
ful manner. — Blitheness,  bliiH'nes.n.  The 
quality  of  being  blithe;  gaiety;  sprightli- 
ness.  —  Blithesome,  bUra'sum,  a.  Full  of 
blitheness  or  gaiety ;  gay ;  mepry ;  cheer- 
ful. —  Blithesomeness,  bliTH'sum-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  blithesome;  gaiety. 

Bloat,  blot,  v.t.  [Allied  to  Icel.  blautr, 
soaked  and  soft;  Sw.  blot,  soaked,  biota,  to 
soak,  to  cure  fish  by  soaking.]  To  make 
turgid  or  swollen,  as  with  air,  water,  &c.; 
to  cause  to  swell,  as  with  a  dropsical  hu- 
mour; to  inflate;  to  make  vain;  to  cure  by 
smoking,  as  herrings.  —  v.i.  To  become 
swollen;  to  dilate. ^ Bloated,  blot'ed,  a. 
Swelled  out ;  puffed  up;  unwieldy,  especi- 
ially  from  over  indulgence  in  eating  and 
drinking;  unduly  large;  overgrown  [bloat- 
ed armaments).— Bloatedness,  blot'ed-nes, 
n.  The  state  of  being  bloated.— Bloater, 
blot'er,  n.  A  smoke-dried  herring:  pro- 
bably the  name  was  originally  given  to 
fish  cured  by  soaking. 

Blob,  blob,  n.  [Also  in  form  bleb,  and  allied 
to  blab,  blubber.]  A  small  globe  of  liquid; 
a  dewdrop;  a  blister;  a  bubble. 

Block,  blok,  n.  [Same  word  as  D.  and  Dan. 
blok,  6.  and  Sw.  block,  a  block,  a.  log,  a 
lump ;  Ir.  blog,  a  fragment.  ]  Any  solid 
mass  of  matter,  usually  with  one  or  more 
plane  or  approximately  plane  faces;  a 
lump;  a  stock  or  stupid  person  ;  the  mass 
of  wood  on  which  criminals  lay  their  necks 
when  they  are  beheaded;  any  obstruction 
or  cause  of  obstruction ;  a  stop ;  the  state 
of  being  blocked  or  stopped  up;  a  casing  or 
shell  containing  one  or  more  pulleys  over 
which  a  rope  or  chain  works;  a  connected 
mass  of  buildings ;  a  portion  of  a  city  in- 
closed by  streets;  a  mould  or  piece  on 
which  something  is  shaped,  ob  placed  to 
make  it  keep  in  shape;  a  piece  of  wood  on 
which  an  engraving  is  cut.— v.t.  To  hinder 
egress  or  passage  from  or  to;  to  stop  up 
or  barricade;  to  obstruct;  ci-icket,  to  stop 
(a  ball)  with  the  bat  without  striking  it  to 
a  distance;  to  mould,  shape,  or  stretch  on 
a  block;  bookbinditig,  to  ornament  by  means 
of  brass  stamps. —  To  block  ovi^  to  begin  to 
reduce  to  the  required  shape ;  to  shape 
out.— Blockade,  blok -ad',  n.  [Comp.  such 
■words  as  barncade,  stockade,  palisade,  kc] 
The  shutting  up  of  a  place  by  surrounding 
it  with  hostile  troops  or  ships  with  a  view 
to  compel  a  surrender,  by  hunger  and 
want,  without  regular  attacks.— To  raise 
a  blockade,  to  remove  or  break  up  a  block- 
ade.-v.t.— 7j!octa(/ed.  blockading.  To  sub- 
ject to  a  blockade ;  to  prevent  ingress  to 
or  egi-ess  from  by  warlike  means ;  to  shut 
up  or  in  by  obstacles  of  any  kind ;  to  ob- 
struct.—Blockader,  blok-ad'^r,n.  Onewho 
blockades ;  a  vessel  employed  in  blockad- 
ing.—Blockhead,  blok'hed,  n.  A  stupid 
fellow;  a  dolt;  a  stock;  a  person  deficient 
in  understanding.— Block-house,  n.  Milit. 
a  strong  building  of  one  or  more  stories, 
80  nanied  because  constructed  chiefly  of 
logs  or  beams  of  timber,  having  loopholes 
for  musketry.— Blocking-coiirse,  n.  The 
course  of  stones  or  bricks  erected  on  the 
upper  part  of  a  cornice  to  make  a  termin- 
ation.— Bloc'iUsh,blok'ish,o.  Like  a  block; 
stupid;  dull;  deficient  in  understanding. 
fS/iaJfc.]— Block-printing,  n.  The  process  or 
art  of  printing  from  engraved  blocks  of 
wood.— Block-system,  n.  The  system  of 
working  the  traffic  on  a  railway,  according 
to  which  the  line  is  divided  into  short  sec- 
tions, and  no  train  is  allowed  to  enter  upon 
any  one  section  till  it  is  signalled  wholly 
clear,  so  that  between  two  successive  trains 
there  is  an  interval  of  time  as  well  as  one 
of  space.— Block-tin,  n.  Tin  cast  into  in- 
gots or  blocks. 

Blond,  Blonde,  blond,  a.  FFr.  blond,  blonde, 
a  word  of  Teutonic  origin ;  comp.  D.  and 
G.  blond,  fair,  flaxen;' A.  Sax.  blonden, 
grayish  or  grizzled;  allied  to  blend.]  Of  a 
fair  colour  or  complexion.  —  n.  A  person 
(especially  a  woman)  of  very  fair  com- 
plexion, with  light  hair  and  light-blue 
eyes.— Blondness,  blond'nes,  n.   The  state 


^BLOOM 

{*•--  ~~  ' 

J|of  being  blond;  fairness.  —  Blond-lace,  n. 

-  Lace  made  of  silk.originally  of  unbleached 
silk,  from  the  yellowish  colour  of  which 
the  name  was  given,  now  of  white,  black, 
or  coloured  silk.    Also  called  Blond. 

Blood,  blud, n.  [O.E.  blod,  blode,  &c.,  A.  Sax. 
bl6d=Goth.bloth,lce\.bl6th,J)aji.Svi.blod, 
L.G:  blood,  D.  bloed,  G.  blut;  root  probably 
seen  in  to  blow  (as  a  flower),  bloom,  from 
the  brightness  of  its  colour]  The  fluid 
which  circulates  through  the  arteries  and 
veins  of  the  human  body  and  that  of  other 
animals,  and  which  is  essential  to  life 
and  nutrition  —  in  man  and  the  higher 
animals  of  a  more  or  less  red  colour;  re- 
lationship by  descent  ft'om  a  common  an- 
cestor (allied  by  blood] ;  consanguinity ; 
lineagc;kindred;  family;  birth;  extraction; 
often  high  birt'n;  good  extraction;  natural 
disposition ;  temper;  spirit  (to  do  a  thing 
in  hot  blood  or  cold  blood,  that  is  in  anger 
or  deliberately);  mettle;  passion;  anger 
(his  blood  was  npl—The  blood,  the  royal 
family  or  royal  lineage;  thus  it  is  common 
to  speak  of  princes  of  the  blood. — Flesh  and 
blood,  human  nature;  mortal  vasm.—v.t.  To 
let  blood;  to  bleed;  to  stain  with  blood;  to 
inure  to  blood ;  to  give  a  taste  of  blood.— 
Blood-boaght,  a.  Bought  or  obtained  at 
the  expense  of  life  or  by  the  shedding  of 
blood.— Blood-^ailtiness,  n.  The  state  of 
being  blood-guilty ;  the  guilt  or  crime  of 
shedding  blood. — ^Blood-guilty,  a.  Guilty 
of  murder. — Blood-horse,  n.  A  horse  of  a 
breed  derived  originally  from  a  cross  with 
the  Arabian  horse,  combining  lightness, 
strength,  swiftness,  and  endurance.  — 
Blood-hound,  n.  A  large  variety  of  dog 
with  long  smooth  and  pendulous  ears,  re- 
markaljle  for  the  acuteness  of  its  smell, 
and  employed  to  recover  game  or  prey  by 
scent.- Bloodily ,  blud'i-li,  adv.  In  a  bloody 
manner;  cruelly.— Bloodiness,  blud'i-nes, 
n.  The  state  of  being  bloody;  disposition 
to  shed  blood;  murderousness. — Bloodless, 
blud'les,  a.  Without  blood;  drained  of 
blood;  dead;  without  shedding  of  blood  or 
slaughter  (a  bloodless  victory);  without 
spirit  or  actinty. — Bloodlessly,  blud'les-li, 
adv.  In  a  bloodless  manner;  without"blood- 
shed.— Bloodletting,  blud'let-ing,  n.  The 
act  of  letting  blood  by  opening  a  vein.— 
Blood-money,  n.  Honey  earned  by  the 
shedding  of  blood  or  by  laying,  or  sup- 
porting, a  charge  implying  peril  to  the 
life  of  an  accused  person.— Blood-relation, 
n.  One  related  by  blood  or  descent.  — 
Bloodshed,  blud'shed,  n.  The  shedding  on 
spilling  of  blood;  slaughter;  waste  of  life. 
— Bloodshedder,  blud'shed-6r,  n.  One  who 
sheds  blood;  a  murderer. — Bloodshedding, 
blud'shed-ing,  n.  The  crime  of  shedding 
blood  or  taking  human  life. —  Bloodshot, 
blud'shot,  a.  Red  and  inflamed  by  a  tur- 
gid state  of  the  blood-vessels:  said  of  the 
eye.  —  Blood  -  spavin,  n.  A  dilatation  of 
the  vein  tha.t  runs  along  the  inside  of  the 
hock  of  a  horse,  forming  a  soft  swelling. 
-Blood-stained,  a.  Stained  with  blooaj 
guilty  of  slaughter.  — Blood-stone,  n.  A 
stone  worn  as  an  amulet,  to  prevent  bleed- 
ing at  the  nose ;  red  hematite ;  a  species 
of  heliotrope  dotted  with  spots  of  jasper. 
— Blood-sucker,  n.  Any  animal  that  sucks 
blood,asaleech,a  fly,  kc;  a  hard  niggard- 
ly man;  an  extortioner.— Bloodthirstiness, 
blud'th6rs-ti-nes,  n.  Thirst  for  shedding 
blood.— Bloodthirsty,  blud'th6rs-ti ,  a.  De- 
sirous to  shed  blood ;  murderous.— Blood- 
vessel, n.  Any  vessel  in  which  .blood  cir- 
culates in  an  animal  body ;  an  artery  or  a 
vein. — Blood-warm,  a.  'Warm  as  blood ; 
lukewarm.— Bloody,  blud'i,  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  blood;  consisting  of,  containing, 
or  exhibiting  blood;  blood-stained;  cruel; 
murderous;  given  to  the  shedding  of  blood ; 
attended  with  much  bloodshed. — Bloody- 
flux,  n.  The  dysentery,  a  disease  in  which 
the  discharges  from  the  bowels  have  a 

■  mixture  of  blood.  —  Bloody-minded,  a. 
Having  a  cruel-  ferocious  disposition;  bar- 
barous; inclined  to  shed  blood. 

Bloom,  blom,  n.  [Same  word  as  Icel.  bl&m, 
Sw.  blomtna,  Dan.  blomme,  -Goth,  bloma, 
D.  bloem,  G.  blnme,  a  flower,  from  stem  of 
blow,  to  blossom;  akin  blossom.]'  A  blos- 
som; the  flower  of  a  plant;  the  act  or  state 
of  blossoming ;  fulness  of  life  and  vigour ; 


T&te,  farifatj^f8lli^me^inetj_h6r^^^jpige,  pin;^_ni5te,  not,  mbve;  .  tQbe,  tub,  bull; oil,  pound; ^^IX,  So.  abuse— thQ  Fr;  «. 


BLOOM 


71 


:blusi 


a  period  of  high  success;  a  flourighing  con- 
dition; the  delicate  rose  hue  on  the  cheek 
indicative  of  youth  and  health;  a  glow;  a 
flush;  a  superficial  coating  or  appearance 
upon  certa.in  things,  as  the  delicate  pow- 
dery coating  upon  certain  fruits  when 
newly  gathered. — v.i.  To  produce  or  yield 
blossoms;  to  blossom;  to  flower;  to  show 
the  beauty  of  youth;  to  glow.— y.«.  J  Tojjut 
forth,  as  blossoms.  [  O.T.  ]  — Blooming, 
blom'ing,  a.  Showing  blooms;  glowing  as 
with  youthful  vigour.— Bloomingly.blom'- 
ing-li,  adv.  In  a  blooming  manner. — 
Bloomiugness,  blom'ing-nes,  ».— Bloomy, 
blo'mi,  a.  Full  of  bloom  or  blossoms; 
flowery ;  having  freshness  or  vigour  as  of 
youth;  having  a  delicate  powdery  api)ear- 
ance,  sis  fresh  fruit. 

Bloom,  blom,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bldma,  a  mass  or 
lump  of  metal.]  A  lump  of  puddled  iron, 
which  leaves  the  furnace  in  a  rough  state, 
to  be  subsequently  rolled  into  the  bars  or 
other  material  into  which  it  may  be  de- 
sired to  convert  the  metal.  —  Bloomary, 
Bloomery,  bl6m'a-ri,  blom'6r-i,  n  The 
first  forge  through  which  iron  passes  after 
it  is  melted  from  the  ore. 

Bloomer,  blOm'er,  n.  [After  Mrs.  Bloomer, 
an  American  lady.who  originated  the  style 
of  dress  m  1849.]  A  costume  for  women, 
consisting  of  a  short  skirt,  loose  trousers, 
and  a  broad-brimmed  hat.  Also  used  ad- 
jectively. 

Blossom,  blos'om,  n.  [A.  Sax.  Mdstma,  a 
blossom,  from  same  root  as  bloom  (which 
see)  ]  The  flower  of  a  plant,  consisting  of 
one  or  more  coloured  leaflets,  generally  of 
more  delicate  texture  than  the  leaves;  the 
bloom;  blooming  state  or  period  (the  plant 
is  in  bloom). — v.i.  To  put  forth  blossoms  or 
flowers;  to  bloom;  to  flourish.— Blossomed, 
blos'omd,  a.  Covered  with  blossoms;  in 
bloom.— Blossomy,t  blos'om-i,  a.  Full  of 
or  covered  with  blossoms. 

Blot,  blot,  n.  [Same  word  as  Icel  blettr. 
Ban.  plet,  a  blot,  Dan.  dial,  blot,  a  drop, 
a  spot  of  something  wet.]  A  spot  or  stain, 
as  of  ink  on  paper;  a  blur;  an  obliteration 
of  something  written  or  printed;  a  spot  in 
reputaction;  a  blemish. — v.t. — blotted,  blot- 
ting.  To  spot,  to  stam,  as  with  ink;  to  stain 
with  infamy;  to  tarnish;  to  obliterate  or 
efface:  in  this  sense  generally  with  out;  to 
dry  by  means  of  blotting-paper  or  the 
like.— Blotter,  blot'er,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  blots.— Blotting-paper,  n.  A  species 
of  unsized  paper,  serving  to  imbibe  the 
superfluous  ink  from  newly  written  manu- 
script, &c. 

Blotch,  bloch,  n.  [  For  blatch,  black,  a 
softened  form  of  black  {comp.bleak,  bleach), 
the  meaning  being  iniluenced  by  botch,  a 
pustule.  ]  A  pustule  or  eruption  on  the 
skin;  an  irregular  spot. — v.t.  To  mark  with 
blotches.  —  Blotched,  Blotchy,  blocht, 
bloch'i,  a.    Marked  with  blotches. 

Blouse,  blouz  or  bids,  n.  [Fr.]  A  light  loose 
upper  garment,  resembling  a  smock-frock, 
made  of  linen  or  cotton,  and  worn  by  men 
as  a  protection  from  dust  or  in  place  of  a 
coat;  also,  a  dress  of  nearly  the  same  form 
and  of  various  materials  worn  by  children. 
— Bloused,  bloust,  a.    Wearing  a  blouse. 

Blow,  blo,y.i. — blew,  bloum,  blowing.  [A-  Sax. 
bldwan-  allied  to  6.  bldhen,  to  blow,  Icel. 
bldsa,  Goth.  bUsan,  G.  blasen,  to  blow,  to 
blow  a  wind-instrument;  also  to  E.  blow, 
to  bloom,  bladder,  blast,  &c.,  and  L.  fio, 
flare,  to  breathe  or  blow.]  To  make  a  cur- 
rent of  air,  as  with  the  mouth,  a  bellows, 
&c. ;  to  constitute  or  form  a  current  of  air;  to 
be  a  wind:  often  used  with  an  indefinite  it 
for  the  subject  (it  bleiu  strongly  yesterday); 
to  pant;  to  puff;  to  breathe  hard  or  quick; 
to  give  out  sound  by  being  blown,  as  a 
horn  or  trumpet ;  to  boast ;  to  brag :  iii 
this  sense  colloq.  —  To  blow  over,  to  pass' 
away  after  having  spent  its  force  (the  storm 
blew  over).— To  blow  vp,  to  be  broken  and 
scattered  by  an  explosion. — To  blow  upon, 
to  bring  into  disfavour  or  discredit;  to 
render  stale,  unsavoury,  or  worthless;  also 
to  inform  upon. — v.t.  To  throw  or  drive  a 
current  of  air  upon;  to  drive  by  a  current 
of  air,  to  sound  by  the  breath  (a  wind-in- 
strument) ;  to  form  by  inflation  (to  bloiv  a 
glass  bottle);  to  swell  by  injecting  air  into; 
to  put  out  of  breath  by  fatigue;  to  scatter 


or  shatter  by  explosives  (to  blow  up,  to 
blow  to  pieces ).  —  To  blow  orU,  to  extin- 
goish  by  a  current  of  air;  to  scatter  (one's 
brains)  by  firearms. —  To  blow  tip,  to  fill 
with  ail.;  to  swell ;  to  inflate ;  to  puff  up ; 
to  blow  into  a  blaze;  to  burst  in  pieces 
and  scatter  by  explosion;  to  scold:  in  this 
sense  colloq. — n.  A  gale  of  wind ;  a  blast ; 
the  breathing  or  spouting  of  a  whale."— 
Blower,  blo'er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
blows;  a  blowmg-engine.— Blowy,  blS'i,  a. 
Windy;  gusty.— Blow-fly,  n.  A  nataie  of 
various  species  of  flies  (dipterous  insects) 
which  deposit  their  eggs  on  flesh,  and  thus 
taint  it. — Blow-hole,  ji. '  The  nostril  of  a  ce- 
tacean, situated  on  the  highest  part  of  the 
head;  a  hole  in  the  ice  to  which  whales  and 
seals  come  to  breathe.— Blowing-engine, 
Blowing-machine,  n.  Any  contrivance  for 
supplying  a  current  of  air,  as  for  blowing 
glass,  smelting  iron,  renewing  the  air  in 
confined  spaces,  and  the  like.— Blow-pipe, 
».  An  instrument  by  which  a  current  of 
air  or  gas  is  driven  through  a  flame  so  as  tO 
direct  it  upon  a  substance,  an  intense  heat 
being  created  by  the  rapid  supply  of  oxy- 
gen and  the  concentration  of  the  flame;  a 
pipe  or  tube  through  which  poisoned  ar- 
rows are  blown  by  the  breath,  used  by 
South  American  Indians  and  natives  of 
Bomeo._ 

Blow,  blo,i;.i. — blew,blo%vn.  [A.  Sax.  bl&wan, 
to  bloom  or  blossom;  D.  bloeijen,  G.  bluhen; 
allied  to  the  other  verb  to  blow,  and  to  L. 
fiorere,  to  bloom.]  To  flower;  to  blossom; 
to  bloom,  as  plants. — 1;.<.  J  To  make  to  blow 
or  blossom. — n.  A  mass  of  blossoms;  the 
state  or  condition  of  blossoming  or  flower- 
ing, the  highest  state  of  anything;  bloom; 
an  ovum  or  egg  deposited  by  a  fly;  a  fly- 
blow.—Blown,  blon,  p.  and  a.  Fully  ex- 
Sanded  or  opened,  as  a  flower. 
ow,  bio,  n.  [Akin  to  O.D.  blauwen,  to 
strike;  D.  blouw&n,  to  beat  flax;  G.  blenen, 
to  cudgel;  and  perhaps  also  with*  blue. 

i  Blue.]  A  stroke  with  the  hand  or  fist,  or 
a  weapon;  a  knock;  an  act  of  hostility;  a 
sudden  calamity;  a  sudden  or  severe  evil; 
mischief  or  damage  received. — At  a  blow, 
by  one  single  action ;  at  one  effort ;  sud- 
denly. 

Blowze,  blouz,  n.  [Prom  the  same  root  as 
bluah.^  A  ruddy  fat-faced  woman;  ablowzy 
woman. — Blowzed,  Blowzy,  blouzd,  blou'^- 
zi,  a.  Ruddy-faced;  fat  and  ruddy;  high- 
coloured. 

Blubber,  blub'er,  n.  [A  lengthened  form  of 
blub,  blob,  bleb;  perhaps  from  same  root  as 
that  of  blow,  bladder.]  The  fat  of  whales 
and  other  large  sea  animals,  from  which 
train-oil  is  obtained;  a  gelatinous  mass  of 
various  kinds;  the  sea-nettle ;  a  jelly-fish. 
— v.i.  To  weep,  especially  in  such  a  manner 
as  to^wellthe  cheeks  or  msfigure  the  face. 
— v.i.  Todisfigure  with  weeping.— Blubber- 
lip,  n.  A  swollen  lip;  a  thick  Up,  such  as 
that  of  a  negro.- BliiDber-lippea,a.  Hav- 

■  ing  blubber-lips. 

Blucher,  bluch'er,  n.  A  strong  leather 
half  boot  or  high  shoe,  named  after  Field- 
mai"shal  von  BlUcher. 

Bludgeon,  bluj'on,  n.  [Origin  unknown; 
perhaps  allied  to  G.  blotzen,  to  strike,  B. 
bluisen,  to  bruise.]  A  short  stick,  with  one 
end  loaded  or  thicker  and  heavier  than 
the  other,  and  used  as  an  offensive  wea- 
pon. 

Bine,  bla,  n.  [Same  as  Sc.  blae,  Icel.  bldr, 
livid;  Ban.  blaa,  B.  bloMuw,  G.  blau,  blue; 
connected  with  blow,  a  blow  producing 
a  blue  colour.  Akin  blemish.]  One  of 
the  primary  colours;  the  colour  of  the 
clear  sky  or  deep  sea;  azure;  what  is  blue; 
a  dye  or  pigment  of  this  hue. — a.  Of  the 
colour  of  blue;  sky-coloured;  azure.— y.<. 
— blued,  bluing.  To  make  blue;  to  dye  of 
a  blue  colour.— Blueing,  Bluing,  blU'ing,  n. 
A  material  used  to  impart  a  blue  colour, 
as  indigo  used  by  washerwomen. — Bluely, 
blQ'li,  adv.  With  a  blue  hue  or  shade: — 
Blaenesa,  blu'nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
blue;  a  blue  hue  or  colour.— Bluish,  blu'- 
ish,  a.  Blue  in  a  slight  degree;  somewhat 
blue.— Bluishness,  blu'ish-nes,  n.— Blue- 
bell, n.  The  popular  name  given  in  Eng- 
land to  the  wild  hyacinth,aiid  in  Scotland 
to  the  harebell.— Blue-bird,  m.  .A  small 
bluish  bird  with  a  red  breast  very  common 


in  theUnited  States;  the  blue  robin.— Bine- 
took,  n.    A  name  applied  to  British  gov- 

■  emmeut  official  reports  and  other  papers, 
because  their  covers  are  made  of  blue  paper. 
— Blue-bottle,  n.  A  composite  plant  found 
frequently  in  cornfields;  a  fly  with  a  large 
blue  belly.  —  Blue-cap,  n.  A  fish  of  the 
salmon  kind,  with  blue  spots  on  its  head; 
the  blue  titmouse.— Blue-devils,  n.  pi.  A 
colloquial  phrase  for  dejection,  hypochon- 
dria, or  lowness  of  spirits;  also  for  de- 
lirium tremens.  Often"  called  simply  the 
.blues. — Blue-jacket,  n.  A  sailor,  from  the 
colour  of  his  jacket. — Blue-mould,  n.  A 
name  of  9,  thread-like  fungus  growing  on 
cheese,  as  also  on  dried  sausages  and  rolled 
bacon.— Blue-ointment,  n.  Mercurial  oint- 
ment. —  Blue-peter,  n.  [A  corruption  of 
blite  repeater.]  Naut.  a  blue  flag  having  a 
white  square  in  the  centre,  used  as  a  signal 
for  sailing,  to  recall  boats,  &c.— Blue-pill, 
n.  Mercurial  pill.— Blue-ribbon,  n.  The 
broad,  dark-blue  ribbon,  worn  by  members 
of  the  order  of  the  Garter  over  the  left 
shoulder,  and  hanging  down  to  the  hip; 
hencCf  a  member  of  tliis  order;  fig.  what 
marks  the  attainment  of  an  obj  ect  of  great 
ambition;  the  object  itself. — Blue-spax,  n. 
Azure-spar ;  lazulite.  —  Blue-stocking,  n. 
A  literary  lady:  applied  usually  with  the 
imputation  of  pedantry  —  a  term  of  dis- 
puted origin.  —  Blue-stockingism,  n.  The 
character,  manner,  or  habits  of  a  blue- 
stocking. —  Blue  -  stone.  Blue -vitriol,  n. 
Sulphate  of  copper.— Blue-verditer,  n.  A 
blue  oxide  of  copper,  or  a  precipitate  of 
the  nitrate  of  copper  by  lime. 

BluS,  bluf,  a.  [Perhaps  from  or  allied  to 
O.D.  6ta/,applied  to  abroad  full  face, also 
to  a  forehead  rising  strg,iKht  up.]  Broad 
and  full:  specially  appued  to  a  full  coun- 
tenance, indicative  of  frankness  and  good 
humour;  rough  and  hearty;  somewhat 
boisterous  and  unconventional ;  having  a 
steep  front  (a  bluff  bank). — n.  A  high  bank, 
especially  one  overhanging  the  sea,  or  a 
lake  or  river,  and  presenting  a  steep  front. 
—Bluffy,  bluf'i,  a.  Having  blufis  or  bold 
projectmg  points  of  land. 

Blunder,  blun'der,  v.i-.  [Allied  to  Icel. 
blunda,  to  doze,  blundr,'  slumber.  Ban. 
and  Sw.  blund,  a  nap,  also  to  blind,  blend.] 
To  make  a  gross  mistake,  especially 
through  mental  confusion,  to  err  stupidly; 
to  move  without, direction  or  steady  guid- 

•  anee;  to  flounder;  to  stumble,  literally  or 
figuratively. — n.  A  mistake  through  pre- 

'  cipitance  or  mental  confusion;  a  gross  and 
stupid  mistake.- Blunderer,  blun'der-er, 
n.  One  who  is  apt  to  blunder  or  to  make 
gross  mistakes.— Blunderingly,  blun'der- 
ing-li,  adv.    In  a  blundering  manner. — 

Blunderbuss,  blun'der-bus,  n.  [A  humorous 
corruption  of  B.  donderbus,  a  blunderbuss 
— donder,  thunder,  and  6ttg,  a  tube,  gun, 
originally  a  box.]  A  short  gun  or  firearm, 

■with  a  large  bore. 

Blunt,  blunt,  a.  [Akin  to  Prov.  G.  bludde, 
a  dull  or  blunt  knife;  Ban.  blun'le,  Sw. 
and  Icel.  blunda,  to  doze,  B.  blunder.] 
Having  a  thick  edge  or  point,  as  an  in- 
strument; dull;  not  sharp;  dull  in  under- 
standing; slow  of  discernment;  abrupt  in 
address;  plain;  unceremonious. — v.t.  To 
dull  the  edge  or  point  of,  by  making  it 
thicker;  to  impair  the  force,  keenness,  or 
susceptibility  of. — Bluntish,  blunt'ish,  a. 
Somewhat  blunt. -Bluntishness,  blunt'- 
ish-nes,  n.— Bluntly,  bluntli,  adv.  In  a 
blunt  manner;  plainly;  abruptly;  without 
delicacy  or  the  usual  forms  of  civility. — 
Bluntness,  blunt'nes,  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  blunt. 

Blur,  bier,  n.  [Probably  a  form  of  blear.] 
Something  that  obscures  or  soils;  a  blot; 
a  stain;  confused  appearance,  as  produced 
by  indistinct  vision. — v.t— blurred,  blur- 
ring. To  obscure  without  quite  effacing ; 
to  render  indistinct ;  to  confuse  and  be- 
dim; to  cause  imperfection  of  vision  in;  to 
dim;  to  suUy;  to  stain;  to  .blemish  (repu- 
tation). 

Blurt,  bl^rt,  v.t.  [Perhaps  imitative  of 
abrupt  sound  made  by  the  lips.J  To  utter 
suddenly  or  inadvertently;  to  divulge  un- 
advisedly: commonly  with  out. 

Blush,  blush,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  blisian,  blysian, 
allied  to  Ban.  blusae,  to  blaze,  to  blush. 


4t  cAaiaj  ^  <ft.  Sc.  Ioeft;^.gr  co;^  Jt/obj^^,  S"!.  to>»;     ng,  si»fir;     m.  then;  th,  thm;  _w,  iwg;     wh,  vihiz'     zh,  ai-^re. 


BLUSTER 


72 


BOGEY 


T).  bios,  a  blush,  hlozen,  to  blush;  akin 
hlage,  blow.]  To  redden  in  the  cheeks  or 
over  the  face,  as  from  a  sense  of  guilt, 
shame,  confusion,  or  modesty;  to  exhibit 
a  red  or  rosy  colour;  to  bloom. — n.  The  act 
of  blushing;  the  sufmsion  of  the^heeks  or 
the  face  generally  with  a  red  colour 
through  confusion,  shame,  diffidence,  or 
the  like;  a  red  or  reddish  colour;  a  rosy 
tint. — At  the  first  blush,  at  the  first  view 
or  consideration  of  a  matter.— Blushful, 
blush'ful.a.  Full  of  blushes.— Bluahfally, 
blubh'fiil-li,  adv.  With  many  blushes. — 
Blushing,  blushing,  a.  Exhibiting  blushes 
or  a  rosy  tint ;  blooming.  —  Bltushingly, 
blush'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  blushing  mamier; 
with  blushes. 
Blaster,  blus't^r,  v.i.  [A  kind  of  intens.  of 
blow:  akin  to  blast,  blister.}  To  roar  and 
be  tumultuous,  a.?  wind;  to  be  boisterous; 
to  be  loud,  noisy,  or  swaggering;  to  bully; 
to  swagger.  —  v.t.  To  utter  or  effect  in  a 
blustering  manner  or  with  noise _and  vio- 
lence :  with  otU,  or  other  prep.— Ji.  A  vio- 
lent blast  of  wind ;  a  gust ;  -noisy  talk ; 
swaggering ;  boisterousness.  —  Blusterer, 
blus'ter-fer,  n.  One  who  blusters;  a  swag- 
gerer; a  bully.— Blustering,  blus'ter-ing,  a. 
Stormy;  windy;  noisy;  tumultuous;  swag- 

fering.— Bltisterlligly,'blu8't6r-ing-li,  ady. 
n  a  blustering  manner.  —  Blosteroos, 
Blustrous,  Blustery,  bliis'ter-us,  blus'trus, 
blu8't6r-i,  a.  Noisy;  tumultuous;  tem- 
pestuous. 

Boa,  bo'a,  n.  [li.,  a  water-serpent.]  The 
generic  and  common  name  of  certain  ser- 
pents destitute  of  fangs  and  venom,  hav- 
ing a  prehensile  tail,  and  including  some 
of  the  largest  species  of  serpents,  the  con- 
strictor being  30  or  40  feet  long;  a  long 
round  article  of  dress  for  the  neck,  made 
of*fur. 

Boar,  bOr,  n.  [A.  Sax.  Mr=D.  beer,  O.H.G. 
per,  M.H.G.  ber,  a  boar;  perhaps  aldn  to 
tear  (the  animal).]  The  male  of  swine: 
when  applied  to  the  wild  species  the  term 
is  used  without  reference  to  sex. — ^Bearish, 
bor'ish,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a 
boar;  swinish;  brutal. 

Board,  bord,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bord,  table,  plank, 
deck  or  side  of  a  ship=Icel.  Dan.  G.  bord, 
jGoth.  baurd,  D.  board;  allied  probably  to 
verb  bear.  Border,  braider,  are  akin.]  A 
piece  of  timber  sawed  thin,  and  of  con- 
siderable length  and  breadth  compared 
■with  the  thickness;  a  table;  hence,  what 
is  served  on  a  board  or  table;  food;  diet; 
specifically,  daily  food  obtained  for  a  stip- 
ulated sum  at  the  table  of  another;  a 
council  table;  a  number  of  persons  having 
the  management,  direction,  or  superin- 
tendence of  some  public  or  private  office 
or  trust;  the  deck  or  side  of  a  ship  or  boat, 
or  its  interior  part  (on  board,  to  fall  over 
board!);  a  table  or  frame  for  a  game,  as 
chess,  draughts,  &c.;  a  kind  of  thick  stiff 

f)aper;  a  sheet  of  substance  formed  by 
ayers  of  paper  pasted  together,  usually 
in  compouncis  (as,  card-board,  mill-board); 
one  of  the  two  stiff  covers  on  the  sides  of 
a  book. — The  boards,  the  stage  of  a  theatre. 
— v.t.  To  lay  or  spread  with  boards;  to  cover 
with  boards ;  to  place  at  board,  or  where 
food  on  food  and  lodging  are  to  be  had;  to 
furnish  with  food,  or  food  and  lodging, 
for  a  compensation ;  to  go  on  board  a  ves- 
sel; to  enter  a  vessel  by  force  in  combat.— 
v.i.  To  live  at  board ;  to  live  as  a  boarder. 
—  Boardable,  bOrd'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  boarded,  as  a  ship.— Boarder,  bord'- 
6r,  n.  One  furnished  with  food  or  food 
and  lodging  at  another's  house  at  a  stated 
charge;  one  who  boards  a  ship  in  action. — 
Boarding-house,  n.  A  house  where  board 
or  board  and  lodging  is  furnished. — Board- 
Ing.plke,  n.  A  weapon  used  by  sailors  in 
boarding  an  enemy's  ship. — Boarding- 
school,  n.  A  school,  the  scholars  of  which 
board  M'ith  the  teacher. — Board-school,  n. 
A  school  under  the  management  of  a 
school-board.— Board-wages,  n.  pi.  Wages 
allowed  to  servants  to  keep  themselves  in 
victuals. 

Boast,  host,  v.i.  [Probably  of  Celtic  origin; 
comp.  W.  bost,  a  boast,  bostio,  to  boast. 
Com.  hostye,  to  boast.]  To  speak  in  high 
praise  of  one's  self  or  belongings ;  to  use 

,  exulting,  pompous,  or  pretentious  lan- 


guage; to  brag;  to  exult j  to  glory; 
vaunt;  to  bluster.— t>.t.  To  display  in  oste 


to 
osten- 
tatious language;  to  speak  of  with  pride, 
vanity,  or  exultation;  to  magnify  br  exalt 
(strength,  genius) ;  to  vaunt :  often  refL — 
n.  A  statement  expressive  of  ostentation, 
pride,  t)r  vanity;  a  vaunting  or  bragging; 
a  brag;  the  cause  of  boasting;  occasion  of 
pride,  vanity,  or  laudable  exultation. — 
Boaster,  b0st'6r,  n.  One  who  boasts,  glories, 
or  vaunts  with  exaggeration  or  ostenta- 
tiously; a  bragger.— Boastful,  bo8t'ful,o. 
Given  to  boasting.— Boastfully,  bost'ful- 
li,  ad.v.  In  a  boastful  manner.— Boastfiil- 
ness,  bost'ful-nes,  n.  —  Boastingly,  bOst'- 
ing-U,  adv.    Boastfully;  with  boasting. 

Boat,  Dot,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bdi^Icel.  bdtr,  D. 
L.G.  and  G.  boot,  a  boat.  Similar  forms 
occur  also  in  Celtic,  as  Ir.  W.  bad,  Gael, 
bata.]  A  small  open  vessel  or  water-craft, 
usually  moved  by  oars  or  rowing;  any  sail- 
ing vessel,  but  usually  described  by  an- 
other word  denoting  its  use  or  mode  of 
propulsion ;  as,  a  packet-boat,  steam-boat, 
&c. — v.t.  To  transport  in  a  boat. — v.i.  To 
go  or  sail  in  a  boat.— Boat-bill,  n.  A  bird 
of  the  heron  family,  inhabiting  South 
America,  and  named  from  having  a  bill 
resembling  a  boat  with  the  keel  upper- 
most. —  Boat-fly,  n.  An  aquatic  insect 
whose  hind-legs  resera'ole  a  pair  of  oars, 
the  body  representing  a  boat.— Boat-hook, 
n.  An  iron  hook  with  a  point  on  the  back, 
fixed  to  a  long  pole,  to  pull  or  push  a  Doat. 
— Boat-house,  n.  A  house  or  shed  for  pro- 
tecting_  boats  from  the  weather.  —  Boat- 
man, bot'man,  n.  A  man  who  manages  a 
boat;  a  rower  of  a  boat. — Boatswain,  bot'- 
swan  or  bo'sn,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bAtswAn — bdt, 
boat,  and  swdn,  swairi.]  A  ship's  officer 
who  has  charge  of  the  sails,  rigging,  an- 
chors, cables,  &c.,  and  who  pipes  or  sum- 
mons the  crew  to.  their  duty. 

Bob,  bob,  n.  (Perhaps  imitative  or  sug- 
gestive of  abrupt,  jerky  motion;  in  some 
of  its  senses  alliea  to  Gael,  babag,  bdban, 
a  tassel.]  A  general  name  for  any  small 
round  object  playing  loosely  at  the  end  of 
a  cord,  line,  chain,  &c. ,  as  a  knot  of  worms 
on  a  string  used  in  fishing  for  eels,  the 
ball  or  weight  at  the  end  of  a  pendulum, 
plumb-line,  and  the  like;  a  short  jerking 
action  or  motion;  a  shake  or  jog;  a  blow ; 
bell-ringing,  a  peal  of  courses  or  sets  of 
changes. — v.t. —  bobbed,  bobbing.  To  move 
In  a  short,  jerking  manner;  to  perform 
with  a  jerky  movement;  to  cut  short,  as  a 
horse's  tail;  to  beat  or  strike;  to  deceive; 
to  defraud  of  (Shak.}l.—v.i.  To  play  back- 
ward and  forward;  to  play  loosely  against 
anything;  to  maie  a  quick,  jerky  motion, 
as  a  rapid  bow  or  obeisance;  to  angle  or 
fish  with  a  bob,  or  by  giving  the  hook  a 
jerking  motion  in  the  water.  —  Bobtail, 
bob'tal,  n.  A  short  tail  or  a  tail  cut  short; 
the  rabble :  used  in  contempt,  as  in  the 
phrase  rag-tdg  ai\d  bobtail. — Bobtailed, 
bob'tald,  a.  Having  the  tail  cut  short. — 
Bob-wig,  n.   A  wig  of  short  hair. 

Bobbin,  bob'in,  n.  [Fr.  bobine,  from  L.  hom- 
btis,  a  humming  sound,  or  more  probably 
connected  with  E.  bob.]  A  small  cylin- 
drical piece  of  wood  with  a  head  or  flange 
at  one  or  both  ends,  on  which  thread  or 
yam  is  wound  for  use  in  sewing,  weaving, 
&c. — Bobbinet,  bob'in-et,  n.  A  machine- 
made  cotton  net,  originally  imitated  from 
the  lace  made  by  me^ns  of  a  pillow  and 
bobbins. 

Bobolink.  Boblink,  bob'o-lingk,  bob'liugk, 
H.  The  rice-bird  or  reed-bird  of  the  United 
States:  so  called  from  its  cry. 

Bocasine,  bok'a-85n,  n.  fFr.]  A  kind  of 
calamanco  or  woollen  stuff. 

Bode,  bod,  v.t.— boded,  boding.  fA.Sax.  bod- 
ran,  to  announce,  to  proclaim,  JFrom  bod,  an 
edict,  a  message;  Icel.  botha,  to  proclaim, 
to  bode;  A.  Sax.  boda,  D.  bode,  G.  bote,  a 
messenger;  allied  to  bid.]  To  portend;  to 
foreshow;  to  presage;  to  indicate  some- 
thing futui;e  by  signs;  to  be  the  omen  of. 
— v.i.  To  be  ominous.  — Bodeful,  bod'fiil, 
a.  Ominous;  threatening;  foreboding. — 
Bodement,  bod'ment,  n.  An  omen;  por- 
tent; prognostic. — Boding,  bod'ing,  o.  Por- 
tentous; ominous.— ».  A  portent;  an  omen. 
— Bodlngly,  b5d'ing-li,  adv.  Ominously; 
forebodingly;  jjortentously. 


Bode,  bod,  pret.  of  bide. 

BocBce,  bod'is,  n.  [Formerly  bodies,  pi.  of 
body,  being  originally  in  two  pieces.]  A 
kind  of  waistcoat  quilted  with  whalebone 
worn  by  women;  stays;  a  corset. 

Bodkin,  bodkin,  n.  [From  W.  bidogyn,  a 
dagger,  dim.  of  bidog,  Gael.  Uodag,  a  short 
Bword.  J  Originally  a  dagger;  now  a  pointed 
pin  of  steel,  ivory,  or  the  like,  for  piercing 
holes  in  cloth;  a  blunted  needle  for  draw- 
ing a  ribbon,  cord,  or  string  through  a 
loop,  or  a  pin  for  keeping  up  the  hair. 

Bodle,  bod'l.n.  [Supposed  to  be  from  Both- 
well,  a  mint-master.]  A  copper  coin  for- 
merly current  in  Scotland,  o.  the  value  of 
two  pennies  Scots,  or  the  sixth  part  of  an 
English  penny. 

Body,  bod'i,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bodig,  a  body= 
O.H.G.  potach,  later  botech,  bodech,  body; 
comp.  Gael.  bodAaiff,  the  body.]  The  frame 
or  material  organized  substance  of  an 
animal,  in  distinction  from  the  soul, 
spirit,  or  vital  principle;  the  main  central 
or  principal  part  of  anything,  as  distin- 
guished from  subordinate  parts,  such  as 
the  extremities,  branches,  wings,  &c.;  a 
person;  a  human  being:  now  generally 
forming  a  compound  with  some  or  no  pre- 
ceding ;  a  number  of  individuals  spoken 
of  collectively,  united  by  some  common 
tie  or  by  some  occupation;  a  corporation ; 
any  extended  solid  substance;  matter;  any 
substance  or  mass  distinct  from  others;  a 
united  mass;  a  general  collection;  a  code; 
a  system ;  a  certain  consistency  or  den- 
sity; substance;  strength  (as  of  liquors, 
paper,  &,c.).—v.t. — bodied,  bodying.  To  pro- 
duce in  some  form;  to  embody;  to  invest 
with  a  body.— Bodiless,  bod'i-les,  a.  Hav- 
ing no  body  or  material  form;  incorporeal. 
— Bodily,  bod'i-li,a.  Pertaining  to  or  con- 
cerning the  body;  of  or  belonging  to  the 
body  or  to  the  physical  constitution;  not 
mental;  corporeal.  .".  Bodily,  relating  to 
or  connected  with  the  body  as  a  whole : 
opposed  to  mental;  corporal,  relating  to 
the  body  as  regards  outward  bearings; 
corporeal,  relating  to  its  nature :  opposea 
to  spiritual.  Hence,  bodily  form,  corporal 
punishment,  corporeal  existence.  —  adv. 
Corporeally ;  united  with  a  body  or  mat- 
ter; entirely;  completely  (to  remove  a 
thing  bodi/j>).— Body-colour,  n.  Painting, 
a  pigment  possessing  body  or  a  certain  de- 
gree of  consistence,  substance,  and  tinging 
power.— Body-guard,  n.  The  guard  that 
protects  or  defends  one's  person;  life- 
guard.—Body-servant,  n.  A  servant  that 
waits  upon  or  accompanies  his  employer; 
a  valet;  a  personal  attendant.  —  Body- 
snatcher,  n.  One  who  robs  burying-places 
of  dead  bodies;  a  resurrectionist. 

Boer,  bar  or  bo'er,  n.  [D.,  a  peasant,  far- 
mer.] The  name  applied  to  the  Dutch 
colonists  of  South  Africa  engaged  in  agri- 
culture or  cattle-breeding. 

Bog,  bog,  n.  [Gael,  and  Ir.  bog,  soft,  moist, 
bogan,  bogach,  a  quagmire.]  A  piece  of 
wet,  soft,  and  spongy  ground,  where  the 
soil  is  composed  mainly  of  decaying  and 
decayed  vegetable  matter;  a  piece  of  mossy 
ground  orwherepeat  isfound;  aquagmire 
or  morass.  —  v.t. -^bogged,  bogging.  To 
whelm  or  plunge  in  mud  or  mire. — Boggy, 
bog'i,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a 
bog;  full  of  bogs;  marshy;  swampy;  miry. 
— Bog-butter,  n.  A  fatty  spermaceti  like 
mineral  resin  found  in  masses  in  peat- 
bogs, composted  of  carbon,  oxygen,  and 
hydrogen.— Bog-earth,  n.  An  earth  or  soil 
composed  of  bght  siliceous  sand  and  a 
considerable  portion  of  vecetable  fibre  in 
a  half  decomposed  state.— Bog-iron-ore,  n. 
A  loose  porous  earthy  ore  of  iron  found  in 
thin  layers  in  the  subsoil  of  many  bogs 
and  swamps.— Bog-oak,  n.  Trunks  or  large 
branches  of  oak-trees  found  in  peat-bogs, 
the  timber  being  of  a  shining  black  colour 
and  often  manufactured  into  ornamental 
articles.  —  Bog -spavin,  n.  An  encysted 
tumour  on  the  inside  of  the  hough  of  a 
horse.— Bog-trotter,  n.  A  derisive  term 
for  an  inhabitant  of  a  boggy  country, 
applied  especially  to  the  Irish  peasantry, 
whose  ability  in  traversing  bogs  has  often 
enabled  them  to  escape  when  pursued  by 
the  officers  of  justice.  ' 

Bogey,  Bogy,  bo'gi,  n.    [W.  bwg,  bwgan,  a 


Fate,  far,  fat,  ffiil-fA  me,  met,  h6r;^  pineiPiujAi^utei  notj^muTe^tQbe.^tub,  b^U;^oiIj^]^ua^ij>.ttL^,aln(a&^tbe  Fr..t<. 


•BOGGLE 


7^ 


BOMB 


hobgoblin,  ecaracroir,  brtgheax.)  A  hob- 
goblin; a  wicked  spirit.— Old  Bogey,  the 
devil. 

Boggle,  bogi,  v.i.— boggled,  boggling.  [Pro- 
bably connected  with  bogey,  Prov.E.  oogle, 
a  goblin.]  To  doubt;  to  hesitate;  to  stop, 
as  if  afraid  to  proceed  or  as  if  impeded  by- 
unforeseen  difficiilties;  to  waver;  to  shrink; 
to  play  fast  and  loose ;  to  shilly-shally.— 
Boggier,  bog'l6r,  n.  A  doubter;  a  timor- 
ous man;  awaverer;  an  inconstant  person. 

Bogie,  Bogey,  bo'gi,  n.  [Perhaps  from  in- 
ventor's or  maker's  name.]  Originally  a 
coal-wagon  or  truck  so  constructed  as  to 
turn  readily  in  little  room;  now,generally, 
a  four-wheeled  truck  supporting  the  front 
part  of  a  locomotive,  and  turning  beneath 
it  by  means  of  a  central  pivot. 

Bogus,  bo'gus,  a.  [From  an  American 
swindler  named  Borghese,  who  about  the 
year  1835  flooded  the  Western  and  South- 
western States  with  counterfeit  bills,  sham 
mortgages,  &c.]  Counterfeit;  spurious; 
sham.    [Amer.] 

Bohea,  bo-hs',  n.  [Said  to  be  from  a  moun- 
tain m  China  called  Voo-y.]  An  inferior 
kind  of  black  tea:  sometimes  applied  to 
black  teas  in  general. 

Bohemian,  bo-he'mi-an,  n.  [Ft.  Bohimien, 
a  gypsy,  oecause  the  first  of  that  wander- 
ing race  that  entered  France  were  believed 
to  be  Hussites  driven  from  Bohemia,  their 
native  country.]  A  person,  especially  an 
artist  or  literary  man,  who  leads  a  free, 
often  somewhat  dissipated  life,  desjjising 
conventionalities  generally.  —  Bohemian- 
ism,  bo-he'mi-an-izm,  n.  The  life  or  habits 
of  a  Bohemian. 

Boiar,  Boyar,  boi'ar,  n.  A  member  of  a 
peculiar  order  of  the  old  Russian  arisio^ 
cracy  next  in  rank  to  the  ruling  princes. 

Boil,  boil,  v.i.  [O.Fr.  boiller,  Fr.  bouillir, 
L.  bullare,  bullire,  to  boil,  to  bubble,  from 
btdla,  abubble.  BiU  (a  paper),  billet, bullet, 
are  of  same  origin.]  To  be  in  a  ^afe  of 
ebullition;  to  bubble  by  the  action  of  heat, 
as  water  or  other  fluids;  to  exhibit  a  swirl- 
ing or  swelling  motion;  to  seethe,  as  waves; 
to  be  violently  agitated  or  e.\cited,  as  the 
blood;  to  be  subjected  to  the  action  of 
boiling  water  in  cooking,  &c.,  as  meat. — 
v.t.  To  put  into  a  state  of  ebullition;  to 
cause  to  be  agitated  or  bubble  by  the  ap- 
plication of  heat;  to  collect,  form,  or  sepa- 
rate by  the  application  of  heat,  as  sugar, 
salt;  to  subject  to  the  action  of  heat  in  a 
boiling  liquid,  as  meat  in  cooking;  to  pre- 
pare in  a  boiling  liquid;  to  seethe. — Boiler, 
boil'fir,  n.    A  person  who  boils;  a  vessel, 

fenerally  a  large  vessel  of  iron,  copper, 
c,  in  which  anything  is  boiled  in  great 
quantities;  a  strong  metallic  vessel,  usu- 
ally of  wrought- iron  or  steel  plates  riveted 
together,  in  which  steam  is  generated  for 
driving  engines  or  other  purposes.— Boil- 
ery,  boiier-i,  n.  A  place  and  apparatus 
for  boiling.— Boilingly,  boiiing-li,  adv.  In 
a  boiling  ma.nner.— Boiling  point,  the  de- 
gree of  heat  at  which  a  fluid  is  converted 
into  vapour  with  ebullition,  as  water  at 
212°  Fahr.,  mercury  at  662°,  Sic.—BoUing 
spnngs,  springs  or  fountains  which  give 
out  water  at  the  boiling  point  or  at  a  high 
temperature,  as  the  geysers  of  Iceland 
and  in  the  Yellowstone  region  in  the 
United  States. 

Boil,  boil,  n.  [O.E.  bile,  byle,  A.  Sax.  b^l,  a 
blotch,  a  sore ;  D.  buil,  G.  bevle,  a  boil ; 
Icel.  b6la,  a  blain  or  blister;  Dan.  byld,  a 
boil.]  An  inflamed  and  painful  suppur- 
ating tumour. 

Boisterous,  bois't6r-us,  a.  [Probably  from 
W.  bwystug,  brutal,  ferocious,  bwyst,  wild- 
ness,  ferocity;  perhaps  connected  with 
boast.]  Violent;  stormy;  turbulent;  furi- 
ous ;  tumultuous ;  noisy.  —  Boisterously, 
bois'ter-us-li,  adv.  In  a  boisterous  man- 
ner. —  Boisterousness,  bois't6r-us-nes,  n. 
The  stateor  quality  of  being  boisterous. 

Bolary.t  bo'la-ri,  a.  Pertainmg  to  bole  or 
clay,  or  partaking  of  its  nature  and  quali- 
ties. 

Bold,  bold,  a.  [A.  Sax.  beald,  bald,  bold, 
courageous  =  Icel.  ballr,  D.  bout,  O.H.G. 
bald,  bold.f  Daring;  courageous;  brave; 
intrepid;  fearless,  as  a  man;  requiring  or 
exhibiting  courage  in  execution;  executed 
with  courageand  spirit,  as  a  deed;  rude; 


forward;  impudent;  overstepping  usual 
bounds;  presuming  upon  sympathy  or 
forbearance;  showing  liberty  or  license; 
striking  to  the  eye;  markedly  conspicu- 
ous; steep;  abrupt;  prominent.  —  Boldly, 
bold'U,  adv.  In  a  bold  manner;  courage- 
ously; intrepidly;  forwardly;  insolently; 
abruptly,  &c.— Boldness,  bold'nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  bold,  in  all  the  senses  of 
the  word;  courage;  bravery;  coniidence; 
assurance;  forwardness;  steepness;  abrupt- 
ness.—Bold-faced,  a.    Impudent. 

Bole,  bol,  n.  [From  Icel.  bolr,  bulr.  Ban. 
bul,  trunk,  stem  of  a  tree;  probably  of 
same  root  as  bowl,  bulge,  tic]  The  body 
or  stem  of  a  tree. 

Bole,  bol,  n.  [Fr.  bol,  bole,  a-  bolus,  L. 
bolus,  from  Gr.  bolOs,  a  clod  of  earth.]  -  A 
friable  clayey  shale  or  earth  of  various 
kinds  used  as  a  pigment,  generally  yellow, 
or  yellowish-red  or  brownish-black, /rom 
the  presence  of  iron  oxide.  These  earths 
were  formerly  employed  as  astringent,  ab- 
sorbent, and  tonic  medicines,  and  they 
are  still  in  repute  in  the  JEast;  they  are 
also  used  occasionally  as  veterinary  medi- 
cines in  Europe.  Armenian  bole  is  used 
as  a  coarse  red  pigment. 

Bolero,  bo-ler'o,  n.  [Sp.,  from  bola,  a  ball.] 
A  favourite  dance  in  Spain. 

Boletus,  bo-le'tus,  n.  [L.,  from  bolus,  Gr. 
bolos,.  a  mass,  from  its  massive  globular 
form.]  A  fungus  or  mushroom  of  various 
species,  some  of  which  are  eaten,  and  from 
one  of  which  German  tinder  is  obtained, 
this  species  being  also  used'  as  a  styptic. 
—  Boletic,  bo-let'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
obtained  from  the  Boletus,  a  genus  of 
mushrooms. 

Bolide,  bo'lid,  n.  [Fr.,from  L.  bolia,  bolidis, 
a  fiery  meteor,  from  Gr.  bolis,  a  missile, 
from  ballo,  to  throw.]  A  meteoric  stone 
or  aerolite  which  explodes  on  coming  in 
contact  with  our  atmosphere;  a  fire-ball. 

Boll,  bol,  n.  (G.  bolle,  a  seed-vessel  of  flax, 
J),  bol,  a  round  body;  same  root  as  bole,  a 
stem.]  The  pod  or  capsule  of  a  plant,  as 
of  flax.— u.i.  To  form  into  or  produce  seed- 
vessels. 

Boll,  bol,  n.  [A  form  of  bowl,  A.  Sax,  bolla, 
a  bowl,  cup,  measure.]  An  old  Scotch  dry 
measure  still  often  used,  varying  accord- 
ing to  locality  and  article  measured,  the 
potato,  barley,  oats,  &c.,  boll,  containing 
six  bushels. 

BoUandist,  bol'land-ist,  n.  One  of  a  series 
of  Jesuit  writers  who  published  the  Acta 
Hanctorum,  a  well-known  collection  of  the 
traditions  of  the  saints  of  the  Roman  Ca- 
tholic Church:  so  called  from  John  Bol- 
landus,  who  edited  the  first  five  or  six 
vols.    AXs-o  used  adjectively. 

Bollard,  bol'lard,  n.  [Allied  to  bole,  the 
stem  of  a  tree.]  A  strong  post  fixed  ver- 
tically into  the  ground  on  a  wharf  or 
quay;  a  kind  of  stanchion  in  a  ship  or 
boat. 

Bologna-phlal,  bo-lo'nya,  n.  [From  Bo- 
logna in  Italy.]  A  small  phial  of  unan- 
nealed  glass,  which  flies  in  pieces  when  its 
surface  is  scratched  by  a  hard  body,  as  by 
dropping  into  it  an  angular  fragment  of 
flint,  whereas  a  lead  bullet,  or  other 
smooth  body,  may  be  dropped  into  it  with- 
out causing  injury. —  Bologna-eausage,  n. 
A  large  sausage  made  of  bacon,  veal,  and 
pork-suet,  chopped  fine,  and  inclosed  in  a 
skin. 

Bolster,  bol'stSr,  n.  [A.  Sax.  D.  Dan.  and 
Sw.  bolster,  Icel.  bdlsir,  fi.  polster,  a 
cushion,  a  bolster;  root  bol,  bul,  as  in 
~bulge,  kc,  and  term,  -ster,  as  in  iiolster.] 
A  long  pillow  or  cushion  used  to  support 
the  head  of  persons  lying  on  a  bed;  some- 
thing resembling  a  bolster  more  or  less  in 
form  or  application,  as  a  pad  or  quilt  used 
to  prevent  pressure;  a  compress,  a  cush- 
ioned or  padded  part  of  a  saddle;  the  part 
of  a  cutting  tool  which  joins  the  end  of 
the  handle;  a  hollow  tool  for  punching 
holes,  kc.—v.t.  To  furnish  or  support  with 
a  bolster,  pillow,  or  any  soft  pad;  to  pad; 
to  stufl";  fig.  to  support;  to  maintain:  usu- 
ally implying  support  of  an  unworthy 
cause  or  object  and  generally  with  up  (to 
bolster  up  his  pretentions  with  lies). — 
Bolsterer,  bol'stfer-tr,  n.  One  who  bolsters; 
a  supporter. 


Bolt,  bolt,"**.  [A.  Sax.  'bolt,  an  arrfw.  n. 
bolt;  Dan.  bolt,  a  bolt,  an  iron  peg,  a  tet- 
ter, G.  bolz,  bolzen,  an  arrow,  a  Dolt  or 
large  nail.]  An  arrow;  a  thunderbolt;  a 
stream  of  lightning;  a  stout  metallic  pin 
used  for  holding  objects  together,  fre- 
quently screw-threaded  at  one  extremity 
to  receive  a  nut;  a  movable  bar  for  fasten- 
ing a  door;  gate,  window-sash,  or  the  like; 
especially  that  portion  of  a  lock  which  is 
protruded  from  or  retracted  within  the 
case  by  the  action  of  the  key;  an  iron  ta 
fasten  the  legs  of  a  prisoner;  a  shackle. — 
v.tl  To  fasten  or  secure  with  a  bolt  or  iron 
pin,  as  a  door,  a  plank,  fetters,  &c. ;  to 
swallow  hurriedly  or  without  chewing,  as. 
food  (coUoq.);  to  staxt  or  spring  game. — 
v.i.  To  shoot  forth  suddenly;  to  spring- 
out  with  speed  and  suddenness;  to  start 
forth  like  a  bolt;  to  run  out  of  the  regular 
path;  to  start  and  run  off;  to  take  iQght; 
to  make  one's  escape  (colloq.).  —  adv.  As 
straight  as  a  bolt;  suddenly;  with  sudden 
meetmg  or  collision  (to  come  bolt  against 
a  person).  —  Bolter,  bolt'fer,  n.  One  who 
fastens  with  a  bolt;  one  who  makes  his 
escape  or  runs  away;  a  horse  given  to 
starting  off  or  running  away.  —  Bolt-up- 
right, a.  or  adv.  As  straight  or  upright 
as  a  bolt;  erect  or  erectly. 

Bolt,  bolt,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  buleter,  bulUr  (Mod. 
Fr.  bluter),  with  change  of  r  into  I,  from, 
an  older  form  bureter,  from  bure,  the  thick 
woollen  cloth  of  which  bolting-sieves  are 
made,  from  L.  burra,  coarse  cloth.]  To 
sift  or  pass  through  a  sieve  so  as  to  sepa- 
rate the  coarser  from  the  finer  particles, 
as  bran  from  flour;  fig.  to  sift  or  separate 
good  from  bad,  or  the  like.— Bolter,  bolt'- 
er,  n.  One  who  bolts;  a  sieve  or  apparatus 
for  bolting.— Bolt-head,  n.  A  long  straight- 
necked  glass  vessel  for  chemical  distilla- 
tions; a  matrass  or  receiver.  —  Bolting- 
house,  n.  A  house  where  meal  is  sifted. — 
Bolting-hutch,  m.  A  tub  for  bolted  flour. 
— Bolting-mlU,  n.  A  mill  or  machine  for 
sifting  meal.  —  Bolting-tub,  n.  A  tub  to 
sift  meal  in.  —  Bolt-rope,  n.  A  rope  to 
which  the  edges  of  sails  are  sewed  to 
strengthen  them. 

Bolu2,  bolus,  n.  [L.  bolus,  a  bit,  a  morsel, 
a  lump,  Gr.  bOlos,  a  clod,  a  lump.]  A  soft 
round  mass  of  anything  medicinal  to  be 
Bwallowed  at  once,  larger  and  less  solid 
than  an  ordinary  pill. 

Bomb,  bom,»i.  [Fr.  6om6e,a  bomb, from  L. 
bombus,  Gr.  bombos,  a  hollow  deep  sound. 
Probably  imitative,  like  E.  bum,  boom,  to 
make  a  deep  hollow  sound.]  A  destructive 
projectile,  consisting  of  a  hollow  ball  or 
spherical  shell,  generally  of  cast-iron,filled 
with  explosive  materials,  fired  from  a  mor- 
tar, and  usually  exploded  by  means  of  a 
fuse  or  tube  filled  with  a  slow-burning 
compound,  which  is  ignited  by  the  dis- 
charge of  the  mortar.— Bomb-ketch,  Bomb- 
vessel,  n.  A  small  ship  or  vessel  of  very 
strong  build,  for  throwing  bombs  into  a 
fortress  from  the  sea.  —  Bomb-proof,  a. 
Secure  against  the  force  of  bombs;  cap- 
able of  resisting  the  shock  or  explosion 
of  shells.  —  Bomb-shell,  n.  A  spherical 
sliell;  a  bomb.  —  Bombard,  bom'bard,  n. 
[Fr.  bombarde,-  a  piece  of  ordnance.]  A 
piece  of  short  thick  ordnance  with  a  large 
mouth,  formerly  used ;  a  barrel ;  a  drink- 
ing vessel  (Shak.).—v.t.,  bom-bard'.  To  at- 
tack with  bombs ;  to  fire  shells  at  or  into; 
toshell:  sometimes  used  somewhat  loosely 
for  to  assault  with  artillery  of  any  kind. — 
Bombardier,  bom-bar-der',  n.  A  person 
employed  in  throwing  bombs  or  shells; 
specifically,  in  the  British  p.,rmy,  a  non- 
commissioned artillery  officer  whose  duty 
is  to  load  shells,  &c.,  and  to  fix  the  fuses, 
and  who  is  particularly  appointed  to 
the  sen'ice  of  mortars  and  howitzers. — 
Bombardier  beetle,  the  common  name  of 
many  coleopterous  insects,  possessing  a 
remarkable  power  of  violently  expelling 
from  the  anus  a  pungent,  acrid  fluid,  ac- 
companied by  a  smart  report. — Bombard- 
ment, bom-bard'ment,  n.  The  act  of  bom- 
barding; the  act  of  throwing  shells  and 
shot  into  a  town,  fortress,&c.— Bombardon, 
bom-bar'don,  n.  [Fr.,  ultimately  from  L. 
bombus,  a  hollow  sound.]  A  large-sized 
and  grave- toned  musical  instrument  of  the 


fch;-cAain;JBcft,  Sc.  locA;«|' g,  go; >/ j, /ob;  m U,  Pr.  tow;  j,  rig,  rin(7;,jBtTH,  tten;  th,  thia\fiuyr,  wigsJlirh,  wMg;'*? zht aeuwJ 


BOMBASIKE 


74 


BOOK 


tniiupet  kind,  in  souud  not  unlike  the 
ophicleide. 

Bombasine,  Bombazine,  bom-ba-zen'.n.  [Fr. 
bombasin,  bombasine,  It.  bombicina,  bom- 
basin,  L.  boinbt/cinus,  made  of  silk  or  cot- 
ton, from  Gr.  bombyx,  bombykos,  a  silk- 
worm, silk.]  A  slight  twilled  fabric,  of 
which  the  warp  is  silk  (or  cotton)  and  the 
weft  worsted.— Bombazette,  bom-ba-zet', 
n.    A  sort  of  thin  woollen  cloth. 

Bombast,  bom'bast,n.  [Originally  padding 
made  of  cotton,  of  same  origin  as  bonibor 
svie.l  Cotton  or  other  stuff  of  soft,  loose 
texture  used  to  stuff  garments  J ;  hence, 
high-sounding  words;  inflated  or  turgid 
language;  fustian;  words  too  big  and  high- 
sounding  for  the  occasion.  —  Bombastic, 
bom-bas'tik,a.  Characterized  by  bombast; 
high-sounding;  turgid;  inflated.  —  Bom- 
bastically, bom-bas'tik-al-li,  adv.  In 'a 
bombastic  or  inflated  manner  or  style. 

Bona  fide,  bo'na  fi'de.  [L.]  With  good  faith; 
without  fraud  or  deception:  frequently 
used  as  a  sort  of  adjective,  equivalent  to 
acting  in  good  faith,  honest ;  as,  a  bona- 
fide  trader,  traveller,  &c.  [The  term  bona- 
fide  traveller  is  chiefly  used  in  reference  to 
the  acts  regulating  the  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquors  on  Sxmday  in  England  and  Sco^ 
land,  the  bona-fide  traveller  being  one  who. 
is  entitled  to  refreshment  as  having  actu- 
ally travelled  a  sufficient  distance.] 

Bonapartlst,  bon'a-part-ist,  n.  One  attached 
to  the  policy  or  the  dynasty  of  the  Bona- 
partes ;  one  who  favours  the  claims  of  the 
Bonaparte  family  to  the  throne  of  France. 

Bon-bon,  bon-bon,  n.  [Fr.]  Some  article 
of  sugar-confectionery;  a  sugar-plum. 

Bond,  bond,  n.  [A  form  of  oand.  Banb, 
Bind.]  Anything  that  binds,  fastens,  con- 
fines, or  holds  thmgs  together,  as  a  cord,  a 
chain,  a  rope;  hence,  -pi.  fetters,  chains, 
and  so  imprisonment,  captivity;  abiuding 
power  or  influence;  a  uniting  tie  (the  b(md 
of  affection);  an  obligation  imposing  a 
moral  duty,  as  by  a  vow  or  promise;  an 
obligation  or  deed  by  which  a  person  binds 
himself,  his  heirs,  &c.,  to  do  or  not  to  do  a 
certain  act,  usually  to  pay  a  certain  sum 
on  or  before  a  certain  day ;  masonry,  the 
connection  of  one  stone  or  brick  with  an- 
other b.y  lapping  them  over  each  other  in 
building  so  that  an  inseparable  mass  may 
be  formed,  which  could  not  be  the  case  if 
every  vertical  joint  were  over  that  below 
it;  the  state  of  being  bonded,  as  goods 
in  bond,  that  is  stored  in  a  bonded  ware- 
house until  customs  or  excise  duties  have 
been  paid  on  them. — a.  [For  boiind.]  In 
a  state  of  servitude  or  slavery;  captive. 
— v.t.  To  put  in  bond  or  into  a  bonded 
warehouse,  as  goods  liable  for  customs  or 
excise  duties,  the  duties  remaining  unpaid 
till  the  goods -are  taken  out.  —  Bonded 
warehouse,  a  licensed  warehouse  or  store 
in  which  goods  liable  to  government  duties 
may  be  lodged  after  bond  has  been  given 
on  behalf  of  the  owners  of  the  goods,  for 
the  payment  of  such  duty  on  their  re- 
moval for  home  consumption. — Bondage, 
bon'daj,  n.  Slavery  or  involuntary  ser- 
vitude ;  thraldom ;  captivity ;  imprison- 
ment; restraint  of  a  person's  liberty  by 
compulsion.  —  Bonder,  bon'dfir,  n.  One 
who  bonds ;  one  who  deposits  goods  in  a 
bonded  warehouse;  one  of  the  stones  which 
reach  a  considerable  distance  into  or  en- 
tirely through  a  wall  for  the  purpose  of 
binding  it  together.  —  Bondmaid,  bond'- 
mad,  n.  A  female  slave,  or  one  bound 
to  service  without  wages,  in  opposition  to 
a  hired  servant.— Bondman,  Bondsman, 
bond'man,  bondz'man,  n.  A  man  slave, 
or  one  bound  to  sen'ice  without  wages. — 
Bond-servant,  n.  A  slave;  a  bondman  or 
bond-woman.— Bond-service,  n.  The  con- 
dition of  a  bond-servant ;  slavery.- Bond- 
slave, n.  A  person  in  a  state  of  slavery.— 
Bond-store,  n.  A  bonded  warehouse. — 
Bonds- wonum.  Bond-woman,  n.  A  woman 
slave.   "'*?'■*•' 

Eone,  bon,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hdn,  a  bone;  cog.  D. 
and  Dan.  been,  Icel.  and  G.  bein,  a  bone, 
the  lower  part  of  the  leg.  ]  One  of  the 
pieces  of'which  the  skeleton  of  an  animal 
is  composed;  the  substance  of  which  the 
skeleton  of  vertebrate  animalsiscomposed; 
a  firm  hard  substance  of  a  dnU  white  col- 


our, more  or  less  hollow  or  <;ellular  inter- 
nally, and  consisting  of  earthy  matters 
(chiefly  phosphate  of  lime  and  some  car- 
bonate of  lime)  about  67  per  cent, and  ani- 
mal matter  33  per  cent ;  pi.  pieces  of  bone 
held  between  the  fingers  somewhat  after 
the  manner  of  castanets,  and  struck  to- 
gether in  time  to  music  of  the  negro  min- 
strel type.— iJon«  of  contention,  a  subject 
of  dispute  and  rivalry,  probably  from  the 
manner  in  which  dogs  quarrel  over  a 
bone.  —  To  make  no  bones,  to  make  no 
scruple',  a  metaphor  taken  from  a  dog,  who 
greedily  swallows  meat,  bones  included. 
—  v.t. —  boned,  boning.  To  take  out  the 
bones  from,  as  in  cookery;  to  put  whale- 
bone into  (stays).— Bony,  bO'ni,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to,  consisting  of,  or  resembling  bone ; 
having  prominent  bones.  —  Bone-bed,  n. 
Geol.  a  bed  or  deposit  composed  of  frag- 
ments of  teeth  and  small  bones,  scales, 
coprolites,  &c.,  of  extinct  animals,  esnieci- 
ally  fishes  and  saurians. — Bone-black,  n. 
Animal  charcoal;  the  black  carbunaceous 
substance  into  which  bones  are  converted 
by  charring  in  close  vessels. — Bone-breccia, 
n.  Geol.  a  conglomerate  of  fragments  of 
bones  and  limestone  cemented  into  a  rock 
by  a  red  calcareous  concretion.  —  Bone- 
brown,  n.  A  brown  pigment  produced  by 
roasting  bones  or  ivory  till  they  become  of 
a  brown  colour  throughout.— Bone-dust,  n. 
Bones  ground  to  dust  for  manure. — Bone- 
earth,  Bone-ash,  n.  The  white,  porous, 
earthy  or  minenil  residue  of  bones  which 
have  been  calcined  bo  as  to  destroy  the 
animal  matter  and  carbon. — Bone-mill,  re. 
A  mill  for  grinding  or  bruising  bones.— 
Bone-setter,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is 
to  set  broken  and  dislocated  bones.— Bone- 
setting,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  setting 
bones. —  Bone-spavin,  n.  A  bony  excres- 
cence or  hard  swelbng  on  the  inside  of  the 
hock  of  a  horse's  leg. 

Bonfire,  bon'fir,  n.  [From  Dan.  haun,  a 
beacon,  and  E.fire;  or  from  W.  bdn,  con- 
spicuous, lofty,  whence  ban-ffagl,  a  lofty 
blaze,  a  bonfire.]  A  fire  made  as  an  ex- 
pression of  public  joy  and  exultation. 

Boniface,  bon'i-fas,  n.  [The  name  of  the 
landlord  in  Farquhar's  Beaux'  Stratagem.'] 
A  sleek,  jolly,  good-natured  landlord  or 
innkeeper. 

Bonito,  bo-ne'to,  n.  [Sp.]  A  fish  of  several 
species,  one  of  which  is  the  striped -bel- 
lied tunny  common  in  tropical  seas,  one 
of  the  fishes  which  pursue  the  flying-fish. 

Bon-mot,  bon-mo,  n.  [Fr.,  bon,  good,  and 
nwt,  a  word.]  A  witticism ;  a  witty  re- 
partee. 

Bonne,  bon,  re.  [Fr.]  A  nurse ;  a  nursery 
governess. 

Bonnet,  bon'et,  re.  [Fr.  "bonnet,  Sp.  and 
Pg.  bmiete,  L.L.  bonetus,  bonela,  originally 
a  sort  of  stuff  so  called;  perhaps  of  Orien- 
tal origin.]  A  covering  for  the  head  worn 
by  men;  a  cap;  a  covering  for  the  head 
worn  by  women,  and  distinguished  from 
a  hat  by  details  which  vary  according  to 
the  fashion;  anything  that  covers  the 
head  or  top  of  an  object,  as  the  cowl  or 
wind-cap  of  a  chimney,  &c.—v.t.  To  force 
the  hat  over  the  eyes  of,  with  the  view  of 
mobbing  or  hustling. — v.i.  To  pull  off  the 
bonnet;  to  make  obeisance.  [SAat.] — Bon- 
neted, bon'et-ed,  a.  Wearing  a  bonnet,  or 
furnished  with  a  bonnet.— Bcnnet-rouge, 
bon-e-rozh,n.  [Fr.,  lit.  red  cap.]  A  red  or. 
fervid  republican:  so  na.med  because  a  red 
cap  was  assumed  as  a  distinguishing  mark 
bjr  the  leaders  of  the  first  French  revolu- 
tion. 

Bonny,  bon'i,  a.  [Doubtfully  derived  from 
Fr.  bonne,  good.]  Handsome;  beautiful ; 
fair  or  pleasant  to  look  upon;  pretty;  fine. 
Bonspiel,  bon'spel,  n.  [Dan.  bondespil,  a 
rustic  game,  from  bonde,  a  rustic  (A.  Sax. 
bonrfa),'andspii,  6.  spiel,  a  game.]  In  Scot- 
land, a  match  in  the  game  of  curling  be- 
tween parties  belonging  to  different  dis- 
tricts. 

Bon-ton,  bon-ton,  re.  f  Fr.  ]  The  style  of 
persons  in  high  life;  high  mode  or  fashion; 
fashionable  society. 

Bonus,  bo'nus,  re.  [L.  bonus,  good.]  A  sum 
given  or  paid  over  and  above  what  is  re- 
quired to  be  paid,  as  a  premium  given  for 
a  loan,  or  fox  a  charter  or  other  privilege 


granted  to  a  company;  an  extra  dividend 
or  allowance  to  the  shareholders  of  a  joint- 
stock  company,  holders  of  insurance  poli- 
cies, &c.,  out  of  accumulated  profits;  a  sum 
paid  to  an  emploj'e  over  and  above,  his 
stated  pay  in  recognition  of  successful  ex- 
ertions. 

Bon-vlvant,  bon-vC-v&n,  n.  [Fr.  bon,  good, 
and  vivant,  ppr.  of  vivre,  L.  vivere,  to  live.] 
A  generous  liver;  a  jovial  companion. 

Bony,  a.    Under  Bone.  , 

Bonze,  bonz,  n.  [Pg.,  a  corruption  of  Japan- 
ese busso,  a  pious  man.]  The  European 
name  for  a  priest  or  monk  of  the  religion 
of  Fo  or  Buddha  in  China,  Burmah,  Japan, 
&c. ;  there  are  both  male  and  female  bonzes 
living  in  monasteries. 

Booby,  bOTji,  n.  [Sp.  bobo,  a  fool,  the  bird 
called  the  booby.]  A  dunce;  a  stupid  fel- 
low; a  lubber;  a  bird  allied  to  the  gannet, 
and  included  in  the  pelican  family,  ap- 
parently BO  stupid  as  to  allow  itself  Xo  be 
knocked  on  the  head  by  a  stick  or  caught 
by  the  hand. — Boobyish,  bij'bi-ish,  a.  lake 
or  pertaining  to  a  booby;  stupid. 

Boodhism,  Boodhist,  }i.  Bcdbhism,  Buddh- 
ist. 

Book,  buk,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hoc,  a  book,  origin- 
ally a  beech-tree;  Icel.  bdit.abook.abeech; 
D.  boek,  a  book,  a  beech;  G.  buck,  a  book, 
buche,  a  beech;  Slav,  bukva,  a  book,  buk,  a 
beech.  The  words  book  and  beecfe- are 
closely  akin,  beechen  tablets  or  pieces  of 
beech  bark  having  probably  formed  the 
early  books.]  A  number  of  sheets  of  paper 
or  other  material  folded,  stitched,  and 
bound  together  on  edge,  blank,  written, 
or  printed ;  a  volume ;  a  particular  part 
(generally  including  several  chapters  or 
sections)  of  a  literary  composition;  a  di- 
vision of  a  subject  in  the  same  volume;  a 
register  or  record;  a  register  containing 
commercial  transactions  or  facts  in  proper 

-  form. — v.t.  To  enter,  write,  or  register  in  a 
book ;  to  secure  the  carriage  or  transmis- 
sion of  by  purchasing  a  ticket  for  coach, 
rail,  or  steamer.  —  Bookful,t  buk'ful,  a. 
Full  of  notions  gleaned  from  books;  book- 
ish.—Bookish,  buk'ish,  a.  Given  to  read- 
ing or  study;  more  acquainted  with  books 
than  with  the  world ;  pertaining  to,  con- 
tained in,  or  learned  from  books;  theoret- 
ical.—Bookishness,  buk'ish-nes,  n.  Addict- 
edness  to  books;  foiidness  for  study. — 
Bookless,]  buk'les,  o.  Without  books;  un- 
learned; ignorant.— Booklet,  bnk'let,  re.  A 
-little  book.— Bookbinder.  buk'bind-6r,  n. 
One  whose  occupation  is  to  bind  books. — 
Bookbindery,  buk'bind-*r-i,  n.  A  place 
where  books  are  bound.  —  Bookbinding, 
bnk'bind-ing,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of 
binding  books;  or  of  sewing  the  sheets  and 
covering  them  with  leather  or  other  ma- 
terial. —  jBsok-case,  re.  An  upright  case 
with  shelves  for  holding  books.  — Book- 
collector,  n.  One  who  collects  books,  espe- 
cially rare  and  fine  editions;  a  bibliophile. 
—Book-debt,  n.  A  debt  standing  against 
a  person  in  an  account  -  book.  —  Book  - 
hunter,  re.  An  eager  collector  of  books; 
especially  one  who  frequents  old  book- 
shops, stalls,  book-sales,  in  search  of  old 
and  rare  books  and  editions;  a  biblioma- 
niac—Booking-office, re.  An  office  where 
passengers  receive  tickets  for  conveyance 
by  railway  or  other  means  of  transit.  — 
Book-keeper,  n.  One  who  keeps  accounts; 
a  person  who  has  the  charge  of  entering 
or  recording  business  transactions  or  items 
of  debit  and  credit  in  the  regular  set  of 
books  belongingtobusinesshou.ses— Book- 
keeping, re.  The  art  of  recording  mercan- 
tile transactions  in  a  regular  and  system- 
atic manner;  the  art  of  keeping  accounts 
in  a  book  or  set  of  books  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  give  a  permanent  record  of  business 
transactions,  so  that  at  any  time  the  true 
stete  of  one's  pecuniary  affairs  and  mer- 
cantile dealings  may  be  exhibited.— Book- 
learned,  a.  Versed  in  books  and  litera^ 
ture:  sometimes  implj-ing  an  ignorance  of 
men  or  of  the  common  concerns  of  W^-— 
Book-learning,  n.  Learning  acquired  by 
reading;  acquaintance  merely  with  books 
and  literature —Book-louse,  re.  pi.  BooK- 
Uce.  One  of  a  small  family  of  mmute  in- 
sects very  destructive  to  old  books.--BooK- 
maker,  n.    "        "^        '^         "         '°  °° 


One  who  writes  and  publishes 


Fate,  far,  fat  fftU;     me,'met.  h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mttve;  '  tabs,  tub,  bull ;     on,  pound;     11.  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  «. 


BOOM 


75 


JJOSCAGE 


books;  rspccip.Uy,  a  compiler;  in  betting 
phraseologjr,  a  person,  generally  a  protes- 
sional  betting  inan,  who  wagers  on  the 
defeat  of  a  specified  horse  or  other  com- 
petitor in  a  race ;  a  layer  as  opposed  to  a 
backer.— Book-making,  n.  The  occupation 
of  a  book-maker.— Book-man,  n.  A  studi- 
ous or  learned  man;  a  scholar.  [Sfiak.] — 
Book-muElin,  n.  A  kind  of  fine  transparent 
muslin  having  a  stiff  or  elastic  finish :  so 
called  from  being  folded  in  book  form. — 
Book-post,  n.  That  arrangement  in  the 
post-office  by  which  books,  printed  matter, 
and  manuscripts  left  open  at  the  ends  are 
conveyed  at  a  reduced  rate  of  payment. — 
Bookseller,  buk'sel-6r,  n.  One  whose_  oc- 
cupation is  to  sell  books.  —  Bookselling, 
buk'sel-ing,  n.  The  business  of  selling 
books.— Boofc-stall,  ji.  A  stall  on  which 
books  are  placed  which  are  oifered  for  sale. 
— Book-stand,  n.  A  stand  or  support  to 
hold  books  for  reading  or  reference. — Book- 
worm, n.  A  worm  or  mite  that  eats  holes 
in  books ;  a  person  too  much  addicted  to 
books  or  study. 

Boom,  bOm,  n.  -[Akin  to  Ixam,  from  D. 
boom,  a  tree,  a  pole,  a  beam,  Dan.  bom,  a 
rail  or  bar.]  A  long  pole  or  spar  run  out 
from  various  parts  of  a  vessel  for  extend- 
ing the  bottom  of  particular  sails,  as  the 
jib-boom,  main-&oo«i,.&c.;  a  strong  beam, 
or  an  iron  chain  or  cable,  extended  across 
a  river  or  harbour  to  prevent  ^hips  from 
passing. 

Boom,  mm,  v.i.  [An  imitative  word;  comp. 
D.  bomme,  a  drum ;  boTnmen,  to  drum ;  L. 
bomhus,  a  humming  sound.  Bomb.]  To 
make  a  sonorous,  hollow,  humming;  or 
droning  sound. — n.  A  deep  hollow  noise, 
as  the  roar  of  waves  or  the  sound  of  dis- 
tant guns :  applied  also  to  the  cry  of  the 
bittern  and  the  buzz  of  the  beetle. 

Boomerang,  bbm'e-rang,  ».  A  missile 
formed  generally  of  a  piece  of  hard  wood, 
parabolic  in  shape,  used  by  the  Australian 
aborigines,  and  remarkable  from  the  fact 
that  when  thrown  to  a  distance  it  rises 
into  the  air,  then  returns  to  hit  an  object 
behind  the  thrower  if  skilfully  handled. 

Boon,  bdn,  n.  [Icel.  b6n,  a  request,  a  boon, 
Dan.  and  Sw.  bon  =  A.  Sax.  oen,,  Icel.  been, 
a  prayer.]  Originally  a  prayer,  petition, 
or  request;  hence,  that  which  is  asked;  a 
favour;  a  "grant;  ~a  benefaction;  a  benefit; 
a  blessing;  a  great  privilege. 

Boon,  bon,  d.  [Norm.  Fr.  boon.  Ft.  ban, 
from  L.  bonus,  ^ood.]  Gay;  jovial;  merry 
(a  6oo»t  companion). 

Boon,  ben,  n.  [Gael,  and  Ir.  bv.nach,  coarse 
tow,  from  btln,  stubble.]  Thb  useless 
vegetable  matter  from  dressed  flax. 

Boor,  bOr,  n.  [A.  Sax.  {ge)bdr,  a  country- 
man or  farmer  =  D.  boer,  G.  baiter;  from 
•A.  Sax.  bdan,  Icel.  biitt,  to  dwell,  to  in- 
habit, to  cultivate;  D.  bouwen,  G.  bauen,  to 
cultivate.]  A  countrymen ;  a  peasant ;  a 
rustic;  a  clown;  hence,  one  who  is  rude  in 
manners  and  illiterate.— Boorish,  bdr'ish, 
a.  Clownish ;  rustic ;  awkward  in  man- 
ners; illiterate.- Boorishly,b8r'ish-li,  adv. 
rn  a  clownish  manner.— BooHahness,  bOr'- 
ish-nes,  n.    The  state  of  being  boorish. 

Boose,  Bouse,  biJz,  v.i.  [D.  buizen,  to  drink 
laxgely,  to  gulp.]  To  drink  largely;  to 
guzzle  liquor;  to  tipple.  Written 'also 
Booze,  £ow2e.— Booser,  b8z'6r,  n.  One  who 
guzzles  liquor ;  a  tipplef ;  a  drunkard.-— 
Boosy,  BouBy,  bS'zi,  a.  A  little  intoxicated; 
merry  with  liquor.    [Colloq.]  ' 

Boot,  bet,  n.  J  A.  Sax.  bit,  reparation, 
aBiendsj  TcelT  0(i«,  remedy,  amends;  same 
root  as  m  better.}  Profit;  gain;  advantage; 
that  which  is  given  to  supply  the  defici- 
ency of  value*  in- one  of  the  things  ex- 
changed.— To  boot  [A.  Sax.  to-bdte],  in  ad- 
dition to;  over  and  above;  into  the  bar- 
gain.—-y.t.  To  profit;  to  advantage;  to  avail: 
used  impersonally  (it  boots  us  little;  what 
boots  it?).— Bootless,  bat'les,  a.  "Without 
boot,  profit,  or  advantage;  unprofitable; 
unavailing;  useless.  —  Bootlesdy,  botles- 
li,  adv.  In  a  bootless  or  unprofitable  man- 
ners—Bootlessness,  bot'les-nes,  m. 

Boot,  bot,  n.  [Fr.  botte,  a  butt,  and  also  a 
boot,  from  resemblance  in  shape.  Butt.] 
An  article  of  dress,  generally  of  leather, 
covering  the  foot  and  extending  to  a 
■greater  or  less  distance  up  the  leg;  an  in- 


■  Elruiucnt  i>f  loi  turo  f  istouo.l  on  to  tbo  leg, 
between  which  and  the  boot  wedges  were 
introduced  and  hammered  in,  often  crush- 
ing both  muscles  aad  bones;  the  luggage- 
box  in  a  stage-coach,  either  on  the  front  or 
the  hind  part;  pi ,  used  as  a  singular  noun, 
the  servant  in  hotels  who  cleans  the  boots 
of  the  guests,  or  part  of  whose  work  origin- 
ally was  to  do  so.— y.l!.  To  put  boots  on. — 
Booted,  bOt'ed,  a:  Equipped  with  boots: 
having  boots  on. — Bootee,  bot'C,n.  A  half 
or  short  boot;  also  a  clvild's  knitted  boot. — 
Boot-hook,n.  A  sort  of  holdfast  with  which 
long  boots  are  pulled  on.  —  Boot-hose,  n. 
Stocking-hose  or  spatterdashes,  in  lieu  of 
boots.- Boot-jack,"»i.  An  instrument  for 
drawing  off  Doots.  —  Boot  -  lace,  n.  The 
string  or  cord  for  fastening  a  boot. — Boot- 
maker, n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
make  boots.— Boot-rack,  n.  A  frame  or 
stand  to  hold  boots,  especially  with  their 
tops  downwards. — Boot-tree,  Boot-last,  to. 

,  An  instrument  consisting  of  two  wooden 
blocks,  which  together  form  the  shape  of 
the  leg  and  foot,  and  which  are  inserted 
into  a  boot  and  then  driven  apart  by  a 
wedge  to  stretch  the  boot. 

Bootes,  bo-o'tez,  n.'JGr.  boites,  a  herdsman, 
from  OOMS,' an  ox  or  cow.]  A  northern  con- 
stellation, containing  the  star  Arcturus. 

Booth,  boTH,  TO,  [Icel.  biith,  Dan.  and  Sw. 
bod,  G.  bride,  a  b*oth;  allied  to  Gael,  buth, 
Slav,  bavda,  bvda,  Lith.  buda,  a  booth,  a 
hut.]  A  house  or  shed  built  of  boards, 
boughs  of  trees,  or  other  slight  materials 
for  a  tempotary  residence,  as  for  a  show  or 
the  sale  of  goods  in  a  fair  or  market. 

Booty,  be'ti,  to.  [Same -as  Icel.byH,  Dan. 
bytte,  exchange,  barter,  booty,  from  b^ta. 
to  divide  into  portions,  to  deal  out.]  Spoil 

.taken  from  an  enemy  in  war;  that  which 
is  seized  by  violence  and  robbery;  plunder; 
pillage. 

Booze,  bez,  v.i.  Boozy,  be'zi,  a.  Same  as 
Boose,  Boosy. 

Bo-peep,  bo-pep',  n.  [Bo,  an  exclamation, 
and  veep.]  A  game  among  children  in 
Vhicn  one  suddenly  appears  from  behind 
something,  cries  'do!'  and  as  suddenly 
disappears,  for  the  purpose  of  startling  its 
companions. 

Borachio,t  bo-nvch'i-o,  n.  [Sp.  borracha,  a 
leather  wine-vessel,  from  borra,  a  lamb  or 
ewe;  borracho,  drunk.]  The  dressed  skin 
of  a  goat  or 'pig  used  for  holding  Vine  or 
other  liquid;  a  skin  or  leather  bottle; 
hence  a  drunkard. 

BoragOj  bor'aj,  n.  [L.L.  borrago,  borago, 
from  borra,  hair,  from  its  hairy  leaves.] 
A  plant  allied  to.  the  forget-me-not,  hav- 
ing very  rough  hairy  leaves  and  pretty 
blue  flowers,  which  were  supposed  to  be 
cordial  and  were  infused  in  dnnks. 

Borax,  bo'raks,  n.  [Sp.  boT-rax,  Ar.  bUraq, 
saltpetre,  from  barak,to  shine.]  A  salt 
formed  by  the  combination  of  boratic  acid 
with  soda  occurring  in  a  crude  state  (tin- 
cal)  in  India,  Persia,  China,  Peru,  Chili, 
&c.,  or  prepared  from  a  solution  of  boracic 
acid  ana  of  carbonate  of  soda  combined  and 
crystallized:  used  as  a  flux  in  soldering 
metals,  and  in  making  glass  and  artificial 
gems.— Boracic,  bo-ras'ik,  a.  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  produced  from  hoTax^— Boracic 
acid,  a  compound  of  boron  with  oxygeii 
and  hydrogen. — Boracite,  bo'ra-sit,  re.  A 
mineral  consisting  of  borate  and  chloride 
of  magnesium. — Borate,  bO'rat,  n.  A  salt 
formed  by  a  combination  of  boracic  acid 
with  any  base. 

Borbcrygmus,  Borborygm,  bor-bor-ig'mus, 
bor'bor-it-i, TO.  [Gr.borbori/gmos, from  bor- 
boryzO,-to  nave  a  rumbling  in  the  Ixjwels.] 
The  rumbling  noise  caused  by  wind  within 
the  intestines. 

Borcer,  bors'er,  to.  A  steel-poinfed  iron 
instrument  for  boring  holes  in  rocks  pre- 
paratory to  blasting. 

Bord,  bord,  to.  [Fr.,  border,  edge.]  Mining, 
the  face  of  coal  parallel,  to  the  natural 
fissures. 

Bordelais;  bor-de-la,  a.  Belonging  to  the 
Bordeaux  district  of  France,  a  terin  ap- 
plied to  a  class  of  fine  red  wines. 

Border,  bor'der,  n.  [Fr.  bordure,  bord,  a 
border,  border,  to  border,  from' the  Ger- 
man. Board.]  The  outer  part  or  edge  of 
anything,  as  of  .a  garment,  piece  of  cloth. 


a  country,  &c.;  margin;  verge;  brink; 

boundary;  confine;  frontier.— v.i.  To  have 
the  edge  or  boundary  adjoining;  to  be  con- 
tiguous or  adjacent;  to  approach;  to  colne 
near:  with  on  or  upon.  —  v.t.  To  make  a 
border  to;  to  adorn  with  a  border  of  orna- 
ments; to  form  a  border  to;  to  touch  at  the 
edge  or  end;  to  be  contiguous  to;  to  limit. 
—Borderer,  bor'der-er,  to.  One  who  dwells 
on  a  border,  or  at  the  extreme  part  or  con- 
fines of  a  country,  region,  or  tract  of  land. 
—Border-land,  to.  Land  forming  a  border 
or  frontier;  an  uncertain  intermediate 
district. 

Bore,  bor,  v.t  — bored,  boring.  [A.  Sax. 
borian;  Icel.  bora,  Sw.  borra,  Dan.  bore. 
D.  boren,  G.  bohren,  to  bore;  of  same  root 
with  ii.foro,  to  bore.]  To  pierce  or  per- 
forate and  make  a  round  hole  in;  to  drill 
a  hble  in;  to  form  by  piercing  or  drilling 
(*o  bore  a  hole);  to,  force  a  narrow  and  dif- 
ficult passage  through;  to  weary  by  tedi- 
ous iteration  or  repetition;  to  tire  by  insuf- 
ferable dulness;  to  tease;  to  annoy;  to 
pester. — v.i.  To  pierce  or  enter  by  drilling, 
«c. ;  to  push  forward  toward  a  certain 
point.— TO.  The  hole  made  by  boring;  hence, 
the  cavity  or  hollow  of  a  gun,  cannon,  pis- 
tol, or  other  firearm;  the  calibre,  whether 
formed  by  boring  or  not;  a  person  that 
tires  or  wearies,  especially  by  trying  the 
patience;  a  dull  person  who  forces  his 
company  and  conversation  upon  us;  any- 
thing troublesome  or  annoying.  —  Bore- 
dom, bor'dum,  to.  The  domain  of  bores : 
bores  collectively;  the  state  of  being  bored 
or  of  being  a  bore.— Borer,  bor'er,  to.  One 
who  or  that  which  bores;  a  term  some- 
times applied  to  certain  worms,  insects, 
fishes,  which  penetrate  foreign  bodies. 

Bore,  bor,  to.  [Icel.  bdra,  a  wave  or  swell.] 
A  sudden  influx  of  the  tide  into  the  estu- 
ary of  a  river  from  the  sea,  the  inflowing 
water  rising  and  advancing  like  a  wall, 
rushing  with  tremendous  noise  against 
the  current  for  a  considerable  distance. 

Bore,  bor,  pret.  of  bear  (which  see). 

Boreal,  bo^iS-al,  a.  [L.  borealis,  from  boreas, 
the  north  wind.]  Northern;  pertaining 
to  the  liorth  orthe  north  wind. 

Borecole,  bor'kol,  to.  A  variety  of  hardy 
winter  cabbage  with  the  leaves  curled  or 
wrinkled,  and  not  forming  into  a  hard 
head. 

Botlc,  bo'rik,  a.  Same  as  Boracic.— 'Boride, 
bo'rid,  TO.  A  compound  of  boron  with  an 
element. 

Bom,  bom,  pp.  of  bear,  to  bring  forth. 

Borne,  bom,  pp.  of  bear,  to- carry,  &c. 

Borne,  Vjom,  to.    Bourn. 

Boron,  bo'ron,  to.  [From  borax.}  Sym.  B. 
CAem.  the  characteristic  element  contained 
in  borax,  forming  dark-coloured  brilliant 
crystals,  or  sometimes  a  dark-brown  pow- 
der. 

Borough,  bur's,  n.  [A.  Sax.  burg,  burh,  a 
fort,  town,  city;  Icel.  Sw.  Dan.  borg,  Goth. 
baurgo,  G.  D.  btirg;  root  in  A.  Sax.  bcorgan, 
Goth,  bairgan,  G.  bergen,  to  protect.  From 
same  root  are  bury,  borrow,  burrow,  barrow 
(grave  mound),  &c.J  A  corporate  town  or 
township;  a  town  with  a  properly  organ- 
ized municipal  government.  —  Borough- 
English,  TO.  Law,  a  customary  descent  of 
estates  to  the  youngest  son  instead  of  the 
eldest,  or,  if  tbe  owner  leaves  no  son,  to 
the  youngest  brother. — Borough-monger, 
TO.  One  who  buys  or  sells  the  parliament- 
ary representation  of  a  borough. 

Borrow,  bor'ro,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  borgian,  pro- 
perly to  take  on  security,  from  borg,  borh, 
security,  from  beorgan,  to  protect;  G.  and 
D.  borgen,  tp  borrow.  Boeol-gu.]  To  ask 
and  obtain  on  loan,  trust,  or  on  credit,  wth 
the  intention  of  returning  or  giving  an 
equivalent  for ;  to  take  or  adopt  from  an- 
other or  from  a  foreign  source  and  use  as 
one's  own;  to  adopt;  to  appropriate;  to 
imitate;  to  copy.— Borrower,  bor'ro-fer,  to. 

.One  who  borrows;  one  who  takes  what 
belongs  to  another  and  uses  it  as  his  own; 
a  copier;  an  imitator;  a  plagiarist.    • 

Bort,  bort,  re.  Diamonds  too  coarse  for 
ornamental  setting,  or  small  fragments  of 
pure  diamonds,  used  when  reduced  to  a 
powder  for  polishing  and  grinding.' 

Boscage,  Boskage,  bos'kaj,  re.  [O.Fr.  bos- 
cage, from  the  German.    BtrsH.]    A  mass 


*cli,  cAain;,  <  eft,  Sc.  locft;   'g,ipo;-r  j,iob;^n,  Fr..ton;  ^^ng,  sinp;     th,  tften;  th,  IMn;    4V  wig;     wh,  ivftig;     zh,  asure. 


BOSCH-VAB.K. 


"76 


BOtJNCj: 


of  prowing  trees  or  shrubs;  woods;  groves 
or  thickets;  sylvan  foliage 

Bosch-vark,  Bosh-vark,  bosh'v&rk,  n.  [D. 
boBch,  wood,  and  vark,  hog.]  The  bush- 
hog  or  bush-pig  of  South  Africa,  one  of 
the  most  formidable  members  of  the  swine 
family.  ^ 

Bosh,  bosh,  n.  [Turk.,  empty,  vain,  use- 
less.]   Nonsense;  absurdity;  trash. 

Bosk,  t  bosk,  n.  [  An  old  form  of  bush.  ] 
A  thicket;  a  small  close  natural  wood, 
especially  of  bushes. .  I  Tenn.]— Boskage, 
n.  Boscage.  —  Bosky,  bos'ki,  a.  Bushy; 
covered  with  groves  or  thickets.    [MiL] 

Bssom,  bo'zum,  n.  lA.  Sax.  bdam,  D.  boezem, 
(i.  bvsen,  probably  from  root  of  bow,  mean- 
ing literally  a  swelling  or  protruding  part.  ] 
The  breast  of  a  human  being;  the  folds  of 
the  dress  about  the  breast;  the  seat  of 
the  tender  affections,  passions,  inmost 
thoughts,  wishes,  secrets,  &c.;  embrace  or 
compass  (the  bogom  of  the  church);  some- 
thing likened  to  the *human, bosom  (the 
bosom  of  the  earth,  of  a  lake,  &c.). — a.  In- 
timate; familiar;  close;  dear. — v.t.  To  in- 
close or  harbour  in  the  bosom ;  to  embrace; 
to  keep  with  care;  to  cherish  intimately; 
to  conceal;  to  embosom. 

Boss,  bos,  n.-  [Fr.  bosse,  a  swelling,  from 
O.H.G.  bdzo,  a  bimch  or  bundle,  same  root 
as  G.  bosien,  to  beat;  "E.  beat]  A  protu- 
berant part;  a  roxmd,  swelling  body;  a 
projecting  mass;  a  stud  or  knob;  a  pro- 
tuberant ornament  of  silver,  ivory,  or 
other  material,  used  on  bridles,  harness, 
&c.;  arch,  an  ornament  placed  at  the  in- 
tersection of  the  ribs  or  groins  in  vaulted 
or  flat  roofs. — v.t.  To  ornament  with  bosses; 
tobestud;  to  emboss.  [SAai.]— Bossy,  bos'i, 
a.  Containing  a  boss;  ornamented  with 


Boss,  bos,  n.  [D.  baas,  a  master.]  An  em- 
ployer; amaster;asuperintehdeat.  [Amer- 
ican.] 

Bostangl,  bos-tan'je,  n.  pi.  [Turk.,  from 
bostjn,  a  garden.]  A  class  of  men  in  Tur- 
key, originally  the  sultan's  gardeners,  but 
now  also  -employed  in  various  capacities 
more  closely  connected  with  his  person. 

Bot,  Bot-fly.    Borr. 

Botany,  bot'a-ni,  n.  [Ab  if  from  a  form 
botaneia,  from  Gr.  lotanS,  herbage,  a  plant, 
from  bosko,  to  feed.]  The  science  which 
treats  of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  dealing 
with  the  forms,  structure,  and  tissues  of 

f>lants,  the  laws  or  conditions  which  regu.' 
ate  their  growth  or  development,  the 
functions  of  their  various  organs,  the 
claissification  of  the  various  specific  foxms' 
of  plants,  their  distribution  over  the  face 
ot  the  globe,  and  their  condition  at  various 

feological  epochs. — Botanic,  Botanical, 
o-tan'ik,  bo-tan'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
botany;  relating  to  plants  in  general. — 
Botanically,  bo-tan 'ik-al-li,  adv.  In  a 
botanical  manner;  after  the  manner  of  a 
botanist;  according  to  a  system  of  botany. 
— Botajiist,  bot'an-ist,  n.  One  skilled  in 
botany;  one  versed  in  the  knowledge  of 
plants  or  vegetables,  their  structure,  and 

§eneric  and  specific  differences.— Botakiize, 
ot'an-iz,  v.i.—i>otanized,  botanizing.  To 
study  plants;  to  investigate  the  vegetable 
kingdom:  to  seek  for  plants  with  a  view 
to  study.them. 

Botargo,  Botarga,  bo-tai'go  bo-t&r'ga,  n. 
[Sp.]  A  relishing  sort  of  food,  made  of 
the  roes  of  the  mullet  or  tunny  strongly 
salted  after  they  have  become  putrid, 
much  used  on  the  coast  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

Botch,  boch,  n.  [O.E.  boeehe,  botehe,  n  Pore, 
a  swelling,  from  O.Fr.ioce,  a  boss,  a  botch, 
a  boU,  a  parallel  form  of  boss;  Comp. 
O.D.  ?>t(<se,  a  boil,  a  swelling.]  A  swelling 
on  the  skin ;  a  lairge  ulcerous  affection ;  a 
boil  or  blotch ;  a  patch,  or  the  part  of  a 
garment  patched  or  mended  in  a  clumsy 
manner ;  a  part  in  any  work  bungled  or 
ill-finished;  bungled  work  generally.— v.t 
To  mark  or  cover  with  botches  or  boilst; 
to  mend  or  patch  in  a  clumsy  manner;  to 
l)erf orm  or  express  in  a  bungling  manner. 
— Botcher,  boch'^r,  n.  One  whobotches;  a 
clumsy  workman  at  mending;  a  mender 
of  old  clothes ;  a  bungler.  —  Botchery,  t 
boch'6r-i,  ti.  A  botching,  or  that  which  is 
d(me  by  botchthg;  clumsy  workmanship. 

U— 


— Botchy,  boch'iT  «•  Marked  with  botches; 
full  of  botches. 

Both,  both,  a.  and  pron.  (A  Scandinavian 
word=Icel.  bdthir,  bcethi,  Sc.  baith,  Dan. 
baade,  Goth,  bajoths,  G.  beide,  both.  .  The 
first  element  is  seen  in  A.  Sax.  bdtwd, 
bqth-two,  both,  Goth,  bai,  both,  L.  ambo, 
G.  amp^,  Skr.  nbha,  both.]  The  one  and 
the  other;  the  two;  the  pair  or  the  couple. 
In  such  a  sentence  as  'both  men  were 
there,'  it  is  an  adjective;  in  'he  invited 
James  and  John,  and  both  went,'  it  is  a 
pronoun;  in '  the  men  both  went,' '  he  took 
them  both,'  it  is  a  pronoun  in  apposition 
to  men,  them.  It  is  often  used  as  a  con- 
junction in  connection  with  and^—both  . . . 
and  being  equivalent  to  as  well  the  one  as 
the  other;  not  only  this  but  also  that; 
equally  the  former  and  the  latter. 
Bother,  boTH'er,  v.t.  [Probably  a  word  of 
Irish  origin;  comp.  Ir.  buaidhirt,  trouble, 
affliction;  buaidJirim,  I  vex,  distiirb;  Ir. 
and  Gael,  buair,  to  vex,  trouble.]  To 
perplex;  to  perturb;  to  tease;  to  annoy.— 
v.i.  To  trouble  or  worry  one's  self;  to  make 
many  wDrds  or  much  ado.— n.  A  trouble, 
vexation,  or  plague.— Botheration,  boTH- 
6r-a'shon,  n.  The  act  of  bothering,  or 
state  of  being- bothered;  annoyance;  trou- 
ble; vexation;  perplexity.-Botherer,  boTH'- 
*r-6r,  n.  One  who  bothers,  vexes,  or  an- 
noys. 

Bothle,  Bothy,  both'i,  n.  [Gael,  bothag,  a 
cot,  from  same  root  a?  booth.  ]  In  Scotland 
a  house  for  the  accommodation  of  work- 
people engaged  in  the  same  employment; 
a  farm  biiilding  in  which  the  unmarried 
male  or  female  servants  or  labourers  are 
lodged. 

Bothrenchyma,  both-ren'ki-ma,  n.    [Gr. 
bothros,  a  pit,  and  engchyma,  a  tissue.] 
£ot.  a  term  applied  to  the  pitted-  tissue  or 
dotted  ducts  of  plants;  cellular  tissue,  the 
sides  of  which  are  marked  by  pits  sunk  in 
the  substance  of  the  membrane. 
Botryoid,  Botryoidal,  bot'ri-oid,  bot-ri-oi'- 
dal,  a.  [Gr.  botrys,  a  bunch  of  grapes,  and 
eidos,  form.]    Having  the  form  of  a  bunch 
of  grapes ;  like  grapes,  as  a  mineral  pre- 
senting an  aggregation  of  small  globes. 
Bott,  Bot,  bot,  n.  [Gael,  botus,  a  bott,  boHeag, 
a  maggot.]    A  name  given  to  the  larvse  or 
maggots  of  several  species  of  gadfly  when 
found  in  the  intestines  of  horses,  under 
the  hides  of  oxen,  in  the  nostrils  of  sheep, 
Ac:  generally  in  plural.  —  Bot-fly,  n.    A 
fly  that  produces  botts. 
Bottlne,  bot-Cn.  n.     [Fr.,  dim.  of  hotte,  a 
boot.]    A  half  boot;  a  lady's  boot;  also,  an 
appliance  resembling  a  boot,  with  straps, 
spripgs,  buckles,  &c.,  to  obviate  distortion 
in  the  lower  extremities  of  children. 
Bottle,  bofl,  n.    [Pr.  bo^iteUle,  from  L.L. 
buticula,  a  dim.  from  bictica,  a  kind  of 
vessel,  from  Gr.  boxdis,  a  flask.]  A  hollow 
vessel  of  glass,  leather,  or  other  material, 
with  a  narrow  mouth,  for  holding  and 
carrying  liquors;  the  contents  of  a  bottle; 
as  much  as  a  bottle  contains ;  hence,  fig. 
the  bottle  is  used  as  equivalent  to  strong 
drink  in  general;  the  practice  of  drinking 
(to  be  fond  of  the  bottle).  —  v.t.  —  botUed, 
bottling.    To  put  into  bottlesi  —  Bottler, 
bot'lfer,  n.     One  whose  occupation  it  is 
to  bottle  wines,  spirits,  beer,  or  the  like. 
— Bottle-flsh,  n.    A  fish  of  the  eel  family 
with  a  long  whip -like  tail  and  a  body 
capable  of  being  inflated  like  a  sack  or 
leathern  bottle  from  4  to  6  feet  long. — 
Bottle-glass,  n.      A  coarse  green  glass 
■  used    in  the  manufacture  of   bottles.  — 
Bottle-green,  a.    Of  a  dark  green  colour 
like  common  bottle-glass. — Bottle-head,  n. 
The  whale  called  also  the  Bottle -nose. — 
Bottle-holder,  n.  One  who  waits  upon  an- 
other in  a  prize-fight,  administering  re- 
freshment, wiping  off  blood,  &c.;  hence,  a 
backer;  a  second:  a  supporter  in  a  conflict 
of  any  kind. — Bottle-nose,  n.    A  whale 
measuring  from  22  to  28  feet  long,  and 
having  a  beaked  snout,  occurring  in  high 
north  latitudes;  also,  the  caaing-whale. — 
Bottle-nosed,  a.    Having  a  nose  bottle- 
shaped;  with  a  nose  full  and  swollen  about 
the  wings  and  end. — Bottle-tit, -n.    The 
long-tailed  titmouse,  so  called  from  its 
bottle-shaped  nest. 
Bottle,  bot'l,  n.    [O.Fr.  botd,  dim.  of  botte. 


a  bundle,  from  O.H.G.  bOzo,  a  bundle. 
Boss.)  A  quantity  of  hay  or  grass  tied  or 
bundled  up  for  fodder. 
Bottom,  bot'om,  n.  [A.  Sax.  botm,  bottom 
=  D.  bodevi,  Icel.  batn,  O.H.G.  podam. 
Mod.  G.  boden,  from  same  root  as  L.  fiai- 
(iiw,  Gr.  pythmen,  base,  bottom.)  The 
lowest  or  deepest  part  of  anything,  as 
distinguished  from  the  top;  that  on  which 
anything  rests  or  is  founded;  utmost  depth 
either  literally  or  figuratively;  base;  foun- 
dation ;  the  ground  under  any  body  of 
water ;  the  lower  or  hinder  extremity  of 
the  trunk  of  an  animal;  the  buttocks;  the 
portion  of  a  chair  for  sitting  on;  the  seat; 
low  land  formed  by  alluvial  deposits  along 
a  rivet;  a  dale:  a  valley;  the  part  of  a  ship 
below  the  wales;  hence,  the  ship  itself; 
power  of  endurance ;  stamina ;  native 
strength. — a.  At  the  bottom;  lowest;  un- 
dermost; baring  a  low  situation;  alluvial. 
— v.t.  To  found  or  build  ui>on ;  to  base ;  to 
furnish  with  a  bottom.  —  Bottomed,  bot'- 
omd,  a.  Having  a  bottom  of  this  or  that 
kind:  used  in  composition.  —  Bottomless, 
bot'om-les,  a.  Without  a  bottom ;  hence, 
fathomless;  whose  bottom  canuot  be  found 
by  sounding.— Bottomry,  bot'om-ri,  n.  The 
act  of  borrowing  money,  and  pledging 
the  bottom  of  the  ship,  that  is,  the  ship 
itself,  as  security  for  the  repayment  of  the 
money. 

Bottom,  bot'om,  n.  fW.  bofurni,  a  boss,  a 
bud,  a  button.]  A  ball  or  skein  of  thread; 
a  cocodn. — v.t.  To  wind  round  something, 
as  in  making  a  ball  of  thread. 
Bouche,  Bonch,  b5sh,  v.t.  [Ft.  bouche, 
mouth.]  To  form  or  drill  a  new  month  or 
vent  in,  as  a  gun  which  has  been  spiked. 
Boudoir,  bo-dwar,  «.  [Fr.,  from  bouder, 
to  pout,  to  sulk!]  A  small  room  .to  which 
a  lady  may  retire  to  be  alone,  or  in  which 
she  mav  receive  her  intimate  friends. 
Bough,  bou,  n.  [A.  Sax.  b6g,  bdh,  an  arm, 
a  shoulder,  a  bough;  Icel.  bogr,  Dan.  boug, 
bov,  the  shoulder,  a  vessel's  bow;  allied  to 
Gr.  pechys,  the  fore-arm,  Skr.  bCLh\is,  the 
arm.  Bow  (of  a  ship)  is  the  same  word.] 
An  arm  or  large  branch  of  a  tree. 
Booght,  bat,  pret.  &  pp.  of  buy  (which  see). 
Bougie,  bti-zhe,  n.  [Fr.,  a  wax -candle,  from 
Sp.  bugia,  from  Bugia,  in  North  Africa, 
whence  wax-candles  were  first  brought.] 
A  wax  tai)er;  surg.  a  slender  flexible  cylin- 
der made  of  waxed  linen  or  silk  cord,  or 
of  caoutchouc,  steel,  German  silver,  ffic, 
intended  for  introduction  into  the  urethra, 
oesophagus,  or  rectum,  when  those  jjas- 
sages  are  obstructed,  as  by  stricture. 
BouilU,  b<J-ye,  n.  [Fr.,  from  bouillerj  to 
boil.]  Meat  stewed  with  vegetables;  boiled 
or  stewed  meat  of  any  kind. — Bouillon, 
b<5-yoh,  n.  [Fr.]  Broth;  soup. 
Boulder,  bol'd^r,  n.  [From  Dan.  buldre. 
E.  dial,  bolder,  Sw.  btillra,  to  make  a  loud 
noise,  to  thunder;  bw.  dial,  bullersttn 
(s<en=stone),  a  large  pebble;  lit.  a  stone 
that  makes  a  thundering  noise.]  A  water- 
worn  roundish  stone  of  considerable  size, 
and  larger  than  a  pebble;  geol.  applied  to 
ice-worn  and  smoothed  blocks  li'ing  on 
the  surface  of  the  soil,  or  imbedded  in  the 
clays  and  gravels  of  the  drift  formation.— 
Boulder-clay,  n.  The  stiff,  tmlaminated, 
tenacious  clay  of  the  glacial  or  drift  epoch 
or  ice-age. 

Boule,  Boule-work,  bol,  bel'werk,  n.   Same 
as  B^lM. 

Boulevard,  bol-var,  n.  [Fr.,  older  forms 
boulcvert,  boulevere,  borrowed  and  altered 
from  G.  bollwerk.  Bulwark.]  Originally, 
a  bulwark  or  rampart  of  a  fortification  or 
fortified  town;  hence  a  public  walk  or 
street  occupying  the  site  of  demolished 
fortifications:  now  sometimes  extended  to 
any  wide  street  or  walk  encircling  a  town. 
Bounce,  bouns,  v.i.~  bounced,  bouncing. 
fO.E.  bounsen,  bunsen,  to  strike  suddenly; 
L.G.  bunsen,  to  knock;  D.  bomen,  to  strike, 
bounce ;  bons.  a  bounce ;  imitative  of  the 
noise  of  a  blow.]  To  make  a  sudden  leap 
or  spring;  to  jump  or  rush  suddenly;  to 
knock  or  thump:  to  boast  or  bluster; 
to  brag.  —  v.t.  To  drive  against  any- 
thing suddenly  and  riolently. — n.  A  heavv 
blow,  thrust,  or  thump;  a  loud  heavy 
sound;  a  sudden  crack  or  noise;  a  boast ; 
a  piece  of  brag  or  bluster ;  boastful  lan- 


f&r,  fai,  t^i  .  me,  met,  htr,  ,  pine,  pin;     nSte,  not,  move;     tabe,,'tub,  btfU;^ oil.  pound;     t,  Sc  abime— the  Sr.  v.. 


BOUND 


on;  a  bold  or  Impudent 


Ue.—adv.  W ith  a  bounce  or  abrupt  mov& 
ment;  abruptly  (to  come  tSbvnce  into  a 
room)  — Bouncer,  bouns'fer,  n.  One  that 
bounces;  a  boaster;  a  buUy;  a  bragging 
liar;  a  barefaced  lie;  something  big  or 
large  of  its  kind.— Bouncing,  bouns  ing,  a. 
Vigorous:  strong;  stout;  exaggerated;  ex- 
cessive; big.  —  Bouncingly,  bouns'ing-li, 
adv.  In  a  bouncing  manner. 
Bound,  bound,  n.  LO.Fr.  bodne,  bcmne,  a 
bound, limit  (Fr.  boi-nel, from  L.L.  bodina, 
honna,  a  boundary,  from  Armor.  bod.en,  a 
cluster  of  trees  serving  as  a  boundary.] 
That  which  limits  or  circumscribes;  the 
external  or  limiting  line  of  any  object  or 
of  space  ( to  pass  beyond  the  bounds) ; 
hence,  that  which  keeps  in  or  restrains; 
limit  (to  set  bounds  to  ambition).— «.(.  To 
set  bounds  or  limits  to;  to  act  as  a  bound 
or  limit  to;  to  limit;  to  terminate;  to  re- 
strain or  confine;  to  circumscribe.- Boun- 
dary, boun'da-ri,  n.  [From  bound,  with  a 
Latin  termination.]  That  which  marks 
a  bound  or  limit;  a  limit;  a  bound.— 
Bounded,  boun'ded,  a.  Limited;  circum- 
scribed; cramped;  narrow  (a  man  of 
bowndea  views ).— Bounden,  boun'den. 
An  old  participle  of  bind.  Obliged  or  be- 
boldent;  appointed;  indispensable;  obli- 
gatory (our  bonnden  duty).  —  Bounder, 
boun'der,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
bounds.— Boundless,  bound'les,  a.  With- 
out bounds  or  limits;  unlimited;  immea- 
surable; illimitable;  infinite.— Boundless- 
ly, bound' les-li,  adv.  In  a  boundless 
manner.— Boundlessness,  bound'Je8-nes,n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  boundless  or 
without  limits.  „     ,      ,.     ^    , 

Bound,  bound,  v.t.  [Fr.  hondtr,  to  leap, 
O.Fr.  to  ring,  to  echo;  from  L.L.  bombit- 
are,  to  resound,  from  L.  borribus,  a  hum- 
ming. Bomb.  J  Toleap;  to  jump;  to  spring; 
to  move  forward  by  leaps;  to  rebound.— 
n.  A  leap;  a  spring;  a  jump;  a  rebound. 
Bound,  bound,  pp.  of  bind  (also  pret.). 
Made  fast  by  a  band  or  by  chains  or  fet- 
ters; hemmed  in  or  kept  back,  as  a  ship 
by  ice  or  wind;  obliged  by  moral  ties; 
confined;  restrained.  Colloquially  the 
word  is  often  used  as  equivalent  to  cer- 
tain, sure;  as,  he  is  bound  to  succeed;  the 
town  is  bound  to  increase. 
Sonnd,  bound,  a.  [Formerly  00Mn,-from 
Icel.  biiinn,  pp.  of  biXa,  to  till,  prepare,  get 
ready.  The  d  is  parasitic,  as  in  sound. 
from  L.  sonus.  Same  root  as  boor,  bower.} 
Prepared;  ready;  hence,  going  or  intend- 
ing to  go ;  destined :  often  with  to  or  for 
(a  ship  bound  for  London). 
Bounty, boun'ti,n.  [O.Fr.  bonteit,  Fr.  bonUi, 
goodness,  favour,  from  L.  bonitas,  good- 
ness, from  bcmus,  good.]  Liberality  in  be- 
stowing gifts  and  favours;  generosity; 
munificence;  a  favour  bestowed  from  a 
benevolent  disposition;  that  which  is  given 
bounteously;  a  free  gift ;  a  premium  of- 
fered to  induce  men  to  enlist  into  the  pub- 
lic service,  or  to  encourage  some  branch 
of  industry.  —  Bounteous,  boun'te-us,  a. 
Disposed  to  give  freely;  free  in  bestowing 
gifts;  bountiful;  liberal;  generous;  mu- 
nificent.—Bounteously,  boun'te-us-li,  adv. 
;  In  a  bounteous  manner;  liberally. — Boun- 
teousness,  boun'tc-us-nes,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  bounteous.— Bountiful,  boun'ti- 
ful,  a.  Liberal  in  bestowing  gifts,  favours, 
or  bounties;  munificent;  generous. — Boun- 
tifully, boun'ti-f ul-li,  adv.  In  a  bountiful 
manner;  liberally.— Bountifulness,  boun'- 
ti-ful-nes,  n. 

Bouquet,  b8-ka,  n.     [Fr.,  O.Fr.  bousquet, 

'  bosquet,  a  little  wood,  dim.  of  bosc,  a  wood. 

'Bush.]    A  nosegay;  a  bunch  of  flowers; 

something  resembling  a  bunch  of  flowers; 

an  agreeable  aromatic  odour,  such  as  that 

of  the  finer  wines. 

Bourdon,  bor-don,  n.    [Fr.]    The  drone  of 

the  bagpipe;  a  bass  stop  in  the  organ  or 

harmonium  having  a  drone-like  quality 

of  tone. 

Bourg,t  borg,  n.     [The  French  form  of 

thorough,' 'burgh.]  "A  town;' a  borough. 

XTenn.]  w        '—       '    ' 

gop-geois,  b8rzh-wa,  n.^  [Fr.,  sing.  &  pi.] 

Atcitizen;  'a  burgher;  a  man  of  middle 

[Tank.— Bourgeois,  Burgeois,  bur-jo',  bur- 

liqjg',"^.?  [Perhaps  from  a  type-founder  of 


77. 

the  name.]  A  small  kind  of  printing  type, 
larger  than  brevier  and  smaller  than  long- 
primer.— Bourgeoisie,  bOrzh-wft-zS,  n.  [Fr.] 
The  middle  classes  of  a  country,  especially 
•  those  dependent  on  trade.  ,    j  , 

Bourgeon,  bor'jon,»i.  [Fi.  bourgeon,  a  bud.J 
A  bud.— u.i.  To  sprout;  to  put  forth  buds. 
Bourn,  Borne,  bOm,  bom,  n.     [Fr.  borne, 
a  limit,  corruption  of  bonne,  a  DoulWary. 
Bound.]    A  bound;  a  limit. 
Bonm,t  biJm,  n.     [Prov.  E.  and  So.  bum, 
A.  Sax.  buma,  a  8tream=D.  bom,  Icel. 
brunnr,  Sw.  fcntnn,  Goth,  brunna,  G.  brun- 
nen,  a  spring,  a  well.]  A  brook;  a  torrent; 
a  rivulet;  a  bum.    \.Shak.] 
Bourse,  bOrs,  n.  [Fr.,  a  purse,  an  exchange, 
from  L.  bursa,  a  hide,  leather.]    An  ex- 
change; a  place  where  merchants  assemble 
for  general  business. 
Bouse,  Bousy,  bOz,  bo'zi.    Boose,  Boosy. 
Bout,  bout,  n.    [Older  form  bought;  same 
word  as  Dan.  hugt,  a  bend,  a  bight;  closely 
akin  to  E.  bight,  and  verb  to  bow.]  A  twist 
or  turn;  a  bend  or  flexure;  a  going  and 
returning,  as  in  ploughing,  reaping,  <kc.; 
as  much  as  is  performed  at  one  time;  a 
trial;  a  set-to;  a  contest;  a  debauch. 
Bouts-rim^B,  b6-r5-ma, -n.  pi.     [Fr.  bout, 
an  end,  and  rimi,  rhymed.]   Words  that 
rhyme  given  as  the  ends  of  a  stanza,  the 
otlier  parts  of  the  lines  to  be  supplied  by 
the  ingenuity  of  another  person. 
Bouze.    Same  as  Boose. 
Bovine,  bo'vin,  a.    [L.L.  bovinus,  from  L. 
bos,  bovis,  an  ox.]  Pertaining  to  oxen  and 
cows,  or  the  quadrupeds  of  the  same 
family. 

Bow,  bou,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  b^gan,  to  bend 
(trans,  and  intrans.)=D.  buigen,  Dan.  biiie, 
Goth,  biugan,  G.  beugen;  cog.  L.  fugio,  Gr. 
pheugO,  to  flee;  Skr.  bhuj,  to  bend.  From 
same  stem  are  bow  (for  arrows),  bigfU,  bout.] 
To  make  crooked  or  curved ;  to  bend ;  to 
bend  or  incline,  as  the  head  or  the  body, 
in  token  of  respect  or  civility;  to  bend  or 
cause  to  yield;  to  subdue  (to  bow  the  will); 
to  make  a  bow  to  (to  6010  a  person  out,  &c.). 
— v.i.  To  bend  in  token  of  reverence,  re- 
spect, or  civility;  to  be  bent  or  inflected;  to 
curve.— n.  An  inclination  of  the  head,  or  a 
bending  of  the  body,  in  token  of  rever- 
ence, respect,  or  submission.  —  Bower, 
bou'Cr,  w.  One  who  bows. 
Bow,  bou,  n.  [Icek  bdgr,  Dan.  bov,  bottg,  a 
shoulder,  the  bow  of  a  vessel;  same  woid 
as  bough.)  Nuut.  the  roundmg  part  of  a 
ship's  sidie  forward,  on  either  side,  ter- 
minating at  the  stem  or  prow.— Bower, 
bou'6r,  n.  One  of  two  anchors  at  the  bow 
of  a  vessel,  v/hich  are  both  kept  ia  con- 
stant working  use:  called  also  Iiov)er- 
anfAor.— Bowline,  bo'lin,  n.  A  rope  fas- 
tened near  the  middle  of  the  perpendicular 
edge  of  the  square  sails,  and  used  to  keep 
the  weather  edge  of  the  sails  tight  forward 
towards  the  bow.  —  Bowsprit^  bo'sprit,  n. 
The  large  spar  or  boom  projecting  over 
the  bow  or  stem  of  a  vessel. 
Bow,  bo,  n.  [A.  Sax.  boga,  Icel.  bogi,  Dan. 
bue,  D.  boog;  from  root  of  verb  to  bow.'] 
A  missile  weapon  made  of  a  strip  of  wood 
or  other  elastic  material,which ,  being  bent 
by  means  of  a  string  fastened  to  its  two 
ends,  can  discharge  an  arrow  placed  end- 
wise on  the  string  b.v  the  latter  being  drawn 
back  and  suddenly  let  go;  anything  bent  or 
in  form  of  a  curve,asthe  rainoow;  an  imple- 
ment strung  with  horse-hair,  by  means  of 
which  the  tone  is  produced  from  instru- 
ments of  the  violin  kind;  an  instrument 
in  use  among  smiths  for  turning  a  drill, 
with  turners  for  turning  wood,  with  hat- 
ters for  breaking  fur  and  wool,  and  cou- 
sistinjr  of  a  piece  of  wood  more  or  less 
curved,  and  having  a  string  extending 
from  one  extremity  to  the  other ;  a  kind 
of  ornamental  knot  of  ribbon  or  other 
material.  —  v.t.  or  i.  Mus.  to  perform  or 
play  with  the  bow. — Bowman,  bo'man,  n. 
One  who  shoots  with  or  is  skilled  in  the  use 
of  the  bow;  an  archer. — Bowyer,  bo'y6r,  n. 
An  archer  or  bowman;  a  maker  of  bows. 
—Bow-knot,  n.  A  slip-knot  made  by  a 
ribbon  or  other  material.— Bow-leg,  n.  A 
crooked  or  bandy  leg. — Bow -legged,  a. 
Having  crooked  or  bandy  legs.— Bow-pen, 
n.  A  metallic  pen  having  the  part  which 
holds  the  ink  bent  out  towards  the  middle. 


BOX 

— Bow-iaw,  n.  A  flexible  saw  consisting  of 
a  very  narrow  blade  fixed  in  a  bow-shaped' 
frame.used  for  cutting  cun'es.-Bow-flhot,* 
n.  The  distance  a  now  can  propel  an 
arrow.— Bow-string,  n.  The  string  with 
which  a  bow  is  bent;  a  similar  string  used 
by  the  Turks  for  strangling  offiinders.- 
v.t.  To  stiungle  with  a  bow-string.— Bow- 
window,  n.  A  window  built  so  as  to  pro- 
ject from  a  wall,  properly  one  that  forais 
a  segment  of  a  circle.— Bow-compass,  Bow- 
compasses,  n.  A  pair  of  compassas  of  vari- 
ous forms  for  describing  arcs,  as  a  small 
instrument  furnished  with  a  bow-pen  for 
describing  circles  with  ink;  a  beam  of 
wood  or  brass  with  three  long  screws  to 
bend  a  lath  or  steel  to  any  arc,  used  for 
drawing  curves  of  large  radius.  1 

Bowel,  bou'el,  ».'  [O.Fr.  boel,  from  L.  60- 
tellus,  a  small  sausage,  an  intestine.]  One 
of  the  intestines  of  an  animal ;  a  gut,  es- 
pecially of  man ;  jjL.  the  supposed  seat  of 
pity  or  tenderness;  hence  kindness,  com- 
passion, or  affection ;  the  interior  part  of 
anything  (the  bowels  of  the  earth). — v.t. — 
bowelled,  bowelling.  To  take  out  the  bow- 
els of;  to  eviscerate. 

Bower,  bou'fer,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ftiir,  a  chamber, 
from  bi'ian,  to  dwell;  Icel.  biir,  a  cham- 
ber, from  Olid,  to  live ;  akin  boor,  bound 
(ready).]  A  woman's  private  apartment ; 
any  room  in  a  house  except  the  hall  (in 
these  senses  now  only  poetical) ;  a  shelter 
made  with  boughs  or  twining  plants;  an 
arbour;  a  shady  recess.— Bower-bird,  n.  A 
name  of  certain  Australian  birds  of  the 
oriole  family,  about  the  size  of  a  large 
starling,  ana  remarkable  for  erecting 
bowers  and  adorning  them  with  gay  fea- 
thers, shells,  and  other  bright -coloured 
objects,  these  bowers  being  used  as  places 
of  resort,  but  not  as  nests. — Bowered,  bou'- 
6rd,  a.  Furnished  with  bowers. 
Bowie-knife,  bij'i,  n  [After  its  inventor. 
Colonel  James  fiowie.]  A  knife  from  10  to 
15  inches  long  and  about  2  inches  broad, 
worn  .as  a  weapon  in  the  United  States. 
Bowl,  bol,  n.  [O.BL  boJte,  A.  Sax.  boUa,  a 
bowl;  Icel,  bolli,  01.11. (i. .boUe,  a  bowl; 
allied  to  ball.]  A  concave  vessel  of  a  some- 
what semi-globular  shape;  a  large  cup 
with  roundish  outlines;  a  goblet:  Often 
used  as  the  emblem  of  festivity;  the  hol- 
low part  of  anything,  as  of  a  spoon  or  of  a 
tobacco-pipe. 

Bowl,  V>ol,  ji.  [O.E.  bowle,  Fr.  houle,  from 
L.  bulla,  a  bubble  (whence  verb  to  boil).] 
A  ball  of  wood  or  other  material  used  for 
rolling  on  a  level  surface  at  play;  a  ball  of 
wood  loaded  on  one  side  used  in  a  game 
played  on  a  level  plat  of  green-sward;  p>. 
the  game  played  with  such  balls. — v.i.  To 
play  with  bowls  or  at  bowling;  to  roll  a 
Dowl,  as  in  the  game  of  bowle;  to  deliver 
the  ball  to  be  played  by  the  batsman  at 
cricket;  to  move  rapidly  and  like  a  ball. — 
v.t.  To  roll  in  the  manner  of  a  bowl ;  to 
pelt^with  or  as  with  bowls.— Bowler,  bol'ar, 
n.  One  who  plays  at  bowls;  cricket,  the 
player  who  delivers  the  ball  in  order  to  be 
played  by  the  batsman.  — Bowling-alley, 
n.  A  covered  place  for  the  gamq  of  bowls. 
—  Bowling-green,  n.  A  level  piece  of 
green-sward  kept  smooth  for  bowling.  l_ 
Bowlder,  bol'dSr,  n.  Same  as  JSouWer." 
Bowse,  bouz,  v.i.  To  boose  (which  see); 
naut.  to  haul  or  pull  hard.  "^ 

Box,  boks,  n.  [A.  Sax.  box,  a  box,  from  L. 
buxus,  buxum,the  box-tree,  and  something 
made  of  its  wood.]  A  case  or  receptacle 
of  any  size  and  made  of  any  material ; 
the  driver's  seat  on  a  carrftige;  a  present, 
especially  a  Christmas  present;  a  compart- 
ment for  the  accommodation  of  a  small 
number  of  people,  as  in  a  theatre;  a  nar- 
row confined  inclosed  place;  a  place  of 
shelter  for  one  or  two  men  engaged  in  cer- 
tain duties,  as  sentries,  signalmen,  &c.;  a 
small  house  for  sportsmen  during  the 
shooting  season  or  the  like.  —  v.t.  To  in- 
close, as  in  a  box;  to.  confine. — To  box  the 
compass,  to  repeat  or  go  over  the  points  of 
the  compass  in  order,  or  to  answer  any 
questions  regarding  the  divisions  of  the 
compass.  —  Boxing-day,  Boxing-night,  n.- 
The  day  and  night  after  Christmas-day 
when  Christmas-boxes  and  nresents  are 
given. 


clr,  cAain;     cft^  Sc- Jocftj  ^  g,jis>i. '  j,  iofe    jii,  Tr.  iaw    ng  slngi    sh,  toen;  th,  thia;    .w,  iwg;  _jvh,  wftig;  ..jh,  aswre 


BOX 


BRAKE 


Box,  boks,  n.  [Corresponding  by  meta- 
thesis to  Dan.  bask,  a  slap,  baske,  to  beat; 
akin  hash.]  A  blow  with  the  fist.  —  v.t. 
To  strike  with  the  f~t  or  hand. — v.i.  To 
light  with  the  fists ;  co  practise  fighting 
with  the  fists.  —  Boxer,  bok'ser,  n.  One 
who  fights  v.-iti.  his  fists;  a  pugilist. — 
Boxing-glove,  r..  A  large  padded  glove 
ii.eed  for  sparrinir. 

Box,  boks,  n.  [h.  buxtis,  Gr.  pyxos,  the 
box-tree.  Box,  a  case.]  The  name  given 
to  several  speci(;s  of  trees  or  shrubs,  the 
most  importan"  being  a  small  evergreen 
tree  with  small  shining  leaves,  and  yield- 
ing a  hard  clo^e- grained  wood,  and  the 
dwarf  variety  used  as  edgings  of  gar- 
den walks.  —  Bsxen,  bok'sen,  a.  >Iade  of 
Vjox-Mood;  restmbling  boxt.  —  Box-wood, 
n.  The  fine  hard-grained  timber  of  the 
box-troe,  much  used  by  wood-engravers 
and  in  the  manufacture  of  musical  and 
mathematical  instruments,  &c. 

Boy,  boi,  n.  [Fris.  boi,  boy,  a  boy;  allied  to 
1).  boef,  G.  bube,  Sw.  bue,  a  boy.]  A  male 
child  from  birth  to  the  age  of  puberty;  a 
lad;  a  man  wanting  in  vigour,  experience, 
judgment;  a  familiar  term  applied  in  ad- 
dressing or  speaking  of  grown  persons, 
especially  one's  associates;  in  compounds 
sometimes  applied  to  grown  men  without 
any  idea  of  youth  or  contempt;  as,  a  post- 
al/, a  pot6oj/.— Boyhood,  boi'hud,  n.  The 
state  of  being  a  boy  or  of  immature  age. 
—Boyish,  boi'ish,  a.  Belonging  to  a  boy; 
pertaining  to  boyhood:  in  a  disparaging 
sense ;  childish ;  trifling ;  puerile.  —  Boy- 
ishly, boi'ish-li,  adv.  In  a  boyish  manner. 
—Boyishness,  boi'ish-nes,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  boyish. 

Boycott,  boi'kot,  v.t.  FFrom  Capt.  Boycott, 
an  Irish  landlord,  the  first  prominent 
victim  of  the  system.]  To  combine  in  ip- 
f  using  to  work  for,  to  buy  from  or  sell  to, 
or  to  have  any  dealings  with,  on  account 
of  difference  of  opinion  on  sooial-and  poli- 
tical questions  or  the  like.    [Recent.] 

Brabble,  brab'l,  n.  [D.  brabbelen,  to  con- 
found, to  stammer.]  A  broil;  a  wrangle. 
— v.i— brabbled,  brabbling.  To  dispute  or 
quarrel  noisily.  —  Brabblement,  brab'l- 
nierit,  n.  A  clamorous  contest;  a  brabble. 
— Brabbler,  brab'l6r,  n.  A  quarrelsome 
noi.^y  fellow. 

Brace,  bras,  n.  [O.Fr.  hrace,  Irasse,  &c., 
from  L.  brachia,  the  arms,  pi.  of  brachi- 
wm,  an  arm;  allied  to  Gael,  brae,  AV. 
hraic,  the  arm.]  That  which  holds  any- 
thing tight,  tense,  firm,  or  secure,  or  which 
supports,  binds,  or  strengthens,  as  a  piece 
of  timber  placed  near  and  across  the 
angles  in  the  frame  of  a  building,  a  thick 
strap  which  supports  a  carriage  on  wheels, 
a  strap  passing  over  a  person's  shoulders 
for  supporting  his  trousers,  the  crank- 
shaped  stock  in  which  boring-tools,  &c., 
are  held,  serving  as  a  lever  for  turning 
them,  &c.;  a  mark  (.-'—)  used  in  written 
or  printed  matter  connecting  two  or  more 
words  or  lines;  a  couple  or  pair  (not  of 
persons  unless  in  contempt). — v.t. — braeed, 
hracing.  To  bind  or  tie  closely;  to  make 
tense;  to  strain  up;  to  increase  the  ten- 
sion, tone,  or  vigovjr  of  (the  nerves,  the 
sysjtem) ;  to  strengtftrpn ;  to  invigorate.  — 
Bracer,  bras'6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
braces. — Bracing,  bras'ing,  a.  GiTing  vig- 
our or  tone  to  the  bodily  system;  invigor- 
ating. 

Bracelet,  br&slet,  n.  [Fr.  bracelet,  a  dim. 
of  O.Fr.  bracel,  brachel,  an  armlet,  from 
L.  brachile,  from  brachium,  the  arm. 
Br.\.ce.]  An  ornament  encircling  the  wrist, 
now  worn  mostly  by  ladies. 

Brach.  brach,  n.  [O.Fr.  brache,  Fr.  braque, 
from  O.H.G.  bracke,  bracco,  G.  brack,  a 
kind  of  hunting  dog.]  A  bitch  of  the 
hound  kind;  a  species  of  scenting  hound; 
a  pointer  or  setter. 

Brachial,  bra'lci-al,  a.  [L.  brachium,  the 
arm.]  Belonging  to  the  arm;  of  the  nature 
of  an  arm;  resembling  an  arm.— Brachiate, 
bra'ki-at,  o.  Bot.  having  branches  in  pairs, 
nearly  horizontal,  and  each  pair  at  right 
»Tigles  with  the  next. 

Erachiopoda,  bra-ki-op'o-da,  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
hrachi/>ii,  an  aim,  and  poits,  a  foot.]  A 
o'ass  of  marine,  bivalve,  molluscoid  ani- 
mals, including  the  lamp-shells,  &c.,  so 


named  from  the  development  of  a  long 
spirally-coiled  fringed  respiratory  appen- 
dage or  arm  on  either  side  of  the  mouth. — 
Brachioi>od,  bra'ki-o-pod,  n.  One  of  the 
Bi^chiopoda. — Brachiopodous,  bra-ki-op'- 
o-dus,  a.  Belonging  to  the  class  Brachi- 
opoda. 

Brachycephalic,  Brachycephalons,  brak'i- 
se-fal"ik,  brak-i-sef'al-us,  a.  (Gr.  brachys, 
short,  and  kephale,  the  head.  ]  In  ethn. 
terms  applied  to  heads  (or  races  possessing 
such  heads)  whose  diameter  from  side  to 
side  is  not  much  less  than  that  from  front 
to  back,  their  ratio  being  as  0'8  to  1,  as 
those  of  the  jVIongolian  type. 

Brachygraphy,bra-kig'ra-fi,w.  [Gr.  brachys, 
short,  and  graphe,  a  writing.]  The  art  or 
practice  of  writing  in  shorthand ;  stenog- 
raphy.— Brachygrapher,  bra-kig'ra-f6r,  n. 
A  writer  in  shorthand. 

Brachynra,  Brachyoura,  brak-i-G'ra,  brak- 
i-ou'ra,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  brachys,  short,  and 
oura,  tail.]  A  section  of  ten-footed  crus- 
taceans (Decapoda),  with  the  abdomen 
forming  a  very  short,  jointed  tail,  folded 
forwards  closely  under  the  thorax,  as  in 
the  common  edible  crab.  —  Brachyural, 
Brachyurous,  brak-i-Q'ral,  brak-i-u'rus,  a. 
Short-tailed:  applied  to  certain  Crustacea, 
as  the  crab,  to  distinguish  them  from  the 
macrurous  or  long-tailed  crustaceans,  as 
the  lobster.  Also  Brachyoural,  brak-i- 
ou'rg,l. — Brachyuran,  brak-i-a'ran,  n.  One 
of  the  Brachyura. 

Bracken,  brak'en,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bracce  (genit. 
&c.  braccan),  Sw.  iriiken,  Dan.  6repiie,fem; 
closely  allied  to  brate.]    Fern.    Brake. 

bracket,  brak'et,  n.  [Ultimately  perhaps 
from  L.  brachium,  an  arm.]  A  kind  of 
short  supporting  piece  projecting  from  a 
perpendicular  surface,  either  plain  or  or- 
namentally carved,  as  an  ornamental  pro- 
jection from  the  face  of  a  wall  to  support  a 
statue;  a  triangular  wooden  support  for  a 
shelf  or  the  like;  an  ornamental  piece  sup- 
porting a  hammer-beam ;  one  of  two  pro-- 
jepting  pieces  attached  to  a  wall,  beam, 
&c.,for  carrying  or  supporting  a  line  of 
shafting;  printing,  one  of  two  marks,  [  ], 
used  to  inclose  a  reference;  note,  or  expla- 
nation, to  indicate  an  interjmlation,  rec- 
tify a  mistake,  &c.;  a  gas-pipe  projecting 
from  a  wall,  usually  more  or  less  orna- 
mental.— v.t.  To  furnish  with  a  bracket  or 
wjth  brackets ;  printing,  to  place  within 
brackets;  to  connect  by  brackets. 

Brackish,  brak'ish,  a.  [D.  and  L.G.  brak, 
G.  brack,  brackish.]  Possessing  a  salt  or 
somewhat  salt  taste;  salt  in  a  moderate 
degreo :  applied  to  water.— Erackishness, 
brak'ish-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
brackish. 

Bract,  brakt,  n.  [L.  bractea,  a  thin  plate 
of  metal.]  Bot.  a  modified  leaf  difieripg 
from  other  leaves  in  shape  or  colour,  and 
generally  situated  on  the  peduncle  near 
the  flower.— Bracteate,  brak'te-5t,  o.  Fur- 
nished with  bracts.— Bracteated,  brak'ts- 
St-^,  a.  A  teirm  applied  to  coins  or  medals 
covered  over  with  a  thin  plate  of  some 
richer  metal. — Bracteole,  Bractlet,  brak'- 
te-ol,  braktlet,  n.  A  little  bract  on  a  par- 
tial flower-stalk  or  pedicel  in  a  many-flow- 
ered inflorescence. 

Brad,  Ijrad,  n.  [Same  word  as  Icel.  broddr, 
a  spike,  a  nail ;  Dan.  brodde,  a  frost-nail ; 
A.  Sax.  brord,  a  prick,  a  spire  of  grass; 
comp.  Gael,  and  Ir.  br(Mi,  goad,  sting.]  A 
kind  of  nail  with  little  or  no  head  used 
where  it  is  deemed  proper  to  drive  nails 
entirely  into  the  wood. — Brad-awl,  n.  An 
awl  to  make  holes  for  brads  or  other  nails. 

Bradypod,  brad'i-pod,  n.  [Gr.  bradys,  slow, 
po^is,  podos,  a  foot.]  A  slow-moving  ani- 
mal; a  sloth. 

Brag,  brag,  v.i. — bragged,  bragging.  [From 
the  Celtic ;  W.  bragiaw,  Ir.  braghaim,,  to 
boast;  Gael.6rafiraireac/id,boasting;  Armor. 
braga,  to  make  a  display ;  from  root  of 
break.]  To  use  boastful  language;  to  speak 
vaingloriously ;  to  boast;  to  vaunt;  to 
swagger ;  to  bluster. — n.  A  boast  or  boast- 
ing; a  vaunt;  the  thing  boasted  of;  a  game 
at  cards:  so  called  because  one  player  brags 
he  has  a  better  hand  than'  the  others, 
staking  a  sum  of  money  on  the  issue.  — 
Braggadocio,  bnlg-a-do'shi-o,  n.  -[Fx-om 
Bragjadochio,  a   Doastful   character  in 


Spenser's  '  Faery  Queen,'  from  the  verb  to 
brag.  ]  A  boasting  fellow ;  a  braggart ; 
empty  boasting;  brag.  —  Braggardism, t 
brag'ard-izm,n.  Boastfulness;  vain  osten- 
tation. [SAaA;.]  —  Braggart,  brag'iirt,  n. 
{Brag,  and  suflix  -art,  -ard.]  A  boaster;  a 
vain  fellow. — a.  Boastful ;  vainly  ostenta- 
tious.—Bragger,brag'er,ri.  Onewholjrags. 
— Braggingly,  brag'ing-li,  adv.  In  a.  brag- 
ging manner;  boastingly. 

Brahman,  brii'man,  n.  Among  the  Hindus 
amemberof  the  sacred  or  sacerdotal  caste, 
who  claim  to  have  proceeded  from  tlie 

.  mouth  of  Brahma  (the  Creator,  one  of  the 
deities  of  the  Hindu  triad  or  trinity),  and 
who  are  noted  for  their  many  minute  reli- 
gious observances,  their  abstemiousness, 
and  their  severe  penances. — Brahmanic, 
Brahmanical,  bra-man'ik,  bra-man'ik-al,a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Brahmans  or  their 
doctrines  and  worship.— Brahmanigm,bra'- 
man-izm,  n.  The  religion  or  system  of 
doctrines  of  the  Brahmans.— BraJxmanist, 
bra'man-ist,  n.  An  adherent  of  Brahman- 
ism.  These  words  are  also  spelled  Brah- 
viin,  Braminic,  &c. 

Braid,  brad,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  bredan,  bregdan, 
to  weave,  to  braid;  Icel.  bregtha,  to  braid, 
bragth,  a  sudden  movement;  O.H.G.  bret- 
tan,  to  braid.]  To  veave  or  intertwine,  as 
hair,  by  forming  three  or  more  strands 
into  one;  to  plait. — n.  A  sort  of  narrow 
textile  band  formed  by  plaiting  or  weav- 
ing several  strands  of  silk,  cotton, woollen, 
&c.,  together;  a  plait  or  plaited  tress  of 
hair.— Braiding,  brad'ing,  n.  Braid,  or 
trimming  made  of  braid  collectively. 

Brail,  bral,  n.  [O.Fr.  braiel,  braieul,  &c.,  a 
trouser-band,  from  braies,  breeches,  from 
L.  bracce,  breeches.  Breeches.]  Naut.  a 
rope  attached  to  a  fore-and-aft  sail  or  a 
jib  to  assist  in  taking  in  the  sail.— 1>.<.  To 
haul  in  by  means  of  the  brails :  followed 
by  up. 

Brain,  bran,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bragen,  bregen,  T). 
and  O.Fris.  brein.]  The  soft  whitish  mass 
inclosed  in  the  skull  in  man  and  other 
vertebrate  animals,  forming  the  centre  of 
the  nervous  system,  and  the  seat  of  con- 
sciousness and  volition,  and  in  which  the 
nerves  and  spinal  marrow  terminate ;  the 
cerebrum:  sometimes  used  to  include  also, 
the  cerebellum;  the  understanding;  the 
fancv;  the  imagination.— ii.i.  To  dash  out 
the  brains  of ;  to  lull  by  beating  out  the 
brains.  —  Brained,  brand,  a.  Furnished 
with  brains:  used  chiefly  in  composition. 
— Erainish,  bran'ish,  a.  Hot-headed;  furi- 
ous (S/iai.).— Brainless,  bran'les,  a.  AVith- 
outtmderstanding  or  judgment;  sUly;  stu- 
pid.—Brain-fever,  n.  Inflammation  of  the 
brain.— Brain-pan,  n.  The  skull  which 
incloses  the  brain.  [SftaA;.}— Brain-sick,  a. 
Disordered  in  the  understanding ;  fantas- 
tic; crotchety;  crazed.— JBrain-sickly,  adv. 
Weakly;  madly.  [SAai.]— Brain-sickness, 
n.    Disorder  of  the  understanding. 

Braise,  Braize,  braz,  v.t.  [Fr.  bi-aiser,  to 
braise,  from  Dan.  brase,  to  fry;  Sw.  brasa, 
to  flame.  Brass.]  To  bake,  broil,  or  stew 
with  herbs,  spices,  &c., in  a  closely-covered 
pan.— Braislng-pan,  n.  A  small  covered 
pan  or  air-tight  oven  for  braising  meat  in. 

Braize,  braz,n.  [By  metathesis  from  A-  Sax. 
beers,  a-perch;  D.  baar8,Q.barsch.]  A  spiny- 
finned  fish  of  an  ovate  shape  and  uniformly 
red  colour,  allied  to  the  sea-bream,  found 
on  the  British  coasts. 

Brake,  brak,  n.  [A.  S^^x.  bracce,  fern, 
bracken;  L.G.  brake,  brushwood;  allied  to 
D.  brook,  Dan.  brak,  G.  branch,  fallow.]  A 
fern;  bracken:  a  place  overgrown  with 
brakes  or  brushwood,  shrubs,  and  bram- 
bles; a  thicket,  as  of  canes,  &o.— Braky, 
bralci,  a.  Full  of  brakes,  feins,  brambles, 
shrubs,  &c.;thomy;  rough. 

Brake,  brak,  n.  [From  the  verb  to  break  ; 
comp.  'L.G.brake,G.  breche, an  instrument 
for  breaking  flax ;  O.D.  brake,  a  fetter  for 
the  neck,  braake,  an  instrument  for  hold- 
ing an  animal  by  the  nose.]  An  instru- 
ment or  machine  to  break  flax  or  hemp;aa 
pump-handle;  a  kneading-trough;  a  sharp 
bit  or  snaffle;  a  frame  for  confining  refrac- 
tory horses  while  shoeing;  a  large  heavy 
harrow  for  breaking  clods;  a  kind  of  wag- 
onette: a  strong  heavy  vehicle  with  a 
seat  only  for  th,-  driver  used  for  breaking 


Eat€,.far,  fat,  fall;^;^me,  met,  h6r,     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tobe,  tub,  biill ;     oil,  pound;     U,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr.  «. 


BRAMBLE 


79 


BRAZE 


in  young  horses  to  harness ;  an  appliance 
used  to  stop  or  retard  the  motion  of  a 
machine  or  vehicle  by  friction,  and  gener- 
ally consisting  of  a  simple  or  compound 
lever  which  can  be  pressed  forcibly  against 
the  rim  of  a  wheel  on  one  of  the  axles  of 
the  machine  or  carriage.  —  Brakeman, 
Brakesman,  brak'man,  braks'man,  n.  The 
man  whose  business  is  to  stop  a  railway 
train  by  applying  the  brake ;  -mining,  the 
man  in  charge  of  a  winding  -  engine. — 
Brake-van,  n.  The  van  or  car  in  a  rail- 
way train  to  whose  wheels  the  brake  is  ap- 
plied. 

Bramble.bram'bl.n.  [X.Sa.x.bremel,orem- 
bel,  from  stem  oram,  brem  (seen  also  in 
broom),  el  being  simply  a  termination  and 
b  inserted  as  in  number,  &c.,  comp.  L.G. 
brummeiheere,  Dan.  brombar,  G.  brorn^ 
beere,  Sw.  6rom-bar.  a  blackberry.]  A 
prickly  trailing  shrub  of  the  rose  family 
growing  in  hedges  and  waste  places,  add 
bearing  a  black  berry  somewhat  like  a 
raspberry;  the  berry  itself;  the  blackberry. 
— Brambledjbram'bld,  a.  Overgrown  with 
brambles.— J3rambly,  bramTili,  adv.  Full 
of  brambles.— Brambling,  bram'bling,  n. 
A  ftnch  inhabiting  Britain,  very  like  the 
chaffinch  but  larger. 

Bramin,  bril'min,  n.    Brahman. 

Bran,  bran,  n.  [A  Celtic  word=W.  Ir. 
Gael,  bran,  bran,  chalf :  Armor,  brenn, 
bran,  whence  O.Fr.  bren.]  The  outer  coat 
of  wheat,  rye,  or  other  farinaceous  grain, 
separated  from  the  flour  by  grinding.— 
Branny,  bran'i,  a.  Resembling  bran; 
consisting  of  bran. 

Branch,  bransh,  n.    [From  Fr.  branche,  a 

.  branch,  from  Armor,  branc,  an  arm;  con- 
nected with  L.L.  branca,  a  claw,  W.  braich, 
L.  brachium,  an  arm.]  "A  portion  of  a 
tree,  shrub,  or  other  plant  springing  from 
the  stem,  or  from  a  part  ultimately.sup- 
ported  by  the  stem ;  a  bough ;  a  shoot ; 
something  resembling  a  branch  f  an  off- 
shoot or  part  extendmg  from  the  main 
body  of  a  thing;  any  member  or  part  of  a 
body  or  system;  a  department,  section, 
or  subdivision;  a  line  of  family  descent,  in 
distinction  from  some  other  line  or  lines 
from  the  same  stock.— i».i.  To  spread  in 
branches;  tofsend  out  branches  as  a  plant; 
to  divide  into' separate  parts  or  subdivi- 
sions ;  to  diverge  (a  road  branches  off) ;  to 
ramify.— w.i.t  To  divide,  as  into  branches; 
to  adorn,  .as  with  needlework,  represent- 
ing branches,  flowers,  or  twigs.- Branch- 
less, bransh 'les,o.  Without  branches; 
bare;  naked;  barren. — Branchlet,  bransh'- 
let,  n.  A  small  branch;  a  twig;  a  shoot.— 
Branchy,  bran'shi,  a.  Full  of  or  consist- 
ing of  branches,  or  having  wide-spreading 
branches;  covered  or  shaded  with  biunches. 
— Brancbiness,  bran'shi-nes,  n. 

Branchiae,  brang'ki-e,  n.  pi  [L.]  The  re- 
spiratory organs  of  fishes,  &c.;  the  gills. — 
Branchial,  brang'ki-al,  a.  Relating  to  the 
branchiae  or  gills;  performed  by  means  of 
branchiae. 

Branchiopoda,  brang-ki-op'o-da,  n.  pi. 
[Or.  branchia,  gills,  and  potts,  podos,  at 
foot.]  An  order  of  crustaceous  animals, 
80  called  because  their  branchia,  or  gills, 
are  situated  on  the  feet,  as  in  the  water- 
fleas,  brine-shrimps,  &c.  —  Branchiopod, 
brang'ki-o-pod,  n.  An  animal  belonging 
to  the  order  Branchiopoda. — Branchlopo- 
doos,  brang-ki-op'o-dus,  a.  Gill -footed; 
belonging  to  the  order  Branchiopoda. 
BranchioBtegal,  BranchloBtegoua,  brang- 
ki-os 'te-gal,  brang-ki-os'te-gus,  a.  [Gr. 
branchia,  gills,  and  stegos,  a  covering.] 
Having  giil-covers,  or  covered  ^lls;  hav- 
ing a  membrane  covering  the  gills  below 
the  operculum;  covering  the  gills  (the 
branckiostegal  membnine). 
Brand,  brand,  n.  [A.  Sax.  brand,  a  burn- 
ing, a  sword  =  Tcel.  brandr,  fire-brand, 
Bwprd;  Dan.  D.  and  G.  brand,  a  burning. 
The  sword  is  so  called  from  its  gleaming. 
Akin  to  vetb  bum.]  A  piece  of  wood 
burning  or  partly  burned;  a  sword;  a  mark 
made  by  burning  with  a  hot  iron  or  by 
other  means,  as  on  commodities  to  indi- 
cate the  quality  or  manufacturer,  on  sheep 
to  indicate  the  owner,  or  on  criminals  to 
indicate  their  crime  or  for  identification; 
a  trade-mark;  hence,  kind  or  quality;  a 


mark  of  infamy;  a  stigma;  a  disease  in 
vegetables  by  which  their  leaves  and  ten- 
der bark  are  partially  destroyed  as  if  they 
had  been  burned.— ».<.  To  bum  or  impress 
a  mark  upon  v/ith  a  hot  iron,  or  to  distin- 
guish by  a  similar  mark ;  to  fix  a  mark  or 
character  of  infamy  upon;  to  stigmatize 
as  infamous.— Brander,  brand'6r,  ti.  One 
who  brands.— Brand-iron,  Branding-iron, 
n.  An  iron  to  brand  with. — Brani-new, 
a.  A  more  correct  form  of  Bran-new 
(which  see). 

Brandish,  bran'dish,  v.t.  [Prom  Fr.  bran- 
dir,  brandissant,  from  Teut.  brand,  a 
sword.  Brand.)  To  move  or  wave,  as  a 
weapon;  to  raise  and  move  in  various 
directions;  to  shake  or  flourish. — Bran- 
disher,  bran'dish-6r,  n.  One  who  bran- 
dishes. 

Brandling,  brand 'ling,  n.  The  parr  or 
young  of  the  salmon,  so  named  from  hav- 
ing, as  it  were,  branded  markings;  also, 
a  small  red  worm  used  for  bait  in  fresh- 
water fishing. 

Brandy,  bran'di,  n.  [O.E.  brandywine,  D. 
brandewijn,  lit.  burnt  wine — D.  branden, 
to  bum,  to  distU,  and  wiin,  wine,  like  G. 
br(),nntwein — brennen,  to  bum,  and  viein, 
wine.  Brand.]  A  spirituous  liquor  pbj 
tained  by  the  distillation  of  wine,  or  of 
the  refuse  of  the  wine-press :  a  name  now 
also  given  to  spirit  distilled  from  other 
liquors  or  fruit  juices. 
Brangle,  brang'gl,  n.  [Perhaps  for  braggle, 
from  lyrag.]  A  wrangle;  a  squabble;  a 
noisy  contest  or  dispute. — v.i.  To  wrangle; 
to  dispute  contentiously;  to  squabble. 
Brank,  brangk,  n.  f  L.  brance,  properly  an 
ancient  Gallic  word.]  Buckwheat. 
Branks,  brangks,  n.  [From  the  Celtic: 
Gael,  brangas,  a  kin(?of  pillory;  Ir.  bran^- 
c.as,A  halter.]  An  instrument  of  the  na- 
tilre  of  a  bridle  formerly  used  for  correct- 
ing scolding  women;  a  scolding-bridle. 
Bran-new,  bran'nfl,  a.  [For  brand-new, 
the  original  form,  from  brand,  a  burning, 
and  new!]  '  Lit.  glowing  like  metal  newly 
out  of  the  fire  or  forge ;  hence,  quite  new. 
Brash,  brsish.n.  [From  Fr.6r^A«,  a  breach, 
broken  stuff,  breccia.]  A  confused  heap 
of  fragments,  as  masses  of  loose,  broken, 
or  angular  fragments  of  rocks;  small  frag- 
ments of  crushed  ice,  collected  by  winds 
or  currents,  near  the  shore;  refuse  boughs 
of  trees. 

Brasier,  bra'zi-6r,  n.  [Fr.  brasier,  braisier, 
from  braise,  embers,  live  coals;  same  ori- 
gin as  braze,  brass.]  An  open  pan  for 
burning  wood  or  coaL 
Brasier,  bra'zi-6r,  n.  [From  brass  or  from 
braze.]  An  artificer  who  works  in  brass. 
Brasil,  bra-zil',  n.    Same  as  Brazil.  ' 

Brass,  bras,  n.  [A.  Sax.  brces,  brass=Icel. 
bras,  solder;  from  verbal  stem  seen  in 
Icel.  brasa,  to  harden  by  fire;  Sw.  brasa, 
to  blaze;  Dan.  brase,  to  fry  (whence  Fr. 
6roise,live  embers,6ra«fir,to  braze,6rai8«r, 
to  braise).]  A  malleable  and  fusiljle  alloy 
of  copper  and  zinc,  of  a  yellow  colour, 
usually  containing  about  one-third  of  its 
weight  of  zinc;  a  utensil,  ornament,  or 
other  article  made  of  brass,  as  a  monu- 
mental plate  bearing  efiigies,  coats  of 
arms,&c.,  inlaid  in  a  slab  of  stone,  common 
in  the  pavements  of  mediaeval  churches; 
ni.  musical  instruments  of  the  trumpet 
kind;  brazenness  or  impudence  (colloq.); 
money  (colioq.).:— v.t:  To  cover  or  coat  over 
with  Drass.  —  Brassy,  bras'i,  a.  Resem- 
.  bling  or  composed  of  brass;  brazen. — ^Bras- 
siness,  bras'i-hes,  n.— Brass-band,  n.  A 
company  of  musicians  who  perform  on  in- 
struments of  brass,  as  the  trumpet,  horn, 
cornet-a-pistons,  &c.  —  Brass-finisher,  n. 
A  workman  who  .perfects  and  polishes 
articles  made  of  brass.— Brass-founder,  n. 
A  maker  of  brass  or  of  articles  in  cast 
brass.  ' 

Brat,  brat,  n.  [^A  Celtic  word:  Prov.  E. 
brat,  a  child's  bib;  W.  brat,  a  rag,  a  pina- 
fore; Gael.'ferat,  a  rag,  an  apron.]  A  cnild; 
so  cajled  in  contempt. 
Brattice,  brat 'is,  r».  [O.Fr.  bretesche,  a 
bartizan;  probably  from  G.  bret,  a  board, 
a  plank.]  A  partition  which  divides  a 
mining  shaft  into  two  chambers,  serving 
as  the  upcast  and  c'ov.Ticast  shafts  for 
ventilation,  or  placed  across  a  gallery  to 


keep  back  noxious  gases,  or  prevent  the 
escape  of  water;  a  fence  put  roimd  danger- 
ous machinery. 

Bravado,  bra-va'do,  n.  [Sp.  bravada,  Fr. 
bravade.  Brave.]  An  an-ogant  menace, 
intended  to  intimidate;  a  boast;  a  brag. 

Brave,  brav,  a.  [Pr.  brave,  brave,  gay, 
proud,  braggard;  Sp.  and  It.  bravo,  brave, 
courageous;  perhaps  from  the  Celtic;  comp. 
Armor,  brao,  brao,  gaily  dressed,  fine, 
handsome;  also  O.Sw.  braf,  good.]  Cour- 
ageous; boldi  daring;  intrepid;  high- 
spirited  ;  valiant ;  fearless;  making  a  fine 
display  in  bearing,  dress,  or  appearance 
generally;  excellent  t;  capital  J. —n.  A 
brave,  bold,  or  daring  person;  aman  daring 
beyond  discretion;  a  North  American  In- 
dian or  other  savage  warrior.— «.<.—6)'ai'(it/, 
braving.  To  encounter  with  courage  and 
fortitude,or  witliout  being  moved;  to  defy; 
to  dare. — Bravely,  brav'li,  adv.  In  a  brave 
manner ;  courageously ;  gallantlj' ;  pros- 
perouslj'. — Braveness,  brav'nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  brave. —Bravery,brav'6r-i, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  brave;  courage; 
undaunted  spirit:  intrepidity;  gallantry; 
splendour;;  show;;  bravadol. 

Bravo,  bra'vo,  inter}.  [It.  Brave.]  Well 
done !  The  word  being  an  Italian  adjec- 
tive, the  correct  usage  is  to  say  bravo  to  a 
male  singer  or  actor,  brcuva  to  a  female, 
and  bravi  to  a  company. 

Bravq,  bra'vo,  n.  pi.  Bravoes,  bra'voz.  [It. 
and  Sp.,  lit.  a  daring  man.]  A  daring 
villain;  an  assassin  or  murderer  for  hire. 

Bravura,  bra-vo'ra,a.  [It., bravery,  spirit.] 
Jlfu8.>applied  to  a  florid  air,  serving  to 
display  a  performer's  flexibility  of  voice 
and  distinctness  of  articulation. 

Brawl,  bral,  v.i.  [Perhaps  from  W.  brawl, 
a  boast,  broliaw,  to  boast,  bragal,to  vocifer- 
ate; or  akin  to  D.  brallen,  to  boast,  Dan. 
braUe,  to  jabber,  to  prate,  brolle,  to  roar.] 
To  be  clamorous  or  noisy;  to  quarrel 
noisily;  to  make  the  noise  of  rushing  or 
running  water;  to  flow  with  a  noise  (a 
brook  brawls  along).— n.  A  noisy  quarrel; 
loud  angry  contention;  an  uproar,  row,  or 

■  squabble ;  a  kind  of  dancef.  —  Brawler, 
brs^l'^r,  n.  One  who  brawls;  a  noisy  feljow; 
a  wrangler.— Brawling,  bral'ing,  a.  Given 
to  indulge  in  brawls;  contentious;  quarrel- 
some; making  the  noise  of  rushing  water; 
purling;  rippling.— Brawlingly,  brftl'ing- 
lUadv.  In  a  brawling  or  quarrelsome  man- 
ner. 

Brawn,  br^n,  n.  [O.Fr.  braon,  the  muscu- 
lar ^arts  of  the  body,  from  O.H.G.  brato, 
braton,  meat  for  roasting,  from  braten,  to 
roast.]  Boar's  flesh;  the  flesh  of  the  boar 
or  swine,  collared  so  as  to  squeeze  out 
much  of  the  fat,  boiled,  and  pickled ;  the 
flesh  of  a  pig's  head  and  ox  feet  cut  in 
pieces  and  boiled,  pickled,  and  pressed  into 
a  shape;  a  fleshy,  protuberant,  muscular 
part  of  the  body,  as  on  the  thigh  or  the 
arm;  muscular  strength;  muscle;  the  armj. 
— Brawniness,  bra'ni-nes,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  brawny ;  strength  ;  hardiness. — 
Brawny,  bra'ni,  a.  Having  large  strong 
muscles;  muscular;  fleshy;  bulky;  strong. 

Braxy,  brak'si,  n.  [Perhaps  from  the  verb 
to  break;  comp.  G.  brechen,  vomiting, 
brechen,  to  break;  or  from  Gael,  bragsaidh, 
a  disease  of  sheep.]  The  name  given  to 
several  diseases  of  sheep;  a  sheep  having 
the  braxy;  the  mutton  of -such  a  sheep.— 
a.  Affected  or  tainted  with  braxy. 

Bray,  bra,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  brayer  (Fr.  broyer), 
to  pound,  from  G.  brechen,  to  break.]  To 
pound,  beat,  or  gjind  small. 

Bta.y,  bra,  v.i.  [Fr.  braire,  to  brayj  L.L. 
bragire,  bragare,io  bray,  from  Celtic  root 
seen  in  bra^.]  To  utter  a  harsh  cry:  said 
especially  of  theass;  to  make  a  loud,harsh, 
disagreeable  sound. — v.t.  To  utter  with  a 
loud  harsh  sound:  sometimes  with  out. — 
n.  The  harsh  sound  or  roar  of  an  ass;  a 
harsh  or  grating  sound.— Brayer,  bra'^r,  n. 
Oiie  that  'orays  like  an  ass. 

Braze,  braz,  v.t.  —  brazed,  brazing.  [Fr. 
braver,  to  braze,  from  the  Scandinavian. 
Brass.]  To  solder  with  hard  solder,  such 
as  an  alloy  of  brass  and  zinc;  to  cover  or 
ornament  with  brass;  to  harden ;  to  harden 
to  impudence  (5/iai;.);.— Brazen,  bra'zn,  a. 
Made  of  brass;  also,  from  brass  often  serv- 
ing as  a  type  of  strength  or  impenetrabil- 


«h,  cftain;  ^  eft.  Sc.  locfc;^», g,  go;  _  j,yob;  _  n,  Fr.  t<m;_  ng,jBi»v;^ra,  tfteu;  th,  thin;,    w,  t»ig;.a»'wh,  wftig;^2ii,  fuure. 


BEAZIL 


80 


BREATH 


!ty.  extremely  gtrong;  impenetrable;  per- 
taining to  brass;  proceeding  from  braa»  (a 
fcrozen-sound);  impudent;  navin§  a  front 
like  bmss. — v.t.  To  behave  with  insolence 
or  effrontery :  with  an  indefinite  it.  —  To 
brcuen  out,  to  persevere  in  treating  with 

■  effrontery:  with  an  indefinite  it,  or  a  noun 

'  like  matter,  affair,  bxisiness.  —  Brazenly, 
bra'zn-li,  adi^.  In  a  brazen  manner;  boldly; 
impudently.  —  Brazenness,  bra'zu-nes,  n. 
Appearance  like  brass;  brassiness;  impu- 
dence.—Brazier,  bra'zi-er,n.  Same  as  Bra- 
sier. — Brazen-face,  n.  An  impudent  per- 
son ;  one  remarkable  for  elfiontery.  — 
Brazen-faced,  a.  Impudent;  bold  to  ex- 
cess. 

Brazil,  Brazil-wood,  bra-zil',  n.  [Pg.  brasil, 
from  braza,  a  live  coal,  the  name  being 
given  to  the  wood  from  its  colour,  and  the 
country  being  called  aft«r  the  wood.]  A 
very  heavy  wood  of  a  red  colour,  growing  in 
Brazil  and  other  tropical  countries,  used 
for  dyeing  red. — Brazlletto,  braz-i-let'to,  n. 
An  inferior  species  of  Brazil-wood  brought 
from  Jamaica.— Brazilln,  braz'il-in,n.  The 
red  colouring  matter  of  Brazil-wood. — 
Brazil-nut,  n.  The  seeds  of  a  very  lofty 
tree  growing  throughout  tropical  America. 
The  fruit  is  nearly  round  and  about  6 
inches  in  diameter,  having  an  extremely 
hard  shell,  and  containing  from  eighteen 
to  twenty -four  triangular  wrinkled  seeds, 
which,  besides  being  eaten,  yield  an  oil, 
used  by  watchmakers  and  others. 

Breach,  brech,  n.  [From  A.  Sax.  breee, 
brice,  a  breach  or  breaking,  from  brecan, 
to  break;  partly  also  from  Fr.  br^he,  a 
breach,  from  the  same  stem,  but  directly 
from  the  German.]  The  act  of  breaking 
in  a  figurative  sense;  the  act  of  violating 
or  neglecting  some  law,  contract,  obliga- 
tion, or  custom ;  the  space  between  the 
several  parts  of  a  mass  parted  by  violence; 
a  rupture ;  a  break ;  a  gap  (a  breach  in  a 
wall);  separation  between  persons  through 
ill  feeling ;  diflference ;  quarrel ;  injury ; 
wound  (O.T.);  the  breaking  of  waves;  the 
surf  iShak.).—v.t.  To  make  a  breach  or 
opening  in. 

Bread,  bred,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bredd=I>.  brood, 
Sw.  and  Dan.  brod,  G.  brod,  brot.  Root 
doubtful;  perhaps  brew.}  A  kind  of  food 
made  by  moistening  and  kneading  the 
flour  or  meal  of  some  species  of  grain,  or 
that  prepared  from  other  plants,  and  bak- 
ing it,  the  dough  being  often  caused  to 
ferment;  food  or  sustenance  in  general. — 
Bread-corn,  n.  Com  or  grain  of  which 
bread  is  made,  as  wheat,  rye,  oats,  maize, 
&c.— Bread-fruit,  n.  The  fruit  of  a  tree 
which  grows  in  the  islands  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  producing  a  large  round  fruit  used 
as  a  substitute  for  bread,  and  forming  the 
principal  food  of  a  considerable  population. 
— Bread-nut,  n.  The  fruit  of  a  tree  com- 
mon in  the  woods  of  Jamaica,  which,  when 
roasted,  is  used  as  bread.  —  Breadstuff, 
bred'stuf ,  n.  Bread-corn:  used  frequently 
in  the  plural  to  signify  all  the  different 
varieties  of  grain  and  "flour  from  which 
bread  is  made  collectively.— Bread-winner, 
n.  One  who  works  for  the  support  of  him- 
self or  of  himself  and  a  family. 

Breadth,  bredth,  n.  [O.E.  brede,  with  th 
added,  from  A.  Sax.  braedu,  breadth,  from 
hrdd,  broad;  comp.  length,  width.  Broad.] 
The  measure  or  extent  of  any  plane  sur- 
face from  side  to  side;  width;  fig.  large- 
ness of  mind;  liberality;  wide  intellectual 
grasp;  fine  arts,  an  impression  of  large- 
ness, freedom,  and  space  produced  by  bold 
or  simple  touches  and  strokes  of  the  i)en- 
cil.— Breadthways,  bredth'wjiz,  od».  In 
the  direction  of  the  breadth. 

Break,  brak,  v.t.—broJee  (pret.  braJce  is  still 
used  in  archaic  style) ;  broken  or  broke  (pp. ); 
breaking.  [A.  Sax.  brecan,to  break,  weaken, 
vanquish,  &c.  =  D.  breken,  Dan.  brcekke,  G. 
brcchen,  Goth,  brikan,  to  break,  to  crush, 
&c.;  Icel.  braka,  to  creak;  same  root  as  L. 
/ran£70,  Gr.  (/)re(;nymi,  to  break.]  To  part 
or  divide  by  force  and  violence  (as  a  stick, 
a  rope);  fig.  to  sever  or  interrupt  (connec- 
tion, friendship);  to  cause  to  give  way  (to 
break  an  enemy's  lines);  to  destroy,  weak- 
en; or  impair  (health,  constitution):  to 
Bubdue;  to  quell  (to  break  one's  spirit);  to 
train  to  obedience;  to -make  tractable  (to 


break  a  horse);  to  dismiss  or  cashier,  pay 
off  (troops);  to  reduce  in  rank  or  condition 
(an  officer);  to  give  a  superficial  wound  to 
so  as  to  lacerate  (the  skin);  to  violate,  as 
a  contract,  law,  or  promise;  to  stop;  to  in- 
terrupt (sleep);  to  cause  to  discontinue  (to 
break  a  i)erson  of  a  habit);  to  check;  to 
lessen  the  force  of  (a  fall  or  a  blow);  to 
make  a  first  and  partial  disclosure  of;  to 
impart  or  tell  cautiously  so  as  not  to 
startle  or  shock  (to  break  unwelcome  news); 
to  destroy  the  completeness  of;  to  remove 
a  part  from  (a  sum  of  money,  a  set  of 
things. — To  break  off,  to  sever  by  breaking; 
to  put  a  sudden  stop  to  (a  marriage) ;  to 
discontinue;  to  leave  off  (intimacy,  a  con- 
versation).—  To  break  up,  to  open  forcibly 
(a  door);  to  lay  open  (to  break  wp  ground); 
to  dissolve  or  put  an  end  to  (a  meeting); 
to  separate;  to  disband. — To  break  ground, 
to  begin  to  plough  or  dig;  to  commence 
excavation ;  fig.  to  begin  to  execute  any 
plan.— To  break  tlie  heart,  to  afllict  griev- 
ously; to  cause  to  die  of  grief. —  To  break 
one's  mind  to,  to  reveal  one's  thoughts  to. — 
To  break  the  ice,  to  overcome  obstacles  and 
make  a  beginning;  to  get  over  the  feeling 
of  restraint  incident  to  a  new  acquaint- 
anceship.— v.i.  To  become  broken;  to  burst 
forth  violently  (a  storm,  a  deluge);  to  open 
spontaneously  or  by  force  from  within;  to 
burst  (a  bubble,  a  tumour) ;  to  show  the 
first  light  of  morning;  to  dawn  (the  day, 
the  morning  breaks);  to  become  bankrupt; 
to  decline  or  fail  in  health  and  strength; 
to  fail,  change  in  tone,  or  falter,  as  the 
voice. —  To  break  away,  to  disengage  one's 
self  abruptly;  to  rush  off. — To  break  down, 
to  come  down  by  breaking ;  to*  fail  ana 
be  unable  to  proceed  in  an  undertak- 
ing.— To  break  forth,  to  burst  out;  to  be 
suddenly  manifested  (rage,  light,  poise); 
to  rush  or  issue  out;  to  give  vent  to  one's 
feelings.  —  To  break  from,  to  disengage 
one's  self  from;  to  leave  abruptly  or  vio- 
lently.— To  break  in  or  into,  to  enter  by 
force;  to  start  into  suddenly  {break  into  a 
gallop).  —  To  break  loose,  to  get  free  by 
force;  to  shake  off  restraint.— 2'o  break  off. 
to  part ;  to  become  separated ;  to  desist 
suddenly.— To  break  out,  to  issue  forth;  to 
arise  or  spring  up  (fire,  fever,  sedition);  to 
appear  in  eruptions. —  To  break  up,  to  dis- 
solve and  separate  (as  a  company).  —  To 
break  with,  to  cease  to  be  friends  with;  to 
quarrel;  to  broach  a  subject  to  (Sha]c.)l.— 
n.  An  opening  made  by  force;  a  rupture; 
a  breach ;  an  interruption  of  continuity 
(five  years  without  a  break);  a  lin-j  in 
writing  or  printing,  noting  a  suspension 
of  the  sense  or  a  stop  in  the  sentence ;  a 
contrivance  to  check  the  velocity  of  a 
wheeled  carriage;  a  brake;  a  contrivance 
for  interrupting  or  changing  the  direc- 
tion of  electric  currents;  a  large  high-set 
four-wheeled  vehicle;  a  bi-ake.— Breat  of 
day,  the  dawn.  — Breakable,  brak'a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  broken.— Breakage.brak'- 
Sj,  ».  The  act  of  breaking;  allowance  for 
what  is  accidentally  broken.  —  Break- 
down, n.  An  overthrow,  as  of  a  carriage; 
a  dovrnfall;  a  crash;  a  failure;  a  collapse;  a 
lively,  noisy  dance.  —  Breaker,  brak'er,  n. 
The -person  who  or  that  which  breaks  any- 
thing; a  violator  or  transgressor;  a  wave 
broken  into  foam  against  the  shore,  a 
sand-bank,  or  a  rock  neax  the  surface;  a 
small  flat  water-cask  (in  this  sense  per- 
haps a  corruption  of  Sp.  barrica,  a  keg). — 
Breakfast,  brek'fast,  n.  The  first  meal  in 
the  day;  the  meal  which  enables  one  to 
break  the  fast  lasting  from  the  previous 
day;  the  food  eaten  at  the  first  meal.— 
v.t.  To  furnish  with  breakfast. — v.i.  To  eat 
breakfast.  —  Breakneck,t  brak'nek,  n.  A 
fall  that  breaks  the  neck;  ti  dangerous 
business  (Shak.):—a.  Endangering  the 
neck  or  life;  extremely  hazardous.— Break- 
up, n.  A  disruption;  a  dissolution  of  con- 
nection; a  separation  of  a  mass  into  parts; 
a  disintegration;  a  disbandment.— Break- 
water, brak'wa-tfei,  n.  Any  structure  or 
contrivance  serving  to  break  the  force  of 
waves  and  protect  a  harbour  or  anything 
exposed  to  the  force  of  the  waves. 
Bream,  brem,  n.  [Fr.  6re»n«,  O.Fr.  &re«77i«, 
from  O.H.G.  hrahsema,  G.  bressem,  the 
bream.]    The  name  of  several  fresh-water 


soft-finned  fishes  belonging  to  the  carp 
family;  the  name  is  also  given  to  some 
spiny -finned  sea -fishes  resembling  the 
perches. 

Bream,  brem,  v.t.  [D.  brem,  broom,  furze, 
from  the  materials  commonly  used;  the 
verb  broom  is  also  used  in  same  sense.] 
JVaut.  to  clear  of  sheUs,  sea-weed,  ooze, 
&c.,  by  fire — an  operation  applied  to  a 
ship's  bottom. 

Breast,  brest,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bredst  =  Icel. 
brjdat,  Sw.  bj-ost,  Dan.  bryst,  D.  borst,  Goth. 
bTTUsts,  G.  brust;  allied  tf  E.  burst,  and 
primarily  signifying  a  protuberance,  ;t 
swelling.]  The  soft  protuberant  body  ad- 
hering to  the  thorax  in  females,  in  which 
the  milk  is  secreted  for  the  nourishmebt 
of  infants;  the  fore-part  of  the  thorax,  or 
the  fore-partof  the  body  between  the  neck 
and  the  belly  in  man  or  animals;  fig.  the 
seat  of  the  affections  and  emotions;  the 
repository  of  consciousness,  designs,  and 
secrets;  anything  resembling  or  likened 
to  the  breast. — To  make  a  clean  breast,  to 
make  full  confession.  —  v,t.  To  meet  i^ 
front  boldly  or  openly;  to  oppose  with  the 
breast;  to  bear  the  breast  against  (a  cur- 
rent); to  stem.— Breasted,  brest'ed,  a.  In 
compounds,  having  a  breast  (of  this  or  that 
kind).— Breast-bone,  n.  The  bone  of  the 
breast;  the  sternum . — Breast-deep,  Breast- 
higfa,  a.  Deep  as  from  the  bresist  to  the 
feet;  as  high  as  the  breast. — Breast-knOt, 
n.  A  knot  of  ribbon  worn  on  the  'oreast. 
—  Br  east -pang,  n.  Angina  pectoris. — 
Breast-pin,  n.  A  pin  worn  for  a  fastening 
or  for  ornament  on  the  breast;  a  brooch. 
—Breastplate,  brest'plat,  n.  A  plate  worn 
on  the  breast  as  a  part  of  defensive  ar- 
mour; Jevnsh  antiq.  a  part  of  the  vest- 
ment of  the  high-priest;  a  plate  or  piece 
which  receives  the  butt  end  of  a  boring 
tool,  and  is  held  against  the  breast  when 
the  tool  is  in  use.  —  Breast-plough,  n.  A 
kind  of  spade  propelled  by  the  hands 
placed  upon  a  cross-bar  held  opposite  the 
breast,  used  to  cut  or  pare  turf.  —  Breast- 
wall,  n.  A  retaining  waU  at  the  foot  of  a 
slqae.— Breast-wheel,  n.  A  kind  of  water- 
wheel,  in  which  the  water  is  delivered  to 
the  float-board  at  a  point  somewhere  be- 
tween the  bottom  and  top,  generally  a 
very  little  below  the  level  of  the  axis.— 
Breast-work,n.  Fort,  a  hastily-constructed 
work  thrown  up  breast-high  for  defenw; 
the  parapet  of  a  building. 

Breath,  breth,  n.  [A.  Sax.  braeth,  odour, 
scent,  breath;  allied  to  G.  bradein,  brodem, 
steam,  vapour,  breath,  brod,  vapour,  a 
bubble;  same  root  as  E.  broVi  and  brew.] 
The  air  inhaled  and  expelled  in  the  res- 
piration of  animals;  the  power  of  breath- 
ing; life;  the  state  or  power  of  breathing 
freely  (to  be  out  of  breath  from  violent  ex- 
ercise); a  pause;  time  to  breathe;  a  single 
respiration;  the  time  of  a  single  respira- 
tion; a  very  slight  breeze;  air  in  gentle 
motion;  sm  exhalation;  an  odour:  a  per- 
fume.—Oirf  of  breath,  breathless.— Breath- 
able, brera'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
breathed.— -BreathaWeness,  breTH'a-bl- 
nes,  n.  State  of  being  breathable. — 
Breathe,  breiHj  v.i. — breathed,  breathing. 
To  respire ;  to  inspire  and  expire  air ;  to 
live:  to  maJce  a  single  respiration;  to  take 
breath ;  to  rest  from  action ;  to  pass  or 
blow  gently,  as  air ;  to  exhale,  as  odour ; 
to  emanate; ,)fg.  to  be  instinct  with  life;  to 
be  alive. — v.t.  To  inhale  and  exhale  in  res- 
piration; to  inspire  or  infuse  (breathe  life 
mto);  to  exhale;  to  send  out;  to  utter;  to 
speak;  to  whisper  (vows,  &c.) ;  to  suffer  to 
take  or  recover  breath  (a  horse) ;  to  put 
out  of  breath :  to  exhaust.  —  Breathed, 
bretht,  a.  Endowed  with  breath ;  phUol. 
uttered  with  breath  as  distinguished  from 
voice:  surd  or  mute.  —  Breather,  br6«i'6r, 
n.  One  who  breathes;  onewholives(iAnt.); 
one  who  utters  or  whispers.— Breathing. 
breiH'ing,  n.  Respiration;  the  act  of  in- 
haling and  exhaling  air;  a  gentle  breeze; 

fi^.  a  gentle  influence  or  operation;  inspir- 
ation; soft  or  secret  utterance  (ShaJc.); 
time  taken  to  recover  breath ;  a  stop ;  a 
delay;  gram,  an  aspiration;  an  aspirate. — 
BreaUuess,  breth 'les,  a.  Being  out  of 
breath ;  spent  with  labour  or  violent  ac- 
tion; without  breath;  dead;  incapable  of 


^Fftte,ifeijiat,  fpll;^  mC,  met,  her;  _pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tttbe,  tub,  bull;     nil,  pouod;     a,  8c.  abwoe— the  Fr.  u. 


BFvECCIA 


81 


BRIDE 


breathing,  as  with  wonder  or  adpiirafcion. 
—  SreatUessness,  breth'les-iies,  rt.  The 
state  of  being  breathless. 

Breccia,  brech'i-a,  n.  [It.,  a  breach,  a 
breccia.] .  Geol.  an  aggregate  composed  of 
angular  fragments  of  the  same  rock  or  of 
different  rocks  united  by  a  matrix  or 
cement.  —  Brecciated,  brech'i-at-ed,  a. 
Consisting  of  angular  fragments  cemented 
together. 

Bred,  bred,  pp.  of  breed.  , 

Breech,  brech,  n.  [A  singular  developed 
from  a  plural.  Br&eches.I  The  lower 
part  of  the  body  behind;  the  hinder  part 
of  anything;  the  large  thick  end  of  a  can- 
non or  other  firearm.  —  v.t.  To  put  into 
breeches;  to  whip  off  the  breech;  to  fit  or 
furnish  with  a  breech:  to  fasten  by  a 
breeching.— Breech-block,  n.  A  movable 
piece  at  the  breech  of  a  breech-loading 
gun  which  is  withdrawn  for  the  insertion 
of  the  charge,  and  closed  before  firing.— 
Breeches,  brech'ez,  n.  pi.  [A  double  plural, 
from  A.  Sax.  brec,  breeches,  pi.  of  brdc,  as 
feet  is  the  pi.  of  /ooi =Fris.  brOk,  pi.  hHk, 
breeches;- D.  broek,  breeches;  Dan.  brog, 
breeches,  the  breeching  of  a  gun;  IceL 
br6k,  pi.  bi-cekT,  breeches;  Ir.  brog,  Gael. 
briogais.  Armor,  brceges — breeches.]  A 
garment  worn  by  men,  covering  the  hips 
and  thighs;  less  projierly,  used  in  the 
sense  of  trousers. — 'I'o  wear  the  breeches,  to 
usurp  the  authority  of  the  husband:  said 
of  a  wife.  —  Breeching,  brech '  ing,  n.  A 
■whipping  on  the  breech;  a  Strong  rope  to 
prevent  a  cannon  from  recoiling  too  much 
when  fired;  that  part  of  a  horse's  harness 
attached  to  the  saddle  and  hooked  on  the 
shafts,  which  enables  him  to  push  back 
the  vehicle  to  which  he  is  harnessed;  a 
bifurcated  smokfe-pipe  of  a  furhacc— 
Breech-loader,  n.  A  cannon  or  smaller- 
firearm  loaded  at  the  breech  instead  of  the 
muzzle.  —  Breech-loading,  a.  Receiving 
the  charge  at  the  breech  instead  of  the 
muzzle :  applied  to  firearms. 

Breed,  bred,  v.t— bred,  breeding.  [A.  Sax. 
bridan,  to  nourish,  cherish,  keep  warm ; 
allied  to  D.  broeden,  G.  briiten,  to  brood, 
batch,  and  to  E.  brew,  W.  bi-wd,  warm.] 
To  procreate;  to  beget;  to  engender;  to 
hatch;  to  cause;  to  occasion;  to  produce; 
to  originate  (to  breed  dissension);  to  pro- 
duce ;  to  yield  or  give  birth  to ;  to  bring 
up;  to  nurse  and-foster;  to  train;  to  rear, 
as  live  stock.— t).i.  -  To  beget  or  bear  a  child 
or  children;  to  be  fruitful;  to  be  produced; 
to  take  rise  (dissensions  breed  among 
them);  to  engage  in  rearing,  live  stock. 
— n.  A  race  or  progeny  from  the  same 
parents  or  stock;  kind  or  sort  in  a  general 
sense. — Breeder,  bred'6r,  n.  One  who 
breeds,  procreates,  or  produces  young;  one 
who  or  that  which  rears  or  brings  up;  one 
who  or  that'  which  produces,  causes,  brings 
about;  one  who  takes  care  to  raise  a  par- 
ticular breed  or  breeds,  as  of  horses  or 
cattle.— Breeding,  bred'ing,n.  The  act  of 
generating  or  producing;  the  rearing  of 
cattle  or  live-stock  of  different  kinds;  up- 
bringing; nurture;  education;  deportment 
or  behaviour  in  social  life;  manners,  espe- 
cially good  manners.  —  Cross  breeding, 
breeding  from  individuals  of  twp  different 
offspring-s  or  varieties. — In-and-in  breed- 
ing, breeding  from  animals  of  the  same 
parentage. 

Breeze,  brez,  n.  [Fr.  brise,  Sp.  brisa,  a 
breeze.]  A  wind,  generally  a  light  or  not 
very  strong  wind ;  a  gentle  gale.— Breeze- 
less,  brez'les,  a.  Motionless ;  destitute  of 
breezes.— Breezy,  bre'zi,  a.  Fanned  with 
gen  tie.  winds  or  breezes;  subject  to  fre- 
quent breezes. 

Breeze,  Breeze-fly,  brez.n.  [A.  Sax.  brimse, 
a  gadfly,  a  horsefly;  D.  brems,  G.  bremse; 
from  the  sound  it  makes;  comp.  O.H.6. 
bremen,  to  hum.]  A  name  given  to  flies  of 
various  species,  the  most  noted  of  which 
is  the  great  hprsefly.which  sucks  the  blood 
of  horses. 

Breeze,  brez,  n.  fPr.  6m,  ddbris,  rubbish, 
fragments,  from  bri.<;er,  to  break.]  House 
sweepings,  as  fluff,  dust,  ashes,  &c.;  small 
ashes  and  cinders  used  for  burning  bricks. 
Brent-goose,  Brant-goose,  brent'gos,  brant'- 
gtis,  n.  [T>.  and  G.  brent-gans,  Icel.brand- 
yds,  pru!iably  fioni  its  colour )  >oir.;;  i  ikcni'd 


to  that  caused  by  burning.    Brand.]    A 

species  of  goose  much  smaller  than  the 

common  goose,  which  breeds  in  the  far 

north,  but  migrates  for  the  winter  as  low 
down  as  the  middle  of  France. 

Brequet-chain,  brek'et,  n.  [After  a  French 
watchmaker  named  Breqiuit]  .  A  short 
watch-guard  or  chain;  a  f  ob-chaSn. 

Bressomer,  Bressummer,  Brest  -  sununer. 
Breast-summer,  bres'om-er,  bres'um-6r, 
brest'sum-er,  n.  A  summer  or"  beam 
placed  horizontally  to-  support  an  upper 
wall  or  partition;  a  lintel. 

Bret^che,  Bretesche,  bret-ash,  n.  [Fr.  bret- 
^c/ie,  O.Fr.  bretesche.  Brattice,  Buttress.] 
A  name  common  to  several  wooden,  cren-. 
ellated,  and  roofed  erections,  used  in  the 
middle  ages  for  military  purposes. 

Brethren,  breTH'ren,  n.  pi.  of  brother. 

Breton,  bret'on,  a.  Relating  to  Brittany, 
or  Bretagne  in  France,  or  .the  language  of. 
its  people.  —  n.  The  native  language  of 
Brittany;  Armoric. 

Brettice,  bret'is,  to.    Same  as  Brattice. 

Bretwalda.  bret'wal-da,  to.  [A.  Sax.  bret- 
walda,  bryten-waida—bret,  brytein,  wide, 
powerful,  and  walda,  ruler.]  A  title  for 
such  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  kings  as  had 
some  sort  of  supremacy  among  the  others 
his  contempbraries. 

Breve,  brev,  to.  [From  L.  breois,  short.] 
Music,  a  note  or  character  of  ttmp,  \^  ^ 
equivalent  to  two  semibreves  or  four  min- 
ims;  printing,  a  mark  (  '  )  used  to  indicate 
that  the  syllable  over  which  it  is  placed  is 
short. 

Brevet,  bre-vet',  «.  [Fr.,  commission,  li- 
cense. Brief.]  A  commission  to  an  officer 
which  entitles  him  to  a  rank  in  the  army 
above  that  which  he  holds  in  his  regiment, 
without,  however,  conferring  a  right  to 
receive  corresponding  advance  in  pay;  a 
patent;  a  warrant;  a  license.— o.  Taking 
rank  by  brevet.  —  t;.t.  To  confer  brevet 
rank  upon. 

Breviary,  bre'vi-a-ri,  to.  [Fr.  breviaire,  L. 
breviarimn,  from  brevis,  short.  Brief.] 
Ji.  Cutli.  Ch.  a  book  containing  the  daily 
offices  which  all  who  are  in  orders  are 
bound  to  read.  It  consists  of  prayers  or 
offices  to  be  used  at  the  canonical  hours, 
and  is  an  abridgment  (whence  the  name) 
of  the  services  of  the  early  church. 

Brevier,  bre-v6r',  to.  [G.  brevier,  Fr.  brevi- 
aire: so  called  from  being  originally  used 
in  printing  breviaries.]  A  kind  of  print- 
ing type,  in  size  between  baurgeois  and 
minion,  four  sizes  larger  than  the  type  of 
this  Dictionary. 

Breviloquence,t  bre-vil'o-kwens,  n.  [L.  bre- 
viloqtteniia — brevis,  short,  aha  loqtior,  to 
speak.]  A  brief  or  laconic  mode  of  speak- 
ing. 

Breviped,  brev'i-ped,  o.  [L.  brevis,  short, 
and  pes,  foot.]  Having  short  legs,  as  cer- 
tain birds. — n.  A  bird  having  short  legs. 

Brevlpennate,  brev'i-pen-at,  a.  [L.  brevis, 
short,  and  penna,  a  feather,  a  wing.]  Hav- 
ing siiort  wings:  said  of  such  birds  as  the 
ostrich,  emu,  cassowary,  dodo,  &c. — to.  A 
bird  having  short  wings. 

Brevirostrate,  brev-i-ros'tr5t,  a.  [L.  brevis, 
short,  and  rostrum,  a  beak.]  Having  a 
short  beak  x>r  bill. 

Brevity,  brev'i-ti,  to.  [L.  brevitas,  from 
brevis.  Short.  Brief.]  The  state  or  char- 
acter of  being  brief;  shortness;  concise- 
ness; fewness  of  words. 

Brew,  bro,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  bredwan,  to  brew; 
D,  brouwen,  Icel.  brugga,  Dan.  brygge,  G. 
praiMn,  to  brew;  akin  broth.]  To  prepare, 
as  beer,  ale,  or  other  similar  liquor  is  pre- 
pared, from  malt  or  other  materials,  by 
steeping,  boiling,  and  fermentation;  to 
minple;  to  mix.;  to  concoct  (a  bowl  of 
punch,  a  philtre) ;  to  contrive ;  to  plot. — 
v.i.  To  perform  the  business  of  brewing 
or  making  beer;  to  be  mixing,  forming,  or 
collecting  (a  storm  brews).— ^i.  The  mix- 
ture formed  by  brewing;  that -which  is 
brewed.  —  Brewage,  bro'  aj,  re.  A  mixed 
drink;  drink  brewed  or  prepared  in  any 
way.— Brewer,  brd'^r,  n.  One  who  brews; 
one  whose  occupation  is  to  brew  malt 
liquors.— Brewery,  bro'6r-i,  n.  The  estab- 
lishment'and  apparatus  where  brewing  is 
carried  on.— Brewing,  bro'ing,  re.  The  act 
or  process  of  making  ale,  beer,  or  other 


fermented  liquor;  the  quantity  brewed  at 
a  time. — Brewster,  bro'stSr,  n.  One  -who 
brews;  a  brewer;  more  especially,  a  female 

Breziline,  br8-zil'in,  w.  [Pr.  5r^«Ztii«.] 
Same  ai  Brcmlin. 

Briar,  Briary,  &c.    Brieb,  Bbiert; 

Briarean,  bri-&'r&an,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  Briareus,  a  giaijit  with  a  hun- 
dred hands. 

Briar-root,  bri'6r-r5t,  n.  [The  first  part  of 
this  word  is  a  corruption  of  Fr.  bruy&re, 
heath.]  The  root  of  the  white  heati  ex- 
tensively used  in  the  manufacture-  oi  to- 
bacco pipes.  . 

Bribe,  brib,  re.  [Pr.  bribe,  Troy.  Pr.  brife, 
broken  victuals,  such  as  are  'given  to  beg- 
gars, something  given  away;  from  root 
seen  in  Armor,  breva,  to  break;  W.  iriw, 
a  fragment.]  A  price,  reward,  gift,  or 
favour  bestowed  or  promised  with  a  view 
to  pervert  the  judgment  or  corrupt  the 
conduct.— v.t — bribed,  bribing.  To  induce 
to  a  certain  course  of  action,  especially  a 
wrong- course,  by  the  gift  or  offer  of  some- 
thing valued;  to  gain  over  by  a  bribe. — 
v.i.  To  practise  bribery;  to  give  a  bribe  to 
a  person. — 3ribable,  bri'ba-bl,  a»  Cap- 
able of  being  bribed;  liable  to  be  bribed. 
— Briber,  bri'hfer,  n.  One  who  bribe?  or 
pays  for  corrupt  practices. — Bribery,  bri'- 
b6r-i,  TO.  The  act  or  practice  of  giving  or 
taking  a  bribe  or  bribes;  the  giving  or  re- 
ceiving of  money  by  which  one's  conduct 
in  some  public  capacity  is  influenced. 

Bric-2l-brac,  brik-a-brak,  to.  [Px.  Ori^n 
doubtful.)  Articles  of  vertu;  a  collection 
of  objects  having  a  certain  interest  or 
value  from  their  rarity,  antiquity,  or  the 
like. 

Brick,  brik,  to.  [Fr.  briqve^a.  brick,  also  a 
piece,  a  fragment,  from  O.D.  brick,a,  piece, 
a  fragment,  a  bnck  or  tile,  from  breken, 
to  break.)  A  kind  of  artificial  stone  made 
principally  of  clay  moistened  and  made 
fine  by  kneading,  formed  usually  into  a 
rectangular  shape  in  a  mould  and  har- 
dened by  being  Dumed  in  a  kiln ;  bricks 
collectively  or  as  designating  the  material 
of  which  any  structure  is  composed;  a 
mass  or  object  resembling  a  brick;  a  jolly 
good  fellow  (colloq.  or  slang). —  a.  -Made 
of  brick;,  resembling  brick.— v.^.  To  lay  or 
pave  with  bricks,  or  to  surround,  close,  or 
wall  in  with  bricks.— Brickbat,  brik'hat,  n. 
A  piece  or  fragment  of  a  brick.— Brick- 
clay,  TO.  Clay  used  or  suitable  for  mak- 
ing bricks  and  tiles;  geol.  a  finely  lami- 
nated clay  immediately  overlying  and  evi- 
dently derived  from  the  boulder-clay.  — 
Brick-dust,  re.  Dust  of  pounded  liricks.— 
Brick-field,  re.  A  field  or  yard  where  bricks 
are  made.— Brick-kiln,  «.  A  kiln, or  fur- 
nace in  which  bricks  are  baked  or  burned; 
or  a  pile  of  bricks,  laid  loose,  with  arches 
underneath  to  receive  the  fuel.  —  Brick- 
layer, brikla-fer.TO.  One  whose  occupation 
is  to  build  with  bricks.- Bricklaying,  brik'- 
la-ing,  n.  The  art  of  building  with  bricks. 
— Brick-nogglng,  re.  Brickwork  earried-up 
and  filled  in  between  timber  framing.— 
Brick-tea,  re.  The  larger  leaves  sind  young 
shoots  of  the  te'a-plant  softened  by  steam 
and  moulded  into  a  brick-shaped  mass.— 
Brickwork,  brik'werk,  re.  Th6  laying  of 
bricks;  masonry  consisting  of  bricks;  a 
place  where  bricks  are  made. 

Bricole,  brs-kol',  to.  [Fr.]  MUU.  harness 
worn  by  men  for  dragging  guns  where  it 
is  impossible  to  use  horses. 

Bride,  brid,  to.  [A.  Say.  brpd,  brtd;  cog.  D. 
bruid,  Icel.  ftnittr,  Dan.  brudjQoth.  bmths, 
G.  braut—B,  bride.]  A  woman  newly  car- 
ried, oT  on  the  eve  of  being  married. — 
Bridal,  bri'dal,  re.  [  Formerly  bride-ah, 
from  bride,  and  ale,  in  the  sense  of  a  feast; 
comp.  chvrch-ale,  Ac]  A  nuptial  festival; 
a  marriage;  a  wedding. — a.  Belonging  to  a 
bride  or  to  a  wedding.— Bride-chamber,  n. 
A  nuptial  apartment.— Bridegroom,  brid'- 
grom,  re.  [A.  Sax.  brydguma,  from  bryd, 
a  bride,  and  gur/ut,  a  man=D.  bruidegom, 
Icel.  bnlthgumi,  Dan.  brvdgom,  G.  brdvii- 
gam.  A.  Sax.  is  cognate  with  L.  homo,  a 
man.]  A  man  newly  married,  or, lust  about 
to  be  married. —Bridecake,  Bridescake, 
bridTiak,  bridzTcak,  re.  The  cake  which  i.^ 
made  for  the  guests  at  a  weddinf',  ;.r.d 


■<iiu.c/tain;.    ch,  So.  loch;     g,  po;     Jijob;     n,  Fr.  toJt;     ng,  sin^    tu,  <Aeni  th,  <Wn;  _  w,  twg; 


wh,  whig; 
6 


zh,a-rar&, 


BRIDEWELL 


82 


BRISK 


pieces  of  which  are  sent  to  friends  after 
the  festival.  —  Bridesmaid,  Bridemaid, 
bridz'mad,  brid'mad,  n.  A  woman  or  girl 
who  attends  on  or  accompanies  a  bride 
at  her  wedding.— Bridesman,  Brideman, 
bridz'man,  brid'man,  n.  A  man  who  at- 
tends upon  a  bridegroom  and  bride  at 
their  marriage. 

Bridewell,  brid'wel,  n.  A  house  of  correc- 
tion for  the  confinement  of  disorderly  per- 
sons :  so  called  from  the  palace  built  near 
St.  Bride's  or  Bridget's  Well,  in  London, 
which  was  turned  into  a  penal  work- 
house. 

Bridge,  brij,  n.  [O.E.  brig,  M.gge,  Sc.  brig, 
^A.  Sjax.  bri^g,  brycg.  Ice),  bryggja,  Dan. 
irygge,  a  pier,  I),  brug,  G. brUcke.a,  bridge; 
akin  to  Icel.  bni,  Dan.  bro,  a  bridge.]  Any 
structure  of  wood,  stone,  brick,  or  iron, 
raised  over  a  river,  pond,  lake,  road,  valley, 
or  the  like,forthe  purpose  of  a  converGent 
passage;  in  furnaces,  a  low  wall  or  vertical 
partition  for  compelling  the  flame  and 
heated  vapour  to  ascend;  the  part  of  a, 
stringed  instrument  over  which  the  strings 
are  stretched,^aiid'  hy  which  they  are  raised 
above  the  sounding  -  Ijoard ;  a  range  of 
planks  which  forms  a  communication  be- 
tween the  paddle-boxes  of  a  steam-vessel ; 
the  upper  and  bony  part  of  the  nose. — 
Electric  bridge,  a  term  applied  tc  several 
contrivances  for  determining  the  resijt- 
ance  of  an  element  of  an  electric  circiiit.  - 
v.t.— bridged,  bridging.  To  build  a  'vric*..;!! 
or  bridges  on  or  over;  to  make  a-  brid'ie  o  • 
bridges  for  (a  TOdid);  Jig.  to  find  avayoi 
overcoming  or  getting  over:  generally  wivh 
over  (to  bridge  over  a  difficulty).— Briu^e- 
dsck,  n.  A  partial  deck,  common  in  paddle- 
steamers,  extending  from  side  to  side  of  a 
vessel  amidships. 

Bridle,  bri'dl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  b^idel,  a  bridle= 
D.  bruiel,  O.U.G.  bridel.  Probably  from 
A.  Sax.  bredan,  to  braid.]  The  portion  of 
gear  or  harness  fitted  to  the  head  of  a 
horse  (or  animal  similarly  used),  and  by 
which  he  is  governed  and  restrained;  a  re- 
straint; a  curb;  a  check.  —  v.t. — bridled, 
bridlitig.  To  put  a  bridle  on ;  to  restrain, 
guide,  or  govern ;  to  chock,  curb,  or  con- 
trol.-^v.i.  To  hold  the  head  up  and  back- 
wards; -to  assume  a  lofty  manner  so  as  to 
assert  one's  dignity  or  express  indignation 
at  its  being  offended ;  to  toss  the  head : 
generally  with  itp.— Biidle-baad,  n.  The 
hand  which  holds  the  bridle  in  riding;  the 
left  hand.— Bridle-path,  Bridle-road,  n.  A 
path  or  road  which  can  be  travelle,(jl  on 
horseback  but  not  by  wheeled  carriages. 

Bridoon,  bri-dOn',  n.  [Fr.  bridon,  from  bride, 
a  bridle.]  A  light  snaffle  or  bit  of  a  bridle 
in  addition  to  the  principal  bit,  and  hav- 
ing a  distinct  rein. 

Brief,  bref.a.  [O.Fr.  brief,  Fr.  bref,  from  L. 
brevis,  ^hort,  seen  also  in  brevity,  breve,  ab- 
breviate, abridge.^  Short  in  duration;  last, 
ing  a  short  time;  short  in  expression;  using 
few  words;  concise;  succinct. — In  brief,  in 
few  words;  in  short. —n.  An  epitome:ashort 
or  concise  writing  {Shale.);  an  abridged  re- 
lation of  the  facts  of  a  litigated  case  drawn 
up  for  the  in.structi6n  of  an  advocate  or 
barrifiter  in  conducting  proceedings  in  a 
court  of  justice ;  a  formal  letter  from  the 
pope  on  some  matter  of  discipline.— «.i.  To 
furnish  (a  barrister)  with  a  brief.— Brief- 
less, brcf'les,  a. '  Receiving  or  having  re- 
ceived no  briefs  (a  briefless  barrister). — 
Briefly,  brSf'li,  adw.  In  a  brief  manner; 
concisely ;  in  few  words.— Briefness,  bref- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  brief; 
shortness;  con&iseness;  brevity. 

Brier,  Briar,  bri'er,n.  [A.  Sax.  braer,br4r, 
a  brier;  probably  borrowed  from  the  Celtic; 
comp.  Ir.  briar,  a  thorn,  a  pin,  a  brier; 
Gaelt  preas,  a  bush,  a  brier.]  A  prickly 
plant  or  shrub  in  general;  the  sweet-brier 
and  the  wild-brier,  species  of  the  rose;  the 
wild-rose.— Briered,  bri'erd,  a.  Set  with 
briers.— Briery,  Brlary,  bri'6r-i,  a.  Full  of 
briers;  rough;  thorny. 

Brig,  brig,  n.  [An  abbrev.  of  brigantine.l  A 
vessel  with  two  masts,  square  rigged  nearly 
like  a  ship's  mainmast  and  foremast. 

Brigade,  bri-s:Sd',.n.  (Fr.  brigade,  from  It. 
brigata,  a  brigade,  from  brigare,  to  fight. 
Brigand.]  A  party  or  division  of  troops, 
coiisi.sting  of  several  regiments,  squiulrons. 


or  battalions;  a  body  of  iadividuals  organ- 

'  ized,  generally  wearing  a  uniform,  and 
acting  under  authority  (a  fire  brigade). — 
v.t.— brigaded,  brigading.  To  form  into 
brigade  or  into  brigades.— Brigade-major, 
n.  The  officer  who  assists  a  brigadier  in 
the  management  and  ordering  of  hia  bri- 
gade. —  Brigadier,  brig-a-der'.  Brigadier- 
general,  n.  The  general  officer  who  com- 
mands a  brigade. 

Brigand,  brig'and,  n.  [Fr.  brigand,  from 
It.  brigante,  a  pirate,  a  brigand,  from  brig- 
are,  to  intrigue,  to  quarrel  (whence  also 
brigade),  from  briga,  an  intrigue,  a  quar- 
rel.] A  robber  r  a  freebooter ;  a  highway- 
man; especially,  one  of  those  robbers  who 
live  in  gangs  in  secret  retreats  in  moun- 
tains or  forests.— Brigandage,  brig'an-daj, 
n.  The  life  and  practices  of  a  larigand ; 
highway-robbery. 

Brigand&e,  Brigantlne,  brig'an-din,  brig*- 
an-tin,  n.  [Fr  brigandine,  from  brigand, 
in  old  senge  of  foot-soldier.  Brigand.  ] 
Body  armour  composed  of  iron  rings  or 
small  thin  iron  plates  sewed  upon  canvas, 
linen,  oj  leather,  and  covered  over  with 
simijar  materials. 

Brigantlne,  brig'an-tin,  n.  [Fr.  brigantin, 
from  It.  brigantino,  a  pirate  vessel,  from 
brigante,  a  pirate.  Brigand.  Brig  is  an 
abbrev.  of  this  word.  ]  A  kind  of  light 
sailing  v<es8el  formerly  much  used  by  cor- 
sairs ;  a  two-masted  vessel  partly  square- 
rigged  and  resembling  a  bng. 

Bright,  brit,  a.  [A.  Sax.  beorht,  bryht,  clear, 
shining  =  Goth,  bairhts,  O.  H.  G.  berht, 
bright ;  same  root  as  L.  fiagro  (anciently 
fragro),  to  flame,  flamma  {flagraa),  flame, 
Skr.  bhraj,  to  shine.]  Radiating  or  reflect- 
ing light ;  blazing  with  light ;  brilliant ; 
shining;  luminous;  resplendent;  spark- 
ling; illustrious;  glorious  (name,  period); 
quick  in  wit;  witty;  clever;  not  dull;  lively; 
vivacious;  animated;  cheerful.— Brighten, 
brit'n,  v.t.  To  make  bright  or  brighter;  to 
shed  light  on;  to  make  to  shine;  to  cheer; 
to  make  gay  or  cheerful ;  to  heighten  the 
splendour  of;  to  add  lustre  to;  to  make 
acute  or  witty;  to  sharpen  the  faculties  of. 
—v.i.  To  grow  bright  or  more  bright;  to 
clear  up;  to  become  less  dark  or  gloomy. — 
Brightly,  brit'li,  adv.  In  a  bright  manner; 
splendidly;  with  lustre.— Brightness,  brit'- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  bnght: 
splendour;  lustre;  acuteness  of  mental 
faculties;  sharpness  of  wit. — Bnghtsome.f 
bnt'sum,  a.    Bright;  brilliant. 

Brill,  bril,  n.  [Probably  from  Com.  bnthel, 
a. mackerel,  pi.  bnthelli,  brilh,  from  bnth, 
streaked,  variegated.]  A  kind  of  flat-fish 
resembling  the  turbot,  but  inferior  to  it 
both  in  size  and  quality. 

Brilliant,  bril'yant,  a.  (Fr.  brillant,  spark- 
ling, from  hnXler,  to  shine  or  sparkle,  L.L. 
beryllare,  to  shine  like  a  beryl,  from  L. 
beryUus,  a  beryl.]  Sparkling  or  gleaming 
with  lustre;  glittering;  bright;  distin- 
guished by  such  qualities  as  command  ad- 
miration ;  splendid ;  shining  ( a  brilliant 
achievement,  a  brilliant  writer).  --  n.  A 
diamond  of  the  finest  cut,  formed  into 
faces  and  facets  so  as  to  reflect  and  refract 
the  light  in  the  most  vivid  manner  pos- 
sible; printing,  a  very  small  type,  a  size 
less  than  diamond.— Brilliance.Brilliajicy, 
bril'yans,  bril'yan-si,  n.  Great  brightness; 
splendour;  lustre. — Brilliantly,  bril'yant- 
li,  adv.  In  a  brilliant  manner;  splendidly. 
— Brilliantness,  bril'yant-nes,  n. 

Brills,  brilz,  n.  pi.  The  hair  on  the  eyelids 
of  a  horse. 

Brim,  brim,  n.  [A.  Sax.  brim,  the  surf,  the 
sea=Icel.  brim,  the  surf;  akin  Dan.  bromi- 
me,  G.  brdme,  the  edge,  border;  from  root 
seen  in  L.  fremere,  to  roar,  Skr.  bhram,  to 
whirl,  fcftrimi,  a  whirlpool,  brim  being  thus 
the  part  where  the  surf  .roars  or  rages.] 
The  brink,  edge,  or-  margin  of  a  river  or 
sheet  of  water;  the  upper  edge  of  anything 
hollow,  as  a  cup;  a  projecting  edge,  border, 
or  rim  round  anything  hollow,  as  a  hat.— 
v.t— brimmed,  brimming.  To  fill  to  the 
brim,  upper  edge,  or  top;  to  furnish  with 
a  brim,  ais  a  hat.  —  v.i.  To  be  full  to  the 
brim;  to  be  full  to  overflowing. — To  brim 
over,  to  run  over  the  brim;  to  be  so  full  as 
to  overflow. — Brimful,  brim'ful,  a.  Full  to 
the  top;  completely  full:  used  predicat- 


ively.— Brimless,  brimles,  a.  Having  no 
brim,  as  a  hat.— Brimmer,  brim'6r,  n.  A 
bowl  or  glass  full  to  the  top.— Brimming, 
brim'ing,  o.  Full  to  the  top  or  brim  (a 
brimming  pail). 

Brimstone,  brim'stSn,  w.  [O.E.  br'emsUme, 
brenston,  &c.,  Sc.  bruntsiane,  brunsiane; 
lit.  burn-stone,  or  burning-stone,  like  Icel. 
brennisteinn,  brimstone.]  Sulphur.— Brim- 
Btone-butterfly,  n.  A  sjiecies  of  butterfly, 
so  called  from  its  yellow  colony. 

Brinded,  brin'ded,  a.  [Equivalent  to  Prov. 
E.  and  Sc.  branded,  of  a  reddish-brown 
colour  with  darker  markings;  lit.  of  a 
burnt  colour,  the  root  being  in  bura,brand, 
&c.]  Of  a  gray  or  tawny  colour  with  bars 
or  streaks  of  a  darker  hue;  having  a  hide 
variegated  by  streaks  or  blotches  lighter 
and  darker  in  hue.— Brindled,  brin'tfld,  a. 
Same  as  Brinded,  and  now  the  more  com- 
monly used  word. 

Brine,  brin,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bryne,  brine,  so 
called  from  its  burning  taste  =  A.  Sax. 
il)ri/?ie,  a  burning.  Burn.]  Water  saturated 
or  strongly  impregnated  with  salt,  like 
the  water  of  the  ocean;  salt  water;  hence 
used  for  tears,  and  for  the  sea  or  ocean. — 
v.t. — britied,  brining.  To  steep  in  brine. — 
Brinish,  bri'nish,  a.  Like  brine;  somewhai 
salt;  saltish.- Briny,  bri'ni,  a.  Consisting 
of  or  resembling  brine ;  of  the  nature  of 
brine;  salt.- Brme-pan,  n.  A  pit  of  salt 
water,  where,  by  the  action  of  the  sun,  salt 
is  formed  by  crystallization.— Brlne-plt,  n. 
A  salt  spring  or  well  from  which  water  is 
taken  to  be  boiled  or  evaporated  for  mak- 
ing salt.  —  Brine-shrimp,  n.  A  branchi- 
opodous  crustacean,  i  inch  in  length,f  ound 
in  salt-pans  and  in  the  Great  Salt  Lake, 
Utah. 

Biing,'hniis,v.t.— brought,  bringing.  [A.Sax. 
bringan,  brang.brungen,  later  brengan, 
brohte;  broht  =  I),  brengen,  Goth,  briggan 
(pron.  bringani,  G.  bringen;  same  root  as 
bear,  to  carry.]  Tobear  or  convey  from  a 
distant  to  a  nearer  place,  or  to  a  person ; 
to  fetch;  to  carry;  to  make  to  come  (honour, 
wisdom,  strength,  sleep) ;  to  procure ;  to 
conduct  or  attend  in  going;  to  accom- 
pany; to  change  in  state  or  condition 
{bring  to  nought,  &c.);  to  persuade  {bring 
to  reason,  to  terms).  —  To  bring  dbout,.to 
effect;  to  accomplish. — To  bring  doivn,  to 
cause  to  come  down;  to  lower;  to  humili- 
ate; to  abase.— To  bring  forth,  to  produce, 
as  young  or  fruit;  to  beget;  to  cause.— To 
bring  forward,  to  produce  to  view  or  notice 
{bring  forward  arguments). — To  bring  in, 
to  introduce,  to  supply:  to  furnish  (income, 
rent).— To  bring  off,  to  bear  or  convey  from 
a  place;  to  procure  to  be  acquitted;  to  clear 
from  condemnation. — To  bring  on,  to  cause 
to  begin  (a  battle,  &c.);  to  originate  {bring 
on  a  disease).  —  To  bring  over,  to  convey 
over;  to  convert  by  persuasion  or  other 
means;  to  cause  to  change  sides  or  an 
opinion.  —  To  bring  {a  shipY  to,  to  check 
the  course  of  (a  ship)  by  making  the  sails 
counteract  each  other  and  keep  her  nearly 
stationary.— To  bring  to  light,  to  reveal.— 
To  bring  to  mwid,  to  recall  what  has  been 
forgotten  or  out  of  the  thoughts. — To  bring 
to  pass,  to  effect.— To  bring  under,  to  sub- 
due;-fas  reduce  to  obedience. — To  bring  up, 
to  nurse,  f  eed,and  tend;  to  rear;  to  educate; 
to  introduce  to  notice  (to  bring  up  a  sub- 
ject); to  Cause  to  advance  near  (troops);  to 
cause  to  stop  (a  horse) ;  to  pull  up.  —  To 
bring  up  theirear,  to  move  onwards  in  the 
rear;  to  form  the  rear  portion.— Bringer,' 
bring'^r,  n.    One  who  brings  or  conveys,  i 

Brink,  bringk,  n.  [A  Scandinavian  word: 
Dan.  and  Sw.  brijiAr,  ahill,  declivity;  allied 
to  W.  bryncyn,  a  hillock,  from  bryn,  a  hill.) 
The  edge,  margin,  or  border  of-  a  steep 
place,  as  of  a  precipice  or  the  bank  of  a 
river;  verge.;  hence,  close  proximity  to 
danger. 

Briony,  bri'o-ni,  n.    Same  as  Bryony, 

Brise,  brez,  ri.    Same  as  Breeze,  an  insect:.^ 

Brisk,  brisk,  a.  (Prom  the  Celtic:  W.  brysg, 
Ir.  brisg,  quick,  Uvely.]  Lively;  active-; 
nimble;  gay;  sprightly;  vivacious;  effer- 
vescing vigorously;  sparkling  (liquor); 
burning- freely;  rapid;  quick  (movement, 
pace). — v.t.  To  make  brisk.- v.i.  To  become 
brisk,  lively,  or  alert:  often  with  up.— 
Briskly,  briskli,  adv.  In  a  brisk  manuec 


yate,  f wr.  M,  f jtH  -_  »e,  msW Jl^  ••  fiuieLpiflii  vJB5teiJiot^Bii>yeL  .-tttbe,  tub,  b^ ;     oil,  pound;     tl,  Sc.  abitne— the  Er,  ur 


BRISKET 


//  or  THE 

UNSVERSiTY 

OF 


83 


BRONCHIA 


actively;  Tigorously;  with  life  ani 
—Briskness,  brisk'nes.n.  The  state  orq" 
lity  of  being  brisk. 

Brisket,  bris'ket,  n.  [O.Fr.  briscKet  or 
bruschet  (Fr.  brichet),  from  Armor,  brusk, 
the  breast.]  The  breast  of  an  animal,  or 
that-  part  of  the  breast  that  lies  next  to 
the  ribs;  in  a  horse,  the  fore-part  of  the 
neck  at  the  shoulder  down  to  the  fore- 
legs. 

Bristle,  bris'l,  n.  [A  diminutive  from  A.  Sax. 
byrst,  a  bristle=D.  boratel,  a  bristle;  akin 
Icel.  burst,  Dan.  borste,  G.  6or«te,  a  bristle.] 
One  of  the  stiff,  coarse,  glossy  hairs  of  the 
hog  and  the  wild  hoar,  especially  one  of  the 
hajrs  growing  on  the  back;  astiff  roundish 
hair  or  similar  appendage. — v.t. — bristled, 
bristling.  To  erect  in  bristles;  to  make 
bristly;  to  erect  in  defiance  or  anger,  lifee. 
a  swine;  to  furnish  with  bristles  or  stiff 
hairs.— u.i.  To  rise  up  or  stand  on  end  like 
bristles;  to  appear  as  if  covered  with  bris- 
tles ;  to  show  anger,  resentment,  or  defi- 
ance: generally  followed  by^tp.— Bristled, 
bris'ld,  a.  Having  bristles  ;*  bristly. — 
Bristliuess,  bris'li-nes,  n.  5'he  quality  of 
being  bristly.— Bristly,  bris'li,  a.  Thick 
set  with  bristles,  or  with  hairs  like  bristles; 
rough;  resembling  a  bristle  or  bristles. 

Bristol-board,  n.  .[From  the  town  of  Bris- 
tol, in  England.]  A  fine  kind  of  pasteboard, 
smooth,  and  sometimes  glared  on  the  sur- 
face.—Bristol-brick,  n.  A  sort  of  brick  of 
a  siliceous  material,  and  used  for  cleaning 
cutlery.  —  Bristol-jpaper,  n.  Stout  paper 
for  drawing.  —  Bristol-diamond,  Bristol- 
stone,  n.  Quartz  in  the  form  of  small, 
round  crystals,  found  in  the  Clifton  lime- 
stone, near  Bristol;  rock-crystal. 

Britannia-metal,  n.  A  metallic  compound 
or  alloy  of  tin,  with  a  little  copper  and 
antimony  .used  chiefly  for  tea-pots,  spoons, 
&c. 

Britannic,  bri-tan'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Britain.— British,  brit'ish,  a.  Pertaining 
to  Great  Britian  or  its  inhabitants:  some- 
times applied  distinctively  to  the  original 
Celtic  inhabitants.— Briton,  brit'on,  n.  A 
native  of  Britain  or  the  British  islands.  ^ 

Brittle,  brit'l,  a.  [O.E.  britel,  from  A.  Sax. 
brytan,  bredtan,  to  break  =  Icel.  brjdta, 
Dan.  bryde.  to  break.]  Easily  broken,  or 
easily  breaking  short,  without  splinters 
or'  loose  parts  rent  from  the  substance; 
fragile ;  not  tough  or  tenacious.— Brittle- 
ness,  brit'1-nes,  n.  Aptness  to  break;  fra- 
gility. ■ 

Britzska,  britsTca,  n.  [A  Polish  word.]  An 
open  carriage  with  a  calash  top,  and  space 
for  reclining  when  used  for  a  journey. 

Brlze,  brez,_»i.    The  breeze-fly.    Breeze. 

Broach,  broch,  n.  [Fr.  broche,  from  L.L. 
broc^a,  a  spit,  a  point:  allied  to  Gael,  brog, 
to  goad,  brog,  an  awl.]  A  spitj;  a  spire, 
especially  a  spire  springing  directly  from 
a  tower ;  a  general  name  for  all  tapered 
boring-bits  or  drills.— «.<.  To  pierce  with  or 
as  with  a  spitt;  to  open  for  the  first  time 
for  the  purpose  of  taking  out  something; 
more  especially  to  tap;  to  pierce,  as  a  cask 
in  order  to  draw  the  liquor;  to  begin  con- 
versation or  discussion  about;  to  open  up 
(a  topic  or  subject).— To  broach  to  (naut), 
to  incline  suddenly  to  windward,  so  as  to 
lay  the  sails  aback  and  expose  the  vessel 
to  the  danger  of  oversetting. — Broacher, 
iH-och'er,  n.  One  who  broaches,  opens,  or 
utters. 

Broad,  brad,  o.  [A..  Sax.  brdd  =  D.  breed, 
Icel.  breiihr,  Dan.  and  Sw.  bred,  Goth. 
braids,  G.  breit,  broad;  root  unknown.] 
Having  extent  from  side  to  side,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  long,  or  extended  from 
end  to  end;  having  breadth;  having  a  great 
extent  from  side  to  side,  as  opposed  to 
narrow;  wide;  extensive;  vast;  Jig.  not 
limited  or  narrow;  liberal;  comprehensive; 
enlarged;  widely  diffused;  open;  full  (broad 
daylight) ;  plain  or  unmistakable ;  free ; 
unrestrained  (broad  humour) ;  somewhat 
gross,  coarse,  or  unpolished;  indelicate;  in- 
decent ;  bold ;  unreserved ;  characterized 
by  vigour,  boldness,  or  freedom  of  style, 
as  in  arti  so  that  strong  and  striking  effects 
or  impressions  are  produced  by  simple  un- 
elaborate  means. — Broad  Ghurch,a,  section 
of  the  Church  of  England  contrasted  with 
the  High  Church  and  the  Low  Church;  a 


^  any  church  holding  moderate  or 
iry  rigid  views.  —  Broaden,  brad'n, 
v.t.  To  make  broad  or  broader;  to  increase 
the  width  of;  to  render  more  comprehen- 
sive, extensive,  or  open.— w.i.  To  become 
broad  or  broader. — Broadish,  brad'ish,  a. 
Somewhat  or  rather  broad.  —  Sroadly, 
btad'li,  adv.  In  a  broad  manner;  widely; 
comprehensively;  fully;  openly;  plainly. 
—Broadness,  brad'nes,  n.  The  state  or 
qualitv  of  being  broad;  breadth.— Broad- 
wise, brad'wiz,  adv.  In  the  direction  of 
the  breadth.— Broad-arrow,  n.  A  stamp 
resembling  the  barbed  head  of  an  arrow 
put,  upon  stores,  &c.,  belonging  to  the 
British  government.  —  Broad-brfin,  n.  A 
hat  with  a  very  broad  brim,  such  as  is 
worn  by  members  of  the  Society  of  Friends; 
hence,  a  member  of  said  society;  a  Quaker. 
[CoUoq.]  — Broad-brinuned,  a.  Having  a 
broad  brim;  wearing  a  hat  with  a  broad 
brim.  —  Broadcast,  brad'kast,  n.  Agri.  a 
casting  or  throwing  seed  from  the  hand 
for  dispersion  in  sowing.  —  ct,.  Effected  by 
casting  the  seed  on  the  ground  with  the 
hand. — adv.  By  scattering  or  throwing  at 
large  froni  the  hand;  in  a  widely  dissemin- 
ated manner.- Broad-cloth,  n.  A  kind  of 
fine  woollen  cloth  woven  about  twice  the 
usual  breadth,  and  dyed  in  the  piece. — 
Broad  -  seal,  n.  The  national  seal  of  a 
country;  specifically,  the  official  or  great 
seal  of  Great  Britain.— Broad-shouldeired, 
a.  Having  the  back  broad  across  the 
shoulders.  —  Broadside,  brad'sid,  n.  The 
side  of -a  ship  above  the  water  from  the 
bow  to  the  quarter;  a  simultaneous  dis- 
charge of  all  the  guns  on  one  side  of  a 
ship;  a  sheet  of  paper,  one  side  of  whiph  is 

.  covered  by  printed  mat  ter,()ften  of  apopu- 
lar  character.— Broadsword,  brad'sord,  n. 
A  sword  with  a  broad  blade  and  cutting 
edges,  formerly  the  national  weapon  of  the 
Highlanders. 

Brobdingnagian,  brob-ding-nag'i-an,  a. 
Gigantic,  like  an  inhabitant  of  the  fabled 
region  of  Brobdingnag  in  Swift's  GvZliver's 
Travels. 

Brocade,  bro-kad',  n.  [Sp.  brocado,  from 
an  old  brocar,  equivalent  to  Fr.  brocher,  to 
prick,  emboss.  Broach.]  Silk  stuff  varie- 
gated with  gold  and  silver,  or  having 
raised  flowers,  foliage,  and  other  orna- 
ments; also  applied  to  other  stuffs  wrought 
and  enriched  in  like  manner. — Brocaded, 
bro-kad'ed,  a.  Woven  or  worked ,  into  a 
brocade;  dressed  in  brocade. 

Brocage,  Brokage,brG'kaj,'n.  The  premium 
or  commission  of  a  broker. 

Brocard,  bro-kard',  n.  [Origin  doubtful.] 
A  law  maxim  founded  on  inveterate  cus- 
tom ;  an  elementary  principle  or  maxim ; 
a  short  proverbial  rule;  a  canon. 

Brocatel,  Brocatello,  bro'ka-tel,  bro-ka- 
tel'lo,  n.  [Sp.  brocatel,  Vt.  brocatelle.  It. 
brocatello,  from  root  of  brocade.]  Sienna 
marble,  a  species  of  brecciatea  marble 
composed  of  fragments  of  various  colours; 
a  kind  of  light  thin  woollen  cloth  of  silkv 
surface  used  for  linings,  &c.;  linsey-wool- 
sey.   Spelled  also  Brocatelle. 

Broccoli,  brok'o-li,  n.  [It.  broccoli,  pi.  of 
broccolo,  sprout,  cabbage-sprout,  dim.  of 
brocco,  a  skewer,  a  shoot.  Broach.]  One 
of  the  many  varieties  of  the  common  cab- 
bage, closely  resembling  the  cauliflower. 

Brochnre,  bro-sh5r',  n.  [Fr.,  from  brocher, 
to  stitch.]  A  pamphlet,  especistUy  a  slight 
pamphlet,  or  one  on  a  matter  of  transitory 
interest. 

Brock,  brok,  n.  [A.  Sax.  broc  =  Dan.  brok, 
Ir.  and  Gael,  broc,  W.  broch,  a  badger, 
from  the  white-streaked  face  of  the  ani- 

•  mal;  comp.  Gael,  brocach,  speckled;  Dan. 
broget,  Sw.  brokug,  party-coloured.]  A 
badger. 

Brocket,  brok'et,  n.  [Fr.  brocart,  because 
it  has  one  broche  or  snag  to  its  antler.]  A 
red-deer  two  years  old;  a  pricket. 

Brogue,  brog,  n.  [Ir.  and  Gael,  brog,  a  shoe 
of  rough  hide.  From  this  shoe  being  used 
by  the  wilder  Irish  the  word  came  to  de- 
signate their  manner  of  speaking  Eng- 
lish.] A  kind  of  shoe  made  of  raw  or  half- 
tanned  leather,  of  one  entire  piece;  a 
stout,  coarse  shoe;  a  dialectical  maimer 
of  pronunciation;  especially  the  pronun- 
ciation peculiar  to  the  Irish. 


Broider,  broi'dfir,  v.i.  [Fr.  broder,  from 
Armor,  broud,  a  needle,  brouder, to  broider; 
comp.  Ir.  and  Gael,  brod,  a  point,  a  prickle.  J 
To  adorn  with  figures  of  needlework,  or 
by  sewing  on  pearls,  or  the  like;  to  em- 
broider. —  Brolderer,  broi'd6r-6r,  n.  One 
that  embroiders.— Broidery,  broi'd6r-i,  n. 
Embroidery.    [Tenn.] 

Broil,  broil,  n.  [Fr.  brouiller,  to  jumble  or 
mix  up,  to  throw  into  bustle  or  confusion; 
origin  doubtful.]  A  tumult;  a  noisy  quar- 
rel; contention;  discord;  a  brawl. —Broiler, 
broil '6r,  n.  One  who  excites  broils  or 
quarrels,  or  who  readily  takes  part  in  tu- 
mults or  contentions. 

Broil,  broil,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  bruiller;  origin 
doubtful.]  To  dress  or  cook  over  a  flre, 
generally  upon  a  gridiron;  to  subject  to  a 
strong  heat. — v.i.  To  be  subjected  to  the 
action  of  heat,  like  meat  over  the  fire;  to 
be  greatly  heated  or  to  sweat  with  heat. — 
Broiler,  broil'tT,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
dresses  by  broiling;  a  gridiron. 

Broke,  brok.  Pret.  and  obsolescent  ot  poeti- 
cal pp.  of  break. — Broken,  bro'kn,  pp.  of 
break,  often  used  as  an  a.  Parted  by  vio- 
lence ;  separated  into  fragments,  as  by  a 
blow;  not  integral  or  entire;  fractional, 
as  numbers ;  humble;  contrite ;  violated ; 
transgressed  (a  broken  vow) ;  interrupted 
by  sobs  or  imperfect  uttei'ance.-'Brokenly , 
bro'kn-li,  adv.  In  a  broken  interrupted 
manner. — Brokenness,.brO'kn-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  broken.  —  Broken-hearted, 
a.  Having  the  spirits  quite  crushed  by 
grief  or  despair.  —  Broken -wind,  to.  A 
disease  in  horses,  characterized  by  a  difli- 
oult  expiration  of  the  air  from  the  lungs, 
and  often  accompanied  with  an  enlarge- 

-ment  of  the  lungs  and  heart. -■  Broken- 
winded,  a.    Affected  with  broken  wind. 

Broker,  brtiTifer,  n.  [From  A.  Sax,  bnlcan, 
to  use  or  employ,  to  brook :  akin  Dan. 
brug,  use,  business,  trade.]  An  agent  who 
buys  and  sells  goods  or  shares  or  tran- 
sacts other  business  for  others,  being  gen- 
erally paid  at  a  rate  per  cent  on  the  value  of 
the  transaction,  such  as  exchange-brokers, 
ship-brokers,  stock-brokers,  &c.;  one  who 
deals  in  second-hand  household  goods, 
clothes,  and  the  like.— Brokerage,  bro'kCr- 
aj,  n.  The  fee,  reward,  or  commission  given 
or  charged  for  transacting  business  as  a 
broker;  the  business  or  employment  of  a 
broker. — Broklng,t  brok'ing,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  business  of  a  broker.    [Shak.] 

Bromelia,  bro-m6'li-a,  n.  [After  Bromel,  a 
Swedish  botanist.]  The  generic  name  of 
tropical  plants  some  species  of  which  are 
cultivated  for  their  beautiful  flowers. 

Bromine,  bro'min  or  bro'min,  to.  [Gr.  brO- 
mos,  a  fetid  odour.]  A  simple  non-metal- 
lic element  (symbol  Br)  much  resembling 
chlorine  and  iodine;  at  common  tempera- 
tures it  is  a  very  dark  reddish  liquid  of  a 
powerful  and  suffocating  odour,  and  emit- 
ting red  vapour.— Bromal,  bro'mal,  to.  A 
colourless  oily  fluid  of  a  penetrating  odour, 
obtained  by  the  action  of  bromine  on  alco- 
hol.— Bromate,  bro'mat,  to.  A  salt  formed 
of  bromic  acid.— Bromic,  bro'mik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  obtained  from  bromine,  as 
bromic  acid,  a  compound  of  oxygen  and 
bromine.  — Bromide,  bro'mid,  to.  A  com- 
pound formed  by  the  union  of  bromine 
with  another  element.  —  Bromite,  Bro- 
myrite,  bro'mit,  bro'mi-rit, «.  Native  bro- 
mide of  silver,  consisting  of  57'5  parts  sil- 
ver and  42'5  bromine,  of  a  yellowish- 
green  colour. 

Bronchia,  brongTci-a,  to.  pi.  [Gr.  and  L.] 
The  two  tubes,  with  their  ramifications, 
arising  from  the  bifurcation  of  the  wind- 
pipe in  the  lungs,  and  conveying  air  to 
the  latter;  the  bronchi.— Broncnial.brong'- 
ki-al,  a.  Belonging  to  the  bronchia. — 
Bronchial  tubes,  the  ramifications  of  the 
bronchia,  terminating  in  the  bronchial 
cells,  or  air-cells  of  the  Jungs.— Bronchic, 
brong'kik,  a.  Same  as  Bronchial. — Bron- 
chitis, brong-ki'tis,  to.  [The  term,  -itis  sig- 
nifies inflammation.]  An  inflammation 
of  the  lining  membrane  of  the  bronchi  or 
bronchia,  often  a  troublesome  ailment. — 
Bronchocele,  brong'kp-sel,  to.  [Gr.  kele,  a 
tumour.]  Same  as  Gotir«. —Bronchotomy, 
brong-kot'o-mi,  to.  [Gr.  tome,  a  cutting.] 
Surg,  an  incision  into  the  windpipe  or 


till,  chain.;     Ji,  Sc,  locft;     ^„yir,     j,iob;     a.  Fr.  ton;     ni;,sing;     tn,  then;  th,  thm;     w,  wig;    wh,  w/tig;    zh,  a^nire. 


BRONZlii 


84 


BRUTE 


larynx  betvTeen  the  ringg,  to  afford  a  pas- 
sage for  the  air  into  and  out  of  the  lungs 
when  respiration  in  the  usual  way  is  pre- 
vented.—Bronchus,  brong'kus,  n.  pi.  Bron- 
chi, brong'ki.  [Gr.bronc/ios,  the  windpipe.] 
One  of  the  two  bronchia  or  bifurcations 
of  the  trachea. 

Bronze,  bronz,  n.  [Fr.  brome,  from  It. 
bronzo,  bronze;  allied  to  broivn,  brand,  &c., 
being  from  Teut.  root  seen  in  verb  to  bum.} 
A  compound  or  alloy  of  from  2  to  20  parts 
of  copper  to  1  of  tin,  to  which  other  me- 
tallic substances  are  sometiines  added, 
especially  zinc,  used  for  statues,  bells, 
cannon,  coins,  &c.;  any  statue,  bust,  urn, 
medal,  or  other  work  of  art,  cast  of  bronze; 
a  brown  colour  resembling  bronze;  a  pig- 
ment prepared  for  the  purpose  of  imitat- 
ing bronze. — v.t. — hromed,  bronzing.  To 
give  the  appearance  or  colour  of  bronze  to, 
by  covering  with  bronze  leaf,  copper  dust, 
&c.;  to  make  brown  or  tan,  as  the  skin  by 
exposure  to  the  sun.— Bronziiw,  bron'zio, 
a.  Resembling  bronze;  bronze-coloured. 
— Bronzite,  bron'zit,  n.  A  minei'al,  a  va- 
riety of  diallagCj  havinga  yelloi^ish-Dro'WTi 
colour,  and  semi-metallic  lustre  approach- 
ing to  that  of  bronze.— Bronzy,  bron'zi,  o. 
Belonging  to  or  resembling  bronze. — 
Bronze-steel,  n.  Bronze  condensed  and 
hardened,  as  in  the  making  of  «cannon  by 
forcing  in  steel  cylinders  into  the  bore  of 
the  piece. 

Brooch,  broch,  n.  [A  form  of  hroaeh  (which 
Eee).l  An  ornamental  pin  or  clasp  used  for 
fastening  the  dress  or  merely  for  display. 

Brood,  brdd,  n.  [A.  Sax.  br6d,  a  brood=t). 
breed,  G.  brut,  a  brood;  from  root  of  breed.} 
Offspring;  progeny;  the  young  birds 
hatched  at  once;  that  which  is  bred  or 
produced. — v.i.  To  sit  upon  eggs  or  upon 
young,  as  a  hen  for  the  purpose  of  hatch- 
ing, warming,  or  protecting  them;  hence, 
to  remain  steadfastly  settled  over  some- 
thing; to  have  the  mind  dwelling  for  a 
long  t^me  uninterruptedly  on  a  subject: 
with  on  or  over.'— v.t.  To  sit  over,  cover, 
and  cheri8h;to  nourish;  to  foster.— Brood- 
ing, brod'iug,  o.  Pondering;  disposed  to 
ponder  or  thmk  deeply  {a  brooding  disposi- 
tion). 

Brook,  bruk,  n.  [A.  Sax.  brde,  a'spring,  a 
brook,  from  6recan,  to  burstforthtcomp.  D. 
broek,  G.  brttcA,  a  marsh.  A  brook  is  abreak- 
ing  forth  of  water;  comp.  gpring.}  A  small 
natural  stream  of  water,  or  a  current 
flowing  from  a  spring  or  f oimtain  less  than 
a  river.  —  Brooklet,  bnik'let,  n.  A  small 
brook.  —  Brooky,  bniTii,  a.  Abounding 
with  brooks. 

Brook,  bruk,  v-.t.  [A.  Sax.  brAean,  to  use, 
exijoy  =  i).gebruiken,  Icel.  briXlca,  Goth. 
IruJcjan,  to  use;  allied  to  L.  frui,  to  enjoy 
(whence  fruition}.}  To  bear;  to  endure;  to 
support:  usually  in  negative  or  interro- 
gative sentences  (they  cannot  brook  re- 
straint). 

Broom,  brom,  n.  [A.  Sax.  brim  =  L.G. 
br&m,  J),  brem,  broom;  allied  to  bramble.- 
Bramble,  Brim.]  A  legumiiious  shnib 
growing  abundantly  on  sandy  pastures 
and  heaths,  distinguished  by  having  large, 
yellow,  papilionaceous  flowers,  leaves  in 
threes,  ana  single,  and  the  branches  an- 
gular; a  besom  or  brush  with  a  long 
handle  for  sweeping  floors:  so  called  from 
being  originally  made  of  the  broom-plant. 
— Broomy,  bro'mi,  o.  Full  of  broom;  con- 
taining broom;  pertaining  to  or  consisting 
of  broom.  —  Broom-corn,  Broom-grass,  n. 
The  common  millet  or  guinea -com,  a 
cereal  plant  so  called  from  its  branched 

ganicles  being  made  into  carpet-brooms. — 
room-rape,  n.  A  parasitic  plant  growing 
on  the  roots  of  broom,  funje,  &c. — Broom- 
stick, Broomstaff,  brOm'stik,  briim'staf, 
n.    The  stick  or  handle  of -a  broom. 

Brose,  broz,  n.  [Gael,  brothas,  brose;  same 
root  as  brew,  broth.  &c.}  A  Scotch  dish, 
made  by  pouring  Doiling  water,  boiling 
milk,  the  liquor  in  which  meat  has  been 
boiled,  or  the  like,  on  oatmeal,  or  other 
meal,  and  immediately  mixing  the  ingre- 
dients by  stirring. 

Broth,  broth,  n.  [A.  Sax.  broth,  from  root 
of  brew.}  Liquor  in  which  flesh  is  boiled 
and  macerated,  usually  with  cer:a:u  \c^s- 
t.iblc3  to  give  it  a  better  relish. 


Brothel,  broth'el,  n.  [O.E.  brothel,  a  wretch, 
from  brotlien,  ruined,  destroyed,  from  bre6- 
than,  to  destroy.]  A  house  appropriated 
to  the  purposes  of  prostitution ;  a  bav/dy- 
hoiise. 

Brother,  bruTn'fer,  n.  pi.  Brothers,  bruiH'- 
6rz,  or  Brethren,  brein'ren.  [A.  Sax. 
brother  =  D.  broeder,  Icel.  brdthir,  Dan. 
and  Sw.  broder,  Goth,  brothar,  G.  bnider, 
Ir.  and  Gael,  brathair,  W.  brawd.  Bus. 
brat',  Bohem.  bratr,  h.  frater,  Gr.  phrater, 
Skr.  bitratr,  brother;  tdtimately  from  root 
seen  in  E.  to  bear.}  Strictly  a  human 
male  bom  of  the  same  father  and  mother 
(also  used  of  animals);  a  male  bom  of  the 
same  father  or  mother  (more  strictly  called 
a  AaV-brother);  a  relation  or  kinsman;  an 
associate;  one  of  the  same  rank,  profes- 
sion, or  occupation :  or  more  generally,  a 
fellow-creature;  specifically,  a  member  of 
a  teligious  order;  one  that  resembles  an- 
other in  manners  or  disposition.  [The 
plural  brethren  is  now  used  only  in  the 
wider  meanings  of  the  word.]— Brother- 
hood, bruTH'er-hud,  rt.  The  state  of  being 
a  brother  or  brotherly;  an  association  of 
men  for  any  purpose;  a  class  of  individuals 
of  the  same  kind,  profession,  or  occupa- 
tion; a  fraternity.— Brotherless.bruTH'er- 
les,  a.  %Vithout  a  brother.  —  Brotherly, 
bruTH'6r-li,  a.  Pertaining  to  brothers; 
such  as  is  natural  for  brothers ;  becoming 
brothers  {brotherly  love).  —  Brotherliness, 
bruTH'6r-li-nes,  n.  State  of  being  brother- 
ly.—Brother-in-law,T!.  The  brother  of  ones 
husband  or  wife;  also,  a  sister's  husband. 

Brougham,  bro'am  or  briim,  n.  [After  the 
first  Lord  Brougham.}  A  one-horse  close 
carriage,  either  two  or  four  wheeled,  and 
adapted  to  carry  either  two  or  four  per- 
sons. 

Brought,  brat,  pret.  k  pp.  of  bring. 

Brow,  brou,  w.  [A.  Sax.  fcjTi,  the  eyebrow 
=D.  braaxtw,  Icel.  bnin,  G.  bratie,  the 
eyebrow;  cog.  with  Gr.  ophrys.  Per.  abru, 
Skr.  bhrit,  the  eyebrow.]  The  prominent 
ridge  over  the  eye,  forming  an  arch  above 
the  orbit ;  the  arch  of  hair  over  the  eye ; 
the  eyebrow ;  the  forehead ;  the  edge  of  a 
steep  place;  the  upper  portion  of  a  slope. 
—Browbeat,  brou'bet,  v.t.  To  abash  or 
bear  down  with  haughty,  stem  looks,  or 
with  arrogant  speech  and  dogmatic  asser- 
tions.—Browbeater,  brou'bet-er,  n.  One 
who  browbeats;  a  bully. 

Brown,  broun,  a.  [A.  Sax.  bnin  — Icel, 
bninn,  Dan.  bruun,  Sw.  brvn,  D.  bruin,  G. 
braun,  brown ;  lit.  of  a  burnt  colour,  from 
root  of  bum,  brome,  &c.]  Of  a  dark  or 
dusky  colour,  inclining  to  redness.— m.  A 
dark  colour  inclining  to  red  or  yellow  of 
various  degrees  of  depth,  and  resulting 
from  a  mixture  of  red,  black,  and  yellow. 
—  Brown  bread,  wheaten  bread  made 
from  unbolted  flour,  which  thus  includes 
the  bran,  and  hence  is  of  a  brown  colour. 
—Brown  cgal,  lignite.— .Broum  study,  a  fit 
of  mental  abstraction  or  meditation;  a 
reverie.— v.t.  To  make  brown  cr  dusky;  to 
give  a  brown  colour  to. — v.i.  To  become 
brown. — Browning,  broun'ing,  n.  The  act 
of  making  brown;  a  preparation  (<f  sugar, 
port- wine,  spices,  &c.,  for  colouring  and 
flavouring  meat  and  made  dishes.— Brown- 
ish, broun'ish,  a.  Somewhat  brown;  in- 
clined to  bro\vn. — Brownness,  broun'nes, 
n.    The  quality  of  being  brown. 

Brownist,  broun 'ist.n.  A  follower  of 
Robert  Brown,  a  Puritan  or  dissenter 
from  the  Church  of  England  in  the  six- 
teenth century. 

Browse,  brouz,  v.t.  —  browsed,  browsing. 
[OFr.  brouater  (Fr.  brouter),  to  browse, 
from  broBt,  brouat,  a  sprout,  a  shoot,  from 
O.H.G.  broz,  G.  brass,  sprout.]  To  feed 
on:  said  of  cattle,  deer,  Ac;  to  pasture  on; 
to  graze. — v.i.  To  feed  on  pasture  or  on  the 
leaves,  shoots,  &c.,  of  shrubs  and  trees: 
said  of  cattje,  deer,  &c.  —  n.  The  tender 
shoots  or  twigs  of  trees  and  shrubs,  such 
as  cattle  may  eat;  green  food  fit  for  cattle, 
deer,  &c. 

Bruin,  bro'in,  w.  [The  bear's  name  in  the 
celebrated  fable  Reynard  the  Fox;  from 
the  D.  bruin,  brown.]  A  name  given  to 
the  bear. 

Braise,  broz,  v.t. — bruised,  bruising.  [O.Pr. 
Oniiserfbruser,  briser,  to  break,  to  shiver, 


from  0.6.  brestan,  to  break,  to  burst] 
To  injure  by  a  blow  without  laceration;  to 
contuse;  to  crush  by  beating  or  pounding: 
to  pound ;  to  bray,  as  drugs  or  articles  of 
food ;  to  make  a  dent  or  mnt  in. — v.i.  To 
fight  with  the  fists;  to  box  (colloq.). — ji.  A 
contusion :  a  hurt  upon  the  flesh  of  ani- 
mals, upoil  plants  or  other  bodies,  with  a 
blunt  or  heavy  object.— Bruiser,  broz'Or, 
n.  The  person  or  thing  that  bruises ;  au 
instrument  or  machine  for  bruising  sub- 
stances: a  pugilist,  boxer,  or  prize-fighter 
(colloq.). 

Bruit,  brdt,  n.  [Fr.  bruit,  noise,  uproar, 
rumour,  from  bruire,  to  make  a  noise.] 
Something  noised  abroad;  report;  rumour; 
fame. — v.t.  To  announce  with  noise;  to  re- 
port; to  noise  abroad. 

Brumal,  Brumous,  bro'mal,  brO'mus,  a. 
[L.  brumalis,  from  bruma,  winter.]  Be- 
longing to  the  winter. 

Brunette,  bro-net',  n.  [Fr.,  a  dim.  from 
brun,  brown.  Brown.]  A  woman  with  a 
brown  or  dark  complexion. 

Brunt,  brunt,  n.  [From  tfie  root  or  stem 
of  to  bum;  comp.  Sc.  brunt,  burnt ;  Icel. 
brum,  a  burning;  Dan.  brynde  and  bruttst, 
ardour,  ardency,  burning  heat.  Burn.] 
The  heat  or  utmost  violence  of  an  onset; 
the  first  or  severest  shock  of  a  battle  or 
struggle;  the  force  of  a  blow;  violence; 
shock  of  any  kind. 

Brush,  brush,  n.  [O.  Fr.  broche,  brosse, 
brushwood;  Mod.Fr.  brosse,  a  brush;  from 
O.H.G.  broz,  a  sprout.  Browse.]  An  in- 
strument made  of  bristles  or  other  similar 
material  bound  together,  used  for  various 
purposes,  as  for  dressing  the  hair,  remov- 
ing dust  from  clothes,  laying  on  colours, 
whitewash,  and  the  like;  the  small  trees 
and  shrubs  of  a  wood,  or  a  thicket  of  small 
trees;  electricity  issuing  in  a  diverging 
manner  from  a  point;  the  bushy  tail  of 
some  animals,  as  the  fox,  squirrel,  &c.;  the 
act  of  usinga  brush, or  of  applying  a  brush 
to;  a  slight  encounter;  a  skirmish. —u.t  To 
sweep  or  jrub  with  a  brush;  to  strike  light- 
ly by  passing  over  the  surface ;  to  pass 
bghtly  over;  to  remove  by  brushing  or  by 
lightly  passing  over. — To  brush  up,  to  fur- 
bish; to  polish;  to  improve;  especially,  to 
improve^the  appearance  of.— w.i.  To  move 
nimbly  in  haste;  to  move  so  lightly  as 
scarcely  to  be  perceived;  to  move  over 
lightly.— Brusher,  brush'er,  n.  One  who 
brushes. — Brushiness,  brush'i-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  brushy. — Brushy,  brush'i, 
a.  Resembling  a  brush;  rough;  shaggy; 
having  long  hair. — Brusil-turkey,  n.  A 
large  gregarious  rasorial  bird  of  Australia, 
somewhat  resembling  the  turkey,  laying 
its  eggs  in  a  heap  of  vegetable  matter  to- 
be  hatched  by  the  heat  arising  from  fer- 
mentation.— Brush-wood,  n.  Small  trees 
or  shrubs  forming  a  thicket  or  coppice; 
branches  of  trees  cut  off. 

Brusk,  Brusque,  brbsk,  a.  [Fr.  bmsqiie, 
from  It.  brtisco,  brusque,  sharp,  sour.l 
Abrupt  in  manner;  blunt;  rude.— Brusk- 
ness,  Brusqueness,  orosk'nes,  n.  A  rude, 
abrupt,  or  blunt  manner.  —  Brusquerie, 
briisk-re,  n.  [Fr.]  Bruskness;  a  hasty  or 
blunt  expression. 

Brussels-carpet,  n.  A  carpet  having  a 
heavy  linen  web  inclosing  worsted  yarns 
of  different  colours,  which  are  raised  in 
loops  to  form  the  patterns.  —  Brussels- 
sprouts,  n.  pi.  A  variety  of  cabba^-e, 
characterized  by  little  clusters  of  leaves 
winch  form  miniature  heads  of  cabbage. 

Brute, brot,n.  [L.ftruiMs.stupid,  insensible, 
irrational.]  A  beast;  any  animal  desti- 
tute of  reason;  a  brutal  person;  a  savage 
in  disposition  or  manners;  a  low-bred, 
unfeeling  human  being. —  a.  Insensible, 
irrational,  or  unintelligent;  not  proceed- 
ing from  or  inspired  by  reason  and  in- 
telligence {brute  force,  the  brute  earth). 
—  Brutal,  brb'tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
brute;  Uke  a  brute;  savage;  cruel;  in- 
human; brutish.— Brutality,  bro-tari-ti, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  brutal;  inhu- 
manity; savageness;  gross  cruelty;  insensi- 
bility to  pity  or  shame;  a  savage,  shame- 
less, or  inhuman  act.— Brutalize,  brb'tal- 
lz,v.t. — bi^talized,  brutalizing.  To  make 
brutal,  coarse,  gTosi",  or  inhuman;  to  de- 
grada  to  the  level  of  a  brute.— Brutally, 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftU;  i^mC,  met,  hOr;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tobe,  tub,  biUl ;     oil,  pound;  .  U.  Sc,  abwne— th^  Fr.  n, 


BRYOLOGY 


85 


BUFFER 


b  rV tal  -li ,  arf".  In  a  bnitsl  manr  er;  cm  el  • 
It;  inhumanly;  iii  a  coarse,  gross,  or  uu- 
feeling  manner.— Brutify,  bri)'ti-fi,  v.t— 
brutifted,  brutifying.  To  make  a  person  a 
brute ;  to  make  senseless,  stupid,  or  un- 
feeling.—Brutish,  brO'tish ,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  resembling  a  brute;  uncultured;  ig- 
norant ;  stupid ;  unfeeling ;  savage ;  brut^ 
al;  gross;  carnal;  bestial.— Bratismy.brO'- 
tish-li,  adv.  In  a  brutish  manner.— prut- 
ishness,  brS'tish-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  brutish. 

Bryology,  bri-orc-ji,  re.  [Gr.  bryon,  moss, 
•ind  logos,  discourse.]  The  science  of 
mosses,  their  structure,  affinities,  classifi- 
cation, &c. — Bryologicai,  bri-o-loj'ik-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  bryolpgv,  or  to  the  mosses. 

Bryony,  bri'o-ni,  to.  [L-  bryonia,  Gr.  bri/- 
dnia;  bryony,  from  bryO,  to  swell,  to  sprout, 
from  the  quick  growth  of  the  stem's.]  A 
climbing  plant  of  various  species;  white 
bryony,  found  in  the  hedgerows  of  Eng- 
land, has  small  red  berries  and  abounds 
in  an  acrid  fetid  juice,  which  acts  as  a 
cathartic  and  emetic,  black  bryony  is  a 
plant  of  the  yam  fr.mily,  aad  has  a  tuber- 
ous root-stalk,  also  with  cathartic  and 
emetic  properties.- Bryonine,  bri'o-nin,  n. 
The  bitter,  cathartic,  and  somewhat  poi- 
sonous principle  extracted  from  several 
species- of  bryony. 

Bryozoa,  briro-zo'a,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  bryon,  moss, 
and  zOon,  animal.l  A  group  of  minute 
molluscoid  animals  living  together  in 
moss-like  masses;  how  commonly  called 
Polyzoa  (which  see). — Bryozoan,  bri-5-zo'- 
an,  n.    One  of  the  Bryozoa. 

Bubble,  bubl,  n.  [Dan.  boble,  Sw.  bvbbla. 
D.  bobbel,  a  bubble;  akin  toWoft.]  A  small 
vesicle  of  water  or  other  fluid  inflated  with 
air;  a  blob  of  air  in  a  fluid;  fig.  something 
that  wants  firmness  or  solidity;  a  vain 
project;  a  false  show;  a  delusive  or  fraud- 
ulent scheme  of  speculation;  a  fraud. — 
v.i.-^bubbled,  bubbling.  To  rise  in  bubbles, 
as  liquors  when  boiling  or  agitated;  to 
run  with  a  gurgling  noise;  to  gurgle. — 
v.t.  To  cause  to  Dubble;  to  cheat;  to  de- 
ceive; to  trick.-v-Bubbly,  bub'li,  a.  Full 
of  bubbles. 

Bubo,  ba'bo,  w.  [Gr.  hoiiben.  the  groin,  a 
swelling  in  the  groin.]  A  tumour  or  ab- 
scess, with  Inflammation,  which  rises  in 
certain  glandujax  parts  of  the  body,  as  in 
the  groin  or  armpit.  —  Bubonocele,  ba- 
bon'o-sel,  n.  [Gr.  keie,  a  tumour.]  Rup- 
ture or  hernia  in  the  groin. 

Bucajieer,  Buccaneer,  buk-a-nEr',  n.  [Fr. 
boucanier,  a  pirate,  originally  ahunterwho 
smoked  the  flesh  of  the  animals  killed, 
from  bovcaner,  to  smoke  meat,  from  bou- 
can,  a  place  for  smoking  meat,-a  Corib 
word.]  A  pirate;  a  sea-robber;  more  es- 
peciallv,  one  of  the  piratical  adventurers, 
English  and  French,  who  combined  to 
ma^e  depredations  on  the  Spaniards  in 
America  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries. — 
v.i.  To  act  the  part  of  a  pirate  or  sea-robber. 

Buccal,  buk'al,  a.  [L.  bwtca,  the  cheek.] 
Pertaining  to  the  chee^.— Buccal  glands, 
the  small   glands  of  the  mouth  which 

'  secrete  a  viscous  fluid  that  mixes  with  the 
saJiva. 

Buccinator,  buk'sin-a-tfer,  n.  [L.,  a  trum- 
peter, from  buccina ,  a  trumpet ,  from  bucca, 
the  cheek.]     The  trumpeter's  muscle,  a 

I  flat  thin  muscle  forming  the  wall. of  the 
cheek,  assisting  in  mastication,  and  also 
in  blowing  wind-instruments. 

Bucentaur,  ba-sen'tar,  n.  [Gr.  bous,  an  ox, 
and  tentauros,  a  centaur.]  A  mythological 

;  monster,  half  man  and  half  ox;  the  state 

'  barge  of  Venice,  in  which  the  doge  and 
senate  went  to  wed  the  Adriatic. 

Buck,  -buk,  re.    [Ir.  and  Gael,  buae,  cow- 

,  dung  used  in  bleaching,  bleaching  liquor, 

I  lye;  from  W.  bis,  buiv,  Gael,  bo,  a  cow.J 

'  Lye  or  suds  in  which  clothes  are  soaked 
in  the  operation  of  bleaching.  — t>.t.  To 

1  soak  or  wash  in  lye,  a  process  in  bleaching; 
to  break  up  and  pulverize,  as  ores.— Buck- 

I  basXet,  n.  A  basket  in  which  clothes  are 
carried  to  the  wash. 

Buck,  buk,  re.    [A.  Sax.  hueea,  a  he-goat,  a 

I  buck=D.  bok,  Icel.  bokkr,  a  he-goat;  Dan. 
ImJc,  a  buck,  a  he^oat,  a  ram ;  G.  bock,  a 
he-goat,  a  buck;  W.  bwch,  a  buck,  Ir.  boe. 
a  he-goat.]  The  male  of  the  fallow-deer,  of 


the  goat,  tlie  rabbit  and  hare:  often  used 
specifically  of  the  male  of  the  faUow-decr; 
a  roe-buck;  a  dashing  fellow;  a  fop,  swell, 
or  dandy.— Buckish,  buk'ish,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  buck  or  dashing  fellow;  foppish. — 
Backishness,  buk'ish-nes,  n.— Buck-eye,  re. 
A  name  for  several  species  of  American 
horse-chestnut.— Buck-hound,  re.  A  kind 
of  hound,  less  than  the  stag-hound,  for 
hunting  bucks  or  fallow-deer. — Buckskin, 
buk'skin,  re.  A  kind  of  soft,  yellowish  or 
grayish  leather  originally  made  of  the  skin 
of  the  deer,  but  now  of  that  of  the  sheep;  pJ. 
breeches  made  of  this  leather. — Buckshot, 
w.  A  large  kind  of  shot  used  for  killing 
deer  or  other  large  game.— Buck-thorn;  re. 
A  somewhat  spiny  shrub  of  various  spe- 
cies; as  the  purging  buck-thorn,  a  native 
of  Britain,  having  small  shining  black 
berries  with  powerful  cathartic  properties; 
another  species  yields  the  Persian  or  yel- 
low berries  of  commerce. — Buck-tooth,  re. 
A  projecting  tooth  in  a  person's  jaw;  a 
prominent  canine  tooth. 

Bucket,  buk'et,  n.  {A.  Sax.  bus,  a  bucket, 
a  flagon,  a  pitcher,  with  dim.  term,  added 
Probably,  albed  to  bacfe,  a  vessel.]  A  vessel 
made  oi  wood,  leather,  metal;  or  other 
material,  for  drawing  or  holding  water  or 
other  liquids;  oile'  of  the  cavities  on  the 
circumference  of  a  water-wheel ,  into  which 
the  water  is  delivered  to  move' the  wheel; 
the  scoop  of  a  dredging-macliine  or  of  a 
gi-ain-clevato-.  — Bucketful,  buk'et-ful,  re. 
As  much  as  a  bucket  will  hold. — Bucket- 
wheel, re.  A  water-wheel  containing  cavi- 
ties on  its  circumference  to  catch  the 
water  that  drives  it ;  a  wheel  for  raising 
water,  having  a  rope  passing  round  it  with 
buckets  which  dip  into  a  well  and  dis- 
charge at  the  surface. 

Buckle,  bukl,  re.  [Fr.  bouele,  buckle,  from 
L.L.  fcwccMZa,  the  central  part  of  the  buck- 
ler, the  boss,  dim.  of  L.  bucca,  a  cheek.] 
An  instrument,  usually  m  ade  of  some  kind 
0*  metal,  and  consisting  of  a  rim  with  a 
chape  and  tongue,  used  for  fastening 
harness,  belts,  or  parts  of  dress  together; 
a  curl  of  hair;  a  state  of  being  curled  or 
crisped  (as  a  wig). — v.t.—buckled,  buckling. 
To  fasten  with  a  buckle  or  buckles;  rejl 
to  set  vigorously  to  work  at  anything ;  to 
join  together,  as  in  mairiage  (coUoq.l.— 
v.i.  To  Bend  or  bow  {S/iak.Jl;  to  apply  with 
vigour;  to  engage  with  zeal:  followed  by  to. 

Buckler,  buk'IOr,  n.  [O.Fr.  bockr,  Fr.  bouc- 
Iter,  a  protuberance,  a  boss  on  the  shield. 
BucKus.]  A  kind  of  shield,  a  piece  of  de- 
fensive armour  anciently  used  in  war,  and 
worn  on  the  left  arm.— «.i.t  To  be  a  buck- 
ler or  shield  to;  to  shield;  to  defend. 

Buckra,  buk'ra,n.  fW.  African  word  mean- 
ing supernatural  being  pr  demon.]  A 
negro  term  for  a  white  man. 

BucKram,  buk'ram,  re.  [O.E.6o/!;«rarn,from 
O.Pr.  boucaran,  boqueran,  M.H.G.  bucker- 
am,  buckeran,  L.L.  boquerannus,  &c.;  per- 
haps stuff  made  originally  of  goat's  hair 
{9.  bock,  a  goat).  Bdck.]  A  coarse  linen 
cloth,  stiffened  with  glue,  used  in  gar- 
ments to  keep  them  in  the  form  intended, 
and  for  wrappers  to  some  kinds  of  mer- 
chandise.— a.  Made  of  buckram  or  resem- 
bling buckram:  henc6,stiif,  precise,f  ormal. 

Buckshitih,  BucKsheiim,  buk'shesh.  Same 
as  Bakshish. 

Buckwheat,  buk 'whet,  re.  JTropi  Prov.  E. 
bu/:k,  beech,  and  wheat;  D.  boek-weit,  G. 
bvchweizen  (D.  boek,  G.  buche,  a  beech); 
from  the  resemblance  of  its  triangular 
seeds  to  beech-nuts.]  A  plant  with  a 
branched  and  jointed  herbaceous  stem, 
somewhat  arrow-shaped  leaves,  purplish- 
white  flowers,  and  bearing  small  triangu- 
lar seeds,  which  are  ground  into  meal  and 
form  a  valuable  article  of  food  much  used 
in Europeand  America;  called  also PraJiA;. 

Sucolic,  bu-kol'ik,  a.  [L.  bucolicus,  from 
Gr.  boukolikos,  pertaining  to  cattle,  pas- 
toral, from  bous,  an  ox.]  Pastoral;  relating 
to  country  affairs  and  to  a  herdsman's  life 
and  occupation. — re.  A  pastoral  poem. 

Bud,  bud,  re.  [Allied  to  D.  6o«,  a  bud;  O.Pr. 
boter,  to  bud;  Pr.  bouton,  a  bud;  E.  button.] 
A  small,  generally  more  or  less  ovoid,  pro- 
tuberance on  the  stem  or  branches  of  a 
plant,  being  the  form  in  which  leaves  or 
flowers  exist  before  expanding ;  a  promi- 


nence on  or  in  certain  aniiiia"..';  of  low  or- 
ganization, as  polyps,  which  becomes  de- 
veloped into  an  independent  being,  which 
may  or  may  not  remain  permanently  at- 
tached to  the  parent  organism. —«.i.—bu(/- 
ded,  budding.  To  put  fort  h  or  produce  buds ; 
to  sprout;  to  begin  to  grow  from  a  stock 
like  a  bud,  as  a  horn;  fig.  to  be  in  an  early 
stage  of  development. —  y.t.  To  graft  by 
inserting  a  bud  under  the  bark  of  another 
tree.— Budding,  bud'ing,  re.  Bort.  a  mode 
of  grafting,  in  which  a  leaf-bud  is  inserted 
as  a  graft  instead  of  a  young  shoot,  the 
bud  sending  out  a  stem  which  has  all  the 
properties  of  its  parent;  zool.  same  as 
Gemwiatiore.- Budlet,  bnd'let,  re.  A  littlo 
bud  springing  from  another  bud. 

Buddlusm,  bod'izm,  re.  [Buddha,  lit.  the 
wise,  from  Skr.  buddh,  toimow.  the  sacred 
name  of  the  founder  of  the  system,  who 
appears  to  have  lived  in  the  6th  cent.  b.c.] 
The  religious  system  founded  by  Buddha, 
one  of  the  most  jpTOminent  doctrines  of 
which  is  that  nirvdna,  or  an  absolute  re- 
lease from  existence,  is  the  chief  good; 
it  prevails  in  China,  Japan,  Cashmere, 
Thniet,  Birmah,  Ceylon,  &c.,  its  adherents 
comprising  about  a  third  of  the  human 
race.— Buddhist,  btid'ist,  re.  A  worshipper 
of  Buddlia;  one  who  adheres  to  the  system 
of  Buddhism.  —Buddhistic,  bod-ist'ik,  a. 
Relating  to  Buddha  or  to  Buddhism. 

Buddie,  bud'l,  n.  [  Comp.  G.  buiteln,  to 
shake.]  Mining,  a  large  square  frame  of 
boards  used- in  washing  metalliferous  ore.- 
— v.t.  or  i.  To  wash  ore  in  a  huddle. 

Budge,  buj,  v.i.  [  Fr.  bouger,  to  stir,  to 
move=Pr.  bolegar,  to  be  agitated.  It.  6oZi- 
care,  to  bubble,  from  L.  bvJlire,  to  boil. 
Boil.]  To  move  off;  to  stir;  to  remove 
from  a  spot  a  little;  to  flinch;  to  take  one's 
self  off.— Budger,  buj'er,  re.  One  who  moves 
or  stirs  from  his  place.    [S/tafc.] 

Bu<Q;e,  buj,  re.  [O.Fr.  bouge,  L.  bttZfira,  a 
leather  bag,  from  a  Gallic  word  seen  in  Ir. 
and  Gael,  oaiff,  bolg,  a  bag;  akin  bellows, 
belly.]  Lamb-skin  with  the  wool  dressea 
outwards,  formerly  used  as  an  ornamental 
border  for  scholastic  habits.— a.t  Trimmed 
or  adorned  with  budge;  scholastic;  pedan- 
tic; austere;  stiff;  formal.    [Mil.] 

Budget,  buj'et,  re.  [O.B.  boget,  bouget,  from 
Fr.  bougette,  dim.  of  bouge,  a  leather  bag. 
Budge, re.]  A  little  sack,  with  its  contents; 
hence,a  stock  or  store;  the  annual  financial 
statement  which  the  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer makes  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
presenting  an  estimate  of  the  probable 
income  and  expenditure  for  the  follow- 
ing twelve  months:  also  used  of  similar 
statements  in  other  countries  than  Eng- 
land. 

Buff,  buf ,  n.  [Abbrev.  of  buffalo.  O.E.  buffle, 
Fr.  buffie,  a  buffalo.]  A  sort  of  leather  pre- 
pared from  the  skin  of  the  buffalo,  ox,  ac, 
dressed  with  oil,  like  shammy;  the  colour 
of  buff;  alight  yellow.— a.  Made  of  buff;  of 
the  colour  of  buff.— Buffy,  buf 'i,  a.  Resem- 
bling buff;  buff-coloured.— £?#|/  coat,  the 
coat  which  appears  on  a  clot  of  blood 
drawn  from  a  vein  in  cases  of  inflamma- 
tion, pleurisy,  &c.— Buff-stick,  re.  A  stick 
covered  with  Kather,  velveteen,  &c.,  and 
powdered  with  emery,  used  in  polishing. — 
Buff-wheel,  re.  A  wheel  for  a  similar  pur- 
pose with  the  buff-stick. 

Buffalo,  buf'fa-lo,  re.  [Prom  Sp.  bufalo,  Pr. 
buffle,  L.  biibalu^,  bufaZus,  from  Gr.  bouba- 
los,  from  6o«8,  an  ox.]  A  ruminant  mam- 
mal of  the  ox  family  somewhat  larger  than 
the  common  ox  and  with  stouter  limbs, 
originally  from  India,  but  of  which  several 
species  are  now  found  in  most  of  the 
warmer  countries  of  the  Eastern  conti- 
nent, being  kept  as  domestic  animals  and 
used  for  draught,  &c. ;  the  name  also  ap- 
plied to  the  bison  of  North  America. — 
Buffalo-clover,  n.  An  American  species  of 
short  clover  which  covers  the  vast  prairies 
on  which  bisons  feed. — Buffalo-grass,  re.  A 
species  of  short  grass  growing  on  the  prai- 
ries of  North  America.— Buflalo-robe,  re. 
The  skin  of  the  bison  of  North  America 
prepared  with  the  hair  on,  whether  used 
for  covering  the  person  or  not. 

Buffer,  buffer,  re.  [O,  E..  buff,  to  strike;  buf- 
fet, a  blow.]  Any  apparatus  for  deadening] 
the  concussion  between  a  moTing  body^ 


ch.eftftini:«h,§s,lfi?fti    e^go;    j,;ol?v^  Q,ft.t9^!J6ifflK?US?j.ttsmJ^lMRii!f.!»^^ 


BUFFER 


86 


BULLY 


and  the  oup  on  which  it  strikes;  an  ap- 
paratus with  powerful  springs  attached  to 
railway-carriages  to  prevent  injury  from 
violent  contact. 

Buffer,  buf  er,  n.  [From  O.E.  bvffe,  to  stam- 
mer, Fr.  bvfer,  to  puflF  out  tne  cheeks; 
comp.  Sc.  b^cff,  nonsense.]  A  foolish  fellow; 
a  fellow:  a  term  expressive  of  extreme 
familiarity,  and  generally  having  a  flavour 
of  contempt. 

Buffet,  buf 'et,  n.  [Fr.  buffet,  a  sideboard, 
a  cupboard.]  A  cupboard,  sideboard,  or 
closet,  to  hold  china,,  crystal,  plate,  and 
other  like  articles ;  the  space  set  apart  for 
refreshments  in  public  places. 
Buffet,  buf  et,  n.  [O.Fr.  buffet,  bufet,  a^slap, 
£i  blow,  dim.  from  buffe,  bu/e,  aolow.]  A 
blow  with  the  fist ;  a  box ;  a  cuiF;  a  slap ; 
hence,  hard  usage  of  any  kind  suggestive 
of  blows  (Fortune's  buffets). — v.t.  To  strike 
with  the  hand  or  fist ;  to  box ;  to  beat ;  to 
beat  in  contention;  to  contend  against 
(buffet  the  billows). — v.i.  To  deal  blows  or 
buffets;  to  make  one's  way  by  buffeting. 
Buffo,  buffo,  n.  [It.]  The  comic  actor  in 
an  opera;  a  comic  singer.— a.  Comic. 
Buffoon,  buf-fon',  n.  [Fr.  bouffon,  from  It. 
buffone,  from  buffare,  to  jest  or  sport,  from 
biiffa,  a  trick,  a  piece  of  sport.]  A  man 
who  makes  a  practice  of  amusing  others 
by  low  tricks,  odd  gestures  and  postures, 
jokes,  &c. ;  a  merry-andrew ;  a  clown ;  a 
jester.— «.<.  To  make  ridiculous.— w.i.  To 
play  the  butfoon.— a.  Characteristic  of  a 
buffoon.— Buffoonery,  buf-fon'er-i,  n.  The 
arts  and  practices  of  a  buffoon ;  low  jests ; 
ridiculous  pranks. — Buffoonish,  buf-fon'- 
ish,  a.  Like  a  buffoon ;  consisting  in  low 
jests  or  gestures. — Buffoonism,  buf-f  on'izm, 
n.  The  practices  of  a  buffoon. 
Bufonite,  bti'fon-it,  n.  [From  L.  bufo,  bu- 
fonis,  a  toad.]  Toadstone;  a  fossil  consist- 
ing of  the  petrified  teeth  of  fishes,  formerly  ' 
much  esteemed  for  its  imaginary  virtues. 
Bug,  bug,  71.  [W.  bwg,  a  hobgoblin,  a  scare- 
crow; akin  to  E.  bogey,  Bc.bogle.^  A  hob- 
goblin, spectre,  or  bugbear  (S'/iafc.)  J;  aname 
applied  to  insects  of  various  kinds,  as  the 
may-6?tff,  the  ladjr-6uff;  particularly  ap- 
plied to  an  annoying  insect  of  a  flat  shape 
and  rusty  colour,  which  infests  the  furni- 
ture, beds,  and  walls  of  houses,  emits  an 
offensive  smell,  and  inflicts  severe  bites  oa 
persons.— Bugbear,  bug'bar,  n.  [Lit.  a  bug 
or  hobgoblin  in  the  shape  of  a  bear. I  Some- 
thing real  or  imaginary  that  causes  terror. 
—Buggy,  bug'i,  a.  -Abounding  with  bugs. 
— BugginesB,  bug'i-nes, ». 
Buggy,  bug'i,  n.  A  name  given  to  several 
species  of  light  one-horse  carriages  or  gigs. 
Bugle,  Bugle -horn,  bn'gl,  bQ'gl-hom,  n. 
[Lit.  a  buffalo-horn,  from  O.E.  bugle,  a 
buffalo, from  L.  buculus,aL  young  bullock.] 
A  hunting  horn;  a  military  musical  brass 
■wind  -  instrument,  now  frequently  fur- 
nished with  keys  so  as  to  bij  capable  of 
f)roducing  all  the  notes  of  the  scale.— Bug- 
er,  bQglfer,  n.  One  who  plays  a  bugle; 
a  soldier  whose  duty  is  to  convey  the  com- 
mands of  the  officers  by  so".nding  a  bugle. 
Bugle,  ba'gl,  n.  [L.L.  bugulua,  a  female 
ornament,  from  root  seen  in  A.  Sax.  biigan, 
to  bend,  to  bow,  G.  biigel,  a  bent  piece  of 
metal.]  A  shining  elongated  glass  bead, 
usually  black,  used  in  decorating  female 
apparel,  &c. — a.t  Black  as  a  bugle  or  bead; 
jet-black.    [Shak.^ 

Bugloej,  bn'glcs,  n.  [L.  buglossus,  Gr.  bou- 
gUsBQS—botis,  an  ox,  and  glossa,  tongue.] 
A  bristly  plant  of  several  species,  with 
narrow  oblong  leaves  and  deep  purple 
flowers,  a  common  weed,  and  so  called 
from  the  shape  and  roughness  of  its  leaves; 
ox-tongue. 

BnU,  bal,  n.  [From  Bottle,  an  Italian  wood- 
carver,  who  introduced  this  style  of  work 
into  France  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.] 
Unbumished  gold,  brass,  or  mother-of- 
pearl  worked  into  complicated  and  orna- 
mental patterns,  used  for  inlaying;  articles 
ornamented  in  this  style.— Bunlwork,  bol'- 
werk,  n.  Work  in  which  wood,  tortoise- 
shell,  &c.,  is  inlaid  with  buhl. 
Buhrstone,  bdr'stSn,  n.  Same  as  Burr- 
stone.  _„ 

Build,  bild,  v.t.—bvilt,  building.  The  pret. 
&  pp.  builded  are  now  confined  to  poetry. 
[Oi  obscure  origin,  but  connected  with 


A.  Sax.  bold,  a  house,  a  dwelling;  Icel.  hdl, 
Dan.  &0I,  a  house,  a  dwelling,  from  same 
root  as  Icel.  biia,  to  dweU,  G.  bauen,  to 
build  or  cultivate.]  To  frame,  construct, 
and  raise,  as  an  edifice  or  fabric  of  almost 
any  kind;  to  construct;  to  frame;  to  raise 
on  a  support  or  foundation ;  to  rear ;  to 
erect ;  to  settle  or  establish  (fame,  hopes, 
&c.). — v.i.  To  exercise  the  art  or  practise 
the  business  of  building;  to  rest  or  depend 
(to  build  on  another's  foundation);  to  base; 
to  rely, — n.  Consti^ction ;  make ;  form.— 
Builder,  bil'der,  n.  One  who  builds ;  one 
whose  occupation  is  to  build,  as  an  archi- 
tect, ship-wright,  mason,  4c.  —  Building, 
bild'ing,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  builds:  the 
thing  built ,  as  a  house,a  church ,  &c. ;  fabric; 
edifice.  —  Built,  bUt,  p.  and  a.  Formed; 
shaped(of  the  human  body,&c. ):  frequently 
in  composition;  constructed  of  different 
pieces  instead  of  one,  as  a  mast,  beam,  &c. 

Bukshiah,  buk'shesh.n.  8a.ine  a.s  Bakshish. 

Bulb,  bulb,  n.  [L.  bullnis,  a  bulbous  root.] 
The  rounded  part  or  head  of  an  onion  or 
similar  plant;  strictly,  a  modified  leaf-bud, 
consisting  of  imbricated  scales  or  concen- 
tric coats  or  layers,  formed  on  a  plant  usu- 
ally beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
emitting  roots  from  its  base,  and  produc- 
ing a  stem  from  its  centre,  as  in  the  onion, 
lily,  hyacinth,  &c. ;  any  protuberance  or 
expansion  resembling  a  bulb,  especially 
an  expansion  at  the  end  of  a  stalk  or  long 
and  slender  body,  ap  in  the  tube  of  a  ther- 
mometer.— v.i.  To  project  or  be  protuber- 
ant: with  Old. — Bulbed,  bulbd,  a.  Having 
a  bulb  or  having  the  form  of  a  bulb. — 
Bulbel.  Bulbil,  bul'bel,  bvil'bil,  n.  Bot.  a 
separable  bulb  formed  on  certain  flower- 
ing plants;  a  small  axillary  bulb.  —  Bul- 
hiierous,  bul-bif '6r-us,  a.  Producing  bulbs. 
— Bulblet,  bulb'let,  n.  Bot.  a  bulb  which 
separates  spontaneously  from  the  stem  of 
a  plant.— Bulbose,  Bulbous,  bul'bos,  bul'- 
bus,  o.  Ha^'ing  or  pertaining  to  bulbs  or 
a  bulb ;  grovv'ing  from  bulbs ;  resembling 
a  bulb  in  shape;  swelling  out. 

Bulbul,  burbul,  n.  The  Persian  name  of 
the  nightingale,  or  a  species  of  nightin- 
gale; an  Eastern  name  of  other  singing 
birds. 

Bulgarian,  bul-ga'ri-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Bulgaria. — n.  A  member  of  the  Bulgarian 
race;  the  language  of  the. Bulgarians,  a 
Slavonic  tongue. 

Bulge,  bulj,  v.i.— bulged,  bidging.  [From 
the  Scandinavian ;  O.Sw.  bulgja,  to  swell; 
Icel.  bdlginn,  sR'ollen:  the  same  word  as 
A.  Sax.  belgan,  to  swell,  in  sense  of  be 
angry;  akin  beUy,  bellows,  boivl,  billow, 
bulk,  &c.  Bilge  is  another  spelling.]  To 
swell  out ;  to  be  protuberant ;  to  bilge,  as 
a  ship.— Biflgy.t  bul'ji,  a.  Bending  out- 
ward. 

Bulimia,  Bulimy,  ba-lim'i-a,  bQli-mi,  n. 
[Gr.  boulimia—bous,aii  ox, in  composition, 
huge,  great,  and  limos,  hunger.]  Morbidly 
voracious,  insatiable  appetite. 

Bulk,  bulk,  n.  [Same  root  as  bulge;  IceL 
baiki,  a  heap,  the  freight  of  a  vessel;  Dan. 
bulk,  a  lump,  a  clod;  O.Sw.  balk,  a  crowd, 
a  mass.]  Magnitude  of  material  substance; 
whole  dimensions;  size;  the  gross;  the  ma- 
jority; the  main  mass  or  body  (the  bulk  of 
a  nation) ;  the  whole  contents  of  a  ship's 
hold.— Jn  buik,  loose  or  open,  that  is  not 
packed  in  bags,  boxes,  &c.—v.i.  To  grow 
large;  to  swell;  to  appear  large  or  impor- 
tant.—Bulky,  bul'ki,  a.  Of  great  bulk  or 
dimensions;  of  great  size;  large. — Bulkl- 
ness,  bul'ki-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  bulky.— Bulk-head,  n.  A  partition 
.in  a  ship  made  with  boards,  to  form  separ- 
ate apartments. 

Bull,  bill,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bull  (only  found  in 
dim.  biilluea,  a  bullock) ;  L.6.  (mile,  bolle, 
D.  bul,  Icel.  bolt,  a  bull.  The  root  may 
be  in  A.  Sax.  bellan,  to  bellow.]    The  male 

•  of  any  bovine  quadruped  or  animal  of  the 
ox  or.cow  Jcind;  an  old  male  whale;  stock- 
exchange  slatig,  one  who  operates  in  order 
to  effect  a  rise  in  the  price  of  stock :  the 

•  opposite  of  a  bear.  —  a.  Male,  or  of  large 
size ;  characteristic  of  a  bull,  as  coarse, 
loud,  obstinate,  or  the  like :  used  in  com- 
position ;  as,  a  ftuH-trout,  6?<!J-head,  bul- 
rush,&c.— Bulktck.bul'ok.n.  [A.S.  bulluca. 
dim.  of  btUl.i    An  ox  or  castrated  bull;  a 


full-grown  steer.  —  BaU-baitinj(.  n.  The 
practice  of  baiting  or  attacking  bulls  with 
trained  dogs.- BuU-calf,  n.  A  male  calf ; 
a  stupid  fellow  (iS/iafc.).— BuU-dog,  n.  A 
very  strong  muscular  variety  of  dog,  with 
large  head,  broad  muzzle,  short  hair,  and 
of  remarkable  courage  and  ferocity:  lor- 
merly  much  used  in  bull-baiting.— Bull- 
fight, n.  A  combat  between  armed  men 
and  bulls  in  a  closed  arena:  a  popular 
amusement  in  Spain. — Bull-fighter,  n.  A 
man  who  engages  in  buU-fights.  —  Bull- 
finch, n.  A  species  of  finch,  distinguished 
by  the  large  size  of  the  head,  the  stoutness 
of  the  bill,  and  by  having  the  beak  and 
crown  of  the  head  black ;  it  is  a  British 
Bong-bird.— Bull-fly,  n.  The  gadfly  (which 
see).— Bull-frog,n..  A  large  species  of  frog 
living  in  marshy  places  in  North  America, 
having  a  loud  bass  voice  which  resembles 
the  bellowing  of  a  bull.— Bull-head,  n.  A 
name  given  to  several  species  of  fish  with 
wide  and  flattened  heads,  as  the  miller"s- 
thumb,  a  spiny-finned  fresh-water  fish  oc- 
curring in  some  British  rivers;  Jig.  a  dull, 
stupid,  or  obstinate  fellow.— BuU'g-eye,  n. 
Arch,  any  circular  opening  for  the  admis- 
sion of  light  or  air;  a  round  piece  of  thick 
glass  convex  on  one  side  let  into  the  deck, 
port,  or  sky-light  of  a  vessel  for  the  pur- 
pose of  admitting  light;  a  small  lantern 
with  a  leng  on  one  side  to  concentrate  the 
light  in  k  given  direction;  the  centre  of  a 
target  of  a  different  colour  from  the  rest 
of  -it,  and  usually  round,  also  a  shot  that 
hits  the  buU's-eye.  —  BuU-terrier,  n.  A 
variety  of  dog,  a  cross-breed  between  a 
bull-dog  and  a  terrier.— Bull-trout,  n.  A 
large  species  of  fish  of  the  salmon  family, 
thicker  and  clumsier  than  the  salmon.  • 
Bull,  bul,  n.  [L.  bulla,  a.  boss,  an  orna- 
ment worn  on  a  child's  neck,  laier  a  lead- 
en seal.]  Originally  the  seal  appended  to 
the  edicts  and  briefs  of  the  pope;  hence,  a 
letter,  edict,  or  rescript  of  the  pope,  pub- 
lished or  transmitted  to  the  churches  over 
which  he  is  head,  containing  some  decree, 
order,  or  decision.  , 

Bull,  bul.  n.  [Origin  doubtful.]  A  gross 
inconsistency  in  language;  a  ludicrous 
blunder  involving  a  contradiction  in 
terms. 

BuUace,  bxil'Ss,  n.  [A  Celtic  word;  W. 
bwlas.  It.  bulos,  Fr.  buloee.  Armor,  bolos.J 
The  wild  plum,  a  British  plant,  yielding 
two  varieties  of  fruit,  red  and  white,  used 
like  damsons. 

Bnllate,  bul'lat,  a.  [L.  buUatu?,  from  bulla, 
a  bubble.]  In  bot.  having  elevations  like 
.  bubbles  or  blisters,  as  a  leaf  whose  mem- 
branous part  rises  between  the  veins  in 
elevations  like  blisters. 
Bullet,  biil'et,  n.  [Fr.  boulet,  a  dim.  from 
boule,  a  ball,  from  L.  btdla,  a  bubble,  a 
boss,  a  seal.  Akin  bullion,  bulletin,  to  boil, 
a  papal  bull.)  A  small  ball ;  a  projectile 
generally  of  lead  intended  to  be  discharged 
from  small-arms,  as  rifles,  muskets,  pis- 
tols, &c.— Bullet-mould,  re.  A  mould  for 
casting  bullets.— Bullet-proof,  a.  Capable 
of  resisting  the  force  of  a  bullet. 
Bulletin,  b\il'e-tin,  n.  [Fr.,  from  It.  bulle- 
tino,  dim;  of  bulla,  an  edict  of  the  pope.] 
An  oflScial  report,  concerning  some  public 
event,  such  as  military  operations,  the 
health  of  the  sovereign,  4c.,  issued  for  the 
information  of  the  public;  any  public 
announcement,  especially  of  news  recent- 
ly received. 

Bullion,  bul'yon,  «.  [From  L.L.  bullio, 
buUiona,  ai  mass  of  gold  or  silver,  from  L. 
bulla,  a  boss,  a  stud,  a  seal.  Bullet.  ] 
Uncoined  gold  or  silver  in  the  mass;  gold 
or  silver  not  in  the  form  of  current  coin; 
the  precious  metals  in  bars,  ingots,  or  in 
'  any  uncoined  form ;  foreign  or  uncurrent 
coins;  a  kind  of  her.vy  twisted  fringe  fre- 
quently made  of  silk  and  covered  with 
fine  gold  or  silver  wire.— BuUi oner,  bul'- 
yon-6r,n.  A  deal€r  in  bullion.— Bullionlst, 
biil'yon-ist,  n.  An  advocate  of  an  exclu- 
sive metallic  currency. 
Bullock.  Under  Bull. 
Bnlly,  bul'i,  n.  (From  root  of  bull,  leUow; 
originally  the  first  element  in  compounds 
such  as  bully-rook  bully- Jack,  and  other  old 
terms;  comp.  Sw.  bullerbas, a  noisy  person, 
from  bullra,  to  make  a  noise.]    A  bluster- 


Fate,  ftlr,  fat,  fftll;  .  me,  met,  htr,     pine,  pin;  ^nSte,  not,  mOve;     tube,  tub,  bgll;     oil,  pound;     u,  Sc.  abuue— the  Fr.  u. 


BULRUSH 


87 


BUREAU 


)  ug.  quarrelsome,  overbearing  fellow,  more 
distinguished  for  insolence  than  for  cour- 
age; a  swaggerer;  one  who  domineers  or 
browbeats ;  a  brisk,  dashing  fellow  :  a  fa- 
miliar term  of  addi-ess,  {Shak.}l.—v.t. — 
bullied,  bullying.  To  act  the  bully  towards; 
to  overbear  with  bluster  or  menaces.— v.i. 
To  be  loudly  arrogant  and  overbearing;  to 
be  noisy  and  qviarrelseme;  to  bluster,  swag- 
ger, hector,  or  domineer. 

Bulrush,  bm'rush,  n.  [Prom  hull,  implying 
largeness,  and  rush.]  A  name  given  to 
large  rush-like  plants,  of  various  genera, 
growing  in  marshes. -Bulrushy,  bul'rush-i, 
a.  Abounding  in  bulrushes,  resembling 
or  pertaining  to  bulrushes. 

Bulse,  buls,  n.  [Pg.  bolsa,  a  purse;  same 
word  as  burse,  bourse.^  In  the  East  Indies, 
a  bag  or  purse  to  cairy  or  measure  valu- 
ables ;  a  certain  quantity  of  diamonds  or 
other  valuables. 

Bulwark,  bul'werk,  n.  [Lit.  a  work  built 
of  the  boles  or  trunks  of  trees,  from  Dan. 
bidvcerk,  D.  bolwerk,  G.  bollwerk,  rampart; 
hence  by  corruption  Fr.  boulevard.]  A 
mound  of  earth  round  a  place,  capable  of 
resisting  cannon  shot,  and  formed  with 
bastions,  curtains,  Sec;  a  rampart;  a  forti- 
fication; that  which  protects  or  secures 
against  attack;  means  of  protection  and 
safety;  the  boarding  round  the  sides  of  a 
ship,  above  the  level  of  the  decks,  to  pre- 
vent them  being  swept  by  the  waves,  &c. 
—v.t.  To  fortify  with  a  biilwark  or  ram- 
part; to  protect.     ,  , .         , 

Bum,t  bum,  v.i.  [A  diflferent  spelling  of 
boom,  D.  bomnien,  to  boom  or  sound  nol- 
low.J  To  make  a  hollow  noise;  to  boom. — 
n.  A  droning  or  humming  sound,  as  that 
made  by  the  bee;  a  hum. 

Bumbailif,  bufli-ba'lif,  n.  [Probably  a  vul- 
gar corruption  of  bouiid  bailiff.]  An  un- 
der-bailiff;  a  civil  officer  appointed  to 
serve  writs  and  to  make  arrests  and'exbcu- 
tions  for  debt. 

Bumble-bee,  bum'bl-b5,  n.  [Prom  bum,  to 
hum  or  boom.]  A  large  bee;  a  humble- 
bee:  so  named  from  its  sound. 

Bumbledom,  bum'bl-dum,n..  [From  Bum- 
ble, the  beadle,  a  character  in  Dickens' 
Oliver  Tiirist]  A  sarcastic  term  applied 
to  fussy  official  pomposity  and  incapacity, 
especially  in  the  case  of  the  members  or 
petty  corporations,  as  vestries. 

Bumboat,  bum'bot,  n.  [D.  bumboot,  a  wide 
fishing-boat,  from  bun,  a  tank  in  a  boat  in  i 
which  fish  are  kept  alive, and  boot,  a  boat.) 
A  boat  for  carrying.provisions  to  a  ship  at 
a  distance  from  shore. 

Bump,  bump,  v.t.  [Perhaiw  imitative  of 
sound;  Comp.  L.G.  bumsen,  to  strike  or- 
fall  on  witK  a  hollow  noise;  also  W.  pwmp, 
a  round  mass ;  pwmpiaw,  to  thump.]  To 
make  to  come  m  violent  contact;  to  give 
a  shock  to ;  to  strike ;  to  thump.— y.t.  To 
come  in  collision ;  to  strike  against  some- 
thing.—n.  A  swelling  or  protuberance  (es- 
pecially on  the  body) ;  phren.  one  of  the 
natural  protuberances  on  the  surface  of 
the  skull  regarded  as  indicative  of  distinct 
qualities,  affections,  propensities,  &c.,  of 
the  mind;  a  shock  from  a  collision. 

Bumper,  bum'per,  n.  [Corrupted  from  older 
bumbard,  bombard.]  A  cup  or  glass  filled 
to  the  brim;  something  well  or  completely 
filled.. 

Bumpkin,  bumpTsin,  n.  [For  bumkin,  a 
short  boom,  a  bumpkin  being  a  blockish 
fellow,  a  blockhead.]  An  awkward, clumsy 
rustic;  a  clown  or  country  lout.— Bump- 
kinly,  bump'kin-li,  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  a  bumpkin  or  clown. 

Bumptious,  bump'shus,  a.  [For  bumpish, 
from  bump,  apt  to  strike  against  or  come 
in  contact  with  others.]  Offensively  self- 
assertive;  disposed  to  quarrel;  domineer- 
ing. [Colloq.]  —  Biunptiousness,  bump'- 
shus-nes,  n.    [Colloq.] 

Bun,  bun,  n.  [O.Fr.  bxigne,  a  swelling;  Fr. 
bugnet,  a  little  puffed  loaf.]  A  kind  of 
cake;  a  kind  of  sweet  bread. 

Bunch,  bunsh,  n.  [From  O.Sw.  and  Dan. 
bunke,  Icel.  bunki,  a  heap.  Bunk.]  A 
protuberance;  a  hunch;  a  knob  or  lump;  a 
collection,  cluster,  or  tuft  of  things  of  the 
same  kind  connected  together  in  growth 
or  tied  together;  anv  cluster  or  aggregate. 
~v.i.  To  swell  out  in  a  proiuberance ;  to 


cluster,  as  into  bunches.— w.t.  To  form'  or 
tieinaounch.— Bunch-backed, a.  Having 
a  bunch  on  the  back;  crooked.  [Shak.}— 
Bunchy,  bunsh'i,  o.  Having  a  bunch  or 
hunch;  having  knobs  or  protuberances; 
growing  in  a  bunch;  like  a  bunch.— Bunchl- 
ness,  bunsh'i-nes,  n. 

Bund,  bund,  n.  In  the  East  Indies,  an 
embankment. 

Bundle,  bun'dl,  n.  [A  dim.,  from  bind; 
equivalent  to  D.  bondel,  G.  biindel,  bundle.  ] 
A  number  of  things  bound  or  rolled  into 
a  convenient  form  for  conveyance  or  hand- 
ling; a  package. — v.t.— bundled,  bundling. 
To  tie  or  bind  in  a  bundle  or  roll :  often 
followed  by  up;  to  place  or  dispose  of  in 
a  hurried  unceremonious  manlier.  —  To 
bundle  off,  to  send  a  person  off  in  a  hurry; 
to  send  off  unceremoniously. — To  bundle 
out,  to  expel  summarily.- w.i.  To  depart 
in  a  hurry  or  unceremoniously:  often  with 
off. 

Bung,  bung,  n.  [Allied  to  D.  bom,  0,D. 
bonne,  a  bung;  Ir.  buinne,  a  tap,  a  spigbt; 
W.  bwng,  a  bung-hole.]  A  largo  cork  or 
stopper  for  closing  the  hole  -m  a  cask 
through  which  it  is  filled.— «.«.  To  stop 
the  orifice  of  with  a  bung;  to  close  up. — 
Bung-hole,  n.  The  hole  or  orifice  in  a  cask 
through  which  it  is  filled,  and  which  is 
closed  by  a  bhng. 

Bungalow,  bung'ga-Io,  n.  [Per.  bangalah, 
from  Bengal ;  lit.  a  Bengalese  houses]  In 
India,  a  house  or  residence,  generally  of  a 
single  floor,  and  surrounded-  by  a  veran- 
dah. 

Bungle,  bung'gl,  v.i.  — bungled,  bungling. 
[Akin  to  bang,  G.  dial,  bungen,  O.Sw.  bunga, 
to  beat,  to  bang.]  To  perform  in  a  clumsy 
awkward  manner.— w.!!.  To  make  or  mend 
clumsily;  to  botch;  to  manage  awkwardly; 
to  perform  inefficiently.  —  n.'A  clumsy 
performance;  a  piece  of  awkward  work;  a 
botch. — Bungler,  bung'gler,  n.  One  who 
bungles;  one  who  performs  without  skill. — 
Bungling,  bung'glinyj  a.  Prone  to  bungle; 
clumsy :  characterized  by  bungling.  — Bung- 
llngly,  bung'gling-li,  adv.  In  a  bungling 
manner;  clumsily;  awkwardly. 

Bunion.    Bunyon. 

Bunk,  bimgk,  n.  [Sw.  bunke,  a  wooden 
vessel,  a  coop,  in  O.Sw.  also  part  of  a  ves- 
sel's deck.]  A  wooden  box  or  case,  serving 
as  a  seat  during  the  day  and  a  bed  "at 
night;  one  of  a  series  of  sleeping  berths 
arranged  above  each  other.  — Bunker, 
bung'k6r,-n.  A  sort  of  fixed  chest  or  box; 
a  large  bin  or  receptacle  (a  coa,l-bunker). 

Bunkum,  Buncombe,  bung'kum,  n.  [From 
Buncoime,  in  North  Carolina,  the  member 
of  Congress  for  this  place  having  on  one 
occasion  admitted  that  he  was  talking  not 
for  any  useful  end  but  simply  'for  Bun- 
combe,'that  is,  to  please  his  constituents.] 
Talking  for  talking's  sake;  bombastic 
speech-making;  mere  words.    [American.] 

Bunny,  bun'i,  n.  [Ir.  and  Gael.'  bun,  root, 
stump;  lit.  the  short-tailed  animal.]  A  sort 
of  pet  name  for  the  rabbit. 

Bunt,  bunt,  n.    (Sw.  bunt,  Dan.  bundt,  a 

.  bundle.]  Ifawt.  the  middle  part,  cavity,  or 
belly  of  a  sail. — v.i.  To  swell  out.  —  Bunt- 
line,  bunt'lin,-n.  Naut.  one  of  the  ropes 
fastened  on  the  bottoms  of  square  sails,  to 
draw  them  up  to  their  yards. 

Bunt,  bunt,  n.  [Supposed  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  burnt.]  A  disease  of  wheat;  smut; 
also,  the  fungus  producing  the  disease. 

Bunter-sandsteln,  bun'ter-sand'stin,  n.  [G., 
lit.  variegated  sandstone.]  Geol.  a  Ger- 
man name  for  the  new  red  sandstone. 

Bunting,  bun'ting,  n.  [O.E.  bunting,  bount- 
ing,  buntel,  Sc.  buntlin;  origin  unknown.] 
The  popular  name  of  a  number  of  inses- 
sorial  birds  closely  allied  to  finches  and 
sparrows;  such  as  the  English  or  common 
bunting;  the  rice  bunting,  &c. 

Bunting,  Buntine,  bun'ting,  bun'tin,  n. 
[Probably  from  G.  bunt,  D.  bont,  party- 
coloured,  of  different  colours.  Comp.  next 
art.]  A  thin  woollen  stuff,  of  which  the 
colours,  or  flags  and  signals,  of  ships  are 
made;  a  vessel's  flags  collectively. 

Bunting-crow,  bun'ting-kro,  n.  [Jr.  bonis- 
kraai — bont,  party-coloured,  and  kraai,  a 
crow.J    The  hoo<led  crow. 

Bunyon,  Bunion,  bun'yon,  n.  [From  It. 
bugnune,  a  round  fiK)t  or  bunch,  a  boil. 


Bten  is  of  the  same  origin.]  An  excres- 
cence or  knob  on  some  of  the  joints  of  the 
feet,  generally  at  the  side  of  the  bail  of 
the  great  toe,  which  causes  an  inflamma- 
tion of  the  small  membranous  sac  called 
bursa  mucosa. 

Buoy,  boi,  n.  [D.  hoei,  a  buoy;  a  fetter, 
O.Fr.  boye,  from  L.  boicE,  a  kind  of  fetter 
or  shackle;  a  buoy  being  fettered  at  a 
fixed  point.]  A  floating  object  fixed  at  a 
certain  place  to  show  the  position  of  ob- 
jects beneath  the  water,  ae  shoals,  rocks, 
&c.,  pr  to  mark  out  the  c6urse  a  ship  is  to 
follow,  &c.;  a  floating  object  used  to  throw 
overboard  for  a  person  -ivho  has  fallen  into 
the  water  to  lay  hold  of,  and  to  keep  him 
afloat  till  he  can  be  taken  out;  more  par- 
ticularly called  a  life-buoy.— v.t.  To  keep 
afloat  in  a  fluid,  as  in  water  or  air:  gene- 
rally with  up;  fig.  to  keep  from  sinking 
into  despondency;  to  fix  buoys  in  as  a  di- 
rection to  mariners.  —  Bi^oyage,  boi'aj,  n. 
A  series  of  buoys  or  floating  beacons,  for 
the  guidance  of  vessels  into  or  out  of  port, 
&c.— Buoyancy,  Buoyance,  boi'an-si,  boi'- 
ans,  «.  The  (quality  of  being  buoyant, 
thai  is  of  floating  on  the  surface  of  water 
or  in,  the  atmosphere ;  fig.  Ughthearted- 
ness;  cheerfulness;  hopefulness;  elasticity 
of  spirit.— Buoyant,  boi'ant,  a.    Floating; 

•  light;  having  the  quality  of  rising  or  float- 
ing in  a  fluid;  fi^.  cheerful;  hopeful;  not 
easily  depressed.  —  Buoyantly,  boi'ont-li, 
adv.    In  a  buoyant  manner. 

Bur,  Burr,  b6r,  n.  [A.  Sax.  bur^,  a  bur,  a 
burdock;  Dan.  borre,  Sw.  kardborre,  a  bur-: 
dock;  1116  root  is  probably  seen  in  Ir.  boirr, 
a  knob,  borraim,  to  swell.]  A  rough 
prickly  covering  of  the  seeds  of  certain 
plants,  as  of  the  chestnut  and  burdock; 
the  plant  burdock;  engr.  a  slight  ridge  of 
metal  left  bj;  the  graver  on  the  edges  of  a 
line,  and  which  is  removed  by  a  scraper; 
the  guttural  pronunciation  of  the  rough 
r  common  in  some  of  the  northern  coun- 
ties of  England. — Burry,  b6r'i,  a.  Full  of 
burs;  resembling  burs. 

Burbot,  ber'bot,  n,  [Fr.  barbote,' from 
barbe,  L.  barba,  a  beard.]  A  fish  of  the 
cod  family,  shaped  like  an  eel  but  shorter, 
with  a  flat  head  and  two  small  beards  on 
the  nose  and  another  on  the  chin,  found 
in  several  English  rivers  and  lakes. 

Borden,  Burthen,  ber'dn,  bfer'^Hn,  ».  [A. 
Sax.  byrihen,  from  beran,  to  bear,  like 
Icel.  byrthr.  byrthi,  Dan.  Ibyrde,  Goth. 
baurthei,  G.-oiirde',  a  burden.  Beak.]  That 
which' is  borne  or  carried;  a  load;  that 
which  is  grievous,- wearisome,  or  oppres- 
sive; the  quantity  or  number  of  tons  a 
vessel  will  carry.— v.t.  To  load;  to  lay  a 
heavy,load  on;  to  encumber  with  weight; 
to  oppress  with  anything  grievous;  to  sur- 
charge.—Burdensome,  Eurthensome,  b6r'- 
dn-sum,  bCr'THn-sum,  a.  Weighing  like 
a  heavy  burden ;  grievous  to  oe  borne ; 
causing  uneasiness  or  fatigue;  oppressive; 
heavy ;  wearisome.  —  Burdensomely,  Bur- 
thensomely,  b6r'dn-sum-li,  b*r'THn-sum- 
li,  adv.  In  a  burdensome  manner. — Bur- 
densomeneas,  b6r'dn-sum-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  burdensome;  heaviness; 
oppressiveness. 

Burden,  bei'dn,  n.  [Fr.  bourdon,  a  drone 
or  bass,  the  humble-bee,  from  L.L.  burdo, 
SL.  drone.]  The  part  in  a  song  which  is 
repeated  at  the  end  of  each  verse;  the 
chorus  or  refrain;  a  subject  on  which  one 
dwells. 

Burdock,  bSr'dok,  n.  [Bur  and  dock.]  The 
popular  name  pf  a  large  rough-leaved  per- 
ennial plant  belonging  to  the  composite 
family,  common  on  roadsides  and  waste 
placess  and  a  troublesome  weed  in  culti- 
vated grounds. 

Bureau,  bu-ro',  pi.  Bureaux  or  Bureatu, 
bu-roz ,  n.  [Fr.  bureau,  an  office,  a  desk 
or  writing-table,  originally  a  kind  of  russet 
stuff  with  which  writing-tables  were  cov- 
ered, from  L.  burrus,  red  or  reddish.]  A 
desk  or  writing-table,  with  drawers  for 
papers ;  an  escritoire ;  an  office  or  place 
where  business  is  transacted;  a  depart- 
ment for  the  transaction  of  public  busi- 
ness; a  chest  of  drawers  for  clothes,  Ac. — 
Bureaucracy,  bfl-ro'kra-si,  n.  The  system 
of  centralizing  the.  administration  of  a 
country,  through  regularly  grraded  series 


'fjii  duiii\-j^rJ^jic..  }nfhi    fh  OSi.    J»i96i- »•**•  **"«.    a&  si»«rL    M,  </>ep}  th,  tWnj     w,t(dg;     wh,  wWg;„  zh,  azure. 


BURGAMOT 


BUKY 


of  government  officials;  Buch  official?  col- 
lectively.— Bureaucrat,  Boreaucratist,  ba- 
ro  krat,  ba-ro'ki-at-ist,  n.  -An  advocate  for 
or  supporter  of  bureaucracy.  —  Bureau- 
cratic, Bureaucratical,  bu-ro-krat'ik,  bu- 
ro-krat'ik-al,  a.  Kelatiug  to  bureaucracy. 

Burgamot,  b^r'ga-mot,  n.  Same  as  Ber- 
gamot. 

Eurganet,  Burgonet.  b*r'ga-net,  b6r'go-net, 
71.  [Fr.  bourguignotte,  properly  a  Burgun- 
dian  helmet.]  A  kind  of  helmet  with  a 
•small  viaor  formerly  worn. 

Burgee,  ber'je,n.  A  flag  or  pennant  which 
ends  in  two  points;  a  kind  of  email  coal 
suited  for  burning  in  furnaces. 

Burgeois,  bur -jo',  n.  A  printing  type. 
Bourgeois. 

Bivrgacn,  ber'jon,  n.  and  v.i.  Same  as 
Bourgeon. 

Biu-gh,  bur"©,  n-  [Borough.]  A  corporate 
town  or  borough;  the  Scotch  term  corre- 
spondiug  to  the  English  borough,  applied 
to  several  different'  kinds  of  corporations. 
— Burghal,  ber 'gal,  a.  Belonging  to  a 
burgh.— Burgher,  ber'ger,  n.  An  inhabi- 
tant of  a  burgh  or  borough,  who  enjoys 
the  privileges  of  the  borough  of  which  he 
is  a  freeman.— Bxirgess,  ber'jes,  n.  10. Pr. 
b'urgeis,  Fr.  h'jurgeois,  from  bourg,  L.L. 
burgus,  a  borough.]  An  inhabitant  of  a 
borough  or  walled  town,  especially  one 
who  possesses  a  tenement  therein;  a  citi- 
zen or  freeman  of  a  borough;  a  parliamen- 
tary representative  of  a  borough.  —  Bur- 
gess-ship, bfer'jes-ship,  n.  The  state  or 
condition  of  a  burgess. 

Burglar,  berg'ler^  n.  [From  Fr.  bourg,  a 
town,  and  O.Fr.  laire,  Pr.  lairo,  It.  latro, 
a  thief.]  One  guilty  of  nocturnal  house- 
breaking. —  Burglarious,  berg-la'ri-us,  a. 
Pertaining  to  burglary;  constituting  the 
crime  of  burglary.— Burglariously,  b6rg- 
la'ri-us-li,  adv.  With  an  intent  to  com- 
mit burglary;  in^the  manner  of  a  burglar. 
— Burglary,  berg^a-ri,  n.  The  act  or  crime 
of  nocturnal  housebreaking,  with  an  in- 
tent to  commit  a  felony. 

Burgomaster,  bfer'go-mas-tSr,  n.  fp.  burge- 
meester  —  E.  boroiiSh^naster.]  The  chief 
magistrate  of  a  municipal  town  fn  Hol- 
land, Flanders,  and  German.v,  nearly  cor- 
responding to  mayor  in  England  and  the 
United  States. 

Burgoo,  b6r'g»,  n.  A  Ijind  of  oatmeal  por- 
ridge, a  dish  used  at  sea.  ' 

Burgrave,  b^r'grav,  n.  [li.li.  hurggravius, 
from  G.  ourggraf—burg,  a  town,  and  graf, 
a  count,  an  earl.3  In  some  European  coun- 
tries an  hereditary  governor  of  a  town  or 
cattle. 

Burgundy,  b6r'gun-di,  n.  A  kind  of  wine, 
80  called  from  Burgundy,  in  France. — 
Burgundy  pitch,  a  pitch  obtain'ed  from 
the  Norway  spruce,  used  in  plasters. 

Burial,  be'ri-al,  n.    Under  Burv. 

Burin,  ba'rin,  n.  [Fr.  bvrin,  from  root  of 
hore.)  A  graver;  an  instrument  for  en- 
graving made  of  tempered  steel,  of  a  pris- 
matic form,  and  with  the  graving  end 
ground  off  obliquely  so  as  to  produce  a 
shari'>  point. 

Burke,  b6rk,  v.t.  [Prom  the  name  of  an 
Irishman  who  first  committed  the  crime, 
in  1829,  in  Edinburgh,  with  the  view  of 
selling  the  dead  bodies  for  dissection.]  To 
murder  by  suffocation;  /Ig.  to  smother;  to 
shelve  (a  question  or  discussion);  to  get 
rid  of  by  some  indirect  manoeuvre.— Bur- 
ner, bfer'ktr,  a.  One  who  burks. 

Burl,  berl,  n.  [Pr.  bourre,  a  flock  of  wool 
as  for  stuffing,  L.L.  fcurra,  a  flock  of  wool.] 
A  small  knot  or  lump  in  thread,  whether 
woven  into  cloth  or  not.  —  v.t.  To  pick 
knots,  loose  threads,  &c.,  from,  as  in  finish- 
ing  cloth.  —  Burler,  b6r'l6r,  n.  One  who 
burls  cloth.— Burling-iron,  n.  A  kind  of 
pincer  or  tweezer  used  in  burling  cloth. 

Burlesque,  b6r-Iesk',a.  [Yr.burlesque, from 
It.  burlesco,  ridiculous,  from  burlare,  to 
ridicule,  burla,  mockery.]  Tending  to 
excite  laughter  by  ludicrous  images,  or  by 
a  contrast  between  the  subject  and  the 
manner  of  treating  it. — n.  That  kind  of 
literary  composition  which  exhibits  a 
contrast  between  the  subject  and  the 

i  manner  of  treating  it  so  as  to  excite 

;  laughter  or  ridicule;  travesty;  caricature; 

I  a  Und  of  dramatic  extravaganza  with 


more  or  less  aiiiglns  ia  it;  a  ludicrous  or 
debasing  caricature  of  any  kind ;  a  gross 
perversion.  —  v.t.  buriesmied,  burlesquing. 
To  make  ridiculous  by  burlesque  repre- 
sentation; to  turn  into  a  burlesque. — v.i.f 
To  use  burlesque.— Burlesquer,  b6r-lesk'- 
6r,  n.  One  wno  burlesques  or  turns  to 
ridicule.  —  Burletta,  b6r-let'a,  w.  [It., 
dim.  of  burla,  mockery.]  A  comic  opera; 
a  musical  farce. 

Burly,  ber'U,  a.  [Of  same  origin  as  bur, 
burr,  Ir.  and  Gael,  borr,  a  knob,  with  term. 
-ly.]  Great  in  bodily  size ;  bulky;  lusty : 
the  word,  now  used  only  of  persons,  in- 
cludes the  idea  of  some  degree  of  coarse- 
ness.—Burliness,  b6r'li-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  burly. 

Burmese,  bur'mez,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Burmah.  —  n.  An  inhabitant  or  inhabit- 
ants of  Burmah;  the  language  of  the 
people  of  Burmah. 

Bum,  b6rn,  v.t— burned  or  burnt,  burning. 
[A.  Sax.  bernan,  byman,  beoman,  bHiinan, 
to  burn=Icel.6renna,  I>an.  bnende,  O.D. 
bemen,  Goth,  brinnan,  G.  brennen,  to  bum. 
Brand,  brovm,  brine,  6?-imstone,  &c.,  are 
akin.]  To  consume  with  fire;  to  reduce  to 
ashes;  to  injure  by  fire;  to  scorch;  to  act 
on  with  fire;  to  expose  to  the  action  of  fire 
(limestone,  bricks);  to  make  into  by  means 
of  fire  (to  bum  charcoal);  to  affect  with  a 
burning  sensation;  to  apply  a  cautery  to; 
to  cauterize. — To  burn  daylight,  to  use  arti- 
ficial light  before  i£  is  dark;  to  waste  time. 
[Shak.] — v.i.  Ta  be  on  fire;  to  flame;  to 
suffer  from  or  be  injured  by  an  excess  of 
heat;  to  shine;  to  sparkle;  to  glow;  to 
gleam;  to  be  inflamed  with  pas.sion  or 
uesirej  to  be  affected  with  strong  emotion; 
to  rage;  to  be  affected  with  a  sensation  of 
heat  (the  cheeks  Inimi ;  in  certain  games, 
to  be  near  a  concealed  object  which  is 
sought;  hence,  to  be  nearly  right  in- 
guessing  (colloq.).— n.  A  hurt  or  injury 
of  the  flesh  caused  by  the  action  of  fire. 
—Burnable,  bei'na-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
burnt.— Burner,  ber'nfer,  n.  A  person  who 
bums  or  sets  fire  to  anything;  the  part  of 
a  lamp  from  which  the  flame  issues;  the 
part  that  holds  the  wick;  the  jet-piece 
from  which  a  gas-flame  issues.— Burning, 
bfer'ning,  a.  Much  heated;  flaming; 
scorching;  vehement;  powerful;  causing 
excitement,  ardour.or  enthusiasm  {Siburn- 
ing  question).— Burning-glass,  to.  A  double- 
convex  lens  of  glass,  which,  when  exposed 
to  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun,  collects  them 
into  a  focus,  where  an  intense  heat  is  pro- 
duced, so  that  combustible  matter  may 
be  set  on  fire.- Burning-house,  n.  The 
furnace  in  which  tin  ores  are  calcined  to 
sublime  the  sulphur  from  the  pyrites. — 
Burning  -  mirror,  to.  A  coijcave  mirror, 
usually  made  of  metal,  which  reflects  the 
rays  of  the  sun  in  such  a  way  as  to  make 
them  converge  to  a  focus,  where  their 
whole  heat  is  concentrated.— Burnt-ear,  n. 
A  disease  in  com  caused  by  the  minute 
germs  or  seeds  of  a  parasitic  mushroom, 
iu  which  the  fructification  of  the  plant 
is  destroyed;  and,  as  it  were,  burnt  up. — 
Bnmt-oSering,  Burnt-sacrifice,  n.  Some- 
thing offered  and  burnt  on  an  altar  as  an 
atonement  for  sin ;  a  sacrifice.  —  Burnt- 
sienna,  si-en'na,  n.  Earth  of  Siennar  sub- 
mitted to  the  action  of  fire,  by  which  it  is 
converted  into  a  fine  orange-red  pigment, 
used  both  in  oil  and  water-colour  painting. 

Burn,  bum,  n.  [A.  Sax.  buma,  a  stream, 
a  well;  Icel.  brunnr,  D.  bom,  Goth.  6r«ii- 
na,  G.  bruntien,  akin  to  verb  to  bui^;  comp. 
torrent,  from  L.  torreo,  to  bum.]  A  rivulet; 
a  brook.    [Prov.  E.  and  Sc] 

Burnish,  bfer'nish,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  bumir,  bur' 
nissant,  to  polish,  to  embrown,  from  brun, 
O.H.G.  brun,  brown.  Beowm.]  To  cause 
to  glow  or  become  resplendent;  to. polish 
and  make  shining  by  friction;  to  make 
smooth  and  lustrous.— w.i.t  To  grow  bright 
or  brilliant;  to  show  conspicuously. — n.t 
Gloss;  brightness;  lustre.— Burnisher,  bfer'- 
nish-er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  bur- 
nishes or  makes  glossj'. 

Bnmoose,  b^r-ncis',  n.  [Fr.  bumotw,  bour- 
nous,  from  Sp.  al-bomoz,'^  kind  of  Moor- 
ish cloak.  An  Ar.  word.]  A  white  woollen 
mantle,  with  hood,  woven  in  one  piece, 
worn  by  the  Arabs. 


Eui-nt,  bci-nt,  piet.  &  pp.  of  bum. 

Burr,  n.    Bur. 

Bnrrel,  bur'el,  n.  [O.Fr.  burel,  reddish,  from 
L.  bumis,  red.]  A  sort  of  pear,  called  also 
the  red  butter  pear,  from  its  smooth,  de- 
licious soft  pulp.— 3urrel-fly,  n.  A  kind 
of  reddish-coloured  gadfly,  or  breeze. 

Burrel-shot,  bur'el-shot,  n.  [Fr.  bourreler, 
to  torment.]  Small  shot,  nails,  stones, 
pieces  of  old  iron,&c.,  put  into  cases,  to  be 
discharged  fi-om  a  cannon  at  short  range; 
an  emergency  shot. 

Burrh,  Burr-stone,  ber,b6r'ston,n.  A  name 
given  to  certain  siliceous  or  siliceo-calcar- 
eous  stones,  whose  dressed suifaces  present 
a  burr  or  keen-cutting  texture,  whence 
they  are  much  used  for  millstones. 

Burrock,  bur'ok,  n.  [A.  Sax.  burg,  btirh,  a 
hill,  and  dim.  -ock.]  A  small  weir  or  dam 
in  a  river  to  dii-ect  the  stream  to.  gaps 
where  fisli-traps  are  placed. 

Burrow,  bur'o,  n.  [The  same  word  with 
burgh,  borough,  from  A.  Sax.  beorgan,  to 
protect,  shelter.]  A  hois  in  the  ground 
excavated  by  rabbits,  hares,  and  some 
other  animals,  as  a  refuge  and  habitation. 
— vi.  To  make  a  hole  or  burrow  to  lodge 
in;  to  work  a  way  into  or  under  something; 
to  lodge  in  a  burrow  or  iu  any  deep  or 
concealed  place;  to  hide.— Burrower,  Imr'- 
o-er,  n.  One  who.  burrows;  an  animal 
which  excavates  and  inhabits  burrCws. — 
Burrow-duck,  n.  The  sheldrake:  so  called 
because  it  makes  its  nest  iu  holes  in  soft 
soil.  —  Burro  wing-owl,  to.  A.n  American 
species  of  owl  which  dwells  in  holes  in  the 
ground. 

BuiTy,  b^r'i,  a.    Burt 

Bursa, }3er'sa,»i.  [L.]  .Anctf.  akindof  sack.— 
Bursa  mucosa,  a  sack  situated  at-  a  joint 
and  containing  the  synovial  fluid. 

Bursar,  ber'ser,  to.  [Buhsk.]  A  treasurer 
or  cash-keeper  of  a  college  or  of  a  monas- 
tery; a  purser;  a  student  to  whom  a  bur- 
sary is  paid.— Bursarship,  btrs'er-ship,  n. 
The  ofice  of  a  bursar.— Bursary,  bfer'sa-ri, 
n.  The  treasury  of  a  college  or  monastery; 
an  exhibition  or  scholarship  in  a  Scottish 
academy  or  university. 

Burse,  bfers,  to.  [Fr.  bourse,  a  purse,  bur- 
sary, exchange,  from  L.L.  bursa,  a  purse, 
a  skutt,  leather.  Purse.]  A  purse  to  hold 
something  valuable ;  one  of  the  official 
insignia  of  the  lord  high  chancellor  of 
England;  an  e.xchange;  a  boursej. — Bursi- 
form,  bfer'si-form,  a.  Shaped  like  a  purse; 
sub-spherical. 

Burst,  berst,  v.i.— burst,  brtrsting.  [A.  Sax. 
6ers<an=Icel.  bersta,  Dan.  bristi,  brosle, 
D,  bersten,  O.G.  breslen.  Mod.  G.  bersten, 
to  burst  ;■  same  root  in  Ir.  brisaim,  Gael. 
bris,  brisd,  to  break.]  To  fly  or  break  open 
from  internal  force  and  with  sudden  vio- 
lence; to  suffer  a  violent  disruption;  to 
explode;  to  become  suddenly  manifest;  to 
rush;  with  prepositions,  adverbs,  and  ad- 
verbial phrases  (to  burst  out,  to  burst  into 
life).— i».t.  To  break  or  rend  by  force  or 
violence;  to  open  suddenly  (to  burst  one's 
bonds,  to  burst  a  camion).—^.  A  sudden 
disruption ;  a  ^'iolent  rending ;  a  sudden 
explosion  or  shooting  forth;  a  rush;  an 
outburst.— EurstiEg-charge,  n.  Hining,  a 
small  charge  of  fine  powder,  placed  in  con- 
tact with  a  charge  of  coarse  powder  ta 
ensure  the  ignition  of  the  latter;  ordnance, 
the  charge  of  powder  required  for  bursting 
a  shell  or  case-shot. 

Burthen.    Burden. 

Burton,  bfir'ton,  n.  A  small  tackle  form.ed 
by  two  blocks  or  puUej's,  used  in  ships  to 
set  up  or  tighten  the  topmost  shrouds  and 
for  various  other  purposes. 

Bury,  ber'i,  v.t—bur^d,  burying.  [A.  Sax. 
byrgan,  byrigan,  to  bury;  allied  to  beor- 
gan, to  protect,  and  thus  to  burgh,  borough, 
burrow,  barrow,  &c.]  To  cover  with  earth 
or  other  matter;  to  deposit  in  a  grave  when 
dead;  to  inter;  to  entomb;  to  hide;  to  con- 
ceal; to  withdraw  or  conceal  in  retirement: 
used  refl.;  to  "hide  iu  oblivion  (to  bury  in- 
juries, &c.).— Burying,  ber'i-ing,  n.  Burial; 
sepulture.  [N.T.]— Burial,  ber'i-al, «.  The 
act  of  burying,  especially  the  act  of  bury- 
ing a  deceased  person;  sepulture;  inter- 
ment; the  act  of  depositing  a  dead  body 
in  the  earth,  in  a  tomb  or  vault,  or  in  the 
water.— Buried,  beir'id,  p.  and  o.'  Interred; 


rate, ftr. fftV^ilUi-  »e.  w«t» Wrj,.  pln«, piiy^  not9i&9tjsafiX8i-iahl»ia*4*\^J    «"» P°™^5    "« ^°-  a^«»«^*^« f '•  *• 


BUS 


BUTTER 


hidden  by  the  lapse  of  time;  forgotten.— 
Burler,  ber'i-fer,  n.  Ope  who  buries;  that 
-,  hich  buries  or  covers. 

Xiiu,  bi}8,  n.  An  abbreviation  of  omnibttt, 
a  street  carriage. . 

Busby,  buz'bi,  n.  A  military  head-dfesB 
consisting  of  a  fur  hat  with  a  baz,  of  the 
same  colour  as  the  facings  of  the  regi- 
ment, hanging  from  the  top  over  the  right 
side. 

Bosh,  bush,  n,  [Scandinavian:  Dan.  busk, 
Sw.  bmke,  a  bush=D.  bosch,  a  grove;  G. 
buseh,  a  bush.  The  word  passed  from  the 
Teutonic  into  the  Romance  languages, 
and  ambush,  ambuscade,  bosky,  bouquet, 
&c.',  are  akin.]  A  shrub  with  Ikanches:  a 
thick  shrub;  a  branch  of  a  tree,  properly 
of  ivy,  fixed  or  hung  out  as  a  tavern  sign 
(ShMK.);  a  stretch  of  shrubby  vegetation; 
a  district  covered  with  brush-wood,  or 
shrubs,  trees,  &c.-r  To  beat  about  the  bush, 
to  use  circumlocution;  to  dilly-dally. — v.i. 
To  grow  thick  or  busl^v.— t'.i.  To  set  bushes 
about-;  to  support  withrbushes ;  to  use  a 
bush-harrow  on.  —  Biishiness,  b\ish'i-nes, 
n.  The  Quality  of  being  bushy. -^ Bushy, 
by^'i,  a.  FuUof  bushes;  overgrown  witti 
shrubs ;  resembling  a  bush ;  thick  and 
spreading,  like  a  bush.— Bush-Duck^bush'- 
buk,  ti.  \t>:  bosch-bok.]  The  name  given  to 
several  species  of  South  African  antelopes. 
—Bush-cat,  n.  The  serval.  —  Buah-fight- 
ing,  n.  A  mode  of  fighting  in  which  the 
combatants  scatter,  atud  fire  from  behind 
the  shelter  of  trees  asid  bushes.— BUsh- 
harrow,  n.  An  implement  of  husbandry 
for  harrowing,  consisting  of  a  frame  with 
three  or  more*  bars,  in  which  bushes  are 
interwoven.— Bushman,  bush'man,  n.  A 
woodsman;  a  settler  in  the  bush  or  forest 
districts  of  a  new  country,  as  Australia;  an 
aboriginal  of  Bushmanland,  near  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope;  a  Bosjesman.— Bush-ratger, 
n.  In  Australia,  one  v.-ho  takes  t6  the 
'  bush,'  or  woods,  and  lives  -by  robbery. — 
Bush-shrike,  n.  A  species  of  ant-bird  found 
in  the  hotter  J3,titudes  of  America. 

Bush,  bush,  n.  [Parallel  form  of  box,  from 
D.  ftwsi  abox,  a  bush;  G.  biichae,  a  box, 
the  bush  of  a  wheel.]  A  lining  or  harder 
material  let  into  an  orifice  (as  for  an  axle) 
to  guard  against  wearing  by  friction. — v.t. 
To  furnish  with  a  bu^h.— Bush-metal,  n. 
Hard  brass;  gun-metal;  a  composition  of 
popper  and  tin,  used  for  journals,  bearings 
of.  shafts,  &c.  V 

Bushel,  bush 'el,  n.  [O.Fr.  bussel,  L.L. 
bussellus,  a  dim.  form  from  bussida,  for 
buxida,  vyxida,  from  Gr.  pyxis,  a  box.] 
A  dry  measure  containing  8  gallons  or  4 
pecks.  The  imperial  bushel  has  a  capacity 
of  2218'192  cubic  inches,  and  holds  80  lbs. 
avoirdupois  of  distilled  water  at  the  tem- 
perature of  ^2°  Fahr.  with  the  barometer 
at  30  inches;  a  vessel  of  the  capacity  of  a 
bushel.' 

Business,  biz'nes,  n.  [This  word,  though 
with  the  form  of  an  ordinary  .abstract 
noun?  from  busy,  has  never  the  meaning 
of  state  of  being  busy,  busy-iiesa.']  A  mat- 
ter or  affair  that  engages  a  person's  time, 
care,  and  attention;  that  which  one  does 
for  a  livelihood;  occupation;- employment; 
mercantile  concerns,  or  trafRc  in  general; 
the  proper  duty;  what  belongs  to  one  to 
do;  task  or  object  undertaken;  concern; 
right  of  action  or  interposing;  affair; 
point;  matter. — o.  Relating  to  or  con- 
nected with  business,  traffic,  trade,  &c. 

Busk,  busk,  n.  [Fr.  busc,  busque,  probably 
from  It.  buat<y;  bust,  boddice,  by  change 
of  letter.]  A  piece  of  steel,  whalebone,  or 
•wood,  somewhat  elastic,  worn  by  women 
to  stiffen  or  support  their  stays. 

Busk,  busk,  v.t.  i.  &  r.  [From  Icel.  hAaJsk, 
to  get  one's  self  ready,  a  contraction  of 
bua  sit,  from  6iio,  to  prepare,  and  sik(=Q!. 
sich),  one's  self.  JSasfc  is  similarly  formed. 
Bound,  on  the  point  of  going,  is  from 
same  verb.  Old  English  and  Scotch.]  To 
prepare;  equip;  dress. 

Bngkin,  bus'kin,  n.  [For  broskin,  br^^skin, 
a  dim.  from  B.  6roo«,  a  buskin,  akin  to 
broinie.}  A  kind  of  half-boot  or  high  shoe 
covering.the  foot  and  leg  to  the  middle  of 
the  calf ;  the  high  shoe  worn  by  ancient 
tragic  actors;  the  ti-agic  drama  as  opposed 
to  comedy.— Biiskined,  bus'kind,  a.  Wear- 


ing buskins}  pertaining  to  tragedy; 
trsMSic. 

Boas,  bus,-n.  [Same  as  6.  fyus,  Sw.  puss,  a 
kiss;  comp.  also  Ir.  and  Gael,  bus,  a  mouth, 
a  lip.]  A  kiss;  a  salute  with  the  lips.— y.<. 
[Comp.  O.  and  Prov.  G.  bussera,  Sw.  puasa, 
to  kiss.]    To  kiss;  to  fi?Jute  with  the  lips. 

Bubs,  bus,  n.  [O.Fr.  btisse,  L.L.  bussa,  a 
kind  of  boat;  really  the  same  word  as  box.l 
A  smaU  vessel,  from  60  to  70  tons  burden, 
and  carrying  two  masts,  used  in 'herring- 
fishing. 

Bussu-palin,  bys'sB-pam, «.  A  palm  found 
in  the  swamps  of  the  Amazon,  10  to  15  feet 
high,  and  having  leaves  often  30  feet  long 
by  4  to  5  feet  in  breadth. 

Bust,  bust,  n.  [Fr.  bv^te.  It.  and  Sp.  hwto, 
L.L.  bustum,  from  byj^tit,  a  smalL  box,'  L. 
buxida.  Box.]-  A  sculptured  flgur*  of  a 
person  showing  only  the  head,  shoulders, 
and  breast;  the  chest  or  thorax. , 

Bustard,  bus'tferd,  n.  [O.Fr.  bistarde,  k 
corruption  of  L.  avis  tarda;  lit.  slow  bird.] 
A  bii^  beldnging  to  the  order  of  the  run- 
ners, but  approaching  the  waders.  The 
great  bustard  is  the  largest  European  bird, 
the  male  often  weighing  30  lbs. 

Bustle,  bus'l,  v.i.—bugtled,  bvBfiinff.  [Same 
word  as  IceL  bustla,  to  bustle,'  to  splash 
inwatgr;  ftuslJ,  bustle,  a  splash.]  Todisplay 
activity  with  a  certain  amount  of  noise  or 
agitation ;  to  be  active  and  stirring.  —  n. 
Activity  with  noise  and  s^taticn;  stir; 
hurry-scurry;  tumult.— Biistler,  bus'16r, 
n.  One  who  bustles;  an  active  stirring 
person.  —  Bustling^  bustling,  a.  Moving 
actively  with  noise  orTigitation ;  active; 
busy;  stirring. 

Bustle,  bus'l,  n.  [Perhaps  for  buskle,  a 
dim.  of  btisk,  a  support  fo*  a  lady's  stays.] 
A  pad  worn  by  ladies  for  the  purpose  of 

fiving  a  greater  rotundity  or  prominence 
0  the  back  part  of  the  body  immediately 
below  the  waist. 

Busy,  biz'i,  a.  [O.E.  bisy,  A.  Sax.  hysiff, 
bisig=Vf.  bezia,  L.G.  besig,  busy;  further 
affinities  douirtful.]    Employed  with  con- 

■  stant  attention;  engaged  about  something 
that  rendera  interruption  inconvenient ; 
occupied  witnout  cessation;  constantly  in 
motion;  meddling  with  or  prying  into  the 
affairs  of  others;  officious;  causing  or  spent 
in  much  employment  (a  bu»y  day).— v.<.— 
■busied,  busying.  Tcremploy  with  constant 
attention;  to  keep  engaged;  to  make  or 
keep  bu^ :  often  nfi.  —  BusyBody,  biz'i- 
bod-i,*»i.  One  who  officiously  concerns  him- 
self or  herself  with  the  affairs  of  others. — 
Busybodjrism,  biz'i-bod-i-izm,  n.  The  habit 
of  busying  one's  self  about  other  people's 
affairs.  —  Busjly,  biz'i-li,  adv.  In  a  busy 
manner;  with  constant  occupation;  im- 
portunately ;  ■  officiously.— Business.  See 
separate  art.  ^ 

But,  but.  Originally  a  prep,  and  still  often 
to  be  so  regarded,  though  also  an  adv.  and 
frequently  a  conj.  [A.  Sax.  bAtan,  with- 
out, out  of,  unless — be,  by,  and  utan,  out, 
without.]  Except;  besides;  unless  (all, 
none  but  one);  save  or  excepting  that;  were 
it  not  (commonly  followed  by  that);  only; 
merely;  simply  (I  do  but  jest);  sometimes 
equivalent  to,  that  .  .  .  not  (who  knows 
but  or  but  thai,  he  may^,  as  an  adversative. 
conj.  equivalent  to,  on  the  contrary;  on 
the  other  hand;  yet;  stiU;  however;  never- 
theless. 

Butchei:,  buch'Sr,  n.  [Fr.  boucher,  from 
bovj:,  a  he-goat  (from  G-.  bock,  a  goat= 
E.  buck),  the  males  being  generally  killed 
for  food  and  the  she-goats  kept  for  milk.] 
One  whose  occupation  is  to  kill  animals 
for  food;  one  who  kills  in  a  cruel  or  bloody 
manner.  —  v.t.  To  kill  or  slaughter  for 
food  oi;  for  market;  to  murder  in  a 
bloody  or  barbarous  manner..— Butcherly,^ 
buch'6r-ii,  a.  Cruel ;  savage ;  murderous. 
[  Shak.  ]  —  Butchery,  buch.'  er  -  i,  n.  The 
business  of  slaughtering  cattle  for  the 
table  or  for  market ;  murder  committed 
with  unusual  barbarity ;  great  slaughter. 
— Butcher-bird,  n.    A  name  given  to-  the 

'  shrikes  from  their  habit  of  suspendinjj 
their  prev,  as  a  butcher  does  his  meat,  and 
then  pulling  it  to  pieces  and  devouring 
it  at  tiieir  leisure.— Butcher-meat,  n.  The 
flesh  of  animals  slaughtereti  by  the  butch- 
er for  f ood.— Butcher's-broo'm,  n.    A  stiff 


erect  spiui -lear-;!!  nuiub  belonging  to  the 
lily  family,  often  made  into  brooms  for 
sweeping  butcher'-s  blocks. 

Butler,  but'l6r,n.  [O.E.  boteler,  from  L.L. 
botellarius,  a  butler,  from  botellus,  a  bottle. 
BoTTLK.]  A  servant  or  officer  in  a  house- 
hold whose  principal  business  is  to  take 
charge  of  the  liquors,  plate,  &c.— Butler- 
ship,  butler-ship,  n.  The'office  of  a  but- 
ler. 

Butt,  but,  n.  [O.Fr.  bot,  bout,  the  end  or 
extremity  of  a  thing,  Fr.  but,  an  end,  aim, 
goal,  also  butie,  a  butt  used  in  shooting ; 
from  M.H.G.  bdzen,  to  strike,  to  beat,  a 
word  akjn  to  E.  beat.]  The  end  or  extrem- 
ity of  a  thing,  particularly  the  larger  end 
of  a  tiling,  as  of  a  piece  of  timber  or  of  a 
felled  tree;  the  thick  end  of  a  musket, 
fishing-rod,  whip-handle,  &c.;  an  irregu- 
larly shaped  piece  of  land,  as  an  outlying 

,  piece  left  unploughed  at  the  end  of  a  field; 

'the  end -of  a  plank  or  piece  of  timber 
which  unites  with  another  endways  in  a 
ship's  side  or  bottom;  also,  the,  joining  of 
two  such  pieces;  the  thickest  and  stoutest 
part  of  tanned  ox -hides;  a  mark  to  be  shot 
at ;  the  point  where  a  mark  is  set  or  fixed 
to  be  shot  at;  the  object  of  aim;  the  person 
at  whom  ridicule,  jests,  or  contempt  is 
directed;  a  goal;  a  bound  {Shak.);  rifle- 
practice,  the  liut,  embankment,  or  other 
protection  in  which  the  marker  sits. — 
Butt-end,  n.  The  largest,  thickest,  or  blunt 
end  of  anj-thing.  —  Butt^shaft,:  «.  An 
arrow.    [Shak.] 

Butt,  but,  v.t&i.  [Fr.  bouter,  O.Fr.  boter, 
to  push,  to  butt.  Butt,  an  end.]  To  strike 
by  tlirustin?  the  head  against,  as  an  ox  or 
a  ram;  to  have  a  habit  of  so  striking. — n. 
[In  the  first  sense  directly  from  .^.he  verb; 
in  second  from  Fr.  botte,  a  pass  or  thrust 
in  fentiing.]  A  push  or  thrust  given  by 
the  head  of  an  animal:  a  thrust  in  fencing. 
— Batter,  buffer,  re.  An  animal  that  butts. 

Butt,  but,  n.  '[O.Fr.  bowte,  Fr.  botte,  a  boot, 
a  butt,  the  two  having  a  considerable  re- 

.  semblance.  Boot.]  A  large  cask;  a  measure 
of  126  gallons  of  winQ  or  2  hogsheads,  or 
108  gallons  of  beer. 

Butte,  but,  n.  [Fr.]  A  term  applied  to  a 
detached  hill  or  ridge  of  -no  great  height 
rising  abruptly  in  the  Rocky  Mountain 
region  of  America. 

Butter,  buffer,  re.  [A.  Sax.  bider,  butor, 
from  L.  butyrum,  from  Gr.  boutyron,  but- 
ter, from  bous,  an  ox»  and  tyros,  cheese.  1 
An  oily  or  unctuous  substance  obtained 
from  cream  or  milk  by  churning;  old  chem. 
a  term  applied  to  certain  anhydrous,  me- 
tallic chlorides  of  buttery  consistency  and 
fusibility.—  Vegetable  butters,  a  name  given 
to  certain  vegetable  oils,  from  their  re- 
semblance to  butter. — Rock  butter,  a  pecu- 
liar mineral  composed  of  alum  combined 
with  iron,  of  the  consistence  and  appear- 
ance of  soft  butter,  appearing  as  a  pasty 
exudation  from  aluminiferous  rocks. 
—v.t.  To  smear  with  butter;  to  flatter 
grossly,  (vulgar).  —Butter -bird,  n.  A 
name  given  to  the  rice-bunting.— Butter- 
boat, re.  A  vessel  for  the  tablfe  in  which 
melted  butter,  intended  to  be  used  as  a 
sauce,  is  contained.  —  Buttercup,  but' fer- 
kup,  re.  A  name  given  to  several  species 
of  Ranunculus,  a  common  field-plant  with 
bright  yellow  flowers.— Butterfly,  but' er- 

.  fli,  re.  [The  reason  for  the  name  is  doubt- 
ful ;  probably  it  was  originally  given  to  a 
common  yellow  species.]  The  common 
English  name  of  all  the  diurnal  lepidop- 
terous  insects  (the  nocturnal  ones  being 
moths),  in  their  last  and  fully  developed 
state,  having  four  wings  often  de'cked  with 
the  most  beautiful  colours,  and  a  suctorial 
mouth;  fig.  a  person  whose  attention  is 
given  up  to  a  variety  of  trifles  of  any  kind; 
a  showily  dressed,  vain  and  giddy  person. 
—  Butterlne,  buffer-in,  re.  An  artificial 
butter  made  fropi  animal  fat,  churned 
with  milk  and  water,  or  from  milk  churned 
with  some  sweet  butter  and  the  yolks  of 
eggs,  the  whole  of  the  contents  of  the 
chum  in  the  latffcr  case  being  converted 
into  butterine.- Butter-knife,  n.  A  blunt, 
and  generally  ornamented,  knife  used  for 
cutting  butter  at  table.— Butter-man,  re. 
A  man  who  ftells  butter.— Butter-milk,  re. 
The  milk  that  remains  atfter  the  butter  is 


Ch.  chain;     cAi  So.  locK; 


v.,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  Birtj/;     th,  tfteii;  th,  fc'iia;     w,  wig;     wp;  w.'iis;     zh,  azure. 


BUTTERY 


901 


CABAE 


sf) .a rated  from  it.— Butter-mould,  n.  A 
mould  in  which  pats  of  butter  are  shaped 
and  stamped.— Butter-nut,  n.  The  fruit 
of  a  North  American  tree  akin  to  the  wal- 
nut, socalled  from  the  oil  it  contains;  also 
the  fruit  of  one  or  two  lofty  hard-wood 
trees  growing  in  Guiana.— Butter-Scotch, 
but'er-skoch,  n.  The  name  given  to  a  kind 
of  toffee  containing  a  considerable  admix- 
ture of  butter. — Butter-tongs,  n.  pi.  A  kind 
of  tongs  with  flat  blades  for  slicing  and 
lifting  butter.— Butter-tooth,  n.  A  broad 
fore-tooth.— Butter-tree,  n.  A  species  of 
African  tree,  the  seeds  of  which  yield  a 
substance  like  batter,  called  shea-butter. 
— Butterwort,  but'er-wert,n,  A  European 
plant  growing  in  bogs  or  soft  grounds,  the 
leaves  of  which  are  covered  with  soft,  pel- 
lucid, glandular  hairs,  which  secrete  a 
gl  utinous  liquor  that  catches  small  insects. 
— Buttery,  but'6r-i,  a.  Having  the  quali- 
ties or  appearance  of  bTitter. 
Buttery,  but'er-i,  n.  [Originally  botelerie, 
a  place  for  bottles,  but  altered  to  buttery 
from. butter  being  also  kept  in  it.J  An 
apartment  in  a  household,  in  which  wines, 
liquors,  and  provisions  are  kept ;  in  some 
colleges,  a  room  where  refreshments  are 
kept  for  sale  to  the  students. — Buttery- 
bar,  n.  A  ledge  on  the  top  of  the  butteiy- 
hatch  on  which  to  rest  tankards.  [Sfiak.1 
—Buttery-hatch,  n.  A  hatch  or  half- 
door  giving  entrance  to  the  buttery. , 
Buttock,  but'ok,  m.  [Dim.  of  butt.]  The 
rump,  or  the  protuberant  part  of  an  ani- 
mal behind. 

Button,  but'n,  n.  [Fr.  borUon,  a  button,  a. 
bud,  from  6ou<er,  to  push.  Butt,  to  thrust, 
BcTT,  an  end.]  A  small  round  or  roundish 
object  of  bone,  ivory,  metal,  wood,  mother- 
of-pearl,  &c.,  used  for  fastening  the  parts 
of  dress,  by  being  passed  into  a  hole,  slit, 
or  loop,  or  sometimes  attached  as  mere 
ornament ;  something  resembling  a  but- 
ton ;  a  round  knob  or  protuberance ;  the 
small  disc  at  the  end  of  fencing  foils,  &c. 
The  plural  used  as  a  singular  is  a  col- 
loquial or  slang  term  for  a  page  boy, 
from  the  buttons  on  his  jacket. — v.t.  To 
attach  a  button  or  buttons  to;  to  fasten 
with  a  button  or  buttons;  to  inclose  or 
make  secure  with  buttons.  —  v.i.  To  be 
capable  of  being  buttoned  (his  coat  will 
not  frttiton.)..— Button-bush,  n.  A  North 
American  shrub  of  the  cinchona  family, 
60  called  on  account  of  its  globular  flower- 
heads.— Button-hole,  n.  The  hole  or  loop 
in  which  a  button  is  fastened. — v.t.  To  seize 
a  man  by  the  button  or  button-hole  and 
detain  him  in  conversation  against  his  will. 
— ^Button-wood,  n.  A  common  name  In 
America  for  the  western  plane-tree ;  also 
the  same  as  bitUon-bush. 
Buttress,  buVres,  n.  [O.E.  butrasie,  bote- 
rase,  Ac,  from  Fr.  bolder,  to  thrust  (Butt), 
or  a  modification  of  brattice,  bretkche.]  A 
projecting  support  of  masonry  built  on  to 
the  exterior  of  a  waU,  especially  common  in 
churches  in  the  Gothic  style;  ^.  any  prop 
or  support  (a  buttress  of  the  constitution). 
—v.t.  To  support  by  a  buttress;  to  prop. 
Butty,  but'i,  n.  A  person  who  raises  coal 
or  ore  by  contract  at  a  stated  price  per  ton, 
employing  men  to  do  the  work. 
Butyraceotu,  Butvrous,  ba-ti-ra'shus,  ba'- 
ti-rus,a.  [From  L.  bufyrum,  butter.  But- 


ter.] Having  the  qualities  of  butter;  re- 
sembling Ifutter. —Butyric,  bQ-tir'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  butter: 
a  term  applied  to  an  acid  obtained  from 
butter,  and  also  occurring  in  perspiration, 
flesh-juice,  &c. 

Buxeous,  buk'se-us,  a.  [L.  btixeus,  from 
buxus,  the  box -tree.]  Pertaining  to  the 
box-tree  or  resembling  it.  ' 
Buxom,  buk'sum,  a.  [A.  Sax.  btiAaom,  com- 
pliant, obedient,  from  btigatt,  to  bend,  to 
bow,  and  term .  -sow,  -some,  as  in  blitliesome, 
&c. ;  D.  buigzaam,  G.  biegsam,  flexible, 
tractable,  are  exactly  similar.]  Yielding 
to  pressure  J ;  flexible  or  elastic  (Mil.)  I ; 
obedient  t ;  healthy  and  cheerf uU  brisk ; 
jolly;  lively  and  vigorous :  applied  especi- 
ally to  women. — Buxoml^,  buk'8um-li,adt;. 
In  a  buxom  manner;  briskly;  vigorously. 
— ^Buxomness,  buk'sum-nes,  n. 
Buy,  bi,  v.t.— bought  (pret.  &  pp.),  huying. 
[O.E.  bygge,  bugge,  A.  Sax.  bicgan,  bycgan, 
to  buy;  G<)th.  bugjan,  to  buy.  Hence  a6y. j 
To  acquire  by  paying  a  price  to  the  satis- 
faction of  the  seller;  to  purchase:  opposed 
to  sell;  to  get,  acquire,  or  procure  for  any 
kind  of  equivalent  (to  6w^  favour  with  flat- 
tery); to  bribe;  to  corrupt  or  pervert  by 
paying  a  consideration.—  To  buy  in,  to  buy 
for  the  owner  at  a  public  sale,  especially 
when  an  insuflicient  price  is  offered. —  To 
buy  o#,to  release  from  military  service  by 
a  payment;  to  get  rid  of  the  opposition  of 
by  paying ;  to  purchase  the  non-interven- 
tion 01. — To  buy  OTit,  to  purchase  the  share 
or  shares  of  a  person  in  a  commercial  con- 
cern, the  purchaser  thus  taking  the  place 
of  the  seller. — To  bity  over,  to  detach  by  a 
bribe  or  consideration  from  one  party  and 
attach  to  the  opposite  party. — Btfyer,  bi'fr, 
n.  One  who  buys;  a  purchaser. 
Buzz,  buz,  v.i.  [  Purely  imitative  of  the 
sound.  Comp.  It.  buzzicare,  to  buzz,  whis- 
per. J  To  make  a  low  hissing  sound,  as 
that  of  bees ;  to  whisper ;  to  speak  with  a 
low  hissing  voice. — v.t.  To  whisper;  to 
spread  or  report  by  whispers;  to  spread 
secretly.  —  n.  A  continuous  humming 
sound,  as  of  bees;  a  low  whispering  hum; 
a  report  circulated  secretly  and  cau- 
tiously ;  a  general  confused  conversation. 
— Buzzer,  buz'fer,  n.  One  who  buzzes;  a 
whisperer;  one  who  is  busy  in  telling  tales 
secretly.  [57iaA.]— Buzzingly,  buz'ing-li, 
adv.  With  a  low  hamming  sound. 
Buzzard,  buz'erd,  n.  [Fr.  buzard,  busard, 
from  buse,  a  buzzard,  and  term,  -ard,  buse 
being  from  L.L.  busio,  for  L.  buieo,  a  buz- 
zardr]  A  name  for  certain  large  raptorial 
birds  of  the  falcon  family,  with  short  weak 
toes ;  a  blockhead;  a  dunce. 
By,  bi,  prep.  [A.  Sax.  bi,  big,  by ;  O;  Sax. 
O.Fris.  bi,  D.  Uj,  G.  bet,  Goth.  M.  Often 
as  a  prefix  in  form  be.]  Near;  close  to; 
near  along  with  motion  past ;  through  or 
with,  denoting  the  author,  producer,  or 
agent,  means,  instrument,  or  cause;  ac- 
cording to;  by  direction,  authority,  or  ex- 
ample of  {by  his  own  account,  ten  by  the 
clock,  a  rule  to  live  by);  at  the  rate  of ;  in 
the  ratio  or  proportion  of  {by  the  yard,  by 
the  dozen) ;  to  the  amount  or  number  of 
(larger  by  half,  older  by  ten  years);  during 
the  course  of;  within  the  compass  or  period 
of  {by  dav);  not  later  than  (by  this  time, 
by  two  o  clock).    In  oaths  or  adjurations 


it  comes  before  wh  at  is  invoked  cr'appealed 
to  {by  heaven).— TtOT)  by  two,  day  by  day, 
piece  by  piece,  &c.,  each  two,  each  day,  eaiSi 
piece,  taken  separately  or  singly.  —  Five 
feet  by  four,  measuring  five  feet  one  way 
and  four  the  other. — o.  Side ;  secondary : 
used  only  in  composition,  as  6y-path,  by- 
play, 6i/-street,  &c. — adv.  Near;  in  the  same 
place  with;  at  hand ;  aside  (to  stand  by,  to 
lay  a  thing  by);  so  as  tol)a8S  (to  run  by);  so 
as  to  be  pcst  or  over  (the  time  went  by).'— 
.B.y  and  ftujin  the  nearfuture;  soon;  present- 
ly.—By,  Bye,  bi,  n.  A  thing  not  directly 
aimed  at;  something  not  the  immediate  ob- 
ject of  regard;  as,  by  the  by,  or  by  the  bye, 
that  is,  by  the  way,  in  passing.— By-blow, 
n.  A  side  or  accidental  blow  (MU.);3.\i  illegi- 
timate child (vylgar).— By-end,  n.  Private 
end ;  secret  purpose  or  advantage.  —  By- 

^  gone,  bi'gon,  a.  Past;  gone  by.— Bygones, 
bi'gonz,  n.  pi.  What  is  gone  by  and  past. 
—By-lane,  n.  A  private  lane,  or  one  out 
of  the  usual  roaa.  —  By-name,l  n.  Nick- 
name.—By -past,  bi'past,  a.  Past;  gone 
by.  [SAafc.]— By-path,  By-road,  By-street, 
By-way,  n.  A  path,  road,  street,  or  way 
wnich  is  secondary  to  a  main  roatl,  street, 
&c.;  a  lesser, private, or  obscure  way. — By- 
play, ri.  Action  carried  on  aside,  and 
commonly  in  dumb-show,  While  the  main 
action  proceeds;  action  not  intended  to  be 
observed  by  some  of  the  persons  present. 
— By-product,  n.  A  secondary  product'; 
something  obtained,  as  in  a  manufactur- 
ing process,  in  addition  to  the  principal 
product  or  material.— By-stander,  n.  One 
who  stands  by  ortiear;  an  onlooker  or 
spectator;  one  present  but  taking  no  part 
in  what  is  going  on. — By-word,  n.  A  com- 
mon saying;  a  proverb. 

By-law,  Bye-law,  bi'la,  n.  [From  the  Scand. 
by,  a  town,  the  termination  in  Whit<>y  and 
other  names,  and  law;  Dan.  by-lov,  a  mu- 
nicipal law;  Sw.  by-lag,  a  by-law.]  A  local 
or  private  law ;  a  law  made  by  an  incor- 
porated body,  as  a  railway  company,  for 
the  regulation  of  its  own  affairs,  or  the 
affairs  intrusted  to  its  care. 

Byre,  bir,  n.  [A  Scandinavian  word"=E. 
bower.]    A  cow-house.    [Scotch.]  i 

Byssus,  bis'us,  n.  pi.  Byssi,  bisl.  [L.  by»- 
sus,  Gr.  byssos,  fine  linen  or  cotton.]  Zool. 
a  long,  lustrous,  and  silky  bunch  of  fila- 
ments by  which  certain  bivalve  molluscs, 
as  the  oyster,  are  attached  to  fixed  objects; 
bot.  the  stipe  , of  certain  fungi.  —  Byssa- 
ceons,  bis-sa'shus,  a.  Resembling  a  bjssus; 
,  consisting  of  fine  silky  filaments.— Bysslf- 
erous,  bis-8if'er-us,o.  Producing  a  byssus.— 
Byssine,  bis'in,  a.  Made  of  by  ssus;  having  a 
sillcy  or  flax-likeappearance.-Byssoid.bis'- 
oid,a.  H  avin^  the  appearance  of  byssi  ;'6o/. 
exhibiting  a  fnnged  structure  with  threads 
of  unequal  lengths.  —  Bjrssolite,  bis'o-lit, 
n.  [-Kfe=Gr.  lithos,  stone.]  A  name  given 
to  the  finer  fibrous  varieties  of  filament- 
ous minerals,  as  amianthus,  tremoUte, 
actinolite,  &c. 

Byzant,  Byzantine,  biz'ant,  biz-an'tin,  n. 
Same  as  Bezant  (which  'see). 

Byzantine,  Byzantlan,  biz-an'tin,  biz-an'- 
shi-an,  o.  Pertaining  to  Byzantium,  at 
one  time  the  capital  of  the  Eastern  Roman 
Empire, now, under  the  name  of  Constan- 
tinople, the  capital  of  the  Ottoman  Em- 
pire. 


C. 


C,  the  third  letter  in  the  English  alphabet 
and  the  second  of  the  consonants,  origin- 
ally having  the  sound  of  k,  now  having 
also  the  sharp  sound  of  «  (before  e,  i,  and 
y);  rmific,  the  name  of  the  first  or  key  note 
of  the  modern  normal  scale,  answering  to 
the  do  of  the  Italians  and  the  ut  of  the 
French. 

Caaba,  ka-a'ba,  n.  [Ar.,  from  ka'b,  a  cube.] 
An  oblong  stone  building  within  the  great 
mosque  at  Mecca  containing  the  famous 
black  stone  or  Keblah  presented  by  the 
.angel  Gabriel  to  Abraham:  Sometimes  ex- 
tended to  the  temple  itself. 


Caaing-whaJe,  ka;ing-wh&l,  n.  [A  Scotch 
name,  from  the  verb  to  ca\  that  is,  to  drive, 
because  these  whales  can  be  driven  like 
cattle.]  The  round-headed  porpoise,  a 
cetaceous  animal  of  the  dolphin  family, 
of  a  black  colour,  and  attaining  the  length 
of  24  feet. 

Cab,  kab,  n.  FHeb.i  A  Hebrew  dry  mea- 
sure containing  according  to  one  estimate 
•i  pints,  according  to  another  4., 

Cab,  kab,  n.  [Abbrev.  of  cabriolet.]  A  kind 
of  hackney  carriage  with  two  or  four 
wheels,  drawn  by  one  horse.  —  Cabman, 
kab'man,  n.    A  man  who  drives  a  cab.— 


Cab-stand,  n.  A  place  where  cabs  stand 
for  hire. 

Cabal,  ka-bal',  n.  [Fr.  eabcHe,  the  edhala, 
an  intrigue,  a  cabjil.  Cabala.]  Intrigue; 
secret  artifices  of  a  few  persons  united  in 
some  design;  a  number  of  persons  united 
in  some  close  design,  usually  to  promote 
their  private  views  in  church  or  state  by 
intrigue;  a  junto;  specifically,  a  name 
given  to  a  ministry  of  Charles  1 1.,  consist- 
ing of  Clifford,  Ashley.  Buckingham,  Ar- 
lington, and  Lauderdale,  the  initials  of 
whose  names  happened  to  compose  the 
viotA.— v.i.— caballed,  caballing.    To  form 


fSte^  f&r,  fat.  f|ll;     me,  met,  htsr,     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tobe,  tub,  b^;     oil,  pound;     fl,  Sc.  abwne— the  Fr. «./ 


CABALA 


91 


CADENCE 


a  cahal;  to  intripiic;  to  unite  in  Fccrcfc  ar- 
tifices to  effect  some  de;;ign.  —  Caballer, 
ka-bari6r,  n.    One  who  cabals. 

Cabala,  Cabbala,  kab'a-la,  n.  [Heb.  qab- 
bdld,  reception,  the  cabala  or  mysterious 
doctrine  received  traditionally, from  qdbcd, 
to  take  or  receive.]  A  mysterious  kind  of 
science  or  learning  among  Jewish  rabbins, 
transmitted  by  oral  tradition,  serving  for 
the  interpretation  of  difficult  passages  of 
Scripture.— Cabalism,  kab'al-izm,  n.  The 
science  of  the  cabalists.— Cabalist,  kab'al- 
ist,  n.  A  Jewish  doctor  who  professes  the 
study  of  the  cabala.— Cabalistic,  Cabalia- 
tical,  kab-al-ist'ik,  kab-al-ist'ik-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  cabala;  containing  an  occult 
meaning. — Cabalistically,  kab-al-ist'ik-al- 
li,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  the  cabalists. 

CabalUne,  kab'al-lin,  a.  [L.  caballimts, 
from  caballusy  a  horse.]  Pertaining  to  or 
suited  for  a  horse  {caballine  aloes). — n.  A 
coarse  kind  of  aloes  used  as  a  medicine  for 
horses. 

Cabaret,  kab'a-ret,  n.  [Fr.]  A  tavern;  a 
house  where  liquors  are  retailed. 

Cabas,  ka-ba',  n.  [Fr.,  of  Ar.  origin.]  A 
lady's  flat  work-basket  or  reticule. 

Cabbage,  kab'aj,  n.  [O.E.  cubbish,  ciibage, 
from  Fr.  cabus,  O.Fr.  choux  cabus,  a  large- 
headed  cabbage  —  caftMS,  cabuce,  large- 
headed,  from  L.  caput,  a  head.]  A  well- 
known  vegetable  of  several  varieties,  the 
kinds  most  cultivated  being  the  common 
cabbage,  the  savoy,  the  broccoli,  and  the 
cauliflower;  the  common  cabbage  forms 
its  leaves  into  dense  rounded  heads,  the 
inner  leaves  being  blanohed.-w.i.  To  form  a 
head  like  that  of  a  cabbage  in  growing. — 
Cabbage-butterfly,  n.  ■  A  Targe  white  but- 
terfly, the  larvae  of  which  destroy  cruci- 
ferous plants,  especially  of  the  cabbage 
tribe.— Cabbage-moth,  n.  -A  lar^e  dusky- 
coloured  moth  having  a  greenish-black 
caterpillar  which  feeds  on  cabbages.  — 
Cabbage-palm,  Cabbage-iree,  n.  A  West 
Indian  palrn,  having  a  simple  unbranched 
slender  stem  growing  to  a  great  height, 
and  so  called  from  the  young  unexpand- 
ed  leaves  being  eaten  as  a  vegetable. — 
Cabbage-rose,  n.  A  very  fragrant  species 
of  rose  of  many  varieties,  having  a  large, 
rounded,  and  compact  flower. — Cabbage- 
worm,  n.  The  larva  or  caterpillar  of  a 
butterfly  or  moth  infesthig  cabbafjes. 

Cabbage,  kab'aj,  v.t.— cabbaged,  cabbaging. 
[Fr.  cabasser,  to  put  in  a  cabas  or  basket; 
hence,  to  hoard,  steal.  Cauas.]  To  pur- 
loin, especially  to  purloin  pieces  of  cloth 
after  cutting  out  a  garment. — n.  A  cant 
name  for  anything  filched,  more  particu- 
larly, cloth  purloined  by  one  who  cuts  out 
garments. 

Cabbala,  Cabbalism,  &c.,  n.  Cabala,  Cab- 
alism, &o. 

Cabbie,  kabl;  v.t.  or  i. — cabbled,  cobbling. 
Metal,  to  break  the  masses  of  partially 
finished  iron  into  pieces,  tb  be  again  heated 
in  a  furnace  and  wrought  or  hammered 
into  bar-iron. — Cabbler,  kab'lfer,  n.  One 
who  cabbies. 

Cabefa,  ka-ba'sa,  re.  [Pg.,  lit.  a  head.l  A 
fine  kind  of  Indian  silk';  a  money  of  ac- 
count on  the  west  coast  of  Africa. 

Caber,  ka'bfer,  n.  [Gael,  cabar,  a  pole,  a 
stake,  a  rafter.]  In  Highland  games,  a 
long  undressed  stem  of  a  tree,  used  for 
tossing  as  a  feat  of  strength. 

Cabin,  kab'in,  m.  ['From  W.  caban,  a  cabin, 
dim.  of  cab,  a  kind  of  hut;  Ir.  and  Gael 
caban,  a  cabin.]  A  small  room  or  inclosed 
place;  a  cottage;  a  hut  or  small  house  or 
habitation,  especially  one  that  is  poorly 
constructed;  an  apartment  in  a  ship  for 
officers  or  passengers.  —  v.i.  To  live  in  a 
cabin ;  to  lodge.  [Shak.\—v.t.  To  confine 
as  in  a  cabin.  [Sfta*.]  — Cabin-boy,  n.  A 
boy  whose  duty  is  to  wait  on  the  officers 
and  passengers  on  board  of  a  ship. 

Cabinet,  kab'in-et,  n.  [Fr.  cabinet,  a  closet, 
receptacle  of  curiosities,  &p.,  a  dim.  form, 
ultimately  from  the  Celfic.  Cabhjt.]  A 
small  room,  closet,  or  retired  apartment; 
a  private  room  in  which  consultations  are 
held ;  hence,  the  select  or  secret  counsel 
of  a  prince  or  executive  government;  the 
collective  body  of  ministers  who  direct 
the  government  of  a  nation  or  country : 
so  called  from  the  apartment  in  which  the 


meetings  wcro  originally  held;  a  jiiccc  of 
furniture  consisting  of  a  chest  or  box, 
with  drawers  and  doors.— Cabinet-council, 
n.  The  confidential  council  of  a  prince  o» 
executive  magistrate;  a  council  of  cabinet 
ministers  held  with  privacy  to  deliberate 
upon  public  affairs;  a  select  number  of 
confidential  counsellors. — Cabinet-maker, 
n.  A  man  whose  occupation  is  to  make 
household  furniture,  such  as  cabinets, 
side-boards,  tables,  &c. 

Cable,  kaTjl,  n.  [Fr.  cdble,  a  rope,  from 
L.L.  capttlum,  caplum,  a  rope,  a  halter, 
from  L.  capio,  to  take.]  A  large  strong 
rope,  usually  of  3  or  4  strands  of  liemp,  or  a 
chain,  such  as  is  used  to  retain  a  vessel  at 
anchor;  arch,  a  moulding  with  its  surface 
cut  in  imitation  of  the  twisting  of  a  rope ; 
also,  a  cylindrical  moulding  in  the  flute 
of  a  column  and  partly  filling  it.  — 
Cable's  length,  a  nautical  measure,  one 
tenth  of  a  sea  mile,  or  about  I-UO  fathoms. 
— Syb-marine  or  electric  telegraph  cable,  a 
cable  by  which  telegraphic  messages  are 
conveyed  through  the  ocean,  usually  com- 
posed of  a  single  wire  of  pure  copper,  or  of 
several  wires,  embedded  m  a  compound  of 
gutta-percha  and  resinous  substances,  so 
as  to  be  compacted  into  one  solid  strand, 
encircled  by  layers  of  gutta-percha  or  in- 
dia-rubber, hemp  or  jute  padding,  and 
coils  of  iron  ■vtire.— v.t.— cabled,  cabling.  To 
fasten  with  a  cable;  arch.U>  fill  (the  flutes  of 
columns)  with  cables  or  cylindrical  pieces. 
—  Cable  -  mouldiii£,  re.  iSame  as  Cable, 
arch. 

Cabob,  ka-bob',  re.  [Per.]  An  oriental  dish, 
consisting  dfjuerally-  of  a  neck  or  loin  of 
mutton  cut  In  pieces  and  roasted,  dressed 
with  onions,  eggs,  splceo,  &c. 

Caboose,  ka-oos'  n.  [From  D.  kabuis,  a 
caboose  or  ship  s  galley;  Dan.  kabys,  Sw. 
kabysa,  kabyssa,  a  caboose,  L.G.  kabuse, 
kabiise,  a  little  room  or  hut;  probably  from 
same  root  as  cabin.\  The  cook-room  or 
kitchen  of  a  ship;  the  galley. 

Cabriole,  kab'ri-61,  re.  [Fr.  cabriole,  a  goat- 
leap;  L.L.  capriolus,  a  goat,  from  L.  caper, 
a  goat.]  A  leap  or  curvet  of  a  horse ;  a 
capriole.— Cabriolet,  kab-re-o-ls,  re.  [Fr. 
cabriolet,  dim.  from  cabriole,  a  goat-leap.] 
A  one-horse  carriage;  a  cab. 

Cabrit,  kab'rit,  n.  The  prong-horned  ante- 
loi)e  bf  North  America. 

Cacao,  ka-ka'o,  n.  [Fr.  Sp.  Pg.  cacao,  from 
Mexican  cacauafl.  cacao.]  The  chocolate- 
tree,  a  small  tree  16  to  18  feet  high,  a  na- 
tive of  the  West  Indies,  and  much  culti- 
vated in  the  tropics  of  both  hemispheres 

^on  account  of  its  soeds,  from  which  cocoa 
(a  corruption  of  thn  word  cacao)  and  cho- 
colate are  prepared 

Cachalot,  ka«h'a-lot  or  kash-a-lo,  n.  [Fr. 
cachalot,  from  Catalan  quichal,  a  tooth, 
lit.  therefore  toothed  whale.]  A  very 
large  cetaceous  mammal,  the  blunt-headw 
sperm-whale,  havincr  a,  head  of  enormous 
size,  containing  a  farge  receptacle  filled 
with  spermaceti;  sperm-oil  and  ambergris 
are  also  obtained  from  this  animal. 

Cache,  kash,  re.  [Fr.]  A  hole  in  the  groijpd 
in'which  travellers  hide  and  preserve  pro- 
visions which  it  is  inconvenient  to  carry. 

Cachet,  ka-shS,  re.     IFr.,  from  caclier,  to 

.  conceal.]  A  sea.\.—Lettre  de  cachet,  a  pri- 
vate letter  of  state:  a  name  given  especi- 
ally to  letters  bearing  the  private  seal  of 
the  French  kings,  often  employed  as  arbi- 
trary warrants  of  imprisonment  for  an 
indefinite  period. 

Cachexy,  Cachexia,  ka-kek'si,  ka-kek'si-a, 
n.  [Gr.  kachexia,  from kakos,  ill,  and  hexis, 
habit,  from  echo,  to  have.]  A  morbid  state 
of  the  bodily  system,  the  result  of  disease 
or  of  intemperate  habits.— Cachectic;  Ca- 
chectical,  ka-kek'tik,  ka-kek '  tik-al,  a. 
Having  or  pertaining  to  cachexy. 

Cachinnation,  Icak-in-na'shon,  re.  [L.  each- 
innatio,  from  cachinno,  to  laugh;  imitative 
of  the  sound.]  Loud  or  immoderate 
laughter.  —  Cachinnatory,  ka-kin'a-to-ri, 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  cachinnation; 
laughing  loudly. 

Cacholong,  kash'o-long,re.  Wach,  the  name 
of  a  river  in  Bucharia,  and  cholona,  a  Cal- 
muc  word  for  stone.]  A  mineral  of  the 
quartz  family,  a  variety  of  opal,  and  so 
often    called  Pearl-opal,   usually  milk- 


white,  sometimes  grayish  or  yellowish- 
white,  opaque  or  slightly  translucent  at 
the  edges. 

Cachou,  ka-sho,  re.  [Fr.  Same  as  cashew.] 
A  sweetmeat  gen«  ttiy  in  the  form  of  a 
pill,  and  made  of  tlie  extract  of  liquorice, 
cashew-nut,  gum,  &c.,  used  to  remove  an 
ofl'ensive  breath. 

Cacique,  ka-sek',  re.    Cazique. 

Cackle,  kak'l,  v.i. — cackled,  cackling.  iD. 
and  L.G.  kakel&i,  Sw.  kackla,  Dan.  kagle; 
of  imitative  origin  like  giggle,  cachinna- 
tion, a;c.]  To  utter  a  noisy  cry  such  as  that 
often  made  by  a  goose  or  a  hen;  to  laugh 
■with  a  broken  noise,  like  the  cackling  of 
a  goose;  to  giggle;  to  prate;  to  prattle;  to 
tattle. — n.  The  broken  cry  of  a  goose  or 
hen;  idle  talk';  silly  prattle.  —  Cackler, 
kak'l6r,re.  A  fowl  that  cackles;  a  tell-tale; 
a  tattler. 

Cacodemon,  Cacodsemon,  kak-O-de'mon,  n. 
[Gr.  kakos,  evil,  and  daitnon,  a  demon.] 
An  evil  spirit;  a  devil.    [Shak.] 

Cacoethes,  kak-o-e'thez,  ji.  [L.  cacoethes, 
from  Gr.  kakoethes,  a  bad  habit,  an  itch 
for  doing  something— Aatos,  viciou>,  and 
ethos,  custom,  habit.]  A  bad  custom  or 
habit. — CacoeUies  scribendi,  a  diseased  pro- 
pensity for  writing;  an  itch  for  author- 
ship. 

Cacography,  ka-kog'ra-fi,  n.  [Gr.  kakos, 
bad-,  and  grapho,  to  write.]  Bad  spelling 
or  writing. — Cacographic,  kak-o-graf'ik,  a. 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  characterized  by 
cacography  or  oad  writing  or  spelling;  ill- 
written. 

Cacolet,  kak-o-la,  re.  [Fr.]  A  kind  of  chair 
fixed  on  the  back  of  a  mule  or  horse  for 
carrying  travellers  in  mountainous  dis- 
tricts, or  sick  or  wounded  persons. 

Cacology,  ka-kol'o-ji,  re.  [Gr.  kakologia— 
kakos,  bad,  and  logos,  word.]  Bad  speak- 
ing; bad  choice  of  words. 

Cacophony,  ka-kof'o-ni,  re.  [Gr.  kak'ophonia 
— kakos,  bad,  and  phon^,  soviud,  voice.]  A 
disagreeable  vocal  sound;  discord.— Caco- 
phonic,  Cacophonous,  kak-o-fo'nik,  ka- 
kof'o-nus,  a.    Sounding  harshly. 

Cactus,  kak'tus,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  kaktos,  a 
prickly  plant.]  A  succulenC,  spiny,  and 
usually  leafless  shrubof  numerous  species, 
natives  of  tropical  America,  the  fruit  of 
some  being  edible,  and  many  being  cul- 
tivated in  conservatories  for  their  showy 
flowers  and  curious  stems. — Cactaceous, 
kak-ta'shus,  a.  Relating  to  or  resembling 
the  cactus. 

Cad,  kad,  re.  [An  abbreviation  of  cadet.] 
A  slang  term  applied  originally  to  vari; 
ous  classes  of  persons  of  a  low  grade,  ai 
hangers-on  about  inn-yards,  messengers  or 
errand-boys,  &c.;  now  extended  to  any 
mean,  vulgar  fellow  of  whatever  social 
rank. 

Cadastre,  ka-das't6r,  re.  [Fr  cadastre,  a 
survey  and  valuation  of  property,  from 
L.L.  capitastrum,  register  for  a  poll-tax; 
from  L.  caput,  the  head.]  A  detailed  sur- 
vey of  a  country,  as  the  basis  of  an  assess- 
ment for  fiscal  purposes,  &c.^^adastral, 
ka-das'tral.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having 
the  character  of  a  cadastre. 

Cadaverous,  ka-dav'6r-u8,  a.  [L.  cadaver- 
osus,  from  cadaver,  a  dead  body,  from  cado, 
to  fall.]  Pertaining  to  a  dead  body;  espe- 
cially, having  the  appearance  or  colour  of 
a  dead  human  body;  pale;  wan;  ghastly. 
—Cadaverously,  ka-dav'6r-us-li,  adv.  In  a 
cadaverous  manner.— Cadaverousness,  ka- 
dav'er-us-nes,  re. 

Caddice,  Caddis,  kad'is,  re.  [From  W.  ead- 
aeh,  a  rag,  cadas,  a  kind  of  cloth,  from  the 
rough  or  ragged  covering  of  the  larva.] 
The  larva  of  the  caddice-fly.— Caddice-fly. 
Caddis  -  fly,  re.  A  neuropterous  insect, 
called  also  the  May-fly,  the  larva  or  grub 
of  which  forms  for  itself  a  case  of  small 
roots,  stalks,  stones,  shells,  &c.-,  and  lives 
under  water  till  ready  .to  emerge  from  the 
pupa  state. 

Caddy,  kad'i,  re.  [Corruption  of  catty,  a 
small  package  of  tea,  Malay  kati,  a  weight 
equivalent  to  li  lb.]  A  small  box  for 
keeping  tea. 

Cade,  kad,  re.  [L.  eadns,  a  cask.]  A  barrel 
or  cask;  a  cade  of  herrings  =  500. 

Cade,  kad,  n.    A  sheep-tick. 

Cadence,  ka'dens,  re.  [L.L.  cadeniia,  a  fall- 


;^,  Sc.  locfc;:a.g,  jojji  j,/ob;jo.n,[J'r.  ton;_  ng,  sinj;     ta,  tAen;  th,  tAia;  ^^,  tvig;     wh,  wAig;     zh,  asure. 


CADET 

iag,  from  L.  cado,  to  fall.  Chance  is  the^ 
Bame  word.]  A  decline;  a  state  of  falling 
or  sinking;  the  general  tone  or  modulation 
of  the  -Boice  in  reading  or  reciting ;  tone ; 
sound;  rhythm;  measure;  wius.  a  short 
succession  of  notes  or  chords  at  the  close 
of  a  musical  passage  or  phrase;  also  a 
shake  or  trill,  nm,  or  division,  introduced 
as  an  ending  or  as  a  means  of  return  to 
the  first  subject.  — Cadent,t  ka'dent,  a. 
Falling  down;  sinking.  [S/iaifc.}— Cadenza, 
ka-den'za,  n.  [It.]  Mtis.  an  embellish- 
ment made  at  the  end  of  a  melody,  either 
actually  extempore  or  of  an  impromptu 
character ;  also,  a  running  passage  at  the 
conclusion  of  a  vocal  piece. 

Cadet,  ka-det',  n.  [Fr.  cadet,  O.Fr.  eapdet, 
contr.  from  L.L.  cwpitettum,  dim.  of  L. 
caput,  the  head ;  lit.  little  head  or  chief.] 
A  younger  or  youngest  son;  a  junior  male 
member  of  a  noble  family;  a  young  man 
in  training  for  the  rank  of  an  oflScer  in 
the  army  or  navy. — Cadetship,  ka-det'ship, 
n.  The  state  of  being  a  cadet ;  the  rank- 
er office  of  a  cadet.  . 

Cadger,  kaj'6r,  n.  [Perhaps  from  O.Fr. 
cagier,  one  "who  carried  about  falcons  or 
other  birds  in  a  cage  for  sale.]  An  itinerant 
huckster  or  hawker. 

Cadi,  kad'i  or  ka'di,  n-  [Turk.]  A  judge  in 
civil  affairs  among  the  Turks;  usually  the 

judge  of  a  town  or  village. 

Cadmean,"Cadmia2i,  kad-me'an,  kad'mi-an, 
a.  Relating  to  Cadvius,  a  legendary  prince 
of  aucieut  Greece,  who  is  said  to  have  in- 
troduced the  sixteen  simple  letters  of  the 
Greek  alphabet,  thence  called  Cadmean 
letters.  —  Cadniean  tnctory,  a  victory  in 
which  the  victors  suffer  as  much  as  the 
vanquished. 

Cadmium,  kad'mi-um,  n.  [L.  eadmia,  Gr. 
kadmia,  Icadmeia,  calamine.]  A  ductile, 
malleable,  and  fusible  metal,  of  a  fine 
white  colour  with  a  shade  of  bluish  gray, 
resembling  that  of  tin;  it  is  very  scarce, 
is  in  all  its  relations  very  analogous  to 
zinc,  and  is  almost  invariably  associated 
with  it.— Cadmimn-yellow,  n.  A  pigment 
of  an  intense  yellow  colour  and  much 
body,  prepared  from  the  sulphide  of  cad- 
mium. 

Caducens,  ka-d\"i'85-us,  n.  [L.]  Mercury's 
rod  represented  as  a  wingedrod  entwisted 
by  two  serpents,  in  modem  times  used  as 
a  symbol  of  commerce.  —  Caducean,  ka- 
dQ's6-an,  a.  Belonging  to  the  caduceus  or 
wand  of  Mercury. 

Caducibranchiate,  ka-dtl'si-brang^Td-at,  a. 
[L.  caducus,  falling,  and  branchice,  gills.] 
A  term  applied  to  animals  such  as  the 
newts,  which  lose,  the  gills  before  attain- 
ing maturity. 

Caducous,  ka-dalcus,  a.  (X.  codwcws,  from 
cado,  to  fall.]  Having  a  tendency  to  fall 
or  decay;  specifically  applied  to  organs 
of  animals  and  plants  that  early  drop  off, 
as  branchiae,  floral  envelopes,  &c. 

Caecum,  se'kum,  n.  pi.  Cxca,  seTja.  [L. 
CCBCU8,  blind.]  The  blind  gut  or  intestine; 
a  branch  of  an  intestine  with  one  end 
closed;  mammals  have  generally  only  one 
caecum,  birds'  usually  two  caeca,  while  in 
fishes  they  are  often  numerous.— Caecal, 
se'kal,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  caecum; 
having  the  form  of  a  caecum;  hag-shaped. 
— CsEcally,  se'kal-U,  adv.  In  the  form  or 
manner  of  a  caecum. 

Csenozoic,  g6-no-zo'ik,  a. .  Caikozoic. 

Caen-stone,  ka'en  or  kon,  n.  A  cream- 
coloured  building-stone  of  excellent  qua- 
lity, got  near  Caen  in  Normandy,  the 
material  Of  which  many  English  buildings 
are  constructed. 

Cserolean.    Cerclean. 

Csesar,  se'zfe'r,  n.  A  title,  originally  a  sur- 
name of  the  Julian  family  at  Rome,  which, 
after  being  dignified  in  the  person  of  the 
dictator  C.  Julius  Cassar,  was  adopted  by 
successive  Roman  emperors,  and  latterly 
came  to  be  applied  to  the  heir  presumptive' 
to  the  throne.  —  Caesarean,  Caesarian,  se- 
za're-an,  sS-za'ri-an,  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Caesar.- Cesarean  operation,  the  oper- 
ation by  which  the  fetus  is  taken  out  of 
the  uterus  by  an  incision  through  the  ab- 
domen and  uterus,  when  delivery  of  a 
living  child  is  otherwise  impossible:  said 
to  be  80  named  liecauEe  Julius  Csesar  was 


92 


brought  into  the  world  in  this  way. — 
Caesarism,  se'z6r-izm,  re.  Despotic  sway 
exercised  by  one  who  has  been  raised  to 
power  by  popular  will;  imperialism. 

Cfsesium,  se'zi-um,  n.  [L.  ccesitis,  blue.] 
A  rare  metal  originally  discovered  in 
mineral  waters,  and  so  named  because  its 
spectrum  exhibits  two  characteristic  blue 
bn'es.  It  is  always  found  in  connection 
with  rubidium. 

Caespitose,  Caespitons,  ses'pi-tos,  ses'pi-tus, 
a.    CtsfiTosE. 

Caesura,  se-zu'ra,  n.  [L.  ccesura,  a  cutting, 
from  ccedere,  ccemim,  to  cut.]  A  pause  or 
division  in  a  verse;  a  separatiottj  by  the 
ending  of  a  word  or  by  a  pause  iu  the 
sense,  of  Qfllables  rhythmically  connected. 
— Caesoral,  se-zti'ral,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
caesura. 

Caf^,  kaf-a,,  n.  [Fr.,  coffee,  a  coffee-house.] 
A  coffee-house;  a  restaurant. 

Caffeic,  ka-fe'ik,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
coffee.  —  Caffeine,  ka-fe'in,  n.  A  slightly 
bitter  alkaloid  found  in  coffee,  tea,  &c., 
which,  when  taken  in  large  doses,  is  poi- 
sonous. 

CaSre,  kaf'^r,  n.    Kafir. 

Caftan.    Kaftan. 

Cage;  kaj,  n.  [Fr.  cage,  from  L.  cavea,  a 
hollow,  from  cavus,  hollow  (whence  E. 
cave).'[  A  box,  or  inclosure,  a  large  part  of 
which  consists  of  lattice-work  of  wood, 
wicker,  wire,  or  i^on  bars,  for  confining 
birds  or  beasts ;  a  prison  or  place  of  con- 
finement for  petty  malefactors  I ;  a  skele- 
ton framework  of  various  kinds;  the  frame- 
work of  a  hoisting  apparatus,  as  the  frame- 
work in  which  miners  ascend  and  descend 
the  shaft,  and  by  which  hutches  are  raised 
and  lowered. — v.t. — caged,  caging.  To  con- 
fine in  a  cage;  to  shut  up  or  confine.— Cage- 
ling,  kaj 'ling,  n.  A  bird  kept  in  a  cage;  a 
cage  bird. 

Caimacam,  ka-ma-kam',  n.  A  lieutenant  or 
lieutenant-general  in  the  Turkish  service; 
the  governor  of  Constantinople. 

Caiman,  n.    Cayman. 

Cainozoic,  ka-no-zo'ik,  a.  [6r.  kainoa,  re- 
cent, and  zoe,  life.]  Geol.  a  term  applied 
to  the  latest  of  the  three  divisions  into 
which  strata  have  been  arranged,  with  re- 
ference to  the  age  of  the  fossils  they  in- 
clude, embracing  the  tertiary  and  post- 
tertiary  systems. 

Cai(]ine,  ka-ek',  n.  [Tr.,  from  Turk,  kaik.'] 
A  bght  skiff  used  in  the  Bospoms,  where 
it  almost  monopolizes  the  boat  traffic. 

Cairn,  kam,  n.  [Gael.  Ir.  W.  cam,  a  heap, 
a  cairn.]  A  heap  of  stones;  one  of  those 
large  heaps  of  stones  common  in  Great 
Britain,  jjarticularly  in  iscotland  and 
Wales,  and  generally  of  a  conical  form, 
erected  as  sepulchral  monumentB,-to  com- 
memorate some  event,  as  landmarks,  &c. 

Cairngorm,  Cairngorm-stone,  kam'gorm, 
n.  A  yellow  or  brown  variety  of  rock- 
ciystal,  found  in  great  perfection  on  Cairn- 
gorm and  the  neighbouring  mountains  in 
Scotland,  and  much  usea  for  brooches, 
seals,  and  other  ornaments. 

Caisson,  kas'son,  n.-  [Fr.,  caisson,  faom 
caisse,  a  chest,  a  cft;e,  from  L.  capsa,  a 
chest.]  A  wooden  chest  filled  with  ex- 
plosives to  be  fired  when  approached  by  an 
enemy;  also,  an  ammunition  wagon,  or 
an  ammunition  chest;  a  vessel  in  the  form 
of  a  boat  used  as  a  flood-gate  in  docks ;  a 
water-tight  structure  or  case  filled  .with 
air  and  placed  under  sunken  vessels  to 
raise,  them;  a  kind  of  floating-dock;  a 
water-tight  box  or  cylindrical  casing  used 
in  founding  and  building  structures  in 
water  too  deep  for  the  coffer-dam,  such  as 
piers  of  bridges,  quays,  &c. 

Caitiff,  ka'tif ,  n.  [O.Fr.  caitif,  captive,  un- 
fortunate; from  L.  captivus,  a  captive, 
from  capere,  to  take.)  A  mean  villain;  a 
despicable  knave;  one  who  is  both  wicked 
and  mean. — o.  Belonging  to  a  caitiff;  ser- 
vile; base: 

Cajepnt,  Cajnpnt,  kaj'i-put,  kaj'u-put,  «. 
[MsJay  k&vO,,  a  tree,  and  pvtih,  white.]  A 
pungent,  volatile  oil,  having  stimulant 
and  antispasmodic  properties,  obtained 
from  the  cajeput-tree  of  the  Moluccas. 

Cajole,  ka-jol',  v.t.— cajoled,  cajoling.  [Fr. 
cajoler,  to  cajole;  O.Fr.  cageoler,  to  sing  or 

•chatter  like  a  bird  in  a  cage,  from  cage.] 


CALCANEUM^ 

— — — rr: ^i 

To  deceive  or  del«(^  hy  flatt^iy,  specious 
promises,  &c. ;  to  wheedle ;  to  coax.  —  Ca- 
joler, ka-jol'er,  n.  One  who  cajoles;  a 
wheedler.— Cajolery,  ka-jOl'er-i,  n.  The  act 
of  cajoling;  coaxing  language  or  tricks;  a 
wheedling  to  delude. 

Cake,  kak,  n.  [Icel.  and  Sw.  kaka,  Dan. 
kage,  D.  kotck,  (i.  kuchen,  cake;  probably 
from  L.  coqriire,  to  cook.  Cook.]  A  mass 
of  fine  light  dough  baked,  and  generally 
sweetened  or  flavouced  with  various  in- 
gredients; .something  made  or  concreted 
m  the  form  of  a  calte;  a  mass  of  matter  in 
a  solid  form  relatively  thin  and  extended. 
— v.t. — caked,  caking.  To  form  into  a  cake 
or  mass. — v.i.  To  concrete  or. become  form- 
ed into  a  hard  mass,  as  dough  iu  an  oven, 
&c. 

Calabash,  kal'a-bash,  «.  [Pg.  calaba^a,  Sp. 
calabaza,  from  Ar.  gar,  a  gourd,  and  aibas, 
dry.]  A  gourd  shell  dried;  the  fruit  of  the 
calabash-tree  r  a  vessel  made  of  a  dried 
gourd  shell  or  of  a  similar  shell,  used  for 
containing  liquors  or  goods,  as  pitch,  resin , 
and  the  like. — Calabash-tree,  n.  A  name 
of  several  American  trees  bearing  large 
gourd-like  fruits,  the  hard  shells  of  which 
are  made  into  numerous  domestic  uten- 
sils, as  basins,  cups,  spoons,  bottles,  &c. 

Calamanco,  kal-a-maug'ko,  n.  [Sp.  cala- 
manco, caZamaco,  L.L.  calamancus,  caUi- 
mavxwn.]  A  woollen  stuff'  of  a  fine  gloss 
and  checkered  in  the  waip. 

Calamander  Wood,kal-a-man'd^r,n.  [Sup- 
posed to  be  a.curruption  of  Coromandet.} 
A  beautiful  species  of  wood,  a  kind  of  ebony 
obtained  from  a  Geylonese  tree  resembling 
rosewood,  and  so  hard  that  it  is  worked 
with  great  difficulty. 

Calajnary,  kal'a-ma-ri,  n.  [Sp.  calamar, 
a  calamajry,  from  L.  calamvs,  a  reed,  pen, 
from  their  pen-shaped  internal  shell.]  A 
decapod  cuttle-fish,  having  the  body  ob- 
long, fleshy,  tapering,  flanked  behind  by 
two  triangular  fins,  and  containing  a  pen- 
shaped  internal  homy  shell.  Called  also 
Sqvid,  Sea-slfieve. 

Calambac,  kal'am-bak,  n.  [Per.]  A  fra- 
grant wood;  agallochum. 

Calambour,  kal'am-bbr,  n.  [Akin  to  cal- 
ambac] A  species  of  aloes- wood  of  a  dusky 
or  mottled  colour,  used  by  cabinet-makers. 

Calamine,  kal'a-min,  n.  [L.L.  calamina, 
from  L.  eadmia  {d  being  changed  into  I), 
calamine.]  The  nati\-e  siliceous  oxide  of 
zinc,  an  important  British  ore  of  zinc, 
from  which  the  metal  is  got  chiefly  by  dis- 
tillation. 

Calamlte,  kal'a-mit,  n.  [L.  calamus,  a  reed.] 
A  kind  of  fossil  plants,  common  in  the 
carboniferous  rocks,  having  the  habit  of 
the  modem  equisetums,  but  with  woody 
stems,  and  growing  to  the  size  of  trees. 

Calamity,  ka-lam'i-ti,  m.  [L.  calamitas, 
ealamitoHs.]  Any  great  misfortune  or  cause 
of  misery;  a  disaster  accompanied  with 
extensive  evils;  misfortune;  mishap;  af- 
fliction; adversity.— Calamitous,  ka-lam'i- 
tus,  a.  [Fr.  calamitettx,  L.  calamitoatis.] 
Producing  or  resulting  from  calamity ; 
making  wretched;  distressful;  disastrous; 
miserahle;  baleful.  —  Calamitously,  ka- 
lam'i-tus-li,  adv.  In  a  calamitous  man- 
ner.—Calaniitongness,  ka-lam'i-tus-nes,  n. 

Calamus,  kal'a-mus,  n.  [L.  calamus,  a  reed, 
a  reed-pen;  same  root  as  in  E.  haulm.]  A 
reed  or  reed-like  plant;  a  perennial  tufted 
Indian  grass,  called  also  siNeet- scented 
lemon-grass,  yielding  an  aromatic  oil  used 
in  perfumery;  the  root  of  the  sweet-rush; 
the  generic  name  of  the  palms  yielding 
rattans.— Calamiferoua,  kaJ-a-miffer-us,  a- 
Producing  reeds. 

Calash,  ka-lash',  n.  [Fr.  caUclie,  from  G. 
iaJe»cA«,  a  word  of  Slavonic  origin:  Bohem. 
kolesa,  Pol.  kolaska.]  A  ligtit  carriage 
with  very  low  wheels  and  a  folding  top ; 
the  folding  hood  or  top  fitted  to  such  a 
carriage;  a  kind  of  head-dress  worn  by 
ladies,  and  consisting  of  a  frame  of  cane 
or  whalebone  covered  with  silk. 

Calathiform,  kal'a-thi-form,  a.  [L.  calor 
thus,  a  work-basket,  a  bowl,  and  /orma, 
form.]  .Bo*,  hemispherical  or  concave,  like 
a  bowl  or  cup. 

Calcaneum,  kal-kft'ne-um,  n.  [L.,  the  heel.] 
Anat.  the  largest  bone  of  the  tarsus;  the 
bono  that  forms  the  heel. 


F&te, &r, fat,  f^ll; ^me, met,  b«r;  ^ pine,  pm;.tkn<ite, not,  mttve; ^tobe,  tub,  b\iU;^il, pound;  jt&^-<^-  abiworrtbe  Fr,.v, 


CALCAir 

^ — —    '  '-' 

Oalcax,  kalkiir,  n.  [L.  caLcar,  a  spur,  from 
calx,  calcis,  the  heel.l  £ot.  a  spur;  a  hol- 
low projection  from  the  base  of  a  petal.— 
Caicarate,  kal'ka-rat,  a.  Bot  furnished 
with  a  spur,  as  the  corolla  of  larkspur.  . 

Jalcar,  kal'kar,  n.  [L.  calcaria,  a  lime- 
kiln, from  calr,  lime.]  A  kind  of  oven  or 
reverberating  furnace,  used  in  glass-works 
for  the  calcination  of  sand  and  salt  of  pot- 
ash, and  converting  them  into  frit.  • 

Calcareous,  kal-ka'r5-us,  a.  [h.  calcarius, 
from  calx,  lime.]  Partaking  of  the  nature 
of  lime;  having  the  qualities  of  lime;  con- 
taining lime.— Calcareousness,  kal-ka're- 
us-nes,  n.    Quality  of  being  calcareous. 

Calcedonic,  Calcedony,  kal-si-don'ik,  kal- 
sed'o-ni.    Chalcedonic,  Chalcwjony. 

CR>lceolaria,  kal-se-o-la'ri-a,  n.  [L.  calceo- 
lii3,  a  slipper,  from  the  shape  of  the  in- 
flated corolla  resembling  ashoe  or  slipper.] 
The  generic  name  of  a  number  of  orna- 
mental herbaceous  or  shrubby  plants, 
natives  of  South  America,  and  now  very 
common  in  gardens,  most  having  yellow 
flowers,  some  puce -coloured,  and  some 
with  the  two  colours  intermixed,  while 
others  are  white. 

Calcic,  kal'sik,  d.  [L.  calx,  calcis,  lime.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  lime;  containing  cal- 
cium. —  Calciferous,  kal-sif'er-us,  a.  [L. 
calx,  and  fero,  to  produce.]  Producing  or 
containing  lime,  especially. when  in  con- 
siderable quantity  (ca^ci/eroMS  i  strata). — 
Calcification,  karsi-fi-ka"shon,»i.  A  chang- 
ing into  lime;  the  process  of  changing 
into  a  stony  substance  by  the  deposition 
of  lime.— Calciform,  Hal'si-form,  a.  In  the 
form  of  chalk  or  lime.— Calcify,  kal'si-fi, 
v.i.— calcified,  calcifying.  [L.  calx,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  To  become  gradually 
changed  into  a  stony  condition  by  the  de- 
position or  secretion  of  lime, — v.t.  To  make 
stony  by  depositin'g  lime.— Calcimine,  kal'- 
si-min,n.  [From  L.  cate.  ]  A  superior  kind 
of  white  or  coloured  wash  for  the  walls  of 
rooms,  ceilings,  &c.— Calcine,  kal-sin',i).t.-r 
calcined,  calcining.  [Fr.  calciner,  frotn  L. 
calx.  ]  To  reduce  to  a  powder  or  to  a  fri  able 
state  by  the  action  of  heat ;  to  free  from 
volatile  matter  by  the  action  of  heat,  as 
limestone'f  rom  carbonic  acid,  iron  ore  from 
sulphur;  to  oxidize  or  reduce  to  a  metallic 
calx.— -y.i.  To  be  converted  into  a  powder 
or  friable  substance  by  the  action  of  heat. 
— Calcinable,  kal-si'na-bl ,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing calcined.— Calcination,  kal-si-na'shon, 
n.'  The' act  or  operation  of '  calcining. — 
Calciner,  kal-sin^fir,  n.  One  who  calcines; 
a  calcining  or  rcasting  furnace.— Calcite, 
kal'sit,  n.  A  term  applied  to  various  min- 
erals, including  limestone,  all  the  white 
and  most  of  the  coloured  marbles,  chalk, 
Icelarid-spar,  &c.  —  Calcium,  kal'si-um,  v,. 
[  From  L.  calx.  ]  Sym.  Ca.  The  metallic 
basis  of  lime,  and  the  most  widely  diffused 
of  the  alkaline  metals;  it  is  a  light  yellow 
metal,  about  as  hard  as  gold,  very  ductile 
and  malleable,  and  bums  in  chlorine  with 
a  most  brilliant  flame. 

Calcography,  kal-kog'ra-fi,  «.  [L.  calx, 
dialk,  and  6r.  grapho,  to  engrave.]  The 
drt  of  drawing  with  black  or  coloured 
chalks. —Calcogifapher,  kal-kog'ra-f6r,  n. 
One  who  practises  calcography.  —  Calco- 
graphical,  kal-ko-graf'ik-al,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  calcographjr.     »     . 

Calc-sinter,  kalk'sm-tfir,  ji-  fL.  calx,  lime, 
and  G.  sinUr,  a  stalactite.}  A  stalactitic 
carbonate  of  lime,  a  variety  of  calcite,  con- 
sisting of  deposits  from  springs  holding 
carbonate'  of  lime  in  solution. — Calc-spar, 
kalk'spar,  n.  Calcareous  spar,  or  crystal- 
lized carbonate  of  lime.— Calc-tuff,  kalk'- 
tuf ;  n.  An  alluvia,!  formation  of  carbon- 
ate of  lime. 

Calculary.    Under  Calculus. 

Calculate,  kal'ku-lat,  v.t.—calculated,  cal- 
culating. [L.  calculo,  calculatum,  from 
calciihts,  a  counter  or  pebble  used  in  cal- 
culations, from  calx,  a  small  stone,  a 
counter.]  To  ascertain  by  computation; 
to  compute;  to  reckon  up;  to  estimate 
(value,  cost);  to -make  the  necessary  or 
usual  computations  regarding  (an  eclipse, 
&c.);  to  fit  or  prepare  by  the  adaptation 
of  means  to  an  end;  to  make  suitable: 
generally  in  pp.  in.  this  sense=suited  or 
suitable ;  adapted  (a  scheme  calcidated  to 


93 


do  much  mischief). — v.i.  To  make  a  com- 
putation; to  weigh  all  the  circumstances; 
to  deliberate.— Calculable,  kal'ku-la-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  calculated  or  ascertained 
by  calculation.  —  Calculating,  kal'ku-lat- 
ing,  a.  Having  the  power  or  habit  of 
making  arithmetical  calculations;  quick 
at  arithmetical  calculations;  given  to  fore- 
thought and  calculation;  deliberate  and 
selfish;  scheming  (a  calculating  disposi- 
tion).—Calculation,  kal-ku-la'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  calculating;  the  art  or  practice  of 
computing  by  numbers;  reckoning;  com- 
putation; a  series  of  aritlwnetical  pro- 
cesses set,  down  in  figures  and  bringing 
out^  a  certain  result;  estimate  formed  by 
comparing  the  circumstances  bearing  on 
the  matter  in  hand.— Calciilative,  kal'ku- 
la-tiv,  a.  Pertaining  to  calculation;  tend- 
ing to  calculate.— Cailculator,  k;J'ku-la- 
tftr,  n.    One  who  calculates. 

Calculus,  kul'ku-lus,  n.  pi.  Calculi,  kalTcQ- 
li.  [L.,  a  pebble  used  for  calculating,  from 
calx,  a  small  stone,  a  counter.]  A  general 
term  for  hard  concretions  of  various  kinds 
formed  in  various  parts  of  the  body,  the 
more  important  being  those  formed'  in 
the  gall-bladder,  called  hiliaru  calculi  or 
gaU-stones,  and  those  formed  by  a  deposi- 
tion from  the  urine  in  the  kidney  or  blad- 
der, called  urinary  calculi;  the  stone; 
gravel;  a  method  of  computation  in  the 
higher  branches  of  mathematics. — Calcu- 
lous, Calculose,  kal'kQ-lus,  kal'kQ-los,  a. 
Stony;  gritty;  hard  like  stone;  arising 
from  calculi,  or  stones  in  the  bladder. 
Also  Calcular,  Calculary,  kal'ka-l6r,  kal'- 
ku-16r-i. . 

Caldron,  Cauldron,  kftl'dron,  n.  [O.Fr. 
caWron=Sp.  calderon.  It.  calderone,  from 
L.  caldus,  calidus,  hot.]  A  large  kettle  or 
boiler  of  copper  or  other  metal. 

Caledonian,  kal-i-do'ni-an,  a.  Pertaining 
to  Caledonia,  an  ancient  name  of  Scotland; 
Scottish.;  Scotch.— n.  A  native  of  Cale- 
donia, now  Scotland;  a  Scotchman. 

Calefacient,  kal-i-fa'shi-ent,  a.  [L.  caU- 
facio,  to  make  warm,  from  caleo,  to  be 
warm,  and  faxio.  to  make.]  Warming; 
heating.— n.  That  which  warms  or  heats; 
med.  a  substance  which  excites  a  degree 
of  warmth  in  the  part  to  which  it  ife  ap- 
plied, as  mustard,  pepper,  &c.  —  Calefac- 
tion,  kal-i-fak'shon,  n.  .The  act  or  opera- 
tion of  Warming  or  heating;  the  state  of 
being  heated.— CaJefactive,  Calefactory, 
kal-i-fak'tiv,  kal-i-fak'to-ri,  a.  Adapted 
to  make  warm  or  hot;  communicating 
heat.— Calefy,  kal'i-fi,  v.t.—cal^ted,  calefy- 
ing.   To  make  warm  or  hot. 

Calendar,  kal'en-dir,  n.  [L.  calendarium, 
an  account-hook,  a  calendar,  from  calendce, 
the  first  day  of  each  month,  the  calends; 
root  in  calo,  Gr.  kalein,  to  call.]  .A  regis- 

,ter  of  the  year,  in  which  the  montns, 
weeks,  and  days  are  set  dovm  in  order, 
with  the  feasts  observed  by  the  church, 
&c. ;  an  orderly  table  or  enumeration  of 
persons  or  things,  as  a  list  of  criminal 
causes  which  stand  for  trial;  a  list;  a  cat- 
alogue; a  register. — v.t.  To  enter  or  ivrite 
in  a  calendar;  to  register.— Calends,  kal'- 
endz,  n.  pi.  fL.  calendce.]  Among  the 
Romans  the  first  day  of  each  month. — 
The  Greek  calends,  a  time  that  never  oc- 
curred or  never  will  occur,  a  phrase  which 
originated  in  the  fact  that  the  Greeks  had 
nothing  corresponding  to  the  Roman  cal- 
ends. .  . 

Calender,  kal'en-d6r,  n.  fFr.  calandre, 
li.li.  celendra,  a  calender,  from  L.  cylin- 
drus,  Gr.  kylindros,  ai.  cylinder.]  A  ma- 
chine consisting  of  two  or  more  cylinders 
revolving  so  nearly  in  contact  with  each 
other  that  clbth  passing  through  between 
them  is  smoothed  and  glazed  by  their 
pressure;  an  establishment  in  which  woven 
fabrics  are  calendered,  starched,  stretched, 
and  otherwise  finished  for  the  market;  one 
engaged  in  calendering;  a  calendrerj. — 
v.t.  To  press  or  fipish  in  a  calender. — Calen- 
drei',  Calenderer,  kal'en-drfer,  kal'en-der- 
6r,  n.    A  person  who  calenders  cloth. 

Calender,  kal'en-d^r,  re.  [From  the  founder 
of  ihe  order.]  One  of  an  order  of  der- 
vishes in  Turkey  and  Persia,  of  not  very 
strict  morals,  nor  held  in  very  high  esteem 
by  the  Mohammedans. 


CALISAY31 


ginous  substance  or  gum  obtained  from 
the  marigold,  the  Calendula  of  botanists. 

Calenture,  kal'en-tflr,  n.  [Pr.  calenture, 
Sp.  calentura,  heat,  a  calenture,  from  cat- 
entar,  to  heat,  from  L.  caleo,  to  be  hot.] 
A  kind  of  delirium  caused  within  the 
tropics,  especially  on  board  ship,  by  expo- 
sure to  excessive  heat. 

Calescence,  ka-les'ens,  n.  [Prom  L.  calesco, 
to  grow  warm,  incept,  of  caleo,  to  be  hot.] 
Growing  warmth;  growing  heat. 

Calf,  kaf,  n.  pi.  Calves,  kavz.  [A.  Sax.  cealj 
—D.  kalf,  IcqI.  kdlfr,  Sw.  kal.f,  Dan.  kalv, 

.  Or.  kalb,  a  calf.]  Properly  the  young  of 
the  cow  or  of  the  bovine  genus  of  quadru- 
peds, but  applied  also  to  the  young  of  the 
marine  mammalia,  as  the  whale ;  an  ig- 
norant, stupid  person;  a  dolt;  a  weak  or 
cowardly  man;  leather  made  from  the 
skin  of  a  calf.— Calf-love,  n.  A  youthful 
romantic  passion  oj-  affection.— Calf-skin, 
Cairs-skin,  n.  The  hide  or  skin  of  "a  calf; 
leather  made  of  the  skin. 

Calf,  kaf,  n.  [Icel.  kdlji,  the  calf  of  the 
leg.] .  The  thick  fleshy  part  of  the  leg  be- 
hind, below  the  knee. 

Calibre,  Caliber,  kal'i-b6r,  n.  [Pr.  calibre, 
possibly  from  Ar.  kdlib,  P6rs.  kdlab,  a 
mould.)  The  diameter  of  a  body,  as  of  a 
column  or  a  bullet;  usually  the  diameter  of 
the  bore  of  a  firearm;  fig.  compass  or  ca- 
pacity of  mind;  the  extent  of  one's  intel- 
lectual endowments.  —  Caliber-compasses, 
calibers,  or  calliper.%  compasses  made 
either  with  arched  legs  to  measure  the 
diameters  of  cylinders  or  globular  bodies, 
or  with  straignt  legs  and  points  turned 
outwards  to  measure  the  interior  diameter 
orbore  of  anything.  —  Calibrate,  kal'i- 
brat,  v.t.  To  ascertain  the  calibre  of. — 
Calibration,  kal-i-bra'shon,  n.  The  act  or 
process  of  calibrating,  especially  of  ascer- 

^taining'the  calibre  of  a  thermometer-tuba, 

"with  the  view  of  graduating  it  to  a  scale 
of  degrees.  '  .     '  ' 

Callce,  kal'is,  n.  [Pr.  calice,  L."  eqlix,  a 
cup.]  Zool.  the  little  cup, in  which  the 
polyp -of  a, coral-producing  zoophyte  is 
contained.      _^^  -  .    ■    ■ 

Calico,  kal'i-koTJir  [From  Calicut  in  India, 
whence  the  cloth  was  first  introduced.] 
A  term  for  any  white  or  unprinted  cotton 
cloth.— Calico-printer,  n.  One  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  print  calicoes.  —  Calico- 
printing,  re.  ■  The  art  of  printir«  or  im- 
pressing calicoes  with  variegated  figures 
and  colours,  more  or  less  permanent. 

Calid,  kal'id,  o.  [L,  calidus,  from  caleo^  to 
be  hot.]  Hot;  burning;  warm.— Calidity, 
ka-lid'i-ti,  re.  Heat;  warmth.— Caliduot, 
kal'i-dukt,  re.  [L.  caleo,  and  dueo,  duotum, 
to  lead.]  A  pipe  or  canal  used  to  convey 
hot  air  or  steam  from  a  furnace  to  the 
apartments  of  a  haase. 

Calif,  Caliph,  ka'lif,  re.  [Fr.  calife,  from 
Ar.  khalifa,  a  successor,  from  khalafa,  to 
succeed.]  A .  title  given  to  the  acknow- 
ledged successors  of  Mohammed,  regarded 
among  Mohammedans  as  being  vested 
with  supreme  dignity,  and  power  in  all 
matters  relatifig  to  religion  and  civil 
policy.  Written  also  Kali/,  Khalif,  &c.— 
Califate,  kal'i-fat,  re;  The  oflice  or  dig- 
nity of  a.calif;  the  goVemment  of  a  calif. 
Written  also  Kali/ate,  Caliphate. 

Caliginous,  ka-lij'i-nus,  a.  (h.  caliginosus,, 
from  caligo,  oaliginis,  darkness.]  Dim ; 
obscure;  dark.— Caliginously,  ka-lij'i-nus- 
li,  adv.  Obscurely;  darkly.  —  Caliginous- 
ness,  ka-lij'i-nus-nes,  re. 

Caligraphic,  Caligraphist,  Caligraphy. 
Calligraphic,  &c. 

Calipash,  kal'i-pash,  re.  [A  form  of  cala- 
bash, with  sense  of  carapace,  the  upper 
shell  of  the  tortoise.]  That  part  of  a  turtre 
which  belongs  to  the  upper  shield,  consist- 
ing of  a  fatty,  gelatinous  substance  of  a 
dull  greenish  colour:  spelled  also  Galli- 
pa«ft.— Calipee,  kal'i-p5,  re.  That  part  of 
a  turtle  which  belongs  to  the  loVer  shield, 
of  a  light  yellow  colour :  spelled  also  Cal 
lipee. 

Caliph,  Caliphate,  n.    Cai;if,  Camfate.   ■ 

CaUsaya,  kal-i-sa'a:,  a.  A  name  for  the 
yellow,  or  orange  yellowy  febrifugal  barke 
of  several  species  of  cinchona  trees,  con- 
sisting of  the  inner  bark.— Calisayine,  kal- 


Chi'cftalnv/ "fft,  SCi  lofA;,    g,  yo;    \j,i2liv'  '>UiiFr.  tonj,  Vpsf.  sirejii    m,  iAeiit.th.  Wtiu;,    w,  wig;     wh,  w7iig;.    zh,  ajure. 


CALISTHENIC 


94 


CALVARY 


i-sfi'ie,  n.  An  alkaline  substance  obtained 
from  calisaya  bark,  now  used  in  making  a 
kind  of  bitters. 

Calistlie&ic,  Calisthenics.  Calusthenic. 
&c. 

Caliver.t  kal'i-v6r,  n.  [O.D.  koluvre,  a  cali- 
rer,  from  Fr.  coideuvre,  L.  colid>er,  a  ser- 
pent.] A  kind  of  hand-gun,  musket,  or 
arquebuse.    [Shak.] 

Calk,  kftk,  v.t.    Same  as  Catdk. 

Calk,  kak,  v.t.  [Fr.  calquer.  It.  calcare, 
from  L.  calx,  lime.]  To  copy  (a  print  or 
design)  by  covering  "the  back  with  chalk, 
a  pencil,  or  crayon,  and  tracing  lines 
through  on  a  piec&  of  paper  by  passing 
lightly  over  each  stroke  of  the  design  with 
a  point. 

Calker,  Calkin,  kak'6r,  kak'in,  n.  [Perhaps 
from  L.  caZcar,  a  spar,  from  L.  calx,  the 
heel.]  The  prominent  part  of  either  »x- 
tremity  of  a  horse-shoe,  bent  downwards 
and  brought  to  a  sort  of  point;  the  semi- 
circular ring  of  iron  nailed  on  to  the  heel 
of  a  strong  shoe  or  boot.  Also  Calk,  kftk, 
in>same  sense.—Calk,  kak,  v.t.  To  furnish 
with  a  calker  or  calkin." 

Call,  kal,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  ceallian—lcel.  and 
Sw,  kalla,  Dan.  kalde,  to  call ;  D.  kallen, 
to  talk,  to  prattle;  same  root  as  Gr.  geryO, 
to  ci-y;  Skr.  gar,  to  call.]  To  name;  to  de- 
nommate :  with  the  name  or  appellation 
as  well. as  the  person  or  thing  named; 
to  pronounce  the  name  of ;  to  designate 
or  charactenze  as ;  to  affirm  to  be ;  to  in- 
vite or  command  to  come  or  assemble 
(a  person,  a  cab,  a  meeting);  to  summon; 
to  select  or  appoint,  as  for  an  office,  duty, 
or  employment;  to  invoke  or  appeal  to; 
to  arouse,  as  from  sleep;  to  awaken;  to 
proclaim  or  utter  loudly.  —  To  ccdl  back, 
to  recall;  to  summon  or  bring  back. — 
To  call  forth,  to  bring  or  summon  to  ac- 
tion (one's  energies). — To  caU  in,  to  collect 
(as  debts  or  money);  to  draw  from  circula- 
tion (coin). — To  call  names,  to  use  opprob- 
rious epithets  to.—  To  call  out,  to  challenge 
to  a  duel;  to  summon  into  service  or  action 
(the  military). — To  co.U  over,  to  go  over  by 
rt'Jiding  aloud  name  l)y  name.— To  call  to 
mind,  to  recollect;  to  revive  in  memoir. — 
To  call  to  the  bar,  to  admit  to  the  rank  of 
barrister  or  advocate. — To  call  «p,to  bring 
into  view  or  recollection;  to  recall;  to  re- 
quire payment  of.— w.i.  To  utter  a  loud 
sound,  or  to  draw  a  person's  attention  by 
name:  often  with  to;  to  make  a  short  stop 
or  pay  a  short  visit :  often  followed  by  at, 
for,  or  on. — To  call  at,  to  visit  a  place  in 
passing;  to  call  for  (a  person  or  thing)  is  to 
visit  in  order  to  obtain  the  company  of 
the  person  to  some  other  place,  or  to  ^et 
the  thing;  also,  to  demand,  require,  claim 
(crime  calls  for  punishment).— To  call  on 
or  upon,  to  visit  (a  person);  to  demand  from 
or  appeal  to;  to  mvoke.— To  call  out,  to 
utter  in  a  loud  voice;  to  bawl. — n.  A  sum- 
mons or  invitation  made  vocally  or  by  an 
insthiment;  a  demand;  requisition;  claim 
(the  calls  of  justice  or  huinanity ;  calls  on 
one's  time) ;  divine  vocation  or  summons; 
invitation  or  request  to  a  clergyman  by  a 
congregation  to  oecome  their  miniFtei"';  a 
short  or  passing  vi-sit  paid  to  a  person;  the 
cry  of  a  bird  to  its  mate  or  young;  a  whi  stle 
or  pipe  used  by  a  boatswain  and  his  mate 
to  summon  sailors  to  their  duty;  a  pipe  to 
call  birds  by  imitating  their  voice.— Call- 
bell,  n.  A  small  hand-bell  on  a  stand  or 
frame.  —  Call-bird,  n.  A  bird  taught  to 
allure  others  into  a  snare.  —  Call-boy,  n. 
A  boy  whose  duty  it  is  to  call  actors  on 
to  the  stage  at  the  proper  moment. — 
Caller,  kal'fer,  n.  One  who  calls.-  Calling, 
kal'ing,  ri.  A  vocation;  profession;  trade; 
usual  occupation  or  employment;  a  collec- 
tive name  for  persons  following  any  pro- 
fession; state  of  being  divinely  called 
(N.T.).— Calling-crab,n.  The  popular  name 
ifor  tropical  crabs  which,  when  disturbed, 
hold  up  a  claw  before  them,  as  if  ))eckon- 
ing  or  calling  upon  some  one.  —  Calling- 
hare,  n.  Pi  K  A.— Call -note,  n.  The  note  or 
sound  produced  by  the  male  of  birds  and 
some  other  animals  to  call  the  female. 

Callet,  kal'et,  n.  \Tt  caillette,  a  frivolous 
babbling  woman,  dim.  from  caille,  a  quail.] 
A  tattling  or  talkative  woman;  a  scold:  a 
gossip;  a  trull;  a  drab. 


Calli<l,t  kal 'id,  a.  [L.  eallidus,  expert, 
shrewd,  from  cdllum,  the  hardened  skin  of 
the  hands  caused  by  labour.]  Skilled;  ex- 
pert ;  shrewd.— Callldity,  Callidness,  kal- 
Iid'i-ti,kal'id-nes,ji.  [Jj.  calliditas.]  Skill; 
discernment;  shrewdness. 

Calligraphy,  kal-lig '  ra-fi,  n.  [6r.  kalli- 
graphia — kalos,  beautiful,  and  grapho,  to 
write.]  The  art  of  beautiful  WTiting;  fair 
or  elegant  writing  or  penmanship. — Callig- 
rapher,  Caliigraphist,  kal-lig'ra-fer,  kal- 
lig'ra-fist,  n.  One  skilled  in  calligraphy.— 
Calligraphic,  Calligraphical,  kal-i-graf'ik, 
kal-i-graf'ik-al,  a.    Relating  to  calligra- 

CalUmanco,  kal-i-mangrTco,  n.  Calamanco. 

Callipash,  Callipee,  kal'i-pash,  kal'i-pe. 
Calipash,  Calipee. 

Callipers,  kari-p^rz,  n.  pi.    Calibre. 

Callipeva,  kal-i-pe'va,  n.  A  much-prized 
river  mullet  of  the  West  Indies.  Its  scales 
are  used  for  ornaments,  &c.,  and  its  roes 
form  an  excellent  caviare. 

Callisthenics,  kal-is-then'iks,  n.  [Gr.  kaXos, 
beautiful,  and  sthenos,  strength.]  The  art 
or  practice  of  taking  exercise  for  health, 
strength,  or  grace  of  movement.— Callis- 
thenic,  kal-is-then'ik,  a.  Relating  to  Cal- 
listhenics. 

CallotecImics,t  kal-o-tek'niks,  n.  »?.  [Gr. 
kalos,  beautiful,  and  tecAne,  axt.]  The  fine 
or  ornamental  arts. 

Callous,  Callose,  kal'us,  kallos, «.  [L.  caZ- 
losus,  from  callus,  callum,  hard  thick  skin. 
Callid.]  Hardened  or  thickened  from  con- 
tinuous pressui-e  or  friction:  said  of  the 
skin;  having  a  hardened  skin;  hence,  har- 
dened in  mind  or  feelings;  insensible;  un- 
feeling.—Callosity,  Ical-los'i-ti,  n.  [lu.  cal- 
lositas.  1     The  state  or  quality  of  being 

.  hardened  or  indurated';  any  thickened  or 
hardened  part  on  the  surface  of  the  human 
body  or  that  of  any  other  animal ;  any 
PEirtof  a  plant  unusually  hard.— Callously, 
kal'us-li,  adv.  In  a  callous,  hardened,  or 
unfeeling  inanner.  —  Cilloiisness,  kal'us- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  character  of  being 
callous;  insensibility;  apathy;  indiffer- 
ence. —  Callus,  kal'us,  n.  A  callosity ;  a 
new  growth  of  osseous  matter  between  the 
extremities  of  fractured  bones;  any  part 
of  a  plant  unusually  bard;  the  new  for- 
mation over  the  end  of  a  cutting  before 
it  sends  forth  rootlets. 

Callow,  kal'o,  a.  -[A.  Sax.  calu,  bald=D. 
kaal,  Sw.  kal,  G.  kahl.  bald;  cog.  L.  calvug, 
bald.]  Destitute  of  feathers,  as  a  young' 
bird;  naked;  unfledged;  pertaining  to  the 
condition  of  a  young  bird. 

Calm,  kam,  a.  [Fr.  cahne,  calm,  from  L.L. 
cauma,  the  heat  of  the  sun,  hence  the  hot 
part  of  the  day,  the  time  for  rest;  from  Gr. 
kauma,  heat,  from  kaio,  to  bum.]  Still ; 
quiet;  undisturbed;  not  agitated;  not 
stormy:  said  of  the  weather,  the  sea,  &c.; 
undisturbed  by  passion ;  not  agitated  or 
excited  in  feeling ;  tranquil,  as  the  mind, 
temper,  &c.  —  n.  Freedom  from  motion, 
agitation,  or  disturbance;  stillness;  tran- 
quillity ;  quiet ;  especially,  a  state  or  pe- 
riod at  sea  when  there  is  neither  wind 
nor  waves.— iieffion  of  cairns  or  calm  lati- 
tudes, the  tracts  in  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
Oceans  on  the  confines  of  the  trade-winds, 
where  calms 'of  long  duration  prevail.— 
v.t.  To  make  calm;  to  still;  to  quiet;  to  ap- 
pease,allay,or  pacify  (grief,  anger,  anxiety, 
itc);  to  becalm  iSnak).—v.i.  To  become 
calm  or  serene. — Calmer,  kam'6r,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  calins.— Calmly,  kiim'li, 
adv.  In  a  calm  manner;  without  agita- 
tion; quietly.— Calmness,  kam'nes,  n.  The 
state  of  bemg  calm,  quiet,  or  unruffled ; 
quietness:  stillness;  tranquillity. 

Calmuck,  Calmnc,  kal'muk,  n.  A  member 
of  a  branch  of  the  Mongol  race,  now  spread 
over  a  large  portion  of  Asia;  the  language 
spoken  by  the  Calmucks. 

Calomel,  kal'6-mcl,  n.  [Gr.  kalos,  fair,  good, 
and  mdas,  black,  perhaps  because  it  was 
good  for  black  bile.]  A  preparation  of 
mercury,  a  compound  of  this  metal  and 
chlorine,  usually  in  the  form  of  a  whitish 
powder,  much  used  in  medicine. 

Caloric,  ka-lor'ik,  n.  [L.  calor,  heat.]  The 
name  given  to  a  supposed  subtle  impon- 
derable fluid  to  which  the  sensation  and 
phenomena  of  heat  were  formerly  attri- 


buted.— (t.  Pertaining  to  caloric— Ca?o?ac 
engijie,  an  engine  similar  in  principle  to 
the  steam-engine,  the  motive  power  being 
the  expansive  force  of  heated  air.— Calo- 
ricity,  kal-o-ris'i-ti,  n.  That  faculty  in 
animals  of  developing  a  quantity  of  heat 
necessary  to  lif  e.— Calorif  fere,ka-lor'i-f  ar,n. 
[Fr.,  from  L.  calor, heat,  and  fero, to  bear.  1 
An  apparatus  for  heating  conservatories, 
■tc,  by  means  of  hot  water  circulating  in 
tubes.— Calorific,  kal-o-rif'ik,  a.  Capable 
of  producing  heat;  causing  heat;  heating. 
— Calorific  rays,  certain  invisible  rays  ema- 
nating from  the  sun,  and  which  are  only 
manifested  by  their  effects  on  the  ther- 
mometer. —  Calorification,  ka-lor'i-fi-ka  "- 
shon,  n.  The  production  Of  .heat,  especi- 
ally animal  heat.— Calorificient,  Calori- 
fient,  Calorifacient,  ka-lor'i-flsh"ent,  ka- 
lor'i-fi"ent,  ka-lor'i-f a"shi-ent,  n.  [L.  calor, 
heat,  and  facio,  to  make.]  Heat-produc- 
ing: applied  by  physiologists  to  materials 
of  food  which  are  believed  to  be  expended 
in  the  production  of  heat  in  the  system. — 
Calorescence,  kal-o-res'ens,  n.  Physics,  the 
transmutation  of  heat  rays  into  others  of 
higher  ref  i-angibility.- Calorist,  kal'or-ist, 
n.  One  of  those  who  believed  in  the  fluid 
called  caloric. 

Calorimeter,  kal-o-rim'e-ter,  m.  fL.  calor, 
heat,  and  Gr.  raetron,  measure.]  An  ap- 
paratus for  measuring  absolute  quantities 
of  heat.— Calorimetric,  ka-lor'i-met"rik,  a. 
Of  or  belonging  to  the  use  of  the  calorim- 
eter.—Calorimetry,  kal-o-rim'et-ri,  n.  The 
art  or  process  of  using  the  calorimeter. 

Calotte,  ka-lot',  n.  [Fr.  calotte,  a  skull-cap, 
dim.  of  caZe.  Caul.J  A  skull-cap  worn  by 
ecclesiastics,  &c. 

Calotype,  kal'o-tip,?!.  [Gr.  itafos, beautiful, 
and  typos,  figure,  impression.]  The  name 
given  to  the  process  of  producing  photo- 
graphs by  the  action  of  light  upon  nitrate 
of  silver. 

Caloyer,  ka-loi'fer,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Mod.  Gr. 
kalogeros,  from  Gr.  kalos,  beautiful,  and 
geron.  Mod.  Gr.  geros,  an  old  man.]  One 
of  a  sect  of  monks  of  the  Greek  Church. 

Calp,  kalp,  n.  -A  kind  of  softish  limestone 
found  in  Ireland,  of  a  bluish-black,  gray, 
or  grayish-blue  colour. 

Caique,  kalk,  v.t.    Same  as  Calk  (in  art). 

Caltrop,  kal'trop,  n.  [L.L.  calcitrapa,  firom 
L.  caae,  colds,  a  heel,  and  L.L.  trappa,  a 
snare.  ]  Milit.  ah  instrument  with  four 
iron  points  disposed  in  such  a  manner  that 
any  three  of  them  being  on  the  ground  the 
other  points  upward,  used  as  an  obstacle 
to  the  advance  of  troops;  bot.  a  term  ap- 
plied to  several  plants  from  the  resem- 
Dlance  of  their  heads  or  fruits  to  the  mili- 
tary instrument. 

Calumba,  Calombo,  ka-lum'ba,  ka-lum'bo, 
n.  [Prom  a  mistaken  notion  that  the 
plant  came  from  Colombo,  Ceylon.  ]  A 
plant  indigenous  to  the  forests  of  Mozam- 
bique, the  roots  of  which  are  used  as  a 
bitter  tonic  in  cases  of  indigestion. 

Calumet,  kal'Q-met,  n.  [Fr.  calumet,  from 
L.  calamus,  a  reed. J  The  North  American 
Indians'  pipe  of  peace,  the  smoking  of 
which  is  a  pledge  of  amity  and  good  fiiith. 

CaJumniate,  ka-lum'ui-at,  v.t.  —  calumni- 
ated, calumniating.  [L.  calumnior,  calum- 
niatus,  to  calumniate,  from  caluvuiia,ca.l- 
umuy.]  To  speak  evil  of  falsely;  to  cast 
aspersions  on;  to  charge  falsely  and  know- 
ingly with  some  crime,  offence,  or  some- 
thing disreputable;  to  slander.- t>.i.  To 
propagate  evil  reports  with  a  design  to 
injure  the  reputation  of  another.— Calum- 
niation, ka-lum'ni-a"shon,  n.  The  act  of 
calumniating;  calumny.  —Calumniator, 
ka-lum'ni-a"ter, n.  One  who  calumniates 
or  slanders.- Calumniatory,  Calumnious, 
ka-lum'ni-a-to-ri,  ka-lum'ni-us,  «.  Using 
calumny;  containing  or  implying  cal- 
umny ;  injurious  to  reputation ;  slander- 
ous.  Calumnlously,  ka-lum'ni-us-li,  adv. 

In  a  calumnious  manner;  slanderously.— 
Calnmniousness,  ka-lu  m'ni-us-nes,n.— Cal- 
umny, kal'um-ni.n.  11..  calumnia.]  False 
accusation  of  a  crime  or  offence,  knowingly 
or  maliciously  made  or  reported,  to  the 
injury  of  another;  a  defamatory  or  slan- 
derous report;  slander;  defamation. 

Calvary,  kal'va-ri,  n.  [L.  calvaria,  a  skuU, 
from  calva,  a  baie  scalp.]    Golgotha,  the 


^ate,  far,  fat,  fiill;     mC,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tube,  tub,  b\iU ;     oil,  pound;     ii,  Sc.  abuuc— the  Fr.  m. 


CALVE 


95 


CAMPEACHY-WOOD 


place  where  Christ  was  crucified  on  a 
small  hill  west  of  Jerusalem;  in  R.  Cath. 
countries  a  place  of  devotion,  often  on  .the 
top  of  a  hill,  in  memory  of  the  place  where 
our  Saviour  suffered. 

Calve,  kav,  v.i.  —  calved,  calving.  [From 
cal/='D.  kalven,  Dan.  kalve,  to  calve.]  To 
bring  forth  a  calf  or  calves :  used  specifi- 
cally of  cows,  whales,  and  seals.— Calvish, 
kav'ish,  a.    Like  a  calf. 

Calvinism,  kal'vin-izm,  n.  The  theological 
tenets  or  doctrines  of  Calvin,  the  cele- 
brated reformer,  and  his  followers,  among 
the  distinguishing  doctrines  of  whose  sys- 
tem are,  predestination,  original  sin,  the 
irresponsible  sovereignty  of  God,  &c.— Cal- 
vinist,  kal'vin-ist,  n.  A  follower  of  Calvin; 
one  who  embraces  the  theological  doc- 
trines of  Calvin.  —  Calvinistic,  Calvinls- 
tlcal,  kal-vin-ist'ik,  kal-vin-ist'ik-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  Calvin  or  to  his  opinions  in 
theology.  —  Calvinize,  kal'vin-iz,  v.t.  To 
convert  to  Calvinism. 

Calvities,  kal-vish'i-ez,  n.  [L.,  from  calvus, 
bald.]  Drffused  or  general  baldness,  ap- 
pearing generally  first  on  the  crown  or  on 
the  forehead  and  temples. 

OaLz,  kalks,  n.  pi.  Calxes,  Calces,  kalk'sSz, 
kal'sCz.  [li..calx,  limestone.]  Lime  or 
chalk;  an  old  term  for  the  substance  of  a 
metal  or  mineral  which  remains  after 
being  subjected  to  violent  heat  or  calcin- 
ation; an  oxide;  lirne  recently  prepared  by 
calcination;  broken  and  refuse  glass,  \yhich 
is  restored  to  the  pots  in  glass-making. 

Caljrptra,  ka-lip'tra,  n.  [Gr.  kalyptra,  a 
veil  or  covering.]  Sot.  the  hood  of  the 
theca  or  capsule  of  mosses.— Calyptrate, 
ka-lip'trat,  a.  Hot.  furnished  with  ,a 
calyptra ;  also  applied  to  the  calyx  when 
it  comes  off  like  a  lid  or  extinguisher. — 
Calyptrifonn,  ka-lip'tri-form,  a.  Having 
the  form  of  a  calyptra. 

Calyx,  kaliks,  n.  pi.  Calyces,  Calyxes,  kft'- 
li-sez,  ka'lik-sez.  [L.  calyx,  from  Gr. 
kal^x,  a  calyx,  a  covering.] .  Bot  the  ex- 
tenor  covering  of  a  flower  within  the 
bracts  and  external  to  the  corolla,  which 
it  incloses  and  supports,  and  consisting,of 
several  yerticillate  leaves  called  sepals, 
either  united  or  distinct,  usually  of  a 
green  colour  and  of  a  less  delicate  texture 
than  the  corolla.— Calycanthemoua,  kal-i- 
kan'the-mus,  a.  [Gr.  kalyx,  a  calyx,  and 
anthoa,  a  flower.]  Bot.  a  term  applied  to 
plants  having  the  corolla  and  stamens  in- 
serted in  the  calyx.— Calycifloral,  ka-lis'i- 
flo"ral,  a.  [L.  calyx,  and  fios,  fioris,  a 
flower.]  Bot.  having  the  petals  and  sta- 
mens springing  from  the  tube  of  the  calyx. 
— Calyciformr,  ka-lis'i-form,  a.  Bot.  hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  calyx.— Calycinal,  Caly- 
cine,  ka-lis'i-nal,  kal'i-sin,  a.  Bot.  per- 
taining to  a  calyx;  situated  on  a  calyx. — 
Calycle,  Calycule,  kal'i-kl,  kal'i-kul,  n. 
[L.  calyculus,  dim.  of  calyx.']  Bot.  an 
outer  accessory  calyx,  or  set  of  leaflets  or 
bracts  looking  like  a  calyx ;  zool.  same  as 
CaZice.- Calycoid,  ka'li-koid,  a.  Bot.  like 
a  calyx;  cup-shaped.— Calycled,  Calycu- 
late,  kal'i-kld,  ka-lik'a-lat,  a.  Bot.  having 
bracts  which  resemble  an  additional  ex- 
ternal calyx. 

Cam,  kam,  n.  [O.E.  cavnb,  a  comb,  a  crest; 
comp.  Dan.  kam-hiul,  G.  kamm-rad,  a  cog- 
wheel, from  kam,  kamm,  a  comb.]  Mack. 
a  projecting  part  of  a  wheel  or  other  re- 
volving piece  so  placed  as  to  give  an  alter- 
nating motion,  especially  in  a  rectilinear 
direction,  to  another  piece  (often  a  rod) 
that  comes  in  contact  with  it  and  is  free 
to  move  only  in  a  certain  direction.  The 
eccentric  is  a  kind  of  cam. 

Camaieu,  Camayeu,  ka-ma'a,  n.  [Pr.  ca- 
tnaieu,  a  form  equivalent  to  cayneo.]  A 
stone  engraved  in  relief;  a  cameo;  also 
monochrome  painting  or  painting  with  a 
single  colour,  varied  only  by  the  efi'ect  of 
chiaroscuro. 

Camarilla,  kam-a-ril'a,  Sp.  pron.  ka-ma- 
rel'ya,  n.  [Sp.,  a  spiall  room,  a  dim.  from 
camara,  L.  camera,  camara,  a  vault. 
Chamber.]  A  company  of  secret  counsel- 
lors or  advisers;  a  cabal;  a  clique. 

Camata,  kam'a-ta,  n.  The  commercial 
name  for  the  half-grown  acorns  of  a  kind 
of  oak,  dried  and  imported  for  tanning. 

Camber,  kam'ber,  n.     lEr.  canibrer,  to 


arch,  to  vault,  from  L.  camera,  a  vault.] 
A  convexity  upon  an  upper  surface,  as  a 
ship's  deck,  a  bridge,  a  beam,  a  Imtel; 
the  curve  of  a  ship's  planjc. — Camber  win- 
dow, a  window  arched  at  the  top. — v.t.  To 
arch;  to  bend;  to  curve  ship-planks. 

Cambist,  kam'bist,  n.  [Fr.  camMste,  from 
L.  camhio,  to  exchange.  Change.]  One 
who  has  to  do  with  exchange,  or  is  skilled 
In  the  science  of  exchange;  one  who  deals 
in  notes  and  bills  of  exchange;  a  banker. 
—Cambistry,  kam'bis-tri,  n.  The  science 
of  exchange, weights, measures, &c.— Cam- 
bial,t  kam'bi-al,  a.  Belonging  to  exchanges 
in  commerce. 

Cambium,  kam'bi-um,  n.  [L.  cambio,  to 
exchange,  from  the  alterations  occurring 
in  it.]  Bot.  a  mucilaginous  viscid  sub- 
stance interspersed  between  the  wood  and 
bark  of  exogenous  trees,  and  particularly 
abundant  in  spring. 

Cambrian,  kam'bri-an,  a.  Relating  or  Per- 
taining to  Wales  or  Cambria.— n.  A  Welsh- 
man. 

Cambric,  kamlsrik,  n.    A  species  of  fine 

■  white  linen  fabric,  said  to  be  named  from 
Cambray  in  Flanders,  where  it  was  first 
manufactured. 

Came,  kam,  pret,  of  coma.' 

Camel,  kam'el,  n.  [L.  camalva,  from  Gr. 
kamMo8,  from  Heb.  g&mOl,  camel.]  A 
large  hoofed  quadruped  of  the  ruminant 
class,  vith  one  or  two  humps  on  its  back, 
used  in  Asia  and  Africa  for  carrying  bur- 
dens, and  for  riding  on;  a.  water-tight 
structure  placed  beneath  a  vessel  in  the 
w;ater;  being  first  filled  with  water  and 
Slink,  after  which  the  water  is  pumped 
out,  when  the  camel  gradually  rises,  lift- 
ing tha  vessel  with  it. 

Cameleon,  ka-me'le-on,  n.  Same  as  Cha- 
meleon. 

Camellia,  ka^mel'i-a  or  ka-mel'ya,  n.  [After 
George  Joseph  Kamel,  a  Moravian  Jesuit.] 
A  genus  of  oeautiful  trees  or  shrubs  be- 
longing to  the  tea  family,  with  showy 
flowers  somewhat  resembling  the  rose, 
and  elegant  dark-green,  shining,'  faurel- 
like  leaves. 

Camelopard,  ka-mel'o-p&rd  or  kam'el-o- 
pard,  n.  [L.  camelvs,  a  camel,  and  par^ 
dalis,  a  leopard.]   The  girafi'e. 

Cameo,  kam'C-O,  n.  [It.  cameo,  cammeo, 
from  li.L.  cammceus,  a  word  of  uncertain 
origin.]  A  stone  or  sheir  composed  of 
several  difl'erent  coloured  layerg  having  a 
Subject  in  relief  cut  upon  one  or  more  of 
the  upper  layers,  an  under  layer  of  a  dif- 
ferent colour  forming  the  groUna. 

Camera,  kam'6r-a,  n.  [L.,  a  vault,  a  cham- 
ber, from  Gr.  kamara,  anjiihing  arched. 
Chamber.]  Ane.  arch,  an  arched  roof, 
ceiling,  or  covering;  a  vault.  —  Camera 
lucida  [L.,  lit.  clear  chamber],  an  optical 
instrument  for  facilitatingthedelineation 
of  distant  objects,  by  producing  a  reflected 
picture  of  them  upon  paper  by  means  of  a 
glass  prism  suitably  mounted,  and  also 
for  copying  or  reducing  drawings.— Cam- 
era obscvra  IL.,lit.  dark  chamber],  an  ap- 
paratus in  which  the  images  of  external 
objects,  received  through  a  double-convex 
lens,  are  exhibited  in  their  natural  colours, 
on  a  white  surface  placed  at  the  focus  of 
the'lena.— Photographic  camera,  a  form  of 
camera  obscura  in  which  a  sensitized  sur- 
face is  exposed  to  the  actinic  action  of 
light.— Camerate,t  kara'fer-at,  v.t.—cam^r- 
ated,  camerating.  [L.  camera,  cameratum.l 
To  build  in  the  form  of  an  arch  or  vault. — 
Camerated, kam'6r-S,t-ed,  a.  Arch,  arched; 
vaulted;  conch,  divided  by  partitions  into 
a  series  of  chambers;  chambered.— Camer- 
ation.t  kam-6r-a'shon,  n.  An  arching  or 
vaulting. 

Camerallstics.t  kam'6r-a-lis"tiks,  n.  [G. 
eam^raliat,  a  financier,  from  It.  camerale, 
pertaining  to  a  cameiu  or  treasury,  from 
L.  camera,  a  chamber.]  The  science  of 
state  finance.  —  Cameralistic.t  kam '  6r-a- 
lis"tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  finance  and  pub- 
lic revenue. 

Camerlingo,  ka-m6r-l5n'go,  w.  [It., a  cham- 
berlain, from  L.  eamera,9.  chamber.]  The 
highest  oflacer  in  the  papal  household; 
the  chamberlain.  ' 

CSimeronian,  kam-6r-5'm-an,«.  A  follower 
of  Richard  Cameron,  one  of  a  sect  of 


8cotch  Presbyterians  who  refused  to  ac- 
cept the  indulgence  granted  to  the  Pres- 
byterian clergy  by  Charles  II.,  lest  they 
should  be  understood  to  recognize  his 
ecclesiastical  authority. 

Camion,  ka'mi-on,  n.  [Pr.]  A  truck  or 
wagon  used  for  transporting  cannon. 

Camisade,  Camlsado,  kam-i-sad',  kam-i-sa'- 
do,  n.  [Fr.  camisade,  Sp.  cam.isado,  O.Fr. 
camise,  a  shirt.  Chemise.]  A  shirt  worn 
by  .Soldiers  over  their  armour  in  a  night 
attack  to  enable  them  to  recognize  each 
other;  an  attack  by  soldiers  wearing  the 
camisade;  an  attack  made  in  the  dark. 

Camisole,  kam'i-sol,  n.  [Fr.,  dim.  of  O.Fr. 
camise,  L.L.  camisa,  a  chemise.]  A  short 
light  garment  worn  by  ladies  when  dressed 
in  negligie;  a  strait-jacket  for  lunatics  or 
criminals  condemned  to  the  guillotine. 

Camlet,  kam 'let,  n.  [Fr.  canvelot,  from 
camel.]  A  stufi' originally  made  of  camel's 
hair,  now  made  sometimes  of  wool,  some- 
times of  silk,  sometimes  of  hair,  especially 
that  of  goats,  with  wool  or  silk. 

Cammas.  kam'as,  n.    Quamash. 

Camomile,  kam'o-mil,  n.    Chamomile. 

Camp,  kamp,  n.  [Fr.  camp,  a  camp,  for- 
merly a  field,  from  L.  .campus,  a  plain.' 
Campaign,  champUm,  decamp,  scaviper, 
are  from  same  source.]  The  place  where 
an  army  or  other  body  of  men  is  or  has 
been  encamped;  the  collection  of  tents  or 
other  erections  for  the  accommodation  of 
a  number  of  men,  particularly  troops  in 
a  temporary  station;  an  encampment.— 
v.t.f  To  put  into  or  lodge  in  a  camp,  as  an 
army;  to  encamp;  to  aff'ord  camping 
ground  f or  (Sluik.).— v.i.  To  live  in  a  camp, 
as  an  army;  to  encamp. — Camp-bedstead, 
n.  A  bedstead  made  to  fold  up  within  a 
narrow  space.- Camp-ceiling,  n.  A  ceiling 
formed  by  an  inclination  of  the  wall  on 
each  side  toward  the  piano  surface  in  the 
middle,  frequently  used  in  garrets. — 
Camp-follower,  n.  One  who  follows  or 
attaches  himself  or  herself  to  a  camp  or 
army  without  serving. — Camp-kettle,  n. 
An  iron  pot  for  the  use  of  soldiers  and 
others  in  camp.  —  Camp-meeting,  n.  In 
Amer.  a  religious  meeting  in  the  cpen  air, 
wheKe  the  frequenters  encamp  for  some 
days  for  continuous  devotion.  —  Camp- 
stool,  n.  A  stool  with  cross  legs,  so  made 
as  to  fold  up  when  not  used. 

Camp,  kamp,  n.  [A.  Sax.  camp,  frorj  L. 
campu»,  a  plain,  in  late  times  a  battle.] 
An  ancient  English  form  of  the  game  of 
football. 

Campagnol,  kam'pan-yol,  n.  [Fr.  name, 
from  campagne,  open  country.]  A  species 
of  field-rat  or  vole,  with  a  short  tail. 

Campaign,  kam-pan',  n.  [Fr.  campagne, 
country,  open  country,  campaign,  from  L. 
Campania,  alevel  country;  ca7n/)us,apla)n. 
Camp.]  An  open  field  or  open  plain;;  the 
time.or  the  operations  of  an  army  during 
the  time  it  keeps  the  field  in  one  season.— 
v.i.  To  serve  in  a  campaign.— Campaigner, 
kam-pan'6r,  n.  One  who  has.served  in  an 
army  several  campaigns;  an  old  soldier;  . 
a  veteran. ' 

Campanero,  kam-pa-ner'5,  n.  [Sp.,a  bell- 
man, from  L.L.  campana.  a  bell.]  The 
bell-bird,  a  white-plumagea  bird  of  South 
America,  so  called  from  the  bell-like  sound 
of  its  voice. 

Campanile,  kam-pa-nela  or  kam'pa-nil,  n. 
pi.  Campanili,  kam-pa-n6'le.  [It.  campa- 
nile, from  It.  and  L.L.  campana,  a  bell.l 
Arch,  a  clock  or  bell  tower:  a  terra  ap]>lied 
especially  to  detached  buildings  in  some 
parts  of  Italy,  erected  for  the  purpose  of 
containing  bells. 

Campanology,  kam-pa-nol 'o-ji,  n.  [L.L. 
campana,  a  bell,  and  Gr.  logos,  discourse.] 
The  art  or  principles  of  bell-ringing;  a 
treatise  on  the  art.— Campanologist,  kam- 
pa-nol'o-jist,  >i.  One  skilled  in  the  art  of 
bell-ringing  or  campanology. 

Campanula,  kam-pan'u-la,  n.  [L.L.,  a  dim. 
of  campana,  a  bell,  from  form  of  the  cor- 
olla.] The  bell-flowers,  a  large  genus  of 
herbaceous  plants,  with  bell-shaped  flow- 
ers usually  of  a  blue  or  white  colour. — 
CaApannlate,  kam-pan'u-laj,  a.  In  the 
form  of  a  bell :  (ippiied  to  many  parts  of 
plants,  particularly  to  the  corolla. 

Campeachy-wobd,  Itam'pS-chi,  n.    [Prom 


cb,  cftain;  _  ch,  Sc.  loch;  _  g,  go;     j,iob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  fung;     tu,  theu;  th,  thiu;  .  w,  wig;     wh,  whig;     ah,  a«ure* 


CAMPESTRAL 


96 


VAKDY 


the'Bay  of  Campeachj/i  in  Mexico.]  Log- 
wood. 

Campestral,  Campestrian,  kam-p^'tral, 
kam-pes'tri-an,  a.  [L.  campestns,  from 
campjts,  a  field.}  Pertaining  to  an  open 
field;  growing  in  a  field  or  oiien  ground. 

Camphine,  kam'fen,  n.  The  commercial 
term  for  purified  oil  of  turpentine,  ob- 
tained by  distilling  the  oil  over  quicklime 
to  free  it  from  resin,  and  used  in  lamps. 

Camphor,  kam'fer,  n.  [L.L.  camphora, 
L.Gr.  kaphoura,  from  Ar.  kOJ-d/r,  camphor, 
said  to  oe  from  a  Malay  word  signifying 
chalk.]  A  whitish  translucent  substance 
belonging  to  the  class  of  vegetable  oils, 
with  a  bitterish  aromatic  taste  and  a 
strong  characteristic  smell,  found  in  many 
plants  and  sometimes  secreted  paturally 
in  masses,  obtained  also  by  distillation  of 
the  Vood,  and  used  in  medicine  as  a  dia- 
phoretic, antispasmodic,  &c.  —  Camphor- 
aceoos,  kam-f  6r-a'shus,  a.  Of  the  natxire 
of  camphor;  partaking  of  camphor. — 
Camphorate,  kam'fer-at,  v.f.  To  impreg- 
nate with  camphor.  — :  Camphoric,  kam- 
for'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from 
camphor,  or  partaking  of  its  qualities. — 
Camphor-oil,  n. — A  'fragrant,  limpid,  col- 
ourless oil  oDtained  from  a  camphoi--pro- 
ducing  tree  of  the  Indian  Archipelago. — 
Camphor-tree,  n.  A  species  of  laurel  from 
which  common  camphor  ia  obtained  by 
distillation  of  the  woo4. 

Campion,  kam'pi-on,  ?i.  [Probably  from 
li.  campus,  a  field.]  The  popular  name  of 
certain  English  plants  belonging  to  the 
genera  Lychnis  and  Silene,  such  as  blad- 
der-campion, sea-campion,  rose-campion, 
&c. 

Camwood,  kam'wud,  n.  [Probably  for  Cam- 
peachy-wood,  from  a  notion  that  it  came 
from  Campeachy.]  A  red  dye-wood  im- 
ported from  Sierra  Leone.  ' 

Can,  kan,  v.i. — pret.  could.  fA.  Sax.  can, 
pres.  ind.  of  cunnan,  to  know,  to  know  how 
to  do,  to  be  able;  coiild=0.'E.  coude  (with 
2  erroneously  inserted),  A.  Sax.  ciUhe,x>Tst. 
of  cunnan.  Akin  D.  Icunncn,  to  be  able; 
Sw.  Icunna,  Dan.  kunde,  Icel.  kunna,  tb 
know,  to  be  able;  G.  kiinnen,  to  he  able. 
The  root  is  the  same  as  that  of  ken  and 
know.  Know.]  (A  verb  now  used  only  as 
an  auxiliary  and  in  the  indicative  mood.) 
To  be  able,  physically,  mentally,  moraDy, 
legally,  or  the  like;  to  possess  the  qualities, 
qiialincations,  or  resources  necessaiy  for 
the  attainment  of  any  end  or  the  accom- 
plishment of,  any  purpose,  the  specific  end 
or  purpose  being  indicated  by  the  verb 
with  which  can  is  joined.— Can.  but,  can  do 
no  more  than;  can  only  (we  can  hut  fail). — 
Cannot  but,  cannot  help  doing  or  being; 
cannot  refrain  from  (cannoibtci  remember, 
cannot  but  acknowledge). 

Can,  kao,  n.  [A.  Sax.  «wme=D.  kan,  Icel. 
kanna,  Gt.  kanne,  a  can.]  A  rather  in- 
definite term  applied  to  various  vessels  of 
no  great  size,  now  more  esi)e(;ially  to  ves- 
sels made  of  sheet  metal,  for  containing 
liquids,  preserves,  &c. — v.t. — canned,  can- 
ning. To  put  into  a  can  (to  can  pre- 
served meat,  fruit,  &c.). — Canakin,  kan'a- 
kin,  n.  A  little  can  or  cup.  [ShaJc.Tr- 
Cannery,  kan'fer-i,  n.  An  establishment 
at  which  provisions  are  canned. 

Canaanite,  ka'nan-it,  n.  An  inhabitant  of 
the  land  of  Canaan;  specifically,  one  of 
the  inhabitants  before  the  return  of  the 
Israelites  from  Egypt.— Canaanitish,  ka- 
nan-it'ish,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Canaan 
or  the  Canaanites. 

Canadian,  ka-nS'di-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Canada. — n.  An  inhabitant  or  native  of 
Canada. — Canadian  balsam,  Canada  bal- 
sam, a  fluid  resin  mixed  with  a  volatile 
oil,  obtained  from  -fir-trees,  and  much 
valued  for  optical  purposes  on  account  of 
its  perfect  transparency  and  itB  refractive 
power. — Canada  rice,  a  plaht  growing  in 
deep  water  in  the  northern  states  of  Ame- 
rica and  Canada,  the  seeds  of  which  form 
much  of  the  food  of  the  American  Indi- 
ans, and  of  the  great  flocks  of  water-fowl. 

'Canaille,  ka-nal'  or  ka-nft-ya,  n.  [Fr.,  from 
It.  canaglia.  a  pack  of  dogs,  from  L.  canie, 
a  dog.]    The  lowest  orders  of  the  people; 
the  rabble;  the  vulgar. 
Canal,  ka-ual',>i.  (iV.  ca7iai,from  li.canalis. 


a  channel^  from  the  same  root  as  Skr. 
klian,  to  dig.]  An  artificial  vfater-course, 
particularly  one  constructed  for  the  pas- 
sage of  boats  or  ships;  arch,  a  channel;  a 
groove  or  a_flute;  ana*,  any  cylindrical  or 
tubular  cavity  in  the  body  through  which 
solids,  liquids,  or  certain  organs  pass;  a 
duct;  zoot  a  groove  observed  in  different 

-parts  of  certain  univalve  shells.  — Cana- 
liculate, Canallculated,  kan-a-lik '  ti-lat, 
kan-a-lik'u-lat-ed,  a.  [L.  cafiaXiculatus, 
from  canalicilus,  a  little, pipe,  from  cano-' 
lis.']  Channelled;  furrowwi;  grooved. — 
Canalize,  ka-nallz,  v.t.  To  make  a  canal 
through  (to  candlizs  an  isthmus).— Canal- 
ization, ka-nal'i-z&"shou,  n.  The  act  of 
canalizing. 

Canard,  ka-nar  or  ka-n&rd',  n.  fPr. ,  a  duck, 
from  L.L.  canardus,  a  kind  of  boat,  from 
6.  kahn,  a  boat  or  skiff.]  An  absurd  story 
which  one  attempts  to  imt)ose  on  his 
hearers  or  readers ;  a  false  rumour  set 
afloat  by  way  of  news. 

Canary,  ka-na'ri,  n.  Wine  made  in  tile 
Canary  Islands;  an  old  dance  introduced 
from  the  Canary  Islands  into  Europe;  a 
singing  bird,  belonging  to  the  finch  family, 
a  native  of  those  islands,  and  which  has 
long  been  very  common  as  a  cage-bird  in 
various  countries.  —  Canary-grass,  n.  A 
kind  of  grass,  a  native  of  the  Canary  Isles, 
the  seeds  of  which  are  much  used  under 
the  name  of  Canary-seed,  as  food  for  cage- 
birds.— Canary-wood,  n.  [From  its  colour 
resembling  that  of  a  canfiry.'i  A  wood  of 
a  light  orange  colour  brought  from  S. 
Amerioaj  and  used  in  cabinet-work. 

Canaster, '  ka-nas'tfer,  n.  [Fr.  canastre,  Sp. 
canastro,  a  basket;  same  word  as  Cunisier.^ 
The  rush  basketin  which  tobacco  is  packed 
in  South  America;  a  kind  of  tobacco  for 
smoking,  consisting  of  the  dried  leaves 
coarsely  broken. 

Cancan,  kan 'kan,  n.  A  kind  of- French 
dance  performed  by  men  and  women,  who 
indulge  in  extravagant  postures  and  las- 
civious gestures^ 

Cancel,  kan'sel,  v.t.— cancelled,  cancelling. 
[Fr.  canceller,  to  cancel',  L.L.  cancellare,  to 
CPJicel  by  drawing  lines  across  in  the  form 
of  lattice-work,  from  L.  caiicelU,  a  lattice, 
whence  also  cJia'.icel,  chancellor.]  To  draw 
lines  across  (something  written)  so  as  to 
deface;  to  blot  out  or  obliterate;  to  annul 
or  destroy  (an  obligation,  a  debt);  to  throw 
aside  as  no  longer  useful  (sheets  of  a 
printed  book,&c.). — n.  Lattice-workJ;  that 
which  is  cancelled  or  thrown  aside.— Can- 
cellation, kan-scl-la'shcn.  The  act  of  can- 
celling.-Cancellareate,  Cancellaf  ian,  kan- 
sel-la're-at,  kan-sel-la'ri-an,  a.  Belonging 
to  a  chancellor.— Oancellate,Canceliaited, 
Cancelloos,  kan'sel-lat,  kan'sel-lat-ed, 
kan'sel-lus,  a.  Separated  into  spaces  or 
divisions,  as  by  lattice-work;  formed  of  or 
resembling  a  lattice -work  or  cancelli. — 
Cancelli,  kan-sel'li.n.pZ.  [L.]  Lattice-work; 
a  lattice-work  partition  in  a  church;  a 
lattice-like  tissue  of  animals  or  plants. 

Cancer,  kan'eer,  n.  [L.,  a  crab,  a  cancer.] 
A  genus  of  crustaceans,  including  some 
edible  species  of  crabs;  one  of  the  twelve 
eigns  of  the  zodiac,  represented  by  the 
form  of  a  crab;  the  sign  of  the  summer 
solstice;  a  malignant  growth  or  structure 
on  the  body  or  on  some  internal  part  which 
can  extend  itself  and  form  again  after  re- 
moval, arising  from  a  vitiated  constitution 
and  usually  ending  in  death.— Cancerate, 
kan's^r-at,  v.i.  To  grow  into  a  cancer;  to 
become  cancerous.— Canceration,  kan-sfer- 
a'shon,  n.  A  growing  cancerous,  or  into  a 
cancer.— Cancerous,  kan'sfer-us,  a.  Like  a 
cancer;  having  the  Qualities  of  a  cancer; 
virulent.— Cancerously,  kan's6r-u8-li,  adv. 
In  the  manner  of  a  cancer.  —  Gancerous- 
ness,.kan's6r-us-ne8,  n.  The  state  of  being 
cancerous.— Cancriform,kangkri-form,  o. 
Cancerous;  having  the  form  of  a  cancer  or 
crab.  —  Cancrine,  kang'krin,  a.  Having 
the  qualities  of  a  crab. — Cancroid,  kang*- 
kroid,  o.  Like  cancer;  applied  to  morbid 
growths  comewhat  like  cancer,  but  not 
really  cancerous.  —  n.  A  skin  disease  ap- 
proaching in  its  nature  to  cancer. 
Candelabrum,  kan-de-I&'brum,  n.  pi.  Can- 
delabra, kan-de-la'bra.  [L.,  from  rand^ta, 
a  candle.]    A  tall  candlestick;  a  stand  by 


which  lamps  were  supported;  a  Dranchcd 
highly  ornamental  candlestick;  a  chande- 
lier. 

Candent,kan'dent,  o.  [Jj.candens,  candentis, 
from  candeo,  to  be  white  or  hot.  Oandio.] 
He:^ted  to  whitenees;  glowing  with  -.vbits 
heat.  —  Candescence,  kan-dea'eas,  n.  [L. 
candesco,  incept,  of  candeo.l  A  state  oi 
glo^ving;  incandescence.         •. 

Canderos,  kan'de-ros,  n.  An  East  Indian 
guin,8ometimes  turned  intotoysof  various 
kinds,  which  are  very  light  and  of  a  good 
polish.    •  .     ■ 

Cosdid,  kan'did,  a.  [L.  candidws,  white, 
bright,  frank,  sincere,  from  candeo,  to-be 
white:  akin  candle,  incense,  incendiary. 
&c.]  WhiteJ;  honest  and  frank;  open  and 
sincere;  ingenuous;  outspoken;  fair;  just; 
impartial.—.^  candid  friend,  a  person  dis- 
posed to  tell  unpleasant  truths  or  to  say 
ill-natured  things  under  the  guise  of  can- 
dour. —  Candidly,  kan'did-li,  adv.  In  a 
candid  manner;  without  any  concealment, 
subterfuge,  or  prevarication;  openly; 
frankly.— Candidnass,  kan'did-nes,  iL  The 
quality  of  being  candid;  candour.— Can- 
dour, Candor,  kan'der,  n.  [L.  cand.or.^ 
The  quality  or  character  of  being  candid; 
readiness  to  make  known  anything  relat- 
ing to  one's  self;  openness  of  heart;  frank- 
ness j  sincerity. 

Candidate,  kan'di-dat,  n.  [L.  candidacies, 
from  candidus,  white ;  those  who  sought 
offices  in  Rome  wesring  a  white  robe  dur- 
ing their  candidature.  ]  A  person  who 
aspires  or  is  put  forward  by  others  as  an 
aspirant  to  an  office  or  honour.— Candida- 
ture, Candidateship,  Candidacy,  kan'di- 
da-tur,  kan'di-dat-ship,  kan'di-da-si,  n. 
The  state  of  being,  or  act  of  standing  as, 
a  candidate. 

Candle,  kan'dl,  n.  [L.  eandela,  a  candle, 
froin  canxiere,  to  shine.  Candid.]  A  taper.; 
a  cylindrical  body  of  tallow,  wax,  sper- 
maceti, or  other  fatty  material,  formed  on 
a  wick,  and  used  for  a  portable  light. — 
Not  fit  to  holdHhe  candle  to  one,  not  fit  to 
act  as  a  mere  attendant;  to  be  very  in- 
fet-siT.—Tke  gariie  is  not  worth  the  candle,  a 
phiuse  of  French  origin,  indicating  that 
an  object  is  not  worth  the  pains  requisite 
for  its  attainment.— Candle-beiTy,  Candle- 
nut,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  candle-berry  tree, 
a  name  given  to  several  species  of  myrtle, 
especially  the  wax-myrtle,  a  shrub  com- 
mon in  North  America,  the  berries  of 
which  are'  covered  with  a  greenish-white 
wax,  of  which  candl&s  are  made.— Candle- 
coal,  n.  Cannel-Co.vl.— Candl3-flsh,  n.  A 
small  sea-fish  of  the  salmon  family,  frt- 
quentingthe  north-western  shores  of  Ame- 
rica, ,60  extremely  oily  that  it  is  used  for 
making  oil,  and  as  a  natural  candle, 
whence  its  name.— Candle-power,  n.  The 
illuminating  pov.'er  of  a  candle,  taken  as 
a  unit  in  estimating  the  luminosity  of  any 
illiiminating  agent  jas  gas),  the  standard 
usually  employed  being  a  spermaceti  can- 
dle burning  at  the  rate  of  120  grains  of 
sperm  per  hour.— Candlemas,  kan'dl-mas, 
n.  [So  nanied  from  the  great  num.ber  of 
candles  used  in  the  ceremonies  of  tlie  Bo- 
man  Church,  and  from  the  blessing  or 
consecration  of  candles  on  this  day.]  An 
ecclesiastical  festival  held  on  the  second 
day  of  February  ia  honour  of  the  purifi- 
cation of  the  Virgin  Mary ;  in  Scot,  a 
qnarterjy  money  term. — Candlestick,kan'-, 
dl-stik,  71.  An  instrument  to  hold  a  candle 
vvhen  burning,  made  in  different  forms 
and  of  different  materials.— Candle-wood, 
n.  The  wood  of  a  West  Indian  resinous 
tree.  • 

Candour.  Under  Candid. 
Candy,  kan'di,  Ti.  [It.  eonai,  candy,  from 
Ar.  qandi,  made  of  sugar,  from  qand, 
sugar.]  A  solid  prejiaration  of  sugar  or 
molasses,  either  alone  or  in  combination 
with  other  substances,  to  flavour,  colour, 
or  give  it  the  desired  consistency.--u.t.— 
candied,  candying.  To  conserve  with  sugar 
so  as  to  form  a  thick  mass;  to  boil  in  sugar; 
to  form  into  congeliitions  or  crystids.— r.i. 
To  become  incru9t«d  by  candied  sugar:  to 
become  crystallized  or  congealed.  —  Caa- 
dled,  kan'did,  p.  and  a.  Preserved  or  in- 
cmsted  with  susv'.r;  fig.  hooeyed ;  fiatff^r- 
iijg;  gloziug.— CandJfy,  kaii'di-fi,  v.t.  or  i. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftU;     mC,  met,  hfir;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mlive}     tube,  tub,  b\ill ;     oil,  pound;     U,  Sc.  abune— the  St.  V. 


CANDYTUFT 


97 


CANTATRICE 


—candified,  candifying.  To  make  or  be- 
come candied;  to  candy.— Candy-sugar,  n. 
Crystallized  sugar  f  ca-med  upon  threads  by 
repeated  boiling  and  clarifying,  and-  suf- 
fered to  crystallize  slowly. 

Candytuft,  kan'di-tuft,  n.  [From  Cartdia, 
the  ancient  Crete.]  The  popular  name  of 
a  tufted  flower  brought  from  the  island  of 
Candia. 

Cane,  kan,  n.  [Old  spelling  also  cnnne, 
from  L.  carina,  Gr.  kanna,  a  reed.  J  A  term 
applied  to  the  stems  of  some  palms.grasses, 
and  other  plants,  such  as  the  bamboo, 
rattan,  and  sugar-cane;  a  cane  used  as  a 
walking-stick.  J- v.*.  —  caned,  caning.  3*0 
beat  with  a  cane  or  walking-stick;  to  fur- 
nish or  complete  with  cane  (as  chairs). — 
Cane-brake,  n.  A  thicket  of  canes.^— 
Caae-chair,  n.  A  chair  with  a.  platted 
cane  seat  or  bottom,  or  one  framed  with 
bamboo  or  other  cane.— Ca,ne-mill,  n.  A 
mill  for  grindingsugar-canesfor  the  manu- 
facture of  sugar.  —  Cane-sugaf ,  n.  Sugar 
obtained  from  the  sugar-cane,  as  distin- 
guished from  beet-root  sugar,  grape-sugar, 
maple-sugar,  &c. 

Canella,  ka-nel'la,  n.  [Dim.  of  L.  canna,-a. 
reed,  from  the  cylindrical  form  of  the 
bark  when  peeled  off.J  A  kind  of  aroma- 
tic bark,  also  called  white  cinnamon, 
brought  from  the  West  Indies  and  used  as 
a  tonic. 

Canepborus,  ka-nef  o-rus,  n.  [Gr.  kani- 
phoros,  a  basket-bearer.]  '  Arch,  a  terra 
applied  to  figures  bearing  baskets  on  their 
heads. 

Canescent,  ka-nes'ent,  a.  [L.  canescens, 
caneseentis,  ppr.  of  canesco,  to  grow  white, 
from  canBO,  to  be  white.]  Growing  white 
or  hoary;  tending  or  approaching  to  white; 
whitish. 

Canine,  ka-nin',  a.  [L.  caninva,  from  cania, 
a  dog.]  Pertaining  to  dogs;  having  the 
properties  or  qualities  of  a  dog. — Canine 
teeth,  or  canines,  two  sharp  pointed  teeth 
in  both  jaws  of  man  and  other  mammalia, 
one  on  each  side,  between  the  incisors  and 
grinders,  most  highly  developed  in.  the 
Carnivora. 

Canister,  kan'is-ter,  n.  [L.  eanistrum,  Gr. 
kanastron,  from  kanna,  a  reed.}  A  small 
basketj;  a  small  box  or  case,  usually  of 
tin,  for  tea,  coffee,  &c.;  a  case  containing 
shot  which  bursts  on  beipg  discharged; 
case-shot. 

Canker,  kangTcfer,  n.  [From  L.  cancer,  pro- 
perly pronounced  canker,  a  crab,  a  cancer.] 
A  kind  of  cancerous,  gangrenous,  or  ulcer- 
ous sore  or  disease,  whether  in  animals  or 
plants;  an  eating,  corroding,  or  other 
noxious  agency  producing  ulceration ,  gan- 
grene, rot,  decay,  and  the  like ;  anything 
that  insidiously  or  persistently  destroys, 
corrupts,  or  irritates,  as  care,  trouble', 
annoyance,  grief,  pain,  &c.;  a  kind  of  wild, 
worthless  rose;  the  dog-rose  (Shak.).—v.t. 
To  infect  with  canker  either  literally  or 
figuratively;  to  eat  into,  corrode,  or  cor- 
rupt; to  render  ill-conditioned,  crabbed, 
or  ill-natured.— y.i.  To  grow  corrupt;  to 
be  infected  with  some  poisonous  or  penfi- 
cious  influence;  to  be  or  become  malig- 
nant.—Cankerous,  kang'k^r-us,  o.  Corrod- 
ing, destroying,  or  irritating  like  a  canker; 
canceroiis.  —  Canker-bit,  a.  Bitten  with 
a  cankered  or  envenomed  tooth.  [Shak.] — 
Canker -bloom.  Canker -blossom,  n.  A 
bloom,  blossom,  or  flower  eaten  by  canker; 
a  bloom  or  flower  of  the  dog-rose.  [Shak.] 
—  Canker -fly,  n.  A  fly  that  preys  on 
fruit.— Canker-rash,  n.  A  variety  of  scar- 
let-fever.—Canker-worm,  n.  A  worm  or 
larva  destructive  to  trees  or  plants.     - 

Cannel-coal,  Candle-coal,  k-an'el-kol,  kan'- 
dl-kol,  n.  A  glistening  grayish-black  hard 
bituminous  coal,  so  called  because  it  burns 
with  a  bright  flame  like  a  candle ;  it  is 
chiefly  used  in  making  gas. 

Cannelure,  kan'ne-lar,  n.  [Fr.,  lit.  chan- 
nelling, fluting.  Canal,  Channel.]  A 
groove  or  channel  on  the  surface  of  any- 
thing, as  the  fluting  on  Doric  columns. 

Cannery,  kan'6r-i,n.  An  establishment  for 
canning  or  preserving  meat,  fish",  or  fruit 
in  tins  hermetically  sealed. 

Cannibal,  kan'i-bal,  n.  [Sp.  canibal,  a  can- 
nibal, a  corruption  of  CaribaZ,  a  Carib, 
the  Caribs  being  reputed  cannibals.]   A 


human  being  that  eats  human  flesh;  a 
man-eater  or  anthropophagite;  an  animal 
that  eats  the  flesh  of  its  ov/n  or  kindred 
species.  —  Cannibalism,  kan'i-bal-izm,  n. 
The  act  or  practice  of  eating  human  flesh 
by  mankind;  anthropophagy;  murderous 
cruelty.— Caimibally,  kan'i-bal-li,  adv.  In 
the  manner  of  a  cannibal.    [Shak.] 

Cannon,  kan'un,  n.  pi.  Cannons  or  Can- 
non. .[Fr.  canon,  a  tube,  barrel,  cannon, 
from  L.  canna,  Gr.  kanna,  a  cane  or  reed. 
Akin  canister,  canon,  cane.]  ■  A  large  mili- 
tary firearm  for  throwing  halls  and  other 
missiles  by  the  force  of  gunpowder;  a  big 
gun  or  piece  of  ordnance;  hilliards,  the 
act  of  hitting  your  adversary's  ball  with 
your  own,  so.  that  your  ball  flies  off  and 
strikes  the  red,  or  vice  versa. — v.i.  To  make 
a  cannon  at  billiards;  to  fly  off  or  asunder 
from  the  force  of  collision.  —  Cannonade, 
kan-un-ad',  n.  The  act  of  discharging 
cannon  and  throwing  balls,  for  the  pur- 

•  pose  of  destroying  an  army  or  battering  a 
town,  ship,  or  fort. — v.t.  and  i. — cannon- 
aded, cannonading.  To  attack  with  ord- 
nance or  artillery;  to  batter  with  cannon. 
—Cannoneer,  Cannonier,  kan-un-6r',  n. 
A  man  who  manages  cannon.  —  Caiinon- 
eering,  Cannonlering,  kan-un-Er'ing,  n. 
The  act  or  art  of  using  cannons;  practice 
with  cannons.— Cannon -proof,  a.  Proof 
against  cannon-shot. — Cannon-shot,  n.  A 
ball  or  shot  for  cannon;  the  range  or  dis- 
tance a  cannon  will  throw  a  ball.— Can- 
non-ball, Cannon-bullet,  n.  A  ball  or  solid 
projectile  to  be  thrown  from  cannon. 

Cannot,  kan'ot.  Can  and  not.  [These  words 
are  usually  written  as  one  word,  being  col- 
loquially so  pronounced.] 

Cannula,  kan'u-la,  n.  [L. ,  dim.  of  canna,  a 
reed.]  A  small  tube  used  by  surgeons  for 
various  purposes. 

Canny,  Cannie,  kan'i,  a.  [Akin  to  can, 
ken.]  Cautious;  prudent;  wary;  watchful; 
expert;  not  extortionate  or  severe;  gentle; 
quiet  in  disposition;  tractable;  easy;  com- 
fortable.   [Prov.  E.  and  ScJ 

Canoe,  ka-no',  n.  [Sp.  canoa,  from  the  na- 
tive West  Indian  name.]  A  light  narrow 
boat  made  by  hollowing  out  and  shaping 
the  trunk  of  a  tree,  such  as  is  used  by 
savage  tribes;  any  light  boat  narrow  in 
the  beam,  and  adapted  to  be  propelled  by 
paddles. 

Canon,  kan'on,  n.  [A.  Sax.  canon,  from  L. 
canon,  Gr.  kanOn,  a  straight  rod,  a  rule  or 
standard— from  kane,  a  form  of  kanna, 
kanne,  a  reed,  a  cane,  whence  also  cannon.] 
A  law  or  rule  in  general;  a  law  or  rule  re- 
garding ecclesiastical  doctrine  or  disci- 
pline, especially  one  enacted  by  a  council 
and  auly  confirmed;  the  books  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures  universally  received  as  genuine 
by  Christian  churches;  the  rules  of  a 
religious  order;  a  dignitary  who  possesses 
a  prebend  or  revenue  allotted  for  the  per- 
formance of  divine  service  in  a  cathedral  or 
collegiate  church ;  the  catalogue  of  saints 
acknowledged  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  ;  r.ius.  a  kind  of  perpetual  fugue, 
in  which  the  difi'erent  parts,  beginning 
one  after  another,  repeat  incessantly  the 
same  air;  printing,  one  of  the  largest  kinds 
of  type  or  letter,  supposed  to  be  so  named 
because  it  was  used  in  the  printing  of 
canons. — Canoness,  kan'on-e3,n.  A  female 
canon;  a  woman  who  enjoys  a\ prebend 
without  having  to  make  religious  vows. — 
Canonic,  Canonical,  ka-non'ik,  ka-non'ik- 
al,  a.  Pertaining  or  according  to  a  canon 
or  rule,  especially  according  to  ecclesias- 
tical canons  or  rules;  belonging  to  the 
canon  of  Scripture.— Cartojiicai  books,  those 
books  of  the  Bible  which  are  admitted  to 
be  of  divine  origin.— Canonically,  ka-non'- 
ik-al-li,  adv.  In  a  canonical  manner;  in 
accordance  with  a  canon  or  canons. — Can- 
nonicalness,  ka-non'ik-al-nes,  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  canonical. — Canonicals,  ka- 
non'ik-alz,  n.  pi.  The  dress  or  habit  pre- 
scribed by  canoa  to  be  worn  by  the  clergy 
when  they  officiate ;  certain  articles  or 
appurtenances  of  dress  sometimes  worn 
by  university  men,  barristers,  &c.— Can- 
onlclty,  kan-o-nis'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  canonical;  the  state  of  belonging  to 
the  canon  or  genuine  books  of  Scripture. 
— Canonist,  kan'on-ist,  n.    A  professor  of 


canon  law ;  one  skilled  in  the  study  and 
practice  of  ecclesiastical  law.— CanoniBtic, 
kan-o-nis'tik,  o.  Pertaining  to  the  can- 
onists. —  Canonization,  kan'on-iz-a"shon, 
n.  The  act  of  canonizing  a  person;  the 
act  of  ranking  a  deceased  person  in  the 
catalogue  of  saints,  called  a  canon. — Can- 
onize, kan'on-iz,  v.t.— canonized,  canoniz- 
ing. To  declare  a  man  a  saint,  and  rank 
him  in  the  catalogue  or  canon  of  saints, 
this  act  being  in  the  power  cf  the  popes. — 
Canonizer,  kan'on-iz-er,  n.  One  who  can; 
onizea.  —  Canonry,  Cauonship,  kan'on-ri, 
kan'on-ship,  n.  The  benefice  filled  by  a 
canon.  —  Canon-law,  n.  A  collection  of 
ecclesiastical  constitutions  for  the  regula- 
tion of  a  church;  specifically  those  of,  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church. 

Canon,  Canyon,  kii-nyon',  kan'yun,  n.  [iSp. 
canon,  a  canon,  a  tube,  a  canyon.]  A  long 
and  narrow  mountain  gorge  or  deep  rav  ine 
■^rith  precipitous  sides  occurring  in  the 
P.,ocky  Mountains  and  the  great  westers 
plateaus  of  North  America. 

Canopy,  kan'o-pi,  n.  [Fr.  canapi,  O.Fr. 
conopi,  L.  conopeum,  Gr.  kOnopeion,  lit. 
a  net  to  keep  off  gnats,  from  konops,  a 
gnat.]  A  covering  fixed  at  some  distance 
above  a  throne  or  a  bed ;  any  somewhat 
similar  covering;  a  covering  held  over  a 
person's  head  in  a  procession  or  public 
ceremony;  arch,  a  decoration,  often  richly 
sculptured,  above  a  tomb,  niche,  pulpit, 
&c. — v.t.— canopied,  canopying.  To  cover 
with  a  canopy,  or  as  with  a  canopy. 

Canorous,  ka-no'rus,  a.  [L.  canorvs,  from 
cano,  to  sing.]  Musical;  tuneful.— Cano- 
rousness,  ka-no'rus-nes,  n. 

Cant,  kant,  v.i.  [Prom  L.  canto,  freq.  of 
cano,  to  sing.]  To  speak  with  a  whining 
voice  or  in  an  affected,  assumed,  or  sup- 
plicating tone  (as  a  beggar);  to  make 
whining  pretentions  to  goodness;  to  affect 
piety  without  sincerity;  to  sham  holiness. 
n.  A  whining  manner  of  speech;  the  whin- 
ing speech  of  beggars,  as  in  aslang  alms; 
the  language  or  jargon  spoken  by  gypsies, 
thieves,  professional  beggBrs,  &c.;  a  kind 
of  slang;  the  words  and  phrases  peculiar 
to  or  characteristic  of  a  sect,  party,  or  pro- 
fession; a  pretentious  assumption  of  a  re- 
ligious character;  a  hypocritical  addiction 
to  the  use  of  religious  phrases,  Ac;  reli- 
gious phrases  hypocritically  used.— o.  Of 
the  nature  of  cant  or  slang.  —  Canter, 
kan'ter,  n.  One  who  cants,  whines,  or 
uses  an  affected  hypocritical  style  of 
speech.  —  Canting,  kant'ing,  a.  Given  to 
the  use'  of  hypocritical  phraseology  or 
whining  talk.  —  Cantingly,  kant'ing-li, 
adv.  'In  a  canting  manner. 

Cant,  kant,  n.  [Same  w^ord  as  Dan.  Sw. 
and  .D.  kant,  edge,  border,  margin,  &c.; 
G.  kante,  a  side,  a  border  or  brim ;  O.Fr. 
cant,  comer,  angle.]  An  external  or  sali- 
ent angle;  an  inclination  from  a  perpen- 
dicular or  horizontal  line;  a  toss,  thrust, 
or  push  with  a  sudden  jerk. — v.t.  To  turn 
about  or  over  by  a  sudden  push  or  thrust; 
to  cause  to  assume  an  inclining  position ; 
to  tilt;  to  toss;  to  cut  off  an  angle  from  (a 
square  block). 

Can't,  kant.  A  colloquial  contraction  of 
can  not. 

Cantab,  kan-taV.  An  abbreviation  of  Can- 
toftrtfiiian..- Cantabrigian,  kan-ta-brij'i-an, 
n.  [L.L.  Cantabrigiensis,  pertaining  to 
Cambridge.]  A  student  or  graduate  of 
Cambridge  University. 

Cantalivep,  Cantillver,  kan'ta-liv-6r.  kan- 
ti-liv-6r,  n.  [O.Fr.  cant,  an  angle,  and 
lever,  to  raise.]  A  wooden  or  iron  block 
framed  into  the  wall  of  a  house,  and  pro- 
jecting from  it,  to  carry  mouldings,  eaves, 
balconies,  <fec. 

Cantankerous,  kan-tang'k^r-us,  a.  [Comp. 
O.E.  contek,  contak,  debate,  strife.]  Ill- 
natured;  ill-conditioned;  cross;  waspish; 
contentious;  disputatious.  [Colloq.]— Can- 
tankerously, kan-tang'k6r-us-li,  adv.  In 
a  cantankerous  manner. — Cantankerous- 
ness,  kan-tang'kfer-us-nes,  n. 

Cantata,  kan-ta'ta,  n.  [It.,  from  cantare, 
L.  cantare,  freq.  of  cano,  to  sing.]  Mus.  a 
short  composition  in  the  form  of  an  ora- 
torio, but  without  dramatis  personce. 

Cantatrice, kan-ta-trC'cha  (It.),  kan-tatrSs 
(Fr.),  n.    |;it.  and  Fr.]   A  female  singer. 


ch,c7t:iin;     c/i,  Sc.  loe/t;     g,0o;     j,joh;     fi,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinj;     tii,  tAen;  th,  <Ain;     w,  wig; 


wh,  tcftig; 
7 


zh,  a2ure. 


CANTEEN 


98 


CAPITAL 


C&nteen,  kan-ten',  n.  [Fr.  cantine,  from  It. 
caniina,  a  wine-cellar,  a  vault,  from  canto, 
an  angle,  a  corner.  Cant,  an  angle.]  A 
shop  in  barracks,  camps,  garrisons,  &,c., 
■where  provisions,  liquors,  &c.,  are  sold  to 
non-commissioned  officers  and  privates;  a 
vessel  used  by  soldiers,  when  on  the  march 
or  in  the  field,  for  carrying  liquor  for 
drink;  a  box,  fitted  up  with  compart- 
ments, in  which  officers  on  foreign  service 
pack  spirit-bottles,  knives,  forks,  &c. 

Canter,  kan'tir,  v.i.  [An  abbrev.  of  Can- 
terbury Gallop,  the  gallop  of  pilgrims  in 
olden  times  riding  to  Canterbury.]  To 
move  in  a  moderate  gallop,  raising  the 
two  fore-feet  nearly  at  the  same  time, 
with  a  leap  or  spring :  said  of  horses. — n. 
A  moderate  gallop;  fig-  a  rapid  passing 
over. 

Caiiterburj%kan't6r-be-ri,n.  A  stand  with 
divisions  for  holding  music,  portfolios, 
loose  papers,  &c.— Canterbury-bell,  n.  A 
species  of  Campanula,  so  nalned  because 
it  is  abundant  around  Canterbury. 

Cantharides,  kan-thar'i-dez,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  Icarv- 
ttiaris,  kantharidis,  a  blistering  fly.]  Cole- 
opterous insects  of  several  species,  the  best 
known  being  the  Spanish  or  blistering  fly. 
which  is,  when  bruised,  extensively  used 
as  the  active  element  in  blistering  plas- 
ters, having  a  very  powerful  effect.— Can- 
tharidin,  Cantharidine,  kan-thar'i-din, 
kanthar'i-din,  n.  A  peculiar  substance 
which  causes  vesication  or  blistering  ex- 
isting in  the  Spanish  fly  or  other  insects, 
and  when  taken  internally  acting  as  a 
violent  irritant  poison. 

Canticle,  kan'ti-kl,  n.  [L.  canticulum,  a 
little  song,  from  canto,  to  sing.  Cant.] 
A  song,  especially  a  little  son^;  an  un- 
metricaj  hymn  taken  from  Scripture,  ar- 
ranged for  chanting,  and  used  in  church 
service ;  pi.  The  Song  of  Songs  or  Song  of 
Solomon,  one  of  the  books  of  the  Old 
Testament. 

Cantilever,  kan'ti-lev-*r,  n.    Cantaliveb. 

Cantle,  kan'tl,  n.  (O.Fr.  catUel,  comer- 
piece,  dim.  of  cant.  Cant,  an  angle.]  A 
corner;  a  fragment;  a  niece;  a  portion 
tShak.);  the  protuberant  part  of  a  saddle 
behind;  the  hind-bow.— 1).<. — cantled,  cant- 
ling.  To  cut  into  pieces;  to  cut  a  piece 
out  of.  • 

Canto,  kan'to,  n.  pi.  Cantos,  kan'toz.  fit. 
canto,  a  songj  L.  cantus.  Chant,  Cant.]  A 
part  or  division  of  a  poem  of  someJength; 
vvus.  the  highest  voice  part  in  concerted 
music;  soprano. 

Canton,  kan-ton',  n.  [Fr.  canton;  It.  can- 
tone,  aug.  of  canto,  a  comer.  Cant,  Can- 
tle.] A  distinct  or  separate  portion  or 
district  of  teiTitory;  one  of  the  states  of 
the  Swiss  republic;  a  distinct  part  or  divi- 
sion, as  of  a  painting  or  of  a  flag. — v.t.  To 
divide  into  cantons  or  distinct  portions;  to 
separate  off;  to  allot  separate  quarters  to 
each  regiment  of. — Cantonal,  kan'ton-al, 
«.  Pertaining  to  a  canton  tor  cantons. — 
Cantonment,  kan-ton'ment,  n.  A  part  or 
division  of  a  town  or  village  assigned  to  a 
I  'articular  regiment  of  troops;  a  permanent 
military  station  of  a  slighter  character 
than  barracks;  military  towns  at  some 
distance  from  any  city,  such  as  are  formed 
in  India. 

Canty,  kan'ti,  a.  [Comp.  Ir.  cainteack, 
talkative.]  Lively;  sprightly;  cheerful. 
1  Prov.  E.  and  Sc.] 

Cainvas,  kan'vas,  n.  fFr.  ctmevas,  Pr.  cana- 
i>a8,'lt.  canavaccio,  L.L.  canabacius,  from 
h.  cannabis,  hemp.]  A  coarse  cloth  made 
jf  hemp  or  flax,  used  for  tents,  sails  of 
hips,  painting  on,  and  other  purposes; 
hence  sails  in  general;  a  painting. — Can- 
vas-back, n.  A  species  of  marine  duck 
lielonging  .to  North  America,  highly  es- 
teemed for  the  delic-acy  of  its  flesh:  so 
tailed  from  the  colour  of  the  plumage  of 
its  back. 

Canvass,  kan'vas,  v.t.  [From  canvas,  can- 
vas, and  formerly  also  a  sieve,  a  strainer, 
because  sieves  were  made  of  canvas;  like 
O.Vr^jisanabasser, to  examine,  search,  sift.] 
To  examine ;  to  scrutinize ;  to  sift  or  ex- 
amine by  way  of  discussion;  to  discuss;  to 
debate;  to  visit  or  apply  to  in  orderto  ob- 
tain orders  for  goods,  votes,  or  support  for 
a  candidate  for  an  office  or  appointment. 


&c.  —  v.i.  To  seek  or  go  about  to  solicit 
votes  or  Interest,  or  to  obtain  mercantile 
orders. — n.  The  act  of  canvassing;  close 
inspection ;  scrutiny;  discussion ;  debate ; 
a  seeking;  solicitation  of  votes,  orders 
for  goo<ls,  &c.  —  Canvasser,  kan'vas-6r,  n. 
One  who  canvasses  or  solicits  votes,  mer- 
cantile orders,  &c. 
Canyon.    CaSon. 

Canzonet,  kan-zo-net',  n.  [It.  camonetta.] 
M-us.  a  little  or  short  song,  shorter  and 
less  elaborate  than  the  airs  of  oratorio  or 
opera;  a  short  concerted  air;  a  madrigalj. 
Caoutclionc,  ko'chok,  n.  |A  South  Ameri- 
can word.]  An  elastic  gummy  substance, 
which  is  the  inspissated  juice  of  several 
tropical  plants,  much  used  in  the  indus- 
trial* arts  for  covering  fabrics  to  render 
them  waterproof,  making  elastic  webbing, 
flexible  tubes,  &c.;india-rubber;  gum-elas- 
tic—Caoutchine,  Caoutchoucine,  ko'chin, 
ko'cho-sin,  n.  An  inflammable  volatile 
oil  produced  by  distillation  of  caoutchouc 
at  a  high  temperature. 
Cap,  kap,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cceppe,  a  cap,  cope, 
cape,  hood,  from  L.L.  capa,  cappa  (of  un- 
known origin),  a  cape,  whence  Sp.  capa. 
It.  cappa,  Fr.  chape,  a  cloak,  cape,  cover. 

'  Cape  and  cope  are  forms  of  the  same  word.] 
A  part  of  dre?s  made  to  cover  the  head, 
general  ly  of  softer  material  than  a  hat,  ana 
without  a  brim;  an  act  of  respect  made  by 
uncovering  the  head;  the  summit,  top,  or 
crown;  anything  resembling  a  cap  in  ap- 
pearance, position,  or  use,  as  the  inner 
case  which  covers  the  movement  of  some 
kinds  of  watches,  lie. ;  a  percussion-cap 
(which  see).— v.t  capped,  capping.  To  put 
a  cap  on ;  to  cover  with  a  cap  or  as  with  a 
cap;  to  cover  the  top  or  end  of;  to  place  a 
cap  on  the  head  of,  when  conferring  offictal 
distinction,  admitting  to  professional  hon- 
ours, &c.;  to  complete;  to  consummate;  to 
crown;  to  foll-iw  up  with  something  more 
remarkable  than  what  has  previously  been 
done. — To  cap'verses,  texts,  or  proverbs,  to 
quote  verses,  texts,  or  proverbs  alternately 
in  emulation  or  contest. — To  set  one's  cap 
at,  to  use  measures  to  gain  the  affections 
of  a  man  with  a  view  to  matrimony. — Cap- 
ful, kap'ful,  n.  As  much  as  a  cap  will 
hold;  asmall  quantitj';  specifically, a  light 
flaw  of  wind;  a  passing  gust. 

Capable,  ka'pa-bl,  a.  [Fr.  capable,  capable, 
able,  sufficient,  L.L.  capabilis,  from  L. 
capio,  to  take,  which  appears  also  in  cap- 
tious, captive,  accept,  except,  conception, 
susceptible,  recipient,  occttpy,  &c.]  Able  to 
receive ;  open  to  influences ;  impressible ; 
susceptible;  admitting:  with  of  (capable  of 
pain,  o/ being  broken);  having  sufficient 
power,  skill,  ability :  with  of  (capable  of 
judging);  able;  competent;  fit;  duly  quali- 
fied (a  capable  instructor).  —  Capability, 
Capableness,  ka-pa-bil'i-ti,  ka'pa-bl-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  capable. 

Capacions,  ka-pa'rmus,  a.  [L.  capaz,capacis, 
able  to  take  in  or  contain,  spacious,  cap- 
able, from  capio,  to  take.  Capable.]  Cap- 
able of  containing  much,  either  in  a  phy- 
sical or  mental  ^r.se;  large;  wide;  spacious; 
extensive ;  comprehensive. — Capaciously, 
ka-pa'shus-li,  adv.  Jn  a  capacious  manner 
or  degree.— Capaciousness,  ka-pa'shus-nes, 
n.  The  state  or  qualit3'  of  being  capacious. 
—  Cap9.citate,  ka-pas'i-tat,  v.t.  —  capaci- 
tated, capacitating.  To  make  capable ;  to 
enable;  to  qualify.— Capacity,  ka-pas'i-ti, 
n.  [L.  capacitas,  from  capax,  capacious.] 
The  power  of  receiving  or  containing;  spe- 
cifically,the  power  of  containing  a  certain 
quantity  exactly;  cubic  contents;  the  ex- 
tent or  comprehensiveness  of  the  mind; 
the  power  of  receiving  ideas  or  knowledge; 
the  receptive  faculty;  active  power;  ability 
(a  man  with  the  capacity  at  judging) ; 
ability  in  a  moral  or  legal  sense;  legal 
qualification  (to  attend  a  meeting  in  the 
capacity  of  an  elector) ;  character  (to  give 
advice  in  the  capacity  of  a  friend). 

Cap-a-pie,  kap-a-pe',  adv.  [O.Fr.,  Kc.  head 
to  foot.]    From  head  to  foot;  all  over. 

Caparison,  ka-par'i-son,  n.  [O.Fr.  eaparas- 
8on,  from  Sp.  eaparazon,  a  cover  for  a  sad- 
dle, aug.  of  capa,  a  cover.  Cap,  Cape.)  A 
cloth  or  covering,  more  or  less  ornamented, 
laid  over  the  saddle  or  furniture  of  a  horse, 
especially  a  sumpter  horse,  or  horse  of 


state;  hence,  clothing,  especially  gay  cloth- 
ing. —  v.t.  To  cover  with  a  caparison ;  to 
adorn  with  rich  dress. 
Cape,  kap,  n.  [O.Fr.  cape,  L.L.  capa,  a  kind 
of  covering  for  the  shoulders.  Cap.]  The 
part  of  a  garment  hanging  from  the  neck 
behind  and  over  the  shoulders;  a  loose 
cloak  »or  garment,  hung  from  the  shoul- 
ders, and  worn  as  a  protection  against 
rain,  cold  weather,  &c.  , 

Cape,  kap,  n.  [  Fr.  cap.  It.  capo,  a  'cape, 
from  L.  caput,  the  head.]  A  piece  of  land 
jutting  into  the  sea  or  a  lake  beyond  the 
rest  of  the  coast-line ;  a  headland ;  a  pro- 
montory. 

Caper,  ka'pfr,  n.  [O.Fr.  capriole.  It.  capri- 
ola,  a  caper,  from  L.  caper,  capra,  a  goat. 
A  kin  caprice,  cab.]  A  leap;  a  skip;  a  spring, 
as  in  dancing,  or  mirth,  or  in  the  frolic  of 
a  goat  or  lamb ;  ,a  sportive  or  capricious 
action ;  a  prank.—  To  cut  capers,  to  leap 
or  dance  in  a  frolicsome  manner ;  to  act 
sportively  or  capriciously.  —  v.i.  To  cut 
capers;  to  Skip  or  jump;  to  prance;  to 
spring.— Caperer,  ka'p6r-er,  n.  One  who 
capers. 

Caper,  ka'pfir,  n.  [Fr.  c&pre,  O.Fr.  cappre, 
L.  capparis,  Gr.  kapparis,  from  Per.  kahar, 
the  caper.]  The  bud  of  a  bush  (the  caper- 
bush),  pickled  and  used  aa  a  condiment; 
the  plant  itself ,  a  low  prickly  shrub,  grow- 
ing in  rocky  or  stony  places  in  the  coun- 
tries bordering  on  the  Mediterranean.— 
Caper-tea,  n.  A  kind  of  black  tea  with  a 
knotted  curled  leaf  regarded  as  resembling 
the  caper. 

Cap6rcaUzie,CapercaiUie,  ka-p6r-karyi,  ka- 
per-kaj'e, Ji.  [Gael,  capull-choile—capull,  a 
horse,and  coiVe,  a  wood — so  named  from  its 
great  size.]  The  Scotch  name  for  the  wood- 
grouse or  cock  of  the  woods,  the  largest  of 
the  gallinaceous  birds  of  Europe,  most 
frequently  found  in  the  northern  parts  of 
the  Continent,  and  reintroduced  into  Scot- 
land after  having  become  extinct  there. 
Capetian,  ka-p6'ti-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
dynasty  of  the  Capets,  founded  about  the 
close  of  the  tenth  century,  when  Hugo 
Capet  ascended  the  French  throne. 
Capias,  ka'pi-as,  n.  [L.,  you  may  take.] 
Law,  a  writ  of  various  kinds  authorizing 
a  person  or  his  goods  to  be  laid  hold  of. 
Capibara,  kap-i-ba'ra,  n.  CXpybara. 
Capillaire,  ka-pil-lar',  n.  [Fr.]  A  simple 
syrup,  as  of  sugar  or  honey,  flavoured  with 
orange  flowers,  or  orange-fiower  water. 
CapUlament.  Under  Capillary. 
Capillary,  kap'il-la-ri  or  ka-pilla-ri,  a.  [L. 
capiiZam,  from  caci^ws,  hair,  from  root  of 
ca^«<,  the  head.]  Kesembling  a  hair;  flne, 
minute,  small  in  diameter  though  long; 
filiform;  aa,  a  capillary  tube,  that  is,  a 
tube  with  a  very  minute  bore;  a  capillary 
vessel  in  animal  bodies  (see  the  n..);  perr 
taining  to  capillary  tubes,  or  to  the  capil- 
lary vessels  or  capillaries  in  organic  struc- 
tures.— Capillary  action,  the  spontaneous 
elevation  or  depression  of  liquids  in  fine 
hair-like  tubes,  or  in  bodies  of  a  porous 
structure,  when  these  are  dipped  in  the 
liquid;  the  term  capillary  attraction  be- 
ing applied  when  the  liquid  rises,  as 
the  sap  in  trees,  water  in  a  sponge,  &c.; 
and  capillary  repulsion  when  it  sinks,  as 
mercury  does  in  a  fine  glass  tube.— n.  A 
tube  with  ft^  small  bore ;  a  minute  blood- 
vessel constituting  the  termination  of  an 
arterjr  or  vein ;  one  of  the  minute  vessels 
which  intervene  between  the  terminal  ar- 
teries and  veins.— Capillarity,  kap-il-lar'i- 
ti,  n.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  cap- 
illary; capillary  action.— CapiUament,  ka- 
.  pil'la-ment,  n. .  A  very  fine  filament  or 
fibre.— Capilliform,  ka-pil'li-form,  a.  In 
the  shape  or  form  of  a  hair  or  of  hairs  (a 
capilliform  filire).— CaplUose,  kap'U-los,  a. 
Hairy;  abounding  with  hair. 
Capital,  kap'i-tal,  a.  PL.  capitalis,  capita], 
deadly,  also  pre-eminent,  from  caput,  cap- 
itis, the  head,  seen  also  in  captain,  chapter, 
chief,  cadet,  ic]  Tirst  in  importance;  chief; 
principal ;  notable ;  affecting  the  head  or 
Iife(<;apitaZpunishment);incurringthe  for- 
feiture of  life  (a capi^aZ offence);  punishable 
with  death ;  excellent ;  very  good ;  first- 
class;  splendid ;  a  term  applied  to  a  type 
or  letter  of  a  certain  form  and  a  larger  size 
than  that  generally  used  in  the  body  of 


Fate,  filr,  fat,  fftU:>me,jaet,h6r}     pme,piii;     note,  not,  mUve; .   tabe,  tub,  bull ;     oil.pound;  .  a,  Scabttn©— the  Jr. 


.uT 


CAPITOL 


99 


CAPUCHIN 


'  Trritten  or  printed  matter.— n.  The  upper- 
most part  of  a  column,  pillar,  or  pilaster,' 
serTing  as  the  head  or  crowning.and  placed 
immediately  over  the  shaft  suid  under  the 
entablsiture ;  the  chief  city  or  town  in  a 
kingdom  or  state;  a  metropolis;  a  type  or 
letter  of  a  certain  form,  and  of  a  larger 
size  than  that  comrnonly  used  in  the  body 
of. a  piece  of  writing  or  printing;  a  capital 
letter;  money  or  wealth  in  some  shape 
employed  in  trade,  in  manufactures,  or  m 
any  busine^;  stock' in  trade,  in  money, 
goods,  property,  &c.;fig.  stock  of 'any  kind, 
whether  physical  or  moral ;  means  of  in- 
fluence or  of  increasing  one's  power. — Capi- 
talist, kap'i-tal-ist,  n.  A,  man  who  has  a 
large  capital  or  stock  in  trade;  a  man  of 
large  property,  which  fs  or  may  be  em- 
ployed in  business.— Capitalization,  kap'i- 
tal-iz-a"shon,  n.  The  act  of  converting 
anything  into  capital;  the  act  of  comput- 
ing or  realizing  tne  present  value  of  a  pe- 
riodical payment.— Cai>itaUze,  okap'i-talr 
iz,  v.t— capitalized,  capiialimig..  To  con- 
vert into  capital ;  to  apply  as  capital  to 
the  purposes  of  trade;  to  compute  or  real- 
ize ttie  present  value  of  (a  periodical  pay- 
ment) for  a  definite  or  indefinite  lettgth  of 
time.— Capitally,  kap'i-tal-li,  adv.  In  a 
capital  manner;  so  as  to  involve  life;  in  a 
pre-eminent  degree;  excellently»  finely. — 
Capitalnesg,  t  kap'i-tal-nes,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  capital.— Capitate,  kap'i- 
tat,  a.  [L.  capitatua.]  Bot.  growing  in  a 
head ;  having  a  rounded  head :  appbed  to 
a  flower,  &c.— Capitation,  kap-i-ta'shon,  n. 
[L.  capitatio.]  Numevation  oy  the  head; 
anum  bering  of  persons.-Capiiation  p'/'ani, 
a  grant  given  to.  a  certain  number  of  per- 
sons, a  certain  amount  being  allowed  for 
each  individual  among  the  number.— Cap- 
itation  tax,  a  tax  levied  on  each  heid  or 

d person;  a  poll-ta.T. 
apltol,  kap'i-tol,  n.  tL-  eapitoKum,  from 
caput,  the  head.J  In  ancient  Rome,  the 
name  of  a  hill  crowned  by  a  temple  dedi- 
cated to  Jupiter;  the  temple  itself,  in 
which  the  senate  assembled;  the  edifice 
occupied  by  the  United  States  Congress  in 
their  deliberations' at  Washington;  also, 
in  some  states  the  state-house  or  house  in 
which  the  legislature  holds  its  sessions;  a 
government  house. — Capltolian,  kap-i-to'- 
li-au,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Capitol  in 
Rome.  —  Capitollne,  kap'i-tol-in,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  Capitol  in  Rome. 

Capitular,  Capitulary,  ka-pit'Q-l6r,  ka-pit'- 
G-la-ri,  n.  [L.L.  capiiulare,  from  h.  capit- 
ulum,  a  chapter,  a  capital.  Capital.]  An 
act  passed  m  a  chapter,  as  of  knights  or 
canons;  the  bodyof  laws  or  statutes  of  a 
chapter  or  of  an  ecclesiaistical  council; 
the  member  of  a  chapter.— Capitular,  ka- 
pit'u-16r,  a.  Belonging  to  a  chapter;  ca- 
pitulary; hot.  growing  in  a  capitulum  or 
head,  as  composite  plants.  —  Capitolarly, 
ka-pit'Q-l6r-li,  adv.  In  the  form  of  an 
ecclesiastical  chapter.  —  Capitulary,  ka- 
pit'Q-la-ri,  a.  Relating  to  the  chapter  of 
a  cathedral. 

Capitulate,  ka-pit'a-lat,  v.i.— capitulated, 
capitulating.  pJ.L.  capitvXo,  capitnlatum, 
to  arrange  in  heads  or  chapters,  from  L. 
capitulum,  a  chapter,  dim.  of  caput,  the 
head.]  To  draw  up  articles  of  agreement; 
to  arrange  terms  of  agreement ;  to  treat 
(Shak.);  more  usually  to  surrender,  as  an 
army  or  garrison,  to  an  enemy  on  certain 
stipulated  conditions.— Capitulation,  ka- 
pit'u-la"shon,  n.  The  act  of  capitulating 
or  surrendering  to  an  enemy  upon  stipu- 
lated terms  or  conditions ;  the  treaty  or 
instrument  containing  the  conditions  of. 
surrender;  an  article  of  agreement;  formal 
agreementt.- Capitulator,  lia-pit'Q-la-ter, 
n.    One  who  capitulates. 

Capitulum,  ka-pit'u-lum,  n.  Bot.  a  close 
head  of  sessile  flowers.  -.^ 

Capivi,  ka-pe'vi,  n.    Copaiba.  '~'' 

Caplin,  kap'lin,  n.  [Fr.  eaplan,  eapelan.'i 
A  small  fish,  a  kind  of  salmon,  which  fre- 
quents the  shores  of  Greenland,  Iceland, 
Newfoundland,  and  Labrador  inimmense 
shoals. 

Capnomancy,  kap'no-man-si,  n.  [Gr.  kap- 
nog,  smoke,  and  tnanteia,  divination.] 
Divination  by  the  ascent  or  motion  of 
smoke. 


Capon,  ka'pon,  n.  [L.  eapo,  Or.  hapOn—a, 
capon,  froc.:.  a  root  seen  in  Gr.  kopto,  to 
cut.]  A  castrated  cock;  a  cock-chicfcen 
castrated  for  the  purpose  of  improving  the 
flesh-for  table;— Caponize,  ka'pon-iz,  v.t.— 
capotmed,  caponizing.  To  make  a  capon 
of.  ^ 

Cai>oniere,  CaponSiere,  kap-o-n5r',  «.  [Fr. 
caponniire,  Sp.  caponera,It.  capponiera.} 
Fort  a  passage  from  one  part  of  a  work  to 
another,  protected  on  the  right  and  left 
by  a  wall  or  parapet,  and  sometimes 
covered  overhead;  also  tne  vail  or  parapet 
protecting  such  a  passage. 
Capot,  ka-pot',  n.  [Fr.,  from  cape,  a  hood 
or  cape,  a  person  that  is  capotted  having, 
as  it  were,  a  hood  thrown  over  his  head.] 
A  winning  of  all  the  tricks  of  cards  at  the 
game  of  piqnet.— v.t.— capottedj  capotting. 
To  win  all  the  tricks  from  at  piffuet. 
Capote,  ka-pot',  n.  [Fr.  capote,  from  cape, 
a  hood  or  cape,  L.L.  capa.  Cap.]  A  kind 
of  long  cloak.    LBvron.] 

Cappagh-brown,(Eiip'pacfe-broun,n.  [Prom 
Cappagh,  near  Cork.]  A  bituminous  earth, 
coloured  by  oxide.of  manganese  aiid  iron, 
yielding  pigments  of  various  rich  brown 
colours. 

Capreolate,  tap're-5-lat,.«.  [From  L.  cap- 
reolus,  a  wild' goat,  a  tenaril  of  a  vine, 
from  caper,  a  goat.]  Bot.  having  tepdrils, 
or  filiform  spiral  claspers,  by  which  plants 
fasten  themselves  to  other  bodies,  as  in 
vines,  lie. 

Capric,  kap'rik,  a.  [L.  caper,  a -goat.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  a  goat.— Capric  and.  a 
peculiar  acid  in  the  Dutter  of  cow?8  milk, 
as  well  as  in  the  milk 'and  fat  of  the  goat. 

Capriccio,  ka-pre'cho,  n.  [It.,  a  caprice.] 
A  caprice;  awhim(i^ftaA:.);  a  musical  piece 
in  which  the  composer  is  guided  more  by 
fancy  than  by  strict  rule. 

Caprice,  ka-pres',  n.  [Fr.  caprice.  It.  capric- 
cio, whim,  freak,  originally  a  fantastical 
goat-leap,  from  L.  caper,  copra,  a  goat; 
akin  taper,  capriole.]  A  sudden  start  of 
the  mind ;  a  sudden  change  of  opinion  or 
humour;  a  whim  or  freak;  capricioueness; 
fickleness.  —  Capricious,  ka-prish'us,  a. 
Characterized  by  caprice;  apt  to  change 
opinions  suddenly,  or  to  start  from  one's 
purpose;  unsteady;  changeable;  fickle; 
K'ibject  to  change  or  irregiilarity.— Capri- 
clouBly,  k4i-prish'ua-li,  adv.  In  a  capricious 
manner.— C!aprlciousnegs,ka-prish'u3-nes, 
n.   The  quality  of  being  capricious. 

Capricorn,  kap'ri-korn,  n.  [L.  capricornus 
—caper,  a  goat,  and  comu,  a  horn.]  One 
of  the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac;  the  tenth 
sign,  marking  the  winter  solstice. 

Capriflcation,  kap'ri-fi-ka"shon,  n.  [L.  cap- 
rljicatio,  from  caprificus,  the  wild  fig-tree 
—caper,  a  goat,  and/icus,  a  fig,  from  goats 
feeding  on  it.]  A  process  intended  to 
accelerate  the  ripening  of  the  fig  by  caus- 
ing a  species  of  gall-insect  to  spread  over 
the  plant,  the  supposed  beneficial  effect 
being  produced  by  the  insects  either  dis- 
tributmg  the  pollen  of  the  male  flowers 
or  by  puncturing  the  fruit.  —  Capriflcate, 
kap'ri-fi-kat,  v.t.—  caprificated,  capriticat- 
ing.  To  perform  the  operation  of  capri- 
fication  on. 

Capriform,  kap'ri-form,  a.  [L.  caper,  a 
goat,  and /onna,  form.]  "Having  the  form 
of  a  goat,  or  of  something  belonging  to  a 
goat  (capriform,  horns).— Caprine, kap'rin, 
a.  [L.  capri/nus.']  Like  a  goat;  pertaining 
to  a  goat. , 

Capriole,  kap'ri-ol,  n.  [O.Fr.  capriole,  now 
cabriole,  lit.  a  goat-leap,  from  L.  capriolua, 
a  wild  goat,  from  caper,  a  goat.]  A  caper 
or  leap,  as  in  dancing;  an  active  bound;  a 
spring;  a  leap,  accompanied  with  ajerking 
out  of  the  hmd  legs,  which  a  horse  makes 
without  advancing.  —  v.i.  To  execute  a 
capriole. 

Capsicum,  kap'si-kum,  n.  [From  L.  ea»8a, 
a  box,  from  the  shape  of  the  fruit.]  The 
generic  name  of  some  South  American 
and  Asiatic  plants,  many  species  of  which 
are  cultivated  for  their  pods,  used  in  cook- 
ery under  the  name  of  chOlies,  and  wten 
dried  and  ground  called  cayenne  pepper, 
to  which  the  name  capsicum  ia  also  some- 
times given.— Capsicine,  kap'si-sin,  n.  An 
alkaloid,  the  active  principle  of  the  cap- 
sv.les  of  Cayenne  pepper. 


Capsize,  kap-siz',  v.t.—capaited,  'capsizing. 
(Origin  doubtful;  probably  the  first  syl- 
lable means  head  or  top,  ultimately  from 
L.  caput.]  To  upset  or  overturn.— «.i.  To 
be  upset  or  overturned. 
Capstan,  kap'stan,  n.  [Fr.  cabestan,  from 
Sp.  cabestante,  cabrestante;  of  unknown 
origin.]  'An  apparatus  working  on  the 
principle  of  the  wheel  and  axle,  and  con- 
sisting of  a  cylinder  or  barrel  adjusted  ou 
an  upright  axis,  the  barrel  being  made  tu 
turn  round  by  means  of  horizontal  bars 
or  levers,  the  ends  of  which  are  inserted 
in  holes  near  the  top  of  the  barrel,  so  that 
a  rope  is  thus  wound  round  it  and  a  weight, 
such  as  an  anchor,  raised  or  moved. 
CapsiUe.  kap'sQl,  n.  [L.  capsula,  a  little 
chest,  dim.  of  capaa,  a  chest,  from  capio, 
to  take.  J  Eat.  a  dry  fruit,  containing 
seeds,  and  opening  of  itself  by  valves  or 
pores  when  mature;  chem.  a  small  saucer 
used  for  roasting  or  melting  ores,  for  eva- 
poratiooB,  solutions,  &c.;  anat.  a  mem- 
Dranous  body  covering  a  part  like  a  bag ; 
a  gummy  envelope  for  a  nauseous  drug;  a 
metallic  seal  or  cover  for  going  over  the 
cork  or  stopper  of  a  bottle.  —  Capsular, 
■  0apsulary,kap'8a-ier,kap'sa-la-ri,a.  Hol- 
low like  a  capsule;  pertaining  to  a  capsule. 
— Capsulate,  Capsxilated,  kap'sa-lat,  kap'- 
sO-lat-ed,  a  Inclosed  in  a  capsule. ' 
Captain,  kap'tin,  n.  [Fr.  capitaiite,  O.Fr. 
capitain,  from  L.L.  capitanus,  from  L. 
caput,  the  head.]  One  who  is  at  the  head 
of  or  nas  authority  over  others;  a  chief;  a 
leader;  a  commander,  especially  in  mili- 
tary affairs;  more  specifically,  the  military 
oflScer  who  commands  a  company,  whether 
of  infantry,  cavalry,  or  artillery;  an  oflScer 
in  the  navy  commanding  a  ship  of  war; 
the  commander  or  master  of  a  merchant 
vessel.  —  Captaincy,  kap '  tin-si,  n.  The 
rank,  post,  or  commission  of  a  captain. — 
Captainship,  kap'tin-ship,  n.  The  condi- 
tion or  post  of  a  captain  or  chief  com- 
mander; skill  in  military  afluirs.— Cap- 
tain-general, n.  A  commander-in-chief. 
Caption,  kap'shon,  n.  [L.  captio,  a  taking, 
fraud,  deceit,  from  capio,  to  seize.]  The 
act  01  taking  or  arresting^ ;  the  act  of 
taking  any  one  unawares  by  some  trick  or 
imposition  J;  the  act  of  urging  captious 
objections;  cavilling.— Captious,  kap'shus,' 
a.  IL.'captiosus,  from  captio,  a  taking.] 
Apt  to  catch  at^faults;  disposed  to  find 
fault  or  raise  objections;  apt  to  cavil;  dif- 
ficult to  please;  carping;  cavilling;  pro- 
ceeding from  a  captious  or  cavilling  dis- 
position; fitted  to  insnare  or  perplex  (a 
captious  question).— Captiously,  kap'shus- 
li,  adv.  In  a  captious  manner. — Captious- 
nesg^kai/shus-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
captious. 

Captive,  kap'tiv,  n.  [From  L.  captivus,  a 
captive,  from  capio,  captus,  to  seize.  Cfai- 
tiff  is  the  same  word  derived  through  the 
French.]  One  who  is  taken  prisoner,  es- 
pecially a  prisoner  taken  in  war;  one  who 
is  charmed  or  subdued  by  beauty  or  ex- 
cellence; one  whose  affections  are  seized, 
or  who  13  held  by  strong  ties  of  love. — a. 
Made  prisoner  in  war;  kept  in  bondage  or 
confinement;  bound  by  the'tles  of  love  or 
admiration;  captivated.— Captivate,  ka?'- 
ti-vat,  v.t.— captivated,  captivating.  [L. 
cai^tivo,  captivatum.']  To  capture  or  make 
prisonerj;  to  overpower  and  gain  with  ex- 
cellence or  beauty;  to  charm;  to  engage 
the  affections  of;  to  fascinate,'  enslave, 
subdue,  enchant.  —  Captivating,  kap'ti- 
vat-ing,  a.  Having  power  to  engage  tiic 
affections;  winning.— Captivation,  kap-ti- 
va'shon,  ».  The  act  of  captivating;  the  act 
of  gaining  over  or  winning  one's  affecti  ons. 
— Captivity,  kap-tiv'i-ti,  n.  [L.  captivitaa.  ] 
The  state  of  being  a  captive ;  subjection ; 
a  state  of  being  under  control ;  bondage ; 
servitude.— Captor,  kap't6r,n.  [L.  captor.] 
One  who  captures  or  takes  by  force,  strata- 
gem, &c.— Capture, kap'tor.n.  [li.captura.] 
The  act  of  one  who  captures;  the.aet  of 
making  prize  of  something ;  seizure ;  ar- 
rest; the  thing  taken;  a  prize.— w.<. — cap- 
tured, capturing.  To  take  or  seize  by  force, 
surprise,  or  stratagem',  as  an  enemy  or  hia 
property;  to  make  a  prize  or  prisoner  of. 
Capuchlu,  ki^p-u-shen',  n.  [Fr.  capushon, 
capucine,  from  capuce,  a  hood  or  cowl. 


cb.cfcaln;     «ft,  Sc. locA;  fg, (?o';  ^j.job:.^,  Fr.  ton;     ^g, ginm     ta, tten;^h. ttin^     W. tpig;  vWh,  w/ug;     zh,  aaure. 


CAPYBARA 


100 


CARDrNAL 


from  cape,  a  cape.]  A  monk  of  the  order 
of  St.  Fraaci?,  so  called  from  the  capwcAon, 
a  BtufiFcap  or  cowl.the  distinguishing  badge 
of  the  order;  a  garment  for  females,  con- 
sisting of  a  cloak  and  bood  in  imitatK>u  of 
the  dress  of  Capuchin  monks. 

Capybara,  Ca^ibara,  kap-i-ba'ra,  n.  [The 
native  Brazilian  name.]  A  rodent  quad- 
ruped, allied  to  the  guiaqa-pig,  abounding 
in  rivers  of  South  America,  feeding  on  ve^ 
getables  and  fish,  over  3  feet  in  length, 
tailless,  with  a  large  head  and  blunted 
muzzle,  and  toes  imperfectly  webbed. 

Car,  kar,  n.  [O.Fr.  car  (Mod.  Pr.  char), 
from  li.  carrus,  a  four-wheeled  vehicle, 
from  the  Celtic :  Armor,  carr,  a  chariot, 
W.  car.  It.  and  Gael,  carr,  a  dray,  wagon, 
&c.  Akiu  carry,  charge,  cargo,  &c.]  A 
name  applied  to  various  kinds  of  wheeled 
vehicles,  as  a  light  two-wheeled  carriage 
for  one  horse ;  a  chariot  of  war  or  state 
{poet);  a  tramway  carriage,  &c. 

Carabine,  Carbine,  kar'a-bin,  kar'bin,  n. 
[Pr.  carabine,  a  carabine;  O.Fr. .caraoin, 
calabrin,  a  musqueteer,  from  calabre,  an 
engine  of  war,  from'  L.L.  cJiadabtda,  an 
engine  for  throwing  stones,  from<Jr.  kata- 
feoZe,  a  throwing  down— Arato,  down,  and 
halU),  to  throw.]  A  gun  or  firearm  com- 
monly used  bj;  cavaliy,  shorter  in  the  bar- 
rel than  the  infantry  musket  or  rifle. — 
Carabinwr,  Carbineer,  kar'a-bin-er',  kar- 
bin-er',  n.  One  armed  with  a  carabine  or 
carbine. 

Caracal,  kar'a-kal,  w.  [From  a  Turkish 
word  signifying  black-eared.]  A  species  of 
lynx,  about  the  size  of  a  fox  and  of  a  deep 
■brown  colour,  a  native  of  Northern  Africa 
and  South-western  Asia. 

Caracara,-  ka-ra-ka'ra.'n.  f Prom  its  hoarse 
cry.]  A  South  American  bird  of  prey  of 
several  species,  akin  to  the  eagles  and  vul- 
tures, and  feeding  on  carrion. 

Carack,  kar'ak,  n.  [Fr.  caraque,  carraqve, 
from  L.L.  carraca,  carrica,  a  ship  of  bur- 
den, from  L.  carrui,  a  car.]  A  large  tronnd- 
built  vessel  of  great  depth,  fitted  for  fight 
as  well  as  burden,  such  as  were  used  by  the 
Portuguese  and  Spaniards  in  trading  with 
America  and  the  East  Indies. 

Caracole,  kar'a-kol,  71.  [Pr.,  from  Sp.  and 
Pg.  caracol.  a-  winding  staircase,  a  cara- 
cole. ]  "  A  half  -  turn  which  a  horseman 
makes,  either  to  the  right  or  left;  arch,  a 
spiral  staircase.— v.i.—  caracoZed,  caracol- 
ing.   To  move  in  a  caracole;  to  wheel. 

Carafe,  kar'af  or  ka-raf,  n,  [Pr.]  A  glass 
water-bottle  or  decanter. 

Carageen,  Caragheen,  kar'a-gSn,  n.  Car- 
rageen. 

Caramel,  kar'a-mel,  n.  [Pr.  caramel,  cara- 
mel, from  Sp.  caramelo,  a  lozenge,  of  Ar. 
origin.]  Anhydrous  or  burnt  sugar,  a  pro- 
duct of  the  action  of  heat  upon  sugar ;  it 
dissolves  readily  in  water,  is  of  a  orown 
colour,  and  is  used  to  colour  spirits  and 
wines. 

Carapace,  kar'a-pas,  n.  [Fr.,from  Sp.  cara^ 
bassa,  a  gourd.  Calabash.]  The  shell 
which  protects  the  body  of  chelonian  rep- 
tiles; also  the  covering  of  the  anterior 
upper  surface  of  the  crustaceans. 

Carap-oil,  kar'ap-oil,  n.  .Oil  obtained  from 
the  crab- wood  tree  of  South  America,  used 
for  lamps. 

Carat,  kar'at,  n.  [Pr.  carat,  Ar.  qirrdt,  a 
carat,  from  6r.  keration,  lit.  a  little  horn, 
also  the  seed  of  the  carob-tree,  used  for  a 
weight,  a  carat.]  The  weight  Of  4  grains, 
used  in  weighing  precious  stones  and 
pearls;  a  term  used  to  express  the  propor- 
tionate fineness  of  gold,  gold  of  twenty- 
four  carats  being  pure  gold,  gold  of  six- 
teen (for  instance)  having  eight  parts  of 
alloy. 

Caravan,  kar'a-van,  n.  [Fr.  caravane,  from 
Sp.  caravana,  Ar.  qairaw&n.  Per.  kdrwdn, 
a  caravan.]  A  company  of  travellers  who 
associate  together  in  many  parts  of  Asia 
and  Africa  that  they  may  travel  with, 
greater  security;  a  large  close  carriage  for 
conveying  travelling  exhibitions  or  the- 
like  from  place  to  place.  —  Caravaneer, 
kar'a-van-€r".  n.  The  person  who  leads 
the  camels,  «c.,  of  a  caravan. — Caravan- 
sary, Caravansera,  kar-a-van'sa-ri,  kar-a- 
van'se-ra,  n.  [Per.  kdrwdn,  a  caravan,  and 
sardi,  an  iim.]    In.  the  East,  a  place  ap- 


pointed for  receiving  and  lodging  trav- 

^  ellers.  ■ 

Caravel,  Carvel,  kar'a-vel,  ktlr'vel,  n.  [Sp. 
and  It;  earavela,  a  caravel,  dim.  of  L.  cara- 
bua,  (}r.  karabos,  a  light  ship,  a  boat,  also 
•a  crab.]  A  small  galley-rigged  ship  form- 
erly used  by  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese; 
also  a  small  fishing  vessel. 

Caraway,  kar'a-wa,  n.  [Sp.  al-carahiieya, 
from  Ar.  karwiyd,  karawiyd,  caraway;  pro- 
bably from  Gr.  karon.  L.  carevm,  cara- 
way.] A  biennial  plant,  with  a  taper  root 
Uke  a  parsnip,  the  seeds  of  which  are  used 
to  flavour  cakes,  and  also  in  comfits,  a 
volatile  oil  being  obtained  by  distilliiig 
them  in  spirits. 

Carbazotic,  kar-ba-zot'ik,  a.  [Carbon  ahd 
azote.]  The  term  appUed  to  a-kind  of  acid, 
obtained  by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  on 
indigo  and  some  other  substances^dyeing 
silk  of  a  fine  yellow  colour,  with  a  mor- 
dant of  alum  pr  cream  of  tartar. 

Carbide.  karTsid,  «.  A  compound  of  car- 
boij'with  a  metal;  a  carburet. 

Carbine,  Carbineer.    Carabine. 

Carbolic,  kar-bol'ik,  a.  [Carbon  and  oU.] 
A  term  applied  to  an  acid  obtained  from 
the  distillation  of  coal-tar,  an  oily,  colour- 
less liquid,with  a  burning  taste,  now  much 
employed  as  an  antiseptic  and  disinfec- 
tant. 

Carbon,  karT)on,  n.  [L.  car6o,  carbonia,  a 
coal.]  Sym.  0.  Pure  charcoal;  one  of  the 
chemical  elements,  a  black,  brittle,  light, 
and  inodorous  substance  existing  in 
various  distinct  forms  called  allotropic 
forms,  sucli  as  the  diamond,  wood  char- 

^  coal,  animal  charcoal,  graphite,  lamp- 
black, and  anthracite.  —  Carbonaceous, 
kar-bo-na'shus,  a.  Pertaining  to  carboij 
or  charcoal.  —  Cai'bonate,  karTson-at,  n. 
Chem.  a  compound  formed  by  the  union  of 
carbonic  acid  with  a  base.—  Carbonated, 
karTjon-at-ed,  a.  Containing  or  saturated 
with  carbonic  acid.— Carbonic,  kar-bon'ik, 
a.  Pertaining  to  carbon,  or  obtained  from 
it. — Carbonic  acid,  a  gaseous  compoulid  of 
12  parts  by  weight  of  carbon  and  32  of 
oxygen,  incapable  of  maintaining  fiame  or 
animal  Ufe,  and  acting  as  a  narcotic  poison 
when  present- in  the  air  to  the  extent  of 
only  4  or  5  per  cent.— Carboniferous,  kar- 

.  bo-nif '6r-u8,  a.  Containing  or  yielding 
carbon  or  coal.— Carboniferous  system,  geol. 
the  great  group  of  strata  which  lie  be- 
tween the  old  red  sandstone  below  and  the 
Permian  or  new  red  sandstone  above,  and 
are  the  chief  source  of  coal. — Carbonize, 
kar'bon-iz,  v.t. — carhonized,  carbonizing. 
To  convert  into  carbon  by  combustion,  or 
the  action  of  fire.— Carbonization,  kar'bon- 
iz-a"8hon,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  carbon- 
izing. ~ 

Carbonado,  kar-bo-na'do,  n.  [Prom  L. 
earbo,  a  coal.]  An  old  name  for  a  piece  of 
meat,  fowl,  or  game,  cut  across,  seasoned, 
and  broiled;  achop.  [Shak.'V-v.t-X  To  make 
a  carbonado  of;  to  cut  or  slash. 

Carboy,  kar'boi,  n.     [Per.  karabd,  large 

.-vessels- for  containing  wine.]  A  large 
globular  bottle  of  green  glass,  protected  by 
an  outside  covering,  and  used  chiefly  for 
containing  acids.as  vitriol  and  other  highly 
corrosive  Bquids. 

Carbuncle,  kar'bung-kl,  n.  [L.  carbuncu- 
1%L»,  a  little  coal,  from  carbo,  a  coal.]  A 
beautiful  gem  of  a  de§p  red  colour,  with  a 
mixture  of  scarlet,  found  in  the  East  In- 
dies; an  inflammatory  tumour,  or  malig- 
nant gangrenous  boil  or  ulcer.  —  Car- 
buncled,  kar^ung-kld,  a.    Set  with  car- 

'buncles;  afllicted  with  carbuncle;  pim- 
pled and  blotched.  —  Carbuncular,  Car- 
onncttlate,  kar-bung'ku-lfer,  k&r-bung'ka- 
Iftt,  a.  Belonging  to  a  carbuncle ;  resem- 
bling a  carbuncle;  inflamed.  —  Carbuncu- 
lation,  kar-bung'ku-la"shon,  n.  [L.  car- 
bunculatio,  from  carbunculo,  to  bum  to  a 
coal,  to  blast.]  The  blasting  of  the  young 
buds  of  trees  or  plants  by  excessive  heat 
or  cold. 

Carburet,  karTjO-ret,  n.  Same  as  Carbide. 
— Carburetted,  karlDa-ret^ed,  a.  Combined 
with  carbon  in  the  manner  of  a  carburet. 
Light  carburetted  hydrogen,  a  kind  of  gas, 
the  fire-damp  of  coal-mines. — Carbnrize, 
karlni-riz,  v.t.  To  combine  with  carbon 
or  a  compound  of  it. 


Carcajou,  kar'ka-id.'n.  [Fr.  carcajou,  from 
native  name.]  A  species  of  badger  found 
in  Canada  and  other  parts  of  North  Amer- 
ica. 

Carcanet,  karTia-net,  n.  [Pr.  earcan,  a  car- 
canet,  from  Armor,  kerchen,  the  neck  or 
bosom.]    A  necklace  or  collar  of  jewels. 

Carcass,  Carcase,  karTcas,  n.  [Fr.  carcasse, 
the  carcass,  a  framework,  a  kind  of  bomb, 
same  word  as  carquois,  a  quiver,  from  L.L. 
tarca8iu»,  a  quiver,  from  Ar.  and  Per.  tar- 
kash,  a  quiver.]  The  body,  usually  the 
dead  body,  of  an  animal;  a  corpse;  the  de- 
caying remains  of  a  bulky  thing;  the  frame 
or  main  parts  of  a  thing  unfinished;,  a 
kind  of  bomb  or  shell  filled  with  combus- 
tible matter,  and  having  apertures  for 
the  emission  of  flame,  so  as  to  set  fire  to 
buildings,  &c. 

Carcinology,  kar-si-nol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  karki- 
noS,  a  crab,  and  logos,  discourse.  J  That  de- 
partment of  zoology  which  interests  itself 
with  crustaceans,  or  crabs,  shrimps,  &c. — 
Carclnological,  kar'sin-o-loj"ik-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  carcfinology. 

Carcinoma,  kar-si-no'ma,  n.  [Gr.  koA-ki- 
noma,  from  karkinos,  a  cancer.]  A  kind 
of  cancer  or  cancerous  growth. 

Card,  kard,  n.  [From  Fr.  carte,  a  card, 
from  L.  charta,  paper,  from  Gr.  clmrte, 
Charles,  a  layer  of  papyrus  bark.]  A  rec- 
tangular piece  of  thick  paper  or  paste- 
board; such  a  piece  with  certain  devices, 
marks,  or  figures,  used  for  playing  games; 
a  piece  having  one's  name,  &c.,  wxitten  or 
printed  on  it,  used  in  visiting;  a  larger 
piece  written  or  printed,  and  conveying  an 
invitation,  or  some  intimation  or  state- 
ment ;  .the  dial  or  face  of  the  mariner's 
compass. —  Cardboard,  kard'bord,  n.  A 
stiff  kind  of  paper  or  pasteboard  for  mak- 
ing cards,  &c.  — Card- case,  n,  A  small 
pocket  case,  generally  of  an  ornamental 
kind,  for  holding  visiting-cards. —  Card- 
rack,  n.  A  rack  or  frame  for  holding  visit- 
ing, business,  6c.,  cards.  —  Card-sharper, 
n.    One  who  cheats  in  playing  cards;  one 

-who  makes  it  a  trade  to  fleece  the  un- 
wsuy  in  games  of  cards. 

Card,  kard,  n.  [Fr.  carde,  from  L.L.  cardus, 
L.  carduus,  a  thistle,  from  carere,  to  card 
— thistles  having  been  used  as  cards.]  An 
instrument  for  combing,  opening,  and 
breaking  wool  or  fiax,  freeing  it  from  the 
coarser  parts  and  from  extraneous  matter. 
— v.t.  or  i.  To  comb  or  open  wool,  fiax, 
hemp,  &c.,  with  a  card.— Carder,  kftr'd^r, 
n.  One  who  cards;  the  machine  employed 
in  carding. 

Cardamom,  kar'da-mum,  n.  [L.  cardamo- 
Tnum,  Gr.  kardanUirnxm.}  The  aromatic 
capsule  of  various  plants  of  the  ginger 
family,  employed  in  medicine  as  well  a£ 
an  ingredient  in  sauces  and  curries. 

Cardiac,  Cardlacal,  kar'di-ak,  kar-di'ak-al. 
a.  [L.  cardiacTis,  Gr.  kardiakos,  from 
kardia,  the  heart.]  Pertaining  to  the 
heart;  exciting  action  in  the  heait  through 
the  medium  of  the  stomach;  having  the 
quality  of  stimulating  action  in  the  sys- 
tem, invigorating  the  spirits,  and  giving 
strength  and  cheerfulness. —  Cardiac,  n. 
A  medicine  which  excites  action  in  the 
stomach  and  animates  the  spirits;  a  cor- 
dial.— Cardlagraphy,  Cardiography,  kar- 
di-ag'ra-fi,  kar-di-og'ra-fi,  n.  An  anatomi- 
cal description  of  the  heart. — Cardiaigza, 
Cardialgy,  kar-di-al'ji-a,  kar'di-al-ji,  n. 

JGr.  algos,  pain.]  Med.  heart-bum. 
ardinal,  kar'di-nal,  a.  [L.  cardinulis, 
from  cardo,  a  hinge.]  Chief,  principal, 
pre-eminent,  or  fundamental. — Cardinal 
numbers,  the  numbers  one,  two,  three,  &c., 
in  distinction  from  first,  second,  third,  &c., 
called  ordinal  numbers. — Cardinal  p(jin(K, 
north  and  south,  east  and  west.— Cort/i- 
nal  virtues,  justice,  prudence,  temperance, 
and  fortitude. — n.  An  ecclesiastical  princ<; 
in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  next  in 
rank  to  the  pope, and  havingadistingviif.h- 
ing  dress  of  a  red  colour.  —  Cardinalate, 
Cardinalship,  kar'di-nal-at,  kar'di-nal- 
ship,  n.  The  oflice,  rank,  or  dignity  of  a 
cardinal.— Cardinalitial.t  kar'di-nal-ish"- 
al,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  cardinal;  of 
the  rank  of  a  cardinal.— Cardinalize,t  kar'- 
di-nal-iz,  v.t.  To  make  a  cardinal.  —  Car- 
dinal-bird, n.     A  North  American  bird. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  ffiU;  -i  m5,  met,  ti6r;     pine,  pin;  ^  note,  not,  move;     tabe,  tub,  biiU;     oil,  pound;     U,  Sc.  abwne— the  Fr.  v. 


CAHDIOLOGY 


ioi 


CAROLITIC 


with  a  fine  red  plumage,  and  a  crest  oa 
the  head.— Oardui»l-flower,  n.  The  name 
commonly  given  to  a  gpecies  of  lobelia  be- 
cause of  ita  large  .very  snowy,  and  intensely 
red  flowers. 

Cardiology,  kar-di-oro;ji,  n.  [Gr.  kardia, 
the  heart,  and  logos,  discourse.]  A  dis- 
conlse  or  treatise  on  the  heart;  scientific 
facts  relating  to  the  heart. — Carditis,  kar- 
di'tis,  n.  [The  term,  -itis,  denotes  inflam- 
mation.] Inflammation  of  the  muscular 
substance  of  the  heart. 

Cardol,  kftr'dol,  n.  [From  card  in  Ana- 
cardium,  the  genus  to  whieh  belongs  the 
cashew,  and  L.  oleurrij  oil.]  An  oily  liquid 
contained  in  the -pericarp  of  the  cashew- 
nut,  used  as  a  blistering  agent. 

Cardoon,  kar-don',  n.  [Sp.  cardan,  from  L. 
carduus,  a  thistle.]   A  plant  akin  to  the 

.artichoke,  and  somewhat  resembling  it, 
used  as  an  esculent  vegetable  in  Spain  and 
France.  ' 

Care,  kar,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cartt,  cearu,  care, 
sorrow  =  0.  Sax.  cara,  Icel.  keen,  com- 
plaint, Goth,  kara,  sorrow,  O.H.G.  ehara, 
lamentation;  from  a  root  signifyingto  cry, 
seen  also' in  E.  call.]  Some  degree  of  pam 
in  the  mind  from  apprehension  of  evil;  a 
painful  load  of  thought;  mental  trouble; 
concern;  anxiety;  soUcitude;  attention 
or  heed;  a  looking  to;  caution;  regard'; 
watchfulness;  charge  or  oversight,  imply- 
ing concera  for  safety  and  prosperity;  the 
object  of  care  or  watchful  regard  and  at- 
tention. .•.  Care  denotes-  mental  trouble  re- 
garding the  present,  the  future,  or  even 
the  past;  solicitude  and  concern  denote 
affections  of  the  mind  of  a  more  active 
kind  than  care,  and  relate  to  the  present 
and  the  future,  while  the  latter  may  also 
be  excited  by  something  past.— w.i. — cared, 
caring.  To  be  anxious  or  solicitous;  to  be 
concerned;  to  be  inclined  or  disposed;  to 
like.  —  Careful,  kar'ful,  o.  Full  of  care; 
anxious ;  eolicitous ;  attentive  to  support 
and  protect;  giving  good  heed ;  watchful; 
cautious ;  showing  or  done  with  care  or  at- 
tention :  generally  with  of  before  the  ob- 
ject.—Carefully,  kar'f  ul-U,  adv.  In  a  care- 
ful manner. ^Carefulness,  kar'ful-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  careful. — 
Careless,  kar'Ies,  a.  Free  from  care  or 
anxiety:  heedless;  negligent;  unthinking; 
inattentive;  regardless:  unmindful:  with 
of  or  about  before  an  object ;  done  or  said 
without  care;  unconsidered.— CareleEsly, 
kar'les-li,  adv.  In  a  careless  manner  or 
way.  —  Carelessness,  kar'les-nes,  m.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  careless.— Care- 
worn, a.  Worn,  oppressed,  or  burdened 
with  care;  showing  marks  of  care  or 
anxiety. 

Careen,  ka-rSn',  v.t.  [Fr.  carener,  from 
carine,  the  side  and  keel  of  a  ship,  L. 
carina,  k  keel.]  To  heave  or  bring  (a  ship) 
to  lie  on  one  side  for  the  purpose  of  caulk- 
ing, repairing,  cleansing,  or  the  like. — v.i. 
To  incline  to  one  side,  as  a  ship  under  a 
press  of  sail.  . 

Career,  ka-rer*,  n.  [Fr.  carrUre,  O.Fr. 
cariere,  road,  race-course,  course,  career, 
from  L.  carrus,  a  car.  Oar.]  A  race  or  run- 
ning; course  of  proceeding;  a  specific  course 
of  action  or  occupation  forming  the  ob- 
ject of  one's  life.  —  v.i.  To  move  or  run 
rapidly  (as  a  horse,  a  ship,  Ac). 

Caress,  ka-res',  n.  [Fr.  caresse,  from  It. 
carezza,  L.L.  caritia,  from  L.  carus,  dear.] 
An  act  of  endearment;  any  act  or  expres- 
sion of  afiiection. — v.t.  To  treat  with  ca- 
resses; to-  fondle;  to  embrace  with  tender 
affection.— Caressingly,  ka-res'ing-li,  adv. 
In  a  caressing  manner. 

Caret,  ka'ret,  re.  [L.  caret,  there  is  (some- 
thing) wanting,  from  careo,  to  want.]  In 
writing,  a  mark  made  thus,  a,  which  shows 
that  something,  omitted  in  the  line,  is  in- 
terlined above  or  inserted  in  the  margin, 
and  should  be  read  in  that  place. 

Cargo,  kar'gO,  n.  [Sp.,  from  eargar,  to 
load,  L.L.  carricare,  to  load,  from  L.  car- 
rus, a  car.  Car,  Charge.]  The  lading  or 
freight  of  a  ship. 

Cariacou,  kar'i-a-k»,  n.  ^Probably  an  In- 
dian name.]  The  Virginian  deer  of  North 
America,  an  elegant  species,  somewhat 
smaller  than  the  common  stag. 

Cariatid,  kar'i-at-id.'   Caryatid. 


Csrfib,  Caribhee,  kar'ib,  kar'jb-b<'.  n.  One 
of  a  native  race  inhabiting  certain  por- 
tions of  Central  America,  and  formerly 
also  the  Caribbean  Islands. 

Cariboo,  Caribou,  kar'i-biJ,  n.  [Probably 
of  Indian  origin.]  An  American  variety 
of  the  reindeer. 

Caricature,  kar'i-ka-tflr",  n.  [It.  earicatura, 
an  overloaded  representation,  from  cari- 
care,  to  load.  Charge.]  A  representation, 
pictorial  or  descriptive,  in  which  beauties 
are  concealed  ana  peculiarities  or  defects 
exaggerated  so  as  to  make  the  person  or 
thing  ridiculous,  while  a  general  likeness 
is  retained. — vX — caricatured,  caricatur- 
ing. To  make  or  draw  a  caricature  of ;  to 
represent  in  ai  ridiculous  and  exaggerated 
fashion.— CarlcatP  ist,  kar'i-ka-tQr"ist,  n. 
One  who  caricatu   h  others.    Malotie. 

Caries,  ka'ri-ez,  n.  iL.]  Ulceration  of  bony 
substance;  the  gangrenous  eating  away  of 
a  bone.  —  Cariosity,  ka-ri-os'i-ti,  n.  The 
state  of  being  carious.— Carious,  ka'ri-us, 
a.  Affected  with  caries;  ulcerated:  said 
of  a  bone.  ".       ' 

Carillon,  kar'il-lon,  n.  [Fr.,from  li.li.quad- 
rilio,  from  L.  quatuor,  four,  because  ca7'il. 
lons  were  played  formerly  on  four  bells.] 
A  chime  of  bells,  properly  tuned,  and  rung 
by  means  of  finger-keys  like  those  of  the 
pianoforte;  a  simple  air  adapted  to  be  per- 
formed on  a  set  of  bells.  ., 

Carina,  ka-ri'na,  n.  [L.,  the  keel  of  a  boat.] 
£ot:  the  two  partially  united  lower  petals 
of  papilionaceous  flowers;  ^ol.  a,  promi- 
nent median  ridge  or  keel  in  the  sternum 
or  breast-bone  of  all  existing  birds  except 
the  runners  (ostrich,  &c.).— Carinate,  Cari- 
nated,  kar'i-nat,  kar'i-nat-ed,  a.  [L.  cari- 
natus.]  Shaped  like  a  keel;  having  a  carina 
or  keel;  keeled;  bot.  having  a  longitudinal 
ridge  like  a  keel;.«)oZ.  appUed  to  those 
birds  whose  sternum  is  keeled,  otto  their 
sternum. 

Cariole,  kar'i-dl,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  carruB,  a 
car.  ]  A  small  open  carriage ;  a  kind  of 
calash;  a  covered  cart. 

Carious.    Under  Caries. 

Carjacon,  kar'ja-kc»,  re.    See  Cariacou. 

Cark,  kark,  re.  [A.  Sax.  care,  cark,  care, 
perhaps  borrowed  from  the  W.  care,  care, 
anxiety;  Gael,  care,  care.]  Care;  anxiety; 
concern;  soiicitude;  distress. — v.i.  To  be 
careful,  anxious,  solicitous,  concerned. — 
v.t.i  To  oppress  with  grief,  anxiety,  or  care; 
to  worry ;  to  perplex ;  to  vex.  —  Carklng, 
kiirk'ing,  a.    Distressing;  giving  anxiety. 

Carl,  Carle,  karl,re.  [A  Scandinavian  word 
=Icel.  Dan.  Sw.  karl,  a  man;  A.  Sax.  carl, 
male,  as  in  carl-catt,  a  he-cat.]  A  man;  a 
robust,  strong,  or  hardy  man;  an  old  man. 
[O.B.  andSc.j   < 

CarUn/3,  Carling,  kftrlin,  kar'ling,  n.  [Fr. 
carlingue  or  escarlingue.}  One  of  the  fore- 
and-aft  deck  timbers  in  a  sliip. 

Carline-thistle,  kar'lin-this-l,  n.  [Fr.  ear- 
line,  after  the  Emperor  Charlemagne.  ] 
The  popular  name  of  a  thistle  common  in 
dry  fi  elds  and  pastures  throughout  Britain 
and  the  Continent. 

Carlist,  kar'list,  re.  A  follower  of  Don  Car- 
los of  Spain,  the  heir  to  the  crown  but  for 
the  repeal  of  the  Salic  law ;  an  adherent 
and  supporter  of  the  family  of  Don  Carlos. 
— Carlisin.  karTizm,  re.  The  principle?  of 
the  Carlists. 

Carlock,  karlok,  n.  [Rus.  karWc.']  A  sort 
of  isinglass  from  Russia,  made  of  the  stur- 
geon's bladder,  -and  .  used  in  clarifying 
wine. 

Carlovingian,  kar-lo-vin'ji-an,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  descended  from  Charlemagne. . 

Carman,  kar'man,  re.  A  man  whose  em- 
ployment is  to  drive  a  car  or  cart,  or  to 
convey  goods  and  other  things  in  a  cart  or 
car. 

Carmelite,  kar'mel-it,  re.  A  mendicant  friar 
of  the  order  of  our  liady  of  Mount  Ccfrmel; 
a  sort  of  pear. 

Carminatwe,  kar-min'a-tiv,  re.  [L.  carmen, 
a  poeih,  incantation,  or  charm,  because  it 
acts  suddenly,  as  a  charm  is  supposed  to 
do.]  -  A  medicine  which  tends  to  expel 
wind,  or  to  remedy  colic  and  flatulencies. 
— a.  EspelUng  wind  from  the  body;  anti- 
spasmodic. 

Carmine,  kar'min,  n.  [Sp.  cormire,  from 
earmesino,  carmine,  crimson,' from  earmes. 


kprmes  (whiobsee).  Crimson  has  the  same 
origin.  J  The  pure  cclcuring  matter  or 
principle  of  cochineal ;  a  red  or  crimson 
pigment  made  from  cochineal.  —  Carmi- 
nated,  kar-mi-nat'ed,  a.  Mixed  with  or 
made  of  carmine.— Carminic,  kar-min'ik, 
a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  carmine.    • 

Carnage,  kar'naj,  re.  [Fr.  carnage,  slaugh- 
ter, from  a  L.L.  car-naticum,  from  L.  caro, 
camis,  flesh.]  Slaughter;  great  destruction 
of  men;  butchery;  massacre. 

Carnal,  kiir'nal,  a.  [L.  camalis,  Carnal, 
from  caro^  camts,  flesh.]  Pertainin!?.  to 
the  body,  its  passions  and  appetites  ;"^noi 
spiritual;  fleshly;  sensual;  lustful;  gross; 
impure.  —  Camalism,  Carnality,  kar'nal- 
izm,  kar-nal'i-ti,  n.  TJae  state  of  boing 
carnal ;  want  of  spiritu^ty ;  fleshlineus ; 
fleshly  lusts  or  desires,  or  tiic  indulgence 
of  those  lusts;  sensuality.- Camalist,  ktir'- 
nal-lst,  n.  One  given  to  the  indulgonco  of 
sensual  appetites.— Carnalize,t  k&r'nal-iz, 
v.t. — carnalized,  carnalizing.  To  make  car- 
nal; to  debase  to  carnality.  —  Camuily, 
karnal-li,  adv.  In  a- carnal  manner;  ac- 
■cordinff  to  the  flesh;  not  spiritually. 

Camallite,  kar'nal-lit,  re.  [After  ^  German 
called  Von  Camall.)  A  pink -coloured 
mineral  obtained  from  the  otassfurth  salt 
mines. 

Carnation,  k&r-n&'shon,  n.  [Fr.  camaiby.i, 
the  naked  part  of  a  picture,  flesh  colour ; 
from  L.  caro,  camis,  flesh.]  Flesh  colour; 
the  parts  of  a  picture  v/hioh  exhibit  the 
natural  colour  of  the  flesh ;  the  represen- 
tation of  flesh;  aperennial  plant  found  in 
many  variaties,  much  prized  for  the  beau- 
tiful colours  of  their  sweet-scented  double 
flowers.  —  Camationed,  kor-na'shond,  a. 
Having  a  colour  like  carnation;  pink. 

Camauba,  k&r-na-d'ba,  n.  The  Brazilian 
name  of  a  tall  S.  American  palm  which 
has  its  leaves  coated  with  small  waxy, 
scales,  yielding  a  straw-coloured  wax  by 
boiling. 

Camelian,  kar-nell-an,  n.  [More  wrrectly 
cornelian,  from  Fr.  coniaZine,  a  camelian, 
from  L.  comu,  a  horn,  from  its  homy  ap^ 
pearance.l  A  variety  of  chalcedony,  of.  a 
deep  red,  flesh-red,or  reddish-white  colour, 
tolerably  hard,  capable  of  a  -good  polish, 
and  used  for  seals,  &c.< ,    . 

Gameous,-kar'ue-us,  a.  [L.  cameus,  from 
caro,  camis,  flesh.]  Fleshy;  having  the 
appearance,  consistence,  or  qualities  of 
flesh.  —  Also  OamoBO,  Oamoos^  kar'nos, 
kar'nus.  •       .  ♦ 

Carnival,  kttr'ni-val,  re.  [Fr.  camaval.  It. 
eamovaie,  from  L.L.  cameleva'\nen,  for  ear- 
nia  Imiamen,  solace  of  the  body,  permitted 
in  anticipation  of  any  fast — L.  caro,  flesh, 
and  levare,  to  solace,  to  lighten.  J  The 
feast  or  season  of  rejoicipg  before  Lent ; 
feasting  or  revelry  in  general. 

Carnivorous,  kar-niv'o-rus,  a.  [L.  caro,  ear- 
nis,  flesh,  and  voro,  tp  devour.]  Eating  or 
feeding  on  flesh:  an  epithet  applied  to  ani- 

.  ■  mals  which  naturally  sesk  flesh  for  food, 
as  the  lion,  tiger,  Folf,  dog,  &c.;  also  ap- 

'  plied  to  some  iTlanti).  tliat  can  assimilate 
animal  substances.— CSErnivoxa,  kar-niv'o- 
ra,  n.pl.  [L.]  A  term  applicable  to  any 
creatures  that  feed  on  flesh  or  animal  sub- 

■  stances,  but  generally  denoting  an  order 
of  mammals  which -prey  upon  other  ani- 
mals. —  Carnivore,  kar'ni-vor,  re.  A  car-, 
nivorous  animal;  one  of  the  Camivora. 

Camose. ,  Under  Carneous. 

Caxob,  Carob-tree,  kar'ob,  kar'ob-tr6,  n. 
[O.Fr.carobe,  from  Ar.  kharrOJ), he&n-'pcAB.] 
A  tree  growing  in  the  countries  skirting 
the  Mediterranean,  the  pods  of  which, 
known  as  locust-beans,  contain  a  sweet 
nutritious  pulp. 

Carol,  kar'ol,  n.  [O.Fr.  carole,  a  kind  of 
dance,  also  a  Christmas  song  or  carol;  from 
the  Celtic:  Armor,  koroll,  a  dance;  W.  carol, 
a  carol,  a  song^  ]  A  song,  especially  one 
expressive  of  joy ;  a  religious  song  or  ballad 
in  celebration  of-  Christmas.  —  v.i.  —  car- 
olled, carolling.  To  sing;  to  warble;  to  sing 
in  joy  or  festivity. — v.t. — To  praise  or  cele- 
brate in  song. 

Carolinian,  kar-o-lin'ji-an,  a.  Same  as 
Carlotnngian. 

CaroUtic,  Carolytlc,  kar-o-lit'ifc,  a.  Arch. 
decorated  with  branches  and  leaves,  as  a 
column. 


ch,  c/iaiu;     ch.Sc.loch;     e>Oo;    i,jobi     n,  Fr.  ton;     ug,  sintr;     tB,  then;  th,  thia;,    w,  wig;     wh,  tcAig;     2h,a£ure, 


CAHOLUS 


102 


^tJARTOUCH 


Carolus,  karo-lus,  n.  A  gold  coin  struck 
in  tlie  reigu  of  Charles  1.  and  originally 
20s.  in  value,  afteirwards  238.    The  naino 

'*.vas  given  also  to  various  other  coins. 

Caromel,  kar'o-mel,  n.    Same  as  CararxeL 

Carosse,  ka-ros',  n.  A  garment  of  fur  worn 
by  the  natives  of  South  Africa. 

Carotic,  ka-rot'ik,  a.  [Gr.  karos,  torpor, 
stupor.]  Relating  to  stupor  or  carus;  alsj 
same  as  carotid.—  Carotid,  ka-rot'id,  a.  [Gr. 
pl.  karotides,  the  carotids,  said  to  be  from 
karos,  a  deep  sleep,  because  the  ancients 
l^elieved  that  sleep  was  caused  by  an  in- 
creased flow  of  blood  to  the  head  through 
these  vessels.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  two 
faeat  arteries,  one  on  either  side  of  the 
neck,  which  convey  the  blood  from  the 
aorta  to  the  head  and  brain. — n.  One  of 
these  arteries. 

Carouse,  ka-rouz',  v.i. — caroused,  earousing. 
[O.  Fr.  cavousser,  to  quaifj  to  carouse,  from 
carous,  a  carouse,  a  bumper,  from  G.  gar 
avs!  quite  out!  that  is,  empty  j'our  glasses! 
an  old  German  drinking  exclamation.]  To 
drink  freely  and  with  jollity;  to  quaff;  to 
revel.— Carousal,  Carouse,  ka-rou'zal,  ka- 
rouz',  re.  A  feast  or  festival;  a  noisy  drink- 
ing bout  or  revelling.— Carouser,  ka-rouz'- 
er,  re.  One  who  carouses;  a  drinker;  a 
toper ;  a  noisy  reveller  or  bacchanalian.— 
Carousingly,  ka-rouz'ing-li,  adv. '  In  a  ca- 
rau.sing  manner. 

Carp,  kans,  v.i.  [Formerly  to  speak,  tell, 
from  Icel.  iarpa ,  to  boast,  its  modem  sense 
being  due  to  L.  carpo,to  seize,  catch,  pick.] 
To  censure,  cavil,  or  find  fault,  particu- 
larly without  reason  or  petulantly :  used 
absolutely  or  followed  by  at.  —  Cafper, 
karp'fer,  re.  One  who  carps ;  a  caviller. — 
Carping,  karp'ing,  a.  Cavilling;  captious; 
censorious.  —  Carpingly,  karp'ing-li,  adv. 
In  a  carping  manner;  captiously. 

Carp,  karp,  re.  [Same  as  D.  karper,  Dan. 
karjie,  Sw.  karp,  a  carp.]  A  fresh-water 
fish  found  in  lakes,  rivers,  ponds,  &c.  The 
most  noted  species  are  the  common  carp, 
said  to  have  been  introduced  into  England 
in  the  fourteenth  century,  and  the  golden 
carp  or  gold-fish. 

Carpal.    Under  Cabpus. 

Carpel,  Carpellum,  kar'pel,  kSr-pellum,  n. 
[Mod.  L.  carpellum.iim.  from  Gr.  Ararpos, 
fruit.]  Bot.  a  single-celled  ovarj-  or  seed- 
vessel,  or  a  single  cell  of  an  ovary  or  seed- 
vessel  together  with  what  belongs  to  that 
cell.— Carpellary,  kar'pel-la-ri,  a.  Belong- 
ing to  a  carpel  or  carpels. 

Carpenter,  kar'pen-t^r,  re.  [O.Fr.  cai'pentier 
{Mod.  Fr.  charpentier);  L.L.  carpeniaHus, 
a  carpenter,  from  L.  carpentum,  a  chariot, 
a  word  of  Celtic  origin.]  An  artificer  who 
works  in  timber;  a  framer  and  builder  of 
houses  and  of  ships.  —  Carpenter-bee,  re. 
*rhe  cjjmmon  name  of  different  species  of 
bees,  so  called  from  their  habit.of  excavat- 
ing nests  in  decaying  wood. — Carpentry, 
kar'pen-tri,  re.  The  art  of  cutting,  f  ram  ing, 
and  joining  timber ;  an  assemblage  of 
pieces  of  timber  connected  by  fi-aming  or 
letting  them  into  each  other. 

Carpet,  kar'pet,  re.  [O.Fr.  carpite,  a  carpet, 
from  It.  and  lt.li.  carpita,  a  woolly  cloth, 
from  carpere,  to  tease  wool,  L.  carpo,  to 
pluck,  to  pull  in  pieces,  &c.]  A  thick 
fabric  used  for  covering  floors,  stairs,  &c.; 
a  covering  resembling  a  carpet  (a  carpet 
of  moss*. — To  bo  on  the  carpet,  is  to  be  un- 
der consideration;  to  be  the  subject  of  de- 
liberation.— Carpet  k-niaht,  a  knight  who 
has  not  known  the  hardships  of  tie  field. 
— v.t.  To  cover  with  or  as  with  a  carpet;  to 
spread  with  carpets. — Carpeting,  kar'pet- 
ing,  re.  Cloth  for  carpets;  carpets  in  gen- 
eral. —  Carpet-bag,  re.  A  travelling  bag 
made  of  the  same  material  as  carpets. — 
Carpet-bedding,  w.  Uort.  a  system  of  bed- 
ding in  which  neat  and  dwarf-growing 
foliage  plants  alone  are  used  in  the  fonoa 
of  mosaic,  geometrical,  or  other  designs. — 
Carpet-rod,  re.  One  of  the  rods  used  to 
keep  a  stair  carpet  in  its  place. 

Carpolite,  kar'po-lit,  re.  [Gr.  Ararpos,  fruit, 
and  lithos,  stone.]    A  fossil  fruit. 

Carpology,  kar-pol'o-ji,  re.  [Gr.  karpos, 
fruit,  logos,  discourse.]  The  division  of 
botany  relating  to  the  structure  of  seeds 
and  seed-vessels.  —  Carpological,  kar-po- 
loj'i-kal,  o.    Pertaining  to  carpology.  — 


Carpologist,  kar-pol'o-jigt,  n.     One  who 
studies  or  treats  of  carpology. 

CaJixyphore,  kar'po-for,  re.  [L.  carpopho- 
T^m,  from  Gr.  karpos,  fruit,  andpherO,  to 
bear.]  Bot.  the  prolongation  of  the  floral 
axis  which  bears  the  pistil  beyond  the 
stamens. 

Carpus,  kar'pus,  n.  [L..  the  wrist.]  Anat. 
that  part  of  the  skeleton  between  the 
forearm  and  hand ;  the  vrist  in  man  and 
the  corresponding  bones  in  other  animals. 
— Carpal,  kiir'pal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
carpus. 

Carrageeit^Carniglieen,kar'ra-g5n,w.  [From 
Carragaheen,  near  Waterford,  Ireland,, 
where  it  abounds.] .  A  sea-weed  very  com- 
mon on  rocks  and  stones  on  every  part  of 
the  coast  of  Britain,  which,  when  dried, 
becomes  whitish,,  and  in  this  condition  is 
known  as  Irish  moss,  being  used  for  mak- 
ing soups,  jellies,  &c. 

Carriage,  kar'ii,  re.  [O.Fr.  cartage,  from 
carter,  to  carry.  Caret.]  The  act  of 
carrying,  bearing,  transporting,  or  con- 
veying; the  price  or  expense  of  carrying; 
the  manner  of  carrying  one's  self;  behav- 
iour; conduct;  deportment;  a  wheeled  ve- 
hicle for  persons,  especially,  a  four-wheeled 
vehicle  supported  on  springs  and  with  a 
cover,  belonging  to  a  private  person  and 
not  used  for  hire;  in  composition,  a 
whpeled  stand  or  support;  ks,  a  gun- 
earriage;  print,  the  frame  on  rollers  by 
which  the  bed  carrying  the  types  is  run 
in  and  out  from  under  the  platen. — 
Caniageable,  kar'jj-a-bl,  o.  Capable  of 
being  conveyed  in  carriages;  passable  by 
carriages.  —  Carriage  -  free,  a.  Free  of 
charge  for  carriage.— Carriage-spring,  n. 
An  elastic  contrivance  adapted  to  car- 
riages to  lessen  the  shocks  caused  by  the 
inequalities  of  the  road  in  driving.— Car- 
riage-way, n.  The  part  of  a  street  or  road 
intended  to  be  used  by  wheeled  vehicles. 

Carrier.    Under  Carry. 

Carrion,  kar'ri-on,  re.  [O.Fr.  caroigne,  from 
L.L.  caroreia,  from  L.  earo,  camis,  flesh.] 
The  dead  and  putrefying  body  or  flesh  of 
animals;  flesh  so  corrupted  as  to  be  unfit 
for  food. — a.  Pertaining  to  carrion ;  feed- 
ing on  carrion.  —  Carrion-crow,  ii.  The 
common  crow,  so  called  because  it  often 
feeds  on  carrion. 

Carronade,  kar-on-ad',  re.  [From  Carron 
in  Scotland,  where  it  was  first  made.]  A 
short  piece  of  ordnance  of  confined  range, 
formerly  used  in  the  navy. — Carron-oil,  re. 
A  liniment  composed  of  linseed-oil  and 
lime-water:  so  called  from  being  first  used, 
in  the  case  of  burns,  at  the  Carron  Iron- 
works. 

Carrot,  kar'ot,  re.  [Fr.  carotte;  L.L.  car- 
ota.]  A  plant  having  a  long  esculent  root 
of  a  reddish  colour  much  used  as  a  culi- 
nary vegetable  and  also  for  feeding  cattle. 
—Carroty,  kar'ot-i,  a.  Like  a  carrot  in 
colour.— Carrotiness,  kar'ot-i-nes,  re. 

Cany,  kar'i,  v.t: — carried,  carrying.  [O.E. 
carie,  from  O.Fr.  carier,  to  convey  in  a 
car,  from  O.Fr.  car,  a  ctot  or  car.  Car.] 
To  bear,  convey,  or  transport  by  sustain- 
ing and  moving  with  the  thing  carried; 
to  drive,  drag,  or  fetch  [carry  a  person  off 
prisoner);  to  transfer,  as  from  one  column, 
page,  book,  &c.,  to  another;  to  convey  or 
take  with  one  generally  (as  a  message, 
news,  &c.);  to  urge,  impel,  lead,  or  draw,  in 
a  moral  sense  (anger  carried  him  too  far); 
to  effect,  accomplish,  achieve,  bring  to  a 
successful  issue  (a  purpose.  Sec);  to  gain; 
mUit.  to  gain  possession  of  by  force;  to 
capture  (to  earn/  a  fortress);  to  extend  or 
continue  in  any  direction,  in  time,  in 
space,  or  otherwise:  commonly  with  such 
words  as  up,  back,  forward,  &c.  (to  caTry  a 
history  on  to  the  present,  to  carry  im- 
provements far);  to  bear;  to  have  in  or  on; 
to  bear  or  bring  as  a  result  (words  cariT/ 
conviction) ;  to  import,'  contain,  or  com- 
prise (the  words  carry  a  promise);  to  man- 
age; to  conduct  (matters  or  affairs).— To 
carry  off,  to  remove  to  a  distance ;  to  kill 
or  cause  to  die  (to  be  carried  off  by  sick- 
ness or  poison).— To  carry  on,  to  manage 
or  prosecute;  to  continue  to  pursue  (a 
business).- To  carry  out,  to  carry  through, 
to  sustain  to  the  end ;  to  continue  to  the 
end ;  to  accomplish ;  to  finish ;  to  execute 


(a  purpose,  an  undertaking). —w.i.  To  act 
as  a  bearer;  to  bear;  to  convey;  to  propel, 
as  a  gxux.— Carrying  trade  or  trdtHc,  the 
trade  which  consists  in  the  transportation 
of  goods,  especially  by  water,  &c.,  from 
country  to  country,  or  place  to  place.— 
Carriaole,  kar'i-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
carried.  —  Carrier,  kar'i-er,  re.  One  who 
or  that  which  carries  or  conveys;  one  who 
for  hire  undertpJces  the  conveyance  of 
goods  or  persons  for  any  one  who  employs 
him ;  the  name  of  a  particular  part  in 
various  machines. — Carrier-pigeon,  n.  A 
variety  oj  pigeon  noted  for  its  faculty  of 
finding  its  way  home  from  grea.t  distances, 
often  used  to  carry  letters,  &c. 
Carse,  kars,  n.  [O.Sc.  kers,  kerss,  i:i-obably 
a  plural  form  from  Sw.  A-cew,  Icel.  kiorr, 
a  marsh  or  marshy  place;  Dan.  Atck*,  a 
pool.]  In  Scotland,  a  stretch  of  fertile, 
alluvial  land  along  the  side  of  a  stream; 
the  low-lying  part  of  a  vaUey  that  is 
watered  by  a  river. 

Cart,  kart,  re.  [From  W.  cart,  a  cart  or 
wagon,  Ir.  cairt.  Cab.]  A  carriage  usu- 
ally without  springs  for-  the  conveyance 
of  fceavy  goods.— «.(.-  To  carry  or  convey 
on  a  cart.— Cartage,  kar't&j,  re.  The  act 
of  carrj-ing  in  a  cart;  the  price  paid  for 
carting.  —  Carter,  kar'ttr,  n.  One  who 
•drives  a  cart;  one  whose  occupation  is  to 
drive  a  cart.— Cart-horse,  n.  A  hor.«e  that 
draws  a  cart,  or  is  intended  for  such  work. 
Cart-load,  re.  A  load  borne  pn  a  cart;  as 
much-'as  is  usually  carried  at  once  on  a 
cart.  —  Cart-wright,  re.  An  artificer  who 
makes  carts. 

Carte,  kiirt,  n.  [Fr.,  a  card.]  A  card;  a 
bill  of  fare  at  a  tavern ;  a  carte-de-visite 
photograph. — Carte-blanche,  kart-blansh, 
re.  [Fr.,  white  paper.]  A  blank  paper;  a 
paper  duly  aoithenticated  with  signature, 
etc.,  and  intrusted  to  a  pei-son  to  ra  filled 
up,  as  he  pleases;  hence,  unconditional 
terms;  unlimited  power  to  decide. — Carte- 
de-vlsite,  kart'de-vi-z5t",  re.  pl.  Cartes-de- 
viEite(samepron.).  [Fr.]  A  visiting  card; 
a  photographic  likeness  on  a  small  card. 
Carte,  kart,  ?i.  [Fr.  quarte,  from  L.  guar- 
tus,  fourth.]  One  of  the  regular  move- 
ments or  passes  in  fencing. 
Cartel,  kar'tel,  re.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ehartvla, 
dim.  of  charta,  paper,  a  paper.]  A  writing 
or  agreement  between  states  at  war,  for 
the  exchange  of  prisoners,  or  for  some 
mutual  advantage;  a  challenge  to  single 
combat.  -' 

Cartesian,  kar-t5'zi-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  philosopher  Rene  Descartes,  or  to  his 
philosophy. — re.  One  who  adopts  the  phi- 
losophy of  Descartes.— Cartesianism,  kar- 
te'zi-an-izm,  n.  The  philosophy  of  Des- 
•  cartes. 

Carthaginian,  kar-tha-jin'i-an,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  ancient  Carthage,  a  celebrated  city 
on  the  northern  coast  of  Africa.— re.  An 
inhabitant  or  native  of  Carthage. 
Carthusian,  kar-thu'zi-an,  re.  One  of  an 
order  of  monks,  founded  in  1086,  under 
Benedictine  rule,  by  St.  Bruno,  so  called 
from  Chartreuse,  in  France,  the  place  of 
their  institution. 

Cartilage,  kar'ti-laj,  n.  [Fr.  cartilage,  L. 
cartilago.'l  An  elastic  tissue  occurring  in 
vertebrate  animals,  and  forming  the  tissue 
ftom  which  bone  is  formed  by  a  process 
of  calcification;  gristle. —  Cartilaginons, 
kar-ti-laj'i-nus,  o.  Pertaming  to  or  re- 
sembling a  cartilage;  grist oy;  consisting  of 
cartilage;  having  cartilage  only  and  not 
true  bones  (as  many  fishes). 
Cartographer,  Cartographic,  Cartography. 
Chartographv,  &c. 

Cartoon,  kar-ton',  n.  [Fr.  carton,  paste- 
board, a  cartoon,  from  It.  carlone  (same 
sense),  aug.  of  carta,  L.  charta,  paper.] 
A  pictorial  design  drawn  on  strong  paper 
as  a  study  for  a  picture  intended  to  be 
painted  of  same  size,  and  more  especially 
lor  a  picture  to  be  painted  in  fresco;  a 
pictorial  sketch  relating  to  any  prevalent 
topic  or  event  in  which  notable  characters 
are  prominently  represented. 
Cartouch,  Cartouche,  kar'tosh,  n.  [Fr.  car- 
touche, O.Fr.  cartoche,  from  It.  cartoccio, 
a  cartridge,  a  roll  of  paper,  from  carta, 
L.  charta,  paper.  Cartridge  is  a  corruption 
.  of  this.]    A  case  of  wood  filled  with  shot 


Fate.  JfUr,  fat,  fftH;     mP,  met,  her;     pine^ pin ;_ note,  not,  m«ve;     tabe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     ii.  So.  abwne— the  Fr.  w. 


CARTRIDGE 


103 


CAST 


to  be  fired  from  a  cannon;  a  cartridge;  a 
portable  box  for  charges  for  firearms;  on 
Kgyijtiaji  monuments,  papyri,  &c.,  a  group 
of  hieroglyphics  in  a  small  oblong  area; 
arch,  a  sculptured  ornament  in  the  form 
of  a  scroll  unrolled. 

Cartridge,  kar'trij,  n.    [Formerly  also  ear- 

\  trage,  a  corruption  of  cartouch.]  A  case  of 

I  pasteboard,  parchment,  copper,  tin,  &c., 

i  holding  the  exact  charge  of  any  firearm. — 

'  Blank  cartridge,  a  cartridge  without  ball 
or  shot.  —  Cartridge-box.  Cartridge-case, 
n.  A  portable  case  or  dox  for  carrying 
cartridges.— Cartridge-paper,  n.  A  thick 
sort  of  paper  originally  manufactured  for 
soldiers  cartridges,  but  extensively  used 
in  the  arts. 

Cartulary,  kar'ta-la-ri,  n.  Same  as  Char- 
tulary. 

Carucate,  kar'u-kat,  n.  (X.L.  carruca,  a 
plough,  from  t.  carrus,  a  car.]  Formerly 
as  much  land  as  one  team  could  plough  in 
the  year. 

Caruncle,  Caruncula,  kar'ung-kl,  ka-rung'- 
kQ-la,  n.  [L.  caruncula,  dim.  from  euro, 
flesh.  J  A  small  fleshy  excrescence;  a  fleshy 
excrescence  on  the  head  of  a  fowl,  as  a 
wattle  or  the  like;  bot.  a  protuberance 
surrounding  the  liilum  of  a  seed.— Carun- 
cttlar,  Carunculous,  ka-rung'ku-l6r,  ka- 
rung'ka-lus,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  in  the 
form  of  a  caruncle.— Carunculate,  Carun- 
culated,  ka-rung'kQ-lat,  ka-rung'ka-lat-ed, 
a.  Having  a  fleshy  excrescence  or  soft 
fleshy  protuberance;  caruncular. 

Carus,  ka'rus,  ?i.  [Gr.  karos,  heavy  sleep, 
torpor.]    Med.  complete  insensibility. 

Carve,  karv,  v.t— carved,  carving. .  [A.  Sax: 
ceor/an=D.  kerven,  Icel.  kyr/a,  to  carve; 
l)an.  karve,  G.  kerven,  to  notch  or  indent: 
same  root  as  grave.]  To  cut  (some  solid 
material)  in  order  to  produce  the  repre- 
sentation of  an  object  or  some  decorative 
design;  to  make  or  shape  by  cutting;  to 
form  by  cutting  or  hewing ;  to  cut  into, 
hew,  or  slash;  to  cut  into  small  pieces  or 
slices,  as  meat  at  table.— f.i.  To  exercise' 
the  trade  of  a  carver;  to  engrave  or  cut 
figures;  to  cut  up  meat  at  table. — Carver, 
kar'vtr,  n.  One  who  carves,  as  one  who 
cuts  ivory,  wood,  or  the  like,  in  a  decor- 
ative way;  one  who  cuts  meat  for  use  at 
table;  a  large  table-knife  for  carving. — 
Carving,  kar'ving,  n.  A  branch  of  sculp- 
ture usually  limited  to'  works  in  wood, 
ivory,  &c.;  the  device  or  figure  carved. 

Carvel,  kar'vel,  n.  Same  as  Caravel. — 
Carvel-built,  a.  A  term  applied  to  a  ship 
or  boat  the  planks  of  which  are  all  flush 
and  not  overlapping,  as  in  clincher-built 
boats. 

Caryatid,  kar'i-at-id,n.  pi. Caryatids,  Cary- 
atides, kar'i-at-idz,  kar-i-at'i-dez.  [Per- 
haps from  Carym,  a  city  in  the  Pelopon- 
nesus.] Arch,  a  figure  ota  woman  dressed 
in  long  robes,  serving  to  support  entabla- 
tures. —  Caryatic,  kar-i-at'ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  inhabitants  of  Caryae,  or  to 
caryatids. 

Caryophyllaceous,  Caryophylloua,  kar'i-o- 
fil-la"8hus,  kar-i-of'i-lus,  a.  [Grr.  karyophyl- 
lon,  the  clove-tree.]  Pertaining  or  similar 
to  the  plants  known  as  pinks,  and  their 
allies;  applied  toflowers  having  five  petals 
with  long  claws  in  a  tubular  calyx. 

Caryopsis,  kar-i-op'sis,  n.  [Gr.  karyon,  a 
nut,  and  opsis,  an  appearance.]  Bot.  a 
small,  one-seeded,  dry,  indehiscent  fruit, 
in  which  the  seed  adheres  to  the  thin  peri- 
carp throughout,  as  in  wheat  and  other 
grains, 

Casava,  ka-sa'va,  n.   Same  as  Cassava. 

Cascade,  kas-kad',  n.  [Fr.  cascade.  It.  cas- 
eata,  from  cascare,  to  fall,  from  L.  cado, 
casum,  to  fall.]  A  fall  or  flowing  of 
water  over  a  precipice. in  a  river  or  other 
stream;  a  waterfall. 

Cascarilla,  kas-ka-ril'la,  «.  [Sp.  dim.  of 
cascara,  peel,  bark.]  The  aromatic  hitter 
bark  of  a  small  tree  of  the  Cinchona  fam- 
ily, cultivated  chiefly  in  Eleuthera,  one  of 
the  Bahamas,  employed  as  a  substitute  for 
cinchona. 

Case,  kas,  n.  [O.Fr.  casse  (now  caisse),  from 
L.  capsa,  a  repository,  chest,  box,  from 
capio,  to  take,  receive,  contain.  Cash  is 
really  the  same  word.]  A  covering,  enve- 
lope, box,  frame,  or  sheath;  that  which 


incloses  or  contains;  the  skin  of  an  ani- 
i  mal  I ;  a  case  with  its  contents ;  hence,  a 
'  certain  quantity;  print,  the  receptacle  for 
the  types,  from  which  the  compositor 
gathers  them  and  arranges  them  in  lines 
and  pages  to  print  from.— t».t.— cased,  cas- 
ing. To  cover  with  a  case;  to  surround 
with  any  material  that  shall  inclose  or  de- 
fend; to  coat  or  cover  over;  to  put  in  a  case 
or  box;  to  skin  (SAafc.)t— Casing,  kas'ing, 
n.  The  act  of  putting  a  case  on,  or  of  put- 
ting into  a  case;  a  case  or  covering. — Case- 
bottle,  n.  A  bottle  made  so  as  to  readily 
fit  into  a  case  with  others,  often  square. — 
Case-harden,  v.t.  To  harden  the  outer 
part  or  surface- of  (iron,  tools,  ice.)  by  con- 
verting it  intosteel.— Case-hardened,  U. 
Having  the  surface  hardened  by  being 
converted  into  steel;  fig.  shameless;  aban- 
doned; brazen-faced. —  Case-knife,  «..  A 
long  knife  kept  in  a  case  or  sheath;  a  large 
table-knife. — Case-shot,  n.  A  collection  of 
shot  or  small  projectiles  inclosed  in  cases 
to  be  discharged  from  cannon;  an  iron 
case  or  shell,  containing  a  number  of  bul- 
lets, exploded  by  a  fuse.  —  Case-worm,  n. 
The  larva  or  grub  of  the  caddice-fly. 

Case,  kas,  n.  [Fr.  cas,  a  case,  L.  casus,  a 
falling,  from  cado,  casum,  to  fall.J  The 
particular  state,  condition,  or  circum- 
stances that  befall  a  person,  or  in  which 
he  is  placed ;  an  individual  occurrence  or 
specific  instance,  as  of  disease;  a  question 
or  group  of  facts  involving  a  question  for 
discussion  or  decision;  a  cause  or  suit  in 
court ;  a  cause ;  one  of  the  forms  in  the 
declension  of  a  noun,  pronoun,  or  adjec- 
tive.—/n  case,  in  the  event  or  contingency; 
if  it  should  so  fall  out  or  happen;  sup- 
posing.—CasaJ,  ka'sal,  a.  Gram,  of  or  be- 
longing to  case. 

Caseic,  ka'se-ik,  a.  [L.  caseus,  cheese.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  cheese.— Casein,  Caseine, 
ka's6-in,  n.  That  ingredient  in  milk  which 
when  coagulated  forms  curd  and  the  main 
part  of  cheese. — Caseous,  ka'se-us,  a.  Hav- 
ing the  qualities  of  or  resembling  cheese; 
cheesy. 

Casemate,  kas'mftt,  n.  [Fr.  casemate,  from 
It.  casamatta,  a  casemate,  from  casa,  a 
house,  and  matto,  dim,  dark  =  G.  matt, 
feeble,  E.  mate  in  checkmate.]  Fort,  a 
bomb-proof  vault  for  the  protection  of  the 
garrison,  and  sometimes  used  as  a  barrack 
or  hospital;  aloopholed  gallery  excavated 
in  a  bastion,  from  which  the  garrison 
could  fire  on  an  enemy  in  possession  of 
the  ditch. 

Casement,  kaz'ment,  n.  [From  case,  in  the 
sense  of  a  frame,  as  of  a  door,  &c.]  A  win- 
dow frame,  or  portion  of  one  made  to 
turn  and  open  on  hinges;  a  compartment 
between  the  muUions  of  a  window. 

Casern,  ka'zemjn.  [Fr.  caserne,  Sp.  casema, 
from  casa,  a  shed  or  house.]  A  lodging  in 
garrison  towns,  usually  near  the  rampart, 
for  soldiers  on  duty. 

Cash,  kash,  n.  [O.Fr.  casse,  Mod.Fr.  eaisae. 
It.  cassa,  a  chest,  box,  coffer,  from  L.  cap- 
sa, a  box  or  case.  Case.]  A  receptacle  for 
moneyj;  a  money-boxt;  money;  primarily, 
ready  money;  money  in  chest  or  on  hand, 
in  bank  or  at  command;  Chinese  copper 
coin,  22  of  which  are  equal  to  one  penny 
sterling. — v.t.  To  turn  into  money,  or  to 
exchange  for  money  (to  casTi  a  bank-note). 
— Cashier,  kash'Er,n.  One  who  has  charge 
c  *cash;  one  who  keeps  an  account  of  the 
monetary  transactions  of  a  commercial  or 
trading  establishment. — Cash-book,  n.  A 
book  in  which  is  kept  a  register  or  account 
of  money  received  and  paid. 

Cashew,  ka-sha',  n.  [From  native  name.] 
The  tree  which  produces  cashew-nuts,  a 
native  of  tropicalAmerica. — Cashew-nut, 
n.  The  kidney-shaped  fruit  of  an  Ameri- 
can tree,  having  a  kernel  abounding  in  a 
sweet  milky  juice;  the  inner  layer  of  the 
shell  contains  a  black  acrid  caustic  oil. 

Cashew,  ka-sho',  n.    Same  as  Caehou. 

Cashier,  kash-er",  v.t.  [O.E.  casseere,  G. 
cassiren,  from  O.Fr.  casser,  to  break,  to 
cashier,  from  L.  cassare,  to  annul,  from 
cassus,  void,  empty.]  To  dismiss  from  an 
office,  place  of  trust,  or  service  for  bad 
conduct;  to  discharge;  to  discard.— Cash- 
ierer,  kash-6r'6r,  n.    One  who. 

Cashmere,  kash'mer,  *i.  A  fine  costly  shawl 


made  of  the  downy  wool  of  the  Cashmere 
goat  and  the  wild  goat  of  Thibet,  and  so 
called  from  the  country  where  first  made. 

Casino,  ka-se'no,  n.  [It.,  a  small  house, 
from  L. casa.a, cottage.]  A  small  counti-y 
house;  a. lodge j  also  a  public  dancing, 
singing,  or  gaming  saloon. 

Cask,  kask,  n.  [Sp.  casco,  helmet,  "wine- 
cask,  skull,  potsherd,  peel  or  rind,  from  a 
L.L.  quassicare,  to  break  or  burst,  from 
L.  qtiassare,  to  break,  whence  E.  quash.] 
A  close  vessel  for  containing  liquors, 
formed  by  staves,  heading,  and  hoops ;  a 
general  term  comprehending  the  pipe, 
hogshead,  ,butt,  barrel,  &c.  —  v.t.  To  put 
into  a  cask. 

Casket,  Casquet,  kas'ket,.n.  '  [In  fonn  a 
dim.  of  cask,  but  in  meaning  from  Fr.  cas- 
sette, a  coffer  or  casket,  dim.  of  casse,  a 
box.  Cash.]  A  small  chest  or  box  for 
jewels  or  other  small  articles.— w.<.  To  put 
in  a  casket.  • 

Casque,  kask,"  n.  [Fr.,  from  Sp.  easco,  a 
helmet.  Cask.]  A  helmet  generally,  but 
more  precisely  a  head-piece  wanting  a 
vizor,  but  furnished  with  cheek-pieces  and 
ear-pieces,  and  frequently  elaborately^  or- 
namented and  embossed. 

Cassareep,  Cassireepe,  kas'sa-rSpT' kas'si- 
r5p,  n.  ■  (South  American  name.]  l^ie 
boiled  and  concentrated  juice  of  the  roots 
of  the  bitter  cassava  used  as  a  reUsh  in 
cookery. 

Cassation,  kas-sa'shon, n.  [Fr., fro;n  casser^ 
to  annul,  from  L.  cassus,  void,  empty.] 
The  act  of  annulling  or  of  reversing  a  ju- 
dicial sentence.  —  Court  of  Cassation,  in 
France,  the  highest  court  of  appeal.. 

Cassava,  kas-sa'va  or  kas-sa/va,  n.  [Pg. 
cassave,  Sp.  casabe,  cazabe,  from  Haytian 
name  kasabi.]  A  slender  erect  shrub  be- 
longing to  the  spurge  family  extensively 
cultivated  in  tropical  America  and  the 

vWest  Indies  on  account  of  the  nutritious 
starch  obtained  from  the  root,  and  formed 
into  cakes  (cassava-bread)  and  into  tapioca. 

Cassia,  kash'i-a,  n.  [L.  cassia,  Gr.  kasia, 
kassia,  from  the  Hebrew  or  Phoenician 
name.]  A  tropical  leguminous  plapt  of 
many  species,  consisting  of  trees,  8hrubs,1 
or  herbs,  the  leaflets  of  several  of  which< 
constitute  the  drug  called  senna,  while 
the  pulp  from  the  legumes  of  another 
species  is  used  as  a  purgative.— Cassia- 
bark,  n.  The  bark  of  a  species  of  cinnamon 
used  as  a  substitute  for  the  true  cinnamon. 
Called  also  Cassia-lignea  (-lig'ne-a).— Cas- 
sla-bnds,  n.    The  flower-buds  of  a  kind  of 

■cinnamon  used  in  cookery. 

Cassideous,  kas-sid'e-us,  a.  [L.  cassis,  a 
helmet.]  Bot.  helmet-shaped,  like  the 
uppey  sepal  of  the  flower  of  the.aconite. 

Cassimere,  kas'si-mer,  n.  -'tFr.  cossiwir, 
same  word  as  cashmere.]  A  twilled  wool- 
len cloth  woven  in  imitation  of  Cashmere 
shawls;  kerseymere. 

Cassiopeia,  kas'8i-o-pe"ya,  n.  A  constella- 
tion in  the  northern  hemi8phere.with  five 
of  its  stars  forming  a  kind  of  W. 

Cassiterite,  kas'si-ter-it,  n.  [Gt.  kassiteros, 
tin.]  The  most  common  ore  of  tin;  it  is  a 
peroxide,  consisting  of  tin  79,  and  oxygen 
21. 

Cassock,  kas'ok,  n.  [Fr.  casaque,  from  It. 
casacca,  from  casa,  a  house,  t.  casa,  a  cot- 
tage.] A  long  tight-fitting  garment  worn 
under  the  gown  by  clergymen. 

Cassowary,  kas'so-wa-ri,  n.  [Malay  casu- 
wai-is.]  A  large  cursorial  bird  inhabiting 
the  islands  of  the  Indian  Archipelago, 
much  resembling,  and  nearly  as  large  as, 
the  ostrich,  but  with  legs  thicker  and 
stronger  in  proportion,  and  three  toes  on 
the  foot,  the  head  being  surmounted  by  a 
large  homy  crest. 

Cast,  kast,  v.t. — cast,  casting.  [Dan.  kaste, 
Sw.  and  Icel.  kasia,  to  throw:  a  Scauidin- 
avian  word.]  To  throw,  fling,  or  send;  to 
hurl;  toshed  orthrow off  (leaves,  the  skin); 
to  discard,  dismiss,  or  reject;  to  shed  or  im- 
part {cast  light);  to  turn  or  direct  (a  look, 
the  eyes);  to  throw  down  (as  in  wrestling); 
to  decide  against  at  law;  to  condemn;  to 
bring  forth  abortively  (young);  to  form  by 
pouring  liquid  metal,  &c.,  into  a  mould; 
to  compute,  reckon,  or  calculate;  to  distri- 
bute (the  parts  of  a  drama)  among  the 
actors;  to  assign  a  part  to.— To  cast  aside. 


ch,  cAaiu;     ch,Sc.loch;     g,  go;     j,/ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinfl';  _  th,  tAen;  th,  tAin;     w,  wig;     wh,  wMg;    zh,  azure. 


CASXALIAN 


104 


CATAF.\LQUE 


to  dismiss  or  reject.— To  cast  aivay,  to  re- 
ject; to  lavish  or  waste  by  profusion;  to 
•wreck  (a  ship).— To  cast  dovm,  to  throw 
down;  fig.  to  deject  or  depress.— To  cast 
forth,  to  throw  out  .or  reject;  to  emit  or 
send  out.— To  cast  off,  to  discard  or  reject; 
to  drive  away ;  navt.  to  loosen  from  or  let 
go.— To  east  out,  to  reject  or  turn  out.— To 
cast  up,  to  compute ;  to  reckon;  to  calcu- 
late; to  eject;  to  vomit;  to  twit  or  upbraid 
vith.^'J'o  cast  one's  self  on  or  upon,  to  re- 
sign or  yield  one's  self  to  the  disposal  of.^ 
— Toca8tino»e's  lot  loitft,  to  share  the  fate 
or  fortune  of.— To  cast  (something)  in  the 
teeth,  to  upbraid .  (with  something);  to 
charge;  to  twit. — v.i.  To  throw  or  flmg;  to 
throw  the  Unein  angling;  to  work  arith- 
metical calculations;  to  turn  or  revolve  in 
the  mind;  to  •calculate;  to  consider;  to 
warp  or  t-wist.— n.  The  act  of  casting;  a 
throw;  the  distance  passed  by  a  thing 
thro^;  motion  or  ttim  of  the  eye;  di- 
rection, look,or.glance;  a  throw  of  dice;  the 
former  shape  intb  which  somethingis  cast; 
anything  formed  in  a  mould,  as  a  figure 
in  bronze,  plaster,  &C.;  Jig.  shape;  mould; 
impression  generally;  a  tinge  or  slight 
colouring  or  slight  degree  of  a  colour  (a 
cast  of  green);  manner;  air;  mien;  style; 
the  company  of  actors  to  whom  the  parts 
of  a  play  are  assigned.— Castaway,  kagf- 
a-wa,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  is  cast 
g,way  or  ship^wrecked;  one  ruined  in  for- 
tune or  character. — a.  Thro'wn  away;  re- 
jected; useless;  abandoned.— Caster,  kas'- 
ter,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  casts;  speci- 
fically, one  who  makes  castings;  a  found- 
er; a  small  cruet  or  bottle  for  holding 
sauce,  pepi>er,  &c.,  for  the  table:  spelled 
also  Castor;  a  small  wheel  attached  by  a 
vertical  pivot  to  the  legs  of  a  chair,  sbfa, 
table,  &c.,  to  facilitate  them  being  moved 
■without  lifting:  spelled  also  Castor.- Cast- 
ing, ka6'ting,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  cajts; 
that  which  is  cast;  especially,  something 
cast  or  formed  in  a  mould;  something 
formed  of  cast-metal.- a.  Throwing;  sehd- 
ing;  computing;  turning;  deciding;  deter- 
inining. — Casting-vote,  a  vote  given  by  a 
president  or  chairman  which  decides  when 
the,  votes  are  equally  divided.— Cast-iron, 
Cast-metal,  Cast-steel,  m.  Iron,  miatal, 
and  steel  melted  and  cast  into  pigs,  in- 
gots, or  moulds,  which  renders  the  metal 
hard  and  non-malleablie.  —  Cast-off,  a. 
Laid  aside  as  worn  out  or  useless ;  reject- 
ed. 

C&stallan,  kas-ts.1i-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Castalia;  the  spring  on  Mount  Parnassus; 
sacred  to  the  Muses. 

Castanet,  kas'ta-net,  .«.  fSp.  castaneta, 
from  L.  castanea,  a  chestnut,  fropi  resem- 
bling that  fruit.]  One  of  a  pair  of  small 
concave  pieces  of  ivoiy  or  hard  •frocd, 
shaped  like  spdons,  fastened  to  the  thumb, 
and  beat  -with  the  iniddle  finger  in  certain 
Spanish  dances. . 

Caste.'kast,  n.  [Pr.  caste,  Pg.  casta,  breed, 
race,  caste.]  One  of  the  classes  or  distinct 
hereditary  orders  ifxto  which  the  Hindus 
are  divided  according  to  the  religious  law 
of  Brahmanism ;  a  class  or  order  of  the 
same  kind  prevailing  in  other  countries ; 
a  rank  or  order  of  society;  social  position. 

Castellan,  kas'tel-lan,  n.  [L.L.  castellanus, 
from  L.  castellum,  a  castle.  Castle.]  A 
governor  or  constable  of  a  castle. — Cartel- 
fated,  kas'tel-lat-ed,  a.  Furnished  ■with 
turrets  and  battlements  like  a  castle; 
buUt  in  the  style  of  a  castle. 

Castigatejkas'ti-gat,  v.t— castigated,  casti- 
gating. ^^.  eastigo,  castigaium,  from  ecu- 
tus,  pure.]  To  chastise;  to  punish;  to  cor- 
rect; to  criticise  for  the  purpose  of  correct- 
ing;'to  emend.  —  Castigatlon,  kas-ti-ga'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  castigating;  punish- 
ment by  whipping ;  correction ;  chastise- 
ment ;  discipline ;  critical  scrutiny  and 
emendation;  correction  of  textual  errors. 
— Castigator,  kas'ti-ga-tCr,  n.  One  who 
castigates  or  corrects.- Castlgatory,  kas'- 
ti-ga-to-ri,  a.  Serving  to  castigate;  tend- 
ing to  correction.  —  n.  Something  that 
served  to  castigate;  particularly  a  ducking- 
Ftooi  or  trebuchet. 

Castile-soap,  kas-tel',  n.  A  kind  of  fine 
hard,  whito  or  mottled  soap,  originally 
from  Castiie,  made  •with  olive-oil  and  a 


solution,  of  caustic  soda.— Castilian,  kas- 
til'i-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Castile  in  Spa  in. 
-^.  An  inhabitant  or  native  of  Castjle; 
the  language  of  Castile,  the  classic  or 
literary  language.of  Spain. 

.  Castle,  kas'l,  h.  [Ii.  casteUwm,  dim.  of  cas-' 
trum,  a  fort.]  A  building,  or  series  of 
connected  buiidings,  fortified  for  defence 
against  an  enemy;  a  house  ■with  towers, 
often  surrounded  by  a  wall  and  moat,  and 
having  a  donjon  oir  keep  in  the  Centre;  a 
fortified  residence ;  a  fortress ;  the  house 
or  mansion  of  a  person  of  rank  or  wealth: 
somewhat  vaguely  applied,  but  usually  to 
a  large  and  more  or  less  imposing  build- 

.  ing;  a  piece  made  ia  the  form  of  a  castle, 
usid-in  the  game  of  chess;  the  rook.— Castte 
in  the  air,  a.  visionary  project;  a  scheme 
that  has  no  solid  foundation. — v.t.,  or  i. 
Chess,  to  tnove  the  king  two  squares- to 
the  right  or  left  and  bring  up  the  castle  to 
the  square  the  king  has  passed  over.— 
Castled,  cas'ld,  a.  Furnished  with  a  castle 
or^castles.  —  Castle  -  builder,  n.  One  who 
builds  castles  in  the  air ;  one  vrho  forms 
visionary  schemes.  —  Castle  -  building,  n. 
The  act  of  building  castles  in  the  air. 

Castor,  kas'tfer,  n.  [L.  castor;  Or.  kastor, 
a  beaver.]  A  substance  of  a  strong  pene- 
trating smell,  secreted  by  special  glands 
of  the  beaver,  and  used  in  medicine  and 

f)erfumeiy;  a  beaver  hat. — Castor-oil,  n. 
Probably  from  some  resemblance  to  the 
substance  castor.]  The  oil,  used  in  medi- 
cine as  a  purgative,  obtained  from  the 
seeds  of  the  tropical  Palma  Christi  tree. 

Castrametation,  kas'tra-m5-ta"Ehon,  n. 
[L.  castranietor,  to  encamp-^a«fra,  camp^ 
and  metior,  to  measure.  J  The  art  or  act  of 
encamping;  the  marking  or  laying  out  of 
a  camp.  .      .       ' 

Castrate,  kas'trat,  v.t. —  castrated,  castrat- 
ing. [L.  castro,  castratum,  to  castrate.] 
To  deprive  of  the  testicles;  to  geld;  to  take 
.the  ■vigour  or  strength  from;  to  emasculate; 

,  to  remove  something  objectionable  from, 
as  obscene  parts  from  a  ■writing;  to  expur- 
gate.— n.  A  man  (as  a  eunuch)  or  male 
animal  (as  an  ox)  that.has  been  castrated. 
—Castration,  kas-tra'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
castrating. 

Casual,  kazh'a-al,  a. '  \li.  casualis,  from 
casus,  a  chance  or  accident,  from  cado, 
casuTii,  to  fall;  akin  case,  chance,  accident, 
&c.]  Happening  or  coming  to  pass,  with- 
out design  m  the  person  or  persons  affected, 
and  ■without  being  foreseen  or  expected ; 
accidental;  fortuitous;  coming  by  chance; 
not  happening  or  coming  regularly;  oc- 
casional; incidental. — n.  A  person  who  re- 
ceives relief  and  shelter  for  one  night  at 
the  most  in  the  workhouse  of  a  parish  or 
union  to  which  he  does  not  belong.  — 
Casnalism,  kazh'Q-al-izm,  n.  The  doctrine 
that  all  things  happen  by  chance,  or  ■with- 

^  odt  an  intelligent  cause  or  design.— Casu- 

'  alist,  kazh'u-al-ist,  n.  A  believer  in  casu- 
alism. — Casually,  kazh'u-al-li,  adv.  In  a 
casual  manner:  accidentally;  fortuiJ;ously.- 
-^Casualness,  kazh'a-al-nes,  n.  The  fact 
of  being  diasual. — Casualty,  kazh'u-al-ti,  n. 
Chance,  or  what  happens  by  chance ;  ac- 
cident;contingency  ;an  unfortunate  chance 
or  accident,  especially  one  resulting  in 
death  or  bodily  injury ;  loss  suffered  by  a 
body  of  men  from  death,  wounds,  &c. 

Casuist,  kaz'Q-ist,  n.  [Fr.  casuiste,  from  L. 
casus,  a  case.  ]  One  versed  in  or  using 
casuistry;  one  who  studies  and  resolves 
cases  of  conscience,  or  nice  points  regard- 
ing conduct.— Casuistic,  Casuistical,  kaz- 
n-is'tik,  kaz-tlris'tik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
casuists  or  casuistry;  partaking  of  casu- 
istry.— Casuistically,kaz-u-is'tik-al-li,ad«. 
In  a  casuistic  manner.— Casuistry,  kaz'ti- 
ist-ri,  n.  The  science,  doctrine,  or  dejiart- 
ment  of  ethics  dealing  with  cases  of  con- 
science; frequently  used  in  a  bad  sense  for 

•  q.uibbbng  in  matters  of  morality,  or  mak- 
ing too  nice  moral  distinctions. 

Cat,  kat,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cat,  catt=D.  and  Dan. 
hat,  Sw.  katt,  Icel.  kottr,  G.  katze,  kater, 
O.Pr.  cat.  Mod.  Fr.  chat,  Ir.  cat,  W.  cath, 
Rus.  and  Pol.  kot,  Tur.  kedi,  Ar.  qittr—a, 
cat;  origin  unkno^wn.]  A  name  applied  to 
certain  species  of  carnivorous  quadrupeds 
of  the  feline  tribe,  many  varieties  of  which 
have  long  been  tamed  and  kept  in  houses 


for  catching  mice,  &c.,  and  are  proverbial 
for  their  stealthiness  and  cunning;  a 
strong  tackle  or  combination  of  pulleys,  to 
hook  and  draw  an-  anchor  perpendicularly 
up  to  the  cat -head  of  a  ship;  a  double 

'  ■tripod  having  six  feet :  so  called  because 
it  always  lands  on  its  feet  as  a  cat  is  pro- 
verbially said  to  do;  an  abbreviation  of 
cat-o'-nine-tails  (which  see). — To  let  the  cat 
.out  of  the  bogr,  to  disclose  a  trick:  to  letx>ut 
a  secret.— Catamoant,  Cataaiouritain,kat'- 
a-mount,  kat'a-moun-tan,  n.  The  cat  of 
the  mountain;  the  wild  icat:  the  North 
American  puma  or  cougar. — Catcall,  kat'- 
kal,  n.  A  sound  like  thii  cry  of  a  cat,  such 
as  that  inade  by  a  dissatisfied  audience  in 
a  theatre;  a  small  squeaking  iuttrument 
for  producing  such  a  sound. — Ca^tgnt,  kat'- 
gut,  n.  The  intestines  of  sheep  (sometimes 
of  the  horse  or  the  ass)  dried  and  twisted 
into  strings  for  the  violin  and  for  other 
purposes:  so  called  from  a  Eotion  that  the 
material  was  the  gut  or  intestines  of  the 
cat.  —  Catkin,' kat'kin,  n.  ,  The  blossom  of 
the  %villow,  birch,  hazel,  &c.,  whichresem- 
bles  a  kitten  or  cat's  tail.  —  Catling,  kat'- 
ling.  n.  A  kittenl;  a  surgeon's  dismembei'- 

■  ing  knife.  —  Catmint,  Catnip,  kat'mint, 
kat'nip,  n.  A  plant  resembliug  mint, 
having  a  strong  odour  and  taste,  and  which 
cats'  are  said  to  be  fond  of. — Cattish,  kat'- 
ish,  a.  Like  or  pertaining  to  a  cat;  febce. 
— Cat-head,  n.  A  strong  beam  jirojecting 
over  a  ship's  bows,  and  furnished  with  a- 
block  and  tackle  to  lift  an  anchor.— Cat- 
o'-iline-'tails,  n.  An  instrument  consisting 
generally  of  nine  pieces  of  knotted  cord, 
used  to  fiog  offenders  on  the  bare  back. — 
Cat's-eye,  n.  A  hard  and  semi-transparent 
variety  of  quartz,  having  an  opalescent 
radiation  or  play  of  colours  like  a'cafs 
eye.— Cat-silver,  n.  A  variety  of  Ciica.— 
Cat's-paw,  n.  The  instirument  used  'oy  a 
person  to  accomplish  his  designs ;  a  tool ; 
a  dupe :  so  called  from  the  story  of  the 

.  monkey  which,  instead  of  using  his  own 
paw,  used  that  of  the  cat  to  draw  nuts 
from  the  fire.  ■  '  • 

Cat^  kat,  n.  [Icel.  kati,  a  kind  cf  small 
ship.]  A  trading  ship  built  on  tho  I>or- 
wegian  model  with  narrow  stern,  project- 
ing quarters,  and  a  deep  waist, ' 

Cataca'astic,  kat-arkas'tik,  a.  [Gr.  Ir-.trr- 
kausis,  a  burning.]  A  term  apijlied  to  a 
species  of  caustic  curves  formed  by  reflec- 
tion of  light. — n.  A  'curve  formed  by  the 
reflection  of  rays  of  light. 

Catachresis,  li3.t-a-kre '  sis,  n.  .[Gr.  7:aia- 
c/iresis, -abuse — kata,  against,  and  chrao- 
mai^  to  use.]  The  ■wresting  of  a  word  from 
its  true  signification ;  tho  emplo.vment  of 
a  word  under  a  false  form  through  misap- 
prehension in  regard  to  its  origin  (crayfish 
for  example).  —  Catachrestic,  Catachres- 
tical,  kat-a-kres'tik,  kat-a-kres'tik-al,  a. 
Belonging  to  catachresis;  ■wrested  from  its 
natural  sense,  use,  or  form.  —  Catachrts- 
tically,  kat-a-kres'tik-al-U,  ado.  Inacata- 
chrestical  manner. 

Cataclysm,  kat'a-klizm,  n.  [Gr.  katahhji- 
mos,  a  deluge,  from.  kaiaklysO,  to  inundate 
—kata,  down,  and  kli/zO,  to  wash.]  A  del- 
uge, flood,  or  inundation  sweeping  over 
a  territoiy.— Cataclysmal,  Cataelysmic, 
kat-a-kliz'mal,  kat-a-kliz '  niik,  a.  Of  or 
belonging  .to  a  cataclysm. 

Catacomb,  kat'a-kom,  n.    [It.  catacomla, 

'L.L.  ctttacuinha,  from  Gr.  kata,  down,  au<l 
kv.nibe,  ku7nbos,.a.  hoUow  or  recefes.]  A 
cave  or  subterranean  place  for  the  'ourial 
of  the  dead,  in  which  the  bodies  are  de- 
posited in  recesses  hollowed  out  of  tiie 
Bides  of  the  cave,  the  most  notable  being 
those  hear  Borne,  supposed  to  be  the  cells 
and  caves  in  which  the  primitive  Ciiris- 
tians  concealed  themselves,  and  in  which 
were  deposited  the  bodies  of  the  martyrs. 

Cataconstics,  kat-a-kous'tiks,  n.  .[Prefix 
cata,  and  acoiistics.  ]  -riiat  part  of  acousties 
which  treats  of  reflected  sounds,  or  of  the 

'properties  of  echoes;  cataphonics. 

.Cfatadioptric,  Catadioptrical,  kafa-di-op  - 
trik,  kat'a-di-op"trik-al,  a.  [Prefix  c«.'<v, 
and  dioptric.]  Pertaining  to  or  involviu-; 
both  the  refraction  and  reflection  of  li>;!it. 

Catafalque,  kat'a-falk,  n.  [Fr.  catafalctue, 
from  It.  catafalco,  from  faleo,  for  O.H.G. 
palcho  (G.  balke),  a  beam,  with  cata  (as  in 


Tat?,  *&r,  f?-t,  fsU;     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin:     note,  not,  move;     tube,  tub,  bvill;     oil^  pound;     tt.  6c.  abtme— Uie  i^.  «. 


CATAIAN 


105 


CATEGORY 


Sp.  catar,  to  viev.-)  iircfixcd.  iicuffoltl  is 
tho  same  word  with  French  prefix  fs.]  A 
temporary  structure  representing  ^  tomb 
placed  over  the  coffin  of  a  distinguished 
person  in  churches  or  over  the  grave. 

Cataian.t  ka-ta'an,  n.  A  native  of  Cathay 
or  China;  a  foreigner  generally;  hence,  an 
indiscriminate  term  of  rej)roacli.    [Shak.] 

Catalan,  kat'a-lan,  a.  Pertaining  to  Cata/- 
Ionia,  a  province  of  Spain.— n.  A  native  of 
Catalonia;  the  language  of  Catalonia,  an 
old  Spanish  literary  dialect  early  culti- 
vated. 

Cataloctic,  kat-a-lek'tik,  a.  [Or.  hataiek- 
tikos,  from  katalego,  to  leave  off,  to  stop.] 
Proa,  having  the  measiire  incomplete ; 
ending  abruptly,  as  a  verse  wanting  a 
Kyll8,blo  of  its  proper  length. 

Catalepsy,  Catalepsis,  kat'a-Iep-si,  kat-a- 
lep'sis,  n.  [GiS  katalepsis,  a  seizing,  from 
katatambanO,  to  seize.]  A  nervous  affec- 
tion characterized  by  a  more  or  less  com- 
plete but  temporary  suspension  of  the 
senses  and  volition  with  rigidity  of  the 
muscles ;  traiye.  —  Cataleptic,  kat-a-lep'- 
tik,  a.    Pertaining  to  catalepsy. 

Catalogue,  kat'a-log,  n.  [Pr.  catalogue, 
from  Gr.  katalogoa,  a  counting  u-p—kata, 
thoroughly,  and  logos,  a  reckoning.]  A 
list  or  enumeration  of  the  names  of  men 
or  things  disposed  in  a  certain  order,  often 
in  alphabetical  order;  a  list;  a  register. — 
v.t. — catalogued,  cataloguing.  To  make  a 
catalogue  of. — Catalogue  raisonnd,  a  cata- 
logue of  books,  paintings,  &c.,  classed  ac- 
cording to  their  subjects. 

Catalysis,  ka-tal'i-sis,  n.  [Gr.  kata,  down, 
and  lyd,  to  looise.]  Dissolution;  destruc- 
tion; cliem.  a  decomposition  and  new  com- 
bination produced  by  the  mere  presence 
of  substances  which  do  not  of  themselves 
enter  into  combination. — Catalytic,  kat-a- 
lit'ik,  a.    Relating  to  catalysis. 

Catamaran,  kat'a-ma-ran",  n.  [Said  to  be 
from  a  Tamil  word  signifying  'tied  logs.'] 
A  kind  of  float  or  raft  used  as  a  substitute 
for  a  surf-boat,  particularly  in  the  East 
and  West  Indies,  and  consisting  usually 
of  three  pieces  of  wood  lashed  together, 
the  middle  piece  being  longer  than  the 
others,  and  having  one  end  turned  up  in 
the  form  of  a  bow. 

Catamenia,  kat-a-me'ni-a,  n.  pZ..  fOr.  kata- 
vi&nios  —  kata,  down,  and  men,  a  month.] 
The  menstrual  discharge  of  females. — 
Catamenial,  kat-a-ine'ni-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  catamenia  or  menstrual  discharges. 

Catamount.    Under  Cat. 

CatapetalouB,  kat-a-pet'al-us,  a.  [Gr.  kata, 
against.  And  vetalon,  a  petal.]  Bot.  hav- 
ing the  petals  held  together  r>y  stamens 
which  grow  to  their  bases,  as  in  the  mal- 
low. 

CataphoniCB,  kat-a-fon'iks,  n.  [Gr.  kata, 
against,  and  phOne,  sound.]  The  doctrine 
of  reflected  sounds;  catacoustics.— Cata- 
phonic,  kat-a-fon'ik,  a.  Kelating  to  cata- 
phonics. 

Cataphract,  kat'a-frakt,  n.  [L.  cataphrac- 
tes,  Gr.  kataphraktgs,  from  kataphrasai,  to 
cover.]  Defensiye  armour  formerly  in  use 
formed  of  cloth  or  leather  strengthened 
with  scales  or  links;  the  armour  of  plates 
or  strong  Scales  protecting  some  animals. 
—  C9,taphracted,  kat'a-frak-ted,  a.  Zool. 
covered  with  horny  or  bony  plates  or  scales 
closely  joined  together,  or  with  a  thick 
hardened  skin.— Cataphractlc,  kat-a-f  rak'- 
tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  cataphract;  re- 
sembling a  cataphract. 

Cataplasm,  kat'a-plazm,  n.  [Gr.  kataplaa- 
ina,  from  kataplassO,  to  anoint  or  to  spread 
as  a  plaster.]  Med.  a  soft  and  moist  sub- 
stance to  be  applied  to  some  part  of  the 
body;  a  poultice. 

Catapult,  kat'a-pult,  n.  [L.  catapulta,  from 
Gr.  katapeltes — kata,  against,  and  pallo, 
to  brandish,  hurl.]  A  military  engine 
anciently  used  for  discharging  missiles 
against  a  besieged  place;  originally  an 
engine  of  the  nature  of  a  pov/erful  bow;  a 
toy  from  which  small  missiles  are  thrown 
by  the  elastic  force  of  India-rubber. 

Cataract,  kat'a-rakt,  n.  [L.  cataracla,  Gr. 
katarraktea,  from  kata,  down,  and  rheg- 
nymi,  to  break.]  A  great  fall  of  water 
over  a  precipice ;  a  waterfall ;  any  furious 
rush  or  downpour  of  watflr;  a  disease  of 


the  eye  consisting  in  au  opacity  of  tho 
crystalline  lens  or  its  capsule,  by  which 
the  pupil  seems  closed  by  an  opaque  body, 
usually  whitish,  vision  being  thus  im- 
paired or  destroyed. — Cataractous,  kat-a- 
rak'tus,  a.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  a 
cataract  in  the  eye. 

Catarrh,  ka-tar",  n.  [Prom  Gr.  katarrheO, 
to  flow  down.j  ^  discharge  or  increased 
secretion  of  mucus  from  the  membranes 
of  the  nose,  fauces,  and  bronchia,  charac- 
teristic of  the  ailment  commonly  called  a 
cold  in  the  head.— Catarrhal,  Catarrhous, 
ka-tar'ral,  ka-tiir'rtis,  a.  Pertaining  to 
catarrh,  produced  by  it,  or  attending  it  (^ 
catarrhal  fever). 

Catarrhine,  Catarhine,  kat'a-rin,  n.  [Gr. 
kata,  down,  and  rliia,  rhinns,  the  nose.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  section  of  monkeys 
characterized  by  having  the  nostrils  ap- 
I)roximated,  and  the  aperture  pointing 
downward,  as  in  the  gorilla,  chimpanzee, 
and  other  Old  World  apes. 

Catastrophe,  ka-tas'tro-fe,  n.  [Gr.  kata- 
strophe,  an  overthrowing,  a  sudden  turn, 
from  kataatrepho,  to  subvert — kata,  down, 
and  atrepho,  to  turn.]  The  unfolding  and 
Winding  up  of  the  plot,  clearing  up  of  diffi- 
culties, and  closing  of  a  dramatic  piece; 
the  denouement;  a  notable  event  termin- 
ating a  series;  a  finishing  stroke  or  wind- 
up:  an  unfortunate  conclusion;  a  cala- 
mity or  disaster;  a  supposed  change  in 
the  crust  of  the  earth  from  sudden  pnysi- 
cal  violence,  causing  elevation  or  subsi- 
dence of  the  solid  parts;  a  cataclysm.— 
Catastrophic,  kat-as-trof'ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  catastrophe  or  catastrophes;  per- 
taining to  the  theory  of  great  changes  on 
the  globe  being  due  to  violent  and  sudden 
physical  action.— Catastrophlsm,  ka-tas'- 
tro-fizm,  n.  The  theory  that  all  geologi- 
cal changes  are  due  to  catastrophes  or  sud- 
den violent  physical  causes.  —  Catastro- 
phigt,  ka-tas'tro-fist,  n.  One  who  believes 
in  catastrophlsm. 

CataVrba,  ka-ta'ba,  n.  A  variety  of  grape 
much  cultivated  in  Ohio,  United  States, 
discovered  on  the  Catawba  river,  Carolina; 
tho  wine  made  from  the  grape. 

Catch,  kach,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  caught  (eatched 
is  obsolete  or  vulgar).  [O.E.  cacche,  O.Fr. 
cachier,  chacler,  &c.,  to  hunt  (Mod.  Fr. 
chaaaer},  from  L.L.  captiare,  from  h.  cap- 
tare,  from  capere,  to  take  (whence  capable, 
captioua,  &c.).  Chaae  is  the  same  word.] 
To  lay  sudden  hold  on;  to  seize,  especially 
with  the  hand;  to  grasp;  to  snatch;  to 
perceive  or  apprehend;  to  seiztf,  as  in  a 
snare  or  trap;  to  ensnare;  to  entangle;  to 
get  entangled  with,  or  to  come  into  con- 
tact or  collision  with  (the  branch  caught 
his  hat) :  to  get  r  to  receive  (to  catch  the 
sunlight!;  especially,  to  take  or  receive  as 
by  sympathy,  contagion,  or  infection ;  to 
take  hold  of;  to  communicate  to;  to  fasten 
on  (the  flames  caught  the  wood-work);  to 
seize  the  affections  of;  to  engage  and  at- 
tach ;  to  charm;  to  captivate.  —  To  catch 
it,  to  get  a  scolding,  a  beating,  or  other 
unpleasant  treatment.  [Colloq.J--7'o  catch 
hold  of,  to  take  or  lay  hold  of. — To  catch  up, 
to  snatch;  to  take  up  suddenly;  to  lay  hold 
suddenly  of  something  said.— y.t.  To  take 
or  receive  something;  to  be  entangled 
or  impeded ;  to  spread  by  or  as  by  infec- 
tion; to  be  eager  to  get,  use,  or  adopt:  with 
at.—^i.  The  act  of  seizing;  seizure;  any- 
thing that  seizes  or  takes  hold,  that  checks 
motion  or  the  like,  as  a  hook,  a  ratchet,  a 
pawl,  a  spring  bolt  for  a  door  or  lid,  &c.; 
a  choking  or  stoppage  of  the  breath;  some- 
thing caught  or  to  be  caught,  especially 
anything  valuable  or  desirable  obtained 
or  to  be  obtained;  a  gain  or  advantage; 

.  one  desirable  from  wealth  as  a  husband 
or  wife  (colloq.);  mua.  a  kind  of  canon  or 
round  for  three  or  four  voices,  the  words 
written  to  which  are  so  contrived  that  by 
the  uiaion'of  the  voices  a  different  meaning 
is  given  by  the  singers  catching  at  each 
other's  words.  —  Catchable,  kach'a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  caught.— Catcher,  kach'- 
*r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  catches. — 
Catching, kach'ing,  a.  Communicating,  or 
liable  to  be  communicated,  by  contagion^ 
infectious;  captivating;  charming;  attract- 
ing.— Catchment,  kach'ment,  n.    A  sur- 


face of  ground  of  which  the  dra("TTe  \v, 
capable  of  beins  directed  into  a  common 
reservoir.— Catch-penny,  n.  Something  of 
little  value  got  up  to  hit  the  popular  taste, 
and  thereby  catch  the  popular  penny;  an  v- 
thing  got  up  merely  to  sell.  —  Catch-poU, 
n.  [PoH  here  means  the  head.]  AsherifTs 
officer,  bailiff,  constable,  or  other  person 
whose  duty  is  to  arrest  persons.  —  Catch- 
word, n.  The  word  formerly  often,  nov/ 
rarely  placed  at  the  bottom  of  each  page, 
on  the  right  hand  under  the  last  line,  and 
forming  the  first  word  on  the  following 
page;  the  last  word  of  the  preceding 
speaker  in  a  drama,  which  reminds  one 
that  he  is  to  speak  next;  cue;  a  word 
caught  up  and  repeated  for  effect. 

Catchup,-  kach'up,  n.-  Same  as  Ketchup. 

Gate,  kat,  n.  [O.E.  acatea,  provisions  pur- 
chased, from  O.Fr.  acat,  buying.  Catkr.] 
Food,  more  particularly  rich,  luxuriant, 
or  dainty  food;  a  delicacy;  a  dainty:  com- 
monly used  in  the  plural. 

Catechetic,  Catechetical,  kat-5-ket'ik,  kat- 
e-ket'ik-al,  a.  [Catechise.]  Kelating  to 
catechising,  or  one  who  catechises;  con- 
sisting' in  asking  questions  and  receiving 
answers,  as  in  teaching  pupils.  —  Cate- 
chetically,  kat-C-ket'ik-al-li,  adv.  In  a 
catechetical  manner.  —  CatechetiC8,  kat- 
e-ket'iks,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  teacli- 
ing  by  question  and  answer. 

Catechise,  Catechize,  kat'i5-kiz,  v.t.  —  cate- 
chised, catechized;  catechiaing,  catechizing. 
[Gr.  katechizo,  to  catechize,  from  katccheO, 
to  utter  sound,  to  teach  by  the  voice — 
kata,  down,  and  ScheO,  to  sound,  whence 
echo.]  To  instruct  by  asking  questions, 
receiving  answers,  and  offering  explana- 
tions and  corrections;  to  question;  to  in- 
terrogate; to  examine  or  try  by  questions, 
especially  such  questions  as  would  impli- 
cate the  answerer.— Oatechiser,  Catechiz- 
er,  kat'5-kiz-6r,  n.  One  who  catechises' — 
Catechism,  kat'e-kizm,  n.  [Gr  kaiechia- 
moa,  instruction.]  A  book  containing  a 
summary  of  principles  in  any  science  or 
art;  but  especially  m  religion,  reduced  to 
the  form  of  questions  and  answers.— Cate- 
chismal,  kat'e-kiz-mal,  a.  Pertaifiing  to 
or  after  the  manner  of  a  catechism. — 
Catechist,  kat'C-kist,  n.  One  who  instructs 
by  question  and  answer;  a  catechiser. — 
Catechistic,  CatechistlcaJ,  kat-ekist'ik, 
kat-e-kist'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  cate- 
chist or  catechism.— Cateohistically,  kat- 
e-kist'ik-al -li,  adv.  In  a  catechistical 
manner. 

Catechu,  kat'5-shQ,  n.  [Tamil  katti,  tree, 
and  ahu,  juice.]  A  name  common  to  seve- 
ral astringent  extracts  prepared  from  the 
wood,  bark,  and  fruits  of  various  plants, 
especially  from  some  species  of  acacia,  and 
used  in  dying,  tanning,  and  medicine. — 
Catechuic,  kat-e-sha'ik,  o.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  catechu. 

Catechumen,  kat-6-kn'men,  n.  [Gr.  kate- 
chouinenos,  instructed.  CATtcnrsE.l  One 
who  is  under  instruction  in  the  first  rudi- 
ments of  Christianity;  a  neophyte. — Cate- 
chumenical,  kat'e-ka-men"ik-al,  a.  Be- 
longing to  catechumens. 

Category,  kat'e-gor-i,  n:  [Gr.  katSgoria,  a 
class  or  category,  from  katSgoreo,  to  ac- 
cuse, show,  demonstrate— A;ato,  down,  &c., 
and  agoreO,  to  speak  in  an  assembly,  from 
agora,  a  forum  or  market.]  One  of  the 
highest  classes  to  which  objects  of  thought 
can  be  referred;  one  of  the  most  general 
heads  under  which  everything  that  can 
be  asserted  of  any  subject  may  be  arranged; 
in  a  popular  sense,  any  class  or  order  in 
which  certain  things  are  embraced.- Cate- 
gorematic,  kat'e-gor'e-mat"ik,  a.    jGr. 

.  ^aieffor^ma, apredicate.]  iooic,  conveying 
a  whole  term,  i.e.  either  the  subject  or 
predicate  of  a  proposition,  in  a  single  word. 
— n.  A  word  which  is  capable  of  l)einK  em- 
ployed by  itself  as  a  term.  —  Categore- 
matically,kat'5-gor'e-mat"ik-al-li,  adv.  In 
a  categorematic  manner.  —  Categorical, 
kat-5-gor'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  cate- 
gory; absolute:  positive;  express;  not  re- 
lative or  hypothetical  (statement,  answer). 
—Categorically,  kat-e-gor'ik-al-li,acfD.  In 
a  categorical  manner;  absolutely;  directly: 
expressly ;  positively.  —  Categoricalness, 
kat-c-gor'ik-al-nes,  n. 


ch,  c/iain;    eft,  Sc.  locft;    g,  go;    j,  job',    fi,  Fr.  tcm;    pg,  sine;    th,  tften;  th,  thini    w,  wig;    wh,  wftig;    zli,  asure. 


CATELECmODE 


106 


CAUSE 


Catelectrode,  kat-i-lek'trod,  n.  [Prefix 
kata,  down,  and  eUclrod&.l.  The  negative 
electrode  or  pole  of  a  voltaic  battery,  the 

positive  electrode  being  the  anetectrode. 

Catenary,  Catenarian,  kat'e-nai'-i,  kat-S- 
na'ri-an,  a.  [L.  catenarius,  from  catena,  a 
chain.]  Relating  to  a  chain;  like  a  chain. 
—Catenary  or  catenarimi  curve,  that  va- 
riety of  curve  which  ig  formed  by  a 
rope  or  chain,  of  uniform  density  and 
thickness,  when  allowed  to  hang  freely 
with  its  ends  attached  to  two  fixed  points. 
— Catenate,^  kat'e-nat,  v.t.  To  connect  in 
a  series  of  links  or  ties;  to  concatenate.-^ 
Catenation,!  katrg-na'shon,  n.  Connec- 
tion of  links;  union  of  parts,  as  in  a  chain; 
regular  connection;  concatenation. 

Cater,  ka'ter,  v.i.  [From  obs.  cater,  a  ca- 
terer, O.Pr.  acatettr,  acator,  from  axiater, 
L.L.  accaptare,  to  buy,  from  L.  ad,  to,  and 
L.  captare,  intens.  otcapere,  to  take.]  To 
buy  or  provide  something  for  use,  enjoy- 
ment, or  entertainment ;  to  purvey  food, 
provisions,  amusement,  &c.:  followed  by 
/of.— Caterer ,  ka't6r-6r,  n.  One  who  caters; 
a  provider  or  purveyor  of  provisions ;  one 
who  provides  for  any  want  or  desire.  — 
Cateress,  ka't6r-es,  n.  A  woman  who  caters; 
a  female  provider.    [Mil/i 

Cateran,  kat'6r-an-,  n.  [Gael,  and  Ir.  eeath- 
amach,  a  soldier.]  A  kern;  a  Highland  or 
Irish  irregular  ?'>ldJer ;  a  Highland  free- 
booter. 

Cater-couain,t  ka'tfer-kuz-n,  n.  lCater=Fi. 
quatre,  four.)  A  distant  cousin;  a  remote 
relation.    iShak.] 

Caterpillar;  kat'6r-pil-ler,  n.  [O.E.  catyrpel 
(comp.  catfirwaul);  from  cat,  and  pill,  from 
rolling  themselves  up  in  a  ball.]  Pro- 
perly, the  hairy,  worm-like  lar\'a  or  grub 
of  the  lepidopteroug  insects  (butterflies, 
and  moths),  but  also  sometimes  applied 
to  the  larvaB  of  other  insects. 

Caterwaul,  kat'^r-wal,  v.i.  [From  cat,  and 
waul,  in  imitation  of  the  sound  made  by  a 
cat;  O.E.  caterwawe.]  To  utter  noisy  and 
disagreeable  cries:  said  of  cats;  to  make  a 
disagreeable  howling  or  screeching. 

Catharist,  kath'a-rist,  n.  [Gr.  kaiharos, 
pure.]  One  who  pretends  to  more  purity 
than  others  possess;  a  puritan:  a  term  ap- 
plied to  vanous  ancient  religious  sects  or 
bodies. 

Cathartic,  ka-thar'tik,  o.  [Gr.  kathartikos, 
from  kathairO,  to  purge,  katharos,  clean.] 
Purgative;  cleansing- the  bowels. — n.  A 
medicine  that  cleanses  the  stomach  and 
bowels  by  purging;  a  purge;  a  purgative. 
— Cathartine,  ka-thar'tin,  n.  ■  The  active 
principle  of  cathartics,  such  as  senna, 
rhubarb,  &c. 

Cathedra,  ka-thed'ra,  n.  [L.  cathedra,  a 
teacher's  or  professor's  chair,  a  bishop's 
chair,  Gr.  kathedra,  a  chair  or  seat — kaia, 
down,  and  hedra,  a  seat.]  The  throne  or 
seat  of  a  bishop  in  the  cathedral  or  epis- 
copal church  of  his  diocese.— Cathedral, 
ka-the'dral,  n.  The  principal  church  in  a 
diocese,  that  which  is  specially  the  church 
of  the  bishop:  so  called  from  possessing  the 
episcopal  chair  called  cathedra.— a.  Per- 
taining to  the  bishop's  or  head  church  of  a 
diocese  (a  cathedral  church).         •  ' 

Catherine-wheel,  kath'6r-in-wh5l,  to.  A  sort 
of  firework  constructed  in  the  form  of  a, 
wheel,  which  rotates  as  the  fire  issues  from 
the  aperture;  arch,  a  window,  or  compart- 
ment of  a  window,  of  a  circular  form,  with 
radiating  divisions  or  spokes. 

Catheter,  kath'e-t6r,  n.  [Gr.  kafhetSr,  from 
kathiemi,  to  thrust  in— iato,  down,  and 
hiemi,  to  send.]  In  surg.  a  tubular  instru- 
ment, usually  made  of  silver,  to  be  intro- 
duced through  the  urethra  into  the  blad- 
der to  draw  ofi'  the  urine  when  the  natural 
discharge  is  arrested.— Catheterize,  kath'- 
e-Jer-iz,  v.t.  ^  To  operate  on  with  a  cathe- 
ter.   •         ■  .j^  - 

Cathode,  kath'Sd,  n.  [Gr.  kata,  down,  and 
hodoa,  a  way.  ]  The  negative  pole  of  an 
electric  current,  or  that  by  which  the  cur- 
rent leaves:  opposed  to  anode. 

Catholic,  kath'o-lik,  a.  [Gr.  kaOiolikog— 
kaia,  down,  throughout,  and  holoa,  the 
•whole;  L.  catholicus,  Fr.  catholique.]  Uni- 
versal or  general;  embracing  all;  wide-ex- 
tending (the  catholic  church  or  faith);  not 
narrow-minded,  partial,  oribigoted;  free 


from  prejudice;  liberal  (catholic  tastes  ox 
.<  sympathies);  pertaining  to  or  aifecting  the 

r  Roman  Catholics.  —  Catholic  epistles,  the 
epistles  of  the  apostles  which  are  addressed 

.  to  all  the  faithful,  and  not  to  a  particular 
church;  the  epistles  general. — n.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  universal  Christian  church; 
often  restricted  to  members  of  the  Church 
of  Rome.— Catholicism,  ka-thol'i-sizm,  n. 
The  state  of  being  catholic  or  universpl ; 
catholicity;  adherence  to  the  Roman 
Catholic  church;  the  Roman  Catholic 
faith.— Catholicity,  kath-o-lis'i-ti,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  catholic  or  uni- 
versal; catholic  character  or  iX)sition;  uni- 
versality; the  quality  of  being  catholic  or 
liberal-minded. — Catholicize, ka-thol'i-siz, 
v.i.  To  become  a  Catholic.  —  Catholicly, 
kath'o-lik-Ii,  adv.  In  a  cathobc  maimer; 
tiniversally;  generally.  — Catholicon,t  ka- 
thol'i-kon,  n.  [Gr.  katholikon  iama,  univer- 
sal remedy.]  A  remedy  for  all  diseases ; 
a  panacea. 

Cation,  kat'i-on,  n.  [Gr.  kata,  down,  and 
ion,  going.]  The  element  or  elements  of 
an  electrolyte  which  in  electro-chemical 
decompositions  appear  at  the  negative 

•  pole  or  cathode. 

Catkin,  n.    Under  Cat. 

Catonlan,  ka-to'ni-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  either  of  the  Romans,  Cato  the 
censor  or  Cato  Uticensis.both  remarkable 
for-  severity  of  manners;  hence,  grave; 
severe;  inflexible. 

Catoptric,  ka-top'trik,  a.  [Gr.  katopirikos, 
from  katoptron,  a  mirror— Arato,  against, 
and  optomai,  to  see.]  Pertaining  to  inci- 
dent and  reflected  light;  pertaining  to  ca- 
toptrics.—Catoptrics,  ka-top'triks,n.  That 
branch  of  optics  which  explains  the  pro- 
perties of  incident  and  reflected  light,  and 
particularly  that  which  is  reflected  from 
mirrors  or  polished  bodies. 

Catsup,  n.    K.ETCHOF. 

Cattle,katl,n.f>2.  [O.E.  catel, goods, cattle, 
from  Q.Fr.  catel,  chatel,  property  in  gen- 
eral, from  L.L.  capitate,  captale,  property, 
capital,  from  L.  capitalis,  chief,  capital, 
from  capwi,  the  head.  Cattle= chattel,  capi- 
tal.} A  term  applied  collectively  to  ao- 
mestic  quadrupeds,  such  as  serve  for  til- 
lage or  other  labour,  or  for  food  to  man, 
including  camels,  horses,asses,cows,  sh'eep, 
goats,  and  perhaps  swine,  but  now  chiefly 
restricted  to  domestic  beasts  of  the  cow 
kind.— Cattle-pen,  n.  A  pen  or  iriclosure 
for  cattle.— Cattle-plague,  n.  A  virulently 
contagious  disease  affecting  cattle;  rinder- 

§est.  —  Cattle-show,  n.  An  exhibition  of 
omestic  animals  for  prizes  with  a  view  to 
the  encouragement  of  agriculture. 

Catty,  kat'i,  n.    A  Chinese  weig'ut  of.lj  lb. 

Caucasian,  ka-ks.'zi-an  or  kiv-kE'zhi-an,  a. 
Pertaining  to  Mount  Caucasus  in  Asia; 

•specifically,  a  term  appellative  of  one  of 
the  races  into  which  the  human  family 
has  been  divided  j^n.  An  ethnological  term 
applied  to  the  highest  type  of  the  human 
family,  including  nearly  all  Europeans, 
the  Circassians,  Armenians,  Persians,  In- 
dians, Jews,  &c.,  being  invented  by  Blu- 
menbach,  who  regarded  a  skull  he  had  got 
from  Caucasus  as  representing  the  stan- 
dard of  perfection. 

Caucus,  ka'kus,  n.  [Originally  American : 
a  term  of  doubtful  origin.  ]  A  private 
meeting  of  citizens  to  agree  upon  candi- 
dates to  be  proposed  for  election  to  offices, 
or  to  concert  measures  for  supporting  a 
party. 

Caudal,  ka'dal,  o.  [L.  eauda,  a  tail.]  Per- 
taining to  a  tail ;  of  the  nature  of  a  tail ; 
having  the  appearance  of  a  tail.^Caudate, 
Caudated,  ka'dat,  ka'dat-ed,  a.  Having  a 
tail:  a  term  applied  in  60*.  to  seeds  which 
have  a  tail-like  appendage.— Caudicle,ka'- 
di-kl,  n.  In  bot.  the  process  supporting 
the  pollen  masses  of  orchideous  plants. 

Caudex,  ka'dek-s,  n.  L.  pi.  Caudices,  k^'di- 
s5z,  E.  pl.'Caudexes,  ka'deks-ez.  [L.]  In 
bot.  the  stem  of  a  tree ;  specially  the  scaly 
trunk  of  palms  and  tree-ferns. 

Candle,  ka'dl,  n.  [O.Fr.  eavdel,  chaudel,  a 
dim.  form  from  L.L.  caliduvi,  caldum,  a 
kind  of  hot  drink, from  L.  caZidug, warm.) 
A  kind  of  warm  drink  made  of  spiced  and 
sugared  wine  or  ale,  given  to  sick  persons, 
women  in  childbed,  or  the  Uke.— ».t.  To. 


make  into  caudle;  to  refresh  or  make  warm, 
88  with  caudle  dSAoA;.).— Caudle-cup,  n.  A 
vessel  or  cup  for  holding  caudle. 

Caof,  kaf,  n.  [Perhaps  for  corf,  or^in  to 
coffer;  comp.  also  W.  eaf.a.  hollow,  a  cave.] 
A  chest  with  holes  for  keeping  fish  alive 
in  water ;  a  vessel  of  sheet^iron  employed 

,  to  raise  coal  from  the  bottom  of  a  shaft;  a 

'  corb  or  corf. 

Caught,  kat,  pret.  &  pp..  of  catch. 

Cauk,  kak,  n.  A  term  for  a  kind  of  nodu- 
lar siliceous  ironstone,  also  for  sulphate  of 
baryta  or  heavy-spar. 

Cauker,  ka'kfer,  n.  A  calker  or  projecting 
piece  of  iron  on  a  horse's  shoe. 

Caul,  kal,  n.  [From  O.Fr.  eale,  a  kind  of 
little  cap^from  the  Celtic;  comp.  Ir.  calla, 

■  Gael,  callrn  veil,  a  hood.]  A  kind  of  head- 
covering  worn  by  females;  a  net  inclosing 
the  hair;  the  hinder  part  of  a  cap;  a  mem- 
brane investing  some  part  of  the  vis- 
cera (O.T.);  a  portion  of  the  amnion  or 
membrane  enveloping  the  fetus,  some- 
times encompassing  the  head  of  a  child 
when  bom,  and  superstitiously  supposed 
to  be  a  preservative  against  drowning. 

Cauldron,  kal'dron.    Same  as  Caldron. 

Caulescent, ka-les'ent,  a.  [L.  caulis,  astalk.] 
Bot.  having  a  caulis  or  obvious  stem  rising 
above  the  ground.  —  Caulicle,  •ka'li-kl,  n. 
[L.  caulicultis,]  Bot.  a  little  or  rudimentary 
stem.- CauBcule,  Cauliculus,  ka'li-kill,  ka- 
lik'fl-lus,  n.  Arch,  the  little  t'wists  or  vol- 
utes under  the  flower  on  the  abacus  in  the 
Corinthian  capital ;  bot.  same  as  Caulicle. 
— Cauliferoua,  ka-lifer-us,  a.  Bot.  same  as 
Caulescent'.— CaxiMioTm.,  ka'U-fonn,  a.  Bot. 
having  the  form  of  a  caulis.— Cauline,  ka'- 
lin,  a.  Bot.  of  or  belonging  to  a  stein 
(cavlime  leaves).— Caulis,  kalis,  n.  Bot.  the 
stem  of  a  plant  rising  above  the  ground. 

Caullflovver,  ka'U-flou-fer,  n.  [Lit.  cabbage- 
flower,  from  its  appearance,  from  L.  cau- 
lis, colewort,  cabbage,  and  E.  fiower;  comp. 
Fr.  cJimifieuT  {chou,  cabbage,  fieiir,  flower), 
cauliflower.]  A  garden  variety  of  cabbage, 
the  inflorescence  of  which  is  condensed 
while  young  into  a  depressed  fleshy  head, 
which  is  highly  esteemed  as  a  tabje  vege- 
table. 

Caulk,  kftk,  t).<.  [O.E.  cauke,  O.Fr.  cauquer. 
to  tread,  from  L.  calcare,  to  tread,  to  tread 
on,  from  calx,  calcis,  a  heel.  J  To  drive  oak- 
um into  the  seams  of  (a  ship  or  other  ves- 
sel), to  prevent  leaking,  the  seams  being 
then  smeared  with  melted  pitch.— Caulker, 
ka'kfer,  n.  One  who  caulks.  —  Caulking- 
iron,  n.  A  chisel  used  for  caulking  or 
driving  oakum  into  the  seams  of  ships  or 
other  >«56sel8. 

Cause,  kaz,  n.  [Fr.  cause,  L.  eav^a,  a  cause.] 
That  which  produces  an  effect;  that  which 
brings  about  a  change;  that  from  which 
anything  proceeds,  and  without  which  it 
would  not  exist;  the  reason  or  motive  that 
urges,  moves,  or  impels  the  mind  to  act  or 
decide;  a  suit  or  action  in  court;  any  legal 

■  process  which  a  party  institutes  to  obtain 
his  demand,  or  by  which  he  seeks  his  right; 
any  subject  of  question  or  debate ;  case ; 
interest;  matter;  affair;  that  object  or  side 
of  a  question  to  which  the  eflbrts  of  a  per- 
son or  party  are  directed. — v.t— caused, 
cauMng.  To  be  the  cause  of ;  to  eftect  by 
agency;  to  bring  about;  to  be  the  occasion 
of;  to  produce.— Cansable,  ka'za-bl,  a.  Cap- 
able of  being  caused,  produced,  or  effected. 
— Causal,  ka'zal,  a.  [L.  causalis.]  Relat- 
ing to  a  cause  or  causes ;  implying,  con- 
taining, or  expressing  a  cause  or  causes, 
—re.  A  verb  signifying  to  make  to  do 
something;  as  fell,  to  make  to  fall.— 
Causality,  ka-zal'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of 
being  causal;  the  fact  of  acting-asa  cause; 
th^  action  or  power  of  a  cause,  in  pro- 
ducing its  effect;  the  doctrine  or  principle 
that  every  change  implies  the  opeiation 
of  a  cause. — Causally,  ka'zal-li,  adv.    In  a 

•  causal  manner;  by  tracing  effects  to  causes; 
by  acting  as  a  cause. — Causation,  ka-zft'- 
shon,'  n.  The  act  of  causing  or  producing; 
the  doctrine  as  to  the  connection  of  causes 
and  effects.  —  Causationism,  kcv-za'shon- 
izm,  n.  The  doctrine  that  every  event  or 
phenomenon  is  the  result  of  some  previous 
event  or  phenomenon,  without  which  it 
could  not  nave  taken  place.— Causationist, 
k^z&'shon-ist,  ?i.  A  believer  in  causation- 


Eftte,j8r,  fat,  fftll;     me,  metj^hfer;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tflbe,  tub,  bull;  *  oil,  pounds*  "tl,  Sc.ab«He—the.Fr.lB. 


CAUSEWAY 


107 


CELADON 


ism. —Causative,  ka'za-tiv,  a.  Effective  as 
;i  cause  or  agent :  "often  followed  by  of; 
yram.  expressing  a  cause  or  reason ;  caus- 
al.— n.  A  word  expressing  a  cause. — Caua- 
atively,  ka'za-tiv-U,  adv.  In  a  causative 
manner.  —  Causeless,  kazles,  a.  Having 
no  cause  or  producing  a^ent;  self-origin- 
ated; uncreated;  without  just  ground,  rea- 
son, or  motive.  —  Causelessly,  kftz'les-li, 
ado.  In  a  causeless  manner;  without  cause 
or  reason.— Causer,  kaz'er,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  causes. 

Causeway,  kaz '  wii,  n.  [Original  spelling 
causey,  from  O.Fr.  catteie  (Mod.Fr.  chaus- 
sie),  from  L.L.  calciata  {via,  understood), 
a  road  in  making  which  lime  or  mortar 
is  used,  from  Ij.  calx,  calcis,  lime  (whence 
chalk,  calcareous).]  A  road  or  path  raised 
above  the  natural  level  of  the  ground  by 
stones,  earth,  timber,  &c.,  serving  as  a 
passage  over  wet  or  marshy  ground  or  the 
like;  a  raised  and  paved  roadway. — v.t.  To 
provide  with  a  causeway;  to  pave,  as  a  road 
or  street,  with  blocks  of  stone.  —  Causey, 
ka'zi,  V.  and  n.  Causeway:  a  less  common 
but  more  correct  spelling. 

Caustic, kas'tik,a.  fGr. kau8tikos,tromkaiO, 
kausO,  to  bum.]  Capable  of  burning,  cor- 
roding.or  destroying  the  texture  of  animal 
substances;  Jig.  severe ;  cutting;  stinging; 
pungent;  sarcastic. — n.  Med.  any  substance 
which  burns,  corrodes,  or  disintegrates  the 
textures  of  animal  structures;  an  eschar- 
otic:  sometimes  popularly  restricted  to 
lunar  caustic  or  nitrate  of  silver  when  cast 
into  sticks  for  surgeons'  use;  math,  the 
name  given  to  the  curve  tffwhich  the  rays 
of  light  reflected  or  refracted  by  another 
curve  are  tangents. — Caustically,  kfts'ti- 
kal-li,  adv.  In  a  caustic  or  severe  manner. 
—Causticity,  kas-tis'i-ti,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  caustic  or  corrosive;  Jig.  severity 
of  language;  pungency;  sarcasm.  —  Cans- 
ticness,  kas'tik-nes,  n.    Causticity. 

Cautel,^  kft'tel,  n.  [L.  cauiela,  from  caveo, 
to  take  caire.]  Caution;  prudence;,  crafti- 
ness; cunning.  [Shak.]  —  Cautelous,t  k?i'- 
tel-us,  a.  IFr.  cauteleux.]  Cautious;  wary; 
provident;  cunning;  treacherous;  wily. 

Cauterize,  kfi'tfer-iz,  v.t. — cauterized,  cauter- 
izing. [L.L.  cauterizo,  from  6r.  kautli-iazO, 
from  kauterion,  kautir,  a  burning  or  brand- 
ing iron,  from  ArawS,  to  bum.]  To  bum  or 
sear  with  fire  or  a  hot'  iron  or  with  caus- 
tics, as  morbid  flesh. — Cauterant,  ka'tfer- 
ant,  n.  A  cauterizing  substance.— Cauter- 
ization, ka'teriz-a"shon,  n.  Surg,  the  act 
or  the  effect  of  cauterizing.— Cautery,  kft'- 
ter-i,  n.  [L.  cauterium,  Gr.  kauterion.']  A 
burning  or  searing,  as  of  morbid  flesh,  by 
a  hot  iron  or  by  caustic  substaficeS;  the 
instrument  or  drug  employed  in  cauteriz- 
ing. 

Caution,  ka'shon,  n.  [L.  cauiio,  from  caveo, 
cautum,  to  be-  on  one's  guard,  bewajy.j 
Provident  care;  prudence  in  regard  to  dstn- 
ger;  wariness;  watchfulness,  forethought, 
or  vigilance;  a  measure  taken  for  security; 
a  sc^3urity  or  guarantee  J;  a  warning  or 
admonition. — v.t.  To  give  notice  of  danger 
to;  to  warn;  to  exhort  to  take  heed. — 
Cautionary,  ka'shon-ar-i,  a.  Containing 
caution,  or  warning  to  avoid  danger;  given 
as  a  pledge  or  in  security. — Cautioner,  ka'- 
shon-6r,  n.  One  who  cautions.— Cautious, 
ka'shus,  a.  Possessing  or  exhibiting  cau- 
tion; attentive  to  examine  probable  effects 
and  consequences  of  fictions  with  a  view 
to  avoid  danger  or  misfortune ;  prudent ; 
circumspect;  wary;  watchful^  vigilant; 
careful.  —  Cautiously,  ka'shus-li,  adv.  In 
a  cautious  manner.  —  Cautiousness,  ka'- 
shus-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  cautious; 
caution. 

Cavalcade,  kav'al-kad,  .n.  [Fr.  cavalcade. 
It.  cavalcata,  from  L.  caballus,  a  horse. 
Cavalier,  Cavalry.]  A  procession  of  per- 
sons on  horseback,  or  consisting  mostly  of 
persons  on  horseback. 

Cavalier,  kav-a-ler*,  n.  [Fr.  cavalier,  L.L. 
cahallarius,  from  L.  cdbaUus,  a  horse, 
whence  also  cavalry,  chivalry,  cavalcade, 
&c.  Chevalier  is  a  parallel  form.]  A  horse- 
man, especially  an  armed  horseman;  a 
knight;  a  partisan  of  Charles  I.,  as  op- 
posed to"a  Koundhead  or  adherent  to  the 
Parliament;  a  gentleman  attending  on  or 
escorting  a  lady;  a  beau;  the  gentleman 


acting  as  partner  to  a  lady  in  dancing; 
fort,  a  work  commonly  situated  within 
the  bastion,  and  raised  higher  than  the 
other  works  so  as  to  command  all  the  ad- 
jacent works  and  the  surrounding  coun- 
try.—  a.  Gay;  sprightly;  easy;  off-hand; 
haughty;  disdainful;  supercilious  (a  caua- 
lier  answer).— Cavalierly,  kav-a-ler'li,  adv. 
In  a  cavalier  manner;  haughtily;  arro- 
gantly ;  disdainfully.— Cavalierness,  kav- 
a-ler'nes,  n.  —  Cavalry,  kav'al-ri,  n.  [Fr. 
cavalerie,  from  It.  cavalleria,  from  cavallo. 
L.  caballus,  a  horse.  Chivalry  is  a  parallel 
form.]  A  body  of  troops,  or  soldiers,  that 
serve  on  horseback ;  horse  soldiers. 

Cavass,  Ca-wass,  ka-vas',  ka-was',  n.  A 
Turkish  police-officer;  a  messenger;  an 
orderly. 

Cavatina,  kav-a-te'na,  n.  [It.]  Music,  a 
melody  of  short  simple  character,  and 
without  a  second  part  and  a  return  part. 

Cave,  kav,  n.  [Fr.  cave,  from  L.  cavus,  hol- 
low, whence  also  cavity,  cavern,  and  cage.] 
A  hollow  place  in  the  earth ;  a  subterra- 
nean cavern;  a  den.— v.t.  To  make  hollow. 
— w.i.t  To  dwell  in  a  cave.— 7"o  cave  in,  to 
fall  in  and  leave  a  hollow,  as  earth  on  the 
side  of  a  well  dr  pit  or  the  roof  of  a  sub- 
terranean passage.  —  Cave-dweller,  Cave- 
man, n.  One  who  dwells  in  caves,  a  name 
given  to  such  of  the  earliest  races  of  pre- 
historic man  as  dwelt  in  natural  caves, 
subsisting  onj  shell-fish  and  wild  animals. 

Caveat,  ka've-at,  n.  [L.  caveat,  let  him  be- 
ware, from  caveo,  to  beware.]  In  law,  a 
Erocess  in  a  court  to  stop  proceedings; 
ence,  an  intimation  of  caution;  hint; 
warning;  admonition.  —  w.i.'  To  enter  a 
C9,veat.— Caveator,  ka've-&t-6r,n.  One  who 
enters  a  caveat. 

Cavendish,  kav'en-dish,  n.  '  Tobacco  which 
has  been  softened  and  pressed  into  quad- 
rangular cakes. 

Cavern,  kav'em,n.  [L. eavema,fToracavu8, 
hollow.  Cave.]  A  deep  hollow  place  .in 
the  earth;  a  cave.— Cavemed,  kav'^rnd,  a. 
Full  of  caverns  or  deep  chasms ;  having 
caverns;  inhabiting  acavem. — Cavernous, 
kav'6m"-us,  a.  [L.  cavemosus.]  Hollow, 
or  containing  a  cavern  or  caverns;  filled 
with  small  cavities.  —  Cavernulous,  ka- 
v6r'nfl-lu8,  a.  [L.  cavemula,  dim.  of  eav- 
ema,  a  cavern.]  Full  of  little  cavities 
(cavernulous  metal). 

Cavetto,  ka-vet'to,  n.  [It.,  from  eavo,  hol- 
low, L.  cavus.)  Arch,  a  hollow  member, 
or  round  concave  moulding,  containing 
the  quadrant  of  a  circle. 

Caviar,  Caviare,  kav-i-ilr'  or  kav-5-ar',  n. 
(Fr.  caviar,  Turk,  havidr.]  The  roes  of 
certain  large  fish,  as  the  sturgeon,'  pre- 
pared and  salted,  and  chiefly  caught  in 
the  lakes  or  rivers  of  Russia. 

Cavicom,  kav'i-kom,  a.  |L.  cavus,  hollow, 
and  comu,  a  horn.]  Applied  to  a  family 
of  ruminants,  as  the  ox,  antelope,  and 
goat,  with  persistent  horns  (thus  differing 
from  the  deer),  consisting  of  a  bony  core 
and  a  horny  sheath,  in  both  sexes  or  in 
males  only. — n.  One  of  the  above  animals. 

Cavil,  kav'il,  v.i. — cavilled,  cavilling.  [O.Fr. 
caviller,  from  L.  cavillor,  to  cavil,  cafiHa,  a 
quibble,  trick*  shuflle.]  To  raise  captious 
and  frivolous  objections;  to  find  fault 
without  good  reason:  frequently  followed 
by  at. — n.  A  x:aptious  or  frivolous  objec- 
tion; captiousorspeciousargument.— Cav- 
iller, kav'il-6r,  n.  One  who  cavils;  one 
who  is  apt  to  raise  captious  objections;  a 
captious  disputant. — Cavilling,  kav'il-ing, 
a.  Given  to  cavil  or  make  captious  objec- 
tions.—Cavillingly,  kav'il-ing-li,  adv.  In 
a  cavilling  manner.— Cavillous,t  kav'il-us, 
a.    Cavilling. 

Cavil,  kav'il,  n.  A  stone-mason's  axe,  with 
a  flat  face  and  a  pointed  peen. 

Cavity,  kav'i-ti,  n.  (Fr.  cavite,  L.  cavitas, 
from  L.  cavus,  hollow.  Cave.]  A  hollow 
place;  a  hollow;  a  void  or  empty  space  in 
a  body;  an  opening;  a  hollow  part  of  the 
human  body,— Cavitied,  kav'i-tid,  a.  Hav- 
ing cavities.      ■  • 

Cavo-relievo,ka'vo-r5-le-5'vo,n.  [It.]  Sculp. 
a  k^nd  of  relief  in  which  the  highest  sur- 
face is  only  level  with  the  plane  of  the 
original  stone. 

Cavy,  ka'vi,  n.  The  name  common  to 
certain  South  American  rodent  iinimals, 


the  most  familiar  species  being  the  well 
known  guinea-pig. 

Caw,  ka,  v.i.  [Imitative  of  the  sound; 
comp.  Sc.  kae,  t).  kaauw,  Dan.  kaa,  a  jack- 
daw.] To  ciy  like  a  crow,  rook,  or  raven, 
n.  The  cry  of  the  rook  or  crow. 

Cawquaw,  ka'kwa,  n.  The  urson  or  Cana- 
dian porcupine,  whose  spines  are  often 
used  as  ornaments  by  the  Indians. 

Cay,  ka,  n.  [Sp.  cayo,  a  rock,  a  shoal,  an 
islet.]  An  islet;  a  range  or  reef  of  rocks 
lying  near  the  surface  of  the  water :  used 
especially  in  the  West  Indies  and  some- 
times written  Key. 

Cayenne,  ki-en'  or  kSren',  n.  [From  Cay- 
enne-in  South  America.]  A  kind  of  pep- 
per, a  powder  made  from  the  dried  and 
ground  fruits,  and  more  especially  the 
seeds,  of  various  species  of  Capsicum. 

Cayman,  Caiman,  ka'man,  n.  [Native 
Guiana  name.]  A  name  applied  popular- 
ly to  the  alligator  of  the  West  Indies  and 
South  America. 

Cazique,  ka-zek',  n.  The  native  name  of 
the  princes  or  head  chiefs  of  Hayti,  Cuba, 
Peru,  Mexico)  and  other  regions  of  Ameri- 
ca, who  were  found  reigning  there  when 
these  countries  were  discovered. 

Cease,  ses,  v.i.— ceased,  ceasing.  '[Fr.  cesser, 
L.  cesso,  cessare,  to  cease,  a  freg.  from 
cedere,  to  yield,  to  cede.  Cede.]  To  stop 
moving,  acting,  or  speaking ;  to  leave  oft'; 
to  give  over;  to. desist:  followed  hy  from 
before  a  noun ;  to  come  to  an  end ;  to  ter- 
minate; to  become  extinct;  to  pass  away 
(the  storm  cease?). — v.t.  To  put  a  stop  to ; 
to  put  an  end  to;  to  desist  from. — Cease- 
less, ses'les,  a.  Without  a  stop  or  pause; 
incessant;  continual;  without  intermis- 
sion; enduring  for  ever ;  endless.  —  Cease- 
lessly, s6s'les-li,  adv.  Incessantly;  perpet- 
ually.—Ceaselessness,  s5s'les-ne?,  n. 

Cebadllla,  seb-a-dil '  la,  n.  The  Spanish 
American  name  for  the  seeds  of  a  bulbous 
plant  lUied  in  medicine. 

CfebyuraT  seb-i-u'ra,  n.  A  Brazilian  tree, 
the  bark  of  which  is  used  in  decoctions 
for  baths  and  fomentations  in  rheumatism 
and  cutaneous  diseases. 

Cedar,  se'dfir,  w.  [L.  cedrus,  6r.  kedros, 
a  kind  of.  juniper.]  A  coniferous  ever- 
green tree  which  grows  to  a  great  size, 
and  is  remarkable  for  its  durability,  form- 
ing fine  woods  on  the  mountains  of  Syria 
and  Asia  Minor,  and  often  called  distinc- 
tively the  cedar  of  Lebanon.  The  deodar 
cedar  is  closely  akin  to  it,  and  the  njime 

.  is  also  given  to  various  other  trees.— o. 
Made  of  cedar;  belonging  to  cedar.— Ce- 
dared,  se'dtrd,  a.  Covered  or  furnished 
with  cedars.  —  Cedam,  se'dem,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  cedar,  made  of  cedar. 
[  Tenn.  J— Cedrine,  sed'rin,  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  cedar. 

Cede,  sed,  v.t.  —  ceded,  ceding.  [L.  eedo, 
cessum,  to  retire,  yield,  grant,  give  up, 
a  word  which  appears  also  in  accede,  con- 
cede, exceed,  precede,  recede,  decease,  abs- 
cess, antecedient,  ancestor,  predecessor,  cease, 
&c.)  To  yield;  to  surrender;  to  give  up;  to 
resign;  to  relinquish.— w.i.  To  yield;  to  sub- 
mit; to  pass  over;  to  be  transferred;  .to 
fall  to;  to  lapse.  —  Cedentt,  sed'ent,  a. 
Yielding;  giving  way. 

Cedilla,  s5-dil'la,  n.  [Fr.  cedilU,  It.  eedi- 
glia,  a  dim.  of  zeta,  the  name  of  e  in 
Greek;  because  formerly,  in  order  to  give 
c  the  sound  of  8,  it  was  customary  to  write 
C3,- thus  iec2on,  for  modem  tef  on.]  A  mark 
placed  under  the  letter  c,  especially  in 
French  (thus  <;),  to  show  that  it  is  to  be 
sounded  like  s. 

Cedrate,  Cedrat,  se'drat,  se'drat,  n.  [Fr. 
eidrat.]  A  variety  of  the  citron-tree;  also, 
the  fruit  of  the  tree. 

Ceil,  sel,  v.t.  [O.E.  seile,  a  canopy,  from 
Fr.  del.  It.  eielo,  a  canopy,  heaven,  from 
L.  ccelum,  heaven,  same  root  as  Gr.  koHos, 
hollow,  and  E.  hollow.]  To  overlay  or 
cover  the  inn^r  roof  of  a  room  or  building; 
to  provide  with  a  ceiling. — Ceiling,  sel'ing, 
n.  The  inside  lining  or  surface  of  an  apart- 
ment above;  the  horizontal  or  curved  sur- 

'face  of  an  apartment  opposite  the  floor, 
usually  finished  with  plastered  work.  — 
Ceilinged,  sel'ingd,  a.  Furnished  with  a 
ceiling.      '  •  -.-•.■  '•->:i 

Celadon,  sel'a-don,  n.    [From  the  name  of 


ch,  cftain;     eft,  Sc.  lecft;     e,go;     j,}oh;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sijif/;     vh,  tAen;  th.  tft\n;     w,  wig;     wh.  whig; .  zh,  asure. 


CELANDINE 


108 


CENTAUR 


llic  I'ero  of  a  popular  Prench  romance.] 
A  soft,  pale,  sea-green  colour. 

Celandine,  sel'an-dm,  n.  (O.Fr.  celidoine. 
Ft.  chelidoine,  from  L.  chelidoniu-)n,  Gr. 
chelidonion,  swallow-wort,  from  chelidon, 
a  swallow.]  A  name  given  to  two  British 
plants  belonging  to  the  poppy  family, 
which  yield  an  acrid  jui(;e  used  in  medi- 
cine; swallow-wort. 

Celebrate,  sel'e-brat,  v.t. — celebrated,  cele- 
brating. [L.  celebro,  celebratum,  to  cele- 
brate, from  celeber,  famous,  frequented, 
populous.]  To  make  kno^vn  or  mention 
often,  especially  with  honour  or  praise;  to 
extol;  to  distinguish  by  any  kind  of  observ- 
ance or  ceremony  (to  celebrate  a  birthday). 
— Celebrant,  sel'e-brant,  n.  One  who  cele- 
brates; on  e  who  performs  a  public  religious 
rite.— Celebrated,  sere^brat-ed,  a.  Hav- 
ing celebrity;  distinguished;  well-known; 
famous.  —  Celebratedness,  t  sel'e-brat-ed- 
nes,  n. — Celebrater.  sel'e-bra-ter,  n.  One 
who  celebrates.  —  Celebration,  sel-e-bra'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  celebrating;  the  act  of 
praising  or  extolling ;  honour  or  distinc- 
tion bestowed ;  the  act  of  observing  with 
appropriate  rites  or  ceremonies.  —  Celeb- 
rity, ss-leb'ri-ti,  n.  i.h.  celebritas.']  The 
condition  of  being  celebrated;  fame;  re- 
nown (the  celebritj/  of  the  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton, of  Homer,  or  of  the  Iliad);  a  person 
of  distinction. 

Celerity,  se-ler'i-ti,  n.  [L.  ederitas,  from 
celer,  swift.]  Rapidity  of  motion;  swift- 
ness; quickness;  speed  .".  As  distinguished 
from  velocity,  celerity  is  now  generally  ap- 
plied to  the  motions  or  actiqns  of  living 
beings,  velocity  to  inanimate  objects. 

Celery,  sere-ri,n.  [Fr.  cilen.  It.  seZeri,  from 
Gr.  8e,linon,  parsley.]  A  plant  indigenous 
to  the  ditches  and  marshy  places  near  the 
sea -coast  in  England  and  Ireland,  and 
long  cultivated  in  gardens  as  a  salad  and 
culinary  vegetable. 

Celestial,  se-les'ti-al,  a.  [O.Fr.-  celestial, 
celestial,  L.  coelestis,  from  ccelum,  heayen, 
whence  also  ceiling.']  Heavenly;  belong- 
ing or  relating  to  heaven;  dwelling  in 
heaven;  supremely  excellent  or  delight- 
ful ;  belonging  to  the  upper  regions  or 
visible  heaven;  pertaining  to  the  heavens. 
— Celestial  Empire,  China,  so  called  be- 
cause the  first  emperors  are  fabled  to  have 
been  deities. — ft.  An  inhabitant  of  heaven; 
a  native  of  China,  the  so-called  Celestial 
Empire.— Celestiaiize,t  se-les'ti-al-iz,  v.t. — 
celestialized,  celestialinng.  To  make  celes- 
tial.—Celestially,  sf-les'ti-al-li,  adv.  In  a 
celestial  or  heavenly  manner.— Celestlal- 
ness,  sS-les'ti-al-nes,  n. 

Celestine,  sel'es-tin,  n.  One  of  a  religious 
order  fovmded  by  pope  Celestine  V.  in  the 
thirteenth  century. 

Celiac,  a.    CfULiAC. 

Celibacyj  sel'i-ba-si,  n.  [L.  coilibatus,  a 
single  life,  celibacy",  from  ccelebs,  unmar- 
ried.] The  state  of  being  celibate  or  un- 
married ;  a  single  life.  —  Celibate,  Celiba- 
tlst.t  sel'i-bat,  se-lib'a-tist,  n.  One  who 
adheres  to  or  practises  celibacy. —a.  Un- 
married; single.- t).i.  To  lead  a  single  life. 
— Celibite.t  sel'i-bit,  n.    A  monk. 

Cell,  sel,  n.  [L.  cella,  a  cell,  a  small  room, 
a  hut,  from  same  root  as  celare,  whence 
coiicelare,  to  conceaZ.  Hole  and  hollow  are 
from  same  root.]  A  small  apartment,  as 
in  a  convent  or  a  prison;  a  small  or  mean 
place  of  residence,  such  as  a  cave  or  hermi- 
tage; a  small  cavity  or  hollow  place:  va- 
riously applied  (the  cella  of  the  brain,  the 
cells  of  a  honey-comb,  the  cells  of  a  galvanic 
battery);  eccles.  a  lesser  religious  house,  es- 
pecially one  subordinate  to  a  greater;  arch. 
the  part  of  the  interior  of  a  temple  where 
tlie  image  of  a  god  stood;  biol.  a  small, 
usually  microscopic,  mass  of  contractile 
protoplasm  with  a  membranous  envelope 
forming  the  most  elementary  constituent 
or  the  structural  unit  in  the  tissues  of 
animals  and  plants.  —  Celled,  seld,  a. 
Furnished  with  a  cell  or  cells;  commonly  in 
compounds,  as  single-ceZted.— Celliferous, 
sel-lif'er-us,  a.  Bearing  or  producing  cells. 
—Cellular,  seno-ler,  a.  |L.  cellula,  a  little 
rell.J  Consisting  of  cells,  or  containing 
cells.— Cellul^res,  sel-lQ-lfl'rez,  n.  pi.  One 
of  the  grand  divisions  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom,  consisting  of  plants  the  tissues 


of  which  are  cellular.— Cellulated,  ssl'lQ- 
!at-ed,  a.  Having  a  cellular  structure- 
Cellule,  sel'lul,  n.  A  little  cell.— Celhi- 
liferous,  sel-lQ-lif  er-us,  a.  Bearing  or  pro- 
ducing little  cells.- Celluloid,  sel'la-Ioid, 
n.  An  artificial  substance,  chiefly  com- 
posed of  cellulose  or  vegetable  febrine, 
used  as  a  substitute  for  ivory,  bone,  coral, 
Ac— Cellulose,  CelluUne,  sel'lu-los,  sel'lQ- 
lin,  a.  Containing  cells. — b.  Bot.  the  sub- 
stance of  which  the  permanent  cell  mem- 
branes of  plants  are  always  composed,  in 
many  respects  allied  to  starch.— Cellulosic, 
sel-lu-lo'sik,  a.  Of  or  relating  to  cellulose; 
produced  by  or  made  of  cellulose. 

Cellar,  8erier,.n.  [L.  ceUarium.  Cell.]  A 
room  in  a  house  or  other  building,  either 
wholly  or  partly  under  ground,  used  for 
storage  purposes.— Cellarage,  sel'lfer-aj,  n. 
The  space  occupied  by  cellars;  cellars  col- 
lectively; charge  for  storage  in  a  cellar.— 
Cellarer,  sel'ler-^r,  «.  A  officer  in  a  mon- 
astery who  has  the  care  of  the  cellar ;  a 
butler;  one  who  keeps  wine  or  spirit  cel- 
lars; a  spirit-dealer. — Cellaret,  sel-ler-et', 
n.  [Dim.  of  cellar.]  A  case  of  cabinet 
work  for  holding  bottles  of  liquors.- Cel- 
laring, sel'ler-ing,  »u  A  range  or  system 
of  cellars;  cellarage.— Celiarman,  sel'ler- 
man,  n.  A  person  who  is  employed  in  a 
wine-cellar;  a  cellarer;  a  butler. 

Celt,  selt,  n.  [L.  Celtce,  Gr.  Keltoi,  Keltai, 
connected  witluW.  celt,  a  covert  or  shade; 
Gael,  ceiltach,  an  inhabitant  of  the  forest.] 
One  of  a  distinct  race  of  men  inhabitants 
of  the  south  and  west  of  Europe,  the  Celts 
now  speaking  a  distinctive  language  being 
the  Bretons,  Welsh,  Scotch  Highlanders, 
and  a  portion  of  tlie  Irish.  (The  word 
witH  its  derivatives  is  frequently  ■written 
with  an  initial  K—Kelt,Keltic,&c.h-Celtic, 
Celtisli,t  sel'tik,  sel'tish,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the' Celts,  or  to  their  language. —n.  The 
language  or  group  of  diabcts  spoken  by 
the  Celts.— Celtlcisni,  sel'ti-sizm,  n.  The 
manners  and  customs  of  the  Celts;  a  Celtic 
expression  or  mode  of  expression. 

Celt,  selt,  n.  [L.L.  eeltis,  a  chisel,  a  celt.] 
A  cutting  "implement  resembling  an  axe- 
head,  made  of  stone  or  metal,  found  in 
ancient  tumuli  and  barrows. 

Cement,  se-ment',  n.  [O.Fr.  cement,  L. 
ccemenXum,  chips  of  stone  made  into  ce- 
n)ent,contr.  from  ccEdimentwn,  from  caedo, 
to  cut.]  Any  glutinous  or  other  substance 
capable  of  imiting  bodies  in  close  cohe- 
sion; a  kind  of  mortar  consisting  of  those 
hydraulic  limes  which  contain  silica  and 
therefore  set  quickly ;  fig.  bond  of  union ; 
that  which  unites  persons  firmly  together. 
— v.t.  To  unite  by  cement  or  other  matter 
that  produces  cohesion  of  bodies;  fig.  to 
unite  firmly  or  closely.— y.i.  To  unite  or 
become  solid;  to  unite  and  cohere. —  Ce- 
mentation, s5-men-ta'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
cementing;  the  conversion  of  iron  into 
steel  by  heating  the  iron  in  a  mass  of 
ground  charcoal,  and  thus  causing  it  to 
absorb  a  certain  quantity  of  the  latter. — 
Cementatory,  se-men'ta-to-ri,  a.  Cement- 
ing; having  the  quality  of  uniting  firmly. 
— Cementer,  se-men'ter,  n.  The  person  or 
thing  that  cements.  —  Cementitious,  se- 
men-ti'shus,  a.  Pertaining  to  cement; 
having  the  quality  of  cementing;  of  the 
nature  of  cement. 

Cemetery,  sem'e-te-ri,  n.  [L.  coinitteriwn, 
a  burying-place,  from  Gr.  Icoimeterion,  a 
Bleeping-place,afterwardsaburying-p!ace, 
fron>  koiinaO,  to  sleep.]  A  place  set  apart 
for  interment;  a  graveyard;  a  necropolis. 

Cenatory,  Cenatical,t  s6'na-to-ri,  sS-nat'ik- 
al,  a.  [L.  ccenatorius,  from  cceno,  canatwn, 
to  sup,  ccena,  supper.]  Pertaining  to  din- 
ner or  supper.  —  Cenation,  Ccenation,  ss- 
na'shon,  n.    The  act  of  dining  or  supping. 

Cenoblte,  sen'o-bit,  n.  [L.  ccenobita,  from 
Gr.  koinobios,  living  in  common,  from 
koinoa,  common,  and  bios,  life.]  One  of  a 
religious  order  living  in  a  convent  or  in 
community;  in  opposition  to  an  anchoret 
or  hermit,  who  lives  in  solitude.  —  Ceno- 
bitic,  Cenobitical,  sen-<5-bit'ik,  sen-o-bit'- 
ik-al,  a.  Living  in  community,  as  men 
belonging  to  a  convent. — Cenob»tisini  sea'- 
o-bit-izm,  n.  The  state  of  being  a  cetio- 
bite;  the  principles  or  practice  of  a  ceno- 
b5te. 


Cenogamy,  ee-nog'a-mi,  n.  Same  as  Cceno.' 
amy. 

Cenotaph,  sen'o-taf,  n.  (Gr.  kencrtaphion— 
kenos,  empty,  and  taphos,  a  tomtj.  ]  A 
sepulchral  monument  erected  to  one  wjio 
is  buried  elsewhere. 

Cense,'!'  sens,  v.t.  —  censed,  censing.  [  Fr. 
encenser.  Incense.]  To  perfume  with  in- 
eense.- «.t.  To  scatter  incense.  —  Censer, 
sen'ser,  n.  [A  shortened  form  for  incenser; 
Fr.  encensoir.}  A  vase  or  pan  in  which  in- 
cense is  burned;  a  vessel  for  burning  and 
wafting  incense;  a  thurible. 

Censor,  sen'ser,  n.  [L.  censor,  from  eenseo, 
to  value,  enrol,  tax.]  An  officer  in  ancient 
Rome  "whose  business  was  to  draw  up  a 
register  of  the  citizens,  to  keep  watch  over 
their  morals,  and  to  superintend  the 
finances  of  the  state;  one  empowered  to 
examine  all  manu8cripts,pampnlet8,new  s- 
papers,  and  books  before  they  are  pub- 
lished, and  to  see  that  they  contain  noth- 
ing obnoxious;  one  who  censures,  blames, 
or  reproves. — Censorial,  sen-so'ri-al,  a.  Be- 
longing to  a  censor  or  to  the  correction  of 
public  morals ;  censorious.  —  Censorloizs, 
sen-so'ri-uB,  a.  Addicted  to  censure;  apt 
to  blame  or  condemn;  ready  to  pass  severe 
remarks  <3n  a  person  s  conduct :  implying 
or  expressing  censure.— CensoriOBSly,  sen- 
so'ri-us-li-,  adv.  In  a  censorious  manner. 
— Censoriousness,  sen-so'ri-us-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  censorious;  disposition  to 
blame  and  condemn.  —  CensorsMp,  sen'- 
Bfir-ship,  n.  The  office  or  dignity  oi  a  cen- 
sor; the  period  of  his  office. 

Censure,  sen'shbr,  n.  [Fr.  censure:  Ii. 
censura,  an  opinion  or  judgment;  nrom 
eenseo,  to  value,  to  estimate,  whence  cen- 
sor, census.]  Judgment  or  opinion!;  the 
act  of  blaming  or  finding  fault  and  con- 
demning as  wrong;  expression  of  blame  or 
disapprobation;  fault-finding;  condemna- 
tion; animadversion. — v.t.— censured,  cen- 
suring. To  find  fault  with  and  condemn 
as  wrong;  to  blame;  to  express  disappro- 
bation of. — D.i.t  To  pass  an  opinion,  especi- 
ally a  severe  opinion.  [S/iaA:.]— Censtirable, 
sen'shbr-a-bl,  a.  Worthy  of  censure;' 
blamable;  culpable;  reprehensible;  blame- 
worthy. —  Censurableness,  sen'shor-a-bl- 
nes,n.  The  quality  of  being  censurable. — 
Censurably,  sen'shor-a-bU,  adv.  In  a  cen- 
surable manner;  in  a  manner  'worthy  of 
blame. — Censurer,  sen'shor-er,  n.  One  who 
censures  or  expresses  blame. 

Census,  sen'sus,  n.  [L.,  from  eenseo,  to 
register,  enrol,  whence  censure,  censor.] 
In  ancient  Rome  a  registered  statement 
of  the  particulars  of  a  person's  property  for 
taxation  purposes;  an  enumeration  and 
register  of  the  Roman  citizens  and  their 
property;  in  modem  times,  an  enumera- 
tion of  the  inhabitants  of  a  state  or  part 
of  it,  taken  by  order  of  its  legislature;  any 
official  enumeration  of  population.— Cen- 
Boal,  sen'sho-al,  a.  [L.  censualis.]  Relat- 
ing to  or  containing  a  census. 

Cent,  sent,  n.  [Contr.  of  L.  ceniitm,  a  hun- 
dred.] A  hundred,  commonly  used  'with 
per;  as,  ten  per  cent,  that  is,  in  the  pro- 
portion of  ten  to  the  hundred;  in  various 
countries  a  coin  equal  to  the  hundredth 
part  of  the  monetary  unit;  in  the  United 
States  the  hundredth  part  of  the  dollar. — 
Cental,  sen'tal,  n.  A  weight  of  100  lbs.— 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  a  hun- 
dred; reckoned  or^roceeding  by  the  hun- 
dred.—Centesimal,  sen-tes'i-mal,  a.  [L. 
centeaimus,iTom.  centum.]  Hundredth;  by 
the  hundred.  —  «.  Hundredth  part ;  the 
next  step  of  progression  after  decimal. 

Centaur,  sen 'tar,  n.  [L.  cerJaurus;  Gr. 
kentauros,  lit.buil-killer;  the  Centaurs  pro- 
bably represented  some  race  that  hunted 
■wild  cattle  and  lived  almost  constantly  on 
borseback-l  Greek  myth,  a  member  of  a 
race  of  faonlous  beings  supposed  to  be 
half  man  and  half,  horse ;  the  name  given 
to  a  constellation  in  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere. —  Centaurize,t  Ben't£(r-iz,  v.u  To 
pierform  the  acts  of,  or  to  be  like  a  centaur. 
— Centaniy,  sen'ta-ri,  n.  [L.  centaurea,  Gr. 
kentaurum,  after  the  Centaur  Cheiron,  be- 
cause said  to  have  cured  a  wound  in  his 
foot.]  The  popularname  of  various  plants. 
Common  centaury  is  an  annual  herb  of 
the  gentian  family  in  high  repute  among 


Fate,  fHr,  fut,  fitU;     mc,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  uot,  mi^Tet  ^  tQbe,  tub,  bnll ;     oil,  pouad;     U,  Sc,  a.bune— the  Fr. «. 


CENTENAP^Y 


109 


CERUA 


the  old  herbalists  for  its  medicinal  pro- 
perties. ■ 

Centenary,  sen'te-na-ri,  n.  [L.  centenaritu, 
consisting  of  a  hundred,  relating  to  a  hun- 
dred, from  centum,  a  hundred.]  What 
Consists  of  or  comprehends  a  hundred;  the 
space  of  a  hundred  years;  the  commemor- 
ation of  any  event  which  occurred  a  hun- 
dred years  before.— a.  Eelating  to  or  con- 
sisting of  a  himdred;  relating  to  a  him- 
d,.ed  years.— Centenarian,  sen-te-na'ri-an, 
n.  Apersonahundredyearsoldorupwards. 
— a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  centenary  or 
ceutenarian.— Centennial,  sen-ten'ni-al,  a. 
ih.  centum,  and  annus,  a  year.]  Consist- 
ii'g  of  or  lasting  a  hundred  years;  aged  a 
hundred  years  or  upwards ;  happening 
c  ery  hundred  years.— n.  The  commemor- 
aiioa  or  celebration  of  any  event  which 
occurred  a  hundred  years  before.  —  Cen- 
tuanially,  sen-ten'ni-al-U,  adv.  '  Onco  in 
every  hundred  years. 

Ceatering,  sen'ter-ing,  n.'  [From  Pr.  cintre, 
centering,  an  arch,  from  Tj.  ci'ogo,  cinctum, 

■  to  gird,  whence  ciwture.l  The  framing  of 
timber  by  which  the  arch  of  a  bridge  or 
other  structure  is  supported  during  its 
erection. 

Csntloipitous^l  sen-ti-sip'i-tus,  a.  [L.  centi- 
ceps,centicipiiis—centum,&,h\!.D.dred,caput, 
the  head.]    Having.a  hundred  heads. 

Centl3.dous,t  sen-tif  i-dus,  a.  (L.  centum,  a 
hundred,  and.j?ndo,  to  split.]  Divided 
into  a  hundred  parts. 

Centifolious,  sen-ti-fo'li-us,  a.  [L.  ce»<i- 
foliua — centum,  a  hundred,  folium,  a  leaf.] 
Having  a  hundred  leaves.  '   ■ 

Centigrade,  sen'ti-grad,  a.  [From  It,  cen- 
tum, a,  hundred,  gradus,Si.  degree.]  Con- 
sisting of  a  hundred  degrees;  graduated 
into  a  himdred  divisions  or  equal  parts; 
pertaining  to  the  scale  which  is  divided 
into  a  hundred  degrees.— Can/iffrade  tlier- 
mometer,  a  thermometer  which  divides 
the  interval  between  the  freezing  ?and 
boiling  points  of  water  into  100  degrees, 
while  in  Fahrenheit's  thermometer  the 
same  interval  is  divided  into  180  degrees. 

Centime,. sen-tem'  or  san-tsm,  n.  [Fr.]  The 
hundredth  part  of  a  franc.  , 

Centimetre,  sen'ti-me-tr  or  san-te-ma-tr,  n. 
[Fr.  centimetre,  from  L.  centum,  a  hun- 
dred, and  Gr.  metron,  measure.]  A  French 
measure  of  length,  the  hundredth  part  of 
a  metre,  rather  more  than  "SO  of  an.inch. 

Centiped,  Centipede,  sen'ti-ped,  sen'ti-p5d. 
n.  [L.  centipeda — centum^  a  hundred,  and 
pes,  pedis,  a  foot.]  A  term  applied  to 
various  animals  having  many  .feet,  popu- 
larly called  insects,  but  belonging  to  "the 

'  Myriapoda. — Centipedal,  sen'ti-pS-daJ,  a. 
Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  centipedes. 

Centner,  sent'n6r,  n.  [G.,  from  L.  cenien- 
oriws,  from  rentitm,  a  nundred.]  A  name 
itt  several  Eur(5i)ean  countries  for  a  weight 
nearly  equivalent  to  a  hundredweight. 

Cento,  sen'to,  n.  [L.  cenlo,  patchwork,  a 
poem  made  up  of  selections  from  different 
poems.]  A  composition  (whether  literary 
or  musical)  made  up  of  selections  from 
the  works  of  various  authors  or  composers. 
^-Centolst,  sen'to-ist,  n.  One  who  com- 
pilescentos;  a  cornpiler* — Centonism,t 
sen'to-nizm,  n.  The  act  of  constructing 
centos.  —Centonize.t  sen'to-niz,  v.i.  and  t 
To  make  a  cento  or  centos;  to  work  up 
into  a  cento. 

Centre,  sen't^r,  n.    tFr.,.from  L.  centrum, 

1  Gr.  kentron,  a  prick  or  point,  from  kenteO, 
to  prick,]  That  point  of  a  line,  plane  figure," 
or  solid  body  which  is  equally  distant  from 
the  extremities;  the  middle  point*  portion, 
or  place;  the  middle  or  central  object ;  a 
point  of  concentration;  the  nucleus  around 
■jvluch  or  into  which  things  are  collected  (a 
centre  of  attraction);  the  part  of  a  target 
next  the  bull's-eye.— Centre  of  gravity,  the 
point  of  a  body  about  which  all  the  parts 
of  the  body  exactly  .balance  each  other, 
and  which  beiiig  supported  the  whole 
body  will  remain  at  rest,  though  act^ 
on  by  giavity .-Centre  of  tnotmitude^.thai 
point  in  a  bgdy_  which  is  equally  distant 
from. all  the'  similar  external' partis  of 
it.  ia.  the  regular  solids  this  point  coin- 
cides with. the  centre  of  gravity. — Centra 
of  motion,  the  point  which  xemaias  at  rest 
-vrhile  all  the  other  parts  of  a  liody  move 


round  it.-^Cenfre  of  oseillation,  the  poiat 
of  a  body  suspended,  at  which,  if  all  the 
matter  were  concentrated,  the  oscillations 
would  be  performed  in  the  same  time. — 
v.t.  —  centred,  centring.  To  place  on  a 
centre;  to  fix  on  a  central  point;  to  collect 
to  a  point. — v.i.  To  be  placed  in  a  centre 
or  in  the  middle;  to  be  collected  to-one 
point;  to  be  concentrated  or  united  in 
one.— Central,  sen'tral,  a.  [It.  centralis.'l 
Relating  or  pertaining  to  the  centre; 

-  placed  in  the  centre  or  middle;  constitut- 
ing or  containing  the  centre;  originating 
or  proceeding  from  the  centre.— Central- 
ism, sen'tral-izin,  n.  The  g.uality  of  be- 
ing central;  the  combination  of  several 
parts  into  one  whole;  centralization. — 
Centralist,  sen'tral-ist,  n.  One  who  pro- 
motes centralization.  —  Ce:ixtrality,  Cea- 
tralness,  sen-tral'i-ti,  sen'tral-nes, «.  The 
state  of  being  central.  —  Centralization, 
Centrallsatioa,  8en'tral-iz-a"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  centralizing  or  bringing  to  one 
centre.  —  Centralize,  Centralise,  sen'tral- 
iz,  v.t.— centralize^,  centralizing.  To  draw 
to  a  central  point;  to  bring  to  a' centre;  to 
render  central;  to  concentrate  in  some 
particular  part:  often  applied  to  the  pro- 
cess of  transferring  local  administration 
to  the  capital  or  seat  Of  government  of  a 
country. — Centrally,  sen'tral-U,  adv.  In 
a  central  manner  or  position;  vrith  regard 
to  the  centre.  —  Centre-bit,  n.  A  carpen- 
ter's tool  for  boring  large' circular  holes. 
which  turns  on  an  axis  or  central  point 

'when  in  operation.— Centre-piece,  n.  An 
ornament  intended  to  be  placed  in  the 
middle  or  centre  of  something,  as  of  a 
table.— Centric, sen'trik.ji.  Inane. aatron. 
a  circle  the  centre  of  which  was  the  same 
as  that  of  the  earth.  [JlfiJ.]— Centric,  Cen- 
tricaJ,sen'trik-al,a.  Placed  in  the  centre 
or  middle;  central.— Centrically,  sen'trik- 
al-U,  adw.  In  a  central  position;  centrally. 
— Centricalness,  sen'trik-al-nes,  n.  Situ- 
ation in  the  centre.— Contricity,  sen-tris'- 
i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  centric— Cen- 
tring, sen'tring,  n.    Centkrino. 

Centnfagal,  sen-trif 'a-gal,  a.  [L.  centrum, 
a  centre,  smAfugio,  to  flee.]  Tending  to 
recede  from  the  centre;  acting  by  or  de- 
pending on  centrifugal  force  or  action;  hot. 
expanding  first  at  the  summit  and  later 
at. the  base,  as  an  inflorescence.— Centrt/w- 
gal  force,  that  force  by  which  all  bodies 
moving  round  another  body  in  a  curve 
tend  to  fly  off  at  any  point  of  their  motion 
ia  the  direction  of  a  tangent  to  the  curve. 
Centrifugenca,  sen-trif 'a-JBns,n.  Centrifu- 
gal force  or  tendency.— Centripetal,  sen- 
trip'e-tal,  a.  [L.  centrum,  a  centre,  and 
peto,  to  seek.]  Tending  toward  the  centre; 
progressing  by  changes 'from  the  exterior 
of  an  object  to  its  centre;  hot.  expanding 
first  at  the  base  of  the  inflorescence,  ana 
later  at  the  summit. — Centripetal  force  is 
that  force  which  draws  a  body  towards  a 
centre,  and  thereby  acts  as  a  counterpoise 
to  the  centrifugal  force  in  circular  motion. 
.^Centrlpetency,  sen-trip'e-ten-si,n.  Ten- 
dency to  the  centra. 

Centrobaric,  sen-tro-bar'ik,  a.  [Gr.  ften- 
tron,  the  centre,  and  baros,  weight.]  Re- 
lating to  the.centre  of  gravity  or  .method 
of  finding  it. 

Centumvlr,  sen-tum'vir,  n.  pi.  Centmnvirl, 
sen-tum'vi-ri.  [L.  centum,  a  hundred,  and 
vir,  a  man.]  One  of  a,  hundred  and  five 
judges  ih  ancient  Rome  appointed  to  de- 
cide common  causes  among  the  people. — 
Centumvirate.sen-tum'vi-rat.n.  The  office 
or  dignity  of  the  centtimviri;  a  body  of- a 
hundred  men.     t 

Centuple,  sen'ta-pl,  a.  [L.  eentuplus—cen- 
turn,  a  hundred,  and  root  of  plica,  a  fold.] 
Multiplied  or  increased  a  hundued-fold. — 
v.t— centupled,  centupling.  To  multiply  a 
hundred-fold.  —  Centuplicate,  sen-ta'pli- 
kat,  v.t. — centuplicated,  centuplicating.  [I/. 
centum,  and  plicatus,  folded.]  To  make  a 
hundred-fold;  to  repeat  a  hundred  tiines. 

Century,  sen*tu-ri,  n.  [L.  centuria,  from 
centum,  a  hundred.]  An  aggregate- of  a 
hundred;  anything  consisting  of  a  hun- 
dred in  number;  a  periorl  of  a  hundred 
years;  often  such  a  .p«riod  reckoned  from 
the  birth  of  Christ.  —  Ceaturial,t  sea-tti'- 
ri-al,  a.   [L.  centuHaZia.]   Relating  to  or 


occurring  once  in  a  century.— Ceiituricn, 
8cn-ta'ri-on,  n.  [L.  centwrio,  from  centum, 
a  hundred.]  In  ancient  Rome  a  military 
officer  who  commanded  a  century  or  com- 
pany of  infantry  consisting  of  a  hundred 
men.  ■ 

Cejrfialalgy,  sef'al-al-ji.  n.   [Gr.  kephalal- 

.  ffi a— kephaU,  the  head,  and  algos,  pain.] 
Headache.  — Cephalalgic,  sef-a-lal'jik,  a. 
Relating  to  cephalalgy  or  headache.-^n. 
A  medicine  for  the  headache. 

Cephalaspis,  sefra-las'pis,  n.  [Gr.  icephalS, 
the  head,  and  aapis,  a  shield.]  A  fossil 
fish  with  a  large  head,  resembling  a  sad- 
dler's knife  in  shape,  and  protected  by  a 
large  buckler-shaped  plate. 

Cephalata,  sef-a-lii'ta,  n.  vl.  [Gr.  Ttephal&t 
the  head.]  A  division  of  molluscs  which 
have  a  distinct  head,  with  eyes,  as  the 
gasteropoda,  cuttle-fishes,  &c.— Cephalate, 
E6f'al-a.t,  n.  A  molluEC  of  the  dirision 
CeShalata. 

Copiialic,  se-fal'ik,  a.  [Gr.  kephalikoa,  from 
kephaU,  the  head.]  Pertaining  to  the 
head. — n.  A  medicine  for  headache  or 
other  disorder  in  the  head.— Cephalistic.t 
sef-a-list'ik,  a.  Cephalic— Cephalitis,  sef- 
a-Ji'tis,  n.  [The  term,  -ttis  signifies  in- 
flammation.] Inflammation  of  the  brain. 
— Oephaloid^sef'a-loid.a.  Shaped  Hkethe 
head;  spherical.— Cepnaloue,  sefa-lu?,  a: 
Having  a  head:  applied  specifically  to  the 
cephalates. 

Cephalopod,  sef 'a-lS-pcd,  n.  [Gr.  kephaU, 
&  head,  and  pous,  podoa,  a  foot.]    Any 

■  member  Of  the  class  Cephalopoda.— Ceph- 
alopoda, sef  a-lop'o-da,  n,  pi:  A  class  of  the 
mollusca,  the  highest .  in  organization, 
characterized  by  having  the  organs  of  pre- 
hension and  locomotion,  called  tentacles 
or  arms,  attached  to  the  head,  and  includ- 
ing the  cuttle-fishes,  squids,  ammonites, 
&c.  —  CephalOpodous,  sef-a-iop  'o-dus,  a. 
Relating  or  belonging  to  the  Cephalopoda. 

Cephalo-thorax,  sef'a-l5-th5"raks,  w..  [Gr. 
kephale.  the  head,  an(jl  HiOrax,  the  thorax.] 
The  anterior  division  of  the  body  in  crus- 
taceans, spiders,  scorpions,  &c.,  wliich  con- 
.sists  of  the  head  and  thorax  blended  to- 
gether. 

Cephalotomy,  sef-a-lot'o-mi, «.  [Gr.  kepJude, 
the  head,  and  tome,  a  cutting,]  The  Coh- 
section  or  opening  of  the  head. 

Ceraceons,  se-ra'shus,  a.  [L.  ceracetig,  waxy, 
from  cera,  wax.]  Bot.  waxy:  a  term  ap- 
plied to  bodies  which  have  the.  texture 
and  colour  of  new  wax.— Cerago,  se-ra'go, 
n.  A  substance  consisting  chiefly  of  the 
pollen  of  .flowers  j  used  by  bees  fcr  aliment; 
bee-bread. 

Ceramic,  se-ram'ik,  a.  [Gr.  /fceramiAros,  f rom 
keramos,  potter's- clay,  a  piece  of  pottery.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  the  fictile  arts  or  pot- 
tery ;  pertaining  to  the  manufacture  of 
porcelain  and  earthenware. 

Cerasin,  Cerasine,  sfer'a^sin,  n.  [L.  cerasws, 
a  cherry-tree]  A  kind  of  gum  which 
exudes  from  the  cberry.and  plum  tree. — 
Cerasinoua,  se-ras'i-nus,  a.    Pertaining  to 

.  or  containing,  cerasiii ;  cherry-coloured ; 
deep  red. 

Cerate,  se'rat,  n.  [h.  ceraium,  from  cera, 
wax.]  A  thick  kind  of  ointment  composed 
of  wax,  lard,  or  oil,  -with  other  ingredi- 
ents, "applied  externally  in  varioua.  dis- 
eases.—Cferated,  s5'rat-ea,a.  Covered -with 
wax.  .      , 

Ceratite.  s6r'a-tit,  n.  [Gr.  kerae,  hzratos,  a 
hom.]  Agenus  of  fossi)  cephalopods,  aUied 
to  and  resembling  the  ammom£es.---Cera- 
titun,  se-rj^shi-um,  n.  [Gr.  keraiion,  dipfX, 
of  keras.l  Bot.  a  slender  hom-shapefl 
many-seeded  fruit  resembling  a  siliqua; 
akindof  pod-r-Ceratoae,  86r'ai-toz,a.  Like 
hom;  having  the  texture  and  consistence 
of  hom;  homy. 

Ceraunics.t  ee-rs'niks,  n.  [Gr.  k&ratinos, 
thunder.j  That  branch  of  physics  which 
treats  of  heat  and  electricity.- Oeraunite, 
se-ra'nit,n.  A  thunder-stone;  a  belemiiite, 

Cerberus,  s4rT56r-us,  n,  FL,]  Class,  myth. 
the  (hree-Ueaded  watCh-dog  of  the  infernal 
regibns;  hence,  any  Iratcbtul  and  dreaded' 
guardian.— OerlMreaa,Oerb«rian,  s6%be'- 
,r5-an,  ser-bS'ri-au,  o.  Relating  to  Cer- 
berus. ■  '.  ...*,.        i 

Cerca,  s^rlca,  n.  pi.  GeKfbz.  sir'sSi  [Gr. 
kerkos,  a  tail.]  One  of  the  feelers  project- 


J^^am  'skL^-loeh;    g,m  ^iJsii'-    A^Jt'tan:    eStiinfli.   iSitAgBi ^ @HBV    mr^i.    wb,«'ftig;    ^,a$are. 


CERE 


110 


CHAFE, 


ing  from  the  hind  p&rts  of  the  bodies  of 
some  insects.  —  Cercarian,  sir-ka'ri-an,  n. 
A  trematode  worm  or  fluke  in  one  of  its 
stages  when  it  has  a  tadpole  form. 

Cere,  sSr,  n.  [L.  cera,  wax;  from  its  ap- 
pearance.] The  term  applied  to  the  space 
destitute  of  feathers,  and  having  a  waxy 
appearance,  generally  observed  at  the  base 
of  the  bill  in  birds. 

Cereal,  se're-al,  a.  [From  Ceres,  the  god- 
dess of  com.)  Pertaining  to  edible  grain, 
as  wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  maize,  rice, 
millet. — n.  A  grain  plant,  such  as  wheat, 
outs,  barley,  &c. 

Cerebellum,  sfer-5-bel'lum,  n.  [L.,  dim.  of 
cerebrum,  the  brain.]  The  little  brain; 
that  portion  of  the  brain  in  vertebrate 
animals  which  is  posterior  to  and  under- 
lies the  great  cerebral  mass  or  cerebrum. 
—Cerebellar,  Cerebellous,  sfir-S-bel'ler,  36r- 
e-bel'lus,  a.  Relating  to  the  cerebellum. 
—Cerebral,  Cerebrine,  Cerebric,  sfer'e-bral, 
sfer'e-brin,  8e-re'brik,^a.  Pertaining  to  the 
cerebrum  or  brain.  —  Cerebral  letters,  in 
piiilol.  certain  consonants  in  the  Sanskrit 
alphabet,  formed  by  bringing  the  tip  of 
the  tongue  backward  and  applying  its 
under  surface  against  the  roof  of  the 
mouth.  —  Cerebralism,  ser'e-bral-izm,  n.- 
Psychol,  the  theory  or  doctrine  that  all 
mental  operations  arise  from  the  activity 
of  the  cerebrum  or  brain.  —  Cerebralist, 
sfer'e-bral-ist,  n.  One  who  holds  the  doc- 
trine or  theory  of  cerebralism. — Cerebrate, 
ser'6-brat,  v.i.  To  have  the  brain  in  ac- 
tion; to  exhibit  brain  action.  —  Cerebra- 
tion, sfer-e-bra'shon,  n.  Exertion  or  action 
of  the  brain,  conscious  or  unconscious. — 
Cerebriform,  se-rS'bri-form,  a.  Brain- 
8hai)ed.  —  Cerebrin,  Cerebrine,  sfer'e-brin, 
n.  A  name  given  to  several  substances 
obtained  chemically  from  the  brain.— 
Cerebroae.t  s6r-6-bro&,  a.  IL.  cerehrosus.] 
Brain-sick ;  mad ;  passionate.  —  Cerebro- 
spinal, 8e-re'bro-spi"nal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  brain  and  spinal  cord  together;  con- 
Fisting  in  the  brain  and  spinal  cord.— 
Cerebrum,  ser'e-brum,  n.  [L.J  The  supe- 
rior and  chief  portion  of  the  brain,  occupy- 
ing the  whole  upper  cavity  of  the  skulL 

Cerecloth,  Cerement,  sSr'kloth,  ser'ment,  n. 
[L.  cera,  wax.]  Cloth  dipped  in  melted 
wax,  with  which  dead  bodies  are  enfolded 
when  embalmed;  hence,  pi.  grave-clothes 
(poetical).  — 

Ceremony,  sfr'g-mo-ni,  n.  [Fr.  cirimofnie, 
from  L.  ccerimonva,  a  rite  or.  ceremony, 
veneration,  sanctity;  probably  from  same 
root  as  Skr.  kri,  kar,  to  do.]  A  religious 
or  other  rite  or  observ'ance;  a  solemn  or 
formal  display  or  performance;  a  solem- 

,  nity;  a  usage  of  politeness,  or  such  usages 
collectively ;  formality ;  punctilio ;  punc- 
tiliousness.— Master  0/  ceremonies,  a  per- 
son who  regulates  the  forms  to  be  observed 
by  the  company  or  attendants  on  a  public 
occasion.  —  Ceremonial,  ser-€-mo'ni-al,  a. 
[L.  coerwionialis.]  Relating  to  ceremonies 
or  external  forms  or  rites;  ritual;  pertain- 
ing to  the  forms  and  rites  of  the  Jewish 
religion  (the  ceremojvia Maw). — n.  A  sys- 
tem of  rites;  ceremonies  or  formalities  to 
be  observ-ed  on  any  occasion. — Ceremonial- 
ism, ser-6-m5'ni-al-izm,-?t.  Adherence  to 
or  fondness  for  ceremony. — Ceremoniality, 
ser-e-m(5'ni-al"i-ti,  n..  Cereinonial  charac- 
ter.—Ceremonially,  ser-e-mo'ni-al-li,  adv. 
In  a  ceremonial  manner;  according  to 
rites  and-  ceremonies.  —  Ceremonialness, 
sfer-e-mq'ni-al-nes,  n.  —  Ceremonious,  ser- 
C-mo'ni-us,  a:  Pull  of  ceremony ,  accom- 
panied with  rites;  according  to  prescribed 
or  customary  formalities  or  punctilios; 
formally  respectful  or  polite;  observant 
of.  conventioniil  forms;  fond  of  using 
ceremony.  —  Ceremoniously,  sfer-e-mo'ni- 
us-li,  adv.  In  a  ceremonious  manner;  for- 
mally; with  due  forms.— Ceremoniousness, 
ser-6-mo'ni-us-nes,n.  The.quality  of  being 
ceremonious;  the  practice. of. much  cere- 
mony; formality. 

Ceres,',se'i:ez;,n4.  A  Roman  goddess  watch- 
ing; overt  thetgrowth  of  grain  and  other 
plants;  hence,  grain;  also  a  name^of  one 

of  the  asteroids  or  planetoids.  . -^ 

Oeriph,  s^r'if ,  n^^  One  of  the  fine  lines  of  a 
■type  for  printing,  especially  one  of  the  fine 
cross  lines  at  the  top  or  bottom,  as  of  I. 


Cerise,  8e-r6z|.  n.  [Fr.,  a  cherry.]  Cherry- 
colour. — o.  Of  the  colour  of  cerise;  cherry- 
coloured. 

Cerium,  sB'ri-um,  o.  [From  the  planet 
Ceres,  discovered  a  year  or  two  before.] 
A  rare  metal  discovered  in  1803,  of  a  colour 
between  that  of  iron  and  that  of  lead; 
specific  gravity  5"5.— Cerite,  se'rit,  n.  A 
rare  mineral,  of  a  pale  rose -red  colour, 
from  which  cerium  was  first  obtained. 

CemnoTU,  86r'na-us,  a.  [L.  cemuus.}  JBot. 
drooping;  pendulous. 

Cerograpn,  se'ro-graf ,  n.  [L.  cera,  wax,  and 
Gr.  graphs,  to  write.]  A  writing  or  en- 
graving on  wax;  a  painting  in  wax -colours; 
an  encaustic  painting.— Cerograpliic,Cer- 
ographical,  se-ro-graf  ik,  s6-ro-graf  ik-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  cerographv. — Cerographlst, 
se-rog'raf-ist,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  or 
who  practises  cerography.— Cerography, 
85-rog'ra-fi,  n.  The  act  of  writing  or  en- 
graving on  wax;  the  art  of  painting  in 
wax-colours;  encaustic  painting. 

Ceroon,  sS-riin',  n.    Seroon. 

Ceroplastlc,  se-ro-plas'tik,  a.  [Gr.  herot, 
wax,  and  plastike  (techne),  the'  art  of  the 
modeller  or  carver.]  Pertaining  to  the  art 
of  modelling  in  wax;  modelled  in  wax.— 
n.  The  art  of  modelling- or  of  forming 
models  in,  wax. 

Certain,  sfer'tin,  a.  [Fr.  certain,  as  if  from 
a  L.  aajective  ceriamis,  formed  from  cer- 
tus,  certain,  by  adding  suffix  -anus.  Cer- 
tus  is  connected  with  cemo.,  creium,  to 
distinguish,  discern.]  Sure;  undoubtedly 
true;  established  as  a  fact;  undoubtedly 
existing  or  impending  (death,  danger); 
capable  of  being  counted  or  depended  on ; 
unfailing;  infallible:  of  things  (a  sign,  a 
remedy);  capable  of  being  counted  upon 
or  able  to  count  on:  of  persons  (he  is  cer- 
tain to  be  there,  you  are  certain  to  find 
him) ;  assured  in  mind ;  free  from  doubt ; 
having  no  doubt  or  suspicion  regarding: 
often  with  of;  stated;  fixed;  determinate; 
definite  (a  certain  rate);  not  specifically 
named;  indefinite;  one  or  some  (a  certain 
person,  a  certain  pleasure  in  something). 
— J^or  certain,  certainly. — Certainly,  ser'- 
tin-li,  adv.  Without  doubt  or  question; 
in  truth  and  fact;  without  fail;  assuredly; 
of  a  certainty.  —  Certainness,  s6r'tin-ne^ 
n.  The  state  of  being  certain;  certainty. 
—Certainty,  ser'tin-ti,  n.  The  fact  of  be- 
ing certain;  exemption  from  failure  to 
happen  or  produce  the  natural  result;  a 
fact  or  truth  certainly  established ;  that 
which  cannot  be  questioned;  full  assurance 
of  mind;  exemption  from  doubt.— Certes,+ 
s6T't^z,adv.  [Fr.]  Certainly;  in  truth ;  verily. 
—Certify,  s6r'ti-fi,  v.t.— certified,  certifying. 
[Fr.  certifier,  from  L.L.  certifico,  to  certify 
— L.  certus,  certain,  and  facio,  to  make,] 
To  assure  or  make  certain;  to  give  certain 
information  to  (a  person);  to  give  certain 
information  of;  to  make  clear  or  definite; 
to  testify  to  in  writing;  to  make  knoAvn 
or  establish  as  a  fact.— Certificate,  ser-tif- 
i-kat,  n.  [Fr.  certi^at.']  A  written  tes- 
timony to  the  truth  of  a  certain  fact  or 
facts;  a  testimonial;  a  legally  authenti- 
cated voucher  or  testimony  of  certain  facts; 
sometimes  a  kind  of  license. — v.t.  To  give 
a  certificate  to,  as  to  one  who  has  passed 
an  examination ;  to  attest  or  certify  by 
certificate-Certification,  s6r'ti-fi-k5"shon, 
n.  The  act  of  certifying.— Certifier,  ser'- 
ti-fi-6r,  n.  One  who  certifies.— Cei"tiorari, 
ser'shi-o-ra"ri,  n.  [Lit.  to  be  informed  of, 
L.L.  certioro,  to  inform,  from  L.  certus, 
certain.]  Law,  a  writ  to  call  up  the  records 
of  an  inferior  court  or  remove  a  cause 
there  depending,  that  itvmay  be  tried  in  a 
superior  court.  —  Certitude,  ser'ti-tQd,  n. 
[L.L.  certitudo.]  Certainty;  assurance; 
freedom  from  doubt. 

Cerulean,  se-ni'le-an,  a.  [L.  eoeruUus, 
azure,  for  c(Biideus,  sky  -  coloured,  from 
caZum,  the  sky.]  Sky-coloured;  azure; blue. 
— Ceruleum,  se-ru'l6-um,  n.  A  bliie  pig- 
ment.—Cerullfic,t  ser-u-lif'ik,  o.  -  Produc- 
ing a  blue  or  sky  colour. 
Cerumen,  se-rii'men,  n.  [Prom  L.  cera. 
j  wax.]  The  wax  or  yellow  matter  secreted 
iby  certain  glands  lying  in  the  external 
'canal  of  the  ear.r^Ceruminoug,  s6-ni'mi- 
nu8,  a.HBelatingito  or  coutaiiiing  ceru- 
men. 


Ceruse,  se'rus,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  cervsaa, 
white-lead,  from  cera,  wax.]  White-lead, 
a  compound  of  hydrate  and  carbonate  of 
lead,  produced  by  exposing  the  mete.1  in 
thin  plates  to  the  vapour  of  vinegar.  It 
is  much  used  in  painting,-and  a  cosmetic 
is  prepared  from  it. —  v.t.  To  wash  with 
ceruse;  to  apply  ceruse  to  as  a  cosmetic. — 
Ceroslte,  Cerualite,  se'ru-sit,  ss-rus'it,  n. 
A  native  carbonate  of  lead :  a  common 
lead-ore. 

Cervical,  sfer'vi-kal,  a.  [L.  cervix,  cervtcis, 
the  neck.]    Belonging  to  the  neck.  . 

Cervine,  sfir'vin,  a.  [L.  cervinus,  from  eer- 
vus,  a  deer.  ]  Pertaining  to  the  deer 
family. 

Cesarean,  Cesarlan,  se-z&'re-an.  sC-z&'ri-an. 
n.    Cesarean. 

Cesarewitch,  se-zar'e-Tich,  n.  Same  as 
Czaroiaitz. 

Cespitose,  Cespitoos,  ses'pi-tSs,  ses'pi-tus,  a. 
111.  coespes,  cespitis,  turf.]  Pertaining  to 
turf;  turfy;  bot.  growing  in  tufts. 

Cess,  ses,  v.t.  [Shortened  and  corrupted 
from  assess.^  To  impose  a  tax;  to  assess. 
— ».  A  rate  or  tax.    [CQlloq.] 

Cessation,  ses-sa'shon,  n.  [L.  cessatio,  from 
eesso,  from  cedo,  cessum,  to  cease.  Cede.] 
A  ceasing ;  a  stop ;  a  rest  \  the  act  of  dis- 
continuing motion  or  action  of  any  kind, 
whether  temporary  or  final. 

Cession,  se'shon,  n.  (L.  cessio,  from  L.  cedo, 
cessum.  Cede.]  The  act  of  ceding,  yield- 
ing, or  surrendering,  as  of  territory,  pro- 
I)erty,  or  rights;  a  giving  u]^  resignation, 
or  surrender.— Cegslonary,  se'shon-a-ri,  a. 
[Fr.  cessionaire.]    Giving  up;-  yielding. 

Cess-pool,  ses'pol,  rt.  [The  better  spelling 
seems  to  be  sess-pool,  the  word  being  from 
A.  Sax.  sessian,  to  settle;  or  from  prov. 
soss,  stws,  a  mess,  filth;  Gael,  sos.'i  A  cav- 
ity or  well  in  a  drain  or  privy  tb  receive 
the  sediment  or  filth.  - 

Cestoid.'  ses'toid,  a.  [L.  eestus,  a  girdle, 
from  tneir  shape.]  A  term  used  to  charac- 
terize certain  intestinal  worms,  such  as 
tape-worms.- Cestoidean,  .ses-toi'de-an,  n. 
A  cestoid  worm;  a  tape- worm. 

Cestracion,  ses-tra'si-on,  n.  [Gr.  kestra,  a 
kind  of  fish.]  A  kind  of  shark  found  on 
the  coast  of  Australia. 

Cestus,  ses'tus,  n.  [L.  eestus,  ccestus,  from 
catdo,  coesum,  to  strike.]  Among  tUe  Greeks 
and  Romans,  a  kind  of  boxing-glove, 
loaded  with  lead  or  iron,  which  boxers 
fastened  on  their  hands  and  arms.b^.  lea- 
ther thongs. 

Cesura.    Cmsvrk. 

Cetacea,  se-ta'the-a,  n.  pi.  -  iii.'cetiS^  Gr. 
kefo,  any  large  sea-monster,  a  whale.]  An 
order  of  marine  mammals  comprising  the 
whales  and  dolphins.  —  Cetacean,  se-ta'- 
shan,  n.  An  animal  of  the  order  Cetacea. 
— Cetaceous,  se-ta'shus,  a.  Pertaiioing  to 
the  whale ;  belonging  to  the  Cetacea  or 
whale  kind.— Cetology,  se-tol'o-ji,  n.  The 
description  or  natural  history  of  cetaceous 
animals.  —  Cetological,  sGrto-loj'i-kal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  cetology.  —  Cetologist,  s5- 
td'o-jist,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  cetology. 

Cetiosaurus,  -  Cetiosaur,  8e'ti-3-sa"ru8,  s5'- 
ti-o-sar,  n.  ( Gr.  keteios,  belonging  to  a 
whale,  and  sauros,  a  lizard.]  A  kind  of 
gigantic  fossil  saurian  or  lizard,  50  to  70 
feet  long,  probably  an  inhabitant  of 
marshes  or  nver  sides.    _ 

Cevadllla,  sev-a-dil'Ia.  n.    Same  as  Ceba- 

Ceylaiilte,  selan-it,  n.'  [From  .CeyJon.]  A 
ferruginous  variety  of  spinel  from  Ceylon. 

Chablls,  shab-le,  n.  A  celebrated  white 
French  wine,  having  good  body  and  an 
exquisite  perfume,  so  called  from  the  town 
of  that  name  near  which  it  is  produced. 

Chabouk,  Chabnk,  cha-buk',  n.  [Hind. 
chabuk,  a  horse-whip.]  A  long  whip;  the 
whip  used  in  the  East  for  inflicting  cor- 
poral punishment.    . 

Cnace,  chas,  n.  and  v.    See  Chasb."  ._ 

Chacma,  chak'ma,  n.  A  baboon  found  in 
South  Africa.   — 

Chaco,  chaOco,?!.  An  unctuous  earth  found 
at  La  Paz,  South  America,  which  is  made 
into  pats  and  eaten  with  chocolate.  < 

Chad,  chad,  n.    A  kind  offish,  the  shad.' 

Chafe,  chaf,  v.t.  —  chafed,  chafing.    [O.E. 

i  ehaufe.'ST. chauffer, 0.¥T.ch.avfer,U>-waxTa, 
from  L.  calefacere.  to  warm,  from  eoUeo,  to 


irate,  fttr4  fat,  faU:^me,  met,  her ; Hpine,  pin;  j|ja«}te,  not,  mOTei^tabCj  tiib,  bull;     oil,  pound;  -  tl,  Sc.  abtme— tho  Fr.  m. 


CHAFER 


111 


chamber: 


chalk;  to  mark  with  chalk;  to  trace  out;  to' 
describe:  from  the  use  of  chalk  in  marking 
Imea.— Black  chalk.  See  under  Black.— 
Brown  chalk,  a  name  for  umber.  —  Red 
cluilk,  a  natural  clay  containing  15  to 
20  per  cent  of  protoxide  and  carbonate 
of  iron.  —  French j^hcdk,  steatite  or  soap- 
stone.  —  Chalky,  cha'ki,  a.  Resembling 
chalk;  consisting  of  or  containing  chalk. 
— Chalkiness,  cha'ki-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  chalky.— Chalk-stones,  n.  Calcare- 
ous concretions  in  the  joints  of  persons 
violently  affected  by  the  gout.  \  • 
Challenge,  chal'lenj,  n.  [O.Fr.  chalenge, 
calenge,  calonge,  &c.,  claim,  accusation, 
dispute,  from  X.  calumnia,  a  false  accusa- 
tion, a  calumny.  Calumny  is  thus  the 
-  same  word.]  An  invitation  to  a  contest 
or  trial  of  any  kind;  a  calling  or  summons 
to  fight  in  a  single  combat;  the  letter  or 
message  containing  the  summons  to  a 
contest;  the  calling  in  question  or  taking 
-exception  to  something;  the  act  of  a 
sentry  in  demanding  the  countersign 
from  any  one  who  appears  near  his  post; 
the  claim  of  a  party  that  certain  jurors 
shall  not  sit  in  trial  upon  him  or  his 
cause,  a  right  given -both  in  civil  and 
criminal  trials  when  the  impartiality  of 
the  jurors  may  be  reasonably  questioned. 
— f  .t. — challenged,  challenging.  To  address 
a  challenge  to;  to  call  to  a  contest;  to 
summon  to  fight,  or  to  a  duel;  to  demand 
the  countersign  or  password  from:  said  of 
a  sentry;  to  claim  as  due ;  to  demand  as  a 
right;  law,  to  demand  the  removal  of  from 
among  the  jurymen;  to  object  to  (a  per- 
son or  thing);  to  take  exception  to;  to  call 
in  question  (a  statement).— ChaUenigeable, 
chal'leu-ja-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  chal- 
lenged or  called  to  an  account.— Challeng- 
er, chalien-jer,n.  One  who  challenges;  one 
who  defies  another  to  a  contest ;  an  ob- 
jector; one  who  calls  in  question.  -. 
Chalybeate,  ka-lib'e-at,  a.  [From  Gr.  cha- 
I'uvs,  chalybos,  steel.]  Impregnated  with 
iron:  applied  to  medicines  containing  iron, 
ami  especially  to  springs  and  waters  im- 

•  pregnated  with  iron,  or  holding  iron  in 
solution.— n.  Any  water  or  other  liquid 
into  which  iron  enters.— Chalybite,  kal'i- 
bit,  n.  An  important  iron  ore  occurring 
abundantly  in  connection  with  the  car- 
boniferous system,  and  yielding  large 
quantities  of  iron.  •  .  .  *~ 

Cnain,t  kam,  n.  The  sovereign  prince  of 
Tartarv:  now  written  Khan. 
Chamade,  sha-mad'  or  sha-mad',  «.  [Fr., 
from  It.  chiamata,  a  calling,  chiamare,  to 
call,  from  L.  clamare,  to  call  =  E.  claim.] 
The  beat  of  a  drum  or  sound  of  a  trumpet 
inviting  an  enemy  to  a  parley. 
Chamber,  cham'ber,  n.  [Fr.  chambre,  from 
L.  camera,  Gr.  kamara,  a  vault  or  arched 
roof.]  A  room  of  a  dwelling-house;  an 
apartment;  a  ro»m  where  professional 
men,  as  lawyers,  conduct  their  business; 
especially,  the  room  in  which  judges  sit 
for  the  disposing  of  matters  not  sufficiently 
important  to  be  heard  in  court;  a  hall  or 
place  where  an  assembly,  association,  or 
body  of  men  meets;  the  assembly  or  body  it- 
self, as  a  chamber  of  commerce  or  of  agricul- 
ture; a  hollow  or  cavity  in  a  thing,  especi- 
ally when  of  definite  form  and  use;  the  part 
of  a  pump  in  which  the  bucket  or  plunger 
works;  that  part  of  a  firearm  where  the 
powder  lies.— v.i.  To  reside  in  or  occupy  as 

•  a  chamber;  to  indulge  in  wantonnessj.— 
v.t.  To  shut  up  in,  or  as  in,  a  chamber. 
[Shak.y-^Cha.mbered,  cham'berd,a.  Hav- 
ing or  divided  into  a  number  of  chambers 
or  compartments.  —  Chamberer,!-  cham'- 
b6r-6r,  n.  One  who  intrigues  or  indulges  in 
.wantonness;  a  gallant.  [Sftafc.]— Chamber- 
lain, cham'b6r-lin,n.  [O.Fr.  chamberlain, 
from  O.H.G.  chamarling,  chamarlinc—cha- 
war,  chamber,  and  suffix  -ling.]  A  person 
charged  with  the  direction  and  manage- 
ment of  a  chamber  or  chambers;  specifi- 
cally, an  officer  charged  with. the  airection 
and  management  of  the  private  apart- 
ments of  a  monarch  or  nobleman;  the 
treasurer  of  a  city,  corporation,  or  the  like. 
— Chamberlainship,  chamTDfir-lin-ship,  n., 
The  office  of  a  chamberlain.  —  Chamber- 
maid, n.  A  woman  who  has  the  care  of 
chambers,  making  the  beds  and  cleaning 


grow  warm,  and  facere,  to  make.]  To  ex- 
cite heat  in  (some,  part  of  the  body)  by 
friction;  to  stimulate  to  warmth  by  rub- 
bing; to  excite  the  passions  of;  to  inflame; 
to  anger;  to  excite  violent  action  in;  to 
cause  to  rage  (the  wind  chafes  the  ocean); 
to  fret  and  wear  by  rubbing  (the  rope  was 
chafed).  — v.i.  To  be  excited  or  heated;  to 
rage;  to  fret;  to  dash,  as  in  anger;  to  rage 
or  boil  (as  the  sea);  to  be  fretted  and  worn 
by  rubbing.— n.  A  state  of  being  angry  or 
annoyed;  heat;  fret.  —  Chafer,  cha'f 6r,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  chafes;  a  chafing- 
dish.  —  Chafing-dish,  n.  A  dish  or  vessel 
to  hold  coals  for  heating  anything  set  on 
it;  a  portable  grate  for  coals. 
Chafer,  cha'f fer,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ceafor,  a  chafer; 
B.kever,  G.  kafer,  a  beetle.]  A  beetle: 
especially  applied  to  such  as  are  destruc- 
tive to  plants,andgenerally  in'compounds;" 
as,  cock-c/ta/er,  loae-chafer,  bark-cAa/er, 
&c.  .,,,,      <i 

Chaff,  chaf,  n.  [A.  Sax.oCea/=D.,A;a/,  G. 
kaff,  chaff.]  The  glumes  or  husks  of  com 
and  grasses,  but  more  commonly  restricted 
to  the  husks  when  separated  from  the 
corn  by  thrashing,  sifting,  or  winnowing; 
worthless  matter,  especially  that  which  is 
ligbt  and  apt  to  be  driven  by  the  wind; 
refuse.  —  ChaJBess,  chafles,  a.  Without 
cliaff;  free  from  worthless  matter  or  rub- 
bish. [iVtaA;.]— Chaffy,  chaf 'i,  a.  Like  chaff; 
full  of  chaff;  light;  .frivolous;  worthless. 
Chaff,  chaf,  v.t.  and  i.  [A  corruption  of 
chafe,  to  irritate  or  annoy.]  To  assail  with 
sarcastic  banter  or  raillery;  to  banter;  to 
make  game  of.  [CoUoq.J— n.  Banter,  espe- 
cially slangy  banter;  sarcastic  raillery. 
[CoIloq.}-rCnafler,chaf'6r,n.  One  who  em- 
ploys chaff  or  slangy  banter.  [Colloq.] 
Chaffer,  chaffer,  v.i.  [O.E.  chapfare,  chaf- 
I  fare,  bargaining,  merchandise,  from  chap, 
A.  Sax.  cedp,_  a  bargain,  and  fare,  pro- 
cedure, journey,  A.  Sax.  faru,a  journey. 
'  Akin  cheap,  cheapen.  Cheap.]  To  treat 
about  a  purchase;  to  bargain;  to  haggle; 
to  talk  much  and  idly.— Chafferer,  chaf- 
6r-fer,  n.  One  who  chaffers;  a  bargainer; 
a  buyerl 

Chaffinch,  chaf'finsh,  n.  [Perhaps  from  its 
note;  comp.  chiff-chaff,  the  name  of  a  Brit- 
ish bird,  from  its  cry.]  A  common  British 
bird  of  the  finch  family,  whose  pleasant 
song  is  heard  from  early  spring  to  the 
middle  of  summer. 

Chagrin,  sha-gren',  n.  [Fr.,  said  tobe  an- 
other form  of  shagreen,  which,  from  being 
used  to  polish  wood,  has  come  to  be  em- 
ployed as  a  type  of  grinding  or  gnawing 
care.]  Ill  humour,  as  from  disappoint- 
ment, wounded  vanity,  &c. ;  vexation ; 
peevishness;  mortification;  fretfulness. — 
v.t.  To  excite  ill  humour  in;  to  vex;  to 
mortify.  v  - 

Chain,  chan,  n.    [Fr.  chaine,  O.Fr.  cfiaene, 
cadene,  from  L.  catena,  a  chain.]  A  series 
of  links  or  rings  connected  or  fitted  into 
one  another,  generally  of  some  kind  of 
metal,  and  used  for  various  purposes;  fig. 
that  which  binds,  restrains,  confines,  or 
fetters;  a  bond;  a  fetter;  bondage;  slavery: 
in  this  sense  often  in  the  plural  (the  chains 
of  evil  habit);  a  series  of  things  linked  to- 
gether; a  series,  line,  or  range  of  things 
connected  or  following  in  succession  {chain 
of  causes,  events,  &c.);  weaving,  the  warp 
threads  of  a  web,  so  called  because  they 
form  a  long  series  of  links  or  loops;  pt. 
naut.  strong  links  or  plates  of  iron  bolted 
,  to  a  ship's  sides,  and  forming  part  of  the 
'attachments  of  the  shrouds;  surv.  a  mea- 
j  suring  instrument,  generally  consisting 
t  of  100  links,  and  having  a  total  len^h  of 
i  66  feet.— v.i.  To  fasten,  bind,  restrain,  or 
I  fetter  with  a  chain  or  chains;  to  put  in 
I  chains ;  to  restrain ;  to  hold  in  control ; 
1  to  unite  firmly;  to  link.— Chainless,  chan'- 
;  les,  a.    Without  chains  or  fetters;  fetter- 
}  less;  free;  unconfined.— Chain-bridge.    A 
kind  of  suspension  bridge  in  which  the 
[roadway  is  supported  by  strong  chains. — 
tChain-cable,  n.    A  cable  composed  of  iron 
llinks. — Chain-gang,  n.  A  gang  or  number 
f  of    convicts  chained  together.  —  Chaiu- 
f  moulding,  n.    Arch,  a  species  of  mould- 
ing cut  in  imitation  of  a  chain.— Chsdn- 
pler,  n.    A  pier  running  into  the  sea,  sup- 
•ported  by  chains  like  a  suspension  bridge. 


Chain-pump,  n.  A  punlp  consisting,  in 
one  of  its  simplest  forms,  of  an  endless 
chain  equipped  with  a  series  of  discs  or 
buckets,  passing  downward  into  the 
water,  and  returning  upwards  through  a 
tube. — Chain-shot,  n.  Two  cannon-balls 
or  half-balls  connected  by  a  chain,-  for- 
merly much  used  in  naval  warfare  for 
carrying  away  rigging.  —  Chain-stitch, 
Chain -work,  n.  Sewing  consisting  of 
threads  or  cprds  linked  together  in  the 
form  of  a  chain;  also,  a  kind  of  machine- 
sewing,  which  consists  in  looping  the 
upper  thread  into  itself  on  the  under  side 
of  the  fabric,  or  in'using  a  second  thread 
to  engage  the  loop  of  the  upper  thread:  in 
contradistinction  to  lock-stitch.  —  Chain- 
wheel,  n.  An  inversion  of  the  chain- 
pump,  by  which  it  is  converted  into  a  re- 
cipient of  water-power.  * 

Chair,  char,  n.  [Fr.  chaire, O.Fr.  chayere,  L. 
cat}iedra,GT.  fcit/ietira,  a  seat.  Cathkdral.] 
Chaise  is  a  coi  n.ption  of  chaire.]  A  movable 
seat,  with  a  back,  for  one  person;  a  seat  of 
office  or  authority;  hence,  the  office  itself, 
especially  the  office  of  a  professor,  and 
sometimes  the  person  occupying  the  chair; 
a  chairman  or  president ;  a  sedan-chair ; 
one  of  the  iron  blocks  which  support  ana 
secure  the  rails'  in  a  railway.  — f.<.  To 
place  or  carry  in  a  chair;  to  carry  publicly 
m  a  chair  in  triumph. — Chairman,  chftr*- 
man,  n.  The  presiding  officer  of  an  as- 
sembly, association,  or  company,  com- 
mittee or  public  meeting;  one  whose  busi- 
ness is  to  carry  a. sedan-chair. — Chairman- 
shlj),  char'man-ship,  n.  The  office  of  a 
chairman  or  presiding  ofl^cer  of  a  meeting. 
—Chair-bed,  n.    A  bed-chair. 

Chaise,  shaz,  n.  [Fr. ,  a  corruption  of  chaire 
a  choir.]  A  two-\vheeled  carriage  drawn 
by  one  or  more  horses,  and  generally  fur- 
nished with  a  hood  or  top  that  may  be  let 
down.  .--f 

Chalaza,  ka-la'za,  n.  [Gr.  chalaza,  a  pimple.  ] 

■  Bot.  that  part  of  the  ovule  or  seed  where 
the  integuments  cohere  with  each  other 
and  with  the  nucleus;  zool.  one  of  the  two 
membranous  twisted  cords  which  bind 
the  yolk-bag  of  an  egg  to  the  lining  mem- 
brane at  the^two  ends  of  the  shell.— Cha- 
lazal,  ka-la'zal,  a.  ,  Of  or  relating  to  a 
chala/a.  v-»'^»X'^•»«(^*sSJC*— '»?>'.o«' 

Chalcedony,  kal-sed'o-ni,  n.  [From  Chal- 
cedon,  an  ancient  Greek  town  in  Asia 
Minor.]     A  kind  of  quartz,  resembliiig 

•  milk  diluted  with  water,  and  more  or  less 
clouded  or  opaque,  with  veins,  circles,  and 
spots.— Chalcedomc,  kal-sC-don'ik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  chalcedony. —Chalcedonyx.kal- 
sed'o-niks,  n.  [From  chalcedony  and  onyx.] 
A  variety  of  agate,  in  which  white  and 
gray  layers  alternate. 

Chalcography,  kal-kog'ra-fl,  n.  [Gr.  cTialkos, 
copper,  brass,  and  graphs,  to  engrave.] 
The  art  of  engraving  on  copper  or  brass. 
—  Chalcograpner,  Chalcographist,  kal- 
kog'raf-6r,  kal-kog'raf-ist,  n.  An  e\igraver 
on  brass  or  copper.  —  ChalcographJt,  t&l- 
ko-grafik,  a.  Pertaining  to  chalcography. 

Chaldaic,  Chaldean,  Chaldee,  kal-da'ik, 
kal-de'an,  kal'de,  a.  Pertaining  to  Chal- 
dea  or  Chaldrea,  anciently  a  country  on 
the  Euphrates  in  Asia.— n.  The  language 
or  dialect  of  the  Chaldeans;  Aramaic. — 
Chaldaism,  -kal-da'izm,  n.  An  idiom  or 
peculiarity  of  the  Chaldee  dialect. 

Chalder,  chal'dfer,  n.  [Same  as  chaldron.] 
A  Scotch  dry  measure  for  grainconsisting 
of  16  bolls',  or  nearly  8  quarters. 

Chaldron,  chal'dron,  n.  [The  same  word 
as  caldron.]  A  measure  of  coals  consisting 
of  36  bushels,. or  25i  cwt. 

Chalet,  sha-la°,  n.  [Fr.;  properly  a  Swiss 
word.]  A  cottage,  cabin,  or  hut  for  shel- 
tering the  herdsmen  and  their  cattle  in 
the  Swiss  mountains;  a  small  dwelling- 
house  built  in  a  similar  style.  ^ 

Chalice,  chal'is,  n.  [Fr.  calice,  from  L. 
calix,  ccUicis,  a  cup  or  goblet.]  A  drink- 
ing cup  or  bowl;  a  cup  used  to  administer 
the  wine  in  the  celebration  of  the  Lord's 
supper.  ^. 

ChalK,  chak,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cealc,  from  L. 
calx,  lime,  lijnestone.]     A   well-known 

earthy  limestone,  an  impure  carbonate  of 

lime  of  an  opaque  white  colour,  soft,  and 

admitting  no  polish.  —  v.t.  To  rub  with 


\ch,  cAain JItcA,  Sc.  locfcjjl j[i  JI2iAJ » Job;  An.  Fr.  ton^^ng.  sing;  jfcgH.  |Aen;  thjJWgi^iijw^Lwig^^. wh,  wfcig[J|ilij3surfiJ| 


CHAMBERTIN" 


112 


CHAOS 


the  rooms.— Cham'ber-pot,  n.  A  vessel  for 
contaixung  slops,  used  in  bed -rooms. — 
Chamber -practice,  n.  The  practice  of  a 
counsel,  a  barrister,  or  advocate  who  gives 
his  opinions  in  private  or  atliis  chambers, 
but  does  cot  advocate  cases  in  court. 

Chajnbertin,  shon-ber-taii,  n.  A  superior 
sort  of  red  Burgundy  wine,  named  after 
the  place  where  it  is  made. 

Chamelocn,  ka-mele-on,  n.  fGr.  ehamai- 
leOn — ehamai,  on  the  ground,  and  leOn, 
lion;  lit.  ground-lion.]  An  insectivorous - 
lizard,  having  a  naked  body,  a  prehensile 
tail,  four  feet  suited  for  grasping  branches, 
and  the  eve  covered  by  a  single  circular 
eyelid  with  an  aperture  in  the  centre.  It 
has  long  been  remarkable  for  its  faculty 
of  changing  its  colour ;  and  its  powers  of 
fasting  and  inflating  itself  gave  rise  to  the 
notion  that  it  lived  on  air. 

Chamfer,  cham'f6r,  n.  (Fr.  cbanfrein,  a 
chamfer.]  A  small  gutter  or  furrow  cut 
in  wood  or  other  hard  material;  a  bevel  or 
slope ;  the  comer  of  anythi.ig  originally 
right-angled  cut  aslope  equally  on  the  two 
sides  which  form  it. — v.t.  To  cut  a  cham- 
fer in  or  on;  to  flute;  to  channel;  to  cut 
or  grind  so  as  to  form  a  bevel. 

Caarnfron,  cham'fron,  n.  [O.Fr.  chamfrein, 
from  champ,  field,  battle-field,  and  frein, 
1j.  frenum,  a  bridle.]  The  defensive  ar- 
mour for  the  fore  part  of  the  head  of  a 
war-horse. 

Caamois,  sham'wa  or  sha-moi',  n.  [Fr.]  A 
species  of  goat -like  antelope  inhabiting 
bigh  inaccessible  mountains  in  Europe 
and  Western  Asia,  about- the  size  of  a  well- 
grown  goat,  and  extremely  agile;  a  kind 
of  soft  leathsr  made  from  various  skins 
dressed  with .  fish-oU :  so  called  because 
first  prepared  from  the  skin  of  the  cha- 
mois: in  this  sense  often  written  Shammy. 

Chamomile,  kam'o-mil,  n.  [L.L.  chamamil- 
la,  li.chamcemelon.Gr.chamaimclon-r^ha- 
'inai,  on  the  ground,  and  melon,  an  apple, 
from  the  apple-like  smell  of  its  flower.] 
A  much-branched,  perennial  composite 
herb  with  daisy-like  flowers,  which  are  in- 
tensely bitter,  an  infusion  of  them  being 
much  used  as  a  tonic,  and  in  fomenta- 
tions. 

Champ,  champ,  v.t.  [From  O.Fr.  champayer, 
to  graze,  from,  chainp,  L.  campus,  a  field, 
or  a  modification  of  obsolete  chain,  to 
chew.]  To  bite  with  repeated  action  of  the 
teeth  and  with  a  snapping  noise;  to  bite 
into  small  pieces;  to  chew;  to  munch;  to 
craunch. 

Champagne,  sham-p5n',  n.  A  kind  of  b'ght 
sparkling  vrlne  made  chiefly  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Mame,  in  the  former  province  of 
Champoffne,  in  France. 

Champaign,  Champain,  sham -pan',  n. 
[O.Fr.  champaigne,  from  champ,  L.  cam- 
pus, a  field.  Campaign.]  A  flat  open  coun- 
try.—a.  Level;  open;  havingthe character 
i>f  a  plain. 

Champignon,  sham-pin'yon,  n.  [Fr..  a 
mushroom,  from  L.L.  eam/pinio,  wnat 
grows  in  fields,  from  L.  campvs,  a  field.] 
A  name  for  two  edible  mushrooms  growing 
in  Britain,  one  the  common  mushroom, 
the  other  a  species  growing  in  fairy  rings. 

Champion,  cham'pi-on,  n.  fFr.  champion, 
L.L.  campio,  campionis,  a  champion,  from 
L.  campus,  a  field,  later  a  combat,  duel.] 
One  who  comes  forward  in  defence  of  any 
cause;  especially  one  who  engages  in  single 
combat  in  the  cause  of  another;  more 
generally,  a  hero;  a  brave  warrior;  one 
Avho  has  acknowledged  superiority  in  cer- 
tain matters  decided  by  public  contest  or 
competition;  one  open  to  contend  with  all 
comers,  or  otherwise  reqturing  to  resign 
the  title. — v.t.  To  challenge  to  a  combat ; 
to  come  forward  and  maintain  or  support 
<a  cause  or  a  person).  —  Championsnip, 
ch5m'pi-on-ship,  n.  State  of  being  a  cham- 
pion; support  or  maintenance  of  a  cause. 

Cliance,  clians,  n.  [Fr.  chance,  chancej 
hazard,  from  L.L.  caderUia,  a  falling  (E. 
cadence),  from  L.carfere.tofall;  in  allusion 
to  the  falling  of  the  dice.]  A  casual  or 
fortuitous  event;  an  accident;  that  which 
js  regarded  as  det^ermining  the  course  of 
events  in  the  absence  of  law,  ordinai-y 
causution,  or  providence  (to  happen  by 
chance);    accident;    what    fortune   may 


bring;  fortune;  jjoesibility  of  an  occur- 
rence; opportunity  (to  lose  a  chance).— 
v.i.  To  happen;  to  fall  out;  to  come  or 
arrive  without  design  or  expectation. — 
v.t.  To  put  under  the  influence  of  chance; 
to  risk;  to  hazard.  —  a.  Happening  by 
chance;  casual. — Chanceful.t  chans'ful,  a. 
Full  of  chances  or  accidents;  hazardous. 
— Chance-medley,  n.  Originally,  a  casual 
affray  or  riot,  without  deliberate  or  pre- 
meditated malice;  now,  the  kilUng  of  an- 
other in  self-defence  upon  a  sudden  and 
unpremeditated  encounter. 

Chancel,  chan'sel,n.  [So  named  from  being 
railed oflf  from  therestof  the  church  by. 
lattice- work— L.  cancelli.  Canxel.]  That 
part  of  the  choir  of  a  church  between  the 
altar  or  communion  table  and  the  balus- 
trade or  railing  that  incloses  it,  or  that 
part  where  the  altar  is  placed. — Chancel- 
Bcreen,n.  The  screen  or  nulipg,  often  richly 
carved  and  .ornamented,  which  separates 
the  chancel  from  the  body  of  the  church. 
— Chancellor,  chan'sel-6r,  n.  [L.L.  cancel- 
larivis,  from  L.  cancelli,  a  lattice -work 
railing,  from  the  chancellor  formerly 
standing  ad  cancellos  (at  the  latticed  rail- 
ing), to  receive  petitions,  &c.]  A  state 
ofiicial  in  various  European  states,  in- 
vested with- judicial  powers,  and  particu- 
larly with  the  superintendence  of  charters, 
letters,  and  other  ofl&cial  writings  of  the 
crown  that  require  to  be  solemnly  authen- 
ticated; in  England,  a  high  judicial  oflicer 
who  presides  over  a  court  of  chancery  or 
other  court,  civil  or  ecclesiastical. — Lord 
high  chancellor,  the  highest  judicial  offi- 
cer of  the  crown,  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Lords,  keeper  of  the  great  seal,  having 
the  appointment  of  all  the  justices  of 
peace  of  the  kingdom,  and  "many  other 
functions. —  Chancellor  of  the  exchequer, 
the  principal  finance  minister  of  the  gov- 
ernment; the  minister  of  state  who  has 
control  over  the  national  revenue  and  ex- 
penditure. —  Chancellorship,  chan'sel-6r- 
ship,  n.  The  ofiice  of  a  chancellor ;  the 
time  during  which  one  is  chancellor. 

Chancery,  chan'se-ri,  n.  [Modified  from 
older  chancelry.  from  Fr.  chanceUerie. 
Chancellor.]  A  court  or  department  of 
public  affairs  at  the  head  of  which  is  a 
chancellor;  in  England,  formerly  the  high- 
est court  of  justice  next  to  parliament,  but 
since  1873  a  division  of  the  High  Court 
of  Justice,  which  is  itself  one  of  the  two 
departments  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Jndi- 

Chancre,  shang'kSr,  ri._[Fr.=canA:er.]  A 
sore  6t  ulcer  which  arises  from  the  direct 
application  of  the  venereal  virus. — Chanc- 
rooB,  shangk'rus,  a.  Having  the  qualities 
of  a  chancre,  ulcerous. 

Chandelier,  shan-de-lEr',  n.  [Fr.  chaiide- 
lier,  a  chandelier,  from  L.  candela,  a 
candle.  Candle.]  A  stand  with  branches 
to  hold  a  number  of  candles,  to  light  up  a 
room. 

Chandler,  chandler,  n.  [Fr.  chandelier,  a 
dealer  in  candles,  from  L.  caiidela,  a 
candle.]  One  who  makes  or  sells  candies; 
a  dealer  in  general:  the  particular  mean- 
ing of  the  term  being  determined  by  a 
prefix;  as,  tallow-c/iandZer;  ship-chandler, 
&c.— Chandlery,  chandlfer-i,  n.  The  com- 
modities sold  by  a  chandler;  a  chandler's 
warehouse;  a  store-room  for  candlest. 

Change,  ^chanj,  v.t.  —  changed,  changing. 
[Fr.  changer,  to  change,  from  L.L.  cam- 
biare,  from  L.  cambire,  to"  change,  to  bar- 
ter.] To  cause  to  turn  or  pass  from  one 
state  to  another ;  to  vary  in  form  or  es- 
sence; to  alter  or  make  different;  to  substi- 
tute another  thing  or  things  for  (to  change 
the  clothes) ;  to  shift ;  to  give  or  procure 
another  kind  of  money  for  (to  change  a 
bank-note);  to  (rive  away  for  a  money  equi- 
valent of  a  different  kind;  to  exchange 
(to  change  places  with  a  person).— y.i.  To 
suffer  change;  to  be  altered;  to  imdergo 
variation;  to  be  partially  or  wholly  trans- 
formed; to  begin  a  now  revolution,  or  to 
pass  from  one  phase  to  another,  as^he 
moon. — n.  Any  variation  or  alteration  in 
form,  state,  quality,  or  essence;  a  passing 
from  one  state  or  form  to  another ;  a  suc- 
cession of  one  thing  in  the  place  of  an- 
other {change  at  iK-asons);  the  pa«r.ing from 


one  phase  of  the  moon  to  another ;  alter- 
ation in  the  order  of  a  series;  permuta- 
tion ;  that  which  makes  a  variety  or  may 
be  substituted  for  another  (two  changes  of 
clothes);  small  money,  which  may  be  given 
for  larger  pieces ;  the  balance  of  a  sum  of 
money  returned  when  the  price  of  goods 
is  deducted;  a  place  where  merchants  and 
others  meet  to  transact  business :  in  this 
sense  an  abbreviation  for  Exchange,  and 
often  written  X'/ians'e.— Changeable,char.  - 
ja-bl,a.  Liable  to  change;  subject  to  altera- 
tion; fickle;  inconstant;  mutable;  variable. 
— Changeableness,  Changeability,  chan  - 
ia-bl-nes,  chan-ja-bil'i-ti,n.  The  quality  of 
being  changeable.  —  Changeably,  chan'ja- 
bli,  adv.  In  a  changeable  manner.— Chang e- 
ful,chanj'iul,a.  Full  of  change;  inconstant; 
riiutable;  fickle;  uncertain;  subject  l<>  :il- 
teration.— Changefully,  chanj'fiil-li,  adv. 
In  a  changeful  manner. — Changefulness, 
chauj'ful-nes,  >i.— Changeless,  cluiDJ'Ics,  a. 
Constant;  not  admitting  alteration.— 
Changeling,  chanj'ling,  n.  One  apt  to 
change;  a  waverer  (Shak.);  a  child,  often  a 
deformed  or  stupid  child  supposed  to  be 
substituted  by  fairies  for  another;  hence, 
an  idiot;  a  fool.  —  Changer,  chanj'er,  n. 
One  who  changes  or  alters  the  form  of  any- 
thing; one  that  is  employed  in  changing 
and  discounting  money;  a  money-changer; 
one  given  to  change;  one  who  is  incon- 
stant or  fickle. 

Chank,  Chank-sheU,  changk,  n.  [Skr. 
fanWia.]  The  common  conch-shell  which 
IS  fished  up  by  divers  in  the  Indian  seas. 
Channel,  chan'el,  n.  [From  O.Fr.  chanel, 
eand,  L.  canaHs,  a  water-pipe;  whence 
also  canal  and  kennel,  a  gutter.]  The  bed 
of  a  stream  of  water,  the  hollow  or  course 
in  which  a  stream  flows;  the  deeper  part 
of  an  estuarj',  bay,  &c.,  where  the  current 
flows,  or  which  is  most  convenient  for  the 
track  of  a  ship;  a  strait  or  narrow  sea  be- 
tween two  islands,  two  continents,  or  a  con- 
tinent and  an  island;  that  by  whicb  some- 
thing x>asses  or  is  transmitted  (as  news, 
information) ;  means  of  passing,  convey- 
ing, or  transmitting;  a  fuiTow  or  grgove. 
—v.t.— channelled,  channelling.  To  form 
a  channel  in:  to  cut  channels  in;  to  groove. 
{Shal:.'\ 

Channel,  chan'el,  n.  [A  corruption  of 
chain-voale.]  One  of  the  pieces  of  iilauk 
projecting  edgewise  from  a  ship's  sides 
and  over  which  the  shrouds  are  extended 
to  keep  them  clear  of  the  gunwale. 
Chant,  chant,  v.t.  [Fr.  chanter,  from  L. 
cantare,  aug.  of  cano,  cantuin,  to  sing. 
Akin  cant.]  To  utter  with  a  melodious 
voice;  to  warble;  to  sing ;  to  celebrate  in 
_  song;  to  repeat  the  vords  of,  in  a  kind  ot 
<  intoning  voice  cr  in  a  style  between  air 
'and  recitative.— ti.i.  To  sing;  to  malto 
melody  with  the  voice;  to  mtoiie,  or  per- 
iform  a  chant. —  n.  A  song  or  singing: 
'.  melody;  specifically,  a  short  musical  com- 
position consisting  generally  of  a  lony 
reciting  note,  on  which  an  indefinite 
number  of  words  may  be  intoned,  and  a 
melodic  phrase  or  cadence  —  Chanter, 
chan  tCr,  n.  One  who  chants,  a  singer  or 
songster;  in  bagpipes,  the  tube  with  fin- 
ger-noles  for  playing  the  melody.— Chat  • 
ticleer,  chan'ti-kler,  n.  (From  charU  and 
clear.]  A  cock,  so  called  from  the  clear- 
ness or  loudness  of  his  voice  in  crowing. — 
Chantre8s,t  chant'res,  n.  A  female  sing- 
er, [if if.]- Chantry,  chan'tri;  n.  [O.Fr. 
chanterie,  from  chant.]  A  church  or  chape! 
endowed  for  the  maintenance  of  one  or 
more  priests  daily  to  sing  or  say  mass  for 
the  souls  of  the  donors  or  such  as  they  ai«- 
point. 

Chanterelle,  shan-trel  or  shan-tfer-el',  n. 
[Fr.,  perhaps  from  O.Fr.  chanterelle,  a 
small  bell,  from  its  shape,  from  chanter, 
to  sing.]  An  English  edible  mushroom, 
having  a  bright  orange  colour,  a  fragrant 
fruity  smell,  and  being  found  frequently 
in  woods  under  trfees. 

Chaos,  k  a'os,  n.  [  Gr.  chaos,  from  a  root  cJia. 
to  gape,  to  yawn,  whence  also  chasm.] 
Thau  confusion  or  confused  mass  out  o: 
which  the  universe  was  created ;  a  con- 
fused mixture  of  parts  cr  elements;  a 
scene  of  extreme  confusion;  disorder. — 
Chaotic,  kiiKjt'ik,  a.    Resemoling  cha(i> ; 


I'ate,  far,  fat,  fftU;     mO,  met,  her; 2.  I'ii»?i  Pin;     oOte,  not,  move;     tube,  tub,  bull;     oil,  found;     ti,  Sc.  abi<ue— tlie  l"r.  xu 


CHAP 


113 


CHAHITY 


confused.— Chaotically,  ka-ot'ik-al-li,  adu. 
In  a  chaotic  state. 
Chap,  chap  or  chop,  v.t.—ckapped,chapping. 
[Same  word  as  chop,  to  cut.]  To  cause  to 
cleave,  split,  crack,  or  open  longitudinally, 
as  the  surface  of  the  earth  or  the  skin  and 
flesh  of  the  hand. — v.i.  To  crack;  to  open 
in  lon^  slits;  to  have  the  skin  become 
cracked  and  sore,  as  from  frost.  —  n.  A 
crack  1u  the  surface  of  the  hands  or  feet. 

Chap,  Chop,  chop,  n.  [A  form  standing  for 
cha/  or  cho/,  and  equivalent  to  Sc.  chaft, 
Icel.  kjaptr,  Dan.  kjm/t,  S\v.  kd/t,  a  jaw, 
without  the  t]  The  upper  or  lower  part 
of  the  mouth ;  the  jaw;  either  of  the  two 
planes  or  flat  parts  of  a  vice  or  pair  of 
tongs  or  pliers,  for  holding  anything  fast. 
— Chapfallen,  chop 'fain,  a.  Having  the 
lower  chap  or  jaw  depressed;  hence,  de- 
jected or  dispirited;  silenced.— Chapless, 
chop'les,  a.  Without  a  chap  or  lower  jaw. 
fSliak.] 

Chap,  chap,  n.  [An  abbrev.  of  chapman;  as 
regards  its  modem  use  compare  customer, 
in  senses  of  regular  purchaser  and  fellow 
or  chap.]  A  buyert;  a  chapman  (Ste«?«)J ; 
a  man  or  a  boy;  a  youth:  used  familiarly 
and  laxly,  much  as  the  word  fellow  is. — 
Chapman,  chap'man,  n.  [A.Sax.  cedpman, 
a  buyer  or  seller,  from  cedp,  a  laargain, 
trade,  and  mann,  a  man.]  Originally,  a 
buyer  and  seller,  a  merchant;  now,' a 
hawker,  pedlar,  or  travelling  dealer. — 
Chap-book,  n.  A  kind  of  small  book  or 
tract  formerly  much  sold  among  the  peo- 
ple by  chapmen,  containing  generally  lives 
of  heroes,  giants,  &c.,  fairy -lore,  ghost  and 
witch  stories,  ballads,  songs,  and  the  like. 

Chape,  chap,  n.  [Fr.  chape,  a  catch,  hook, 
chape,  also  a  cope;  same  origin  as  cape, 
cap.]  The  part 'by  which  an  object  is  at- 
tached,as  the  back-piece  by  which  a  buckle 
is  fixed  on  the  article  or  garment ;  the 
transverse  guard  of  a  sword  for  a  protec- 
tion to  the  hand;  the  metal  tip  at  the  end 
of  a  scabbard,  or  at  the  end  of.  a  belt  or 
girdle.  —  Chapeless,  chap'les,  a.  Without 
a  chape. 

Chaper,  chap'el,  n.  [Fr.  chapelle,  from  L.L. 
capella,  dim.  of  capa,  a  cape,  hood,  canopy, 
covering  of  the  altar,  a  recess  or  chapel 
attached  to  the  altar.  Cap,  Cape,.Chaplet.J 
A  subordinate  place  of  worship  usually 
attached  to  a  large  church  or  cathedral, 
connected  with  a  palace  or  private  resi- 
dence, or  8ubsidiar3'  to  a  parish  church;  a 
place  of  worship  used  by  dissenters  from 
the  Church  of  England;  a  meeting-house; 
a  union  or  society  formed  by  the  workmen 
in  a  printing-office. — Chapelry,  chap'el-ri, 
n.  The  territorial  district  assigned  to  a 
chapel  dependent  on  a  mother  church. — 
Chapel-cart,  n.  A  contraction  of  White- 
chapel-cart.- 

Chaperon,  Ehap'6r-on  or  shap-ron,  n,  [Fr.  • 
chaperon,  from  chape,  a  cope.  Chapel.]  A 
kind  of  ancient  hood  or  cap ;  a  lady,  espe- 
cially a  married  lady,  who  attends  a  young 
lady  to  public  places  as  a  guide  or  protec- 
tor.— v.t.  To  attend  on  as  chaperon,  guide, 
or  the  like.— Chaperonage,  shap'er-on  aj, 
n.  The  protection  or  countenance  of  a 
chaperon. 

Chapiter, J  chap'i-t6r,  n.  [From  O.Fr.  chapi- 
tel,  from  L.L.  capitellum,  L.  capituliim, 
dim.  of  caput,  a  head;  chapter  is  the  same 
word.]  The  upper  part  or  capital  of  a 
column  or  pillar.    [O.T.] 

Chaplain,  chap'lin,  n.  [Fr.  chapelain;  L.L. 
capellanus,  from  capella,  a  chapel.  Chap- 
el.] An  ecclesiastic  who  performs  divine 
service  in  a  chapel ;  more  generally,  an 
ecclesiastic  who  officiates  at  court,  in  the 
household  of  a  nobleman,  or  in  an  army, 
garrison,  ship,  institution,  &c. — Chaplain- 
cy, Chaplainship,  chap'lin-si,  chap' Un- 
ship, n.    The  office  or  post  of  a  chaplain. 

Chaplet,  chap'let,  n.  [Fr.  chapelet,  a  dim. 
of  O.Fr.  chapel.  Mod.  Fr.  chapeau,  a  hat, 
from  chape,  L.L.  capa,  a  hood,  a  cape;  akin 
chapel,  chape,  &c.]  A  garland  or  wreath 
to  be  worn  on  the  head;  a  string  of  beads 
used  by  Roman  Catholics,  by  which  they 
count  their  prayers;  a  small  rosary;  arch. 
a  small  round  moulding,carved  into  beads, 
pearls,  olives,  or  the  like. 

Chapman.    Under  Crap,  a  buyer. 

Chapter,  chap'tci, ;;.  [Fr.  chapUre,  former- 


ly chapitU,  eapitel,tiom  L.  eapittdum,  dim. 
of  caput,  the  head,  whence  also  capital, 
cattle,  &c.]  A  division  of  a  book  or  treatise; 
the  council  of  a  bishop,  consisting  of  the 
canons  or  prebends  and  other  clergy- 
men attached  to  a  collegiate  or  cathedral 
church,  and  presided  over  by  a  dean;  tha 
place  in  which  the  business  of  the  chapter 
is  conducted;  a  chapter-house;  the  meet- 
ing of  certain  organized  orders  and  so- 
cieties ;  a  branch  of  some  society  or  bro- 
therhood.— Chapter-house,  ji.  The  build- 
ing in  which  a  chapter  meets  fur  the 
transaction  of  business. 
Chaptrel,  chap'trel,  n.  [A  dim.  from  chapi- 
ter?) .The  capital  of  a  pillar  or  a  pilaster, 
which  supports  arches. 
Char,  Charr,  char,  n.  [Ir.  and  Gael,  cear,  red: 
from  its  having  a  ted  belly.]  Aname  given 
to  at  least  two  species  of  the  salmon  fam- 
ily, inhabiting  lakes  in  many  parts  of  the 
north  of  Europe. 

Char,  Chare,  char,  w.  [Prom  A.  Sax.  cerr, 
cyrr,  a  turn,  time,  occasion;  cerran,  cyrran, 
to  tum=D.  keeren,  G.  kehren,  to  turn  or 
move  about.  Hence  cAarcoal.j  A  turn  of 
■vvork;  a  single  job  or  piece  of  work;  work 
done  by  the  day. — v.i.  To  work  at  others' 
houses  by  the  day  without  being  a  hired 
servant;  to  do  small  jobs.— Char-woman, 
n.  A  woman  em  ployeU  by  the  day  on  odd 
jobs  about  a  house ;  one  employed  in  the 
house  of  apother  to  do  occasional  or  mis- 
cellaneous work. 

Char,  char,  v.t. — charred,  charring.  [O.E. 
cfiar,  to  turn,  from  A.  Sax.  cerran,  to  turn; 
to  char  wood  is  to  turn  or  change  it;  char- 
coal is  wood  turned  into"  coal.  Char,  a 
,  turn.]  To  burn  with  slight  admission  of 
air;  to  reduce  to  charcoal;  to  burn  (wood) 
slightly  or  partially,  and  on  the  surface. 
— Cfharcoal,  char'kol,  n.  Coal  made  by 
charring  woodj  or  more  generally,  the  car- 
bonaceous residue  of  vegetable,  animal, 
or  combustible  mineral  matter  when  they 
undergo  smothered  combustion.  Wood- 
charcoal  is  much  employed  in  the  manu- 
facture of  gunpowder,  and,  like  coke  or 
mineral  charcoal,  as  a  more  or  less  smoke- 
less fuel;  while  animal  charcoal  from  oils, 
fats,  and  bones,  is  the  basis  of  lampblack 
and  printer's-iiik. 

Character,  kar'ak-t6r,  n.  [L.  character,  an 
engraved  mark,  from  Gr.  charaktSr,  from 
charatto,  charaxo,  to  cut,  engrave.]  A  dis- 
tinctive mark  made  by  cutting,  stamping, 
or  engraving,  as  on  stone,  metal,  or  other 
hard  material;  a  mark  or  figure,  written 
or  printed,  and  used  to  form  words  and 
communicate  ideas;  a  letter,  figure,  or 
sign;  the  peculiar  form  of  letters,  written 
or  printed,  used  by  a  particular  person  or 
people  (the  Greek  character);  the  peculiar 
qualities  impressed  by  nature  or  habit  on 
a  person,  which  distinguish  him  from 
others;  a  distinctive  quality  assigned  to  a 
person  by  repute;  reputation:  sometimes 
restricted  to  good  qualities  or  reputation; 
strongly  marked  distinctive  qualities  of 
any  kind;  an  account  or  statement  of 
qualities  or  peculiarities;  especially,  an 
oral  or  written  account  of  a  servant's  or 
employee's  character  or  qualifications;  a 
person;  a  personage:  especially  applied  to 
individuals  represented  in  fiction  or  his- 
tory, to  persons  of  eminence,  and  to  per- 
sons marked  by  some  prominent  trait.— 
v.t.  To  mark  with  or  as  with  tiharacters; 
to  engrave;  to  inscribe.  —  Characteristic, 
(  karak-tiir-is"tik,  a.  [Gr.  charakteristikos.] 
Pertaining  to  or  serving  to  constitute  the 
character;  exhibiting  the  peculiar  quali- 
ties of  a  person  or  thing;  peculiar;  dis- 
tinctive —n.  That  which  serves  to  consti- 
tute a  character;  that  which  characterizes; 
that  which  distinguishes  a  person  or  thing 
from  another.  —  Characteristical,  kar'ak- 
t6r-i3"tik-al,  a.  Characteristic— Charac- 
teristically, kar'ak-t6r-i8"tik-al-li,  adv. 
In  a  characteristic  manner.  —  Character- 
Isticalness,  kar'ak-t6r-is"tik-al-nes,  n.— 
Characterization,  kar'ak-t6r-iz-a"shon,  n. 
Act  of  characterizing.— Characterize,  kar'- 
ak-ter-iz,  v.t.  [Gr.  c/iarakterizii.]  To  give' 
a  special  stamp  or  character  to;  to  con- 
stitute a  peculiar  characteristic  or  the 
peculiar  characteristics  of;  to  stamp  or 
distinguish  (characterieedhy  benevolence); 


to  give  a  character  or  an  account  of  the 
personal  qualities  of  a  man;  to  describe 
by  peculiar  qualities. — Characterles8,kar'- 
ak-ter-les,  a.  Destitute  of  any  peculiar 
character. 

Charade,  sha-rad'  or  sha-rad',  n.  [Fr.  Ety- 
mology unknown.]  An  enigma  the.  solu- 
tion of  which  is  a  word  of  two  or  more 
syllables  esich  of  which  is  separately  sig- 
nificant, the  word  and  its  syllables  being 
intended  to  be  di.''covered  from  description, 
or  in  other  cases  from  representation, 
when  it  is  called  an  acting  charade. 

Charcoal,  |i.    Under  Char,  to  bum. 

Chard,  chard,  n.  [Fr.  charde,  from  L.  car- 
duus,  a  thistle  or  artichoke.]  The  leaves 
of  artichoke,  covered  with  straw  in  order 
to  blanch  them,  and  make  them  less  bit- 
ter. 

Chare,  char,  n.  and  v.    Chab,  work. 

Charge,  charj,  v.t.— charged,  charging.  [Fr. 
charger,  from  L.L.  earricare,  from  L.  car- 
rus,  a  car.  whence  also  carry,  cargo,  can,' 
cature.}  To  lay  a  load  or  burden  on;  to  bur- 
den; to  load;  to  fill;  to  occupy  {tocharge  the 
memory);  to  impute  or  register  as  a  debt; 
to  put  down  to  the  debt  of ;  to  register  as 
indebted  or  as  forming  a  dept  (to  charge  a 
person  for  a  thing;  to  charge  a  thing  to  or 
against  a  person);  to  fix  the  price  of:  with 
at  before  the  pnce  or  rate;  to  accuse;  to 
impeach  (to  charge  a  person  withs,  crime); 
to  [ay  to  one'scbarge;  to  impute;  to  ascribe 
the  responsibility  of  (to  charge  guilt/on  a 
person);  to  intrust;  to  commission  (a  per- 
son with);  to  ,commajid ;  to  enjoin ;  to  in- 
struct; to  urge  earnestly;  to  exhort;  to  ad- 
jure; to  give  directions  to  (a  jury,  &c.);  to 
instruct  authoritatively;  to  make  an  onset 
on;  to  attack  by  rushing  against  violently. 
.•.Syn.  under  Accuse.— v.t.  To  make  anon- 
set;  to  rush  to  an  attack;  to  plSeetbe 
price  of  a  thing  to  one's  debit. — n.  That 
which  is  laid  on  or  in:  in  a  general  sense, 
any  load  oi:  burden;  the  quantity  cf  any- 
thing which  an  apparatus,  as  a  gun,  an 
electric  battery,  &c.,  is  intended  to  receive 
and  fitted  to  hold,  or  what  is  actually  in 
as  a  load;  an  attack,  onset,  or  rush;  an 
order,  injunction,  mandate,  or  command; 
hence,  a  duty  enioined  on  or  intrusted  to 
one;  care,  custody,  or  oversight;  >he  per- 
son or  thing  committed  to  another's  cus- 
tody, care,  or  management;  a  trust;  in- 
structions given  by  a  judge  to  a  jury,  or 
an  exhortation  given  by  a  bishop  to  hio 
clergy;  what  is  alleged  or  brought  forward 
by  way  of  accusation;  accusation;  the  sum 
payable  as  the  price  of  anything  bought ; 
cost;  expense;  rent,  tax,  or  whatever  con.- 
stitutes  a  burden  or  duty.  —  Chargeable, 
charj'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  charged; 
falling  to  be  set,  laid,  or  imposed,  as  a  tax 
or  duty ;  subject  -to  a  charge  or  tax,  as 
goods^capable  of  being  laid  to  one's  charge; 
capable  of  being  imputed  to  one;  subject 
to  accusation;  liable  to  be  accused;  ca\iE- 
ing  expense,  and  hence  burdensome.  — 
Chargeableuess,  ChargeabiUty,  charj 'a- 
bl-nes,  charj-a-bil'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  chargeable.  —  Charger,  charj'Ar,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  charges;  a  large 
dish  (N.T.);  a  war-horse. 

Charge  d'Afiairea,  shar-zhfi  da-far,  n.  [Fr, 
lit.  charged  with  affairs.]  One  who  trans- 
acts diplomatic  business  at  a  foreign  court 
during  the  ab.sence  of  his  superior  the  am- 
bassadbr,  or  at  a  court  where  no  function- 
ary so  high  as  an  ambassador  is  appointed. 

Charily,  CharineBs.    Under  Chaky. 

Charicii,  char'i-ot,  n.  [Fr.'  chariot,  from 
char,  a  car.  Car.]  A  stately  four-wneeled 
pleasure  or  state  carriage  having  one  seat; 
a  car  or  vehicle  formerly  used  in  war,  in 
processions,  and  for  racing,  drawn  by  two 
or  more  horses.  —  v.t.i  To  convey  in  a 
chariot.'  [Afil,]— Charioteer,  chayi-o-tfr", 
n.  The  person  who  drives  or  conducts  a 
chariot.  —  Charioteering,  char'i-o-ter"ing, 
n.    The  act  or  art  of  driving  a  chariot. 

Charity,  char'i-ti,  n.  [Fr.  chants,  O.Fr. 
charitet,  cariteit,  from  L.  caritas,  cariiatis, 
from  carfis,  dear,  whence  also  caresa.]  The 
good  affection,  love,  or  tenderness  which 
men  should  feeL towards  their  fellows,  and 
which  riiould  induce  thorn  to  do  good  to 
and  think  favourably  of  others ;  beaevo 
lence;  li^rality  in  thinking  or  judgiag; 


Vch,  cAain;     c/:,  Se.  Jocft;     p,  j/o;     j,yol):     n,  fr.  tow;     dj:',  siu;/;  j  th,  tten;  th,  4M»;     vr,  ttiig;     wh,  loJiig;     rh,  asure, 

9 


CUARLATAJf 


114 


CHATTER 


libei-ality  in  giving  to  the  poor,  whatever 
is  bestowed  gratuitously  on  the  poor  for 
their  relief;  alms;  any  act  of  kindness  or 
benevolence ;  a  charitable  institution;  an 
hospital.— Charitable,  char'it-a-bl,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  characterized  by  charity;  full 
of  good-will  or  tenderness;  benevolent  and 
kind ;  libei-al  in  benefactions  to  the  poor 
and  in  relieving  them  in  distress;  pertain- 
ing to  almsgiving  or  relief  to  the  poor; 
springing  from  charity  or  intended  for 
charity;  lenient  in  judging  of  others;  not 
harsh;  favourable.— Charitableness,  char'- 
it-a-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  char- 
itable.—Charitably,  char'it-a-bli,  adv.  In 
a  charitable  manner. 

Charlatan,  shar'la-tan,  n.  [Fr.,  from  It. 
ciarlatano,a,  quack,  from  ciarlare,  to  prate, 
to  chatter  like  birds.]  One  who  prates 
much  in  his  own  favour  and  makes  unwar- 
rantable pretentions  to  skill;  a  quack;  an 
empiric ;  a  mountebank.  —  Charlatanic, 
Charlatanlcal,  shar-la-tan'ik,  shar-la-tau'- 
ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a 
charlatan ;  quackish.  —  Charlatanically', 
shar-la-tan'ik-al-U,  adv.  In  a  charlatanic 
manner.  —  Charlatanism,  Charlatanry, 
shar'la-tan-izm,  shiir'la-tan-ri,  n.  The  be- 
haviour of  a  charlatan;  undue  pretentious 
to  skill;  quackery. 

Charles's- wain,  charlz'iz-wan,  n.  [A  cor- 
ruption of  churPs  (that  is  farmer's  or  peas- 
ant's) wain.]  The  seven  brightest  sfears  in 
the  constellation  called  Ursa  Major  or  the 
Great  Bear:  known  also  as  the  Plough. 
Charlock,  char'lok,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cerlic;  the 
termination  is  the  same  as  in  garlic,  hem- 
lock, and  meant  properly  leek.]  A  weedy 
annual  of  the  mustard  family,  with  bright 
yellow  flowers,  occurring  in  cornfields. 
Charm,  charm,  n.  [Fr.  ehamve,  a  charm, 
an  enchantment,  from  L.  camuin,  a  song, 
a  verse,  a  charm.]  A  melody  J;  a  song  f 
{Mil.);  anything  believed  to  possess  some 
occult  or  supernatural  power,  such  as  an 
amulet  or  spell  or  some  mystic  observance; 
something  which  exerts  an  irresistible 
power  to  please  and  attract ;  fascination ; 
allurement;  attraction;  a  trinket,  such  as 
a  locket,  seal,  &c.,  worn  on  a  watch-guard. 
—v.t.  To  subdue  or  control  by  incantation 
or  magical  or  supernatural  influence;  to 
fortify  or  make  invulnerable  with  charms; 
to  subdue  or  soothe  as  if  by  magic;  to 
allay  or  a~ppease  by  w'nat  gives  delight;  to 
give  exquisite  pleasure  to;  to  fascinate;  to 
enchant.— v.t.  To  gict  as  a  charm  or  spell; 
to  produce  the  effect  of  a  charm.— Charm- 
er, char'mfir,  n.  One  who  charms,  fasci- 
nates, enchants,  allures,  or  attracts.  — 
Charming,  ch&r'ming,  a.  Pleasing  in  the 
highest  degree;  delighting;  fascinating;  en- 
chanting ;  alluring.  —  Charmingly,  char'- 
ming-li,  adv.  In  q,  charming  manner. — 
Charmingness,  char'ming-nes,  n.— Charm- 
less,! charm'les,  a.  Destitute  of  charms. 
Chamel,  char'nel,  a.  [Fr.  chamel,  O.Fr. 
caniel,  carnal,  from  L.  camalis,  fromcaro, 
camis,  flesh.]  Containing  dead  bodies. — 
Charnel-house,  n.  A  place  under  or  near 
churches  where  the  bones  of  the  dead  are 
deposited. 

Charpie,  sh^r-pS,  n.  [Fr.  charpir,  to  tease 
out,  from  L.  carpo,  to  pluck,  to  pull.G  Lint 
for  dressing  a  woimd. 
Charqul,  char'ke,  n.  [The  Chilian  name, 
of  which  the  term  jerked  beef  is  a  corrup- 
tion, i  Jerkeil  beef;  beef  cut  into  strips  of 
about  an  inch  thick  and  dried  by  exposure 
to  the  sun. 

Charr,  n.  A  kind  of  fish,  the  char. 
Chart,  chart,  n.  [L.  charta,  paper,  a  leaf 
of  paper.  Card  is  the  same  v/ord.]  A 
sheet  of  any  kind  on  which  inform.^tion 
is  exhibited  in  a  methodical  or  tabulated 
form;  specifically,  a  marine  map, with  the 
coasts,  islands,  rocks,  soundings,  &c.,  to 
regulate  the  courses  of  ships. — v.t.  To  de- 
lineate, as.on  a  chart;  to  map  out. — Char- 
taceoos,  kar-ta'shus,  a.  Bot.  papery;  re- 
sembling paper:  applied  to  the  paper-like 
texture  of  leaves,  bark,  &c.  —  Charter, 
char'tftr,  n.  [O.Fr.  chartre,  from  L.  char- 
tarius,  trom  charta,  paper.]  A  writing 
given  as  evidence  of  a  grant,  contract,  4c.; 
any  instrument  executed  with  form  and 
solemnity  bestowing  or  granting  powers, 
rights,  and  privileges;  privilege;  immu- 


nity; exemption.— ».f.  To  hire  or  let  (a  ship) 
by  charter  or  contract;  to  establish  by 
charter;  to  grant;  to  privilege.— Charter- 
able,  char't6r-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being,  or 
in  a  condition  to  be,  chartered  or  hired,  as 
a  ship. — Chartered,  char'tSrd,  a.  Granted 
,by  charter;  permitted  by  charter;  privi- 
leged. —  Charterer,  char'tcr-er,  n.  One 
who  charters.  —  Charter-party,  n.  [Fr. 
charte-partie,  a  divided  charter,  from  the 
practice  of  cutting  tht;  instrument  in  two, 
and  giving  one  part  to  each  of  the  con- 
tractors.] Com.  an  agreement  respecting 
the  hire  of  a  vessel  and  the  freight,  signed 
by  the  proprietor  or  master  of  the  siiip, 
and  by  the  merchant  who  hires  or  freights 
it.— Chartism,  char'tizm,  n.  The  political 
principles  and  opiruons  o:  the  Chartists. 
—Chartist,  char'tist, «.  One  of  a  body  of 
political  reformers  in  England  that  sprung 
up  about  the  year  1838,  and  advocated  as 
their  leading  principles  universal  suffrage, 
no  property  qualification  for  a  seat  in  par- 
liament, annual  parliaments,  equal  re- 
presentation, payment  of  members,  and 
vote  by  ballot,  all  which  privileges  they 
demanded  as  constituting  the  people's 
charter. 

Chartography,  kar-tog'ra-fl,  n.  [E.  chart, 
L.  charta,  paper,  and  Gr.  graphe,  writing, 
description.]  The  art  or  practice  of  draw- 
ing up  maps  or  charts.— Chartographer, 
kar-tog'raf-6r,  n.  One  who  prepares  or 
publishes  maps  or  charts;  a  maker  of  maps 
or  charts.- Chartographic,  kar-to-graf'ik, 
a.  Pertaining  to  chartography.- Charto- 
graphically,  kkr-to-grafik-al-li,  adv.  In  a 
chartographic  manner ;  by  chajrtography. 
Chartreuse,  shiir'troz,  n.  A  highly  esteemed 
liqueur  obtained  by  distilling  aromatic 
plants  growing  on  the  Alps,  and  so  called 
"from  the  monastery  of  the  same  name, 
where  it  isi  made. 

Chartulary,  kar'tu-la-ri,  n.  [Fr.  cartvlaire, 
L.L.  carttdaritis,  from  chartula,  dim.  of  L. 
charta,  paper.]  A  record  or  register,  aa  of 
a  monastery. 

Char-womaJi,  n.  Char,  work. 
Chary,  cha'ri,  a.  [A.  Sax.  cearig,  full  of 
care,  sad,  from  cearu,  cam,  care.  Care.] 
Careful;  cautious;  frugal;  sparing:  with 
of  before  an  object.— Charily,  cha'ri-li,  a. 
In  a  chary  manner;  carefully;  sparingly. 
—Chariness,  cha'ri-nes,  »i. 
Chase,  chas,  v.t.— chased,  chasing.  [Also 
written  chace,  from  O.Fr.  chaeier,  Mod.Fr.- 
chasser,  to  chase,  a  parallel  form  with 
catch,  being  like  it  from  L.L.  captiare. 
Catch.]  To  pursue  for  the  purpose  of 
taking,  as  game;  to  hunt;  to  follow  after 
or  search  for  with  eagerness;  to  pursue  for 
any  purpose;  to  follow  with  hostility;  to 
drive  oft.  —  n.  Pursuit;  hunting;  ardent 
search  for  or  following  after;  that  which 
is  pursued  or  hunted;  specifically,  a  vessel 
pursued  by  another;  an  open  piece  of 
ground  or  place  well  stored  with  game, 
and  belonging  to  a  private  proprietor.— 
Chasahle,  chas'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
chased;  fit  for  the  chase. — Chaser,  chas'- 
6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  chases; 
a,  pursuer  or  hunter;  a  ship  that  pursues 
another;  a  chase-gun.— Chase-gun,  n.  In 
war-ships,  a  gun  used  in  chasing  an  enemy 
or  in  defending  a  ship  when  chased. 
Chase,  chas,  n.  [Fr.  chdsse,  from'L.  capsa, 
box,  case.  Case,  for  holding  things,  is  a 
form  of  the  same  word.]  An  iron  frame 
used  by  printers  to  confine  types  when  set 
in  columns  or  pa^es;  the  part  of  a  gun 
between  the  trunnions  and  the  muzzle;  a 
wide  groove. 

Chase,  chfis,  v.t.  [Shortened  from  encTiase  ] 
To  enchase ;  to  cut  ar  thread  on,  so  as  to 
make  a  screw.  —  Chaser,  chfts'fer,  n.  One 
who  chases  or  encha-ses;  an  enchaser;  a 
steel  tool  used  for  cutting  or  finishing  the 
threads  of  screws. 

Chasm,  kazm,  ti.  [Gr.  ehasnia,  from  root 
eha,  as  in  cfiaos.]  A  gaping  or  yawning 
opening,  as  in  the  earth;  an  abyss;  a  wide 
and  deep  cleft;  a  fissure;  a  void  space.— 
Chasmy,  kaz'mi,  a.  Abounding  with 
<ihasms. 

Chassepot,  shas-po,  n.     [After  Chassepot. 
the  inventor.]  A  breech-loading  rifle  used 
in  the  French  army. 
CluMsenr,  shas-s^r,  n.    [Fr.,  a  huntsman.] 


One  of  a  body  of  soldiers,  light  and  active, 
both  mounted  and  on  foot,  trained  for 
rapid  movements;  a  person  dressed  in  a 
sort  of  military  style  in  attendance  upon 
persons  of  rank. 

Chaste,  chast,  a.  [Fr.  chaste,  from  li.castus, 
chaste.]  I'ure  from  all  unlawful  sexual 
commerce;  free  from  libidinous  desires; 
continent;  virtuous;  free  from  obscenity 
or  impurity  in  thought  and  language;  as 
applied  to  literarj'  style,  free  from  barl)ar- 
uus  words  and  phrases,  affected  or  extrav- 
agant expressions,  or  the  like;  in  art,  free 
from  meretricious  omamentorafFectation; 
not  gaudy.— Chastely,  chastli,  adv.  In  a 
chaste  manner.— Chaiteness,  chast'nes,  »i. 
The  state  or  quality  Of  bemg  chaste.— 
Chastity,  chas'ti-ti,  n.  The  state  or  pro- 
perty of  being  chaste,  pure,  or  undefiled; 
sexual  purity;  continence. 

Chasten,  chas'n,  v.t.  (O.Fr.  chastier,  from 
L.  castigare,  to  castigate  or  chastise,  from 
castits,  pure,  whence  chaste;  comp.  chas- 
tise, i  To  inflict  pain,  trouble,  or  afiiiction 
on  for  the  purpose  of  reclaiming  from  evil; 
to  correct;  to  chastise;  to  punish:  not  now 
used  of  corporal  punishment,  .which  is  ex- 
pressed by  chastise;  to  purify,"as  the  taste; 
to  refine.  —  Chastener,  chas'n-fer,  n.    One 

-who  chastens. 

Chastise,  chas-tiz',  v.t— chastised,  chastis- 
ing. [Same  word  as  chasten,  but  with- a 
different  verbal  termination;  O.E.  chastie, 
chastu,  from  O.Fr.  chastier.  Chasten.]  To 
inflict  pain  on  by  stripes  or  in  any  other, 
maimer,  for  the  purpose  of  punishing  and 
re.'^alling  to  duty;  to  correct  by  punish- 
ment; to  free  from  faults  or  excesses;  to 
correct ;  to  restrain.  —  Chastisable,  chas- 
tiz'a-bl,  a.  Deserving  of  chastisement. — 
Chastisement,  chas'tiz-ment,  n.  The  act 
of  chastising;  pain  inflicted  for  punish- 
ment and  correction,  either  by  stripes  or 
otherwise. — Chastiser,  chas-tiz'fer.n.  One 
who  chastises;  a  punisher;  a  corrector. 

Chasuble,  chas'a-bl,  n.  [Fr.  chasuble,  from) 
L.L.  casubula,  from  L.  casula,  a  little  cot- 
tage, a  hooded  garment,  dim.  of  casa,  a 
cottage.]  A  rich  vestment  or  garment 
worn  uppermost  by  a  priest  at  the  cele- 
bration of  the  eucharist. 

Chat,  chat,  v.i. — chatted,  chatting.  [An  ab- 
breviated form  of  cJuxtter.]  To  talk  idly  or 
in  a  familiar  manner;  to  talk  without 
form  or  ceremony. — n.  Free,  familiar  talk; 
idle  talk;  prate.— Chatty,  chat'i,  c^  In- 
clined to  chat;  talkative. 

Chat,  chat,  n.  [From  the  chattering  sound 
of  its  voice.]  A  name  of  several  small, 
lively  birds  of  the  warbler  family,  three 
species  of  which  'are  found  in  Britain, 
namely,  the  stone-chat,  the  whin-chat, 
ai)^  the  wheat-ear. 

Chateau,  gha-to',  n.  pi.  Chiteaox,  sha-toz'. 
L-'r.  ehdteau,  O.Fr.  chastel,  a  castle,  from 
li.cafteUttm.  Castle.]  A  castle;  a  man- 
sion in  the  country;  a  country-seat. — 
Chatelaine,  shat'^lan,  n.  [Fr.  chatelaine, 
lit.  a  femsJe  castellan  or  castle-keeper.] 
A  female  castellan;  a  bunch  of  chains 
worn  at  a  lady's^waisf,  having  attached 
such  articles  as  a  key,  thimble-case,  pen- 
knife, cork-screw,  &c. — Chatelet,  shat-la, 
n.  [Fr.  chatelet,  dun.  of  ch&teau.]    A  little 

Chatoyant,  sha-toi'ani,  o.  [Fr.,  pp.  of  cha- 
toyer,  to  change  lustre  like  the  eye  of  a 
cat,  from  chat,  a  cat.]  Having  a  change- 
able, undulating  lustre  or  colour,  like  that 
of  a  cat's  eye  in  the  dark. 

Chattel,  chat'el,  n.  [O.E.  chatel,  also  catel, 
really  the  same  word  as  caMle  (which  see).  ] 
An  item  or  article  of  goods,  specifically 
applied  in  law  to  goods  movable  or  im- 
movable, except  such  as  have  the  nature 
of  freehold. 

Chatter,  chat'*r,  v.i.  [Probably  an  imi- 
tative word,  allied  to  D.  kwettertn,  Dan. 
kviddre,  Sw.  kvittra,  to  chirp,  to  chatter.] 
To  utter  sounds  rapidly  and  indistinctly, 
as  a  magpie  or  a  monkey;  to  make  a  noise 
by  repeated  rapid  collisions  of  the  teeth; 
to  tsdk  idly,  carelessly,  or  rapidly;  to  jab- 
berl — v.t.  To  utter  as  one  who  chatters. — n. 
Sounds  like  those  of  a  magpie  or  monkey; 
idle  talk.— Chatter-box,  n.  One  that  talks 
incessantly:  applied  chiefly  to  children. 

•  [CoUoq.]— Chatterer,  chat'tr-fer,  n.    One 


Fate,  far.  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pm;     note,  not,  jnOye;     tQbe,  tub,  V9II ;     oil,  pound;     U,  So.  abwne— the  Fr.  v 


CHAUD-MEDLEY 


115 


CHEMIST 


who  chatters;  a  prater;  an  idle  talker;  the 
popular  oame  of  sundry  insessorial  birds, 
one  of  which  is  the  waxwing,  or  Bohemian 
chatterer. 

Chaad-medley,  shod'med-li  n.  [Fr.  chaitd, 
hot  (L.  calidus),  and  E.  medley.]  Law.the 
killing  of  a  man  in  an  afiray  in  the  heat 
of  blood  or  passion. 

Chauffer,  Chaufer,  shaf'6r,  n.  [Fr.  chauffer, 
to  heat.]  A  small  furnace  used  by  chem- 
ists, &c.,  consisting  of  a  cylindrical  box  of 
sheet-iron,  open  at  the  top,  with  a  grating 
near  the  bottom. 

Chaunt,  chant.    Chant. 

ChauTin,  sho-van,  n.  [From  Nich.  Chauinn, 
an  enthusiastic  military  adherent  of  Na- 
poleon I.]  Originally,  one  of  the  veterans 
of  the  first  French  Empire  who  professed, 
after  the  fall  of  Napoleon,  a  sort  of  ador- 
ation for  his  person  and  his  acts;  hence, 
any  one  possessed  by  an  absurdly  exagger- 
ated patriotism  or  military  enthusiasm.-^ 
Chauvinism.  shO'vin-izm,  n.  The  senti- 
ments of  a  cnauvin;  absurdly  exaggerated 
patriotism  or  military  enthusiasm. 

Chaw,  cha,  v.t.  To  chew:  an  old  form  now 
vulgar.— Chaw-bacon,  n.  A  country  lout; 
a  bumpkin. 

Chay,  Cnaya-root,  ch&,  cha'a,  n.  An  Indian 
root  yielding  a  red  dye. 

Cheap,  cb5p,  a.  [Strictly  a  noun,  being= 
A.  Sax.  ceap,  price,  bargain;  from  the  use 
of  the  phrase  good  cheap,  as  to  buy  a  thing 
good  cheap,  that  is  a  good  bargain,  the 
noun  came  to  bemused  as  an  adjective. 
Cog.  D.  Icoop,  a  purchase,  koopen,  to  buy; 
Icel.  kaup,  a  bargain;  kaupa,  to  buy;  6. 
kaufen,  to  buy;  Goth,  kau/on,  to  traffic. 
Cheapen,  chop,  chaffer,  chapman,  are  akin!] 
Beanng  a  low  price  in  market;  capable  of 
being  purchased  at  a  low  'price,  either  as 
compared  -a-ith  the  usual  price  of  the  com- 
modity, or  with  the  reai. value,  or  mare- 
vaguely  with  the  price  ot  other  commo- 
dities; being  of  small  value;  common;  not 
respected.  —  Cheapen,  che'pn,  v.t.  To  aSk 
the  price  of;  to  chaffer  or  bafgain  for;  to 
beat  down  the  price  of;  to  lessen  the  vaJue 
of;  to  depreciate. — Cheapener,  chs'pn-6r, 
n.  One  who  cheapens  or  bargains. — 
Cheaply,  chep'li,  adv.  At  a  small  price; 
at  a  low  rate.  —  Cheapness,  chep'nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  cheap.— 
Cheap-Jack,  Cheap-John,  n.  A  travelling 
hawker  professing  to  give  wonderful  bar- 
gains; a  seller  of  cheap  articles. 

Cheat,  chst,  v.t.  [Abbrev.  of  escheat,  to  act 
like  an  escheater,  who  held  an  office  giv- 
ing great  opportunities  of  fraud.  Es- 
CKEXT.]  To  deceive  and  defraud;  to  im- 
pose upon;  to  trick  (to  cheat  a  person  o/or 
out  0/ something);  to  Ulude;  to  deceive;  to 
mislead. — v.i.  To  act  dishonestly;  to  prac- 
tise fraud  or  trickery.— n.  A  fraud  com- 
mitted by  deception;  a  trick,  imposition,  or 
imposture;  a  person  who  cheats;  a  fraudu- 
lent person;  as*indler.— Cheatable,  chet'- 
a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  cheated;  easily 
cheated. — Cneatableness,  chct'a-bl-nes,  n. 
— Cheater,  chet'fer,  n.  One  who  cheats;  an 
escheater  (5ftaA;.){.— Cheating,  chet'ing,  •. 
Given  to  cheat  or  associated  with  cheat- 
ing; fraudulent.— Cheatlngly,  chet'ing-li, 
adv.    In  a  cheating  manner. 

Check,  chek,  n.  [Fr.  ichec,  O.Fr.  eschec,  a 
check,  a  check  at  chess,  lit.  king,  the  call 
Of  king!  in  chess,  from  Per.  shAh,  king, 
the  chief  piece  at  chess.  Chess,  Cheque, 
Chequer.]  The  act  of  suddenly  stopping 
or  restraining;  a  stop;  hinderance;  re- 
straint; obstruction;  a  term  or  word  of 
warning  in  chess  when  one  party  obliges 
the  other  either  to  move  or  guard  his 
king;  arepriraand;  rebuke;  censure;  slight: 
a  apecies  of  cloth,  in  which  coloured 
lines  or  stripes  cross  each  other  rectangu- 
larly, making  a  pattern  resembling  the 
squares  of  a  chess-board;  t!Je  pattern  of 
such  cloth;  a  mark  put  against  names  or 
items  on  going  over  a  list;  a  duplicate,  or 
counterpart,  used  for  security  or  verifica- 
tion; a  counterfoil;  a  ticket  or  token  given 
for  identification;  a  cheque  (which  see). — , 
v.l.  To  stop  or  moderate  the  motion  of;  to 
restrain  in  action;  to  hinder;  to  curb;  to 
■rebuke;  to  chide  or  reprove;  clieaa,  to  make 
St  move  which  puts  the  auiverBaiy's  kisx 
in  check;  to  compare  with  a  counterfoil 


or  something  similar,  with  a  view  to  as- 
certain authenticity  or  accuracy. — v.i.  To 
make  a  stop;  to  stop;  to  pause. — a.  Made 
of  check;  chequered.  —  Caiecker,  chek'ftr, 
n.  One  who  checks.  For  Checker  in  other 
senses  see  Chequbr.  —  Checkmate,  chek'- 
mat,  n.  [From  Per.  sMh  mdt,  the  king  is 
dead  (shdk,  the  king,  mdt,  he  is  dead).] 
Chess,  the  position  of  a  king  when  he  is  in 
check,  and  cannot  release  himself,  which 
brings  the  game  to  a  close;  ihence,  defeat; 
oreithio-w.— v.t.— checkmated,checkmating. 
To  put  in  check,  as  an  opponent's  king 
in  chess-playing,  so  that  he  cannot  be  re- 
leased; hence,  to  defeat;  to  thwart;  to 
frustrate.  —  Check-string,  n.  A  string  in 
a  coach  by  pulling  which  the  occupant 
may  call  the  attention  of  the  coachman. 

Cheddar,  ched'fer,  n.  A  rich  fine-flavoured 
cheese  made  at  Cheddar  in  Somersetshire, 
England;  any  cheese  of  similar  character. 

Cheek,  chek,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cedce,  cheek; 
Cog.  D.  kaak.  Sw.  kek,  the  jaw,  kdk,  the 
cheek ;  probably  same  root  as  chaw,  jaw, 
cImps.)  The  side  of  the  face  below  the  eyes 
on  each  side ;  something  regarded  as  re- 
sembling the  human  cheek  m  position  or 
otherwise ;  one  of  two  pieces,  as  of  an  in- 
strument, apparatus,  framework,  &c., 
which  form  corresponding  sides  or  which 
are  double  and  alike,  as  the  cheeks  of  a 
vice,  of  a  lathe,  of  a  door,  Ac;  cool  con- 
fidence; brazen-faced  impudence;  impu- 
dent or  insulting  talk  (in  these  senses 
rather  vulgar).— Cneek-bone,  n.  The  bone 
of  the  cheek. —Cheek-pouch,  n.  A  bag 
situated  in  the  cheek  of  a  monkey,  by 
means'Sf  which  it  is  enabled  to  stow  away 
and  carry  off  food  for  future  consumption. 
—Cheek-tooth,  n.  A  inolar  tooth  or  grind- 
er.   [O.T.] 

Ch6ep,  chep,  v.i.  &  t.  [Imitative.]  To  pule 
or  peep,  as  a  chicken;  to  chirp;  to  squeak. 
— n.  A  chirp;  a  squeak. 

Cheer,  cher,  n.  [O.E.  ehere,  face,  look, 
nyen,  from  O.Fr.  cfvere,  chiere,  face,  coun- 
tenance, from  L.L.  cara,  the  face,  from 
Gr.  kara,  the  head.]  Expression  of  coun- 
tenance, as  noting  a  greater  or  less  degree 
of  good  spirits  iShak.) ;  state  or  temper  of 
the  mind;  state  of  feeling  or  spirits;  a  state 
of  gladness  or  joy;  gaiety;  animation;  that 
which  makes  cheerful  or  promotes  good 
Spirits;  provisions  for  a  feast;  viands;  fare; 
a  shout  of  joy,  encouragement,  applause, 
or  acclamation.— u.i.  To  gladden;  to  make 
cheerful :  to  encourage ;  to  salute  with 
shouts  of  joy  or  cheers;  to  applaud. — v.i.  To 
grow  cheerful;  to  become  gladsome  or  joy- 
ous: often  with  up;  to  utter  a  cheer  or  shout 
of  acclamation  or  joy.— Cheerer,  cher'Sr,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  cheers.— Cheeitul, 
ch?r'ful,  a.  Of  good  cheer;  having  good 
spirits;  gay;  moderately  joyful;  associated 
with  or  expressive  of  agreeable  feelings; 
lively;  animated;  promoting  or  causing 
cheerfulness ;  gladdening ;  animating ; 
genial.— Cheerfully, cher'ful-li, adv.  -In  a 
cheerful  manner;  with  alacrity  or  willing- 
ness; readily;  with  life,  animation,  or  good 
spirits.— Cheerfulness,  cher'ful-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  cheerful. — Cheeri- 
ly, che'ri-li,  oAv.  In  a  cheery  manner.  — 
CheerinesB,  cher'i-nes,  n.  Quality  or  state 
of  being  cheery.  —  Cheering,  cher'ing,  a. 
Giving,  joy  or  gladness;  enlivening;  en- 
couraging; animating. — Cheeringly,  cher'- 
ing-U,  adv.  In  a  cheering  manner. — 
Cheerless,  chSr'les,  a.  Without  joy,  glad- 
ness, or  comfort;  gloomy;  destitute  of  any- 
thing to  enliven  or  animate  the  spirits. — 
Cheerlessly,  cherles-li,  adv.  In  a  cheer- 
less manner;  dolefully.— Cheerlessness, 
cher'les-nes,  n.  State  of  being  cheerless. 
— Cheerly,  cher'li,  adv.  Cheerily;  cheer- 
fully; heartily;  briskly.  [Sftafc.]— Cheery, 
che'n,  a.  Showing  cheerfulness  ox  good 
spirits;  blithe;  hearty;  gay;  sprightly;  pro- 
moting cheerfulness. 

Cheese,  chez,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cise,  c^ae,  cheese; 
derived  like  G.  kdse,  D.  kaas,  from'li. 
eaaeus,  cheese.]  An  article  of  food  con- 
sisting of  the  curd  or  caseine  of  milk, 
coagulated  by  rennet  or  some  acid,  sepa- 
rated from  the  whey,  and  usually  pressed 
into  a  solid  mass  in  a  mould.— Cheesy, 
che'zi,  a.  Having  the  qualities,  taste, 
odour,  or  form  of  cheese;  resembling  or 


pertaining  to  cheese. — Cheeslness,  cliiJ'zi- 
nes,  n!  The  quality  of  bein^  oaeesy.— 
Cheese-cake,  n.  A  cake  filled  with  a  jelly 
made  of  soft  curds,  sugar,  and  butter;  a 
small  cake  made  in  various  ways  and  with 
a  variety  of  different  ingredients.— Cheese- 
fly,  n.  A  small  black  fly  which  lays  its 
eggs  in  the  cracks  of  cheese  producing  a 
maggot  known  as  the  cheese-hopper. — 
Cheesemonger,  chez'mung-g6r,  n.  One 
who  deals  in  or  sells  chetse. — Cheese-par- 
ing, a.  Meanly  economical;  parsimoni- 
ous.—Cheese-press,  n.  A  press  or  appara- 
tus for  pressing  curd  in  the  making  of 
cheese. — Cheese-vat,  tv.  The  vat  or  case 
in  whizih  curds  are  confined  for  pressing. 

Cheetah,  che'ta,  n.    Same  as  Chetah. 

Chef,  shef,  n.  [Fr.,  lit.  head,  from  L.  caput.] 
Head  or  chief;  specifically,  the  head  cook 
of  a  great  establishment,  as  a  nobleman's 
household,  a  club,  &c.— Chef-d'oeuvre,  sha- 
do-vr,  w.  pi.  Chefs-d'cBUvre,  sha-do-vr. 
[Fr.]  -  A  master-piece;  a  fine  work  in  art, 
literature,  &c. 

Chegoe,  Chegre,  cheg'5,  cheg'6r,  n.    Same  " 
as  Chigoe. 

Cheirognomy,  ki-rog'no-mi,  n.  Same  as 
CAiro(rnomy.  —  Ctaeirology,  ki-rol'o-ji,  n. 
Same  as  Ckirology.—CheiiopoAiBt,  ki-rop'- 
o-di«t,  n.    Same  as  Chiropodist. 

Chelropter,  ki-rop'tfer,  n.  [Gr.  cheir,  a 
hand,  and  pteron,  a  wing.]  A  bat.  Bat. — 
Cheiropterous,  ki-rop'ter-us,  o.  Belonging 
to  the  Cheiroptera  or  bat  tribe. 

Cheirotherium,  ki-ro-the'ri-um,  n.  [Gr. 
cheir,  the  hand,  and  therion,  a  wild  beast.] 
Oeol.  a  name  given  to  an  animal  known 
by  its  footprints,  and  supposed  to  be  iden- 
tical with  the  laoyrinthodon. 

Chela,  ke'la,  n.  pi  Chelae,  ke'le.  [Gr.  cheig, 
a  claw.l  One  of  the  prehensile  claws  pos-  . 
sessed  by  certain  Crustacea,  as  the  crab, 
lobster,  ic— Chelate,  Cheliferous,  ke'lat, 
kS-lif'6r-u8,  a.  Furnished  with  chelae. — 
Cheliform,  k5'li-form,  a.  Having  the  form 
of  a  chela  or  prehensile  claw. 

Chelonian,  ke-lo'ni-an,  a.  [Gr.  ehelOng,  a 
tortoise.]  Pertaining  to  or  designating 
animals  of  the  tortoise  kind.— n.  A  tortoise 
or  turtle. 

Chemise,  she-m5z',  n.  [Fr.  ehsmise,  L.L. 
camisia,  a  shirt,  from  Ar.  qamis,  a  shirt, 
an  under-gartnent  of  linen.]  A  shift  or 
smock  worn  by  females;  a  wall  that  lines 
the  face  of  an  earthwork;  a  breast-wall. — 
Chemisette,  shem-i-zet',  n.  [Fr.]  A  short 
under-garment  worn  on  the  breast  over 
the  chemise. 

Chemist,  kem'ist,  ti.  [Shortened  from  aZ- 
cliemist,  from  alchemy,  O.Fr.  alchemie 
from  At.  oZ,  the,  and  qlmia,  chemistry, 
from  L.  Gr.  chimeia,  chemistry,  from  Gr. 
cheO,  to  pour,  to  drop.]  A  person  versed 
in  chemistry;  one  whose  business  is  to 
make  chemical  examinations  or  investi- 
gations; one  who  deals  in  drugs  an^  medi- 
cines.—  Chemistry,  kem'ist-ri,  n.  The 
science  which  seeks  to  discover  the  differ- 
ent kinds  of  matter  of  which  the  globe  is 
composed,  and  treats  of  the  nature,  laws 
of  combination,  and  mutual  actions  of  the 
particles  of  matter,  and  the  properties  of 
the  compounds  they  form.  Theoretical  or 
pure  chemisti^y  deals  chiefly  with  the  laws 
and  principles  underlying  chemical  ac- 
tions, while  practical  (or  applied)  cliemis- 
try  is  more  concerned  with  the  modes  of 
preparing  chemical  substances,  of  analys- 
ing these,  or  of  finding  useful  applications 
for  such  substances  in  the  arts  and  manu- 
factures. Organic  chemistry  has  to  do 
with  organized  bodies  (animals  and 
plants),  inorganic   chemistry   with    inor- 

fanic  bodies.  —  Chemical,  kem'i-kal,  a. 
'ertaining  to  chemistry  or  to  the  pheno- 
mena with  which  chemistry  deals  and  to 
the  laws  by  which  they  are  regulated. — 
Chemical  eombineUion,  that  intimate  union 
of  two  substances,  whether  fluid  or  splid, 
by  which  is  produced  a  compound  differ- 
ing in  one  or  more  of  its  essential  qualities 
from  either  of  the  constituents.  —  it.  A 
substance  used  to  produce  chemical  effects; 
a  chemical  agent.  —  Chemically,  kem'i- 
kal-U,  adv.  In  a  chemical  manner;  accor- 
ding to  chemical  principles;  by  chemical 
process  or  operation.  —  Chemico-electric, 
kem'i-ko-€-lek"trik,  a.     Pertaining  or  re- 


oh,  cAain;     eh,  &c.  loch;    g,  po;    j,/ob;     n,  i'r.  ton;     nii,6inff;    la,  then;  tb,  thia;    w,  wig;     wh,  uftig;    zji,  iwurv. 


CHEMITYPE 


116 


CHIEF 


lating  to  electricity  resulting  from  chemi- 
cal action;  also,  pertaining  to  chemical 
action  resulting  from  electricity. 

Chemltype,  Chemltypy,  kem'i-tip,  kem'i- 
ti-pi,  n.  [Cherni-  in  chemistry,  and  type.] 
A  process  by  which  an  impression  from 
an  engraved  plate  is  obtained  in  relief,  so 
as  to  be  printed  on  an  ordinary  printing- 
press. 

Chemosmosis,  kem-os-mo'sis,  n.  {Chem-  in 
chemistry,  and  osmosis.]  Chemical  action 
acting  through  an  intervening  membrane, 
as  parchment,  &c. — Chemosmotic,  kem- 
os-mot'ik,  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to 
chemo-mosis. 

Chenille,  she-nel',  n.  [Fr.,  a  caterpillar.] 
A  tiifted  cord  of  silk  or  worsted,  some- 
what resembling  a  caterpillar,  used  for 
making  hair-nets,  Ac. 

Cheque,  chek,  n.  [From  chequer  or  ex- 
chequer, in  old  sense  of  bsmker  s  or  money- 
changer's office  or  counter;  or  from  cheek, 
in  sense  of  counterfoil.]  An  order  for 
money  drawn  on  a  banker  or  bank,  payable 
to  the  bearer.— Cheque-book,  n.  A  book 
containing  blank  bank-cheques. 

Chequer,  Checker,  chek'er,  n.  [O.Fr.  e«- 
chequier,  Mod.Fr.  ichiquier,  a  chess-board, 
an  exchequer,  from  O.Fr.  eachecs,  chess. 
Cbecb.,  Chess.]  A  chess  or  draught  boardj; 
pi.  the  game  of  draughts;  one  of  the  divi- 
sions of  a  pattern  that  consists  of  squares; 
the  pattern  itself ;  an  exchequer  or  trea- 
sury}.—w.t.  To  mark  with  little  squares, 
like  a  chess-board,  by  lines  or  stripes  of 
different  colours;  to  mark  with  different 
colours ;  fig.  to  variegate  with  diiferent 
qualities,  scenes,  or  events;  to  diversify; 
to  impart  variety  to  (events  that  cheqtcer 

•one's  career).  —  Chequered,  Checkered, 
chek'ferd,  o.  .  Marked  with  or  exhibiting 
squares  of  different  colours;  varied  with  a 
play  of  different  colours ;  Jig.  variegated 
with  different  qualities,  scenes,  or  events; 
crossed  with  good  and  bad  fwlune  (a 
chequered  life  or  narrative).  —  Chfeqner- 
board,  n.  A  board  on  which  chequers  or 
draughts  are  played.  —  Chequer-work,  n. 
\V'ork  exhibiting  chequers  or  squares  of 
varied  colour  or  materials ;  work  consist- 
ing of  cross  lines;  fig.  an  aggregate  of 
vicissitudes. 

Cherish,  cher'ish,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  cherir,  eheris- 
sant  (Pr.  ch4rir),  to  hold  dear,  from  cher, 
L.  carus,  dear,  whence  also  caress.]  To 
treat  with  tenderness  and  affection;  to  take 
care  of ;  to  foster ;  to  hold  as  dear ;  to  in- 
dulge and  encourage  in  the  mind;  to  har- 
bour; to  cling  to.— Cherlsher,  cher'ish-6r, 
n.  One  who  cherishes ;  an  encburager ;  a 
supporter.  —  Cherishlngly,  cher'ish-ing-li, 
adv.  In  an  affectionate  or  cherishing  man- 
ner. 

Cheroot,  she-rat',  n.  [Origin  unknown.]  A 
kind  of  cigar  of  a  cylindrical  or  often 
somewhat  tapering  shape,  with  both  ends 
cut  square  off. 

Cherry,  cher"!,  n.  [O.E.  eheri,  ehiri,  from 
Fr.  cerise,  L.  cerasus,  from  Gr.  kerasos,  a 
cherry.]  The  fruit  of  a  tree  belonging  to 
the  plum  family,  consipting  of  a  pulpy 
drupe  inclosing  a  one-seeded  smooth  stone; 
the  tree  itself;  also  the  name  of  other 
fruits.— a.  Like  a  red  cherry  in  colour; 
red;  ruddy;  blooming.  —  Cherry-brandy, 
n.  Brandy  in  which  cherries  nave  been 
steeped.— Cherry-laurel,  n.  An  evergreen 
shrub  of  the  cherry  penus,  a  native  of 
Asia  Minor.— Cherry-pepper,  n.  A  species 
of  capsicum,  whose  fruit  is  small  and 
cherry-shaped.— Cherry-pit,  n.  A  child's 
play,  in  which  cherry-stones  are  thrown 
into  a  hole.— Cherry-stone,  n.  The  seed  of 
the  cherry. 

Chersonese,  k6r's5-nez,  n.  [6r.  ehersonSsoa 
—cht.rsos,  land,  and  nesos,  an  isle.]  A 
oeninsula. 

Chart,  chert,  n.  [Probably  Celtic;  comp. 
Ir.  ceart,  a  pebble.]  A  variety  of  quartz, 
more  or  less  translucent,  less  hard  than 
common  guartz,  with  a  fracture  usually 
conchoidal  and  dull,  sometimes  splintery. 
— Cherty,  chfer'ti,  a.  Like  chert;  full  of 
chert;  flinty. 

Chemb,  cher'ub,  n.  pi.  Cherubs;  Hebrew 
pi.  Chemtim,  cher'uMm.  [Hf-b.  Jrr.ifh.] 
One  of  an  order  of  angd)  s;  a  bco.utif  al  child. 
(lu  the  latter  sense  the  plural  is  always 


cAeri;6s.]— Cherubic,  Cherubical,  che-nib'- 
ik,  che-rub'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling cherubs;  angelic. — Chembimic, 
cher-u-bim'ik,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  che- 
rubim. 

Chervil,  chfir'vil,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cerfille,  from 
L.  choerophyllum,  from  Gr.  chairephyllon 
— chairO,  to  rejoice,  and  phyllon,  leaf,  from 
their  agreeable  odour.)  A  haiiy  herb  of 
the  carrot  family,  with  lougish  grooved 
fruits,  common  in  fields  and  waste  places 
throughout  Britain.  —  Oarden  chervil,  an 
annuU  plant  cultivated  as  an  aromatic 
pot-herb. 

Cbesnut;    Chestnut. 

Chess,  ches,  n.  [O.Fr.  eschees,  Fr.  echecs, 
chess,  really  a  plural,  meaning  lit.  kings, 
from  Per.  sh&h,  a  king,  the  principal 
figure  in  the  game,  whence  also  cft«cA:.] 
An  ingenious  game  played  by  two  persons 
or  parties  with  different  pieces  on  a 
checkered  board,  divided  into  sixty-four 
squares.— Chess-board,  n.  Th*  board  used 
in  the  game  of  chess.- Chess-man,  n.  A 
piece  used  in  playing  the  game  pf  chess. 

Chessel,-  ches'el,  n.  [From  cheese.]  A 
mould  or  vat  in-  which  cheese  is  formed. 

Chest,  chest,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cyste,  from  L. 
cista,  Gr.  kiste,  a  chest,  a  box.]  A  box  of 
considerable  size;  com.  a  case  in  vvhich 
certain  kinds  of  goods,  as  tea,  indigo,  &c., 
are  packed!  for  transit;  hence,  the  quantity 
such  a  chest  contains ;  the  trunk  of  the 
body  from  the  neck  to  the  belly;  the 
thorajL.— Chest  of  drawers,  a  piece  of  fur- 
niture with  sUdJing  boxes-  or  drawers  for 
holding  various  articles  of  dress,  linen, 
&e.—v.t.  To  deposit  in  a  chest;  to  hoard.— 
Chested,  ches'ted,  a.  Having  a  chest  of 
this  or  that  kind:  used  chiefly  in  composi- 
tion ihroad-chested). 

Chestnut,  ches 'nut,  n.  [For  chesten-nut, 
O.E.  cheiteine,  chesteyne,  from  O.Fr.  chas- 
taigne,  from  L.  castanea,  the  chestnut- 
tree,  from  Gr.  kastanon,  from  Castana  in 
Pontus,  where  this  tree  abounded.]  The 
seed  or  nut  of  the  chestnut-tree,  incIoEed 
in  a  prickly  pericarp,  which  contains  two 
or  more  seeds;  the  tree  itself  or  its  timber; 
the  colour  of  the  husk  of  a  chestnut;  £t 
reddish-brown  colour.  —  a.  Being  of  the 
colovir  of  a  chestnut;  of  a  reddish-brown 
colour. 

Chetah,  che'ta,  n.  [Native  name,  meaning 
spotted.]  The  hunting  leopard,  trained 
in  India  to  hunt  such  game  as  deer,  &c. 

Chetvert,  chet'vfert,  n.  A  Russian  grain 
measure,  equal  to  5'77  bushels. 

Cheval-de-frise,  she-val'de-frSz,  n.  pi.  Che- 
vanz-de-frise,  she-vo'de-frgz.  [Fr.  eheval, 
a  hoi-se,  pi.  chevavjc,  and  Prise,  Friesland, 
where  first  employed.]  A  horizontal  piece 
of  timber  or  iron  with  long  spikes  trans- 
versely through  it,  set  on  the  ground  to 
bar  a  passage,  form  an  obstacle  to  the  ad- 
vance of  cavalry,  &c. 

Cheval-glass,  n.  A  swing  looking-glass 
mounted  on  a  frame,  and  large  enough  to 
reflect  the  whole  figure. 

Chevalier,  shev-a-ler',  n.  [Pr.,  from  ehevcH, 
a  horse.  Cavalry,  Cavalier.]  A  horse- 
man.; a  cavalier;  a  member  of  certain 
orders  of  knighthood.— C/ievoKer  d'tnd?A8- 
trie,  one  who  gains  a  living  by  dishonest 
means;  a  sharper;  a  swindler;  a  thief. 

Cheverll,}  sheVer-U,  n.  (O.Fr.  chevrel,  a 
kid,  dim.  of  chivre,  L.  capra,  a  goat.]  A 
soft  pliable  leather  made  of  kid-skin. 

Cheviot,  che'vi-ot,  n.  and  a.  A  name  for  a 
variety  of  sheep,  noted  for  their  large  car- 
cass and  valuable  wool,  so  called  from  the 
Cheviot  Hills  between  Scotland  and  Eng- 
land. 

Chevrette,  shev-ret',  n.  [Fr.,  from  cMvre, 
L.  capra,  a  goat.]  A  machine  used  in 
raising  guns  or  mortars  into  their  car- 
riages. 

Chevron,  shev'run,  n.  [Fr.,  a  rafter,  from 
ckivre,  L.  capra,  a  goat,  because  rafters 
are  reared  on -end  like  butting  goats.] 
Her.  a  figure  on  a  shield  representing  two 
ifaftersof  a  house  meeting  at  the  top;  arch. 
a  variety  of  fret  ornament;  a  zigzag;  milit. 
the  distmguishing  marks  on  the  sleeves  of 
non-commissioned  .ofiicers'  coats,  to  mark 
the  rank  of  the  bearer.— Che  wooed,  sheV- 
rund,  c.  Lcariiig  a,  chevron;  resembling 
a  chevron. 


Chew,  cho,  v.t.  [From  A.  Sax.  ce&wan,  to 
chew  =  D.  kaavwen,  G.  Arawen,  to  chew. 
Jaw,  jowl,  chaps,  chops  are  from  the  same 
root.]  To  bite  and  grind  with  the  teeth ; 
to  masticate. — To  chew  the  cud,  to  .rumi- 
nate, and  fig.  to  ruminate  or  meditate  on 
something.  —  v.i.  To  perform  the  act  of 
chewing;  to  champ.  —  n.  That  which  is 
chewed;  a  quid  of  tobacco. 

Chiaa,  ki'an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Chios,  an 
isle  in  the  Levant.— CAian  earth,  a  kind  of 
earth  used  anciently  as  an  astringent  and 
a  cosmetic. 

Chiaroscuro,  Cfaiaro-oscTiro,  ki-a'ro-sk(>"r6, 
ki-a'ro-os-kS"ro,  n.  [It.,  Ut.  clear-obscure, 
from  L.  clarus,  clear,  and  ohscurus,  ob- 
scure; 'Ex.clair-ohscur.]  That  department 
of  painting  which  relates  to  Ught  and 
shade;  the  art  of  judiciously  distributing 
the  lights  and  shadows  in  a  picture. 

Chiasma,  ki-az'ma,  n.  [Gr.  chiasma,  from 
the  Greek  letter  x-]  Anat.  the  central 
body  of  nervous  matter,  where  the  optic 
nerves  cross  each  other  proceeding  from 
the  brain  to  the  eyes. 

Chibouque,  Chibouk,  shi-buk',  n.  iTurk.] 
A  Turkish  tobacco-pipe. 

Chica,  Chicha,  che'ka,  che'cha,  n.  [Sp.]  A 
red  colour  extracted  from  the  leaves  of  a 
species  of  Bignonia  in  tropical  ■  South 
America,  a  fermented  liquor  used  by  the 
natives  of  South  America,  derived  from 
Indian  com. 

Chicane,  Chicanery,  shi-kan',  shi-kan'er-i, 
n.  [Fr.  chicane,  chicanerie,  originallv  a 
kind  of  game  and  the  manoeuvres  in  play- 
ing it,  froxn  Per.  chaug&n,  the  game  of 
golf  played  on  horseback,  polo.]  The  art 
of  protracting  a  contest  or  discussion  by 
the  use  of  evasive  stratagems  or  mean  and 
unfair  tricks  and  aitifices;  trickery;  so- 

ghistry;  artifice.— u.i.  To  use  chicane.— 
hicaner,  shi-kan '£r,  n.  One  who  uses 
chicane  or  chicanery. 

Chicken,  chik'en,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cicen,  cycen, 
a  chicken;  cog.  L.6.  kiken,  kuken,  Prov. 
G.  kiichen.]  '  A  young  fowl;  particularly  a 
young  domestic  fowl;  a  person  of  tender 
years:  generally  used  of  females,  as  in  the 
phrase,  she  is  no.c/iu;A;en.— Chick,  chik,  n. 
A  chicken.— Chickling.  chik'ling,n.  [Dim. 
of  chick.]  A  small  chick  or"  chicken. — 
Chicken-hearted,  a.  Having  no  mora 
courage  than  a  chicken;  timid;  cowardly. 
Chicken-pox,  n.  A  mild  contagious  erup- 
tive disease  generally  appearing  in  chil- 
dren.— Chick-weed,  n.  A  common  weed 
with  small  white  blossoms  much  used  for 
feeding  cage-birds. 

Chickling,  Chlckllng-vetch,  chik 'ling,  n. 
[From  Ft.  chiche.  It.  cece,  from  L.  cicer,  the 
chick-pea.]  A  vetch  or  pea  extensively 
cultivated  in  the  south  of  Europe  for  its 
seed.— Chick-pea,  n.  A  plant  cultivated 
for  its  seeds,  which  form  an  important 
article  in  French  cookery. 

Chicory,  chik'o-ri,  n.  [Fr.  ehicorie,  L.  ei- 
ckorium,  froTH  Gr.  kichCnotij  chicory.]  The 
popular  name  of  a  composite  plant  com- 
mon in  England,  with  a  fleshy  tapering 
root  which  is  extensively  employed  as  a 
substitute  for  coffee,  or  to  mix  with  coffee. 
— Chlcoraceous,  chik-o-ra '  shus,  a.  Per- 
taining to  chicory;  cichoraceous. 

Chide,  chid,  v.t— chid  (pret.),  chid  or  chid- 
den, chiding.  [A.  Sax.  cidan,  to  chide; 
connections  unknown.]  To  sfcold ;  to  re- 
prove; to  rebuke;  to  find  fault  with  or 
take  exception  to  (a  thing};  to  strike  by 
way  ofpunishment  or  admonition  ( Tenn.i. 
— v.t.  To  scold;  to  find  fault;  to  contend 
in  words  of  anger.— Chider,  chid'ir.  n.  One 
who  chides,  reproves,  or  rebukes.—Chidlng, 
chid'ing,  n.  A  scolding;  a  rebuke;  reproof. 
— Chidingly,  chid'ing-Ii,  adv.  In  a  scold- 
ing or  reprovintr  manner. 

Chief,  chef,  a.  [O.Fr.  chef,  chief  <^.  chef), 
the  head,  top,  chief ;  from  L.  caput,  the 
head,  whence  also  capitaZ,  cattU,  captain, 
&e.l  Highest  in  oflice,  authority,  or 
rank;  principal  or  most  eminent,  in  any 
quality  or  Sxrtion;  most  important;  at  the 
head ;  leading:  main.  —  n.  The  person 
highest  in  authority,  the  head,  or  head 
man;  a  military  commander;  the  person 
who  heads  an  army;  the  principal  person 
of  a  clan,  tribe,  family,  &c.  —  Chieidozc.t 
chtf 'dam,  n.    Tiio  lank  or  office  of  a  thief; 


£&ts Jilr.  f at.  f aU;     we,  met,b«r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not.  ibOt«:    .tabs,  tub,  bnU:     oil.  pound:     tLScabtiseBrth^Ii'r.jH. 


CHIEFTAIN' 


117 


CHINK 


sovereignty.— Chiefly,  ch5fli,  adv.  Prin- 
cipally; above  all;  in  the  first  place;  for 
the  most  part;  mostly.  — Chief-justice,  n. 
A  high  legal  functionary  in  England;  the 
presiding  judge  in  English  colonial  courts. 
—Chief-justiceship,  n.  The  office  of  chief- 
justice. 

Chieftain,  cheftan,  w.  [O.Fr.  chevetaine, 
chieftaine,  &c.;  from  L.L.  capitaneus,  from 
caput,  the  head:  really  the  same  word  as 
captain.]  A  leader  or  commander;  a  chief; 
the  head  of  a  clan  or  family.— Chieftaincy, 
Chieftainship,  chef'tan-si,  chef 'tan-ship, 
n.  The  rank,  dignity,  or  office  of  a  chief- 
tain. 

Chiffonnler,  shif'o-n5r,  n.  fFr.,  a  chiffon- 
nier,  a  rag-picker,  from  chiffon,  a  rag.]  A 
kind  of  small  sideboard;  a  wooden  stand 
with  shelves. 

Chignon,  she-nyon,  n.  [Fr.,  the  nape  of 
the  neck,  a  chignon.]  The  term  applied 
to  ladies'  back  hair  when  raised  and  folded 
up,  usually  round  a  pad  of  artificial  hair. 

Chigoe,  Chigre,  Chiggre,  chig'o,  chig'fer, 
n.  [Of  West  Indian  or  South  American 
origin.]  An  insect  closely  resembling  the 
common  flea,  but  of  more  minute  size, 
found  in  the  West  Indies  and  South 
America,  which  burrows  beneath  the  skin 
of  the  foot,  and  becoming  distended  with 
eggs  produces  a  troublesome  ulcer. 

Chikara,  chi-ka'ra,  n.  A  species  of  goat- 
like antelope  found  in  Bengal,  of  which 
the  male  is  furnished  with  four  horns. 

Chilblain,  chil'blan,  n.  [Ghill,  cold,  and 
blain.]  A  blain  or  inflamed  sore  on  the 
hands  or  feet  produced  by  cold.— y.<.  To 
afllict  with  chilblains;  to  produce  chil- 
blains in. 

Child,  child,  n.  pi.  Children,  chil'dren.  [A. 
Sax.  cild,  a  child,  pi.  cildru,  afterwards 
cildre,  childre,  to  which  n  or  en  another 
plural  termination  was  added.  The  root 
is  the  same  as  that  of  kin,  kind,  &c>,  G. 
kind,  a  child.]  A  son  or  a  daughter  of 
any  age;  a  male  or  female  descendant  in 
the  first  degree;  a  very  young  person  of 
either  sex;  one  of  crude  or  immature  know- 
ledge, experience,  judgment,  or  attain- 
ments; pi.  descendants;  off'spring.- CAiWs 
play,  a  trivial  matter  of  any  kind;  any- 
thing easily  accomplished  or  surmounted. 

—  With  child,  pregnant.— Childe,  child,  n. 
A  noble  youth:  a  youth,  especially  one  of 
high  birth,  before  he  was  advanced  to  the 
honour  of  knighthood;  a  squire.  —  Child- 
hoodj  child'hud,  n.  The  state  of  a  child; 
the  time  in  wlfuch  persons  are  still  classed 
as  children.— Childing.t  child' ing.  a.  Bear- 
ing children;  productive;  fruitful.— Child- 
ish, child'ish,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  a 
child  or  to  childhood;  like  a  child,  or  what 
is  proper  to  childhood:  with  the  disparag- 
ing senses  of  trifling,  puerile,  ignorant, 
silly,  weak.— Childishly,  child'ish-li,  adv. 
In  a  childish  manner.  —  Childishness, 
child'ish-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  childish.  -Childless,  child'les,  a.  Des- 
titute of  children  or  offspring.— Childless- 
ness, child'les-nes,  n.  State  of  being  with- 
out children.— Childlike,  child'lik,  a.  Re- 
sembling a  child  or  that  which  belongs  to 
children;  meek;.submissiTe;  dutiful:  never' 
used  in  a  disparaging  sense.  —  Childly,! 
child 'li,  a.  Like  a  child;  acquired  or 
learned  when  a  child.  [Tenn.].  — Child- 
bearing,  n.  The  act  of  producing  or  bring- 
ing forth  children;  parturition.  —  Child- 
bed,  n.  The  state  of  a  woman  who.  is  lying- 
in  or  in  labour.— Child-birth,  n.  The  act 
of  bringing  forth  a  child;  travail;  labour. 

—  Childermas -day,  chil'der- mas-da,  to. 
[ChUder,  pi.  of  child,  mass,  and  day.'S  An 
anniversary  of  the  Church  of  Eiigland, 
held  on  the  28th  of  December;  Irmocents'- 
day. 

Chiliad,  kil'i-ad,  n.  [Gr.  chUiaa,  from 
ehilioi,  a  thousand.]  A  thousand;  a  col- 
lection or  sum  containing  a  thousand  in- 
dividuals or  particulars;  the  period  of  a 
thousand  years.  —  Chiliaedron,  Chiliahe- 
dron.t  kil'i-a-5 "  dron,  kiri-a-he"dron,  n. 
[Gr.  hedra,  a  seat,  a  side.]  Geom.  a  figure 
of  a  thousand  sides.  —  Chiliagon,.  kil'i-a- 

fon,  n.  [Gr.  gOnia,  a  comer.]  A  plane 
gure  of  a  thousand  angles  and  sides.— 
Cniliarch,  kil'i-ark,  n.  [Gr.  archos,  a 
chief.]    The  military  commander  or  chief 


of  a  thousand  men.-^Chiliarchy.  kil'i-iir- 
ki,  n.  A  body  consisting  of  a  thousand 
men.  —  Cbiliasm,  kil'i-azm,  n.  A  millen- 
nium.—ChUiast,  kil'i-ast,  n.  A  millenari- 
an.  —  Chiliastic,  kil-i-as'tik,  a.  Relating 
to  the  millennium;  millenarian. 

Chill,  chil,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cele,  cyle,  a  cold, 
chill,  from  cdl,  cool;  akin  D.  kill,  chill, 
killen,  to  chill;  Sw.  kyla,to  chill;  same  root 
as  in  L.  gelidus,  gelid.  Cool.]  A  shiver- 
ing with  cold;  a  cold  tit;  sensation  of  cold 
in  an  animal  body;  chilliness;  coldness  or 
absence  of  heat  in  a  substance;  Jig.  the 
feeling  of  being  damped  or  discouraged;  a 
depressing  influence.— a.  Cold;  tending  to 
cause  shivering  {chill  winds);  experiencing 
cold;  shivering  with  cold;  Jig.  depressing; 
discouraging;  distant;  formal;  not  warm 
(a  chill  reception). — v.t.  To  aflfect  with 
chill;  to  make  chilly;  Jig.  to  check  in  en- 
thusiasm or  warmth;  to  discourage;  to 
dispirit;  to  depress;  itietal.  to  reduce  sud- 
denly the  temperature  of  (a  piece  of  cast- 
irun),  with  the  view  of  hardening  (a  chilled 
shot).— Chiller,  chil'cr,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  chills.— Chilling,  chil'ing,  a.  Cool- 
ing; causing  to  shiver;  Jig.  tending  to  re- 
press enthusiasm  or  warmth ;  cold ;  dis- 
tant (a  chilling, ma.nncT  or  address). — Chil- 
lingly, chil'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  chiUing  man- 
ner; coldly.— Chillness,  chil'nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  chill.  —  Chilly, 

,  chil'i,  a.  [Chill,  and  term,  -y.]  Experi- 
encing or  causing  the  sensation  of  chill- 
ness; disagreeably  cold;  chilling.  —  adv., 
chilli.  IChill,  and  term,  -ly.]  In  a  chill 
or  chilly  manner.  —  CWUiness,  chil'i-nes, 
n.    The  state  or  quality  of  being  chilly. 

ChUli,  Chilly,  chil'i,  n.  [Sp.  chile.]  The 
pod  or  fruit  of  the  guinea-pepper,  a  species 
of  capsicum. 

Chiltem  Hundreds,  chil'tem  hun'dredz,  n. 
A  hilly  district  of  Buckinghamshire  be- 
longing to  the  British  crown,  the  steward- 
ship of  which  is  accepted  by  a  member  of 
parliament  who  wishes  to  resign  his  seat, 
this  being  regarded  as  an  ofiice  of  profit 
under  the  crown,  and  so  compelling  resig- 
nation. 

Chimxra,  Chimera,  ki-m5'ra,  w.  [L.  chi- 
ynaera,  from  Gr.  chimaira,  a  chimsera.] 
Class.  Inyth.  a  fire-breathing  mpnster,  the 
fore  parts  of  whose  body  were  those  of  a 
lion,  the  middle  of  a  goat,  and  the  hinder 
of  a  dragon;  ornamental  art,  a  fantastic 
assemblage  of  animal  forms  so  combined 
as  to  produce  one  complete  but  unnatural 
design;  hence,  a  vain  or  idle  fancy;  a  mere 
phantasm  of  the  imagination ;  also  the 
name  of  a  cartilaginous  fish  of  extraordi- 
nary appearance  inhabiting  the  northern 
seas,  and  sometimss  called  king  of  the 
herrings.— Chimeric,  Chimerical,  ki-mer"- 
ik,  ki-mer'ik-al,  a.  Merely  imaginary; 
fanciful;  fantastic;  wildly  or  vainly  con- 
ceived.—Chlmerically,  ki-mer'ik-al-fi,  adv. 
In  a  chimerical  manner. 

Chime,  chim,  n.  [O.E.  chimbe,  chymbe,  a 
cymbal,  a  shortening  of  chymbale,  A.  Sax. 
eimbal,  from  L.  eymhalum,  a  cymbal.]  The 
harmonious  sound  of  bells  or  musical  in- 
struments; a  set  of  bells  (properly  five  or 
more)  tuned  to  a  musical  scale,  and  struck 
by  hammers,  not  by  the  tongues. — v.i.  To 
sound  in  consonance,  rhythm, or  harmony; 
to  give  out  harmonious  sounds;  hence,  to 
accord;  to  agree ;  to  suit ;  to  harmonize ; 
to  express  agreement :  often  with  in  with 
(to  chime  in  with  one's  sentiments  or  hu- 
mour).—■».<.  To  cause  to  sound  harmoni- 
ously, as  a  set  of  bolls.— Chlmer,  chim'Sr, 
n.    One  who  chimes. 

Chime,  Chimb,  chim,  n.  [D.  kim,  Sw.  kim, 
kimb,  the  edge  of  a  cask,  G.  kimms,  edge, 
brim.]  The  edge  or  brim  of  a  cask  or  tub, 
formed  by  the  ends  of  the  staves  project- 
ing beyond  the  head. 

Ohimere,  shi-m5r',  n.  [Fr.  simarre.  It. 
zimarra.]  The  upper' robe,  to  which  the 
lawn  sleeves  of  a  bishop  are  attached. 

Chimney,  chim'ni,  n.  [Fr.  cheminie,  L.L. 
caminata,  a  chimney,  from.L.  caminus,  a 
furnace,  aflue,  from  Gr.  kamiTMS,  an  oven.] 
An  erection,  generally  of  stone  or  brick, 
containing  a  passage  by  which  the  smoTse 
of  a  fire  or  furnace  escapes  to  the  open 
air;  a  chimney-stack;  a  flue;  the  funnel  of 
a  steam-engine ;  a  tall  glass  to  surround 


tbn  flarnB  of  a  lamp  to  prolcrt  it  ^rd  r-"'"- 
mote  combustion.- Chimney-can,  Chim- 
ney-pot, «.  A  pipe  of  earthenware  or 
sheet-metal  placed  on  the  top  of  chimneys 
to  prevent  smoking.— Chimney-corner,  n. 
The  corner  of  a  fireplace ;  the  fireside,  or 
a  place  near  the  fire.— Chimney-piece,  n. 
The  assemblage  of  architectural  dressings 
around  the  open  recess  constituting  the 
fireplace  in  a  room.— Chimney-stack,  n.  A 
group  of  chimneys  carried  up  together.— 
Chininey-stalk,  n.  A  long  chimney,  such 
as  that  connected  with  manufactories.-- 
Chimney-swallow,  n.  A  common  Europe:;,,-! 
swallow  with  long  and  very  deeply  forked 
tail.— Chimney-sweep,  Chimney-sweeper, 
n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  clean  chii-i- 
neysof  the  soot  that  adheres  to  their  sidts. 

Chimpanzee,  Chimpansee,  chim-pan'7.5  or 
chim'pan-ze,  n.  [The  native  Guinea  namo.] 
A  large  West  African  ape  belonging  to 
the  anthropoid  or  man-like  monkeys,  anil 
most  nearly  related  to  the  gorilla. 

Chin,  chin,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cin=  1).  kin,  G.  kinn, 
the  chin;  Icel.  kinn,  Dan.  kind,  Goth,  hin- 
mia,  the  cheek;  Cog.  Armor,  gen,  the 
cheek;  W.  gen,  the  chin;  L.  geiia,  the 
cheek;  Gr.  genys,  the  jaw,  the  chin ;  Skr. 
hanu,  the  jaw.]  The  lower  extremity  cf 
the  face  below  the  mouth;  the  point  of  the 
under  jaw  in  man  or  a  corresponding 
part  in  other  animals.— Chinned,  chind, 
a.    Ha\'ing  a  chin  of  this  or  that  kind. 

China,  Chinaware,  chi'na,  chi'na-war,  n. 

'  A  species  of  earthenware  made  in  China, 
or  in  imitation  of  that  made  there,  and  so 
called  from  the  country;  procelain.— Chi- 
na-aster, TO.  The  common  name  of  a  har- 
dy and  free-flowering  composite  plant.-«r 
Cnlna-clay,  n.  Kaolin.— China-ink,  to.  A 
kind  of  fine  black  pigment  used  in  water- 
colour  drawing,  made  of  lamp-black  and 
gum :  also  called  Indian  ink.  —  China- 
orange,  TO.  The  sweet  orange,  said  to 
have  been  originally  brought  from  China. 
— China-root,  n.  The  root  or  rhizome  of  a 
plant  closely  allied  to  sarsaparilla,  former- 
ly much  esteemed  as  a  medicine. — China- 
rose,  TO.  The  name  given  to  a  number  of 
varieties  of  garden  rose,  natives  of  China. 
—China-shop,  to.  A  shop  in  which  china, 
crockery,  glassware,  &.C.,  are  sold. 

Chinch,  chinch,  to.  [Sp.  chinche,  a  bug, 
from  li.  cimex.]  The  common  bed-bug; 
also  the  popular  name  of  certain  fetid 
American  insects  resembling  the  bed-bug, 
very  destructive  to  wheat,  maize,  &c. 

Chinchilla, chin-chil'la, TO.  [Spanish  name.] 
A  genus  of  rodent  animals  peculiar  to  the 
South  American  continent,  one  species  of 
which  produces  the  fine  pearly-gray  fur 
■which  has  been  so  much  prized  in  Europe 
for  many  years;  the  fur  of  the  chinchilla. 

Chinchona,  chin-cho'na,  to.  Same  as  Cin- 
chona. 

Chin-congh,  ehin'kof , «.  [For  chink-cough, 
chink  being  for  kink,  as  in  Sc.  kink-Jwai 
(host,  a  cough),  D.  kinh-hoest.]  Hooping- 
cough. 

Chine,  chin,  to.  CFr.  ichine,  O.Fr.  eachine, 
the  spine.]  The  backbone  or  spine  of  an 
animal;  a  piece  of  the  backbone  of  an  ani- 
mal, with  the  adjoining  parts,  cut  for 
cooking.— 1).<.  To  cut  through  the  back- 
bone, or  into  chine  pieces. 

Chine,  chin,  to.  [A.  Sax.  cine,  a  chink,  fis- 
sure.] A  rocky  ravine  on  a  coast:  used  in 
south  of  England. 

Chinese,  chi-nsz',  a.  Pertaining  to  China. 
— Chinese  Jire,  a  composition  used  in  fire- 
works.— Chinese  lantern,  a  lantern  made 
of  coloured  paper  used  in  illuminations. — 
Chinese  white,  the  white  oxide  of  zinc. — to. 
sing,  and  pi.  A  native  or  natives  of  China; 
the  language  of  China.' 

Chink,  chingk,  to.  [Akin  to  O.E.  chine,  A. 
Sax.  cinu,  a  chink,  a  fissure,  cinan,  to  gape.] 
A  narrow  aperture;  a  cleft,  rent,  or  fissure 
of  greater  length  than  breadth;  a  cranny. 

.  gap,  or  crack.- ti.i.  To  cause  to  open  or  pari 
and  form  a  fissure;  to  make  chinks  in;  to 
fill  up  chinks  in. — v.i.  To  crack;  to  open. — 
Chinky,  ching'ki,  a.  Full  of  chinks  or  fis- 
sures ;  opening  in  narrow  clefts. 

Chink,  chingk,  v.i.  [Imitative;  c6mp. 
Jingle.]  To  make  a  small  sharp  metallic 
sound. — v.t.  To  cause  to  sound  as  by  shak- 
ing coins  or  small  pieces  of  metal. — n.  A 


phjCftain;     eft,  So.  loc7»;     g.^o;     j./oby  VfiSErJ^jf^^mrv;     ra,  «ien;  th,  ttin;     w.tdg;     wh.wWg;     ih.aiure. 


CHINTZ 


118 


CHOKE 


thort,  sliarp,  cloai',  metallic  noimrtj  a  term 
for  money  (vulgar);  the  reed-bunting. 

Chintz,  Cbihts,  chliits,  n.  [Hind,  chint. 
Per.  chim,  spotted,  stained.]  Cotton  cloth 
or  calico  printed  •Rith  flowers  or  other  de- 
vices iu  at  least  five  different  colours,  and 
now  generally  glazed. 

Chip,  chip,  v.t. — chipped,  chipving.  [Close- 
ly connected  with  chop  and  chap;  O.D. 
kippen,  to  knock  to. pieces;  O.Sw.  kippa, 
to  chop;  G.  kippen,  to  clip  or  cut  money.] 
To  cut  into  small  pieces;  to  diminish  by 
cutting  away  a  httle  at  a  time  or  in 
small  pieces.— i;.i.  To  break  or  fly  off  in 
small  pieces.— ».  A  piece  of  wood,  stone, 
or  other  substance  separated  from  a  body 
by  a  blow  of  an  instrument;  wood  split 
into  thin  slips  for  the  manufacture  of  hats 
and  bonnets.— Chippy,  chip'i,  a.  Abound- 
ing in  chips;  produced  by  chips.  — Chip- 
axe,  n.  An  axe  for  chipping.— Chip-bon- 
net, Chip-hat,  71.  A  bonnet  or  hat  made 
of  wood  split  into  small  slips. 

Chipmunk,  Chipmuck,  chip'mungk,  chip'- 
muk,  n.  Th«  popular  name  of  the  ground- 
stjuirrel,  a  rodent  animal  very  common  in 
the  United  States. 

Chlragra,  ki-rag'ra,  n.  [L.  chiragra,  from 
Gr.  cAeirayra,  hand-gout— cAeir,  the  hand, 
and  agra,  seizure.]  Gout  in  the  hand. — 
Chiragric,  Chiragrical,  ki-rag'rik,  ki-iug'- 
rik-al,  «.  Having  or  pertaining  to  the 
gout  in  the  hand. 

Chlrognomy,  ki-rog'no-mi,  n.  [Q,r.  clieir, 
cheiros,  the  hand,  and  guOme,  knowledge.] 
A  so-called  art  or  science  which  professes 
to  judge  of  mental  character  from  the 
form  and  appearance  of  the  hand. 

Chirographer,  Chlrographist,  ki-rog'ra-f 6r, 
ki-rog'ra-fist,  n.  LGr.  cheir,  the  hand, 
graphs,  to  write.]  One  who  exercises  or 
professes  the  art  of  writing;  one  who  tells 
fortunes  by  examining  the  hand. — Chiro- 
graphic, Chirographical,  ki-ro-^af'ik,  ki- 
ro-graf'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  chirography. 
— Chlrography,  ki-rog'ra-fi,  n.  The  art  of 
writing;  hand-writing ;  the  art  of  telling 
fortunes  by  examining  the  hand. 

Chirologist,  ki-rol'o-jist,  n.  [Gr.  clieir,  the 
hand,  and  logos,  discourse.]  One  who 
communicates  thoughts  by  signs  made 
with  the  hands  and  fingers.— Chirology, 
ki-rol'o-ji,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  com- 
municating thoughts  by  signs  made  by 
the  hands  and  fingers,  much  used  by  deaf- 
mutes.  —  Chirological,  ki-ro-loj'ik-^,  o. 
Pertaining  to  chirology. 

Chiromancy,  ki'ro-man-si,  re.  [Gr.  cheir,  the 
hand,  and  7>ianieta,divination.]  Divination 
by  the  hand;  the  art  or  practice  of  foretell- 
ing one's  fortune  by  inspecting  the  lines 
and  lineaments  of  nis  hand;  palmistry. — 
Chiromancer,  Chlromanlst,  Chiromantist, 
M'ro-man-s6r,  ki-rom'an-ist,  ki'ro-man- 
tist,  n.  One  who  practises  chiromancy. — 
Chiromantic,  Chiromantlcal,  ki-ro-man'- 
tik,  ki-ro-man'tik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
chiromancy  or  divination  by  the  hand. 

Chiropodist,  ki-rop'od-ist,  n.  [Gr.  cheir, 
the  hand,  and  potia,  podoa,  the  foot.]  One 
who  treats  diseases  of  the  hands  or  feet;  a 
Burgeon  for  the  feet;  a  cutter  or  extractor 
of  corns. 

Chirp,  ehferp,  v.i.,  [Akin  to  G.  sirpen, 
tschirpen,sehirpen,  to  chirp,  chirrup  being 
a  lengthened  form;  the  same  root  is  in  I). 
kirren,  to  coo,  L.  garrio,  to  chatter.]  To 
make  a  short  sharp  shrill  sound,  as  is 
done  by  small  birds  or  certain  insects ;  to 
cheep. — n.  A  short;  shrill  note,  as  of  cer- 
tain birds  or  insects.—  Chirper,  chfer'pfer, 
n.  One  that  chirps.- Chirping,  cbfer^mg, 
n.  The  sound  made  by  one  that  chirps. — 
Chirpingly,  chfer'ping-li,  adv.     In  a  chir- 

'  ping  manner. ' 

Chirrup,  chir'up,  v.i. '  [A  lengthened  form 

'  of  chirp.]    To  chirp. — n.  A  chirp. 

Chirurgeon,t  ki-rfer'jon,  n.    [Fr.  chirurgien^ 

\  same  word   as  gtirgeon.'j      A  surgeon. — 

I  Chlrurgeonly.t  ki-r6r'jon-li,  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  a  surgeon.  [Shak.]  —  Chimr- 
gery.J  ki-r^r'i6r-i,n.  Surgery.— Chimreic,t 
Chirurgical.l  l$i-r6r'jik,  ki-rfer'jik-aT,  a. 
Surgical.        ■'•'t.v  -i" 

Chisel,  chiz'el,  n.'  [O.Fr.  eiael  (Fr.  eiseau), 

1  Ij.L.  cisellus,  from  L.  ecedo,  coetum,  to 

I  out.]    An   instrument  of  iron  or  steel, 

lutied  in  carpentry,  joinery,  cabinet  work, 


masonry,  sculpture,  &c..  for  parin.c:,  hew- 
ing,  or  gonging.—v.t— chiselled,  chiselling. 
To  cut,  pare,  gouge,  or  engrave  with  a 
chisel  (a  statue  chiselled  out  of  marble); 

Jig.  to  cut  close,  as  in  a  bargain;  to  cheat 
(slang). —Chiselled,  chia'eld,  o.  Worked 
with  a  chisel  or  as  with  a  chisel;  cleai- 
cut;  statuesque. — Chisel-tooth,  n.  A  tooth 
like  a  chisel,  a  name  given  to  the  incisor 
teeth  of  rodent  animals  from  their  form. 

Chialen,  kis'lu,  n.  [Heb.  kisleu.]  The  ninth 
month  of  the  Jewish  year,  answering  to  a 
part  of  November  and  a  part  of  December. 

Cnlsley,  chiz'li,  a.  [A.  Sax.  ceosel,  eeosl, 
gravel,  sand.]  Having  a  sandy  and  clayey 
character;  containing  a  large  admixture 
of  gravel  and  small  pebbles. 

Chit,  chit.n.  [A.  Sax.  cith,  a  shoot  or  twig.l 
A  shoot  or  sprout;  the  first  shoot  of  a  seea 
or  plant ;  a.  child  or  babe ;  a  young  and 
insignificant  person.  —  Chltty,  chit'i,  o. 
Full  of  chits  or  sprouts. 

Chit-chat,  chit'chat,  a.  [A  reduplication  of 
chat.]    Prattle;  familiar  or  trifling  talk. 

Chltin,  Chltine,  ki'tih,  n.  [Fr.  chiton,  a 
tunic]  The  organic  substance  which 
forms  the  wing-covers  and  integuments 
of  insects  and  the  carapaces  of  Crustacea, 
having  a  somewhat-  homy  character. — 
Chltinons,  ki'tin-us,  a.  Consisting  of,  or 
having  the  nature  of  chitin. 

Chiton,  ki'ton,  n.  [Gr.  chiton,  a  tunic,  a 
cuirass,  a  coat  of  mail.]  The  name  of  cer- 
tain molluscs,  the  shell  of  which  is  formed 
of  successive  portions,  often  in  contact  and 
overlapping  each  other,  but  never  truly 
articulated. 

Chitterling,  chit'6r-ling,  n.  Cookery,  part 
of  the  small  intestines,  as  of  swine,  fried 
for  food:  generally  used  in  the  plural. 

Chivalry,  shiv'al-ri,  n.  [Fr.c^ya ferae,  from 
chevalier,  a  knight  or  horseman,  from 
cheval,  a  horse.  Cavalry.]  Knighthood; 
the  system  to  which  knighthood  with  all 
its  laws  and  usages  belonged;  the  qualifi- 
cations of  a  knight,  as  courtesy,  valour, 
and  dexterity  in  arms;  knights  or  war- 
riors collectively;  any  body  of  illustrious 
waiTiors,  especially  cavalry.  —  Chivalric, 
Chivalrous,  shiv'al-rik,shiv'al-ru8,a.  Per- 
taining to  chivalry  or  knight-errantry; 
warlike ;  bold ;  gallant.  —  Chivali'ously, 
shiv'al-rus-li,  adv.  In  a  chivalrous  maimer 
or  spirit.— Chivalrouaness,  shiv'al-rus-nes, 
n.    The  quality  of  being  chivalrous. 

Chive,  chiv,  n.    Cive. 

Chlamys,  klam'is,  n.  [Gr.  chlamys,  chlamy- 
dos.]  A  light  and-freely-flowing  scarf  or 
plaid  worn  by  the  ancients  as  an  outer 
garment;  hot.  the  floral  envelope  of  a 
plant.— Chlamydate,  klam'i-dat,  a.  Hav- 
ing a  mantle:  said  of  molluscs.  —  Chla- 
xnydeons,  kla-mid'e-us,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  chlamys  or  floral  envelope. 

Chloral,  klo'ral,  »».  [From  chlor,  the  first 
part  or  chlorine,  and  oZj  the  first  syllable 
of  alcohol.']  An  oily  liquid  with  a  pungent 
odour  and  slightly  astringent  taste,  pro- 
duced from  chlorine  and  alcohol;  also  the 
name  popularly  applied  to  chloral  hy- 
drate, a  white  crystalline  substance  used 
in  medicine  for  producing  sleep. — Chloral- 
ism,  klo'ral-izm,  re.  A  morbid  state  of  the 
system  arising  from  an  incautious  or 
habitual  use  of  chloral. 

Chlorine,  klo'rin,  re.  [Gr.  ehl6ro8,  greenish- 
yellow,  from  its  colour.]  An  elementary 
gaseous  substance  (symbol  CI)  of  a  green- 
ish-yellow colour,  contained  in  common 
salt,  from  which  it  is  chiefly  obtained, 
being  used  as  a  bleaching  agent  and  dis- 
infectant, especially  in  the  form  of  chlo- 
ride of  lime.— Chlorate,  klo'rat,  re.  A  salt 
of  chloric  acid.— Chloric,  klo'rik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  containing  chlorine ;  spe- 
cifically, containing  chlorine  in  smaller 
proportion  than  chlorous  compounds.— 
Chloride,  klS'rid,  re.  A  compound  of 
chlorine  with  .another  element.— Chloride 
of  Ume,  a  compound  of  chlorine  and  lime, 
used  as  a  bleaching  agent  and  as  a  disin- 
fectant.—Chloridize,  klo'rid-iz,  v.t.  Photog. 
to  cover  with  chloride  of  silver,  for  the 
purpose  of  rendering  sensitive  to  the  ac- 
tinic rays  of  the  sun.— Chlorite,  kl5'rit,  re. 
A  mineral  of  a  grass-green  colour,  closely 
allied  in  character  to  mica  and  talc;  also, 
a  salt  of  chlorous  acid.— Chloritic,  klo-rit'- 


ikja.  Pertaining  to  or  containing  chlorite. 
— Chloroos,  kl5'rusr«t  Pertaining  to  or 
containing  chlorine;  specifically,  contain- 
ing chlorine  in  larger  proporuon  than 
chloric  compounds. 

Chlorodyne,  klo'r5-din  or  kla'rS-din,  n. 
iChloT;  from  chloroform,  and  Gr.  odj/n*, 
pain.]  A  popular  anodyne  remedy,  the 
active  elements  of  which  are  morphia, 
chloroform,  prussic  acid,  and  extract  of 
Indian  hemp.  - 

Chloroform,  klo'ro-form',  n.  [CWor-,  from 
cldoride  or  cWonree,  and  -form,  from  formie 
acid,  from  chemical  connection.]  A  vola- 
tile colourless  liquid,  of  an  agreeable, 
fragrant,  sweetish  apple  taste  and  smell, 
prepared  by  distilling  together  a  mixture 
of  alcohol,  water,  and  chloride  of  lime, 
and  much  used  as  an  anaesthetic,  f  oi:  which 
purpose  its  vapour  is  inhaled.  —  v.t.  To 
put  under  the  influence  of  chloroform;  to 
treat  with  chloroform. 

Chlorometer,  klo-rom'et-6r,«.  [CWor-,  from 
chloride,  and  Gr.  vxetron,  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  testing  the  bleaching 
powers  of  chloride  of  lime,  &c.— Chlorom- 
etry,  klo'rom-et-ri,  n.  The  process  for  test- 
ing the  decolouring  power  of  any  combi- 
nation of  chlorine,  especially  of  the  com- 
mercial articles,  the  chlorides  of  lime, 
potash,  and  soda. 

Chlorophane,  klo'ro-fan,  re.  [Gr.  chloras, 
greenish-yellow,  and  phaino.  to  show.]  A 
variety  of  fluor-spar  which,  exhibits  a 
bright-green  phosphorescent  light  when 
heated. 

Chlorophyll,  klS'ro-fil,.  re.  [Gr.  chloroa, 
green,  and  phyUon,  a  leaf.]  The  green 
colouring  matter  of  plants,  which  is  de- 
veloped by  the  influence  of  light ;  hence 
arises  the  etiolation  or  blanching  of  plants 
by  privation  of  light. 

Chlorosis,  klo-ro'sis,  n.  [Gr.  chlOros, 
greenish-yellow.]  The  green-sickness,  a 
peculiar  form  of  anaemia  or  bloodlessness 
which  affects  young  females,  and  is  charac- 
terized by  a  pale  greenish  hue  of  the  skin. 
— Chlorotic,  kl5-rot'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
chlorosis;  affected  by  chlorosis. 

CliloroTU.    Under  Chlohine. 

Chock-fall,  chok'fiil,  a.  Same  as  Choke-full. 

Chocolate,  chok'6-lat,  re.  [Sp.  chocolate; 
Mex.  cfiocolatl  —  choco,  cocoa,  and  latl, 
water.]  A  paste  or  cake  composed  of  the 
kernels  of  the  cacao-nUt  ground  and  com- 
bined with  sugar  and  vanilla,  cinnamon, 
cloves,  or  other  flavouring  substance;  the 
beverage  made  by  dissolving  chocolate  in 
boiling  water  or  mUk. — a.  Having  the 
colour  of  chocolate;  of  a  dark,  glossy 
brown. 

Choice,  chois,  re.  [O.Fr.  chois,  a  choice,  from 
choisir,  to  choose;  fi-om  the  German. 
Choose.]  The  act  or  power  of  choosing;  a 
selecting  or  separating  from  two  or  more 
things  that  which  is  preferred;  selection; 
election;  option;  preference;  the  thing 
chosen;  the  best  part  of  anything. — a. 
Carefully  selected;  worthy  of  being  pre- 
ferred: select ;  precious.  —  Cholceless,! 
chois 'les,  a.  Not  having  the  power  of 
choosing.  —  Choicely,  choisTi,  adv.  In  a 
choice  manner  or  degree.  —  Cholceness, 
chois'nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  choice 
or  select;  excellence;  value. 

Choir,  kwir,  n.  [O.Fi\  choeur,  L.  chorus, 
Gr.  choros,  a  dance  in  a  ring,  a  band;  same 
word  as  chorus,  qvxre.']  A  band  of  dancersj; 
a  collection  of  singers,  especially  in  a 
church;  that  part  of  a  church  appropri- 
ated for  the  singers  in  cruciform  churches; 
that  part  eastward  of  the  nave,  and  sepa- 
rated from  it  usually  by  a  screen  of  open 
work;  a  chancel. — !).<.. and  i.  To  sing  in 
company. — Choir-screen,  re.  An  ornamen- 
tal open  screen  of  wood  or  stone  between 
the  choir  or  chancel  and  the  narve. 

Choke,  ch5k,  v.t.— choked,  choking.  [Akin 
to  cough,  and  to  Icel.  koka,  to  gulp,  ky.'M, 
to  swallow ;  perhaps  imitative  of  the  con- 
vulsive sound  made  when  the  throat  is 
impeded.]  To  deprive  of  the  power  of 
breathing  by  stopping  the  passage  of  the 
breath  through  the  windpipe;  to  compress 
the  windpipe  of;  to  strangle;  to  stop  by 
filling  (any  passage);  to  obstruct;  to  block 
up;  to  hinder  by  obstruction  or  impedi- 
ments (as  plants  from  growing).  —  v.i.  To 


Eftte,  fiirj  fat,  fftll;  _  i»e,v.i)aet.  htr;,-  Einei  piiii     uut^i  not^^niivsi.  ■  -tttbei  tab,  ti\Ul;  -  oil,  pound;,    ti^  Sc.  abune— the.  Tr^jLt 


CHOLAGWGUE 


119 


CtfRIST 


Imvo  tiie  windpipe  stoj)ped;  to  have  some- 
thii)£  stick  in  the  throat.— Choker,  cho'- 
kftr,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  chokes.— 
Choky,  Chokey,  chS'ki,  o.  Tending  to 
choke:  interrupted  or  indistinct  as  it  by 
choking;  gasping,  as  the  voice.— Choke- 
damp,  n.  Same  as  After-damp.— Ohotto- 
full,  n.  Pull  as  possible;  quite  full.  Writ- 
ten also  Ckock-fuU, 

ChoUigogue,  kora-gog,  n.  [Gr.  chclagOgos 
—choU,  bile,  and  agOgos,  leading,  flora 
ago,  to  le-ad.]  A  medicine  that  has  the 
quality  of  carrying  off  the  bUe. 
Choler,  kol'er,*!.  [O.Fr.  cholere  {Fr.coUre), 
choler,  anger,  L.  cholera,  a  bilious  ailment, 
from  Gr.  chohra,  from  cholS,  bile,  anger.] 
The  bile,  the  excess  of  which  was  formerly 
supposed  to  produce  anger,  &c. ;  hence, 
anger;  wrath;  irascibility.— Choleric,  kol'- 
fer-ik,  a.  Abounding  with  choler  or  bile; 
easily  irritated;  irascible;  inclined  to  an- 
ger; proceeding  from  anger. 
Cholera,  kol'fer-a,  n.  [L.,  biie,  a  bilious 
complaint.  Choler.]  A  disease  charac- 
terized by  copious  vomiting  ^d  purging 
of  bilious  matter,  followed  by  great- pros- 
tration, and  in  seyere  cases  often  by  death; 
it  is  of  two  varieties,  common  or  British 
cholera,  which  is  generally  of  a  mild  charac- 
ter j  and  malignant  or  Asiatic  cholera, 
which  is  far  more  fatal.— Choleraic,  kol-6r- 
a'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  cholera. 
Cholesterine,  ko-les'tfer'in,  n.  [Gr.  elwle, 
bile,  and  stereos,  solid.]  A  substance  oo- 
curiing  in  biliary  calculi,  yolk  of  egg, 
beans,  peas,  wheat,  and  other  plants. 
CholiambuE,  ko-li-am'bus,  n.  [  Gr.  eholi- 
ambos,  that  is,  lame  or  limping  iambus— 
cholos,  lame.}  Averse  in  poetry  having  an 
iambic  foot  in  the  fifth  place,  and  a  spon- 
dee in  the  sixth  or  last. 
Chomer,  ko'mfer,  n.  A  Hebrew  measure;  a 
iiomer. 

Chondrify,  kon'dri-fi,  v.t.  and  i.  [Gf.  thon^ 
dros,  cartilage,  and.L.  facere,  to  make.] 
To  convert  or  bo  converted  into  cartilage. 
— ChondriflcatioQ,  kon'dri-fi-ka"8hon,  n. 
The  act  of  making  or  state  of  becoming 
cartilage.  —  Ohondrography,  kon-drog'ra- 
fi,  n.  A  description  of  cartilages.— Onfln- 
drology,  kon-drol'o-ji,  n.  Th*  science  or 
knowledge  of  cartilages. 
Chondrite,  kon'drit,  n.  \Tj.' cliondrus,  a 
species  of  sea-weed.]  A  fossil  marine  plant 
of  the  chalk  and  other  formations  resem- 
bling Irish-moss. 

Chonaroptery|:ian,  Chondroptery^ons, 
kon'drop-te-nj"i-an,kon'drop-te-rij"i-us,o. 
TGr.  chondros,  cartilage,  and  pteryx,  ptery- 
gos,  a  wing  or  fin.]  Pertaining  to  the  Chon- 
dropterygii,  that  is,  to  the  section  of  fishes 
having  acartilaginous  skeleton  and  gristly 
fins.  —  Chondro]ptenrglan,  n.  One  of  the 
Chondropterygu.— Chondropterygii,  koa'- 
drop-te-rij"ii,  n.  pL  The  cartilaginous 
fishes. 

Chondrotomy,  kon-drot'o-mi,  n.  [GT.-cKmi- 
dros,  cartilage,  and  tome,  a  cutting.]  A 
dissection  of  caxtilages. 
Choose,  chaz,  v.t.  —  chose  (pret.),  chosen, 
choosing.  [A.  Sax.  cedsan^T).  kiezeuj  Icel. 
kjdsa,  G.  kiesen,  to  choose,  Goth.  Intisan, 
to  choose,  to  prove;  from  root  seen  in  L. 
gustare,  Gr.  geuomai,  to  taste.]  To  take 
by  preference;  to  make  choice  or  selection' 
of;  to  pick  out;  to  select;  to  prefer;  to 
wish;  to  be  inclined  or  have  an  inclination 
for  (colloq.). — v.i.  To  make  a  choice. — 
Chooser,  ch0z'6r,  n.  One  that  chooses;  one 
that  has  the  power  or  right  of  choosing. 
Chop,  chop,  v.t. — chopped,  chopping.  [Same 
word  as  chap,  to  split,  with  a  slightly  dif- 
ferent form  and  meaning=D.  and  G.  kap- 
pen,  to  chop,  to  mince,  to  cut;  Dan.  kappe, 
to  cut,  to  lop.]  To  cut  into  pieces;  to 
mince;  to  sever  or  separate  by  striking 
with  a  sharp  instrument:  usually  with  q^ 
—v.i.  To  chap  or  crack,  as  the  skin.— n.  A 
piece  chopped  off;  a  slice,  particularly  of 
meat.— Chopper,  chop'fer,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  chops ;  a  tool  for  chopping  or 
mincing  meat;  a  cleaver. — Chop-house,  n. 
A  house  where  meat  chops  are  dressed 
ready  for  eating;  an  eating-house. 
Chop,  chop,  v.t. — chopped,  chopping.  [Same 
origin  "as  cliedp.]  To  buy,  or  rather  to 
barter;  to  truck  or  exchange.— To  chop 
logic,  to  dispute  or  argue  in  a  sophistical 


manner  or  with  an  affectation  of  logical 
terms  or  methods. — v.i.  To  bargain!;  to 
bandy  words  or  dispute  J ;  to  turn,  vary, 
change,  or  shift  suddenly:  said  of  the  wind. 
— rf.  A  turn  of  fortune;  change;  vicissitude, 
especially  in  the  phrase  chops  and  changes. 

Chop,  chop,  n.  The  chap;  the  jaw;  pi.  the 
mouth  or  entrance  to  a  channel.  Chap. — 
Chcp-fallen,  a.  Dejected;  dispirited;  chai)- 
fallen. 

Chop,  chop,  n.  [Hind.  cMap,  stamp,  print.] 
An  eastern  custom-house  or  other  stamp 
on  goods;  hence,  used  to  signify  quality 
(silk  or  tea  of  the  first  chop). 

Chopin;  chop'in,  n.  [Hv.' chopinc.]  An  old 
English  measure  equal  to  half  a  pint ;  in 
Scotland  equal  to  a  quart. 

Chopine,  Chioppine,  cho-pen',  n.  [From  Sp. 
chapin,  a  clog  or  chopine.]  A  sort  of  very 
loft/  clog  or  patten  formerly  worn  by 
ladies. 

Chepstlck,  ch'op'stik,  n.  One  of  two  small 
sticks  of  wood,  ivory,  4c.,  used  by  the 
Chinese  and  Japanese  for  conveyicg  food 
to  the  mouth. 

ChoragiiB,  k5-r5.'guB,  n.  [Gr.  choragos — 
choros,  a  chorus,  and  ago,  to  lead.]  The 
leader  or  superintendent  of  a  chorus  or 
of  a  theatrical  representation  in  ancient 
Greece;  the  person  who  had  to  provide  at 
his  own  expense  the  choruses  for  dramatic 
representations  and  religious  festivals. — 
Choragic,  ko-ra'jik,  o.  Pertaining  to  or 
connected  with  a  cnoragns. 

Choral,  &c.    Under  Chords. 

Chord,  kord,  n.  [L.  chorda,  from  Gr.  ehorde, 
an  intestine,  of  which  strings  were  made. 
Cord  is  the  same' word.]  The  string  of 
a  musical  instrument ;  mus.  the  simul- 
taneous combination  of  different  sounds, 
consonant  or  dissonant ;  geom.  a  straight 
line  drawn  or  supposed  to  extend  from  one 
end  of  an  arc  of  a  circle  to  the  other. — 
v.t.  To  famish  with  chords  or  musical 
strings. 

Chdrea,  ko're-a  or  ko-r6'a,  n.  [Gr.  eJioreia, 
a  dance.]  Medi  St.  Vitus's  dance;  con- 
vulsive motions  of  the  limbs,  and  strange 
and  involuntary  gesticulations. 

Cboreplscopal,  ko-re-pis'ko-pal,  o.  [Gr. 
chOra,  place,  locality,  and  episkopos,  a 
bishop.]  Pertaining  to  the  power  of  a 
chorepiscopus,  that  is,  a  suffi'agan  or  local 
bishop. 

Choriainbiu,  kS-ri-amTjus,  n.  [Gr.  chnreios, 
a  trochee,  and  iamios,  iambus.]  Pros,  a 
foot  consisting  of  four  syllables,  the  first 
two  forming  a  trochee  and  the  second  two 
an  iambus.— Chorlamblc,  ko-ri-am'bik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  choriambus. 

Chorion,  ko'ri-on,  n.  [Gr.]  Anat.  the  ex- 
ternal vascular  membrane  which  invests 
the  fetus  in  the  womb ;  bot.  the  external 
membrane  of  the  seeds  of  plants. -Choroid, 
kor'oid,  a.  and  n.  A  term  applied  to  a 
membrane  resembling  the  chorion,  especi- 
ally to  one  of  the  membranes  of  the  eye  of 
a  very  dark  colour. 

ChorlSa,  ko'ri-sis,  n.  [Gr.  chorizO,  to  sepa- 
rate, to  sever.]  Bot.  the  separation  of  a 
lamina  from  one  part  of  an  organ,  so  as  to 
form  a  scale,  or  a  doubling  of  the  organ. 

Chorister,  &c.    Chorus. 

Chorography,  kS-rog'ra-fi,  n.  [Gr.  chOros,  a 
place  or  region,  and  graphs,  to  describe.] 
The  art  or  practice  of  making  maps  of  or 
of  describing  particular  regions,  countries, 
or  districts.— Chorographer,  ko-rog'ra-fer, 
n.    One  skilled  in  chorography. — Choro- 

fraphic,  Chorographical,  ko-ro-graf '  ik, 
o-ro-graf 'ik-al,  o.  Pertaining  to  choro- 
graphy; descriptive  of  particular  regions 
or  countries. 

Choroid.    Under  Chorion. 

Choms,  ko'rus,  n.  [L.  cfiortts,  from  Gr. 
choros,  a  dance  in  a  ring,  a  chorus.]  Ori- 
ginally a  band  of  dancers  accompanied 
by  their  own  singing  or  that  of  others; 
the  performers  in  a  Greek  play  who  were 
supposed  to  behold  what  passed  in  the 
acts,  and  sing  their  sentiments  between 
the  acts;  the  song  between  the  acts;  now, 
usually,  verses  of  a  song  in'  which  the 
company  join  the  singer,  or  the  singing  of 
the  company  with  the  singer ;  a  union  or 
chiming  of  voices  in  general"  (a  chorus  of 
laughter  or  ridicule);  mus.  a  composition 
in  parts  sung  by  many  voices;  the  whole 


body  of  vocalists  other  than  soloists, 
whether  in  an  oratorio,  oi  lera,  or  concert. — 
v.t.  I'o  sing  or  join  in  the  chorus  of;  to  ex- 
claim or  call  out  in  concert. — Choral,  Lo- 
ral, a.  Belonging,  relating,  or  pertaining 
to  a  chorus,  choir,  or  concert.  —  Chocaf, 
Chorale,  ko-ral',  ko-ra'le,  n.  A  psalm  or 
hymn  tune,  often  sung  in  unison  by  the 
congregation,  the  organ  supplying  the 
harmony.— Choric,  ko'rik,  o.  Pertaining 
to  a  chorus;  choml.  [ Tenre.J^-Chorister, 
kor'i3t-6r,  n.  A  singer  in  a  choir  or  chorus; 
a  singer  generally. 

Chose,  choz,  pret.  of  choose. — Chosen,  chd'zn, 
pp.  of  choose.  As  an  adjective,  choice; 
select. 

Chough,  chuf,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ce6,  a  chough  or 
jackdaw;  D.  kaauw,  Dan.  kaa.]  A  British 
biid  of  the  crow  family,  which  frequents 
chiefly  the  coasts  of  Cornwall,  of  a  black 
colour  with  red  beak,  legs,  and  toes. 
Choultry,  chol'tri,  n.  In  the  East  Indies, 
a  place  of  rest  and  shelter  for  travellers; 
a  caravansary. 

Chouse,  chous,  v.t.  —  choused,  chousing. 
[Formerly  spelled  also  chiaus,  chiaous, 
from  Turk,  chiaus,  chatish,  a  messenger, 
interpreter,  &c.  ,f  rom  the  notorious  swindl- 
ing of  a  Turkish  interpreter  in  London,  in 
16U9.]  To  cheat,  trick,  defraud:  followed 
by  0/  or  out  of  (to  chouse  one  out  of  his 
money). 

Chow-chow,  chou'chou,  n.  A  Chinese  term 
for  any  mixture,  but  in  trade  circles  con- 
fined generally  to  mixed  pickles. 
Chowry,  chou'ri,  n.  In  the  East  Indies,  a 
whisk  to  keep  off  flies. 
Chrematistica,  krc-ma-tis'tiks,  n.  [Gr. 
ehrimata,  wealth.]  The  science  of  wealth; 
a  name  sometimes  given  to  political 
economy. 

Chrestomathy,  kres-tom'a-thi,  n.  [Gr. 
chrSstos,  useful,  and  mathein,  to  learn.]  A 
book  of  extracts  from  a  foreign  language, 
with  notes,  intended  to  be  used  in  acquir- 
ing the  language.-Chrestomathlc,  Chresto- 
mathlcal,  kres-to-math'ik,  kres-tO-math'- 
ik-al,  ft.  Relating  to  a  chrestomathy. 
Chrism,  krizm,  n.  [Gr.  chrisma,  an  un- 
guent, from  mria,  to  anoint,  whence  also 
Christ.']  Holy  or  consecrated  oil  orunguent 
used  in  the  administration  of  baptism, 
confirmation,  ordination,  and  extreme 
unction,  more  especially  in  the  Latin  and 
Greek  churches;  the  baptismal  cloth  laid 
upon  the  head  of  a  child  newly  baptized ; 
the  baptismal  vesture ;  the  chrisom.  — 
Chrismal,  kriz'mal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
chrism. — n.  The  vessel  holding  the  con- 
secrated oil  or  chrism;  the  white  cloth  laid 
over  the  head  of  one  .newly  baptized  after 
the  unction  with  chnsm.  —  Chrismation, 
kriz-ma'shon,  n.  The  act  of  applying  the 
chrism  or  consecrated  oil. — Chrismatory, 
kriz'ma-to-ri,  n.  {L.L.  chrismatorium.} 
A  receptacle  for  the  chrism  or  holy  oil  used 
in  the  services  of  the  Greek  and  Roman 
churches.— Chrisom,  Chrisome,  kris'um,  n. 
[A  form  of  chrism.]  A  cloth  anointed  with 
chrism  laid  on  a  child's  face  at  baptism ; 
tbe  white  consecrated  vesture  put  about  a 
child  when  christened. — Chrisom  child,  a 
newly  baptized  infant ;  a  child  that  dies 
within  a  month  after  christening. 
Christ,  krist,  re.  [L.  Ohristus,  Gr.  Christos, 
lit.  anointed,  from  chrio^  to  anoint.l  The 
Anointed:  an  appellation  given  to  the 
Saviour  of  the  world,  and  synonymous 
with  the  Hebrew  Messiah,  —  Christen, 
kris'n,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  cristnian,  to  christen, 
from  Oristen,  a  Christian,  from  Crist, 
Christ.]  To  initiate  into  the  visible  church 
of  Christ  by  the  application  of  water;  to 
name  and  baptize;  to  baptize;  to  name  or 
denominate  generally.  —  Christendom, 
kris'n-dum,re.[A.Sax.  crtst€«ct()ni— Cristoi, 
Christian,  and  term. -doni.]  The  territories, 
countries,  or  regions  chiefly  inhabited  by 
Christians  or  those  who  profess  to  believe 
in  the  Christian  religion;  the  whole  body 
of  Christians. — Christian,  kris'tyan,  re.  [L. 
christianus,  from  Christus,  Christ.]  One 
who  believes,  professes  to  believe,  or  who 
is  assumed  to  believe,  in  the  religion  of 
Christ;  a  believer  in  Christ  who  is  charac- 
terized by  real  piety. —  a.  Pertaining  to 
Christ  or  to  Christianity.—CA7'is<ian  ?iame, 
the  name  given  or  announced  at  baptism. 


clij.cAain:__^,  SclocA;     g,£fo:  J.yob^     n,  Fr.  ton;     ngysing;     tv,  theai  th,  thin;     w,  wig;     wh,  w/jig;     zh,  arure. 


CHROjfATIC 


120 


CHUM? 


as  distjagoished  from  the  family  name.— 
Christian  era  or  period,  the  period  from' 
the  birth  of  Christ  to  the  present  time.— 
ChristiaJilty,  kris-ti-an'i-ti,  n.  The  reli- 
gion of  Christians,  or  the  system  of  doc- 
trines and  precepts  taught  by  Christ;  con- 
formity to  the  lavs  and  precepts  of  the . 
Christian  religion.  —  Christianization, 
kriB'tyan-ia-ft"Bhon,  n.  The  act  or  process 
of  converting  .to  OhriBtianity.- Christiaa- 
Ize,  kris'tyaa-iz,  v.t. — chvistianiKd,  ekris- 
tianizing.  To  make  Christian;  to  convert 
to  Christianity.— ChriBtiaaly,kris'tyan-li, 
adv.  In  a  Christian  manner;  in  a  msm- 
ner  becoming  the  principles  of  a  Christian. 
— a.  Christianlike;  becoming  a  Christian. 
— Cluistless,  krist'les,  a.  Having  no  in- 
terest" in  Christ ;  without  the  spirit  of 
Chriflt.— Chrtetjnas,  kris'mas,  n.  [Christ, 
and  mass,  A.  Sax.  tnassa,  a  holy  day  or 
fe^lst.]  The  festival  of  the  Christian  church 
observed  annually  on  the  S5th  day  of  De- 
cember, in  memory  of  the  birth  of  Christ, 
Christmas-day  or  Christmas-tide. — Christ- 
mas-day, n.  The  25th  day  of  December, 
when  Christmas  is  celebrated.  —  Christ- 
masreve,  n.  The  evening  of  the  dav  before 
Christmas. — Christmas-rose,  ji.  A  plant 
of  the  hellebore  genus,  bo  called  from  its 
open  rose-like  fiower,  which  blossoms  dur- 
ing winter.  —  Christmas-tide,  Christmas- 
time, n.  The  season  of  Christmas. — 
Chrlstmu^tree,  n.  A  small  evergreen  tree 
set  up  in  a  family,  &c.,  at'Christmas,  from 
which  are  hung  presents,  generally  with 
the  names  of  the  recipients  inscribed  on 
them.— Christology,  kris-tol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr. 
Christos,  Christ,  and  logos,  a  discourse.]  A 
discourse  or  treatise  conceming  Christ; 
that  branch  of  divinity  that  deals  di- 
rectly with  Christ.— Chrlst's-thom,  n.  A 
deciduous  shrub  with  large  hooked  spines. 
a  native  of  Palestine  and  the  south  of 
Europe :  «o  named  from  a  belief  that  it 
supplied  the  crown  of  thorns  for  Christ. 

Chromatic,  kre-mat'ik,  a.  [Gr.  .chromati- 
kos,  from  chroma,  colour.]  Relating  to 
colour,  or  to  coloured  inks  or  pigments; 
TOMS,  including  notes  not  belonging  to 
the  diatonic  scale. — Chromatic  scale,  sl  scale 
made  up  of  thirteen  successive  semitones, 
that  is,  the  eight  diatonic  tones  and  the 
five  intermediate  tones. —  Chromatically, 
kro-mat.'ik-al-li,  adv.  In  a  chromatic 
manner.-^hromatics,  kro-mat'iks,n.  The 
science  of  colours;  that  part  of  optics  which 
treats  of  the  properties  of  the  colours  of 
light  and  of  natural  bodies. — Chromatog- 
rapKy,  kro-ma-to^ra-fi,  n.  A  treatise  on 
colours;  printing  in  colours.- Chromatol- 
ogy,  kro-ma-tol'o-ji,  n.  The  doctrine  of  or 
a  treatise  on  colours.  —  Chromatometer, 
toro-ma-tom'et-er,  n.  A  scale  for  measur- 
ing colours.— Ohroznatophore,  kro-mat'o- 
for,  «:  [Gr.  chrSma,  and  pJierein,  to  bear.] 
One  of  the  pigment  cells  in  animals,  well 
seen  in  the  chameleons  and  cuttle-nshes. 
—  Chromatrope,  kro'ma-trop,  n.  [Gr. 
ehrOma,  and  trepo,  to  turn.]  An  arrange- 
ment in  a  magic  lantern  in  which  brilliant 
effects  are  produced  by  designs  being 
paintedCon  two  circular  glasses  and  the 
glsAses  being  made  to  rouite  in  opi>osite 
directions. 

Chrome,  Chrominm,  krom,  kro'mi-um,  n. 
[Gr.  chrima.,  colovix.]  A  metal  Which  forms 
very  hard' steel-gray  masses:  so  called 
from  the  various  and  beautiful  colours — 
green,  orange,  yellow,  red,  &c.— which  its 
oxide  and  acid  communicate  to  minerals 
into  whose  composition  they  enter,  yield- 
ing such  pigments  as  chrome-green,chrome- 
veUow,  &c.— Chromate,  kro'mat,  n.  A  salt 
of  chromic  acid.  — Chromic,  krom'ik,  o. 
Pertaining  to  chrome  or  obtained  from  it. 
Chromic  acid,  or  chromic  oxide,  destroys 
the  colour  produced  by  indigo  and  many 
other  matters,  and  hence  is  used  in  calico- 
printing.— Xbromite,  kro'mlt,  n.  A  min- 
eral containing  chromium. 

Chromo-llthography,  n.  A  method  of  pro- 
ducing coloured  lithographic  pictures  by 
using  stones  having  oSfferent  portions  of 
the  picture  drawn  upon  them  with  inks  of 
different  colours,  and  so  arranged  as  to 
blend  into  a  complete  picture.- (Siromo- 
UthogT8.ph,  n.  A  picture  obtained  by 
means  of  chromo-lithography,  —  Cli^mo- 


lithogHijIii?,  n.  One  who  praciiRes 
chromo-Uthogniphy.-Ohroitto-litnograpa- 
Ic,  a.  ■  Pertaining  to  chromo-lithography. 
Chromosphere,  kr0'm5-sfer,n.  [Qt.  chroma, 
colour,  and  apkaira,  a  sphere.]  The  gas- 
eous envelope  supposed  to«xist  round  the 
hody.  of  the  gun,  through  which  the  light 
of  the  photosphere  passes. — Chromospher- 
Ic,  kro-mS-sf^ik,  a.  Pertaining  or  relat- 
ing to  a  chromosphere. 
ChroBiotrope,  n.  Chbomatrope. 
Chromule,  kro'mQL  n.  (Gr.  chr&ma,  colour, 
and  huU,  matter.]  The  colouring  matter 
of  plants  other  than  green. 
Chronic,  kron'ik,  o.  [Gr.  ckronikos^  from 
chronos,  time,  duration.]  Pertaiiung  to 
time;  having  reference  to  time;  continu- 
ing a  long  time,  as  a  disease.— Chronicle, 
kron'i-kl,  n.  [Fr.  chronique,  a  chronicle.] 
An  account  of  facts  or  events  disposed  in 
the  order  of  time;  a  histoiy,  more  espe- 
cially one  of  a  simple  unpretentious  char- 
acter; pi.  the  title  of  two  books  of  the  Old 
Testament  coasistiiig  mainly  of  the  annals 
of  the  kingdom  otJ\xas,h.— v.t— chronicled, 
chroniclitif.  To  record  in  history  or  chron- 
icle; to  record;  to  register.  —  Chronicler, 
kroa'i-kler,  n.  One  who  chronicles;  a 
writer  of  a'chronicle. 

Chronogram,  kron'o-gram,  n.  [Gr.  c/ironos, 
time,  and  gramma,  ft  letter  or  writing.] 
A  word  or  words  in  which  a  date  is  ex- 
pressed by  the  numeral  letters  occurring 
therein.— Ch^onog^ammatic,'Chronogram- 
matical,kron'o-g^am-mat"ik,k^on'o-g^am- 
mat"ik-al,  a.  Belonging  to  a  chronogram; 
containing  a  chronogram.— Chronogram- 
matlcally,  kron'o-gram'-mat"ik-al-li,  adv. 
In  the  manner  of  a  chronogram.— Chron- 
ogrammatist,  kron-o-gnim'mat-ist.  n.  A 
writer  of  chronograms. 
Chronograph,  kron'o-graf ,  n.  [Gr.  chronos, 
time,  ana  grapho,  to  write.]  A  chrono- 
gram; a  device  of  various  kinds  for  mea- 
suring and  registering  very  minute  por- 
tions of  time  with  extreme  precision,  gen- 
erally consisting  of  a  revolving  hand, 
disc,  or  cylinder,  moved  by  clockwork,  the 
time  of  the  event  being  indicated  by  a 
point  or  pen  marking  the  disc  w  cylinder, 
such  marking  bein^  controlled  either  by 
the  observer  himself  or  by  electricity. — 
Chrono^apher,  kro-nog'raf-6r,  n.  One 
who  writes  concerning  time  or  the  events 
of  time;  a  chronologer. 
Chronology,  kro-nol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  chrono- 
logia — chronos,  time,  and  logos,  discourse 
or  doctrine.]  The  science  of  ascertaining 
the  true  periods  or  years  when  past,  events 
or  transactions  tooK  place,  and  arranging 
them  in  their  proper  order  according  to 
their  dates.- Cni-onologic,  Chronological, 
kron-o-loj'ik,  kron-o-loj'ik-al,  c.  Relating 
to  chronology;  containing  am  account  of 
events  in  the  order  of  time;  according  to 
the  ordei'bf  time"— Chronologically,  kron- 
o-loj'ik-al-li,  adv.  In  a  chronological  man- 
ner.—Chronologist,  Chronologer,  kro-nol'- 
o-jist,  kro-nol'o-jer,  n.  One  versed  in 
chronology;  a  person  who  investigates  the 
dates  of  past  events  and  transactions. 
Chronometer,  kro-nom'et-6r,  n.  [Gi.chronos, 
time,  and  metron^  measure.]  Any  instru- 
ment that  measures  time,  as  a  clock, 
watch,  or  dial;  specifically,  a  time-keeper 
of  great  perfection  of  workmanship,  made 
much  on  the  principle  of  a  watch,  but 
rather  larger,  used  (in  conjunction  with 
observations  of  the  heavenly  bodies)  in 
determining  the  longitude  aC  sea. — Chron- 
ometrlc,  Chronomea*ical,  kron-o-met'rik, 
kron-o-met'rik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
chronometer;  measured  by  a  chronometer. 
— Chronometi-y,  kro-nom'et-ri,  n.  The  art 
of  measuring  time;  the  measuring  of  time 
by  periods  or  divisions. 
Chronoscope,  kron'5-skop,  n.  [Gr.  cnronos, 
time,  ana  skopeO,  to  observe.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  duration  of  ex- 
tremely short-lived  phenomena;  more  espe- 
cially, the  name  given  to  instruments  of 
various  forms  for  measuring  the  velocity 
of  projectiles. 

Chrysalis,  Chrvtialia,  kris'a-lis,  kri.s'a-Ud, 
n.  [Gr.  chrysallis,  a  grub,  from  ehrysos, 
gold,  from  its  golden  colour.]  The  form 
which  butterflies,  moths,  and  most  other 
insects  assume  when  they  change  from 


the  state  of  larva  or  caterpillar  smd  tciore 
they  arrive  at  their  winged  or  perfect 
st&te.  Called  aiao'AureUa  and  Pvpa. 
Chryaantliemum,  kri-san'the-mum,  n.  [Qr, 
(Arysoe,  gold,  and  anthemon,  a  flower.] 
The  generic  and  common  name  of  numer- 
ous species  of  composite  plants,  two  of 
which  are  common  weeds  in  Britain,  the 
ox-eye  daisy  and  the  com-marigold,  while 
the  Chinese  chrysanthemum,  in  its  numer- 
ous varieties,  is  equally  well  known.— 
Chryselephantine,  kris'el-5-fan"tin,  o.  [Gr. 
elephas,  elephantos,  ivory.]  Composed  or 
partly  composed  of  gold  and  ivory:  a  term 
specially  applied  to  statues  overlaid  with 
gold  and  ivory,  as  made  among  the  ancient 
Greeks.- Chrysoberyl,  kris'5-ber-il,  n.  [Gr. 
birylUon,  beryl.]  A  gem  of  a  yellowish- 
gyeen  colour,  next  to  the  sapphire  in  hard- 
ness.and  employed  in  jewelr}',  being  found 
in  Ceylon,  Peru,  Siberia,  Brazil,  4c. — 
Chrysocolla,  kris'o-kol-la,  n.  [Gr.  koUa, 
glue.]  A  silicate  of  the  protoxide  of  cop- 
per of  a  fine  emerald  green  colour,  ap- 
parently produced  from  the  decomposition 
of  copper  ores,  which  it  usually  accom- 
panies. —  Chrysography,  kri-Bog'ra-fi,  n. 
[Gr.  grapho,  to  write.]  The  art  of  writing 
in  letters  of  gold ;  the  writing  itself. — 
Chrysolite,  kris'o-lit,  n.  [Gr.  lithos,  stone.] 
A  greenish,  sometimes  transparent,  ^m, 
composed  of  silica,  magnesium,  and  iron, 
not  of  g^eat  value.— Chrysoprase,  kris'3- 
praz,  n.  [Gr.  prason,  a  leek.}  A  translu- 
cent mineral  of  an  apple-green  colour,  a 
variety  of  chalcedony  much  esteemed  as 
a  gem. 

Chub,  chub,  n.  [So  called  probably  from 
its  chxdybiness  or  plumpness.]  A  river  fish 
of  the  can)  family,  having  the  body  ob- 
long, nearly  round :  the  head  and  oack 
green,  the  sides  silvery,  and  the  belly 
white. 

Chubb-lock,  chublok,  n.  H^om  the 'name 
of  its  inventor,  a  London  locksmith.]  An 
intricate  lock  having  in  addition  to  its 
several  tumblers  a  lever  called  a  detector, 
which  on  the  application  of  a  false  key 
moves  and  fixes  the  bolt  so  securely  that 
further  attempts  at  picking  are  useless. 
Chubby,  chub'i,  a.  [Akin  to  E.  chump; 
Sw.  diail.  kvbbug,  plump,  kitbh,  a  lump,  a 
block.  ]  Having  a  round  plump  face  or 
plump  body ;  round  and  fat ;  plump.  — 
Chubbiiiess,  chub'i-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  chubby.— Chub-faced,  a.  Having  a 
plump  round  face. 

Chuck,  chuk,  n.  [Imitative;  comp.  elvck.'i 
The  voice  or  call  of  a  hen  and  some  other 
birds,  or  a  sound  resembling  that.— ti.i. 
To  make  the  noise  which  a  hen  and  some 
other  birds  make  when  they  call  their 
chickens. 

Chuck,  chuk,  n.  [Corrupted  from  chick.1  A 
chicken.    [Shdk.] 

Chuck,  chuk,  v.t.  [A  modification  of  shock, 
Fr.  chqgtier,  and  formerly  written  chock.] 
To  strike,  tap,  or  give  a  gentle  blow;  to 
throw,  with  quick  motion,  a  short  dis- 
tsince;  to  pitch.— ,n.  A  slight  blow  or  tap 
under  the  chin;  a  toss;  a  short  throw.- 
Chuck-farthing,  n.  A  play  in  which  a  far- 
thing is  pitched  or  chucked  into  a  hole. 
ChucMe,  chuk'l,  v.t.—chvckled,  chuckling. 
[A  freq.  andldim.  from  chuck,  to  cry  like 
a  hen;  or  connected  with  choke.']  ,To  call, 
as  a  hen  her  chickens. — v.i.  To  cackle,  as 
a  hen  or  other  fowl;  to  laugh  in  a  sup- 
pressed or  broken  manner;  to  feel  inward 
triumph  or  exultation.-^-n.  The  call  of  a 
hen  and  some  other  birds  to  their,  yoimg ; 
a  short  suppressed  laugh,  expressive  of 
satisfaction,  exultation,  and  the  like. 
Chuff,t  chuf ,  71.  [Perhaps  from  W.  cuff,  a 
stock  or  stump.]  A  coarse,  heavy,  dull,  or 
surly  fellow;  a  niggard;  an  old  miser. 
C^um,  chum,  n.  [Perhaps  an  abbrev.  cf 
ciMmber-fellow;  Dr.  Johnson  calls  it  a  term 
usedin  the  universities.]  One  who  lodges 
or  resides  in  the  same  room  orrooms;hence, 
a  close  companion;  a  bosom-friend;  an  in- 
timate.—v.  i.  To  occupy  the  same  room  or 
rooms  with  .another;  to  be  the  chunr  of 
some  one. 

Chmnp,  chump,  n.  [Same  as  Icel.  kurtibr, 
a  log,  akin  to  kubba,  to  chop,  and  there- 
fore allied  to  E.  chop,  chub.  chv.v'i,:\  A 
short,  thick,  heavy  piece  of  wood. — Chump^ 


^v;^,  Tu',  ;;at,  i»U;     x:;^.,  met,  her;     piae,  piu;     note,  not,  mOvei     tabe,  tub,  b\^l;    oil,  poimd;    vl,  Sc.  Abune— the  Fi.  au. 


CHURCH 


121 


CINNABAR 


end,  n.  The  thick  end  of  a  loin  of  veal  or 
mutton  next  the  tail. 

Ohorch,  chferch,  n.  (O.E.  chirche,  cherehe. 
&c.,  A.  Baij.  circe,  cirice,  cyrice  (the  cs  all 
hard),  from  Gr.  kyriakon,  a  church,  the 
Lord's  house,  from  Kyrios,  the  Lord=Sc. 
kirk,  D.  kerk,  Dan.  kirke,  G.  kirche.\  A 
house  consecrated  to  the  worship  of  God 
among  Christians:  in  England  often  re- 
stricted to  a  place  of  public  worship  belong- 
ing to  the  Established  Church  (as  opposed 
to  chapel  and  meeting-house);  the  collective 
body  of  Christians ;  a  particular  body  of 
Christians  united  under  one  form  of  eccle- 
siastical government,  in  one  creed,  and 
using  the  same  ritual  and  ceremonies; 
ecclesiastical  power  or  authority.— ui.  To 
perform  with  or  for  any  one  the  office  of 
returning  thanks  in  the  church,  as  a 
mother  after  childbirth.  —  Churchism, 
ch6rch'izm,  n.  Strict  adherence  to  the 
forms  or  principles  of  some  church,  espe- 
cially a  state  church.— Church-court,  n.  A 
court  connected  with  a  church  foP  heart- 
ing and  deciding  ecclesiastical  causes.— 
Church-goer,  n.  One  who  habitually  at- 
tends church.— Church-going,  a.  Usnally 
attending  church;  summoning  to  church, 
as  a  bell.— Churchman,  ch6rch'man,  n.  An 
ecclesiastic  or  clergyirran ;  in  England,  a 
member  of  the  Established  Church.  — 
Churchmanahip,  chferch'man-ship,  n.'  State 
of  being  a  churchman.— Church-rate,  n.  A 
rate  raised  for  the  purpose  of  repairing  and 
maintaining  the  church,  churchyard,  &c., 
in  England.— Church-service,  n.  The  re- 
ligious service  performed  in  a  church;  the 
Book  of  Common  Prayer,  with  the  addi- 
tion of  the  Sunday  and  proper  lessons.— 
Church  -  warden,  n.  A  functionary  ap- 
pointed by  the  minirter,  or  elected  by  the 
parishioners,  to  superintend  a  church  and 
Its  concerns,  to  represent  the  interests  of 
the  parish,  Ac- Churchyard,  chferch'yard, 
n.  The  ground  in  which  the  dead  are 
ijuried,  adjoining  a  church. 

Churl,  chferl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ceorl,  a  country- 
man of  the  lowest  rank;  Icel.  Dan.  Sw. 
■karl,  a  man,  a  male;  G.kerl,  a  fellow.}  A 
rustic;  a  peasant;  a  countryman  c-  la- 
bourer; a  rude,  surly,  sullen,  selfish,  or 
rough-tempered  man. —ChurUsh,ch6r'lish, 
a.  Like  or  pertaining  to  a  churl;  rude; 
surly;  sullen;  unfeeling;  uncivil;  selfish; 
narrow-minded;  avaricious.  —  Churlishly, 
cher'lish-li,  adv.  In  a  churlish  manner.— 
Churlishness,  cher'lish-nes,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  churlish. 

Churn,  ch6m,  n.  [A.  Sax.  eym,  Sc.  kirn, 
'  Icel.  kima,  Dan.  kieme,  a  chum;  probably 
from  same  root  as  com,  kernel,  butter  being 
as  it  were  the  kernel  or  best  portion  of  the 
milk.]  A  vessel  in  which  cream  or  milk 
i?  agitated  for  separatiog  the  oily  parts 
from  the  caseous  and  serous  parts,  to  make 
butter.  — J). t.  To  stir  or  agitate  (milk  or 
cream)  in  order  to  make  into  butter;  to 
make  (butter)  by  the  agitation  of  milk  or 
cream;  to  shake  or  agitate  with  violence 
or  continued  motion.—  Cham-Btafl,  n.  The 
staff  or  plunger  which  is  worked  in  a 
chum. 

Chute,  shot,  n.  [Er.,  a  fall.]  A  river-fall 
or  rapid  over  which  timber  is  floated ;  an 
inclined  trough  or  tube  through  which 
articles  are  passed  from  a  higher  to  a  lower 
level.    [American.]      • 

Chutney,  Chntnee,  chnt'ni,  chut'ne,  n.  An 
East  Indian  condiment  compounded  of 
ripe  fruit,  spices,  sour  herbs,  cayenne,  le- 
mon-juice, pounded  and  boiled  together 
and  bottled  for  use. 

Chyle,  kil,n.  [Gr.  cMos,  juice,  chyle,  from 
cheO,  to  flow,  whence  also  chyme.]  A  white 
or  milky  fluid  separated  from  aliments 
while  in  the  intestines,  taken  up  by  the  lac- 
teal vessels  and  finally  entering  the  blood. 
— Chylaceous,  ki-la'shus,  a.  Belonging  to 
chyle;  consisting  of  chyle.— Chylifaction,- 
Chyliflcation,  ki-li-fak'shon,  ki'li-fi-ka"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  or  process  by  which  chyle 
is  formed  from  food  in  animal  bodies.— 
Chylifactive,  Chyllficatory,  ki-li-fak'tiv, 
ki-lif'i-ka-to-ri,  a.  Forming  or  changing 
into  chyle;  having  the  power  to  make 
chyle.— Chyllflc,  ki-lif'lk,  a.  Chylifactive. 
Chylify,  ki'li-fi,  v.t.  and  i.  To  convert  or 
be  converted  into  chyle.— Chylopoetic,  ki^ 


lo-po-ef'ik,  a.  [Gr.  voieo.  to  make.]  Per- 
taining to  or  concerned  in  the  formation 
of  chyle;  chylifactive.— Chylous,  ki'lus,  a. 

'  Consisting  of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling 
chyle. 

Chyme,  kim.n.  [Gr.  cftj/wios,  juice.  Chyle.] 
The  pulpy  mass  of  partially  digested  food 
before  the  chyle  is  extracted  from  it.— 
Chymlftcation,  ki'mi-fl-ka"8hon,  n.  The 
process  of  becoming  or  of  forming  chyme. 
— Chymify,  ki'mi-fi,  v.t.  and  i.  To  forvu  or 
be  formed  into  chyme.— Chymous,  kim'us, 
Pertaining  to  chyme. 

Chymical.  Chymist,  Chjntnistry,  kim'ik-al, 
kim'ist,  kim'ist-ri.    Chemical,  &c. 

Cibol,  siiyol,  n.  [Fr.  ciboule,  from  L.  cepuZa, 
dim.  of  cepa,  an  onion.]  A  plant  of  the 
onion  genus  without  a  bulb,  and  the  leaves 
of  which  are  used  for  culinary  purposes. 

Cicada,  si-ka'da,  n.  pi.  Cicadse  or  Cicadas, 
si-ka'de,  si-ka'daz.  [L.]  The  popular  and 
generic  name  of  certain  insects,  the  males 
of  which  have  on  each  side  of  the  body  an 

•organ  with  which  they  can  make  a  con- 
siderable noise.— Cicala,  si-ka'la;  It.  pron. 
chi-ka'la,  n.  [It.,  from  L.  cicada.]  A 
cicada. 

Cicatrice,  sik'i-tris,  n.  [Fr.  cicatrice,  L. 
cicatrix.]  A  scar;  a  little  seam  or  elevation 
of  flesh  remaining  after  a  wound  or  ulcer 
is  healed.  Also  Cicatrix,  si-ka'tviks,  pi. 
Cicatrices,  sik-a-tri'sCz.  —  Cicatricula,  Ci- 
catrlcle,  sik-a-trik'u-la,  sik'a-tri-kl,  n.  [L. 
cicatricula,  dim.  of  cicatrix.]  The  germin- 
ating point  in  the  embryo  of  a  seed ;  the 
point  in  the  yolk  of  an  egg  at  which  de- 
velopment is  first  seen.— Cicatrisive,  sik'- 
a-tri-siv,  a.  Tending  to  promote  the  for- 
mation of  a  cicatrice. — Cicatrize,  sik'a-triz, 
v.t. — cicatrized,  cicatrizing.  To  induce  the 
formation  of  a  cicatrice  on;  to  heal  up  (a 
wound). — v.i.  To  become  healed  leaving  a 
cicatrice;  to  skin  over. — Cicatrizant,  sik'a- 
tri-zant,  n.  That  which  cicatrizes;  a  medi- 
cine or  application  that  promotes  the  for- 
mation of.a  cicatrice.— Cicatrization,  sik'- 
a-tri-z5"Bhon,  ».  The  process  of  healing 
or  forming  a  cicatrice.— Cicatrose,  sik'a- 
tros,  a.    Full  of  scars;  scarry. 

Cicerone,  sis-e-ro'ne ;  It.  pron.  che-chft-ro'- 
na,  n.  (It.,  from  Cicero,  the  Roman  ora- 
tor.] A  name  given  by  the  Italians  to  the 
guides  who  show  travellers  the  antiquities 
of  the  country;  hence,  in  a  general  sense, 
one  who  explains  the  curiosities  of  a  place; 
a  guide.  —  Ciceronian,  sis-e-ro'ni-an,  a. 
Resembling  the  style  of  Ciceroj  eloquent. 
— Ciceronianism,  sis-e-ro'ni-an-izm,  n.  The 
manner  or  style  of  Cicero;  a  Ciceronian 
phrase  or  form  of  expression. 

Cfichoraceous, sik-o-ra'shus,a.  [h.cichorium, 
chicory.]  Having  the  qualities  of  or  l>e- 
longing  to  plants  of  the  succory  or  chicory 
family. 

Cider,  si'd6r,  n.  [Fr.  cidre,  from  L.  sicera, 
Gr.  gikera,  strong  drink,  from  Heb.  »ha- 
kar,  to  intoxicate.]  A  fermented,  slightly 
alcoholic  drink  prepared  from  the  juice  of 
apples.  —  Ciderkin,  si'dfer-kin,  n.  An  in- 
ferior beverage  made  from  apples  after  the 
juice  has  been  pressed  out  for  cider. — 
Cider-mill,  n.  A  mill  for  crushing  apples 
for  making  cider. 

Ci-devant,  se-de-von,  o.  [Fr.  from  ci=ici 
(from  L.  hicce),  here,  and  devant,  repre- 
senting L.  de  ao  ante,  lit.  of  from  before.] 
Previous;  former;  at  a  former  period. 

Ciel,  Cieling,  eel,  sel'ing,  n.  Same  as  Ceil, 
Ceiling. 

Cierge,  s6rj,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  cera,  wax.] 
A  candle  carried  in  religious  processions. 

Cigar,  si-gar",  n.  [Fr.  cigare,  Sp.  cigarro, 
originally  the  name  of  a  kind  of  tobacco 
in  Cuba.]  A  small  roll  of  tobacco-leaf, 
with  a  pointed  end  for  putting  into  the 
mouth,  used  for  smoking.  —  Cigarette, 
Big-a-ret',  n.  [Fr.  dim.  of  cigare.]  A  little 
cut  tobacco  rolled  up  in  tissue  paper,  used 
for  smoking. 

Cilia,  sil'i-a,  n.  pi.  fL.  cilium,  an  eyelash.] 
The  hairs  which  grow  from  the  margin  of 
the  eyelids ;  eyelashes ;  hairs  or  bnstles 
situated  on  the.  margin  of  a  vegetable 
body ;  small,  generally  microscopic,  hair- 
like vibratile  processes  which  project  from 
animal  membranes,  and  have  usually  im- 
portant functions. — Ciliary,  sil'i-a-ri,  a. 
Belonging  to  the  eyelids  or.  eyelashes; 


pertaining  to  or  perfonned  hy  vibratile 
cilia  {ciliary  motion).— Clliatf,  Ciliated, 
sil'i-at,  sil'i-at-ed,  a.  Furnished  with 
cilia;  bearing  cilia.— Cililform,  sil'i-i-form, 
a.  Having  the  form  of  cilia;  very  fine  or 
slender. 

Cimbrio,  sim'brik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Cimbri,  an  ancient  people  of  Europe, 
generally  considered  a  North  German 
race. 

Clmeter,!  Cimiter.t  sim'e-tftr,  sim'i-t6r,  n. 
A  scimiW. 

Cimmerian,  sim-me'ri-an,  a.  Pertaiuing 
to  the  Cimmerii  or  Cimmerians,  a  mythical 
people  described  as  dwelling  where  the 
sun  never  shines,  and  perpetual  darkness 
reigns;  hence,_very  dark  {Mil.). 

Cimolite,  sim'o-lit,  n.  [Fr.  cimolite,  from 
Cimolusi  Cim,oli,  or  Argentiera,  one  of  the 
Cycladcs.l  A  white,  soft  variety  of  clay, 
used  by  the  ancients  as  a  remedy  for  ery- 
sipelas and  other  inflammations,  by  the 
modeins  as  a  fuller's  earth. 

Cinchona,  sin-ko'na,  n.  [From  the  Coun- 
tess of  Chinchon,  vice-queen  of  Peru,  who 
was  cured  of  fever  by  it  in  1638,  and  assist- 
ed in  spreading  the  remedy.]  The  name 
of  a  number  of  South  American  trees  and 
shrubs,  some  of  which  yield  the  bark 
whence  quinine  is  obtadned ;  the  bai-k  of 
such  trees,  called  also  Peruyian  bark.'— 
Cinchonaceous,  sin-ko-na'shus,  a.  Per- 
taining to  cinchona  or  plants  of  allied 
genera.— Clnchonlc,  sin-kon'ik,  a.  Of  or 
belonging  to  cinchoija;  derived  from  cin- 
chona; having  the  properties  of  cinchona. 
— Cinchonin,  Cinchonine,sin'ko-nin,n.  An 
alkaloid  obtained  from  the  bark  of  several 
species  of  cinchona,  along  with  quinine, 
and  one  of  the  medicinal  active  principles 
of  this  bark,  being  valuable  as  a  febrifuge. 
— Cinchonism,  sin'kon-izm,  n.  A  disturbed 
condition  of  tne  system,  the  result  of  over- 
doses of  cinchona  or  quinine. 

Cincture,  singk'tur,  n.  [L.  cinctura,  from 
cingo,  cinctum,  to  gird,  seen  also  in  pre- 
cinct, succinct.]  A  belt,  a  girdle,  or  some- 
thing worn  round  the  body;  that  which 
encompasses  or  incloses;  inclosure;  arch,  a 
ring  round  a  column,  especially  one  at  the 
top  and  another  at  the  bottom,  separating 
the  shaft  at  one  end  from  the  base,  at  the 
other  from  the  capital.— Cinctured,  singk'- 
tQrd,  a.    Girded  with  a  cincture. 

Cinder,  sin'dfer,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sinder,  dross, 
cinder.=  Icel.  sindr,  Sw.  sinder,  Dan.  sin- 
der, sinner,  a  cinder;  D.  sintel,  6.  sinter.] 
A  solid  piece  of  matter  remaining  after 
having  been  subjected  to  combustion;  es- 

•  pecially,  a  piece  of  coal  more  or  less  com- 

gletely  burnt,  but  not  reduced  to  ashes. — 
indery,  sin'dfir-i,  a.  Resemblirg cinders; 
containing  cinders,  or  composed  of  them. 

Cinenchjrma,  si-nen'ki-ma,  n.  [Gr.  kineO, 
to  move,  and  enchyma,  infusion— en,  in, 
cheOj  to  pour.]  Bot.  a  tissue  in  plants, 
distinguished  by  its  irregular  branching 
and  anastomosing  character,  and  contain- 
ing elaborated  sap  or  latex.— Clnenchy- 
matouB,  si-nen-kim'at-us,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  composed  of  cinenchyma;  laticifer- 
ous. 

Cineraceons,  Cinereous,  sin-e-ra'shus,  si- 
ne'r5-us,  a.  [L.  dnerace^is,  cinereus,  from 
cinis,  cineris,  &ah.ea.]  Like  ashes;  having 
the  colour  of  the  ashes  of  wood.— Ciner- 
aria, sin-e-ra'ri-a,  n.  [From  the  soft  ashy 
white  down  on  the  surface  of  the  leaves.  J 
The  common  and  generic  name  of  several 
species  of  composite  plants  (chiefly  South 
African)  many  varieties  of  which  are  cul- 
tivated in  our  gardens.- Cinerary,  sin'e- 
ra-ri,  a.  [L.  cinerarius.]  Pertaining  to 
ashes;-a  term  applied  to  the  urns  in  which 
the  ashes  of  bociies  which  had  been  burned 
were  deposited.  —  Cineration,  sin-e-ra'- 
shon,  n.  The  reducing  of  anything  to 
ashes  by  combustion.— Cineritlous,  sin-e- 
ri'shus,  a.  [L.  cineritius.]  Having  the 
colour  or  consistence  of  ashes;  ash-gray; 
anat.  a  term  applied  to  the  exterior  or 
cortical  part  of  the  brain. 

Cingalese,  sing'ga-l6z,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
primitive  inhaT)itant8  of  Ceylon,  or  to  the 
island  itself.  Also  used  as  a  noon,  sing. 
and  pi. 

Cinnabac  sin'na-bar,  n.  [L.  cinnabaris. 
Or.  Jnnndbari,  a  word  of  Eastern  origin; 


ducftain;    cft,ac,l«fti   .S,jroj    j.job;     n,Fr.ton;    ng,8i»v;.   ,f h JAen;  th,  ttin;,    w,wig^   ,srh,wMgi  \zh,aaure. 


CII!7N-AM0N( 


122' 


CIRCUMSCISSILE 


Per.  qinbdr.]  Red  sulphide  of  mercury, 
which,  when  sublimed  and  used  as  a  pig- 
ment, is  called  vermilion ;  a  red  resinous 
juice  obtained  from  an  East  Indian  tree 
formerly  used  as  an  astringent :  called 
also  Dragon's-blood.— Ciaaa.'baxic,  Cinna> 
barine, sin'na-bar-ik, sin'na-bar-in, a.  Per- 
taining to  cinnabar;  consisting  of  cinna- 
bar or  containing  it. 

Cinnamon,  sin'na-mon,  n.  [L.  cinnamo- 
mum;  from  (ir.  fcinnawwJwion,  through 
Phoen.  from  Heb.  kintiamon.]  The  inner 
bark  of  a  tree  of  the  laurel  family,  a  native 
of  Ceylon  and  other  parts  of  tropical  Asia, 
dried  and  having  a  fragrant  smell,  moder- 
ately pungent  taste,  with  some  degree  of 
sweetness  and  astringency,  being  one  of 
the  best  cordial,  carminative,  and  restora- 
tive spices. —  White  cin^tamon.  Canella. 
— Cinnamic,  Cinnamomic,  sin-nam'ik,  sin- 
na-mom'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  obtained 
from  cinnamon. — Cinnamon-stone,  n.  A 
variety  of  garnet  of  a  cinnamon  colour. 

Clnqae,  siugk,  n.  fPr.,  L.  gutngw,  five.J  A 
five :  a  word  used  in  certain  games.— Cinque- 
foil,/!.  [L./oIiMm,aleaf.]  An  ornament  in 
the  pointed  style  of  architecture  somewhat 
resembling  five  leaves  about  a  common  cen- 
tre,the  apertures  of  circular  windows  being 
often  in  this  form;  the  name  of  various 
plants  having  quinate  leaves,  as  the  five- 
bladed  clover,  &c.— Cinque-pace,  n.  A  kind 
of  dance,  the  steps  of  which  were  regulated 
by  the  number  five.  [S/iat.}— Cinque-ports, 
n.  pi.  Five  ports  or  havens  on  the  southern 
shore  of  England,  towards  France,  viz. 
Hastings,  Romney,  Hythe,  Dover,  and 
Sandwich,  to  which  were  afterwards  added 
Winchelsea,  Rye,  and  Seaford,  all  having 
royal  grants  of  particular  privileges,  on 
condition  of  providing  a  certain  number 
of  ships  in  war  at  their  own  expense. 

Cipher,  si'fer,  n.  [O.Fr.  ci/re.  Mod.  Fr. 
chiffre.  It.  cifra,  Ar.  si/r,  cipher,  from  Ar. 
Bifr,  empty.]  The  numerical  character  or 
figure  0  or  nothing ;  any  numerical  char- 
acter; some  person  or  thing  of  no  conse- 
quence, importance,  or  value;  a  monogram 
or  literal  device  formed  of  the  intertwined 
initials  of  a  name ;  a  kind  of  secret  writ- 
ing.—a.  i.  To  use  figures;  to  practise  arith- 
metic—«.<.  To  write  in  occult  or  secret 
characters. 

Cipolln,  sip'ol-in,  n.  [It.  cipollino,  from 
cipolla,  an  onion,  from  its  being  veined  or 
stratified  like  an  onion.]  A  green- marble 
from  Rome,  containing  white  zones. 

Cippus,  sip'pus,  n.  pi.  Cippl,  sip'pi.  [L.]  In 
Rom.  antiq.  a  low  column,  generally  rect- 
angular and  sculptured,  and  often  bear- 
ing an  inscription,  serving  as  a  sepulchral 
monument,  and  occasionally  as  a  land- 
mark, milestone,  &c. 

Circ,  serk,  n.  [L.  circits,  a  circle.]  A  pre- 
historic stone  circle. 

Circar,  sfer'kar,  n.  In  the  East  Indies,  a 
large  portion  of  a  province. 

Circean,  sSr-se'an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Circe, 
in  Greek  mythology  a  celebrated  sorcer- 
ess, who  transformed  the  companions  of 
Ulysses  into  swine  by  a  magicalieyerage; 
hence,  fascinating  but  brutifyii^ct  ^pois- 
onous; magical.  -         - 

Circensian,  s6r-sen'shi-an,  a.  fL.  circense*, 
games  of  the  circus.]  Pertaining  to  the 
circus  in  Rome,  or  the  games  practised 
there. 

Circinate,  s6r'si-nat,  a.  [From  L.  (Hrcinus, 
a  compass,  a  circle,  from  circus,  a  circle.] 
£ot.  rolled  up  on  itself  like  a  shepherd's 
crook  or  bishop's  crosier,  as  the  fronds  of 
ferns  in  a  young  state. 

Circle,  sferld,  n.  [L.  circulus,  dim.  of  cir- 
cus, a  circle.]  A  plane  figure,  compre- 
hended by  a  single  curve  line,  called  its 
circumf  erence.every  part  of  which  is  equal- 
ly distant  from  a  point  within  it  called 
the  centre;  the  line  bounding  or  forming 
such  a  figure,  or  something  in  a  similar 
form;  a  ring;  a  round  body;  compass;  cir- 
cuit; a  series  (as  of  actions)  ending  where 
it  begins;  an  ending  where  one  began;  a 
number  of  particulars  regarded  as  hav- 
ing a  central  point;  a  number  of  persons 
associated  by  some  tie ;  a  coterie ;  -a  set. 
—  v.t.  —  circled,  circling.  To  encircle;  to 
encompass;  Jo  surround;  to  inclose;  to 
move  round;  to  revolve  round. — v.i.  To 


move  circularly;  to  circulate;  to  revolve. — 
Great  circle,  a  circle  on  a  sphere  having 
as  its  centre  the  centre  of  the  sphere:  op- 
posed to  a  small  or  leaser  circle.  The 
equator  is  a  great  circle;  any  parallel  of 
latitude  a  small  circle.  —  Chreat  circle  sail- 
ing, the  manner  of  conducting  a  vessel 
between  one  place  and  another  so  that 
her  track  may  always  be  along  or  nearly 
along  the  arc  of  a  great  circle.— PoZar  cir- 
cles, the  Arctic  and  the  Antarctic  circles 
23i°  from  the  respective  poles.— Circled, 
sfer'kld,  a.  Circular;  round.  [Shak.}— Cir- 
clet, s&r'klet,  n.  A  little  circle;  a  ring- 
shaped  ornament  for  the  head;  a  chaplet; 
a  headband. 

Circuit,  sfer'kit  or  sferTcut,  n.  [Fr.  circuit, 
L.  circuitus—circum,  round,  and  eo,  itum, 
to  go.  ]  The  act  of  moving  or  passing  round; 
a  circular  journey;  a  revolution;  the  dis- 
tance round  any  space  whether  circular  or 
otherwise;  a  boundary  line  encompassing 
an  object ;  circumference ;  the  journey  of 
judges  or  other  persons  through  certain 
appointed  places  for  the  purpose  of  hold- 
ing courts  or  performing  other  stated 
duties;  the  district  or  portion  of  country 
in  which  a  particular  judge  or  judges  hold 
courts  and  administer  justice;  the  arrange- 
ment by  which  a  current  of  electricity  is 
kept  up  between  the  two  poles  of  a  gal- 
vanic battery;  the  path  of  a  voltaic  cur- 
rent.—Circuitous,  86r-kQ'it-us,  a.  Having 
a  roundabout  or  devious  course;  not  direct; 
roundabout.— Circuitously,  s6r-kQ'it-us-li, 
adv.  In  a  circuitous  manner. — Circultous- 
nesB,  Circuity,  s6r-ku'it-us-nes,  sSr-kd'i-ti, 
n.  The  character  or  condition  of  being  cir- 
cuitous. 

Circular,  s6r'ku-l6r,  a.  [L.  circularis.  Cir- 
cle.] In  the  fonn  of  a  circle;  round;  cir- 
cumscribed by  a  cirde  j  passing  over  or 
forming  a  circle,  circuit,  or  round;  ad- 

,,4ressed  to  a  number  of  persons  having  a 
common  interest  (a  circular  letter).— Ctr- 
cular  note,  a  note  or  letter  of  credit  fur- 
nished by  bankers  to  persons  about  to 
travel  abroad,  and  which  is  payable  at 
any  one  of  a  number  of  places. — Circular 
numbers,  those  whose  powers  terminate  in 
the  roots  themselves,  as  5  and  6,  whose 
E^iuares  are  25  and  36.  —  n.  A  letter,  no- 
tice, or  intimation,  generally  printed  or 
multiplied  by  some  other  rapid  process,  of 
which  a  copy  is  sent  to  several  persons  on 
some  common  business. — Circularity,  s6r- 
ktl-lar'i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
circular;  a  circular  form. — Circulate,  s6r'- 
k.ii-la.t,y. i.— circulated,  circidating.  [L.  cir- 
culo,  circulatum.]  To  move  in  a  circle;  to 
move  round  and  return  to  the  same  point; 
to  flow  in  the  veins  or  channels  of  an  or- 
ganism; to  pass  from  one  person  or  place 
to  another;  to  be  diffused.— 1>.<.  To  cause  to 
pass  from  place  to  place  or  from  person  to 
person;  to  put  about;  to  spread. — Circulat- 
ing or  recurring  decimals,  in  terminate  deci- 
mals in  which  two  or  more  figures  are  con- 
tinually Kvezted.— Circulating  library,  a 
library  the  books  of  which  circulate  among 
the  subscribers.  —  Circulation,  s^r-kQ-la - 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  circulating  or  moving 
in  a  course  which  brings  or  tends  to  bring 
the  moving  body  to  the  point  where  its 
motion  began;  the  act  of  flowing  through 
the  veins  or  channels  of  an  organism; 
recurrence  in  a  certain  order  or  series; 
the  act  of  passing  from  place  to  place 
or  from  person  to  person  (as  of  money, 
news,  &c.);  the  extent  to  which  anything 
is  circulated  (a  newspaper  with  a  large 
circulation) ;  currency ;  circulating  cwn, 
or  notes,  bills,  &c.,  current  and  represent- 
ing coin.  —  Circulative,  sfer'kQ-la-tiv,  a. 
Circulating;  causing  circulation.  —  Circu- 
lator, sfer'kQ-la-tfer,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  circulates:  specifically  applied  to  a 
circulating  decimal  fraction.  —  Circula- 
tory ,t  s6r^tJ-la-to-ri,  a.  Passing  round  a 
certain  circuit;  circular.— Circulable,  s^r'- 
ku-la-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  circulated, 
or  put  in  circulation,  as  coins,  bank-notes, 
&c.  -' 

Circumambient,  sir-kum-amTji-ent,  a.  [L. 
eircum,  around,  and  ambio,  to  go  about.] 
Surrounding;  encompassing;  inclosing  or 
being  on  all  Sides,  as  the  air  about  the 
earth.—  Circnmambiency,  s^r-kum-am'bi- 


en-si,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
circumambient. 

Circumambulate,  -B^r-kum-am '  bQ-lat,  v.i: 
[L.  eircum,  around,  and  ambulo,  to  walk.] 
To  walk  round  about.  —  Circumambola- 
tion,  s6r-kum-am'bti-la"6hon,  n.  The  act 
of  circumambulating.  •      .    ■» 

Circumcise,  s^r'kum-liz,  vit. — circMwicised, 
circumcising.  [L.  rircumcido,eirc«TOcig«m 
— eircum,  about,  and  ecedo,  to  cut.]  To  cut 
ofiFthe  prepuce  or  foreskin  of,  a  ceremony 
or  rite  among  the  Jews,  Mohammedans, 
and  others.— Circumclser,  sfer'kum-siz-er, 
n.  One  who  performs  circumcision.— Cir- 
cumcision, g6r-kum-8i'zhon,  n.  The  act  of 
circumcising. 

Circumference,  s6r-kum'f 6r-ensy  n.  [L.  dr- 
cum/ere  ntia  —  eircum,  round,  and  /ero,  to 
carry.]  The  line  that  bounds  a  circle  or 
any  regular  curvilinear  figure;  periphery; 
measure  round  a  circular  or  spherical  body. 
— Circumferential,  s6r-kum'ifer-en"8hal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  circumference.— Circum- 
ferentor,  ser-kum'f6r-en-ter,  n.  An  in- 
strument used  by  surveyors  for  taking 
angles,  now  almost  superseded  by  the  the- 
odolite. ,. ..    , 

Circumflect,  s^rTtum-flekt,  v.t.  [L.  eircum, 
round,  and  fiecto,  fiexum,  to  bend.J  To 
bend  round ;  to  circumflex.— Circumflex, 
s6rTcum-fleks,  n.  A  wave  of  the  voice, 
embracing  both  a  rise  and  a  fall  on  the 
same  syllable;  an  accent  placed  only  on 
long  vowels,  and  indicating  different 
things  in  different  lanf^Tiages.  In  Greek 
it  is  marked  by  the  signs  ~  and  ",  in 
French  and  some  other  languages  by  the 
sign  A.  — o.  Term  for  the  above  accent; 
anat.  applied  to  several  curved  parts  in 
the  hodj.—v.t.  To  mark  or  pronounce  with 
the  circumflex. 

Circumfluence,  s6r-kum'flu-ens,  n.  [L.  eir- 
cumfiuens — cwcMW,roand,  and/uo,to  flow.] 
A  flowing  round  on  all  sides;  an  inclosure 
of  waters.  —  Circumfluent,  CircTunfluous, 
s6r-kum'flu-ent,  s6r-kum'nu-us,  a.  Flow- 
ing round;  surrounding  as  a  fluid. 

Circumfuse,  86r-kum-f  az',  v.t. — circum/used,' 
circum/using.  [L.  circum/undo,  eircum- 
fusus—circvm,  round,  and  /undo,  fusus,  to 
pour.]  To  pour  round;  to  spread  round. 
[Jfii.]  —  Circumfuslle,  s6r-kum-fa'zil,  a. 
Capable  of  being  poured  or  spread  round,' 
— Circumfusion,  s6r-kum-fa'zhon,  n.  j-The 
act  of  circumfuaing;  state  of  being.  *m»»< 

Circumgyrate,  s^r-kum-ji'rat,  v.t.-  and  ».' 
L.  eircum,  round,  and  oj/ro,  to  turn,  from 
gyrus,  a  circle.]  To  roll  or  turn  round.— 
Circiungyration,  86r-knm'ji-ra"shon,  n. 
The  act  of  circumgyrating;  a  circular  mo* 
tion. 

Circumjacent,  sfir-kum-ja'sent,  a.  [L.  cir- 
cumjacens  —  eircum,  round,  and  jaceo,  to 
lie.)  Lying  round ;  bordering  on  every 
side.— CircTimjacence,  Circumjacency,  s6r- 
kum-ja'sens,  sfer-kum-ja'sen-si,  n.  State  or 
condition  of  being  circumjacent. 

Circumlittoral,  sfr-kum-lit'o-ral,  a.  .  [L. 
eircum,  round,  and  littus,  littoris,  the 
shore.]    About  or  adjoining  the  shores 

Circumlocution,  s6r'kum-l_o-ktl"shon,  n.  [L. 
eircum,  round,  and  locutio,  a  speaking, 
loquor,  to  speak.]  A  roundabout  way  of 
speaking;  the  use  of  more  words  than 
necessary  to  express  an  idea;  a  periphrasis. 
—Circumlocutory,  s6r-kum-lok'a-to-ri,  a. 
Exhibiting  circumlocution ;  periphrastic. 

Circnmmnre,  sfer-kum-mttr',  v.t.  [L.  eir- 
cum, round,  and  murus,  a  wall.]  ,To  wall 
round;  to  encompass  with  a  wall.   [<SftaJfc.] 

Circumnavigate,  s(5r-kum-nav'i-gat,  v.t. — 
circumnavigated,  circumnatngating.  [L. 
circumnavigo— eircum,  round,  and  navigo, 
to  sail,  from  navis,  a  ship.l  To  sail  round; 
to  pass  round  by  yrater  (tne  globe,  an  is- 
land, &c.).  —  Circumnavlgable,  sfr-kum- 
nav'i-ga-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  circum- 
navigated or  sailed  round.-Circumnavlga- 
tion,  sfer-kum-nav'i-g&"8hon,  n.  The  act 
of  sailing  round.  —  Circumnavigator,  sfer- 
kum-nav'i-ga-ttr,  n.  One  who  circumnavi- 
gates :  generally  applied  to  one  who  has 
sailed  round  the  globe. 

Circumpolar,  s6r-kum-po'ler,  a.  Surround- 
ing either  pole  of  the  earth  or  heavens. 

CirctunBClsdle,  s^r-kum-sis'sU,  a.  [L.  eir- 
cum, round,  and  sdndo,  scissum,  to  cut.] 
Sot.  opening  or  divided  by  a  transverse 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftU;     mc,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tttbe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     ti,  Sc.  abwne— the  Fr.  «. 


tIRCUMSCRIBE 


123 


CIVIC 


rivciilar  line:  a  term  applied  to  a  mode 
«>t  deliiscence  in  some  fruits,  as  in  the  hen- 
bane, monkey-pot,  &c. 

Circumscribe,  sfer'kum-skrib,  v.t. — circum- 
scribed, circumscribing.  [L.  circumscribo 
"—circurn,  round,  and  scriSo,  to  write.]  To 
jnacribe  or  draw  a  line  round;  to  mark  out 
certain  bounds  or  limits  for;  to  inclose 
within  certain  limits;  to  limit,  bound,  con- 
fine, restrain  (authority  &c.).— Circumscri- 
babie,  sfer-kum-skrib'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  circumscribed. — CircumScriber,  str- 
kum-skrib'6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
circum8cribes.-Circumscription,s6r-kum- 
skrip'shon,  n.  The  act  of  circumscribing 
or  state  of  being  circumscribed;  limitation; 
restriction;  also  a  periphery  or  circum- 
ference.—Circumscriptive,  ser-kum-skrip'- 
tiv,  a.  Circumscribing  or  tending  to  cir- 
.cumscribe;  limiting;  restricting.    [MU.] 

Circumspect,  s6r'kum-spekt,  a.  [L.  circum- 
spectus  —  circum,  round,  and  specio,  to 
look.]  Examining  carefully  all  the  cir- 
cumstances that  may  affect  a  determina- 
tion: watchful  on  all  sides;  wary;  vigilant; 
prudent;  cautious. — Circumspection,  ser- 
kum-spek'shon,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
circumspect;  observation  of  the  true  posi- 
tion of  circumstances;  watchfulness;  vigil- 
ance: wariness;  caution.  —  Circumspec- 
tive;! 86r-kum-spek'tiv,  a.  Circumspect; 
cautious.— Circumspectly,  s6r'kum-spekt- 
li,  adv.  In  a  circumspect  manner;  cau- 
tiously; watchfully.  —  Circumspectness, 
ser'kum-spekt-nes,  n.    Circumspection. 

Circumstance,  sSr'kum-stans,  n.  [L.  cir- 
cumstantia,  from  circumstans,  standing 
about — circum,  round,  and  sto,  to  stand.] 
Something  attending,  appendant,  or  rela- 
tive to  a  fact  or  case;  something  incidental; 
some  fact  giving  rise  to  a  certain  pre- 
sumption, or  tending  to  afford  some  evi- 
<lence ;  detail ;  incident ;  event ;  pi.  situa- 
tion; surroundings;  state  of  things;  es- 
pecially, condition  in  regard  to  \(tj>rdly 
estate.— v.t.  circum,8tance(i,  circum,startcinu. 
To  place  in  a  particular  situation  or  in 
certain  surroundings:  usually  in  pp. — 
Circumstantial,  s^r-kum-stan'shal,  a.  Con- 
sisting in  or  pertaining  to  circumstances: 
attending;  incidental;  relating  to,  but  not 

!  essential;  exhibiting  all  the  circumstances 

'(account  or  recital);  minute;  particular; 
obtained  or  inferred  from  the  circum- 
stances of  the  case;  not  direct  or  positive 
(circ^imstantial  evidence).— n.  Something 
incidental  and  of  subordinate  importance: 
opposed  to  essential.  —  Circumstantiality, 
stT-kum-stan'shi-aVi-ti,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  circumstantial;  minuteness;  fulness 
of  detail.  —  Circumstantially,  sfer-kum- 
stan'shal-li,  adv.  In  a  circumstantial 
manner;  minutely;  in  full  detail;  indirect- 
ly ;  not  positively.— Circiunstantiate,  sfer- 
kum-stan'shi-at,  v.t.  To  confirm  by  circum- 
stances; to  describe  circumstantially  or  in 
full  detail. 

Clrcumvallate,t  sfer-kum-val'lat,  v.t.  [L. 
circum,  round,  and  vallum,,  a  rampart.] 
To  surround  with  a  rampart.- Circumval- 
latlon,  s6r-kum'val-la"shon,  n.  The  act  of 
surrounding  with  a  rampart ;  a  line  of 
field  fortifications  consisting  of  a  rampart 
or  parapet  with  a  trench,  surrounding  a 
besieged  place  or  a  camp. 

Circiunvent,  s6r-kum-vent ',  v.t.  [L.  cir- 
cumvenio,  circum,ventum, — circum,  about, 
and  venio,  to  come.]  To  gain  advantage 
over  by  artfulness,  stratagem,  or' decep- 
tion; to  defeat  or  get  the  better  of  by  cun- 
ning; to  outwit;  to  overreach. — Circum- 
vention, ser-kum-ven'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
circumventing;  outwitting  or  overreach- 
ing; stratagem.— Circumventive,  s6r-kum- 
vent'iv,  o.  Tending  or  designed  to  cir- 
cumvent. —  Circumventor,  sfer-kum-vent'- 
*r,  n.  One  who  circumvents. 
Clrcumvolve,  ser-kum-volv',  v.t. — circum- 
volved,  circumvolving.  [L.  circum,  round, 
and  Volvo,  volutum,  to  roll.]  To  turn  or 
cause  to  roll  round;  to  cause  to  revolve.— 
Circumvolution,  ser-kum'vo-ln"shon,  n. 
A  rolling  or  being  rolled  round;  one  of 
the  windings  of  a  thing  wound  or  twisted; 
'  a  convolution;  a  roundabout  procedure. 
Circus,  ser'kus,  n.  pi.  Circuses,  s6r'kus-ez. 
1 1  li.]  Among  the  ancient  Romans  a  kind 
totl. theatre -or  amphitheatre  adapted  for 


horse-races,  the  exhibition  of  athletic  ex- 
ercises, contests  with  wild  beasts,  &c.;  in 
modem  times,  a  place  of  amusement 
where  feats  of  horsemanship  and  acro- 
batic displays  form  the  principal  enter- 
tainment. 

Cirque,  s6rk,  n.  [Fr.,  a  circle,  a  circus.]  A. 
circus;  a  kind  of  circular  valley  among 
mountains;  an  amphitheatre. 

Cirrhosis,  sir-ro'sis,  n.  [  u  r.  kirrhos,  orange- 
tawny.]-  A  yellow  colouring  matter,  some- 
times secreted  in  the  tissues,  especially  in 
the  liver;  a  disease  consisting  of  diminu- 
tion and  deformity  of  the  liver.— Cirrhot- 
ic, sir-rot'ik,  a.  Affected  with  or  having 
the  character  of  cirrhosis. 

Cirribranch,  Cirribranchiate,  sir'ri-brangk, 
sir-ri-brang'ki-atj,  a.  IL.  cirrus,  a  tendril, 
and  branchioe,  gills.]  Having  tendril-like 
gills:  a  term  applied  to  certain  molluscs. 
— Cirriferous,  Cirrigerous,  sir-rif'6r-us,sir- 
rij'6r-us,  a.  Possessing  cirri.  —  Cirrifonn, 
sir'ri-form,  a.  Formed  like  a  tendril. — 
Clrrigrade,  sir'ri-grad,  a.  [L.  gradior,  to 
go.]  Moving  by  means  of  tendril-like  ap- 
pendages.—Cirriped,  sir'ri-ped,  n.  [L.  cir- 
rus, and  pes,  pedis,  the  foot.  J  A  member 
of  an  order  of  lower  crustaceous  animals, 
so  called  from  the  cirri  or  filaments  with 
which  their  transformed  feet  are  fringed. 
— Clrrose,  Cirrous,  sir'ros,  sir'rus,  a.  Bot. 
having  a  cirrus  or  tenilril;  resembling 
tendrils  or  coiling  like  them.  Written 
also  Cirrhose,  Cirrhous. — Cirrus,  sir'rus,  n. 
pi.  Cirri,  sir'ri.  A  tendril;  a  long  thread- 
like organ  by  which  a  plant  climios;  a  soft 
curled  filamentary  appendage  to  parts 
serving  as  the  feet  of  certain  lower  ani- 
mals, as  barnacles,  and  the  jaws  of  certain 
fishes;  one  of  the  forms  which  clouds  as- 
sume; -a  light  fleecy  cloud  at  a  high  eleva- 
tion, cirro-cUm.ulus  and  cirro-stratus  be- 
ing intermediate  forms  partaking  partly 
of  this  character,  partly  of  that  of  the 
cumulus  and  stratus. 

Cisalpine,  sis-al'pin,  a.  [L.  cis,  on  this 
side,  and  Alpes,  Alps.]  On  this  side  of  the 
Alps,  with  regard  to  Rome;  that  is,  on  the 
south  of  the  Alps. — Cisatlantic,  sis-at-lan'- 
tik,  o.  Being  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.— Cismontane,  sis-mon'tan,  a.  Ex- 
isting on  this  side  of  the  mountains;  si)e- 
cifically,  on  this  side  the  Alps:  opposed  to 
Ultramontane. — Cispadane,  sis'pa-dan,  a. 
I L.  Padus,  the  river  Po.  1  On  this  side  of 
the  Po,  with  regard  to  Rome;  that  is,  on 
the  south  side. 

Clselure,  sez'liir,  n.  [Fr..  from  ciseler,  to 
carve  or  engrave  with  a  cnisel.]  The  art  or 
operation  of  chasing;  chased  metal  work. 

Cisleu,  sis'le-o,  n.    Same  as  Chisleu. 

Cl::80id,  sis'soid,  n.  [Gr.  kissos,  ivy.]  Geom. 
a  particular  variety  of  curve  invented  by 
the  Greek  geometer  Diodes.  —  Cissoidal, 
sis-soid'al,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  cissoid. 

Cist,  sist,  n.  [L.  cista,  Gr.  kiste,  a  chest. 
Chest  is  another  form  of  this  word.]  A 
place  of  interment  of  an  early  or  prehis- 
toric period,  consisting  of  a  stone  chest 
formed  of  two  parallel  rows  of  stones  fixed 
on  their  ends,  and  covered  by  similar 
flat  stones.— Cistella,  sis-tel'la,  n.  [L.,  a 
casket,  dim.  of  cista,  a  box.]  Bot.  the  cap- 
sular shield  of  some  lichens. 

Cistercian,  sis-t6r'shi-an,  n.  A  member  of 
a  religious  order,  which  takes  its  name 
from  its  original  convent,  Ciatercium,  or 
Citeaux,near  Dijon,  where  the  society  was 
founded  in  1098. 

Cistern,  sis'tfem,  n.  [L.  cistema,  from 
cista,  a  chest.]  An  artificial  reservoir  or 
receptacle  for  holding  water,  beer,  or 
other  liguor. 

Cistus,  sis'tus,  n.  [Gr.  kistos.']  The  rock- 
rose,  the  name  of  European  plants  of  vari- 
ous species,  some  of  them  beautiful  ever- 
green flowering  shrubs,  ornamental  in 
gardens. 

Citadel,  sit'a-del,  n.  [Fr.  citadelle.  Same 
origin  as  city.']  A  fortress  or  castle  in  or 
near  a  city,  intended  to  keep  the  inhabi- 
tants in  subjection,  or,  in  case  of  a  siege,  to 
form  a  final  point  of  defence. 
Cite,  sit,  v.t. — cited,  citing.  [Fr.  citer,  from 
L.  cito,  citare,  freq.  of  cieo,  to  call,  to 
summon;  seen  also  in  excite,  incite,  re- 
cite.] To  call  upon  officially  or  authori- 
tatively to  appear;  to  summon  before  a 


person  or  tritninal ;  to  quote,  adduce,  or 
bring  forward;  to  refer  to  in  support, 
proof,  or  confirmation  (to  cite  an  autho- 
rity).—Citable,  sita-bK  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing cited  or  quoted.— Cital,  si'tal,  n.  The 
act  of  citing  to  appear;  a  summons;  men- 
tion; quotation^;  citation^.— Citation,  si- 
ta'shon,  n.  A  summons;  an  oflicial  call  or 
notice  given  to  a  person  to  appear,  as  in 
a  court ;  the  act  of  citing  a  passage  from 
a  book  or  person;  the  passage  or  words 
quoted ;  quotation.  —  Citatory,  si'ta-to-ri, 
a.  Haviug  the  power  or  form  of  citation. 
—Citer,  sit'fer,  n.    One  who  cites. 

Cithara,  sith'a-ra,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  kith- 
ura,  whence  gitiern,  guitar.]  An  ancient 
stringed  instrument  resembling  the  more 
modem  cittern  or  guitar.  —  Citharist, 
sith'ar-ist,  n.  A  player  on  the  cithara.— 
Citharistic,  sith-ar-ist'ik,  o.  Pertaining 
to  the  cithara.  —  Cithern,  Cittern,  sith'- 
6ru,  sit'tfern,  n.  An  old  instrument  of 
the  guitar  kind,  strung  with  wire  instead 
of  gut. 

Citizen,  &c.    City. 

Citron,  sit'rou,  n.  [Fr.  citron,  from  L.  cU- 
reum,  from  dirus,  the  lemon  or  citron.] 
The  fruit  of  the  citron-tree,  a  large  s^>ecies 
of  lemon;  the  tree  itself.— Citric,  sit'rik, 
a.  Belonging  to  or  derived  from  lemons 
or  citrous. — Citric  aiid,  the  acid  of  lemons, 
used  for  maKing  cooling  drinks,  and  as  a 
discharge  in  calico-printing.— Citrine,  sit'- 
rin,  a.  [L.  citHnus,  from  cit}tts,  a  lemon 
or  citron.]  Like  a  citron  or  lemon;  of  a 
lemon  colour;  yellow  or  greenish-yellow. 
— Citrine  ointment,  the  ointment  of  nitrate 
of  mercury. — n.  Lemon  colour;  a  yellow 
pellucid  variety  of  quartz. 

Cittern,  siftern,  n.    Cithara. 

City,  sit'i,  n.  [Fr.  ciii,  from  L.  civitas, 
civitatis,  a  city,  state,  from  civis,  a  citizen, 
whence  also  civil.]  In  a  general  sense,  a 
large  and  important  town;  in  a  narrower 
sense  and  as  regards  Great  Britain,  a 
town  corpor;ito  that  is  or  has  been  the 
seat  of  a  bishop  and  of  a  cathedral  church; 
in  the  United  States  an  incorporated  town 
governed  by  a  mayor  and  aldermen;  the 
inhabitants  of  a  city  collectively. — a.  Per- 
taining to  a  city.— Citied,  sit'id,  a.  Be- 
longing to  a  city;  having  the  qualities  of 
a  city;  covered  with  cities.— Citizen,  sit'i- 
zen,  n.  [O.E.  diezein,  from  O.Fr.  citeain, 
citeien,  &c.  (Mod.  Fr.  citoyen),  from  cit<!,  a 
city.  The  z  is  a  corruption  of  the  old 
symbol  used  for  y.]  The  native  of  a  city, 
or  an  inhabitant  who  enjoys  the  freedom 
and  privileges  of  the  city  in  which  he  re- 
sides; a  member  of  a  state  with  full  poli- 
tical privileges. — a.  Having  the  qualities 
of  a  citizen;  town-Vjred.— Citizenize,  sit'i- 
zen-lz,  v.t.  To  make  a  citizen;  to  admit 
to  the  rights  and  privileges  of  a  citizen. — 
Citizenship,  sit'i-zen-ship,  n.  The  state  or 
principles  of  a  citizen. 

Cfive,  siv,  n.  [Fr.  cive,  L.  cepa,  an  onion.] 
A  small  perennial  plant  of  the  same  genus 
as  the  leek  and  onion,  cultivated  in  kit- 
chen-gardens as  a  pot-herb. 

Civet,  siv'et,  n.  [Fr.  civette.  It.  zibetto,  from 
Ar.  za6ad,the  substance  civet.]  A  strong- 
smelling  substance  taken  from  the  anal 
glands  of  the  civet-cats,  and  yielding  a 
perfume;  the  animal  that  yields  this  sub- 
stance.—w.t.  To  scent  with  civet.— Civet- 
cat,  n.  The  name  of  several  carnivorous 
mammals  natives  of  N.  Africa  and  Asia, 
having  a  ^land  near  the  anus  containing 
the  peculiar  odoriferous  fatty  substance 
called  civet. 

Civic,  siv'ik,  a.  [L.  civicus,  from  civis,  a 
citizen;  whence  also  city.]  Pertaining  to 
a  city  or  citizen;  relating  to  civil  affairs 
or  honours. — Civic  crown,  Rom,,  antiq.  a 
crown  or  garland  of  oak  leaves  bestowed 
on  a  soldier  who  had  saved  the  life  of  a 
citizen  in  battle.- Civil,  siv'il,  a.  [L.  civ- 
ilis,  fronf  ciuis.)  Relating  to  the  commu- 
nity, or  to  the  policy  and  government  of 
the  citizens  and  subjects  of  a  state  {civil 
rights,  government,  &c.);  political;  muni- 
cipal or  private,  as  opposed  to  criminal;  not 
ecclesiastical  or  military;  exhibiting  some 
refinement  of  manners;  civilized;  courte- 
ous; obliging;  well  bred;  affable;  polite. 
—  Civil  engineering,  that  branch  of  en- 
gineering which  relates  to  the  forming  of 


^ 


chj  chaHn;     ch.  Ho,  locft;j^g,j?o;Jfe  j,  job;'itn,  Fr.  tow; ;  ng^sjna;     ih,  then;  th,  thin, *  w,  tdg;  •  wh,  whig;  *  zh,  azure,' 


CLACHAN 


124 


CLARINET 


roads,  bridges,  railroads,  canalR,  aque- 
ducts, harbours,  &c. — Oivil  law,  the  law  of 
a  state,  city,  or  country;  more  specifically, 
the  Boman  law,  the  system  of  law  which 
prevailed  in  the  Roman  Empire,  and  has 
largely  influenced  modem  systems. — Civil 
list,  a  yearly  sum  of  money  allotted  to  the 
sovereign  of  Britain,  mamly  for  the  ex- 
penses of  the  royal  household,  pensions, 
&c. — Ciml  servicej  that  branch  of  the  pub- 
lic service  in  which  the  non-military  em- 
Sloyees  of  a  government  are  engaged,  or 
tiose  persons  collectively. —  Civil  war,  a 
•war  between  the  people  of  the  same  state. 
— Civil  year,  the  tropical  or  solar  year. — 
Civilly,  siv'il-U,  adv.  In  a  civil  manner; 
as  regards  civil  rights  or  privileges;  polite- 
ly; courteously;  in  a  well-bred  manner. — 
CiviUaa,  si-vil'i-an,  n.  One  skilled  in  the 
Roman  or  civil  law;  one  whose  pursuits 
are  those  of  civil  life,  not  military  or  cler- 
ical.—Civility,  si-vil'i-ti,  n.  [L.  civilitaa, 
from  civilis.]  The  state  of  being  civilizedt; 
•good  breeding;  politeness,  or  an  act  of 

Soliteness;  courtesy;  kind  attentiqn. — 
ivlUzable,  siv'il-iz-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  civilized.— Civilization,  siv'il-iz-a"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  civilizing,  or  state  of 
being  civilized;  the  state  of  being  refined 
in  manners  from  the  rudeness  of  savage 
life,  und  improved  in  8jts  and  learning. — 
Ctvilize,  siv'il-iz,  v.t.— civilized,  ciiiilizing. 
[Fr.  civiliier,  formerly  also  civilizer.]  To 
reclaim  from  a  savage  state;  to  introduce 
order  and  civic  organization  among;  to 
refine  and  enlighten;  to  elevate"  in  social 
life.— Civilized,  siv'il-Izd,  p.  and  a.  Pos- 
sessing some  culture  or  refinement;  re- 
fined; cultivated.— Civilizer,  siv'il-iz-fer,  n. 
One  who  or  that  'which  civilizes  or  tends 
to  civilize. 

Clachan,  klacAfan,  n.  [Gael,  from  elach,  a 
stone.]  In  Scotland,  a  small  village  or 
hainlet. 

Clack, -klak,v.i.  [An  imitative  wprd;  comp-. 
Fr.  cZague,  atjlap  or  clack;  D.  klakken,  to 
clap;  £.  clap,  crack.']  To  make  a  sudden 
sharp  noise,  as  by  striking  or  cracking;  to , 
rattle;  to  utter  sounds  or  words  rapidly 
and  continually,  or  with  sharpness  and 
abruptness.— y  J.  To  cause  to  make  a  sharp, 
short  sound;  to  clap;  to  speak  ■without 
thought;  to  rattle  out.— n.  A  sharp,  abrupt 
sound,  continually  repeated;  a  kind  of 
small  windmill  for  frightening  birds;  con- 
tinual talk;  prattle.- Clacker,  klak'fer,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  clacks. — Clack- 
dish,  n.  A  dish  formerly  used  by  mendi- 
cants, with  a  cover,  which  they  clacked  to 
excite  notice.  [Sftafc.]— Clack-valve,  n.  A 
valve  in  pumps  with  a  single  flap,  hinged 
at  one  cage. 

Clad,  klad,  pp. .  Clothed. 

Claim,  klsm,  f.i.  [O.Fr.  claimer,  from  li. 
cZamo,  damare,  to  shout,  whence  also 
clamour,  acclaim,  acclamation,  exclaim,  re- 
claim, &c.]  To  ask  cr  seek  to  obtain  by 
virtue  of  authority,  right,  or  supposed 
right;  to  assert  a  right  to;  to  demand  as 
due.— v.i.  To  be  entitled  to  a  thing;  to 
have  a  right;  to  derive  a  right;  to  assert 
claims;  to  put  forward  claims. — n.  A  de- 
mand of  a  right  or  supposed  right;  a  call- 
ing on  another  for  something  due  or  sup- 
posed to  be  due;  a  right  to  claim  or  de- 
mand; a  title  to  anything;  the  thing 
claimed  or  demanded;  specifically,  in 
America,  Australia,  &c.,  a  piece  of  land 
allotted  to  one  — Claimable,  klam'a-bl,  a. 
C3,pable  of  being  claimed  or  demanded  as 
due. ' —  Claimant,  Claiiaer,  klom '  ant, 
klam'Sr,  n.  A  person  who  claims;  one  who 
demand.3  anything  as  his  right.— Claim- 
less,!  klam'les.  a.    Having  no  claim. 

Clairvoyance,  klar-voi'ans,  n.  [Fr.  clair, 
clear,  and  voyant,  seeing,  ppr.  of  voir  (L. 
videre),  to  see.]  A  power  attributed  to  per- 
sons in  the  mesmeric  state,  by  which  the 
person  (called  a  clairvoyant  or  clairvoy- 
ante)  discerns  objects  concealed  from  sight, 
tells  what  is  happening  at  a  distance,  &c. 
—Clairvoyant,  klax-voi  ant,  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  clairvoyance.  —  Clairvoyant, 
Ciairvojrante,  klar-voi'ant,  n.  A  man  or 
■woman  in  a  certain  stage  of  mesmerism, 
in  "Which  state  the  subject  is  said  to  see 
things  not  present  to  the  senses. 

CIam,l  klam,  v.t. — clammed,  clamming.  [A. 


Sax.  clam,  mud,  clay,  tiiat  which  is  clam- 
my; Dan.  klam,  clammy,  klamme,  to  clog.] 
To  clogwith  glutinous  or  viscous  matter.. 
— v.i.t  To  be  glutinous  or  moist;  to  stick 
like  clammy  matter  or  moisture. — Clam- 
jny.  klam'mi,  a.  Viscous;  adhesive;  soft 
and  sticky;  glutinous;  tenacious.— Clam- 
mily, klam'mi-li,  adv.  In  a  clammy  man- 
ner. —  Clamminess,  klam'mi-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  clammy  or  viscous;  viscosity; 
stickiness. 

Clam,  klam,  n.  [Shortened  from  clamp, 
the  former  name,  given  from  the  firmness 
with  which  some  of  these  animals  adhere 
to  rocks.  Clamp.]  The  popular  name  of 
certain  bivalvular  shell-fish;  of  several 
genera  and  many  species. — Claffii-shell,  n. 
The  shell  of  a  clam. 

Clamant,  klam'ant,  a.  [Claim.]  Clamor- 
ous; beseeching;  pressing;  urgent;  crying. 

Clamber,  klam'bfer,  v.%.  (O.E.  clatner,  clam- 
mer,  akin  to  clam,  to  adhere,  clamp,  and 
climb.]  To  climb  with  difficulty  or  with 
hands  and  feet;  to  rise  n\y  steeply  {Tenn.)i. 
—v.t.t  To  ascend  by  climbing;  to  climb 
with  difficulty.  [Shak.]—n.  The  act  of 
clambering  or  climbing  with  difliculty. 

Clamour,  klani'6r,  n'  [L.  clamor,  an  out- 
cry, from  clamo,  to  cry  out,  whence  E. 
claim.]  A  great  outcry;  vociferation  made 
by  a  loud  human  voice  continued  or  re- 
peated, or  by  a  number  of  voices;  loud 
complaint;  urgent  demand;  loud  and  con- 
tinued noise.— 1).(.  To  utter  in  a  loud  voice; 
to  shout. —r.t.  To  make  a  clamour;  to 
utter  loud  sounds  or  outcries;  to  vociferate; 
to  make  importunate  complaints  or  de- 
mands. —  Clamourer,  klam'er-6r,  n.  .  One 
who  clamours.— Glamorous,  klam'^r-us,  o. 
Making  a  clamour  or  outciy;  noisy;  vocif- 
erous;  loud.— Clamorously,  klam'6r-us-li, 
adv.  In  a  clamorous  manner ;  with  loud 
noise  or  words.— Clamorousness,  klam'er- 
us-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
clamorous. 

Clamp,  klamp,  n.  [Most  closely  connected 
•with  li.Gt.  and  D.  klamp,  Dan.  klampe,  G. 
klampe,  a  clamp;  from  root  seen  "in  E. 
climi),  clamber,  clem  (to  pinch  with  hun- 
ger), clam.]  Something  rigid  that  fastens 
or  binds;  a  piece  of  wood  or  metal  fasten- 
ing two  pieces  together,  or  strengthening 
any  framework;  an  instrument  of  wood  or 
metal  used  by  joiners,  &c.,  for  holding 
pieces  of  timber  closely  together  until  the 
glue  hardens.- v.t  To  fasten  with  clamps; 
to  fix  a  clamp  on. 

Clamp,  klamp,  n.  [Imitative;  comp.  clank, 
clink.]  A  heavy  footstep  or  tread;  a  tramp, 
—v.i.  To  tread  heairily.    IThack.] 

Clan;  klan,  n.  [Gael,  and  Ir.  clann,  family, 
tribe.]  A  race;  a  family;  a  tribe;  the 
common  descendants  of  the  same  progeni- 
■tor,  under  the  patriarchal  control  of  a 
chief;  a  clique,  sect,  society,  or  body  of 
persons  closely  united  by  some  common 
interest  or  pursuit. — Clannish,  klan'ish,  a. 
Imbued  with  the  feelings,  sentiments,  and 
prejudices  peculiar  to  clans;  blindly  de- 
voted to  those  of  one's  own  clan,  set,  or  lo- 
cality, and  illiberal  towards  others. — 
Clamushly,  klan'ish-li,  adv.  In  a  clannish 
manner.  —  Clannishness,  klan'ish-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  clannish. — 
Clanship,  klan'ship,  n.  A  stiite  of  union, 
as  in  a  family  or  clan;  an  association  un- 
der a  chieftain.— Clansman,  klanz'man,  n. 
A  member  of  a  clan. 

Clandestine,  Man-des'tin,  a.  [L.  clarides- 
timii,  from  clam,  in  secret.]  Secret;  pri- 
vate; hidden;  ■withdrawn  from  public 
■view:  generally  implying  craft,  deception, 
or  evil  design.  —  Clandestinely,  klaaides'- 
tin-li,  adv.  In  a  clandestine  manner ;  se- 
cretly; privately;  in  secret. — Clandestine- 
ness,  Clande«tmit3r,t  klan -des' tin -nes, 
klan-des-tin'i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  clandestine. 

Clang,  klang,  n.  [Imitative  of  sound,  and 
akin  to  clank,  clink,  clack;  G.  klingen,  to 
sound ;  Dan..  Sw.  G.  klang,  D.  klank,  a 
sound;  L.  clatigor,  Gr.  kla'iii;g6.]  A  loud 
sound  produced  from  solid  bodies,  espe- 
cially that  produced  by  the  collision  of 
metallic  bodies ;  a  clank ;  clangour. — v.i. 
To  give  out  a  clang;  to  clank;  to  resound. 
— v.t.  To  cause  to-  sound  ■with  a  clang. — 
Clangorous,  klang' g6r-us,  a.     Making  a 


clangour;  having  a  hard  or  ringing  sound. 
—Clangour,  klaiig'ger,  n.  [Directly  from 
L.  clangor.]  A  sharp,  bard,  ringing  sound 
as  of  a  trumpet. 

Clank,  klangk,  n.  [Clang.]  The  loud  sound 
made  by  collision  of  metallic  or  other 
similarly  sounding  bodies  (as  chains,  iron 
armour,  &c.):  generally  expressing  a  less 
resounding  sound  than  clang,  and  a  deeper 
and  stronger  sound  than  clink.  —  v.t.  To 
cause  to  sound  with  a  clank. — v.i.  To  sound 
■with  or  give  out  a  clank. 

Clap,  klap;  v.t.—clai>ped  or  elapt  (pret.  & 
pp.),  clapping.  [Same  as  Icel.  and  Sw. 
klappa,  Dan.  klappe,  D.  and  L.G.  klappen, 
to  fclap,  to  pa*,  (Sc;  perhaps  imitative  of 
sound.]  To  strike  xnth  a  quick  motion;  to 
slap;  to  thrust;  to  drive  together;  to  shut 
hastily:  followed  by  to  (to  clap  to  the  door); 
to  place  or  put  by  a  hasty  or  sudden  mo- 
tionlto  clap  the  hand  to  the  mouth,  to 
clap  spurs  to  a  horse). — To  clap  Iwnda,  to 
strike  the  palms  of  the  hands  together,  as 
a  mark  of' applause  or  delight. — To  clap 
the  wings,  to  nap  them,  or  to  strike  them 
together  so  as  to  make  a  noise.— To  clap 
hold  of,  to  seize  roughly  and  suddenly. — 
t».t.  To  come  together  suddenly  with  noise; 
to  clack ;  to  strike  the  hands  together  in 
applause.  —  n.  A  collision  of  bodies  with 
noise;  a  bang;  a  slap;  a  sudden  act  or 
motion  (in  phrase  at  a  clap,  that  is  at  a 
blow,  all  at  once);  a  burst  or  peal  of  thun- 
der; a  striking  of  hands  to  express  appro- 
bation. —  Clapper,  klap'6r,  n.  A  person 
who  claps  or  applauds  by  clapping ;  that 
which  claps  or  strikes,  as  the  tongue  of  a 
bell ;  a  kind  of  small  noisy  windmill  to 
scare  birds. — Clapmet,  n.  A  net  for  taking 
larks  and  other  small  birds,  which  is  made 
to  fold  smartly  over  on  itself  by  the  pull- 
ing of  a  string.- Clap-sill,  n.  The  bottc:n 
part  of  the  frame  on  which  the  lock-gates 
of  docks,  &c.,  shut. —  Clap -trap,  n.  An 
artifice  or  device  to  elicit  applause  or  gain 
popularity;  hi^h-flown  sentiments  or  other 
rhetorical  device  by  which  a  person  pan- 
ders to  an  audience;  bunkum. — a.  Design- 
ing or  designed  merely  to  catch  applause. 

Claqne,  klak,  n.  [Fr.,  from  claqtier,  to  clap 
the  hands,  to  applaud.]  A  name  applied 
collectively  to  a  set  of  men  who  in  theatres 
(as  in  those  of  Paris)  are  regularly  hired 
to  applaud  the  piece  or  the  actors.— 
Claqneor,  klak-6r,  n.  [Fr.]  A  member  of 
the  claque;  one  hired  to  publicly  applaud 
a  theatrical  piece. 

Clarence,  klar'ens,  n.  A  close  four-wheeled 
carriage, with  one  seat  inside  and  a  driver's 
seat. 

Clarenceoz,  Clarencieuz,  klar'en-sn,  n. 
[Said  to  be  from  the  Duke  of  Clarence,  son 
of  Edward  III.,  who  first  held  the  ofifice.J 
In  Great  Britain,  the  second  king-at-arms, 
inferior  only  to  the  Garter. 

Clare-obscure.t  klar'ob-aktir,  n.  [L.  clarus, 
clear,  and  obscurv^,  obscure.]  Paint,  light 
and  shade;  chiaroscuro. 

Claret,  klar'et,  n.  [Fr.  clairet,  from  clair, 
clear;  It.  clarelto.]  The  name  given  in 
England  to  the  red  wines  of  the  Bor- 
dea.ux  district.— a.  Having  the'colour  of 
claret  wine. — Claret-cup,  n.  A  siimmer 
beverage,  composed  of  iced  claret,  a  little 
brandy,  and  a  slice  or  two  of  lemon  or 
other  flavouring  ingredients.- Claret-jug, 
n.  A  fancy  glass  or  silver  decanter,  with 
lip  and  handle,  fot  holding  claret. 

Clarify,  klar'i-fi,  v.t.— clarified,  clarifying. 
[Fr.  clarijier,  from  Ii.  clarie,care—clarv<, 
clear,  facio,  to  make.]  To  make  clear;  lo 
purify  from-  feculent  matter;  to  defecate; 
to  fine  (liquor).— v.i.  To  grow  or  become 
clear  or  free  from  feculent  matter;  to  be- 
come pure,  as  liquors.— Ciarifier,  klar'i-fi- 
6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  clarifies  or 
purifies;  a  vessel  in  which  liquor  is  clari- 
fied. —  Clarification,  klar'i-fi-ka"8hon,  n. 
The  act  of  clarifying;  particularly  the 
clearing  or  fining  otliquid  substances  from 
all  feculent  matter. 

Clarinet,  Clarionet,  klar'i-net,  klart-onret, 
».  [Fr.  clarineite—h.  clarus,  clear.]  A 
wind-instrument  of  music,  made  of  wood, 
and  similar  in  sliape  to  the  oboe,  having  a 
fixed  mouthpiece,containing  a  reed,  which 
forms  the  upper  joint  of  the  instrument. 
—Clarion,  klar'i-on,  n.  [L.L.  clario,  cJari- 


S'&te,  ^,  fat,  ffvU;     me,  met,b«ri     pine,  pin;    .nOte,  not,  move;     tQbe,  tub,  bi^ll;     oil,  pound;     U.  Sc.  abime— the  Fr,  u^/ 


CLASH 


125 


CLEAR 


onia,  a  blarion,  Fr.  clairon,ttova  L.  elarus, 
clear,  froin  its  clear  sound.]  A  kind  of 
trvimpet  whose  tube  is  narrower  and  tone 
xnore  ticute  and  sbrill  than  that  of  the 
coinmon  trumpet. 

Clash,  klash,  ti.i.  [An  imitative  word;  conlP^ 
D.  kUtaen,  O.  kldtscheyi,  Dan.  klatgeke,  to 
clap.]  To  make  a  loud,  harsh  noiss,  as 
from  violent  or  sudden  collision;  to  dash 
against  an  object  with  a  loud  noise ;  to 
come  Into  violent  collision;^,  to  act  with 
opposite  powor  or  in  a  contrary  direction: 
to  meet  in  opposition,  (their  opinions  and 
their  interests  cicfsft 'together). — v.t.  To 
strike  against  with  sound;  to  strike  noisily 
together. — n.  The  noise  made  by  the  meet- 
ing of  bodies  with  violence;  a  striking 
together  with  noise;  collision  or  noisy  col- 
lision of  bodies;  fig.  oppoeitioti;  contradic- 
tion, as  between  differing  or.conteiiding 
interests. 

Olasp,  klasp,  n.  [By  metathesis  for  O.S. 
clcipae,  to  clasp,  claps,  a  clasp:  allied  to 
O.JE.  mB,to  embraceoin  the  same  way  as 
grasp,  to  grix),  and  gripe.]  A  catch  to 
L  old  sometning  together;  a  hook  for  fasten- 
ing, or  for  holding  together  the  covers  of 
a  book,  or  the  different  parts  of  a  garment, 
of  a  belt,  &c.;  a  clinging,  grasiMng,  or  em- 
bracing; a  close  embrace. — v.t.  To  shut  or 
f.iiten  together  with  a  clasp;  to  catch  and 
hold  by  twining  or  tmbracing;  to.sur- 
Yoiiud  and  cHng  to;  to  embrace  closely; 
to  ratch  with  the  arms"or  hands;  to  grasp. 
— I'.it  Tooling.  [5'/ia/ir.]— Clasper, klas'pfer, 
11.  One  who  or  that  v/hich  clasps.— Ola^ 
kjiife,  n.  A  knife  the  blade  of  which 
+o!d8  into  the  handle. 
Cla.?s,  klas, -w.  [L.  dassis,  a  class.]  An 
order  or  rakk  of  persons;  a  number  of  per- 
sons in  society  supposed  to  have  some  re- 
Bemblance  or  ectuality  in  rank,  education, 
property,  talents,  and  the  like;  a  number 
of  pupils  in  a  school,  or  sfcudentain  a  col- 
»  TO,  of  the  same  standing  or  pursuing 
the  same  studies;  iiat.  hist,  a  large  group 
of  plants  or  animals  formed  by  the  union 
or  association  of  several  orders,  —v.t..  To 
ai-range  in  a  class  or  classes;  to  rank 
•toj-ather;  to  refer  to  a  class  or  group;  to 
classify.— «.i.  To  be  arranged  or  classed. 
— Classlble,  klas'i-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
classed) — Classic,  klas'ik.w.  [L.  classicus, 
p*;rtaining  .to  the  first  or  highest  of  the 
<:!r,saes  or  political  divisions  into  W'hich 
the  Roman  people  were  anciently  divided, 
licace  the  use  of  the  word  in  reierenco  to 
TTxiters.]  An  author  of  the  first  rank;  a 
writer  whose  style  Is  pure,  correct,  and' 
refiued:  primarily,  a  Greek  or  Rohian 
author  of  this  character;  a  literary  pro- 
duction of  the  first  class  or  rank;  tfie  clas- 
sicT,  specifically,  the  literature  of  ancient 
Gr&ece  and  Home.— a.  Same  as  Classical. 
Classical,  klas'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
writers  of  the  first  rank;  being  of  the  first 
orderv  more  specifically  relating  to  Greek 
&nd.  Kotoan  authors  of  the  first  rank  or 
estimation;  pertaining  to  ancient  Greece 
or  Rome;  relating  to  localities.associated 
with  great  ancient  or  modem  authors,  or 
to  scenes  of  great  historical  events;  pure, 
chaste,  correct,  or  refined  (taste,  style,  &c.). 
— Classic  orders,  arch,  the  Doric,  Ionic, 
and  Corinthian  orders.  —  Classicalisin, 
klas'ik-al-izm,  n.  A  classic  idiom  or  style; 
classicism;  art,  close  adherence  to  the 
rules  of  Greek  or  Roman  art.— Clasaical- 
ist,  klas'ik-al-ist,  n.  A  devoted  admirer 
of  classicalism ;  one  who  scrupulously  ad- 
her.33  to  the  canons  of  Greek  or  Roman 
art.  —  ClasalcalitT,  Classlcalness,  klas-i- 
kal'i-ti,  klas'ik-al-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  classical.— CUuBlc&lly,  klas'ik-al-li, 
adv.  In  a  classical  manner;  according  to 
the  manner  of  classical  authors.—  Claiwio- 
i'sm,  klas'i-sizm.  n.  A  classic  idiom  or 
style.— Classicist,  klas'i-sist,  n.  One  versed 
in  the  classics.— Clasaifir,  klas'i-fi,  u.t — 
classified,  classifying.-  [h.  dassis,  a  class, 
and  faciOyto  make.]  To  arraiige  in  a  class 
or  classes;  to  arrange  in  sets  or  ranks  ac- 
cording to  some  method  founded  on  com- 
mon charaeteristics  in  the  objects  so  ax- 
ranged.— Classifiable,  klas'i-fi-a^bl,  a.  Cap- 
able of  being  clarified.— Olfisaiflcation, 
klas'i-fi-ka"8hon,w.  The  j«tof  dassifting 
or  fcrro'.tig  into  a  class  or  classes,  so  aJs  to 


bring  together  those  beings  or  things 
whlcn  most  resemble  each  other,  and  to 
separate  those  that  difi'er;  distribution 
into  sets,  sorts,  or  ranks.— Classtflcatory, 
klSs'i-fl-ka-to-ri,  a.  Belonging  to  classifi- 
cation; concerned  with  classifying. — Clas- 
sifier, klas'i-fi-ftr,  n.  One  who  classifies. — 
Class-fellow,  Clasis-mate,  n.  One*of  the 
same  cIp.ss  at  school  or  college. 
Olathrate,  klath'rat,  a4  [L.  clathnia,  a  lat- 
tice.] Bot.  and  eool.  latticed;  divided  like 
lattice-work. 

Clatter,  klat'6r,  v.i.  fFrom  the  sound.  A, 
Sax.  clatrung,  a  clattering,  a  rattle';  D. 
Mater,  a  rattle;  klateren,  to  rattle.]  To 
make  rsitling  sounds;  to  make  repeated 
sharp  sounds,  as  when  sonorous  bodies 
strike  or  are  struck  rapidly  together;  to 
rattle. — v.t.  To  strike  so  as  to  produce,  a 
rattling  noise  from.— n.  A  rapid  succession 
of  abrupt,  sh&rp  Sounds;  rattling. sounds; 
tumultuous  and  coiifused  noise.- Olatter- 
er,  klat'6r-$r,  n.  One  who  clatters;  a  bab- 
bler. —  Clatterlngly,  klat'6j-ing-]l,  adv. 
With  clattering. 

Claose,  klftz,  n.  [Pr.  clause,  from  L.L. 
claiisa,  afor  L.  elausttla.  a  conclusion,  a 
clause,  froia  datido,  ciausunt,  to  close, 
whence  c?088,  exclude,  &c.]  A  member  of 
a  compound  sentence  containing  both  a 
subject  and  its  predicate;  a  distmct  part 
of  a. contract,  will,  agreement,  charter, 
commisGion,  or  the  like;  a  distinct  stipu- 
lation, condition,  proviso,  &c.— Clausular, 
klftZ'a-l6r,  «.  Consisting  of  or  having 
clauses.  —  Claosiile,  klt^'al,  n.    A  little 

Claostral,  k^as'tral,  a.  fL.Ij-  claustralis, 
fromiL.  elavstrum,  aninclosure, a  cloister, 
from  claudo,  to  shut.]  Relating  to  a 
cloister;  cloistor-like;  .secluded.   . 

Clayate,  Olavated,  Clavlform,  kl&'vat,  kl&'- 
vat-ed,  klayi-form,  a.  [L.  dava,  a  club.] 
J5oi!.  and  zool.  club-shaped;  having,  the 
form  of  a  club;  growing  gradually  thicker 
toward  the  top,  as  certain  pajts  of  a 
plant. 

Clave,,  klftv,  pret.  of  cleave. 

Clavecin,  kla^e-sin,  it.  [Pr.  clavecin,  from 
It.  clavioeiribalp,  L.  elav^s,  a  key,  and  eym- 
balum,  a  cymbal.]  A  harpsichord;  one  of 
the  keys  by  means  of  which  a  illayer  of 
carillons  performs  on  the  bells. 

davellatsa.  klav'el-lat-ed,  a.   [L.L.  clavel- 

■  la,  dim.  or  L.  clava,  a  club,  a  billet  of 
wood.]  Relating  to  billets  of  wood.— 
GlaveUafed  ashes,  potash  and  pearl-ash,  so 
termed  from  the  billets  from  which  they 
are  obtained  by  burning. 

Clavichord,  klav'i-kord,  n,  [L.  elavis,  a 
key,  and  chorda,  a  string.]  An  old  string- 
ed instrument,  a  precursor  of  the  spinet 
and  harpsichord. 

Clavicle,  klav'i-kl,  n.  [L.  clavicula,  a  little 
key  or  fastener,  from  elavis,  a  key.l  The 
collar-bone.— Clavicular,  kla-vik'tt-16r,  o. 
Pertaining  to  the  collar-bone  or  clavicle. 

Clavicom,  klav'i-kom,  n.  [L.  clava,  a  club, 
and  comit,  a  horn.]  A  member  of  a  fam- 
ily, of  beetles,  so  named  from  the  antennse 
being  thickened  at  the  apex  so  as  to  ter- 
minate in  a  cliib-shaped  enlargement. 

Clavier,  klav'i-6r,  n.  [Fr.  clavier,  from  L. 
elavis,  a  key.]  The  key-board  of  a  piano- 
forte or  other  instrument  whose  keys  aire 

■  arranged  on  the  same  plan.  ■ 

C14w,  kla,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cldwu,  eld,  a  claw= 
B.klaauw,  Icel.  kU,  Dan.  and  8w.  klo,  G. 
klaue,  a  claw;  allied  to  cleave,  to  adhere.] 
The  sharp  hooked  nail  of  a  quadruped, 
bird,  or  other  animal ;  the  whole  foot  of 
an  animal  with  hooked  nails;  a  liooked 
extremity  belonging  to  any  animal  mem- 
ber or  appendage;  anything  shaped  like 
the  claw  of  an  animal,  as  the  crooked 
forked  end  of  a  hffjnmer  used  for  drawing 
nails';.6oi.  the  narrow  base  of  a  petal— t».i.- 
To  tear,  scratch,  pull,  or  seize  with  claws 
or  nails ;  to  scratch.  —  Clawed,  kl^,  a. 
Furnished  with  claws.- Claw-hanundr,  h. 
A  hammer  furnished  with  two  claws,  for 
convenience  of  drawing  nails  out  of  wood. 

Clay,  kl5,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cIoM=Dan.  fcZap, 
L.G.  kleif  D.  klai,  klei,  G.  Mei,  clay;  same, 
root  as  m  cleave,  clog,  aUte.]  Tue  osipe 
common  to  various  earths,  cotoipoimctaof 
silica  and  alumina;  earth  wmcb  isitill^lra- 
cid,  and  ductile  when  moist^nediaoSixcaQy ' 


kinds  of  which  are  used  in  the  arts,  as  pipe- 
clay, porcelain  clay,  &c. ;  earth  in  general, 
especially  as  the  material  of  the  human 
body. — o.  Formed  or  consisting  of  clay. — 
v.t.  To  cover  or  mingle  with  clay;  to  purify 
and  whiten  (sugar)  with  clay.  —  Clayey, 
kla'i,  a..  Consisting  of  clay;  abounding  with 
clay;  partaking  of  clay ;  hke  clay;  bedaubed 
or  Desmeared  with  clay. — Clay-marl,  n. 
A  whitish,  smooth,  chalky  clay. — Clay- 
mill,  n.  A  mill  f  ormixing  and  tempering 
clay;  a  pug-mill.— clay-pit,  n.  A  pit  where 
clay  is  dug.— Clay-slate,  n.  A  kind  of 
rocli  consisting  of  clay  which  has  been 
hardened  and  otherwise  changed,  for  the 
most  part  extremely  fissile  and  often 
'  aifording  good  roofing  slate.— Clay-stone, 
n.  An  earthy  f  elatone  or  felspathic  rock  of 
the  igneous  grorfp. 

Claymore,  kla'mor,  n.  [Gael,  claidheatn- 
rru)r—claidheam,a,  sword.-and  mor,  great.] 
Formerly  the  Isirge'  two-handed  sword  of 
the  Scotch  Highlanders;  now  a  basket- 
hilted,  double-edged  broadgword. 
Clean,  klSn,  a.  [A.  Sax.  da^m,  clean, 
pure,  bright;  cog.-  vrith  W.  giain,  glan,  Ir. 
and  Gael,  glan,  clean,  pure,  radiant.] 
Clear  of  dirt  or  filth;  having  all  impuri- 
ties or  foreign  matter  removed;  pure; 
without  fault,  ipiperfectiou,  or  defect 
(timber,  a  copy);  woU-proportioned;  shape- 
ly {clean  limbs);  not  bungling;  dexterous; 
adroit  (a  clean  leap);  complete  or  thor- 
ough; free  from  moral  impurity,  guilt,  or 
blame ;  among  the  Jews,  not  defiled  or 
poUut(!d;  not  forbidden  by  the  ceremt)nial 
/law  for  use  in  sacrifice  and  for  food. — adv. 
Quite;  perfectly;  wholly;  entirely;  f uHy.— 
v.t.  To  make  clean ;  to  remove  all  foreign 
matter  from;  to  purify;  to  cleanse. — To 
clean  out,  to  exhaust  the  pecuniary  re- 
sources of.  [Cblloq.}^Cleaner,  klen'fir,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  cleans.— Cleanly, 
klen'li,  a.  Free  from  dirt,  filth,  or  any 
foul  matter;  neat;  carefully  avoiding  filth. 
— CleanUljrjt  klen'ii-U,  adv.  In  a  cleanly 
manner.— Cleanliness,  klen'li-nes,  m.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  cleanly  .—Cleanly, 
klen'li,  adv.  In  a'clean  manner;  neatly; 
without  filth;  adroitly;  dexterously.— 
Cleanness,  klen'nes,  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  clean.  —  Clean-handed,  a. 
Having  clean  hands;  fig.  free  from  moral 
taint  or  suspicion. — Clean-limbed,  d.  Hav- 
ing well-proportioned  limbs.- 
Cleanse,  klenz,  v.t.  ~- cleansed,  cleansing. 
[A.  Sax.  claemian,  from  claen£,  clean.]  To 
make  clean ;  to  free  from  filth,  or  what- 
ever is  unseemly,  noxious,  or  offensive;  to 
purify.— Cleanser,  klen'zer,  w.  One  who 
or  that  which  cleanses. — Cleimslng  Jclen'- 
zing,  a.  Adapted  to  cleanse  and  puRfy. 
Clear,  kl5r,  o.  [O.Fr.  cleir  (Fr.  dair),  from 
L.  clai-us,  clear;  akin  claret,  clarify,  clari- 
net.} Free  from  darkness  or  opacity; 
brUliant;  light;  luminous;  unclouded;  not 
obscured;  free  from  what  would  dim 
transparency  or  bright  colour  (ctea?'water); 
free  mm  anything  that  confuses  or  ob- 
scures; acute,  sagacious,  or  discriminating 
(intellect,  head);  perspicuous;  lucid  (state- 
ment); evident;  manifest;  indisputable; 
undeniable ;  free  from  accusation,  impu- 
tation, distress,  imprisonment,  or  the  like: 
followed  by  of  ov  from;  free  from  impedi- 
ment or  obstruction;  unobstructed  (a  clear 
view);  sounding  distinctly;  distinctly  au- 
dible; in  full;  net  (dear  profit  or  gain).— 
Clear  days  (precedcid  by  a  numeiriU),  days 
reckoned  exclusively  of  those  on  which 
any  proceeding  is  commenced  or  compet- 
ed.—adv.  Clearly;  quite;  entirely;  clean; 
indicating  entire  separation.— v.i.  To  make 
o^Mrender  clear;  m  free  from  whatever 
diSninishes.  brightness,  transparency,  or 
purity  of  Colour;  to  free  from  obscurity, 

gerplfexity;  or  ambiguity:  often  followed 
y  up;  to  free  from  any  imi>ediment  or  en- 
cuiiibrance,  or  from  anything  noxious  or 
injurious;  to  remove:  with  off,  away,  &c.; 
to  free  ifota  the  ii)p.putation  of  guilt;  to 
acquit :  to  make  by  way  of  gain  or  profit 
beyttnd  all  exjjenBes  and  charges;<tq,<leap 
oVeror  jsassjvithout  toachin%or  faiuine:, 
.  neoft.  tojt^y&e  caa|iom«^,or<K>anectea; 
with,;  tQ'f^taui  perK#siOA:4iti  sail  tor  (a 
cargo,  a  shipj.-^.t  To  be'ccme  irae  bom 
clouds  or'fo^;  tb  be«>2tei  fair  or  tset^am  to 


^,«?*ain;    cA,ac,locA;     8r.«»i    j./ob;     n,  Fr,  ton;     ug,  si*^,    ifi, iAen;  til, ftio.;     w  wig;     ■sb^iuU^    jaijSUFOTO, 


CLEAT 


126 


CLIMAX 


pass  away  or  disappear  from  the  sky :  often 
followed  by  wp,  off,  or  away;  to  exchange 
cheques  and  bills  and  settle  balances,  as 
is  done  in  clearing-houses;  navX.  to  leave 
a  port:  often  followed  by  out  or  outwards. 
—Clearance,  kle'rans,  n.  The  act  of  clear- 
ing.—Clearer,  kl5'r6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  clears.- Clearing,  kler'ing,' n.  The 
act  of  one  who  clears;  among  bankers,  the 
act  of  exchanging  drafts  on  each  other's 
houses  and  settling  the  differences;  among 
railways,  the  act  of  distributing  among 
the  diJferent  companies  the  proceeds  of 
the  through  traffic  passing  over  several 
railways;  a  place  or  tract  of  land  cleared 
of  wood  for  cultivation.— Clearing-house, 
n.  The  place  where  the  operation  termed 
clearing  in  banks  and  railways  is  carried 
on.  —  Clearly,  kler"!!,  adv.  In  a  clear 
manner;  brightly;  luminously;  plainly; 
evidently.  —  Clearness,  kler'nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  clear.  —  Clear- 
headed, a.  Having  a  clear  head  or  under- 
standing; having  acute  discernment  or 
keen  intelligence.— Clear-sighted,  a.  See- 
ing with  clearness;  having  acuteness  of 
mental  discernment;  discerning;  perspica- 
cious.—Clear-sightediiesB,n.-Clear-starch, 
v.t.  To  stiffen  and  dress  with  clear  or 
colourless  starch.— Clear-starcher,  n.  One 
who  clear-starches. -' Clear-story,  Clere- 
story, kler'sto-ri,  n.  [From  its  being  clear 
of  the  roof  of  the  aisles.]  The  upper  story 
of  a  cathedral  or  other  church,  perforated 
by  a  range  of  windows,  which  form  the 
principal  means  of  lighting  the  central 
Dortions  of  the  building. 

Cleat,  kl5t,  n.  [Allied  to  G.  klate,  klatte,  a 
claw.]  A  piece  of  wood  or  iron  used  in  a 
ship  to  fasten  ropes  upon;  a  piece  &f  iron 
worn  on  a  shoe;  a  piece  of  wood  nailed  on 
transversely  to  a  piece  of  joinery  for  the 
purpose  of  securing  it  in  its  proper  position, 
or  for  strengthening.- D.t.  To  strengthen 
with  a  cleat  or  cleats. 

Cleave,  klev,  u.i.— pret.  clave  or  cleaved;  pp. 
cleaved;  ppr.  cleaving.  [A.  Sax.  clijian, 
cleoflan,  pret.  cli/ode,  pp.  cli/od  [cleaved  is 
therefore  historically  the  correct  pret.  & 
pp.);  cog.  D.  and  L.U.  kleven,  Dan.  kUebe, 
G.  kleben,  to  adhare,  to  cleave.  Climb  is 
akin.]  To  stick;  to  adhere;  to  be  attached 
physically,  or  by  affection  or  other  tie. 

Cleave,  klev,  v.t.— pret.  clove  or  clave  (the 
latter  antiquated),  also  cleft;  pp.  cloven,, 
cleft  or  cleaved;  ppr.  cleaving.  [A.  Sax. 
cledfan,  pret.  cledf,  pp.  clofen  (the  histo- 
rically correct  conjugation  is  therefore 
cleave,  clave  or  clove,  cloven),  to  cleave  or 
split;  cog.  D.  kloven,  Icel.  kljiifa^  Dan. 
klove,  G.  klieben.]  To  part  or  divide  by 
force;  to  split  or  rive;  to  sever  forcibly;  to 
hew;  to  cut. — v.i.  To  divide;  to  split;  to 
open.— Cleavable,  kl5'va-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  cleaved  or  divided.— Cleavage,  kle'- 
vaj,  n.  The  act  of  cleaving  or  splitting;  the 
manner  in  which  rocks  or  mineral  sub- 
stances regularly  cleave  or  split  according 
to  their  natural  joints,or  regular  structure. 
—Cleaver,  kle'vfer,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  cleaves;  a  butcher's  instrument  for 
cutting  carcasses  into  joints  or  pieces. 

Clef,  kief,  n.  [Fr.  clef,  L.  clavis,  a  key.]  ^A 
character  in  music,  placed  at  the  begin- 
ning of  a  staff,  to  determine  the  degree  of 
elevation  to  be  given  to  the  notes  belong- 
ing to  it  as  a  whole. 

Cleft,  kleft,  pret.  &  pp.  of  cleave,  to  divide. 
— n.  A  space  or  opening  made  by  splitting; 
a  crack;  a  crevice.— Cleft-footed,  a.  Hav- 
ing cleft  or  cloven  feet.— Cleft-palate,  n. 
A  malformatiq^  in  which  more  or  less  of 
the  palate  is  wanting,  so  as  to  leave  a 
longitudinal  gap  in  the  upper  jaw,  often 
an  accompaniment  of  harelip. 

Cleg,  kleg,  n.  [Icel.  kleggi,  Dan.  klag,  a 
cleg.]  A  name  applied  to  various  flies,  the 
females  of  which  are  troublesome  to  horses, 
cattle,  and  even  man,  from  their  blood- 
sucking habits. 

Cleistogamlc,  Cleistogamons,  klis-to-gam'- 
ik,"kli8-tog'a-mus,  a.  [Gr.  kleio,  to  close  or 
shut  up,  and  gamos,  marriage.]  Bot.  a 
term  applied  to  certain  plants  having 
minute,  l)ud-like,  self -fertilizing  flowers 
as  well  as  other  flowers  conspicuously  col- 
oured. ***•  -     . 

Cleithral,  kllth'ral,  a.    [Or.  kum,  to  shut 


in.]  Having  a  roof  that  forms  a  complete 
covering:  said  of  ancient  Greek  temples. 

Clematis,  klem'a-tis,  n.  [Gr.  klematis.^  The 
generic  name  of  woody  climbing  plants, 
the  only  British  species  of  which,  the  com- 
mon traveller's-joy,  runs  over  hedges, 
walls,  &c.,  in  many  parts  of  England,  hav- 
ing clusters  of  white  blossoms. 

Clemency,  klem' en-si,  n.  [L.  dementia, 
from  Clemens,  dementis,  merciful.]  Mild- 
ness of  temper  as  shown  by  a  superior  to 
an  inferior;  disposition  to  spare  or  forgive; 
mercy ;  leniency ;  softness  or  mildness  of 
the  elements.— Clement,  klem'ent,  a.  Mild 
in  temper  and  disposition;  gentle;  lenient; 
merc'iul ;  kind;  tender;  compassionate. — 
Clemently,  klem'ent-li,  adv.  With  mild- 
ness of  temper;  mercifully. 

Clench,  klcnsh,  v.t.  [Softened  form  =  Sc. 
clinic,  Dan.  klinke,  Sw.  klinka,  to  clinch, 
to  rivet;  akin  clink.']  To  secure  or  fasten, 
as  a  nail,  by  beating  down  the  point  when 
it  is  driven  through  anything;  to  rivet;  to 
establish,  settle,  or  confirm  (a  denial,  argu- 
ment, &c.) ;  to  bring  together  and  set 
firmly;-  to  double  up  tightly  (the  teeth 
or  the  hands) ;  to  grasp  firmly.  —  n.  A 
catch;  a  grip;  a  persistent  clutch;  a  clinch. 
—  Olencher,  klen'sh^r,  n.  That  which 
clenches;  a  retort  or  reply  so  decisive  as 
to  close  a  controversy;  a  clincher. 

Clepe,!  kl5p,  v.t.—w>.  yclept.  [A.  Sax.  clip- 
ian,  deopian.']  To  call  or  name.    [Shak.] 

Clepsydra,  klep'si-dra,  n.  [Gr.  klepsydra— 
klepto,  to  steal,  to  hide,  and  hydor,  water.] 
A  name  common  to  devices  of  various 
kinds  for  measuring  time  by  the  discharge 
of  water;  a  water-clock. 

Cleptomajiia,  klep-to-ma'ni-a,  n.  Klepto- 
mania. 

Clere-story,  kler'sto-ri,  n.    Under  CLExit. 

Clergy,  kler'ji,  n.  [O.Fr.  clergie,  from  L. 
cleridvs,  Gr.  klerikos,  clerical,  from  kUros, 
a  lot,  an  allotment,  the  clergy.  Akin 
clerical,  clerk.]  The  body  of  men  set 
apart  and  consecrated,  by  due  ordina- 
tion, to  the  service  of  God  in  the  Chris- 

-  tian  church ;  the  body  of  ecclesiastics,  in 
distinction  from  the  laity;  law,  benefit  of 
clergy.  —  Benefit  of  clergy,  law,  the  ex- 
emption of  clergymen  from  criminal  pro- 
cess before  a  secular  judge;  in  cases  of 
felony,  an  immunity  latterly  extended  to 
any  person  who  could  read,  though  lay- 
men could  only  claim  it  once:  abolished  m 
1827.— Clergyable,  kl6r'ji-a-bl,  a.  Entitled 
to  or  admitting  the  benefit  of  clergy  (cler- 
gyable offence).— Clergjmian,  kl6r'ji-man, 
n.  A  man  in  holy  orders;  the  minister  of 
a  Christian  church. 

Clerical,  kler'ik-al,  a.  [L.  clericus,  Gr. 
klerikos.  Clergy,  Clerk.]  Relating  or 
pertaining  to  the  clergy;  relating  to  a 
writer  or  copyist.- CtericaJ  error,  an  error 
in  the  text  of  a  document  made  by  care- 
lessness or  inadvertence  on  the  part  of 
the  writer  or  transcriber.— Cleric,  kler'ik, 
n.  A  clergyman  or  scholar.— Clericalism, 
kler'ik-al-izm,  n.  Clerical' power  or  influ- 
ence: undue  influence  of  the  clergy;  sacer- 
dotalism.—Clericity,t  kle-ris'i-ti,  n.  The 
state  of  being  a  clergyman.  —  Clerisy,t 
kleri-si,  n.  A  body  of  clerks  or  learned 
men ;  the  literati ;  the  clergy,  as  opposed 
to  the  laity. 

Clerk,  klark,  n.  [A.  Sax.  clerc,  a  priest; 
O.Fr.  clerc;  from  L.  clericus,  Gr.  klerikos. 
Clprgy.]  A  clergyman  or  ecclesiastic;  a 
man  in  holy  orders,  especially  in  the 
Church  of  England ;  formerly  also  any 
man  of  education;  the  layman  who  leads 
in  reading  the  responses  in  the  service  of 
the  Anglican  Church ;  one  who  is  em- 
ployed in  keeping  records  or  accounts;  an 
officer  attached  to  courts,  municipal  and 
other  corporations,  associations,  &c.,  whose 
duty  generally  is  to  keep  records  of  pro- 
ceedings, and  transact  business  under  di- 
rection of  the  court,  body,  &c.,  by  whom 
he  is  employed;  in  America,  an  assistant 
in  the  shop  of  a  retail  dealer;  a  shopman. 
— A  St.  Nicholas'  clerk,  a  thief;  a  highway- 
man. '[S^fc.]— Clerkly,  klark'li,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  clerk  or  to  penmanship; 
scholarly.— odw.t  In  a  scholarly  manner. 
[iS^aA;.]— Clerlulilp,klark'8hip,n.  The  state 
of  being  a  clerk;  ih«  office  or  business  of 
a  clerk  or  writer. 


Clever,  klev'6r,  a.  [Connected  with  O.E. 
diver,  a  claw,  and  with  cleave,  to  adhere.] 
Performing  or  acting  with  skill  or  address; 
possessing  ability  of  any  kind,  especially 
such  as  involves  quickness  of  intellect  or 
mechafiical  dexterity ;  indicative  of  or 
exhibiting  cleverness ;  dexterous;  adroit; 
able.— Cleverish,  klev'fer-ish,  a.  Tolerably 
clever.  —Cleverly,  klev'6r-li,  adv.  In  a 
clever  manner ;  dexterously ;  ■  skilfully  ; 
ably.  —  Cleverness,  klev'6r-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  clever;  dexterity;  adroit- 
ness; skill;  ingenuity;  smartness. 
Clew,  ».  or  v.t.  Clue. 
Cliche,  kle-sha,  n.  [Fr.,  from  dicker,  to 
stereotype,  from  older  cliquer,  to  fasten, 
make  firm,  from  root  of  clinch,  clench 
(omitting  the  nasal).]  A  stereotype  plate, 
especially  one  derived  from  an  engraving. 
Click,  klik,  v.i.  [An  imitative  word  ex- 
pressing a  slighter  sound  than  c?ocfc;  comp. 
clack,  cluck,  clink,  clank;  D.  klikken,  Fr. 
cliqv^r,  to  cUck.]  To  make  a  small  sharp 
sound,  or  a  succession  of  small  sharp 
sounds,  as  by  a  gentle  striking;  to  tick. — 
v.t.  To  move  with  a  clicking  sound.— n.  A 
small  sharp  sound;  the  cluck  of  the  natives 
of  South  Africa;  the  piece  that  enters  the 
teeth  of  a  ratchet-wheel;  a  detent  or  rat- 
chet; the  latch  of  a  door. 
Client,  kli'ent,  n.  [L.  cliens,  clientis,  a 
client,  from  O.L,  cit«),tohear.]  An  ancient 
Boman  citizen  who  put  himself  under  the 
protection  of  a  man  of  distinction  and  in- 
fluence (his  patron);  one  whose  interefts 
are  represented  by  any  professional  man; 
especially  one  who  applies  to  a  lawyer,  or 
commits  his  cause  to  his  management.— 
CUencv,  kli'en-si,  n.  The  state  or  condi- 
tion of  a  client.— Clientage,  kli'en-taj,  n. 
The  state  or  condition  of  being  a  client; 
a  body  of  clients;— Cllental,  kli'en-tal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  client  or  clients.  —  Clien- 
telary,  kli-en'tel-a-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to 
clients. — Clientele,  Clientelage,  kli'en-tel, 
kli-en'tel-aj,  n.  [L.  clientela^  A  body  of 
clients  or  dependants;  one's  clients  collec- 
tively. —  Clientship,  kli'ent-ship,  n.  The 
condition  of  being  a  client. 
Cliff,  klif,  n.  I  A.  Sax.  clif,  a  rocki  a  cliff = 
D.  klif,  Icel.  klif,  a  cliff;  comp.  also  Dan. 
klippe,  Sw.  klippa,  G.  klippe,  a  crag.]  A 
precipice;  the  steep  and'  rugged  face  of  a 
rocky  mass;  a  steep  rock;  a  headland. — 
Cliffs',  kUf'i,  a.  Having  cliffs;  broken; 
craggy. 

Climacteric,  kli-mak't6r-ik,  n.  [Gr.  klimak- 
ter,  the  step  of  a  ladder,  from  klimax,  a 
ladder  or  scale.  Climax.  ]  A  critical 
period  in  human  life,  or  a  period  in  which 
some  great  change  is  supposed  to  take 
place  in  the  human  constitution;  the  grand 
or  m-eat  climacteric  being  the  63d  year.— 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  climacteric. 
Climate,  kli'mat,  n.  [L.  clima,  Gr.  klima,, 
klimatos,  a  slope,  a  zone  of  the  earth,  a 
clime,  from  klinO,  to  bend,  referring  to  the 
inclination  of  the  earth  from  the  equator 
to  the  pole.]  The  condition  of  a  tract  or 
region  in  relation  to  the  various  pheno- 
mena of  the  atmosphere,  as  temperature, 
wind,  moisture,  miasmata,  &c.,  especially 
as  they  affect  the  life  of  animals  or  man. 
—Climatic,  Cllmatical,  Climatal,  kli-mat'- 
ik,  kli-mat'ik-al,  kU'mat-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  climate  or  climates;  limited  by  a  cli- 
mate. —  Climatize,  kli'mat-iz,  v.t.  —  di- 
matized,climatizing.  To  accustom  to  a  new 
climatfr,  as  a  plant;  to  acclimatize.  —  r.i. 
To  become  accustomed  to  a  new  climate. 
— Climatography,  kli-ma-tog'ra-fi,  n.  A 
description  of  climates. — Clfinatographic- 
al,  kli'mat-o-graf"ik-al,  o.  Belonging  to 
climatographv  or  the  study  of  the  varia- 
tions of  climate.  —  Climatology,  kli-ma- 
tol'o-ji,  n.  The  science  of  climates;  an  in- 
vestigation of  the  causes  on  which  the 
climate  of  a  place  depends.  —  CUmato- 
logical,  kli'mat-6-loi"ik-al,  a.  Pertammg 
to  climatology.— Clime,  klim,  n.  A  tract 
or  region  of  the  earth.,  [Poetical.]  , 

Climax,  kli'maks,  n.  [D.,  from  Gr.  Wimax, 
a  ladder,  from  klinO,  to  slope.  Climate, 
Climacteric]  A  figure  of  speech  or  rhe- 
torical device  in  which  the  language  rises 
step  by  step  in  dignity,  importance,  and 
force;  the  highest  point  of  anything;  the 
culmination;  acme. 


•Pjlte.  fttr,  fat,  fftU;     m5,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tube,  tub,  b^ll ;     oil,  pound;     «,Sc.abuag—t{ieFr.'w. 


CLIMB 


127 


CLOSE 


Climb,  klim,  v.i.—{domb  for  pret.  &  pp. 
chmbed  is  now  only  poetical).  [A.  Sax. 
cUmban,  (J.  and  D.  kliinnien;  from  same 
root  as  duave,  to  adhere,  clip,  to  embrace.] 
To  mount  or  ascend  anything  steep  with 
labour  and  difficulty;  especially,  to  ascend 
iiy  means  of  the  hands  and  feet;  of  things, 
to  rise  with  a  slow  motion;  to  ascend,  as 
■  evtaiii  plants,  by  means  of  tendrils,  &c. 
-I'.t.  'I'o  climb  up.— Climbable,  klim'a-bl, 
u.  Capable  of  being  climbed.  —  Climber, 
klim'er,  n.  One  who  climbs;  a  plant  that 
rises  by  attaching  itself  to  some  support; 
one  of  an  order  of  birds,  including  the 
parrots,  woodpeckers,  &c.,  so  called  from 
their  climbing  habits.  —  Climbing,  klim'- 
ing,  «.  Possessing  the  power  or  character 
of  climbing;  assisting  to  climb  (a  climbing 
l)lant). 

Clime.     Under  Climate. 

Clinanthium,  kli-nan'thi-um,n.  [Gr.  kline, 
a  bed,  antlios,  a  flower.]  Bot.  a  term  for 
tlie  receptacle  of  a  composite  plant. 

Clinch,  klinsh.  Same  as  Clench,  which  is 
now  the  commoner  form. 

Clincher -built,  Clinker-built,  klinsh 'tr, 
klingk'61',  a.  Xaut.  built  with  the  planks 
of  the  side  so  disposed  that  the  lower  edge 
of  each  overlies  the  upper  edge  of  the  next 
below  it,  like  slates  on  a  roof. 

Cling,  kUng,  v.i. — clung,  clinging.  [A.  Sax. 
ctinyan,  to  adhere,  to  dry  up  or  wither; 
Dan.  kli/nge,  to  grow  in  clusters ;  klynge, 
a  heap,  a  cluster.]  To  adhere  closely;  to 
stick;  to  hold  fast,  especially  by  winding 
round  or  embracing. — v.t.l  To  pinch  with 
hunger;  to  shrivel.— Clinger,  kling'cr,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  clings.  * 

Clinical,  Clinic,  klin'ik-al,  klin'ik,  a.  [Gr. 
klii  ikon,  from  kline,  a  bed,  from  klino,  to 
recline.  Lkan.J  Pertaining  to  a  bed, 
more  especially  a  siok-bed.  Cliuiral  sur- 
gery or  medicine  is  the  brunch  of  the 
medical  art  in  >vhich  instructiion  is  im- 
parted to  the  student  in  a  practical  man- 
ner at  the  hedsid^  of  the  patient.— Clinic, 
n.  One  confined  to  bed  by  sii'kuess.— Clin- 
ically, klin'ik-al-li,  adv.  Jn  a  clinical 
manner;  by  the  bedside.  —  Clinique,  kli- 
nek',  n.  LPr.  |  An  examination  of  a 
patient  by  a  professor  in  presence  of  his 
students. 

Clink,  klingk,  v.i.  (An  imitative  word, 
akin  to  click  and  clank;  comp.  U.  klinken, 
to  tinkle;  Dan.  klinge,  to  jingle;  Icel. 
klingja,  G.  klingeii,  to  ring,  to  chink.]  To 
ring  or  jingle;  to  give  out  a  small  sharp 
sound  or  a  succession  of  such  sounds,  as 
by  striking  small  metallic  bodies  together; 
to  rhyme.  —  vt.  To  cause  to  produce  a 
small  sharp  ringing  sound.— n.  A  shan> 
sound  miide  by  the  collision  of  sonorous 
Vjodies.— Clinker; klingk'er,«.  A  i)arti:illy 
vitrified  brick;  a  kind  of  hard  brick  used 
for  paWng;  a  mass  of  incombustilile  slag 
wliich  forms  in  grates  and  furnaces.— 
Clink-stone,  n.  [From  its  sonorousness.] 
A  felspathic  rock  of  the  trachytic  grou]), 
with  a  slaty  structure,  sometimes  used  as 
roofing  slates. 

Clinker-built,  a.    Clixchku-built. 

Clinometer,  kli-nom'et-6r,  n.  [Gr.  klinO,  to 
lean,  and  iiietron,  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  dip  of  rock  strata. 
— Clinometric,  Clinometrical,  kli-no-met'- 
rik,  kli-nu-met'rik-al,  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  clinometer;  ascertained  or  deter- 
mined by  a  clinometer;  pertaining  to 
cvj'stals  which  have  oblique  angles  be- 
tween the  axes.— Cllnometry,  kli-nom'et- 
ri,  H.  The  method  or  art  of  measuring 
the  dip  of  ropk  strata. 

Clio,  kli'O,  n.  The  muse  who  was  supposed 
to  preside  over  history;  the  name  of  an 
Hsteroid;  a  genus  of  pteropodous  mol- 
luscs. 

Clip,  klip,  v.t.— clipped,  dipt;  clipping. 
I  Icel.  klippa.  to  clip,  to  cut  the  hair;  Dan. 
klippe,  Sw.  klippa,  to  clip  or  shear.]  To 
cut  off  or  sever  with  shears  or  scissors;  to 
trim  or  make  shorter  (the  hair)  with  scis- 
sors; to  diminish  (coin)  by  paring  the 
edge;  to  curtail;  to  cut  short  (words) ;  to 
pronounce  shortly  and  indistinctly. —  7i. 
The  quantity  of  wool  shorn  at  a  single 
shearing  of  sheep;  a  season's  shearing;  a 
clasp  or  spring-holder  for  letters  or  papers. 
--Clipper,  klip'er,  n.    One  who  clips;  one 


who  cuts  off  the  edges  of  coin,;  a  vessel 
with  sharp  bows  raking  forward,  and 
masts  raking  aft,  built  and  rigged  with  a 
view  to  fast  sailing.— Clipper -built,  a. 
Built  after  the  type  of  a  clipper.  —  Clip- 
ping, klip'ing,  n.  That  which  is  clipped 
off;  a  piece  separated  by  clipping. 

CIipp-fi£li,  klip 'fish,  n.  [Dan.  klipfisk.'] 
Fish,  chiefly  cod,  split  open,  salted,  and 
dried. 

Clique,  klek,  n.  [Fr.  cliqite,  probably  a 
mere  variant  of  cZogwe,  with  a  somewhat 
different  sense.  Claijuk.]  A  party;  a 
set;,  a  coterie:  used  generally  in  a  bad 
sense. — Cliquish,  klek'ish,  a.  Relating  to 
a  clique  or  party;  disposed  to  form  cliques; 
having  a  petty  party  spirit.— CUquishness, 
klek'jsh-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  cliquish. —Cli(juism,  klek'izm,  w. 
The  principles  or  spirit  of  a  clique;  cliqu- 
ishnesa. 

Cloaca,  kliJ-aTta,  n.  [L.,  a  common  sewer.] 
An  underground  conduit  for  drainage;  a 
common  sewer;  the  excrementory  cavity 
in  birds,  reptiles,  many  fishes,  and  lower 
mammalia,  formed  by  the  extremity  of 
the  intestinal  canal  and  "the  outlet  of  the 
urinary  organs.— Cloacal,klo-a'kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  cloaca. 

Cloak,  klok,  n.  [O.  and  Prov.  Pr.  cloque, 
li.h.  clpca,  clocca,  a  bell,  a  kind  of  horse- 
man's cape  of  a  bell-shape;  same  word  as 
clock.]  A  loose  outer  garment  worn  over 
otherclothe8;^6».that  which  conceals;  adis- 
guise  or  pretext;  an  excuse.— y.<.  To  cover 
with  a  cloak;  to  hide;  to  conceal. — Cloak- 
room, n.  A  room  attached  to  any  place 
of  general  resort,  as  railway-station,  opera- 
house,  &c.,  where  ladies'  cloaks,  &c.,  are 
deposited. 

Clock,  klok,  n.  [Originally  a  bell  A.  Sax. 
clucpa,  Icel.  kliikka.  Dun.  klvkke,  Sw. 
klocka,  1>.  kluk,  G.  glocke,  a  bell  or  clock; 
'r.  and  Gael,  clog,  a  bell  or  clock.  Cloak 
is  the  same  word.]  A  machine  for  mea- 
suring time,  indicating  the  hours,  min- 
utes, and  often  seconds  by  means  of 
hands  moving  over  a  dial-plato,  and  gen- 
erally marking  the  hours  by  the  strokes 
of  a  hammer  on  a  bell,  the  motion  being 
kept  up  by  weights  or  springs,  and  regu- 
lated Viy  a  pendulum  or  a  balance-wheel. 
.'.O'clock,  in  such  phrases  as,  'it  is  one 
o'clock,'  is  contracted  from  0/  the  clock. — 
Clock-work,  ji.  The  macliinery  of  a  clock; 
a  complex  mechanism  of  wheels  produc- 
ing regularity  of  movement. 

Clock,  klok,  n.  |  Possibly  originally  applied 
to  a  bell-shaped  ornament  or  flower.]  A 
figure  or  figured  work  embroidered  on  the 
ankle  of  a  stocking.' 

Clock,  klok,  au  A  general  name  for  a 
beetle. 

Clod,  klod,  n.  [A  slightly  modified  form  of 
clot ;  comp..  Dan.  klode,  a  globe  or  ball, 
kludit,  a  block  or  lump.)  A  lump  or  mass 
in  general  t;  a  lump  of  earth,  or  earth 
and  turf;  a  lumi)  of  clay;  a  dull,  gross, 
stupid  fellow;  a  dolt.— Cloddish,  klod'ish, 
a.  Clowui.-ih;  boorish;  doltish;  uncouth; 
ungainly.— Cloddy,  klod'i,  a.  Consisting 
of  clods;  abounding  with  clods;  earthy; 
gross  in  sentiments  or  thoughts. —  Clod- 
hopper, klod'hop-'Cr,  n.  A  clown;  a  dolt; 
a  boor.  —  Clodpoll,  klod'pol,  n.  [Poll  — 
head.]  A  stupid  fellow;  a  dolt;  a  block- 
head. 

Cloff,  klof,  n.  IPerhaps  originally  a  por- 
tion cleft,  or  split  off,  from  cleave.]  A  cer- 
tain deduction  or  allowance  formerly 
made  on  the  net  weight  of  some  kinds  of 
goods,  that  the  weight  might  hold  out  in 
retailing. 

Clog,  klog,  n.  [Comp.  Sc.  dag,  a  clog,  an  im- 
pediment, dag,  to  clog,  a3  with  something 
viscous  or  stickj',  from  A.  Sax.  cloeg,  clay. 
Clav.I  An  encumbrance  that  hinders 
motion,  or  renders  it  difficult,  as  a  piece  of 
wood  fastened  to  an  animal's  leg;  hinder- 
ance;  encumbrance;  impediment;  a  sort 
of  shoe  with  a  wooden  sole ;  a  wooden 
shoe;  a  sabot;  a  patten.  —  v.t— clogged, 
clogging.  To  impede  the  movements  of 
by  a  weight,  or  by  something  that  sticks 
or  adheres;  to  encumber,  restrain,  or  ham- 
per, to  choke  up  (a  tube,  &c.);  to  obstruct 
so  as  to  hinder  passage  through;  to  throw 
obstacles  in  the  way  of;  to  hinder;  to  bur- 


den ;  to  trammel. — v.i.  To  become  loaded 
or  encumbered  with  extraneous  matter.— 
Cloggy,  klog'i,  a.  Clogging  or  having 
power  to  clog;  adhesive;  viscous. — Cloggi- 
ness,  klog'i-nes,  n.— Clog-almanac,  n.  An 
ancient  kind  of  almanac  or  calendar,  made 
by  cutting  notches  or  characters  on  a  clog 
or  block  of  wood,  horn,  bone,  or  brass. — 
Clog-dance,  n.  A  dance  in  which  the  feet, 
shod  with  clogs,  are  made  to  perform  a 
noisy  accompaniment  to  the  music. 

Cloister,  klois'ttr,  n.  [O.Fr.  cloisire,  Fr. 
clottre;  from  L.  claustrum,  a  bolt,  inclosed 
place,fromda«do,c?aMSMm,toshut.  Closk.J 
An  arched  way  or  covered  walk  run- 
ning round  the  walls  of  certain  portions 
of  monastic  and  collegiate  buildings;  a 
place  of  religious  retirement;  a  monas- 
tery; a  convent;  any  arcade  or  colonnade 
round  an  open  court;  a  piazza..— v.t.  To 
confine  in  a  cloister  or  convent;  to  shut 
up  in  retirement  from  the  world;  to  fur- 
nish with  a  cloister  or  cloisters.— Cloister- 
er, klois'ter-fer,  n.  One  belonging  to  a 
cloister.  ^  Cloistral,  klois'tral,  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  cloister.— Cloistress,  tklois'- 
Ires,  n.  A  nun;  a  woman  who  has  vowed 
religious  retirement.    [Hhak.] 

Cloke,  klok,  n.  and  v.    Same  as  Cloak. 

Clonic,  klon'ik,  a.  [From  Gr.  klonos,  a 
shaking.].  Pathol,  convulsive,  with  alter- 
nate relaxation. — Clonic  spasm,  a  spasm 
in  which  the  muscles  or  muscular  fibres 
rapidly  contract  and  relax  alternately,  as 
in  epilepsy:  used  in  contradistinction  to 
tonic  spasm. 

Close,  kloz,  v.t.— closed,  closing.  [Fr.  clos, 
pp.  of  clore,  to  shut  up;  from  L.  claudo, 
clavsnm,  to  shut;  seen  also  in  condvde, 
exclude,  incluile,  seclude,  cloister,  &c.]  To 
bring  together  the  p.arts  of;  to  shut  (a 
door,  window,  book,  eyes,  hands);  make 
fast;  to  end,  finish,  conclude, complete;  to 
fill  or  stop  up;  to  consolidate:  often  fol- 
lowed by  up;  to  encompass  or  inclose;  to 
shut  in  — v.i.To  come  together;  to  unite;  to 
coalesce;  to  end,  terminate,  or  Qome  to  a 
period;  to  engage  in  close  encounter;  to 
grapple;  to  accede  or  consent  to  (to  close 
with,  terms);  to  come  to  an  agreement  (to 
close  with  a  person).— n.  Conclusion ;  ter- 
mination; end;  pause;  cessation;  a  grap- 
ple, as  in  wrestling.  —  Closer,  klo'zer,  to. 
One  who  or  that  which  closes.— Closure, 
klo'zQr,  TO.  The  act  of  closing;  an  end  or 
conclusion ;  the  act  of  bringing  a  parlia- 
mentary debate  to  an  end,  by  special  vote 
or  othenvise,  when  a  question  or  measure 
has  been  fairly  discussed. 

Close,  klOs,  a.  [Fr.  clos,  L.  dausus,  shut. 
Close,  v.t.\  Shut  fast;  made  fast  so  as  to 
leave  no  opening;  strictly  confined;  strict- 
ly watched  (a  close  prisoner) ;  retired ;  se- 
cluded; hidden;  private;  secret;  having 
the  habit  or  disposition  to  keep  secrets; 
secretive;  reticent;  confined  within  nar- 
row limits;  narrow;  without  motion  or 
ventilation;  difficult  to  breathe;  oppres- 
sive :  of  the  air  or  weather;  in  direct  con- 
tact or  nearly  so;  adjoining;  with  little  or 
no  intervening  distance  in  place  or  time; 
with  little  difference,  as  between  antago- 
nists or  rival  iiarties;  almost  evenly  bal- 
anced (cZose  contest);  having  the  parts  near 
each  other;  compact;  dense;  firmly  at- 
tached; intimate;  trusty;  confidential 
(close  friends) ;  firmly  fixed  on  a  given  ob- 
ject (close  attention);  keen  and  steady;  not 
deviating  from  a  model  or  original  (a,  close 
translation);  niggardly;  stingy;  penuri- 
ous.—to.  [Fr.  ctos,  an  inclosed  place.)  An 
inclosed  place;  any  place  surrounded  by  a 
fence;  specifically,  the  precinct  of  a  cathe- 
dral or  abbey;  a  narrow  passage  or  entry 
leading  off  a  street.— adu.  Tightly,  so  as  to 
leave  no  opening;  in  strict  confinement ; 
in  contact,  or  very  near  in  space  or  time. 
—Closely,  klos'li,  adv.  In  a  close  manner; 
so  as  to  be  close;  compactly;  nearly;  inti- 
mately;  intently;  rigidly;  narrowly;  strict- 
ly ;  with  strict  adherence  to  an  original. 
—Closeness,  klos'nes,  to.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  close,  in  the  various  senses  of 
the  word.— Close-fisted,  a.  Miserly;  nig- 
gardly; penurious.— Cl0Be-hauled,a.  Naut. 
sailing  as  nearly  against  the  wind  as  pos- 
sible.— Close-stool,  to.  A  chamber  utensil; 
a  night-^tool. 


eh,  c/iain;     eft,  Sc.  loc/i;     g,  po;     j.j'ob;     n,  Fr.  tow;     ng,  sins';     fB,  then;  th,  thia;     w,  wig;     wh,  wnig;     zh,  a?ure 


CLOSET 


128 


CLYSTER 


Closet,  kloz'et,  n.  [O.Fr.  eh>aet,  dim.  of 
clo$,  an  inclosure.  Close,  n.]  A  small 
room  or  apartment  for  retirement;  any 
room  for  privacy;  a  small  side-room  or 
recess  for  storing  utensils,  furniture,  pro- 
visions, &c.—v.t.  To  put  in  or  admit  into 
a  closet,  as  for  concealment  or  for  private 
consultation:  usually  in  pp. 

Closure,  n.    Under  Close,  v.t. 

Clot,  klot,  n.  [Older  form  of  clodr  and  for- 
merly used  in  same  sense:  A.  Sax.  clot,  A 
mass;  D.  kloot,  a  ball  or  globe;  Sw.  klot,  a 
sphere,  klots,  a  block ;  ti.  kloss,  &  clod,  a 
lump,  klotz,  a  block;  akin  cloud.]  A  co- 
agulated mass  of  soft  or  fluid  matter,  as 
of  blood,  cream,  iic.—v.i.— clotted,  cloUing. 
To  coagulate,  as  soft  or-fluid  matter,  into 
a  thick,  inspissated  mass.  —  v.t.  To  cause 
to  coagulate;  to  make  or  form  into  clots. 
— Clotty,  klot'i,  a.  FuU  of  clots ;  resem- 
bling a  clot;  coagulated. 

Cloth,  kloth,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cl(itk='D.  deed, 
Jcel.  kloethi.  Dun.  and  Sw.  kUede,  G.  kieid, 
cloth. J  A  fabric  of  wool  or  hair,  or  of  cot- 
ton, flax,  hemp,  or  other  vegetable  fila- 
ments, formed  by  weaving;  frequently,  a 
fabric  of  wool  in  contradistmction  to  that 
made  of  other  material;  a  piece  of  linen 
fur  covering  a  table  at  meals;  a  table-cloth; 
a  professional  dress,  specifically  that  of  a 
c!  ergym an:  hence,  with  the  definite  article 
or  other  denning  word,  the  office  of  aclergy- 
man;  the  members  of  the  clerical  profes- 
sion.—Clothe,  kloTH,  i;  t.— clothed  or  clad; 
clothing.  To  put  garments  on;  to  dress;  to 
furnish  or  supply  with  clothes  or  raiment; 
fig.  to  cover  or  spread  over  with  anj'thing; 
to  invest ;  to  put  on  or  over.  —  Clothes, 
kloTHZ,  n.  pi.  [A  plural  of  doth,  though 
it  cannot  now  be  said  to  have  a  singular.] 
Garments  for  the  human  body;  dress; 
vestments;  vesture;  the  covering  of  a  bed; 
bed-clothes.  —  Clothes-horse,  n.  A  frame 
to  hang  clothes  on. — Clothes-moth,  n.  A 
name  for  several  moths  whose  larvae  are . 
destructive  to  woollen  fabrics,  furs,  &c. — 
Cloth-hall, n.  A  hall  at  the  great  woollen- 
cloth  marts,  where  producers  and  buyers 
meet  periodically.— Clothier,  kloTu'i-er,  n. 
A  seller  of  cloth  or  of  clothes.— Clothing, 
klcTH'ing,  n.  Garments  in  general;  clothes. 
—Cloth-worker,  n.  A  maker  of  cloth. — 
Cloth-yard,  n.  A  measure  for  cloth  which 
differed  somewhat  in  length  from  the 
modem  ys.rd.— Cloth-yard  shaft,  an  arrow 
a  cloth-yard  long. 

Clotpoll,  klot'pol,  n.    Same  as  Clodpoll. 

Cloud,  kloud,  n.  [Originally  a  mass  or 
rounded  mass  in  general;  A.  Sax.  elitd,  a 
rock,  a  hillock,  the  root  being  that  seen 
in  clod;  so  in  O.  D.  klot,  a  clod,  and  klote, 
a  cloud.]  A  collection  of  visible  vapour  or 
watery  particles  suspended  in  the  atmo- 
sphere at  some  altitiide,  the  p;-incipal 
forms  being  desigtiated  as  the  cirrus,  the 
cumulus,  and  the  stratus  (see  these  words); 
something  resembling  a  cloud,  as  a  body 
of  smoke  or  flying  dust;  a  dark  area  of 
colour  in  a  lighter  material ;  that  which 
obscures,  darkens,  sullies,  threatens,  or 
the  like;  a  multitude;  a  collection;  a  mass. 
— v.t.  To  overspread  with  a  cloud  or  clouds; 
hence,  to  obscure;  to  darken;  to  render 
gloomy  or  sullen;  to  darken  in  spots;  to 
■\  ariegate  with  colours.  —  v.i.  To  grow 
cloudy;  to  become  obscured  with  clouds. 
—Cloudberry,  kloud'be-ri,  a.  A  plant  of 
the  bramble  family,  with  large  and  white 
liowers  and  orange-red  berries  of  anagree- 
alile  taste. — Cloudy,  kloud'i,  a.  Overcast 
with  clouds;  obscured  with  clouds,  as  the 
sky;  consisting  of  a  cloud  or  clouds;  ob- 
scure; dark;  not  easily  understood  ;  hav- 
ing the  appearance  of  gloom;  indicating 
gloom,  anxiety,  suUenness,  or  ill-nature; 
not  op«i  or  cheerful ;  marked  with  spots 
or  areas  of  dark  or  various  hues. — Cloud- 
ily, kloud'i-li,  adv.  In  a  cloudy  manner; 
v.ith  clouds;  darkly;  obscurely. — Cloudi- 
ness, kloud'i-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
cloudy. — Cloudless,  kloud'les,  ■«.  Being 
without  a  cloud;  unclouded;  clear;  bright. 
— Cloudlessly,  kloud'les-li,  adv.  In  a  cloud- 
let'?- manner;  without  clouds. — Cloudlet, 
hloaaiet,n.  A  small  cloud.— Cloud-built, 
a.  Built  up  of  clouds;  fanciful;  imaginary; 
chimerical.  —  Cloud-capped,  Cloud-capt, 
a.     Capped  with  clouds;   touching   the 


cloudsj  lofty.  [iSTtaJt.]—  Cloud-kissing,  o. 
Touching  the  clouds;  lofty.    IShak.] 

Clough,  kluf,  71.  [A.  Sax.  cled/a,  a  cleft, 
ravine,  from  cJed/on,  to  cleave;  comp.  Icel. 
klofi,  a  clough,  kljil/a;  to  cleave';  J),  kloof, 
a  raiane.]  A  cleft,  ravine^or  valley  in  a 
hillside;  a  kind  of  sluice  for  letting  off 
water  gently,  employed  in  flooding  fields. 

Clout,  klout,  n.  [A.  Sax.  eliii,  a  clout,  a 
patch;  Dan.  klud,  Sw.Ariut,  aclout;  alsoW. 
clwt,  Ir.  and  Gael,  clud,  a  clout,]  A  patch 
or  rag;  a  piece  of  cloth  or  the  like  used  to 
mend  something;  any  piece  of  cloth,  es- 
pecially a  worthless  piece;  archery,  the 
mark  fixed  in  t^B  centre  of  a  target.— 
v.t.  To  mend  by  sewing  on  a  clout  or  patch; 
to  cover  with  a  clout  or  piece  of  cloth;  to 
join  clumsily. 

Clout,  Clout-nail,  klout,  klout'nal,  n.  [Fr. 
clouet,  a  dim.  of  clou,  a  nail.]  A  short, 
large-headed  nail  worn  in  the  soles  of 
shoes;  also,  a  nail  fcr  securing  small 
patches  of  iron,  as  on  axle-tree8,&c.— v.t.  To 
stud  or  fasten  with  nails. 

Clove,  klov,  pret.  of  cleave. 

Clove,  klov,  n.  [Sp.  clavo,  a  clove,  a  nail, 
from  L.  clavua,  a  nail,  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  nail  in  shape.]  The  dried  flower- 
bud  of  an  evergreen  tree  of  the  myrtle 
tribe,  a  native  of  the  Molucca  Islands, 
such  buds  forming  a  very  pungent  aroma- 
tic spice;  the  tree  yielding  cloves.- Clove- 
bark,  n.  An  aromatic  pungent  bark,  the 
product  of  a  kind  of  cinnamon,  used  in 
medicine.— Clove-gillyflower,  Clove-pink, 
n.  Names  popularly  given  to  the  clove- 
scented,  double-flo^rered,  whole-coloured 
varieties  of  the  pink  family  of  flowers. 

Clove,  klov,  n.  [A.  Sax.  chife,  a  bulb.]  One 
of  the  small  bulbs  formed  in  the  axils  of 
the  scales  of  a  mother  bulb,  as  in  garlic; 
a  denomination  of  weight;  one  of  the  divi- 
sions of  a  wey  of  cheese,  &c.,  being  about 
8  lbs. 

Cloven,  klov'n,  pp.  of  cleave.  Divided; 
parted. — Cloven-footed,  Cloven-hoofed,  a. 
Having  the  hoof  divided  into  two  parts, 
as  the  ox;  bisuloate. 

Clover,  klo'vSr,  n.  [A.  Sax.  clcefre=^'D. 
klaver,  L.G.  klever,  Dan.  klOver,  Sw.  klof- 
ver,  perhaps  from,  root  of  cleave,  from  its 
trifid  leaves.]  A  herbaceous  leguminous 
plant  of  numerous  species  bearing  three- 
lobed  leaves  and  roundish  heads  or  oblong 
spikes  of  small  flowers,  several  species 
being  widely  cultivated  for  fodder.— To  be 
or  to  live  in  clover,  to  be  in  most  enjoyable 
circumstances;  to  live  luxuriously  or  in 
abundance.— Clovered ,  klo'v^rd,  a.  Cover- 
ed with  clover. — Clover-grass,  n.    Clover. 

Clown,  kloun,  n.  [Icel.  klunni,  a  .clumsy, 
boorish  fellow;  Fris.  klonne,  a  bumpkin; 
allied  to  Sw.  klunn,  a  block.]  An  awk- 
ward country-fellow;  a  peasant;  a  rustic; 
a  man  of  coarse  manners;  a  person  without 
refinement;  a  boor;  a  lout;  a  churl;  a  jester, 
merryman,  or  buffoon,  as  in  a  theatre, 
circus,  or  other  place  of  entertainment. — 
v.i.  To  act  as  a  clown;  to  play  the  clo^vn. — 
Clownish,  kloun'ish,  o.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  clowns  or  rustics;  rude;  coarse;  awk- 
ward; ungainl.v;  abounding  in  clowns. — 
Clownishly,  kloun'ish-li,  adv.  I  n  a  clown- 
ish manner. —  Clownishness,  kloun'ish- 
nes,  n.    Boorishness;  rusticity. 

Cloy,  kloi,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  cloyer,  to  stop  up, 
equivalent  to  clover,  doer,  originally  to 
fasten  with  a  nail,  O.Fr.  do,  Fr.  clou,  from 
L.  davus,  a  nail.]  To  gratify  to  excess  so 
as  to  cause  loathing;  to  surfeit,  satiate,  or 
glut. — Cloyless,  kloi'les,  o'.  Not  causing 
satiety.    [Shak.] 

Club,  klub,  n.  [A  Scandinavian  word; 
Icel.  kluboa,  klumha,  Sw.  klubba,  Dan. 
klub,  a  club.]  A  stick  or  piece  of  wood, 
with  one  end  thicker  and  heavier  than 
the  other,  suitable  for  being  wielded  with 
the  hand;  a  thick  heavy  stick  used  as  a 
weapon ;  a  cudgel ;  a  staff  with  a  crooked 
and  heavy  head  for  driving  the  ball  in  the 
game  of  golf,  Ac;  a  card  of  the  suit  that 
18  marked  with  trefoils;  pi.  the  suit  so 
marked;  a  select  number  of  pei-sons  in  the 
habit  of  meeting  for  the  promotion  of 
some  common  object,  as  social  intercourse,  • 
literature,  science,  politic^  a  club-house. 
— v.i. — clubbed,  clubhlng.  To  form  a  club 
or  combination  for  a  common  purpose;  to 


combine  to  raise  a,  sum  of  sconey:  often 
with  for  before  the  object :  to  caiSbina 
generallj'.— 1;.<.  To  Beat  witn  a  club;  to 
convert  into  a  club;  to  use  as  a  eluVby 
brandishing  with  the  small  end;  to  aiSd 
together,  each  contributing  a  certain 
sum.  —  Clubbable,  klub'a-bl,  o.  Having 
the  qualities  that  m^e  a  man  fit  to  be 
a  member  of  a  club;  social.  —  Clvbbist, 
klub'ist,  n.  One  who  belongs  to  a  party, 
club,  or  association ;  one'f ond  of  clubs.— 
Club-foot,  n.  A  short,  distorted  foot, 
generally  of  congenital  origin.— Club-foot- 
ed, a.  Having  a  club-foot  -or  c)ub-feet. — 
Club-house,'  n.  A  house  occupied  by  a 
club  or  in  which  a  club  assembles.— Club- 
law,  n.  Government  by  clubs  or  violence; 
anarchy. —  Club -moss,  n.  A  moss-like 
.plant;  a lycopod. 

Cluck,  kluk,  v.i.  fA.  Sax.  cloccian^'D. 
klokken,  Dan.  klukke,  an  imitative  word 
like  clack,  dick,  &c.]  To  utter  the  call  or 
cry  of  a  brooding  hen.— re.  A  sound  utter- 
ed by  a  hen;  a  similar  sound,  or  click, 
characteristic  of  the  languages  of  South 
Africa,  especially  the  Kaffir  and  Hotten- 
tot. 

Clue,  Clew,  kla,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cHiee,  cliwen, 
a  ball  of  thread=D.  klutven,  a  chie;  akin 
to  L.  globus,  glomus,  a  mass.]  A  ball  of 
thread;  the  thread  that  forms  a  ball;  fig. 
anything  that  guides  or  directs  one  in  aa 
intricate  case  (there  being  sundry  stories 
of  persons  being  gui(Jed  in  intricate  mazes 
or  labyrinths  byaclueof  thread);  naut.  the 
lower  comer  of  a  square  sail. — Clue-line, 
n.  JVaut.  a  rope  for  hauling  up  the  louver 
comer  of  a  square  sail. 
Clump,klump, n.  [Same as  D. klomp, Dan. 
Sw.  and  G.  khanp,  a  lump,  a  clod ;  >rom 
same  root  as  clumsy,  club,  &c.]  A  shape- 
less mass;  a  lump;  a  cluster  of  trees  or 
shrubs.- Clumpy,  klump'i,  o.  Consistiiug 
of  clumps;  shapeless. 

Clumsy,  klum'zi,  a.  [From  old  clumsen, 
clmnscn,  to  benumb  or  stupefy;  allied  to 
Sw.  klummsen,  benumbed,.  Icel.  klumfa, 
lockiaw,  D.  kleumcn,  to  be  benumbed;  the 
root  being  same  as  in  clump,  &c.]  Awk- 
ward; ungainlj'j  without  readiness,  dex- 
terity, or  grace;  ill-made;  badly  construct- 
ed ;  awkwardly  done ;  unskilfully  per- 
formed.—Clumsily,  klum'zi-li,  adv.  In  a 
clumsy  manner. — Clumsiness,  klum'zi-nes, 
SI.  The  quality  of  being  clumsy. 
Climg,  klung,  pret.  &  pp.  of  cling. 
Cluniac,  klo'ni-ak,  n.  One  of  a  reformed 
order  of  Benedictine  monks,  so  called  from 
Cluny  in  France. 

Cluster,  klus'tfer,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cluster;  same 
root  as  Sw.  and  Da«i.  kla^e,  Icel.  klasi,  a 
cluster.]  A  number  of  things,  as  fruits, 
growing  naturally  together;  a  bunch;  a 
number  of  iudividuals  of  any  kind  collect- 
ed or  gathered  intoa  body;  an  assemblage; 
a  group;  a  swarmj  a  crowd.— i».i.  To  grow 
or  be  assembled  m  clusters  or  groups. — 
v.t.  To  collect  into  a  cluster  or  group;  to 
produce  in  a  cluster  or  clusters. — Clustered 
column,  arch,  a  column  or  pier  which  ap- 
pears to  consist  of  several  columns  or 
shafts  clustered  together. 
Clutch,  klucb,  v.t.  [O.E.  ducche,  cloche, 
from  cloche,  a  claw,  a  softened  forrh  of 
older  cloke,  a  claw,  Sc.  cluik,  duke,  a  claw; 
allied  to  claw.]  To  seize,  clasp,  or  grip 
with  the  hand;  to  close  tightly;  to  clench. 
—  n.  A  griping  or  pinching  with  the  fingers; 
seizure;  grasp;  a  paw,  talon,  or  grasping 
merciless  hand ;  hence  such  phi-ases  a!s,  to 
fall  into  a  person's  clutches;  maeh.  a  con- 
trivance for  connecting  shafts  with  each 
other  or  with  wheels,  so  as  that  they  may 
be  disengaged  at  pleasure. 
Clutter,  klut'ter,  n.  [A  modification  of 
clatter.]  Confused  noise;  bustle;  confu- 
sion; litter.— if.<.  To  put  in  a  clutter;  to 
crowd  together  in  disorder. — v.i.  To  make 
a  bustle  or  disturbance. 
Clyi>eate,  Clypeiform,  klip'6-at,  klip'e-i- 
form,  a.  [L.  cly'peus,  a  shield.]  .Shaped 
like  a  round  buckler;  shield-shaped;  scut- 
ate. ' 

Clyster,  klis't^r,  n.  [Gr.  klyster,  from  klyzO, 
to  wash  or  cleanse]  A  liquid  substance 
injected  into  the  lower  intestines  to  purge 
or  cleanse  theJ3[i,or  to  relieve  from  costive- 
ness;  an  injection. 


Ii'atej,far,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  her;     pine^^;     not«iJjot,joi>Yei     tnbe,tub,b\ill;     ojl,potind;_fl,Sc.  abwpe— the]Fr,«,' 


COACH 


129 


COCA 


Coach,  k<5ch,  n.  [Fr.  cocAe,  from  Hung. 
hoisi  (pron.  ko-cni),  from  Kocs,  in  Hun- 
gary.] A  vehicle  drawn  by  horses,  and 
designed  for  the  conveyance  of  passengers; 
more  particularly  a  four-wheeled  close 
vehicle  of  considerable  size;  a  private  tu- 
tor, generally  one  employed  to  cram  a 
person  for  an  ezannination  (slang).— w.i. 
To  carry  in  a  coach ;  to  prepare  for  anex- 
amination  by  private  instruction  (slang). 
—v.i.  To  ride" or  travel  in  a  coach. — Coach- 
box, n.  The  seat  on  which  the  driver  of 
a  coaoh  sits.— Coach-dog,  n.  A  dog  of 
Dalmatian  breed,  generally  white  spotted 
vilh  black,  kept  to  accompany  carriages. 
— Coachman, koch'man.n.  Thepersonwho 
drives  a  coach.  —  Coachiaanship,  kOch'- 
man-ship,  n.  .Skill  in  driving  coaches.— 
C'oach-mastOT,  n.  One  who  owns  or  lets 
carriages.  —  Ccach-oS.ce,  n.  A  booking- 
olUce  lor  stage-coach  passengers  and  par- 
cels. —  Coacn-stand,  n.  A  place  where 
coaches  stand  for  hire. 
C oact,  ko-akt',  v.i.  [Prefix  eo,  andoctj  To 
R.ct  together.— Coactive,ko-ak'tiv,  a.  Act- 
ing in  concurrence;  also  forcing  or  com- 
pellins;'compul8ory  (in  this  sense  from  L. 
ccgo,  coactum,  to  compel).  —  Coactivel^v 
ko-ak'tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  coactive  manner. 
CoatUutor,  ko-ad-ja't6r,  n.  '[L.  coadjutor^— 
prefii  CO,  ads  to,  a,nd  juvo,  jutum,  to  help.] 
Ond  who  aids  another;  an  assistant;  a  fel- 
low-helper; an  associate;  a  fellow-worker; 
a  colleague;  the  assistant  of  a  bishop  or 
other  prelate. -Coadjutorshlp,ko-adjat'er- 
>;hip,  it.  The  state  of  being  a  coadjutor; 
assistance. — Coadjutress,  Coadjutrix,  ko- 
ad-jft'tres,  ko-ad-ja'triks,  n.  A  female 
aBsistant  or  fellow-holpcr. 
Cor-dunatG,  ko-ad'a-nat,  a.  [L.  coadtmatuB 
—prefix  CO,  ad,  to,  urnis,  one.]  United  or 
jomed  together:  especially  used  in  bot.  and 
cpplied  to  leaves  united  at  the  base. 
Coagulate,  ko-ag'a-lat,  v.t-^oagulated,  co- 
agulating. [L.  coagulo,  coagulatum,  from 
coagulum,  rennet — con,  together,  and  ago, 
to  bring,  drive,  &c.]  To  ch.Tnge  from  a 
fluid  into  a  curd-like  or  inspissated  solid 
mass;  to  curdle,  congeal,-  or  clot.— w.i.  To 
curdle  or  congeal.— Coagtilabllity,  ko-ag*- 
a-la-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  capacity  of  being  co- 
agulated. —  Coagulable,  ko-ag'Q-la-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  becoming  coagulated.— Coagu- 
lant, k5-ag'a-Jant,  n.  That  which  produces 
coagulation.—  Coagulation,  ko-ag'Q-la"- 
shon,  n.  'The  act  of  coagulating  or  clot- 
tings the  state  of  being  coagulated;  the 
substance  formed  by  coagulation. — Coaga- 
latlve,  Coagulatory,  k5-ag'tl-la-tiv,  ko- 
ag '  u-la-to-ri,  a.  Causing  coagulation. — 
Coagulator,  ko-ag'Q-ia-tfer,  n.  That  which 
causes  coagulation.  — 'Coagulum,  ko^ag'Q- 
lum,  n.  A  coagulated  mass,  as  curd,  &c.; 
med.  a  blood-clot. 

Coalta,  ko-I'ta,  n.  P!^ative  name.]  A  South 
American  monkey,  about  18  inches  in 
length. 

Coal,  kol,  ».  [A.  Sax.  cdZ=D.  koot,  Dan. 
ktd,  Icel.  and  Sw.  kol,  G.  kohle.]  A  piece 
of  wood  or  other  combustible  substance 
burning  or  charred;  charcoal;  a  cinder; 
now.usually,  a  solid  black  substance  found 
in  the  earth,  largely  employed  as  fuel,  and 
formed  from  vast  masses  of  vegetable 
matter  deposited  through  the  luxurious 
growth  of  plants  in  former  epochs  of  the 
earth's  history.— w.t.  To  supply  with  coal, 
as  a  steam-vessel  or  locomotive  engine. — 
v.i.  To  take  in  coals.— To  haul  {take,  &c.) 
over  the  coals,  to  call  to  a  strict  or  severe 
account;  to  •reprimand.— To  carrj/  coals  to 
Newcastle,  to  take  things  where  there  are 
already  plenty;  to  perform  unnecessary 
labour.— Coaly,  ko'li,  o.  Pertaining  to, 
resembling,  or  containing  coal.— Coal-bed, 
n.  A  formation  in  which  there  are  one  or 
more  strata  of  ooals;  the  stratum  or  strata 
of  coal  themselves.— Coal-black,  a.  Black 
as  a  coal;  very  black.— Coal-brass,  n.  The 
iron  pyrites  found  in  the  coal-measures, 
and  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  cop- 
peras, and  in  alkali  works  for  the  sulphur 
it  contains.  —  Coal-field;  Ji.  An  ejrtcnsive 
deposit  or  bed  of  coal:  a  district  where 
coal  abounds.— Coal-fish.  n.  A  species  of 
cod,  growing  to  the  length  of  2  feet  or 
more,  found  on  the  northern  coasts  of  Bri- 
tain, and  so  named  from  the  colour  of  its 


back.  —  Coal-gfts,  n.    A  variety  of  caibu- 

retted  hvdrogen  which  produces  the  ordin- 
ary jraa-lifl't.  Oas.— Coal-heaver,  n.  One 
who  is  employed  in  carrying  coal,  and 
especially  in  discharging  it  from  coal- 
ships.— Coal-master,n.  The  owner  or  lessee 
of  a  coal-field  who  works  it  and  disposes  of 
its  produce.— Coal-measures,  n.  pi.  Geol. 
the  upper  division  of  the  carboniferous 
system,  consisting  of  alternate  layers  of 
sandstone  with  thinly  laminated  beds  of 
clay,  between  which  the  coal-seams  occur. 
— Coal-metcr,  n.  One  appointed  to  super- 
intend the  measuring  of  coals.— Coal-mine, 
re.  A  mine  or  pit  in  which  coal  is  dug.— 
Coal-pit,  .re.  A  pit  where  coal  is  dug.— 
Coal-plant,  n.  Any  of  the  plants  which 
are  found  fossil  in  the  coal-measures.  — 
Coal-tar,  n.  A  thick,  black,  viscid,  opaque 
liquid  which  condenses  in  the  pipes  when 
gas  is  distilled  from  coal. — Coal-tit,  n.  One 
of  the  titmice:  so  called  from  its  glossy 
black  head  and  neck.  —  Cual-trimmer,  n. 
One  who  ia  employed  to  stow  and  trim  the 
fuel  for  the  fires  of  the  boilers  of  marine 
steam-engines. — Coal-whipper,n.  One  who 
raises  cosu  fromthe  hold  of  a  ship. 
Coalesce,  'Wo-aAe.hUv.t.— coalesced,  coalescing. 
[L.  coaZesco— prefix  co,  and  aXesco;  to  grow 
up,  from  alo,  to  nourish.]  To  unite  by 
growth  into  one  body;  to  grow  together 
physically;  to  combine  or  be  collected  into 
one  body  or  mass ;  to  join  Or  unite  into 
one  body,  party,  society,  or  the  Uke.— Coa- 
lescence, ko-a-lf3'ens,n.  Theact  of  coalesc- 
.  ing  or  uniting;  the  state  of  being  united 
or  combined.— Coaloscent,  Jio-a-les'6nt,a. 
Growing  together ;  uniting.  —  Coalition, 
ko-a-U'snon,  n.  Union  in  a  body  or  mass; 
voluntary  union  of  individtial  persons, 
parties,  or  states  for  a  common  object  or 
cause.  —  Coalitionist,  ko-a-li'shon-ist,  n. 
One  who  favours  or  joins  a  coalition. . 
Coaming,  kOm'ing,  n.  [For  combing,  from 
cowi6.]  Naut.  a  raised  border  or  edge  round 
the  hatches  to  keep  out  water. 
Coarse,  kors,  <t.  [Tho  same  word  as  course, 
a  thing  of  course,  or  in  course,  being  what 
is  natural,  ordinary,  common.]  Of  ordin- 
ary or  inferior  quality;  wanting  in  fineness 
of  texture  or  structure,  or  in  elegance  of 
form;  rude;  rough;  unrefined;  gross;  in- 
delicate ( coarse  language ).  —  Coai-sely, 
kSrslij  adv.  In  a  coarse  manner;  rudely; 
uncivilly;  without  art  or  polish;  grossly. 
— Coar3en,t  kor'sn,  v.t.  To  render  coarse 
or  wanting  in  refinement;  to  make  vulgar. 
— Coarseness,  kOrs'nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality,  of  being  coarse. — Coarse-grained, 
o.  Consisting  of  large  particles  or  consti- 
tuent elements;  wanting  in  refinement  or 
delicacy;  vulgar. 

Coast,  kcst,  n.  [O.Fr.  eoste,  Fr.  cOfe,  rib, 
hill,  shore,  coast,  from  L.  cosia,  a  rib,  side.] 
The  exterior  line,  limit,  or  border  of  a 
country  (O.T.);  the  edge  or  margin  of  the 
land  next  to  the  sea;  the  sea-shore.— rA« 
coast  ia  clear,  a  phrase  eqvfivalent  to 
danger  is  over;^the  enemies  have  gone.— 
v.i.  To  sail  near  a  ccast;  to  sail  by  or  near 
the  shore,  or  in  sight  of  land ;  to  sail  or 
trade  from  port  to  port  in  the  same  coun- 
try.—o.<.  To  sail  by  or  near  to.— Coaster, 
kos'tfer,  n.  A  vessel  that  is  employed  in 
sailing  along  a  coast,  or  in  trading  from 
port  to  port  in  the  same  country.— Coast- 
wards,  kost'w6rdz,  adv.  Toward  the  coast.- 
— Coastvrays,  Coastwise,  kost'waz,  kost'- 
wis,  adv.  By  way  of  or  along  the  coast.-r- 
Coaet-guard,  n.  A  body  of  men  in  Britain 
originally  designed  to  prevent  smuggling 
merely,  but  novr  also  available  as  a  de- 
fensive force.— Coast-line,  n.  The  outline 
of  a  shore  or  coast. 

Coat,  kot,  n.  [O.Fr.  cote,  Fr.  cotte,  a  coat, 
from  L.L.  eota,  a  coat,  from  O.G.  cotte,  a 
coarse  mantle,  G.  kutte,  a  cowl:  allied  to 
cot]  An  upper  garment,  in  modem  times 
generally  appUcd  to  the  outei:  garment 
worn  by  men  on'  the  upper  part  of  the 
body;  an  external  covering;  a  layer  of  one 
subotance  covering  another;  a  coating. — 
Coat  of  arms,  a  representation  of  the  armo- 
rial insignia  which  used  to  be  depicted  on 
a  coat  worn  by  knights  over  their  armoiir; 
an  escutcheon  or  shield  of  arms.- Coa«  of 
mail,  armour  worn  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
body,  and  consisting  jof  a  net- work  of  iron 


or  steel  rings,  or  of  small  plates,  usually 
of  tempered  iron,  laid  over  each  other  like 
the  scales  of  a  fish,  and  fastened  to  a 
strong  linen  or  leather  jacket. —  t».t  To 
cover  with  a  coat;  to  spread  over  with  a 
coating  or  layer  of  any  substance.— ooat- 
armour,  n.  A  ooat  of  arms;  armorial  en- 
signs.—Coat-card,  n.  A  card  bearing  a 
coated  figure,  as  the  king,  <iueon,  or  knave: 
now  corrupted  into  Courtyard.  —  Ccatce, 
ko-te',  n.  A  ciose-fittiug  coat  v/ith  short 
tails.— Coating,  kot'ing,  n.  Any  substance 
spread  over  for  cover  or  protection:  a  thin 
external  layer,  as  of  paint  or  varnisb :  cloth 
for  coats.  —  Coat-link,  n.  A  pair  of  but- 
tons held  together  by  a  Unk,  or  a  loop  and 
button  used  for  fastening  a  coat  over  the 
breast.     • 

Coati,  kO'a-ti,  n.  [A  native  name.]  A  plan- 
tigraide  carnivorous  mammal,  belongiug 
to  the  bear  family,  but  recalling  in  ap- 
pearance the.civets. 

Coax,  koks,  v.t.  [From  O.E.  eokgs,  a  fool ; 
to  coax  one  being  thus  to  make  a  cokes,  or 
fool,  of  him.]  To  soothOj  appease,  or  p.^r- 
suade  by  flattery  and  fonaling;  to  v.heeuiu; 
to  cajole.— Coaxer,  kok'g^r,  to.  One  wh.> 
coaxes;  a  wheedler.— Coaxlngly,  ksk'sing- 
li,  ads).    In  a  coaxing  manner. 

Co-AxLsi,  ko-ak'si-al,  a.  Having  a  common 

Cob,  kob,  n.  [Probably,  in  some  of  the 
meanings,  from  AV.  coh,  a  top,  a  tuft.]  A 
roundish  lump  of  anything;  thereceptacla 
on  which  the  grains  of  maize  grow  in  r^  ws; 
a  short-legged  stout  horse  or  pony;  clay 
mixed  with  stfav/.— Cob-cool,  n.  A  largo 
round  piece  of  coal.— Cob-loaf,  n.  A  loaf 
that  is  irregular,  uneven,  or  crusty.— Cob- 
stone,  n.    CoBBU. 

Cobalt,  kS'b^U,  n.  [G.  kohalt,  kdboU,  the 
same  word  as  kobold,  a  goblin,  the  demon 
of  the  mines.]  A  mineral  of  a  rieddish-gray 
or  grayish-white  colour  (specific  gravity 
8'5),  very  brittle,  never  found  in  a  pure 
state,  but  usually  as  an  oxide,  or  com- 
bined with  arsenic  or  its  apid,  with  siil- 
phur,|iron,  <fec;— Cobaltic,  ko-b{^l'tik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  cobalt,  or  consisting  of  it ; 
resembling  cobalt  or  containing  it.  —  Co- 
balt-blue, n.  A  compound  of  alumina  and 
oxide  of  cobalt,  forming  a  beautiful  pig- 
ment. —  Cobalt -green,  n.  A  permanent 
gi-een  pigment. 

Cobble^,  kob'l,  n.  [From  cob,  a  lump.]  A 
roundish  stone;  a  stone  rounded  by  the 
attrition  of  water;  a  boulder;  a  cobstone. 

Cobble,  kob'l,v.t.— cobbled,  cobbling.  [O.Fr. 
eobler,  to  join  or  knit  together,  from  L. 
copulare,  to  couple.]  To  make  or  mend 
coarsely  (shoes) ;  to  botch;  to  make  or  do 
clumsily  or  unhandily. — v.i.  To  work  as  a 
cobbler;  to  do  work  badly.— Cobbler,  kob'- 
I6r,  n.  One  who  cobbles;  a  mender  of 
boots  and  shoes ;  a  clumsy  workman ;  a 
cooling  beverage,  composedof  wine,  sugar, 
lemon,  and  finely  poimded  ice. 

Co-belUgerent,  k5-bel-Lij'6r-ent,  a.  Carry- 
ing on  war  in  conjunction  with  another 
power.  —  n.  One  that  carries  on  war  iu 
connection  with  another. 

Coble,  Cobble,  kobl,  TO.  [W.ceM6oZ,acoble.] 
A  flattish-bottomed  boat,  cUncher-built, 
with  a  square  stem.  - 

Cobra,  Cobra-de-Capello,  kob'ra,  tob'ra-de- 
ka-pello,  TO.  [Pg.,  snake  of  the  hood.]  The 
hooded  or  spectacle  snake,  a  reptile  of  the 
most  venomous  nature,  foimd  in  different 
hot  countries  of  the  old  continent,  espe- 
cially in  India. 

Oobres,  kob'rez,  to.  [Sp.J  A  superior  kind 
of  indigo,  prepared  in  South  America. 

Coborg,  Cobourg,  koTjOrg,  to.  [From  Co- 
burg  in  Germany.]  A  thin  fabric  of  wor- 
sted and  cotton,  or  worsted  and  silk, 
twilled  on  one  side. 

Cobweb,  kob'web,  re.  [O.B.,  also  copvieb, 
A.  Sax.  coppe.a.  spider,  seen  in  attor-coppe, 
a  spider.]  The  net -work  spun  by  a  spider 
to  catch  its  prey ;  something  to  entangle 
the  weak  or  unwary;  something  flimsy 
and  worthless;  old  musty  rubbish.— Cob- 
webbed,  Cobwebby,  kob'webd,  kob'web-i, 
a.  Covered  with  cobwebs;  bot.  covered  with 
a  thick  interwoven  pubescence.  ,  .   ,' 

Coca,  kolia,  «'  [Native  name.]  The  oned 
leaf  of  a  South  American  plant  which  is 

chewed  by  the  inhabitants  of  countries  on 


ch.  cftaln;     eh,  Sc.  locft;     g,  ^o;     J, job;     n,  Fr,  ton;     ng,  si/tfj     iH,  then;  ih,  thlu;     w,  trig; 


wh,  whig, 
9 


sh,  a«urs 


COCCIFEROUS 


130 


COEFFICIENT 


the  Pacific  side  of  South  America,  and  is 
said  to  give  them  great  power  of  endur- 
ing fatigue;  also  the  plant  itself. 

Cocciferous,  kok-gif'er-us,  o.  [L.  coccum,  a" 
ber^,  and  /ero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  or  pro- 
ducftg  berries. 

CoccoUte,  kok'ko-lit,  n.  [Qr.  kokkot,  a 
berr.v,  and  lithos,  a  stone.]  A  variety  of 
augite  or  pyroxene. 

Cocculus,  kok'ka-lus,  n.  [Dim.  of  L.  coccus, 
Gr.  kokkos,  a  berry.]  A  genus  of  Eastern 
plants.— Coccufus  Indicus  (in'di-kus),  the 
Deny-like  fruit  of  an  East  Indian  climb- 
ing shrub,  sometimes  emploj-edin  medi- 
cine as  a  narcotic,  and  sometimes  added 
to  malt  liquors  to  give  Bitterness  and  in- 
crease their  stupefying  qualities. 

Coccyx,  kok'siks,  n.  [Gr.  kokkyx.]  An  as- 
semolage  of  small  bones  attached  to  the 
lower  extremity  of  the  backbone;  the 
rump.  —  Coccygeal,  kok-sij'e-al,  a.  Of  or 
belonging  to  the  coccyx. 

Cochin-CIuna,  koch'in-chi-na,  n.  and  a.  A 
term  applied  to  a  large  variety  of  the. 
domestic  fowl,  which  was  imported  from 
Cochin-China.- 

Cochineal,  koch'i-nel,  n.  [Pr.  c<Jeft«mH«, 
from  Sp.  cochinilla,  a  wood-louse,  cochi- 
neal, dim.  of  cochiiia,  a  sow.]  A  dye-stuff 
consisting  of  the  dried  bodies  of  a  species 
of  insect,  a'native  of  the  warmer  climates 
of  America,  found  on  the  cochineal -fig 
tree.  —  Cochlneal-fig,  n.  A  tree-like  cac- 
taceous plant,  a  native  of  Americaj  culti- 
vated for  the  sake  of  the  cochineal  insect. 

Cochlea,  kok'ls-a,  n.  [L.,  a  snail  or  snail's 
shell.]  A  bony  structure  in  the  internal 
ear,  so  called  from  resembling  a  snail- 
shell. — Cochlean,  kok'le-an,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  cochlea.— Cochlearlform,  kok-le-a'- 
ri-form,  a.  [L.  cochlear,  a  spoon  for  eating 
snails.]  Shaped  like  a  spoon. — Cochleary, 
kok'l6-a-ri,  a.     Cochleate. —  Cochleate, 

Cochleated,  kok'le-at,  kok'le-at-ed,a.  Hav- 
ing a  form  like  the  spiral  of  a  snail-shell; 
spiral.    Also  Cochleous,  kok'le-us. 

Cock,  kok,  n.  [A.  Sax.  coc,  eoce:  comp. 
O.Fr.  coc,  Fr.  cog,  a  cook;  probably  like 
cuckoo,  a  word  of  onomatopoetic  origin.] 
The  male  of  birds,  particularlj'  of  the  gal- 
linaceous, domestic  or  bam-door  fowls: 
often  used  adjectively  and  occasionally  to 
signify  the  male  of  certain  animals  other 
than  birds  (a  cock  lobster) ;  a  kind  of  fau- 
cet or  turn-valve,  for  permitting  or  arrest- 
ing the  flow  of  fluids  through  a  pipe;  a 
prominent  portion  of  the  lock  of  a  firearm, 
the  hammerj  the  act  of  cocking  or  setting 
up,  or  the  effect  or  form, produced  by  such 
an  act  (a  cock  of  the  head,  nose,  <tc.). — 
Cock  of  the  wood,  the  capercailzie.  —  v.t. 
[Probably  from  the  strutting  of  the  ani- 
mal.] To  set  «rect  (the  ears);  to  turn  up 
with  an  air  of  pertness ;  to  set  or  draw 
back  the  cock  in  order  to  fire  (to  cock  a 
gunj.— u.t.  To  hold  up  the  head:  to  look 
big,  pert,  or  menacing. — Cockerel,  kok'fer- 
el,  n.  A  young  cock.— Cock-a-hoop,  kok'- 
a-hup,  a.  [Fr.  coq  d  huppe,  lit.  cock  with 
crest.]  Strutting  like  a  cock;  triumphant. 
— Cock-and-bnll,  a.  [Prom  some  old  tale 
about  a  cock  and  a  bull ;  comp.  Fr.  coq-d- 
Vdne  fcock-and-ass),  a  cock-and-bull  story.] 
A  term  applied  to  idle  or  silly  fictions, 
stories  having  no  foundation,  canards. 
[Colloq.]  —  Cock-crow,  Cock-crowing,  n. 
The  time  at  which  cocks  crow;  early  mor- 
)iing. —  Cock-eye,  n.  A  squinting  eye. — 
'Jock-eyed,  a.  Having  a  squinting  eye.— ^ 
Cock-fight,  Cock-fighting,  n.  A  fight  be- 
tween game-cocks;  the  practice  of  fighting 
Kame-cocks.  —  Cock-horse,  n.  A  child's 
rocking-horse:  now  commonly  used  in  the 
adverbial  phrase,  a<ock-horse,  on  horse- 
back; in  an  elevated  position;  on  the  high 
borse.- Cock-loft,  n.  [Lit.  a  loft  for  cocks 
to  roost  in.]  A  small  loft  in  the  top  of  a 
house;  a  small  garret  immediately  under 
the  roof.— Cockpit,  n.  A  pit  or  area  where 
game-cocks  fight;  an  apartment  under  the 
lower  gun-deck  of  a  ship  of  war. — Cocks- 
comb, koks'kom,  n.  The  caruncle  or  comb 
of  a  cock;  an  annual  branching  plant 
liearing  loose  spikesof  flowers;  a  coxcomb. 
Cock's-foot,  Cock's-foot  Grass,  n.  A  per- 
ennial pasture  grass  of  a  coarse,  harsh, 
wiry  texture. 
Cock,  kok,  n.    [Dan.  kok,  a  heap,  a  pile; 


Icel.  kokkr,  a  lump.]  A  small  conical  pile 
of  hay,  so  shaped  foi;  shedding  rain. — v.t. 
To  put  into  cocks  or-pUes. 

Cock,  kok,  n.  [O.Fr.  cogiw,  a  kind  of  boat; 
Sp.  coca.  It.  cocca,  from  L.  concha,  a  kind 
of  shell,  a  vessel.]    A  small  boat.  [Shak.] 

Cock,  kok.  n.  [It.  cocca,  Fr.  cache,  a  notch.] 
The  notch  of  an  arrow  or  cross-bow. 

Cockade,  ko-kad',  n.  [Fr.  cocarde,  O.Fr. 
coquarde,  from  cog,  a  cock,  from  its  resem- 
blance to  the  com  D  of  the  cock.]  A  ribbon 
or  knot  of  ribbon  worn  in  the  hat;  a  rosette 
of  leather  worn  on  the  hat  by  gentlemen's 
servants. — Cockaded,  ko-ka'ded,  o.  Wear- 
ing a  cockade. 

Cockatoo,  kok-a-t»',  n.  [Malay  kakatHa, 
from  its  crj.]  A  name  common  to  numer- 
ous beautiful  birds  of  the  parrot  kind, 
chiefly  inhabiting  Australia  and  the  In- 
dian islands,  having  crests  composed  of  a 
tuft  of  elegant  feathers,  wliich  they  can 
raise  or  depress  at  pleasure. 

Cockatrice,  kok'a-tris,  n.  [O.Fr.  cocatrice, 
L.L.  cocatrix,  a  crocodile,  a  cockatrice,  a 
corrupted  form  of  L.  crocodilua,  crocodile. 
In  time  the  first  syllable  was  thought^ 
eock.'y  A  fabulou*  monster  said  to  be 
batched  by  a  serpent  from  a  cock's  egg, 
and  represented  as  possessing  characters 
belonging  to  both  animals;  a  Dasilisk. 

Cockchafer,  kok'cha-ffer,  n.  [Cock  is  pro- 
bably for  clock,  Prov.  E.  and  Sc.  for  a 
beetle.]  A  lamellicom  beetle,  the  larvae 
or  caterpillars  of  which  feed  on  the  roots 
of  com,  &c., and  theinsects  in  their  winged 
state  do  much  injury  to  trees. 

Cocker,  kok'6r,  v.t.  [Probably  from  W.cocru, 
to  fondle,  cocr^  a  coaxing.]  To  fondle;  to 
indulge;  to  treat  with  tenderness;  to 
pamper. 

Cocker,  kok'6r,  n.  A  dog  of  the  spaniel 
kind,  used  for  raising  woodcocks  (whence 
probably  the  name)  and  snipes  from  their 
naunts. 

Cocket,  kok'et,  n.  [Supposed  to  be  a  cor- 
ruption of  '  quo  quietvs'  two  words  which 
occurred  in  the  Latin  form  of  the  docu- 
ment.] A  document  delivered  by  the  cus- 
tom-house officers  to  merchants  as  a  war- 
rant that  their  merchandise  is  entered. 

Cockle,  kqkl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  coccel,  tares; 
comp.  Gael,  cogal,  Fr.  coqxdole,  cockle.]  A 
plant  that  grows  among  com,  thg  corn- 
cockle. 

Cockle,  kokl,  n.  [Dim.  from  Fr.  cogue,  a 
cockle,  a  8hell,f  rom  L.  concha,  Gr."  kongchs, 
a  mussel  or  cockle.]  A  heart-shaped  mol- 
lusc with  wrinkled  shells,  common  on  the 
sandy  shores  of  Britain,  and  much  used 
as  food.— Cockled,  kok'ld,  a.  Having  a 
shell.  [S/iaA.]— Cockle-hat,  n.  A  hat  bear- 
ing a  shell,  the  badge  of  a  pilgrim. 

Cockney,  kok'ni,  n.  [Usually  connected 
with  the  old  term  Cockaigixe,\a.ndi  of  abun- 
dance, perhaps  from  L.  coquo,  to  cook.]  A 
native  or  resident  of  London:  used  slight- 
ingly or  by  way  of  contempt. — a.  Related 
to  or  like  cockneys. — Cockneydom,  kok'ni- 
dum,  n.    Tlffe  region  or  home  ai  cockneys, 

•  a  contemptuous  or  humorous  name  for 
London  and  its  suburbs.  —  Cockneyfy, 
kok'ni-fi,  v.t.  To  make  like  a  cockney. — 
Cockneyish,  kok'ni-ish,  o..  Relating  to  or 
like  cockneys.  —  Cockneylsm,  kok'ni-izm, 
n.  The  condition,  qualities,  manner,  or 
dialect  of  the  cockneys ;  a  peculiarity  of 
the  dialect  of  the  Londoners. 

Cockroach,  kok'roch,  n.  [Sp.  cuearacKa,  a 
wood-louse,  a  cockroach.]  An  orthopter- 
ous  insect,  the  so-called  black-beetle,  very 
troublesome  in  houses,  where  they  often 
multiply  to  a  great  extent,  infesting 
kitchens  and  pantries. 

Cocksure,  kok'shOr,  a.  [Said  to  be  derived 
from  the  cocA;  of  a  musket,  as  being  much 
more  reliable  than  the  match  of  the  old 
matchlock.]  Perfectly  secure  (Shdk.)X\ 
confidently  certain.    [Colloq.] 

Cockswain,  kok'swan  or  kok'sn,  n.  [Cock,  a 
boat,  and  sioain.]  The  person  who  steers 
a  boat;  a  pei'son  on  board  of  a  ship  who 
has  the  care  of  a  boat  and  its  crew  under 
an  officer. 

Cocoa,  ko'ko,  n.  rPg.  coco,  from  coco,  a  bug- 
bear, a  distorted  mask,  from  the  monkey- 
like face  at  the  base  of  the  nut.]  A  palm 
to  be  found  in  most  tropical  regions  grow- 
ing on  coasts,  and  producing  the  cocoa-nut. 


—Cocoa-nut,  Coco-nut,  n.  The  nut  or  fruit 
of  the  cocoa  palm,  twelve  inches  long  and 
covered  with  a  fibrous  rind.— Cocoa-nut  oii, 
cocoa-oil,  an  orange-coloured  oil  obtained 
from  the  nuts  of  the  cocoa  palm.— Cocoa- 
plum,  »i.  The  fruit  of  a  small  \\es-t  Indian 
tree,  about  the  size  of  a  plum,  with  a  sweet 
and  pleasant  pulp. 

Cocoa,  ko'ko;  n.  [Corruption  of  cacao.] 
The  kernels  of  the  cacao  or  chocolate  tree 
prepsired  for  making  a  beverage,  or  the 
beverage  itself. 

Cocoon,  ko-k(jn',  n.  [Pr.  cocon,  from  coque, 
a  sheU,  from  L.  concha,  a  shell-fish.]  The 
silky  tissue  or  envelope  which  the  larvas  of 
many  insects  spin  as  a  covering  for  them- 
selves while  they  are  in  the  chrysalis  st^te. 
— Cocoonety,  ko-kdn'fer-i,n.  A  building  or 
apartment  for  silkworms  when  feeding  and 
forming  cocoons. 

Coction,  kok'shon,  n.  [L.  coctio,  from  coquo, 
to  cook.]  The  act  of  boiling  or  exposing 
to  heat  in  liquor;  ined.  that  alteration  in 
morbific  matter  which'fits  it  for  elimina- 
tion ;  digestion.  —  Coctihle,'  kok'ti-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  boiled  or  baked. — Coc- 
tile,  kok'tU.a.  Made  by  baking  or  expos- 
ing to  heat,  as  a  brick. 
Cocum-butter,  Cocum-oil,  koTium,  n.  A 
greenish -yellow  solid  oU  got  from  the 
seeds  of  trees  that  yield  gamboge. 
Cod,  Codfish,  kod,  kod'fish,  n.  [D.  kodde, 
a  club,  from  its  large  club-shaped  head.] 
A  species  of  fish  of  great  commercial  im- 
portance, inhabitipg  northern  seas;  used 
as  food  either  fresh,  salted,  or  dried,  and 
I  yielding  cod-liver  oil.— Cod-fisher,  n.  A 
person  or  vessel  employed  in  the  cod-fish- 
ery.—Cod-fishery,  n.  The  business  or  oper- 
ation of  fishing  for  cod.— Codling,  kod'- 
ling,  n.  A  young  cod.— Cod-liver  Oil,  ».' 
An  important  medical  oil  obtained  from 
the  liver  of  the  common  cod. 
Cod,  kbd,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cod,  codd,  a  small 
bag;  Icel.  koddi,  a  pillow;  Sw.  kudde,  a 
cushion.]  Any  husk,  envelope,  or  case 
containing  the  seeds  of  a  plant;  a  pod. — 
r.f.  To  inclose  in  a  cod.  —  Codling,  kod'- 
ling,  n.  Aterm  applied  to  several  culti- 
vated varieties  of  kitchen  apple.— Codling- 
mot^  n.  A  small  moth  the  larva  of  which 
feeds  on  the  apple.  -«■ 

Coda,  ko'da,  n.  [It.,  from  L.  Cauda,  a  tail.] 
Music,  an  adjunct  to  the  close  of  a  compo- 
sition, for  the  purpose  of  enforcing  the 
final  character  of  the  movement. 
Coddle,  kod'l,  v.t. — coddled,  coddling.'  [O.Fr. 
cadeler,  to  cocker,  pamper,  make  much  of, 
cadel,  an  animal  cast  or  bom  out  of  time, 
from  L.  cado,  to  fall.]  To  make  effemi- 
nate by  pampering;  to  make  much  of;  to 
treat  tenderly  like  an  invalid;  to  pamper; 
to  cocker. —n.  An  over-indulged,  pampered 
being. 

Code,  kod,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  codex,  the  trunk 
of  a  tree,  a  tablet,  a  book.]  A  systematic 
collection  or  digest  of  laws;  any  system  or 
body  of  rules  or  laws  relating  to  one  sub- 
ject; a  system  of  signals  or  the  like  agreed 
upon. — Codify,  kod'i-fi,  v.t.  To  reduce  to 
a  code  or  digest,  as  laws.  —  Codification, 
kod'i-fi-ka"shon,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
codifying.  —  Codifier,  Codist,  kod'i-fi-er, 
ko'dist,  n.  One  who  codifies.— Codex,  ko'- 
deks,  n.  A  manuscript  volume,  as  of  a 
Greek  or  Latin  classic,  or  of  the  Scrip- 
tures. 

Codger,  koj'er,  n.  [Probably  a  form  of 
cadger  (which  see).]  A  mean  miserly  man; 
a  curious  old  fellow;  an  odd  fish;  a  char- 
acter; a  familiar  term  of  address.  [Slang.] 
Codical,  kod'i-kal,  a.  Relating  to  a  codex 
or  to  a  code.  —  Codicil,  kod'i-sil.  n.  [L. 
codieillus,  dim.  of  codex.]  A  writing  by 
way  of  supplement  to  a  will,  containing 
anything  which  the  testator  wishes  to 
add,  or  any  revocation  or  explanation  of 
what  the  will  contains.— Codicillary,  kod- 
i-sil'Ia-ri,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  a  codicil. 
Cedilla,  ko-dil'la,  n.  (A  dim.  form  from 
It.  coda,  L.  Cauda,  a  tail.]  The  coarsest 
part  of  hemp  or  flax,  sorted  out  by  itself,  i 
Coecnm,  eeTtum,  n.    Ceccm.  , 

Coefflcacy,  ko-ef'fi-ka-si,  n.    Joint  efficacy.- 
CoefBcient,  ko-ef-fish'ent,  a.    Co-operating; 
acting  in  union  to  the  same  end.— n.  That 
which  unites  in  action  with  something 
else  to  produce  the  same  effect;  alg.  a  num- 


Fatc,  t&T,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     nSte,  not,  mi)ye;     tftbe,  tub,  biUl ;     oil,  pound;     U,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  u.^ 


COEHORN. 


131 


COGNOMEN 


ber  or  known  quantity  put  before  letjjiers  or 
quantities,  known  or  imknown,  into  which 
it  is  supposed  to  be  multiplied.— Coeffi-' 
ciency,  ko-ef-flsh'en-si,  n.  State  ot  being 
coefficient ;  co-operation.  —  Coefficiently, 
ko-ef-fish'ent-li,  adv.  In  a  coefficient  man- 
ner; by  co-operation.  .^   ,  , 

Coehom,  ko'hom,  n.  fAfter  the  Dutch 
etfgineer  who  invented  it.J    A  small  mor- 

-tar  for  throwing  grenades. 

Coelacanth,  Oeelacanthoua,  sela-kanth,  se- 
la-kan'thus,  a.  [Gr.  koilos,  hc^low,  and. 
akantha,  a  thorn.]  Having  hollow  spines: 
said  of  certain  fossil  fishes. 

Coelebs,  ss'lebz,  n.  [L.]  A  name  given  to 
a  bachelor. 

Coelenterate,  sg-len'tfer-at,  a.  [Gr.  koilos, 
Jrollow,  enteron,  an  intestine.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  sub-kingdom  of  animals  (the 
Coelenfcerata),  including  those  whose  ali- 
mentary canal  communicates  freely  with 
the  general  cavity  of  the  body.  The  Ccelen- 
terata  are  divided  into  two  sections,  the 
Actiuozoa  and  Hydroaoa,  and  comprise 
the  corals,  sea-anemones,  medusa,  ho. — 
Ccelenterata,  se-len't6r-a"ta,  n.  pi.  The 
coelenterate  animals. 

Coelestin,  sS-les'tin,  n.  [L.  coeleatis,  hea- 
venly, from  ccelum,  the  sky,  from  its  occa- 
sional delicate  blue  hue.]  Native  sulphate 
of  strontium,  a  mineral  often  forming 
beautiful  crystals. 

Coeliac,  Celiac,  se'li-ak,  a.  [Qr.  koiliakos, 
from  koilia,  the  belly,  koilos,  hollow.]  Per- 
taining to  the  cavity  of  the  {ibdomen. 

Coelcdont,  s5'lo-dont,  o.  [Gr.  koilos,  hol- 
low, odous,  odontos,  a  tooth.]  Having  hol- 
low teeth:  said  of  certain  lizard-like  rep- 
tiles. 

CoeloBperm,  Bel5-sp6rm,  n.  [Gr;  koilos,  hol- 
low, and  sperma,  seed.]  Bot.  a  seed  in 
which  the  albumen  is  curved  so  that  the 
base  and  apex  approach,  as  in  coriander. 
— Coelogpermous,  se-lo-spfir'mus,  a.  Hol- 
low-seeded. 

Coemption,  kS-em'shon,  n.  [L.  coemptio 
—con,  and  emo,  emptutn,  to  buy.]  The 
buying  up  of  the  whole  quantity  of  axom- 
modity. 

Coendoo,  ko-en'do,  n.  [Native  name.]  A 
tree-climbing  Brazilian  porcupine  with  a 
prehensile  tall. 

CToBnesthesii,  se-nes-the'sis,  n.  [Gr.  koinos, 
common,  and  aiathesis,  perception.]    The 

feneral  sensibility  of  the  system,  as  dis- 
inguished  from  the  special  sensations 
(sight,  smell,  &c.). 

Ccenobite,  s5'no-bit.    Same  as  Cenobite. 

Cenoeciam,  se-ne'si-um,  n.  [Gr.  koinos, 
common,  and  oihos,  dwelling.]  The  com- 
mon dermal  system  or  plant-like  struc- 
ture of  the  Polyzoa  or  'sea-mosses.' 

Ccenogamy,  s5-uog'a-mi,  n.  [Gr.  koinos, 
common,  and  gamos,  marriage.]  The  state 
of  having  husbands  or  wives  in  common; 
a  community  of  husbands  and  wives. 

Coenosarc,  sS'no-s^rk,  n.  [Gr.  koinos,  com- 
mon, and  sarx,  sarkos,  flesh.]  The  com- 
mon living  basis  by  which  the  several 
beings  included  in  a  composite  zoophyte 
are  connected  with  one  another. 

Coenore,  Coenums,  se'nflr,  86-na'rus,  n.  [Gr. 
koinos.  common,  oura,  a  tail.]  The  larval 
form  of  a  tape-worm,  producing  staggers 
in  sheep. 

Coequal,  ko-S'kwal,  a.  Equal  with  another 
person  or  thing;  of  the  same  rank,  dig- 
nity, or  power.— n.  One  who  is  equal  to 
another.  —  Coequality,  ko-e-iiwol'i-ti,  n. 
The  state  of  being  coequaU— Coeqnally, 
ko-6'kwal-li,  adv.    With  joint  equality. 

Coerce,  ko-6r8',  v.t.  [L.  coerceo— prefix  eo, 
and  arceo,  to  drive  or  press.]  To  restrain 
by  force,  particularly  by  moral  force,  as 
by  law  or  authority;  to  repress;  to  com- 
pel to  compliance;  to  constrain.-Coerclble, 
ko-6r'8i-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  coerced.— 
Coerclbleness,  kS-fer'si-bl-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  coercible.— Coercion,  k6-6r'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  coercing;  restraint;  com- 
pulsion; constraint.— Coercive,  Coercitive, 
k5-6r'8iv,  ko-fer'si-tiv,  a.  Capable  of  eoerc- 
iog;  restrictive;  able  to  force  into  compli- 
ance.—n.  That  which  coerces;  that  which 
constrains  or  restrains.  —  Coercively,  ko- 
^'/siv-li.  adv.  By  constraint  or  coercion. 
Oo»Mestial,  k3-68-son'shal,  a.  Having  the 
game  csEence.— CoeaaeatliJity,  k-j-es-sen'- 


Bhi-al"i-ti,  n.  The  fact  of  having  the  same 

.essence. — Coessentlally,  ko-es-sen'shal-li, 
adv.    In  a  coessential  manner. 

Coetaneous,t ko-5-ta'ne-us, a.  (L.  cocetanetis 
— prefix  CO,  and  cBtas,  age.]  Of  the  same  age 
with  another;  beginning  to  exist  at  the 
same  time;  coeval.— Coetaneously,t  ko-e- 
ta'ne-us-li,  adv.  Of  or  from  the  same  age 
or  beginning.— Coetanean^t  ko-e-ta'ne-an, 
n.    One  of  the  same  age  with  another. 

Coetemal,  ko-e-t6r'naT,  a.  Equally  eter- 
nal with  another.— Coetemally,  ko-€-t6r'- 
nal-li,  adv.  With  coetemity  or  equal 
eternity.  —  Coetemity,  k3-€-t6r'ni-ti,  n. 
Existence  from  eternity  equal  wi>-h  an- 
other eternal  being;  equal  eternity. 

Coeval,  ko-e'val,  a.  [L.  cooevus—con,  and 
cBvum,  age.]  Of  the  same  age;  having 
lived  for  an  equal  period;  existing  at  the 
same  time,  or  of  equal  antiquity  in  gen- 
eral {coeval  with  a  person).— n.  One  who  is 
coeval;  one  who  lives  at  the  same  time. 

Coexecutor,  ko-eg-zek'u-tfer,  n.  A  joint  Ex- 
ecutor.-Coexecutrix,  ko-eg-zek'a-triks,  n. 
A  joint  executrix. 

Coexist,  ko-eg-zist',  v.i.  To  exist  at  the 
same  time  with  another  (to  coexist  with). — 
Coexistence,  ko-eg-zis'tehs,  n.  Existence 
at  the  saijie  time  with  another;  contem- 
porary -existence.  —  Coexistency,  ko-eg- 
zis'ten-si,  n.  Coexistence.— Coexistent,  ko- 
eg-zis'tent,  a.  Existing  at  the  same  time 
with  another. 

Coezpand,  ko-eks-pand',  v.i.  To  expand 
together  equally;  to  expand  over  the  same 
space  or  to  the  same  extent. 

Coextend,  ko-eks-tond',  v.t.  and  i.  To  ex- 
tend through  the  same  space  or  duration 
with  another;  to  extend  equally.— Coex- 
tension,  ko-eks-ten'shon,  n.  The  fact  or 
state  of  being  equally  extended  with  some- 
thing else. — Coextensive,  ko-eks-ten'siv,  a. 
Equally  extensive;  having  equal  scope  or 
extent.  —  Coextenslvely,  ko-eks-ten'siv  li, 
adv.  So  as  to  exhibit  coextension.  —  Co- 
extensivenesB,  ko-eks-ten'siv-nes,  n. 

Coffee,  kof'i,  n.  [  Pr.  ea/i,  from  Turk. 
qahveh,  coffee.]  The  berries  or  the  ground 
seeds  of  a  tree  a  native  of  Arabia  and 
Abyssinia,  but  now  extensively  culti- 
vated throughout  tropical  countries,  each 
berry  containing  two  seeds,  commonly 
cstlled  coffee-beans;  a  drink  made  from 
the  roasted  and  ground  seeds  of  the  coffee- 
tree,  by  infusion  or  decoction.  —  Coffee- 
bean,  Coflee-nib,  n.  A  coffee-seed.— Coffee- 
berry,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  coffee-tree.— 
Coffee-bug,  n.  An  insect  which  lives  on 
the  coffee-tree,  and  is  very  destructive  to 
coffee-plantations.- Coffee-cup,  n.  A  cup 
from  which  coffee  is  drunk. — Coffee-house, 
n.  A  house  of  entertainment  where  guests 
are  supplied  with  coffee  and  other  refresh- 
ments.— Coffee-mill,  ii.  A  small  machine 
or  mill  for  grinding  coffee.— Coffee-pot,  n. 
A  covered  pot  in  which  the  decoction  or 
infusion  of  coffee  is  made,  or  in  which  it 
is  brought  upon  the  table  for  drinking.— 
Coffee-roaster,  n.  The  utensil  in  which 
the  coffee-beans  are  roasted  before  being 
ground.— Coffee-room,  n.  A  public  room 
in  an  inn  or  hotel  where  guests  are  sup- 
plied with  refreshments.— Coffee-tree,  n. 
The  tree  which  produces  coffee.— Coffein, 
Coffeine,  kof-fe'in,  n.    Same  as  Caffeir^. 

Coffer,  kof6r,  n.  [Fr.  coffre,  O.Fr.  cS/re, 
cojin,  a  coffer,  from  Ii.  cop/iinug,  Gr.  kophi- 
nos,  a  basket.  Coffin  is  the  same  word.] 
A  chest,  trunk,  or  casket  for  holding 
jewels,  money,  or  other  valuables;  a  sunk 
panel  or  compartment  in  a  ceiling  of  an 
ornamental  character;  a  kind  of  caisson 
or  floating  dock.— w.i.  To  deposit  or  lay  up 
in  a  coffer.— Coffer-dam,  n.  A  wooden  in- 
closure  .formed  in  a  river,  &c.,  by  driving 
two  or  more  rows  of  piles  close  together, 
•with  clay  packed  in  between  the  rows  to 
exclude  the  water,  and  so  obtain  a  firm 
and  dry  foundation  for  bridges,  piers, 
&o.— Coffered,  kof'6rd,  a.  Furnished  or 
oman^ented  with  coffers  (a  coffired  ceil- 
ing). 

Coffin,  kof'in,  n.  [O.Fr.  eofin,  a  chest,  L. 
copWn.««,  a  basket.  Coffer.]  The  chest  or 
box  in  which  a  dead  human  body  is  buried 
or  deposited  in  a  vault;  a  casing  of  paste  for 
a  pie  (S/uiJfcJt ;  the  hollow  part  of  a  horse's 

.  hoof.— ».t  To  put  or  inclose  in  a  coffin. — 


Coffin-bone,  n.  A  small  spongy  bone  in- 
clc«5ed  in  the  noof  of  a  horse. 
Cog,  kog,  v.t. — cogged,  cogging.  [W.  coegio. 
coegiaw,  to  trick,  from  coeg,  empty,  vain.j 
To  flatter;  to  wheedle;  to  draw  from  by 
flattery;  to  foist  or  palai:  now  hardly  used 
except  in  regard  to  dice,  to  cog  a  die  being 
to  load  it  so  as  to  direct  its  fall,  for  the 
purpose  of  cheating.  —  v.i.  To  cheat ;  to 
wheedle;  to  lie. — n.  A  trick  or  deception. 
Cog,  kog,  n.  [Sw.  kugg,  kugge,  a  cog.]  The 
tooth  of  a  wheel,  by  which  it  drives  an- 
other wheel  or  body,  or  any  similar  ujs- 
chanical  contrivance.— Cog-wheel,  n.  A 
wheel  with  cogs  or  teeth.— v.t.— cogged, 
cogging.  To  furnish  with  cogs. 
Cogent,  ko'jent,  a.  [L.  cogens,  cogentis, 
forcing,  compelling,  from  cogo—con,  to- 
gether, or  intens.,  and  ago,  to  lead  or 
drive.]  Compelling  in  a  phj'sical  senset ; 
resistlesst;  con^dncing;  having  the  power 
to  compel  conviction;  powerful;  not  easily 
resisted;  forcible;  irresistible:  of  argu- 
ments, proofs,  reasoning,  &c.— Cogently, 
kO'jent-li,  adv.  In  a  cogent  manner; 
powerfully;  forcibly.— Cogency,  Cogence.t 
ko'jen-si,  ko'jens,  ».  The  quality  of  being 
cogent;  power  of  moving  the  will  or  reason; 
power  of  compelling  conviction;  force; 
conclusiveness. 

Cogitate,  koj'i-tat,  v.i. — cogitated,cogitating. 
[L.  cogito,  cogitatum—co  for  con,  together, 
and  agito,  to  shake,  to  agitate.  Agitate.] 
To  think;  to  meditate;  to  ponder. — Cogi- 
tation, koj-i-ta'shou,  n.  The  act  of  cogi- 
tating or  thinkiug:  thought;  meditation; 
contemplation.  —  Cogitative,  koj'i-ta-tiv, 
a.  Thinking^  having  the  power  of  cogita- 
ting; meditative;  given  to  thought.— Cogi- 
tatively,  koj'i-ta-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  cogita- 
tive or  thinking  manner. — Cogitativlty.t 
koj'i-ta-tiv"i-ti,  n.  Power  of  thinking. — 
Cogitability,  koj'i-ta-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  cogitable;  conceivable- 
ness.— Cogitable,  koj'i-ta-bl,  o.  Capable 
of  being  thought  j  capable  of  being  con- 
ceived.—n.  Anythmg  capable  of  being  the 
subject  of  thought. 

Cognac,  kd-nyak,n.  [Fr.]  A  kind  of  French 
brandy,  so  c&lled  from  the  town  of  the 
same  name,  where  large  quantities  are 
made. 

Cognate,  kog'n&t,  a.  [L.  cognatvs— prefix  co 
for  con,  with,  and  gnatvs,  old  form  of  natus, 
bom.]  Allied  by  blood;  kindred  by  birth ; 
law,  connected  by  the  mother's  side;  re- 
lated in  origin  generally;  proceeding  from 
the  same  stock  or  root;  of  the  same  family 

i words, roots,  languages);  allied  in  nature; 
laving  affinity  of  any  kind  {cognate  sounds). 
— n.  One  connected  with  another  by  ties 
of  kindred ;  law,  a  relation  connected  by 
the  mother's  side;  anything  related  to  an- 
other by  origin  or  nature.— Cognateness, 
kog'nat-nes,  n.  State  of  being  cognate.— 
Cognation,  kog-na'shon,  n.  [li.  cognatio.] 
Relationship  by  descent  from  the  same; 
original;  affinity;  resemblance  in  nature 
or  character. 

Cognition,  kog-ni'shon,  n.  [L.  cognitio; 
cognosco,  cognitus—co  for  con,  and  noseo, 
anciently  gnosco,  to  know.]  Knowledge 
from  personal  view  or  experience;  per- 
ception; a  thing  known.— Cfognitive,  kogj- 
-  ni-tiv,  a.  Knowing  or  apprehending  by 
the  understanding.— Cognizable,  Cognis- 
able, kog'niz-a-bl  or  kon',  a.  Capable  of 
falling  under  notice  or  observatiofa ;  ca- 

Eable  of  being  knovra,  perceived,  or  appre- 
ended;  capable  of  falling  under  judicial 
notice.— Cognizably,  Cognisably,  kog'niz- 
a-bli  or  kon',  adv.  In  a  cognizable  man- 
ner.—Cognizance,  kog'ni-zans  or  kon',  n. 
[O.Fr.  cQgnoi88ance,'connoissance.'l  Know- 
ledge or  notice;  perception;  observation; 
law,  judicial  or  authoritative  notice  or 
knowle'dge,  also  right  to  try  and  determine 
causes;  a  crest;  a  badge;  a  badge  worn  by 
a  retainer,  soldier,  &c. ,  to  indicate  the  per- 
son or  party  to  which  he  belongs.— Cogni- 
zant, Cognisant,  kog'ni-zant  or  kon',  a.  Ac- 
quaintedwith;  having  obtained  knowledge 
of;  competent  to  take  legal  or  judicial  no- 
tice.—Cognize,  Cognise,  kog-niz',  v.t— cog- 
nized, cognised;  cognizing,  cognising.  To 
recognize  as  an  object  of  thought;  to  per- 
ceive; to  becon.e_conscieus  of;  to  know. 
Oog&omen,  kog-no'nien,n.    [L.  cognomen — 


oh.  cfcain;     sftt,Sc.  locftj '  g,  cpi    j,  job;,    n^PrLtojij    ng,'Bincr;^«H.<fc6n;  th.<ftin;.*jT,j«»ig;^  wh.wAig:    zh.a«ui,e. 


COGNOSCIBLE 


132 


COLLABORATEUR 


prefix  cd  for  con,  aad  nomen,  formerly 
gnomen,  a  name.J  Strictly  the  last  of  the 
three  names  by  which  a  Roman  of  good 
family  was  known,  indicating  the  family 
to  which  he  belonged;  hence  a  surname  or 
distinguishing  name  in  general.— Cogno- 
minal,  kog-nem'i-nal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
cognomen  or  surname. — Cognomination, 
kog-nom'i-na"8hon,  n.  A  surname;  a  cog- 
nomen. 

Cognosclble,  kog-nos'i-bl,  a.  [From  L.  eog- 
nosco.  CoGXiTiON.  ]  Capable  of  being 
kno.wn;  subject  to  judicial  investigation. 
— Cognoscibillty,  kog-nos'i-bil"i-ti,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  cognoscible. 

Cohabit,  ko-hab'it,  v.i.  [L.  cohdbito,  from 
CO,  with,  and  habito,  to  dwell.]  To  dwell 
or  live  together  as  husband  and  wife:  often 
applied  to  persons  not  legally  married, 
and  suggesting  sexual  intercourse.— Co- 
liabitation,  kO-hab'i-ta"shon,  n.  The  state 
of  livin,T  together  as  man  and  wife. 

Coheir,  ko-ftr',  n.  A  joint-heir;  one  who 
succeeds  to  a  share  of  an  inheritance  di- 
vided among  two  or  more. — Coheiress,  ko'- 
ar-es,  n.    A  joint-heiress. 

Cohere,  ko-her',  v.i. — cohered,  cohering.  [L. 
cohtereo — co  for  con,  and  haereo,  to  stick  to- 
gether.] To  stick  or  cleave  together;  to 
be  united;  to  keep  in  close  contact  as  parts 
of  the  same  mass,  or  as  two  substances 
that  attract  each  other;  to, hang  well  to^ 
gether;  to  agree  or  be  consistent  (as  parts 
of  a  discourse  or  an  argument).  —  Co- 
herence, Coherency,  ko-h5'renp,  ko-he'yen- 
si,  n.  The  state  of  cohering ;  a  cleaving 
together  of  bodies  by  means  of  attraction; 
suitable  connection  or  dependence;  due 
agreement  as  of  ideas;  consistency. — Co- 
herent, ko-h5'reut,  a.  Cohering  or  stick- 
ing together;  united;  having  a  due  agree- 
ment of  parts;  hanging  well  together; 
consecutive;  observing  due  agreement;  con- 
sistent (a  coMrent  argument  or  discourse, 
a  coherent  speaker).  —  Coherently,  ko-he'- 
rent-li,  adv.  In  a  coherent  raanner.-^-Co- 
hesibility.  ko-he'zi-bil"i-ti,n.  The  tendency 
to  unite  by  cohesion ;  cohesiveness. — Co- 
hesible,  ko-he'zi-bl,  a.  Capable  of  cohe- 
sion.—Cohesion,  ko-he'zhon,  n.  [Fr.  cohd- 
sion.]  The  act  or  state  of  cohering,  unit- 
ing, or  sticking  together;  logical  connec- 
tion ;  physics,  the  state  in  which,  or  the 
force  by  which,  the  particles  of  bodies  of 
the  same  nature  are  kept  in  contact  so  as 
to  form  a  continuous  mass. — Cohesive,  ko- 
he'aiv,  a.  Causing  cohesion. — Cohesively, 
ko-he'siv-li,  adv.  In  a  cohesive  manner; 
with  -cohesion.— Cohesiveness,  ko-hs'siv- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  cohesive;  the 
tendency  to  unite  by  cohesion. 

Cohibit,  ko-hib'it,  v.t.  [L.  cohibeo,  cohibi- 
turn,  from  co,  together,  and  habeo,  to  hold.] 
To  restrain.— Cohtbltion,  ko-hi-bi'shon,  n. 
Restraint.— Cohibitor,  ko-hib'it-6r,  n.  One 
who  restrains. 

Cohom,  ko'ffom,  n.    Same  as  Coehom. 

Cohort,  ko'hort,  n.  [li.  cohort,  cohortis.'] 
la  Roman  armies,  the  tenth  part  of  a 
legion,  a  body  of  about  500  or  600  men;  a 
band  or  body  of  warriors  in  general.     . 

Coif,  koif,  n.  [Fr.  coiffe,  L.L.  cofia,  euHa, 
from  M.H.G.  wyfe,  kupfe,  a  kind  of  cap.] 
A  close-fltting  cap  or  nead-dress;  a  kind 
of  caul  or  cap  worn  by  serjeants-at-law 
and  others;  a  kind  of  close-fitting  cap  of 
mail. — v.t.  To  cover  or  dress  with, -or  as 
with  a  coif. —  Coiffure,  koif' Or,  n.  [Fr.l 
A  head-dress,  especially  the  hea^d-dress  of 
a  lady.  ,  •  n  >» .« 

Coign,tkoin,n.  A  comer;  a  coin  or  quoin. 
[Shak.^ 

Coil,  koil,  v.t.  tO.Pr.  coillir,  eveillir,  from 
L.coliiperc,  to  collect.  Collect.]  To  gather 
(a  rope,  chain,  &c.)  into  a  series  of  rings 
above  one  another;  to  twist  or  wind  spi- 
rp.lly. — r.i.Toformring8,orspiral8;towind. 
— n.  A  ring  or  series  of  rings  or  spirals 
into  which  a  rope  or  other  puant  body  is 
wound.  .  «n 

Coil,  koil,  n.  [Comp.  Jr.  and  Gael,  goatr 
war,  battle;  aoU,  to  rage.J  Perplexities; 
tumult;  bustle;  turmoil.    [Shale.] 

Coin,  koin,  n.    [Fr.  coin,  a  wedge,  the  die 

iwith  which  money  is  stamped,  a  coin,  a 

|comer,  from  L.  cuneue,  a  wedge.]  A  piece 
of  metal,  as  gold,  silver,  copper,  or  some 
alloy,  converted  into  money  by  impressing 


some  stamp  on  it;  such  pieces  collectively; 
metallic  currency;  money;  also,  a  quoin. — 
v.t.  To  stamp  and  convert  into  money;  to 
mint;  to  make,  fabricate,  or  invent.— Coin- 
age, koi'naj,  n.  The  .^stamping  of  money; 
coin;  money  coined;  the  act  of  inventing, 
forming,  or  producing;  invention;  fabri- 
cation ;  what  is  fabricated  or  produced. — 
Coiner,  koi'nfer,  n.  One  who  coins;  a 
maker  of  money:  of  t€n  a  maker  of  base  or 
counterfeit  coin;  an  inventor  or  maker, 
as  of  words. 

Coincide,  ko-in-sid',  v.i.— coincided,  coincidr 
ing.  [li.li.  coincido,  from  L.  pre&s  co, 
with,  and  inddo,  to  fall  in-^in,  and  cado, 
to  fall.]  To  occupy  the  same  place  in 
space,  or  the  same  position  in  a  scale  or 
series;  to  happen  at  the  same  point  of 
time;  to  be  exactly  contemporaneous;  to 
correspond  exactly;  to  concur;  to  agree  (to 
coiTicide  with  a  person  in  an  opinion). — 
Coincidence,  Coincidency,t  ko-in '  si-deus, 
ko-in'si-den-si,  n.  The  fact  of  coinciding; 
exact  correspondence  in  position;  a  hap- 
pening or  agreeing  in  time;  contempo- 
raneousness; agreement  in  circumstance, 
character,  &c.;  exact  correspondence  gene- 
rally, or  a  case  of  exact  correspondence. — 
floincldent,  Coincidental,  ko-in'si-dent,  ko- 
iu-si-den'tal,  a.  Coinciding;  happening  at 
the  same  time;  concurrent;  exactly.corres- 
ponding.  —  Coincidently,  ko-in'si-dent-u, 
adv.  In  a  coincident  manner;  with  coin- 
cidence.- Coincider,  ko-in-sid'fir,  n.  One 
who  coincides  with"  another,  as  in  an 
opinion,  course  of  action,  &c. 

Coindicatlon,  ko-in'di-ka"8hon,  n.  A  con- 
current indication,  sign,  or  symptom. 

Co-inhere,  ko-in-her',  v.i.  To  inhere  to- 
gether; to  be  included  or  exist  together  in 
the  same  thing. 

JDoinheritance,  ko-in-her'it-ans,  n.  Joint 
inheritance. — Coinheritor,  ko-in-her'it-6r, 
n.    A  joint  heir;  a  coheir. 

Cointense,  ko-in-tens'  a.  Of  equal  inten- 
sity with  another  object.  —  Cointension, 
Comtensity,  ko-in-ten'shon,  ko-in-ten'si- 
ti,  n.  The  condition  of  being  of  equal  in- 
tension or  intensity. 

Co-interest,  ko-in 't^r-est,  n.  A  joint  in- 
terest. 

Coir,  Coire,  koir,  iu  A  species  of  yam 
manufactured  from  the  husk  of  cocoa- 
nuts,  and  formed  into  cordage,  sailcloth, 
matting,  &c. 

Coition,  ko-i'shon.  n.  [L.  coitio—con,  and 
eo,  itum,  to  go.]' A  coming  together;  copu- 
lation. 

Coke,  kok,  n.  [Probably  from  cook  or  cake; 
comp.  caking  coal.]  Coal  deprived  of  its 
bitumen,  sulphur,  or  other  extraneous  or 
volatile  matter  by  Ore.— v.t. — coked,  coking. 
To  convert  into  coke;  to  deprive  of  vola- 
tile matter^s  coal. 

Col,  kol,  n.  [Fr.,  neck.]  An  elevated  moun- 
tam  pass  between  two  higher  summits ; 
the  most  elevated  part  of  a  mountain 
pass. 

Colander,  kul'an-d6r  or  kol'an-d6r,  n.  [From 
L.  colans,  colaniis,  ppr.  of  colo,  to  strain, 
from  colum,  a  colander.]  A  vessel  with  a 
bottom  perforated  with  little  boles  for 
straining  liquors;  a  strainer. 

Cola-nut,  Cola-seed,  ko'la,  n.  A  brownish 
bitter  seed,  about  the  size  of  a  chestnut, 
produced  by  an  African  tree,  containing 
much  caffeine  and  highly  valued  as  yield- 
ing a  refreshing  and  invigorating  beverage. 

,  — Cola-tree,  n.  The  tree  which  produces 
the  cola-nut. 

Co-latitnde,  ko-lat'i-tQd,  n.  [Abbrev.  of 
compkment  and  latitude.]  The  comple- 
ment of  the  latitude,  or  what  it  wants  of 
90°. 

Colchicnm,  kol'chi-kum,  n.  [L.,  a  plant 
with  a  iwisonous  root,  from  Colchis,  the 
native  country  of  Medea,  the  famous  sor- 
ceress.] A  genus  of  liliaceous  plants,  the 
most  familiar  species  being  the  meadow- 
2  safiron,  a  plant  with  a  solidbulb-like  root- 
*  stock  and  purple,crocus-likeflower8,found 

fin  England  and  various  parts  of  the  Con- 
tinent. —  Colchicine,  kol'chi-sin,  n. .  An 
alkaloid  obtained  from  colchicum  bulbs, 
and  used  for  the  alleviation  or  cure  of  gout 
and  rheumatism. 

Coicothar,  kolTco-thar,  n.  [Probably  of  Ar. 
origin.]    The  brownish -red  peroxide  of 


iron,  UE^  for  poUshing  glass  and  otheil 
substances. 

Cold,  kuld,  a.  [A.  Sax.  eald,  ceald,  a.  and 
n.  =  Dan.  kold,  Icel.  kaldr,  Sw.  kail,  D. 
koud,  Goth.  kalUo,  G.  kalt;  from  root  of 
cool,  chill,  which  also  appears  in  L.  gelidus, 
gelid.]  Not  warm  or  hot;  gelid;  frigid; 
chilling;  cooling;  having  the  sensation  of 
coolness;  wanting  warmth  or  animal  heat; 
chill;  wanting  passion,  zeal,  or  ardour;  in- 
sensible ;  not  animated  or  easily  excited 
into  action;  not  affectionate,  cordial,  or 
friendly;  unaffecting;  not  animated  or 
animating;  not  able  to  excite  feeling  or 
interest;  spiritless. — In  cold  btood,  without 
excitement,  emotion,  or  passion. — To  give. 
s/ww,  or  turn  the  cold  shoulder,  to  treat  a 
person  with  studied  coldness,  neglect,  or 
contempt.— n.The  relative  absence  or  wact 
of  heat;  the  cause  of  the  sensation  of  cool- 
ness; the  sensation  produced  in  animal 
bodies  by  the  escape  of  heat;  an  indisposi- 
tion occasioned  by  cold;  a  catarrh.— Cold- 
ish, kol'dish,  o.  Somewhat  cold.— Coldly, 
kold'li,  adv.  In  a  cold  manner;  without 
warmth;,  without  concern;  without  ap- 
parent passion,  emotion,  or  feeling;  with 
indifference  cr  negligence;  dispassionately; 
calmly —Coldness,  kold'nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  cold;  frigidity;  indif- 
ference.—Cold-blast,  n.  A  blast  or  current 
of  cold  air;  riieial.  the  name  given  to  air 
at  its  natural  temperature  forced  through 
furnaces  for  smelting  iron.— Cold-blooded, 
a.  Having  cold  blood;  without  sensibility 
or  feeling ;  zool.  a  term  applied  to  those 
animals  the  temperature  of  whose  blood 
is  a  very  little  higher  than  that  of  their 
habitat.  —  Cold  -  cnisel,  n.  A  chisel  for 
cutting  metal  in  its  cold  state.  —  Cold- 

•  cream,  n.  A  kind  of  cooling  unguent  for 
the  skin,  variously  prepared.— Cold-heart- 
ed, a.  Wanting  passion  or  feeling;  indif- 
ferent.— Cold-heaxtedness,  n. 

Cole,  kol,  n.  [From  L.  colis,  caulis,  a  cab- 
Ijage-stalk,  a  cabbage.]  The  general  name 
of  all  sorts  of  cabbage.— Cole-rape,  n.  The 
common  turnip.— Cole-seed,  n.  The  seed 
of  the  winter  rape  from  which  oil-cake  is 
prepared  for  feeding  cattle.  —  Colewort, 
kol'wert,  n.  A  name  applied  to  different 
varieties  of  cabbage. 

Co-legatee,  ko'leg-a-tB".  n.  One  who  is  a 
legatee  along  with  another  or  others. 

Cole-mouse,  n.    Coal-mouse. 

Coleophyll,  Coleophyllum,  kol'5-o-fil,  kol'-' 
e-o-fil"um,  n.  [Gr.  koleos,  a  sheath,  and 
phyllon,  a  leaif.]  Bot.  the  first  leaf  which 
follows  the  cotyledon  in  endcgens,  and 
ensheaths  the  succeeding  leaves.— Coleo- 
phyllous,  kore-6-fil"lus,  a.  Bot.  having 
the  leaves  inclosed  in  a  sheath. 

Coleoptera,  kol-e-op'tfer-a,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  koleos, 

,  a  sheath,  and  pteron,  a  wing.]  An  order 
of  insects  commonly  known  by  the  name 
of  beetles,  and  characterized  by  having 
four  wings,  of  which  the  two  anterior, 
called  elytra,  are  not  suited  for  flight,  but 
form  a  covering  and  protection  to  the  two 
posterior,  and  are  of  a  hard  and  horny  or 
parchment-like  nature.— Coleopter,  Cole- 
opteran,  kol-e-op'tfer,  kol-e-op'ter-an,n.  A 
member  of  the  order  Coleoptera.— Coleop- 
terist,  kol-e-op't6r-ist,  n.  One  versed  in 
the  natural  history  of  the  Coleoptera.— 
Coleopterous,  kol-e-op'tfer-us,  a.  Pertain- 
ing or  belonging  to  the  Coleoptera. 

Coleorhiza,  kore-o-ri"za,  n.  [Gr.  •koleos,  a 
sheath,  and  rhiza,  a  root.]  Bot.  the  sheath 
which  covers  the  young  radicle  of  mono- 
cotyledonous  plants. 

Colestaff,  kolstaf.    Same  as  Colstaff. 

Cole-tit,  n.    Coal-tit. 

Colic,  kol'ik,  n.  [L.  colicus,  Gr.kOlikos,  from 
kolon,  the  colon.]  A  painful  spasmodic 
affection  of  the  intestines,  especially  of  the 
colon,  attended  with  fever  or  inflamma- 
tion. —  Colic,  Colical,  kol'ik.  kol'ik-al,  a. 
Affecting  the  bowels.  —  CoUcked,  kol'ikt, 
a.  Affected  with  colic;  griped.— Colicky, 
kol'ik-i,  a.    Pertaining  to  colic. 

Colin,  kol'in,  n.  [Fr.l  The  Virginian  quau 
or  American  partridge. 

Collaborateur,  Collaborator,  kol-labo-ra- 
ttfer,  kol-lab'o-ra-tfer,  n.  [Fr.  collaborateur 
— L.  col  for  con,  together,  and  laboro,  to 
labour.]  An  assistant;  an  associate  in 
labour,  especially  in  literary  or  scientifiQ 


Eate-JilUatuMi*  -  me.  met.  hfer:  >-  Eine,_Eiii;^<^ogte.  not,  inOTe;>vtaie,  tub  buU  •,    oil,  pound;     tt.  Sc.  abune-tlio  Fr- 


COLLAPSE 


133 


COLLODION 


rnrBuitti.— Collaboration,  kol  -  lab '  0  -  v&  "• 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  working  together; 
united  laboui'. 

Collapse,  kol-laps',  v.i. — collapsed,  collups-- 
ing.  [L.  collabor,  collapsus—col  for  con, 
and  labor,  lapsus,  to  slide  or  fall  (whence 
lapse).]  To  fall  iu  or  together,  as  the  two 
sides  of  a  vessel;  to  close  by  falling  to- 
gether; hence,  to  come  to  nothing;  to 
break  down. — n.  A  falling  in  or  together, 
as  of  the  sides  of  a  hollow  vessel;  a  more 
or  less  sudden  failure  of  the  vital  powers; 
a  sudden  and  complete  failure  of  any 
kind;  a  break-down.  —  Collapsable,  kol- 
lap'sa-bl,  a.  Capable  of  collapsing  or  be- 
ing made  to  collapse.  —  CoUapsion,  kol- 
lap'shon,  n.    A  state  of  colla|)8ing. 

Collar,  kol'cr,  n.  [L.  collare,  Fr.  collier,  a 
collar,  from  L.  cnllum,  the  neck.]  Some- 
thing worn  round  the  neck,  whether  for 
use  or  ornament  or  both,  or  it  may  be  for 
restraint;  the  necklace  or  chain  worn 
by  knights,  and  having  the  badge  of  the 
Older  appended  to  it;  part  of  theghamess 
of  an  animal  used  for  draught;  an  article 
of  dress  or  part  of  a  garment  going  round 
the  neck;  something  resembling  a  collar; 
something  in  the  form  of  a  ring,  especially 
at  or  near  the  end  of  something  else.— 2'o 
slip  the  collar,  to  escape  or  get  free;  to 
disentangle  one's  self.  —v.t.  To  seize  by 
the  coMar;  to  put  a  collar  on;  to. roll  up 
and  biiid  with  cord  (a  piece  of  meat)  for 
keeping  for  a  time. —  Collar-beam,  n.  A 
piece  of  timber  extending  between  two 
o|)posite  rafters,  at  some  height  above 
their  base.  —  Collar-bone,  n.  The  clav- 
icle; one  of  the  two  bones  of  the  thorax 
in  man  and  many  qua<lruped8  joined  at 
one  end  to  the  shoulder-bone  and  at  the 
other  to  the  breast-bone.  —Collaret,  kol'- 
Cr-et,  n.  A  small  collar  of  linen,-fur,  or 
tlie  like,  worn  by  women. 

Collate,  kol-lat',  v.t.— collated,  collating.  IL. 
con/ero,  collatum,  to  bring  together,  com- 
pare, bestow— coi  for  con,  and  fero,  latum, 
to  carry.]  To  bring  together  and  compare; 
to  examine  critically,  noting  points  of 
agreement  and  disagrocment(manuscripts 
and  books);  to  confer  or  bestow  (a  benefice) 
vn  (to  collate  a  person  to  a  church);  to 
gather  and  place  in  order,  as  the  sheets  of 
a  l)ook  for  binding —Collatable,  kol-la'ta- 
bl,  n.  Capable  of  being  collated.— Colla- 
tion, kol-la'shon,  n.  The  act  of  fcollating; 
a  comparison,  especially  the  comparison 
of  manuscripts  or  editions  of  books;  the 
presentation  of  a  clergyman  to  a  benefice 
by  a  bishop  who  has  the  benefice  in  his 
own  gift,  or  by  neglect  of  the  patron  has 
acquired  the  patron's  rights;  a  light  re- 
past.—CoUationer,  kol-la'shon-6r,  n.  One 
who  examines  the  sheets  or  pages  of  a 
book,  after  printing,  to  ascertain  whether 
they  are  correctly  printed,  paged,  &c. — 
Collative,  kol-la'tiv,  a.  Eccles.  presented 
by  collation;  having  the  bishop  as  patron. 
—Collator,  kol-la'ter,  n.  One  who  col- 
lates. 

Collateral, kol-lat'6r-al,  a.  [L.L.  collateralis 
—col  for  con,  and  L.  lateralis,  from  latus, 

~a  side.]  At  the  side;  belonging  to  the  side 
or  what  is  at  the  side ;  acting  indirectly ; 
acting  through  side  channels;  accompany- 
ing but  subordinate;  auxiliary;  subsidiary; 
descending  from  the  same  ancestor,  but 
not  in  a  direct  line,  as  distinguished  from 
lineal.  — n.  A  collateral  relation  or  kins- 
man.—  Collaterally,  kol-lat'er-al-li.  adv. 
In  a  collateral  manner  or  relation;  side  lay 
side;  indirectly.— CoUateralness,  kol-lat'- 
er-al-nes,  n. 

Colleague,  koI'lBg,  rt.  [L.  collega,  a  col- 
league— col  for  con,  and  stem  of  lego,  lega- 
tum,  to  send  on  a  mission.]  A  partner  or 
associate  in  the  same  office,  employment, 
or  commission,  civil  or  ecclesiastical: 
never  used  of  partners  in  trade  or  manu- 
factures.— Colleagueship,  kol'leg-ship,  n. 
The  state  of  being  a  colleague. 

Collect,  kol-lekt',  v.t.  |L.  colUgo,  collectuin 
— col  for  con,  and  lego,  to  gather,  which 
appears  also  iu  neglect,  select,  lecture,  Ac, 
also  coil,  cull]  To  gather  into  one  body 
or  place;  to  assemble  or  bring  together; 
to  gather;  to  infer  or  conclude  (in  this 
sense  now  rare).  —  To  collect  one's  self,  to 
recover  from  surprise  or  a  disconcerted 


state. —v.j.  Ti>rinj  to,'»o(,hcr;  to  accumu- 
late. —  n.  (kol'lekt).  A  short  comprehcn- 
sive  prayer;  a  form  of  prayer  adapted  to 
a  particular  day  or  occasion.— Collectanea, 
kol-lek-ta'ne-a,  ji.  pi.  [L.,  things  collected.] 
A  selection  of  passages  from  various  au- 
thors, usually  made  for  the  purpose  of  in- 
struction; a  miscellany. —Collected,  kol- 
lek'ted,  p.  and  a.  Gathered  together;  not 
disconcerted ;  cool ;  firm ;  prepared ;  self- 
possessed.— C;ollectedly,kol-lek'ted-li,a  Jr. 
In  one  view;  together;  iu  a  cool,  firm,  or 
self-possessed  manner.  —  Collectedness, 
kol-lok'ted-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  col- 
lected.—  Collectible,  kol-lek'ti-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  collected.— Collection,  kol- 
lek'shon,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  collect- 
ing or  of  gathering;  that  which  is  collected 
or  gathered  together  (as  pictures  or  objects 
of  interest);  that  which  is  collected  for  a 
charitable,  religious,  or  other  purpose; 
the  jurisdiction  of  a  collector;  a  collector- 
ship;  the  act  of  deducing  from  premises, 
or  that  which  is  deduced  i,Mil.)\. — Collec- 
tive, kol-lek'tiv,  o.  |L.  collectivux,  Fr, 
culleclif.]  Formed  by  collecting;  gathered 
into  a  mass,  sum^or  body;  aggregate; 
gram,  expressing  a  number  or  multitude 
united,  though  in  the  singular  number 
(a  collective  noun). — Collective  note,  in  dip- 
lomacy,  an  official  communication  signed 
by  the  representatives  of  several  govem- 
merits.— n.  Gram,  a  noun  with  a  singular 
form  comprehending  in  its  meaning  sev- 
eral individuals.—  Collectively,  kol-lek'- 
tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  collective  manner;  in  a 
mass  or  body;  in  the  aggregate;  unitedly. 
— CoUectivenesff,  kol-lek'tiv-nes,  n.  -^Col- 
lector, kol-lek't6r,  n.  One  who  collects; 
especially,  one  who  makes  a  business  of 
collecting  objects  of  interest;  an  officer 
appointed  to  collect  and  receive  customs, 
duties,  taxes,  &c.,  within  a  certain  district. 
—Electrical  collector,  tlie  upper  plate  or 
disk  of  a  condenser,  employed  for  collect- 
ing electricity.— CoUectorate,  kol-lek'ter- 
at,  n.  The  district  of  a  collector;  a  col- 
lectorship.  —  Collectorship,  kol  -  lek '  t6r- 
sliip,  n.  The  office  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
collector. 

College,  kol'ej,  u.  jlj.  collegium,  a  society, 
guild,  or  fraternity,  from  collega,  a  col- 
league. CoLLKAOUK.)  A  society  of  men 
invested  with  certain  powers  and  rights, 
performing  certain  duties,  or  engaged  in 
some  common  pursuit;  a  guild;  a  corpor- 
ation; especially,  a  society  incori)orated 
for  purposes  of  instruction  and  study  in 
the  higher  branches  of  knowledge;  the 
edifice  belonging  to  a  college.— Collegial,+ 
kol-le'ji-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  college; 
collegiate.  —  Collegian,  kollo'ji-an,  n.  A 
member  of  a  college,  particularly  of  a 
literary  institution  so  called;  a  student. — 
Collegiate,  kol-le'ji-at,  a.  I'ertaining  to 
a  college  {collegiate  studies) ;  constituted 
after  tlie  manner  of  a  college. — Collegiate 
church,  a  chujfch  that  has  no  bishop's  see, 
but  has  nevertheless  a  college  or  chapter 
•of  dean,  canons,  and  prebends;  in  Scotland 
and  the  United  iStates,  a  church  under  the 
joint  pastorate  of  two  or  more  clergymen. 

Collenchyma,  kol-len'ki-ma,  n.  [Gr.  kolla, 
glue,  and  enchyma,  an  infusion.]  Bot. 
the  cellular  matter  in  which  pollen  is 
generated. 

Collet,  kol'et,  n.  [Fr.  collet,  a  collar  or 
necklace,  from  ooi!,  L.  collum,  the  neCk.] 
A  band  or  collar;  among  jewellers,  the 
horizontal  face  or  plane  at  the  bottom  of 
brilliants,  and  the  part  of  a  ring  contain- 
ing the  bezel  in  which  the  stone  is  set ; 
bot.  the  neck  or  part  of  a  plant  from  which 
spring  the  ascending  and  descending  axes. 

Colletic,  kol-Iet'ik,  a.  [Gr.  kolletikos,  from 
kolla,  glue.]  Having  the  property  of  gluing; 
agglutinant.  — n.  An  agglutinant.  —  Col- 
leterium,  kol-le-te'ri-um,  n.  An  organ  in 
the  females  of  certain  insects,  containing 
a  glutinous  substance  by  which  the  ova  are 
cemented  together.  —  Colleterial,  kol-le- 
te'ri-al,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  colleterium. 

Collide,  kol-lid',  v.i. — collided,  colliding.  [L. 
collido — col  for  con,  and  Icedo,  to  strike.]  To 
strike  or  dash  against  each  other;  to  meet 
in  shock;  to  meet  in  opposition  or  antag- 
onism.— Collision,  kol-li'zhon,  n.  jX.  col- 
lisio.]    The  act  of  striking  or  dashing  to- 


Kother;  the  mooting  and  mutual  striking 
of  two  or  mori!  moving  bodies,  or  of  a 
moving  body  with  a  stationary  one;  oiijio- 
sition ;  antagonism ;  interference.  —  CfoUi- 
Bive,  kol-li'siv,  a.  Causing  collision;  clash- 
ing. 

Collie,  Colly,  kol'i,  n.  [Origin  doubtful.] 
A  variety  of  dog  especially  common  in 
Scotland,  and  much  esteemed  as  a  shecj)- 
dog. 

Collier,  kol'ytr,  n.  [Prom  coal;  comp.  law- 
yer, satvj/er.]  A  digger  of  coal;  one  who 
works  iu  a  coal-mine ;  a  vessel  employed 
in  £he  coal  trade.  —  Colliery,  kol'yer-i,  n. 
The  ])lace  where  coal  is  dug;  a  coal  mine 
or  pit. 

Colligate,  kol'li-gat,  v.t. —  colligated,  colli- 
Mtting.  |L.  colligo—col  for  coji,  and  ligo,  to 
bind.].  To  bind  or  fasten  together;  to  con- 
nect by  oliserving  a  certain  relationsbij) 
or  similarity  (to  colligate  phenomenal.— 
Colligation,  kol-li-ga'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
colligating;  that  process  by  which  many 
isolated  facts  are  bmught  together  under 
one  general  concepti/)n  or  observation. 

Collimation,  kol-li-ma'shon, n."lFroni  a  fan- 
cied L.  verb  collimare,  really  a  false  lead- 
ing for  co(Hn«;are:—co(,  together, and  liw<t, 
a  line.]  The  act  of  levelling  orof  directi'ig 
the  sight  to  a  fixed  object.— iijie  of  cul'.i- 
viation,  in  an  astronomical  instrument, 
the  straight  line  which  pa.sses  through  the 
centre  of  the  object-glass,  and  intersects  at 
right  angles  the  fine  wires  which  are  fixed 
in  the  focus. —  Erfor  of  collimation,  the 
deviation  of  the  actual  lii\e  of  sight  in  a 
telescope  from  the  focus  aira  centre  of  ttie 
object-glass,  or  from  the  proper  position. 
— Collimate,  kol'li-mftt,  v.t.  To  adjust  the 
line  of  collimation  in.— Collimating,  kol- 
li-mat-ing,  a.  Pertaining  to  collimation; 
correcting  the  error  of  collimating. — Col- 
limator, kol-lim'a-tt-r,  n.  A  small  tele- 
scope used  for  adjusting  the  line  of  col- 
limation. 

Collinear,  kol-lin'e-6r,  ti.  [L.  col  for  con, 
and  liiiea,a,  line.)  Pertaining  to  or  situ- 
ated in  a  corresponding  line.— Colliceate, 
kol-lin'C-at,  v.t.  and  i.  To  aim  or  direct 
in  a  line  corresponding  with  another. — 
Collineation,  kol-lin'6-a"8hon,  n.  The  act 
of  coUineating. 

Collingnal,  kolling'gwal,  a.  [L.  col  for 
con,  with,  and  Ziupua,  a  tongue.]  .Speaking 
the  same  language. 

Colllquate,  kol'Ii-kwat,  v.t.  or  i.  [L.  col  for 
con,  and  liquo,  liquatum,  to  melt.  |  To  mel  t; 
to  dissolve;  to  change  from  solid  to  fluid;  to 
make  or  become  liquid.— CoUiquable,  kol- 
lik'wa-)il,  a.  Capable  of  being  or  lial)lo  to 
become  liquefied.  —  CoUiquant,  kol'li- 
kwaiit, «.  Having  the  power  of  dissolving 
or  melting.  —  Colliquation,  kol-li-kwa'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  melting;  a  melting 
or  fusing  together.— Colliquative,  kyl-lik'- 
wa-tiv,  a.  Melting;  dissolving;  med.  pro- 
fuse or  excessive,  so  as  to  cause  exhaust  ion; 
said  of  discharges.— CoUiquefaction,  kol- 
lik'w5-fak'slion,  n.    A  melting  togethei. 

Collision.    Under  Collide. 

Collocate,  kol'lo-kat,  v.t.— collocated,  collo- 
cating, [li.colloco — coZfor  con,  together,  and 
loco,  to  place,  locus,  a  place.]  To  set  or  pl.n  e; 
to  set;  to  station. — Collocation,  kol-lo-ka- 
shon,  n.  [L.  collocatio.]  The  act  of  collo- 
cating, placing,  disposing,  or  arranging 
along  with  something  else;  the  manner 
in  which  a  thing  is  placed  with  regard 
to  something  else ;  disposition ;  arrange- 
ment. 

CoUocntion, kol-lo-ku'shcn,  n.  [L.  colloculia 
—  col  for  coji,  together,  and  locutio,  from 
loqtior,  to  speak.]  A  speaking  or  convers- 
ing together;  a  colloquy ;  mutual  dis- 
course. —  Collocutor,  kol-lo-ku't^r  or  kol- 
lok'a-t6r,  n.  One  of  the  siieakers  in  a 
dialogue.— CoUocutory,  kol-lok'u-to-ri.  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  having  the  form  of  a 
colloquy;  colloquial. 

Collodion,  kol-lO'di-on,  n.  [Gi.  knlla,  glue, 
and  eidos,  resemblance.]  A  substance  pre- 
pared by  dissolving  gun-cotton  in  ether, 
or  in  a  mixture  of  ether  and  alcohol,  used 
as  a  substitute  for  adhesive  jilaster  in  the 
case  of  slight  wounds,  and  as  the  basis 
of  a  photographic  process.— Collodionize, 
kol-lo'di-on-iz,  v.t. —  collodionized.  colloih- 
onizing.    To  prepare  (a  plate)  with  oollu- 


cb^,cAa,iiii    sh,,^c,lochj    Jijoj    j.iebi   _R,.Fr. tonj^   iigtSingi    iH,JAen^ th,  JAm;     w,tdg;     wh.w/iifc';     zh,  a«ure.. 


COLLOP 


134 


COLUMN 


dion ;  to  treat  with  collortion.  —  Colloid, 
kol'loid,  a.  Like  glue  or  jelly;  chevi.  ap- 
plied to  uncrystallizable  liquids;  geol.  ap- 
plied to  partly  amorphous  minerals. — 
n.  The  name  given  to  a  transparent,  vis- 
cid, yellowish,  structureless  or  slightly 
granular  matter,  resembling  liquid  gela- 
tine. Crystalloid. — Colloidal,  kol-loi'dal, 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of 
colloids.  —  Colloidality,  kol-loi-dal 'i-ti,  n. 
Colloidal  nature  or  character. 

CoHop,  kol'op,  n.  [Perhaps  lit.  a  piece  of 
meat  made  tender  by  beating;  Hw.koUops, 
G.  klopps,  meat  that  has  been  beaten;  D. 
Hoppsn,  6.  klopfen,  to  beat ;  E.  to  clap.] 
A  slice  or  lump  of  flesh. 

Colloquy,  kol'lo-kwi,  n.  [Ii.  colloquium- 
col,  together,  and  Uiqiior,  to  speak.]  The 
mutual  discourse  of  two  or  more ;  a  con- 
ference ;  a  dialogue ;  a  conversation.  — 
Colloquial,  kol-lo'kwi-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
conversation;  peculiar  to  the  language  of 
common  conversation.  ■:-  Colloquialism, 
kol-lo'kwi-al-izm,  n.  A  word  or  phrase 
])eculiar  to  the  language  of  common  con- 
versation. —  CoUoquiality,  kol-lo'kwi-al"- 
i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  bemg  colloquial. — 
CoUoqulalizs,  kol-lo'kwi-al-iz,  v.t.  To 
make  colloquial.  —  Colloquially,  kol-lo'- 
kwi-al-li,  adv.  In  a  colloquial  or  conver- 
sational manner;  in  colloquial  language. 
— CoUoquist,  kol'lo-kwist,  n.  A  speaker  in 
a  dialogue.— Colloquize,  kol'lo-kwiz,  v.i. 
To  take  part  in  a  colloquy  or  conversa- 
tion; to  converse. 

Collude,  koMud',  v.i.—colludedl,,  eollvding. 
[L.  colludo—col,  together,  and  ludo,  tb 
play,  as  in  allude,  delude.]  To  play  into  the 
hands  of  each  other;  to  conspire  in  a  fraud; 
to  act  in  concert;  to  connive. — Colluder, 
kol-lQd'er,  n.  One  who  colludes.— Collu- 
sion, kol-lu'zhon,  n.  Secret  agreement  for 
a  fraudulent  purpose.— Collusive,  ko!-lu'- 
siv,  a.  Fraudulently  concerted  between 
two  or  more.  —  Collusively,  kol-lu'siv-li, 
adv.  In  a  collusive  manner;  by  collusion. 
—  Collusiveness,  kol-la'siv-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  collusive.  —  Collusory, 
kol-ln'so-ri,  a.    Collusive. 

Colly,t  kol'i,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  col,  coal.]  To 
make  foul;  to  blacken.    [Shak.] 

CollyHum,  kol-lir'i-um,  n.  [L.]  Eye-salve; 
eye-wash. 

Colocynth,  kol'o-sinth,  n.  [Gr.  koloJcynthos, 
a  gourd  or  pumpkin.]  A  kind  of  cucum- 
ber, the  fruit  of  the  wild  gourd,  indigenous 
in  the  warmer  parts  of  Asia,  but  now 
widely  cultivated  on  account  of  its  medi- 
cinal properties^  being  a  purgative. 

Cologne-earth,  ko-lon',  n.  A  kind  of  ochre 
of  a  deep-brown  colour,  used  in  water- 
colour  painting. — Cologne-water,  n.  Eau 
de  Cologne. 

Cololite,  ko'lo-lit,  n.  [Gr.  kolon,  the  colon, 
and  lithos,  a  stone,]  ■  Geol.  the  name  given 
to  what  appears  to  be  the  petrified  intes- 
tines of  fishes  or  their  contents,  but  which 
are  more  probably  worm-casts. 

Colomba,  Columba,  ko-lomTsa,  ko-lumlDa, 
n.    Calumba. 

Colombier,  ko-lom'bi-6r,  n.    ColumUer. 

Colon,  ko '  Ion,  n.  [Gr.  kolon,  the  colon,  a 
member  or  limb,  a  clause.]  The  largest 
portion  of  the  human  intestine,  forming 
the  middle  section  of  the  large  intestine, 
and  terminating  in  the  rectum;  a  punctu- 
ation mark  formed  thus  [ :],  used  to  mark 
a  pause  greater  than  that  of  a  semicolon, 
but  less  than  that  of  a  period. 

Colonel,  k6r'nel,  n.  [Formerly  also  coro- 
nel,  which  is  the  Spanish  form,  and  has 
given  the  modem  pronunciation;  Fr.  col- 
onel, 0,Ft.  colonnel,  from  It.  coloneUo,  a 
colonel,  a  little  column,  dim.  of  colonna, 
L.  columna,  a  column:  the  name  was  ori- 
ginally given  to  the  leading  company  in  a 
regiment.]  The  chief  commander  of  a 
regiment  of  troops,  whether  infantry  or 
cavalry.— Colonelcy,  Colonelshlp,  kfer'nel- 
si,  kfer'nel-.ship,  n.  The  office,  rank,  or 
commission  of  a  colonel. 

Colonnade,  kol-on-nad',  n.  [It.  colonnata, 
from  colonna,  a  column.  Column.]  Arch. 
any  series  or  range  of  columns  placed  at 
certain  intervals  from  each  other,  such 

•  intervals  varying  according  to  the  rules  of 
art  and  the  order  employed. 

Colony,  ko!'o-ni,  n.    [L.  colonia,  from  colo. 


e^iltian,  to  till  (hence  etdUvaie,  culture.]  A 
body  of  people  transplanted  from  their 
mother-comitry  to  a  remote  province  or 
country,  and  remaining  subject  to  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  parent  state;  a  body  of 
settlers  or  their  descendants;  the  country 
planted  or  colonized;  a  number  of  animids 
or  plants  living  or  growing  together. — 
Colonial,  ko-lo'ni-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
colony.  —  Colonialism,  ko-lo'ni-al-izm,  n. 
A  phrase,  idiom,  or  practice  peculiar  to  a 
colony.  —  Colonist,  kol'on-ist,  n.  An  in- 
habitant of  or  settler  in  a  colony;  a  mem- 
ber of  a  colonizing  expedition.— Colonize, 
kol'on-iz,  v.t.— colonized,  colonizing.  To 
plant  or  establish  a  colony  in;  to  send  a 
colony  to;  to  migrate  and  settle  in.— v.i. 
To  remove  and  settle  in  a  distant  country. 
—Colonization,  koron-iz-a"shon.  n.  The 
act  of  colonizing  or  state  of  being  colon- 
ized. —  Colonizationist,  koron-iz-a'shon- 
ist,  n.  An  advocate  for  colonization  — 
Colonizer,  kol'on-iz-^r,  n.  One  who  colo- 
nizes; one  who  establishes  colonies. 

Colophon,  kol'o-fon,  n.  [Gr.  kolophOn,  a 
summit,  <top,  finishing.]  A  device,  or 
printer's  name,  place  of  publication,  and 
date,  formerly  put  at  the  conclusion  of  a 
book.— Colophonian,  kol-o-fO'ni-an,  a.  Re- 
Tating  to  a  colophon  or  the  conclusion  of  a 
book. 

Colophony,  Colophany,  kol'o-f  o-ni,  kol'o-fa- 
ni,  n.  [Gr.  kolophonia,  from  Colophon,  a 
city  of  Ionia,  whence  the  Greeks  obtained 
it.]  Black  resin  or  turpentine  boiled  in 
water  and  dried.— Colophonic,  kol-o-fon'- 
ik,  a.    Pertaining  to  colophony. 

Coloqnintida,  kol-o-kwin'ti-da,  n.  The  colo- 
cynth or  bitter-apple. 

Color,  kul'6r.  An  old  and  common  Ameri- 
can spelling  of  Colour. — ^^Colorate,t  kul'fer- 
at,  a.  [L.  coloratus]  Coloured;  dyed  or 
tinged  with  some  colour.— Coloration.Jcul- 
Sr-a'shon,  n.  Colouring;  the  state  of  being 
coloured;  the  tints  of  an  object.— Colorific, 
kul-^r-if 'ik,  a.  Having  the  quality  of 
tinging;  able  to  give  colour  or  tint  to 
other  bodies. — Colorimeter,  kol-o-rim'et- 
*r,  n.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
depth  of  colour  in  a  liquid  by  comparison 
with  a  standard  liquid  of  the  same  tint. 

Colorado  Beetle,  kol-o-ra'do,  n.  A  coleop- 
terous insect,  a  native  of  the  south-west- 
em  states  of.North  America,  which  works 
great  havoc  among  the  potato  crops.   .  . 

Colossus,  ko-los'sus,  n.  pi.  Colossi,  ko-1  ess  i, 
or  rarely  Colossuses,  ko-los'sus-ez.  [6r. 
kolossos,  a  colossal  statue.]  A  statue  of  a 
gigantic  size  or  of  size  much  greater  than 
the  natural,  such  as  the  statue  of  Apollo 
which  anciently  stood  at  the  entrance  to 
the  port  of  Rhodes.  —  Colossal,  ko-los'sal, 
a.  Like  a  colossus;  much  exceeding  the 
size  of  nature;  very  large;  huge;  gigantic. 

Colostrtun,  k5-los'trum,  to.  [L.]  The  first 
milk  secreted  in  the  breasts  after  child- 
birth. 

Colour,  kul'Sr,  n.  [L.  color,  colour.]  That 
in  respect  of  which  bodies  have  a  different 
appearance  to  the  eye  independently  of 
their  form;  any  tint  or  hue  distinguished 
from  white;  that  which  is  used  for  colour- 
ing; a  pigment;  paint;  the  blood-red  hue 
of  the  face;  redness;  complexion;  false 
show;  pretence;  guise;  pi.  a  flag,  ensign,  or 
standard  borne  in  an  army  or  fleet;  a  colour 
used  as  a  badge.— CompZementaj-j/  colours, 
colours  which  together  make  white;  thus, 
any  of  the  three  primary  colours  is  com- 
plementary to  the  other  two. — Primary 
colours,  red,  green,  and  violet  (or  blue) ; 
or  in  a  looser  sense  the  colours  into  which 
white  light  is  divided  by  a  glass  prism— 
viz.  red,  orange,  yellow,  green,  blue,  in- 
digo, and  violet. — Persons  of  colour,  mem- 
bers of  the  darker  varieties  of  mankind, 
as  negroes,  mulattoes,  ks.~-v.t.  To  impart 
colour  to ;  to  dve ;  to  tinge ;  to  paint ;  to 
stain  ;".^£^.  to  clothe  with  an  appearance 
different  from  the  real;  to  give  a  specious 
appearance  to;  to  make  plausible. — v.i.  To 
blush.  —  Colourable,  kul'er-a-bl,  o.  Spe- 
cious; plausible;  giving  an  appearance  of 
right  or  justice  (pretence,  grounds);  in- 
tended to  deceive  (a  colourable  imitation 
of  a  trade-mark). .'.  Colourable,  having  such 
an  appearance  as  would  not  lead  to  the 
suspicion  of  anything  underhand;  speoioiM, 


having  a  fair  outside  show,  and  likely  -to 
mislead  thereby ;  plausible,  apparently 
reasonable  or  satisfactory,  though  not 
convincing;  ostensible,  put  forward  as  hav- 
ing a  certain-  character  but  not  really 
having  it.  —  Colourableness,  kul'6r-a-bl- 
nes,  n.  Speciousness.  —  Colourably,  kul'- 
^r-a-bli,  adv.  In  a  colourable  manner. 
— Coloured,  kul'erd,  p.  and  a.  Having 
a  colour;  dyed,  painted,  or  stained ;  hav- 
ing some  other  colour  than  white  or  black; 
having  a  specious  appearance;  a  term 
applied  to  the  darker  varieties  of  man- 
kind; bot.  applied  to  a  leaf,  calyx,  seed, 
&c.,  to  express  any  colour  except  green. 
—  Colouring,  kul'er-ing,  n.  The  act  or 
art  of  applying  colours;  colour  applied; 
tints  or  hues  collectively,  as  iri  a  pictv.re; 
a  specious  appearance;  show.— Colourist, 
kul'6r-ist,  n.  One  who  colours;  a  painter 
whose  works  are  remarkable  for  beauty  of 
colour.- Colocrless,  kul'^r-les,  a.  desti- 
tute of  colour.  —  Coloorman,  kul'Sr-man, 
n.  One  who  prepares  and  sells  colours. — 
Colour-blind,  o.  Incapable  of  accurately 
distinguishing  colours;- having  an  imper- 
fect perception  of  colours.— Colour-blind- 
ness, n.  Total  or  partial  incapability  of 
distingjuishing  colours,  arising  from  some 
defect  in  the  eye,  though  otherwise  vision 
may  be  quite  perfect.— Colour-box,  n.    A 

Eortable  box  for  holding  artists'  colours, 
rushes,  &c.— Colour-printing,  n.  The  art 
or  process  of  printing  in  colours. — Colour- 
sergeant,  n.  A  non-commissioned  oflScer 
who  ranks  higher  than  an  ordinary  ser- 
geant, and  who  attends  the  colours  in  the 
field  or  near  headquarters. 

Colporteur,  kol-por-tfer,  6  long,  n.  [Fr.— 
col,  from  it.  collum,  the  neck,  and  porleur, 
a  carrier,  from  L.  porto,  to  carry.]  A 
hawker  of  wares;  a  hawker  of  books  and 
pamphlets,  particularly  a  hawker  of  reli- 
gious books  and  pamphlets.— Colportage, 
kol'por-taj,  n.  The  system  of  distributing 
religious  books,  tracts,  &c.,  by  colporteurs. 

Castas,  kol'staf ,  n.  [Fr.  col,  the  neck,  and 
E  staff.]  A  stair  for  enabling  two  persons 
to  carry  a  burden  between  them,  each 
resting  one  end  of  the  staff  on  his  shoulder. 

Colt,  kolt,  n.  [A.  Sax.  coU,  .a  young  ass,  a 
young  camel;  comp.  Sw.  kult,  a  young 
boar,  a  stout  boy.]  A  young  horse,-or  a 
young  animal  of  the  horse  genus;  com- 
monly and  distinctively  applied  to  the 
male,  fiXly  being  the  female ;  a  young 
camel  or  a  young  ass  (O.T.)I.  —  Coltish, 
kol'tish,  a.  Like  a  colt;  wanton;  frisky; 
gay.— Coltlshly,  kol'tish-li,  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  a  colt ;  wantonly.  —  Coltish- 
ness,  kol'tish-nes,  n.  Wantonness;  friski- 
ness. — Colt's-foot,  n.  The  popular  name  of 
a  composite  plant  whose  leaves  were  once 
much  employed  in  medicine;  tussilago. 

Colubrine,  kol'Q-brin,  a.  [L.  colubrinus, 
from  coluber^  a  serpent.]  Relating  to  ser- 
pents; cunning;  crafty. 

Columoa,  ko-lumTja,  n.    Calumba.' 

Columbian,  ko-lutii'bi-an,  a.  [Prom  Co- 
lumbia, a  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
United  States,  after  Christopher  Cohem- 
hus.]  Pertaining  to  the  United  States  or 
to  America. 

Columbier,  ko-lumTji-^r,  n.  A  size  of  draw- 
ing-paper measuring  34i  by  23  inches. 

Columbme,  kol'um-bin,  a.  [L.  columbinus, 
from  coluinba,  a  pigeon.]  Like  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  pigeon  or  doije ;  of  a  dove-colour ; 
resembling  the  neck  of  a  dove  in, colour. 
— TO.  [li.  coiumbina.]  A  plant  of  the  butter- 
cup family,  so  called  from  the  curved 
petals  being  in  shape  somewhat  like 
pigeons,  the  sepals  forming  the  wings;  the 
name  of  the  mistress  of  Harlequin  in  our 
pantomimes. 

Columbium,  ko-lum'bi-um,  n.  [From  Co- 
lumbia,  America.]  A  rare  metal;  niobium. 
— Columbite,  ko-lum'bit,  n.  The  ore  of 
columbium. 

Colnmbo,  ko-lumlio,-  n.    Calumba. 

Column,  kol'um,  n.  (L.  coluinna,  a  column, 
from  root  which  appears  in  collis,  a  hill, 
culmen,  a  summit.]  A  solid  body  of  con- 
siderably greater  length  than  thickness, 
standing  upright,  and  generally  serving 
as  a  support  to  something  resting  on  its 
top;  a  pillar;  anything  resembling  a  col- 
umn in  shape  (a  column  of  water,  air,  or 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOvej  '  tflbe,  tub,  bi?ll;     oil,  pound;     ti.  So.  abime— the  Fr. 


COLURE 


135 


'  COMl'IT 


mercury);  hot.  the  united  stamens  and 
styles  of  plants  when  they  fo^m  a  solid 
central  body,  as  in  orchids ;  milit.  a  for- 
mation of  troops,  narrow  in  front,  and 
deep  from  front  to  rear;  naut.  a  body  of 
ships  following  each  other;  printing  and 
wnting,  a  division  of  a  page;  a  perpendi- 
cular set  of  lines  separated  from  another 
set  by  a  line  or  blank  space.  —  Columel, 
Columella,  kol'a-inel,  kol-a-mel'la,  n.  [L. 
columella,  dim.  of  columen  or  eolumna,  a 
column.]  Bot.  the  central  column  in  the 
capsule  of  mosses,  from  which  the  spores 
separate:  the  axis  roui^d  which  the  parts 
of  a  fruit  are  arranged;  conch,  the  upright 
pillar  in  the  centre  of  most  of  the  univalve 
shells.— Columelliform,  kol-u-mol'li-form, 
a.  Shaped  like  a  columella  or  little  column. 
—  Columnar,  ko-lum'nfer,  a.  Formed  in 
columns ;  like  the  shaft  of  a  column. — 
Columnarity,  kol-um-nar'i-ti,  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  columnar. — Colunmated,  ko- 
lum'niit-ed,  a.  Ornamented  with  columns. 
—Columned,  kol'umd,  a.  Furnished  with 
columns;  supported  on  or  adorned  by  col- 
umns. —  Columniatlon,  ko-lum'ni-a"shon, 
M.  Arch,  the  employment  of  columns  in 
a  design. 

Colure,  kol'ar,  n.  [Gr.  koloura,  dock-tailed 
(with  gramme,  a  line,  understood)— fcoios, 
stunted,  and  oura,  a  tail,  because  a  part 
is  always  beneath  the  horizon.]  Either  of 
the  two  great  cirtles  supposed  to  intersect 
each  other  at  right  angles  in  the  poles  of 
the  world,  one  of  them  passing  through 
the  solstitial  and  the  other  through  the 
equinoctial  points  of  the  ecliptit,  the 
points  where  they  intercept  the  ecliptic 
being  called  cardinal  points. 
Colza,  kol'za,  n.  [Fr.  colza,  O.Fr.  coUat, 
from  D.  koolzaad,  lit.  cabbage-seed— iooZ, 
cabbage,  and  zaad,  seed.]  A  variety  of 
cabbage  whose  seeds  afford  an  oil  much 
employed  for  burning  in  lamps,  and.  for 
many  other  purposes. 

Coma,  ko'ma,  n.  [Or.  koma.  lethargy.]  A 
state  of  more  or  less  complete  insensibility 
and  loss  of  power  of  thought  or  motion ; 
lethargy.  —  Comatose,  Comatous,  ko'ma- 
tos,  ko'ma-tus,  a.  Pertaining  to  coma; 
drowsy;  lethargic. 

Coma,  ko'ma,  n.  [L.,  the  hair.]  Bot.  the 
empty  leaf  or  bract  terminating  the  flower- 
ing stem  of  a  plant,  in  a  tuft  or  bush;  also, 
the  silky  hairs  at  the  end  of  some  seeds ; 
asfron.  the  nebulous  hair -like  envelope 
surrounding  the  nucleus  of  a  comet. — 
Comate,  ko'mat,  a.  [L.  comattis.'i  Hairy; 
furnished  with  a  coma. 
Comb,  kom,  n.  [A.  Sax.  canib,  a  comb,  a 
crest  =  D.  kam,  Icel.  kambt,  a  comb,  a 
crest;  Dan.  kam,  a  comb,acam;  Q.  kamm, 
a  comb.]  An  instrument  with  teeth  for 
separating,  cleansing,  and  adjusting  hair, 
wool,  or  flax;  also,  an  instrument  used  by 
women  for  keeping  the  hair  in  its  place 
when  dressed;  the  crest,  caruncle,  or  red 
fleshy  tuft  growing  on  a  cock's  head;  the 
top  or  crest  of^wave;  honey-comb. — v.t. 
To  dress  with  a  comb. — v.i.  To  roll  over, 
as  the  top  of  a  wave,  or  to  break  with  a 
white  foam.— Combed,  komd,  a.  Having 
a  comb  or  crest. — Comber,  kom'Sr,  n.  One 
who  combs:  one  whose  occupation  is  to 
comb  wool,  &c. — Combing,  kdm'ing,n.  The 
act  of  using  a  comb;  that  which  is  re- 
moved by  combing:  in  the  latter  sense, 
generally  in  the  plural. 
Comb,  Combe,  kOm,  n.  rW.  curm,  a  hollow; 
or  A.  Sax.  comb,  cumh,  a  vessel,  a  valley. 
Coomb.]  A  valley  between  hilla  or  moun-. 
tains;  specifically,  that  portion  of  a  valley" 
which  forms  its  continuation  above  the 
most  elevated  spring. 

Combat,  kom'balor  Kum'bat,w.i.  rFr.com- 
battre—com,Sind  battre,  to  beat.  Baiter.1 
To  fight;  to  struggle  or  contend.— ».<.  Tte 
fight  with;  to  oppose  by  force:  to  contend 
against ;  to  resist :  now  chiefly  employed 
in  figurative  senses.— n.  A  fight;  a  struggle 
to  resist,  overthrow,  or  conquer ;  contest ; 
engagement ;  battle.  —  Single  combat,  a 
fight  between  two  individuals ;  a  duel. .'. 
Syn.  vmder  Battle.  —  Combatable,  kom'- 
ba-ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  combated.dis- 
puted,  or  opposed.  —  Combatant,  kom'ba- 
tant,  a.  Contending;  disposed  to  combat 
or  contend.— «.  A  person  who  combats;  any 


person  engaged  in  active  war;  a  person 
who  contends  with  another  in  argument 
or  controversy.  —  Combative,  kom'ba-tiv, 
a.  Disposed  to  combat;  showing  such  a 
disposition;  pugnacious. —  Combatively, 
kom'ba-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  combative  man- 
ner; pugnaciously.— Combativeness,  kom'- 
ba-tiv-nes,  n.  State  of  being  combative; 
disposition  to  contend  or  fight. 

Comber,  kojn'bSr,  n.  A  name  given  to  a  fish 
of  the  perch  family,  and  also  to  a  species 
of  wrasse. 

Combine,  kom-bin',  v.t. — cowMnedi  corribin- 
ing.  [Fr.  combiner,  from  the  L.L.  com- 
bino— com,  and  L.  binus,  two  and  two,  or 
double.]  To  unite  or  join;  to  link  closely 
together.— v.i.  To  unite,  agree,  or  coalesce; 
to  league  together;  to  m^ite  by  affinity  or 
chemical  attraction.  —  Combinable,  kom- 
bi'na-bl,  a.  Capable  of  combining  or  of 
being  combined.  —  Combinableness,  koni- 
bi'na-blnes,  n.  State  of  being  combinable. 
—Combination,  kbm-bi-na'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  combining ;  the  act  of  joining,  coming 
together,  or  uniting;  union  of  particulars; 
concurrence;  meeting;  union  or  association 
of  persons  or  things  for  efi'ecting  some 
object  by  joint  operation ;  commixture ; 
union  of  bodies  or  qualities  in  a  mass  or 
compound;  chemical  union;  math,  the 
union  of  a  number  of  individuals  in  dif- 
ferent groups,  each  containing  a  certain 
number  of  the  Individ ials.— Combinatory, 
Comblnatlve.t  kom-bi'na-to-ri,  kom-bi'na- 
tiv,  a.  Tending  to  combine;  uniting.— 
Combined,  kom-bind',  v.  and  a.  United 
associated ;  leagued ;  conjoiiled.  —  Com- 
biuedly,  kom-bi'ned-li,  adv.  In  a  com- 
bined manner ;  unitedly;  jointly.  —  Com- 
biner, kom-bi'n6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  combines. 

Combing,  kom'ing,  n.    Coaming. 

Combustible,  kom-bus'ti-bl,  a.  [Fr.  comJws- 
tible,  from  L.  comburo,  combustum,  to  con- 
sume— comb,  for  cum  or  con,  and  uro,  to 

•  bnrn;  same  root  as  Gr.owein,  to  kindle;  Skr. 
ush,  to  burn.]  Capable  of  taking  fire  and 
burning;  inflammable;  fig.  fiery  or  iras- 
cible; hot-tjcmpered.— n.  A  substance  that 
will  take  fire  and  bum.— Combustibility, 
Combnstibleness,  kom-bus'ti-bil"i-ti,  kom- 
bus'ti-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  combustible.  —  Combustion,  kom- 
bust'yon,  n.  The  operation  of  fiie  on  in- 
flammable substances;  burning;  or,  in 
chemical  language,  the  union  of  an  inflam- 
mable substance  with  oxygen  or  some 
other  supporter  of  combustion,  attended 
with  heat,  and  in  most  instances  with 
light.  —  SpohtaneouB  combustion,  the  igni- 
tion of  a  body  by  the  internal  development 
of  heat  without  the  application  of  fen  ex- 
ternal flame. 

Come,  kum,  v.i.  —  cams  (pret.),  come  (pp.) ; 
coming.  [A.  Sax.  ctmuin  or  euriman  =  D. 
komen,  Icel.  koma,  Dan.  komme,  Sw.  kom- 
ma,  a.  kommen,  Goth,  kunman:  also  from 
same  root,  L.  venio,  to  come;  Gf .  bainO,  to 
go.  ] ,  To  move  hitherward :  to  advance 
nearer  in  any  manner  and  from  any  dis- 
tance; to  approach  the  person  speakuig  or 
writing,  or  the  person  addressed:  opposed 
to  go;  to  arrive;  to  take  place;  to  reach  a 
certain  stage  or  point  of  progress;  to  arrive 
at:  followed  by  an  infinitive  (I  now  come 
to  consider  the  next  subject);  to  get  into 
a  certain  state  or  condition:  especially  fol- 
lowed by  to  be;  to  happen  or  fall  out;  to 
bef  al  (come  what  will);  to  advance  or  move 
into  view;  to  appear  (colour  com«s  into  the 
face);  to  accrue  or  result;  to  be  formed 

i  knowledge  comes ) :  frequently  with  of 
this  comsa  of  not  taking  heed).  Come,  in 
ihe  imperative,  is  used  to  excite  attention, 
or  to  invite  to  motion  or  joint  actionj  or  it 
expresses  eamestness,or  haste  ,impatience, 
remonstrance,  &c.—to  come  and  go,  to  al- 
ternate; to  appear  and  disappear.— To  come 
about,  to  happen;  to  fall  out  (how  did 
these  things  come  about  f).—To  come  at,  to 
reach;  to  arrive  within  reach  of;  to  gain. 
— To  come  away,  to  leave;  to  germinate;  to 
sprout.— To  come  by,  to  pass  near;  to  ob- 
tain, gain,  acquire. — To  corns  dovm,  to  de- 
scend; to  be  humbled  or  abased. — To  corns 
horns,  to  come  to  one's  dwelling;  to  touch 
nearly;  to  touch  the  feelings,  interest,  or 
reason.— To  come  in,  to  ent«r,  as  into  an 


jnelosure  or  a  port;  to  become  fashionabl*^; 
to  be  brought  into  use. — To  corns  in  for,  to 
get  a  share  of;  to  get;  to  obtain. — To  cor)\s 
vrdo,  to  acquire  by  inheritance  or  bequest. 
— To  ooms  near  or  nigh,  to  approach  in 
place;  to  approach  in  quality:  to  arrive 
at  nearly  the  same  degree.— To  come  off, 
to  escape;  to  get  free;  to  emerge  (to  come 
oj  with  honour);  to  happen:  to  take  place. 
— To  come  on,  to  advance;  to  progress;  to 
thrive.— To  come  out,  to  removef  rom  with- 
in; to  become  public;  to  be  introduced  to 
general  society:  saidof  a  young  lady;  to  ap- 
pear after  being  obscured  by  clouds  (the  sun 
has  come  oicti ;  to  result  from  cajculation. 
— To  come  out  of,  to  issue  forth;  to  get  clear 
of  (he  has  corns  out  of  that  affair  very  well). 
— To  corns  out  m</i,to  give  publicity  to;  to 
let  out  or  disclose. — To  come  over,  to  pass 
above  or  across,  or  from  one  side  to  an- 
other.— To  corns  round,  to  recover:  to  re- 
vive; to  regain  one's  f  orrder  state  of  health. 
— To  corns  short,  to  fail ;  not  to  reach  ;  to 
be  inadequate. — To  come  to,  to  fall  or  be 
allotted  to;  to  amount  to. — To  come  to  one^a 
self,  to  get  back  one's  consciousness;  to  re- 

■  cover.  —  To  corns  to  pass,  to  happen.— To 
come  true,  to  be  verified. — To  corns  up,  to 
ascend:  to  rise;  to  spring;  to  shoot  or  rise 
above  the  earth.— To  cmne  up  to,  to  attain 
to;  to  equal;  to  amount  to. — To  come  up 
viith,  to  overtake  in  following  or  pursuit.— 
Corns  your  ways,  come  along;  come  hither. 
—To  corns,  future;  in  future  (time  <ocowie). 
— Comeatable,  kum-at'a-bl,  n.  [Corns,  at, 
and  suffix  -able.]  Capable  of  being  come 
at;  capable  of  being  reached  or  obtained. 
[CoUoq.]  —  Comer,  kum'^r,  n.  One  that 
comes;  one  who  has  arrived  and  is  present. 
— All  comsra,  any  one  that  may  come; 
everybody,  without  exclusion.  —  Coming, 
kum 'ing,  p.  and  o.  Drawing  nearer  or 
nigh;  approaching;  moving  toward;  ad- 
vancing: future;  next  in  the  future.— 
Conung-in,  n.  (pi.  Comlngs-in.)  Entrance; 
arrival ;  introduction ;  income^ ;  revenue 
{Shak.)t. 

Comedy,  kom' e-di,  n.  [h.  comcedia,  Gr. 
kiymOdia,  a  comedy,  from  komos,  a  revel  or 
feast,  and  Ode,  a  song.]  A  dramatic  com- 
position of  a  light  and  amusing  class,  its 
characters  being.represented  as  in  the  cir- 
cumstances or  meeting  with  the  incidents 
of  ordinary  Ufe.— Comedian,  ko-m6'di-an, 
71.  An  actor  or  player  in  comedy;  a  player 
in  general;  a  writer  of  comedy.— Comedlc, 
ko-me'dik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
nature  of  comedy.— Comedietta,  ko-me'di- 
et"ta,  n.  A  dramatic  composition  of  the 
comedy  class,  in  one  or  at  most  two  acts 
and  not  so  much  elaborated  as  a  regular 
com'edy.  , 

Comely,  kum'li,  a.  f  A.  Sax.  cymlic,  comely, 
from  cyme,  suitable,  from  cumany  to  corns.] 
Handsome;  graceful;  symmetrical;  well- 
proportioned;  decent;  suitable ; -proper ; 
becoming.— Comeliness,  kum'U-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  comely. 

Comestible,  ko-mes'ti-bl,  n.  [Fr.  comestible, 
from  L.  comedo,  comssum  or  comestum,  to 
eat  up^-com,  and  edo,  to  eat.]  An  eatable; 
an  article  of  solid  food.  • 

Comet,  kom'et,  n.  [L.  comsta,  from  Gr. 
kometgs,  long-haired",  a  comet,  from  kome, 
hair:  from  the  appearance  of  its  tail.]  The 
name  given  to  certain  calestial  bodies  con- 
sisting of  a  star-like  nucleus,  surrounded 
by  a  luminous  envelope,  called  the  coma, 
and  usually  accompanied  with  a  tail  or 
train  of  light,  appearing  at  irregular  in- 
tervals, moving  through  the  heavens  in 
paths  which  seem  to  correspond  with 
parabolic  curves,  or  in  a  few  instances  in 
elliptical  orbits  of  great  eccentricity.— 
Cometic,  Cometary,  ko-met'ik,  kom'et-a- 
ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  comet.  —  Comet- 
flnder,  n.  A  telescope  of  low  power,  but 
with  a  wide  field,  used  to  discover  comets. 
— CometOgrapher,  kom-e'^tog'raf-iir,  n.  One 
who  writes  about;  comets.- Cometography, 
kom-e-tog'ra-fi,  n.  A  description  of,  or 
treatise  on,  comets.— Cometology,  kom-e- 
tol'o-ji,  n.'  A  discourse  on  comets;  tbat 
branch  of  astronomy  which  investigates 
comets. 

Comfit,  kum'fit,  n.  [Fr.  eorii^t,  pp.  of  con- 
Jire,  to  preserve,  to  make  into  a  sweet- 
meat, from  L.  conficere — con,  together. 


eh,  cAiain;     cft,Sc.  locA;     g,  po;    j.yob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ngtSin^;     vh,  (Aen;  th,  tAin;     w,  itig;     wh,  toMg;     zh,  a«m'e. 


C0ilF02,T 


186 


COMMERCE 


snd  facio,  to  make.]  A  dry  sweetmeat; 
aiiy  kind  of  fruit  or  root  preserved  with 
sugar  and  dried;  a  bon-bon;  a  lollipoij. 
Comfort,  kum'fert,  v.t.  [O.E.  confort,  from 
O.Fr.  conforter,to  comfort,  from  L.L.  con- 
fortare,  to  strengthen — cor,  intens.,  and 
Ij.  foriis,  brave.]  To  raise  from  depres- 
sion; to  soothe  when  in  grief  or  trouble;  to 
liriug  solace  or  consolation  to;  to  console; 
to  cheer;  to  hearten;  to  solace;  to  enliven. 
—IX.  Relief  frem  affliction,  sorrow,  or 
trouble  of  any  kind;  solace;  consolation;  a 
state  of  quiet  or  moderate  enjoyment,  re- 
sulting from  the  possession  of  what  satis- 
fies bodily  wants  and  freedom  from  all 
care  or  anxiety;  a  feeling  or  state  of  well- 
being,  satisfaction,  or  content;  that  which 
furnishes  moderate  enjoyment  or  content. 
—Comfortable,  kum'fert-a-bl,  a.  Being 
in  comfort  or  in  a  state  of  ease  or  moder- 
ate enjoyment;  giving  comfort;  affording 
help,  ease,  or  consolation.— Comfortable- 
ness, kum'fert-a-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  comfortable.— Comfortably,  kum'- 
fert-a-bli,  adv.  In  a  comfortable  man- 
ner; in  a  manner  to  give  comfort  or  con- 
solation.—Comforter,  kum'fert-tr,  n.  One 
who  comforts;  a  knit  woollen  fabric  for 
tying  round  the  neck  in  cold  weather. — 
Comfortless,  kum'fert-les,  a.  Without 
comfort;  without  affording  or  without 
being  attended  by  any  comfort.— Com- 
fortlessly, kum'fert-les-li,  adti.- Comfort- 
lessness,  kum'fert-les-nes,  n. 
Comfrey,  Comfry,  kum'fri,  n.  [Fr.  conferve, 
Jj.  covfirva,  from  conferveo,  to  heal,  to 
grow  together,  from  prefix  con,  find  yierueo, 
to  boil,  from  the  plant's  supposed  healing 
power.]  A  name  given  to  several  species 
of  rough  herbaceous  European  and  Asiatic 
plants,  one  species  of  which,  the  common 
comfrey,  found  in  Britain  on  the  banks  of 
rivers  and  ditches,  was  formerly  in  high 
repute  as  a  vulnerary. 
Comic,  kom'ik,  a.  |L.  comicus,  Gr.' koini- 
ko3.  CoMEDv.l  Relating  or  belonging  to 
comedy,  as  distinct  from  tragedy;  also 
comical.  —  n.  A  comic  actor  or  singer. — 
Comical,  kom'ik-al,  a.  Exciting  mirth; 
ludicrous;  laughable;  diverting;  sportive; 
droll.— Comicality,  kom-i-kal'i-ti,  to.  The 
quality  of  being  comical;  ludicrousness; 
that  which  is  comical  or  ludicrous.— Com- 
ically, kom'ik-al-li,  adt).  In  a  comical 
manner;  in  a  manner  to  raise  mirth; 
laughably ;  ludicrously.  —  Comicalness, 
kom'ik-al-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
comical;  comicality.— Comic[ue,  kom-ek, 
n.  fFr.]  A  comic  actor  or  singer. 
Comitia,  ko-mish'i-a,ji.  pi.  [L.]  Legislative 
a.«semblies  or  meetings  ainong  the  ancient 
Romans.— Comitial,  ko-mish'i-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  comitia. 
Comity,  kom'i-ti,  n.  [L.  comiias,  from 
comis,  mild,  affable.]  •  Mildness  and  s>iav- 
ity  of  manners;  courtesy;  civility;  good 
breeding.— Com!<j/  of  nations  {comitas  gen- 
tium}, that  kind  of  courtesy  by  which  the 
laws  and  institutions  of  one  state  or 
country  are  recognized  and  to  some  extent 
given  effect  to  by  the  government  of  an- 
other within  its  territory. 
Comma,  kom '  ma,  n.  [Gr.  komma,  a  seg- 
ment, from  kopto,  to  cut  off.]  A  punctua- 
tion mo,rk  [ ,  ]  denoting  the  shortest  pause 
in  reading,  and  separating  a  sentence  in- 
to divisions  or  members,,  according  to  the 
construction ;  m«s.  an  enharmonic  inter- 
val, being  the  difference  between  a  major 
and  a  minor  tone. 

Command,  kom-mand'  or  kom-mdnd',  v.t. 
[Ft.  commander,  L.  commendo.  to  intrust, 
later  to  enjoin,  to  command— com  for  con, 
and  niando,  to  commit  to,  to  command.] 
To  order  with  authority ;  to  lay  injunc- 
tion upon;  to  direct;  to  charge;  to  have  or 
to  exercise  supreme  authority,  especially 
military  authority,  over;  to  have  control 
over;  to  dominate  through  position,  often 
specifically  military  position;  to  have 
within  the  range  of  the  eye;  to  overlook ; 
to  exact  or  compel  by  moral  influence;  to 
challenge  (to  command  respect);  to  have 
at  one's  disposal  and  service  (to  command 
assistance). —  t).i.  To  act  as  or  have  the 
authority  of  a  iommander;  to  exercise  in- 
fluence or  power. — 71.  The  power  of  govern- 
ing with  chief  authority;  supreme  power; 


control;  exercise  of  authority;  a  com- 
mandment; mandate;  order;  power  or 
control,  as  from  holding  an  advantage- 
ous militaJT  position ;  the  power  of  over- 
looking from  elevated  position;  a  force 
under  the  command  of  a  particular  offi- 
cer. —  Commandable,  kom-man'da-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  commanded.  —  Com- 
mandant, kom  -  man '  dant,  n.  [Fr.J  A 
commander. — Commander,  kom-man'd6r, 
n.  One  who  commands;  a  cnief;  one  who 
has  supreme  authorit3-;  a  leader;  the  chief 
officer  of  an  army  or  of  any  division  of  it; 
a  naval  officer  next 'in  rank  above  lieuten- 
ant and  under  the  captain;  one  on  whom 
is  bestowed  a  commandery. — Commander- 
in-chief,  a  supreme  military  commander; 
the  highest  sta|[  appointment  in  the  Brit- 
ish army.  —  Cwnmandership,  kom-man'- 
der-ship,  n.  The  office  of  a  commander. — 
Commandery.  kom-man'd^r-i,  n.  I  Fr.  comr- 
vianderie.]  Among  several  orders  of 
knights,  and  in  certain  religious  orders,  a 
district  under  the  control  of  a  member  of 
the  order  called  a  commander  or  precep- 
tor; the  office  of  such  a  member;  the  official 
building  of  a  commandery.— Commanding, 
kom-man'ding,  a.  Governing;  bearing 
rule;  exercising  supreme  authority;  con- 
trolling by  influence,  authority,  or  dignity 
{cqmvianding  eloquence);  •  dominating; 
overlooking  a  wide  region  without  ob- 
struction (a  corAmanding  eminence). — 
Commandingly,  kom-man'<liug-li,  adv.  In 
a  commanding  manner.— Commandment, 
kom-mand'ment,TO.  A  command;  a  man- 
date; an  order  or  injunction  given  by 
authority;  charge;  precept;  a  precept  of 
the  decalogue;  authority;  power  of  com- 
manding. —  Commando,  kom-man  'do,  n.. 
[D.  commando,  lit.  a  command.]  A  quasi- 
military  expedition,  such  as  those  under- 
taken by  the  Dutch  boers  and  English 
farmers  of  South  Africa  against  the  na- 
tives. 

Commeasnre,t  kom-mezh'tir,  v.t.  To  coin- 
cide with;  to  be  co-extensive  with. — Com- 
measnrable.t  kom-mezh'ur-a-bl,  a.  Com- 
mensurate; equal. 

Commemorate,  kom-mem'or-at,  v.t.—<;om- 
memorated,  commemorating.  "[L.  cojji- 
memoro — com,  and  memoro,  to  mention. 
Memory.]  To  preserve  the  memory  of  by 
a  solemn  act;  to  celebrate  with  honour 
and  solemnity.  —  Commemoration,  kom- 
mem'o-ra"shon,  to.  The  act  of  commem- 
orating or  calling  to  remembrance  by 
some  solemnity;  the  act' of  honouring  the 
memory  of  some  person  or  event  by  solemn 
celebration. — Commemorable,  kom-mem'- 
or-a-bl,  a.  Worthy  to  be  commemorated. 
—  Commemorative,  koin-mem'6r-at-iv,  a. 
Tending  to  commemorate  or  preserve  the 
remembrance  of  something,— Commemor- 
ator,  kom-mem'or-at-^r,  to.  One  who 
commemorates.  —  Commemoratory,  kom- 
mem'o-ra-to-ri,  a.    Serving  to  commemo- 

.  rate. 

Commence,  kom -mens',  v.i.  —  commenced, 
commenciiia.  (Fr.  ccmmencer,  from  a  (hy- 
pothetical) L.L.  cominitiare  —  L.  prefix 
com,  and  initiare,  to  begin.  Initiate.]  To 
begin;  to  take  rise  or  origin;  to  have  first 
existence;  to  begin  to  be,  as  in  a  new  state 
or  character.— «.<.  To  begin;  to  enter  upon; 
to  perform  the  first  act  of. — Commence- 
ment, koni-mens'ment,  n.  The  act  or  fact 
of  commencing;  beginning;' rise;  origin; 
first  existence ;  in  Cambridge  University, 
the  day  when  masters  of  arts  and  doctors 
receive  their  degrees;  in  American  colleges 
a  term  used  similarly. 

Commend,  kom-mend',  v.t.  fL.  commando, 
to  commit,  to  commend— com,  and  mando, 
to  commit  to:  the  same  word  as  command 
with  a  different  signification.]  To  com- 
mit, deliver,  intrust,  or  give  in  charge 
(N.T.);  to  represent  as  worthy  of  confi- 
dence, notice,  regard,  or  kindness;  to  re- 
commend ;  with  reflexive  pronoun  some- 
times to  call  for  notice  or  attention  (this 
subject  commends  itself  to  our  attention); 
to  mention  with  approbation;  to  mention 
by  way  of  keeping  in  memory;  to  send 
greeting  or  compliments  from  lS?iak.).-T- 
v.i.  To  approve;  to  praise. —Commsndable, ' 
kom-men  da-bi,  a.  Capable  or  worthy  of  oe- 
ing  commended  or  praised;  praiseworthy; ' 


laudable.— Commendableness,  kom-min'- 
da-bl-nes,  to.  State  of  being  commendable. 
— Commendably,  kora-men'da-bli,  adv.  In 
a  commendable  or  praiseworthy  manner. 
—Commendam,  kom-men'dam,  n.  [L.L.) 
An  ecclesiastical  benefice  or  living  com- 
mended to  the  care  of  a  qualified  person 
to  hold  till  a  proper  pastor  is  providcil. 
W'hen  a  beneficed  parson  was  niad<;  a 
bishop,  and  was  empowered  to  retain  h'? 
benefice,  he  was  said  to  hold  it  in  cor,\- 
DWTOdam.— Commendatary,  kom-mtn'da- 
ta-ri,  a.  Holding  in  commendam,.^-!:. 
One  who  holds  a  living  in  commendam. — 
Commendator,  kom-men'da-t6r,  n.  <.>jio 
who  holds  a  benefice  in  commendarn.— 
Commendatory  kom-men'da-to-ri,o.  .Serv- 
ing to  commend;  presenting  tof^ourable 
notice  or  reception;  containing  praise; 
holding  a  benefice  in  commendam. — Com- 
mendation, kom-men-da'shon,  n.  [L.  cidi^- 
viendatio. )  The  act  of  commending;  praise; 
favourable  representation  in  worcls;  de- 
claration of  esteem;  respects;  greeting; 
message  of  love. — Commender,  kom-men'- 
der,  n.  One  who  commends  or  praises. 
Commensal,  kom-men'sal, to.  (L.  com,  with, 
and  mensa,  table.]  One  that  eats  at  the 
same  tablet;  one  of  two  animals  or  plants 
that  are  always  found  together;  an  ani- 
mal which  lives  on  or  in  another  without 
being  parasitic. — a.  Having  the  character 
of  a  commensal.  —  Commensalism,  kom- 
men  'sal-izm,  n.  The  state  of  being  com- 
mensal. 

Commensurable,  kom-men'su-ra-bl,  a.  [L. 
prefix  cum,  and  mensura,  measure.  Mea- 
SUHK.]  Having  a  common  measure;  re- 
ducible to  a  common  measure.  —  Com- 
mensurabillty,  Commensnrableness,  kom- 
mcn'sQ-ia.-bil"i-ti,  kom-men'sQ-ra-bl-nes, 
TO.  The  state  of  being  commensurable, 
or  of  liaving  a  common  measure. — Com- 
mensiu-ably,  kom-men'su-ra-bli,  adv.  In 
a  commensurable  manner.  —  Commensu- 
rate, kom-men 'su-rat,  a.  Reducible  to 
a  common  measure;  of  equal  size;  hav- 
ing the  same  boundaries;  correspond- 
ing in  amount,  degree,  or  magnitude; 
adequate.  —  Commensurately,  kom-men'- 
su-rat-li,  adv.  In  a  commensurate  man- 
ner; so  as  to  be  commensurate;  corre'^- 
pondingly ;  adequateli'. — Commensuiate- 
ness,  kom-men '  su-rat-nes,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  commensurate.  — Cora- 
mensuration,  kom-men'su-ra"shon, TO.  Pro- 
portion; a  state  of  being  commensurate. 
Comment,  kom-ment',  v.i.  (L.  commentor, 
from  cunimentus,  pp.  of  comminiscor,  to 
reflect  on — com,  with,  together  with,  and 
stem  min,  seen  in  memini,  to  remember, 
and  in  E.  mind.]  To  make  remarks  or 
observations,  either  on  a  book  or  writing, 
or  on  actions,  events,  or  opinions;  to  write 
notes  on  the  works  of  an  author,  with  a 
view  to  illustrate  his  meaning,  or  toexplain 
particular  passages;  to  make  annotations. 
— TO.(kom'ment).  A  remark  or  observation;  a 
note  intended  to  illustrate  a  difficult  pas- 
sage in  an  author;  annotation;  exposition; 
talk;  discourse.— Commentary,  kom'mcn- 
ta-ri,  n.  A  series  or  collection  of  comments 
or  annotations ;  a  historical  narrative ;  a 
memoir  of  particular  transactions  (the 
Commentaries  of  Caesar).— Commentate,! 
kom-men'tat,  v.i.  To  make  comments;  to 
write  a  commentary  or  annotations. 
I  ioni&.]  —  Commentation,  kom  -  men-t5'- 
Bhon,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  comments; 
annotation.  —  Commentative,  kom-men'- 
ta-tiy,a.  Making  orcontaining  comments. 
—Commentator,  kom'men-ta-tfir.  m.  One 
who  writes  a  commentary;  one  who  writes 
annotations;  an  annotator. — Commenta- 
torial,  kom-men'ta-to"ri-al,  a.  Relating 
to  or  characteristic  of  commentators.— 
♦  Commenter,  kom'men-t6r,  n.  One  who 
comments. 

Commerce,  kom'mfirs,  n.  [Fr.  commerce, 
L.  commercium — com,  together  with,  and 
merx,  mercis,  merchandise.]  An  inter-'' 
change  of  goods,  merchandise,  or  property 
of  any  kind  between  countries  or  commu- 
nities; mercantile  pursuits;  trade;  traffic; 
mutual  dealings  in  common  Ufe;  inter- 
course.—t).t.  To  carry  on  tradet ;  to  hold 
intercourse;  to  commune.  —  Commercial, 
kom-mer'shal,  a.   Pertaining  to  commerce 


i'iltu,  f^r,  fat,  fftll;     raO,  net,  h€r;     rlre,  pjr.;     n(5t«,  cot,  mave;  ,  tnbe,  tub.  bwll;     oil,  pound;     a,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr.  ifc. 


'CQMMINATION 


187 


COMMON 


or  trade;  de^liu?  i^ith  or  depending  on 
commerce;  carrying  on  commerce.— Cow- 
•mercial  room,  in  hotels,  a  room  set  apart 
mainly  for  the  accommodation  of  commer- 
cial travellers  or  business  men.— CommeF- 
Ciaily,  kom-m6r'shal-U,  arfy.  In  a  com- 
mercial view  or  manner.— Commercialism, 
kom-m6r'8hal-izm,  n.  The  doctrines, 
tenets,  or  practices  of  commerce  or  of 
commercial  men. 

Commination,  kom-mi-na'shon,  nr  [L.  eom- 
minatio — com,  and  minatio,  a  threatening, 
from  minor,  to  threaten.  Menace.]  A 
threat  or 'threatening;  a  denunciation  of 
punishment  or  vengeance;  an  office  in  the 
liturgy  of  the  Church  of  England,  appoint- 
ed to  be  read  on  Ash  Wednesday  or  on  the 
first  day  of  Lent.  —  Comminatory,  kom- 
mln'a-to-ri,  a.  Threatening;  denouncing 
punishment. 

Coaunlncla,  kom-ming'gl,  v.t.  or  i.— com- 
mingled, commingling,  [Prefix  com,  and 
mingle.]  To  mix  together;  to  mingle  in 
one  mass  or  intimately;  ip  bleild. 

Comminute,  kom'mi-nat,  v.t. — comminuted, 
comminuting.  [L.  comminvx),  comminu- 
tum,  to  make  small — com,  with,  and mintio, 
to  lessen;  root  min,  as  in  minor,  less.]  To 
make  small  or  fine;  to  reduce  to  minute 
particles  or  to  a  fine  powder;  to  pulverize; 
to  triturate;  to  levigate.— a.  Divided  into 
very  small  parts  or  particles.— Comminu- 
tion, kom-mi-nu'shon,  n.  The  act  of  com- 
minuting or  reducing  to  a  fine  powder  or 
to  small  particles;  pulverization. 

Commiserate,  kom-miz'(Sr-at,  v.t— commi- 
serated, commiserating.  [L.  iommiseror— 
com,  and  miseror,  to  pity.  Miserable.] 
To  feel  sorrow,  pain,  or  regret  for,  through 
sympathy;  to  compassionates  to  pity. — 
OommiBeration,  kom-miz'6r-a"8hon,  n. 
The  act  of  commiserating;  a  sympathetic 
suffering  of  pain  or  sorrow  for  the  afflic- 
tions or  distres.ses  of  another;  pity;  com- 
passion. —  Commaiserative,  kom-rniz'6r-a- 
tiv,  a.  Compassionate. — Commiseratlvely, 
kom-miz'6r-a-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  compas- 
sionate manner;  with  compassion.— Com- 
miserator,  kom-miz'6r-a-t6r,  n.  One  who 
commiserates  or  pities. 

Commissary,  kom'mis-a-ri,  n.  [Fr.  com^ 
missaire,  li.li.  commissarius,  one  to  whom 
any  trust  or  duty  is  delegated;  L.  com^ 
TMtto,  commissum,  to  commit.]  In  a  gen- 
eral sense,  a  commissioner;  one  tQ  whom 
is. committed  some  charge,  duty,  or  office 
by  a  superior  power;  eecles.  an  officer  of  a 
bishop  exercising  spiritual  jurisdiction  in 
remote  parts  of  a  diocese,  or  one  intrusted 
with  the  performance  of  the  duties  in  the 
bishop's  absence;  Scots  laiv,  the  judge  in  a 
commissary -court;  milit.  a  name  given  to 
officers  or  officials  of  various  kinds,  especi- 
ally to  officers  of  the  commissariat  depart- 
ment.— Commissarial,  kom-in,is-sa'ri-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  commissary.- Conunlssari- 
at,  kom-mis-sa'ri-at,  n.  The  department  of 
an  army  whose  duties  consist  in  supplying 
transports,  provisions,  forage,  camp  equi- 
page, &c.,  to  the  troops;  also,  the  body  of 
officers  in  that  department;  the  office  or 
employment  of  a  commissary;  the  district 
of  couirtry  over  which  the  authority  or 
jurisdiction  of  a  commissary  extends. — 
Commissary- court,  n.  A  sheriff  court 
which  decrees  and  confirms  executors  to 
deceased  persons  leaving  personal  pro- 
perty in  Scotland.— Commissary-general, 
n.    The  head  of  the  commissariat. 

Commission,  kom-mish'on,  n.  [L.  com^ 
missio,  commissionis.  Commit.]  The  act 
of  committing;  the  act  of  doing  something 
wrong;  the  act  of  perpetrating  (the  com- 
mission of  a  crime);  the  act  of  intrusting, 
jis  a  charge  or  duty;  the  thing  committed 
intrusted,  or  delivered;  a  duty,  office, 
charge,  or  piece  of  work  intrusted  to  any 
one;  the  warrant  by  which  any  trust  is 
held,  or  any  authority  exercised  (as  that 
of  an  officer  in  an  army);  mandate;  autho- 
rity given;  a  number  of  persons  joined  in 
an  office  or  tnist;  commissioners;  the 
state  of  acting  in  the  purchase  and  sale  of 
goods  for  another;  position  or  business  of 
an  agent;  agency;  the  allowance  made  to 
an  agent  for  transacting  business.— Co»n- 
mission  of  the  peace,  a  commission  issuing 
under  the  great  seal  of  England  for  the 


appointment  of  justices  of  the  peace.— 
To  piU  into  commission,  to  intrust  (as  an 
office  of  state)  to  some  special  or  extra- 
ordinary administrator  or  administrators, 
the  oroinary  administration  being  in 
abeyance.  —  To  put  a  ship  int^  commis- 
sion, in  the  British  navy,  to  equip  and 
man  it  and  send  it  out  on  service.  — r.<. 
To  give  a  commission  to;  to  empower 
or  authorize  by  special  commission;  to 
send  with  a  mandate  or  authority. — Com- 
mission-agent, Commission-merchant,  n. 
One  who  buys  or  sells  goods  for  another 
on  commission.  — .  Commissionaire,  kom- 
mes-yOn-ar,  n.  [Sr.]  A  kind  of  messenger 
or  light  porter.— CommiEslonal,i  Commls- 
sionary.l  kom-mish'on-al,  kom-mish'on-a- 
ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  commission.— Com- 
missioned, kom-mish'ond,  p.  and  a.  Fur- 
nished with  a  commissfon;  holding  a  som- 
mission ;  empowered ;  authorized. — Com- 
Biisaioner,  kom-mish'on-6r,  n.  One  who 
commissiooy;  a  person  who  has  a  commis- 
sion or  warrant  from  proper  authority  to 
perform  some  office  or  execute  some  busi- 
ness; an  officer  having  charge  of  some  de- 
partmeat  of  the  public  servic^  which  is 

,  put  into  commission;  a  steward  or  agent 
who  manages  affairs  on  a  large  estate;  one 
of  the  -persons  elected  to  manage  the 
affairs  of  a  police  burgh  or  non-corporate 
town  in  Scotland. —  Commlssive.t  kom- 
mis'siv,  a.    Cqmmitting. 

Commlssrore,  kom'mis-sur,  n.  [Fr.  commis- 
sure, from  L.  commissura,  a  joining  to- 
gether, joint,,  seam  —  com.  together,  and 
mitto,  missuni,  to  send.]  .  A  joint  or  seam; 
the  place  where  two  parts  of  a  body  meet 
and  unite;  a  juncture;  a  suture:  used 
chiefly  in  ana*.— Commissural,  kom-mis- 
sa'ral,  a.    Belonging  to  a  commissure. 

Commit,  kom-mit',  v.t.-— committed,  commit- 
ting. \h.  committo,  to  make  over  in  trust, 
to  set  to  work,  do  wrong— com,  together, 
and  mitto,  to  send,  whence  also  admit,  per- 
mit, dismiss,  mission,  m,issile,  &c.]  To  give 
in  trust ;  to  put  into  charge  or  keeping ; 
to  intrust;  to  surrender,  give  up,  consign: 
with  to;  refl.  to  bind  to  a  certain  bne  of 
conduct,  or  to  expose  or  endanger  by  a  pre- 
liminary step  or  decision  whicti  cannot  be 
recalled;  to  compromise;  to  order  or  send 
into  confinement;  to  imprison  (the  magis- 
trate commits  a  guilty  person);  to  refer  or 
intrust  to  a  committee  or  select  number 
of  persons  for  their  consideration  and  re- 
port; to  do  (generally  something  wrong) ; 
to  perpetrate.- To  commit  to  memory,  to 
learn  by  heart.  —  Committable,  Conunlt- 
tible,  kom-mit'a-bl,  kom-mit'i-bl,  a.  Cap- 
able of  being  committed.— Commitment, 
Committal,  kom-mit'ment,  kom-mit'al,  n. 
The  act  of  committing;  commission  (but 
we  do  not  say  the  committal  or  commitment 
of  crimes,  but  the  commission).— Commit- 
tee, kom-mit'tc.-n.  A  body  of  persons  elec- 
ted or  appointed  to  attend  to  any  matter  or 
business  referred  to  them,  often  a  section 
of  a  larger  hody. —Comviittee  of  the  whole 
house,  an  arrangement  by  which  matters 
are  discussed  in  a  i»articular  manner  in 
parliament,  the  chair  being  occupied  by 
the  chairman  of  cCtomittee,  and  members 
being  allowed  to  speak  more  than  once 
on  a  question.  —  Committee-man,  n.  A 
member  of  a  committee.  —  Committee- 
room,  n.  A  room  in  whigh  a  committee 
holds  its  meetings.  —  Committer,  kom- 
mit'fer,  n.  One  who  commits;  one  who 
does  or  perpetrates. 

Commix,  kom-miks',  v.t.  or  i.  [L.  commis- 
ceo,  commixtus — com,,  together,  and  misceo, 
to  mix.  Mix.]  To  mix  or  mingle;  to 
blend.  —  Commixtion,  kom-miks'tyon,  n. 
Mixture;  a  blending  together. — Commix- 
ture, kom-miks'tur,  n.  The  act  of  mix- 
ing; the  state  of  being  mingled;  the  mass 
formed  by  mipgling;  a  compound. 

Commode,  kom-mod',  n.  fFr.,  from  L. 
cammod,us,  convenient.  Commodious.]  A 
kind  of  head-dress  formerly  worn  by  ladies; 
a  chest  of  drawers,  often  with  shelves 
and  other  conveniences  added;  a  night- 
stool. 

Commodious,  kom-mo'di-us,  a.  [L.L.  com,- 
modiosus,  from  L.  commodus,  useful— com, 
together,  and  modus,  measure,  mode.] 
Roomy  and  convenient;  spacious  and  suit- 


able; Berviceable.  —  Commodiously,  L<>v 
mO'di-us-li,  adv.  So  as  to  be  comniodio\is 
— Commodiousness,  kom-mo'di-us-nes,  v. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  commodious. 
—Commodity,  kom-mod'i-ti,  n.  [Fr.  com- 
modity, convenience,  commodity;  L.  coth- 
moditas,  fitness,  convenience.]  Suitable- 
ness or  coiiveniencej;  what  is  useful;  spe- 
cifically, an  article  of  merchandise;  any- 
thing movable  that  is  bought  and  sold,  as 
goods,  wares,  produce  of  land  and  manu- 
factures. 

Commodore,  kom' mo-dor,  n.  [From  Sp. 
comenda,dor,  a  commander,  or  from  Pg. 
capitao  mor,  superior  captain.]  An  officer' 
who  commands  a  detachment  of  ships  in 
the  absence  of  an  admiral;  a  title  given 
by  courtesy  to  the  sehior  captain  when 
three  or  mora  ships  of  war  are  cruising  in 
company,  to  the  senior  captain  of  a  line 
of  merchant  vessels,  and  to  the  president 
of  a  yachting  club;  the  leading  ship  in  a 
fleet  of  merchantmen. 
Common,  kom'on,  a.  [Fr.  eommun,  L.  co7»- 
munis — com,  together,  and  munis,  ready 
to  be  of  service,  obliging.]  Belonging  or 
pertaining  equally  to  more  than  one,  or 
to  many  mdefinitely;  belonging  to  all; 
general;  universal;  public;  of  frequent  or 
usual  occurrence;  not  extraordinary;  fre- 
quent; usual:  ordinary;-  habitual;  not 
distinguished  by  rank  or  character;  not  of 
superior  excellence ;  of  low  or  mean  rank 
or  character;  gram,  applied  to  such  nouns 
as  are  both  masculine  and  feminine,  and 
to  those  that  are.  the  names  of  all  the  ob- 
jects possessing  the  attributes  denoted  by 
the  noun  (river,  kc.).— Common  council,  the 
council  of  a  city  or  corporate  town,  em- 
powered to  make  by-laws  for  the  govern- 
ment of  the  citizens.— Common  law,  the 
unwritten  law,  the  law  that  receives  its 
binding  force  from  immemorial  usage  and 
universal  reception,  in  distinction  from 
the  written  or  statute  law.  —  Common 
measure,  a  number  or  quantity  that  di- 
vides two  or  more  numbers  or  quantities 
without  leaving  a  remainder.— Common 
'Pleas,  formerly  one  of  the  three  superior 
courts  of  common  law  in  England,  now  a 
division  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice- 
Common  Prayer,  the  liturgy  or  public 
form  of  prayer  prescribed  by  the  Church 
of  England  to  be  used  in  all  churches  and 
chapels.— Common  seal,  a  seal  used  by  a 
corporation  as  the  symbol  of  their  incor- 
poration.— Comm<m  sense,  sound  practical 
judgment;  the  natural  sagacity  or  under- 
standing of  mankind  in  general.— Common 
time,  musical  time  or  rhythm  with  two, 
four,  or  eight  beats  to  a  bar.— /n  common, 
equally  with  another  or  with  others.-^ 
n.  A  tract  of  ground,  the  use  of  which  is 
not  appropriated  to  an  individual,  but 
belongs  to  the  public  or  to  a  number;  in 
all  other  senses  pZ.;  the  common  people; 
the  untitled;  the  vulgar;  the  lower  house 
of  the  British  Parliament,  consisting  of 
the  representatives  of  cities,  boroughs, 
and  counties;  food  provided  at  a  com- 
mon table,  as  at  colleges;  food  or  fare  in 
general.— Commonage,  kom'on-aj,  n.  The 
right  of  pasturing  on  a  common;  the  joint 
right  of  using  anything  in  common  with 
others.  —  Commonalty,  kom'on-al-ti,  n. 
The  common  people;  all  below  the  rank 
of  nobility.— Commoner,  kom'on-6r,  n.  A 
person  under  the  degree  of  nobility ;  a 
student  of  the  second  rank  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  not  dependent  on  the 
foundation  for  support.— Commoiily,kom'- 
on-li,  adv.  In  a  common  manner;  usu- 
ally ;  generally ;  ordinarily ;  frequently ; 
for  the  most  part.— Commonness,  kom'on- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  fact  of  being  com- 
mon.—Commonplace,  kom'on-plas,  a.  Not 
new  or  extraordinary;  common;  trite.-^ 
n.  A  memorandum  of  something  that  is 
likely  to  be  frequently  referred  to;  a  well- 
known  or  customary  remark;  a  trite  say- 
ing ;  a  platitude.— Commonplace-book,  n. 
A  book  in  which  things  to  be  remembered 
are  recorded. — Commonweal,  kom'on-wcl, 
n.  A  commonwealth;  the  body  politic;  a 
state.— Commonwealth,  kom'on-welth,  n. 
[Here  wealth  means  strictly  wellbeing.l 
The  body  politic;  the  public;  a  republican 
state;  the  form  of  government  which  ex- 


ch,  c/tain;     ch,  Sc.  loch;     e,yoi     j,iob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  siny;     vb,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;     wh,  wftig;     zh,  aaure. 


COMMOTION 


138 


COMPAHE 


JRtofi  in  England  from  the  death  of  Charles 
1.  in  lt>49  to  the  abdication  of  Jiichard 
Cromwell  in  1659. 

Commotion,  kom-mo'shon,  n.  [L.  eommotio, 
from  commaveo,  commotum — com,  with, 
and  moveo,  to  move.  Movk.]  Agitation; 
tumult  of  people;  disturbance;  perturba- 
tion; disorder  of  mind;  excitement. — 
Commove.t  kom-mOv',  v.t. — cmnmoved, 
commoving.  [L.  commoveo.l  To  put  in 
motion;  to  disturb;  to  agitate;  to  unsettle. 

Commune,  kom-mun',  v.i. — communed,  covi- 
viuning.  [Ft.  communier}  L.  commuyiico, 
to  communicate,  from  communis,  com- 
mon. Common.)  To  converse;  to  talk  to- 
gether familiarly;  to  impart  sentiments 
mutually;  to  interchange  ideas  or  feelings. 
— n.  (kom'mtln).  Familiar  interchange  of 
ideas  or  sentiments;  communion;  inter- 
course; friendly  conversation  (to  hold  cojn- 
inune,  to  be  in  commune). 

Commune,  kom'mun,  n.  [Pr.,from  commu7i, 
common.]  A  small  territorial  district  in 
France  and  in  some  other  countries,"  un- 
der the  government  of  a  mayor;  the  in- 
habitants of  a  commune;  tha  members  of 
a  communal  council.  —  Tfie  comviune  of 
Paris,  a  revolutionary  committee  which 
took  the  place  of  the  municipality  of  Paris 
in  the  French  revolution  of  1789;  also,  a 
committee  or  body  of  communalists  who 
in  1871  for  a  brief  period  rule'd  over  Paris 
after  the  OKicuation  of  the  (Jerman  troops. 
—Communal,  kom'mu-nal,  o.  Pertaining 
to  a  commune  or  to  commiinalism. — 
Commuialism,  kom'mO-nal-izm,  n.  The 
theory  of  government  by  communes  or 
corporations   of    towns  and   districts. — 

'Communalist,  kem'mu-na-list,  n.  One 
who  adheres  to  communalism.— Commun- 
alistic,  kom'ma-na-lis"tik,  o.  Pertaining 
to  communalism.  —  Communism,  kom'- 
mun-izm,  n.  [Ft.  communisme.']  The 
system  or  theory  which  upholds  the  ab- 
sorption of  all  proprietaryrights  in  a  com- 
mon interest;  the  doctrine  of  a  community 
of  property.— Communist,  kom'mun-ist,  n. 
One  who  holds  the  doctrines  of  commun- 
ism.—  Communistic,  kom-mO-nis'tik,  a. 
Kelating  to  communists  or  communism; 
according  to  the  principles  of  commun- 
ism.— Communistically,  kom-mU-nis '  tik- 
al-li,  adv.  In  accordance  with  commun- 
ism; in  a  communistic  way  or  form. 

Communicate,  kom-mO ' ni-k5t,  v.t. — com- 
municated, com,municating.  [L.  communi- 
CO,  from  c(ynim,unis,  common.]  To'impart 
to  another  or  others ;  to  bestow  or  confer 
for  joint  possession,  generally  or  always 
something  intangible,  as  intelligence, 
news,  opinions,  or  disease:  with  to  before 
the  receiver.— y.i.  To  share;  to  participate: 
followed  by  in;  to  have  a  communication 
or  passage  from  one  to  another  (one  room 
commxmicates  with  another ) ;  to  have 
or  hold  intercourse  or  interchange  of 
thoughts;  to  partake  of  the  Lord's  supper' 
or  commvinion.  —  Communlcability,  kom- 
mQ'ni-ka-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
communicable;  capability  of  being  im- 
parted. —  Communicable,  kom-mu'ni-ka- 
d1,  a.  Capable  of  being  communicated 
or  imparted  from  one  to  another;-  cap- 
able 01  being  recounted;  communicative; 
ready  to  impart  information,  news,  &c. 
—  Commnnicablenesg,  kom-mO'ni-ka-bl- 
nes,  n.— Communicant,  kom-mQ'ni-kant, 
n.  One  who  communicates  or  partakes  of 
the  sacrament  at  the  celebration  of  the 
Lord's  supper.  —  Communication,  kom- 
mtl'ni-ka"shon,  n.  The  act  of  communi- 
cating; means  of  communicating;  con- 
necting passage;  means  of  passing  from 
place  to  place;  that  which  is  communi- 
cated or  imparted ;  information  or  intel- 
ligence imparted  by  word  or  writing ;  a 
document  or  message  imparting  informa- 
tion.—Communicative,  kom-ma'ni-ka-tiv, 
a.  Inclined  to  communicate;  ready  to 
impart  to  others;  free  in  communicating; 
not  reserved ;  open.  —  Communicatively, 
kom-mQ'ni-ka-tiv-U,  adv.  In  a  communi- 
cative manner;  by  communication. — Com- 
mniuicativeness,  kom-ma'ni-ka-tiv-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  ouality  of  being  communi- 
cative; readiness  to  impart  to  others;  free- 
dom from  reserve. — Communicator,  kom- 
mQ'ni-k8-t6r,  n.    One  who  or  that  which 


communicates.  —  Communicatory,  kom- 
ma'ni-ka-to-ri,  a.    Imparting  knowledge. 

Communion,  kom-mOn'yon,  n.  [L.  cojn- 
munio,  communionis,  participation.]  Par- 
ticipation of  somethiag  in  common;  fel- 
lowship; concord;  bond  or  association; 
intercourse  between  two  or  more  persons; 
interchange  of  thoughts  or  acts;  union  in 
religious  worship,  or  in  doctrine  and  dis- 
cipline.; union  with  a  church;  a  body  of 
Christians  who  have  one  common  faith 
and  discipline;  the  act  of  partaking  in  the 
sacrament  of  the  euchanst;  the  celebra- 
tion of  the  Lord's  supper.— Communion 
elements,  the  bread  and  wine  used  in  the 
sacrament  of  the  Lord's  supper.  —  Com- 
niunionatole,  kom-mfln'yon-a-bl,  a.  Ad- 
missible to  communion. 

Communism,  &c.    Under  Couuktsk,  n. 

Community,  kom-mu'ni-ti,  n.  [L.  commu- 
nitaa.  Common.]  Common  possession  or 
enjoyment  (a  communiti/  of  goods);  a  so- 
ciety of  i)eople  having  common  rights  and 
privileges;  a  society  of  individuals  of  any 
kind ;  the  body  of  people  in  a  state ;  the 
public,  or  people  in  general :  used  in  this 
sense  alwavs  with  the  definite  article; 
common  character  (individuals  .distin- 
guished by  community  of  descent). 

Commute,  kom-rnQt',  v.t.—comm%Ued,  com- 
muting. [L.  commtUo— pre6x  oom,  and 
muto,  to  change.  Mutable,  Mutation.]  To 
exchange;  to  put  one  thing  in  the  place  of 
another;  to  give  or  receive  one  thing  for.  an- 
other; -to  exchange,  aa  one  penalty  or  pun- 
ishment for  one  of  less  severity;  to  pay  in 
money  instead  of  in  kind  or  in  duty ;  to  pay 
a  single  sum  as  an  equivalent  for  a  number 
of  successive  payments. — Commutability, 
Commutableness,  kom-mtit'a-bil"i-ti,  kom- 
mut'a-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
commutable;  interchangeableness.- Com- 
njiutable,  kom-mot'a-bl,  a.  [L.  commuta- 
bilia.]  Capable  of  being  exchanged  or 
mutually  changed;  interchangeable. — 
Commutation,  kom-mQ-ta'shon,  n.  [L. 
po7nm,utatio.)  The  act  of  commuting;  the 
act  of  substituting  one  thing  for  another; 
the  change  of  a  penalty  or  punishment 
from  a  greater  to  a  less;  the  act  of  substi- 
tuting one  sort  of  payment  for  another, 
or  of  making  a  money  payment  in  lieu  of 
the  perforpaance  of  some  sort  of  compul- 
sory duty  or  labour.— Commutative,  kom- 
mut'Brtiv,  a.  Relating  to  exchange:  inter- 
changeable ;  mutual.  —  Commutatively, 
kom-mUt'a-tiv-li,  adv.  By  way  of  ex- 
change. 

Comose,  ko-mos',  a.  [L.  eoma,  hair.]  Hairy; 
comate. 

Compact,  kom-pakt',  a.  [L.  eompaetua, 
pp.  of  comvyngo,  eompactum,  to  join  or 
unite  togetner— com,  together,  and  panoo, 
to  fix.]  Closely  and  firmly  united,  as  the 
parts  or  particles  of  solid  bodies;  having 
the  parts  or  particles  close :  solid ;  dense ; 
not  diffuse;  not  verbose;  concise;  com- 
posed; made  up:  with  of  (Shak.).—^.t.  To 
thrust,  drive,  or  press  closely  together;  to 
join  firmly;  to  consolidate;  to  make  close; 
to  unite  or  connect  firmly,  as  in  a  system, 
—Compactly,  kom-paktli,  adv.  In  a  com- 
l)act  or  condensed  manner;  closely;  con- 
cisely; briefly;  tersely;  neatly.— Compjict- 
ness,  kom-pakt 'nes,  n.  ,  State  of  being 
compact. 

ComiJact,  kom'pakt,  n.  FL.  eom.pa(ftum,  a 
compact,  from  compaciscor,  compacttis,  to 
make  an  agreement — com,  together,  and 
paciscor,  to  fix,  settle,  covenant.]  An 
agreement;  a  contract,  covenant,  bargain, 
or  settlement  between  parties.  —  Com- 
I>acter,  kom-pak't«r,  n.  One  who  makes  a 
compact. 

Compageg,t  Compage,t  kom-pa'j5z,  kom- 
paj',  n.  [L.  compages,  from  compin^o. 
Compact,  close.]  A  system  or  structure  ot 
many  parts  united.  • 

Companion,  kom-pan' yon,  n.  [O.Fr.  co»n- 
painon,  companion;  Fr.  compagnon  —  L. 
com,  together,  and  panis,  bread ;  lit.  a 
sharer  of  ona's  bread;  a  mess-fellow.]  One 
with  whom  a  i)erson  frequently  associates 
and  converses;  a  mate;  a  comrade;  one 
who  accompanies  another;  a  person  hold- 
ing the  lowest  rank  in  an  order  of  knight- 
hood (aa  of  the  Bath).— o.  Accompanying; 
united  with.— v.t.  To  be  a  companion  to; 


to  accompany;  to  put  on  the  same  level 
{ShaJc.)l.  —  Companionable,  kom-pan'yon- 
a-bl,  a.    Fit  for  good  fellowship;  qualified 

,to  be  agreeable  in  company;  sociable. — 
Companionableness,  kom -pan 'yon -a -bi- 
nes, n.  The  quality  of  being  companion- 
able; sociableness. — Companionably,  kom- 
pan 'yon-a-bli,  adv.  In  a  companionable 
manner.  —  Companlonless,  kom-pan'^on- 
les,  a.  Having  no  companion.  —  Com- 
panionship, kom-pan 'yon-ship,  n.  I'he 
state  or  fact  of  being  a  companion;  fellow- 
ship; association.  —  Company,  kum'pa-ni, 
n.  [Ft.  compagnie;  O.Fr.  also  compani4;.] 
The  state  of  being  along  with ;  com- 
panionship; fellowship;  society;  any  as- 
semblage of  persons;  a  collection  of  men  or 
other  animals,  in  a  very  indefinite  sense; 
guests  at  a  person's  house;  a  number  of 
persons  united  for  performing  or  cann- 
ing on  anything  jointly,  as  some  corn- 
mercial  enterprise,  the  term  being  applic- 
able to  private  partnerships  or  to  incor- 
porated bodies;  a  firm  (but  this  word 
usually  implies  fewer  partners  than  covi- 
pan]/};  the  members  of  a  firm  whose  names 
do  not  appear  in  the  style  or  title  of  the 
&im:  usually  contracted  when  written 
(Messrs.  Smith  &  Co.);  a  subdivision  of  aa 
infantry  regiment  or  battalion  commanded 
by  a  captain;  the  crew  of  a  ship,  including 
the  officers.  —  To  bear  or  keep  (a  person) 
company,  to  accompany;  to  attend;  to  go 
with;  to  associate  with.— To  be  good  comr 
pany,  to  be  an  entertaining  oompanion. — 
v.t.  and  i.t  To  associate  or  associate  with; 
to  frequent  the  company  of. 

Companion,  kom-pan'yon,  n.  [Oomp.  O.Sp. 
compana,  an  outhouse.]  Naut.  the  fram- 
ing and  sash-lights  upon  a  quarter-deck< 
through  which  light  passes  to  the  cabins 
below;  a  raised  cover  to  the  cabin  stair  of  a 
merchant  vessel.— Conijaanion  ladder,  the 
steps  or  ladder  between  the  main-deck 
and  the  quarter-deck.  —  Cqtnipanion  way, 
the  staircase  at  the  entrance  to  the  cabin 
of  a  vessel. 

Compare,  kom-p!lr',t».<. — compared,  compar- 
ing. [L.  comparo,  to  put  together,  unite, 
match,  compare,  also  to  prepare — com  for . 
con,  together,  and  paro,  to  prepare.]  To 
set  or  Dring  together  in  fact  or  in  con- 
templation, and  examine  the  relations 
they  bear  to  each  other,  especially  with  a 
•view  to  ascertain  agreement  or  disagree- 
ment, resemblances  or  differences  (to  com- 
pare one  thing  with  another);  to  liken; 
to  represent  as  similar  for  the  purpose 
of  illustration  (to  compare  one  thing  to 
another);  gram,  to  inflect  by  the  degrees 
of  comparison.  —  v.i.  To  hold  or  stand 
comparison;  to  contrast  favourably.  — 
n.  Comparison ;  scope  or  room  for  com- 
parison (rich  beyond  compare).  —  Com- 
parable, kom'pa-ra/-bl,a.  [L.  compardbUis.] 
Capable  of  being  compared;  worthy  of 
comparison;  being  of  equal  regard. — Com- 
parableness,  kom'pa-ra-bl-nes,  n.  State 
of  being  comparable.— Comparably,  kom'- 
pa-ra-bu,  adv.  By  comparison;  so  as  to  be 
compared.  —  Comparative,  kom-par'a-tiv, 
a.  [ij.comparativus.]  Estimateu  by  com- 
parison; not  positive  or  absolute;  proceed- 
ing by  comparison;  founded  on  compari- 
son, especially  founded  on  the  comparison 
of  different  things  belonging  Us  the  same 
science  or  study  {comparative  anatomy, 
&c.);  ha\ing  the  power  of  comparing  du- 
ferent  things  (the  compdrative  facvuty); 
gram,  expressing  a  greater  degree :  ex- 
pressing more  than  the  positive  but  less 
than  the  superlative:  applied  to  forms  of 
adjectives  and  adverbs. —  n.  Gram,  the 
comparative  degree.  —  Comparatively, 
kom-par'a-tiv-li,  adv.  By  comparison;  ac- 
cording to  estimate  made  by  comparison ; 
not  positively,  absolutely,  or  in  itself.— 
Comparer,  kom-parCr,  n.  One  who  com- 
pares.—Comparison,  kom-par'i-son,  n.  [Fr. 
comparaison,  L.  comparatio.]  The  act  of 
fcomparing;  the  act  of  examining  in  order 
to  discover  how  one  thing  stands  with  re- 
gard to  another;  the  state  of  being  com- 
pared ;  relation  between  things  such  as 
admits  of  their  being  compared;  somethmg 
with  which  another  thing  is  compared:  a 
similitude,  or  illustration  by  similitude ; 
a  paralleli  gram,  the  inflection  of  an  aajec- 


Fate,  tm,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  hit;     pine,  pia;     note,  not,  mOve;  .tObe,Jbal>,  bjiU; 


jtt,  8c.  abime— the  Fr.  w. 


COMPARTMENT 


139 


complet:^ 


tive  or  adverb  to  express  degrees  of  the 
original  quality. 

Compartment,  kom-pclrt'ment,  n.  [Fr. 
comparli'ment,  L.L.  compartimentum,  from 
L.  compartior,  to  divide,  share,  from  pars, 
partis,  a  part.]  A  division  or  separate 
part  of  a  general  design,  as  of  a  building, 
railway-carriage,  picture,  plan,  or  the  like. 
Compass,  kum'pas,  n.  [Fr.  compas,  from 
L.L.  compassus,  a  circuit— L.  com,  ahd 
passus,  a  step.  Pacb.]  A  passing  round; 
a  circular  course;  a  circuit  (to  fetch  a  com- 
pass, that  i.s,  to  make  a  circuit  or  round); 
limit  or  boundary;  extent;  range:  applied 
to  time,  space,  sound,  &c.;  moderate  esti- 
mate ;  moderation ;  due  limits  (to  keep 
within  compass);  an  instrument  consisting 
essentially  of  a  magnet  suspended  go  as.  to 
have  as  complete  freedom  of  motion  as 
possible,  and  used  to  indicate  the  mag- 
netic meridian  or  the  position  of  objects 
with  respect  to  that  meridian;  a  mathe- 
matical instrument  for  describing  circles, 
measuring  figures,  distances  between  two 
points,  &c.:  often  with  the  plural  designa- 
tion compasses,  or  a  pair  of  compasses. — 
v.t.  To  stretch  round;  to  encompass;  to  in- 
close, encircle,  environ,  surround;  to  go  pr 

■  walk  about  or  round;  to  obtain;  to  attain 
to;  to  accomplish  (to  compass  one's  pur- 
poses); law,  to,  plot;  to  contrive  (a  person's 
death).  —  Compassable,  kum'pas-a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  compassed.  —  Compass- 
needle,  ».  The  magnetized  needle  of  a 
com'pass. — Compass-plant,  n.  A  composite 
plant,  common  on  the  prairies  of  North 
America:  so  called  from  oeing  disposed  to 
present  the  edges  of  its  leaves  north  and 
south.  —  Compass-saw,  n.  ■  A  saw  with  a 
narrow  blade,  so  that  it  may  be  made  to 
cut  round  in  a  circle  of  moderate  radius. 
—Compass-window,  n.  Arch,  a  circalaE 
bay-window  or  oriel. 

Compassion,  kom-pa'shon,  n.  [Fr.  com- 
passion,  L.  compassio.  Passion.^  A  suf- 
fering with  another;  sympathy;  pity;  com- 
miseration; an  act  of  mercy  (O.T.)J. — Com- 
passIonable,t  kom-pa'shon-a-bl, a.  Deserv- 
ing of  pity.— Compassionate^om-pa'shon- 
4t,  a.  Characterized  by  compassion;  full 
of  pity :  tender-hearted.  —  v.t.  —  compas- 
sionated, compassionating.  To  pity;  to  com- 
miserate; to  nave  compassion  for.  — Com- 
passionately, kom-pa'shon-at-li;  adv.  In 
a  compassionate  manner;  with  \;ompas- 
sion  ;  mercifully,  —  Compassionateness, 
kom-pa'shon-at-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing compassionate. 

Compatible,  kom-pat'i-bl,  a.  fPr.  compat- 
ible, L.L.-  compatibilis — L.  corn,  together, 
and  patior,  to  sufi'er.]  Capable  of  coexist- 
ing or  being  found  together,  in  the  same 
subject;  capable  of  existing  together  in 
harmony;  suitable;  agreeable;  not  incon- 
gruous (things  compatible^  with  one  an- 
other). —  Compatibility,  Compatibleness, 

;  kom-pat'i-bil"i-ti,  kom-pat'i-bl-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  compatible;  consistency; 
suitableness.— Compatibly,  kom-pat'i-bli, 
adv.  In  a  compatible  manner;  fitly;  suit- 
ably; consistently. 

Compatriot,  kom-pa'tri-ot,  n.  [Fr.  cowipa- 
triote.'i    One  of  the  same  country.— a.t  Of 

I  the  same  country;  patriotic.  —  Compa- 
triotism,t  kom-pa'tri-ot-izm,  n.  The  state 

'  of  being  a  compatriot. 

Compear,  kom-pgr*,  v.i.  [L.  compareo — com, 

'  ana  pareo,  to  appear;  comp.  appear.) 
Scots  lav),  to  present  one's  self  in  a  court 
in  person  or  by  counsel.  —  Compearance, 
kom-pe'rans,  n.  Scgts  law,  the  act  of  com- 
pearing. 

Compeer,  kom-per',  n.  fL.  com,  and  par, 
equal.  Peer.]  An  equal;  a  companion; 
an  associate ;  a  mate.— w.t.J  To  equal ;  to 
match;    [;SAaA;.] 

Compel,  kom-pel',  v.t.— compelled,  compel- 
ling- [L.  tompello,  compulsum,  to  drive 
together — com,  and  pello,  to  drive;  hence 
comptdsion,  co-mpidsory,  &c.]  To  drive  or 
urge  with  force  or  irresistibly;  to  con- 
strain; to  oblige;  to  necessitate;  to  sub- 
ject; to  cause  to  submit;  to  take  by  force 
or  violence  (iS/iaA:.).  — Compellable,  kom- 
pera-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being,  compelled 
or  constrained.— Compellably,  kom-pel'a- 
bli,  adv.  By  compulsion.— Compellatory.t 
kom-pera-to-ri,^a.    Tending  to  compel; 


compulsory.  —  Compeller,  kom-pclVr,  n. 
One  who  compels  or  constrain8.---0ompel- 
lingly,  kom-pering-U,  adv.  In  a  compel- 
ling or  constraining  manner;  compul- 
sively. 

Compellatlon,  kom-pel-la'shon,  n.  [L.  covn- 
pellatio,  the  act  of  accosting,  from  cotm- 
pello,  compellare,  to  address.]  Style  or 
manner  of  address;  word  of  salutation.— 
Compellatlve,  kom-pel'a-tiv,  n.  Oram,  a 
term  sometimes  given  to  the  name  by 
which  a  person  is  addressed. 
Compendium,  kom-pen'di-um,  n.  [L.  com- 
pendium,a,  shortening,  abbreviating — com, 
with,  and  pendo,  to  weigh.]  A  brief  com- 
pilation or  composition  containing  the 
principal  heads  or  general  principles  of 
a  larger  work  or  system;  an  abridgment; 
a  summary ;  an  epitome.  .".  Syn.  under 
Abridgment. — Compendious,  kom-pen'di- 
us.  a.  [L.  com,pendiosus.]  Containing  the 
substance  or  general  principles  of  a  subject 
or  work  in  a  narrow  compass ;  succinct ; 
concise.  —  Coinpendiously,  kom-pen'di-us- 
li,  adv.  In  a  compendious  manner;  sum- 
marily; concisely;  in  epitome.  —  Compen- 
diousness,  kom-pen'di-us-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  compendious. 
Compensate,  kom-pen'sat  or  kom'pen-sat, 
v.t. — compensated,  compensating.  [L.  com- 
penso,  compensatum — com,  together,  and 
pinso,  freq.  of  pejido,  pensum,  to  weigh ; 
lit.  to  weigh  together,  hence  to  balance, 
give  an  equivalent  for.]  To  give  equal 
value  to;  to  recompense;  to  give  an  equi- 
valent to  (to  compensate  a  labourer  for  his 
work);  to  make  up  for;  to  counterbalance; 
to  make  amends  for  (losses,  defects,  &c.).— 
v.i.  To  make  amends;  to  supply  or  serve 
as  an  equivalent:  followed  by  /or.— Com- 
pensation, kom-pen-sa'shon,  ».  The  act 
of  compensating;  that  which  is  given  or 
serves  as  an  eqmvalent  for  services,  debt, 
want,  loss,  or  suffering  ;•  amends ;  indem- 
nity; recompense;  that  which  supplies 
the  place  of  something  else  or,  makes  good 
a  deficiency. — Com.pensation  balance,  com- 
pensation pendulum,  a  balance-wheel  or 
a  pendulum  so  constructed  as  to  counter- 
act the  tendency  ftf  variations  of  tempera- 
ture to  produce  variations  in  the  rate  of 

•  vibration  or  oscillation.  —  Compensative, 
kom-pen'sa-tiv,  a.  Maldng  amends  or 
compensation. — n.f  That  which  compen- 
sates; compensation. — Compensator,  kom'- 
pen-sa-tSr,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  com- 
pensates. —  Compensatory,  kom-pen'sa- 
to-ri,  a.  Serving  for  compensation;  mak- 
ing amends. 

Compesce,  kom-pes',  v.t.  [L.  compesco.']  To 
hold  in  check;  to  restrain;  to  curb.  [Carl.] 

Compete,  kom-pet',  v.i. — competed,  compet- 
ing. IL.  competo,  to  strive  after— com,  to- 
gether, and  peto,  to  seek.J  To  seek  or 
strive  for  the  same  thing  as  another;  to 
carry  on  a  contest  or  rivalry  for  a  common 
object;  to  vie  (to  compete  with  a  person  for 
a  thing).  —  Competition,  kom-pe-ti'shon, 
n.  [li.lj.  competitio.]  The  act  of  compet- 
ing; mutual  contest  or  striving  for  the 
same  object;  rivalry;  a  trial  of  skill  pro- 
posed as  a  test  of  superiority  or  compara- 
tive fitness.  .•.  In  a  competition  the  persons 
strive  to  attain  a  common  end,  and  may 
have  the  most  friendly  feelings  towards 
each  other;  in  rivalry  there  is  rather  the 
desire  of  one  to  supplant  or  get  before 
another,  and  usually  a  certain  hostility.— 
Competitive,  kom-pet'i-tiv,  a.  Kelating  to 
competition;  carried  out  by  competition. 
— Competitor,  kom-pefi-tfer,  n.  fL.  com- 
petitor a  long).]    One  who  competes ;  one 

J. who  endeavours  to  obtain. what  another 
seeks;  one  who  claims  what  another  claims; 
a  rival. — Competitory.t  kom-pet'i-to-ri,  a. 

.  Acting  in  competition;  rival. 

Competent,  kom'p6-tent,  a.  [Fr.  compe- 
tent, from  cor.tpeter,  to  be  sufficient;  L. 
competo,  to  be  meet  or  suitable— com,  to- 
gether, and  peto,  to  seek.]  Answering  alf 
requirements ;  suitable ;  fit ;  sufl5cient  or 
fit  for  the  purpose;  adequate;  having  legal 
capacity  or  power;  rightfully  or  lawfully 
belonging.— Competently,  kom'pe-tent-b, 
adv.  In  a  competent  manner;  sufficiently; 
adequately;  suitably. — Competence,  Com- 
petency, kom'pe-tens,.  kom'pe-ten-si,  n. 
;», State  of  bsing  competent;  fitness;  suit- 


ableness; adequateness;  ability;  sufiicien- 
cy;  such  a  quantity  as  is  sufficient;  espe- 
cially^ property  or  means  of  subsistence 
sufficient  to  furnish  the  necessaries  and 
conveniences  of  life,  without  superfluity. 
Compile,  kom-pil',  v.t.— compiled,  compil- 
itig.  [L.  eompilo,  to  plunder,  pUlage — 
com,  together,  and  pilo,  to  pillage.]  To 
draw  up,  write  out,  or  compose  by  collect- 
ing materials  from  various  sources;  to 
collect  or  put  together  by  utilizing  the 
writings  of  others.- Compilation,  kom-pi- 
la'shon,  n.  The  act  of  compiling  or  col- 
lecting from  written  or  printed  docu- 
ments or  books;  that  which  is  compiled;  a 
hook  or  treatise  drawn  up  by  compiling.— 
Compiler,  kom-pil'6r,  n.  One  who  com- 
piles. •  • 

Cfomplacent,  kom-plsl'sent,  a.  [L.  compla- 
cens,  complacentis,  pleasing,  ppr.  of  com- 
.  placeo,  to  please — com,  and  placeo,  to  please 
(whence  pleasure}.]  Accompanied  with  a 
sense  of  quiet  enjoyment;  displaying  com- 
placency ;  gratified ;  satisfied.  —  Compla- 
cence, Complacency,  kom-pla'sens,  kom- 
pla' sen-si,  n.  A. feeling  of  quiet  pleasure; 
satisfaction;  gratification:  complaisance! 
or  civilityj.  —  Complacently,  kom-pla'-' 
sent-li,  aov.  In  a  complacent  manner. 
Complain,  kom-plan',  v.i.  [Fr.  complain-\ 
dre,  from  li.h.  complangere—li.  com,  to- 
gether, cind  plango,  to  hesit  thfe  breast  in 
•sorrow.  Plaint.]  To  utter  expressions 
of  grief,  pain,  uneasiness,  censure,  resent- 
ment, or  the  like;  to  lament;  to  murmur;  i 
to  bewail;  to  make  a  formal  accusation 
against  a  person;  to  make  a  charge:  now 
regularly  followed  by  of  before  the  cause 
of  grief  or  censure.  —  Complainant,  kom- 
pla'nant,  n.  One  who  complains  or  makes 
a  complaint;  a  complainer;  law,  one  who, 
prosecutes  by  complaint,  or  commences  a 
legal  process  against  an  offender;  a  plain- 
tiff; a  prosecutor. — Complainer,  kom- 
pla'nfer,  n.  One  who  complains;  one  who 
finds  fault;  a  murmurer.  —  Complaining, 
kom-pla'ning,  n.  The  expression  of  re- 
gr6t,  sorrow,  or  injury;  a  complaint. — a. 
Expressive  of  complaint. — Complagningly, 
kom-pla'ning-li,  adv.  In  a  complaining 
maimer;  murmuringly.— Complaint,  kom- 
plant',  n.  [Fr.  complainte.]  Expression 
of  grief,  regret,  pain,  censure,  or  resent- 
ment; lanxentation ;  murmuring;  a  find- 
ing fault;  the  cause  or  subject  of  com- 
plaint or'  murmuring ;  a  malady;  an  ail- 
ment ;  a  disease :  usually  applied  to  dis- 
orders not  violent;  a  charge;  a  representa- 
tion of  injuries  suffered;  accusation. 
Complaisance,  kom'pla-zans,  n.  [Fr.  com- 
plaisance,  from  complaisant,  ppr.  of  com- 
plaire,  to  please=L.  complacere.  Compla- 
cent.] A  pleasing  deportment;  affability; 
civility;  courtesy;  desire  of  pleasing;  dis- 
position to  oblige.  —  Complaisant,  kom'- 
pla-zant,  a.  Pleasing  in  manners;  cour- 
teous; obliging;  desirous  to  please;  pro- 
ceeding from  an  obliging  disposition. — 
Complaisantly,  kom'pla-zant-li,  adv.  In 
a  complaisant  manner.  —  Complalsant- 
ness,t  Kom '  pla-zant-nes,  n.  Complais- 
ance. 

Complected,  kom-plekted,  a.  JL.  prefix 
com,  and  plecto,  to  weave.]  Woven  to- 
gether; interwoven. 

Complement,  kom'ple-ment,  w.  [L.  com- 
plementum,  that  which  fills  up  or  com- 
pletes, from  compleo,  to  complete.  Com- 
plete. Compliment  is  the  same  word.] 
Full  quantity  or  number;  full  amount; 
what  is  wanted  to  complete  or  fill  up 
some  quantity  or  thing;  difference;  math. 
what  is  wanted  in  an  arc  or  angle  to 
make  it  up  to  90°;  outward  show  {Shak)l; 
■  courtesy  or  comphment  (iS7iaJfc)t.— Comple- 
mental,  kom-ple-men'taJ,  a.  Forming  a 
complement;  completing;  complementary. 
—Complementary,  kom-pl6-men'ta-ri,  o. 
Completing;  supplying  a  deficiency;  com- 
plementa.1.— Complementary  colours.  Col- 
our. 

Complete,  kom-pI5t',  a.  [L.  completus,  pp. 
of  compleo,  completum,  to  flU  up -t  com, 
intens.,  and  pleo,  to  fill;  same  root  as  B. 
Jill-]  Having  no  deficiency;  wanting  no 
part  or  element;  perfect;  thorough;  con- 
summate; in  evmj  respect;  finished;  ended; 
concluded.  .•. '  Nothing  is  whole  that  has 


shfCha,m;     cA,  So.  locA;     g,  po;     j./ob;     n.  Fr.  ten;     ng,  sinp;     ih,  «Aen;  th,  «toi;     w,  ttig;     wh,  wAig;     zh,  asurc^ 


COMPLEX 


UO 


coMPOUKD 


pn.vthing  takea  from  it;  nothing  is  entire 
that  is  divided;  nothiEg  is  complete  that 
has  not  all  its  parts  and  those  parts  fully 
jdeveloped.  Complete  refers  to  the  perfec- 
;tion  of  i)art8;  entire  to  their  unity;  whole 
jto.their  junction;  total  to  their  aggregate  * 
\(AngiLg). — v.t. — completed,  completing.  To 
■niake  complete;  to  finish;  to  end;  to  per- 
.'fect;  to  fulfil;  to  accomplish;  to  realixe. — 
Completely,  kom-pletli,  adv.  In  a  com- 
,plete  manner;  fully:  perfectly;  entirely; 
pvholly;  totally;  utterly;  thoroughly;  quite. 
.—Completeness,  kom-plet'nes,  n.  The  state 
'  of  being  complete. — Completion,  kom-ple'- 
Bhon,  n.  Act  of  completing,  finishing,  or 
perfecting;  state  of  being  complete  or 
completed;  perfect  state;  fulfilment;  ac- 
complishment.— Completive,  kom-pl5'tiv, 
o.  Completing  or  tending  to  complete; 
making  complete.— Completory,  kom-ple'- 
to-ri,a.  Fulfilling;  accomplishing. 
Complex,  kom'pleks,  a.  [h.  compleocus,  pp. 
of  complector,  complex^is,  to  fcrtd  or  twine 
together — com,  together,  and  stem  plec, 
plic,  to  fold;  seen  also  in  ply,  apply,  comr 
plicate,  display,  &c.]  Composed  of  various 
parts  or  things;  including  sundry  particu- 
lars connected;  composite;  not  simple 
(being,  idea);  involved;  intricate;  compli- 
cated; perplexed  (process).— n.  Assemblage 
of  things  related  as  parts  of  a  system. — 
Complexity,  Complezness,  kom-plek'si-ti, 
kom'pleks-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  com- 
l)lex;  anything  complex;  intricacy;  in- 
volvment ;  entanglement.  —  Complexly, 
kom'pleks-li,  adv.  In  a  complex  manner; 
not  simply. — Com'plexus,  kom-plek'sus,  n. 
(L.]  An  aggregation  of  involutions  or 
complirations ;  anat.  a  broad  and  pretty 
long  muscle,  lying  along  the  back  part 
and  side  of  the  neck. 

Complexion,  kom-plek'shon,  n.  [L.  eom- 
plexio,  Ci/mplexionis,  a  combination,  in 
li.L.  physical  constitution,  from  com.pl^- 
tor,  cornplexus.  Complkx.]  The  tempera- 
ment, habitude,  or  natural  disposition  of 
(the  body  or  mindj;  physical  character  or 
natiirej;  the  colour  or  hue  of  the  skin, 
ptirticuJarly  of  the  face;  the  general  ap- 
pearance of  anything^  aspect  (Shak.). — 
Complexional,  kom*plek'shon-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  depending  on  the  disposition 
or  temperament^;  pertaining  to  the  com- 
'.  plexion. — Complexionary,  kom-plek'shon- 
a-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  complexion,  or 
to  the  care  of  it.  — Complexioned,  kom- 
plek'shond,  a.  Having  a  complexion  of 
Jthis  or  that  kind;  having  a  certain  hue, 
'especially  of  the  skin:  used  in  composi- 
tion. ' 
Compliance,  ic.  Complt. 
Complicate,  kom'pli-kat,  v.t.—eompKcated, 
complicating.  [Ii.convplico — com, and plico, 
to  fold,  weave,  or  knit.  Complex,  Ply.] 
To  intertwine ;  to  inte^x^•eave ;  to  render 
\complex  or  intricate;  to  involve.— a.  Com- 
)posed  of  various  parts  intimately  united: 
complex;  involved;  intricate;  hot.  folded 
together,  as  the  valves  of  the  glume  or 
chaff  in  some  grasses.— Complicated,  kom'- 
pli-kat-ed,  p.  and  o.  Complicate;  involved; 
intricate.  —  Complicacy,  kom'pli-ka-si,  n. 
A  state  of  being  complex  or  intricate. — 
Complicately,  kom'pli-kat-li,  ady.  In  a 
complicated  manner.  —  CompUcateness, 
kom'pli-kat-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
complicated.— Complication,  kom-pli-ka'- 
Bhon,  n.  The  act  of  complicating  or  stat« 
of  being  complicated;  entanglement;  com- 
plexiti' ;  something  complicated ;  an  ag- 
gregate of  things  involved,  mixed  up,  or 
mutually  imited;  what  complicates  or 
causes  complication. — Complicative,kom'- 
pli-ka-tiv,  o.  Tending  or  adapted  to  in- 
volve or  complicate. 

Complice,!  kom'plis,  o.    \Ft.  eompliee.  Ac- 

.  COMPLICE.]   An  accomplice.  rS/iaA:.]— Com- 

'  plicity,  kom-plis'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being 

'  an  accomplice;  partnership  in  crime. 

Compliment,  kom'pli-ment,  n.    IFr.  com- 

pliment.  It.  complimento,  from  complire, 

to  fill  up,  to  satisfy,  L.  compleo,  complere, 

to  complete:  same  word  as  complement, 

which  formerly  was  used  in  this  sense.] 

'An  act  or  expression  of  ciribty,  respect,  or 

jregard;  delicate  flatteiy; 'expression  of 

tcommendation  or  admiration ;  praise. — 

iv.t./To  pay  a  compliment  to;  to  flatter  or 


gratify  by  expressions  of  approbation,  es- 
teem, or  respect,  or  by  aots  implying  the 
like.— Complimentary,  kom-pli-men'ta-ri, 
a.  Full  of  or  using  compliments;  in- 
tended to  express  or  convey  a  compliment- 
or  compliments;  expressive  of  civility,  re- 
gard, or  praise.  —  Complimentarily,  kom-" 
pli-men'ta-ri-li,  adv.  In  a  complimentary 
manner.  —  Cbmplimenter,  kom '  pli-men-' 
t6r,  n.    One  who  compliments.  i 

Compline,  kom'plin,  n.  [From  Fr.  complie, 
from  L.  comp/etae  (/ioroe),  'complete  hours:' 
60  called  because  this  service  completes 
the  religious  exercises  of  the  day.;}  The 
last  of  the  seven  canonical  hours  in  the 
liomau  Catholic  breviary;  the  last  prayer 
at  night,  to  be  recited  after  sunset.    - 

Complot,  kom'plot,  n.  [Fr.  complot,  a  plot, 
from  L.  complicitum.  Complicate.]  A 
plotting  together ;  a  plot ;  a  conspiracy. 
[Shak.^ — v.t.  To  plan  together;  to  contrive; 
to  plot. — v.i. — eomplotted,  complotting.  To 
plot  together;  to  conspire;  to  form  a  plot. 
— Complotter,  kom-plot'6r,  n.  One  joined 
in  a  plot;  a  conspirator. 

Comply,  kom-pli',  v.i.— complied,  comply- 
ing. I  From  L.  complere,  to  fill  np,  satis^ 
(whence  cmnplete,  co^nplim£rU),like supply 
from  svpplere — com,  with,  and  plere,  to 
fill.  The  meaning  has  been  afTected  by 
ply  and  pliant.]  Tp  adopt  a  certain  course 
of  action  at  the  desire  of  another;  to  yield: 
to  acquiesce ;  to  consent ;  to  agree :  used 
alone  or  followed  by  v.-ith. — Ccmpliable,t 
kom-pli'a-bl,  a.  Compliant.  [J/t/.]— Com-- 
pUance,  kom-pli'ans, ».'  The  act" of  com- 
plying; a  >-ielding  as  to  a  request,  wish, 
desire,  &c.;  a  disposition  to  yield  to  others; 
complaisance.  —  Compliancy,  kom-pli'an- 
si,  n.  A  disposition  to  yield,  or  a  habit  of 
yielding  to  others.- Compliant,  kom-pli'- 

.  ant,  a.  Given  to  comply;  yielding  to  re- 
quest or  desire;  ready  to  accommodate; 
obliging.  —  Compliantly,  kom-pli  'ant-U, 
adv.  In  a  compliant  or  jdelding  manner. 
— Compiler,  kom-pli'er,  n.  One  who  com- 
plies or  yields. 

Component,  kom-po'nent,  a.  [L.  compo- 
nens — com,,  together,  and  pono,  to  place.] 
Composing;  constituting;  entering  into  as 
a  part. — n.  A  constituent  part. — Compo- 
nency,  kom-po'nen-si,  n.  Composition; 
structure;  nature. 

Comport,  kom-port',  v.i.  [Fr.  coinporter, 
to  admit  of,  allow,  endure,  from  L.  com- 
portare,  to  bear  or  carry  together — com, 
and  porto,tocarrj'.]  To  be  suitable;  agree; 
accord;  fit;  suit:  with  with  (pride  comports 
ill  teifA  poverty).— 1'.(.  To  behave;  to  con- 
duct: used  reft.— Comportment,  kom-port'- 
ment,  n.  Behaviour;  demeanour;  deport- 
ment..^ 

Composant,  kom'pO-zant,  n.  Same  as  Cor- 
posa7it. 

Compose,  kom-poz',  v.t. — composed,  com- 
posing. [From  Fr.  composer,  to  compose, 
from  prefix  com,  and  poser,  to  place,  L. 
pattsare  (see  Post),  but  early  identified 
with  L.  compono,  compositum,  to  com- 
pound, from  cow,  sundhono,  to  place ;  so 
also  dispose,  expose.]  To  form  by  uniting 
two  or  more  things;  to  foiTQ,  frame,  or 
fashion;  to  form  by  being  combined  or 
unit^;  to  constitute;  to  make;  to  write, 
as  an  author;  to  become  the  author  of  (a 
book,  a  piece  of  music);  to  calm;  to  quiet; 
to  appease;  to  settle;  to  adjust  (difterences, 
&c.);  to  place  in  proper  form;  to  dispose; 
fine  arts,  to  arrange  the  leading  features 
of  J  printing,  to  set  in  proper  order  for 
printing,  as  types  in  a  composing-stick. — 
v.i.  To  practise  literary,  musical,  or  artis- 
tic composition.— Composed,  kom-pOzd',  a. 
Free  from  disturbance  or  agitation;  calm; 
sedate ;  quiet ;  tranquil.  —  Composedly, 
kom-po'zed-li,  adv.  In  a  composed  man- 
ner; calmly;  without  agitation;  sedately. 
— Componure.ComposeoEess,  kom-po'zhtlr, 
kom-pO'zed-nes,n.  The  state  of  being  com- 
/posed;  a  settled  state  of  mind;  sedateness; 
calmness;  tranquillity. — Composer,  kom- 
po'zftr,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  com- 
poses ;  one  who  writes  an  original  work ; 
most  commonly,  one  who  coniposes  musi- 
cal pieces.— Composite,  kom'po-zit,  a.  [L. 
compositus,  from  compono,  compositum,  to 
compound.]  Made  up  of  distinct  parts, 
elementajjiOti.  substances ;  compounded ; 


arch,  a  term  applied  to  one  of  the  orders 
because  the  capital  belonging  to  it  is  cp."!- 

£osed  out  of  those  of  the  other  orders,  ex- 
ibiting  leaves,  volutes,  &c.;  hot.  applied, 
to  plants  forming  a  vast  order,  and  hav- 
ing flowers  forming  denf  e  heads  composed 
I  of  many  florets,  as  in  the  daisy,  dande^ 
5  lion,  &c. — Composite  carriage,  a  railway- 

I  carriage  made  up  of  compartments  of 

fdiflferent  classes,  as  first,  second,  and 
third.  —  Composite  sJiip,  a  ship  having 
a  wooden  skin  on  an  iron  framework. — 
n.  Anything  inade  ug  of  parts  or  of  differ- 
ent elements;  a  compound;  a  composition. 
— Composition,  kom-po-zi'shon,n.  [L.  com- 
positio.  Ft.  co^nposition,  in  meaning  akin 
partly  to  compose,  partly  to  the  verb  com- 
pound.]  The  act  of  composing  or  com- 
pounding, or  the  state  of  being  composed 
or  compounded;  the  act  of  producing  some 
literary  or  musical  piece;  what  is  com- 
posed, as  a  literary,  musical,  or  artistic 
production;  the  act  of  writing  for  practice 
in  English  or  a  foreign  language ;  the  act 
of  making  a  mutual  agreement  for  the 
discharge  of  a  debt,  or  the  agreement 
itself;  the  amount  or  rate  paid  in  com- 
pounding with  creditoi-s;  gram,  the  act 
of  forming  compound  words;  the  arrange- 
ment of  parts  in  a  whole;  mode  of  arrange- 
ment; a  material  compounded  of  two  or 
more  ingredients;  a  compound;  print- 
ing, the  act  of  setting  types  or  charac- 
ters in  the  composing-stick,  to  form  lines, 
and  of  arranging  the  lines  in  a  galley 
to  make  a  column  or  page,  and  from 
this  to  make  a  form.  —  Compositive, 
kom-poz 'i-tiv,  a.  Having  the  power  or 
compounding  or  composing;  proceeding 
by  composition.  —  Compositor,  kom-poz'i- 
ter,  n.  Printing,  one  who  sets  types  and 
makes  up  the  pages  and  forms. — Compos- 
ing-stick, n.  A  printer's  instrument  in 
which  types  are  arranged  into  words  and 
lines,  and  in  which  the  length  of  the  lines 
is  adjusted. 

Compost,  kom'post,  n.  [O.Fr.  composte,  It. 
composta,  a  mixture,irom  L.  compositum, 
from  compono.  Compound.]  A  mixture 
or  composition  of  various  manuring  sub- 
stances for  fertilizing  land;  a  composition 
for  plastering  the  exterior  of  houses. — 
v.t.  To  manure  with  compost;  to  plaster 

Composure.    Under  Compose. 

Compotation,  kom-po-ta'shon,  n.  [L.  eom- 
poiatio — com,  with,  and  potatto,  from  poto, 
to  drink.]  The  act  of  drinking  or  tippling 
together.— Compotator,  kom-p6-ta't6r,  n. 
One  who  drinks  with  another. 

Compote,  kom'pot,  n.  [Fr.]  Fruit,  gener- 
ally stone-fruit,  stewed  or  preserved  in 
syrup. 

ComiH>imd,  kom 'pound,  a.  [Originally  a 
participle  of  O.E.  compotm«,  compone,  to 
compound.  See  the  verb.]  Composed  of 
two  or  more  elements,  parts,  or  ingredi- 
ents; not  simple;  hot.  made  up  of  smaller 
parts  of  like  kind  with  or  similar  to  the 
whole. — Compound  animals,  animals,  such 
as  coral  poli'ps,  in  which  individuals,  dis- 
tinct as  regards  many  of  the  functions  of 
life,  are  yet  connected  by  some  part  of 
their  frame  so  as  to  form  a  united  whole. 
—Comxiound  fracture,  surg.  a  fracture  in 
which  a  bone  is  broken  and  there  is  also  la- 
ceration of  the  tissues.— CoTOpoTOirf  inter- 
est,that  interest  which  arises  from  the  prin- 
cipal with  the  interest  added. — Compotmd 
quantitie8,alg.snch  quantities  as  are  joined 
by  the  signs  -f-  and  — ,  plus  and  minus ; 
arith.  quantities  which  consist  of  more 
than  one  denomination  (as  of  pounds,  shil- 
lings, and  pence);  hence  the  operations  of 
adding,  subtracting,  multiplying,  and  di- 
viding such  quantities  are  termed  com.- 
pound  addition,  siibtraction,mitUiplicatic7i, 
and  division.  —  Compound  time,  musical 
time  arising  when  two  or  more  measures 
are  joined  in  one,  as  I  and  I — Compotmd 
word,  a  word  composed  of  two  or  more 
■words,  n.  Something  produced  by  com- 
pounding two  or  more  ingredients,  parts, 
or  elements,  as  a  substance  or  a  word.— w.t. 
(kompound').  [O.E.  compone,  compoune, 
with  d  added  (as  in  expound,  propound, 
gound,vulga.rdrownd,&c.),  frovaJj. compono 
— com,  together,and  pono,  positum,to  set  or 
put,  whence  position.    Compose.)    To  mix 


Tate,  far»  fat.  fall;  "jQ5.TOetihtri  ^  fii«._Eau'~'jaOt&Lflfit.JnaS£i/  llUlfe  tubji\iUy  \oUjjound;,   ^  Sc.  abune-the  Pr. «. 


COMPOUND 


141 


CONCEDE 


up  or  mingle  together;  to  form  by  ming- 
ling two  or  more  ingredients  or  elements 
into  one ;  to  combine;  to  settle  amicably; 
to  adjust  by  agreement  (a  difference  or 
conti-oversyj;  to  discharge  (a  debt)  by  pay- 
ing a  part. — v.i.  To  agree  upon  concession; 
to  come  to  terras  of  agreement;  to  arrange 
or  make  a  settlement  by  compromise;  es- 
pecially, to  settle  w.ith  creditors  by  agree- 
ment, and  discharge  a  debt  by  paying  a 
part  of  its  amount;  or  to  make  an  agree- 
ment to  pay  a  debt  by  means  or  in  a  man- 
ner different  from  that  stipulated  or  re- 
quired by  law  (to  compound  with  a  person, 
and  for  a  debt).  —  Compoundable,  kom- 
roun'da-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  com- 
■■  pounded.— Compounder,  kom-poun'd6r,  w. 
One  who  compounds. 

Compound,  kom'pound,  n.  [From  Pg.  cam- 
panha,  a  yard  or  court.J  In  the  East 
indies,  the  inclosure  in  which  isolated 
houses  stand,  or  surrounding  a  dwelling- 
house,  offices,  garden,  &c. 
Comprehend,  kom-pre-hend',  v.t.  [L.  com- 
prehendo — com,  together,  prce,  before,  and 
an  obs.  Iie7idere,  to  catch.]  To  take  in  or 
include  within  a  certain  scope;  to  include 
by  implication  or  signification;  to  em- 
brace; to  comprise;  to  take  into  the  mind; 
to  grasp  by  the  understanding;  to  possess 
or  nave  in  idea;  to  understana. — Compre^ 
hender,  kom-pre-hen'd6r,  n.  One  who  com- 
prehends; one  who  understands  thorough- 
ly.—Comprehensible,  kom-pre-hen'si-bl,  a. 
[L.  comprehenaibilis.]  Capable  of  being, 
comprehended;  capable  of  being  under- 
stood ;  conceivable  oy  the  mind ;  intellir 
gible:  also  Comprehandible,kom-pr6-hen'- 
di-bl.  —  Coraprehensibllity,  Comprehensi- 
bleneSB,  koin-pre-hen'si-bil'l-ti,  kom-prC- 
hen'si-bl-nes,  ji.  The  quality  of  being  com- 
prehensible: the  capability  of  being  uii- 
derstood.- Comprehensibly,  kora-pre-hen'- 
si-bli,  adv.  In  a  comprehensible  manner; 
conceivably.  —  Comprehension,  kom-prS- 
hen'shon,  n.  [L.  compreiiensio.]  The  act  of 
comprehending,  including,  or  embracing; 
a  comprising ;  inclusion ;  capacity  of  the 
mind  to  understand ;  power  of  the  under- 
standing to  receive  and  contain  ideas; 
capacity  of  knowing.  —  Comprehenaive, 
kom-pre-hen'siv,  a.  Having  the  quality 
of  comprehending  or  embracing  a  great 
number  or  a  wide  extent;  of  extensive  ap- 
plication; wide  in  scope;  comprehending 
much  in  a  comparatively  small  compass; 
having  the  power  to  comprehend  or  un- 
derstand. —  Comprehensively,  kom-pre- 
hen'siv-li,  adv.  In  a  comprehensive  man- 
ner; with  great  extent  of  scope;  so  as  to 
contain  much  in  small  compass.— Com- 
prehensiveness, kom-pre-hen'siv-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  oeing  comprehensive. 
Compress,  kom-pres',  v.t.  [L.  comprimo, 
eompressum — corn,  together,  and  premo, 
presBum,  to  press.]  To  press  together;  to 
force,  urge,  or  drive  into  a  smaller  com- 
pass; to  condense. — n.  (kom'pres).  In  surg. 
a  soft  mass  formed  of  tow,  lint,  or  soft 
linen  cloth,  so  contrived  as  by  the  aid  of 
a  bandage  to  make  due  pressure  on  any 
part. — Compressed  kom-prest',  p.  and  a. 
Pressed  into  narrow  compass;  condensed; 
bot.  and  zool.  flattened  laterally  or  length- 
wise.— Compressibllity,CompressibleneBB, 
kom-pres 'i-bil"i-ti,  kom-pies'i-bl-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  compressible,  or 
yielding  to  pressure.— Compressible,  kom- 
pres'i-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  compressed 
or  forced  into  anarrower  compass;  yielding 
to  pressure;  condensable.— Compression, 
kom-presh'on,  n.  The  act  of  compressing; 
the  act  of  forcing  into  closer  union  or  den- 
sity; the  state  of  being  compressed ;  con- 
densation.— Compressive,  kom-pres'iv,  a. 
Having  power  to  compress;  tending  to 
compress.  —  Compressor,  kom-pres'fer,  n. 
[L.]  One  who  or  that  which  compresses. 
Comprise,  kom-priz',  v.t. — comprised,  com- 
prisittff.  [Fr.  compris,  part,  of  compren- 
dre,  1).  comprehendo,  to  comprehend. 
CoMPBKHEND.j  To  oomprehend;  to  con- 
tain; to  include  (the  German  Empire 
comprises  various  states).  —  Comprisal,! 
kom-pri'zal,  n.  The  act.  of  comprising; 
inclusion. 

Oompromlee,  kora'prB-miz,  n.    [Fr.  earn- 
promie,  a  compromise,  originally  a  mutual 


promise  to  refer  to  arbitration,  from  com- 
promettre,  h.  compromitto — com,  aud  pro- 
mitlu,  prumissuni,,  to  i)romise.  Piiomise.] 
A  settlement  of  differences  by  mutual 
concessions ;  a  combination  of  two  rival 
systems,  principles,  &c.,  in  which  a  part 
of  each  is  sacrificed  to  make  the  combina- 
tion possible;  what  results  from,  or  is 
founded  on,  such  an  agreement;  a  mutual 
concession.  —  v.t— compromised,  compro- 
mising. To  adjust  or  combine  by  a  com- 
promise; to  settle  by  mutual  concessions; 
to  put  to  risk  or  hazard,  or  expose  to 
serious  consequences,  by  some  act  or  de- 
claration which  cannot  be  recalled;  to  put 
in  jeopardy;  to  endanger  the  interests  of 
often  r^.  (he  com.promi8ed  himself  by  his 
rash  statements).  —  v.t.  To  make  a  com- 
promise; to  settle  by  concession. — Com- 
promiser, kom'pro-mi-z6r,  n.  One  who 
compromises. 

Compsognathns,  komp-sog'na-thus,  n.  [Or. 
kompsos,  elegant,  and  gnathos,  the  jaw.] 
An  extinct  reptile  having  very  close  affini- 
ties to  the  birds,  the  neck  being  long,  the 
head  small,  the  hind-legs  long. 
Comptroller,  kon-tryl'er,  n.  A  controller: 
an  oIBcer  who  examines  the  accounts  of 
collectors  of  public  money— Comptroller- 
ship,  kon-trol'6r-ahip,  n.  The  office  of 
Comptroller. 

Compulsion,  kom-pul'shon,  n.  [li.  compul- 
sio,  compulsionis,  constraint,  compulsion, 
from  compello,  conipulsuntj  to  compel. 
Compel.]  The  act  of  compelling  or  driving 
by  force,  physical  or  moral;  constraint  of 
the  will.— Compulsative.t  Compulsatory.t 
kom-pul'sa-tiv,  kom-pul'sa-to-ri,  a.  Com- 
pelling ;  constraining.—  Compulsatively.t 
kom-pul'sa-tiv-li,  adv.  By  constraint  or 
compulsion.  —  Compulsive,  kom-pul'siv, 
a.  Exercising  compulsion;  compulsory. — 
Compulsively,  kom-pul'siv-li,  adv.  By  or 
under  compulwion;  by  force. — Compulsive- 
ncss,  kom-pul'siv-nes,  n.  Force;  compul- 
sion.—Compulsorlly,  kom-pul'so-ri-li,  adv. 
In  a  compulsory  manner;  by  force  or  con- 
straint.—  Compulsory,  kom-pul'so-ri,  a. 
Exercising  compulsion;  compelling;  con- 
straining; enforced;  due  to  compulsion; 
obligatory  (a  compulsory  contribution). 
Compunction,  kom-pungk'shon,  n.  [L. 
compunctio,  compungo  —  com,  and  pungo, 
to  prick  or  sting.  Pungent.]  The  sting- 
ing or  pricking  of  the  conscience;  regret, 
as  for  vrrong-doing  or  for  causing  pain  to 
somectne;  contrition;  remorse. — Compunc- 
tious, kom-pungk'shus,  a.  Causing  com- 
punction; stinging  the  conscience;  re- 
morseful.—Compunctiously,  kom-pungk'- 
shus-li,  adv.  With  compunction. 
Compurgation,  kom-p6r-ga'shon,  n.  [L. 
compurgo — com,  and  purgo,  to  purge  or 
punfy.l  An  ancient  mode  of  trial  in  Eng- 
land, where  the  accused  was  permitted  to 
call  a  certain  number  of  persons  who 
joined  their  oaths  »o  his  in  testimony  to 
his  innocence.  —  Compurgator,  kom'p6r- 
ga-t6r,  n.  One  who  by  oath  testified  to  an- 
.  other's  innocence.— Compurgatorial,  kom'- 
p6r-ga,-t5"ri-al,  a.  Relating  to  compur- 
gation. 

Compute,  kom-pQt',  v.t. — computed,  .com.- 
puting.  [L.  cowipwto,  to  calculate— <;om, 
together,  and  ptUo,  to  reckon,  esteem, 
whence  also  dispute,  impute.  To  count  is 
really  the  same  as  this  word.]  To  deter- 
mine by  calculation;  to  count;  to  reckon; 
to  calculate;  to  estimate. — v.i.  To  reckon. 
— ComputabiUty,  kom-pa'ta-bil"i-ti,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  computable. — Com- 
putable, kom-pa'ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  computed,  numbered,  or  reckoned. 
—Computation,  kom-pa-ta'shon,  n.  [L. 
computatio.'i  The  act  or  process  of  com-' 
puting,  reckoning,  or  estimating;  calcvila- 
tion;  the  result  of  a  computation. — Com- 
pntator,  kom-pQ-ta't6r,  n.  A  computer; 
a  calculator.  —  Computer,  kom-pa't6r,  n. 
One  who  computes;  a  reckoner;  a  calcula- 
tor. 

Comrade,  kom'rad,  n.  [O.E.  eamarade, 
eamerade,  from  Sp.  camarada,  Fr.  eam- 
arade.  one  who  occupies  the  same  cham- 
ber, from  li.  camera,  a  chamber.]  An 
associate  in  occupation  or  friendship;  a 
close  companion;  a  mate. — Comradeship, __ 
Comradery,  kom'rad-ship,  kom'rad-ri,  n.' 


The  state  or  feeling  of  being  a  comrade; 
companionship;  fellowship. 
Comtism,  Kom'tizm,  ji.  The  philosophical 
s.vstem  founded  by  Auguste  Comte;  posi- 
tivism.—Comtist,  kom'tist,  n.  A  disciple  of 
Comte;  a  positivist.  Used  also  adjectively. 
Con,  kon,  adv.  and  n.  [Abbrev.  from  L. 
contra,  against.)  Against,  in  the  phrase 
pro  and  con,  for  and  against,  as  a  noun,  a 
statement,  argument,  point,  or  considera- 
tion supporting  the  negative  side  of  a 
question  {to  discusa  the  pros  and  cons). 
Con,  kon,  v.t. — conned,  conning.  [A,-  bax. 
ctinnian,  to  try,  to  examine.  Can,  Know.] 
To  peruse  carefully  and  attentively;  to 
study  over;  to  learn. 

Conacre,  ko-na'ker,  n.  In  Ireland  the  cus- 
tom of  sub-letting  land  in  small  portions 
for  a  single  crop,  the  rent  being  paid  in 
money  or  in  labour.— «.<.  To  let  on  the 
conacre  system. 

Conation,  ko-ria'shon,  n.  [L.  conor,  cona- 
tus,  to  attempt.]  Metaph.  the  facility  of 
voluntary  agency,  embracing  desire  and 
volition. — Conative,  kon'a-tiv,  a.  Relat- 
ing to  the  faculty  of  conation. 
Concamerate.t  kon-kam'^r-at,  v.t.  [h.'con- 
camsro,  to  arch— coh,  and  camera,  an  arch 
(whence  chambert.]  To  arch  over;  to 
vault.  —  Concameration.t  kon-kam'*r-a"- 
shon,  n.  An  arching;  an  arch  or  vault. 
Concatenate,  kon-kat'e-nat,  v.t. — concaten- 
ated, concatenating,  [h.  concateno,  conca- 
tenatum,  to  link  together— con,  together, 
and  catena,  a  chain.  Chaik.]  To  link  to- 
gether; to  unite  in  a  successive  series  or 
chain,  as  things  depending  on  each  other. 
— Concatenation,  kon-kat'e-na"8hon,  n. 
The  state  of  being  concatenated  or  linked 
together;  a  series  of  links  united. 
Concave,  kon'kav,  a.  [L.  concavus — eon, 
and  cav^^s,  hollow.  Cave.]  Hollow  ana 
curved  or  roimded,  as  the  inner  surface  of 
a  spherical  body;  presenoing  a  hollow  or 
incurvation  towards  some  direction  ex- 
pressed or  understood ;  incurved.  —  «.  A 
qoUow;  an  arch  or  vault;  a  cavity. — v.t.i 
—concaved,  concaving.  To  make  hollow. — 
Concavation,  kon-ka-va'shon,  n..  The  act 
of  making  concave.— Concavoly,  kon'kav- 
li,  adv.  So  as  to  be  concave;  in  a  concave 
manner.  —  Concaveness,  kon'kav-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  concave.  —  Concavity, 
kon-kav'i-ti,  n.  Hollowness;  a  concave 
surface,  or  the  space  contained  in  it. — 
Concavo-concave,  kon-ka'vS-kon-kav,  a. 
Concave  or  hollow  on  both  surfaces,  as  a 
lens.  —  Concavo-convex,  kon-ka'viS-kon- 
v6ks,  a.  Concave  on  one  side  and  convex 
on  the  other. 

Conceal,  kon-sel',  v.t.  fFrom  L.  coneelo,  to 
conceal — con,  together,  and  eelo,  to  hide, 
same  root  as  E.  hell,  hole,  hull,  &c.]  To 
hide ;  to  withdraw  from  observation ;  to 
cover  or  keep  from  sight ;  to  keep  close  or 
secret ;  to  forbear  to  disclose;  to  withhold 
from  utterance  or  declaration. — Conceal- 
able,  kon-s6la-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
concealed,  hid,  or  kept  close.- Concealed- 
ly,  kon-sel'ed-li,  adv.  In  a  clandestine 
manner;  so  as  not  to  be  detected. — Con- 
cealedness,  kon-sel'ed-nes,  n.  A  state  of 
being  concealed. — Odncealer,  kon-g5r6r,n. 
One  who  conceals.  —  Concealment,  kon- 
sel'ment,  n.  The  act  of  concealing,  hid- 
ing, or  keeping  secret;  the  state  of  being 
hid  or  conceal  9)1 ;  privacy ;  shelter  from 
observation;  cover  from  sight. 
Concede,  kon-ssd',  v.t. — conceded,  conceding, 
[li.coneedo,  concessum,,to  yield,  grant — con, 
together,andcedo,toyjeld.  Cede.]  To  admit 
as  true,  just,  or  proper;  to  grant;  to  let  pass 
undisputed;  tograntasaprivilege:  toyifcld 
up;  to  allow;  to  surrender.— u.i.  To  make 
concession;  to  grant  a  request  or  petition; 
toiyield. — Concedence,  kon-se'dens,  n.  The 
act  of  conceding;  concession. — Conceder, 
kon-8S'd6r,  n.  One  who  concedes.  —  Con- 
cesslble,  kon-ses'i-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
conceded.— Concession,  kon-sesh'on,  n.  [L. 
concessio.]  The  act  of  conceding,  admit- 
ting, or  granting ;  a  yielding  to  demand 
or  claim;  the  thing  yielded;  a  grant;  a 
grant  empowering  some  scheme  or  work  to 
be  done.— Concessionary.Concessionnaire, 
kon-sesh'on-a-ri,  kon-sesh'on-ar,  n.  (Fr. 
concessionaire.]  A  person  to  whom  a  cor  • 
cession  for  carrying  out  some  scheme  haj 


dij^cAain;  ^  eh,  Sc.  locA;  ^  g.  fl»;  _  j,  iob;  ^jtt,^..to»;  .^ng,  dng;  ^  m,  then;  to,  (Ain; w,  wig;    wb,  wb'g; ._  ah,  atvre. 


CONCEIT 


142 


CONCLAVE 


been  made ;  a  member  of  a  company  to 
whom  special  powers  have  been  granted 
by  a  government  for  carrying  out  some 
work.  —  Concessionist,  kon-sesn'on-ist,  n. 
One  who  favours  concession  or  a  conces- 
sion.— Concessive,  kon-ses'iv,  a.  Imi)lying 
or  containing  concession.  —  Concessively, 
kon-ses'iv-li,  adv.    By  way  of  concession. 

Conceit,  kon-set',  n.  [O.E.  ecmceipt,  O.Pr. 
co7u:ept,  from  L.  conceptvis,  a  conception, 
from  concipio,  to  conceive— con,  and  capio, 
to  take ;  comp.  deceit,  receipt.)  Opinion, 
estimation,  view,  or  belief  (wise  in  one's 
own  conceit) ;  an  ill-grounded  opinion ;  a 
baseless  fancy;  a  crotchety  notion;  an  ill- 
grounded  opinion  of  one's  own  import- 
ance; self-conceit;  vanity;  a  witty,  happy, 
or  ingenious  thought  or  expression;  a 
quaint  or  humorou.s  fancy;  now  commonly 
a  thought  or  expression  intended  to  be 
striking  or  poetical,  but  rather  far-f  etchea, 
insipid,  or  pedantic. — Out  of  conceit  with, 
not  now  having  a  favourable  opinion  of ; 
no  longer  pleased  with.— v.<.  To  imagine 
wrongly;  to  err  in  believing:  used  r^. — 
Conceited,  kon-se'ted,  a.  Entertaining  a 
flattering  opinion  of  one's  self;  self-con- 
ceited; vain;  egotistical.  —  Conceitedly, 
kon-se'ted-li,  adv.  In  a  conceited  manner; 
with  vanity  or  egotism.  —  Conceitedness, 
kon-85'ted-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  con- 
ceited. 

Conceive,  kon-sev',  v.t. — conceived,  conceiv- 
ing. [O.Vr.concever,conceveir,  Fr.concevoir, 
from  L.  concipere,  to  conceive.  Conceit.] 
To  become  pregnant  with;  to  develop  in 
the  womb  in  an  embryonic  state;  to  form 
in  the  mind;  to  devise  (an  idea,  a  puri'ose); 
to  realize  in  the  mind;  to  form  a  concep- 
tion of;  to  place  distinctly  before  the 
thoughts;  to  comprehend:  often  used  as  a 
specific  term  in  philosophy;  to  think;  to 
imagine;  to  suppose  possible. — v.i.  To  have 
a  fetus  formed  in  tne  womb;  to  become 
pregnant;  to  have  or  form  a  conception  or 
idea;  to  think  (to  conceive  of  a  thing.) — 
Conceivable,  kon-se'va-bl,  o.  Capable  of 
being  conceived,  thought,  imagined,  or 
understood.— Conceivability.Conceivable- 
ness,  kon-8e'va-biI"i-ti,  kon-se'va-bl-nes, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  conceivable.  — 
Conceivably,  kon-sO'va-bli,  adv.  In  a  con- 
ceivable or  intelligible  manner.  —  Con- 
ceiver,  kon-s6'ver,  n.    One  that  conceives. 

Concentrate,  kon-sen'trat  or  kon',  v.t. — 
concentrated,  concetitrating.  [Pr.  concen- 
trer — L.  con,  together,  and  centrum,  a  cen- 
tre.] To  bring  to  a  common  centre  or 
point  of  union;  to  cause  to  come  together 
to  one  spot  or  point;  to  bring  to  bear  on 
one  point;  to  direct  towards  one  object;  in 
chemical  manipulations,  to  intensify  by 
removing  non-essential  matter;  to  reduce 
to  a  state  of  great  strength  and  purity. — 
v.i.  To  approach  or  meet  in  a  common  point 
or  centre.  —  Concentration,  kon-sen-tra'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  concentrating;  the  act 
of  collecting  into  a  central  point  or  of 
directing  to  one  object;  the  state  of  being 
concentrated;  the  act  of  increasing  the 
strength  of  fluids  by  volatilizing  part  of 
their  water.— Concentrative,  kon-sen'tra- 
tiv,  a.  Concentrating  or  tending 'to  con- 
centrate.— Concentrativeness,kon-sen'tra- 
tiv-nes,  n.  The  quality  or  faculty  of  con- 
centrating; the  faculty  of  concentrating 
one's  mental  powers  upon  any  particular 
object. — Concentre,  kon-ssn'ter,  v.i. — con- 
centred, concentring.  To  converge  to  or 
meet  in  a  common  centre;  to  combine  or 
be  united  in  on(j  object.— D.t.  To  draw  or 
direct  to  a  common  centre;  to  concentrate. 
—Concentric,  Concentrical,  kon-sen'trik, 
kon-sen'tri-kal,  a.  [L.  concentricua,']  Hav- 
ing a  common  centre  (circles,  &c.). — Con- 
centrically, kon-sen'tn-kal-li,  adv.  In  a 
concentric  manner;  in  a  common  centre. 
—Concentricity,  kon-sen-tris'i-ti,  n.  State 
of,being  concentric. 

Concept,  kon'sept,  n.  [L.  cvnceptum,  what 
is  conceived,  from  concipio.  Conceivz.  ] 
Philos.  the  subject  of  a  conception;  the  ob- 
ject conceived  by  the  mind;  a  notion. — Con- 
ceptacle,  kon-sep'ta-kl,  n.  [L.  conceptacu- 
Jum.]  Thatin which anythingis contained; 
a  receptacle;  bot.  a  hollow  sac  contaiiling 
bodies  connected  with  reproduction  or 
fructification,  t — Conception  .kon-sep'ehon. 


n.  [L.  conceptio.'\  The  act  of  conceiving; 
the  first  formation  of  the  embjTO  of  an 
animal;  the  act  or  power  of  conceiving  in 
the  mind;  that  which  is  conceived  in  the 
mind;  product  of  the  imaginative  or  in- 
ventive faculty;  philos.  that  mental  act  or 
combination  of  acts  by  which  an  absent 
object  of  perception  is  brought  before  the 
mind  by  the  imagination ;  the  mental 
operation  by  which  such  notions  or  con- 
ceptions are  formed;  a  general  notion;  that 
which  constitutes  the  meaning  of  a  general 
term;  thought,  notion,  or  idea  in  the  loose 
sense  (you  have  no  conception  how  clever 
he  is). — Immaculate  conception.  Immacu- 
late. —  Conceptional,  kon-sep'shon-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  having  the  nature  of  a 
conception  or  notion.  -^  Conceptive,  kon- 
sep'tiv,  o.  Capable  of  conceiving  either 
physically  or  mentally.— Conceptual,  kon- 
sep'tu-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  conception, 
mental  or  physical.— Conceptualism.  kon- 
sep'tu-al-izm,  n.  The  doctrine  of  the  cou- 
ceptualists,  in  some  sense  intermediate  be- 
tween realizm  and  nominalism.— Concep- 
tuaiist,  Conceptionalist,  kon-sep'tfl-al-ist, 
kon-sep'shon-al-ist,  n.  One  who  holds  the 
doctrine  that  tlie  mind  has  the  power  of 
assigning  an  independent  existence  to 
general  conceptions.  —  ConceptuaUstic, 
kon-sep'tli-a-Iis"tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  con- 
ceptualism or  conceptualists. 

Concern,  kon-sem',  v.t.  [Fr.  concemer,  to 
concern,  from  L.  concemo,  to  mix,  as  in  a 
sieve  —  con,  together,  ana  cemo,  to  sift, 
akin  to  Gr.  krind,  to  separate.  Akin  decree, 
discreet,  secret,  &c.]  To  relate,  pertain,  or 
belong  to;  to  affect  the  interest  of;  to  be 
of  importance  to  (that  does  not  concern 
me) ;  re^.  to  take  or  have  an  interest  in, 
occupy  or  busy  one's  self;  to  disturb,  make 
tineasy,  or  cause  concern  to :  in  this  sense 
generally  in  pp.  —  n.  That  which  relates 
or  belongs  to  one;  business;  affair;  mat- 
ter of  importance;  that  which  affects 
one's  welfare  or  happiness;  solicitude; 
anxiety;  agitation  or  uneasiness  of  mind; 
disturbed  state  of  feeling ;  an  estab- 
lishment, such  as  a  manufacturing  or 
commercial  establishment. .'.  Syn.  under 
Care.— Concerned,  kon-semd',  p.  and  a. 
Having  concern;  interested;  engaged; 
anxious.  —  Concernedly,  kon-s6r'ned-li, 
adv.  In  a  concerned  manner;  with  anxiety 
or  solicitude.  —  Concemedness,  kon-sfer'- 
ned-nes,  n.  State  of  being  concerned. — 
Concerrilng,  kon-ser'ning,  prep.  In  re- 
gard to;  regarding;  with  relation  to;  about. 
—Concernment,  kon-s6rn'ment,  n.  A  thing 
in  which  one  is  concerned  or  interested; 
concern;  affair;  business;  interest;  impor- 
tance; participation;  concern;  solicitude. 

Concert,  kon-s6rt',  v.t.  [Fr.  concerter,  from 
It.  concertare,  to  concert,  misspelled  from 
L.  consero,  consertKS,  to  join  together — con, 
and  sero,  to  join,  from  root  of  series.'i  To 
contrive  and  settle  by  mutual  commu- 
nication of  opinions  or  propositions;  to 
plan;  to  devise. —  n.  (kon 's6rt)..  [From 
above  verb,  but  in  musical  meanings  L. 
eoncentus,  a  singing  together,  seems  to 
have  had  an  influence.]  Agreetaent  of 
two  or  more  in  a  design  or  plan;  accord- 
ance ifta  scheme;  co-operation;  concord; 
the  music  of  a  company  of  players  or 
singer^,  or  of  both  united;  a  public  or 
private  musical  entertainment,  at  which 
a  number  of  vocalists  or  instrumentalists, 
or  both,  perform  singly  or  combined.— 
Concerted,  kon-sfer'ted,  p.  and  a.  Mutu- 
ally contrived  or  planned.  —  Concerted 
piece,  in  music,  a  composition  in  parts  for 
several  voices  or  instruments.  —  Concer- 
tina, kon-s^r-ts'na,  n.  A  musical  instru- 
ment held  between  the  hands  in  plaj'ing, 
and  composed  of  a  bellows,  with  two  faces 
or  ends,  in  which  are  the  keys  or  stops  by 
pressing  which  with  the  fingers  air  is  ad- 
mitted to  the  free  metallic  reeds  produc- 
ing the  sounds. — Concerto,  kon-char'to,  n. 
[It.]  A  musical  composition,  usually  in 
a  symphonic  form,  written  for  one  princi- 
pal instrument,  with  accompaniments  for 
a  full  orchestra. 

Concession,  &c.    Under  Concede. 

Concetto,  kon-chet't5,  n.  pi.  Concetti,  kon- 
chet'te.  [It.=B.  conceit.}  Affected  wit; 
an  ingenious  thought  or  turn  of  expres- 


sion; aconceit.—Concettism,+kon-set'tiim, 
n.  The  use  of  affected  wit  or  concetti. 
Conch,  kongk,  n.  fL.  concha,  Gr.  kongche, 
Skr.  cankha,  a  shell.]  A  marine  shell, 
especially  a  large  spiral  shell  of  a  tnimpet 
shape,  and  which  may  be  blown  like  a 
trumpet;  the  external  portion  of  the  ear, 
more  especially  the  hollow  part  of  it. — 
Concha,  kong'ka,  n.  The  external  ear; 
arch,  the  plain  ribless  surface  of  a  vault; 
the  semidome  of  an  apse;  the  apse.— Con- 
chifer,  kong'ki-ffer,  n.  [L.  concha,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  A  mollusc  of  the  class  Con- 
chifera,  or  acephalous  molluscs  with  bi- 
valve shells.— Conchiferous,  kong-kif'6r- 
us,  o.  Belonging  to  the  chonchifers.— 
Conchiform,kong'ki-form,a.  Shell-shaped. 
— Conchitic,  kong-kit'ik,  a.  Composed 
of  shells;  applied  to  limestones  and  mar- 
bles in  which  the  remains  of  shells  are  a 
noticeable  feature.— Conchoid,  kong'koid, 
n.  The  name  of  a  special  kind  of  curve 
used  for  finding  two  mean  proportionals. 
— Conchoidal,  kong-koi'dal,  a.  Mineral 
having  convex  elevations  and  concave 
depressions  like  shells.  —  Conchological, 
kong-ko-loj'ik-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  concho- 
logy.— Conchologist, kong-kol'o-jist.n.  One 
versed  in  conchology.— Conchology,  kong- 
kol'o-ji,  n.  That  department  of  zoology 
which  treats  of  the  nature,  formation,  and 
classification  <Jf  the  shells  with  which  the 
bodies  of  many  mollusca  are  protected, 
or  of  the  animals  themselves.  —  Concho- 
meter,  Conchyliometer,  kong-kom '  et-er, 
kong-kiri-om"et-er,  n.  [Gr.  kongchylion, 
a  shell,  dim.  of  kongche.  ]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  molluscous  shells  and 
the  angle  of  their  spire.— Concho-spiral, 
n.  A  variety  of  spiral  curve  existing  in 
certain  shells.— Conchylious,  Conchylia- 
ceous,  kong-kiTi-us,  kong-kil'i-a"shus,  a. 
Pertaining  to  shells :  resembling  a  shell. 
—  Conchyliologist,  Conchyliology,  kong- 
kil'i-ol"o-jist,  kong-kil'i-ol"o-ji.  Same  as 
Conchologist,  Conchology. 
Concierge,  kon-syarzh,  n.  [Pr.]  A  door- 
keeper to  a  hotel,  house,  prison,  &c.;  a 
janitor,  male  or  female;  a  porter. 
Conclliar,  Conciliary,  kon-sil'i-6r,  kon-sil'i- 
a-ri,  a.  [From  L.  concilium,  a  council.] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  council. 
Conciliate,  kon-sil'i-at,  v.t.  •— condliaied, 
conciliating.  fL.  concilio,  conciliatum,  to 
nniteinthougntorfeeling,fromconciiitim, 
plan,  council.  Council.]  To  bring  to  en- 
tertain a  friendly  feeling;  to  make  friendly 
from  'being  antagonistic ;  to  pacify ;  to 
soothe;  to  win,  gain,  or  engage  (to  concili- 
ate one's  affection  or  regard);  to  show  to 
be  compatible  (statements,  &c.).— Concill- 
able,  kon-sil'i-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
conciliated.— Conoiliating.kon-sil'i-fit-ing, 
a.  Winning;  having  the  quality  of  gain- 
ing favour. — ConciIiation,kon-sil  'i-&"sh  on , 
n.  The  act  of  conciliating;  the  act  of 
making  friendly;  the  act  of  winning  or 

f lining  favour  or  esteem.  — Conciliative, 
on-sil'i-a-tiv,  a.  Tending  to  conciliate ; 
conciliatory. — Conciliator,  kon-sil'i-a-ter, 
n.  One  who  conciliates  or  reconciles. — 
Conciliatory,  kon-sil'i-a-to-ri,  a.  Tending 
to  conciliate  or  bring  to  k  friendly  state 
of  feeling;  pacific. 

Concise,  kon-sis',  a.  [L.  concisus,  cut  off, 
brief,  from  concido — con,  and  ccedo,  to  cut. J 
Comprehending  much  in  few  words;  brief 
and  comprehensive;  employing  as  few 
words  as  possible;  succinct.  .•.  Concise  refers 
mainly  to  style  or  manner  in  speaking  or 
writing;  succinct  refers  rather  to  the  result 
produced  by  conciseness;  thus  we  speak  of 
a  concise  style  or  phrase;  a  succinct  narra- 
tive or  account.- Concisely,  kon-sis'li,  adv. 
In  a  concise  manner;  briefly;  in  few 
words.— Conciseness,  kon-sis'nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  concise. 

Conciglon,t  kon-si'zhon,  n.  Conciseness;  a 
sect  or  faction;  those  in  the  apostles'  time 
who  laid  too  much  stress  on  circumcision 
(N.T.). 

Conclamatlon,  kon-kla-ma'shon,  n.  [L.  can- 
elamatio,  from  conclamo — con,  and  clamo. 
Claim.]  An  outcry  or  £hout  of  many  to- 
gether; a  clamorous  outcry.  ' 

Conclave,  kou'kl&v,  n.  [L.  conclave,  a  pri- 
vate room,  a  closetc-«on,  together,  and 
elavift,  a  key.]    The  assembly  or  meeting 


vf  ate,  far,  fat,  f aU;  _  me,  met^b^     l^e,  pic;     nOte,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tub,  buUi     oil,  pound;     tt,^Sc.  abttne— the  Fr.  u^ 


CONCLUDE 


143 


CONDENSE 


of  the  cardinals  shut  up  for  the  election 
of  a  pope;  hence,  thebody  of  cardinals;  a 
private  meeting;  a  close  assembly. — Con- 
clavist, kon '  kla-vist,  n.  An  attendant 
whom  a  cardinal  is  allowed  to  take  with 
him  into  the  conclave,  for  the  choice  of  a 
pope. 

Conclude,  kon-klud',  v.t. — conclnded,  con- 
cluding. 111.  concludo — con,  and  claudo,  to 
shut;  whence  also  clause,  close.]  To  shut 
up  or  incloset;  to  include  or  comprehend 
(N.T.)l;  to  infer  or  arrive  at  by  reasoning; 
to  deduce,  as  from  premises;  to  judge;  to 
end,  finish,  bring  to  a  conclusion;  to  settle 
or  arrange  finally  (to  conclude  an  agree- 
ment, a  peace).— y.t.  To  infer;  to  form  a 
final  judgment;  to  come  to  a  decision;  to 
resolve;  to  determine:  generally  followed 
by  an  infinitive  or  a  clause;  to  end;  to 
make  a  finish.— Concluder,  kon-klQ'dfer,  n. 
One  who  concludes.  —  Concluding,  kon- 
klu'ding,  a.  Pinal;  ending;  closing. — Con- 
clusion, kon-klQ'zhon,  n.  [L.  eonclusio.] 
The  end,  close,  or  termination;  the  last 
part:  often  in  the  phrase  m  coiiclusion^ 
finally,  lastly;  determination;  final  deci- 
glon;  inference;  logic,  the  inference  of  a 
'syllogism  as  drawn  from  the  premises;  an 
experiment  (obsolete  except  in  the  phrase 
to  try  concJwsions).— Conclusive,  kon-kla'- 
8iv,  o.  Putting  an  end  to  debate  or  argu- 
ment; leading  to  a  conclusion  or  deter- 
mination; decisive;  bringing  out  or  lead- , 
ing  to  a  regular  logical  conclusion. — Con- 
clusively, kon-klu'siv-li,  adv.  In  a  con- 
clusive manner.  —  Conclusiveness,  kon- 
klu'siv-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  con- 
clusive or  decisive. 

Concoct,  kon-kokt',  v.t.  [L.  concoquo,  con- 
eoctum—con,  and  coquo,  to  cook.  Cook..] 
To  digest  by  the  stomachj ;  to  ripen  or 
maturej;  to  form  and  prepare  in  the  mind; 
to  devise;  to  plan;  to  plot  (a  scheme,  a 
conspiracy).  :^  Concocter,  kon-kok't6r,  n. 
One  who  concocts.— Concoction,  kon-kok'- 
shon,  n.  [L.  eoncoctio.]  Digestion^;  the 
act  of  concocting  or  devising.  —  Concoc- 
tive.t  kon-kok'tjv,  a.  Matviring;  ripen- 
ing. 

Concomitant,  kgn-kom'i-tant,  a.  [From 
L.  com,  together,  and  comitor,  to  accom- 
pany, from  comes,  a  companion.]  Accom- 
panying; conjoined  with;  concurrent;  at- 
tending: of  things,  circumstances,  &c. — 
n.  A  thing  that  accompanies  another;  an 
accompaniment;  an  accessory. — Concomi- 
tance, Concomltancy,kon-kom'i-tans,kon- 
kom'i-tan-si,  n.  The  state  of  being  con- 
comitant; a  being  together  or  in  connec- 
tion with  another  thing.— Concomitantly, 
kon-kom'i-tant-li,  adv.  So  as  to  be  con- 
comitant; concurrently;  unitedly. 

Concord,  kon'kord  or  kong'kord.  n.  [Fr. 
Concorde,  L.  con,  and  cor,  cordis,  the  heart. 
AocOKD.]  Agreement  or  union  in  opin- 
ions, sentiments,  views,  or  interests;  har- 
mony; agreement  between  things;  suit- 
ableness; mttfic, the  pleasing  comDinatioiT 
of  two  or  more  sounds;  the  relation  be- 
tweentwo  or  more  sounds  which  are  agree- 
able to  the  ear;  gram,  agreement  of  wotds 
in  construction. — Concordance,  kon-kor'- 
dans,  n.  The  state  of  being  concordant ; 
agreement;  harmony;  a  book  in  which 
the  principal  words  used  in  any  work,  as 
the  Scriptures,  Shakspere,  ,&c.,  are  ar- 
ranged alphabetically,  and  the  book,  chap- 
ter, verse,  act,  scene,  line,  or  jjther  sub- 
division in  which  each  word  occurs '  are 
noted.— Concordant,  kon-kor'dant,  a.  [L. 
concordans,  ppr.  of  concordare,  to  agree.] 
Agreeing;  agreeable;  correspondent;  har- 
monious.— Concordantly,  kon-kor'dant-li, 
adv.  In  a  concordant  manner.— Concor- 
dat, Concordats,  kon-kor'dat,  kon-kor'dat, 
n.  [Fr.]  An  agreement;  compact;  con- 
vention; especially,  a  formal  agreement 
between  the  see  of  Rome  and  any  secular 
government.  —  Concordist,  kon-kor'dist, 
n.    The  compiler  of  a  concordance. 

Concorporate,  kon-kor'po-rat,  v.t.  and  i.— 
eoneorporated,  concorporating.  [L.  ccmcor- 
ppro — core,  together,  and  corpus,  a  body.] 
To  unite  in  one  mass  or  body;  .to  unite  in 
any  close  union.— o.  United  in  the  same« 
body.  —  Concori>oration,  kon-kor'po-rft"- 
shon,  tk^aVniou  of  things  in  one  mass  or 
body. 


Concourse,  konTciSrs  or  kong'kors,  n.  [Fr. 
concours,  from  L.  concursus,  from  coneurro, 
to  run  together — con,  and  curro,  to  run.] 
A  moving,  flowing;,  or  running  together; 
confluence;  a  meeting  or  coming  together 
of  people;  the  people  assembled;  a  throng; 
a  crowd;  an  assemblage  of  things;  agglo- 
meration. 

Concreate,t  konTcre-at,  v.t. — concreated,  con- 
creating.  [Prefix  con,  and  create.]  To 
create  with  or  at  the  same  time. 

Concrescible.t  kon-kres'i-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
concreting;  capable  of  being  changed  from 
a  liquid  to  a  solid  state..— Concrescive,t 
kon-kres'iv,  a.  Growing  together;  unit- 
ing. 

Concrete,  kon'kret  or  kong'kret,  a.  fL. 
concretus,  from  concresco,  to  grow  together 
— cori,  and  cresco,  to  grow;  seen  also  in 
decrease,  increase,  crescent,  &c.]  Formed 
by  union  of  separate  particles  in  a  mass; 
united  in  a  solid  form;  logic,  a  term  ap- 
plied to  an  object  as  it  exists  in  nature, 
invested  with  all  its  attributes,  or  to  the 
notion  or  name  of  such  an  object.  Ab- 
stract.— re.  A  mass  formed  by  concretion 
of  separate  particles  of  matter  in  one 
body;  a  compound;  logic,  a  concrete  term; 
a  compact  mass  of  gravel,  coarse  pebbles, 
or  stone  chippings  cemented  together  by 
hydraulic  or  other  mortar,  employed  ex- 
tensively in  building,  especially  under 
water. — v.i.  and  t. — concreted,  concreting. 
To  coagulate;  to  congeal;  to  thicken. — 
Concretely,  kon-kret'li,  ctdv.  In  a  con- 
crete manner;  not  abstractly,— Concrete- 
nesa,  kon-krCt'nes,  n.  A  state  of  being 
concrete.  —  Concretion,  kon-kre'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  concreting  or  growing  together 
so  as  to  form  one  mass;  the  mass  or  solid 
matter  formed  by  growing  together;  a 
clot;  alump;ffeoZ.alumpornodule  formed 
by  molecular  aggregation  as  distinct  from 
crystallization.— AforWd  concretions,  hard 
substances  which  occasionally  make  their 
appearance  in  different  parts  of  the  body. 
— Concretional,  Concretionary,  kon-kre'- 
shon-al,  kon-kr6'sho-na-ri,  a.  Pertaining 
to  concretion;  formed  by  concretion;  con- 
sisting of  concretions.— Concretive,  kon- 
kre'tiv,  a.  -Causing  to  concrete  or  become 
congealed  or  solid.  —  Concretively,  kon- 
krB'tiv-li,  adv.    In  a  concretive  manner. 

Concubine,  kong'ka-bin,  n.  [L.  concubina. 
from  concumbo,  to  lie  together— con,  ana 
cumbo  or  cuiio,  to  lie  down.]  A  paramour, 
male  or  f emalet ;  a  woman  who  cohabits 
with  a  man  without  being  legally  married 
to  him;  a  kept-mistress;  a  wife  of  inferior 
condition,  such  as  were  allowed  in  ancient 
Greece  and  Home;  a  lawful  wife,  but  not 
united  to  the  man  by  the  usual  ceremonies. 
-Concubina^,  kong'ka-bi-naj,  n.  The 
act  or  practice  of  having  a  concubine  or 
concubines;  the  state  of  being  a  concu- 
biue;  a  living  as  man  and  wife  without 
being  married.— Concubinary,Concubliial; 
Concubinarian  kon-kaTii-na-ri,  kon-ktt'- 
bi-nal,  kon-ku'bi-na"ri-an,  a.  Relating  to 
concubinage;  living  in  concubinage. 

Concupiscence,  kon-kG'pi-sens,  re.  [L.  eon- 
eupiscentia,  from  concupisco,  to  lust  after 
— core,  and  cupio,  to  desire.]  Lustful  feel- 
ing; lust  J  sinfiil  desire.  —  Concupiscent. 
kon-kO'pi-seht,  a.  Desirous  of  unlawful 
pleasure;  libidinous;  lustful.- Concupls- 
clble,t  kon-ka'pis-i-bl,  a.  Concupiscent; 
lustful. 

Concur,  kon-kfir',  v.i.— concurred,  eoncur- 
rina.  [L.  eoTicurro,  to  run  together — core, 
and  curro,  to  run;  seen  also  in  course,  cur- 
rent, ineur,  recur,  &c.]  To  run  or  meet 
together!;, to  agree,  join,  or  unite,  as  in 
one  action  or  opinion  (to  concur  vdlfi  a 
person  in  an  opinion);  to  assent:  with  to 
{Mil.)i;J,o  unite  or  be  conjoined;  to  meet 
together;  to  be  combined;  to'  unite  in 
contributing  to  a  common  object  (causes 
that  concur  to  an  effect) ;  to  coincide  or 
havft  points  of  agreement  {Shak.). — Con- 
currence, Concurrency,  kon-kur'ens,  kon- 
kur'en-si,  re.  The  act  of  concurring;  con- 
junction; combination  of  agents,  circtim- 
stances,  or  events ;  agreement  in  opinion; 
union  or  csonsent  as  to  a  design,  to  be 
carried  out;  approbation;  consent  with 
joint  aid  or  contribution  of  power  or  inv 
fluence.— Ooncnrrent,  kon-knr'ent.  a.  C<itb\ 


curring  or  acting  in  conjunction;  agreeing 
in  the  same  act;  contributing  to  the  same 
event  or  effect;  operating  with;  conjoined; 
associate;  concomitant;  joint  and  equal ; 
existing  together  and  operating  on  the 
same  objects  (the  concurrent  jurisdiction 
of  law  courts). — re.  One  who  concurs;  one 
agreeing  to  or  pursuing  the  same  course 
of  action ;  that  which  concurs ;  joint  or 
contributory  cause.  —  Concurrently,  kon- 
kur'ent-li,  adv.  So  as  to  be  concurrent;  in 
union  or  combination;  uiiitedly.— Concur- 
rentness,  kon-kur'ent-nes,  re.  The  state  of 
being  concurrent. 

Concuss,  kon-kus',  v.t.  [L.  coneutio,  con- 
cussum,  to  .shake,  and  as  a  law  term  to 
extort — con.  together,  and  quatio,  quassur)i 
(in  composition  cutio,  cussum),  to  shake. 
Quash.]  To  shake  or  agitatet;  to  force  by 
threats  to  do  something,  especially  to  give 
up  something  of  value;  to  intimidate  into 
a  desired  course  of  action;  to  coerce.— 
Concussive,  kon-kus' iv,  a.  Having  the 
power  or  quality  of  shaking;  agitating. — 
Concussion,  kon-kush'On,  re.  [L.  concussio, 
concussionis,  a  shock,  extortion.]  The  act 
of  shaking,  particularly  by  the  stroke  or 
impulse  of  another  body ;  the  shock  occa- 
sioned by  two  bodies  coming  suddenly  into 
collision;  a  shock;  surg.applied  to  injuries 
sustained  by  the  brain  and  other  organs 
from  falls,  blows,  Ac;  the  act  of  extorting 
by  threats  or  force  r«xtortion.  —  Coucu- 
tient,t  kon-ka'shi-ent,a.  Coming  suddenly 
into  collision;  meeting  together  with  vio- 
lence. 

Condemn,  kon-dem',  v.t.  [L.  concfemreo— 
con,  intens.,  and  damno,  to  condemn, 
whence  oamn.]  To  pronounce  to  be  utterly 
wrong;  to  utter  a  sentence  of  disappro- 
bation against;  to  pronounce  to  be  guuty; 
to  sentence  to  punishment;  to  utter  sen- 
tence against  judicially:  opposed  to  acquit 
or  absolve ;  to  judge  or  pronounce  to  be 
unfit  for  use  or  service,  or  to  be  forfeited. 
—Condemned  cell  or  ward,  in  prisons,  the 
cell  in  which  a  prisoner  sentenced  to 
.  death  is  detained  till  his  execution. — Con- 
demnable,  kon-dem'na-bl,  o.  Worthy 
of  being  condemned.  —  Condemnation, 
kon-dem-na'shon,n.  [L.  cond£m,natio.\  The 
act  of  condemning;  the  state  of  being 
condemned ;  the  cause  or  reason  of  a  sen- 
tence of  condemnation  (N.T.).— Condem- 
natory, kon-dera'na-to-ri,  a.  Condemning; 
bearing  condemnation  or  censure. — Con- 
demner,  kon-dem 'er,  n.  One  who  con- 
demns. 

Condense,  kon-dens',  v.t.— condensed,  con- 
densing. [L.  condenso — eon,  and  denso,  to 
make  dense.  Dense.]  To  make  more 
dense  or  compact ;  to  reduce  the  volume 
or  compass  of;  to  bring  into  closer  union 
of  parts;. to  consolidate;  to  compress  (to 
condense  a  substance,  an  argument,  &c.); 
to  reduce  (a  gas  or  vapour)  to  the  condition 
of  a  liquid  or  solid. — v.i.  To  become  close 
or  more  compact,  as  th<  particles  of  a 
body;  to  change  from  the  vaporous  to  the 
liquid  state.  —  Condensed,  kon-denst',  o. 
Made  dense  or  close  in  texture  or  compo- 
sition; compressed;  compact  (a  condensed 
style  of  composition).  —  Condenser,  kon- 
den'sfer,  re.  One  who  or  that  which  con- 
denses; a  pneumatic  instrument  or  syringe 
in  which  air  may  be  compressed;  a  vessel 
in  which  aqueous  or  spirituous  vapours 
are  reduced  to  a  liquid  form  by  coldness; 
a  lens  to  gather  and  concentrate  rays 
collected  by  a  mirror  and  direct  them 
upon  an  object;  an  instrument  employed 
to  collect  and  render  sensible  very  small 
quantities  of  electricity.— CondensablUty, 
kon-den'8a-bil"i-ti,  re.  Quality  of  being 
condensable.- Condens^le,  Condensible, 
kon-den'sa-bl,  kon-den'Bi-bi,  a.  Capable 
of  being  condensed;  capable  of  being  com- 
pressed into  a  smaller  COTnpass,  or  made 
more  compact.  —  Condensate,  t  kon-den'- 
sat,  v.t.  and  i.  —  eondensated,  condensat- 
ing.  To  condense. —  Condensation,  kon- 
den-sa'shon,  re.  \Jj.  eondensatio.]  The  act 
of  condensing  or  making  more  dense  oe 
compact;  the  act  of  bringing  into  smJiUer 
compass;  consolidation;  the  act  of  re- 
ducing a  gas  or  vapour  to  a  liquid  or  solid 
form.  —  Condensative,  kon-den'sa-tiv^  a. 
H&ving  a  power  or  tendency  to  condense.' 


ch,cAaiui     ch,  Sc.  loeft;     g.  foi     Jiiob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     as,eing;     ta,  then;  th,  thia;     w,  wig;     vh,  tcAig;'    zh,  arars' 


CONDESCEND 


Ui 


CONFER 


Condescend,  kon-de-send',  v.i.  [Fr.  conde- 
seendre—li.  con,  with,  and  descendo.  De- 
scend.] To  descend  •voluntarily  for  a  time 
to  the  level  of  an  inferior;  to  stoop;  to  lower 
one's  self  intentionally:  often  followed  by 
the  infinitive  or  a  noun  preceded  by  to. — 
Condescendence,  kon-d5-sen'dens,  n.  Con- 
descension*; Scots  law,  a  distinct  state- 
ment of  facts  and  allegations  brought  for- 
ward by  the  pursuer  in  a  case.  —  Conde- 
scending, kon-de-sen'ding,  a.  Marked  or 
characterized  by  condescension;  stooping 
to  the  level  of  one's  inferiors.  —  Conde- 
scendingly, kon-de-sen'ding-li,  adv.  In  a 
condescending  manner.  —  Condescension, 
kon-de-sen'shon,  n.  The  act  of  condescend- 
ing; the  act  of  voluntarily  stooping  to  an 
equality  with  inferiors;  afiability  on  the 
part  of  a  superior. 

Condign,  kon-din'.  o.  [L.  condiffnus,  well 
worthy— =-con,  and  dignua,  worthy.  Dio- 
NiTT.]  Well-deserved;  merited;  suitable: 
now  always  applied  to  punishment  or 
something  equivalent. —  Coadignly,  kon- 
din'U,  adv.  In  a  condign  manner.— Con- 
dignness,  kon-din 'nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  condign. 

Condiment,  kon'di-ment,  «.  [L.  condimen- 
ium,  from  condio,  to  season,  pickle.]  Some- 
thing used  to  give  relish  to  food,  and  to 
gratify  the  taste;  sauce;  seasoning. 

Condition,  kon-di'shon,r».  [h.  conditio,  con- 
ditionia,  from  condo,  to  set,  fix,  ordain — 
eon,  together,  and  do,  to  give,  to  place.] 
A  particular  mode  of  being;  situation; 
predicament;  case;  state;  state  with  re- 
spect to  the  orders  or  grades  of  society  or 
to  property;  rank  in  society;  that  which 
is  requisite  to  be  done,  happenj  exist,  or 
be  present  in  order  to  something  else  be- 
ing done,  taking  effect,  or  happening;  a 
clause  in  a  contract  embodying  some  stip- 
ulation, provision,  or  essential  point. — 
v.t.  To  form  the  condition  or  essential 
accompaniment  of ;  to  regulate  or  deter- 
mine ;  to  stipulate ;  to  arrange.  —  Condi- 
tional, kon-dl'shon-al,  a.  Imposing  con- 
ditions; containing  or  depending  on  a 
condition  or  conditions;  made  witn  limi- 
tations; not  absolute;  made  or  granted  on 
certain  terms;  gram,  and  logic,  expressing 
or  involving  a  condition.— Conditionality, 
kon-di'8ho-nal"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing conditional  or  limited;  limitatibn  by 
certain-  terms.  —  Conditionally,  kon-di  '- 
shon-al-U,  adv.  In  a  conditional  manner; 
with  certain  limitations;  on  particular 
conditions,  terms,  or  stipulations.  —  Con- 
ditionate,  kon-di'shon-st,  v.t.  To  put  un- 
der conditions;  to  regulate. — Conditioned, 
kon-di'shond,  a.  Having  a  certain  state 
or  qualities,  usually  preceded  by  some 
qualifying  term,  as  well  conditionedj  ill 
conditioned;  metaph.  placed  or  cognized 
under  conditions  or  relations. 

Condole,  kon-dol',  v.i. — condoled,  condoling. 
[I/.L.  eondoleo—con,  with,  and  ti.  doleo,  to 
grieve,  whence  doleful,  dolour.']  To  ex- 
press pain  or  grief  at  the  distress  or  mis- 
fortunes of  another;  to  express  sympathy 
to  one  in  grief  or  misfortune:  followed  by 
vjith.—v.t.l  To  lament  or  grieve  over  with 
another;  to  express  sympathy  on  account 
of  {MU.}. — Condolatory,  kon-dO'la-to-ri,  a. 
Expressing  condolence. — Condolence,  kon-: 
do'Iens,  n.  The  act  of  expressing  grief  or 
sympathy  for  the  distress  or  misfortune 
of  another;  expression  of  sympathy. — Con- 
doler,  kon-do'l£r,  n.    One  who  condoles. 

Condone,  kon-dSn',  v.t.—condoned,  condon- 
ing. [L.  .eondonare,  to  pardon — con,  and 
d(mare,  to  present,  from  donum,  a  gift. 
Donation.]  To  pardon;  to  forgive;  to 
overlook  an  offence  (never  with  a  personal 
object) ;  law,  to  forgive,  or  to  act  so  as  to 
imply  forgiveness  of  a  violation  of  the 
marriage  vow. — Condonation,  kon-do-na'- 
shon,  n.  [L.  condonatio.]  The  act  of  con- 
doning or  pardoning  a  wrong  act;  law,  an 
act  or  course  of  conduct  by  which  a  hus- 
band or  a  wife  is  held  to  have  pardoned  a 
matrimonial  offence  committed  by  the 
other,  the  party  condoning  being  thus 
■barred  from  a  remedv  for  that  offence. 

Condor,  kon'dor,  n.  [Sp.,  from  Peniv.  ctm- 
iiir.]  A  South  American  bird,  one  of  the 
largest  of  the  vulture  tiibe,  found  most 

(Commonly  in  the  Andes  at  heights  from 


10,000  or  16,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the. 
sea. 
Condottiere,  kon-dot-tya'rS,  n.  pi.  Coudot- 

tieri,  kon-dot-tya're.  [It.]  One  of  a  class 
of  mercenary  Italian  military  adventur- 
ers in  the  fourteenth  and  .fifteenth  cen- 
turies; a  free-lance. 

Condace,  kon-dus',  v.i.— conduced,  condtx- 
ing.  (L.  conduco,  to  conduce — con,  and 
duco,  to  lead;  condiut  is  from  the  same 
verb.]  To  combine  with  other  things  in 
bringing  about  or  tending  to  bring  about 
a  result ;  to  lead  or  tend ;  to  contribute: 
followed  by  the  infinitive  or  a  noun  pre- 
ceded by  to.— Conducible,*  kon-du'si-bl,  a. 
[L.  conducibilis.]  Conducive. — Condncible- 
nesa,  J  kon  -  da '  si  -  bl  -  nes,  n.  Conducive- 
ness.— Conducive,  kon-dti'siv,  o.  Having 
the  quality  of  conducing,  promoting,  or 
furthering;  teiiding  to  advance  or  bring 
about :  followed  by  to.  —  Conduciveness, 
kon-da'siv-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
conducive. 

Conduct,  kon'dukt,  n.  [L.L.  conduetus,  L. 
conductus,  pp.  of  conduco.  Conducb, 
DUK.K.]  The  act  of  guiding  or  commavd- 
ing;  mode  of  carrying  on  or  conducting; 
mode  of  handling  or  wielding;  adminis- 
tration; management;  personal  behaviour; 
deportment:  appUed  indifferently  to  a 
good  or  bad  course  of  action ;  the  act  of 
convoying  or  guarding;  guidance  or  bring- 
ing aJong  under  protection. — v.t.  (kon- 
dukt').  To  accompany  and  show  the  way; 
to  guide;  to  lead;  to  escort;  to  lead,  as  a 
commander;  to  direct ;  to  command ;  to 
manage  (affairs,  &c.);  r^.  to  behave; 
physics,  to  carry,  transmit,  or  propagate, 
as  heat,  electricity,  &c.;  to  lead  or  direct 
as  musical  conductor. — v.i.  To  carry,  trans- 
mit, or  propagate  heat,  electricity,  sound, 
&c.;  to  act  as  musical  conductor.— Con- 
ductibUity,  kon-duk'ti-bil"i-ti,  n.  Capa- 
bilitv  of  being  conducted,  conductivity. — 

■  Condactible,  kon-duk'ti-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  conducted  or  conveyed.  —  Conduc- 
tion, kon-duk'shon,  n.  Physics,  trans- 
mission by  means  of  a  conductor. — Con- 
ductive, kon-duk'tiv,  a.  Physics,  haviag 
the  i>ower  or  quality  of  conducting.— Con- 
ductivity, kon-duk-tiv'i-ti,  n.  Physics, 
the  power  of  conducting  heat,  electricity, 
&c.;  the  quality  of  being  conductive. — 
Conductor,  kon-duk't6r,  n.  One  who  con- 
ducts; a  leader.;  a  guide;  a  commander; 
one  who  leads  an  army;  a  director  or  man- 
ager; the  director  of  a  chorus  or  orchestra; 
the  person  who  attends  to  the  passengers 
in  an  omnibus,  a  tramway  car,  or  the 
like,  as  contradistinguished  from  the 
driver ;  physics,  a  body  that  receives  and 
transmits  or  communicates  heat,  electri- 
city, or  force  in  any  of  its  forms;  hence, 
specifically  ,a  lightning-rod.— Conductory, 
kon-duk'to-ri,  a.  Having  the  property  of 
conducting. 

Conduit,  kon'dit  or  kun'dit,  n.  [Fr.  con- 
duit, pp.  of  conduire,  L.  conducere,  con- 
ductum,  to  conduct.]  A  pipe,  tube,  or 
other  channel  for  the  conveyance  of  water 
or  other  fluid;  a  built  fountain  to  which 
water  is  brought  by  pipes. 

CondupUc&te,  Kon-da'pli-kat,  a.  Doubled 
or  folded  over  or  together;  hot.  applied  to 
leaves  in  the  bud  when  they  are  folded 
down  the  middle,  so  that  the  halves  of  the 
lamina  are  applied  together  by  their  faces. 
— Conduplication,  kon-da'pli-ka"  shon,  n. 
A  doubling;  a  duplication. 

Condyle,  kon'dil,  n.  [L.  condylus,  Gr.  kon- 
dylos,  a  knuckle,  a  joint.]  Anat.  a  protu- 
berance on  the  end  of  a  bone  serving  to 
form  an  articulation  with  another  bone. — 
Condyloid,  kon'di-loid,  a.  Anat.  resem- 
bling or  shaped  like  a  condyle. 

Cone,  kon,  n.  fL.  eontis,  Gr.  kOnos,  a  cone, 
from  root  seen  in  E.  hone,  Skr.  (o,  to 
8hari)en.]  A  solid  figure  rising  from  a 
circular  base  and  regularly  iapering  to  a 
point;  anything  shaped  like,  or  approach- 
insrthe  shape,  of  a  cone;  one  of  the  fruits 
of  fir-trees,  pines,  &c. ;  a  strobilus;  the 
name  of  certaiii  moUuscous- shells;  the 
hill  surrounding  the  crater  of  a  volcano, 
formed  by  the  gradual  accumulation  of 
ejected  material;  a  form  of  storm  signal. 
—Cone -pulley,  n.  A  pulley  shaped  like 
the  segment  of  a  cone,  that  is,  gradually 


tapering  from  a  thick  to  a  thin  end. — 
Cone-shell,  n.  One  of  a  family  of  gaster- 
opodcug  molluscs,  characterized  by  a  shell 
of  a  remarkably  conical  form.  —  Conic, 
koh'ik,a.    {li.conicu.SjGT.kOnikos.l    Hav- 

■  ing  the  form  of  a  cone;  conical ;  pertain- 
ing to  a  cone.  —  Conic  sections,  the  fig- 
ures foEmed.  by  the  outlines  of  the  cut 
surfaces  when  a  cone  is  cut  by  a  plane, 
more  especially  the  parabola,  ellipse,  and 
hyperbola,  the  first  of  which  is  seen  when 
the  secticn  is  made  parallel  to  the  slope  of 
the  cone. — n.  A  conic  section. — Conical, 
kon'ik-al,  o.  Having  the  form  of  a  cone; 
cone-shaped.— Conicality,  kon-i-kal'i-t  i.— 
ConlcalnesB,  kon'ik-al-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  conical.— Conioally, 
kon'ik-al-Ii,  ado.  In  the  form  of  a  cone. 
— Conicity,  ko-nis'i-ti,  n.  The  property  of 
being  conical. —Conies,  Jton'iks,  n.  Ihat 
part  of  geometiy  which  treats  of  the 
cone  and  the  several  curve  lines  arising 
from  the  sections  of  it. — Conifer,  kO'ni- 
f6r, ».  [L.  cojirta,  and /ero,  to  bear.  1  BoU 
a/  plant  producing  cones,  or  haro,  dry, 
scaly  seed-vessels  of  a  conical  figure,  as 
the  pine,  fir,  &c.— Conifers;  k5-nif'6r-e,  n. 
pi.  The  conifers  or  cone-bearing  trees,  in- 
cluding the  firs,  pines,  yeWjCypress,  4c. — 
Coniferous,  k5-nif'6r-u8,  a.  Bearing  cones; 
belonging  or  relating  to  the  conifers. — 
Coniform,  ko'ni-form,  a.  ■•  Ih  form  of  a 
cone:  conical. — Conoid  .^D'noid,  n.  Oeom. 
a  solid  formed  by  the  revolution  of  a, 
conic  section  about  its  axis;  anat.  the 
pineal  gland.— Conoid,  Conolaal,  ko'noid. 
ko-noi'dal,  a.  Approaching  to  a  conical 
form;  nearly  conical. — Conoidlc,  Conoid- 
leal,  ko-noi'dik,  ko-noi'di-kal,  o.  Per- 
taining to  a  conoid. 

Coney,  n.    Cont. 

Confabulate,  kon-fab'a-lftt,  v.t.  [L.  <itm- 
/a&«tor—«m,  and /obitfor,  to  talk.  PabueJ 
To  talk  familiarly  together;  to  chat;  to 
prattle.  This  word  is  sometimes  short- 
ened colloquially  to  Confab,  kon-fab'. — 
Confabulation,  kon-fab'Q-la"shon,  n.  [li. 
confabulatio.)  A  talking  together;  famil- 
iar talk;  easy,  unrestrained  conversation. 
Often  shortened  to  Confab,  kon-fab'.— 
Confabulator,  kon-fab' Q-lft-tftr,  n.  One 
engaged  in  familiar  talk  or  conversation. 
—  Oonfabulatory,t  kon-fab 'a-U-to-ri,  a. 
Belonging  to  familiar  talk. 

Confect.t  kon-fekt',  v.t.  [L.  conficio,  confec- 
twn,  to  prepare— con,  and  faao,  to  make. 
Comfit.]  To  compose,  mix,  put  together; 
to  make  into  sweetmeats. — n.J  (kon'fekti. 
A  confection;  a  sweetmeat.— Confection, 
kon-fek'shon,  n.  Anything  prepared  or 
preserved  with  sugar,  as  fruit;  a  sv/eet- 
meat;  a' composition  or  mixture^.— Con- 
fectionary,! koij-feksho-na-ri,  n.  A  con- 
fectioner (O.T.).— a.  Eelating  to  confec- 
tions.—Confectioner,  kon-fek'shon-6r,  it. 
One  whose  occupation  is  to  make  or  seU 
sweetmeats  or  confections.  —  Confection- 
ery, kon-f ek^  sho-ner-i,  n.  Sweetmeat-j; 
things  prepared  or  sold  by  a  confectioii- 
er;  confections. 

Confederacy,  kon-fed'6r-a-si,  n.  [L.L.  co:v- 
fcxderatio—cort,aiid  L./adti8,a league.  Feu- 
icRAL.]  A  contract  between  two  or  mors 
persons,  bodies  of  men  or  states,  combinr- 1 
in  support  of  each  other,  in  some  act  or 
enterprise;  a  league;  compact;  alliance; 
the  persons,  states,  or  nations  united  by 
a  league.— Confederate,  kon-fed'er-at,  a. 
[L.L.  confcederaius.]  United  in  a  league; 
allied  by  treaty;  engaged  in  a  confederacy; 
pertaining  to  a  coniederacy.—n.  One  who 
18  united  with  others  in  a  league;  a  person 
or  nation  engaged  in  a  confederacy;  aa 
ally;  an  accomplice'. — iV.i.—cott/idcratcd, 
confederating.  To  unite  in  a  league  or  con- 
federacy. —  Confederation,  kon-fed'^r-a"- 
shon,  n.  A  confederacy ;  a  league ;  all'- 
aace;  the  parties  to  a  league;  states  united 
by  a  confederacy.  —  Confederative,  kon- 
fed'6r-&-tiv,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  a  con- 
federation, j 

Confer,  kon-f6r',  v.t.— conferred,  conferring. 
[L.  ewnjero,  to  bring  together,  compare, 
bestow,  consult,  &c.— con,  together,  and 
fero, to  bring.]  To  giveor  bestow:  with 
on  or  upon  before  the  rccipieat. .".  Confer 
differs  from  6e«teto,  inasmuch  as  it  always 
implies  a  certain  amouirfeof  condescension 


fftte,  far,  fat,  fftU;  e  m5,  met,  htij^pine,  pin;^  nOte,  not,  m»?e;  j»  taT)e,  tub,  b\ill ;     oil,  potrnd;     fl,  5c.  abima— the  I'r.  m. 


CONFEEVA 


145 


CONTOUND 


or  superiority  on  thf  part  of  the  giver. — 
v.i.  I'o  coubult  together  ou  Home  Bpecial 
subject;  to  compare  opinions:  formerly 
often  simply  to  discourse  or  talk,  but  con- 
fer now  implies  conversation  on  some  seri- 
ous or  important  subject. — Conferee,  kon- 
fOi-e',  n.  One  on  whom  something  is  con- 
ferred.—Conference,  kon'f6r-ens,  n.  [Fr. 
conference.]  The  act  of  coiiferriug  or  con- 
sulting together;  a  meeting  for  consulta- 
tion, discussion,  or  instruction;  a  meeting 
of  the  representatives  of  different  foreign 
countries  in  regard  to  some  matter  of 
importance  to  all;  talk  or  con^'fersation 
(iVtctt.)!.  —  Conferrable,  kon-fer'a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  conferred  or  bestowed. 
— Conferrer,  kou-fer'6r,  n.  One  who  con- 
fers.    " 

Conferva,  kon-f6r'va,  n.  pi.  Confervae,  kon- 
fer've.  [L.J  A  name  for  various  aquatic 
plants  belonging  to  the  algae,  and  chiefly 
composed  of  simple  or  branching  fila- 
ments. —  Confervaceous,  kon-fer-va'shus, 
a.  Of  or  belonging  to  conferva  or  allied 
I'lants.— Confervoid,  kon-fer'void,  a.  Ke- 
!-';mbling  a  conferva;  partaking  of  the 
ciiaracter  of  the  confervas. 

Confess,  kou-fes',  v.t.  [Ft.  confesser,  from 
h.  coiiUteor,  confassum — con,  and  fateor,  to 
own  or  acknowledge.)  To  own,  acknow- 
ledge, or  avow,  as  a  crime,  a  fault,  a  cliarge, 
a  debt,  or  something  that  is  against  one's 
interest  or  reputation;  to  own  to;  to  dis- 
close; eccles.  to  disclose  or  recapitulate 
(sinsi  to  a  priest  in  private  with  a  view  to 
absolution:  in  this  sense  sometimes  r^.; 
to  hear  or  receive  the  confession  of :  said 
of  the  priest;  to  acknowledge  as  having  a 
certain  character  or  certain  claims;  to  de- 
clare belief  in;  to  grant,  concede,  admit; 
not  to  dispute;  to  attest,  reveal,  let  be 
known  (poet.).  .".Syu. under  AcRNOWiKnGK. 
— v.i.  To  make  confession  or  avowal;  to  dis- 
close faults;  to  make  known  one's  sins  to  a 
priest.— Confessedly,  kon-fes'ed-li,  adv.  By- 
general  confe^ision  or  admission;  admitted- 
ly.— Conf  esser,  kon-fes'6r,  n.  One  who  con- 
fesses. —  Confession,  kon-fesh'on,  n.  The 
act  of  confessing ;  the  act  of  making  an 
avowal;  profession  (N.T.);  a  disclosing  of 
sins  or  faults  to  a  priest;  the  disburdening 
of  the  conscience  privately  to  a  confessor. 
— Confession  of  Faith,  a  formulary  which 
comprises  the  articles  of  faith  that  a  per- 
son, a  church,  &c.,  accept  as  true. — Coirfes- 
sional,  kon-fesh'on-al,  n.  IFr.  confessional, 
L.L.  confessiotmle.l  A  compartment  or 
cell  in  which  a  priest  sits  to  hear  confes- 
sion, having  a  small  opening  or  hole  at 
each  side  through  which  the  penitent, 
kneeling  without,  makes  confession.- a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  confession. — Cftnfes- 
sionalist,  kon-fesh'on-al-ist,  n.  A  priest 
who  sits  in  the  confessional;  a  confessor. 
— Confessionary,  kon-fesh'o-na-ri,  a.  Per- 
taining to  auricular  confession.  —  Confes- 
sor, kon-fes'er,  n.  One  who  confesses;  one 
who  acknowledges  a  crime  or  fault;  a 
priest  who  hears  confession  and  assumes 
power  to  grant  absolution;  one  who  made 
a  profession  of  his  faith  in  the  Christian 
religion,  and  adhered  to  it  in  the  face  of 
persecution. 

Confide,  kon-fid',  v.i. — confided,  confiding. 
TL.  coj^do— con,  and  ./ido,  to  trust.  Faith. J 
To  rely  with  full  assurance  of  mind;  to 
rest  the  mind  firmly  without  anxiety; 
to  trust;  to  believe:  followed  by  in. — v.t. — 
confided,  confiding.  To  intrust;  to  commit 
with  full  reliance  on  the  party  toVhom  the 
thing  is  committed  {to  confide  a  thing  to  a 
jicrson).  —  Confidant,  kon'fi-dant,  n.  ma.sc. 
Confidante,  kon-fi-dant',  71. /«m.  fO.Fr.)  A 
persiiu  intrusted  with  the  confidence  of  an- 
other; one  to  whom  secrets  are  confided; 
a  confidential  friend.— Confidence,  kon'fi- 
dens,  n.  .  [L.  contide7itia.]  Assurance  of 
mind;  firm  belief;  trust;  reliance;  reli- 
ance on  one's  own  abilities,  resources,  or 
circumstances;  self-reliance;  assurance; 
boldness;  courage;  that  in  which  trust  is 
placed;  ground  of  trust;  a  secret;  a  pri- 
vate or  confidential  communication  (to  ex- 

'  change  confidences  together). — Confident, 

I  kon'fi-dent,  a.  Full  of  confidence;  having 
full  belief;  fully  assured;  relying  on  one's 
self;  full  of- assiiruice;  bold,  sometimes 
overbold.  —  Cosi^u^jntial,  kon-ti-denahal, 


a.  Enjoy in-^'  the  confidence  of  another; 
intrusted  with  secrets  or  with  private 
affairs;  intended  to  be  treated  as  private, 
or  kept  in  confidence;  spoken  or  written 
in  confidence;  secret.  —  Confidentially, 
kon-fi-den'shal-li,  adv.  In  a  confidential 
manner.— Confidently,  kon'fi-deut-li,  adv. 
In  a  confident  manner;  with  firm  trust; 
with  strong  assurance;  positively;  dogma- 
tically.—Confidentness,  kon'fi-deut-nes,  n. 
Confidence.— Conflder,  kon-fi'der,  n.  One 
who  confides;  one  who  trusts  in  or  in- 
trusts to  another.— Confiding,  kon-fi'ding, 
p.  and  a.  Trusting;  reposing  confidence; 
trustful ;  credulous.  —  Confidingly,  kon- 
fi'ding-li,  adv.  In  a  confiding  manner; 
trustfully.  —  Confidingness,  kou-fi'ding- 
nes,  71.  Confiding  disposition;  trustful- 
ness. 

Configure.t  kon-fig'ur,  v.t— configured,  cojt- 
flgwing.  [L.  configuru  —  con,  and  fl,gtiro, 
to  form;  figura,  figure.]  To  form;  to  dis- 
pose in  a  certain  form,  figure,  or  shape.— 
Configuration,  kon-fig'u-ra"shon,  n.  [L. 
configuratio.l  External  form,  figure,  or 
shape  of  a  thing  as  resulting  from  the  dis- 
position and  shape  of  its  parts;  external 
asjject  or  appearance;  shape  or  form. 

Confine,  kon'fin,  n.  1 1..  conrinis,  borflering, 
adjoining;  confine,  a  border— Cdii,  imd  finis, 
end,  border,  limit.  Fine.]  Border;  boun- 
dary; frontier;  the  jjart  of  any  territory 
which  is  at  or  near  the  end  or  extremity: 
generally  in  the  plural  and  in^cgard  to 
contiguous  regions.  —  v.t.  (kon-fiu') — con- 
fined, confi,niny.  (Fr.  coi(/i)ie)\  I  To  restrain 
within  limits;  to  circumscribe;  hence,  to 
im])rison;  to  imuiure;  to  shut  up;  to  limit 
or  restrain  voluntarily  in  some  act  or  pi!\c- 
tice  (to  Confine  oiut's  self  to  a  subject).— Y'o 
hii  confined,  to  be  in  child-bed.— Confinable, 
kon-fi'na-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  confined 
or  limited. — Confined,  kon-find',  p.  and  a. 
Kestrained  within  limits;  limited; circum- 
scribed; narrow  (a  coiji/ijicd  scope  or  range). 
—Confinement,  kon-f  iu'mcnt,  n.  The  state 
of  being  confined;  restraint  within  limits; 
any  restraint  of  liberty  by  force  or  other 
obstacle  or  necessity;  imprisonment;  the 
lying-in  of  a  v  oman.  —  Confiner,  kon-f i'- 
ner,  n.    One  who  or  that  which  confines. 

Confirm,  kon-ferm,  v.t.  fL.  confimw — coti, 
and/imw,  to  make  firm,  fromyinuus,  firm.] 
To  make  firm  or  more  firm ;  to  add  strength 
to;  to  strengthen;  to  settle  or  establish;  to 
make  certain;  to  put  past  doubt;  to  assure; 
to  verify;  to  sanction;  to  ratify  (an  agree- 
ment, promise);  to  strengthen  in  resolu- 
tion, purpose,  or  opinion;  to  administer  tho 
rite  of  confirmation  to.— Confinnable,  kon-  i 
f6r'ma-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  confirmed. 
— Confirmance.t  kon-f6r'maus,  ti.  Confir- 
mation.—Confirmation,  kon-fer-ma'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  confirming;  the  act  of  estab-  i 
lishing;  establishment;  corroboration;  the  j 
act  of  rendering  valid  or  ratifyingj  the  l 
ceremony  of  laying  on  hands  by  a  bishop  I 
in  the  admission  of  baptized  persons  to 
the  full  enjoyment  of  Christian  privileges, 
a  rite  of  tlie  Roman,  Greek,  and  English 
churches;  that  which  confirms;  addition- 
al evidence;  proof;  convincing  testimony. 
—Confirmative,  kon-fer'ma-tiv,  a.  Tend- 
ing to  confirm  or  establish;  confirmatory. 
—  Confirmatively,  kon-f Cr'ma-tiv-li,  adv. 
In  a  confirmative  manner ;  so  as  to  con- 
firm. —  Confirmatory,  kon-f6r'ma-to-ri,  a. 
Serving  to  confirm ;  giving  additional 
strength,  force,  or  stability,  or  additional 
assurance  or  evidence.  —  Confirmed,  kon- 
f6rmd',  p.  and  a.  Fixed ;  settled ;  settled 
in  certain  habits,  state  of  health,  &c.  (a 
confirmed  drunkard  or  invalid);  having 
received  the  rite  of  confirmation.  —  Con- 
finnedly,  kon-for'med-li,  adv.  In  a  con- 
firmed manner.- Confirmer,  kon-fer'm6r, 
n.    One  who  or  that  which  confirms. 

Confiscate,  kon-fis'kat  or  kon'fis-kat,  v.t. — 
confiscated,  confiscating.  [L.  confisco,  con- 
fiscation—  con,  together,  and  fisciis,  the 
state  treasury.]  To  adjudge  to  be  forfeited 
to  the  public  treasury ;  to  appropriate  to 
public  use  by  way  of  penalty;  to  appropri- 
ate under  legal  authority  as  forfeited. — 
a.  Confiscated.  [SAafc.]— Coiiflscable,t  kon'- 
fis-ka-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  confiscated; 
lia>)le  to  forfeiture.— Confiscation,  kon-fis- 
ka'shou,  71.     The  act  of  confiscating  or 


appropriating  as  forfeited.  —  Confiscator, 
kou'tis-ka-ter  or  kon-fis',  n.  One  who  con- 
fiscates.—Confiscatory,  kon-fis'ka-to-ri,  a. 
Confiscating;  relating  to  confiscation. 

Conflagration,  kon-fia-gra'shon,  n.  [li.  con- 
fiagratio  —  con,  ivith,  and  flagro,  to  burn, 
whence  fla.graut.]  A  great  fire,  or  the 
burning  of  aui'  great  mass  of  combus- 
tibles.— Confiagrate,  kon-fla'grat,  v.t.  To 
Viurn  up;  to  consume  with  fire.    [Curl.} 

Conflate,t  kon-fiat-',  v.t. — conflated,  conflat- 
ing, [h.  conflo,  conflatum,  to  (ollect— coti, 
together,  and  flo,  to  blow;  same  root  as  E. 
hloiv.]    To  bring  together;  to  collect. 

Conflict,  kon'flikt,  Ji.  [L.  conflictus,  a  con- 
flict, from  confiigo  —  con,  together,  and 
fiigo,  to  strike,  to  dash.]  A  fighting  or 
struggle  for  mastery;  a  combat;  a  striv- 
ing to  oppose  or  overcome;  active  opposi- 
tion; contention;  strife. — v.i.  To  meet  in 
opiwsition  or  hostility;  to  contend;  to 
strive  or  struggle;  to  be  in  opposition;  to 
be  contrary.— Conflicting,  kon-flik'ting,  a. 
Being  in  opposition;  contrary;  contradic- 
tory; incompatible."Confilction,[kon-flik'- 
shon,  n.  Act  of  confiicting  or  clashing.— 
Conflictive,t  kon-flik'tiv,  a.  Tending  to 
conflict;  conflicting. 

Confluence,  kon'flQ-ens,  to.  [L.  confluentia, 
frtim  confiuo — con,  and  fiuo,  to  flow.]  A 
flowing  together;  the  meeting  or  junction 
of  two  or  more  streams  of  water;  also,  the 
l>lace  of  meeting;  the  running  together  of 
people;  a  crowd;  a  concourse.— Confluent, 
kon'flu-ent,  a.  (L.  confiiiens.]  Flowing 
together;  meeting  in  their  course,  as  two 
streams;  meeting;  running  together;  but. 
united  at  some  \yATt.—-Confiuent  small-pox, 
small-po.v  in  which  the  pustules  run  to- 
gether or  unite— 71.  A  triliutary  stream. — 
Conflux,  kon'fluks,  n.  A  flowing  together; 
a  crowd;  a  multitude  collected. 

Conform,  kon -form',  v.t.  [L.  eonformo — 
con,  and  fonrui,  form.]  To  make  of  the 
Kime  form  or  character;  to  make  like  (to 
conform  anything  to  a  model);  to  bring 
into  harmony  or  correspondence;  to  adapt; 
to  submit:  often  refl.—v.i.  To  act  in  con- 
formity or  compliance;  eccles.  to  comply 
with  the  usages  of  the  Established  Church. 
— a.  |L.  cvnfonnis — son,  and  ^on»a,  form.] 
Conformable.  —  Conformability,  kon-for'- 
ma-bil"i-ti,n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
conformable.  —  Conformable,  kon-for'ma- 
bl,  a.  CoiTcsjiondiug  in  form,  character, 
manners,  opinions,  &c.;  in  harmony  or 
conformity ;  agreeable ;  suitable ;  consis- 
tent; adapted;  compliant;  submissive; 
disposed  to  obey ;  geol.  lying  in  parallel 
or  nearly  parallel  planes,  and  having 
the  same  dip  and  changes  of  dip:  said 
of  strata  or  groups  of  strata. — Conforma- 
bleness, kon-for'ma-bl-nes,  n.  State  of 
being  conformable.  —  Conformably,  kon- 
for'ma-bli,  adv.  In  a  conformable  manner; 
in  conformity;  suitably;  agreeably. — Cen- 
formation,  kon-for-ma'shon,  n.  The  man- 
ner in  which  a  body  is  formed ;  the  par- 
ticular disposition  of  the  liarts  which  com- 
pose it;  configuration;  form;  structure. — 
Conformer,  kon-for'mor,  n.  One  who  con- 
forms; one  who  complies  with  established 
forms  or  doctrines.— Conformist,  kon-for'- 
mist,  71.  One  who  conforms  or  complies; 
one  who  complies  with  the  worship  of  the 
Church  of  England,  as  distinguislied  from 
a  Dissenter  or  Nonconformist.— Conformi- 
ty, kon-form'i-ti,  n.  Correspondence  in 
form  or  manner;  agreement;  congruity; 
likeness ;  harmony ;  correspondence  with 
decrees  or  dictates;  submission;  accord- 
ance; compliance  with  the  usages  or  prin- 
ciples of  the  English  Church. 

Confound,  kon-found',  v.t.  [Fr.  confondre. 
from  L.  confundo  —  co?i,  together,  ana 
fundo,  fusum,  to  pour  out,  whence  fxtse, 
confuse,  refuse,  &c.]  To  mingle  confusedly 
together;  to  mix  in  a  mass  or  crowd  so  that 
individuals  cannot  be  distinguished;  to 
throw  into  disorder;  to  confuse;  to  mistake 
one  for  another ;  .to  make  a  mistake  be- 
tween; to  throw  into  constematioc ;  to 
perplex  with  terror,  surprise,  or  astonish- 
ment; to  astound;  to  abash;  to  overthrow, 
ruin,  baffle,or  bring  to  nought.  .*.  Syn.under 
Abash.— Confounded,kon-foun'ded.a.  Ex- 
cessive ;  odious ;  detestable.  [  CoUoq.  J  - 
Confoundedly, kon-foun'ded-Li, ado.  Enoi- 


^xClmu}     ehfUc-lochf     g,  |/oj    ,i,;obj     li,  Ir,  towj     og,  bi>ip;     iiu,  then;  ih,  titm;     w,t«/i«; 


10 


COiSTFRATERNITY 


146 


CONTROSTEE 


monslr;  greatly;  duunefully:  odioaafy;  de- 
testably. (Oolloq.}--0<>afoimoer^on-iomi.'- 
dSr,  7».  (toe  who  or  tnat  which  conf  oimds.  - 

Connatoulty,  koii-fr»-t6r'iii-ti,  n.  •  A'  fra- 
ternity or  brotherhood*  , 

Confront,  kon-frunt',  v.t  [Ft.  confjxmier 
— L.  con,  together,  am  frons,  frontis,  the 
countenance  or  front.]  To  stand  facixi^; 
to  face ;  t&  stand  in  front  of;  to  meet  m 
hosting;  to  oppose;  to  set  face  to  face;  to 
bring  into  the  presence  of:  followed  by 
with.  —  Confrontation,  t .  Controntment,  t 
kon-frun-ta'shon,  kon-tnuaf  ment,  n. ,  The 
act  of  confronting.  —  Confroater,  kon- 
frun'ter,  Ti.    One  who  confronts. 

ConfadaD,  Confacianist,kon-fu'8hi-an,  kon- 
fa'shi-an-ist,  n.  ■  A  follower  of  CJonfucius, 
the  &mous  Chinese  philosopher.  —  Con- 
fucian,, kon-fil'shi-an,  a.  Relating  to  Con- 
facias. — Confacianism,  kon-f u'shi-an-izm, 
n.  The  doctrines  or  system  of  morality 
,tsaght  by  Confucius,  which  has  been  long 
adopted  in  China,  and  inculcates  the  prac- 
tioe  of  Tirtue  but  not  the  worship  of  any 
god.    •  •,.:.- 

Oonfase,  kon-fos/,  v.t— confused,  amfuging. 
fji.  confusvB,  from  confundo.  Confound.] 
To  mix  up  without  order  or  clearness;  to 
throw  together  indiscriminately;  to  de- 
range, disorder,  jumble ;  to  confound ;  to 
perplex  or  deraiige  the  mind  or  ideas  of; 
to  embarrass ;  to  disconcert. .'.  Syn.  under 
Abash.  —  Cbnfosed,  kon-fdzd',  p.  and  a. 
Mjxed  up  together  without  order  or  ar- 
raogement;  indiscriminately  mingled  (a 
«>n/t««i  heap);  disordered;  perplexed;  em- 
banussed;  disconcerted.— Confu8edly,kon- 
fQ'sed-li,  adv.  In  a  confused  manner;  in  a 
mix^i  mass ;  without  order;  indiscrimin- 
ately; with  agitation  of  mind. — Confosed- 
lUiaB,  kon-ftl'zed-nes,  n:  A  state  of  being 
confused. — Confnsion,  kon-fQ'zhon,  re.  [Ij.' 
oon/ufiio.]  A  state  in  which  things  are 
comused;  an  indiscriminate  or  disorderly 
mingling;  disorder;  tumultuous  condition; 
perturbation  of  mind ;  embarrassment ; 
distraction;  abashment;  disconcertment; 
overthrow;  defeat;  ruin.— Confusive,  kon- 
f  Q'ziv,  a.  Having  a  tendency  to  confusion. 

Confute,  kon-f nt',  V.t — confuted,  confuting. 
[L.  confnto,  to  cool  down  by  cold  water,  to 
confute— con,  together,  and/wZw,  a  pitcher, 
from  root  Of  fundo,  to  pour.]  To  prove  (an 
argument,  statement,  sc.)  to  be  false,  de-. 
fectivc,  or  invalid;  to  disprove;  to  over- 
throw; to  prove  (a  person)  to  be  wrong;  to 
convict  of  error  by  argument  or  proof. — 
Confutable,  kon-fQ'ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  confuted.— Confutation,  kcn-fa-ta'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  confuting,  disproving, 
or  proving  to  be  false  or  invalia.-^Confum- 
tive,  kon-f  u'ta-tiv,  a.  Adapted  or  designed 
to  confute.— Confuter,  kon-ftt'ter,  n.  One 
who  confutes. 

CongS,  kon'je;  Fr.  pron.  kon-zb&,  n.  [Fr., 
leave,  permission;,  from  L.  commeairts, 
leave  of  absence,  from  comtneo,  eomrdea- 
tum,  to  go  or  come — com,  and  meo,  to  go.] 
Leave  to  depart;  farewell;  dismissal;  a 
ceremonious  leave-taking ;  an  act  of  civi- 
lity on  other  occasions;  a  bow  or  a  cour- 
tesy. —  Conge  d'elire  (leave  to  elect),  the 
sovereign's  license  or  permission  to  a  dean 
and  chapter  to  choose  a  bishop,  the  person 
to  be  chosen  being  recommended  by  the 
cirown.  The  form  Congee  is  also  used,  and 
sometimes  as  a  verb;  to  take  leave';  to  make 
a  conge  or  bow. 

Congeal,  kon-jel',  v.t.  [Ii.  eon^are—con,  to- 
gether, and  (;eZare,tofree«e,from  geiu,cold, 
whence_al80  gelid,j^Uy.} .  To  change  from  a 
fluid  to  a  solid  state  by  cold  or  a  loss  of  heat; 
to  freeze ;  to  coagulate ;  to  check  the  flow 
of;  to  make  (the  blood)  run  cold. — v.i.  To 
pass  from  a  fluid  to  a  solid  state  by  cold; 
to  cofigulate.— Congealable,  kon-jel'a-bl,  ol 
Capable  of  being  congealed. —Congealable- 
ness,  kon-jel'a-bl-nes,  n.  The  qualitr  of 
being  congealable.  —  Congealment,  kon- 
jel'ment,  ».  Congelation.  —  Congelation. 
kon-j5-la'shon,  n.  [L.  conqelaiio.']  The  act 
or  process  of  congealing;  the  state  of  being 
congealed;  'wbat  is  congealed  or  soUdifleo; 
a  concretito. 
Conge&    CoNof. 

Congener,  kaD3e-n6r,n.  [L- — ton,  togrether, 
and  genus,  generis,  a  kind  or  race.]  A 
thi»)<i;  of  •'b'^  "ifm"  kind  or  nearly  allied; 


a  plant  or  animal  belonging  to  the  same 
genua — Congeneric,  Congenerical,  kon-je- 
ner'ik,-  kon-36-ner'ik-al,  a.  Being  of  the 
.  same  kind  or  nature;  belonging  to  the 
same  genus. — Congenerous,  kon-jen'er-us, 
*  a.  Congeneric;  anat.  apphed  to  Inuscles 
TFhich  concur  in  the  same  action. 
Congenial,  kon-je'ni-al,  a.  (L:  con,  and 
■geniatis,  E.  genial.'\  Partaking  of  the 
same  nature  or  natuial  characteristics; 
kindred ;  symijathetic ;  suited  for  each 
.  other. — Congeniality,  Congenialness,kon- 
je'ni-al"i-ti,  kon-j6'ni-al-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  congenial;  natural  affinity;  suit- 
ableness.—Congemalize,kon-je'ni-al-Jz,«;.t 
To  make  congenial.— Congenially,  kon-jS'- 
ni-al-U,  adv.  In  a  congenial  manner. 
Congenital,  kon-jen'i-tal,  a.  [L.  eongenitus 
—con,  and  genitu^,  born,  root  gen,  to  pro- 
duce.] Belonging  or  pertaining  to  an  in- 
dividual from  birth  (a  ccmgenital  deformi-' 
ty).  . 

Conger,  Conger-eel,  kong'gfir,  n.  [Ij.  conger, 
a  conger-eel.]  The  sea-eel,  a  large  vora- 
cious-species of  eel,  sometimes  growing  to 
the  length  of  10  feet,  aiid  weighmg  100  ibs. 
Congeries,  kon-je'ri-ez,  n.  sing,  and  pi.  [L., 
from  congero,  to  timass-^con,  and  gero,  to 
'"  bear.]  A  collection  of  seversJ  particles  or 
bodies  in  one  mass  or  aggregate;  an  ag- 
gregate; a  combination. 
Congest,  kon-jest',  v.t.  [L.  congero,  conges- 
turn — con,  and  gero,  to  bear.]  To  heap  to- 
gether! ;  med.  to  cause  an  ujimatural  ac- 
cumulation of  blood  in. — Congested,  koi>- 
.  jes'ted,  a.  Med.  cont'aiping  an  unnatural 
accumulation  of  blood;  ajQfected  with  con- 
gestion.— Congestion,  kon-jest'yon,  n.  [L. 
eongestio.']  Med.  an  excessive  accumula- 
tion of  blood  in  an  organ,  the  functions  of 
which  are  thereby  disordered.  —  Conges- 
tive, kon-jes'tiv,  a.  Pertaining  to  conges- 
tion ;  indicating  an  unnatural  accumula- 
tion of  blood  in  some  part  of  the  body. 
Conglobate,  kon'glo-bat,  a.  [iKCongJobatus 
— coft,  and  o?o6«8,  a.  ball.  Globe.}  Formed 
or  gathered  into  a  ball  or  small  spherical 
body;  combined  into  one  mass.-r».t. t — 
conglobated,  cvnglohaUng.  To  collect  or 
form  into  a  baU;  to  combine  into  one  mass. 
— v.i.  To  assume  a  round  or  globuiar  form. 
— Conglobately,  kon'glo-b»t-li,  adv.  In  a 
•round  or  roundish  form. — Con^lobation, 
kon-glo-ba'shon,  n.  The  act  of  forming  or 
gathering  into  a  ball;  a  round  body. — 
Conglobe.t  kon-gloV,  v.t.  and  i. — conglooed, 
conglobing.  To  conglobate. 
Conglomerate,  kon-glom'6r-5t,  o.  [L.  con- 
glomero,  conglomeratum — con,  and  glomus, 
glomeris,  a  baU,  a  clew.]  Gathered  into  a 
ball  or  round  body;  crowded  together; 
clustered. — v.t. — conglomei-ated,  congloni- 
eraiinij.  To  gather  into  a  ball  or  round 
body;  to  collect  into  a  round  mass. — n.  A 
.  kind  of  rock  made  up  of  rounded  frag- 
ments of  various  rocks  cemented  together 
by  a  matrix  of  siliceous,  calcareous,  or 
other  cement;  gravel  solidified  by  cement 
into  a  rock;  pudding-stone.  —  Conglomer- 
ation, kon-glpm'er-a"shon,n.  The  act  of 
conglomerating;  collection;  accumulation; 
what  is  conglomerated;  a  mixed  mass;  a 
mixture. 

Conglatlnate,  kon-gla'ti-nat,  v.t.—congln- 
tinated,  conglutinating.  tli.  conglutino — 
eon,  and  glutino,  from  gluten,  glue.  Glue.] 
To  glue  together;  to  unite  by  some  glu- 
tinous or  tenacious  substance;  to  reunite; 
to  cement.  —  v.i.  To  coalesce;  to  unite  by 
the  intervention  of  some  glutinous  sub- 
stance.— a.  Glued  together;  hot.  united  by 
some  adhesive  substance,  but  not  organi- 
cally tmited.  —  Conglutinant,  kon-gla'ti- 
nant,  a.  Gluing ;  uniting.  —  Con^nti&a- 
tion,  kon-gla'ti-nft"8hon,  n.  The  act  of  glu- 
ing together;  a  joining  by  means  of  some 
tenacious  subst^ce;  union;  coalescence.'— 
Con^ntinative,  kon-gln'ti-i^tiT,  a.  Hav- 
ing the  power  of  uniting  by  agglutination. 
-^Con^atin&tor,  kon-gru'ti-na-t^r,n.  That 
Wh^chnas  the  power  of  uniting  wounds. 
Congon,  kong'gij,  n.  [Chinese  Jnmg-fu. 
labour.]  The  second  lowest  quality  of 
black  tea,  being  the  thlni  picking  from  a 
plant  during  the  aeason. 
Congratolate,  konrgi&t'Q-l&t,  v.t-^-congrat- 
uLated,  congraiifMni^.  [Xn  e(migratmor<— 
con,  and  gratvJlor,  from  graiu*,  gratef >il. 


pleasiiig.  Gkace.]  To  address  with  ex- 
pieasions  of  sympathetic  plea-sure  on  some 
piece  of  good  fortune  happening  to  the 
party  addressed ;  to  compliment  upon  an 
event  deemed  happy;  to  wish  joy  to;  to 
felicitate";  also  rejl.  to  have  a  lively  sense 

•of  one's  own  good  fortune;  to  consider 
one's  self  IucIq'.  —  Congratalable,t  kon- 

.  grat'a-la-bl,  o.  Capable  or  worthy  of  being 
congratulated.— CongrattUant,  kon-graf- 
tl-lant,  a.  Congratulating;  expressing 
pleasure  in  another's  good  fortune^— Con- 
gratulation, kon-grat'a-lh,"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  congratulating;  words  used  in  con- 
gratulating;.  expressiom  to  a  person  of 
pleasure  in  his  good'  fortune;  felicitation. 
— Congratnlator,  kon-grat'u-lst-tfer, ».  One 
who  congratulates.— >C!en^ratalatory,kon- 
grat'a-la-to-ri,  a.  Containing  or  express- 
ing congratulation. 

Co,pgregate,  kong'gre-gat,  v.t.— congregated, 
congregating:  IL.  cmigrego — con,  and  grex, 
gregis,  a  herd.  Greqakious.]  To  collect 
into  an  assemblage;  to  assemble;  to  bring 
ifito  one  place  or  into  a  crowd  or  united 
body. — v.i.  To  come  together;  to  assemble; 
to  meet  in  a  crowd., —  a.  Collected;  com- 
pact; close. — Congregation,  kong-gre-gS'- 

■  shon,  n.  The  act  of  congregsting;  the  act 
of  bringing  together  or  assembling;  a  col- 
lection or  assemblage  of  persons^or  things; 
an  assembly,*  especially  an  assembly  of 
persons  met  for  the  worship  of  God ;  or  a 
number  of  people  organized  as  a  body  for 
the  purpose  of  holding  religious  services  in 
common.  — Congr^^tional,  kong-gr5-ga.'- 
8hon-al,  a..  Pertaining  to  a  congregation; 

.  pertaining  to  the  Independents  or  Congre- 

'  gationaUsts,  or  to  Congregationalism. — 
Congregationalism,  kong-gre-ga'shon-al- 
izm,  n.  A  system  of  administering  church 
aflairs  by  which  each  congregation  has  the 
right  of  regulating  the  details  of  its  wor- 
sliip,  discipline,  and  goverament.  —  Con- 
gregationalist,  kong-gre-fea'shon-al-ist,  n. 
One  who  belongs  to  a  Congregational 
church  or  society;  an  Independent. 

Congrete,  kong'gres,  n.  [L.  congressus,  a 
meeting,  from  congredior,  eongressuTf^,  to 
come  together — con,  and  gradior,  to  go; 
gradus,  a  step,  whence  grade,  degree,  «c.] 
A  meeting  together  of  individuals;  an  as- 
sembly of  envoys,  commissioners,deputies, 
&c.;  a  meeting  of  sovereign  princes  or  of 
the  representatives  of  several  courts,  for 
the  purpose  of  arranging  international 
affairs:  the  legislative  assembly  of  the 
trnited  States  of  America,  consisting  of 
the  Senate  and  House  of  Eepresentatives. 
— w.t.t  To  come, together;  to  assemble;  to 
meet. — Congressional,  kon-gresh'on-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  congress  or  to  the  congress 
of  the  United  States.  —  Congress-man,  n. 
A  member  of  the  United  States  Congress. 

Congreve,  kong'grev,  n.  A  kind  of  lucifer 
taatoh.  —  Gongreve  rocket,  so  called  from 
the  inventor.  Sir  William  Congreve,  anJron 
rocket  for  use  in  war.  . 
Congrue,t  kon-gr<>',  v.i.  [L.  conjrrtw,  to  suit, 
to  De  congruous.]  To  be^  consistent ;  to 
agree.  [S/wJt.]— Congmence,  Congruenoy, 
kong'gr\i-en8,  kong'grn-en-si,  n.  [li.  eon- 
gruentioLl  Suitableness  of  one  thing  to 
another:  agreement;  consistency.  —  Con- 
gruent, Konig'gr^-ent,  a.  Suitable;  agree- 
ing; corresponding. — Congruently,  kong'- 
gru-ent-li,  adv.  In  a  congruent  manner. 
—  Congruity,  Congruousness,  kong-gr»'i- 
ti,  kong*gru-us-nc8,  n.  The  state  or  qvia- 
lity  of  TOiiig  congruous;  agreement  oe- 
tween  things;  suitableness;  pertinence; 
consistencyajropriety.— CongruouB,korig'- 
gr\i'-us,  a.  [li.  congruus.']  Accordant;  liar- 
monious;  well  adapted;  appropriate;  meet; 
fit. — Congmoualy,  Kong'gru-us-li,  aav.  In 
a  congruous  manner;  suitably;  pertinent>- 
ly;  agreeably;  consistently. 
Conic,  Conifer,  Ac  Under  Cone. 
Conl(^eea,  kon'i-5-the"ka,  n.  pi.  Conlo-, 
thecte,  konl-O-the^se.  [Or.  famu,  konioi, 
dust,  and  theld,  a  case.]   Bot  an  anther- 

Conlroster,  k5-ni-ro6't*r,  n.  [If.  conns,  t 
cone,  and  rostrum^  a  beak.]  A  member  of 
the  Conirostres  (k5-ni-roe'tr6«),  a  section 
or  Bub-order  of  inaessorlal  birds  comprising 
those  genera  vhidi  ham  »  ctronfr  bill, 
uiore  or  less  oiouical,  and  without  nutcbea. 


Fftte,  flir,  fat,  fftUj     me,  met,  h6r,     pine,  pin;     nSJe,  not,  miJve;     tobe,  tub,  bujll  i    oil;  pound;     tl.  So.  »b»H»«— the  Fr.  «. 


COKJECTUUE 


147 


CO:iSCIENCS 


'— Conirostral,  kS-ni-ros'tral,  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  conirosters. 
Conjecture,  kon-jek'tur,  n.  [Fr.  conjecture, 
L.  eonjectura,  a  conjecture.lit.  a  throwing 
or  putting  of  things  together,  from  con- 
jicio,  to  throw  together — con,  and  jacio,  to 
throw.]  A  guess  or  inference  based  on  the 
supposed  possibility  or  probability  of  a 
fact,  or  on  slight  evidence;  an  opinion 
formed  on  insutficient  or  presumptive  evi- 
dence ;  surmise.— y.t. — conjectured,  conjee- 
tunng.  To  judge  by  guess  or  conjecture; 
to  guess.— i;.j.  To  form  conjectures.— Con- 
jecturer,  kon-jek'tQr-6r,  n.  One  who  con- 
jectures; a  guesser.— Conjecturable,  kon- 
jek'tfir-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  guessed 
or  conjectured.— Conjectural,  kon-jek'tur- 
al,  a.  Depending  on  conjecture;  implying 
guess  or  conjecture.— ConjecturaHst.t  kon- 
jek'tur-al-ist,  n.  One  who  deals  in  conjec- 
tures.— Conjecturality,t  kon-jek'ta-ral"i- 
ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  conjectural ; 
guesswork.  —  Corijecturally,  kon-jek'tur- 
al-li,  adv.  In  a  conjectural  manner;  by 
conjecture;  by  guess. 

Conjoin,  kon-join',  v.t.  [Con  and  join;  Fr. 
conjoindre.]  To  join  together  or  in  one; 
to  unite;  to  associate  or  connect. — v.i.  To 
unite;  to  join;  to  league.— Conjointj  kon- 
joint',  a.  United;  connected;  associated.. 
—Conjointly,  kon-joint'li,  adv.  In  a  con- 
joint manner;  jointly;  unitedly;  in  union; 
together. 

Conjugal,  kon'ja-gal,  a.  [L.  conjugalin— 
con,  together,  and  jugum,  a  yoke,  from 
jug,  root  of  jungo,  to  join,  seen  also  in  K. 
yoke.  Yoke.]  Belonging  to  marriage  or 
married  persons;  matrimonial;  connubial. 
—Conjugally,  kon'ju-gal-li,  adv.  Matri- 
monially; connubially. 
Conjugate,  kon'ju-gat,  v.t.— conjugated,  con- 
jugating. PL.  conjugo,  conjugatus,  to  couple 
—con,  and  jit^o,  to  yoke.  Conjugal.]  Gram. 
to  inflect  (a  verb)  through  its  several 
voices,  moods,  tenses,  numbers,  and  per- 
sons, or  so  many  of  them.  —  a.  United 
in  pairs;  joined  together;  coupled;  bot. 
applied  to  a  pinnate  leaf  which  has  only 
one  pair  of  leaflets;  chein.  containing 
two  or  more  radicals  acting  the  part  of 
a  single  one;  gram,  applied  to  words 
from  the  same  root,  and  having  the  same 
radical  signification,  but  modified  by  the 
affix-  added,  or  to  words  which  have 
the  same  form  but  are  different  parts  of 
speech;  math,  applied  to  two  points,  lines, 
&c.,  when  they  are  considered  together, 
with  regard  to  any  property,  in  such  a 
manner  that  they  may  be  interchanged 
without  altering  the  way  of  enunciating 
the  property.  —  n.  What  is  conjugate ;  a 
conjugate  word.— Conjugation,  kon-jfi-ga'- 
shon,  n.  IL.  conjugatio.]  The  inflection 
of  a  verb  in  its  different  forms ;  a  class  of 
verbs  conjugated  in  the  same  way.— Con- 
Jugational,  kon-ja-ga'shon-al,  a.  Of  or 
oelonging  to  conjugation. 
Conjunct,  kon-jungkt',  a.  [L.  conjttnctus, 
from  conjungo.  Conjoin.  ]  Conjoined ; 
united ;  concurrent.  —  Conjunction,  kon- 
jungk'shon,  n.  [h.conjunctio.]  Union;  con- 
nection; association;  astron  that  position 
of  a  planet  in  which  it  is  in  a  line  with 
theearth  or  another  planet  and  the  sun; 
gram,  an  indeclinable  particle,  serving  to 
unite  words,  sentences,  or  clauses  of  a 
sentence,  and  indicating  their  relation  to 
one  another. — Conjunctional,  kon-jungk'- 
shon-al,  a.  Belonging  or  relating  to  a  con- 
junction. —  Conjunctionally,  kon-jungk'- 
shou-al-i^  adv.  In  a  conjunctional  man- 
ner. —  Conjunctiva,  kon-jungk-ti '  va,  n. 
Anat.  the  mucous  membrane  which  lines 
the  inner  surface  of  the  eyelids,  and  is 
continued  over  the  fore-part  of  the  globe 
of  the  eye.  —  Conjunctive,  kon-jungk'tiv, 
a.  [L.  coniunctivus.']-  Uniting;  serving  to 
unite. — Conjunctive  mood,  gram,  the  mood 
which  follows  a  conjunction  or  expresses 
some  condition  or  contingency;  the  sub- 
junctive. —  Conjunctively,  kon-juagk'tiv- 
li,  adv.  In  a  conjunctive  manner.— Con- 
junctly, kon-jungkt'li,  adv.  In  a  conjunct 
manner;  in  union;  jointly;  together. — 
Conjuncture,  kon-jungk'tur,  re.  Combina- 
tion of  circumstances  or  affairs;  especially, 
a  critical  time,  proceeding  from  a  union 
of  circumstances;  a  crisis  of  affairs. 


Conjure,  v.t.— conjured,  conjuring.  {It.  eon- 
juro,  to  swear  together,  to  conspire — con, 
with,  and  juro,  to  swear,  whence  also  jury, 
perjure.]  With  pron.  kon-jur',  to  call  on 
or  summon  by  a  sacred  name  or  in  a 
solemn  manner;  to  implore  with  solem- 
nity; to  adjure:  with  pron.  kun'jer,  to 
affect  or  effect  by  magic  or  enchantment; 
to  bring  about  by  practising  the  arts  of 
a  conjurer.  —  To  conjure  (kun'jfir)  up,  to 
call  up  or  bring  into  existence  by  con- 
juring or  as  if  by  conjuring.— v.t.  (kun'- 
j6r).  To  practise  the  arts  of  a  conjurer;  to 
use  magic  arts. — Conjuration,  kon-jQ-ra'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  conjuring  or  implor- 
ing with  solemnity;  the  act  of  binding 
by  an  oath ;  adjuration ;  an  incantation ; 
a  spell.  —  Conjurement,  kon-jur'ment,  re. 
Adjuration;  solemn  demand  or  entreaty. 
—Conjurer,  Conjuror,  kun'j6r-6r,  n.  An 
enchanter;  one  who  practises  legerdemain; 
a  juggler.— Conjury,  kun'j6r-i,  n.  The  act 
or  art  of  a  conjurer;  magic;  legerdemain. 

Connascence,  Connascency,  kon-nas'ens, 
kfti-nas' en-si,  re.  [L.  con,  and  nascor, 
natua,  to  be  bom.]  The  common  birth  of 
two  or  more  at  the  same  time;  the  act  of 
growing  together  or  at  the  same  time. — 
Connascent,  kon-nas'ent,  a.  Produced 
together  or  at  the  same  time. — Connate, 
kon'nat,  a.  [L.  cow,  and  natua,  bom.] 
Belonging  to  from  birth ;  implanted  at 
birth :  applied  chiefly  in  phUos.  to  ideas 
or  pfilicJples;  bot.  united  in  origin;  grow- 
ing from  one  base,  or  united  at  their  oases 
(aleaf,  an  anther);  m^d.  congenital. 

Connature,  kon- na' tor.'  re.  Likeness  in 
nature;  identity  or  similarity  of  character. 
—Connatural,  kon-nat'u-ral,a.  Connected 
by  nature;  united  in  nature;  belonging 
to  by  nature.  —  Connaturality,  Connatu- 
ralness,  kon-nat'u-ral"i-ti,  kon-nat'il-ral- 
nes,  re.  Participation  or  the  same  na- 
ture; natuiul  union. — Connaturally,  kon- 
nat'a-ral-li,  adv.  In  a  connatural  man- 
ner; by  the  act  of  nature;  originally. 

Connect,  kon-nekt',  v.t.  [L.  connecto,  eon- 
nexum,—con,  and  necto,  to  bind.]  To  fasten 
together ;  to  join  or  unite ;  to  conjoin ;  to 
combine;  to  associate.- i».i.  To  join,  unite, 
or  cohere.  —  Connectedly,  kon-nek'ted-li, 
adv.  By  connection;  in  a  connected  man- 
ner;' conjointly.— Connection,  Connexion, 
kon-uek'shon,  re.  [L.  connexix).]  The  act 
of  connectin.j  or  state  of  being  connected; 
also  that  which  connects;  union  by  some- 
thing physical  or  by  relation  of  any  kind: 
relationship  by  blood  or  marriage  but 
more  specifically  by  marriage;  a  person 
connected  with  another  by  this  relation- 
ship; circle  of  persons  with  whom  any 
one  is  brought  into  contact.— /re  this  con- 
nection, in  connection  with  what  is  now 
under  consideration.  —  Connective,  kon- 
nek'tiv,  a.  Having  the  power  of  connect- 
ing; tending  to  connect;  connecting.— re. 
That  which  connects;  gram,  a  word  that 
connects  other  words  and  sentences;  a 
conjunction.  —  Connectively,  kon-nek'tiv- 
li,  adv  In  a  connective  manner;  jointly. 
—Connector,  kon-nek't6r,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  connects. 

Connive,  kon-niv',  v.i.— connived,  conniving. 
[L.  conniveo,  to  wink,  to  connive  at -core, 
together,  and  niveo,  to  wink.]  To  wink 
or  close  and  open  the  eyelids  rapidlyj;  fip. 
to  close  the  eyes  upon  a  fault  or  other  act; 
to  pretend  ignorance  or  blindness;  to  for- 
bear to  see;  to  wink"  at  or  overlook  a  fault 
or  other  act  and  suffer  it  to  pass  unnoticed: 
followed  by  aJ.— Connivance,  Connivancy, 
Connivency,  kon-ni  vans,  kon-niv 'an-si, 
kon-ni'ven-si,  re.  The  act  of  conniving; 
voluntary  blindness  to  an  act.— Connivent, 
kon-ni' vent,  a.  Conniving:  nat.  hist,  hav- 
ing a  gradually  inward  direction;  con- 
verging.— Conniver,  kon-ni'v6r,  re.  One 
who  connives. 

Connoisseur,  kon'is-sflr,  n.  [O.  Fr.  connois- 
seur. Mod.  Fr  eonnaisseur,  from  the  verb 
eonnoitre,  connaltre,  from  L.  cognoscere, 
to  know.  Cognizance.]  A  critical  judge; 
one  competent  to  pass  a  critical  judgment 
upon  anything.  —  ConnoiBseurriiip,  kon'- 
is-sur-ship,  re.  The  role  or  part  of  a  con- 
noisseur. 

Connote,  Connotate,  kon-not',  kon'o-tat,. 
v.t. — connoted,  connoting;  connotated,  con- 


notating, [h.  con,  and  noto,  notaium,  to 
mark.  Note.]  To  include  in  the  mean- 
ing; to  comprise  among  the  attributes  ex- 
pressed ;  to  imply.  .".  Connote  and  denote 
are  contrasted  in  logic.  Thus  the  word 
'  horse'  connotes  the  qualities  that  distin- 
guish a  horse  from  other  aniinals,  and 
denotes  the  class  of  animals  which  are 
characterized  by  having  these  qualities. 
'  Thames,'  however,  connotes  nothing,  be- 
ing simply  the  name  of  the  particular 
river  which  it  denotes. — v.i.  To  have  a 
meaning  or  signification  in  connection 
with  another  word.— Connotation,  kon-o- 
ta'shon,  n.  That  which  constitutes  the 
meaning  of  a  word:  the  attributes  ex- 
pressed oy  a  word.-rConnotatlve,  kon-no'- 
ta-tiv,  a.    Connoting;  significant. 

Connubial,  kon-na'bi-al,  a.  [L.  connubi- 
alis,  from  connubium,  marriage — con,  and 
n«6o,  to  marry.]  Pertaining  to  marriage: 
nuptial;  belonging  to  the  state  of  husband 
and  wife  — Connubiality,  ko'n-nu'bi-al"i-ti, 
re.  The  state  of  being  connubial;  anything 
pertaining  to  the  state  of  husbajid  and 
wife.  —  Connubially,  kon-nU'bi-al-li,  adv. 
In  a  connubiar  manner;  as  man  and  wife. 

Connunierate,  kon-nu'm6r-at,  v.t.  To  reckon 
or  count  in  with  anything  else. — Connu- 
meration,  kon-na'm6r-a"8non,  n.  A  reck- 
oning together. 

Conocarp,  ko'no-karp,  re.  [Gr.  kOnos,  a  cone, 
and  karpos,  fruit.]  Bot.  a  fruit  consisting 
of  a  collection  of  carpels  arranged  upon  a 
a  conica,!  centre,  as  the  strawberry. 

Conoid,  Conoidal,  &c.    Under  Cone. 

Conoscente,  kon-o-sen'ta,  re.  Same  as  Cog- 
noscente. 

Conquer,  kong'kfer,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  conguerre, 
conquerrer.  Mod.  Fr.  conqudrir,  from  L. 
conquiro,  to  seek  for,  procure — con,  and 
qucero,  to  seek  (whence  quest  and  querj/).] 
To  overcome  and  bring  to  subjection  in  ' 
war;  to  reduce  by  physical  force  till  re- 
sistance is  no  longer  made;  to  vanquish; 
to  gain  by  force;  to  overcome  or  sur- 
mount (obstacles,  difficulties);  to  gain  or 
obtain  by  effort.  .".  Conquer  is  wi(fer  and 
more  general  than  vanquish,  denoting 
usually  a  succession  of  struggles  or  con- 
flicts; while  vanquish  refers  more  com- 
monly to  a  single  conflict,  and  has  regu- 
larly a  personal  object.  Subdue  implies  a 
continued  process  and  a  complete  and 
thorough  subjection.  —  y.i.  To  overcome; 
to  gain  the  victory.-^Conquerable,  kong*- 
k6r-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  conquered,- 
overcome,  or  subdued. — Conquerableness, 
kong'ker-a-bl-nes,  n. — Conqueress,  kong'- 
kfer-es, «.  A  female  who  conquers.- Con- 
queror, kong'k6r-6r,  re.  One  who  con- 
quers or  gains  a  victory.— fA*  Conqueror, 
an  epithet  applied  to  William  I.  of  Eng- 
land, as  expressing  his  conquest  of  the 
country.— Conquest,  kong'kwest,  re.  [O.Fr. 
conqitest,  Fr.  conqucte.]  The  act  of  con- 
quering; the  act  of  overcoming  or  van- 
quishing opposition  by  force,  physical  or 
moral;  subjugation;  that  which  is  con- 
quered; a  possession  gained  by  fotce. — The 
Conquest,  by  pre-eminence  the  conquest 
of  England  by  Wilbam  of  Normandy. — 
Conquistador,  kong-kwis'ta-dOr,  re.  [Sp.] 
A  term  applied  to  tne  early  Spanish  lead- 
ers who  conquered  Spanish  America. 

Consanguinity,  kon-sang-gwin'i-ti,  re.  [L. 
consanguiniias — prefix  cow,  and  sanguis, 
sanguinis,  blood.]  The  relation  of  persons 
by  blood,  the  relation  or  connection  of 
persons  descended  from  the  same  stock  or 
common  ancestor,  in  distinction  from 
affinity  or  relation  by  marriage.— Consan- 
guineous, kon-sang-gwin'e-us,  a.  (L.  con- 
sanguineus.]  Of  the  same  blood;  related 
by  birth;  descended  from  the  same  parent 
or  ancestor. 

Conscience,  kon' shens,  n.  [L.  consdentia, 
from  consdo,  to  know,  to  be  privy  to  — 
con,  with,  and  scio,  to  know.  Scienck.] 
Private  or  inward  thoughts  or  real  senti- 
ments {Shak.);  the  faculty,  power,  or  prin- 
ciple within  us,  which  decides  on  the 
rightness  or  wrongness  of  our  o^vn  actions 
and  affections;  the  sense  of  right  and 
wrong;  the  moral  sense;  morality;  what 
a  good  conscience  would  approve. — A  bad 
conscience,  a  reproving  conscience.  — A 
good  conscience,  an  approving  conscience. 


ch,  cAain;     cA,  Sc.  locA;     g,  (/o;     j,;ob;     ii,  Fr.  tw;     og,  siw|7;     ? h,  tfieo;  th,  «Ain;  _  w,  wig; wh,wAig; zh,a«ttre,. 


CONSCIOUS 


148 


CONSIST 


— In  all  eoTMcienci,  to  be  reasonable,  to 
keep  within  the  bounds  of  moderation:  a 
form  of  aeseveratiou. —  Conscience  clixiise, 
a  clause  or  article  in  an  act  or  law  which 
specially  relieves  persons  having  conscien- 
tious scruples  in  taking  judicial  oaths,  or 
having  their  children  present  at  school 
during  the  time  of  religious  instruction  or 
service.  —  Conscientious,  kon-shi-en'shus, 
a.  Influenced  by  conscience;  governed 
by  a  strict  regard  to  the  dictates  of  con- 
science, or  by  the  known  or  supposed  rules 
of  rightand  wrong.— Conscientioualy.kon- 
shi-en'.shus-li,  adv.  In  a  conscientious 
manner;  according  to  the  direction  of  con- 
science. —  Conscientiousness,  kon-shi-en'- 
shus-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
conscientious.— Conscionable,  kon'shon-a- 
bl,  a.  \^ or  conscience-able.]  Governed  by 
conscience ;  according  to  conscience ;  rea- 
sonable ;  just.  —  Conscionableness,  kon'- 
shon-a-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  conscionable. — Conscionaoly,  kon'- 
shon-a-bli,  adv.  In  a  conscionable  man- 
ner; reasonably;  justly. 

Conscious,  kon'shus,  a.  [L.  eongcius~con, 
and  Bcio,  to  know.  CoNsctENCE.]  Know- 
ing what  affects  or  what  goes  on  in  one's 
own  mind;  having  diirect  knowledge  of  a 

"thing;  having  such  a  knowledge  as  is 
conveyed  by  immediate  sensation  or  per- 
ception; aware;  sensible  (conscious  o/some- 
thing);  having  become  the  subject  of 
consciousness;  known  to  one's  self  (con- 
gcioiis  guilt).  —  Consciously,  kon '  shus-li, 
adv.  In  a  conscious  manner;  with  know- 
ledge of  one's  own  mental  Operations  or 
actions. — Consciousness,  kon'shus-nes,  n. 
The  faculty  of  knowing  what  afiects  or 
what  goes  on  in  one's  own  mind ;  imme- 
diate knowledge,  such  as  is  given  in  sensa- 
tion and  perception;  internal  persuasion. 

Conscript,  kon' skript,  a.  IL.  conscripius, 
from  conscribo,  to  enrol — con,  with,  and 
seribo,  to  write.]  Enrolled.  -■-  Conscript 
fathers,  a  title  of  the  senators  of  Rome. — 
n.  One  who  is  compulsorily  enrolled  for 
mUitarj'  or  naval  service.— Conscription, 
kon-skrip'shon,  n.  [h.  conscriptio.]  A  com- 
pulsory enrolment  of  individuals  of  a  cer- 
tain age,  held  liable  to  be  drafted,  for 
military  ornaval  service.— Conscriptional, 
kon-skrip'shon-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  con- 
scription. 

Consecrate,  kon'sg-krat,  v.t. — consecrated, 
consecratino.  [L.  consecro— con,  with,  and 
sacra,  to  consecrate,  from  saeer,  sacred. 
Sacred.]  To  make  or  declare  to  be  sacred 
with  certain  ceremonies  or  rites;  to  appro- 
priate to  sacred  uses;  to  enrol  among 
deities  or  saints;  to  canonize;  to  dedicate 
with  a  certain  degree  of  solemnity ;  to 
render  venerable ;  to  make  respected ;  to 
hallow.— Consecrate,  kon's5-krat,  a.  Sa- 
cred; consecrated;  devoted;  dedicated. 
lObs.  or  poet.]— Consecratedness.t  kon'se- 
kra-ted-nes,  n.  State  of  being  consecrated. 
— Consecration,  kon-se-kra'6hon,n.  The 
act  or  ceremony  of  consecrating  or  sepa- 
rating from  a  common  to  a  sacred  use,  or 
of  devoting  and  dedicating  a  person  or 
thing  to  the  service  and  worship  of  God, 
by  certain  rites  or  solemnities;  the  cere- 
mony of  conferring  divine  honours  on  a 
Roman  emperor;  R.  Oath.  Ch.  canoni- 
zation. —  Consecrator,  kon '  se-kra^t6r,  n. 
One  who  consecrates. 

Consecution,  kon-se-kt\'shon,  n.  [L.  eonse- 
cutio — con,  and  sequor,  to  follow  (whence 
sequence);  same  root  as  aecond.]  A  follow- 
ing; a  train  or  series;  the  state  of  being 
consecutive. — Consecutive,  kon-sek'u-tiv, 
a.  Uninterrupted  in  course  or  succession; 
succeeding  one  another  in  a  regular  order; 
auccessive;  following;  succeeding.  —  Con- 
secutively, kon-sek'u-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  con- 
secutive manner;  in  regular  succession; 
successively.  —  Consecutlveness,  kon-sek'- 
u-tiv-ues,  n.    State  of  being  consecutive. 

Consent,  kon-sent',  v.i.  [  L.  cojisentio,  to 
afn"ee — con,  vrith,  and  sentio,  senmim,  to 
feel,  perceive,  think;  akin  sense,  sentiment, 
Ac]  To  agree;  to  accord;  to  yield,  as  to 
persuasion  or  entreaty;  to  comply;  to  ac- 
quiesce or  accede. — n.  Voluntary  aocor- 
aance  frith  what  is  done  or  proposed  by 
naother;  a  yielding  of  the  in. ad  or  will 
to  that  which  is  proposed;  acquiescence; 


concurrence;  compliance;  accord  of  minds; 
agreement  iu  opinion  or  sentiment ;  law, 
intelligent  concurrence  in  the  terrns  of  a 
contract  or  agreement,  of  suchabatureas 
to  bind  the  party  consenting.  —  Consen- 
sual, kou-sen'shu-al,  a.  Law,  formed  or 
existing  by  mere  consent;  physiol.  excited 
or  caused  by  sensation  or  sympathy  and 
not  by  conscious  volition.  —  Consensus, 
kon-sen'sus,  n.  [L.]  Unanimity;  agree- 
ment ;  concord.  —  Consentaneity.t  kon- 
sen'ta-ne"i-ti,  n.  Mutual  agreement. — 
Consentaneous,  kon-sen-t&'ue-us,  a.  [L. 
consentanetis.]  Accordant;  agreeing;  con- 
sistent; suitable.— Consentaneously,  kon- 
sen-ta'ne-us-Ji,  adv.  Agreeably;  consis- 
tently; suitably.  —  Consentaneonsness, 
kon-sen-ta'ne-us-nes,  n.  Agreement;  ac- 
cordance; consistency.  —  Consenter.  kon- 
sen't6r,  n.  One  who  consents.  —  Consent 
tient,  kon-sen ' shi-ent,  a.  Agreeing;  ac- 
cordant; unanimous. 

Consequence,  kon'se-kwens.  n.  [L.  eonse- 
quentta,  from  consequor.  CosstcirrioN.] 
That  which  follows  from'  any  act,  cause, 
principles,  or  series  of  actions;  an  event 
or  effect  produced  by  some  preceding 
act  or  cause;  inference;  deduction;  con- 
clusion from  premises;  importance  (a 
matter  of  consequence,  a  man  of  great 
consequence).  —  In  consequence  of,  as  the 
effect  of ;  by  reason  of  j  through.— Conse- 
quent, kon '  se-kwent,  a.  [li.  c&nsequens.] 
Following  as  the  natural  effect:  with  to  or 
on.  —  n.  That  which  follows;  logic,  that 
member  of  a  hypothetical  proposition 
which  contains  the  conclusion.  —  Conse- 
quential, kon-se-kwen'shal,  a.  Pollowing 
as  the  effect;  produced  by  the  connection  of 
effects  with  causes;  affecting  airs  of  great 
self-importance,  or  characterized  by  such 
affectation;  pompous. — n.  An  inference:  a 
deduction;  a  conclusion.^Consequentially, 
kon-se-kwen'shal-li,  adv.  In.  a  consequen- 
tial manner;  with  just  deduction  of  con- 
sequences; with  assumed  importance; 
pompously.  —  Consequentialness,  kon-se- 
kwen'shal-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
consequential.  —  Consequently,  kon '  so  - 
kwent-li,  adv.  By  consequence;  by  neces- 
sary connection  of  effects  with  their  causes; 
in  consequence  of  something. 

Conservatoire,  kon-sar-va-twar,  n.  [Fr., 
from  Ijt.  conservatorio.'i  A  name  given  to 
an  establishment  for  promoting  the  study 
of  any  special  branch,  especially  music. 

Conserve,  kon-s6rv',  v.t.  —  conserved,  con- 
serving.  [L.  cotiservo — con,  and  servo,  to 
preserve.]  To  keep  in  a  safe  or  unimpaired 
state ;  to  uphold  and  keep  from  decay, 
waste,  or  injury;  to  guard  or  defend  from 
violation  (institutions,  customs,  build- 
ings, &c.);  to  preserre  with  sugar,  &c.,  as 
fruits.— n.  (kon'serv'i.  That  which  is  con- 
served; a  sweetmeat  made  of  the  inspis- 
sated juice  of  fruit  boiled  with  sugar. — 
Conserver,  kon-sfer'vfer,  n.  One  who  con- 
serves or  preserves.  —  Conservable,  kon- 
ser'va-bl,  a.  That  may  be  conserved. — 
Conservation,  kon-ser-va'shon,  n.  [L.  con- 
servatio.]  The  act  of  conserving,  preserv- 
ing, guarding,  or  protecting;  preservation 
from  loss,  decay,  injury,  or  violation. — 
Conservation  of  energy,  the  principle  that 
energy  or  force  is  indestructible,  the  sum 
of  ail  the -energy  in  the  universe  being 
constant.  —  Conservational,  kon-s6r-va'- 
shon-al,  a.  Tending  to  preserve;  preserv- 
ative. —  Conservatism,  kon-ser'va-tizm,  n. 
The  political  principles  and  opinions 
maintained  by  Conservatives.— Conssrva- 

.tive,  kon-ser'va-tiv,  a.  Tending  to  pre- 
serve ;  preservative ;  inclining  to  keep  up 
old  institutions,  customs,  and  the  .like; 
having  a  tendency  to  uphold  and  preserve 
entire  the  institutions  of  a  country,  both 
civil  and  ecclesiastical;  opposed  to  radical 
changes  or  innovations;  pertaining  to  the 
Conservatives  or  their  principles^— n.  One 
•who  aims  to  preserve  from  ruin,  innova- 
tion, injury,  or  ridical  change;  one  of  the 

.  political  party  the  professed  object  of 
which  is  to  support  *.nd  preserve  all  that 
is  good  in  the  existing  institutions  of 
a  country,  and  to  oppose  undesirable 
changes;  a  Tory.— Conservator,  kon'86r-vft- 
ttT  or  K(ifi  s('i-'v:i-t<:r,  n.  f>i\e  who  ron- 
serves;  ojiu  who  pruscrvts  fuuu  i:ljury  or 


violation;  one  appbinted  to  conserve  or 
watch  over  anything.  —  Conservatory 
kon-ser'va-to-ri,  a.  Ha\-ing  the  quality  of 
preserving  from  loss,  decay,  or  injury.— 
n.  A  large  greenhouse  for  preserving  ex- 
otics and  other  tender  plants. 

Consider,  kon-sid'6r,  v.t.  IL.  considero,  to 
view  attentively,  to  consider:  originally 
(Uke  contemplof)  an  augurial  term— con, 
tpgether,  and  sidus,  aideris,  a. constella- 
tion.] To  fix  the  mind  on,  with  a  view  to 
a  careful  examination ;  to  think  on  with 
care;  to  ponder;  to  study;  to  meditate  on; 
to  observe  and  exacmine;  to  regard  with 
pity  or  sympathy,  and  hence  relieve  (the 
poor);  to  have  regard  or  respect  to;  to  re- 
spect; to  take  into  view  or  account,  or 
have  regard  to,  in  examination,  or  in 
forming  an  estimate;  to  judge  to  be;  to 
reckon  (to  consider  a  man  wL^ie).- r.i.  To 
think  seriouslj;,  maturely,  or  carefully;  to 
reflect.  —  Coiuiderable,  kon-sid'6r-a-bl,  a. 
Worthy  of  consideration  on  account  o.f  its 
amount;  more  than  a  little;  moderately 
large;  somewhat  important  or  valuable. 
—Considerably,  kpn-sid'er-a-bli,  adv.  In 
a  degree  deserving  notice;  in  a  degree  not 
trifling  or  unimportant.  —  Considerate, 
kon-sid'fer-at,  a.  IL-  consider att^.]  Given 
to  consideration  or  to  sober  reflection; 
circumspect;  discreet;  prudent;  charac- 
terized Dy  consideration  or  regard  for 
another's  circumstances  and  feelings ; 
thoughtful  or  mindful  of  others.  —  Con- 
siderately, kon-sid'er-at-li,  adv.  In  a  con- 
siderate manner.  —  Considerateness,  kon- 
sid'^r-at-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  considerate.  —  Consideration,  kon- 
pid'er-a"shon,  n.  [L.  consideratio.]  The 
act  of  considering;  mental  view;  regard; 
notice;  mature  thought ;  serious  deliber- 
ation; thoughtful,  sympathetic,  appreci- 
ative, or  due  regard  or  respect;  contem- 
plation; meditation;  some  degree  of  im- 
portance or  claim  to  notice  or  regard ; 
motive  of  action;  ground  of  conduct; 
ground  of  concluding;  reason;  recompense 
or  remuneration  (colloq.). — In  considera- 
tion of,  in  respect  or  regard  of;  in  return 
for.  —  Considering,  kon-sid'6r-ing,  prejt. 
Having  regEird  to;  taking  into  account; 
making  allowance  for. 

Consign,  kon-sin',  v.t.  [L.  consigno,  to  seal 
or  sign — ccn,  and  signum,  a  sign,  seal,  or 
mark.  Sio::.]  To  give  or  hand  over;  to 
transfer  or  deliver  over  into  the  possession 
of  another  of  into  a  different  state  (to  con- 
sign a  body  to  the  grave);  to  delive*  or 
transfer  in  charge  or  trust;  to  intrust  (as 
goods  to  a  factor  for  sale);  to  commit  for 
permanent  preservation  (to  consign  to  writ- 
ing). —  Conaignatary,  kon-sig'na-ta-ri,  n. 
One  to  whom  any  trust  or  business  is  con- 
signed.—Consif;natioa,tkon-sig-na'shon,n. 
Tlieactof  consigning.— Consignature,kon- 
sig'na-tur,  n.  Joint  signing  or  stamping. — 
Consignee,  kon-si-ne',  n.  The  person  to 
whom  goods  or  other  things  are  Consigned 
for  sale  or  superihtendence ;  a  factor. — 
Consigner,  Consignor,  kon-si'ntr,  kon-si'- 
nor,  n.  The  person  who  consigns.— Con- 
sigmnent,  kon-sin'ment,  n.  The  act  of  con- 
signing; the  act  of  sending  off  goods  t'J  an 
agent  for  sale:  goods  sent  or  delivered  to 
a  factor  for  sale. 

Consilience.t  kon-sil'i-ens,-  m.  [L.  con,  to- 
gether, and  salire,  to  leap.]  Coincidence; 
concurrence. 

Consist,  kon-sist'',  v.i.  [L.  cmiaisto — con,  arl 
sisto,  to  staud.l  To  hold  together  or  re- 
main fixedj;  to  oe,  exist,  subsist!;  to  stand 
or  be;  to  be  comprised  or  contained:  fol- 
lowed Dy  in:  to  be  composed;  to  be  made 
up:  follo\yea  by  o/;  to  be  compatible,  cou- 

.  sistent,  or  harmonious;  to  accord:  followed 
by  with.  —  Consistence,  Consistency,  kon- 
sis'tehs,  kon-sis'ten-si,  n.  An  indefinite 
degree  of  density  or  viscosity ;  agreement 
or  harmony  of  all  parts  of  a  complex 
thing  among  themselves,  or  of  the  same 
thing  with  itself  at  different  times;  con- 
gruity,  agreement,  or  harmony.— Consis- 
tent, kon-sis'tent,  a.  [L.  con«wten«.]  Hav- 
ing a  certain  substance  or  firmness;  stand- 
ing in  agreement;  compatible;  congruous; 
not  contradictory  or  opposed ;  not  out  of 
harmony  with  other  acts  or  professions  of 
the  same  person.— ConaiBtently,  kou-sis"- 


yate,  f ftr,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  h«r;     pine,  pia;  (  note,  not,  wove;     tobe,  tub,  b\iU ;     ojl,  pottiid}^tJ,  Sc.  abune— (he  Fr.  1*,. 


CONSISTORy 


149 


OOI^STHAIN 


Umt-M,  adv.  In  a  consistent  manner;  in 
agreement ;  suitably  or  agreeably  to  one's 
other  acts  or  professions. 

Consistory,  kon'sis-tor-i,  n.  [L.  eongistort- 
um,  a  place  of  assembly,  a  council.  Con- 
sist.] A  gpiritaal  or  ecclesiastical  court ; 
the  court  of  a  bishop  for  the  trial  of 
ecclesiastical  causes  arising  withiti  the 
diocese;  an  assembly  of  prelatoa;  the  col- 
lege of  cardinals  at  Borne;  a  solemn  as- 
sembly or  council;  in  some  Keformed 
churches,  an  assembly  or  council  of  minis- 
ters and  elders. — ConsiBtoWal,  kon-sis-to'- 
ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  con- 
sistory, or  ecclesiastical  court. 

Console,  ]i.on-aol\  v.t.T-tonsoled,  consoling. 
[L.  conaolor,  to  console— con,  and  solor,  to 
comfort;  akin  solace.^  To  cheer  the  mLnd  in 
distress  or  depression;  to  comfort;  to  soothe;- 
to  solace.— Coaaolable,  kon-sol'a-bl.  a.  Ca- 
pable of  receiving  consolation.— Consola- 
tion, kon-s9l-a'shon,  n.  [L.  conaolatio.}  The 
act  of  consoling;  alleviation  of  misery  or 
distress  of  mind;  a  comparative  degree  of 
happiness  in  distress  or  misf  ortune,spring- 
ing  from  any  circumstance  that  abates  the 
evil  or  supports  and  strengthens  the  mind, 
as  hope,  joy,  courage,  and  the  like ;  com- 
fort of  the  mind ;  that  which  comforts  or 
refreshes  the  spirits;  the  cause  of  comfort. 
—Consolatory,  kon-sol'a-tor  i,  a.  Tending 
to  console  or  give  comfort;  refreshing  to 
the  mind;  assuaging  grief  .—Consoler,  kon- 
sol'Sr,  n.  One  that  consoles.— Consoling, 
kon-s5l'ing,  a.  Adapted  to  console  or  com- 
fort. 

Console,  kon'sol,  n.  [Pr.,  perhaps  from  eow- 
solider,  to  consolidate.]  Arch,  a  bracket 
or  projecting  ornament,  having  for  its 
contour  generally  a  v^avy  curve,  employed 
to  support  a  cornice,  bust,  vase,  or  the 
like.— Console-table,  n.  A  table  whose  leaf 
or  slab  is  supported  by  a  bracket  or  con- 
sole at  either  end. 

Con801idate,kon-sorid-at,t>.t. —congoZicJafed, 
consolidating.  [L.  consolido,  consolidatum 
— con,  and  solidus,  solid.]  To  make  solid 
or  compact;  to  harden  or  make  dense  and 
firm;  to  bring  together  into  one  close  mass 
or  bodb';  to  make  firm  or  establish  (power). 
— v.i.  To  grow  firm  and  hard;  to  unite  and 
become  solid. — a.  Formed  into  a  solid  mass. 
[Tenn.]  —  Consolidant,  kon-sol' id-ant,  a. 
Tending  to  consolidate  or  make  firm. — n. 
A  medicine  to  unite  the  parts  of  wounded 
flesh.  —  Consolidated,  kon-sol'id-at-ed,  p. 
or  a.  Made  solid,  hard,  or  compact;  united. 
— Consolidated  funds, ceTta.in  British  funds 
at  one  time  dealt  with  separately  but 
afterwards  united  into  one.  —  Consolida- 
tion, kon-sorid-a"shon,  n.  The  act  of  con- 
solidating; a  making  or  process  of  becom- 
ing solid;  the  act  of  forming  into  a  firm 
compact  mass,  body,  or  system.  —  Con- 
solldative,  kon-sol'id-at-iv,  a.  Tending  to 
consolidate.  —  Consols,  kon'solz,  n.,  pi. 
[Oontr.  for  consolidated  annuities.]  A  term 
used  to  denote  a  considerable  portion  of 
the  public  debt  of  Britain,  more  correctly 
known  as  the  three  per  cent  consolidated 
annuities. 

Consonance,Con8onanc7,  kon'so-nans,  kon'- 
so-nan-si,  n.  fL.  consonantia,  from  con- 
sono,  to  sound  together — con,  and  sono,  to 
sound.  Sound.]  Accord  or  agreement  of 
sounds; WU8.  an  accord  of  sounds  which 
produces  an  agreeable  sensation  in  the  ear, 
as  the  third,  fifth,  and  octave;  hence.agree- 
ment;  accord;  congruity;  consistency;  suit- 
ableness.— Consonant,  kon'so-nant,a.  Like 
in  sound ;  agreeing  generally;  according ; 
congruous;  consistent:  followed  by  to  or 
toith. — n.  A  letter  that  receives  its  proper 
sound  only  in  connection  with  a  vowel ; 
one  of  the  closings  or  junctions  of  the 
organs  of  speech,  which  precede  or  follow 
the  openings  of  the  organs  with  which  the 
vowels  are  uttered.  —  Consonantal,  Con- 
sonantic,  kon-so-nant'al,  kon-so-nant'ik,  a. 

'  Relating  to  or  partaking  of  the  nature  of 

'  a  consonant.  —  Consonantly,  kon'so-nant- 
li,  adf.  In  a  consonant  maimer;  consis- 
tently; in  agreement. 

Consort,  kon'sort,  n.  [L.  consors — con,  and 

i  sors,  a  lot.  Sort.]  A  partner;  an  intimate 

i  associate;  particularly,  a  wife  or  husband; 

Inaui.  any  vessel  keeping  company  with 
another.— Queen  consort,  the  wife  of  a  king, 


vfts  distinguished  from  a  gween  regtmnt, 
who  rules  alone,  and  a  queen  dowager,  the 
widow  of  a  kinf .  —  v.t.  { kon-sort').     To 

■  associate ;  to  unite  in  company ;  to  keep 
company:  followed  by  with.  —  v.t.t  To 
maiTy;  to  unite  in  ccanpany;  to  accom- 
pany. —  Consortable.t  kon-sort'a-bl,  a. 
Suitable. 

Consi>ectiis,  kon-spek'tus,  n.  [L.]  A  com- 
prehensive view  of  a  suttiect;  an  abstract 
or  sketch.    . 

Conspicuous,  kon-spik'tl-us,  a.  [L.  eonspi- 
cuus,  from  eonspicio,  to  look  or  see — eon, 
and  epecio,  to  see.  Species.]  Obvious  or 
prominent  to  the  eye;  easj;  to  be  seen; 
manifest;  clearly  or  extensively  known, 
perceived,  or  understood;  eminent;  diST 
tinguished  {conspicvous  abilities).  —  Con- 
spicuously, kon-spik '  n-us-li,  adv.  In  a 
conspicuous  manner;  in  a  manner  to  be 
clearly  seen;  prominently;  eminently;  re- 
markably.—Conspicuousness,  kon-spik'u- 
Tis-nes,  n.  The  stp.te  of  being  conspicuous. 

Conspire,  koii-spir',  v.i. — cojispired,  conspir- 
ing. [L.  conspiro,  to  plot— con,  and  spiro, 
to  breathe ;  lit.  to  breathe  together.]  To 
agree  by  oath,  covenant,  or  otherwise  to 
commit  a  crime;  to  plot;  to  form  a  secret 
plot ;  to  hatch  treason ;  to  agree,  concur, 
or  conduce  to  one  end  (circumstances  con- 
spired to  defeat  the  plan). — t».<._To  plot;  to 
plan;  to  devise;  to  contrive;  to  concur  to 
produce.— Conspiracy,  kon-spir'a-si,  n.  [L. 
conspiratio,  from  conspiro.]  A  secret  com- 
bination of  men  for  an  evil  purpose;  an 
agreement  or  combination  to  commit  some 
crime  in  concert;  a  plot;  concerted  treason. 
— Conspirant,  kofl-spi'rantj  a.  [L.  consiji- 
rang.]  Conspiring;  plotting.  IShak.]— 
Conspirator,  Consplrer,  kon-spir'at-fr, 
kon-spi'rfer,  n.  One  who  Conspires;  one 
who  engages  in  a  plot  to  commit  a  crime, 
particularly  treason.  —  Conspiring,  kon- 
spi'ring,  a.    Uniting  or  concurring  to  one 

-  end. 

C<in8table,  kun'sta-bl,  n.  [O.Fr.  conestable, 
irom  L.  comes  staiuli,  count  of  the  stable.] 
An  officer  of  high  rank  in  several  of  the 
medieval  monarchies;  the  keeper  or  gover- 
nor of  a  castle  belonging  to  the  kmg  or 
to  a  great  baron;  now  usually  a  peace 
officer;  a  police  officer.- Constablery,  kun'- 
sta-bl-ri,  n.  A  body  or  jurisdiction  of 
constables;  a  district  in  charge  of  a  con- 
stable.—Constableship,  kun'sta-bl-ship,  n. 
The  office  of  a  constable.- Constabulary, 
kon-stab'a-la-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  con- 
stables; consisting  of  constables. — n.  The 
body  of  constables  of  a  district,  city,  or 
country. 

Constant,  kon'stant,  a.  [L.  constans,  pp. 
of  consto—eon,  and  sto,  to  stand.]  Not  un- 
dergoing change ;  continuing  the  same ; 
permanent;  immutable;  fixed  or  firm  in 
mind,  purpose,  or  principle;  not  easily 
swayed ;  firm  or  unchanging  in  afiection 
or  duty ;  faithful ;  true ;  loyal.— n.  That 
which  is  not  subject  to  change;  math,  a 
quantity  which  remains  the  same  through- 
out a  problem. — Constantly,  kon'stant-li, 
adv.  Firmly;  steadily;  invariably;  con- 
tinually; perseveringly.— Constancy,  kon'- 
stan-si,  n.  [Jj.  constantia.]  Fixedness;  a 
standing  firm;  immutability;  steady,  un- 
shaken determination ;  fixedness  or  firm- 
ness of  mind  imder  sufferings;  steadiness 
in  attachments;  perseverance  in  enter- 
prise. 

Constantia,  kon-stan'shi-a,  n,  A  kind  of 
wine,  both  white  and  red,  from  the  farms 
around  Constantia,  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Constellation,  kon-stel-la'shon,  n.  [L.  con- 
stellatio—con,  together,  and  stella,  a  star;] 
A  group  of  the  fixed  stars  to  which  a 
definite  name  has  been  given ;  an  assem- 
blage of  splendours  or  excellences  (a  con- 
stellation of  poetic  genius). 

Consternation,  kon-stSr-na'shon,  n.  [L. 
constematio,  from  eonstemo  —  con,  and 
sternb,  to  throw  or  strike  down.]  Aston- 
ishment; amazement  or  horror  that  con- 
founds the  faculties,  and  incapacitates  a 
person  for  consultation  and  ejfecution; 
excessive  terror,  wonder,  or  surprise. 

Constipate,  kon'sti-pat,  v.t. — constipated, 
constipating.  [L.  constipo,  constipatum,  to 
crowd  together— con,  together,  and  stipo, 
to  crowd,  to  cram.]    To  step  up  by  filling 


a  pass-agoj;  to  make  costive. -OnRtiri^- 
tion,  kon-sti-pa'shon,  n.  A  state  of  the 
bowels  in  which  the  evacuations  dp  not 
take  place  as  frequently  as  usual,  or  are 
very  hard  and  expelled  with  difficulty; 
cosliveness. 

Constituent,  kon-stit'Q-ent,  o.  [L.  conati- 
tuens,  ppr.  of  constituo — con,  and  statuo,  to 
set.  Statue,  Statute.]  Forming  or  ex- 
isting as  an  essential  component  or  ingre- 
dient; composing,  or  making  up  as  an  es- 
sential part;  component,  elementary  (the, 
constituent  parts  of  water);  having  the 
power  of  constituting  or  appointing.—;!. 
One  who  or  that  which  establishes  ov 
determines;  that  which  constitutes  or 
composes,  as  a  part,  or  an  essential  part ; 
an  essential  ingredient;  one  who  elects  ^r 
assists  in  electing  another  as  his  repre- 
sentative in  a  deliberative  or  administra- 
tive assembly;  one  who  empowers  an- 
other to  transact  business  for  him.— Con- 
stituency, kon-stit'u-en-si,  n.  A  body  of 
constituents  who  appoint  or  elect  persoi's 
to  any  office  or  employment,  especially  to 
municipal  or  parliamentary  offices. 

Constitute,  kon'sti-tQt,  v.t.  —  constituted, 
constituting.  [L.  constituo,  conslittttum— 
con,  and  statuo,  to  set.  Statue,  Statute] 
To  settle,  fijc,  or  enact;  to  establish;  to 
form  or  compose;  to  make  up;  to  make  a 
thing  what  it  is;  to  appoint,  depute,  or 
elect  to  an  office  or  employment;  to  make 
and  empower. -^Constltuter,  kon'sti-tut- 
fer,  n.  One  ■\vho  constitutes  or  appoints. — 
Constitution,  kon-sti-tu'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  constituting,  enacting,  establishing,  or 
appointing;  the  peculiar  structure  and 
connection  of  parts  which  makes  or  char- 
acterizes a  system  or  body;  natural  con- 
dition of  the  human  body  as  regards  gen- 
eral health  or  strength;  the  establisbed 
form  of  government  in  a  state;  a  system 
of  fundamental  rules,  principles,  and  or- 
dinances for  the  government  of  a  state  or 
nation;  a  particular  law,  ordinance,  or  re- 
gulation made  by  the  authority  of  any 
superior,  civil  or  ecclesiastical.- Consti- 
tutional, kon-sti-ta'shon-al,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  constitution;  connected  with  the 
constitution,  or  natural  condition  of  body 
or  mind;  consistent  with  the  constitution 
of  a  state;  authorized  by  the  constitution 
or  fundamental  rules  of  a  government ; 
legal;  based  on  a  settled  constitution  pro- 
ceeding ultimately  from  the  people. — n. 
A  walk  taken  for  health  and  exercise. — 
Constitutionalism,  kon-sti-ta'shon-al-izm, 
ji.  The  theory  or  principle  of  constitu- 
tional rule  or  authority;  constitutional 
principles;  adherence  to  a  constitution. — 
Constitutionalist,  Constitutlonist,  kon- 
sti-tQ'shon-al-ist,  kon-sti-tu'shon-ist,  n. 
An  adherent  to  the  constitution  of  govern- 
ment ;  an  upholder  of  the  constitution  of 
his  country.— Constitutionality,  kon-sti- 
tti'shon-al"i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  con- 
stitutional. —  Constitutionalize,  kon-sti- 
ta'shon-al-iz,  v.u  To  take  a  walk  for 
health  and  exercise.  [CoUoq.]-T-Constitti- 
tionally,  kon-sti-ta'shon-al-li,  adv.  In  a 
constitutional  manner;  in  consistency 
with  a  national  constitution;  in  accord- 
ance with  the  constitution  of  mind  or 
body;  naturally.  —  Constitutive,  kon'sti- 
tut-iv,  a.  Forming,  composing,  enacting, 
or  establishing;  constituting;  instituting. 
— Constitutively,  kon'sti-tQt-iv-li,  adv.  In 
a  constitutive  manner. 

Constrain,  kon-str an',  w.  t.  [0.  Fr.  constrain- 
dre.  Ft.  contraindre,  from  L.  cnnstringo, 
to  bind  together  —  con,  and  stringo,  to 
strain.  Strain.]  To  compel  or  force;  to 
urge  with  a  power  sufficient  to  produce 
the  effect;  to  drive;  to  necessitate;  to  con- 
fine by  force;  to  restrain,  check,  repress, 
confine,  bind.  —  Constrainable,  kon-stra'- 
na-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  constrained; 
liable  to  constraint  or  to  restraint.— Con- 
strained, kon-strand',  a. .  With  a  certain 
constraint  or  want  of  freedom;  with  a 
feeling  of  something  checking  (to  speak 
in  a  constrained  tone).  —  Constrainedly, 
kon-stra'ned-li,  adv.  In  a  constrained 
manner;  with  constraint;  by  compulsion. 
— Constrainer,  kon-stra'nfir,  n.  One  who 
constrains.  —  Constraint,  kon-strant',  n. 
A  constraining,  compelUng.or  restraining; 


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CONSTRICT 


150 


CONTEilPLATE 


force;  compuliiion;  restraint;  conJonemciit; 
feeling  of  reserve  or  being  kept  in  check. 
Constrict,  kon-strikt',  v.t.  [L.  eonstringo, 
eonstrictum.  Constrain.]  To  Aiaw  to- 
gether ;  to  cramp ;  to  contract  or  cause  to 
shrink :  said  of  canals,  Ac,  of  the  body. — 
Constriction,  kon-strik'shon,  n.  The  state 
of  being  constricted  or  dra^vn  togAher  as 
by  some  spaism,  as  distinguished  from 
compression  or  the  pressure  of  extraneous 
bodies.  —  Constrictive,  kon-strik'tiv,  a. 
Tending  to  contract  or  compress.— Con- 
strictor, kon-strikH6r,  n.  That  which 
draws  together  or  contracts;  a  muscle 
which  draws  together  or  closes  an  orifice 
of  the  body;  one  of  the  larger  class  of  ser- 
pents which  envelop  and  crush  their 
pi'ey  in  their  folds.  —  Constringe,  kon- 
strinj',  v.t.—constringed,  constringing.  To 
strain  into  a  narrow  compass;  to  constrict. 
—Constringent,  kon-strin'jent,  a.  Having 
the  quality  of  constringing. 
Construct,  kon-strukt',  v.t.  [L.  eomtrvjO; 
consiructutn — con,  and  struo,  to  pile  up. 
Structure.]  To  put  together  the  parts 
of  in  their  proper  place  and  order ;  to 
build  up;  to  erect;  to  form;  to  form  by 
the  muid.  —  Constructer,  Constmctor, 
kon-strukter,  n.  One  who  constructs' or 
frames.— Cons-truction,  kon-struk'shon,  n. 
IL.  cojistruciio.]  -The  act  of  building,  de- 
vising; or  forming;  fabrication;  the  form 
of  building;  the  manner  of  putting  to- 
gether the  parts;  structure;  conformation; 
the  arrangement  and  connection  of  words 
in  a  sentence ;  syntactical  arrangement ; 
attributed  sense  or  meaning  to  language; 
explanation;  interpretation:  the  manner 
of  describing  a  figure  or  problem  In  geo- 
metry for  the  purpose  of  any  demonstra- 
tion.—Constructional,  kon-struk'shon-al, 
a.  Pertaining  to  construction;  deduced 
from  construction  or  interpretation.  — 
Constructive,  kon-struk'tiv,  a. .  Pertain- 
ing to  construction  or  building;  having 
ability  to  construct;  created  or  deduced 
by  construction  or  mode  of  interpretation, 
— Constructively,  kon-struk'tiv-li,  adv. 
In  a  constructive  manner;  by  way  of  con 
struction.or  interpretation;  by  fair  infer 
ence.  —  Gonstructiveness,  kon-struk'tiv- 
nes,  n.  State  of  being  constructive;  phren. 
■  a  faculty  supposed  to  produce  construe 
tive  power. 

Constine,  kon'stro,  v.t. — constTtied,  constru- 
ing. [L.  construo.  Construct.]  To  ar- 
range words  so  that  their  grammatical 
bearing  and  meaning  are  apprehended; 
to  analyse  grammatically;  as  Eft)plied  to  a 
foreign  language,  to  translate;  to  inter- 
pret or  draw  a  certain  meaning  from ;  to 
explain  (to  consti-ue  actions  wrongly). 
Consabstantial,  Consubstantiate,  kon-sub- 
stan'shal,  kon-sub-stan'shi-at,  a.  [L. 
consiibstantialis — con  and  substantia.  Sub- 
stance.] Having  the  same  substance  or 
essence;  coesseutial. — Consubstantialism, 
kon-sub-stan'shal-izm,  n.  The  doctrine  of 
consubstarxtiation.  —  Consubstantialist, 
kon-sub-stan'shi-al-ist,  n.  One  who  believes 
in  consubstantiation. — Consubstantiality, 
kon-sub-stan'shi-al"li-ti,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  consubstantial ;  the  existence  of 
more  than  one  in  the  same  substance; 
participation  of  the  same  nature. — Con- 
Bubstantially,  kon-sub-stan'shi-al-li,  adv. 
In  a  consubstantial  manner. — Consnb- 
stantiate,t.kon-sub-stan'shi-at,  v.t.  and  i. 
— consuhstantiated,  consubstantiating.  To 
unite  in  one  common  substance  or  nature, 
or  regard  as  so  united.  —  Consubstantia- 
tion, kon-8ub-stan'8hi-a"shon,  n.  The 
union  of  the  body  of  our  blessed  Saviour 
with  the  sacramental  elements;  impan- 
ation. 

Consuetude,!  kon'swe-tfld,  n.  [L.  constie- 
tudo,  custom.  Custom.]  Custom ;  usage. 
—  Consuetndiual,  Consuetudinary,  kon- 
Ewe-tQd'in-al,  kon-sw5-tud'in-a-ri,  a.  Cus- 
toriiary. — Coniitetudinary  law,  in  contra- 
distinction to  written  or  statutory  law,  is 
that  law  which  is  derived  by  immemonal 
custom  from  antiquity. 
Consul,  kon'sul,  n.  [L.  forwMZ— con, together, 
I  and  root  seen  also  in  consulo,  eonsnltum,  to 
jConsult.l  The  title  of  the  two  chief  magis- 
Itrates  of  the  ancient  Roman  republic,  in- 
tvested  with  legal  authority  for  one  year; 


.  the  litis  given  to  the  tbroif  .supreme  niai;).-!- 

'  tratesof  the  French  republic  after  the  dis- 

sohition  of  the  Directory  in  1799;  a  person 

•  commissioned  by  a  sovereign  or  stiate  to 
reside  in  a  foreign  country  as  an  agent  or 

•  representative,  to  protect  the  interests  (es- 
pecially the  commercial  interests)  of  his 
own  country.— Consulage,  kon'sul-aj,  n.  A 
duty  paid  by  merchauts  for  the  protection 
of  their  commerce  abroad.— Consular,kon'- 
sal-6r,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  consul.— Consul- 
ate, kon'sul-at,  n.  [L.  consrilatus.]  The 
ofiice  or  jurisdiction  of  a  consul;  the  oflScial 

.dwelling  or  residence  of  a  consul;  consular 
government. — Consulship,  kon'sul-ship,  n. 
The  office  of  a  consul,  or  the  term  of  his 

.  office.— Consul-general,  n.  A  chief  consul 
having  other  consuls  under  him. 

Consult,  kon-sult',  v.i.  [L.  consulto,  intens. 
from  consulo,  to  consult.]  To  seek  the* 
opinion  or  advice  of  another;  to  take  coun- 
sel together;  to  deliberate  in  common. — 
•Consult,  kon-sult',  v.t.  To  ask  advice  of; 
to  seek  the -opinion  of  as  a  guide  to  cue's 
own  judgment;  to  have  recourse  to  for  in- 
formation or  instruction^  to  regard  or  have 
reference  or  respect  to,  in  judging  or  act- 
ing (to  consult  one's  safety,  one's  means). 
— Consultary,  kon-sult'a-ri,  a.  Relating  to 
consultation,  —  Consultation,  kon-sul-ta'- 
shon,  71.  The  act  of  consulting;  delibera- 
tion of  two  or  more  persons  with  a  view 
to  some  decision;  a  meeting  of  experts,  as 
physicians  or  counsel,  to  consult  about  a 
specific  case.— Consultative,  kon-sult'at-iv, 
a.  Having  the  privilege  of  consulting  or 
deliberating;  deliberative:  often  opposed 
to  executive.  —  Consuiter,  kon-sult '(?r,  n. 
One  who  consults.— Consulting,  kon-sult'- 
ing,  a.  In  the  practice  of  giving  advice; 
making  the  giving  of  advice  one's  business 
(a  consulting  barrister);  used  for  consulta- 
tions (consulting  room).— Consultive,t  kon- 
Bult'iv,  a.  Determined  by  consultation; 
deliberate. 

Consume,  kon-sum',  v.t.— consumed,  consum- 
ing. [L.  consuino,  to  take  wholly  or  com- 
pletely—con, intens.,  and  sumo,  to  take, 
seen  also  in  assume,  resuvie,  &c.  ]  To  destroy 
by  separating  the  component  parts  and 
annihilating  the  form  of  the  substance,  as 
by  fire  or  by  eating;  to  destroy  by  dissipat- 
ing or  by  use;  to  expend;  to  waste;'to  spend; 
to  pass  (time);  to  waste  slowly;  to  bring  to 
ruin.-^ji.i.  To  waste  away  slowly;  to  be  ex- 
hausted. —  Consumable,  kon-sum'a-bl,  a. 
That  may  be  consumed,aestroyed,dissipat- 
ed,  or  wasted. — Consumer,  kon-sQm'6r,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  consumes;  pol.  econ. 
one-who  uses  commodities  as  distinguished 
from  the  producer  of  them.— Consuming, 
kon-silm'ing,  p..  and  a.  Burning;  wasting; 
destroying.  —  Consumingly,  kou-suming- 
li,  adv.  In  a  consuming  manner.  —  Con- 
sumption, konsum'shon,  n.  [L.  consump- 
tio.]  The  act  of  consuming,  or  state  of 
being  consumed;  a  using  up  or  wasting 
away;  med.  a  wasting  disease  affecting 
the  lungs,  and  attended  with  a  hectic 
fever,  cough,  &c.;  a  decline;  pol.  econ.  the 
use  or  expenditure  of  the  products  of  in- 
dustry, or  of  all  things  ha^^ng  an  exchang- 
able  value.— Consumptive,  kon-sum'tiv,  o. 
Consuming,  wasting,  or  exhausting;  hav- 
ing the  qualitjr  of  consuming  or  dis'sipat- 
iag;  affected  with  or  having  a  tendency  to 
the  disease  consumption.-Consumptively, 
kon-sum 'tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  con'sumptive 
manner.  —  Consumptivensss,  kon-sum 'tiv- 
nes,  n.  A  state  of  being  consumptive  or 
a  tendency  to  consumption. 

Consumedly,  kon-sum'ed-li,  adv.  [Probably 
a  corruption  for  cons^tmmatel'i/.]  Greatly; 
hugely;  deucedly.    [CoUoq.] 

Consummate,  kon'sum-at,  v.t.  —  coiisum- 
mated,  eongummating.  fL.  consummo.  con- 
summatus — con,  and  sunima,  sum.  Sum.J 
To  finish  by  completing  what  was  in- 
tended; to  perfect;  to  bring  or  carry  to  the 
utmost  point  or  degree;  to  make  com- 
plete.— a.  ( kon-sum'at ).  Complete;  per- 
fect; carried  to  the  utmost  extent  or  de- 
gree; thorough. -Consummately,kon-sum'- 
6t-li,  adv.  Completely ;  perfectly.  —  Con- 
summation, kon-sum-S'shon.n.  fL.  con- 
swnmatio.]  Completion;  end;  termination; 
perfection  of  a  work,  process,  or  scheme. 
— Consommative,  kon-sum 'at-iv,  a.    Per- 


taining to  consummation;' consummating; 
final. 

Contabescence,  kon-ta-bes'ens.  n.  [L.  con- 
tabegco,to  waste  aw?iy  gradually.]  Atrophy ; 
consumption;  a  shrivelled  up  condition  of 
the  anthers  of  certain  plants.  —  Conta- 
bescent,  kon-ta-bes'ent,  a.  Wasting  away. 
Contact,  kon'takt,  n.  [L.  contactus,  from 
contingo,  contactum,  to  touch — con,  and 
tango  (root  tag),  to  touch,  whence  also  E. 
tact,  tangent,  &c.]  A  touching;  touch;  state 
of  being  so  near  as  to  touch.— Contactual, 
kon-tak'tu-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  contact; 
implying  contact. 

Contagion,  kon-ta'jon,  n.  [L.  eontagio — 
eon,  and  root  tag.  Contact.]  The  com- 
munication of  a  disease  bj'  contact,  direct 
or  mdirect;  that  excessively  subtle  matter 
•which  proceeds  from  a  diseased  person  or 
bodj',  and  communicates  the  disease  to 
another  person;  infection;  that  which  pro- 
pagates mischief  (the  contagion  of  «ce) ; 
pestilential  influence.— Contagioned,  kon- 
ta' jond,  o.  Affected  by  contagion.— Con- 
tagiimi,  kon-ta'ji-um,  n.  That  which  car- 
riesthe  infectious  element  in  diseases  from 
one  person  to  another.— Contagious,  kon- 
ta'jus,  a.  Containing  or  generating  con- 
tagion; communicated  by  contagion  or 
contact;  catching;  containing  contagion ; 
containing  mischief  that  may  be  pro- 
pagated ;  spreading  from  one  to  another," 
or  exciting  like  affections  in  others  {con- 
tagious  fear).— Contagiously,  kou-ta'jus-li, 
adv.  By  contagion. — Contagiousness,  kon- 
ta'jus-nes,  n. 

Contain,  kon-tan',  v.t.  [L.  contineo — con, 
and  teneo,  t6  hold,  seen  also  in  attain,  re- 
tain, tenant,  tempt,  Ac]  To  hold  within 
fixed  limits;  to  comprehend;  to  comprise; 
to  include;  to  hold  or  be  capable  of  hold- 
ing; to  comprise,  as  a  writing;  to  have  for 
contents. — To  contain  one's  self,  to  restrain 
one's  feelings  or  prevent  them  showing 
themselves.  —  Containable,  kon-ta'na-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  contained  or  com- 
prised. —  Containant,  Container,  kon-ta'- 
nantvkon-ta'ner,ii.  One  who,or  that  which, 
contains. 

Contaminate,  kon-tam'in-at,  v.t. — contwtn- 
inated,  contaminating.  [L.  contaminn,  co^i- 
taminatum,  from  contamen,  contact,  con- 
tamination, contr.  for  conta^imen,  from 
root  of  tango,  to  touch.  Contagion,  Con- 
tact.] To  defile;  to  pollute:  usually  in  a 
fi^irative  sense ;  to  sully ;  to  tarnish ;  to 
taint. — Contaminable,  kon-tam'in-a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  contaminated.  —  Con- 
tamination, kon-tam'in-a"8hon,  n.  The 
act  of  contamination;  what  contaminates; 
pollution;  defilement;  taint.— Contamina- 
tive,  kon-tam'in-at-iv,  a.  Adapted  to  con- 
taminate. 

Contango,  kon-tang'go,  n.  In  stock-ex- 
change transactions,  a  sum  of  money  paid 
to  a  seller  for  accommodating  a  buyer,  by 
carrj  ing  the  engagement  to  pay  the  price 
of  shares  bought  over  to  the  next  account 
day.  Backwardation. 
Contemn,  kon-tem',  v.t.  [I<.  contemno,  con- 
temptum,  to  despise  (whence  also  contempt) 
— con,  intens.,  and  tetnno,  to  despise.]  To 
despise;  to  consider  and  treat  as  mean  and 
despicable;  to  scorn;  to  reject  with  dis- 
dain.— Contemner,  kon-tem'6r,  n.  One  who 
contemns;  a  despiser;  a  scomer. 
Contemplate,  kon-tem'plat,  v.t.  —  contem- 
plated, contemplating.  fL.  contemplor,  con- 
templattcs,  to  mark  out  a  templum,  to  view 
attentively,  contemplate  —  con,  and  tem- 
plum, the  space  marked  out  by  the  augur 
as  that  within  which  the  omens  should  be 
obsen'ed.-  Te.mplk.]  To  view  or  consider 
with  continued  attention;  to  study;  to 
meditate  on;  to  consider  or  have  in  view 
in  reference  to  a  future  act  or  event;  to"in- 
tend. — v.i.  To  think  studiously ;  to  study ; 
to  muse;  to  meditate. — Contemplant.t  kon- 
tcm 'plant,  a.  Contemplative.  —  Contem- 
plation, kon-tem-pla'shon,  n.  (L.  contem- 
plaiio.]  The  act  of  contemplating;  medi- 
tation; continued  attention  of  the  mind 
to  a  particular  subject;  a  looking  for- 
ward to  the  doing  or  happening  of  some- 
thing; expectation.— Contemplative,  koii- 
tem'plfit-iv,  a.  Given  to  contemplation, 
or  continued  application  of  the  mind  to  a 
subject;  thoughtful;  meditative;  having 


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CONTEMPORARY 


151 


CONTINUE 


ihf  ]i<nvpr  of  thought  or  nieflitation  (the 
con<empta<i«e  faculty).— Contemplatively, 
kon-tem'plat-iv-li,  adv.  With  contempla- 
tion; thoughtfully.  —  Contemplativeness, 
kon-tem'plat-iv-ncs,  to.  State  o£  being  con- 
templative. —  Contemplator,  kon-tem'- 
plat-^r,  n.  One  who  contemplates. 
Contemporary,  Cotemporary,  kon-tem'po- 
ra-ri,  ko-tem'po-ra-ri,  a.  [L.  con,  and  iem- 
pus,  Umporis,  time.]  Living,  existing,  or 
occurring  at  the  same  time:  of  persons 
and  things.-Mi.  One  who  lives  at  the  same 
time  with  another.  [Conterapora-ry  is  the 
commoner  spelling  and  the  one  that  is  in 
accordance  with  analogy.]  —  Contempo- 
rariness,  kon-tem'jjo-ra-ri-nes,  n.  State  of 
being  contemporary.— Contemporaneity, 
kon-tem'po-ra-ne"i-ti,»t.  State  of  being  con- 
temporaneous ;  contemporariness.  —  Con- 
temporaneous, kon-tcm'po-ra"ne-us,  a.  [L. 
contemporaneus.  J .  Contemporary :  most 
commonly  of  things.— Contemporaneous- 
ly, kon-tem'po-ra"ne-us-li,  adv.  At  the 
same  time  vath  some  other  event.  —  Con- 
tamporaneousness,  kon-tem'pp-ra "  ne-us- 
nes,  n.  Co'^temporaneity. 
Contempt,  koa-temt',  n.  [L.  contemptu?, 
from  ccmiemno.  Contemn.]  The  feeling 
that  causes  us  to  consider  and  treat  some- 
thing as  mean,  vile,  and  worthless;  dis- 
dain; scorn  for  what  is  mean;  the  state  of 
being  despised;  law,  disobeQi,ence  to  the 
rules  or  orders  of  a  court,  or  a  disturb- 
ance' of  its  proceedings.  —  Conte.tnptl- 
bility,  kon-tem'ti-bil"i-ti,  n.  Quality  of 
■being  contemptible.— Contemptible,  kon- 
tem'ti-bl,  a.  IL.  contemptibilis.]  Worthy 
of  contempt;  deserving  Scorn  or  disdain; 
despicable;  mean;  vile;  despised  or  ne- 
glected from  insignificance  (a  contemptible 
plant).  /.  Contemptible,  deserving  of  being 
scorned  or  looked  down  upon  from  mean- 
ness or  worthlessness;  .despicable,  implies 
a  stronger  feeling,  scorn,  and  loathing, 
often  on  moral  grounds;  paltry  or  pitiful, 
fop  insignificant  to  waken  any  active  feel- 
ing.—Contemptibleiiess,kon-tem'ti-bl-n3S, 
n.  ■  The  state  of  being  contemptible. — 
Contemptibly,  kon-tem'ti-bli,  ady.  In  a 
contemptible  manner;  meanly;  in  a  man- 
ner deserving  of  contempt.  —  Contemp- 
tuoiis,  kon-tem'tu-us,  a.  Manifesting  or 
expressing  contempt  or  disdain;  scornful; 
apt  to  despise ;  haughty;  insolent.  —  Con- 
temptnoualy,  kon-tera'tu-us-li,  adv.  In  a 
contemptuous  manner;  with  scorn  or  dis- 
dain ;  despitef uUy.  —  Contemptuousness, 
kon-tem'tu-u8-nes,  n.  Disposition  to  con,- 
tempt;  scorrifulness;  haughtiness. 
Contend,  kon-tend',  v.i.  [L.  contendo,  to 
strive,  contend — con,  intens.,  and  tendo, 
stretch ;  whence  E.  tend,  tent,  attend,  pre- 
tend; root  also  in  tender.]  To  strive;  to 
struggle  in  opposition:  absolutely,  or  with 
against  or  with  preceding  an  object;  to  use 
earnest  efforts  to  obtain,  or  to  defend  and 
preserve:  with  ./or  before  the  object;  to 
strive  in  debate;  to  wrangle. — Contender, 
kon-ten'd6r,  to.  One  who  contends;  a  com- 
batant ;  a  champion.  —  Contending,  kon- 
ten'ding,  p.  and  a.  Striving;  struggling 
in  opposition;  debating;  quarrelling;  clash- 
ing; opposing;  rival  {contending  claims). — 
Contention,  kon-ten'shon,  TO.  IL.co^itentio.] 
The  act  of  contending;  contest,  struggle, 
or  strife ;  strife  in  words ;  debate;  angry 
contest;  quarrel;  controversy:  competi- 
tion; emulation;  a  point  that  a  person 
maintains,  or  the  argument  in  support  of 
it.  —  Contentious,  kon-ten'shus,  a.  [Fr. 
content^e^a.}  Apt  to  contend;  given  to 
angry  debate;  quarrelsome;  perverse;  re- 
lating to  or  characterized  by  contention 
or  strife;  involving  contention. — Conten- 
tioosly,  kon-ten'shus-li,  adv.  In  a  con- 
tentious manner.— Contentiousness,  kon- 
ten'shus-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  contentious;  a  disposition  to  con- 
tend. . 
Content,  kon-tent',  a.  [L.  contentus,  from 
conUneo,  to  contain  —  con,  and  teneo,  to 
hold.  Contain.]  Having  a  mind  at  peace; 
satisfied,  so  as  not  to  repine,  object,  or  op- 
pose; not  disturbed;  contented;  easy. — 
Content  and  non-content,  words  by  which 
assent  and  dissent  are  expressed  in  the 
House  of  Lords,  answering  to  the  ay  and 
wo^used  in  tlfe  House  of  Commons.— u.t. 


To  make  content;  to  quiet,  so  as  to  stop 
complaint  or  opposition ;  to  appease ;  to 
make  easy  in  any  situation;  to  please  or 
gratify.— n.  The  state  of  being  contented; 
contentment. — n;  (kon-tenf  or  kon'tent). 
That  which  is  contained;  the  thing  or 
things  held,  included,  or  comprehended 
within  a  limit  or  line ;  geom.  the  area  or 
quantity  of  anatter  or  space  included  in 
certain  lines.  [Usually  in  the  pi.]— Table 
of  contents,  a  summary  or  index  of  all  the 
matters  treated  in  a  book.  —  Contented, 
kon-telit'ed,  a.  Satisfied  with  what  one 
has  or  with  one's  circumstances;  easy  in 
mind;  not  complaining,  opposing,  or  de- 
manding more.— Contentedly,  kon-tent'- 

.  ed-li,  adv.  In  a  contented  manner;  quiet- 
ly; without  concern.— Contentedness,  kon- 
tcnt'ed-nes,  n.  State  of  being  contented. 
—Contentment,  kon-tent' ment,  n.  [Fr. 
contentement.^  The  state  or  feeling  of 
being  contented;  content;  a  resting  oj 
satisfaction  of  tnltod  without  disquiet  or 
craving  for  something  else;  acquiescence 
in  one's  own  circuinstances.  .•.  Contentment 
is  passive,  satisfaction  is  active.  The  for- 
mer implies  the  absence  of  fretting  or 
craving,  the  latter  an  active  feeling  of 
pleasure. 

Contention,  &c.    Under  Contend. 

Conterminous,  kon-tfcr'min-us,  a.  [L.  con- 
terminus— con,  and  terminus,  a  border.] 
Terminating  at  a  common  point;  having 
common  boundaries  or  limits;- touching 
at  the  boundary.  Also  Coterminous,  kO- 
t^r'mi-nus. 

Contest,  kon-test',  v.t.  [Fr.  eontester,  from 
L.  contestari,  to  call  to  witness,  to  call 
witnesses— COTO,  together,  and  testis,  a  wit- 
ness. Detest.J  To  make  a  subject  of  con- 
tention or  dispute;  to  enter  Into  a  struggle 
for;  to  struggle  to  defend;  to  controvert; 
to  oppose;  to  call  in  question;  to  dispute 
(statements).— y.i.f  To  strive;  to  contend: 

.  followed  by  wiiA.—M.  (kon'test).  A  struggle 
for  victoiy,  superiority,  or  in  defenca; 
struggle  in  arms;  dispute;  debate;  contro- 
versy; strife  inr  argument. — Contestable, 
kon-tes'ta-bl,  a.  Capable  o^  being  dis- ^ 
puted  or  debated;  disputable;  controvert- 
ible.—Conte3tablenes.-!,t  kon-tes'ta-bl-nes, 
jt.— Contestant ,t  kon-tas'tant,n..  One  who 
contests. — Contested,  kon-test'ed,  p.  and 
o.    Disputed;  fought;  litigated. 

Context,  kon'tekst,  n.  [L.  contfxtus,  con- 
nection, from  contexq — con,  and  texo,  to 
weave.]  The  parts  of  a  book  or  other 
writing  which  immediately  precede  or 
follow  a  sentence  quoted.— Contextural, 
kon-teks'tur-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  contexr 
ture.  —  Contexture,  kon-tek.s'tur,  n.  The 
manner  of  interweaving  several  par^s  into 
one  body;  the  disposition  and  union  of  the 
constituent  parts  of  a  thing  w  ith  respect  to 
each  other;  constitution. — Contextnred,t 
kon-teks'turd,  a.  Woven;  formed  into 
texture. 

Conticent,t  kon'ti-sent,  a.  [L.  conticens, 
conticentis,  p'pr.  of  eonticeo—con,  together, 
and  taceo,  to  be  silent.]  Silent ;  hushed ; 
quiet:  said  of  a  number  of  persons. 

Contiguous,  kon-tig'a-us,  a.  [L.  contiguus 
— con.,  and  feiMffo,  to  touch.  Contact.)  Situ- 
ated so  as  to  touch;  meeting  or  joining  at 
the  surface  or  border;  close  together;  neigh- 
bouring; bordering  or  adjoining. — Conti- 
guity, kon-ti-gQ'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being 
contieuous;  closeness  of  situation  or  place; 
a  linking  together,  as  of  a  series  of  ob- 
jects.—Contiguously,  kon-tig'u-us-li,  adv. 
In  a  contiguous  manner;  without  inter- 
vening space.— Contiguoucness,  kon-tig'a- 
usnes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
contiguous;  contiguity. 

Continence,  Contluency,  kon'ti-nens,  kon'- 
ti-nen-si,  n.  [L.  continentia,  from  con- 
tineo,  to  hold  or  withhold.  Contain.]  The 
restraint  which  a  person  imposes  upon  his 
desires  and  passions;  the  restraint  of  the 
passion  for  sexual  enjoyment;  forbearance 
of  lewd  pleasures;  chastity.  —  Continent, 
kon'ti-nent,  a.  [L.  conii'iiens.]  Refraining 
from  sexual  commerce;  chaste ;  also  mo- 
derate or  temperate  in  general.  —  Conti- 
nently, kon'ti-nent-li,  adv.  In  a  conti- 
nent manner;  chastely. 

Continent,  kon'ti-nent,  n.  [L.  coHtinens,  a 
continent  oi  mainland,  Ut.  land  holding 


together- con,  and  teneo.  Cobtatn.]  Ah 
arbitrary  terra  applied  to  a  connected 
tract  of  land  of  great  extent ;  one  of  the 
great  divisions  of  the  land  on  the  globe. — 
Continental,  kon-ti-neut'al,  a.  Pertaining 
or  relating  to  a  continent;  of  or  belong- 
ing to  the  continent  of  Europe,  as  distin- 
guished from  Britain.  — n.  A  native  or  in- 
haljitant  of  a  continent.  Also  Continen- 
taiist,  kon-ti-nen'tal-ist. 
Contingency,  koii-tin'jen-si,  n.  [L.  contin- 
gens,  ppr.  of  contingo—rto  fall  or  napp.en  to 
—con,  and  tango,  to  touch.  Contact.]  The 
quality  of  being  contingent;  the  possibil- 
ity of  happening  or  coming  to  pass;  for- 
tuitousness; something  that  may  happen; 
a  possible  occurrence;  a  fortuitous  event, 
or  one  which  may  occur.  Also  Contin- 
gence,  kon-tin'jens.— Contingent,  kon-tin'- 
jent,  a.  Possibly  occurring;  liable  to 
occur;  not  determinable  by  any  certain 
rule;  accidental;  casual;  dependent  upon 
what  is  undetermined  or  unknown;  de- 
pendent Upon  the  happening  of  something 
else.— Contingent,  kon-tin'jent,  to.  A  con- 
tingencyj;  a  quota  or  suitable  proportion, 
as  of  troops  furnished  for  some  point  enter- 
prire.— Contingently,  kon-tin'jent-li,'ady. 
In  a  contingent  manner.— ContiJigentness, 
kon-tin'jent-nes,  to.  The  state  of  being 
contingent. 

Continue,  kon-tin'a,  v.i. — continued,  con- 
tinuing. [L.  continuo,  to  carry  on,  to  keep 
on,  continue,  from  contiriuus,  unbroken, 
continuous — con,  together,  and  teneo,  to 
hold.  Contain.]  To  remain  in  a  state"  or 
place;  to  abide  for  any  time  indefinitely; 
to  last;  to  endure;  to  be  permanent;  to 
persevere;  to  be  steadfast  or  constant  in 
any  course.— «.<.  To  protract  or  lengthen 
out;  not  to  cease  from  or  to  terminate;  to 
extend ;  to  make  longer ;  to  persevere  in ; 
not  to  cease  to  do  or  use;  to  suifer  or  cause 
to  remain  as  before. — Continuable,  kon- 
tin'U-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  continued. 
— Continual,  kon-tin'a-al,  a.  [I'r.  contin- 
v.el;  L.  continuus.]  Proceeding  without 
interruption  or  cessation;  not  intermit- 
ting; unceasing;  of  frequent  recurrence; 
often  Repeated;  incessant.  Syn.  under 
Continuous.— Continually,  kon-tin'a-al-li, 
adv.  Without  pause  or  cessation;  unceas- 
ingly; very  often;  in  repeated  succession; 
from  time  to  time.  Syn.  under  Continu- 
ously. —  Continuance,  kon-tin'a-aps,  n. 
The  state  of  continuing  or  remaining  in  a 
particular  state  or  course;  permanence,  as 
of  habits,  condition,  or  abode;  a  state  of 
lasting;  constancy;  perseverance;  dura- 
tion; the  act  of  continuing;  continuation. 
Syn.  under  Continuation.— Continuation, 
kon-tin'ii-a"shon,n.  [li.  continuatio.}  The 
act  of  continuing  or  prolonging;  extension 
or  carrying  on  to  a  further  point;  the  por- 
tion continued  orextended;  a  prolongation 
or  extension. .'.  Continuation  is  the  act  of 
continuing  (also  the  part  prolonged),  con- 
tinuance the  state  of  continuing. — Contin- 
uative,  kon-tin'a-at-iv,  «.  Tending  to  con- 
tinue, extend,  prolong,  or  liersist. --to.  What 
is  continuative. — Continuator,  Continuer, 
kdn-tin'a-at-6r,  kon-tin'u-er,  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  continues :  one  who  carries 
forward  anything  that  had  been  begun 
by  another.  —  Continued,  kon-tin'ud,  p. 
and  a.  Protracted  or  extended;  proceeding 
without  cessation;  unceasing. — Continued 
fraction,  one  whose  denominator  is  an  in- 
teger with  afraction,  which  latter  fraction 
has  for  its  denominator  an  integer  with  a 
fraction,  and  so  on. — Continuing,  kon-tin'- 
Q-ing,  p.  and  a.  Abiding;  lasting;  endur- 
ing; permanent.— Continidty,  kon-ti-na'i- 
ti,  TO.  [L.continuitas.]  Connection  uninter- 
rupted; cohesion;  close  union  of  parts;  un- 
broken texture.— Continuons,kon-tin'u-u3, 
a.  [h.continuus.]  Joined  without  interven- 
ing space  or  time;  proceeding  from.some- 
thin  g  else  without  interruption  or  without 
apparent  interruption;  uninterrupted;  un- 
broken. -•.  Continuous  means  unbroken,  un- 
interrupted; continual  does  not  imply 
unceasing  continuity,  but  the  habitual  or 
repeated  renewals  oi  an  act,  state,  &c. 
Perpetual  i^'continuous  with  the  idea  of 
lastingness.— Continuously,  kon-tin'u-us- 
li,  adv.  In  a-continuous  manner';  in  con- 
tinuation; without  interruption.  .'.  Con- 


cb,  cAaiu;     cA,Sc.locft;     g,go;    j,jo\>i    u,  Fi,  ton;     aSt^Mg;    sh,  <Aen;  tb,  ^in;     w,  ttic 


CONTOftT 


152 


COiS'TRlVE 


tinvouily,  like  its  adjective,  denotes  un- 
brokeu  continuity,  continually  close  suc- 
cession. —  Continuousness,  kon-tin '  Q-us- 
pes,  »,  State  or  quality  of  being  continu- 
ous. 

Contort,  kon-tort',  v.t.  [L.  contorqueo,  con- 
tortv.m,  to  tvi'i8t--con.,  intens.,  and  iorgueo, 
tortum,  to  twist,  whence  also  torture,  tor- 
w-ent,  extoH,  Sec,.}  To  twist  together ;  to 
bend  or  curve  in  irregular  forms;  to 
•writhe.— Contortion,  kon-tor'shon,  n.  [L. 
epntortio.]  The  act  of  contorting,  or  state 
of  being  contorted;  a  twist  or  twisting ;  a 
writhing,  especially  spasmodic  writhing ; 
a  wry  motion  or  position;  med.  a  twisting 
or  wresting  of  a  limb  or  member  of  the 
body  out  of  its  natural  situation.— Con- 
tortionist, kon-tor'shon-i8t,»i.  An  acrobat 
who  practises  contortions  of  the  body. — 
Contortions,  kon-tor'shus,  a.  AflFected  by 
contortions. 

Contour,  kon-tOr*,  n.  [Pr.  eontonr-~eon,  and 
tour,  a  turn,  revolution,  turner's  lathe, 
from  L.  tomiis,  Gr.  tomos,  a  lathe;  hence 
also  Fr.  toumer,  E.  ium.]  The  outline  of 
a  figure  or  body:  the  line  that  defines  or 
bounds  a  solid  body;  the  periphery  con- 
sidered as  distinct  from  the  object.— -d.<. 
^o  delineate  or  draw  by  the  contour. 

Contraband,  kon'tra-band,  a.  [Fr.  eontre- 
bande — It.  contra,  against,  and  bando,  a 
proclamation,  a  ban.  Ban.]  Prohibited 
or  excluded  by  proclamation,  law,  or 
treaty. — OorUrahand  poods  are  such  as  are 
prohibited  to  be  imported  or  exported, 
either  by  the  laws  of  a  particular  kingdom 
or  state,  or  by  the  law  of  nations,  or  by 
special  treaties. — n.  Illegal  or  prohibited 
trafiic;  articles  prohibited  to  be  imported 
or  exported.  —  Contrabandism,  kon'tra- 
band-izm,  n.  Trafficking  in  contraband 
goods;  smuggling.— Contrabandist,  k6n'- 
tra-band-ist,  n.  One  who  deals  in  contra- 
band goods. 

Contrabasso,  kon-tra-bas's5,  n.  fit.]  The 
largest  of  the  violin  species  of  instruments, 
of  which  it  forms  the  lowest  bass:  usually 
called  the  double-bass. 

Contract,  kon-trakt',  v.t.  [Fr.  contracter, 
L.  contraho,  contractum — con,  and  traho, 
to  draw,  whence  also  tract,  treat,  trace, 
train.,  <tc.]  To  draw  together  or  closer;  to 
draw  into  a  less  compass,  either  in  length 
or  breadth;  to  abridge,  narrow,  lessen;  to 
wrinkle ;  to  betroth  or  affiance;  to  bring 
on,  incur,  acquire  (vicious  habits,  debts); 
to  shorten  by  omissipn  of  a  letter  or  syl- 
lable.— v.i.  To  be  dj(|twn  together;  to  be- 
come shorter  pr  narrower:  to  shrink;  to 
bargain;  to  make  a.mutual  agreement  as 
between  two  or  more  persons. — n.  (kon'- 
trakt).  An  agreement  or  mutual  promise 
upon  lawful  consideration  or  cause  which 
binds  the  parties  to  a  performance;  a  bar- 
gain; a  compact;  the  act  by  which  a  man 
and  woman  are  betrothed  each  to  the  other; 
the  writing  which  contains  the  agreement 
of  parties.— Contracted,  kon-trakt 'ed,  o. 
Narrow  in  scope  or  ideas ;  limited ;  mean 
{contracted  views).  —  Contractedly,  kon- 
trakt'ed-li,  adv.  In  a  contracted  manner. 
— ContractednesB,  kon-trakt.'ed-nes.n.  The 
state  of  being  contracted;'  narrowness; 
meanness.- ContractibiUty.Contraotible- 
ness,  kon-trakt 'i-bil"i-ti,  kon-trakt 'i-bl- 
nes,  n.  Quality  of  being  contractible. — 
Contractible,  kon-trakt 'i-bl,  a.  Capablci 
of  contraction.— Contractile,  kon-trakt'il, 
a.  Tending  to  contract;  having  the  power 
of  shortening  or  of  drawing  into  smaller 
dimensions.— Contractility,  kon-trakt-il'- 
i-ti,  n.  The  inherent  quality  or  force  by 
which  bodies  shrink  or  contract ;  physiol. 
that  vital  property  which  gives  to  certain 
parts  the  power  of  contracting. — Contrac- 
tiou,  kon-trak'shon,  n.  [L.  contractio.]  Th6 
act  of  contracting,  drawing  together,  or 
shrinking;  the  act  of  Shortening,  narrow- 
ing, or  lessening  dimensions  by  causing 
the  i«irt8  to  approach  nearer  to  each  other; 
the  state  of  being  contracted;  an  abbrevi- 
ation employed  with  the  view  of  saving 
labour  in  writing,  as  reed,  for  received; 
the  shortening  of  a  word  by  the  omission 
of  one  or  more  letters  or  syllables. — Con- 
tractive, koi.-trakt'iv,  a.  Tending  to  con- 
tract.— Contractor,  kon-trakt'6r, «.  One 
who  contracts;  one  of  the  parties  to  a  baj:- 


gain;  one  v. bo  covenants  to  do  anytliiug 
for  another;  one  who  contracts  to  perform 
any  work  or  service,  or  to  furnish  supplies, 
at  a  certain  price  or  rate. 

Contradict,  kon-tra-dikt',  v.t.  [L.  contra- 
dico,  contradictum  —  contra,  and  dico,  to 
speak,  whence  diction,  &c.]  To  assert  not 
to  be  so,  or  to  assert  to  be  the  contrary  to 
what  has  been  asserted;  to  meet  (a  person, 
an  assertion )  with  a  statement  quite 
different  or  opposite ;  to  deny ;  to  be 
directly  contrary  to.  —  Contradictable, 
kon-tra-dik'ta-bl,  a.  CapaWe  of  being 
contradicted  ;  deniable ;  disputable.  — 
Contradicter,  kon-tra-dik'ter,  n.  One 
who  contradicts  or  denies.  —  Contra- 
diction, kon-tra-dik'shon,  n.  [L.  contra- 
dictio.  ]  The  act  of  contradicting ;  an 
assertion  of  the  contrarj-  to  what  has  been 
said  or  affirmed;  denial ;  contrary  declar- 
ation; direct  opposition  or  repugnancy; 
inconsistency  with  itself;  incongruity  or 
contrariety  of  things,  words,  thoughts,  or 
propositions;  the  person  who,  or  thing  that, 
contradicts  or  is  inconsistent  with  him, 
her,  or  its  self.— Contradi.tive.t  kon-tra- 
dik'tiv,  a.  Contradictory:  inconsistent. — 
Contradictively.t  kon-tra-dik'tiv-li,  adv. 
In  a  contradictory  manner.  —  Contradic- 
torily, kon-tra-dik'tor-i-li,  adv:  In  a  con- 
tradictor}' manner;  in  a  manner  inconsist- 
ent with  itself.— Oontradictorlness,  kon- 
tra-dik'tor-i-nes,  n.  The  stateor  character 
of  being  contradictory:  contrariety  in  as- 
sertion or  effect. — Contradictory,  kon-tra- 
dik'tor-i,  o.  Contradicting;  given  to  con- 
tradict; affirming  the  contrary;  implying 
a  denial  of  what  has  been  asserted;  incon- 
sistent with  one  another;  directly  oppo- 
site.—«.  A  proposition  which  denies  or 
opposes  another  in  all  its  terms. 

Contradistinction,  ,kon'tra-dis-tingk"shon, 
n.  Distinction  by  opposite  qualities  or  cha- 
racteristics; a  setting  or  bringing  (terms, 
notions)  into  contrast  or  opposition. — Con- 
tradistinctive,  kon '  tra-dis  -  tingkf'iv,  a. 
Having  the  quality  of,  or  characterized 
by,  contradistinction;  opposite  in  quali- 
ties.—n..  A  mark  of  contradistinction. — 
Contradistinguish,kon'tra-dis-ting"gwish; 
v.t.  To  distinguish  or  set  distinctly  for- 
ward, not  merely  by  different  but  by  oppo- 
site qualities:  used  of  ideas,  terms,  Ac. 

Contraindicate,  kon-tra-in'di-kat,  v.t.  or  i. 
—coniraindicated,  contraindicating.  To  in- 
dicate, suggest,  or.  point  to  something 
contrary  or  opposite.  —  Contraindicant, 
Contraindication,  kon-tra-in'di-kant,  kon- 
tra-in '  di-ka"shon,  n.  What  contraindi- 
cates. 

Contrajerva,  kon-tra-ydr'Ta,  n.    Contra- 

YERVA. 

Contralto,  kon-tral'to,  n.  [It.]  Mng.  the 
highest  voice  of  a  male  adult,  or  the  low- 
est of  a  woman  or  a  boy,  called  also  the 
A  Ito,  or  when  possessed  by  a  man  Connter- 
tenor;  the  person  who  sings  with  this 
voice. — a.  Pertaining  to,  or  possessed  of 
the  quality  of,  contralto. 

Contraposition,  kon'tra-po-zi"shon,  n.  A 
placing  over  against;  opposite  position. 

Contrapuntal,  kon-tra-punt'al,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  counterpoint.— Contrapuntist,  kon- 
tra-punt'ist,  n.  One  skilled  in  counter- 
point. 

Contrary,  kon'tra-ri,  a.  [L.  conirarius,  from 
contra,  against;  Fr.  contraire.]  Opposite; 
adverse;  moving  against  or  in  an  opposite 
direction  [contrary  winds);  contradictory; 
not  merely  different,  but  inconsistent  or 
repugnant;  perverse  or  f reward  (coUoq.). 
[This  adjective,  in  many  phrases,  is  to  oe 
treated  grammatically  as  an  adverb,  or  as 
an  adjective  referring  to  a  sentence  or 
affirmation;  as,  this  happened  contrary  to 
my  expectations.}— n.  A  thing  that  is  con- 
trary or  of  opposite  qualities ;  a  proposi- 
tion contrary  to  another,  or  a  fact  contrary 
to  what  is  alleged. — On  the  contrary,  on 
the  other  hand ;  quite  oppositel,y. — To  the 
contrary,  to  an  opposite  pui-pose  or  fact. — 
Conti«ilety,  kon-tra-ri'e-ti,  ?i.  [li.  contra- 
rietas.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  con- 
trary; opposition  in  fact,  essence,  quality, 
or  principle ;  repugnance ;  inconsistency; 
quality  or  position  destructive  of  its  op- 
posite.—Contrarlly,  kon'tra-ii-li,  adv.  In 
a  contrary  manner;  in  opposition;  on  the 


other  hand;  in  opposite  ways.— Contrari- 
ness, kon'tra-ri-nes,  n.  Contiai-iety;  oppo- 
sition.- Contrariwise,  kon'tra-ri-wiz,  adv. 
On  the  contrary;  oppositely;  on  the  other 
hand  (N.T.). 

Contrast,  kon-trast',  v.t.  [Fr.  contraster, 
from  L.  cojitra,  opposite,  and  stare,  to 
stand.]    To  set  in  opposition  so  as  to  show 

.  the  difference  between,  and  to  exhibit  the 
excellence  of  the  one  and  the  defects  of  the 
other;  to  compare  so  as  to  point  out  dis- 
similarity.—i>.i.  To  stand  in  contrast  or 
opposition  to  something  else:  followed  by 
ivitk. — n.  (kon'trast).  The  viewing  or  com- 
paring of  things  together  in  onler  to  ren- 
der any  difference  between  them  more 
vividly  marked;  comparison  by  contra- 
riety of  qualities ;  opposition  or  dissirnili- 
tude  of  things  or  qualities. 

Contra-tenor,  Contra-tenore,  kon'tra-ten- 
iiy  kon'tra-ta-no'ra,  n.  Mus.  a  middle  part 
between  the  tenor  and  treble ;  contralto  ; 
counter-tenor. 

Contrate-wheel,  kon'trat-whcl,  n.  [L.  con- 
tra, against,  contrary.]  A  wheel  having 
the  teeth  projecting  perpendicularly  t<x 
the  plane  of  the  wheel. 

Contravallation,  Conntervallation,  kon- 
tra-val-la"shon,  koun't6r-val-la"shon,  m. 
[Fr.  contrevallation  —  L.  contra,  against 
and  vallum,  a  rampart.]  Furt.  a  chain  of 
redoubts  and  breastworks  raised  by  the 
besiegers  about  a  fortress  to  prevent  sor- 
ties of  the  garrison. 

Contravene,kon-tra-vCn',  v.  t.— contravened, 
contravening.  [  L.  contruvenio  —  contra, 
agaiiist,  and  vehio,  to  come,  as  in  convene, 
&c.]  To  come  or  be  in  conflict  with;  to 
obstruct  in  operation ;  to  act  so  as  to  ^^o- 
late;  to  transgress.  —  Contravener,  kon- 
tra-v6'n6r,  n.  One  who  contravenes. — Con- 
travention, kon-tra-ven'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  contravening,  violating,  or  transgress- 
ing; violation;  opposition. 

Contrayerva,  kon-tra-yfer'va,  n.  [Sp.  con- 
trayerba— contra,  and  yerba,  an  herb  (L. 
heroa) ;  lit.  a  counter  herb,  an  antidote.  J 
An  aromatic  bitterish  root  which  is  im- 
ported from  tropical  America,  and  used  as 
a  stimulant  and  tonic. 

Contre-temps,  kon-tr-tan,  n.  [Fr.]  An 
unexpected  and  untoward  accident;  an 
embarrassing  conjuncture;  a  hitch. 

Contribute,  kon-trib'ut,  v.t.  —  conti-ibuted, 
contributing.  [L.  contribuo — con,  and  tri- 
buo,  to  grant,  assign,  or  impart.  TniBK, 
Tribute.]  To  give  or  grant  in  common 
with  others;  to  give  to  a  common  stock  or 
for  a  common  purpose;  to  pay  as  a  share.— 
v.i.  To  give 'a  part;  to  lend  a  portion  of 
power,  aid,  or  influence;  to  have  a  share 
in  any  act  or  effect:  with  to.— Contribut- 
able,  kon-trib'ut-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  contributed.  —  Contributary,  kon- 
trib'Qt-a-ri,  a.  Contributing  to  the  same 
stock  or  object.  —  Contribution,  kon-tri- 
bu'shon,  n.  The  act  of  contributing:  the 
payment  of  a  share  along  with  others; 
that  which  is  given  to  a  common  stock  or 
purpose,  either  by  an  individual '  or  by 
many;  the  sum  or  thing  contributed. — 
Contributive,  kon-trib'ut-iv,  a.  Tending 
to  contribute ;  contributing.  —  Contribu- 
tor, kon-trib'ut-6r,  n.  One  who  contrib- 
utes, one  who  gives  or  pays  money  to  a 
common  fund;  one  who  gives  aid  to  a 
common  purpose.  —  Contributory,  kon- 
trib'tl-to-ri,  o.  Contributing  to  the  same 
stock  or  purpose;  bringing  assistance  to 
some  joint  design,  or  increase  to  some 
common  stock. — n.  A  contributor. 

Contrite,  kon'trit.  a.  [L.  cuntritus,  from 
coniero,  to  break  or  bruise — con,  and  tero, 
to  bruise.  Trite.]  Broken-hearted  for 
sin;  deeply  affected  with  grief  and  sorrow 
for  sin;  humble;  penitent. — n.  A  contrite 
person;  a  penitent.— Contritely,  kon'trit- 
li,  adv.  In  a  contrite  manner:  with  pen- 
itence. —  Contriteness,  Contrition,  kon'- 
trit-nes,  kon-trish'on,  n.  [L.  contritio.'] 
Grief  of  heart  for  sin;  sincere  penitence. 

Contrive,  kon-triv',  v.t.— contrived,  contriv- 
ing. [O.Fr.  controver,  Pr.  controuver,  to 
invent,  to  fabricate — con,  and  trouver,  to 
find.]  To  invent;  to  devise;  to  plan.— f.t. 
To  form  schemes  or  design?;  to  plan;  to 
scheme.  —  Contrivable,  kon-tri '  va-l)l,  a. 
Capable  of  being  contrived,  planned,  in- 


6:(ki.o.£ar,fat,*aU;    ja«v»et,k6ri    pine^pia;    nflte,not,mOT«a  -  tafee,tabjl)viUi    oiljpouDU;    ti, Sc. abme— tlic Fr, m 


OONTEOL 


CONVEKSE 


vcutod,  or  devised.  —  Contrivance,  kon- 
tri'vans,  n.  The  act  of  contriving,  invent- 
iu?,  devising,  or  planning;  the  thing  con- 
trived; an  artifice;  scheme;  invention. — 
Contriver,  kon-tri'vtr,  n.  One  who  con- 
trives, plans,  or  devises. 

Control,  kon-trOr,n.  \Vr.contr6le,  lit.  coun- 
ter-roll, from  contre,  against,  and  rdle,  a 
roll,  list.  Roll.]  Restraining  power  or  in- 
fluence; check;  restraint;power;  authority'; 
government ;  command. — v.t. — controlled, 
controlling.  To  exercise  control  over;  to 
hold  in  restraint  or  check;  to  subject  to 
authority;  to  regulate;  to  govern;  to  sub- 
innate.  —  Controllable,  kon-trol'a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  controlled,  checked,  or 
restrained;  subject  to  command.  — Con- 
troller, kon-trol'er,  n.  One  who  controls; 
one  that  has  the  power  or  authority  to 
govern  or  control;  one  who  governs  or 
regulates;  an  officer  appointed  to  keep  a 
counter  register  of  accounts,  or  to  oversee, 
control,  or  verify  the  accounts  of  other 
oiheers;  a  comptroller.  — ControUership, 
kon-trorfer-ship,  n.  The  office  of  a  con- 
troller; comptroUership.  —  Controlment, 
kou-trol'ment,  n.  The  power  or  act  of 
controlling;  control;  restraint. 

Controvert,  kon'tro-vfert,  v.t.  [L.  contra, 
against,  and  verto,  versuni,  to  turn.]  T» 
dispute;  to  oppose  by  reasoning;  to  contend 
against  in  words  or  writings;  to  deny  and 
attempt  to  disprove  or  confute.— Contro- 
versial, Controversary,t  kon-tro-v6r'shal, 
kon-trO-ver'sa-ri,  a.  Relating  to  contro- 
versy. —  Controversialist,  kon  •  tro  ■  v6r'- 
shal-ist,  n.  One  who  carries  oii  a  contro- 
versy; a  disputant.— Controversially,  kon- 
trO-ver'shal-li,  adv.  In  a  controversial 
manner.— Controversy,  kon'tro-v6r-si,  n. 
[L.  controversia.]  Debate;  .agitation  of 
contrary  opinions;  a  disputation  or  dis- 
cussion between  parties,  particularly  in 
writing;  a  litigation.— Controverter,  Con- 
trovertist,  kon'tro-v6r-t6r,  kon'tr5-vfer- 
tist,  It.  ■  One  who  controverts',  a  controver- 
sial writer. — Controvertible,  kon-tro-v6r'- 
ti-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  controverted  or 
disputed;  disputable;  not  too  evfdent  to 
exclude  difference  of  opinion.  —  Contro- 
vertibly,  kon-tro-v6r'ti-bli,  adv.  In  a 
controvertible  manner. 

Contumacious,  kon-tu-ma'shus,  a.  iXi.  con- 
tumax,  contumacis  —  con,  and  tumeo,  to 
swell,  seen  also  in  tumid,  tumult,  con- 
tumely.1  Resisting  legitimate  authority ; 
disobedient;  froward  or  perverse;  law,  wil- 
fully disobedient  to  the  orders  of  a  court. 
—Contumaciously,  kon-tu-ma'shusrli, adv. 
In  a  contumacious  manner;  obstinately; 
stubbornlj;;  in  disobedience  of  orders. — 
Contumaciousness,  kon-tu-ma'  shus-nes, 
n.  State  of  .being  contumacious;  obsti- 
nacy; perverseness ;  contumacy.- Contu- 
macy, Contumacity,t  kon'tu-ma-si,  kon- 
tu-mas'i-ti,  n.  [L:  contumacia.]  Contu- 
macious conduct;  character  or  state  of 
being  contumacious;  wilful  and  persistent 
resistance  to  legitimate  authority;  un- 
yielding obstinacy;  stubborn  pen-erseness; 
laiu,  wilful  disregard  of  the  orders  of  a 
court. 

Contumely,  kon'tQ-me-li,n.  fL.  contumeHia, 
from  contumeo — con,  and  tunieo.  Contuma- 
cious.] Haughtiness  and  contempt  in  lan- 
guage or  behaviour;  contemptuous  or  in- 
sulting language;  haughty  insolence. — 
Contiunelious,  kon-tu-me'li-us,  a.  fL. 
contumeliosus.^  Indicating  or  expressive 
of  contumely;  contemptuous;  insolent; 
rude  and  sarcastic;  disposed  to  utter  re- 
proach or  insult ;  insolent ;  proudly  rude. 
— Contumeliously,  kon-tu-me'li-us-li,  adv. 
In  a  contumelious  manner;  rudely;  inso- 
lently. —  Contumeliousness,  kon  -  ta  -  mS'- 
li-us-nes,  n.    State  of  being  contumelious. 

Contuse,  kon-tilz',  v.t. — contused,  contusing. 
[L.  contundo,  contusum  —  con,  and  tundo, 
to  beat,  same  root  as  Skr.  tud,  to  beat.] 
To  wound  or  injure  by  bruising;  to  in- 
jure without  breaking  the  flesh.— Contu- 
sion, kon-tu'zhon,  n.  fL.  contusio.]  A 
severe  bruise  on  the  body;  a  hurt  or  in- 
jury as  to.  the  flesh  or  some  part  of  the 
body  without  breaking  of  the  skin,  as  by 
a  blunt  instrument  or  oy  a  fall. 

Conundrum,  ko-nun'drum,  n.  [Origin  un- 
certain.]   A  sort  of  riddle,  in  which  some 


rtdd  resemblance  is  propospd  for  discovery 
between  things  quite  unlike,  tho  answer 
involving  a  pun. 

Convalescence,  Convalescency,  kon-va-les'- 
ens,  kon-va-les'en-si,  n.  [L.  convalesco,  to 
grow  stronger  —  con,  and  valesco,  to  get 
strength,  valeo,  to  be  strong.  Valid, 
Avail.]  The  gradual  recovery  of  health 
and  strength  after  disease ;  the  state  of  a 
person  renewing  his  vigour  after  sickness 
or  weakness.  —  Convalesce,!  kon-va-les', 
v.i. — convalesced,  convalescing.  To  grow 
better  after  sickness;  to  recover  health. — 
Convalescent,  kon-va-les'ent,  a.  Recover- 
ing health  and  strength  after  sickness  or 
debility. — n.  One  who  is  recovering  his 
health  after  sickness.  —  Convalescently, 
kon*va-les'ent-li,  adv.  In  a  convalescent 
manner. 

Convection,  kon-vek'shon,  n.  [L.  cdnvectio, 
from  eonveho,  to  convey.]  The  act  of  carry- 
ing or  conveying;  a  process  of  transmis- 
sion, as  of  heat  or  electricity  by  means  of 
g articles  of  matter  affected,  by  them. — 
onvective,  kon-vek'tiv,  a.  Resulting 
from  or  caused  by  convection.  —  Convec- 
tively,  kon-vek'tiv-li,  adv.  In  a.  convec- 
tive  manner;  by  means  of  convection. 

Convene,  kon-ven',  v.i.  —  convened,  conven- 
ing.   [L.  convenio — con,  and  venio,  ventum, 

"to  come:  seen  also  in  intervene,  advent, 
event,  revenue,  fee]  To  come  together;  to 
meet;  to  meet  in  the  same  place;  to  assem- 
ble: rarely  said  of  things. — v.t.  To  cause 
to  assemble;  to  call  together;  to  convoke; 
to  summon  judiciaUy't'o  meet,  or  appear. 
— Convenable,  koii-ve'na-bl,  a.     Capable 

'  of  heing  convened  or  assembled.  —  Con- 
venee,  kon-ve-ne',  n.  One  convened  or 
summoned  with  others.— Convener,  kon- 
ve'n^r,  n.  One  who  convenes  or  meets 
with  others;  one  who  convenes  or  calls  a 
meeting. 

Convenience,  Conveniency,  kon-ve'niens-, 
kon-ve'ni-en-si,  n.  fl".  convenientia,  from 
convenio,  to  convene ;  lit.  a  coming  to- 
gether.) -The  state  or  quality  of  being 
convenient;  freedom  from  discomfort  or 
trouble;  ease;  comfort;  that  which  gives 
ease  or  comfort;  that  which  is  suited  to 
wants ;  opportune  conjunction  of  affairs ; 
opportunity.  —  Convenient,  kon-v5'ni-ent, 
a.  Suitable  or  proper;  giving  certain  fa- 
cilities or  accommodation ;  commodious ; 
opportune ;  at  hand  or  readily  available 
(colloq.).— Conveniently,  kon-v6'ni-ent-li, 
adv.  In  a  convenient  manner  or  situa- 
tion; suitably;  with  adaptation  to  the  end 
or  effect;  with  ease;  without  trouble  or 
dif^culty. 

Convent,  kon'vent,  n.,  [O.Fr.  convent,  from 
Ij.  oonventus,  a  meeting  —  con,  together, 
and  venich,  ventum,  to  j;ome.  Convene.] 
A  community  of  persons  devoted  to  re- 
ligion ;  a  body  of  monks  or  nuns ;  a  house 
for  persons  devoted  to  religion  and  celi- 
bacy; an  abbey,  monastery,  or  nunnery. — 
Conventual,  kon-ven'tu-al,  a.  Of  or  be- 
longing to  a  convent;  monastic— Conven- 
tual, kon-ven'tQ-al,  n.  One  who  lives  in 
a  convent;  a  monk  or  nun. 

Conventicle,  kon-ven'ti-kl,  n.  [L.  conven- 
ticulum,  dim.  of  convenius,  a  meeting. 
Convent.]  An  assembly  or  gathering, 
especially  a  secret  assembly;  a  meeting  of 
dissenters  from  the  established  church  for 
religious  worship;  a  secret  meeting  for  re- 
ligious worship  held  by  the  Scottish  Cove- 
nanters.— Conventicler,  kon-ven'ti-kler,  n. 
One  who  supports  or  frequents  conven- 
ticles. 

Convention,  kon-ven'shon,  n.  [L.  conventio. 
Convene.]  The  act  of  coming  together;  a 
meeting;  an  assembly;  an  assembly  of 
delegates  or  representatives  for  consulta- 
tion on  important  concerns,  civil,  politi- 
cal, or  ecclesiastical;  a  special  agreement 
or  contract  between  two  countries  or  par- 
ties; an  agreement  previous  to  a  definitive 
treaty;  conventionalityt.  —  Conventional, 
kon-ven 'shon-al,  a.  fL.  eonveniionalis.] 
Formed  by  agreement;  tacitly  under- 
stood; arising  out  of  custom  or  tacit  agree- 
nient;  sanctioned  by  or  depending  on- 
general  concurrence  and  not  on  any  prin- 
ciple; resting  on  mere  usage.  —  Conven- 
tionalism, kon-ven'shon-^l-izm,  n.  That 
which  is  conventional;  something  received 


or  (jstaVilishcd  by  convention  or  .agree- 
ment; a  conventional  phrase,  form,  or 
ceremony;  anything  depending  on  con- 
ventional rules  and  precepts.  —  Conven- 
tionalist, kon-ven'shon-al-ist,  n.  One  who 
adheres  to  a  convention  or  agreement. — 
Conventionality,  kon-ven'shon-al"i-ti,  n. 
The  character  of  .being  conventional;  what 
is  conventional;  a  conventional  mode  of 
living,  acting,  or  speaking,  as  opposed  to 
what  is  natural.  —  Conventionalize,  kon- 
ven'shon-al-iz,  v.t.— conventionalised,  con- 
ventionalizing. To  render  conventional; 
to  bring  under  tl^e  influence  of  conven- 
tional' rules ;  to  render  observant  of  the 
conventional  rules  of  society.  —  Conven- 
tionally^ kon-ven 'shon-al-li,  adv.  In  a 
conventional  manner.  —  Conventionary, 
kon-ven'shon-a-ri,  a.  Acting  under  con- 
tract ;  settled  by  stipulation.  —  Conven- 
tioner,  Conventlonist,  kon-ven '  shon-6r, 
kon-ven'shon-ist,  n.  One  y/bo  enters  into 
a  convention. 

Conventual.    Under  Coh-VEHT. 

Converge,  kon-v6p',  v.i.  — converged,  con- 
verging. fL.  con,  together,  and  vergo,  to 
incline.  Verge.]  To  tend  to  one  point; 
to  incline  and  approach  nearer  together 
in  position;  to  approach  in  charactei'. — 
Convergence,  Convergency,  kon-v6r'jens, 
kon-vfer'jen-si,  n.  The  quality  of  converg- 
ing; tendency  to  one  point.— Cofavergent, 
kon-v6r'jent,  a.  Converging;  tending  to 
one  point;  approaching  each  other. 

Converse,  kon-vfirs',  v.i.  —  conversed,  con- 
versing. fFr.  converser;  L.  conversor,  to 
associate  with— con,  and  versor,  to  be  en- 
gaged in  anything,  from  verto,  versvm,  to 
turn;  seen  also  in  convert,  reverse,  verse, 
version,  &c.  Verse.]  To  associate,  hold 
intercourse  or  communion ;  to  talk  famil- 
iarly; to"  have  free' intercourse  in  mutual 
communication  of  thoughts  and  opin- 
ions; to  chat;  to  discourse.— n.  (kon'v6rs). 
Acquaintance  by  frequent  or  customary 
intercourse;  intercourse;  communion;  fa- 
miliarity; free  interchange  of  thoughts  or 
opinioiis. — Conversable,  Kon-v6r'sa-bl,  a. 
[Fr.  conversable.]  Disposed  to  conversa- 
tion; ready  or  inclined  to  mutual  commu- 
nication of  thoughts ;  sociable ;  free  in 
discourse.  —  Conversableness,  kon-v6r'sa- 
bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  convers- 
able; disposition  or  readiness  to  converse; 
sociability.  —  Conversably,  kon-v6r'sa-bli, 
adv.  In  a  conversable  manner.— Convers- 
fince,+  Conversancy,+  kon'vfer-sans,  kon'- 
v6r-san-si,  n.  The  state  of  being  conver- 
sant.—Conversant,  kon'vfer-sant,  a.  Keep- 
ing company  ;having  frequent  intercourse; 
intimately  associating:  followed  by  with 
or  among f  but  the  common  meaning  now 
is,  acquainted  by  familiar  use  or  study; 
having  an  intim  ate  or  thorough  knowledge 
(of  things) :  followed  generally  by  mth.— 
Conversantly,  kon'v^r-sant-li,  adv.  In  a 
conversant  or  familiar  manner.— Conver- 
sation, kon-v6r-sa'shon,  n.  [Fr.  conversa- 
tion, L.  conversatio,  intercourse.]  Man- 
ners, behaviour,  or  deportment,  especially 
as  respects  morals;  familiar  discourse; 
general  interchange  of  sentiments;  chat ; 
unrestrained  talk,  opposed  to  a  formal 
conference  (now  the  usual  meaning);  also 
sexual  intercourse. — Conversational,  kon- 
.v6r-sa'shon-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  conversa- 
tion.—Conversationalist,Conver8ationist, 
kon-v6r-sa'shon-al-ist,  kon-v6r-sa'shon-ist, 
n.  One  who  excels  in  conversation.— Con- 
versazione, kon-v6r-sat'si-o"na,  n.  fit.]  A 
meeting  of  a  number  of  people  for  conver- 
sation or  discussion^  particularly  on  lite- 
rary, scientific,  antiquarian,  or  artistic 
subjects. 

Converse,  kon'vfers,  a.  [L.  eonverstis,  turned 
round,  converto,  conversum,  to  turn  round 
— con,  and  verto,  versum,  to  turn.  Con- 
verse, v.i.]  Turned  so  as  to  be  transposed 
or  inverted,  put  the  opposite,  reverse,  or 
contrary  way  {converse  statement,  proposi- 
tion, way). — n.  Something  forming  a  coun- 
terpart; what  is  contrary  or  opposite ;  a 
statement  or  proposition  produced  by  in- 
version or  interchange  of  terms ;  thus  the 
converse  of  'religion  is  true  wisdom,'  is  'true 
wisdom  is  religion.'— Conversely ,  kon'v6rs- 
li,  adv.  In  a  converse  manner;  with  inver- 
sion of  order;  put  theconverseway.— Con- 


V'h,  cftainj     ch,  S,c.  loch;     g,  so;    j,  job;     a  Fr.  tor.;    ng,  siny,    »h,  </ieu;  th,  tAinj    V,  wig,    wU,  wAig;    zh,  aaure. 


CONVEX 


151 


COOP 


versible,  kon-vfr'si-hl. '/.  Cajiableof  Vinjj 
ni;:(licohver»e  — Conversiou.kon-ver'shon, 
>i.  (L.  convenio.l  The  act  of  turning  or 
changing  from  one  state  to  another;  the 
state  of  being  so  turned  or  changed;  trans- 
mutation; the  act  of  changing  or  state  of 
1>eing  changed  in  opinions  or  conduct;  a 
cliange  of  heart  or  dispositions,  succeeded 
by  a  reformation  of  life ;  a  change  from 
lieathenism  or  from  irreligion  to  Christi- 
anity. —  Convert,  kon-vert',  v.t.  [L.  con- 
Derto.  I  To  change  or  turn  into  another  sub- 
^tance  or  form;  to  chansre  from  one  state 
to  another;  to  change  ■>r  turn  from  one 
religion  to  another,  or  fi-«m  one  party  or 
sect  to  another;  to  ch  ange  from  heathenism 
to  Christianity;  to  turn  from  a  bad  life  to 
a  good,  religious,  and  holy  one;  to  turn 
from  one  use.or  destination  to  another;  to 
interchange  conversely.— u.i.  To  turn  or  be 
changed  ;  to  undergo  a  change.  — n.  (kon'- 
vert).  A  person  who  is  converted  from  one 
opinion  or  practice  to  another;  a  person 
who  renounces  one  creed,  religious  system, 
or  party,  and  embraces  another;  one  who 
is  turned  from  sin  to  holiness.  .'.  A  convert 
is  one  who  changes  opinions,  and  thus  goes 
over  to  another  side,  party,  or  religion;  a 
proselyte  is  one  who  ehanpes  his  religion; 
but  prosolytism  does  not,  like  conversion, 
necessarily  imply  conviction. — Converter, 
kon-ver't^r,  n.  One  who  converts;  one 
who  makes  converts;  that  which  converts, 
especially  an  iron  retort  used  in  the  Bes- 
semer process  of  steel-making. — Converti- 
bility, Convertibleness,  kon-ver'ti-bil"i-ti, 
kon-ver'ti-bl-nes,  n.  The  condition  or  qua- 
lity of  being  convertible;  the  capability  of 
being  converted.  —  Convertible,  kon-vtr"- 
ti-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  converted;  sus- 
ceptible of  change;  transmutable ;  trans- 
formable; capable  of  being  used  the  one 
for  the  other,  as  terms  of  similar  signifi- 
cation ;  interchangeable.  —  Convertibly, 
kon-ver'ti-bli,  adv.  In  a  convertible  man- 
ner; with  interchange  of  terms. 
Convex,  kon'veks,  a.  (L.  con uea;wg,  carried 
round,  rounded— con,  together,  and  veho, 
vexum,io  carry;  whence  also  vehicle.]  Ris- 
ing or  swelling  into  a  spherical  or  rounded 
form  on  the  exterior  surface:  opposed  to 
concave..— n.  A  convex  part.  —  Convexed, 
kon'vekst,  rt.  JIade  convex.  —  Convexly, 
Convexedly,  kon-veks'li,  kon-vek'scd-li, 
ndo.  In  a  convex  form. — Convexity,  kon- 
vek'si-ti,  n.  State  of  being  convex ;  the 
exterior  surface  of  a  convex  body;  round- 
ness. —  Convexncss,  Convexednesg.  kon'- 
\eks-nes,  kon-vek'sed-nes,  n.  Convexity. 
—  Convexo-concave,  a.  Convex  on  one 
side  and  concave  on  the  other:  said  of  a 
lens.  —  Convexo-convex,  a.  Convex  on 
both  .sides:  said  of  a  lens. 
Convey,  kou-va',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  conveier,  eon- 
Uoyer,  L.L.  conviare,  to  convey,  to  convoy 
— L.  con,  with,  !\nd  via,  a  way;  whence 
also  voyane,  devious,  deviate,  obviovs,  &c.] 
To  carry,  bear,  or  trans]iort;  to  transmit, 
hand  over,  or  transfer  from  one  person  to 
another  (rights,  landed  estate* ,  to  trans- 
mit or  carry  by  any  medium  (air  conveys 
sound,  words  convey  meanins).  —  Convey- 
able,  kon-va'a-bl,  .a.  Capable  of  lieing 
conveyed  or  transferred.  —  Conveyance, 
kon-va'ans,  n.  The  act  of  conveying; 
the  act  of  bearing,  carrying,  or  trans- 
porting; 'transmission;  transference;  the 
transmitting  or  transferring  of  property 
from  one  person  to  another;  the  document 
liy  which  property  is  transferred;  the 
means  by  which  anything  is  conveyed, 
especially  a  vehicle  or  carriage  of  some 
kind.— Conveyancer, kon-va'ans-tr,n.  One 
whose  occupation  is  to  draw  conveyances 
of  property,  deeds,  &c.  —  Conveyancing, 
kon-va'ans-ing,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of 
drawing  deeds,  leases,  or  other  writings 
for  transferring  the  title  to  prn)ierty  from 
one  person  to  another.  — Conveyer,  kon- 
vft'Cr,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  con- 
veys. 

Convict,  kon-vikt',  v.t.  fli.  eonvinco,  con- 
victum — con,  and  viiico,  to  vanquish.  Con- 
vince.) To  determine  the  truth  of  a  charge 
against;  to  prove  or  find  piuilty  of  a  crime 
charged;  to  determine  or  decide  to  be 
guilty:  with  0/ before  the  crime.—n.  (kon'- 
vikt).  A  person  convicted  or  found  guilty 


rf  a  crime;  n  person  undergoing  penal  j 
tei\ itude.  —  Conviction,  kon-vik'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  convicting  or  the  state  of  being 
convicted;  the  act  of  a  legal  tribunal  ad-  I 
judging,  finding,  or  determining  a  person  | 
to  be  guilty  of  an  offence  charged  against  | 
him;  strong  belief  on  the  ground  of  sat- 
isfactory   evidence  ;  •  settled   persuasion. 
.'.  Co^iviction  is  assent  founded  on  satisfac- 
tory proofs  which  appeal  to  the  reason; 
persiiasion  is  assent  founded  on  what  ap- 
peals to  the  feelings  and  imagination. — 
Couvictive.t  kon-vik'tiv,  a.    Having  the 
poAver  to  convince  or  convict. 

Convince,  kon-vins',  v.t.  —  convinced,  con- 
vincing. [L.  coiiOTnco,  convictum — con,  and 
fijico,  to  vancjuish,  whence  victor,  van' 
quish,  evince. \  To  persuade  or  satisfy  by 
evidence;  to  bring  to  full  belief  or  acqui- 
escence by  satisfactory  proofs  or  argu- 
ments; to  compel  to  yield  assent;  to  con- 
vict or  prove  guilty  (N.T.)J;  to  overpower 
iShak.)l.  —  Convincible",  kon-vin 'si-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  conviction.  —  Convincingly, 
kon-vin'sing-li,  ady.  In  a  convincing  man- 
ner; in  a  manner  to  leave  no  room  to  doubt, 
or  to  compel  assent.— Convincingness,  kon- 
vin'sing-nes,  n.    The  power  of  convincing. 

Convivial,  kon-viv'i-al,  a.  |L.  conviva,  a 
guest— con,  and  vivo,  victum,  to  live,whence 
victuals,  vital,  vivid,  Ac.]  Relating  to  a 
feast  or  entertainment ;  festal ;  social  ;* 
jovial.— Convivialist,  kon-viv'i-al-ist,  n.  A 
person  of  convivial  habits.— Conviviality, 
kon-viv'i-al"i-ti,  n.  The  good  humour  or 
mirth  indulged  at  an  entertainment;  a  con- 
vivial spirit  or  disposition.— ConvivlaUy, 
kon-viv '  i-al-li,  adv.  In  a  spirit  of  con- 
viviality; in  a  convivial  manner;  festively. 

Convoke,  kon-vok',  v.t.  — convoked,  convok- 
ing. IL.  convoco,  to  convoke— con,  and  voco, 
to  call.  Voice,  Vocal.]  To  call  together; 
to  summon  to  meet;  to  assemble  by  sum- 
mons. —  Convocation,  kon-vo-ka'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  convoking  or  assembling  by 
summons;  an  assembly;  a  convention;  a 
congrea;  a  council;  in  England,  an  as- 
sembly of  the  clergy,  by  their  representa- 
tives, to  consult  on  ecclesiastical  affairs — 
a  sort  of  ccclesiastjcal  parliament.  —  Con- 
vocational,  kon-vo-ka'shon-al,  a.  Relat- 
ing to  a  convocation. 

Convolve,  kon-volv',».t. — convolved,  convolv- 
ing. [L.  convolve — con,  and  volvo,  to  roll, 
whence  invnliye,  revolve,  volume,  vault, 
AVallow.]  To  roll  or  wind  together;  to 
roll  one  part  on  another;  to  coil  up.— Con- 
volute, Convoluted,  kon'vo-lut,  kori'vO-lu- 
ted,  a.  Rolled  together,  or  one  part  on 
another;  presenting  convolutions. —  Con- 
volution, kon-vo-lu'shon,  n.  [  L.  convolxUio, 
convoltitionis.]  The  act  of  rolling  or  wind- 
ing together,  or  one  thing  on  another ;  a 
winding  motion;  the  state  of  being  rolled 
round  upon  itself  or  rolled  of  wound  to- 
gether ;  a  turn  or  winding ;  a  twisted  or 
tortuous  part  of  something.— Convolutive, 
kon'vo-lu-tiv,  a.    Bot.  convolute. 

Convolvulus,  kon-vol'va-lus,  n.  (L.,  from 
convolvo,  to  entwine,  in  reference  to  their 
twining  habit.]  Bindweed,  a  genus  of 
plants  consisting  of  slender  twining  herbs, 
with  milky  juice,  and  somewhat  bell- 
shaped  flowers,  many  of  them  beautiful. 
— Convolvulaceous,  kon-vol'vu-lfi"shus.  a. 
Relating  to  the  convolvulus  or  allied 
plants. 

Convoy,  kon-voi',  v.t.  fFr.  eonvoyer.  Con- 
voy-=convpy.  Convev.]  To  accompany  on 
the  way  for  protection,  either  by  sea  or 
land;  to  escort,  as  a  guard  against  enemies. 
— n.  (kon'voi).  A  protecting  force  accom- 
panying ships  or  property  on  their  way 
from  place  to  place  either  by  sea  or  land; 
that  which  is  conducted  by  such  a  force. 
Convulse,  kon-vuls',  v.t.  IL.  ronvello,  con- 
mtlsum — con,  and  vello,  to  pull  or  jduck.] 
To  draw  together  or  contract  spiismodic- 
ally,  as  the  muscular  parts  of  an  animal 
body;  to  affect  by  irregular  spasms;  to  af- 
fect by  violent  irregular  action;  to  agitate 
violently.  —  Convulslble,t  kon-vul'si-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  convulsed ;  subject  to 
convulsion.— Convulsion,  kon-vul'shon,  n. 
fli.  convnlsio.)  A  violent  and  involuntary 
contraction  of  the  muscular  parts  of  an 
animal  body,  Afrith  alternate  relaxations; 

■  violent  and  irregular  motion ;  a  violent 


.'ind  f:\i--vo:i.-luiipr  (ii^tnrbnu.-i'  in  n.Ttino  or 
among  peoples;  turmoil;  a  violent  commo- 
tion.—Convulsional,' Convulsionary, tkon- 
vul'shon-.il,  kon-vulVhuu-a-ii.  a.  Peilam- 
ing  to  convul,«ion ;  of  the  nature  of  con- 
vul.'ion. —Convulsive,  koii-vul'siv,  a.  Pro- 
ducing or  tending  to  produce  convulsion; 
attended  with,  or  cliaiacterized  by.  con- 
vulsion or  spasms.  —  Convulsively,  kon- 
vul'siv-li,  adv.  In  a  convulsive  manner 
with  convulsion. 

Cony,  Coney,  kOni,  >i.  [O.E.  coning,  cun- 
ning, perhaps  from  O.Fr.  coni7,  coniu,  from 
li.  coniculus,  a  rabbit;  coniji.  W.  cwinn{i, 
Gael,  fomeon,  Ir.  coinin,  Manx  comiee— 
rabbit.]  A  rabbit;  a  rabbit-like  ;ininial 
found  in  Syria  and  Palestine;  the  daman 
(U.T.»;  a  simpleton*— Cony-wool,  n.  The 
fur  of  rabbits,  used  in  the  hat  manufac- 
ture. 

Coo,  ko,  D.i.  limitative  of  the  noise  of 
doves;  comp.  D.  korren,  Icel.  kttrra,  Fr. 
roucouhr,  to  coo  like  a  dove.]  To  ciy  or 
make  the  characteristic  sound  uttered  by 
pigeons  or  doves;  to  act  in  a  loving  man- 
ner.—Cooingly,  ko'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  cooing 
manner. 

Cooey,  Cooie,  ko'i,  n.  [Imitative.]  The  cry 
or  call  of  the  Australian  aborigines.— v.i. 
To  cry  or  call  like  the  aborigines  of  Aus- 
tralia. 

Cook,  kuk,  v.t.  [A.Sax.  c6c,  a  cook,  borrowed, 
like  Dan.  koge,  G.  kochen,  \>.  kooken,  to 
boil,  to  cook,  from  L.  coguo,  to  cook,  coquus, 
a  cook.]  To  prepare  for  the  table  by  boiling, 
roasting,  baking,  broiling,  &c.;  to  dress, 
as  meat  or  vegetables,  for  eating;  to  dress 
up  or  give  a  colour  to  for  some  special  pur- 
pose, especially,  to  tamper  with  accounts 
so  as  to  give  them  a  more  favourable  as- 
pect than  they  ought  to  have;  to  garble; 
to  falsify. — n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
cook  or  prepare  victuals  for  the  talile.— 
Cookery,  kuk'er-i,  n.  The  art  or  the  prac- 
tice of  dressing  and  i)reparing  victuals  for 
the  table.— Cook-house,  91.  An  erection  on 
a  ship's  deck  for  containing  the  cooRing 
apparatus;  the  galley. 

Cool,  kol,  a.  [A.  Sax-.  c6l=G.  k-iikl,  cool; 
Icel.  kul,  D.  koel,  a  cold  blast;  same  root 
as  in  ehiU,  cold,  L.  geltt,  frost,  gdidus.\ 
Moderately  cold;  being  of  a  temperature 
between  hot  and  cold;  not  ardent  or  zea- 
lous ;  not  excited  by  passion  of  any  kind ; 
not  angry;  not  fond;  indiffei-ent;  apathetic; 
chilling;  frigid;  deliberate;  calm;  quietly 
impudent  and  selfish:  of  persons  and  acts 
(colloq.).  —  n.  A  moderate  state  of  cold ; 
moderate  temperature  of  the  air  between 
hot  and  cold  (the  cooi!  of  the  day).— v.t.  To 
make  cool;  to  reduce  the  temperature  of; 
to  moderate  or  allay,  as  passion  of  any 
kind;  to  calm;  to  abate,  as  desire,  zeal,  or 
ardour;  t-o  render  indifferent. — v.i.  To  be- 
come less  hot;  to  lose  heat;  to  lose  the 
heat  of  excitement,  passion,  or  emotion ; 
to  become  less  ardent,  zealous,  or  affec- 
tionate. —  Cooler,  kol'er,  n.  That  which 
cools ;  a  vessel  in  which  liquors  or  other 
things  are  cooled. — Cool-headed,  a.  Hav- 
ing a  temper  not  easily  excited;  free  from 
Ijassion  .—Cooling,  kol'ing,  a.  Adapted  to 
cool  and  refresh.—  Coolisfi,kol'ish,a.  Some- 
what cool.— Coolly,  kol'li,  adv.  AVithout 
heat  or  sharp  cold;  in  a  cool  or  indifferent 
manner;  without  passion  or  ardour;  with- 
out haste;  calmly; deliberately. — Coolness, 
kol'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
cool ;  a  moderate  degree  of  cold ;  a  mode- 
rate degree  or  a  want  of  jiassion;  want  of 
ardour  or  zeal;  indifference;  want  of  affec- 
tion. 

Coolie,  kiili,  n.  An  East  Indian  porter  op 
carrier;  an  emigrant  labourer  from  India, 
China,  and  other  eastern  countries. 

Coom,  kom,  n.  (Perhaps  from  Fr.  ennne, 
foam,  dress.]  Soot;  dirty  refuse  matter; 
the  matter  that  works  out  of  the  naves  or 
boxes  of  c:irriage  wheels;  coal-dust. 
Coomb,  Comb,  kom,  kom,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cumb, 
a  liquid  measure,  a  valley  =  Dan.  and  G. 
kimime,  a  bowl,  a  Jjasin;  D.  k-om,  a  trough, 
a  chest  ]  A  dry  measure  of  4  bushels  or 
half  a  quarter;  a  valley  between  hills  (sec 
Comb). 

Coon,  kon,  n.  An  American  abbrevation  of 
Racoon.  • 

Coop,  kop.  II.    [From  L.  cupa,  a  cask  or 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  hOr;     pine,  piu;     iiOtc,  not,  move;     tube,  tub,  bull ;     oil,  ^jound;     U,  Sc.  abime— the  Fr.  u. 


CO-OPERATE 


155 


COEAL 


V. Mhcl;  iiK  in  eiip.]  A  hox  of  boards  grated 
or  barred  ou  one  side  for  keeping  fowls  in 
confinement;  an  inclosed  place  for  small 
animals;  a  pen.— w.t.  To  put  in  a  coop;  to 
confine  in  a  coop;  to  shut  up  or  confine  in 
a  narrow  compass :  foUowed  by  up,  in,  or 
within,  —  Cooper,  kd '  p6r,  n.  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  make  barrels,  tubs,  &c. — 
v.t.  and  i.  To  do  the  work  of  a  cooper.— 
Cooperage,  ko'p^r-aj,  n.  A  place  where 
coopers'  work  is  done;  the  work  or  business 
of  a  cooper.  —  Coopery,  ko'per-i,  n.  The 
trade  of  a  cooper;  a  cooper's  workshop. . 
Co-operate,  ko-op'Cr-at,  v.i.  —  co-operated, 
co-operating.  To  act  or  operate  jointly, 
with  another  or  others  to  the  same  end ; 
to  work  or  labour  to  promote  a  com- 
mon object;  to  unite  in  producing  the 
same  effect.  —  Co-operation,  ko-op'er-a"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  working  or  operating 
together  to  one  end;  joint  operation;  con- 
current effort  or  labour.— Co-operant,  ko- 
op'er-ant,  a.  Operating  or  working  to- 
gether. —  Co-operative,  ko-op '  6r-a-tiv,  a. 
Operating  jointly  to  the  same  end;  estab- 
lished for  the  purpose  of  providing  the 
members  with  goods  at  wholesale  prices  or 
at  primfe  cost  and  cost'  of  management 
(co-operative  societies  or  stores). — Co-oper- 
ator, ko-op'6r-a-t6r,  n.  One  who  co-oper- 
ates. 

Co-ordinate,  ko-or'din-at,  a.  [Ti.  co  for  con, 
and  ordinatus,  from  ordo,  order.  Ordlrl] 
Being  of  equal  order,  or  of  the  same  rank 
or  degree;  not  subordinate.  —  v.t.  —  co-or- 
dinated, co-ordinating.  To  make  co-ordi- 
nate; to  arrange  in  due  and  relative  order; 
to  harmonize.  —  ii.  What  is  co-ordinate ; 
geom.  any  straight  line  which,  with  an- 
other or  others,  serves  to  determine  the 
position  of  certain  points  under  considera- 
tion. —  Co-ordinately,  ko-or'di-nat-li,  adv. 
In  the  SEtme  order  or  rank;  without  sub- 
ordination. —  Co-ordinateness,  ko-or'di- 
nat-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  co-ordinate. 
—Co-ordination,  ko-or'di-na"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  making  co-ordinate  or  state  of  being 
co-ordinated.  —  Co-ordinative,  ko-or'  di- 
na-tiv,  a.  Expressing  or  indicating  co-or- 
dination. 

Coot,  kot,  M.  [Same  as  D.  koet,  a  coot;  comp. 
W.  cwta,  short-tailed.]  A  British  wading 
bird  of  the  rail  family,  with  a  bald  fore- 
head, a  black  body,  short  tail,  and  lobated 
toes,  and  about  15  inches  in  length. 
Copaiba.  Copaiva,  ko-pa'ba,  ko-pa'va,  n. 
|Sp.  and  Pg.]  A  liquid  resinous  juice  or 
Inilsara,  Howing  from  incisions  made  In 
the  stem  of  certain  South  American  trees, 
used  in  medicine,  especially  in  affections 
of  the  mucous  membranes. 
Copal,  ko-pal',  n.  [Mex.  copalli,  a  generic 
name  of  resins.]  A  hard,  shining,  trans- 
parent, citron-coloured,  and  odoriferous 
resinous  substance,  the  product  of  several 
different"  tropical  trees:  when  dissolved 
and  diluted  with  spirit  of  turpentine  it 
forms  a  beautiful  transparent  varnish. 
Coparcener,  ko-par'sen-6r,  n.  [Prefix  co, 
and  parcener,  ultimately  from  L.  pars, 
a  part.]  A  coheir;  one  who  has  an  equal 
portion  of  the  inheritance  of  his  or  her 
ancestor  with  others. — Coparcenary,  ko- 
par'sen-a-ri,  n.  Partnership  in  inheri- 
tance; joint  heirship.  » 
Copartner,  ko-part'ner,  n.  A  partner  with 
others;  one  who  is  jointly  concerned  with 
one  or  more  persons  in  carrying  on  trade 
or  other  business;  a  sharer;  a  partaker.—* 
Copartnership,  Copartnery,  ko-part'ner- 
ship,  ko-part'n6r-i,  n.  The  state  of  being 
a  copartner;  joint  concern  in  business;  the 
persons  who  have  a  joint  concern. 
Cope,  kop,  n.  [A  form  of  cap  and  cape,  a 
hood.].  An  ecclesiastical  vestment  resem- 
bling a  cloak,  worn  in  processions,  at  ves- 
pers, at  consecration,  and  other  sacred 
functions;  something  spread  or  extended 
over  the  head;  hence,  the  arch  or  concave 
of  the  sky,  the  roof  or  covering  of  a  house, 
the  arch  over  a  door;  a  coping.— o.^.-coped, 
cnping.  To  cover  as  with  a  cope. — Cope- 
stone,  n.  A  head  or  top  stone,  as  on  a  wall 
or  roof.— Coping,  ko'ping,  n.  The  covering 
coui-seof  ;•.  wall,  parapet,  buttres?es,  &c. 
Cope,  kop,  v.i. — coped,  coping.  IComp.  Icel. 
fcaup,  abavgain;  kaupa,  to  buy,  to  bargain; 
D.  koopen^  to  buy;  E.  cheap.}   To  strive  or 


contend  on  equal  terms  or  with  equal 
strength;  to  match;  to  opposfe  with  suc- 
cess; to  encounter:  followed  by  with. — 
V.  1. 1  To  make  return  for;  to  reward.  [Shak]. 

Copeck,  ko'pek,  n.  A  Russian  coin,  the 
hundredth  "part  of  a  silver  rouble,  or  about 
a  third  of  a  penny  sterling. 

Copemlcan,  ko-per'ni-kan,  a.  Pertaining 
to  Copernicus,  who  taught  the  solar  sys- 
tem now  received,  called  the  Copernicun 
system.  , 

Coping.    Under  Cope,  n. 

Copious,  ko'pi-us,  o.  [Ii.  copiosus,  from 
copia,  plenty — co, and  vp,8,opis,  property.] 
Abundant;  plentiful;  in  great  quantities; 
furnishing  abundant  matter;  rich  ih-sup- 
plies.— Copiously,  ko'pi-us-li,  adv.  In  a 
copious  manner;  abundantly;  plentifully; 
in  large  quantities;  fully;  amply; diffusely. 
-Copiousness,  ko'pt-us-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  copious. 

Copper,  kop'6r,  n.  [L.L.  cupruvi,  from 
L.  fyprinm  ices),  Cyprian  brass,  from  Cy- 
prus, whence  the  Romans  got  their  best 
copper.!  A  ductile  and  malleable  metal 
of  a  pale  red  colour,  tinged  with  yellow, 
specific  gravity  895,  of  great  value  both 
by  itself  and  in  alloys;  a  vessel  made  of 
copper,  particularly  a  large  boiler;  a  coin 
made  of  copper  or  partly  of  copper;  pi. 
the  cast-iron  apparatus  used  on  board 
ship  for  cooking,  and  erected  in  the  cook- 
house or  galley.— a.  Consisting  of  or  re- 
sembling copper. — v.t.  To  cover  or  sheathe 
■with  sheets  cf  copper;  as,  to  copper  a  ship. 
—Copper-bottomed,  a.  Having  a  bottom 
sheathed  with  copper:  applied  to  ships. — 
Copper-fastened,  a.  Fastened  with  cop- 
per bolts,  as  the  planking  of  a  vessel. — 
Copper-head,  n.  [From  its  colour.]  A 
poisonous  American  serpent. — Coppering, 
kop'6r-ing,  n.  The  act  of  covering  with 
copper,or  the  covering  itself.— Copperlsh, 
kop'6r-ish,  a.  Containing  copper;  like 
copper  or  partaking  of  it.— Copper-nose, 
n.  A  red  nose.  [SAaJ:.]— Copper-plate,  n. 
A  plate  of  polished  copper  on  which  some 
figure  or  design  has  been  engraved,  and 
from  which  an  impression  can  be  printed; 
a  print  or  impression  from  such  a  plate. — 
Copper-smith,  n.  One  whose  occupation 
is  to  manufacture  copper  utensils. — Cop- 
pery;, kop'6r-i,  a.  Wixed  with  or  con- 
taining copper;  likecopper  in  taste,  smell, 
or  colour. 

Copperas,  kop'Sri-as,  n.  •  [From  L.  cupri- 
rosa,  rose  of  copper.  It.  copparosa,  Sp. 
Pg.  capurrosa,  Fr.  couperose.]  Sulphate 
of  iron  or  green  vitriol,  a  salt  of  a  peculiar 
astringent  taste  and  of  various  colours, 
but  usually  green. 

Coppice,  Copse,  kop'is,  kops,  n.  [O.Pr. 
copeiz,  coupiez,  wood  newly  cut,  from  com- 
per,  coper,  to  cut,  from  L.L.  colpus,  L. 
colaphus,  Gr.  kolaphos,  a  blow.]  A  wood 
of  small  growth,  or  consisting  of  under- 
wood or  brushwood;  a  wood  cut  at  certain 
times  for  fuel  or  other  purposes. — Copse- 
wood,  n.  A  gi-owth  of  shrubs  and  bushes; 
wood  treated  as  coppice  and  cut  down  at 
certain  periods.  —  Copsy,  kop'si,  a.  Hav- 
ing copses;  overgrown  with  copse-wood. 
Copra,  kop'ra,  n.  The  dried  kernel  of  the 
cocoa-nut,  from  which  the  oil  has  yet  to 
be  expressed. 

CoproUte,  kop'ro-lit,  n.  [Gr.  kopros,  dung, 
and  lithos,  a  stone.]  The  petrified  dung 
of  extinct  animals,  such  as  lizards  or  sau- 
roid  fishes,  found  chiefly  in  the  lias  and 
coal-measures.  —  Coprolitic,  kop-ro-lit'ik, 
a:  Composed  of  coprolites;  resembling 
coprolites;  containing  coprolites. 
Coprophagoos,  kop-rof'a-gus,  a,  [Gr.  kop- 
ros, dung,  and  phago,  to  eat.]  Feeding 
upon  dung  or  filth:  a  term  particularly 
applied  to  certain  insects. 
Copse,  kops,  n.  Coppice. 
Copt,  kopt,  n.  A  descendant  of  the  ancient 
Egyptian  race,  and  usually  professing 
"Christianity.  —  Coptic,  kop ' tik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  Copts.— n.  The  language  of 
the  Copts,  an  ancient'  Hamitic  tongue, 
used  in  Egypt  till  superseded  as  a  living 
language  byArabic. 

Copula,  kop'u-la,  n.  [L.  copula,  a  band,  a 
link,  whence  E.  couple.  ]  Logic,  the  word, 
which  unites  the  subject  and  predicate  of 
a  proposition;  as  in '  man  is  mortal,'  wliere 


is  is  the  copul.a.  —  Copular,  kop'u-h^r,  a. 
Of  or  relating  to  a  copula.— Copulate,  kop'- 
tl-lat,  v.i.— copulated,  copulating.  To  unite 
in  sexual  embrace.— Copulation,  kop-a-la'- 
shon,  n.  [li.  copulatio.]  The  act  of  copu- 
lating; coition.— Copulative,  kop'U-la-tiv, 
a.  V  niting  or  coupling. — Copulative  con- 
junction, i;ram.  a  conjunction  (such  as  and) 
which  connects  two  or  more  subjects  or 
predicates  in  an  afiirmative  or  negative 
proposition. — n.  A  copulative  conj  unction. 
— Copulatively,  kop'u-la-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a 
copulative  manner. — Copulatoi-y,  kop'u- 
la-to-ri,  a.  Relating  to  copulation;  copu- 
lative. 

Copy,  kop'i,  n.  [Fr.  copie,  frojn  L.  copia, 
plenty,  opportunity,  permission,  whence 
permission  to  reproduce.  Copious.]  A 
writing  like  another  writing;  a  transcript 
from  an  original;  a  book  printed  accor- 
ding to  the  original ;  one  of  many  hooka 
containing  the  same  literary  matter; 
what  is  produced  by  imitating;  a  thing 
made  in  close  imitation  of  another;  that 
■which  is  to  be  imitated;  a  pattern;  a 
model;  an  archetype;  writing  engraved  or 
penned  by  a  master  to  be  imitated  by  a 
pupil;  written  or  printed  matter  given  to 
a  printer  to  be  put  in  type.— w.t. — copied, 
eoj>ying.  To  make  a  copy  from ;  to  write, 
print,  engrave,  construct,  draw,  paint, 
Ac,  according  to  an  original;  to  tran- 
scribe; to  imitate;  to  follow  as  in  'lan- 
guage, style,  manners,  or  course  of  life; 
take  as  one's  model. — v.i.  To  make  or  pro- 
duce -a  copy.  —  Copier,  Copyer,  Copyist, 
kop'i-fer,  kop'i-ist,n.  One  ■whp  copies  ortran- 
scribes ;  an  imitator.  —  Copy-book,  n.  A 
book  in  which  copies  are  written  or  printed 
for  learners  to  imitate.— Copyhold,  kop'i- 
hold,  n.  Law,  a  tenure  for  which  the  tenant 
has  nothing  to  show  except  the  copy  of  the 
rolls  made  on  the  tenant  being  admitted 
to  the  possession  of  the  suV)ject;  land  held 
in  copyhold.  —  Copyholder,  kop'i-hol-dfer, 
n.  One  who  is  possessed  of  land  in  copy- 
hold.—Copying-press,  n.  A  machine  for 
producing  duplicates  of  letters,  invoices, 
and  other  manuscripts. — Copyright,  kop'- 
i-rit,  n.  The  exclusive  privilege  which 
the  law  allows  an  author  (or  his  assignee) 
of  printing,  reprinting,  publishing,  and 
selling  his  own  original  work;  an  author  s 
exclusive  right  of  property  in  his  work 
for  a  certain  time.  —  a.  Relating  to,  or 
protected  by  the  law  of  copyright. — v.t. 
To  secure  by  copyright,  as  a  book.  •■ 

Coquet,  ko-ket',  v.t. — coqve,tted,  coquetting. 
[Fr.  coqueter,  lit.  to  demean  one's  self  as  a 
cock  amongst  hens,  to  swagger,  to  strut, 
from  coq,  a  cock.]  To  entertain  with  com- 
pliments and  amorous  tattle. — v.i.  To  act 
the  lover  from  vanity;  to  endeavour  to 
gain  admirers.  —  Coquetry,  kok'et-ri,  n. 
[Fr.  coquetterie.l  The  arts  of  a  coquette; 
attempts  to  attract  admiration,  notice,  or 
love,  from  vanity;  affectation  of  amorous 
advances.  —  Coquette^  ko-ket',  n.  [Fr. 
coquette.]  A  vain,  airy,  trifling  girl,  who 
endeavours  to  attract  admiration  and  ad- 
vances in  love,  from-a  desire  to  gffetify 
vanity ;  a  flirt.— Coquettish,  ko-ket'ish,  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  coquetiy;  character- 
ized by  coquetry;  practising  coquetry. — 
Coquettlshly,  ko-ket 'ish-li;  adv.  In  a 
coquettish  manner. 

Coquilla-nut,  ko-kwil'la,  n.  The  seed  of 
one  of  the  cocoa-nut  palms,  a  native  oi 
Brazil,  extensively  used  in  turh^y. 
Cor,  kor,  n.  [Heb.J  A  Hebrew  measure  of 
capacity  containing  about  11  bushels. 
Coracle,  kor'a-kl,  n.  [W.  cwrwgl.]  An  an- 
cient form  of  boat  made  by  covering  a 
wicker  frame  ■witli  leather  or  oil-cloth, 
still  used  in  Wales  and  Ireland. 
Coracoid,  kor'a-koid,  a.  [Gr.  korax,  kora- 
kos,  a  cro'v^,  and  eidos,  resemblance.'] 
Shaped  like  a  crow's  beak.— Coracoid  pro- 
cess, in  anat.  a  small  sharp  process  of  the 
scapula  in  mammals;  coracoid  bone,  a  bone 
connecting  the  shoulder  joint  and  steimum 
in  birds. 

Co-radicate,  ko-rad'i-kat,  a.  [L.  prefix  co, 
and  radix,  radicis,  a  root.]  Philol.  belong- 
ing to  the -same  root.  *^v  ■.  .^ 
Coral,  kor'al,  n._  [Fr.  corail  or  coral,  L. 
coralliwn  or  co'rallum,  Gr.  korallion.]  A 
general  term  for  the_hard  calcareous  sub- 


ch,  c/tain;     c/t,  Sc.  locA;     g,  ffo;     j.job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  si«£r;     lu,  tfien;  th,  t/»iu;     w,  «iig;     wh,  wAig;     zh,  a^ure. 


OORB 


156 


CORNEL 


titanre  secreted  by  marine  coBlenterate 
polyps  for  their  common  support  and 
habitation,  exhibiting  a  great  variety  of 
forms  and  colours;  a  toy  or  plaything 
foran  infant  made  of  coral;  the  unimpreg- 
nated  eggs  in  the  lobster,  so  called  from 
being  of  a  bright  red  colour. — a.  Made  of 
coral ;  resembling  coral.  —  CoraUaceous, 
kor-a-la'shus,  a.  Like  coral,  or  partaking 
of  itsQualities.— CoraUed,kor'ald,a.  Fur- 
nished with  coral ;  covered  with  coral — 
CoraUiferous,  Coralligeroas,  kor-a-lif '6r- 
us,  kor-a-lij'6r-us,  a.  Containing  or  con- 
sisting of  coral;  producing  coral.— Coralli- 
fonn,  ko-ral'i-form,  o.  Resembling  coral. 
— Coralligenoiw,  kor-a-lij'e-nus,  a.  Pro- 
ducing coral.— Coralline,  kor'al-in,  a.  Con- 
tiisting  of  coral;  like  coral;  containing 
coral. — n.  One  of  the  coral  polyps  or  other 
zoophytes ;  a  sea-weed  with  calcareous 
fronds;  an  orange-red  colour.— Corallite, 
kor'al-it,  n.  A  mineral  substance  or  petri- 
faction in  the  form  of  coral;  the  calcareous 
substance  secreted  bj-  a  single  polyp. — 
Coralloid,  Coralloidal.  kor'al-oid,  kor'al- 
oi-dal,  a.  Having  the  form  of  coral ; 
branching  like  coral. — Coral-rag,  n.  Geol. 
a  term  for  the  highest  member  of  the 
middle  oolitic  series — a  variety  of  lime- 
stone containing  an  abundance  of  petriiied 
corals.  —  Coral-reef,  Coral-island,  n.  One 
of  those  reefs  or  islands  of  cor^l  which  are 
produced  by  the  operation  of  species  of 
polyps. — Coral-tree,  n.  A  genus  of  legu- 
minous plants,  of  several  specie^,  natives 
of  Africa  and  America,  with  trifoliolate 
leaves  and  scarlet  spik6s  of  papilionaceous 
flowers. — Coral-wood,  n.  A  hard  cabinet 
wood,  susceptible  of  a  fine  fiolish,  and  of 
a  beautiful  red  or  coral  colour. 

Corb,  korb,  n.  fL.  corbis,  a  basket.]  A 
ba.<!ket  used  for  carrj-ing  minerals  in 
mines;  a  corf;  a  corve;  arch,  a  corbel.  • 

Corban,  kor'ban,  n.  [Heb.  corbdn,  an  offer- 
ing, sacrifice.]  \Tewish  antiq.  a  solemn 
consecration  of  anything  to  God,  as  of 
one's  self,  one's  services,  or  possessions;  an 
alms-basket;  a  treasury  of  the  church. 

Corbell,  kor'bel,  n.  (Fr.  corbeille,  from  L. 
corbicula,  dim.  of  corbis,  a  basket.]  Fort. 
a  basket,  to  be  filled  with  earth  and  set 
upon  a  parapet  to  slxelter  men;  arch,  a 
carved  basket  with  sculptured  flowerS  and 
fruits. — Corbel,  korTjel,  n.  fL.L.  corbella, 
a  dim.  from  L.  corbis,  a  basket.]  Arch. 
a  piece  of  stone,  wood,-  or  iron  project- 
ing from  the  vertical  face  of  a  wall  to 
support  some  superincumbent  object. — 
v.t. — corbelled,  corbelling.  Arch,  to  support 
on  a  corbel  or  corbels;  to  provide  with  cor- 
bels.—Corbel-steps,  n.  Steps  into  which 
the  sides  of  gables  from  the  eaves  to  the 
apex  are  broken.  —  Corbel-table,  n.  An 
architectural  arrangement  which  requires 
the  support  of  numerous  corbels. 

Corcule,  Corcle,  kor'kQl,  kor'kl,  n.  fL.  cor- 
cidum,a,  dim.  of  cor,  the  heart.]  JBot.  the 
heart  of  the  seed  or  rudiment  of  a  future 
plant,  attached  to  and  involved  in  the 
cotyledons. 

Cord,  kord,  n.  [Fr.  corde,  from  L.  chorda, 
Gr.  chorda,  a  string  or  gut,  the  string  of  a 
lyre.)  A  string  or  small  rope  composed 
of  several  strands  twisted  together;  a 
(juantity  of  wood,  originally  measured 
with  a  cord  or  line,  containing  128  cubic 
feet,  or  a  pile  8  feet  long,  4  feet  high,  and 
4  feet  broad;  fig.  what  binds,  restrains, 
draws,  or  otherwise  in  moral  effects  re- 
sembles a  cord;  corded  cloth;  corduroy. — 
v.t.  To  bind  with  a  cord  or  rope;  to  pile 
up  for  measurement  and  sale  by  the  cord. 
—Cordage,  kor'daj,  w.  Ropes  or  cords  col- 
lectively ;  the  ropes  in  the  rigging  of  a 
ship.— Corded,  koi-'ded,p.  anda.  Fastened 
with  cords;  made  of  cords  {Shale.);  striped 
or  furrowed,  as  by  cords  {corded  cloth). 

Cordate,  Cordated,  kor'dat,  kor'da-ted,  a. 
[L.  cor,  cbrdis,  the  heart.]  Having  the 
form  of  a  heart;  heart-shaped.— Cordately, 
kor'dat-li,  adv.  In  a  cordate  form. — Cor- 
dlform,  kor'di-form,  a.    Heart-shaped. 

Cordelier,  kor'de-l5r,  n.  [Fr.,  from  corde, 
a  girdle  or  cord  worn  by  the  offler.]  A 
Franciscan  friar  under  the  strictest  rules 
and  wearing  a  girdle  of  knotted  corcr 

Cordlei,  kor'di-sQ,  a.  .[Fr.  cordial,  from  L_ 

'  cor,  cordis,  the  heart;  same  root  as  E. 


heart.]  Proceeding  from  thebeart;  hearty; 
sincere;  not  hypocritical;  warm;  affection- 
ate; reviving  the  spirits;  refreshing;  in- 
vigorating (a  cordial  liquor). — n.  Anything 
that  strengthens,  comforts,  gladdens,  or 
exhilarates;  an  exhilarating  liquor;  an 
aromatized  and  sweetened  spirit  employed 
as  a  beverage.  —  Cordiality,  Cordialness, 
kor-di-al'i-ti,  kor'di-al-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  cordial;  sincere  affection  and  kind- 
ness ;  genial  sincerity;  hearty  warmth  of 
heart;  heartiness.— Cordially,  kor'di-al-li, 
adv.  In  a  cordial  manner;  heartily;  sin- 
cerely ;  without  hypocrisy ;  with  real  af- 
fection. 

Cordiform.    Under  Cordate. 

Cordillera,  kor-del-ya'ra,  n.  [Sp.,  from  L. 
cAorda,  a  string.  Cokd.]  A  ridge  or  chain 
of  mountains;  specifically,  the  mountain 
range  of  the  Andes  in  South  America. 

Cordon,  kor'don,  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  cordon. 
CoRD.l  A  line  or  series  of  military  posts 
inclosing  or  guarding.auy  particular  place; 
a  lino  of  posts  on  the  borders  of  a  district 
infected  with  disease,  to  cut  off  communi- 
cation; a  ribl)on  worn  across  the  breast  by 
knights  of  the  first  class  of  an  order. 

Cordovan,  Cordwain,  kor' do-van,  kord'- 
wan",  n.  [O.Fr.  cordouan,  Sp.  cordohan, 
from  Cordova  or  Cordoba  in  Spain,  where 
it  is  largely  manufactured.]  Spanish  lea- 
ther; goat -skin  tanned  "and  dressed. — 
Cordwainer,  kord'wan-fer,  n.  A  worker  in 
cordwain  or  Cordovan  leather;  a  shoe- 
maker. 

Corduroy,  kor-du-roi',  n.  [Fr.  corde  du  roy, 
the  king's  cord.]  A  thick  cotton  stuff 
cordedor  ribbed  on  the  surface. 

Core,  kor,  n.  [O.Fr.  cor,  coer,  from  L.  cor, 
the  heart,  whence  cordial.]  The  heart  or 
inner  part  of  a  thing;  particularly  the 
central  part  of  fruit  containing  the  ker- 
nels or  seeds;  a  centre  orr  central  part,  as 
the  iron  bar  of  an  electro-magnet  round 
which  is  wound  a  coil  of  insulated  wire, 
the  conducting  wires  of  a  submarine  tele- 
graph cable,  the  interior  part  of  a  column, 
the  internal  mould  which  forms  a  hollow 
in  the  casting  of  metals;  fig.  the  heart  or 
deepest  and  most  essential  part  of  any- 
thing (the  core  of  a  question). — v.t.  To  re- 
move the  core  of.  —  Coreless,  kor'les,  a. 
AS'anting  a  core;  without  pith;  weak. 

Co-relative.    Correlative. 

Co-respondent,  ko-re-spon'dent,  n.  Law,  a 
joint-respondent,  or  one  opposed,  along 
with  another  or  others,  to  the  plaintiff;  a 
man  charged  with  adultery,  and  made  a 
party  to  a  suit  for  dissolution  of  marriage. 

Corf,  korf,  n.    Cohb. 

Coriaceous,  ko-ri-a'shus,  o.  [L.  coriaceus, 
from  corium,  leather.]  Consisting  of  lea- 
ther or  resembling  leather;  tough  an  J 
leathery. 

Coriander,  kor-i-an'd6r,  n.  [L.  coriandrwn, 
from  Gr.  fcorianjion,  coriander,  from  koris, 
a  bug,  from  the  smell  of  its  leaves.]  An 
annual  plant  of  the  carrot  family,  the 
seeds  of  which  have  a  strong  smell,  and 
are  stomachic  and  carminative, being  used 
in  sweetmeats,  in  certain  liqueurs,  and 
also  in  cookerj'. 

Corinthian,  ko-rin'thi-an,  a.  Pertaining  tp 
Corinth,  a  celebi-ated  city  of  Greece.— Co- 
rinthian  order,  an  architectural  order  dis- 
tinguished by  fluted  columns  and  capitals 
adorned  with  acanthus  leaves.— n.  An  in- 
habitant of  Corinth;  a  gay,  fast,  or  spirited 
fellow;  pi.  two  epistles  written  by  Sfe  Paul 
to  the  church  of  Corinth. 

Corimn,kG'ri-um,n.  [L.,leather.]  Leathern 
body-armour  worn  by  the  Roman  soldiers; 
the  innermost  layer  of  the  skin  in  mam- 
mals; the  true  skin.    - 

Cork,  kork,  n.  [G.  Dan.  and  Sw.  Tcork,  Sp. 
corcho,  from  L.  cortex,  corticis,  bark.]  The 
outer  bark  of  a  kind  of  oak  (the  cork -oak 
or  cork-tree)  growing  in  Spain  and  else- 
where,  stripped  off  and  made  into  such 
articles  as  stopples  for  bottles  and  casks; 
a  f topple  for  a  bottle  or  cask  cut  out  of 
cork. — v.t.  To  stop  or  fit  with  cork;  to  con- 
fine or  make-  fast  with  a  cork.— Cork-cut- 
ter, n.  One  whose  trade  is  to  make  corks. 
—Corked,  korkt,  p.  and  a.  Stopped  or 
fitted  with  cork  or  a  cork;  having  acquired 
the  taste  of  cork  {corked  wine). — Corking- 
piU,  n.  A  pin  of  a  large  size  f  oitaerly  used. 


—Cork-Jacket,  n.  A  kind  of  jacket  padded 
with  cork,  designed  to  l>uoy  up  a  jjorson 
who  cannot  swim.— Cork-leg,  to.  An  artifi- 
cial leg,  in  the  formation  of  which  cork  is 
used.— Corkscrew,  kork'skrO,  n.  A  screw  to 
draw  corks  from  bottles.— d.<.  To  direct  or 
work  along  in  a  spiral;  to  wriggle  forward. 
—Corky,  korTci,  a.  Consisting  of  cork;  re- 
sembling cork. 

Corm,  korm,  n.  [Gr.  kormos,  a  stem.]  Bot 
a  bulb-like  part  of  a  plant  consisting  of 
the  dilated  case  of  the  stem,  as  in  the 
crocus;  a  solid  bulb. 

Cormorant,  kor'mo-rant,  n.  [Fr.  cormoran, 
from  L.  corvus  marinus,  sea  raven.]  A 
web-footed  sea-bird  of  the  pelican  family, 
of  several  species,  catching  fish  by  swim- 
ming and  diving,alid  extremely  voracious; 
fi'g.  a  greedy  fellow;  a  glutton. 

Com,  korn,  n.  [A.  Sax.  com,  a  word  found 
throughout  the  Teutonic  languages,  of 
same  root  as  L.  granum,  a  seed.  Akin 
kernel,  grain.]  A  single  seed  of  certain 
plants,  especially  of  cereal  plants;  a,grain: 
m  this  sense  it  has  a  plural  (three  barley- 
coj-TOS  make  an  inch);  the  seeds  of  cereal 
plants  in  general,  in  bulk  or  quantity; 
grain;  especially  in  England,  wheat,  in 
America,  maize;  in  this  sense  no  plural; 
also,  in  collective  sense,  the  plants  which 
produce  com  and  from  which  the  grain  is 
not  yet  separated  (a  field  or  sheaf  of  com). 
— v.t.  To  preserve  and  season  with  salt  in 
grains;  to  sprinkle  with  salt  (to  com  beef). 
—  Com-beei,  Corned-beef,  n.  Beef  pre- 
served and  seasoned  with  salt  in  grains; 
beef  cured  by  salting.— Corn-beetle,  n.  A 
minute  beetle,  the  larva  of  which  is  often 
very  destructive  to  the  stores,  particularly 
of  wheat,  in  granaries.  —  Corn-cockle,  n. 
The  common  name  of  a  British  plant  with 
pun)le  flowers,  a  frequent  weed  among 
grain  crops. — Corn-crake,  n.  The  crake  or 
land-rail,  which  frequents  corn-fields  and 
is  noted  for  its  strange  harsh  cry.— Com- 
ezchaAge,  n.  A  place  where  grain  is  sold 
or  bartered  and  samples  showti  and  ex- 
amined.—Corn-factor,  n.  One  who  trafijes 
in  grain  by  wholesale,  or  as  an  agent. — 
Corn-field,  n.  A  field  in  which  com  is 
growing.— Corn-flag,  n.  A  popular  name 
of  the  plants  of  the  genus  Gladiolus. — 
Corn-flour,  n.  The  finely-ground  meal  i)f 
Indian  com. — Corn-laws,  n.  pi.  Legisls.- 
tive  enactments  and  restrictions  relating 
to  the  exportation  and  importation  of 
grain.  —  Com -marigold,  to.  A  kind  'of 
Chrysanthemum  common  in  corn-fields. — 
Corn-parsley,  n.  An  umbelliferous  plant 
foundf  in  moist  places  andliedge  banks. — 
Corn-poppy,  Corn-rose,  n.  The  common 
red  poppy,  a  troublesome  weed  in  corn- 
fields.—Corn-violet,  TO.    A  species  of  Cam- 

■  panula,  a  plant  found  in  corn-fields.  — 
Corny,  kor'ni,  a.  Of  the  nature  of,  oi: 
furnished  with,  grains  of  com:  producing 
corn;  containing  corn;  produced  from 
corn;  tasting  of  com  or  malt.        '^■^'  • 

Com,  korn,  to.  [L.  cornu,  a  horn.]  A  hard 
excrescence  or  induration  of  the  skin  on 
the  toes  or  some  other  part  of  the  feet,  oc- 
casioned by  the  pressure  of  the  shoes. — 
Corn-plaster,  to.    A  plaster  to  cure  corns. 

Corneous,  kor'ne-us,  a.  [L.  comeua,  from 
co7-nu,  a  hom.j  Homy;  like  horn;  consist- 
ing of  a  homy  substance,  or  a  substance 
re.'embling  horn;  hard.— Comiculate,  kor- 
nik'a-lat,a.  Homed;  having  horns;  bot. 
producing  homed  pods ;  bearing  a  little 
spur  or  horn.— Cornific,  kor-nif'ik,  a.  Pro- 
ducing horns.— Comiflcation,kor'ni-fi-ka"- 
sliOTi,  TO.  The  gro^vth  or  formation  of  horn. 
— Comlform,  kor'ni-form,  a.  Horn-shaped. 
— Comigerous,  kor-nij'Cr-us,  o.  Homed; 
having  horns.  —  Comute,  Comnted,  kor- 
nut',  kor-nu'ted,  a.  Furnished  with  horns; 
homed;  bot.  horn-shaped. 

Cornea,  kor'ne-a,  to.  [L.  eomeus,  homy, 
comu,  >a  horn.]  The  homy  transparent 
membrane  in  the  fore  part  of  the  eye 
through  which  the  rays  of  light  pass. — 
Corncule,  kor'nC-fll,  to.  A  term' applied  to 
the  minute  transparent  segments  of  which 
the  compound  eyes  of  iilsects  are  com- 
posed. « 
Cornel,  Cornel-tree,  kor'nel,  to.  [L.  comug, 
from  cornu,  a  horn,  from  the  hardness  of 
the  wood.]    A  sjjecies  of  dogwood,  found 


JEfiteiftTjat^Ui'  mei^met^hfer/  piacjjiny  .  nutOj  not.  mOve; ^tabe^  tub,  bvill; ^ oU,  pound^^^Jit^fc^afeitfltifcrtlnj  Em/ 


COHNELIAN 


157 


coiie-blatt: 


in  Kuropc  and  Northern  Asia,  which  pro- 
duces a  small,  red,  acid,  clierry-like  fruit, 
used  in  preserves  and  confectionery.  Some-. 
times  cartled  Coitielian-tree.  —  Cornelian- 
cherry,  n.  The  edible  fruit  of  the  cornel- 
tree. 

Cornelian,  kor-n5'li-an,  n.  Same  as  Car- 
nclian. 

Comer,  kor'ner,  n.  [Fr.  cornih'e,  from  Jj. 
cuvmi,  a  horn,  projection.]  The  point  where 
two  converging  lines  or  surfaces  meet,  or 
tlie  space  between;  an  angle;  a  secret  or 
retired  place;  a  nook  or  out-of-the-way 
l>lace;  any  part  (every  comer  of  the  forest). 
-  v.t.  To  drive  into  a  corner,  or  into  a  posi- 
tion of  great  difficulty  or  necessary  sur- 
render. IColloci.J— Cornered,  kor'nerd,  a. 
Having  corners.  —  Comer-stone,  n.  The 
stone  which  forms  the  corner  of  the  founda- 
tion of  an  edifice;  hence,  that  which  is  of 
the  greatest  importance ;  that  on  which 
any  system  is  founded. 

Cornet,  kor'net,  n.  [Fr.,dim.  o^come,  L, 
foniu,  a'  horn.]  A  kind  of  t»rass  wipd-in- 
strument ;  a  cornet-it-pistons ;  a  troop  of 
horse:  said  to  be  so  called  because  each 
company  had  a  comet  player;  formerly  the 
title  of  the  officer  who  carried  the  ensign 
or  colours  in  a  troop  of  horse  in  the  British 
army.  —  Comet-li-pistons,  kor'net-a-pis"- 
tonz,  n.  [Fr., cornet  with  pistons.]  Abrass 
or -silver  wind-instrument,  capable  of  pro- 
ducing the  notes  of  the  chromatic  scale 
from  the  valves  and  pistons  with  which  it 
i;i  furnished.— Cometcy,kor'net-8i,n.  The 
commission  or  rank  of  a  cornet.  ■* 

Cornice,  kor'nis,  n.  [O.Fr.  cornice,  It.  cor- 
nice, from  Ur.  korMits,  a  summit,  from 
/.\)ron^,acrown.  Crown.]  Arch,  any  mould- 
ed projection  which  crowns  or  finishes  the 
p:irt  to  which  it  is  affixed;  specifically,  the 
highest  part  of  an  entablature  resting  on 
the  frieze.— Corniced,  kor'nist,  a.  Having 

Cornlcttlate,  Corniflc,  Comiform,  &c.  Cor- 

NKOUS.r  • 

Cornish,  kom'ish,"o.  Pertaining  to  Corn- 
wall, in  England. — Cornish  engine,  a  sin- 
gle-acting steam-engine  used  for  pumping 
water. — n.  The  ancient  language  of  Com- 
MT.U,  a  dialect  of  the  Celtic. 

Cornopean,  kor-ne'pe-an,  n.  A  kind  of  horn; 
trie  cornet-^-pistons  (which  see). 

Cornucopia,  kor-nti-ko'pi-a,  n.  ,  [L.  comu- 
copirn,  the  horn  of  plenty.]  A  wreathed 
horn,  filled  to  overflowing  with  richest 
fruit,  flowers,  and  grain,  used  in  sculp- 
ture, &C.', as  a  symbolof  plenty, peace^and 
concord. 

Corolla,  ko-rona,  n.  [L.  corolla,  dim.  of 
corona,  a  crown.]  Bot.  the  part  of  a  flower 
mside  the  calyx,  surrounding  the  parts  of 
fructification,  and  composed  of  one  or 
more  petals,  generally  to  be  distinguished 
from  the  calyx  by  the  fineness  of  its  tex- 
ture and  the  gayness  of  its  colours.— Cor- 
cllaceous,  ko-rol-a'shus,  a.  Pertaining  to' 
a  corolla,  inclosing  and  protecting  like  a 
wreath.— Corollate,  CoroUated,  kor'ol-aCv 
kor'ol-at-ed,  a.  Bot.  like  a  corolla;  having 
corollas.— CoroUet,  kor'ol-let,  n.  Bot.  one 
of  the  partial  flowers  which  make  a  com- 
pound one ;  the  floret  in  an  aggregate 
flower.— CorolUne,  kor'ol-lin,  a.  Bot.  of 
or  belonging  to  a  corolla.  >% 

Corollary,  kor'ol-la-ri,  n.  [Fr.  coroUaire, 
from  L.  corolla,  a  little  crown,  from  as  it 
wore  crowning  what  it  refers  to.]  That 
wliich  follows  over  and  above  what  is 
directly  demonstrated  in  a  mathematical 
proposition;  any  consequence  necessarily 
concurrent  with  or  following  from  the 
main  one;  an  inference;  a  conclusion;  a 
surplus  {Shak.)t.  '     -.  ,r 

Coromandel-wood,  kor-o-man'del,  «;  A 
beautiful  brown  wood  from  the  coast  of 
Ooromandel. 

Corona,  ko-ro'na,  n.  [L.,  a  crown.  Ckown.] 
A  technical  term  for  various  things  sup- 
posed to  have  some  reseinblance  to  a  crown; 
astrmt.  a  halo  or  luminous  circle  around  one 
of  the  heavenly  bodies;  a  luminous  appear- 
ance observed  during  total  eclipses  of  the 
sun,  which  lies  outside  the  chromosphere; 
arch,  the  lower  member  or  drip  of  a  classi-. 
cal  cornice  having  a  broad  vertical  face, 
usually  of  considerable  projection;  6o<.  the 
circumference  or  margin  of   a  radiated 


composite  flower;  also  an  appendage  of 
the  cot'oUa  or  petal  s  of  a  flower  proceeding 
from  the  base  of  the  limb.  —  Coronal,  ko- 
ro'nal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  coronat;  be- 
longing to  the  crown  or  top  of  the  head: 
in  this  sense  pron.  kor'o-nal.  —  n.  (kor'o- 
nal).  A  crown ;  wreath ;  garland.— Coro- 
namen,  kor-o-na'meu,  n.  The  superior 
margin  of  an  animal's  hoof.  —  Coronary; 
kor'o-na-ri,  a.  Kelating  to  a  crown ;  re- 
sembling a  crown;  seated  on  the  top  of 
the  head,  or  placed  as  a  cro^vn;  anat.  re- 
sembling a  crown  or  circlet.— n.  A  small 
bone  in  the  foot  of  a  horse.— Coronate,kor'- 
o-nat,  a.  [h.  coronaius.]  Having  or  wear- 
ing a  crown  or  something  like  one.— Coro- 
nation, kor-o-na'shon,  n.  The  act  or  so- 
lemnity of  crowning  a  sovereign  or  invest- 
ing him  with  the  insignia  of  royalty;  the 
pomp  attending  on  a  coronation.  —  Coro- 
ner, kor'o-ner,  n.  [L.L.  coronator,  origin- 
ally a  crown  oflicer  of  extensive  powers, 
from  L.  corona,  a  cix>wn.J  An  officer  ap- 
pointed to  hold  inquests  on  the  bodies  of 
such  as  either  die,  or  are  supposed  to  die, 
a  violent  death.  —  Coronet,  kor'o-net,  n. 
[Ft.,  dim.  qf  O-.Vi' corone,  L.  corona.^  An 
inferior  crown  worn  by  princes  and  noble- 
men, bearing  crosses,  fleurs:de-14s,  straw- 
berry leaves,  pearls;  the  lower  part  of  the 
pastern  of  a  horse.— v.t.  To  adorn  with  a 
coronet  or'something  similar. — Coronated, 
kor'o-net-ed,  a.  Wearing  or  entitled  to 
wear  a  coronet.  —  Coroniform,  ko-ro'ni- 
form,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a,  crown. — 
Coronule,  kor'o-nul,  n.  [Dim.  from  L. 
corona.]  Bot.  a  coronet  or  little  crown  of 
a  seed;  the  downy  tuft  on  seeds. 

Coronach,  kor'o-nac/t,  n.  [Gael,  and  Ir.] 
A  dirge;  a  lamentation  for  the  dead  among 
the  Highlanders  and  Irish. 

Coronoid,  kor'o-noid,  a.  [Gr.  korone.  a 
crow,  and  eidos,  form.]  Resembling  the 
beak  of  a  crow:  applied  in  anat.  to  one  or 
two  processes  or  projecting  parts. 

Corozo-nut,  ko-ro'zo,  n.  The  seed  of  a 
tropical  American  palm,  whose  hardened 
albumen,  under  the  name  of  vegetable 
ivory,  is  used  for  small  articles  of  turnery. 

Corporal,  kor'po-ral,  n.  [CoiTupted  from 
Fr.  caporal.  It.  caporale,  from  capo,  L. 
caput,  the  head.]  The  lowest  non-com- 
missioned officer  of  a  company  of  infantry, 
next  below 'a  sergeant;  in  shipa-of-war,  a 
petty  oificer  who  attends  to  police  mat- 
ters. 

Corporal,  kor'po-ral,  a.  [L.  corporalis,  from 
corpus,  body.]  Belonging  or  relating  to 
theibody;  bodily;  also  material  or  not 
spirituaIt...Syn.  under  Bodily.  — Corpo- 
rality,  kor-po-ral'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  be 
ing  corporal;  corporation;  confraternity. 
—Corporally,  kor'po-ral-li,  adv.  Bodily; 
in  or  with  the  body  (corporally  present). — 
Corporate,  kor'po-rat,  a.  [L.  corporatus.] 
United  in  a  body,  as.  a  number  of  indi- 
viduals who  are  empowered  to  transact 
business  as  an  individual;  formed  into  a 
body;  united;  collectively  one  (Shak.)-.  be- 
longing to  a  corporation.  —  Corporately, 
kcr'po-rat-li,  adv.  In  a  corporate  capa- 
city.—  Corporateness,  kor'po-rat-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  a  body  corporate.— Corpora- 
tion, kor-po-ra'shon,  n.  A  body  corporate, 
t  formed  and  authorized  by  law  to  act  as  a 
single  person;  a  society  having  the  capa- 
city of  transacting  business  as  an,  indivi- 
t  dual;  the  body  or  bodily  frame  of  a  man 
(colloq.).  — Corporeal,  kor-po're-al,  a.  Of 
or  perl^aining  to  a  body ;  having  a  body; 
consisting  of  a  material  body;  material; 
opposed  to  spiritual  or  immaterial.  .".Syn. 
under  Bodily. — Cbrporealism,  kor-po're- 
al-izm,  n.  The  principles  of  a  corporeal- 
istj  materialism.— Corporealist,  kor-po'riS- 
al-ist,  n.  One  who  denies  the  existence  of 
spiritual  substances;  a  materialist —Cor- 
poreality, kor-po're-al"i-ti,  n.  The  state 
of  being  corporeal.— Corporeally,  kor-pO'- 
re-al-li,  a<3.v.  In  body;  in  a  bodily  form  or 
manner.  —  Corporeity,  kor-p5-r5'i-ti,  tl. 
The  state  oi  having  a  body  or  of  being  em- 
bodied; materialityt. 

Corposant,  kor'po-zaitt,  n.  [It.  corpo  santo, 
holy  b»dy.]    A  name  given  to  a  ball  of 

•  electric  light  often  ob8er\'ed  in  dark  tem- 
pestuous nights  about  the  rigging;  8t. 
Elmo's  light. 


Corps,  kor,  n.  [Fr.,  from  I;,  corpus,  bml v  1 
A  body  of  ti'oops;  anyxlivision  of  an  aniiy. 
— Corps  diplomatique,  the  body  of  minis- 
ters or  diplomatic  characters.  —  Corpse, 
korps,  n.  The  dead  body  of  a  human  be- 
ing.—Corpse-candle,  n.  •  A  candle  used  at 
ceremonious  watchings  of  a  corpse  before 
its  interment;  a  local  name  for  the  will- 
o'-the-wisp. —  Corpse-gate,  n.  A  covered 
gateway  %t  the  entrance  to  church-yards, 
intended  to  shelter  the  burial  procession 
from  rain;  a  lich-gate. 

Corpulence,  Corpnlency,  kor'pa-lens,  koi-'- 
pu-len-si,  n.  [L.  corpulentia,  from  corpu- 
lentus,  corpulent,  corpus,  a  body.]  Fleshi- 
ness or  stoutness  of  body;  excessive  fat- 
ness.—Corpulent,  kor'pO-lent,  a.  Ha.viiig 
a  great  bulk  of  body;  stout;  fat.— CoVpu- 
lently,  kor'pa-lent-li,  adv.  In  a  corpulent 
manner. 

Corpuscle,  kor'pus-l,  n.  [L.  corpusculum, 
dim.  of  corpus,  body.]  A  minute  particle, 
molecule,  or  atom;  a  minute  animal 
cell  generally  inclosing  granular  mat- 
ter, and  sometimes  a  spheroidal  body 
called  a  nucleus.— Corpuscular,  Corpuscu- 
lous,  kor-pus'ku-ler,  kor-pus'ku-lus,  a. 
Kelating  to  corpuscles  or  small  particles, 
supposed  to  be  the  constituent  .materials 
of  all  largo  bodies. — Corpuscular  theory,  a, 
theory  which  supposes  lighj;  to  consist  of 
minute  particles  emitted  by  luminous 
bodies,  and  travelling  through  spiice  with 
immense  rapidity  till  they  roach  the  eye. 

Corral,  kor-ral',  n.  [Sp.,  from  corro,  a 
circle;  Pg.  curr'al,  a  cattle-pen.]  A  pen 
or  inclosure  for  horses  or  cattle,  and  also 
an  inclosure  formed  of  wagons  employed 
by  emigrants  as  a  means  of  defence 
(Amer.);.a  strong  siockajde  or  inclosure  for 
capturing  wild  elephants  in  Ceylon.— t>.t. 
—corralled,  corralling.  To  form  into  a 
corral;  to  form  a  corral  or  inclosure  by 
means  of. 

Correct,  ko-rekt',  a.  [L.  correctus,  from 
corrigo — con,  and  rego,  to  set- right.  Ke- 
"-  GENT,  Right.]  Set  right  or  n\ade  straight; 
in  accordance  with  a  certain  standard; 
conformable  to  truth,  rectitude,  or  pro- 
priety; not  faulty;  free  from  error. — v.t. 
To  make  correct  or  ri^ht;  to  bring  into 
accordance  with  a  certain  standard;  to  re- 
move error  or  defect  from ;  to  amend  or 
ein*nd;  to  punish  for  faults  or  deviations 
from  moral  rectitude;  to  chastise;  to  dis- 
cipline; to  counteract  or  obviate,  as  by 
adding  some  new  ingredient.  —  Correct- 
able, Correctible,  ko-rek'ta-bl,  ko-rek'ti- 
bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  corrected.— Cor- 
rection, ko-rek'shon,  n.  [L.  correctio.]  The 
act  of  correcting,  the  removal  of  faults  or 
errors;  something  written  to  point  out  an 
error,  or  substituted  in  the  place  of  what 
is  wrong;  punishment';  discipline;  chas- 
tisement; critical  notice;  animadversion; 
the  counteraction  of  what  is  inconvenient 
or  hurtful  in  its  effects.— //ouse  of  correc- 
tion, a  house  where  disorderly  persons  are 
confined;  a  bridewell.— Correctional,  ko- 
rek'shon-al,  a.  Tending  to  correction.— 
Corrective,  ko-rek'tiv,  o.  Having  the 
power  to  coprect ;  having  the  quality  of 
removing  or  obviating  what  is  wrong  or 
injurious.-^n.  That  which  haa  the  power 
of  correcting;  that  which  has  the  quality 
of  altering  or  obviating  what  is  wrong  or 
injurious.— Correctly,  ko-rekt'li,  adv.  In 
a  correct  manner;  according  to  a  standard; 
in  conformity  with  a  copy  or  original;  ex- 
actly; accurately;  without  fault  or  error. 
—Correctness,  ico-rekfnes,  to.  The  state 
of  being  coiTect;  conformity  to  a  standard 
or  rule;  exactness;  accuracy.— Corrector, 
ko-rek'tCr,  n.  One  who  corrects;  one  who 
amends  faults;  one  who  punishes  for  cor- 
^rection;  that  which  corrects.— Correctory, 
f  ko-rek'to-ri,  a.  Containing  or  making 
correction;  corrective. — n.  A  corrective. 

Corregidor,  ko-rej'i-dor,  n.  [Sp.,  a  corrector, 
from  corj'cpir,  to  correct.]  A  magistrate 
in  Spain  and  Portugal. 

Correi,  Corri,  kor*!,  ».  The  hollow  side  of 
a  hilU  a  corrie. 

Correlate,  kor'e-lat,  n.  [L.  cor  for  con,  and 
relatua.  Relate.]  One  who  or  that  which 
stands  in  a  reciprocal  relation  to  some^ 
thing  else,  as  father  and  son.— ».t. — conrre- 
lateo,  correlating.    To  have  a  reciprocal 


fA,  Sc.  loc/tj     B)9o;     j,yob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ug,  ainp;     w,  <ften;  th,  {Ajii:     w,  uii;;     v,h,  wAiij;     ■ih.it^uie 


CORKESPOND 


158 


COSEY 


relation ,  to  be  reciprocally  related,  as 
father  and  son. — v.t.  To  place  in  reciprocal 
relation ;  to  determine  the  relations'  be- 
tween, as  between  several  objects  or  phe- 
nomena which  bear  a  resemblance  to  one 
another.  —  Correlatable,  kor-e-la'ta-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  correlated;  assignable  to 
correlation.— Correlation,  kor-e-la'shon,n. 
Reciprocal  relation;  corresponding  simi- 
larity or  parallelism  of  relation  or  law.— 
Correlative,  ko-rel'a-tiv,  a.  Having  a  re- 
ciprocal relation,  so  that  the  exi.stence  of 
one  in  a  certain  state  depends  on  the  exis- 
tence of  another;  reciprocal.  —  «.  That 
which  is  correlative;  that  of  which  the 
existence  implies  the  existence  of  some- 
thing else ;  one  of  two  terms  either  of 
whicn  calls  up  the  notion  of  the  other,  as 
husband  and  wife;  gram,  the  antecedent  to 
a  pronoun.— Correlatively,  ko-rel'a-tiv-li, 
adv.  In  a  correlative  relation.  —  Correla- 
tiveness,  ko-rel'a-tiv-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  correlative.  °  • 

Correspond,  kor-e-spond',  v.i.-  [Oor  for  con, 
and  respond.]  To  be  adapted  or  suitable; 
to  have  a  due  relation;  to  be  adequate  or 
proportionate;  to  accord;  to  agree;  to  an- 
swer; to  fit:  used  absolutely  or  followed 
by  vfith  or  to;  to  communicate  or  hold  in- 
tercourse with  a  person  by  letters  sent 
and  received.  —  Corresponaence,  kor-5- 
spon'dens,  n.  The  state  of  corresponding 
or  being  correspondent;  mutual  adapta- 
tion of  one  thing  or  part  to  another;  inter- 
course between  persons  by  meanti  of  letters 
sent  and  received;  the  letters  collective- 
ly which,  pass  between  correspondents ; 
friendly  intercourse;  reciprgcal  exchange 
of  olfices  or  civilities.  —  Correspondency, 
kor-e-spon' den-si,  n.  Correspondence,  in 
sense  of  relation,  congruity,  adaptation, 
friendly  intercourse.—  Correspondent,  kor- 
5-spon'dent,  a.  Corresponding ;  suitable; 
duly  related;  congruous;  agreeable;  an- 
sv/erable;  adapted.  —  n.  One  who  corre- 
spbnds;  one  with  whom  an  intercourse  is 
carried  on  by  letters  or  messages;  a  person 
*ho  sends  regular  communications  to  a 
nev/spaper  from  a  distance.  —  Correspon- 
dently,  kor-e-spon'dent-li,  adv.  In  a  cor- 
responding manner. — Corresponding,  kor- 
e-spon 'ding,  a.  Answering;  agreeing; 
suiting ;  correspondent.  —  Corresponding- 
ly, kor-e-spou'ding-li,  adv.  In  a  corre- 
sponding manner.— Corresponsive,  kor-6- 
spon'siv,  a.  Answerable;  adapted.  [Shak.] 

Corridor,  kor'i-dcr,  n.  [It.  corridore,  from 
correre,  L.  currere,  to  run.  Current.] 
Arch,  a  passage  in  a  building  leading  to 
several  chambers  at  a  distance  from  each 
other ;  fort,  the  covered  way  round  the 
fortifications  of  a  place. 

Corrie,  kor'i,  n.  [Gael.]  A  steep  hollow 
in  a  hill. 

Corrigendum,  kor-i-jen'dum,  n.  pi.  Corri- 
genda, kor-i-jen'da.  [L.]  A  thing  or  word 
to  be  corrected  or  altered. 

Corrigible,  kor'i-ji-bl,  a.  [Fr.,  from  I^.  cor- 
rigo,  to  correct.  CoRREgj.]  Capable  of 
being  corrected,  amended,  or  reformed; 
deserring  punishment  or  correction;  pun- 
ishable.'— Corrigibleness,  kor'i-ji-bl-nes,  n. 
— Corrlglbility,  kor'i-ji-bir'i-ti,  n. 

Corroborate,  ko-rob'o-rat,  v.t.  —  corrobo- 
rated, corroborating.  [L.  corroboro,  cojto- 
boratum — con,  and  robm'o,  to  strengthen, 
from  rnbur,  strength.]  To  strengthen  or 
give  additional  strength  to;  to  confirm;  to 
make  more  certain;  to  add  assurance  to 
(to  corroborate  testimony,  news).— Corro- 
borant, ko-rob'6-rant,  a.  Strengthening 
the  body;  having  the  power  or  quality  of 
giving  strength.  —  n.  A  medicine  that 
strengthens  the  body  when  weak;  a  tonic. 
—Corroboration,  ko-rob'o-ra"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  corroborating ;  confirmation ;  that 
which  coiToborates.  —  Corroborative,  ko- 
lob'o-ra-tiv,  a.  Having  the  power  of  cor- 
rdborating  or  confirming.— n.  A  medicine 
that  strengthens;  a  corroborant.— Corro- 
boratory, ko-rob'o-ra-to-ri,  a.  Corrobo- 
rative. 
,  Corrode,  ko-rod,'  v.t.— corroded,  corroding. 

[L.  corrodo—cor  for  con,  and  rodo,  to  gnaw, 
whence  also  rodent,  erode.]  To  eat  away 
by  degrees;  to  wear  away  or  diminish  by 

gra.  aally  separatingsmall  particles  (nitric 
acid  corrodes  copper);  fii>.  to  guuw  or  prey 


upon ;  to  consume  by  slow  degrees ;  to 
envenom  «r  embitter;  to  poison,  blight, 
canker.— Corrodent.!  ko-ro5ent,  a.  Hav- 
ing the  power  of  corroding.  —  n.  Any 
substance  or  medicine  that  corrodes.- 
Corrodibility,  ko-ro'di-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  corrodible.— Corrodible,  ko- 
ro'di-bl,  a.  That  may  be  corroded.— Cor- 
rosibility,  ko-ro'si-bil"i-ti,  n.  Corrodibil- 
ity.—Corrosible,  ko-ro'si-bl,  a.  Liable  to 
corrosion;  corrodible. — Corrosibleness,  ko- 
ru'si-bl-nes,  n.  —  Corrosion,  ko-ro'zhon,  n. 
The  action  of  corroding,  eating,  or  we.ir- 
ing  away  by  slow  degrees,  as  by  the  action 
of  acids  on  metals;  Jig.  the  act  of  can- 
kering, fx'etting,  vexing,  envenoming,  or 
blighting.— Corrosive,  ko-ro'siv,  a.  Hav- 
ing the  power  of  corroding  or  eating  into 
a  substance;  having  the  quality  of  fretting, 
envenoming,  blighting.  —  Corrosive  sub- 
limate, a  compound  of  chlorine  and  mer- 
cury, forming  a  white  crystalline  solid, 
an  acrid  poison  of  great  virulence,  and  a 
powerful  antiseptic— n.  Thalt  which  has 
the  quality  of  eating  or  wearing  gradu- 
ally; anything  which  irritates,  preys  upon 
one,  or  frets.  —  Corrosively,  ko-ro'siv-li, 
adv.  In  a  corrosive  manner.— Corrosive- 
ness,  ko-ro'siv-nes,  m.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing corrosive. 

Corrugate,  kor'u-gat,  v.t.— corrugated,  cor- 
rugating. [L.  corrugo,corrugatum — cor  for 
con,  and  riigo,  to  wrinkle.]  To  wrinkle;  to 
draw  or  contract  into  folds.- a.Wrinkled; 
showing  wrinkles  or  furroSvs.  —  Corruga- 
ted, kor'u-ga-ted,  p.  and  a.  AVrinkl&d; 
furrowed  or  ridged.  —  Corrugated  iron, 
common  sheet-iron  or  'galvanized'  ir*n, 
.  bent  into  a  series  of  regular  grooves  and 
ridges  by  being  passed  between  powerful 
rollers.  Iron  thus  treated  will  resist  a 
much  greater  strain  than  flat  iron,  each 
groove  representing  a  half  tube;  it  is  used 
for  roofing,  &c.— Corrugant,  kor'u-gant,  a. 
Having  the  power  of  contracting  into 
wrinkles.— Corrugation,  kor-u-ga'shcn,  n. 
A  wrinkling;  contraction  into  wrinkles. — 
— Corrugator,  kor'u-ga-ter,  n.  Anat.  the 
small  muscle  situated  on  each  side  of  the 
forehead,  which  knits  the  brows. 
Corrupt,  ko-rupt',  v.t.  [L.  corrumpo,  cor- 
ruptum  —  con,  and  rumpo,  rupium,  to 
break;  whence  also  rupture,  abrupt,  dis- 
rupt, &c.]  To  change  from  a  sound  to  a 
putrid  or  putrescent  state;  to  cause  to  rot; 
Jig.  to  deprave;  to  pervert;  to  impair;  to 
debase;  to  defile,  taiirt,  pollute,  or  infeotj 
to  bribe;  to  debase  or  render  impure  by 
alterations  or  innovations  (language) ;  to 
falsify  (a  text).— u.i.  To  become  puti-id;  to 
putrefy;  to  rot;  to  become  vitiated;  to  lose 
purity.— a.  Changed  from  a  sound  to  a  pu- 
trid state;  changed  from  the  state  of  being 
correct,  pure,  or  true  to  a  worse  state;  viti- 
ated; perverted;  debased;  impure;  ready  to 
be  influenced  by  a  bribe;  infected  with 
errors  or  mistakes  (a  corrupt  text). — Cor- 
rupter, ko-rup't6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  corrupts.  —  Corruptibility,  ko-rup'- 
ti-bil"i-ti,»i.  The  possibility  of  being  cor- 
rupted.—Corruptible,  ko-rup'ti-bl,a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  made  corrupt,  putrid,  or  rot- 
ten; subject  to  decay  and  destruction,  de- 
bilsoment,  depravation,  &c.— Corruptible- 
ness,  ko-rup'ti-bl-nes,  n.— Corruptibly,  ko- 
rup'ti-bli,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to 
be  corrupted  or  vitiated.— Corruption,  ko- 
rup'shon,  n.  [L.  con-uptio.'i  The  act  of 
corrupting,  or  state  of  being  corrupt,  pu- 
trid, or  rotten ;  putrid  matter ;  pus;  de- 
pravity; wickedness;  loss  of  purity  or  in- 
tegrity; debasement;  impurity;  deprava- 
tion ;  pollution ;  defileinent ;  vitiating 
influence:  more  specifically,  briberj';  law, 
an  immediate  consequence  erf  attainder  by 
which  a  pei-son  was  formerly  disabled  from 
holding,  inheriting,  or  transmitting  lands. 
— Corrujptlve,  ko-rup'tiv,  a.  Having  the 
power  of  corrupting,  tainting,  or  vitiating. 
— Corruptless,  ko-rupt'les,  a.  Not  suscep- 
tible of  corruption  or  decay.— Corruptly, 
ko-rupt 'li,  adv.  In  a  corrupt  manner; 
with  corruption;  impurely;  by  bribery. — 
Corruptness,  ko-rupt'nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  corrupt;  putnd  state  or  putrescence; 
moral  impurity;  debasemeni;. 
Corsair,  kor'sar,  n.  [Fr.  corsaire.  It.  cor- 
sare, from corsa, a courso, a i luisij, from  L. 


cursus,  a  course.  Course.]  A  pirate;  a 
sea  robber;  a  rover;  a  piratical  vessel. 

Corse,  kors.n.  [Same  as  corpse,  Pr.  corps;  L. 
corpMS,  a  body.]  A  corpse:  a  poetical  word. 
— Corselet,  kors'let,  n.  [Fr. .  a  dim.  of  O.Pr. 
cars,  L.  corp«8,  the  body.]  A  small  cuirass, 
or  armour  to  cover  and  protect  the  body; 
that  part  of  a  winged  insect  to  which  the 
wings  arid  legs  are  attached;  the  thorax. 
—Corset,  kor'set,  n.  [Dim.  of  O.Fr.  cors.J 
A  pair  of  stays;  a  bodice. 

Corsned,  kor'sned,  ji;  [A.  Sax.  corsnaed — 
cor,  from  root  of  choose,  and  A.  Sax.  s^iacd, 

■  a  mouthful,  a  bit  ]  Anciently,  a  piece  of 
bread  consecrated  by  exorcism  and  to  be 
swallowed  by  a  suspected  person  as  a  trial 
of  his  innocence;  if  the  person  were  guilty 
the  bread  would  produce  convulsions  and 
find  no  passage;  if  he  were  innocent  it 
would  cause  no  harm. 

Cortege,  kor-tazh,  n.    [Fr.,  from  It.  corteg- 

'  gio,  from  coHe,  court.]  A  train  of  atten- 
dants. 

Cortes,  kor'tEz,  n.  pi.  [Sp.,  pi.  of  carte, 
court.]  The  Spanish  and  the  Portuguese 
legislative  assembly,  dnswering  to  the 
parliament  Of  Great  Britain. 

Cortex,  kor'tekSjTi.  [L.  cortex,  coriicis,  hark; 
whence  cork.]  Bark,  as  of  a  tree;  hence, 
sn  outer  coverins;;  anat.  a  membrane 
forming  a  covering  or  envelope  for  any 

gart  of  the  body.  —  Cortical,  kor'ti-kal,  a. 
elonging  to,  tjonsistiug  of,  or  resembbng 
barker  rind;  external;  belonging  to  the 
external  covering.— Corticate,  Corticated, 
kor'ti-kat,  kor'ti-ka-ted,  a.  [Xi.  corticcdus.] 
ReSe-mKling  the  bark  or  rind  of  a  tree. — 
CorticifSrous,  kor-ti-sif 'er-us,  a.  Produ- 
cing bark,  or  that  which  resembles  it. — 
^  Corticiform,  kor-tis'i-form,  a.  Resembling 
»ba*k.  —  Corticose,  Corticous,  kor'ti-kOz, 
kor'ti-kus,  a.  Barky;  full  of  bark. 
Corundum,  ko-run'dum,n.  [Hind,  kurand.] 
A  mineral,  next  in  hardness  to  the  dia- 
mond, and  consisting  of  nearly  pure  an- 
hydrous alumina;  the  amethyst,  raby, 
sapphire,  topaz,  and  emeiy  are  considered 
as  varieties. 

Coruscate,  kor'us-kat,  v.i. — coruscated,  co- 
ruscating. [L.  corusco,  coruscatum,  to 
flash.]  To  flash;  to  lighten;  to  gleam;  to 
glitter.  —  Coruscation,  kor-us-ka'shon,  n. 
[L.  coruscatio.]  A  sudden  burst  of  light  in 
the  clouds  or  atmosphere;  a  flash;  glitter; 
a  blaze. 

Corve,  korv,  n.  Same  as  Corb. 
Corvette,  kor-vet',  n.  [Pr.  corvette,  from  L. 
corbita,  a  ship  of  burden,  from  corbis,  a 
basket.]  A  flush-decked  vessel,  ship-rig- 
ged, but  without  a  quarter-deck,  and  hav- 
ing only  one  tier  of  guns. 
Corvine,  kor'vin,  a.  [L.  corvus,  a  crow.] 
Pertaining  to  the  crow,  or  the  crow  fam- 
ily of  birds. 

Corybant.  kor'i-bant,  n.  pi.  Corybants  or 
Corybanies,  kor-i-ban'tez.  [L.  corybas, 
corpbantis,GT.korybas.]  A  priest  of  Cybele 
who  celebrated  the  mysteries  with  mad 
dances  to  the  sound  of  drum  and  cymbal. 
— Corybantic,  kor-i-bai>'tik,  a.  Madly 
agitated  like  the  Corybantes. 
Corymb,  ko'rimb,  n.  [li.  co7-ymbus,  Gr. 
korymbos,  a  cluster  of  fi-uit  or  flowers.] 
'Bat.  an  inflorescence  in  which  the  flowers 
or  blossoms  are  so  arranged  as  to  form  a 
mass  of  flowers  with  a  convex  or  level  top, 
as  in  the  hawthorn,  candytuft,  &c.  — 
Corymbiferous,  ko-rim-bif'er-us,  a.  Bol. 
producing  corymbs;  bearing  fruit  in  clus- 
ters.- Corymbose,  ko-rim'boz,  a.  Hot.  re- 
lating to  or  like  a  corymb.— Corymbous, 
ko-rimljus,  a.  Corymbose. 
CorypheuB,  Coryyhaetts,  kor-i-fe'us,  n.  [li. 
coryphaeus,  Gr.  koi-yphaios,  from  koryphe, 
the  head.]  The  chief  of  a  chorus;  the 
chief  of  a  company. — Coryphie,  ko-rC-fa. 
n.  [Pr.]  A  ballet-dancer. 
Coryza,  ko-ri'za,n.  [Gr.]  Med.  a  cold  in  the 
head. 

Co-secant,  ko-se'kant,  n.  [Prom  comple- 
ment ana  secant]  Geom.  the  secant  of  an 
arc  or  angle  which  is  the  complement  of 
another  arc  or  angle,  that  is,  when  added 
to  it  makes  up  90°. 

Cosen,  Cosenage.    Cozen,  Cozenage. 
Cosey,  Cosy,  ko'zi ,  a.   [Gael,  cdsagach,  snug, 
sheltered,  c6s,  a  hollow  or  recess.)    Wall 
£l.i-;(.orL'l;:'iiM-(nnifM;'trtbl.:;<;iv,''.l    AViit- 


vgte,  f&r,  fat,  fftUi     mO,  m«t,  b6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tub,  buD;     oil,  pound;     U,  iSc.  abtme— tlie  Fr. jr. 


COSILEB 


159 


COUCH 


ten  also  Cosia,  Cosie,  Cozy.  [CoUoq.]— »i. 
A  kind  of  padded  covering  or  cap  put 
over  a  teapot  to  keep  in  the  heat  after  the 
tea  has  been  infused.— Cosily,  ko'zi-li,  adv. 
In  a  cosey,  snug,  or  comfortable  manner. 
Cosher,  kosh'er,  v.i.  [Ir.  cosair,  a  feast.] 
To  levy  exactions  in  the  shape  of  feasts 
and  lodgings,  as  formerly  Irish  landlords 
with  their  trains  did  on  their  tenants. — 
v.t:  To  treat  with  dainties  or  delicacies; 
to  fondle ;  to  pet.  [Colloq.]  —  Cosherer, 
kosh'6r-6r,  n.  One  who  coshers. 
Co-signitary,  ko-sig-ni-ta-ri,  n.  One  who 
signs  a  treaty  or  other  agreement  along 
with  another  or  others.  Also  used  as  an 
ad.j.  , 

Co-sine,  ko'sin,  n.  [Convplement  and  sine,1 
Geom.  the  sine  of  an  arc  or  angle  which  is 
the  complement  of  another,  that  is,  when 
added  to  it  makes  90°. 
Colraetic,  koz-met'ik,  a.  [Gr.  kosinetikos, 
from  kosmos,  order,  beauty.]  Beautifying; 
improving  beauty,  particularly  the  beauty 
of  the  complexion.— n.  Any  preparation 
that  renders  the  skiti  soft,  pure,  and 
white,  or  helps  to  beautify  and  improve 
the  complexion. 

Cosmic,  Cosmical,  koz'mik,  koz'mi-kaJ,  o. 
[Gr.  kosmikos,  from  kosmos,  the  universe.] 
Relating  to  the  universe  and  to  the  laws 
by  which  its  order  is  maintained;  hence, 
harmonious,  as  the  universe;  orderly;  as- 
■iron,  rising  or  setting  with  the  som :  the 
opposite  of  QKvonycal.  —  Cosmically,  koz'- 
mi-kal-li,  adv.  .  In  a  cosmic  maiiner;;with 
the  sun  at  rising  or  setting:  said  of  a. 
star.        .  •  ■      • 

Cosmogony,  koz-mog'o-ni,  n.  [Gr.  kosnio- 
gonia  —  kospios,  world,  and  root  gen,  to 
bring  forth.]  The  origin  or  creation  of 
the  world  or  universe;  the  doctrine  of  che 
origin  or  formation  of  the  universe.— Cos- 
mogonal,  Cosmbgonic,  Cbsmogonical,koz- 
mog'o-nal,  koz-mo-gon'ik,  koz-mo-gon'ik- 
al,  a.  Belonging  to  cosmogony.  —  Coft- 
mogonlst,  koz-mog'o-nist,  n.  'One  who 
treats  of  the  origin  or  formation  of  the 
universe;  one  versed  in  cosmogony. 

Cosmography  koz-mog'ra-fi,  n.  [Oct.  kos- 
mographia — kosmos,  the  world,  and  gra- 
pho,  to  describe.]  ^A  description  of  the 
Nvorld  or  universe;  the  science  which  treats 
of  the  construction  of  the  universe. — Cos- 
mographer,  koz-mog'ra-fer,  n.  One  who 
describes  the  world  or  universe;  one  versed 
in  cosmography.— Cosmographlc,  Cosmo- 
graphical,  koz-mo-graf'ik,  koz-mo-graf'ik- 
al,  a.  Relating  to  cosmography. — Cos- 
mographically, ;  koz-mo-graf'ik-al-li,  adv. 
In  a  manner  relating  to  cosmography. 

Cosmology,  koz-mol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  kosmolo- 
gia — kosmos,  the  universe,  and  logos,  dis- 
course.] The  science  of  the  world  or  uni- 
verse; or  a  theory  relating  to  the  structure 
of  the  universe  and  the  laws  which  under- 
lie it;  cosmogony. — Cosmological,  koz-mo- 
loj'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  cosmology.— 
CosmologlBt,  koz-mol'o-jist,  n.  One  who 
describes  the  xiniverse;  one  versed  in  cos- 
mology. 

Cosmopolitan,  Cosmopolite,  koz-mo-pol'i- 
tan,  koz-mop'o-lit,  n.  [Gr.  kosmos,  world, 
and  pontes,  a  citizen.]  A  person  who  is 
nowhere  a  stranger,  or  who  is  at  home  in 
every  place;  a  citizen  of  the  world. — a. 
Free  from  local,  provincial,  or  national 
prejudices  or  attachments;  at  home  all 
over  the  world;  common  to  all  the  world. 
Cosmopolitanism,  Cosmopolitism,  koz- 
mo-pol'i-tan-izm,  koz-mop'o-lit-izm,  n. 
The  state  of  being  a  cosmopolitan;  disre- 
gard of  local  or  national  prejudices, 'at- 
tachments, or  peculiarities. 

Cosmorama,  koz-mo-ra'ma,  n.  [Gr.  kos- 
Tnos,  the  world,  horama,  a  view.]  A  view 
or  series  of  views  of  the  world;  an  exhibi- 
tion, through  a  lens  or  lenses,  of  drawings 
or  paintings  of  cities,  buildings,  land- 
scapes, iSic,  with  suitable  arrangements 
for  illumination. — Cosmoramic,  koz-mo- 
ram'ik,  a.    Relating  to  a  cosmorama. 

Cosmos,  koz'mos,  h.  [Gr.  kosmos,  order, 
ornament,  and  hence  the  universe  as  an 
orderly  and  beautiful  system.]-  The  uni- 
verse as  an  embodiment  of  order  and 
harinony;  the  system  of  order  and  har- 
mony combined  in  the  universe.  —  Cos- 
mosphere,  koz'mo-sfsr,  n.    An  apparatus 


for  showing  the  position  of  the- earth  at 
any  given  time,  with  respect  to  the  fixed 
stars. 

Cossack,  kos'ak,  n.  [Bus.  kosak,  Turk. 
kazdk,  a  robber.]  One  of  a  warlike  people, 
very  expert  on  horseback,  inhabiting  the 
steppes  in  the  south  of  Russia,  abouX  the 
Don,  &c. 

Cosset,!  kos'et,  n.  [Comp.  old  cobs,  Icel. 
koss,  a  kiss.J  A  pet;  a.  pet-lamb;  a  lamb 
brought  up  by  hanc^. 

Cost,  kost,  n.  {O.Fr.cost,  from  coster, couster 
tMod.  Fr.  ca&ter),  to  cost,  from  L.  consUxre, 
to  cost — con,  and  stare,  to  stand.  State.] 
The  price,  value,  Or  equivalent  of  a  thing 
purchased;  amount  in  value  expended  or 
to  be  expended;  charge;  expense;  law,  the 
sum  to  be  paid  by  the  party  losing  in 
favour  of  the  party  prevailing,  &c.;  out- 
lay, expanse,  or  loss  of  any  kind,  as  of 
time,  labour,  trouble,  or  the  like;  detri- 
ment; pain;  suffering  (he  learned  that  to 
his  COS*).— v.i.— pret.  and  pp.  cos*.  To  re- 
quire to  be  given  or  expended  in  order  to 
purchase;  to  be  bought  for;  to  require  to 
be  undergone,  borne,  or  suffered:  often 
with  two  objerts  (to  cost  a  person  money 
or  labour).— Costless,  kort'les,  o.  With- 
out cost;  costing  nothing. — Costly,  kost'- 
li,  a.  Of  a  high  price;  costing  much;  ex- 
pensive; dear. — CfostUness,  kost'li-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  costly,  high 
in  price,  or  expensive. 

Costal,  kos'fcal,  a.  IL.  costa,  a  rib.]  Per- 
taining to  the  side  of  the  body  or  the  ribs. 
— Costated,  Costate,  kos'ta-ted,  kos'tat,  a. 
Ribbed;  marked  with  elcvalted  lines. 

Costard,  ko&'t&d,  n.  [Perhaps  originally 
an  apple  for  ewstords.]  An  apple;  hence, 
humorously  for  the  head.  [iS'/iafc.]— Cost- 
ard-monger, n.    A  coster-monger. 

Costean,  kos  te-an,  v.i.  [Corn,  cochas,  drop- 
ped, and  stean,  tin.]  In  mining,  to  seek 
tor  a  lode  by  sinking  small  pits. 

Coster,  Costermonger,  kos't<5r,  kos'tfer- 
mung-ger,  n.  [Originally  costard-manger, 
a  seller  of  apples.]  A  hawker  who  sella 
fruit  or  vegetables. 

Costive,  kos'tiv/a.  [Contr..  fi'om  It.  cos^ 
pativo,  from-L.  constipo,  to  cram,  to  stuiT. 
Constipate.]  Suffering  from  a  morbid 
retention  of  fecal  matter  in  the  bowels,. 
in  a  hard  and  dry  state;  having  the 
bowels  bound ;  constipated.  —  Costtvely, 
kos'tiv-li,  adv.  With  costiveness.  —  Cob- 
tiveness,  kos'tiv-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
costive;  constipation. 

Costmary,  kost'ma-ri,  n.  ■  [L.  cdstus,  Gr. 
kOstos,  an  aromatic  plant,  and  Mary  (the 
Virgin).]  A  perennial  composite  plant,  a 
native  of  the  south  of  Europe,  cultivated 
for  the  agreeable  fragrance  of  the  leaves. 

Costrel,  kos'trel,  n.  [\V.,  from  kosfr,  what 
is  consumed.]  A  small  vessel,  generally 
with  ears  so  as  to  be  suspended,  used  by 
labourers  in  harvest  time;  a  vessel  for 
holding  wine.  ' 

Costume,  kos'tQm,  n.  [Fr.  costume,  custom. 
Custom.]  An  established  mode  of  dress; 
the  style  of  dress  peculiar  to  a  people  or 
nation,  to  a  particular  period,  or  a  parti- 
cular class  of  people;  a  dress  of  a  particu- 
lar style.— Costumed,  kos'tumd,  a.  Wear- 
ing a  costume;  dressed. — Costumier,. Cos- 
turner,  kds-tQ'mi-fer,  kos'tum-Cr,  n.  One 
who  prepares  costumes,  as  for  theatres, 
fancy-balls,  &c. ;  ,one  who  deals  in  cos- 
tumes. 

Cosy,  ko'zi,  a.    Same  as  Cosey. 

Cot,  kot,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cot,  cott,  a  cot,  cnam- 
ber;  Icel.  and  D.  kot,  a  cot,  6.  kot,  kote,  a 
hut;  cote  is  the  same  wosd.  Prom  this 
comes  cottage.J  A  small  house ;  a  hut  or 
cottage;  a  small  bed  or  crib  for  a  child  to 
sleep  in;  naut.  a  sort  of  bed-frame  sus- 
pended from  the  beams; 

Co-tangent,  ko'-tan'jent,  n.  [Complement 
and  tangent.]  The  tangent  of  an  arc  or 
anip'le  which  is  the  complement  of  another, 
that  is,  when  added  to  it  makes  90°. 

Cote,  kot,  n.    [Cot.]    A  shelter  Or  habita- 

.  tion  for  animals,  as  a  dove-cote;  a  sheep- 
fold  {Mil.]U  a  cottage  or  hut. 

Cotemporaneous,  Cotemporaay,  ko-tem'i)o- 
ra"ne-ug,  ko-tem '  po-ra-rL  Contempora- 
neous, Contemporary. 

Co-tenant,  k5-ten'ant,  n.  A  tenant  in 
common. 


Coterie,  ko'te-re,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.L.  coteria, 
an  association  of  villagers,  cota,  a  cottage. 
Cot.]  a  set  or  circle  of  friends  who  are  in 
the  habit  of  meeting  for  social  or  literary 
intercourse  or  other  purposes;  a  clique. 

Coterminons,  ko-t^r'mi-nus,  a.     Contek- 

MINOUS.  •    . 

Cothnmus,  Cothum,  ko-thfir'niis,  ko'thfern, 
w.  [L.  coOvumtis.]  A  buskin;  a  kind  of 
high  laced  shoe,  such  as  was  anciently 
worn  by  tragic  actors;  hence,  yjflr.  tl^igedy. 
— Cothamate,  ko-th6r'nat,  a.  Buskined; 
tragical;  jolemn  and  elevated. 

Cotidai,  ko-ti'dal,  a.  Marking  ah  equality 
of  tides.     . 

Cotillon,  Cotillion,  ko-til'yon,  n.  [Fr.  coti- 
Kojt.]  A  kind  of  brisk  dance;  a  tune  which 
regulates  the  dance. 

Cotqaean,  J  kot'kwen,  n.  A  man  who  busies 
himself  with  the  affairs  which  properly  be- 
long to  women.    [Shak.1 

Co-trostee,  kS-trus-te',  n.    A  joint  trustee. 

Ootswold,  kofs'wold,  n.  A  sheep  of  a  breed 
belonging  to  the  Cotswold  Hills  in  Glou- 
cestershire. 

Cottage,  kot'aj,  n.  [From  €0t.'\  A  cot  or 
small  dwelling-house;  a  small  country  re- 
sidence or  detached  suburban  house,  ad- 
apted to  a  moderate  scale  of  living. — Cot- 
taged,  kot'ajd,  a.  Set  or  covered  wth 
cottages.  —  Cottager,  kot'aj-6r,  n.  One 
,  'Who  lives  in  a  hut  or  cottage.  —  Cottage- 
.piano,  n.  A  small  upright  piano. — Cotter, 
Cottier,  kot'ftr,  kot'i-6r,  n.  A  cottager; 
one  who  inhabits  a  cot  or  cottage,  depen- 
dent upon  a  farm,  haviiJg  sometimes  a 
piece  of  land.  Written  also  CoKar.— Cot- 
tierism,  kot'i-6r-izm,  ».  The  system  of 
holding  a  cottage  with  a  small  portion  of 
land  directly  from  a  proprietor,the  tenancy 
being  annual.  Called  also  Cottier  Tenure. 

Cotton,  kot'n,  n.  [Fr.  coton,  from  Ar.  qoton.\ 
A  soft  do-<vny  substance  resembling  fine 
wool,  growing  in  the  pods  or  seed-vessels  of 
certain  phints,being  the  material  of  a  large 
proportion  of  cloth  for  apparel  and  furni- 
ture; cloth  made  of  cotton. — a.  Pertaining 
to  cottonv  made  of  cotton.— Cottony,  kot'- 
n-i,  a.  Downy  or  soft  like  cotton ;  per- 
taining to  or  resemblfng  cotton. — Cotton- 
gin,  ji.  A  machine  to  separate  the  seeds 
from  raw  cotton.  —  Cotton-grass,  n.  The 
popular  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  several 
species  of  which  are  foimd  in  Britain,  so 
called  from  their  white  cottony  spikes. — 
Cotton -plajit,  n.  A  tropical  perennial 
shrub  of  various  species,  indigenous  to 
both  the  Old  and  the  New  World,  with  a 
three  or  five  celled  capsule,,  which  con- 
tains numerous  black  seeds  covered  with 
the  beautiful  filamentous  cotton. — Cotton- 
press,  n.  A  machine  for  pressing  cotton 
into  bales. — Cotton-wood,  n.  A  tree  of  the 
poplar  genus,  a  native  of  North  America. 
—  Cotton -wool.  n.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  raw  cotton. 

Cotyle,  Cotyla,  kot'i-l5,  kot'i-la,  n.  [Gr. 
kotyle,  a  hollow.]  The  cavity  of  a  bone 
which  receives  the  end  of  another  in  ar- 
ticulation; one  of  the  suctorial  cups  or 
disks  of  the  arms  of  a  cuttle-fish. 

Cotyledon,  kot-i-l6'don,  n.  [Gr.  kotyUdOri, 
from  kotyle,.  a  hollow.]  Bat.  the  seed-leaf; 
the  first  leaf  or  leaves  of  the-embryo  plant, 
forming,  together  with  the  radicle  and 
plumule,  the  embryo.which  exists  in  every 
seed  capable  of  germination;  awat..  atuft 
of  vessels  adhering  to  the  chorion  of  some 
animals.  —  Cotyledonal,  kot-i-l6'do-nal,  a. 
Belonging  to  a  cotyledon ;  resembling  a 
cotyledon.— Cotyledonary,  kot-i-le'do-na- 
ri,  a.  Anat.  having  the  tuft  called  cot.T- 
ledon  [cotyledonary  placenta).  —  Cotyle- 
donons,  kot-i-le'do-nus,  a.  Pertaining  to 
cotyledonsi  having  cotyledons.  —  Cotyli- 
form,  ko-tiFl-form,  a.  Having  the  form  of 
a  cotyle;  cup-shaped.— Cotyloid,  kot'i-loid, 
a.  Cup-shaped;  cotyliform. 

Couch,  kouch,  v.i.  [Fr.  coucher,  O.Fr.  tol- 
cher,  Pr.  colear.  It.  colcare,  from  L.  collo- 
core,  to  lay,  to  place — col  for  cow.and  loeare, 
to  place.]  To  lie  down,  as  on  a  bed  or 
place  of  repose;,  to  recline;  to  lie  or  crouch 
with  body  close  to  the  ground,  as  a  beast; 
to  stoop;  to  bend  the  body  or  back  (O.T.); 

■  to  lie  or  be  outspread  (O.T.).— w.t.  To  lay 
down;  to  spread  on  a  bed  or  floor  (to  couch 
malt);  to  express  in  obscure  terms  that 


ch,  C/\aia;     cA,  Sc.  loc/t;     g,  s^o;     j,;ob;     n,  Pr.  tviw;     ng,  si«(r;     ?h,  lAenj  th,  ttin;     w,.wig;    wh,  wAig;    zli,  asure, 


COUCH-GRASS 


160 


COUNTERSHNE 


iiiijily  what  is  to  be  understood:  with 
u)uicr;  to  tix  a  spear  in  the  re>t  in  the 
}»osture  of  attai;k;  suty.  to  cure  of  catanvct 
lu  the  eye  by  depressing  the  crystalline 
lens.  —  n.  A  bed ;  a  seat  for  repose  or  on 
wliich  one  may  lie  down  undressed ;  any 
place  for  repose,  as  the  lair  of  a  wild  beast, 
&c.;  a  heap  of  steeped  barley  spread  out 
on  a  floor  to  allow  fjerniination  to  take 
place,  and  so  convert  the  grain  into  malt. 
— Couchant,  kouchant,  a.  Lying  down ; 
squattiujj.  ['/Vnra.J— Coucher,  kouch'er,  n. 
Ont-  who  couches. 

Couch-grass,  kouch'gras,  n.  \A  corruption 
of  quitch  or  quick  grass.  |  A  species  of  grass 
which  infests  anible  land,  spreading  over 
a  field  with  great  rapidity,  l)eing  i>ropa- 
gated  both  by  seed  and  by  its  creeping 
root-stock. 

Cougar,  ko'giir,  n.  [Native  name  modified.] 
A  quadruped  of  the  cat  kind,?  or  8  feet  in 
length,  one  of  tbe  most  jiestructive  of  all 
the  animals  of  America,  particularly  in 
the  warmer  parts.  Called  also  Pwna  and 
Red  Tiyer. 

Cough,  kof,  n.  [Imitative  of  the  sound; 
like  1).  kuch,  a  cough;  U.  kcichcn,  keuchen, 
to  pant,  cough. J  A  deep  inspiration  of  air 
followed  by  a  spasmodic  and  sonorous  ex- 
piration, excited-  by  the  sensation  of  the 
presence  of  some  irritating  cause  in  the 
air-passages. — v.i.  To  give  a  cough;  to  ex- 
pel the  air  from  the  lungs  suddenly  with 
noise. — v.t.  To  expel  from  the  lungs  by  a 
violent  effort  with  noise ;  to  expectorate : 
with  up  (to  coimli  up  phlegm). —  Toc(tugh 
down,  to  put  down  an  unpopular  or  too 
lengthy  speaker  by  simulated  coughs. — 
Cougher,  kof'^r,  n.    One  that  coughs. 

Could,  kud,  V ,  pret.  of  ran.  [O.E.  coude, 
A.  Sax.  cdtlie,  pret.  of  cunnan,  to  be  able. 
See  Can.  L'  has  been  improperly  intro- 
duced through  the  influence  of  would  and 
shotdd.l  yVas  able,  capable,  or  suscep- 
tible. 

Coulee,  k8-la,  7i.  [Fr  ,  from  couler.  to  flow.] 
Geol.  a  stream  or  lava,  whether  flowing  or 
consolidated. 

Coulisse,  ko-lcs,  n.  [Fr.]  One  of  the  side 
scenes  of  the  stage  in  a  theatre,  or  the 
sjace  included  between  the  side  scenes. 

Coulter,  kol'ter,  ti.  [L.  culter,  a  knife,  a 
coulter.]  An  iron  blade  or  knife  inserted 
into  the  beam  of  a  plough  for  the  purpose 
of  cutting  the  ground  and  facilitating  the 
separation  of  the  furrow -slice  by  the 
ploughshare. 

Coomarine,  ko'ma-ren,  n.  [From  eouniw- 
on,  a  tree  of  Guiana.)  A  vegetable  prin- 
ciple obtaintd  from  the  Tonka-bean,  used 
in  medicine  and  to  give  flavour  to  the 
Swiss  cheese  called  schabzieger. 

Conncil,  koun'sil,  n.  (Fr.  cmicile,  from  L. 
concilium, — con,  together,  and  root  cal,  to 
summon ;  akin  conciliaU,  rtconcile.  This 
woi-d  is  often  improperly  confounded  with 
counsel.]  An  assembly  of  men  summoned 
or  convened  for  consultation,  deliberation, 
and  advice  (a  common  council,  an  ecumen- 
ical couTicil,  the  privy-counciZ);  act  of  de- 
liberation; consultation,  as  of  a  council. 
—  Cowicil  of  war,  an  assembly  of  officers 
of  high  rank  called  to  consult  with  the 
commander-in-chief  of  an  army  or  ad- 
miral of  a  fleat  on  matters  of  sxipreme  im- 
portance.—Councillor,  koun'sil-er,  n.  The 
member  of  a  council;  specifically,  a  mem- 
ber of  a  common  council  or  of  the  privy- 
council. — Council-board,  n.  The  board  or 
table  round  which  a  council  holds  con- 
sultation; the  council  itself  in  delibera- 
tion or  session.— Council-man,  n.  A  mem- 
ber of  a  city  common  council. 

Counsel,  koun'sel,  n.  [Fr.  conseil,  from  L. 
consilium,  advice,  from  consulo,  to  consult, 
deliberate.  Akin  consult.]  Opinion  or  ad- 
vice, given  upon  request  or  otherwise,  for 
directing  the  judgment  or  conduct  of  an- 
other; consultation;  interchange  of  opin- 
ions; deliberation;  the  secrets  intrusted  in 
consultation;  secret  opinions  or  purposes 
(to  keep  one's  counsel) ;  intent  or  purpose; 
one  who  gives  counsel  in  matters  of  law ; 
any  counsellor  or  advocate  engaged  in  a 
<auseincourt,orthecounseiiors,barristers, 
or  si-rgeants  united  in  the  management  of  a 
case  collectively.— Queen's  tking's)  counsel, 
barristers  appointed  counsel  to  the  crown 


on  the  nomination  of  the  loi-d-rhancellor, 
and  taking  precedence  over  ordinai-y  bar- 
risters.— v.t— counselled,  counselling.  To 
give  advice  or  deliberate  opinion  to,  for 
the  government  of  conduct;  to  advise,  ex- 
hort, warn,  admonish,  or  instruct ;  to  re- 
commend or  give  an  opinion  in  favour  of. 
—Counsellor,  koun'sel-er,  n.  Any  person 
who  gives  tounsel  or  advice;  an  adviser; 
one  whose  profession  is  to  give  advice  in 
law,  and  manage  causes  for  clients;  a 
barrister.  —  Counaellorsliip,  koun'sel-6r- 
ship,  the  office  of  a  counsellor. 

Count,  koiiut,  v.t.  [Fr.  confer,  com,pter, 
from  L.  co»ip«tore,  to  compute.  Compl'te.J 
To  tell  or  name  one  by  one,  or  by  small 
numbers,  in  order  to  ascertain  the  whole 
number  of  units  in  a  collection;  to  reckon; 
to  number;  to  compute;  to  esteem,  ac- 
c-ount,  think,  judge,  or  consider. —  To  count 
out,  to  bring  (a  meeting)  tt>  a  close  by 
numbering  the  members  and  finding  a 
quorum  iiot  present,  as  in  the  House  of 
Commons,  where  this  is  done  by  the 
siwaker.— o.i.  To  be  added  or  reckoned  in 
with  others ;  to  reckon ;  to  rely :  in  this 
sense  w^ith  on  or  upon  (to  count  on  assist- 
ance).— Ji.  The  act  of  numbering;  reckon- 
ing; number;  law,  a  particular  charge  in 
an  indictment,  or  narration  in  pleading, 
setting  forth  the  cause  of  complaint.  — 
Countable,  koun'  ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing counted  or  numbered.  —  Counter, 
koun'ter,  ?i.  One  who  counts,  numbers,  or 
reckons;  that  which  is  used  to  keep  an 
account  or  reckoning,  as  in  games,  such 
as  a  small  plate  of  metal,  ivory,  wood,  &c.; 
a  counterfeit  or  imitation  of  a  coin;  a  regis- 
tering apparatus  or  tell-tale;  a  table  or 
boarJon  which  money  is  counted;  a  table 
in  a  shop  over  which  sales  are  made,  and 
uu  which  goods  are  exposed  for  sale.  — 
Countless,  kount'les,  a.  Not  capa)>!e  of 
being  counted;  innumerable. — Counting- 
house,  m.  A  house  or  room  appropriated 
by  mercantile  men  to  the  ousiness  of 
keeping  their  books,  accounts,  &c. 

Count,  kount,  n.  [Fr.  contte,  from  L.  cotnes, 
comitis,  a  .  ompanion,  a  companion  of  the 
emperor  or  a  king — com  for  con,  with,  and 
stem  of  eo,  itum,  to  go,  seen  also  in  ambi- 
tion, exit,  transit,  perish,  6ic.]  A  title  of 
foreign  nobility,  equivalent  to  the  English 
earl,  and  whose  domain  is  a  county — 
Countess,  koun'tes,  n.  The  wife  of  an  earl 
or  count,  or  a  lady  possessed  of  the  same 
dignity  in  her  own  right. 

Countenance,  koun'te-nans,  n.  [Fr.  con- 
tenance,  demeanour,  way  of  acting  or  hold- 
ing one's  self,  from  contenir,  to  contain. 
Contain.]  The  whole  form  of  the  face;  tne 
features  considered  as  a  whole;  the  visage; 
the  face;  appearance  or  expression  of  the 
face;  favour  expressed  towards  a  person; 
good-will;  support. — In  countenance,  in  fa- 
vour or  estimation;  free  from  shame  or 
dismay. — Out  of  countentmce,  confounded; 
abashed ;  not  bold  or  assured. — v.t. — coun- 
tenanced, countenancing.  To  favour;  to  en- 
courage; to  aid;  to  support;  to  abet. — 
Countenancer,  koun '  te-nan-ser,  n.  One 
who  countenances,  favours,  or  supports. 

Counter,  koun'tfer.adu.  [Fr.  contre,  from  L. 
contra — con,  and  tra,  denoting  direction, 
as  in  vitra,  extra,  vltra.\  In  an  opposite 
direction;  in  opposition ;  contrariwise ;  in 
the  wrong  way  (to  run  counter  to  wishes). 
— a.  Adver-e;  opposite;  opposing;  antago- 
nistic.— n.  Music,  formerly  an  under  part 
serving  for  contrast  to  a  principal  part, 
now  equivalent  to  counter-tenor:  that  part 
of  a  horse  which  lies  between  the  shoulders 
and  under  the  neck. 

Counteract,  koun-tcr-akt',  v.t.  To  act  in 
opposition  to;  to  hinder,  defeat,  or  frus- 
trate by  contrary  agency;  to  oppose,  with- 
stand, contravene,  or  resist. — Counterac- 
tion, koun't6r-ak-shon,  n.  Action  in  op- 
position; hindrance;  resistance  —Counter- 
active, koun't6r-ak-tiv,  a.  Tending  to  j 
counteract.  —  n.  One  who  or  that  which  ' 
counteracts. — Counter-agent, n.  Anything 
which  counteracts  or  acts  in  opposition; 
an  opposing  agent. 

Counter-approach,  koun 'tfer-ap-prOch,  n. 
Fort,  works  thrown  up  by  the  besieged 
to  hinder  the  approach  of  the  besiegers. 

Counter-attraction,  koun't6r-at-trak"shon. 


n.  Opposite  attraction.— Counter-attrac- 
tive, koun'tSr-at-tralr'tiv,  a.  Attmctiug 
in  an  opposite  way. 

Counterbalance,  kowi-tOr-bal'ans,  v.t.  To 
serve  as  a  balance  to;  to  weigh  against  with 
an  equal  weight;  to  act  agaiustwithcqii.il 
power  or  effect. —H.  Equal  weight,  powir, 
or  agency  acting  in  opiK>sitJon  to  any- 
thing; counterpoise. 

Counterchange,  koun't6r-chi1nj,  «.  Ex- 
change; reciprocation.  [i>hak.\—v.t.  To 
give  and  receive;  to  cause  to  make  alter- 
nate changes;  to  alternate.    [Ttnn.] 

Countercharge,  kouu'ter-charj,  n.  Atj  op- 
posite charge.  , 

Cfountercharm,  koun'ter-chiirm,  n.  That 
which  has  the  power  of  dissolving  or  up- 
posing  the  eflect  of  a  charm.— ?;.<.  To  de- 
stroy the  eflect  of  a  charm. 

Countercheck,  koun'ter-chek,  v.t.     To  op-  . 
pose  or  stop  by  some  obstacle;  to  check.— 
n.  Check;   stop;    rebuke;   a  censure  to 
check  a  reprover. 

Qountercurrent,  koun'tor-kur-cnt,  n.  A 
current  in  an  opposite  direction. 

Ccjmterdraw,  koun-ter-dra',  v.t.  To  cojij-, 
as  a  design  or  painting,  by  means  of  a  fine 
linen  cloth,  an  oiled  paper,  or  other  traiis- 
parent  substance,  through  whirh  the 
strijkes  appear  and  are  traced  with  a  i)eu- 
cil. 

Counter -evidence,  koun'tfr-ev-i-dens,  n. 
Evidence  or  testimony  which  opposes  other 
evidence. 

Coimterfeit,  koun '  t6r-fit,  a.  [Fr.  contie- 
fait,  made  to  correspond— eo?iire,  against, 
and  faire,  to  make.)  Made  in  imitation 
of  something  else,  with  a  view  to  pass  the 
false  copy  for  genuine  or  Original;  forged; 
not  genuine;  base;  aisuming  the  appear- 
ance of  something;  false;  spurious;  hyjjo- 
critical. — n.  One  who  pretends  to  be  what 
he  is  not;  an  impostor;  a  cheat;  that  which 
is  made  in  imitation  of  son\ething  with  a 
view  to  defraud  by  passing  the  false  for 
the  true.— I'.J.  To  copy  or  imitate  with  a 
view  to  pass  off  as  original  or  genuine,  to 
make  a  likeness  or  resemblance  of  with  a 
view  to  defraud;  to  forge;  to  imitate  or 
copy  generally;  to  sham  or  preteiid.—  v.i. 
to  feign;  to  dissemble;  to  carry  on  a  fic- 
tion or  deception. — Counterfeiter,  koun'- 
t6r-fit-6r,  n.  One  who  counterfeits;  a  for- 
ger; one  who  assumes  a  false  appearance, 
or  who  makes  false  pretence.-<. 

Counterfoil,  koun'ttr-foil,  n.  [Counter,  and 
foil,  from  L.  folium,  a  leaf.]  A  portion  of 
a  document,  such  as  a  bank  cheque  or 
draft,  which  is  retained  by  the  person 
giving  the  other  part,and  on  which  is  noted 
the  main  particulars  contained  in  the 
principal  document. 

Counterforce,  koun'ttr-fors,  n.  An  oppos- 
ing or  counteracting  force. 

Counter-irritant,  koun'tftr-ir-i-tant,n.  Med. 
an  irritant  substance  employed  to  relieve 
another  irritation  or  inflam  mation  .as  m  us- 
tard,  croton-oil,  Spanish-flies.  —  Counter- 
irritation,  koun'ter-ir-i-t&"shon,  n.  Mtd. 
the  i>roduction  of  an  artificial  irritation. 

Countermand,  koun-ter-mand',  v.t.  I  Fr. 
countremunder  —  contre,  and  mander,  1.. 
mando,  to  command.]  To  revoke,  as  a 
former  command;  to  order  or  direct  in 
opposition  to  an  order  before  given,  there- 
by annulling  it.— n.  A  contrary  order;  re- 
vocation of  a  former  order  or  command  by 
a  subsequent  order. 

Countermarch,  koun-tfr-march',  v.i.  To 
march  back.— n.  A  marching  back ;  a  re- 
turning; a  change  of  measures. 

Cotmtermark,  koun'ter-mark,  n.  An  ad- 
ditional mark  made  for  greater  s-ecurity 
or  more  sure  identification ;  the  mark  of 
the  Gold.^miths'  Company,  to  show  the 
metal  to  be  standard;  a  mark  on  a  coin 
already  stamped  indicating  a  change  of 
value,  or  that  it  had  been  taken  from  an 
enemy ;  an  artificial  cavity  made  in  the 
teeth  of  horses  to  disguise  their  age.— n.t 
To  add  a  countermark  to. 

Countermine,  kouu'tcr-min,  n.  Milit.  a 
mine  sunk  in  search  of  the  enemy's  mine 
or  till  it  meets  it,  to  defeat  its  effect;  Jig. 
a  stratagem  or  project  to  frustrate  any 
contrivance;  an  opposing  scheme  or  plot. 
—v.t.  To  mine  so  as  to  discover  or  destroy 
an  enemy "s  mine;/j>.  to  frustrate  by  secret 


Fiite,  far,  fat,  f^H;     mC,  met,  htr;     pine,  pin;     pote,  not,  mOvej     tCibe,  tub,  byll-,     oil,  pound;     0,  SC-  abwne— the  Fr.  ■' 


COUNTEPvMOTION 


161 


COURT 


and  opposite  measures. —  w.i.  To  maker  a 
count«u'mine;  to  counterplot. 
Countermotion,  koun't6r-mo-shon,  n.  An 
opposite  motion ;  a  motion  counteracting 
another.  —  Countermove,  Countermove - 
ment,  koun'ter-mov,  koun't6r-m<iv-ment, 
71.  A  movement  in  opposition  to  another. 
Counterpane,  koun't6r-pan,  n.  [Prom  older 
counterpoint,  O.Fr.  contrepoinct,  corruptly 
derivecl  from  L.L.  culcita  vuncta,  lit. 
stitched  quilt.  Quilt,  Point.]  A  bed-cover; 
,1  coverlet  for  a  bed;  a  quilt. 
Counterpart,  koun'tsr-piirt,  n.  A  part  that 
answers  to  or -resembles  anotiier,  as  tho 
r.evcral  parts  or  copies  of  an  indenture 
c-jrrespouding  to  the  original;  a  thing  or 
person  exactly  rescinbling  another;  acopy; 
a  duplicate;  the  thing  that  supplements 
another  thing  or  completes  it;  a  comple- 
ment. 

Counterplot,  koun't6r-plot,  v.t.  To  oppose 
or  frustrate-by  another  plot  or  stratagem. 
— n.  A  plot  or  artifice  set  afoot  in  order  to 
oppose  another. 

Counterpoint,  koun'tfer-point,  n.  The  art 
of  writing  music  in  several  distinct  parts 
or  themes  proceeding,  simultaneously,  as 
distinguished  from  harmony,  which  dc- 
Iiends  more  for  its  effect  on  the  composi- 
tion and  progression  of  whole  chords  than? 
on  the  melody, of  each  separate  part;  so 
called  because  the  points  which  formerly 
represented  musical  notes  were  written 
under  or  agUinst  each  other,  on  the  lines; 
often  used,  but  improperly,  as  equivalent 
to  harmony. 

Counterpoise,  koun'ter-poiz,  v.t  To  weigh 
against  with  equal  weight;  to  equal  in 
weight;  to  counterbalance;  to  act  against 
with  equal  power  or  effect;  to  balance. — n. 
A  weight  equal  to  and  acting  in  opposition 
to  another  weight;  equal  power  or  force 
acting  in  opposition ;  state  of  being  in 
equilibrium  Dy  being  balanced  by  another 
weight  or  force. 

Counterpoison,  koun'tfer-poi-zn,  n.  Ono 
poison  that  destroys  the  effect  of  another;' 
an  antidote. 

Counterpressure,  koun'tfer-pre-shQr,  n.  Op- 
posing pressure;  a  force  or  pressure  that 
acts  in  a  contrary  direction. 
Counterproject,  koun't6r-proj-ektj  n.  A 
project  brought  foirward  in  opposition  to 
another. 

Counterproof,  koun'tfer-prof,  n.  An  im- 
pression yielded  by  a  newly-printed  proof 
of  an  engraved  plate,  by  passing  the  proof 
again  through  the  press  with  a  fresh  sheet 
of  paper,  on  which  the  ink  is  thrown  off. 
Counter-revolution,  koun't6r-rev-o-lQ-shon, 
M.,.A  revolution  opposed  to  a  former'one, 
and  restoring  a  former  state  of  things. 
Counterscarp,  koun'tfer-skarp,  n.  Fort,  the 
slope  of  the  ditch  nearest  the  enemy  and 
opposite  the  scarp ;  .the  face  of  the  ditch 
sloping  do^vn  from  the  covered-way." 
Countersign,  koun't6r-sin,  v.t.  To  sign  (a 
document)  formally  or  officially  in  proof 
of  its  genuineness;  to  attest  or  witness  by 
signature.— n.  A  private  signal,  word,  or 
phrase,  given  to  a  guard  with  orders  .to  let 
no  man  i^ass  unless  he  first  give  that  sign; 
a  watchword;  also,  the  signature  of  a  sub- 
ordinate to  a  writing  signed  by  his  su- 
perior, to  attest  its  authenticity.  —  Coun- 
tersignature, koun'tfer-sig-na-tQr,  n.  The 
name  of  a  secretary  or  other  subordinate 
officer  countersigned  to  a  writing.— Conn- 
tersignal,  koun't6r-sig-nal,  n.  A  signal  to 
answer  or  correspond  to  another. 
Countersink,  koun'tfer-singk,  v.t.  To  form 
a  cavity  in  timber  or  other  materials  so  as 
to  receive  the  head  of  a  bolt,  ^crew,  &c., 
and  make  it  flush  with  the  surface;  to  sink 
below  or  even  with  a  surface,  as  the  head 
of  a  screw,  bolt,  &c.,  by  making  a  depres- 
sion "for  it  in  the  material. — n.  A  drill  or 
brace-bit  for  countersinking;  the  cavity 
made  by  countersinking. 
Counter-tenor,  koun't6r-ten-6r,  n.  Mug.  the 
highest  male  adult  voice,having  about  the 
same  compass  as  the  alto  or  contralto, 
with  which  term  it  is  sometimes  coi>- 
founded. 

Countervail,  koun'ter-val,  v.t.  [Ft.  con- 
trevaloir.  Avail.]  To  act  with  equivalent 
force  or  effect  against  anything;  to  bal- 
,ance;  to  compensate;  to  equal. — n.  Equal  | 


weight,  strength, or  value;  compensation; 
requital. 

rountervallation,  n.  Contra vallation.  ■ 
Counterview,  koun't6r-vu,  n.  An  opposite 
or  .opposing  view;  a  posture  in  which  two 
persons  front  each  other;  opposition;  con- 
trast. ■ 

Counterweigh,  koun't6r-wa,  v.t.  To  weigh 
against;  to  counterbalance.  —  Counter- 
weight, koun'ter-wat,  n.  A  weight  in  the 
opposite  scale;  a  counterpoise. 
Counterwheel,  koun't6r-whol,  v.t.  To  cause 
to  wheel  in  an  opposite  direction. 
Counterworh,  koun'tC'r-w6Kk,t).<.  To  work 
in  opposition  to;  to  counteract;  to  hinder 
any  effect  by  contrary  operations.  —  n.  A 
work  in  opposition  or  in  ansv/cr  to  another. 
Country,  kun'tri,  n.  [Fr.  contrce,  from  L.L. 
contrata,  country,  from  L.  contra,  against, 
opposite;  country  being  thus  literally  the 
land  opposite  or  before  us.  Akin  counter, 
adv.,  encounter.]  A  tract  of  land;  a  region; 
the  land  occuincd  by  a  particular  race  of 
people;  r  state;  a  person's  native  or  adopted 
land. — The  cowiiry,  the  rural  parts  of  a 
region,  as  opposed  to  cities  or  towns;  the 
inhabitants  of  a  region;  the  people;  the 
public;  1;he  parliamentary  electors  of  a 
state,  or  the  constituencies  of  a  state,  col- 
lectively.—a.  Pertaining  to  the  country  or 
to  a  district  at  a  distance  from  a  city; 
rural ;  rustic— Countrified',  kun'tri-fid,  a. 
Having  the  air?  or  manner  of  a  rustic. 
—  Countryman,  kun'tri -man,  n.  Ono 
born  in  the  same  country  with  another; 
one  who  dwells  in  tho  country  as  opposed 
to  the  town ;  a  rustic ;  an  inhabitant  or 
native  of  a  region.— C«untrywoman,  kun'- 
tri-WH-man,  n.  A  woman  belonging  to 
the  country,  as  opposed  to  the  town;  a 
woman  born  in  the  same  country;  a  female 
inhabitant  or  native  of  a  region.  —  Cffun- 
try-dance,  n.  [  Country  and  dance ;  not 
from  Fr.  contre-danse,  which  is  a  kind  of 
quadrille.]  A  dance  in  which  the  partners 
are  arranged  opposite  to  each  other  in 
lines. 

County,  koun'ti,  n.  [L.L.  eomitatxia,  from. 
comes,  comiiis,  a  count.  Col'nt.]  Origin- 
ally, the  district  or  territory  of  a  count  or 
earl;  now,  a  district  ot  particular  portion 
of  a  state  or  kingdom,  separated  from  the 
rest  of  the  territory  for  certain  purposes 
in  the  administration  of  justice ;  a  shii'e 
(which  see);  a  count  I ;  an  earl  or  lord  J.— 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  county. — County  toivn, 
the  chief  town  of  a  countyi;  that  town 
where  the  various  courts  of  a  county  are 
held. 

Coup,  kO,  n.  A  French  term  for  stroke  or 
blow,  and  used  in  various  connections,  to 

•  convey  the  idea  of  promptness,  force,  or 
violence.— Coup  d'etat  (kS-da-ta),  a  sudden 
decisive  blow  in  politics;  a  stroke  of  policy; 
specifically,  a  daring  or  forcible  alteration 

•  of  the  constitution  of  a  country  without 
the  consent  or  concun-ence  of  the  people. 
— Coup  de  grace  (kiJd-gras),  the  finishing 
stroke.— Co«p  de  main  (kod-man),  a  sud- 
den attack  or  enterprise. — Coup  d'oeil  (ko- 
dC-y*),  glance  of  the  eye;  a  comprehensive 
or  rapid  view.— Coup  de  soleil  (kod:So-la- 
ye),  sunstroke. 

OovLTp6,  ko-pa,  n'.  [Fr.]  The  front  seats  of  a 
French  diligence;  tho  front  compartment 
of  a  railway  carriage;  a  four-wheeled  car- 
riage carrying  two  inside,  with  a  seat  for 
the  driver  on  the  outside. 
Couple,  kup'l,  n.  [Fr.  couple,  from  L.  cop- 
via,  a  band,  bond,  CMinection.l  Two  of 
the  same  class  or  kind,  connected  or  con- 
'  sidered  together;  a  brace;  a  pair;  a  male 
and  female  connected  .by  marriage,  be- 
trothed, or  otherwise  allied;  mcch.  two 
equal  and  parallel  forces  acting  in  oppos- 
ite directions;  elect,  one  of  the  pairs  of 
plates  of  two  metals  which  com.pose  a 
battery,  called  a  galvanic  or  voltaic  couple; ' 
carp,  one  of  a  pair  of  opposite  rafters  in  a 
roof,  united  at  the  top  where  they  meet. 
— v.t. — coupled,  coupling.  To  link,  chain, 
or  otherwise  connect ;  to  fasten  together; 
to  unite,  as  husband  and  wife;  to  marry. 
—v.i.  To  copulate.  —  Coupler,  kuji'lfir,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  couple^;  specifi- 
cally, the  mechanism  by  which  any  two 
of  the  ranks  of  keys,  or  keys  and  pedals, 
of  an  organ  are  connected  together. — 


Couplet,  kup'let,  n.  Two  verses  or  line* 
of  poetry,  especially  two  that  rhyme  to- 
-  gether;  a  pair  of  rhymes. — Coupling,  kup'- 
ling,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  couples; 
that  which  couples  or  connects;  a  coupler; 
a  contrivance  for  connecting  one  portion 
of  a  system  of  shafting  with  another;  the 
.  chains  or  rods  connecting  the  carnages, 
&c.,  of  a  train.  -^  Coupling-fcox,  n.  The 
box  or  ring  of  metal  connecting  the  con- 
tiguous ends  of  two  lengths  of  shaft  per- 
manently coupled. 

Coupon,  ko'pon,  n.  [Fr.,  from  couper,  to 
cut.]  An  interest  certificate  printed  at 
the  bottom  of  transferable  bonds,  and  so 
called  because  it  is  cut  off  or  detached  and 
given  up  when  a  payment  is  made;  hence, 
generally  one  of  a  series  of  tickets  which 
binds  the  issuer  to  make  certain  pay- 
ments, perforin  some  service,  or  give  value 
for  certain  amounts  at  different  periods, 
in  consideration  of  money  received. 
Coupure,  ke-pQr',  n.  [Fr.,  from  couper,  to 
cut.]  Fort,  an  intrenchment  •  made  by 
the  besieged  behind  a  breach,  with  a  view 
to  protract  the  defence;  also  a  passage  cut 
to  facilitate  sallies. 

Courage,  kur'ij ,  n.  [Fr.  courage,  from  L.  cor, 
the  heart,  whence  also  cordial,  &c.]  That 
quality  of  mind  which  enatjles  men  to  en- 
counter danger  and  difficulties  with  firm- 
ness, or  without  fear;  bravery;  intrepidity; 
valour;  boldness;  resolution;  disposition 
or  frame  of  mind  (5AaA;.)t  — Courageous, 
ku-rajus,  a.  Possessing  or  characterized 
by  courage;  brave;  bold;  daring;  intrepid. 
— Courageously,  ku-ra'jus-li,  adv.  In  a 
courageous  manner.— Courageouanesa,  ku- 
ra'jus-nes,  n. 

Courier,  ko're-^r,  n.  [Fr.  courrier,  from 
courir,  L.  curro,  to  run.]  A  messenger 
serit  express  with  letters  or  despatches; 
an  attendant  on  a  party  travelling  abroad 
whose  especial  duty  is  to  make  all  arrange- 
ments at  hotels  and  on  the  journey. 
Course',  kors,n.  [Fr.  cours,  course,  a  course, 
a  race,  direction,  way,  &c.;  from  L.  eursua, 
L.L.  also  cursa,  from  cun-o,  cursum,  to 
run  (whence  current,  incur,  recur,  &c.).] 
A  running,  race,  flight,  career;  a  moving  or 
motion  forward  in  any  direction;  a  continu- 
ous progression  or  aavance;  the  direction 
of  motion;  the  line  in  which  a  body  moves; 
the  ground  or  path  marked  out  for  a  race; 
continuous  or  gradual  advance;  progress; 
order  of  succession;  stated  or  orderly 
method  of  proceeding;  customary  or  es- 
tablished sequence;  series  of  successive  and 
methodical  proceedings;  systematized<or- 
der  in  arts  or  sciences  for  illustration  or 
instruction  (course  of  studies,  &c.);  way  of 
life  or  conduct;  line  of  behaviour  (to  follow 
evil  courses);  the  part  of  a  meal  served  at 
one  time;  arch,  a  continued  range  of  stones 
or  bricks  of  the  same  height  through- 
out the  face  or  faces  of  a  building ;  naut. 
one  of  the  sails  that  hang  fro'm  a  ship's 
lowest  yards;  pi.  the  menstrual  flux;  cata- 
menia.— i>.t.— co?«'«ed,  coursing.  To  hunt; 
to  pursue;  to  chase;  to  hunt  (hares)  with 
greyhounds ;  to  drive  with  speed ;  to  run 
through  or  over.— ■v.t.  To  move  with  speed; 
to  run  or  move  about. — 0/ course,  by  con- 
sequence; in  regular  or  natural  order; 
naturally;  without  special  direction  or 
provision. — Courser,  kor'sfir,  n.  One  who 
courses;  a  swift  horse;  a  war-horsa:  used 
chiefly  in  poetry;  a  swift-footed  cream- 
coloured  bird  of  the  plover  tribe;  any  bird 
of  the  cursorial  order,  or  runners.  i 

Court,  kort,  n.  [O.Fr.  cort,  court  (Fr.  eour), 
from  L.  cors,  cortis,  contracted  from  co- 
lors, cohortis,  a  yard,  a  court— co  for  coii, 
and  hor,  a  root  seen  in  hortus,  a  garden, 
also  in  garden,  garth.]  An  inclosed  un- 
covered area,  whether  behind  or  in  front 
of  a  house,  or  surrounded  by  buildings;  a 
court-yard;  an  alley,  lane,  close,  or  narrow 
street;  the  place  of  residence  of  a  king  or 
sovereign  prince;  all  the  surroundings  of 
a  sovereign  in  his  regal  state;  the  collec- 
tive body  of  persons  who  compose  the  re- 
tinue or  council  of  a  sovereign;  a  hall, 
chamber,  or  place  where  justice  is  admin- 
istered; the  persons  or  judges  assembled 
for  hearing  and  deciding  causes,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  counsel  or  jury;  any 
judicial  body,  civil,  military,  or  ecclesias- 


t_?it.fftaiwi  ^?A)SCj_lo(!A;^g,  yo;_  j.yob;     »,  Fr.  ton;     ug,  sinj/;     tn,  then;  th,  thiu;     w,  wig;     v/h,  whist.;     jsh.  asnre. 


COUSIN 


162 


COWL 


tical ;  the  sitting  of  a  judicial  assembly ; 
attention  directed  to  a  person  in  power  to 
gain  favour;  civility;  flattery;  address  to 
gain  favour  (to  pay  court  to  a  person). — 
v.t.  To  endeavour  to  gain  the  favour  of  or 
win  over  by  attention  and  address:  to 
flatter;  to  seek  the  affections  or  love  or;  to 
woo;  to  solicit  for  marriage;  to  attempt 
to  gain  by  address ;  to  solicit ;  to  seek  (to 
court  applause);  to  hold  out  inducements 
to;  to  invite.— ti.i.  To  pay  one's  addresses; 
to  \voo.— Courteous,  kor^te-us,  a.  Having 
coui'tly,  refined,  or  elegant  manners;  char- 
acterized by  courtesy;  alfable ;  condescend- 
ing; polite.— Courteously,  k(5r'te-us-li,atJi'. 
In  a  courteous  manner. — Courteousness, 
korte-us-ues,  n.— Courter,  kor'ttr,  n.  One 
who  courts  or  endeavours  to  gain  favour; 
one  who  wooes ;  a  wooer.  —  Courtesan, 
Courtezan,  kOr'te-zan,  n.  A  prostitute.— 
Courtesanshlp,  Courtezanship,  kor'te-zan- 
ship,  n.  The  character  or  practice  of  a 
courtesan.— Courtesy,  kor'te-si,  n.  Polite- 
ness of  manners,  combined  with  kindness; 
polished  manners  or  urbanity  shown  in 
behaviour  towards  others;  an  act  of  civil- 
ity or  respect;  a  movement  of  reverence, 
civility,  or  respect  made  by  a  woman  by 
a  slight  inclination  of  the  body  and  bend- 
ing of  the  knees;  a  curtsey  (in  this  sense 
pronounced  kert'si);  favour  or  indul- 
gence, as  contradistinguished  from  right. 
— Courtesy  title,  a  title  assumed  or  popu- 
larly accorded  and  to  which  the  indivi- 
dual has  no  valid  claim,  as  the  title  mar- 
quis to  the  eldest  son  ot  a  duke,  viscount 
to  the  eldest  son  of  an  earl,  &c.— Courtier, 
kor'ti-er,  n.  One  who  attends  or  frequents  | 
the  court  of  a  sovereign ;  one  who  courts 
or  flatters  another  with  a  view  to  obtain 
favour,  &c.— Cotirtly,  kort'li, a.  Relating 
or  pertaining  to  a  prince's  court ;  refined 
and  dignifieoi;  elegant;  polite;  courteous. 
-Courtliness,  kort'U-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  courtly.  —  Courtsbip, 
kort'ship,  n.  The  act  of  courting  or  soli- 
citing favour;  wooing. — Court-card,  a.  A 
corruption  of  coat-card  (which  see). — 
Court-day,  n.  A  daj'  in  which  a  court  sits 
to  administer  justice.— Court-dress,  n.  A 
dressisuitable  for  an  appearance  at  court 
or  levee. — Court-hand,  n.  The  old  manner 
of  writing  used  in  records  and  judicial 
proceedings. — Court-house,  n.  A  house  in 
which  established  courts  are  held.— Court- 
martial,  TO.  pi.  Courts -martial.  A  court 
consisting  of  militai-y  or  naval  officers,  for 
the  trial  of  military  or  naval  offences. — 
Court-party,  n.  A  political  party  attached 
CO  the  court,  as  opposed  to  the  nation  at 
large.  —  Court-plaster,  n.  A  fine  kind  of 
sticking-plaster.— Court-rolls,  n.pl.  .The 
records  of  a  court.  —  Court-sword,  n'.  A 
slight  dress  sword  worn  at  levees.— Court- 
yard, n.  A  court  or  inclosure  round  a 
house  or  adjacent  to  it. 

Cousin,  kuz'n,-  n.  [Fr.  cousin,  from  L.L. 
cosinus,  for  L.  consobrinus,  a  cousin — con, 
and  sobrinus,  akin  to  soror,  a  sister.  J  The 
son  or  daughter  of  an  uncle  or  aunt ;  in  a 
wider  and  now  less  usual  sense,  one  colla- 
terally related  more  remotely  than  a 
brother  or  sister;  a  kinsman  or  kins- 
woman; a  blood-relation;  a  title  given  by 
a  monarch  to  a  nobleman.— Cousinhood, 
kuz'n-hud,  n.  The  state  of  being  cousins; 
the  individuals  connected  with  a  family 
regarded  collectively.— Cousinly,  kuz'n-b, 
('.  Like  or  becoming  a  cousin.— Cousin- 
salp,  kuz'n-ship,  ri.  The  state  of  being 
cousins;  cousinhood.  —  Cousin-german,  n. 
A  first  or  full  cousin. 

Cove,  kOv,  TO.  [A.  Sax.  edfa,  a  chamber,  a 
cy.ve;  allied  to  Icel.  kofi,,  Sw.  kofwa.  ahnt.] 
A  small  inlet,  creek,  or  bay ;  a  shelterea 
recess  in  the  sea-shore:  arch,  any  kind  of 
toncave  moulding ;  the  concavity  of  a 
■■■■a.u\t.—v.t.-^covsd,  coving.    To  arch  over. 

Covenant,  kuv'e-nant,  to.  [O.Fr.  covenant, 
for  ccmvenarU,  from  L.  eonvenire,  to  agree 
—con,  and  weroio,  to  come.  Convene.]  A 
mutual  consent  or  agreement  of  two  or 
more  persons  to  do  or  to  forbear  some  act 
or  thing;  a  contract;  a  compact;  a  bar- 
gain, arrangement,  or  stipulation;  a  writ- 
ing contaimng  the  terms  of  agreement  or 
contract  between  parties. — v.i.  To  enter 
into  a  fOnnal  agreement;  to  contract;  to 


bind  one's  self  by  contract.— r>.f.  To  grant 
or  promise  by  covenant.  [CT.]— Coven- 
SAtee,  kuv'e-nan-te",  n.  The  person  to 
whom  a  covenant  is  made. — Covenanter, 
kuv'e-nan-tfir,  to.  One  who  makes  a  cove- 
nant; a  term  sijecially  applied  to  those 
who  joined  in  the  Solemn  League  and 
Covenant  in  Scotland,  and  in  particular 
those  v/ho  resisted  the  government  of 
Charles  II.,  and  fought  and  suffered  for 
adherence  to  their  own  form  of  woi-ship. — 
Covenantor,  kuv'e-nan-tor",  n.  Law,  the 
persou  who  makes  a  covenant  and  sub- 
jects liimst;lf  to  the  penalty  of  its  breach. 

Cover,  kuv'er,  v.t.  lO.Pr.  covrir,  Fr.  couvrir, 
from  L.  cooperirc — con,  intens.  ,sndoperi>'e, 
to  cover.]  To  overspread  the  surface  of 
with  another  substance;  to  lay  or  set  over; 
to  overspread  so  as  to  conceal;  to  envelop; 
to  wrap  up:  to  clothe;  to  shelter;  to  pro- 
tect; to  defend;  to  cloak;  to  screen;  to  in- 
vest with;  to  brood  over;  to  be  sufficient 
for;  to  include;  to  comprehend;  to  be 
equal  to;  to  be  co-extensive  with. — to.  Any- 
thing which  is  laid,  set,  or  spread  over 
another  thing;  anything  which  veils  or 
conceals;  a  screen;  disguise;  superficial 
appearance;  shelter;  defence;  protection; 
concealment  and  protection;  shrubbery, 
woods,  underbrush,  &c.,  which  shelter 
and  conceal  game;  the  articles  laid  at 
table  for  the  use  of  one  person — plate, 
spoon,  knife  and  fork,  &c. — Covered-way, 
TO.  Fort,  the  level  space  or  ground  between 
the  top  of  the  counterscarp  or  outer  slope 
of  the  main  ditch  and  the  glacis. — Cover- 
er,  kuV6r-er,  to.  One  who  or  that  which 
covers. —  Covering,  kuv.'er-ing,  n.  That 
which  covers;  anything  spread  or  laid 
over  another,  whether  for  security,  pro- 
tection, shelter,  or  concealment;  clothing; 
dress;  wrapper;  envelope. — Coverlet,  kuv'- 
er-let,  TO.  [O.Fr.  covre-lit,  couvre-lit,  a  bed- 
cover—coirir,  to  cover,  and  lit,  L.  lectus,  a 
bed.].  The  upper  covering  of  a  bed. — 
Coverlid,  kuv'fer-lid,  TO.  A  coverlet.  [Tenn.] 

Covert,  kuvert,  a.  (O.Fr.  covert,  part,  of 
covrir,  to  cover.]  Kept  secret  or  con- 
cealed ;  not  open  {covert  fraud  or  enmity); 
law',  under  cover,  authority,  or  protection. 
—TO.  A  place  which  covers  and  shelters;  a 
shelter;  a  defence;  a  thicket;  a  shady  place 
or  a  hiding-place;  pi.  feathers  covering  the 
bases  of  the  quills  of  the  wing  or  tail  of 
birds.— Covertly,  kuv'6rt-li,  adv.  Secretly; 
in  private;  insidiously. — Covertness,  kuv'- 
6rt-nes,  to.  Secrecy;  privacy. — Coverture, 
kuv'6r-ttlr,  to.  Covering;  shelter;  defence; 
law,  the  state  of  a  married  woman,  who  is 
considered  as  under  the  cover  or  power 
of  her  husband.  —  Covert-way.  Same  as 
Covered-way:  see  under  Cover. 

Covet,  kuv'et,  v.t.  [From  O.  Fr.  coveiter 
(Fr.  convoiter),  from  L.  cupidus,  desirous, 
cupio,  to  desire.]  To  desire  or  wish  for 
with  eagerness;  to  desire  earnestly  to  ob- 
tain or  possess;  to  desire  inordinately;  to 
desire  with  a  greedy  or  envious  longing ; 
to  long  for;  to  hanker  after.— tJ.i.  To  have 
or  indulge  inordinate  desire.— Covetable, 
kuv'e-ta-bl,  a.  That  may  be  coveted.— 
Coveter,  kuv'e-tfer,  to.  One  who  covets. — 
Covetingly,  kuv'e-ting-li,  adv.  With  eager 
desire  to  possess. — Covetous,  kuv'e-tus,  a. 
Very  desirous;  eager  to  obtain;  inordi- 
nately desirous;  excessively  eager  to  ob- 
tain and  possess;  avaricious.- Covetously, 
kuv'e-tus-li,  adv.  With  a  strong  or  inor- 
dinate desire ;  eagerly ;  avariciously.  — 
Covetousness,  kuv'e-tus-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  guality  of  being  covetous;  avarice; 
cupidity;  greediness;  craving. 

Covey,  kuv'i,  to.  (O.Fr.  covee,  Fr.  couvie, 
a  brood,  from  couver,  cover,  to  sit  on  or 
brood,  L.  euhare,  to  lie;  seen  also  in  incu- 
bate.] A  brood  or  hatch  of  birds;  an  old 
fowl  with  her  brood  of  young;  a  small  flock: 
usually  confined  to  partridges. 

Covin,  Covlne,  kuv'in,  to.  [O.Fr.  covins, 
from  L.  eonvenire.  Covenant.]  Law,  a 
collusive  or  deceitful  agreement  between 
two  or  more  to  prejudice  a  third  person; 
deceitful  contrivance.  —  Covinous,  kuv'i- 
nus,  a.    Deceitful;  collusive;  fraudulent. 

Cow,  kou,  TO.  pi.  Cows,  kouz,  old  pi.  Kine, 
kin.  [A.  Sax.  cii,  pi.  c^;  G.  kvh,.  D.  and 
Dan.  koe,  Icel.  Ani;  the  same  root  appears 
in  Skr.  go,  nom.  gaas,  e,  cow,  an  ox.    Kine 


is  a  double  plural,  the  ero  form  as  in  oxen 
being  added  to  the  older  form .  ]  The  general 
term  applied  to  the  females  of  the  bovine 
genus  or  ox,  the  most  valuable  to  man  of 
all  tlie  ruminating  animals,  on  account 
of  her  milk,  flesh,  hide,  &c.— Cow-bane,  to. 
A  kind  of  hemlock,  water-hemlock,  highly 
poisonous,  being  sometimes  fatal  to  cattle 
who  eat  its  leaves.— Cov/-berry,  to.  Red 
whortleberry.- Cow-bunting,  Cow-troop- 
lal,  TO.  An  American  bird  belonging  to 
the  starling  tribe,  remarkable  for  drop- 
ping its  eggs  into  the  nests  of  other  birds 
to  be  hatched.— Cow-catcher,  n.  A  strong 
frame  in  front  of  locomotives  for  remov- 
ing obstruttions.  such  as  strayed  cattle, 
f i-om  the  rails.— Cow-chervil,  Cow-parsley. 
Popular  names  of  several  perennial  herbs 
of  the  carrot  family,  said  to  be  eaten  by 
cattle.— Cow-feeder,  Cow-keeper,  «.  One 
whose  business  it. is  to  feed  or  keep  cdws; 
a  dairyman.— Cow-grass,  Cow-pea,  to.  A 
kind  of  clover  having  bright  red  flowers. 
—Cow-hide,  «.  The  hide  or  skin  of  a 
cow,  made  or  to  be  made  into  leather;  a 
strong  whip  made  of  such  leather.  — 1;.<. 
To  thrash  or  whip  with  a  lash  of  cow-hide. 
—  Cow -parsnip.  A  plant  of  the  carrot 
family,  sometimes  used  in  England  for 
fattening  hogs.— Cow-pox,  ».  A  disease 
which  appears  on  the  teats  of  the  cow  in 
the  form  of  vesicles  or  bUsters,  the  fluid 
or  virus  contained  in  which  is  capable  of 
communicating  the  disease  to  the  human 
subject,  and  of  conferring,  in  the  great 
majority  of  instances,  security  against 
small-pox.— CowsHp,  kou'slip,  re.  [A.  Sax. 
ciX-slyppe,  ai-sloppe,  the  latter  part  of  the 
name  apparently  meaning  dung.]  A  per- 
ennial herb  of  the  primrose  family,  glow- 
ing in  moist  places  in  Britain.  —  Cowslip 
wine,  a  beverage  made  by  fermenting  cow- 
slips with  sugar,  and  used  as  a  domestic 
soporific. — Cow-tree,  to.  A  name  given  to 
various  species  of  South  American  trees, 
which  on  incision  yield  a  rich  milky  nu- 
tritious juice  in  such  abtindance  as  to  ren- 
der it  an  important  article  of  food. 

Cow,  kou,  v.t.  [Dan.  kue.  Icel.  ktiga,  to  de- 
press, subdue,  keep  under.]  To  sink  the 
spirits  or  courage  of;  to  daunt,  dishearten, 
intimidate,  overawe. 

Coward,  kou'erd,  to.  [Fr.  couard.  It. 
codardo,  from  L.  eauda,  a  tail,  the 
name  being  originally  applied  to  the 
timid  hare  from  its  short  tail.]  A  person 
who  wants  courage  to  meet  danger;  a 
poltroon;  a  craven;  a  dastard;  a  faint- 
hearted, timid,  or  pusillanimous  man. — 
a.  Destitute  of  courage;  timid;  of,  pro- 
ceeding from,  or  expressive  of  fear  or 
timidity.— Cowardice,  kou'er-dis,  re.  [Fr. 
couardise.]  Want  of  courage  to  face  dan- 
ger; timidity;  pusillanimity;  fear  of  ex- 
posing one's  person  to  danger. — Cowardly, 
kou'6rd-li,  a.  Wanting  courage  to  face 
danger;  timid;  timorous;  pusillanimous; 
faint-hearted;  mean;  base;  proceeding 
from  fear  of  danger;  befitting  a  coward. — 
adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  coward.— Cow- 
ardliness, kou'erd-li-nes,  to.   .Cowardice. 

Cowdie-pine.    Same  as  Cowrie-pine. 

Cower,  kou'fer,  v.i.  [Same  word  as  Sc.  curr, 
to  squat;  Icel.  kura,  Dan.  kure,  Sw.  kura, 
to  doze,  to  rest;  G.  kauem,  to  cower.]  To 
squat;  to  stoop  or  sink  downward,  as  from 
terror,  discomfort,  &c. 

Cowhage,  Cow -Itch,  kou'flj,  kou'ich,  to. 
[Hind,  kiwanch,  cowhage.]  The  short, 
brittle  hairs  of  the  pods  of  a  leguminous 
plant,  which  easily  penetrate  the  skin, 
and  produce  an  intolerable  itching;  thej' 
are  administered  in  honey  or  treacle  as  a 
vermifuge. 

Cowl,  koul,re.  [A.  Sax.  eufle,  Icel.  kufl,  kcfi. 
Ok  cowl;  comp.  also  O.Fr.  eoule,  from  L. 
euculhia,  a  cowl.]  A  hood,  especially  a 
monk's  hood ;  a  cowl-shaped  covering  for 
the  top  of  a  chimney,  wnich  turns  with 
the  wind;  a  wire  cap  or  cage  on  the  top  of 
an  engine  funnel.  —  Cowled,  kould,  a. 
Wearing  a  cowl;  hooded;  in  shape  of  a 
,  cowl  [cowled  leaf).  \ 

Cowl,  koul,  n.  [O.Fr.  euvel,  dim.  of  euve.  a 
tub,  from  L.  cupa.  Cup.]  A  vessel  to  be 
carried  on  a  pole  betwixt  two  persons,  for 
the  conveyance  of  water.  —  CovtLEtaS,  n. 
Same  as  Colstaff. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftU;  .^me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;  .__tabe,  tub,  b\;H;     oil,  pound;     U,  Sc  abane— -the  Fr.  ]^ 


CO-WORK 


163 


CSAKB 


Co-work,  ko-w6rk',  v.i.  To  work  jointly;  to 

1  co-operate.  —  Co-worker,  ko-w6r'k6r,  n. 
One  that  works  with  another;  a  co- 
operator. 

Cowrie-pine,  Eauri-pine,  kou'ri,  n.  [Native 
name.  J  A  coniferous  tree  of  New  Zea- 
land, yielding  gum-damar,  damar-resin, 
or  ka\xri-guin,  and  having  a  tall  straight 
stem,  rising  to  the  height  of  150  to  200  feet, 
yielding  vsiluable  timber. 

Cowry,  kou'ri,  n.  [Hind,  kauri.]  A  small 
univalve  shell  used  for  coin  on  the  coast 
of  Guinea,  and  in  many  parts  of  Southern 
Asia. 

Coxa,  kok'sa,w.  [L.]  Anat.  the  hip, haunch, 
or  hjp-joint;  entom.  the  joint  of  an  insert's 
limb  which  is  next  the  body. 

Coxcomb,  koks'kom,  n.  [Cock's  comb.]  The 
comb  resembling  that  of  a  cock  which 
licensed  fools  wore  formerly  in  their  caps; 
hence  used  often  for  the  cap  itself;  the  top 
of  the  head,  or  the  head  itself  J;  a  vain 
showy  fellow ;  a  superficial  pretender  to 
knowledge  or  accomplishments ;  a  fop;  a 
dandy.— Coxcombical,  Coxcomioal,  koks- 
kom'i-kal,  a.  Like  or  indicating  a  cox- 
comb; conceited;  foppish.  —  Coxcombi- 
cally,  Coxcomically,  koks-kom'i-kal-li, 
adv.  After  the  manner  of  a  coxcomb;  fop- 
pishly.—Coxcombry,  koks'kom-ri,  n.  The 
manners  of  a  coxcomb;  foppishness. — 
Coxcomicality,  kok8-kom''i-kal"i-ti,  ». 
Coxcombry. 

Coxswain,  n.    Same  as  Cockswain. 

Coy,  koi,  a.  [O.Fr.  coi,  coy,  eoit,  from  L. 
quietus,  quiet.  Quii^t.J  Shrinking  from 
familiarity ;  shy ;  modest ;  reserved  ;  dis- 
tant; backward;  bashful.— Coyish,  koi'ish, 
a.  Somewhat  coy  or  reserved.  —  Coyly,' 
koi'li.  adv.  In  a  coy  manner;  with  disin- 
clination to  familiarity.  —  Coyness,  koi'- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  coy;  bashful- 
ness;  shyness;  reserve;  modesty. 

Coyote,  koi-ot',  koi-o'ta, «.  [Sp.  coyote,  Mex. 
coyotl.]    The  American  prairie-w.olf. 

Ccypou,  Co3Tpti,  koi'pO,  n.  The  native  name 
of  a  South  American  rodent,  beaver-like, 
semi-aquatic  mammal,  valued  for  its  fur. 

Co3rstrei,t  Coystril,t  kois'trel,  kois'tril,  n. 
A  mean,  cowardly,  paltry  fellow.  IShak.] ' 

Cozen,  kuz'n,  v.t.  [A  form  of  cousin;  Fr. 
cotisiner,  to  sponge  upon  people  (under 
pretext  of  relationship),  from  cousin,  a 
cousin.]  To  cheat;  to  defraud;  to  deceive; 
to  beguile.  —  v.i.  To  cheat ;  to  act  deceit- 
fully. —  Cozenage,  kuz'n-fij,  n.  Trickery; 
fraud;  deceit.— Cozener,  kuz'n-<5r,  n.  One 
who  cozens. 

Cozv,  Cozlly.    Same  as  Cosey,  Cosily. 

Crab,  krab,  n.  .[A.  Sax.  erabba=D.  krdb, 
Icel.  krabbi,  Sw.  krabba,  (J.  krabbe,  a  crab;- 
all  perhaps  from  L.  carabus,  Gr.  karabos, 
a  kind  of  crab.]  A  popular  name  for  all 
the  ten-footed,  short-tailed  crustaceans, 
having  their  tail  folded  under  the  body, 
the  two  fore-feet  not  used  for  locomotion, 
but  furnished  with  strong  claws  or  pin- 
cers, and  several  species  being  highly  es- 
teemed as  food;  Cancer,  a  sign  in  the 
zodiac;  a  name  given  to  various  machines, 
as  a  kind  of  portable  windlass  or  machine 
for  raising  weights,  &c. 

Crab,  krab,  n.  {Sw.  krabbdple,  a  crab- 
apple,  perhaps  from  crab,  the  animal,  in 
allusion  to  its  pinching  or  astringent 
juice.]  A  small,  wild,  very  sour  apple;  the 
tree  producing  the  fruit;  asour-teinpered, 
peevish,  morose  personj.  —  Crab-apple,  n. 
A  wild  apple.— Crabbed,krab'ed,  a.  Rough 
or  harsh  as  regards  temper  or  disposition; 
sour;  peevish;  morose;  diificult;  perplex- 
ing; uninviting  (a  crabbed  author). — Crab- 
bedly,  krab'ed-li,  adv. '  In  a  crabbed  man- 
ner; peevishly;  morosely. — Crabbedness, 
krab'ed-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  crabbed.— Cra,b-faced,  a.  Having  a 
sour,  peevish  face.— Crabstlck,  n.  A  walk- 
ing-stick made  of  the  wood  of  the  crab- 
tree.  —  Crab-tree,  w.  The  tree  that  bears 
crabs;  the  wild  apple-tree. 

Crab-oil,  M.  Carap-oil.— Crab-wood,  n.  The 
tree  that  yields  crab-oil  or  carap-oil. 

Crack,  krak,.«.t.  [An  imitative  word;  A. 
Sax.  cearcian,  to  crack;  G.  krachen,  to 
crack;  D.  krak,  a  crack;  Qa^l.knaa,  a  crack, 
ap  rf  a  whip,  &c.]  To  read,  break,  or  burst; 
to  brer.k  partially;  to  break  without  an 
entire  severance  of  the  parts;  to  tbjrow 


out  or  utter  with  smartness  (to  erack  a 
joke) ;  to  snap;  to  cause  to  make  a  sharp 
sudden  noise  (a  whip).— «.i.  To  break  with 
a  sharp  sound;  to  burst;  to  open  in 
chinks;  to  be  fractured  without  quite 
separating  into  different  parts;  to  give 
out  a  loud  or  sharp  sudden  sound;  to 
boast  or  brag:  with  of  (Shak.)t.  —  n.  A 
chink  or  fissure;  a  partial  separation  of 
the  parts  of  a  substance,  with  or  without 
an  opening;  a  burst  cf  sound;  a  sharp  or 
loud  sound  uttered  suddenly;  a  violent 
report;  injury  or  impairment  to  the  intel- 
lect or  to  the  character;  flaw;  blemish;  an 
instant;  a  trice. — a.  Having  qualities  to 
be  piroud  of;  first-rate;  excellent  (a  crack 
regiment,  a  crack  hoi-se).- Cracked,  kiukt, 
p.  and  a.  Burst  or  split;  rent;  broken; 
impaired;  crazy,  as  regards  the  mind. — 
Cracker,  krak'6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
cracks;  a  noisy,  boasting  fellow  {Shak.}; 
a  small  kind  of  firework  filled  with  pow- 
der, which  explodes  with  a  sharp  crack  or 
with  a  series  of  sharp  cracks;  a  small  hard 
biscuit.  —  Crackle,  krak'l,  v.i.—  crackled, 
crackling.  [Dim.  of  cracfc.l  To  make  slight 
cracks;  to  make  small  abrupt  noises,  ra- 
pidly or  frequently  repeated ;  to  decrepi- 
tate. —  Crackling,  krak'1-ing,  ji.  A  noise 
made  up  of  small  cracks  or  reports  fre- 
quentljf  repeated;  the  browned  skin  of 
roaet,  pig ;  a  Idnd  of  cake  used  for  dogs' 
food,  ndade  from  the  refuse  of  tallow- 
melting.— Cracknel,  krak'nel, «  A  hard 
brittle  cake  or  biscuit.— Crack-brained,  o. 
Having  a  disordered  intellect;  insane; 
lunatic;  ma* 

Cracovieime,  kra-ko've-en",»i.  The  favour- 
ite dance  of  the  Polish  peasantry  around 
Cracow;  the  music  for  the  dance,  written 
in  ^  time. 

Cradle,  kra'dJ,  n.  [A.  Sax.  eradel,  cradol; 
perhaps  of  Celtic  originj  A  small  bed, 
crib,  or  cot  in  which  an  infant  is  rocked  ; 
hence,  the  place  where  any  person  or  thing 
is  nurtured  in  the  earlier  stage  of  exis- 
tence ;  something  resembling  a  cradle  in 
construction  or  use,  as  a  case  in  which  a 
broken  limb  is  placed  after  being  set; 
a  rocking  miachine  in  which  gold  is 
washed  from  the  earth,  Ac,  containing 
it;  a  vessel  or  basket  attached  to  a 
line  or  lines  between  a  wrecked  ship  and 
the  shore  for  bringing  off  the  crew  or 
passengers,  &c. — v.t.— cradled,  cradling. 
To  lay  in  a  cradle;  to  rock  in  a  cradle;  to 
compose  or  quiet  by  rocking;  to  nurse  in 
infancy.— y.i.  To  lie  or  lodge  as  in  a  cradle. 
I8hak.] 

Craft,  kraft,  n.  [A.  Sax.  crceft,  craft,  cuii- 
ning,  a  bark,  a  craft:=  G.  Sw.  Icel.  and 
Dan.  kraft,  D.  kracJU,  power,  faculty;  from 
root  of  which  cramp  is  a  nasalized  form, 
akin. to  Skr.  grabh,  to  grasp.]  Cunning, 
art,  "or  skill,  in  a  bad  sense;  artifice;  guile; 
dexterity  in  a  particular  manual  occupa- 
tion; hence,  the  occupation  or  employment 
itself;  manual  art;  trade;  the  members  of  a 
trade  collectively;  navt.  a  vessel:  often  used 
in  a  collective  sense  for  vessels  of  any  kind. 
— Craftleas,  kraftles,  o.  Free  from  craft, 
guile,  or  cunning.  —  Craftsmaa,  krafts'- 
man,  n.  An  artificer;  a  mechanic;  one 
EkUled  in  a  manual  occupation.— Cratta- 
mauship,  krafts'man-ship,  n.  The  skilled 
work  of  a  craftsman.  —  Craftsmarter, 
krafts'mas-tiSr,  n.  One  skilled  in  his  craft 
or  trade.  —  Crafty,  kraf 'ti,  a.  Character- 
ized by,  having,  or  using  craft ;  cunning ; 
wily;  sly;  deceitful;  subtle;  dexterous; 
skilful.  —  Craftily,  kraf'ti-li,  adv.  In  a 
crafty  manner;  cunningly;  slily;  deceit- 
fully; skilfully;  dexterously.- Craftiness, 
krat'ti-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
be 'iig  crafty. 

Crag,  krag,  n.  [GaeL  creag.  It.  eraig,  W. 
careg,  a  rock,  stone.]  A  steep,  rugged 
rock;  a  rough  broken  rock,  pr  point  of  a 
rock;  a  cliff;  oeoZ.  shelly  deposits  in  Nor- 
folk and  Suffolk,  usually  of  ^-ave!  and 
Band,  of  the  older  pliocene  period.— Crag- 
ged,  krag'ed,  a.  Full  of  crcgs  or  brokert 
rocks;  craggy.- Cra^gedness,  krag'ed-nes, 
n. —Craggy, -krag 'i,  a.  Full. of  crags; 
abounding  with  broken  rocks;  nigged  with 
projecting  points  of  rocks.  — Cragfilneas, 
krag'i-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  craggy. 
— Cragsmast,  kragz,  n.     One  who  is  aex- 


terous  in  climbing  or  descending  rocks ; 
one  who  takes  sea-fowls  or  their  eggs 
from  crags. 

Crake,  krak,  n.  [Imitative  of  the  bird's 
cry,  like  croak,  creak;  comp.  li.,crex,  Gr. 
krex,  a  landrail;  Icel.  krdka,  to  Croak,  &c.J 
A  grallatorial  bird  of  various  species  be- 
longing to  the  family  of  the  rails,  the  best 
known  species  being  the  corncrake  or  land- 
rail, t 

Cram,  kram,  v.t.  —  crammed,  cramming. 
[A.  Sax.  crammian,  to  cram;  Dan.  kramme, 
to  crush;  Sw.  kra'ma,  to  press;  akin  cramp.] 
To  press  or-  drive,  particularly  in  filling  or 
thrusting  one  thing  into  another;  to  stuff; 
to  crowd;  to  fill  to  superfiuityj  to  fill  with 
food  beyond  satiety ;  to  stuff;  Jig.  to  en- 
deavour to  qualify  for  an  examination,  in 
a  comparatively  short  time,  by  storing  the 
memory  with  only  such  knowledge  as  is 
likely  to  serve  the  occasion;  to  coach. — v.i. 
To  eat  greedily  or  beyond  satiety;  to  stuff;  • 
to  prepare  for  an  esamination  by  rapidly ' 
storing  the  memory  with  crude  facts.  — 
n.  Information  got  up  hurriedly  for  an 
examination  or  other  special  purpose. — 
Crammar,  kram'fer,  n.  One  who  crams  or 
stuffs;  one  who  crams  in  study. 

Crambo,  kram'bo,  n.  [Origin  doubtful.]  A 
game  in  which  one  person  gives  a  word,  to 
which  another  finds  a  rhyme;  a  word  rhym- 
ing with  another. 

Cramp,  kramp,  n.  [Same  as  D.  kramp, 
Dan.  krampe,  Sw.  kramp,  krampa,  G. 
krampf,  krampe,  cramp,  a  cramp-iron; 
from  root  seen  in  crarti,  crimp,  crumple.] 
The  contraction  of  a  limb  or  some  muscle 
of  the  body,  attended  with  pain ;  spasm ; 
a  fceUng  of  restraint;  a  piece  of  iron 
bent  at  the  end,  serving  to  hold  together 
pieces  of  timber,  stones,  &c. ;  a  cramp- 
iron;  a  portable  kind  of  iron  screw  press 
for  closely  compressing  jthe  joints  of  a 
timber  framework. — v.t.  To  pain  or  "iifect 
with  spasms  oi  cramps;  to  coiiflne,restrain, 
or  hinder  from  action  or  expansion;  to 
fasten,  confine,  or  hold  with  a  cramp  or 
cramp-iron.— a.  Difiicult;  knotty.-^Cramp- 
bone,  n.  The  patella  ol  9  sheep,  so  named 
because  considered  a  charna  against  cramp. 
—Cramp-iron.,  n.  A  piece  of  iron,  bent  at 
each  end,  and  let  into  the  upper  surface  of 
two  pieces  of  stone,  when  their  perpen- 
dicular faces  are  joined  together.— Cram- 
pon, kram'pon,  ».  [Fr.  crampon.]  Bot. 
an  adventitious  j-oot  which  serves  a?  a 
fulcrum  or  support  in  climbing,  as  in  the 
ivy.  —  Crampoon,  kram'pon,  n.  An  iron 
fastened  to  the  shoes  of  a  storming  party, 
to  assist  them  in  climbing  a  rampart;  an' 
apparatus  used  in  raising  timber  or  stones 
for  building,  consisting  of  two  hooked 
pieces  of  iron  hinged  together. 

Cran,  kran,  n.  [Gael,  erann.l  In  Scotland, 
a  measure  of  capacity  for  rresh  herrings, 
as  taken  out  of  the  net,  which  contains  on 
a  rough. average  about  780  herrings. 

Cranberry,  kran'be-ri,  n.  [That  is  craTie- 
berry,  perhaps  because  tne  berries  are 
eaten  by  cranes.]  The  gloT^ose,  dark  red 
berry,  about  the  size  of  a  currant,  pro- 
duced by  several  species  of  small  shrubs 
f -owing  in  peat-bogs  or  swampy  land  in 
urope  ana  North  America;  the  shrub 
producing  this  berry.  Called  also  Moss- 
berry  aiia  Moor-berry. 

Cranch,  kranch.    Craunch. 

Crane,  kran,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cran;  cog.  D. 
kraan,  G.  krahn,  kranich,  Icel.  Irani,  Dan. 
traTie  (with  tr  for  frr),  W.  garan,  Gr.  gera- 
nos,  L.  grus,  the  bird,  also  the  lifting 
apparatus;  from  a  root  gar,  seen  in  L. 
gai'Tio,  Gr.  geryO,  to  call.]  A  large  migrra- 
torjr  grallatonal  bird  of  several  species, 
having  long  slendsr  legs,  a  long  neck,  and 
powerful  wings;  a  machine  for  raising 
great  weights,  and  depositing  them  at 
some  distance  from  their  original  place, 
the  most  common  form  consisting  of  a 
vertical  shaft,  with  projecting  arm  or  jib, 
at  the  outer  end  of  which  is  a  fixed  pulley, 
carrying  the  rope  or  chain  to  receive  the 
weight,  which  is  raised  by  coiling  the  rope 
or  chain  round  a  cylinder;-  a  movable  iron 
ari;^  or  beam  attached  to  the  back  or  side 
of  a  fire-pl»-cs  for  supporting  a  pot  or  ket- 
tle; a  siphon  or  crooked  pipe  for  drnviriog 
liquors  out  of  a  cask . — ».i.— <rra»«ed,c  rv:-u  i-yi.j. 


ch,  cftain; 


jj/pbi__Pj  Fy.  to»;     ng, jing;^_»g,  tfteBLt&t^jftin;^, w,  tgiy^y^Lwh, wMg;     zh,  £uure. 


CRANIUM 


164 


CREATE 


To  stretch  out  one's  neck  like  a  crane; 
hence,  hunting,  to  look  before  one  leaps ; 
to  pull  up  at  a  dangerous  jump.— Cranage, 
krfi'aaj,  ».  The  right  of  using  a  crane  at 
a  wharf,  &c.;  the  sum  paid  for  the  use  of  a 
crane.  —  Orane-lly,  n.  A  dipterous  insect 
having  very  long  legs,  and  lanceolate 
spreading  wings;  the  aaddy-longlegs  is  a 
■well-known  species. — Crane's-bill,  n.  The 
popular  name  given  to  the  species  of 
Creranium,  from  the  long  slender  beak  of 
their  fruit. 

Cranium,  kra'ni-nm,  n.  [li.Ii.  cranium, 
from  Gr.  kranion.]  The  skull  of  an  animal; 
the  assemblage  of  bones  which  inclose  the 
brain. — Cranial,  kra'ni-al,  a.  Kelatiog  to 
the  cranium.  —  Craniofacial,  kra'ni-o- 
fa-shal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  cranium 
and  face.  —  Craniology,  kra-ni-ol'o-ji,  n. 
The  knowledge  of  the  cranium  or  ski;^ll: 
the  art  of  determining  the  intellectual  and 
moral  peculiarities  of  individuals  by  the 
shape  of  theirskulls;  phrenology. — Cranio- 
logical,  kra'ni-o-loj"iJc-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  craniology.  —  Craniologist,  kra-ni-oro- 
jist,  n.  One  who  treats  of  or  is  versed  in 
craniology. — Craniometer,kra-ni-om'et-6r, 
n.  An  instrument  for  measuring  skulls. — 
Craniometrical,kra'ni-o-met"ri-kal,a.  Per- 
taining to  craniometry.  —  Craniometry, 
kra-ni-om'et-ri.  n.  The  art  of  measuring 
skulls.  —  Cranioscopy,  kra-ni-os'ko-pi,  n. 
An  examination  of  the  skull  with  the,  view 
of  discovering  its  distinctive  characters; 
phrenology.— Craniosoopist,  krarni-os'ko- 
pist,  71.  One  skilled  in  cranioscopy;  a  phre- 
nologist. 

Crank, krangk,n.  [AOiedto cringe, crinkle; 
D.  krinkel,  something  bending,  a  curve, 
krinkelen,  to  bend.]  An  iron  axis  with  the 
end  bent  like  an  elbow,  serving  as  a  handle 
fot  communicating  circular  motion  (as 
in  a  grindstone),  for  changing  circular 
motion  into  motion  backwards  and  for- 
wards or  the  reverse  (steam-engine),  or  for 
merely  changing  the  direction  of  motion 
(as  in  bell-hanging);  any  bend,  turn,  wind- 
ing, or  involution:  a  twisting  or  turning 
in  speech.  —  ».i."  To  run  in  a  winding 
course;  to  bend,  wind,  and  turn. 
Cnuok,  krangk,  a.  [A.  Sax.  crane,  weak, 
sick;  D.  and  G.  krank,  Icel.  krankr,  sick, 
ill.]  Liable  to  be  overset,  as  a  ship  when 
she  has  not  sufficient  ballast  to  carry  fuU 
sail;  in  a  shaky  or  crazy  condition;  loose; 
disjointed. — Oran]cnesa,k!'angk'nes,r».  The 
condition  or  property  of  being  crank. — 
Cranky,  krangTa,  a.  Liable  to  overset; 
full  of  crotchets  or  whims;  not  to  be  de- 
pended on;  unsteady;  crazy. 
<a-annog,  kran'og,  n.  [Ii\,  from  crari,  Gael. 
crann,  a  tree,  a  pile.]  The  name  given  in 
Ireland  and  Scotland  to  the  fortified  is- 
lands in  lakes,  or  to  platforms  supported 
by  piles,  which  were  in  use  as  dweULog- 
places  and  places  of  refuge  among  the  old 
Celts;  a  lake-dwelling. 
Cnmn^  kran'i,  n.  JFr.  cran,  a  notch, 
from  L.  erena,  a  notch;  comp.  G.  krinne,- 
a  rent.]  A  sinall  narrow  opening,  fissure, 
crevice,  or  chink,  as  in  a  wall  or  other 
substance.  —  v.i.  To  become  intersected 
with  or  penetrated  by  crannies  or  clefts;  to 
enter  by  crannies  (Shak.).  —  Crannied, 
kran'id,  p.  or  a.  Having  chinks,  fissures, 
or  cranmes. 

Crape,  krap,n.  |Tr.c7i^g,O.Pr.cre«pe,from 
L.  criapvs,  curled.  Crisp.  ]  A  thin  trans- 
parent stuff  like  gauze  made  of  raw  silk 
gummed  and  twisted  on  the  mill,  woven 
without  cros8ing,and  much  used  in  mourn- 
ing, light  shawls,  the  dress  of  the  clergy, 
&c. — w.t.t — craped,  eraping.  To  frizzle  or 
curl;  to  form  into  ringlets. — Crapy,  kra'pi, 
a.    Like  crape. 

Crapulence,  krap'Q-lens,  n.-    [L.  erapria, 

irfcoxication.]  Bmnkenness;  the  sickness 

ncca.sioned  by  intemperance.— Crapnlent, 

Crapulous,  krap'a-lent,  krap'tl-lus,  a.- 

Dnink;  sick  by  intemperance;  connected 

or  associated  with  drunkenness. 

Crach,  krash,  f .t  [Imitative.  Comp.  «raelr, 

cIosA,  crush,  &C.1    To  break  to  pieces  vio- 

lently;  to  dash  with  tumnlt  and  Tiolence. 

— v.i.  To  malce  the  load  mnltifaiioas  sound 

[  of  a  thing  or  things  fallinp;  and  breaking; 

'  or  to  make  any  similar  noise: — n.  The  loud 

sound  ot  a  thing  or  things  falling  and 


breaking;  a  sound  made  by  dashing;  the 
collapse  of  a  commercial  undertaking; 
bankruptcy;  failure. 

Crash,  krash,  n.  [L.  erassvs,  thick.]  A 
coarse  kind  of  linen  cloth,  mostly  used  for 
towels. 

Crasis,  kra'sis,  n.  [Gr.  krasis,  a  mixing.] 
Med.  the  mixture  of  the  constituents  of  a 
fluid,  as  the  blood ;  hence,  temperament; 
constitution;  gram,  a  figure  by  which  two 
different  letters  are  contracted  into  one 
long  letter  or  into  a  diphthong:  called 
aiso  SynareHs. 

Crass,  kras,  a.  Hi.  crassua.']  Gross ;  thick ; 
coarse;  not  thin,  nor  fine:  applied  to  fluids 
and  Bolids;  Jig.  gross;  dense:  stupid;  obtuse. 
— Crassament,  kras'a-ment,  n.  [L.  crasaa- 
mentum.']  The  thick  red  part  of  the 
blood,  as  distinct  from  the  serum  or 
aqueous  part;  the  clot. — Crassitude,  kras'- 
i-tud,  n.  Grossness;  coarseness;  thick- 
ness.— Crassness,  kras'nes,  n.    Grossness. 

Crate,  krat,  n.  [L.  crates,  wicker-work.] 
A  kind  of  basket  or  hamper  of  wicker- 
work,  used  for  the  transportation  of  china, 
glass,  crockery,  and  similar  wares. 

Crater,  kra'tsr,  n.  [L.  crater,  from-  Gr. 
ki-ater,  a  great  cup,  a  Tnixing  vessel,  from 
kerannymi,  to  mix.]  The  orifice  or  mouth 
of  a  volcano,  often  a  circular  cup-like  hol- 
low at  the  top  of  a  volcanic  cone. — Cra- 
teriform,  kra-t6r'i-form,  a.  Having  the 
form  of  a  crater ;  shaped  like  a  goWet. — 
Craterous.t  kra'ter-us,  a.  Belonging^  to 
or  like  a  crater.    [Brovming.] 

Craunch,  kransh,  v.t.  [Imitative,  same  as 
crunch,  ecraneJt.  ]  To  crush .  with  the' 
teeth:  to  crunch. 

Cravat,  kra-vat',  w.  [Ft.  Oravate,  a  Croat, 
and  hence  a  cravat,  because  this  piece  of 
dress  was  adopted  in  the  seventeenth 
century  from  the  Croats  who  entered  the 
French  service.]  A  neckcloth;  an  article 
of  muslin,  silk,  woollen,  or  other  material 
worn  by  men  about  the  neck.— Cravatted, 
kra-vat'ed,  a.    Wearing  a  cravat. 

Crave,  krav,  v.t— craved,  craving.  [A.  Sax. 
crafian,  to  ask=Icel.  krefja,&w.  krdfva, 
Dan.  krwve,  to  crave,  to  ask.]  To  ask  for 
with  earnestness  or  importunity;  to  ask  (a 
thing)  with  submission  or  humility:  to  beg; 
entreat;  implore,  solicit ;  to  call  for,  as  a 
gratification;  to  long  for;  to  require  or 
demand,  as  a  passion  or  api)etite.— w.i.  To 
beg,  ask,  beseech,  or  implore ;  to  long  or 
hajoker  eagerly:  with  /o7:  —  Craver,  kra'- 
vfer,  n.  One  who  craves.— Craving,  kra'- 
ving,  n.  Vehement  or  inordinate  desire; 
a  longing. — a.  Ardently  or  inordinately 
desirous  or  longing.  —  Cravlngly,  kra- 
Ting-li,  adv.  In  an  earnest  or  craving 
manner. 

Craven,  larS'vn,  n.  [O.Fr.  cravaiUer,  to 
overthrow,  from  a  L.L.  crepantare,  from 
L.  crepare,  to  break;  akin  crevice,  crepi- 
tate.'] Formerly  one  vanquished  in  trial 
by  battle,  and  yielding  to  the  conqueror; 
hence,  a  recreant;  a  coward;  a  weakieart- 
ed,  spiritless  fellow. — a.  Cowardly;  base. 

Craw,  kra,  n.  [Of  same  origin  as  Dan.  kro, 
D.  kradg,  G.  kragen,  the  throat,  craw.j 
The  crop  or  first  stomach  of  fowls;  the 
stomach,  in  a  general  sense. 

Crawfish,  n.    OaA-yrisH. 

Crawl,  faftl,  v.i.  [Of  same  origin  as  Sw. 
krdia,  also  krafia,  Icel.  krafla,  Dan.  kravle, 
G.  krabbeln,  to  crawl.]  To  move  slowly 
by  thrusting  or  drawing  the  body  along 
the  ground,  as  a  worm;  to  move  slowly  on 
the  nands  and  knees,  as  a  human  being; 
to  creep;  to  move  or  walk  weakly,  slowly, 
or  timorously;  to  advance  slowly  and 
silly;  to  insinuate  one's  self;  to  gain  favour 
by  obsequious  conduct;  to  behave  meanly 
or  despicably. — n.  The  act  of  crawling; 
slow  creeping  motion,— Crawler,-  kra'lsr, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  crawls;  a 
creeper;  a  reptile;  a  mean,  cringiiig  fel- 
low .^-CrawUngly,  kraling-li,  adv.  In  a 
crawling  nianner. 

Crayfish,  Orawfiidi,  kra'fish,  kr^'fish,  n. 
[A  coiions  corruption  of  comparatively 
modem  origin;  formerly  ereviae,  ereoeyt, 
from  O.Ft.  cremjot,  O.H.G.  Jtreftia,  G.  hnbs 
=crab.  CsAB.]  The  river  lobster,  a  .ten- 
footed  crustacean  found  in  streams,  and 
resembling  the  lobster,  but  smaller;  it  is 
esteemed  as  food. 


Crayon,  kra'on,  n.  [Fr.  crayon,  from  cfrave, 
L.  creta.  chalk,  whence  cre^cexmaA  A 
pencil  or  cylinder  of  coloured  pipe-clay, 
chalk,  or  charcoal,  used  in  drawing  upon 
paper;  a  composition  pencil  made  of  soap, 
resin,  wax,  and  lamp-black,  used  for 
drawing  upon  lithogi-aphic  stones. — v.i. 
To  sketch  with  a  crayon;  hence,  to  sketch 
roughly. 

Craze,  kraz,  v.t. — crated,  craeing.  [Same  as 
Sw.  krasa,  to  crush,  break;  Dan.  krdae,  to 
crackle;  from  soim.d  of  crushing.  Akin 
crush,  crash,  &c,]  To  break  in  pieces, 
grind  or  crushj;  to  put  out  of  oraer;  to 
impair  the  natural  force  or  energy  of ;  to 
derange  the  intellect  of;  to  render  insane. 
— v.i.  To  become  crazy  or  insane;  to  become 
shattered;  to  break  down. — n.  Crazine.'s; 
an  inordinate  desire  or  longing:  a  passion; 
a  wild  fancy  or  notion.— Crazed,  lorazd,  a. 
Broken  down;  impaired;  decrepit;  crazy. — 
Crazy ,kra'zi,a.  Decrepit;  feeble;  shattered; 
unsound :  of  the  body  or  any  structure; 
disordered,  deranged,  weakened,  or  shat- 
tered in  mind. — Crazlly,  kra'zi-li.  adv.  In 
a  crazy  manner. — Craziness,  kra  zi-nes,  ?i. 
The  state  of  being  crazy ;  imbecility  or 
weakness  of  intellect;  derangement. 

Creak,  krek,  v.i.  [Imitative  of  a  more 
acute  and  prolonged  soimd  than  crack; 
comp.  Fr.  criqver,  to  creak;  W.  crecian,  to 
scream.]  To  make  a  sharp  harsh  grating 
sound  of  some  continuance^  as  by  the 
friction  of  hard  substances.- u.t.  To  cause 
to  make  a  harsh  protracted  noise.— )i.  A 
sharp,  harsh,  grating  sound. 

Cream,  krem,  n.  [Fr.  .crime,  from  L.L; 
cremum  (or  crema),  cream— a  word  sug- 
gested by  L.  cremor,  thick  juice  or  broth; 
If.  Sp.  and  Pg.  crema,  cream.]  Any  part 
of  a  liquor  that  separates  from  the  rest, 
rises,  and  collects,  on  the  surface;  more 
particularly,  the  richer  and  butyraceous 
part  of  milk,  which  rises  and  forms  a 
scum  on  the  surface,  as  it  is  specifically 
lighter  than  the  other  part  of  the  liquor; 
the  best  part  of  a  thing;  the  choice  part; 
a  sweetmeat  prepared  from  cream  (as,  ice 
cream). — Cream  of  tartar,  the  scum  of  a 
boiling  solution  of  tartar;  a  salt  obtained 
from  the  tartar  or  arzol  that  forms  on 
the  inside  of  wino,  casks,  frequently  em- 
ployed in  medicine. — v.t.  To  skim;  to  take 
the  cream  oif  by  skimming;  to  take  off  the 
best  part  of.  —  v.i.  To  gather  cream;  to 
gather  a  covering  on  the  surface;  to  flower 
or  mantle.  [Shak.}  —  Creamy,  kre'nii,  a. 
Full  of  cream;  having  the  nature  of  or  re- 
sembling cfeam. — Creaminess,  krc'mi-nes, 
».  The  state  or  quality  of  being  creamy.— 
Cream-cake,  n.  A  cake  filled  with  custard 
made  of  eggs,  cream,  &c.— Cream-cheese, 
n.  A  cheese  from  curd  made  with  milk 
to  which  a  certain  quantity  of  cream 
is  added.— Cream-coloured,  a.  Having  or 
resembliijg  the  colour  of  cream. — Cream- 
faced,  a.  White;  pale ;  having  a  coward 
look.  [SRcJt.]  —  Cream-laid,  o.  A  term 
appUed  to  laid  paper  of  a  cream  colour.- 
Cream-nut,  n.  The  fruit  commonly  called 
Brazil-nut  — Cteam-'pot,  n.  A  vessel  for 
holding  cream  at  table. — Cream-wove,  a. 
A  term  applied  to  wove  paper  of  a  cream 
colour. 

Crease,  kres,  n.  [Of  Celt,  origin;  same  as 
Armor,  krie,  a  wrinkle,  a  plait.]  A  line 
or  mark  made  by  folding  or  doubling 
anything;  hence,  a  simSlar  mark,  how- 
ever produced ;  specifically,  the  name 
given  to  certain  lines  marking  boundaries 
near  the  wickets  in  the  game  of  cricket.— 
v.t— creased,  creasing.  To  make  a  crease 
or  mark  in,  as  by  folding  or  doubling.— 
Crea£y,  kre'si,  a.  Full  of  creases;  charac- 
terized by  creases.  .[Tenn.] 

Crease,  kres,  n,    [Malay.]   A  Malay  dag- 


,  Creosote,  kre'a-sCt,  kre'S-sSt,  n. 

[Or.  kreas,  flesh,  and  s6ier,  preserver.] 
.-Aft  oily,  heavy  colourless  liquid  obtained 
Jifeom  wood-tar ;  It  has  a  sweetish  buTning 
''  taste  and  a  strong  smell  of  peat-smoke,  is 

a  powerfol  anf  iseptie,  and  is  used  in  snr- 

jBjMy  and  medicine. 
'  rattue,  kre-at',  v.t. — enated,  ereatxng.    [L. 

ereo,  ereatum,  to  create;  same  root  as  Skr. 

lerti  to  sMlce.j   To  t>rodace  from  nothing; 

to  rning  into  beingt  to  cause  to  exist;  to 


r&to,  t&e,  fat,  tfjll;     mft,  met,  her,  ^  pine,  pin;     nOto,  not,  mOve;  ^  taibo,  tab,  ImViW-Oil*  pound;     %  Be  ab«ne-the  Fr.  u. 


CREATIC 


165 


CREST 


xnalce  or  form,  by  investing  wiiii  q.  new 
character;  to  constitute;  to  appoint '(to 
create  a  peer);  to  be  the  occasion  or;  to  bring 
about ;  to  cause ;  to  produce  {create  a  dis- 
turbance).—Creatable,  kr5-a'ta-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  created.  —  Creation,  kr6-a'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  creating,  producing, 
or  causing  to  exist;  especially,  the  act  of 
bringing  this  world  into  existence;  the  act 
of  investing  with  a  new  character ;  ap- 
pointment; formation;  the  things  created; 
that  which  is  produced  or  caused  to  exist; 
the  world;  the  universe.  —  Creatlonal, 
kre-a'shon-al,  a.  Pertairdngto creation. 
—  Creative,  kr6-5'tiv,  a.  Having  the 
power  to  create,  or  exerting -the  act  of  crea- 
tion.—Creator,  kre-a'ter, ».  [L.)  One  who, 
or  that  'which,  creates,  produces,  causes, 
or  constitutes;  distinctively,  the  almighty 
Maker  of  ail  things.— Creatorship,  kr5-a - 
t6r-8hip,  n.  The  state  or  condition  of  a 
creator.  —  CreatreBs,  kre-at'res,  n.  She 
who  creates,  produces,  or  constitutes. — 
Creature,  krS'tar,  n.  [O.Fr.  creature, 
L.L.  creatura.]  Anything  created  J;  a 
thingt;  a  created  being;  any  living  being; 
a  human  being,  in  contempt  or  endear- 
ment; a  person  who  owes  his  rise  and  for- 
tune to  another;  one  who  is  entirely  sub- 
ject to  the  will  or  influence  of  another ; 
a  mere  tool.— a.'  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
body  (creature  comforts).  —  Creatnrely.f 
kre'tdr-li,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  crea- 
ture.—Creatureshlp,!  kre'tfUf-ship,  w.  The 
state  of  a  creature. 

Creatic,  krs-at'ik,  a.  [Qr.  kreas,  Jereaios, 
fiesh.^  Relating  to  flesh  or  aniraal.food. — 
Creatm,  kre'a-tin,  n.  —  Creatinln,  kre-at'- 
in-in,  n.  Substances  obtained  from  animal 
flesh  by  chemical  processes. 

Creche,  krash,  n.  [Fr.l  An  institution  or 
establishment  where,  lor  a  small  payment, 
children  are  fed  and  taken  care  of  during 
the  day,  in  cases  where  the  mothers  daily 

djo  from  home  to  Work, 
redence,  kre'dens,  n.  [L.L.  credentia,  be- 
lief, from  L.  credena,  credentis,  pp.  of 
credo,  to  believe.  Creed.]  Reliance  on 
evidence  derived  from  other  sources  than 
personal  knowledge,  as  from  the  testimony 
or  others;  belief  or  credit  (to  give  a  story 
credence);  the  small  table  by  the  side  of 
the  alfiar  or  communion  table,  on  which 
the  bread  and  win©  are  placed  before  they 
are  consecrated:  called  also  Credence-table. 
— Oredendwn,  l5r5-den'dum,  n.  pi.  Creden- 
da,  kre-den'da.  [L.]  A  thing  to  be  believed^ 
an  article  of  faith.— Credent,!  kre'dent,  a. 
Believing;  giving  credit;  easy  of  belief; 
having  credit;  not  to  be  questioned. 
[iSftd*.]— Credential,  kre-den'shal,  n.  That 
which  gives  a  title  or  claim  to  confldencet; 
pi.  testimonials  or  documents  given  to  a 
person  as  the  wajyant  on  which  belief, 
credit,  or  authority  is  claimed  for  him 
among  strangers,  such  as  the  documents 
given  to  an  ambassador  when  sent  to  a 
foreign  court. 

Credible,  kred'i-bl,  a.  f L.  credibiiis.]  Ca- 
pable of  being  believed :  puch  as  one  may 
believe;  worthy  of  credit,  reliance,  or  con- 
fidence as  to  truth  and  correctness:  applied 
to  persons  and  things.— Credibility,  Cred- 
Ibleneas,  kred-i-bil'i-ti,  kred '  i-bl-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  credible. 

— Credibly,  kred'j-bli,  adv.  In  a  credible 
manner;  so  as  to  command  belief  (to  be 
credibly  informed). 

Credit,  kred'it,  n.  [Fr.  credit;  L.  creditum. 
Creed^.']  Reliance  on  testimony;  belief; 
faith :  trust ;  good  opinion  founded  on  a 
belief  of  a  man's  veracity;,  integrity,  abil- 
ities, and  virtue;  reputation  derived  from 
the  confidence  of  others;  esteem;  honour; 
what  brings  some  honour  or  estimation; 
reputation  for  commercial  stability  or 
solvency;  the  selling  of  goods  or  lending 
of  money  in  confidence  offuture  payment: 
trust;  book-keeping,  the  side  of  an  account 
in  which  payment  or  other  item  lessening 
the  claim  against  a  debtor  is  entered:  op- 
posed to  debit;  the  time  given  for  payment 
lor  goods  sold  on  trust.- d.<.  To  believe;  to 
confide  in  the  truth  of;  to  sell,  or  lend  in 
confidence  of  future  pa^^ment;  to  trust;  to 
enter  upon  the  credit  side  of  an  account; 
to  give  credit  for.  —  Letter  of  credit,-  an 
orda:  given  by  bankers  pt  others  at  one 


place  to  enable  a  specified  person  to  re- 
ceive money  from  their  agents  at  another 
place.— Creditable,  kred'i-ta-bl,  a.  Accom- 
panied with  reputation  or  esteem;  the 
cause  of  credit  or  honour;  honourable; 
estimable.— CrGditability.Creditablenezs, 
kred'i-ta-bil"i-ti,  kred'i-ta-bl-nes,  ti.  The 
quality  of  being  creditable.— :<5reditably, 
kred'i-ta-bli,  adv.  Reputably;  with  credit; 
without  disgrace.— Creditor,  kred'i-t^r,  n. 
[L.]  One  who  gives  goods  or  money  on 
credit;  one  to  whom  money  is  due;  one 
having  a  just  claim  for  money:  correlative 
to  debtor. 

Credulous^  kred'a-lus,  o.  [L.  credidus,  from 
credo^  to  oelieve.]  Apt  to  believe  withojit 
Buflioient  evidence ;  unsuspecting ;  easily 
deceived.— Crednlovjly,  kred'a-lus-li,  adv. 
"With  credulity.— Credulousness,  Creduli- 
ty, kred'O-lus-hes,  kre-da'U-ti,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  or  being  credulous ;  dis- 
position or  readiness-  to  believe  without 
sufficient  evidence. 

Creed,  krsd,  n.  [A.  Sax.  credo,  from  L. 
Credo,  I  believe,  the  first  word  of  the 
Apostles'  Creed,  whence  also  credence, 
credit,  credib  le.  also  orant,reereant.]  A  brief 
and  authoritative  summary  of  the  articles 
of  Christian  faith;  hence,  a  statement  or 
proifession  of  fundamental  points  of  belief; 
a  system  of  p'rinciples  of  any  kind,  which 
are  believecl  or  professed. 

Creek,  kxek,  n.  [A.  Sax.  crecca,  a  creek,  a 
bay;  D.  kreek,  Icel.  kriki,  a  crack,  a  corner; 
akin  to  croofc.]  A  small  inlet,  bay,  or 
cove;  a  recess  in  the  shore  of  the  sea  or  of 
a  river;  a  small  river;  a  brook  (jn  this 
sense  chiefly  American).— Creeky,  kreTd, 
a.    Containing  creeks;  full  of  creeks. 

Creel,  krel,  n.  [Gael,  craidhleag;  same 
root  as  cradle.']  An  osier  basket  or  pan- 
nier; specifically,  a  large  deep  fish-baiket 
for  carrying  on  tne  back. 

Ci'eep,  krep,  «.i.  pret.  &  pp.  crept.  [A.  Sax. 
cre&pan  =  D.  kndpen,  Icel.  krjiipa,  Sw. 
krypd,  Dan.  kryoe,  to  creep  or  crawl; 
akm  cripple,  cramp.']  To  move  with  the 
belly  on  the  ground  or  any  surface,  as  a 
reptile,  or  as  many  insects  with  feet  and 
very  short  legs;  to  crawl;  to  move  along 
a-  surface  in  growth  (as  a  vine);  to  move 
slowly,  feebly,  or  timorously;  to  move 
slowly  and  insensibly,  as  time;  to  move 
secretly  or  insidiously;  to  move  or  behave 
with  extreme  ser^alit.y  or  humiUty;  to 
cringe;  to  fawn;  to  have  a  sensation  such 
as  might  be  caused  by  worms  or  insects 
creeping  on  the  skin.— Creeper,  kre'p^r,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  creeps;  a  creeping 
plant,  which  moves  along  the  surface  of 
the  earth,  or -attaches  itself  to  some  other 
body,  as  ivy;  an  instrument  of  iron  with 
hooks  or  claws  for  dragging  the  bottom 
of  a  well,  river,  or  harbour;  a  popular 
name  of  birds  which  resemble  the  wood- 
peckers in  their  habits  of  creeping  on  the 
stems  of  trees  in  quest  of  insect  prey.— n. 
The  act  of  creeping,  or  moving  slowly  and 
insensibly.— Creepnole,  krep'hol,  n.  A  hole 
for  hiding  in;  a  subteif uige;  an  excuse. — 
Creepia^ly,  kr5'ping-li,  adv.  By  creeping; 
slowly:  in  the  manner  of  a  reptile. 

Creese,  kres,  n.  A  crease  or  Malay  dagger. 

Cremate,  kre-mat',  v.t. — cremated,  cremat- 
ing. [L.  cremo,  crematnin,  to  bum.]  To 
bum;  to  dispose  of  (a  human  body)  by 
burning  instead  of  interring.— Cremation, 
kre-ma'shon,  n.  The  act  or  custom  of 
cremating;  the  buniing  of  a  dead  body 
instead  of  burial.— Creinationist,  kr5-ma'- 
shon-ist,  n.  One  who  favours  the  practice 
of  cremation.  —  Crematory,  kre'ma-to-ri, 
a.  Connected  with  or  employed  in  crema- 
tion. 

Cremona,  kre-mo'na,  n.  A  general  name 
given  to  the  unrivalled  violins  made  at 
Gremona  in  North  Italy  in  the  seventeenth 
and  eighteenth  centiories. 

Cremor,  kre'mor,  n.  [L.]  A  creamy  liquor, 
or  substance  resembling  cceam. 

Crenate,  Crenated,  kre'nat,  kre'narted,  a. 
pj.  crenatus,  notched,  crena,  a  notch.] 
Notched;  indented;  scalloped;  hot.  applied 
to  a  leaf  having  its  margin  cut  into  even 
andronnded  notches  or  scallops.— Crena- 
tnre,  kre'na-ttir,  n.  A  tooth  of  a  crenate 
leaf,  or  any  other  part  that  is  crenate. 

Crenelle,  kre-nel',  n.    [O.Fr.  crenel,  from 


L.  crena,  a  notch.]  An  embrasure  in  an 
embattled  parapet  or  breastwork  to  fire 
through;  an  indentation;  a  notch.  —  Cre- 
nellate,  kre'nel-lat,  v.t.  To  furnish  with 
crenelles  or  similar  openings;  to  embattle. 
— Crenellation,  kr6-nel-la"shon,  n.  'Itie 
act  of  orenellating;  a  crenelle  or  indcnta- 
tion.— Crenulate,  Crenulated,  kre'nfi-lat, 
kre'nu-la-ted,  a.  Having ,  the  edge  cut 
into  very  small  scallops,  as  a  leaf  or  a 
shell. 

Creole,  krS'ol,  n.  [Fr.  crdole,  Sp.  crioUo: 
said  to  be  of  Negro  origin.]  .A  native  of 
the  West  Indies  or  Spanish  America,  but 
not  of  indigenous  blood:  sometimes  re- 
stricted to  descendsmts  of  Europeans. — 
Creolean,  krS-o'le-an,  o.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  Creoles. 

Creosote,  kre'o-s5t,  n.    Creasote. 

(Srepitate,  krep'itat,  v. i.— crepitated,  crepi- 
tating. [L.  crepito,  crepitatum,  freq.  from 
crepo,  to  crackle  (whence  crevice).]  I'o 
burst  with  a  small  sharp  abrupt  sound 
rapidly  repeated,  as  salt  in  fire  or  during' 
calcination;  to  crac'ide;  to  snap.  —  Crepit- 
ant, krep'i-tant,  a.  Relating  to  the  sound 
of  the  lungs  in  pneumonia;  crackling. — 
Crepitation,  krep-i-ta'shon,  n.  A  sharp 
crackling  sound  or  rattle,  as  of  dried  tw  igs 
or  salt  thrown  on  the  fire;  or  such  as  is 
produced  by  the  lungs  in  pneumonia. 

Crept,  krept,  pret.  &  pp.  ot  creep. 

Crepuscular,  kr5-pus'ku-l6r,  a.  [L.  cvepiit- 
culvm,  twilight.]    Pertaining  to  twilight; 

f;limmering;  flying  or  appearing  in  the 
wilight  or  evening,  or  before  sunrise,  as 
certain  insects. 

Crescendo,  kre-shen'do.  [It.]  Mus.  a  term 
signifying  that  the  notes  of  the  passage 
are  to  be  gradually  swelled:  usually  writ- 
ten Ores.,  and  marked  thus  -< 

Crescent,  kres'ent,  a.  [L.  crescens,  cresceniis, 
from  cresco,  to  grow,  seen  also  in  increase, 
decrease,  accrue,  concrete,  &c.]  Increasing; 
growing;  waxing.  iMil.i — n.  The  increas- 

•  ing  or  new  moon,  which,  when  receding 
from  the  sun,  shows  a  curving  rim  of  li^ht 
terminating  in  points  or  horns;  anything 
shaped  like  a  new  moon,  as  a  range  of 
buildings  whose  fronts  form  a  concave 
curve ;  the  figure  or  likeness  of  the  new 
moon,  as  that  borne  in  the  Turkish  flag 
or  national  standard;  the  standard  itself, 
and  figuratively,  the  Turkish  power. — 
Cresceuted,  kres'en-ted,  a.  Adorned  with 
a  crescent ;  shaiied  like  a  crescent. — Crea- 
csntic,  kre-sen'tik,  a.    Crescent-shaped. 

Cress,  kres,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ccgrse,  crease  —  D. 
kers,  Qr.  kresse',  Sw.  karse.]  The  name  of 
various  plants,  mostly  cruciferous,  in  gen- 
eral use  as  a  salad,  such  as  water-cress, 
common  in  streams,  and  having  a  pun- 
gent taste ;  garden  cress,  a  dwarf  culti- 
vated species;.  Indian  cress;  a  showy  gar- 
den annual  whose  fruits  are  made  into, 
pickles.— Cressy,  kres'i,  o.  Abounding  in 
cresses.    [Tenn.] 

Cresselle,  kre-sel'.  n^  [Fr.  crkelle.]  A 
wooden  rattle  used  in  some  Roman  Catho- 
lic countries  during  Passion  Week  instead 
of  bells. 

Cresset,  kres'et,  n.  [O.Fr.  crusset,  crasset; 
akin  to  E.  cruse,  G.  kruse,  a  jar.]  A  term 
most  commonly  applied  to  a  lamp  or  fire- 
pan suspended  on  pivots  and  carried  on 
a  pole,  or  to  a  beacon  light  in  a  kind  of 
iron  basket;  also  a  large  lamp  formerly 
hung  in  churches,  &c. 

Crest,  krest,  n.  [O.Fr.  cresie,  L.  crista,  a 
crest.]  A  tuft  or  other  excrescence  upon 
the  top  of  an  animal's  head,  as  the  "comb 
of  a  cock,  &c.;  anything  resembling,  sug- 
gestive of,  or  occupying  the  same  relative 
positioii  as  a  crest,  as  the  plume  or  tuft  of 
feathers,  or  the  like,  affixed  to  the  top  of 
the  helmet ;  Tier,  a  figure  placed  upon  a 
wreath,  coronet,  or  cap  of  maintenance 
above  both  helmet  and  shield;  the  foamy, 
feather-like  top  of  a  wave;  the  highest 
part  or  summit  of  a  hill,  ridge,  slope,  or 
the  Uke;  the  rising  part  of  a  horse's  neck; 
fig.  pride,  high  spirit,  courage,  daring 
(Shak.).—v.t.  To  furnisn  with  a  crest;  to 
perve  as  a  crest  for;  to  adorn  as  with  a 
plume  or  crest.- Cf  ested,  kres'ted,  a.  Fur- 
nished witlj  a  crest  or-  crests.  —  Crestless, 
krestles,  a.    Without  a  crest;  without  a 

.  family  crest,  and  hence  of  low  birth 


ch,  cftain;'    C.6,  Sc.  looft;     g,  ffo;     3,  job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinfii;     sh, /Aen;  th,  <Mn; .    w,  tvig;     wh,  wAig;     zh,  asure, 


CRETACEOUS 


166 


CBITIC 


(SAofc.).— Orest-folles;  a.  Dejected;  sunk; 
bowed;  dispirited;  cpiritless. 
Oret&ceooa,  kre-ts.'8Das,a.  [L.  erttaavt, 
from  creta,  chalk.]  Composed  of  or  bav- 
iu?  the  qualities  of  chalk ;  Uke  chalk ; 
abounding  with  ch&Ik;  chalky.  —  Creto- 
c£ous  group,  ingeol.  the  upper  strata  of  the 
jjecoadaxy  series,  immediately'  below  the 
tertiary  series,  and  superincumbent  on 
the  oolite  etystem,  containing  immense 

Crctia,  krS'tin,  n.  [Pr.  eritin.']  A  name 
^iven  to  certain  deformed  and  helpless 
rdiots  iQ  the  valleys  of  the  Alps.— Cretin- 
ism, kre'tin-iaiD,  n.  '  TThe  state  of  a  cretin; 
a  pecul^  endemic  disease  resembling 
ri'-jiets,  but  accompanied  ■with  idiocy, 
common  in  Switzerland,  and  found  also  m 
come  other  mountainous  countries. 

Cretonne,  kre-ton',  n.  [Fr.]  A  cotton  cloth 
with  various  textures  of  surface  prjnted 
with  pictorial  and  othgr  pat|em£,  and 
used  fc*  curtains,  covering  rumiture,  &c. 

Oreutzer,  kroit's^r,  n.    Kreotzer. 

Crevaaao,'  kre-vas',  n.  [Fr.  ereoaste.  Cre- 
vice.] A  fissure  or  Tent:  generally  applied 
to  a  fissure  acroea  a  gl&ier,  and  in  the 
United  ^tes  to  a  breach  in  the  embank- 
ment ota  river. 

Cfevice,  krev'is,  n.  [Fr.  erevMse,  from 
crever,  L.  ertpare,  to  burst,  to  crack;  akin 
craven,  crepUaie,  deerepit.'i  A  crack;  a 
cleft;  a  fissure;  a  crajany;  a  rent— ti.t.  To 

CT&C&a  to  fl&W 

Orew,  krO,  n.   [From  O.  loeL  kri,  a  swarm; 

'  or  for  old  aeerue,  number  add&i,  company. 
Accrue.]  A  coinpany  of  people;  an  assem- 
blage;^ a  crowd;  a -band;  a  gang;  a  herd; 
a  horae;  a  company;  the  company  of  sea- 
,men  who  man  a  strip,  vessel,  or  boat;  the 
compaay  belonging  to  a  vessel. 

Orew,  kr8,  pret.  of  crow.    .   ■        '    - 

Orewel,  kr»'el,  n.    [Prom  D.  lend,  a  curL] 

I A  kind  of  fine  worsted  or  thread  of  silk  or 
wooL  used  in  embroidery  and  fancy  work. 

Crib,  krib,  n.  [A  Sax.  cm,  mfc&,  D.  kribbe, 

•Dan.  krybbe^  loel.  and  Sw.  krvbba,  G. 
TcriTMie,  a  enb.l  A  small  habitation  or 
cottage;  a  hovel;  the  manger  or  rack  of  a 
stable  or  hou^  for  cattle;  a  feeding-place 
for  cattle :  a  small  frame  or  bed  for  a 
child  t6>leep  iif ;  a  theft,  or  the  thing 
stolen  (colloq.);  a  literal  translation  of  a 
classic  futhor  for  the  use  of  students 
(colloq.);  in  the  game  of  cribbage,  a  set  of 
cards,  made  up  of 'two  thrown  from  the 
hand  of  each  player. — v. t.— crabbed,  erib- 
bino:  ■  To  shut  or  confine  in  a  narrow 
habitation;  to  cage  {Shak.);  to  pilfer  or 
j>uiioin(jfolloq.).— Cribbage,  krib'fij.n.  A 
gMtffe  at  Jsards  played  with  the  whole  pack 
by  "two,  three,  or  four  persons:  so  called 
tiecaiise  the  dealer  receives  a  crib,  or  addi- 
tional hand  partly  drawn  from  the  hands 
of  his  opponent  or  opponents.— Ctibbage^ 
hoard,  a  Doard  'used  for  maxking  in  tne 
game  of  cribbage. 

Cribble,  kribl.'rv.  VL.  cribellum,  difii.  of 
vribrum,  a  sieve.]  A  corn-sieve  or  riddle; 
coarse  flour  or  meaL — v.t. — criibled,  crib- 
bUng.  T.o  sift;  to  can^  to  pass  through  a 
sieve  or- riddle.— Cribrate,  Cilbrose,  kri'- 
brSt,  kii'brSs,  a.  (L.  crtbrum,  a  sieve.] 
Perforated  like  a  sieve.— Cribrition,  kri- 
bra'shon,  n.  The  act  of  sifting  or  riddling. 
— Crlbriiorm,  krib'ri-form,  a.  Resembling 
a  ^£Se-oE-riddle:  pierced  with  holes. 

Gick,  krik,  n.    [Akin  to  crook.}    A  si>a8- 

'modic  aSiection  of  some  part  of  the  body, 
as  of  the  neck  or  back,  maiHng  motion  of 
the  part  difficult. 

Cricket,  krik'et,  n.  -[O.Fr.  criqwt,  from  its 
sharp  creaking  sound ;  comp.  D.  kriek,  a 
cricket,  krieken,  to  chirp.  Akin  creak, 
crock.']  An  orthopterous  insect  of  several 
species,  nearly  amed  to  the  grasshoppers, 
noted  for  the  chirping  or  creaking  sound 
produced  by  the  friction  of  the  baiss  of  its 
wing-cases  against  each  other. —Cricket- 
bird,  n.  The  grasshopper  warbler,  so  nailed 
from  its  note  resembling  that  of  a  cricket. 

Cricket,  krik'et,  n.  [A.  Sax.  eric,  a  stafF, 
crutch.]  A  favourite  open-air  game  played 
generally  by  two  parties  or  sides  of  eleven 
each,  with  oats,  ball,  and  wickets.  —  v.i. 
To  engage  in  the  game  of  cricket.— Crick- 
eter, n.    One  who  plays  at  cricket. 

Cricoid,  kri'koid,  a.    [Gr.  krikos,  a  ring, 


and  eidog.  anwaranoe.]  Ring-like;  applied 
to  a  round  ring-like  cartilage  of  the  larynx . 

Crier,  kri'fer,  n.    Under  Cky. 

Crime,  krim,  n.  [Fr.  crime,  L.  crimen,  an 
accusation,  a  cnme;  allied  to  eemo,  to 
sift,  cribrum,  a  sieve;  Gr.  krirUf,  to  sepa- 
rate, judge,  condemn.]  A  violation  of  a 
lawwhether  human  or  divine;  specifically, 
a  gross  violation  of  law,  as  distingaished 
from  a  misdemeanour,  trespass,  or  other 
slight  offence;  any  great  wickedness  or  ini- 
quity:  a  foul  wrong;  offence. — Orimefnl,! 
krim'nU,  a.  Criminal;  wicked.  iShak.}— 
Crimeless,  krimles,  a.  Free  from  crime; 
innocent. — CriTntnr.l,  krim'i-nal, «.  Guilty 
of  a  crime;  calpable;  wicked;  iniquitous; 
atrocious;  abandoned;  villainous;  feloni- 
cus;  nefsricus;  partaking  of  the  nature  of 
a  crime;  involving  a  crime;  that  violates 
public  law,  divine  or  human;  relating  to 
crime:  opposed  to  civU. — Criminal  conver- 
sation, in  Za@  adultery;  illicit  intercourse 
with  a  married  woman.  —  n.  A  person 
guilty  of  cripae;  a  person  indicted  or 
charged  with  a  public  offence  and  found 
guil^;  a  culprit;  a  malefactor.— Crlmlnal- 
firt,  knm'i-nal-i6t,.n.  -An  authority  in 
criininal  law;,  one  versed  in  criminal  law. 
—Criminality,  Crimlsalness,  kxim-i-nal'i- 

■  ti,  kriin'i-nal-nes,  n.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  criminal;  tthat  which  constitutes 
a  crime;  guiltiness.- Crimia&Uy,  krim'i- 
nal-li,  adv.  In  a  criminal  OT  wicked  man- 
ner.—  Criminate,  ktim'i-nat,  v.t. — crimin- 
ated, criminating.  [L.  eriminor,  crivUn- 
atvs.]  To  accuse  6r  charge  with  a  crime; 
to  involve  in  a  crime  or  the  consequences 
of  a  crime.— Oriminatioii,  krim-i-nft'sbon, 
n.  The  act  of  criminating;  accusation; 
charge.— OrtminatiTe,  Crlinuiatoi^,krim'- 
i-na-tiv,  krim'i-na-to-ri,  a.  Relating  to  or 
involving  crimination  or  accusation ;  ac- 
cusing. 

Crimp,  krimp,  ».*.  [A  lighter  form  of  eromp; 
D.  krimpen,  DaiL  krympe,  G.  krimpen,  to 
shrink;  akin  cnimple.'i  To  curl  or  crisp, 
as  the  hajjf;  to  flute  Or  make  regular  ridges 
on.  as  on  a  frill;  to  crimple;  to  pinch  and 
hold;  to  seize;  hence,  to  decoy  for  service 
in  the  army  or  navy  (see  noun) ;  cookery, 
to  gash  the  flesh  of  a  live  fish  with  aknif& 
to  give  it  greater  hardness  and  make  it 
more  crisp. — n.  One  who  decoys  another 
into  the  naval  or  military  service;  one 
who  decoys  sailors  by  tr^atuig,  advancing 
money,  boarding  and  lodging.giving  goods 
on  credit,  &c.,  and  when  he  has  them  ta 
his  power,  induces  them  to  engage  with  a 
shipmaster  whom  it  is  the  cnmp'a  inter- 
est to  serve.— Crimping-iron,  n.  An  iron 
for  curling  the  hair. — Crlmplng-maciine, 
n.  A  machine  for  forming  a  kind  of  plait- 
ing or  fluting  on  frills  or  ruffles.- Crim^e, 
knm'pl,  v.t. — crimpled.  erimpling.  [Dim. 
of  crimp.']  To  contract  or  draw  together; 
to  cause  to  shrink;  to  curl;  to  cnmp. — 
Crimper,  krim'p6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  crimps;  a  name  of  various  machines. 

Crimp,  krim p.a.  [Probably  allied  to  crtimd.] 
Easily  crumbled;  friable;  brittle. 

Crimson,  krim'zn,n.  [O.Fr.  cramoiein^tcora. 
L.L.  carmamrMS,  from  Ar.  kermez,  qvrmiz, 
the  kermes  insect,  which  yields  the  dye; 
akin  carmine.]  A  deep  red  colour;  a  rich 
red  slightly  tinged  with  blue;  a  led  colour 
in  general.  —  a.  Of  a  deep  red  colour. — 
v.t.  To  dye  with  crimson;  to  make  red. — 
ti.t.  To  become  of  a  crimson  colour;  to  be 
tinged  with  red;  to  blush. 

Crinal,  kri'nal,  a.  [L.  eriiM,  hior.]  Belong- 
ing to  hair. 

Cringe,  krinj,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  erinyan,  crinean, 
to  cringe,  succumb,  from  root  of  crank, 
crinkle,  &c.]  To  bend  or  crouch  with  ser- 
vility: to  fawn;  to  make  court  by  mean 
compliances. — n.  A  mean  or  fawning  obei- 
sance.-f.t.  J  To  contract;  to  draw  toge- 
ther; ta  distort.  [SAofc.]  — Cringellng, 
krinj'ling,  n.  One  who  cringes  meanly. — 
Cringer,-krin'jSr,  n.  One  who  cringes  or 
bows  and"  flatters  with  servility.  —  Cring- 
ingly,  krin'jing-li,  adv.  In  a  cringing 
manner. 

Cringle,  kring'gl,  n.  [D.  kring,  krinkel,  a 
curl,  bend,  ring;  Icel.  kringla,  an  orb,  from 
kringr,  a  circle;  A.  Sax.  hring,  a  ring. 
Akin  ring,  cringe.]  A  withe  for  fastening 
a  gate;  naut.  an  iron  ring,  or  a  short  rope 


worked  into  the  boit-roi)c  of  a  sail  so  &?  to 
form  a  ring  or  eye,  &o. 

Cxislte,  kri'nit,  o.  [L.  erimtua,  from  crini^, 
hair.]  Having  the  appearance  of  a  tuft 
of  hairt;  bot.  having  tufts  of  long  weak 
hairs  on  the  surface. 

Crinkle,  kring'kl,  v.t. — crinkled,  crinkling. 
np.  krinkelen,  to  turn  or  wind;  akin  crank.] 
To  turn  or  wind;  to  bend;  to  wrinkle;  to 
run  in  and  out  in  little  or  short  bends  or 
turns;  to  curl. —  v.t.  To  form  with  short 
turns  or  wrinkles;  to  make  with  many 
flexures. — n.  A  wrinkle;  a  winding  or 
turn;  sinuosity. 

Crinoid,  kri'noid, »».  [Gr.  krinon,  a  lily,  and 
(id08,  likeness.]  •  A  lily-star  or  sp^-lily; 
one  of  an  order  of  echinoderms  hsvins 

'  star-shaped  bodies,  supported  by  a  iong, 
slender,  calcareous  jointed  stem;  most  oi 
the  species  are  fossil.— Crinoid,  (hi&oidal, 
kri'hoid,  kri'noi-dal,  a.  Containing  or  con- 
sisting of  the  fossil  remains  of  crinoids. 

Crinoline,  kiin'o-lin,  n.  [Fr.,  from  crin, 
L.  crinis,  hair.]  An  article  of  female  at- 
tire, coDsistiDg  of  a  skirt  stiffened  in  some 


ram,  and  sphinx.]  A  sphinx  having  the 
head  of  a  ram. 

Qripple,  krip'l,  n.  [A  Sax.  cry  pel— Gr. 
kriippd,  Icel.  kryppxl,  a  cripple,  D.  fcrer*- 
pel,  lame;  fnJm  stem  of  creep.]  One  who 
nalts  or  Umps;  one  who  has  lost  or  never 
enjoyed  the  use  of  his  Hmbs;  a  lame  per- 
son.— a.  Lame. — v.t. — crippled,  crippling. 
To  disable  by  injuring  the  limbs,  particu- 
larly the  legs  or  feet;  to  lame;  to  deprive  of 
the  power  of  exertion ;  to  disable  (a  crip- 
pled fleet). 

Calsis,kri'siE,  n.  pi.  Crises,  kri'sSz.  [L.  crisis. 
Gr.  krisis,  from  the  root  of  krino,  to  sepa- 
rate, to  determine.  Crime.]  J?he  change 
of  a  disease  whifch  indicates  recovery  or 
death;  the  decisive  state  of  things,  or  the 
point  of  time  when  an  a&tir  has  reached  its 
height,  and  must  soon  terminate  or  suffer 
a  materiial  change k turning-point;  con- 
juncture. 

Crisp,  krisp,  a.  [A  Sax.  crisp,  crips,  from 
L.  erispus,  curled,  crisp.]  Curling  in  small 
stiff  or  firm  curls ;  indented  or  winding  t ; 
easily  broken  or  crumbled;  brittle;  friable; 
possessing  a  certain  degree  of  firmness  and 
freshness;  fresh;  brisk;  effervescing  or 
foaming;  sparkling. — v.t.  T()  curl;  to  con. 
tract  or  form  into  ringlets;  to  wrinkle 
or  curl  into  little  undulations;  to  ripple. 
— v.i.  To  form  little  cuj-la  or  undulations; 
to  curl.  [Tenn.]  —  Crispate,  kris^pat,  a. 
Having  a  crisped  appearance.  —  Crisper, 
kris'p6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  crisps 
or  curls;  an  instrament  for  friezing  or 
crisping  cloth.— Crisply,  krispli,  adv.  In 
a  cnsp  manner.  —  Cri^ness,  knsp'nes,  n. 
State  of  being  crisp.— Crispy,  kria'pi,  a. 
Curled;  formed  into  ringlets;  brittle;  dried 
so  as  to  break  short.— Crisping-Iron,  Criep- 
ing-pin,  n.    A  curiing-iron.   . 

Crispin,  kris'pin,  n.  A  coUoquial  name  for 
a  shoemaker,  from  Crispin  or  Crispinvs, 
the  patron  saint  of  the  craft. 

Cristate,  Crlstated,  kris'tat,  kris'ta-ted,  a. 

SL.  cristatus,  from  crista,  a  crest.]  JBot. 
laving  an  appendage  like  a  crest  or  tuft,  as 
some  anthers  and  flowers;  crested;  tufted. 

Criterion,  kri-t€'ri-on,  n.  pi.  Criteria,  kri- 
te'ri-a.  [Gr.  kriterion,  from  root  of  krino, 
to  judge.  Crime.]  A  standard  of  judging; 
any  established  law,  rule,  principle,  or 
fact  by  which  a  correct  judgment  may  be 
formed. 

Critic,  krit'ik,  n.  [L.  criiicus,  Gr.  'kriUkos, 
from  kritSs,  a  judge,  from  krino,  to  judge. 
Crime.]  A  person  sldlled  in  judging  of 
the  merit  or  literary  works ;  a  judge  of 
merit  or  excellence  in  the  fine  arts  gener- 
ally; a  writer  whose  chief  function  it  is  to 
pass  judgment  on  matters  of  literature 
and  art;  a  reviewer;  one  who  judges  with 
severity;  one  who  censures  or  nnds  fault. — 
Critical,  krit'i-kal.a.  Relating tocriticism; 
belofiging  to  the  art  of  a  critic;  passing 
judgment  upon  literary  and  artistic  mat- 
ters ;  inclined  to  make  nice  distinctions ; 
nicely  judicious ;  exact ;  fastidious ;  in- 
clined to  find  fault  or  to  judge  with  se- 
verity ;  Tned.  pertaining  to  the  crisis  or 


'Fate,  far, fat,  f^ll;  _me,  met,  h^     piuc,  pin;     iiSta,  not.  i^iuve;     t&be,  tub,  b\)ll ;     oil,  pound;     U,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  n. 


CRIZZEL 


167 


CE0S3 


tiiroing-point  of  a  disease;  pertaining  to 
any  cripis;  decisive;  important,  as  regrards 
consequences  (a  critical  time  or  juncture); 
momentous;  attended  with  danger  or  risk; 
dangerous:  hazardous  (a  critical  undertak- 
ing K— Critically,  kri'tik-al-li,  adv.  In  a 
critical  manner;  with  nice  discernment  or 
scrutiny;,  at  the  crisis;  at  the  exact  time; 
in  a  critical  situation,  place,  or  condi- 
tion.—Criticalnesa,  krit'i-kal-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  critical.— Criticaster,  Icrit'i- 
kas-t6r,  71.  A  small  or  inferior  critic. — 
Criticise^  Imt'i-siz,  v.i.— criticised,  criticis- 
ing. To  judge  critically,  estimating  beau- 
ties and  defects;  to  pick  out  faults;  to  utter 
censure.— f.i.  To  examine  or  judge  critic- 
ally; to  notice  beauties  and  blemishes  or 
faults  in;  to  pass  judgment  on  with  re- 
spect to  merit  or  blame;  to  animadvert 
upon.  Also  written  Criticize.  —  Critlcis- 
aSle,  krit'i-si-za-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
criticised.— Criticiier,  krit'i-si-zer,  n.  One 
who  criticises;  a  critic. — Criticism,  krit'i- 
sizm ,  n.  The  art  of  judging  with  propriety 
of  the  beauties  and  faults  of  a  literary  per- 
formance or  of  any  production  in  the  fine 
arts ;  the  art  of  judging  on  the  merit  of 
any  performance ;  a  critical  judgment ;  a 
detailed  critical  examination;  a  critique. 
—Critique,  kri-t5k',  n.  fFr.]  A  written 
estimate  of  the  merits  of  a  performance, 
especially  of  a  literary  or  artistic  perfor- 
mance; a  criticism. 

Crizzel,  Grizzle,  krizl,  n.  A  roughness  on 
the  surface  of  glass  which  dulls  its  trans- 
parency. 

Croak,  krok,  v.i.  [Purely  imitati%'e,  like 
M.H.G.  kroehzen,  <x.  krdchzen,  Pr.  croas- 
ser,  L.  crocire,  crocitare,  Gr.  krozein,  to 
croak.]  To  make  a  low,  hoarse  noise  in 
the  throat,  as  a  frog,  a  raven,  or  crow;  to 
produce  any  low  harsh  sound;  to  speak 
with  a  low,  hollow  voice;  to  forebode  evil; 
to  complain;  to  fumble.— v.*.  To  utter  in 
a  low  hollow  voice ;  to  murmur  out ;  to 
announce  or  herald  by  croalting.— n.  The 
low,  harsh  sound  uttered  by  a  frog  or  a 
raven,  or  a  like  sound.— Croaker,  kro'kfir, 
Ji.  One  that  croaks,  murmurs,  or  grum- 
bles; one  who  complains  unreasonably; 
one  who  takes  a  desponding  view  of  every- 
thing; an  alarmist.  —  Croaking,  Croaky, 
kro'king,  kryki,  a.  Having  or  uttering  a 
low  harsh  sound;  hoarse;  grumbling. 

Crochet,  kro'sha,  re.  [Pr.,  dim.  of  croc,  a 
hook.]  A  species  of  knitting  performed  by 
means  of  a  small  hook,  the  material  being 
worsted,  cotton,  or  silk. — v.t.  To  knit  in 
this  style. 

Crock,  krok,  n.  [A.  Sax.  crocca^D.  kruik, 
Icel.  kirukka,  Dan.  krukke,  G.  krug,  an 
earthen  vessel,  pitcher.]  An  earthen  ves- 
sel; a  pot  or  pitcher;  the  soot  or  sijiut  from 
pots,  kettles,  &c.  —  Crockery,  krok'6r-i,  re. 
Earthenware;  vessels  formed  of  clay,  glaz- 
ed and  baked. 

Crocket,  krok'et,  n.  [Akin  to  crocTtet  or  to 
crook.]  An  architectural  ornament,  usu- 
ally in  imitation  of  curved  and  bent  foli- 
age, &c.,  placed  on  the  angles  of  the  in- 
clined sides  of  pinnacles,  canopies,  gables, 
&c.;  one  of  the  terminal  snags  on  a  stag's 
horn. 

Cropodile,  krok'3-dil,  n.  [L.  crocodilws,  Gr. 
krokodeilos.]  A  large'  aquatic  reptile  of 
the  lizard  kind,  sometimes  reaching  the 

'  length  of  30  feet,  and  having  a  long  and 
powerful  tail  flattened  at  the  sides,  the 
body  covered  with  square  bony  plates;  the 
jaws  long,  and  thegape  of  enormous  width; 
the  best  known  species  haunt  the  Nile. — 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  or  like  a  crocodile. 
— Crocodile  tears,  false  or  affected  tears:  in 
allusion  to  the  old  fiction  that  crocodiles 
shed  tears  over  their  victims.  —  Crocodil- 
ean.  Crocodilian,  krok-o-dil'e-an,  krok-o- 
dil'i-an,  a.  Relating  to  the  crocodile.— 
Crocodilian,  n.    A  reptile  of  the  order 

;  iCrocodilia)  which  includes  the  true  croco- 

■  dile,  the  alligator;  the  gavial,  &c. 

Crocus,  kro'kus,  n.  [h.  crocus,  Gr.  krokos, 
saffron,  also  the  c^-ocris.]  A  beautiful  genus 

1  of  European  plants,  consisting  of  many 
hardy  species,  some  of  which  are  vernal 
and  others  autumnal,  and  are  well  known 
in  gardens,  the  flowers  appearing  before 

Ithe  grass -like  leaves;  saflron,  the  long 

lorange-reddish  stigmas  of  an  autumnal 


species  dried;  the  conuncrcial  name  of  a 
red  or  deep  yellow  polishing  powder  made 
with  oxide  of  iron. 

Croft,  kroft,  n.  [A.  Sax.  croft,  a  field;  D. 
kroft,  a  hillock,  CD.  krocht,  a  field.]  A 
small  piece  of  inclosed  ground  adjoining 
a  dweUing-house,  and  used  for  pasture, 
tillage,  or  other  purposes;  a  very  small 
farm.— Crofter,  krof'tfir,  re.  One  who  cul- 
tivates a  croft. 

Cromlech,  krom'lek,  n.  [W.  cromlech— 
crom,  b^nt,  concave,  and  llech,  a  flat  stone.] 
An  ancient  structure  (probably  a  sepul- 
chral monument)  consisting  of  two  or  more 
large  unhewn  stones  fixed  upright  in  the 

ground  supporting  a  large  nat  stone  in  a 
orizontal  position. 

Crone,  kron,  n.  [Formerly  eronp,  from  D. 
karonie,  a  hussy,  a  slut,  lit.  a  carrion. 
Carrion.]  A  contemptuous  term  for  an 
old  woman.— Crony,  .laro'nl,  n.  A  crone  J; 
an  intimate  companion;  an  associate;  a 
familiar  friend. 

Crook,  krOk,  n.  [Same  &b  Icel.  krdkr,  Sw. 
krok,  Dan.  krog,  a  hook  or  crook;  D.  hiik, 
a  crutch:  comp.  W.  crwg,  Gael,  crocan,  a 
qro6k,  a  nook.  Akin  crutch,  crouch.]  Any 
bend,  turn,  or  curve ;  curvature ;  flexure ; 
any  bent  or  curved  instrument;  especially, 
a  shepherd's  stafi',  curving  at  the  end,  or 
the  staff  of  a  bishop  or  abbot,  fashioned  in 
the  form  of  a  shepherd's  staff,  as  a  symbol 
of  his  sway  over  and  care  for  his  flock ;  a 
pastoral  staff;  a  small  curved  tube  applied 
to  a  trumpet,  horn,  &c.,to  change  its  key; 
an  artifice;  a  trick.- v.t  To  bend;  to  turn 
from  a  straight  Une;  to  make  a  curve  or 
hook.— v.i.  To  bend  or  be  bent;  to  be  turned 
from  a  straight  Une;  to  curve;  to  wind. — 
Crocked,  kro'ked,  a.  Deviating  from  a 
straight  line;  bent,  curved,  or  winding; 
wry  or  deformed;  deviating  from  the  path 
of  rectitude;  perverse,  deceitful,  devious, 
or  froward.  —  Crookedly,  krO'ked-li,  cuiv. 
In  a  crooked,  curved,  or  perverse  manner. 
— Crookedness,  krO'ked-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  crooked. 

Croon,  Isron,  v.t.  and  i.  [Imitative  of  sound; 
D.  kreunen,  to  groan,  to  lament.]  To  sing 
in  a  low  humming  tone;  to  hum;  to  utter 
a  low,  continued,  plaintive  sound. 

Crop,  krop,  re.  [A.  Sax.  crop,  top,  biinch, 
craw  of  a  bird;  D.  krop,  G.  krop/.  a  bird's 
crop;  Icel.  kroppr,  a  hump,  buncn.]  The 
first  stomach  of  a  fowl;  the  craw;  that 
which  is  cropped,  cut,  or  gathered  from  a 
single  field ;  the  quantity  of  a  particular 
kind.of  grain,  fruit,  Ac,  obtained  from  a 
single  field  or  in  a  single  season;  the  com 
or  fruits  of  the  earth  collected;  harvest; 
com  and  other  cultivated  plants  while 
growing;  the  act  of  cutting  or  clipping  off, 
a"s  hair. — JVeck  and  crop,  bodily;  altogether; 
bag  and  baggage. — v.t. — cropped,  cropping. 
To  cut  off  the  ends  of;  to  eat  off  or  browse; 
to  pull  off;  to  pluck;  to  mow;  to  reap;  to 
cause  to  bear  a  crop ;  to  raise  crops  on. — 
v.i.  To  yield  harvestj.  [Shak.]—  To  crop 
out,  to  appear  on  the  surface;  to  appear 
incidentally  and  undesignedly;  to  come 
to  light.  — Cropper,  krop'fir,  re.  A  breed 
of  pigeons  with  a  large  crop;  a  fall  as  from 
horseback.— Croppy,  krop'i,  re.  A  person 
who  wears  his  hair  closely  cropped;  speci- 
fically, an  Irish  rebel.  —  Crop-eared,  a. 
Having  the  ears  cropped.— Crop-sick,  a. 
Sick  or  indisposed  from  a  surcharged 
stomach.-^Crop-slckness.n.  Sickness^om 
repletion  of  the  stomach. 

Croquet,  kro'ka,  re.  [Pr.  croquer,  to  crack.] 
An  open-air  game  played  by  two  or  more 
parsons  with  mallets,  balls,  pegs  or  posts, 
and  a  series  of-  iron  hoops  or  arches,  the 
object  of  each  party  being  to  drive  their 
balls  through  the  hoops  and  against  the 
posts  in  a  certain  order  before  their  op- 
ponents. • 

Crore,  kror,  n.  In  the  East  Indies,  ten 
millions  (a  crore  of  rupees). 

Crosiei;,  re.    Crozier. 

Cross,  kros,  n.  [Prov.  cros,  Pr.  croix,  from 
L.  crux,  cruris,  a  cross  used  as  a  gibbet, 
from  a  root  seen  in  E.  crook,  W.  crog,  a 
cross,  crwg,  a  hook;  Ir.  crochaim,  to  hang; 
Gael,  crocan,  a  hook.]  An  instrument  on 
which  malefactors  were  anciently  ijut  to 
death,  consisting  of  two  pieces  of  timber 
placed  across  each  other,  either  in  form 


of  if- ,  T,  or  X,  variously  modified,  such  as 
that  on  which  Chi'isfc  suffered;  hence,  tho 
•symbol  of  the  Christian  religion;  and 
hence,flg.  the  religion  itself;  an  ornament 
in  the  form  of  a  cross;  a  monument  with 
a  cross  upon  it  to  excite  devotion,  such  as 
were  anciently  set  in  market-places ;  any 
figure,  mark,  or  sign  in  the  form  of  a 
cross,  or  formed  by  two  lines  crossing 
each  other,  such  as  the  mark  made  instead 
of  a  signature  by  those  who  cannot  write; 
anything  that  thwarts,  obstructs,  or  per- 
plexes ;  nindrance,  vexation,  misfortune, 
or  opposition ;  a  mixing  of  breeds ;  a  hy- 
brid.— a.  Transverse!  passing  from  side  to 
side;  falling  athwart;  adverse;  thwarting; 
untoward;  perverse;  intractable;  peev- 
ish; fretful;  ill-humoured;  contrary;  con- 
tradictory; perplexing;  made  or  produced 
b^  the  opposite  party,  as  a  cross  ques- 
tion or  examination. — v.t.  To  draw  or 
run  a  line  or  lay  a  body  across  another; 
to  erase  by  marking  crosses  on  or  over;  to 
cancel;  to  make  the  sign  of  the  cross  upon; 
to  pass  from  side  to  side  of;  to  pass  or 
move  over;  to  thwart,  obstruct,  hinder, 
embarrass;  to  contradict;  to  counteract; 
to  clashwith;  to  be  inconsistent  with;  to 
cause  to  interbreed ;  to  mix  the  breed  of. 
— v.i.  To  lie  or  be  athwart;  to  move  or  pass 
across.— To  cros*  on«'«  -path,  to  thwart  or 
oppose  one's  interest,  purpose,  designs,  &c.; 
to  stand  in  one's  way.— Crossed  cheque,  in 
hanking,  a  cheque  crossed  with  two  lines, 
between  which  may  be  written  the  name 
of  a  banking  firm  or  the  words  'and 
Co.,'  such  marks  being  made  as  an  addi- 
tional security  that  the  sum  shall  be  paid 
to  the  proper  party.  —  Crossing,  kros'- 
ing,  re.  The  act  of  one  who  crosses;  an  in- 
tersection; a  place  specially  set  apart  or 
adapted  for  passing  across,  as  on  a  street 
or. line  of  rails. — Crosslet,  kroslet,  n.  A 
little  cross.-^Crossly,  kros'li,  adv.  In  a 
cross  manner;  athwart ;  transversely;  fig. 
adversely;  in  opposition;  unfortunately; 
peevishly;  fretfull v.— Crossness,  kros'nes, 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  cross;  peev- 
ishness; ill-humour;  fretfulness;  perverse- 
ness. — Crosswise,  kros'wiz,  arfv.  In  the 
form  of  a  cross;  across. — Cross-action,  re. 
Law,  a  case  in  which  the  defendant  in  an 
action  brings  another  action  against  the 
plaintiff  arising  out  of  the  same  transac- 
tion. —  Cross-bill,  re.  A  bird  of  several 
species  belonging  to  the  finch  family,  the 
mandibles  of  whose  bill  curve  opposite 
ways  and  cross  each  other  at  the  points. — 
Cross-bones,  n.  pi.  A  symbol  of  death, 
consisting  of  two  human  thigh  or  arm 
bones  placed  crosswise,  generally  in  cto- 
junction  with  a  skull. — Cross-bow,  re.  An 
ancient  missive  weapon  formed  by  placing 
a  bow  athwart  a  stock.— Cross-bred,  a.  A 
term  applied  to  an  animal  produced  from 
a  male  and  female  of  different  breeds. — 
Cross-breed,  n,  A  breed  produced  from 
parents  of  different  breeds.  —  CroES-breed- 
ing.  re.  The  system  of  breeding  animals, 
such  as  horses,  cattle,  dogs,  and  sheep, 
from  individuals  of  two  different  strains 
or  varieties. — Cross-cut,  v.t.  To  cut  across. 
— Crosscvi-aaw,  a  8a"w  adapted  for  cutting 
timber  across  the  grain.— Cross-examine, 
v.t.  To  ej^amine  a  witness  of  one  pai-ty  by 
the  opposite  party  in  the  suit  or  his  coun- 
sel.—Cross-examinati<in,  re.  The  examina- 
tion or  interrogation  of  a  witness  called  b/ 
one  party,  by  the  opposite  party  or  his 
counsel.— Cross-eye,  n.  That  sort  of  squint 
by  which  both  eyes  turn  towards  the  nose. 
— Cross-fertilisation,  re.  Bot.  the  fertilisa- 
tion of  the  ovules  of  one  plant  by  the  gollea 
of  another;  the  fecundation  of  a  pistiilifer- 
ous  plant  by  a  staminiferous  one,  which 
is  effected  by  the  agency  of  insects,  the 
action  of  the  wind,  water,  &c.— Cross-fire, 
n.  Mint,  a  term  used  to  denote  that  the 
lines  of  fire  from  two  or  more  parts  of  a 
work  cross  one  another.— Cross-garter,  v.t. 
To  crosa  the  garters  on  the  leg.  [Shak.}— 
Oroas-grained,  a.  Having  the  grain  or 
fibres  transverse  or  irregular,  as  timber ; 
fig.  perverse;  intractable;  crabbed.— Cross- 
hatching,  re.  Engraved  lines  which  cross 
each  other  regularly  to  increase  or  modi- 
fy the  depth  of  shadow,  —  Cross-head,  re. 
A  beam  or  rod  stretching  across  the  end 


chjrAain;     c/»,  Sc.IocAj  '  g,  ffo;j  '  j.iob;  '  ,n,  Pr.'tore;    jig.sireff;;  .sh,  <Aeh;  th,  ttin;     w,  wdg;    wh,  wAigj  < 'zh,  a«nre. 


CEOTCH 


1G8 


OJiUlSE 


of  the  piston  of  a  steam-engine  and  mov- 
ing between  parallel  gnides.— Cross-mnltl- 
plication,  n.  Duodecima.l.  —  Cioss-polU- 
nation,  n.  Same  as  Cross-feriUisahon. — 
Cross-purpose,  n.  A  contra.ry  purpose; 
a  misunderstanding;  an  inconsistency; 
jjl.  a  sort  -of  conversational  game  coasibt- 
ing  in  the  mixing  up  of  questions  and 
answers.— To  be  at  cross-pia-fioses,  to  mis- 
Tinderstand  each  other,  and  so  to  act 
counter  without  intending  it.  —  Croas- 
question,  v.t.  To  cross-examine.  —  Cross- 
reference,  n.  A  reference  from  one  part 
of  a  book  to  another  where  additional 
information  on  the  subject  is  to  be  had. 
— Cross-road,  n.  A  road  that  crosses  an- 
other, or  the  place  where  one  road  inter- 
sects another;  a  by-road.  —  Cross-sea,  n. 
A  swell  in  y^hich  the  waves  run  in  differ- 
ent directions,  owing  to  a  sudden  change 
of  wind,  or  to  the  opposing  effect  of  winds 
and  currents.— Cross-ctaff,  n.  A  survey- 
ing instrument  consisting  of  a  staiF  carry- 
ing a  brass  circle,  divided  into  four  equal 
parts  or  -quadrants :  used  for  taking  off- 
set •. — Cross-sione,  n.  A  grayish-white  or 
milk -white  mineral  of  the  zeolite  family: 
£0  called  from  the  joint-like  intersection 
of  its  rhombic  crystals. — Cross-tree,  n.  pi. 
I'fatd.  horizontal  pieces  of  timber  at  the 
upper  ends  of  the  lower  and  top  masts,  to 
sustain  the  frame  of  the  tops  and  extend 
the  shrouds. 

CrnioU,  krocb,  n.  [Same  as  Cbctch.]  A 
fork  or  forking;  the  parting  of  two' 
branches. 

Ci-otchet,  kroch'et,  ».  [Fr.  crocTut,  dim 
from  eroc,  a  book.  Crochet,  Ckoor.]  A 
peculiar  turn  of  the  mind;  a  whim  or 
fancy;  a  perverse  conceit;  print,  a  bracket; 
rrMsic,  a  Dlack-faced  nots  with  a  stem.^- 
Crotcheteer,  kroch-e-t5r',  n.  One  given  to 
some  favourite  theory,  whim,  hoboy,  pro- 
ject, or  crotchet.— Crotchety,  kroch'e-ti, 
a.  Full  of  crotchets;  whimsical;  fanciful; 
odd.- Crotchetiness,  kroch'e-ti -nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  crotchety. 

Ccoton,  kro'ton.  n.  [6r.  JerotOn,  a  tick, 
from  the  appearance  of  the  seeds.]  A 
genus  of  East  Indian  shrubs  from  the 
seeds  of  which  is  extracted  an  oil  of  active 
and  dangerous  purgative  properties,  and 
which,  when  applied  externally,  acts  as 
an  irritant  and  suppurative. 

Crouch,  krouch,  v.i.  [A  softened  form  of 
crook,  with  modification  of  meaning.]  To 
bend  down;  tx)  stoop  low;  to  lie  close  to 
the  ground,  as  an  animaj;  to  bend  ser- 
vilely; to  stoop  meanly;  to  fawn;  to  cringe. 
— v.t.  To  bend  or  cause  to  bend  lowly. 

Croup,  krOp,  n.  [Fr.  ctoitob,  the  rump, 
croup.  Same  origin  as  crop.]  The  rump 
or  buttocks  of  certain  animals,  especially 
of  a  horse;  hence,-  the  place  behind  the 


Croup,  Croop,  krbp,  n.  [Sc.  croup,  rovp, 
hoarseness;  allied  to  Goth,  hropjan,  to 
croak,  to  call;  A.  Sax.  hredpan,  to  call.] 
A  dangerous  disease  mostly  attacking 
children,  and  consisting  of  inflammatory 
affection  of  the  windpipe,  accompanied 
with  a  short  barking  cough  and  difficult 
respiration,  generally  brought  on  by  ex- 
posure to  cold. 

Croupier,  krd'p5-*r,  n.  [Fr.  croupier,  from 
eroxipe,  the  rump  or  hinder  part.]  One 
who  superintends  and  collects  the  money 
at  a  gaming-table;  one  who  at  a  public 
dinner  party  sits  at  the  lower  end  of  the 
table  as  assistant-chairman. 

Crow,  kro,  n.  [A.  Sax.  crdtce,  a  crow, 
crdwan,  to  crow  or  croak,  from  the  cry ; 
)ike  G-.  tcrdhe,  a  crow,  krdken,  to  crow; 
Goth,  kruk,  a  croaking;  L.  crocio,  Gr. 
Zrrai<5,  to  croak.  Comp.  crake,  croak.]  The 
general  name  of  such  conirostral  birds  as 
the  ravvn,  rook,  jackdaw,  carrion  crow, 
hooded  crow,&c. ;  usually  of  a  blsuik  colour, 
and  having  the  voice  harsh  and  croaking; 
the  cry  ot  the  cock;  a  crowbar  (which  see). 
— As  the  erouo  flies,  in  a  direction  straight 
forward,  resembling  the  flight  of  the  crow. 
— To  have  a  crow  to  pluck  with  one,  to  have 
something  demandmg  explanation  from 
one;  to  have  some  fault  to  find  with  one; 
to  have  a  disagreeable  matter  to  settle. — 
v.i. — crowed  or  crew;  pp.  crowed.  [A.  Sax. 
erdivan.}    To  cry  or  make  a  roisc  as  a 


cock,  in  joy,  gaiety,  or  defiance;  to  boaat 
in  triumph;  to  vaunt;  to  vapouK  to  swag- 
ger;  to  utter  a  sound  expressive  ot  pleasare, 
as  a  child. — Crowbax,  krO'bar,  n.  A  bar  of 
iron  with  a  bent  and  sometimes  forkai 
end,  used  as  a  lever  for  forcing  open  doors 
or  raising  weights.— Crow-berry,  n.  The 
jet-black  Derry  of  a  small  evergreen  shrub 
common  on  heaths  in  Scotland  and  north 
of  England.— Crow-foot,  n.  Naut.  a  com- 
plication of  small  cords  spreading  out 
from  a  long  block,  used  to  BU8i>end  the 
awningrs,  &c.;  a  populaf  name  for  the 
species  of  buttercups,  from  the  leaf  being 
supposed  to  iiave  the  shape  of  the  foot  of 
a  crow. — Crow-(iniU,  n.  A  crow's  feather 
made  into  a  pea  and  used  where  very  fine 
writing  is  required,  as  in  Uthograuhy, 
tracing,  &c.  —  Crow's-bill,  ».  A  kind  of 
forceps  for  extracting  bullets  and  other 
things  from  wounds. — Crow's-feet,  n.  p J. 
The  wrinkles  brought  on  by  age  under 
and  around  the  outer  comer's  of  the  eyes. 
— Crow's-foot,  n.  A  caltrop  (which  see). — 
Crow's-nest,  ».  A  barrel  or  box  fitted  up 
on  the  main-topmast  cross-trees  of  an 
Arctic  vessel  for  the  shelter  of  the  look- 
out man. 

Crowd,  kroud,  n.  [A.  Sax.  croda,  gecrod,  a 
crowd,  creddan,  to  press;  allied  to  W.  crwd, 
a  round  lump.]  A  number  of  persons  or 
things  collected  or  closely  pressed  to- 
gether; a  number  of  persons  congregated 
without  order;  a  throng;  the  lower  orders 
of  people ;  the  populace;  the  vulgar;  the 
mob.— f.t.  To  press  into  a  crowd;  to  drive 
together;  to  fill  by  pressing  numbers  to- 
gether without  order;  to  fill  to  excess;  to 
throng  about;  to  press  upon;  to  encflmber 
or  annoy  by  multitudes  or  excess  of  num- 
bers.- u.i.  To  press  in  numbers;  to  swarm; 
to  press  or  urge  forward. 

Crowd,}  kroua,  n.  The  crwth  (which  see). 
— Crowder,J  krou'der,  n.    A  fiddler. 

Crown,  kroun,  n.  [O.Ft.  eorone,  Fr.  con- 
ronne,  L.  corona— crown;  Gr.  korOm,  any- 
thing curved,  a  crown;  akin  W.  crwn. 
It.  cndn,  round.]  An  ornament  for  the 
head,  in  the  form  of  a  wreath  or  ga,rland, 
worn  as  a  symbol  of  honour,  victory, 
joy,  Ac. ;  a  rich  head  -  covering  of  gold, 
gems,  &c.,  worn  by  monaxchs  on  state  oc- 
casions as  la.  badge  of  sovereignty;  hence, 
regal  power;  royalty;  kingly  government 
or  executive  authority;  the  wearer  of  a 
Crown;  the  sovereign,  as  head  of  the  state; 
honorary  distinction;  i-eward:  honour: 
completion;  accomplishment;  highest  cf 
most  perfect  state;  acme;  the  top  part  of 
anything,  as  of  the  head,  or  of  a  covering 
for  the  head,  of  a  mountain  or  other  ele- 
vated object;  the  portion  of  a  tooth  which 
appears  above  the  gum;  the  end  of  the 
shank  of  an  anchor,  or  the  point  from 
which  the  arms  proceed;  a  coin  anciently 
stamped  with  a  crown  (the  English  crown 
being  a  silver  piece,  value  5«.) ;  paper  of 
a  particular  size  (16  by  20  inches),  so 
called  from  formerly  having  the  water- 
mark of  a  crown. — v.t.  To  cover,  decorate, 
or  .invest  with,  or  as  if  with,  a  crown; 
heiice,  to  invest  with  regal  dignity  ana 
power;  to  honour;  to  reward;  to  dignify; 
to  form  the  topmost  or  finishing  part 
of ;  to  terminate  or  finish ;  to  complete ; 
to  consummate ;  to  perfect. — a.  Relating 
to,  pertaining  to,  or  connected  with,  the 
crown  or  government.— Gro^n  or  demesne 
lands,  the  lands,  estate,  or  other  real 
property  belonging  to  the. crown  or  sove- 
reign.—CrovsTmig,Krou'ning,  a.  Forming 
the  crown  or  summit;  completing;  per- 
fecting; final.— Crown-glass,  n.  The  finest 
sort  of  iSommon  window-glass.  —  Crown- 
less,  krounles,  a.  Destitute  of  a  crown. 
— Crownlet,  kroun'let.  n.  A  small  crown. 
—Crown-prince,  n.  The  prince  royal  who 
is  apparently  successor  to  the  crown. — 
Crown-saw,  rj,  A  species  of  circular  saw 
formed  by  cutting  the  teeth  round  the 
edge  of  a  cylinder,  as  the  sui-geon's  trepan. 
— Crown-wheel,  n.  A  wheel  with  cogs  or 
teeth  set  at  right  angles  with  its  plane,  as 
in  certain  watches.— <3rown- work,  n.  Fort. 
an  outwork  running  into  the  field,  con- 
sisting of  two  demi-bastions  at  the  ex- 
tremes, and  an  «ntire  bastion  in  the 
middle,  with  curtains. 


Crovfth,  krouth,  n.    Crwth. 

Crozler,  Crosier,  kr5'zhi-«r,  n.  [O.B.  eroi- 
eier,  croysier,  from  Fr.  erois,  a  cross. 
Cross.]  A  staff  about  6  feet  long,  sur- 
mounted by  an  ornamental  cross  or  cruci- 
fix, borne  by  or  before  an  archbishop  on 
solemn  occasions;  also  (though  less  pro- 
perly) abishop's  pastoral  staff  terminatinE 
in  a  crook.— Crozlered,  Croeiered,  krO'zhi- 
6rd,  a.    Bearing  a  crozier. 

Crucial,  krS'shi-al,  a.  [Fr.  crucial,  from  Ji. 
crrtx,  erucis,  a  cross.  Cross.]  Relating  to 
or  like  a  cross;  having  the  shape  of  across; 
transverse;  intersecting;  trying  ot  search- 
ing, as  if  bringing  to  the  cross ;  decisive 
(a  crucial  experiment).  —  Cmciat-e,t  krft'- 
shi-at,  v.t.  [L.  erucio,  cruciatum,  to  tor- 
ture.] To  torture;  to  torment;  to  afflict 
with  extreme  pain  or  distress.  —  a.  Tor- 
mented t ;  hot.  having  four  parts  arranged 
Uke  the  arms  of  a  cross;  cruciform.— Cru- 
cifer,  kra'si-ffer,  n.  [L.  er%<x,  and  fero,  to 
bear.]  A  plant  belonging  to  a  very  exten- 
sive order,  all  the  membei^  of  which  have 
flowers  with  six  stamens,  two  of  which 
are'  short,  and  four  sepals  and  i)etals,  the 
spreading  Umbs  of  which  form  a  Maltese 
cross,  whence  the  name.— <!raclf  er  ons,  kr  i)- 
sif  ^r-uSvO.  Ctf  or  pertaining  to  the Cruci- 
fers.  —  Qmclfonnj  krd'si-form,  a.  Cross- 
shaped;  disposed  in  the  form  or  a  cross. 

Crucible,  krb'si-bl,  n.  JX.L.  crudbulimi, 
from  the  root  seen  in  G.  krvge,  E.  criise, 
D.  kroes,  pitcher:  akin  cresset.]  A  chemi- 
cal vessel  or  melting-pot,  made  of  earth, 
black-lead,  platina-  Sc,  and  so  tempered 
and  btjied  as  to  endure  extreme  heat  with- 
out fusing;  fig.  a  severe  or  searching  test. 

Crucify,  kro'si-fi,  v.t—crvcijled,  crudfyin^. 
^r.  erucifier,  L.  crux,  cross,  and  .flio,  to 
fix.  Cross,  Fix.]  To  nail  to  a  cross;  to  put 
to  d^th  by  nailing  the  hands  and  feet  to 
a  cross  or  gibbet^  sometimes  anciently  by 
fastening  a  criminal  to  a  cross  with  cords; 
Scrip,  to  subdue  or  mortify  (to  crucify 
the  flesh).— Orndfler,  kra'si-fi-^r,  n.  One 
who  crucifies.- Cmciflz,  krS'si-fiks, «.  [L. 
crvicifixus,  cmcified.]  A  cross  with  the 
figure  of  Christ  crucified  upon  it.— Cruci- 
fixion, kre-si-flk'shon,  n.  Tho  act  of  nail- 
ing or  fastening  a  person  to  a  cross,  for' 
the  purpose  of  pillting  him  to  death;  death 
mion  a  cross,  especially  the  death  of 
Christ.  —  Cracigerooe,  krO-sij'^-us,  a: 
Bearing  the  cross. 

Crude,  krSd,  a.  [L.  crudus,  raw,  unripe; 
akin  crudelis,  cruel;  from  same  root  as  E. 
raw.  Raw.]  Raw ;  not  cooked ;  in  its 
natural  stater,  not  digested  in  the  stomach; 
not  altered,  refined,  or  prepared  by  any 
artificial  process  (crude  salt  or  alum);  un- 
ripe; not  having  reached  the  mature  or 
perfect  state;  not  brought  to  perfection; 
unfinished ;  immature;  not  nmtnred ;  not 
well  formed,  arranged,  or  prepared  in  the 
intellect  (notions,  plan, theory). — Crudely, 
krod'li,  adv.  In  a  crude  manner;  without 
due  preparation;  without  form  or  arrange- 
ment; without' maturity  or  digestion.— 
Crudeness,  kriJd'nes,  n.  The  stale  or  qua- 
lity of  being  crude;  rawness;  unripeness; 
a  state  of  being  nnfomied  or  undigested; 
immatureness. — Crudity,  krO'di-ti,  n.  [L. 
cruditas.]  Crudeness;  that  which  is  crude. 

Cruel,  kro'eL  a.  [Fr.  cruel,  from'  L.  crudel- 
is, cruel.  CauDi:.] .  Sisi^osed  to  give  pain 
to  others  in  body  Or  mind ;  destitute  of 
pity,  compassion,  or  kindness;  hard- 
hearted: applied  to  persons;  exhibiting  or 
proceeding  from  cruelty;  causing  pain, 
grief,  or  distress ;  inhuman ;  tormenting, 
vexing,  or  afflicting  (disjwsition,  mood, 
manner,  act,  words,  &c.). — Cruelly,  kni'el- 
b,  adv.  In  a  cruel  manner;  with  cruelty; 
inhumanly;  barbarously:  painfully;  with 
severe  pain  or  torture;  extremely  (coUoq.). 
— Cruelty,  krO'el-ti,  n.  [O.Fr.  cruelti,  L. 
crudelitas.]  The  state  or  character  of  being 
cruel ;  savage  or  barbarous  disposition ; 
any  act  which  inflicts  unnecessary  pain; 
a  wrong;  an  act  of  great  injustice  or  op- 
pression. 

Wuet,  kr»'et,  n.  [Contr.  from  Fr.  cruchette, 
dim.  of  cruche,  a,  pitcher.  Akin  crock, 
cruse.]  A  vial  or  small  glass  bottle  for 
holding  vinegar,  oil,  &c. — Cruet-stand,  n. 
A  frame,  often  of  silver,  for  holding  cruets. 

Cruise,  krOz,  v.i. — cruised,  cruising.    [D. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  f|ll;     m5,  met,  b£r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;'    tQbe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     0,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  «. 


CJIUIVE 


169 


CWiBTAL 


kruiaen,  to  cross,  to  cruise,  from  Jcrmis,  a 
cross.  Cross.]  To  sail  hitlier  and  thither, 
or  to  rove  on  the  ocean  in  search  of  an 
enemy's  ships  for  capture,  for  protecting 
commerce,  for  pleasure,  or  any  other  pur- 
pose. —  n.  A  voyage  made  in  various 
courses;  a  sailing  to  and  fro,  as  in  search 
of  an  enemy's  ships,  or  for  pleasure.— 
Cruiser,  kro'z6ri  ji-  A  person  or  a  ship 
that  cruises;  an  armed  ship  that  sails  to 
and  fro  for  papturing  an  enemy's  ships, 
for  protecting  commerce,  or  for  pliinder. 

Cruive,  krliv,  n.  [Gael,  cro,  a  hovel,  a 
wattled  fold.]  A  sort  of  hedge  formed  by 
stakes  on  a  tidal  river  or  the  sea-beach  for 
catching  fish.    [Scotch.] 

Crumb,  krum ,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cruma=='D.  kruim. 
Da,n.krumme,Gr.  krume,  a  crumb;  from  root 
of  crimp.]  A  small  fra.gment  or  piece;  upu- 
ally,  a  small  piece  of  bread  or  other  food, 
broken  or  cut  off;  the  «oft  part  of  bread : 
opposed  to  crust— v.t.  To  break  into  small 
pieces  with  the  fingers;  to  cover  (meat, 
&c.)  with  bread-crunibs.  —  Crtimb-brush, 
n.  A  brush  for  sweeping  crumbs  ofi^  the 
table.— Crumb-cloth,  n.  A  cloth  to  be  laid 
under  a  table  to  receive  falling  fragments, 
and  keep  the  carpet  clean.  —  Crumble, 
krum'bl,  v. t.  — crumbled,  crumbling.  [A 
dim.  form  from  crumb;  like  D.  kruimelen, 
a.  krumeln,  to  crumble.]  To  break  into 
crumbs  or  small  pieces.— w.i.  To  fall  into 
small  pieces,  as  something  friable;  to 
moulder;  to  become  frittered  away.  — 
Crumbly,  krum'bli,  a.  Apt  to  crumble; 
brittle;  friable.— Crumby,  krum'i,  a.  Full 
of  crumbs;  soft  like  the  crumb  of  bread. 

Crumpet,  krum'pet,  n.  [Allied  to  crimp, 
brittle.]  A  sort  of  muf&n  or  tea-cake,  very 
light  and  spongy. 

Crumple,  krum'pl,  v.t. — crumpled,  erum- 
pling.  [Closely  allied  to  crimp  and  cramp.] 
To  draw  or  press  into  wrinkles  or  folds;  to 
rumple.  — r.i.  To  contract;  to  shrink;  to 
shrivel. 

Crunch,  krunsh,  v.t.  [See  Craunch.]  To 
crush  with  the  teeth;  to  chew  with  vio- 
lence and  noise. — v.i.  To  press  with  force 
and  noise  through  a  brittle  obstacle. 

Cruorin,  krd'or-in,  n.  [L.  cruor,  blood.] 
The  red  colouring  matter  of  blood  cor- 
puscles; haemoglobin. 

Crupper,  krup'fer,  n.  [Ft.  croupibre,  from 
croupe,  the  buttocks.  Croup.]  The  but- 
tocks of  a  horse;  a  strap  of  leather  buckled 
to  »  saddle  and  passing  under  a  horse's 
tail,  to  prevent  the  saddle  from  sliding 
forward  on  to  the  horse's  neck. 

Crural,  kra'ral,  a.  [L.  cruralis,  from  cms, 
cruris,  the  leg.]  Belonging  to  the  leg. — 
Crural  arch,  the  ligament  of  the  thigh. 

Crusade,  kru-sad',  n.  [Fr.  croisade,  from 
L.  C1-UX,  a  cross.]  A  military  expedition 
under  the  banner  of  the  cross,  undertaken 
by  Christians  in  the  eleventh,  twelfth ,  and 
thirteenth  centuries,  for  the  recovery  of 
the  Holy  Land  from  the  power  of  infidels 
or  Mohammedans;  any  enterprise  under- 
taken through  enthusiasm. — v.i.  — cm- 
gaUed,  crusading.  To  engage  in  a  crusade; 
to  support  or  oppose  any  cause  with  zeal. 
—Crusader,  kru-sa'dfer,  n.  .A  person  en- 

§aged  in  a  crusade.— Crusading,  kru-sa'- 
ing,  a.  Engaged  in  or  relating  to  the 
Crusades. 

Crusado,  kru-sS'do,  n.  A  Portuguese  coin 
of  the  value  of  2s.  9d.,  so  called  from  hav- 
ing the  cross  stamped  on  it.    [Shak.] 

Cruse,  krOs,  n.  ficel.  knis,  Dan.  kruus,  D. 
kroes,  pot,  mug;  akin  cresset,  crucible.]  A 
small  cup;  a  bottle  or»cruet  (O.T.).— Cm- 
set,  kro'set,  n.  [Fr.  creuzet.]  A  goldsmith's 
crucible  or  melting-pot.  ' 

Crush,  krush,  v.t. .  [O.Fr.  cruisir,  croissir, 
to  crack  or  crash,  from  the  Teutonic; 
comp.  Dan.  kryste,  Sw.  krysta.  Iced,  kreis- 
ta,  to  squeeze;  Groth.  kriustan,  to  gnash.] 
To-  press  and  bruise  betwaea  two  hard 
bodies;  to  squeeze  so  as  to  force  out  of  the 
natural  shapej  to  press  with  violence;  to 
force  together  into  a^taass;  to  beat  or  force 
down,  by  an  incumbent  weight,  with 
breakipg  or  bruising;  to  bruise  and  break 
into  fine  particles  by  beating  or  grind- 
ing; to  Comminute;  to  subdue  or  con- 
quer beybnd  resistance,— i;.i.  To  press, 
bruise,  or  squeeze.— re.  A  violent  pressing 
or  squeezing;  the  act  or  eflfect  of  anything 


that  crushes;  violent  pressure  ca,n§ed  by  ^ 
crowd ;  a  crowding  or  being  crowded  to- 
gether. —  Crusher,  krush'fer,  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  crushes. — Cpujiing,  krush'- 
ing,  a.  Having  the  power  to  crush;  over- 
whelming.-Crush -nat,  n.  A  soft  hat 
which  may  be  carried  under  -the  arm 
without  having  its 'shaped  destroyed.- 
Omsb-room,  n.  A  room  in  a'theatre,  opera- 
house,  &c.,  in.  which  the  audience  may 
promenade  during  the  intervals  of  an 
entertainment. 

Crust,  krust,  n.  [O.Pr.  erousle,  L.  britsto.] 
A  hard  or  comparatively  hard  external 
coat  or  covering;  a  Hard  coating  on  a  sur- 
face; the  hard  outside  portion  of  a  loaf; 
an  incrustation ;  a  deposit  from  wine,  as 
it  ripens,  coUeited  on  the  interior  of  bot- 
tles, &c.— Crust  of  the  earth,  the  exterior 
portion  of  our  globe  which  is  so  far  acces- 
sible to  our  inspection  and  observation. — 
v.t.  To  cover  with  a  crust;,  to  spread  over 
with  hard  matter;  to  incrust.— w.t.  To 

father  or  form  into  a  crust.  —  Crufit^ea, 
rus-ta '  she-a,  n.  pi.  [From  their  ciTjsty 
covering  or  shell.]  An  important  division 
of  animals,  comprising  crabs,  lobsters, 
crayfish,  ehrimp,  &c.,  having  an  external 
calcareous  skeleton  or  shell  in  many  pieces, 
and  capable  of  being  moulted  or  cast ;  a 
number  of  jointed  limbs;  head  and  thorax 
united  into  a  single  mass:  abdomen  often 
forming  a  kind  of  tail.— Crustacean,  krus- 
ta'sh6-an,  n.  and  a.  One  of,  or  pertaining 
to  the  crustaceans. — Cruataceology,  krus- 
ta'sh6-ol"o-ji,  n.  That  branch  of  zoology 
which  treats  of  crustaceous  animals. — 
Crustaceous,  krus-ta'shus,  a.  Having  a 
crust-like  shell ;  belonging  to  the  Crusta- 
cea; crustacean. —  Crustated,  krus'ta-ted, 
a.  Covered  with  a  crust.  —  Crustatlon, 
krus-ta'shon,  n.  An  adherent  crust ;  in- 
crustation.-Crustily,  krus'ti-li,  adu.  In 
a  crusty  manner;  peevishly;  harshly;  mo- 
rosely. —  Crustiness,  krusTi-pes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  crusty^ardpess ;  snap- 

£ishness;  surliness.  —  Cangty,  krus'ti,  a. 
ike  crust;  of  the  nature  of  a  crust;  per- 
taining to  a  hard  covering;  hard;  peevish; 
snappish:  surly. 

Crut,  krut,  n.  [Perhaps  Fr.-  croHie,  crjist.] 
The  rovgh  shaggy  part  of  oak  bark. 

Crutch,  krueh,  n.  [A.  Sa?.  crycc,  cricc,  a 
staff,  a  crutch;  D.  kruk,  Q.  krilcke,  Dan. 
krykke,  Sw.  krycka,  a  crutch ;  same  root 
as  in  crook.]  A  staff  with  a  curving  cross- 
piece  at  the  head,  to  be  placed  un^der  the 
arm  cr  shoulder  to  support  the  lame  in 
walking ;  any  fixture  or '  adjustment  of 
similar  form :  used  in  varjous  technical 
meanings.  —  v.t.  To  support  on  crutches; 
to'  prop  or  sustain  with  miserable  helps. — 
Crutched,  krucht,  p.  and  a.  Supported 
with  crutches;  using  crutches;  crossed; 
badged  with  a  cross. — Crutched  Friars,  an 
order  of  friars  founded  at  Bologna  in  1169, 
so  named  from  their  adopting  the  cross  as 
their  special  symbol. 

Crux,  kruks,  n.  [I/,  crtix,  a  cross.?  Any- 
thing that  puzzles  greatly  or  torments 
with  the  difficulty  of  finding  an  explana- 
tion. 

Crvfth,  kruth,  n.  [W.]  A  kind  of  violin 
with  six  strings,  formerly  much  used  in 
Wales. 

Cry,  kri,  v.i.  ~  cried,  crying.  [Fr.  crier, 
from  L.  quiritare,  to  cry  (whence  It.  gri- 
dare,  O.Sp.  cridar,  8p.  gritar),  from  queror, 
to  complain  (whence  querulous].]  To  utter 
a  loud  voice;  to  speak,  calF,  or  exclaim 
with  vehemence;  to  utter  a  loud  voice  by 
way  of  earnest  request  or  prayer;  to  utter 
the  voice  of  sorrow;  to  lament;  to  weej)  or 
shed  tears;  to  utter  a  loud  voice  in  giving 
public  notice;  to  utter  a  loud  inarticulate 
sound,  as  a  dog  or  other  animal.— To  cry 
out,  to  exclaim;  to' vociferate;  to  clamour; 
to  utter  a  loud  voice;  to  utter  lamenta- 
tions. —  To  cry  out  against,  to  complain 
loudly  against;  to  blame  or  censure.  —  / 
cry  you  mercy, 1 1  beg  pardon. — v.t.To  utter 
loudly ;  to  sound  abroad;  to  proclaim;  to 
name  loudly  and  publicly,  so  as  to  §ive 
notice  regarding;  to  advertise  by  crying. 
— To  cry  dovm,  to  decry;  to  dispraise;  to 
condemn.— To  cry  up,to  praise;  to  applaud; 
to  extol. — re.  Any  loud  sound  articulate  or 
inarticulate  uttered  by  the  mouth  of  an 


animal;  a  loud  or  vehement  ecund  uttered 
in  weeping  or  lamentation;  a  fit  of  weep- 
ing; clangour;  outcry;  an  object  for  which 
a  party  professes  great  earnestness:  a 

Soutical  catchwor4  or  the  like.  — Oner, 
ryer,  kri'tr,  «.  One  lyho  cries;  espe- 
cially, an  ofiicpr  whose  duty  it  is  to  pro- 
claim the  orders  or  coinmapda  of  a  court, 
to  keep  silence,  &c.  —  Crying,  lai'ing,  o. 
Calling  for  vengeance  and  nunishment; 
clamant;  notorious;  common;  great  (crjr- 
ing  sins). 

Cryolite,  kri'o-lit, «.  [Gr.  Jeryoa,  cold,  and 
lithos,  stone  t—  ice-s^one.]  A  nupride  of 
sodium  and  aluminium  found  iij  Green- 
land and  in  the  Ural  Moiintaips,  of  great 
importance  as  the  source  of  the  nietal 
aluminium. 

Cryophorus,  kn-of'o-rus,  n.  [Gr.  kruos, 
rrost.  and  phirreO,  to  bear.]  An  instru- 
ment for  shoeing  the  diminution  of  tem- 
perature in  water  to?  evaporation. 

Crypt,  kript,  n.  Vh.  crypta,  Gnf.  crypto, 
from  krypto,  to  hide.]  A  subterranean  cell 
of  cave,  especially  one  constructed  for  the 
interment  of  bodies:  that  part  of  a  cathe- 
dral, church,  (Jcc,  bejow  the  floor,  set  apsirt 
for  monurdeatal  purposes,  and  sometimes 
rtsed'as  a  chapel.— Cryptal,  krip'tal,  a.  Per- 


krit>'ti-kal-ii,  adv.    Seoretly, 

Cryptobranchiate,  krip-to-brang'ki-at,  a. 
[Gr.  kryptos,  concealed,  and  hranchia, 
gills.]  Zool.  having  concealed  gills;  desti- 
tute of  distinct  giUs. 

Cryptogam,  krip^to-gam,  n.  [Gr.  kryptog. 
concealed,  and  gamas,  marriage.^  One  oi 
those  plants  forming  a  large  division  of 
the  vegetable  kingdom  which  do  pot  beai- 
true  flowers  consisting  of  stamens  and 
pistils,  and  which  are  divided  into  cellular 
and  vascular  cryptogams,  the  forxher  in- 
cluding algae,  fungi,  lichens,  mosses,  &C;, 
the  latter  the  ferM,  horse-tails,  lycopods, 
ftc;— Oryptogamic,  OryptogamouB,knp-t5- 
gam'ik,  krip-tog'a-mus,  a.  Pertammg  to 
cryptogams.  —  Pryptogamlat.'kiip-tog'a- 
ipist,  n.  One  who  is  skilj'ea  in..,etypto- 
gamic  botany.  —  Cryptogajny,'  krip-tqg'a- 
ini,  n.  Obscure  fructification,  as  in  the 
cryptogams. 

Cryptograph,  krip'tS-graf ,  n.  [Gr.  kryptoig, 
concealed,  and  graphO,  to  Tfrite.]  Sc^e- 
thjng  writtep  in  secret-  •  charaeters  Or 
cipher.  —  QyyptograiiJi^r,  krip-tog'ra-f6r, 
One  who  writes  in  secret  characters. 


cal,  krip- 
Writte 


— Oryptograpbic,  Cj 

t5-grai'ik,  krip-to-grafi-kal. 
in  secret  characters  or  in  cipher;  pertain- 
ing to  cryptography.— Cryptography  ,krip- 
tog'ra-fi.  n.  The  act  or  art  of  writing  in 
secret  characters;  also,  secret  characters 
or  cipher.  —  Cryptology,  Icrip-toro-ji,  n. 
Secret  or  enigmatical  language.  . 

•Cryptonym,  krip'to-nim,  re.  [Gr.  ktyptot, 
concealed,  and  onoma,  a  name.]  A  private, 
secret,  or  hidden  name;  a  name  which  one 
bears  in  some  society  or  brotherhood. 

Crystal,  kris'tal,  re.  [L.  crvstjiUtis,  Gr.  krys- 
tdllos,  from  kryo»,  frost.]  A  species  of 
glass  more  perfect  in  its  composition  and 
manufacture  than  common  glass;  hence, 
collectively,  all  articles,,  as  decanters, 
cruets,  &c.,  madf  of  this  material;  cJiem. 
and  mineral,  an  inorganic  bo^y,  which,  by 
the  operation  of  aflinity,  has  assumed  the 
form  of  a  regular  solid,  terminated  by  a 
certain  number  of  plane  and  smooth  sur- 
faces.—fiocfc  crystal,  a  general  name  for 
all  the  transparent  ci^stals  of  quartz, 
particularly  of  limpid  or  colourless  quartz. 
—a.  Consisting  of  crystal,  or  like  crystal; 
clear;  transparent;  pellucid. — Cirstalltne, 
kris'tal-iP,  a.  Consisting  of  crystal;  relat- 
ing or  pertaining  to  crystals  or  crystallo- 
graphy; resembling  crystal ;  pure ;  clear ; 
transparent;  pellucid.  —  Crystalline  lens, 
a  lens-shaped  pellucid  body  situated  in  the 
anterior  part  of  the  eye,  and  serving  to 
produce  that  refraction  of  the  rays  of  hght 
which  is  necessary  to  cause  them  to  meet 
in  the  retina,  and  form  a  perfect  image 
there.  —  Crystallizable,  kris'ta-liz-a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  crystallized.  —  Crystal- 
UzatiOHj  kris'tal-irza"shon,  n.  The  act  of 
crystallizing  or    forming  crystals;-  the 


..^cAain;     cA,  Sc.  locA;     StOoi^iob;     n,  Pr.  ton;     iig,  smg';     ta,  thexx;  th,  tlda;     w,  wig;     wh,  wAig;     zb,  aswg. 


CTENOID 


170 


CtTLLY 


act  or  process  of  becoming  crystallized, 
so  that  crystals  are  produced  with  a  de- 
terminate and  regular  form,  according  to 
the  nature  of  the  substance;  a  body  formed 
by  the  process  of  crystallmng. — Water  of 
crystallizatiorif  the  water  which  unites 
chemically  with  many  salts  dtrring  the 
j)rocess  of  crystallizing. — Crystallize,  lois'- 
ta-liz,  v.t.  — crystallized,  crystallizing.  To 
cause  to  form  crystals.  —  v.i.  To  be  con- 
verted into  a  crystal;  to  become  solidified, 
as  the  separate  particles  of  a  substance 
into  a  determinate  and  regular  8hai)e. — 
Crystallogeny,  kris-ta-loi '  e-ni,  n.  The 
origiu  of  co'stals.— Crsrstailographer,  kris- 
ta-log'ra-f6r,  n.  One  who  treats  »f  crystal- 
lography, crystals,  or  the  manner  of  their 
formation.  —  Crystallographic,  Crystal- 
lographlcal,  kjis'tal-o-graf  "ik,  kris'tal- 
O-graf  "i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  crystal- 
lography.—Crystallographically,  kris'tal- 
c^graf"i-kal-li,  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
crystallography.— Crystallography,  kris- 
ta-log'ra-fi,  n.  The  doctrine  or  science 
of  crystallization,  teaching  the  principles 
of  the  process,  and  the  forms  and  structure 
of  crystals.  —  Crystalloid,  kris'tal-oid,  a. 
Resembling  a  crystal. — n:  The  name  given 
to  a  class  of  bodies  which  have  the  power, 
when  in  solution, of  passing  through  mem- 
hranes,as  parchment- "aper,easily:  opposed 
to  colUyids,  which  have  not  this  power.— 
CryBtallomancy,kris'tal-o-man-si,n.  [Grv 
•nianteia,  divination.]  A  mode  of  divining 
by  means  of  a  transparent  body,  as  a  pre- 
cious stone,  crystal  globe,  Ac.  —  Crystal- 
lometry,  kris-ta-lom'et-ri,  n.  The  art  or 
process  of  measuring  the  forms  of  crystals. 

Ctenoid,  ten 'old,  a.  [Gr.  kteia.  ktenog,  a 
comb,  and  eidos,  form.]  Comb -shaped; 
pectinated;  having  the  posterior  edge  with 
teeth:  said  of  the  scales  of  certain  fishes, 
those  of  the  perch  and  flounder  being  of 
this  kind;  having  scales  of  this  kind. — n. 
A  fish  having  ctenoid  scales;  one  of  an 
order  of  fishes,  mostly  fossil,  having  scales 
jagged  or  pectinated  like  the  teeth  of  a 
comb.— Ctenoidian,  te-noi'di-an,  n.  and  a. 
One  of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  ctenoids. 

Cub,  kub,  n.  [Etymology  unknown.]  The 
young  of.  certain  quJiorupeds,  as  of  the 
lion.  Dear,  or  fcx ;  a  whelp ;  a  young  boy 
or  girl:  in  contempt. — v.t.—ctAbed,  cwbing. 
To  bring  forth  a.cub  or  cubs. 


Lying  down;  reclining;  incumbent. 

Cube,  kQb,  n.  [Pr.  cute,  from  L.  cvbua,  Gr. 
kj/bos,  a  cube,  a  cubical  die.]  A  solid 
body  that  is  exactly  square;  a  regular 
solid  body  with  six  equal  sides,  all  squares, 
and  containing  equal  angles;  the  pro- 
duct of  a  numoer  multiplied  into  itself, 
and  that  product  multiplied  into  the 
same  number  (4X4=16,  and  16X4=64,  the 
cube  of  4).  —  Cube  root,  the  number  or 
quantity  which,  inultiplied  into  itself,  and 
then  into  the  product,  produces  the  cube 
(thus  4  is-the  cube  root  of  64). — v.t— cubed, 
cubing.  To  raise  to  the  cube  or  third 
power  by  multiplying  into  itself  twice. — 
CubatTire,  kuTja-tur,  n. '  The  fitnding  of 
the  solid  or  cubic  contents  of  a  body. — 
Cubic,  Cubical,  ku'bik,  ku'bi-kal,  a.  [L. 
cubiev.s.'\  Having  the  form  or  properties 
of  a  cube ;  pertaining  to  the  mpasure  of 
solids  (a  cvibie  foot,  cxUnc  contents)^-Cubl- 
cally,  ka'bi-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  cubical  me- 
thod.—CubicalnesjS,  kQb'i-kal-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  Quality  oi  -being  cubical  —  Cubi- 
form,, ku'oi-form,  a.  Having  the  form  of 
a  cube.  —  Cuboid,  Cnboldal,  kH'boid,  ka- 
boi'dal,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a  cuhe  or 
differing  little  from  it. — Cube-ore,  n.  Ar- 
seniate  of  iron,  a  mineral  of  a  greenish 
colour.— Cube-spar,  n.  An  anhydrous-sul- 
phate of  lime. 

Cubeb,.ka'beb,  n.  \kx.lcdMba-n,.'\  The  small 
spicy  berry  of  a  kind  of  pepper,  a  native  of 
Java  and  other  East  India  Isles. 

Cabicular,  ku-bik'Q-l^r,  -a.  TL.  cvtAcvium,, 
a  sleeping-room.]  Belonging  to  a  bed- 
chamber. —  Cubiculary,t  kub-ik'0-la-ri,  a. 
Fitted  for  the  posture  of  lying  down. — 
Cnbicule,t  ku'bi-kal,'n.  A  bed-chamber;  a 
chamber. 

Cubit,  ktVbit,  «.    [L.  evlniM»,  eviinivm,,  the 


elbow,  an  ell  or  cubit,  from  root  of  L.  ett&o, 
to  lie  (fi*  recline.]  Anai.  the  fore-arm;  the 
ulna,  a  bone  of  the  arm  from  the  eII>ow  to 
the  virrist;  a  lineal  measure,  being  the 
length  of  a  man's  arm  from  ibe  elbow  to 
the  extremity  of  the  middle  finger:  usually 
taken  at  13  inches.— Cubital,  kU'bi-tal,  a. 
Of  the  length  of  a  cubit;  pertainiug.to  the 
cubit  or  ulna. 

Cuckiug-stool,  knkiiig-stel,  n.  [Icel.  Mka, 
to  ease  one's  self,  hilcr,  dung.1  A  chair  in 
which  an  offender  was  placed,  usually  be- 
fore her  or  his  own  door,  to  be  hooted  at 
or  pelted  by  the  mob;  or  it  might  be  used 
for  ducking  its  occupant. 

Cuckold,  kuk'old,  ».  [Lit.  one  who  is 
cuckooed,  from  O.Fr.  coiicoid,  L.  cwcwJtw,  a 
cuckoo;  from  the  cuckoo's  habit  of  depos- 
iting her  eggs  in  the  nests  of  other  birds.] 
A  man  whose  wife  is  iaiae  to  his  bed ;  the 
husband  of  an  adulteress. — v.t.  To  make  a 
cuckold  of.  — Cackoldlze,  kuk'ol-diz,  v.t. 
To  cuckold.  —  Cuckoldly,  kuk'old-li,  o. 
Having  the  qualities  of  a  cuckold.  [Shak.] 
— Cnckoldom,  kuk'ol-dnm,  n.  The  state 
of  a  cuckold.— Cuckxildry,  kuk'old-ri,  n. 
The  debauching  of  other  men's  wives;  the 
state  of  being  made  a  cuckold. 

Cuckoo,  Cuckow,  kuTiO,  ku'ko,  n.  [Pr.  cou- 
cou,  from  L.  cuctdus,  lilie  u.  kukuk,  D. 
koekoek,  Gr.  kokkvx,  Skr.  kokila,  named 
derived  from  its  cry.]  A  migratory  bird 
remarkable  for  its  striking  call-note  and 
its  habit  of  depositing  its  eggs  in  the 
nests  of  other  birds;  also  the  name  of 
many  allied  birds  in  various  parts  of  the 
world.— Cuckoo-spit.  Cuckoo-spittle,  n.  A 
froth  found  on  planis  in  summer,  being  a 
secretion  formed  by  the  larva  of  a  snoiall 
insect. 

Cucnllate,  Cncnilated,  ka-kul'at,  ka-kul'- 
a-ted,  a.  [L.  cvffttClaiua,  from  cueuLlua,  a 
hood  or  cowl]  Hooded;  cowled;  covered 
as  with  a  hood;  having  the  shape  or  re- 
semblance of  a  hood. 

Cucumber,  kuTsum-bfer,  n.  [Fr.  coueombre, 
from  L.  cucumis,  cucvmeria,  a  cucumber.] 
An  annual  plant  of  the  gourd  family,  ex- 
tensively cvutivated  and  prized  as  an  escu- 
lent: in  an  unripe  state  used  in  pickles 
under  the  name  of  gherkins. — Cucumber- 
tree,  r».  A  beautiful  American  tree,  a 
species  of,  Magnolia,  abounding  in  the 
Alleghanies.  —  Cucumlform,  ka-kU' mi- 
form,  a.    Shaped  like  a  cucumber. 

Cucurbit,  Cucurbite,  ktiTcer-bit,  kflTiSr-bit, 
n.  [Fr.  cwurhite,  L.  cucurbita,  a  gourd,] 
A  chemical  vessel  ori^nally  in  the  shape 
of  a  gourd,  but  sometimes  shallow,  with 
a  wide  mouth,  used  in  disiillation.— Cu- 
cnrbitaceouB,  ku-k6r'bi-ta"  shus,  a.  Re- 
sembling a  gourd.-^Cucurbital,  kQ-kfer'- 
bi-tal,  c^  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  gourd 
or  cucumber  family  of  plants. 

Cud,  kud,  n.  [A.  Sas.  cud,  the  cud,  what' 
is  chewed,  from  cedwan,  to  chew.]  The 
food  which  going  into  the  first  stomach  of 
ruminating  animals  is  afterwards  brought 
up  and  chewed  at  leisure;  a  portion  of  to- 
bacco held  in  the  mouth  and  chewed;  a 
quid.— To  cftew  ilie  cud  (fig-)t  to  ponder;  to 
reflect;  to  ruminate. 

Cudbear,  kud'hsx,  n.  [After  Dr.  Cvthbert 
Gordon,  who  .first  brought  it  into  notice.] 
A  puirple  or  violet-coloured  powder,  used 
in  dyeing  violet,  purple,  and  crimEon,  pre- 
pared from  various  species  cf  lichens. 

Cuddle,  kud'l,  v.i.  —  cuddled,  cuddling. 
[Origin  doubtful;  perhaps  .same  as  coddle.] 

.  To  lie  close  or  snug;  to  squat;  to  join  in  an 
embrace;  to  fondle.— v.t.  To  hug;  to  fondle; 
to  press  close,  so  as  to  keep  warm.— «.  A 
hug;  an  embrace. 

Cuddy,  kud'i,  n.  [Probably  a  word  of 
East  Indian  origin.]  Naui.  a  room  or 
cabin  abaft  and  under  the  poop-deefk;  also 
a  sort  of  cabin  or  cook-room  in  lighters, 
barges,  &c. 

Cuddy,  kud'i,  n.  [An  abbrev.  of  Cvihbert, 
like  neddy,  also  a  name  for  the  ass.]  An 
ass;  a  donkey. 

Cudgel  kuj'ef,  n.  [W.  eoi)el,  a  cudgel,  from 
cog,  a  short  piece  of  wood.]  A  short  thick 
stick ;  a  club.  —  To  take  up  the  cudgels,  to 
stand  boldly  forth  in  defence.— 1».<. — cud- 
gelled, cudgellitiif.  To  beat  with  a  cudgel 
or  thick  stick;  to  beat  in  general— To 
cudgel  one's  brains,  to  reflect  deeply  and 


laborl6usIy.— Cad^eller,  kuj'el-£r,  n.  Que 
who  cudgels. 

Cue,  ku,  n.  [Tr.  9wve,  L.  eauda,  the  tail; 
or  partly  from  Q,  the  first  letter  of  L. 
qucnio,  when,  which  was  marked  on  the 

-  actors'  copies  of  the  plays,  to  show  when 
they  were  to  enter, 'and  speak.]  The  end 
of  &  thing,  as  the  rong  curl  of  a  wig,  or  a 
long  roll  of  hair;  a  queue;  the  last  words 
of  a  speech  which  a  player,  who  is  to  an- 
swer, catches  and  regards  as  an  intima- 
tion to  begin;  a  hint  on  which  to  act;  the 
part  which  any  man  is  to  play  in  his  turn; 
turn  or  temper  of  mind;  the  straight  taper- 
ing rod  used  in  playing  billiards. 

Cuff,  kuf,  n.  {Amn  to  Sw.  kuffa,  Hamburg 
dialect  kuJJ^en,  to  cuff.]  A  blow  with  the 
fist;,  a  stroke;  a  box.— v.t,. To  strike  with 
the  fist,  as  a  man;  to  buffet.— ^?.i.  To  fight; 
to  scume. 

Caff,  kuf,  n.  [Perhaps  from  Fr.  eoiffe.  It 
euSta,  a  coif,  nence  a  covering  for  the  nand.  ] 
The  fold  at  the  end  of  a  sleeve;  anything 
occupying  the  place  of  such  a  fold,  as  a 
loose  band  worn  over,  the  wristband  of  a 
shirt. 

Cnflc,ka'fik,a.  [From  Ct^,  near  Bagdad.] 
Applied  to  the  characters  of  the  Arabic 
alphabet  used' in  the  time  of  Mohammed, 
and  in  which  the  Koran  'was  'written; 
Kufic. 

Cuirass,  kwi-ras'.  n.  [Fr.  euiirasse,  from 
cuir^  L.  corium.  leather.  The  cuirass. was 
originally  made  of  leather.]  A  breast- 
plate; a  piece  of  defensive  armour  made 
of  iron  plate,  weU  hammered,  and  «over- 
ingthe  Dody  from  the  neck  to  the  girdle. 
— Cuirassier,  kvri-ras-ser',  n.  A  soldier 
armed  with  a  cuirass  or  breastplate. 

Cnlr-bOuiUy,  Cuir^bouilli,  kwerT5»-il-li, 
kwer-bii-el-lye,  n.  [Fr.]  Leather  softened 
by  boiling,  then  impressed  'vrith  orna- 
ments. 

Cuisb,  Cuisse,  fcwis,  n-  [Fr.  cvisse,  froin  L. 
coxa,  the  hip.]  Defensive  armour  for  the 
thighs.  i 

Onlono,  kw&-zen',  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  coquina, 
art  of  cooking,  a  kitchen,  from  coqvo,  to 
cook.   Coos..]  A  kitchen;  the  cooking  de- 

.  partment;  manner  or  style  of  pooldng; 
cookery. 

Culdee,  kul'de,  n.  [Gael  ceile,  servant,  and 
De,  God.]  One  of  an  ancient  erder  of 
monks  who  formerly  lived  in  Scotland, 
Ireland,  and  'Wales,  and  are  supposed  to 
have  been  originated  in  the  sixth  ceatur;? 
by  St.  Columba,  ^ 

Onl-de-«a<B,  ktU'de-sak,  n.  [Fr.,  lit.  the 
bottom  of 'a  bag.]  A  place  that  has  no 
thoroughfare;  a  Ijlind  alley;  any  natural 
cavity,  bag,  or  tubular  vessel,  open  only 
at  one  end. 

Culilawan,  kQ-lil'a-wan,  a.  The  name  of  a 
valuable  aromatic,  pungent  bark^  the 
produce  of  a  tree  oi  tne  Moluccas,  useful 
m  indigestion,  diarrhoea,  &c. 

Culinary,  ka'li-na-ri,  a.  {L.  eulinarius, 
from  culina,  a  kitchen.]  Relating  io  the 
kitchen,  or  to  the  art  of  cooking;  used  in 
kitchens.— Cullnarlly,  kQli-na-ri-li,  adv. 
In  a  culinary  manner.  - 

Culi,  kul,  v.t  [Fr.  cueMir,  from  L.  colli- 
gere,  to  collect— coZ,  and  legere,  to  gather. 
C01.1.ECT,  Coil;]  To  pick  out;  to  separate 
one  or  more  things  from  others;  to  select 
from  many;  to  pick  up;  to  collect.— Culler, 
kul'^r,  n.  One  who  picks  or  chooses  from 
many.  —  Culling,  kul'ing,  fi. "  Anything 
selected  or  separated  from  a  mafes. 

Cullender,  kul'en-d^r,  n.    A  colander. 

Cullet,  kul'et,  n.  ^roken  glass  for  melt- 
ing up  'with  fresh  materials. 

CnUibmty,!  kul-i-bil'i-ti,  «.  |Trom  cully.] 
Credulity;  easiness  of  Delief.r-Culllble,t 
kul'i-bl  a.    Esisily  cajoled  or  cheated. 

Cullion,!  kul'yun,  n.  [O.Fr.  couillon.  It. 
coglione,  a  -testicle,  from  L.  coleua,  the 
.scrotum.]  A  mean  -wretch;  a  base  fdlow; 
a  poltroon  or  dastard  (Shak.). 

CuUiB,  kul'is,  re.  .[Fr.  coulisse,  a  groove, 
from  couler,  to  nin.]  Arch,  a  gutter,  in  a 
roof. 

Cully,  kul'i,  n.  [Said  to  be  of  Gypsy  ori- 
gin.] A  person  who  is  easily  deceived, 
tricked,  or  imposed  on. — v.t. — culKed,  cul- 
lying.  To  deceive;  to  trick,  cajole,  or  im- 
pose on;  to  jilt.  —  Cullyism,  kul'i-izm,  n. 
The  state  of  being  a  cully. 


Pste,  fto,  fat,  fftU;     me.met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mtlve;     ttlbe,tub,b\ill;    oU,  pound;     0,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  «. 


CULM 


171 


CURAEI 


CdJib.  Iculna,  n.  f  Ij.  culmue,  a  stalk.]  Bot. 
tlip  .inmt.ed  gtem  of  graBses,  which  is  herba- 
ceous in  most,  but  woody  and  tree-like  in 
the  bamboo.— Culmiferoua,  k\il-mif'6r-u8, 
a.    Bearing  culms. 

Culm,  kulm,  n.  [Perhaps  another  spelling 
of  coom;  or  akin  to  coai.]  Antnracite 
shale,  an  impure  shaly  kind  of  coal. — 
Colmiferoos,  kul-mif'6r-as,  a.  Abounding 
in  culm. 

Cnlmen,  kul'men,  n.  \'L.']  Top ;  summit ; 
highest  ridge.  —  Culminant,  kul'mi-nant. 
a.  Beine  vertical,  or  at  the  highest  poini 
of  altitude;  hence,  predominating.  —  Cul- 
minate, kul'mi-nat,  v.i. — culminated,  cul- 
minating. To  come  or  be  in  the  meridian; 
to  be  in  the  highest  point  of  altitude,  as  a 
planet;  to  reach  the  highest  point,  as  of 
rank,  power,  size,  numbers,  or  quality.— 
CnlBitnatlng,  kul'mi-nat-ing,  p.  or-o.  Be- 
in^  at  the  meridian;  being  at  its  highest 
point,  as  of  raiik,  power,  size,  (fee.  —  Cul- 
mination, kul-mi-na'shon,  n.  The  transit 
of  a  heavenly  body  over  the  meridian,  or 
highest  point  of  altitude  for  the  day;  Jig. 
the  condition  of  any  person  or  thing 
arrived  at  the  most  brilliant  or  important 
point  cf  his  or  its  progress. 
Culpable,  kul'pa-bl,  a.  [h.  eulpdbais,  from 
CMtpa,  a  fault.]  Deserving  censure;  blajn- 
able;  blameworthy;  ixamoral:  said  of  per- 
sons or  their  conduct.— Culpability,  Culp- 
ableness,  kul-pa-bil'i-ti,  kul'pa-bl-ues,  n. 
State  of  being  culpable;  blamableness ; 
guilt.  —  Culpably,  kul'pa-bli,  adv.  In  a 
culpable  manner ;  blamably ;  in  a  faulty 
manner.— Culpatory,  kul'pa-to-ri,  a.  In- 
culpatory; censuring;  reprehensory. 
Culprit,  kui'prit,  n.  [jProbably  for  cuZpat, 
from  old  law  Latin  culpatus,  one  accused, 
from  L.  culpo,  to  blame,  accuse.]  A  per- 
son arraigned  in  court  for  a  crime;  a 
criminal;  a  malefactor. 
Cult,  kult,  n.  [Fr.  culte,  L.  culttte,  worship, 
from  colo,  euUiim,  to  till,  worship.]  •H.Om- 
age;  worship;  a  system  of  religious  belief 
and  worship ; .  the  rites  and  ceremonies 
employed  in  worship. 
Cultch,  kulch,  n.  The  spawn  of  the  oyster. 
Cnlter,  kul'ter,  n.  [L.]  A  coulter. 
Cultivate,  kul'ti-vSt,  v.t. — cultivated,  culti- 
vating. [L.L.  euUivare,  cuUivatum,  from 
L.  cultus,  pp.  of  colo,  cullum,  to  till.]  To 
till;  to  prepare  for  crops;  to  manure, 
plough,  dress,  sow,  and  reap;  to  raise 
or  produce  by  tillage;  to  imi)rove  by  la- 
bour or  study;  to  refine  and  improve;  to 
labour  to  promote  and  increase;  to  cher- 
ish; to  foster  (to  cultivate  ataste  forpoetry); 
to  devote  study,  labour,  cr  care  to;  to 
study  {to  cultivate  literature);  to  study  to 
conciliate  or  gain  over;  to  labour  to  make 
better;  to  civilize.— Cultivable,  Cultivat- 
ablB, kurti-v'a-bl,-kul'ti-va-ta-)5l,a.  Capable 
of  being  tilled  or  cultivated.- Cultivation, 
kul-ti-va'shon,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of 
cultivating ;  husbandry ;  study,  care,  and 
practice  directed  to  improvement  or  pro- 
gress; the  state  of  being  cultivated  or  re- 
fined; culture;  refinement.  —  Cultivator, 
kul'ti-va-t6r,  n.  One  who  cultivates;  espe- 
cially, a  farmer  or  agriculturist;  an  agri- 
cultural implement  used  for  the  purpose 
of  loosening  the  earth  about  the  roots  of 
growing  crops. 

Cultrate,  Cultrated,  Cultrtfonn,  kul'trat, 
kul'tra-ted,  kul'tri-form,  a.  [L.  cvZtratus, 
from  ctilter,  a  ploughshare  or  pruning 
knife.]  Sharp-edged  and  pointed;  coulter- 
id. — r 


-CuftriroBtral,  kul-tri-ros'tral,  a. 
[ L.  cutter,  and  rostrum,  a  beak.]  Having  a 
bill  shaped  like  a  coulter:  said  of  such  birds 
as  cranes,  herons,  storks,  &c. 

Culture,  kul'tur,  n.  CL.  cvltura,  from  cdo, 
cultum,  to  till.]  Tillage;  cultivation; 
training  or  discipline  by  which  man's 
moral  and  intellectual  nature  is  elevated; 
the  result  of  such  training;  enlighten- 
ment; civilization;  refinement.  —  Cultur- 
able,  kul'tn-ra-bl,  o.  Capable  of  being 
cultured  or  refined.— Cultural,  kui'ta-ral, 
a.  Pertaining  to  culture;  educational. — 
Cultured,  kul'ttird,  a.  Cultivated;  tilled; 
having  culture;  refined.  —  Culturelesa, 
kul'tur-Ies;  a.  Having  no  culture.— Coi- 
tus, kul'tus,  n.  [L.]  Cult  or  religious 
system. 

Culverin,  kul'v6r-in,  n.    [Fr.  couleuvrine. 


from  L.  coluber,  a  serpent.]  A  long, 
slender  piece  of  ordinance  or  artillery, 
sei"ving  to  carry  a  ball  to  a  great  distance. 
Culver,  kul'vfer,  ».    [A.  Sax.  evifre.^    A 

Sigeon;  a  dove.  —  Ctilver- house,  n.     A 
ove-cote.— Onlvertall,  kul'v6r-tal,  n.    A 
dove-tail  joint. 

Culvert,  kul'vfert,  n.  [0.  Fr.  culvert;  Fr. 
eouvert,  a  covered  walk,  from  couvrir^  to 
cover.  Cover.]  An  arched  drain  of  bnck- 
work  or  masonry  carried  und^r  a  road, 
railway,  canal,  &c.,  for  the  passage  of 
water. 

Comarin,  ka'ma-rin,  n.  Same  as  Couma- 
vine. 

Cumas,  kQ'mas,  n.  Quamash  (which  see). 
Cujnber,  kum'ber,  v.t.  lO.Fr.  combrer, 
from  L.L.  combrus,  eumbrua,  a  maas, 
from  L.  cumulus,  a  heap  (whence  also 
cumulate),  by  insertion  of  &  (comp.  num- 
ber)  .and  change  of  I  to  r.]  To  overload; 
to  overburden ;  to  check,  stop,  or  retard, 
as  by  a  load  or  weight ;  to  make  motion 
difficult;  to  obstruct;  to  perplex  or  embar- 
rass; to  oistract  or  trouble;  to  cause  trouble 
or  obstruction  in,  as  by  anything  useless. 
— Cumber,  kum'b&r,  re.  Hindrance ;  bur- 
densomeness;  embarrassment. — Cumber- 
les»,  kum'b6r-le8,  a.  Free  from  care,  dis- 
tress, or  encumbrance.  —  Cumbersome, 
kum'b6r-sum,  a.  Troublesome ;  burden- 
some; embarrassing;  vexatious;  unwieldy; 
unmanageable;  not  easily  borne  or  man- 
aged.—  Cumbersomely,  kum'b6r-sum-li, 
odit— CumbersomenesB,  kum'bfer-sum-nes. 
n.  —  Cumbrance,  kum' brans,  n.  That 
which  cumbers  or  encumbers ;  an  encum- 
brance.— Cumbrous,  kum'bnis,  a.  Serv- 
ing to  cumber  or  encumber  j  burdensome; 
troublesome;  rendering  action  difficult  or 
toilsome;  unwieldy.  — Cmnbrously,  kum'- 
brus-li,  adv.  In  a  cumbrous  manner. — 
Cumbrousness,  kum'brus-nes,  n. 

Cumbrian,  kum'bri-an,  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Cumberland ;  geol.  applied  to  the 
lowest  slaty  and  partly  fossiliferous  beds 
in  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland. 

Cumfiw,  knm'fri,  n.    Comfrey. 

CnmJn,  Cninmln,  kum'iu,  n.  [L.  cuminum, 
6r.  kyminon,  Heb.  kaman,  cumin.l  An 
annual  umbelliferous  plant  founci-  wild 
in  Egypt  and  Syria,  and  cultivated  for 
the  sake  of  its  agreeable  aromatic  seeds, 
which  possess  well-marked  stimulating 
and  carminative  properties. 

Cummer-bund,  Kamar-band,  kum'dr-bund, 
M.  [Hind.  Jramar,  the  waist,  and  bandhna, 
to  tie.]  A  girdle  or  waist-band  worn  in 
Hindustan. 

Cnmshaw,  kum'sha,  n.  [Chinese  kom-taie.] 
In  the  East,  a  present  or  bonus. 

Cumulate,  ka'ma-lat,  v.t. — cumulcUed,  ctem- 
idating.  [L.  cumulo,  cumidattim,  to  heap 
up,  from  cumuhis,  a  heap,  seen  also  in 
accumulate:  akin  cumber.]  To  form  a 
heap  of;  to  neap  together;  to  accumulate. 
—Cumulation,  ka-mO-la'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  heaping  together;  a  heap. — Cnmnlatave, 
ka'mti-lat-iv,  a.    Forming  a  mass ;  angre- 

fated;  increasing  in  force,  weight,  or  effect 
y  successive  additions  (arguments,  evi- 
dence).—CM»nuJotti;e  system,  in  elections, 
that  system  by  which  each  voter  has  the 
same  number  of  votes  as  there  are  persons 
to  be  elected,  and  can  give  them  all  to  one 
candidate  or  distribute  them  as  he  pleases. 
— Cumulose,  ka'mu-ios,  a.  Full  ot  heaps. 
—Cumulo  -  cirro  -  stratus,  ktl'mu-lo-8ir"ro- 
stra-tus,re.  A  form  of  cloud  which  produces 
rain;  a  rain  cloud;  a  nimbus. — Cmnulo- 
stratus,  ku'mu-lo-stra-tus,  n.  A  species 
of  cloud  in  which  the  cumulus  at  the  top, 
mixed  with  \jirri,  overhangs  a  flatti^ 
stratum  or  base. — Cumuloa,  ku'mQ-lus,  n. 
A  species  of  cloud  which  assnmes  the 
form  of  dense  convex  or  conical  heaps, 
resting  on  a  fiattish  base. 
Coneal,  ku'ne-al,  a.  [L.  cuneus,  a  wedge, 
whence  also  coin.]  Having  the  form  of  a 
wedge. — Cuneate,  Cuneated,  ku'n6-at,  ka'- 
n5-at-ed,  a.  Wedge-shaped;  cuneiform. — 
Cuneiform,  Cuniform,  kja-ne'l-form,  ka'- 
ni-form,  a.  Having  the  shape  or  form  of 
a  wedge;  wedge-shaped;  the  epithpt  ap- 
plied to  the  arrow-headed  inscriptions 
found  on  old  Babylonian  and  Persian 
monuments,  from  the  characters  resem- 
bling a  wedge. 


Cunning,  kun'ing,  a.  [O.E.  cunnand,  from 
A.Sax.  f MHJian,  loel.  kvnwi,  (inth.  I-nnnan, 
to  known ;  akin  can,  ken,  know.]  Having 
skill  or  dexterity;  skilful ;  wrought  with 
skill;  ingenious;  shrewd;  sly;  crafty; 
astute;  designing;  subtle.  —  n.  Knorw- 
ledgej;  skill  j;  artifice;  artfulness;  craft: 
deceitfulness  or  deceit ;  fraudulent  skill 
or  dexterity. — Cunningly,  kun'ing-Ii,  adv. 
In  a  cunning  manner;  artfully;  craftily; 
with  subtlety;  with  fraudulent  contriv- 
ance ;  skilfully ;  artistically.  —  Ounnlng- 
nesB,  kun'ing-nes,  n.  Cunning. 
Cup,  ,kup,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cuppe,  from  L. 
cupa,  a  tub,  a  cask, 'in  later  times  a  cup.] 
A  vessel  of  small  capacity,  used  commomy 
to  drink  from ;  a  chalice ;  the  contents  of 
a  cup ;  the  liquor  contained  in  a  cup, 
or  that  it  may  contain;  anything  form- 
ed like  a  cup  (the  cup  of  an  acorn,  of 
a  flower).— /«  hia  cups,  intoxicated;  tipsy. 
— v.t. — cupped,  eugpping.  To  perform  the 
operation  of  cupping  upon.  —  Cup-bearer, 
n.  An  attendant  at  a  feast  who  conveys 
wine  or  other  liquors  to  the  ^ests. — 
Cupboard,  kub'b6rd,  n.  Originally,  a 
board  or  shelf  for  cups  to  «tand  on; 
now,  a  case  or  inclosure  in  a  rooin  with 
shelves  to  receive  cups,  plates,  dishes,  and 
the  like.  —  Cupful,  kup'ful,  n.  As  much 
as  a  cup  holds.- Cup-moEB,  n.  A  si>ecies 
of  lichen  so  called  from  the  cup-like  shape 
of  its  erect  frond.— Cup-valve,  n.  A  valve, 
the  seat  of  which  is  made  to  fit  a  cover  in 
the  form  of  a  vase,  or  of  the  portion  of  a 
sphere.  —  Cupping,  kup'ing,  n.  Surg,  a 
species  of  blood-letting  performed  by  a 
scarificator  and  a  glass  called  a  cuppiog- 
glass  from  which  the  air  ha.s  been  ex- 
hausted.—  Cupping-glass,  n.  A  glass 
vessel  like  a  cup,  to  be  applied  to  the  skin 
in  the  operation  of  cuppmg. 

Cupel,  ka'pel,  n.  [L.  cupeUa,  dim.  of  cupa, 
a  tub.]  A  small,  shallow,  porous,  cup-like 
vessel :  generally  made  of  the  residue  of 
burned  bones  rammed  into  a  mould,  and 
used  in  refining  metals.  —  Cupellation, 
ka-pel-l5'shon,  n.  The  refining  of  gold 
or  silver  by  a  cupel. 

Cupid,  ka'pid,  n.  [L.  C«ptdo,  from  eupido, 
desire,  from  cwpio,  to  desire.]  The  god  oi 
love,  and  fig.  love. 

Cupidity,  ka-pid'i-ti,  n.  [L.  cupiditas,  from 
cupidus,  desirous,  from  cujyio,  to  desire; 
alun  covet.]  An  eager  desire  to  possess 
something;  inordinate  or  unlawful  desire, 
especially  of  wealth  or  power;  avarice; 
covetousness. 

Cnixtla,  ka'po-la,  n.  [It.  cupola,  dim.  of  L. 
cupa,  a  cup.  Cup.]  Arch,  a  spherical 
vault  on  the  top  of  an  edifice ;  a  dome,  or 
the  round  top  of  a  dome ;  the  round  top 
of  any  structure,  as  of  a  furnace;  the  fur- 
Hace  itself.  —  Cupola-furnace,  n.  A  fur- 
nace for  melting  iron,  so  called  from  the 
cupola  or  dome  leading  to  the  chimney. 

Cupreous,  ka'prS-us,  a.  [L.  eupneus,  from 
cuprum,  copper.]  Coppery;  consisting  of 
copper;  resembling  copper  or  partaking 
of  its  qualities.— Caprlc,  Cuprous,  ka'prik, 
ka'prus,  a.  Of.  or  b^onging  to  copper. — 
Cupriferous,  ka-prif'er-us,  a.  Producing 
or  affording  copper.— Cuprite,  ka'prit,  n. 
The  red  oxide  of  coppar;  red  copper  ore. 

Cupula,  Cupule,  ka'pU-la,  ku'pal,  n.  [From 
L.cupa.  Ctrp.]  JSo«.  a  form  of  involucrum, 
occurring  in  the  oak,  the  beech,  and  the 
hazel,  and  consisting  of  bracts  cohering  by 
their  bases,  and  forming  a  kind  of  cup. — 
Cupuliferous,  kft-pa-lif '6r-u8,  a.  In  bot. 
bearing  cupnles. 

Cur,  k6r,  n.  [Sw.  kurre,  D.  korre,  a  dog, 
from  root  of  Icel.  kurra,  to  grumble  or 
mutter.]  A  degenerate  dog;  a  -worthless 
or  contemptible  man;  a  hound.— Currish, 
ker'ish,  a.  Like  a  cur ;  having  the  quali- 
ties of  a  cur;  snappish;  snarling;  churlish; 
quarrelsome;  malignant.- Corriahly,  ktr'- 
ish-li,  adv.  In  a  currish  manner.— Cur- 
rishnesB,  ker^sh-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  currish;  snappishness;  churlishness. 

Curable,  kar'a-bl,a.    Under  Cure. 

Curacoa,  k<>-ra-6o'a,  n.  A  liqueur  or  cordial 

flavoured  with  orange-peel,  cinnamon, 
and  mace:  so  named  from  the  island  oi 
Curacoa,  where  it  was  first  made. 

Curacy,  Ourateship.    Under  Curate. 

Cararf,  Cui-ara,  ku'ra-r6,  k\i'ra-rft,  n.    A 


ch,  cAain;     eh,  Sc.  loch;     g,  170;     j,;ob;     n,  Pr.  ton;  •  ng,  sinj?;     ih,  Wten;  th,  </iin;     w,  wig;    wh,  wWg;    zh,  aeure. 


OURASSOW 


172 


CIJBSIVE 


browu-black  resinous  substance  obtained 
from  a  small  tree  of  the  Nux-vomica  fam- 
ily, and  forming  a  deadly  poison;  used  by 
'the  South  American  Indians  for  poisoning 
arrows,  especially  for  hunting,  the  animals 
killed  by  it  being  quite  wholesome. — 
.Curarine,  kQ'ra-rin,  n.  An  alkaloid  ex- 
tracted from  curari,  and  more  poisonous 
than  the  curari  which  yields  it. 

Curassow,  ku-ras'so,  n.  The  name  given  to 
several  species  of  gallinaceous  birds  found 
in  the  warmer  parts  of  America,  about 
the  Size  of  turkeys,  and  easily  domesti- 
cated and  reared. 

Curate,  ku'rat,  n.  [L.L.  euratus,  one  in- 
trusted with  the  cure  of  souls,  from  L. 
cura,  care.]  One  who  has  the  cure  of  souls; 
a  clergyman  in  Episcopal  churches  who  is 
employed  to  perform  divine  service  in  the 
place  of  the  incumbent,  parson,  or.  vicar. 
—  Curacy,  Curateship,  ka'ra-si,  ku'rat- 
ship,  n.  The  office  or  employment  of  a' 
curate. — Curator,  ktt-ta'ter,  n.  [Ii.,from 
euro,  euratum,  to  take  care  ol]  One  who 
has  the  care  and  superintendence  of  ajiy- 
thing,  as  a  public  library,  niuseum,  fine 
art  collection,  or  the  like;  Scot8  law,  a 
guardian.— Curatorshlp,  kQ-ra'ter-ship,  n. 
The  office  of  a  curator.— Curatrix,  ku-rat' 
riks,  n.  A  female  superintendent  or  guar; 
dian.— Cnrtf,  kU-ra.,  n.  [Fr.]  A  curate;  a 
parson. 

Cfuratlve,  ku'ra-tiv,  a.    Under  Cure.  • 

Curb,  kerb,  v.t.  IFr.  courber,  to  bend  or 
crook,  from  L.  curvare,  to  curve,  from 
curwis,  curved ;  same  rodt  as  L.  circus,  a 
circle,  Gr.  kurtos,  crooked.j  To  bend  to 
one's  will ;  to  check,  restrain,  hold  back; 
to  keep  in  subjection;  to  restrain  (a  horse) 
with  a  curb;  to  guide  and  manage  by  the 
reins;  to  strengthen  by  a  curb-stone. — 
n.  What  checks,  restrains,  or  holds  back ; 
restraint;  check;  hindrance;  a  chain  or 
strap  attached  to  a  bridle,  and  passing 
under  the  horse's  lower  jaw,  against  which 

•  it  is  made  to  press  tightly  when  the  rein 
is  pulled;  the  edge-stone  of  a  side  walk  or 
pavement ;  a  curb-stone. — Curbable,  k6r'- 
ba-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  curbed  or  re- 
strained. —  Curbless,  k6rb'les,  a.  Having 
no  curb  or  restraint.  —  Curb-roof,  n.  A 
roof  formed  with  an  upper  and  under  set 
of  rafters  on  each  side,  the  under  set  being 
less  inclined  to  the  horizon  than  the  uj)- 
per;  a  mansard  roof.  —  Ciirb-stone,  n.  A 
stone  placed  against  earth  or  stonework 
to  hold  the  work  together;  the  outer  edge 
of  a  foot  pavement. 

Curd,  kerd,  n.  [Probably  connected  with 
W.  crtvd,  a  round  lump,  and  perhaps  with 
crowd.]  The  coagulated  or  thickened  part 
of  millc;  the  coagulated  part  of  any  liquid. 
— v.t.  To  cause  to  coagulate;  to  turn  to 
curd;  to  ciirdje;  to  congeal.— y.i.  To  be- 
come curdled  or  coagulated;  to  become 
curd.  —  Curdiness,  ker'di-nes,  n.  State  of 
being  curdy. — Cvirdle,  kfer'dl,  v.i. — curdled, 
curdling.  To  coagulate  or  concrete;  to 
thicken  or  change  into  curd;  to  run  slow 
with  terror;  to  freeze;  to  congeal. — v.t.  To 
change  into  curd;  to  coagulate;  to  congeal 
or  make  run  slow.— Curdy,  kfer'di,  o.  Like 
curd;  full  of  curd;  coagulated. 

Cure,  kur,  n.  [O.Fr.  cure,  L.  cura,  care.] 
Caret;  a  spiritual  charge;  care  of  the 
spiritual  welfare  of  people;  the  employ- 
ment or  office  of  a  curate;  curacy;  re- 
medial treatment  of  disease;  method  of 
medical  treatment;  remedy  for  disease; 
restorative;  that  which  heals;  a  healing; 
restoration  to  health  from  disease  and  to 
soundness  from  a  wound.— w.i.  —  cured, 
curing.  To  restore  to  health  or  to  a  sound 
state;  to  heal;  to  remove  or  put  an  end  to 
by  remedial  means;  to  heal,  as  a  disease; 
to  remedy;  to  prepare  for  presen-ation,  as 
by  drying,  salting,  &c.  —  v.i.  To  effect  a 
cure.  —  Curability,  ktlr-a-bil ' i-ti,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  curable. — Curable,  kQ'ra- 
bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  healed  or  cured ; 
admitting  a  remedy.—  CurablenesB,  kOr'- 
a-bl-nes,  n.  Possibility  of  being  cured. — 
Curative,  kQ'ra-tiv,  a.  Relating  to  the 
cure  of  diseases ;  tending  to  cure.— Cure- 
less, kur'les,  a.  Incurable;  not  admitting 
of  a  remedy.— Curer,  ktl'rCr,  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  cures  or  heals;  a  physician; 
lone  who  preserves  provisions,  as  beef,  fish. 


and  the  like,  from  speedy  putrefaction  by 
means  of  salt,  or  in  any  other  manner. 

Cur6, 71.    Under  CuKATE.  .    .• 

Curfew,  k6r'fa,  n.  [Fr.  couvre-feu,  cover- 
fire,  from  L.  eooperire,  to  cover,  and  focus, 
hearth,  fire-place.l  A  bell  formerly  rung 
in  the  evening  as  a  signal  to  the  inhabi- 

.  tants  to  rake  up  their  fires  and  retire  to 
rest.    ' 

Curia,  ku'ri-a,  n.  [L.,  the  senate-house,  the 
senate.]    The  Roman  see  in  its  temporal 

•aspect,  including  the  pope,  cardinals,  &c. 

Carious,  ka'ri-us.a.  \li.eurio»ua,irom.cura, 
care,  attention.  Cdue.]  Strongly  desirous 
to  discover  what  is  novel  or  unknown; 
solicitous  to  see  or  to  know  things  interest- 
ing ;  inquisitive ;  addicted  to  research  or 
inquiry;  wrought  with  care  and  art  or 
with  nice  finish;  singular;  exciting  sur- 
prise; awakening  curiosity ;  odd  or  strange. 
— Curiosity,  ku-ri-os'i-ti,  n.  [L.  curiosi- 
tas.]  The  state  or  feeling  of  being  curi- 
ous; a  strong  desire  to  see  something  novel 
or  to  discover  something  unknown;  adesire 
to  see  what  is  new  or  unusual,  or  to  gratify 
the  mind  with  iiew  discoveries  ;■  inquisi- 
tiveness;  an  object  that  deserves  to  be 
seeujas  novel  and  extraordinary.-;-CurioBO, 
ka-ri-o'so,  n.  [It.]  A  curious  person ;  a 
virtuoso.— Curiously,  ku'ri-us-li,  adv.  In 
a  curious  manner;  inquisitively;  atten- 
tively; in  al singular  manner;  unusually. 
— Curiousnesg,  ku'ri-us-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  curious. 

Curl,  k^rl,  v.t.  [Akin  to  D.  krullen,  Dan. 
krolle,  to  carl.]  Jo  bend  or  twist  circu- 
larly; to  bend  ctr  form  into  ringlets ;  to 
crisp  (the  hair);  to  writhe;  to  twist;  to- coil; 
to  curve;  to  raise  in  breaking  waves  or 
undul£(.tion8.  —  v.i.  To  bend  or  twist  in 
curls  or  ringlets;  to  move  in  or  form  curves 
or  spirals;  to  rise  in  waves;  to  writhe;  to 
twist;  to  play  at  the  game  called  curling. 
— n.  A  ringlet  of  hair  or  anything  of  a  like 
form ;  something  curled  or  beiit  round ;  a 
waving;  sinuosity;  flexure.— Curled,  kerld, 
a.  H.aving  the  hair  curled;  curly. — 
Curler,  km'6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
curls;  ones  who  engages  in  the  amusement 
of  curling'.— Curliness,  kerl'i-nes.w.  State 
of  being  curly.  —  Curling,  kerl'ing,  n.  A 
winter  amusement  on  the  ice  (especially 
in  Scotland),  in  which  contending  parties 
slide  large  smooth  stones  of  a  circular  form 
from  one  mark  to  another,  called  the  tee. 
—Curling-irons,  Curling-tongs,  n.  An  in- 
strument for  curling  the  hair.  —  Curling- 
stone,  n.  A  stone  shaped  somewhat  like  a 
cheese  with  a  handle  in  the  upper  side, 
used  in  the  game  of  curlinp.— Curly,  ktr'li, 
a.  Having  or  forming  curls ;  tending  to 
curl.— Curly-headed,  Curly-pated,  a.  Hav- 
ing curling  hair. 

Curlew,  ker'la,  n.  [O.Fr.  corlieu;  imitative 
of  the  cry  of  the  bird;  Fr.  courlis.]  A  bird 
allied  to  the  snipe  and  woodcock^  with  a 
long,  slender,  curved  bill,  longish  legs,  and 
a  short  tail,  frequenting  moors  and  also 
the  sea-side. 

Curmudgeon,  k6r-muj'on,  n.  [Said  to  be 
from  com-mudgin^a.  dealer  in  com— corn- 
dealers  beftig  reckoned,  in  old  times,  the 
most  fUnty-hearted  and  avaricious  of  men.] 
An  avaricious  churlish  fellow;  a  miser;  a 
niggard ;  a  churl.  —  Curmudgeonly,  k6r- 
muj'on-li,  a.  Avaricious;  covetous;  nig- 
gardly; churlish. 

Currant,  kur'ant,n.  [FronI  Corin£fe, whence 
it  was  probably  first  brought.]  A  small 
kind  of  dried  grape,  brought  in  large 
quantities  from  Greece;the  name  of  several 
species  of  shrubs  belonging  to  the  goose- 
berry family,  and  of  their  fruits,  as  the 
red  currant,  the  white  currant,  and  the 
black  currant.  —  Currant-Jelly,  n.  Jelly 
made  of  the  juice  of  currants.  —  Currant- 
wine,  n.  Wine  made  from  the  juice  of 
currants. 

Current,  kur'ent,  a.  [L.  cun-^ns,  currentis, 
ppr.  of  curro,  to  run,  seen  also  in  concur, 
incur,  occur,  course,  cursive,  &c.]  Run- 
ningt;  passing  from  person  to  person,  or 
from  hand  to  hand  (report,  coin) ;  circu- 
lating; common,  general,  or  fashionable; 
generally  received,  adopted,  or  approved 
(opinions,  beliefs,  theories);  popular;  es- 
tablished by  common  estimation  (the  cur- 
rent value  of  coin);  fitted  for  general  accep- 


tance or  circulation  {Shalt);  now  passing,  or 
at'ftresent  in  its  course  (the  current  mouth : 
often  in  abbreviated  expressions,  such  as. 
20th  curt.).—Cwn-ent  com,  coin  in  general 
circulation.  —  n.  A  flowing  or  passing ;  a 
stream;  a  body  of  water  or  air  moving  in  a 
certain  direction;  course;  progressive  mo- 
tion or  movement ;  connected  series ;  suc- 
cessive course  (the  current  of  events);  gene- 
ral or main'course  (thec«rr«n<  of  opinion). 
— Electric  current,  th§  passage  of  electri- 
city from  one  pole  of  an  apparatus  to  the 
other.— Currency,  kur'en-si,  m.  The  state 
of  being  current;  a  passing  from  person  to 
person  ;  a  passing  from  mouth  to  mouth 
among  the  public;  a  continual  passing  from 
hand  to  hand,  as  coin  or  bills  of  credit;  cir- 
culation; that  which  is  in  circulation,  or  is 
given  and  taken  as  having  value,  or  as  re- 
presenting property;  circulating  medium 
(the  currency  oi  a  country). — Metallic  cur- 
rency ^  the  gold,  silver,  and  copper  in  cir- 
culation in  any  countiy. — Paper-currency, 
bank-notes  or  other  documents  sending  as 
a  substitute  for  money  or  a  retjresentative 
of  it.  —  Currently,  kur'ent-lij  adv.  Com- 
monly ;  generally ;  popularly ;  with  gene- 
ral acceptance.— Currentness,  kur'ent-nes, 
n.    The  state  of  being  current;  currency. 

Curricle,  kur'i-kl,  n.  [L.  curriculum,  from 
curro,  to  run.].  A  chaise  or  carriage  with 
two  wheels,  drawn  by  two  horses  abreast. 

Curriculum,  ku-rik'u-lum.w.  [L.]  A  speci- 
fied fixed  course  of  study  in  a  university, 
academy,  school,  or  the  like. 

Currish,  kfer'ish,  a.    Under  Cur. 

Curry,  kur*!,  v.t— curried,  currying.  [Fr. 
courroyer,  corroyer,  originally  to  prepare, 
put  right,  or  make  ready  in  general,  from 
the  prefix  con,  and  the  Germanic  stem  to 
which  belong  E.  ready,  ray  in  array.]  To 
dress  leather  after  it  is  tanned  by  scrap- 
ing, cleansing,  beating,  and  colouring;  to 
rub  and  clean  (a  horse)  with  a  comb;  to 
beat,  drub,  or  thrash  (colloq.).— To  curry 
favour,  to  seek  favour  by  officiousness, 
kindness,  flattery,  caresses,  and  the  like : 
the  phrdse  being  corrupted  from  'to  curry 
favel,'  from  favel,  an  old  name  for  a  horse—- 
chestnut.  —  Ctirrier,  kur'i-er,  n.  A  man 
who  curries  leather  or  a  horse.- Curriery, 
kur'i-6r-i,  m.  The  trade  of  a  currier  or  the 
place  where  the  trade  is  carried  on! — Cur- 
ry-comb, n^  An  iron  instrument  or  comb 
with  very  short  teeth,  for  combing  and 
cleaning  horses.— w.f.  To  rub  down  or  comb 
with  a  curry-comb.       '  • 

Curry,  Ciu-rie,  kur^,  n.  [Per.  Ichur,  flavour, 
relish.]  A  kind  of  sauce  much  used  in 
India,  containing  cayenne-pepper,  garlic, 
turmeric,  coriander  seed,  ginger,  and  other 
strong  spices;  a  dish  of  fish,  fowl,  &c., 
cooked  with  curry. — v.t.— curried,  curry- 
ing. To  flavour  with  curry.— Curry-pow- 
der, n.    A  condiment  tised  for  marking 

■  curry. 

Curse,  kfers,  v.t. — cursed,  cursing.  [A.  Sax. 
cursian,  from  curs,  a  curse— a  word  of 
doubtful  connections.]  To  utter  a  wish 
of  evil  against  one;  to  imprecate  evil 
upon;  to  call  for  mischief  or  injury  to  fall 
upon;  to  execrate;  to  bring  evil  to  or  upon; 
to  blast;  to  blight;  to  vex,  harass,  or  tor- 
ment with  great  calamities. — v.i.  To  utter 
imprecations;  to  use  blasphemous  or  pro- 
fane language;  to  swear.  —  n.  A  maledic- 
tion; the  expression  of  a  wish  of  evil  to  an- 
other; an  imprecation;  evil  solemnly  or  in 
passion  invoked  upon  one;  that  which 
brings  evil  or  severe  affliction ;  torment ; 
great  vexation;  condemnation  or  sentence 
of  divine  vengeanee  on  sinners.  —  Cur,'?ed, 
kOr'sed,  a.  Blasted  by  a  curse;  desennng 
a  curse ;  execrable ;  hateful ;  detestable ; 
abominable;  wicked;  vexatious;  trouble- 
some. —  Cursedly,  kCr'sed-li,  adv.  In  a 
cursed  manner;  miserably;  in  a  manner  to 
be  cursed  or  detested.  —  Cursedness,  k6r'- 
sed-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  curred.— 
Curser,  kfer'sfir,  n.  One  who  curses. — (v  rat, 
kerst,  o.  Cursed;  having  a  violent  temper; 
snarling;  peevish;froward.-Curstly,k^rst'- 
li,  adv.  In  a  curst  or  ill-tempered  manner. 
— Curstness,  kerst'nes,  n.  The  character 
of  being  curst.  i 

Cursive,  ker'siv,  a.  fjj.li.  cursiwis,  L.  eur- 
»MS,  a  running.  Course,  Current.]  Run- 
ning; flowing:  said  of  hand-writing.— Cnr- 
• 1 


fate,  fiir,  fat,  fall;     mC,  met,  hfr;     pine,  piu;     note,  not,  move;  ^  tnbe,  tub,  b^ill;     oil,  pound;     U,  Sc.  abMne— the  Fr,  n. 


CUItST 

stvely,  k6r'siv-li,  adv.  In  a  cursive  man- 
ner. —  Cursor,  ker'ser,  n.  PLi.,  a  runner,] 
Any  part  of  a  mathematical  instrument 
that  slides  backward  and  forward  upon 
another  part.— Cursores,  k^r-so'rez,  n.  pi. 
The  runners,  an  order  of  birds,  such  as  the 
ostrich  and  some  others,  so  named  from 
their  remarkable  velocity  in  running. — 
Cursorial,  kfer-so'ri-al,  a.  Adapted  for 
rannins;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Cursores. 
—Cursorily,  kfer'so-ri-li,  adv.  In  a  cursory 
or  hasty  manner;  slightly;  hastily;  with- 
out attention. — Cursoriness,  ker'so-ri-nes, 
7;.  The  state  of  being  cursory.— Cursory, 
]^er'so-ri,  a.  fL.  cursorius.\  Kapid  or  hur- 
ried, as  if  running;  hasty;  slight;  super- 
ficial; careless;  not  exercising  close  atten- 
tion (a  cursory  view,  a  cursory  observer). 

Cttrst,  a.    Under  Curse. 

Curt,  kert,  a.  [L.  curtu»,  short,  docked.] 
(jhort;  concise;  brief  and  abrupt;  short 
and  sharp. — Curtlyi  kfertli,  adv.  In  a  curt 
manner ;  briefly.  —  Cortnoss,  k6rt'nes,  n. 
Shortness;  conciseness;  abruptness,  as  of 
manner. 

Curtail,  "k^r-tal',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  courtav.lt, 
Mod.IY.  coMrteaM,  from  court,  L.  eurtus, 
short.]  To  cut  off  the  end  or  a  part  of;  to 
make  shorter;  to  dock;  honce,  to  shorten 
in  any  manner ;  to  abridge ;  to  diminish. 
— Curtailer,  k6r-t&'l6r,  n.  One  who  cur- 
tails.—Curtailment,  k6r-tal'ment,  n.  The 
act  of  curtailing. 

Curtain,  kfcr'tin,  n.  [Fr.  courline,  L.L. 
Cortina,  a  little  court,  a  curtain,  from  L. 
cars,  cortis,  an  inclosore,  a  court.  Court.] 
A  hanging  cloth  or  screen  before  a  window, 
round  a  bed,  or  elsewhere,  that  may  be 
moved  at  pleasure  so  as  to  admit  or  ex- 
clude the  light,  conceal  or  show  anything; 
the  movable  screen  in  a  theatre  or  like 
place  serving  to  conceal  the  stage  from  the 
spectators;  what  resembles  a  curtain;  fort. 
that  part  of  a  rampart  which  is  between 
the  flanks  of  two  bastions,  or  between  two 
gates.— ■!;.<..  To  inclose  or  f iimish  with  cur- 
tains. —  Curtain-lecture,  ».  A  lecture  or 
reproof  given  behind  the  curtains  or  in 
bed  by  a  wife  to  her  husband.    [Colloq.J 

Cnrtal,t  kfer'tal,  n.  [Curtail.]  A  horse  or 
dog  with  a  docked  tail.  [Shak.'] — a.  Short; 
•abridged;  brief.— Curtal-ax,  M.  A  kind  of 
weapon  formerly  used. 

Curtal-friar,  k6r'tal-fri-6r,  n.  fFr.  courtil, 
a  court-yard.]  The  brother  who  acted  as 
porter  at  the  court-gate  of  a  monastery. 

Cortaua,  ker-ta'na,  n.  [From  L.  eurtus, 
shortened.]  The  pointless  sword,  carried 
before  the  kings  of  England  at  their  coro- 
nation, and  emblematically  considered  as 
the  sword  of  mercy. 

Cttrtate,  kfer'tat,  a:  [L.  eurtatus,  from  cvrto, 
to  shorten.  Curt.]  Shortened;  reduced. 
— Curtate  distance  (of  a  planet),  the  dis- 
tance between  the  sun  or  earth  and  that 
poidt  where  a  perpendicular  let  fall  from 
the  planet  meets  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic. 

Onrtsy,  Curtesy,  kfert'si,  k6r'te-si,  n.  [A 
modification  of  courtesy.]  An  obeisance  or 
gesture  of  respect  by  a  female,  consisting 
in  a  bending  of  the  knees  and  sinking  of 
the  hody.—v.i.— curtsied,  curtsying.  To 
drop  or  make  a  curtsy. 

Cnrule,  ku'rijl,  a.  [Ii.  cvrulis.']  Bom,,  antiq. 
applied  to  a  chair  of  state,  Soraething  like 
a  camp-stool,  which  belonged  to  certain  of 
the  magistrates  ofthe  republic  in  virtue  of 
their  office;  hence,  privileged  to  sit  in  such 
a  chair. 

Curve,  kferv,  (t.  {Tj.  curvus,  crooked.  Curb.] 
Bending  circularly,  or  so  as  in  no  part  to 
be  straight;  having  a  bent  form;  crooked. 
— n.  A  bending  in  a  circular  form;  a  bend 
or  flexure  such  that  no  part  forms  a 
straight  line;  aeom.  a  line  which  may  be 
cut  by  a  straight  line  in  more  points  than 
one;  a  line  which  changes  its  direction  at 
evew^ point. — v.t.—  curved,  curving.  To 
bend  into  the  form  of  a  curve;  to  crook. — 
v.i..  To  have  a  curved  or  'bent  form ;  to 
bend  round.— CwrVate,  Curvated,  kfer'vat, 
k«r'ya-ted,  a.-  Curved.— Curvation,  k^f-vft'- 
shon, ».  The  act  of  bending  or  curving.— 
Curvative,  kfir'va-tiv,  a.  Bot.  having 
leaves  whose  margins  are  slightly  turaed 
up  or  down.— Cnrvattjre,  ktVva-tur,  n.  A 
bending  in  a  regular  form;  the  manner  or 
negree  in  which  a  thing  isouived.— Curved, 


173 

kSrvd,  pp.  or  o.  Formed  into  or  having 
the  form  of  a  curve.— Cnrvity,  k6r'vi-ti, 
n.  [h.  cur  vitas.]  A  bending  in  a  regular 
form;  crookedness. 

Curvet,  ktr'vet  or  k4r-vet',  n.  [It.  corvetta, 
from  L.  curvare,  to  bend  or  curve.]  The 
leap  of  a  horse  when  he  raises  both  fore- 
legs at  once,  and  as  they  are  falling  also 
his  hind-legs;  a  gambol;  a  leap. — v.i. — 
curvetted,  curvetting.  To  jhake  a  curvet; 
to  bound  or  leap.;  to  prance ;  to  frisk  or 
gambol.— «.<.  To  cause  to  make  a  curvet. 

Curvicostate,  k6r-vi-kos'tat,  a.  [L.  curvus, 
crooked,  and  costa,  a  rib.]  Marked  with 
small.bent  ribs.  —  Curvidentate,  kfer-vi- 
den'tat,  a.  [L.  dens,  a  tooth.]  ^Having 
curved  teeth  or  tooth-like  projections. — 
Curvifoliate,  ker-vi-fo'li-at,  a.  [L.  folium, 
a  leal]  Having  reflected  leaves.---Curvi- 
iorm,  kfir'vi-form,  a.  Having  a  curved 
form.  —  Curvilinea!.*,  Curvilineal,  k6r-vi- 
Iin'i5-er,k6r-vi-lin'e-al,  a.  [L.  linea,  a  line.] 
Having  the  shape  of  a  curve  line;  consist- 
ingof  curve  lines;  bounded  by  curve  lines. 
— Curvilinead,  ker-vi-lin'e-ad,  n.  An  in- 
strument for  describing  curves.  —  Curvl- 
linearity,  k*r-vi-liri'5-ar"i-ti,  n.  The  State 
of  being  curvilinear.— Cumlinoarly,  kcr- 
vi-lin'e-er-li,  adv.  In  a  curvilinear  man- 
ner.—Carvlrostral,  k^r-vi-ros'tral,  o.  fL. 
rostrum,  a  beak.]  Omith.  having  a  crooked 
beak. 

Ciuco-bark,  k^sTco-bftrk,  n:  A  variety  of 
Peruvian  nark  from  Cmcco  in  Peru,  ap- 
plied medicinally  to  excite  warmth  in  the 
system. 

Cushat,  kitsh'at,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cwsceoie.]  The 
ring-dove  or  wood-pigeon. 

Cushion,  kush'on,  n.  [Fr.  coussin.  It.  cns- 
cino;  from  a  hypothetical  culcitinum,  dim. 
of  L.  culciia,  a,  cushion,  a  quilt.l  A  pillow 
for  a  seat;  a  soft  pad  to  be  placecf  on  a 
chair  or  attached  to  some  kind  of 'seat;  any 
stuffed  or  padded  appliance ;  the  padded 
side  or  edge  of  a  billiard-table.— u.t.  To 
furnish  or  fit  vith  a  cushion  or  cushions. 

—  Cushion -capital,  )t.  Arch,  a  capital 
having  the  shape  of  a  cube  rounded  off  at 
its  lower  extremities.— Cushiony,  k\ish'- 
on-i,  a.  Having  the  appearance  of  a 
cushion;  cushion-shaped  and  soft. 

Ctisp,  kusp,  n.  [L.  cuspis,  a  point,  a  spear.] 
A  sharp  projecting  point;  the  point  or 
horn  of  the  crescent  moon  or  other  simi- 
lar pointj  a  prominence  on  a  molar  tooth; 
a  projecting  point  formed  by  the  meeting 
of  curves,  as  in  heads  of  Gothic  windows 
and  panels,  &c.— Cttsped,  kuspt,  o.  Fur- 
nished with  a  cusp  or  cusps;  cusp-shaped. 

—  Cuspidal,  Cnepldate,  Cuspidated,  kus'- 
pi-dal,  kus'pi-dal,  kus'pi-da-ted,  a.  Cusp- 
shaped  or  having  cusps:  terminating  in  a 
cusp  or  spine  (as  leaves). 

Custard,  kus'tord,  n.  [Probably  a  corrup- 
tion of  old  crustade,  a  kind  of  stew  served 
up  in  a  raised  crust.]  A  composition  of 
milk  and  egga,  sweetened,  and  baked  or 
boiled,  forming  an  agreeable  kind  of  food. 
— Ciistard-apple,  n.  [From  the  yellowish 
pulp.]  The  large,  dark-brown,  roundish 
fruit  of  a  West  Indian  tree,  now  ciiltivated 
in  all  tropical  countries. 

Custody,  kus'to-di,  n.  [L.  custodla,  from 
custos,  custodis,  a  watchman,  a  keei)er.]  A 
keeping;  a  guarding;  guardianship;  care, 
watch,  inspection,  for  keeping,  preserva- 
tion, or  security;  restraint  of  liberty;  con- 
finement; imprisonment.— Custodial,  kus- 
to'di-al,  a.  Relating  to-  custody  or  guar- 
dianship.—Custodian,  kus-td'di-an,n.  One 
who  has  the  cai«  or  custody  of  anything, 
as  of  $L  library,  some  public  building,  &c. 
— Cnatodialia£lp,kus-to'di-an-ship,ra.  The 
ot&ce  or  duty  of  a  custodian. — Cxistodier, 
kus-to'di^r,  n.  A  keeper;  a  guardian; 
one  who  has  the  care  or  Custody  of  any- 
thing. 

Cflstonii  kus'tum,  n.  [O.Ft.  euitume.  from 
L.  consuetudo,  cvnsrtetudinis,  custom — 
con,  with,  and  suso,  suetuTtt,  to  be  wont  or 
accustomed.  Costume  is  the  same  word.] 
Frequent  or  common  use  or  practice; 
established  jiianner;  habitual  practice;  a 
practice  or  usage;  an  established  and 
general  mode  of  acfaon,  which  obtains 
in  a  community;  practibe  of  freauent- 
Ing  a  shop,  manuactory,  &c.,  ana  pur- 
chasiiig  oi-  giving  orders;  tribute,  toll,  or 


CUT 

tax ;  pi.  "the  duties  imposed  by  law  on 
merchandise  imported  or  exported..'.  Cm«- 
tom  is  the  frequent  repetition  of  the  same 
act,  habit. hevax  a  custom  continued  so 
long  as  to  develop  a  tendency  or  inclina- 
tion to  perform  the  customary  act.— Cus- 
tomable, kus'tnm-a-bl,  o.  Subject  to  the 
payment  of  the  duties  called  customs.  — 
Customarily,  kus'tum-a-ri-li,acfy.  Habitu- 
ally; commonly.  —  Costomariness,  kus'- 
tum-a-ri-nes,  n.  State  of  being  customary ; 
frequency;  commonness.  —  Customary, 
ku8'tum-a-ri,  a.  According  to  custom  or 
to  established  or  common  usage;  wonted; 
usual;  habitual;  In  common  practice. — 
n.  A  book  containing  an  account  of  the 
customs  and  municipal  rights  of  a  city, 
province,  &c.  —  Customer,  kus'tum-6r,  n. 
A  purchaser;  a  buyer;  a  dealer;  one  that  a 
person  has  to  deal  with,  or  one  that  oomes 
across  a  person;  a  fellow  (coUoq.).  —  Cus- 
tom-house, n.  A  house  where  the  customs 
on  merchandise  are  paid  or  secured  to  be 
paid ;  the  whole  establishment  by  means 
of  which  the  customs  revenue  is  collected 
and  its  regulation  enforced.  —  Customs  - 
duty,  w.  The  tax  levied  on  goods  and  pro- 
duce brought  for  consumption  from  fo- 
reign countries,  or  on  export. 

Custos,  kus'tos,  n.  [L.J  A  keeper. — Custos 
rotulomm,  the  chief  civil  officer  of  an 
English  county,  who  is  the  keeper  of  the 
records  or  roUs  of  the  session. 

Cut,  kut,  v.t— cut  (pret.  &  pp.),  cutting. 
[Of  Celtic  origin ;  comp.  W.  cwt,  a  short 
piece,  cwtogi,  to  curtail;  Ir.  cut,  a  short 
taU;  cutach,  bob-tailed.]  To  separate  or 
divide  the  parts  of  by  an  edged  instru- 
ment, or  as  an  ed^ed  instrument  does;  to 
make  an  incision  m;  to  sever;  to  sever  and 
cause  to  fall  for  the  purpose  of  removing; 
to  fell,  as  wood;  to  mow  or  reap,  as  corn, 
to  sever  and  remove,  a5'the  nails  or  l^ir; 
to  fashion  by,  or  as  by,  cutting  or  carving; 
to  hew  out;  to  carve;  to  wound  the  sensi- 
bilities of;  to  affect  deeply;  to  intersect; 
to  cross  (one  line  cuts  another);  to  have  no 
longer  anything  to  do  with;  to  quit  (col- 
loq.);  to  shun  the  acquaintance  of  (colloq.). 
— To  cut  dowri,  to  cause  to  fall  by  sever- 
ing; to  reduce  as  by  cutting;  to  retrench; 
to  curtail  (expenditure).  —  To  cut  off,  to 
sever  from  the  other  parts;  to  bring  to 
an  untimely  endi  to  separate;  to  inter- 
rupt ;  to  stop  (communication) ;  to  inter- 
cept; to  hinder  from  return  or  union.— 
To  cut  out,  to  remove  bv  cutting:  or  carv- 
ing ;  to  shape  or  form  by,  or  as'  by,  cut- 
ting; to  fashion;  to  take  the  preference  or 
precedence  of;  nclut.  to  seize  and  carry  off, 
as  a  vessel  f hsm  a  harbour  or  from  under 
the  guns  of  the  enemy.— To  cttt  short,  to 
hinder  from  proceeding  by  sudden  inter- 
ruption; to  shorten;  to  abridge.— To  cut 
up,  to  cut  in  pietes;  to  criticise  severely; 
to  censure;  to  wound  the  feelings  deeply; 
to  affect  greatly.— To  cut  and  rtm,  to  cut 
the  cable  and  set  sail  immediately;  to  be 
off;  to  be'  gone. — To  cut  off  with  a  shilling, 
to  bequeath  one's  natural  heir  a  shilling: 
a  practice  adopted  by  a  person  dissatisfied 
with  his  heir,  as  a  proof  that  the  disin- 
heritance was  designed  and  not  the  result 
of  neglect. — To  cut  capers,  to  leap  or  dance 
in  a  frolicsome  manner;  to  frisk  about. — 
To  cut  a  dash  or  figure,  to  make  a  display. 
— To  cut  a  joke,  to  joke:  to  crack  a  jest. — 
— To  cut  a  knot,  to  take  phort  measures 
with  anything:  in  allusion  to  the  well- 
known  story  of  Alexaadet  the  Great  and 
the  Gordian  knot.— To  <ru<  o  packofq/arda. 
to  divide  it  into  portions  before  beginning 
to  deal  or  for  other  puriwses. — To  cut  one's 
stick,  to  move  off;  to  oe  off  at  once.  [Slang.  ] 
—To  cut  the  teeth,  to  have  the  teeth  pierce 
the  gums.— v.i.  To  do  the  work  of  an  edge- 
tool;  to  serve  in  dividing  or  gashing;  to 
admit  of  incision  or  severance ;  to  use  a 
knife  or  edge-tool ;  to  divide  a  pack  of 
catds,  to  determine  the  deal  or  for  any 
other  purpose;  to  move  off  rapidly  (col- 
loq.). ,—  To  citt  across^  to  pass  over  or 
through  in  the  most  direct  way  (colloq  ). 
— To  cut  in,  to  join  in  suddenly  and  unoere- 
mouiously  (colloq.). — p..  and.  a.  Gfashed; 
carved;  intersected;  pierced;  deeply  affect- 
ed.— Cut  and,  dry,  or  cut  and  dried,  \)n  ■ 
pared  for  use:  a  metaphor  from  hewn 


.cbfCftain;     cR,  Sc.  locA;  ^^  g,-(ro;>3,/ol);  >  n,  j^.  toft;     t^,pMg;     ih,  (Aeti;  th,  Ain;     w,  wig;   .  wh,  tcfcig;     ah,ik8uie. 


CUTA?fEOUS 


174 


CYMBAL 


timber.— Ciii  glass,  glass  having  the  sur- 
face shaped  or  ornamented  bv  grinding 
and  polishing.— Cirf  nail,  a  nail  manafac- 
tured  by  being  cut  from  a  rolled  plate  ot 
iron  by  machinery.— 71.  The  opening  made^ 
by  an  edged  instrument;  a  gash;  a  notch; 
a  wound;  a  stroke  or  blow  as  with  an  edged 
instrument;  a  smart  stroke  or  blow,  as 
with  a  whip;  anything  that  wounds  one's 
feelings  deeply,  as  a  sarcasm,  criticism, 
or  act  of  discourtesy;  a  part  cut  off  from 
the  rest :  a  near  passage,  by  which  an  angle 
is  cut  off;  the  block  on  whicTi  a  picture  is 
carved,  and  by  which' it  is  impressed;  the 
impression  from  such  a  block;  the  act  of  di- 
viding a  pack  of  cards;  manner  in  which  a 
thing  is  cut;  form;  shape;  fashion;  the  act  of 
Jiassing  a  person  without  recognising  him , 
or  of  avoiding  him  so  as  not  to  be  recog- 
nized by  him.— To  draw  ctUs,  to  draw  lots, 
as  of  paper,  &c.,  cut  of  unequal  lengtlis. — 
CuttCT,  kut'6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
cuts;  one  who  cuts  out  clotfefor  garments 
according  to  measuremexts;  .nout.  a  small 
boat  used  by  ships  of  war;  a  vessel  rigged 
nearly  like  a  sloop,  with  one  mast  and  a 
straight  running  Dowsprit. — Cntter-bar, 
n.  Mech.  tho  bar  of  a  b'oring  machine,  in 
which  the  cutters  or  cuttingtools  are  fixed. 
—  Cuttmg,  kut'ing,  a.  Penetrating  or 
dividing  Dv  the  edge;  serving  to  penstrate 
or  divide;  sharp;  piercing  the  heart ;  wound- 
ing the  feelings;  sarcastic;  satirical;  severe. 
— n.  The  act  or  operation  of  one  who  cuts; 
a  piece  cut  off;  a  portion  of  a  plant  from 
which  a  new  individual  is  propagated;  an 
excavation  made  through  a  bill  or  rising 
ground  in  constructing  a  road,  railway, 
canal,  &c. — Cuttingly,  kut'ing-li,  adv.  In 
a  cutting  manner.— Cut-purse, n.  .One  who 
cuts  purses  for  the  sake  of  stealing  them 
or  their  contents;  one  who  steals  from  the 
person ;  a  thief ;  a  robber. — Cutraway,  n. 
A  coat,  the  skirts  of  which  are  rouiidea  or 
cut  away:  used  also  adjectively. — Cut-off, 
n.  That  which  cuts  off  or  shortens;  that 
which  is  cut  off;  gteam-enoine8j&  contriv- 
ance for  economizing  steain.— Cut-throat, 
n.  A  murderer';  an  assassin;  a  ruffian. — 
a.  Murderous ;  cruel ;  barbarous.  —  Cut- 
water, n.  The  fore  part  of  a  ship's  prow 
■which  cuts  the  water;  the  lower  portion  of 
the  pier  of  a  bridge  formed  with  an  angle 
or  edge  directed  up  stream. 
CutaneouB.  Under  Cuticle. 
Catch,  fcuch, ».  Catechu. 
Catch,  ki^ph,  w.  The  spawn  of  the  oyster. 
Cutcha,  kuch'a,  n.  In  Hindustan,  an  in- 
ferior kind  of  lime  used  in  poor  or  tern- . 
porary  buildings;  hence,  used  adjectively 
m  the  sense  of  temporary,  makeshift,  in- 

Cutchery,  kuch'6r-i, «,  In  the  East  Indies, 
a  court  of  justice  or  public  office. 

Cate,  kflt,  a.  [An  abbrev.  of  acute.']  Acute; 
clever;  sharp.  [Colloq.]  —  Cuteness,  kat'-  • 
nes,  n.  The  quality  or  character  of  being 
cute.    [Colloq.] 

Cuticle,  ka'ti-kl,  n.  [L.  cuticula,  dim.  of 
cutis,  skin.]  Anat.  the  outermost  thin 
transparent  skin  which  covers  the  surface 
of  the  body;  the  epidermis  or  scarf-skin; 
bot.  the  thin  external  covering  of  the  bark 
of  a  plant;  the  outer  pellicle  of  the  epi- 
dermis. —  Cutaneouii,  ka-ta'ne-us,  a.  Be- 
longing to  the  skin;  existing  on  or  affect- 
ing the  skin.  —  Cutioular,  kQ-tik'a-l6r,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  cuticle  or  external  coat 
of  the  skin.— CntictOarize,  ku-tik'u-16r-iz, 
v.t.  To  render  cutioular.— Cutin,  ka'tin, 
n.  A  peculiar  modification  of  cellulose, 
contained  in  the  epi.lermis  of  leaves,  pet- 
als, and  fruits.  —  Cutis,  ku'tis,  n.  [L.] 
Anat.  the  dense  resisting  skin  which  forms 
the  general  envelope  of  the  body  below  the 
cuticle;  the  dermis  or  true  skin. 

Cutlass,  kut'las,  w.  [Fr.  coutelas,  from  O.Fr. 
coutel  (Fr.  eouteau),  a  knife ;  from  L.  eul- 
tdlus,  dim.  of  evlter,  a  knife.]  A  broad 
curving  sword  used  by  cavalry,  seamen, 
&c. 

Cutler,  lrutl6r,  n.  [Fr.  coutelier,  from  L. 
culter,  a  knife.  Cutlass.]  One  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  make  or  deal  in  knives 
and  other  cutting  instruments;  one  who 
sharpens  or  repairs  cutlery;  a  knife-^n- 
der.— Cutlery,  lratl6r-i,  «.  The  busmess 
of  a  cutler;  edged  or  cutting  instruments 


Cutlet,  kutlet,  n.  [Fr.  adtOetU,  lit.  a  little 
side  or  rib,  from  cflfe,  side.  Coast.]  A 
piece  of  meat,  esi)ecially  veal  or  mutton, 
cut  for  cooking;  generally  a  part  of  the  rib 
■*ith  the  meat  belonging  to  it. 

Cuttle,  Cuttle-fish,  kutl;  n.  [A.  Sax.  eudele, 
a  cuttle-fish;  G.  kuttel-jischJ]  A  two-gilled 
cephalopodoua  mollusc,  having  a  body  in- 
closed in  a  sac,  eight  arms  orfeet  cc"  ;rsd 
with  suckers,  used  in  locomotion  and  for 
seizing  prey,  a  calcareous  internal  shell, 
and  a  bag  or  sac  from  which  the  animal 
has  the  power  of  ejecting  a  black  ink-like 
fitiid  (sepia)  so  as  to  darken  the  water  and 
conceal  it  from  pursuit.— Cuttle-bone,  n. 
The  internal  calcareous  plate  of  th»cuttie- 
fish,  used  for  polishing  wood,  as  also  for 
ipounce  and  tooth-powder. 

Ctszco-bark,  ktiz'ko-b&rk,  n.    Cusco-bark.. 

Cyanic,  si-an'ik,  a.  .  [Gr.  fcyoiios,  blue.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  colour  blue  or  azure; 
eh&n.  containing  cyanogen  (cyanic  acid, 
cyanic  etherk  —  Cyanide,  si'an-id,  n.  A 
combinatioA3f  cyanogen  with  a  metallic 
base. — Gyanide  of  potassium,  a  poisonous 
substance  used  in  photography  and  electro- 
tTOing;  —  Cyanin,  si'an-tn,  n.  The  blue 
colouring  matter  of  certain  iiowers,  as  of 
the  .corn-flower  and. violet;  a  fugitive  blue 
dye  «83d  in  caiico-printing.— Cyanogen,  si- 
an'o-jen,  n.  A  gas  of  a  strong  and  pecu- 
liar odour,  which  under  a  pressure  of  be- 
tween three  andfour.atmospheres  becomes 
li(;^md,  and  is  his^ily  poisonous  and  unre- 
spirable.— Cyaaometer,  si-a-nom'et-6r,  n. 
A  meteorological  instrument  for  estimat: 
ing  or  measuring,  degrees  of  blueness  of 
the  sky.—  Cyanosis,  si-a-no'sis,  n.  A  disease 
in  which  the  skin  has  a  blue  tint,  arising 
from  the  mingling  of  the  venous  and  the 
arterial  blood  through  defect  in  the  heart. 

Cyathiform,  Bi-ath'i-form,  a.  [Ii.  cyaihus, 
Gr.  kyalhos,  a  cup;]  In  the  form  of -a  cup 
or  dnnking-^ass,  a  little  widened  at  the 
top:  used  chiefly  in  hot. 

Cycad,  si'kad,  n.  [Gr.  kyJcas,  a  kind  of 
plant.]  One  of  a  nat.  order  of  gymnosper- 
mous  plants,  resembling  palms  in  their 
general  appearance,  inhabiting  India, 
Australia,  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  tropi- 
cal America. — Cycadaceous,  si-ka-da'shus, 
a.  Belonging  to  the  cy  cads.— Cycadiform, 
8i-kad'i-form,  a.  BesembUng  in  form  the 
cycads. 

Cyclamen,  sikla-men,  n.  [From  Gr.  kyklos, 
a  circle,  referring  to  the  round-shaped 
root-stock.]  A  European  genus  of  low- 
growing  herbaceous  plants,  with  fleshy 
root-stocks  and  very  nandsome  flowers, 
several  of  them  bemg  favourite  spring- 
flowering  greenhouse  plants. 

Cycle,  si'kl,  n.  [Gr.  kyklos.a,  circle  or  cycle.] 
A  circle  or  orbit  in  the  neavens;  a  circle 
or  round  of  years,  or  a  period  of  time,  ia 
which  a  certain  succession  of  events  or 
phenomena  is  completed;  a  long  period  of 
years;  an  age;  the  aggregate  of  legendary 
or  traditional  matter  accumulated  round 
some  mythical  or  heroic  event  or  charac- 
ter (as  the  siege  of  Troy  or  King  Arthur); 
hot.  a  complete  turn  of  leaves,  &c.,  ar- 
ranged spirally.- C^/cie  of  the  moon,  or  gol- 
den number,  a  period  of  nineteen  years, 
after  the  lapse  of  which  the  new  and  full 
moons  return  on  the  same  days  of  the 
month.  —  Cycle  of  the  sun  is  a  period  of 
twenty-eight  years,  which  having  elapsed, 
the  dominical  or  Sunday  letters  return  to 
their  former  ^lace  according  to  the  Julian 
calendar. — v.t — cycled,  cycling.  To  recur 
in  cycles.  —Cyclic,  si'klik,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  moving  in  a  cycle  or  circle ;  con- 
nected With  a  cycle  in  the  sense  it  has  In 
literature.— CycKc  poets,  Greek  poets  who 
wrote  on  matters  and  personages  connec- 
.  ted  with  the  Trojan  war.— Cyclical,  sildi- 
kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  cycle;  cyclic. — 
Cycloid,  si'kloid,  n.  A  curve  generated  by 
a  point  in  the  circumference  of  a  circle 
when  tTie  circle  is  rolled  along  a  straight 
line  and  kept  always  in  the  same  plane, 
that  is,  such  a  line  as  a  nail  in  the  drcum- 
ference  of  a  carriage-wheel  describes  in 
the  air  while  the  wheel  runs. — a.  Having 
a  circular  form ;  belonging  to  the  Cycloi- 
dians.  —  Cycloldal,  si'kloi-dal,  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  cycloid.  —  Cycloidlan,  si- 
tloi'di-an,  n.     One  of  an  order  of  fishes 


having  smooth,  round  or  oval  scales,  with- 
out spines  or  enamel,  as  the  salmon  and 
herring:  used  also  adjectively.  —  Cyclo- 
hrancMate,  si-klo-brangOii-at,  a.  Having 
the  branchia  arranged  circxilarly  round 
the  body,  as  in  the  limpets. 

Cyclogen,  si'klo-jen,  n.  [Gr.  kyhlos,  a  circle, 
and  root  gen,  to  produce.]  A  dicotyledon 
with  concentric  woody  circles;  an  exogen. 

CjrcloUth,  si'klo-lith,  n.  [Gr.  kyklos,  a 
circle,  and  liihos,  a  stone.]  Archoeol.  a 
circle  formed  by  standing  stones,  popu- 
larly called  a  Druidical  Circle. 

Cyclometry,  si-klom'et-ri,  m.  [Gr.  kyklos, 
circle,  and  metron,  measure.]  The  art  of 
measuring  circles. 

Cyclone,  si'klon,  n.  fFrom  Gr.  kyklos,  a 
circle.]  A  circular  or  rotatory  storm  of 
,  immense  force,  revolving  at  an  enormous 
rate  round  a  cahn  centre,  and  at  the  same 
time  advancing  at  a  rate  varying  from- 
2  to.  30  miles  an  hour.  In  the  northern 
hemisphere  they  rotate  from  right  to  left, 
and  in  the  southern  from  left  to  right. — 
Cyclonic,  si-klon'ik,  o.  Relating  to  a  cy- 
clone. —  Cyclonisia,  si'klon-izm,  n.  The 
theory  of  cyclones ;  a  state  of  being  ex- 
posed or  subject  to  cyclones. 

Cyclopxiie,,  Cyclopedia,  si-klo-p5'di-a,  n. 
[Gr.  kyklos,  circle,  and  paideia,  discipline.] 
A  work  containing  delmitions  or  accounts 
of  the  principal  subjects  in.  one  or  a)l 
branches  of  science,  art,  or  learning ;  an 
encyclopedia.  —  Cyclopaedic,  Cyclopedic, 
Cyclop%dical,  Cyclopedical,  si-klo-pe'dik, 
si-klo-pe'di-kal,  a.  Belonging  to  a  cyclo- 
paedia.—Cyclopaedist,  Cyclopedist,  si'klo- 
p5-dist,  n.  A  writer  in  a  cyclopaedia;  a 
compiler  of  a  cyclopaedia. 

Cyclops,  si'klops,  n.  sing,  and  pi.  [Gr.  ky- 
Mops,  a  Cyclops,  pi.  kyklOpes—kykloa^  a 
circle,  and  Ops,  an  eye.]  Cla^s.  "myth,  a 
race  of  giants  who  had  but  one  circular 
eye  in  the  middle  of  the  forehead.— Cyclo- 
I>ean,  8i-klo-pS'an,!a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Cyclops;  vast;  gigantic;  arch,  a  term  ap- 
plied to  a  very  early  or  primitive  style  of 
bmlding  distinguished  oy  the  immense 
size  of  the  stones  and  the  abssnce  of  any 
cement.— Cyclopic,si-klop'ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  Cyclops;  gigantic;  savage. 

Cjrciostome,  si'.'uo-stom,  n.  [Gr.  kyklos,  a 
circle,  and  stoma,  a  mouth.]  One  of  a 
family  of  cartilaginous  fishes  which  have 
circular  mouths,  as  the  lamprey.— Cyclo- 
stomous,  Bi-klos'to-muB,  a.  Having  a  cir- 
cular mouth  or  aperture. 

Cj[cloBtylar,  si-klo-stiler,  a.  [Gr.  kyklos,  a 
circle,  and  stylos,  a  pillar.]  Arch,  com- 
posed of  a  circular  range  of  columns  with- 
out an  interior  building. 

Cyesiology,  8i-S'si-ol"o-ji,  ».     [Gr.  kyesis, 
pregnancy,  and  logos,  a  discourse.]   Phy- 
siol, the  branch  of  science  which  concerns 
itself  with  gestation. 
gnet,  sig'net,  n.  [Dim.  of  Fr.  cygne,  from 


^' 


.  cyontM,  a  swan.]    A  young  swan. 

Cylinder,  sil'in-der,  n.  [Gr.  kylindros,  from 
kylindo,  to  roll.]  A  body  shaped  like  a 
roller;  an  elongated,  round,  ,solid  body,  of 
uniform  diameter  throughout  its  lenfsth; 
and  terminating  in  two  flat  circular  sur- 
faces which  are  equal  and  parallel ;  that 
chamber  of  a  steam-engine  in  which  the 
force  of  steam  is  exerted  on  the  piston;  in 
certain  printing-machines,  a  roller  by 
which  the  impression  is  made,  and  on 
which  stereotype  plates  may  be  secured.-- 
Cylindric,  Oyllnaifical,  si-bn'drik,  si-lin- 
dri-kal,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a  cylinder, 
or  partaking  of  its  properties.— Cyllndri- 
cally,  si-Un'dri-kal-li,  adv.  In  the  manner 
or  shape  of  a  cylinder.  —  Cyllndricity,  sil- 
in-dris'i-ti,  n.  The  condition  of  possessing 
a  cylindrical  form. — Cyllndricale,  si-lin'- 
dri-kOl.  n.  A  small  cylinder.— Cylindrl- 
fonn,  81-lin'dri-form,  a.  Having  the  form 
of  a  cylinder.— Cyllndroid,  sil'in-droid,  11. 
A  sobd  body  resembling  a  cylinder,  but 
having  the  bases  elliptical: 

Cyma,  si^ma,  n.  TGr.  *y»na,  a  wave,  a  sprout, 
from  kyO,  to  swell.]  Arch,  a  moulding  of 
a  cornice,  the  profile  of  which  is  a  double 
ctirve,  concave  joined  to  convex ;  an  ogee 
moulding;  bot.  a  cyme.  - 

Cymbal,  sim'bal,  n.  [L.  eymlalum,  Gr. 
ifcj/w6aZon,  a  cymbal,  from  A^^wftoa,  hollow.] 
A  musical  instr^iment,  circular  and  hol- 


Pftte,  far,  fat»  f»ll;     mC,  met,  h«r,     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tube,  tub.  b\^ll ;     oil,  pound;     fl,  8c.  abwne— the  Fr.jUii 


CYMBEFORM 


175 


DADO 


low  like  a'dish,  made,  of  brass  or  bronze, 
two  of  which  are  struck  together,  pro- 
ducing a  sharp  ringing  sound.— Cymbal- 
lat,  sim'ba-list,  n.  One  who  plays,  the 
cymbals. 

Cymbiform,  sim'bi-form,  a.  [h.  ci/moa,  a. 
boat,  and  forma,  form.]  Shaped  Uke  a 
boat :  applied  to  the  seeds  and  leaves  of 
plants,  and  also  to  a  bone  of  the  foot. 

Cynie,  sim,  n.  [Gr.  kyma,  a  wave,  a  sprout. 
Cyma.]  iot.  an  inflorescence  of  the  defi- 
nite or  determinate  class,  in  which  the 
flowers  are  in  racemes,  corymbs,  or  um- 
bels, the  successive  central  flowers  ex- 
panding first.— Cymlferona,  si-mif'er-us,  a. 
liot.  producing  cymes. — Cymoid,  si'moid, 
a.  Having  the  form  of  a  cyme.— Cymose, 
Cymous,  si'mos,  si'mus,  a.  Containing  a 
cyme;  in  the  form  of  a  cyme. 

Cymophane,  si 'mo-fan,  n.  [Gr.  kyma,  a 
wave,  and  phainO,  to  show.]  A  siliceous 
gem  of  a  yellowish-green  colour,  the  same 
as  chrysoberyl. — CymophaaouBj  si-mof'a- 
nus,  a.  Having  a  'wavy  floating  light ; 
opalescent;  chatoyant. 

Cymric,  kim'rik,-  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Cymrj'  (kim'ri),.the  name  given  to 
themselves  by  the  Welsh;  Welsh:  pertain- 
ing to  the  ancient  race  to  which  the  Welsh 
belong.— n.  The  language  of  the  Oymryor 
ancient  Britons;  Welsh. 

Cynanche,  si-nang'ke,  n.  [Gr.  kyrumgkS,  a 
kind  of  sore  throat,  angtaa— fcyon,  kynos, 
a  dog,  and  ancho,  to  suftooate.]  A  disease 
of  the  throat  or  windpipe  of  several  kinds, 
attended  with  inflammation,  swelling, 
and  difficulty  of  breathing  and  swallow- 
ing. 

Cynanthropy,  si-jian' thro-pi,  n.  [Gr. 
kpOn,  kynos,  a  dog,  and  anthl-Opos,  man.] 
A  kind  of  madness  in  which  a  man  ima- 
gines himself  to  be  a  dog,  and  imitates  itp 
voice  and  actions.' 

Cjmegetics,  si-ne-jet'iks,  n.  [Gr.  kynSget- 
ikg—kydn,  kynoa,  a  dog,  and  hfgeomai,  to 
lead.]    The  art  of  hunting  with  dogs. 

Cynic,  sin'ik,  n.  [L.  cynicus,  Gr.  kynikoa, 
from  Gr.  kydn,  Uynos,  a  dog.]  One  of  an 
ancient  sect  of  Greek  philosophers  who 
valued  themselves  on  tneir  contempt  of 
riches,  of  arts,  sciences,  and  amusements; 
a  man  of  a  currish  temper;  a  surly  or 
snarling  man ;  a  sneering  fault-finder;  a 
misanthrope.  —  Cynie,  Cjmioal,  sin'i-kal, 
a.  Belonging  to  the  sect  of  pl^iloso- 
phers  called  Cynics;  surly:  sneering;  cap- 
tious.- Cynically,  sin'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a 
cynical,  sneering,  captious,  or  morose 
manner.  —  Cynicsuness,  sin '  i-kal-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  character  of  being  cynical.— 
Cjraicism,  sia'i-sizm-  n.   Tlie  piEu;tice  of  a 


cynic;  a  morose  contempt  of  the  pleasures 
and  arts  of  life. 

Cynorezia,  si-no-rek'si-a,  n.  [Gr.  kyOn, 
kynos,  a  dog,  and  orexis,  appetite.]  A 
morbidly  voracious  appetite. 

CynoBure,  si'no-zhOr,  n.  [Gr.  kynosowa. 
Lit.  dog's  tail,  the  Littld  Bear— toOn,  kynos, 
a  dog,  and  oura,  tail.]  An  old  name  of 
the  constellation  Ursa  Minor  or  the  Little 
Bear,  which  contains  the  pole-star,  and 
thus  has  long  been  noted  by  mariners 
and  others;  hence,  anything  that  strongly 
attracts  attention;  a  centre  of  attraction. 

Cyperaceous,  si-pfer-a'shus,  a.  [Gr.  kyperos, 
an  aromatic  plant.]  Belonging  to  the 
sedge  family  of  plants ;  having  the  char- 
acters of  the  sedges. 

Cypher,  si'f  6r,  n.    Same  as  Cipher. 

Cypress,  si'pres,  n.  [O.Fr.  cypres,  Gr.  hy- 
pari««os.]  The  popular  name  of  a  genus 
of  coniferous  trees,  some  species  of  which 
have  attained  much  favour  in  shrubberies 
and  gardens  as  ornamental  evergreen 
trees,  while  the  wood  of  others  is  highly 
valued  for  its  durability;  the  emblem  of 
mourning  for  the  dead,  cypress  branches 
having  been  anciently-iised  at  funerals. — 
Cyprine,si'prin,o.  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
cypress. 

Cyprian,  sip'ri-an,  a.  BeIong:ing  to  the 
island  of  Cyprus;  a  term  applied  to  a 
lewd  woman,  from  the  worship  of  Venus 
in  Cyprus  and  women  of  this  island  hav- 
ing anciently  a  bad  character.  —  n.  A. 
native  of  Cyprus;  a  lewd  woman;  a  cour- 
tesan; a  strumpet. — Cypriot,  sip'ri-ot,  n. 
A  native  of  Cyprus. 

Cyprine,  si'prin.  a.  [Gr.  kyprinos,  a  carp.] 
Pertaining  to  ihe  carp  or  allied  fishes. 

C3rpru8,J  Cypms-lawn,  si'prus,  n.  A  thin 
transparent  black  stufl";  a  kiiid  of  crape. 
[Shak.] 

Cypsela,  sip'se-la,  n.  [Gr.  kypsele,  jany  hol- 
low vessel.]  Bot.  the  one-celled,  one-seed- 
ed, indehiscent,  inferior  fruit  of  composite 
plants. 

Cyreiu4c,  si-re-na'ik,  a.  Pertaiiiing  to 
Cyrene,  a  Greek  colony  on  the  north 
coast  of  Africa,  or  to  a  school  of  Epicurean 
philosophers  founded  there  by  Anstippus, 
a  disciple  of  Socrates.  Also  used  as  a 
noun.— C3rrenlan,  si-re'ni-au, «.  A  native 
or  inhabitant  of  Cyrenfe. 

Cyrillic,  si-ril'ik,  a.  [From  St.  CyrQ,  its 
reputed  inventor.]  The  term  applied  to 
an  alphabet  adopted  by  all  the  Slavonic 
peoples  belonging  to  the  Eastern  Church. 

Cfyriologic.t  6i'ri-o-loj"ik,  a.  [Gr.  kyrtos, 
chief,  logos,  discourse.]  Relating  or  per- 
taining to  capital  letters. 

CyrtOBtyle,  B<Jr'to-8til,n.  [Gr.  kyrtos,  curved. 


and  stylos,  a.  pillar.]  Arch,  a  circular 
portico  projectmg  from  the  front  of  a 
building. 

Cyst,  sist,  n.  [Gr.  kystis,  a  bladder.]  A 
close  sac  or  Dag  of  vegetable  or  ani- 
mal nature;  a  bladder-like  body;  a  hollow 
organ  with  thin  walls  (as  the  urinary 
bladder);  a  bladder-like  bag  or  vesicle 
which  includes  morbid  matter  in  animal 
bodiess  —  Cysted,  sis'ted,  a.  Inclosed  in  a 
cyst.  —  Cystic,  Cystose,  sis'tik,  sis'tos,  a. 
Pertaining  to,  or  contained  in,  a  cyst; 
having  cysts ;  formed  in,  or  shaped  like, 
a.  cyst.  —  Cysticle,  sis'ti-kl,  n.  A  smsiU 
cyst.  —  Cjrstiform,  sis'ti-form,  o.  In  the 
form  of  a  cyst.  —  Cystirrhoea,  sis-tir-i-e- 
a,  n.  [Gr.  rheO,  to  flow.]  Discharge  of 
mucus  from  the  bladder. — Cystitis,  sis-ti'- 
tis,  n.  Inflammation  of  the  bladder.— 
Cystocele,  sis'to-sel,  n.  [Gr.  keie,  a  tu- 
mour.] A  hernia  or  rupture  formed  by 
the  protrusion  of  the  urinary  Wadder.— 
Cystolithic,  sis-to-Uth'ik,  a.  Med.  relat- 
ing to  stone  in  the  bladder.— Cystotome, 
sis'to-tom,  n.  [Gr.  tomos,  cutting.]  Surq. 
&a  instrument  for  cutting  into  the  blad- 
der.— Cystotomy,  sis-tot' o-mi,  n.  The  act 
or  practice  of  opening  encysted  tumours; 
the  operation  of  cutting  into  the  bladder 
for  the  extraction  of  a  calculus. 

Cytherean,  sith-e-re'an, a.  [From  Cythera, 
now  Cerigo,  where  Venus  was  specially 
worshipped.)  .Pertaining  to  Venus. 

Cytoblast,  si'to-blast,  n,  (Gr.  kytos,  a  cav- 
ity, and  blastanO,  to  sprout.]  Physiol,  the 
nucleus,  cellule,  or  centre  from  which  the 
organic  cell  is  developed.— Cjrfcoblastema, 
si'to-blas-t6"ma,  n.  The  substance  of  which 
animal  and  vegetable  cells  are  formed; 
protoplasm. — Cytode,  si'tod,  n.  [Gr.  kytos, 
a  cavity.]  Physiol,  a  name  given  to  a  non- 
nucleated  cell  containing  protoplasm  to 
distinguish  it  from  a  cell  proper  which 
has  a  nucleus. 

Cytogenesis,  Cytogeny,6i-t&-j  en.'e-sis,  si-toj'- 
e-ni,  n.  [Gr.  kytos,  a  cell,  and  genesis, 
origin.]  Physiol,  the  development  of  cells 
in  animal  and  vegetable  structures.— Cy- 
togetletic,  si'tS-je-net"ik,  a.  Physiol,  re- 
lating or  pertaining  to  cell  formation. 

Czar,  zar  or  tsar,  n.  [Perhaps  a  cqrruTption 
of  L.  Ccesar.]  A  title  of  the  Emperor  of 
Russia.- Czarevna.zarrev'na, n.  The  wife 
of  the  czarowitz.— Czarina,' za-re'na,  n.  A 
title  of  the  Empress  of  Russia.  —  Czaro- 
'wltz,  Czarewitch,  dsc.  ,za'ro-vits,  za're- vich , 
n.  The  titl6  of  tne'eldest  son  of  the  Czar 
of  Russia. 

Czech,  checA,  n.  A  Bohemian;  one  of  the 
Slavonic  inhabitants  of  Bohemia ;  the 
language  of  the  Czechs  or  Bohemians. 


D. 


D,  in  the  English  alphabet,  is  the  fourth 
letter  and  the  third  consonant,  represent- 
ing a  dental  sound;  as  a  numeral  equiva- 
lent to  500 ;  nrvus.  the  second  note  of  the 
natural  scale,  answering  to  th6  French 
and  Italian  re. 

Dab,  dab,  v.t.— dabbed,  dabbing.  [Allied  to 
O.D.  dabben,  to  dabble,  probably  also  to 
dvb.)  To  strike  quickly  but  lightly  with 
the  hand  or  with  some  soft  or  moist  sub- 
stance.— n.  A  gentle  blow  with  the  hand 
or  some  soft  substance ;  a  quick  but  light 
blow;,  a  small  lump  or  mass  of  anything 
soft  or  moist;  a  name  common  to  many 
species  of  the  flat-fishes,  but  especially  to 
a  kind  of  flounder  which  is  common  in 
many  parts  of  the  British  coast. — Dabber, 
dab'er,  rt.  One  who  or  that  which  dabs  or 
is  used  to  dab. 

Dabble,  dabl,  v.t.—daibled,  dabbling.  [A 
dim.  and  freq.  from  dab.]  To  wet;  to 
moisten;  to  spatter;  to  sprinkle.— t».i.  To 
play  in  water,  as  with  the  nands;  to  splash 
m  mud  or  water;  to  do  or  engage  in  any- 
thing in  a  slight  or  superficial  manner;  to 
occupy  one's  self  with  slightly;  to  dip  into; 
to  meddle.— Dabbler,  dabltr,  n.  One  who 
dabbles  in  water  or  mud;  one  who  meddles 
yrithout  going  thoroughly  into  a  pursuit; 


a  superficial  meddler.— Dabblingly,  dab'- 
ling^i,  adv.  In  a  dabbling  manner. 

Dabchick,  dab'chik,  n.  [Dab,  equivalent  to 
dip,  and  cliick,  from  its  habit  of  dipping  or 
diving  below  the  water.]  The  little  grebe, 
a  small  swimming  Bird  of  the  diver  family. 

Da  capo,  da  ka'po.  [It.]  Mus.  a  direction 
to  repeat  from  the  beginning  of  a  passage 
or  section. 

Dace,  das,  n.  [O.Pr.  dara,  a  dace,  a  dart: 
comp.  also  Pr.  vandoite,  the  dace.]  A  small 
xiver  fish  resembling  the  roach,  chiefly  in- 
habiting the  deep  and  clear  watera  of  quiets 
streams. 

Da«oit,  Dacolty.    Dakoit,  Dakoity. 

Dactyl,  Daetyle,  dak'tU,  n.  [Gr.  daktylos, 
a  finger,  a  dactyl,  which,  like  a  finger, 
oonsists  of  one  long  and  two  short  mem- 
bers.] A  poetical  foot  consisting  of  three 
syllables,  the  first  long -and  the  others' 
short,  or  the  first  accented,  the  others  not, 

.  as.  in  hapiSily.  —  Dactylic^  dak-til'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  consisting  chiefly  or 

I  wholly  of  dactyls.— n.  A  dactylic  verse.- 
Dactylioglyph,  dak-til'i-c-glif ,  n.  [Gr.  dak- 
tylios,  a  fingsr-ring,  glypho,  to  engrave.] 
An  engraver  of  gems  for  rings,  -kc;  the 
artist's  name  on  a  finger-ring  or  gem. — 
Dactylioglypby,  dak-til'i-og"li-fi,  n.    The 


engraving  of  precious  stones  for  rings,  &c. 
— Dactyliography,  dak-til'i-og"ra-fi,  n. 
The  art  of  gem  engraving:  a  description  of 
engraved  finger-rings  and  precious  stones. 
— Dactyliology,  dak-tU'i-'ol"o-ji,  n.  Know- 
ledge relating  to  the  history  and  qualities 
of  miger-rings. — Dactylology,  dak-ti-lol'o- 
ji,  n.  The  art  of  communicating  ideas  or 
thoughts  by  the  fmgers;  the  language  of 
the  deaf  and  dumb. 

Dactylorhiza,  dak'ti-lo-ri"za,  n.  [Gr.  dak- 
tylos,  a  finger,  and  rhiza,  a  root.]  A  di  sea  se 
of  the  bulbs  of  turnips,  which  divideand 
become  hard  and  useless,  believed  to  be 
due  to  the  nature  of  the  soil;  finger-and- 
toe. 

Dad,  Daddy,  dad,  dad'i,  n.  [Comp.  W.  tad, 
Skr.  tata.  Hind,  dada,  Gypsy  dad,  dada, 
L.  tata,  Gr.  tata,  Lapp  dooda- father.]  A 
childish  or  pet  name  for  father.— Daddy- 
long-legs,  n.  A  name  ^iv.en  to  species  of 
theTcrane-jly. 

Daddie,t  dad'l,  v.i.  [Origjjn  doubtful.]  To 
walk  with  tottering  steps,  like  a  child  or 
an  old  man. — Dade.t  dad,  v.t.  and  i.  To 
hold  up  by  leading-strings.— w.i.  To  walk 
slowly  and  hesitatingly. 

Dado,  da'do,  n.  [It. ,  a  die,  a  dado,  same  word 
as  die,  n.]    That  part  of  a  pedestal  which 


cli«  cJkaio;.ji  eh,  Scl  loch;c£.  Si  9o:  _  i>iob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  tingi .-.  th,  tkea;  th,  thim^w,  wig^vbi  whig;,  z^  asuie.. 


D^DAL 


176 


DAMP 


is  between  the  base  and  the  cornice:  the 
finishing  of  the  lower  part  of  the  walls  in 
rooms,  made  Bomewhaf  to  represent  a  con- 
tinuous pedestal.and  consiBting  frequently 
of  a  Bkirting  of  wood  about  3  feet  high,  or 
of  a  special  wall-paper. 

Daedal,  Daedalian,  de'dal,  de-da.'li-an,  a. 
[L.  Daedalus,  Gr.  DaidUuos,  an  ingenious 
artist.}  Formed  with  art;  showing  artistic 
skill ;  inaenious ;  vatxxy ;  intricate.  —  Dae- 
daloos,  de'da-lus,  o.  Having  a  margin 
with  various  windings;  of  a  beautiful  and 
delicate  texture:  said  of  the  leaves  of 
plants. 

Daemon,  de'mon.    Same  as  Demon. 

Daff.tJ  daf,  v.t.  [A  form  of  doff.}  To  toss 
aside;  to  put  off.    [Shak.l. 

Daffodil,  dafo-dil,  n.  [O.B.  affodilU,  O.Pr. 
a8phodile,Gr.asphodeloa.  Asphodel.]  The 
popular  name  of  a  Biitish  plant  of  the 
amarylljs  family  with  large  bright  yellow 
bell-shaped  flowers,  growing  in  gardens, 
woods,  and  meadows:  called  also  Daf- 
foAiowndilly,  Daffodilly,  Daffodilly. 

Dag,  dag,  n.  [Fr.  dague;  akin  dagger.J  A 
kind  of  old  pistol  or  hand-gun. 

Dag,  dag,  n.  [Probably  from  same  root  as 
dagger.]  A  loose  end,  as  of  a  lock  of  wool. 

Dagger,  dag'6r,  n.  [W.  dagr,  Ir.  daigear. 
Armor,  dager,  dag,  a  dagger  or  poniard ; 
Gael,  daga,  a  dagger,  a  pistol;  Fr.  dague, 
a  dagger.]  A  weapon  resembling  a  snort 
sword,  with  usually  a  two-edged,  some- 
times a  three-edged,  sharp-pointed  blade, 
used  for  stabbing  at  close  quarters;  print- 
ing,  a  mark  of  reference  in  the  form  of  a 
dagger,  thus  j.—At  daggers  dravm,  on 
hostile  terms;  at  war. — To  look  or  speak 
daggers,  to  look  or  speak  fiercely,  savagely. 
— v.t.  To  stab  with  a  dagger. 

Daggle,  dag'l,  v.t.  —  daggled,  daggling.  [A 
f req.  form  of  the  obsolet©  verb  dag,  to  be- 
dew, from  Icel.  dogg,  Sw.  dagg,  dew.j  To 
make  limp  by  passing  through  water;  to 
trail  in  mud  or  wet  grass;  to  befoul;  to 
draggle.— «>.i.  To  run  through  mud  and 
water.-^Daggle-tail.    A  slattern. 

Eagoba,da-go'ba,n.  An  oriental"  structure, 
circular  in  form,  and  sometimes  rising  to 
a  great  height,  built  to  contain  relics  of 
Buddha  or  of  some  Buddhist  saint. 

Dagon,  da'gon,  n.  [Heb.  dag,  a  fish.]  The 
national  god  of  the  Philistines,  repre- 
sented with  the  upper  part  of  a  man  and 
the  tail  of  a  fish. 

Diguerreotype,  da-ger'o-tip,  n.  [From 
iJapwrre  of  Paris,  the  inventor.]  A  pho- 
tographic process  by  which  the  picture  is 
fixed  on  a  chemically  coated  metallici>late 
solely  by  the  action  of  the  sun's  actinic  or 
chemical  rays;  a  picture  produced  by  the 
process. 

Dahabieb,  da-ha-be'5,  n.  [Egyptian  name.] 
A  kind  of  boat  in  use  on  the  Nile  for  the 
conveyance  of  travellers,  and  having  one 
or  two  masts  with  a  long  yard  supporting 
a  triangular  sail. 

Dahlia,  dal'i-a,  n.  [From  Dahl,  a  Swedish 
botanist.]  A  genus  of  American  compo- 
site plants,  consisting  of  tuberous-rooted 
hsrbs,  putting  forth  solitary  terminal 
flowers,  well  known  from  the  varieties  of 
one  species  being  florists'  plants. 

Daily,  d&'Ii,  a.  adv.  and  n.  See  tmder 
Pay. 

Daimio.  di'rai-Sj  n.  [Japanese.]  The  title 
of  a  class  of  feudal  lords  in  Japan,  the 
greater  number  of  whom,  previous  to 
1871,  exercised  the  authority  of  petty 
princes  in  their  domains. 

Saizity,  dan'ti,  o.  [From  O.Fr.  daintie, 
dainti,  pleasantness,  an  agreeable  thing, 
same  word  as  dignity,  or  from  W.  dant- 
aidd,  dantaeth,  a  dainty,  what  is  tooth- 
some, from  dant,  a  tooth.]  Pleasing  to 
the  palate;  of  exquisite  taste;  delicious,  as 
food;  of  acute  sensibility;  nice  in  selecting 
what  is  tender  and  good;  delicate;  squeam- 
3h;  luxurious,  as  the  palate  or  taste;  scru- 
pulous; affectedly  fine;  nice;  ceremonious; 
•ii??ant;  pretty  and  slight;  tender;  effem- 
inately beautiful. — n.  Something  delioite 
to  the  taste;  that  whichjs  delicious;  a  deli- 
cacy. —  Daintily,  dan'ti-li,  adv.  In  a 
daintv  manner.  —  Daintiness,  dan'ti-nes, 
n.    The  state  or  quality  of  being  dainty. 

Dairy,  ds'ri,  n.  [From  O.E.  dey,  a  dairy- 
maid—Sw.  deja,  a  dairymaid,  Icel.  dtigja. 


a  maidsenrant,  a  dairymaid;  akin  -dy  in 
lady.]  The  place  where  milk  is  kept  and 
made  into  butter  and  cheese;  a  shop  where 
milk,  butter,  Ac,  are  sold:  also  used  as  an 
adj.— Dairy-farm,  n.  A  farm  devoted  to 
the  keeping  of  cows  and  the  sale  of  dairy 
produce.  —  Dairying,  da'ri-ing,  n.  The 
business  of  conducting  a  dairy.— Dairy- 
maid, da'ri-mad,  n.  A  female  servant 
whose  business  is  to  milk  cows  and  work 
in  the  dairy.  —  Dairyman,  da'ri-man,  n. 
One  who  keeps  a  dairy-farm  or  a  dairy. 
Dais,  da'is,  n.  [O.Fr.  dais^deis,  a  dining- 
table,  from  L.  discus,  a  dish,  a  quoit. 
Disc,  desk,  are  the  same  word.]  The  high 
table  at  the  upper  end  of  an  ancient  din- 
ing-hall  at  which  the  chief  persons  sat; 
the  raised  floor  on  which  the  table  stood; 
the  chief  seat  at  the  high  table:  often 
with  a  canopy;  a  canopy. 
Daisy,  da'zi,  n.  [A.  Sax.  dceges-edge,  day's 
ej^e,  because  it  opens  and  closes  its  flower 
with  the  daylight.]  The  popular  name  of 
a  composite  plant,  one  of  the  most  com- 
mon British  wild  flowers,  being  found  in 
all  pastures  and  meadows,  and  several 
varieties  being  cultivated  in  gardens;  also 
the  name  of  several  other  plants  having  a 
somewhat  similar  blossom.— Daisied,  da'- 
zid,  a.  Full  of  daisies;  adorned  with 
daisies. 

Dak,  dak,  n.    Dawk. 

Dakoit,  da-koit',  n.  An  East  Indian  name 
for  robbers  who  plunder  in  bands,  but 
seldom  take  life.  —  Dakolty,  da-koi'ti,  n. 
The  system  of  robbing  in  bands. 
Dalai-lama,  da-li'lii-ma,  n.  One  of  the  two 
lama  popes  of  Tibet  and  Mongolia  (his 
fellow-pope  being  the  Tesho-lama),  each 
supreme  in  his  own  district. 
Dale,  dal,».  .[A.  Sax,  c!ceZ=Icel.  Sw.  Goth. 
&c.  dal,  G.  thai,  a  valley.  Dell  is  akin; 
the  root  may  be  in  deal.]  A  low  place  be- 
tween hills ;  a  vale  or  valley.— Dalesman, 
dalz'man,  n.  One  living  in  a  dale  or 
valley. 

Dally,  dal'i,  v.i.  —  daUied,  dallying.  [Pro-  ■ 
bablv  srflied  to  G.  dalen,  dalfen,  tallen,  to  •■ 
speak  or  act  childishly,  to  trrfle,  to  toy;  or 
perhaps  E.  doll.]  To  waste  time  in  eneai- 
inate  or  voluptuous  pleasures;  to  amuse 
one's  self  with  idle  play;  to  trifle;  to  linger; 
to  delay;  to  toy  and  wanton;  to  inter- 
change caresses;  to  fondle;  to  sport;  to 
play ;  to  frolic.  —  Dalliance,  dal'yans,  n. 
The  act  of  dallying,  caressing,  fondling, 
trifling,  deferring,  or  delaying.— Dallier, 
dal'i-er,  n.  One  who  dallies. 
Dalmatian,  dal-ma'shi-an,  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Dalmatia.  —  Dalmatian  dog,  a 
variety  of  dog  of  elegant  shape,  of  a  white 
colour,  thickly  marked  with  black  round- 
ed spots:  usually  kept  as  a  coach-dog. — 
Dalmatic,  dal-mat'ik,  n.  The  vestment 
used  by  the  deacon  at  mass,  and  worn 
also  by  bishops  under  the  chasuble,  so 
called  as  coming  originally  from  Dalma- 
tia. 

Dalsegilo,  dal  sRn'yO.  [It., from  the  sign.]  .^ 
Mtis.  a  direction  to  go  back  to  the  sign  vo- 
and  repeat  from  thence  to  the  close. 
Daltonism,  dal'ton-izm,  n.  [From  Dalian, 
the  chemist,  who  euiiered  from  this  de- 
fect.] Colour-blindness. 
Dam,  dam,  n.  [A  form  of  dame.]  A  female 
parent:  used  now  only  of  quadrupeds,  un- 
less in  contempt. 

Dam,  dam,  n.  [Same  word  as  Sw.  and  6. 
damm,  Dan.  and  D.  dam  (as  in  Amster- 
dam Rotterdam,  &c.);  Lith.  tama,a.  dam.] 
A  bank,  mound  of  earth,  wall,  or  other 
structure,  built  across  a  current  of  water, 
to  raise  its  level  for  the  purpose  of  driving 
mill-wheels,  or  for  other  purjwses. — v.t. — 
damTned,  dkmming.  To  obstruct  by  a 
dam;  to  confine  by  constructing  a  dam. 
Damage,  dam'aj,  n.  [O.Fr.  damage;  Fr. 
dommage,  from  L.'L.  damnaiicum,  from 
L.  damnum,  loss,  injury.  Damn.]  Any 
hurt,  injury,  or  barm  to  person,  property, 
character,  or  reputation;  the  value  m 
money  of  what  is  injured,  harmed,  or  lost; 
the  estimated  money  equivalent  for  det- 
riment or  injury  sustained:  in  this  sense 
commonly  in  pi.— v.t. — damaged,  damag- 
ing. To  injure ;  to  impadr ;  to  lessen  the 
soundness,  goodness,  or  value  of.— w.i.  To 
become  injured  cr  impaired  in  soundness 


or  value.  —  Dam&ge&ble,  dam'Ej-: ' " 
Capable  of  being  injured  or  ii.,pii.> 
susceptible  of  damage. 
Daman,  da'man,  n.    A  rabbit-like  s.'d.;    ■ 
the  hyrax,  or  cony  of  Scripture. 
Damar,  dam'ar,  n.    Same  as  Dammar. 
Damascene,  dara'as-sen,  n.     [L.  damasim- 
us,  from  Damascus.]    A  kind  of  plum;  a 

damson v.t.    To  damask;  to  damaskeen. 

Damask,  dam'ask,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  Da- 
mascus; of  the  colour  of  the  rose  so  called; 
pink  orrosy.-DaTJtcsststeei'.a  fine  steel  ckief- 
ly  from  Damascus,  used  lor  sword-blades. 
— n.  The  name  given  to  textile  fabrics  of 
various  materials,  more  especially  silk 
and  linen,  ornamented  with  raised  figures 
of  flowers,  &c.;  a  pink  colour,  like  that  of 
the  damask-rose. — v.t  To  form  or  imprint 
the  figures  of  flowers  upon,  as  u^on  cloth; 
to  variegate;  to  diversify;  to  aaom  with 
figures,  as  steel-work.— Damaskeen,  dam'- 
as-ken,  v.t.  [Fr.  dam^squiner.]  To  or- 
nament (particularly  iron  and  steel)  with 
designs  produced  by  inlaying  or  incrust- 
ing  with  another  metal,  as  gold,  silver, 
&c.,  by  etching,  and  the  like;  to  damask. 
—Damask-plum,  n.  A  small  plum,  the 
damson. — Damask-rose,  n.  A  pink  species 
of  rose,  a  native  of  Damascus.— Ds-Tiassin, 
dam'as-sin,  n.  A  kind  of  dai^Dck,  with 
gold  and  silver  flowers  woven  in. 
Dame,  dam,n.  [Fr.  dame,  from  i^.  "dyinina, 
a  mistress,  fern,  of  dominus,  a  lor  i,  whence 
dominate,  dominion,  dam,sel,  tz.;  same 
root  as  E.  tarns.]  A  woman  in  authority; 
a  mistress;  a  lady  in  rank;  now  more  spe- 
cifically, the  wife  of  a  knight  or  baronet; 
a  woman  in  general;  particularly,  a  woman 
of  mature  years;  the  mistress  of  an  ele- 
mentary school. 

Dammar,  dam'ar,  n.  A  gum  or  resin  used 
as  a  colourless  varnish,  and  produced 
by  various  species  of  coniferous  trees  (dam- 
mar or  dammara-pine)  belonging  to  the 
South  Asiatic  islands  and  Kew  Zealand, 
kauri  gum  being  a  variety. 
Damn,  dam,  v.t.  [L.  damno,  to  condemn, 
from  dam.num,  damage,  a  fine,  penalty, 
from  root  da,  as  in  dare,  to  give.]  To  con- 
sign or  send  to  punishment  in  a  future 
state ;  to  send  to  hell ;  to  condemn,  cen- 
sure, reprobate  severely;  to  condemn  or 
destroy  the  success  of  by  common  consent, 
as  by  hissing  in  a  theatre  or  by  criticisms 
in  the  press.— n.  A  profane  oath;  a  curss 
or  execration.  —  Damnable,  dam'na-bl,  a. 
Liable  to  be  damned  or  condemned;  de- 
serving damnation;  odious,  detestable,  or 
pernicious.  —  DamnablenesSj  dam'na-W- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
damnable.— Damnably,  dam'na-bli,  vdv. 
In  a  damnable  manner ;  odiously ;  detes- 
tably ;linfeinally.  —  Damnation,  dam-na'- 
shon,  Ji.  Sentence  to  punishment  in  a 
future  state,  or  the  state  in  which  such 
punishment  is  undergone;  eternal  punish- 
ment; penalty  inflicted  for  sin;  condemna- 
tion.—Damnatory,  dam'na-to-ri,  a.  Con- 
tsdning  a  sentence  of  condemnation;  con- 
demning to  damnation;  condemnatory.— 
Damned,  damd,  p.  and  a.  Suffering  pun- 
ishment in  hell;  lost;  hateful;  detestablt* 
abominable. —Damnify,  dam'ni-fi,  v.t— 
damnified,  damnifying.  [L.  darnnifieo — 
damnum  and  facio.']  To  cause  loss  or 
damage  to.— Damnific,  dam-nif'ik,  a.  Mis- 
chievous.—Damning,  dam'ning,  dam'ing, 
a.  Exposing  to  damnation;  calling  for 
damnation  (a  damniixg  sin). 
Damp,  damp,  a.  [Same  word  as  D.  and 
Dan.  damp,  G.  dampf,  steam,  vapour,  fog, 
smoke.]  Being  in  a  state  between  dnr 
and  wet;  moderately  wet;  moist;  humid; 
depressed  or  dejected.— k.  Moist  air;  hu- 
midity; moisture;  fog;  dejection;  depres- 
sion of  snirits;  chill;  a  noxious  exhalation 
issuing  from  the  earth,  and  deleterious  or 
fatal  to  animal  lite,  such  as  exists  in  old 
disused  wells,  in  mines  and  coal-pits. — v,t. 
To  make  damp;  to  moisten;  to  chill,  dead- 
en, depress,  or  deject;  to  check  or  r6^ 
strain;  to  discourage;  to  dispirit;  to  abate. 
— Dampen,  dam'pen,  v.i.  To  make  damp 
or  moist.— v.i.  To  grow  or  become  damp. 
— ^Doinpcr,  dam'pir,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  damps;  an  iron  plate  sliding  across 
a  fluo  of  a  rumace,  &c.,  to  check  cr  regu- 
late the  draught  of  air;  a  piece  of  mechan- 


Ftte,  far,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  h«r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mtSTej     tubt,  tab.bvjlli     oil,pouiidi     tt,  Sc.  abtme— the  SV.  «< 


DAMSEL 


177 


DASYUHE 


ism  in  a  pianoforte  •which,  after  the  finger 
haa  left  the  key,  checks  a  long-continued 
vibration  of  the  strings ;  a  cake  made  of 
liour  and  water  without  fermentation  (a 
colonial  word).  —  Dampish,  dam'pish,  a. 
JModerately  damp  or  moist.— Dampishly, 
dam'pish-li,  adv.  In  a  dampish  miuuier. 
—  Sampishuess,  dam' pish -nes,  n..  The 
stateoft'Oiug  dampish.— Dajnpness.damp'- 
nes,  n.  Ths  state  or  condition  or  being 
damp:  moistness;  humidity. 
Damsel,  dam'zel,  n.  [Fr.  demoiselle,  O.Fr. 
damoisale,  damisele,  from  L.  L.  dominicella, 
dim.  of  L.  domitia,  domtui,  a  mistress. 
Uame.]  a  yoimg  unmarried  woman;  a 
maiden;  a  virgin. 

Dajuson,  dam'zn,  n.  [Contr.  from  damascene 
(which  see).]  A  small  black,  dark-blnish, 
purple,  or  yellow  plum. 

Dan,  daji,  n.  [O.Fr.  dan,  dans,  a  master, 
from  L.  dominus.  Dame.]  An  old  titlo 
of  honour  equivalent  to  jnaster,  air,  don 
C  Dan  Chaucer' ) 

Dance,  dans,  v.i.— danced,^  dancing.  [Pr. 
danser,  from  O.H.O.  dans&n,  to  draw.]  To 
leap  or  move  with  measured  steps,  regu- 
lated by  music;  to  leap  and  frisk  about; 
to  move  nimbly,  as  up  and  down,  back- 
wards and  forwards.  —  v.t.  To  make  to 
dance;  to  -dandle.  —  To  dance  attendance, 
to  be  assiduous  in  attentions  and  oificious 
civilities.— w.  A  leaping  or  stepping  with 
motions  of  the  body  adjusted  to  the  mea- 
sure of  a  tune ;  the  regular  movements  of 
one  who  dances;  a  tune  by  which  dancing 
is  regulated.  —  Dancer,  da.n's6r,  n.  One 
who  dances.— Dancing-master,  n.  A  teach- 
er of  dancing. 

DanfisUon,  dan'di-U-nn,  n.  [Pr.  dent  de 
lion,  lion's  tooth.]  A  well-known  compo- 
site plant,  having  a  naked  stalk,  with  one 
large  bright  yellow  flower,  and  a  tapering 
milky  perennial  root  of  aperient  ana  tonic 
properties. 

Dandle,  dan'dl,  v.t.  —  dandled,  dandling. 
[Allied  to  G.  tand,  prattle,  frivolity,  tdn- 
deln,  to  trifle,  to  dandle.]  To  shake  or 
jolt  on  the  knee, -as  an  infant;  to  fondle, 
amuse,  or  treat  as  a  child;  to  pet. — Dand- 
ier, dand'l^r,  n.    One  who  dandles. 

Dandruff,  daa'druf,  n.  [Probably  Celtic; 
AV.  io»i,  skin,  and  drwo,.  bad.]  A  scurf 
which  forms  on  the  head  and  comes  off  in 
small  scales  or  particles. 

Pandy,  dan'di,  n.  "[Fr.  dUindin,  a  ninny, 
akin  to  E.  dandle.']  A  man  who  pays  ex- 
cessive attention  to  dress;  one  who  dresses 
with  special  finery:  a  fop;  a  coxcomb. — 
a.  Finely  or  foppisnly  dressed;  foppish; 
trim;  gay,  —  Dandify,  dan'di-fi,  v.t.  To 
make,  form,  or  dress  out  as  a  dandy  or  fop. 
— Dandyish,  dan'di-ish,  a.  Like  a  dandy. — 
Dandyism,  dan'di-izm;  n.  The  manners 
and  dress  of  a  dandy;  foppishness. 

Dane,  dan,  n.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Denmark.— Danegelt,  Danegeld,  dan'gelt, 
dan'geld,  n.  [Gelt,  geld=A.  Sax.  geUi,  gild, 
a  pajaneat.l  An  annual  tax  laid  on  the 
English  nation  in  early  times  for  main- 
taining forces  to  oppose  the  Danes,  or  to 
furnish  tribute  to  procure  peace. — Danish, 
da'nish,  a.  Belonging  to.  the  Danes  or 
Denmark.— n.  The  language  of  the  Danes. 

Danger,  dan'jfer,  n.  [Formerly  control, 
power.  Fr.  danger,  O.Fr.  dangier,  dongier, 
a  feudal  term  for  right  to  woods  and 
•waters,  from  D.L.  dominiarium,  from  L. 
dominus,  a  lord;  akin  dominion,  dame, 
damsel,  &c.]  Exposure  to  destruciion, 
ruin,  injury,  loss,  pain,  or  other  evil;  peril; 
risk;  hazard;  jeonardy.— Dangerous,  dan'- 
j6r-us,  a.  Attended  with  ganger;  peril- 
ous; hazardous;  unsafe;  full  of  risk;  creat- 
ing danger;  causing  risk  of  evil. — Danger- 
otiflly,  dan'j6r-u8-li,  adv.  In  a  dangerous 
manner  or  condition.  —  DaDgeronsness. 
dah'jer-us-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  dangerous. 

Dangle,  .dang'gl,  v.i.— dangled,  dangling. 
[Allied  to  Dan.  dingle,  Sw.  and  Icel.  dingla, 
to  swing.]  To  hang  loose,  flowing,  shak- 
ing, or  waving;  to  hang  and  swing;  to  be 
a  humble  officious  follower,  or  to  hang 
about  a  person  (with  about  or  a/fer).— «.£. 
To  cause  to  dangle;  to  swing.  — Dangler, 
dang'gl ^r,  n.  Osewho  dangles;  a  man 
who  hangs  abort  vain  en. 

Dank,  dangk,  a.    [i^astilized.fonn  allied  to 


daggle  and  Sw.  dagg,  dew.]  Damp;  moist; 
humid.  —  ji.  t  Moisture :  humidity;  the 
watery  element.  [JfiZ.]— Danklsh,  dangk'- 
ish,  a.    Somewhat  damp. 

Danssuse,  dan'sfez,  n.  [Pr.]  A  female  stage- 
dancer. 

Danubian,  da-na'bi-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  bordering  on  the  river  Danube. 

Dap,  dap.  v.i.  [Onomatopoetic]  To  drop 
or  let  fall  the  bait  gently  into  the  water: 
an  angling  word, 

Daphnal,  daf'nal,  a.  and  n.  [Gr.  dapkne, 
laurel.]  ]?ot.  a  term  applied  to  the  laurels 
and  kindred  plants. 

Dapper,  dap'6r,'o.  [Same  word  as  D.  dap- 
per, Sw.  and  Dan.  tapper,  G.  taT>/er,  brave.] 
Small  and  active;  nimble;  brisk;  lively; 
neat.  —  DapporUng,  dap'dr-ling,  n.  A 
dwarf;  a  little  fellow. 

Dapple,  dap'l,  a.  [Icel.  depiU,  a  spot; 
perhaps  akin  to  dip,  desp.!  Marked  with 
spots;  spotted;  variegatea  with  spots  of 
different  colours  or  shades- of  colour. — v.t. 
dappled,  dappling.  To  spot;  to  variegate 
with  spots.— Dapple-bay,  a,  'Of  a  ba^  col- 
our, variegated  oy  spots  of  a  different 
shade.— Dapple-gray,  a.  Of  a  gray  colour, 
variegated  oy  spots  of  a  different  shade. 

Dare,  dar,  v.i. — pret.  dared  or  durst;  pp. 
dared;  ppr.  daring.  [A.  Sax.  ic  dear,  I  dare, 
he  dear,  he  dare,  we  durran,  we  aare;  to 
dorste,  1  durst;  Goth,  daursan,  O.H.G. 
turran;  cog.  Gr.  tharsein,  Skr.  dharsh,  to 
be  courageous.]  To  have  courage  for  any 
purpose?  to  make  up  the  mind  to  under- 
take something  hazardous  or  dangerous; 
to  be  bold  enough;  to  venture. —•v.t — 
dared,  daring.  To  challenge;  to  provoke; 
to  defy.— Dare-devil,  n.  A  desperado;  one 
who  fears  nothing  and  will  attompt  any- 
thing.—Daring,  da'rihg,  a.  Bold;  auda- 
cious; courageous;  intrepid;  adventurous. 
n.  Courage;  Doldness;  fearlessness;  auda- 
city. —  Daringly,  da'ring-li,  adv.  In  a 
daring  manner.— Daringness,  d&'ring-nes, 
n.    Boldness. 

Dare,  dar,  v.t.  [Perhaps  akin  to  daze, 
daezle,  by  interchange  of  z  and  r:  comp. 
frore,  frozen.]  To  stupefy  by  sudden  ter- 
ror; to  daze. 

Dare,  dar,  n.    The  dace.    Dacb. 

Darg,  diirg,  n.  [A  contr.  for  day-work.']  A. 
day's  work;  the  quantity  of  work  turned 
out  in  a  day.    [Provincial.] 

Dark,  dark,  a.  [A.  Sax.  deorc;  not  found 
in  the  other  Teutonic  languages;  comp. 
Gael,  and  Ir.  dorch,  dark,  black.]  Desti- 
tute of  light ;  not  radiating  or  reflecting 
light ;  wholly  or  partially  black ;  having 
the  quality  opposite  to  white;  gloomy;  dis- 
heartening ;  not  cheerful ;  concealed ;  s& 
cret;  mysterious;  not  easily  understood 
not  enlightened  with  knowledge;  rude, 
ignorant  (the  dark  ages) ;  morsuly  black: 
atrocious;  wicked;  sinister;  keeping  de- 
signs concealed;  not  fair:  said  of  the  com- 
plexion.— n.  [UsuallywithiAe.]  Darlaiess^ 
the  absence  of  light ;  a  dark  hue ;  a  dark 
part;  secrecy;  obscurity;  a  state  of  ignor- 
ance.—Darken,  dar'kn,  v.t.  To  make  dark 
or  black;  to  deprive  of  light ;  to  obscure, 
cloud,  make  dim;  to  deprive  of  vision;  to 
render  gloomy:  to  render  ignorant  or  stu- 
pid: to  render  less  clear  or  intelligible;  to 
make  less  white  or  clear;  to  tan;  to  sully;  to 
taint.— v.i.  To  grow  dark  or  darker.— Dark- 
ish, dar'kish,  o.  Dusky;  somewhat  dark. — 
Darkling,  diirk'ling,  adv.  [DavJc,  and  term. 
-ling,  as  m.fiatling=long  iu  headlong.']  In 
the  dark;  at  night.  —  a..  Black-looking; 
lowering;  gloomy.  [Thack.']  —  Darkly, 
dark'li,  adv.  In  a  dark  manner;  with  im- 
perfect light,  -oleamess,  or  knowledge;  ob- 
scurely; dimly;  blindly;  uncertainly. — 
Darkness,  dark'nes,  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  dark ;  the  want  of  physicail 
light;  gloom;  obscurity;  deepness  of  shade 
or  colour;  {physical,  intellectual,  or  moral 
blindness;  ignorance;  sinfulness;  secrecy; 
uncertainfrr;  want  of  clearness  or  intelli- 
gibility.—Darksome,  dark'sum,  a.  Dark; 
gloomy ;  obscure.  —  Darky,  dar'ki,  n.  A 
popular  name  for  a  negro. 

Darling,  dar'ling,  a.  -[A.  Sax.  dedrling— 
deire,  dear,  and  dim.  term.  -ling.  Dear.] 
Dearly  beloved ;  dear;  favourite. — n.  One 
much  beloved;  a  favourite. 

Dam,  dam,  v.t.    [W.'and  Armor,  dam,  Ir. 


dame,  a  piece,  a  patch.]  To  mend  a  rent 
or  holfe  in,  by  imitating  the  texture  of  the 
cloth  or  stuff  with  yarn  or  thread  and  a 
needle;  to  sew  or  repair  by  crossing  and 
recrossing  the  stitches. — n.  A  place  men- 
ded by  darning.— Darner,  diii'nfir,  si.  One 
who  dams. 

Darnel,. d&r'nel,  n.  TO.Pr.  darnelle;  sama 
root  as  D.  door,  G.  thor,  a  fool,  Litri.  dur- 
nas,  foolish,  mad;  from  its  narcotic  pro- 
perties.] A  troublesome  weed- iu, corn- 
fields, with  rye- like  ears,  which,  when 
ground  among  com,  are  said  to  be  nar- 
cotic and  stupefying. 

Dart.  dart.  n.  [O.Fr.  daH,  Mod.  Pr.  dard; 
of  Germanic  origio  =  Sw.  d&rt,  A.  Sax. 
daroth,  O.H.G.  tart:\  A  pointed  missile 
weapon  to  be  thrown  by  the  hand;  a  short 
lance;  anything  which  pierces  and  wounds; 
a  sudden  or  rapid  rush,  leap,  bound, 
spring,  or  flight.  —  v.t.  To  throw  (a  dart, 
&c.)  with  a  sudden  thrust;  to  throw  swift- 
ly; to  shoot.— t).i.  To  fly,  as  a  dart;  to  fly 
rapidly;  to  spring  and  run  with  velocity; 
to  start  suddeuly  and  run.— Darter,  dar- 
ter, n.  One  that  darts;  a  web-footed  tropi- 
cal bird  of  the  pelican  tribe,  so  called  from 
darting  after  fish  in  the  water.— Dartlngly, 
dar'ting-li,  adv.  Rapidly;  Uke  a  dart. 
Darwinian,  dir-win'i-an,  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Charles  Darwin,  the  celebrated  na- 
turalist. —  «.  A  believer  in  DarwiniEm.— 
Darwinism,  dar'win-izm,  n.  The  doctrine 
as  to  the  origin  and  modifications  of  the 
species  of  animals  and  plants  taught  by 
Darwin,  the  principal  points  being  that 
there  is  a  tendency  to  variation  in  organic 
beings,  so  that  descendants  may  oiffer 
very  widely  from  progenitors;  that  ani- 
maJs  and  plants  tend  naturally  to  multi- 
ply rapidly,  so  that  if  unchecked  they 
would  soon  overstock  the  whole  globe; 
that  there  is  thus  a  continual  strugcla  for 
existence  among  all  organized  oeinss; 
that  the  strongest  and  best  fitted  for  par- 
ticular surroundings  naturally  survive, 
and  the  others  die  out;  that  from  a  few 
forms  (perhaps  even  one)  sprang  aU  exist- 
ing species,  genera,  orders,  iScc,  of  animals 
and  plants. 

Dash,  dash,  v.t.  [A  Scandinavian  word,= 
Dan.  dMske,  to  slap,  dask,  a  slap,  8w.'da«ia, 
to  beat.]  To  cause  to  strike  or  come  againqp 
suddenly  and  with  violence ;  to  strike  or 
throw  violently  or  suddenly;  to  sprinkle 
or  mix  slightly;  to  disturb  or  frustrate  (to 
dasAcourageh  to  confound,  coni'use.abasiu 
— To  dash  off,  to  form  or  sketch  out  in 
haste  carelessly;  to  execute  hastily  or  with 
careless  rapidity.— v.i.  To  rush  with  vio- 
lence; to  strike  or  be  cast  violently.— n.  A 
violent  striking  together  of  two  bodies; 
collision;  something  thrown  into  another 
substance;  infusion;  admixture;  a  sudden 
check;  abashment;  a  rapid  movement;  a 
sudden  onset;  the  capacity  for  unhesitat- 
ing, prompt  action ;  vigour  in  attack ;  a 
flourish  or  ostentatious  parade;  a  mark 
or  line  [— ]  in  writing  or  printing  not- 
ing a  break  or  pause. —Dasher,  dash'tr, 
w.  One  vJ^ho  or  that  which  dashes;  the 
float  of  a  paddle-wheel,  the  plunger  of  a 
chum,  and  the  like;  also,  a  dash-board. 
-Dashing,  dashing,  a.  Impetuous;  spi- 
rited; showy;  brilliant.  —  Dash-board, 
n.  A  board  or  leathern  aproh  on  the  fore 
part  of  a  vehicle  to  prevent  mud,  &c.,  from 
being  thrown  upon  the  occupants  by  the 
heels  of  the  horses.  —  Dash-wheel,  n.  A 
wheel  revolving  in  a  cistern,  used  for 
washing  woven  goods  by  dipping  them  in 
the  water  and  dashing  them  against  the 
sides  of  the  cistern. 

Dastard,  das-'tferd,  n.  [Icel.  doestr,  ex- 
hausted; akin  to,  doae,  the  suffix  being 
-ard.'\  A  cowardj"  a  poltroon ;  one  who 
meanly  shrinks  from  danger.  —  a.  Cow- 
ardly; meanly  shrinking  from  danger. 
— Dastardliness,  das't^rd-li-nes,  n.  Cow- 
ardUness.— Dastardly,  das'terd-ii,  a.  Cow- 
ardly; meanly  timid;  base;  sneaking. — 
Dastardness,  Dastardy,  das'terd-nes,  das'- 
t6rd-i,  n.  Cowardliness;  mean  timoroas- 
nesa 

Dasymeter,  da-sim'et-6r,  n.    [Gr.  datyt. 
dense,  metron,  measure.]    An  instrument 
for  testing  the  densityJof  a  gas. 
Dasyore,  da'si-Or,  n.  [Gr.  dasys,  hairy,  and 


vJijjcAain;  's/?^.^.  Jpc/t;_^g,  (^oj_j,/obj    »,  i'r.  t*??;;     pj;,  siwpF;     sh,  <Aen;  th,  <Ain;     w,  ttiij; 


Wh,  whi?.; 


Ui,  aeurp. 


DATA 


178 


DEAD 


oura,  a  tail.]  The  brush-tailed  opossum, 
a  plantigrade  camiTorouB  marsupial  found 
in  Australia. 

Data.    Datum. 

Date,  dat,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  datum,  given, 
used  in  a  Roman  letter  as  '  given '  (at  such 
a  place  and  such  a  time)  is  in  certain  of 
our  formal  or  official  documents.]  That 
addition  to  a  writing  which  specifies  the 
year,  month,  and  day  when  it  was  given 
or  executed;  the  time  when  any  event  hajj- 
pened,  when  anything  was  transacted,  or 
when  anything  is  to  be  don^ ;  the  period 
of  time  at  or  during  which  one  has  lived 
or  anjrthing  has  existed;  era;  age.— ».t. — 
dated,  datum.  To  write  down  the  date  on; 
to  append  the  date  to;  to  note  or  fix  the 
time  of. — v.i.  So  reckon  time;  to  begin 
at  a  certain  date  (to  date  from  the  10th 
century);  to  have  a  certain  date. — Date- 
less, dat'les,  a.  Having  no  date;  undated; 
so  old  as  to  be  beyond  date;  having  no  fixed 
limit;  eternal. 

Date,  dat,  n.  [O.Pr.  date,  Pr.  datte,  from 
L.  dactylus,  Gr.  daktylos,  a  finger,  a  date.] 
The  fruit  of  the  date-tree  or  date-palm, 
consisting  of  a  soft  fleshy  drupe  inclosing 
a  hard  seed  or  stone,  and  having  a  de- 
licious perfume  and  taste,  much  used  as 
food  in  North  Africa  and  Western  Asia.— 
Date-palm,  Date-tree,  n.  A  palm  having 
a  stem  rising  to  the  height  of  50  or  60  feet, 
crowned  with  large  feathery  leaves,  the 
female  plant  bearing  a  bunch  of  from  180 
to  200  dates.— Date-sugsu:,  n.  Sugar  from 
the  fruit  of  the  date-palm,  and  some  other 
species. 

Dative,  da'tiv,  a.  [L.  dativus,  from  do,  to 
give.]  Gram,  a  term  applied  to  the  case 
of  nouns  whica  usually  follows  verbs  that 
express  giving,  or  the  doing  of  something 
to  or  for.— n.  The  dative  case. 

Datum,  da'tum,  ».  pi.  Data,  da'ta.  fL.] 
Something  given  or  admitted;  some  fact, 
propo8ition,quantity,  or  condition  granted 
or  known,  from  which  other  facts,  pro- 
positions, Ac,  are  to  be  deduced. — Dalvm 
line,  engin.  the  base  line  of  a  section  from 
which  all  the  heights  ahd  depths  are 
measured  in  the  plans  of  a  railway,  &c. 

Danb,  dab,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  dauber,  to  plaster, 
from  L.  dealbare,  to  white-wash— -<ie,  in- 
tens.,  and  albus,  white.]  To  smear  with 
soft  adhesive  matter,  as  with  mud  or  slime; 
to  plaster;  to  soil;  to  defile;  to  besmear: 
to  paint  coarsely;  to  lay  or  put  on  without 
taste ;  to  load  with  affected  finery, — n.  A 
smear  or  smearing ;  a  coarse  painting. — 
Danber,  da'b^r,  n.  One  who  daubs;  a 
builder  of  walls  with  clay  or  mud  mixed 
with  straw ;  a  coarse  painter ;  a  low  and 
gross  flatterer.— Dauby,  di^'bi,  a.  Viscous; 
slimy;  adhesive. 

Daughter,  da'tfir,  n.  [A.  Sax.  dihtor  =  D. 
dochter,  Dan.  dotter,  Icel.  ddttir,  G.  tochter, 
Gr.  ihygater.  Per.  doktarah,  Skr.  duhitri, 
Lith.  dukte,  Ir.  dear— daughter.]  A  female 
child  of  any  age;  a  female  descendant;  a 
title  of  affection  given  to  a  woman  by  a 
person  whose  age,  position,  or  office  en- 
titles the  speaker  to  respect  or  esteem;  the 
female  offspring  of  an  animal  or  plant.— 
Daughter-in-law,  n.  A  son's  wif e.— Daugh- 
terliness,  da't6r-li-nes,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing daughterly.— Daughterly,  dft'ter-li,  a. 
Becoming  a  daughter;  dutiful. 

Dank,  dak,  n.    Same  as  Dawk. 

Daunt,  dant,  tf.t.  [O.Pr.  danter,  Fr.  domp- 
ter,  to  tame,  from  L.  dorriitare,  a  freq.  of 
domo,  to  4&me,  from  root  of  domirMS,  a 
lord.  Tame.]  To  repress  or  subdue  the 
courage  of ;  to  intimidate ;  to  dishearten; 
to  check  by  fear.  —  Daunter,  d^nt'Sr,  n. 
One  who  daunts.— Dauntless,  dant'les,  a. 
Bold;  fearless;  intrepid:  not  timid^  not 
discouraged.- Dauntlessly,dant'les-li,ad». 
in  a  bold  fearless  manner. — Dauntless- 
ness,  dantles-nes,  n.  Fearlessness;  intre- 
pidity. 

Dauphin,  d^'iin,  n.  [Fr.  dauphin,  the  title 
originally  of  the  lords  of  Dauphiny,  and 
afterwards  attached  to  the  French  crown 
along  with  this  province,  from  L.  del- 
phinvs,  a  dolphin,T;he  crest  of  the  lords  of 
Dauphiny.]  The  eldest  son  of  the  King  of 
France  prior  to  the  revolutioa  of  1830. — 
Dauphlness,  d^'fin-es,  n.  The  wife  of  the 
dauphin. 


Dauw,  da,  «.  One  of  the  South.  African 
zebras,  a  species  onl^r  found  on  the  plains. 

Davit,  da'vit,  n.  [Origin  unkno%vn.J  Naut. 
either  of  the  two  projecting  pieces  of  wood 
or  iron  on  the  side  or  stem  of  a  vessel, 
used  for  suspending  or  lowering  and  hoist- 
ing the  boats  by  means  of  pulleys. 

Davy-lamp,  da'vi-lamp,  n.  A  lamp  whose 
flame  is  surrounded  by  wire,  invented  by 
Sir  Humphry  Davy  to  protect  the  miners 
from  explosions  of  fire-damp. 

Daw,  da,  n.    [From  cry.]    A  jackdaw. 

Dawdle,  da'dl,  v.i.  [Akin  to  daddle,  and 
probably  to  dowdy,  a  slattern.]  To  waste 
time;  to  trifle;  to  saunter. — v.L  To  waste 
by  trifling.  — Dawdler,  da'dl6r,n.  One  who 
dawdles;  a  trifler. 

Dawk,  dak,  n.  [Hind.]  In  the  East  Indies, 
the  post;  a  relay  of  men,  as  for  carrying 
letters,  despatches,  &c.,  or  tiuvellers  in 
palanquins. 

Dawn,  dan,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  dagian,  to  dawn 
or  become  day,  from  dceg,  day.]  To  begin 
to  grow  light  in  the  morning;  to  grow 
light;  to  begin  to  show  intellectual  light 
or  knowledge;  to  begin  to  become  visible 
or  appear  (the  truth  datpns  upon  me).— n. 
The  break  of  day;  the  first  appearance  of 
light  in  the  morning;  first  opening  or  ex- 
pansion; beginning;  rise;  first  appearance 
(the  dawn  of  civilization,  &c.).— Dawning, 
dan'ing,  n.  The  growing  light  in  tM 
morning;  dawn. 

Day,  da,  n.  [A.  Sax.  dci;fli=D.  Dan.  and  Sw. 
dag,  Icel.  dagr,  Goth,  dags,  G.  tag;  not 
connectedwithL.  dies,  aday.]  That  space 
of  time  during  which  there  continues  to 
be  light,  in  contradistinction  to  night;  the 
time  between  the  rising  and  setting  of  the 
sun;  the  period  of  one  revolution  of  the 
earth  on  its  axis,  or  twenty-four  hours; 
light;  sunshine  (in  the  open  day);  any 
period  of  time  distinguished  from  other 
time  (the  authors  of  that  day) ;  ajje ;  era ; 
epoch :  in  the  plural  often  =  Lifetime, 
earthlv  existence;  the  contest  of  a  day  or 
day  of  combat  (to  gain  the  day);  an  ap- 
pomted  or  fixed  time ;  time  of  commemo- 
rating an  event ;  anniversary.  —  Days  cf 
grace,  a  certain  number  of  days  (usually 
three)  allowed  for  the  pajTnent  of  a  bill 
(not  payable  on  demand)  beyond  the  date 
marked  on  the  face  of  it  specifying  when 
it  iDecomes  due. — Astronmnical, natural,  or 
solar  day,  the  interval  between  the  sun's 
leaving  the  meridian  and  his  return  to  it. 
— Mean  3olar  day,  the  mean  of  all  the  solar 
days  in  the  ye&v.— Sidereal  day,  the  time 
of  one  apparent  revolution  of  the  fixed 
stars. — Civil  day,  the  day  beginning  and 
ending  at  midnight. — Jevsish  day,  the  in- 
terval 'oetween  sunset  and  sunset. — Day's 
journey,  an  indefinite  measure  of  distance 
frequently  mentioned  in  Scripture;  the 
average  distance  one  can  travel  on  a  day, 
say  from  12  miles  or  more  on  foot,  to  20  or 
over  on  horseback. — Daily,  da'U,  a.    Hap- 

Sening,  being,  or  appearing  every  day: 
one  day  by  day;  bestowed  or  en-oyed 
every  day.  —  adv.  Every  day;  day  by  day. 
— n.  A  newspaper  published  daily.— Day- 
bed,  n.  A  bed  used  for  rest  during  the 
day;  a  couch;  a  sofa.  [SAaA:.]- Day-Dlind- 
ness,  n.  The  visual  defect  by  which  ob- 
jects are  seen  only  in  the  evening  and  at 
night. — Day-book,  n.  A  book  in  which  are 
recorded  the  debts  and  credits  or  accounts 
of  the  day.  —  Daybreak,  da'brak,  n.  The 
dawn  or  first  appearance  of  light  in  the 
morning.— Daydream,  da'drCm,  n.  A  re- 
verie; a  visionary  fancy  indulged  in  when 
awake.— Daydreamer,  da'dre-mfir,  n.  One 
who  indulges  in  daydreams.— Dayfly,  da'- 
fli,  n.  The  popular  name  of  those  neurop- 
terous  insects  which,  though  they  may  ex- 
ist in  the  larval  and  pupal  state  for  several 
years,  in  their  perfect  form  -exist  only 
from  a  few  hours  to  a  few  days.  —  Day- 
labour,  n.  Labour  hired  or  performed  by 
the  day;  stated  or  fixed  labour.  —  Day-la- 
bourer, n.  One  who  works  by  the  day. — 
DayUght,  dalit,  n.  The  light  of  the  day; 
the  light  of  the  sun,  as  opposed  to  that  of 
the  moon  or  of  a  lamp  or  candle.  —  Day- 
lily,  n.  [The  beauty  of  its  flowers  rarely 
lasts  over  one  day.]  A  liliaceous  plant  of 
which  the  fragrant  yellow  species  is  a 
favourite  garden  flower.  —  Daylong,  da'- 


long,  a.  Lasting  all  day.-  -D&ypeep.t  da'- 
pep,  n.  The  dawn.  [Mil.] — Day-school,  n. 
A  school  taught  during  the  day,  at  which 
the  scholars  are  not  boarded :  opposed  to 
evening-school,  boa  rding-srhool.-Da.y-sight, 
n.  A  defect  of  vision,  in  which  the  sight 
is  clear  and  strong  only  in  the  daylight.— 
Daysman,  daz'man,  n.  [Lit.  one  who  ap- 
points a  day  for  hearing  a  cause.]  An  um- 
pire or  arbiter;  a  mediator  (O.T.).  —  Day- 
spring,  da'spring,  n.  The  dawn;  the  be- 
ginning of  the  day  (N.T.).— Daytime,  da- 
tirc.,n.    The  time  of  daylight. 

Daze,  daz,  v.t.  [The  same  word  as  Icel. 
dasa,  to  tire  out ;  O.D.  daesen,  to  be  fool- 
ish; akin  dote,  dizzy.]  To  stun  or  stupefy, 
as  with  a  blow,  liquor,  or  excess  of  bght; 
to  blind  by  too  strong  a  light. 

Dazzle, daz'Uv.t.— dazzled, dazzling.  [Freu. 
of  daze.]  To  overpower  or  blind  with 
light ;  to  dim  by  excess  of  light ;  fig.  to 
overpower  or  confound  by  splendour  or 
brilliancy,  or  with  show  or  display  of  any 
kind. — v.i.  To  be  overpoweringly  bright  or 
brilliant;  to.be  overpowered  ot  dimmed 
by  light  (as  the  ej-es).  —  n.  A  dazzling 
light;  glitter.— Dazzler,  daz'lfer,  n.  Ono 
who  or  that  which  dazzles.  —  Dazzling, 
dazling,  a.  So  bright  as  to  dazzle;  exces- 
sively brilliant.  —  Dazzlingly,  dazling-li, 
adv.    In  a  dazzling  manner. 

Deacon;  dekon,  n.  [L.  diaconus,  Gr.  dia- 
konos,  a  minister  or  servant.  ]  In  the 
Roman  and  Anglican  churches,  a  member 
of  the  lowest  of  the  three  orders  of  priest- 
hood (bishops,  priests,  and  deacons);  in 
Presbyterian  churches,  a  functionary  who 
attends  to  the  secular  interests  of  the 
church;  among  Congregationalists,  Bap- 
tists and  others,  one  who  looks  after  the 
spiritual  as  well  sis  temporal  concerns  of 
the  congregation  under  the  minister;  in 
Scotland,  the  president  of  an  mcorperatcd 
trade.- Deaconess,  deTcon-es,  n.  A  female 
deacon  in  the  primitive  church.- Deacon- 
hood,  d5'kon-nud,  >i.  The  state  or  office 
of  a  deacon;  deacons  collectively. — Dea- 
comy,  Deaconship,  de'kon-ri,  de'kon-ship, 
n.    The  office  of  a  deacon. 

Dead,  ded,  a.  [A.  Sax.  dedd=^J).  dood, 
Dan.  dod, .  Icel.  dauthr,  Goth,  daulha. 
Death,Die.]  Deprived,  devoid,  or  destitute 
of  life;  having  lost  the  vital  principle; 
lifeless ;  inanimate ;  hence,  wanting*  ani- 
mation, activity,  spirit,  vigour;  numb; 
callous ;.  void  of  perception ;  resembling 
death;  deep  and  sound  (a  dead  sleep);  per- 
fectly stiU  or  motionless  (a  dead  calm); 
monotonous;  unvarying  or  unbroken  by 
apertures  or  projections  (a  dead  level,  or 
wall);  unemployed;  Tiseless  (dead  Capital 
or  stock);  unreverberating,  dull,  hea^^  (a 
dead,  sound);  tasteless,  vapid,  spiritless. 
Sat,  as  liquors;  producing  death;  sure  or 
unerring  as  death  (a  dead  shot);  in  a  state 
of  spiritual  death;  under  the  po\Ver  of  sin; 
cut  off  from  the  rights  of  a  citizen ;  not 
communicating  motion  or  power  (dead 
steam);  no  longer  spoken,  or  in  common 
use  by  a  people  (a  died  iariguage);  having 
no  gloss,  warmth,  or  brightness  (a  dead 
colour). — The  dead  (sing.),  the  time  when 
there  is  a  remarkable  stillness  or  gloom; 
the  culminating  point,  as  the  midst  of 
winter  or  of  night;  (pi.),  those  who  are 
dead;  the  deceased;  the  departed. — adv. 
To  a  degree  approaching  death;  to  the  last 
degree;  thoroughly:  completely  (dead 
tired,  d£ad  drunk). — Deaden,  ded'n,  v.t. — 
To  deprive  of  a  portion  of  vigour,  force,  or 
sensibility;  to  abate  the  vigour  or  acti' n 
of;  to  destroy  the  acuteness,  pungency, 
8pirit,or  brilliancy  of;  to  render  dull,  flrit, 
heavy,  or  vapid.— Deadly,  ded'li,  o.  Caus- 
ing death;  mortal;  fatal;  destimctive; 
implacable.  —  adv.  In  a  manner  resem- 
bling death  (deadly  pale) ;  mortally;  des- 
tructively.— DeadllnesE,  ded'li-nes,  n.  Tl.« 
quality  of  being  deadly.— IJeadness,  ded  • 
nes,  ra.  The  state  of  being  dead;  liiele.js- 
ness;  want  of  animation,  spirit,  vigour, 
activity,  or  force.— Dead-beat,  n.  In  clock 
and  watch  making,  a  term  applied  to  a 
kind  of  escapement  in  which  the  seconds 
hand  is  made  to  stand  still  an  instant 
after  each  beat  without  recoil.  —  Dead- 
centre,  D' ad -point,  n.  A  position  'In 
a  link  mot.on  such  as  that  when  the  c:',uik 


Fate,  fur,  fat,  fgll;     me,  met,  h6r;      pine,  pin;     note,  not,  niOve;      tube,  tub,  bi;U;     oi: ,  ( oi'oiu;     ii,  am,  abta.e— the  Fr.  «. 


DEAF 


179 


DEBOUCH 


and  connecting-rod  of  a  steam-engine  are 
in  a  straight  line.— Dead-colouring,  n.  A 
first  layer  of  colours,  usually  some  sh9,de 
of  gray,  on  which  are  superinduced  the 
finishing  colours. — Dead-eye,  n.  Naut.  a 
block  without  a  pulley  pierced  with  three 
holes  and  used  to  extend  the  shrouds  and 
stays,  &c.— Dead-heat,  n.  A  race  in  which 
the  runners  come  all  to  the  winning  post 
at  the  same  time,  so.  that  no  one  is  the 
winner. — Dead-house,  n.  An  apartment 
in  a  hosuital  or  other  institution  where 
deatl  bodies  are  kept  for  a  time. — Dead- 
letter,  n.  A  letter  which  cannot  be  de- 
livered from  defect  of  address,,  and  which 
is  sent  to  the  general  post-office  to  be 
opened  and  returned  to  the  writer;  any- 
thing, as.  a  condition,  treaty,  &c.,  which 
has  lost  its  force  or  authority,  by  lapse  of 
time  or  any  other  cause,  and  has  ceased  to 
be  acted  on.  —  Dead-light,  .n.  Naut..  a 
strong  wooden  shutter  for  protecting  the 
windows  of  cabins,  &c.,  in  a  storm. — 
Dead-lock,  n.  Such  a  complicated  state 
of  affairs  as  renders  action  or  progress  im- 
possible; complete  obstruction  or  stand- 
still.—Dead-meat,  n.  The  flesh  of  cattle, 
sheep,  and  pigs,  slaughtered  and  ready 
for  the  market.— Dead-nettle,  n.  A  per- 
ennial herb  of  Various  species  so  called 
from  the  resemblance  of  its  leaves  to  the 
common  nettle,  though  it  has  no  stinging 
power. — Dead-pay,  n.  The  continued  pay 
of  soldiers  and  sailors  actually  dead,  but 
which  dishonest  officers  charge  and  appro- 
priate.—-Dead-reckoning,  n.  The  calcula- 
tion of  a  ship's  place  at  sea  from  the  dis- 
tance run  by  the  log,  and  the  courses 
steered  by  the  compass,  rectified  by  allow- 
ances for  drift,  lee-way,  &c. — Dead-set,  n. 
The  fixed  position  of  a  dog  in  pointing 
game;  a  determined  effort  or  attempt;  a 
pointed  attack.— Dead-wall,  n.  A  blank 
wall,  without  windows  or  openings.  — 
Dead-weight,  n.  A  heavy  or  oppressive 
burden. 

Deaf,  def,  a.  [A.  Sax.  de<i/='D.  doof,  Dan. 
ddv,  Icel.  daufr,  Ot.  tawfr— deaf;  akin  Sc. 
daft,  stupid.  Icel.  dofi,  torpor.]  Wanting 
the  sense  of  hearing,  either  wholly  or  in 
part;  disinclined  to  hear;  inattentive;  Un- 
heeding; unconcerned.— Deafen,  def'n,  v.t. 
To  make  deaf;  to  deprive  of  the  power  of 
hearing;  to  stun;  to  prevent  the  passage  of 
sound. — Deafening,  def'ning,  n.  Matter 
used  to  prevent  the  passage  of  sound 
through  floors,  partitions,  and  the  like. — 
Deafly,  def'li,  adv.  Without  sense  of 
sounds;  obscurely  heard.- Deafness,  def- 
nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  deaf,  or  of 
being  unable  to  hear  sounds;  want  of 
hearing ;  unwillingness  to  hear ;  inatten- 
tion. —  Deaf-mute,  n.  A  person  who  is 
both  deaf  and  dumb. 

Deal,  dSl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  duel,  a  portion,  a 
share =1).  deel,  a  portion,  a  board  or  plank; 
Dan.  deel,  Sw.  del,  Goth.  daUa,  G.  theil,  a 
part,  a  share.  Dole,  dale  are  akin.]  A  por- 
tion or  part ;  an  indefinite  quantity,  de- 
gree, or  extent,  generally  implying  that 
the  amount  is  considerable  (often  qualified 
by  great  which  hardly  adds  to  the  sense); 
the  division  or  distribution  of  playing 
cards;  a  board  or  plank  of  fir,  of  some 
length  and  at  least  7  inches  wide ;  fir  or 
pine  timher.— v.t  — dealt  (delt),  dealing. 
[A.  Sax.  daelan,  to  divide.]  To  divide  m 
portions;  to  give  out;  to  part;  to  distribute; 
to  scatter ;  to  hurl  (blows,  destruction). — 
v.i.  To  distribute ;  to  traffic;  totnide;  to 
negotiate;  to  transact;  to  have  intercourse; 
to  conduct  one's  self  in  relation  to  others; 
to  6u5t;  to  behave.— Dealer,  d6l'6r,ri.  One 
who  deals;  one  who  has  to  do  or  has  con- 
cern with  others :  a  trader,  merchant,  or 
trafficker;  one  who  distributes  cards  to 
the  players.  —  Dealing,  de'ling,  n.  Con- 
duet;  behaviour; j)ractice,(double-deaJinfir, 
lair  dealing];  traffic;  business;  intercourse 
of  business  or  friendship;  concern:  com- 
monly in  pi. 

Dean,  den,  n.  [O.Fr.  dean.,  deien.  Mod.  Fr. 
doyen,  from  L.  decamcs,  one  set  over  ten 
persons,  from  deeem,  ten.]  An  ecclesias- 
tical dignitarj;  rankijig  next  to  the  bishop, 
and  who  presides  over  the  canons  or  pre- 
bendaries of  a  cathedral ;  in  some  univer- 
sities, the  chief  or  head  of  a  faculty.— 


Dean  of  guild,  in  Scotland,  the  magistrate 
in  a  burgh  whose  proper  duty  is  to  take 
care  that  all  buildings  within  the  burgh 
are  in  accordance  with  the  regulations.— 
Deanery,  de'ner-i,  n.  The  office  or  juris- 
diction of  a  dean ;  the  official  residence  of 
a  dean.— Deanship,  den'ship,  n..  The  office 
or  title  of  a  dean. 

Dear,  der,  a.  [A.  Sax.  dedre,  d^re,  dear,  be- 
loved, high-priced;  O.D.  dier.  Mod.  D. 
duur,  Icel.  d^rr,  Dan.  and  Sw.  dvr,  Q. 
theuer,  dear,  oeloved,  high-priced,  &c.] 
Bearing  a  high  price  in  comparison  with 
the  usual  price  or  the  real  value;  high- 
priced:  opposite  to  cheap;  characterized 
by  high  prices  resulting  from  scarcity  (a 
dear  year);  greatly  valued ;  beloved ;  pre- 

.  cious;  heartfeltj ;  passionate  or  intensej. 
— n.  A  darling;  a  term  of  affection  or  en- 
dearment.-adv.  Dearly;  tenderly;  atadear 
rate.— Dearly,  dsr'li,  adv.  At  a  high  price; 
with  great  fondness;  fondly;  tenderly. — 
Deamess,  dSr'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  dear;  high  value  in  price,  or  es- 
timation;   preciousness;    tender   love. — 

Dearth,  dsrth,  n.  fComp.  warm-th,  heal-th, 
8lo(w]-th,  &c.  I  Scarcitv,  which  makes  food 
dear;  want,  on  time  of  want;  famine;  lack 
or  absence.— Deary,  de'ri,  n.  A.familiar 
word  of  endearment. 

Death,  deth,  n.  FA.  Sax.  dedth  =  Goth, 
dauthus,  L.  G.  and  D.  dood,  Sw.  and  Dan. 
dod,G.tod— death.  Dead,  Die.]  That  state 
of  a  being,  animal  or  vegetable,  in  which 
there  is  a  total  and  permanent  cessation 
of  all  the  vital  functions;  the  state  of 
being  dead;  the  state  or  manner  of  dying; 
cause,  agent,  or  instrument  of  death; 
total  loss  or  extinction  (the  death  of  one's 
faculties);  capital  punishment..— •  CiwiJ 
death,  deprivation  of  the  rights  of -citizen- 
ship, as  when  a  man  is  banished  or  be- 
comes a  monk.  —  Deathless,  deth'les,  a. 
Not  subject  to  death,  destruction,  or  ex- 
tinction; luidying;  immortal. — J)eatlily, 
deth'li,  a.  and  adv.  Resembling  death; 
cadaverously ;  wanly.  —  Death-agony,  n. 
The  agony  or  struggle  which  immediately 
precedes  death.— Death-bed,  n.  The  bed 
on  which  a  person  dies  or  is  confined  in 
his  last  sickness.— Death-bell,  n.  The  beU 
that  announces  death;  the  passing-bell. — 
Death-blow,  n.  A  blow  causing^  death;  a 
mortal  blow;  anything  which  extinguishes 
hope  or  blights  one's  prospects.— Death- 
fire,  n.  A  luminous  appearance  or  flame, 
as  the  ignia  fatuus,  supposed  to  presage 
death.  —  Death-rate,  n.  The  proportion 
of  deaths  among  the  inhabitants  of  a 
town,  country,  &c.  —  Death-rattle,  n.  A 
peculiar  rattling  in  the  throat  of  a  dy- 
ing person.— Death'8-door,  n.  A  near  ap- 
g roach  to  death;  the  gates  of  death.— 
leath's-head,  n.  The  skull  of  a  human 
skeleton,  or  a  figure  representing  one. — 
Death's-head  moth,  the  largest  lepidopter- 
OU8  insect  found  in  Britain,  having  mark- 
ings upon  the  back  of  the  thorax  very 
closely  resembling  a  skull  or  deaths'-head. 
—  Death's -man,  n.  An  executioner;  a 
hangman.— Death-stroke,  re.  The  stroke 
of  death:  a  death-blow. — Death-stenggle, 
n.  Death  agony.— Death-token,  n.  That 
which  indicates  approaching  death.[SAat.] 
—Death-warrant,  n.  An  order  from  the 
proper  authority  for  the  executidh  of  a 
criminal.  —  Death  -  watch,  re.  A  small 
beetle,  the  ticking  noise  made  by  which 
is  super&titiously  supposed  to  prognosti- 
cate death. 

Debacle,  de-bakl,  n.  [Fr.,  from  deader, 
to  break  iip— d«,  priv.,  and  bacler,  to  bar, 
from  L.  haculus,  a  bar.]  A  sudden  break- 
ing up  of  ice  in  a  river;  geol.  a  sudden 
outbreak  of  water,  hurling  l^efore  it  stones 
and  other  debris;  a  confused  rout;  a  stam- 
pede. 

Debar,  de-bar',  v.t. — debarred,  debarring. 
To  bar  or  cut  off  from  entrance ;  to  pre- 
clude; to  hinder  from  approach,  entry,  or 
enjoyment;  to  shut,  out  or  exclude.— 
Debarment,  de-bar' ment,n.  The  act  of 
debarring. 

Debark,  de-bftrk',  v.t.  and  i.  [Fr.  d^barqver 
— de,  and  banfue,  a  boat  or  bark.]  To  land 
from  a  ship  or  boat;  to  disembark.  —  De- 
barkation, de-bark-a'shon,  re.  The  act  of 
disembarking. 


Debase,  de-bas',  v.t.— debased,  debasing.  To 
impart  a  certain  baseness  to;  to  reduce  or 
lower  in  quality,  dignity,  character,  &g.; 
to  degrade;  to  vitiate;  to  adulterate;  to 
abase.— Debasement,  de-bas'ment,  n.  The 
act  of  debasing.or  state  of  being  debased. 
— Debaser,  de-ba'ser,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  debases.— Debasingly,  de-basing-li, 
adv.  So  as  to  debase. 
Debate,  de-bat',  n.  [O.Fr.  debatre,  to  de- 
bate, prefix  de,  and  batre,  to  beat.  Batter, 
Abate.]  An  argument  or  reasoning  be- 
tween persons  of  different  opinions;  dis- 
pute; controversy;  quarrel;  strife;  conten- 
tion.—v.t. — debated,  debating.  To  discuss 
by  arguments  for  and  against;  to  dispute; 
to  argue;  to  contest. — v.i.  To  discuss  dis- 
puted points ;  to  examine  different  argu- 
ments in  the  mind  (to  debate  with  one's 
self  whether).- Debaimfir  society,  a  society 
for  the  purpose  of  debate  and  improve- 
ment in  extemporaneous  speaking.— De- 
batable, de-ba'ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
debated;  disputable;  subject  to  contro- 
versy or  contention. — Debater,  d6-ba'ter, 
re.  One  who  debates;  a  disputant. 
Debauch,  de-bach',t;.(.  [O.Fr.  desbaucher,Fr. 
d6baucher—de,  des,  and  tartc/je,  a  workshoij, 
a  task;  the  original  meaning  would  there- 
fore be  to  draw  one  away  from  his  work 
or  duty.]  To  corrupt  or  vitiate  (as  prin- 
ciples, &c.);  to  corrupt  with  lewdness;  to 
bring  to  be  guilty  of  unchsatity;  to  seduce; 
to  lead  astray  from  duty  or  allegiance- 
re.  Excess  or  a  fit  of  excess  in  eating  or 
drinking ;  intemperance ;  drunkenness.— 
Debauched,  de-bacht',  p.  and  a.  Vitiated 
in  morals ;  given  to  debauchery;  charac- 
terized by  debauchery. — Debaucnedly,  de- 
bach'ed-li,  adv.  In  a  profligate  manner. 
— Debaucnedness,  dc-b?icht'-nes,  re.  The 
state  of  being  debauched.  —  Debauchee, 
deb'o-she,  re.  A  man  given  to  debauchery. 
— Debaucner,  de-ba'cher,  re.  One  who  de- 
bauches.—  Debauchery,  de-ba''cher-i,  n. 
Excessive  indulgence  in  sensual  pleasures 
of  any  kind,  as  gluttony,  intemperance, 
unlawful  indulgence  of  lust. —  Debauch- 
ment,  de-bftch'ment,  w.  The  act  of  de- 
baucning. 

Debenture,  de-ben 'tor,  re.  [L.  dJebentur, 
there  are  owing  (certain  things),  a  word 
used  in  old  acknowledgments  of  debt.  Akin 
debt,  debit.]  A  deed  or  document  charging 
certain  propeity  with  the  repayment  of 
money  lent  by  a  person  therein  named, 
and  with  interest  on  the  sum  lept  at  a 
given  rate;  a  certificate  of  drawback  of 
customs  duties  on  the  exportation  of  cer- 
tain goods.  —  Debentnred,  de-ben'tord,  a. 
Entitled  to  drawback  or  debenture;  se- 
cured by  debenture. 

Debilitate,  de-bU'i-tat,  v.t.—dMlitated,  de- 
bilitating. [It.  debilito,  debilitatum,  to 
weaken,  from  debUis,  weak.]  To  weaken; 
to  impair  the  strength  of;  to  enfeeble;  to 
make  faint  or  languid. — debilitating,  de- 
bil'i-tat-ing,  a.  'Tending  or  adapted  to 
weaken.  —  Debilitation,  de-biri-ta"shon, 
n.  The  act  of  weakening;  relaxation. — 
Debility,  de-bil'i-ti,  re.  [L.  deUlitas.]'  A 
state  of  general  bodily  weakness;  feeble- 
ness; languor  of  body;  faintness. 
Debit,  deb'it,  re.  [L.  debitum,  something 
owed,  from  debeo,  to  owe— d«,  from,  and 
habeo,  to  have.]  That  which  is  entered  in 
an  account  as  a  debt;  a  recorded  item  of 
debt;  that  part  of  an  account  in  which  is 
entered  any  article  of  goods  furnished,  or 
money  paid  to  or  on  account  of  a  person. 
— v.t.  To  charge  with  as  a  debt  (to  d^bit  a 
person  for  or  vMh  goods) ;  to  enter  on  the 
debtor  side  of  a  book. 
D^hlai,  de-bla,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  de,  from, 
ablatum,  taken  away.]  Fo'ft.  the  earth  ex- 
cavated from  the  ditch  to  form  the  para- 
pet. 

Debonair,  deb-o-nar',  a.  [Fr.  ddbonnaire — 
de,  from,  bon,  good,  and  aire  (h  area), 
pla.ce,  extraction.]  Characterized  by  cour- 
tesv,  affability,  or  gentleness;  elegant; 
well-bred;  winning;  accomplished. — De- 
bonairly, deb-o-nar'li,  adv.  In  a  debonair 
manner. — Debonairness,  deb-o-nar'nes,  n. 
The  character  of  being  debonair. 
Debouch,  de-bdsh',  y.i.  [Fr.  diboueher—de, 
from,  and  bovche,  mouth,  L.  bucca,  the 
cheek.  ]    Tv"*  isaue  or  march  oiit  of  a  narrow 


chieftain;     eft,  Sc.  locA;     g,  i^o;     j.yob;     n,  Fr.  tore;,    ng,  sirejr;     ra,  «Aer.;  th,  «toij     w,trag;  .wb,  wJkigi     ah;a«ure, 


DfiBEIS 


180 


DECEPTION 


place,  or  from  defiles,  as  troops. — Dfbou- 
chnre,  da-bo'shur,  n.  |  Fr.]  The  mouth  or 
ouening  of  a  river  or  channel. 

Debris,  da-bre',  n.  [Ft.,  from  de,  L.  dis, 
asunder,  apart,  and  brise);  to  breaKJ 
Fragments;  rubbish;  ruins;  geol.  any  ac- 
cumulation of  broken  and  detached  mat- 
ter, as  that  which  arises  from  the  waste 
of  rocks,  and  which  is  piled  up  at  their 
base  or  swept  away  by  water. 

Debt,  det,  n.  [O.Pr.  debte  (now  detie),  L. 
dabita,  things  due.  DtBiT.J  That  which 
is  due  from  one  person  to  another;  that 
which  one  person  is  bound  to  pay  to  or 
perform  for  another;  what  is  incumbent 
on  one  to  do  or  suffer;  a  due;  an  obliga- 
tion; the  state  of  owing  something  to  an- 
other (to  be  in  debt);  a  duty  neglected  or 
violated;  a  trespass;  a  sin  (N.T.).— Debtor, 
det'fer,  n.  [L.  deiifor.)  A  person  who  owes 
another  either  money,  goods,  or  services: 
the  correlative  of  creditor;  one  who  has 
received  from  another  an  advanta'fee  of  any 
kind;  one  indebted  or  in  debt. 

D6hut,  da-ba,  n.  [Fr.— de,  from,  and  but, 
mark,  butt.  The  word  has  its  meaning 
from  the  bowl  being  brought  from  the 
butt  on  one  commencing  to  play  at  bowls.] 
Entrance  upon  anything;  first  appearance 
before  the  public,  as  that  of  an  actor  or 
actress  pn  the  stage.— Debutant,  fem.  De- 
butante, da-bil-tan,  da-bu-tant,  n.  [Fr.J 
One  who  makes  ardebut  or  first  appearance 
before  the  public. 

Decachord,  dek'a-kord,  n.  [Gr.  deka,  ten, 
and  choxde,  string.]  An  ancient  Greek 
musical  instrument,  triangular  in  shape, 
and  having  ten  strings. 

Decacuminated,  de-ka-ku'mi-na-ted,  a.  [L. 
de,  off,  and  cacuminutus,  pointed,  from 
cacumen,  a  point.]  Having  the  top  cut 
off. 

Decade,  Decad,  dek'ad,  dek'ad,  n,  [L.  de- 
can,  decadis,  Gr.  dekaa,  from  dcka,  ten.] 
The  sum  or  number  of  ten;  an  aggregate 
or  group  consisting  of  ten;  specifically,  an 
aggregate  of  ten  years.— Decadal,  dek'ad- 
al,  a.  Pertaining  to  ten;  consisting  of 
tens. 

Decadence,  Decadency,  de-ka'dens,  de-ka'- 
den-si,  n.  [Fr.  decadence,  L.L.  decadentia, 
from  li.  de,  down,  and  cado,  to  fall.]  De- 
cay; a  falling  into  a  lower  state.— Decad- 
ent, de-ka'dent,  a.  In  decadence;  decay- 
ing; deteriorating. 

Decagon,  dek'a-gon,  n.  [Gr.  deka,  ten,  and 
gOnia,  a  corner.]  Geom.  a  plane  figure 
having  ten  sides  and  ten  angles.— Decag- 
onal, dekag'o-nal,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to 
a  decagon. 

Decagram,  Decagramme,  dek'a-grara,  da- 
ka-gram,  n.  [Fr.  dicagramTne,  Gr.  deka, 
ten,  and  Fr.  gramme.}  A  French  weight 
of  10  grammes,  equal  to  5"644  drams  avoir- 
dupois. 

Decagyn,  dek'a-jin,  n.  [Gr.  deka,  ten,  and 
gyne,  a  female.]  Bot.  a  plant  having  ten 
pistils.— Decagjrnian,  Decagynous,  dek-a- 
jin'i-an,  de-kaj'i-nus,  a.  £ot.  havmg  ten 
pistils. 

Decahedron,  dek-a-he'dron,  n.  [Gr.  deka, 
ten,  and  hedra,  a  seat,  a  base.J  Qeom.  a 
figure  or  body  having  ten  sides.  —  Deca- 
hedral, dek-a-he'dral,  a.  Having  ten 
sides. 

Decalcify,  de-kal'si-fi,  v.t.  [L.  de,  priv.,  and 
ealx,  Calais,  lime,  chalk.]  To  deprive  of 
lime,  as  bones  of  their  hardening  matter, 
so  as  to  reduce  them  to  gelatine.  — Decal- 
cification, de-kar'8i-fi-ka"shon,  n.  The 
removal  of  calcareous  matter,  as  from 
bpnesi 

Decalitre,  da-ka-l5-tr,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr. 
deka,  ten,  and  Fr.  litre.]  A  French  mea- 
sure of-  capacity,  containing  10  litres,  or 
riO'27  cubic  inches-,  equal  to  2i  imperial 
f-allons  nearly. 

Decalogue,  dek'a-log,  n.  [Gr.  deka,  ten, 
and  logos,  a  wordj  The  ten  command- 
ments or  precepts  given  by  God  to  Moses 
at  Mount  Sinai.— Decalogist,  de-kal'o-jist, 
11.  One  who  explains  the  decalogue. 
D^camfetre,  da-ka-ma-tr,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr. 
deka,  ten,  and  matron,  measure.]  A  French 
measure  of  length,  consistini^  of  10  metres, 
and  equal  to  3937  English  inches  or  32  8 
feet. 

(Decamp,  dc-kamp',  v.i.    [Fr.  ddcar,ipcr~da. 


from,  and  camp,  a  camp.]  To  remove  or 
depart  from  a  camp  or  camping  ground; 
to  march  off;  to  depart;  to  take  one's  self 
off,  especialbr  in  a  secret  or  clandestine 
manner.  —  Decampment,  de-kamp'ment, 
n.  Departure  from  a  camp;  a  marching 
off. 

Decanal,  de'kan-al,  a.  [L.  decanus,  a  dean. 
Dean.]    Pertaining  to  a  dean  or  deanery. 

Decander,  de-kan'd6r,  n.  [Gr.  deka,  ten, 
and  ane7;  andros,  a  male.]  Bot.  a  plant 
having  ten  stamens.— Decaudi'iau,  Decan- 
drous, de-kan'dri-an,  de-kan'drus,  a.  Bot. 
having  ten  stamens. 

Decangular,  de-kang'gU-lfir,  a.  [Gr.  deka, 
ten,  and  E.  angular.}  Having  ten  angles. 

Decant,  de-kant',  v.t.  [Fr.  decanter,  to  de- 
cant— de,  and  canter,  from  O.Fr.  cant,  a 
rim,  an  edge;  lit.  to  pour  out  by  canting 
or  tilting.  Cant.]  To  pour  off  gently,  as 
liquor  from  its  sediment,  or  from  one  ves- 
sel into  another.  —  Decantatioa,  de-kan- 
ta'shon,  n.  The  act  of  decanting.— De- 
canter, de-kan'ter,  n.  One  who  decants; 
a  vessel  used  to  decant  liquors,  or  for  re- 
ceiving decanted  liquors;  a  glass  vessel  or 
bottle  used  for  holding  wine  or  other 
liquors  for  filling  drinking-glasses. 

Decaphyllous,  de-kaf'il-lus,  a.  [Gr.  deka, 
ten,  and  phyllon,  a  leaf.J  Bot.  having  ten 
leaves:  applied  to  the  perianth  of  flowers. 

Decapitate,  de-kap'i-tat,  v.t— decapitated, 
decapitating.  [L.L.  decapito,  decapitatum, 
to  behead— L.  de,  and  caput,  head.]  To 
behead;  to  cut  ofi^the  head  of.— Decapita- 
tion, dg-kap'i-ta"shon,  n.  The  act  of  be- 
heading. 

Decapod,  dek'a-pod,.n.  [Gr.  deka,  ten,  and 
pons,  podos,  a  foot.']    One  of  an  order  of 

■  crustaceans  (crabs,  lobsters)  having  ten 
feet;  one  of  that  division  of  the  cuttle- 
fishes which  have  ten  prehensile  arms.- 
o.  Having  ten  feet;  belonging  to  the  de- 
capods.—Becapodal,  Decapodous,  de-kap'- 
o-dal,  de-kap'o-dus,  a.  Belonging  to  the 
order  of  decapods;  having  ten  feet. 

Decarbonate,  de-kar'bo-nat,  v.t.     To  de- 

Srive  of  carbonic  acid.— Decarbonization, 
ecarburization,  d6-kar'bo-ni-za"shon,  de* 
kar'bu-j:i-za"8hon,  n.  The  process  of  de- 
priving of  carbon.— Decarbonize,  Decar- 
burize,  de-karT)o-niz,  de-kar'b-a-riz,  v.i. — 
decarbonized,  decarbonizing.  To  deprive 
of  carbon. 

Decastlch,  dek'a-stik,  n.  [Gr.  deka,  ten, 
and  stichos,  a  verse.]  A  poem  consisting 
of  ten  lines. 

Decastyle,  dek'a-stil,  n.  [Gr.  deka,  ten, 
and  stylos,  a  column.]  A  portico  or  colon- 
nade of  ten  columns.— a.  Decorated  with 
or  having  ten  columns. 

Decasyllabic, dek'a-sil-lab"ik, a.  [Gr.  deka, 
ten,  and  syllabs,  a  syllabi'  ]  Ha-ving  ten 
syllables. 

Decay,  de-ka',  v.i.  [O.Fr.  decaer,  from  L. 
de,  down,  and  cadere,  to  fall;  seen  also  in 
cadence,  chance,  casual,  incident,  &c.]  To 
pass  gradually  from  a  sound,  prosperous, 
or  perfect  state,  to  a  less  perioct  state,  or 
toward  weakness,  or  dissolution;  to  be- 
come decomposed  or  corrupted;  to  rot;  to 
bcgradually  impaired;  to  wasteor  moulder 
away. — v.t.i  To  impair;  to  briag  to  a  worse 
state.  [Shak.y-^.  Tlie  state  or  process  of 
decaying;  decline  to  a  worse  or  less  perfect 
state;  decomposition;  putrefaction;  de- 
terioration; wasting. — Deoayedness,  de- 
kad'nes,  to.  A  state  of  being  decayed. — 
Decayer,  de-ka'6r,  n.  That  which  causes 
decay. 

Decease,  de-sSs',  n.  [Fr.  ddc&s,  from  L.  de- 
cessus,  departure — de,  and  cedo^  cessum,  to 
go.  Cede.]  Departure  from  this  life; 
death.— u.i.  To  depart  from  this  life;  to 
die.— Deceased,  de-sSst',  p.  Departed  from 
life ;  dead :  frequently  used  as  a  noun,  the 
word  person  being  understood.— Decedent,! 
■de-se'dent,  a.  [h.  decedens.]  Departing; 
removing. 

Deceit,  de-s5t',  n.  [O.Fr.  deceit,  L.  deceptus, 
from  deeipio,  deceptum,  to  deceive,  lit.  to 
take  down— de,  down,  and  capio,  to  take. 
Capable.]  The  quality  or  act  of  deceiv- 
ing; guilefulness;  the  act  of  misleading 
a  person;  any  artifice,  stratagem,  or  prac- 
tice, which  misleads  another,  or  causes 
him  to  believe  what  is  false;  act  of  fraud; 
cheat;  fa'.Mcy. .•. Syn.  under  Fpjlcd.— De- 


ceitful, de-set'ful,  a.  Given  to  deceive; 
full  of  deceit;  tending  to  mislead,  deceive, 
orinsnare;  trickish;  fraudulent;  cheating. 
—Deceitfully,  de-set'ful-li,  adv.  In  a  de- 
ceitful manner.— Deceitfuinesa,  de-sct'ful- 
nes,  n.  Disposition  or  tendency  to  mis^ 
lead  or  deceive;  the  quality  of  being  de- 
ceitful.— Deceive,  de-sev',  v.t— deceived, 
deceivinn.  ■^[F^.  dicevoir,  O.Fr.  decever.] 
To  mislead  the  mind  of,  especially  inten- 
tionally; to  cause  to  believe  what  is  false, 
or  disbelieve  what  is  true;  to  cause  to  mis- 
take; to  impose  on;  to  delude;  to  frustrate 
or  disappoint  (the  hopes,&c.). — Deceivable, 
d6-s5'va-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  or  liable 
■to  be  deceived.— Deceivableness,  de-se'va- 
lil-nes,  n.  Liableness  to  be  deceived. — 
Deceivably,  d5-s6'va-bli,  adv.  In  a  deceiv- 
able manner.— Deceiver,  d€-s6'ver,  w.  One 
who  deceives. 

December,  de-semlbfer,  n.  [h.,  from  decern, 
ten,  this  being  the  tenth  month  among 
the  early  Romans,  who  began  the  year  in 
March.]  The  twelfth  and  last  month  in 
the  year,  in  which  the  sun  is  at  his  great- 
est distance  south  of  the  equator.— De- 
cemberly,  de-sem'bfer-li,  a.  Kesembling 
December;  chilly;  gloomy;  cheerless. 

Decemfid,  de-sem'fid,  a.  [L.  decern,,  ten, 
aud^}ido,to  divide.]  Bot.  ten-cleft;  divid- 
ed into  ten  parts;  having  ten  divisions. 

Decemlocular,  de-sem-lok'u-Ur,  a.  [L. 
decern,  ten,  and  loculus,  a  cell.]  Bot.  hav- 
ing ten  cells  for  seeds. 

Decempedal,  de-sem'pe-dal,  a.  {L.  decern, 
ten,  and  pes,  a  fobt.]  Having  ten  feet; 
ten  feet  in  length. 

Decem-vir,  de-sem'vfer,  n.  pi.  Decemvirs, 
Decemviri,  de-sem'verz,  de-seni'vi-ri.  [L. 
decern,  ten,  and  vir,  a  man.]  One  of  ten 
magistrates,  who  had  absolute  authority 
in  ancient  Rome,  from  b.c.  449  to  447. — 
Decemviral,  d5-sem'ver-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  decemvirs. — Decemvirate,  de-sem'- 
ver-at,  n.  The  office  of  the  decemvirs;  the 
decemvirs  collectively. 

Decency.    Under  Decent. 

Decennary,  de-sen'na-ri,n.  [L.  decennium, 
a  period  of  ten  years  —  decem,  ten,  and 
annus,  a  year.]  A  period  of  ten  years.— 
Decennial,  de-sen'ni-al,  a.  Continuing  for 
ten  years;  consisting  otten  years;  happen- 
ing every  ten  years. 

Decent,  de'sent,  «.  [L.  deceng,  decentis, 
ppr.  of  decet,  it  becomes;  akin  decorate, 
decontm.]  Becoming;  having  a  character 
or  show  that  gains  general  approval;  suit- 
able, as  to  words,  behaviour,  dress,  and 
ceremony;  seemly;  decorous;  free  from  im- 
modestv;  not  obscene;  modest;  moderate, 
tolerable,  passable,  respectable  (coUoq.). 

—  Decency,  de' sen-si,  n.  [Jj.  decentia.] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  decent;  pro-- 
priely  in  actions  or  discourse;  decorum; 
modesty;  freedom  from  ribaldry  or  obscen- 
ity; a  decent  or  becoming  ceremony  or  rite, 

—  Dscentish,  de'sent-ish,  a.  Somewha? 
decent;  of  a  fairly  good  kind  or  quality ; 
passable.  [CoUoq.] —Decently,  de'sent-li, 
adv.  In  a  decent  or  becoming  manner; 
tolerably,  passably,  or  fairly  (colloq. ) .— De- 
centness.aS'sent-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
decent;  decency. 

Decentralize,  de-sen'tral-iz,  v.t  To  distri- 
bute what  has  been  centralized;  to  remove 
from  direct  connection  or  dependence  on 
a  central  authority.  —  Decentralization, 
de-sen'tra-li-za"shon,  n.  The  act  of  de- 
centralizing; politics,  the  act  of  distribut- 
ing among  a  number  of  places  through- 
out a  country  the  adrainistration  of  its 
interaal  affairs. 

Deception,  de-sep'shon, «.  [L-  deceptio,  de- 
ceptionis,  a  deceiving.  Deceive.]  The 
act  of  deceiving  or  misleading;  habit  of 
deceiving ;  the  state  of  being  deceived  or 
inisled;  that  which  deceives;  artifice; 
cheat.  .-.Syn.under  FRAcn.-DeceptibUity, 
de-sep'ti-Dil"i-ti,  n.  Liability  to  be  de- 
ceived.—Deceptible,  de-sep'ti-bl, a.  Liable 
to  be  deceived.— Deceptive,  de-sep'tiv,  a. 
Tending  to  deceive;  having  powerto  mis- 
lead or  impress  false  opinions;  mislead- 
ing.— Deceptively,  de-sep'tiv-li,  adv.  In 
a  manner  to  deceive.— DeceptivenesB,  de- 
sep'tiv-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  decep- 
tive; tendency  or  aptness  to  deceive.— 
Deceptlvity,t  d5-sep-tiV'i-ti,  n.     A  thing 


fate,  far,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     pOte,  not,  mOve;     tttbe,  tnb,  bi.ill ;     m1,  pound;     u,  iic.  abuner-the  Fm(. 


DECEItli 


181 


DECLINE 


which  deceives;  a  sham. — Deceptory.t  d6- 
sep'to-ri,  a.  Deceptive. 
Decern,  de-s6m',  v.t.  and  t.  [L.  decemo, 
decretum,  to  decree.]  Scots  law,  to  judge; 
to  adjudge;  to  decree;  to  pass  judgment. 
Sechristianize,  de-kris'tyan-iz,  v.t.  —  de- 
ehristianizedj  dechnstianising.  To  turn 
from  Christianity;  to  banish  Christian 
belief  and  prinpiples  from. 
Decide,  de-sid',  v.t.— decided,  deciding.  [L. 
decido — de,  and  ccsdo,  to  cut,  seen  also  in 
concise,  precise,  excision.]  To  determine, 
as  a  question,  controversy,  or  struggle, 
finally  or  authoritatively;  to  settle  by 
giving  the  victorjr  to  one  side  or  the  other; 
to  determine  the  issue  or  result  of;  to  con- 
clude; to  end. — v.i.  To  determine;  to  form 
a  definite  opinion;  to  come  to  a  conclusion; 
to  pronounce  a  judgment.  —  Decidable, 
d(-si'da-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  decided. — 
Decided,  de-si'ded, a.  Well  mai-ked;  clear; 
unequivocal;  that,  puts  an  end  to  doubt; 
free  from  ambiguity  or  uncertainty;  un- 
mistakable; resolute;  determined;  free 
from  hesitation  or  wavering. — Decidedly, 
dO-:>i'ded-li,  adv.  In  a  decided  or  deter- 
mined manner ;  in  a  manner  to  preclude 
doubt.— Decider,  de-si'dcr,  n.  One  who 
decides. 

Deciduous,  de-sid' a-us,  a.  [L.  deciduus, 
decido— de,  and  cado,  to  fall ;  akin  decay.] 
Not  perennial  or  permanent ;  tot.  applied 
to  trees  whose  leaves  fall  in  autumn  and 
to  leaves  or  other  parts  of  the  plant  that 
fall;  zool.  applied  to  parts  which  fall 
oft'  at  a  certain  stage  of  an  animal's  exist- 
ence, as  hair,  horns,  teeth. — D«cidua,  de- 
sid'u-a,  n.  fFor  decidua  -rnemhrana,  the 
membrane  that  falls  off.]  A  membrane 
arising  from  alteration  of  the  upper  layer 
of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  uterus, 
after  the  reception  into  the  latter  of  the 
impregnated  o\Tim,  the  name  being  given 
to  it  because  it  is  discharged  at' parturi- 
tion.—Deciduate,  dc-sid'aat,  a.  Applied, 
to  those  mammals,  as  Man,  the  Quadru- 
mana,  Carnivora,  &c.,  which  throw  off  a 
decidua  after  parturition.  —  Declduons- 
ness,  DecidTiityst  ds-sid'a-us-nes,  des-i- 
du'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  deciduous. 

Decigramme,  da -si -gram,  w.  [Fr.]  A 
Flench  weight  of  one-tenth  of  a  gramme. 
— D4cUitre,da-si-le-tr,n.  [Pr.]  A  French 
measure  of  capacity  equal  to  one-tenth  of 
a  litre. 

Decillion,  ds-sil'yon,  «.  In  English  nota- 
tion, a  million  involved  to  the  tenth 
power,  or  a  unit  with  sixty  ciphers  an- 
nexed; in  French  notation,  a  thousand 
involved  to  the  eleventh  power. — Decil- 
liontb,  de-sil'yonth,  a.  Being  one  of  a 
decillion  equal  parts. — n.  One  such  part. 

Decimal,  des'i-mal,  o.  [L.  decimus,  tenth, 
from  decern,  ten.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
tens;  numbered  or  "proceeding  by  tens; 
having  a  tenfold  increase  or  decrease. 
— Decimal  fraction,  a  fraction  whose  de- 
nominator is  10,  or  some  number  produced 
by  the  continued  multiplication  of  10  as  a 
factor,  such  as  100, 1000,  &c.,  but  written 
with  the  denominator  omitted,  its  value 
being  indicated  by  a  point  placed  to  the 
left  of  as  many  figures  of  the  numerator 
as  there  are  ciphers  in  the  denominator ; 
thus  To.  To\o,  are  vreitten  7,  •003.— Deci- 
vial  system,  a  system  of  weights,  measures, 
and  moneys  based  on  multiples  of  ten;  the 
metric  system.— n.  A  decimal  fraction. — 
Decimalize,  des'i-mal-iz,  v.t.  To  reduce  to 
the  decimal  system.-Decimally,  des'i-mal- 
li,  adv.    By  tens;  by  means  of  decimals. 

Decimate,  des'i-mat,  v.t— decimated,  deci- 
mating, fli.  decimo,  decimatum,  to  select 
by  lot  every  tenth  man  for  punishment, 
from  decern,  ten.]  To  select  by  lot  aha 
punish  with  death  every  tenth  man  of,  as 
was  done  by  the  .Romans  in  punishing 
bodies  of  troops,  &c.;  hence,  to  destroy  a 
great  but  indefinite  number  of. — Decima- 
tion, des-i-ma'shon,  n.  A  selection  of 
every  tenth  by  lot,  as  for  punishment,  &c.;- 
the  destruction  of  a  great  but  indefinite 
proportion  of  people.— Decimator,  des'i- 
ma-t^r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  deci- 
mates. 

Decimetre,  da-si-ma-tr,  n.    A  French  mea- 

i  sure  of  length  equal  to  the  tenth  part  of 

I  a  mette,  or  3'937l  inches. 


Decipher,  de-si'f6r,  v.t.  To  explain  what 
is  written  in  ciphers,  by  finding  Trtiat. 
each  charaeter  or  mark  represents;  to 
read  what  is  written  in  obscure  or  badly 
formed  characters ;  to  discover  or  explain 
•the  meaning  of,  as  of  something  difSeult 
to  be  understood.— Decipherable,  de-si'- 
f6r-a-bl,  a.  That  may  be  deciphered  or 
interpreted. — Decipherer,  de-si 'fer-er,  n. 
One  who  deciphers.— Decipherment,  de- 
si'f6r-ment,  n.  The  act  of  deciphering. 
Decision,  de-si'zhon,  n.  [L.  decisio,  deci- 
sionis.  Decide.]  The  act  of  deciding; 
determination,  as  of  a  question  or  doubt; 
final  judgment  or  opinion  in  a  case  which 
has  been  un'der 'deliberation  or  discussion; 
determination,  as  of  a  contest  or  event;  ar- 
bitram.snt;  the  quality  of  being  decided  in 
character;  unwavering  firmness;  prompt 
and  fixed  determination.— Decisive,  cl5-si'- 
8iv,a.  Having  the  power  or  quality  of  deter- 
mining; filial;  conclusive:  putting  an  end  to 
controversy;  marked  by  decision  or  prompt 
determination.-Decisively,de-si'siv-li,a<;(t). 
In  a  decisive  manner. — Decisiveness,  de- 
si'siv-ncs,  n.  Thfe  quality  of  being  deci- 
sive; conclusiveness;  decision  of  character. 
— Decisory,  de-si'so-ri,  o,  Able  to 'decide 
or  determine. 

Decivilize,  de-siVil-iz,  v.t.  To  reduce  from 
acivilized  to  a  wild  or  savage  state. 
Deck,  dek,  v.t.  .[Same  word  as  D.  dekken, 
Dan.  doekke,  G.  decken,  to  cover,  with  the 
nouns,  D.  dek,  Dan.  daek,  a  cover,  a  ship's 
deck,  G.  decke,  a  cover,  decfc,  a  deck;  close- 
ly akin  to  E.  tAatch  {Sc.  thack),  the  root 
being  that  of  L.  teqo,  to  cover.  Thatch.] 
To  clothe;  to  dress  tne  person;  but  usually, 
to  cldthe  with  more  than  ordinary  ele-' 
gance;  to  array;  to  adorn;  to  embellish;  to 
tumisn-  with  a  deck,  as  a  vessel.— n.  A 
horizontal  platform  or  floor  extending 
from  side  to  side  of  a  ship,  and  formed  of 
planking,  supported  by  the  beams;  large 
vessels  navtng  often  upper,  main,  and 
lower  decks,  with  a  quarter-deck  over  the 
upper  deck  towards  the  stem. — To  clear 
the  decks,  to  prepare  a  ship  for  action. — 
Decked,  dekt,  p.  and  a.  Covered;  adorned; 
furnished  with  a  deck. — Decker,  dek'er,n. 
One  who  or  that  which  decks  or  adorns;  a 
vessel  that  has  a  deck  or  decks:  in  com- 
position (a  three -decArsr). — Deck-cargo, 
Deck-load,  «.  Cargo  stowed  on  the  deck 
of  a  vessel.— Deck-hand,  n.  One  whose 
duties  are  confined  to  the  deck  of  a  vessel, 
he  being  unfit  for  the  work  of  a  seaman 
properly  so  called.— Deck-passage,  n.  A 
passage  on  the  deck  of  a  vessel. 
Deck,  dek,  n.  [Origin  unknown.]  A  pack 
of  cards. 

Declaim,  de-klam',  v.i.  [L.  declamo,  to 
practise  speaking  in  public — de,  and  cla- 
mo,  to  cry  out.  Claim,  Cuamour.]  To 
.speak  a  set  oration  in  public;  to  make  a 
formal  speech  or  oration;  to  harangue;  to 
inveigh;  to  speak  or  write  for  rhetorical 
display.  —  v.t.  To  utter  with  rhetorical 
force;  to  deliver  with  inflation  of  tone. — 
Declaimer,  de-kla '  mer,  n.  On?  who  de- 
claims; one  who  habitually  speaks  for 
rhetorical  display;  one  who  speaks  clamor- 
ously ;  an  inveigber.  —  Declainiant,  de- 
kla'mant,  n.  A  declaimer. — Declamation, 
dek-la-ma'shon,  n.  [L.  decla'inatio.]  The 
act  or  art  of  declaiming  or  making  a 
rhetorical  harangue  in  public;  the  delivery 
of  a  speech  or  exercise  in  oratory,  as  by 
the  students  of  a  college,  &c.;  a  display  of 
showy  rhetorical  oratory;  pretentious  rhe- 
torical language,  with  more  sound  than 
sense.  —  Declamatory,  de-klam'a-to-ri,  a. 
[li.  declamatorius.]  Relating  to  the  prac- 
tice of  declaiming;  i)ertaining  to  oiecla- 
mation;  merely  rhetorical,  without  solid 
sense  or  argument. 

Declare,  de-klar',  v.t.— declared,  declaring. 
[L.  declaro,  to  declare — de,  intena.,  and 
claro,  to  make  elear,  from  clarus,  clear. 
Clear.]  To  make  kiiown  by  words;  to 
teU  explicitly;  to  manifest  or  commtini- 
cate  plkinly  in  any  way;  to  exhibit ;  to 
publish;  to  proclaim;  to  assert;  to  affirtn; 
to  make  a  full  statement  of,  as  of  goods 
on  which  duty  falls  to  be  paid  to  the  cus- 
tom-house.— To  declare  one^s  self,  to  throw 
off  resente  and  avow  one's  opinion;  to 
show  openly  what  one  thinks,  or  vrhich' 


side  he  espouses. — v.i.  To  make  a  declar- 
ation; to  make  known  explicitlv  some  de- 
termination; to  proclaim  ones  self;  to 
pronounce  adhesion  in  favour  of  a  party, 
&c.:  with  for  or  against.  —  To  declare  off, 
to  refuse  to  co-operate  in  any  undertaking;; 
to  break  off  from  one's  party  engagement  i, 
&c.— Declarable,  de-kla'ra-Dl,  a.  Capab  a 
of  being  declared  or  proved. — Declarant,! 
de-kla'rant,  n.  One  who  declares.  —  D.;- 
claration,  dek-la-ra'shou,  n.  [L.decZarafit- 1 
The  act  of  declaring,  making  known,  or 

■  announcing;  affirmation;  explicit  asse.-- 
tion;  open  expression;  avowal;  that  whica 
is  declared;  the  document  or  inatrumei>j 
by  which  an  announcement  is  authoi  •- 
tatively  made;  law,  that  part  of  the  pi  - 
cess  or  pleadings  in  which  the  plaint. -f 
sets  forth  at  large  his  cause  of  complain  V. 
a  simple  aflirmation  substituted  in  lieu  ji 
an  oath,  solemn  affirmation,  or  affidavi .. 
—Declarative,  de-klar'a-tiv,  a.  MakiL  j 
declaration,  proclamation,  or  publicatior- ; 
declaratory. — Declaratively,  de-klar'a-tiY- 
li,  adv.  In  a  declarative  manner.  —  V  > 
clarator,  de-klar'a-ter,  n.  Scots  law,  a  forra 
of  action  in  the  Court  of  Session,  ±he  o'.;- 
ject  of  which  is  to  have  a  fact  (as  the  exiH- 
lence  of  amarriage)  declared  judicially. — 
Declaratorily,  dc-klar'a-to-ri-li,  adv.  i'y 
declaration  or  exliibition.  —  Declarator/, 
dc-klar'a-to-ri,  a.  Making  declaraticr; 
distinctly  expressive  of  opinions  or  inte-".  • 
tions.— Declared,  d5-klara',p.and  a.  Macs 
kno\vn;  told  explicitly;  avowed;  manl- 

■  fested;  proclaimed;  openly  professed  (a 
declared  enemy). — Declaredly,  de-kla'recl- 
li,  adv.  Avowedly;  explicitly. — Declareti- 
ness,  dc-kla'red-nes,  n.  State  of  beins 
declared.  —  Declarer,  de-kla'r6r,  n.  One 
who  declares. 

Declension.    Under  Decline. 

Decline,  d6-klln',  v.i.— declined,  declining. 

■  [L.  declitw,  to  bend  down  or  aside — de, 
down,  and  a  hypothetical  clino=Gr.klin6, 
to  bend.  Root  seen  in  h.  clivus,  sloping, 
and  also  in  E.  to  lean.]  To  lean  downwarc.; 
to  bend  over;  to  hang  down,  as  from  weak- 
ness, despondency,  8ul)mission,  or  the  like; 
to  sink  to  a  lower  level;  to  stoop,  as  to  an 
unworthy  object;  to  lean  or  deviate  from 
rectitude.  (O.T.);  to  approach  or  draw  to- 
ward the  close  (day  declines);  to  avoid  or 
Bhun;  to  refuse;  not  to  comply;  to  tend  to 
a  less  perfect  state;  to  sink  m  character 
or  value;  to  become  diminished  or  im- 
paired (as  health,  reputation) ;  to  fail ;  to 
decay. — v.t.  To  bend  downward;  to  cause 
to  bend ;  to  depress;  to  shun  or  avoid ;  to 
refuse ;  not  to  accept  or  comply  with ; 
aram.  to  inflect,  through  cases  and  num- 
bers; to  change  the  termination  of  a  worcl, 
for  forming  the  oblique  cases.— n.  A  fall- 
ing off;  a'tendency  to  a  worse  state;  dimi- 
nution or  decay;  deterioration ;  a  popular 
name  for  aimost  aU  chronic  diseases  in 
which  the  strength  and  plumpness  of  the 
body  gradually  decrease,  until  the  patient 
dies;  consumption. — Decliner,  de-kli'n4r, 
n.  One  who  declines.— Declinometer,  dek- 
li-nom'et-ir,  n.  An  instrument  for  mea- 
suring the  declination  of  the  magnetic 
needle,  and  for  observing  its  variations. — 
Declension,  de-klen'shon,  n.  [L.  declinatio, 
dsclinationio:  in  the  grammatical  sense  it 
refers  to  the  leaning  away  or  differing  of 
the  other  cases  from  the  nominative;  so 
case  is  lit.  a  falling.]  The  act  of  declining; 
declination;  slope;  a  falling  or  depliouag 
toward  a  worse  state;  refiisal;  non-accept- 
ance; gram,  the  inflection  of  nouns,  ad- 
jectives, and  pronouns  by  change  of  ter- 
mination to  form  the  oblique  cases;  the 
act  of  declining  a  word;  a  class  of  nouns 
declined  on  the  same  type.  —  Declinable, 
de-kli;na-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  decUned; 
having  case  inflections.— Declinal,  dg-kli'- 
nal,  a.  Bending  downwards;  declining; 
geol.  applied  to  the  blope  of  strata  from  ati 
fods.  —  Declinate,  DecUnoos^  dek'h-nat, 
de-kli'nus,  a.  Bot.  bending  or  bent  down- 
ward: applied  to  stamens  when  they  are 
thrown  to  one  side  of  a  flower. — Decliii^ 
tion,  dek-li-na'shoa,  n.  The  act  or  state 
of  declining;  a  bending  down;  inclination; 
a  falling  into  a  worse  state;  af ailing  away: 
deterioration;  a  deviation  from  a  straighs 
line;  oblique  motion;,  deviation  from  reo- 


ch,  cAainj j,^A,  Sc.  \och\MS>S9\M\iiS^i  a-A  ^--towJiiJOgi^)? jU^i&en;;^,  msxiit^,  idg;  &jrh.  w/ugj  ^gh,  ttfUteJ 


DE01IVITY 


182 


DECUSSATE 


titude  in  behaviour  or  morals;  the  act  of 
refusing ;  refusal ;  astron.  the  distance  of 
a  heavenTj'  body  from  the  celestial  equator, 
measured  on  a  great  circle  passing  through 
the  pole  and  also  through  the  bodj-;  phy- 
sics, the  variation  of  the  magnetic  needle 
from  the  true  meridian  of  a  place — decli- 
nation of  the  compass  or  magnetic  decli- 
nation.—Declinator,  dek'Li-na-t6r,  n.  An 
instrument  used  in  ascertaining  the  de- 
clination.—Declinatory,  de-kli'na-to-ri,  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  declination ;  charac- 
terized by  declining ;  intimating  declina- 
ture or  refusal.  —  Declinature,  d5-kli'na- 
tur,  n.  The  act  of  declining  or  refusing ; 
a  refusEil. 

Declivity,  d6-fcliv'i-ti,  n.  [L.  declivilas,  a 
declivity,  from  dechvis,  sloping— de,  and 
clivus,  sloping;  same  root  as  in  decline.'i 
Slope  or  inclination  downward;  a  slope  or 
descent  of  the  ground:  opposed  to  accliviti/, 
or  ascent.— Declivous,  Decllvitoas,  d6-kli'- 
vus,  de-kliv'i-tus,  a.    Sloping  downwards. 

Decoct,  de-kokt',  v.t.  [Jj.  decoquo,  decoctwn, 
to  boil  down— d«,  and  coquo,  to  cook,  to 
boil.  Cook.]  To  prepare  by  boUing;  to 
extract  the  strengrth  or  flavour  of  by  boil- 
ing; to  heat  up  or  excite  {Shak.)\.—T>ecoc- 
tible,  de-kok'ti-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
boiled.  —  Decoction,  de-kok'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  boiling  a  substance  in  water,  for 
extracting  its  virtues;  the  water  in  which 
a  substance  has  been  thus  boiled. 

Decollate,  de-kol'lat,  v.t— decollated,  decol- 
lating. [L.  deeoUo,  decollatum,  to  behead— 
de,  from,  and  collum,  the  neck.J  To  be- 
head.—Decollated,  de-ltol'la-ted,  p.  and  a. 
Beheaded;  conch,  having  lost  the  apex  and 
become  truncated.  —  Decollation,  de-kol- 
la'shon,  n.    The  act  of  beheading. 

Decoloration,  de-kul'er-a"shon,  n.  [L.  de- 
color alio,  decolor ationis,  discolouring — de, 
from,  and  c9ior,  colour.]  The  removal  of 
colour;  abstraction  or  loss  of  colour. — 
Decolorant,  de-kul'er-ant,  n.  A  substance 
which  removes  colour,  or  bleaches.  —  De- 
colorization,  Decolourization.  de-kul'6r- 
i-za"shon,  n.  The  process  of  depriving  of 
colour. — Decolorate,  Decolorize,  Decolour- 
ize, Decolour,  de-kul'6r-at,  de-kul'er-iz, 
de-kul'fer,  v.t.  To  deprive  of  colour;  to 
bleach. 

Decomplex,  de 'kom-pleks,  a.  [Prefix  de, 
intens.,  and  complex.]  Made  up  of  com- 
plex constituents.  '  •     . . 

Decompose,  d5-kom-poz',  v.t. — decomposed, 
decomposing.  (Fr.  d4composer — de,  from, 
and  composer,  to  compose.  Compose.]  To 
separate  the  constituent  parts  or  elemen- 
tary particles  of;  to  resolve  into  original 
elements.  —  v.i.  To  become  resolved  into 
constituent  elements;  to  decay,  rot,  or 
putrefy.— Decomposable,  de-kom-pD'za-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  decomposed  orresolved 
into  constituent  elements.  —  Decomposi- 
tion, de-kom'po-zi"8hon,  n.  The  act  of  de- 
composing; analysis;  resolution;  the  state 
of  being  decomposed;  disintegration;  de- 
cay; putrescence. 

Decomposite,  de-kom'po-zit,  o.  [Prefix  de, 
intens.,  and  compostte.]  Compounded  a 
second  time;  decompound. — n.  Anything 
compounded  with  things  already  compo- 
site. 

Decompound,  de-kom -pound',  a.  [Prefix 
de,  intens.,  and  compound.]  Composed  of 
things  or  words  already  compounded;  com- 
pounded a  second  time;  bot.  divided  into 
a  number  of  compound  divisions,  as  a  leaf 
or  panicle.— n.  A  decomposite. 

Deconcentrate,  de-kon-sen'trat,  v.t.  and  t. 
To  spread  orscatter  from  a  point  or  centre, 
or  after  being  concentrated. 

Deconsecrate,  de-kon '  se-krat,  v.t.  To  de- 
prive of  sacred  character  or  of  the  virtue 
conferred  by  consecration;  to  unconse- 
crate;  to  secularize.— Deconsecration,  de- 
kon's6-kra"8hon,  »i.  The  act  of  deconse- 
crating. 

Decorate,  dek'o-rat,  v.t. — decorated,  decor- 
ating. [L.  decoro,  decoratum,  from  dect/s, 
decor,  comeliness,  grace;  akin  decent.]  To 
deck  with  something  becoming  or  orna- 
mental; to  adorn;  to  beautify;  to  embel- 
linh.  —  Decorated  style,  arch,  a  stvle  of 
Gothic  architecture  distinguished  by  the 
flowing  or  wavjf  lines  of  its  tracery,  espe- 
cially of  its  windows,  and  generally  oy 


profuse  and  sometimes  florid  ornamenta- 
tion. — Decoration,  dek-o-ra'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  adorning;  ornamentation;  that 
which  decorates  or  adorns;  ornament;  any 
badge,  as  a  medal,  cross  of  honour,  ic, 
bestowed  for  distinguished  service3.-Deco- 
rative,  dek'o-ra-tiv,  a.  Adorning;  suited 
to  embellish.  —  Decorativeness,  dek'o-ra- 
tiv-nes,  n.  Quality  of  being  decorative.— 
Decorator,  dek'6-ra-t6r,  n.  One  who  deco- 
rates or  embellishes. 

Decorous,  d5-ko'rus,  a.  [L.  decmtis,  becom- 
ing.] Suitable  to  a  character  or  to  the 
time,  place,  and  occasion;  becoming; 
seeml.v;  proper;  befitting  (speech,  behav- 
iour, dress,  &c.). — Decorously,  de-ko'rus-li, 
adv.  In  a  becoming  manner.— Decorous- 
ness,  de-ko'rus-nes,  n.  Decency  pr  pro- 
priety of  behaviour.— Decorum,  de-ko'rum. 
n.  lit.,  what  is  becoming.]  Propriety  of 
speech  or  behaviour;  seemliness;  decency; 
opposed  to  rudeness,  licentiousness,  or 
levity. 

Decorticate,  de-kor'ti-kat,  v.t.— decorticat- 
ed, decorticating.  [L.  decortico,  decorti- 
eatum — de,  priv.,  and  cortex,  bark.]  To 
strip  off  the  bark  of ;  to  peel ;  to  husk. — 
Decortication,  de-kor'ti-ka"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  stripping  ofi'  bark  or  husk. 

Decoy,  de-koi',  n.  [Properly  duck-coy;  coy 
being  a  provincial  word  from  D.  kooi,  a 
cage,  hence  vogel-kooi,  a  bird-cage,  an  appa- 
ratus for  entrapping  water-fowL]  A  place 
into  which  wild  fowls  are  enticed  in  order 
to  be  caught,  being  a  structure  of  network 
covering  in  a  piece  of  water;  a  fowl,  or  the 
likeness  of  one,  emploi-ed  to  entice  other 
fovrl  into  a  net  or  within  range  of  ^hot;  a 
thing  or  person  intended  to  lead  into  a 
snare :  a  stratagem  employed  to  mislead 
or  lead  into  danger;  a  lure. — v.t.  To  lead  or 

.  lure  by  artifice  into  a  snare,  with  a  view  to 
catch;  to  entrap  by  any  means  which  de- 
ceive; to  allure,  attract,  or  entice. — Decoy- 
bird,  Decoy-duck,  n.  A  duck  or  other  bird 
employed  to  draw  others  into  a  net  or 
situation  to  be  taken;  a  person  employed 
to  decoy  persons.— Decoy-man,  n.  A  man 
emploj-ed  in  decoying  and  catching  fowls. 

Decrease,  dg-kres',  v.i. — decreased,  decreas- 
ing, [L.  decresco—de,  down,  and  eresco,  to 
grow,  seen  also  in  increase,crescent,  accrue.  ] 
To  be  diminished  gradually  in  e.xtent, 
bulk,  quantity,  or  amount,  or  in  strength, 
influence,  or  excellence;  to  become  less, — 
v.t.  To  lessen;  to  make  smaller  in  dimen- 
sions, amount.  Quality,  or  excellence,  &c.; 
to  diminish  gradually  or  by  small  deduc- 
tions.— Ti.  A  becoming  less ;  gradual  di- 
minution; wane  (as  applied  to  the  moon); 
decay.— uecreasingly,  de-kres'ing-li,  adv. 
By  decreasing  or  diminishing.  —  Decre- 
ment, dek're-ment,  n.  [L.  decrementum.] 
Decrease;  waste;  the  quantity  lost  by 
gradual  diminution  or  waste ;  maih.  the 
small  part  by  which  a  variable  quantity 
becomes  less  and  less:  opposed  to  incre- 
ment.—  Decrescent,  de-kres'ent,  a.  [L. 
decrescens,  decrescentis.]  Decreasing;  be- 
coming less  by  graduaj  diminution. 

Decree,  de-kre',  n.  [L.  decretum,  from  de- 
cemo,  to  judge  —  de,  and  cemo,  to  judge; 
also  seen  in  concern,  discern,  secret,  &c.] 
Judicial  decision  or  determination  of  a 
litigated  cause;  the  judgment  or  award  of 
an  umpire  in  a  case  submitted  to  him;  an 
edict,  law,  or  .order  by  a  superior  authority 
as  a  rule  to  govern  iiiferiors.- Decree  nisi 
(decree  unless),  law,  the  order  made  by  an 
English  court  of  divorce,  after  satisfactory 
proof  is  given  in  support  of  a  petition  for 
dissolution  of  marriage  j  it  remains  con- 
ditional for  at  least  six  months,  after 
which,  unless  sufficient  cause  is  shown,  it 
is  made  absolute,  and  the  dissolution  takes 
effect. — v.t. — decreed,  decreeing.  To  deter- 
mine judicially;  to  resolve  by  sentence;  to 
determine  or  resolve  legislatively;  to  fix 
or  appoint ;  to  determine  or  decide  on.— 
v.i.  To  determine  immutably ;  to  make 
an  edict;  to  appoint  by  edict.— Decreeable, 
de-kre'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  decreed. 
— Decreer,  dg-kr5'er,  n.  One  who  decrees. 
— Decreet,  de-kret',  n.  Scots  law,  a  decree. 
— Decretal,  de-kre'tal,  a.  Appertaining  to 
a  decree;  containing  a  decree. — n.  An  au- 
thoritative order  or  decree;  a  letter  of  the 
piope  determining  some  point  or  question 


in  ecclesiastical  law;  pi.  the  second  part 
of  the  canon  law,  so  called  because  it 
contains  the  decrees  of  sundry  popes. — 
Decretist,  de-kre'tist,  n.  One  w'ho  studies 
or  professes  a  knowledge  of  the  decretals. 
—Decretive,  de-kre 'tiv,  a.  Having  the 
force  of  a  decree;  pertaining  to  a  decree. — 
Decretory,  dek're-to-ri,  a.  Judicial;  de- 
finitive; established  by  a  decree. 

Decrepit,  de-krep'it,  a,  [L.  decrepitus. 
broken  down,  worn  out — de,  from,  and 
crepaife,  to  make  a  noise,  hence  originally 
noiseless;  akin  crei/'ice,  discrepant.]  Broken 
down  or  weakened  with  age;  wasted  or 
worn  by  the  infirmities  of  old  age ;  being 
in  the  last  stage  of  decay.— Decrepitude, 
Decrepitness,  de-krep'i-tud,  de-krgp'it-nes, 
n.  The  state  of  being-decrepit;  the  broken, 
crazy  state  of  the  body,  produced  by  decay 
and  the  infirmities  of  age. 

Decrepitate;  de-krep'i-tat,  ^t,  —  decrepit- 
ated, decrepitating,  [L.  d^cr^ao,  to  break 
or  burst,  to  crackle — de  and  crepo.  De- 
cBEPiT.]  To  roaft  or  calcine  in  a  strong 
heat,  with  a  continual  bursting  or  ci-ack- 
ling  of  the  substance. — v.i.  To  crackle  when 
roasting.  —  Decrepitation,  de-krep'i-ta"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  flying  aSUnder  with  a 
crackling  noise  on  being  heated,  or  the 
crackling  noisC;  attended  with  the  flying 
asunder  of  their  parts,  made  by  several 
salts  and  minerals  when  heated. 

Decresoendo,  da-kre-shen'do,  n.  [It.]  3fus. 
a  term  which  denotes  the  gradual  weaken- 
ing of  the  sound. 

Decmstation,  dC-krus-t6'shon,  n.  The  re- 
moval of  a  crust, 

Decry,  de-kri',».?. — decried,  decrying.  [Fr. 
decrier,  O.Fr.  deserier—des  (=L.  dis),  and 
crter,  to  cry.]  To  cry  down;  to  censure  as 
faulty,  mean,  or  worthless;  to  clamour 
against;  to  discredit  by  finding  fault. — 
Decrial,  de-kri'al,  n.  The  act  of  deci-j'ing 
or  crying  down.— Decrier,  de-kri'fer,  n.  One 
who  decries. 

Decuman,  Decumane,  dek'Q-man,  dek'O- 
man,  a,  [L.  decumanus,  from  decimus, 
tenth,  from  decern,  ten.]  Tenth;, hence, 
from  the  ancient  notion  that  every  tenth 
wave  was  the  largest  in  a  scries,  large ; 
immense.    Sometimes  used  substantively 

'  for  the  tenth  or  largest  wave. , 

Decumbent,  de-kum'bent,  a.  [L.  decwm- 
bens,  from  decwnbo,  to  lie  down— d«,  and 
cunibo,  for  cubo,  to  lie.]  Lying  dov.n;  re- 
clining; prostrate;  recumbent;  bot.  declin- 
ed or  bending  down,  as  a  stem  which  rests 
on  the  earth  and  then  rises  again.  —  De- 
cumbence,  Decumbency,  de-kumTiens,  de- 
kumTDen-si,  n.  The  state  of  being  decum- 
bent or  of  lying  down;  the  posture  of  lying 

•down.— Decumbently,  de-kam'bent-li.adv. 
In  a  decumbent  manner.  —  Dccumbitnre, 
de-kum'bi-tur,  n.  The  time  during  which 
a  person  is  confined  to  bed,  in  a  disease. 

Decuple,  dek'a-pl,  a.  [L.L.  deeuplus,  from 
L.  dJe^em,  ten.]  Tenfold ;  containing  ten 
times  as  many. — n.  A  number  ten  times 
repeated. — v.t.  —  decupled,  decuplirtg.  To 
increase  to  a  tenfold  proportion. 

Decurion,  de-kti'ri-on,  n.  [L.  decurio,  from 
decent,  ten.]  An  officer  in  the  Roman  army 
who  commanded  a  decuria,  that  is,  a  body 
of  ten  soldiers. 

Decurrent,  de-kur'ent,  a.  [L.  deeurrens, 
decurrenlis—de,  and  eurro,  to  run.]  Bot. 
applied  to  a  sessile- leaf  having  its  base  ex- 
tended downward  along  the  stem.- Decnr- 
rency,  de-kur'en-si,  n.  The  jjrolongatioii 
of  a  leaf  below  the  place  of  insertion  mi 
the  stem.— DecurTenfly,de-kur'ent-li,adv. 
In  a  decurrent  manner.  —  Decurslve,  de- 
ker'siv,  a.  Running  down;  decurrent.— 
Decnrsively,  de-ker'siv-li,  adv.  In  a  de- 
cursive  manner;  decurrently. 

Decussate,  de-kus'at,  v.t.  —  decussated,  de- 
cussating. [L.  decusso,  to  divide  crosswise 
in  the  form  of  .a  X,  from  decussis,  the 
number  10,  which  the  Romans  represented 
by  X.]  To  intersect  so  as  to  make  acute 
angles,  thus  X ;  to  intersect ;  to  cross,  as 
lines,  rays  of  light,  leaves,  or  nerves  in  the 
body.  —  Decussate,  Decussated,  de-kus'at, 
de-kus'a-ted,  o.  Crossed;  intersected;  bot 
arranged  in  pairs  alternately  crossing  each 
other  at  regular  angles.— DecuBsateiy,  dc-- 
kus'at-li,  adv.  In  a  decussate  manner.— 
Decussation,  dc-kus-a'shon,  n.   The  act  of 


Fate,  far,  fat,  f»ll;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;  ■•  note,  not,  mOve;     tube,  tub.  bull ;     oil,  pound;     tl,  Sc.  abwne- the  i'r.  «. 


DEDAL 


183 


DE7EKCE 


crossing  at  right  or  at  acuta  angles;  the 
crossing  of  two  lines,  rays,  nerves,  &c., 
which  meet  in  a  point  and  then  proceed 
and  diveree.— Decossatively,  de-kus'a-tiv- 
li,  adv.    CrosBwise  in  the  form  of  an  X. 

Dedal,  DedaUan,dC'dal,  de-da'li-an,a.  Same 
ad  Dcedal. 

Dedicate,  ded'i-kat,  v. t— dedicated,  dedicat- 
ing. [L.  dedico — de,  and  dico,  dicare,  to 
devote,  dedicate;  akin  abdicate,  diition, 
.predict,  &c.]  To  set^apart  and  consecrate 
to  a  divine  Being,  or  to  a  sacred  purpose ; 
to  appropriate  to  any  person  or  purpose ; 
to  give  wholly  or  earnestly  up  to  (often 
r^.);  to  inscribe  or  address  to  a  patron, 
friend,  or  public  character  (to  dedicate  a 
book). — a.  Consecrated;  devoted;  appro- 
priated.—Dedicatee.t  ded'i-ka-te",  n.  One 
to  whom  a  thing isdedicated.— Dedication, 
ded-i-ka'shon,  n.  Thd  act  of  dedicating ; 
consecration  or  devotion  to  a  sacred  use ; 
solemn  appropriation;  an  address  prefixed 
to  a  book,  and  inscribed  to  a  friend  of  the 
author,  some  public  character,  or  other 
person,  as  a  mai'k  of  esteejgx.—jDipLicatwn 
day,  dedication  feast,  an  annual  festival 
commemorating  the  consecration  of  a 
church.— Dedicator,  ded'i-ka-t6r,  n.  One 
who  dedicates.— Dedicatory .Dodicatoriai, 
ded'i-ka-to-ri,  ded'i-ka-t5"ri-al,  a.  Serving 
to  dedicate:  servicg-as  a  dedication. 

Deduce,  dt'-dfls',i».(. — deduced,  deducing.  [L. 
deduco-w-de,  and  duco,  to  lead.  Duke.]  To 
draw;  to  draw,  bring  out,  or  infer  in  rea- 
soning; to  attain  or  arrive  at  (a  truth, 
opinioji,  or  proj)osition),  from  premises; 
to  infer  from  what  precedes,  -r-  Dc^ace- 
ment,t  ds-dfls'ment,  ».  Deduction. — 
DeducibiJitT,  Dedacibleness,  de-da'si-bil"- 
i-ti,  de-dti'si-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing deducible.  —  Deduclble,  de-dQ'si-bl,  a.> 
Capable  of  being  deduced;  inferrible. — 
Deducive.t  de-dasiv,  a.  Performing  the 
act  of  deduction.  —Deduct,  d6-dukt',  v.t. 
To  take  away,  separate ,  or  remove,  in  num- 
bering, estimating,  or  calculating;  to  sub- 
tract.—Deduction,  de-duk'shon,  n.  fL.  de- 
ducHo,  deductionis.']  The  act  of  deducting 
or  taking  away;  that  which  is  deducted ; 
sum  or  amount  taken  from  another;  abate- 
ment;, the  act  or  method  of  deducing  from 
premises;  that  which  is  drawn  from  pre- 
mises; inference;  consequence  drawn;  con- 
clusion. —  Deductive,  de-duk'tiv,  a.  De- 
ducible ;  pertaining  to  deduction;  that  is 
or  may  he  deduced  from  premises.  —  De- 
dtietivc  reasoning,  the  process  of  deriving 
consequences  from  admitted  or  established 
premises,  as  distingmshed  frora  ind^tctive 
reasoning,  by  whicn  we  arrive  at  general 
laws  or  axioms  by  an  accumulation  of 
facts.— Deductively,  dC-duk'tiv-U,  adv.  By 
regular  deduction;  oy  deductive  reasoning. 

Deed, d5d, n.  [A.  Sax.daed, adeed, from d6n, 
to  do=Icel.  ddd,  D.  and  Dan.  daad,  Goth. 
dcds,  G.  that,  a  deed.  Do.]  That  which  is 
done  or  performed ;  an  act ;  a  fact :  any- 
thing that  is  done;  an  exploit;  achieve^ 
ment;  Zaw,  a  writing  containing  some  con- 
tract or  agreement,  and  the  evidence  of 
its  execution;  particularly,  an  instrument 
conveying  real  estate  to  a  purchaser  or 
donee.— in  deed,  in  fact,  in  reality:  often 
united  to  form  the  single  word  indeed. — 
DeedftU,!  ded'ful,  a.  Characterized  or 
marked  by  deeds  or  exploits.    [Tenn.] 

Deem,  d6m,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  diman,  to  deem, 
to  judge,  from  ddm,  doom,  judgment 
(same  word  as  term,  -dom) ;  Icel.  dcenta, 
Dan.  dimme,  Goth.  {ga)dom)an,  to  judge; 
from  root  of  do.]  To  think,  judge,  believe, 
or  consider  to  be  so  or  so.— y.t.  To  think  or 
suppose.  —  Deemster,  dem'stfir,  n.  The 
name  of  two  judges  in  the  Isle  of  Man 
who  act  as  the  chief-justices  of  the  island. 

Deep,  dep,  u.  [A.  Sax.  dedp=D.  diep,  Dan. 
di/o,  G.  tief,  deep;  from  root  of  dip,  dive.] 
Extending  or  being  far  below  the  surface; 
descending  far  downward ;  profound :  op- 
posed to  shallow  {deep  water,  a  deep  pit) ; 
low  in  situation;  being  or  descending  far 
below  the  adjacent  land  (a  deep  valley); 
entering  far  (a  deep  wound);  absorbed;  en- 
grossed; wholly  occupied;  not  superficial 
or  obvious;   hidden;  abstruse;   hard  to 

I)enetrate  or  understand;  profoundly 
earned;  having  the  power  to  enter  far 
into  a  subject;  penetrating;  artful;  con- 


cealing artifice;  insidious;  designing;  grave 
in  sound ;  great  in  degree ;  intense ;  pro- 
found (silence,  grief,  poverty);  measured 
back  from  the  front,  ^m.  Aniytbing  re- 
markable for  depth;  the  sea;  the  a.bys8  of 

•waters;  any  abyss. —adv.  Deeply;  to  a 
great  depth;  profoundly.— Deei)en,  de'pn, 
v.t.  To  make  deep  or  deeper;  to  sink  lower; 
to  increase ;  to  intensify ;  to  make  more 
prave  (sound). — v.i.  To  become  more  deep, 
in  aU  its  senses.- Deeply,  dep'li,  adv.  At 
or  to  a  great  depth;  far  below  the  surface; 
profoundly;  thoroughly;  to  a  great  degree; 
intensely;  gravely;  with  low  or  deep  tone; 
with  art  or  intricacy  (a  deeply  laid  plot). 
—Deepness,  dep'nes,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing deep;  depth.— Deep-sea,  a.  Relating 
or  belonging  to  the  deeper  parts  of  the 
ocean,  the  parts  deeper  than  20  fathoms 
{deep-sea  lead;  deep-sea  dredging). 

Deer,  der,  n.  sing,  and  pi.  {A.  Sax.  de&r, 
any  wild  animal,  a  deer  =  Goth,  dius,  D. 
dier,  Dan;  di/r,  Icel.  d^r,  Sw.  diur,  G.  thier, 
L.  fera,  Gr.  ther — a  1  east,  especially  a  wild 
beast.]  A  nani6  of  many  niminant  quad- 
rupeds, distinguished  by  having  sobd 
branching  horns  which  they  shed  every 
year,  and  eight  Cutting  teeth  in  the  lower 
jaw,  and  none  in  the  upper;  such  as  the 
redndeer,  fallow-deer,  roebuck,  reindeer, 
moose,  or  elk,  &c.— Deer-fold,  n.  A  fold 
or  park  for  deer.— Deer-hair,  n.  A,  kind  of 
rusliy  plant. — Deer-hound,  n.  A  hound 
for  hunting  deer;  a  stag-nound.  —  Deer- 
mooise,  n.  An  American  rodent  animal 
allied  to  the  mice  and  the  jwboas  of  the 
Old  World.  —Deer-skin,  n.  The  skin  of  a 
deer;  the  leather  made  from  it. — ^Deer- 
stalker, n.  One  who  practises  deer-stalk- 
ing.—Deer-stalking,  n.  The  hunting  of 
deer  (especially  the  red-deer)  on  foot  by 
hiding  and  stealing  vrithin  shot  of  them 
unawares. 

Deface,  d6-t&a^,v.t.— defaced,  defacing.  .To 
destroy  or  mar  the  face  or  surface  of;  to 
injure  the  beauty  of;  to  disfigure;  to  erase 
or  obliterate. — Defaced,  de-fAst',  p.  and  o. 
Injured  on  the  surface;  erased. — Deface- 
ment, de-f as'ment,  n.  The  act  of  defacing; 
injury  to  the  surface  or  exterior;  what 
mara  or  disfigures.— Defacer,  de-fa'sfer,  n. 
One  who  defaces. 

Defalcate,!  de-fal'kftt,  v.t— defalcated,  de- 
falcating. [L.L.  defalco,  defalcatum,  to 
cut  ofiF  xnta.  a  suckle,  hence  to  deduct— L. 
de,  down,  and  falx,  falcis,  a  sickle.]  To 
take  away  or  deduct,  as  money.— Defalca- 
tion, ds-f  al-ka'shon,  n.  Deduction;  abate- 
inent ;  that  which  is  deducted ;  a  deficit ; 
a  fraudulent  deficiency  in  money  matters. 
—Defalcator,  defal-ka-tfer,  n.  One  who  is 
guilty  of  embezzlement. 

Defame,  de-fam',  v.t.— defamed,  defaming. 
(L.L.  defivmare — de,  priv.,  and  L.  fa-ma, 
fame.]  To  slander;  to  speak  evil  of;  to 
calumniate;  to  Ubel;  to  bring  into  disre- 
pute.— Defijnation,  def-a-ma'shon,»t.  The 
uttering  of  slanderous  words  with  a  view 
to  injure  another's  reputation;  slander; 
calumny.  —  Defamatorlly,  dc-fam'a-to-ri- 
li,  adv.  In  a  defamatory  manner.  —  De- 
famatory, d(5-fam'a-to-ri,  a.    Containing 

.  defamation;  calumnious;  slanderous. — De- 
famer,  de-fa'm6r,  n.  One  who  defames;  a 
slanderer;  a  calumniator.  —  Defamingly, 
de-f a'ming-11,  adv.  In  a  defamatory  man- 
ner. 

Default,  de-falt',  w.  [Fr.  difaut,  for ddfault, 
from  ddfaillir,  to  fail— de,  and  faillir,  to 
fail.  Fail,  Fault.]  A  failing  or  failure; 
an  omission  of  that  which  ought  to  be 
done;  lavi,  a  failure  of  appearance  in  court 
at  a  day  assigned. — In  default  of,  in  the 
absence  or  want  of;  hence,  in  place  of;  in 
lieu  of.— v.t.  To  fail  in  fulfilling  or  satis- 
fying an  engagement,  claim,  contract,  or 
agreement.  —  y.t.  Law,  to  give  judgment 
against  on  account  of  failing  to  appear 
and  answer. — Defaulter,  de-fal'ter,  n.  One 
who  makes  default;  a  delinquent;  one  who 
fails  to  meet  his  claims  or  to  fulfil  his  en- 
gagements. 

Defeasance,  de-fe'zans,  n.  [Pr.  difaisant, 
from  difaire,  to  undo — L.  dis,  and  flicio, 
to  do.]  A  rendering  null  and  void;  law,  a 
condition  which  being  performed  renders 
a  deed  null  or  void:  the  writing  contain- 
ing a  defeasance. -^Delea.ible,  de-fe'zi-l)l. 


Capable  of  being  abrogated  or  aimalled,— 
Dereaaibleness,  de-fc'2a-bl-nes,"n. 
Defeat,  d6-fet',  n.  [Fr.  defaite,  ixomdifaire, 
to  undo,  O.Pr.  desfaire—li.  di$,  and  fa- 
cere,  to  do.]  An  ovfcithrow;  loss  of  battle; 
check,  rout,  or  destruction  of  an  army  by 
the  victory  of  an  enemy;  a  frustration  by 
rendering  null  and  void,  or  by  prevention 
of  success.7-K.<.  "To  overcome  or  vanquish; 
to  overthrow;  to  frustrate;  to  prevent  the 
success  of;  to  disappoint;  to  reader  null 
and  void;  to  resist  with  success  (an  at- 
tempt). 

Defecate,  def'e-kat,  v.t— defecated,  defecat- 
vxg.  [L.  defceco—de,  and  fcex,  dregs.]  To 
clear  from  dregs  or  impurities;  to  clarify 
or  purify;  to  purge  of  extraneous  matter. — 
v.i.  To^come  clear  or  pure  by  depositing 
impurities;  to  clarify.— a.  Purged  from 
lees ;  defecated.  —  Defecation,  def-S-kfi'- 
Sion,  n.  The  act  of  defecating  or  separat- 
ing from  lees  or  dregs;  purification. — De- 
fecator, def  6-k£-tfer,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  defecates. 

Defect,  de-fokt',  n.  Uj.  defectita,  pp.  of  de- 
ficio,  defectum,  to  fail — de,  from,  and  facio, 
to  make,  to  do'.]  Want  or  absence  of 
something  necessary  or  useful  toward  per- 
fection; a  fault ;  an  imperfection;  that 
which  is  wanting  to  make  a  i)erfect  whole; 
blemish;  defoitaiity.  —  v.i.j  To  revolt. — 
Defectible,t  de-fek'ti-bl,  a.  Imperfect; 
deficient;  wanting.  —  Defection,  d6-fek'- 
shon,  n.  [L.  defectio,  defectionis.]  The 
act  of  abandoning  a  person  or  cause  to 
which  one  is  bound  by  allegiance  or  duty, 
or  to  which  one  has  attached  himself;  a 
'  falling  away ;  apostasy ;  backsliding.  — 
Defective,  de-fek'tiv,  a.  [L.  defectivus,  im- 
perfect.] Having  some  defect;  wanting 
either  in  substance,  quantity,  or  quality, 
or  in  anything  necessary;  imperfect: 
faulty;  gram,  wanting  some  of  the  usual 
forms  of  declension  or  conjugation  (a  de- 
fective noun  or  verb).  —  Defectively,  de- 
fek'tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  defective  manner; 
imperfectly.  —  Defectiveness,  de-fek'tiv- 
nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  defective;  faulti- 
ness. 

Defence,  de-fens^,  n.  [Fr.  ddfense,  from  L.L. , 
defensa,  defence,  from  L.  defendo,  defen- 
sum,  to  defend— <fe,  and  fendo,  to  strike,  a 
verb  used  also  in  offendo,  to  offend.]  The 
act  of  defending,  upholding,  or  maintain- 
ing; anything  that  opposes  attack,  vio- 
lence, danger,  or  injury;  fortification; 
f;uard;  protection;  a  speecn  or  writing  in- 
ended  to  repel  or  disprove  a  charge  or 
accusation;  vindication;  apology;  law,  the 
method  adopted  by  a  person  against  whom 
legal  proceedings  have  been  taken  for  de- 
fending himself  against  them.  —  Liiie  of 
deferj^e,  a  continuous  fortified  line  or  suc- 
cession of  fortified  points. — Defenceless, 
d5-fensles,  a.  Being  without  defence,  or 
without  means  of  repelling  assault  or  in- 
jury.—Defencelessness,  de-fens'les-ne^,  n. 
The  state  of  being  defenceless.— Defend, 
de-fend',  v.  t  To  protect  or  support  against 
any  assault  or  attack;  to  ward  off  an  at- 
tack upon;  to  protect  by  opposition  or  re- 
sistance; to  vindicate,  uphola,  or  maintain 
uninjured  by  force  or  by  argument  (rights 
and  privileges);  law,  to  come  foi-ward  as 
defendant  in  (to  defend  an  action). — v.t. 
To  make  ooposition;  to  make  defence. — 
Defendable,  de-fen'da-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  defended.— Defendant,  de-fen'dant, 
a.  Defensive  (5/iai-.)t;makingdefence.— w. 
One  who  defends;  law,  the  party  that  op- 
poses a  complaint,  demand,  or  charge; 
the  party  against  whom  the  conclusions 
of  a  process  or  action  are  directed. — 
Defendee,t  de-fen'd6,  n.  One  who  is  de- 
fended: opposed  to  defender. — Defender, 
de-fen'dfer,  n.  One  who  defends;  a  vin- 
dicator, either  by  arms  or  by  arguments ; 
a  champion  or  an  advocate;  Scots  law, 
the  defendant  in  a  suit. — Defender  of  the 
Faith,  a  title  peculiar  to  the  sovereigns 
of  England,  first  conferred  by  -Pope  Leo  X. 
on  Henry  VIII.  in  1521,  as  a  reward  for 
writing  against  Luther.  —  Defense,  n. 
American  spelling  of  J9e/fince.— Defensibil- 
Ity,  d5-feu'si-bil"i-ti,  n.  Capable  of  beini; 
defended;  defensibleness. — Defensible,  de- 
fen'si-l)I,  a.  Cnpiible  of  being  defended, 
vindicated,  maintained,  or  justified.— De- 


CbfCAam;    cft,Sc.l9cA;    g,  ^o;    3,job;    n,  Fr.  to»;    ng,  biii^;    9B,lheu;  th,thuii    -Wtwi^;    -wh,  ■whin;    ih,  asiuei 


DEFElt 


184 


■DEFV 


fensive,  de-fen'siv.a.  [Ft.  di/ensif.\  Serv- 
ing to  defend;  proper  for  or  suited  to  de- 
fence; carried  on  in  resisting  attack  or 
aggression :  in  distinction  from  offensive.— 
n.  That  which  defends. —  To  be  on  the  de- 
fensive, or  to  stand  on  the  defensive,  to  be 
or  stand  in  a  state  or  posture  of  defence 
or  resistance,  in  opposition  to  aggression 
or  attack. — Defensively,  de-fen'siv-li,  adv. 
In  a  defensive  manner;  on  the  defensive; 
in  defence.  —  Defensory,  de-fen'so-ri,  a. 
Tending  to  defend;  defensive. 

Defer,  de-f6r',  v.t. — deferred,  deferring. 
[O.Fr.  differre,  L.  differo,  to  delay— ui«, 
from,  and  fero,  to  carry.]  To  delay;  to  put 
off;  to  postpone  to  a  future  time.— w.t.  To 
delay;  to  procrastinate.— Deferment,  de- 
fCf'ment,  n.  The  act  of  deferring ;  post- 
]>onement  or  delay.— Deferrer,  ds-fer'6r,  n. 
One  who  defers  or  delays. 

Defer,  de-fer',  v.i.  [L.  defero,  to  carry 
down  or  away,  hand  over,  ref er— «fe,  down, 
and  fero,  to  carry.]  To  yield  to  another's 
opinion;  to  submit  or  giveSvay  courteously 
or  from  respect  (to  defer  to  a  friend's 
judgment). — Deference,  defer-ens,  n.  A 
yielding  in  opinion ;  submission  of  judg- 
ment to  the  opinion  or  judgment  of  an- 
other; respect;  courteous  consideration. — 
Deferential,  def-6r-eli'shal,  a.  Expressing 
deference;  accustomed  tg  defer. — Defer- 
entially, def-er-en'shal-li,  adv.  In  a  de- 
ferential manner;  with  deference. — De- 
ferrer, de-fer'er,  n.  One  who  defers  in  re- 
gard to  opinion.         -  ■  .        . 

Defervescence,  Defervescency,  dg-f^r-ves'- 
ens,  d6-fer-ves'en-si,  re.  [L.  defervesco,  to 
cool  down  —  de,  priv.,  and  fervesco,  to 
boU.]  Abatement  of  heat;  Tried,  abate- 
ment or  decrease  of  fever  or  feverish 
symptoms. 

Defeudalize,  de-fn'da-liz,  v.t.  To  deprive 
of  the  feudal  character  or  form. 

Defiance,  Defiant,  &c.    Under  Deft. 

Defibrinize,  C.efibrinate,  de-fi'bri-niz,  dS- 
fi'bri-nat,  v.t.  —  dejibrinized,  defihrinizing; 
deflbrinated,  defibrinating.  To  deprive  of 
fibrin;  to  remove  fibrin  fi;om  fresh  blood 
by  whipping  it  with  rods. — Defibrination, 
de-fi'bri-na"Ehon,  n.  Act  or  pirocess  of  de- 
librinizing. 

Deficient,  de-fish'ent,  a.  fL.  deficiens,  defi- 
cientis,  ppr.  of  d^cio,  to  fail— de,  and  /acio, 
to  do.]  Wanting;  defective;  imperfect; 
not  sufficient  or  adequate;  not  having  a 
full  or  adequate  siipply:  with  in  {defi- 
cient in  strength).— Deficiency,  Deficlence, 
de-fish'en-si,  de-fish'cns,  n.  The  state  of 
being  deficient;  a  failing  or  falling  short; 
want,  either  total  or  partial ;  defect ;  ab- 
sence; something  less  than  is  necessary. — 
Deficiently,  de-fish'ent-li,  adv.  In  a  de- 
fective manner. — Deficientness,t  de-fish'- 
ent-nes,  n.  State  of  being  deficient. — 
Deficit,  de'fi-sit,  re.  [L.,  there  is  wanting.] 
A  falling  short  of  a  requisite  sum  or 
amount;  a  deficiencj-  (a  deficit  in  revenue). 

Defier,  de-fi'er,  n.     Under  Defy. 

Defilade,  de-fi-lad',  v.t— defiladed,  defiladr 
ing.  fFr.  dAjiladie.  Defile,  v.i.]  Fort. 
to  surround  by  defensive  works  so  as  to 
protect  the  interior  when  in  danger  of 
bein"  commanded  by  an  enemy's  guns. 
— Defilading,  de-fi-la'ding,  re.  That  branch 
of  fortification  which  determines  the  most 
svutable  construction  of  a  fortress  so  that 
the  interior  of  the  work  may  not  be  in- 
commoded by  a  fire  from  neighbouring 
eminences. 

Defile,  de-fil',  v.t.  —  defiled,  defiling.  HL. 
prefi.x  de,  and  A.  Sax.  fylan  (O.E.  and  Sc. 
file,  to  defile),  from  ful,  foul.  .  Foul.]  To 
make  unclean;  to  render  foul  or  dirty;  to 
soil  or  suUy;  to  tarnish,  as  reputation,  &c.; 
to  make  ceremonially  unclean;  to  pollute; 
to  corrupt  the  chastity  of;  to  debauch;  to 
violate.— Defilement,  de-firment,  re.  The 
act  of  defiling,  or  state  of  being  defiled. 
—  Defiler.  de-fi'ltr,  re.  One  who  or  that 
whicli  defiles. 

Defile,  dc-nr,  r>.t.  —  defiled,  defiling.  [Fr. 
defiler— de,  ajad  file,  a  row  or  line,  from  L. 

fUum,  a  thread.]  -To  march  off  in  a  line, 
or  file  by  file;  to  file  off.— t>.t.  Fort,  to  de- 
filade.— n.  A  narrow  passage  or  way,  in 
which  troops  may  march  only  in  a  file,  or 
wish  a  ntrrow  front;  a  long  narrow  pass; 
u  between  hills,  &c. 


Define,  de-tin',  v.t.  —  defi.tzed,  defining.  [It. 
dejmio—de,  and  finio,  to  limit,  from  finis, 
end,  whence  also  final,  finish,  finite,  &c.] 
To  determine  or  set  down  the  limits  of; 
to  determine  with  precision;  to  mark  the 
limit  of;  to  circumscribe,mark,or  show  the 
outlines  of  clearly;  to  determine  the  ex- 
tent of  the  meaning  of;  to  give  or  describe 
the  signification  of;  to  enunciate  or  ex- 
plain the  distinctive  properties  of .— y.i.  To 
give  a  definition.  —  Defined,  de-find',  p. 
and  a.  Having  the  limits  marked;  hav- 
ing a  determinate  limit;  clearly  marked 
out  as  to  form. — Definable,  de-fi'na-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  defined;  capable  of  having 
the  limits  ascertained,  fixed,  and  deter- 
mined; capable  of  having  its  signification 
expressed  with  certainty  or  precision.— De- 
finably,  de-fi'na-bU,  adv.  In  a  definable 
manner.— Definer,  d5-fi'n4f,7i.  One  who  de- 
fines.—Definite,  def'i-nit,  a.  [L.  definitus.] 
Having  fixed  or  marked  limits;  bounded 
with  precision;  determinate;  having  well- 
marked  limits  in » signification;  certain: 
precise;  gram,  defining;  limiting;  applied 
to  particular  things;  bot.  same  as  centrifu- 
gal.—The  definite  article,  the  article  the. — 
Definitely,  def  i-nit-li,  adv.  In  a  definite 
manner.  —  Defi^teness,  def'i-nit-nes,  n. 
State  or  character  of  being  definite.— De- 
fijiition,  def-i-ni'shon,  n.  IL.  definOio,  de- 
finitionis.]  The  act  of  denning;  a  brief 
and  precise  description  of  a  thing  by  its 
properties;  an  explanation  of  the  signifi- 
cation of  a  word  or  term ;  the  quality  or 
power  in  a  telescope  or  other  optical  in- 
strument of  showing  distinctly  the  out- 
lines or  features  of  any  object.  —  Deflnl- 
tional,  def-i-ni'shon-al,  a.  Of  or  belong- 
ing to  a  definition.  —  Definitive,  de-fia'i- 
tiv,  a.  [L.  definitivus,  definitive.]  !^imit- 
ing;  determinate;  positive;  express;  con- 
clusive; final. — re.  Gram,  a  word  used  to 
define  or  limit  the  extent  of  the  significa- 
tion of  an  appellative  or  common  noun, 
as  tliis,  the,  &c.  — Definitively,  de-fin'i-tiv- 
li,  adv.  In  a  definitive  manner;  positively; 
expressly;  finally;  conclusively;  uncon- 
ditionally.—Definitiveness.de-fin'i-tiv-nes, 
n.— Definitude,  de-fini-tud,  n.  Definite- 
ness;  exactitude;  precision. 

Deflagrate,  def'la-grat,  v.t. — deflagrated,  de- 
Jflagrating.  [L.  deflagro,  d£fl<igratum—-di, 
intens.',  and  flagro,  to  bum,  whence  flag- 
rant.'] To  set  lire  to;to  cause  to  bum  rapidly; 
to  consume. — v.i.  To  bum  rapidly^or  with 
violent  combustion. — Deflagrability,  def- 
la-gra-bil"i-ti,  re.  Combustibility.  —  De- 
flagrable, def 'la-gra-bl,  a.  Combustible. 
—  Deflagration,  def-la-gra'shon,  re.  The 
act  or  process  of  deflagrating;  a  rapid  com- 
bustion of  a  mixture,  attended  vrith  much 
evolution  of  flame  and  vapour;  the  process 
of  oxidizing  substances  by  means  of  nitre; 
the  rapid  combustion  of  metals  by  the 
electric  spark.  —  Deflagrator,  def 'la-gra- 
t*r,  n.  Elect,  an  instrument  for  producing 
combustion,  particularly  the  combustion 
of  metallic  substances. 

Deflect,  de-fiekt',  v.i.  [L.  deflecto — de,  from, 
and /ecto, to  tumor  bend.  Flexible.]  To 
turn  away  or  aside;  to  deviate  from  a 
true  course  or  right  line;  to  sweire. — v.t. 
To  cause  to  turn  aside ;  to  turn  or  bend 
from  a  straight  line.— Deflected,  Deflexed, 
de-flek'ted,  de-flekst',  p.  and  a.'  Turned 
aside;  bot.  bending  downward  archwise. — 
Deflection,  Deflexion,  Deflexnre,  de-flek'- 
shon,  de-flek'sur,  n.  Deviation;  a  turning 
from  a  true  line  or  the  regular  course. — 
Deflective,  de-flek'tiv,  a.  Causing  deflec- 
tion or  deviation. — Deflector,  de-flek'tir, 
re.  A  diaphragm  in  a  lamp,  stove,  &c.,  by 
means  of  which  air  and  gas  are  mingled, 
and  made  to  bum  completely. 

Deflour,  Deflower,  de-flour',  de-flou'*r,  v.t. 
[Fr.  deKorer;  L.L.  defloro — L.de, from, and 

jHos,  ft^ris,  a  floweixl.-?o  deprive  of  her 
virginity;  to  violate,  ravish,  seduce.— De- 
flourer,  Defiowerer,  de-flour'^r,  de-flou'tr- 
er,  re.  One  who  deflours. — Deflorate,  d5- 
flo'rat,  a.  Bot.  having  shed  their  pollen  on 
their  flowers. — Defloration,  de-flo-ra'shon, 
»i.  The  act  of  deflouring  or  t^dng  away 
a  woman's  virginity;  rape.   . 

Deflation,  de-fluk'shon,  re.  [L.  defluxio, 
defluxionis,  from  defiuo,  deiuxuni,  to  flow 
down— de,  and  fiuo,  to  flow.]    Med.  a  dis- 


charge or  flowing  of  humouig,  as  from  the 
nose  or  head  in  catarrh.        ~ 

DefoUate,  Defoliated,  de-fo'li-at,  de-fo'li-5- 
ted,  a.  [L.  de,  priv.,  and  foliuin,  a  leaf.] 
Deprived  of  leaves.— Defoliation,  de-fo'li- 
a"shon,  re.  The  fall  of  the  leaf  or  shedding 
of  leaves. 

Deforce,  de-fors',  v.t.  —  deforced,  deforcing. 
Law,  to  keep  out  of  lawful  possession  of 
an  estate;  Scots  law,  to  resist  (an  ofiicer  of 
the  law)  tn  the  execution  of  oflicial  duty. 
—Deforcement,  de-fors'ment.  n.  The  act 
of  deforoiug.  —  Deforceor,  Deforciant,  de- 
for'ser,  de-for'si-ant,  re'.  Law,  one  who  de- 
forces. — Deforciation,  de-for^si-a"shon,  n. 
Law,  distress  or  seizure  of  goods  for  the 
satisfaction  of  debt.  , 

Deform,  de-form',  v.t.    ITJ.  deformo  —  d£, 

'■  and  forma,  form.]  To  mar  or  injure  the 
form  of;  to  disfigure;  to  render  ugly  or  uii- 
pleasing;  to  disfigure  the  moral  beauty  of 
(vices  deform  the  character!.  —  Deforma- 
tion, de-for-ma'shon,  re.  A  disfiguring  or 
defacing.— Deformed,  de-formd',  p.  and  a. 
Disfiguied;  distorted;  misshapen;  ugly. — 
Deformedly,  de-for'med-li,  adv.  In  a  de- 
formed manner.  —  Deformedness,  de-for'- 
med-nes,  n.  The  state  or  character  of  being 
deformed.- Deformer,  do-for'mer,  ?i.  One 
who  deforms.— Deformity,  de-for'mi-ti,  re. 
[L.  defonnitas.]  The  state  of  being  de- 
formed; some  deformed  or  misshapen  part 
of  the  body;  distortion;  irregularity  of 
shape  or  features;  ugliness;  anj'thing  that 
destroys  beauty,  grace,  or  propriety. 

Defraud,  de-frad',  v.t.  (Tj.  defraudo—de, 
intens. ,  and  fravdo,  to  cheat,  fraus,  fraud.  ] 
To  deprive  of  right,  either  by  obtaining 
something  by  deception  or  artifice,  or  by 
taking  something  wrongfully  without  the 
knowledge  or  consent  of  the  owner;  to 
cheat ;  to  keep  out  of  just  rights:  with  of 
before  the  thing.— Defraudation,  Defraud- 
ment,  de-fra-da'shon,  de-frad 'ment,  n. 
The  act  of  defrauding.  —  Defrauder,  de- 
fra'der,  re.  One  who  defrauds;  one  who 
takes  from  another  his  right  by  deception, 
or  withholds  what  is  his  due;  a  cheat. 

Defray,  de-fra',  v.t.  [Fr.  defrayer— de,  and 
frais,  expense,  from  L.L.  fractus  or  frac- 
tum,,  expense,  compensation,  from  L. 
frango,fractum,  to  break,  whence/raciiore, 
fragile,  &c.]  To  pay  for ;  to  disburse  the 
amount  of;  to  discharge  or  bear:  with  cost, 
charge,  expense  as  the  object.  —  Defrayal, 
Defrayment,  de-fra'al,  de-fra'ment,  n.  The 
act  of  defraying.  —  Defrayer,  de-f ra'fer,  w. 
One  who  defrays  or  pays  expenses. 

Deft,  deft,  a.  [A.  Sax.  daft,  fit,  convenient, 
from  (ge)dafan,  to  become,  to  befit;  Goth. 
gadaban,  to  befit.]  Dexterous;  clever; 
apt.— Deftly,  deftli,  adv.  In  a  deft  man- 
ner; aptly;  neatly;  dexterously.  —Deft- 
ness, deft'nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
deft;  dexterity. 

Defunct,  de-fungkt',  a.  [L.  defunctHS,  hav- 
ing finished,  discharged,  of  performed, 
from  defungor,  to  perform  —  de,  intens., 
and  ftingor,  to  perform.]  Having  finished 
the  course  of  life;  dead;  deceased.  —  re.  A 
dead  person, or  dead  persons;  one  deceased, 
or  persons  deceased.  —  Defunction.  I  de- 
fungk'sbon,  n.  Death.  [i'AaA;.]— Defunc- 
tive.t  de-fungk'tiv,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  dead;  funereal.    [Sfeafc.] 

Defy,  de-fi',  v.t. — defied,  defying.  [Fr.  defier, 
O.Fr.  desfier,  lit.  to  renounce  faith  or  al- 
legiance— L.  dis,  apart,  and  fides,  faith. 
Faith.]  To  provoke  to  combat  or  strife^ 
by  appealing  to  the  courage  of  anotlier;  to 
invite  one  to  contest;  to  challenge;  to 
dare;  to  brave;  to  set  at  nought;  to  de- 
spise or  be  regardless  of;  to  challenge  to 
say  or  do  anything  ( I  defy  you  to  say  1  did 
it).— Defiance,  de-fi 'ans,  n.  fO.Fr.J  The 
act  of  defying,  daring,  or  challenging; 
a  challenge  to  fight;  invitation  to  combat; 
a  challenge  to  meet  in  any  contest,  or  to 
make  good  any  assertion;  contempt  of  op- 
position ordanger;  daring  that  implies  the 
contempt  of  an  adversary,  or  of  any  oppos- 
ing power. — To  bid  dejiance  to,  or  to  set  at 
defiance,  to  defy;  to  brave.  —  Defiant,  de- 
fi'ant,  a.  Characterized  by  defiance,  bold- 
ness, or  insolence. — Dtfiantly,  d5-fi'ant-li, 
adv.  In  a  defiant  manner;  with  defiance; 
daringly;  insolently.- Defiantness,  dc-fi^- 
ant-nes,  n.    The  state  or  quality  of  being 


i'utc,  fie,  f,at,  f,',i:j     niO,  ipet,  bOr;     pine,  pin;     nOte,  not,  mOve;     tabe,tub,  b\ill;     oil,  pound;     il,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr.  te. 


TTEKIEKEiiATl!; 


18c 


DELICATE 


defiant;  defiance.— Defler,  Defyer,  d5-fi'4r, 
n.  One  who  defies;  one  who  dares  to  com- 
Ijat  or  encounter;  one  who  sets  at  nought. 

Regenerate,  de-jen'er-at,  v.i.— degenerated, 
degenerating.  [L.  degenero,  degeneratum, 
to  become  unlike  one's  race,  from  depener, 
ignoble,  base — de, from,  and  genus,  genens, 
race.]  To  fall  off  from  the  qualities  pro- 
per to  the  race  or  kind ;  to  become  of  a 
lower  type,  physically  or  inorally;  to  pass 
from  a  good  to  a  worse  state. — a.  Having 
fallen  from  a  perfect  or  good  state  into  a 
loss  excellent  or  worse  state;  having  de- 
c.ined  in  natural  or  moral  w(5rth;  charac- 
terized by  or  associated  with  degeneracy; 
base  or  mean  (degenerate  arts  or  times). — 
Degeneracy,  de-jen'er-a-si,  Ji.  The  state  of 
degenerating  or  of  being  degenerate ;  a 
growing  worse  or  inferior;  a  decline  in 
good  qualities;  a  state  or  condition  of  de- 
teriorationj  lowness;  meanness. — Degene- 
rately, de-jen'6r-at-li,  adv.  In  a  degene- 
rate or  base  manner;  unworthily.  —  De- 
generatenesa,  de-jen'6r-at-n(y,  71.  A  de- 
generate state.  —  Degeneration,  d6-jen'6r- 
a"shon,  n.  The  state  or  process  of  becom- 
ing degenerate;  degeneracy;  gradual  de- 
terioration from  a  state  physiologically 
superior. — Degenerative,  de-jen'6r-a-tiv,  a. 
Tending  to  cause  degeneration. 

Deglutition,  dc-gla-ti'shon,  n:  [L.  deglutio, 
deghititum,  to  swallow  —  de  -and  glulio. 
Glutton.]  The  act  or  power  of  swallowing; 
the  process  by  which  animals  swallow. — 
Deglutitioug,t  d5-gla-tish'us,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  deglutition.— Deglutitory,  de-gla'- 
ti-to-ri,  a.    Serving  for  deglutition.  ■ 

Degrade,  de-grad',  v.t. — degraded,  degrad- 
ing. (Fr.  digrader  —  L.  de,  down,  and 
gradus,  a  step,  a  degree.  Grade.]  To  re- 
duce from  a  higher  to  a  lower  rank  or  de- 
gree ;  to  strip  of  honours ;  to  reduce  in 
estimation;  to  lower  or  sink  in  morals  or 
character;  to  debase.— t>.i.  To  degenerate ; 
to  become  lower  in  character.  —  Degrada- 
tion, deg-ra-da'shon,  n.  The  act  of  de- 
grading; a  depriving  of  rank,  dignity,  or 
office;  the  state  of  being  reduced  from  an 
eleva,ted  or  more  honourable  station  to  one 
that  is  meaner  or  humbler;  a  mean  or  ab- 
;'3ct  state  to  which  one  has  sunk;  debase- 
ment; degeneracy;  geol.  the  lessening  or 
wearing  down  of  higher  lands,rocks,strata, 
&c. ,  by  the  action  01  water,  or  o  ther  causes. 
—  Degraded,  de-gra'ded,  a.  Sunk  to  an 
abject  or  vile  state;  exhibiting  degrada- 
tion; debased;  low.  —  Degrading,  de-gra'- 
ding,  a.  Dishonouring;  disgracing  the 
character;  causing  degradation. — Degrad- 
ingly,  de-gra'ding-li,  adv.  In  a  degrading 
manner. 

Degree,  d5-gr5',  n.  [Fr.  degrS,  from  L.  de, 
down,  and  oradus,  a  stej).  Degrade.]  A 
step  or  single  movement,  upward  or  down- 
ward, toward  any  end ;  one  of  a  series  of 
progressive  advances;  measure,  amount, 
or  proportion  (he  is  a  degree  worse);  mea-. 
sure  of  advancement;  relative  position  at- 
tained; rank;  station  (men  of  low  degree); 
a  certain  distance  or  remove  in  the  line 
of  family  descent,  determining  the  prox- 
imity of  blood  (a  "relation  in  the  third  or 
fourth  degree) ;  the  360th  part  of  the  cir- 
cumference of  any  circle,  a  degree  of  liti- 
tude  being  the  360th  part  of  any  meridian 
on  the  earth's  surface,  a  degree  of  longi- 
tude the  same  part  of  any  given  parallel 
of  latitude;  an  interval  of  musical  sound, 
marked  by  a  line  on  the  scale;  a  division, 
space,  or  interval  marked  on  a  mathe- 
matical or  other  instrument,  as  a  thermo- 
meter or  barometer;  in  universities,va 
title  of  distinction  {bachelor,  master,  doc- 
tor) conferred  as  a  testimony  of  proficiency 
in  arts  and  sciences.or  merely  as  an  honour. 
— By  degrees,  step  by  step ;  gradually ;  by 
moderate  advances.  —  To  a  degree,  to  an 
extreme;  exceedingly. 

Dehisce,  ds-his',  v.i.  IL.  dehisce,  to  gape— 
de,  intens.,  and  hisco,  to  gape]  Sot.  to 
open,  as  the  capsules  or  seed-vessels  of 
plants. — Dehiscence,  de-his'ens,  n.  Bot. 
the  splitting  of  an  organ  in  accordance 
■with  its  structure,  as  the  opening  of  the 
parts  of  a  capsule  or  the  cells  of  anthers, 
&c.— Dehiscent,  de-his'ent,  a.  Bot.  open- 
ing; dehiscing. 

Dehdlt,  d5-hort',  v.t.  [L.  dehortor—de,  and 


hortor,  to  advise.]  To  dissuade;  to  exhort 
against. — Dehortatlon,  de-hor-ta'shon,  n. 
Dissuasion.— Dehortative,  de-hor'ta-tiv,  a. 
Dissuasive;  dehortatory.  — ^ Dehortatory, 
de-hor'ta-to-ri,  a.  Dissuading;  belonging 
to  'dissuasion. — n.  A  dissuasive  argument 
or  reason. 

Dehumanize,  de-htt'man-iz,  v.t.  To  deprive 
of  the  character  of  humanity;  to  deprive 
of  tenderness  or  softness  of  feeling. 

Dehydration,  de-hi-dra'shon,  n.  Ohem.  the 
process  of  freeing  a  compound  from  the 
water  contained  m  it. 

Deiclde,t  de'i-sid,  n.  [Fr.  diicide—'L.  deus, 
God ,  and  ccedo,  to  slay.  1  The  act  of  putting 
to  death  Jesus  Christ,  our  Saviour;  one 
concerned  in  putting  Christ  to  death. 

Deictic,  dik'tik,  d.  [Gr.  deiktikos,  serving 
to  show,  from  deiknymi,  to  show.]  Logic, 
direct;  by  direct  argument:  applied  to 
reasoning.— Deicticaliy,  dik'ti-kal-li,  adv. 
Directly. 

Deify,  de'i-fi,  v.t.  —  deified,  deifying.  [L. 
deus,  a  god,  and  facia,  to  make.J  To  make 
a  god  of ;  to  exalt  to  the  rank  of  a  deity ; 
to  enroll  among  deities;  to  treat  as  an  ob- 
ject of  supremej-egard;  to  praise  or  revere 
as  a  deity ;  to  make  godlike ;  to  elevate 
spiritually.  —  Delfic,  Deiflcal,  de-if'ik,  de- 
if'i-kal,  a.  Making  divine;  god-making. — 
Deification,  de'if-i-ka"shon,  n.  The  act  of 
deifying.  —  Deifier,  Delfyer,  d5'i'.fi-6r,  n. 
One  that  deifies.  —  Deifonn,  de'i-form,  a. 
Of  a  godlike  form.  —  Deiformity,t  de-i- 
for'mi-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  deiform. 

Deign,  dan,  v.i.  [Fr.  daigner,  from  L. 
dignor,  to  think  worthy,  from  dignus, 
worthy,whence  dignity,  &c.]  To  vouchsafe; 
to  condescend :  generally  followed  by  an 
infinitive. — v.t.  To  think  worthy  of  accep- 
tance (Shak.)l;  to  grant  or  allow. 

Deinomiis,  Deinosaur,  DeinotberiTun.  Din- 
ORNis,  Dinosaur,  &c. 

DeiparoQS,t  de-ip'a-rus,  a.  [L.  deus,  a  god, 
and  pario,  to  oring  forth.]  Bearing  or 
bringing  forth  a  god:  applied  to  ^he  Virgin 
Mary. 

Deism,  de'izm,  n.  [Fr.  deisme,  from  L.  Deus, 
God.  Deity.]  The  doctrine  or  creed  of  a 
deist.— Deist,  de'ist,  n.  [Fr.  diiste.]  One 
who  believes  in  the  existence  of  a  God  or 
supreme  being  but  denies  revealed  re- 
ligion, basing  his  belief  on  the  light  of 
nature  and- reason. .'.  The  term  deist  gener- 
ally implies  a  certain  antagonism  to  Chris- 
tianity; while  the  similar  term  theist  ia  ap- 
plied to  Christians,  Jews,  Mohammedans, 
and  all  believers  in  one  god,  being  opposed 
to  atheist  or  pantheist.— -Defstic,  Deistloal, 
de-is 'tik,  d5-is'ti-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
deism  or  to  deists;  embracing  or  contain- 
ing deism.— Deistically,  de-is'ti-kal-U,  adv. 
In  a  deistical  manner. 

Deity,  de'i-ti,  n.  [L.L.  d«itas,  the  Godhead, 
divine  nature,  from  L.  Deus,  God,  akin  to 
Gr.  Zeu^  Igenit.  Dioa),  the  supreme  divi- 
nity; It.  Diespiter^JupiteT,&'aa.die3,  a  day; 
Skr.  deva.  a  god;  W.  Duw,  God,  dyw,  day; 
Gael,  and  Ir.  dia,  God ;  Tiw,  the  A.  Sax. 
god  whose  name  appears  in  Tuesday;  all 
from"  a  root  implying  brightness.]  God- 
head; divinity;  the  Supreme  Being,  or  in- 
finite self -existing  Spirit;  God;  a  fabulous 
god  or  goddess;  a  divinity. 

Deject,  de-jekt',  v.t.  [L.  dejicio,  dejeclum 
-~de,  down,  and  jacio,  to  throw;  seen  also 
in  ahject,  eject,  jet,  jut,-&c.]  To  cast  down; 
to  depress  the  spirits  of ;  to  dispirit,  dis- 
courage, dishearten. — Dejected.de-jek'ted, 
p.  anal  a.  Downcast;  depressed;  sad;  sor- 
rowful.—Dejectedly,  de-jek'ted-li,  adv.  In 
a  dejected  manner;  sadly;  heavily.  —  De- 
Jectedness,  de-jek'ted-nes.  n.  The  state 
of  being  dejected  or  cast  down;  lowness  of 
spirits.  —  Dejection,  de-jek'shon,  n.  The 
state  of  being  downcast;  depression  of 
mind;  melancholy;  lowness  of  spirits  oc- 
casioned by  grief  or  misfortune. 

D^Je^er,  da-zhti-na,  n.  [Fr. ,  from  de,  priv.. 
andjeHner,  li.jejwiare,to  fast.]  Breakfast; 
the- morning  meal;  luncheon. 

Delaine,  de-lan',  n.  [Fr.  de,  of,  and  laine, 
L.  tana,  wool.]  A  muslin  made  originally 
of  wool.afterwards  more  commonly  of  a 
mixed  fabric,  generally  cotton  and  wool, 
and  used  chiefly  as  a  printing  cloth. 

Delation,  de-la'shou,  n.  [L.  delatio,  from 
de,  down,  and  latus,  part,  of  fero,  to  bear.] 


i« If,  accusation;  act  of  charging  with  a 
crime;  information  against. 

Delay,  de-la',  v.t.  [Fr.  delai.  It.  dilata,  de- 
lay, from  L.  dilatus,  put  ofl'—dis,  apart, 
and  lattis,  pp.  of  fero,  to  carry.]  To  pro- 
long the  time  of  doing  or  proceeding  with; 
to  put  off:  to  defer;  to  retard ;  to  stop, 
detain,  or  hinder  for  a  time;  to  restrain 
the  motion  of.  —  v.i.  To  linger;  to  move 
slowly;  to  stop  for  a  time. — n.  A  lingering; 
a  putting  off  or  deferring;  procrastination; 
protraction;  hindrance.  —  Delayer,  de-la'- 
6r,  n.  One  who  delays.  —  Delayingly,  dG- 
lu'ing-li,  adv.   In  a  manner  so  as  to  delay. 

Delectable,  de-lek'ta-bl,  a.  [L.  delectabilis, 
froEi  detector,  to  delight.  Delight.]  De- 
lightful; highly  pleasing;  affording  great 
joy  or  pleasure.— Delectableness,  de-lektu- 
nl-nes,  n.  Delightfulness.  —  Delectably, 
de-lek'ta-bli,  adv.  In  a  delectable  man- 
ner; delightfully.— Delectation,  de-lek-ta'- 
shon,  n.    A  giving  delight;  delight. 

Delegate ,  del'e-gat,  v.t.— delegated,  delegat- 
ing. [L.  delego,  dielegatum — de,  and  lego, 
to  send  as  an  ambassador.  Legate.]  To 
depute;  to  send  on  an  embassy;  to  send 
with  power  to  act  as  a  represeatativt;  to 
intrust,  commit,  or  deliver  to  another's 
care  and  management  (power,  an  affair).— 
n.  A  person  appointed  and  sent  by  another 
or  by  others,  with  powers  to  transact  busi- 
ness as  his  or  their  representative  ;  a  du- 
Buty;  a  commissioner;  a  representative. — 
ielegation,  del-e-ga'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
delegating;  Appointment  to  act  as  deputy; 
a  person  or  body  of  persons  deputed  jo 
act  for  another  or  for  others. 

Delete,  de-ltt',  v.t.  [L.  deleo,  deletum,  to 
blot  out,  to  destroy.]  To  blot  out;  to  erase; 
to  strike  or  mark  out,  as  with  a  pen,  i)en- 
cil,  &c.  —  Deletion,  de-lo'shon,  Jt.  [L.  de- 
letio.]  The  act  of  deleting ;  an  erasure;  d: 
passage  deleted. 

Deleterious,  de-le-te'ri-us,  a.  [L.L.  deleteri- 
us,  from  Gr.  deUterios,  noxious,  from  d6- 
Uornai,  to  injure.]  Having  the  quality  of 
destroying  life;  noxious;  poisonous;  in- 
jurious; pernicious. 

Delf,  Delft,  delf,  delft,  n.  Earthenware, 
covered  with  enamel  or  white  glazing  in 
imitation  of  chinaware  or  porcelain,  made 
at  Delfi,  in  Holland;  glazed  earthenware 
dishes. 

Delian,  de'li-an,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Delos,  a  small  island  in  the  jEgean  Sea, 
•the  birthplace  of  Apollo,  and  the  seat  of 
one  of  his  most  famous  temples. 

Deliberate,  de-lib'6r-at,  v.i.  —  deliberated, 
deliberating.  [L.  delibero,  deliberatum — de, 
and  libro,  to  weigh,  from  libra,  a  balance; 
akin  level.]  To  weigh  consequences  or  re- 
sults in  the  mind  previous  to  action;  to 
pause  and  consider;  to  ponder,  reflect, 
cogitate,  or  debate  with  one's  self.  —  De- 
liberate, de-lib'6r-at,  a.  Weighing  facts 
and  arguments  with  a  view  to  a  choice  or 
decision;  carefully  considering  probable 
consequences;  slow  in  determining;  formed 
with  deliberation ;  well  advised  or  con- 
sidered; not  sudden  or  rash;  not  hasty.— 
Deliberately,  de-lib'6r-at-li,  adv.  In  a  de- 
liberate manner;  with  careful  consider- 
ation; not  hastily  or  rashly. — Deliberate- 
ness,  de-lib'Cr-at-nes,  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  deliberate.  —  Deliberation, 
de-lib'6r-a"shon,  n.  [L.  deliberatio.]  The 
act  of  deliberating;  careful  consideration; 
mature  reflection;  mutual  discussion  and 
examination  of  the  reasons  for  and  against 
a  measure;  the  act  or  habit  of  doing  any- 
thing coolly  or  without  hurry  or  excite- 
ment.—  Deliberative,  de-lib '6r-artiv,  a. 
Pertaining  to  deliberation;  proceeding  or 
acting  by  deliberation  or  discussion;  hav- 
ing or  conveying  a  right  or  power  to  de- 
liberate or  discuss.  —  Deliberatively,  de- 
lib'er-a-tiv-li,  adv.    By  deliberation. 

Delicate,  del'i-kat,  a.  [Fr.  ddlicat,  L.  de- 
licattis,  from  delicicB,  delight,  delicto,  to 
allure  —  de,  and  Zacto,  to  draw  gently; 
akin  delight,  delectable."]  Pleasing  to  a  cul- 
tivated taste;  reflnedly  agreeable;  dainty; 
of  a  fine  texture;  fine;  soft;  smooth;  ten- 
der; sensitive;  easily  injured;  nut  capable 
ofstanding  rough  handling;nice;  accurate; 
light  or  softly  tinted ;  slender ;  minute ; 
peculiarly  sensitive  to  beauty,  harmony, 
or  their  opposites;  refined  in  manner; 


CbiChaiuj     eft,  So,  loc/i;     c,  po;    j.job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ag,  sinjri     SH,  ttea;  th,  <Aia;     vr,«/Jsi     wh,  wAigj     ah,  ajure. 


DELIGKl 


186 


DEMEAN" 


T'llito;  nice. —Delicately,  dol'i-kst-li,  oi?f.  ' 
(n  a  delicate  mauuer;  with  nice  regard 
to  propriety  and  the  feelings  of  others; 
tenderly;  daintily;  luxuriously.— Dellcate- 
ness,  del'i-kat-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
delicate.  —  Delicacy,  del'i-ka-si,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  delicate  or  highly  pleasing 
to  the  taste  or  some  other  sense;  fineness; 
smoothness;  softness;  tenderness;  slender- 
iiess;  that  wluch  is  pleasing  to  the  senses; 
a  luxury;  refined  taste  or  judgment;  nicety. 
—Delicious,  de-lish'us,  a.  [Fr.  dehcietix, 
from  L.  delicice,  delight.]  Highly  pleasing 
to  the  taste;  most  sweet  or  grateful  to 
the  senses;  affording  exquisite  pleasure; 
charming;  delightful;  entrancing.  ^  Deli- 
ciously,  de-lish'us-li,  adv.  In  a  delicious 
manner;  exquisitely;  delightfully.— Dell- 
ciousness,  de-lish'us-nes,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  delicious. 

Delight,  de-lit',  «.<.  [O.E.  daite,  from  O.Pr. 
delittr,  deleiter,  from  L.  ddecto,  to  de- 
light, from  delicto,  tv  allure.  Delicate.] 
To  affect  with  great  pleasure ;  to  please 
highly;  to  give  or  afford  high  satisfac- 
tion or  joy.  —  v.i.  To  hare  or  take  great 
pleasure;  to  be  greatly  pleased  or  rejoiced 
Ito  delight  in  a  thing).— n.  A  high  Hegree 


pb'ce ;  a  li'juid  stale :  a  swoon  or  faint ;  a 
melting  or  maudlin  mood  of  mindt. 
Delirium,  de-lir'i-um,  n.  [L.,  frpm  deliro, 
to  draw  the  furrow  awry  in  ploughing,  to 
deviate  from  the  straight  line,  hence  to  be 
crazy,  to  rave— </«,  from,  and  lira,  a  fur- 
row.] A  temporary  disordered  state  of  the 
mental  faculties  occurring  during  illness, 
either  of  a  febrile  or  of  an  exhausting  na- 
ture; violent  excitement;  wild  enthusi- 
asm ;  mad  rapture.  —  Delinum  tremens 
(tre'menz),  an  affect'.iri  of  the  brain  which 
arises  from  the  inor  -;nate  and  protracted 
use  of  ardent  spirits.  —  Delirious,  de-lir'i- 
us,  a.  Affected  with  delirium;  light- 
headed; disordered  in  intellect;  crazy;  rav- 
ing; frenzied;  characterized  by,  or  proceed- 
ingfrom,  delirium.  —  Deliriously,  de-Ur'i- 
us-li,  adv.  In  a  delirious  manner.- Deli- 
riousness,  de-lir'i-us-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  delirious;  delirium. 
Delitescence,  Delltescency,  del-i-tes'ens, 
del-i-tes'en-si,  n.  [L.  delitescens,  ppr.  of 
delitesco,  io  Ue  hid— de,  and  latesco,  from 
lateo,  to  lie  hid.]  The  state  of  being  cou- 
cealed;  latent,  or  not  active  or  manifest. — 
DeUtescent,  del-i-tes'ent,  a.    Being  latent 

.  „,-    „ ^--.      or  not  active.  ' 

of  pleasure  or  satisfaction  of  mind ;  joy ;  I  Deliver,  de-liv'6r,  v.t    [Fr.  delivrer  from 


rapture;  that  which  gives  great  pleasure; 
the  cause  of  joy;  charm.  —  Delighted,  de- 
li'ted,  a.  Experiencing  delight;  over- 
joyed.—Delightedly,  de-li'ted-li,  adv.  In 
a  delighted  manner;  with  delight.  —  De^ 


1j.1i.  delibero,  to  set  free — L.  de,  from, 
libero,  to  free,  from  iiier,  free,  whence  also' 
liberal,  lit/erate.]  To  release,  as  from  re- 
straint; to  set  at  liberty;  to  free;  to  rescue 
or  save;  to  transfer,  hand  over,  or  commit 


lightful,  de-lit 'ful,  a.     Giving  delight;)    (a  letteV.a  Wson'to  enemi'eV);  to'suiren- 
Inghly  pleasing;   charming ;    e.xquisite ;  ;    der,  yield,  5;  ve  up,  resign:  often  followed  by 


delicious.— Delightfully,  de-lit'ful-li,  adv. 
In  a  delightful  manner;  charmingly;  ex- 
quisitely. —Delightfulness,  de-lit'fiil-nes, 
91.  The  quality  of  being  delightful.— De- 
lightless,de-lit'les,a.  Affording  no  pleasure 


— Delightsomeness,  de-lit'sum-nes,  n.  I>e- 
lightfulness.  •     ' 

Delimit,  de-lim'it,  v.t.  To  mark  or  settle 
distinctly  the  limits  of.  —  Delimitation, 
de-lim'i-ta"shon,  n.  The  act  of  delimiting; 
the  fixing  or  settling  of  limits  or  boun- 
daricF. 

Delineate,  dP-lin'6-5t,  v.t— delineated,  de- 
lUieating.  |  L.  delineo,  delineatum—de, 
down,  and  Unea,  a  line.  Like.]  To  draw 
the  lines  which  exhibit  the  form  of;  to 
make  a  draught  of;  to  sketch  or  design ; 
to  represent  in  a  picture;  to  draw  a  like- 
ness of;  to  portray  to  the  mind  or  under- 
standing; to  depict,  sketch,  or  describe. — 
Delineation,  de-lin'e-a"shon,  n.  The  act 
or  process  of  delineating;  representation 
or  portrayal,  whether  pictorially  or  in 
Words;  sketch;  description.  —  Delineator, 
dc-lin'6-a-ter,  n.    One  who  delineates. 

Delinquency,  de-ling'kwen-si,  n.  f L.  delin- 
quentia,  a  fault,  from  delinquo,  to  abandon, 
fail,  omit  duty— d«,  out,  and  linqtio,  to 
leave.]  Failure  or  omission  of  duty;  a 
fault;  a  misdeed;  an  offence. — Delinquent, 
de-lingTcwent,  a.  Failing  in  duty;  offend- 
ing by  neglect  of  duty.  —  Delinquent,  de- 
ling'kwent,  ».  One  who  fails  to  perform 
hia  duty;  one  guilty  of  a  delinquency;  an 
offender;  a  culprit;  a  malefactor.  —  De- 
linquently,  de-ling'k went-li,  adv.  So  as  to 
fail  in  duty. 

DeUquate,t  del'i-kwat,  v.i.  and  t.  [L.  deli- 
quo,  deliguatmn—de,  down,  and  liqrto,  to 
melt.  Liquid.]  To  melt  or  be  dissolved; 
to  deliquesce.  —  Deliquatiou,t  del-i-kwa'- 
;  hou,  n.    A  melting. 

Peliquesce,  del-i-kwes',  v.i.—deliaveseed,  de- 
liq}u:Scing.\L.deliqiW8C0 — de.,aiialiquesco,to 
iiielt,froniZio«eo,to  become  liquid.  LiQciD.] 
Tfi  melt  gradually  and  become  liquid  by  at- 
tracting  and  absorbing  moisture  from  the 
;iir,  as  certain  salts,  acids,  and  alkalies.— 
Deliquescence,  del-i-kwes'ens,  ii.'VThe  pro- 
cess of  deliquescing;  a  gradual  melting  or 
becoming  liquid  by  absorption  of  moisture 
from  the  atmosphere.— Deliquescent,  del- 
i-kwes'ent,  a.  Liquefying  in  the  air;  deli- 
quescing.—Deliquiate,  dC-Uk'wi-at,  v.i.  To 
deliciuesce.  —  Deliquiation,  do-lik'wi-a"- 
8hon,_n.  Deliquescence.- Deliquium,  de- 
lik'wi-um,  n.  JL.,  a  flowing  or  dropping 
down— de,  and  (igueo,  to  be  liquid.]  Amel^ 
ing  or  dissolution  in  the  air  or  in  a  moi»t 


vp;  to  disburden  of  a  child ;  to  utter,  pro- 
nounce, speak  (a  sermon,  address,  &c.);  to 
'  direct,  send  forth,  or  discharge  (a  blow,  a 
broadside).— Deliverable,  de-liv'er-a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  delivered.— Deliverance, 
de-liv'6r-an8,  n.  The  act  of  delivering;  in 
modem  usage  most  commonly  release  or 
rescue,  as  from  captivity,  oppression,  dan- 
ger, &c.,  deliver!/  being  used  in  other 
senses.  —  Deliverer,  de-Hv'er-er,  n.  One 
who  delivers;  one  who  releases  or  rescues; 
a  preserver;  a  saviour.— -Delivery,  de-liv'- 
*r-i,  n.  The  act  of  delivering;  release; 
rescue,  as  from  slavery,  restraint,  oppres- 
sion, or  danger;  the  act  of  handing  over 
or  transferring;  surrender*,  a  giving  up; 
a  giving  or  passing  from  one  to  another; 
specifically,  the  distribution  of  letters,  &c., 
from  a  post-ofiice  to  a  district  or  districts; 
utterance;  pronunciation,  or  manner  of 
speaking;  childbirth. 
Dell,  del,  tu  [Dale.]  A  small  narrow  val- 
ley between  hills  or  rising  grounds;  a 
ravine. 

Delphian,  Delphic,  del'fl-ian,  del'fik,  a.  Re- 
lating to  Delphi,  a  town  in  Greece,  and  to 
the  celebrated  oracle  of  that  place;  hence, 
oracular;  inspired. 

Delphlne,  del'fin,  a.  [h.  delphinus,  a  dol- 
phin.] Pertaining  to  the  dolphin,  a  genus 
of  fishes;  pertaining  to  the  Dauphin  of 
France,  a  term  applied  to  a  set  of  Latin 
classics  prepared  for  the  use  of  the  son  of 
Louis  XIV. 

Delta,  del'ta,  n.  The  name  of  the  Greek 
letter  A,  answering  to  the  English  D;  the 
island  formed  by  the  alluvial  deposits  be- 
tween the  mouths  of  the  Nile,  from  its 
resemblance  in  shape  to  this  letter;  any 
similar  alluvial  tract  at  the  mouth  of  a 
river.— Deltafication,t  derta-fi-ka"shon,  n. 
The  process  of  forming  a  delta  at  the  mouth 
of  a  river.— Deltaic,  del-ta'ik,  a.  Relating 
to  or  like  a  delta— Deltoid,  del'toid,  a. 
Resembling  the  Greek  A;  triangular;  bot. 
expressing  the  shape  of  a  leaf;  anat.  ap- 
plied to  a  muscle  of  the  shoulder. 
Delude,  de-lQd',  v.t.— deluded,  deluding.  [L. 
deludo—de,  and  ludo,  to  play,Z«dug,  sport, 
whence  also  ludicrous,  elude,  illusion,  &c.J 
To  cause  to  entertain  fooUfh  or  erroneous 
notions;  to  impose  on;  to  befool;  to  lead 
from  truth  or  into  error;  to  mislead;  to 
beguile;  to  cheat:  often  rejl.  (to  delttde 
one's  self  with  vain  hopes).  —  Deludable, 
de-lo'da-bl,  a.  Liable  to  be  imposed  on. 
— Deluder,  de-la'd6r,  n.  One  who  deludes; 
a  deceiver;  an  impostor;  one  who  holds 
out  false  pretences.— Delusion,  dc-ln'zhon, 
n.  The  act  of  deluding;  a  misleading  of 
the  mind;  false  impression  or  belief;  illu- 
sion; error  or  mistake  proceeding  from 


fal83  views:  the  state  of  being  deluded  or 
misled.  —  Delusive,  de-lQ'siv,  a.  Apt  to 
delude;  tending  to  mislead  the  mind;  de- 
ceptive; beguihng.— Delusively,  de-lQ'siv- 
li,  adv.  In  a  delusive  manner.— Delusive- 
ness, de-lQ'siv-nes,  n.  The  quahty  of  be- 
ing delusive.  —  Delusory,  de-la 'so-ri,  a. 
Apt  to  deceive;  deceptive. 
Deluge,  del'aj.  n.  (Fr.  deluge,  from  L.  dil- 
uvium, a  flood,  a  deluge— di  for  dig,  asun- 
der, away,  and  luo=lavo,  to  wash;  akin 
lave,  ablution,  &c.]  An  inundation;  a 
flood;  but  specifically,  the  great  flood  or 
overflowing  of  the  earth  by  water  in  the 
days  of  Noah;  anything  resembling  an 
inundation;  anything  that  overwhelms, 
as  a  great  calamity.— ti.t.  deluged,  delug- 
ing. To  overflow,  as  with  water;  to  inun- 
date; to  drown;  to  overwhelm. 
Delve,  delv,  v.t.— delved,  delving.  [A.  Sax. 
delfan  =  D.  delven,  to  dig;  probably  con- 
nected with  dell,  a  dale,  Fris.  doUen,  to 
dig.]  To  turn  up  with  a  spade;  to  dig.— 
v.t.  To  dig;  to  labour  with  the  spade.— 
Delver,  del'ver,  n.  One  who  delves. 
Demagnetization,  de-mag'net-i-za"shon,  n. 
The  act  or  process  of  depriving  of  mag- 
netic or  of  mesmeric  influence. — Demag- 
netize, de-mag'ne-tiz,  v.t.  To  deprive  of 
magnetic  polarity  or  free  from  mesmeric 
influence. 

Demagogue,  dem'a-gog,  n.  [Gr.  demagOgos 
-devios,  the  people,  and  agogos,  a  leader, 
from  ago,  to  lead.]  A  leader  of  the  people; 
a  person  who  sways  the  people  by  his  ora- 
tory; generally,  an  unprincipled  factious 
orator;  one  who  acquires  influence  with 
the  populace  by  pandering  to  their  preju- 
dices or  playing  on  their  ignorance.— 
Demagogic,  Demagogical,  dem-agoj'ik, 
dem-a-goj'i-kal,  a.  Relating  to  or  like  a. 
demagogue;  factious.— Demagogism,  Dem- 
agogueism,  dem'a-gog-izm,  n.  The  prac- 
tices and  principles  of  a  demagogue. 
Demain,  n.  Demesne. 
Demand,  d6-mand',  v.t.  [Fr.  demander, 
from  L.  demando,  in  its  late  sense  of  to  de- 
mand, the  opposite  of  »no)ido,  to  commit 
to,  lit.  to  put  into  one's  hand,  from  manv.s, 
the  hand,  and  do,  to  give;  akin  man- 
date, commu^id.]  To  claim  or  seek  as  due 
by  nght  (to  demand  a  thing  of  a  person); 
to  ask  or  claim  generally  (a  price,  a  re- 
ward) ;  to  ask  (a  thing)  by  authority ;  to 
question  authoritatively  (O.  T.);  to  re- 
quire as  necessary  or  useful;  to  necessitate 
(a  task  demands  industry).- u.i.  To  make 
ar  demand;  to  inquire;  to  ask.— n.  An  ask- 
ing for  or  claim  made  by  virtue  of  a  right 
or  supposed  right  to  the  thing  sought;  an 
asking  or  request  with  authority;  the  ask- 
ing or  requirmg  of  a  price  for  goods  offered 
for  sale ;  question ;  interrogation ;  the 
calling  for  in  order  to  purchase  (there  is 
no  demand  for  the  goods).— /n  demand,  in 
request;  much  sought  after  or  courted 
(goods  are  in  demand,  his  company  is  m 
great  demand).  —  On  demand,  on  being 
claimed;  on  presentation  (a  bill  payable 
(>nde7narid).-Demandable,de-man'da-bl,a. 
That  may  be  demanded,  claimed,  asked 
for,  or  required.— Demander,  de-man'd6r, 
n.  One  who  demands. 
Demarcation,  de-mar-ka'shon,  n.  [Fr.  de- 
marcation—de,  doivn,  and  marguer,  to 
mark.  Mark.]  The  act  or  process  of 
marking  off,  or  of  defining  the  limits  or 
boundaries  of  anything;  separation;  dis- 
tinction. Also  written  Demarkation. — 
Demarcate,!  de-mar'kat,  v.t.  To  mark  the 
limits  or  boundaries  of. 
Dematerialize,  de-ma-te'ri-al-iz,  v.t.  To 
divest  of  material  qualities  or  character- 
istics. 

Deme,  dem,  n.  [Gr.  ddmos.]  A  subdivision 
of  ancient  Attica  and  of  modem  Greece; 
a  township. 

Demean,  de-men',  v.t.  [Fr.  ddmener,  for- 
merly to  behave— de,  in  tens.,  and  niener, 
to  lead,  to  manage,  from  L.  minare,  to 
flrive  with  threats,  from  mina,  a  threat, 
whence  also  menace,  minatory.]  To  be- 
have; to  carry:  to  conduct:  used  refl.  From 
confusion  with  the  adj.  mean  the  word 
is  also  sometimes  used  in  sense  of  to  lower 
or  degrade  (one's  self).  —  Demeanour,  de- 
me'ner,  ».  Behaviour,  especiall.v  as  re- 
gards air  or  carriage  of  the  person,  coun- 


'•'ate,  far,  fat,  f»ll;      me,  met,  her;      pine,  pin;      note,  not,  mdve;      tabe,  tub,  bull;      oil,  pound;      ii,  Sc.  *bwue-the  Fr.  «. 


DEMENTED 


187 


DENDEIFORM 


(r.nance,  &e.;  carriage;  deportment;  con- 
duct. 

Demented,  de-men'ted,  a.  [L.  demetis,  de- 
mentis, out  of  one's  mind— <i«,  out  of,  and 
mens,  the  mind.]  Infatuated;  mad;  in- 
sane; crsLzy. — Dementia,  de-men'shi-a,  n. 
[L.]  A  form  of  insanity  in  which  uncon- 
nected and  imperfectly  deiined  ideas  chase 
each  other  rapidly  through  the  mind. 

Demerit,  de-mer'it,  n.  [Fr.  dimirite—de, 
and  mirite;  merit;  Merit.]  Desert,  or 
what  one  merits  {Shak.)l;  the  opposite  or 
absence  of  merit;  that  ■which  is  blamable 
or  punishable  in  moral  conduct;  vice  or 
crime. 

Demesmerize,  de-mez'm6r-iz,  v.t.  To  re- 
lieve from  mesmeric  influence. 

Demesne,  Demain,  de-man',  n.  fO.Pr.  de- 
maine,  domaine,  from  L.  dominus,  a  lord;, 
akin  dame,  damsel,  dominate,  &c.]  An 
estate  in  land;  the  land  adjacent  to  a 
manor-house  or  mansion  kept  in  the  pro- 
prietor's own  hands,  as  distinguished  from 
lands  held  by  his.  tenants. 

Demi,  dem'i.  [f  r.  demi,  from  L.  dimidius, 
half— di  for  dis,  and  medius,  the  middle.] 
A  prefix  signifying  half.  The  hyphen  is 
not  always  inserted  in  all  these  words. — 
Demi-bastion,  dem'i-bas-ti-on,  n.  Fm-t.  a 
bastion  that  has  only  one  face  and  one 
flank.  —  Demi-cadence,  dem'i-k&-dens,  n. 
Mus.  an  imperfect  cadence,  or  one  that 
falls  on.  any  other  than  the  key-note. — 
Demi-devil,  dem'i-dev-U.  n.  Half  a  devil; 
one  partaking  of  the  diabolic,  nature. — 
Demi-god,  dem'i-god,  n.  Half  a  god ;  an 
inferior  deity;  one  partaking  partly  of  the 
divine  partly  of  the  human  nature.— 
Demi-lune,  dem'i-lon,  n.  Fort,  an  out- 
work consisting  of  two  faces  and  two  little 
flanks,  constructed  to  cover  the  curtain" 
and  shoulders  of  the  bastion.  —  Demi- 
monde, dem'i-m^nd,  n.  [Fr.  monde,  the 
world,  society.]  Persons  only  half  acknow- 
ledged in  society;  women  that  live  as 
ladies  of  wealth  but  whose  character  is 
equivocal;  courtesans. — Demi-rep,  dem'i- 
rep,n.  {A  coatr.  for  demi-reputation.)  A 
woman  of  doubtful  reputation  or  suspi- 
cious chastity.— Demi-semiquaver,  dem'i- 
sem-i.-kwa-v6r,  n.  Mus.  the  half  of  a  semi- 
quaver, or  one-fourth  of  a  quaver. — Demi- 
volt,  dem'i-volt,  n.  A  kind  of  leap  or  cur- 
vet of  a  horse.- Demi-wolf,  dem'i-wxilf ,  n. 
A  cross  between  a  wolf  and  a  dog.  [Shak.'] 

Demijohn,  dem'i-jon,  n.  [Fr.  dam^-jeanne, 
from  Ar.  damagan,  from  Damaghan,  a 
town  in  Khorassan  once  famous  for  its 
glass-works.]  A  glass  vessel  or  bottle  with 
a  large  body  and  small  neck,  inclosed ^in 
wicker-work. 

Demise,  de-miz',  n.  [Lit.  a  laying  off  or 
aside,  from  Fr.  cWmettre — de,  L.  dis,  aside, 
and  mettre,  to  put,  L.  mitto,  to  send.]  The 
death  of  a  person,  especially  of  a  person  of 
distinction;  decease:  used  with  possessives; 
law,  a  conveyance  or  transfer  of  an  estate 
by  lease  or  will.— v.t— demised,  demising. 
Law,  to  transfer  or  convey,  as  an  estate ; 
to  bequeath;  to  grant  by  will.— Demisable, 
dg-mi'za-bl,  a.  Capable  Of  being  demised. 

Demit,  de-mit',  v.t.  —  demitted,  demitting. 
[L.  demitto—de,  down,  and  mitto,  to  send.] 
To  lay  down  formally,  as  an  office;  to  re- 
sign; to  relinquish;  to  transfer,  -r-  Demis- 
sion, de-mi'shon,  n.  The  act  of  detoitting; 
a  laying  down  office ;  resignation ;  trans- 
ference. 

Demiurge,  Demiurgus,  de'mi-6rj,  de'mi-6f- 
gus,  n._  |Gr.  dSmiourgos,  from  demos,  the 
people,  and  ergon,  a  work.]  A  maker  or 
framer;  the  maker  of  the  world;  the  Cre- 
ator; specifically,  the  name  given  by  the 
Gnostics  to  the  creator  or  former  of  the 
world  of  sense.- Demiurgic,  Demlnrglcal, 
de-mi-6r'jik,  d6-mi-6r'ji-kal,a.  Pertaining 
to  a  demiurge  or  to  creatiye  power. 

Demobilise,  de-mob'il-iz,  v.t— demobilised, 
demobilising.  [L.  de,  priv.,  and  E.  mobil- 
ise.] To  disarm  and  dismiss  (troops)  home; 

,  to  disband.— Demobilisation,  de-mob'i-li- 
za"shon,  n.    The  act  of  demobilizing. 

Democracy,  de-mok'ra-si,  n.   [Gr.  demolcra- 

,  tia— demos,  people,  and  kratos,  strength, 

I  power.]  That  form  of  government  in 
which  the  sovereignty  of  the  state  is  vested 
in  the  people,  and  exercised  by  them  either 
directly,  or  indirectly,  by  means  of  repre- 


sentative institutions:  in  a  collective  sense, 
the    people  or   populace,   especially  the 

Sopulace  regarded  as  rulers.— Democrat, 
emocratist,  dem'o-krat,  de-mok'ra-tist, 
n.  One  who  adheres  to  democracy. — 
Democratic,  Democratical,  dem-o-krat'ik, 
dem-o-krat'i-kal,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
characteristic  of  democracy. — Democrati- 
cally, dem-o-krat'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  demo- 
cratical manner.— Democratize,t  d5-mok'- 
ra-tiz,  v.t    To  render  democratic. 

Demogorgon,  de-mo-gor'gon,  n.  [6r.  dai- 
mOn,  a  demon,  and  gorges,  terrible.^  A 
mysterious  divinity  in  classical  or  ancient 
mythology,  viewed  as  an  object  of  terror 
rather  than  of  worship. "  [Mil.'\ 

Demoiselle,  d6-mwa-zel,  n.  [Fr.  Damsel.] 
A  young  lady;  a  damsel ;  a  bird,  the  Nu- 
midian  crane,  so  called  from  its  graceful- 
ness and  symmetry  of  form. 

Demolish,  de-mol'ish,  v.t.  [Fr.  dSm/ilir,  di- 
molissant,  irova  L»  demolior — de,  priv.,  and 
malior,  to  build,  from  nwles,  mass,  whence 
molecule.]  To  throw  or  pull  down;  to  raze; 
to  destroy,  as  a  structure  or  artificial  con- 
struction; to  ruin.— Demolisher,  ds-mol'- 
ish-er,  n.  One  who  demolishes.- Demoli- 
tion, dem-3-lish'on,  n.  The  act  of  demol- 
ishing; destruction;  ruin. 

Demon,  de'mon,  n.  [L.  dcemon,  from  Gr. 
daimCn,  a  spirit,  evil  or  good,  from  a. root 
meaning  to  know.]  A  spirit  or  immaterial 
being,  holding  a  middle  place  between 
men  and  the  celestial  deities  of  the  pa- 
gans; an  evil  or  malignant  spirit;  a 
devil;  a  very  wicked  or  cruel  person. — 
Demoniac,  Demoniacal,  de-mu'ni-ak,  de- 
mo-ni'a-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  demons  or 
evil  spirits;  influenced  by  demons;  pro- 
duced by  demons  or  evil  spirits;  extremely 
wicked  or  cruel. — Demoniac,  de-mO'ni-ak, 
n.  A  human  being  possessed  by  a  demon. 
—Demoniacally,  de-md-ni'a-kal-li,  adv.  In 
a  demoniacal  manner.  —  Demonian.t  d5- 
mo'ni-an,  a.  Having  the  charsjcteristics 
of  a  detnon.  [Mil.]  —  Demonism,  dc'mon- 
izm,  n.  TUe  belief  in  demons. — Demonist, 
de'mon-ist,  n.  A  worshipper  of  or  believer 
in  demons. — Demonlze,  d5'mon-iz,  v.t.  To 
render  demoniacal  or  diabolical ;  to  con- 
trol by  a  demon.  —  Demonology,  d6-mo- 

■nol'o-ji,  n.  A  treatise  on  evil  spirits  and 
their  agency,  or  knowledge  regarding 
them. 

Demonetize,  d5-mon'e-tiz,  v.t.  To  deprive 
of  standard  value,  as  money;  to  withdraw 
from  circulation.  —  Demonetization,  de- 
mon'e-ti-za"shon,  n.  The  act  of  demone- 
tizing. 

Demonstrate,  de-mon ' strat,  v.t.  —  demon- 
strated, demonstrating.  [L.  demonstro — 
de,  inten8.,and  inonstro,  to  show,  from  mon- 
strum,  a  portent,  a  monster.]  To  point  out 
with  perfect  clearness;  to  show  clearly;  to 
make  evident;  to  exhibit;  to  exhibit  the 
parts  of  when  dissected,  as  of  a  dead  body; 
to  show  or  prove  to  be  certain;  to  prove  be- 
yond the  possibility  of  doubt.  —  Demon- 
strable, d5-mon'stra-bl,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing demonstrated,  proved,  or  exhibited.— 
Demonstrableness,  Demonstrability,  de- 
mon'  stra-bl-nes,  d6-mon '  8tra-bil"i-ti,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  demonstra- 
ble.—Demonstrably,  ds-mon'stra-bli,  adv. 
In  a  manner  so  as  to  preclude  doubt. — 
Demonstration,  dem-on-stra'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  demonstrating;  an  exhibition;  a 
manifestation;  an  outwai'd  show;  the  act 
of  exhibiting  proof  beyond  the  possibil- 
ity of  doubt ;  a  proof  Dy  logical  or  ma- 
thematical reasoning;  the  exhibition  of 
parts  dissected  for  the  study  of  ana- 
tomy; mint  an  operation,  such  as  the 
massing  of  mfen  at  a  certain -point,  per- 
formed for  the  purpose  of  deceiving  the 
enemy  respecting  the  measures  which  it 
is  intended  to  employ  against-  him. — 
Demonstrative,  de-mon  stra-tiv,  a.  Serv- 
ing to  demonstrate;  showing  or  proving 
by  certain  evidence;  invincibly  conclusive; 
characterized  by  or  given  to  the  strong 
exhibition  of  any  feeling ;  outwardly  ex- 
pressive of  feelings  or  emotions.— Demon- 
strative pronoun,  one  that  clearl.v  indicates 
the  object  to  which  it  refers,  as  this  man, 
that  book.  —  Demonstratively,  de-mon'- 
stra-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  demonstrative  man- 
ner; by  demonstration;  wjth  proof  which 


LJipUtlot^w  useu    uy    tuc   peoyio  ui    uuuicub 

3gyj)t,  as  contradistinguished  from  that 
ised  oy  the  priestly  caste,   called   the 


cannot  be  questioned;  with  the  energetic 
outward  exhibition  of  feeling.  —  Demon- 
stratlveness,  de-mon'stra-tiv-nes,  n.  Qua- 
lity of  being  demonstrative.— Demonstra- 
tor, dem'on-stra-tfir,  n.  One  who  demon- 
strates; especially,  one  who  exhibits  the 
parts  or  dead  bodies  when  dissected. 

Demoralize,  d5-mor'a-liz,ti.t. — demoralized, 
demoralizing.  [PrefijE  de,  priv. ,  and  moral.] 
To  corrupt  or  undermine  the  morals  of ; 
to  destroy  or  lessen  the  effect  of  moral 
principles  on;  to  render  corrupt  in  morals; 
mint,  to  deprive  (troops)  of  courage  and 
self-reliance,  to  render  them  distrustful 
and  hopeless. — DemoralizationV  de-mor'a- 
li-za"8hon,  n.  The  act  of  demoralizing;  the 
state  of  being. 

Demotic,  de-mot'ik,  a.  [Gr.  dimotikos,  from 
demos,  people.]  Pertaining  to  the  common 
people;  popular:  common;  applied  to  the 
alphabet- used  by  the  people  of  ancient 
Eg  ......        .  r    .  . 

used 
hieratic. 

Demulcent,  de-mul'sent,  a.  [L.  demulcens, 
demulceniis,  ppr.  of  demulceo,  to  stroke 
down — d«,  down,  and  mtilceo,  to  stroke,  to 
soften.]  Softening;  mollifying;  lenient.— 
n.  Any  medicine  which  lessens  the  effects 
of  irritation,  as  gums  and  other  mucila- 
ginous substances. 

Demur,  de-mer',  v.i. — demurred,  demurring. 
[Fr.  demeurer,  to  delay,  to  stay,  from  L. 
demorari — de,  and  mora,  delay.]  To  pause 
in  uncertainty;  to  hesitate;  to  nave  or  to 
state  scrupjes  ordifficulties;  to  object  hesi- 
tatingly; to  taTte  exceptions;  law,  to  stop 
at  any  point  in  the  pleadings.— n.  Stop; 
pause;  nesitatioa  as  to  the  propriety  of 

.  proceeding;  suspense  of  proceeding  or  de- 

'  cision;  exception  taken;  objection  stated.' 
— Demurrable,  de-mur'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  or  liable  to  be  demurred  to.  —  De- 
murrage, d5-mur'aj,  n.  The  tirte  during 
which  a  vessel  is  detained  by  the  freighter 
beyond  that  originally  stipulaied,  in  load- 
ing or  unloading;  the  compensation  which 
the  freighter  has  to  pay  for  such  delay  or 
detention;  applied  also  to- detention  of 
railway  wagons,  &c.— Demurrer,  de-mur'- 
6r,  n.  One  who  demurs;  law,  a  stop  at 
some  point  in  the  pleadings',  and  a  resting 
of  the  decision  of  the  cause  on  that  point; 
an  issue  on  matter  of.  law. 

Demure,  de-mur',  a.  [From  Pr.  de  mceurs, 
of  manners,  having  manners,  from  L. 
mores,  manners,  whence  moral,  &c.]  Af- 
fectedly modest  or  coy;  making  a  show  of 
gravity  or  decorousness;  grave  or  reserved 
consciously  and  intentionally. — Demurely. 
de-mQr'li,  adv.  In  a  demure  manner;  with 
a  show  of  solemn  gravity.  —  Demureness, 
de-mOr'nes,  n.  Tne  state  or  quality  of 
being  demure;  gra-rity  of  countenance  real 
or  affected. 

Demy,  d5-mi',  n.  [Fr.  demi,  half.J  A  par- 
ticular size  of  paper:  printing  demy  mea- 
sures generally  22  incnes  by  I7i,  writing 
20  inches  by  15^-,  drawing  22  inches  by  17; 
at  Magdalen  College,  Oxiford,  a  term  now 
equivalent  to  scJiolar  in  other  collegesi 

Den,  den,»t.  [A.Sax.  denn,  a~cave  or  lurking- 
place;  akin  denu,  E.  d^ne,  a  valley.]  A 
cave  or  hollow  place  in  the  earth;  a  cave, 
pit,  or  subterranean  recess,  used  for  con- 
cealment, shelter,  protection,  or  security; 
any  squalid  place  of  resort  or  residence;  a 
dell,  wooded  hollow,  or  ravine  (Scotch,  but 
used  also  in  English  place-names). 

Denarius,  de-na'ri-ns,  n.  [L.,  from  decern, 
ten.]  An  ancient  Romam  silver  coin  worth 
10  asses  or  10  lbs.  of  copper  originally,  and 
latterly  equivalent  to  about  7id.  English 
money.— Denary,  de'na-ri,-  a.  Containing 
ten;  tenfold;  proceeding  by  tens. 

Denationalize,  de-na'shon-al-iz,  v.t.  To 
divest  of  national  character  or  rights.— 
Denationalization,  de- na ' shbn  - al - i-za"- 
shon,  n.    The  act  of  denationalizing. 

Denaturalize,  de-nat'u-ra-liz,  v.t.  To  render 

'  unnatural ;  to  alienate  from  nature ;  to 
deprive  of  naturalization  or  acquired  citi- 
zenship in  a  foreign  country. 

Dendriform,  den'dri-form,  a.  [Gr.  dendron, 
a  tree.]  Having  the  form  or  appearance 
of  a  tree.— Dendrite,  den'drit,  n.  A  stone 
or  mineral,  on  or  in  which  are  figures  re- 
sembling shrubs,  trees,  or  mosses,  the  ap- 


Ch, 'chaxa\J^  ch.  So.  lochiMs,  go;JlJ.  j'ob;J».)a..Er..-tow;>^ng.  sing;  a;h.  thea;  th.  t/tin;ifcy.  wig;  ^^wb,  wAigj^.ah.  agure.. 


DE.\E 


188 


DEPART 


fiearance  being  due  to  arborescent  crj-stal- 
ization,  resembling  the  frost- worlc  on  our 
windows.  —  Dendntlc,  Dendritical,  den- 
drit'in,  den-drit'i-kal,  a.  Resembling  a 
tree;  tree-like;  marked  by  figures  resem- 
bling slu-ubs,  moss,  ic. — Dendroid,  Den- 
droidal, den'droid,  den-droi'dal,  a.  Re- 
sembling a  small  tree  or  shrub.— Dendro- 
lite,  den'dro-lit,  n.  A  petrified  or  fossil 
shrub,  plant,  or  part  of  a  plant. — Dendrol- 
ogy, den-drol'o-ji,  n.  The  natural  history 
of  trees. — Dendrologlst,  den-drol'o-jist,  n. 
One  versed  in  dendrology.— Dendrometer, 
den-drom'e-ter,  n.  An  instrument  of  vari- 
ous forms  for  measuring  the  height  and 
diameter  of  trees. 

Dene,  den,  n.  [A.  Sax.  denu.  Den.]  A 
dell  or  valley:  often  used  as  an  ending  of 
place-names. 

Dengue,  deng'ga,  n.  [Sp.]  A  febrile  epi- 
demic disease  of  the  East  and  West  Indies, 
with  symptoms  resembling  those  of  scar- 
let fever  and  rheumatism  combined. 

Denia.1,  Denier.    Under  Dkny. 

Denier,*  den'i-6r.  [  Fr.,  from  L.  denaritLS 
(which  see).]  An  old  French  copper  coin, 
the  twelfth  part  of  a  sou.    [SAa.t.] 

Denitrate,  de-ni'trat,  v.t.  To  set  nitric 
acid  free  from.  —  Denltration,  de-ni-tra'- 
shon,  n.  A  disengaging  of  nitric  acid. — 
Denitrify,  de-nit'ri-fi,  v.t.  To  deprive  of 
uitre. 

Denizen,  den'i-zn,  n.  [O.Fr.  deimein,  one 
living  within  a  city,  from  dcins,  dens,  Fr. 
dans,  in,  within,  a  contr.  of  L.  de  intvs, 
from  within,  and  thus  opposed  to  foreign.] 
In  England,  an  alien  who  is  made  a  sub- 
ject by  the  sovereign's  letters  patent,  hold- 
ing a  middle  stats  between  ;m  alien  and 
a  natural  born  subject;  hence,  a  stranger 
admitted  to  residence  and  certain  rights 
in  a  foreign  country;  a  citizen;  a  dweller; 
an  inhabitant.  —  v.t.  To  make  a  denizen. 
—Denization,  den-i-za'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
making  one  a  denizen. — Denizenship,  den'- 
i-zn-ship,  n.    State  of  being  a  denizen. 

Denominate,  de-uom'i-nat,  v.t.  —denomi- 
iialed,  denominating.  [L.  denoviino  —  de, 
intens.,  and  nomino,  to  nominate.]  To  give 
a  name  or  epithet  to;  to  name,  call,  style, 
or  designate.  —  Denomination,  de-nom'i- 
na"shoa,  n.  The  act  of  naming;  a  name  or 
appellation;  a  class,  society,  or  collection 
of  individuals  called  by  the  same  name; 
a  religious  sect.  —  Denominational,  de- 
nom'i-na"shon-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
characterizing  a  denomination;  pertaining 
to  particular  religious  denominations  or 
boilies. —  DeBosunationalism,  dG-nom'i- 
nri"shon-al-izni,  n.  A  denominational  or 
class  spirit;  adherence  or  devotion  to  a 
denomination;  the  principle  or  sj'stem  of 
religious  sects  having  each  their  own 
schools.  —  Denominationally,  de- nom ' i - 
na"shon-a]-U,  adv.  By  denomination  or 
sect.  —  Denominative,  de-nom'i-na-tiv,  a. 
Giving  or  conferring  a  name  or  distinct 
appellation.-H.  Th.at  which  hasthe  charac- 
ter of  a  denomination;  gram.SL  verb  formed 
from  a  noun  or  an  adjective.  —  Denomi- 
natively,  de-nom  'i-na-tiv-li,  adv.  By  de- 
nomination.— Denominator,  de-nom'i-na- 
tt,r,  u.  One  who  or  that  which  denomi- 
nates; the  number  placed  below  the  line 
in  vulgar  fractions,  showing  into  how 
many  parts  the  integsr  is  divided. 

Denote,  de-nOf,  v.t.— d&wted, denoting.  (L. 
dcnoio,  to  mark,  to  point  out,  to  denote — 
(fe,  intens.,  and  noio,  to  mark,  from  nota, 
a  marlc]  To  signify  by  a  visible  sign;  to 
indicate,  mark,  or  stand  for;  to  be  the 
«:ime  of  or  express;  to  be  the  sign  or 
Fymptom  of;  to  show;  to  indicate.  .'.  Syn. 
under  Conxote. — Denotable,  de-no'ta-bI,o. 
That  may  be  denoted  or  marked. — Denota- 
tion, do-no-ta'shon,  n.  th.denotatio.]  The 
net  of  denoting  or  marking  off;  what  any 
word  or  sign  denotes.  —  Denotative,  de- 
no'ta-tiv,  a.    Having  power  to  denote. 

Denouement,  de-nO'mon,  n.  fFr.,  from  di- 
iwuer,  to  untie  —  de,  priv.,and  nmier,  to 
tie,  from  L.  nodiis,  a  knot.)  The  winding 
up  or  catastrophe  of  u  plot,  as  of  a  novel, 
drama,  &c. ;  the  solution  of  any  mysterv; 
the  issue,  as  of  any  course  of  conduct;  the 
event. 

Denounce,  de-nouns',  v.t.  —  df-iwunced,  de- 
nouncing.  fFr.  dinoncer,  from  L.  denun- 


Hare — ds,  and  nuniiare,  to  declare,  mmiius, 
a  messenger;  seen  also  in  amwurv:e,  pro- 
noyrtce,  reruninee.]  To  declare  solemnly; 
to  proclaim  in  a  threatening  manner;  to 
announce  or  declare,  as  a  threat;  to 
threaten;  to  inform  against;  to  accuse. — 
Denouncement,  t  d5-nouns'ment,  n.  The 
act  of  denouncing ;  denunciation.  —  De- 
nouncer, de-noun'sfer,  n.  One  who  de- 
nounces.—Dennnciate,+  d5-nun'shi-at,  v.t. 
To  denounce.— Denunciation,  d5-nun'shi- 
a"Ehon,  n.  The  act  of  denouncing;  pro- 
clamation of  a  threat;  public  menace. — 
Denunciative,  Denunciatory,  de-nun'shi- 
a-tiv,  de-nun'shi-a-to-ri,a.  Relating  to,con- 
taining,  or  implying  denunciation;  ready 
or  prone  to  denounce.— Deannciatar,  de- 
nun 'shi-a-ter,  n.  One  who  denounces,  or 
solemnly  and  publicly  threatene. 

Dense,  dens,  a.  [Fr.  dense,  L.  de-asus,  thick, 
whence  condense.]  Having  its  constituent 
parts  closely  united;  close;  compact;  thick; 
crass?  gross;  crowded — Densely,  dens'li, 
adv.  In  a  dense  manner;  compactly. — 
Denseness,  dens'nes,n.  Density.— Density, 
den'si-ti,  n.  [li.  densitas.]  The  quality  of 
being  dense,  close,  or  compact;  closeness' 
of  constituent  parts;  compactness. 

Dent,  dent,  n.  [A  form  cf  dint.]  A  mark 
made  by  a  blow;  especially,  a  hollow  or 
depression  made  on  the  surface  of  a  solid 
body. — v.t.  To  make  a  dent  on  or  in. 

Dental,  den'tal,  a.  [L.  dentalis,  dental,  from 
dens,  dentis,  a  tooth,  a  word  akin  to  E. 
tooth.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  teeth;  hav- 
ing the  characteristic  sound  given  by  the 
teeth  and  tip  of  the  tongue  (d  and  t  are 
dentonetters).-n.  A  deiitail  letter,asd,  <,and 
th.— Dental  fomuUa,  a  formula  for  showing 
briefly  the  number  and  kinds  of  teeth  of  an 
animal;  thus  the  dental  formula  of  cats  is: 

^•3-3'  ^-1- 1'  ^•■™- g-a'-*^!-!       ■^' 

■which  signifies  that  they  have  on  each  side 
of  each  jaw  three  incisors  and  one  canine 
tooth,  three  prasmolars  in  the  upper  and 
two  in  the  lower  jaw  on  each  side,  and  be- 
hind these  one  true  molar.  —  Dentate, 
Dentated,  den'tat,  den'ta-ted,  a.  [L.  den- 
tatus,  toothed.]  Toothed;  having  sharp 
teeth,  with  concave  edges,  as  a  leaf.  — 
Dentately,  den'tat-U,  adv.  In  a  dentate 
manner.— Denticle,  den'ti-kl,  n.  [L.  den- 
ticulus.  ]  A  small  tooth  or  proj  ecting  point. 
—Denticulate,  Denticulated,  den-tik'a-l  at, 
den-tik'Q-la-ted,  a.  Ha\'ing  small  teeth, 
as  a  leaf,  calyx,  or  seed.  —  Denticulation, 
den-tik'a-la"8hon,  n.  The  state  of  being 
denticulate.  —  Denticule,  den'ti-kul,  n. 
Arch.  The  flat  projecting  part  of  a  cornice, 
on  which  dentils  are  cut. — Dentiform.den'- 
ti-form,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a  tooth. — 
Dentifrice,  den'ti-fris,  n.  [L.  dens,  and 
/rico,  to  rub.  ]  A  powder  or  other  sub- 
stance to  be  used  in  cleaning  the  teeth,  as 
pulverized  shells  and  charcoal.  —  Dea- 
tigerous,  den-tij'6r-us,  a.  Bearing  or  carry- 
ing teeth.  —  Dentil,  den'til,  n.  Arch,  the 
name  of  the  little  cubes  or  square  blocks 
often  cut  for  ornament  on  Greek  cor- 
nices. —  Dentine,  den 'tin,  n.  The  ivory 
tissue  lying  below  the  enamel  and  con- 
stituting the  body  of  the  tooth.  —  Dentl- 
roater,  den-ti-ros'ter,  n.  A  member  of 
the  Dentirostres  ( den-ti-ros'trCz ),  a  sub- 
order or  tribe  of  insessorial  birds,  charac- 
terized by  having  a  notch  and  tooth-like 
process  on  each  side  of  the  upper  mandible, 
and  including  thebutcher-birdsorshrikes, 
the  thrushes,  tits,  &c.  —  Dentirostrate, 
Dentirostral,  den-ti-ros'trat,  den-ti-ros'- 
tral,  a.  Having  a  tooth-like  process  on 
the  beak.— Dentist,  den'tist,  n.  One  who 
makes  it  his  business  to  clean  and  extract 
teeth,  repair  them  when  diseased,  and  re- 
placs  them  when  necessary  by  artificial 
ones.— Deatistic,  den-tis'iik,  a.  Relating 
to  dentistry  or  adentist.— Dentistry,  den- 
tist-ri.  n.  The  art  or  profession  of  a  den- 
tist.- Dentition,  den-tish'on,  n.  (L.  den- 
titio.]  The  breeding  or  cutting  of  teeth  in 
infancy ;  the  time  of  growing  teeth ;  the 
system  of  teeth  peculiar  to  an  animal. — 
Dentoid,  den'toid,  a.  Resembling  a  tooth; 
shaped  like  a  tooth.— Denture,  den'tnr,  n. 

•  A  dentists'  term  for  one  or  more  artificial 
teeth. 

Denude,  di-ndi', v.t.— denuded,  denuding. 


fli.  d«n«do— de,  and  nudus,  naked.]  To 
divest  of  all  covering;  to  make  b".Te  or 
naked;  to  strip;  to  uncover  or  lay  bare. — 
Denudation,  de-na-da'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
stripping  off  covering;  a  making  bare:  geol. 
the  carrying  away,  oy  the  action  of  run- 
ning water,  of  a  jportion  of  the  solid 
materials  of  the  lana,  by  which  the  under- 
lying rocks  are  laid  bare. 

Denunciate,  Denunciation,  Dentmclator, 
&c.    Under  Denounce. 

Deny,  de-ni',  v.t.  —  denied,  denying.  [Ft. 
d4nier,  from  L.  denego — de,  intens.,  and 
nego,  to  say  no,  from  nee, nor.  Negation.] 
To  declare  not  to  be  true;  to  affirm  to  be 
not  so;  to  contradict;  to  gainsay;  to  refuse 
to  grant;  not  to  afford;  to  withhold  (Pro- 
vidence denies  us  many  things);  to  refuse 
or  neglect  to  ac'.cnowledge;  not  to  confena; 
to  disavow;  to  disown;  to  reject.— To  deny 
one's  self,  to  decline  the  gratification  of 
appetites  or  desires.—  To  deny  otie'a  se^f 
something,  to  ab»tain  from  it  although 
desiring  it. — v.i.  To  answer  in  the  nega- 
tive; to  refuse;  not  to  comply.— Denying- 
ly,  aS-ni'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  manner  indicat- 
ing denial.— Denial,  de-ni'al,  n.  The  act 
of  denying;  contradiction;  a  contradictory 
statement;  refu3al;rejection;  di  so  wnment. 
— Deniable,  de-ni'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
denied.  —  Denier,  de-ni'6r,  n.  One  who 
denies. 

Eeobstract,  ds-ob-stnikt',  v.t.  To  remove 
obstructions  or  impediments  from;  to 
clear  from  anything  that  hinders  the  pas- 
sage of  fluids  in  the  proper  ducts  of  the 
body.  —  Deobstruent.  d5-ob '  stru-ent,  a. 
Med.  having  power  to  clear  or  open  the 
natural  ducts  of  the  fluids  and  secretions 
cf  the  body,  as  the  pores,  lacteals,  &c. — n. 
A  medicine  having  this  effect. 

Decdand,  de'o-dand,  n.  [L.  Deo  dandus, 
to  be  given  to  God.]  Law,  formerly  a 
personal  chattel  which  had  been  the  im- 
mediate occasion  of  the  death  of  a  rational 

»  creature  (as  a  horse  that  killed  a  man>, 
and  for  that  reason  forfeited  to  the  king 
to  be  applied  to  pious  uses. 

Deodar,  de'o-dar,  n.  [Skr.  devadaru,  that 
is,  divine  tree.]  A  kind  of  Indian  cedar, 
closely  akin  to  the  cedar  of  Lebanon,  yield- 
ing valuable  timber,  and  introduced  into 
Europe  and  elsewhere  as  an  ornamental 
tree. 

Deodorize,  de-o'dSr-iz,  v.t.  — deodorized,  de- 
odorizing. To  de:;rive  of  odour  or  smell, 
especially  of  fetid  odour  resulting  from 
impurities.  —  Deodorizer,  Deodorant,  de- 
o'dfer-i-zfer,  d5-o'd6r-ant,  n.  That  wnich 
deodorizes;  a  substance  which  has  the 
power  of  destroying  fetid  effluvia,  as  chlo- 
rine, chloride  of  lime,  &c. — Deodorization, 
d6-6'der-i-za"shon,  n.  The^  act  or  process 
of  deodorizing. 

Deontology,  c5-on-tol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  deon, 
deoivtos,  that  which  is  binding  or  right, 
duty,  and  logos,  discourse.]  The  science 
of  d.uty;  that  doctrine  of  ethics  which  is 
founded  on  the  principle  of  judging  of 
actions  by  their  tendency  to  promote 
happiness.  —  Deontologicai,  de-on'to-loj"- 
i-kal,  a.  Relating  to  deontology.  —  De- 
ontoioglst,  de-on-tol'c-jigt,  n.  One  versed 
in  deontology. 

Deoxidate,  Deoxidize,  de-ok'si-dat,  de-ok'- 
si-diz,  v.t.  [Prefix  de,  priv.^and  oxide,  or 
the  first  part  of  oxygen.]  To  deprive  of 
oxj-gen,  or  reduce  from  the  stateof  an 
oxide;  also  called  deoxygenate  (de-ok'si- 
ge-nat).— Deoxldation,  Deoxidizementjde- 
ok'si-da"shon,  de-ok'si-diz-ment,  n.  The 
act  or  process  of  reducing  from  the  state 
of  an  oxide ;  called  also  deoxygenation. — 
Deoxidize,  de-ok'si-diz,  v.t.  —  deqxidieed, 
deoxidiziJig.    To  deoxidate. 

Depart,  de-part',  v.i.  [Fr.  departir  —  de, 
and  partir,  to  separate.  Part.)  To  go  or 
move  away;  to  go  elsewhere;  to  leave  or 
desist,  as  from  a  practice;  to  forsake, 
abandon,  deviate,  not  to,  adhere  to  or 
follbw  (commonly  with  from  in  these 
senses);  to  leave  this  world:  to  die;  to 
decease.  —  «;.<.  To  leave;  to.  retire  from: 
with  ellipsis  of  /roin.— Departed,  de-par'- 
ted,  p.  and  a.  Gone;  vanished;  dead:  with 
the  definite  article  used  as  a  noun  for  a 
dead  person.— Department,  de-part'ment, 
n.    A  separate  branch  cf  business^  a  dis- 


Fate,  far,  fal,  fftll;     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pifi;     note,  not,  move;     tobe,  tub,  b\iIU     oil,  pound;     U,  So.  abtoie— the  Fr.  «,, 


DEPASTURE 


189 


DEPRESS 


tinct  province,  in  which  a  class  of  duties 
are  allotted  to  a  particular  person;  a  dis- 
tinct branch,  as  of  science,  &c.;  a  division 
of  territory,  as  in  France;  a  district  into 
■which  a  country  is  formed  for  govern- 
mental or  other  purposes. — Departmental, . 
de-piirt-men'tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  de- 
partment, branch,  district,  &c. — Dcpar- 
tttre,  de-par'tur,  n.  The  act  of  departing 
or  going  away;  a  moving  from  or  leaving 
a  place;  death;  dgcease;  a  forsaking;  aban- 
donment; deviation,  as  from  a  standard, 
rule,  or  plan. 

Depasture,  d5-pas'tar,  v.t.  To  put  out  in 
order  to  graze  or  feed;  to  pasture;  to  graze; 
to  eat  up  by  cattle.— v-t.  To  feed  or  pas- 
ture; to  graze. 

Depauperize,  de-pa'ptr-iz,  v.t.  To  raise 
from  a  condition  of  poverty  or  pauperism; 
to  free  from  paupers  or  pauperism;  also, 
to  reduce  to  a  state  of  pauperism. 

Depend,  de-pend',  v.i.  LL.  depcndeo,  tp  bang 
down— de,  down,  and  pendeo,  to  hang,  seen 
also  in  pendant,  pendtilum,  pendulous,  im- 
pend, &c.]  To  be  sustained  by  being  fas- 
tened or  attached  to  something  above;  to 
hang  down:  followed  by /roin;  to  be  related 
to  anything  in  regard  to  existence,  opera- 
tion, or  effects;  to  he  contingent  or  condi- 
tioned: followed  by  on  or  upon  (we  depend, 
on  air  for  respiration);  to  rest  with  confi- 
dence; to  trust,  rely,  or  confide;  to  believe 
fully:  with  on  or  upon. —  Dependable,  de- 
jien'da-bl,a.  Capable  of  being  depended  on; 
trustworthy.— Dependant,  Dependent,  de- 
pen  dant,  de-pen'dent,  n.  One  who  is  sus- 
fained  by  another,  or  who  relies  on  another 
for  supporter  favour;  a  retainer^  a  follow- 
er; a  servant.  [The  spelling  with  -ant  is 
no'v  the  more  common  in  the  case  of  the 
nouh,  with  -ent  in  the  case  of  the  adj.  So 
d'.p'i'idetxce  is  better  than  dependanee.] — 
Dependence,  de-pen'dens,  n.  A  state  of 
heinrr  dependent;  connection  and  support; 
mutual  connection;  inter-relation;  a  state 
of  rolying  on  another  for  support  or'exis- 
ttace;  a  state  of  being.subject  to  the  opera- 
tion of  any  other  cause;  reliance;  confl- 
deiue;  trust;  a  resting  on.  —  Dependency, 
dc-psn'den-si,  n.  The  state  of  oeing  de- 
pendent; dependence;  now  generally  a 
tprritory  remote  from  the  kingdom  or 
state  to  which  it  belongs,  but  subject  to 
it3  dominion  (Malta  is  a  dependency  of 
Bii bin). —Dependent,  Dependant,  de- 
pen  dent,  de-pen'dant,  a.  Hanging  down; 
subj'ict  to  the  power  of  or  at  the  disposal 
of  another;  not  able  to  exist  or  sustain 
itsfi/'  alone;  relying  for  support  or  favour 
(licpaid^nt  on  another's  bounty).— Depen- 
destly,  Dependantly,  d5-pen'dent-li,  d5- 
penViant-li,  adv.  In  a  dependent  manner. 
— Depender,  de-pen'dfer,  n.  One  who  de- 
pends; a  dependant. 

Dephlogisticate,  dg-flo-jis'ti-kat,  v.t.  An 
old  chemical  term  meaning  to  deprive  of 
phlogiston,  or  the  supposed  principle  of 
inflammability. 

Depict,  de-pikt',  v.t.  [L.  depingo,  depictum 
— de,  and  pingo,  to  paint.  Paint,  Picture.] 
To  form  a  likeness  of  in  colours;  to  paint; 
to  portray;  to  represent  in  words;  to  de- 
scribe.—Deplcture.t  de-pik'tOr,  v.t.  To 
depict;  to  picture. 

Depilate,  dep'i-lat,  v.t— depilated,  depila- 
tintj.  [L,  depilo,  depUatum  —  de,  priv., 
and  pilus,  hair.]  To  strip  of  hair.- Depl- 
lation,  dep-i-la'shon,  n.  The  removal  of 
hair.— Depilatory,  de-pil'a-to-ri,  a.  Hav- 
ing the  quality  or  power  to  remove  hair 
from  the  skin.— n.  An  application  which 
is  used  to  remove  hair  without  injuring 
the  texture  of  the  skin;  a  cosmetic  em- 
ployed to  remove  superfluous  hairs  from 
the  human  skin. 

Deplete,  A^-pl5t',  v.t.— depleted,  depleting. 
[it.  depleo,  depletum,  to  empty  out — de, 
priv.,  and  plea,  to  flU,  as  in  complete,  &c.] 
To  empty,  reduce,  or  exhaust  by  draining 
away.  —  Depletion,  de-ple'ahon,  ».  The 
act  of  depleting;  m^d.  the  act  of  diminish- 
ing the  quantity  of  blood  in  the  vessels  by 
blood-letting.  —  Depletive,  de-pl5'tiv,  a. 
Tending  to  deplete;  producing  depletion. 
— n.  That  which  depletes;  any  medical 
agent  of  depletion.— Depletory,  de-^le'to- 
1  i ,  a.     Calculated  to  deplete. 

Deplore,  ds-pior',  v.t. — deplored,  deploring. 


[L  deploTO—^,  intens.,  and  ploro,  to  wail, 
to  let  tears  flow  (same  root  as  flow,  flood); 
seen  also  in  explore,  implore.]  To  feel  or 
express  deep  and  poignant  grief  for;  to 
lament;  to  mourn;  to  grieve  for;  to  bewail; 
to  bemoan.  —  Deplorable,  de-plo'ra-bl,  a. 
Lamentable;  sad;  calamitous;  grievous; 
miserable;  wretched;  contemptible^or  piti- 
able.— Deplorableneas,  Deplorability,  d€- 
plo'ra-bl-ues,  de-plo'ra-bil"i-ti,  w.  The  state 
of  being  deplorable.- Deplorably,  de-plo'- 
ra-bli,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  be  'deplored; 
lamentably. — Deplorer,  dS-plo'rfer,  n.  One 
who  deplores.- Deploringly,  de-plo'ring-li, 
adv.    In  a  deploring  manner. 

Deploy,  de-ploi',  v.t.  IFr.  ddployei — de, 
priv. ,  and  ployer  (as  in  employ),  equivalent 
to  'plier,  to  fold,  from  L.  plicare,. to  fold. 
Ply,]  MUit.  to  extend  in  a  line  of  small 
depth,  as  a  battalion  which  hsw  been  pre- 
viously formed  in  one  or  more  columns ; 
to  display;  to  open  out.— v.i.  To  form  a 
more  extended  front  or  line;  to  open  out. 
—Deployment,  de-ploi'ment,  n.  The  act 
of  deploying. 

Deplume,  de-plOm',  v.t.— deplumed,  deplum- 
ing. [h.\j.  deplumo — L.  de,  priv.,  and 
pluma,  a  feather.]  To  strip  of  feathers; 
to  deprive  of  plumage. 

Depolarize,  d6-po'l6r-iz,  v.t.  To  deprive  of 
polarity.— Depolarization,  de-po'ler-i-za"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  depriving  of  polarity; 
the  restoring  oi  a  ray  of  polarized  light  to 
its  former  state. 

Depone,  d5-pon'j  v.i.  [L.  depono—de,  down, 
and  pono,  posifv.m,  to  place.  Position.] 
To  give  testimony;  to  depose:  chiefly  a 
Scots  law  term.— Deponent,  de-po'nent,  a. 
Lajing  down.— Deponent  verb,  in  Latin 
gram,  a  verb  which  has  a  passive  termi- 
nation, with  an  active  signification. — n. 
One  who  depones;  a  deponent  verb. 

Depopulate,  de-pop'a-lat,  v.t. — depopulated, 
depopulating.  '  [L.  de^  from,  and  poput 
lus,  people.]  To  deprive  of  inhabitants, 
whether  by  death  or  by  expulsion;  to  dis- 
people; to  great! V  diminish  the  inhabi- 
tants of  .—Depopulation,  de-pop'a-la'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  depopulating.— Depopula- 
tor,  de-pop'a-la-t6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  depopulates. 

Deport,  de-port',  v.t.  [Fr.  diporter,  to 
banish;  O.Fr.  se  deporler,  to  amuse  one's 
self;  L.  deporto,  to  banish  —  de,  down, 
away,  and  porto,  to  carry.]  To  carry,  de- 
mean, or  behave:  used  refl.;  also,  to  trans- 
port; to  carry  away,  or  from  one  country 
to  another. — n.t  Behaviour;  carriage;  de- 
meanour; deportment.  [Mii.]  —  Deporta- 
tion, de-por-ta'shon,  n.  A  removal  from 
one»  country  to  another,  or  to  a  distant 
place;  exile;  banishment.  —  Deportment, 
a5-p5rt'ment,  ra.  Manner  of  acting  in  re- 
lation to  the  duties  of  life;  behaviDur;-de- 
meanour;  carriage;  conduct. 

Depoje,  de-poz',  v.t. — deposed,  deposing. 
[Fi.'ddposer — de,  from,  and  poser,  to  place. 
Compose.]  To  remove  from  a  throne  or 
other  high  station;  to  dethrone;  to  divest 
of  oflice;  to  give  testimony  on  oath,  espe- 
cially in  a  court  of  law.— Deposable,  de- 
po'za-bl,  a.  That  may  be  deposed. — De- 
posal,  d5-po'zal,  n.  The  act  of  deposing  or 
divesting  of  ofiBce.— Deposer,  d6-po^zer,.n. 
One  who  deposes.— Deposition,  de-po-zish'- 
on,  n.  The  act  of  deposing  or  giving  tes- 
timony nnder  oath ;  the  attested  written 
testimony  of  a  witness;  declaration;  the 
act  of  dethroning  a  king,  or  removing  a 
person  from  an  office  or  station.  See  also 
under  Deposit. 

Deposit,  de-poz'it,  v.t.  [L.  depositum,  some- 
thing deposited,  a  deposit,  from  depono, 
depositum,.  Depone,  Position.]  To  lay 
down;  to  place;  to  put;  to  lay  in  a  place 
for  preservation;  to  lodge  in  the  hands  of 
a  person  for  safe-keeping  or  other  purpose; 
to  intrust;  to  commit  as  a  pledge. — n.  That 
which  is  laid  down;  any  matter  kdd  or 
thrown  down,  or  lodged;  matter  that 
settles  down  and  so  is  separated  from  a 
flui^,  as  igeol.)  an  accumulation  of  mud, 
gravel,  stones,  Ac,  lodged  by  the  agency 
of  water ;  anything  intrusted  to  the  care 
of  another;  a  pledge;  a  thing  given  as  se- 
curity or  for  preservation;  a  sum  of  money 
lodged  in  a  bank.  —  Depositary,  de-poz'i- 
ta-ri,  n.  A  person  with  whom  anything  is 


left  or  lodged  intrust;  a  guardian.— ^De- 
position, de-po-zish'on,  n.  [L.  depositio.} 
The  act  of  depositing,  laying,  or  setting 
down;  placing;  that  which  is  deposited, 
lodged,  or  thrown  down.  See  also  under 
Depose.  —  Depositor,  de-poz'i-tfer,  n.  One 
who  makes  a  deposit. — Depository,  de- 
poz'i-to-ri,  n.  A  place  where  anythmg  is 
lodged  for  safe-keeping;  a  person  to  whom 
a  thing  is  intrusted  for  safe-keepingt. — 
Deposit-receipt,  n.  An  acknowledgment 
for  money  lodged  with  a  banker  for  a 
stipulated  time  and  not  on  a  current  ac- 
count, 

Depot,-  dep'o  or  de'pS,  n.  [Ft.  dip6t,  O.Fr. 
depost,  from  L.  depono,  depositum,  to  de- 
posit.] A  place  of  deposit ;  a  depository ; 
a  building  for  receiving  goods  for  storage 
or  sale;  milit.  the  headquarters  of  a  regi- 
ment; also  a  station  where  recruits  for 
diifcrent  regiments  are  received  and 
driUed;  a  railway-station  (American). 

Deprave,  de-prav',  v.t.—diepraved,  deprav- 
ing. [L.  depravo,  to  make  crooked,  to  de- 
prave— de,  intens.,  and  nravus,  crooked, 
perverse,  wicked.]  To  make' bad  or  worse; 
to  impair  the  good  qualities  of;  to  vitiate; 
to  corrupt. — Depravation,  dep-ra-va'shon, 
».  [h.  depravatU).]  The  act  of  depraving 
or  corrupting;  the  state  of  being  depraved; 
corruption;  deterioration.— Depraved,  d5- 
pravd',  p.  and  a.  Vitiated ;  tainted ;  cor- 
rupted [depraved  taste);  destitute  of  good 
principles:  vicioui?;  immoral;  profligate; 
abandoned.  —  Depravedly,  d6-pra' ved-li, 
adv.  In  a  depraved  manner.— Depraver, 
de-pra'v6r,  n.  One  who  depraves.  —  De- 
pravingly,  de-pra'ving-li,  adv.  In  a  de- 
praving manner. — Depravity,  d6-prav'i-ti, 
Jt.  The  state  of  being  depraved;  a  vitiatea 
state;  especially,  a  state  of  corrupted 
morals;  destitution  of  good  principles; 
sinfulness;  wickedness;  vice;  profligacy. 

Deprecate,  dep're-kat,  v.t. — deprecated,  de- 
precating, [h.  deprecor,  dejyrecatus,  to 
pray  against,  to  ward  off  by  prayer— de, 
off,  and  precor,  to  pray.]  To  pray  deliver- 
ance from,  or  that  somethmg  may  be 
averted;  to  plead  or  argue  earnestly 
against;  to  urge  reasons  against;  to  ex- 
press strong  disapproval  of  (as  of  anger,  a 
scheme,  Ac.).  — Deprecatin^ly,  dep're-ka- 
ting-li,  adv.  In  a  deprecating  manner.-^ 
Deprecation,  dep-re-ka'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  deprecating;  a  praying  against;  en- 
treaty; disapproval;  condemnation.  —  De- 
precator,  dep're-ka-ter,  n.  One  who  de- 
precates.—Deprecatory  ,Deprecative,dep'- 
re-ka-to-ri,  dep're-kfirtiv,  a.  Serving  to 
deprecate;  having  the  character  of  depre- 
cation. 

Depreciate,  de-prS'shi-at,  v.t. — depreciated, 
depreciating.  VL.  depretio,  to  lower  the 
price  of — de,  down,  and  pretium.,  price. 
Price.]  To  bring  down  the  price  or  value 
of ;  to  cause  to  be  less  valuaole ;  to  repre- 
sent as  of  little  value  Or  merit,  or  of  less 
value  than  is  commonly  supposed;  to 
lower  in  estimation,  undervalue,  deciy, 
disparage,  or  underrate. — v.i.  To  fall  m 
value;  to  become  of  less  worth.— Depreci- 
ation, d5-pre'shi-a"shon,  n.  The  act  of 
depreciating}  reduction  m  value  or  worth; 
a  lowering  or  undervaluing  in  estima- 
tion; the  state  of  being  undervalued. — 
Depreclative,  Depreciatory,  depre'shi-a- 
tiv,  de-pre'shi-a-to-ri,  a.  Tending  to  de- 
preciate.—Depredator,  de-pre'shi-a-t6r,  n. 
One  who  depreciates. 

Depredate,  dep're-dat,  v.t.— depredated,  de- 
predating. [L.  defyrcedor,  to  pillage— <ie, 
intens.,  and  prcedor,  to  plunder,  from 
prceda,  prey.  Pbet.]  To  plunder;  to  pil- 
lage ;  to  waste ;  to  spoil.  —  Depredation, 
dep-rS-da'shon,  n.  The  act  of  depredat- 
ing; a  robbing;  a  pillaging  by  men  or  ani- 

•  mals;  a  laying  waste.  —  Depredator,  dep'- 
r8-da-ter,  n.  One  who  depredates;  a  spoil- 
er; a  waster.— Depredatory,  dep'r8-dft-to- 
ri,  a.    Consisting  in  pillaging. 

Depress,  de-pres',  v.t.  [L.  deprimo,  depres- 
sum,  to  depress--de,  and  premo,  pressum, 
to  'Ipress.    Press.]    To  press  down ;  to  !<6t 

.  fall  to  a  lower  state  or  position;  to  lower; 
to  render  dull  or  languid;  to  deject  or 
make  sad;  to  humble,  abase,  bring  into 
adversity;  to  lower  in  value. — Depresaed, 
de-prest',  p.  and  a.    Dejected ;  dispirited; 


>5l»^c^in;jLCfc,_Sc.  loch;^s,  yojjt  j,yob;^»,  Fr.  ton;^^i)g,8inp;^^fH,  <ften;  th,  ttini^w,  wig;^wh,wftig;  A?h,aaure, 


DEPRIVE 


190 


DESCRIBE 


discouraged:  sad;  humbled;  languid;  dull; 
flat,  hist  flattened  in  shape ;  flattened  as 
regards  the  under  and  upper  surfaces. — 
Depressingly,  de-pres'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  de- 
pressing manner.— Depression,  d€-presh'- 
on,  n.  The  act  of  pressing  down  or  de- 
pressing; a  sinking  or  falling  in  of  a  sui:- 
face;  a  hollow;  the  state  or  feeling  of  be- 
ing depressed  in  spirits;  a  sinking  <i  the 
spirits;  dejection;  a  low  state  of  strength; 
a  state  of  debility;  a  state  of  dulness  or 
inactivity  (as  in  a  trade);  a  period  of  com- 
mercial dulness;  surg.  an  operation  for 
cataract;  couching  (see  under  ConcH). — 
Angle  of  depression,  the  angls  by  which  a 
straight  line  drawn  from  the  eye  to  any 
object  dips  below  the  horizon.  —  Depres- 
sive, dS-pres'iv,  a.  AbW'jr  tending  to  de- 
press or  cast  down.— Depressor,  de-pres'fer, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  depresses;  anat. 
a,  muscle  which  depresses  or  draws  down 
the  part  to  which  it  is  attached. 

Deprive,  de-priy,  v.t.— deprived,  <l&priifing. 
\li.  de,  intens.,  and,  privo,  to  take  away. 
Private.]  To  take  from;  to  dispossess;  to 
despoil;  to  bereave  of  something  possessed 
or  enjoyed:  followed  by  0/  (to  deprive  a 
person  of  a  thing);  to  divest  of  an  ecclesi- 
astical preferment,  dignity,  or  office.  — 
Deprivation,  dep-ri-vS'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
depriving;  a  taking  away;  a  state  of  be- 
ing deprived ;  loss ;  want ;  bereavement ; 
the  act  of  divesting  a  clerg;yman  of  his 
spiritual  promotion  or  dignity;  the  tak- 
ing away  of  a  preferment;  deposition. — 
Dei)rlver,  d6-pri'v6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  deprives  or  bereaves. 

Depth,  depth,  n.  [From  cJeep;  comp.  vddth, 
breadth,  lengthy  &c.]  The  distance  or  mea- 
sure of  a  thing  from  the  highest  part,  top, 
or-surface  to  the  lowest  part  or  bottom,  or 
to  the  extreme  part  downward  or  inward; 
the.n.3asure  from  the  anterior  to  the  pos- 
terior part;  deepness:  in  a  vertical  direc- 
tion opposed  to  Jieight;  a  deep  place;  an 
abyss;  a  gulf;  the. inner,  darker,  or  more 
concealed  part  of  a  thing;  the  middle, 
darkest,  or  stillest  part  (the  depth  of  win- 
ter or  of  a  wood);  abstruseness;  obscurity; 
immensity;  infinity;  intensity  (the  depth 
of  despair  or  of  love);  extent  of  penetra- 
tion, or  of  the  capacity  of  penetrating; 
profoundness.   ' 

Depuratejdep'a-rat,  v.t— depurated,  depu- 
rating. [L.L.  depuro,  depuratum,  to  puri- 
fy— L.  de,  intens.,  ana  puro,  puraimn,  to 
purify,  from  purua,  pure.]  To  free  from 
impurities,  heterogeneous  matter,  or  fecu- 
lence; to  purify;  to  clarify.— Depuration, 
dep-Q-ra'shon,  n.  The  act  of  depTirating; 
the  cleansing  of  a  wound.  —  Deiiurator, 
dep'a-ra-ter,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
depurates. — Depuratory,  dep'U-ra-to-ri,  a. 
Having  the  effect  of  pvuifying;  purifying 
the  blood. 

Depute,  de-pQt',  v.t  —  depvied,  depvMnff-. 
[Pr.  diputer,  from  L.  depvto,  to  destine, 
allot — de,  andputo,  to  prune,  set  in  order, 
reckon,  as  in  compute,  dispute,  &c.]  To 
appoint  as  a  substitute  or  agent  to  act  for 
another ;  to  appoint  and  send  with  a  spe- 
cial commission  or  authority  to  act- for 
the  sender.  —  n.  (dep'Qt).  A  deputy:  as, 
a  sheriff-depute.  [Scotdti.]^ — Deputation, 
dep-Q-ta'shon,  n.  The  act  of  deputing 
or  sending  as  a  deputy;  a  special  com- 
mission or  authority  to  act  as  the  substi- 
tute of  another;  the  person  or  persons  de- 
i)uted  to  transact  business  for  another. — 
)eputy,  dep'u-ti,  n.  [Fr.  dSpuU.]  A  per- 
son appointied  or  elected  to  act  for  another; 
a  representative,  delegate,  agent,  or  sub- 
stitute. 

Deracinate,!  de-ras'i-nat,  v.t  [Fr.  ddro- 
dner—de,  from,  and  racine,  a  root^  from 
I.,  radix,  a'  root:]  To  pluck  up  by  the 
roots;  to  extirpate..    [Shak.'] 

Derange,  de-ranj',  v.t — deranged,  derang- 
ing. [Fr.  d^ranger — de,  priv.,  and  ranger. 
to  set  in  order,  to  range.  Range.]  To  put 
out  of  order;  to  throw  into  confusion;  to 
disorder;  to  confuse;  to  disturb;  to  unset- 
tle; to  embarrass:  to  discompose.  —  De- 
rangement, d5-ranj'ment,  n.  The  act  of 
deranging  or  state  of  being  deranged;  a 
putting  out-of  order;  embarrassment;  con- 
tusion; disorder:  delirium;  insanity;  men- 
tal disorder. 


Derelict,  der'e-Ukt,  a.  [Ii.  derelictus,  left 
behind,  abandoned — de,  intens.,  re.behind, 
and  Unquo,  to  leave.]  Left;  abandoned, 
especially  abandoned  at  sea. — n.  An  article 
abandoned  by  the  owner,  especially  a  ves- 
sel abandoned  at  sea.— Dereliction,  der-e- 
lik'shon,  n.  The  act  of  leaving  with  an 
intention  not  to  reclaim ;  desertion ;  re- 
linquishment; abandonment  (a  dereliction 
of  duty). 

Deride,  d5-rid',  v.t — derided,  deriding.  fL. 
derideo — de,  intens.,  and  ndea,  to  laugh.] 
To  laugh  at  in  contempt;  to  tur^,  to  ridi- 
cule or  make  sport  of;  to  treat  with  scorn 
by  laughter;  to  mock;  to  ridicule.— De- 
rider,  de-ri'der,'».  One  who  derides;  a 
mocker;  a  scoffer.— Deridingly,  de-ri'ding- 
li,  adv.  By  way  of  derision  or  mockery. — 
Derision,  de-rizh'on, ».  [L.  derisio.]  The 
act  of  deriding,  or  the  state  of  being  de- 
rided ;  contempt-manifested  by  laughter; 
mockery;  ridiculej  scorn.  —  Derisive,  de- 
ri'siv,  a.  Expressing  or  characterized  by 
derision;  mocking;  ridiculing. — Derisively, 
de-ri'siv-li,  adv.  With  mockery  or  con- 
tempt.—Derisiveness,  de-ri'siv-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  derisive. 

Derive,  de-riv',  v.t. — derived,  deriving.  [L. 
derivOj  to  divert  a  stream  from  its  channel, 
to  derive — de,  from,  and  rivus,  a  stream, 
whence  also  rivulet,  rival.]  To  divert  or 
turn  aside  from  a  natural  coursej;  to  draw 
from,  as  in  alregular  course  or  channel;  to 
receive  from  a  source  or  as  from  a  source 
or  origin  (to  derive  power,  kno-:vledge, 
facts);  to  deduce  or  dia.w  from  a  root  «3r 
primitive  word;  to  trace  the  etymology 
of.  — v.i.  t  To-come  or  proceed.  [Tenn.] 
—Derivable,  de-ri'va-bl,  a.  Capable^ of  be- 
ing derived. — Derivably.  de-ri'va-bli,  adv. 
Ey  derivation.— Derivation,  der-i-va'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  deriving,  drawing,  or  re-" 
ceiving'  from  a  source ;  the  drawing  or 
tracing  of  a  word  from  its  root  or  origin ; 
etymology.  —  Derivational,  dsr-i-va'shon- 
al,  a.  Relating  to  derivation.  —  Deriva- 
tive, de-riv'a-tiv,  a.  Taken -or  having  pro- 
ceeded from  another  or  something  preced- 
ing; derived;  secondary- — n.  That  which  is 
derived;  that  which  is  deduced  or  comes 
by  derivation  from  another;  a  word  which 
takes  its  origin  in  another  word,  or  is 
formed  from  it.  —  Derivatively,  de-riv'a- 
tiv-li,  adv.  lu  a  derivative  manner;  by 
derivation.-  — ■  Derivatlveness,  de-riv'a-tiv- 
nes,  n.— Derivar,  de-ri'v6r, ».  One  who  de- 
rives. 

Denu,  Derma,  Dermis,  <i6rm,  d6r^a,  d^r'- 
mis,  n.  [Gr.  derma,  skin.]  The  true  skin, 
or  under  lay er  of  th e  skin,  as  di stinguish  ed 
from  the  cuticle,  epidermis,  or  scarf  skin. 
— iJermal,  dfer'mal,  a.  Pertaining  to  skin; 
consisting  of  skin. — Dermatic,  dfer-mat'ik, 
a.  Pertaining  to  the- skin. —  Dermato- 
graphy,  der-ma-tog'ra-fi,  n.  The  anato- 
mical description  of  the  skin. — Dermatoid, 
dfer'ma-toid,  a.  Resembling  skin;  skin- 
like.— Dennatologlst,  d6r-ma-toro-.ust,  n. 
One  versed  in  dermatology  .-Dermatology, 
d6r-ma-tol'o-ji,  n.  The  oranch  of  science 
which  treats  of  the  skin  and  its  diseases. 
—Dermatophyte,  dfir' ma-to-fit,  n.  [Or. 
phuton,  a  plant.]  A  parasitic  plant,  infest- 
ing the  cuticle  and  epidermis  of  men  and 
animals,  and  giving  rise  to  .various  forms 
of  skin-disease,  as  ring-woirm.  —  Dennic, 
dSr'mik,  a.  Relating  to  the  skin.  —  Der- 
moid, dfer'moid,  a.  Resembling  skin:  ap- 
Slied  to  tissues  which  resemble  skin. — 
lermo-skeleton,  n.  The  hard  leathery, 
homy,  shelly,  or  bony  integument,  such 
as  covers  many  invertebrate  and  some 
vertebrate  animals,  taking  the  form  of 
scales,  plates,  shells,  &c.  (as  in  crabs,  croco- 
diles, &o.). 

Derogate,  der^gat,  v.t.  —  derogated,  dero- 
gating. [Ii.  derogo,  derogatum,  to  repeal 
part  of  a  law,  to  restrict,  to  modify — de, 
priv.;  and  rogo,  to  ask,  to  propose.]  To  re- 
peal, annul,  or  revoke  partially,  as  a  law: 
distinguished  from  abrogate;  to  lessen  the 
worth  of :  to  disparagp  t-—v.i.  To  detract ; 
to  have  tae  effect  of  lowering  or  diminish- 
ing, as  in  reputation ;  to  lessen  by  taking 
away  a  part:  with  from  (something  dero- 
gates from  a  person's  dignity.-Derogatlon, 
der-o-ga'shon,  n.  The  act  of  derogating;  a 
taking  away  from,  or  limiting  in  exttat 


or  operation ;  a  lessening  of  value  or  es^ 
timation ;  detraction ;  disparagement.  — 
Derogatory,  de-rog'a-to-ri,  a.  Having  the 
effect  of  derogating  or  detracting  ttom ; 
lessening  the  extent,  effect,  or  value:  with 
to.  —  Derogatoriness,  de-rog'a-to-ri-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  bein^  derogatory j—Deroga- 
torily,  de-rog'a-to-n-li,  adv.  In  a  detract- 
ing manner. 

Derrick,  der'ik,  n.  [The  name  of  a  London 
hangman  of  the  17th  century,  applied  first 
to  the  gallows,  and  hence  to  a  contrivance 
resembling  it.]  An  apparatus  for  hoisting 
heavy  weights,  usually  consisting  of  a 
boom  supporteu  by  a  central  post  which  is 
steadied  by  stays  and  guys,  and  furnished 
with  a'  purchase,  either  the  pulley  or  the 
wheel  and  axle  and  pulley  combined.— 
Derrick-crane,  a  kind  of  crane  with  a  mov- 
able jib,  combining  the  advantages  of  the 
derrick  and  of  the  crane. 

Derringer,  dfer'in-jer,  n.  [After the  inventor, 
an  American  gunsmith.]  A  short-barreUed 
pistol  of  large  calibre,  now  usually  breech- 
loading. 

Dervls,  Dervish,  dfer'vis,  dfir'vish,  n.  [Per. 
derwesh,  poor,  indigent,  a  dervish.]  A 
Mohapimedan  priest  or  monk,  who  pro- 
fesses extreme  poverty,  and  leads  an  au- 
stere life,  partly  in  monasteries,  partly 
itinerant. 

Descant,  desTiantj  n.  [O.Pr.  diactiant,  from 
L.L.  discantus—it.dis,  and  cantus,  singing, 
a  song.]  A  discourse,  discussion,  or  dis- 
putation; mua.  an  addition  of  a  part  cr 
parts  to  a  subject  or  melody ;  a  song  or 
tune  with  various  modulations.— v.t.  (des- 
kant').  To  discourse,  comment,  or  ani- 
madvert freely;  to  add  a  part  or  variation 
to  a  melody.  —  Descanter,  des-kan't^r,  n. 
One  who  descants. 

Descend,  de-send',  v.i.  [Fr.  descendre,  L. 
descendere — de,  down,  scando,  to  climb. 
Scan.]  To  move  from  a  higher  to  a  lower 
place;  to  move,  come,  or  go  downward;  to 
sink;  to  run  or  flow  down;  to  invade  or  fall 
upon  hostilely;  to  proceed  from  a  source  or 

■  origin;  to  be  derived;  to  pass  from  one  heir 
to  another;  to  pass,  as  from  general  to  par- 
ticular considerations;  to  lower  ordegrade 
one's  self;  to  stoop.— v.J.  To  walk,  move, 
or  pass  downward  upon  or  along;  to  pass 
from  '  the  top  to  the  bottom  of.  —  De- 
scendable, de-sen'da-bl,  a.  Capable  of  de- 
scending by  inheritance;  descendible- 
Descendant,  de-sen'daut,  n.  An  individual 
proceeding  from  an  ancestor  in  any  de- 
gree; offspring.- Descendent,  de-sen'dent, 
a.  Descending.- Descender,  de-sen'dfir,  n. 
One  who  descends.— Descendible,  ds-seu'- 
di-bl,  o.  Capable  of  being  descended  or 
passed  down;  capable  of  descending  from 
an  ancestor  to  an  heir.  —  DeBcendinillty, 
d6sen'di-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
descendible.— Descending,  de-sen'ding,  p. 
and  a.  -Moving  downward.  —  Descenditig 
series,  math,  a  series  in  which  each  term 
is  less  than  that  preceding  it.  —  Descen- 
8lon,  de-sen 'shon,  n.  [L.  3««cen«o.]  De- 
scent; degradation.— Descensional,de-sen'- 
shon-al,  a.     Pertaining  to  desccnsion.  — 

.Descensive,  de-sen ' siv,.  o.  Descending; 
tending  downward. — Descent,  de-sent',  n. 
[Fr.  descente.]  The  act  of  descending  or 
passing  from  a  higher  to  a  lower  place;  in- 
clination downward ;  slope;  declivity;  de- 
cline, as  in  station,  virtue,  quality,  or  the 
like;  an  incursion,  invasion,  or  sudden  at- 
tack on  a  country;  transmissionby succes- 
sion or  inheritance ;  a  proceeding  from  a 
progenitor;  extraction;  Imeage;  pedigree; 
a  generation;  a  single  degree  in  the  scale 
of  genealogy;  issuet;  descendantsf. 

Describe,  de-skrib',  v.t— described,  describ- 
ing. [L.  diescriho,  to  write  down,  to  de- 
lineate— do,  down,  and  sci"ibo,  to  write,  as 
in  ascribe,  inscribe,  Sic;  akin  scribe,  scrip- 
ture.] To  delineate  or  mark  the  form  or 
figure  of;  to  trade  out;  to  form  or  trace  by 
motion;  to  show  or  represent  orally  or  by 
writing;  to  depict  or  portray  in  words.— 
v.i.  To  use  th?  power  of  describing.  —  De- 
soibable,  de-skri'ba-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  described.  —  Describent,  ds-skri'- 
bent.n.  «eom.  the  line  or  surface  from  the 
motion  of  which  a'surface  or  solid  is  sup- 

gosed  to  be  generated  or  described.— 
^eadiber,  de-skri'bcr,  n.     Ono  who  de- 


yate,  fftr,  fat,  fftlli     me,  met,  hfer;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tttbe,tub,b\jU;     oU,  pound;     tt,  8c.  abtme— the  Fr.  w. 


DESCRY 


191 


DESPITE 


scribes. — Description,  de-skrip'shon,7i.  [L. 
eZescnpito,rfescj'i/^iioni8.]  The  act  of  describ- 
ing; delineation;  an  account  of  the  proper- 
ties or  appearance  of  a  thing,  so  that  an- 
other may  form  a  just  conception  of  it;  the 
combination  of  qualities  which  constitute 
a  class,  species,  or  individual;  hence,  class, 
species,  variety,  kind  (a  person  of  this 
description).— vescTiptive,  de-skrip'tiv,  a. 
Containing  description:  having  the  qua- 
lity of  representing.  —  Descriptively,  de- 
skrip'tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  descriptive  manner. 
— Descriptiveness,  de-skrip'tiv-nes,  m. 
State  of  being  descriptive. 

Descry,  de-skri',  v.t. —  descried,  descrying. 
[U.Fr.  descrier,  to  decry,  to  make  an  out- 
cry on  discovering  something.  Decry.] 
To  espy;  to  discover  by  the  sight;  to  see 
or  behold  from  a  distance;  to  examine  by 
the  sight  (O.T.).  —  Descrier,  dc-skri'6r,  n. 
One  who  descries. 

Desecrate,  des'e-krSt,  v.t— desecrated;  dese- 
crating. [From  L.  de,  from,  away,  and 
sacar,  sacred,  being  ,thus  the  opposite  of 
consecrate.]  To  divert  from  a  sacred  pur- 
pose or  sacred  character;  to  render  un- 
hallowed; to  profane.  —  DeRecration,  des- 
e-kra'shou,  n.  The  act  of  desecrating; 
profanation. 

Desert,  dez'fert,  a.  [L.  deseHus,  pp.  of  de- 
sero,  desertum,  to  forsake— de,  priv.,  and 
aero,  aertum,  to  unite,  to  join  together, 
from  root  seen  in  series.}  Lying  waste; 
uncultivated  and  uninhabited ;  in  the 
natural  state  and  unimproved  by  man; 
pertaining  to  a  wilderness  (the  desert  air). 
— n.  An  uninhabited  tract  of  land;  a  wil- 
derness ;  a  solitude  ;^  often'  a  vast  sandy, 
stony,  or  rocky  expanse,  almost  destitute 
of  moisture  and  vegetation.— «.  J.  (de-z6rt'). 
To  forsake;  to  leave  utterly;  to  abandon; 
to  quit,  leave,  or  depart  from  in  defiance 
of  duty.— v.i.  To  quit  a  service  or  post 
without  permission;  to  run  away.  —  De- 
serter, a6-z6r't6r,  n.  One  who  deserts; 
particularly,  a  soldier  or  seaman  who  quits 
the  service  without  permission.  — .Deser- 
tion, d6-z6r'shon,  n.  The  act  of  deserting; 
the  state  of  being  deserted  or  forsaken.    - 

Desert,  de-z6rt',  n.  [O.Pr.  deserte,  merit, 
from  deservir,  to  deserve.  Deskrve.]  The 
(juality  of  deserving  either  reward  or  pun- 
ishment ;  merit  or  demerit ;  what  is  de- 
served on  account  of  good  or  evil  done; 
reward  or  punishment  merited;  due  re- 
turn.— Desertless,  de-z^rt'les,  a.  Without 
merit  or  claim  to  favour  or  reward;  un- 
deserving. 

Deserve,  de-zferv',  v.t.— deserved,  desei'vinfl. 
[O.Fr.  deseruir,  desservir,  from  L.  deservio, 
to  serve  diligently — de,intens.,  and  ser'vio, 
to  serve.]  To  merit;  to  be  worthy  of,  whe- 
ther of  good  or  evil ;  to  merit  by  labour, 
services,  or  qualities ;  to  be  worthy  of  or 
call  for  on  account  of  evil  acts  or  qualities 
(actions  that  deserve  censure).  —  «.i.  To 
merit;  to  be  worthy  of  or  deserving  (to 
deserve  well  of  a  person).— Deservedly,  de- 
z6r'ved-li,  adv>  According  to  desert,  whe- 
ther of  good  or  evil ;  justly.  —  Deserver, 
de-z6r'v6r,  n.  One  who  deserves  or  merits: 
used  generally  in  a  good  sense.  —  Deserv- 
ing, de-zfer'ving,  a.  Worthy  of  reward  or 
praise ;  meritorious.  —  Deservingly,  d6- 
z6r'ving-li,  adv.  Meritoriously;  with  just 
desert. 

Deshabille,  dez-a-bel',  n.  [Fr.—d«s= prefix 
dis,  and  habiller,  to  dress;  akin  habili- 
ment.] The  state  of  being  in  undress,  or 
of  not  being  properly  or  fully  dressed. 

Desiccate,  de-sik'at,  v.t.— desiccated,  desic- 
cating. [L.  desicco,  to  dry  up— de,  intens., 
and  sicco,  to  dry,  from  siccus,  dry.]  To 
exhaust  of  moisture;  to  exhale  or  remove 
moisture  from ;  to  dry.  —  v.i.  To  become 
dry.  —  Desic'cant,  Desiccatlve,  de-sik'ant, 
de-sik'a-tiv,  a.  Drying.- n.  A  medicine 
or  application  that  dries  a  sore. — Desicca- 
tion, des-ik-ka'shon,  n.  The  act  of  making 
dry;  the  state  of  being  dried. 
Desiderate,  d5-sid'6r-at,  v.t.  [h.  desidero, 
desideratum,  to  long  for,  to  feel  the  want 
of,  whence  also  desire.]  To  feel  the  want 
of;  to  miss;  to  want;  to  desire.  —  Desider- 
ative,  de-sid'6r-a-tiv,  a.  Having  or  imply- 
ing desire;  expressing  or  denoting  desire. 
— ji.  A  verb- formed  from  another  verb  and 
expressing'  a  desire  of  doing  the  action 


implied  in  the  primitive  verb.  —  Desider- 
atum, de-sid'er-a"tum,  n.  pi.  Desiderata, 
d5-sid'er-a"ta.  LL-J  That  which  is  not 
possessed,  but  which  is  desirable;  some- 
thing much  wanted. 

Design,  de-sin'  or  de-zin',  v.t.  [L.  designo, 
to  mark  out,  point  out,  contrive — de,  and 
signo,  to  seal  or  stamp,  from  gignum,  a 
sign.  Sign.]  To  plan  and  delineate  by 
drawing  the  outline  orfigure  of;  to  sketch, 
as  for  a  pattern  or  model;,  to  project  or 
plan;  to  contrive  for  a  purpose;  to  form  in 
idea  (a  scheme);  to  set  apart  in  intention; 
to  intend;  to  purpose.— t/.i.  To'  intend ;  to 
purpose. — n.  A  plan  or  representation  of  a 
thing  by  an  outline;  first  idea  represented 
by  lines,  as  in  painting  or  architecture;  a 
sketch;  a  drawing;  a  tracing;  a  scheme  or 
plan  in  the  mind;  purpose;  intention;  aim; 
the  adaptation  of  means  to  a  preconceived 
end;  contrivance.— ^Designable,  de-si'na-bl 
or  de-zi'na-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  de- 
signed or  marked  out ;  distinguishable. — 
Designate,  des'ig-nat,  v.t. — designated,  des- 
ignating. To  mark  out  or  indicate  by 
visilale  lines,  marks,  description,  &c.;  to 
name  and  settle  the  identity  of;  to  deno- 
minate; to  select  or  distinguish  for  a  par- 
ticular purpose;  to  appoint,-,  name,  or 
assign.  —  Designation,  aes-ig-na'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  designating;  a  distinguishing- 
from  others;  indication;  appointment; 
assignment;  distinctive  appellation. — Des- 
ignative,  Delsignatory,  des'ig-na-tiv,  des'- 
ig-na-to-ri,  a.  Serving  to  designate  or  in- 
dicate—Designator, des'ig-na-ter,  n.  One 
who  designate?  or  points  out.— Designedly, 
de-si'ned-U  of  de-zi'ned-li,  adv.  By  design; 
purposely;  intentionally.  —  Designer,  de- 
sVnfer  or  de-zi'ner,  n.  One  who  designs. — 
Designing,  de-si'ning  or  de-zi'ning,  pp. 
and  a.  Artful;  insidious;  intriguing;  con- 
triving schemes  of  mischief. 

Desire,  de-zir",  v.t.— desired,  desiring.  [Fr. 
disirer.  from  L.  desidero,  desideratvm,, 
to  desire  (desiderate,  being  thus  the  same 
word) — prefix  de,  and  sidero,  as  in  com^ 

.sidero.  Consider.]  To  wish  for  the  pos- 
session .or -enjoyment  of ;  to  long  for:  to 
hanker  after;  to  covet;  to  express  a  wish 
to  obtain:  to  ask;  to"  request;  to  petition. 
—v.i.  To  De  in  a  stat«  of  desire  or  anxiety. 
— n.  [Fr.  d^sir,  from  the  verb.]  An  emotion 
or  excitement  of  the-  mind,  directed  to 
the  attainment  or  possession  of  an  object 
from  which  pleasure  is  expected;  a  Wish, 
craving,  or  longing  to  obtain  or  enjoy;  the 
object  of  desire ;  that  which  is  desired. — 
Desirability,  Desirableness,  d5-zi'ra-bil"i- 
ti,  de-zi'ra-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  desirable.— Desirable,  de-zi'ra-bl. 
a.  Worthy  of  desire;  calculated  or  fitted 
to  excite  a  wish  to  possess.- Desirably, 
de-zi'ra-bli,  adv.  In  a  desirable  manner'. 
— Deslrer,  de-zi'r6r,  n.  One  who  desires. 
— Desirotis,  dC-zi'rus,  a.  Pilled  with  a  de- 
sire; wishing  to  obtain;  wishful;  covetous: 
often  with  of.  —  Desirously,  de-zi'rus-li; 
adv.    With  desire;  with  earnest  wishes. 

Desist,  de-sist',  v.t.  [L.  desisto,  to  desist — 
de,  away  from,  and  sisto,  to  stand,  as  in 
assist,  consist,  persist,  &c.  Stand.]  To 
cease  to  act  or  proceed;  to  forbear;  to  leave 
off;  to  discontinue;  to  cease.— Desistance, 
Desistence.t  d5-sis'tans,  de-sis'tens,  n.  A 
ceasing  to  act  or  proceed;  a  stopping. 

Desk,desk,n.  [A.Sax.disc,atable,adish:L.L. 
discus,  a  desk,  from  L.  discus,  Gr.  diakos,  a 
disc,  a  quoit;  dais,  dish,  disk  are  the  same 
word.]  A  kind  of  table  or  piece  of  furniture 
with  a  sloping  upper  surface  for  the  use  of 
writers  and  readers;  a  frame  or  case  to  be 
placed  on  a  table  for  the  same  purpose. 

Desman,  des'man,  n.  The  European  musk- 
rat. 

Desmography,  des-mog'ra-fi,  n.  [Gr.  des- 
mos,  a  ligament.]  A  description  of  the 
ligaments  of  the  "body. — Desmology,  des- 
mol'o-ji,  n.  That  branch  of  anatomy 
which  treats  of  the  ligaments  and.sinews. 

Desolate,  des'o-lat,  v.t. — desolated,  desolat- 
ing. [L.  desoto,  dcsolatum,  to  leave  alone, 
to  forsake  — de,  intens.,  and  solo,  to  lay 
waste,  from  solus,  alone.  Sole,  a.]  To  de- 
prive of  inhabitants ;  to  make  desert ;  to 
lay  waste;  to  ruin;  to  ravage.— a.  (L.  deso- 
latus,  pp.  of  desolo,  desolatum.]  Destitute 
or  deprived  of  inhabitants;  desert;  unin- 


hiibited ;  laid  waste;  in  a  ruinous  condi- 
tion; without  a  companion ;  solitary;  for- 
saken; forlorn ;  lonely.— Desolately,  des'- 
o-lat-h,  adv.  Ina  desolate  manner.  — 
Desolateness,  des'o-lat-nes,  n.  A  state  of 
being  desolate.— Desolater,De8olator,des'- 
o-la-t6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  deso- 
lates.—Desolation,  des-o-la'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  desolatiiig;  devastation;  havoc;  rav- 
age; a  place  depopulated,  ravaged,  or  laid 
waste;  the  state  of  being  desolate;  gloomi- 
ness; sadness;  melancholy;  destitution; 
ruin. 

Despair,  de-spar',  v.i.  [O.Fr.  desperer  (now 
disespirer),  from  L.  despero — de,  priv.,  and 
spero,  to  hope^  stllied  to  Skr.  root  spiih,  to 
desire.  Prosper  is  from  same  root.]  To 
give  up  all  hope  or  expectation :  followed 
by  of;  to  be  sunk  in  utter  want  of  hope. 
—  n.  The  state  of  being  -without  hope, 
combined  "with  a  dread  of  coming  evil; 
hopelessness;  desperation;  that  which 
causes  despair;  theol.  loss  of  hope  in  the 
mercy  of  God.  —  Despairer,  de-spa'rer,  n. 
One  who  despairs.  —  Despairing,  de-spa'- 
ring,  a.  Indulging  in  despair ;  prone,  to 
despair;  indicating  despair.— Despairing- 
ly, d6-spa'ring-li,  adv.  In  a.  despairing 
manner. 

Despatch,  des-pach',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  despeecher, 
I'r.  dipecher,  to  despatch,  to  expedite, 
from  Ii.L.  dispedico — L.  dis,  apart,  and 
pedica,  a  snare,  or  from  a  L.L.  dispaetare, 
from  L.  dis,  and  pango,  pactum,  to  fasten, 
as  in  compact,  a.]  To  send  or  send  away; 
particularly  applied  to  the  sending  of 
messengers,  agents,  and  letters  on  special 
business,  and  often  implying  haste;  to 
hasten;  to  expedite;  to  speed;  to  send  out 
.of  the  world;  to  put  to  death;  to  slay;  to 
kill;  to  perform  or  execute  speedily;  to 

,  finish.— n.  The  act  of  despatching;  the 
getting  rid  of  or  doing  away  with  some- 

■  thing;  dismissal;  riddance;  speedy  per- 
formance; speed;  haste;  eXpeditionj  a  let- 
ter sent  or  to  be  sent  with  expedition  by 
a  special  messenger;  a  letter  on  some 
affair  of  state  or  of  public  concern;  a  let- 
ter, message,  or  document,  sent  by  some 
public  officer  on  public  business. — Des- 
patcher,  des-pach'6r,  n.  One  who  des- 
patches. —  Despatchfal,  des-pach'ful,  a. 
Full  of  despatch  or  haste;  bent  on  haste; 
indicating  haste. 

Desperado,  des-per-R'dS,  n.  [Old  Sp.l  A 
desperate  fellow;  one  fearless  or  regajimess 
of  safety;  a  reckless  ruffian. 

Desperate,  des'p6r-at,  a.  [L.  desperatua, 
pp.  of  despero,  to  despair.  Despair.] 
Without  hopet;  regardless  of  safety;  fear- 
less of  danger;  reduced  to'extremity  and 
reckless  of  consequences;  frantic;  proceed- 

,  ing  from  despair;  reckless;  beyond  hope; 

'  irretrievable;  past  cure;  hopeless  [desperate 
diseases,  situation,  undertaking).  —  Des- 
perately, des'p^r-at-U,  adv.  In  a  desperate 
manner;  recklessly;  violently;  furiously; 
madly.— Desperateness,  des'pir-at-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  oeing  desperate. — 
Desperation,  des-pfer-a'shon,  n.  The  state 
of  being  desperate;  a  giving  up  of  hope; 
disregard  of  safety  or  danger;  fury;  rage; 
violence. 

Despicable,  des'pi-ka-bl,  a.  [L.L.  despica- 
bilis,  from  L.  despicor,  despicatus,  to  de- 
spise, from  desiricio.  Despise.]  Deserving 
of  being  despised;  contemptible;  base; 
mean ;  vile;  worthless.  .•.  Syn.  under  Con- 
temptible.— Desplcableness,  des'pi-ka-bl- 
nes,  n.    The  quality  or  state  of  being  des- 

ficable.  —  Despicably,  des'pi-ka-bli,  adv. 
n  a  despicable  manner;  basely;  vilely. 

Despise,  de-spiz',  v.t.— despised,  despising. 
[O.Fr.  despie,  pp.  of  despire,  to  despise,, 
from  L.  despieere,  to  despise — de,  down, 
and  speeio,  to  look.  Species.  Akin  des- 
picable, despite.]  To  look  down  upon;  to 
nave  the  lowest  opinion  of;  to  contemn; 
to  disdain;  to  scorn. 

Despite,  de-spit';  n.  [O.Fr.  deapit.  Mod. 
Fr.  dipit,  from  L.  despectus,  a  looking 
down  upon,  a  despising,  from  despicio,  to 
despise.  Despise.  Hence  the  shorter 
form  spite.]  Extreme  malice;  malignity; 
contemptuous  hate;  aversion;  spite;  de- 
fiance with  contempt,  or  contempt  of  op- 
position; contemptuous  defiance;  an  act  of 
malice  or  contempt.— u.t.t  To  vex;to  offend; 


ch,  cftain;     eft.  So.  locA;     g.jfo;     j.job;     a,  Er.  ton;     ng,  si«(;;     th,  «ften;  th,  Wlin;     w,  wij;     wb,  wAig;     zh,a«ure, 


DESPOIL 


192 


DETERMINE 


to  spite;  to  tease.— prep.  lit  spite  of;  not- 
withEtanding.— Despiteful,  de-spit'ful,  a. 
Full  of  desDite  or  smte;  malicious;  mclig- 
nant.  —  Dsspitefully,  de-spit 'ful-li,  adv. 
With  despite;  maliciously;  contemptuous- 
ly.—SespitefiUnesg,  de-gpit'ful-nes,  n. 

DeipoU,  dS-Bpoil',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  despoiller,  L. 
despolio,  to  rob,  plunder— de,  intens.,  and 
spolio,  to  spoil.  Spoil.]  To  take  from  by 
force;  to  rob;  to  strip;  to  divest;  to  deprive 
(to  despoil  a  person  of  a  thing). — Despoiler, 
d6-spoi'l6r,  n.  Onewho  dcspcils;  a  plun- 
derer. —  Despoliation,  d5-sp6'li-a"shon,  n. 
The  act  .of  despoiling;  a  stripping. 

Despond,'  de-spond',  v.i.  [L.  despondao,  to 
promise  in  marriage,  to  promise  away,  to 
give  up,  to  despond — de,  away,  and  spon- 
deo,  tponsum,  to  promise  solemnly,  whence 
spcmsor,  spouse,  respond.  ]  To  be  quite  cast 
down;  to  feel  depressed  ordejectecf  in  mind; 
to  lose  hope,  heart,  or  resolution.  —  De- 
spondency, de-spon'den-si,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  despondent. — Despon- 
dent, de-spon'dent,  o.  Losing  coKrage  at 
the  loss  of  hope;  sinking  into  dejection. — 
Despondently,  Deepondingly,  .de-spon'- 
dent-li,  de-spon'ding-li,  adv.  In  a  despon- 
dent manner. — Desponder,  d5-spon'd6r,  n. 
One  who  desponds. 

Despot,  des'pot,  n.  [Gr.  despoie3,ppteg be- 
ing from  same  root  as  Gr.  poais,  Lith.  and 
Skr.  patis,  lord,  husband;  L.  potior,  to  be 
master  of,  potis,  able,  potestas,  power; 
Slav,  hospodar,  gospodar,  lord,  master.] 
A  sovereign  or  monarch  ruling  absolutely 
or  without  control;  a  tyrant;  one  who 
enforces  his  will  regardless  of  the  inter- 
ests or  feelings  of  others. — Despotic,  D33- 
potical,  des-pot'ik,  des-pot'i-kal,  a.  Ab- 
solute in  power;  unrestrained  by  constitu- 
tion, laws,  or  men;  arbitrary;  tyrannical. 
— DespotieaJly,  des-pot'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a 
despotic  manner.  —  Despotism,  des'pot- 
izm,  n.  Absolute  p8wer;  unlimited  or 
uncontrolled  authwity;  an  arbitrary  gov- 
ernment; the  rule  of  a  despot;  absolutism; 
autocracy;  tyranny. 

Daapumate,!  d5-spQ'mat,  v.t.  and  i.  [L.  de- 
spumo,  deapuniatum — de,  off,  and  spuma, 
froth ,  scum.  Spue.]  To  throw  off  or  re- 
move froth  or  scum.— Dosp'omatioc,  des- 
puma'shon,  n.    The  act  of  despumating. 

Desquamate,!  de-skwa'mat,  v.i.  [L.  de- 
SQuanio,  desqyamat-um — de,  off,  and  smta- 
via,  a  scale.]  To  scale  off;  to  peel  off. — 
Desquamation,  des-kwa-ma'shon,  n.  A 
scalius  off.  —  Desquamative,  Desquama- 
tory,  des-kwam'a-tiv,  des-kwam'a-to-ri,  o. 
Relating  to  desquamation. 

Dessert,  as-z6rt',  n.  [Fr.  d€S«e?"<,  from  des- 
servir,  to  clear  the  table— des  (=L.dis),  and 
servir,  to  serve.]  A  .seirice  of  fruits  or 
sweetmeats  at  the  close  of  a  dinner  or  en- 
tertainment.— Dessert-spoon,  n.  A  spoon 
intermediate  in  sizebetween  a  table-spoon 
and  tea-spoon,  used  for  dessert. 

Destine,  des  tin,  v.t.  —  deMwied,  destining. 
(L.  destino,  to  place  down,  to  make  firm 
or  secure — de,  and  a  root  stan,  a  stronger 
form  of  sta,  root  of  stare,  to  stand,  E. 
ctand',  stay,  boiag  of  the  same  root.]  To 
Fot,  ordain,  or  appoint  to  a  use,  purpose, 
htate  or  place;  to  fix  unalterablj',  as  by  a 
fiivine  decree;  to  doomj  to  devote;  to  ap- 
point inevitablK- —Destination,  des-ti-na'- 
shon,  n.  [L.  destinatio.]  The  act  of  des- 
tining ;  the  purpose  for  which  anything 
is  intended  or  appointed;  predetermined 
object  or  use;  the  place  to  which  a  thing 
is  appointed;  the  predetermined  end  of  a 
journey  or  voyage. — Destinist,  des'ti-nist, 
n.  A  believer  in  destiny. — Destiny,  des'ti- 
ni,  n.  A  person's  destined  fate  or  lot;  ulti- 
mate fate;  doom;  fortune;  invincible  neces- 
eity;  fate;  order  of  things  fixed  or  estab- 
lished by  divine  decree,  or  by  connection 
of  causes  and  effects. — pi.  the  Fates. 

Destitute,  des'ti-tat,  a.  [L.  d  st„tKt<is,  pp. 
of  destitJio,  destitutum,  to  set  down  to  for- 
sake—de,  down,  and  statuo,  to  set.  State, 
Statue,  &c.]  Not  having  or  'boggesaing; 
wanting:  with  of;  not  possessing  the 
necessaries  of  life;  in  abject  poverty;  en- 
tirely without  tlie  means  of  subsistence. — 
Destitution,  des-ti-tu'shon,  n.  The  state 
of  being  destitute;  a  state  of  utter  want; 
poverty;  indigence;  deprivation!. 
Destroy,  dc-stroi,'  v.t.  [O.Pr.  de«/rMi»ie  (now 


d4truire),  from  L.  destruo,  to  destroy— de, 
priv.,  and  struo,  to  pile,  to  build.  Sthuc- 
TURE.]  To  puU  down;  to  knock  to  pieces; 
to  demolish;  to  ruin;  to  annihilate;  to  put 
an  end  to;  to  cause  to  cease;  to  kill  or 
slay;  to  ravage;  io  spoil.  —  Destroyer,  de- 
stroi'er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  de- 
stroys.—  Destructible,  de-struk'ti-bl,  a. 
Liable  to  destruction ;  capable  of  being 
destroyed. — ^D  estructibility ,  Destmctible- 
ness,  de-struk'ti-bil"i-ti,  dg-struk'ti-bl-nes, 
n.  The  state  of  being  destractible.— De- 
struction, de-struk'shon,  n.  FL.  destructio.} 
The  act  of  destroying;  demolition;  a  pull- 
ing down;  subversion;  overthrow;  ruin,  by 
whatever  means;  extermination;  death; 
murder;  slaughter;  the  stp.te  of  being  de- 
stroyed; cause  of  destruction;  a  destroyer 
(O.T.).— Destructive,  de-struk'tiv,  o.  Caus- 
ing destruction;  having  the  quality  of  de- 
stroying; having  a  tendency  to  destroy; 
delighting  in  destruction;  rtiinous;  mis- 
chievous; fatal;  deadly:  with  of  ot  to.— 
Destructive  distillation,  the  distillation  of 
organic  products  a,t  high  temperatures, 
by  which  the  elements  are  separated  or 
evolved  in  new  combinations,  a  familiar 
example  being  the  process  of  producing 
ordinary  illuminating  gas  from  coal. — 
ODestructively,  de-struk'tiv-li,  adv.  In  a 
destructive  manner.— Destractiveness,  d6- 
struk'tiv-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  de- 
structive; a  propensity  to  destroy. 

Desudation,  de-su-da'snon,  n.  [L.  desudo— 
de,  and  sjido,  to  sweat.]  iled.  a  sweating; 
a  profuse  or  morbid  sweating. 

Desuetude,  des'we-tQd,  n.  [L.  desueiudo— 
de,  priv.,  and  siiesco,  to  accustom  one's 
self.  Custom.]  A  state  of  brfng  no  longer 
practised  orcustomary;  disuse;  discontinu- 
ance of  practice,  custom,  or  fashion. 

Deauiphurate,  Desulphurize,  de-surftt-rat, 
df-surfu-riz,  v.t.  To  deprive  of  sulphur. — 
D  esulphuratlon,  Deaulphurization,de-sul'- 
fQ-ra"shon,  d6-8ul'fa-n-za"8hon,  ».  The 
act  of  depriving  of  sulphur. 

Desultory,  des'ul-to-ri,  a.  [Tj.  desnltorivs, 
pertiuning  to  a  desultor,  or  rider  in  the 
circus,  from  desilio,  desidtum,  to  leap 
down— de,  down,  and  talio,  to  leap.]  Leai)- 
in§  or  hopping  abouij;  parsing  from  one 
thing  or  subject  to  another  without  order 
or  natural  connection;  rambling;  uncon- 
nected; immethodical;  inconstant;  un- 
settled; hasty.— Desultorily,  desul-to-ri- 
li,  adv.  In  a  desultory  manner;  without 
method;  loosely. — Desnltorinecs,  des'ul- 
to-ri-nes,  n.  The  character  of  being  de- 
sultory. 

Desynonymize,  de-si-non'i-miz,  v.t.  [Pre- 
fix de,  priv.,  and  synonym.]  To  give  a  turn 
of  meaning  to  so  as  to  prevent  from  being 
absolutely  synonymous;  to  use  with  kin- 
dred but  not  the  same  meanings.— Desy- 
nonymization,  de-si-non'i-mi-za"shon,  n. 
The  act  of  desynonymizing. 

Detach,  dc-tach',  v.t.  [Fr.  ditacher—de, 
priv.,  and  the  root  from  which  the  English 
noun  tack  is  derived.  Tack,  Attach.]  To 
separate  or  disunite;  to  disengage;  to  part 
from ;  to  sever ;  to  separate  for  a  special 
purpose  or  service,  especially  some  mili- 
tary purpose.  —  Detached,  de-tacht',  a. 
Separated;  disunited ;  standing  apart  or 
separately;  drawn  and  sent  on  a  separate 
service.  —  Detachment,  d6-tfl.ch'ment,  n. 
The  act  of  detaching;  a  body  of  troops  or 
number  of  vessels  selected  or  taken  from 
the  main  army  or  fleet  and  employed  on 
some  special  service  or  expedition. 

Detail,  de-ta}',  v.t.  [Fr.  ditailler,  to  cut  in 
pieces — de,  and  tailler,  L.L.  talcare,  taliare, 
to  cut,  from  L.  talca,  a  cutting.  Retail, 
Tailor.]  To  relate,  report,  or  narrate  in 
particulars^  to  recite  the  particulars  of; 
to  particularize;  to  relate  minutely  and 
distinctly;  milit.  to  appc  int  to  a  particular 
service.- ».  An  individual  fact,  circum- 
stance, or  portion  going  along  with  others; 
an  it«m;  a  particular;  a  minute  account;  a 
narrative  or  report  of  particulars.— JWjde- 
tail,  circumstantially ;  item  by  item ;  in- 
dividually; oirt  by  jMirt,— Detailed,  de- 
tald',  p.  ana  a.  Related  in  particulars; 
minutely  recited;  exact;  minute;  partioa- 
lar.— Detailer,  de-ta'l6r,  n.  One  who  de- 
tails. 

Detain,  de-t&n',  v.t  [Fr.  ditenir,  L.  deHiieo, 


to  detain— de,  off,  and  t»neo,  to  hold,  as  in 
contain,  retain,  &q.,  seen  also  in  tenant. 
tenaciovs.  Tenant.]  To  keep  back  or 
from;  to  withhold;  to  retainer  kesro  what 
belongs  to  another;  to  keep  or  restraiD. 
from  proceeding;  to  hinder;  to  stay  or 
stop;  to  hold  in  cuBtody. — Detainer,  d5- 
ta'nfer,  n.  One  who  detains;  law,  a  hold- 
ing or  keeping  possession  of  what  belongs 
to  another. — Detainment,  ds-tan'ment,  n. 
The  act  of  detaining;  detention. — Detent, 
de-tent',' Ji.  [L.  detentus,  a  keeping  back.] 
A  pin,  stud,  or  lever  forming  a  check  in  a 
clock,  watch,  tumbler-lock,  or  other  ma- 
chine; a  click  or  pawl.— Detention,  d5-ten'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  detaining;  a  wrongful 
keeping  of  what  belongs  to  another;  state 
of  being  detained;  connnem.ent;  restraint; 
delay  from  necessity  or  from  accident. 

Detect,  de-tekt',  v.t.  [L.  detepo,  detecium, 
to  uncover,  expose— de,  priv.,  and  tego,  to 
cover.  Deck.J  To  discover ;  to  fijid  out ; 
to  bring  to  light  (an  error,  crime,  crimin- 
al).—Detectable,  Detectible,  de-t<^k'ta-bl, 
d§-tek'ti-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  or  liable 
to  be  detected. — Detection,  de-tek'shon,n. 
The  act  of  detecting;thc  findingout  of  what 
is  concealed  ^hidden,or  formerly  unknown; 
discovery.— Detective,  de-tek'tiv,  a.  Fitted 
for  or  skilled  in  detecting;  employed  in 
detecting  crime.— »*.  A  species  of  police 
officer,  having  no  specific  beat  nor  uni- 
form, whose  special  duty  it  is  to  detect 
offences  and  to  apprehend  criminals;  also 
a  private  person  who  engages  to  investi- 
gate cases,  often  of  a  delicate  nature,  for 
hire.— Detector,  de-tek'ter,  n.  One  who, 
or  that  which,  detects  or  brings  to  light ; 
a  revealer;  a  discoverer. 

Detent,  Detention.    Under  DETArs. 

Deter,  defter',  v.t. — deterred,  deterring.  [L. 
deterreo,  to  frighten- from,  to  prevent — de, 
from,  and  terreo,  to  frighten.  Terror.] 
To  discourage  and  prevent  from  acting  or 
proceeding,  the  preventing  agency  being 
something  anticipated  as  difficult,  dah- 
gorcus,  or  impleasant.  —  Determent,  de- 
t^r'ment,  n.  The  act  or  cause  of  deter- 
ring; that  which  deters.  — Deterrent,  de- 
ter'ent,  a.  Having  the  power  or  tendency 
to  deter. — n.  That  which  deters  or  tends 
to  deter.— Deterrer,  de-ter'6r,  n.  One  who 
or  that  ■which  deters. 

Deterge,  de-terj',  v.t— deterged,  deterging. 
[L.  dezergeo — de,  from,  and  tergeo,  tersuxfi, 
to  wipe^  Terse.]  To  cleanse  (a  sore) ;  to 
clear  away  foul  or  offending  matter  from. 
— Detergence,  Detergency,  de-ter'jens,  d6- 
t*r'jen-si,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
detergent;  clesmsing  or  purging  power. — 
Detergent,  de-ter'jent,  a.  Cletinsing; 
p urging.- n.  Anything  that  has  a  strong 
cleansing  power. — Deteralon,  de-ter'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  cleansing.— Deter«iv«,  ds- 
ter'siv,  a.  Having  power  to  cleanse;  cleans- 
ing.—n.  That  which  has  the  power  of 
cleansing;  a  detergent.  —  Dateraively,  de- 
ter siv-ii,  adv.  In  a  detersive  manner. — 
Deteraiveness,  dS-ter'siv-nes,  n. 

Deteriorate,dct5'ri-o-rat,t>.i.— deteriorated, 
deteriorating.  [L.  detcrioro,  dsterioratum, 
from  deterior,  worse,  from  de,  as  exterior 
from  ex,  interior  from  in.]  To  grow 
worse  or  inferior  in  quality;  to  be  im- 
paired in  quality;  to  degenerate.  —  v.t.  To 
make  worse;  to  reduce  in  quality. — De- 
terioration, dS-te'ri-o-ra"8hon,  n.  The 
process  or  state  of  prowing  worse.— Dete- 
riority.t  d6-t6'ri-or"i-ti,  n.    Deterioration. 

Det-enaine,  de-ter'min,  v.t. — determined,,  de- 
termining. [L.  determino,  to  bound,  to 
limit— de,  intens.,  and  terwiinu*.  a  bound- 
ary, whence  terminate,  term.]  To  fix  the 
bounds  of;  to  set  bounds  or  limits  to;  to 
mark  off,  settle,  fix,  establish;  to  end  or 
settle  conclusively,  as  by  the  decision  of  a 
doubtful  or  controverted  point;  to  settle 
ultimately ;  to  come  to  a  fixed  resolution 
and  intention  in  respect  of;  to  give  a  bent 
or  direction  to;  to  influence  tiie  choice  of; 
to  cause  to  come  to  a  conclusion  or  resolu- 
tion.— v.i.  To  resolve;  to  conclude;  to  de- 
cide; to  settle  on  some  line  of  conduct;  to 
cease;  to  terminate. — Determinability,  de- 
t6r'mi-na-bU"i-ti,  n.  Quality  of  beinif  de- 
terminable.—Determinable,  de-ter'nu-na- 
bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  determined,  ascer- 
tained, decided,  brought  to  a  conclusion.— 


F&te,  fKr,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pio;     nOte,  not,  mOre;     tube,  tub,  l>\fll ;     oil.poood;     0,  Sc,  abtme— the  Fr.  «(. 


DETERRENT 


193 


DEVIL 


Determinant,  de-tfer'mi-nant,  a.  Serving  to 
determine;  determinative. — n.  That 'which 
determines  or  causes  determination;  math. 
the  sum  of  a  series  of  products  of  several 
numbers,  these  products  being  formed  ac- 
cording to  certain  specified  laws. — Deter- 
minate, de-t6r'mi-nat,  a.  [L.  determinatiis.] 
Limited;  fixed;  definite;  established;  set- 
tled; positive;  decisive;  conclusive;  fixad 
in  purpose;  resolute. — Determinate  ivjior- 
es:ence,  in  bot.  same  as  centrifiigal  inflor- 
escence.— v.t.X  To  bring  to  an  end;  to  ter- 
minate (SAafc.).  — Detenninately,  de-tfer'- 
mi-hat-ll,  adv.  In  a  determinate  manner; 
precisely;  with  exact  specification;  reso- 
lutely. —  Determlnateness,  de-t6r'mi-nat- 
nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  determinate. — 
Determination,  de-t6r'mi-na"shon,  -ii.  The 
act  of  determining  or  deciding;  decision 
in  the  riiind;  firm  resolution;  settled  pur- 
pose ;  the  mental  habit  of  settling  upon 
some  line  of  action  with  a  fixed  purpose  to 
adhere" to  it;  adherence  to  aims  or  pur- 
poses; resoluteness;  chem.  the  ascertain- 
ment of  the  exact  proportion  of  any  sub- 
stance in  a  compound  body ;  med.  afflux ; 
tendency  of  blood  to  flow  to  any  part  more 
copiously  than  is  normal. — Determinative, 
de-tfer'mi-na-tiv,  a.  Having  power  to  de- 
termine or  direct  to  a  certain  end;  direct- 
ing; conclusive;  limiting;  bounding;  hav- 
ing the  power  of  ascertaining  precisely; 
employed  in  determining. —Determinator, 
de-ter'mi-na-ter,  n.  One  who  determines. 
—Determined,  de-t6r'mind,  a.  Having  a 
firm  or  fixed  purpose;  manifesting  firm- 
ness or  resolution;  resolute. — Determined- 
ly, de-ter'mind-li,  adv.  In  a  determined 
manner.  —  Determiner,  de-t6r'mi-n6r,  n. 
One  who  decides  or  determines.  —  Deter- 
minism, de-tfer'mi-nizm,  n.  A  system  of 
philosophy  which  denies  liberty  of  action 
to  man,  holding  that  the  will  is  not  free, 
but  is  invincibly  determined  by  motives. 

Deterrent.    Under  Deter. 

Detersion,  Detersive,  &c.   Under  Detekgb. 

Detest,  de-test',  v.t.  [L.  detestor,  to  invoke 
a  deity  in  cursing,  to  detest— de,  intens., 
and  testor,  to  call  to  witness,  from  testis,  a 
withess;  so  attest,  contest,  also  testify,  testa- 
ment.] To  abhor ;  to  abominate :  to  hate 
extremely.  —  Detestable,  de-tes'^ta-bl,  a. 
Extremely  hateful;  abominable;  very 
odious;  deserving  abhorrence.  —  Detesta- 
bleness,  Detestability,  de-tes'ta-bl-nes,  de- 
tes'ta-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  detestable;  extreme  hatefulness. — 
Detestably,  de-tes'ta-bli,  adv.  In  a  de- 
testable manner. — Detestation,  i}«-tes-ta'- 
shon,  n.  Extreme  hatred;  abhorrence; 
loathing.  —  Detester,  de-tes'tfer,  n.  One 
Ti'ho  detests. 

DethroD.e,dS-thTon',v.t.—dethroJied,dethron- 
ing.  [Prefix  de,  from,  and  throne.]  To  re-, 
move  or  drive  from  a  throne;  to  depose; 
to  divest  of  royal  authority  and  dignity ; 
to  divest  of  rule  or  power,  or  of  supreme 
power; — Dethronement,  de-thrOn'ment,  n. 
Removal  from  a  throne ;  deposition.  — 
Dethroner,  de-thr3'n6r,  n.  One  who  de- 
thrones. 

Detonate,  det'o-nat,  v.t.  and  i. — detonated, 
detonatiiig.  [  L.  detono,  deionalum,,  to 
thunder— de,  and  tono,  to  thunder.]  To 
explode  or  cause  to  explode;  to  bum  with 
a  sudden  report.  —  Detonating,  det'o-na- 
ting,  p.  and  a.  Exploding;  explosive. — De- 
tonating powders,  or  fulminating  powders, 
certain  chemical  compounds,  wnich,  on 
being  exposed  to  heat  or  suddenly  struck, 
explode  with  a  loud  report,  owing  to  one 
or  more  of  the  constituent  parts  suddenly 
assuming  the  gaseous  state.— Detonation, 
det-o-na'shon,  n.  An  explosion  or  sudden 
report  made  by  the  inflammation  of  cer- 
tain combustible  bodies.— Detonator,  det'- 
o-na-t6r,  n.  That  which  detonates.— Deto- 
nization,  det'o-ni-za"8hon,  n.  The  act  of 
exploding.— Detoniz©;  det'o-niz,  v.t.  and  i. 
— detonized,  detonizing.  To  cause  to  ex- 
plode; to  detonate. 

Detort,  de-tort',  v.t.  [h.  detorgveo,  detor- 
tttmr—de,  intens.,  arid  torqueo,  to  twist, 
"Whence  contort,  extort,  torture.]  To  distort; 
to  twist,  wrest,  pervert;  to  turn  from  the 
original  or  plain  meaning.— Detortion,  De- 
torsion,  dC-tor'shon,  n.  A  turning  or  wrest- 
ing; perversion. 


DetoTir,  de-t»r',  n.  [Fr.  d^towr— prefix  de, 
and  tour—Vj.  turn.]  A  roundabout  or  cir- 
cuitous way;  a  going  round  instead  of  by 
a  direct  road  or  route. 

Detract,  d€-trakt',  v.t.  [L.  dstracto  —  de, 
from,  and  tracto.  to  draw,  from  traho,  trac- 
tu7n,  to  draw,  whence  tract,  trace,  &c.]  To 
take  away  frotn  a  whole;  to  withdraw;  to 
disparage!. — v.i.  To  take  away  a  part;  es- 
pecially, to  take  away  reputation ;  to  de- 
rogate: followed  by  fi-om  (this  detracts 
from  his  merit).  — Detracter,  de-trak'- 
ter,  n.  One  who  detracts;  a  detractor. 
—Detraction,  de-trak'shon,  n.  [L.  detrac- 
Oo.]  The  act  of  detracting;  an  attempt,  by 
calumny,  or  injurious  or  carping  state- 
ments, to  take  something  from  the  reputa- 
tion of  another ;  envious  or  malicious  de- 
preciation of- a  person,  or  denial  of  his 
merits.— Detractive,  de-trak'tiv,  a.  Hav- 
ing the  quality  or  power  to  take  away; 
having  the  character  of  detraction.  —  De- 
tractiveness.t  de-trak'tiv-nes,  n.  Quality 
of  being  detractive.— Detractor,  de-trak'- 
tey,  n.  One  who  uses  detraction;  one  who 
tries  to  take  sOmewhat  from  the  reputa- 
tion of  another  injuriously;  a  muscle  that 
draws  the  part  to  which  it  is  attached 
away  from  some  other  part. — Detractory, 
de-trak'to-ri,  a.  Containing  detraction; 
depreciatory. 

Detrain,  de-tran',  v.t.  To  remove  from  a 
railway  train ;  to  cause  to  leave  a  train : 
paid  especially  of  bodies  of  men  (to  detrain 
troops).— v.i.  To  ciuit  a' railway  train. 

Detrmient,  det'ri-rqent,  n.  [L.  detrimen- 
Iwm,  from  detero,  detritum,  to  rub  oflF  or 
down,  to  wear — de,  down,  and  tero,  to  rub, 
whence  trite.\  A  certain  degree  of  loss, 
damage,  or  injury;  injurious  or  prejudicial 
effect;  harm;  diminution.  — Detriinental, 
det-ri-men'tal,  a.  Injurious;  hurtful;  caus- 
ing loss  or  damage. 

Detritus,  de-tri'tus,  n.  [L.  detriius,  worn 
down.  Detriment.}  Geol.  a  mass  of  sub- 
stances worn  off  or  detached  from  solid 
bodies  by  attrition ;  disintegrated  mate- 
rials of  rocks.— Detrital,  de-tri'tal,  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  detritus;  composed  of  de- 
tritus, or  partaking  of  the  nature  of  de- 
tritus. 

Detrude,  de-trod',  v.t. — detruded,  detruding. 
{L.detmdo — de,  down,  and  trudo,  to  thrust.] 
To  thrust  down;  to  push  down.  —  Detru- 
sion,  de-trS'zhon,  n.  The  act  of  thrusting 
or  driving  down. 

Detruncate,  de-trung'kat,  v.i. — detruncated, 
detruncating.  [L.  detrunco—de,  and  trunco, 
to  maim,  tiimcus,  cut  short.  Trunk.]  To 
cut  off;  to  lop;  to  shorten  by  cutting. — 
Detrancation,  dG-trung-ka'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  detruncating. 

Deuce,  dos,  n.  [Fr.  detue,  two.]  A  playing 
card  or  a  die  with  two  spots. 

Deuce,  dus,  n.  [Perhaps  from  L.  deus,  God, 
used  as  an  interjection;  but  comp.  L.G. 
duus,  a.  daus,  used  similarly;  Armor,  dxts, 
teM»,  a  goblin.]  The  devil;  perdition:  used 
only  in  exclamatory  or  interjectional 
phrases. -Deuced.du'sed  ordast,a.  andadf . 
Devilish;  excessive;  confounded.  [Slang.] 
— Deucedly,.dtt'sed-li,  adv.  Confoundedly. 

Deuterogamy,  du-ttr-og'a-mi,  n.  [Gr.  deu- 
teros,  second,  and  pamos,  marriage.]  A 
second  marriage  after  the  death  of  the 
first  husband  or  wife.— Deuterogamiat,  dQ- 
ter-og'a-mist,  n.  One  who  marries  a  second 
time. 

Deuteronomy,  dU-ter-on'o-ml,  n.  [Gr.  deu- 
teros,  second,  and  notnos,  law.]  Lit.  the 
second  law  or  second  statement  of  the  law, 
the  name  given  to  the  fifth  book  of  the 
Pentateuch. 

Deuteropathy,  da-ter-op'a-thi,  n.  [Gr. 
deuteros,  second,  and  pathos,  suffering.] 
Med.  a  secondary  disease  or  sympathetic 
affection  of  one  part  with  another. — Deu- 

.  teropathic,  da'ter-o-path"ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  deuteropathy. 

Deutoplasm,  du'to-plazm,  n.  Biol,  that 
portion  of  the  yolk  of  ova  which  furnishes 
nourishment  for  the  embryo  (the  proto- 
plasm). —  Dentoplastic,  du-to-plas'tik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  composed  of  deutoplasm. 

Devaporatlon,  d6-vap'6r-a"shoB,  n.  The 
change  of  vapour  into  water,  as  in  the 
formation  of  rain. 

Devastate,  dev'as-tat,  v.t— devastated,  de- 


vastating. [L.  devasto,  devaetatum,  to  lay 
waste — de,  intens.,  and  vasto,  to  lay  waste. 

.  Waste.]  To  lay  waste ;  to  ravage ;  to  de- 
solate.—  Devastation,  dev-as-ta'shon,  n. 
[L.  devastatio.]  The  act  of  devastating; 
the  state  of  being  devastated;  ravage-; 
havoc;  desolation. — Devastator,  dev-as-ta'- 
ter,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  devastates. 

Develop,  de-vel'up,  v.t.  [Fr.  developper, 
O.Fr.  desveloper—pce&x  des,  L.  dis,  apart, 
and  a  Teut.  verb=O.E.  wlappe,  E.  wrap; 
similarly  envelop.]  To  unfold  gradually ; 
to  lay  open  part  by 'part;  to  disclose  or 
show  all  the  ramifications  of;  biol.  to  make 
to  pass  through  the  process  of  natural 
evolution.— w.i.  To  be  unfolded;  to  become 
manifest  in  all  its  parts^  to  advance  from 
one  stage  to  another  by  a  process  of  natural 
or  inherent  evolution;  to  grow  or  expand 
by  a  natural  process;  to  be  evolved;  to  pro- 
ceed or  come  forth  naturally  from  some 
vivifying  source.- Developable,  de-vel'up- 
a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  developing  or  of  being 
developed.  —  Developer,  de-vel '  up-er,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  develops  or  un- 
folds. —  Development,  de-vel'up-ment,  n. 
The  act  or  process  of  developing;  unfold- 
ing ;  the  unravelling  of  a  plot ;  a  gradual 
growth  or  advancement  thf-ough  progres- 
sive changes;  the  organic  changes  which 
take  place  in  animal  and  vegetable  bodies, 
from  their  embyro  state  until  they  arrive 
at  maturity;  photog.  the  process  following 
exposure,  by  which  the  image  on  the  plate 
is  rendered  visible.  —  Development  theory, 
fiioi.the  theory  that  plants  and  animals  are 
capable  of  advancing,  in  successive  genera- 
tions and  through  an  infinite  variety  of 
stages,  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  state  of 
existence,  and  that  the  more  highly  organ- 
ized forms  at  present  existing  are  not  the 
result  of  special  creations,  but  are  the  de- 
scendants of  lower  f  orms.-Developmental, 
de-vel '  up-men-tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  de- 
velopment; formed  or  characterized  by 
development. 

Deviate;,  de'vi-5t,  v.i.— deviated,  deviating. 
[I/,  devio,  deviatumrj^,  frqpi,  and  t^ia,  way; 
seen  also  in  convey,  obvious,  voyage,  &c.J 
To  turn  aside  or  wander  from  the  "common 
or  right  way,  course,  or  line;  to  diverge;  to 
err;  to  swerve;  to  vary  from  .uniform  state. 
—v.t.  To  cause  to  deviate.— Deviation,  de- 
vi-a'shon,  n.  A  turning  aside  from  the 
right  way,  course,  or  line;  variation  from 
a  common  or  established  rule  or  standard. 
— Deviation  of  the  compass,  the  deviation 
of  a  ship's  compass  from  the  true  magnetic 
meridian,  caused  by  the  near  presence  .of 
iron. 

Device,  de-vis',  n.  [O.Fr.  devise,  a  device; 
Fr.  deviser,  to  imagine,  devise;  from  L. 
divido,  divisum,  to  divide.  Divide.]  That 
which  is  formed  by  design  or  invented;  a 
scheme,  contrivance,  stratagem,  project ; 
invention  or  faculty  of  devising  {Skak.); 
something  fancifully  conceived,  as  an 
ornamental  design ;  an  emblem  or  figure 
representative  of  a  family,  person,  action, 
or_quality,  with  or  without  a  motto. 

Devil,  dev'il,  n.  [A.  Sax.  dedfol,  from  L. 
diabolus,  Gr.  diabolos,  the  accuser,  from 
diaballo,  to  accuse.]  An  evil  spirit  or  be- 
ing: the  evil  one,  represented  in  Scripture 
as  the  traducer,  father  of  lies,  tempter, 
&c. ;  a  very  wicked  person ;  a  ferocious 
marsupial  animal  of  Tasmania;  a  printer's 
errand-boy;  a  machine  through  which 
cotton  or  wool  is  first  passed  to  prepare  it 
for  the  carding  machines;  a  teasing  ma- 
chine; a  machine  for  cutting  up  rags  and 
old  cloth  into  flock  and  for  other  purposes; 
cookery,  a  dish,  as  a  bone  with  some  meat 
on  it,  grilled  and  seasoned  with  pepper. — 
The  devil,  is  used  as  an  expletive  and  also 
in  various  colloquial  expressions,  being 
equivalent  to  ruin  or  destrvction,  some- 
thing veiy  annoying  or  harassing,  the 
deuce.  —  Devil's  advocate,  R.  Cath.  Ch.  a 
person  appointed  to  raise  doubts  against 
the  claims  of  a  candidate  for  canonization. 
— v.t.  —  devilled,  devilling.  To  pepper  or 
season  excessively  and  broil;  to  teaze  or 
cut  up  by  an  instrument  called  a  devil. — 
Devilish,  dev'U-ish,  a.  Partaking  of  the 
oualities  of  the  devU;  pertaining  to  the 
aevil;diabolical;very  evil  and  iaischievons. 
—Devilishly,  dev'il-ish-li,  adv.    In  a  dev- 


cb,  cAain;     cA,Sc.  locA;     8,  go;    j,/ob;     n,Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinjr;     th,  toen;  th,  tAjn;     w,  wig;     wh,  wAig;     zh,  asTire. 


DEVI0U3 


194 


DIAGLYPH 


illsh  manner.  —  DevUishness,  dev'il-ish- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  devilish. — 
Devilment,  dev'il-ment,  n.  Trickery;  rogu- 
ishness;  devilry;  prank.  [Oolloq.T— Devilry, 
dev'il-ri,  Jj.  iJevilment;  extreme  wieked- 
ness;  wicBed  mischief. — Devil-may-care,  a. 
Rollicking ;  reckless.  [Slang.]  —  Devil's- 
Tjlt,  n.  A  common  British  plant  allied  to 
the  teasel,  having  heads  of  blue  flowers 
nearly  globular,  and  a  fleshy  root,  which 
is,  as  it  were,  cut  or  bitten  off  abruptly. — 
Devil's-dU3t,  n.  The  name  given  to  flock 
made  by  the  machine  called  the  devil  out 
of  old  woollen  materials;  shoddy. 

Devious,  de'vi-us,  a.  [L.  demus — de,  and 
via,  way.  Dkviatk.]  Out  of  the  common 
way  ortrack;  following  circuitous  orwind- 
ing  paths;  rambling;  erring;  going  astray. 
— Deviously,  ds'vi-us-li,  adv.  In  a  devious 
manner.  —  Deviousnesa,  de'vi-us-nes,  n. 
The  character  or  state  of  being  devious. . 

Devise,  de-viz',  v.t— devised,  devising.  [Fr. 
deviser,  to  davise  or  invent,  to  dispose  of. 
See  l)£viCE.]  To  invent,  contrive,  or  form 
in  the  mind;  to  strike  out  by  thought;  to 
plan;  to  scheme;  to  excogitate;  law,  to 
give  or  bequeath  by  will.— i».i.  To  consider; 
to  contrive;  to  lay  a  plan;  to  form  a 
scheme.  —  n.  The  act  of  bequeathing  by 
will;  a  will  or  testament;  a  share  of  estate 
bequeathed.  —  Devisable,  de-vi'za-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  devised. — Devisee,  dev-i- 
ze',  n.  The  person  to  whom  a  devise  is 
made.  —  Deviser,  de-vi'z6r,  n.  One  who 
devises;  a  contriver;  an  inventor.  —  De- 
visot,  de-vi'z6r,  n.   One  who  gives  by  will. 

Devitalize,  de-vi'tal-iz,  v.t.  To  deprive  of 
vitality;  to  take  away  life  from. 

Devitrify,  de-vit'ri-fi,  v.t.  —  devit-rijied,  d«- 
vitrifying.  To  deprive  of  the  character  or 
appearance  of  glass. — Devitrification,  de- 
vitri-fi-ka"shon,  it.  The  act  of  devitrify 
u:g. 

Devoid,  de-void',  a.  [Prefix  de,  out,  from, 
and  void.\  Destitute;  not  possessing:  with 
0/  before  the  thing  absent. 

Devoir,  dev..war',  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  debere, 
to  owe,  whence  debt.]  Service  or  duty;  an 
act  of  civility  or  respect;  respectful  notice 
aue  to  another. 

T.-evolve,  de-volv',  v.t. — devolved,  devolving. 
[li.  devolvo,.  devolutum — de,  and  volvo,  to 
roll,  seen  also  in  yevolve,  convolve,  volume, 
voluble,  &c.]  To  roll  down;  to  moye  from 
one  person  to  another;  to  deliver  over^,  or 
from  one  possessor  to  a  successor. — v.i.  To 
roll  down;  hence,  to  pass  from  one  to  an- 
other; to  fall  by  succession  from  one  pos- 
sessor to  his  successor.  —  Devolvement, 
de-volv'ment,  n.  The  act  of  devolving. — 
Devolntion,  dev-o-la'shon,  n.  [L.L.  devo- 
hitio.]  The  act  of  rolling  down;  the  act  of 
devolving,  transferring,  or  handing  over; 
a  passing  to  or  falling  upon  a  successor. 

Devonian,  de-vo'ni-an,  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Devonshire  in  England;  geol.  a  term 
applied  to  a  great  portion  of  the  palaeozoic 
strata  of  North  and  South  Devon,  lying 
between  the  Silurian  and  carboniferous 
iccks.  and  sometimes  used  as  synonymous 
v.  ith    old  red  sandstone.' 

I'yvonport,  dev'on-port,  n.  A  sort  of  small, 
generally  omamfcntal,writing-table,  fitted 
up  with  drawers  and  other  conveniences. 

I'evote,  de-vot',  v.t.— devoted,  devoting.  [L. 
■levoveo,  devotum,  to  vow  anything  to  a 
deity,  to  devote— de,  intens.,  and  voveo,  to 
vow.  Vow,  Vote.]  To  appropriate  by  vow; 
to  set  apart  or  dedicate  by  a  solemn  act; 
to  consecrate;  to  give  up  wholly;  to  direct 
'■  he  attention  wholly  or  chiefly  (to  dei;ote 
one's  self  or  one's  time  to  science);  to  give 
".p;  to  doom;  to  consign  over  (to  devote  one 
ip  destruction).  —  Devoted,  de-vo'ted,  a. 
f  irongly  attached  to  a  person  or  cause ; 
^ ident;  zealous.  —  Devotedness,  de-vo'ted- 
11  "IS,  n.  The  state  of  being  devoted.— 
Devotee,  dev'S-te,  n.  One  >  who  is  wholly 
devoted;  a  votary;  particularly,  one  who 
is  superstitiously  given  to  religious  duties 
and  ceremonies.  —  Devotement,  d6-vot'- 

;  ment,  n.  The  act  of  devoting.— Devoter, 
dc-vo't6r,  n.  One  that  devotes.— Devotion, 
de-vo'shon,  n.    The  state  of  being  devoted 

'.  or  set  apart  for  a  particular  purpose;  a 
yieldinis;  of  the  heart  and  affections  to 
Ood,  with  ■  reverence,  faith,  and  piety,  in 
'■'.■gious  dutiea,  particuiariy  in  prayer 


and  meditation;  devoutness;  performance 
of  religious  duties:  now  generally  used  in 
the  plural;  ai'dent  attachment  to  a  person 
or  a  cause;  attachment  manifested  by 
constant  attention j  earnestness;  ardour; 
eagerness.  -^  Devotional,  d(5-vo'shon-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  devotion;  used  in  devotion; 
suited  to  devotion.— Devotionalist,  Devo- 
tionist,  de-vo'shon-al-ist,  de-vO'shon-ist,  n. 
A  person  excessively  given  to  devotions;  a 
religious  devotee.  —  Devotionally,  de-vo'- 
shon-al-li,  adv.  In  a  devotional  manner; 
towards  devotion. 

Devour,  de-vour',  v.t.  [Fr.  divorer,  L.  de- 
vorare—d^,  intens.,  and  tioro,  to  eat  greed- 
ily, whence  voracious.]  To  eat  up;  to  eat 
with  greediness ;  to  eat  ravenously ;  to 
destroy  or  consume;  to  waste.  —  v.i.\  To 
act  as  a  devourer;  to  consume  (O.T.). — 
Devourabl*.  de-vou'ra-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
or  fit  for  being  devoured.  —  Devourer,  de- 
vou'rfer,  n.  One  who  devours. — Devouring, 
de-vou'ring,  a.  Consuming;  wasting ;  de- 
stroying. —  Devouringly,  de-vou'ring-li, 
adv.    In  a  devouring  manner. 

Devout,  de-vout',  a.  [Fr.  d4vot,  devout;  L. 
devotus.  Devote.]  Yielding  a  solemn  and 
reverential  devotion  to  God  in  religious 
exercises;  pious;  devoted  to  religion;  re- 
ligious; expressing  devotion  or  piety; 
solemn ;  earnest.  —  Devoutly,  de-vout 'li, 
adv.  In  a  devout  manner ;  piously;  reli- 
giously; earnestly. — Devoutness,  de-voiit'- 
nes,  n.  The  -quality  or  state  of  being 
devout. 

Dew,  du,  n.  [A.  Sax.  dedw,  D.  dauw,  Dan. 
dug,  G.  thau — dew ;  akin  dazzle,  dank.] 
The  aqueous  vapour  or  moisture  which  is 
deposited  in  small  drops,  especially  during 
the  night,  from  the  atmosphere,  on  the 
surfaces  of  bodies  when  Jthey  have  become 
colder  than  the  surrounding  atmosphere. 
— v.t.  To  wet  with  dew:  to  bedew.— Dew- 
berry, n.  A  species  of  bramble,  the  fruit 
of  which  is  black,  with  a  bluishi  bloom, 
and  an  agreeable  acid  taste.  —  Dew-claw, 
n.  'The  uppermost  claw  in  a  dog's  foot, 
smaller  than  the  rest,  and  not  touching 
the  ground.  —  Dewdrop,  du'drop,  n.  A 
drop  or  spangle  of  dew.  —  Dewfall,  du'fal, 
n.  The  falling  of  dew,  or  the  time  when 
dew  begins  to  fall.— Dewiness,  da'i-nes,  ». 
Stateof  being  dewy.  —  Dewlap,  du'lap,  n. 
The  fold  of  skin  that  hangs  from  the 
throat  of  oxen  and  cows,  or  a  similar  ap- 
pendage in  other  animals.— Dewlapt,  du'- 
lapt,  a.  Furnished  with  a  dewlap,  or 
similar  appendage.  [Shak.]  —  Dew-point, 
n.  The  temperature  when  dew  begins  to 
be  deposited,  varying  with  the  humidity 
of  the  atmosphere. — Dewy,  du'i,  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  dew;  partaking  of  the  nature 
or  appearance  of  dew ;  like  dew ;  moist 
with,  or  as  with,  dew;  accompanied  with 
dew;  abounding  in  dew;  falling  gently,  or 
refreshing,. like  dew  {dewy  sleep). 

Dexter,  deks'tfir,  a.  [L.  dexter,  right,  on 
the  right  side,  akin  to  Gr.  dexios,  Skr. 
daksha,  on  the  right  hand.]  Pertaining 
to  or  situated  on  the  right  hand;  right  as 
opposed  to  left.  —  Dexterity,  deks-ter'i-ti, 
n.  [Jj.  dexte7-itas.}  Ability  to  use  the  right 
hand  more  readily  than  the  left  t ;  right- 
handednesst;  expertness;  skill;  that  readi- 
ness in  performing  an  action  which  pro- 
ceeds from  experience  or  practice,  united 
with  activity  or  quick  motion ;  readiness 
of  mind  or  mental  faculties,  as  in  con- 
trivance, or  inventing  means  to  accom- 
plish a  purpose;  promptness  in  devising 
expedieijts.  —  Dexterous,  deks'ter-us,  a. 
Characterized  by  dexterity;  skilful  and  ac- 
tive with  the  hands;  adroit;  prompt  in  con- 

-  trivance  and  management;  expert;  quick 
at  inventing  expedients;  skilful;  done  with 
dexterity.  Sometimes  written  Dextrous, 
deks'trus.  —Dexterously,  deks't6r-us-li, 
adv.  With  dexterity;  adroitly.  —  Dexter- 
ousnesB,  deks't6r-us-nes,  n.  Dexterity. — 
Dextral,  deks'tral,  a.  Kight  as  opposed  to 
left.— Dextrine,  deks'trin,  n.  The  gummy 
matter  into  which  the  interior  substance 
of  starch  globules  is  convertible.— remark- 
able for  the  extent  to  which  it  turns  the 
plane  of  polarization  to  the  right  hand, 
whence  its  name.— Dextrorse,  Dextrorsal, 
deks-trors',  deks-tror'sal,  a.  [L.dextrorsum, 

.  towards  the  right  side— dexter,  right,  and 


vorsutn,  for  versum,  turned.]  Turned  to- 
wards the  right;  rising  from  left  to  right, 
as  a  spiral  line,  helix,  or  climbing  plant.— 
Dextrose,  deks'tros,  n.  A  name  for  grape- 
sugar,  from  its  solution  rotating  the  piano 
of  polarization  of  a  ray  of  light  to  the  right. 

Dey,  da,  n.  [Turk,  ddi,  an  uncle.]  The  title 
of  the  old  governors  or  sovereigns  of  Al- 
giers, Tunis,  and  Tripoli,  under  the  Sultan 
of  Turkey. 

Dhole,  dol,  n.  The  Cingalese  name  for  the 
wild  dog  of  India. 

Dhow,  dou,  n.  An  Arab  vessel,  generally 
with  one  mast,  from  150  to  250  tons  bur- 
den, employed  in  mercantile  trading,  and 
also  in  carrying  slaves  from  the  east  coast 
of  Africa  to  the  Persian  Gulf  and  the  lied 
Sea. 

Dhurra,  dur'ra,  n.  [Ar.]  A  kind  of  millet 
largely  cultivated  in  Africa  and  elsewhere. 

Diabetes,  di-a-be'tez,  n.  [Gr.  diabetes,  from 
diahdinO,  to  pass  through— dia,  and  bain6, 
to  go  or  pass.]  Med.  a  disease  character- 
ized by  great  augmentation  and  often 
manifest  alteration  in  the  secretion  of 
urine,  one  variety  of  it  being  incurable. — 
Diabetic,  Dlabetical,  di-a-be'tik,  di-a-be'-. 
ti-kal,  a.    Pertaining  to  diabetes. 

Diablerie,  Diablery,  di-ab'ler-i,  n.  [Fr. 
diablerie,  from  diable,  devil.]  Devilry; 
mischief;  wickedness;  sorcery;  witchcraft. 

Diabolic,  DiaboMcal,  di-a-bol'ik,  di-a-bol'- 
i-kal,  a.  [L.  fliafto^MS,  the  devil.  Devil.] 
Devilish  J  pertaining  to  the  devil;  infer- 
nal ;  impious;  atrocious.— Diabolically,  di- 
a-bol'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  diabolical  man- 
ner.—Diabolicalness,  di-a-bol'i-kal-nes,  n. 
The  state  or' quality  of  being  diabolical. 

Diabrcsis,  di-a-bro'sis,  n.  [Gr.,  corrosion — 
dia,  intens.,  and  bibrOskO,  to  eat,]  Surg. 
the  action  of  corrosive  substances  interme- 
diate between  caustics  and  escharotics. 

Diacaustic,  dl-a-kas'tik,a.  [Gr.  prefix  dia, 
through,  and  E.  caugtic]  Math,  belong- 
ing to  a  species  of  caustic  curve's  formed 
by  refraction.  —  n.  Math,  a  diacaustic 
curve;  med.  cautery  by  a  burning-glass. 

Diachylon,  Diachylum,  di-ak'i-lon,  di-ak'i- 
lum,  n.  [Gr.  dia,  through,  and  chylos, 
juice.]  Med.  a  plaster  originally  com- 
posed of  the  juices  of  herbs,  now  made  of 
olive-oil  and  finely  pounded  litharge. 

Diaconal,  di-ai'o-nal,  a.  [L.  diaconus,  Gr. 
diakonos,  a  deacon.]  Pertaining  to  a 
deacon.  —  Diaconate,  di-ak'o-nat,  n.  The 
office  or  dignity  of  a  deacon;  a  body  of 
deacons. 

Diacoustic,  di-a-kous'tik,  o.  [Gr.  dia, 
through,  ^d  akou6,  to  hear.]  Pertaining 
to  the  scrence  or  doctrine  of  refracted 
sounds.  —  DiacouBtics,  di-a-kous'tiks,  n. 
The  science  or  doctrine  of  the  properties 
of  sound  refracted  by  passing  through, 
different  mediums;  diaphonics. 

Diacritical,  Diacritic,  di-a-krit'i-kal,  di-a- 
krit'ik,  a.  [  Gr.  diakritikos—dia,  and  kriaO, 
to  separate.]  Separating  or  distinguish- 
ing; distinctive. — Diacritical  mark,  a  mark 
used  in  some  languages  to  distinguish  let- 
ters which  are  similar  in  form. 

Diactinic,  di-ak-tin'ik,  a.  [Gr.  dia,  through, 
and  aktiSi  aktinos,  a  ray.]  Capable  of 
transmitting  the  actinic  or  chemical  rays 
of  the  sun. 

Diadelph,  di'a-delf,  n.  [Gr.  di,  twice,  and 
adelphos,  a  brother]  Bot.  a  plant  the 
stamens  of  which  are  united  into  two 
bodies  or  bundles  by  their  filaments. — 
Diadelphous,  di-a-del'fus,  a.  Bot.  having 
the  stamens  united  in  two  bundles. 

Diadem,  di'a-dem,  n.  [Gr.  diadema—dia, 
and  ded,  to  bind.]  A  head-band  or  fillet 
formerly  worn  as  a  badge  of  toyalty;  any- 
thing worn  on  the  head  as  a  mark  or 
badge  of  royalty;  a  crown;  a  coronet.— v.t.t 
To  adorn  with  or  as  with  a  diadem ;  to 
crown. 

Diseresia,  di-e're-sis,  n.  [Gr.  diairesis,  from 
diaireO,  to  divide.]  Separation  of  one 
syllable  into  two;  a  mark  which  signifies 
such  a  division,  as  in  naif,  aerial.  , 

Diaglyph,  di'a-glif,  n.  [Gr.  dia,  through,! 
and  glypho,  to  carve.]  A  sculptured  or 
engraved  production  in  which  the  figures 
are  sunk  below  the  general  surface;  an 
intaglio.— DIaglTOhic,  di-a-glif'ik,  a.  Of, 
pertaining  to.  or  having  the  character  or 
a  diaglyph. 


Fita,  ?4):,  *at,  fftlU  ft  me,  qiet,  h6r;  ^  pine,  pin;  1  nSte,  not,  mOve;  ^tabe,  tub,  bull  ;>.  oil,  ppundj^j^J,  8c.  abune— the  Fr.  "vj 


DIAGNOSIS 


195 


DIASTYLE 


Diagnosis,  di-ag-n5'sis,  n.  [Gr.  diagnosis — 
dia,  through,  and  gignOskO,  to  know.] 
Scientific  discrimination  of  any  kind; 
med.  the  discrimination  of  diseases  by 
their  distinctive  marks  or  symptoms. — 
—  Diagnose,  di-ag-nos',  v.t.  —  diagnosed, 
diagnosing.  To  discriminate  or  ascertain 
from  syraptoms  the  true  nature  of. — Diag- 
nostic, di-ag-nos'tik,  a.  Distinguishing; 
characteristic;  indicating  the  nature  of  a 
disease.— n.  A  sign  or  symptom  by  which 
a  disease  is  known. — pi.  The  department 
of  medicine  which  treats  of  the  diagnosis 
of  diseases;  symptomatology. 
Diagonal,  di-ag'o-nal,  a.  IGtr. .  diagOnios, 
from  angle  to  angle — dia,  and  gonia,  an 
angle  or  corner.]  Extending  from  one 
angle  to  the  opposite  of  a  quadrilateral 
figure,  and  dividing  it  into  two  ec[ual, 
parts ;  lying  in  this  direction.  —  n.  A 
straight  line  drawn  between  the  opposite 
angles  of  a  quadrilateral-  figure.— Diagon- 
ally, di-ag'o-nal-li,  adv.  In  a  diagonal  di- 
rection. 

Diagram,  di'a-gram,  n.  [6r.  diagramma—: 
dia,  and  graphs,  to  write.!  A  figure  or 
drawing  for  the  purpose  of  demonstrating 
the  properties  of  any  geometrical  figure, 
as  a  triangle,  circle,  &c.;  any  illustrative 
figure  wherein  the  outlines  are  exclusively 
or  chiefly  delineated.— Diagrammatic,  di'- 
a-gram-mat,"ik,  a.  Pertaining  or  partak- 
ing of  the  nature  of  a  diagram. — Diagram- 
matically,  di'a-gram-mat"i-kal-li,  adv. 
After  the  manner  of  a  diagram. 
Diaheliotropic,  di-a-h5li-o-trop"ik,a.  [6r. 
dia,  through,  helios,  the  sun,  and  trope,  a 
turning.]  Bot.  turning  transversely  to  the 
light,  as  the  stem  or  other  organs  of  a 
plant;  pertaining  to  diaheliotropism. — 
Diaheliotropism,  di-a-h5li-ot"ro-pizm,  n. 
Bot.  the  disposition  or  tendency  of  a  plant 
or  of  the  organs  of  a  plant  to  assume  a 
more  or  less  transverse  position  to  the 
light. 

Dial,  di'al,  n.  [L.L.  dialis,  daily,  from  L. 
dies,  a  day,»whence  also  diary,  diurnal, 
journal,  &c.]  An  instrument  for  showing 
the  hour  of  the.  day  from  the  shadow 
thrown  by  means  of  a  stile  or  gnomon  uiwn 
a  surface ;  the  face  of  a  watch,  clockj  or 
other  timekeeper ;  any  somewhat  similar 
plate  or  face  on  which  a  pointer  or  index 
moves,  as  in  a  gsis-meter  or  telegraphic 
iastruraent.  —  v.t.  —  dialled,  dialling.  To 
measure  with,  or  as  with,  a  dial.— Dlalist, 
di'al-ist,  n.  A  constructor  of  dials ;  one 
skilled  in  dialling.— Dialling,  di'al-iug,  n. 
The  art  of  constructing  dials;  the., science 
■which  explains  the  principles  of  measur- 
ing tim^  by  the  sun-dial.— Dial-plate,  n. 
The  plate  or  face  of  a  dial  of  a  clock  or 
watch,  &c» 

Dialect,  di'a-lekt,  n.  [Gr.  dialekios—dia, 
and  lego,  to  speak;  Fr.  didlecte.]  The  form 
or  idiom  of  a  language  peculiar  to  a  pro- 
vince or  to  a  limited  region  or  people,  as 
distinguished  from  the  literary  language 
of  the  whole  people ;  language ;  speech  or 
manner  of  speaking. — Dialectal,  di-a-lek'- 
tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  dialect.  —Dialec- 
tic, Dialectical,  di-a-lek'tik,  di-a-lek'ti- 
kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  dialect  or  dialects; 
pertaining  to  dialectics.  —  Dialectically, 
ai-a-lek'ti-kal-U,  adv.  In  a  dialectic  man- 
ner.-^  Dialectician,  di'a-lek-ti8h"au,  n. 
One  skilled  in  dialectics;  a  logician;  a 
reasoner.- Dialectics,  di-a-lek'tiks,  n.  [Gr. 
dialektike  (techne),  the  art  of  discussing.] 
The  art  of  reasoning  or  disputing;  that 
branch  of  logic  which  teaches  the  rules 
and  modes  of  reasoning,  or  of  distinguish- 
ing truth  from  error;  the  art  of  using 
forms  of  reasoning  so  as  to  make  fallacies 
l>ass  for  truth;  word-fence.  Also  Dialec- 
tic in  same  sense. 

Diallage,  di'a-laj,  n.  [Gr.  diaUage,  an  in- 
terchange, difference.]  A  silico-magnesian 
mineral  of  a  lamellar  or  foliated  structure, 
akin  to  augite  and  exhibiting  sometimes 
a  beautiful  green  colour,  at  other  times 
brownish  or  yellowish;  it  includes  bronzito 
and  hypersthene.- Diallogite, "  di-sro-jit, 
n.  A  mineral  of  a  rose-red  colour  with  a 
isminax  structure  and  vitreous  lustre. 
I>!P.!3gue,  di'a-log,  n.  [Fr.  dialogta,. from 
Or.  dh.logos,  dialogue,  from  dialeg-miai,. 
to  dispute~dia,  and  Ugo,  to  speak,]    A 


conversation  between  two  or  more  per- 
sons; a  formal  conversation  in  theatripal 
performances;  a  composition  in  which  two 
or  more  persons  are  represented  as  convers- 
ing on  some  topic— Dialogical,  Dialogistic, 
Dialogistical,  di-a-loj'i-kal,  di-aro-ji8"tik, 
di-aro-jis"ti-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  par- 
taking of  the  nature  of,  a  dialogue ;  hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  dialogue.— DiaJogloally, 
Dialogistically,  di-a-loj'i-kal-li,  di-al'o- 
jis"ti-kal-li,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  dia- 
logue.—Dialogism,  di-al'o-jizm,  n.  Dia- 
logue in 'the  third  person;  oblique  or  in- 
direct narrative.— Dialogist,  di-al'o-jist,  n. 
A  speaker  .in  a  dialogue;  a  writer  of  dia- 
logues.- Dialogize,  di-al'o-jiz,  v.i.  To  dis- 
course in  dialogue. 

Dialycarpous,  di'a-li-kar"pus,  a.  [Gr. 
dialyO,  to  separate,  and  karpos,  fruit.] 
Bot.  composed  of  distinct  carpels.-^Dialy- 
petalouB,  di'a-li-pet"a-lus,  a.  Polypeta- 
lous.— Dialysepalous,  di'a-li-sep"a-lu3,  a. 
Polysepalous. 

Dialysis,  di-al'i-sis,  n.  [Gr.  dialysis,  a 
separation — dia,  and  lyO,  to  dissolve.] 
Ckem.  the  act  or  process  of  separating  the 
crystalloid  elements  of  a  body  from  the 
colloid  by  diifusion  through  a  parchment 
paper  septum;  med.  debility;  also,  a  solu- 
tion of  continuity;  in  wrUing  or  printing, 
same  as  Diceresis.  —  Dialyse,  di'a-liz,  v.t. 
To  separate  by  a  dialyser. — Dialyser;  di'a- 
li-z6r,-»i.  The  parchment  paper,  or  sej)- 
tum,  stretched  over  a  ring  used  in  the 
operation  of  dialysis. — Dialytic,  di-a-lit'ik, 
o.    Pertainiitf  to  dialysis; 

Dlamagnetlc,  di'a-mag-net"ik,  a.  [Prefik 
(lid,  and  magnetic.'\  Applied  to  a  class  of 
substances  which,  when  under  the  influ- 
ence of  magnetism,  and  freely  suspended, 
take  a  position  at  right  angles  to  the 
magnetic  meridian,  that  is,  point  "east 
and  west.  —  Diamagnetism,  di-a-mag'ne- 
tizm,  n.  The  characteristic  phenomena  of 
diamagnetic  bodies. 

Diamesogamous,,  di'a-me-sog"a-mus,  a. 
[Fr.  dia,  through,  mesos,  middle,  and 
gamos,'  marriage.]  Bot.  requiring  an  in- 
termediate agent  to  produce  fertilization. 

Diameter,  di-am'e-t6r,  n.  [Gr.  diamelros — 
dia,  and  metron,  measure.]  A  straight 
line  paissing  through  the  centre  of  a  circle 

I  or  ottier  curviUnear  figure,  terminated  by 
the  circumference,  and  dividing  the  figure 
into  two  equal  parts ;  a  straight  -  line 
through  the  centre  df  any  body;  .the  rtiea- 
sure  transversely  through  a  cylindrical 
body;  thickness.— Diametric,  Diametrical, 
Diametral,,  di-a-met'rik,  di-a-met'ri-kal, 
dira-met'ral,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  dia- 
meter; directly  opposed,  t- Diametrically, 
Dlametrally,  di-a-met'ri-kal-li,  di-a-met'- 
ral-lij  adv.  In  a  diametrical  direction  or 
position. 

Diamond,  di'a-mond,  n:  [Fr.  diamant,  cor- 
rupted from  adamant  (which  see).]  A 
most  valuable  gem  of  extreme  hardiiess, 
usually  clear  and  transparent,  but  some- 
times yellow,  blue,  green,  black,  &o.,  con- 
sisting of  pure  carbon:  a  small  diamond 
fixed  to  a  handle  and  used  for  cutting 
glass;  a  very  small  variety  of  printing 
type;  a  four-sided  figure  with  the  sides 
equal  or  nearly  so,  and  having  two  obtuse 
and  two  acute  angles,  called  also  a  Iczengo 
or  rhomb;  one  of  a  set  of  playing-cards 
marked  with  o;ie  or  more  such  figures  in 
red. — Black  diamond,  a  term  applied  col- 
loquially to  coal.— o.  Kesembling  a  dia- 
mond; consisting  of  diamonds;  set  with  a 
diamond  or  diamonds.  —  Diamond-borer, 
Diamond-drill,  n.  A  metal  bar  or  tube, 
armed  at  the  boring  extremity  with  one 
or  more  small  diamonds,  by  the  action  of 
which,  as  it  rapidly  revolves,  rocks,  gems, 
&c.,  are  speedily  perforated. 

Dlauder,  di-an'der,  re.  [Gr.  di,  twice,  and 
aner,  andros,  a  male.]  Bat.  a  plant  hav- 
ing two  stamens:— I»landri?J3,  D.'androns, 
dl-an'dri-an,  di-an'drus,  a.  Bot.-  having 
two  stamens. 

Dianoetic,  di'a-no-et"lk,  a.  [Gr.  dia.noiti- 
kos,  from  diet,  and  noeO,  to  revolve  in  tha 
mind.]  Capable  of  thought;  thinking;  in- 
tellectual. 

Diapason,  di-a-pa'zon,  n.  [Gr.  diapason, 
lit.  through  aU  (notes).]  Mus.  an  old  Greek 
tsrm  for  the  octave;  propolrtion  in  .'the 


constituent  parts  of  an  octave;  harmony; 
the  entire  compass  of  a  voice  or  an  instru- 
ment; a  rule  or  scale  by  which  the  pipes 
of  organs,  the  holes  of  flutes,  &c.,  are  cor- 
rectly adjusted;  a  name  of  .certain  stops 
in  the  organ,  given  because  they  extend 
through  the  scales  of  the  instrument. 
Diaper,  di'a-p6r,  n.  [Fr.  diapri,  pp.  of  dia- 
prer,  to"vaneg;ate  with  colours;  from  L.L. 
diasprus,  a  kind  of  precious  cloth,  from 
It.  diaspro,  jasper.  Jasper.]  A,  fabric, 
either  linen  or  cotton,  or  a  mixture  of 
the  two,  upon  the  surface  of  which  a  fig- 
ured pattern  is  produced;  flowering  either 
of  sculpture  in  low  relief ,  or  of  painting 
.  or  gilding  used  to  ornament  a  flat  surface. 
—v.t.  To  variegate  or -diversify  vrith  fig- 
ures; to  flower. 

DlapHane,  di'a-fan,  ^.  [Gr.  dia,  through, 
and  phainO,  to  show.]  A  woven  silk  stufiE 
with  trarisparent  and  colourless  figures. — 
Dlaphania,  di-af'a-ni,  n.  [Fr.]  The  art  or 
process  of  fixing  transparent  pictures  on 
glass  to  resemble  stained  glass.— Diaphan- 
ous, di-af 'a-nus,  a.  H  aving  power  to  trans- 
mit rays  of  light,  as  glass;  pellucid;  trans- 
parent; clear.— Diaphanonsly,  di-af a-nus- 
■11,  adv.    In  a  diaphanous  manner. 

Dlaphonic,  di-a-fon'ik,  a.  [Gr.  dia,  and 
73ft<5rt5,  sound.]  Diacoustic.  —  Diaphonlcs, 
di-a-fon'iks,  n.  The  scierice  or  dcctrina 
of  refracted  sounds;  diacoustics. 

Diaphoresis,  di'a-fo-r6"sis,  n.  [Gr.  diapho- 
resis, perspiration—  dia,  and  phoreoi  to 
carry.]  Med.  a  greater  degree  of  perspira- 
tion than  is  natural. —  Diaphoretic;  Dia- 
phoretical,  di'a-fo-ret"ik,  di'a-fo-ret"i-kal, 
a.  Having  the  power  to  increase  perspira- 
tion.— Diaphoretic, re.  -A  medicine  wnich 
promotes  ijerspiration;  a  sudorific. 

Diaphragm,  di'a-fram,  ».  [Gr.  diaphrag- 
ma,  a  partition — dia,  and  phrassO.to 
break  off,  to  defend.]  The  '  midriff,  a 
muscle  separating  the  chest  or-  thorax 
from  the  abdomen;  a  partition  or  divid- 
ing substance,  as  a  circular  rin^  used  in 
telescopes,  &c.,  to  cut  off  marginal  por- 
tions of  a  beam  of  light;  a  ciilcareous  plate 
which  divides  the  cavity  of  certain  mol- 
luscous shells. — Diaphragmatic,  di'arfrag- 
maf'ik,  a.  Appertaining  to  or  having  the 
character  of  a  diaphragm. — Diaphragma- 
titis^  di-a-frag'ma-ti"tis,  re.  Med.  inflam- 
mation of  the  diaphragm. 

Diarchy,  di'ar-ki,  n.  [Gr.  di,  double,  and 
archS,  rule.]  A  form  of  government  in 
which  the  supreme  power  is  vested  in  two 
persoiis. 

Diarrhoea,  di-a-r5'a,  n.  [Gr.  diarrhoia— 
dia,  through,  and  rheO,  to  flow.]  An  ail- 
ment consisting  in  a  morbidly  frequent 
evacuation  of  the  intestines. — Diarrhoetic. 
di-a-r5'tik,  a.    Producing  diarrhoea. 

Dlarthrofis,  di-ar-thro'sis,  re.  [Gr.,  from 
dia,  through,  asunder,  and  arthron,  a 
joint.]  Anat.  a  joint  in  which  the  bones 
revolve  freely  in  every  direction,  as  in  the 
shoulder  joint. 

Diary,  di'a-ri,  re.  [L.  diarium,  a  daily  al- 
lowance of  food,  a  journal,  from  dies,  a 
day,  whence  also  dial,  diurnal.  Journal.} 
A  Dook  in  which  daily  events  or  transac- 
tions are  noted;  a  journal;  a  blank  book 
datfld  for  the  record  of  daily  memoranda. 
— Diarial,  Diarian,  di-a'ri-al,  di-a'ri-an,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  diary.— Diarist,  di'a-rist. 
re. '  One  who  keeps  a  diary. 

Diastase,  di'as-tas,  re.  [Gr.  diastasis,  separa- 
tion—dta,  asunder,  and  root  sta,  to  stand.] 
A  substance  existing  in  barley  and  oats 
after  germination :  so  calltjd  because  in 
solution  it  possesses  the  propertj^  of  caus- 
ing starch  to  break  up  at  130*  Fahr.,  trans- 
forming it  first  into  dextrine  and  then 
into  sugar.  —  Diastema,  di-as-tS'ma,  re. 
[Gr.]  The  natural  interval  between  some 
of  the  series  of  teeth  in  animals. 

Diastole,  di-as'to-l6,  re.  [Gr.  diastoU,  a 
drawing  asunder — dia,  and  stello,  to  set] 
Physiol,  the  dilatation  of  the  heart  with 
blood :  opposed  to  systole,  or  contraction; 
gram,  the  lengthening  of  a  syllable  that 
is  naturally  short.— Diastolic,  di-a-stol'ik, 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  produced  by  the  dia- 
stole. 

DisiStyla,  dl'a.-stil,  n.  [Gr.  diastylion—dia, 
and  stylox,  a  column.l_  Arch,  that  mode 
of  arranging  columns  in  which  thre-u  Jia- 


ch,  cAainj     c«,  Sc,JlpcAj     e>ffoi    Ji/ol'J     n,  Fr.  tow;     pg,  swjjr;     3h,  tAen;  th,^Ajn;     w,  wdg;    .^zi.  wjig;     zb,  aaure. 


■DIATHKBMAL 


196 


DIELECTRIC 


1  meters  of  the  columns  are  allowed  for  in- 
'  tercolumniations. 

Si&thermal,  Diathermic,  Siathermouk,  di- 
a-th6r'mal,  di-a-th6r'mik,  di-a-th6r'mu8, 
a.  [€rr.  dia,  and  thermS,  heat.]  Freely 
permeable  by  heat.— Dtathermanous.  di- 
a-thfer'ma-nus,  a.  Having  the  property  of 
transmitting  or  suffering  radiant  neat  to 
pass  through.— Diathermancy,  di-a  thfer'- 
man-si,  n.  The  property  of  transmitting 
I  radiant  heat.— Dlathermanlsm,  di-a-thfer'- 
ma-nizm,  n.  The  doctrine  or  phenomena 
of  the  transmission  of  radi&nt  neat. 
DiatheEis,  di-ath'e-sis,  n.  [Gr.l  Med.  par- 
ticular disposition  or  habit  of  body,  good 
or  bad;  predisposition  to  certain  diseases 
rather  than  to  others 
Diatom,  di'a-tom,  n.  [Gr.  diet,  through, 
and  tomS,  a  cutting,  from  forming  often 
loosely  connected  chains.]  One  of  a  natural 
order  of  microscopic  vegetable  organisms 
with  siliceous  coverings,  found  in  fresh 
and  salt  water,  and  in  moist  places. 
Diatomic,  di-a-iom'ik,  a.  [Gr.  di,  twice, 
and  atamoa,  an  atom.]  Chem.  consisting 
of  two  atoms. 

Diatonic,  di-a-ton'lk,  a.  [Gr.  dia,  by  or 
through,  and  UmoB,  sound.]  Mu».  applied 
to  the  major  or  minor  scales,  or  to  chords, 
intervals,  and  melodic  progressions  be- 
longing to  one  scale. — Dfattmlcally,  di-a- 
ton'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  diatonic  manner. 
Diatribe,  di'a-trib,  n.  [Gr.  diatribe,  a  dis- 
cussion, amusement,  passing  of  time— dta, 
through,  and  iribo,  to  rub.]  A  continued 
disputation;  a  lengthy  invective;-  a  ha- 
rangue in  which  a  person  inveighs  against 
something.  —  Diatribist,  di-at'ri-bist,  n. 
The  author  of  a  diatribe. 
Dibble,  dib'l,  n.  [From  dib,  a  form  of  dip.] 
A  pointed  instrument  used  in  gardening 
and  agriculture  to  make  holes  for  plant- 
ing seeds,  bulbs,  &c.  Also  called  Dibber 
(dib'fer).— t).t.— dtfcbied,  dibbling.  To  plant 
with  a  dibble;  to  dig  with  a  dibble; — 
Dlbbler,  dibl*r,  n.  One  who  dibbles. 
Dlbranchiate,  dl-brang'ki-at,  a.  [Gr.  di, 
double,  sLDdbranchia,  gills.]  Having  two 
gills.— n.  A  member  of  an  order  of  cephal- 
opods  in.which  the  branchiae  are  two  in 
number,  one  situated  on  each  side  of  the 
body. 

Dicast,  dVk&sl,  n.  [Gr.  dikastes,  from  dike, 
justice.]  Greek  aithq.  an  officer  answering 
nearly  to  the  modem  juryman. — Dicas- 
teiry,  di-kas't^r-i,  n.  Greek  antiq.  a  court 
of  justice  in  which  dicasts  used  to  sit. 
Dice,  dis,  n.  pi.  of  die,  for  gaming.  Die. — 
v.i. — diced,  dicing. '  To  play  with  dice. — 
Diced,  dist,  a.  Ornament^  with  square 
or  diamond'Shaped  figures. — Dice-box,  n. 
A  box  from  which  dice  are  thrown  in 
gaming. -Dicer,  di'sfer,  n.  A  player  at 
dice. 

DicephaloTU,  di-sef 'a-lus,  o;  [Gr.  di.  double, 
kephaXe,  head.]  Having  two  heads  on  one 
body. 

Dichlamydeous,  di-kla-mid'S-us,  a.  [One. 
di,  double,  ehlamya,  a  g^arment.]  Bot. 
having  both  a  calyx  and  a  corolla. 
Dichogamy,  di-kog'a-mi,  n.  (Gr.  dicha,  in 
two  parts,  and  gcmws,  marriage.]  Bot.  a 
provision  in  hermaphrodite  flowers  to 
prevent  self-fertilization,  as  where  the 
stamens  and  pistils  within  the  same  flower 
are  not  matured  at  the  same  time.  —  Di- 
chogamotts,  di-kog'a-mus,  a.  Bot.  exhibit- 
ing or  characterized  by  dichogamy. 
Dicnotomous,  di-kot'o-mus,  a.  [Gr.  dicha, 
doubly,  by  pairs,  and  temnO,  to  cut.]  Bot. 
regularly  dividing  by  pairs  from  top  to 
bottom.— Dichotomously,  di-kot'o-mus-H, 
adv.  In  a  dichotomous  manner. — Dichot- 
omy, di-kot'o-mi,  n.  A  cutting  in  two  J ; 
division!;  division  or  distribution  of  ideas 
by  pairs;  bot.  a  mode  of  branching  by  con- 
stant forking,  as  when  the  stem  of  a  plant 
divides  into  two  branches,  each  branch 
iuto  two  others,  and  so  on. 
Dichroism,  di'kro-izm,  n.  [Gr.  dif  twice, 
and  ehroa,  colour.]  Optics,  a  property 
possessed  by  several  crystallized  bodies  of 
appearing  under  two  distinct  colours  ac- 
cording to  the  direction  in  which  light  is 
transmitted  through  them.— Dichrolc,  di- 
krc'ik,  o.  CharacterizHd  by  dichroism.— 
Dlchroite,  diTiro-it,  n.  A  mineral  gener- 
ally of  a  blue  colour,  but  exhibiting  diflfer- 


ent  coloiirs  in  dififerent  positions.— Dichro- 
matic, di-kro-mat'ik,  a.  [Gr.  di,  and  chro- 
ma, colour.]  Having  or  producing  two 
Qjlours.— Dfchrcscope,  di'kro-skop,  n.  [Gr. 
ai,  chtoa,  and  akopeo,  to  see.]  An  instru- 
ment in  which  a  prism  of  Iceland-spar  is 
used  for  testing  the  dichroism  of  crystals. 
— Dichroscopic,  di-kro-skop'ik,  o.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  dichroscope. 

Dickens,  dik'enz,  i:iter}.  [Probably  a-  fan- 
ciful euphemism  for  derni;  comp.  L.G. 
duker,  duks,  the  deuce,  1  Devil;  deuce: 
used  intetjectionally.    iShak.] 

Dicker,  dik'fer,  n.  TL.G.  and  Sw.  deker,  G. 
decker,  ten  hides,  from  L.L.  dacra,  decara, 
L.  decern,  ten.]  The  number  or  quantity 
of  ten,  particularly  ten  hides  or  skins. 

Dickey,  Dicky  dik'i,  n.  [Origin  doubtful.] 
An  ^icle  of  dress  like  the  fiont  of  a 
dress-shirt,  and  worn  instead  ;  the  seat  in 
a  carriage  on  which  the  driver  sits,  whe- 
ther in  front  oi  not.— Dicky-bird,  n.  A 
pet  name  for  a  little  bird. 

Diclinic,  di-klin'ik,  a.  [Gr.  di,  twice,  and 
klino,  to  incline.]  Applied  to  crystals  in 
which  two  of  the  axes  are  obliquely  in- 
clined. 

Diclinous,  di'kli-nus,  a.  [Gr.  di,  double, 
and  klin4,  a  b^.J  Bot.  having  the  stamens 
in  one  flower  and  the  pistil  in  another. 

DicoelouB,  di-se'lus,  o.  [Gr.  di,  "two,  and 
koiloa,  hollow.]  Anat.  characterized  by 
having  two  cavities;  araphicoelous. 

Dicotyledon,  di'kot-i-le'don,  n.  [Gr.  di, 
and  kotyledon.]  A  plant  whose  seeds  con- 
tain a  pair  of  cotyledons  or  seed-leaves, 
which  are  always  opposite  to  each  other. — 
Dicotyledonous,  di'kot-i-le"do-nus,a.  Hav- 
ing two  cotyledons. 

Dictate,  dik'tat,  v.t— dictated,  dictatitig. 
[L.  dicto,  dictatum,  a  freq.  of  dice,  dictum, 
to  say.  Diction.]  To  deliver  or  enounce 
with  authority,  as  an  order,  command,  or 
direction;  to  instruct  to  be  said  or  written; 
to  utter,  so  that  another  may  write  out;  to 
direct  by  impulse  on  the  mind  (an  action 
dictated  by  fear);  to  instigate.— n.  An  order 
delivered;  a  command;  a  rule,  maxim,  or 
precept,  delivered  with  authority;  rule  or 
direction  suggested  to  the  mind  (the 
dictates  of  reason).  —  Dictation,  dik-ta'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  dictating ;  the  act 
or  practice  of  speaking  or  reading  that 
another  may  write  down  what  is  spoken. 
—Dictator,  dik'ta-ter,  n.  [L.,  a  supreme 
magistrate  appointed  on  special  occasions 
witn  unUmited  power.]  One  invested  with 
absolut-e  authority^'a  supreme  leader  or 
guide  to  direct  the  conduct  or  opinion  of 
others. — Dictatorial,  dik-ta-to'ri-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  dictator;  imperious;  over- 
bearing. —  Dictatorially,  dik-ta-to'ri-al-li, 
adv.  In  an  imperious  manner.— Dictator- 
shin,  Dlctatore,  dik'ta-tfer-ship,  dik'ta-tQr, 
n.  The  office  of  a  dictator;  authority;  im- 
periousness.  —  Dictatory,  dik'ta-to-ri,  o. 
Overbearing;  dictatorial.— Dlctatress.Dic- 
tatriz,  dik-ta'tres,  dik-ta'triks,  n.  A  fe- 
male dictator. 

Diction,  dik'shon,  n.  [L.  dictio,  from  dico, 
dictum,  to  speak,  appearing  in  a  great 
many  English  words,  as  dictate,  addict, 
contradict,  edict,  condition,  preach,  &c.]  A 
person's  choice  or  selection  of  words  in 
speaking  or  writing;  general  mode  of  ex- 
pressing one's  self ;  style.  .*.  Diction  refers 
chiefly  to  the  words  used ;  phraseology  re- 
fers more  to  the  manner  of  framing  the 
phrases,  clauses,  and  sentences;  style  in- 
cludes both,  referring  to  the  thoughts  as 
well  as  the  words,  and  especially  compre- 
hends the  niceties  and  beauties  of  a  com- 
position.—  Dictionary,  dik'shon-a-ri,  n. 
[L.L.  dictionarium.]  A  book  containing 
the  words  of  a  language  arranged  in  alpha- 
betical order,  with  explanations  or  defini- 
tions of  their  meanings;  a  lexicon;  a  word- 
book; any  work  which  communicates  in- 
formation on  an  entire  subject  or  branch 
of  a  subject,  under  entries  or  heads  ar- 
ranged alphabetically.— a.  Pertaining  to, 
contained'  in,  or  given  by  a  dictionary  or 
dictionaries.— Dictum,  dik'tum,  n.  pi.  Dic- 
ta, dik'ta.  [L.]  A  positive  assertion;  an 
authoritative  saying  or  decision. 
Di.ctyogen,  dik'ti-o-jen ,  n.  ( Gr.  dictyon,  net- 
work, and  root  gen,  to  produce.]  Bot.  the 
name  given  to  a  group  of  monocotyledon- 


ous  plants,  with  net-veined  leaves,  inter- 
mediate between  the  monocotyledons  and 
dicotyledons.  —  Dictyogenoos,  dik-ti-oj'e- 
nus,  a.  Bot.  having,  tne  character  of  a 
dictyogen. 
Did,  did,  pret.  of  do. 

Didactic,  Didactical,  di-dak'tik,  di-dak'ti- 
kal,  a.  [Gr.  didaktikos.  from  didaako,  to 
teach.]  Adapted  to  teach;  containing  doc- 
trines, precepts,  principles,  or  rules;  in- 
tended to  instruct.— Didactically,  di-dak'- 
ti-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  didactic  manner;  in  a 
form  to  teach.  —  Didactics,  di-dak'tiks,  n. 
The  art  or  science  of  teaching. 
Didactyl,  Didactyle,  di-dak'til,  a.  [Gr. 
prefix  di,  and  daktylos,  the  finger.]  Hav- 
ing two  toes  or  two  fingers. — n.  An  animal 
having  two  toes  only.  —  Didactylous,  di- 
dak'ti-lus,  a.  Two-toed  or  two-fingered. 
Didapper,  did'a-p6r,  n.  [For  divedapper 
(Shak.),  from  dive,  and  dap  =  dip.  Dab- 
chick..]  The  dab-chick  or  little  grebe. 
Diddle,  did'l,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  dyieridn,\o  de- 
ceive or  delude,  originally  perhaps  by 
rapid  movements  or  sleight  of  hand.]  To 
cheat  or  trick,  especially  in  money  mat- 
ters (slang);  to  dandle  (provincial). 
Didelphia,  di-del'fi-a,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  di,  double, 
and  delphys,  womb.]  One  of  tlie  three 
sub-classes  of  Mammalia  (the  other  two 
being  Omithodelphia  and  Monodelphia), 
founded  on  the  nature  of  the  female  repro- 
ductive organs,  the  young  being  bom  in 
an  immature- state  and  carried  in  a  pouch 
or  second  womb  till  perfect;  they  include 
the  marsupials,  as  the  kangaroos,  opos- 
sums, &c.— Didelphlan,  Didelphic,  di-del'- 
fi-an,  di-del'fik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Di- 
delphia.—Didelphld,  di-del'fid,  n.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  Didelphia. 

Didnction,t  di-duk'shon,  n.  [L.  didnctid— 
di  tor  dis,  and  ditco,  to  draw.]  Separation 
by  withdrawing  one  part  from  the  other. 
Didymlnm,  di-dim'i-um,  n.  [Gr.  didymos, 
double,  twin.]  A  rare  metal  discovered  in 
1841  in  the  oxide  of  cerium,  and  so  named 
from  being,  as  it  were,  the  twin-brother  of 
lanthanium,  which  was  previously  found 
in  the  same  body.  —  Didvmous,  did'i-mus, 
a.  Bot.  twin;  growing  double. 
Didynam,  did'i-nam,  n.  [Gr.  di,  double, 
and  dynamis,  power,  from  the  two  larger 
stamens  appearing  to  domineer  over  the 
shorter.]  Bot.  a  plant  of  four  stamens, 
disposed  in  two  pairs,  one  bemg  shorter 
than  the  other.— Didynamoua,Didynamic, 
di-din'a-mus,  did-i-nam'ik,  a.  Bot.  having 
four  stamens  disposed  in  pairs,  one  shorter 
than  the  other. 

Die,  di,  v.i.— died,  dying.  Wot  an  A.  Sax. 
word;  closely  allied  to  the  O.Fris.  dim, 
deya,  Icel.  deya,  deyja,  Dan.  doe,  to  die: 
A.  Sax.  dedd,  dead,  a  kind  of  participial 
form;  dedth,  death.]  To  cease  to  hve;  to 
expire ;  to  decease ;  to  perish ;  to  become 
dead;  to  lose  life:  said  of  both  animals 
and  plants;  to  come  to  an  end;  to  cease  to 
have  influence  or  effect  (his  fame  will  not 
die);  to  sink;  to  faint  (his  heart  died  within 
him);  to  languish  with  pleasure,  tender- 
ness, affection,  or  the  like;  to  become  grra- 
dually  less  distinct  or  perceptible  to  the 
sight  or  hearing:  generally  followed  by 
away  (the  sound  died  away);  theol.  to  suffer 
divine  wrath  and  punishment  in  the  fu- 
ture world. — To  die  out,  to  become  extinct 
gradually. 

Die,  di,  n.  [Fr.  dd,  O.Fr.  det,  from  L.  datum, 
something  given,  hence  what  is  thrown  or 
laid  on  the  table.]  A  small  cube  marked 
on  its  faces  with  numbers  from  one  to  six, 
used  in  gaming  by  being  thrown  from  a 
box;  a  square  body:  in  the  abo^e  censes 
the  plural  is  dice;  arch,  the  cubical  part 
of  a  pedestal  between  its  base  and  cornice; 
a  stamp  used  in  coining  money,  in  foun- 
dries, &c.:  in  the  last  two  senses  the  plural 
is  regular,  dies.— The  die  is  cast,  every- 
thing is  now  put  to  hazard;  all  will  depend 
upon  fortune.  —  Die-sinker,  n.  An  en- 
graver of  dies  for  stamping  or  embossing. 
_Die-«inking-,  n.  The  process  of  engraving 
dies. 

Dielectric,  di-e-lek'trik,  n,  [Gr.  dia, 
through,  and  E.  electric.]  Elect,  any  me- 
dium through  or  across  which  electric 
induction  takes  place  between  two  con- 
ductors. 


F&te,  fdr,  fat,  fftll;_  me,  met,  her;,  pine,  pin;     n5te,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tub,  bftUj     oil,  pound;     U,  Sc  abime— the  Fr.  v. 


DIERESIS 


197 


DIGNIFY 


'  SieresiB^  di-e're-sig,  n.  Same  as  IHaeresit. 
Diet,  di'et,  n.  [O.Fr.  diete,  L.L.  dieta,  Gr. 
diaita,  a  way  of  living,  diet.]  A  person's 
regular  food  or  victuals;  manner  of  living 
as  regards  food  and  drink;  course  of  food 
prescribed  and  limited  in  kind  and  quan- 
tity; allowance  of  provision. — v.t.  To  fur- 
nish diet  or  meals  for;  to  prescribe  a  par- 
ticular diet  for.— y.i.  To  eat  according  to 
rules  prescribed;  to  eat;  to  feed.  —  Dieta- 
rian,  di-e-ta'ri-an,  n.  One  who  adheres  to 
a  certain  or  prescribed  diet ;  a  dietetist. — 
Dietary,  di'e-ta-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  diet 
or  the  rules  of  diet.— n.  A  system  or  course 
of  diet;  allowance  of  food.— Dieter,  di'et- 
6r,  n.  One  who  diets;  one  who  prescribes 
rules  for  eating.  [SftaA:.]— Dietetic,  Diet- 
^tical,  di-e-tet'ik,  di-e-tet'i-kal,a.  Periain- 
ing  to  diet,  or  to  the  rules  for  regulating 
diet.  —  Dietetically,  di-e-t^fi-kaT-li,  adv. 
In  a  dietetical  manner. —Dietetics,  di-e- 
tet'iks,  n.  That  departmeiit  of  medicine 
which  relates  to  the  regulation  ox  diet. — 
Dletlst,  Dietetist,  .di'e-tist,  di-e-tet'ist,  n. 
One  skilled  in  regulating  diet. 

Diet,  di'et,  n.  [Fr.  di^te,  from  L.L.  dieia, 
the  space  of  a  day,  from  L.  dies,  a  day, 
whence  also  dial,  diary.]  A  meeting,  as 
of  dignitaries  or  delegates,  held  from  day 
to  day  for  legislative,  ecclesiastical,  or 
other  purposes;  session;  specifically,  the 
legislative  or  administrative  assemblies  in 
the  German  Empire,  Austria,  &c. 

Differ,  dif'er,  v.i.  [L.  dt/ero— prefix  di/, 
dig,  and  fero,  to  bear,  te  carry,  seen  also  m 
confer,  offer,  refer,  suffer,  infer,  &c.;  root 
also  in  fertile.]  To  be  unlike,  dissimilar, 
distinct,  or  various,  in  nature,  condition, 
form,  or  qualities  (men  and  things  differ 
greatly;  they  differ  from  each  other) ;  to 
disa^ee;  not  to  accord;  to  be  of  another 
opinion  (we  differ  with  or  front  a  person); 
to  contend;  to  be  at  variance;  to  dispute; 
to  quarrel. — Difference,  dif'6r-ens,  n.  The 
Btate  or  condition  in  virtue  of  which  things 
differ  from  each  other;  a  point  or  feature 
of  disagreement;  the  being  different;  want 
of  sameness;  variation;  dissimilarity;  dis- 
tinction ;  a  dispute,  contention,  quarrel, 
controversy;  the  point  in  dispute;  the 
remainder  of  a  sum  or  quantity  after  a 
lesser  sum  or  quantity  is  subtracted ;  the 
quantity  by  which  one  quantity  differs 
from  smother.— v.t.— differe^iced,  differenc- 
ing. To  cause  a  difference  or  distinction 
in;  ty  distinguish ;  to  discriminate.— Dif- 
ferent, dif'er-ent,  a.  Distinct;  separate; 
not  the  same;  various;  of  various  natures, 
forms,  or  qualities ;  unlike ;  dissimilar. — 
Differentia,  dif-er-en'shi-a,  n.  Logic,  the  ' 
characteristic  attribute  of  a  species;  speci- 
fic difference.— Differential,  dif-er-en'shal, 
a.-  Making  a  difference;  discriminating; 
distin^isning ;  math,  an  epithet  applied 
to  an  mfiaitely  small  quantity  by  which 
two  variable  quantities  differ;  pertaining 
to  mathematical  processes  in  which  such 
quantities  are  employed. — Differential  cal- 
culus, an  important  oranch  of  the  higher 
mathematics  which  deals  largely  with  the 
infinitely  small  differences  of  variable  and 
in  utually  dependent  quantities.— Dyfei'en- 
tial  duties,  pol.  econ.  duties  which  are  not 
levied  equally  upon  the  produce  or  manu- 
factures of  different  countries,  as  when  a 
heavier  duty  is  laid  on  certain  commodi- 
ties from  one  country  than  on  the  same 
commodities  from  another  country.  —  n. 
Math,  an  infinitesimal  difference  between 
two  states  of  a  variable  quantity.— Differ- 
entiate, dif-6r-en'shi-at,  v.t.  To  produce,  or 
lead  to,  a  difference  in  or  between;  to  mark 
or  distinguish  by  a  difference;  to  set  aside 
for  a  definite  or  specific  purpose;  math,  to 
obtain  the  differential  of. — v.i.  To  acquire 
a  distinct  and  separate  character.  —  Dif- 
ferentiation, dif-er-en'8hi-a"Bhon,  n.  The 
act  of  differentiating;  the  production  or 
discrimination  of  differences  or  variations; 
the  assignment  of  a  specific  agency  to  the 
discharge  of  a  specific  function ;  Idol,  the 
formation  of  different  parts,organs,species, 
&c.,  hyr  the  production  or  acquisition  of  a, 
diversity  of  new  structures,  through  a  pro- 
cess of  evolution  or  development;  math. 
the  operation  of  finding  the  differential  of 
any  function.  —  Differently,  dif  '6r-ent-li, 
adv.    la  a  different  manner;  variously. 


Difficulty,  dif'i-kul-ti,  n.  [Fr.  difficulU; 
L.  difflcultas,  from  diMcilis,  difficult — die, 
priv.,  and  facilis,  easy  to  be  made  or  done, 
from  facia,  to  make,  whence  facile^  fact, 
&c.]  Hardness  to  be  done  or  accomplished; 
the  state  of  anything  which  renders  its 
performance  laborious  or  perplexing :  op- 
posed to  easiness  or  facility;  that  which  is 
hard  to  be  performed  or  surmounted;  per- 
plexity; embarrassment  of  affairs;  trouble; 
objection;  cavil;  obstacle  to  belief;  an  em- 
broilment; a  falling  out:  a  controversy;  a 
quarrel.— Difficult,  dif'ikult,  a.  Hard  to 
make,  do,  or  perform;  not  easy;  attended 
with  labour  and  pains;  arduous;  hard  to 
understand.— Difficultly,  dif'i-kult-li,  adv. 
Hardly;  with  difficulty. 

Diffidence,  dif'i-dens,  n.  [L.  diMdentia, 
diffidens,  ppr.  of  diMdo,  to  distrust — dis, 
priv.,  and yido,  to  trust.  Faith.]  Distrust: 
want  of  confidence;  especially  distrust  of 
one's  self;  a  doubt  respecting  some  per- 
sonal qualification;  modest  reserve.— Dif- 
fident, dif'i-dent,  a.  Characterized  by 
diffidence;  distrustful  of  one's  self;  not  con- 
fident; backward;  bashful. —Diffidently, 
dif'i-dent-li,  adv.    In  a  diffident  manner. 

Diffluent,  dif 'flu-ent,  a.  (L.  diffluens,  dif- 
fluentis,  ppr.  of  diffluo — dis,  asunder,  and 
fluo,  to  flow. )  Flowing  or  falling  away  on 
all  pides. 

Difform,  dif'form,  a.    [Fr.  difforme,  from 

,  L.di/fordig.and/orma,  shape.]  Irregular 
in  form ;  not  uniform ;  anomalous ;  dis- 
similar.-Difformlty,  dif-for'mi-ti,  n.  Ir- 
regularity of  form;  want  of  uniformity. 

Dim-act,  dif-frakt',  v.t.  [h.  diffringo,  dif- 
fractum  —  prefix  dif,  dis,  and  frango,  to 
break.]  To  brealy  to  bend  from  a  straight 
Une;  to  deflect.— Diffraction,  dif-frak'shon, 
n.  Optics,  the  peculiar  modifications  which 
light  undergoes  when  it  passes  by  the  edge 
of  an  opaque  body;  deflection.— Diffractive, 
dif-frak'tiv,  a.    Causing  diffraction. 

Diffuse,  dif-fuz',  v.t.  —  diffused,  diffusing. 
[L.  dt/undo,  di/MStiW— prefix  dif,  dis,  and 
/undo,  fusum,  to  pour,  w  hence  fiision.]  To 
pour  out  and  spread,  as  a  fluid;  to  cause 
to  flow  and  spread;  to  send  out  or  extend 
in  all  directions(light,  information,  happi- 
ness).- a.  (dif-fus').  Widely  spread;  using 
too  many  words  to  express  meaning;  want- 
ing conciseness  and  due  condensation; 
verbose ;  prolix ;  hot.  sjsreading  widely, 
horizontally,  and  irregularly.  —  Diffused, 
dif-fuzd',  p.  and  a.  8preaQ ;  dispersed  ; 
loose;  flowing.  —  Diffusedly,  dif-fu'zed-li, 
adv.  In  adifmsed  manner.— DiSusedness, 
dif-fu'zed-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  dif- 
fused.—Diffusely,  dif-fas'li,  adv.  In  a  dif- 
fuse manner;  widely;  extensively;  with  too 
many  words. —Dinusen  ess,  Jif-ftis'nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  diffuse;  want  of  con- 
ciseness or  due  concentration  in  expressing 
one's  meaning.  —  Diffuser,  dif-fu'zer,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  diffuses.— Diffusi- 
bility,  Diffusibleness,  dif-fu'zi-bil"i-ti,  dif- 
fQ'zi-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  dif- 
fusible.—Diffusible,  dif -fu'zi-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  diffused  or  spread  in  all  direc- 
tions.—Diffusion,  dii-f u'zhon,  n.  The  act 
of  diffusing  or  process  of  being  diffused;  a 
spreading  abroad  or  scattering;  dispersion; 
dissemination;  extension;  propagation. — 
Diffusive,  dif-f  u'siv,  a.  Having  the  quality 
of  diffusing  or  becoming  diffused;  extend- 
ing in  all  directions;  widely  reaching  (dif- 
fusive charity);  diffuse  as  regards  expres- 
sion.—Diffusively,  dif-fQ'siv-li,  adv.  In  a 
diffusive  manner;  widely;  extensively. — 
Diffusiveness,  dif -fO'siv-nes.n.  The  charac- 
ter of  being  diffusive.  —  Diffusivity,t  dif- 
fa-siv'i-ti,  n.    The  power  of  diffusion. 

Dig.  dig,  v.t— digged  or  dug,  digging.  [Pro- 
bably connected  with  dike  or  dyke,  ditch; 
A.  Sax.  die,  a  dike  or  a  ditch,  dician,  Dan. 
dige,  to  make  a  ditch.]  To  open  and  break, 
or  turn  up,  with  a  spade  or  other  sharp 
instrument ;  to  excavate ;  to  form  in  the 
ground  by  digging  and  removing  the  loose 
soil;  to  raise  from  the  earth  by  digging  (to 
dig  coals,  fossils,  &c.).—v.i.  To  work'  with 
a  spada  or  other  similar  instrument. — 
Diggable,  dig'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
digged.  —  Digger,  dig'6r,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  digs;  specifically,- one  who  digs 
for  gold.— Digging,  dig'ing,  n.  The  act  of 
one  who  digs ;  pi.  a  word  applied  to  the 


different  localities  in  Califomia,AustraU a.. 

New  Zealand,  &(;.,  where  gold  is  obtained 
•  by  excavations  in  the  earth. 
Digamma,  di-gam'ma,  n.    [6r.,  lit.  double 

f;amma  (gamma=E.  g  hardj,  because  in 
orm  it  resembled  two  gammas,  the  one 
set  above  the  other,  somewhat  like  our  F.] , 
A  letter  which  once  belonged  to  the  alpha- : 
bet  of  the  Greeks,  and  appears  to  have  had  j 
the  force  of  vorf.  \ 

Digastric,  di-gas'trik,  a.  [Gr.  di,  double,  j 
and  gaster,  belly.)  Having  a  double  belly. 
— Digastric  muscle,  a  double  muscle  that 
pulls  tae  lower  jaw  downwards  and  back- 
wards. 

Digest,  di-jest',  v.t.  [L.  digero,  digestum, 
to  distribute,  dispose,  digest  food— di  for 
dis,  asunder,  and  gero,  gestum,,  to  bear; 
also  in  congest,  suggest,  gesture,  &c.J  To 
arrange  in  suitable  divisions  or  under 
proper  heads  or  titles;  to  dispose  in  due 

■  method  for  being  conveniently  studied  or 
consulted;  to  arrange  methodically  in  the 
mind;  to  think  out;  to  separate  or  dissolve 
in  the  stomach,  preparing  the  nutritious 
elements  for  entering  the  system :  chein. 
to  soften  and  prepare  by  a  heated  liquid; 
fig.  to  bear  with  patience  or  with  an  effort; 
to  brook;  to  put  up  with. — v.i.  To  undergo 
digestion,  as  food.— n.  (di'jest).  A  collec- 
tion of  Roman  laws,  digested  or  arranged 
under  proper  titles  by  order  of  the  Em- 
peror Justii£au;  any  orderly  or  syste- 
matic summary,  as  of  laws.— Digester,  di- 
jes'ter,  n.  One  who  dijests  or  disposes  in 
order;  that  which  assists  the  digestion 
of  food ;  a  vessel  in  which  bones  or  other 
substances  may  be  subjected  to  heat  in 
water  or  other  liquid.  —  Digestibility,  di- 
ies'ti-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  di- 
gestible.—  Digestible,  di-jes'ti-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  digested.- I/igestibleneas, 
di-jes'ti-bl-nes,  n.  Quality  of  being  di- 
gestible. —  Digestion,  di-jes'tyon,  n.  [L. 
digestio.]  The  act  of  methodizing  or  dis- 
posing in  order;  the  process  which  food 
undergoes  in  the  stomach,  by  which  it  is 
prepared  for  nourishing  the  body;  ehem. 
the  operation  of  exposing  bodies  to  heat 
in  a  liquid  to  prepare  them  for  some  ac- 
tion on  each  other;  or  the  slow  action  of 
a  solvent  on  any  substance.  —  Digestive, 
di-jes'tiv,  a.  Having  the  power  to  pro- 
mote digestion  in  the  stomach.  —  n.  Any 
preparation  or  medicine  which  increases 
the  tone  of  the  stomach  and  aids  diges- 
tion; a  stomachic. 

Digger,  Digging.    Under  Dio. 

Digut,  dit,  v.t. — dight.  [A.  Sax.  dihtan, 
from  L.  dictare,  to  dictate.  Dictate.]  To 
put  in  order;  to  dress;  to  array.  [Now  only 
poet.] 

Digit,  dij'it,  n.  [L.  digitus,  a  finger;  akin 
Gr.  daktylos,  a  finger;  root  dik,  to  point 
out,  as  in  Gr.  dsiknymi,  to  show,  L.  dico, 
•to  say.]  A  finger:  sometimes  used  scien- 
tifically to  signify  toe,  when  speaking  of 
animals;  the  measure  of  a  finger's  breadth 
or  I  inch;  astron.  the  twelfth  part  of  the 
diameter  of  the  sun  or  moon;  arith.  any 
integer  under  10:  so  called  from  countini; 
on  the  fingers.  — Digital,  dij'i-tal,  a.  [L. 
digitalis.]  Pertaining  to  the  fingers  or  to 
digits.— n.  One  of  the  keys  of  instruments 
of  the  organ  or  piano  class.  —  Digitalin, 
dij'i-ta-Jin,  n.  A  strong  poison  obtainDd 
from  digitalis.  — Digitalis,  dij-i-ta'lis,  n. 
[Suggested  by  the  popular  name  io-s.gloyi.] 
A  genus  of  plants  one  species  of  which, 
the  foxglove,  is  a  common  wild  flower  in 
Britain.— Digitate,  Digitated,dij'i-tat,  di  j'- 
i-ta-ted,  a.  Bot.  branched  out  into  divi- 
sions like  fingers.— Digitately,  dij'i-tat-li, 
adv.  In  a  digitate  manner.— Digltatloa, 
dij-i-ta'shon,  n.  A  division  into  finger- 
like processes. — Dlgitiform,  dij'i-ti-form, 
a.  Formed  like  ^ngers.- Dlgltigi-ade,  dij'- 
i-ti-grad,  n.  [L.  digitus,  and  gradior,  to 
go.]  An  animal  that  walks  on  his  toes,  as 
the  lion,  wolf,  (fee— a.  Walking  on  tha 
toes.  —  Digitorium,  dij-i-to'ri-um,  n.  _  A 
small  portable  instrument  for  giving 
strength  and  flexibility  to  the  fingers  for 
piano  playing;  a  dumb  piano. 

Diglypn,  di'glif,  n.  [Gr.  di,  double,  and 
glypho,  to  carve.]  Arch,  a  projecting  face 
with  two  panels  or  channels  sunk  in  it. 

Dignify,  dig'ni-fi,  «.<.- diffni/ied,  digvifying. 


chyChaiD.;  ^ch,%c.\<Kh;     g,  go;     },joh:     li,  Fr.  tow;     ug,  siny;     ¥h,  2/ieu;  tb,  <Aia;     w  wig;     wU.  w/tig;     zh,  tuure. 


DIGRAPH 


198 


DIMORPHISM 


[Ft.  dignifier  —  L.  dipnis,  worthy,  and 
/acere,  to  make.]  To  uivest  with  honour 
or  dignity;  to  exalt  in  rank;  to  elevate  to 
a  high  office;  to  honour;  to  make  illustri- 
ous.—Dlgnlficationjt  dig'ni-fl-ka"ghon,  n. 
Tho  act  of  dignifying.— Dignlfie<l,  dig'ni- 
tid,  p.  and  a.  Invested  with  dignity;  hon- 
oured; marked  with  dignity  or.  loftiness; 
nSble;  stately  in  deportment.— Dignitary, 
dig'ni-ta-ri,  n.  One  who  holds  an  exalted 
rank  or  oflice.— Dignity,  dig'ni-ti,  n.  [L. 
dipniiaa.}  Nobleness  or  elevation  of  mind; 
I'jjtfnees;  honourable  place  or  rank;  de- 
gree of  elevation;  elevation  of  aspect; 
grandeur  of  mien ;  height  or  importance ; 
an  elevated  office;  one  who  holds  high 
rank;  a  dignitary. 

Digraph,  di'graf,  n.  [Gr.  di,  twice,  and 
grapko,  to  write.]  A  union  of  two  vowels 
or  of  two  consonants,  representing  a  aingla. 
sound  of  the  voice  (as  ea  in  head). 

Digress,  di-gres',  v.i.  [L.  digredior,  digres- 
«ug,  to  step  apart — prefix  dis,  apart,  and 
gradior,  to  step.  Gkajde.]  To  depart  or 
wander  from  the  main  subject  or  tenor  of 
a  discourse,  argument,  or  narration.— Di- 
aession,  di-gresh'on,  »i.  [L.  digresaio.] 
The  act  of  digressing;  a  departiire  from 
the  main  subject;  the  part  or  passage  of  a 
discourse,  <tc.,  which  deviates  from  the 
main  subject;  transgression  {Shak.)l. — 
Digrecsional,  Digressive,  di-gresh'on-aJ, 
di-gres'iv,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting 
in  digression.- Di^essively,  di-gres'iv-li, 
adv.    By  way  of  digi-ession. 

Digyn,  di'jin,  n.  [Gr.  prefix  di,  twice,  and 
gyne,  a  female.]  A  plant  having  two 
pistUs.— Digynian,  Digynons,  di-jin'i-an, 
di'ji-nus,  a.    Having  "two  pistils. 

Dihedral,  di-he'dral,  a.  [Gr.  di,  twice,  and 
hedra,  a  seat  or  face.]  Having,  two  plane 
faces,  as  a  crystal.— Dihedron,  di-hs  dron, 
n.  A  figure  with  two  plane  sides  or  siir- 
faces. 

Dijudicate,  di-ju'di-kat,  v.i. — dijudicai-ed, 
dijudicating.  [L.  dijudico,  dijvdicatum, 
to  judge  between — prefix  di  for  dis,  apart, 
and  Yudico,  to  judge.]  To  judge,  determine, 
or  decide.  —  Dijndicant,  di-ju'di-kant,  n. 
One  who  dijudicates.  —  Dijudication,  di- 
jn'di-ka"8hon,  n.  The  act  of  adjudicating. 

Dike,  Dyk3,  dik,  n.  [A.  Sax.  die,  D.  dijk, 
Dan.  dige,  a  bank  of  earth,  a  ditch,  the 
ditch  being  excavated  and  the  bank 
formed  by  tne  same  operation.  Ditch  is  a 
softened  form  of  this.].  A  ditch  or  chan- 
nel for  water;  a  barrier  of  earth,  stones, 
or  other  materials,  intended  to  prevent 
low  lands  from  being  inundated  by  the 
sea  or  a  river;"  a  low  wall  forming  a  fence; 
geol.  a  vein  of  igneous  rock  which  has  in- 
truded in  a  melted  state  into  rents  or  fis- 
sures of  other  rocks.- v.t. — diked,  diking. 
To  BuiTound  with  a  dike;  to  secure  by  a 
bank;  to  drain  by  one  or  more  dikes  or 
ditches. 

Dilacerate,  di-las'fer-at,  v.t.  [L.  dilacero— 
prefix  di  for  dis,  asunder,  and  lacero,  to 
tear.]  To  tear;  to  rend  asunder.— Dilacer- 
ation,  di-las'6r-a"8hon,  n.  The  act  of  dila- 
cerating. 

Dilapidate,  di-lap'i-dat,  v.i. — dilapidated, 
diUipidati-iig.  [L.  dilapido,  dilapvdatuiri— 
prefix  di  for  dia,  asunder,  and  lapis,  lapi- 
dis,  a  stone.] — v.t.  To  suflfer  to  go  to  ruin 
(buildings)  by  misuse  or  neglect;  to  waste; 
to  squander.- v.i.  To  fall  to  ruin.  —  Dila- 
pidated, dirlap'i-da-ted,  p.  and  a.  In  a 
ruinous  condition;  suffered  to  go  to  ruin. 
—Dilapidation,  di-lap'i-da"8hon,  n.  The 
act  of  dilapidating ;  eccUs.  a  wasting  or 
BulTering  to  go  to  decay  any  building  or 
other  property  in  possession  of  an  incum- 
bent.—Dilapidator,di-lap'i-da-ter,  n.  One 
who  dilapidates. 

Dilate,  di-lat',  v.t.—dUatei,  dilating,  '[li. 
dilato,  to  make  wider — it  for  dis,  asunder. 
and  latus,  broad.]  To  expand  or  swell 
out,  especially  by  filling;  to  distend;  to 
enlarge  in  all  directions:  opposed  to  con- 
tract; to  tell  copiously  or  diffusely  (ffhak.)l. 
— v.i.  To  expand,  swell,  or  extend  in  all 
directions;  to  speak  largely  and  copiously; 
to  dwell  in  narration;  to  descant:  with  on 
or  upon.— Dilatablllty,  dj-la'ta-bil"i-ti,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  dilatable.— Dilatable, 
di-la'ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  dilated; 
possessing  elasticity;  elastic— Dlla.tation, 


Dilation,  dil-a-ta'sbon,  di-l&'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  expanding,  dilating,  or  state  of  be- 
ing expanded  or  distended.— Dilater,  Dila- 
tor, di-la't6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
dilates.— Dilative,  di-lativ,  o.  Tending  to 
dilate. 

Dilatory,  dil'a-to-ri,  a.  ITr.  dilatoire,  L.L. 
dUatorixis,  from  L.  differo,  dUaium.  De- 
lay.] Marked  with  or  given  to  procrasti- 
nation or  delav;  making  delay  or  result- 
ing in  delay;  slow;  tardy;  not  proceeding 
with  diligence:  of  persons  or  things. — 
Dilatorily,  dil'a-to-n-li,  adv.  In  a  dila- 
tory manner;  tardily.— Dilatorineat,  diF- 
a-to-ri-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  dila- 
tory; delay  in  proceeding;  tardiness. 

Dilemma,  di-lem'ma,  n.  [Gr.  diiemma— 
prefix  di  for  dis,  double,  and  lemma,  an 
assumption,  from  lanu>an6,  to  taJce.] 
Logic,  an  argument  in  which  the  adver- 
sary is  caught  between  two  difficulties,  by 
having  two  alternatives  presented  to  him. 
each  oi  which  is  equally  conclusive  against 
him;  hence,  a  state  pf  things  in  which  evils 
or  obstacles  present  themselves  on  every 
side,  and  it  is  difficiilt  to  determine  what 
course  to  pursue. 

Dilettante,  dil-e-tan'ta,  n.  pi.  DUeUanti, 
dU-e-tante.  [It.,  from  L.  delectare,  to  de- 
light. Deuget.j  An  admirer  or  Ipver  of 
the  fine  arts;  an  amateur  or  trifler  in  art; 
one  who  pursues  an  art  desultorily  and  for 
amusement  —  Dilettantism,  dil  -  e  -  tan  '- 
tizm,  n.  The  quality  characteristic  of  a 
dilettante. 

Diligence,  dil'i-jens,  n.  [L.  diligentia,  care- 
fulness, diligence,  from  diligo,  to  love  ear- 
nestly—lit for  dis,  intens.,  and  lego,  to 
choose.]  Steady  application  in  business 
of  any  kind;  constaiit  effort  to  accomplish 
what  is  undertaken ;  due  attention :  in- 
dustry; assiduity;  care;  heed;  heedful- 
ness;  Scots  law,  a  kind  of  warrant,  and 
also  a  process  by  which  persons  or  effects 
are  attached.— DUlgenfc  dil'i-jent,  a.  [L. 
diligens,  dUigentia.]  Steady  in  applica- 
tion to  business;  constant  in  effort  to  ac- 
complish what  is  undertaken;  assiduous; 
attentive;  industrious;  not  idle  or  negli- 
gent: of  persons  or  things.— Diligently, 
aill-jent-b,  adv.    In  a  diligent  manner. 

Diligence,  de-l6-zhans,  n.  [Fr.]  A  kind  of 
four-wheeled  stage-coach. 

Dill  dil,  n.  [A.  Sax.  dil,  Sw.  dill,  G.  dill, 
dill;  probably  from  its  soothing  qualities 
in  dilliiig  or  dulling  pain.  Oomp.  prov.  E. 
dill,  Icel.  dUla,  to  lull  a  child.]  An  um- 
belliferous European  plant,  the  fruits  or 
seeds  of  which  are  moderately  pungent 
and  aromatic,  and  are  used  as  a  carmina- 
tive. 

Dilly-dally,  dil'i-dal-i,  v.i.  [A  reduplication 
of  dalli/.l    To  loiter;  to  delay;  to  trifle. 

DUuciUate,t  di-lu'si-dat,  v.t.  [  L.  dUucid'us 
—  di  for  dis,  and  lucidus,  shining.]  To 
make  clear;  to  elucidate. 

Dilute,  di-lat',  «.<.  —  diluted,  diluting.  [L. 
diluo,  diZttit«— prefix  di  for  dis,  and  Zmo,  to 
wash,  as  in  ablution.  Deluge.]  To  render 
liquid  or  more  liquid,  especially  by  mixing 
with  water;  to  weaken  (spirit,  acid,  &c.) 
by  an  admixture  of  water. — a.  Diluted;  re- 
duced in  strength  by  intermixture.  —  Di- 
lutedly,  di-lQ'ted-li,  adv.  In  a  diluted 
form.— DUutedness,  Dilnteness,  di-lu'ted- 
nes,  di-lQt'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  diluted.— DUuter,  di-lo't^r,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  dilutes. — Dilution,  di- 
iQ'shon,  n.  The  act  of  diluting.— Diluent, 
dil'U-ent,  a.  [L.  dUu^ns,  dUuentis.]  Hav- 
ing the  effect  of  diluting. — n.  That  which 
dilutes;  med.  a  substance  which  increases 
the  proportion  of  fluid  in  the  blood. 

Diluvial,  Diluvian,  di-la'vi-al,  di-lu'vi-an, 
a.  [L.  diluvium,  a  deluge,  from  diluo.  Di- 
lute.] Pertaining  to  a  flood  or  deluge, 
more  esi)eGially  to  the  deluge  in  Noah's 
days. — Dilutnal  formation,  geol.  a  name  of 
superficial  deposits  of  gravel,  clay,  sand, 
(tc,  conveyed  to  their  present  sites  by  any 
unusual  or  extraordina'ry  rush  of  water. — 
Dlluvialist,  di-lu'vi-al-ist,  n.  One  who  ex- 
plains geological  phenomena  by  the  Noa- 
chian  deluge.— Dilnvion,  Diluvium,  di-lO'- 
vi-on,  di-lQ'vi-um,  n.  [L.]  A  deluge  or 
inundation ;  geol.  a  deposit  of  superficial 
loam,  sand,  gravel,  pebbles,  Ac,  caused  by 
the  extraordinary  action  of  water. 


Diin^dim,  a.  [A.  Sax.  dim,  dark,  obs*  ure= 
O.Fris.  dim, IceL  dimmr,  dim;  comp.  1/ith. 
iamsa,  Skr.  tamos,  darkpess.]  Not  seeirvg 
clearly ;  having  the  vision  indistinct ;  nol 

-  clearly  seen;  obscure;  faint;  vague;  some- 
what dark ;  not  luminous ;  dull  of  ap- 
prehension; having  the  lustre  obscurea; 
tarnished.  —  v.t.  —  dimmed,  divvniing.  To 
render  dim  or  less  «lear  or  distinct;  to  be- 
cloud; to  obscure;  to  tarnish  or  siilly. — 
Dimly,  dimli,  adv.  In  a  dim  manner. — 
DimmiBh,  Disuny,  dim'ish,  dim'!,  a.  Some- 
what dim;  obscure.— Dimneas,  dim'nes,  n. 
The  6tat«  of  being  dim. 

Dime,  dim,  n.  [Pr.  di'me,  a  tenth,  a  tithe, 
O.Pr.  disine,  from  L.  dcdmua,  tenth,  from 
decern,  ten.]  A  silver  coin  of  the  Cnited 
States,  value  ten  cents;  the  tenth  oi  a  dol- 
lar, or  about  6d. 

Dimension,  di-men'shon,  n.  [L.  dit>ten*io, 
from  dimetior,  to  measure — di  for  dis,  and 
wietior,  m«?is«8,  to  mete.  Mete,  Mkasurs.] 
Extension  in  a  single  direction,  as  length, 
breadth,  and  thickness  or  depth,  a  solid 
body  having  thus  three  dimensions;  pi. 
measure,  size,  extent,  capacity;  fig.  con- 
sequence; importance;  tdg.  same  as  de- 
gree. 

Dimerotur,  dim'^r-u.!!,  lu  [Gr.  di,  twice, 
and  ntero8,  part.]  Having  its  parts  in  pairs; 
composed  of  two  unrelated  pieces  or  parts; 
entom.  having  the  tarsi  two-joint«d. 

Dimeter,  dirnVt^r,  o.  [Gr.  dinietros—di, 
twice,  and  metron,  a  measure.]  Having 
two  poetical  measures. — n.  A  verse  of  two 
measures. — Dlmetric,  di-met'rik,  a.  Crys- 
tal, a  term  applied  to  crystals  whoae  verti- 
cal axis  is  unequal  to  the  lateral 

Dimidiate,  di-mid'i-at,  a.  [L.  dimidiaius, 
from  dimidivm,  half— di«,  asunder,  and 
mediua,  the  middle.]  Divided  into  two 
equal  parts;  halved;  hot.  applied  to  an 
organ  when  half  of  it  is  bo  much  smaller 
than  the  other  as  to  appear  to  be  missing; 
zool.  having  tho  organs  of  one  side  of  dif- 
ferent functions  from  the  corresponding 
organs  on  the  other. 

Diminish,  di-min'ish,  v.t  [O.Vr.demenviser, 
from  L.  diminuo,  to  lessen  —  di  for  ^is, 
asunder,  and  minu^re,  to  lessen,  tioxa  root 
min,  in  minor,  less.]  To  lessen;  to  maike 
less  or  smaller  by  any  means:  opposed  XX> 
increase  and  av.gment;  to  impair,  degrade, 
or  abase  (O.T.). — v.i.  To  lessen;  tio  become 
or  appear  less  or  smaller;  decrease.  —  Di- 
mlmsnable,  di-min'ish-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  diminished.  —  Diminished,  di-min'- 
isht,  p.  and  a.  Lessened;  reduced  in  size 
or  importance;  degraded. — Diniinisher,  di- 
min'ish-er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  di- 
minishes.—  Diminuendo,  di-min'a-en"do. 
[It.]  Mus.  an  instruction  to  the  performer 
to  lessen  the  volume  of  sound  urom  loud 
to  soft:  opposite  of  crescendo. — Diminution, 
dim-i-na'shon,  n.  [L.  dirtiini-Mo.]  The  act 
of  diminishing;  a  making  smaller';  the 
state  of  becoming. or  appearing  less;  dis- 
credit ;  loss  of  dignity ;  degradation.— Di- 
minutive, di-min'a-tiv,  a.  [Fr.  diminv.ti/.] 
Considerably  smaller- than  the  norrnai 
size;  small;  little. — n.  Anything  of  very 
small  size  (S/iafc.)!;  gram,  a  word  formed 
from  another  word.to  express  a  little  thing 
of  the  kind  (as  manikin,  a  little  man). — 
Diminutively,  di-min'Q-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a 
diminutive  manner. — DimintitivenesSj  ui- 
min'Q-tiv-nes,  n.  State  of  being  diminu- 
tive; smallnessj  littleness. 

Dimissory,  di-mis'o-ri,a.  [L.L.  dim,issoriuB. 
Dismiss.]  Sending  away;  dismissing  to 
another  jurisdiction;  granting  leave  to  de- 
part. 

Dimity,  dimfi-ti,  n,  [It.  dimito,  L.L.  cZtmi- 
tum,  from  Gr.  dimitos,  dimity— di,  double, 
and  miios,  a  thread.]  A  -stout  cotton 
fabric  ornamented  in  the  loom  by  raised 
stripes  or  fancy  figures,  rarely  dyed,  but 
usually  employed  white  for  beds,  &c. 

Dimly,  Dlmmisn,  Dimness.    Under  Dm. 

Dimoi^hi8m,di-mor'fizm,n.  [Gr.  di,  double, 
and  marphi,  form.]  The  property  shown 
by  some  mineral  bodies  of  crystallizing  in 
two  distinct  forms  not  derivable  from  each 
other ;  the  condition  when  analogous  or-  * 
grans  of  plants  of  the  same  species  appear 
under  two  very  dissimilar  forms ;  differ- 
ence of  form  between  animals  of  the  same 
species. — Dimorphous,  Dimorphic ,  di-mpr'- 


F&te«  f&r,  fat,  fftU;  *'ine,  met,  b6r;     pine,  pin;      note,  uot.'mave;      tfibe,  tub,  bull ;     oil,  txiuud:     <i.  Sc.  abtaie— tlie  Fr.  v. 


IHMPLE 


199 


DIPTEEAL 


fus,  di-mor'fik,  a.  Characterized  by  di- 
morphism. 

Dimple,  dim'pl,  n.  [Probably  a  diminutive 
form  counected  with  dip  or  deep;  comp. 
G.  diimpel,  tiimpel,  a  pool.]  A  small 
natural  depression  iu  the  cheek  or  other 
part  of  the  face,  as  the  chin;  a  slight  de- 
jiression  or  indentation  on  any  surface — 
v.i.— dimpled,  dimpling.  To  form  dimples; 
to  sink  into  depressions  or  little  inequali- 
ties.—«.<.  To  mark  with  dimples.  —  Dim- 
pled, dim'pld,  a.  Set  with  dimples;  having 

,  cheeksmarked  by  dimples.— Dimply,  dim'- 
pli,  a.    Full  of  dimples. 

Dimyary,  dim'i-a-ri,  n.  [Gr.  di,  double,  and 
mys,  a  muaole.J  A  bivalve  mollusc  which 
closes  its  shell  by  means  of  two  adductor 
muscles. 

Din,  din,  n.  [A.  Sax.  dyn,  dyne,  noise", 
thunder;  Icel.  dynr,  din,  dynia,  to  resound^ 
from  same  root  as  Skr.  dhvan,  to  sound.] 
Noise;  a  loud  sound;  particularly,  a  rat- 
tling, clattering,  or  rumbling  sound,  long 
continued.  —  v.t.  —  dinned,  dinning.  To 
strike  with  continued  or  confused  sound; 
to  stun  with  noise ;  to  harass  with  cla- 
mour. 

Dine,  din,  v.i. — dined,  dining.  [Fr.  diner, 
O.Fr.  disner,  Jj.h.  disnare—L.  de,  intens. 
(as  in  devour),  and  coenare,  to  dine,  from 
cccna.  dinner.)  To  eat  the  chief  meal  of 
the  day;  to  take  dinner.— To  dine  out,  to 
take  dinner  elsewhere  than  at  one's  own 
residence.  —  v.t.  To  give  a  dinner  to;  to 
Gupply  with  dinner;  to  afford  convenience 
for  dining.— Diner-out,  n.  ~  One  who  is  in 
the  habit  of  dining  from  home;  one  who 
receives  and  accepts  many  invitations  to 
dinner. — Dinette,  de-net',  n.  A  sort  of  pre- 
liminary dinner;  a  luncheon.  —  Dining- 
room,  n.  A  room  to  dine  in ;  a  place  for 
public  dining. —Dinner,  din'6r,  n.  (Fr. 
diner.]  The  principal  meal  of  the  daj', 
taken  between  morning  and  evening,  or 
in  the  afternoon  or  evening.  —  Dinner- 
hour,  n.  The  hour  at  which  dinner  is 
taken;  the  hour  spent  in  dining.— Dinner- 
less,  din'er-les,  a.  Having  no  dinner. — 
Dinner-table,  n.  A  table  at  which  dinner 
is  taken.— Dinner-time,  n.  The  usual  time 
of  dining. 

Ding,  ding,  v.t.  — dung  or  dinged.  [Icel. 
(lengja,  Dan.  dcenge,  Sw.  ddnga,  to  knock, 
to  beat.]  To  throw  or  dash  with  violence 
(Mil.)t;  to  dash;  to  drive;  to  break.  [O.E. 
&  Sc.]  — Ding-dong,  ding'dong,  n.  The 
sound  of  bells,  or  any  similar  sound  of  con- 
tinuous strokes. 

Dinghy,Dingey,ding'gi,n.  An  East  Indian 
l)uat  varying  in  size  in  different  localities; 
a  small  boat  used  by  a  ship. 

Dingle,  ding'gl,  n.  [Apparently  a  form  of 
O.K.  dimhle,,  a  dell  or  dingle,  and  diviple.\ 
A  narrow  dale  or  valley  between  hills ;  a 
small  secluded  and  embowered  valley. 

Dingo,  ding 'go,  n.  The  wild  Australian 
(log,  of  a  wolf-like  appearance,  and  ex- 
tiemely  fierce. 

Dingy,  din'ji,  a.  [Probably  connected  with 
dung.]  Of  a  dirty  white  or  dusky  colour; 
soiled;  sullied;  dusky. — Dinginess,  din'ji- 
nes,  71.    The  quality  of  being  dingy. 

Dinornis,  di-nor'nis,  n.  [Gr.  deinos,  ter- 
rible, and  onus,  a  bird.]  An  extinct  run- 
ning bird  of  gigantic  size  (some  of  them  be- 
ing 14  feet  high)  which  formerly  inhabited 
Kew  Zealand,  called  by  the  natives  moa. — 
Dinosaur,  Dinosaurian,  di'no-sar,  di-no-sa'- 
ri-au,  n.  [Gr.  deinos,  and  sauros,  a  lizai-d.] 
One  of  a  group  of  liuge,  terrestrial,  fossil 
reptiles  peculiar  to  the  upper  secondary 
formations,  some  of  them  carnivorous. — 
Dinothere,  Dinotherium,  di'nO-ther,  di-no- 
the'ri-um,  n.  [Gr.  deinos,  and  thenon,  wild 
bea^it.]  A  gigantic  extinct  mammal  allied 
to  the  elephant,  occurring  in  the  strata  of 
the  tertiary  formation,  with  two  tusks 
curving  ilownwards.  These  words  are  also 
spelled  Dei: 

Dint,  dint,  n.  [A.  Sax.  dynt,  a  blow,  O.E. 
and  Sc.  dnnt,  Icel.  dj/itir,  a  stroke;  perhaps 
akin  to  din  and  ding.  Dent  is  the  same 
word.]  A  blow  or  stroke t;  the  mark 
made  by  a  blow;  a  cavity  or  impression 
made  by  a  blow  or  by  pressure  on  a  sub- 
stance; a  dent. — By  dint  of,  by  the  force 
or  power  of;  by  means  of.— v.t.  To  make  a 
dint  in;  to  dent. 


Diocese,  dl'o-85s,  n.  [Gr.  dioikesis,  admini- 
stration, a  province  or  jurisdiction— <Zia, 
and  oikegis,  residence,  from  oikeo,  to  dwell, 
oikos,  a  house.]  The  circuit  or  extent  of  a 
bishop's  jurisdiction;  an  ecclesiastical  di- 
vision of  a  state,  subject  to  the  authority 
of  a  bishop.  —  Diocessan,  di-os'es-an  or  di'- 
o-se-san,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  diocese. — n.  A 
bishop  as  related  to  his  own  diocese ;  one 
in  possession  of  a  diocese,  and  having  the 
ecclesiastical  jurisdiction  over  it. 

Diodon,  di'o-don,  n.  [Gr.  di,  twice,  and 
odous,  odontos,  a  tooth.]  /  A  name  of  cer- 
tain fishes  having  each  jaw  appearing  as 
a  single  bony  piece,  some  of  them  covered 
with  prickles,  and  capable  of  inflating 
themselves. 

DiceciottE,  Dioecian,  di-e'shus,  di-e'shi-an,  a. 
But.  having  stamens  on  one  plant  and 
pistils  on  another:  zool.  having  the  germ- 
cell  or  ovum  produced  by  one  individual 
(female),  and  the  sperm-cell,  or  sperm.ato- 
zoid,  by  another  (male).  —  Dioeciousnesa, 
Dioecism,  di-e'shus-nes,  di-e'sizm,  n.  The 
character  of  being  dioecious. 

Diopside,  di-op'sid,  n.  [Gr.  dia,  through, 
and  opsis,  a  view,  from  being  sometimes 
transparent.]  A  variety  of  aiigite,  of  a 
vitreous  lustre  and  greenish  or  yellowish 
colour. 

Dioptase,  di-op'tas,  n.  [Gr.  dia,  through, 
and  uptazO,  f^om  optomai,  to  see.]  Emer- 
ald copper  ore,  a  translucent  mineral  of 
a  beautiful  green,  occurring  crystallized 
in  six-sided  prisms. 

Dioptric,  Dioptrical,  di-op'trik,  di-op'tri- 
kal,  a.  [Gr.  dioptrikos,  from  dia,  through, 
and  the  root  op,  to  see.]  Pertaining  to 
dfoptrics,  orto  the  passing  of  light  through 
instruments  or  substances. — Dioptric  sys- 
ton,the  mode  of  illuminating  lighthouses 
in  which  the  illumination  is  produced  by 
a  central  lamp,  sending  its  rays  through 
a  combination  of  lenses  surrounding  it.— 
Dioptrics,  dl-op'triks,  n.  That  part  of  op- 
tics which  treats  of  the  refractions  of  light 
passing  through  different  mediums,  as 
through  air,  water,  or  glass,  and  especially 
through  lenses. 

Diorama,  di-O-rii'ma,  n.  [Gr.  dia,  through, 
audTtorama,  a  view.]  A  scenic  contrivance 
in  which  the  scenes  are  viewed  through 
a  large  aperture,  partly  by  reflected  and 
partly  by  transmitted  light,  the  light  and 
shade  being  produced  by  coloured  screens 
or  blinds.— Dioramic,  di-0-ram'ik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  diorama. 

Diorism,t  di'O-rizm,  n.  [Gr.  dionsmoa — 
dia,  tlirough.and  horos,  a  ))Oundary.]  Dis- 
tinction; definition. — Dioristic,^  Dioristi- 
cal,t  di-o-ris'tili,  di-0-ris'ti-kal,  a.  Distin- 
guishing; defining. 

Diorite,  di'o-nt,  n.  [Gr.  dia,  through,  and 
horos,  boundary,  the  stone  being  formed 
of  distinct  portions.]  A  tough  crystalline 
trap -rock  of  a  whitish  colour,  speckled 
with  black  or  greenish  black. 

Dioxide,  di-ok'sid,  n.  [Prefix  di,  double, 
and  oxide.]  An  oxide  consisting  of  one 
atom  of  a  metal  and  two  atoms  of  ox.ygen. 

Dip,  dip,  v.t— dipped  or  dipt,  dipping.  [A. 
Sax.  dippan,  dyppan,  to  dip;  Pris.  dippe, 
D.  doopen,  G.  taufen,  to  dip,  to  baptize; 
akin  deep,  dive]  To  plunge  or  immersie 
in  water  or  other  liquid;  to  put  into  a 
fluid  and  withdraw;  to  lift  with  a  ladle  or 
other  vessel :  often  with  out;  to  baptize 
by  immersion. — v.i.  To  plunge  into  a  liquid 
and  quickly  emerge;  to  engage  in  a  desul- 
tory way;  to  concern  one  self  to  some  little 
extent  (to  dip  into  a  subject);  to  read  pas- 
sages here  and  there  (to  dip  into  a  volume); 
to  sink,  as  below  the  horizon;  geol.  to  in- 
cline or  slope.  — n.  An  immersmn  in  any 
liquid;  a  plunge;  a  bath;  a  candle  made 
by  dipping  the  wick  in  tallow;  inclination 
or  slope.  —  Dip  of  the  needle,  the  angle 
which  the  magnetic  needle  makes  with 
the  plane  of  the  horizon.  —  The  dip  of 
strata,  in  geol.  the  inclination  or  angle  at 
which  strata  slope  or  dip  downwards  into 
the  earth. — Dipper,  dip'fer,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  dips;  one  of  a  sect  of  American 
Baptists;  a  name  given  to  the  water-ouzel. 

Dipetalous,  di-pet'a-lus,  a.  |Gr.  di,doul>le, 
and  petalon,  a  petal.]  Having  two  flower- 
leaves  or  petals;  two-petaled. 

Diphtheria,  dif-the'ri-a,  n.    [Gr.  diphthera. 


I  a  membrane.]  An  epidemic  inflammatory 
disease  of  tlie  air-passages,  and  especially 

•  of  the  throat,  characterized  by  the  forma- 
tion of  a  false  membrane.— Diphtheritic, 
dif-the-rit'ik,  a.  Connected  with,  relating 
to,  or  formed  by  diphtheria. 

Diphthong,  dif  thong  or  dip'thong,  n.  [Gr. 
diphthongos  —.  di,  twice,  and  phthongos, 
sound.]  A  union  of  two  vowels  pronounced 
in  one  syllable  (as  in  bound,  oU}. — Diph- 
thongal, dif-thong'gal  or  dip-,  a.  Belong- 
ing to  a  diphthong.— Diphthongally,  dif- 
thong'gal-li  or  dip-,  adv.  In  a  diplithon- 
gal  manner.— Diphthongation,  Diphthoa- 
gization,  dif-thong-ga'shon  or  dii^-,  dif- 
thong-gi-za"shon  or  dip-,  n.  The  formation 
of  a  diphthong;  the  conversion  of  a  simple 
vowel  into  a  diphthong. — Diphthongise, 
dif'thong-giz  or  dip'-,  v.t.  To  form  into  a 
diphthong.  .  - 

Diphycerc,  Diphycercal,  di'fi-s6rk,  di-fi- 
ser'kal,  a.  [Gr.  diphyes,  of  a  double  nature, 
and  kerkoa,  a  tail.]  Applied  to  those  fishes 
whose  vertebral  column  extends  into  the 
upper  lobe  of  the  tail. 

Diphyllous,  di-fil'us,  a.  [Gr.  di,  twice,  and 
phyllon,  a  leaf.]  Bot.  having  two  leaves, 
as  a  calyx,  &c. 

Diphyodont,  di'fi-o-dont,  n.  [Gr.  di,  twice, 
phyo,  to  produce,  and  odov^,  odo»i<o«,tooth.] 
One  of  that  group  of  the  mammalia  which 
possess  two  successive  sets  of  teeth- a  de- 
ciduous or  milk  set,  and  a  permanent  set. 

Diploe,  dip'lo-e,  n.  [Gr.  diplous,  double.] 
Anat.  the  soft  medullary  substance  or 
porous  part  existing  between  the  plates  of 
the  skull. 

Diploma,  di-plo'ma,  n.  [Gr.  diploma,  a 
paper  folded  double,  a  license,  from  diploO, 
to  fold,  diploos,  double.]  A  letter  or  writ- 
ing, usually  under  seal  and  signed  by  com- 
petent authority,  conferring  some  power, 
privilege,  or  honour,  as  that  given  to  gra- 
duates of  colleges  on  their  receiving  the 
usual  degrees,  to  physicians  who  are  li- 
censed to  practise  their  profession,  and  the 
like.— w.t.  To  furnish  with  a  diploma;  to 
fortify  bxa  diploma.— Diplomacy,  di-plo'- 
ma-si,  n.  The  science  or  art  of  conducting 
negotiations,  arranging  treaties,  &c.,  be- 
tween nations;  the  forms  of  international 
negotiations;  dexterity  or  skill  in  man- 
aging negotiations  of  any  kind ;  artful 
management  or  manceuvring  with  the 
view  of  securing  advantages. — Diplomat, 
Diplomate,  dip'lo-mat,  dip'lo-mat,  n.  A 
di))lomatist.  —  Diplomatize,  di-plo'ma-tiz, 
v.t.  To  invest  with  a  title  or  privilege  by 
a  diploma.  —  Diplomatic,  Diplomaticaf, 
dip-lo-mat'ik,dip-lo-mat'i-kal,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  diplomacy,  or  to  the  management 
of  any  negotiations;  skilful  in  gaining 

■one's  ends  by  tact  and  cleverness;  con- 
ferred by  diploma;  relating  to  diplomatics. 
—Diplomatically,  dip-lo-mat'i-kid-li,  adv. 
In  a  diplomatic  manner;  artfully. — Diplo- 
matics, dip-lo-mat'iks,  n.  The  science  of 
deciphering  old  writings,  to  ascertain  their 
authenticity,  date,  &c. ;  paleograph.y.  — 
Diplomatism,  di-plo'ma-tizm,  n.  Diplo- 
macy.-Diplomatist,  di-plo'ma-tist,  n.  A 
person  skilled  in  diplomacy;  a  diplomat. 

Diplopia,  Diplopy,  di-plo'pi-a,  dijj'lo-pi,  n. 
[Gr.  dip^loos,  double,  and  Ops,  the  eye.]  A 
disease  of  the  eye,  in  which  the  patient 
sees  an  object  double  or  even  triple. 

Dipper,  Dipping.    Dip. 

Diprismatic,  di-priz-mat'ik,  a.  [Prefix  di, 
twice,  and  prismatic]    Doubly  prismatic. 

Diprotodon,  di-pro'to-don,  n.  |  Gr.  di,  twice, 
protos,  first,  and  odous,  odontos,  tooth.] 
An  extinct  gigantic  marsupial  mammal, 
found  in  the  pleistocene  or  recent  beds  of 
Australia. 

Dipsomania,  dip-so-ma'ni-a,  n.  [Gr.  dipsa, 
thirst,  and  mania,  madness.]  That  morbid 
condition  to  which  habitual  drunkards  of 
a  nervous  and  sanguine  temperament  are 
liable  to  reduce  themselves,  and  in  which 
they  manifest  an  uncontrollable  craving 
for  stimulants.— Dipsomaniac,  dip-so-ma'- 
ni-ak,  n.  A  victim  of  dipsomania.  —  Dip- 
somaniacal,  dip-so-ma '  ni-a-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  dipsomania. 

Dipteral,  dip't6r-al,  a.  [Gr.  di,  donble, 
and  pteron,  a  wing.]  Entom.  having  two 
wings  only;  dipterous;  arch,  a  term  ap- 
jilied  to  a  temple  having  a  double  row  of 


ch,  c/iaiu;     ch,  He.  loch;     g,  s/o;     j.job;     u,  Fr.  to?i;     ug,  sijw;     tu,  iAen;  th,  t/iin;     w,  M)ig;     wh,wWg;     zh,  a^ui-e. 


DIPTYCH 


-ZOO 


DISBURSE 


columns  on  each  of  its  flanks.— n..  Arch,  a 
dipteral  temple.— Dipteraji,  dip't^r-an,  n. 
A  dipterous  insect.— Dipterous,  dip'tdr-us, 
o.  Entom.  having  two  wings;  bot.  a  term 
applied  to  seeds  which  have  their  margins 
prolonged  in  the  form  of  wings. 

Diptych,  dip'tik,  n.  [6r.  diptychos—di, 
double,  and  ptyssO,  to  fold.]  Anciently,  a 
kind  of  register  or  list  as  of  magistrates  or 
bishops,  consisting  usually  of  two  leaves 
folded;  a  design,  as  a  painting  or  carved 
work,  on  two  folding  compa^ments  or 
tablets. 

Dire,  dir,  a.  [L.  dirus,  terrible.]  Dreadful; 
dismal;  horrible;  terrible;  evil  in  a  great 
deprree. — Direful,  dir'ful,  a.  Same  as  i>i?'e. 
— Direfuliy,  dir'fid-li,"adt).  In  a  direful 
manner.- Direfulness,  dir'ful-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  direful. — Direly, 
dir'li,  adv.  In  a  dire  manner.— Direness, 
dir'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
dire.    [Shak.'] 

Direct,  di-rekt',  a.  [L.  dirigo,  directum,  to 
Fes  in  a  straight  line,  to  direct— di  for  dis, 
iutens. ,  and  rego,  rectum,  to  make  straight. 
RjGHT,  Regent.)  Straight;  right:  op- 
posite to  crooked,  circuitous,  winding,  ob- 
lique; astron.  appearing  to  move  from  west 
to  east:  opposed  to  retrograde;  in  the  line 
of  father  and.  son :  opposed  to  collateral ; 
Btriiightforward ;  open;  ingenuous;  plain; 
not  ambiguous.— tJ.t.  To  point  or  aim  in  a 
straight  line  toward  something;  to  make 
to  act,  or  work,  towards  a  certain  end  or 
object ;  to  show  the  right  road  or  course 
to ;  to  prescribe  a  course  to ;  to  regulate, 
guide,  lead,  govern;  to  order  or  instruct; 
to  prescribe  to;  to  inscribe  (a  letter)  with 
the  address.  —  v.i.  To  act  as.  a  guide;  to 
point  out  a  course.— n.  Mua.  the  sign  W 
placed  at  the  end  of  a  stave  to  direct  the 
performer  to  the  firstnote  of  the  next  stave. 
—Direction,  di-rek'shon,  n.  The  act  of  di- 
recting; the  course  or  line  in  which  any- 
thing is  directed;  a  being  directed  towaras 
a  particular  end;  the  line  in  which  a  body 
moves,  or  to  which  its  position  is  referred; 
course;  the  act  of  governing;  administra- 
tion; mauagementj  guidance;  superinten- 
dence; instruction  m  what  manner  to  pro- 
ceed; order;  behest;  the  address  on  a  letter, 
parcel,  &c.;  a  body  or  board  of  directors; 
directorate.— Directive, di-rek'tiv,  a  Hav- 
ing the  power  of  directing. — Directly,  di- 
rekfli,  adv.  In  a  direct  manner;  in  a 
straight  line  or  course;  straightway;  im- 
mediately ;  instantly ;  soon ;  without  de- 
lay; openly;  expressly;  without  circum- 
locution or  ambiguity.  —  Directness,  di- 
rekt'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
direct. — Director,  di-rek't6r,  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  directs;  one  who  superin- 
tends, governs,  or  manages;  specifically, 
one  of  a  body  appointed  to  direct,  control, 
or  superintend  the  affairs  of  a  company. — 
Directorate,  di-rek'ter-at,  n.  The  office  of 
a  director;  a  body  of  directors. — Director- 
ship, di-rek'ttr-ship,  n.  The  condition  or 
office  of  a  director.— Directory,  di-rek'to- 
ri,  n.  A  rule  to  direct;  a  book  containing 
directions  for  public  worship  or  religious 
services;  a  book  containing  an  alphabetical 
list  of  the  inhabitants  of  a  city,  town,  &c., 
with  their  places  of  business  and  abode ; 
board  of  directors;  directorate.  —  Direct- 
ress, di-rek'tres,  n.  A  female  who  directs 
or  manages.  —  Directrix,  di-rek'triks,  n. 
A  directress;  geom.  a  straight  line  of  im- 
portance in  the  doctrine  of  conic  sections. 

Direful.    Undef  Dirk. 

Dirge,  d^rj,  nj  [A  contraction  of  L.  dirige 
('  direct,'  imperative  of  dirigere,  to  direct), 
the  first  word  in  a  psalm  or  hymn  formerly 
sung  at  funerals.]  A  song  or  tune  intend- 
ed to  express  grief,  sorrow,  and  mourning. 

Dirk,  dftrk,  n:  |  Ir.  and  Qael.  duirc,  a  dirk, 
a  dafl-ger.j  A  kind  of  dagger  or  poniard; 
a  weapon  formerly  much  used  in  the 
Highlands  of  Scotland,  and  still  worn  as 
essential  to  complete  the  Highland' cos- 
tume.—w.t.  To  poniard;  to  stab. 

Dirt,  dfert,  n!  Xlcel-  drit,  dirt,  excrement, 
drlta,  Sc.  driU,  A.  Sax.  lge}dritan,  to  go  to 
stool.]  Any  foul  or  filthy  substance,  as 
excrement,  mu^,  mire,  dust;  whatever, 

•  adhering  to  anything,  renders  it  foul  or 
unclean ;  a  gold-m.iner's  name  for  the  ma- 
tciial,  as  earth,  gravel,  &c.,  put  into  his 


cradle  to  be  washed.— v.<.  To  soil;  to  dirty. 
— Dirtily,  dfer'ti-li,  adv.  In  a  dirty  manner; 
nastily;  filthily;  meanly;  sordidly.— Dirti- 
ness, der'ti-nes,  n.  The  condition  of  being 
dirty;  filthiness;  foulness;  nastiness. — 
Dirty,  der'ti,  a.  Foul ;  nasty;  filthy;  not 
clean;  impure;  turbid;  mean;  base;  despic- 
able; sleety,  rainy,  or  sloppy  (weather). -w.(. 
— dirtied,  dirtying.  To  defile;  to  makedirty 
or  filthy;  to  soil.— Dirt-bed,  n.  Geol.  a 
bed  or  layer  of  mould  with  the  remains 
of  trees  and  plants,  found  especially  in 
working  the  freestone  in  the  oolite  for- 
mation of  Portland.  —  Dirt-pie,  n.  Clay 
moulded  bychUdren  in  the  form  of  a  pie^ 

Disable,  dis-aTil,  v.t. — disabled,  disabling. 
[Prefix  dis,  priv.,  and  able.]  To  render 
unable;  to  deprive  of  competent  strength 
or  power,  physical  or  mental;  to  injure  so 
as  to  be  no  longer  fit  for  duty  or  service;  to 
deprive  of  adequate  means,  instruments, 
or  resources;  to  impair;  to  deprive  of  legal 
qualifications;  to  incapacitate;  to  render 
incapable.  —  Disability,  dis-a-bil'i-ti.  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  disabled  or 
unable;  weakness;  impotence;  incapacity; 
inability ;  want  of  legal  qualifications.-^ 
Dlsablement.t  dis-a'bl-ment,  n.  The  act 
of  disabling;  disability. 

Disabuse,  dis-a-buz',  v.t.  —  disabused,  dis- 
abusing. [Yr.  ddsabuser,  to  disa.h\xBe!]  To 
free  from  mistaken  or  erroneous  notions 
or  beliefs;  to  undeceive;  to  set  right. 

Disaccustom,  dis-ak-kus'tum,  v.t.  To  de- 
stroy the  force  of  habit  in  by  disuse;  to 
render  unaccustomed. 

Disadvantage,  dis-ad-van'taj,  n.  Absence 
or  deprivation  of  advantage;  that  which 
prevents  success  or  renders  it  difficult; 
any  unfavourable  circumstance  or  stat*; 
prejudice  to  interest,  fame,  credit,  profit, 
or  other  good;  loss;  injury;  harm;  damage. 
— Disadvantageous,  dis-ad'van-ta"jus,  a. 
Attended  with  disadvantage;  unfacvour- 
able  to  success  or  prosperity;  prejudicial. 
— Disadvantageonsly,  dis-ad'van-ta"ju8-li, 
adv.  In  a  disadvantageous  manner. — Dis- 
advantageousnes8,dis-ad'.van-ta"ju8-ne8, 
n. 

Dlsaffect,  dis-af  fekt',  v.t.  To  alienate  the 
affection  of;  to  make  less  friendly  or  faith- 
ful, as  to  a  person,  party,  or  cause;  to  make 
discontented  or  unfriendly.— Disaffected, 
dis-af -fek' ted, p.  and  a.  Having  the  afTec- 
tions  alienated;  indisposed  to  favQur  or 
support;  unfriendly;  hostile  to  the  govern- 
ing power.— Disafiectedly,  dis-af-fek'ted- 
li,  adv.  In  a  disaffected  manner. — Dis- 
aiCectedness,  dis-ai-fek'te<l-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  disaffected.— Disaffection, 
dis-af-fek'shon,  n.  Alienation  of  affec- 
tion.attachment,  or  good-will;  disloyalty. 

Disaffirm,  dis-af -firm',  v.t.  To  deny;  to 
contradict;  toannul,  as  a  judicial  decision, 
by  a  contrary  judgment  of  a  superior  tri- 
bunal. 

Disafforest,  dis-af -for'est,  v.t.  To  reduce 
from  the  privileges  of  a  forest  to  the  state 
of  common  ground;  to  strip  of  forest  laws 
and  their  oppressive  privileges. 

Disagree,  dis-a-gre',  v.i.  —  disagreed,  dis- 
agreeing. To  be  not  accordant  or  coinci- 
dent; to  be  not  exactly  similar;  to  differ; 
to  be  of  an  opposite  or  different  opinion; 
to  be  unsuitable  to  the  stomach;  to  be  in 
opposition;  not  to  accord  or  harmonize;  to 
become  unfriendly;  to  quarrel. — Disagree- 
able, dis-a-gre'a-bl,  a.  The  reverse  of 
agreeable;  unpleasing;  offensive  to  the 
mind  or  to  the  senses;  repugnant;  obnoxi- 
ous.—Disagreeableness,  ais-a-gre'a-bl-nes, 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  disagree- 
able.—Disagreeably,  dis-a-gre'a-bli,  adv. 
In  a  disagreeable  manner;  unpleasantly. 
-Disagreement,  dis-a-gre'ment,  n.  Want 
of  agreement;  difference,  as  of  form  or 
character;  difference  of.  opinion  or  senti- 
ments; a  falling  out;  a  quarrel;  discord. 

Disallow,  dis-ai-lou',  v.t.  To  refuse  pter- 
mission  or  sanction  for;  not  to  grant;  not 
to  authorize;  to  disapprove  of;  to  reject,  as 
being  illegal,  unnecessary,  unauthorized, 
and  the  like.— Disallowable,  dis-al-lou'a- 
bl,  a.  Not  allowable;  not  to  be  i)ermitted. 
— Disallowance,  dis-al-lou'ans,  n.  Disap-' 
probation;  refusal;  prohibition;  rejection. 

Disanimate,  dis-an'i-mat,  v.t.  To  discour- 
age; to  dishearten. 


Disannul,  dis-an-nul',  v.t.  To  make  void; 
to  annul;  to  deprive  of  force  or  authority; 
to  cancel.  [Shak.^  —  Disaimulment,  dis- 
an-nul'ment,  n.    Annulment. 

Disapparel,  dis-ap-par'el,  v.t.  To  disrobe; 
to  strip  of  raiment. 

Disappear,  dis-ap-p5r',  v.i.  To  cease  to  ap- 
pear or  to  be  perceived ;  to  vanish  from 
the  sight;  to  go  away  or  out  of  sight;  to 
cease,  or  seem  to  cease,  to  be  or  exist. — 
Disappearance,  dis-ap-pe'rans,  n.    Act  of 

.  disappearing;  removal  from  sight. 

Disappoint,  dis-ap-point',  v.t.  [Ft.  ddsap- 
pointer,  originally  to.  remove  from  an  ap- 
pointment or  office.  1  To  defeat  of  expec- 
tation, wish,  hope,  aesire,  or  intention;  to 
frustrate;  to  balk;  to  hinder  from  the 
possession  or  enjoyment  of  that  which 
was  hoped  or  expected  (disappobited  (if 
the  expected  legacy).— Disappointed,  di.^- 
ap-poin'ted,  p.  and  a.  Having  suffered 
disappointment ;  balked ;  unprepared 
(<S/iaA.)t.— Disappointedly  ,dis-ap-poin'ted- 
ii,  adv.  With  a  feeling  of  disappoint- 
ment. —  Disappointment,  dis-ap-point '- 
ment,  n.  The  act  of  disappointing  or 
feeling  of  being  disappointed;  defeat  or 
failure  of  expectation,  nope,  wish,  desire, 
or  intention. 

Disapprobation,  dis-ap'rS-ba"shon,  n.  _The 
reverse  of  jipprobation;  disapproval;  cen- 
sure, expiressed  or  unexpressed.  —  Disap- 
prove, dis-a-prov',  v.t — disapproved,  dis- 
approving. To  censure}  to  regard  as  wrong 
or  objectionable. — v.i.  To  express  or  feel 
disapproval:  with  o/ before  the  object. — 
Disapproval,  dis-a-pro'val,  n.  Disapproba- 
tion; dislike.— Disapprovingly,  dis-a-pro'- 
ving-li,  adv.    In  a  oisapproviug  manner. 

Disarm,  dis-arm',  v.t.  To  take  the  arms  or 
weapons  from, usually  by  force  or  author- 
ity; to  reduce  to  a  peace  footing,  as  an 
army  or  navy;  to  deprive  of  means  of 
attack  or  defence,  or  of  annoyance,  or 
power  to  terrify;  to  render  harmless. — v.i. 
To  lay  down  arms;  to  disband  armed 
forces.- Disarmament,  dis-ar'ma-ment,  n. 
Act  of  disarming. 

Disarrange,  dis-a-ranj',  v.t.  To  put  out  of 
order;  to  unsettle  or.  disturb  the  order  or 
due  arrangement  of.  —  Disarrangement, 
dis-a-ranj'ment,  n.  The  act  of  disarrang- 
ing; disorder. 

Disarray,  dis-a-ra',  v.t.  To  undress;  to 
divest  of  clothes ;  to  throw  into  disorder. 
— n.  Disorder;  confusion;  disordered  dress. 

Disaster,  diz-as'tfer,  n.  [Fr.  disastre—dis, 
and  L.  astrum,  a  star;  a  word  of  astrologi- 
cal origin.  Compare  the  adj.  disastrous 
with  iil-starred.]  Any  unfortunate  event, 
especially  a  great  and  sudden  misfortune; 
mishap ;  calamity ;  adversity ;  reverse.  — 
Disastrous,  diz-as'trus,  a.  Occasioning  or 
accompanied  by  disaster;  calamitous. — 
Disastrously,  diz-as'trus-li,  adv.  In  a  dis- 
astrous' manner. — Disastroosness,  diz'os'- 
trus-nes,  n. 

Disavow,  dis-a-vou',  v.t.  To  deny  to  be 
true,  as  a  fact  or  charge  respecting  one's 
self;  to  disown;  to  repudiate;  to  reject.— 
Disavowal,  dis-a-vou'al,  n.  Denial;  re- 
pudiation.—  Disavower,  dis-a-vou '6r,  n. 
One  who  disavows. 

Disband,  dis-band',  v.t.  To'  dismiss  from 
military  service;  to  break  up,  as  a  band 
or  body  of  men ;  to  disperse.  —  f  .t.  To 
break  up  and  retire  from  military  service. 
— Disbandment,  dis-band 'ment,  n.  The 
act  of  disbanding. 

Disbar,  dis-bar',  t>.t. — disbarred,  disbarring. 
To  expel  from  being  a  member  of  the  bar; 
to  remove  from  the  list  of  barristers. 

Disbelief,  dis-be-lef,  n.  Refusal  of  credit 
or  faith;  denial  of  belief;  imbelief ;  infidel- 
ity; scepticism.  —  Disbelieve,  ,dis-bc-lev  , 
v.t.  — disbelieved,  disbelieving.  To  refuse 
belief  to;  to  hold  not  to  be  true  or  not  to 
exist;  to  refuse  to  credit.— K.i.  To  deny  the 
truth  of  any  position;  to  refuse  to  believe. 
— Disbeliever,  dis-be-le'ver,  n.  One  who 
disbelieves  or  refuses  beliet;  an  unbeliev- 
er. -  i 

Disburden,  dis-bfer'den,  v.t  To  remove  a 
burden  from;  to  lay  on  or  aside  as  oppres-j 
sive;  to  get  nd  of.  'I 

Disbtirse,  dis-b6rs',  v.t.—disburMd,  disbvrg- 
ing.  [O.Fr.  (iesbourser- prefix  dis,  and 
L.L.  bursa,  a  purse.  Pubsk.]    To  pay  out. 


Tute,  fur,  fat,  £^11;     luS,  met- h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tube,  tub,  b\iU;  "oil,  pound;Xtt,  Sc.  abime— the  Fr.  u. 


blSBURTHEN 


201 


DISCOURAGE' 


as  money;  to  spend  or  lay  out;  to  expend. 
— Disbursement,  dis-bers'ment,  n.  'J  he 
act  of  disbursing;  a  sum  paid  out. — Dis- 
btu'ser,  dis-bfer'ser,  n.   One  who  disburses. 

Disburthen,  dis-bfer'Taen,  v.t.  and  i.  Same 
as  Disburden. 

Disc,  Disk,  disk,  n.  [L.  discus,  a  quoit. 
Dish,  Dusk..]  A  kind  of  ancient  quoit; 
any  flat  circular  plate  or  surface,  as  of  a 
piece  of  metal,  the  face  of  the  sun,  moon, 
era  planet  as  it  appears  to  our  sight,  Ac; 
bot.  the  whole  surface  of  a  leaf ;  also,  the 
central  part  of  a  radiate  compound  flower, 
the  part  surrounded  by  what  is  c'alled  the 
ray. — Disciform, dis'si-form.a.  Havingthe 
form  or  shape  of  a  disc— Discoid,  Discous, 
dis'koid,  dis'kus,  a.  Shaped  like  a  disc; 
resembling  a  disc. 

Discard,  dis-kard',  v.t.  and  i.  To  throw 
out  of  the  hand  such  cards  as  are  not 
played  in  the  course  of  the  game;  to  dis- 
miss from  sen'ice  or  employment,  or  from 
society;  to  cast  off. 

Discern,  diz-ztirn',  v.t.  [L.  disceeno—dis, 
and  cenio,  to  separate  or  distinguish,  akin 
to  Gr.  krino,  to  judge  (whence  critic);  Skr. 
kri,  to  separate.  Chime.]  To  perceive  or 
note  as  being  different;  to  discriminate  by 
the  eye  or  the  intellect;  to  distinguish  or 
mark  as  being  distinct;  lo  discover  by  the 
eye;  to  see. — v.i.  Tosee  or  understand  dif- 
ferences; to  make  distinction;  to  have 
clearness -of  mental  vision. — Discemer, 
diz-zCrner,  n.  One  who  discerns;  a  clear- 
sighted obser\'er;  one  who  knows  and 
judges;  one  who  has  the  power  of  distin- 
guishing.—Discernible,  Discemable,  diz- 
zer'ni-bl,  diz-zCr'na-bl,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing discerned;  discoverable  by  the  eye  or 
the  understanding;  distinguishable.^Dis- 
cernibleness,  diz-zOr'nl-bl-nes,  n.  —  Dis- 
cemibly,  diz-zOr'ni-bli,  adv.  So  as  to  be 
discerned.  —  Discerning,  diz-z6r'ning,  p. 
and  a.  Having  power  to  discern;  capable 
of  discriminating,  knowing,  and  judging; 
sharp-sighted ;  acute.— Discerningly,"  diz- 
z6r'ning-ii,  adv.  In  a  discerning  manner. 
—Discernment,  diz-zCrn'ment,  n.  The  act 
of  discerning;  the  power  or  faculty  of  dis- 
cerning by  the  mind;  acuteness  of  judg- 
ment; power  of  perceiving  differences  of 
things  or  ideas,  and  their  relations;  pene- 
tration. 

Discharge,  dis-charj',  v.t.— discharged,  dis- 
charging. To  unload  (a  ship);  to  take  out 
(a  cargo);  to  free  from  any  load  or  burden; 
to  free  of  the  missile  with  which  anything 
Is  charged  or  loaded;  to  fire  off;  to  let  fly; 
to  shoot;  to  emit  or  send  out;  to  give  vent 
to,  lit.  or  fig.;  to  deliver  the  amount  or 
value  of  to  the  person  to  whom  it  is  owing; 
to  pay  (a  del^t);  to  free  from  an  obligation, 
duty,  or  labour;  to  relieve  (to  discharge  a 
person  from  a  task) ;  to  clear  from  an  ac- 
cusation or  crime ;  to  acquit ;  to  absolve ; 
to  set  free;  to  perform  or  execute  (a  duty 
or  office);  to  divest  of  an  office  or  employ- 
ment; to  dismiss  from  service  (a  servant, 
a  soldier,  a  jury);  to  release;  to  liberate 
from"  confinement. — v.i.  To  get  rid  of  or 
let  out  a  charge  or  contents. — n.  The  act 
of  discharging,  unloading,  or  freeing  from 
a  charge ;  a  flowing  or  issuing  out,  or  a 
throwing  out;  emission;  that  which  is 
thrown  out ;  matter  emitted ;  dismissal 
from  office  or  service;  release  from  obliga- 
tion, debt,  or  penalty;  absolution  from  a 
crime  or  accusation ;  ransom ;  price  paid 
for  deliverance;  performance;  execution,, 
as  of  an  office,  trust,  or  duty ;  liberation; 
release  from  confiinemont;  payment  of  a 
debt;  a  written  acknowledgment  of  pay- 
ment; a  substance  used  in  calico-printing 
to  remove  colour,  and  so  form  a  pattern. 
-Discharger,  dis-ohar'j6r,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  discharges. 

Disciform.    Under  Disc. 

Disciple,  dis-si'pl,  n.  [L.  discipulus,  from 
disco,  to  learn.  1  One  who  receives  instruc- 
tion from  another;  a  learner;  a  scholar;  a 
pupil;  a  follower;  an  adherent.— Disciple- 
ship,  dis-si'pl-s^ip,  n.  The  state  of  being 
a  disciple. 

Discipline,  dis'si-plin,  n.  TL.  disciplina, 
from  discipulus,  a  disciple,  from  disco, 
to  learn.]  Training;  education;  instruc- 
tion and  the  government  of  conduct  or 

'  practice;  the  training  to  act  in  accor- 


dance with  rules;  drill;  method  of  regulat- 
ing principles  and  practice;  punishment 
inflicted  by  way  of  correction  and  train- 
ing; instruction  by  means  of  misfortune, 
suffering,  and  the  like;  correction;  chas- 
tisement. —  v.t. — disciplined,  disciplining. 
To  subject  to  discipline;  to  apply  discipline 
to;  to  train;  to  teach  rules  and  practice, 
and  accustom  to  order  and  subordination; 
to  drill ;  to  correct,  chastise,  punish. — 
Discipliner,  dis'si-plin-6r,  n.  One  who 
disciplines.  —  Disciplinable,  dis'si-plin-a- 
bl,  a.  Capable  of  instruction  and  improve- 
ment in  learning;  capable  of  being  made 
matter  of  discipline;  subject  or  liable  to 
discipline.— Disciplinableness,  dis'si-plin- 
a-bl-nes,  n.— Disciplinarian,  dis'si-pli-na"- 
ri-an,  n.  One  who  disciplines;  ope  who 
instructs  in  military  and  naval  tactics 
and  manoeuvres;  one  who  enforces  rigid 
discipline;  a  martinet.— a.  Pertaining  to 
disciijline. — Disciplinary,  dis'si-pli-na-ri, 
a.  Pertaining  to  discipline;  intended  for 
discijiline;  promoting  discipline.' 

Disclaim,  dis-klam',  v.t.  To  deny  or  relin- 
quish all  claim  to;  to  reject  as  not  belong- 
ing to  one's  self;  to  renounce;  to  deny  re- 
sponsibility for  or  approval  of;  to  disavow; 
to  disown.— Disclaimer,  dis-kia'm6r,  n.  A 
person  who  disclaims;  an  act  of  disclaim- 
ing; abnegation  of  pretensions  or  claims; 
law,  a  renunciation,  abandonment,  or  giv- 
ing up  of  a  claim. 

Disclose,  cUs-kloz',  v.t. — disclosed,  disclos- 
ing. To  uncover  and  lay  open  to  the  view; 
to  cause  to  appear;  to  allow  to  be  seen;  to 
bring  to  light;  to  make  known,  reveal, 
tell,  utter.— Discloser,  dis-klo'z6r,  n:  One 
who  discloses. — Disclosure,  dis-klo'zhur, 
n.  The  act  of  disclosing;  exhibition;  the 
act  of  making  known  or  revealing;  utter- 
ance of  what  was  secret;  a  telling;  that 
which  is  disclosed  or  made  known. 

Discoid.     Under  Disc. 

Discolour,  dis-kul'er,  v.t.  To  alter  the  hue 
or  colour  of;  to  change  to  a  different  colour 
or  shade;  to  stain;  to  tinge. — Discolora- 
tion, dis-kurtr-a"shon,  n.  The  act  of  dis- 
colouring ;  alteration  of  colour ;  a  dis- 
coloured spot  or  marking. 

Discomfit,  dis-kum'fit,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  discon- 
fii'e,  disconfit—li.  dis,  priv.,  and  conjicere, 
to  achieve.  Co  ji  fit.  J  To  rout,  defeat,  or 
scatter  in  fight;  to  cause  to  flee;  to  van- 
quish; to  disconcert,  foil,  or  frustrate  the 
plansof. — n.Adefeat;  an  overthrow.  [Afil.] 
—Discomfiture,  dis-kum'fi-tar,  n.  Rout; 
defeat;  overthrow;  frustration;  disappoint- 
ment. 

Discomfort,  dis-kum'f6rt,  n.  Absence  or 
opposite  of  comfort  or  pleasure;  uneasi- 
ness; disturbance  of  peace;  pain,  annoy- 
ance, or  inquietude. — v.t.  To  disturb  the 
peace  or  happiness  of;  to  make  uneasy;  to 
pain.— Discomfortable,tdis-kum'f6r-ta-bl, 
a.    Wanting  in  comfort;  uncomfortable. 

Discommend,tdis-kom-raend',i;.<.  To  blame; 
to  censure;  to  expose  to  censure  or  bad 
feeling. 

Discommode,  dis-kom-mod',  v.t.  —  discom- 
moded, discommoding.  To  put,  to  incon- 
venience; to  incommode. 

Discommon,  dis-kom'on,  v.t.  To  make  to 
cease  to  be  common  land;  to  deprive  of 
the  right  of  a  common. 

Discompose,dis-kom-poz',t/.^ — discomposed, 

•discomposing.  To  disorder,  disturb,  or 
disarrange;  to  disturb  the  peace  and  quiet- 
ness of ;  to  agitate,  ruffle,  fret,  or  vex. — 
Discomposure,  dis-kom-po '  zhur,  n.  The 
state  of  being  discomposed ;  a  certain  agita- 
tion or  perturbation  of  mind. 

Disconcert,  dis- kon- serf,  v.t.  To  throw 
into  disorder  or  confusion;  to  undo,  as  a 
concerted  scheme  or  plan ;  to  defeat ;  to 
frustrate ;  to  discompose  or  disturb  the 
self-possession  of;  to  confuse. — Disconcer- 
tion, dis-kon-sfei-'shon,  n.  The  act  of  dis- 
concerting; the  state  of  being  discon- 
certed. 

Disconformable,  dis-kon-for'ma-bl,  a.  Not 
conformable.  —  Disconf ormity, ,  dis  -  kon  - 
for'mi-ti,  n.  Want  of  agreement  or  con- 
formity; inconsistency. 

Discongruity,-  dis-kon-gro'i-ti,  n.  Want  of 
congruitj';  incongruity. 

Disconnect,  dis-kon-nekt',w.t.  To  separate 
or  sever  the  connection  between ;  to  dis- 

: i 


unite;  to.detach.— Disconnection,  dis-kou- 
nek'shon,  n.  The  act  of  disconnertniE ; 
separation;  want  of  union. 

Disconsolate,  dis-kon'so-lat,  a.  [It.  dis, 
priv.,  and  eonsolatus,  pp.  of  consolor,  to 
console,  to  be  consoled.  Console.]  Des- 
titute of  consolation;  hopeless;  sad;  de- 
jected; melancholy;  cheerless;  saddening; 
gloomy.— Disconsolately,  dis-kon'so-lat-li, 
adv.  In  a  disconsolate  manner;  without 
comfort. — Disconsoiateness,  dis-kou'so- 
lat-nes,  n. 

Discontent,  dis-kon-tent',  w.  Want  of  con- 
tent ;  uneasiness  or  inquietude  of  mind ; 
dissatisfaction ;  one  who  is  discontented ; 
a  malcontent  {Shak.).  —  a.t  Uneasy;  dis- 
satisfied.— v.t.  To  make  dissatisfied.— Dis- 
contented; dis-kon-ten'ted,  a.  Not  con- 
tented; dissatisfied;  not  pleased  with  one's 
circumstances  J  given  to  grumble.  —  Dis- 
contentedly, dis-kon-ten'ted-li,  adv.  In  a 
discontented  manner  or  mood.  —  Dlscon- 
tentedness,  dis-kon-ten'ted-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  discontented;  dissatisfac- 
tion.—Discontentment,dis-kon-tent'ment, 
n.  The  state  of  being  discontented ;  dis- 
content. 

Discontinue,  dis -kon- tin '0,  v.t. — discon- 
tinued, discontinuing.  [Prefix  dis,  neg.. 
und  continue.]  To  continue  no  longer;  to 
leave  off  or  break  off;  to  give  up,  eease 
from,  or  abandon ;  to  stop ;  to  put  an  end 
to.  —  v.i.  To  cease ;  to  stop.  —  Discontinu- 
able,  dis-kon-tin'u-a-bl,  a.  That  may  be 
discontinued.—  Discontinuance,  dis-kon- 
tin'u-ans,  n.  AVant  of  continuance;  a 
breaking  off;  cessation;  intermission;  in- 
terruption. —  Discontinuation,  dis- kon - 
tin'ri-a"slion,  n.  Discontinuance.— Discon- 
tinuity, dis-kon'ti-nil"i-ti,  n.  Want  of 
continuity  or  uninterrupted  connection; 
disunion  of  parts;  want  of  cohesion.— Dis- 
continuous, dis-kon-tin'u«ns,  o.  Broken 
off;  interrupted. 

Discophora,  "dis-kof'o-ra,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  diskos, 
a  disc,  and  pherd,  to  carry.]  A.  group  of 
animals,  comprising  most  of  the  organisms 
known  as  sea-jellies,  jelly-fishes,  or  sea- 
nettles.  , 

Discord,  dis'kord,  n."  [¥t.  discqrde,  L.  dis- 
cordia,  disagreement,  from  discors,  discor- 
dant— dis,  and  cor,  cordis,  the  heart,  as  in 
concord,  accord,  cordial.}  Want  of  concord 
or  agreement;  opposition  of  opinions;  dif- 
ference of  qualities ;  disagreement ;  vari- 
ance; contention;  strife;  mus.  a  union  of 
sounds  disagreeable  or  grating  to  the  ear; 
dissonance;  each  of  the  two  sounds  form- 
ing a  dissonance.— D.i.  (dis-kord').  To  dis- 
agree; to  be  out  of  harmony  or  concord ; 
to  clash.— Discordance,  Discordancy,  dis- 
kor'dans,  dis-kor'dan-si,  n.  Disagreement; 
opposition ;  inconsistency.  —  Discordant, 
dls-kor'dant,  a.  Disagreeing;  incongruous; 
being  at  variance;  dissonant;  not  in  uni- 
son; not  harmonious;  not  accordant;  harsh; 
jarring.—  Discordantly,  dis-kor'dant-li, 
adv.    In  a  discordant  manner. 

Discount,  dis'kount,  n.  [Prefix  dis,  neg., 
and  count;  O.Fr.  descompte.]  A  certain 
sum  deducted  from  the  credit  price  of 
goods  sold  on  account  of  prompt  payment, 
or  any  deduction  from  the  customary 
price,  or  from  a  sum  due  or  to  be  due  at  a 
future  time;  a  charge  made  to  cover  the 
interest  of  money  advanced  on  a  bill  or 
other  document  not  presently  due;  the  act 
of  discounting. — At  a  discount,  below  par; 
hence,  in  low  esteem ;  in  disfavour.- 1>.<. 
(dis - kount ').  To  lend  or  advance  the 
amount  of  (a  bill  or  similar  document), 
deducting  the  interest  or  other  rate  per 
cent  from  the  principal ;  to  leave  out  of 
account  or  disregard;  to  estimate  or  take 
into  account  beforehand;  to  enjoy  or  suffer 
by  anticipation. — Discountable,  dis-koun'- 
ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  discounted. — 
Discounter,  dis'koun-t6r,  n.  One  who  dis- 
counts bills,  &c. 

Discountenance,  dis-koun'te-nans,  v.t.  To 
put  out  of  countenance;  to  put-to  shame; 
to  abash;  to  set  one's  countenance  against; 
to  discourage,  check,  or  restrain  by  frowns, 
censure,  arguments,  cold  treatment,  &c. 
—  n.  Cold  treatment ;  disapprobation.  — 
Discountenancer,  dis-koun'te-nan-s6r,  n. 
One  who  discountenances. 

Discourage,  dis-kui-'Sj,  v.t.  —  discouraged. 


ch  cftain;     ch,  iic.  loch;     s,  So;     3,Joh;     ii,  Tr.  ton;     ng,  siu;/;     Tii,  tAcu;  tli,  (Wn;     w,  tvig;     wh,w7iig;     zh,  asuie. 


DJSCOURSK 


202 


DISESTABLISH 


discouraging.  To  clieck  the  courage  of;  to 
dishearten;todepriveof  self-confidence;  to 
attempt  to  repress  or  prevent  by  pointing 
out  difficulties.  Arc;  to  dissuade. — Discou- 
ragement, dis-kur'aj-ment,  n.  The  act  of 
aiscouraging;  the  act  of  deterring  or  dis- 
suading from  an  undertaking;  that  which 
discourages  or  damps  ardouror  hope;  the 
state  of  being  discouraged.— Discourager, 
di8-kur'a-j6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
discourages.— Discouraging.diB-kur'a-jiug, 
a.  Tending  to  discourage  or  dishearten ; 
disheartening.—  Discouragingly,  dis-kur'- 
a-jing-li,  adv.    In  a  discouraging  manner. 

Discourse,  dis-kOrs',  n.  [Fr.  discours,  from 
L.  discursus,  a  running  about,  a  conversa- 
tion, from  discurro,  to  ramble — dis,  and 
cuiro,  to  run.  Currknt.]  A  running  over 
a  subject  in  speech ;  hence,  a  talking  to- 
gether or  discussing;  conversation;  talk; 
speech;  a  treatise;  a  dissertation;  a  homily, 
sermon,  or  other  production. —  v.i. —  dis- 
ccmrsecZ,  discoursing.  To  communicate 
thoughts  or  ideas  orallj'  or  in  writing,  es- 
pecially in  a  formal  manner;  to  hold  forth; 
to  expatiate;  to  convaise. — v.t.  To  talk 
over  or  discussj;  to  utter  or  give  forth. — 
Discourser,  di;-kor'ser,  n.  One  who  dis- 
courses.—Discoursive,  dis-kOr'siv,  a.  Hav- 
ing the  character  of  discourse;  convers- 
able ;  communicative. 

Discourteous,  dis-kor'te-us,  a.  Wanting"  in 
courtesy;  uncivil;  rude.— Discourteously, 
dis-kor'to-us-li,  a,dv.  In  a  discourteous 
manner. — Liscourteousness,  dis-kOr'te-us- 
nes,  n.— Discourtesy,dis-kOr'te-si,n.  Want 
of  courtesy;  incivility;  rudeness  of  man- 
ner; act  of  disrespect. 

Discous,  a.    Under  Disc. 

Discover,  dis-kuv'Cr,  v.t.  [Prefix  dis,  priv., 
and  cover;  O.Fr.  descouvrir.]  To  lay  open 
to  view;  to  disclose  or  reveal;  to  espy; 
to  have  the  first  sight  of;  to  find  out;  to 
obtain  the  first  knowledge  of;  to  come 
to  the  knowledge  of;  to  detect.  .•.  We  dis- 
cover what  before  existed,  though  to  us 
unknown;  we  invent  what  did  not  before 
exist. —Discoverable,  dis-kuv'6r-a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  discovered,  brought  to 
light,  exposed,  found  out,  or  made  known. 
— Discoverer,  dis-kuv'6r-er,  n.  One  who 
discovers;  one  who  first  sees  or  espies;  one 
who  finds  outor  first  comes  to  the  know- 
ledge of  something. — Discovery,  dis-kuv'- 
6r-i,  n.  The  act  of  discovering;  a  disclos- 
ing or  bringing  to  light;  a  revealing  or 
making  known;  a  finding  out  or  bringing 
for  the  first  time  to  sight  or  knowledge; 
What  is  discovered  or  found  out. 

Discredit,  dis-kred'it,  n.  Want  of  credit  or 
good  reputation;  some  degree  of  disgrace 
or  reproach;  disesteem;  disrepute;  want 
of  belief,  trust,  or  confidence;  disbelief. — 
v.t.  To  give  no  credit  to ;  not  to  credit  or 
believe;  to  deprive  of  credit  or  good  repu- 
tation; to  bring  into  some  degree  of  dis- 
frace  or  disrepute;  to  deprive  of  credi- 
iUty.— Discreditable,  dis-kred'i-ta-bl,  n. 
Injurious  to  reputation:  disgraceful:  dis- 
reputable. —  Discreditably,  dis-kred'i-ta- 
bli,  adv.    In  a  discreditable  manner. 

Discreet,  dis-kret',  a.  [Fr.  discrei,  from  L. 
discretus,  pp.  of  discemo,  to  discern.  Dis- 
cern.] Wise  in  avoiding  errors  or  evil,  and 
in  selecting  the  best  course  or  means;  pru- 
dent in  conduct;  circumspect;  cautious; 
heedful;  guarded.— Discreetly,  dis-krfet'li, 
adv.  In  a  discreet  manner;  prudently. — 
Discreetness,  dis-krft'nes,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  discreet. — Discretion,  dis-kresh'- 
ori,  n.  IFr.  discretion,  L.  discretU>.'\  The 
quality  or  attribute  of  being  discreet;  dis- 
cernment to  judge  critically  of  what  is 
correct  and  proper,  united  with  caution; 
prudence  J  sound  judgment;  circumspec- 
tion; wanness;  caution;  liberty  or  power 
of  acting  without  other  control  than  one's 
own  judgment  (to  leave  an  affair  to  one's 
discretion,  to  surrender  at  discretion,  that 
is  without  stimilating  for  terms).  —  Dis- 
cretionarily,  dis-kresh'on-a-ri-li, iidf.  At 
discretion;  according  to  discretion.— Dis- 
cretionary, dis-kresh'on-a-ri,  a.  Xieft  to 
a  person's  own  discretion  or  judgment;  to 
be  directed  according  to  one's  own  discre- 
tion {discretionary  powers). 

Discrepance,  Discrepancy,  dis-krep'ans, 
dis-krep'an-si,  n.    [L.  discrepontia,  from 


discrepo,  to  give  a  different  sound,  to  vary 
—dt«,  and  crepo,  to  creak.  Crepitate.]  A 
difference  or  inconsistency  between  facts, 
stories,  theories,  ic;  disagreement;  di- 
vergence.—  Discrepant,  dis-krep'ant,  a. 
Differing  or  diverging;  not  agreeing  or 
according;  disagreeing;  dissimilar. 

Discrete,  dis'kret,  o.  [L.  discretus,  sepa- 
rated, set  apart.  Discreet.]  Separate; 
distinct; disjunct;  disjunctive.— .A  discrUa 
quantity,  quantity  not  continued  in  its 
parts,  as  any  number,  since  a  number  con- 
sists of  units.  —  Discretive,  dis-krO'tiv,  a. 
Disjunctive;  denoting  separation  or  oppo- 
sition. 

Discretion.    Under  Discreet. 

Discriminate,  dis-krim'i-nat,  v.t.— discrim- 
inated, discriminating.  [L.  discriminoj  dis- 
criminatwn,  to  distinguish,  from  dtscri- 
men,  diftereuce — dis,  asunder,  and  the  root 
seen  in  crimen,  accusation,  cerno,  to  sift  or 
separate.  Cri.me,  Discern,  Discreet.]  To 
distinguish  from  other  things  by  observing 
differences ;  to  perceive  by  a  distinction; 
to  discern;  to  separate;  to  select;  to  dis- 
tinguish by  some  note  or  mark.— v.i.  To 
make  a  difference  or  distinction;  to  ob- 
sei-ve  or  nOte  a  difl'erence;  to  distinguish. 
— Discriminately,  dis-krim'i-nat-li,  adv. 
With  minute  distinction;  particularly. — 
Discriminating,  dis-krim'i-na-ting,  p.  and 
a.  Serving  to  discriminate ;  distinguish- 
ing; distinctive;  able  to  make  nice  dis- 
tinctions.—Discrimination,dis-krim'i-na"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  discriminating;  the 
faculty  of  distinguishing  or  discriminat- 
ing; penetration;  discernment;  the  state 
of  being  discriminated  or  set  apart. — Dis- 
criminative, dis-krim'i-na-tiv,  a.  Discrim- 
inating or  tending  to  discriminate;  form- 
ing the  mark  of  distinction  or  difference; 
characteristic.  —  Discriminatively,  dis- 
krim'i-na-tiv-li,  adu.  In  a  discriminative 
manner.  —Discriminator,  dis-krim'i-na- 
ter,  n.  One  who  discriminates.— Discrim- 
inatory, dis-krim'i-na-to-ri,  a.  Discrimi- 
native. 

Discrown,  dis-kroun',  v.t.  To  deprive  of  a 
crown. 

Discursive,  dis-kSr'siv,  a.  [Fr.  discursi/, 
from  L.  discursus.  -  Discourse.]  Passing 
rapidly  from  one  subject  to  another;  desul- 
tory; rambling;  digressional;  argumenta- 
tive; reasoning;  rational.  —  Discursively, 
dis-k6r'siv-li,ac(v.  In  a  discursive  manner. 
—Discursiveness,  dis-k^r'siv-nes,  n. 

Discuss,  dis-kus',  v.t.  [L.  discutio,  discus- 
sum,  to  scatter,  dissipate— dis,  asunder, 
and  quatio,  to  shake,  as  in  concussion. 
Quash.]  To  drive  away,  dissolve,  or  re- 
solve (a  tumour,  &c.:  a  medical  use) ;  to 
agitate  by  argum.ent;  to  examine  by  dis- 
putation; to  reason  on;  to  debate;  to  4rgue; 
to  make  an  end  of,  by  eating  or  drinking; 
to  consume  (colloq.).  —  Discussable,  dis- 
kus'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  discussed  or 
debated.  —  Discusser,  dis-kus'6r,  n.  One 
whodiscusses. — Discussion,  dis-ku'shon,n. 
The  act  of  discussing;  debate;  disquisition; 
the  agitation  of  a  point  or  subject  with  a 
view  to  elicit  truth.— Discussive,  dis-kus'- 
iv,  a.  Having  the  power  to  discuss. — 
n.  A  medicine  that  discusses;  adiscutient. 
— Discutient,  dis-ku'shent,  n.  A  medicine 
or  application  which  disperses  a  tumour 
or  morbid  matter. 

Disdain,  dis-dan',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  desdaigner, 
Fr.  didaigner,  from  L.  dis,  priv.,  and  dig- 
nor,  to  deem.worthy,  from  digntis,  worthy. 
Deign.]  To  deem  or  regard  as  worthless; 
to  consider  to  be  unworthy  of  notice,  care, 
regard,  esteem,  or  unworthy  of  one's  cTia- 
racter;  to  scorn;  to  contemn. — n.  A  feeling 
of  contempt,  mingled  with  indignation; 
the  looking  upon  anything  as  beneath  one; 
haughtiness;  contempt;  scorn.— Disdain- 
er,  dis-da'ner,  n.  One  who  disdains.- — 
Disdainful,  dis-dan'ful)  a.  Full  of  or  ex- 
pressing disdain;  contemptuous;  scornful; 
haughty.  —  Disdainfully,  dis-dan'ful-li, 
adv.  In  a  disdainful  manner.  —  Disdain- 
fulness, dis-dan'ful-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
of  being  disdainful;  haughty  scorn. 

Disease,  di-zez',  n.  Want  or  absence  of 
easej;  uneasiness,  distress,  or  discomfort^; 
any  morbid  state  of  the  body,  or  of  any 
particular  organ  or  part  of  the  body;  ail- 
r^snt;  distemper;  malady;  disorder;  any 


morbid  or  depraved  condition ,  moral,  men- 
tal, social,  political,  &c.  —  Diseased,  di- 
zezd',  a.  Affected  with  disease;  having  the 
vital  functions  deranged;  disordered;  de- 
ranged; distempered;  sick. — Diseasedness, 
di-ze'zed-nes,  n.  The  state  of  iDaing  dis- 
eased; a  morbid  state. 

Disembark,  dis-em-bark',  v.t.  To  remove 
from  on  board  a  ship  to  the  land ;  to  put 
on  shore;  to  land.— u.i.  To  leave  a  ship  and 
go  on  shore ;  to  land.  —  Disembarkation, 
•Disembarkment,  dis-emTaar-ka'shon,  dis- 
em-bark'ment,  n.  The  act  of  disembark- 
ing. 

Disembarrass,  dis-em-bar'as,  v.t.  To  free 
from  embarrassment  or  perplexity;  to 
clear;  to  extricate.  —  Disembarrassment, 
dis-em-bar'as-ment,  n.  The  act  of  disem- 
barrassing. 

Dlsembitter,  dis-em-bit'6r.  v.t.  To  free 
from  bitterness  or  acrimony. 

Disembody,  dis-em-bod'i,  v.t.  To  divest  of 
the  body  {a,  disembodied  spirit=a  ghost); 
to  set  free  from  the  flesh;  to  disband  (mili- 
tary). —  Disembodiment,  dis  -  em  -  bod '  i- 
ment,  n.  The  act  of  disembodying;  the 
condition  of  being  disembodied. 

Disembogue,  dis-em-bog',  v.t.  and  i. — dis- 
embogued, disemboguing.  To  pour  out  or 
dischai^ge  at  the  mouth,  as  a  stream;  to 
discharge  water  into  the  ocean  or  a  lake. 
— Disemboguement,  dis-em-bog 'ment,  n. 
Discharge  of  waters  by  a  stream. 

Disembowel,  dis-em-bou'el,  v.t.— disembow- 
elled, disembowelling.  To  deprive  of  the 
bowels  or  of  parts  analogous  to  the  bowels; 
to  eviscerate;  to  gut. 

Disenchant,  dis-en-chant',  v.t.  To  free  from 
enchantment;  to  deliver  from  the  power 
of  charms  or  spells;  to  free  from  fascina- 
tion or  pleasing  delusion.— Disenchanter, 
dis-eu-chan't6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
disenchants.  —  Disenchantment,  dis  -  en- 
chant'ment,  n.    Act  of  disenchanting.  • 

Disencumber,  dis-en-kum'ber,  v.t.  To  free 
from  encumbrance,  clogs,  and  impedi- 
ments. —  Disencumbrance,  dis-en-kum'- 
brans,  n.  Deliverance  from  encumbrance. 

Disendow,  dis-en-dou',  v.i.  To  deprive  of 
an  endowmentor  endowments,as  a  church 
or  other  institution.— Disendowment,  dis- 
en-dou'ment,  n.  The  act  of  disendowing. 

Disenfranchise,  dis-en-fran'chiz,  v.t.  To 
disfranchise. 

Disengage,  dis-en-gSj',  v.t. — disengaged,  dis- 
engaging. To  separate  or  set  free  frCm 
union  or  attachment ;  to  detach ;  to  dis- 
unite; to  free;  to  disentangle;  to  extricate; 
to  clear,  as  from  diflaculties  or  perplexities; 
to  free,  as  from  anything  that  occupies  the 
attention;  to  set  free  by  dissolving  an  en- 
gagement. —  Disengaged,  dis-en-gajd',  p. 
and  a.  Being  at  leisure;  not  particularly 
occupied;  not  having  the  attention  con- 
fined to  a  particular  object.— Disengaged- 
ne8s,dis-en-ga'jed-nes,n.— Disengagement, 
dis-en-gaj'ment,  n.  The  act  or  process  o* 
disengaging;  the  state  of  being  disen- 
gaged; freedom  from  engrossing  occupa- 
tion; leisure. 

Disennoble,  dis-en-noTal,  v.t.  '  To  deprive  of 
that  which  ennobles;  to  degrade. 

DisenroU,  dis-en-rol',  v.t.  To  erase  from  a 
roll  or  list. 

I)isent3il,  dis-en-tal',  v.t.  To  free  from  be- 
ing entailed;  to  break  the  entail  of. 

Disentangle,  dis-en-tang'gl,  v.t.  To  free 
from  entanglements;  to  uni^vel;  to  ex- 
tricate from  perplexity  or  complicatione ; 
to  disengage.  —  Disentanglement,  dis-en- 
tang'gl-ment,  n.   Act  of  disentangling. 

Disenthrall,  dis-en-thral',  v.t.  To  liberate 
from  slavery,  bondage,  or  servitude;  to 
free  or  rescue  from  oppression.  —  Disen- 
thralment,  dis-en-thrai'ment,  n.  Libera- 
tion from  bondage;  emancipation. 

Disenthrone,  dis-en-thron',  v.t.  To  de- 
throne; to  depose  from  sovereign  autho- 
rity.   [J/ii.] 

Disentomb,  dis-en-t<im',  v.t.  To  take  out 
of  a  tomb;  to  disinter. 

Disestablish,  dis-es-tab'lish,  v.t.  To  cause 
to  cease  to  be  established;  to  withdraw  (a 
church )  from  its  connection  with  the  state. 
— Disestablishment,  dis-es-tab '  lish-ment, 
n.  The  act  of  disestablishing;  the  act  of 
withdrawing  a  church  from  its  connection 
with  the  state. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fiiU;     m5,  met,  hCr;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tube,  tub,  bull ;     oil,  pound;     ti,  Sc.  abwne— the  Fr.  «. 


DISESTEEM 


203 


DISMAL 


EiEPsteem,  dis-es-tem',  n.  Want  of  esteem; 
slifa-ht  dislike;  disregard.  —  v.i.  To  dislike 
in  a  moderate  degree;  to  regard  as  un- 
worthy of  esteem. 

Disfavour,  dis-f a'v6r,  n.    A  feeling  of  some 

V  dislike  or  slight  displeasiwe;  unfavo-rable 
regard;  disesteem;  a  state  of  being  unac- 
ceptable, or  not  favoured,  patronized,  or 
befriended ;  a  disobliging  act.  —  v.t.  To 

,  withdraw  or  withhold  favour,  friendship, 
or  support  from. 

Disfigure,  dis-fig^ur,  v.t.  —  disfigured,  dis- 
figuring. To  mar  the  external  figure  of;  to 
iniimir  the  shape  or  form  of;  to  injure  the 
beauty,  symmetry,  or  excellence  of;  to  de- 
face; to  deform.  —Disfiguration,  dis-fig'O- 
ra"shon,  n.  The  act  of  disfiguring;  disfig- 
urement.—Disfigurement,  dis-fig'ur-ment, 
n.  The  act  of  disfiguring  or  state  of  being 
disfigured;  that  which  disfigures. — Dis- 
figurer,  dis-fig'a-rfer,  n.  One  who  disfig- 
ures. 

Disforest,  dis-for'est,  v.t.  Same  as  Disaf- 
forest. 

Disfranchise,  dis-fran'chiz,  v.t  — disfran- 
chised, disfranchising.  To  deprive  of  the 
rights  and  privilege?  of  a  free  citizen;  to 
deprive  of  any  franchise,  more  especially 
of  the  right  of  voting  in  elections,  &c. — 
Disfranchisement,  dis-fran'chiz-ment,  n. 
The  act  of  disfranchising,  or  state  of  being 
disfranchised. 

Disgorge,  dis-gorj',  v.t. — disgorged,  disgorg- 
ing. [O^r.  desgorger,  to  vomit-— dig,  and 
gorge.  Gorge.]  To  eject  or  discharge 
from,  or  as  from,  the  stomach,  throat,  or 
mouth;  to  vomit;  to  belch;  to  discharge 
violently  (a  volcano  disgorges  lava);  to 
yield  up,  as  what  has  been  taken  wrong- 
fully; to  give  up;  to  surrender.— ^.i.  To 
give  up  plunder  or  ip-gotten  gains.— Dis- 
gorgement, dis-gorj 'ment,  n.    The  act  of 

'  disgorging,  ir 

Disgrace,  dis-gras',  n.  A  state  of  being  out 
of  favour ;  disfavour ;  state  of  ignominy ; 
dishonour;  shame;  infamy;  cause  of  shame. 
—v.t.— disgraced,  disgracing.  To  bring 
into  disgrace;  to  put  out  of  favour;  to  dis- 
miss with  dishonour;  to  treat  ignomini- 
ously;  to  bring  shame  or  reproach  on;  to 
humiliate  or  humble;  to  dishonour.— Dis- 
graceful, dis-gras'ful,  a.  Entailing  dis- 
grace; shameful;  infamous;  dishonour- 
able. —  Disgracefully,  dis-gras'f ul-li,  adv. 
In  a  disgraceful  manner.  —  Disgraceful- 
ness,  dis-gras 'ful-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being"  disgraceful.— DiSgracer, 
dis-gra'sSr,  n.    One  who  disgraces. 

Disguise,  dis-giz^v.t.^— disguised,  disguising. 
[O.Fr.  desguiser,  Fr.  diguiser — prefix  dis, 
and  guise,  way,  fancy,  manner.  Guise.) 
To  coiiceal  the  ordinary  guise  or  appear- 
ance of  by  an  unusual  habit  or  mask ;  to 
hide  by  a  counterfeit  appearance;  to  cloak 
by  a  false  show,  false  language,  or  an  arti- 
ficial manner  (anger,  intentions,  &a);  to 
change  in  manners  or  behaviour  by  the 
use  of  spirituous  liquor;  to  intoxicate. — 
n.  A  counterfeit  dress;  a  dress  intended 
to  conceal  the  identity-of  the  person  who 
wears  it;  a  coi^nterfeit  show;  artificial  or 
assumed  language  or  appearance  intended 
to  deceive.— Disgulsedly,  dis-gi'zed-li,  adv. 

,With  disguise.— Disguisedness,  dis-gi'zed-' 
nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  disguised.— 
Disgulsement,  dis-giz'ment,  n.  The  act  of 
disguising.— Disguiaer,  dis-gi'z6r,  n.  One 
who  disguises. 

Disgust,  dis-gast',  n.    [O.Fr.  desgoust,  Fr. 

,  degoilt^fTom  h.dis,  priv.,  and  gustv.s,  taste.] 
Aversion  to  the  taSte  of  food  or  drink ; 
distaste;  disrelish;  nausea;  aversion  in 
the  mind  excited  by  something  ofl'ensive 
in  the  manners,  conduct,  language,  or 
opinions  of  others;  loathing;  repugnance; 
strong  dislike.— 1).<.  To  cause  to  feel  dis- 
gust; to  excite  aversion  in  the  stomach  of; 
to  offend  the  taste  of;  to  stir  up  loathing  or 
repugnance  in.  —  Disgustful,  dis-gust'ful, 
a.  Exciting  the  feeling  of  disgiist.— Dis- 
gusting, dis-gus'ting,  a.  Producing  or 
causing  ■  disgust ;  .nauseous ;  loathsome ; 
nasty.— DiEgrnstingly,  dis-giLs'ting-li,  adv. 
In  a  disgusting  manner.— Disgustingness, 
dis-gus'ting-nes,  n.  State  of  being  disgust- 
ing. 

Pish,  dish,  n.  {A.  Sax.  disc,  a  dish;  Uke  D. 
diach,  G.  iisch,  a'table,  from  L.  discv^,  Gr. 


diskos,  a  quoit  or  diw.  Desk,  Disc]  A 
broad  open  vessel  made  of  various  materi- 
als, used  for  serving  up  meat  and  various 
kinds  of  food  at  the  table;  the  meSt  or 
provisions  served  in  a  dish;  hence,  any 
particular  kind  of  food ;  the  concavity  of 
certain  wheels,  as  those  of  vehicles. — v.t. 
To  put  in  a  dish  after  being  cooked;  to 
make  (a  wheel)  concave  in  the  centre; 
to  damage,  ruin,,  completely  overthrow 
(slang). -DIeIi- cloth.  Dish -clout,  n.  A 
cloth  used  for  washing  and  wiping  dishes. 
—Dish-water,  n.  Water  in  which  dishes 
are  washed. 

Dishabille,  die'a-bil,  n.  Same  as  Desha- 
bille. 

Dishearten,  dis-har'tn,  v.t.  To  discourage; 
to  deprive  of  courage;  to  depress  the  spirits 
of;  to  deject;  to  dispirit. 

Dishevel,  di-shev'el,  v.t. — dishevelled,  dishe- 
velling. ■  [O.Fr.  descheveler,  Fr.  dicheveler, 
to  put  the  hair  out  of  order — des  for  dis, 
priv.,  and  O.Fr.  chevel,  Fr.  clieveu,  hair, 
from  L.  capillus,  the  hair  of  the  head.) 
To  spread  the  locks  or  tresses  of  loosely 
and  negligently;  to  suffer  (the  hair)  to 
hang  negligently  and  uncombed. 

Dishonest,  dis-on'est,  a.  Void  of  honesty, 
probity,  or  integrity;  not  honest;  fraudu- 
lent; inclined 'or  apt  to.  deceive,  cheat, 
pilfer,  embezzle,  or  defraud;  proceeding 
from  or  marked  by  fraud;  knavish;  un- 
chaste J. — Dishonestly,  dis-on'est-b,  adv. 
In  a  dishonest  manner;  fraudulently; 
knavishly.  —  Dishonesty,  dis-on'es-ti,  n. 
The  opposite  of  honesty;  want  of  probity 
or  integrity;  a  disposition  to  cheat,  pilfer, 
embezzle,  or  defraud;  violation 'of  trust; 
fraud;  treachery;  deviation  from  probity 
or  integrity;  unchastity  or  incontinence;. 

Dishonour,  dis-on'6r,  n.  The  opposite  of 
honour;  want  of  honour;  disgrace;  shame; 
jinything  that  disgraces.— v.i.  To  disgrace; 
1 1  bring  shame  on;  to  stain  the  character 
of;  to  lessen  in  reputation;  to  treat  with 
indignity ;  to  violate  the  chastity  of ;  to 
debauch;  to  refuse  or  decline  to  accept  or 
pay  (a  bill  of  exchange).— Dishonourable, 
dis-on'tr-a-bl,  a.  Shameful;  disgraceful; 
base;  bringing  shame;  staining  the  char- 
acter and  lessening  reputation ;  unhon- 
oured  (S/iafc.). —Dishonourableness,  dis- 
on'6r-a-bl-nes,  n.  Quality  of  being  dis- 
honourable.-^DishonouraDly,  dis-on'Sr-a- 
bli,  adv.  In  a  dishonourable  manner. — 
Dishonourer,  dis-on'tr-fer,  n.  One  who 
dishonours  or  disgraces. 

Diisfaorse,  dis-hors',  v.i.  To  dismount  from 
Ijorseback.    [Tenn.] 

Disillusionize,  dis-il-lu'zbon-iz,  v.t.  To  free 
from  illusion;  to  disenchant. 

Disincline,  dis-in-klin',  v.t.  To  excite  slight 
aversion  in;  to  make  unwilling;  to  cause  to 
hang  back;  to  alienate. 

Disincorporate,  dis-in-kor'po-rat,  v.t.  To 
deprive  of  corporate  powers;  to  cause  to 
cease  from  being  incorporated. — Disincor- 
poration,  dis-in-kor'po-ra"8hon,  n.  The 
act  of  so  depriving. 

Disinfect,  dis-in-fekt',  v.t.  To  cleanse  from 
infection;  to  purify  from  contagious  mat- 
ter.—Disinfectant,  dis-in-fek'tant,  n.  A 
substance  that  disinfects,  or  is  used  for 
destroying  the  power  or  means  of  propa- 
gating diseases  which  spread  by  infection 
or  contagion.  —  Disinfection,  dis-in-fek'- 
shon,  w.  Purification  from  infecting  mat- 
ter. 

Disingenaous,  dis-in-jen'u-us,  a.  Not  in- 
genuous; not  open,  frank,- and  candid; 
meanly  artful ;  insincere ;  sly ;  uncandid. 
—Disingenuously,  dis-in-jen'u-us-li,  adv. 
In  a  disingenuous  manner.  —  Disingenu- 
ousness,  dis-in-jen'u-us-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  disingenuous. 

Disinherit,  dis-in-her'it,  v.t.  To  cut  off 
from  hereditary  right;  to  deprive  of  the 
right  to  an  inheritance. — Disinheritance, 
Disinherison,  dis-in-her'i-tans,  dis-in-her'- 
i-son,  n.    Act  of  disinheriting.  ■ 

Disintegrate,  dis-in'ts-grat,  v.t.  [L.  dis, 
priv.,  and  integer,  entire,. whole.]  To  se- 
parate the  component  particles  of;  to  re- 
duce to  iK)wder  or  to  fragments. — Disin- 
tegrable,  dis-in'te-gra-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  disintegrated.— Disintegration,  dis- 
in't5-gra"shon,  n.  The  act  of  separating 
the  component  particles  of  a  substance; 


the  gradual  wearing  dov^n  of  rocks  by  at- 
mospheric influence. 

Disinter,  dis-in-tfer',  v.t.—disvnierred,  disin- 
terring. ■  To  take  out  of  a  grave  or  out  of 
the  earth;  to  take  out,  as  from  a  grave;  to 
bring  from  obscurity  into  view. — Disinter- 
ment, dis-in-tfer'ment,  n.  The  act  .  f  dis- 
interring; exhumatioiK 

Disinterested,  dis-in '  t6r-es-ted,  a.  Free 
from  self-interest;  having  no  personal  in- 
terest or  private  advantage  in  a  question 
or  affair;  not  influenced  or  dictated  by 
private  ad  van  tage;unselfish;  uninterested. 
—Disinterestedly,  dis-in'ter-es-ted-li,  adv. 
In  a  disinterested  manner.-Disinterested- 
nesa,  dis-in't6r-es-ted-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  disinterested. 

Disintorall,  Disinthralment,  di^-in-thri^l', 
dis-in-thral'ment.     Distenthrall. 

pisjoin,  dis-join',  v.t.  To  part  asunder;  to 
disunite;  to  separate;  to  detach;  to  sunder. 
—v.i.  To  be  separated;  to  part.— Disjoint, 
dis-point',  v.t.  To  separate,  as  parts  united 
by  joints;  to  put  out  of  joint;  to  dislocate; 
to  break  the  natural  order  and  relations 
of;  to  put  out  of  order;  to  derange;  to  ren- 
der incoherent.—  v.i.  To  fall  in  pieces.  — 
Di^ointed,  dis-join'ted,  a.  Unconnected; 
incoherent;  out  of  joint;  out  of  order;  ill- 
joined  together.— DiBjointedness,  dis-join'- 
ted-nes,  n.  State  of  being  disjointed.- Dis- 
jointly,  dis-joint'U,  adv.  In  a  disjointed 
manner  or  state. 

Disjimct,^dis-jungkt',  a.  [L.  disjunctus,vp. 
of  disjungo—dis,  and  jungo,  to  join. )  Dis- 
joined; separated. -Disjrinction,dis-jiingk'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  disjoining;  disunion; 
separation. — Disjunctive,  dis-jungk'tiv,  a. 
Tending  to  disjoin  or  separate;  gram 
marking  separation  or  opposition,  a  term 
applied  to  a  word  or  particle  which 
unites  words  or  sentences  in  construction, 
but  disjoins  the  sense  (as  neither,  nor); 
logic,  applied  to  a  proposition  in  which 
the  parts  are  Opposed  to  each  other  by 
means  of  disjunctives. — n.  Gram,  a  word 
that  disjoins  (as  or,  nor,  neUher);i  logic,  a 
disjunctive  proposition.  —  Disjunctivsly, 
dis-jungk'tiv-U,  adv.  In  a  disjunctive 
manner. 

Disk  n.    Disc. 

Dislike,  dis-lik',  n.  A  feeling  the  opposite 
of  likmg;  disinclination;  aversion ;- dis- 
taste; antipathy;  repugnance.— u.t. —  dis- 
liked, disliking.  To  feel  dislike  towards ; 
to  regard  with  gome  aversion ;  to  have  a 
feeling  against;  to  disrelish.— Dislikable,t 
dis-li'ka-bl,  a.  Worthy  of,  or  liable  to  dis- 
like; distasteful;  disagreeable. 

Dislimb,  dis-lim',  v.t.  To  tear  the  limbs 
from. 

Dislink,  dis-lingk',  v.t.  To  unlink;  to  dis- 
join; to  separate.    [Tenn.] 

Dislocate,  dis'lo-kat,  v.t.— dislocated,  dislo- 
cating. To  displace;  to.  shift  from  the 
original  site;  pai-ticularly,  to'  put  out  of 
joint;  to  move  (a.  bone)  from  its  socket, 
cavity,  or  place  of  articulation.— Disloca- 
tion, dis-l5-ka'shon,  n.  The  act  of  dislo- 
cating; particularly,  the  act  of  removing 
or  forcing  a  bofie  from  its  socket;  luxa- 
tion; geol  the  displaceiflerit  of  parts  of 
rocks,  or  portions  of  strata,  from  the  situa- 
tions which  they  originally  occupied. 

Dislodge,  dis-loj',  v.t.— dislodged,  dislodging. 
To  drive  from  the  fixed  position  or  place 
occupied ;  to  drive  ( enemies )  from  any 
place  of  hiding  or  defence,  or  from  a  po- 
sition seized.— v.i.  To  go  from  a  place  of 
rest.— Dislodgment,  dis-loj'ment,  n.  The 
act  of  dislodging. 

Disloyal,  dis-loi'al,  a.  Not  loyal  or  true  to 
allegiance;  false  to  a  sovereign  or  country; 
faithless;  false;  perfidious;  treacherous; 
not  true  to  the  marriage-bed;  false  in  love. 
—Disloyally,  dis-loi'al-li,  adv.  In  a  dis- 
loyal manner. — Disloyalty,  dis-loi'al-ti,  n. 
The  character  of  being  disloyal ;  want  of 
fidelity  to  a  sovereign ;  violation  of  alle- 
giance; want  of  fidelity  in  love. 

Dismal,  diz'mal,  a.  [Etym.  doubtful.  Ac- 
cording to  one  derivation,  from  L.  dies 
malus,  an  evil  day;  according  to  another, 
from  O.Fr.  dismal,  L.  decimalis,  decern, 
ten,  referring  to  the  day  of  paying  tithes.] 
Dark,  gloomy,  or  cheerless  to  look  at;  de- 
pressing; sorrowful;  dire;  horrid;  melan- 
choly; calamitous;  unfortunate;  frigbt- 


ch,  c/iain;  ■"  eft,  Sc.  locA;     g,go;     3,job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sin?;     th,  tften;  th,  tftin;     yr;wig;     -wh,  wnig;     zh,  asure./ 


DlSxMANTLE 


204 


DISPLAY 


fill;  horrible.  —  Dismally,  diz'mal-li.  adv. 
In  a  'iisunal  manner.  —  DismalneKS,  diz'- 
mal-Des,  n.  Tlie  state  of  being  dismal; 
gloominesE;  horror. 

Dismantle;  dis-man'tl,  v.t. — dismantled,  dis- 
-niaraling.  \_Q.^t.  desmanteler,  desman- 
teller,  lit.  to  deprive  of  cloak  or  mantle.] 
To  deprive  of  dress ;  to  strip ;  to  divest ; 
more  generally,  to  deprive  or  strip  (a  thing) 
of  furniture,  equipments,  fortifications, 
and  the  like. 

Dismast,  dis-mast',  v.t.  To  deprive  of  a  mast 
or  masts ;  to  break"  and  carry  away  the 
masts  from. 

Dismay,  dis-ma',  v.t.  [Same  word  as  Sp. 
and  Pg.  desmayar,  to  fall  into  a  swoon,' 
but  no  doubt  directly  from  the  French; 
from  prefix  dis,  and  O.H.G.  mugan,  to  be 
able  (=E.  mayj.]  To  deprive  entirely  of 
strength  or firmnessofmind;todiscour!ige, 
■with  some  feeling  of  dread  or  consterna- 
tion; to  confound;  to  daunt;  to  strike 
aghast.  —  y.i.  To  be  daunted;  to  stand 
aghast.  [Shak.J—n.  A  complete  giving  way 
of  boldness  or  spirit;  loss  of  courage  to- 
gether with  consternation;  a  yielding  to 
fear. 

Disme,t  dem,  n.  [OrFr.  Dime.]  A  tenth 
part;  the  number  ten.    [SAafc.] 

Dismember,  dis-mem'b6r,  v.t.  To  divide 
limb  from  limb;  to  separate  the  members 
of;  to  mutilate;  to  sever  and  distribute  the 
parts  'of:  to  divide  into  separate  portions 
(a  kingdom,  &c.).  — Dismemberment,  dis- 
mem'ber-ment,  n.  The  act  of  dismember- 
ing. 

Dismiss,  dis-mis',  v.t.  [From  L.  dimitto, 
dimissum,to  dismiss— di,  dis, and  mitto,  as 
in  admit,  covimit,  &c.]  To  send  awayj  to 
permit  to  depart,  injplying  authority  in  a 
person  to  retain  or  keep;  to  discard;  to  re- 
move from  office,  service,  or  employment; 
law,  to  reject  as  unworthy  of  notice,  or  of 
being  granted.  —  Dismissal,  dis-mis'al,  re. 
The  act  of  dismissing;  dismission;  dis- 
charge ;  liberation ;  manumission.  —  Dis- 
mission,'dis-mish' on,  re.  The  act  (rf  dis- 
missing or  sending  away;  leave  to  depart; 
renioval  from  office  or  employment;  dis- 
charge; laiv,  rejection  of  something  as  un- 
worthy of  notice  or  of  being  granted. 

Dismount,  dis-mount',  v.i.  To  alight  from 
a  horse  or  other  animal ;  to  come  or  go 
down.  —  v.t.  To  tnrow  or  remoye  from  a 
horse ;  to  unhorse ;  to  throw  or  remove 
(cannon  or  other  artillery)  from  their  car- 
riages. 

Disobedience,  dis-o-be'di-cns,  n.  Neglect 
or  refusal  to  obey;  violation  of  a  command 
or  prohibition;  the  omission  of  that  which 
is  commanded  to  he  done,  or  the  doing  of 
that  which  is  forbid.— Disobedient,  dis-o- 
be'di-ent,  a.  Neglecting  or  refusing  to 
obey;  guilty  of  disobedience;  not  observant 
of  duty  or  rules  presciibed  by  authority. 
—Disobediently,  dis-fi-be'di-ent-li,  adv.  In 
a  disobedient  manner. — Disobey,  dis-o-ba', 
v.t.  To  neglect  or  refuse  to  obey;  to  omit 
or  refuse  obedience  to;  to  transgress  or 
violate  an  order  or  injunction. — v.i.  To  re- 
fuse obedience;  to  disregard  orders. 

Disoblige,  dis-o-blij',  v.t.  To  offend  by  act- 
ing counter  to  the  w.ill  or  desires  of ;  to 
off'end  by  failing  to  oblige  or  do  a  friendly 
service  to ;  to  be  unaccommodating  to. — 
Disobligement,  dis-6-blij'ment,  n.  The 
act  of  disobliging.- Dlsobllger,  dis-o-bli'- 
j*r,  n.    One  who  disobliges.— Disobliging. 

,di8-o-bn'jing,a.  Not  obliging;  not  disposed 

I  to  gratify  the  wishes  of  another;  unaccom- 
modating.—Disobligingly,  dis-O-bli'jing-li, 
ndv.  In  a  disobliging  manner.  —  DisoDli- 
ginsness,  dis-6-bli'jing-nes,  n. 

Disorder,  dis-or'dfer,  n.  Want  of  order  or 
regular  disposition;  irregiilarity;  imme- 
thodical  distribution;  confusion;  tumult; 
disturbance  of  the  peace  of  society;  dis- 
turbance or  interruption  of  the  functions 
of  ^the  animal  economy  or  of  the  mind; 
distemper;  sickness;  derangement. — v.t. 
To  break  the  order  of;  to  derange;  to  throw 
into  confusion;  to  disturb  or  interrupt  the 
jnatural  functions  of;  to  produce  sickness 
or  indisposition  in;  to  disturb  as  regards 
the  reason  or  judgment;  to  craze.  —  Dls- 
lordered,  dis-orderd,  p.  and  a.  Disorderly; 
'irregular;  dcningcd;  crazed. — Disorderli- 
ness,  dis-or'der-li-nes,»i.    State  of  being 


disorderly.  —  Disorderly,  dis-or'dcr-li,  a. 
Being  without  proper  order ;  marked  by 
disorder;  confused;  immethodical;  irregu- 
lar; tumultuous;  unruly;  violating  law 
and  gobd  order.  —  adw.t  In  a  disorderly 
manner. 

Disorganize,  dis-or'ga-niz,  v.t  To  disturb 
or  destroy  organic  structure  or  connected 
system  in;  to  throw  out  of  regular  system; 
to  throw  into  confusion  or  disorder  (a 
government,  society,  &c.).  —  Disorganiza- 
tion, dis-or'ga-ni-za"shon,  n.  The  act  of 
disorganizing ;  the  state  of  being  disorga- 
nized. —  Disorganizer,  dis-or'ga-ni-zfir,  n. 
One  who  disorganizes. 

Disown,  dis-on',  v.t.  To  refuse  to  acknow- 
ledge as  belonging  to  one's  self;  to  refuse 
to  own;  to  deny;  to  repudiate  (a  child,  a 
written  work). 

Disparage,  dis-par'aj,  v.t. — disparaged,  dis- 
paraging. [O.Fr.  desparager,  to  offer  to 
a  woman,  or  impose  on  her  as  husband, 
a  man  unfit  or  unworthy;  to  impose  un- 
worthy conditions— prefix  des  for  dis,  and 
parage,  equality,  from  L.  par,  equal, 
whence  also  peer,  pair.]  To  dishonour  by 
a  comparison  with  something  of  less  value 
or  excellence;  to  treat  with  detraction  or 
in  a  depreciatory  manner;  to  unden'alue; 
to  decry;  to  vilify;  to  lower  in  estimation. 
—Disparagement,  dis-par'aj-ment,  n.  The 
act  of  disparaging ;  the  act  of  undervalu- 
ing or  depreciating:  detraction;  what 
lowers  in  value  or  esteem;  disgrace;  dis- 
honour.— Disparager, dis-para-jfer, n.  One 
who  disparages.— Disparagingly,  dis-par*- 
a-jing-li,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  disparage. 

Disparate,  dis'pa-rat,  a.  [L.  disparatus,  pp. 
of  disparo,  to  part,  separate — dis,  asunder, 
and  paro,  to  prepare.]  Unequal;  unlike; 
dissimilar. — n.  One  of  two  or  more  things 
so  unequal  or  unlike  that  they  cannot  be 
compared  with  each  other. 

Disparity,  dis-par'i-ti,  n.  [Fr.  disparitd, 
from  L.  dispar,  unequal— dig,  and  par, 
equal.  UisFAHAGE.]  Inequality;  difference 
in  degree,  in  age,  rank,  condition,  or  ex- 
cellence; dissimilitude;  unlik?ness. 

Dispart,  dis-piirt',t'.i.  To  divide  into  parts; 
to  separate,  sever,  burst,  rend.  — y.i.  To 
separate;  to  open;  to  cleave. — n.  (dis'part). 
The  difference  between  the  semi-diameter 
of  the  base  ring  at  the  breech  of  a  gun, 
and  that  of  the  ring  at  the  swell  of  the 
muzzle. 

Dispassionate,  dis-pash'on-at,:  a..  Free  from 
pa.ssion ;  calm  ;  composed ;  unmoved  by 
feelings;  not  dictated  by  passion;  not  pro- 
ceeding from  temper  or  bias;  impartial. — 
Dispassionately,  dis-pash'on-at-li,  adv. 
Without  passion;  calmly;  coolly. — Dis- 
passioned,  di^-pash'ond,  a.  Free  from  pas- 
sion. 

Dispatch,  dis-pach'.    Despatch. 

Dispauper,  dis-pa'p6r,  v.t.  To  deprive  of 
the  claim  of  a  pauper  to  public  support.— 
Dispauperize,  dis-pa'p6r-iz,  v.t.  To  free 
from  the  state  of  pauperism;  to  free  from 
paupers. 

Dispeace,  dis-pes,  n.  Want  of  peace  or 
quiet;  dissension. 

Dispel,  dis-pel',  v.t— dispelled,  dispelling. 
[L.  dispcllo—dis,  asunder,  and  pello,  to 
drive,  as  in  compel,  repel,  &c.]  To  scatter 
by  force;  to  disperse;  to  dissipate;  to  drive 
away  (clouds,  doubts,  fears,  &c.). — v.i.  To 
be  dispersed;  to  disappear.  —  Dispeller, 
dis-pel'er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  dis- 
pels. 

Dispense,  dis-pens',  v.t..^ispensed,  dispen- 
ging.  [L.  dispense,  to  weigh  out  or  pay, 
to  manage,  to  act  as  steward— dis,  distrib. , 
and  penso,  freq.  ofpendo,  to  weigh,  whence 
pension,  poise,  expend,  spend.]  To  deal  or 
divide  out  in  parts  or  portions;  to  distri- 
bute; to  administer;  to  apply,  as  laws  to 
particular  cases;  to  grant  dispensation  to; 
to  relieve,excuse,  or  set  free  from  an  obliga- 
tion.— v.i.  To  bargain  for,  grant,  or  receive 
a  dispensation;  to  compound. — To  dispense 
with,  to  permit  the  neglect  or  omission  of, 
as  a  ceremony,  an  oath,  and  the  like;  to  give 
up  or  do  without,  as  services,  attendance, 
articles  of  dress,  Ac— Dispenser,  dis-pen'- 
sir,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  dispenses 
or  distributes;  one  who  administers. — 
Dispensing,  dis-pen'sing,  a.  Granting  dis- 
pensation; granting  license  to  omit  what 


is  required  bv  law,  or  to  do  what  the  law 
forbids;  dealing  out  or  distributing  ■ 
Dispensable,  dis-pen'sa-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
bein§  dispensed  or  administered;  capable 
of  being  spared  or  dispensed  with.  —  Dis- 
pensableness,  dis-pen'sa-bl-nes,  n.  The 
capability  of  being  dispensed  with.— Dis- 
pensary, dis-pen'sa-ri,  n.  A  shop  in  which 
■  medicines  are  compounded  and  sold ;  a 
house  in  which  medicines  are  dispensed  to 
the  poor,  and  medical  advice  given  gratis. 
—Dispensation,  dis-pen-sa'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  dispensing  or  dealing  out;  the  distri- 
bution of  good  and  evil  in  the  divine  go- 
vernment; system  established  by  God 
settling  the  relations  of  man  towards  him 
as  regards'  religion  and  morality  (the 
Mosaic  dispensation};  the  granting  of  a 
license,  or  the  license  itself,  to  do  what  is 
forbidden  by  laws  or  canons,  or  to  omit 
something,  which  is  commanded.  —  Dis- 
pensative,  dis-pen'sa-tiv,  a.  Granting  dis- 
pensation. —  Dispensatively,  Dispensato- 
rily,  dis-pen'sa-tiv-li,  dis-pen'sa-to-ri-li, 
adv.  By  dispensation. — Dispensator,  dis- 
pen'sa-ter,  re.  [L-l  A  dispenser.— Dispen- 
satory, dis-pen'sa-to-ri,  a.  Hajing  power 
to  grant  dispensations.— re.  A  book  con- 
taining the  method  of  preparing  the  vari- 
ous kinds  of  medicines  used  in  pharmacy; 
a  pharmacopoeia. 

Dispeople,  dis-pe'pl,  v.t  To  depopulate;  to 
empty  of  inhabitants.  —  Dispeopler,  dis- 
pe'pler,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  dis- 
lieoples. 

Dispermous,  di-spfer'mus,  a.  [Gr.  di,  double, 
and  spenna,  seed.]  Bot  two-seeded;  con- 
taining two  seeds  only. 

Disperse,  dis-pfirs',  v.t. — dispersed,  disper- 
sing. [Fr.  disperser,  L.  dispersus,  from 
dispergo—di  for  dis,  distrib.,  and  spargo, 
to  scatter,  whence  also  sparse.]  To  scat- 
ter; to  cause  to  separate  and  go  far  apart ; 
to  dissipate ;  to  cause  to,  vanish. .".  Dis- 
sipate is  said  of  things  that  vanish  or  are 
not  afterwards  collected:  disperse  and 
scatter  are  applied  to  things  which  do  not 
necessarily  vanish,  and  which  may  again 
be  brought  together. —v.i.  To  scatter;  to 
separate  or  move  apart ;  to  break  up ;  to 
vanish,  as  fog  or  vapours. — Dispersed,  dis- 
perst',  p.  and  a.  Scattered.— Dispersedly, 
dis-pfer'sed-li,  adv.  In  a  dispersed  manner; 
separately.  —  Dispersedness,  dis-per '  sed- 
nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  dispersed  or 
scattered.— Disperser,  dis-per'ser,  n.  One 
who  disperses.— Dispersion,  Dispersal,  dis- 
per'shou,  dis-pSr'sal,  re.  The  act  of  dis- 
persing or  scattering ;  the  state  of  being 
scattered  or  separated  into  remote  parts; 
optics,  the  separation  of  the  different  col- 
oured rays  of  a  beam  of  light  by  means  of 
a  prism,  prisms  of  different  materials 
causing  greater  or  less  dispersion.  —  Dis- 
persive, dis-per'siv,  a.  Tending  to  scatter 
or  dissijjate. 

Dispirit,  dis-pir'it,  v.t.  To  depress  the 
spirits  of ;  to  deprive  of  courage ;  to  dis- 
courage; to  dishearten;  to  deject;  to  cast 
dow^n.  —  Dispirited,  dis-I)ir'i-ted,  p.  and  a. 
Discouraged;  depressed  in  spirits;  spirit- 
less; tame. —Dispiritedly,  dis-pii-'i-ted-li, 
adv.  Dejectedly.— Dispiritedness,  dis-pir'- 
i-ted-nes,  re.  "\\  ant  of  courage;  depression 
of  spirits.— Dispiritment,  dis-pir'it-ment, 
re.  The  act  of  dispiriting. 

Displace,  dis-plas',  v. t— displaced,  disfjlac- 
ing.  To  put  out  of  the  usual  or  proper 
place;  to  remove  from  its  place;  to  remove 
from  any  state,  condition,  office,  or  dig- 
nity.—Displaceable,  dis-pla'sa-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  displaced  or  removed.— 
Displacement,  dis-plas'ment,  n.  The  act 
of  displacing;  removal;  the  quantity  of 
water  displaced  by  a  body  floating  at  rest, 
as  a  ship. 

Displant,  dis-plant',  v.t.  To  pluck  up  what 
is  planted;  to  drive  away  or  remove  from 
residence:  to  strip  of  what  is  planted  or 
settled.—  Displantation,  dis-plan-ta'shon, 
re.    The  act  of  displanting. 

Display,  dis-pla',  v.t  lO.Fr.  desployer,  Fr. 
ddployer-^-des,  equal  to  L.  dis,  priv.,  and 
plover,  same  as  plier,  from  L.  plicare,  to 
fold,  as  in  deploy,  employ.]  To  spread 
before  the  view;  to  Fet  in  view  ostenta- 

*  tiously;  to  show;  to  exhibit  to  the  eyes  or 

f  to  the  mind;  to  make  manifest.— w.i.  To 


Futo,  fiir,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;  '  tabe,  tub,  bull ;     oil,  pound;  .  U,  Sc.  abi(ue— the  Fr.  «. 


DISPLEASE 


205 


DISSECT 


make  a  show  or  display. — n.  An  unfolding; 
au  exhibition  of  anything  to  the  view;  oa- 
tentatious  show;  exhibition;  parade. — Dis- 
player,  dis-pla'6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  dispLays. 

Displease,  dis-plez',  v.t.  —  displeased,  dis- 
pleasing. To  offend  somewhat;  to  dissat- 
isfy; to  annoy;  to  make  angry,  usually  in 
a  slight  degree;  to  excite  aversion  in;  to 
lie  disagreeable  to  (the  taste,  the  senses). 
—Displeased,  dis-plezd',  p.  and  a.  Not 
well-pleased;  offended;  annoyed  (to  be 
displeased  with  a  person).— Displeasedly, 
(lis-plu'zed-li,  adv.  In  a  displeased  man- 
lier.—Displeasedness,  dis-ple'zed-nes,  n. 
Displeasure;  uneasiness. — Displeaser,  dis- 
pl0'z6r,  n.  One  who  displeases. — Displeas- 
ing, dis-ple'zing,  a.  Offensive  to  the  mind 
or  anv  of  the  senses;  disagreeable.— Dis- 
pleasmgness,  dis-ple'zing-nes,  n.— Displea- 
sm-e,  dis-plezh'ur,  n.  The  feeling  of  one 
who  is  displeased;  dissatisfactiouj  anger; 
vexation ;  annoyance ;  that  which  dis- 
pleases; offence. 

DiBplode,t  dis-plod',  v.t.  and  i.—disploded, 
disploding.  [ti.displodo — dis,a8underjana 
plavdo,  to  clap,  beat.]  To  burst  with  a 
loud  noise;  to  explode.   [Mil.] 

Dispoudee,  di-spon'de,  n.  IGr.  di,  twice, 
.and  spondee.y  Pros,  a  double  spondee, 
consisting  of  four  long  syllables. 

Dispone,  dis-pOn',  v.t. — disponed,  dispon- 
ing. (L.  dispuno,  to  dispose— <ii8,  distrib., 
and  poiio,  to  place.]  Scots  lavn,  to  make 
over  or  convey  (property)  to  antrther  in  a 
iegal  form.— Disponee,  dis-po-ne',  n.  Scots 
laiv,  one  to  whom  anything  is  disponed. — 
Disponer,  dis-pti'n^r,  n.  Scots  law,  one 
who  dispones. 

Disport,  dis-port',  n.  [O.Fr.  desport,  Fr. 
(2^/j/))'J," properly  diversion  resorted  to  in 
order  to  divert  the  thoughts— prefix  dis, 
and  L.  porto,to  carry  {whence export, &c.). 
Sport  is  an  abbrev.  of  disport. J.  Play; 
sport ;  pastime.— ti.i^  To  play ;  to  sport. — 
Disportment,  dis-port '  ment,  n.  Act  of 
disporting;  play. 

Dispose,  dis-pi3z  ,  v.t. — disposed,  disposing. 
[Fr.  disposer,  to  dispose,  arrange  — prefix 
dis,  ana  poser,  to  place  (E.  pose).  Com- 
pose. 1  To  arrange,  place  out,  or  distribute; 
to  set  in  a  particular  order;  to  apply  to  a 
particular  end  or  purpose;  to  set  the  mind 
of  in  a  particular  frame ;  to  incline. — v.i. 
To  regulate,  determine,  or  settle;  to  bar- 
gain or  make  terms  [Shalc.).—To  dispose  of, 
to  part  with;  to  alienate;  to  sell;  to  put 
into  another's  hand  or  power;  to  bestow; 
to  do  with,  make  use  of,  use,  or  employ 
(one's  self,  one's  time,  &c.);  to  put  a\yay 
or  get  rid  of. — Disposable,  dis-po'za-bl,  a. 
Subject  to  disposal;  free  to  be  used  or  em- 
ployed as  occasion  may  require.  —  Dispo- 
sal, dis-po'zal,  n.  The  act  of  disposing;  a 
setting  or  arranging; .  power  of  ordering, 
arranging,  or  distributing ;  government ; 
(management;  power  or  right  of  bestow- 
ing; the  act  of  selling  or  parting  with; 
alienation. — Disposed,  dis-pozd',  p.  and  a. 
Inclined;  minded.  —  Disposer,  dis-po'z6r, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  disposes. — 
Disposition,  dis-po-zish'on,  n.  [L.  dis/josi- 
iio.  arrangement.]  The  act  of  disposing  or 
state  of  being  disposed;  m.anner  in  which 
things  or  the  parts  of  a  complex  body  are 
placed  or  arranged;  order;  method;  dis- 
tribution; arrangement;  natural  fitness  or 
tendency;  temper  or  natural  constitution 
of  the  mind;  inclination;  propensity;  Scots 
law,  disposal  or  settlement  of  propei'ty  or 
effects.— Dispositional,  dis-po-zish'on-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  disposition.  —  Di8posure,t 
dia-po'zhur,  n.  Disposal;  management; 
distribution;  allotment. 

Dispossess,  dis-poz-zes',  v.t.  To  put  out  of 
possession;  to  deprive  of  the  occupancy  or 
ownership;  to  dislodge:  with  of  before  the 
thing  taken  away.  —  Dispossession,  dis- 
poz-zesh'on,  n.  The  act  of  dispossessing.  . 
— Dispossessor,  dis-poz-zes'^r,  n.  One  who 
dispossesses. 

Dispraise,  dis-praz',  re.  The  opposite  of 
praise;  blame;  censure. — v.t. — dispraised, 
dispraising.  To  blame ;  to  censure. — Dis- 
^raiser,  di  s-pra'zfir,  n.  One  who  dispraises. 

Disprejndice,  dis-prej'Q-dis,  v.t.  To  free 
from  prejudice. 

Disproof,  dis-prOf,  n.    Under  Disprove. 


Disproportion,  dis-pro-por'shou,  ».  Want 
of  proportion  of  one  thing  to  another,  or 
between  the  parts  of  a  thing;  want  of  sym- 
metry; want  of  proper  quantity,  accord- 
ing to  rules  prescribed;  want  of  suitable- 
ness or  adequacy;  disparity;  inequality. — 
v.t.  To  violate  due  proportion  or  sym- 
metry in— Disproportionable,  Dlspropor- 
tionaJ,  Disproportionate,  dis-pro-por'shon- 
a-bl,  dis-pro-por'shon-al,  dis-prO-por'shon- 
at,  a.  Not  having  due  proportion  to  some- 
thing else;  not  having  proportion  or  sym- 
metry of  parts;  unequal;  inadequate. — 
Disproportionableness,  DisproportionaJ- 
ness,  Disproportionateness,  dis-pro-por'- 
shon-a-bl-nes-,  dis-pro-por'shon-al-nes,  dis- 
pro-por'shon-at-nes,n.  Want  of  proportion 
or  symmetry;  unsuitableness  in  form, 
bulk,  or  value  to  something  else. — Dlspro- 
portlonably,  Disproportionally,  Dispro- 
portionately, dis-prO-pOr[shon-ab-li,  dis- 
pro-por'shon-al-li,  dis-pio-por'shou-at-li, 
adv.  With  wiuit  of  proportion  or  symme- 
try; unsuitabljr  with  respect  to  form ,  quan- 
tity, or  value;  inadequately;  unequally. — 
Disproportionality,  dis-prO-por'slion-al"i- 
ti,  n.    The  state  of  being  disproportional. 

Disprove,  dis-prov',  v.t.  —  disproved,  dis- 
proving.  To  prove  to  be  false  or  errone- 
ous; to  confute;  to  refute. — Disprovable, 
dis-pro'va-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  dis- 
proved or  refuted. — Disproval,  dis-pro'val, 
n.  Act  of  disproving ;  disproof.  —  Dis- 
prover,  dis-pro'vCr,  re.  uiie  that  disproves 
or  confutes. — Disproof,  dis-prof,  n.  Con- 
futation; refutation;  d,  proving  to  be  false 
or  erroneous. 

Dispute,  dis-pOt',  v.i. — disputed,  .disputing, 
[li.  disjswto,  to  compute,  to  weigh ,  examine, 
investigate,  discuss — dis,  asunder,  apart, 
and  puto,  to  clean,  prune,  clear  up,  reckon. 
Compute.]  To  contend  in  argument;  to 
reason  or  argue  in  opposition ;  to  debate ; 
to  altercate;  to  wi-pngle;  to  contend  in  op- 
position to  a  competitor. — v.t.  To  attempt 
to  disprove  by  arguments  or  statements; 
to  attempt  to  overthrow  by  reasoning;  to 
controvert  (an  assertion,  a  claim,  &c.);  to 
call  in  question;  to  strive  to  maintain;  to 
contest  (to  dispute  every  inch  of  ground). 
— n.  Strife  or  contest  in  words  or  by  argu- 
ments;, a  difference  of  opinion  vigorously 
maintained;  controversy  in  words;  a 
wordj'  war;  contention;  .strife;  contest.— 
Dlspnter  dis-pa't6r,  re.  One  who  disputes 
or  who  is  given  to  disputes. — Disputable, 
dia-pQ'ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  aisputedj 
liable  to  be  called  in  question,  contro- 
verted, or  contested ;  controvertible ;  dis- 
putatious (Shak.). — Disputablenesa,  dis- 
pa'tarbj-nes,  n.  State  of  being  disputable. 
— Dispntant,  dis'pu-tant,  n.  One  who  dis- 
putes; one  who  argues  in  opposition  to 
another;  a  reasoner  in  opposition. — a.  Dis- 
puting; engaged  in  controversy.  —  Dispu- 
tation, dis-pQ-ta'shon,  re.  [L.  disputatio.] 
The  act" of  disputing;  controversy;  verbal 
contest  respecting  the  truth  of  some  fact, 
opinion,  proposition,  or  argument.  —  Dis- 
putatious, Dlspntative,  dis-pu-ta'shus, 
dis-pu'ta-tiv,  a.  Inclined  to  dispute;  fond 
of  arguing;  characterized  by  disputes.— 
Dlspntatiously,  dis-pu-ta'shus-li,  adv.  In 
a  disputatious  manner.  —  Disputatious- 
ness,  dis-pu-ta'shus-nes,  n. 

DisquaUfy,  dis-kwol'i-fi,  v.t— disqualified, 
disqualifying.  To  make  unfit;  to  deprive 
of  natural  power,  or  the  qualities  or  pro- 
perties necessary  for  any  purpose  (weak- 
ness diequalifiea  a  person  far  labour);  to 
deprive  of  legal  capacity,  power,  or  right; 
to  incapacitate.  —  Disqualification,  dis- 
kwori-fl-ka"shon,  re.  The  act  of  disquali- 
fying; the  state  of  being  disqualified;  dis- 
ability; legal  disability  or  incapacity; 
that  which  disqualifies  or  incapacitates. 

Disquiet,  dis-kwi'et,  re.  Want  of  quiet;  un- 
easiness; anxiety. — v.t.  To  deprive  of  peace, 
rest,  or  tranquillity;  to  make  uneasy,  or 
restless;  to  disturb,  harass,  fret,  or  vex. — 
a.  Unquiet;  restless.  liiAat.  j— Disquieter, 
dis-kwi'e-ter,  re.  One  who  or  that  which 
disquiets.— Disquietful,  dis-kwi'et-ful,  a. 
Producing  inquietude.— Disquieting,'  Dis- 
quletive,  dis-kwi'e-ting,  dis-kwi'e-tiv,  oi 
Tending  to  disquiet;  disturbing  the  mind. 
—  Disquietly,t  dis-kwi'et-li,  adv.  Un- 
quieyy;  in  a  disquieting  manner.— Dis- 


quietude, Dlsqnietness,  dis-twi'e-tad,  dis- 
kwi'et-Jies,  re.  Want  of  peacrf  or  tran- 
quillity; uneasiness;  disquiet. 

Disquisition,  dis-kwi-zish'on,  n.  [X.  dis- 
quisitio,  from  disquiro,  disquisitum,  to  in- 
vestigate—dig, distrib.,  and  qucero,  qucesv- 
tum,  to  ask,  whence  query,  question,  in- 
quire, Ac]  A  formal  or  systematic  in- 
quiij  into  any  subject,  by  discussion  of 
trie  facts  and  circumstances  bearing  on  it; 
an  argumentative  inquiry;  a  formal  dis- 
cussion or  treatise  on  any  matter;  disser- 
tation; essay. — Dlsquisitive,d)s-kwiz'i-tiv, 
a.    Kelating  to  disquisition;  fond  of  dis- 

■  cussion  or  investigation.— Disquisitional, 
Disquisitionaxy,  Disquisitory,  dis-kwi- 
Zish'on-al,  dis-kwi-zish'on-a-ri,  dis-kwiz'i- 
to-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  disquisition;  par- 
taking of  the  nature  of  a  disquisition. 

Disregard,  dis-re-gard', re.  Want  of  regard, 
notice,  or  attention;  neglect;  slight. — v.t. 
To  omit  to  take  notice  of;  to  neglect  to 
observe;  to  pay  no  heed  to;  to  treat  as  un- 
worthy of  regard  or  notice.— Disregarder, 
dis-re-gar'dfer,  re.  One  who  disregards. — 
Dlsregaxdful,  dis-re-'gard'ful,  a.  Neglect- 
ful; heedless. —Disregardf  ully.dis-rergard'- 
ful-li,  adv.    Negligently;  heedlessly. 

DisreUsh,  dis-rerish,  71.  Distaste;  dislike 
of  the  palate;  some  degree  of  disgust;  dis- 
like of  the  mind ;  aversion ;  antipathy.—- 
v.t.  To  dislike  the  tiste  of;  to  feel  some 
disgust  at. 

Disrepair,  dis-re-par',  n.  A  state  of  being 
not  in  repair  or  good  condition;  state  of 
requiring  to  be  repaired. 

Disreputable,  dis-repTi-ta-bl,  a.  Not  repu- 
table; disgracing  reputation;  dishonour- 
able; discreditalile;  low;  mean. — Disrepu- 
tabillty,  dis-rep'u-ta-bil"i-ti,  re.  The  state 
of  being  disreputable.— Disreputably, dis- 
rep'u-ta-bli,  adv.  In  a  disreputable  man- 
ner.—Disrepute,  dis-r6-pat',  re.  Loss  or 
want  of  reputation;  disesteem;  discredit; 
dishonour. 

Disrespect,  dis-r5-apekt',  re.  Want  of  re- 
spect or  reverence;  incivility,  irreverence, 
or  rudeness;  a  slight  or  neglect. — v.t.  To 
have  no  respect  or  esteem  for;  to  nhcnv 
jlisrespect  to.— Disrespectabillty,  dis-rC- 
gpek'ta-bil"i-ti,  re.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  disrespectable. — Disrespectable,  dis- 
r6-spek'ta-bl,  a.  Not  respectable;  un- 
worthy of  respect.— Disrespectful,  clis-rO- 
spekt'ful,  a.  Wanting  in  resiiect ;  mani- 
festing disrespect;  irreverent;  uncivil.— 
Disrespectfully,  dis-rc-spekt'ful-li,  ndv. 
In  a  disrespectful  manner.— Disrespectful- 
ness,  dis-re-spekt'ful-ncs,  re. 

Disrobe,  dis-roh',  v.i. — disrobed,  disrobing. 
To  divest  of  a  robe;  to  divest  of  garments; 
to  undress;  to  strip  of  covering;  to  un- 
cover. 

Disroot,  dis-rot',  v.t.  ,  To  tear  up  the  roots 
of,  or  by  the  roots;  to  uproot. 

Disrupt,!  dis-rupt',  v.t.  [L.  disruptus,  pp. 
of  disrumpo  {dirumpo),  to  break  or  burst 
asunder  —  dis,  asunder,  and  runipo,  to 
burst,  whence  rupture,  &c.]  To  tear  or  rive 
away;  to  rend;  to  sever;  to  break  asunder. — 
Disruption,  dis-rup'shon,  n.  [li.disruptio.] 
The  act  of  rending  asunder;  the  act  of 
bursting  and  separating;  breach;  rent; 
break-up;  the  rupture  which  took  place 
in  the  Established  Church  of  Scotland  in 
1843,  resulting  in  the  foundation  of  the 
Free  Church.— Disruptive,  dis-rup'tiv,  a. 
Causing,  or  tending  to  cause,  disruption; 

S reduced  by  or  following  on  disruption. — 
isrupture,  dis-rup'tttr,  re.  Disruption;  a 
rending  asunder. 

Dissatisfaction, di8-sat'i8-fak"shon,  re.  The 
feeling  caused  by  want  of  satisfaction; 
discontent;  uneasiness  proceeding  from 
the  want  of  gratification,  or  from  disap- 
pointed wishes  and  expectations.  —  Dis- 
satisfactoriness,  dis-sat'is-fak"to-ri-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  dissatisfactory. — Dis- 
satisfactory, dis-sat'is-fak"to-ri,  a.  Caus- 
ing dissatisfaction;  giving  discontent; 
mortifying;  displeasing. — Dissatisfied,  dis- 
sat'is-fid,  p.  and  a.  Not  satisfied;  not 
pleased;discontented.— DIssatlgfy,dis-sat'- 
18-fi,  v.t. — dissatisfied,  dissatisfying.  To 
fail  to  satisfy;  to  render  discontented;  to 
displease;  to  excite  displeasure  in  by  frus- 
trating wishes  or  expectations. 

Dissect,  dis-sekt',  v.t.    IL.  disseco,  dissec- 


ch,  cAain;  _  cA,  Sc.  locA;     gtflo;     htoh;     n,  Pr.  tore;     ng,  sirejr;     ?h,  Wen;  th,  <Ain;     w,  iwg;     wh,  wWg;     zh,  aaxire. 


DISSEIZE 


205 


DISSUADE 


ium—dis,  asunder,  and  seeo,  seetwn,  to 
cut,  whence  section,  segment,  intersect,  &.c.] 
To  divide  (an  animal  body)  with  a  cut- 
ting instrument,  by  separating  the  ioints; 
to  cut  up  (an  animal  or  vegetable)  for  the 
purpose  of  examining  the  structure  and 
character  of  the  several  parts,  or  to  observe 
morbid  affections;  to  anatomize;^i{7.  to  an- 
filyse  for  the  purpose  of  criticism;  to  des- 
cribe with  minute  accuracy.— Disseotible, 
cli3-sek'ti-bl,a.  Capable  of  being  dissected. 
—Dissecting,  dis-sek'ting,  a.  Used  in  dis- 
secting.—Dissection,  dis-sek'shon,  n.  The 
act  or  art  of  dissecting  or  anatomizing. — 
Dissector,  dis-sek't6r,  n.  One  who  dis- 
sects; an  anatomist. 

Disseize,  dis-sCz',  v. t— disseized,  disseizing. 
[Pi-efix  die,  neg.,  and  seize;  Fr.  dessaisir, 
•to  dispossess.]  Law,  to  dispossess  wrong- 
fully; to  deprive  of  actual  seizin  or  pcsses- 
sion:  with  0/ before  the  thing.— Disseizee, 
dis-se-ze',  n.  One  who  is  disseized.— Dis- 
seizin, dis-85'zin,  n.  The  act  of  disseizing. 
—Disseizor,  dis-se-zor',  n.  One  who  dis- 
possesses another. 

0isssmble,  dis-semljl,  v.t.— dissembled,  dis- 
sevibling.  (O.Fr.  dissembler  iFr.  dissimu- 
ler),  from  L.  dissimulo—dis,  and  simulo, 
to  make  like,  to  simulate,  from  similis, 
like.  Assemble,  Similar.  Dissimulate 
is  the  same  word.]  To  hide  under  an 
assumed  manner;  to  conceal  or  disguise 
by  a  false  outward  show;  to  hide  by  false 
pretences  {todisseitible  love,  hate,  opinions, 
Ac.).— w.i.  To  try  to  appear  other  than 
reality;  to  put  on  an  assumed  manner  or 
outward  show;  to  conceal  the  real  fact, 
motives,  intention,  or  sentiments  under 
some  pretence.— Dissembler,  dis-sem'blfer, 
n.  One  who  dissembles;  one  who  conceals 
hiSkreal  thoughts  or  feelings. 
Disseminate,  dis-.sem'i-nat,  v.t.  —  dissemi- 
■  rutted,  disseminating.  |L.  dissemino,  dis- 
semiuatum,  to  scatter  seed— t/is, and  semen, 
seed.]  To  spread  by  diffusion  or  disper-, 
sion;  to  diffuse;  to  spread  abroad  among 
people ;  to  cause  to  reach  as  many  pei-sons 
Hspos.sible  (religious  doctrines,  knowledge, 
&c. ).  —  Dissemination,  dis-sem'i-na"8hou, 
n.  The  act  of  disseminating.— Dissemina- 
tive,  di.s-seni'i-na-tiv,  a.  Tending  to  dis- 
seminate or  become  disseminated. — Dis- 
seminator, dis-sem'i-na-t6r,  n.  One  who 
dis.seminates. 

Dissent,  dis-sent',  v.i.  [L.  di$sentio,  to 
think  otherwise,  to  dissent— di«,  asunder, 
and  sentio,  to  perceive,  as  in  consent,  re- 
sent, &c.  Sense.]  To  disagree  in  opinion;, 
to  differ;  to  think  in  a  different  or  con-' 
trary  manner:  with  from;  eccles.  to  differ 
from  an  established  church  in  regard  to 
doctrines,  rites,  or  government.— n.  Differ- 
ence of  opinion;  disagreement;  declara- 
tion of  disagreement  in  opinion;  eccles. 
separation  from  an  established  church. — 
Dissension,  dis-sen'shon,n..  [L.  dissensio.^ 
Ksagreement  in  opinion,  usually  a  dis- 
agreement producing  warm  debates  or 
angry  Vords;  strife;  discord:  quarrel; 
breach  of  friendship  and  union.— Dissen- 
sions, Dissentious,  dis-sen'shus,  a.  Dis- 
posed to  dissension  or  discord.  —  Dissen- 
taneous, dis-sen-ta'ne-us,  a.  Disagreeing; 
inconsistent.  —  Disoentation,t  dis-sen-ta'- 
shon,  n.  Act  of  dissenting.  —  Dissenter, 
dis-sen'tfer,  n.  One  who  dissents;  one  who 
differs  in  opinion,  or  one  who  declares  his 
disagreement;  eccles.  one  who  separates 
from  the  service  and  worship  of  any  estab- 
lished church. — Dissenterism,  dis-sen't6r- 
i^m,  n.  The  spirit  or  the  principles  of 
dissent  or  dissenters. — Dissentient,  dis- 
sen'shi-ent,  a.  Disagreeing;  declaring 
dissent;  voting  differently.  — n.  One  who 
disagrees  and  declares  his  •  dissent.— Dis- 
senting, dis-sen'ting,  p.  and  a.  Disagree- 
ing in  opinion;  having  the  character  of 
dissent;  belonging  to  or  connected  with  a 
body  of  dissenters. 

Dissepiment,  dis-eep'i-ment,  n.  [L.  dissepi- 
nientum- dis,  asunder,  and  sepio,  to  in- 
close, from  sepes,  a  hedge.]  A  kind  of 
small  partition  in  certain  hollow  parts' of 
animals  and  plants;  one  of  the  partitions 
in  the  ovary  of  some  plants  formed  by  the 
sides  of  cohering  carpels. 
Dissertation,  dis-str-ta'shon,  n.*^  [L.  dw- 
sert'.itU),  from  disserto,  a  freq.  of  disscro. 


to  argue,  discuss— dis,  asunder,  and  sere, 
to  join,  from  root  of  series.]  A  formal  dis- 
course, intended  to  illustrate  or  elucidate 
a  subject;  a  written  essay,  treatise,  or  dis- 
quisition.—DissertatJonal,dis-s6r-ta'shon- 
al,  a.  Relating  to  dissertations;  disquisi- 
tional.—Dissertationlst,  Dissertator,  dis- 
ser-ta'shoh-ist,  dis's6r-ta-t6r,  n.  One  who 
writes  dissertations. 

Disserve,  dis-s6rv',  v.t.  To  do  the  reverse 
of  a  service  to;  to  do  an  injury  or  ill  turn 
to.— 71.  An  ill  turn  or  Injurj';  something 
done  to  one's  injury.— Disserviceable,  dis- 
sfer'vi-sa-bl,  a.  Injurious. 
Dissever,  dis-sev'er,  v.t.  To  part  in  two; 
to  divide  asutider;  to  separate;  to  disunite. 
—Disseverance,  Dissevermsnt,  dis-sev'^r- 
ans,  dis-sev'er-ment,  n.  The  act  of  dis- 
severing; separation. 

Dissident,  dis 'si-dent,  a.  [L.  dissidens, 
dissidentis,  ppr.  of  dissideo,  to  disagree— 
dis,  asunder,  and  sedeo,  to  sit:  seen  also  in 
supersede,  sedentary,  session,  &c.  ]  Dissent- 
ing; specifically,  dissenting  from  an  es- 
tablished church.  —  n.  One  who  dissents 
from  others;  a  dissenter;  one  who  separates 
from  an  established  religion.— Dissidence, 
dis' si-dens,  n.  Disagreement;  dissent; 
nonconformity. 

Dissilien'ic,  dis-sil'i-ens,  n.  [L.  disilio,  to 
leap  asunder  —  dis,  and  salio,  to  leap, 
whence  salient.]  The  act  of  leaping  or 
starting  asunder.-i-Dissilient,  dis-sil'i-ent, 
a.  Starting  asunder;  bursting  and  open- 
ing with  an  elastic  force,  as  the  dry  pod 
or  capsule  of  a  plant. 
'  Dissimilar,  dis-sim'i-lfir,  a.  Not  similar; 
imlike,  either  in  nature,  properties,  or 
extenfal  form.  —  Dissimilarity,  dis-sim'i- 
lar"i-ti,  n.  Want  of  similarity;  unlike- 
ness;  want  of  resemblance.- Dissimilarly, 
dis-sim'i-ler-li,  adv.  In  a  dissimilar  man- 
ner. —  Dissimilation,  dis-sim'ila-shon,  n. 
The  act  or  process  of  rendering  dissimilar 
or  different;  philol.  the  change  of  a  sound 
to  another  and  a  different  sound  when 
otherwise  two  similar  sounds  would  come 
together  or  very  close  to  each  other.— Dis- 
similitude, dis-si-mil'i-tad,  n.  fL.  dis- 
.  similittido.]  UuUkeness;  want  of  resem- 
lilance. 

Dissimulation,  dis-sim'a-la"shon,  n.  fL. 
dissimulatio,  from  dissimulo,  dissimiUa- 
turn,  to  feign  that  a  thing  is  not  what  it 
is— dis,  and  simulo,  to  make  like,  from 
similis,  like.  Dissemble.]  The  act  or 
practice  of  dissembling,  usuall;y  from  a 
mean  or  unworthy  motive;  a  hiding  under 
a  false  appearance;  false  i)retensiou;  liy])o- 
crisy.— Dissimulate,  dis-sim'fi-lat,  v.i.    To 

dissemble;  to  make  pretence;  to  feign. 

Dissimulator,  dis-sim'u-la"ter,  n.  One 
who  di.=;simulates  or  dissembles. 
Dissipate,  dis'si-pat,  v.t.— dissipated,  dissi- 
pating. [  h.  dissipo,  dissipatiim  —  dis, 
asunder,  and  the  rare  sipo,  supo,  to  throw, 
allied  probably  to  E.  verb  to  stceep.]  To 
scatter,  to  disperse,  to  drive  away  (mist, 
care,  energy,  &c.);  to  scatter  in  wasteful 
extravagance;  to  waste. .'.  Syn.  under  Dis- 
PERSE.— t).i.  To  scatter,  disperse,  separate 
into  parts  and.disappear;  to  vanish;  to  be 
wasteful  or  dissolute  in  the  pursuit  of 
pleasure.  —  Dissipable,  dis'si-pa-bl,  o. 
Liable  to  be  dissipated;  capable  of  being 
scattered  or  dispersed.— Dissipated,  dis'si- 
pa-ted,  a.  Gii-en  to  extravagance  in  the 
expenditure  of  property;  devoted  to  plea- 
sure and  vice;  dissolute.— Dissipation,  dis- 
si-pa'shon,  n.  The  act  of  dissipating;  the 
insensible  loss  of  the  minute  particles  of 
a  body,  which  fly  off,  so  that  the  body  is 
diminished  or  may  altogether  disappear; 
indulgence  in  dissolute  and  irregular 
courses;  a  reckless  and  vicious  pursuit  of 
pleasure;  dissolute  conduct. 
Dissociate,  dis-so'shi-at,  v.t.  — dissociated, 
dissociating.  fL.  dissocio,  dissociatwn— 
dis,  and  socio,  to  unite,  from  socius,  a  com- 
panion. Social.]  To  separate  or  take 
apart;  to  disunite;  to  part. — DissocisUsil- 
lty,i  dis-sO'shi-a-bil"i-ti,  n.  Want  of 'soci- 
ability. —  Dissociable,!  dis-so'shi-a-bl,  a. 
Not  well  associated,  united,  or  assorted ; 
not  sociable  ;  incongruous ;  not  reconcil- 
able. —  Dissocial,  dis-so'shal,  a.  Disin- 
■>clined  to  or  unsuitable  for  society;  not 
wicii'.l.- D!ssoclali7c,  c'is  s''.sha-H3,  v.t.  To 


make  unsocial.  —  Dissociation,  dis-so'shii. 
a"shon,  n.  The  act  of  dissociating;  a  state 
of  separation;  disunion;  chem.  the  decom- 
position of  a  compound  substance  into  its 
primary  elements.— Dissociative,  dis-so'- 
shi-a-tiv,  a.  Tending  to  dissociate;  chem. 
resolving  or  reducing  a  compound  to  its 
primary  elements. 
Dissoluble,  dis'so-lQ-bl,  a.  [L.  dissolubilis. 
Dissolve.]  Capable  of  being  dissolved  or 
melted;  having  its  parts  separable,  as  by 
heat  or  moisture;  susceptible  of  decompo- 
sition or  decay  .—Dissolubility ,  Dissoluble- 
ness,  dis'so-lQ-bil"i-ti,  dis'so-lu-bl-nes,  »i. 
•The  stateor  quality  oi  being  dissoluble. 
Dissolute,  dis'so-lot,  a.  [L.  dissolutus,  pp. 
of  dissolvo.  Dissolve.]  Loose. in  behav- 
iour and  morals;  given  to  vice  or  profli- 
gacy ;  debauched ;  devoted  to  or  occupied 
in  dissipation.  — Dissolutely,  dis'so-lut-li, 
adv.  In  a  dissolute  mauner;  profligately; 
in  dissipation  or  debauchery.— Dissolute- 
ness, dis'so-lut-nes,  n.  The  state  or  char- 
acter of  being  dissolute;  looseness  of  man- 
ners and  morals;  vicious  indulgence  in 
pleasure,  as  in  intemperance  and  debauch- 
ery; dissipation.  —  Dissolution,  dis-85-la'- 
shon,  n.  [L.  dissolutio,  a  breaking- up,  a 
loosening,  from  dissolvo.]  The  act  of  dis- 
solving, liquefying,  or  changing  from  a 
solid  to  a  fluid  state  by  heat;  liquefaction; 
the  reduction  of  a  body  into  its  smallest 
parts,  or  into  very  minute  parts;  the  sep- 
aration of  the  parts  of  a  body  by  natural 
decomposition;  decomposition;  death;  the 
separation  of  the  soul  and  body;  the  se- 
paration of  the  parts  which  compose  a 
connected  system  or  body;  the  breaking 
up  of  an  assembly,  or  the  putting  an  end 
to  its  existence. 

Dissolve,  diz-zolv',  v.t— dissolved,  dissolv- 
ing. [L.  dissolvo,  to  break  up,  to  separate 
—dis,  asunder,  and  solvo,  soluium,  to  loose, 
to  free,  whence  also  solve,  soluble,  solutio7t, 
absolve,  &c.]  To  melt;  to  liquefy;  to  con- 
vert from  a  solid  or  fixed  state  to  a  fluid 
state,by  means  of  heat  or  moisture;  to  dis- 
unite, break  up,  separate,  or  loosen;  to  de- 
stroy any  connected  system  or  body  (parlia- 
ment, a  government);  to  break  or  make  no 
longer  binding  (an  alliance,  &c.);  to  solve, 
explain,  or  resolve  (doubts);  to  destroy  the 
power  of  or  render  ineffectual  (a  spell  or 
enchantment);  to  destroy  or  consume 
(O.T.).— v.i.  To  melt;  to  be  converted  from 
a  solid  to  a  fluid  state;  to  fall  asunder;  to 
crumble;  to  waste  away;  to  be  decom- 
posed; to  be  dismissed;  to  separate;  to 
break  np.— Dissolving  views,  views  painted 
on  glass  slides,  which,  by  a  particular 
arrangement  and  manipulation  of  two 
niagic  lanterns,  can  be  made  to  appear 
and  vanish  at  pleasure,  others  replacing 
them.  —  Dissolvability,  Dissolvableness, 
diz-zol'va-bil"i-ti,  diz-zol'va-bl-nes,  n.  Ca- 
pability ot  being  dissolved;  solubility.— 
Dissolvable,  diz-zol'va-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  dissolved  or  melted;  capable  of  be- 
ing converted  into  a  fluid.  —  Dissolvent, 
diz-zol'vent,  a.  Having  power  to  melt  or 
dissolve. —n.  Anj-thing  that  dissolves;  a 
substance  that  has  the  power  of  convert- 
ing a  solid  substance  into  a  fluid,  or  of 
separating  its  parts  so  that  they  mix  with 
a  liquid.— Dissolver,  diz-zol'ver,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  dissolves. 
Dissonance,  dis'so-nans,  n.  |  Fr.  dissonance, 
L.  dissonaiitia,  discordance— dis,  asunder, 
and  sono,  to  sound.  Sound.]  Discord;  a 
mixture  or  union  of  harsh,  inharmonious 
sounds;  incongruity;  inconsistency.— Dis- 
sonant, dis'sO-nant,  a.  Discordant;  harsh; 
jarring;  unharmonious ;  unpleasant  to 
the  ear;  disagreeing;  incongruous, 
Disspirit,  v.t.  Same  as  Dispirit. 
Dissuade,  dis-swad',  v.t.  — dissuaded,  rfj.?- 
suading.  [L.  dissuadeo,  to  advise  against 
— dis,  priv.,  and  suadeo,  to  advise.]  To 
advise  or  exhort  against;  to  attempt  to 
draw  or  divert  from  a  measure  by  reasons 
or  offering  motives;  to  divert  by  persua- 
sion; to  turn  from  a  purpose  by  argument; 
to  render  averse:  the  opposite  of  persuade. 
—  Dissuader,  dis-sw&'der,  n.  One  who^ 
dissuades.  —  Dissuasion,  dis-swR'zhon,  n. 
Advice  or  exhortation .  in  opposition  to 
something;  dehortation:  the  opposite  of 
yijrs'.'.-di-ri.  —  Dissuasive,  dis-swft'siv,  «.i 


jate,  Uritaf,  f^ll;     .ine^metj»*ri    pineufiinjatngtej  not, mOvei^tnbe^tub, bvjll;    ^oil,  Epundj,-. au8fc.*btffle:Hthe yr.tfcf 


DISSYLLABLE 


207 


DISTRESS 


Tending  to  dissuade.  —  n.  Beaeon,  argu- 
ment, or  counsel,  employed  to  deter  one 
from  a  nleasure  or  purpose;  that  which 
tends  to  dissuade.— Diasuasively,  dis-swa'- 
siv-li,  adv.  In  a  dissuasive  manner.— Dls- 
snasDry,  dis-swa'so-ri,  vi.  A  dissuasion. — 
a.t  Dissuasive. 

Dissyllable,  dis'sil-la-bl,  n.  [Or.  di«,-twice, 
and  ayllabe,  a  syllable.]  A  word  consist- 
ing of  two  syllables  only. — Dissyllabic, 
dis-sil-lab'ik,  a.  Consisting  of  two  sj;l- 
lables  only.  —  Dissyllabification,  dis-sil- 
lab'i-fl-ka"8hon,  n.  Act  of  forming  into 
two  syllables. — Dissyllabify,  Dissyllabize, 
dis-sil-lab'i-fi,  dis'sil-la-biz,  v.t.  To  form 
into  or  express  in  two  syllables. 

Distaff,  dis'taf,  n.  [A.  Sax.  distoef,  that  is, 
dis- or  dise-staff — dis- =0.E.  dise,  to  put 
the  flax  on  the  distaff;  allied  to  L.  (i. 
diesse,  the  flax  on  the  distatt';  G.  dusse, 
tow,  oakum.]  The  staff  to  which  a  bunch 
of  flax  or  tow  is  tied,  and  from  which  the 
thread  is  drawn  to  be  spun  by  the  spindle. 

Distaln,  dis-tan',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  desteindre,  Fr. 
diteindre,  to  cause  to  lose  colour— des  for 
L.  dis,  priv.,  and  teindre,  from  L.  tingere, 
to  stain.]  To  stain:  to  discolour;  to  sully, 
defile,  tarnish. 

Distal,  dis'tal,  a.  [From  distant:  formed 
on  the  type  of  central.'i  Applied  to  the 
end  of  a  bone,  limb,  or  organ  in  plants  and 
animals  farthest  removed  from  the  point 
of  attachment  or  insertion;  situated  Away 
from  or  at  the  extremity  most  distant 
from  the  centre.— Distally,  dis'tal-li,  adv. 
Towards  the  distal  end;  towards  the  ex- 
tremity. 

Distance,  dis'tans,  n.  [Fr.  distance,  L.  dis- 
tantia/,  from  disto,  to  stand  apart  —  dis, 
apart,  and  sto,  to  stand.  State,  Statue, 
&c.]  An  interval  or  space  between  two 
objects;  the  length  of  the  shortest  line 
which  intervenes  between  things  that  are 
separate ;  remoteness  of  place ;  space  of 
time,  past  or  future;  ideal  space  or  sepa- 
ration, as  between  things  that  differ  from 
each  other;  the  remoteness  or  ceremoni- 
ous avoidance  of  familiarity  which  respect 
requires;  the  remoteness  or  reserve  which 
one  assumes  from  being  offended,  from 
dislike,  &c. ;  mus.  the  interval  "between 
two  notes;  horse-racing,  a  length  of  240 
yards  from  the  winning-post,  marked  by  a 
post. — v.t. — distanced,  distancing.  To  place 
at  a  distance  or  remote;  to  leave  at  a  great" 
distance  behind;  to  outdo  or  excel  gi'oatly. 
—Distance-signal,  n.  •  Rail,  the  most  dis- 
tant of  the  series  of  signals  under  the  con- 
trol of  a  signal-man.- Distant,  dis'tant,  a. 
|L.  disturbs,  standing  apart,  ppr.  of  disto.] 
Separate .  or  apart,  the  intervening  space 
being  of  any  indefinite  extent;  remote  in 
place;  in  time,  past  or  future;  in  a  line  of 
succession  or  descent;  in  natural  connec- 
tion or  consanguinity;  in  kind  or  nature, 
4c.;  as  if  remote  or  far  off;  hence,  slight; 
faint  (a  distant  resemblance);  character* 
ized  •  by  haughtiness,  coldness,  indiffer- 
ence; or  disrespect;  reserved;  shy. — Dis- 
tantly, dis'tant-li,, adv.  Remotely;  at  a 
distance;  with  reserve.  .. 

Distaste,  dis-tast',  n.  -  Aversion  of  the  taste; 
dislike  of  food  or  drink;  disrelish;  disin- 
clination; a  want  of  liking  {a.'distaste  for 
rural  sports). — Distasteful,  dis-tast'ful,  a. 
Causing  distaste;  unpleasant  to  the  taste 
or  liking;  disagreeable;  slightly  repulsive. 
—Distastefully,  dis-tasfful-li,  adv.  In  a 
distasteful  manner.— Distastefulness,  dis- 
tast'ful-nes,  n.  The  state  or  character  of 
being  distasteful. 

Dlstjemper,  dis-tem'p6r,  n.  Any  morbid 
state  of  an  animal-  body  or  of  any  part  of 
it;  derangement  of  the  animal  economy; 
a  disorder;  malady;  a  disease  of  young 
dogs,  commonly  considered  as  a  catarrhsil 
disorder. — v.t.  To  derange  the  bodily  func- 
tions of;  to  deprive  of  temper  or  modera- 
tion; to  ruffle;  to  disturb;  to  make  ill- 
humoured.  —  Distempered,  dis-tem'p6rd, 
p.  and  a.' '  Diseased  in  body  or  intmind ; 
disordered;  prejudiced  or  perverted;  bii, 
assed.  ..■  ... 

Distemper,  dis-tem'per,  n.  [It.  disiempe- 
j'are,sto  dissolve  or  mix  with  liquid.] 
Painting,  a  preparation  of  opaque  colour,! 

f round  with  size  and  water:  tempera;  a 
iud'of  painting  in  whioh  tlie  pigments 


are  mixed  with  size,  and  chiefly  used  for 
scene-painting  and  interior  decoration. 
Distend,  dis-tend',  v.t.  [L.  distendo—dis, 
asunder,  and  iendo,  to  tend,  as  in  extend, 
contend.  Tent.]  To  stretch  or  swell  out 
by  force  acting  from  within;  to  dilate;  to 
expand;  to  swell;  to  puff  out  (a  bladder, 
the  lungs).— u.i.  To  become  inflated  or  dis-, 
tended;  to  swell.  —  Distensibility,  dis- 
ten'si-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  or  capacity 
of  being  distensible.  —  Distensible,  dis- 
ten'si-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  distended 
,  or  dilated.  —  Distention,  Distension,  dis- 
.  ten'shon,  n.  [L.  disteniio.)  The  act  of 
distending;  the  state  of  being  distended; 
extent  or  space  occupied  by  the  thing  dis- 
tended. 

Distich,  dis'tik,  n.  [Gr.  distichon—di,  twice, 
and  stichos,  a  row,  a  line,  a  verse.]  A 
couplet;  a  couple  of  verses  or  poetic  lines 
making  complete  sense. — Distichous,  dis'- 
ti-kus,  a.  Having  two  rows,  or  disposed 
in  two  rows,  as  the- grains  in  an  ear  of 
barley. 

Distil,  dis-til',  v.i.— distilled,  distilling.  [Fr. 
distiller,  from  L.  destillo,  to  trickle  down, 
to  distil — de,  down,  and  stillo,  to  drop,  from 
stilla,  a  drop.]  To  drop;  to  fall  in  drops  or  in 
a  small  stream;  to  trickle;  to  use  a  still;  to 
practise  distillation. — v.t.  To  yield  or  give 
forth  indropsorasmall  stream;  to  let  fall 
in  drops;  to  drop;  to  obtain  or  extract  by. 
distillation ;  to  subject  to  the  process  of  dis- 
tillation.— Distillable,  dis-til'a-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  distilled;  fit  for  distilla- 
tion.—Distillate,  dis-til'at,  n.  A  fluid  dis- 
'  tiUed,  and  found  in  the  receiver  of  a  dis- 
tilling apparatus. — Distillation,  dis-ti-la'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  distilling  or  falling 
in  drops;  the  volatilization  and  subse- 
quent condensation  ot  a  liquid  by  means 
an  alembic,  or  still  and  refrigeratory,  or 
of  a  retort  and  receiver;  the  operation  of 
extracting  spirit  from  a  substance  by  eva- 
poration and  condensation.— Distillatory^ 
dis-til'a-to-ri,  a.  Belonging  to  distilla- 
tion; used  for  distilling. — n.  An  apparatus 
us(;d  in  distillation;  a  still. — Distiller,  dis- 
til'fer,  n.  One  who  distils;  one  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  extract  spirit  by  distilla- 
tion.—DiatiUery,  dis-til'^r-i,  n.  The  act 
or  art  of  distilling;  the  building  and  works 
whore  distillation  is  carried  on. 
Distinct,  dis-tingkt',  a.  [h.-distinctus,  pp. 
of  dislinguo.  DisTrNouisH.]  Separated  or 
distinguished  by  some  mark,  note,  or  char- 
acter; marked  out;  not  the  same  in  number 
or  kind;different;having  well-marked  char- 
acteristics; standing  clearly  or  boldly  out; 
well-defined;  obvious;  plain;  unmistak- 
«  able.— Distinction,  dis-tingk'shon,  n.  fL. 
^  distinctio.]  The  act  of  separating  or  dis- 
tinguishing; that  which  distinguishes  or 
marks  as  different;  a  note  or  mark  of  dif- 
ference; distinguishing  quality;  eminence 
or  superiority;  eluvation  or  honourable 
estimation;  that  which  confers  or  marks 
eminence  or  superiority;  a  title  or  honour 
of  some  kind.— Distinctive,  dis-tingk'tiv, 
a.  Marking  or  indicating  distinction  or 
difference.— Distinctively,  dis-tingk'tiv-li, 
adv.  In  a  distinctive  manner.— Distinctive- 
nesB,  dis-tingk'tiv-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  distinctive ;  distinctive 
character. — Distinctly,  dis-tingkt'li,  adv. 
In  a  distinct  manner;  clearly;  obviously; 
plainly;  precisely.  —  Distinctness,  dis- 
tingkt'nes,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
distinct;  clearness;  precision. 
Distinguish,  dis-ting'gwish,  v.t.  [L.  dis- 
tinguo,  to  mark  off,  to  distinguish— i^i  for 
dis,  asunder,  andstinguo,  to  mark.  Stioma.] 
To  mark  or  set  apart  as  different  or  sepa- 
rate from  others;  to  perceive  or  recognize 
the  individuality  of;  to  note  as  differing 
from  something  else  by  some  mark  or 
quality;  to  know  or  ascertain  difference  by 
the  senses  or  the  intellect;  to  classify  or 
.  divide  by  any  mark  or  quality  which  con- 
s  stitutes  difference ;  to  separate  by  defini- 
^  tions ;  to  separate  from  others  by  some 
f  mark,  of  honour  or  preference ;  to  make 
I  «minent  or  known ;  to  signalize.— D.i.  To 
'  make  a  distinction ;  to  find  or  show  the 
i  difference.  —  Distinguishable,  dis -ting' - 
1  gwish-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  distin- 
.  guished  or  recognized;  capable  of  being 
'  defined  or  classifi'id ;  worthy  of  note  or 


1  special  regard.— Distlngnlsliable&ess,  dis- 
ting'gwrish-a-bl-nes,  n.  State  of  being  dis- 
tinguishable.—DistingTiighably,  dis-ting'-| 
gwish-a-bli,  adv.  So  as  to  be  distinguished.' 
—Distinguished,  dis-tlng'gwisht,  p.  and  a. 
Separated  from  others  by  superior  or  ex- 
traordinary qualities;  eminent;  extraor- 
dinary; transcendent;  noted;  famous;  cele- 
brated.—Distinguisher,  dis-ting'gwish-er, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  distinguishes.^ 
Distinguishing,  dis-ting'gwish-ing,  a.  Con- 
stituting difference  or  distinction  from 
everything  else ;  peculiar ;  characteristic. 
— Distinguishingly,  dis-ting'  gwish-ing-li, 
adv.  In  a  distinguisjiing  manner.— Dis- 
tingnishment,  dis- ting 'gwish-ment,  n. 
Distinction;  observation  of  difference. 

Distort,  dis-tort',  v.t.  [L..  distorqueo,  dis- 
tortumr—dis,  asunder,  and  torqueo,  to  twist, 
as  in  contort  {which  see).]  To  twist  out  of 
natural  or  regular  shapej  to  force  or  put 
out  of  the  true  bent  or  direction;  to  bias 
(the  judgment) ;  to  wrest  from  the  true 
meaning;  to  pervert. — Distorted,  dis-tor'- 
ted,  p.  and  a.  Twisted  out  of  natural  or 
regular  shape;  shaped  abnormally  or  awry. 
—Distortion,  dis-tor'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
distorting;  a  twisting  or  writhing  motion; 
an  unnatural  direction  of  parts  from  what- 
ever cause,  as  a  curved  spine,  a  wry  mouth, 
squinting,  &c. ;  a  perversion  of  the  true 
meaning  of  wordsi— Distortive,dis-tor'tiv, 
a.    Causing  distortion;  distorted. 

Distract,  dis-trakt',  v.t.  [L.  distraho,  dis- 
traclum,  to  pull  asunder,  to  perplex— dis, 
asunder,  and  traho,  to  draw;  whence  trac- 
table, trace,  &c.]  To  draw  apart  or  pull 
Ecparatet;  to  turn  or  draw  from  any  object 
or  point;  to  divert  toward  various  other 
objects  (the  attention) ;  to  jjcrplex",  con- 
foupd,  or  harass  (the  mind);  to  disorder 
the  reason  of;  to  render  insane  or  frantic. 
—Distracted,  dis-trak'ted,  p.  and  a.  Dis- 
ordered in  intellect;  deranged;  perpJexfed; 
crazy;  frantic— Distractedly,  dis-trak'ted- 
li,  adv.  In  a  distracted  manner;  insanely; 
wildly.— Distractedness,  dis-trak'ted-nes, 
n.  A  state  of  being  distracted;  madness. 
— Distracter,  dis-trak'ter,  n.    One  who  or 

"  that  which  distracts.  —  Distraction,  dis- 
trak'shon,  n.  The  act  of  distracting;  the 
state  of  being  distracted;  confusion  from 
multiplicity  of  objects  crowding  on  the 
mind  and  calling  the  attention  different 
ways;  perplexity;  embarrassment;  mad- 
ness; frenzy;  insaliity;  extreme  folly;  ex- 
treme perturbation  or  agony  of  mind,-  as 
from  pain  or  giief ;  anything  giving  the 
mind  a  new  and  less  onerous  occupation; 
a  diversion.- .Distractive,  dis-trak'tiv,  a. 
Causing  perplexity. 

Distrain,  dis-tran',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  destraindre, 
from  Jj.distringere,to  draw  apart,bind,  mo- 
lest, later  toexact  a  pledge — dis,  asunder, 
and  stringere,  to  strain  (as  in  constrain, 
restrain).  Strain.  Akin  distress,  district] 
To  seize  or  take  possession  of  {Shak.}li 
specifically,  law,  to  seize,  as  goods  and 
chattels,  for  debt.— Dietrainable,  dis-tra'- 
na-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  or  liable  to  be 
distrained.  —  Distrainer,  Distrainor,  dis- 
tra'n6r,  n.  He  who  seizes  goods  for  debt 
or  service.- Distraint,  dis-trant',  n.  A  dis- 
tressor  distraining. 

Distrait,  dis-tra,  a.  [Fr.]  Abstracted; 
absent-minded;  inattentive. 

Distraught,  dis-trat',  a.  [Old  pp.  of .  disr 
tract]    Distracted;  perplexed. 

Distress,  dis-tres',  n.  [O.Fr.  destresse,des- 
trece,  oppression,  from  destrecer,  to  op- 
press, from  a  hypothetical  L.L.  destric- 
tiare,  from  L.  disirictus,  pp.  of  distringo. 
to  draw  apart,  hinder,  molest.  Distrain.) 
Extreme  pain;  anguish  ot  body  or  mind; 
that  which  causes  suffering ;  affliction ; 
calamity;  adversity;  misery;  a  state  of 
danger;  law,  the  act  of  distraining;  the 
seizure  of  any  personal  chattel  as  a  pledge 
for  the  payment  of  rent  or  debt.or  the  satis- 
faction of  a.claim.— «.<.  To  afflict  with  pain 
or  anguish;  to  harass;  to  grieve;  to  perplex; 
to  make  miserable.— Distressed,  dis-trest', 
p.  and-a.  Suffering  distress;  harassed  with 
pain  or  trouble ;  afflicted.  —  Diatressfnl, 
dis-tres'ful,  a.    Inflicting  or  bringing  dis- 

;  tress;  calamitous;  proceeding  from  pain  ori 
anguish ;  indicating  distress.  ■—  Diatress- 
fttUy,  dis-tres'ful-li,  adv.    In  a  distressful 


chieftain;     cA,  Sc.  locAy    g,po;,    j.job;,'    n,  Fr..tow;,    ng.^infl';^    th,  <Aea;th,  </iin;     w,wig;     wh.wWg;  ^zhja^ure. 


DISTRIBUTE 


208 


DIVIDE 


mauuer— Distressing, dis-tres'iug.a.  Very 
afflicting;  atrectiug  with  severe  pain.— 
Distressingly,  dis-tres'ing-li,  adv.  In  a 
distressiug  manner;  with  great  pain. 
Distribute,  dis-trib'Ut,  v.t.-di8tributed,Jli8- 
tributuw.  fL.  distribvo,  distributum,  to 
divide,  distribute— di«,  and  tribuo,  to  give. 
Tributje.]  To  divide  among  two  or  more; 
to  deal  out;  to  give  or  bestow  in  parts  or 
portions;  to  dispense;  to  administer;  to 
divide,  as  into  classes,orders,genera;  print- 
ing, to  separate  types  and  place  them  in 
their  proper  boxes  or  compartments  in  the 
cases. —Distributable,  dis-trib'u-ta-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  distributed.— Distribu- 
ter, di8-trib'a-ter,/i.  One  whoorthat  which 
distributes  or  deals  out;  a  dispenser.— 
Distribution,  dis-tri-bu'shon,  n.  [L.  dis- 
tributio.]  The  act  of  distributing  or  deal- 
ing out;  the  act  of  dispensing  or  adminis- 
tering; the  act  of  separating  into  distinct 
parts  or  classes ;  printing,  the  separating 
of  the  types  and  arranging  of  them  in  their- 
proper  places  in  the  case;  the  manner  of 
being  distributed  or  spread  over  the  earth 
(the  distribution  of  animals  or  plants). — 
Distributive,  dis-trib'Q-tiv,  a.  Serving  to 
dietribute;  expressing  separation  or  diw- 
sion;  specifically,  gram,  an  epithet  applied 
to  certain  words  (as  each,  every)  which 
denote  the  persons  or  things  that  make  a 
number  taken  separately  and  singly. — 
n.  Gram,  a  distributive  word,  as  each  and 
every.  —  Distributively,  dis-trib'Q-tiv-li, 
adv.  In  a  distributive  manner. 
District,  dis'trikt,  n.  [L.L.  districtum,  a 
district  subject  to  one  jurisdiction,  from 
li.  districtus,  pp.  of  dintringo.  Distrain.J 
A  part  of  a  country,  city,  &c.,  distinctly 
defined  or  marked  out;  a  portion  of  country 
without  very  definite  limits;  a  tract;  a 
region,  localily,  quarter. 
Distrust,  dis-trust',  v.t.  To  doubt  or  sus- 
pect the  truth,  fideliti',  firmness,  sincerity, 
reality,  safliciency,  or  goodness  of;  to  have 
no  faith,  reliance,  or  confidence  in;  to  be 
suspicious  of.  —  n.  Doubt  or  suspicion ; 
want  of  confidence,  faith,  or  reliance. — 
Distmster,  dis-trus'tCr,  n.  One  who  dis- 
trusts.—Distrustful,  dis-trust'fvil,  a.  Apt 
to  distrust;  wanting  confidence;  suspi- 
cious; mistrustful;  apprehensive;  not  con- 
fident; diltident;  modest. —Distrustfully, 
dis-trust'ful-li,  adv.  In  a  distrustful  man- 
ner.—Distrustfulness,  dis-trust'ful-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  distrustful. — 
Distrustless,  dis-trust'les,  a.  Free  from 
distrust  or  susjiicion. 

Disturb,  di.v-tcrb', «./.  \lj.di8turbo,tothro\t 
into  disorder— t/is,  asunder,  and  turbo,  to 
confuse,  from  iurba,  a  crowd,  fuinult, 
whence  also  turbid,  turbulent.]  To  excite 
from  a  state  of  lest  or  tranquillity;  to  stir; 
to  move;  to  discompose;  to  agitate;  to 
throw  into  confusion  or  disorder;  to  excite 
uneasiness  in  tlic  mind  of;  to  disquiet;  to 
render  uneasy;  to  rufflo;  to  move  from  any 
regular  course,  oi)eration,  or  j.uijiose ;  to 
make  irregular;  to  interfere  with;  to  in- 
terrupt. —  Disturbance,  dis -tcr' bans,  n. 
The  act  of  disturbing;  interruption  of 
j>eace  or  quiet;  interruption  of  a  settled 
state  of  things';  violent  cli.-inge;  derange- 
ment; perturbation;  agitation;  disorder  of 
tlioughts;  confusion;  agitation  in  the  body 
politic;  a  disorder;  a  tumult.— Disturber, 
dis-tfer'ber,  n.  One  who  disturbs;  one  who 
causes  tumults  or  disorders. 

Disunion,  dis-un'yon,  n.  A  state  of  not 
iKiing  united;  separation;  disjunction;  a 
breach  of  concord  and  its  effect;  conten- 
tion; dissension.— Disunite,  dis-u-nit',  v.t. 
To  separate;  to  disjoin;  to  ))art;  to  set  at 
variiince;  to  raise  dissension  between.— 
v.i.  To  fall  asunder:  to  become  seiiarate.- 
Disuniter,  dis-fi-ni'ter,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  disjoins.  —  Disunity,  dis-fi'ni-ti,  n. 
AVant  of  unity;  a  state  of  separation;  a 
want  of  concord. 

Disuse,  dis-us',  n.  Cessation  of  use,  prac- 
tice, or  exercise.— w.<.  (dis-fiz').  To  cease  to 
use;  to  neglect  or  omit  to  practise;  to  dis- 
accustom.—Disusage,  dis-iVzaj,  n.  Gradual 
cessation  of  use  or  custom;  neglect  of  use, 
f.vercise,  or  practice. 

Disyoke,  dis-yok',  v.t.  To  unyoke ;  to  free 
from  any  trammel.    \Tenn.] 

Ditch,  dich,  n.    [A  softened  form  of  dike 


<comp.  church  and  kirlc,  Ac),  both  being 
formerly  applied  to  the  embankment  as 
well  as  to  the  ditch.  DiKJi,  Dig. J  A  trench 
in  the  earth  made  by  digging,  particularly 
a  trepch  for  draining  wet  land,  or  for 
making  a  fence  to  guard  iuclosures,  or  for 
preventing  an  enemy  from  approaching 
a  town  or  fortress;  any  long  channel  of 
water  dug.— w.i.  To  dig  or  make  a  ditch  or 
ditches.— 1).«.  To  dig  a  ditch  or  ditches  in; 
to  drain  by  a  ditch;  to  surround  with  a 
ditch.— Ditcher,  dich'er,  n.  One  who  digs 
ditches. 

Ditheism,  di'the-izm,  n.  [Gr.  di,  double, 
and  theos,  a  god.J  The  doctrine  of  the 
existence  of  two  gods,  especially  that  on 
which  the  old-  Persian  religion  was  foun- 
ded, or  the  opposition  of  the  two  (good  and 
evil)  principles  rduaUsm:  Himicbeism.— 
Ditheist;  di'the-ist,  n.  One  who  believes 
in  ditheism.— Ditheistic,  Ditheistical  di- 
the-is'tik,  di-the-is'ti-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
ditheism. 

Dithyramb,  DithyrAmbic,  dith'i-ramb,dith- 
l-ram'bik,  n.  [Gr.  dithyraniboa.] .  A  hymn 
among  the  ancient  Greeks,  originally  in 
honour  of  Bacclms,  afterwards  of  other 
gods,  composed  in  an  elevated  or  wildly 
enthusiastic  style;  hence,  any  poem  of  an 
impetuous  and  irregular  character.— Di- 
thyrambic,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resem- 
bling a  dithyramb;  wild;  enthusiastic. 
Ditone,  di'ton,  n.  [Gr.  dis,  double,  and 
Jonos,  tone.J  Mus.  an  interval  compre- 
hending two  tones. 

Ditrochee,  di-tro'ke,  n.  [Gr.  di,  twice,  and 
trochaius,  trochee.  J  I'ros.  a  double  trochee; 
a  foot  made  up  of  two  trochees. 
Dittany,  dit'a-ui,  n.  (L.  dictamnus,  from 
growing  abundantly  on  Mount  Dicte  in 
Crete.]  A  perennial  plant  found  in  the 
Alediterranean  region,  with  large  white  or 
rose-coloured  flowers  in  terminal  racemes, 
and  having  numerous  gliuids  containing 
a  fragrant  and  very  volatile  oil. 
Ditto,  dit'to.  lit.  ditto,  from  L.  dictum, 
something  said.  Dicnox.J  A  word  used 
chiefly  in  lists,  accounts,  &c.,  to  save  writ- 
ing, equivalent  to  same  as  above,  or  afore- 
said: often  contracted  into  Do. 
Ditty,  dit'i,  n.  |O.Fr.  ditte,  a  storv,  poem, 
&c.,  from  L.  dictaticm,  pp.  of  dktare,  to 
dictate.  Diction.)  A  song;  a  sonnet;  a 
little  poem  to  be  sung.— w.i.t  To  sing;  to 
warble  a  little  tune. 

Dimetic,di-u-ret'ik,a.  |Gr.(Ztoure«iAro8,from 
dia,  through,  and  ouron,  urine.)  Having 
the  power  to  excite  the  secretion  of  urine; 
tending  to  produce  discharges  of  urine.— 
n.  A  medicine  that  excites  the  secretion  of 
nrine  or  increases  its  discharges.  —  Diure- 
Bis,  di-u-re'sis,  n.  Med.  an  excessive  flow 
of  in-inc. 

Diurnal,  di-6v'nal,  a.  \h.  diumalis,  from, 
diurnus,  daily,  from  dies,  a  day,  whence 
also  dial,  diar^,  &c.  Journal  is  the  same 
word. J  Relating  to  a  day  ;  pertaining  to 
the  daytime;  belonging  to  the  period  of 
daylight, as di.stinguished  fiom  the  night; 
happening  every  day;  pei-formed  every  day; 
daily.- Diumally,  di-er'nal-li,  adv.  Daily; 
every  day. 

Diyagation,t  di-va-ga'shon,  n.  {h.  divagor, 
divagaius,  to  wander  about— t/t  for  dis, 
asunder,  and  vagor,  to  wander.]  A  going 
astray;  deviation;  digression.  \ThiicJc.] 
Divan,  di-van',  n.  f  Per.  ilivdn,  a  collection 
of  writings,  custom-house,  council,  raised 
seat.]  Among  the  Turks  and  other  orien- 
tals, a  court  of  justice;  a  council;  council- 
chamber  ;  a  state  or  rece]>tion  room ;  a 
kind  of  coffee-house;  a  cusliioued  seat 
standing  against  the  wall  of  a  room;  a 
collection  of  poems  liy  one  author. 
Divaricate,  di-var'i-kfit,  v.i.  (L.  divarico, 
divaricatwn,  to8i)read  asunder— di  for  dis, 
asunder,  and  varico,  to  straddle.]  To  fork; 
to  part  into  two  branches;  liol.  to  diverge 
at  an  obtuse  angle. —  v.t.  To  divide  into 
two  branches;  to  cause  to  branch  apart. — 
Divarication,  di-var'i-ka"shon,  n.  A  sepa- 
ration into  two  branches;  a  forking. 
Dive,  div,  v.i.— dived,  diving.)  [A.  Sax. 
dy/an,  to  dive=Icel.  dyfa,  to  dip,  to  dive; 
akin  deep,  div.]  To  descend  or  plunge  into 
water  head  first;  to  go  under  water  for  the 
purpose  of  executing  some  work ;  to  go 
deep  into  any  subject;  to  plunge  into  any 


business  or  condition:  to  sink;  to  peiio-" 
trate.--n.  The  act  of  diving;  a  plunge.— 
Diver,  di'ver,  n.    One  who  dives;  one  of  a 
family  of  marine  swimming  birds,  \vith 
short  wings  and  tail,  legs  far  back  and 
toes  completely  webbed,  preying  uponflsh, 
which  they  pursjue  under  water.— Diving 
diving,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  descend- 
ing into  water;  especially,  the  art  of  de- 
scending below  the  surface  of  the  water, 
and  remaining  there  for  some  time,  in 
order  to  remove  objects  from  the  bottom, 
<^P-— ,I>i^^iiiK-l5eU,  n.    An  apparatus,  uii- 
gmally  bell-shaped,  in  which  persons  de- 
scend into  the  water  and  remain  for  a 
length  of  time,  fresh  air  being  pumped 
into  the  bell  by  assistants  above.— Diving- 
dress,  n.    A  waterproof  dress  used  by  pro- 
fessional divers,  variously  constructed. 
Diverge,  di-verj',  v.i.— diverged,  diverging. 
IL.  ai  for  dis,  asimder,  and  vergo,  to  in- 
cline.   Verge.]    To  tend  or  proceed  from 
a  common  point  in  different  directions; 
to  deviate  from  a  given  course  or  line: 
opposed  to  converge;  to  differ  or  vary.— 
Divergence,  Divergency,  di-vfer'jcns,  di- 
vfer'j en-si,  n.    The  act  of  diverging;  a  re- 
ceding from  each  other;  a  going  farther 
apart.  —Divergent,  di-v(^r'jent,  a.    Diver- 
ging; separating  or  receding  from  each 
other,  as  lines  which  proceed  from  the 
same  point.  —  Divergingly,  di-v6rjing-li, 
adv.    In  a  manner  so  as  to  diverge. 
Divers,  di'verz,  a.    [Fr.  divers,  from  L.  di- 
versus,  diverse,  turned  away,  from  di  for 
dis,  asunder,  and  verto,  versum,  to  turn. 
Verse.]    Different;  various;  several;  sun- 
dry; more  than  one,  but  not  a  great  num- 
ber. —  Diverse,  di-v6rs'  or  di'vers,  a.    [L. 
diversus.]  Different;  differing;  imlike;  not 
the  same.— Diversely,  di-vers'li,  adv.   In  a 
diverse  manner;  in  different  directions.— 
Diversifiable,  di-ver'si-fi-abl,  a.    Capable 
of  being  diversified  or  varied.  —  Diversifi- 
cation, di-ver'si-fi-ka"shon,  n.    The  act  of 
diversifying;  the  state  of  being  diversified. 
—Diversified,  di-v6r'si-fid,  p.  and  a.    Dis- 
tinguished bj'  various  forms,  or  by  a  va- 
riety of  objects.  —  Diversiform,  di-ver'si- 
form,  a.    Of  a  different  form  ;  of  various 
forms.  —  Diversify,  di-v6r'si-fi,  v.t.— diver- 
sified, diversifying.     fPr.  diversHier—h. 
diversus,  and  facio,  to  make.]     to  make 
diverse  or  various  in  form  or  qualities;  to 
give  variety  or  diversity  to;  to  variegate. 
-^Diversion,  di-ver'shon,  n.     The  act  of 
diverting  or  turning  aside  from  ani' course; 
that  which  diverts  or  turns  the  mind  or 
thoughts  away;  what  turns  or  draws  the 
mind  from  care,  business,  or  study,  and 
thus  relaxes  and  amuses;  sport;  play;  pa£ 
time;  a  feint  or  other  movement  made  to 
mislead  an  enemy  as  to  the  real  point  of 
attack.— Diversity,  di-ver'si-ti,  n.    [L.  di- 
versitas.]    The  state  of  being  diverse;  dif-. 
ference;  dissimilitude;  unlikeness;  multi- 
plicity with  difference;  variety;  distinct- 
ness or  separateness  of  being,  as  oppose  ! 
to  identity.- iii\&it,  di-vert',  v.t.    |L.  di- 
verto,  diversum,  to  turn  aside.  |    To  tui  n 
off  from  any  course,  direction,  or  intended 
application;  to  turn  aside  (to  divert  a 
stream,  trafHc,  &c.);  to  turn  from  busi- 
ness or  study;  to  turn  fromcai-eor  serious 
thoughts;  hence,  to  please ;  to  amuse;  to 
entertain. .'.Syn.  under  A51lse.— Diverter, 
di-vfir'tcr,  n.    One  who  or  that  which  di- 
verts.—Diverting;  di-ver'tine,  a.    Causing 
diversion;  amusing;  entertaining.  —  Di- 
vertingly,  di-ver'ting-li,  adv.   In  a  divert- 
ing manner.—  Divertissement,  de-ver-les- 
mon,  n.    [  Fr.]    A   short  entertainment 
between  the  acts  of  longer  theatrical 
pieces. 

Divest,  di-vest',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  devestir.  from 
L.  devesiio,  to  undress— de,  priv.,and  vestio, 
to  clothe,  from  veslis,  a  garment,  whence 
also  vest,  vesture.]  To  strip;  to  strip  of 
dress  or  of  anything  that  sunounds  or  at- 
tends; to  deprive:  with  o/before  the  thing 
removed. 

Divide,  di-vid',  v.t— divided,  dividing.  fL. 
divido,  to  divide— dt  for  dis,  asunder,  and 
vid,  a  root  signifying  to  cut  or  separate, 
akin  to  Skr.  vyadh.  to  penetnite.]  To  part 
or  separate  into  pieces:  to  cut  or  otherwise 
separate  into  two  or  more  jiarts;  to  cause 
to  be  separate;  to  keep  apart,  as  by  a  piir- 


Fate,  far,  fut,  fall;     me,  met,  h6r;  .  pinej  pin;     note,  not,  move;      tQbe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     «,  Sc.  abwae— the  Fr,  «, 


DIVl-DIVI 


209 


DOCK 


tition  or  hy  an  imaginary  line  or  limit;  to 
make  partition  of  among  a  number;  to  dis- 
unite in  opinion  or  interest;  to  set  af  vari- 
ance; to  separate  (an  assembly)  into  two  bo- 
dies for  the  purpose  of  voting.— w.i.  To  be- 
come separated;  to  part;  to  open;  to  cleave; 
to  vote  by  the  division  of  a  legislative  house 
into  two  parts.— n.  The  watershed  of  a 
district  or  rcKion.- Dividable,  di-vi'da-bl, 
o.  Capable  of  being  divided.— Divided, 
di-vi'ded,  p.  and  a.  Parted,  separated,  or 
disunited;  showing  divisions;  at  variance 
in  feeling. —Dividedly,  di-vi'ded-li,  adv. 
In  a  divided  manner;  separately. —Divi- 
dend, div'i-dend,  n.  [L.,  lit.  a  thing  to  be 
divided.]  A  sum  or  a  number  to  be  di- 
vided ;  thfi  profit  or  gain  made  by  a  joint- 
stock  company  and  which  falls  to  be  di- 
vided among  the  shareholders  according  to 
the  stock  of  each;  the  sum  that  falls  to  the 
share  of  each ;  the  share  of  the  fund  rea- 
lized from  the  effects  of  a  bankrupt,  and 
apportioned  according  to  theoamount.of 
the  debt  of  each  creditor;  the  interest  due 
to  any  holder  of  a  share  in  the  public  debt. 
—Divider,  di-vi'd6r,  n.  One  Who  or  that 
which  divides;  a  soup-ladle ;  pi.  a  pair  of 
small  compasses. 

Divi-divi,  div'i-div'i,.  n.  The  native  and 
commercial  name  of  a  tropical  American 
tree  and  its  remarkably  curled  pods,  the 
latter  containing  a  large  proportion  of 
tannic  acid,  and  being  -used  by  tannera 
and  dyers. 

Divine,  di-vin',  a.  [L.  divinus,  divine,  re- 
ligious, divinely  inspired,  godlike,  from 
divus,  divine,  a  deity  or  divinity.  Deity.] 
Pertaining  to  God,  or  to  a  heathen  deity 
or  false  god;  partaking  of  the  nature  of 
God;  godlike;  heavenly;  sacred;  holy;  ex- 
cellent in  the  highest  degree;  apparently 
above  what  is  human;  relating  to  divinity 
or  theology.— Divine  right,  the  claim  set 
up  by  sovereigns  to  the  unqualified  obedi- 
ence of  their  subjects  on  tne  assumption 
that 'they  themselves  were  appointed  by 
God  to  rule,  and  responsible  to  him  only 
for  their  acts. — n.  A  minister  of  the  gos- 
pel; a  priest;  a  clergyman;  a  theologian. — 
v.t.  —  divined,  divining.  [L.  divino.]  To 
foretell;  to  predict;  to  prognosticate;  to 
conjecture;  to  guess. — v.i.  To  use  or  prac- 
tise divination;  to  utter  presages  or  prog- 
nostications;  to  bode;  to  guess.— Divina- 
tion, div-i-na'shon,  n.  [Ij.  divinaiio.]  The 
act  of  divining;  a  foretelling  future  events, 
or  discovering  things  secret  or  obscure,  by 
the  aid  of  superior  beings,  or  by  certain 
rites,  experiments,  observations,  &c.— Di- 
vinaiory,  di-vin'a-to-ri,  a.  Professing  or 
pertaining  to  divination.  —  Divinely,  di- 
vinli,  adi/.  In  a  divino  manner;  in  a 
manner  resembling  deity;  by  the  agency 
or  infiuence  of  Goa;  in  a  supreme  degree; 
excellently.  —  Dlvineness,  di-vin'nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  divine;  like- 
ness to  God;  sacredness;  superexcellence. 
—Diviner,  di-vi'n6r,n.  One  who  professes 
divination;  a  soothsayer;  one  who  guesses 
or  conjectures.  —  Divineress,  di-vi'nSr-es, 
n.  A  female  diviner.  —  Divining-rod,  n. 
A  rod,  usually  of  hazel,  which,  if  carried 
slowly  along  in  suspension  by  an  adept, 
dips  and  points  downwards,  it  is  affirmed, 
when  brovfght  over  the  spot  where  water 
or  treasure  is  to  be  found.  —  Divinity,  di- 
vin'i-ti,n.  [li.divinitas.]  The  state  of  being 
divine;  divineness;  deity;  godhead;  divine 
element;  divine  natvire;  God;  the  Deity; 
a  celestial  being;  one  of  the  deities  belong- 
ing to  a  polytheistic  religion;  supernatural 
power  or  virtue;  awe-inspiring  character 
or  influence;  sacredness;  the  sciencg  of 
divine  things;  theology.— Divinize,!  oiv'i- 
niz,  v.t.    To  regard  as  aivine. 

Divisible,  di-viz'i-bl,  a.  IL.  divisibilis,  from 
divido.  Divide.]  Capable  of  division ; 
that  may  be  separated  or  disunited;  separ- 
able.—Divisibility,  Divisibleuess,  di-viz'i- 
bil"i-ti,  di-viz'i-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  divisible;  that  general  property  of 
bodies  by  which  their  parts  or  component 
particles  are  capable  of  separation. — Di- 
vlsibly,  di-viz'i-bli,  adv.  In  a  divisible 
manner. — Division,  di-vizh'on,  n.  [L.  di- 
visio.]  The  act  of  dividing  or  separating 
into  parts;  the  s-.-te  of  being  divided; 
separation;  a  dividing  line;  a  partition; 


the  part  separated  from  the  rest,  as  by  a 
partition,  line,  &c.,  real  or  imaginary;  a 
distinct  segment  or  section;  a  part  or  dis- 
tinct portion;  a  certain  section  or  portion 
of  ati  organized  whole,  as  an  army,  a  fleet; 
disunion ;  discord ;  dissension ;  variance ; 
difference;  the  separation  of  members  in 
a  legislative  house  in  order  to  ascertain 
the  vote;  arith.  one  of  the  four  funda- 
mental rules,  the  object  of  which  is  to 
find  how  often  one  number  is  contained 
in  another. — Divisional,  di-vizh'on-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  division;  noting  or  making 
division;  belonging  to  a  division  or  dis- 
trict.—  Divisive,  di-vi'ziv,  a.  Forming 
division;  tending  to  divide;  creating  divi- 
sion or  discord.  ■— Divisor,  di-vi'z6r,  n. 
Arith.  the  number  by  which  the  dividend 
is  divided. 

Divorce,  di-vors',  n.  [Fr.  divorce,  from  L. 
divortium,  a  separation,  a  divorce,  from 
divorto,  same  as  diverto,  to  turn  away. 
Divert.]  A  legal  dissolution  of  the  bond 
Of  marriage;  a  legal  separation  between 
husband  and  wife,  after  which  cither  is 
free  to  marry  agjiin;  the  sentence  or  writ- 
ing by  which  marriage  is  dissolved;  dis 
union  of  things  closely  united;  separation. 
—v.t.— divorced,  divorcing.  ■  To  dissolve  the 
marriage  contract  between;  to  separate 
from  the  condition  of  husband  and  wife; 
to  separate  or  disunite  l.  im  close  connec- 
tion; to  force  asunder;  to  put  away.— Di- 
vorceable,  di-vor'sa-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  divorced.  —  Divorcee,  di-vor-s6',  n. 
A  person  divorced.— Divorcement,  di-vors'- 
ment.n.  Divorce.  [O.T.]— Divorcer,  di-vOr'- 
s^r,  n.  One  who  or  'that  which  divorces. 
— Divorcive,t  di-vor'siv,  a.  Having  power 
to  divorce.    [Mil.'\ 

Divulge,  di-vulj',  v.t.—divvlged,  divulging. 
[L.  divulgo,  to  spread  among  the  people— 
di  for  dis,  distrib.,  and  vulgvs,  the  com- 
mon people,  whence  also  vulgar.]  To  toll 
or  make  known  what  was  before  private 
or  secret;  to  reveal;  to  disclose;  to  let  be 
known.  —  Divulgement,t  di-vulj'ment,  n. 
The  act  of  divulging.— Divulger,  di-vnl'- 
j6r,  n.    One  who  divulges. 

Divulsion,  di-vul'shon,  n.  [L.  divulsio,  a 
tearing  asunder,'  from  divello,  divulsum, 
to  pluck  or  pull  asunder  —  di  for  dia,^ 
asunder,  and  vello,  to  pull.]  The  ac^  of 
pulling  or  plucking  away;  a  rending  asun- 
der; violent  separation;  laceration.— Di- 
vuUive,  di-vul'siv,  o.  Tending  or  having 
power  to  pull  asunder  or  rend. 

Dizen,t  diz'n,  v.t.  [From  the  obsolete  disc, 
dyse,the  first  part  of  distaff.  V  ence  bedizen.] 
To  dress;  to  attire;  especially,  to  dress  gaily 
or  gaudily;  to  deck;  to  bedizen. 

Dizzy,  diz'i,  a.  [A.  bax.  dysig,  foolish;  akin 
to  L'.G.  dicmg,  dosig,  O.D.  duyzigh.  Mod. 
D.  duizelig,  dizzy,  Dan.  dosig,  drowsy. 
Allied  are  daze,  dazzle,  dose.]  Having  a 
sensation  of  whirling  in  tue  head  with  in- 
stability or  proneness  to  fall;  giddy;  verti- 
ginous; causing  giddiness  (a  dizsy  height); 
arising  from,  or  caused  by,  giddiness; 
thoughtless;  heedless;  inconstant.— w.t. — 
dizzied,  dizzying.  To  make  dizzy  or  giddy; 
to  confuse.— Dizzily,  diz'i-li,  adv.  In  a 
dizzy  manner.  —  Dizziness,  diz'i-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  feeling  of  being  dizzy;  giddi- 
ness; vertigo. 

Djereed,  Djerid,  je-red',  n.  [Ar.  jerid.]  A 
blunt  javelin  used  in  oriental  military 
sports,  as  for  hitting  a  distant  mark,  or 
being  thrown  through  as  many  suspended 
rings  as  possibl'),  &c. 

Do,  da,  v.t.  or  auxiliary;  pret.  did;  pp.  done; 
ppr.  doing.  When  transitive  the  present 
tense  singular  is,  I  do,  thou  doest  or  dost 
(dO'est,  dust),  he  does  or  doth  (duz,  duth); 
when  auxiliary,  the  second  person  is,  thou 
dost.  FA.  Sax.  ddn,  to  do,  d6,  I  do  =  D. 
d4}en,  G.  fhun,  to  do,  L.  do  in  ahdo,  I  put 
away,  concfo,  I  put  together,  Skr.  dhd.,  to 
place.  IVom  same  stem  are  deed,  deem, 
dioom.]  To  perform;  to  execute;  to  carry 
into  effect;  to  bring  about,  produce,  effect; 
to  give,  confer,  or  pay  (to  do  honour,  rever- 
ence,&c.);  to  transact;  to  finish  or  complete; 
to  hoax,  cheat,  swindle  (colloq.)j  to  inspect 
the  sights  or  objects  of  interest  in  (coUoq.); 
to  prepare;  to  cook. —To  do  away, to  remove; 
to  put  away;  to  annul;  to  put  an  end  to. 
— To  do  into,  to  translate  or  render  (in 


anotherlanguage).— To  do  ot'er*,  to  perform 
again;  to  repeat;  put  acoating,  as  of  paint, 
upon. — To  do  up,  to  put  up,  as  a  parcel;  to 
tie  up;  to  pack.  — To  do  with,  Xp  dispose  of; 
to  employ;  to  occupy;  to  deal  with;  to  get  on 
with  (as  in  what  shall  I  do  tvith  it?  1  can 
do  nothing  with  him,  &o.).— y.i.  [In  this 
usage  do  is  partly  the  intransitive  form  of 
the  preceding  verb,  partly  from  A.  tsax. 
dugan,  to  avail,  be  worth,  same  word  as 
loel.  dwa,  Dan.  due,  D.  deugen,  Goth. 
dugan,  G.  taugen,  to  be  worth,  but  the 
senses  are  so  intermingled  that  it  would 
be  difficult  to  separate  them.]  To  act  or 
behave  in  any  manner,  well  or  ill;  to  con- 
duct one's  self;  to  fare;  to  be  in  a  state 
with  regard  to  sickness  or  health  (how  do 
you  do  J);  to  succeed;  to  accomplish  a  pur- 
pose; to  serve  an  end;  to  suffice  (will  this 
plan  dol);  to  find  means;  to  contrive ;  to 
shift  (how  shall  we  do  for  money?). —  To  do 
for,  to  suit;  to  be  adapted  for;  to  answer 
in  place  of;  to  be  sufficient  for;  to  satisfy; 
to  ruin;  to  put  an  end  to  (vulg.);  attend 
on  or  do  household  duties  for  (colloq.;. —  To 
do  without,  to  shift  without;  to  put  up 
without;  to  dispense  with.— To  have  done, 
to  have  made  an  end;  to  have  finished. — 
To  have  done  tvith,  to  have  finished;  to 
cease  to  have  part  or  intere«t  in  or  connec- 
tion with. — Do  is  often  used  for  a  verb  to 
save  the  repetition  of  it;  as,  I  shall  pro- 
bably comCj  but  if  I  do  not,  you  must  not 
wait;  that  is,  if  I  come  not. — As  an  auxi- 
liary it  is  used  most  commonly  in  forming 
negative  and  interrogative  sentences;  as, 
do  you  intend  to  go !  does  he  wish  mo  to 
come?  Do  is  also  used  to  express  emphasis; 
as,  I  do  love  her.  In  the  imperative,  it 
expresses  an  urgent  request  or  command; 
as,  cio  come;  help  me,  do;  make  haste,  do. 
In  the  past  tense  it  is  sometimes  used  td 
convey  the  ideiT  that  what  was  once  true 
is  not  true  now.  '  My  lord,  you  once  did 
love  me.'  Shak. — The  past  participle  done, 
besides  being  used  for  all  the  ordinary 
meanings  of  the  verb,  has  some  colloquial 
or  familiar  uses;  as  done!  an  exclamation 
expressing  agreement  to  a  proposal,  that 
is,  it  is  agreed  or  I  accept;  done  up,  ruined 
in  any  manner,  completely  exhausted, 
very  tired  or  fatigued.— Doable,  dO'a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  done  or  executed.— Doer, 
diJ'er,  n.  One  who  does,  executes,  per- 
forms, or  acts;  one  who  performs  what  is 
required:  as  opposed  to  a  mere  talker  or 
theorizer.— Doings,  de'ingz,  n.  pi.-  Things 
done;  transactions;  feats;  actions,  good  or 
bad;  behaviour;  conduct. 

Do,  do,  n.  Mus.  the  name  given  to  the  first 
of  the  syllables  used  in  solmization;  the 
first  or  key  note  of  the  scale. 

Doab,  Dooab,  do'ab,  diJ'ab,  n.  In  the  East 
Indies,  a  tract  of  country  between  two 
rivers. 

Docile,  do'sil  or  dos'il,  a.  [L.  docilis,  from 
doceo,  to  teach,  whence  also  doctor,  docu- 
ment.] Teachable;  easily  instructed:  ready 
to  learn;  tractable;  easily  managed.— Do- 
cility, do-sil'i-ti,  71.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  docile. 

Docimasy,  dos'i-ma-si,  n.  [Gr.  dokimasia, 
from  doJdmazO,  to  try,  examine,  from  do- 
kimos,  proved,  tested.]  The  art  or  practice 
of- assaj'ing  metals;  metallurgy.  —  Doci- 
mastic,  ^os-i-mas'tik,a.  [Gr.  dokimasiikns.] 
Proving  by  experiments  or  tests ;  relating 
to  the  assaying  of  metals;  metallurgic. 

Dock,  dok,  n.  [A.  Sax.  docce,  G.  docket  The 
common  name  of  various  species  of  peren- 
nial herbs,  most  of  them  troublesome 
weeds  with  stout  rootstalks,  erect  stems, 
and  broad  leaves. 

Dock,  dok,  n.  [Icel.  dockr,  a  short  tail;  G. 
docke,  a  thick  short  piece;  Fris.  dok,  a 
small  bundle,  bunch;  comp.  also  W.  toe, 
anything  short,  tociaw,  to  curtail.]  The 
tail  of  a  beast  cut  short;  the  stump  of  a 
tail;  the  solid  part  of  the  tail.— 1».«.  To  cut 
off,  as  the  end  of  a  thing;  to  curtail;  to  cut 
short;  to  clip;  to  shorten. 

Dock,  dok,  n.  [D.  dok,  G.  docke,  Sw.  docka, 
a  dock,  Flem.  docke,  a  kind  of  cage;  .per- 
haps'from  L.  doga,  a  kind  of  vessel;  from 
Gr.  doche,  receptacle,. from  dechomai,  to 
receive.]  The  place  where  a  criminal 
stands  in  court;  a  place  artificially  formed 
on  the  side  of  a  harbour  or  the  bank  of  a 


Ch,  cAftjn;     c/t,  Sc.  lof/t;     g,go;     j.^ob;     n,  Fr.  to»i;     ng,  sinj/;     ?h,  tten;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig; 


•R-h,  whig; 
-14: 


zh,  aeur^. 


DUCKET 


210 


DOGMA 


river  for  the  i-eception  of  ships,  the  en- 
trance of  which  is  generally  closed  by  gates. 
— Dry  or  graving  cioefc.a  dock  so  constructed 
that  the  water  may  be  excluded  at  plea- 
sure, allowing  the  bottom  of  a  vessel  to  be" 
inspected  and  repaired.— IFet  dock,  a  dock 
in,which  there  is  alwaj'S  water;  a  dock  in 
which  the  water  is  kept  at  about  a  uni- 
form level  by  means  of  gates,  so  that  ves- 
sels are  always  kept  afloat,  and  can  be 
loaded  or  unloaded  at  any  state  of  the  tide. 
—Floating  dock,  a  structure  which  serves 
as  a  graving  dock,  being  constructed  so 
that  it  may  be  s<ink  beneath  a  vessel  and 
raised  with  it  when  the  water  is  pumped 
out  of  the  tanks  round  its  sides.— y.t.  To 
bring,  draw,  or  place  in  a  dock. — Dockage, 
dok'aj,  n.  Charges  for  the  use  of  dr«;ks.— 
Dock-master,  n.  One  who  has  the  superin- 
tendence of  docks. — Dock-warrant,  n.  A 
certiticate  given  to  the  owner  of  goods 
warehoused  in  the  docks.— Dockyard,dok'- 
yard,  11.  A  yard  or  repository  near  a  har- 
bour for  containing  all  kinds  of  naval 
stores  and  timber. 

Docket,  Docquet,  dok'et,  ji.  [A  dim.  of 
dock,  anything  curtailed  or  cut  short  J  A 
summary  of  a  larger  writing;  a  small 
piece  of  paper  or  parchment  containing 
the  heads  of  a  Avriting;  an  alphabetical 
list  of  cases  in  a  court  of  law;  a  ticket  at- 
tached to  goods,  containing  the  name 
of  the  owner,  the  place  to  which  they  'are 
to  be  sent,  or  specifying  their  measui'e- 
ment,  &c.  —  v.t.  To  make  an  abstract  of, 
and  enter,  or  ^vrite  it  down;  to  mark  the 
contents  of  papers  on  the  back;  to  add  a 
docket  to. 

Doctor,  dok'tiJr,  n.  fL.,  from  doceo,  doctum, 
to  teach.  Docile. J  A  teacher  t;  an  in- 
structor J;  a  learned  man;  a  person  who 
has  received  the  degree  of  this  name  from 
a  university , being  thus  a  doctor  of  divinity, 
laws,  medicine,  &c.,  and  supposed  capable 
of  teaching  the  particular  subject;  a  per- 
son duly  licensed  to  practise  medicine ;  a 
physician;  one  who  cures  diseases. — v.t. 
To  treat  medically;  hence,  to  repair  or 
patch  up;  to  drug  or  adulterate  (winefe 
to  falsify;  to  cook  (in  all  senses  coUoq.). — 
Doctoral,  dok't6r-al,  «.  Kelating  to  the 
degree  of  a  doctor. — Doctorate,  dok'ter-at, 
n.  The  university  degree  of  doctor. — Doc- 
torship,  dok'ter-ship,  n.  The  degree  of  a 
doctor;  doctorate.  —  Doctress,  Doctoress, 
dok'tres,  dok't6r-es,  w.  A  female  physi- 
cian. 

Doctrine,  dok'trin,  n.  [L.  doetrina,  instruc- 
tion, learning,  from  doceo,  to  teach,  whence 
doctor,  docile,  &c.]  In  a  general  sense, 
whatever  is  taught;  hence,  a  principle, 
view,  or  set  of  opinions  maintained  by  any 
person  or  set  of  persons;  whatever  is  laid 
clown  as  true  by  an  instructor  or  master; 
often  Instruction  and  confirmation  in  the 
truths  of  the  gospel;  one  or  more  of  the 
truths  of  the  gospel.  —  Doctrinaire,  dok'- 
tri-nar',  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  doctnna;  the 
name  was  originally  given  to  certain 
French  politicians  after  the  restoration  of 
1815.]  Onewho  theorizes  or  advocates  im- 
portant changes  in  political  or  social  mat- 
ters without  a  sufficient  regard  to  practi- 
cal considerations;  a  political  theorist. — 
Doctrinal,  dok'tri-nal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
doctrine;  containing  a  doctrine;  pertain- 
ing to  the  act  or  means  of  teaching.— Doc- 
ti-inally,  dok'tri-nal-li,  adv.  In  the  form 
of  doctrine  or  instruction;  by  way  of  teach- 
ing or  positive  direction. — Doctrinarian, 
dok-tri-na'ri-an,  n.  A  doctrinaire.— Doc- 
trinarianism,  dok-tri-na'ri-an-izm,n.  The 
principles  or  doctrines  of  doctrinaires. 

Document,  dok'a-ment,  n.  [L.  doctemetv- 
tum,a.  lesson, a  proof,  from  doceo,  to  teach. 
Doctrine.]  Any  official  or  authoritative 
paper  containing  instructions  or  proof,  for 
information,  establishment  of  facts,  and 
the  like;  any  written  or  printed  paper. — 
Documentary,  Dociimental,  dok'0-men- 
ta-ri,  dok'u-men-tal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
documents  or  written  evidence;  consist- 
ing in  documents. 

Dodder,  dod'or,  n.  (T)an.  dodder,  Sw.  dodra, 
G.  dotter,  of  unknown  derivation.]  The 
name  (rf  certain  slender,  twining,  leafless 
pink  or  white  parasitic  plants,the  common 
English  species  of  which  are  found  on  net- 


'  ties,  vetches,  furze,  flax,  &c.— Doddered, 

dod'ferd,  a.    Overgrown  with  dodder. 

Dodecagon,  do-dek'a-gon,  n.  [Gr.  dodeka, 
twelve,  and  gonia,  an  angle.]  A  regular 
figure  or  polygon,  consisting  of  twelve 
equal  sides  and  angles. — Dodecagyn,  do- 
dek'a-jin,  n.  [Gr.  gyni,  a  fem»,le.]  £ot.  a 
plant  having  twelve  styles. — Dodecagyn- 
lan,  Dodecag3moaB,  do-dek'a-jin"i-an,  do- 
de-kaj'i-nus,  a.  Bot.  having  twelve  styles. 
— Dodecahedral,  do-dek'a-he"dral,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  dodecahedron;  consisting  of 
twelve  equal  sides.  —  Dodecahedron,  do- 
dek'a-he"dron,  n.  [Gr.  hedra,  a  base  or  side.  ] 
A  regular  solid  contained  under  twelve 
equal  and  regular  pentagons,  or  having 
twelve  equal  bases.  —  Dodecander,  do-de- 
kan'dSr,  n.  [Gr.  aner,  aixdros,  a  male.] 
Bot.  a  plant  having  twelve  stamens. — Do- 
decan^ian,  Dodecandrous,  do-de-kan'dri- 
an,  do-de-kan'drus,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
dodecanders. — Dodecapetalous,  do-dek'a- 
pet"a-lus,  a.  Bot.  having  twelve  petals. — 
Dodecasy liable,  do-dek'a-sU-la-b!,  n.  A 
word  of  twelve  syllables. 

Dodge-,  doj,t).i. — dodged,  dodging.  [Perhaps 
connected  with  duck,  to  stoop  or  bend 
down  the  head,  Q.duck3n,to  bow,  to  stoop.] 
To  start  suddenly  aside;  to  follow  the  foot- 
steps of  a  person,  but  so  as  to  escape  his 
observation ;  to  play  tricks ;  to.  play  fast 
and  loose;  to  quibble. — v.t.  To  evade  by  a 
sudden  shift  of  place;  to  escape  by  start- 
ing aside;  to  pursue  by  rapid  movements 
in  vai-ymg  directions;  to  bafile  by  shifts 
and  pretexts;  to  overreach  by  tricky 
knavery. — n.  A  trick;  an  artifice;  an  eva- 
sion.— Dodger,  doj'er,  n.  One  who  dodges 
or  evades;  one  who  practises  artful  shifts 
or  dodges.  ' 

Dodo,  dO'do,  n.  [P^.  dovdo,  silly.]  An  ex- 
tinct bird  of  Mauritius,  having  a  massive, 
clumsy  body,  covered  with  down,  short 
and  extremely  strong  legs,  and  wings  and 
tail  soshort  asito  be  useless  for  flight. 

Doe,  do,  n.  [A.  Sax.  dd,  Dan.  daa.]  The 
female  of  the  fallow-deer,  the  goat,  the 
sheep,  the  hare,  and  the  rabbit:  corre- 
sponding to  the  masculine  buck.  —  Doe- 
skin, n.  The  skin  of  a  doe;  a  compact 
twilled  woollen  cloth. 

Doff,  dof,  v.t.  [Contr.  for  do  off,  like  don 
for  do  en.]  To  put,  take,  or  lay  oflF,  as 
dress ;  to  lay  aside.— ti.i.  To  lay  off  some 
article  of  dress;  to  take  off  the  hat. 

Dog,  dog,  n.  [A.  Sax.  docge  (very  rare),  a 
dog;  same  as  D.  dog,  Dan.  dogge,  Sw.  dogy, 
a  large  kind  of  dog.  Hound  (A.  Sax.  hutid) 
was  originally  and  long  the  common 
English  word  for  dog.]  A  well-known  do- 
mesticated carnivorous  quadruped,  closely 
allied  to  the  wolf  and  the  fox,  noted  for 
its  sagacity,  acute  senses,  and  great  attach- 
ment to  man;  a  term  of  reproach  or  con- 
tempt given  to  a  man;  a  mean,  worthless 
fellow;  a  gay  young  man;  a  buck;  a  name 
applied  to  several  tools,  articles,  &c.,  gen- 
erally iron;  as,  an  andiron,  or  kind  of 
trestle  to  lay  wood  upon  in  a  fireplace,  an 
iron  bar,  with  one  or  more  sharp  fangs  or 
claws  at  one  end,  for  fastening  into  a  piece 
of  wood  or  other  heavy  article,  for  the 
purpose  of  dragging  or  raising  it,  and  the 
like. .".Doer  is  often  used  in  composition 
for  male;  as,  dog-fox,  dog-otter,  Ac;  as 
also  to  denote  meanness,  degeneracy,  or 
worthlessness;  as,  do£^-Latin,  dog-rose. — 
To  gi>e  or  throw  to  the  dogs,  to  throw  away 
as  useless.— To  go  to  the  dogs,  to  go  to  ruin 
in  Hie.— v.t— dogged,  dogging.  To  follow 

"insidiously  or  indefiitigably;  to  follow 
close;  to  hunt;  to  worry  with  importunity. 
— Dogged,  dog'ed,  a.  Having  the  bad 
qualities  of  a  dog;  sullen;  sour:  morope; 
surly;  severe;  obstinate.— Doggedly,  dog"- 
ed-li,  adv.  In  a  dogged  manner. —  Dog- 
gedness,  dog'ed-nes,n.  The  quality  of  being 
dogged.  — Doggish,  dog'ish,  a.  Snappish; 
surly;  brutal.— Doggishnesa,  dog'ish-nes.n. 
— Dog-berry,  n.  The  berry  of  the  dogwood. 
—Dog-brier,  n.  A  brier;  the  dog-rose, — 
Dog-cart,  n.  A  carriage  with  a  box  for 
holding  sportsmen's  dogs;  a  sort  of  double- 
seated  gig,  the  occupants  before  and  be- 
hind sitting  back  to  hack.— Dog-cheap,  a. 
Cheap  or  worthless  as  a  dog;  very  cheap; 
in  little  estimation.— Dog-days,  n.  pi.  The 
days  when  Sirius  or  the -Doff-star  (whence 


the  term)  rises  and  sets  with  the  sun,  ex- 
tending from  about. the  3d  of  July  to 
about  the  llth  of  August.  —  Dog-eared,  a. 
Having  the  comers  of  the  leaves  turned 
down  from  careless  handling  (a  dog-eartd 
book).  —  Dog-fajicier,  n.  One  who  has  a 
taste  for  dogs-  and  who  keeps  them  for 
sale.— Dog-fish,  n.  A  name  given  to  sev- 
eral species  of  fishes  closely  allied  to  the 
sharks,  but  of  no  great  size.  —  Dog-grass, 
n.  (Supposed  to  be  eaten  by  dogs.]  A 
grass  common  in  woods  and  waste  places, 
having  stems  from  1  to  3  feet  high^— Dog- 
Latin,  n.  Barbarous  Latin;  a  jargon  hav- 
ing a  supei-ficial  resemblance  to  Latin. — 
Dog-loQse,  n.  A  parasitic  insect  which 
infests  dogs.— Dog-parsley,  n.  A  common 
British  umbelliferous  weed  in  cultivated 
grounds,  having  a  nauseous  smell,  and  be- 
ing a  virulent  poison;  fool's  parsley.— Dog- 
rose,  91.  A  common  IJritish  wild  rose;  the 
wild  brier.the  fruit  of  which  is  known  as  the 
hip. — Dog's-ear,  n.  The  comer  of  a  leaf  in 
a  book  turned  down,  especially  by  careless 
handling.— t'.t.  To  turn  down  in  dog's  ears.  ■ 
— Dog's-fennel,  ji.  A  weed  found  in  culti- 
vated fields,  with  acrid  emetic  properties, 
and  with  leaves  having  some  resemblance 
to  those  of  fennel.— Dog-sick,  a.  Sick  as  a 
dog  that  has  eaten  till  compelled  to  vomit. 
—Dog's-tail  Grass,  n.  The  popular  name 
of  several  species  of  grasses  common  in 
Britain.  —  Dog-star,  n.  Sirius,  a  star 
of  the  first  magnitude,  whose  rising  and 
setting  with  the  sun  gives  name  to  the 
dog-days.- Dog's-tooth  "Violet,  n.  A  bul- 
bous garden  plant  with  spotted  leaves 
and  purple  flowers. — Dog-tired,  a.  (Juite 
tired.  —  Dog-tooth,  n.  A  sharp-pointed 
human  tooth  situated  between  the  fore- 
teeth and  grinders;  a  canine  tooth;  an  eye- 
tooth. — Dog-trick,  n.  A  curri.sh  trick;  an 
ill-natured-  practical  joke.  —  Dog-trot,  n. 
A  gentle  trot  like  that  of  a  dog.  —  Dog- 
vane,  n.  Nant.  a  small  vane  placed  on" 
the  weather  gunwale  of  a  vessel  to  show 
the  direction  of  the  wind. — Dog-watch,  n. 
Naut.  the  name  of  the  two  watches  of  two 
hours  each  instead  of  four  (between  4  and  8 
p.m.)  arranged  so  as  to  alter  the  watches 
kept  from  day  to  day  by  each  portion  of 
the  crew,  otherwise  the  same  men  would 
form  the  watch  during  the  same  hours  for 
the  whole  voyage.— Dog-weary,  a.  Quite 
tired;  muchfatigued.— Dogwood,  dog' wild, 
n.  A  name  of  several  trees  or  shrubs,  cfae 
of  them  common  in  copses  and  hedges  in 
England,  with  small  cream-white  flowers 
borne  in  dense  roundish  clusters.  Cornel. 
Doge,  doj,  n.  [It.]  The  chief  magistrate 
of  the  former  republics  of  "Venice  (697-1797) 
and  Genoa  (1339-1797).  — Dogal,do'gal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  doge.  —  Dogate,  dO'gat,  n. 
The  office  or  dignity  of  a  doge. 
Dogger,  dog'6r,  n.  [D.  dogger-boot— dogger, 
'  a  codfish,  and  hoot,  a  boat.]  A  Dutch 
fishing  vessel  having  two  masts,  employed 
in  the  German  Ocean  especially  in  the  cod 
and  herrihg.fisheries. 

Doggerel,  dog'er-el, a.  -[Possibly  from  dog.\ 
An  epithet  originally  applied  to  a  kind 
of  loose  irregular  measure  in  burlesque 
poetry,  but  now  more  generally  to  mean 
verses  defective  in  rhythm  -and  sense.— n. 
Doggerel  or  mean  verses. 
Dogma,  dog'ma,  n.  [Gr.  dogma,  that  which 
seems  true,  an  opinion,  from  dokeo,  to 
seem.]  A  settled  opinion  tfr  belief;  a 
tenet;  an  opinion  or  doctrine  received  on 
authority,  as  opposed  to  one  obtained  from 
experience  or  demonstration.— Dogmatic, 
Dogmatical,  dog-mat'ik,  dog-mat'i-kal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  dogma  or  dogmas;  having 
the  character  of  a  dogma;  disposed  to  assert 
opinions  with  overbearing  or  arrogance; 
dictatorial;  arrogant;  authoritative;  posi- 
tive.—Dogmatically,  dog-mat'i-kal-li,  a>lv. 
In  a  dogmatic  manner.— Dogmatics,  doi- 
mat'iks,  n.  Doctrinal  theology;  the  essen- 
tial doctrines  of  Christianity.  — Dogma- 
tism, dog'ma-tizm,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
dogmatic;  arrogant  assertion.  —  Dogma- 
tist, dog'ma-tist,  n.  One  who  is  dogmatic; 
an  upholder  of  dogmas;  an  arrogant  ad- 
vancer of  principles  or  opinions.— Dogma- 
tize, dog'ma-tiz,  v.i.  To  teach  opiuiciis 
with  bold  and  xmdue  confidence;  to  asbt-rt 
principle*  arrogantly  or  .authoritatively. 


Fate,  fiir,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  hfer;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tube,  tub,  bwil ;     oil,  |»ouod;     ii,  Sc.  abwne— the  Fr .  m. 


BOHL 


DONJON 


— Qogmatizer,  dog'ma-ti-z6r,  n.  One  who 
dogmatizes. 

Dom,  del,  n.  A  kind  of  foreign  pulse  re- 
sembling dried  pease. 
Doily,  doi'li,  n.  [Said  to  be  named  from 
the  first  maker.]  A  small  ornamental 
mat  used  at  table  to  put  glasses  on  during 
dessert. 

Doit,  doit,  n.  [D.  duit,  from  Pr.  d'huit,  of 
eight,  as  the  eighth  part  of  a  stiver.]  A 
small  Dutch  copper  coin,  being  the  eighth 
part  of  a  stiver,  in  value  half  a  farthing ; 
the  ancient  Scottish  penny  piece,  of  which 
twelve  were  equal  to  a  penny  sterling;  any 
small  piece  of  money;  a  trine. 
Bolabra,  do-la'bra,  n.  [L.,  from  dolo,  to 
chip;  to  hew.]  A  variety  of  celt  or  ancient 
hatchet.  —  Dolabriform,  do-lab'ri-form,  a. 
Having  the  form  of  an  axe  or  hatchet. 
Dolce,  Dolcemente,  dol'clia,  dol-cha-men'- 
ta.  [It.]  Mus.  an  instruction  that  the 
musjc  is  to  be  executed  softly  and  sweetly. 
Doldrums,  dol'drumz,  n.  pi.  Navt.  the 
parts  of  the  .ocean  near  the  equator  that 
abound  in  calms,  squalls,  and  light  baffling 
winds;  low  spirits;  the  dumps  (colloq.). 
Dole,  dol,  n.  [Deal.]  That  which  is  dealt 
out  or  distributed ;  a  part,  share,  or  por- 
tion; lot;  fortune;  that  which  is  given  in 
charity;  gratuity. — v.t — doled,  doling.  To 
deal  out;  to  distribute;  especially,  to  ddal 
out  niggardly  or  in  small  quantities. 
Dole,  dol,  n.  [O.Fr.  dole,  Fr.  deuil,  mourn- 
ing, from  L.  doleo,  to  grieve.]  Grief;  sor- 
row.—Doleful,  dol'ful,  a.  Pull  of  dole  or 
grief;  sorrowful;  expressing  grief;  mourn- 
ful; melancholy;  sad;  dismal;  gloomy. r- 
Dolefully,  dorful-U,  adv.  In  a  doleful 
manner.— Dolefulness,  dol'ful-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  doleful.— Dole- 
some.t  dol'sum,  a.  Doleful. 
Dolerlte,  dol'6r-it,  n.  [Gr.  doleros,  decej)- 
tive.]  A  variety  of  trap-rock  composed 
of  au^ite  and  labradorite;  so  named  from 
the  difficulty  of  discriminating  its  com- 
ponent parts.  ■ 
Dolichocephalic,  DoUchocephaloui],  dol'i- 
ko-se-fal "  ik,  dol'i-ko-sef  "a-lus,  o.  [Gr. 
dolichos,  long,  and  kephaW,  the  head.]  A 
term  used  in  ethnology  to  denote  skulls 
in  which  the  diameter  from  side  to  side 
bears  a  less,  proportion  to  the  diameter 
from  front  to  back  than  8  to  10,  as  seen  in 
the  West  African  negro  tribes. — DoUcho- 
cephalism,  dol'i-ko-sef"a-lizm,  n.  The 
condition  of  being  dolichocephalic. 
Doll,  dol,  n.  [Of  doubtful  origin;  perhaps 
for  DoU,  contr.  of  Dorothy.^  A  puppet  oi; 
small  image  in'  the  human  fbrm  for  the 
amusement  of  children;  a  girl  or  woman 
more  remarkable  for  good  looks  than  in- 
telligence. 

DollsLT,  dol'iT,  n.  [D.  Dan.  and  Sw. 
daler,  from  G.  thaler,  from  thai,  a  dale, 
because  first  coined  in  Joachim's- TAaJ,  in 
Bohemia,  in  1518.]  A  coin  (formerly  sil- 
ver, now  gold)  of  the  United  States,  of  the 
value  of  100  cents,  or  about  4s.  2d.  sterling; 
also  a  silver  coin  of  the  same  general  value 
cuiTent  in  Mexico,  South  America,  Singa- 
pore, the  Philippine  Islands,  &c. 
Dolman,  dol'man,  n.  [Fr.  dolman,  doli- 
man,  from  Turk,  doldmdn.]  A  long  outer 
robe,  open  in  front,  and  having  narrow 
sleeves  buttoned  at  the  wrist,  worn  by 
Turks;  a  kind  of  ^rment  somewhat  of  the 
nature  of  a  wide  jacket,  worn  by  ladies. 
Dolmen,  dol 'men,  n.  [Armor,  dolmen; 
Gael,  tolmen—dol,  tol,  a  table,  and  m^n,  a 
stone.]  A  rude  ancient  structure  (probably 
of  sepulchral  origin)  consisting  of  one 
large  unhewn  stone  resting  on  two  or 
more  others  placed  erect;  also  applied  to 
structures  where  several  blocks  are'  raised 
upon  pillars  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  gaUery; 
a  cromlech. 

Dolomite,  dol'o-mit,  n.  [After  the  French 
geologist  Dolomieu.^  Agranular, crystal- 
line, or  schistose  stone  or  rock,  bemg  a 
compound  of  carbonate  of  magnesia  and 
carbonate  of  lime. — Dolomitic,  dol-o-mit'- 
ik,  a.  Containing  dolomite;  of  the  nature 
of  dolomite. 

Dolour,  do'ler,  n.  [O.Pr.  doleur,  Fr.  douleur, 
from  Ji.  dolor,  doloris,  grief,  pain,  from 
doteo,  to  grieve.  Akin  dole,  doleful.]  Grief; 
sorrow;  lamentation.  [Now.only  poetical.] 
— Doloriferons,  do-lo-rif'6r-us,  o.    Produc- 


ing pain.— Dolor!fic,t  do-lo-rif  ik,  a.  Caus- 
ing pain  ox  grief. — Dolorous;  dol'6r-us,  a. 
Sorrowful;  doleful;  exciting  sorrow  or 
grief;  painful:  expressing  pain  or  grief. — 
Dolorously,  dol'6r-us-li,  adv.  In  a  dolor- 
ous manner.— Doiorousness,  dol'er-us-nes, 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  dolorous. 

Dolphin,  dol'fim,  n.  [O.Fr.  dauZphin,  Mod. 
Fr.  dauphin,  a  dolphin,  the  dauphin,  from 
L.  delphinus,a.  dolphin.]  A  name  of  sev- 
eral species  of  cetaceous  mammals  having 
numerous  conical  tetfth  in  both  jaws,  as 
the  dolphin  proper,  a  peculiarly  agile  ani- 
mal, the  grampus,  &c.;  a  fish  about  5  feet 
lonkj  celebrated  for  its  S'vnftness  and  the 
brilliant  and  beautiful  colours  which  it 
assumes  in  the  act  of  dying;  a  spar  or 
buoy  made  fast  to  an  anchor,  and  usually 
supplied  ■with  a  ring  to  enable  vessels  to 
ride  by  it;  a  mooring-post  placed  at  the 
entrance  of  a  dock  or  along  a  quay  or 
wharf.— Dolphlnet.-dol'fi-net.n.  A  female 
dolphin.    . 

Dolt,  dolt,  n,  [Probably  connected  with 
E.  dull,  A.  Sax.  dolt  dull,  stupid;  dwelan, 
to  err,  to  be  stupid.]  A  heavy,  stupid  fel- 
low; a  blockhead;  a  tbickskull.— Doltish, 
dol'tish,  a.  DuU  in  intellect;  stupid.— 
Doltishly,  dol'tish-Ii,  adv.  In  a  doltish 
manner.— DoltishneBS,  dol'tish-nes,  n. 

Domain,  do-man',  n.  [Fr.  domains,  from 
L.Ii.  domanium,  a  form  of  L.  dominium, 
ownership,  property,  from  dominus,  a 
lord.]  The  territory  over  which  dominion 
is  exercised;  the  territory  ruled  over;  a 
dominion  I  an  estate  in  land;  the  land 
about  a  mansion-house  and  in  the  imme- 
diate occupancy  of  the  owner;  a  demesne. 
— Domanial,  do-ma'ni-al,  a.  Kelating  to 
domains  or  landed  estates. 

Dome,  dSm,  n.  [Fr.  d6me,  from  Eocles.  L. 
doma,  a  house,  from  Or.  d6ma,  a  house, 
from  demo,  to  buUd.]  A  roof  rising  up  in 
the  form  of  an  inverted  cup;  &  large  cu- 
pola; the  hemispherical  roof  of  a  building; 
anything  shaped  like  a  dome,  as  the  steam- 
chamber  of  a  locomotive,  nsing^bove  it 
with  a  rounded  top,  &c/— Domed,  domd,  a. 
Furnished  with  a  dome. — Domical,  do'mi- 
kal,  a.    Shaped  like  a  dom6  or  cupola. 

Domestic,  do-mes'tik,  a.  [L.  domeeticua, 
from  domus,  a  house;  from  root  seen  in  Gr. 
dema,  to  build,  and  in  E.  timber;  akin  domi- 
cile.'] Belonging  to  the  house  or  home;  per- 
taining to  one's  place  of  residence  and  to 
the  family;  devoted  to  home  duties  or  plea- 
sures; living  in  or  about  the  habitations  of 
man;  kept  for  the  use  of  man;  tame;  not 
•wild;  pertaining  to  one's  own  country;  in- 
testine; not  foreign. — Domestic  economy, 
the  economical  management  of  all  house- 
hold afiaixs;  the  art  of  managing  domestic 
affairs  in  the  best  and  thriftiest  manner. — 
n.  One  who  lives  in  the  family  of  another, 
and  is  paid  for  some  service;  a  household 
servant.  —Domestically,  do-mes'ti-kal-M, 
adv.  In  a  domestic  manner.  —  Domesti- 
cate, d5-mes'ti-kat,  v.t.—dotnesticdted,  do- 
mesticating. To  make  domestic;  to  ac- 
custom to  remain  mucli  at  *ome;  t»  ac- 
custom (animals)  to  live  near  the  habita- 
tions of  man;  to  tame;  to  reduce  from  a 
■wild  to  a  cultivated  condition- (plants). — 
Domestication,  do-mo8'ti-ka"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  domesticating;  the  state  of  bsinp: 
domesticated.— Domesticity,  dd-mes-tis'j* 
ti,  re.    State  of  behig  domestic. 

Domicile,  dom'i-sU,  n.  [L.  domieHium,  a 
mansion,  from  domus,  a  house,  and  root  of 
cella,  a  cell.  Domestic]  A  place  of  resi- 
dence; a  dwelling-house;  the  place  where 
one  lives  in  Opposition  to  the  place  where 
one  only  remains  for  a  time. — v.t. — domi- 
ciled, domiciling.  To  establish  in  a  fixed 
resid:ence.  —  Domiciliary,  dom-i-sil'i-a-ri, 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  domicile. — Domicili- 
ary visit,  a  visit  to  a  j?rrv&te  dwelling, 
particularly  for  the  varpoae  of  searching 
it  under  authority.— Domiciliate,  dom-1- 
sil'i-at,  v.t.  —  domiciliated,  domiciliating. 
To  domicile.  — Domiciliation,  dom-i-sil'i- 
a"shon,  n.  Permanent  residence;  iiihabi- 
tancy. 

Dominant,  dom'i-nant,  a.  [L.  dominans, 
ppr.  of  dominor,  to  rule,  from  dominus, 
lord,  master.  Dame.]  Suling;  prevailing; 
governing;  predominant.  —  Dominant 
chord,  mua.  that  which  is  formed  by  group- 


ing three  tones,  rising  gradually  by  inter- 
vals of  a  third  from  the  dominant  or  fifth 
tone  of  the  scale. — n.  Mus.  the  fifth  tone  of 
the  diatonic  scale;  thus  G  is  the  domi- 
nant of  the  scale  of  C,  and  D  the  domi- 
nant of  the  scale  of  G.— Dominance,  Domi- 
nancy,  dom'i-nans,  dom'i-nan-si,  «.  As- 
cendency ;  rule ;  authority.  —  Dominate, 
dora'i-nat,  v.t.  —  dominated,  dominating. 
To  have  power  or  swayvover;  to  govern; 
to  prevail  or  predSminate  over. — v.i.  To 
predominate.  —  Domination,  dom-i-na'- 
shon,  n.  The  exercise  of  power  in  ruling; 
dominion;  government;  arbitrary  author- 
ity; tyranny.— Dominatlve,  dom'i-na-tiv, 
o.  Presiding;  governing;  imperious;  inso- 
lent.— Dominator,  dom'i-n6-t6r,  n.  One 
that  dominates;  a  ruler  or  raUng  power; 
the  presiding  or  predominant-  power. — 
Domineer,  dom-i-ner",  v.i.  To  rule  with 
insolence  .or  arbitrary  sway;  to  bluster;  to 
hector. — v.t.  To  govern  harshly  or  over- 
bearingly; to  order  or  command  inso- 
lently. —  Domineering,  dorn-i-ne'ring,  p. 
and  a.  Given  to  domineer;  overbearing. — 
Dominical,  d5-min'i-kal,  a.  [li.L.  domin- 
iccUis,  connected  with  Sunday,  from  L. 
dominicus  {dies  dominiea,  Sunday),  per- 
tainingto  a  lord  or  master,  from  dominus, 
lord.  Dominant.]  Noting  or  marking 
the  Lord's  day  or  Sunday;  relating  to  pur 
liOid.— Dominical  letter,  one  of  the  sevrai 
letters.  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  P,  G,  used  in  alma- 
nacs, &c.,  to  mark  the  Sundays  through- 
out the  year. 

Dominican,  do-min'i-kan,  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  St.  Domiiiio  or  the  order  founded 
by  him.— n.  A  member  of  a  religious  order 
instituted  in  1216  at  Toulouse,  by  Domi- 
nic do  Guzman  (afterwards  St.  Dominie) 
with  the  special  purpose  of  combating  the 
doctrines  of  the  Albigenses:  called  also 
Black-/riar,  from  the  colour  of  the  dress. 
Domlme,  dom'i-ni,  ».  [From  L.  domine, 
vocative  case  of  domimu,  a  lord  or  master.] 
A  schoolmaster;  a  pedagogue.  [Scotch.] 
Dominion,  do-mip'yon,  n.  [h.  dominiurA. 
■  See  Domain.]  Sovereign,  or  supreme  au- 
thority; the  power  of  governing  and  con- 
trolling;  government;  sway;  rule;  ascen- 
dency; predominance;  territory  under  a 
government;  cpimtry  or  district  governed, 
or  within  the  limits  of  the  authority  of  a 
prince  or  state;  pi,  an  order  of  angels 
(N.T.). 

Domino  dom'i-n3,  n,  pi.  Dominoes,  dom'i- 
noz.  {Fr.,  a  covering  for  tbe  head  worn 
by  priests,  from  dominus,  lord.]    A  mas- 

Sierade  dress,  consisting  of  an  ample 
oak  or  mantle,  with  a  cap  and  wi3o 
sleeves;  a  half-mask  formerly  worn  by 
ladies  as  a  partial  disguise  for  the  features; 
a  person  wearing  a  domino ;  pi.  a  game 
played'  -with  twenty-eight  fiat,  oblong 
pieces  of  ivory  or  bone,  dotted,  after  the 
manner  of-  dice,  'with  a  certain  number  of 
points.  ' 

Don,  don.  [Prom  L.  domintia,  a  lord.  The 
feminine  is  donna  or  dd!ia..]  A  title  in 
Spain,  formerly  given  to  noblemen  and 
gentlemen  only,  but  now  used  much  more 
■widely;  a  fellow  or  One  holding  high-office 
in  an  Engb'sh  college  (colloq.). 

Don,  don,  v.t.-^onned,  donning.  [To  do  on: 
opposed  to  doff.]  To  put  on;  to  invest  one's 
self  'with. 

Donation,  d9-na'shon,  n.  [L.  dojuttio,  an 
offering,  from  dono,  to  give;  donum,  a  gift, 
from  do,  to  give.]  The  act  of  giving  or 
bestowing;  that  which  is  gratuitously 
given;  a  grant;  a  gift.  —  Donative,  don'a- 
tiv,  n.  A  gift;  a  largess;  a  gratuity;  a  pre- 
sent; a  dole;  lavj,  a  benefice  given  to  a 
person  by  the  founder  or  patron,  without 
presentation,  institution,  or  induction  by 
the  ordinary.  —  a.  'Vested  or  vesting  by 
donation.  —  Donee,  do-nS',  n.  The  tx^rson 
to  whom  a  gift  or  grant  is  given.— £)onor, 
do'ner;  n.  One  who,gives  or  bestows;  one 
■who  confers  anything  gratuitously;  a 
giver. 

Done,  dun,  pp.  of  do. 

Donjon,  don'jon,  n.  [Pr.,  from  L,L.  dom^ 
nio,  domnionis,  for  L.  dominio,  dominion.] 
The  principal  tower  of  a  castle,  which  was 
usually  situated  in  the  innermost  court, 
and  into  which  the  garrison  could  retreat 
in  case  of  necessity,  the  lower  part  of  it 


i}\iy  chain;     eft,  Sc,  locA;     gtPo;    j>/ob;     t,  Pr.  ton;     n^,  sut^;     so,  ^n^  th,  <ftiu;     yf,vn^i    ^h,whj^,     zb,  amr^. 


DONKEY 


212 


DOUBLE 


being  commonly  used  as  a  prison:  also 
called  the  Keep. 

Donkey,  dong'ki,  n.  [Lit;  a  little  dun  ani- 
mal, from  dun  and  diminutive  term  -key.] 
An  ass;  a  stupid  or  obstinate  and  wrong- 
headed  fellow.  —  Donkey-engine,  to.  A 
small  steam-engine  used  where  no  great 
power  is  required,  and  often  to  perform 
some  subsidiary  operation,  as  on  board 
ships. 

Donna,  don'na,  n.  [It.,  from  L.  domina, 
a  lady  or  mistress.]  A  lady;  as,  prima 
donna,  the  first  female  singer  in  an  opera, 
oratorio,  &c. 

Donor.     Under  DoNAXiotr. 

Dooab.    DoAB. 

Doom,  dom,  n.  [A.  Sax.  d<im=0.  Sax.  O. 
Fris.  dom,  Ooth.  doms,  Icel.  d&mr,  ^he 
same  word  as  the  suffix  -dom  in  kingdom, 
&c.,  and  derived  probably  from  verb  to  do. 
Akin  deem.]  A  judgment  or  judicial  sen- 
tence; passing  of  sentence;  the  final  judg- 
ment; the  st^te  to  which  one  is  doomed  or 
destined;  fate;  fortune,  generaffly  evil;  std- 
Terse  issue;  ruin;  destructlbn.  —  Crack  of 
tUiom,  dissolution  of  nature. — i^t.  To  con- 
demn to  any  punishment;  to  consign  by  a 
decree  or  sentence;  to  pronounce  sentence 
or  judgment  on;  to  ordain  as  a  penalty;  to 
decree ;  to  destine.  -.-  Doomer,  do'mer,  n. 
One  who  dooms.— Doomsday,  domz'da,  tl. 
The  day  of  doom  or  final  judgAent;  a  day 
«f  sentence  or  condemnation  {Shak.). — 
Doomsday  Book,  a  book  compiled  by  order 
ef  William  the  Conqueror  containing  a 
Bur\'eyof  all  the  lands  in  England,  giving 
the  areas  of  estates,  the  amount  of  land 
Tinder  tillage,  pasture,  woods,  &c.,  the 
number  of  villeins;&c.—Doomsman.,domz'- 
Tnan,  n.    A  judge;  an  umpire. 

3Doom  Palm.    Doom  Palm. 

Doonga,  don'ga,  n.  A  canoe  made  out  of 
a  single  piece  of  wood,  employed  for  navi- 

fating  the  marshes  and  the  branches  of 
he  mouth  of  the  Ganges. 

Door,  dor,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ddr,  dii.ru=0.  Sax. 
dur,  dor,  Icel.  dyr,  Goth,  daw,  G.  thiir, 
Ii.  fores,  Gr.  thura,  Ir.  dorus,  Ukr.  dvdra, 
door.]  An  opening.or  passage  into  a  house 
or  apartment  by  which  persons  enter;  the 
irame  of  boards  or  other  material  that 
shuts  such  an  opening,  and  usually  turns 
on  hinges;  means  of  approach  or  access. — 
To  lie  or  be  at  one'8  door  {fig.),  to  be  im- 
putable or  chargeable  to  one.— Next  door 
to  {fig.),  nesir  to;  bordering  on  (coUoq.). — 
Out  of  door  or  doors,  out  of  the  house ;  in 
the  open  air;  abroad. — In  doors,  within 
the  house;  at  home.— Door-keeper,  n.  A 
porter;  one  who  guards  the  entrance  of  a 
iiouse  or  apartment.  —  Door-nail,  n.  The 
nail  on  which,  in  ancient  doors,  the  knock- 
er struck.— Door-plate,  n.  A  plate  upon  a 
door  bearing  the  name  of  the  resident. — 
Door-Btep,  Door-stone,  n.  The  stone  at 
the  threshold. — Doorway,  dor'wa,  n.  The 
passage  of  a  door;  the  entrance-way  into  a 
room  or  house. 

Doauet,  dok'et,  n.    Docket, 

Dor,  Dorr,  dor,  n.  [A.  Sax.  dora,  drone,  a 
humble-bee.)  A  common  British  beetle, 
of  a  stout  form  and  black  colour,  often 
heard  droning  through  the  air  towards  the 
close  of  the  summer  twilight. — Dor-hawk, 
n.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  com- 
mon goat-sucker. 

Doree,  do're,  n.    Same  as  Dory  (the  fish). 

Doric,  Dorian,  dor^ik,d5'ri-an,a.  Pertaining 
to  the  Dorians,  a  people  of  ancient  Greece. 
—Doric  order,  arch,  the  oldest  and  simplest 
of  the  three  orders  of  Grecian  architecture, 
characterized  by  the  columns  having  no 
base,  and  the  flutings  few,  large,  and  not 
deep,  the  capital  of  simple  character. — 
Dorian  or  Doric  mode,  mus.  a  composition 
in  which  the  second  note  of  the  normal 
scale  acquires  something  of  the  dignity  or 
force  of  a  tonic,  and  upon  it  the  melody 
closes.  —  Doric,  n.  The  language  of  the 
Dorians,  a  Greek  dialect  characterized  by 
broadness  and  hardness;  hence,  any  dia- 
lect with  similar  characteristics.especially 
to  the  Scottish.— Doricism,  dor'i-sizm,  n. 
A  peculiarity  of  the  Doric  dialect. 

Dorking,  dor'king,TO.  A  species  of  domestic 
fowl,di8tinguished  by  having  five  claws  on 
leach  foot,  h(i  i\amcd  oecause  bred  largely 
'at  Dorking  in  Surrey. 


Dormant,  dor'mant,  a.  [Fr.,  from  dormir, 
L.  dormio,  to  sleep.]  Sleeping;  sunk  in 
the  winter  sleep  or  torpid  state  of-  certain 
animals;  at  rest ;  not  in  action  {dormant 
energies);  neglected;  not  claimed,  asserted, 
or  insisted  on  (a  dormant  title  or  privileges). 
— Dormant  partner,  a  partner  who  takes 
no  active  part  in  a  commercial  concern. — 
Dormancy,  dor'man-si,  n.  State  of  being 
dormant.— Dormer,  Dormer-window,  dor'- 
mfer,  n.  [Lit.  the  window  of  a  sleeping 
apartment.]  A  window  standing  verti- 
cally on  a  sloping  roof  of  a  dwelling-house, 
and  BO  named  because  such  windows  are 
found  chiefly  in  attic  bed-rooms.— Dormi- 
tive,  dor'nii-tiv,  n.  A  medicine  to  promote 
sleep;  an  opiate;  a  soporific. — a.  Causing 
or  tending  to  cause  sleep.  —  Dormitory, 
.dor'mi-to-ri,  n.  [L.  dormitorium.]  A  place, 
building,  or  room  to  sleep  in. — Dormouse, 
dor'mous,  to.  pi.  Dormice,  dor'mis.  [Prov. 
E.  dorm,  to  sleep,  and  movse,  lit.  the 
sleeping-mouse.]  i.  small  rodent  animal 
which  passes  the  winter  in  a  lethargic  or 
torpid  state,  only  occasionally  waking  and 
applying  te  its  stock  of  provisions  hoarded 
up  for  that  seastm. 

Domick,  Domic,  dor'nik,  n.  A  species  of 
figured  Unen  of  stout  fabric,  so  called  from 
Domick,  the  Flemish' narne  for  Tmimay 
in  Flanders,  where  it  was  first  manufac- 
tured. 

Dorsal,  dor'sal,  a.  [From  L.  dorsum,  the 
back.  J  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  back.— Dor- 
sibranchiate,  dor-si-brang'ki-at,  a.  Having 
the  branchiae  along  the  back,  as  certain 
molluscs.— Dorsi-spinal,  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  back  and  the  spine. 
Dory,  dO'ri,  n.  [Also  called  John-Dory,  pro- 
bably from  Fr.  jaune  doree,  golden  yellow, 
from  its  colour.]  A  European  fish  of  a 
l>eautiful  yellow  colour,  having  a  com- 
pressed body,  and  a  curious  protrusible 
mouth,_valued  as  food. 
Dory,  do'ri,  n.  A  canoe  or  small  boat. 
Dose,.dos,  TO.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  dosis,  a  giving, 
from  didomi,  to  give.]  The  quantity  of 
medicine  given  or  prescribed  to  be  taken 
lat  one  time ;  anything  given  to  be  swal- 
•  lowed;  asmuch  as  a  man  can  take;  a  quan- 
tity in  general.— y.t. — do&ed,  dosing.  To 
form  into  suitable  doses ;  to  give  a  dose 
or  doses  to;  to  physic. — Dosology,  do-sol'- 
o-ji,  TO.  A  treatise  on  doses  of  medicine. 
Dos^,  dos'il,  TO.  [O.Fr.  dosil,  dousil,  a 
spigot,  L.L.  dUciculus,  from  L.  duco.]  Surg. 
a  pledget  or  portion  of  lint  made  into  a 
cylindric  form. 

Dot,  dot,  TO.  [Akin  to  A.  Sax.  dyttan,  to 
close  lip  as  with  a  small  lump:  comp.  L.G. 
dutte,  a  plug,  a  stopper;  D.  dot,  a  small 
bundle.]  A  small  point  or  spot  made  with 
a  pen  or  other  iwinted  instrument;  a  speck, 
used  in  markmg  a  writing  or  other  thing; 
a  spot.  —  v.t.  —  dotted,  dotting.  To  mark 
with  dots;  to  mark  or  diversify  with  small 
detached  objects  (as  clumps  or  trees).— i;.i. 
To  make  dots  or  spots. 
Dotal,  do'tal,  a.  [Fr.^from  L.  doialis,  from 
dos,  dower.  Dower.  ]  Pertaining  to  dower  or 
a  woman's  marriage  portion;  constituting 
dower,  or  comprised  in  it.— Dotation,  do- 
ta'shon,  to.  The  act  of  bestowing  a  mar- 
riage portion  on  a  woman;  endowment; 
establishment  of  funds  for  the  support  of 
an  hospital  or  other  eleemosynary  corpora- 
tion. 

Dote,  dot,  v.i. — doted,  doting.  [The  same 
word  as  O.D.  doten,  to  dote;  akin  to  D. 
dut,  a  nap,  dutten,  to  take  a  nap;  Icel. 
dotta,  to  nod  with  sleep.]  To  have  the  in- 
tellect impaired  by  age,  so  that  the  mind 
wanders  or  wavers ;  to  be  in  a  state  of 
■  senile  silliness ;  tp  be  excessively  in  love ; 
to  love  to  excess  or  extravagance  (to  dote  on 
a  person). — Doter,  do't^r,  to.  One  who  dotes. 
— Dotage,  dO'taj,  n.  Feebleness  or  imbeci- 
lity of  understanding  or  mind.particularly 
in  old  age;  childishness  of  old  age;  seni- 
lity; weak  and  foolish  afl'ection. — Dotard, 
do'tferd,  TO.  A  man  whose  intellect  is  im- 
paired by  age;  one  in  his  second  childhood, 
i— Dotardly,  dc>'terd-li,  a.  Like  a  dotard; 
wealc  —  Dotingly,  do'ting-li,  adv.  In  a 
dotipg  manner;  foolishly;  m  a  manner 
characterized  by  excessive  fondness. — Do- 
tlsh,  diS'tish,  a.  Childishly  fond;  weak; 
stupid.— Dotterel,  Dottrel,  dover-el,  dot'- 


^el,  ».■  [From  the  bird's  supp6sed  stupid- 
ity.] A  species  of  plover,  breeding  in  the 
■highest  latitudes  of  Asia  and  Europe,  and 
migrating  to  the  shores  of  the  jVlediter- 
ranean;  a  booby;  a  dupe;  a  gull.  .*      ( 

Double,  dubl,  to.  [Fr.  double,  from'  L.  du- 
j)J«8,  double — duo,  two,  and  term,  -plus, 
from  root  of  pleo,  to  fiU.  Fill.]  Forming 
a  pair;  consisting  of  two  in  a  set  together; 
coupled ;  composed  of  two  corresponding 
parts;  twofold;  twice  as  much;  multiplied 
by  two  (a  double  portion);  acting  two 
parts,  one  openly,  the  other  in  secret;  de- 
ceitful ;  bot.  having  two  or  more  rows  of 
petals  produced  by  cultivation  from  sta- 
mens and  carpels.  —  v.t. —doubled,  doub- 
ling. jTo  make  double  or  twofold;  to 
fold  one  part  upon  another  part  of;  to  in- 
crease by  adding  an  equal  sum,-  value,  or 
(J&antity;  to  contain  twice  as  much  as;  to 
pass  round  or  by;  to  march  or  sail  round, 
so  as  to  proceed  along  both  sides  of  (to 
double  a  cape).— w.i.  To  increase  or  grow  to 
twice  as  much;  to  turn  back  or  wind  in 
running. — to.  Twice  as  much ;  a  turn  iu 
running  toescape  pursuers;  a  trick;  a  shift; 
an  artifice  to  deceive;  something  precisely 
equal  or  like;  a  counterpart;  a  duplicate; 
a  copy;  a  person's  apparition  or  likeness; 
a  wraith;  a  fold  or  plait;  milit.  the  quickest 
step  in  marching  next  to  the  run.- Dou- 
ble-acting, p.  and  a.  Much,  acting,  or  ap- 
plying power  in  two  directions;  producing 
a  double  result.  —  Double-bajrelled,  a. 
Having  two  barrels,  as  a  gun.  —  Double- 
bass,  TO.    The  largest  musical  instrument 

•  of  the  viol  kind.— Double-breasted,  a.  Ap- 
plied to  a  wafstcoat  or  coat,  either  side  of 
which  may  be  made  to  lap  over  the  other 
and  button.— Double-dealer,  to..  One  who 
deceitfully  acts  two  diiferent  parts;  a  de- 
ceitful, trickish  person;  one  who  says  oner 
thing  and  thinks  or  intends  another;  one 
guilty  of  duplicity.  —  Double-dealing,  n. 
Duplicity;  the  profession  of  one  thing  and 
the  practice  of  another.—  a.  Given  to  dupli- 
city; deceitful.— Double-dye,  v.t.  To  dye 
twice  over.— Double-dyed,  p.  and  a.  Tw^ice 
dyed;  thorough;  complete;  utter  (a  double- 
dyed  villain).  —  Double-eagle,  «.  A  gold 
coin  of  the  United  States,  worth  $20;  the 
representation  of  an  eagle  with  two  heads, 
as  in  the  national  arms  of  Russia.— Dou- 
ble-edged, a.  Having  two  edges;  fig.  ap- 
plied to  an  argument  which  makes  both 
for  and  against  the  person  erriploying  it. — 
Double-elephant,  to.  A  large  size  of  writ- 
ing, drawing,  and  printing  paper,  40  inches 
by  26^.- Double-entendre,  db-bl-an-tan-dr, 
TO.  [Spurious  Fr.  form.]  A  phrase  with 
a  double  meaning,  one  of  which  is  often 
somewhat  indelicate.  —  Double-entry,  «. 
A  mode  of  book-keeping  in  which  two 
entries  are  made  of  every  transaction,  one 
on  the  Dr.  side  of  one  account,  and  the 
other  on  the  Cr.  side  of  another  account, 
in  order  that  the  one  may  check  the  other. 
— Double-faced, a.  Deceitful;  hypocritical; 
showing  two  faces.  —  Double-glo'ster,  to. 
A  rich  kind  of  English  cheese,  made 
in  Gloucestershire  from  new  milk. — Dou- 
ble-lock, v.t.  To  lock  with  two  bolts;  to 
fasten  with  double  security.— Doubleness, 
dub'1-nes,  to.  The  state  of  being  double; 
duplicity.  —  Double-quick,  to.  Milit.  the 
quickest  step  next  to  the  run. — a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  in  conformity  with  the  double- 
quick;  very  quick  or  rapid.— Doubler,  dub'- 
I6r,  TO.  One  who  or  that  which  doubles. 
-Double-security,  to.  Two  securities  held 
by  a  creditor  for  the  same  debt.— Double- 
shuffle,  TO.  A  shuflling,  noisy  dance  by  one 
person. — Double -star,  to.  Astron.  two 
stars  so  near  each  other  that  they  are  dis- 
tinguishable only  by  the  help  of  a  telescope. 
-Doublet,  dub'let,  to.  [Dim.  of  double.] 
A  close-fitting  garment  covering  the  body 
from  the  neck  to  a  Little  below  the  waist, 
now  superfeded  by  the  vest  or  waistcoat; 
one  of  a  pair;  a  simple  form  of  microscope 
consisting  of  a  combination  of  two  plano- 
convex lenses;  one  of  two  (or  more)  words 
really  the  same  but  different  in  form  (as 
a«<and  ewmeO.— Double-tongued,  a.  Mak- 
ing contrary  declarations  on  the  same  sub- 
ject to  different  persons  from  deceitful 
motives.— Doubling,  dub'ling,  n.  The  act 
of  making  double;  a  fold,  plait,  lining, 


iFate,  far,  fat, fftllj" me^el,*lr6r:     pine,' pin;     note,  not,  m»ve;     tnbe,  tub, b\ill ;     oil,  pound;     a,  Sc.  abime-the  Fr.-t« 


DOUBT 


213 


DOYLEY 


Ac;  the  windine  course  of  a  hare  or  fox; 
an  artifice;  ashut.— Boubloon,dub-l<)n',n. 
[Fr.  doublon,  Sp.  doblon.]  A  coin  of  Spain 
and  the  Spanish  American  States,  Ttalue 
about  218.  sterling;  so  called  because  origi- 
nally double  the  value  of  the  pistole. — 
Doubly,  d  ub'li,  adv.  In  twice  the  quantity; 
to  twice  the  degree. 

Doubt,  dout,  v.i.  [O.Fr.  doubter,  from  L. 
dubitare,  to  doubt,  from  same  stem  as 
diibius,  doubtful,  from  duo,  two.  Akin 
dubious,  dual,  &c.J  To  waver  or  fluctuate 
in  opinion;  to  be  in  uncertainty  respect- 
ing the  truth  or  fact;  to  be  undetermined. 
— v.t.  To  question  or  hold  questionable;  to 
withhold  assent  from;  to  hesitate  to  be- 
lieve; to  suspect;  to  be  inclined  to  think 
(governing  clauses:  I  doubt  you  are  wrong); 
to  distrust;  to  be  diffident  of  (to  doiAt  a 
person's  ability). — n.  A  fluctuation  of 
mind  -respecting  the  truth  or  correctness 
of  a  statement  or  opinion,  or  the  propriety 
of  an  action;  uncertainty  of  mind;  want 
of  belief;  unsettled  state  of  opinion;  sus- 
picion ;  apprehension.  —  Doubtable,  dou'- 
ta-bl,  a.  Liable  to  be  doubted. — Doubter, 
dou'tfer,  n.  One  who  doubts.— Doubtful, 
d<jnt'f\il,  a.  Entertaining  doubt;  not 
settled  in  opinion;  undetermined;  waver- 
ing; dubious;  ambiguous;  not  clear  in  its 
meaning;  not  obvious,  clear,  or  certain; 
questionable ;  not  without-suspicion ;  not 
confident;  not  without  fear;  not  certain 
or  defined.  —  Doubtfully,  dout'ful-li,  adv. 
In  a  doubtful  manner.  —  DoubtfulnesB, 
dout'ful'-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  doubtful;  uncertainty;  suspense; 
ambiguity. — Doubtingly,  dou'ting-li,  adv. 
In  a  doubting  manner;  dubiously;  with- 
out confidence. — Doubtless,  dout'les,  adv. 
AVithout  doubt  or  question ;  unquestion- 
ably.—Doubtlessly,  dout'les-li,  adv.  Un- 
questionably. 

Douceur,  d&'s6r,  n.  [Fr.,  from  doux,  L. 
dulcis,  sweet.]  A  present,  gift,  or  gratuity; 
a  bribe. 

Douche,  dash,  n.  [Fr.]  A  kind  of  bath 
consisting  in  a  jet  or  current  of  water  or 
vapour  directed  upon  some  part  of  the 
body. 

Dough,  di5,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ddg,  ddh='D.  deeg, 
Icel.  and  Ban.  deig,  Goth,  daigs,  G.  teig, 
dough;  akin  Goth,  deigan,  to  mould,  to 
form.]  Paste  of  bread;  a  mass  composed 
of  flour  or  meal  moistened  and  kneaded, 
but  not  baked.— Dough-nut,  n.  A  sfnall 
roundish  cake,  made  of  flour,  eggs,  and 
sugar,  moistened  with  milk  and  cooked  in 
lard.— Dotighy,  do'i,  a.  Like  dough;  yield- 
ing to  pressure;  flabby  and  pale. 

Doughty,  dou'ti,  a.  [A.  Sax.  dohtig,  dyhtig, 
from,  dugan  (Sc.  dow),  to  be  able;  Ban. 
dygtig,  G.  tuchtig,  able,  fit.  Do,  v.i.]  Brave; 
valiant;  noble;  illustrious:  now  seldom 
used  except  in  irony  or  burlesque. — Dough- 
tily, dou'ti-li,  adv.  With  doughtiness. — 
Doughtiness,  dou'ti-nes,  n.  The  character 
of  being  doughty;  valour;  bravery. 

Doum,  Doum  Falm,  dom,  w.  A  palm-tree, 
the  fruit  of  which  is  about  the  size  of  an 
apple  and  tastes  like  gingerbread,  and  is 
eaten  by  the  poorer  inhabitants  of  Upper 
Egypt,  where  the  tree  grows. 

Douse,  Dowse,  dous,  v.t. — doused,  dousing. 
[Origin  doubtful ;  •  comp. "  Sw.  dunsa,  to 
plump;  B.  doesen,  to  strike.]  To  thrust  or 
I)lunge  into  water ;  to  immerse  ;  to  dip ; 
naut.  to  strike  or  lower  in  haste;  to  slacken 
suddenly;  to  put  out  or  extinguish  (slang). 
-~v.i.  To  fall  or  be  plunged  suddenly  into 
water. 

Dout,t  dout,  v.t.  [Contr.  for  do  out.  Comp. 
doff,  don.]  To  put  out;  to  quench;  to  ex- 
tinguish (Shak.). 

Dove,  duv,  n.  [A.  Sax.  dri/a,  dii/e,  from 
diifan,  to  dive,  to  dip,  probably  from  its 
habit  of  ducking  the  head,  or  from  its 
manner  of  flight ;  B.  duif.  Ban.  due,  Sc. 
doo,  G.  taube.]  A  pigeon,  some  varieties 
being  distinguished  by  an  additional  term 
prefixed,  as  ring-dove,  turtle-dove,  &c. ;  a 
word  of  endearment.  —  Dove-cot,  Dove- 
cote, n.  A  small  building  or  box  in  which 
domestic  pigeons  breed;  a  house  for  doves. 
— Dove-eyed,  a.  Having  eyes  like  those 
of  a  dove;  having  eyes  expressive  of  meek- 
ness, gentleness,  or  tenderness.  —  Dove- 

;  tail,  n.    Carp,  a  method  of  fastening  the 


ends  of  boards  together  at  right  angles  by 
letting  one  piece,  cut  into  projections 
somewhat  like  a  dove's  tail  spread,  into 
corresponding  cavities  in  another.  —  v.t. 
Carp,  to  unite  by  the  above  method ;  Jig. 
to  fit  or  adjust  exactly  and  firmly. 

Dowager,  dou'a-jfer,  n.  [From  a  form  dow- 
age,  from  Fr.  douer,  to  endow.  Dower.] 
A  name  given  to  the  widow  of  a  person  of 
title,  as  a  prince  or  nobleman,  to  distin- 
guish her  trom  the  wife  of  her  husband  s 
heir  bearing  the  same  title;  thus  when  a 
duke  dies  leaving  a  widow,  and  his  succes- 
sor in  the  title  has  a  wife,  the  widow  be- 
comes the  duchess-dowafiier. 

Dowdy,  dou'di,  n.  [Akin  to  O.E.  dowde, 
dowd,  dull,  sluggish ;  E.  dauidle,  L.G. 
dodeln,  to  be  slow;  Prov.  E.  daw,  a  slug- 
gard.] An  awkward,  ill-dressed  woman; 
a  woman  with  no  elegance  or  grace.— a. 
Awkward;  ill-dressed;  vulgar-looking:  ap- 
plied to  females.  —  Dowdyish,  dou'di-ish, 
a.    Like  a  dowdy. 

Dowel,  dou'el,  n.  [Fr.  douUle,  a  groove  or 
socket;  L.L.  ductile,  a  guttei*,  from  L. 
du^o,  to  lead.]  A  wooden  or  iron  pin  or 
tenon  used  in  joining  together  two  pieces 
of  any  substance  edgjewise  (as  the  pieces 

.  of  a  barrel-end);  a  piece  of  wood  driven 
into  a  wall  to  receive  nails  of  skirtings, 
&c.—v.t. — dowelled,  dowelling.  To  fasten 
by  means  of  dowels,  as  two  boards  to- 

§  ether  by  pins  inserted  in  the  edges. — 
lowel-jomt,  n.  A  joint  made  by  means 
of  a  dowel  or  dowels.  —  Dowel-pin,  re.  A 
pin  inserted  in  the  edges  of  boards  to  fasten 
them  together. 

Dower,  dou'fr,  n.  [Fr.  douaire,  from  L.L. 
dbtarium,  from  L.  doto,  dotatum,  to  en- 
dow, from  dos,  dotis,  a  dower,-  whence  also 
dotal,  dowager.]  That  with  ~which  one 
is  endowed;  the  property  which  a  wo- 
man brings  to  her  husband  in  marriage; 
law,  the  right  which  a  wife  has  in  the 
third  part  of  the  real  estate  of  which  her 
husband  died  possessed. — v.t.  Td  furnish 
with  dower  or  a  portion;  to  endow.— 
Dowerless,  dou'6r-les,  a.  Destitute  of 
dower.. —  Dowry,  dou'ri,  n.  The  money, 
goods,  or  estate  which  a  woman  brings  to 
her  husband  in  marriage;  dower. 

Dowlas,  dou'las,  n.  [Perhaps  from  Doul- 
lens  in  France.]  A  kind  of  coarse  linen 
cloth. 

Dowle,  Dowl, doul,  n.-  [O.Fr.  douille,  doill;, 
soft,  L.  ductilis,  from  duco,  to  lead.]  One 
of  the  filaments  of  a  feather;  a  fibre  of 
down;  down. 

Down,  douij,  n.  [A.  Sax.  diin,  a  hill;  L.G. 
diinen,  Fris.  dunen,  D. (i«in,  a  dune;  O.H.G. 
dtln,  dUna,  promontory,  Sw.  dial,  dun,  a 
hill;  also  W.  Ir.  and  Gael,  dun,  a  hill,  hil- 
lock.] A  hill  or  rising  ground ;  a  low, 
rounded,  grassy  hill ;  a  tract  of  niaked, 
hilly  land,  used  chiefly  for  pasturing 
sheep:  a  term  commonly  used  in  the  south 
of  England;  also  a  dune  or  sand-hill  near 
the  sea. 

Down,  douni  prep.  [A.  Sax',  adi'cne,  adown, 
for  of-diine,  off  or  down  the  hill.  Down,  a 
hill.]  Along  in  descent;  from  a  higher  to 
a  lower  part  of;  toward  the  mouth  of  and 
in  the  direction  of  the  current.— -acZt;.  In  a 
descending  direction;  from  a  higher  to  a 
lower  position,  degree,  or  place  in  a  series; 
from  the  metropolis  of  a  country  to  the 
provinces,  or  from  the  main  terminus  of 
a  Kiilway  to  the  subordinate  stations;  on 
the  ^und,  or  at  the  bottom;  in  a  low 
condition;  in  hi^ajility,  dejection,  cala- 
mity, &c.;  below  the  horizon  (the  sun  is 
down);  into  disrepute  or  disgrace  (to  write 
down  foUy,  vice,  an  author);  from  a  larger 
to  a  less  bulk  (to  boil  down);  from  former 
to  more  recent  times;  extended  or  pros- 
trate on  the  ground  or  on  any  flat  sur- 
face; paid  or  handed  over  in  ready  money 
(a  thousand  pounds  down).  It  is  often 
used  elliptically  or  interjectionally  for  go 
down,  kneel  down,&c.  {down!  dogjdoMin.'); 
also  -vnthwith,  in  energetic  commands;  as, 
down  with  the  sail,  that  is,  take  it  do^vn. 
—I  Up  and  down,  here  and  there  i  every- 
where.—  Down  in  the  mouth,  dispirited; 
dejected.  [CoUoq.] — To  be  down  at  heel,  to 
have  the  back  part  of  the  upper,  or  heel,- 
turned  down,  or  to  have  on  shoes  with 
the  heel  turned  down ;  to  be  slipshod  or 


slovenly.  —  n.  A  downward  flurttiatiim 
(ups  and  downs).  —  Down-bear,  v.t.  To 
bear  down;  to  depress.— Downcast,  doun'- 
kast,  a.  Cast  downward;  directed  to  the 
ground  {downcast  eyes);  in  low  spirits;  de- 
jected.— n.  Mining,  the  ventilating  shaft 
down  which  the  air  passes  in  circulating 
through  a  mine.  —  Downcastness,  douu- 
kast-nes,  n.  State  of  being  downcast; 
sadness.  —  Downcome,  dounTcum,  n.  A 
tumbling  or  falling  down;  a  sudden  or 
Jieavy  fall ;  hence,  ruin ;  destruction.— 
Uown-draught,  n.  A  draught  or  current 
of  air  down  a  chimney,  shaft  of  a  mine, 
&c.  —  Downfall,  doun'fftl,  n.  A  fallins 
down;  a  sudden  descent  or  fall  fr<3m  .i 
position  of  power,  honour,  wealth,  fame, 
or  the  like;  loss  of  rank,  reputation,  or 
fortune;  loss  of  office;  ruin;  destruction. — 
Downfallen,  doun'faln,  a.  Fallen;  ruined. 
— Downhearted,  doun'har-ted,  a.  Dejected 
in  spirits.^  Downhill,  doun'hil,  n.  A  de- 
clivity; slope. — a.  Sloping  downwards;  de- 
scending; sloping.— adw.  Down  a  hill  or 
slope.— Down-line,  n.  The  line  of  a  rail- 
way leading  from  the  capital,  or  other  im- 
portant centre,  to-the  provinces. — Down- 
l3rlng,  doun'li-ing,  n.  The  time  of  retiring 
to  rest;  time  of  repose. — Downpour,  doun'- 
pOr,  n.  A  pouring  down;  especially-  a 
heavy  or  continuous  shower. — Downright, 
doun'rit,  ady.  Right  doivn;  perpendicu- 
larly; in  plain  terras* completely;  thor- 
oughly. —  a.  Directedf  straight  or  right 
down;  coming  down  perpendicularly;  di- 
rectly to  the  point;  plain;  open;  mere; 
sheer  {downright  nonsense);  straightfor- 
ward ;  unceremonious;  blunt  (a  dovmright 
man).  —  Downrightly,  doun'rit- li,  adv. 
Plainly;  in  plain  terms.- Downrightness, 
douu'rit-nes,  n.  —  Down-rush,  li.    A  rush 

.  downward  or  towards  a  centre.  —  Down- 
sittlng,n.  Theactof  sitting  down.— Down- 
stairs, a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
lower  flat  of  a  house.— Down-stroke,  n.  A 
downward  stroke  or  blow ;  a  line  drawn 
downward  with  the  pen;  a  thick  stroke  of 
a  letter.  —  Downthrow,  doun'  thrO,  n.  A 
throwing  down;  aeol.  a  fall  or  sinking'  of 
strata  below  the  level  of  the  sui-rounding 
beds:  opposed  to  upheaval  or  upthrow.— 
Down-train,  n.  A  train  proceeding  from 
the  capital,  or  other  important  centre,  to 
the  provinces. — Down- trodden,  Down- 
trod,  a.  Trodden  down;  trampled  upon; 
tyrannized  over.  —  Downward,  Down- 
wards, doun' w6rd,doun'w6rdz,  adv.  From 
a  higher  plade  to  a  lower;  in  a  descfending 
course;  in  a  course  or  direction  from  a 
spring  or  source;  in  a  course  of  descent 
from  an  ancestor.— Downward,  a.  '  Mov- 
ing or  fextending  from  a  higher  to  a  lower 
place  (a  doumward  course);  descending 
from  a  head,  origin,  or  source:  tending  to 
a  lower  condition  or  state.  —  Downwefgh, 
doun-wa',  v.t.  To  weigh  or  press  down;  to 
depress;  to  cause  to  sink  or  prevent  from 
rising. 

Down,  doun,  n.  [Same  word  as  Icel.  diin, 
Dan.  duitn,  G.  daune,  down.]  The  fine 
soft  covering  of  birds  under  the  feathers, 
particularly  on  the  breasts  of  water-fowl, 
as  the  duck  and  swan;  the  soft  hair  of  the 
human  face  when  beginning  to  appear; 
the  pubescence  of  plants,  a  fine  hairy  sub- 
stance; any  fine  feathery  or  hairy  sub- 
stance of  vegetable  growth. — v.t.  To  cover, 
stuff,  or  line  with  down.- Downiness,  dou'- 
ni-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  downy ; 
knowingness-or  cuteness  (slang).- Downy, 
dou'ni,  a.  Covered  with  down  or  nap; 
covered  with  pubescence.sr  soft  hairs,  as 
a  plant;  made  of  down;  soft,  calm,  sooth- 
ing (sleep) ;  knowing,  cunning,  or  artful 
(slang). 

Dowry,  n.    Under  Dower. 

Doxology,  dok-sol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  doxologia,  a 
praising — doxcu,  praise,  glory,  and  legO,  to 
speak.]  A  short  hymn  or  form  of  words 
ascribing  glory  to  God,  and  used  in  wor- 
ship. —  Doxological,  dok-so-loj'i-kal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  doxology.  —  Doxologlze, 
dok-sol'o-jiz,  v.i.  To  give  glory  to  God,  as 
in  doxology.  ^ 

Doxy,  dok'si,  n.  [Comp.  G.  docke,  Sw.  docka; 
a  doll,  a  plaything.]  An  old-lov?  term  fo^ 
a  sweetheart  or  mistress.  • 

Doyley,  doi'li,  n.    Same  as  Doilyi 


Chj  chaixi]gixh,  Sc.  locjj 


lB.  Fr. J.on:Ang,  sing^TH.  theuiJ,h..thin:t0^vr,  wig:^wh.  w/uyj.>.gh,  aaure-. 


DOZE 


214 


DRAUGHX 


Doze,  doz,  v.i. — dozed,  doting.     [AMn  to 

-Dan.  doae,  to  doze;  dog,  drowsiness;  6.' 
doseln,  doseln,  to  doaS;  Prov.  6.  dosen,  to 
slumber;  allied  to  dizzy  and  to  daze.}  To 
slumber;  to  sleep  lightly;  to  live  in  a  state. 
of  drowsiness;  to  be  dull  or  half  asleep. — 
v.t.  To  pass  or  spend  in  drowsiness;  to 
make  dull;  to  stupefy.  —  n.  A  light  sleep; 
a  slumber.  —  Dozer,  do'zfer,  n.    One  that 

.dozes  or  slumbers.— Doziness,  do'd-nes,  «. 
Drowsiness ;  heaviness ;  inclination  to 
sleep.  —  Do^,  do'zi,  a.     Drowsy;  heavy; 

'  inclined  to  sleep;  sleepy. 

Dozen,  duz'n,  n.  [Pr.  dottzaine,  from  dome, 
twelve,  from  L.  dtcodeeim— duo,, two,  and 
decern,  ten.]  A  collection  of  twelve  things 
of  a  like  kind,  or  regai-ded  as  forming  an 
aggregate  for  the  time  being;  an  indefinite 
or  round  number  comprising  more  or  less 
than  twelve  units,  as  the  case  may  be. 

Drab,  drab,  »i.  [A  Celtic  word;  Ir.  drabhog, 
a  slut,  dregs,  from  drab,  a  spot,  a  stain; 
Gael.' drafcocA,  dirty,  slovenly;  drabag,  a 
drab;  akin  to  draff!}  A  strumi>et;  a  pros- 
titute; a  low,  sluttish  woman;  a  slattern. 
v.i.  To  associate  with  strumpets.  —  Drab- 
ber, drab'fer,  n.  One  who  keeps  comnany 
■with  drabs.— Drabbish,  dral/ish,  o.  Slav- 
ing the  quality  of  a  drab ;  sluttish. — 
Drabble,  drab'l,  v.t.— drabbled,  drahbling. 
To  draggle;  to  make  dirty;  to  wet  and 
befoul. 

Drab,  drab,n.  rPT.drap,'L.'L.drappus,d.oth., 
from  a  Teut.  root  seen  in  E.  trappiTt^s, 
horse  furniture.]  A  thick  woollen  cloth  of 
a  dun  or  dull-brown  colour;  a  dull  brown- 
ish-yellow colour.  — a.  Being  of  a  dull 
brown  or  pale  brown  colour,  like  the  cloth 
so  called. 

Drachma,  drak'ma,  n.  [Ii.,  from  Gr.  dra^h- 
me,  a  drachm,  from  drasstyniai,  to  grasp 
ivith  the  hand.    Dram  is  the  same  word:] 

jt  Grecian  coin,  the  average  value  of  the 
Attic  drachmabeing  9|d.;  a  weight  among 
the  Greeks  of  about  2  dwt.  7  giuins  troy. — 

'  Drachm,  dram,  n.  A  dram  or  three  scru- 
Bles. 

Draconic,  Draconian,  dra-kon'ik,  drO-ko'- 
ni-an,  a.  Relating  to  Draco,  the  Athenian 
lawgiver;  hence  (applied  to  laws),  ex- 
tremely severe;  sanguinary. 

DrafC,  oraf,  n.  [Icel.  draf,  D.  dra/,  .also - 
drab,  Dan.  drai),  dregs,  hog's-wash;  allied 
to  droib,  a  slut.]  Refuse;  dregs;  hog's- 
wash;  the  refuse  of  malt  which  has  been 
brewed  or  distilled  from,  given  to  swine 
and  cows.— DrafiEy,  draf'i,  a.  Like,  or  con- 
sisting of  draff;  waste;  worthless. 

Draft,  draft,  n.  [A  form  of  dravght.']  A 
selection  of  men  or  things  for  a  special 
duty  or  purpose;  a  body  of  men  drawn 
from  a  larger  body;  an  order  from  one 
•man  to  another  directing  the  payment  of 
money;  an  order  authorizing  a  man  to 
•dr*w  a  certain  sum  of  money;  the  first 
outlines  of  any  writing,  embodying  an  ex- 
position of  the  purpose,  as  well  as  of  the 
details,  of  the  document;  a  drawing,  de- 
lineation, or  sketch  in  outline. — v.t.  To 
make  a  draft  of;  to  compose  and  ■fcrite  the 
first  outlines  of ;  todehneate  in  outline; 
to  draw  from  a  larger  bodyj  to  select. 

Drag,  drag,  v.t.— -dragged:,  dragging.  [A. 
Sax.  dragan,  to  drag,  to  draw;  Icel.  draga, 
to  drag,  to  carry;  Goth,  dragan,  to  draw, 
to  carry;  D.  dragen,  G.  tragen,  to  carry,  to 
bear.  Draw  is  another  form  of  the  same 
word,  draggle  is  a  dim.,  and  dratoJ,  dray, 
dredge,  are  akin.]  To  pull;  to  haul;  to 
draw  along  the  grotind  Dy  main  force;  to 
draw  along  slowly  or  heavily,  as  anythizig 
burdensome  or  troublesome;  hence,  to  pass 
in  pain  or  with  difficulty;  to  search  (a 
river,  pond,  &c.)  with  a  net,  hooked  instru- 
ment, &c.,  for  drowned  persons,  &c. —  To 
drag  the  anchor,  to  draw  or  trail  it  along 
the  Dottora  when  it  will  not  hold:  said  of 
a  ship.— ».i.  To  be  drawn  along  or  trail  on 
the  ^^jund,  as  a  dress  or  as  an  anchor  that 
does  not  hold;  to  move  or  proceed  slowly, 
heavily,  or  laboriously;  to  move  on  Unger- 
ingly  or  with  effort.— n.  A  net  or  a  kind 
of  grapnel  for  recovering  the  bodies  of 
drowned  persons;  an  apparatus  used  to 
recover  articles  lost  in  the  water;  or  to 
dredge  up  oysters,  &c.;  a  kind  of  heavy 
harrow  for  breaking  up  ground;  a  long 
ipoach  or  carruige,  generally  drawn  by  four 


horses,  uncovered  ar.d  seated  round  the 
sides;  an  apparatus  for  retarding  or  stop- 
ping the  rotation  of  one  wheel,  or  of  sev- 
eral wheels  of  a  vehicle,  in  descending 
hills,  slopes,  &c.;  a  person  or  thing  form- 
ing an  obstacle  to  one's  progress  or  pro- 
sperity; slow  and  difficult  motion. — Drag- 
net, n.  A  net  to  be  drawn  on  the  bottom  of 
a  river  or  pond  for  taking  fish. 

Draggle,  drag'l,  v.t.  —  draggled,  draggling. 
[Dim.  from  drag,  or,  as  some  think,  a  form 
of  drabble.]  To  wet  and  dirty  by  drawing 
on  damp  ground  or  mud,  or  on  wet  grass; 
to  drabtjle.  —  v.i.  To  be  drawn  on  the 
ground ;  to  become"  wet  or  dirty  by  being 
drawn  on  the  mud  or  wet  grass.— Draggle- 
tail,  n.  A  slut.— Draggle-tailed,  a.  Un- 
tidy; sluttish. 

Dragoman,  drag'o-man,  n.  pi.  Dragomans. 
[Sp.  dragoman,  from  Ar.  tarjumdn,  an  in- 
terpreter, from  tariama,  to  interpret; 
Chal.  targeni,to  interpret.]  An  interpreter 
and  travellers'  guide  or  -agent  in  Eastern 
countries;  an  interpreter  attached  to  an 
embassy  or  a  consulate:  a  term  in  general 
use  in  the  Levant. 

Dragon,  drag'on,  n.  [Fr.  dragon,  from  X. 
draco,  Gr.  drakon,  from  root  drak  or  derk, 
as  in  derkomai,  to  see;  Skr.  dar<;,  to  see; 
so  called  from  its  fieiy  eyes.]  A  fabulous 
animal,  conceived  as  a  sort  of  winged  cro- 
codile, with  fiery  eyes,  crested  head,  and 
enormous  claws,  spouting  fire,  and  often 
regarded  as  an  embodiment  of  watchful- 
ness; a  kind  of  small  lizard,  having  an 
exjiansion  of  the  skin  on  each  side,  which 
farms  a  kind  of  wing,  serving  to  sustain 
the  animal  when  it  leaps  from  branch  to 
branch;  a  fiery,  shooting  meteor,  or  ima- 
ginary serpent  (Shak.);  a  fierce,  violent 
I)erson,  male  or  female;  more  generally 
now,  a  spiteful,  watchful  woman;  a  short 
carbine,  carried  by  the  original  dragoons, 

'  having  the  representation  of  a  dragon's 
head  at  the  muzzle;  a  varietv  of  carrier 
■pigeons. — ^Dragonet,  drag'b-net,  n.  A  little 
dragon;  a  small  fish  of  the  goby  family.— 
Dragon-fish,  n.  The  dragonet.  —  Dragon- 
fly, n.  The  popular  name  of  a  family  of 
insects,  having  large  strongly  reticulated 
wings,  a  large  head  with  enormous  eyes, 
a  long  body,  and  strong  homy  mandibles. 
— Dragonish,  drag'o-msh,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  like  a  dragon.  —  Dragon's-blood,  n. 
The  popular  name  of  the  inspissated  juice 
of  various  plants,  used  for  colouring  spirit 
and  turpentine  varnishes,  for  tooth-tinc- 
tures and  powders,  for  staining  marble, 
&c. — Dragon-shell,  n.  A  name  given  to  a 
species  of  limpet.  —  Dragon-tree,  n.  An 
evergreen  tree  of  the  Canary  Islands,  one 
of  the  plants  that  produce  dragon's-blood. 

Dragoon,  dra-gon',  ri.  [From  dragon,  the 
carbine  carried  by  the  original  dragoons 
raised  by  Marshal  Brissac  in  1660,  on  the 
mti^e  of  which,  from  the  old  fable  that 
the  dragon  spouts  fire,  the  head  of  the 
monster  was  worked.]  Originally  a  soldier 
serving  both  on  foot  and  horseback;  now 
a  cavffiy  soldier,  there  being  in  the  British 
army  heavy  and  light  dragoons,  now  nearly 
alike  in 'weight  of  men,  horses,  and  ap- 
pointments.—w.t.  To  harass  with  or  aban- 
don to  the  rage  of  soldiers;  to  harass;  to 
persecute;  to  compel  to  submit  by  violent 
measures.- Dragonade,  Dragoonade,drag- 
o-nad',  dra-go'nad,  n.  A  persecution  of 
French  Protestants  in  the  reign  of  Louis 
XIV.,  from  dragoons  generally  leading 
the  persecuting  force ;  a  miUtaiy  attack 
upon  civUians. 

Drain,  dran,  v.t.  [Probably  from  A.  Sax. 
drehnigean,  to  strain,  and  allied  to  drag.] 
To  cause  to  pass  through  some  porous  sub- 
stance; to  niter;  to  e.xhaust  any  body  of  a 
liquid;  to  exhaust  (land)  of  excessive  mois- 
ture by  causing  it  to  flow  off  in  channels; 
to  exhaust;  to  deprive  by  drawing  off  gra- 
dually (to  drain  a  country  o/men).— w.i.  To 
flow  off  gradually;  to  be  emptied  or  de- 
prived of  liquor  by  flowing  or  dropping. — 
n.  The  act  of  draining  or  drawing  off,  or 
of  emptying  by  drawing  off;  gradual  or 
continuous  outflow  or  withdrawal;  a  chan- 
nel through  which  water  or  other  liquid 
flows  off;  a  trench  or  ditch  to  convey 
water  from  wet  land;  a  water-course;  a 
sewer;  pi.  the  grain  from  the  mash-tub. — 


Dralnablejdra'na-bl,a.  Capable  of  being 
drained.— Drainage,  dra'nSj,  n.  A  drain- 
ing; a  gradual  flowing  off  of  any  liquid;  the 
system  of  drains  and  other  works  by 
which  any  town,  surface,  and  the  like,  is 
freed  from  water;  the  mode  in  which  the 
waters  of  a  country  pass  off  by  its  streams 
and  rivers;  the  water  carried  away  from 
a  district  by  natural  or  other  channels.— 
Drainer,  dra'nfer,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  drains;  one  who  constructs  chan- 
nels for  draining  land;  cookery,  a  perfora- 
ted plate  for  letting  fluids  escape.— Drain- 
tile,  Draining-tile,  n.  A  hoUow  tile  em- 
ployed in  the  f ormat.on  of  drains.- Drain- 
trap,  n.  A  contrivance  to  prevent  the 
escape  of  foul  .air  from  drains,  but  to 
allow  the  passage  of  water  into  them. 

Drake,  dr&k,  n.  [Contr  from  a  form  ened- 
rice,  endrake  (Icel.  andrika,  O.H.G.  an- 
trecho,  antricho),  a  hypothetical  masculine 
of  A.  Sax.  ened,  a  duck,  the  termination 
ric,  being  the  same  as  that  in  binhuprU, 
and  akin  to  Goth,  reiks,  ruling,  G.  reich, 
empire.  Ened  is  cog.  with  L.  anas,  ana- 
tis,  a  duck.]  The  male  of  the  duck"  kind; 
a  ^>ecie8  of  fly  used,  as  bait  in  angling. 

Dram,  dram,  n.  [Contr.  from  drachma.] 
Apothecaries'  weight,  a  weight  of  the  eighth 
part  of  an  ounce,  or  60  grains;  avoirdu- 
pois yieight,  the  sixteenth  part  of  an  ounce; 
as  much  spirituous  liquor  as  is  drunk  at 
once.— Dram-shop,  ra.  A  shop  where  spirits 
are  sold  in  small  quantities. 

Drama,  dra'ma,  n.  [Gr.  d7-aina,  from  draO, 
to  do,  to  act.]  A  poem  or  composition  re- 
presenting a  pictttre  of  human  life,  and 
accommodated  to  action,  generally  de- 
signed to  be  spoken  in  character  and  re- 
presented on  the  stage;  a  series  of  real 
events  invested  with  dramatic  unity  and 
interest;  dramatic  composition  or  litera- 
ture; dramatic  representation  and  ail  that 
is  connected  with  it.— Dramatic,  Drama- 
tical, dra-mat'ik,  dra-mat'i-kal,  a.  Of  or 
pertaiining  to  the  drama  or  plays  repre- 

'  seuted  on  the  stage;  appropriate  to  or  in 
the  foi-m  of  a  drama;  theatrical;  charac- 
terized by  the  force  and  fidelity  appropri- 
ate to  the  drama  (a  dramatic  description). 
—Dramatically,  dra-mafi-kal-li,  adv.  In 
the  manner  of  the  drama;  vividly  and 
strikingly.  —  Dramatist,  dram'a-tist,  ». 
The  author  of  a  dramatic  composition;  a 
^VTite^  of  plays.  —  Dramatizable,  dram'a- 
ti-za-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  dramatized. 
— Dramatize,  dram'a-tiz,  v.t. — dramatized, 
dramatizing.  To  compose  in  the  form  of 
the  drama;  to  adapt  to  the  form  of  a  play. 
—Dramaturgy,  dram'a-t6r-ji,  n.  [Gr.  dra- 
»»afottreta,dram  atic  composition— drawa, 
and  ergon,  work.]  The  science,  which 
treats  of  the  rules  of  composing  dramas 
and  representing  them  on  the  stage. — 
Dramatnrgic,  dram-a-t«r'jik,  a  Pertain- 
ing to  dramaturgy;  theatrical;  hence,  un- 
real. —  Dramator^st,  dram-a-t6r'jiBt,  n. 
One  skilled  in  dramaturgy. 

Drank,  pret.  of  drink. 

Drape,  drap,  v.t— draped,  draping.  [Fr. 
draper,  to  drape,  from  drap,  cloth.  Drab.] 
To  cover  or  invest  with  clothing  or  cloth; 
to  dispose  drapery  about  for  use  or  oma- 
ment.— Draper,  drft'pfer,  n.  [Fr.  drapter.] 
One  who  sells  cloths;  a  dealer  in  cloths. — 
Draperied,  dra'p6r-id,  a.  Furnished  with 
drapery.— Drapery,  dra'per-i,n.  [Fr.  dra- 
perie.]  The  occupation  of  a  draper;  fabrics 
of  wool  or  linen;  the  clothes  or  hangings 
with  which  any  object  is  draped  or  hung. 

Drastic,  dras'tik,  a.  (Gr.  drastikos,  from 
drcU>j  to  do,  to  act.]  Acting  with  strength 
or  violence;  powerful;  efficacious.— n.  A 
strong  purgative. 

Draught,  draft,  n.  [From  draw,  drag.] 
The  act  of  drawing;  the  capacity  of  being 
drawn  (a  cart  or  plough  of  easy  draught); 
the  drawing  of  liquor  into  the  mouth  and 
throat;  the  act  of  drinking;  the  quantity 
of  liquor  drunk  at  once;  the  act  oi  deline- 
ating, or  that  which  is  delineated;  a  i-e- 
presentation  by  lines;  a  drawing  or  fii-st 
sketch;  an  outline;  a  sweeping  of  the 
water  for  fish  with  a  net;  that  which  is 
taken  by  sweeping  with  a  net  (a  draught 
of  fishes);  the  depth  of  water  necessary  to 
float  a  ship,  or  the  depth  a  ship  sinks  in 
water,  especially  when  laden;  a  current  of 


'C&te,  f&r,  fat,  f^i    jaae^mett  hfer;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  m($ve;     tube,  tub,  b\ill;     oil,  pound;     u,.Sc.  abiaie— the  Fr.  «, 


DRAVE 


215 


DRESS 


air  moving  through  an  inclosed  or  con- 
fined space,  as  through  a  room  or  up  a 
chimney;  pi.  a  game  resembling  chess 
played  on  a  board  divided  into  sixty-lour 
checkered  squares.  —  On  draught,  drawn 
or  to  be  had  directly  from  the  cask,  as  ale, 
porter,  &c.—v.t.  To  draw  out;  to  sketch 
roughly;  to  draft.— a.  Used  for  drawing; 
drawn  from  the  barrel  or  other  receptacle 
in  which  it  is  kept  (draught  ale).— Draught- 
bar,  n.  A  bar  to  which  the  trapes  are 
attached  in  harnessing  horses  for  draught 

Surposes;  a  swing-tree  or  swingle-tree.— 
raught-board,  n.  A  checkered  board 
for  playing  draughts.  —  Draught-com- 
passes, n.  pi.  Compasses  with  movable 
points  used  for  drawing  the  finer  lines  in 
mechanical  drawings,  as  plans,  &c.  — 
Draughtsman,  draf ts'mau,  n.  A  man  who 
draws  plans  or  designs,  or  one  who  is 
skilled  in  such  drawings.— Draughtsman- 
ship, drafts 'man-ship,  n.  The  office  or 
work  of  a  draughtsman.— Draughty,  draf '- 
ti,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  draughts  of  air; 
exposed  to  draughts. 

Drave,  drav,  old  and  poetical  pret.  of 
drive. 

Dravidian,  di-a-vid'i-an,  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Dravida,  the  name  of  an  old  pro- 
vince of  India;  applied  to  a  distinct  family 
of  tongues  spoken  in  South  India,  Ceylon, 
&c. 

Draw,  dra,  v.t. — drew  (drd),  drawn  (drftn^ 
drawmg.  [A  softened  form  of  drag  (which 
see).]  To  pull  along  after  one;  to  haul ; 
to  cause  to  advance  by  force  applied  in 
front  of  the  thing  moved  or  at  the  fore 
end;  to  pull  out;  to  unsheath;  to  bring 
out  from  some  receptacle  (to  draw  water); 
to  let  run  out;  to  extract  (blood,  wine);  to 
attract;  to  cause  to  move  or  tend  toward; 
to  allure;  to  lead  by  persuasion  or  moral 
influence;  to  lead,  as  a  motive;  to  induce 
to  move;  to  inhale;  to  take  into'  the  lungs; 
to  pull  more  closely  together,  or  apart  (to 
draw  a  curtain);  to  lengthen;  to  extend  in 
length ;  to  form  by  extension  (to  draw 
wire);  to  form  (a  line)  between  two  points; 
to  represent  by  lines  drawn  on  a  plain 
surface;  to  form  a  picture  or  image;  to 
describe  in  words  or  to  represent  in  fancy; 
to  derive,  deduce,  have,  or  receive  from 
some  source;  to  receive  from  customers 
or  patrons;  to  receive  or  take  (to  draw 
money  from  a  bank);  to  extort;  to  force 
out  (groans,  tears);  to  write  in  due  form; 
to  form  in  writing;  to  take  out  of  a  box 
or  wheel,  as  tickets  in  a  lottery;  to  re- 
ceive or  gain  by  such  drawing;  to  re- 
quire (so  many  feet  -of  water)  for  float- 
ing; to  bend  (to  draw  the  bow);  to  evis- 
cerate; to  finish,  as  a  game,  battle,  &c.,  so 
as  neither  party  can  claim  the  victory. 
—  To  draw  a  badger,  fox,  &c.,  to  drag  or 
force  it  from  its'  cover.  —  7'o  draw  in, 
to  contract;  to  pull  back;  to  collect  or 
bring  together;  to  entice,  or  inveigle. — 
To  draw  off,  to  draw  away;  to  withdraw; 
to  abstract  (the  mind);  to  draw  or  take 
from;  to  cause  to  flow  from.  —  To  draw 
on,  to  allure ;  to  entice ;  to  occasion ;  to 
cause.  —  To  draw  over,  to  persuade  or  in- 
duce to  revolt  "from  an  opposing  party, 
and  to  join  one's  own  party.  —  To  draw 
out,  to  lengthen;  to  extend;  to  compose 
or  form  in  writing;  to  cause  to  issue 
forth;  to  elicit,  by  questioning  or  ad- 
dress; to  cause  to  be  declared;  to  call 
forth. — To  draw  together,  to  collect  or  be 
collected.— To  draw  itp,  to  raige;  to  lift; 
to  form  in  order  of  battle;  to  array;  to 
compose  in  due  form,  as  a  writing;  to 
form  in  writing. — v.i.  To  pull ;  to  exert 
strength  in  dramng;  to  act  or  have  in- 
fluence, as  a  weight;  to  shrink;  to  con- 
tract; to- advance;  to  approach;  to  resort 
or  betake  one's  self  to;  to  unsheathe  a 
sword;  to  use  or  practice  the  art  of  deline- 
atiug  figures;  to  form  a  picture;  to  make 
a  draft  or  ^vritten  demand  for  paj-ment 
of  a  sum  of  money  upon  a  person. —  To 
draw  back,  to  retire;  to  move  back;  to 
withdraw. — To  draw  near  or  nigh,  to  ap- 
proach ;  to  come  near.— To  dratu  off,  to 
retire ;  to  retreat.  —  To  draw  on,  to  ad- 
vance; to  approach. — To  draw  up,  to  form 
themselves  in  regular  order  (as  troops);  to 
assume  a  certain  order  or  arrangement; 


to  stop  a  horse  hy  pulling  the  reins.  —  n. 
The  act  of  drawing;  the  lot  or  chance 
dravm;  a  drawn  game. — Diawable,  dra'a- 
bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  drawn.— Draw- 
back, drft'bak,  n.  What  detracts  from 
profit  or  pleasure;  a  discouragement  or 
hindrance;  a  disadvantage;  a  certain  a- 
mount'  of  duties  or  customs  dues  paid 
back  or  remitted,  as  duty  on  spirits  when 
they  are  sent  abroad.— Draw-bolt.  n.  A 
coupling-pin.  — Drawbridge,  dra'brij,  n. 
A  bridge  which  may  be  drawn  up  or  let 
down  or  opened  or  shut  horizontally,  to 
admit  or  hinder  communication,  as  before 
the  gate  .of  a  town  or  castle,  or  over  a 
navigable  river, — Draw-cut,  n.  A  single 
cut  with  a  knife  in  a  plant,  &c.— Drawee, 
dra.-e',  n.  The  persop  on  whom  an  order 
or  bill  of  exchange  is  drawn. — Drawer, 
dra'er,  n.  One  who  draws  or  pulls;  one 
who  takes  water  from  a  well;  one  who 
draws  liquor  from  a  cask;  a  waiter  (Shak.); 
one  who  draws  a  bill  of  exchange  or  an 
order  for  the  payment  of  money;  a  sliding 
box  in  a  table,  desk,  &c.,  wliich  is  drawn 
out  at  pleasure;  one  of  a  set  of  such  boxes 
in  a  case  or  bureau;  pi.  an  undergarment 
woin  on  the  legs  and  lower  part  of  the 
body  by  both  sexes.  Chest. — Dr»w-gate, 
re.  The  valve  of  a  sluice.— Draw-gear,  n. 
A  harness  adapted  for  draught-horses;  the 
apparatus  or  parts  by  which  railway  car- 
nages are  coupled  together,  &c.— Drawing, 
dra'ing,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  draws;  the 
representation  or  delineation  of  an  object 
on  a  plain  surface,  by  means  of  lines  and 
shades,  as  with  a  pencil,  crayon,  pen,  &c.; 
the  amount  of  money  taken  for  sales  in  a 
shop  or  other  trading  establishment. — 
Drawing-board,  n.  A  board  on  which  paper 
is  stretched  for  drawing  on  or  for  paintmg 
in  water-colours,  Ac— Drawing-master,  n. 
One  who  teaches  the  art  of  drawing.— 
Drawing-paper,  n.  A  large-sized  variety 
of  stout  paper,  used  for  making  drawings 
on. —  Drawing-pen,  n.  A  pen  used  in 
drawing  lines.  —  Drawing -pencil,  n.  A 
black-lead  pencil  used  in  drawing.— Draw- 
ing-room, n.  [For  withdrawing-room,  a 
room  to  which  the  company  withdraws 
from  the  dining-room.]  A  room  in  a 
house  appropriated  for  the  reception  of 
company;  a  room  in  which  distinguished 
personages  hold  levees,  or  private  persons 
receive  parties;  the  formal  reception  of 
evening  company  at  a  royal  court.— Drawn, 
dran,  p.  and  a.  Pulled,  hauled,  allured; 
unsheathed;  extended;  delineated,  &c. ; 
not  decided,  from  both  parties  having 
equal  advantage  and  neither  a  victory  (a 
drawn  battle).  —  Draw-net,  n.  A  net  for 
catching  birds.— Draw-plate,  n.  A  stout 
plate  of  steel,  pierced  with  a  graduated 
series  of  conical  holes,  for  drawing  wire 
through  in  order  to  reduce  and  elongate 
it.  —  Draw-well,  n.  A  deep  well,  from 
which  water  is  drawn  by  a  long  cord  or 
pole  and  a  bucket. 

Drawl,  dral,  v.t.  [A  dim.  form  from  draw 
or  drag.  Drag.]  To  utter  or  pronounce 
in  a  slow  lengthened  tone;  to  while  awav 
in  an  indolent  manner.  —  v.i.  To  speak 
with  slow  utterance.  —  n.  A  lengthened 
utterance  of  the  voice.— DrawUngiy,  dr?^'- 
ling-li,  adv.  In  a  drawling  manner. 
Dray,  dra,  n.  [A.  Sax.  drcege,  from  dragan. 
Drag,  Draw.]  A  low  cart  or  carriage  on 
heavy  wheels,  such  as  those  used  by  brew- 
ers. —  Drayage,  dra'aj,  n.  The  use  of  a 
dray;  charge  for  the  use  of  a  draj'.— Dray- 
horse,  n.  A  horse  used  in  a  dray.— Dray- 
man, n.  A  man  who  attends  a  dray. 
Dread,  dred,  n.  [A.  Sax.  draedan,  on-drae- 
dan,  to  fear.]  Great  fear  or  apprehension 
of  evil  or  danger;  terror;  awe;  fear  united 
with  respect;  the  caus-e  of  fear;  the  per- 
son or  the  thing  dreaded  (O.T.).— a.  Ex- 
citing great  fear  or  apprehension;  tei-rible: 
frightful;  awful;  venerable  in  the  highest 
degree.— v.t.  To  fear  in  a  great  degree.— 
v.i.  To  be  in  great  fear.— Dreader,  dred'Sr, 
n.  One  that  dreads.— Dreadful,  dred'ful, 
a.  Impressing  dread  or  great  fear;  ter- 
rible; formidable;  awful;  venerable.  — n. 
A  print  chiefly  devoted  to  the  narration 
of  stories  of  criminal  life,  frightful  acci- 
dents, &c.  [CoUoq.]  — Dreadfully,  dred'- 
f  ul-li,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  be  dreaded. — 


Dreadfnlness,  dred'ful-nes,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  dreadful.— Dreadless,  dredles,  a. 
Free  from  fear  or  dread;  undaunted;  ic;li-3- 
pid.— Dreadlessness,  dred'les-nes,n.  Fear- 
lessness; undauntedness.  —  Dreadnought, 
dred'nat,  n.  A  person  that  fears  notlimg; 
a  thick  cloth  with  a  long  pile,  used  for 
warm  clothing  or  to  keep  off  rain;  a  gar- 
ment made  of  such  cloth. 
Draam,  drgm,  n.  [A.  Sax.  dredm,  joy,  me- 
lody ;  O.  Fris.  dr&m,  D.  droom,  G.  traum, 
O.  Sax.  dr6m,  dream.]  The  thought  or 
series  of  thoughts  of  a  person  in  sleep; 
Scrip,  impressions  on  the  miiads  of  sleep- 
ing persons  made  by  divine  agency;  a 
matter  which  has  only  an  imaginary  real- 
ity; a  visionary  scheme  or  conceit;  a  vain 
fancy;  an  unfounded  siispicion. --y.i. — 
dreained  or  dreamt  (dremt),  dreaming.  To 
have  ideas  or  images  inthe  mind  in  the 
state  of  sleep:  with  of  before  a  noun;  to 
think;  to  imagine;  to  think  idly.— v.t.  To 
see  in  a  dream. — To  dream  away,  to  pass 
in  reverie  or  inaction;  to  spencl  idly. — 
Dreamer,  dre'mtr,  n.  One  who  dreams;  a 
visionary ;  one'  who  forms  or  entertains 
vain  schemes. — Dreamery,  dr5'm'6r-i,  n.  A 
habit  of  dreaming  or  musing.— Dreajnful, 
drSm'ful,  a.  Full  of  dreams.  [Tenn.]— 
Dreaminess,  drO'mi-nes,  n.  State  of  being 
dreamy.— Dreamland,  drem'land,  n.  The 
land  of  dreams;  the  region  of  fancy  or  im- 
agination; the  region  of  reverie. — Dream- 
less, drem'les,  a.  Free  from  dreams. — 
Dreamlessly,  drem'les-li,  adv.  In  a  dream- 
less manner.— Dreamy,  drc'mi,  a.  Full  of 
dreams;  associated  with  dreams;  giving 
rise  to  dreams;  dream-like. 
Dreary,  dre'ri,  a.  LA.  Sax.  dre&rig,  bloody, 
sad,  sorrowful,  dretir,  blood,  from  dre6san 
(Goth,  driusan),  to  fall,  with  common  con- 
version of  8  into  r;  akin  to  G.  traurig,  sad, 
trau^m,  to  mourn.]  Dismal;  gloomy; 
waste  and  desolate;  distressing;  oppres- 
sively monotonous.— Drear,  drer,  a.  Dis- 
mal ;gloomy  with  solitude.— Drearily ,dre'- 
ri-li,adv.  Gloomily;  dismallv.— Dreariness, 
drC'ri-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  dreary. 
— Drearisome.t  dre'ri-sum,a.  Very  dreary. 
Dredge,  drej,  «.  [From  the  stem  of  drag, 
the  g  being  softened  as  in  bridge,  from 
older  brig.]  A  drag-net  for  taking  oysters, 
&c.;  an  apparatus  for  bringing  up  shells, 
plants,  and  other  objects  from  the  bottom 
of  the  sea  for  scientific  investigation ;  a 
•  machine  for  clearing  the  beds  of  canals, 
rivers,  harbours,  &c. — v.t. — dredged,  dredg- 
ing.  To  take,  catch,  or  gather  with  a 
dredge;  to  remove  sand,  silt,  &c.,  from  by 
the  use  of  a  dredge.  —  Dredger,  drej'er,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  dredges. — Dredg- 
in^-machine,  Dredging-vessel,  n.  A  ma- 
chine used  to  take  up  iriud  or  gravel  from 
the  bottom  of  rivers,  docks,  &c. 
Dredge,  drej,  n.  [Fr.  dragie,  mixed  pro- 
vender for  horses  and  cattle;  It.  treggea, 
from  Gr.  tragemata,  dried  fruits.]  A  mix- 
ture of  oats  and  barley  sown  together. — v.t. 
To  sprinkle  flour  on  roast  meat. — Dredge- 
box,  Dredging-box,  Dredger,  drej'er,  n.  A 
utensil  for  scattering  flour  on  meats  when 
roasting. 

Dregs,  dregz,  n.  pi.  ficel.  dregg,  Sw.  drdgg, 
dregs,  lees;  probably  connected  with  drag, 
drain— the  dregs  being  what  remains  after 
the  liquor  is  drained  off.]  The  sediment 
of  liquors;  lees;  grounds;  feculence;  any 
foreign  matter  of  liquors  that  subsides  to 
the  bottom  of  a  vessel;  dross;  sweepings; 
refuse;  hence,  the  most  vile  and  worthless 
among  men.  Dreg,  in  the  singular,  is 
found  in  Spenser  and  Shakspere.—Dreggi- 
ness,  dreg'i-nes,  n.  State  of  being  dreggs'. 
—Dreggy,  Dreggish,  dreg'i,  dreg'ish,  a. 
Containing  dregs  or  lees;  consisting  of 
dregs;  foul;  muddy;  feculent. 
Drench,  drensh,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  drencan,  dren- 
eean,  to  give  to  drink,  to  drench,  from 
di-incan,  to  drink.  Drink.]  To  wet  thor- 
oughly ;  to  soak ;  to  saturate ;  to  purge 
violently  (an  animal)  with  medicine.  —  n. 
[A.  Sax.  drenc,  a  draught.]  A  draught;  a 
dose  of  medicine  for  a  beast,  as  a  horse. — 
Drencher,  dren'shfer,  n.  One  who  drenches. 
Dress,  dres,  v.t.— dressed  or  drest,  dressing. 
[Fr.  dresser,  to  make  right,  prepare,  from 
a  L.L.  verb  directiare,  drictiare^  to  make 
straight,  from  L.  direclus,  straight.    Di- 


cbtCAain;  •  ch,  Sc.  locA;  _  g,  go;     j,;'ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sing;     ra,  th&a;  th,  thin;     w.  u;ig;     wh,  w7tig;     zli,  «iue. 


DREW 


21^ 


D&OMEBASY 


REcr.]    To  make  straight  or  in  a  straight 
line  (troops);  to  put  to  rights;  to  put  in 
good  order;  to  till  or  cultivate ;  to  treat 
(a  wound  or  sore)  with  remedies  or  cura- 
tive appliances;  to  prepare,  in  a  general 
tense;  to  make  suitable  or  fit  for  soihe- 
thing  (leather,  a  lamp,  &c.)f  to  put  clothes 
on;  to  invest  with  garments;  to  adorn;  to 
deck.-  Tq  dress  up  or  oxU,  to  clothe  ela- 
borately, pompously,  or  elegantly.  —  a.i. 
Milit.  to  arrange  one's  self  in  proper  posi- 
tion in  a  line;  to  clothe  one's  self;  to  put 
on  garments.  —  n.  Clothes,  garments,  or 
apparel;  collectively,  a  suit  of  clothes;  a 
costume;  a  lady's  gown.— Dre«s-circle,  n. 
■A.  portion  of  a  theatre,  concert-room,  or 
other  place  of  entertainment  set  apart 
for  spectators  or  an  audience  in  evening 
dress.  —  Dress -coat,   n.      A   coat  with 
narrow  pointed  tails;  a  swallow -tailed 
coat,  being  the  coat  in  which  gentlemen 
go  to   full-dress   parties,  operas,  &c.— 
Dresser,  dres'er,  n.    One  who  dresses;  one 
employed  in  preparing,  trimming,  or  ad- 
justing anything;   a  hospital   assistant, 
whose  office  is  to  dress  wounds,  ulcers, 
&c.— [Fr.  ^»-essoi>.J  A  table  or  bench  on 
which  meat  and  other  things  are  dressed 
or  prepared  for  use;  a  kind  of  low  cup- 
board for  dishes  and  cooking  utensils  — 
Dressing,  dres'ing,  n.    The  act  of  one  wht) 
dresses;  what  is  used  to  dress;  an  applica- 
tion to  a  wound  or  sore;  manure  spread 
over  land;   gum,  starch,  paste,  and  the 
like,  used  in  stift'eniug  or  preparing  silk, 
hnen,  and  other  fabrics;  cookery,  the  stuff- 
ing of  fowls,  pigs,  &c.,  or  the  ujictuous  in- 
gredients to  complete  a  salad;  arch,  mould- 
ings  round   doors,  windows,  and   other 
openings  on  an  elevation. — Dressing-case, 
n.    A  box  containing  requisites  for  the 
toilet,  such  as  combs,  brushes,  &c.— Dress- 
^g-gown,  n.    A  light  gown  or  wide  and 
flowing  coat  worn  by  a  person  while  dress- 
ing, in  the  study,  &c.  —  Dressing-room,  n. 
An  apartment  appropriated  for  dressing 
the  person.— Dressing-table,  n.    A  table 
provided  with  conveniences  for  the  toilet; 
a  toilet-table.— Dressmaker,  dres'mak-er, 
n.    A  maker  of  ladies'  dresses. — Dressy, 
dres'i,  a.    Very  attentive  to  dress;  wearing 
rich  or  showy  dresses.    [Colloq.] 
Drew,  dro,  pret.  of  draw. 
Drey,  dra;  n.    A  squirrel's  nest. 
^J^bble,  drib'l,  v. t.  — dribbled,  drmUng. 
(A  dim.  from  drip,  and  properly  dripple.] 
To  give  out  or  let  fall  in  drops.— v.t.  To 
fail  in  drops  or  small  particles,  or  in  a 
quick  succession  of  drops.— Dribblet,  Drib- 
let, drib'let,  n.    One  of  a  numbei:  of  small 
pieces  or  parts;  a  small  sum  doled  out  as 
one  of  a  series. 
Drier,  dfi'ir,  n.    Under  Dry. 
Drift,  drift;  n.  P'rom  dnve;  A.  Sax.  dH/art 
=  lcel.  drift,  a  snow-drift;   Dan.  drift, 
impulse,  drove;  D.  drift,  drove,  course. 
JjRivE,  and  comp.  rive,  rift;  shrive,  shnft; 
thrive,  thrift.]    A  drove  or  flock  \ ;  a  heap 
of  matter  driven  together  by  the  wind  or 
water  (a  sao\f -drift);  a  driving  or  impulse; 
overbearing  power  or  influence;  course  ot 
anything;   tendency;   aim  (the  dnft  of 
ones  remarks);  intention;  design;  pur- 
pose; a  name  in  South  Africa  for  a  ford- 
inmiino,  a  passage  cut  between  shaft  and 
shaft;  naut.  the  distance  which  a  vessel 
dnves  through  wind   or  current  when 
lying-to  or  hove-to  during  a  gale;  geol. 
earth  and  rocks  which  have  been  conveyed 
by  icebergs  and   glaciers  and  deposited 
oyer  a  country  while  submerged.  — JDrt/< 
of  a  current,  the  rate  at  which  it  flows 
— D.t.  To  accumulate  in  heaps  by  the  force 
of  wind;  to  be  driven  into  heaps;  to  float 
or  be  driven  along  by  a  current  of  water 
or  air;  to  be  carried  at  random  by  the 
force  of  the  wind  or  tide;  mining,  to  make 
adrift;  to  search  for  metals  or  ores.— u<. 
To  drive  into  heaps.— a.  Drifted  by  wind 
or  currents  {dnft  sand,  drift  ice).— Drift- 
less,  driftles,  a.    Without  drift  or  aim  • 
purposeless;   aimless.  —  Drift-net,  n.     A 
large  kind  of  net  with  meshes  1  inch  wide 
nsed    m   fishing  for  pilchard,   herring, 
mackerel,  &c.— Drift-sail,  n.    A  sail  used 
under  water  to  keep   the   ship's   head 
right,  and  prevent  her  driving  too  fast 
to  a  current.— Drift -weed,  n.    Same  as 


G«V-toeeflt.--Di1ft-woo<i,  n.  "Wood  drifted 
or  floated  by  water.  —  Drifty,  drifti,  a 
Forming  or  characterized  by  drifts,  espe- 
cially of  snow. 

Drill,  dril,  «.;.  [From  D.  dnlJen,  to  bore, 
to  dnU  soldiers;  O.  drUUn,  to  bore;  from 
same  root  as  throu^,  thrill,  -tril  innostril. 
(In  the  agricultural  sense,  however,  per- 
haps of  different  origin.)]  To  pierce  or  per- 
forate bj  turning  a  sharp-pointed  instru- 
«ient  of  a  particular  form;  to  bore  and 
make  a  hole  by  turning  an  instrument ; 
agri.  to  sow  in  rows,  drills,  or  channels; 
to  teach  and  train  soldiers- or  others  to 
their  duty  by  frequent  exercises;  hence, 
to  teach  by  repeated  exercise  or  repetition 
of  acts.-».t.  To  go  through  the  exercises 
prescribed  to  recruits,  &c.— n.  A  pointed  in- 
strument used  for  boring  holes,  particular- 
ly in  metals  and  other  hard  substances; 
the  act  of  training  soldiers,  &c.,  to  their 
duty,  or  the  exercises  by  which  they  are 
trained;  agri.  a  row  of  seeds  deposited  in 
the  earth,  or  the  trench  Or  channel  in 
which  the  seed  is  deposited;  also  a  machine 
lor  sowing  seeds  in  rows.— Drill-barrow, 
n.  Agn.  an  implement  for  forming  drills, 
sowing  the  seed,  and  covering  it  with 
earth. —Drill-bow,  n.  A  small  bow,  the 
string  of  which  is  used  for  rapidly  turning 
a  drill.— Dnll-harrow,  n.  A  small  harrow 
employed  In  drill  -  husbandry.  —  Drill - 
plougi,  n  A  plough  for  sowing  grain  in 
drills.  —  Dnll-preas,  Drilling-machine,  n 
A  niachine  armed  with  one  or  more  drills 
for  bormg  holes  in  metal. —DriU-sergeant 
■r?h.,,  ^^^geant  who  drills  soldiers. 
DrUl,  Drilling  dril,dril'ing,  n.  [G.  drillich, 
from  drei,  three,  a  fabric  in  wMch  the 
threads  are  divided  in  a  threefold  way.] 
A  kind  of  coarse  linen  or  cotton  cloth. 
Drily.    Under  Dky. 

Drink,  dringk,  v.i.— drank  or  drunk  (pret.). 
drunk  or  drunken  (pp.).  [A.  Sax.  drincan= 
D.dnnken,  Icel.  drekka,  G.  tnnken,  Goth. 
dngkan,  to  drink.  Hence  drench  and 
frown.]  To  swallow  liquor,  for  quenching 
thirst  or  other  purpose;  especially,  to  take 
intoxicating  liquor:  to  be  intemperate  in 
theuseof  mtoxicating  liquors;  to  be  an 
habitual  drunkard.— To  dtink  to,  to  salute 
in  dnnking;  to  drink  in  honour  of;  to  wish 
weU  to,  m  taJung  the  cup.- ro  drink  deep, 
to  drmk  a  deep  draught;  to  indulge  in 
liquor  to  excess.— ».<.  To  swallow  (liquids); 
to  imbibe;  to  suck  in;  to  absorb;  to  take 
in  through  the  senses  (to  dnnk  delight); 
to  inliale.— To  drink  doum,  to  take  away 
thought  or  consideration  of  (care,  &c  )  by 
drinking.— To  drin*  0.^,  to  drink  th  e  whole 
at  a  draught.  —  To  drink- in,  to  absorb;  to 
take  or  receive  into.  —  To  drink  up  to 
drink  the  whole.— To.  drink  the  health,  or 
to  the  health  of,  to  drink  while  expressing 
good  wishes  for;  to  signify  good-will  to  by 
drinking;  to  pledge. —n.  Liquor  to  be 
swallowed-;  a  oraught  of  liquor;  intoxi- 
cating liquors.- /»  drink,  drunk;  tipsy. 

Drinkable,  dringTja-bl,  a.  Fit  or  suitable 
for  drink;  potable.— n.  A  bquor  that  may 
be  drunk.  —  Drinkableness,  dring'ka-bl- 
nes,  w.  —Drinker,  dring'k^r,  n.  One  who 
drinks,  particularly  one  who  practises 
drinking  spirituous  liquors  to  excess;  a 
drunkard— Drinking,  dring'kiiig,  o.  Con- 
nected with  theuseof  intoxicating  liquors. 
— Drinking-bont,  n.  A  convivial  revel ;  a 
set-to  at  drinking.— Drlnking-fonntain,  n. 
A  public  fountain  for  supplying  water  to 
quench  thirst.— Drinking-nom,  n.  A  cup 
or  goblet  made  of  horn.— Drinking-song,  n. 
A  song  in  praise  of  drinking ;  a  baccha- 
nalian song.  —  Drink-money,  n.  Money 
given  to  buy  liquor  for  dnnk.  —  Drink- 
offering,  n.  A  Jewish  ofliering  of  wine,  4c. 
"pV,  anp,v.i.—dripped,dripping.  [A.  Sax. 
drypan,  to  dripv  to  drop=l>an.  dryppi, 
Icel.  dryilpa,  D.  druipen,  G.  triefen.  Akin 
drop.]  To  fall  in  drops;  to  have  any  liquid 
faUmg  from  it  in  drops.— r.i.  To  let  fall 
m  drops.— w.  A  falling  or  letting  fall  in 
drops;  a  dripping;  tiiat  which  falls  in 
drops;  dripping,  or  melted  fat  from  meat 
while  roasting;  the  edge  of  a  roof:  the 
eaves ;  arch,  a  large  flat  member  of  the 
cornice  projecting  so  as  to  throw  off  water; 
a  drip-stone.— Dripping,  drip'ing,  n.  The 
lat  which  faUs  from  meat  in  roasting.— 


Drip-stone,  n.    Arch,  a  projecting  mould- 
mg  or  cornice  over  doorways,  windows,  &c 
to  throw  off  the  rain.  ' ' 

Drive,  driv,  v.t— drove  (formeriy  drave): 
drtvm,  driving.  [A.  Sax.  dryon=Goth. 
dreTj>qn,'D.  drijven,  Dan.  drive,  G.  ireiben, 
to  dnve,  to  urge  or  carry  on.  Drift  and 
drove  are  denvatives.J  To  impel  or  urge 
forward  by  force ;  to  force  or  move  by 
physical  means ;  to  propel ;  to  compel  or 
urge  by  other  means  than  absolute  physi- 
cal force,  or  by  means  that  compel  the 
will;  to  constrain;  to  press  or  carry  to  a 

f neat  length  (an .argument);  to  chase  or 
.  unt;to  keep  horses  or  other  animals  mov- 
ing onward  while  directing  their  course; 
to  guide  or  regulate  the  course  of  the 
carnage  dra.wn  by  them;  to  guide  or  regu- 
late a  machine;  to  convey  in  a  carriage  or 
other  vehicle;  to  carry  on,  prosecute,  en- 
gage m  (a  trade,  a  bargain);  mining,  to 
dig  horizontally;  to  cut  a  horizontal  gal- 
lery or  tunnel.— w.i.  To  be  forced  along  or 
impelled  (a  ship  drives  before  the  wind); 
to  rush  and  press  with  violence  (a  storm 
drives  against  the  house) ;  to  go  in  a  car- 
nage; to  travel  in  a  vehicle  drawn  by 
horses  or  other  animals;  to  aim  or  tend  • 
to  aim  a  blow;  to  make  a  stroke.— 3<)  let 
dnve,  to  aim  a  blow;  to  strike.— n  A 
journey  or  airing  in  a  vehicle;  a  course  on 
which  carnages  are  driven;  a  road  pre- 
pared for  dri\ang;  a  strong  or  sweeping 
blow  or  impulsion.  —  Driv«-,  dri'ver,  n 
One  who  orthat  which  drives;  the  person 
who  drives  a  carriage;  one  who  conducts  a 
team ;  naut.  a  large  fore-and-aft  quadri- 
lateral sail,  called  also  the  Spanker,  on  the 
miz2ien  mast ;  mach.  the  main  wheel  by 
which  motion  is  communicated  to  a  train 
of  wheels;  a  driving-wheel.— Driver-ant 
»•.  .-A.  singular  species  of  ant  in  West 
Africa,  so  named  from  its  driving  before 
It  almost  every  animal  that  comes  in  its 
way.--Drivlng,dri'ving,p.  ando.  Having 
great  force  of  impulse;  rushing  with  force; 
communicating  force  or  ix)wer.— Drivtog- 
shaft,  n.  A  shaft  from  a  driving-wheel 
communicating  motion  to  a  madiine  — 
Driving-wheel,  n.  If «cA.  a  wheel  that  com- 
municates motion  to  another  or  to  others: 
the  large  wheel  in  a  locomotive  engine 
which  is  fixed  upon  the  crank -axle  or 
mam-shaft. 

^^^^  ^^e>h  v.i.  — drivelled,  drivelling. 
LA  modification  of  dribble,  from  root  of 
drib.]  To  slaver;  to  let  spittle  drop  or  flow 
from  the  mouth,  like  a  child,  idiot,  or 
dotard ;  to  be  weak  or  foolish ;  to  dote.— 
n.  Slaver;  saliva  flowing  from  the  mouth; 
silly  unmeaning  talk ;  senseless  twaddle. 
— Dnveller,  driVel-^r.n.  One  who  drivels: 
an  idiot;  a  fool. 

I>ri«zle,  driz'l,  v.t.  —  drizOed,  drizzling. 
[A  dun.  from  A.  Sax,  'dredaan,  Goth. 
dnusan,to  fall;  like  Prov.  6.  driestln,  to 
dizzle.  Dreary.]  To  rain  in  small  drops; 
to  fall  from  the  clouds  in  very  fine  pau-- 
ticles.— v.<.  To  shed  in  small  drops  or  par- 
ticles.—n.  A  small  or  fine  rain;  mizzle  — 
Drizzly  driz'li,  a.  Shedding  small  rain, 
or  small  particles  of  snow. 
Droser,  Drogher,  dro'g^r,  n.  A  small  "West 
Indian  coasting  craft,  for  carrying  goods. 
IWMt,  droit,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  directtts.] 
Right;  law  J  justice;  a  fiscal  charge  or 
duty.  — Droits  of  admiralty,  perqulmtes 
attached  to  the  office  of  admiral  of  £ng. 
land,  or  lord  high-<admiral. 
Droll,  drol,  a.  [bame  word  as  Fr.  dr^le,  D. 
drol,  G.  droll,  a  thick,  short  i>erson,  a  droll; 
Gael.  droU,  a  slow,  awkward  person;  per- 
haps from  Icel.  and  Sw.  troil,  a  kind  of 
imp  or  hobgoblin.]  Odd;  merry;  facetious; 
comical;  ludicrous;  queer;  laughable; 
ridiculous.  —  n.  One  whose  occupation  or 
practice  is  to  raise  mirth  by  odd  tricks;  a 
jester;  a  buffoon;  something  exhibited  to 
raise  mirth  or  sport.— v.i."  To  jest;  to  play 
the  buffoon.  —Drollery,  dr5ler-i,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  droll;  something  done  to 
raise  mirth';  sportive  tricks:  buffooneiy; 
fun;  comicalness;  humour. — Drollisli,drS'- 
lish,  o.    Somewhat  droll.  < 

Dromedary,  drum'e-da-ri,  n.  Hj.  droma- 
ifaritiSj  a  dromedary,  fonhed  from  Gr. 
dramas,  dromados,  running,  from  stem  of 
dramein,  ~to  ran.]    A  species  of  camel. 


^.;,;,ur, fat,  fall,     mfi,  met.  hor;     pine,  pin;     note,  not.  mOve;     tabe,  tub, b^^l i     oU.poundj     tt.  8c  abtme-the  Fr.  H. 


DRONfi 


'^j/ 


DKUPE 


called  also  the  Arabian  camel,  ■with  one 
hump  or  protuberance  on  the  back,  in  dis- 
tinction from  the  Bactriau  camel,  which 
has  two  humps. 

Drone,  dron,  n.  [A.  Sax.  drdn,  the  drone- 
bee;  Jj.G.  and  Dan.  drone,  S  w.  dron,  dronje, 
Ger.  drohne,  from  the  sound  it  makes; 
comp.  hur)Me-bee,  G.  hummel,  and  the 
verb  hum.]  The  male  of  the  honey-bee; 
an  idler;  a  sluggard;  one  ^Yho  earns  nothing 
by  industry;  a  humming  or  low  sound,  or 
the  instrument  of  humming;  one  of  the 
largest  tubes  of  the  bagpipe,  which  emit 
a  continued  d^ep  tone.— v.i.— droned,  dron- 
ing. [Dan.  drone,  Sw.  drona,  to  drone;  akin 
Goth,  drunjus,  a  sound.]  To  give  forth  a. 
low,  heavy,  duU  sound;  to  hum;  to  snore; 
to  make  use  of  a  dull  monotonous  tone;  to 
live  in  idleness. — v.t  To  read  or  speak  in  a 
dull,  monotonous,  droning  manner.— Dro- 
nish,  dro'nish,  a.  Like  or  pertaining  to  a 
drone;  sluggish;  lazy;  inactive;  slow.— 
Dronishly,  dro'nish-li,  adv._  In  a  dronish 
manner.  —  Dronishness,  dro'nish-nes,  n. — 
Drony,  dro'ni,  a.    Like  a  drone;,  dronish. 

Droop,  drop,  v.i.  [A  form  of  drip,  drop.] 
To  sink  or  hang  down;  to  bend  downward, 
as  from  weakness  -or  exhaustion:  to  lan- 
guish from  grief  or  other  cause;  to  fail  or 
sink;  to  decline;  to  be  dispirited;  to  come 
towards  a  close  {Tenn.}.—v.t.  To  let  sink 
or  hang  down.— n.  The  act  of  drooping  or 
of  falling  or  hanging  down;  a  drooping 
position  or  state. — Drooper,  dro'pfer,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  droops.— Dr6opingly, 
dro'ping-li,  adv.    In  a  drooping  manner. 

Drop,  drop,  n.  [A.  Sax.  dropa,  O. '  Sax. 
dropo,  Icel.  dropi,  D.  drop,  G.  tropfe,  a 
drop;  akin  drihble,  drip,  droop.]  A  small 
portion  of  any  fluid  in  a  spherical  form, 
falling  or  pendant,  as  if  about  to  faU;  a 
small  portion  of  water  falling,  in  ram; 
what  resembles  or  hangs  in  the  form  of  a 
drop,  as  a  hanging  diamond  ornament,  a 
glass  pendant  of  a  chandelier,  Ac;  a  very 
small  quantity  of  liquor;  a  small  quantity 
of  anything  (a  drop  of  pity:  Shak.);  that 
part  of  a  gallows  which  sustains  the 
criminal  before  he  is  executed,  and  which 
is  suddenly  dropped;  also  the  distance 
which  he  has  to  fall ;  the  curtain  which 
conceals  the  stage  of  a  theatre  from  the 
audience;  pi.  a  liquid  medicine,  the  dose 
of  which  is  regulated  by  a  certain  number 
of  drops.— w.t. — dropped,  dropping.  [A.Sax. 
dropian,  from  the  noun=D.  droppen,  G. 
tropfen.]  To  pour  or  let  fall  in  drops;  to 
let  fall,  lower,  or  let  down  (to  drop  the 
anchor);  to  let  go,  dismiss,  lay  aside,  break 
off  from;  to  quit,  leave,  omit ;  to  utter 
(words)  slightly,  briefly,  or  casually;  to 
send  in  an  off-hand  informal  manner  (drop 
me  a  few  lines).— tj.i.  To  fall  in  small  por- 
tions, globules,  or  drops,  as  a  liquid;  to  let 
drops  fall;  to  drip;  to  discharge  itself  in 
drops;  to  fall;  to  descend  suddenly  or  ab- 
ruptly; to  sink  lower;  to  cease;  to  die 
suddenly;  to  fall,  as  in  battle;  to  come  to 
an  end;  to  be  allowed  to  cease;  to  be  ne- 
glected and  come  to  nothing;  to  come  un- 
expectedly: with  in  or  into.— Todrop  astern 
(naut. ),  to  slacken  speed  so  as  to  let  another 
vessel  get  ahead.— 2'o  drop  down,  to  sail, 
row,  or  move  down  a  river. — Dropping 
fire  (milit.),  a  continuous  irregular  dis- 
charge of  small  arms.— Drop-drill,  n.  Agri. 
an  agricultural  implement  which  drops 
seed  and  manure  into  the  soil  simulta- 
neously. —  Droplet,  droplet,  ».  A  little 
drop.— Dropper,  drop'er,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  drops.— Dropping,  drop'ing,  n. 
The  act  of  one  who  drops;  a  falling  in 
■drops;  that  which  drops;  pi.  the  dung  of 
animals.  —  Droppingly,  drop '  ing-li,  adv. 
In  drops.  —  Drop-hammer,  Drop-press,  n. 
A  machine  worked  by  the  foot,  consisting 
of  a  weight  raised  vertically  by  a  cord  and 
pulley,  and  allowed  to  drop  suddenly  on 
an  anvil:  used  for  embossing,  punching, 
&c.— Drop-scene,  n.  A  scenic  picture,  sus- 
pended by  pulleys,  which  descends  or 
dropa  in  front  of  the  stage  in  theatres.- 
Drop-tin,  n.  Fine  tin. 
Dropsy,  drop'si,  n.  [Formerly  hydropsy, 
from  6r.  hydrops,  dropsy,  from  kydOr, 
water.]  Med.  an  unnatural  collection  of 
■water  in  any  cavity  of  the  body,  or  in  the 
cellular  tissue.— Dropsical,  drop'si-kal,  a. 


Diseased  with  dropsy;  inclined  to  dropsy;- 
resembling  or  partaking  of  the  nature  of 
dropsy.- Dropiacalness,  drop'si-kal-nes,  n. 
—  Dropsled,  drop'sid,  a.  Affected  with 
dropsy;  exhibiting  an  unhealthy  inflation. 

Drosky,  dros'ki,  n.  [Rus.  drozfiki.]  A  kind 
of  light  four-wheeled  carriage  vised  in 
Russia  and  ^-"russia. 

Drosometer,  dro-som'et-6r,  n.  [Gr.  drosog, 
dew,  and  metron,  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  ascertaining  the  quantity  Of  dew 
that  condenses  on  a  body  which  has  been 
exposed  to  the  open  air  during  the  night. 

Dross,  dros,  n..  [A.,Sax.  dros,  drosn,  from 
dredsan,  to  fail;  D.  droea,  Icel.  troa,  rub- 
bish; Sc.  drush,  dregs;  Dan.  drysse,  to  fall. 
Dreary.]  The  refuse  or  impurities  of 
iuetals;  rust;  waste  matter;  refuse;  any 
worthless  matter  separated  from  the  bet- 
ter part.  — Dressiness,  dros'i-nes,  n.  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  drossy. — Drossy, 
dros'i,  a.  Like  dross;  pertaining  to  dross; 
full,  of  or  abounding  with  refuse  matter ; 
worthless;  foul;  impure. 

Drought,  drout,  n.  [Contr.  from  A.  Sax. 
drugath,  drugoth,  from  drige,  dryge,  dry ; 
like  D.  droogte,  from  droog,  dry.  '  Dry.] 
Dry  weather;  want  of  rain;  such  a  con- 
tinuance of  dry  weather  as  affects  the 
ctops;  aridness;  thirst;  want  of  drink; 
scarcity;  lack.— Droughtiness.drou'ti-nes, 
n.  The  state  of  being  droughty.— Droughty, 
drou'ti,  a.  Characterized  by  drought  or 
the  absence  of  rain  or  moisture;  arid; 
thirsty.  —  Droati,  drouth,  n.  Drought ; 
aridity;  dryness  of  the  throat  and  mouth; 
thirst;  want  of  drink.  —  Drouthiness, 
drou'thi-nes,  n.  —  Drouthy,  drou'thi,  a. 
Devoid  of  moisture ;  droughty ;  thirsty, 
especially  for  strong  drink. 

Drove,  drov,  pret.  of  drive. 

DrovBj  drov,  n.  [A.  Sax.  drd/,  from  drifan, 
to  drive.]  A  number  of  animals,  as  oxen, 
sheep,  or  swine,  driven  in  a  body;  a  collec- 
tion of  animals  moving  forward;  a  crowd 
of  people  in  motion;  a  flock.— Drcver,  drO'- 
v^r,  n.  One  who  drives  cattle  or  sheep  to 
market,  or  from  one  locality  to  another. 

Drown,  droun,  v.t.  [From  A.  Sax.  drunc- 
nian,  to  sink  in  water,  to  be  drunk,  from 
druncen,  pp.  of  drinean,  to  drink ;  Dan. 
drukne,  to  drown.  Drink,  D.rench.]  To 
deprive  of  life  by  immersion  in  water  or 
other  fluid;  to  overflow,  o\»rwhelm,  or 
inundate;  to  put  an  end  to,  as  if  by  drown- 
ing or  overwhelming.;  to  overpower  (to- 
drovm  care;  to  drown  one's  voice). — v.i.  To 
be  suffocated  in  water  or  other  fluid;  to 
perish  in  water. 

Drowse,  drouz,  v.i.  —  drQwaed,  drowaing. 
[A.  Sax.  drjisaw,  drUaian,  to  be  slow,  to 
languish;  allied  to  dredsan,  to  fall,  to 
droop;  D.  drooaen,  to  doze,  to  slumber. 
Dreary.]  To  sleep  imperifectly  or  un- 
soundly; to  slumber;  to  be  heavy  with 
sleepiness;  to  be  heavy  or  dull. — v.t.  To 
make  heavy  with  sleep;  to  make  dull  or 
stupid. — n.  A  slight  sleep;  a  doze;  slumber. 
—Drowsily,  drou'zi-li,  adv.  In  a  drowsy 
manner.— Drowsiness,  drou'zi-nes,'rt.  State 
of  being  drowsy. — Drowsy,  drou'zi,  a.  In- 
clined to  sleep;  sleepy;  hea^vy  with  sleepi- 
ness: lethargic;  sluggish;  stupid;  dispos- 
ing to  sleep;  lulling. 

Drub,  drub,  v.t.— drubbed,  drubbing.  [Prov. 
E.  drab;  akin  to  Ic^l.  and  Sw.  drabba,  to 
beat;  G.  treffen,  to  hit.]  To  beat  with  a 
stick;  to  thrash;  to  cudgel.— n.  A  blow 
with  a  stick  or  cudgel;  a  thump;  a  knock. 
— Drubber,  drub'6r,  to.  One  who  drubs  or 
beats.— Drubbing,  dnib'ing,  to.  A  cudgel- 
ling; a  sound  beating. 
Drudge,  druj,  v.i.  —  drudged,  drudging. 
[Softened  form  of  O.E.  drugge,  drug,  to 
work  laboriously;  origin  doubtful.]  To 
work  hard:  to  labour  in  mean  offices;  to 
labour  with  toil  and  fatigue.— w.  One  who 
labours  hard  in  servile  employments;  a 
slftve.- Drudgery,  druj'6r-i,  n.  Ignoble 
toil;  hard  work  in  servile  occupations. — 
Drudgingly,  druj 'ing-li,  adv.  With  la- 
bour and  fatigue;  laboriously. 
Drug,'  drug,  n.  [Pr.  drogue;  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  droga:  all  from  D.  droog,  the  same 
word  as  A.  Sax.  dryge,  dry— because  the 
ancient  medicines  were  chiefly  dried 
herbs.]  Any  substance,  vegetable,  ani- 
mal, or  mineral,  used  in  the  composition 


or  preparation  of  medicines;  any  com- 
modity that  lies  on  hand  or  is  not  sale- 
able; an  article  of  slow  sale  or  in  no  de- 
mand in  the  market. — v.i.— drugged,  drug- 
ging. To  prescribe  or  administer  drugs 
or  medicines.  —  v.t.  To  mix  with  drugs ; 
to  introduce  some  narcotic  into  with  the 
design  of  rendering  the  person  who  drinks 
the  mixture  insensible;  to  dose  to  excess 
with  drugs  or  medicines;  to  administer 
narcotics  to;  to  render  insensible  ■with  a 
narcotic  drug.— Druggist,  drug'ist, «.  One 
who  deal  J  in  drugs;  properly,  one  whose 
occupation  is  merely  to  buy  and  sell  drugs, 
-without  compounding  or  preparation. . 

Drugget,  drug'et,  n.  \.Vt.  droguet,  dim. 
of  drogue,  drug,  trash.  Drug.]  A  cloth 
or  thin  stuff  of  wool,  Or  of  wool  and  thread, 
used  for  covering  carpets,  and  also  as  an 
article  of  clothing. 

Druid,  dru'id,  n.  [Ir.  and  Gael,  druidh, 
W.  derwyild.i  A  priest  or  minister  of  re- 
ligion who  superintended  the-  affairs  of 
religion  and  morality,  and  performed  the 
oflice  of  judges  among  the  ancient  Celtic 
nations  in  Gaul,  Britain,  and  Germany. — 
Druidess,  drii'i-des,  n.  A  female  druid. — 
Dmidic,  Druidical,  dni-id'ik,  dru-id'i-kal, 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  druids. — l)ruidical 
stones,  the  name  popularly  given  to  large 
upright  stones,  found  in  various  localities 
and  sometimes  forming  circles,  from  an 
uncertain  assumption  that  they  were 
druidical  places  of  worship.  —  Drnidish, 
dru'i-dish ,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  druids. 

,  — Druidism,  dni'i-dizm,  n.  The  doctrines, 
rites,  and  ceremonies  of  the  druids. 

Drum,  drum,  to.  [Probably,  like  drone,  a 
word  of  imitative  origin;  Uan.  tromme,  G. 
trommel,  a  drum,  Dan.  a.  um,  a  booming' 
sound;  Goth,  drunjus,  a  sound.]  An  in- 
strument of  music  commonly  in  the  form 
of  a  hollow  cylinder,  covered  at  the  ends 
with  vellum,  the  ends  being  beaten  with 
sticks  to  produce  the  sound;  a  mechanical 
contrivance  resembling  a  drum  in  shape, 
and  used  in  connection  with  machinery 
of  various  kinds,  &c.;  the  tympanum  or 
barrelof  the  ear;  a  quantity  packed  in  the 
form  of  a  drum;  a  round  box  containing 
figs;  a  tea  before  dinner;  a  kettle-drum;  a 
name  formerly  given  to  a  fashionable  and 
crowded  evening  party;  a  storm-drum. — 
v.i.  —  drummed,  drumming.  To  beat  a 
drum;  to  beat  with  rapid  movements  of 
the  fingers:  to  beat  with  a  rapid  succes- 
sion of  strokes;  to  throb;  to  resound  dully. 
v.t.  To  perform  on  a  drum ;  to  expel  with 
beat  of  drum  (he  was  drummed  out  of  the 
regiment);  to  summon  by  beat  of  drum;  to 
din.— To  drum  up,  to  assemble  or  call  to- 
gether by  beat  of  drum. — Dnun-head,  n. 
The  head  or  top  of  a  drum;  a  variety  of 
cabbage  having  a  large,  rounded,  or  flat- 
tened hea.d.— Drumhead  court-martial,  a 
court-martial  called  suddenly  on  the  field. 
— Dram-major,  TO.  The  chief  or  first  drum- 
mer of  a  regiment.— Drummer,  drum'er, 
TO.  One  who  drums;  one  whose  office  is  to 
beat  the  drum.- Drum-stick,  n.  The  stick 
■with  which  a  drum  is  beaten;  what  re- 
sembles a  drum-stick,  as  the  upper  joint 
of  the  leg  of  a  turkey. 

Drunk,  drungk,o.  [From  drunken.  Drine.] 
Intoxicated;  inebriated;  overcome,  stupe- 
fied, or  frenzied  by  alcoholic  liquor. — 
Druiiliard,  drung'ktrd,  to.  One  given  to 
an  excessive  use  of  strong  liquor;  a  person 
■who  habitually  or  frequently  is  drunk.— 
Drunken,  drung'ken,  a.  [Part,  of  drink, 
but  now  used  chiefly  as  an  adjective.]  In- 
toxicated; drunk;  given  to  drunkenness; 
proceeding  from  intoxication ;  done  in  a 
state  of  drunkenness  (a  drunken  quarrel). 
Drunkenly,  t  drung'ken-li,  adv.  ■  In  a 
drunken  manner.  [SAai.]— Drunkenness, 
drung'ken-nes,  to.  The  state  of  being 
drunk;  the  habit  6f  indulging  in  intoxica- 
tion; intoxication;  inebriety.     .        -H.      ' 

Drupe,  drdp,  to.  [Fr.  drupe,  L.  drupa,  Gr. 
dryppa,  an  over-ripe  olive.]   Bot.  a  stone 

.,  fnnt,  such  as  the  cherry  or  plum;  a  fruit 

'.  in  which  the  outer  part  is  fleshy  while  the 
inner  hardens  like  a  nut,  formmg^  stone 
■with  a  kernel.— Drupaceoua,  dru-pa'shus, 
a.  Producing  drupes;  pertaining  to  drupes, 
or  consisting  of  ^rupeg.— Drupel,  drS'pel, 
n.    Bot.  a  little  drupe. 


ch,  c/tain;     eft,  Sc.  lo«/t;     8<0o;    j,iob;     n,  Fr.  to»;     njs,  sinj/;     7h,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wigi    ■vh.tohig;     zb,a8ure. 


DRTJ3E 


218 


BITEKTS'A 


Drvfle,  drds,  n.  [O,  druse,  a  gland.]  A 
cavity  in  a  rock,  or  mineral  having  its  in- 
terior surface  studded  with  crystals.— 
Druay,  dro'si,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  druse: 
having  the  surface  composed  of  very  small 
.prominent  crystals  nearly  equal  in  size. 

Dry,  dri,  a.  [A.  Sax.  dryge,  drige,  drie  (D. 
droog,  d.  trocken),  dry,  whence  dryan,  dri- 
gem,  to  diy.  Brought  and  drug  are  deriva- 
tives.] Destitute  of  moisture;  free  from 
water  or  wetness;  free  from  juice,  sap,  or 
aqueous  matter;  not  moist;  arid;  not  giv- 
ing milk;  thirsty;;  craving  drink;  barren: 
jejune;  plain;  unembellished;  destitute  oi 
interest;  quietly  sarcastic;  caustic;  dis- 
couraging; expressive  of  a  degree  of  dis- 
pleasure; cold  and  not  friendly  (a  dry  re- 
ception).—Dry  goods,  cloths,  stuffs,  sUks, 
laces,  ribbons,  &c.,  in  distinction  from 
groceries.— X)rj/  ateam,  superheated  steam. 
— Dry  atone  walls,  walls  built  of  stone 
without  mortar.  —  Dry  wines,  those  in 
which  no  sweetness  is  perceptiole. — v.t.— 
dried,  drying.  To  make  dry;  to  free  from 
water  or  from  moisture  of  any  kind;  to  de- 
siccate; -to  expose  in  order  to-evaporation 
of  moisture;  to  deprive  of  natural  juice, 
sap,  or  greenness.— ro  dry  up,  to  deprive 
whoUy  of  water;  to  scorch  or  parch  with 
thirst. — v.i.  To  grow  dry;  to  lose  moisture; 
to  become  free  from  moistuie  or  juice;  to 
evaporate  wholly:  sometimes  with  up. — 
Dryer,  Drier,  dn'er,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  dries  or  makes  dry;  a  desiccative; 
specifically  a  preparation  to  increase  the 
hardening  and  drying  properties  of  paint. 
—Drying,  dri'ing,  a.  Adapted  to  exhaust 
moisture;  having  the  quality  of  rapidly 
becoming  dry  and  hard.— Dryly,  Drily, 
dri'li,  adv.  Without  -  moisture ;  coldly; 
frigidly;  without  affection;  severely;  sar- 
castically; barrenly;  without  embellish- 
jnent;  without  anything  to  enliven,  en- 
rich, or  entertain.— Dryness,  dri'nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  dry.— Dry- 
beat,!  dri 'bet,  v.t.  To  beat  severely. 
[SAa*.]— Dryfoot,  dri'fut,  adv.  Pursuing 
game  by  the  scent.- Dry-measure,  n.  The 
measure  for  dry  goods,  by  quarters,  bush- 
els, pecks,  &c.— Dry-nurse,  n.  A  nurse 
who  attends  and  feeds  a  child  without  the 
breast;  one  who  stands  to  another  in  a 
somewhat  similar  relationship  to  that  of 
a  dry-nurse;  miKf.  slang,  an  inierior  officer 
who  instructs  his  superior  in  his  duties. — 
v.t.  To  act  as  dry-nurse  to;  to  feed,  attend, 
and  bring  up  without  the  breast.— Dry- 
pile,  n.  A  form  of  the  ordinarv  voltaic 
pile,  in  which  the  liquid  is  replaced  by 
some  hygrometric  substance,  as  paper 
which  has  been  moistened  with  sugar  and 
water  and  allowed  to  dry.— Dry-point,  n. 
A  sharp  etching  needle,  used  to  cut  fine 
lines  in  copper  without  the  plate  being 
covered  with  etching-ground  or  the  lines 
bit  in  by  acid.— Dry-rot,  dri'rot,  n.  A 
well-known  disease  affecting  timber,  oc- 
casioned by  various  species  of  fungi,  the 
myceUum  of  which  penetrates  the  timber, 
destroying  it.  —  Drjrsalter,  dri'sal-ter,  r». 
Formerly,  a  dealer  m  salted  or  diy  meats, 
pickles,  sauces,  &c.,  but  now  a  oeaJler  in 
dye-stuffs,  chemical  products,  &c.— Dry.- 
saltety,  dri'sftl-tSr-i,  n.  The  articles  kept 
by  a  drysaltef ;  the  business  of  a  drysalter. 
—Dry-shod,  adv.  Without  wetting  the 
feet.— Dry-stone,  a.  ,  A,  term  applied  to  a 
wan  not  cemented  with  mortar. 

Dryad,  dri'ad,  n.  [Gr.  dry  as,  dryados,  from 
drya;  an. oak,  a  tree.]  Myth,  a  deity  or 
liymph  of  the  woods ;  a  nymph  supposed 
to  preside  over  woods. — Dryfte,  dri  it,  n. 
Cfeol.  fragments  of  petrified  or  fossil  wood 
in  which  the  structure  of  the  wood  is  re- 
cognized. 

Dual,  dO'al,  a.  [L.  dualU,-  from  duo,  two; 
akin  duel,  double,  doubt,  dubious,  &c.]  Ex- 
pressing the  number  two:  existing  as  two; 
consisting  of  two;  twofold;  a  term  applied 

tto  a  special  form  of  a  noun  or  verb  used 
in  some  languages  when  two  persons  or 
things  are  spoken  of. — n.  Oram,  that  num- 
ber which  IS  used  when  two  persons  or 
things  are  spoken  of. — Dualism,  dfl'a-lizm, 
n.  A  twofold  division;  a  system  founded 
on  a  double  basis  or  based  in  belief  of  two 

ifundamental  existences;  the  belief  in  two 

t  antagonistic  supeinatural  beings,  the  one 


good,  the  other  evil;  the  philosophical  ex- 
position of  the  nature  of  things  by  the 
adoption  of  two  dissimilar  primitive  prin- 
ciples not  derived  from  each  other;  the 
doctrine  of  those  who  maintain  the  exis- 
tence of  spirit  and  matter  as  distinct  sub- 
stances, in  opposition  to  idealism,  which 
maintains  we  have  no  knowledge  or  £is8ur- 
ance  of  the  existence  of  anything  but  our 
ow;n  ideas  or  sensations.  — Dualist,  dQ'a- 
list,  n.  One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of 
dualism  in  any  of  its  forms.  —  Dualistic, 
da-a-lis'tik,  a.  Pertaiaing  to  dualism; 
characterized  by  duality.— Duality,  du-al'- 
i-tij  n.  The  state  of  being  two  or  of  being 
divided  into  two.  -^Dnarchy,  dtt'ar-kl,  n. 
[Gr.  dyO,  two,  and  arche,  rule.]  Govern- 
ment by  two  persons. 

Doan,  da'an,  n.  [Gael,  and  Ir.]  A  division 
of  a  poem;  a  canto;  a  i)oem;  a  song. 

Dub,  dub,  v.t— dubbed,  dubmig.  [A.  Sax. 
diMan,  to  strike,  to  dub  knight ;  Icel. 
dubba,  to  dub.  ]  To  strike  with  a  sword 
and  make  a  knight;  to  give  the  accolade 
to;  to  confer  any  dignity  or  new  character 
on;  to  entitle;  to  speak  of  as;  to  make 
smooth,  or  of  an  equal  surface,  by  some 
operatioii;  to  smooth  with  an  aoze;  to 
rub  with  grease,  as  leather  when  being 
curried;  to  raise  a  nap  on  cloth  by  strik- 
ing it  with  teasles, — n.  A  blow. 

Dud,  dub,  n.  [Probably  of  same  rooit  as 
dip  and  deep.]  A  puddle;  a  small  pool  of 
foul  stagnant  water. 

Dubious,  da'bi-us,  a.  [L.  duhius,  moving 
alternately  in  two  opposite  directions, 
from  root  of  duo,  two.  Doubt.]  Doubtful; 
wavering  or  fluctuating  in  opinion;  un- 
certain; not  ascertained  or  known  exactly; 
not  clear  or  plain;  occasioning  or  involv- 
ing doubt;  of  uncertsdn  event  or,  issue. — •■ 
Dubiously,  dtt'bi-us-li,  adv.  In  a  dubious 
manner.  —  Dubiousness,  du'bi-us-nes,  n. 
The  state,  of  being  dubious.- Dubiety,  da- 
bi'e-ti,  n.  [li.  dubietas.]  Doubtfulness;  a 
feeling  of  doubt. — Dnblosity,  du-bi-os'j-ti, 
n.  Dubiousness ;  doubtfumess.  —  Dubit- 
able,t  da'bi-ta-bl,  a.  [L.  dubito,  to  waver  in 
opinion.]  Liable  to  be  doubted;  doiibtful; 
uncertain.  —  Dubitanoy,t  da'bi-tan-si,  n. 
Doubt;  uncertainty.— Dabltat8,tda'bi-tat, 
v.i.  To  hesitate.  —  Dubitation,1  du-bi-ta'- 
Bhon,  n.  fL.  duHtatio.]  The  act  of  doubt- 
ing or  hesitating;  doubt. 

Ducal,  da'kal,  a.  [L.  ducalis,  pertaining  to 
a  leader^  from  dux,.ducia,  a  leader.  Dure.] 
Pertaining  to  a  duke.— Ducally,  du'kal-li, 
adv.  After  the  maimer  of  a  duke;  in  rela- 
tion with  a  duke  or,  a  ducal  family. — 
Ducat,  duk'at,  n.  [Ft.  ducat.  It.  ducato, 
from  L.L.  ducatua,  a  duchy  (the  particular 
duchy  originating  the  name  being  un- 
certain), from  L.  dux.  DuBLE.]  A  coin 
formerly  common  in  several  continental 
states,  either  of  silver  or  gold:  average 
value  of  the  former,  3s.  to  48.,  and  of  the 
latter  about  9s.  4d.— Dncatoon,  duk-a-tbn', 
n.  [Ft.  ducaton,  from  ducat]  A  silver 
coin  once  common  on  the  Continent,  of 
different  values.— Duchess,  duch'es,  n.  [Fr. 
du^kesse,  from  due  duke.]  The  consort  or 
widow  of  a  duke:  a  lady  who  has  the  sove- 
reignty of  a  duchy.  —  Duchy,  duch'i,  n. 
[Fr.  ducM.]  The  territory  or  dominions  of 
a  duke;  a  dukedom. 

Duck,  duk,  n.  [Same  word  as  D.  doeh,  Sw. 
duk.  G.  tuch,  cloth.]  A  species  of  coarse 
cloth  or  canvas,  used  for  sails,  sacking  of 
beds,  &c. 

Duck,  duk,  n.  [Same  word  as  Dan.  dttkke, 
G.  dJocke,  a  baby  or  puppet;  or  the  name 
of  the  bird  used  as  a  term  of  endearment.] 
A  word  of  endearment  or  fondness. 

Duck,  duk,  v.t.  [Akin  to  D.  duiken,  to 
beW  the  head,  dudk,  dive,  Dan.  dukke,  to 
dive,  G,  tau^hm,  to  dip,  to  dive.]  To  dip 
or  plunge  in  water  and  suddenly  with- 
draw; to  bow,  stoop,  or  nod  in  order  to 
escape  a  blow  or  the  like.— w.i.  To  plunge 
into  water  and  immediately  withdraw;  to 
dip;  to  plunge  the  head  in  water  or  other 
liquid;  to  drop  the  head  suddenly;  to  bow; 
to  cringe. — n.  [From  the  verb  to  dwc^.l  A 
name  of  various  water-fowls  sJdn  to,  out 
distinguished  from  swans  and  geese  by 
having  broader  bills,  a  more  waddling  gait 
from  their  legs  being  placed  further  back, 
there  being  also  a  marked  difference  in  the 


plums gf  of  the  sexes;  a  t^erm  of  endear- 
ment (coUoq.);  an  inclination  of  tlifi 
head,  resembling  the  motion  of  a  duck 
in  water.— To  make  ducks  and  drakes,  to 
throw  a  flat  stone,  piece  of  slate,  &.c  ,  along 
the  surface  of  water  so  as  to-  cause  it  to 
strike  and  rebound  repeatedly;  hence,  to 
make  ducks  and  drakes  of  one's  money,  to 
squander  it  in  a  foolish  manner.  —  Duck- 
bill, Duck-mole,  n.  A  remarkable  Austra- 
lian animal  with  jaws  which  resemble  thn, 
bill  of  a  duck.  Ornithorhynchus.— Duck- 
billed, a.  Having  a  bill  like  a  duck.— 
Dncker,  duk'er,  n.  One  who  ducks;  a 
plunger;  a  diver;  a  cringer;  a  fawner.— 
Duck-hawk,  n.  The  marsh-harriei-  or 
moor-buzzard.— Ducking-stool,  n.  A  stool 
or  chair  in  which  common  scolds  were  for- 
merly tied  and  plungedinto  water.— Duck- 
ling, duk'ling,  n.  A  young  duck. — Duck- 
meat,  Duck'B-meat,  Duck-weed,  n.  The 
popular  iiame  pf  several  species  of  plants 
growing  in  ditches  and  shallow  water,  and 
floating  on  the  surface,  serving  for  food 
for  ducks  and  geese.— Duck-shot,  n.  Large 
shot  used  for  shooting  wild  ducks. 
Duct,  dukt,  n.  [L.  ductus,  a  leading,  con- 
duciing,from duco,du^um,to\ea.d.  Duk.e.] 
Any  tube  or  canal  by  which  a  fluid  is  con- 
veyed, used  especially  of  canals  in  the 
bodies  of  animals  or-in  plants.  —  Ductile, 
duk'tU,  a.  [L.  dvfiUis.]  Easy  to  be  led  or 
influenced  (persons);  tractable;  yielding  to 
persuasion  or  instruction;  capable  of  being 
drawn  out  into  wire  or  threads  (used  of 
metals).- Ductilely,  duk'til-li,  adv.  In  a 
ductile  manner.— DuctUeness,  duk'til-nes, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  ductile.— Ductility, 
duk-til'i-ti,  n.  The  property  of  Solid  bodies, 
particularly  metals,  which  renders  them 
capable  of  being  extended  by  drawing, 
while  their  thickness  or  diameter  is  dim- 
inished, without  any  actual  separation  of 
their  parts;  a  yielding  disposition  of  mind; 
ready  compliance. 

Dudgeon,  duj'on,  n.  [Perhaps  akin  to  G. 
degen,  a  sword,  a  dagger.]  A  small  dagger; 
the  haft  or  handle  of  a  dagger  (Shak). 
Dudgeon,  duj'on,  n.  [W.  dygen,  anger, 
grudge;  dygn^hevere,  hard.painf  ul.j  Anger; 
resentment;  malice;  ill-will;  discord. 
Due,  da,  a.  lO.Fi..deu,  Fr.  dH,  pp.  of  devoir, 
from  L.  debere,  to  owe.  Debt.]  Falling 
to  be  paid  or  done  to  another;  owed  by 
one  to  another,  and  by  contract,  justice,  or 
propriety  required  to  be  paid;  liable  or 
meriting  to  be  given  or  devoted;  owing  to 
(the  attention  due  to  one's  studies);  proper; 
fit ;  appropriate ;  suitable  ;  becoming ; 
seasonable;  required  by  the  circumstances 
•  (to  behave  with  d«e  gravity):  exact;  cor- 
rect; owing  origin  or  existence;  to  be  at- 
tributed or  assigned  as  causing  (an  effect 
due  to  the  sun's  attraction);  that  ought  to 
have  arrived  or  to  be  present;  bound  or 
stipulated  to  arrive  (the  mails  are  due). — 
adv.  Directly;-  exactly  (to  sail  due  east). — 
n.  What  is  owed  or  ougjit  to  be  paid  or 
done  to  another;  that  which  justice,  office, 
rank,  or  station,  social  relations  or  estab- 
lished rules  of  decorum,  require  to  be 
given,  paid,  or  done;  a  toll,  tribute,  fee,  or 
other  legal  exaction.- Duly,  da'li,  adv.  In 
a  due,  fit,  or  proper  manner;  fitly;  suitably; 
properly;  at  the  projjer  time.  —  Dueneis, 
da'nes,  n.  State  of  being  due;  fitness;  pro- 
priety; due  quality. 

>uel,  dfl'el,  n.  [Fr.  duel.  It.  duelU),  from 
L.  duellum,  old  form  of  helium,  war,  from 
duo,  two.]  A  premeditated  combat  be- 
tween two  persons  with  deadly  weapons, 
for  the  purpose  of  deciding  some  private 
difference  or  quarrel;  a  single  combat;  a 
fight  between  two  f  ortresses,two  encam  ped 
armies,  and  the  like,  carried  on  without 
the  tactics  of  a  pitched  battle  or  an  as- 
sault.—  v.i.— duelled,  dueUi>ig.  To  engage 
in  a  duel.  —  Duelling,  dO'el-ing,  n.  The 
practice  of  engaging  in  duels.— Duellist, 
da'el-ist,  n.  One  who  engages  in  a  duel  or 
in  duels.— Duello,  da-el'lo,  n.  A  duel;  the 
.  art  or  practice  of  duelling,  or  the  code  of 
laws  which  regulate  it  {Shak.). 
Duenna,  da-en'na,  n.  [Sp.  duenna,  duma, 
a  form  of  ddfta,  fem.  of  dan,  from  li. 
domina,  a  mistress.]  An  elderly  female 
appointed  to  take  charge  of  the  younger 
.female  members  of  Spanish  and  Portu- 


^ 


'Satej  filr.4at^laUyi  me^met  Jier:/  upine,_Diiu.    jaOie.  jaot.  jniixei  :  tfibe,jtub,j9uU;    .oil,  pound;     U,  So.  abwne— the  Fr  .«./ 


DUET 


219 


DITBE 


?-ttF  flfi  fftuiilies;  an  elderly  woman  who  is 
kept  to  guaid  a  ypuager. 
Duet,  Duetto,  da-et',  du-et'to,  n.    [It.  <Jm- 
elto,  from  dtto,  two.]    A  musical  composi- 
tion for  two  voices  or  two  instruments. 

Duffel,  Duffle,  dufel,  duf'l,  re.  [From  Dufel 
a  Belgian  manufacturing  town.]  A  kind 
of  coarse  woollen  cloth  having  a  thick  nap; 
frieze. 

Duffer,  duf'er,  n.  A  pedlar;  a  hawker  of 
cheap,  flashy  articles;  a  hawker  of  sham 
jewelry;  a  person  who  is  a  sham;  a  useless 
character;  a  stupid  person;  a  fogey  (col- 
loq.). 

Dug,  dug,  n.  [AJdn  to  Sw.  ddgga,  Dan. 
doegge,  to  suckle;  from  root  seen  in  Skr. 
duh,  to  milk,  daughter  also  being  from 
this  root.]  The  pap  or  nipple  of  a  woman 
or  (now  generally)  of  an  animal. 

Dug,  dug,  pret.  &  pp.  of  dig. 

Dugong,  du'gong,  n.  [Malayan.;]  A  her- 
bivorous iiiammal  of  the  Indian  Seas, 
allied  to  the  manatee  or  sea-cow,  and  some- 
times attaining  a  length  of  20  feet,  though 
generally  about  7  or  8. 

Duke,  dok,  n.  [Fr.  dtic,  from  L.  dvx,  ducia, 
a  leader,  from  d^lco,  to  .lead  (seen  also  in 
dtict,  ducat,  conduct,  produce,  educate,  &c.); 
cog.  A.  Sax.  toga,  a  leader,  E.  tug  and  tow.] 
A  qhief,  prince,  oi-  leader^;  in  Great  Bri- 
tain, one  of  the  highest  order  of  nobility; 
a  title  of  honour  or  nobility  next  below 
that  of  a  prince;  in  some  countries  on  the 
Continent,  a  sovereign  prince,  the  ruler 
of  a  state.— Dukedom,  dak'dum,  n.  The 
seigniory  or  possessions  of  a  duke;  the  ter- 
ritory of  a  duke;  the  title  or  quality  of  a 
duke.— Dukeship,  dak'ship,  ti.  The  state 
or  dignity  of  a  duke. 

Dulcamara,  dul-ka-ma'ra,  n.  [L.  dulcis, 
sweet,  and  amarus,'  bitter.  Lit.  bitter- 
sweet] A  common  British  hedge-plant, 
the  bitter-sweet  or  woody  nightshade,  the 
I'oot  and  twigs  of  which  have  a  peculiar 
bitter  sweet  taste. 

Dulcet,  dul'set,  a.  [O.Fr.  dolcet,  L.  dulcis, 
sweet.]  Sweet-  to  the  taste;  luscious;  ex- 
quisite; sweet  to  the  ear;  melodious;  har- 
monious; agreeable  to  the  mind.— Dulcifl- 
cation,  dursi-fi-ka"shon,  n.  The  act  of 
dulcifying.  —  Dulcifluous,  dul-sif' lu-us,  ft. 
[L.  dulcis,  and  fiuo,  to  flow.]  Flowing 
sweetly.— Dulcify,  dul'si-fi,  v.t.— dulcified, 
dulcifying.  [Fr.  dulcifier,  from  L,  dulcis, 
sweet,  and /ocio,  to  make.]  To  sweeten; 
to  free  from  acidity,  saltness,  or  acri- 
mony; to  render  more  agreeable  to  the 
taste. 

Dulcimer,  dul'si-mfir,  n.  [Sp.  dulcemele.  It. 
dolciineUo,  from  L.  dulcis,  sweet.]  A  mu- 
sical instrument  consisting  in  its  modem 
form  of  a  shallow  quadrilateral  box  with- 
out a  top,  across  which  runs  a  series  of 
wires,  tuned  by  pegs  at  the  sides,  and 
played  on  by  being  struck  by  two  cork- 
headed  hammers. 

Dulia,  da'li-a,  n.  [Gr.  dordeia,  service,  from 
doulos,  a  slave.]  An  inferior  kind  of  wor- 
ship or  adoration,  as  that  paid  to  saints 
and  angels  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 

Dull,  dul,  a.  [A.  Sax.  dol,  dwol,  erring, 
dull,  from  dwelan,  to  be  torpid  or  dull; 
akin  Goth,  dvals,  foolisl;! ;  Icel.  dul,  fool- 
ishness; D.  dol,  L.G.  dull,  G.  toll,  mad.] 
Stupid;  doltish;  slow  of  understanding; 
heavy;  sluggish;  without  life  or  spirit;  slow 
of  motion;  waiting  sensibility  or  keenness 
in  some  of  the  senses  (sight,  hearing);  not 
quick;  sad;  melancholy  ;depressing;dismal; 
press;  inanimate;  insensible;  not  pleas- 
ing; not  exhilarating;  cheerless;  not  bright 
or  clear;  tarnished;  dim;  obscure;  blunt; 
obtuse;  having  a  thick  edge;  cloudy;  over- 
cast.— v.t.  To  make  dull;  to  stupefy;  to 
blunt;  to  render  less  acute;  to  make  less 
eager;  to  make  sad  or  melancholy;  to  maJ>:e 
insensible  or  slow  to  perceive;  to  render 
dim;  to  sully;  to  tarnish  or  cloud.— v.i.  To 
become  dull.  —  Dullard,  dul '  *rd,  re.  A 
stupid  person;  adolt;  a  blockhead;  adunce. 
— Dullardigm,t  dul'er-dizm,  re.  Stupidity; 
doltishness.  —  Dull-brained,  a.  Stupid. — 
Dull-hrowed,  a.  Having  a  gloomy  brow 
or  look.— Dull-eyed,  a.  With  eyes  dull  in 
expression.  —  Dnll-head,  re.  A  person  of 
dull  understanding;  a  dolt;  a  blockhead. 
— DuUiah,  dul'ish,  a.  Somewhat. dull; 
somewhat  stupid;  tiresome.— Dully,  dul'i. 


O:  Somewhat  dull.  {Tenn.^—adv.  (dulli). 
^■'t^^pidly;  slowly;  sluggishly;  without  life 
or  spirit.— Dttlness,  Dullness,  dul'nes,  re. 
The  state  or  character  of  being  dull. 

Dulse,  duls, re.  [Gael.  duiUiasg,lT.  duileasg, 
dulse.]  A  kind  of  edible  sea-weed  having 
a  reddish-brown,  or  purple,  frond,  several 
inches  long,  found  at  low  water  adhering 
to  the  rocks. 

Duly.    Under  Due. 

Dumb,  dum,  a.  [A.  Sax.  dMm6  =  Goth. 
<Z«rrt6a,  Dan.  dum,  G.  dumm,  dumb,  stupid; 
allied  to  dim,  and  perhaps  (Joth.  daubs, 
deaf.]  Mute;  silent;  not  speaking;  desti- 
tute of  the  power  of  speech;  unable  to 
utter  articulate  sounds;  not  accompanied 
with  speech;  effected  by  signs  (dumb  show). 
— To  strike  d%imb,  to  confound;  to  aston- 
ish; to  render  silent  by  astonishment. — 
v.t.  To  silence;  to  overpower  with  sound 
(SAafc.).— Dumbly,  d\im.'U.,- qdv.  Mutely; 
silently;  without  words  or  speech .— Dumb- 
ness, dum'nes,  re.  State  of  being  dumb. — 
Dumb-bells,  re.  pi.  Weights,  usually  con- 
sisting of  two  iron  balls  with  a  short  piece 
lor  grasping  between  them,  swung  in  the 
hands  for  developing  the  chest,  the  muscles 
of  the  arms,  &c.— Dumb-show,  re.  A  sort 
of  dramatic  representation  performed  pan- 
toffiimically;  gesture  without  words;  pan- 
tomirae.— Dumb-waiter,  re.  A  framework 
with  shelves,  made  to  move  between  a 
Idtchen  and  dining-room  for  conveying 
food,  &c. ;  a  side  table  or  other  piece  of 
furniture  in  a  dining-room,  on  which 
dessert,  &c.,  is  placed  until  required.— 
Dumfound,  Dumbfound,  dum-found',  v.t. 
To  strike  dumb;  to  confuse.  [CoUoq.]— 
Dumfounder,  dum-foun'd6r,  v.t.  To  con- 
fuse; to  stupefy;  to  strike  dumb;  to  con- 
found. [  CoUoq.  ]  —  Dummy,  dum '  i,  re. 
One  who  is  dumb;  the  fourth  or  exposed 
hand  when  three  persons  play  at  whist; 
also,  a  game  at  whist  when  there  are  only 
tliree  playing;  a  name  for  a  class  of  ob- 
jects which  are  not  what  their  appearance 
indicates,  but  do  service  for  real  ones, 
as  sham  packages,  &c.,  in  shops,  having 
the  appearance  oi  containing  goods;  a 
lay-figure  in  drapers'  shops,  &'c. — Double- 
dummy,  whist  with  only  two  players,  eacl^ 
having  a  hand  exposed. — o.  Silent;  mute; 
sham;  fictitious.    [CoUoq.] 

Dumous,  Dumose,  dQ'mus,  dQ'mos,  a.  [L. 
dMmosKS,  bushy,  from  dumu^,  a  bush.]  Bot. 
having  a  compact  bushy  form;  abounding 
with  bushes  and  brisrs. 

Dump,  dump,  re.  [Allied  to  damp;  Dan. 
dump,  dull;  G.  damp/,  steam,  vapour; 
comp.  dumps,  melancholy,  with  vapours, 
in  the  sense  of  nervousness  or  depression.] 
A  duU  gloomy  state  of  the  mind;  sadness; 
melancholy;  low  spirits;  heaviness  of  heart: 
generally  in  the  plural,  and  now  used  only 
when  a  ludicrous  effect  is  intended;  a 
melancholy  tune  ( Shak. )  I.  —  J)umpi3h, 
dum'pish,  a.  Sad;  melancholy;  depressed 
in  spirits.  —  Dumpishly,  dum'pish-li,  adv. 
In  a  moping  manner.  —  Dumpishness, 
dum'pish-nes,  re.  State  of  being  dumpish. 

Dumpling,  dumpling,  re.  [Connected  with 
Prov.  E.  dum,p,  a  clumsy  leaden  counter, 
a  lump;  also  perhaps  prov.  dump,  to 
knock.]  A  kind  of  pudding  or  mass  of 
boiled  paste,  with  or  without  fruit  in  it. 
—Dumpy,  dum'pi,  a.  Short  and  thick. — 
Dumpy -level,  re.  A  spirit-level  having 
a  short  telescope  with  a  large  aperture, 
and  a  compass,  used  in  surveying. 

Dun,  dun,  a.  [A.  Sax.  dunn,  perhaps  from 
W.  dvm,  Gael,  donn,  dun.]  Of  a  grayish 
brown  or  dull  brown,  colour;  of  a  smoky 
colour.  —  Dunnish,  dun'ish,  a.  Inclined 
to  a  dun  colour;  somewhat  dun. 

Dun,  dun,  v.t— dunned,  dunning.  [A  form 
of  dire.]  To  clamour  for  payment  of  a  debt 
from ;  to  demand  a  debt  in  a  pressing 
manner  from;  to  call  on  for  payment  re- 
peatedly; to  urge  importunately.— re.  One 
who  duns. 

Dunce,  duns,  re.  [From  Duns  Scotus,  the 
leader  of  the  Schoolmen  of  the  fourteenth 
century,  opposed  to  the  revival  of  classical 
learning;  hence  this  name  was  given  to 
his  followers  in  contenjpt  by  their  oppo- 
nents.] An  ignoramus;  a  pupil  too  stupid 
to  learn;  a  dullard;  a  thick-skull. — Dunce- 
dom,  duns'dum,  n.    The  realm  or  domain 


of  dunces.— Duacery,dun'8«r-i,n.  Dulness; 
stupidity.— Duncish,  dun'sish,  o.  Like  a 
dunce.— Duncishness,  dun'sish-nes,  n.    - 

Dunderhead,  Dunderpate,  dun'dfer-hed, 
dun'der-pat,  re.  [Comp.  Dan.  dummer- 
hoved,  a  dunderhead,  lit.  stupid^head,  from 
dtim,  stupid.]  A  dunce;  a  dull-head. — 
Dunderheaded,  dun'dfer-hed-ed,  a.  Stupid; 
thick-skulled. 

Dune,  don,  re.  [A.  Sax.  diin.  Down.]  A 
low  hill  of  sand  accumulated  on  the  sea- 
coast;  a  name  given  t6  some  aiicient  forts 
in  Scotland  with  a  hemispherical  or  coni- 
cal roof. 

Dung,  dung,  n.  [A.  Sax.  dung,  G.  dung, 
Sw.  dynga;  connected  with  verb  to  ding.] 
The  excrement  of  animals. — v.t.  To  man- 
ure with  dung. — v.i.  To  void  excrement. — 
Dung-fork,  n.  A  fork  with  three  or  more 
prongs  used  to  lift  dung.— Dunghill,  dung'- 
hil,  re.  A  heap  of  dung;  the  place  where 
dung  is  kept  collected;  a  mean  or  vile 
abode  or  situation. — a.  Sprung  from  the 
dunghill ;  mean ;  low ;  vile.  —  Dungmeer, 
dung'mer,  r^.  A  pit  where  dung,  weeds, 
&c.,  are  mixed  to  lie  and  rot. — Dungy, 

■  dung'i,  a.    Full  of  dung;  filthy;  vile. 

Bimgaree,  dun-ga-re',  re.  [Anglo-Indian, 
low,  common,  vulgar.]  A  eoarse  un- 
bleached Indian  calico,  generally  blue, 
worn  by  sailors. 

Dungeon,  dun'jon,  re.  [Fr.  dongeon,  donjon. 
Donjon.]  The  innermost  and  strongest 
tower  of  a  castle;  the  donjon;  a  close 
prison;  a  deep,  dark  place  of  confinement. 
— v.t.  To  confine  in  a  dungeon. 

Duniwassal,  Dunniewassal,dd-ni-was'sal,w. 
[Gael,  duin'  uasal,  from  duine,  a  man,  and 
ruisal,  gentle.]  A  gentleman  of  secondary 
rank  among  the  Scottish  Highlanders;  a 
cadet  of  a  family  of  rank. 

Dunker,  dungfkfer,  re.  A  member  of  a  sect 
of  Baptists  originating  in  Philadelphia;  a 
tunker. 

Dunlin,  dunlin,  re.  [From  dune  with  dim. 
termination  -ling;  or  from  dun,  adj.]  A 
species  of  sandpiper,  about  8  inches  in 
length,  occurring  in  vast  flocks  along  the 
sandy  shores  of  Britain;  remarkable  for 
the  variations  its  plumage  undergoes  in 
summer  and  winter. 

Dunnage,  dun'aj,  n.  [For  doumage,  from 
I  doum.}  Faggots,  boughs,  or  loose  wood 
'  laid  on  the  bottom  of  a  ship  to  raise  heavy 
goods  above  the  bottom  to  prevent  injury 
from  water;  also  loose  articles  of  lading 
wedged  between  parts  of  the  cargo  to  hold 
them  steady. 

Dunnock,  dun'ok,  re.  [From  dun,  a.]  The 
common  hedge-sparrow. 

Duodecimal,  du-o-des'i-mal,  a.  [L.  duo- 
decim,  twelve.]  Proceeding  in  computa- 
tion by  twelves. — re.  pi.  An  arithmetical 
method  of  ascertaining  the  number  of 
square  feet  and  square  inches  in  a  rect- 
angular area  or  surface,  whose  sides  are 
fiven  in  feet  and  inches.  —  Duodecimo, 
Q-o-des'i-mo,  a.  Having  .or  consisting  of 
twelve  leaves  to  a  sheet.  —  re.  A  book  in 
which  a  sheet  is  folded  into  twelve  leaves; 
the  size  of  a  book  consisting  of  sheets  so 
folded:  usually  indicated  thus,  i2mn. 

Duodenum  da-o-dc'num,  re.  [From  L.  dun- 
deni,  twelve  each,  so  called  because  its 
length  is  about  twelve  fingers'  bread.h.] 
The  first  portion  of  the  small  intestines; 
the  twelve-inch  intestine.— Duodenal,  dfi- 
o-de'nal,  a.  Connected  with  or  relating  to 
the  duodenum.— Duodenary ,dQ-o-den'a-ri, 
a.  [li.  duodenarius.]  Relating  to  the  num- 
ber twelve ;  twelvefold ;  increasing  by 
twelves. — Duodenary  arithmetic,  that  sys- 
tem in  which  the  local  value  of  the  figures 
increases  in  a  twelvefold  proportion  from 

right  to  left,  instead  of  the  tenfold  pro- 
portion in  the  ordinary  or  decimal  arith- 
metic. 

DuoUteral,  da-o-lit'fir-al,  a.  [L.  duo,  and 
litera,  a  letter.]    Consisting  of  two  letters 

only;  bilitetal. 

Dup,tdup,t>.t.  [FordoMp.]  Toopen. [SAat.] 

Dupe,  dup,  re.   [Fr.  dupe,  a  name  sometimes 

given  to  the  hoopoe,  and  hence,  from  the 

bird  being  regarded  as  stupid,  applied  to 

a  stupid  person.  Comp.  pigeon.]  A  person 

who  is  deceived,  or  one  easily  led  astray 

by  his  credulity .—».<. -dwped,  duping.  [Fr. 

duper.]    To  make  a  dupe  of ;  to  trick ;  to 


ch,  cAain;     eh,  &c,  loch;     g,goi     j.job;     n,  Fr.  tow;     ng,  sinp;     ta,  then;  th,  Viin;     w,  wig;    wh,  wWg;    zh,  aaure. 


DUPLE 


220 


DYE 


mislead  by  imposmg  on  one's  credulity. — 
DupeabiUty,  do-pa-bil'i-ti,  n.  Liability  to 
be  duped ;  gullibility.  —  Dupable,  Dupe- 
able, da'pa-bl,  a.  Liable  to  be  or  capaJble 
of  being  duped.  —  Doper,  da'pfer,  n.  One 
who  dupes;  a  cheat;  a  swindler. — Dupery, 
dll'pfer-i,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  duping. 
Dtiple.du'pl, a.  [L.  dupjMs.double.  Double.] 
Double.— Dupie  ratio,  that  of  2  to  1,  8  to 
4,  Ac. — Sub-duple  ratio  is  the  reverse,  or  as 
1  to  2,  4  to  8,  &c.  — v.<.t  To  double.  —  Du- 
plet.t  dflp'let,  n.  Doublet. — Duplex,  da'- 
pleks,  o.  [L.J  Double;  twofold. 
Duplicate,  dQ'pli-kat,  a.  [L.  duplicate, 
from  duplico,  to  double,  from  duplex, 
double,  twofold — duo,  two,  and  plico.  to 
fold.  Dual,  Plt.J  Double;  twofold. — 
Duplicate  ■proportion  or  ratio,  the  propor- 
tion or  ratio  of  squares. — n.  Another  cor- 
respondine  to  the  first ;  a  second  thing  of 
the  same  kind;  another  example  or  speci- 
men of  the  same  kind  of  object;  a  copy;  a 
transcript;  a  pawnbroker's  ticket-^-w.t. — 
duplicated,  duplicating.  To  double^  to 
fold.— Duplicatioa,  dU-pU-ka'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  doubling;  the  multiplication  of  a 
number  by  2;  a  folding;  a  doubling;  a 
fold. — Duplication  of  the  ewe,  math,  a  pro- 
blem for  determining  the  side  of  a  cube 
which  shall  be  exactly  tMe  double  in  solid- 
contents  of  a  given  cube.  —  Duplicative, 
dn'pU-ka-tiY,  a.  Having  the  quality  of 
duplicating  or  doubling.  —  Duplic^,tare, 
do ' pU-ka-tOr,  n.  A  doubling;  a  fold. — 
Duplicity,  dQ-plis'i-ti,  to.  tFr.  duplicitd; 
L.  duplicitas,  from  duplex,  duplicia.]  The. 
state  of  being  double;  doubleness;  espe- 
cially, doubleness  of  heart  or  speech ;  the 
act  or  practice  of  exhibiting  a  different  or 
contrary  conduct,  or  uttering  different  or 
contrary  sentiments  at  different  times  in 
relation  to  the  same  thing ;  double-deal- 
ing; dissimulation;  deceit. 

Durable,  da'ra-bl,  a.  [L.  durahilit,  from- 
durOj  to  last,  durus,  hard.]  Having  the 
quality  of  lasting  or  continuing  long  in 
being  without  perishing  or  wearing  Out ; 
not  perishable  or  changeable. — Durability, 
Durableneig,  da-ra-bU'i-ti,  du'ra-bl-nes, ». 
The  quality  of  being  durable.  — Durably, 
dQ'ra-bli,  adv.    In  a  durable  manner. 

Dura-mater,  da' ra-ma-t6r.  [L.;  lit.  hard 
mother :  called  m/other  as  protecting  the 
brain.]  The  outer  membrane  of  the  brain: 
Bo  named  from  its  bardness  compared  with 
the  membrane  which  lies  under  it,  called 
pia-maiiir  (pious  mother),  and  which  also 
surrounds  the  brain. 

Duramen,  da-ra'men,  n.  [L.  duramens,  hard- 
ness, durus,  hard.]  The  central  wood  or 
^eart-wood  in  the  trunk  of  an  exogenous 
tree. 

Duruice,  dft'rans,  n.  [In  the  common  sense 
apparently  shortened  from  endurance, 
from  the  hardships  of  imprisonment; 
comp. duress.]  Imprisonment;  restraint 
of  the  person;  custody;  duration!. — Dura- 
tion, da-ra'shon,  n.  Continuance  in  time; 
length  or  extension  of  existence,  indefin- 
itely; power  of  continuance. 

Durbar,  der'bar,  n.  [Hind,  and  Per.  darbdr 
— Per.dar,door,  ana  ftdr,  court,  assembly.] 
An  audience  room  in  the  palaces  of  the 
native  princes  of  India;  state  levee  or 
audience  held  by  the  governor-general  of 
India,  or  by  a  native  prince;  an  official 
reception. 

Dure,t  dur,  v.i.  CFr.  durer.]  To  endure;  to 
continue.    [N.T.] 

Duress,  dQ'res,  n.  [O.Pr.  dwresse,  hardship, 
constraint,  from  L.  dutitia,  harshness, 
hardness,  from,  durus,  hard.]  Imprison- 
ment ;  restraint  of  liberty;  law,  also  re- 
straint or  constraint  by  threats  of  personal 
injury. 

Durian,  Durion,  da'ri-aa,  dn'ri-on,  n.  [The 
Malay  name.]  A  tree  of  the  Malayan 
Archipelago;  also  its  fruit,  which  is  ex- 
tremely luscious  and  enticing  to  eat,  but 
has  an  abominably  offensive  flavour. 

During,  du'ring,  ppr.  of  dure,  used  as  a  pre- 
position. Continuing;  lasting;  in  the  time 
of;  throughout  the  course  of. 

Durmast,  dfer'mast,  to.  A  highly  valued 
species  of  oak,  closely  allied  to  the  com- 
mon oak. 

Durra,  dur'a,  n.  [Ar.]  A  species  of  grain 
much  cultivated  in  Africa,  Asia,  and  the 


south  of  Eurox>e ;  Indiaa  millet ;  Guinea 
eom. 

DuTBt,  d6rst,  pret.  of  dare. 
Dusk,  dusk,  a.  f  Probablv  akin  to  Sw.  dusk, 
dull  weather;  icel.  dosha,  to  dawdle;  L.G. 
dusken,  to  slumber,  perhaps  also  to  dose.] 
Tending  to  darkness,  or  moderately  dark; 
tending  to  a  dark  or  black  colour;  moder- 
ately black;  swarthy. — n.  An  approach  to 
darkness;  incipient  or  imperfect  ODScurity; 
a  middle  degree  between  light  and  dark- 
ness; twilight;  darkness  of  colour. — v.t.\ 
To  make  dusky,  or  somewhat  dark. — v.i.\ 
To  begin  to  lose  light  or  whiteness;  to  grow 
dark ;  to  cause  a  dusky  appearance.  — 
Dnsken,  dua'kn  v.i.  To  grow  dusk;  to 
become  dark. — v.t.  To  make  dusk,  or  some- 
what dark.— Duskily,  dua'ki-li,  adv.  In  a 
dusky  manner. — Duskiness,  dus'ki-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  dusky. — Duskish.  dus'- 
kish,  a.  Moderately  dusky.— Dusky ,du8'ki, 
a.  Partially  dark  or  obscure;  not  lumi- 
nous; tending  to  blackness  in  colour;  dark- 
coloured;  not  bright;  gloomy. 
Dust,  dust,  n.  [A.  Sax.  duai,  dust;  same 
word  as  Icel.  and  L.D.  dust,  D.  duist,  dust; 
akin  to  G.  dunst,  vapour.]  Pine  dry  par- 
ticles of  earth  or  other  matter,  so  attenu- 
ated that  they  may  be  raised  and  waJEted 
by  the  wind ;  hence?  fig.  commotion  and 
confusion  accompanying  a  struggle;  earth 
or  earthy  matter  as  symbolic  of  mortality; 
the  body  when  it  has  mouldered  in  the 
grave;  the  grave;  a  low  condition;  money 
(coUoq.). — To  throw  dust  in  one's  eyes,  to 
mislead;  to  blind  as  to  the  true  character 
of  something.— u.i.  To  free  from  dust;  to 
brush,  wipe,  or  sweep  awky  dust;  to  beat; 
to  sprinkle  with  dust.— Dust-ball,  n.  A 
disease  in  horses,  in  which  a  hard  ball  is 
formed  in  the  intestinal  canal.  — ^  Dust- 
brand,  TO.  Smut,  a  disease  of  cereals. — 
Dust-brush,  TO.  A  brush  for  removing  dust, 
as  from  articles  of  furniture.  —  Dust-cart, 
TO.  A  cart  for  conveying  dust  and  refuse 
from  the  •streets.- Duster,  dus'tfer,  to.  One 
who  or  that  which  clears  from  dust;  a 
light  overcoat  worn  to  protect  the  clothmg 
from  dust. — Dustiness,  dus'ti-nes,  to.  The 
state  of  being  dusty.— Dust-man,  to.  One 
whose  employment  is  to  remove  dirt  and 
filth. — Dust-pan,  n.  A  utensil  to  convey 
dust  brushed  ^m.  the  floor,  furniture, 
&c.—  Dusty,  dus'ti,  a.  Filled,  covered,  or 
sprinkled  with  dust;  reduced  to  dust;  Jike 
dust;  of  the  colour  of  dust. 
Dutch,  duch,  TO.  [G.  deutsch,  German,  Ger- 
manic, pertaining  to  the  Germanic  or  Teu- 
tonic race;  O.  H .  G.  diuiisc,  from  diot,  A.  Sax. 
theod,  Goth,  thiuda,  people.  The  word  has 
latterly  been  narrowed  from  its  original 
meaning.  The  term  Low  Dutch  means 
Dut<:h  or  Low  German  iPlatldeutsch),aa  op- 
posed to  High  Dutch  (Hochdeutsch),  or  Ger- 
man pifoper.]  PI.  originally,  the  Germanic 
race;  the  German  peoples  generally,  now 
only  applied  to  the  people  of  Holland;  sing. 
the  language  spoken  in  Holland. — a.  Per- 
taining to  Holland  or  its  inhabitants. — 
Dutch  auction,  an  auction  at  which  th  e  auc- 
tioneer starts  with  a  high  price,  and  comes 
down  till  he  meets  with  a  bidder;  a  mock 
auction. — Dutch  courage,  false  or  artificial 
courage;  boldness  inspired  by  intoxicating 
spirits. — Dutch  clover,  white  clover,  a  valu- 
able pasture  plant. — Dutch  concert,  a  con- 
cert in  which  a  company  join,  each  singing 
his  own  song  at  the  same  time  as  his 
neighbour,  or  in  which  each  member  sings 
a  verse  of  a  song,  some  well-kno\vn  chorus 
being  used  as  the  burden  after  each  verse. 
—  Dutch  gold,  Dutch  metal,  an  alloy  of 
eleven  parts  of  copper  and  two  of  zinc. — 
Dutch  leaf,  false  gold-leaf. — Dutch  mineral, 
copper  beaten  out  into  very  thin  leaves. — 
— Dutch  myrtle,  sweet  gale;  a  fragrant 
shrub  found  in  bogs  and  moors.  -^  Dutch 
oven,  a  tin  hanging  screen  for  cooking  be- 
fore a  kitchen  range  or  ordinary  fire-grate. 
— Dutch  pink,  chalk  or  whiting  dyed  yel- 
low with  adecoction  of  birch-leaves.French 
berries, and  alum. — Dutchman,  duoii'man, 
n.  A  native  of  Holland;  a  Hollander. 
Duty,  dti'ti,  TO.  [From  due.]  That  which 
a  person  is  bound  by  any  natural,  moral, 
or  legal  obligation  to  do  or  perform;  what 
has  to  be  done  as  being  due  towards  an- 
other; obligation  to  do  something ;  obed- 


ience ;  submission ; '  act  of  reverence  or 
respect;  any  service,  business,  or  ol?Jce; 
particularly,  military  or  similar  service; 
a  tax,  teU,  or  impost;  any  sum  of  money 
required  by  government  to  b*-  paid  on  the 
importation,  exportation,  or  consumption 
of  goods.— Duteous,  da'te-us,  a.  Perform- 
ing that  which  is  due,  or  that  which  law, 
justice,  or  propriety  requires;  dutiful; 
obedient;  enjoined  by  duty  {Shak.)t— 
Duteously,  du'te-us-li,  adv.  In  a  duteous 
manner. — Duteousness,  dQ'te-us-nes,  to. 
(Quality  of  being  duteous.— Dutiable,  da'- 
ti-a-bl,  a.  Subject  to  the  imposition  of 
duty  or  customs.  —  Dutiful,  du'ti-ful,  a. 
Performing  the  duties  or  obligations  re- 
quired by  law,  justice,  or  propriety;  obe- 
dient; suomissive  to  superiors;  expressive 
of  respect  or  a  sense  of  duty;  respectful; 
reverential;  required  by  duty. — Dutifully, 
da'ti-ful-li,  adv.  In  a  dutiful  manner.— 
Dutiful[ness,  dfl'ti-f ul-nes,  to.  The  state  or 
character  of  being  dutiful. — Duty-free,  a. 
i  Free  from  tax  or  duty. 
1  Dux,  duks,n.  fL.,aleader, a  chief.  Dike.] 
The  head  or  chief  pupil  of  a  class  or  divi- 
sion in  a  public  school. 
D-valve,  to.  A  vaJve  for  opening  and  clos- 
ing the  induction  and  eduction  passages 
of  a  steam-fngine  cylinder,  so  called  frpm 
its  plan  resembling  the  letter  D. 
Dwaie,  dwal,  to.  [A.  Sax.  dwala,  dwola, 
errorj.from  dwelian,  to  err,  to  be  torpid  or 
dull.]  The  deadly  nightshade,  which  pos- 
sesses stupefying  or-poisonous  properties. 
Dwarf,  dw?irf,  to.  [A.  Sax.  dwerg,  dweorg, 
D.  dwerg,  Sw.  dwerg, dwerf,  L.G.  dwarf, a, 
dwarf.]  A  general  name  for  an  animal  or 
plant  which  is  much  below  the  ordinary 
size  of  the  species  or  kind;  a  very  diminu- 
tive man  or  woman. — v.t  To  hinder  from 
growing  to  the  natural  size;  to  prevent  the 
.  due  development  ofj  to  stunt;  to  c§iuse  to 
look  small  or  insignificant  by  comparison. 
— v.i.  To  become  less;  to_ become  dwarfish 
or  stunted. — Dwarfish,  dwar'fish,  a.  Like 
a  dwarf;  below  the  common  stature  or 
size;  very  small;  low;  petty;  despicable. — 
Dwarflsnly,  dwar'fish-Ii,  adv.  In  a  dwarf- 
ish manner.  —  Dwarfidmess,  dwsir'flsh- 
nes,  TO.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
dwarfish. — Dwarf-wall,  to.  A  wall  of  less 
height  than  a  story  of  a  building. 
Dwell,  dwel,  v.i. — dwelled,  usually  contrac- 
ted into  dwelt,  dwelling.  [The  A.  Sax. 
dwelian,  to  deceive,  prevent,  hinder;  Icel. 
dvelja,  to  hinder,  to  delay;  Dan.  dvcele,  to 
loiter,  delay,  dwell;  akin  dull.]  To  abide 
as  a  permanent  resident;  to  live  in  a  place; 
to  have  a  habitation  for  some  time  or  per- 
manently; to  be  in  any  state  or  condition; 
to  continue. — To  dwell  on  or  upon,  to  keep 
the  attention  fitted  on;  to  hang  upon  with 
fondness;  to  occupy  a  long  time  with ;  to 
be  tedious  over.— Dweller,  dwel'fer,  to.  One 
who  dwells;  an  inhabitant.  —  Dwelling, 
dwel'ine,  to.  Habitation;  place  of  resid- 
ence; sibode;  continuance;  residence. — 
Dwelling-house,  to.  A  house  intended  to 
be  occupied  as  a  residence,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  a  place  of  business,  office,  or 
other  building.— DweUliig-i)lace,  n.  The 
place  of  residence. 

Dwindle,  dwin'dl,  v.i.— dwindled,  dwindling. 
[Freq.  from  O.E.  and  Sc.  dwine;  A.  Sax, 
dwinan,  to  pine,  waste  away=D.  dunf'nen, 
Icel.  dvina,  Dan.  tvine,  to  pine.]  To  dim^ 
inish  gradually;  to  become  small  and  in- 
significant; to  shrink;  to  waste  or  consume 
away;  to  degenerate.  —  v.t.  To  cause  to 
dwindle.  —  to.  The  process  of  dwindling; 
decline.  —  Dwindled,  dwin'dld,  p.  and  a. 
Shrunk;  diminished,  in  size.  —  Dwindle- 
ment,  dwin'dl-ment,  to.  The  act  or  state 
of  dwindling. 

Dyad,  di'ad,  w.  [Gr.  dyas,  dyados,  from 
dyo,  two.]  Two  units  treated  as  one;  a 
pair;  a  couple;  chem.  an  elementary  sub- 
stance, each  atom  of  which,  in  combining 
with  other  bodies,  is  equivalent  to  two 
atoms  of  hydrogen.— Dyadic,  di-ad'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  number  two, 
or  to  a  dyad;  consisting  of  two  parts  or 
elements.— Djras,  di'as,  to.  [Gr.]  Geol.  a 
term  sometimes  applied  to  the  Permian 
system  from  its  being  divided  into  two 
principal  groups. 
Dye,  di,  v.t— dyed,  dyeing.   [A.  Sax.  deAgcm, 


^r&te,  f&r,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  hfir;     Ptoe,  pin;     nSte,  not,  mOve;     tube,  tub,  b\ill;     oil,  pound;  _fl,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr.  «^' 


DYING 


22] 


EAR 


deiigian,  from  deAg,  dye,  colour,  perhaps 
akin  to  dew.]  To  give  a  new  and  permau- 
ent  colour  to:  applied  particularly  to  cloth 
or  the  materials  of  cloth,  as  wool,  cotton, 
silk,  and  linen;  also  to  hair,  skins,  &c.;  to 
stain;  to  colour;  to  tinge.— n.  A  colouring 
liquor;  colour;  stain;  tinge.— Dyer,  di'fer, 
n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  dye  cloth 
and  the  like.— Dye-house,  n.  A  building 
in  which  dyeing  is  carried  on.  —  Dyer's- 
moss,  n.  Same  as  Xrc/iiJ.  —  Dyer's-weed, 
n.  A  British  plant  of  the  same  genus  as 
mignonette,  affording  a  beautiful  yellow 
dye.— Dye-stuft,  n.  Materials  used  in  dye- 
ing. —  Dye-wood,  n.  A  general  name  for 
any  wood  from  which  dye  is  extracted. — 
Dye-work,  n.  An  establishment  in  which 
dyeing  is  carried  <jn. 

Dying,  di'ing,  a.  Mortal;  destined  to 
death;  given,  uttered,  or  manifested  just 
before  death  (dying  words);  pertaining 
to  or  associated  with  death  (dying  hour); 
drawing  to  a  close;  fading  away.— ?i.  The 
act  of  expiring;  death.— Dyingly,  di'ing-li, 
adv.  In  an  expiring  manner. — Dyingness, 
di'ing-nes,  rt.  The  state  of  dying;  affected 
languor  or  faintness;  languishment. 
Dyke,  n.  and  v.  Same  as  Vike. 
Dynam,  di'nam,  n.  [Gr.  dynamis,  power.] 
A  term  proposed  to  express  a  unit  of  work 
equal  to  a  weight  of  1  lb.  raised  through 
1  foot  in  a  second;  a  foot-pound.— Dsmam- 
ctar,  di-nam'e-tftr,  n.  An  instrument  for 
determining  the  magnifying  power  of 
telescopes.  —  Dynametric,  Dynametrical, 
din-a-met'rik,  din-a-met'ri-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  dynameter.— Dynamic,  Dy- 
namical, di-nam'ik,  di-nam'i-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  strength,  power,  or  force;  relat- 
iner  to  dynamics,  relating  to  the  effects  of 
tlie  forces  or  moving  agencies  in  nature. — 
I>;/namical  electricity,  current  electricity. 
—Dynamically,  di-nam'i-kal-li,  adv.  In 
a  dynamical  manner.  —  Dyiiamics,  di- 
nani'iks,  n.  The  scieface.  which  investi- 
gates the  action  of-  force,  now  usually 
divided  into  Statics  and  Kinetics,  the  for- 
mer dealing  with  forces  such  as  compel 
rt  i^t  or  prevent  change  of  motion,  the  lat- 
ter with  forces  that  cause  motion  or  change 
of  motion.  [Formerly  the  term  was  used 
as  equivalent  to  the  modem  Kinetics,  Me- 
chanics being  then  equivalent  to  Dynainica 
as  now  used.]— Dynamism,  din'a-mizm,  n. 
The  doctrine  that  all  substance  involves 


force.— Dynamite,  din'a-mit,  n.  An  ex- 
plosive substance  consisting  of  a  siliceous 
earth,  and  sometimes  of  charcoal,  saw- 
dust, &c.,  impregnated  with  nitro-glycer- 
iue,  and  having  a  disruptive  force  estima- 
ted at  about  eight  times  that  of  gunpow- 
der.—Dynamitard,  Dynamiter,  din'a-mit- 
a.rd,  din'a-mit-6r.  n.  One  who  uses  dyna- 
mite for  destroying  public  buildings  or 
other  criminal  purposes.— Dynamometer, 
din-a-mom'e-t6r,  n.  An  instrument  for 
measuring  force  or  power,  especially  that 
of  men,  animals,  machines,  the  strength 
of  materials,  &c.— Dynamometric,  Dyna- 
mometrical,  din'a-mo-met"rik,  diu'a-mo- 
met"ri-kal,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  dy- 
namometer, or  to  the  measurement  of 
force.— Dynamo-electric,  di-nam'6-e-lek"- 
trik,  ffl.  Producing  force  by  means  of 
electricity. 

Dynasty,  din'as-ti,  n.  [Gr.  dynasteia,  sov- 
ereignty, from  dynastes,  a  lord  or  chief, 
from  dynamai,  to  be  strong,  dynamis, 
power.]  A  race  or  succession  of  rulers  of 
the  same  line  or  family,  who  govern  a 
particular  country  ;•  the  period  during 
which  they  rule.— Dynastic,  di-nas'tik,  <i. 
Relating  to  a  dynasty  or  line  of  kings. 

Dyne, din,  n.  LGr.dj/nctmis, power.]  Physics, 
a  unit  of  force,  being  that  force  which, 
acting  on  a  gramme  for  one.second,  gener- 
ates a  velocity  of  a  centimetre  per  second. 

Dysesthesia,  dis-es-the'si-a,  ri.  IGr.  dys, 
with  difficulty,  aisthesis,  perception.  J 
Pathol,  impaired  feeling;  insensibility. 

Dyschroa,  dis'kro-a,  n.  [Gr.  dys,  and  chroa, 
colour.]  Med.  a  discoloured  state  of  thi,- 
skin. 

D^scrasia,  Dyscrasy,  dis-kra'si-a,  disTcra- 
si,  n.  [Gr.  dmkrasia — dys,  evil,  and  Icra- 
sis,  habit.]    Med.  a  bad  habit  of  body. 

Dysentery,  dis'en-te-ri,  n.  [Gr.  dysenteria 
—dys,  bad,  and  eyitera,  intestines.]  In- 
flammation of  the  mucous  membrane  of 
the  large  intestine,  accompanied  generally 
with  much  fever  and  great  prostration- 
frequent  stools,the  discharges  being  mixed 
with  blood  and  mucus  or  other  morbid 
mattet,  griping  of  the  bowels,  and  tenes- 
mus.—Dysenteric,  Dysenterical,  dis-en- 
ter'ik,  dis-en-ter'i-kal,a.  Pertaining  to  or 
afflicted  with  dysentery. 

Dvglogistic,  dis-lo-jis'tift,  a.  [Formed  on 
the  model  of  eulogistic,  dys  signifying  ill, 
and  the  word  having  therefore  the  oppos* 


ite  signification  of  eulogistic.]  Conveying 
censure,  disapproval,  or  opprobrium;  cen- 
sorious; opprobrious.  —  Dyslogistically, 
dis-l5-jis'ti-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  dyslogistic 
manner;  so  as  to  convey  censure  or  disap- 
proval.—Dyslogy,  dis'lo-ji,  n.  Dispraise: 
opposite  of  eulogy. 

Dysodile,  dis'O-dil,  n.  [Gr.  dys,  bad,  and 
026,  to  smell,  and  hyle,  matter.]  A  species 
of  coal,  of  a  greenish  or  yellowish  gray 
colour,  in  masses  composecf  of  thin  layers, 
which,  when  burning,  emits  a  very  fetid 
odour. 

Dysorexla,  Dysorexy,  dis-o-rek'si-a,  dis'o- 
rek-si,  Ji.  (Gr.  dys,  bad,  and  orexis,  appe- 
tite.] Med.  a  bad  or  depraved  appetite;  a 
want  of  appetite. 

Dyspepsia,  Dyspepsy,  dis-pep'si-a,  dis-pep'- 
si,  71.  [Gr.  dyspepsia — dys,  bad,  and  pepto, 
to  concoct,  to  digest.]  Indigestion,  or 
difficulty  of  digestion;  a  state  of  the 
stomach  in  which  its  functions  are  dis- 
turbed, without  the  presence  of  other 
diseases,  or  when,  if  they  are  present,  they 
are  but  of  minor  importance.— Dyspeptic, 
Dyspeptical,  dis-pep'tik,  dis-pep'ti-kal,  a. 
AJHicted  with  dyspepsia;  pertaining  to  or 
consisting  in  dyspepsy. — Dyspeptic,  n.  A 
person  afflictecf  with  dyspepsy. 

Dysphagia,  Dysphagy,  dis-fa'ji-a,  dis'fa-ji, 
n.    [Gr.  dys,  ill,  and  phagO,  to  eat.]    Med. 

■  difficulty  of  swallowing. 

Dysphonia,  Dysphony,  dis-fo'ni-a,  dis'fo-ni, 
n.  |Gr.  dys,  bad,  and  p/io»i<J,  voice.]  Med. 
a  difficulty  of  speaking  occasioned  by  an 
ill  disposition  of  the  organs  of  speech. 

Dyspnoea,  disp-nfi'a,  n.  [Gr.  dyspnoia — 
dys,  ill,  and  pneO,  to  breathe.]  Med.  diffi- 
culty of  breathing.-.-Dyspnoic,disp-no'ik, 
a.  Affected  with  or  resulting  from  dysp- 
noea. 

Dysthymic,  dis-thim'ik,  a.  [Gr.  dysthymi- 
kos,  melancholy — dys,  bad,  and  thymos, 
the  soul  or  spirit.]  Med.  affected  with  des- 
pondency; depressed  in  spirits;  dejected. 

Dyauria,  Dysury,  dis-u'ri-a,  dis'a-ri,  n. 
[Gr.  dysouri(x^-dys,  ill,  and  ouron,  urine.] 
Med.  difficulty  in  discharging  the  urine, 
attended  with  pain  and  a  sensation  oi 
heat.— Dysurlc,  dis-a'rUc,  o.  Pertaining 
to  dysury. 

Dziggetai,  dzig'ge-ta,  n.  The  wild  ass  ot 
Central  Asia,  a  fine  swift  animal,  inter- 
mediate in  appearance  and  character  be- 
tween the  horse  and  ass. 


E. 


E,  the  second  vowel  and  the  fifth  letter  of 
the  EngUsh  alphabet,  occurring  more  fre- 
quently than  any  other  letter  of  the  al- 
phabet; mus.  the  third  note  or  degree  of 
the  natural  8r  diatonic  scale. 

Each,  ech,  distrib.  a.  and  pron.  [O.E.  eche, 
ech,  ych,  uch,  elch,  elc,  ilk;  A.  Sax.  ale, 
from  d'=aye,  ever,  and  lie,  like;  similar  to 
i).  .an  \  L.G.  elk,  G.  jeglich.  Comp.  such 
and  which.]  Every  one  of  any  number 
separately  considered  or  treated;  every- 
one of  two  or  more  considered  individual- 
ly. With  other  it  is  used  reciprocally;  as, 
it  is  our  duty  to  assist  each  other  (that  is, 
each  to  assist  the  other). 

Eager,  e'ger,  a.  [O.E.  egre,  O.Pr.  eigre. 
Mod.  Fr.  aigre,  eager,  sharp,  biting,  from 
L.  acir,  acris,  sharp;  from  root  which  ap- 
pears in  acute,  acid,  acrid,  &c.]  Sharp, 
sour,  acid  {Shak.)t;  excited  bjj  ardeiit  de- 
sire in  the  pursuit  of  any  object;  ardent 
to  pursue,  perform,  or  obtain;  ardently 
wishing  or  longing;  vehement;  fervid; 
earnest;  impetuous;  keen. — Eagerly,  e'g6r- 
li,  adv.  In  an  eager  manner. — Eagerness, 
e'g6r-nes,  n.  The  state  or  character  of 
being  eager;  keenness;  ardour;  zeal. 

Eagle,  iS'gl,  n.  [Fr.  aigle,  from  L.  aquUa, 
an  eagle,  fern,  of  the  rare  adj.  aquilus, 
dark-coloured,  swarthy.]  A  common  name 
of  many  large  birds  of  prey,  characterized 
by.  a  hooked  beak  and  curved,  sharp,  and 
strong  claws  (talons),  and  by  its  great 
pt;wers  of  flight  and  vision,  of  ten  regarded 
as  a  syinboLof  royalty;  a  militaty  standard 


having:  the  figure  of  an  eagle,  such  as  that 
of  ancient  Rome  and  modern  France;  a 
gold  coin  of  the  United  States,  of  the  value 
of  ten  dollars,  or  about  forty -two  shillings 
sterling;  a  reading-desk  in  churches  in  the 
form  of  an  eagle  with  expanded  wings. — 
Eaglet,  e'glet,  n.  A  small  or  young  eagle. 
—Eagle-eyed,  a.  Sharp-sighted  as  an  eagle; 
having  an  acute  sight.— Eagle-owl,  n.  A 
horned  owl  little  inferior  in  size  to  the 
golden  eagle.— Eagle-stone,  n.  A  variety 
of  argillaceous  iron  ore  occurring  in  sphe- 
rical, oval,  or  reniform  masses  varying 
from  the  size  of  a  walnut  to  that  of  a  man's 
head:  so  called  from  an  ancient  notion 
that  they  were  often  found  in  the  nests  of 

.  eagles.- Eagle-wood,  n.  Ahighly  fragrant 
wood,  much  esteemed  by  Asiatics  for  burn- 
ing as  incense. 

Eagre,  Eager,  e'ger,  «.  [A.  Sax.  edgor,igor, 
Icel.  CBgir,  the  sea.]  A  tidal  wave  moving 
up  a  river  or  estuary  at  spring-tide,  as  in 
the  Severn,  Solway,  &c.;  a  bore. 

Ealdorman.    Alderman. 

Eanling,t  en'ling,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ednian,  lo 
bring  forth,  and  ling,  dim.  term.]  A  lamb 
just  Drought  forth.    [Shak.] 

Ear,  §r.  1.  [A.  Sax.  edre='D.  oor,  Icel.  eyra, 
Dan.  ore,  G.ohr,  L.  auris,*  Gr.  ous.]  The 
organ  of  hearing,  which  in  man  and  higher 
animals  is  composed  of  the  external  ear,  a 
cartilaginous  funnel  for  collecting  the 
sound  waves  and  directing  them  inwards; 
the  middle  ear,  tympanum  or  drum;  and 
the  internal  ear  or  labyrinth ;  the  sense 


cf  hearing;  the  power  of  distinguishing 
sounds;  the  power  of  nice  perception  of 
the  differences  of  musical  sounds;  a  favour- 
able hearing ;  attention ;  heed ;  a  part  of 
any  inanimate  object  Trembling  v.xi  ear; 
a  projecting  part  from  the  side  of  anything; 
a  handle  of  a  tub,  pitcher,  &C.—AII  ear,  all 
attention.  —  To  set  by  the,  ears,,  to  make 
strife  lietween;  to  cause  to  quarrel. —  Up  to 
the  ears,  over  head  and  ears,  deeply  absorb- 
ed or  engrossed ;  overwhelmed;  — Eared, 
erd,  o.  Having  ears:  usually  in  com- 
pounds, as  /on.cr-ea?'ed.— Earless,  6r'les,  n. 
Having  no  ears;  wanting  the  external  ear. 
—  Ear-ache,  n.  Pain  in  the  ear,  —  Ear- 
cockle,  n.  A  disease  in  wheat  caused  by 
the  presence  in  the  grain  of  a  microscopic 
worm.— Ear-drop,  ti.  Anomamental  pen- 
dant for  the  ear.— Ear-drum,  n.  The  tymp- 
anum (which  see).- Ear-hole,  to.  The  aper- 
tnxe  or  opening  of  the  external  ear.— Ear- 
mark, TO.  A  mark  on  the  ear  for  dis- 
tinguishing sheep,  pigs,  cattle,  &c.;  hence 
any  mark  for  distinction  or  identification. 
J. — v.t.  To  distinguish  by  putting  an  ear- 
mark on. — Ear-pick,  to.  An  instrument 
for  cleaning  the  ear.  —  Ear-piercing,  a. 
Piercing  the  ear;  sharp;  shrill;  acute. — 
Ear-ring,  n.  An  ornament  ring  worn 
hanging  from  the  lobe  of  the  ear,  and 
usually  carrying  a  jewelled  pendsmt.  — 
Ear-shell,  n.  One  of  a  genus  of  gastero- 
podous  molluscs,  so  called  from  the  flat- 
ness and  smallness  of  the  spire  of  the  shell 
giving  it  some  resemblance  io  an  ear. — 


^b,  (Aain;  _c/»,  Sc.  locft;     g,  ffo;     jjoh;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sing;     th,  ^/len;  th,  <Ain;     w,  wig;*«  wh,  wWgi     zh,a«ure. 


EAR 


222 


EAT 


Eax-shot,  n.  The  distance  the  ear  can  per- 
ceive sound;  hearing  distance. — £ar-tram- 
pet,  n.  An  instrument,  usually  in  the 
shape  of  a  conoidal  tube,  used  to  enable 
persons  somewhat  deaf  to  hear  more 
readily. — Ear-wax,  n.  The  waxy  or  viscous 
substance  secreted  by  the  ear;  cerumen. — 
Earwig,  er'wig,  n.  [A.  Sax.  i»icj7a,a beetle.] 
One  of  a  family  of  insects  having  a  long 
narrow  body  and  a  pair  of  nippers  at  the 
extremity  of  the  abdomen:  so  called  from 
a  popular  delusion  that  they  ha\'e  a  pro- 
pensity to  creep  into  the  ear.  —  Ear-wit- 
ness,t  Ji.  One  able  to  give  evidence  from 
his  own  hearing;  an  auditor. 

Ear,  er,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  erian,  O.Pris.  era, 
Icel.  erja,  Goth,  arjan,  L.  aro,  Gr.  aro6,  to 
plough.]  To  plough  or  till.  [O.T.KEar- 
iog,  er'ing,  n.  A  ploughing  of  land;  tilling. 
[O.T.] 

Ear,  er,  to.  [A.  Sax.  ear,  D.  aar,  G.  Ohre,  an 
ear.]  A  spike  or  head  of  com  or  grain; 
that  part  of  cereal  plants  which  contains 
the  flowers  and  seeds.— ».t.  To  shoot,  as  an 
ear;  to  form  ears,  as  com. 

Earl,  ferl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  eorl,  Icel.  Ban.  and 
Sw.  jarl,  earl.]  In  Britain  an  nobleman, 
the  third  in  j-ank,  being  next  below  a 
marquis,  and  next  above  a  viscount. — 
Earldom,  6rl'dum,  n.  The  jurisdiction  or 
dit'iiity  of  an  earl.— Eaxl-marshal,  n.  An 
officer  of  state  in  Great  Britain,  who,  as  ' 
the  head  of  the  College  of  Arms,  deter- 
mines all  rival  claims  to.arms,  and  grants 
armorial  bearings,  through  -the  medium 
of  the  king-of-arras. 

Early,  er'li,  a.  fA.  Sax.  aerliee  (adv.),~from 
aer,  soon.  He,  like.  Ere.]  In  advance  of 
something  else  as  regards  time;  sooner 
than  ordinary;  produced  or  happening  be- 
fore the  usual  time  (early  fruit,  early 
maturity) ;  forward ;  being  at  the  begin- 
ning; first  (in  early  manhood,  early  times). 
— Early  English  architecture,  the  style.of 
architecture  into  which  the  Norman 
passed,  the  distinctive  features  of  which 
are  pomted  arches,  long,  narrow,  lancet- 
shaped  windows  without,  mullions,  and  a 
peculiar  projecting  ornament  in  the  hol- 
lows of  the  mouldings,  called  the  dog-tooth 
ornament:  called  also  the  First  Pointed 
or  Lancet  Style.— adv.  Soon,  or  sooner  than 
usual  or  than  others;  in  good  season;  be- 
times.—Earlineiis,  6r'li-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  early. 

Earn,  6m,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  eamian,  to  earn,  to 
reap  the  fruit  of  one's  labours;  O.D.  em«, 
G.  emte,  harvest.]  To  merit  or  deserve  by 
labour  or  by  any  performance;  to  gain  by 
labour,  serrice,  or  performance;  to  deserve 
and  receive  as  compensation.'^Eaminga, 
er'ningz,  n.  pi.  That  which  is  earned; 
what  IS  gained  or  deserved  by  labour,  ser- 
vices, or  performance;,  wages;  reward;  re- 
compense. 

Earnest,  fer'nest,  o.  [A.  Sax.  earnest,  earnest- 
ness, eomeste  (adj.),  earnest,  serious;  cog. 
D.  and  G.  emat,  earnest,  D.  emsten,  to  en- 
deavour.] Ardent  in  the  pursuit  of  an 
object;  eager  to  obtain;  having  a  longing 
desire;  warmly  engaged  or  incited;  warm; 
zealous;  intent;  serious;  grave. — n.  Serious- 
Dess;  a  reality;  a  real  event,  as  opposed  to 
jesting  or  feigned  appearance. — Earnestly, 
er'nest-li,  adv.  In  an  earnest  manner. — 
Earnestness,  fer'nest-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  earnest. 

Earnest,  lir'nest,  n.  [From  W.  ernes,  earnest 
or  pledge,  from  em,  a  pledge.]  Something 
given  by  way  of  token  or  pledge,  to  bind  a 
bargain  and  prove  a  sale;  a  part  paid  or 
delivered  beforehand,  as  a  pledge  and 
security  for  the  whole,  or  as  a  token  of 
more  to  come;  ftp.  anything  which  gives 
assurance,  promise,  or  indication  of  what 
"is  to  follow;  first-fruits;  token. — Earnest- 
money,  n.  Money  paid  as  earnest  to  bind 
a  bargain  or  ratify  and  prove  a  sale. 

Earth,  erth,  n.  [A.  Sax.  eorthe;  Goth. 
airtha,  Icel.  jorth,  Sw.  and  Dan.  jord,  G. 
erde,  allied  to  A.  Sax.  eard,  soil,  home, 
dwelling,  and  perhaps  to  Gr.  era,  Skr.  ira 
— earth,  and  to  L.  oro,  to  plough.]  The 
particles  which  compose  the  mass  of  the 
globe,  but  more  particularly  the  particles 
which  form  the  mould  on  the  surface  of 
the  globe;  the  ,?lobe  which  we  inhabit; 
the  planet  third  in  order  from  the  sun ; 


the  world,  as  opposed  to  other  scenes  of 
existence;  the  inhabitants  of  the  globe; 
dry  land,  as  opposed  to  the  sea;  the  ground; 
the  hole  in  which  a  fox  or  other  burrow- 
ing animal  hides  itself;  chem.  the  name 
given  .to  certain  tasteless,  inodorous,  dry, 
and  uninflammable  substances,  the  most 
in}pbrtant  of  which  are  lime,  baryta, 
strontia,  magnesia,  alumina,  zirconia,  glu- 
cina,  yttria,  and  thorina. — v.t.  To  hide  in 
the  earth;  to  cover  with  earth  or  mould. 
— v.i.  To  retire  under  ground;  to  burrow. 
— Earth  currents,  in  elect,  strong  irregular 
currents,  which  disturb  telegraphic  lines 
of  considerable  length,  flo\ving  from  one 
part  of  the  line  to  another;  affecting  the 
instruments  and  frequently  interrupting 
telegraphic  communication.  —  E^^then, 
6rth'n,  a.  Made  of  earth;  composed  of 
clay  or  other  bke  substance.  —  Earthly, 
6rthli,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  earth  or  this 
world;  worldly;  temporal;  gross;  vUe; 
carnal;  mean;  composed  of  earth;  among 
the  things  of  this  earth;  possible;  conceiv- 
able.—Earthliness,  erth'h-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quaUty  of  being»  earthly.— Earthling, 
erth'ling,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the  earth; 
a  mortal;  a  frail  creature;  one  much  at- 
tached to  worldly  affairs;  a  worldling.— 
Earthy,  6r'thi,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
earth;  pomposed  of  earth;  partaking  of 
the  nature  of  earth;  like  earth  or  having 
some  of  its  properties."'—  Earthineas,-  fer*- 
thi-nes,  tl.  The  state  or  qualitv  of  being 
earthy.— Earth-bom,  a.  Bom  of  "the  earth; 
springing  originally  froni  the  e^rth;  relat- 
ing to  or  occasioned- hy  eartlrfy  objects;-  of 
low  bii-th.;  meanly  bomr— Earth-bottnd,' 
o.  Fastened  by  the  pressure  of  the  earth; 
firmly  fixed  in  the  earth.- Earth-closet, 
n.  A  night-stool  or  convenience  of  the 
same  kind,  in  which  the  faeces  are  received 
in  a  quantity  of  earth.  —  Earthenware, 
€rth'n-war,  n.  Every  sort  of  household 
utensil  made  of  clay  hardened  in  the  fire; 
crockery;  potterj-.— Earth-flax,  n.  A  fine 
variety  of  asbestos,  whose  long  flexible 
parallel  filaments  are  so  delicate  as  to  re- 
semble flax.— Eartljly-minded,"  a.  Hav- 
ing a  mind  devoted  to  earthly  things. — 
Earthly-mindedaess,  n.  The  state  of  being 
earthly-minded.  —  Earth-nut,  n.  An  um- 
belliferous plant  common  in  woods  and 
fields  in  Britain,  producing  a  brown  sweet- 
ish farinaceous  tuber  or  nut  about  the  size 
of  a  chestnut,  formed  4  to  6  inclies  below  the 
surface,  and  of  which  swine  are  fond;  also 
a  name  given  to  the  ground-nut.— Earth- 
oil,  n.  Petroleum.— Earth-plate,  n.  Telee. 
a  buried  plate  of  metal  connected  with  the 
battery  or  l.ine  wire,  by  means  of  which 
the  earth  itself  is  made  to  complete  the 
circuit,  80  that  a  return  wire  is  unneces- 
sary.—Earthquake,  erthlrwak,  n.-  A  shak- 
ing, trembling,  or  concussion  of  the  earth, 
sometimes  a  slight  tremor,  at  other  times 
a  violent  shocking  or  convulsion,  in  which 
vast  chasms  open,  swallowing  up  some- 
times whole  cities;  at  other  times  a  rocking 
or  heaving  of  the  earth :  probably  due  to  in- 
ternal igneous  forces. — Earth-ebine,  n.  A 
name  given  to  the  faint  light  visible  on  the 
part  of  the  moon  not'iUuxninated  by  the 
sun,  due  to  the  illumination  of  that  portion 
by  the  light  which  the  earth  reflects  on  her. 
— Earth-work,  n.  A  term  applied  to  all 
operations"where  earth  has  to  be  removed 
or  collected  together,  as  in  cuttings,  em- 
bankm  ents,  &c. ;  a  fortification  consfructed 
of  earth. — Earth-worm,  n.  The  common 
worm  found  in  the  soil,  characterized  by 
«.  long  body  divided  by  transverse  furrows 
into  a  great  number  or  rings,  and  destitute 
of  legs,  visible  appendages,  and  organs  of 
'  sight;  a  mean  sordid  wretch. 
Ease,  ez,  n.  [Fr.  aise,  ease;  of  doubtful 
origin;  comp.  A.  Sax.  edthe,  easy,  ready, 
Goth,  osets,  easy,  light,  Gael,  adhais.  Ar- 
mor, eaz,  ease.]  Freedom  from  labour  or  ex- 
ertion, or  from  physical  pain,  disturbance, 
excitement,  or  annoyance;  freedom  from 
concern,  anxiety,  solicitude,  or  anything 
that  frets  or  ruffles  the  mind;  tranquillity; 
repose;  freedom  from  difficulty  or  great 
labour;  facility;  freedom  from  constraint, 
formality,  stifniess,  harshness,  forced  ex- 
pressions, or  unnatural  arrangement;  un- 
affectedness.— i/.t.— etwed,  eaging.    To  free 


from  pain,  suflTering,  anxiety,  care,  or  any 
disquiet  or  annoyance;  to  relieve;  to  give 
rest  to ;  to  mitigate ;  to  alleviate ;  to  as- 
suage ;  to  allay ;  to  abate  or  ,remove  in 
part  (to  eas3  pain,  grief,  a  burden,  <fcc.);  to 
render  less  aiflicult ;  to  facilitate ;  to  re- 
lease from  pressure  or  restraint  by  moving 
gently;  to  shift  a  little.— Easeful,  ez'f^d; 
o.  Giving  ease.  [Poet.]— Easement,  Cz'- 
ment,  n.  Convenience ;  accommodation ; 
that  which  gives  ease  or  relief;  law,  a  pri- 
vilege without  profit  which  one  proprietor 
has  in  the  estate  of  another  proprietor, 
distinct  from  the  ownership  of  the  soil,  aa 
a  way,  water-course,  &c.  — Easy,  e'zi,  a. 
Being  at  rest;  having  ease;  free  from  pain, 
disturbance,  suffering,  annoyance,  care, 
trouble,  concern,  anxiety,  or  the  like; 
quiet;  tran(;^uil;  giving  no  pain  or  distur- 
bance; reqmring  no  great  labour  or  exer- 
tion; not  difficult;  not  steep,  rough,  or  un- 
even; gentle;  not  unwilling;  ready;  not 
constrained,  stiff,  or  formal;  not  ngid  or 
strict;  smooth;  flowing;  not  straitened 
or  restricted  as  regards  money  or  means; 
affluent;  comfortable.— Easily,  e'zi-li,  adv. 
In  an  easy  manner.— Eaaineu,  d'zi-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  easy.    "  ■ 

Easel,  e'zel,  n.  fG.  eael,  an  ass,  a  wooden 
horse  or  stand.]    The  wooden  frame  en 

.  wfliich  painters  place  picttires  while  at 
work  upbn  them. 

East,  est,  TO.  [A.  Sax.  ed«<=D.  oost,  G. 
ost,  IceL  aust:  connected  with  L.  auriyra 
(anc.  ausosa),  Lith.  aus^a,  the  red  of 
morning.  Skr.  tiahas,  the  dawn,  from  a 
root  us,  to  bum,  as  in  L.  were,  to  bum.] 
One  of  the  four  cardinal  points,  being 
the  point,  in  the  heavens  where  the  sun 
is  seen  to  rise  at  the  equinox,  or  the 
corresponding  point  on  the  earth;  that 
point  of  the  horizon  lying  on  the  right 
hand  when  one's  face  is  turned  towards 
the  north  pole;  the  regions  or  coun,tries 
which  lie  east  of  Europe;  the  oriental 
countries. — a.  Toward  or  in  the  direction 
of  the  rising  sun;  opposite  from  west. — 
v.i.  To  move  in  the  direction  of  the  east : 
to  veer  from  the  north  or  south  toward 
the  east. — ddv.  In  an  easterly  direction; 
eastwards.— Easterling,  es'ter-Ung,  n.  An 
old  name  for  a  native  of  some  couptry 
lying  eastwant  of  Britain,  espiecially  a 
traderfrom  the  shores  of  the  Baltic. — East- 
erly, es'ter-Ji,  a.  Coming  -from  the  east; 
moving  or  directed  eastward;  situated  or 
looking  toward  the  east.  —  adv.  On  the 
east;  in  the  direction  of  east.  —  Eastero, 
es't^m,  a.  [A.  Sax.  ^dstem.]  Being  or 
dwelling  in  the  east;  oriental;  sitoated 
toward  the  east;  on  the  east  part;  going 
toward  the  east,  or  in  the  direction  of 
east.- Easting,  es'ting,  n.    The  distance 

'  made  good  or  gained  by  a  ship  to  the 
eastward.  —  Eastward,  Eastwards,  est'- 
wSrd,  est'wfirdz,  /idv.  Toward  the  eatt: 
in  the  direction  of  east  from  some  poinu 
or  place.— Eastward,  a.  Faciqg,  pointing, 
or  having  its  direction  towards  the  east. 

Easter, "ester,  n."  [A.  Sax.°'«tgfa)r,  Easter, 
from  A.  Sas;  Edstre,  Edstre,  O.H.G.  0#- 

'  tard,  a  goddess  of  light  or  iipiing,  in  hon- 
our of  whom  a  festival  was  celebrated  in 
April,  whence  this  month  was  called  east- 
erm6n(Uh:  connected  with  east.}  A  mov- 
able festival  of  the  Christian. church  ob- 
served in  March  or  April  in  commemora- 
tion of  our  Saviour's  resurrection.  fc„t  - 

Easy.    Under  Ease.  ^"^ 

Eat,  et,  v.t.  pret.  eat  or  aie  (et,  at);  pp.  eat 
or  eaien  (et,  e'tn).  [A.  Sax.  etow=D.  eten, 
Icel.  eta,  Dan.  cede,  Goth,  itan,  G.  essen; 
from  root  seen  also  in  L.  edo,  Gr.  edo,  Skr. 
ad,  to  eat.  ]  To  masticate  and  swallow;  to 
parteke  of  a^  food:  said  especially  of  soUds; 
to  corrode;  to  wear  away;  to  gnaw  into 
gradually.  —  To  eat  ow'a  heart,  to  brood 
'"  over  one  8  sorrows  or  disappointments,— » 
To  eat  one's  toords,  to  retract  one's  asser- 

'  tions.— p.i.  To  take  food;  to  feed;  to  take  a 
meal;  to  have  a  particular  taste  or  charac- 
ter when  eaten;  to  make  way  by  corrosion; 
to  gnaw;  to  enter  by  gi^uaJly  wearing  or 
separating  the  parts  of  a  substance. — Sat- 
awe,  e'ta-ol,  a.  Capable  of  being  eaten; 
esciilent.— n.  Anything  that  may  be  eaten; 
that  which  is  used  as  food;  an  edible  or 
comestible.  — Eater,  e'ter,  ».    One  who 


Pftte,  far,  fat,  fall;     m5,  met,  h<ir;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  milTe;     tClbe.  tub,  bflU  g^oil,  pound;  _.  tl,  Sc  abwoe— the  Fr.  * 


EATAGE 


223 


ECLIPSE 


eats;  that  which  eats  or  corrodes.— Eating- 
hou^e,  n.  A  house  where  provisions  are 
sold  ready  dressed. 

Eatage,  e'taj,  n.    Same  as  Eddisf^ 

Eau,  o,  n.  lFr.,froin  It.  aqxut,  water.]  A 
word  used  with  some  other  words  to  desig- 
nate several  spirituous  waters.particularly 
perfumes.— £aM  d<j  Cologne.  5  de  ko-lOn,  n. 
A  perfumed  spirit,  originally  invented  at 
Cologne,  and  consisting  of  spirits  of  wine 
flavoured  by  a  few  drops  of  different  essen- 
tial oils  blended  so  as  to  yield  a  fine  fra- 
grant scent.— £aM  de  vie,  o  d6  ve,  n.  [Lit. 
water  of  life.  J  The  French  name  for 
brandy. 

Eaves,  evz,  n.  pi!.      [A.  Sax.   e/ese,  y/ese 
(sing.),  the  eave,  the  edge,  whence  efesian, 
to  shave,  to  trim ;  same  word  as  Goth. 
ribizva,  O.H.G.  obisa,  a  portico,  a  hall; 
from  root  of  over.  1    That  part  of  the  roof 
of  a  building  which  projects  beyond  the 
wall  and  casts  off  the  water  that  falls  on 
the  roof.— Eaves-drop,  v.i. — eaves-dropped, 
eaves-dropping.  To  stand  under  the  eaves 
or  near  tne  windows  of  a  house  to  listen 
and  learn  what  is  said  within  doors;  to 
watch  for  an  opportunity  of  hearing  the  i 
private  conversation  of  others.  —  n.  The  I 
water  which  falls  in  drops  from  the  eaves  j 
of  a  house.— Eaves-dropper,  n.    One  who 
stands  near  the  window  or  door  of  a  house  | 
to  catch  what  is  said  within  doors;  one 
who  tries  to  hear  private  conversation. 

Ebb,  eb,  n.    [A.  Sax.  ebbe,  ebba;  J),  eb,  eboe, 
G.  and  Dan.  ebbe,  Sw.  ebb;  allied  to  E.  1 
even,  G.  aben,  to  fall  off,  to  sink.  Evening.]  j 
The  reflux  of  the  tide;  the  return  of  tide-  | 
water  toward  the  sea:  opposed  to  flood  or 
flow;  a  flowing  backward  or  away;  decline, 
decay  (the  ebb  of  prosperity  or  of  life). — 
v.i.  To  flow  back;  to  return,  as  the  water 
of  a  tide  toward  the  ocean:  opposed  to 
flow;  to  recede;  to  decrease ;  to  decay;  to 
decline.— Ebb-tide,  n.    The  reflux  of  tide- 
water; the  retiring  tide. 

Ebionite,  e'bi-o-nit,  n.  [Heb.  ebionim,  the 
poor,  the  name  given  by  the  Jews  to  the 
Christians.]  One  of  a  sect  of  Jewish 
Christians  who  united  the  ceremonies  of 
the  law  with  the  precepts  of  the  gospel, 
but  denied  the  divinity  of  Christ. 

Ebony,  eb'o-ni,  n.  [L.  ebenus.  Or.  ebenos, 
from  Heb.  eben,  a  stone,  from  its  hardness 
and  weight.]  A  black-coloured  wood  of 
great  hardness,  heavier  than  water,  and 
capable  of  taking  on  a  fine  polish,  being 
much  used  in  inlaid  work  aind  turnery; 
the  most  valuable  variety  is  the  heart- 
wood  of  a  large  tree  growing  in  Ceylon. — 
Ebon,  eb'on,  a.  Consisting  of  ebony;  black 
like  ebony ;  dark.  —  Ebonite,  eb'o-nit,  n. 
Hatne  as  Vulcanite.— 'Ehomze,  eb'o-niz,  v.t. 
To  make  black  or  tawny;  to  tinge  with 
the  colour  of  ebony. 

Ebracteate,  e-brak'te-at,  a.  [!<.  e,  priv., 
and  bractea,  a  thin  plate.]  Bot.  without 
bracts.  —  Ebracteolate,  e-brak'te-o-lat,  a. 
Without  bracteoles. 

Ebriety,  e-bri'e-ti,  n.  [L.  ebrieias,  from 
ebrius,  drunk.]  Drunkenness;  intoxica- 
tion by  spirituous  liquors. 

Ebullition,  e-bul-lish'on,  n.  [L.  ebulUtio, 
from  ebullio — e,  ex,  out^  up,  and  buUio,  to 
boil,  from  bulla,  a  bubble.  Boil.]  The 
operation  or  phenomenon  of  boiling;  the 
bubbling  up  of  a  liquor  by  heat;  the  agi- 
tation produced  in  a  fluid  by  the  escape  of 
a  portion  of  it  converted  into  an  aeriform 
state  by  heat;  effervescence;  an  outward 
display  of  feeling,  as  of  anger;  a  sudden 
burst;  a  pouring  forth;  an  overflowing. — 
Ebullience,  Ebulliency,  e-bul'yens,  C-bul'- 
yen-si,  n.  A  boiling  over;  a  burstingforth; 
overflov/.— Ebullient,  g-bul'yent,  a.  Boil- 
ing over;  hence,  over-enthusiastic;  over- 
demonstrative. 

Ebumean,  6-b6r'n5-an,  a.  [L.  ebumeus, 
from  ebur,  ivory.]  Relating  to  or  made  of 
ivory.— Elnirnine,t  e-ber'nin,  a.  Made  of 
ivory. 

Ecart^,  a-kar-ta,  n.  [Ft.,  discarded.]  A 
game  of  cards  for  two  persons  with  thirty- 
two  cards,  the  small  cards  from  two  to  six 
being  e."icluded:  so  called  because  the 
players  may  discard  or  exchange  their 
cards  for  others. 

Eccalcoblon,  ek'kal-S-o"bi-on,  n.  [Gr. 
ekkaleO,  to  call  out,  and  bios,  life.]  A  con- 


trivance for  hatching  eggs  by  artificial 
heat. 

Eccentric,  ek-sen'trik,  a.  [L.  eceentricua— 
ex,  from,  and  centrum,  centre.]  Deviating 
or  departing  from  the  centre;  not  having 
the  same  centre;  not  concentric  though 
situated  one  within  the  other;  having  the 
axis  out  of  the  centre;  deviating  from 
usual  practice;  given  to  act  in  a  way 
peculiar  to  one's  self  and  different  from 
other  people;  anomalous;  singular;  odd. — 
n.  An  eccentric  person;  a  term  applied  to 
several  mechanical  contrivances  for  con- 
verting circular  into  reciprocating  rectili- 
near motion.consisting  of  variously  shaped 
discs,  attached  to  a  revolving  shaft.— Ec- 
centrically, ek-sen'tri-kal-li,'  adv.  With 
eccentricity;  in  an  eccentric  manner. — 
Eccentricity,  ek-sen-tris'i-ti,  n.  The  state 
of  having  a  centre  different  from  that  of 
another  related  circle;  the  distance  of  the 
centre  of  a  planet's  orbit  from  the  centre 
of  the  sun;  that  is,  the  distance  between 
the  centre  of  an  ellipse  andone  of  its  foci; 
eccentric  conduct;  departure  or  deviation 
from  what  is  regular  or  usual ;  oddity ; 
whimsicalness. 

Ecchymosis,  ek-ki-mo'sis,  n.  [Or.  eichy- 
tnOsis.  from  eA;,  out,  and  chj/mos,  juice,  from 
che6,  to  pour.]  Med.  a  livid,  black,  or  yel- 
low spot  produced  by  extravasated  blood 
caused  by  a  contusion,  as  a  blo.w  on  the 
eye. 

Ecclesiastic,  Ecclesiastical,  ek-kle'zi-as"- 
tik,  ek-kle'zi-as"ti-kal,  a.  [Gr.  ekkieaiaa- 
tikos,  from  ekklesia,  an  assembly,  the 
church,  from  ekkaleO,  to  call  forth  or  con- 
voke— ek,  and  kaleo,  to  call.]  Pertaining 
or  relating  to  the  church;  not  civil  or 
secular.  —  Ecclesiastic,  n.  A  person  in 
orders  or  consecrated  to  the  services  of  the 
church  and  the  ministry  of  religion. — Ec- 
clesiastically^ ek-kle'zi-a8"ti-kal-li,  adv.  In 
an  ecclesiastical  manner. — Ecclesiast,  ek- 
kle'zi-ast,  n.  An  ecclesiastic;  a  preacher. 
Ecclesiastes,  ek-kle'zi-as"tcz,  n.  A  cano- 
nical book  of  the  Old  Testament,  placed 
between  the  book  of  Proverbs  and  the 
Song  of  Solomon.  —  Ecclesiaaticism,  ek- 
kle'zi-a3"ti-8izm,  n.  Strong  adherence  to 
the  principles  of  the  church,  or  to  eccle- 
siastical observances,  privileges,  &c.— Ec- 
clesiasticus,  ek-kle'zi-as"ti-kus,  n.  A  book 
of  the  Apocrypha.— Ecclesiology,  ek-kl5'- 
zi-ol"o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  ekkUsia,  the  church,  and 
logos,  discourse.]  The  science  of  antiquities 
as  applied  to  churches  and  other  ecclesias- 
tical foundations;  the  science  and  theory 
of  church  building  and  decoration.— Ec- 
clesiologist,  ek-kl5'zi-ol"o-jist,  n.  One 
versed  in  ecclesiology. 

Eccoprotic,  ek-ko-prot'ik,  a.  [Gr.  ek,  out, 
from,  and  kopros,  dung.]  Having  the 
quality  of  promoting  alvine  discharges; 
laxative;  gently  cathartic— n.  A  medicine 
which  purges  gently;  a  mild  cathartic. 

Ecderon,  ek'de-ron,  n.  [Gr.  ek,  out,  and 
deros,  skin.]  The  outer  layer  of  the  integu- 
ment; the  epithelial  layer  of  mucous 
membrane;  the  epidermal  layer  of  the 
skin. 

Ecdysis,  ek'di-sis,  n.  [Gr.,  from  ekdyO,  to 
strip  off— et,  out  of,  and  dyo,  to  enter.] 
The  act  of  shedding  or  casting  an  outer 
coat  or  integument,  as  in  the  case  of  ser- 
pents, certain  insects,  &c. . 

Echelon,  esh'e-lon,  n.  [Fr.,  from  dchelle,  a 
ladder,  from  L.  scala,  a  ladder.]  Milit.  the 
position  of  an  army  in  the  form  of  steps, 
or  in  parallel  lines,  each  line  being  a  little 
to  the  left  or  right  of  the  preceding  one. 
—Echeloned,  esn'e-lond,  a.  Formed  in 
echelon. 

Echidna,  5-kid'na,  n.  [Gr.,  an  adder,  a  fab- 
ulous monstei'.]  A  burrowing  mammal 
of  Australia  belonging  to  the  Monotre- 
mata  and  resembling  the  hedgehog,  ex- 
cept that  the  muzzle  is  protracted  and 
slender,  v/ith  a  small  aperture  a,t  the 
extremity  for  the  protrusion  of  a  long 
flexible  tongue,  by  means  of  which  it 
catches  its  insect  prey;  the  porcupine 
ant-eater.— Echidnine,  e-kid'nin,  n.  Ser- 
pent poison;  the  secretion  from  the  poison 
glands  of  the  viper  and  other  serpents. 
Echinate,  ^chinated,  e-ki'nat,  e-ki'na-ted, 
a.  [L.  echinus,  Gr.  echinos,  a  hedgehog,  a 
sea-urchin.]    Set  with  pnckles;  prickly. 


Uke  a  hedgehog ;  having  sharp  points.— 
Echinite,  e-k!'nit,  n.  A  fossil  sea-urchin. 
— Echinoderm,  e-ki'nS-derm,  n.  [Gr.  echi- 
nos,  and  derma,  skin.]  An  animal  of  the 
class  Echinodermata.  —  Echinodermal, 
Echinodermatous,  e-ki'no-d6r-maI,  e-ki'- 
no-der"ma/-tus,  a  Relating  to  the  Echi- 
nodermata. —  Echinodermata,  e-ki'no- 
d6r"ma-ta,  n.  pi.  A  class  of  marine  in- 
vertebrate animals  of  the  annuloid  type, 
characterized  by  having  a  tough  integu- 
ment in  which  lime  is  deposited  as  gran- 
ules (as  in  the  star-fish  and  sea-cucum- 
ber), or  so  as  to  form '  a  kind  of  shell 
like  that  of  the  sea-urchin;  and  by  the 
rayed  arrangement  of  the  parts  of  the 
adult;  it  includes  the  sea-urchins,  star- 
fishes, sand-stars,  brittle-stars,  feather- 
stars,  sea-cucumbers,  &c.— Echlnozoa,  S- 
ki'no-zo"a,  n.  pi.  Same  as  Annuloida. — 
Echinus,  e-ki'nus,  n.  The  generic  name 
of  the  sea-urchin;  arch,  an  egg-shaped 
moulding  or  ornament,  alternating  with 
an  anchor-shaped  or  dart-shaped  body. 

Echo,  ek'o,  n.  pi.  Echoes,  ek'oz.  [L.  echo, 
from  Gr.  echo,  an  echo,  a  nymph  who,  for 
l(Jve  of  Narcissus,  pined  away  till  nothing 
remained  of  her  but  her  voice;  a  sound: 
this  word  is  also  seen  in  catechise.]  A 
sound  reflected  or  reverberated  from  a 
distant  surface;  sound  returned;  repercus- 
sion of  sound;  repetition  with  assent;  close 
imitation  either  in  words  or  sentiments; 
a  person  who  slavishly  follows  another  in 
uttering  sentiments.- u.i.  To  give  forth 
an  echo:  to  resound;  to  reflect  sound;  to 
be  sounded  back;  to  produce  a  sound  that 
reverberates;  to  give  out  a  loud  sound. — 
v.t.  To  reverberate  or  send  back  the  sound 
of;  to  repeat  with  assent;  to  adopt  as  one's 
own  sentiments  or  opinion. 

Eclairclssement,  a-klar-ses-m^n,  n.  [Fr., 
from  dclaircir—Jj.  ex,  and  ctarua,  clear.] 
The  clearing  up  of  a  plot,  mystery,  or  the 
like;  explanation. 

Eclampsy,  ek-lamp'si,  n.  [Gr.  eklampsia — 
ek,  out,  and  lampO,  to  shine.]  A  flashing 
of  light  before  the  eyes ;  convulsive  tno- 

Jtions;  convulsions;  epilepsy. 

Eclat,  a-kla,  n.  [Fr.,  a  splinter,  noise, 
brightness,  magnificence,  from  iclater,  to 
split,  to  shiver,  to  glitter;  from  O.H.G. 
sklkizan,  G.  schleissen,  schlitzen,' to  split; 
E.  slit,  slic^,  slate.]  A  burst,  as  of  ap- 
plause; acclamation;  approbation;  brilli- 
ancy of  success;  splendour  of  effect;  lustre; 
renown;  glory. 

Eclectic,  ek-lek'tik,  a.  [Gr.  eklektikos—ek, 
and  lego,  to  choose.]  Proceeding  by  the 
method  of  selection;  choosing  what  seems 
best  from  others;  not  oriciual  nor  follow- 
ing any  one  model  or  leader,  but  choosing 
at  will  from  the  doctrines,  works,  &c.,  of 
others;  specifically  applied  to  certain  phi- 
losophers of  antiquity  who  selected  from 
the  opinions  and  principles  of  various 
schools  what  they  thought  solid  and  good. 
— n.  One  who  follows  an  eclectic  method  in 
philosophy,  science,  religion,  and  the  like. 
— Eclectically,  ek-lek'ti-kal-li,  adv.  In  an 
eclectic  manner. — Eclecticism,  ek-lek'ti- 
sizm,  n.  The  doctrine  or  practice  of  an 
eclectic. 

Eclipse,  e-klips'j  n.  [L.  eclipsis,  from  Gr. 
ekleipsis,  defect,  from  ekleipO,  to  fail — ek, 
out,  and  leij)d,  to  leave.]  An  interception 
or  obscuration  of  the  light  of  the  sun, 
moon,  or  other  luminous  body,  by  the  in- 
tervention of  some  other  body  either  V>e- 
tween  it  and  the  eye  or  between  the  lumi- 
nouH  body  and  that  illuminated  by  it;  an 
eclipse  of  the  moon,  for  instance,  being 
caused  by  the  earth  coming  between  it 
and  the  sun;  fig.  a  darkening  or  obscuring 
of  splendour,  brightness,  or  glory.— n.t. — 
eclipsed,  eclipsing.  To  cause  the  eclipEe 
or  obscuration  of;  to  cloud;  to  darken,  ob- 
scure, throw  into  the  shade;  to  cloud  the 
glory  of.— v.i.  To  suffer  an  eclipse.— Eclip- 
tic, C-klip'tik,  n.  [L.  linea  ecliptica,  the 
ecliptic  line,  or  line  in  which  eclipses  take 
place.]  A  great  circle  of  the  celestial 
sphere  supposed  to  be  drawn  through  the 
middle  of  the  zodiac,  making  an  angle 
with  the  equinoctial  of  about  '23°  27';  the 
path  which  the  sun,  owing  to  the  annual 
revolution  of  the  earth,  appears  to  de- 
scribe among  the  fixed  stars;  a  great  circlo 


ch,  cAain;     cA,  Sc.  locA;     StOo;     j./ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinjf;     vh,  than;  ih,  thin;     w,  leig;     wh,  wAig;     zh,  a«ure, 


ECLOGUifi 


224 


EDIT 


on  the  terrestrial  globe,  answering  to  and 
falling  within  the  plane  of  the  celestial 
ecliptic— a.  Pertaining  to  or  described  by 
the  ecliptic;  pertaining  to  an  eclipse. 
Eclogue,  etlog,  n.  [L.  ecloga,  Gr.  eklage, 
selection,  from  eklego,  to  select.  Eclec- 
tic] A  poetical  composition  in  which 
shepherds  are  introduced  conversing  with 
each  other;  a  bucolic. 

Economy,  e-kon'o-mi,  n.  [L.  ceeonomia, 
Gr.  oikonomia — oikos,  house,  and  nomoa, 
law,  rule.]  The  management,  regulation, 
and  government  of  a  household;  especially, 
the  management  of  the  pecuniary  con- 
cerns of  a  household ;  hence,  a  frugal  and 
judicious  use  of  money;  that  management 
which  expends  money  to  advantage  and 
incurs  no  waste;  a  prudent  management 
of  all  the  means  by  which  property  is 
saved  or  accumulat«d;  a  judicious  appli- 
cation of  time,  of  labour,  and  of  the  in- 
struments of  labour;  the  disposition  or 
arrangement  of  any  work  or  the  system 
of  rules  and  regulations  which  control  it; 
the  operations  of  nature  in  the  generation, 
nutrition,  and  preservation  of  animals  and 
plants^  the  regular,  harmonious  system 
m  accordance  with  which  the  functions 
of  living  animals  and  plants  are  per- 
formed; the  regulation  and  disposition  of 
the  internal  anairs  of  a  state  or  nation,  or 
of  any  department  of  government  —i)o- 
mestic  economy.  Domestic  —  PifUtical 
economy.  Political.  —  Economic,  Econo- 
mical, e-ko-nom'ik,  e-ko-nom'i-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  regulation  of  household 
concerns ;  managing  domestic  or  public 
Ijecuniary  conoc-rs  with  frugality;  frugal; 
thrifty ;  saving ;  not  v.acte^al  or  extrava- 
gant; relating  to  the  science  of  economics, 
or  the  pecuniary  and  other  productive  re- 
sources of  a  country;  relating  to  the  means 
of  living.— Economically,  e-ko-nom'i-ksll- 
li,  adv.  In  an  economical  manner. — 
Economics,  e-ko-nom'iks,  n.  The  science 
of  household  affairs  or  of  domestic  man- 
agement; the  science  of  the  useful  appli- 
cation of  the  wealth  or  material  resources 
of  a  country;  political  economy. — Econo- 
mist, e-kon'o-raist,  n.  One  who  manages 
domestic  or  other  concerns  with  frugality; 
one  who  practises  economy;  one  versed  in 
economics  or  the  science  of  political  econ- 
omy. —  Economization,  e-kon'o-mi-za"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  economizing 
or  managing  frugally;  the  result  of  econo- 
mizing; economy;  saving.  —  Economize, 
6-kon'o-miz,  v.i.  —  economized,  economiz- 
ing. To  manage  pecuniary  Concerns  with 
frugality;  to  make  a  prudent  use  of  money, 
or  of  the  means  of  having  or  acquiring 
property.— y.t.  To  use  with  prudence;  to 
.expend  ■«'ith  frugality. 
Ecorch^,  a-kor-sha,  n.  [Fr.]  Paint,  and 
sculp,  the  subject,  man  or  animal,  flayed 
or  deprived  of  its  skin,  so  that  the  muscu- 
lar system  is  exposed  for  the  purposes  of 
^tudy. 

Eoossaise,  a-kos-5z,  n.  [Pr.]  Danc6  music 
in  the  Scotch  style;  a  schottische.  ^ 
Ecostate,  e^kos'tfit,  a.  [L.  e,  priv.,  and 
casta,  a  rib.]  Bot.a.  term  applied  to  leaves 
that  have  no  central  rib. 
Ecraseur,  a-kra-z6r,  n.  [Ft.,  frbm  icrater, 
to  crush  to  pieces.]  A  surgical  instru- 
ment for  removing  tumours  or  malignant 
growths. 

Ecstasy,  ek'sta-si,  w.  [Gr.  ekstagis,  a  stand- 
ing out,  a  displacement,  distraction,  as- 
tonishment— ek,  out,  and  Mstemi,  to  stand 
(from  root  of  stand).]  A  state  in  which 
the  mind  is  carried  away  as  it  were  from 
the  body;  a  state  in  which  the  functions 
of  the  senses  are  suspended  by  the  con- 
templation of  some  extraordinary  or  super- 
natural object;  a  kind  of  trance;  excessive 
joy ;  rapture ;  a  degree  of  delight  that  ar- 
rests'the  whole  mind;  extreme  delight; 
madness  or  distraction(S/ioi.)t.— Ecstatic, 
Ecstatical,  ek-stat'ik,  ek-stat'i-kal,  a..  Per- 
taining to  or  resulting  from  ecstasy;  sus- 
pending the  senses;  entrancing;  raptur- 
ous; transporting;  delightful  beyond  mea- 
sure.—Ecstatically,  ek-stat'i-kal-li,  adv. 
In  an  ecstatic  manner. 
EcthlipsiB,  ek-thlip'sis,  n.  [Gr.  eklhlipgis, 
a  squeezing  out— €i,  out,  and  fA2t6<},  to 
press.  I    Latin  pros,  the  eUsion  of  the  final 


syllable  of  a  word  ending  in  m,  when  the  - 
next  word  begins  with  a  vowel. 
Ectoblast,  ek'tu-blast,  n.  [Gr.  ektos,  out- 
side, and  6tosto«,  bud,  germ.]  Physiol  tho 
membrane  composing  the  walls  of  a  cell, 
as  distinguished  from  mesoUast,  the  nu- 
cleus, and  entohlast,  the  nucleolus. — Ecto- 
derm, ek'to-derm,  n.  [Gr.  derma,  skin.] 
Anat.  an  outer  layer  or  membrane,  as  the 
epidermal  layer  of  the  skin.—  "^odermal, 
Ectodermlc,  ■ek-to-dfer'mal,  ek-to-dfer'mik, 
a.  Belonging  to  the  ectoderm.— Ectopa- 
rasite, ek-to-par'a-sit,  n.  A  parasitic  ani- 
mal infesting  the  outside  of  animals;  as 
opposed  to  endoparasite,  which  lives  in 
the  body.— Ectosarc,  ek'to-sark,  n.  [Gr. 
sarx,  sarkos,  flesh.]  Zool.  the  outer  trans- 
parent sarcode-layer  of  certain  Protozoa, 
such  as  the  Amoeba.— Ectozoa,  ek'to-zo-a, 
n.  pi  [Gr.  i6on,  a  living  being.]  Parasites 
(as  lice,  .&c.)  which  infest  the  external 
parts  of  other  animals:  opposed  to  Ento- 
zoa. 

Ectropical,  ek-trop'i-kal,  a.  [Gr..  ek,  out, 
and  tropikos,  turning.  Tropic]  Belong- 
ing to  parts  outside  the  tropics;  being 
outside  the  tropics. 

Ectype,  ek'tip,  n.  [Gr.  ektypos,  worked  in 
high  relief— ei,  out,  and  typos,  type.]  A 
reproduction  of;  or  very  close  resemblance 
to,  an  original:  opposed  to  prototype;  a 
copy  in  relief  or  embossed.— Ectypal,  ek- 
ti'pal,  a.  Taken  from  the  original;  iini- 
tated.  —  Ectypography,  ek-ti-pog'ra-fi,  n. 
A  method  of  etching  in  which  the  Unes 
are  in  relief  upon  the  plate  instead  of 
being  sunk  into  it. 

Ecumenic,  Ecumenical,  ek-tl-men'Ik,  ek-Q- 
men'i-kal,  a.  [L.  ectimenictis,  Gr.  oikoum£, 
the  habitable  earth,  from  oikos,  a  habita- 
tion.] General;  universal;  specifically,  an 
epithet  applied  to  an  ecclesiastical  council 
regarded  as  representing  the  whole  Chris- 
tian Church,or  the  whole  Catholic  Church. 
Eczema,  tek'zB-ma,  n.  [Gr.,  from  ekzeO,  to 
boil  out— eAr,  out,  and  zeO,  to  boil.]  An 
eruptive  disease  of  the  skin,  characterized 
by  minute  vesicles  which  burst  and  dis- 
charge a  thin  acrid  fluid,  often  giving 
rise  to  excoriation;  one  form  is  popularly 
known  as  grocers'  itch. — Eczema  tons,  ek- 
zem'a-tus,  o.  Pertaining  to  or  produced 
bv  eczema. 

Edacious,  e-da'shus,  a.  [L.  edax,  from  edo, 
to  eat.]  Eating;  given  to  eating;  greedy; 
voracious.  —  Edaclously,  S-da'shus-Ii,  adv. 
Greedily;  voraciously.— Edacity,  e-das'i-ti, 
n.  [li.  edacitas.]  Greediness;  voracity; 
ravenousness;  rapacity. 
Edda,  ed'a,  n.  [Icel.,  great-grandmother; 
a  name  given  to  indicate  that  it  is  the 
mother  of  all  Scandinavian  poetry.]  The 
name  of  two  Scandinavian  books,  dating 
from  the  eleventh  to  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury :  first,  the  Elder  or  Poetic  Edda,  a 
collection  of  pa^an  poems  or  chants  of  a 
mythic,  prophetic,  mostly  all  of  a  religious 
character;  second,  the  Younger  or  Prose 
Edda,  a  kind  of  prose  synopsis  of  Scandi- 
navian mythology. 

Eddish,  ea'ish,  n.  [A.  Sax.  edisc,  after- 
math, probably  from  ed,  a  prefix  signifying 
again,  anew.]  The  latter  pasture  or  grass 
that  comes  after  mowing  or  reaping. 
Eddy,  ed'iiW.  [Prom  Icel.  itha,  an  eddy, 
from  prefijc  ith,  Goth,  id,  A.  Sax.  ed,  again, 
back.]  A  current  of  air  or  water  turning 
round  in  a  direction  contrary  to  the  main 
stream;  a  whirlpool;  a  current  of  water  or 
air  moving  circularly. — v.i. — eddied,  eddy- 
ing. To  move  circularly,  or  as  an  eddy. — 
v.t.  To  cause  to  move  in  an  eddy;  to  collect 
as  into  an  eddy. 
Edema,  Edematous.  (Edema. 
Eden,  e'den, «.  [Heb»  and  Chal.  eden,  de- 
light, pleasure,  a  place  of  pleasure.]  The 
garden  in  which  Adam  and  Eve  were 
placed  by  God;  hence,  a  delightful  region 
or  residence. 

Edentate,  e-den'tat,  a.  [L.  edentatus — e,ex, 
out  of,  and  dens,  dentis,  a  tooth.]  Desti- 
tute or  deprived  of  teeth ;  pprtaining  to 
the  Edentata.  —  n.  An  animal  belonging 
to  the  order  Edentata.— Edentata,  f-den- 
ta'ta,n.  jjJ.  An  order  of  mammals,  includ- 
ing the  sloths,  armadillos,  pangolins,  and 
ant-eaters,  and  so  called  from  some  of  the 
geiiera  being  absolutely  toothless,  -^vhile 


the  remainder  have  teeth  of  arudimeDtaiy 
structure,  with  no  enamel  or  root,  whilst 
inciscTS  are  rarely  present.  —  Edentulous, 
e-den'tq^-lus,  a.-  Without  teeth;  toothless. 
Edge,  ej,  n.  [A.  Sslx.  ecg,  edge,  whence 
ecffian,  eggian,  to  sharpen,  to  eRg=D.  ecge, 
Icel.  and  Sw.  egg,  G^ecke,  edge,  corner; 
from  an  Indo-Europraui  loot  ok,  seen  in 
L.  acies,  an  ^ge,  acus,  a  needle,  actw,  to 
sharpen;  akin  acid,  acute,  eager.}  The  thin 
cutting  side  of  an  instrument;  the  abrupt 
border  or  margin  of  anything ;  the  brink; 
the  border  or  part  adjacent  to  a  line  of 
division;  the  part  nearest  some  limit; 
sharpness  of  mind  or  appetite ;  keenness ; 
intenseness  of  desire;  sharpness;  acrim  ony . 
—To  set  the  teeth  on  edge,  to  cau^  a  ting- 
ling or  grating  sensation  in  the  teeth. — 
v.t. — edged,  edmng.  To  sharpen ;  to  fur- 
nish with  an  edge,  fringe,  or  border;  to  ex- 
•  asperate;  to  embitter;  to  incite;  to  provoke; 
to  instigate;  to  move  sideways;  to  move  by 
little  and  little.— v.i.  To  move  sideways  or 
gradually;  to  advance  or  retire  gradually. 
—Edged,  ejd,  p.  and  o.  Furnished  with 
an  edge;  having  an  edgS  of  this  or  that 
kind;  bordered;  fringed.— Eyeless,  ej'les, 
o.  Not  having  a  sharp  edge;  blunt. — 
Edgewise,  ej'wiz,  adv.  With  the  edge 
turned  forward  or  tow8urd  a  particular 
point;  in  the  direction  of  the  edge;  side- 
ways; with  the  side  foremost.  —  JEdging, 
ej'ing,  n.  That  which  is  added  on  the  bor- 
der or  which  forms  the' edge,  as  lace,fiinr;3, 
trimming,  added  to  a  garment  for  oiiuv 
ment;  a  row  of  small  plants  set  ajong  the 
border  of  a  flower-bed.  —  Edge-bone,  n. 
AiTCH-BONB.— Edge-tool, n.  An  instniment 
having  a  sharp  or  cutting  edge;  fig-  some- 
thing dangerous  to  deal  or  sport  with. 
Edible,  ed'i-bl,  a.  [L.L.  ediiiiUs,  from  L.  edo, 
to  eat.]  Pit  to  be  eaten  as  food;  eatable* 
esculent. — n.  Anything  that  may  be  eaten 
for  food;  an  article  of  food;  a  comestible. 
— EdlbiUty,  Edibleness,  ed-i-bill-ti,  ed'i. 
bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  edible. 
Edict,  6'dikt,  n.  [L.  edictum,  from  echco,  to 
utter  or  proclaim  — e,  out,  and  dico,  to 
speak.  Diction.]  An  order  issued  by  a 
prince  to  his  subjects,  as  a  rule  or  law  re- 
quiring obedience;  a  proclamation  of  com- 
mand  or  prohibition;  a  decree.  —  Edictal, 
e-dik'tal,  o.  Pertaining  to  an  edict. 
Edify,  ed'i-fi,  v.t— edijied,  edifying.  [Fr. 
idifler,  from  L.  cedificare,  to  build,  erect, 
construct  —  cedes,  a  house,  and  facio,  to 
make.]  To  build  or  construotj;  to  instruct 
and  improve  in  knowledge  generally,  and 
particularly  in  moral  and  religious  know- 
ledge, or  in  faiih  and  holiness.  — 1>.».  To 
cause  or  tend  to  cause  a  moral  or  intellec- 
tual improvement.— Edifier,  ed'i-fi-er,  n. 
One  who  edifies. — Edifying,  cd'i-fi-ing,  a. 
■  Adapted  to  edify;  having  the  effect  of  in- 
structing and  improving.  —  Edification, 
ed'i-fi-ka"shon,  n.  The  act  of  edifying, 
improvement  and  progress  of  the  mind  in' 
knowledge,  in  morals,  or  in  faith  and  holi- 
ness.— Edifice,  ed'i-Ss,  n.  [L.  cedificium,  a 
building.  Edift.]  A  building;  a  struc- 
ture; a  fabric:  chiefly  applied  to  houses 
and  other  large  structures. — Edlficlal,  ed- 
i-fish'al,  o.  Pertaining  to  an  edifice  or 
structure ;  structural  —  Edifyingly,  ed'i- 
fi-ing-Ji,  adv.  In  an  edifying  manner. — 
Edifyingness,  ed'i-fi-ing-nes,  n. 
Edile,  6'dil,  n.  [L!  cedilis,  from  cedes,  a 
building.]  A  magistrate  of  ancient  Rome 
who  had  the  superintendence  of  buildings 
of  all  kinds,  especially  public  edifices,  and 
also  the  care  of  the  highways,  public 
places,  weights  and  measures,  i;c. — Edile- 
ship,  e'dil-ship,  n.  The  ofi&ce  of  an  edile. 
Edit,  ed'it,  v.t.  (L.  edo.  editum,  to  give 
forth,  to  publish— e,  forth,  and  do,  datum, 
to  give,  whence  date,  dative.]  To  superin- 
tend the  publication  of ;  to  prepare,  as  a 
,  book  or  paper,  for  the  public  eye,  by  writ- 
ing,xorrecting,  or  selecting  the  matter;  to 
conduct  or  manage  as  regards  literal^  con- 
tents or  matter;  to  publish.  —  Edition,  e- 
dish'on,  n.  A  literary  work  as  bearing  a 
special  stamp  or  form  when  first  published 
or  subsequently;  a  work  as  characterized 
by  editorial  labours;  the  whole  number 
of  copies  of  a  work  published  at  once. — 
Editor,  ed'i-ter,  n.  One  who  edits;  a  per- 
son v.'ho  buptrintends,  revises,  corrects. 


JFate.far,  fat,  f fill;  _^e,  met,  h6rj     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOTe;  _  tabe,  tub,  bvjll;     oil,  pound;     11,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr,  «,, 


^EDUCATE 


225 


EFFRONTEHY 


and  prepares  a  book,  newspaper,  or  maga- 
zine for  publication.— Editorial,  ed-i-t3'ri- 
al,  a.  Pertaining  to,  proceeding  from,  or 
■written  by  an  editor.— n.  An  article,  as  in 
a  newspaper,  written  by  the  editor;  a  lead- 
ing article.  —  Editorially,  ed-i-to'ri-al-li, 
adv.  In  the  manner  or  character  of  on 
editor.— Editorship,  ed'i-tfer-ship,  n.  The 
business  of  an  editor;  the  care  and  super- 
intendence of  a  publication. 
Educate,  ed'u-kat,  v.t. — edvx:ated,  educatinff. 
[h.  ecjjico,  educaUmi,  firom  educo,  eductwni, 
to  lead  forth,  to  bring  up  a  child— e,  out, 
and  duco,  to  lead.  Duke.  1  To  inform  and 
enlighten  the  understanding  of ;  to  culti- 
vate and  train  the  mental  powers  of ;  to 
qualify  for  the  business  and  duties  of  li|e; 
to  teach;  to  instruct;  to  train;  to  rear. — 
Education,  ed-u-ka'ehon,  n.  The  act  of 
educating,  teaching,  or  training ;  the  act 
or  art  of  developing  and  cultivating  the 
various  physical,  intellectual,  aesthetic, 
and  moral  faculties;  instruction  and  dis- 
cipline; tuition;  niirture;  learning;  erudi- 
tion.—  Educational,  ed-Q-ka'shon-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  education ;  derived  from 
education.— Educationalist,  Educationist, 
ed-a-ka'shon-al-ist,  ed-a-ka'shon-i8t,»i.  Ono 
who  is  versed  in  or  who  advocates  or  pro- 
motes education.  —  Educationally,  ed-a- 
ka'shon-al-li,  adv.  By  means  of  education; 
by  way  of  instruction;  with  regard  to  edu- 
cation,—Educative,  ed'u'-ka-tiv,  a.  Tend- 
ing or  having  the  power  to  educate. — Edn- 
cator,  ed'u-ka-t6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  educates. 

Educe,  e-duj',  v.t. — educed,  educing.  [L. 
edrico,  educium — e',  out,  and  duco,  to  lead. 
EopcATE.]  To  bring  or  draw  out;  to  cause 
to  appear;  to  extract.  —  Educlble,  5-da'si- 
bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  educed.  —  Educt, 
e'dukt,  n.  Extracted  matter;  a  substance 
brought  to  light  by  separation,  analysis, 
or  decomposition;  anything  educed  or 
drawn  from  another;  an  inference.— Educ- 
tioB,  6-duk'shon,  n.  The  act  of  educing, 
drawing  out,  or  bringing  into  view. — 
Eduction-pipe,  n.  The  pipe  by  which  the 
exhaust  steam  is  led  from  the  cylinder  of 
a  steam-engine  into  the  Condenser  or  the 
atmosphere,  according  as  the  engine  may 
be  of  the  low  or  high  pressure  kind. — 
Eductor,t  e-duk't6r,  n.  That  which  brings 
forth,  elicits,  or  extracts. 

Edulcorate,  e-dul'kij-rat,  v.t— edulcorated, 
edulcorating.  [L.  e,  out,  and  dulcoro,  dul- 
cwalum,  to  sweeten,  from  dulccr,  sweet- 
ness, dulcia,  sweet.']  To  remove  acidity 
from;  to  sweeten+j  chem.  to  free  from  acids, 
salts,  or  impurities  by  washing.— Edulcor- 
jkD.t,  5-dul '  ko  -  rant,  a.  Edulcorative. — 
ji.  A  substance  that  edulcorates.— Edulco- 
^ation,  5-dul 'ko-ra"shon,  n.  The  act  of 
sweetening  by  admixture  of  some  sacchar- 
ine substancet ;  chem.  the  act  of  freeing 
from  acid  or  saline  substances,  or  from 
any  soluble  impurities,  by  repeated  affu- 
sions of  water.  —  Edulcorative,  €-dul'ko- 
ra-tiv,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  sweeten- 
ing or  removing  acidity. 

Eel,  61,  ru  f  A.  Sax.  ae!=Dan.  D.  and  Ot.  aal, 
Icel.  dHj-from  same  root  as  6r.  echis,  Skr. 
ahi,  9.  serpent;  L.  aitguilla,  an  eel,  unguis, 
a  snake.]  A  fish  characterized  by  its  slimy 
serpent-like  elongated  body,by  the  absence 
of  ventral  fins,  and  the  continuity  of  the 
dorsal  and  anal  fins  round  the  eritremity 
of  the  tail;  Some  species  are  marine,  some 
fresh-water;  all  are  remarkable  for  their 
voracity  and  tenacity  of  life,  many  are  con- 
sidered excellent  food.— Eel-basket,  Eel- 
buci,  el'buk,  n.  A  kind  of  basket,  usually 
attached  to  a  framework  set  in  a  river,  for 
catching  eels,  h'aving  a  sort  of  funnel- 
shaped  entrance  fitted  into  the  mouth  of 
it,  and  composed  of  flexible  willow  rods 
converging  inwards  to  a  Joint,  so  that  eels 
can  easily  force  their  way  in,  but  cannot 
escape.- Eel-pout,  n.  [A.  Sax.  aele-puta.] 
The  local  name  of  two  diiferent  species  of 
fish— the  viviparous  blenny  and  the  bur- 
bot.—Eel-spear,  n.  •  A  forked  instrument 
usedfor  catching  eels. 

E'en,  gn,  adv.    A  contraction  for  Even. 

E'er,  ar,  adv.    Contraction  for  Ever. 

Eerie,  §'ri,  a.  [A.  Sax.  earh,  timid.]  Calcu- 
lated to  inspire  fear;  dreary;  lonely;  weird; 
superstitiously  aifected  by  rear,  especially 


when  lonely.  —  Ee-iness,  e'ri-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  eerie.. 
Efiace,  ei-fria',  v.t  — effaced,  effacing.  [Fr. 
effacer—li. «,  out,  and  fades,  a  face.  Comp. 
deface.]  To  destroy,  as  a  figure,  on  the 
surface  of  anything,  so  as  to  render  it  in- 
visible or  not  distinguishable;  to  blot  out; 
to  erase,  strike,  or  scratch  out;  to  remove 
from  the  naind;  to  wear  away. — Effaceable, 
ef-fa'sa-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  effaced. — 
Effacement,  ef-fas'ment,  n.  Act  of  effac- 
ing; state  of  being  effaced. 

Effect,  ef-fekt',  n.  [L.  effectus,  from  efficio 
— ex,  and  facio,  to. make.  Fact.]  That 
which  is  produced  by  an  operating  agent 
or  causoj  the  result  or  consequence  of  the 
action  or  a  cause  or  agent ;  consequence ; 
result;  power  to  produce  consequences  or 
results;  force,  validity,  or  importance; 
purportj'import,  tenor,  or  general  intent; 
reauty  and  not  mere  appearance;  fact: 
preceded  by  in;  the  impression  produced 
on  the  mind,  as  by  natural  scenery,  a  pic- 
ture, musical  composition,  or  other  work 
of  art,  by  the  object  as  a  whole,  before  its 
details  are  exanyned;  pZ.  goods;  movables; 
personal  estate.— t>.t.  To  produce,  as  a  cause 
or  agent;  to  bring  about  or  cause  to  be;  to 
bring  to  pass;  to  achieve;  to  accomplish. — 
Effecter,  Effector,  ef-fek't6r,  n.  One  who 
effects,  produces,  causes,  or  brings  about. — 
Eflectlble,t  ef-f  ek'ti-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
effected.— Effection,  +  ef-fek'shon,  n.  Act 
of  effecting;  production. — Effectivejef-fek'- 
tiv,  a.  Having  the  power  to  cause  or  pro- 
duce effect;  efficacious;  operative;  active; 
efficient;  having  the  powCTof  active  opera- 
tion; fit  foi:  duty.— ^Effectively,  ef-fek'tiv- 
li,  adv.  In  an  effective  manner.  ^  Effec- 
tiveness, ef-fek'tiv-ncs,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  effective.  —  Effectless,  ef-fekt'les,  a. 
Without/effect;  without  advantage;  iise- 
less.— Effectual,  ef-fek'ta-al,  a.  Producing 
an  effect,  or  the  effect  desired  or  intended; 
having  adequate  power  or  force  to  produce 
the  eifect.— Effectually,  ef-fek'ttt-al-li,  adv. 
In  an  effectual  manner.  —  ESectualness, 
ef-fek'ta-al-nes,  n.  —  Effectuate,  ef-fek'ttt- 
5t,  v.t.—effecluatedy  effectuating.  [Fr.  ^ec- 
tuer.]  To  bring  to  pass;  to  achieve;  to  ac- 
complish; to  fulfil.— Effectuation,  ef-fek'- 
tQ-a"shon,  n.  •  Act  of  effectuating. 

Effemipato,  ef-fem'i-nat,  a.  [L.  effeminatxis, 
from  effeminor,  to  grow  or  make,  woman- 
ish, from  ex,  out,  and  femina,  a  woman.] 
Having  the  qualities  o*a  woman  instead 
of  those  of  a  man;  soft  or  delicate  to  an 
unmanly  degree:  weak  and  unmanly; 
womanish;  voluptuous.— t'.<.—e/ewtnffited, 
effeminating.  To  make  womanish  or  ef- 
feminate.—s;.!.  To  grow  womanish  or  weak. 
—Effeminacy,  ef-fem'i-na-si,  n.  The  state 
or  character  of  being  effeminate. — Effem- 
inately, ef-fem'i-nat-li,  adv.  In  an  effem- 
-  inate  manner.  —  Effeminate&cKS,  ef-f em'i- 
nat-nes,  n.    Effeminacy. 

ESendi,  ef-fen'di,  n.  [Turk.]  A  title  of 
respect  frequently  attached  to  the  official 
title  of  certain  Turkish  officers,  especially 
learned  men  and  ecclesiastics. 

Efferent,  ef'ffer-ent,  a.  [h.  ef  for  ex,  out  of, 
and  fero,  to  carry.]  Physiol,  conveying 
outwards  or  discharging. 

Effervescg,  ef-f  5r-ves',  v.i.— effervesced,  effer- 

.  vescing.  [L.  effervescn—ef,  ex,  out  of,  and 
fervesco,  to  begin  boiling,  from  ferveo,  to 
l>e  hot.  Fervent.]  To  bubble  and  hiss  or 
froth  and  sparkle,  as  fermenting  liquors 
or  any  fluid  when  some  part  escapes  in  a 
gaseous  form;  to  work,  as  new  wine;^^.' 
to  exhibit  signs  of  excitement;  to  exhibit 
feelings  which  cannot  be  suppressed. — Ef- 
fervescence, ef-fSr-ves'ens,  n.  That  com- 
motion, bubbling,  frothing,  or  sparkling 
of  a  fluid  which  takes  place  when  some 
part  of  the  mass  flies  off  in  a  gaseous  form, 
producing  innumerable  small  bubbles; 
strong  excitemebt  or  manifestation  of 
feeling;  flow  of  animal  spirits.  —  Effer- 
vescent, ef-f6r-ves'ent,  a.  Effervescing. — 
EServescible,  ef-ftr-ves'i-bl,  a.  Having 
the  quality  of  effervescing. 

Effete,  ef-fet',  a.  [L.  effetus,  exhausted, 
worn  out  by  bearing— ea;,  and  fettis,  fruit- 
ful, pregnant.]  Having  the  energies  worn 
out  or  exhausted;  having  the  vigour  lost 
or  dissipated;  barren. 

EfflcaxloHB,  ef-fl-ka'ahu8,  a.    [L.  esfficax,  effi- 


cacioils,  from  effkio.  ErrECT.]  Effectual; - 
productive  of  effects;  producing  the  effect 
intended ;  having  power  adequate  to  the. 
purpose  intended. — Efficaciously,  ef-fi-ka'- 
shus-li,  adv.  In  an  efficacious  manner. — 
Efficaciouaness,  ef-fi-ka'shus-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  bekig  efficacious.- Eflcacy,  ef- 
fii-ka-si,  n.  [L.  effxacia,  efficacy.]  Power 
to  produce  effects;  prcduc;ioaof  the«ffec£ 
Intended;  effectiveness;  efficiency;  virtue; 
energy.  —  Efficiency,  ef-fish'en-si,  ji.  [L. 
efficientid.]  The  state  or  character  of  be- 
ing efficient;  effectual  agency;  power  of 
producing  the  effect  intended;  active  com- 
petent power;  competence  for  one's  duties. 
—Efficient,  ef-fish'ent,  «,  Causing  effects; 
causing  anything  to  be  what  it  is;  effica- 
cious ;  effectual ;  competent ;  able ;  opera- 
tive.— n.  One  who  is  competent  to  perform 
the  duties  of  a  service.— Efllclently,  ef-fish'- 
ent-li,  adv.    In  an  efficient  manner. 

Effigy,  ef'fi-ji,  n.  [L.  effigies,  from  effineo, 
to  fashion — e/for  ex,  ana  jingo,  to  form  or 
devise.  Feign.]  The  image,  likeness,  or  ro- 
presentation«f  a  person  or  thing;  a  Ukenesa 
in  sculpture,  painting,  or  otherwise;  an  ira- 
age:  frequently  applied  to  the  figures  on  f  •> 
pulchral  monuments. — Effigial,t  ef-fij'i-£:!, 
a.  Exhibiting  or  pertaining  to  an  effigy. — 
Efflgiate,  ef-nj'i-at,  v.t—efftgiated,  effiglat- 
ing.  [L.  efftgio,  effigiatum.]  To  make  like; 
to  form  of  a  like  fi^gure.— Effigla.tion,t  ef- 
fij'i-a"8hon,  11.  The  act  of  forming  in  re- 
semblance; an  image  or  effigy. 

Effloresce,  ef-flo-res',  v.i.  :r-  effloresced,  efflo- 
rescing, [h.  effloresco—ef  for  ex,  and  fio- 
resco,  from  Jloreo,  to  blossom,  from  Jlos,  a 
flower.  Flower.]  To  burst  int6  bloom, 
as  a  flower;  to  break  out  into  florid  or  ex- 
cessive ornamentation ;  cMm.  to  chang.i 
over  the  surface  or  throughout  to  a  whiticL, 
mealy,  or  crystalline  powder,  from  a  gra- 
dual decomposition,  on  simple  exposure  to 
the  air;  to,  become  covered  with  a  whitish 
crust  or  light  crystallization,  from  a  slow 
chemical  change.  —  Excrescence,  ef-flo- 
res'ens,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  effloresc- 
ing; bot.  the  time  of  flowering;the  produc- 
tion of  blossoms ;  med.  a  redness  of  tho 
skin;  eruption;  chem.  the  formation  of  a 
whitish  substanjce  on  the  surface  of  cer- 
tain bodies,  as  salts;  the  powder  or.crust 
tjjus  formed.— Efflorescent,  ef-flo-res'ent,(i. 
Showing  efflorescence;  iucrusted  or  covered 
with  efflorescence;  liable  to  effloresce. 

Affluence;  Efflucncy,  ef'flu-ens,  ef'fly-^n-si, 
n.  [Fr.  effluence,  from  L.  effluo,  to  flow  but 
— e,  ex,  and  Jluo,  to  flow.]  '  The  act  of  flow- 
ing out;  that  which  flows  out  or  issues;  an 
emanation. — Effluent,  ef'flr(-ent,  a.  Flow- 
ing out:  emanating;  emitted.— ».  Geog.  a 
stream  that  flows  out  of  another  stream  oi 
out  of  a  lake. 

Effluvium,  ef-fla'vi-um,  n.  pi.  Effluvia,  ef- 
fla'vi-a.  [L.,  from  e^Mo,  to  flow  out.  Flow.] 
Something  flowing  out  ii^  a  subtle  or  in- 
visible form 5  exhalation;  emanation;  es- 
I)ecially  applied  to  noxious  or  disagreeable 
exhalations.— Effluvlable,  ef-fltt'vi-a-bl,  c. 
Capable  of  being  given  off  in  the  form  oi 
effluvium.— Effluvlal,  ef-fl.Q'vi-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  containing  effluvia.— EffluvZ- 
ate,1ef-fltl'vi-at,  v.i.  To  throw  off  effluvium. 

Efflux,  ef'fluks.n.  [L.  effltio,  ^uxum,  to 
flow  out.  Effluence.]  The  act  or  state 
of  flowing  out  or  issuing  in  a  streainj  out- 
flow; that  whiph  flows  out;  emanation.— 
Effluxion,  ef'fluk'shon,  n.  The  act  of  flow- 
ing out;  that  which  flows  out;  emanation. 

Efiodiont,  ef-f5'dl-ent,  a.  [L.  effodiey.s, 
effodientis,  ppr.  of  effodio,  to  dig  out— €/Jicr 
ex,  out,  and  fpdio,  to  dig.]  Digging;  ac- 
customed to  dig. 

EffoUatloa,  ef-fo'li-a"shon,  n.  [Ij.  e/for  ex', 
out,  and  folium,  &  leaf.]  Bot.  dep^vatlca 
of  a  plant  of  its  leaves. 

Effort,  effort,  n.  [Fr.  effort— li.  ef  for  ex, 
out,  and  fortis,  strong.]  An  exertion  of 
strength  or  power,  whether  physical  sr 
mental;  strenuous  exertion  to  accompiiah 
an  object;  a  straining  to  do  something; 
endeavour.- Effortless,  ef'f6rt-les,o.  JMak- 
in  j  no  effort. 

Effranchlse,  ef-fran'chiz,  v.t  fL.  «/.for  ex, 
out,  and  E.  franchise.1  To  invest  with 
franchises  or  privileges. 

Effirontery,  ef-irun't6r-i,  n.  [Fr,  effronterie, 
from     L.    effrons,    effrontis,    barefaced, 


ch,  cAain;     c/t.  So.  locA;     g,  po;     j,yob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  any;     eh,  tften;  th,  <Aiii;     w,  wig; 


wh,  whig;     zh,  asure. 

-16 


EFFULGE 


226 


ELABORATE 


shameless— «/  for  ex,  and  frms,  the  fore- 
head. Prokt.]  Audacious  impudence  or 
boldness;  assurance  entirely  unabashed; 
shamelessness;  brazenness. 

Zffnlge,  ef-fulj',  v.i.—effulyed,effulging.  [L. 
effulgeo  —  ef  for  ex,  out,  and  fulgeo,  to 
shine.]  To  send  forth  a  flood  of  light;  to 
shine  with  splendour.— Effulgence,  ef-ful'- 
jens,  n.  A  flood  of  light;  a  shining  forth 
of  light  or  glory;  great  lustre  or  bright- 
ness; splendour.— Effulgent,  ef-ful'jent,  a. 
Shining;  bright;  splendid;  diffusing  a 
flood  of  light.— EiEulgently,  ef-ful'jent-li, 
adv.    In  a  bright  or  splendid  manner. 

Cfiose,  ef-fuz',  v.t.  —  effused,  effusing.  [L. 
effimdo,  effusum,  to  poiir  out — ef  for  ex, 
out,  and  fundo,  fusum,  to  pour.  Fuse.] 
To  pour  out,  as  a  fluid;  to  spill;  to  shed. 
— v.i.  To  emanate;  to  come  forth.-ro.  (ef- 
f  us).  Bot.  applied  to  a  kind  of  panicle  with 
a  very  loose  one-sided  arrangement;  conch. 
applied  to  shells  where  the  aperture  is  not 
whole  behind,  but  the  lips  are  separated 
by  a  gap  or  groore.— Effusion,  ef-fu'zhon, 
n.  The  act  of  pouring  out;  that  which  is 
poured  out;  pathol.  the  escape  of  any  fluid 
out  of  the  vessel  containing  it  into  an- 
obher  part;  cordiality  of  manner;  over- 
flowing or  demonstrative  kindness. — Ef- 
fusive, et-fu'siv,  a.  Poiu-ing  out ;  injuring 
forth  largely;  showing  overflowing  kind- 
ness or  cordiality  of  manner.— Effusively, 
ef-fa'siv-li,  adv.  In  an  effusive  manner. — 
Effusiveness,  ef-f u'siv-nes,  n. ' 

Efreet,  ef 'ret,  n.    Afkit. 

Eft,  eft,  T».  [O.E.  evete,  ewte,  A.  Sai.  efete. 
Newt  is  from  etcie,  the  n  of  the  art.  an 
having  adhered  to  the  jwun.]    A  newt. 

Egad,  e-gad',  excJam.  [Probably  a  euphe- 
mistic corruption  of  'by  God.']  An  excla- 
mation expressing  exultation  or  surprise. 

Ejjence,  ejens, n.  [L.  epeiw,  ppr.  of  egeo,  to 
sufler  want.]  The  state  of  suffering  fi-om 
the  need  of  something;  a  desire  f&r  some- 
thing wanted. 

Eger,  e'ger,  n.    Same  as  Eagre. 

Egest,  e-jest',  v.t.  [L.  egero,  egestvm,  to 
carry  or  bear  out— «,  out,  and  gero,  to 
carry.]  To  cast  or  throw  out;  to  void  ex- 
crement. —  Egestion,  e-jest'yon,  n.  The 
act  of  voiding  excrement. 

'S-SS,  eg,  n.  [A  Sax.  afir=Icel.  egg,  Dan. 
ag,  Sw.  dgg,  G.  and  D.  ei;  allied  in  origin 
to  It.  ovuni,  Gr.  Oort,  Ir.  ugh,  Gael,  ubh,  an 
egg.]  A  roundish  body  covered  with  a 
shell  or  membrane,  formed  in  a  special 
organ  of  many  female  animals  besides 
birds,  and  in  which  the  development  of 
the  young  animal  takes  place;  an  ovum. 
lAnimaJs  whose  young  do  not  leave  the 
egg  till  after  it  is  laid  are  called  oviparous; 
those  in  which  the  eggs  are  retained  with- 
in the  parent  body  until  they  are  hatched 
are  called  ovoviviparo'tis.'l  —  Egg  and  Un- 
chor,  egg  and  dart,  egg  and  tongue,  arch. 
■same  as  Echinus. —  Egger,  Eggler,  eg'fer, 
eg'l^r,  n.  A  collector  of  or  dealer  in  eggs. 
— Eggery,  eg'fir-i,  n.  A  nest  of  eggs;  a 
place  where  eggs  are  deposited,  as  those 
of  sea-birds.— E^-apple,  n.  The  fruit  of 
the  egg-plant.— Egg-bird,  n.  A  species  of 
t«m  the  eggs  of  wmch  are  of  considerable 
commercialnmportance  in  the  West  In- 
dies.—Egg-cup,  n.  A  cup  used  to  hold  an 
egg  at  table.— Egg-flip,  n.  A  drink  made 
of  warmed  beer,  flavoured  with  a  little 
sugar,  spirit,  spices,  and  eggs  beaten  with 
it.— Egg-glass,  n.  A  sand-glass  running 
s.bout  three  minutes,  for  regulating' the 
boiling  of  eggs.  —  Egg-plant,  n.  A  plant 
of  the  potato  family,  with  white  egg- 
shaped  fruits,  which  are  boiled,  stewed  in 
sauces,  &c. — Egg-shell,  n.  The  shell  or  out- 
side covering  of  an  egg;  fig.  anything 
ve^  brittle,  easily  broken,  or  destroyed. 
— Egg-sUce,  n.  A  kitchen  utensil  for  re- 
moving omelets  or  fried  eggs  from  a  pan. 
,-  Egg-spoon,  n.  A  small  spoon  for  eating: 
oggs  with. 

Egg,  eg,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  ecgian,  eggian^to  in- 
cite, to  sharpen;  Icel.  eggja,  to  egg.  £doe.] 
To  incite  or  urge  on ;  to  stimulate ;  to  in- 
stigate; to  provoke.— Egger,  eg'6r,  n.  One 
who  eggs  or  incites.  •  ..^  uw-w-.. 

Egis,  e'jis,'rk    Same  as  ^gis.      ^  ">  -  ' ' 

Eglandulose,  Eglandnlous,  ^glan'da-los, 
e-glan'do-lus,  a.  [L.  e,  out,  and  glandvlo- 
iiigj  glandxilous,]    I'estitute  of  glands. 


Eglantine,  eg'Ian-tm,  n.  [Tr.  iglantine,' 
O.Fr.  aigJerU,  from  a  form  acvlentus, 
prickly,  from  L.  octtZeuit,  a  spine,  a  prickle, 
acus,  a  needle.  Acid.]  An  old  and  poeti- 
cal name  for  the  sweet-brier  or  wild-rose. 

Ego,  e'go,  n.  [L.,  I.]  PhUos.  the  con- 
scions  thinking  subject;  the  subject,  aa 
opposed  to  the  non-ego,  the  not-self,  the 
object.  —  Egoism,  6'go-izm,  n.  [Fr.  ^go- 
isme.]  fhiios.  the  doctrine  which  refers 
the  elements  of  all  knowledge  to  the  phe- 
nomena of  personal  existence;  subjective 
idealism;  a  passionate  love  of  self;  egot- 
ism; selfishness.- Egoist,  6'go-ist,  n.  IFr. 
egotste,  an  egotist.]  An  egotist;  a  selfish 
person;  one  holding  the  doctrine  of  ego- 
ism.—Egoistic,  Egoistical,  e-gp-is'tik,  5-go- 
is'ti-kal,  o.  Pertaining  to  egoism;  ad- 
dicted to  or  manifesting  egoism;  egotistic. 
— Egoistically,  e-go-is'ti-kal-U,  adv.  In  an 
egoistic  manner. — Egoity,t  e-go'i-tiy'n. 
Personality ;  individuality.  —  Egothei^m, 
e'go-ths-izm,  n.  [Gr.  ego,  I,  and  theos,  a 
god.]  The  deification  of  self;  self -worship. 
— Egotism,  eg'o-tizm,  n.  The  practice  of 
too  frequently  using  the  word  /;  hence,  a 
speaking  or  writing  much  of  one's  self;  a 
passionate  and  exaggerated  Jove  of  self, 
leading  one  to  refer  all  things  to  one's  self, 
and  to  judg^  of  everything  by  its  relation 
to  one's  interests  or  importance.  .'.Egotism 
and  self-conceit  are  based  on  what  we  think 
of  ourselves,  the  former  being  the  more 
deep-seated  and  powerful;  vaniiv,  on  what 
we  believe  others  think  of  us.  —  Egotist, 
eg'o-tist,  n.  One  who  repeats  the  word  / 
very  often  in  conversation  or  writing;  one 
who  speaks  much  of  himself  «r  magnifies 
his  own  achievements.— Egotistic,  Egotis- 
tical, eg-o-tis'tik,  eg-o-tis'ti-kal,  a.  Ad- 
dicted to  egotism;  manifesting  egotism. — 
Egotistically,  eg-o-tis'ti-kal-li,  adtf.  In  an 
egotistical  or  self-conceited  manner. —Ego- 
tize,  Egoize,  eg'o-tiz,  e'go-iz,  v.i.—egoiized, 
egotizing.  To  talk  or  write  much  of  one's 
telf ;  to  exhibit  egotism. 

Egregious,. e-gr6'ji-us,  a.  [L.  egregius,  lit. 
out  of  the  common  flock  or  herd — e  or  ex, 
out,  and  grex,  gregis,  a  flock  (whence  gre- 
garious).] Extraordinary;  remarkable; 
enormous:  now  mostly  used  in  a  bad  or 
ironical  sense  (an  egregious  fool,  blunder, 
impudence).  —  Egregiously,  e-gre'ji-ns-U, 
adv.  In  an  egregious  manner.  —  JEgregl- 
onsness,  P-gre'ji-us-nes,  n. 

Egress,  e'gres,  ?t.«  [Ij.  egressua,  from  egre- 
dior— e,  and  graaior,  to  step.  Grade.]  The 
act  of  going  or  issuing  out;  thp  power  of 
departing  from  any  inclosed  or  confined 
place;  astron.  the  passing  of  *an  inferior 

•  planet  from  the  disc  of  the  sun  in  a  tran- 
sit.—w.i.  (e-gres').  To  go  out;  to  depart;  to 
leave.— Egression.t  e-gresh'on,  n.  [L.  egres- 
aio.']  ■  Egress.— Egreasor,  e-gres'6r,  n.  One 
who  goes  out. 

Egret,  e'gret,  n.  [Fr.  aigrette,  a  dim.  from' 
an  old  form  aigre,  from  O.H.G.  heigro, 
a  heron,  Sw.  hdger,  Icel.  hegri,  a  heron. 
Heron  has  the  same  origin.]  A  name  of 
those  species  of  herons  which  have  the 
feathers  on  the  lower  part  of  the  back 
lengthened  and  the  barbs  loose,  so  that 
this  part  of  the  plumage  is  very  soft  and 
flowing;  the  small  white  heron;  a  plume 
of  heron's  feathers,  or  of  feathers,  dia- 
monds, &c.;  an  aigret;  bot.  the  flying,  fea- 
thery, or  hairy  down  of  seeds,  as  the  down 
of  the  thistle. 

Egriot,  e'gri-ot,  n.  [Fr.  aigre,  sour.]  A 
kind  of  sour  cherry. 

Egyptian,  e-jip'shan,  a.  [From  Egypt,  Gr. 
Aigyptos;  akin  Gypsy.)  Pertaining  to 
'E^yi>t.—Egyptianvulture,a.YaltuTe,  about 
the  size  of  a  raven,  which  frequents  the 
streets  of  eastern  to'wnB,  where  it  is  pro- 
tected on  account  of  its  services  as  a  scav- 
enger. Called  also  PliaraoKs  Chicken. — 
n.  A  native  of  Egvpt;  an  old  designation 
for  a  gypsy,  so  called  because  believed' to 
have  come  from  ECTpt. —  Egyptologer, 
Egyptologist,  6-jip-toI'o-jer,  e-jip-tol'o-jist, 
n.  One  well  acquainted  with  the  antiqui- 
ties of  Egypt,  especially  the  hieroglypnic 
inscriptions  and  documents.  —  Egypto- 
logical, 6-jip'to-loj"i-kal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  Egyptolofflr;  devoted  to  the  study  of 
Egyptology.— Egyptology,  e-jip-tol'o-ji,  n. 
The  science  of  Egyptian  antiquities;  that 


branch  of  kncii(i«dgt.  which  treats  of  the 
ancient  langua^,  Sisiory,  &c.,  of  Egypt. 

Ell  I  a  or  e,  an  inlerj.  expressive  of  doubt, 
iiiquiry,  slight  surprise. 

li^der,  Eldei--duck,  i'der,  n.  [G.  eider,  Sw. 
eider,  Icel.  c^dr,  Dan.  eder."]  A  species  of 
duck,  about  twice  the  size  of  the  common 
duck,  the  down  of  which  is  much  valued, 
from  its  warmth,  lightness,  and  elasticity. 

Eidograph,  i'do-graf,  n.  [Gr.  eidos,  like- 
ness, and  grapho,  to  write.]  An  instru- 
ment for  copying  designs,  reduced  or  en- 
larged in  any  proportion,  -within  certain 
limits. 

Eight,  at,  o.  [A.  Sax.  eahta^G.  and  D. 
acht,  Icel.  dtta,  Dan.  aatte,  L.  octo,  Gr. 
okto.  It.  and  Gael,  achd,  Skr.  ashtan,  ash- 
tan.]  One  of  the  cardinal  numeral  adjec- 
tives; one  more  than  SJiven  and  less  than 
nine. — n.  The  number  composed  of  seven 
and  one;  the  symbol  representing  this 
number.  —  Eight-day,  a.  That  goes  for 
eight  days  (an  eight-day  clock).— Efehteen, 
a'ten,  a.  and  n.  Eight  and  ten;  the  sum 
of  ten  and  eight;  the  symbol  representing 
this  sum. — Eighteennjo,  a'ten-mo,n.  [From 
eighteen  and  -mo,  in  L.  decimo,  tenth.] 
The  size  of  a  book  in  which  a  sheet  is 
folded  into  eighteen  leaves:  written  often 
^Smo.  —  Eighteenth,  a 'tenth,  a.  and  n. 
Next  in  order  after  the  seventeenth;  one 
of  eighteen  equalparts  of  a  thing.— Eight- 
fold, at'fold,  a.  Eigbt  times  the  number 
or  quantity.  —  Eighth,  atth,  a.  and  n. 
Next  in  order  after  the  seventh;  one  of 
eight  equal  parts  of  anything;  an  octave. 
—Eighthly,  atth '  li,  adv.  In  the  eighth 
place. — Eightieth,  a'ti-eth,  a.  and  n.  Next 
in  order  to  the  seventy  -  ninth ;  one  of 
eighty  equal  parts,  of  anything.— Eighty, 
a'ti,  a.  and  m.  Eight  times  ten;  fourscore; 
a  symbol  representing  this  number. 

Eikon,  i'kCn,  n.  [Gr.]  A  likeness;  an  im- 
age; a  statue. 

Eisteddfod,  is^teTH-vSd',  n.  [W.]  A  meet- 
ing of  bards  and  minstrels  in  Wales;  a 
periodical  Welsh  festival  for  the  recitation 
of  prize  poems  and  performances  on  the 
harp. 

Either,  Cirafer  or  i'THfer;  the  former  is  more 
in  accordance  -with  analogy,  a.  or  prow. 
[A.  Sax.  aegther;  contracted  from  aegh- 
wather,  compounded  of  d—aye,  the  aug- 
ment ge,  and  hwcetJier.  Each,  'Whether.] 
One  or  the.  other;'  one  of  two  things;  each 
of  two;  the  one,  and  the  other;  both. — 
eoj%}.  A  disjunctive  conjunction  alwayf 
used  as  correlative  to  and  preceding  or 
(either  the  one  or  the  other). 

Ejaculate,  e-jak'Q-lat,  v.t.—ejaevlated,  ejac- 
ulating. [L.  ejaculor,  ejaculatus—e,  out, 
and  jaculum,  a  dart,  from  jacio,  to  throw, 
seen  also  in  reject,  project,  &c.]  To  throw 
out,  as  an  exclamation;  to  utter  suddenly 

■  and  briefly .—y.i.t  To  utter  ejaculations.^ 
Ejaculation,  e-jak'u-la"shon,  n.  The  utter- 
ing of  a  short,  sudden  exclamation;  the 
exclamation  uttered;  a  jprayer  consisting 
of  a  few  words.— Ejactuatory,  e-jak'a-la- 
to-ri,  a.    Of  the  nature  of  an  ejaculation. 

Eject,  e-jekt',  -v.t.  [L.  ejicio,  ejectum—e, 
and  jacio,  to  throw,  as  in  dejected,  project, 
&c.  ]  To  throw  out;  to  cast  forth:  to  thrust 
out;  to  drive  away;  to  expel;  to  dismiss 
from  oflice;  to  turnout.— Ejection,  e-jek'- 
shon,  TO.  [L.  ejectio.]  The  act  of  ejecting; 
dismissal;  dispossession;  expulsion;  rejec- 
tion.—Ejectment,  e-jekt'ment,  n.  A  cast- 
ing out;  a  dispossesMon;  law,  the  removal 
of  a  person  from  the  wrongful  fossession 
of  land  or  tenements.— Ejector,  e-jek'ter, 
n.    One  who  ^ects. 

Eke,  ^)i,v.t.—eked,  eking:  [A.  Sax.  icon,  to 
increase,  to  eke,  IceL  avka,  Goth,  aukan, 
L.  augeo  (whence  augment),  Gr.  auxanO, 
to  increase.]  To  add  to;  to  enlarge  by  ad- 
dition: sometimes  with  out  (he  eked  out 
his  income  by  odd  jobs).— n.  Something 
^dded  to  another;  an  addition.— adw.  [A. 
Sax.  edc,  D.  ook,  Sw.  och,  Dan.  og,  G.  avch, 
and.]  Also;  Ukewise;  in  addition.— Eking, 
eTdng,  n.    That  which  is  added. 

Elaborate,  e-lab'o-rat,  v.t.—elahoraied,  elab- 
orating. [L.  elaboro,  elaboratum—e,  out, 
and  liworo,  to  labour,  from  labor,  labour.) 
To  produce  'with  labour;  to  work  out  or 
complete  'with  great  care ;  to  work  out 
fully  or  perfectly.  —  o.  AVrought  with 


fate,  farf:fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  her;«PUie,  pin;     n5t«,  not,  mttve;/   tttbe,  tub,  bglliAoil, potrnd;/  -fl,  Sc.  abime— the  Ft. «. 


EL^OPTENE 


227 


ELECTRIC 


labour;  finished  with  great  care;  executed 
with  exactness ;  highly  finished.  —  Elab- 
orately, e-lab'o-rftt-li,  advr  In  an  elabo- 
rate manner.  — Elaborateness,  6-lab'o-rat- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  elaborate. — 
Elaboration,  e-lab'o-ra"shon,  n.  The  act 
of  elaborating ;  careful  or  laborious  finish 
bestowed ;  physiol.  the  process  performed 
by  the  living  organs  in  aimals  and  plants 
by  which  something  is  produced  (the  ela- 
boration of  sap).  —  Elaborative,  e-lab'o-ra- 
tiv,  a.  Serving  or  tending  to  elaborate. — 
Elaborator,  6-lab'o-ra-t6r,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  elaborates. 

Elxoptene,  el-e-op'tsn,  n.  [Gr.  elaion,  olive- 
oil,  and  ptenos,  winged.]  The  liquid  por- 
tion of  volatile  oils,  as  distinguished  from 
the  solid  portion  called  atearoptene. 

Elaine,  e-la'in,  n.  [Gr.  elainos,  pertaining 
to  the  olive,  from  elaia,  the  olive.]  The 
liquid  principle  of  oils  and  fats;  oleine. — 
Elalc,  e-la'ik,  a.    Same  as  Oleic. 

£lan,  a-lan,  n.  [Fr.]  Ardour  inspired  by 
enthusiasm,  passion,  or  the  like;  unhesi- 
tating dash  resulting  from  an  impulsive 

.imagination. 

Eland,  6'landj  n.  [D.  eland,  an  elk.]  An. 
African  species  of  antelope,  the  largest  of 
all  antelopes;  a  name  sometimes  given  to 
the  moose. 

Elapse,  e-laps',  v.L— elapsed,  elapsing.  [L. 
elabur,  elapsus,  to  slip  away — e,  out,  and 
labor,  lapsus,  to  glide.  Lapse.)  To  slip- 
or  glide  away;  to  pass  away  silently:  -said 
of  time.  —  Elapsion,  e-lap'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  elapsing;  lapse. 

ElasmobraxLchiate,  e-las'mo-brang"ki-St,  a. 
[Gr.  elasmos,  a  plate,  and  brangchia,  gills.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  an  order  of  fishes  in- 
cluding the  sharks,  dog-fishes,  rays,  &c. 

Elastic,  Elastical,  e-las'tik,  e-las'ti-kal,  a. 
[Fr.  elastique,  L.L.  elasticus,  from  Gr.  elas- 
tos,  beaten  out,  extensible,  from  elaunO, 
to  drive,  to  beat  out.]  Having  the  power 
of  returning  to  the  form  from  which  it  is 
bent  or  extended ;  having  the  property  of 
recovering  its  former  figure  or  volume 
after  being  altered  by  pressure;  rebound- 
ing; flying  back;  Jig.  possessing  the  power 
or  quality  of  recovering  from  depression 
or  exhaustion.— Elastically,  e-las'ti-kal-li, 
adv.  In  an  elastic  manner;  by  elastic 
power.— Elasticity,  e-las-tis'i-ti,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  elastic. 

Elate,  e-lat',  a.  [L.  elaius,  pp.  of  effero—e, 
out,  and  ZaiMS,  borne  or  carried.]  Raised 
or  lifted  upt;  having  the  spirits  lifted  up; 
flushed,  as  with  success;  exultant;  haugh- 
ty.—  v.t.. —  elated,  elating.  To  raise;  to 
exalt;  to  elevate  with  success;  to  cause  to 
exult;  to  make  proud.— Elatedly,  6-la'ted- 
li,  adv.  With  elation^— Elatedness,  e-la'- 
ted-nes,  n. — Elation,  e-la'shon,  n.  Eleva- 
tion of  mind  proceeding  from  self-appro- 
bation; haughtiness;  pride  of  prosperity. 

Elater,  el'a-tfer,  n.  [Gr.  elatir,  a  driver.] 
An  elastic  spiral  filament  generated  in 
tubes  in  certain  liverworts  and  scale- 
mosses,  and  supposed  to  assist  in  the  dis- 
persion of  spores;  a  name  of  various  small 
leaping  beetles. 

Elaterium,  e-la-te'ri-unj,  n.  [Gr.  elaterion, 
from  elatSrios,  driving,  purgative,  from 
elaUr,  a  driver,  from  elaun6,  to  drive.]  '  A 
substance  obtained  from  the  fruit  of  the 
squirting  cucumber,  serving  as  a  drastic 
purge,  and  administered  in  dropsy. 

Eir        ■•  -        '•    ~ 


Elbow,  el'bo,  n.  [A.  Sax.  elboga,  e 
\  el,  eln,  forearm,  an  ell  (akin  to  L.  ulna, 
\  Gr.  Olene,  the  forearm),  and  boga,  a  bow; 
D.  elleboog,  G.  ellbogen,  elleribogen,  Icel. 
alnbogi.  Ell,  Bow.]  The  outer  angle 
made  by  the  bend  of  the  arm;  the  joint 
which  unites  the  upper  arm  with  the  fore- 
arm; a  flexure,  angle,  or  part  of  a  struc- 
ture somewhat  resembling  an  elbow,  or 
which  supports  the  arm  or  elbow,  as  the 
raised  arm  of  a  chair  or  sofa.'— Out  at  el- 
bows, having  holes  in  the  elbows  of  one's 
clothes;  shsibbily  dressed. — v.t.  To  push  or 
jostle  with  the  elbow ;  to  make  or  gain  (a . 

?ath  through  a  crowd)  by  pushing  with 
he  elbows. — v.i.  To  jut  into  an  elbow  or 
angle;  to  project;  to  bend;  to  push  one's 
way.  —  ElDow-chair,  n.  An  arm-chair. — 
Elbow-^ease,  n.  A  colloquial  or  vulgar 
expression  for  energetic  and  continuous 
hand-labour,  as  rubbinsT,  scouilng,  &c. — 


Elbow-room,  n.  Room  to  extend  the  el- 
bows on  each  side;  hence,  ample  room  for 
motion  or  action. 

Eld,  eld,  n.  [A.  Kax.  eld,  an  age,  eldo,  old 
age.  Old.]  Old  age;  decrepitude;  old 
time;  former  ages.    [Poet.] 

Elder,  el'dfer,  a.  [A.  Sax.  yldra,  eldra,  the 
compar.  degree  of  eald,  old.  Old.]  Hav- 
ing lived  a  longer  time;  of  greater  age; 
born,produced,or  formed  before  something 
else:  opposed  to  younger;  prior  in  origin; 
senior;  pertaining  to  earlier  times;  earlier. 
— n.  (A.  Sax.  ealdor,  an  ancestor,  a  chief, 
a  prince.]  One  who  is  older  than  another 
or  others;  an  ancestor;  a  person  advanced 
in  life,  and  *ho,  on  account  of  his  age,  ex- 
perience, and  wisdom,  is  selected  foroifice; 
a  lay  ofiicial  in  Presbyterian  churches,  who 
acts  along  with  the  minister  in  the  ad- 
ministration of  discipline  and  govern- 
ment, having  an  equal  vote  with  the  lat- 
ter in  all  church  courts.— Elderly,  el'dfer- 
li,  a.  Somewhat  old;  advanced  beyond 
middle  age;  bordering  on  old  age.— Elder- 
ship, el'dfer-ship,  n.  The  office  of  an  elder; 
elders  collectively;  order  of  elders.— El- 
dest, el'dest,  a.  I  A.  Sax.  yldest,  superl.  of 
eald,  aid,  old.]  Oldest;  most  advanced  in 
age;  that  was  bom  before  others. 

Elder,  Elder-tree,  el'dfir,  n.  [A.  Sax.  eUem, 
ellen;  the  d  has  been  inserted  in  later 
times;  D.  elloorn,  the  elder;  perhaps  akin 
to  alder.]  A  well-known  British  tree  or 
shrub  of  rapid  growth  with  white  flowers 
and  purple  berries,  and  containing  an  un- 
usual quantity  of  pith.— Elder-berry,  n. 
The  fruit  of  the  elder.  —  Elder-wine,  El- 
der-flower Wine,  n.  A  wine  made  of 
elder-berries.- Elderwort,  eld'6r-wert,  n. 
A  fetid  herbaceous  plant  found  in  waste 
places  in  Britain. 

El  Dorado,  el  do-ra'do  or  el  do-ra'do, ».  [Sp. 
the  golden— eJ,  the,  and  dorado,  gilt.]  A 
country  formerly  reputed  to  e»ist  in  South 
America,  and  possessing  immense  stores 
of  gold;  hence,  any  region  rich  in  gold  or 
treasure  of  any  kind. 

Eleatic,  e-le-at'ik,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
£lea,  an  ancient  Greek  town  in  Southern 
Italy,  or  to  a  sect  of  philosophers  that 
originated  there. — n.  An  adherent  of  the 
Eleatic  philosophy. 

Elecampane,  el'e-kam-pan",  n.  [Br.  dnuk- 
campane,  from  L.  inula,  elecampane,  and 
(probably)  campus,  a  field.]  A  British  per- 
ennial plant  which  grows  in  moist  mea- 
dows and  pastures  near  houses,  formerly 
regarded  as  expectorant;  a  coarse  candy, 
professedly  made  from  the  root  of  the 
plant,  but  really  composed  of  little  else 
than  coloured  sugar. 

Elect,  6-lekt',  v.t.  [L.  eligo,  electum—e,  out, 
and  lego,  tectum,  to  pick,  choose,  as  in  col- 
lect, select,  &<;.;  legend,  lecture,  &c.,  being 
also  akin.]  To  pick  out  or  select;  espe- 
cially, to  select  or  take  for  an  oflice  or  em- 
ployment; to  choose  from  among  others; 
to  appoint  to  an  oflice  by  vote  or  designa- 
tion; to  choose;  to  determine  in  favour  of 
(often  with  an  infinitive:  he  elected  to  go). 
— a.  Chosen  or  elected;  especially,  chosen, 
but  not  inaugurated,  consecrated,  or  in- 
vested with  officer  (bishop-«Zec<);  tfieol. 
chosen,  selected,  or  designated  to  eternal 
life;  predestinated  in  the  divine  counsels. 
— n.  sing,  or  pi.  One  or  several  chosen  or 
set  apart;  theol.  those  especially  favoured 
by  God.— Election,  6-lek'shon,  n.  [L.  elec- 
tio.'i  The  act  of  electing;,  the  act  of 
selecting  one  or  more  from  others ;  the 
act  of  choosing  a  person  to  fill  an  office 
or  employment,  by  any  manifestation  of 
preference,  as  by  vote,  uplifted  hands, 
viva  voce,  or  ballot ;  power  of  choosing  or 
selecting;  choice;  voluntary  preference; 
liberty  to  choose  or  act  (it  is  at  his  election 
to  accept  or  refuse);  theol.  predetermina- 
tion of  God,  by  which  persons  are  distin- 
guished as  objects  of  mercy,  become  sub- 
jects of  grace,  are  sanctified  and  prepared 
for  heaven.- Electioneer,  g-lek'shon-5r", 
v.i.  To  work  or  exert  one's  self  in  any 
way  to  obtain  the  election  of  a  candidate. 
— Electloneerer,  e-lek'shon-6"rfr,  n.  One 
who  electioneers.— Electioneering,  6-lek'- 
Bho-n5"ring;  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  aa 
eiectioueerer. — Slective,  e-lek'tiv,  a.  Cho- 
sen by  election;  dependent  on  choice;  be- 


stowed or  passing  by  election;  pertaining 
to  or  consisting  in  choice  or  right  of  choos- 
ing; exerting  the  power  of  choice.— Elec- 
tively,  e-lek'tiv-li,  adv.  By  choice ;  with 
preference  of  one  to  another.  —  Elector, 
e-lek'ter,  n.  One  who  elects  or  has  the 
right  of  electing;  a  person  who  has  the 
right  of  voting  for  any  functionary;  speci- 
fically, one  who  has  the  right  of  voting 
for  a  representative  in  parliament;  a 
voter.  [In  Germany  certain  princes  weiv 
formerly  electors  of  the  emperor,  and  efcc- 
tor  was  one  of  their  titles.]  —  Electoral, 
Electorial,  e-lek't6r-al,  e-lek-to'ri-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  election  or  electors;  consist- 
ing of  electors.  —  Electorate,  6-lek'ter-at, 
n.  A  body  of  electors;  the  dignity  or  ter- 
ritory of  an  elector.  —  Electorship,  e-lek'- 
ter-ship,  n.  The  office  of  an  elector. 
Electric,  Electrical,  5-lek'trik,  e-lek'tri-kal, 
a.  [Fr.  dlectrique,  from  L.  electriini,  Gr. 
elektron,  amber,  from  the  fact  that  the 
earliest  electiic  phenomenon  observed  was 
the  attraction  of  amber  for  light  sub- 
stances when  rubbed.]  Containing  elec- 
tricity, or  capable  of  exhibiting  it  when 
excited  by  friction;  pertaining,  to  electri- 
city; derived  from  or  produced  by  electri- 
city; conveying  electricity;  communicat- 
ing a  shock  by  electricity;  Jig.  full  of  fii'e, 
spirit,  or  passion,  and  capable  of  commu- 
nicating it  to  others.— Electric  battery,  a 
number  of  electric  jars  connected  with 
each  other,  for  obtaining  a  powerful  dis- 
charge of  electricity.  —  Electric  bridge. 
Under  Bkidge. — Electric  clock,  a  clock  in 
which  the  moving  power  is  the  action  of 
a  current  of  electricity;  or  one  in  which 
electricity  is  only  used  for  controlling  or 
governing  the  -oioiiori.— Electric  condenser, 
an  instrument  by  which  small  quantities 
of  electricity  may  be  accumulated  and 
rendered  apparent;  an  accumulator." — 
Electric  current,  a  current  or  stream  of 
electricity  traversing  a  closed  circuit 
formed  of  conducting  substances,  or  pass- 
ing'by  means  of  conductors  from  one  body 
to  a.noih&t.— Electric  eel,  a  fish  resembling 
the  eel,  which  is  capable  of  giving  electric 
ihocVis.— Electric  jar,  a  glass  'jar  partly 
coated  both' outside  and  inside  with  tin- 
foil; a  Leyden  ia.r.  — Electric  lamfj,  the 
contrivance  by  which  the  electric  light  is 
produced.— £iectric  light,  a  brilliant  light, 
the  result"of  heat  produced  by  the  force  of 
electricity,  either  evoked  by  the  chemical 
reaction  of  a  metal  and  an  acid,  or  gene- 
rated by  a  magneto-electric  or  other  ma- 
chine.—£Zec<nc  machine,  a  machine  for 
generating  electricity  by  friction,  by  the 
revolution  near  the  poles  of  a  magnet  or 
magnets  of  one  or  more  soft-iron  cores, 
surrounded  by  coils  of  wire,  &c.— Electric 
railway,  a  railway  on  which  electricity  is 
the  motor.  —  Electric  spark,  one  of  the 
forms  in  which  accumulated  electricity 
discharges  itself.  —  Electric  telegraph. 
Telegraph.— Electrically,  5-lek'tri-kaI-li, 
adv.  In  the  manner  of  electricity  or  by 
means  of  it.— Electricalness,+  e-lek'tri-kal- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  elec- 
trical.—Electrician,  e-lek-trish'an,  n.  One 
who  studies  electricity,  and  investigates 
its  properties  by  observation  and  experi- 
ments; one  versed  in  the  science  of  elec- 
tricity.—Electricity,  e-lek-tris'i-ti,  n.  A 
name  for  the  cause  or  agent  underlying 
certain  phenomena,  called  electric,  and 
usually  spoken  of  as  a  fluid;  the  force 
that  manifests  itself  in  lightning,  in 
the  attraction  of  amber  and  sealing-wax 
when  rubbed  for  light  substances,  and 
in  many  other  phenomena;  the  science 
which  deals  witn  these  phenomena.  Be- 
sides friction  there  are  various  other 
sources  of  electricity,  such  as  chemical 
action,  the  contact  of  metals,  change  of 
temperature,  &c.  Galvanism,  Magneto- 
ELECTRicixy,  Thermo-electricitv.  —  At- 
mospheric electricity,  the  electricity  which 
is  produced  in  the  atmosphere,  ana  which 
becomes  visible  in  the  form  of  lightning. 

—  Electriflable,  S-lek'tri-fi-a-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  electrified.  —  Electi^flca- 
tion,  5-lek'tri-fi-ka"8hon,  n.  The  act  of 
electrifying,  or  state  of  being  electrified. 

—  Elsctriry,  t-lek'tri-fi,  v.t.  — electrified, 
electrifying.     To  communicate  electricity 


Vjh^cAainS    cft.S.c.  locfere,  jfoi   .iiob;    B^Fntow;    ,ns;,BiMg;   iTH.tAeni.thjtftin; ;  T^^^wigv    whiicMg;   .zh,a8ure. 


ELECTRIC 


228 


ELEVATE 


to;  to  charge  with  electricity;  to  affect  by 
electricity;  to  give  an  electric  shock  to; 
Jig.  to  give  a  sudden  shock  (as  of  surprise) 
to;  to  surprise  with  some  sudden  and 
brilliant  effect;  to  thrill.— w.i.  To  become 
electric— Electro,  e-lek'tro.  n.  A  contrac- 
tion for  £/ectro£j.'pe.— Electro-ballistic,. a. 
Applied  to  an  instrument  for  determining 
by  electricity  the  velocity  of  a  projectile 
at  any  part  of  its  flight.— Electro-biologist, 
n.  One  versed  in  electro-biology  .—Electro- 
biology,  n.  That  branch  of  science  which 
treats  of  the  electric  currents  developed  in 
living  organisms;  also  mesmerism  or  ani- 
mal magnetism  or  a  phase  of  this. — Elec- 
tro-chemistry, 71.  That  branch  of  science 
which  treats  of  the  agency  of  electricity  and 
galvanism  in  effecting  chemical  changes. 
— Electrode,  e-lek'trod,  ji.  [-ode  is  from 
Gr.  hodoSy  a  way.]  One  of  the  terminals 
or  poles  of  the  voltaic  circle. — Electro-dy- 
namic, Electro-dyiiamical,  a.  Pertaining 
to  electro-dj-namics.  -^  Eleotro-dyaamlcs, 
w.  The  science  which  treats  of  mechani- 
cal actions  exerted  on  one  another  by 
electric  currents.— Electro-dynamometer, 
n.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
strength  of  electro -djTiamic  action. — 
Electro-gild,  v.t.  To  gild  by  means  of  the 
electric  current.- Electro-^lt,  a.  Gilded 
by  means  of  the  electric  current. — Electro- 
kinetics, n.  That  branch  of  electricity 
which  treats  of  electric  currents  in  motion. 
— Electro-kinetic,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
electro-kinetics  or  electricity  in  motion. — 
Electrolyse,  e-lek'tro-liz,  v.t.  [Gr.  eUHron, 
and  lyo,  to  dissolve.]  To  decompose  by 
the  direct  action  of  electricity  or  galvan- 
ism.— Electrolysable,  e-lek'tro-li-za-bl,  a. 
Susceptible  of  being  electrolysed.  —  Elec- 
trolysation,  6-lek'tro-li-za"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  electrolysing.— Electrolysis,  e-lek- 
trol'i-sis,  n.  The  resolution  of  compound 
bodies  into  their  elements,  or,  in  some 
cases,  into  groups  of  elements,  iinder  the 
action  of  a  current  of  electricity.  —  Elec- 
trolyte, 5-lek'tro-lit,  n.  -A  compound 
which  is  decomposable,  or  is  subjected  to 
decomposition,  by  an  electric  current. — 
Electrolytic,  Electrolytical,  e-lek'tro-Ut"- 
ik,  e-lek'tro-lit"i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
electrolysis.  —  Electro-magnet,  n.  A  bar 
of  soft  iron  rendered  temporarily  mag- 
netic by  a  current  of  electricity  having 
been  caused  to  pass  through  a  wire  coiled 
round  it.  —  Electro-magnetic,  a.  Desig- 
nating what  pertains  to  magnetism;  occa- 
Boned  by  electricity.— Electro-metallur- 
gy, n.  The  art  of  depositing  metals,  as 
gold,  silver,  copper,  &o.,  from  solutions  of 
their  salts  upon  metallic  or  other  conduct- 
ing surfaces  by  the  agency  of 'electric  cur- 
rents.—Electrometer,  e-lek-trom'e-tftr,  n. 
An  instrument  for  measuiing  differences 
of  electric  potential  between  two  conduc- 
tors through  effects  of  electrostatic  force. 
— Electrometric,  Electrometrical,  e-lek'- 
tro-met"rik,  S-lek'tro-met"ri-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  an  electrometer,  or  the  mea- 
surement of  electricity.  —  Electrometry, 
6-lek-trom'et-ri,  n.  That  branch  of  elec- 
tric science  which  treats  of  the  measure- 
Tiient  of  electricity.  —  Electro-motion,  n. 
The  motion  of  electricity  or  galvanism; 
mechanical  motion  produced  by  means  of 
electricity.  -Elactro-motive,  a.  Produc- 
ing electro-motion;  producing  mechanical 
eflects  by  means  of  electricity.  —  Electro- 
motive force,  the  power  which  maintains 
electric  currents.  —  Electromotor,  6-lek'- 
tro-m(5-tfer,  n.  Any  arrangement  which 
gives  rise  to  an  electric  current;  an  engine 
in  which  electricity  is  employed  to  pro- 
duce mechanical  effect.— Electro-negative, 
a.  Repelled  by  bodies  negatively  electri- 
ftd,  a-ad  attracted  by  those  positively 
electrified.  —  Electrophorus,  e-iek-trof'o- 
ru3,  n.  An  instrument  for  collecting  elec- 
tTicity.  and  shomng  the  phenomena  of 
induction.- Electro-physiological,  a.  Per- 
taining to  electro-physiology.  —  Electro- 
physiology,  n.  That  branch  of  science 
which  treats  of  electric  phenomena  pro- 
duced through  physiological  agencies. — 
Electrt- plate,  v.t.  To  plate  or  give  a  coat- 
ing of  «ilver  or  other  metal  by  means  of 
electric  currents.— n.  Articles  coated  with 
silver  or  other  metal  by  the  process  of 


electro-plating. —Electro-plater,  m.  One 
who  practises  electro-plating.  —  Electro- 
polar,  a.  A  term  applied  to  conductors, 
one  end  or  surface  of  which  is  positive 
and  the  other  negative".— Electro-positive, 
a.  Attracted  by  bodies  negatively  elec- 
trified or  by  the  negative  pole  of  the  gal- 
vanic arrangement.- Electroscope,  e-lek'- 
tro-skop,  n.  An  instrument  for  observing 
or  detecting  the  existence  of  free  electri- 
city, and,  in  general,  for  determining  its 
kind.— ElectroBcoplc,  6-lek'tro-skop"ik,  o. 
Of  or  belonging  to  the  electroscope. — 
Electro-silver,  v.t.  To  deposit  a  coating 
of  silver  on  by  means  of  voltaic  electricity; 
to  electro-plate.— Electro-statics,  n.  The 
science  which  treats  of  the  phenomena 
occasioned  by  electricity  at  rest,  and  of 
the  production  and  discharge  of  station- 
ary charges  of  electricity.— Electro-tint, 
n.  An  arc  by  which  drawings  are  traced  by 
the  action  of  electricity  on  a  copper  plate. 
—Electrotype,  s-lek '  tro-tip,  n.  The  act 
of  producing  copies  of  types,  wood-cuts, 
medals,  &c.,  by  means  of  the  electric  de- 
position of  copper  upon  a  mould  taken 
from  the  original;  a  copy  thus  produced. — 
v.t.—eJectrotyped,  eUctrotyping.  To  stereo- 
type or  take  copies  of  by  electrotype. — 
Electrotyplc,  5-j!ek'tro-ti"pik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to,  or  effected  by  means  of,  electrotype. 
— alectrotypist,  e-lek'tro-ti-pist,  n.  One 
who  practises  electrotypy.- Electrotypy, 
e-lek'tro-ti-pi,  n.  The  process  of  electro- 
type. 

Electuary,  e-lek'ta-a-ri,  n.  [L.L.  electit- 
aritan,  a  word  of  doubtful  origin.]  A 
medicine  composed  of  powders  or  other 
ingredients,  incorporated  'W'ith  some  con- 
serve, honey,  or  syrup. 

Eleemosynary,  el-e-moz'i-na-ri,  o.  [L.L. 
eleemosynarius,fTOTa  Gr.  eteemosyne,  alms, 
from  eleeO,  to  pity,  ele6»,  compassion. 
Alms.]  Given  in  charity  or  alms;  appro- 
priated to  charity;  founded  by  charity  (an 
eleemosvnaTy  institution ) ;  relating  to 
charitable  donations;  supported  by  char- 
ity.— n.  One  who  lives  by  receiving  alms 
or  charity.  —  Eleemossmarily,  el-e-moz'i- 
na-ri-li,  adv.  In  an  eleemosynary  manner. 

Elegance,  el'e-gans,  n.  [Fr.  eligance,  from 
L.  elegantia,  from  eUgans.,  ioreligena,  from 
eligo — e,ex,  out,  and  ^epo.topick,  to  choose. 
Elect.}  The  quality  of  "being  elegant; 
beauty  resulting  from  perfect  propriety, 
or  from  the  absence  of  anything  calciilated- 
to  produce  a  disagreeable  sensation ;  re- 
finement; ah  elegant  characteristic  or  fea- 
ture.—Elegancy,  el'e-gan-si,  n.  Elegance. 
—Elegant,  el'e-gant,  a.  [Fr.  iUgant,  L. 
elegans.]  Having  beauty  or  a  pleasing 
effect  resiilting  from  grace,  refinement,  or 
polish ;  pleasing  to  good  taste;  graceful ; 
refined  (a  lady  with  an  elegant  figure); 
having  the  words  or  style  polished  and  ap- 
propriate (an  elegant  speech) ;  giving  ex- 
pression to  thought  with  propriety  and 
grace;  pleasing  to  the  eye  by  grace  of  form 
or  delicacy  of  colour;  free  from  coarseness, 
blemish,  or  other  defect;  showing  fine- 
harmony  or  symmetry.  —  Elegantly,  el'e- 
gant-li,  atto.    In  an  elegant  manner. 

Segy,  el'e-ji,  n.  [L.  elegia,  from  Gr.  elegeia, 
from  elegoa,  a  lament.]  A  moumfiU  or 
plaintive-poem,  or  a  funeiul  song;  a  poem 
or  a  song  expressive  of  sorrowand  lamenta- 
tion; a  dir^e;  class,  poetry,  any  poem  writ- 
ten in  elegiac  verse.— Elegiac,  el-5-ji'akj  a. 
Belonging  to  elegy;  plaintive;  expressing 
sorrow  or  lamentation;  used  in  elegies:, 
said  especially  of  a  style  of  verse  commonly 
used  by  the  Greek  and  Latin  poets,  and 
composed  of  couplets  consisting  of  alter- 
nate hexameter  and  pentameter  lines. — 
Elegiast,  Elegist,  e-l&'ji-ast,  el'e-jist,  n.  A 
writer  of  elegies.— Elegize,  el'e-jiz,  v.t.  and 
i.  To  write  or  compose  elegies ;  to  cele- 
brate or  lament  in  an  elegy;  to  bewail. 
Element,  el'e-ment,  n.  [L.  elementum,  an 
element,  a  first  principle ;  same  root  as 
alitnent.]  One  of  the  simplest  constituent 
principles,  or  parts,  of  which  anything 
consists,  or  upon  which  its  constitution  is 
based;  a  fundamental  or  ultimate  part  or 
principle,  by  the  combination  or  aggrega- 
tion of  which  anything  is  composed ;  an 
icnredieut;  ckem.  one  of  the  sixty-four 
simple  substances  which  hitherto  have  re- 


sisted resolution  '  by  chemical  analysis ; 
one  of  the -ultimate,  indecomposable  con- 
stituents of  any  kind  of  matter;  pi.  the 
first  or  simplest  rules  or  principles  of  an 
art  or  science;  rudiments;  one  of  the  four 
constituents  of  the  material  world  accor- 
ding to  an  old  and  still  popular  classifica- 
tion—fire, air,  earth,  water  (hence  such 
expressions  as  '  war  of  the  elements '  for  a 
storm);  the  ^tate  or  sphere  natural  to  any- 
thing or  suited  to  its  existence  (h'ence,  O'U 
of  one's  element,  out  of  one's  natural  sphere 
or  position);  a  datum  or  value  necessary 
to  be  taken  into  consideration  in  making 
a  calculation  or  coming  to  a  conclusion;  pi. 
the  bread  and  -wine  used  in  the  euchar- 
ist. — v.t  To  constitute;  to  be  an  element 
in;  to  make,  a- first  principle. — Elemental, 
el-e-men'tal,  o.  Pertaining  to  or  pro- 
duced by  elements  or  primary  ingredi- 
ents; pertaining  to  the  four  so-called  ele- 
ments of  the  material  world  or  some  of 
them  (hence  '  elemental  war,'  applied  to  a 
tempest) ;  arising  from  or  pertaining  to 
first  principles;  elementaryt.— Elemental- 
ism,  el-6-men'tal-izm,  n.  The  theory  which 
identifies  the  divinities  of  the  ancients 
with  the  elemental  powers.- Elemental- 
ity,t  el'5-men-tal"i-ti,  n.  State  of  being 
elemental  or  elementary.  —  Elementally, 
el-e-men'tal-li,  adv.  In  an  elemental  man- 
ner; according  to  elements. — Elementar- 
ity,  Elementaxiness,  el'e-men-tar"i-ti,  el-5- 
men'ta-ri-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  ele- 
mentary. —  Elementary,  el-e-men'ta-ri,  ft. 
Having  the  character  of  an  element  or 
primary  substance;  primary;  simple;  un- 
compounded;  uncombined;  initial;  rudi- 
mentary; containing,  teaching,  or  discus- 
sing first  principles,  rules,  or  rudiments. 
— Elementary  analysis,  chem.  the  estima- 
tion of  the  amoimts  of  the  elements  which 
together  form  a  compoimd  body.  —  Ele- 
mentary siibstances,  the  elements  or  sub- 
stances which  have  hitherto  resisted  ana- 
lj"sis  by  any  known  chemical  means. — 
Elementoid,  el-e-men'toid,n.  Like  an  ele- 
ment; having  the  appearance  of  a  simple 
substance. 

Elemi,  el'5-mi,  n.  -The  resinous  exudation 
from  various  trees,  used  in  plasters  and 
ointments  and  the  manufacture  of  var- 
nish. 

Elenchns,  e-lengTcus,  n.  [L.  eTenchtis;  Gr. 
elenchos.]  Logic,  a  syllogism  by  which  an 
opponent  is  made  to  contradict  himself; 
a  fallacious  argument:  a  sophism. 
Elephant,  el'e-fant,  n.  [L.  elephas,  elephan- 
Us,  from  Gr.  elephas,  elephantos,  an  ele- 
phant; probably  from  Heb.  eleph,  an  ox.] 
The  name  of  two  species  of  huge  quadru- 
peds, one  inhabiting  India,  the  other 
Africa,  and  both  remarkable  for  having 
their  nose  prolonged  into  a  long-proboscis 
or  trunk  with  the  nostrils  at  its  e.\tremity, 
tnd  for  their  large  tusks.— Elephantiac,  el- 
6-fan'ti-ak,  o.  Affected  with  elephantiasis. 
—Elephantiasis,  el'e-f;ui-ti"a-sis,  n.  [Gr., 
•from  elephas,  elephant.]  Med.  a  skin  dis- 
ease in  which  the  limbs,  from  their  en- 
largement and  the  changed  condition,  of 
the  skin,  have  a  slight  resemblance  to 
those  of  the  elephant.— Elephantine,  el-e- 
fan'tin,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  elephant; 
resembling  an  elephant;  hence,  huge;  im- 
m.ense.  —  Elephantoid,  el-5-fan'toid,  a. 
■  Ilaving  the  form  of  an  elephant.  —  Ele- 
phant-paper, n.  A  writing,  printing,  and 
drawing  paper,  of  the  size  of  28  inches 
by  23. 

Eleusinian,  el-Q-sin'i-an,  a.  Relating  to 
Eleusis  in  Greece;  as,  ElevMnian  mysteries 
or  festivals,  the  mysteries  and  festivals  of 
Bemeter  (Ceres),  celebrated  there. 
Elentheromania.  e-lu'thtr-o-ma"ni-a,  n. 
[Gr.  eleuiheros.  free,  and  mania,  madness.] 
A  mania  for  freedom ;  excessive  zeal  for 
freedom.  —  Eleutheromanlac,  e-lfi'thtr-o- 
ma"ni-ak,  n.  A  fanatic  on  the  subject  of 
freedom. 

Elevate,  el'e-vat,  v.t  —  elevated,  elevating. 
fL.  elevo,  elevattmi,  to  lift  up— «,  out,  up, 
and  levo,  to  raise,  from  levis,  light  in 
weight,  whence  levity,  lever,  levy,  &c.]  To 
raise;  in  a  literal  sense,  to  raise  from  a  lo-w 
or  deep  place, to  a  higher;  to  raise  to  a 
hicrher  state  or  station;  to  improve,  refine, 
or  dignify;  to  raise  from  a  low  or  common 


Fate,  fdr,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  r.ia:     note,  aot,  move;     tobe,  tub,  b\iU;     oil,  pound;     li,  Sc.  ab«ne— the  Fr.  n. 


ELEVE 


229 


'    ELUDE 


state,  as  by  training  or  education;  to  exalt; 
to  excite,  cheer,  animate;  to  render  Bome- 
what  tipsy  (colloq.);  to  augment  or  s'Jrell; 
to  make  louder.— Elevated,  ero-va-tud,  a. 
Raised;  exalted;  dignified;  elated;  excited; 
slightly  tipsy  (colloq.);  raised  above  the 
natural  pitch;  somewhat  loud. — Elevated- 
ness,  el'e-va-ted-nes,  n.— Elevating,  el'e-va- 
ting,  a.  Exalting ;  elating.  —  Elevation, 
el-e-va'shon,  n.  [L.  eleoatio.]  The  act  of 
elevating;  the  act  of  raising  or  conveying 
from  a  lower  place  or  degree  to  a  higher; 
the  state  of  being  raised  or  elevated ;  ex- 
altation; that  which  is  raised  or  elevated; 
an  elevated  place;  a  rising  ground;  height; 
degree  of  height;  height  above  the  surface 
of  the  eai  tli;  altitude  ;  astron.  altitude ; 
gun.  the  angle  which  the  axis  of  the  bore 
of  a  firearm  makes  with  the  plane  of  the 
horizon;  arch,  a  geometrical  representation 
of  a  building  in  vertical  section,  as  op- 
posed to  ground-plan. — Elevator,  el'e-va- 
tfir,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  elevates, 
raises,  lifts,  or  exalts ;  a  mechanical  con- 
trivance for  raising  passengers  or  goods 
from  a  lower  place  to  a  higher ;  a  hoist. 
— Elevatory,  el'e-va-to-ri,  a.  Tending  or 
having  power  to  elevate. 

E16ve,  a-iav,  n.  [Fr.J  A  pupil ;  a  scholar; 
one  brought  up  or  protected  by  another. 

Eleven,  e-lev'n,  a.  I  A.  Sax.  endleo/an,  end- 
liifon,=lcel.  elUfa,  Dan.  elleve,  D.  elf,  Goth. 
ainlif;  compounded  of  two  elements  mean- 
ing one  and  ten,  A.  Sax.  -leo/an,  Goth,  ijf, 
being  allied  to  L.  (Jecim,  Gr.  deka,  ten.  So 
hvelve—two-tea.i  Ten  and  one  added. — n. 
The  sum  of  ten  and  one;  a  symbol  repre- 
senting eleven  units;  cricket,  the  number 
of  players  selected  from  tlie  members  of  a 
club  to  play  in  a  match.— Eleventh,  e-lev'- 
nth,  a.  and  n.  Next  in  order  after  the 
tenth;  one  of  eleven  equal  parts  into  which 
anything  is  divided. 

Elf,  elf,  n.  pi.  Elves,  elvz.  [.4.  Sax.  mlf, 
el/=L.Gr.  elf,  Dan.  alf,  Icel.  (U/r,  O.H.G. 
alp,  an  elf.  Probably  of  same  origin  as  h. 
albus,  white,  and  the  name  Alps.]  A  kind 
of  inferior  spiritual  being  formerly  be- 
lieved in;  a  fairy;  a  goblin;  a  mischievous 
person;  a  pet  name  for  a  child. — Elf-arrow, 
Elf-bolt,  re.  Names  popularly  given  in 
the  British  Islands  to  the  ancient  flint 
arrow-heads  still  often  found.  Also  called 
Elf-dart.— E}&n,  el'fin,  a.  Relating  or  per- 
taining to  elves. — n  A  little  elf;  a  little 
urchin. — Elfish,  el'fish,  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  elves;  resembling  an  elf;  suggestive 
of  elves.— Elf-land,  n.  The  region  of  the 
elves;  fairy-land.^Elf-rock,  n.  A  knot  of 
hair  twisted  as  if  by  elves. 

Elicit,  e-lis'it,  v.t.  [L.  elicio,  elicitum—e, 
out,  and  laciOj  to  allure;  akin  delicate,  de- 
light.'] To  bring  or  draw  out  by  reason- 
ing, discussion,  examination,  or  the  like; 
to  deduce  or  educe  (as  truth,  facts,  &c.).  • 

Elide,  e-lid',  v.t.  [L.  elido — e,  out,  and  lado, 
to  strike.]  Grain,  to  cut  off  or  suppress, 
as  a  sy  liable.— Elision,  6-lizh'on,ri.  Oram. 
the  act  of  eliding;  the  cutting  oft  or  Bup- 

j)ression  of  a  vowel  or  syllable. 

Eligible,  el'i-jj-bl,  a.  [Fr.  Eligible,  from  L. 
eligo—e,  out,  and  lego,  to  choose.  Elect.] 
Fit  to  be  chosen  for  some  purpose  or  duty; 
worthy  of  choice;  desirable;  legally  quali- 
fied to  be  chosen.— Eligibility,  el'i-ji-bil"- 
i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  condition  of  being 
eligible;  capability  of  being  chosen.— Eli- 
gibleness, el'i-ji-bl-nes,  n.  Eligibility. — 
Eligibly,- el'i-ji-bli,  adv.  In  a  manner  to 
be  worthy  of  choice;  suitably. 

Eliminate,  5-lim'i-nat,  v.t. — eliminated,  eli- 
minating. [L.  elimino,  eliminatmn  —  e, 
out,  and  limen,  threshold.]  To  discharge 
or  throw  off  (as  a  secretion  of  the  human 
body);.to  take  out  or  separate  as  not  being 
an  element  of  value  or  necessary;  to  set 
aside  as  unimportant  or  not  to  be  con- 
sidered; to  leave  out  of  consideration;  alg. 
to  cause  to  disappear  from  an  equation; 
to  deduce  or  elicitt  (incorrect  in 'this  sense). 
—Elimination,  s-lim'i-na"shon,  re.  The 
act  of  eliminating. 

EUquation,  e-li-kwa'shon,  re.  ]li.  eliqxio^, 
out,  and  liquo,  to  melt.]'  An  operation, 
now  seldoln  employed,  for  the  separation 
of  silver  from  copper  by  means  .of  lead. 

fusion.     Under  Elide. 
lite,  a-lst,  re.  pi.  [Pr.,  lit.  elected  or  select.] 


Those  who  are  choice  or  select ;  the  best ; 
the  tiower. 

Ellxate,^  e-lik'sat,  v.t.—elixated,  elixating. 
IL.  elixo,  to  boil  thoroughly,  from  elixiis, 
thoroughly  boiled — e,  and  lix,  an  ancient 
word  which,  according  to  Nonius,  signified 
ashes,  or  lye  mixed  with  ashes.  J  To  boil; 
to  seethe;  to  extract  by  boiling. — Elixa- 
tion,  5-lik-sa'shon,  n.  The  act  of  boiling 
or  seething;  extraction  by  boiling;  also, 
concoction  in  the  stomach;  digestion. 
Elixir,  e-lik'sfer,  n.  \_h't.  elixir,  from  Sp. 
elixir,  from  Ar.  el-iksir,  the  philosopher's 
stone,  from  Gr.  zeros,  dry.]  A  liqnor 
aought'for  by  the  alchemists  for  trans- 
muting metals  into  gold  or  for  prolonging 
life;  quintessence;  a  cordial;  med.  a  tinc- 
ture composed  of  various  substances  held 
in  soiuiion  by  alcohol  in  some  form. 
Elizabethan,  C-liz'a-beth"an,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Queen  Elizabeth  or  her  period. — 
Elizabethan  architecture,  the  architectural 
style  of  the  times  of  Elizabetb  and  James 
1.,  when  the  debased  Gothic  and  Italian 
were  combined,  characterized  by  large 
windows,  tall  and  highly  decorated  chim- 
neys, aud  much  ornament. 

Elk,  elk,  re.  I  Icel.  elgr,  O.H  G.  elaho,  Sw. 
elg;  akin  to  L.  alces,  an  elk.]  The  largest 
existing  species  of  the  deer  family,  mea- 
suring 7  feet  high  at  the  shoulders,  and 
found  in  EVirope  and  Asia,  but  chiefly 
in  North  America,  where  it  is  called  the 
Moose. 

EU,  el,  n.  [A.  Pax.  eln;  D.  ell,  eUe,  G.  elU, 
O.H.G.  elna,  Sw.  aln,  Iceh  aim,  Goth. 

.  aleina;  akin  to  L.  ulna,  Gr.  Oleng,  the  fore- 
arm, and  hence,  a  measure  of  length. 
Comp.  cubit.]  A  measure  of  different 
lengths  in  different  countries,  used  chiefly 
for  measuring  cloth;  the  Euglish  ell  being 
45  inches,  the  Flemish  ell  27,  the  Scotch 
37'2,  and  the  French  54. 

EUagic,  el-laj'ik,  a.  [From  Fr.  galle,  gall, 
reversed.]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from 
gall-nuts. 

Ellipse,  «l-lip8',  n.  [Gr.  elleipsis,  an  omis- 
sion or  defect,  from  elleipO,  to  leave  out— 
ek,  out,  and  leipo,  to  leave.]-  Geom,.  an 
oval  figure  produced  when  any  cone  Is  cut 
by  a  plane  which  passes  through  it,  not 
parallel  to  nor  cutting  the  base;  a  closed 
curve  in  which  the  distances  of  any  point 
from  two  points  called  the  foci  have  always 
the  same  sum.  —  Ellipsis,  el-lip 'sis,  n. 
Gram,  the  omission  of  one  or  more  words 
which  the  hearer  or  reader  may  supply; 
printina,  the  marks,  thus  —  or  *  "  *  or 
.  .  .  ,  denoting  the  omission  or  suppres- 
sipn  of  letters  or  words;  geom.  an  ellipset. 
Ellipsograph,  Elliptograpli,  el-lip'so-graf, 
el-lip'to-graf,  n.  An  instrument  for  des- 
cribing ellipses;  a  trammel.  —  Ellipsoid, 
el-lip'soid,  re.  Geom.  a  solid  figure,  all 
plane  sections  of  which  are  ellipses  or  cir- 

•  ctes.  —  Ellipsoidal,  el-lip-soi'dal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  an  ellipsoid;  having  the  form 
of  an  ellipsoid.- Elliptic,  EUipticsJ,  el-lip'- 
tik,  el-lip'ti-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  ari  el- 
lipse; having  the  form  of  an  ellipse;  per- 
taining toellirsis;  Imiring  a  word  or  words 
left  out.— Ellipticf.!ly,  eMip'ti-kal-li,  adv. 
According  to  the  form  of  an  ellipse;  with 
a  word  or  words  left  out.— Ellipticity,  el- 
1  ip-tis'i-ti,  re.  The  quality  of  being  ellipti- 
cal or  having  the  form  of  an  ellipse. 

Elm,  elm,  re.  fA.  S.ax.  ehn,  D.  olm,  Icel. 
dlmr,  Dan.  celm,  aim,;  akin  to  L.  •ulm.us, 
Bohem.  gilm  (pron.  yilm),  elm.]  A  valu- 
able European  timber  tree,  species  of 
which  are  adso  found  in  America. — Elmen, 
el'men,  a.  Made  of  elm.— Elmy,  el'mi,  a. 
Abounding  with  elms. 

Elmo's-flre,  el'mOz-fir,  n.  [After  Saint 
Elmo,  whom  sailors  in  the  Mediterranean 
invoke  during  a  storm.]  A  popular  name 
for  a  meteoric  appearance  seen  playing 
about  the  masts  of  a  ship. 

Elocnlar,  e-lok'u-ler,  a.  [L. «,  without,  and 
locuhts,  cell.]  Bot.  having  but  one  ceH; 
not  divided  by  partitions. 

Elocution,  el-okc'shon,  n.  [h.  elocutio, 
from  eloquor,  elocutus,  to  speak  out  —  e, 
out,  and  loquor,  to  speak,  seen  in  eoUoquy, 
elOqzient,  loquacious,  &c.  J  The  art  by 
which,  in  delivering  a  discourse  before  an 
audience,  the  speaker  is  enabled  to  render 
it  effective  and  impressive;  mode  of  utter- 


ance or  deliveiT  of  an  address,  arcom- 
panied  by  gestures. — Elocutionary,  el  <• 
ku'shon-a-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  elocut\"ii, 
—Elocutionist,  el-0-ku'shon-ist,  n.  One 
who  is  versed  in  elocution;  a  teacher  of 
^locution. 

£loge,  a-lozh,  re.  [Pr.,  from  L.  elogium.] 
A  funeral  oration;  a  panegyric  on  the 
dead;  a  discourse  pronounced  in  public  in 
honour  of  an  illustrious  person  recently 
deceased. — Eloglst,  el'o-jist,  n.  [Fr.  elu- 
giste.]  One  who  delivers  an  eloge. — Elegy, 
Elogitun,  el'o-ji,  e-lo'ji-um,  n.  A  panegy- 
ric; an  cloge. 

Elohim,  e'lO-him,  re.  One  of  the  Hebrew 
names  of  God,  of  frequent  occurrence  in 
the  Bible,  used  both  of  the  true  God  and 
of  false  gods,  while  Jehovah  is  used  only 
of  the  true  God. — Elohist,  e'lo-hist,  n.  The 
supposed  writer  of  the  Elohistic  passages 
of  the  Pentateucli,  in  coutradistinction  to 
the  Jehouist.— 'Elohistic, e-lo-his'tik, a.  A 
term  applied  to  certain  passages  in  Scrip- 
ture, especially  in  the  Pentateuch,  in 
"which  the  Almighty  is  always  spoken  of 
as  Elohim. 

Elongate,  e-long'gat,  v.t.  —  elongated,  elon- 
gating. [L.L.  elongo,  elongatum  —  L.  e, 
out,  and  longus,  long.]  To  lengthen;  to 
extend. — v.i.  To  recede  apparently  from 
the  sun:  said  of  a  planet  in  its  orbit. — 
Elongation,  e-l6ng-ga'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
elongating  or  lengthening;  the  state  of 
being  stretched  out  or  lengthened;  asirbn. 
the  angular  distance  of  a  planet  from  the 
sun,  OS  it  appears  to  the  eye  of  a  spectator 
on  the  earth. 

Elope,  e-lop',  v.i.— eloped,  eloping.  [From 
D.  loopen,  the  same  word  as  G.  laufen, 
Goth,  hlaupan,  to  ran,  to  leap,  E.  leap, 
with  prefix  e,  out,  away.]  To  run  awaj'; 
to  run  away  with  a  lover  or  paramour  in 
defiance  of  duty  or  social  restraints:  said 
especially  of  a  woman.- Elopement,  e-15p'- 
ment,  re.  The  act  of  eloping;  the  running 
away  of  a  woman,  maiTied  or  unmarried, 
with  a  lover. 

Eloquence,  el'o-kwens,  n.  [Fr.  eloquence, 
from  L.  eloqu.entia.  Elocution.]  The  art 
of  expressirig  thoughts  in  such  language 
and  in  such  a  way  as  to  produce  conviction, 
or  persuasion;  oratory;  that  which  is  ex- 
pressed with  eloquence.  —  Eloquent,  el'o- 
kwent,  a.  Having  the  power  of  express- 
ing strong  emotions  vividly  and  appropri- 
ately: adapted  to  express  strong  emotion 
with  fluency  and  power;  characterized  by 
eloquence.  —  Eloquently,  el'o-kwent-li, 
adv.  In  an  eloquent  manner. 
Else,  els,  a.  or  adv.  [A.  Sax.  elles,  else, 
otherwise;  akin  to  O.H.G.  eli,  ali,  Goth. 
alis;  L.  alius  (see  Alien),  Gr.  alios,  an- 
other.] Other;  besides;  in  addition;  as  in 
who  else!  nothing  or  nobody  else,  nowhere 
else. — conj.  Otherwise;  in  the  other  case; 
if  the  fact  ^rere  different;  as,  he  was  ill, 
else  he  would  have  come.  —  Elsewhere, 
els'whar,  adv.  In  another  place;  some- 
where else. 

Eltchi,  elt'she,  n,  An  ambassador  or  en- 
voy: a  Persian- or  Turkish  name. 
Elncidate,  f-la'si-dat,  v.t.— elucidated,  elK- 
eidaiing.  [L.L.  elucido,  elucidatum, — L.  e, 
out,  and  lucidus,  bright.  Lucid.)  To  make 
clear  or  manifest;  to  explain;  to  remove 
obscurity  from  and  render  intelligible;  to 
illustrate.  —  Elucidation,  e-la'Bi-da"shon, 
n.  The  act  of  elucidating ;  explanation ; 
exposition;  illnstrs,ticn.  —  Elucid.itive,  e- 
lu'si-da-tiv,  a.  Making  or  tending  to  elu- 
cidate; explanatory. —  Elucidator, ,  e-lu'si- 
da-t*r,  n.  One  who  elucidates  or  explains. 
— Elncidatory.t  e-la'si-da-to-ri,  a.  Tending 
to  elucidate. 

Elnde,  e-lud',  v.t.  —  eluded,  eluding.  [  L. 
eludo — e,  and  ludo,  to  play,  as  in  allude, 
collude,  delude,  &c.]  To  evade;  to  avoid  by 
artifice,  stratagem,  wiles,  deceit,  or  dex- 
terity; to  remain  unseen,  undiscovered,  or 
unexplained  by  (to  elude  scrutiny). — Elu- 
dible,  e-la'di-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
eluded  or  escaped.— Elusion,  e-la'zhon,  n. 
An  escape  by  artifice  or  deception;  an 
evasion.  —  Elusive,  e-la'siv,  a.  Practising 
elusion;  using  arts  to  escape. — Elusively, 
C-lO'siv-li,  adv.  With  or  by  elusion. — 
Elnsoriness,  e-ia'so-ri-nes,  re.  The  state  of 
being  elusory.  —  Elusory,  e-lU'eo-ri,  a. 


cli,  c&iin;     ch,Sc.lQck;     g,  po;     j.iob;     u,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  siw;     th,  tten;  th,  tAiu;     w,  wig;     wh,  wAig;     zb,  asure. 


ELUI 


230 


EMBLEM 


Tending  to  elude;  tending  to  deceive'; 
evasive;  fallacious. 

Elul,  c'lul,  n.  [Heb.l  The  twelfth  month 
of  the  Jewish  civil  year,  corresponding 
nearly  to  our  August. 
Elutriate,  6-lu'tri-at,  v.t. — dtUriated,  elutri- 
ating. [L.  eiuirio,  elutriatum,  from  eiwo, 
eltUum,  to  wash  off — e,  off,  and  l^to,  to 
Y/ash.J  To  purify  (ores)  by  washing  and 
straining  off  or  decanting  the  liquid  from 
the  substance  washed,  the  lighter  matters 
1,'eing  then  separated  from  the  heavier.— 
Elutriation,  e-lu'tri-a"shon,  n.  The  oper- 
wtion  of  elutriating. 

Elvan,  el'van,  n.  A  kind  of  rock  in  Corn- 
wall, often  forming  dikes  in  other  rocks; 
a  granitic  and  felspar  porphyritic  rock. 
Elves,  elvz,  pi.  of  elf.  —  Elvish,  el'vish,  a. 
Pertaining  to  elves  or  fairies;  mischievous, 
as  if  done  by  elves;  elfish.—  Elvishly,  el'- 
vish-li,  adv.  In  an  elvish  manner. 
Elysium,  e-liz'i-um,n.  [L.,from  Gr.  clysion, 
(pedion),  the  Elysian  fields.]  Myth,  a  place 
assigned  to  happy  souls  after  death;  the 
Beat  of  future  happiness:  hence,  any  place 
exquisitely  delightful.— ElyBian,5-liz'i-an, 
a.  Pertaining  to  elysium;  exceedingly 
delightful. 

Elytron,  Elytrmn,  el'i-tron,  el'i-trum,  n. 
pi.  Elytra,  el'i-tra.  [Gr.,  a  cover,  sheath, 
from  elyO,  to  roll  round.]  The  wing-sheath 
or  coriaceous  membrane  which  forms  the 
superior  wing  in  beetles,  serving  to  cover 
and  protect  the  true  wing.  —  Elytriform, 
e-ht'ri-form,  o.  In  the  form  of  a  wing- 
sheath.  —  Elytrine,  el'i-trin,  n.  The  sub- 
stance of  which  the  horny  covering  of 
crustaceous  insects  is  composed.  —  Ely- 
troid,  el'i-troid,  a.  Like  an  elytron. 
Elzevir,  el'ze-ver,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
Elzevir  family:  applied  to  editions  of  the 
classics,  &c.,  published  by  the  Elzevir 
family  at  Amsterdam  and  Leyden,  from 
about  1595  to  1680  and  highly  prized  for 
their  accuracy  and  elegance ;  a  term  ap- 
plied to  a  variety  of  printing  type  consist- 
ing of  tall  thin  letters. 
Em,  em,  n.  Print,  the  unit  of  measure- 
ment, being  a  typo  whose  breadth  is  equal 
to  its  depth. 

Emaciate,  e-ma'shi-at,  v. i.— emaciated,  ema- 
ciating. [L.  emacio,  emaciatumr-e,  intens., 
and  macies,  leanness.]  To  lose  flesh  gra- 
dually; to  become  lean  from  loss  of  appe- 
tite or  other  cause. — v.t.  To  cause  to  lose 
flesh  gradually;  to  reduce  to  leanness. — 
a.  Thin;  wasted.  —  Emaciation,  e-ma'shi^ 
a"shon,  n.  The  act  of  making  or  becoming 
lean  or  thin  in  flesh ;  the  state  of  being 
reduced  to  leanness.  . 

Emanate,  em'a-nat,  v.i.— emanated,  eman- 
ating. [L.  emano,  emanatum — e,  out,  and 
rnano,to  flow.]  To  flow  forth  or  issue  from 
a  source:  sa^d  of  what  is  intangible,  as 
light,  heat,  odour,  power,  &c.;  to  proceed 
from  something  as  tne  source,  fountain,  or 
origin;  to  take  origin;  to  arise;  to  spring. 
— Emanant,  em'a-nant,  a.  Emanating, 
issuing,  or  flowing  from  something  else. — 
Emanation,  em-a-na'shon,  n.  The,  act  of 
emanating;  that  which  emanates,  issues, 
flows,  or  proceeds  from  any  source,  sub- 
stance, or  body;  efliux;  effluvium. —  Ema- 
'  native,t  em'a-n5-tiv,  a.  Tending  to  ema- 
nate. —  Emanatively,  em'a-aa-tiv-U,  adv. 
After  the  manner  of  an  emanation. 
Emancipate,  e-man.'si-pat,  v.t.  —  emanci- 
pated, emancipating.  [L.  emancipo,  eman- 
cipatum—e,  out,  mentis,  the  hand,  and 
capio,  to  take.]  To  set  free  from  sen'itude 
or  slavery  by  the  voluntary  act  of  the  pro- 
prietor; to  restore  from  bondage  to  free- 
dom; to  free  from  bondage,  restriction,  or 
restraint  of  alay  kind;  to  liberate  from 
subjection,  controlling  power,  or  influence. 
—Emancipation,  5-man'si-pa"Bhon,  n.  The 
act  of  emancipating;  deliverance  from 
bondage  or  controlling  influence ;  libera- 
tion.—Emancipationist,  5-man'si-pft"shon- 
ist,  n.  Ail  advocate  for  the  emancipation 
of  slaves.— Emancipator,  e-man'si-pa-t6r, 
n.  One  who  emancipates. 
Emarginate,  Emarginated,  5-mar'ji-n5t, 
e-mar'ji-na-ted,  a.  IL.  «marginatug  —  e, 
priv.,  and  margo,  marginie,  border,  mar- 
gin.] Having  the  margin  or  extremity 
taken  away;  having  a  blunt  or.  obtuse 
notch  in  the  margin;  notched  at  the  blunt 


apex:  applied  most  commonly  in  bot.  to  a 
leaf,  petal,  &c.— Emarginately,  e-mar'ji- 
nat-li,  adv.  In  the  form  of  notches.— 
Emargination,  6-mar'ji-na"8hon,  n.  The 
condition  of  being  emarginate;  a  blunt 
notch  in  the  extremity  or  margin. 
Emasculate,  e-mas'ku-latjV.t.—emascruZaied, 
emasculating.  [L.  e,  priv.,  and  masnilUs, 
dim.  of  mas,  a  male".  Mascuune.]  To 
deprive  of  the  properties  of  a  male;  to 
castrate;  to  geld;  to  deprive  of  masculine 
vigour;  to  render  effeminate;  to  expurgate 
by  removing  coarse  passages  from  (a  book). 
—Emasculation,  e-mas'ku-la"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  emasculating;  the  state  of  being 
emasculated.  —  Emasculatory,  6-mas'ku- 
la-to-ri,  a.  Serving  to  emasculate. 
Embalm,  em-bam',  v.t.  [Prefi^x  em,  and 
balTn,  balsam.]  To  preserve  (a  dead  body) 
from  decay  by  removing  the  intestines 
^and  filling  their  place  with  odoriferous 
and  desiccative  spices  and  drugs;  to  pre- 
serve from  loss  or  decay;  to  cherish  ten- 
derly the  memory  of.  —  Embalmer,  em- 
ba'mfer,  n.  One  who  embalms. 
Embanli.,  em-bangk',  v.t.  [Prefix  em,  and 
bank.'}  To  inclose  with  a  bank;  to  defend 
by  banks,  mounds,  or  dikes;  to  .bank  up. 
—Embankment,  em-bangk'ment,  n.  The 
act  of  surrounding  or  defending  with  a 
bank;  a  mound  or  Dank  raised  to  protect 
land  from  being  overflowed  by  a  river  or 
the  sea,  or  to  tnable  a  road  or  railway  to 
be  carried  over  a  valley. 
Embarcation,  n.  Embarkation. 
Embargo,  em-bav'gij,  n.  [Up.  embargo,  an 
embargo,  embarrassment,  lit.  what  serves 
as  a  bar— ijrefix  em  for  in,  and  L.L.  barra, 
a  bar;  akin  embarrass'.]  A  restraint  or 
prohibition  imposed  by  the  public  aiitho- 
rities  of  a  country  on  merchant  vessels,  or 
other  ships,  to  prevent  their  leaving  its 
ports,  sometimes  amounting  to  an  entire 
interdiction  of  commercial  intercourse;  a 
restraint  or  hindrance  imposed  on  any- 
thing.—n.f.  To  put  an  embargo  on;  to  sub- 
ject to  an  embargo. 

Embark,  em-bark',  v.t.  [Fr.  embarqiter— 
en,  in,  and  barqiie,  a  bark.  Barque.]  To 
put  or  cause  to  enter  on  board  a  ship  or 
boat ;  to  engage,  invest,  or  make  to  enter 
on  in  any  affair.— w.i.  To  go  on  board  of  a 
ship,  boat,  or  vessel ;  to  engage  or  take  a 
share  in  any  affair;  to  enlist.  —  Embarka- 
tion, em-bar-ka'shon,  n.  The  act  of  em- 
barking; that  which  is  embarked  or  put 
on  board. 

Embarrass,  em-bar'as,  v.t.  [Pr.  embarras- 
ser,  to  embarrass,  embarras,  embarrass- 
ment—prefix em,  and  L.L.  barra,  a  bar; 
ak;n  embargo  Bar-.]  To  derange,  con- 
fuse, or  entangle  (affairs,  business,  &c.),  so 
as  to  make  a  course  of  action  difficult ;  to 
involve  in  pecuniary  difficulties;  to  per^ 
plex,  disconcert,  or  abash.— Embarrassed, 
em-bar'ast.p.anda.  Entangled;  involved; 
confused ;  disconcerted.  —  JEmbarrassing, 
em-bar'as-tng,  a.  Perplexing;  adapted  to 
perplex  or  embarrass.  —  Embarrassingly, 
em-bar'as-ing-li,  adv.  In  an  embarrassing 
manner.  —  Embarrassment,  em-bar'as- 
ment,  n.  The  state  of  being  embarrassed; 
entanglement;  perplexity  arising  from  in- 
ability to  pay  one's  debts;  confusion  of 
mind;  abashment. 

Embassador,  em-bas'sa-dor,  n.  An  ambas- 
sador. [This  spelling  is  not  now  used, 
though  embassy  and  not  anibassy  is  the 
correct  form.}— Embassage.t  em'bas-ss.i.n. 
An  embassy ;  a  message  (Shak,).  —  Em- 
bassy, em'bas-si,  n.  [O.E.  and  Fr.  em- 
bassade.]  The  mission  of  an  ambassador; 
the  charge  or  employment  of  an  ambassa- 
dor or  envoy;  the  message  of  an  ambassa- 
dor; a  message,  especially  a  solemn  or 
important  message;  the  persons  intrusted 
with  ambassadorial  functions;  a  legation; 
the  official  residence  of  an  ambassador. 
Embattle,  em-bat '1,  v.t.—  embattled,  em- 
battling. [Prefix  em,  and  battle.}  To  ar- 
range in  order  of  battle;  to  array  for 
battle;  to  furnish  with  battlements.— «.i. 
To  be  ranged,  in  order  of  battle.  —  Em- 
battled, em-bat'ld,  p.  and  a.  Arrayed  in 
order  of  battle;  furnished  with  battle- 
ments; indented  like  a  battlement.^ — 
Embattlement,  em-bat'1-ment,  n.  An  in- 
dented parapet;  a  battlement  fwhich  see). 


Embay,  em-ba',  v.t.  [Prefix  cm,  .and  bay.^ 
To  inclose  in  a  bay  or  inlet;  to  landlock. 
— Embayment,  em-ba'ment,  n.  A  portion 
of  the  sea  closed  in  and  sheltered  by  capes 
or  promontories. 

Embed,  em-bed',  v.t.—embeddedj  embedding. 
[Prefix  em,  and  bed.]  To  lay  in  or  as  in  a 
bed;  to  lay  in  surrounding  matter.— Em- 
bedment, em-bed'ment,  n.  Act  of  embed- 
ding; state  of  being  embedded. 
Embellisli,  em-bel'lish,  v.t.  [Fr.  emlellir— 
prefix  em,  and  belle,  L.  bellus,  pretty, 
bea'atiful.]  To  make  beautiful;  to  adorn; 
to  beautify;  to  decorate;  to  deck.  —  Em- 
bellistier,  em-bel'lish-6r,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  embellishes.— Embellislunent, 
em-bel'lish-ment,  n.  The  act  of  embel- 
Ushing  or  adorning,  or  state  of  being 
embellished;  that  which  embellishes  or 
adorns;  that  which  renders  anything 
pleasing  to  the  eye  or  agreeable  to  the 
taste ;  adornment ;  ornament ;  decora- 
tion. 

Ember^m'bfer,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cemyrian,  cin- 
ders; Dan.  emmer,  Icel.  eimyrja,  embers.] 
A  small  live  coal,  glowing  piece  of  wood, 
&c.:  used  chiefly  in  the  plural  to  signify 
live  cinders  or  ashes;  the  smouldering  re- 
mains of  a  fire. 

Ember-days,  n.  pi.  [A.  Sax.  ymbrine,  ym- 
bren,  embren,  the  circle  or  course  of  the 
year,  from  ymb  or  emb,  round,  and  rinnan, 
to  run.]  iJays  returning  at  certain  sea- 
sons, being  the  Wednesday,  Friday,  and 
Saturdaj;  after  the  first  Sunday  in  Lent, 
after  Whitsunday,  after  Holyrood-day 
(September  14),  and  after  St.  Lucia's  day 
(December  13),  appointed  in  the  Church 
of  England  for  fasting  and  abstinence : 
called  also  Einbering-daysU — Ember-tide, 
n.  The  season  at  whiclw«mber-days  occur. 
—Ember-week,  n.  A  week  in  which  em- 
ber-days occur. 

Ember-goose,  n  [N.  ember-gaas,  G.  iniber; 
etym.  uncertain.  ]  A  swimming  bird, 
known  also  as  the  great  northern  diver. 
Embezzle,  em-bez'l,  v.t.  —  embezzled,  em- 
bezzling. [O.Fr.  emoeasiler,  to  filch,  besler, 
to  deceive;  origin  doubtful.]  To  appro- 
priate fraudulently  to  one's  own  use  what 
is  intrusted  to  one  s  care;  to  apply  to  one's 
private  use  by  a  breach  of  trust,  as  a  clerk 
or  servant  who  misappropriates  his  em- 
ployer's money  or  valuables.  —  Embezzle- 
ment, em-bez'1-ment,  n.  The  act  by  which 
a  clerk,  servant,  or  person  acting  as  such, 
fraudulently  appropriates  to  his  own  use 
the  money  or  goods  intrusted  to  his  care. 
—Embezzler,  em-bezl6r,  n.  One  who  em- 
bezzles. 

Embitter,  em-bit'^-r,  v.t.  [Prefix  em,  and 
bitter.]  To  make  bitter  or  more  bitter;  to 
make  unhappy  or  grievous;  to  render  dis- 
tressing; to  make  more  severe,  poignant, 
or  painful;  to  render  more  violent  or 
malignant;  to  exasperate.  —  Embitterer, 
em-bit'6r-6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
embitters.—  Embitterment,  em -bit 'fer- 
ment, n.  The  act  of  embittering. 
Emblaze,!  em-blaz',  v.t. — emblazed,  emblaz- 
ing. [Pirefix  em,  and  blaze.]  To  kindle; 
to  set  in  a  blaze;  to  make  to  glitter  or 
ahine;  to  display  or  set  forth  conspicuously 
or  ostentatiously;  to  blazon. 
Emblazon,  em-bla'zon,  v.t.  [Prefix  em,  and 
blazon.]  To  adorn  with  figures  of  heraldry 
or  ensigns  armorial;  to  depict  or  represent, 
as  an  armorial  ensign  on  a  shield;  to  set 
off  with  ornaments;  to  celebrate  in  lauda- 
tory terms;  to  sing  the  praises  -of.  —  Em- 
blazoner,  em-bla'zon-6r,  n.  One  that  em- 
blazons. —  Emblazonment,  em-bla'zon- 
ment,  n.  The  act  of  emblazoning;  that 
which  is  emblazoned. — Emblazonry,  era- 
bla'zon-ri,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  emblazon- 
ing; blazonry;  heraldic  decoration,  as 
pictures  or  figures  on  shields,  standards, 

Emblem,  em'blem,  n.  ,[Pr.  embleme;  Gr. 
embiema,  from  embaUO—em,  in,  and  hallo, 
to  cast.]  A  kind  of  inlaid  work  or  mosaicj; 
a  picture,  figure,  or  other  work  of  art  re- 
presenting one  thing  to  the  eye  and  an- 
other to  the  understanding;  any  object  or 
its  figure  whose  predominant  quality  sym- 
bolizes something  else,  as  another  quality 
or  state;  a  symbolic  figure;  a  type;  a  sym- 
bol; a  device,  as  a  balance  used  to  sym- 


Xfate,  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  miive;     tabe,  tub,  b\iU ;    oil,  pound;     ti,  Sc.  abitne— the  Fr.  «. 


EMBLEMENT 


23i 


EMIGRATE 


bolize  justice.— Emblematic,  Emblemati- 
cal, em-ble-mat'ik,  em-ble-mat'i-kal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  comprising  an  emblem; 
serving  as  an  emblem  or  symbolic  figure ; 
symbolic— Emblematically,  em-ble-mat'- 
i-kal-li,  adv.  In  an  emblematic  maimer. 
— Emblematiat,  em-bletn'a-tist,  n.  An  in- 
ventor of  emblems.  —  Emblematize,  Em- 
blemize,  em-blem'a-tiz,  em'blem-iz,  v.t.— 
emblematized,  emblematizing;  emhlemised, 
emblemizing.  To  represent  by  an  emblem; 
to  serve  as  the  emblem  of. 

Emblement,  em'ble-ment,  n.  [From  O.Fr. 
enibleer,  to  sow  with  com — prefix  em,  and 
bU,  bled,  L.L.  bladum,  com.]  Law,  the 
produce  or  fruits  of  land  sown  or  planted; 
growing  crops  annually  produced:  used 
chiefly  in  the  plural. 

Embody,  em-bod'i,  v.t.— embodied,  embody- 
ing. [Prefix  em,  and  body.]  To  lodge  in 
a  material  body;  to  invest  with  a  body;  to 
incarnate;  to  clothe  with  a  material  form: 
to  render  obvious  to  the  senses  or  mental 
perception  (to  em.body  thought  in  words); 
to  form  or  collect  into  a  body  or  united 
mass;  to  collect  into  a  whole.  — «.i.  To 
unite  into  a  bodjf,  mass,  or  collection;  to 
coalesce.— Embodier,  em-bod'i-6r,  n.  One 
who  embodies.  —  Embodiment,  em-bod'i- 
ment,  n.  Act  of  embodying  or  investing 
with  a  body;  the  state  of  bein^  embodied; 
bodily  or  material  representation;  the  act 
of  collecting  or  forming  into  a  body  or 
united  whole, 

Embogue,  em-bog',  v.i.  [Prefix  em,  and 
O.Fr.  bogue,  a  mouth,  Fr.  bouche,  from  L. 
bucca,  the  cheek.]  To  discharge  itself,  as 
a  river,  into  the  sea  or  another  river. 

Embolden,  em-bol'dn,  v.t.  [Prefix  em,  and 
bold.]  To  give  boldness  or  courage  to;  to 
encourage.— Emboldener,  em-bol'dn-^r,  n. 
One  Vho  emboldens. 

Embolism,  em'bol-izm,  n.  [Gr.  eniboUsmos, 
from  emballo,  to  throw  in,  to  insert.]  The 
insertion  of  days,  months,  or  years  in  an 
account  of  time,  to  produce  regularity  > 
intercalation;  surer,  the  obstruction  of  a 
vessel  by  a  clot  of  fibrine,  a  frequent  cause 
of  paralysis,  and  of  gangrene  of  the  part 
beyond  the  obstacle.— Embolismal,  Embo- 
lismic,  em-bo-liz'mal,  em-bo-liz'.mik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  embolism  or  to  intercala- 
tion; intercalated;  inserted. 

Embonpoint,  an-bon-pwan,  n.  [Fr.,  from 
em,  in,  ban,  good,  and  point,  condition.] 
Plumpness;  fleshiness;  rotundity  of  figure; 
stoutness. 

Emborder,  em-bor'd6r,  v.t  [Prefix  em,  and 
border.]  To  adorn  with  a  border;  to  im- 
border. 

Embosom,  em-bo'zum,  v.t.  [Prefix  em;  and 
bosojn.]  To  take  into  or  hold  in  the  bo- 
som; to  admit  to  the- heart  or  afl^ection; 
to  cherish;  to  inclose  in  the  midst;  to  sur- 
round. 

Emboss,  em-bos',  v.t.  [Prefix  em,  and  boas.] 
To  form  bosses  on;  to  fashion  relief  or 
raised  work  on;  to  cover  with  protuber- 
ances; to  represent  in  relief  trr  raised 
work;  to  represent  in  worked  figures. — 
Embosser,  em-bos'6r,  n.  One  who  em- 
bosses. —  Embossment,  em-bos 'ment,  n. 
The  act  of  embossing;  work  in  relief. 

Embouchure,  an-bo-shilr,  n.  [Fr.,  from 
prefix  em,  and  bouche,  mouth.]  A  ipouth 
of  a  river;  the  mouth-hole  of  a  wiiid-in,- 
strument  of  nwisic;  the  shaping  of  the 
lips  to  the  mouth -piece. 

Embow,  em-bo',  v.t.  [Prefix  em,  and  hoto.] 
To  form  like  a  bow ;  to  vault.    [_Mil.] 

Embowel,  em-bou'el,  v.t. — embowelled,  em- 
bowelling.  [Prefix  em,  and  bowel.]  To  take 
out  the  bowels  or  entrails  of;  to  eviscer- 
ate; to  take  out  the  internal  parts  of;  to 
sink  or  inclose  in;  to  imbed;  to  bury.— 
Emboweller,  em-bou'el-tr,  n.  One  who 
embowels. —  Embowelment,  om-bou'el- 
meut,  n.  The  act  of  taking  out  the 
bowels;  evisceration. 

Embower,  em-bou'6r,  v.i.  [Prefix  em,  and 
boxver.]  To  lodge  or  rest  in  a  bower.— •«.<. 
To  cover  with  a  bower;  to  shelter  with,  or 
as  with,  trees;  to  form  a  bower  for. 

Embrace,  em-bras',  v.t. — embraced,  embrac- 
ing. I  Fr.  embrasser,  to  embrace— em,  in, 
and  bras,  the  arm.  Brace.]  To  take, 
clasp,  or  inclose  in  the  arms ;  to  press  to 
the  nosom  in  token  of  affection;  to  inclose. 


encompass,  or  contain;  to  encircle;  to  seize 
eagerly,  in  a  figurative  sense;  to  accept 
with  cordiality  (doctrines,  religion);  to 
comprehend,  include,  or  take  in;  to  com- 
prise; to  submit  to  {Shak.)t.—v.i.  To  join 
in  an  embrace. — n.  Inclosure  or  clasp  with 
the  arms;  pressure  to  the  bosom  with  the 
arms;  sexual  intercourse;  conjugal  en- 
dearment.—Embracement,  em-bras'ment, 
n.  A  clasp  in  the  arms;  a  hugj  embrace; 
sexual  commerce  {Shak.)i. — Embraceor, 
Embrasor,  em-bra'sfer,  n.  Law,  one  who 
practises  embracery. — Embracer,  em-bra'- 
sfer.  n.  •  Onei  who  embraces.— Embracery, 
em'-bra's6r-i,  n.  Law,,a,n  attempt  to  influ- 
ence a  jury  corruptly  to  one  side,  by  pro- 
mises, persuasions,  entreaties,  money,  en- 
tertainments, or  the  like. 

Embrasure,  em-bra'zhur,  to.  [Fr.,  prefix 
em,  and  braser,  to  slope  the  edge  of  a 
stone.]  Fort,  an  opening  in  a  wall  or 
parapet  through  which  cannonare  pointed 
and  fired;  the  indent  or  crenelle  of  an  em- 
battlement;  arcA.  "the  enlargement  of  the 
aperture  of  a  door  or  window  on  the  inside 
of  the  wall  to  give  more  room  or  admit 
more  light. 

Embrocate,  em'bro-kat,  v.t— embrocated, 
embrocating.  [L.L.  embroeo,embrocatum, 
from  Gr.  embroche,  a  fomentation,  from 
embrecha,  to  foment— prefix  em  for  en,  in, 
and  6rec/i(5,to  wet.]  Med.  to  moisten  and 
rub,  as  a  diseasecj  part,  with  a  liquid  sub- 
stance, as-with  spirit,  oil,  &c.— Embroca- 
tion, em-bro-ka'shon,  »i.  The  act  of  moist- 
ening and  rubbing  a  diseased  part  with  a 
cloth  or  sponge,  dipped  in  some  li(iuid 
substance,  as  spirit,  oil,  &c.;  the  liquid  or 
lotioq  with  wh|ch  an  aflfected  part  is 
rubbed  or  wa.shed. 

Embroglio,  em-brol'yo,  n.    Imbroglio. 

Embroider,  em-broi'd6r,  v.t.  [Prefix  em, 
and  broider.  Broider.]  To  adorn  with 
figures  of  needle-work,  often  raised  above 
the  surface.  —  Embroiderer,  ern-broi'd6r- 
6r,n.  One  who  embroiders.— Embroidery, 
em-broi'd6r-i,  n.  Work  in  gold,  silver, 
silk,  or  other  thread,  formed  by  the  needle 
on  cjoth,  stuffs,  and  muslin  into  various 
figures ;  variegated  needle-work  ;  hence, 
variegated  or  diversified  ornaments. 

Embroil,  em-broil',  v.t.  [Prefix  em,  and 
bi-oil,  a  noisy  quarrel.]  To  mix  up  or  en- 
tangle in  a  quarrel  or  disturbance;  to  in- 
termix confusedly;  to  involve  in  contention 
or  trouble. — Embroilment,  em-broil'ment, 
n.  The  act  of  embroiling;  a  state  of  con- 
tention, perplexity,  or  confusion. 

Embrown,  eni-broun',  v.t.  [Prefix  em,  and 
fc?'oum..]    To  make  brown ;  to  imbrown. 

Embrue,  em-bro'.    Imbritk. 

Embryo,  em'bri-o,n.  [Gr.  em&ryon- em,  in, 
and  brpO,  to  be  full  of  anything.]  The 
first  rudiments  of  an  animal  in  the  womb, 
before  the  several  members  are  distinctly 
formed,  after  which  it  is  called  a  /cetus; 
the  rudimentary  plant  contained -m  the 
seed,  produced  by  the  action  of  the  pollen 
on  the  ovule;  the  beginning  or  first  state 
of  anything,  while  yet  in  a  rude  and  un- 
develpped  condition;  rudimentary  state. — 
Embryo  buds,  spheroidal  solid  bodies 
formed  in  the  bark  of  trees,  and  capable 
of  developing  into  branches  under  favour- 
able circumstances.  —  Embryogeny,  em- 
bri-oj'e-ni,  n.  [Gr.  emhryon,  and  root  gen, 
to  produce.]  The  formation  and  devel- 
opment of  embryos ;  that  department  of 
science  that  treats  of  such  formation  and 
development.  —  Embryogenic,  em'bri-o- 
jen"ik,  a.  PertainingAo  embryogeny. — Em- 
bryology, em-bri-ol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  embryon, 
and  logos,  discourse.]  The  doctrine  of  the 
development  of  embryos,whether  in  plants 
or  animals.— Embryologic,Embryological, 
tm'bri-o-loj"ik,  em'bri-o-loj"i-kal,  a.  Of 
or  belonging  to  embryology.— Embryon, J 
ein'bri-on,  71.  An  embryo.  [Mil.] — Em- 
bryonal, Embryonic,  em'bri-on-al,  em- 
bri-on'ik,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  em- 
bryo, or  the  embryo  stage.  Also  Embryo- 
nary,  em'bri-o-na-ri,  and  Embryotic,  em- 
bri-ot'ik.— Embryotomy,  em-bri-ot'o-mi,n. 
[Gr.  embryon,  and  tome,  a  cutting.]  The 
division  of  the  foetus  in  the  uterus  into 
fragments  in  order  to  effect  delivery. 

Emend,  e-mend',  v.t.  [L.  emendo,  to  correct 
— e,  priv.,  and  menda,  a  spot  or  blemish. 


Amend  and  viend  are  virtually  the  same 
as  this.]  To  ramove  faults  or  blemishes 
from;  to  amend ;  especially  to  ameiid  by 
criticism  of  the  text;  to  improve  the  read- 
ing of  (an  em,ended  text  of  Vergil).— Emen- 
dation, 6-men-d5'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
emending;  removal  of  errors  or  corrup- 
tions from  the  text  of  a  book  or  writing ; 
a  textual  alteration  or  correction.— Emen- 
dator,  e'men-dil-ter,  n.  One  who  emends. 
• — Emendatory,  e-men'da-to-ri,  a.  Con- 
tributing to  emendation  or  Correction. 
Emerald,  em'e-rald,  n.  [Pr.  imeravde,  Sp. 
esmeralda.  It.  s-meraldo;  from  L.  smarag- 
dus,   Gr.    smaragdo^,   an   emerald.]     A 

Brecioud  stone  whose  colours  are  a  pure 
vely  green,  varying  to  a  pale,  yellowish, 
bluish,  or  grass  green,  akin  to  the  beryl, 
found  especially  in  South  America ;  a 
variety  of  i)rinting  type  intermediate  be- 
tween minion  and  nonpareil.  —  a.  Of  a 
bright  green,  like  emerald;  printed  with 
the  size  of  type  known  fis  emerald.  — 
£merald  green,  a  durable  pigment  of  a 
vivid  light-green  colom',prepared  from  the 
arseniate  of  copper. 

Emerge,  5-mferj',  v.i.  —  emerged,  emerging. 
[L.  emerfifo,  emerswm—e,  out,  &nd- mergo,  to 
plungre,  as  in  immerge,  submerge.  Merge.] 
To  raise  out  of  a  fluid  or  other  covering  or 
surrounding  substance;  to  issue  or  pro- 
ceed from  something;  to  reappear  after 
being  eclipsed;  to  leave  the  sphere  of  the 
obscuring  object;  to  raise  out  of  a  state  of 
depression  or  obscurity;  to  come  to  notice. 
—Emergence,  e-mtr'jens,  n.  The  att  of 
emerghig.  —  Emergency,  e-mSr'jen-si,  n. 
The  act  of  emerging;  sudden  occasion;  un- 
expected casualty;  unforeseen  occurrence; 
any  event  or  combination  of  circumstances 
calling  for  immediate  action;  pressing  ne- 
cessity.—Emergent,  e-mCr'jent,  a.  Emerg- 
ing; rising  into  view  or  notice;  coming 
suddenly ;  unexpected ;  calling  for  im- 
mediate action;  urgent;  pressing. — Emer- 
gently,  e-mCr'jent-li,  adv.  In  an  emergent 
manner.— Emersion,  e-mfir'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  emerging  or  raising  out  of  a  fluid  or 
other  substance;  the  act  of  coming  forth  to 
view;  the  reappearance  of  a  heavenly  body 
after  an  eclipse  or  occultation. 

Emeritus,  e-mer'i-tus,  a.  [L.,  one  who  has 
served  out  his  time— e,  out,  and  mereor, 
7,ieritus,  to  merit,  earn,  serve.]  Discharged 
from  the  performance  of  public  duty  with 
honour,  on  account  of  infirmity,  age,  or 
long  service;  as,  a  professor  emcniits.  Some- 
times used  as  a  noun. 

Emerods,  em'e-rodz,  n.  j)Z.  [Corrupted  from 
hemorrhoids.]   Hemorrhoids;  piles.  [O.T.] 

Emersion.  Under  Emerge. 

Emery,  em'e-ri,  n.  [Fr.  imeri,  O.Fr.  esmeril, 
from  It.  smeriglio,  from  Gr.  smyria,  smiris, 
smSris,  from  smaO,  to  rub.]  A  mineral 
substance,  an  amorphous  variety  of  corun- 
dum and  sapphire,  varying  in  colour  from 
deep  gray  to  bluish  or  blackish  gray,  some- 
times brownish,  used  for  grinding  and 
polishing  metals,  hard  stones,  find  glass. 
^Emery-cloth,  Emery-paper, ».  Cloth  or 
paper  which  lias  been  first  covered  with  a 
thin  coating  of  glue  and  then  dusted  with 
emery  powderj  used  for  polishing. 

Emetic,  e-met'ik,  a.  [Gr.  emetikos,  from 
emeo,  to  vomit.]  Med.  inducing  to  vomit; 
exciting  the  stomach  to  discharge  its  con- 
tents by  the  mouth.— n.  A  medicine  that 
provokes  vomiting.  — Emetically,  g-met'i- 
kal-li,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to  excite 
vomiting.— Emetin,  em'e-tin,  n.  The  active 
principle  of  ipecacuanha. 

Emeu,  Emew,  e'mO,  n.    Emit. 

Emeute,  e-mQt',  n.  [Fr.  imeute,  from  L. 
ex,  intens.,  and  moveo,  motum,,  to  move.] 
A  seditious  commotion;  a  riot;  a  tumult; 
an  outbreak. 

Emiction,  6-mik'shon,  n.  [L.  e,  and  mictio, 
a  making  water.]  The  discharging  of  urine; 
urine.— Emictory,  g-mik'to-ri,  a.  Causing 
or  promoting  the  flow  of  urine;  diuretic. 
—n.  A  diuretic. 

Emigrate,  em'i-grat,  v.i.  —  emigrated,  emi- 
grating. [L.  emigro,  emigratum,  to  mi- 
grate, to  emigrate— e,  out,  and  migro,  to 
migrate.]  To  quit  one  country,  state,  or 
region  and  settle  in  another;  to  remove 
from  one  country  or  state  to  another  for 
the  purpose  of  residence.— Emigrant,  em'- 


cU,  chain;     ch,  Sc.  loch;     g,  go;     j,  joh;     n,  Fr.  tow;     ng,  aing;     th,  (hen;  th,  thin;     w.  wig;     vrh,  whis;     ah,  a«uri. 


EMBTEJTCE 


232 


EMULATE 


i-granfc,  a.  EmigTating;  pertaining  to 
emigration  or  emierants,— Smigrant,  em'- 
i-g\ant,  n.  One  who  emigrates.— Enugra- 
tion,  em-i-gra'slion.n.  The  act  of  emigrat- 
ing; departure  of  inhabitants  from  one 
countnr  or  state  to  another  for  the  pur- 
pose of  residence;  a  body  of  emigrants.— 
Eciigrationai,  em-i-gra'shon-al.  a.  Relat- 
ing to  emigration.— Ejaigrationiat,  em-i- 
gra.'ohon-ist,  n.  An  advpcate  for  or  pro- 
moter of  erndgeation.  —  aimgri,  a-me-gra, 
''.I.  I  Fr.]  One  of  tlie  French  nobles  who  be- 
cam  e  refugees  during  the  revolution  which 
commenced  in  1789. 

Eaunence,  em'i-nens,  n.  [Ft.  emiiience, 
from  L.  eminenMa,  from  eminens,  eminenr 
tis,  from  emtTieo — e,  out,  and  mineo,  to  pro- 
ject,  to  jut.J  A  rising  ground;  a  hill  of 
motlerate  elevation;  a  part  rising  or  pro- 
jecting beyond  the  rest  or  above  the  sur- 
face; a  projection;  a  prominence;  an  ele- 
vatod  situation  among  men;  station  above 
men  in  general;  rank;  distinction;  celeb- 
rity; conspicuousneas ;  a  title  of  honour 
given  to  oardinala  and  others  — Emlnency.t 
em'i-nen-si,  n.  Same  as  JSminmce. — ^Ead- 
ae&t,  em'i-nent,  a.  Standing  out  above 
other  thingsj;  jirominentl;  loftyt;  exalted 
in  rank ;  high  in  offics  or  public  estima- 
tion ;  conspicuous ;  remarkable ;  distin- 
guished.—Emiaently;  em'i-nent-li,  adv.  In 

•en  eminent  manner  or  position. 

Edir,  em,'er,  ».  [Ar.  amir,  a  commander; 
from  amaTa,  Heb.  dmaVi  to  command.) 
The  title  given  by  Mohammedans  to  all 
independent  chiefs,  to  the  heads  of  certain 
departrjenta,  and  to  all  the  real  or  sup- 
posed descendants  of  Mohammed,  through 
his  daughter  Fatimah. 

Siaisaary,  em'is-sa-ri,  k.  [L.  emissarirts 
from  emitto,  emi«a«r(i,to  send  out—*,  out, 
and  mitto,  to  send.  Emit.]  A  person  sent 
on  a  mission;  particularly,  a  secret  agent, 
or  one  who  carries  on  private  negotiations 
or  business;  a  spj;  aii  outlet  or  chanfiel 
by  which  water  js  drawn  from  a  lake. — 
EKiSBory,  e-mis'o-ri,  a.  Sending  or  con- 
voying out;  excretory.— Emit,  6-mit',  v.t. 
— tmitted,  emitting.  [L.  emitto — e,  out,  and 
fnitto,  m'^sum,  to  send,  whence  mission, 
%'Msi'.e,  missive,  message,  ix.]  To  throw  or 
give  out  (light,  heat,  steam,  &c.) ;  to  send 
forth;  to  vent;  to  cause  or  allow  to  issue  or 
emanate.  —  lunission,  e-mish'on,  n.  [  L. 
emiasio.  ]  Thb  act  of  emitting  or  of  send- 
ing or  throwing  out;  that  which  is  emitted, 
issued,  8ent,.or  throvni  out. 

Emmenagogne,  em-me'na-gog,  n.  [Gr.  em- 
TOoJia,  the  men£ea — am,  in,  mSn,  menos, 
mouth,  and  ago,  to  lead.]  A  medicine 
taken  to  promote  the  mensti'ual  discharge. 
— Emmeiiagoglc,  em-me'na-goj"ik,  a.  Of 
or  pertaining,  t-o  an  emmenagogue ;  pro- 
iboting  the  menstrual  discharge. 

Etnmet,  em'met,  n.  [A.fia.x.oemstte,cem£te, 
O.fi.  emet,  amet,  am,t.  and  finally  ant;  Gt. 
ameise,  dmse,  an  ans.  Comp.  aunt,  froin 
li.  amtto.]    An  ant  or  pismire. 

EmoUescence,  em-ol-les'ens,  n.  fL.  e,  and 
ttwllosco,  to  grow  soft,  from  mollis,  soft.] 
That  degree  of  softness  in  a  body  begin- 
ning to  melt  which  alters  its  shape;  the 
first  stage  of  fusibility.— EmoUiate,  e-mol'- 
li-5t,  »:{.  —  ermlliated,  emolliating.  [h. 
emollio,  t<J  soften.]  To  soften;  to  render 
effeminate. — Emollient,  e-molli-ent,  a.  [L. 
emolliens,  emoUientis,  ppr.  of  emollio.] 
Softening ;  making  supple ;  3«laxing  the 
eolids. — n.  A  medicine  which  softens  and 
relaxes  living- tissues  that  are  inflamed  or 
too  tense. 

Emolument,  6-mol'Q-ment,  n.  [I/,  emolv,- 
metUum,  a  working  out,  from  e,  and  wioZior, 
to  exert  one's  self  ,from  moie«,aheavy  massj 
The  profit  arising  from  office  or  employ- 
ment j  compensation  for  services;  remu- 
neration; salary;  income;  profit;  advan- 
tage or  gain  in  general.  —  £molamental,t 
e-mol'tl-men"tal,  a.  Producing  profit; 
profitable;  advantageous. 

^notion,  6-mo'shon,  n.  [L.  emalio,  from 
emoveo,  errwtum, — e,  out,  up,  and  moveo,  to 
mo've.]  A  moving  of  the  mind  or  soul;  a 
state  of  excited  feeling  of  any  kind,  as 
pleasure,  pain,  grief,  joy,  astonishment; 
one  of  the  three  fundamental  properties 
of  the  human  mind,  the  other  two  being 
volifvyn,  and  in^lZeet.— Emotional,  S-mu'- 


Ehca-al ,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characterised 
by  emotion;  attended  by  or  producing 
emotion;  liable  to  emotion. — &notional- 
ism,  6-mo'shon-al-izm,  n.  The  character 
of  being  emotional;  tendency  to  emotional 
excMtement.— Emotive,!  ^-mo'tiv,a.  Emo- 
tional; indicating  or  exciting  emotion. — 
]Smotively,t  e-mo'tiv-Li,  adv.  In  an  emo- 
tive-manner.—Smotlvene8s,te-mo'tiv-nes, 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  emotive. 
Empale,  em-pal',  v.t. — empaZed,  empaling. 
[Pr.  empaler,  from  L.L.  impalare—h.  in, 
and  paltts,  a  pale,  a  stake.]  To  fence  or 
fortify  with  stakes  or  otherwiseJi  to  put 
to  death  by  fixing  on  a  stake  set  upright. 
— Emi)alement,  em-pal'ment,  n.  A  fenc- 
ing, fortifying,  or  inclosing  with  stakes;  a 
putting  to  death  by  thrusting  a  stake  in- 
to the  body. 

Empannel,  lEmpannslment,  em-pan'el,  em- 
pan'el-ment.    Impaskl.  ,  V 

Emperor,  em'p6r-6r,  n.  '  [Fr.  empereur, 
from  L.  imperator,  from  impero,  impera- 
ium,  to  command— prefix  im,  and  paro, 
to  prepare,  tov^etder.]  The  sovereign  or 
supreme  monarch  of  an  empire;  a  title  of 
dignity  superior,  to  that  of  king. —  Em- 
press, em'pres,  n.  The  consort  or  spouse 
of  an  eniperor;  a  woman  who  rules  an  em- 
pire: —  Empanr,  em'i)e-ri,n.  Empire; 
power.    [Poet.j  ' 

Emphasis,  em'fa-sis,  n.  [Gr.  empkusis,  a 
setting  forth,  from  emphainO,  to  indicate 
— em,  in,  and  phain6,' to  show  (whence 
phenomenon}.^  A  particular  stress  of  utter- 
ance or  force  of  voice  given  to  the  words 
or  parts  of  a  discourse  whose  signification 
the  speaker  intends  to  impress  specially 
upon  his  audience;  a  peculiar  impressive- 
ness  of  expression  or  weight  of  thought; 
impressiveness ;  vividness.  —  Emphasize, 
em'fa-siz,  v.t.  ^  emphasised,  emphasising. 
To  utter  or  pronounce  with  emphasis;  to 
lay  particular  stress  upon;  to  render  em- 
phatic—Emphatic, Emphatical,  em-fat'- 
ik,  eni-fat'i-kal;  o.  Having  emphasis; 
utter^i  with  emphasis;  forcible;  expres- 
sive. —  Emphatically,  em-fat'i-kal-li,  adv. 
In  an  emphatic  manner.  —  Emphctical- 
nes6,t  em-fat'i-kal-nes,  n. 
Emphractic,  em-frak'tik,  a.  [Gr.  em/phrdk- 
tikos,  obstructing,  from  emphrassO,  to 
block  up.]  Med.  having  the  quality  of 
closing  fee  pores  Of  the  skin. 
Emphysema,  em-fi-se'ma,  n.  [Gr.  emphy- 
sema, from  C'MphysaO,  to  inflate.]  Med. 
any  white,  shining,  elastic,  indolent  tu- 
mour of  the  integuments,caused  by  the  in- 
troduction of  air  into  the  cellular  tissue. 
— Emphysematous,  Emphysematose,em-fi- 
85'ma-tus,  em-fi-se'ma^tos,  a.  Pertaining 
to  emphysema;  swelled;  bat.  resembling  a 
bladder. 

Empire,  em'pir,  n.  [Fr.  empire,  from  L. 
im.perium,.  Emperor.]  Supreme  power 
in  governing;  supreme  dominion;  sover- 
.eigntyj  imperial  power;  the  territory  or 
countries  under  the  dominion  of  an  em- 
peror or  other  powerful  sovereign;  usually 
a  territory  of  greater  extent  than  a  king- 
dom; supreme  control;  rule;  sway. 
Empiric,  em-pir'ik,  n.  [L.  erapiricus,  from 
Gr.  empeirikos,  experienced— en,  in,  and 
peira,  a  trial.l  One  who  relies  only  on 
experience  and  observation,  as  opposed  to 
theory  based  on  scientific  conclusions; 
specifically,  a  physician  who  enterj  on 
practice  without  a  regular  professional 
education;  an  ignorant,  pretender  to  medi- 
cal skill;  a  quack;  a  charlatan.— Empiric, 
Empirical,  em-pir'i-kal,  o.  Pertaining  to 
experiments  or  experience;  depending  al- 
toigether  upon  the  observation  of  pheno- 
mena ;  depending  upon  experience  or  ob- 
servation alone,  without  due  regard  to 
science  and  theory. — Empirically,  em-pir'- 
i-kal-li,  adf.  In  an  empirical  manner. — 
Empiricism,  em-pir'i-8izm,n.  The  quality 
or  method  of  being  empirical;  the  practice 
of  an  empiric;  quackery. 
£m{>loy,  em-ploi',  v.t.  [Fr.  employer,  from 
L.  implicare,  to  enfold,  involve,  engage — 
in, and  plieare,to  fold, seen  also  in  deploys- 
display.  Plt.]  To  occupy  the  time,  at- 
tention, and  labour  of ;  to  keep  busy  or  at 
work;  to  make  use  of;  to  use  as  an  mstru- 
rhent  or  means  to,  or  as  materials  in 
forming  anything;  to  engage  in  one's  ser- 


vice; to  use  as  an  agent  or  substitute  in 
transacting  business;  to  apply  or  devote 
to  an  object;  to  occupy. — n.  That  in  which 
one  is  employed;  a  state  of  being  engaged 
by  a  master;  occupation;  employment. — 
Employable,  em-ploi  'a-bl,  <i.  Capable  of 
being  employed.— Employee,  em-ploi'e,  n. 
[The  Enghssh  form  of  the  Fr.  employi,  one 
who  is  employed,  especially  a  clerk.  J  One 
who  works  for  an  employer  or  master;  a 
clerk,  workman,  or  other  person  working 
for  salary  or  wages.- Employer,  em-ploi - 
fer,  n.  One  who  employs ;  one  who  uses; 
one  who  engages  or  keeps  servants  in  em- 
ployment. —  Emplojrment,  em-ploi'ment, 
n.  The  act  of  employing  or  using ;  the 
state  of , being  employed;  occupation;  busi- 
ness; that  which  engages  the.  head  or 
hailds;  vocation;  trade;  profession;  work. 
EiBpoiBon,  em-poi'zn,  v.t.  [Prefix  em,  and 
poison.]  To  poison;  .to  taint  with  poison 
or  venom;  to  embitter;  to  destroy  all  plea- 
sure in.  —  Empoisoner,  em-poi'zn-er,.  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  empoisons. 
Emporium,  em-po'ri-um.  n.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
emporion,  an  emporium  or  mart,  from 
emporos,  a  merchant — en,  in,  and  poj'oa,  a 
way,  of  same  root  as  A.  Sax.  faran,  to  go, 
E.jare.]  A  town  or  city  which  is  a  centre 
of  commerce,  or  to  which  sellers  and  buy- 
ers resort  from  different  countries;  a  com- 
mercial centre;  a  warehouse  or  shop. 
Empoverish,  em-pov'6r-ish,  v.t.  Same  as 
iTtipoverish. 

Empower,  em-Pon'6r,  v.t.  [Prefix  em,  and 
power.]  To  give  legal  or  moral  power  or 
authority  to;  to  authorize,  as  by  law,  com- 
mission, letter  of  attorney,  verbal  license, 
&c.;  to  warrant;  to  license. 
Empress.  •  Under  Emperor. 
Empressement,  an-pras-man,  n.  [Fr.]  Eager- 
ness; cordiality. 

Emprise,  Emprize,  em-priz',  n.  [O.Fr.  em- 
prise— prefix  em,  and  prise,  a  taking,  from 
prendre,  to  take.]  An  undert-aking ;  an 
enterprise;  adventure.  [Poet.] 
Empty,  em'ti,  a.  [A.  Sax.  onnti,  cemtig, 
emtig,  vacant,  free,  idle;  cemtian,  to  be  at 
leisuTC,  to  be  vacant;  from  avita,  einia, 
quiet,  leisure.]  Containing  nothing,  or 
nothing  but  air;  void  of  contents  or  ap- 
propriate contents;  destitute  of  solid  mat- 
ter; not  fiilled;  void;  devoid;  destitute  cf 
force  or  effect,  or  of  sense  or  sincerity; 
wanting  substance  or  solidity;  wanting 
reality;  unsatisfactory;  not  able  to  fill  the 
mind  or  the  desires;  destitute  of  sense, 
knowledge,  or  judgment;  vain;  ignorant; 
unfruitful,  or  producing  nothing  (O.T.); 
without  effect  (O.T.)J.— n.  An  empty  pack- 
ing-case or  the  like.— «.<.-£ wpiied,  empty- 
ing. To  remove  the  contents  from;  to  dis- 
charge; to  render  void. — v.i.  To  pour  out  or 
discharge  contents;  to  become  empty. — 
Emptier,  em'ti-6r,n.  One  who  or  that  which 
empties.  —  Emptiness,  em'ti-nes,  n.  A 
state  of  being  empty. 

Empyema,  em-pi-€'ma,  n.  [Gr.  empyema, 
from  em,  in,  and  pyon,  pus.]  Med.  a  col- 
lection of  pus,  blood,  or  other  fluid  mat- 
ter, in  some  cavity  of  the  body,  especially 
in  the  cavity  of  the  chest. 
Empyreal,  em-pir'e-al  or  em-pi-r5'al,  a. 
[L.L.  empyrceus,  from  Gr.  empyros,  pre- 
pared by  fire,  fiery,  scorched— en,  p.napyr, 
fire.]  Formed  of  pure  fire  or  light;  refined 
beyond  aerial  substance;  pertaining  to  the 
highest  and  purest  region  of  heaven.— 
Empyrean,  em-pi-r6'an,  a.  EmpjTeal.— 
».  The  highest  heaven,  where  the  pure 
element  of  fire  was  supposed  by  the  an- 
cients to  exist.  —  Emp3rreQma,  em-pi-ru'- 
ma,  n.  [Gr.  empyreuo,  to  set  on  fire — em, 
in,  and  pyr,  fire.]  Chem.  the  odour  of  some 
oily  animal  or  vegetable  substances,  when 
humed  in  close  vessels,  or  when  subjected 
to  destructive  distillation. -Empyreimiat- 
ic,  Empyreumatical,  em-pi'r(i-mat"ik,  em- 
pi'ru-mat"i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  taste  or  smell  of  slightly  burned 
animal  or  vegetable  substances. 
Emu,  Emeu,  e-mu',  n.  A  large  cursorial 
bird,  closely  alliea  to  the  ostrich  and  the 
cassowary,  hut  differing  from  the  former 
in  having  three  toes,  found  in  Australia. 
Emulate,  em'ti-l&t,  v.t— emulated,  emulat- 
ing. [L.  amuhr,  cemvlatus,  to  make  one's 
self  a  rival,  from  csmultta,  a  rival.]    To 


Fate,  filr,  fat,  i^Ui    me,  met,  b6n     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  miive;/^  tahe,  tab^  hyjH ;     oil,  pound;  -  ^  tl,  Sc.  abvoe— the  Fr.  v. 


EMULSION 


233 


ENCROACH 


strive  to  equal  or  excel  in  qualities  or  ac- 
tions ;  to  vie  with ;  to  come  forward  as  a 
rival  of.— Emulation,  em-u-la'shon.n.  The 
act  of  emulating;  rivalry;  desire  of  supe- 
riority, attended  with  effort  to  attain  it ; 
ambition  to  equal  or  excel;  envy,  jealousy, 
or  malicious  rivalry  (S/iafc.).— Emulative, 
em'Q-la-tiv,  a.  Inclined  to  emulation; 
striving  to  emulate.— Emulatively,  em'a- 
la-tiv-li,  adv.  In  an  emulative  manner.— 
Emulator,  em'a-ia-t^r,  n.  One  who  emu- 
lates; a  rival;  a  competitor.— Emulatory, 
em'Q-la-to-ri,  o.  Arising  out  of  emulation; 
indicating  emulation;  of  or  belonging  to 
emulation.  —  Emulous,  em'Q-lus,  a.  De- 
sirous or  eager  to  imitate,  equal,  or  excel 
another;  desirous  of  like  excellence  with 
another  {emulous  of  another's  prowess); 
rivalling;  engaged  in  competition;  fac- 
tious; contentious  (S/iaA:.).  —  Emulously, 
em'u-Ius-li,  adv.  In  an  emulous  manner. 
— Emulousness,  em'u-lus-ues,  n. 

Emulsion,  e-mul'shon.n.  [From  li.emulgeo, 
emvisum,  to  milk  out— e,  out,  and  mulgeo', 
to  milk.]  A  soft  liquid  remedy  of  a  colour 
and  consistence  resembling  milk;  any 
milk-like  mixture  prepared  by  uniting  oil 
asid  water,  by  means  of  another  substance, 
saccharine  or  mucilaginous.  —  Emulsive, 
e-mul'siv,  a.  Softening;  milk-like;  yield- 
ing oil  by  expression  (emulsive  seeds);  pro- 
ducing a  milk-like  substance. 

Zmunctory,  6-mungk'to-ri,  n.  [L.  emungo, 
emunctum,  to  wipe.]  Anat.  any  part  of  the 
body  which  serves  to  carry  oif  excremen- 
titious  orwaste  matter;  an  excretory  duct. 

Enable,  en-a'bl,  v.t.  —  enabled,  enabling. 
[Prefix  en,  and  able.'i  To  make  able;  to 
supply  with  power,  physical,  m»ral,  or 
legal ;  to,  furnish  with  sufficient  power, 
ability,  or  authority;  to  render  fit  or  com» 
petent;  to  authorize. 

Enact,  en-akt',  v.t.  (Prefix  en,  and  acJ.]  To 
nass  into  an  act  or  established  law;  to  give, 
sanction  to  (a  bill  or  legislative  proposal); 
to  decree;  to  act  or  perform  {Shalc.)l;  to 
act  the  part  of  on  the  stage  (Shak.)l.— 
Enactlve,  en-ak'tiv,  a.  Having  power  to 
enact,  or  establish  as  a  law.— Enactment, 
en-akt'ment,  m.  The  passing  of  a  bill  or 
legislative  proposal  into  a  law;  a  law  en- 
acted; a  decree;  an  act.— Enactor,  en-ak'- 
tfer,  n.    One  who  enacts. 

Enaliosaur ,  Enaliosaurian,  en-al'i-o-s^r,  en- 
al'i-o-sa"ri-an,  n.  [6r.  etuxlios,  living  in 
the  sea,  and  sauros,  lizard.]  A  fossil  ma- 
rine reptile'of  great  size,  such  as  the  ich- 
thyosaurus. 

Enallage,  en-al'la-je,  n.  [Gr.  enaUagg, 
change.]  Gram,  a  figure  consisting  in  the 
change  of  one  word  for  another,  or  tlje 
substitutioh  of  one  gender,  number,  case, 
person,  tense,  &c.,of  the  same  word  for 
another,  as  '  We,  the  king.' 

Ena'toel,  en-am'el,  n.  [Prefix  'en,  and  old 
amel,  ammel,  arrdle,  enamel,  from  O.Fr. 
esmail;  Mod.  Pr.  imail,  enamel,  from  G. 
schmshen,  to  smelt.  Smelt.]  A  coloured 
substance  of  the  nature  of  glass,  differing 
from  it  by  a  greater  degree  of  fusibility  or 
opacity,  used  as  an  ornamental  coating 
for  various  articles;  a  smooth,  glossy  sur- 
face of  various  colours, resemblingenamel; 
the  smooth  hard  substance  which  covers 
the  crown  of  a  tooth,  overlying  the  den- 
tine.—u.J. — enamelled,  enamelling.  To  lay 
enamel  on ;  to  paint  in  enamel ;  to  form 
a  glossy  surface  like  enamel  upon;  to  varie- 
^te  or  adorn  with  different  colours.— t;.t. 
To  practise  the  use  of  enamel  or  the  art 
of  enamelling.  —  Enameller,  Enameilist, 
en-am 'el-6r,  en-am 'el-ist,  »t.  One  who  en- 
aftiels;  one  whose  occupation  is  to  lay  on 
enamels. 

Enamour,  en-am'6r,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  enanwurer 
— en,  and  amour,  L.  amor,  lov6.]  To  in- 
flame with  love;  to  charm;  to  captivate : 
commonly  in  the  past  participle,  and  with 
of  or  with  before  the  person  or  thing  that 
captivates. 

Enantiosis,  e-nan'ti-o"sis,  n.  [Or.,  contra- 
diction, from  enantios,  opposite.]  Rhet.  a 
figure  of  speech  by  which  what  is  meant 
to  be  conveyed  in  the  aflftrmative  is  stated 
in  the  negative,  and  vice  versA. 

Enarthrosis,  en-itr-thro'sis,  n.  [Gr.  enar- 
thrOsis — en,  in,  and  arthron,  a  joint.]  Anat. 
a  ball-and-socket  joint;  an  articulation 


which  consist*  in  the  insertion  of  the 
round  end  of  a  bone  in  the  cup-like  cavity 
of  another. 

Encage,  en-kaj',  v.t  — encaged,  encaging. 
[Prefix  en,  and  cage.]  To  shut  up  or  con- 
fine in  a  cage;  to  coop  up. 
Encamp,  en-kamp',  v.i.  [Prefix  en,  and 
camp.]  To  take  up  position  in  a  camp;  to 
make  a  camp. — v.t.  To  form  into  or  place 
in  a  camp  {Shak.)\.  —  Encampment,  en- 
kamp'ment,  w.-  The  act  of  encamping; 
the  place  where  a  body  of  men  is  encamped, 
together  with  the  tents  or  other  conve- 
niences set  in  order  for  their  accommoda- 
tion; a  camp. 

Encaustic,  en-kas'tik,  a.  [Gr.  enlcawstikos — 
en,  and  kaustikos,  caustic,  from  kaio,  to 
bum.]  Pertaining  to  the  art  of  enamel- 
ling and  to  painting  in  colours  that  are 
fixed  by  burning. — Sncaustic  painting,  a 
kind  of  painting  in  which,  by  heating  or 
burning,  the  colours  are  rendered  perma- 
nent in  all  their  original  splendour. — 
Encaiistic  tiles,  decorated  tiles  of  baked 
pottery,  used  in  ornamental  pavements, 
to  cover  parts  of  walls,  ic. 

Enceinte,  an-sant,  n.  [Pr.,  pp.  of  enceindre, 
frond  L.  incingere,  to  gird  in— in,  and  cin- 
gere,  to  gird.]  Fort,  the  wall  or  rampart 
which  surrounds  a  place;  the  area  thus 
sumounded. 

Enceinte,  an-sant,  a.  [Fr.^  L.  in,  not,  and 
cinctus,  pp.  of  cingo,  to  gird,]  Pregnant; 
with  child. 

Encephalon,  Encephalos,  en-sef'a-lon,  en- 
sef'a'los,  n.  [Gr.  enkephalos,  within  the 
head— e»,  in,  and  kephale,  the  head.]  The 
contents  of  the  skull,  consisting  of  the 
cerebrum,  cerebellum,  medulla  oblongata, 
and  membranes;  the  brain. — Encephalic, 
en-se-fal'ik,  a.  Situated  in  the  head ;  be- 
longing to  the  head  or  brain. — Encephalal- 
gia.  en'8e-fa-lal"ji-a,  n.  [Gr.  en,  kephalS, 
and  algos,  pain.]  Med.  headache;  cephal- 
algy.— Encephalitis,  en-sef'a-li"ti8,  n.  In- 
flammation of  the  brain.  —  Encephaloid, 
en-sefa-loid,  a.  Resembling  the  matter 
of  the  brain.— Encephalous,en-sefa-lus,a. 
Zool.  po^essing  a  distinct  head :  opposed 
to  acephalous. 

Enchain,  en-chan',  v.t.  [Prefix  en,  and 
chain.]  To  fasten  with  a  chain;  to  bind 
or  hold  in  chains;  to  hold  in  bondage;  to 
hdld  fast,  restrain,  confine;  to  link  toge- 
ther; to  connectt.  —  Enchainment,  en- 
chan'mentj  n.  The  act  of  enchaining  or 
state  of  being  enchained;  concatenation. 

Enchant,  en-wiant',  v.t.  [Fr.  enchanter- 
en,  and  chanter,  to  sing;  L.  incanto — in, 
and  canto,  freq.  of  cano,  to  sing.  Chant, 
Cant.]  To  practise  sorcery  or  witchcraft 
on;  to  subdue 'by  charms  or  spells;  to  hold 
as  by  a  spell;  to  fascinate;  to  delight  in  a 
high  degree;  to  charm,  captivate,  or  en- 
rapture.—Enchanter,  en-chan'tfer,  n.  One 
who  enchants;  a  sorcerer  or  magician;  one 
who  practises  enchantment  or  pretends  to 
perform  surprising  things  by  the  agency 
of  demons;  one  who  charms  or  delights.— 
Enchanting,  en-chiin'tinK,  «.  Charming ; 
delighting;  ravishing.— Enchantingly,  en- 
chan'ting-li,  adv.  In  an  enchanting  man- 
ner. —  Eiichantment,  en-chant '  ment,  n. 
The  act  of  enchanting ;  the  use  of  magic 
arts,  spells,  or  charms;  incantation;  that 
which  enchants;  an  influence  or  powei* 
which  fascinates  or  delights;  overpowering 
influence  of  delight.  —  Enchantress,  en- 
chant'res,  n.    A  female  enchanter. 

Enchase,  en-chas',  v.t. — enchased,  enchasing. 
[Fr.  enchAsser — en,  and  chUsse,  a  frame, 
from  L.  capsa,  a  chest,  a  case,  from  capio, 
to  take  or  receive.]  To  incase  or  inclose 
in  a  border  or  rim ;  to  surround  with  an 
ornamental  setting,  as  a  gem  with  gold ; 
to  adorn  by  embossed  work ;  to  beautify 
by  some  design  or  figure  in  low  relief. 

Enchorial,  Enchoric,  en-ko'ri-al,  en-kor'ik, 
a.  [Gr.  enchorios,  in  or  of  the  country — 
en,  in,  and  chOra,  a  country.]  Belonging 
to  or  used  in  a  country ;  native ;  indigen- 
ous; demotic  {which  see). 

Encircle,  en-s6rTd,  v.t. — encircled,  encir- 
cling. To  form  a  circle  about;  to  inclose 
or  surround;  to  encompass;  to  environ;  to 
embrace. 

Enclasp,  en-klasp',  v.t.  To  clasp;  to  em- 
brace. 


Enclave,  an-klav,  n.  [Fr.— €n,  in,  and  1j. 
clavuSj  a  key.]  A  place  or  countrv  which 
is  entirely  surrounded  by  the  territories 
of  another  power. 

Enclitic,  Enclitical,  en-klit'ik,  en-klit'i-kal, 
a.  [Gr.  enklitikos,  inclined,  from  enklino, 
to  incline- en,  in,  and  klinO,  to  lean.] 
Oram,  subjoined,  and  as  it  were  leaning : 
said  of  a  word  or  particle  which  always 
follows  another  word,  and  is  so  closely  con- 
nected with  the  preceding  word  as  to  seem 
to  be  a  part  of  it.— Enclitic,  n.  Gram,  an 
enclitic  word.— Enclltically,  en-klit'i-kal- 
li,  adv.  In  an  enclitic  manner. 
Enclose,  Enclosure,  en-kloz',  en-klo'zhar. 
Inclose. 

Encomium,  en-ko'mi-um,  n.  [Or.  enk6- 
mion,  a  laudatory  ode,  an  encomium— en, 
in,  and  komos,  a  revel,  a  procession  in 
honour.]  A  eulogy  or  commendation;  a 
statement  in  praise  of  something  or  some- 
body; a  panegyric— Encomiast,  en-ko'mi- 
ast,  n.  [Gr.  enkomiastes.]  One  who  praises 
anotherj  a  panegyrist.— Encomiastic,  En- 
comlastical,  en-kG'mi-a8"tik,  en-ko'mi-as"- 
ti-kal,  a.  Bestowing  praise;  laudatory. — 
Encomiastically,en-ko'mi-a8"ti-kal-li,adu. 
In  an  encomiastic  manner. 
Encompass,  en-kum'pas,  v.t.  To  form  a 
circle  about ;  to  encircle ;  to  environ,  in- 
close, or  surround;  to  shut  in;  to  go  or  sail 
round.  —  Encompassment,  en-kum'pas- 
ment,  n.  The  act  of  encompassing  or  state 
of  being  encompassed. 
Encore,  ah-kor,  adv.  [Fr.,  from  L.  (in) 
hane  horam,  (to)  this  hour.]  Again;  once 
more:  used  by  the  auditors  and  spectators 
in  calling  for  a  repetition  of  a  particular 
performance,  sopg,  or  the  like. — v.t. — en- 
cored, encoring.  To  call  for  a  repetition 
of;  to  call  upon  to  rei)eat. 
Encounter,  en-koun'ter,  n.  [Fr.  enccmtre — 
en,  and  eontre,  L.  contra,  against.]  A 
meeting,  particularly  a  sudden  or  acci- 
dental meeting  of  two  or  more  persons; 
a  meeting  in  contest;  a  flght;  a  conflict; 
a  skirmish ;  a  battle ;  an  intellectual  or 
moral  conflict  or  contest;  controversy;  de- 
bate.—v.^  To  meet  face  to  face;  to  meet 
suddenly  or  unexpectedly;  to  meet  in  op- 
position or  in  a  hostile  manner;  to  engage 
with  in  battle;  to  come  upon  or  light 
upon;  to  meet  with;  to  meet  and  oppose; 
to  resist. — v.i.  To  meet  face  to  face;  to 
meet  unexpectedly;  to  meet  in  hostile 
fashion;  to  come  together  in  combat;  to 
conflict.— Encounterer,  en-koun'ter-6r,  n. 
One  who  encounters. 

Encourage,  en-kur'£j,  v.t.— encouraged,  en- 
couraging. [Fr.  encourager—en,  and  cour- 
age.] To  give  courage  to;  to  inspire  with 
courage;  to  embolden;  to  animate  or  in- 
spirit; to  help  forward;  to  support  or 
countenance. — Encouragement,  en-kur'aj- 
meht,  n.  The  act  of  encouraging;  that 
which  encourages;  incitement;  incentive. 
— Encourager,  en-kur'a-jer,  n.  One  who 
encourages.— Encouraging,  en-kur'a-jing, 
p.  and  o.  Exciting  courage^  furnishing 
ground  to  hope  for  success. -Encouraging- 
ly, en-kur'arjing-U,  adv.  In  an  encourag- 
ing manner. 

Encrinite,  en'kri-nit,  n.  [Gr.  en,  in,  and 
krinon,  a  lily.]  A  crinoid,  lily-star,  or 
stone-lily;  a  common  name  for  those  fossil 
echinodermata  that  have  long  many- 
jointed  stalks  supporting  the  somewhat 
flower-like  animal.  —  Encrinal,  Encrinic, 
en-kri'nal,  en-krin'ik,  a.  Relating  to  or 
containing  encrinites.  Also  Encrinital,  en- 
kri-ni'tal,  and  Encriaitlc,  en-kri-nit'ik. 
Encroach,  en-kroch',  v.i.  [Prefix  en,  and 
Pr.  crocher,  to  hook  on,  from  croc,  a  hook; 
E.  crook  (which  see).]  To  trespass  or  in- 
trude on  the  rights  and  possessions  of  an- 
other; to  take  possession  of  what  belongs 
to  another  by  gradual  advances  into  his 
limits  or  jurisdiction  (to  encroach  on  one's 
privileges);  to  make  inroads  (the  sea  some- 
times enerocuhes  on  the  land) ;  to  assail 
gradually  and  stealthily.  —  Encroacher, 
en-kro'chir,  n.  One  who  encroaches. — 
Encroachingly,  en-kro'phing-li,  adv.  By 
way  of  encroachment.  —  Encroachment, 
en-kruch'ment,  n.  The  act  of  encroaching; 
undue  or  unlawful  trespass  on  the  privi- 
leges, jurisdiction,  &c.,  of  another;  that 
which  is  taken  by  encroaching. 


ch,  chain:    ek,  iic.  lotSi;     s,ooi    j,iob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     og,  sintr;     vh,  (Aeu;  th,  iAiu;     w,  wigj     Vfb,  u/iig;     zh,  a^rore. 


ENCRUST 


234. 


ENDOSTOME 


EccruBt,  eu-krust',  v.t.    To  indnst. 

Encomber,  en-kum'bir,  v.t.  IPtefix  on,  and, 
cumber;  I!r.  encombrer.]  To  impede  the 
motion  of  with  a  load,  burden,  or  any- 
thing inconvenient;  to  clog;  to  load;  to' 
embarrass;  to  load,  as  an  estate,  with 
debts. — Encumb  eringly ,  en-kuin'b6r-ing- 
li,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  encumber  or  im- 
jjede.  —  Encumbrance,  en-kum'brans,  n. 
Anything  that  impedes  action  or  renders 
it  difficult  and  laborious;  clog,  load,  bur- 
den, impediment;  liability  resting  on  an 
estate;  a  legal  claim  on  an  estate,  for  the 
discharge  of  which  the  estate  is  liable,  as 
a  mortgage,  &c. — Encumbrancer,  en-kum'- 
bran-ser,  n.  One  who  holds  an  encum- 
brance on  an  estate. 

Encyclic,  Encyclical,  en-sildik,  en-si'kli- 
kal,  a.  [Gr.  enkyklikos — en,  in,  and  kukJos, 
a.  circle.] .  Sent  to  many  persons  or  places; 
intended  for  many,«r  for  a  whole  order  of 
men;  circular:  used  often  as  a  substantive 
in  both  forms',  and  generally  applied  to  & 
letter  on  some  important  occasion  seiit  by 
the  pope  to  the  bishops.  '   •  '     ' 

Encyclopedia,  en-si 'klo-p6"di.-a,  n.    [Gr. 

,  eniyklopaideia — en,  in,  kyklos,  a  circle, 
and  paideia,  instruction.  J  A  work  in 
which  various  branches  of  knowledge  are 
discussed  separately,  and  usually  in  alpha- 
betical order;  a  kind  of  dictionary  of 
things,  not  words;  a  cyclopedia.— Ency-,, 
clopaedic,Encyclopaedica|I,  Encyclopaedijin, 
en-si'klo-pe"dik,  en-srklo-p6"di-kal,  en-si'- 
klo-pe"di-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  encyclo- 
psedia:  such  as  is  embraced  in  an  ency- 
clopaeoia;  universal  as  regards  knowledge 
and  information. — Encyclopaedism,  eft-si'- 
klo-p6-dizm,  n.  The  making  of  encyclo- 
paedias; the  possession  of  a  wide  range  of 
information ;  extensive  learning.  —  Ency- 
clopsedist,  en-si'klo-p6-dist,  n.  The  com- 
piler of  an  encyclopaedia,  or  one  who  assists 
in  such  compilation;  a  person  whose  know- 
ledge is  of  a  very  wide  range..  These  words 
are  also  spelled  Encyclopedia,  &c. 

Encyst,  en-sist',  v.t.  [Gr.  en,  in,  and  kystis, , 
a  bladder,  a  pouch.]  To  inclose  in  a  cyst, 
sac,  or  vesicle.— Encystation,  Encystment, 
en-sis-ta'shon,  en-sist'rnent,  n.  A  process 
undergone  by  certain  Protozoa  and  Infu- 
soria previous  to  fission,  in  which  they 
become  coated  with  a  secretion  of  gelatin- 
ous matter,  ultimately  inclosing  the  body 
in  a  hard  cyst.  —  Encysted,  en-sis'ted,  p. 
and  a.  Inclosed  in  a  bag,  bladder,  or 
vesicle:  applied  to  tumours  which  consist 
of  a  fluid  or  other  matter  inclosed  in  a  sac 
or  cyst. 

End,  end,  n.  [A.  Sax.  end«=Icel.  endi, 
Dan.  and  G.  ende,  Goth,  andeis,  the  end ; 
Skr.  anta,  end.'death.]  The  extreme  point 
of  -a  line,  or  of  anything  that  has  more 
length '  than  breadth ;  the  termination, 
conclusion,  or  last  part  of  anything,  as  of 
a  portion  of  time,  of  an  "action,  of  a  state 
of  things,  of  a  Quantity  of  materials;  the 
close  of  life ;  death ;  consequence ;  issue ; 
result;  the  ultimate  point  or  thing  at 
which  one  aims  or  directs  his  views;  pur- 
pose intended;  scope;  aim;  drift, — On  end, 
resting  on  one  end;  upright;  also,  contin- 
uously ;  uninterruptedly.  —  To  make  both 
ends  meet,  to  keep  one's  expenditure  with- 
in one's  income,  or  at  least  to.  keep  them 
equal. — v.t.  To  put  an  end  to  or  be  the  end 
of;  to  finish;  to  close,  conclude,  terminate; 
to  destroy;  to  put  to  death. — v.i.  To  come 
to  an  end;  to  terminate;  to  close;  to  con- 
clude; to  cease.  —  Ender,  en'd^r,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  ends  or  finishes. — End- 
ing, en'ding,  n.  The  act  of  putting  or 
coming  to  an  end;  conclusion;  termination; 
the  last  part;  the  final  syllaiJe  or  letter 
of  a  word.— Endless,  endles,  a.  Without 
end;  having  no  end  or  conclusion:  applied 
to  length  and  duration;  perpetually  re- 
curring; interminable;  incessant;  contin- 
ual; without  object,  purpose,  or  use;  fruit- 
less; forming  a  closed  loop  and  working 
continuously  round  two  wheels  or  pulleys 
in  the  same  plane  (an  endless  rope,  chain, 
Kiw). —  Endless  screw,  a  Fcrew  on  a  revolv- 
ing shaft,  the  thread  of  which  gears  into 
a  wheel  with  skew  teeth.— Endlessly,  end'- 
les-li,  adv.  In  an  endless  manner. — End- 
lessness, end'les-nes,  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  endless.— Endlong,  end'long. 


a.  or  adv.  yf\\h  the  end  fonraid;  length- 
wise.— EiidT7ays,  Endwise,  end'waz,  end'- 
wiz,  adv.  On  the  end;  erectly;  in  an  ui>- 
right  position ;  with  the  end  forward. — 
End-all,  n.  What  ends  all;  conclusion. 
[Shak.^ 

"ExLiMBO^,  en-dam'aj,  v-U—endarnaged,  en- 
damaging. To  bring  loss  or  damage  to; 
to  damage;  to  harm;  t6  injure. — Endam- 
agement, en-dam'5j-ment,  n.  Act  of  en- 
dam.aging.    [Shak.\     ^ 

Endanger,  en-dan'j^r,  v.t.  To  put  in  haz- 
ard; to  bring  into  danger  or  peril;  to  ex- 
iwse  to  loss  or  injury.—  Endangerment,! 
en-d8n'j6r-ment,  n.  Act  of  endangering 
or  state  of  being  epdangered.    [MU.'\ 

Endear,  en-dgr",  v.t.  To  make  dear;  to  make 
more  beloved;  to  bind  by  ties  of  afiection 
and  love.— Endearednesa,  en-de'red-nes,  n. 
State  of  being  endeared. — Endearing-,  en- 
de'ring,  a.  Having  a  tendency  to  make 
dear  or  beloved;  tender;  affectionate- 
Endearment,  en-dSr'ment,  n.    The  act  of 

.  endearing;  the  state  of  being  beloved;  ten- 
der affection;  a  caress  (in  this  sense  chiefly 
plural). 

Endeavour,  en-deVSr,  h.  .  [Fr.  en,  in,  and 
devoir,  duty,  from  the  use  of  these  words 
in  such  expressions  as  se  mettre  en  devoir, 
to  try  to  do,  to  set  about;  devoir  (whence 
dtte,  duty)  is  from  li.  debere,  to  owe.  to  be 
under  obligation  (whence  debt).]  An  ex- 
ertion of  physical  strength  or  the  intel- 
lectual powers  toward  the  attainment  of 
an  object;  an  effort;  an  essay;  an  attempt. 
— v.i.  To  labour  or  fexert.  one's  self  for  the 
accomplishment  of  an  object;  to  strive;  to 
try;  to  attempt;  to  essay, —  v.t.  To  try  to 
effect;  to  strive  after;  often  governing  an 
infinitive.  —  Endeavourer,  en-deysr-er,  n. 
0,ne  who  endeavours. 

Endecagon,  en-dek'a-gon,  n.  [Gr.  Jiendeka, 
eleven,  and  gOnia,  an  angle.]  A  plane 
figure  of  eleven  sides  and  angles. 

Endoictic,  en-dik'tik,  a.  [Gr.  endeiktikos, 
from  endeiknymi,  to  display.]    Display- 

'  ing;  exhibiting:  in  the  Platonic  philo- 
sophv  an  endeictic  dialogue  is  one  which 
exhibits  a  specimen  of  skill. 

EndemiCjEndemical,  en-dem'ik,  en-demS- 
kal,  a.  \Vt.  endimique,  from  Gr.  endemios 
—en,  in,  among,  and  demos,  people.]  Pe- 
culiar to  a  people,  locality,  or  region :  a 
term  applied  to  diseases  to  which  the 
inhabitants  of  a  particular  country  are 
peculiarly  subject. — n.  A  disease  of  an  en- 
demic nature.  —  Endemically,  en-dem'i- 
kal-li,  adv.    In  an  endemic  manner. 

Endermatic,  Endermic,  en-d6r-Ihat'ik,  en- 

,  dfer'mik,  a.  [Gr„  en,  and  dermd,  skin.] 
Med.  applied  or  effected  by  rubbing  into 
the  skin,  especially  after  the  cuticle  has 
been  removed,  as  by  a  blister. 

Enderon,  en'de-ron,  n.  [Gr.  en,  in,  and 
deros,,  skin.]  The  "inner  surface  of  the 
outer  layer  of  the  skin  (viz.  the  ectoderm 
or  epidermis). 

Endive,  en'div,  n.  [Pr.  endive,  from  L.  in- 
tybwrn,;  probably  from  Ar.  hindeb.']  A 
composite  plant,  used  as  a  salad;  garden 
succory. 

Endocardinm,  en-do-kar'di-um,  n.  [Gr. 
endfin,  within,  and  kardiai  the  heart.] 
Anat.  a  colourless  transparent  membrane 
which  lines  the  interior  of  the  heart. — 
Endocardiac,  en-do-kar'di-ak,  a.  Relat- 
ing to  the  endocardium,  or  to  the  interior 
of  the  heart.— Endocarditis,  en'do-kar-di"- 
tis,  n.  An  inflammatory  disease  of  the 
internal  parts  of  the  heart,  ending  in  the 
deposit  of  fibrin  upon  the  valves. 

Endocarp,  en'do-karp,  n.  [Gr.  endon,  with- 
in, karpos,  fruit.]  Bot.  the  inner  layer  of 
the  pericarp  of  fruits,  when  its  texture 
differs  from  the  outer  layer,  as  the  stone 
of  a  plum  or  the  flesh  of  an  orange. 

Endochrome,  en'do-krom,  re.  [Gr.  endon, 
within,  chroma,  colour.]  Bot.  the  colour- 
ing matter  which  fills  vegetable  cells,  ex- 
cept the  green. 

Endocyst,  en'do-sist,  n.  [Gr.  endon.  with- 
in, kysiis,  a  bag.]  Zool.  the  inner  mem- 
brane or  layer  of  the  body-wall  of  a  poly- 
zoon. 

Endoderm,  en'do-dtrm,  n.  [Gr.  endon, 
within,  and  derma,  skin.]  Zool.  the  in- 
ner skin  or  layer  of  some  simple  animals, 
as  the  Coelenterata. 


Endogamy,  en-dog 'a-mi,  n.  [Gr.  bndon, 
within,  gamos,  marriage.]  A  custom  a- 
mong  some  savage  peoples  of  marrying, 
only  within  their  own  tribe.  — .Endoga- 
mous,  en-dog 'a-muB,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
practising,  or  characterized  by  endogamy. 

Endogen,  en'do-jen,  n.  [Gr.  endon,  within, 
root  gen,  to  produce.].  Any  plant,  the 
stem  of  which  gi-ows  bv  additions  devel- 

.  oped  from  the  inside  ancrdoes  not  indrease 

;much  in  thickness,  and  in  which  there  is 
no  distinction  into  bark,  wood,  and  pith, 
the  leaves  also  being  commonly  parallel- 
veined,  as  in  the  grasses,  lilies,  and  palms. 
Endogens  form  a  primary  cla.ss  of  the 
vegetable  kingdom,  which  contrasts  with 
the  exogens. — Endogenous,  en-doj'e-nus, 
a.  Pertaining  to  endogens;  growing,  de- 
veloping, originating  from  within.— En- 
dogenonsly,  en-doj '  e-nus-li,  adv.  In  an 
endogenous  mannerj  internally.   -^  "■ 


Endomorph,  en'do-morf,  n.  [Gr.  endow, 
within,  morphe,  form.]  Mineral,  a  min- 
eral inclosed  in  acrystalof  another  min- 
eral. 

Endoparaslte,  en-do-par'a-sit,  n.  [Gr.  en- 
don, within,  and  E.  parasite.}  A  parasite 
living  on  the  internal  organs  of  animals,  as 
opposed  to  an  ectoparasite. 
Endophlcemn,  en-do-flg'um,  n.  [Gr.  endon, 
within,  phloios,  bark.]  Bot.  the  inner 
layer  or  liber  of  bark  containing  woody 
tissue  lying  next  the  wood. 
Endo^hyllous,  en-do-flllus,  a.  [Gr.  endon, 
within,  pkyUon,  a  leaf.]  Bot.  applied  to 
the  young  leaves  of  monocotyledons,  from 
their  being  formed  within  a  sheath. 
Endopleura,  en'do-pla-ra,  n.  [Gr.  endon, 
within,  pleura,  the  side.].  Bot.  the  inner- 
most skin  of  a  seed-coat. " 
Endorhiza,  en-do-ri'za,  n.  [Gr.  endon, 
within,  rkiza,  a  root.]  Bot.  the  radicle  of 
the  embryo-  of  monocotyledonous  plants, 
which  is  developed  inside  a  sheatn,  from 
which  it  issues  in  germination. — Endo- 
rhizal,  Endorhizons,  en-do-ri'zal,  en"-d5- 
ri'zus,  a.  Bot.  having  the  radicle  protec- 
ted in  its  early  stage  by  a  sheath. 
Endorse,  en-dors',  t>.t — endorsed,  endorsing. 
[Prefix  en,  and  L.  dorsum,  a  back.]  To 
"write  something  on  the  back  of,  as  one's 
name  on  the  back  of  a  bill;  hence,  to  assign 
by  writing  one's  name  on  the  back;  to  as- 
sign or  transfer  by  endorsement;  to  sanc- 
tion, ratify,  or  approve. — Eildorsable,  en- 
dor'sa-bl ,  a.  Capable  of  being  end  orsed. — 
Endorsement,  en-dors'ment,  n.  The  act 
of  endorsing;  a  note  or  docket  of  the  con- 
tents of  any  paper  on  its  back;  the  signa- 
ture of  the  holder  of  a  cheque  or  bill  of 
exchange  written  on  its  back;  ratification, 
sanction,  or  approval.— Endorser,  en-dor'- 
86r,  n.  One  who  endorses. 
Endosarc,  en'do-sark,  n.  [Gr.  endon,  with- 
in, sarx,  flesh.]  The  inner  molecular  por- 
tion of  sarcode  in  the.  Amoeba  and  ouier 
allied  rhizopods. 

Endoskeleton,  en'do-skel-S-ton,  n.  [Gr.  en- 
don, within,  and  skeleton.]  The  internal 
bony  structure  of  man  and  other  animals, 
in  contradistinction  to  exoskeleton,  the 
outer  hard  covering  of  such  animads  as 
the  crab,  &c. 

Endosmose,  Endosmosis,  en'dos-mSs,  en- 
dos-mo'sis,  n.  [Gr.  endon,  within,  Osmos, 
impulsion,  from  CtheO,  to  push.]  '  The 
transmission  of  fluids  or  gases  through 
porous  septa  or  partitions,  from  the  ex- 
terior to  the  interior.  —  Endosmometer, 
en-dos-mom'e-t^r,  n.  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  force  of  endosmotic  action. 
— Endosmotic,  Endosmosmic,  en-dos-mot'- 
ik,  en-dos-mos'mik,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
endosmose;  Of  the  nature  of  or  acting  by 
endosmose. 

Endosperm,  en'd5-sp*rm,  n.  [Gr.  eiidon, 
within,  sperma,  seed.]  Bot.  the  albumin- 
ous, tissue  which  surrounds  the  embrj'o  in 
many  seeds,  and  which  contains  the  sup- 
ply of  food  for  the  germinating  embiyo: 
called  also  Albumen,  or  Perisperm. — En- 
dospermic,  en-do-sp6r'mik,  a.  Belonging 
to  or  containing  endosperm. 
Endostome,  en 'do-stum,  n.  [Gr.  endon, 
within,  stoma,  the  mouth.]    Bot.  the  pas- 


Fate,  ftr,  fat,  f  all;     me,  met,  h6r;     pin?,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tQbe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     ti,  Sc.  abtme— the  Rr. «/ 


ENDOTfiECIUM 


1;35 


ENGJRAIL 


sage  through  the  inner  integument  of  a 
seed  or  ovule. 

Endothecium,  en-do-the'si-um,  n.  [Gr.  erv- 
don,  within,  theke,  a  cell.]  Bot.  the  fi- 
brous cellular  tissue  lining  an  anther. 
Endow,  en-dou',  v.t.  fPreflx  en,  and,  Fr. 
douer,  to  endow,  from  L.  dos,  dotis,  a 
dowry,  from  root  seen  in  L.  do,  Gr.  didOmi, 
to  give.]  To  furnish  with  a  portion  of 
goods  or  estate,  called  dower;  to  settle  a 
dower  on;  to  furnish  with  a  permanent 
fund  or  prowsion  for  support;  to  enrich 
or  furnish  with  any  gift,  quality,  or 
faculty;  to  indue  {endowed  with  genius). 
— Endowment,  en-dou'ment,  n.  The  act 
of  endowing ;  property,  fund,  or  revenue 
permanently  appropriated  to  any  object; 
that  which  is  given  or  bestowed  on  the 
person  or  mind;  gift  of  nature;  natural 
capacity. 

Endue,  en-da',  v.t. — endited,  enduing.  [L. 
induo,  to  put  on.  Indue.]  To  invest;  to 
clothe;  to  indue  (as  with  virtue  or  other 
qualities).  —  Enduement,  en-da'ment,  n. 
Induement. 

Endure,  en-dar',  v.i.  —  endured,  enduring. 
[Fr.  endurer,  from  en,  anidurer,  L.  durare, 
to  last.]  To  continue  in  the  same  state 
without  perishing;  to  last;  to  remain;  to 
abide;  to  suffer  without  resistance  or 
without  yielding;  to  hold  out;  to  bear;,  to 
suffer.— y.t.  To  bear,  sustain,  or  support 
without  ■  breaking  or  yielding ;  to  bear 
with  patience;  to  bear  without  oppositioh 
or  sinking  under  the  pressure;  to  under- 
go, suffer,  experience. — Endurable,  en-dQ'- 
ra-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  endured.— En- 
durableness,  en-du'ra-bl-nes,  n.  State  of 
being  endurable,  —  Endurably,  en-dU'ra- 
bli,  adv.  In  an  endurable  manner.  —  En- 
durance, en-dQ'rans,  n.  A  state  of  lasting 
or  duration;-  permanence;  lastingness;  con- 
tinuance; a  bearing  or  suffering;  a  con- 
tinuing under  pain  or  distress  without 
sinking  or  yielding;  sufferance;  patience; 
fortitude.— Endurer,  endu'rfer,  n.  One  who 
endures.— Enduring,  en-dQ'ring,  a.  Last- 
ing long;  permanent.— Enduringly,  en-dQ'- 
ring-li,  adv.  Lastingly;  for  all  time.— En- 
dunngness,  en-da'ring-nes,  n. 
Enema,  en'6-ma,  n.  [Gr.  enema,  from  eni- 
gmi^to  send  in — en,  in,  and  hiemi,  to  send.] 
A  liquid  or  gaseous  form  of  medicine 
thrown  into  the  rectum;  a  clyster. 
Enemy,  en'5-mi,  n.  [Fr.  ennemi,  from  L. 
inimicus—in,  neg.,  and  amicus,  a  friend] 
One  hostile  to  another;  one  who  hates  an- 
other; a  foe;  an  adversary;  an  antagonist; 
a  hostile  force,  army,  ileet,  or  the  like. 
Energy,  en'6r-ji,  n.  [Gr.  energ^ia—en,  and 
ergon,  work.]  Internal  or  inherent  power; 
the  power  of  operating,  whether  exerted 
or  not;  power  exerted;  vigorous  operation; 
force;  vigour;  effectual  operation;  efficacy; 
strength  or  force  producing  the  effect; 
strength  of  expression;  force  of  utterance; 
life;  spirit;  emphasis;  m^ch.  capability  for 
performing  work;  the  action  of  a  power  to 
move  a  machine. — Conservation  of  energy. 
Conservation.  —  Energetic,  Energetical, 
en-6r-jet'ik,  en-6r-jet'i-kal,  o.  [Gr.  ener- 
getikos.]  Acting  with  or  exhibiting  ener- 
gy; operating  with  force,  vigour,  and  effect; 
forcible;  powerful;  efficacious;  working; 
active;  operative;  vigorous.— Energetical- 
ly, en-6r-jet'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  an  energetic 
manner;  with  energy  and  effect. — Energic, 
Energical,  e-nfer'jik,  e-n^r'ji-kal,  a.  Ex- 
hibiting energy  or  force;  producing  direct- 
ly a  certain  physical  effect.  —  Energize, 
en'6r-jiz,  v.i.  —  energized,  energizing.  To 
act  with  energy  or  force;  to  act  in  produc- 
ing an  effect. —  v.t  To  give  strength  or 
force  to;  to  give  active  vigour  to. 
Enervate,  e-n6r'vat,  v.t.— enervated,  ener- 
vating. [L.  enervo,  enervatum  —  e,  out, 
away,  and  nervus,  a  nerve.]  To  deprive 
of  nerve,  force,  or  strength;  to  weaken;  to 
render  feeble;  to  debiUtate.— a.  Without 
strength  or  force;  weakened;  debilitated. 
—Enervation,  6-n6r-va'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  enervating ;  the  state  of  being  enerva- 
ted; effeminacy. 

Enfeeble,  en-f  e'bi,  v.t. — enfeebled,  enfeebling. 
To  make  feeble;  to  deprive  of  strength;  to 
weaken;  to  debilitate  or  enervate.  —  En,- 
feeblement,  en-fe'bl-ment,  «.  The  act  of 
enfeebling  or  state  of  being  enfeebled.— 


EnfeeWer,  en-fe'bl«r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  makes  feeble  or  weakens. 

Enfeoff^  en-fef,  v.t.  [Prfefix  en,  and  L.L. 
feoffo,  to  confer  a  fief  or  feud.  Fiek.  j  Law, 
to  give  a  fief  or  feud  to;  to  invest  with  the 
fee  of  an  estate;  to  give  any  corporeal 
hereditament  to  in  fee.— Enfeoffment,  en- 
fef 'ment,  n.  Law,  the  act  of  enfeofllng; 
the  instrument  or  deed  by  which  one  is 
enfeoffed. 

Enfilade,  en-fi-lad',  v.t— enfiladed,  enfilad- 
ing. [Fr.  en,  and  file,  a  row,  a  rank,  from 
fit,  a  thread,  L.  filum.^  Milit.  to  rake  or 
sweep  with  shot  through  the  whole  length 
of,  as  through  a  woirk  or  line  of  troOps;  to 
fire  in  the  fiank  of  a  line.— n.  A  firing  in 
such  a  manner;  the  line  of  fire. 

Enfold,  en-fold',  v.t.  To  infold.  [Tenn.]— 
Enfoldment,  en-fold'ment,  n.  The  act  of 
enfolding. 

Enforce,  en-fors',  v.t— enforced,  enforcing. 
[Prefix  en,  and  force;  Fr.  enforcir.]  To 
give  stren^h  to;  to  add  force,  emphasis, 
or  impressiveness  to ;  to  inculcate,  urge, 
or  press  earnestly;  to  make  or  gain  oy 
force  or  compulsion ;  to  force ;  to  compel, 
constrain,  or  force;  to  put  in  execution; 
to  cause  to  take  effect  (to  enforce  the 
laws).  —  Enforceable,  Enforcible,  en-for'- 
sa-bl,  en-for'si-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  en- 
forced. —  Enforcement,  en-fors ''ment,  ii. 
The  act  of  enforcing ;  compulsion ;  that 
which  gives  force,  energy,  or  eft'ect;  sanc- 
tionj  that  which  urges  or  constrains;  con- 
straining power;  a  putting  in  execution 
(the  enforrcinient  of  law). — Enforcer,  en- 
for'ser,  n.  One  who  enforces.— Enforcive, 
en-for'siv,  a.  Serving. or  tending  to  en- 
force; compulsive.  —  Enforcively,  en-f5r'- 
siv-li,  adv.    Of  or  by  cornpulsion. 

Enforest,  en-for'est,  n.  To  turn  into  or 
lay  under  forest. 

Enfranchise,  en-fran'chiz,  v.t. — enfran- 
chised, enfranchising.  To  set  free;  to  lib- 
erate from  slavery;  to  free  or  release,  as 
from  custody,  bad  habits,  or  any  restrain- 
ing power;  to  confer  the  franchise  on;  to 
endow  witli  the  right  of  voting  for  a  mem- 
ber of  parliament.— Enfranchisement,  en- 
fran'chiz-ment,  n.  The  act  of  enfranchis- 
ing or  the  state  of  being  enfranchised. — 
EnfrancMser,  eu-f ran'chi-zer,  n.  One  who 
enfranchises. 

Engage,  en-gaj',  v.t.  —  engaged,  engaging. 
[Fr.  engager — en,  and  gager,  from  gage,  a 
pledge.    Gage.]    To  bind  or  bring  under 

■  an  obligation,  as  by  oath,  pledge,  contract, 
or  promise:  generally  with  reflexive  pron.; 
to  pawn,  stake,  or  pledge ;  to  enlist ;  to 
bring  into  a  party;  to  bespeak,  as  for  ser- 

.  vice  or  the  like ;  to  win  and  attach  (to 
engage  one's  affections);  to  attract  and  fix 
(attention);  to  occupy  (to  engage  a  person 
in  conversation);  to  employ  the  attention 
or  efforts  of  (to  make  to  embark  or  take 
concern  in);  to  enter  into  contest  with;  to 

'  bring  to  conflict  (to  engage  an  enemy). — 
v.i.  To  promise  or  pledge  one's  word;  to 
become  bound;  to  embark  in  any  business; 
to  take  a  concern  in;  to  undertake;  to  at- 
tack in  conflict;  to  begin  mutually  a  hos- 
tile encounter. — Engaged,  en-gajd',  pp.  or 
a.  Pledged;  affianced;  enlisted;  attracted; 
occupied;  earnestly  employed.— Engaged 
column,  arch,  a  column  attached  to  a  wall 
so  that  part  of  it  is  concealed.— Engagadly, 
en-ga'jed-li,  adv.  In  an  engaged  or  oc- 
cupied manner.— Engagedness,  en-ga'jed- 
nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  engaged. — En- 
gagement, en-gaj 'ment,  n.  The  act  of 
engaging;  obligation  by  agreement  or  con- 
tract; the  act  of  betrothing  or  state  of 
being  betrothed;  occupation;  employment 
of  the  attention;  affair  of  business;  an  ap- 
pointment; a  combat  between  bodies  of 
trooDs  or  fleets;  a  fight;  a  conflict. — En- 
gaging, en-ga'jing,  o.  Winning;  attrac- 
tive; tending  to  draw  the  attention  or  the 
affections;  pleasing.— Engagingly,  en-ga'- 
jing-li,  adv.  In  an  engaging  manner.— En- 
gagingness,  en-ga'jing-nes,  n. 

Engender,  en-jen'der,  v.t.  [Fr.  engendrer, 
from  L.  mgenero—in,  and  genero,  to  beget, 
ixom^enus,  fifeir«}'is,birth,  descent.  Genus.] 
To  beget  between  the  different  sexes;  more 
generally,  to  produce;  to  cause  to  exist:  to 
cause,  excite,  stir  up. — v.i.  To  be  caused  or 
producedt;  to  meet  in  sexual  embrace.— 


Engenderer,  en-jen'dfer-ftr,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  engenders. 

Engine,  en'jin,  n.  [Fr.  engin,  a  machine,  a 
tool,  ingenuity,  from  L.  irigeniwn,  disposi- 
tion, ability,  invention^— in,  and  root  gen, 
to  produce,  as  in  genius.  Ingenious.]  Any 
instrument  in  any  degree  complicated;  a 
tool,instrument,or  appliance  by  which  any 
effect  is  produced,  as  a  musket,  a  cannon, 
the  rack,  a  battering-ram,  &c.;  a  person 
regarded  as  a  tool  or  instrument  t;  any 
mechanical  instrument  of  complicated 
parts,  which  concur  in  producing  an  in- 
tended effect;  a  machine;  especially,  a 
machine  for  applying  steam  to  drive  ma- 
chinery, to  propel  vessels,  railway  trains, 
&c.;  a  steam-engine.  —  v.t.  To  furnish  (a 
steam-vessel )  with  an  engine  or  engines. 
—Engine-driver,  n.  One  who  drives  or 
"manages  an  engine,especially  a  locomotive 
engine.— Engineer,  en-ji-nei?,  n.  [Formed 
on  type  of  charioteer,  musketeer,  &c.  J 
Originally  one  who  managed  military  en- 
gines or  artillery;  now  one  who  manages 
a  steam-engine  or  has  to  do  with  the  con- 
struction of  steam  -  engines  and  steam- 
machinery;  or  a  person  skilled  in  the  prin- 

.  ciples  ana  practice  of  engineering,  either 
civil  or  military.— ti.t  To  direct  or  super- 
intend the  making  of  in  the  capacity  of 
engineer;  to  perform  the  office  of  an  en- 

fineer  in  respect  of  (to  engineer  a,  canal). — 
ngineering,  en-ji-ne'ring,  n.  The  art  of 
constructing  and  using  engines  of  ma- 
chines; the  art  of  executing  such  works  as 
are  the  objects  of  civil  and  military  archi- 
tecture, in  which  machinery  is  in  general 
extensively  employed. — Military  engineer- 
ing, that  branch  which  relates  to  the  con- 
struction and  maintenance  of  fortifica- 
tions, and  the  surveying  of  a  country  for 
the  various  operations  of  war.  —  Cioil  en- 
gineering relates  to  the  forming  of  roads, 
bridges,  and  railroads,  the  formation  of 
canals,  aqueducts,  harbours,  drainago  of 
a  country,  &c.— Mechanical  engineering  re- 
fers strictly  to  machinery,  such  as  steam- 
engines,  machine-tools,  mill-work,  &c. — 
Engineman,  en'jin-man,  n.  A  man  who 
manages  a  steam-engine. — Enginery,t  en'- 
jin-ri,  n.  Engines  in  general;  artillery  or 
instruments  of  war  {Mil.};  mechanism; 
machinery.— Engine-turning,  n.  A  method 
of  turning  used  for  ornamental  work,  such 
as  the  net-work  of  curved  lines  on  the 
backs  of  watches. 

Engirdle,  en-gSr'dl,  v.t.  To  inclose;  to  sur- 
round. 

Engiscope,  en'ji-skop,  n.  [Gr.  engys,  near, 
and  skope6,  to  view.]  A  kind  of  reflecting 
microscope. 

English,  ing'glish,  a.  [A.  Sax.  Englisc,  from 
the  Engle  or  Angles,  a  North  German 
tribe  who  settled  in  Britain,  giving  to  the 
south  part  of  it  the  name  of  Engla-land  or 
England.)  Belonging  to  England  or  to 
its  inhabitants. — n.  One  of  the  Low  Ger- 
man group  of  languages,  spoken  by  the 
people  of  England  and  the  descendants  of 
natives  of  that  country,  as  the  Americans, 
Canadian  and  Australian  colonists,  &c.; 
as  a  collective  noun,  the  people  of  Eng- 
land; print,  a  size  of  type  oetween  great- 
primer  and  pica. — v.t.  To  translate  into 
the  English  language;  to  represent  or  ren- 
der in  English.  —  Englishman,  ing'glish- 
man,  n.  A  native  or  naturalized  inhabi- 
tant of  England.— Engllshry,  ing'.Tlish-ri, 
n.  A  population  of  English  descent;  es- 
pecially the  persons  of  English  descent  in 
Ireland. 

Engorge,  en-goij',  v.t— engorged,  engorging. 
[Fr.  enporfire?*— prefix  en,  and  gorge,  the 
throat.]  To,  swallow;  to  gorge;  to  swallow 
with  greediness  or  in  large  quantities: — 
v.i.  To  devour;  to  feed  with  eagerness  or 
voracity.  —  Engorged,  en-gorjd',  p.  and  a. 
Gulped  down ;  mea.  filled  to  excess  with 
blood;,  congesfed.— Engorgement,  en-gorj'- 
ment,  n.  The  act  of  swallowing  greedily; 
med.  congestion. 

Engraft,  en-graft',  v.t.  To  ingraft.  —  Bn- 
graftation,  Engraftment,  en-graf-ta'shon, 
en-graf t'ment,  n.    Ingraftment. 

Engrail,  en-gral',  v.t  [Pr.  engreler,  to  en- 
grail, from  gr&e.-gresle,  hail.]  To  varie- 
gate; to  spot,  as  with  hail;  to  indent  in 
curved  lines.— Engrailed,  en-grald',p.  and 


"  cU,  thain;     eh.  So.  loch;     g,  go;    j,  job;  _,  n,  Fr.  tow;     ng,  ang;     sh,  themi  th.-thin;  _£  w,  wig;  ^  wh,  whig;     zh,  azure- 


ENGRAIN 


236 


Ei^RAGfi 


«.  V;uiegated ;  spotted;  havmg  an  in- 
dentefl  outline  ;iiidfcnte<i  by  curves  with  the 
points  outwards. — EngraJlmenfc,  en-gral'- 
ment,  n.  The  ring  of  dots  round  the  edge 
of  a  medal;  indentation  in  curved  lines. 

Entrain,  en-gran',  v.t.  To  dye  with  grain 
or  kermes;  henoe,  from  the  permanence 
and  excellence  of  this  dye,  to  dye  in  any 
deep,  permanent,  or  enduiing  colour;  to 
dye  deep;  to  incorporate  with  the  gi-ain  or 
texture  of  anything;  to  paint  in  imitation 
of  the  grain  of  wood;  to  grain. — Engrainer, 
en-gra'n&r,  n.  A  person  who  paints  articles 
in  imitation  of  wood. 

En^ave,  en-grSv',  v.t.  —  engraved,  pp.  en- 
graved  or  engraven,  engraving.  [Prefix  en, 
and  grave,  to  carve.]  To  cut  figures,  let- 
ters, or  devices  on,  as  on  stone,  metal,  &c.; 
to  delineate,  copy,  picture,  or  represent  by 
incisions,  as  on  stone,  metal,  wood,  &c.;  to 
imprint;  to  impress  deeply;  to  inflx.-^En- 
graver,  en-gra'v6r,  n.  One  who  engraves; 
a  cutter  of  letters,  figures,  or  devices  on 
stone,  metali  or  wood.  —  Engraving,  en- 
gra'ving,  n.  In  its  widest  sense,  the  art 
of  cutting  designs,  writing,  Ac,  on  any 
hard  substance;  specLfically,  the  art  of 
forming  designs  on  the  surface  of  metal 
plates  or  of  blocks  of  wood  for  the  purpose 
of  taking  off  impressions  or  prints  of  these 
designs  on  paper;  that  which  is  engraved; 
an  engraved  plate;  an  impression  taken 
from  an  engraved  plate;  a  print. 

Engross,  en-gr5s',  v.t.  [Fr.  en,  and  grosair, 
to  enlarge,  from  groa,  big.  Gross.]  To 
increase  in  bulk  or  quantity  {Shak.)l;  to 
seize,  occupy_,  or  take  up  the  whole  <5f 
(cares  or  duties  engrosa  one's  time  or  at- 
tention); to  pdirchase,  with  the  purpose  of 
making  a  profit  by  enhancing  the  price ; 
to  take  or  assume  in  undue  quantity,  pro- 
portion, or  degree;  to  write  a  fair  correct 
copy  of  in  large  or  distinct  legible  charac- 
ters (to  engrosa  a  legal  document). — v.i.  To 
be  employed  in  engrossing,  or  making  fair 
copies  of  writings. — Engrosser,  en-gro'ser, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  engrossep;  one 
who  takes  or  assumes  in  undue  qimi^tity, 
proportion,  or  degree ;  one  who  copies  a 
writing  in  large  fair  characters.— EngrosB- 
inoat,  en-gros'ment,  n.  The  act  of  engross- 
ing or  state  of  being  engrossed;  the  copy 
cf  an  instrument  or  writing  made  in  Ito^e 
fair  characters. 

Engulf,  en-gulf',  v.t.    To  ingulf. 

Ennance,  en-hans',  v.t. — enhanced,  enhan- 
cing. .  [Pr.  enanaar,  to  advance,  enliance, 
from  &iant,  enana,  forward,  from  L.  in,  in, 
to,  ante,  before.]  To  heignten;  €o  make 
greater;  to  increase  (price,  pleasure,  diflfi- 
culty.  beauty,  evU,  or  other  non-physical 
object). — v.i.  To  increase  or  grow  larger. — 
Buh  an  cement,  eu'hans'ment,  n.  The  act 
of  enhancing  or  state  of  being  enhanced ; 
rise ;  augmentation ;  aggravation.  —  En- 
hancer, en-han'sfer,  rt.  One  who  or  that 
which  enhances. 

Enharmonic.Enharmonlcal,  en-hSr-mon'ik, 
en-har-mon'i-kal,  a.  [Pr.  enharmonique, 
Gr.  enarmcniikoa,  in  harmony — en,  in,  and 
JiarmorUa,  harmony.]  Mua.  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  that  one  of  the  three  ancient  Greek., 
scales  which  consisted  of  quaa;ter  tones; 
pertaining  to  a  scale  of  perfect  intonation 
which  recognizes  intervals  less  than  semi- 
tones. —  KTiharmoalcally,  en-hiir-mon'i- 
kal-li,  adv.  In  the  enharmonic  style  or 
system;  with  perfect  iiitonation. 

EBhydrite,  en-ni'drit,  n.  [Gr.  en,  and  hy- 
dOr,  water.]  A  mineral  containing  water. 
— Enhydrons,  en-hi'drus,  a.  Having  water 
within ;  containing  water  or  other  fluid ; 
not  anhydrovs. 

Enigma,  e-nig'ma,  n.  [L.  cetUgma,  from  Gr. 
ainigma,  from  ainiasomai,  to  speak  darkly, 
from  ainoa,  a  tale,  a  story.]  A  dark  say- 
ing, in  which  something  is  concealed  un- 
der obscure  langoage;  an  obscure  question; 
a  ijddle;  gomettung  containing  a  hidden 
inching  which  is  proposed  to  be  guessed; 
anything  inexplicable  to  an  observer,  6uch 
as  the  means  by  which  anything  is  ef- 
fected, the  motive  for  a  course  of  conduct, 
the  cause  of  any  pheaomenon^  &c.;  a  per- 
Bon  whose  conduct  or  disposition  is  inex- 
plicable.— Enigmatic,  Enigmatical,  S-nig- 
mat'ik,  e-nig-mat'i-kal,  a.  Kelating  to  or 
containing  an  enigma;  obscurer  darkly 


expressed ;  ambiguous.  —  Enigiaaticaily. 
6-nig-mat'i-kal-Ii,  a<iu.  In  an  enigmatic 
manner.— Enigmatist,  6-mg'ma-tist,  n.  A 
maker  or  dealer  in  enigmas  and  riddles.— 
Enigmatize,  6-nig'ma-tiz,  v.i.  To  utter  or 
talk  in  eni^as;  to  deal  in  riddles. 

Enjoin,  en-join',  v.t.  [Fr.  enjcinclre,  from 
li.  injungo — in,  and  Jwiigo,  to  join.]  To 
prescribe  or  impose  Mth  some  authority; 
to  lay,  as  an  o,rder  or  command;  to  put  by 
way  of  injunction;  to  order,  direct,  or  urge 
(to  enjoin  submission  or  obedience  upon  a 
person;  duties  enjoined  by  law);  to  admon- 
ish or  instruct  with  authority;  to  com- 
mand.— Ei^iner,  en-joi'n6r,  n.  One  who 
enjoins.  — Ei^joinment,  en-join'ment,  n. 
The  act  of  enjoining. 

Ea^ oy,  en-j oi', «.  t.  [O. Fr.  enjoier,  to  receive 
with  joy— prefix  en,  and  loie^E.yoy.  J  To 
feel  or  perceive  with  pleasure;  to  take 
pleasure  or  satisfaction  in  the  possession 
or  experience  of;  to  have,  possess,  and  use 
with  satisfaction;  to  have,  hold,  or  Occupy, 
as  a  good  or  profitable  thing,  or  as  some- 
thing desirable.  —  To  enjoy  one'a  self,.to 
experience  delight  from  the  pleasures  in 
which  one  partakes;  to  be  happy. — Enjoy- 
able, en-joi'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  en- 
joyed; capable  of  yielding  enjoyment.— 
Enjoyer,  en-joi'ir,  n.  One  who  enjoys. — 
EnjojTEjent,  en-joi'ment,  n.  The  condition 
of  enjoying;  the  possession  or  occupancy 
of  anything  with  satisfaction  or  pleasure;* 
that  which  gives  pleasure  or  satisfaction 
in  the  possession ;  cause  of  joy  or  gratifi- 
cation; delight. 

Enkindle,  en-kin'dl,  v.t— enkindled,  enkin- 
dling. [Prefix  en,  and  kindle.'i  To  kindle; 
to  set  en  fire ;  to  inflame ;  to  excite ;  to 
rouse  into  action.— y.i.  To  take  fire. 

Enlace,  en-las',  v.t. — enlaced,  enlacing.  To 
fasten  with  or  as  with  a  lace ;  to  lace;  to 
encircle.  —  Enlacement,  en-las '  ment,  n. 
Act  of  enlacing;  state  of  being  enlaced; 
an  encircling. 

Enlarge,  en-larj',  v.t.~enlarged,  enlarging. 
To  make  larger  or  greater  in  quantity  or 
dimensions;  to  extend;  to  expand;  to  aug- 
ment; to  increase;  to  make  more  compre- 
hensive (to  enlarge  the  mind);  to  magnify 
to  the  eye ;  to  set  at  liberty;  to  release 
from  confinement  or  pressure.  —  v.i.  To 
grow  large  or  larger;  to  extend;  to  dilate; 
to  expand;  to  expatiate  in  speaking  or 
writing;  to  speak  or  write  at  length  or  in 
full  detail.  —Enlarged,  en-laipd',  a.  Not 
narrow  nor  confined;  expansive;  broad; 
comprehensive;  liberal  {enlarged  views  of 
a  question).  —  Enlargement,  en-larj'ment, 
n.  The  act  of  enlarging  or  state  of  being 
enlarged ;  augmentation ;  dUatation ;  ex- 
pansion; something  added  on;  an  addition; 
expansion  or  extension,  as  applied  to  the 
mind  or  the  intellectual  powers;  release 
from  confinement;  deliverance;  a  detailed 
discourse  or  argument.— Enlarger,  en-lar"- 

J6r,  n.    One  who  or  that  which  enlarges. 

Enlf^ten,  en-li'tn,  v.t.  [Prefix  en,  and 
lighten,  to"  make  light,  to  illumine.]  To 
Bhed  light  on;  to  supply. with  light;  to 
illi^minate ;  to  give  intellectual  light  to; 
to  impart  knowledge  or  pi-actical  wisdom 
to;  to  inform;  to  instruct^  to  enable  to  see 
or  comprehend.  —  Enllghtener,  en-li'tn-6r, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  enlightens. — 
l^slightenment,  en-li'tn-ment,  n.  Act  of 
efalightening ;  state  of  being  enlightened. 

Enlist,  en-list',  v.t.  [Prefix  en,  and  list] 
Lit.  to  enrol  or  enter  on  a,  list;  to  hire  for 
the  public  semce,  especially  militaiy  ser- 
vice, by  entering  the  name  in  a  register; 
to  employ  in  advancing  some  interest;  io 
engage  tae  services  of  (to  enliat  a  person 
in  the  cause  of  truth).— u.i.'To  engage  in 
public  service,  especially  military  service, 
voluntarily;  to  enter  heartily  into  a  cause, 
as  being  devoted  to  its  interests. — Enlist- 
meni,  en-list'ment,  n.  The  act  of  enlist- 
ing; ;the  raising  of  soldiers  by  enlisting. 

EnliTen,  en-li'vn,  v.t.  [Prefix  en,  and 
adj.  live.]  To  give  life,  action,  or  motion 
to;  to  make  vigorous 'o.'  active;  to  stimu- 
late; to  give  spirit  or  vivacity  to;  to  ani- 
mate; to  make  Sprightly,  gay,or  cheerful. 
— Enllvener,  en-i\.'vn-6r,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  enliven  or  animates. 

Enmity,  en'mi-ti,  n.  [Fr.  inimitid,  O.Pr. 
enemistie,  corresponding  to  a  L.  form  tn»- 


micitas.  trora  inimicua,  unfriendly  — i«, 
not,  and  umicua,  a  friend.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  an  enemy;  hostile  or  un- 
fiiendly  dis])osition;  hostility;  ill-will. 

Enneagon,  en'ne-a-gon,  n.  [Gr.  eu)iea,nine, 
and  gonia,  an  angle.]  Geom.  a  polygon  or 
plane  figure  with  nine  sides  or  nine  angles. 
— Enneagonal,  en-ne-ag'o-nal,  o. .  Geom. 
having  nine  angles.  —  Enneagynous,  en- 
ne-aj'i-nus,  a.  [Gr.  gync,  female.]  Bot. 
ha\'ing  rjne  pistils  or  styles:  said  of  a 
flower  or  plant.  —  Enneahedral,  en'ne-a- 
he"dral,  a.  [Gr.  hedra,  seat,  base.]  Geom. 
having  nine  sides.— Enneahedria.  Ennea- 
bedron,  en'ne-a-h6"dri-a,  en'ne-a-he"dron, 
».  Geom.  a  figure  have  nine  sides;  a  non- 
agon.  —  Enneander,  en-ne:an'der,  n.  [Gr. 
aner,  andros,  a  male.]  Boi.  a  plant  having 
nine  stamens  and  hermaphrodite  flowers. 
— Enneandi'ian,  Enneandrous,  en-n6-an'- 
dri-an,  en-ne-an'drus,  a.  Having  nine  sta- 
mens.— Enneapetalotis,  en'ne-a-pet"a-lu8, 
a.  Having  nine  petals  or  flower-leaves. — 
Enneaspermous,  en'ne-a-sper"mus,  a.  [Gr. 
aperma,  seed.]    Bot.  having  nine  seeds. 

Ennoble,  en-no'bl,  v.t. — ennobled,  ennohling. 
[Prefix  en,  and  noble;  Fr.  ennoblier.]  To 
make  noble;  to  raise  to  nobility;  to  digni- 
fy; to  exalt;  to  elevate  in  degree,  qualities, 
or  excellence.  —  Ennoblement,  en-no' bl- 
ment,  n.  The  act  of  ennoblinij;  the  state 
of  being  ennobled;  exaltation;  elevation. 

Ennui,  &n-nwe,  n.  fPr.,  O.Fr.  anui,  annoy, 
like  O.Venet.  inodio,  from  L.  in  odio,  in 
hate,  in  disgust.  Odium,  Amjor.]  Languor 
of  mind  arising  from  lack  of  occupation : 
want  of  interest  in  present  scenes  and 
surrounding  objects;  listlessness ;  weari- 
ness; tedium. — Eimuy^,  an-nwe-ya,  o.  [Fr.] 
Affected  with  ennui;  bored j  sated  with 
pleasure. — n.  One  affected  with  ennui;  one 
indifferent  to  or  bored  by  ordinary  plea- 
sures or  occupations.  —  Ennuy^e,  an-nwgr 
ya,  n.    A  female  affected  with  ennui. 

Mormons,  €-nor'mus,  a.  [L.  enormia — e* 
out  of,  and  norma,  a  rule.  Normal.] 
Great  beyond  or  exceeding  the  common 
measure;  excessively  large;  excessively 
wicked;  flagitious;  atrocious.  ."..EnorMOKS, 
lit.  out  of  rule,  henge  great,  far  beyond 
common: 'used  Especially  of  magnitude; 
immetise,  that  cannot  be  measured :  used 
especially  of  quantity,  extent,  and  num- 
ber; exceaaive,  beyond  Dounds,  beyond  what 
is  fit  and  right:  said  especially  of  degree. 
— Enormously,  5-nor'mus-li,  adv.  Exces- 
sively; beyond  measure.  —  Euonuonsness, 
e-nor'mus-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  enor- 
mous.—Enormity,  e-nor'mi-ti,  w.  [L.  enor- 
mitaa.1  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
enormous,  immoderate,  or  excessive ;  ex- 
cessive degree;  atrociousness;  a  very  grave 
oflfence  against  order,  right,  or  decency; 
an  atrocious  crime;  an  atrocity. 

Enough,  e-n\if',  a.  [O.E.  inoh,  enow,  A.  Sax. 
gendh,gen6g=iJ.  genoeg,  Icel.gndgr,  O.Fris. 
enoch,  Goth,  ganoha,  ■  G.  genug,  enough, 
from  a  verb  meaning  to  suffice.]  Satis- 
fying desire  or  giving  content ;  meeting 
reasonable  expectations;  an:wering  the 
purpose;  adequate  to  want  or  demand. 
[Enough  usually  follows  the  noun  with 
which  it  is  connected. ]-^w.  A  sufficiency; 
a  quantity  of  a  thing  which  satisfies  desire 
or  is  adequate  to  the  wants ;  what  is  equal 
to  the  powers  or  abilities.— JEnowp/t  /  an 
exclamation  denoting  sufficiency.  —  adv. 
Sufficiently;  in  a  quantity  or  degree  that 
satisfies  or  is  equal  to  the  desires  or  wants; 
fully;  quite;  denoting  a  Blig}it  augmen- 
tation of  the  positive  degree  (he  was  ready 
enough  to  embrace  the  offer);  in  a  tolerable 
or  passable  degree  (the  performance  is 
well  en/msrA).— ^ow,  e-nou'.  An  old  foim 
of  Enough. 

Enounce,  e-nouns',  v.t.  —  efnoKnced,  envun- 
Hng.  [Fr.  enoncei;  L.  envneio — e,  out,  and 
ntmcio,  to  declare,  as  in  announce,  de- 
nounce, renounce.]  To  declare;  to  enun- 
ciate; to  state,  as  a  proposition  or  argu- 
ment. —  Enotmcement,  e-nouns'ment,  n. 
Act  of  enottncing;  enunciation;  distinct 
statement.  ,  .■  _       , 

Enquire,  en-kwir*j  v.t.  and  t.  Enqalrer,  en- 
kwi'rer,  n.  Enquiry,  en-kwi'ri,  n.  Same 
as  Inquire,  Inquirer,  Inquiry. 

Enrage,  en-raj',  v.  t.—enraaed,  enrafft'iUf-  To 
excite  rage  in ;  to  exasperate;  to  provoke 


«^^ : 

Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tub,  b\iU;     oil,  pound,-    a,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr. «. 


ENBAPTURB 


237 


EKTHKONE 


to  fury  or  madness;  to  make  furious.— En- 
raged, en-rajd',  p.  and  a.  Augry;  furious; 
exhibiting  anger  or  fury  (an  enraijed  coun^ 
tenance). 

Enrapture,  enrrap'tQr,v.{. — enraptured,  en- 
rapturiiig.  To  transport  "with  rapture;  to 
delight  beyond  measure. 

Enravieh,  en-rav'ish,  t>.ti  To  transport  with 
delight;  to  enrapture.  —  Enravuhment, 
en-rav'ish-ment,  n.  Ecstasy  of  delight; 
rapture. 

Eaxeglster,  en-rej'iat6r,  v.t.  To  register; 
to  enroll  or  record. 

Eb  rich,  en-rich',  v.t.  To  make  rich,  wealthy, 
r.r  opulent;  to  supply  with  abundant  pro- 
perty; to  fertilize;  to  supply  with  an  abun- 
dance of  anything  desiiuble:  to  fill  or  store; 
to  supply  with  anything  splendid  or  oma- 
nientai;  to  adorn.— Enrichment,  ep-rich'- 
mcnt,  n.  The  act  of  enriching;  something 
that  enriches  or  adorns. 

Enring,  en -ring',  v.t.  To  form  a  circle 
about;  to.encircle;  to  iRclose. 

32ir jpen,  en-rip'n,  v.i.  To  ripen ;  to  bring 
to'  perfection. 

Enrobe,  en-rob',  v.t— enrobed,  enrobing.  To 
clothe  with  attire;  to  atiiro;  to  invest. 

Enrocknient,  en-rok'ment,  n.  A  mass  of 
large  stones  thrown  in  at  random  to  form 
the  bases  of  piers,  quayc,  breakwaters, 
&c. 

Enroll,  Enrol,  en-rol',  v.t.— enrolled,  enroll- 
ing. To  write  in  a  roll  or  reglste»5  to  in-? 
sert  or  enter  the  name  of  in  a  list  or  cata- 
logue; to  record;  to  insert  in  records;  to 
leave  in  writing.— Enroller,.  en-rol'6r,  n. 
One  who  enrolls  or  registers.— Enrolment, 
en-rol'ment,  n.  The  act  of  enrolling  or 
registering;  a  register. 

Ens,  enz,  n.  {L.  ens,  being  or  thing,  origi- 
nally neuter  of  ppr.  of  verb  esse,  to  be, 
whence  essence.']  Entity;  being;  existende; 
an  actually  existing  being.. 

Eaaample,  eh-sam'pl,  ».  [O.Pr.',  from  L. 
exemplum,  example.  Examplk.]  An  ex- 
ample; a  pattern  or  model  for  imitation.  ' 

Ensanguine,  en-sahg'gwin,  v.t. — ensan- 
guined, ensanguining.  [Prefix  en,  and  L. 
sanguis,  sanguinis,  blood.]  To  stain  or 
cover  with  blood;  to  smear  with  gore. 

Eneate,  en'sat,  a.  [L.  ensis,  a  swora.J  Bot. 
ensiform. 

Ens^oncej  en-skons',  v.t.  —  ensconced,  en- 
sconcing.  To  cover  or  shelter,  as  with  a 
sconce  or  fort;  to  protect;  to  hide  securely; 
to-take  shelter  behind  something;  to  hide: 
with  the  reflexive  pronoun. 

Ensemble,  an-san-bl,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  in- 
simul,  at  the  same  time — in,  and  simv^l,  to- 
gether.] All  the  parts  of  anything  taken 
together  so  that  en.ch  part  is  considered 
only  in  relation  to  the  whole;  the  general 
4E)ff6ct  of  a  whole  work  of  art,  as  a  picture, 
piece  of  music,  drama,  &c. 

Enshrine,  en-shrin',  v.t.  —  enshrined,  en- 
shrining. To  inclose  in  or  as  in  a  shrine 
or  chest;  to  preserve  with  careaiid  affec- 
tion; to  cherish. 

Enshroud,  en-shroud',  v.f  To  cover  with 
or  as  with  a  shroud;  to  envelop  with  any- 
thing-which  conceals  from  observation. 

Ensiform,  en'si-form,  a.  [L.  ensiformis — 
ensis.  sword,  and  forma,  form.]  Having 
the  shape  of  ,a  sword;  sword-shaped:  said 
of  leaves  of  plants,  also  of  a  cartilage  at 
the  lower  part  of  the  human  stemum  or 
breast-bone. 

Ensign,  en'sin,  n.  [Fr.  enseigne,  a  sign,  an 
ensign,  from-L.  insigne,  a  sign,  a  badge — 
in,  and  signum,  a  mark,  a  sign.  Sign, 
Signal.]  A  sign  or  tokenj ;  a  badge  or 
mark  of  distinction,  rank,  or  ofiBce;  a 
symbol;  a  flag  or  standard;  the  flag  or  ban- 
ner distinguishing  a  company  of  soldiers, 
an  army,  or  vessel;  the  colours;  in  tho 
British  navy,  a  flag  composed  of  a  field  of 
white,  blue,  or  red,  with  the  union -in  the 
upper  comer,  next  the  staff;  formerly  a 
commissioned-  officer  of  lowest  rank  in  a 
British  regiment  of  infantry,  the  equiva- 
lent rank  now  being  that  of  second  lieu- 
tenant.—Enaign-bearer,  n.  One  who  car- 
ries tho  flag;  an  ensign.— Ensigncy,  En- 
Bignship,  en 'sin-si,  en 'sin-ship,  n.  The 
rank,  ofiice,  or  commission  of  an  ensign. 

.Ensilage;  en'sUjaj,  n.  [Fr.  ensilage,  from 
Sp.  ensilar,  to  store  grain  in  an  under- 
ground receptacle,  from  en,  in,  and  silo. 


from  L.  sirus,  a  plt.1  A  mode  of  Storing 
preen  fodder,  vegetableSj  &c.,  by  burying 
m  pits  or  silos  dug  or  built,  the  substance 
stored  being  pressed  down  with  heavy 

•weights,  and  undergoing  a  slight  fermen- 
tation; the  substance  thus  treated.— En- 
sile, en-sil',  v.t.    To  "store  by  this  process. 

Ensky,  en-ski',  v.t.  To  place  in  heaven  or 
among  the  gods.    [Shai.'i 

Enslave,  en-slav',  v.t— enslaved,  enslaving. 
To  make  a  slave  of;  to  reduce  to  slavery  or 
bondage;  to  subject  to  the  domiuant  in-, 
fluence  of;  to  master  or  overpower  {en- 
slaved by  his  passions).— Enslavedness.  en- 
sla'ved-ues,  w. :— Enslavement,  en-slav'- 
ment,  n.  The  act  of  enslaving  or  state  of 
being  enslaved.  —  Enslaver,  en-sla'ver,  n. 
One  v/ho  or  that  which  enslaves. 

Ensnare,  on-snar',  v.t. — ensnared,  enstutr- 
ing.  To  take  in  a  snare;  to  entrap;  to  in- 
snare. 

Ensue,  en-sfl',  v.i. — ensued,  ensuing.  [Pre- 
fix «n,  iand  sue;  O.Fr.  enauir,  from  L.  iiv- 
«eg«o)'('3o  follow  upon.]  To  follow  as  a 
consequence;  to  follow  in  a  train'of  events 
or  cour^  of  time ;  to  succeed ;  to  come 
after;— u.i.J  To  follow  after.'.'.Syn.  under 
Follow. 

Ensure,  en-sh8r',  v.t.— ensured,  ensuring. 
To  make  sure  or  secure:  to  make  certain 
to  turn  out,  arise,  or  follow  {to  ensure 
peace,  to  ensure  a  good  crop).  * 

Entablature,  en-tat'la-tur,  n.  [O.Fr.  en- 
tablature— en,  end  table;  L.  tabula,  a  board, 
plank.)  The  superstructure  which  lies 
horizontally  upon  the  columns  in  class, 
arch.,  and  consists  of  three  principal  divi- 
sions, the  architrave,  the  frieze,  and  the 
cornice. 

Entail,  en-tal',  n.  [Fr.  fintaiUe,  a  cutting, 
incision,  tram  entailler,  to  cut  in — en,  and 
taUler,  to  cut,  as  in  detail,  retail,  tailor.] 
Law,  an  estate  or  fee  entailedor  limited 
ia  descent  to  a  particular  heir  or  heirs, 
male  or  female;  rule  of  descent  settled  for 
an  estate,  —v.t.  Law,  to  settle  the  descent 
of  (lands  and  tenements)  by  gift  to  a  man 
and  to  certain  heirs  specified  so  that 
neither  the  donee  nor  any  subsequent  pos- 
sessor can  alienate  or  bequeath  it;  to 
transmit  in  an  unalterable  course;  to  de- 
volve as  a  coiisequence  or  of  necessity 
*  (crimeb- entail  punishment). — Entailer,  en- 
ia'ler,  n.  One  who  executes  an  entail. — 
ISntaument,  en-tal'ment,  n.  The  act  of 
entailing  or  state  of  being  entailed. 

Entangle,  e.n-ttxng'gl,  v.t.  — entangled,  en- 
tangling. [Tangle.]  To  interweave  in  such 
a  manner  as  not  to  be  easily  separated;  to 
make  confused  or  disordered;  to  involve 
in  anything  complicated,  and  from  which 
It  is  difficult  to  extricate  one's  self;  to  in- 
Vx)lve  in  difficulties  or  embarrassments;  to 
puzzle ;  to  perplex ;  to  involve  in  contra- 
dictions ;  to  hamper.— Entanglement,  en- 
tang'gl-ment,  n.  The  act  of  entangling  or 
state  of  being  entangled.— Entangler,  eu- 
tang'glSr,  n.    One  who  entangles. 

Bitasis,  en'ta-sis,  w.  [Gr.,  a  stretching- 
en,  and  tei?i<3,.to  stretch. >  Arch,  the  al- 
most imperceptible  swelling  of  the  lower 
part  of  the  shaft  of  a  column;  pathol.  con- 
strictive or  tonic  spasm,  as  cramp,  lock- 
jaw, &c.— Entastic,  en-tas'tik,  a.  Med.  re- 
lating to  diseases  characterized  by  tonic 
spasms. 

Entellus,  en-teHus,  n.  [Fr.  entelle,  from 
6r.  entello,  to  command.]  Aq  East  Indian 
species  of  monkey,  the  sacred  monkey  of 
the  Hindus. 

Enter,  en'tfer,  v.t.  [Fr.  entrer,  from  L.  in- 
trare,  to  enter,  from  intro,  into  the  inside 
— in,  inland  root  seen  in  trans,  across  (a 
common  prefix),  and  in  Skr.  tri,  to  pass.] 
To  come  or  go  into  in  any  manner  what- 
ever; to  pierce;  to  penetrate;  to  begin  or 
commence  upon,  as  a  new  period  or  stage 
in  the  progress  of  life,  a  new  state  of 

.  things,  &c.;  to  engage  or  become  involved 
in;  to  join;  to  become  a  member  of  (an 
army,  a  profession,  a  college);  to  initiate 
into  a  business,  service,  society,  method, 
&c.;  to  set  down  in  a  book  or  other  record; 
to  enroll;  to  inscribe;  to  report  (a  ship)  at 
the  custom-house  on  arrival  in  port,  by 
delivering  a  manifest;  law,  to  go  in  or 
upon  and  take  possession  of  (lands) ;  to 
place  ill  regular  form  before  a  court. — v.i. 


'  To  come' in;  to  go  or- pass  in:  sometimes 
with  in;  to  embark  or  enlist  in  an  affair; 
to  become  a  member. — To  enter  itUo,  to  get 
into  the  inside  or  interior  of;  to  penetrate; 
to  engage  in  (to  enter  into  business);  to 
deal  with  or  treat  by  way  of  discussion, 
argument,  and  the  like;  to  be  an  ingredi- 
ent in;  to  form  a  constituent  part  in. — To 
enfer  on  or  upon,  to  begin;  to  commence; 
to  treat  or  deal  with;  to  discuss  or  talk  of; 
to  examine. 

Enteric,  en-ter'ik,  a.  [Gr.  enterikos,  from 
enteron,  intestine.]  Belonging  to  the  in- 
testines.—J5?iteric  /over,  same  as  Typhoid 
Fewer.— Enteritis,  en-t6r-i'tis,  n.  Med.  in- 
flammation of  the  intestines.— Enterocele, 

-en-ter'o-s6l,  to.    [Gr.  enterokele -~  enieron, 

•and  keU,  tumour.]  A  hernial  tumour  in 
any  situation,  whose  contents  are  intes- 
tine. —  Enterography,  en-ter-og'ra-fi,  n. 
The  anatomical  description  of  the  intes- 
tines.- Enterolite,  Enterolith,  en'tfer-o-lit, 
en'ter-o-lith,  n.  [Gr.  enteron,  and  lithos,  a 
stone.]  An  intestinal  concretfon  or 'calcu- 
lus.— Enterology,  en-tfir-ol'o-ji,  n.  A  trea- 
tise or  discourse  on  the  viscera  or  internal 
parts  of  the  Ixxiy.- Enteropathy,  ea-ter- 
op'a-thi,^.  [Gr,  enteron,  and  pathos,  dis- 
ease.] Disease  of  the  intestines.— Enter- 
otomy,  en-t6r-ot'o-mi,  n..  [Gr.  enteron, 
and  tome,  a  cutting.]    Dissection  of  the 

/  bowels  or  intestines;  incision  of  the  bowels 
for  the  removal  of  strangulation,  &c. 

Enterprise-,  en'ter-prtz,  n.  [Fr.,  from  entre- 
prendre,  pp.  entrepris,  entreprise—entre, 
between,  and  prendre,  to  take,  to  lay  hold 
of,  from  L.  prehendo,  prendo,  as  in  ap- 
prehend, comprehend.]  That  which  is  un- 
dertaken or  attempted  to  be  performed.; 
a  project  attempted;  particularly,  a  bold, 
arduous,  or  hazardous  undertaking;  an 
active  and  enterprising  spirit;  readiness 
to  engage  in  undertakings  of  difficulty, 
risk,  or  danger.  -^  -y.t.t  —  enterprised.  en- 
terprising. .To  undertake.  —  Enterpriser, 
en'.t6r-pri'z6r,  n.  An  adventurer;  one  who 
engages  in  an  enterprise.  —  Enterprising, 
en'ter-pri-zing,  a.  Having  a  disposition 
for  or  tendency  to  engage  in  enterprises : 
ready   to   start    and    carry   on  untried 

.  schemes.- Enterprisingly,  en't6r-pri-zing- 
li,  adv.    In  an  enterprising  manner. 

Entertain,  en-tfir-tan',  v.t.  [Fr.  entretentr, 
to  maintain— entre=L.  inter,  between,  and 
temr=L.  tenere,  to  hold.]  To  receive  into 
the  house  and  treat  with  hospitality;  to 
receive  as  a  host  his  guests;  to  engage  the 
attention  of  agreeably;  to  amuse  with  any- 
thing that  causes  the  time  to  pass  plea- 
santly; to  take  into  consideration;  to  nold 
or  maintain  in  the  mind  'with  favour;  to 
harbour;  to  cherish  (to  entertain  chari- 
table sentiments). .'.  Syn.  under  Amuse. — 
v.i.  To  give  entertainments;  to  receive 
company.  —  Entertainer,  en-t6r-ta'n6r,  to. 
One  who  entertains.  —  Entertaining,  en- 
ter-ta'ning,  a.  Affording  entertainment; 
pleasing;  amusing;  diverting.— Entertain- 
ingly, en-tfer-ta'ning-li,  adv.  In  an  amus- 
ing manner.  —  Entertainingness,  en-ter- 
ta'ning-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  en- 
tertaining..—  Entertainment,  en-ter-tJn'- 
ment,  TO.  The  act  of  entertaining;  the 
receiving  and  accommodating  of  guests; 
food,  lodging,  or  other  things  required  by 
a  guest;  a  hospitable  repast;  the  pleasure 
which  the  mind  receives  from  anything 
interesting,  and  which  holds  or  arrests 
the  attention;  that  which  entertains;  that 
which  serves  for  amusement,  as  a  dramatic 
or  other  performance ;  reception ;  admis- 
sion. 

Enthrall,  en-thr^l',  v.t.  To  reduce  to  the 
condition  of  a  thrall  or  bondsman;  to  en- 
slave.—  Enthralment,  en-thial'ment,  n. 
The  act  of  enthralling,  or  state  of  being 
enthralled;  anything  that  enthralls. 

Enthrone,  en-tnron',  v.t.  —  enthroned,  en- 
throning. To  place  on  a  throne;  to  invest 
with  sovereign  authority;  to  exalt  to  an 
elevated  place  or  seat;  to  induct  or  install 
(a  bishop)  into  the  powers  and  privileges 
of  a  vacant  see.— Enthronement,  en-thron'- 
ment,  to.  Act  of  enthroning,  or  state  of 
being  enthroned.  —  Enthronization,  en- 
thro'ni-za"shon,  to.  The  act  of  enthroning; 
the  placing  of  a  bishop  on  his  throne  in 
his  cathedral. 

: -__j 


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chi,ci 


ci,  So.  locAi*  g,  go'ji,  i,  ;obu<»Br  J'r.-t9»»iii^tJM^i*?gJAeat  th.  tWn;  ^w,  wig;  -^h,  tgWgi^ijJiiasurB' 


EKTKUSIASM 


238 


ENVISAGE 


tnth-jsiasm,  en-thQ'zi-azm,  n.  (Gr.  en- 
iliousiasmos,  from  enthousiazO,  to  infuse  a 
divine  spirit,  from  enthous,  entheos,  in- 
spired, divine — en,  and  theos,  god  (whence 
theist).]  An  ecstasy  of  mind,  as  if  from 
inspiration  or  possession  by  a  spiritual  in- 
fluence; complete  possession  of  the  mind 
by  any  subject;  ardent  zeal  in  pursuit  of 
an  object;  predominance  of  the  emotional 
over  the  intellectual  j)owers;  elevation  of 
fancy ;  exaJtation  of  ideas.  —  Enthusiast, 
en-tha'zi-ast,  n.  |Gr.  enthousiastCs.^  One 
full  of  enthusiasm;  one  whose  mind  is  com- 
pletely possessed  by  any  subject;  one  who 
IS  swayed  to  a  great  or  undue  extent  by 
his  feelings  in  any  pursuit;  a  person  of 
ardent  zeal;  one  of  elevated  fancy;  a  highly 
imaginative  person.  —  Enthusiastic,  En- 
thtisiastical,  en-tha'zi-as'tik,  en-thu  zi- 
a.s"ti-kril,  a.  Filled  with  or  characterized 
by  enthusiasm  ;  proce  to  enthusia.sm;  ar- 
dent; devoted. — Enthusiastically,  en-thu'- 
Ki-as"ti-kal-Ii,  adv.    With  enthusiasm. 

£nthymeme,  en'thi-m5m,  n.     [Gr.  enthy- 
miina—en,  and  thymos,  mind.]    Rhet.  an  i 
Virgument  consisting  of  only  two  premises  1 
or  propositions,  a  third  proposition  re-v| 
quired  to  complete  the  syllogism  being 
suppressed  or  kept  in  mind;  as, '  we  are  de- 
pendent, therefore  we  should  be  humble' 
—the  proposition  omitted  being  'all  de- 
pendent creatures  should  be  humble.' — 
Enthymematical,  en'thi-m5-mat"i-kal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  an  enthymeme. 

Entice,  eu-tis',  v. t.— enticed,  enticing.  [O.Fr. 
enticer,  entiser -^  Mod.  Fr.  atliser,  from 
tiscm,  li.  titio,  a  firebrand.]  To  draw  on 
by  exciting  hope  or  desire;  to  allure,  at- 
tract, invite;  to  lead  astray;  to  induce  to 
evil.  —  Enticement,  en-tis'ment,  n.  The 
act  or  means  of  enticing;  allurement;  at- 
traction; seduction.- -Enticer,  en-ti'ser, n. 
One  who  or  that  which  ertices. — Enticing, 
en-fi'sing,  p.  and  a.  Alluring;  attracting; 
attractive.— Enticingly,  en-ti'sing-li,  adv. 
In  an  enticing  manner. 

Entire,  en-tir',  a.  [Fr.  erdier,  from  li.  in,- 
teger,  whole  (whence  integer,  integnty, 
Ac.).]  "Whole;  unbroken;  complete  in  its 
parts;  perfect ;  not  mutilated ;  not  parti- 
cipated with  others ;  mere ;  sheer.  .•.  Sjti. 
under  Complete. — Entire  horse,  an  uncas- 
trated  horse;  a  stallion.— n.  That  kind  of 
malt  liquor  known  also  as  porter  or  stout: 
so  called  because  it  combined  the  qualities 
of  various  sorts  of  beer,  and  did  not  neces- 
sitate mixing.  —  Entirely,  en-tirli.  adv. 
Wholly;  completely;  fully;  altogether.— 
Entireness,  en-tir'nes,  n.  Completeness; 
unbroken  form  or  state. — Entirety,  en-tir'- 
ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  entire  or  whole; 
wholeness;  completeness;  the  whole. 

Entitle,  en-ti'tl,  v.t.  —  entitled,  entitling. 
(O.Fr.  entituler,  Fr.  intituler—li.  in,  and 
iiluhis,  a  title.)  To  give  a  name  or  title 
to;  to  affix  a  name  or  appellation  to;  to 
designate;  to  denominate;  to  call;io  name; 
to  furnish  with  a  title,  right,  or  claim  (a 
railway  ticket  entitles  a  person  to  travel). 

Entity,  en'ti-ti,  n.  lli.l,.  entitas,  from  ens, 
enlis,  a  thing.  Ens.]  Being;  character  of 
existence;  essence;  a  being  or  species  of 
being ;  an  existing  thing.  —  Entitative,t 
en'ti-ta-tiv,  a.  Considered  as  an  eiitity  or 
independent  existence. 

Entoblast,  en'to-blast,  n.  f Gr.  entos,  within, 
and  blastos,  bud.]  Physiol,  the  nucleolus 
of  acelL 

Entomb,  en-tSm',  v.t.  To  deposit  in  a 
tomb ;  to  bury ;  to  inter.  —  Entombment, 
en-tom'ment,  n.  The  act  of  entombing; 
burial;  sepulture. 

Entomology,  en-to-mol'o-jl,  n.  [Gr.  ento- 
man,  an  insect,  from  enUrmos,  cut  in — en, 
in,  and  femnO,  to  cut;  from  the  thorax 
being  almost  divided  from  the  abdomen.] 
That  branch  of  zoology  which  treats  of 
the  structure,  habits,  and  classification  of 
insects.  — Xntomic,  Entomical,  en-tom'ik, 
en-tom'i-kal,  a.  Relating  to  insects.— En- 
tomoid,  en'to-moid,  a.  Like  an  insect. — 
Entomollne,  en-tom'o-lin,  n.  Same  as 
CAiJm.— Eatomologic,  Entomological,  en'- 
to-mo-loj "  ik,  en'to-mo-loj"i-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  entomology.— ^tomologicaUy, 
en'to-mo-loj"i-kal-li,  adv.  In  an  entomo- 
logical manner.  —  Entouologlat,  en-to- 
luui'o-jist,  n.    One  versed  ib  euto^nology. 


— Eiitomophagan,en-to-mofa-gan,ji.  fGr. 
cntomon,  and  phagein,  to  eat.l  An  insec- 
tivoroiis  animal.— Entomophagous,  en-to- 
mof'a  3U5,  a.  Feeding  on  insects;  iusec- 
tivoious.— Entomophilou8,en-to-mof'i-lus, 
a.  lCt.entO:rMn,s.ndphUos,\o\e.'i  i'cJ.  ap- 
plied to  llowers  whose  pollen  is  conveyed 
from  the  anther  to  the  stigma  by  the 
agency  of  insects.  —  Entomostraca,  en-to- 
moa'tra-ka,  n.  pi.  IGr.  entomon,  and 
ostrakon,  a  shell.]  A  division  of  the  crus- 
taceous  animals  containing  a  number  of 
the  lower  forms,  as  brine-shrimps,  water- 
fleas,  <fec. 

Entonic,  en-ton'ik,  a.  [Or.  entonos,  strained 
~en,  and  teino,  to  stretch.]  Med.  strained; 
intense  as  regards  physiological  action. 

Entoperipaeral,  en'to-pe-rif  "er-al,  a.  I  Gr. 
entos,  within,  and  E.  peripheral.  \  Within 
the  periphery  or  external  surface  of  a 
body. 

Entophjrte,  en'to-fit,  n.  [Gr.  entos,  within, 
and  phyton,  a  plant.]  A  plant  growing  in 
the  interior  of  animal  or  vegetable  struc- 
tures; a  pldnt  growing  on  or  in  living  ani- 
mals.—Bitophytlc,en-to-fit'ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  entophj'tes. 

Entozoon,  en-to-z5'on,  n.  pi.  Entozoa,  en- 
to-zo'a.  [Gr.  entos,  within,  and  zoon,  an 
animal.]  An  intestinal  worm;  an  animal 
living  in  some  part  of  another  animal. — 
flntozoal,  Entozoic,  en-to-zO'al,  en-to-zo'ik, 

'  o.  Pertaining  to  the  Entozoa. — Entozool- 
ogist,  en't-o-zo-ol"o-jist,  n.  A  student  of 
entozoology.  —  Entozoology,  en'to-zO-or'o- 
ji,  n.  That  branch  of  zoology  which  treats 
of  the  Entozoa. 

Entr'acte,  an-trakt,  ».  [Fr  ]  The  interval 
between  the  acts  of  a  drama;  a  short  musi- 
cal entertainment  performed  during  such 
inten'al. 

Entrails,  en'tralz,  n.  pi.  [Fr.  eniraUles; 
from  L.L.  intrania,  from  L.  inter,  within.] 
The  internal  parts  of  animal  bodies ;  the 
bowels;  the  viscera;  the  guts. 

Entrain,  en-tran',  v.t.  To  put  on  board  a 
railway  train:  opposed  to  detrain. — v.i.  To 
take  places  in  a  railway  train. 

Entrammel,  en-tram'el,  v-t.—entravimelled, 
eyitrammelling.    To  trammel;  to  entangle. 

Entrance,  en'trans,  n.  [From  enter.]  The 
act  of  entering  into  a  ph^e;  the  power  or 
liberty  of  entering;  aamission;  the  door- 
way or  passage  by  which  a  place  may  be 
entered;  initiation;  beginning;  the  act  of 
taking  possession,  as  of  property  or  an 
ofSce.  —  Entrant,  en'trant,  n.  One  who 
enters;  one  who  begins  a  new  course  of  life; 
one  becoming  a  member  for  the  first  time 
of  any  association  or  body. 

Entrance,  en-trans',  v.t.  or  %.— entranced, 
entrancing.    To  throw  into  a  trance;  to 

Sut  into  an  ecstasy;  to  ravish  with  de- 
ght  or  wonder;  to  enrapture.- Entrance- 
ment,  en-trans'ment,  n.  The  act  of  en- 
trancing or  state  of  being  entranced. 

Entrap,  en-trap',  v.t.— entrapped,  entrap- 
ping. To  catch  as  in  a  trap ;  to  insnare ; 
to  catch  by  artifices;  to  entangle. 

Entreat,  en-tret',  v.t.  [Prefix  e?i,  and  treat; 
O.Fr.  entraiter,  to  treat  of.]  To  ask  ear- 
nestly (a  person  or  a  thing);  to  beseech;  to 
supplicate;  to  solicit  pressingly:  to  impor- 
tune ;  to  treat,  handle,  or  deal  with  I . — 
Entreatable,  en-trS'ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  entreated  or  influenced  by  entreaty. 
— Entreater,  en-tre't6r,  n.  One  that  en- 
treats. —  Entreatingly,  en-tre'ting-li,  adv. 
In  an  entreating  manner. — Entreaty,  en- 
tre'ti,  n.  Urgent  prayer;  earnest  petition; 
pressing  solicitation;  supplication. 

&itr6e,  an-tra,  n.  JFr.]  Entry;  freedom 
of  access;  a  made-dish  served  in  the  first 
course  at  table.— Entremets,  an-tr-mO.  n. 
[Fr. — entre,  between,  and  mets,  a  dish.]  A 
side-dish  or  minor  dish  at  table,  as  an 
omelet,  a  jelly,  4c. 

Entrencn,  en-trensh',  v.t;  Entrenchment, 
en-trenen'ment,  n.  Same  as  Intrench,  In- 
trenchinent. 

Entrepdt,  an-tr-po,  nr.  [Fr.,  f/om  L.  inter, 
between,  posituin,  placed.]  A  warehouse 
for  the  depositing  of  {[oods;  an  emporium 
or  centre  for  the  distribution  of  merchab- 
dise. 

Entresol,  en't«r-sol  or  Hn-tr-sol,  n.  [Pr.1 
Areh.  a  low  story  between  two  others  of 
greater  height. 


Entrochite,  en'tro-kit,  n.  [Gr.  en,  in.  and 
troehos,  a  wheel.]  A  tenn  applied  to  the 
wheel-like  joints  of  encrinites,  which  fre- 
quently occur  in  gi-eat  profusion  in  certain 
limestones.— Entrochal,  en'tro-kal,  a.  15e- 
lont'ing  to  or  consisting  of  entrochite. 

Entrust,  en-trust',  v.t.    Inthust. 

Entry,  en'tri,  n.  |Fr.  entr^.  Enteii.I  The 
act  of  entering;  entrance;  iugrcFS;  the  act 
of  recording  in  a  book ;  any  single  item 
entered  or  set  down ;  the  passage  into  a 
house  or  other  building  or  into  a  room  ;  a 
beginning;  a  first  attempt;  the  giving  an 
account  of  a  ship's  cargo  or  exhibition  of 
her  papers,  and  obtaining  permission  to 
land  goods;  law,  the  act  of  taking  posses- 
sion of  lands  or  tenements. — Entry-money, 
n.  Sloney  paid  for  entry ;  money  -paid 
when  a  person  becomes  a  member  of  a  so- 
ciety, or  that  he  may  be  allowed  to  take 
part  in  a  competition. 

Entwine,  en-twin',  v.t. — entieined,  entwin- 
ing. To  twine;  to  twist  round. — v.i.  To  be- 
come twisted  or  twined. —  Entwinement, 
en-twin'ment,  n.  A  twining  or  twisting 
rovmd  or  together. 

Enucleate,t  6-nu'kl5-at,  v.t. —enucleated, 
enucleating.  [L.  enitcleo,  enucleatiim  —  e, 
priv.,  and  nvcleus,  a  kernel.]  To  make 
manifest  or  plain;  to  disentangle;  to  solve. 
—  Enucleation ,t  e-na'kl5-a"8hon,  n.  The 
act  of  enucleating;  explanation. 

Emunerjtte,  e-nfi'me-rat,  v.t. —enumerated, 
enumerating.  [L.  enutnero,  enwneratujn 
— e,  out,  and  nvmcTms,  number.]  To  count 
or  tell,  number  by  number;  to  number;  to 
count;  to  mention  one  by  one;  to  recount. 
— Enumeration,  6-nQ'me-ra"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  enumerating;  an  account  of  a  num- 
ber of  things  each  by  each  — Enumerative.f 
e-nu'me-ra-tiv,  a.  Counting;  reckoning 
up.— Enumerator,  e-ntt'me-ra-tfir,  n.  One 
who  enumerates. 

Enunciate,  e-nun'si-at  or  5-nun'shi-5t,  v.t. 
— enunciated,  enunciating.  [L.  enuneio, 
enunciaium — e,  out,  and  nuncio,  to  tell.] 
To  utter,  as  words  or  syllables;  to  pro- 
nounce; to  declare;  to  prt>claim;  to  an- 
nounce; to  state. — v.i.  To  utter  words  or 
syllables.- Enunciable,  e-nun'si-a-bl  or  c- 
nun'shf,  o.  Capable  of  being  enunciated  or 
expressed. —  Enunciation,  e-nun'si-ft"shon 
or  S-nun'shi,  n.  The  act  of  eiiunciating; 
declaration;  expression;  manner  of  utter- 
ance; that  which  is  enunciated;  announce- 
ment; statement.— Ennnciative,  e-nun'si- 
a-tiv  or  6-nun'shi,  a,  Pertaining  to  enun- 
ciation ;  declarative.  —  Enunciatively,  e- 
nun'si-a-tiv-li  or  e-nun'shi,  adv.  Declara- 
tively.  —  Ennnciator,  5-nun'si-a-t6r  or  6- 
nun'shi,  n.  One  who  enunciates.— Enun- 
ciatory,  e-nun'si-a-to-ri  or  e-nun'shi,  a. 
Pertaining  to  enunciation  or  utterance. 

Enuresis,  en-Q-re'sis,  n.  [Gr.  en,  in,  and 
ouron,  urine.]  Pathol,  incontinence  or 
involuntary  discharge  of  urine. 

Envelop,  en-vel'up,  v.t.  [Fr.  envelopper.  It. 
invUlupare,  to  envelop — pKfix  en.  in,  and 
verb  e<^uivalent  t-o  E.  twap,  anola  form  of 
which  18  wlap:  so  also  develop.]  To  covei*, 
as  by  wrapping  or  folding';  to  enwrap  or 
wrap  up;  to  surrojind  entirely;  to  cover 
on  ail  sides ;  to  form  a  covering  about;  to 
lie  around  and  conceal.— Envelope,  en've- 
lop,  n.  What  is  wrapped  around  or  envel- 
ops something;  a  wrapper;  an  inclosing 
cover;  an  integument;  hot.  one  of  the  parts 
of  fructification  surrounding  the  etaineus 
and  pistils.  —  Envelopment,  en-vel'up- 
ment,  n.  The  act  of  enveloping;  that  which 
envelops. 

Envenom,  en-ven'om,  v.t.  To  taint  or  im- 
pregnate with  venom;  to  i>oison;  to  imbue 
with  ■bitterness  or  malice ;  to  enrage ;  to 
exasperate. 

Enviable,  Envious,  &c.    See  Ekvt. 

Environ,  en-vi'ron,  v.t.  [Fr.  environner — 
en,  and  O.Fr.  t>ironn«r,  to  veer,  to  environ, 
from  virer,  to  veer.  Veer.]  To  surround, 
encompass,  or  encircle;  to  hem  in;  to  in- 
volve ;  to  envelop. — Environment,  en-vi'- 
ron-ment,  n.  Act  of  surrounding;  state  of 
being  environed;  that  which  environs;  sur- 
roundings. —  Environs,  en-vi'ronz,  n;  pL 
The  parts  or  places  which  surround  an- 
other place,  or  lie  in  its  neighbourhood,  on 
diiferent  siaes. 

Envie.ifs,  eu-viz'Sj,  v.t.    [Tr.  enviaager— 


F&te,  tit,  fat,  f«ll;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tQbe,  tub,  b\)Il;     oil,  pound;    *fl,  Sc^bune— the  Fr.  u. 


ENVOY 


239 


EPIGENi 


en,  in,  and  visage,  face.]  To  look  in  the 
face  of;  to  face.— Envlsagement,  en-viz'aj- 
ment,  n.    The  act  of  envisaging'. 

Envoy,  en'voi,  n.  [Pr.  envoyer,  to  send — 
en,  and  vote,  L.  via,  a  way,  as  in  convoy, 
voyage,  &c.  Way.]  One  despatched  upon 
an  errand  or  inission;  a  messenger;  a  per- 
son deputed  to  negotiate  a  treaty,  or  trans- 
act other  business,  with  a  foreign  ruler  or 
government;  a  diplomatic  agent  sent  on  a 
special  occasion. — Envoyship,  en'voi-ship, 
n.    The  office  of  an  envoy. 

Envy,  en'vi,  n.  [Fr.  envie,  from  L.  intndia, 
envy,  from  invidtis,  envious— in,  against, 
and  root  vid,  to  look.  Vision.]  Pam,  un- 
easiness, mortification,  or  discontent  ex- 
cited by  the  sight  of  another's  superiority 
or  success;  a  feeling  that  makes  a  person 
begrudge  another  his  good  fortune;  malice; 
object  of  envy. — v.t. — envied,  envying.  I  Fr. 
envier.]  To  feel  envy  towards  or  on  account 
of;  to  repine  at;  to  regard  with  malice  and 
longing;  to  desire  earnestly. — v.i.  To  be 
affected  with  envy;  to  have  envious  feel- 
ings.—Enviable,  en'vi-a-bl,  a.  Exciting  or 
capable  of  exciting  envy.  —  Enviableness, 
en'vi-a-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  enviable. — Enviably,  en'vi-a-bli.ordy. 
In  an  enviable  manner.  —  Envious,  en'vi- 
us,  a.  [Fr.  enirieux.'[  Feeliag  or  harbour- 
ing envy;  tinctured  with  envy;  excited  or 
directea  by  envy.— Enviously,  en'vi-us-li, 
adv.  In  an  envious  manner.  —  Envlous- 
ness,  en'vi-us-nes,  n. 

Enwrap,  en-rap',  v.t.  To  envelop;  to  in- 
wrap. 

Enzootic,  en-zo-ot'ik,  a.  [Gr.  en,  among,  and 
zOon,  an  animal.]  Limited  to  the  animals 
of  a  district:  specifically  applied  to  dis- 
eases.— n.  A'disease  restricted  to  the  ani- 
mals of  a  district. 

Eocene,  e'o-sen,  a.  and  n.  [6r.  goa,  the 
dawn,  and  kainos,  recent.)  Geol.  a  term 
applied  to  the  series  of  strata  at  the  base 
ot  the  tertiary  formations,  so  called  from 
the  small  proportion  of  1  iving  species  found . 
in  it. 

Eolian,  Eolic,  e-oli-an,  6-ol'ik,  a.  A  name 
of  one  of  the  ancient  Greek  razees.— Eolian 
mode,  mus.,  the  fifth  of  the  authentic 
Gregorian  modes;  it  consists  of  the  natural 
notesA  B  0  D  E  F  G.—n.  The  Eolian  dia- 
lect; one  of  the  Eolian  race. 

Eolian,  e-o'li-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  ^olus, 
the  god  of  the  winds.— jEo Kan  lyre  or  harp, 
a  simple  instrument  that  sounds  by  the 
air  sweeping  across  its  strings. 

Eollpile,  e-ol'i-pil,  n.  [L.  Molvs,  the  deity 
of  the  winds,  and  pila,  a  ball.]  A  hollow 
ball  of  metal,  with  a  pipe  or  slender  neck, 

'used  for  exhibiting  the  elastic  power  of 

Eolithl'c,  g-5-lith'ik,  a.  [Gr.  eos,  the  dawn, 
and  lithos,  a  stone.]  Archceol.  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  early  part  of  the  palaeolithic 
period. 

Eon,  iEon,  6'on,  n.  [Gr.  aim,  age,  duration, 
eternity.]  A  long  indefinite  space  of  time; 
a  great  cycle  of  years;  an  age;  an  era; 
Platonic  philos.  a  virtue,  attribute,  or  per- 
fection existing  throughout  eternity;  a 
sort  of  divine  beings  believed  in  by  the 
Gnostics. 

Eozoic,  e-o-zo'ik,  a.  [Or.  eos,  dawn,  and 
zOe,  life.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  oldest 
fossiliferous  rocks,  from  their  being  sup- 
posed to  contain  the  first  or  earliest  traces 
of  life  in  the  stratified  systems.— Eozoon, 
6-o-zo'on,  n.  Tlie  name  given  to  a  supposed 
fossil  animal  of  low  type,  found  in  the 
Laurentian  rocks  of  Canada  and  in  the 

'  quartz  rocks  of  Germany. — Eozoonal,  e-o- 
zo'o-nal,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  eozoon. 

Epact,  e'pakt,  n.  [Gr.  epaktos,  brought  in 
or  on — epi,  on,  and  ago,  to  lead.]  Chron. 
the  excess  of  the  solar  month  above  the 
lunar  synodical  month,  and  of  the  solar 
year  above  the  lunar  year  of  twelve  syno- 
dical months. 

Epanthous,  e-pan'thus,  a.  [Gr.  «pi,  upon, 
and  anthoa,  flower.]  Bot.  growing  upon 
flowers. 

Sparch,  ep'axk,  n.  [Gr.  eparcJwa—epi,  and 
arche,  dominion.]  In  Greece,  the  governor 
of  a  province  or  eparchy.— Eparchy,  ep'- 
'&»Id,  n.-  fGr.  eparchia.l  The  territory 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  an  eparch. 

Ep&uls,  e-pftl',n.  [Fr.'^pa«ie,the  shoulder. 


O.Fr.  eapaule,  from  L.  spatula,  apathula,  a 
broad,  flat  thing;  dim.  of  spatha,  a  broad 
blade;  allied  to  spade.]  Fori.the  shoulder  of 
abastion,  or  the  angle  made  by  the  face  and 
flank. — Epanlement,  e-pal'ment,  n.  Fort. 
a  mass  of  earth,  &c.,  raised  for  the  puri'ose 
either  of  protecting  a  body  of  troops  at  one 
extremity  of  their  line,  or  of  forming  a 
wing  or  shoulder  of  a  battery  to  preveat 
the  guns  from  being  dismounted  b^  an  en- 
filading fire;  a  kind  of  parapet.— Epaulet, 
Epaulette,  ep'a-let,  n.  [Fr.  ipaulette.]  A 
shoulder-piece;  an  ornamental  badge  worn 
on  the  shoulder,  especially  by  military  and 
naval  officers.— Epauletted,  cp'a-let-ed,  o. 
Furnished  with  epaulets. 
Epencephalon,  ep-en-sef'a-lon,  n.  [Gr.  epi, 
near,  and  enkephalon,  the  hrain.J  Anat. 
the  hindmost  of  the  four  divisions  or  seg- 
ments of  the  brain.— Epencephallc,  ep'en- 
8e-fal"ik,  a.  Anat.  of  or  belonging  to  the 
epencephalon. 

Epenthesis,  e-pen'the-sis,  n.  [Gr.— epi,  on, 
en,  in,  and  tithemi,  to  put.J  Gram,  the  in- 
sertion-of  a  letter  or  syllable  in  the  middle 
of  a  word.  —  Epenthetic,  ep-en-thet'ik,  a. 
Gram,  inserted  in  the  middle  of  a  word. 
Epcrgne,  e-pem',  n.  [Apparently  from  Fr. 
ipargne,  thrift,  economy.]  An  ornamental 
stand  with  a  large  dish  and  branches  for 
the  centre  of  a  table. 

Epexegesis,  e-pek'se-j6"sis,  n.  [Gr.  epi,  and 
exegesis.  ExtoEsis.l  Afull  explanation 
or  interpretation  of  something  immedi- 
ately preceding;  exegesis.— Epexegetical, 
e-pek'se-jet"i-kal,  a.  Explanatory;  exe- 
eetical. 

Epha,  Ephah,  6'fa,  «.  [Heb.]  A  Hebrew 
measure  of  capacity,  containipg,  according 
to  one  estimate,  86696, gallons;  according 
to  another,  4"4286. 

Ephemeral,  e-fem'e-ral,  a.  [Gr.  ephemeros, 
lasting  but  a  day,  short-lived  — epi,  and 
himera,  a  day.]  Beginning,and  ending  in 
a  day;  continuing  or  existing  one  day  only; 
short-lived;  fleeting.— Ephemera,  e-fem'e- 
ra,  n.  A  small  fly  that  lives  but  for  a  day 
or  for  a  very  short  time ;  ■  the  day-fly. — 
Epbemerality,  e-fem'e-ral"i-ti,  n.  The 
state  of  being  ephemeral ;  that  which  is 
ephemeral.— Ephemeridian,  e-fem'e-rid"i- 
.  an,  a.  Relating  to  an  ephemeris.— Ephem- 
eris,  e-fem'e-ris,  n.  pi.  Ephemerides,  e-fe- 
mer'i-dez.  [Gr.,  a  diary.]  A  journal  or 
account  of  daily  transactions ;  a  diary ; 
astron.  a"  publication  exhibiting  the  places 
of  the  heavenly  bodies  throughout  the 
year,  and  giving  other  information  regard- 
ing them;  an  astronomical  almanac; -a 
collective  name  for  reviews,  magazines, 
and  all  kinds  of  periodical  literature. — 
Epbemerist,  e-fem'e-rist,  n.  One  who 
studies  the  daily  motions  and  positions  of 
the  planets;  one  who  keeps  an  ephemeris. 
,— Ephemeron,  e-fem'e-ron,  n.  Anything 
ephemeral. 

Ephesian,  e-fe'zhi-am,  o.  Pertaining  to 
Ephesus  in  Asia  Minor. 
Epnod,  ef'od,  n.  [Heb.,  from  aphad,  to 
put  on.]  A  species  of  vestment  worn  by 
the  Jewish  high-priest  over  the  second 
tunic,  and  consisting  of  two  main  pieces, 
one  covering  the  back,  the  other  the  breast 
and  upper  part  of  the  body. 
Ephor,  ef'or,  n.  [Gr.  eptioroa.]  A  name  of 
certain  magistrates  among  the  ancient 
Spartans. 

Epiblast,  ep'i-blast,  n.  [Gr.  epi,  upon,  and 
blastos,  a  bud.]  Bot.  a  second  cotyledon, 
consisting  of  a  small  transverse  plate, 
found  on  some  grasses;  anat.  the  upper 
of  the  two  layers  of  cells  (the  under  being 
the  hypoblast)  forming  the  blastoderm. 
Epic,  ep'ik,  a.  [L.  eptCMS,  from  Gr.  epikos, 
from  epos,  a  word,  a  song.]  Composed  in 
a  lofty  narrative  style  of  poetry;  pertain- 
ing to  such  a  style;  narrative;  heroic— n. 
A  narrative  poem  of  elevated  character, 
describing  often  the  exploits  of  heroes. 
Epicalyx,  ep-i-ka'liks,  n.  [Gr.  epi,  upon, 
and  calyx.]  Bot.  the  outer  calyx  in  plants 
with  two  calyces,  formed  either  of  sepals 
or  bracts. 

Epicarp,  ep'i-karp,  n.  [Gr.  epi,  upon,  and 
karpos,  fruit.]  Bot.  the  outer  skin  of 
fruits,  the  fleshy  substance  or  edible  por- 
tion being  termed  the  meaoearp,  and  the 
inner  portion  the  endocarp. 


Epicene,  ep'i-sen,  a.  [Or.  epiil:oi»o8,  com- 
mon to  a  number — epi,  and  koinos,  com- 
mon.] Gram,  a  term  applied  to  nouns 
which  have  but  one  form  of  gender,  either 
the  masculine  or  feminine,  to  indicate 
animals  of  both  sexes. 
Epiclinal,  ep-i-kli'nal,  a.  [Gr.  epi,  upon, 
and  kling,  a  bed.]  Bot.  placed  upon  the 
disk  or  receptacle  of  a  flower. 
Epicure,  ep'i-kur,  n.  [After  Epicurvs,  a 
Greek  philosopher  who  taught  that  plea- 
sure and  pain  are  the  chief  good  and  chief 
evil.]  One  devoted  to  sensual  enjoyments; 
especially  one  who  indulges  in  the  luxuries 
of  the  table.- Epicurean,  ep'i-ku-re"an,  a. 
Pertaining  to  Epicurus  or  his  teaching; 
luxurious;  given  to  luxury.— n.  A  follower 
of  Epicurus;  a  man  devoted  to  sensual 
pleasures  or  luxuries ;  an  epicure.  —  Epi- 
cureanism, ep'i-ka-re"an-izm,  n.  Tne 
principles  or  philosophical  doctrines  of 
Epicurus;  attachment  to  luxurious  habits. 
—Epicurism,  ep'i-kQ-rizm,  n.  The  prac- 
tices of  an  epicure.- Epicurize,  ep'i-ka-riz, 
v.i. — epicurized,  epicurizing.  To  indulge 
one's  self  like  an  epicure. 
Epicycle,  ep'i-si-kl,  n. .  [Gr.  epi,  and  kyklos, 
a  circle.]  In  old  astronomy,  a  little  circle, 
whose  centre  moves  round  m  the  circum- 
ference of  a  greater  circle. — Epicycllc,  ep- 
i-si'klik,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  epicycle. — 
Epicycloid,  ep-i-si'kloid,  n.  Geom.  a  curve 
generated  by  the  movement  of  a  curve 
upon  the  convex  or  concave  side  of  another 
fixed  curve.  —  EpicycloidaJ,  ep'i-si-kloi"- 
dal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  epicycloid,  or 
having  its  xiropertiea.-^Epicyclo'ulal  wheel, 
a  fixed  wheel  or  ring  toothed  on  its  inner 
side,  and  having  in  gear  with  it  another 
toothed  wheel  of  Half  the  diameter,  fitted 
so  as  to  revolve  about  the  centre  of  the 
larger. 

Epidelctic,  Epideictical,  cp-i-dik'tik, 'ep-i- 
dik'ti-kal,  a-  [Gr.  epideiktikos—epi,  and 
d^ik~nymi,  to  show.  J  Serving  to  display  or 
show  off;  having  a  rhetorical  or  declama- 
tory character;  demonstrative. 
Epidemic,  Epidemical,  ep-i-dem'ik,  ep-i- 
aem'i-kal,  a.  [Gr.  epii  upon,  and  demos, 
people.]  Common  to  or  affecting  a  whole 
people,  or  a  great  number  in  a  commu- 
nity: said  of  diseases;  prevalent;  general; 
generally  prevailing.  —  Epidemic,  n.  A 
disease  which,  arising  from  a  wide-spread 
cause,  attacks  many  people  at  the  same 
period  and  in  the  same  country.  —  Epi- 
demically, ep-i-dem'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  an 
epidemic  manner. — Epidemiological,  ep- 
i-d6'mi-o-loj"i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  epi- 
demiology. —  Epidemiologist,  ep-i-de'mi- 
ol"o-jist,  n.  One  skilled  in  epidemiology. 
—  Epidemiology,  ep-i-d5'mi-oi"o-ji,  n.  The 
doctrine  of  or  method  of  investigating 
epidemic  diseases.— Epldemy,t  ep'i-de-mi, 
n.    An  epidemic. 

Epidermis,  Epiderm,ep-i-d6r'mis,ep'i-d6rm, 
n.  [Gr.  epidermis— epi,  and  de7-ma,  skin.] 
Anat.  the  cuticle  or  scarf-skin  of  the  body; 
a  thin  membrane  covering  the  true  skin 
of  aninials;  hot.  the  cellular  integument, 
or  the  exterior  cellular  coating  of  the  leaf 
or  stem  of  a  plant.  — ^Epidermal,  ep-i-d6r'- 
mal,  a.  Relating  to  fb.n  epidermis;  epider- 
mic—Epidermatoid,Epidenaold,ep-i-d6r'- 
ma-toid,  ep-i-d6r'moid,  a.  Resembling  or 
pertaining  to  the  epiderm. —Epidermic, 
Epidermlcal,  ep-i-der'mik,  ep-i-der'mi-kal, 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  the  epidermis. 
Epidictic,  Epidictical,  ep-i-dik'tik,  ep-i- 
dik'ti-kal,  a.  Same  as  Epideictic. 
Epidote,  ep'i-dot,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  epi, 
over  and  above,  and  didomi,  to  give,  from 
the  enlargement  of  the  base  of  the  pri- 
mary in  some  of  the  secondary  forms.]  A 
mineral  of  a  green  or  gray  colour,  vitreous 
lustre,  and  partial  transparency,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  garnet  family. 
Epigseous,  Epigeous,  ep-i-je'us,  a.  [Gr.  epi, 
upon,  and  oe,  caia.the  earth.]  Bot.  grow- 
ing on  or  close  to  the  earth. 
Epigastric,  ep-i-gas'trik,  a.  [Gr.  epi,  and 
gaster,  belly.]  Pertaining  to  the  upper 
and  anterior  part  of  the  abdomen.— Epi- 
gastrium, ep-i-gas'tri-um,  n.  The  upper 
_part  of  the  abdomen. 
Epige«,  Epigenm,  ep'i-j6,  ep-i-j6'um,  n. 
[EPIO.S0DS.]  Same  as  Perigee. 
Epigene,  ep'i-jen,  a.     [Gr.  epi,  upon,  and 


ch,  ehaia;     ch,  8c.  locft;  ^.g,  go;  .  j,/ob;  ^  n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sing;  jeh.  then;  th,  thin;  jww,  wig;  -,wh,  wWg;  -»zh,  a«are.' 


EriGENESIS 


240 


EPOCH 


root  gen,  to  produce.]  Geol.  formed  or  ori- 
ginating on  the  sui-f  ace  of  the  earth :  op- 
posed to  hypogene. 

EpigenesiB,  ep-i-jen'e-sis,  n.  fGr.  epi,  and 
gentais,  generation.]  The  biological  the- 
ory that  organic  bodies  and  parts  are  pro- 
duced by  superadded  vital  activity  and 
not  merely  developed  from  pre-existing 
bodies.  —  Epigenesist,  ep-i-jen'e-sist,  n. 
One  who  supports  the  theory  of  epigenesis. 
^-Epigenetic,  ep'i-je-net"ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  produced  by  epigenesis. — Epijen- 
ons,  ep-ij'e-nus,  a.  BDt.  growing  upon  the 
surface  of  a  part. 

Epiglottis,  ep-i-glot'is,  m.  [6r.  epiglottis— 
epi,  upon,  and  glottis.']  Aiiat.  a  cartila- 
ginous plate  behind  the  tongue,  which 
covei-8  the  glottis  like  a  lid  during  the  act 
of  swallowing.— Epiglottic,  ep-i-giot'ik,  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  epiglottis. 

Epigram,  ep'i-gram,  n.  [Gr.  epigramma, 
an  inscriptiou — epi,  upon,  and  gramma,  a 
writing,  from  grapho,  to  write.]  A  short 
poem  usually  keenly  satirical,  the  last 
line  of  which  generally  contains  the  sting 
or  pointed  allusion;  also  an  interesting 
thought  represented  happily  in  a  few 
words,  whether  verse  or  prose;  a  pointed 
or  antithetical  saying.  —  Epigrammatic, 
Epigrammatical,  ep'i-gram-mat"ik,  ep'i- 
gram-mat"i-kal,  a.  Relating  to,  charac- 
terized by,  or  producing  epigrams;  like 
an  epigram;  antithetical;  pointed. — Epi- 
grammatically,  ep '  i-gram-mat "  i-kal-li, 
adv.  In  an  epigrammatic  manner  or  stjrle; 
tersely  and  pointedly.  —  Epigrammatist, 
ei)-i-gram'ma-tist,  n.  One  who  composes 
epigrams  or  deals  in  them. — Epigrammat- 
ize,  ep-i-gram'ma-tiz,  v.t.  To  represent  or 
express  by  epigrams. 

EpigTaph,  ep'i-graf ,  n.  [Gr.  epigrapJtg—epi, 
and  grapho,  to  write.]  An  inscription  on 
a  building,  tomb,  pioniiment,  statue,  &c., 
denoting  its  use  or  appropriation ;  a  quo- 
tation or  motto  at  the  commencement  of 
a  work,  or  at  its  separate  divisions. — 
Epigraphic,  ep-i-graf'^,  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  an  epigraph. — Epigraphies,  Epigra- 
pliy,  ep-i-graf 'iks,  e-pig'ra-fi,  n.  That 
branch  of  knowledge  which  deals  with  the 
deciphering  and  explaining  of  inscrip- 
tions.- Epigraphist,  e-pig'ra-fist,  n.  One 
versed  in  epigraphies. 

Epigjmous,  e-pij'i-nus,  a.  [6r.  epi,  upbn, 
and  gyne,  female.]  Bot.  growing  or  ap- 
pearing to  grow  upon  the  top  of  the  ovary. 

Epilepsy,  ep'i-lep-si,  n.  [Gr.  epilepsia — epi, 
upon,  and  latnbanO,  Upsomai,  to  take,  to 
seize.]  The  falling-sickness;  a  spasmodic 
disease  in  which  the  sufferer  suddenly  falls 
down  without  sensation  or  consciousness, 
and  commonly  recurring  at  intervals. — 
Epileptic,  Epileptical,  ep-i-lep'tik,  ep-i- 
lep'ti-ka!,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  indicating 
epilepsy;  affected  with  epilepsy;  consisting 
of  epilepsy.— Epileptic,  n.  One  affected 
'Aath  epilepsy;  a  medicine  for  the  cure  of 
epilepsy.- Epileptoid,  ep-i-lep'toid,  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  epilepsy;  resembling  e^i-. 


Epilogne,  ep'i-log,  n.  [L.  epilogv.s,  from 
Gr.  epilogos,  conclusion— epi,  and  legO,  to 
speak.]  A  speech  or  short  poem  addressed 
to  the  spectators  by  one  of  the  actors,  after 
the  conclusion  of  a  drama.— Epilogio,  Epl- 
loglcal,  ep-i-loj'ik,  ep-i-loj'i-kal,  a.  Relat- 
ing to  or  like  an  epilogue.  Al^so  Epilogis- 
tlc,  e-pil'o-jis"tik.— Epiloguise,  EpUogize, 
e-pil'o-giz,  e-pil'o-jiz,  v.i.  To  pronounce 
an  epilogue.  -^  2pilogulser,  Epiloguizer, 
ep'i-lo-gi"z6r,  n.    One  who  epiloguises. 

Epimera,  ep-i-me'ra,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  epi,  upon, 
and  meron,  thigh.]  The  lateral  pieces  oi 
the  dorsal  surface  of  the  segment  of  a 
crustacean.— Epimeral,  ep-i-m6'ral,  a.  A 
term  applied  to  that  part  of  the  segment 
of  a  CTustaceous  animal  which  is  above 
the  joint  of  the  limb. 

Eplperiphenal,  ep'i-pe-rif 'e-ral,  a.  [Gr.  epi, 
upon,  and  JS.  peripheral.l  Situated  or 
origina.ting  upon  the  periphery  or  exter- 
»al  siirf ace. 

EpipetaloTU,  ep-i-pet'a-Ius,  a.  [Gr.  epi, 
upon,  and  petojfon,  a  leaf.]  .B(X., inserted 
in  or  growing  on  the  petal. 

Eplpiar.y,  C-pifa-ni,  n.  [Gr.  epiphaneia, 
:.ppearance,  from  epiphainO,  to  appear — 
ep%,  upon,  and  phainO,  to  show.]   An  ai)- 


pearance  or  a  becoming  manifest;  specifi- 
cally, a  Christian  festival  celebrated  on 
the  sixth  day  of  January  in  commemora- 
tion of  the  manifestation  of  our  Saviour's 
birth  to  the  wise  men  of -the  East. 

Epiphloenm,  ep-i-fle'um,  n.  [Gr.  epi,  upon, 
and  phloios,  bark.]  Bot.  the  layer  of  bark 
immediatelj'  below  the  epiderm;  the  cellu- 
lar integument. 

Epiphyllous,  ep-i-fil'us,  o.  [Gr  epi,  upon, 
and  phyllon,  a  leaf.]  Bot.  inserted  or 
growing  upon  a  leaf. 

Epiphysis,  e-pif 'i-sis,  n.  [Gr.  epiphysis — epi, 
upon,  and  phyO,  to  grow.]  Anat.  any  por- 
tion of  a  bone  separated  from  the  body  of 
the  bone  by  a  cartilage  which  becomes 
converted  into  bone  by  age.— Epiphyseal, 
Epiphysial,  ep-i-fiz'e-al,  ep-i-fiz'i-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  nature  of  an  epi- 
physis. 

Epiphyte,  ep'i-fit,  n.  [Gr.  epi,  upon,  and 
phyton,  a  plant.]  A  plant  growing  upon 
another  plant,  but  not  deriving  its  nour- 
ishment from  it;  an  air-plant. — ^Epiphytic, 
Epiphjrtical,  ep-i-fit'ik,  ep-i-fit '  i-kal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  having  the  nature  of  an 
epiphyte.  Also  Epiphylial,  ep-i-fi'tal.— Epi- 

.  phytically,  ep-i-fit 'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  an 
epiphytic  manner. 

Epiplerosis,  ep'i-ple-ro"sis,  n.  [Gr.  epi,  and 
plerOfds,  repletion.]  -In  pathol.  excessive 
repletion;  distension..    .^ 

Epiploon,  e-pip'lo-on, '«,  [Gr.  epiploon — 
epi,  upon,  and  pUo,  to  swim.]  The  caul 
or  omentum,  a  membranous  expansion 
which  floats  upon  t&e  intestines.  —  Epi- 
ploic, ep-i-plo'ik,  o.  Pertaining  to  the 
caul  or  omentum. 

Eplrhlzons,  ep-i-ri'zus,  a.  [Gr.  epi,  upon, 
and  rhiza,  a  root.]  Bot.  growing  on  a  root. 

Epirrheology,  e-pir'e-ol"o-ji,  n.  [  Gr.  epi, 
upon,  rJieO,  to  flow,  and  logos,  discourse.] 
That  branch  of  botany  which  treats  of  the 
effects  of  external  agents  upon  plants. 

Episcopacy,  e-pis'ko-pa-si,  n.  [L.  episco- 
patus,  from  Gr.  epishopos,  a  bishop.  Bish- 
op.] That  form  of  ecclesiastical  govern- 
ment in  which  bishops  are  established,  as 
distinct  from  and  superior  to  priests  or 
presbyters;  the  collective  body  of  bishops. 
— Episcopal,  e-pis'ko-pal,  a.  Belonging  to 
or  vested  in  bishops  or  prelates;  character- 

.istio  of  or  pertaining  to  a  bishop  or  bish- 
ops.—  £piscopaliaa,  e-pis'ka-pa'li-an,  a. 
Pertaining  to  bishops  or  government  by 
bishops;  episcopal. — n.  One  who  belongs 
to  an  episcopal  church  or  favours  episco- 
pacy .-^Episcopali£.nism,  e-pis'ko-pR'li-an- 
izm,  n.  The  system  of  episcopal  religion, 
or  govemnrent  of  the  church  by  bishops. 
— Episcopally,  e-pis'ko-pal-li,  adv.  In  an 
episcopal  manner.  —  Episcopate,  S-pisTio- 
pat,  n..  A  bishopric;  the  office  and  dignity 
of  a  bishopj  the  collective  body  of  bishops. 

Episode,  ep'i-sodj  ji.  [Qx.epeisodimi,  from 
epi,  and  eisodos,  an  entrance — eis,  to,  in, 
and  hodos,  a  way.]  A  separate  incident, 
story,  or  action,  introduced  for  the  purpose 
of  giving-  a  greater  variety  to  the  events 

.  related  m  a  poem,  romance,  tale,  Ac;  an 
incident  or  action  more  or  less  connected 
with  a  complete  series  of  events.  —  Epi- 
sodic, Episodical,  ep-i-sod'ik,  ep-i-sod'i-kal, 
a.  Pertaining  to  an  episode;  contained 
in  an  episode  or  digression.  Also  Episodal, 
Episodial,  ep-i-so'dal,  ep-i-so'di-al.  —  Epi- 
sodically, ep-i-sod'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  an  epi- 
sodic manner. 

Epispastic,  ep-i-spaa'tik,  a.  [Gr.  epispaO, 
to  draw.]  Med.  drawing;  olistering. — 
n.  A  vesicatory;  a  blister. 

Eplsperm,  ep'i-sp^rin,  n.  [Gr.  epi,  upon, 
ana  sperma,  a  seed.]  Bot  the  t«sta  or 
outer  integument  of  a  seed. — Eplspermic, 
ep-i-8p6r'mik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  epi- 
sperm. 

Epistaxis,  ep-i-stak'sis,  n.  r6r..epi,  upon, 
and  st<uas,  a  dropping.]  Bleeding  ^om 
the  nose. 

EpiBtema,ep-i-8t$r'na,n.  pZ.  [Gr.  epi,  upon, 
and  stemofi,  the  breast-bone.]  The  lateral 
pieces  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  segment 
of  a  crustacean.— Eplstemal,  ep-i-stfer'nal, 
a.  Anat.  a  term  applied  to  two  bones 
forming  part  of  the  steraiaTa ,  and  situated 
upon  its  superior  and  lateral  part. 

Eputle,  e-pis'l,  n.  (h.  ejyistola,  Gr.  epiatole, 
from  epistello,  to  send  to — epi,  on,  and 


gtello,  to  send.]  A  writing,  direoted  or 
sent,  communicating  intelligence  to  a  dis- 
tant person;  a  letter:  applied  particularly 
in  dignified  discourse  or  in  speaking  of  the 
letters  of  the  apostles  or  of  the  ancients. 
— Epistler,  e-pis'ler,  n.  A  writer  of  epis- 
tles; one  who  reads  the  epistle  in  a  church 
service.— Epistolary,  e-pis'to-la-ri,  a.  Per- 
taining to  epistles  or  letters ;  suitable  to 
letters;  contained  in  or  consisting  of  let- 
ters. —  Epistolic,  Eplstolical,  e-pis-tol'ik , 
6-pis-tol'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  letters  or 
epistles.  —  Epistolist,  e-pis'to-list,  n.  A 
writer  of  letters  or  epistles.  —  Epistolize, 
C-pis'to-liz,  v.i.  —  epistolized,  epistolizino- 
To  write  epistles  or  letters. 

Epistoma,  Epistome,  e-pis'to-ma,  ep'i-stom, 
n.  [Gr.  epi,  upon,  and  stoma,  mouth.] 
A  valve-like  organ  which  arches  over  the 
mouth  in  m.any  species  of  Polyzoa. 

Epistrophe,  5-pis'tro-fi,  n.  [Gy.  epistrophS— 
epi,  upon,  and  strophe,  a  return.]  Rhet.  a 
figure  in  which  several  successive  clauses 
or  sentences  end  with-lhe  same  word  .or 
affirmation. 

Epitaph,  ep'i-taf,  n.     [Gr.  epi,  upon,  and 

.  taphos  or  taphe,  a  tomb.]  An  inscriptiou 
on  a  tomb  or  monument  in  honour  or 
memory  of  the  dead;  or  a  composition 
such  as  might  be  so  used.— Epitaphian, 
Epitaphic,  ep-i-taf  i-an,  ep-i-taf  ik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  an  epitaph;  of  the  nature  of  or 
serving  as  an  epitaph. — Epitaphist,  ep'i- 
taf-ist,  n.    A  writer  of  epitaphs. 

Epithalamium,  ep'i-tha-la"mi-um,  n.  [Gr. 
epithalamion—epi,  upon,  and  thalamos,  a 
bed-chamber.]  A  nuptial  song  or  poem, 
in  praise  of  a  bride  and  bridegroom;  a 
poem  in  honour  of  a  newly-married  pair. 
—  Epithalamlc,  ep'i-tha-lam"ik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  an  epithalamium. 

Epithebum,  ep-i-the'li-um,  n.  [Gr.  epi, 
upon,  and  ihelS,  the  nipple.]  Anat.  a  thin 

.  and  delicate  kind  of  cuticle,  like  that 
which  covets  the  nipple;  the  thin  cellular 
layer  which  lines  the  internal  cavities  and 
canals  of  the  body,  as  the  mouth,  nose, 
respiratory  organs,  blood-vessels,  &o.;  bot. 
an  epidermis  consisting  of  young  thin- 
sided  cells,  filled  with  homogeneous  trans- 
parent' colourless  'sap.  —  Epithelial,  ep-i- 
the'li-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  epithelium. 

Epithem,  ep'i-them,  n.  [Gr.  epithcma—epi, 
and  tithemi,  to  place.].  A  kind  of  fomen- 
tation or  poultice.-  , 

Epithet,  ep'i-thet,  n.  [Gr.  epit}ieton,.a,  name 
added,  from  epi,  upon,  And  tithemi,  to 
place.]  .^n  adjective  expressing  some  real 
quality  of  the  thing  to  which  it  is  applied, 
or  some' quality  ascribed  to  it;  any  word 
or  name  implying  a  quality  attached  to 
aijerson  or  thing.— Epitbetic,  Epithetical, 
ep-i-thet'ik,  ep-i-thet'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  an  epithet  or  epithets;  containing  or 
consisting  of  epithets;  abounding  with 
epithets. 

Epitome,  e-pit'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  epitome,  from 
e»i,  upon,  and  tome,  &  cutting,  from  temnO, 
to  cut,  seen  also  in  anatomy,  entomology, 
&c.]  A  brief  summary  or  abstract  of 
any  book  or  writinjt;  a  compendium;  an 

.abridgment;  a  summary;  fig.  anythitg 
which  represents  another  or  others  in  a 
condensed  form: .'. Syn.  under  Abridge. — 
Epitomlsti  Epitomlzer,  e-p;  t'o-mist,  e-pit'- 
o-mi-z6r,  n.  One  who  epitomizes;  the 
writer  of  an  epitome.  Also  Epitomator, 
e-pit'o-ma-t6i\— EjJltomize,  e-pit'o-miz,  v.  t. 
— epitom/ized,  epitomizing.'  To  make  an 
epitome  of;  to  abstract,  inja  sumnjary,  the 
principal  matters  of. 

^izoon,  ep-i-zo'on,  n.  pi.  Epizoa,  ep-iao'a. 
[Gr.  epi,  upon,  and  zOon,  animal.]  A  term 
applied  to  those  parasitic  animals  which 
live  on  or  in  the  skin  of  other  animals. 
Also  Epizoan,  ep-i-zC'an.— Epizootic,  ep'i  - 
zo-ot"ik,-  a.  Applied  to  diseases  prevalent 
among  the  lower  animals,  corresponding 
to  ep&emic  among  men.-:-».  A  pestilence 
among  animals  prevailing  over  a  district. 

Enoch,  e'pok,n.  [t.  epocha,  from  Gr.  epoche, 
retention,  delay,  from  epecko,  to  hold  back 
-r-ept,  upon,  and  ecM,  to  hold.]  A  fixed 
point  of  time  from  which  succeeding  years 
axe  numbered;  a  point  from  which  com- 
putation of  years  begins;  any  fixed  time 
cr  period;  a  memorable  term  of  years; 
era;  age;  uiite. — Epochal, e'po-kal, a.    ik- 


f  At?,  S&s,  fat,  iftlU    md,  nwt,  h&ti    plae,  pin;    nste,  uot,  mOvei    tabo,  tub,  b\^U ;    oil,  pound;    tt,  So.  abwne— the  tr.  v. 


EPODE 


Ml 


EQUITABLE 


longing  to  an  epoch;  of  tlie  nature  of  an 
epoch. 

Epode,  ep'od,  n.  [Gr.  epode — epi.  upon,  and 
ode,  a  song,  au  ode.J  The  thirtf  or  last 
part  of  the  ode,  the  ancient  ode  being 
divided  into  strophe,  antistrophe,  and 
epode;  a  species  of  lyric  poem  in  which  a 
longer  verse  is  followed  by  a  shorter  one. 
— Ejjodic,  e-po'dik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  an  epode. 

Eponym,  ep'o-nim,  n.  [Gr.  epi,  upon,  and 
unoma,  a  name.]  A  name  of  a  place  or 
people  derived  from  that  of  a  person;  a 
name  of  a  personage  called  into  existence 
to  account  for  the  name  of  a  country  or 
people,  as  Italus,  Romulus,  for  Italy,  Rome. 
— Eponymic,  Eponymous,  ep-o-nim'ik,  e- 
pon'i-mus,  a.  Of  or  relating  to  or  con- 
nected with  an  eponym. 

Epopee,  Epopoeia,  ep-o-pC,  ep-o-pe'ya,  n. 
[Fr.  epopie,  Gr.  epopoiia—'ejios,  a  word,  an 
epic  poem,  and  poieo,  to  make.]  An  epic 
poem;  the  subject  of  an  epic  poem. — Epos, 
ep'os,  n.  [Qr.j  An  epic  poem  or  its  sub- 
ject; an  epopee;  epic  poetry. 

Eprouvette,  a-pr8-vet,  n.  (Pr.,  from  iprou- 
ver,  to  try,  assay,  prove.]  An  instrument 
for  ascertaining  the  explosive  force  of  gun- 
powder. 

Epsom-salt,  ep'som-salt,  n.  The  sulphate 
of  magnesia,  a  cathartic  producing  watery 
discharges :  so  named  from  its  being  for- 
merly procured  by  boiling  down  the  min- 
eral water  of  Epsom,  but  now  prepared 
otherwise. 

Epulotic,  ep-a-lot'ik,  a.  [Gr.  epotdotikoa, 
from  epi,  upon,  and  oule,  a  scar.]  Med. 
healing;  cicatrizing. 

Epyornos.    See  jEpyornis'. 

Equable,  e'kwa-bl,  a.  [h.  cequahilia,  »rom 
aquo,  to  make  equal,  from  ccgrms,  equal.] 
Characterized  by  uniformity,  invariable- 
ness,  or  evenness;  uniform  in  action  or 
intensity;  not  varying;  steady;  even. — 
Equability,  Equableness,  e-kwa-bil'i-ti, 
e'kwa-bl-nes,  ii.  State  or  quality  of  being 
equable.— Equably,  e'kwa-bli,  adv.  In  au 
equable  manner. 

Equal,  e'kwal,  a.  [L.  mqualia,  from  tequus, 
equal  (seen  also  in  equity,  adequate,  ini- 
quity, &c.);  same  root  as  Skr.  eka,  one,  the 
same,]  The  same  in  size,  value,  qualities, 
or  degree ;  neither  inferior  nor  superior, 
greater  nor  less,  better  nor  worse;  uiu- 
form;  not  variable;  being  in  just  relation 
or  proportion;  of  the  same  interest  or  im- 
portance; not  unduly  favourable  to  any 
party;  just;  equitable;  fair;  having  com- 
petent power,  ability,  or  means;  adequate. 
— n.  One  not  inferior  or  superior  to  an- 
other; a  person  having  the  same  or  a 
similar  age,  rank,  station,  office,  taleots, 
strength,  &c.;  a  corape.e.r.—v.t.— equalled, 
equalling.  To  make  equal;  to  make  of  the 
same  quantity  or  quality;  to  cause  to  be 
commensurate  with  or  unsurpassed  by;  to 
equalize;  to  be  equal  to;  to  be  adequate  to; 
to  be  commensurate  with;  to  rise  to  the 
same  state,  rank,  estimation,  or  excellence 
with ;  to  become  equal  to. — Equality,  5- 
kwol'i-ti,  n.  [L.  cequalitas.}  The  state  of 
being  equal;  likeness  in  size,  number, 
quantity,  value,  qualities,  or"  degree ;  the 
condition  in  which  things  or  persons  can- 
not be  said  to  be  inferior  or  superior, 
greater  or  less,  one  than  another;  parity; 
sameness  in  state  or  continued  course. — 
Equalize,  6'kwa-liz,  v. t— equalized,  equal- 
izing. To  make  equal;  to  cause  to  be 
equal  in  amount  or  degree;  to  adjust  so 
that  there  shall  be  equality  between. — 
Equalization,  e'kwal-i'Za"shon,  n.  The  act 
of  equalizing,  or  state  of  being  equalized. 
—Equalizer,  e'kwa-li-z6r,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  equalizes.— Equally,  e'kwal-li, 
adv.  In  an  equal  manner  or  degree;  in  the 
same  degree  with  another;  alilK;  in  equal 
shares  or  proportions;  impartially  — Equal- 

■  ness,  e'kwal-nes, ».  A  state  of  being  equal; 
equality. 

Equanimity,  S-kwa-nim'i-ti,  n.  [L.  cequa- 
nimitas — cequus,  equal,  and  animus,  mind.  J 
Evenness  of  mind;  that  calm  temper  or 
;firmness  of  mind  which  is  not  easily  elated 
/or  depressed. 

Equate,  e-kwat',  v.t  —  equated,  equating. 
[1j.  (fquo,  cequai'  ■',  to 'riiako  tqual,  from 
leqiius,  equal.]    '^3  make  equo);  tj  reduce 


to  an  average;  to  make  such  correction  or 
allowance  in  as  will  reduce  to  a  common 
standard  of  comparis^u,  or  will  bring  to  a 
true  result.— Equation,  e-kwa'shon,n.  The 
act  of  equating;  alg.  a  statement  or  ex- 
jiression  asserting  the  equality  of  two 
quantities,  equality  being  denoted  by  the 
sign  =  (equal  to)  between  them;  astron.  a 
quantity  which  from  some  imperfect  rr>e- 
thod  has  to  be  taken  into  account  in  order 

.  to  give  a  true  result.  —  Equation  of  tivie, 
the  difference  between  mean  and  apparent 
time,  or  the  difference  between  the  time 
given  by  a  dial  and  that  given  by  a  clock. 
— Fersonal  equation,  in  astronomical  ob- 
servations the  quantity  of  time  by  which 
a  person  is  in  the  habit  of  noting  a  pheno- 
menon wrongly.  —  Equator,  e-kwa'ter,  n. 
[L.L.  (equator,  from  L.  aequo,  cequalum,  to 
make  equal.]  That  great  circle  of  our 
globe  which  divides  it  into  two  hemi- 
spheres (the  northern  and  southern),  and 
every  point  of  which  is  90°  from  the  poles, 
which  are  also  its  poles,  its  axis  being  also 
the  axis  of  the  earth;  also,  the  equinoctial 
or  celestial  equator.— Equatorial,  e-kwa- 
tC'ri-al,'  a.  Pertaining  to  the  equator.— n. 
An  astronomical  instrument,  contrived 
for  the  purpose  of  directing  a  telescope 
upon  any  celestial  object  of  which  the 
right  ascension  and  declination  are  known, 
and  of  keeping  the  object  in  view  for  any 
length  of  time,  notwithstanding  the  diur- 
nal motion.— Equatorially,  e-kwa-to'ri-al- 
li,  adv.  In  an  equatorial  manner;  in  a 
line  with  the  equator. 

Equerry,  Equery,  ek'we-ri,  n.  [Fr.  icurie, 
a  stable,  so  that  the  word  means  really 
stable  (man);  from  L.Tj.  scuria,  a  stable; 
from  O.H.G.  sHwa,  the  Mod.  6.  scheuer, 
a  bam  or  shed.]  An  officer  of  nobles  or 
princes  who  has  tlie  care  and  manage- 
ment of  their  horses:  in  J^ngland,  equerries 
are  certain  officers  of  the  royal  household 
■in  the  department  of  the  master  of  the 
horse. 

Equestrian,  e-kwes'tri-an,  a.  [L.  equestrig, 
from  eques,  horseman,  from  equui,  horse; 
akin  Gr.  hippos,  Skr.  af  ya,  horse;  Gr.  Okys, 
swift.]  Pertaining  to  horses  or  horseman- 
ship; consisting  m  or  accompanied  with 

.  performances  on  horseback;  representing 
a  person  on  horseback  (an  equestrian 
statue);  pertaining  to  the  class  or  rank  of 
knights  in  ancient  Kome.— n.  A  rider  on 
horseback;  one  who  earns  his  living  by 

Eerforming  feats  of  agility  and  skill  on 
or^eback  in  a  circus.<^EqueBtrianism,  e- 
kwes'tri-an-izm,  n.  .  The  performance  of 
an  equestrian ;  horsemanship.— Equestri- 
enne, 6-kwes'tri-en,  n.  [Spurious  French 
form.]  A  female  rider  or  performer  on 
horseback. 

Equiangular,  5-kwi-ang'gQ-l6r,  a.  Geom. 
consisting  of  or  having  the  angles  all 
equal. 

Equldifferent,  e-kwi-dif'er-ent,  a.  Having 
equal  differences;  arithmetically  propor- 
tional. 

Equidistance,  5-kwi-dis'tans,  n.  Equal 
distance.— Equidistant,  e-kwi-dis'tant,  a. 
Being  at  iin  equal  distance  from  some 
point  or  place.— Equldistantly,  o-kwi-dis'- 
tant-li,  adv.    At  an  equal  distance. 

Equilateral,  e-kwi-lat'er-al,  a.  [L.  cequus, 
equal,  and  latus,  lateris,  a  side.]  Having 
all  the  sides  equal. 

Equilibrate,  5-kwi-n'brat,v.<.—egmZi&rafed, 
equilibrating.  |L.  aquus,  equal,  and  libra, 
to  poise,  from  libra,  a  balance.]  To  balance 
equally;  to  keep  in  equipoise. — Equilibra- 
tion, O'kwi-li-bra"shon,n.  Equipoise;  the 
state  of  being  equally  balanced.— Equili- 
brist, e-kwil'i-brist,  n.  One  that  balances 
equally;  one  who  keeps  his  balance  in  un- 
natural positions  and  hazardous  move- 
ments, as  a  rope-dancer.  —  Equilibrity.t 
e-kwi-lib'ri-ti,  n.  [L.  wquilibritas.^  Equi- 
librium.—Equilibrium,  6-kwi-lib'ri-um,  ii. 
[L.  (equilibrium.]  Equality  of  weight  or 
force;  a  state  of  rest  produced  by  two  or 
more  weights  or  forces  counterbalancing 
each  other,  as  the  state  of  the  two  ends  of 
a  balance  when  both  are  charged  with 
equal  weights,  and  they  maintain  an  even 
or  level  position;  a  state  of  just  poise;  a 
roiition  of  due  balance. 

Eqttiiaultlple,  e-kwi-mul'ti-pl,  a.  IL.cequus, 


equal,  and  muUiplico,  to  multiply.]  Mul- 
tiplied liy  the  same  number  or  quantity. 
— n.  A  number  multiplied  by  the  same 
number  or  quantity  as  another. 

Equine,  Equinal,  e'kwin,  e-kwi'ual,  a.  [L. 
equinus,  from  equua,  a  horse.  Equestri- 
an.]  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  horse. 

Equinox,  e'kwi-noks,  n.  [1j.  (equinoctinm, 
from  a'quus,  equal,  and  nox,  night.]  The 
time  when  tlw  sun  readies  one  of  the  two 
equinoctial  points,  or  points  in  which  the 
ecliptic  and  celestial  equator  intersect 
each  other,  the  vernal  equinox  being  about 
the  21st  of  March,  the  autumnal  equinox 
about  the  23d'of  September,  the  day  autl 
the  night  being  then  of  equal  length  all 
over  the  world.— Equinoctial,  ?-kwi-nok'- 
shal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  equinoxes;  oc- 
curring or  manifested  about  that  timri 
(equinoctial  gales);  pertaining  to  the  re- 
gions or  climate  under  the  equinoctial 
line  or  about  the  equator.  —  Equinoctial 
points,  the  two  points  of  the  heavens  at 
which  the  equator  and  ecliptic  intersect 
each  other.— n.  The  celestial  equator,  so 
called  because,  when  the  sun  is  on  it,  the 
days  and  nights  are  of  equal  length  in  all 
parts  of  the  world. 

Equip,  e-kwip',  v.t.— equipped,  equipping. 
[Ff.  equiper,  O.Fr.  esquiper,  to  equip,  to 
fit  out  a  ship,  from  the  Teut.  stem  skip,  to 
provide,  arrange,  &c.,  as  in  Icel.  skipa,  to 
arrange;  akin  E.  ship,  shape.]  To  dress ; 
to  accoutre;  to  prepare  for  some  particular 
duty  or  service;  si>ecifically,  to  furnish 
with. arms  and  munitions  or  war;  to  pro- 
vide witl»  everything  necessary  for  an  ex- 
pedition or  voyage;  to  fit  out  for  sea,  as  a 
ship.  — Equipage,  ek'wi-paj,  n.  [Fr.  dqui- 
page.]  Materials  with  which  a  person  or 
thing  is  equipped;  accoutrements;  equip- 
ment;  the  furniture  and  supplies  of  an 
armca  ship,  or  the  necessary  preparalions 
for  a  voyage;  a  train  of  dependants  accom- 
panying or  following  a  person;  a  carriage 
with  the  horse  or  horses,  harness,  &c.;  re- 
tinue.— Equipment,  C-kwip'ment,  n.  The 
act  of  equipping  or  fitting  out;  any^thiiig 
that  is  used  in  equipping;  ijeceSsaries  for 
an  expedition,  a  voyage,  «Stc.;  equipage. 

Equipendent,  6-kwi-pen'dent,a.  IL.  (egiuw, 
equal,  pendeo,  to  hang.]  Hanging  in  equi- 
poise; evenly  balanced. 

Equipoise,  e'kwi-poiz,  n.  [L.  cequus,  equal, 
and  E.'  poise.]  Equality  of  weight  or 
force ;  due  balance ;  equilibrium ;  a  state 
in  which  the  two  ends  or  sides  of  a  thing 
are  balanced. 

Equipollence,  EquipoUency,  S-kwi-pollens, 
C-kwi-pol'len-si,  n.  [Fr.  equipollence  —  L. 
cequus,  equal, and  polleo,  to  be  able.]  Equa- 
lity of  power  or  force;  logic,  an  equivalence 
between  two  or  more  propositions.— Equi- 
pollent, e-kwi-pol'lent,  a.  Having  equal 
power,  force,  or  signification;  equivalent. 

Equiponderate,  e-kwi-pon'der-at,  v.i.— equi- 
ponderated, equiponderating.  [L.  cequus, 
equal,  and  pondero,  to  weigli,  from  pondus, 
ponderis,  weight.]  To  be  equal  in  weight; 
to  weigh  as  much  as  another  thing. — v.t. 
To  weigh  equally  in  an  opposite  s(;ale;  to 
counterbalance.  -Equiponderanco,  Equi- 
ponderancy,6-kwi-pon'der-ans,  5-kwi-pon'- 
d6r-an-si,  n.  Equality  of  weight;  equi- 
poise.—Equiponderant,  e-kwi-pon'dfir-ant, 
a.    Beir.g  of  the  same  weight. 

Equisetum,  ek-wi-se'tum,  n.  [L.  equus,  a 
horse,  and  seta,  a  bristle.]  The  generic 
and  common  name  of  many  cryptogam- 
ous  plants,  popularly  known  as  horse-tails, 
having  hollow  jointed  stems,  leaves  in  the 
form  of  whorls  of  teeth  terminating  the 
joints,  and  growing  in  marshy  places. — 
Equlsetaceous,  ek-wi8'e-ta"shus,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  nat.  order  of  equisetums  ox- 
horse-tails.  , 

Equitable,  ek'wi-tu-bl,  a.  (Fr.  iquitable, 
from  L.  tequitas,  equity,  from  cequua, 
equal.]  Possessing  or  exhibiting  equity; 
equal  in  regard  to  the  rights  of  per&ons; 
giving  each  his  due;  just;  fair;  impartial; 
pertaining  to  a  court  of  equity.  —  Equit- 
ftbleness,  ek'wi-ta-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  equitable.— Equitably,  ek'wi-ta- 
bli,  adv.  In  an  equitable  manner;  justly; 
impartially.  —  Equity,  ek'wi-ti,  «.  [Fr. 
iquitd,  L.  cr.quitas.]  The  giving  or  dispc;,!- 
tiou  to  give  to  each  man  his  due;  justjoc; 


"^I^Sh,  cftaio:     C/\,  Ku,  loc/ij'   a,  go;     hJoh\     n,  ¥.:  ion;     \x^,s,ing;     ?u,  tten;  th,  i/iin;     w,  w., 


16 


zu,  a;ur 


iQUITANT 


242 


ERR 


impartiality;  fairness;  uprightness;  law, 
a  doing  justice  between  parties  where 
there  is  no  guidance  or  remedy  in  strict 
law;  more  strictly,  a  system  of  supple- 
mental law  founded  upon  defined  riiles, 
recorded  precedents,  and  established  prin- 
ciples, the  judges,  however,  liberally  ex- 
pounding and  developing  these  to  m?et 
new  exigencies.  • 

Equitant,  ek'wi-tant,  as..  [L.  equitans,  ppr. 
of  equito,  to  ride,  from  eques,  equitis,  a 
horseman,  from  etpius,  a,  horse.]  Bot.  a 
term  applied  to  unexpanded  leaves  in  a 
lea.f-bua,  that  overlap  each  other  entirely 
without  any  involution,  as  in  the  iris.— 
Equitation,  ek-wi-ta'shon,  n.  The  act  or 
art  of  riding  on  horseback;  horseman- 
ship. 

Equivalenti  e-kwiv'  a-lent,  a.  [Fr.  Equiva- 
lent— L.  (equus,  equal, and  lalens,  valenfis, 
ppr.  of  vuleo,  to  be  worth  (seen  also  in 
avail,  prevail,  &c.).]  Equal  in  value,  fofce, 
power,  effect,  excellence,  import,  or  mean- 
ing; interchangeable. — n.  Something  that 
is  equivalent;  that  which  is  equal  in  value, 
weight,  dignity,  or  force  with  something 
else;  something  given  as  a  fair  exchange; 
compensation ;  chem.  the  quantity  DV 
weight  in  which  an  element  combines  with 
or  replaces  a  unit  of  hydrogen;  qeol.  a 
stratum  or  series  of  strata  in  one.district 
formed  contemporaneously  with  a  stratum 
or  series  of  a  different  character  in  a  dif- 
ferent region,  and  holding  a  similar  place. 
— Equivalently,  e-kwiv'a-lent-li,  adv.  In 
an  equivalent  manner.  —  Equivalence,  e- 
kwiv'a-lens,  n.  The  condition  of  being' 
equivalent;  equality  of  val'ue,signification, 
or  force. — Equivalency,  6-kwiv'a-len-si,  n. 
Same  as  Equivalence;  chem.  the  quality  in 
chemical  elements  of  combining  with  or 
displacing  one  another  in  certain  definite 
proportions. 

Equivalve,  Equivalved,  6'kwi-valv,  e'kwi- 
valvd,  a.  A  term  applied  to  bivalve  shells , 
in  which  the  valves  are  equal  in  size  and 
form.  Also  Equivalvular,  e-kwi-val'va-l6r. 
Equivocal,  6-kwiv'o-kal,  a.  [L.  (equus, 
equal-,  and  vox,  vocis,.  voice.]  Being  of 
doubtful  signification;  capable  of  being  or 
liable  to  be  understood  in  different  senses; 
ambiguous;  uncertain;  dubious;  unsatis- 
factory; deserving  to  be  suspected;  cap- 
able of  being  ascrioed  to  different  motives; 
doubtful;  questionable.  —  Equivocally,  6- 
kwiv'o-kal-li,  odv.  Inan  eqjiivocal  man- 
ner. —  Equivocalness,  e-kwiv'o-kal-nes,  n. 
State  of  being  equivocal.— Equivocate,  e- 
kwiv'5-kat,  v.i. — eqidvocafed,  equivocating. 
To  use  ambiguous  expressions  with  a  view 
to  mislead;  to  prevaricate;  to  quibble. -r- 
Equivocation,  e-kwiv'o-ka"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  equivocating;  the  use  of  words  or 
expressions  that  are  susceptible  of  a  double 
signification,  with  a  view  to  mislead;  pre- 
varication ;  quibbling.  —  Equivocator,  e- 
kwiv'o-ka-tfer,  n.  One  who  equivocates;  a 
prevaricator;  a  quibbler.  —  Equivocatory, 
e-kwiv'o-ka-to-ri,  a.  Indicating  or  charac- 
terized by  equivocation.  —  Equivoque, 
Equivoke,  a-ke-vok,  S'kwi-vok,  n.  [Fr. 
^^Rvoqve.]  An  ambiguous*  term  or  ex- 
pression; a  quirk  or  quibble.  • 
Kvi,  e'ra,  n.  [L.L.  oera,  a  date,  an  item  of 
aa  account,  from  L.  cera,  counters,  pi.  of 
as,  brass.]  A  fixed  point  of  time,  from 
which  any  number  of  years  is  begun  to  be 
(Counted;  a  succession  of  ye.ars  proceeding 
•  from  a  fixed  point,  or  comprehended  be- 
tween two  fixed  points;  an  age  or  period. 
Eradicate,5-rad'i-kfit,ti.<. — eradicated,  erad- 
iating. [L.  eradico,  eradicalum—e,  out, 
and  radix,  radicia,  a  root  ( whence  radical ).] 
To  poll  up  by  the  roots;  to  destroy  at  the 
roots;  to  root  out;  to  destroy  thoroughly} 
to  extirpate.- Eradlcable,  5-rad'i-ka-bl,  a. 
That  may  be  eradicated.  —  Eradication, 
e-rad'i-ka"shon,  n.  The  act  of  eradicating. 
— Eradioatlve,  6-rad'i-ka-tiv.  a.  Serving 
to  eradicate,  uproot,  extirpate,  Qr  destroy. 
Erase,  e-ras',  v.t.  —  eraged,  erasing.  [  L. 
erado,  erasum — e,  out,  and  rado,  rasum, 
to  scrape,  to  scratch.  Raze.]  To  rub  or 
Bcrape  out,  as  letters  or  characters  written, 
engraved,  or  painted;  to  efface;  to  obliter- 
ate; to  expunge;  to  remove  or  destroy,  as 
by  mbbing  or  blotting  out»-  —  Erauble, 
finuibto,  6-Ta'8a/-bl,  e-ra'ai-bl,  a.  That  may 


or  can  be  erased.— Erasement,  e-ras'ment, 
n.  The  act  of  erasing. — Ei'asec,  e-ra's6r,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  erases;  a  sharp  in- 
strument, prepared  caoutchouc  and  the 
like,  used  to  erase  writing,  &c. — Erasion,t 
5-ra'zhon,  n.  The  act  of  erasing;  oblitera- 
tion. —  Erasure,  e-ra'zhur,  n.  The  act  of 
erasing  or  scratching  out;  obliteration; 
the  place  where  a  word  or  letter  has  been 
erased. 

Erastian,  e-ras'ti-an,  n.  One  whose  opinions 
are  the  same  or  akin  to  those  of  Thomas 
Mrastus,  a  German  divine  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  who  maintained  the  complete 
subordination  of  the  ecclesiastical  to  the 
secular  power. — a.  Pertaining  to  the  doc- 
trines of  Erastus  or  his  followers.— Eras- 
tianism,  e-ras'ti-an-izm,  n.  The  doctrines 
or  principles  of  Erastus  or  his  follow(!rs; 
in  a  loose  and  inaccurate  sense,  the  d<  ic- 
trine  that  an  established  church  should  "^e 
under  the  complete  control  of  the  state. 
Erbium,  6r'bi-um,  n.  [Froni  Ytterby,  in 
Sweden.]  A  rare  metal  found  along  with 
yttrium,  terbium,and  other  rare  elements, 
in  some  minerals. 

Ere,  ar,  adv.  oy  cow/.  [A.  Sax.  aej*=D.  eer, 
Icel.  rtr,  Goth,  air,  before,  sooner,  earlier. 
It  is  the  positive  form,  of  which  erst  is  the 
superlative.]  Before;  sooner  than. — prep. 
Before,  in  respect  of  time.  —  Erelong,  ar- 
long',  adv.  Before  the  lapse  of  a  long 
time;  before  long;  soon  — Erenow,  ar-nou', 
adv.  Before  this  time.— Erewhile,  &r-whir, 
adv.  Some  time  ago;  a  little  time  before. 
Erebus,  er'e-bus,  n.  [L.  erebus,  Gr.  erebos.\ 
According  to  the  belief  of  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  a  dark  and  gloomy  region  under 
the  earth,through  wmch  the  shades  passed 
into  Hades. 

Erect,  g-rekt',  a.  [X.  erectus,  pp.  of  erigo, 
to  erect — e,  out,  and  rego,  to  straighten. 
Reoejit.]  In  a  perpendicular  posture;  up- 
right; directed  upward;  raited;  uplifted; 
firm;  bold;  unshaken.— y.t.-  To  raise  and 
set  in  an  upright  or  perpendicular  position, 
or  nearly  so;  to  set  upright;  to  raise  up;  to 
construct;  to  set  up;  to  build;  to  establish; 
to  found;  to  form;  to  elevate;  to  exalt;  to 
lift  up;  to  encourage.— Erectable,  6-rek'ta- 
bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  erected.— Erecter, 
■  e-rek'tftr,  n.  One  who  or  that  v/hich  erects. 
— Erectile,  6-rek'til,  a.  Susceptible  of  erec- 
tion. —  Erectility,  e-rek-til'i-ti,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  erectile. — Erection,  e-rek'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  erecting;  a  raising  and 
setting  perpendicular;  a  setting  upright; 
the  act  of  constructing  or  building;  estab- 
lishment; settlement;  formation;  any- 
thing erected ;  a  building  of  any  k|nd. — 
Erective,  e-rek'tiv,  o.  Setting  upright; 
raising.  —  Erectly,  6-rekt'li,  adv.  In  an 
erect  posture.  — Erectness,  e-rekt'nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  erect.— Erector,  e-rek'- 
t6r,  n.  One  who  or  thkt  which  erectSf 
Eremacausis,  er'e-ma-J{ft"sis,  n.  [Gr.  €rema, 
slowly,  gently,  and  kausis,  burning.]  A 
slow  combustion  or  oxidation;  the  gradual 
combination  of  the  combustible  elements 
of  a  body  with  the  oxygen  of  the  air. 
Eremite,  er'e-mit,  n.  [L.  eremita;  Late  Gr. 
eremites,  from  Gr.  eremos,  alone,  desert.] 
One  who  lives  in  a  wilderness  or  in  retire- 
ment;  a  hermit.  —  Eremitic,  Eremitical, 
er-e-mit'ik,  er-e-mit'i-kal,  a.  Relating  to, 
having  the  character  of,  or  like  an  eremite 
or  hermit.— Eremltism,  er'e-miTtizm,  n.  A 
living  in  seclusion  from  social  life. 
Erethism,  er'e-thizm,  n.  IGt.  erethismos, 
irritation,  from  erethieO.to  stir.from  eretho, 
to  stir.]  Med.  a  morbid  degree  of  energy 
and  excitement  in  any  organ  or  tissue. — 
Erethistic,'  er-e-this'tik,  a.  Relating  to 
erethism. 

Erg,  erg,  n.  [Gr.  ergon,  work.]  Physics,  a 
unit  of  work,  being  the  work  done  by  a 
force  which,  acting  for  one  second  upon  a 
mass  of  one  gramme  (15'4  grains  troy),  pro- 
duces a'velocity  of  a  centimetre  ('3937  inch) 
per  second. 

Ergo,  er'go,  adv.  [Tj-]  Therefore. 
Ergot,  6r'got,  n.  [Fr.  ergot,  argot,  a  spur, 
ergot.]  A  diseased  state  of  rye  and  other 
grasses,  caused  by  the  attack  of  a  minute 
fungus  on  the  seeds  or  grains;  the  diseased 
grain  itself,— Ergoted,  tr'go-ted,  a.  Dis- 
eased with  ergot.— Ergotiae,  Ergotin,  tr'- 
go-tin,  m.    The  narcotic  and  poisonous 


principle  of  the  ergot  of  rj-e,  obtained  as 
a  brown  powder  of  a  pungent  and  bitter 
taste.  —  Ergotism,  ^r'go-tizm,  n.  An  epi- 
demic occurring  in  moist  districts  from  the 
use  of  ergoted  rye  in  food. 

Ericaceous,  er-i-ka'shus,  a.  [L.  erica,  heath.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  the  nat.  order  of  heaths. 

Eringo,  e-ring'go,  n.    Same  as  Eryngo. 

Erinnys,  e-rin'nis,  n.  pi.  Erinnyes,  e-rin'ni- 

,  ez.    (ireek  myth,  one  of  the  Furies;  a  god- 

"dess  of  discord. 

Eriometer,  er-i-om'e-tfer,  n.  [Gr.  erion,'wool, 
and  metron,  measure.]  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  diameters  of  minute  par- 
ticles and  fibres. 

Eiistic,  Eristical,  e-ris'tik,  e-ris'ti-kal,  a. 
[Gr.ensiifcos.contentious,  from  eris,  strife.  ] 
Pertaining  to  disputation  or  controversy; 
controversial;  captious. 

Ermine,  er'min,  n.  [O.Fr.  ermine,  Mod.  Fr. 
hermine,  from  the  Teut.;  comp.  Dan.  Sw. 
and  6.  Jtermelin,  O.G.  harm,  karma,  an 
ermine.]  A  quadruped  of  the  weasel  tribe 
found  over  temperate  Europe,  but  com- 
mon only  in  the  north,  much  sought  after 
in  the  winter  on  account  of  its  fur,  which 
is  white  at  that  season:  known  also  as  the 
stoat;  the  fur  of  the  erihine,long  considered 
as  an  emblem  of  purity;  Jig.  the  office  or 
dignity.of  a  judge,  from  his  state  robe  be- 
ing ornamented  or  bordered  with  ermine. 
— Ermined,  6r'mind,  a.  Clothed  or  adorned 
with  ermine. 

Erne,  fern,  n.  [A.  Sax.  eam=  Dan.  and  Sw. 
oern.,  an  eagle,  allied  to  G.  aar,  an  eagle, 
,  and  to  Skr.  ara,  swift,  from  ri,  to  go.]  A 
name  Sometimes  given  to  the  white-tailed 
sea-eagle,  the  bald-eagle,  and  other  allied 
species.  .  ' 

Erode,  e-rSd',  v.t.  —  eroded,  eroding.  [L. 
erodo — e,  and  rodo,  to  gnaw,  whence  ro- 
denf]  To  eat  into  or  away;  to  corrode. — 
Erodent,  e-ro'deut,  n.  A  drug  which  eats 
away,  as  it  were,  extraneous  growths;  a 
caustic- Erose,6-r6s',a.  [li.  erosus.'i  Bot. 
having  small  irregular  sinuses  in  the  mar- 
gin, as  if  gnawed. — Erosion,  5-rD'zhon,  w. 
[L.  erosio.]  The  act  or  operation^of  eating 
or  wearing  away;  geol:  the  wearing  away 
of  soil  or  rock  by  the  influence  of  water 
and  ice  (especially  in  the  form  of  glaciers). 
—Erosive,  e-ro'siv,  a.  Having  the  prop- 
erty of  eating  or  wearing  away. 

Erotic,  e-rot'ik,  a.  [Gr.  erotikos,  from  erOs. 
erotos,  love.]  Pertaining  to  or  prompted 
by  love;  treating  of  love.— n.  An  amorous 
compositionor  poem.— Erotomania,  Ero- 
tomany,  e-ro'toma"ni-a,  er-o-tom'a-ni,  n. 

"(Gr.  eras,  erOtos,  and  mania,  madness.] 
Mental  alienation  or  melancholy  caused 
by  love. 

Erpetology,  Erpetological,  Erpetologlst, 
fer-pe-tol'o-ji,  6r'pet-o-Ioj"i-kal,  er-pe-tol'o- 
jist.    Same  as  Herpetology,  &o. 

Err,  er,  v.i.  [L.  erro,  erratum,  to  wander, 
to  en';  allied  to  G.  irren,  to  wander,  to  go 
astray.]  To  wander  from  the  right  way; 
to  go  astray  J  to  deviate  from  the  path  of 
duty;  to  fail  morally;  to  transgress;  to 
mistake  in  judgment  or  opinion;  to  blun- 
der; to  misapprehend.  —  Errant,  er'rant, 
a.  [L.  errans,  errantis,  ppr.  of  erro,  to 
err.]  Wandering;  roving;  rambling:  ap- 
plied particularly  to  the  knights  of  yore 
who  wandered  about  to  seek  adventures. 
— Errantry,  er'rant-ri,  ji.  A  wandering;  a 
roving  or  rambling  about ;  the  condition 
or  way  of  life  of  a  knight-errant.— Erratic, 
Erratical,  er-rat'ik,  er-rat'i-kal,  o.  [L. 
erraticus.]  Wandering;  devious;  having 
no  certain  course;  irregular  or  peculiar  in 
movements  or  actions;  eccentric;  peculiar; 
queer. — Erratic  blocks,  or  Erratics,  in  geU. 
boulders  or  fragments  of  rocks  which  ap- 
pear to  have  been  transported  from  their 
original  sites  by  ice  in  the  pleistocene 
period,  and  carried  often  to  great  dis- 
tances. — 'EiTatically,  er-rat'i-kal-li,  adv. 
In  an  erratic  manner.— Erraticalness,  er- 
rat'i-kal-nes,  n.  State  of  being  erratic- 
Erratum,  er-ra'tum ,  n.  pi.  Errata,  er-ra'- 
ta.  [L.  erratum,  a  blunder.]  An  error  or 
mistake  in  •writing  or  printing.— Errone- 
ous, er-ro'ne-us,  a.  [L.  erroneus.]  Char- 
acterized by  or  contaiining  error  or  error<i; 
wrong;  mistaken;  falsej  inaccurate.- Hr- 
roneously,  er-rS'ne-us-li,  adv.  In  an  er- 
roneous manner.  —  Erroneousness,  er-to'- 


'jli'tbto,  iix,  fnX,  IaU;     iu3,  met,  hii;    piue,  piii;  .  uote,  nut,  mOre;    tttbe,  tub,  b^;     oil,  poaud;     U,  Sc.  abuue— the  ¥t.  «, 


ekiia:nd 


243 


ESPOUSE 


ne^tis-nes,  n.  The  state  of.  being  errone- 
ous.— Error,  er'rfer,  n.  [L.erfoi'.]  An  un- 
intentional wandering  or  deviation  from 
truth  or  what  is  right;  a  going  wrong;  a 
mistake;  a  misapprehension:  a  mistake 
made  in  writing,  printing,  calculation,  or 
other  performance;  an  inaccuracy;  an  over- 
sight ;  a  transgression  of  law  or  duty;  a 
fault;  a  sin. 

Errand,  er'rand,  n.  [A.  Sax.  aerend,  aerynd; 
Dan.  scErencfe,  Icel.  eyrendi,  erendi,  O.G. 
dranti,  drunti,  an  errand,  a  message;  Goth. 
airus,  a  message,  a  messenger.]  A  special 
business  intrusted  to  a  messenger;  some- 
thing tQ  be.  told  or  done  by  one  expressly 
sent.i 

Errhine, .  efrin,  n.  fGr.  errhinon—en,  and 
rhis,  rhinos,  the  nose.]  A  medicine  to  be 
snuffed  up  the  nose  to  promote  discharges 
of  mucus. 

Erse,  6rs,  n.  [A  corruption  o!E  Irish.]  The 
Celtic  language  spoken  in  the  Highlands 
of  Scotland,  of  Irish  origin;  Graebc. 
Ersh,  Earsh,  ersh,  n.  [Contracted  and  cor- 
rupted form  of  eddish.]  Stubble  of  grain. 
Erst,  6rst,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  aerest,  superl.  of 
aer,  now  ere,  early,  before.]  At  first;  at  the 
beginning;  once;  formerly;  long  ago. — 
Erstwhile,  6rst'v/hili  adv.  Till  then  or 
now;  formerly. 

Erubescence,  Embescency,  er-U-bes'ens,  er- 
tl-bes'en-si,  n.  .CL.  erubesco,  to  become  red 
—e,  and  ruber,  red  (whence  rubric).]  A 
becoming  red;  redness  of  the  skin  or  sur- 
face of  anything;  a  blushing.— Erubescent, 
er-a-bes'ent,  a.   Red  or  reddish;  blushing. 

Eructate,  6-ruk't3t,  v.t.  [L.  eructo,  eructa- 
tum  —  e,  out,  and  ructo,  to  belch.]  To 
eject,  a^  wind  from  the  stomach;  to  belch. 
—Eructation,  B-ruk-ta'shon,  n.  fL.  eruc- 
tatio.]  The  act  of  belching  wind  from  the 
stomach;  a  belch;  a  violent  bursting  forth 
or  ejection  of  matter  from  the  earth. 

EruAte,  er'u-dit,  a.  [L.  eruditus,  from 
erudio,  to  polish,  to  instruct — e, -out,  and 
rvdis,  rough,  rude]  Fully  instructed; 
learned;  deeplyread;  characterizedbyeru- 
dition.— Eruditely,  er'u-dit-li,  adv.  In  an 
erudite  manner.  —  Eruditeness,  er'u-dit- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  erudite. — 
Erudition,  er-a-dish'on,  n.  knowledge 
gained  by  study  or  from  books  and  in- 
struction; learning  in  literature,  as  dis- 
tinct from  the  sciences;  scholarship. 

Eruginous,  e-ra'ji-nus,  a-.  Same  as  :^n(r 
ginouB. 

Ernmpent,  e-rum'pent,  a.  IL.  erumpens, 
erum^eniis,  PPT.  01  eruTTfpo.  Erupt.]  Bot. 
prominent,  as  if  burstang  through  the 
epidermis. 

Erupt,  e-rupt',  v.t.  [L.  erumpo,  eruptum, 
to  break  out— ^,  out,  and  rumpo,  ruptum, 
to  burst  or  break,  as  in  corrupt,  disrupt, 
&C.1  To  throw  out  or  emit  by  internal 
and  especially  by  volcanic  action ;  to  cast 
out,  as  lava  from  a  volcano.  —  Eruption, 
e-rup'shon,  n.  The  act  of  breaking  or 
bursting  forth  from  inclosure  or  confine- 
ment; a  violent  emission  of  flames,  lava, 
&c.,  from  a  volcano;  a  sudden  or  violent 
rushing  forth  of  men  or  troops;  the  break- 
ing out  of  a  cutaneous  disease ;  the  rash, 
pustules,  vesicles,  &c.,  accompanying  the 
disease.— Eruptional,  e-rup'shon-al,  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  eruptions.— Eruptive,  5- 
rup'tiv,  a.  Bursting  forth;  attended \vith 
eruption  or  rash,  or  producing  it;  geol. 
produced  by  eruption. 

Ervalenta,  fer-va-len'ta,  n.  [Prom  Ervum 
tens,  botanical  name  of  the  lentil.]  A  die- 
tetic substance  consisting  of  the  farina  or 
meal  of  the  common  lentil. 

Er3mgo,  e-ring'go,  n.  [Gr.  iryngion,  a 
prickly  plant.]  An  umbelliferous  plant 
of  many  species,  found  on  the  sandy  shores 
of  Britain,  and  having  thick  and  fleshy 
roots  which  were  formerly  candied  as  a 
sweetmeat:  called  also  Sea  Holly. 

Erysipelas,  er-i-sip'e-las, «.  [Gr.—erytkros, 
red,  and  veUa,  skinj  A  disease  character- 
ized by  diffused  inflammation  with  fever; 
an  eruption  of  a  fiery  acrid  humour  on 
some  part  of  the  body,  but  chiefly  on  the 
face  and  head;  rose;  St.  Anthony's  fire.— 
Erysipelatous,  er'i-si-pel"a-tus,  a.  Re- 
sembling erysipelas,  or  partaking  of  its 

nature. 

Erjrthema,  er-i-the'ma,  n.    [Gr.,  iiomery- 


thros,  red.]  A  superficial  redness  of  some 
portion  of  the  skin  without  blisters,  and 
uninfectious.  —  Erythematic,  Erythemat- 
ous, er'i-the-mat"ik,  er-i-them'a-tus,  a. 
Of  the  nature  of  erythema. 
Erythrosis,  er-ith-ro'sis,  n.  [Gr.  erythros, 
red.  ]  Pathol,  a  form  of  plethora,  in  which 
the  blood  is  rich  in  bright  red  pigment. 
Escalade,  es-ka-lad',  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  scala, 
a  ladder.  Scale.  J  A  furious  attack  made 
by  troops  on  a  fortified  place,  in  which 
ladders  are  used  to  pass  a  ditch  or  mount 
a  rampart. — v.t.—escaladed,  escdlading. 
To  mount  and  pass  or  enter  by  means  of 
ladders;  to  scale. 

Escallop,  es-kal'op,  n..  [O.Fr.  escalope. 
Scallop.]  A  kind  of  bivalve;  a  scallop. 
Escape,  es-kap',  v.t.  —  escaped,  escaping. 
[O.Fr.  escaper,  Fr.  ichapper,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr. 
escapar,  to  escape;  from  ex,  out,  and  L.L. 
cappa,  capa,  a  mantle  (comp.  cape,  cap), 
lit.  to  slip  out  of  one's  mantle]  To  flee 
from  and  avoid;  to  get  out  of  the  Way  of; 
to  shun;  to  be  unnoticed  by;  to  obtain 
security  from;  to  evade;  to  elude. — v.t.  To 
flee,  shim,  ana  be  secure  from  danger;  to 
be  free,  or  get  free,  from  any  injury;  to 
hasten  or  get  away;  to' free  one's  self  from 
custody  or  restraint;  to  regain  one's  liber- 
ty.— n.  Flight  to  shim  danger  or  injuiy; 
the  act  of  fleeing  from  danger  or  imprison-, 
ment;  the  c6ndition  of  being  passed  by 
without  receiving  injury,  when  danger 
threatens.  —  Escapable,  es-ka'pa-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  escaped;  avoidable. — 
Escapade,  es-ka-ijad',  n.  [Fr.]  A  freak;  a 
mad  prank;  a  wild  adventure.  —  Escape- 
ment,, es-kap'ment,  n.  The  general  con- 
trivance in  a  time-piece  by  which  the  ro- 
tatory motion  of  the  wheels  gives  rise  to 
or  maintains  the  vibratory  motion  of  the 
pendulum  or  balance-wheel.— Escaper,  es- 
ka'pfer,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  escapes. 
Escarp,  es-karp',  v.t.  [Fr.  escarper,  to  cut 
steep,  as  rocks  or  slopes.  Scarp.]  Fort. 
to  slope;  to  form  a  slope  to.— n.  Same  as 
Scarp.  —  Escarpment,  es-karp 'ment,  n. 
Fort,  ground  cut  away  nearly  vertically 
about  a  position  in  order  to  make  it  inac- 
cessible to  an  enemy;  also,  the  precipitous 
side  of  any  hill  or  rock;  a  steep  ridge  of 
land;  a  cliif. 

Eschalot,  esh-a-lot',  n.  Same  as  Shallot. 
Eschar,  es-kar',  n.  [Gr.  eschara,  a  fireplace, 
a  scab.]  The  crust  or  scab  occasioned  on 
the  skin  by  bums  or  caustic  applications. 
— Escharotic,  es-ka-rot'ik,  a.  Caustic;  hav- 
ing the  power  of  searing  or  destroying  the 
flesh. — n.  An  application  which  sears  or 
destroys  flesh. 

Eschatology,  es-ka-tol'o-ji.n.  {Gr.  eschatos, 
last,  and  logos,  discourse.]  The  doctrine  of 
the  last  or  final  things,  as  death,  judg- 
ment, &c. 

Escheat,  es-chet',  n.  [O.Fr.  eschet,  from 
escheir,  escheoir.  Mod.  Fr.  dckoir,  from  L. 
'excadere—ex,  and  cadere,  to  fall  (whence 
cadence,  decay ,  &c.).  Cheat  is  shortened 
from  this.]  The  resulting  back  or  revert- 
ing of  any  land  or  tenements  to  the  state 
or  sovereign  through  failure  of  heirs,  and 
formerly  also  by  forfeiture  or  attainder; 
the  property  which  falls  to  the  state  in 
this  way. — v.i.  To  become  an  escheat. — 
v.t.  To  cause  to  be  an  escheat;  to  forfeit. 
— Escheatable,  es-che'ta-bl,  a.  Liable  to 
escheat.  —  Escheatage,  es-ch6'taj,  n.  The 
right  of  succeeding  to  an  escheat.  —  Es- 
cheator,  es-che't6r,  n.  An  ofBcer  anciently 
appointed  to  look  after  the  escheats  of  the 
sovereign. 

Eschew,  es-chS',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  eschever,  Pr. 
esquiver,  to  avoid,  to  shun,  from  0.6.  skiw- 
han,  G.  scheuen,  to  avoid;  akin  to  E.  shy.] 
To  flee  from;  to  shun;  to  seek  to  avoid;  to 
avoid.  —  Eschewance,  es-chO'ans,  n.  .The 
act  of  eschewing.— Eschewer,  es-dho'fir,  n. 
One  who  eschews. 

Escort,  es'kort,  n.  [Pr.  escorte,  from  It. 
tcorta,  a  guard  or  guide,  from  scorgere,  to 
■guide,  from  L.  ex,  and  corrigere,  to  cor- 
rect.] A  body  of  armed  men  appointed  to . 
guard  an  oflScer,  or  stores,  money,  baggage, 
&c.,  when  being  conveyed  from  place  to 
place;  a  person  or  persons  attending  one 
as  a  mark  of  respect,  honour,  or  attention; 
protection  or  safeguard  on  a  journey  or 
excursion.- 1).«.  (es-korf).    To  attend  and 


guard  on  a  journey ;  to  accompany  as  a 
guard  or  protector. 

Escritoire,  es-kri-twar',  n.  [O.Fr.  escrip- 
toire,  from  L.  scripiorius.  connected  with 
writing,  scribo,8criptum,  to  write.  Scribe,] 
A  desk  or  chest  of  drawers  with  an  apart- 
ment for  writing  materials;  a  writing- 
desk. 

Escoage,  esTcu-Sj,  n.  [O.Fr.  escuage,  from 
escu,  h.  scutum,  a  shield.]  Feudal  law,  a 
species  of  tenure  by  which  a  military  t,  n- 
ant  was  bound  to  follow  his  lord  to  war, 
afterward  exchanged  for  a  pecuniary  satis- 
faction; scutage. 

Esculapian,  es-kQ-la'pi-an,  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Esculapius,  the  god  of  medicine; 
pertaining  to  the  healing  art. 
Esculent,  es'ku-lent,  a.  [L.  esculentus,  from 
esca,  food,  from  edo,  to  eat.]  Capable  of 
or  fit  for  being  used  by  man  for  food;  ed- 
ible.—».  Something  that  is  eatable;  an 
edible. 

Escutcheon,  es-kuch'on,  n.  [O.Fr.  escusson, 
from  L.  scuium,  a  shield.  Esquire.]  The 
shield  on  which  a  coat  of  arms  is  repre- 
sented; the  shield  of  a  family;  a  plate  for 
protecting  the  keyhole  of  a  door,  or  to 
which  the  handle  is  attached;  a  scutcheon. 
— Escutcheoned,  es-kuch'ond,  a.  Having 
a  coat  of  arms. 

Eskar,  Esker,  esTcir,  n.  A  term  for  a  late 
geological  formation  in  the  superficial 
drift,  generally  consisting  of  a  long  linear 
ridge  of  sand  and  gravel,  including  pieces 
of  considerable  size. 

Eskimo^  Esquimau,  es'ki-mo,  n.  pi.  Eski- 
mos, Esquimaux,  es'ki-moz.  One  of  a  race 
of  men,  generally  short  in  stature,  with 
broad  oval  faces  and  small  oblique  eyes, 
inhabiting  the  northern  parts  of  North 
America  and  Greenland. 
Esodic,  es-od'ik,  a.  [Gr.  es,  into,  and  hodos, 
a  way.]  Physiol,  conducting  influences  to 
the  spinal  marrow:  said  of  certain  nerves. 
Esophagus,  Esophageal,  &c.  Under  (Eso- 
phagus. 

Esopian,  e-so'pi-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Esop, 
an  ancient  Greek  writer  of  fables;  com- 
posed by  him  or  in  his  manner. 
Esoteric,  Esoterical,  es-6-ter'ik,  es-o-ter'- 
i-kal,  a.  [Gr.  esOterikos,  from  esO,  within,] 
Taught  only  to  a  select  number,  and  not 
intelligible  to  a  general  body  of  disciples; 
designed  for,  and  understood  only  by,  the 
initiated ;  private;  opposed  to  exoteric  or 
public— Esoterically,  es-o-ter'i-kal-11,  adv. 
In  an  esoteric  manner. 
'Espalier,  es-pal'ytr,  n.  [Fr.,  from  It.  spal- 
liere,  a  support  for  the  shoulders,  from 
spdUa,  a  shoulder,  L.  spathula,  spatula,  a 
broad  blade,  dim.  of  spatha.  Epaulet.] 
A  broad  piece  of  trellis -work  on  which 
the  branches  of  fruit  trees  or  bushes  are 
trained;  a  row  of  trees  so  trained. — v.t.  To 
form  an  espalier  of,  or  to  train  as  an 
espalier. 

Esparto, es-par'to,  Ji.  [Sp.,fromL.  spartum, 
Gr.  spartan,  spartos.]  A  name  of  two  or 
three  species  of  grass  found  in  southern 
Spain  and  North  Africa,  and  extensively 
exported  to  be  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  paper,  matting,  baskets,  &c. 
Especial,  es-pesh'al,  a.  [O.Fr.  especial,  Fr. 
special,  L.  specialis,  of  particular  sort  or 
kind,  special,  from  species,  kind.  Species.] 
Of  a  distinct  sort  or  kind;  special ;  parti- 
cular; marked;  peculiar. — Especially,  es- 
pesh'al-li,  adu.  In  an  especial  manner: 
particularly;  specially;  peculiarly. 
Espial,  Espier,  Espionage.  Under  Espy. 
Esplanade,  es-pla-nad',  n.  [Fr.,  from  the 
old  verb  esplaner,  to  make  level,  from  L. 
explanare^ex,  and  planus,  plain,  level.] 
Fort,  a,  wide  open  space  between  the  glacis 
of  acitadel  and  the  first  houses  of  thetown; 
any  open  level  space  near  a  town,  espe- 
cially a  kind  of  terrace  along  the  sea-side, 
for  public  walks  or  drives. 
Espouse,  es-pouz',  v.t.— espoused,  espousing. 
[O.Fr.  espouser  (Fr.  epoMser), from  L.  spon- 
sdre,  to  betroth,  to  espouse,  freq.  of  spon- 
deo,  sponsum,  to  pledge  one's  self,  whence 
despond,  respond.]  To  give  or  take  in 
marriage;  to  promise,  engage,  or  bestow 
in  marriage  by  contract  or  pledge;  to  be- 
troth; to  marry;  to  wed;  to  become  a  par- 
tisan in;  to  embrace  or  to  adopt  (a  cause, 
a  quarrel). —Espousal,  es-pou'zal,  n,  [O.F; 


ch,  cftain;     cA,  Sc.locA;     g,  (jio;     j,j(ob;     ji,  i'j-.  ton;     pg,  sin();     SH,  iAenj  th,  jAiuj     w,  wig;    wh,  lo/ug;    zh,  azure- 


ESPEIT 


24i 


ETnES. 


espousailles,  L.  sponsaUa,  esponsals,  pi.  n. 
of  spoTisaiis,  relating  to  betrothal.]  The 
act  of  espousing  or  betrothing:  frequently 
\ised  in  the  plural;  the  adopting  or  taking 
up  of  a  cause,  -r- Espousement,  es-pouz'- 
ment,  n.  Act  of  espousing.  —  Espouser, 
e8-pou'z6r,  n.    One  who  espouses. 

Esprit,  es-pre,  n.  [Fr.j  Soul;  spirit;  intel- 
lect; mind:  wit. — Esprit  cle  corps,  an  at- 
tachment to  the  class  or  body  of  which 
one  is  a  member:  the  common  spirit  or 
disposition  formed  by  men  in  association. 

Espy,  es-pi',  v.f. — espied,  es.pying.  [O.Fr.  es- 
pier.  It.  spiare;  same  word  as  spy.]  To 
see  at  a  distajQce;  to  have  the  first  sight  of; 
to  desci^y;  to  discover,  as  something  con- 
cealed, or  as  if  unexpectedly  or  loniuten- 
tionally;  to  inspect;  to  spy. — Espial,  es- 
pi'al,  n.  The  act  of  espying;  observation; 
discovery. — Espier,  es-pi'Cr,  n.  One  who 
espies.  —  Espionage,,  es'pi-o-naj,  n.  The 
practice  or  employment  of  spies;  the  prac- 
tice of  watching- the  conduA  and  words  of 
others  as  a  spy. 

EsqiUinanz:,  n.    Eskimo. 

Esquire,  es-kwir",  n.  [O.Pr.  $scuyer,  Fr. 
icuyer,  lit,  a  shield-bearer,  from  L.  8<m- 
tarivs,  a  soldier  armed  witn  a  scutum,  or 
shield,  from  root  sku,  to  cover  or  protect.] 
Originally,  a  shield-bearer  or  armour- 
bearer;  an  attendant  on  a  knight;  hence, 
a  title  of  dignity  next  in  desjrea  below  a. 
knight;  a  title  properly  given  to  the 
younger  sons  of  noblemen,  to  justices  of 
the  peace,  sherilis,  landed  proprietors,  &c.; 
now  used  as  a  complimentary  adjunct  to 
aname  in  addressing  letters,  &c., to  almost 
any  person  of  respectable  standing. 

Essay,  es-sa',  v.t.  [St.  es'sayer.  Assay.]  To 
exert  one's  power  or  faculties  on;  to  make 
an  effort  to  perform;  to  tiy;  to  attempt; 
to  endeavour  to  do;  to  make  experiment 
of. — n.  (es'sa).  An  effort  made  for  the  per- 
formance of  anything;  a  trial,  attempt, 
or  endeavour;  a  test  or  experiment;  a  lit-:- 
erary  composition  intended  to  prove  some 
particular  point  or  illustrate  a  particular 
subject,  not  having  the  importance  of  a 
yegular  treatise;  a  short  disctuisition  on  a 
subject  of  taste,  philosophy,  or  common 
life. — Essayer,  n.  One  who  essays  (pro- 
nounced e8-8a'6r);  one  who  writes  essays ; 
an  essayist  (pronounced  es'8fi,-fer).t — Essay- 
ist, es'sa-ist,  n.   A  writer  of  an  essay  or  of 


Essence,  es's^ns,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Ii.  essentia, 
from  esse,  to  be;  akm  entity."]  That  which 
constitutes  the  particular  nature  of  a 
thing,  and  which  distinguishes  it  from  all 
othersj  that  which  makes  a  thing  what  it 
is;  existence;  a  being  having  existence: 
constituent  substance;  the  predominant 
elements  or  principles  of  any  plant  or  drug 
extracted,  refined,  or  rectified  from  gi-psser 
matter;  an  extract;  perfume;  odour;  scent; 
the  most  important  or  fundamental  doc- 
trines, facts,  ideas,  or  conclusions  (tha  es- 
sence of  a  lecture,  a  statement). — v.t.  To 
perfume;  to  scent.— Essential,  es-sen'shal, 
a.  Being  of  or  pertaining  to  the  essence ; 
necessary  to  the  constitution  or  existence 
of  a  thing;  constituting  a  thing  what  it  is; 
•Important  in  the  highest  degree;  indis- 
pensable; volatile;  diffusible  (esseniiaZ  oils). 
— n.  What  is  essential;-  fundamental  or 
constituent  principle;  distinguishing  cha- 
racteristic. —  Essentiality,  Essentialness, 
es-sen'shi-al"i-ti,  es-sen'shal-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  essential.  —  Essentially, 
es-sen'shal-li,  adv.  In  an  essential  man- 
ner; fundamentally. 

Essene,  es-sen',  n.  pi.  [Gr.  EssSnoi,  L.  Es- 
seni.]  Among  the  Jews,  a  member  of  a 
sect  remarkable  for  their  strictness  and 
abstinence. 

Establish,  es-tablish,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  establir 
(Fr.  itahlir),  from  L.  stiibilio.  to  make  firm, 
to  establish,  from  sta,  root  of  sto,  to  stand. 
Stand.]  To  make  steadfast,  firm,  or  stable; 
to  settle  on  a  firm  or  permanent  basis;  to 
set  or  fix  unalterably;  to  institute  and 
ratify;  to  enact  or  decree  authoritatively 
and  for  permanence;  to  ordain;  to  streng- 
then; to  prove;  to  confirm;  to  originate  and 
secure  the  permanent  existence  of;  to 
found  pfrr^inontly;  to  Fot  rn  m  oonr.ec- 
tion  with  the  ot^ite  and  c i;il;>w  (a  c-hui'ch); 
to  set  up  in  business.— £stabll.il)er,  es-tab'- 


li8h-6r,n.  One  who  establishes.— Establish- 
ment, es-tab'lish-mcnt,  n.  The  act  of  estab- 
lishing; the  state  of  being  established;  set- 
tlement; fixed  state;  confirmation;  a  per- 
manent civil  or  military  force  or  orgamza- 
tion,  such  as  a  fixed  garrison  or  a  local  gov- 
ernment; that  form  of  doctrine  and  church 
government  established  by  the  legislature 
m  any  country;  the  place  where  a  person 
is  setiled  either  for  residence  or  for  trans- 
acting business ;  a  person's  residence  and 
everything  connectet  with  it,  such  as  fur- 
niture, servants,  carriages,  &c.;  an  institu- 
tion, whether  public  or  private;  the  quota 
or  number  of  men  in  an  army,  regiment, 

,<'sc.— EstabliElunentariaii,es-tab'lish-men- 
ta"ri-an,  n.  One  who  supports  the  doc- 
trine of  establishment  in  religion. 

Estafet,  Estafette,  es-ta-fet',  n.  [Fr.  esta- 
fette,  from  It.  staffeita,  a  courier",  from 
siaffa,  a  stirrup,  from  O.H.G.  stapfto=E. 
step.]  A  military  courier;  an  express  of 
any  kind. 

Estaminet,  5s-tam-i-na,  n.  [Fr.]  A  coffee- 
house where  smoking  is  allowed;  a  tap- 
room. 

Estate,  es-tat',  n.  [O.Fr.  estat,  Fr.  Mat, 
from  L.  status,  a  standing,  state,  from 
sto,  statum,  to  stand.  Stand.]  Condition 
or  circumstances  oi  any  person  or  thing ; 

.  state;  rank;  quality;  possessions;  pro- 
perty; a  piece  of  landed  property;  a  de- 
finite portion  of  land  in  the  ownership  of 
some  one;  an  order  or  class  of  men  consti- 
tuting a  state;  one  of  the  classes  of  the 
nation  invested 'with  political  rights,  the 
three  estates  of  the  "realm,  in  Britain,  being 
the  lords  spiritual,  the  lords  temporal,  and 
the  commons. — The  fourth  estate,  the  news- 
paper press;  journalists.— v.t.  To  settle  an 
estate  upon  (Tean.)!;  to  bestow  (SIiak.)t. 

Esteem,  es-tem',  v.t.  [Fr.  estimer,  L.  cesti- 
Tnare,  estimatum,  fr6m  same  root  as  Skr. 
esha,  a  wish,  G.  heischenj  to  desire.  Akin 
aim.]  To  set  a  value  oh,  -frhether  hi^h  or 
-low;  to  estimate;  to  value;  to  set  a  high 
value  on;  to  regard  with  reverence,  re- 
spect, or  friendship;  to  prize. — n.  Opinion 
or  judgment  of  merit  or  demerit;  estima- 
tion; high  value  or  estimation;  great  re- 
gard; favourable  opinion,  founded  on  sup- 
posed worth.— Esteemable,  es-t5'ma-bl,  a. 
Worthy  of  esteem;  estimable.— Esteemer, 
es-te'm6r,  n.  One  who  esteems. — Estim- 
able, es'ti-ma-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
estimated  or  valued;  worthy  of  esteeni  or 
respect;  deserving  our  good  opinion  or  re- 
gard. —  Estimableness,  es'ti-ma-bl-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  estimable.  —  Estim- 
ably,  es'ti-rna-bli,  adv.  In  an  estimable 
manner.  —  Estimate,  es'ti-mat,  v.t.  —  esti- 
mated, estimating.  fL.  oestimare,  cestima- 
ttim.]  To  form  a  judgment  or  opinion  re- 
garding: especially  applied  to  value,  size, 
weight,  degree,  extent,  quantity,  &c.;  to 
rate  by  judgment,  opinion,  or  a  rough  cal- 
culation; to  fix  the  worth  of;  to  compute; 
to  calculate;  to  reckon. — n.  A  valuing  or 
rating  iii  the  mind;  an  approximate  judg- 
'  ment  or  opinion  as  to  vaiue,  degree,  ex- 
tent, quantity,  &c.— Estimation,  es-ti-ma'- 
shon,  n.  [L.  cestiniatio.]  The  act  of  esti- 
mating; calculation;  computation;  an  es- 
timate; esteem;  regard;  favourable  opin- 
ion; honour.- Estimative,  es'ti-ma-tiv,  a. 
Having  the  power  of  estimating.  —  Esti- 
mator, es'ti-ma-t6r,  ii.  .  One  v;^ho .estimates 
or  values. 

Esthete,  Esthetic,  &c.    Same  as  Esthete. 

Estlval,t  es-ti'val,  a.     [L.   cestivxis,  from 

.  osstas,  summer.]  Pertaining  to  summer. 
— Estivate,t  es'ti-vat,  v.i.  [L.  cestivo,  msti- 
vatum.]  To  pass  the  summer.— Estivation, 
^stiwation,  es-ti-va '  shon,  n.  Bot.  the 
manner  in  which  the  parts  of  a  flower-bud 
are  arranged  with  respect  to  each  other 
before  opening ;  the  disposition  of  the 
petals  within  the  flower-bud — vernation 
being  the  disposition  of  leaves. 

Estop,  es-top',  v.t.  —  estopped,  estopping. 
[O.Fr.  estoper,  Fr.  dtouper,  to  stop  with 
tow,  from  L.  stttpa,  stuppa,  tow.]  Law, 
to  impede  or  bar  by  ene's  own  act.  —  Es- 
toppel, es-top'el,  n.  Law,  a  stop;  a  plea 
in  Dar,  grounded  on  a  man's  own  act. 

Estovers,  es-tij'vferz,  n.  pi.  (O.Fr.  estoveir, 
i.3l.ovoi;\  to  be  r.-edful.]  Lau\  the  ri^ht  of 
taking  the  neccHbary  iimoiiut  of  wood  iro)u 


an  estate  for  fuel,  fences,  repairs,  and  other 
reasonable  purposes. 

Estrade,  es-trad,  71.  [Fr.]  An  elevated  part 
of  the  floor  of  a  room;  a  platform. 

Estrange,  es-tranj',  v.t.— estranged,  estrang- 

■  ing.  iO. ¥x.  estranger,iTo-!nTu.'L.  extraiieus, 
foreign,  sti-ange.  Stbakge.]  To  keep  apart 
or  out  of  friendly  relations;  to  make  to  cease 
from  being  'familiar;  to  alienate;  to  turn 
from  kindness  to  indiflference  or  malevo- 
lencej  to  apply  to  a  purpose  foreign  from 
its  onginajor  customary  one.— Estranged- 
ness,  es-tran'jed-nes,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing estranged.— Estrangement,  es-tranj '- 
ment,  n.  The  act  of  estranging  or  state 
of  being  estranged;  alienation. 

Estray,  es-tra',  ».  A  stray,  or  animal  that 
has  strayed  from  the  custody  of  its  owner. 

Estreat,  es-tr5t',  n.  [O.Fr.  estraite,  from 
L.  extraho,  extractum,  to  draw  out.]  Latv, 
a  true  copy  of  an  original  writing,  under 
which  fines  are  to  be  levied.— -y.t.  Law,  to 
levy  (fines)  under  an  estreat. 

Estuary,  es'tu-a-ri,  n.  [L.  astuarium,  from 
CEStuo,  to  boil  or  foam,  cestus,  heat^  tide.] 
The  wide  mouth  of  a  river  where  the  tide 
meets  the  current;  or  flows  and  ebbs;  a 
firth. — Estuarian,  Estuarine,  es-tu-a'ri-an, 
es'tU-a-rin,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  es- 
tuary; formed  in  an  estuary. 

EtseriOj  e-te'ri-o,  n.  [Gr.  {h)etairos,  a  com- 
panion.] Bot.  a  kind  of  aggregate  fruit, 
as  that  of  the  strawberry  and  raspberry. 

Etat-major,  a-ta-ma-zhor,  n.  [Fr.]  The 
staff  of  an  army  or  regiment. 

Et  caitera,  et  set;6r-a.  [L.  et,  and,  ccetera, 
other  thiiigs.]  And  others  of  the  like 
kind,  an  expression  used  after  the  men- 
tion of  certain,  individuals  of  a  class,  to 
indicate  that  others  might  also  have  been 
mentioned  byname:  written  ulso  Etccet- 
era.  Etcetera,  and  commonly  contracted 
etc.,  f&c.  It  is  sometimes  treated  as  a 
noun,  forming  the  plural  with  s. 

Etch,  ech,  v.t.'and  i.  [From  D.  etscn,  G. 
atzen,  to  corrode  by  acids,  to  etch;  lit.  to 

'bite  into;  O.H.G.  ezan,  to  eat.  Eat.]  To 
produce  figures  or  designs  upop  a  plate  of 
steel,  copper,  glass,  or  the  like,  by  means 
of  lines  drawn  through  a  thin  coating  or 
ground  covering  the  plate  and  corroded  or 
bitten  in  by  some  strong  acid,  which  can 
jonly  affect  the  plate  where  the  coating  has 
been  removed  by  the  etching  instrument. 
—Etcher,  ech'6r,  n.  One  who  etches. — 
Etching,  ech'ing,  n.  The  art  or  operation 
of  an  etcher;  a  design  or  picture  produced 
by  an  etcher. — Etching-ground,  n.  The 
varnish  or  coating  with  which  plate's  to 
be  etched  are  covered.  —  Etching-needle, 
n.  Aji  instrument  of  steel  with  a  fine 
point,  for  tracing  outlines,  &c.,  in  etch- 
ing. 

Eternal,  e-tfer'nal,  a.  [Fr.  itemel;  Ii.  ceter- 
nus,  mviiemus,  from  cevwrn,  an  age,  and 
adj.  suffix  -temus.  Age.]  Having  no  be- 
ginning or  end  cf  existence ;  everlasting ; 
endless;  continued  without  intermission; 
ceaseless;  perpetual. — The  Eternal,  an  ap- 
pellation of  God.— Eternalist,  e-ter'nal-ist, 
n.  One  who  holds  the  existence  of  the 
■world  to  be  infinite.  —  Eternalize,  C-t6r'- 
nal-iz,  v.t— eternalized,  eternalizing.  To 
make  eternal;  to  give  endless  duration  to. 
— Eternally,  e-tfer'nal-li,  adv.  In  an  eter- 
nal manner;  without  beginning  or  end  of 
duration;  perpetually;  unceasingly;  con- 
tinually.—  Eternity,  e-ter'ni-ti,  n.  The 
condition  or  quality  of  being  eternal;  du- 
ration or  continuance  without  beginning 
or  end;  endless  past  time  or  endless  future 
time;  the  state  or  condition  which  begins 
at  death.  —  Eternize,  e-ter'niz,  v.t— eter- 
nized, eternizing.  [Fr.  cterniser.]  To  make 
eternal  or  endless;  to  perpetuate;  to  make 
for  ever  famous;  to  immortalize. 

Etesian,  e-te'zi-au,  a.  [L.  etesins,  from  Gr. 
etSsios,  annual,  from  etos, a  year.]  Recur- 
ring every  year;  bloAving  at  stated  times  of 
the  year:  applied  to  the  periodical  winds 
in  the  IMediterranean. 

Ethellng,  eth'el-ing,  n.    Same  as  Atkeling. 

Ether,  5'ther,  n.  [L.  cether,  from  Gr.  ailhir, 
from  aitho,  to  light  up,  to  kindle,  to  bum 
or  blaze;  cog.  Tj.  cestas,  summer  heat, 
^<jia,-Skr.  xndh,  to  set  on  fire,  iddhas, 
bright.]  The  supposed  subtle  atmosphere 
in  space  bejond  the  earth's  atmosphere; 


fflte,jftr,.fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  hOr,     pine,  piil;     note,  not,  mOve;     t^be,  tub,  b^ll ;     oil,  pound;     fl,  Sc.  ?ibt(n©— the  Fr.  w,^ 


ETHIC 


245 


EUPHRASY 


a  hyix)thetical  medium  of  extreme  tenuity 
and  elasticity  supposed  to  be  diffused 
throughout  all  space  (as  well  as  among 
the  molecules  of  which  solid  bodies  are 
composed!,  and  to  be  the  inedium  of  the 
transmission  of-  light  and  heat;  a  very 
light,  volatile,  and  inflammable  fluid,  ob- 
tained from  alcohol,  an  excellent  solvent 
of  fats  and  resins,  and  used  as  a  stimulant, 
antispasmodic,  and  anaesthetic.  —  Ethe- 
real, e-th6're-al,  a.  Formed  of  ether  or  the 
fine  atmosphere  prevading  all  space;  con- 
taining or  filled  with  ether;  belonging  to 
the  sky  regions ;  heavenly ;  celestial. — 
Etherealism,  Ethereality,  e-the'r5-al-izm, 
e-thS're-al"i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  ethereal.  —  Etherealizej  5-the're-al- 
iz,  w.t.— eiAereaWzed,  etherealizing.  To  con- 
vert into  ether;  to  purify  and  refine;  to 
render  spirit-like  or  ethereal. — Ethereall- 
zation,e-the'r5-al-i-za"shon,n.  An  ethereal 
or  subtle  spirit-like  state  or  condition.— 
Ethereally,  6-th6're-al-li,  ndv.  In  an  ethe- 
real, celestial,  or  heavenly  manner.— Ethe- 
reous,  g-th5'r6-us,  a.  Ethereal. — Etherifl- 
cation,  e-th5'ri-fi-kS."shon,  n.  The  process 
of  ether  formation.— Etheriform,  e'th6r-i- 
form,  a.  Having  the  forth  of  ether. — 
Etherism,  s'th6r-izm,  n.  Med.  the  aggre- 
gate of  the  phenomena  produced  by  ad- 
ministering ether.— Etherization,  e'th6r- 
i-za"shon,  n.  The  act  of  administering 
ether  to  a  patient;  the  state  of  the  system 
when  under  the  influence  of  ether. — Ether- 
ize, e'th^r-iz,  v.t.— etherized,  etherizing.  To 
convert  into  ether ;,  to  subject  to  the  in- 
fluence ofether. 

Ethic,' EtMcai,  eth'ik,  eth'i-kal,  o.  [L. 
ethicus,  from  Gr.  ethikos,  from  ethos,  cus- 
tom, habit.]  Relating  to  morals;  treating 
of  morality;  containing  precepts  of  moral- 
ity; moral.  —  Ethically,  eth'i-kal-li,  adv. 
In  an  ethical  manner. — Ethicist,  eth'i-sist, 
n.  A  writer  on  ethics ;  one  versed  in 
ethical  science.— Ethics,  eth'iks,  n.  The 
science  which  treats  of  the  nature  and 
grounds  Of  moral  obligation;  moral  philo- 
sophy, which  teaches  men  their  duty  and 
the  reasons  of  it ;  the  science  of  duty. 

Ethiop,  Ethiopian,  e'thi-op,  5-thi-o'pi-an,  n. 
[Gr.  Aithiops  —  aithd,  to  burn,  and  Ops, 
countenance.]  A  native  of  Ethiopia;  a 
Negro  or  black  man.— Ethiopiaiij  a.  Kelat- 
ing  to  Ethiopia  or  to  its  inhabitants. — 
— Ethiopian,  Ethiopic,  e-thi-op'ik,  n.  The 
language  of  Ethiopia;  the  literary  and 
ecclesiastical  language  of  Abyssinia,  one 
of  the  Semitic  tongues.  —  a.  JRelating  to 
Ethiopia. 

£thmoid,  Ethiuoidal,  eth'moid,  eth-moi'- 
dal,  a.  [Gr.  ethmos,  a  sieve,  and  eidos,  form.] 
Resembling  a  sieve. — Ethmoid  bone,  a  light 
spongy  bone  situated  between  the  orbital 
processes  at  the  root  of  the  nose,  its  pores 
forming  passages  for  the  olfactory  nerves. 

iEthnic  Ethnical,  eth'nik,  eth'ni-kal,  a.  [L. 
ethnicus,  from  Gr.  ethnikos,  from  ethnos, 
nation,  pi.  ta  ethni,  the  nations,  heathens, 
gentiles.]  Pertaining  to  the  gentiles  or 
nations  not  converted  to  Christianity; 
heathen;  pagan;  pertaining  to  race;  ethno- 
logical.—Ethnically,  eth'ni-kal-li,  adv.  In 
an  ethnical  manner. — Ethnographer,  eth- 
nog'ra-f6r,  n.  One  who  cultivates  ethnog- 
raphy. —  JEthnographic,  Ethnographicsa, 
eth-no-graf 'ik,  eth-no-graf 'i-kal,a.  Pertain- 
ing to  ethnography.  —  Ethnographically, 
eth-no-gra£'i-kal-Ii,  adv.  In  an. ethnogra- 
phic manner.— Ethnography ,  eth-nog'ra-fl, 
n.  That  branch  of  science  which  has  for 
its  subject  thb  description  of  the  difl'erent 
races  of  men,  or  the  manners,  customs, 
religion,  &c.,  peculiar  to  difl'erent  nations. 
—Ethnologic,  Ethnological,  eth-no-loj'ik, 
eth-no-loj'i-kal,a.  Relating  to  ethnolo(;y. — 
Ethhologist,  eth-nol'o-jist,  n.  One  skilled 
in  ethnology;  a  student  of  ethnology. — 
Ethnology,  eth-nol'o-ji,  n.  That  branch  of 
science  which  investigates  the  mental  and 
physical  differences  of  mankind  and  the 
organic  laws  on  which  they  depend. 

Ethology,  eth-ol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  etnas  or  Sthos, 
manners,  morals,  and  logos,  discourse.] 
The  science  of  ethics;  the  science  of  char- 
acter.—Ethologic,Ethological,eth-o-loj'ik, 
eth-o-loj'i-kal,  a.  Treating  of  or  pertain- 
■  ing  to  ethology. — Ethologist,  eth-ol'o-jist, 
\n.    One  versed  in  ethology. 


Ethyl,  6'thil,  n.  [Ether,  and  Gr.  hyU, 
matter.]  The  radical  of  ordinary  alcohol 
and  ether.— Ethylene,  e'thi-len,  n.  A  gas 
to  which  is  largely  due  the  illuminating 
power  of  coal-gas. 

Etiolate,  e'ti-o-lat,  v.i. — etiolated,  etiolating. 
(Fr.  etioler,  to  blanch,  from  dtevle,  stubble, 
from  li.  stipula,  a  straw.]  To  grow  white 
from  absence  of  the  normal  amount  of 
green  colouring  matter  in  the  leaves  or 
stalks;  to  be  whitened  by  excluding  the 
light  of  the  sun,  as  plants.— 1>.<.  To  blanch 
or  whiten  by  excluding  the  light  or  by 
disuse.— Etiolation,  e'ti-o-la"shon,  w.  The 
act  of  etiolating  or  state  of  being  etiolated 
01*  blanched. 

Etiology,  6-ti-ol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  aitia,  cause, 
and  logos,  discourse.]  Ai  account  of  the 
causes  of  anything ,particularly  of  diseases. 
—Etiological,  S'ti-o-loj"i-kal,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  etiology. 

Etiquette,  et'i-ket,  n.  [Pr.;  O.Fr.  estiquette, 
a  thing  attached,  a  label,  from  6.  stecken, 
to  stick,  to  put.  Ticket  is  same  word.] 
Conventional  forms  of  ceremony  or  de- 
corum; the  forms  which  are  observed  to- 
ward particular  persons,  or  in  particular 
places;  social  Observances  required  by  good 
breeding. 

Etna,  et'na,  n.  [From  Stna,  the  Sicilian 
volcano.]  A  table  cooking-utensil,  heated 
by  a  spirif-lamp. 

Etruscan,  5-trus'kan,  a.  Relating  to  Etru- 
ria,  an  ancient  country  in  Central  Italy. 
— n.  A  native  of  ancient  Etruria. 

Etude,  a-tiid,  n.  [Fr.]  A  musical  or  artistic 
composition  designed  to  serve  as  a  study. 

Etui,  Etwee,  et-wg',  n.  [Fr.  ^tui.]  A  pocket- 
case  for  small  articles,  such  as  needles, 
pins,  &c.;  a  ladies' reticule. 

Etymology,  et-i-mol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  etymos. 
true  or  real,  to  etymon,  the  true  or  literal 
signification  of  a  word,  its  root,  and  logos, 
discourse.]  That  part  of  philology  which 
explains  the  origin  and  derivation  of 
words;  derivation;  that  part  of  grammar 
which  comprehends  the  various  inflections 
and  modifications  of  words.— Etymologic, 
Etymological,  et'i-mo-loj"ik,  et'i-mo-loj"- 
i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  treating  of  ety- 
mology or  the  derivation  of"  words.— Ety- 
mologically,  et'i-mo-loj"i-kal-li,  adv.    In 

.  an  etymological  manner.  —  Etymologist, 
et-i-mol'o-jist,  n.  One  versed  in  etymology; 
one  who  searches  into  the  origin  of  words. 
— Etymologize,  et-i-mol'o-jiz,  u.i.  To  search 
into  the  origin  of  words. — v.t.  To  trace  the 
etymology  of;  to  give  the  etymology  of. — 
Etymon,  et'i-mon,  n.    The  root  of  a  word. 

Eucalyptus,  a-ka-lip'tus,  n.  [Gr.  ew,  well, 
and  kalypto,  to  cover.]  A  genus  of  very 
large  trees  of  the  myrtle  order,  natives  of 
Australia,  and  usually  called  gum-trees, 
from  the  gum  that  exudes  from  their 
trunks,  and  stringy-bark  and  iron-bark 
trees  from  the  fibrous  or  solid  barks. 

Eucharist,  a'ka-rist,  n.  [Gr.  etuharistia— 
eu,  well,  good,  and  charis,  grace,  favour, 
from  chairO,  to  rejoice.]  The  sacrament  of 
the  Lord's  suppernn  allusion  to  the  thanks- 
giving at  the  beginning  and  end  of  the 
last  supper  of  Christ  and  the  disciples. — 
Eucharistic,  Eucharistical,  u-ka-ris'tik, 
a-ka-ris'ti-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Lord's 
supper. 

Eucm-e,  Eucre,  a'k6r,  n.  A  game  of  cards, 
'  a  modified  form  of  the  game  of  ecarte,' 
played  by  two,  three,  or  four  players  with 
the  thirty-two  highest  cards  of  the  pack. 

Euclase,  a'klas,  n.  [Gr.  eu,  and  kla6,  to 
break.]  A  mineral  of  the  beryl  family,  of 
a  pale-green  colour  and  very  brittle. 

Eudsemonism,  Eudemonism,  Q-de'moa-izm, 
n.  [Gr.  eudaimOn,  happy.]  The  system  of 
philosophy  which  makes  human  happiness 
the  highest  object,  declaring  that  the  pro- 
duction of  happiness  is  the  foundation  of 
virtue.  —  EudsBmonist,  Eudemonist,  tl-de'- 
mon-ist,  n.    A  believer  in  eudsemonism. 

Eudiometer,  tl-di-om'e-t6r,  n.  [Gr.  eudios, 
serene,  and  metron,  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment usually  in  the  form  of  a  glass  siphon 
with  a  graduated  limb,  originally  designed 
for  ascertaining  the  purity  of  the  air,  but 
now  employed  generally  in  the  analysis  of 

fases  by  the  electric  spark.— Eudiometric, 
udiometrieal,a'di-o-met"rik,Q'di-o-met"- 
ri-kal,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  eudiometer  or 


to  eudiometry.  —  Eudiosnetry,  O-di-csn'et- 
ri,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  using  the 
eudiometer. 

Euhemerism,  a-hem'fir-izm,  n.  [After  the 
Greek  EuSmeros,  who  explained  myths  in 
this  way.]  That  system  of  interpreting 
myths  by  which  the  gods  are  regarded  aa 
representing  distinguished  men  who  for- 
merly lived,  and  so  the  mj^ths  are  con- 
sidered as  founded  on  reai  histories.- Eu- 
hemerist,  ti-hem'6r-ist,  n;  A  believer  iu 
the  doctrine  of  euhemerism.- EuhemeriL-  • 
tic,  Q-hjem'er-is"tik,  o.  Of  or  belonging  to 
euhemerism.  —  Euhemerize,  u-hem '  6r-i>., 
v.t.  To  treat  or  explain  in  the  manner  ot 
Euemeros.    Also  written  Etiemerism,  &r. 

Eulogy,  u'lo-ji,  n.  [Gr.  eulQgia—eu,,  well, 
and  logos,  speech,  from  legO,  to  spsaU.j 
Praise;  encomium;  panegyric;  a  speech  Oi 
"writing  in  commendation  of  a  person  on 
account  of  his  valuable  qualities  or  ser- 
vices.—Eulogic,  Eulogical,  a-loj'ik,  Q-loj'- 
i-kal,  a.  Containing  or  pertaining  to 
eulogy  or  praise;  commendatory. — Eulo- 
gicaily,  a-loj '  i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  eulogic 
manner. — Eulogist,  tt'lo-jist,  n.  One  who 
praises  and  commends  another;  one  who 
pronounces  a  eulogy.  —  Eulogistic,  Eulo- 
gistical, a-lo-jis'tik,  Q-lo-jis'ti-kal,  a.  Con- 
taining or  pertaining  to  eulogy  or  praise ; 
laudatory.  —  Eulogistically,  U-Io-jis'ti-kal- 
li,  adv.  With  commendation  oreulogy. — 
Euloginm,  u-lo'ji-um,  n.  A  formal  eulo^. 
— Emogize,  ti'lo-jiz,  v.t. — eulogized,  eul-jgiz- 
ing.  To  speak  or  write  in  commendation 
of  another;  to  extol  in  speech  or  writing; 
to  praise. 

Emnenlcles,  Q-men'i-dez,  n.  pi.     lAt.  the 

fracious  goddesses,  a  Greek  name  of  the 
uries,  because  it  was  considered  unlaw- 
ful and  dangerous  to  name  them  under 
their  true  designation  Erinnyes. 

Eunuch,  u'nuk,  n.  [Gr.  eunouchos—eune,  a 
bed,  and  echo,  to  keep,  to  have  charge  of.] 
A  castrated  male  of  the  human  species; 
hence,  from  the  employment  to  which 
eunuchs  were  commonly  put,  a  chamber- 
lain, —  Eunuch,  Eunuchate,  a'nu-kat,  v.t. 
To  make  a  eunuch  of.  —  Eunuchism,  Q'- 
nuk-izm,  n.    The  state  of  being  a  eunuch. 

Enpepsia,  Eupepsy,  U-pep'si-a,  a-pep'si,  n. 
[Gr.  eupepsia — era,  and  pepsis,  digestion, 
from  pepto,  to  digest.]  Good  digestion; 
the  opposite  of  dyspepsia.  — Eupeptic,  o- 
pep'tik,  a.  Having  gdod  digestion;  easy 
of  digestion. 

Euphemism,  Q'fem-izm,  n.  [Gr.  euphemis- 
mos—eu,  well,  and  phCmi,  to  speak.]  A 
figure  of  speech  in  which  a  delicate  word 
ot  expression  is  substituted  for  one  which 
is  offensive  to  good  manners  or  to  delicate 
ears.— Euphemistic,  Euphemistical,  O-fem- 
is'tik,  u-fem-is'ti-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
containing  euphemism.  —  Euphemize,  tl'- 
fera-iz,  v.t.    To  express  by  a  euphemism. 

Euphony,  O'fo-ni,  n.  [Gr.  euphOnia—eu, 
well,  and  phone,  voice.]  An  agreeable 
sound ;  'an  easy,  smooth  enunciation  of 
sounds;  a  pronunciation  of  letters;  syl- 
lables, and  words  which  is  pleasing  to  the 
ear.  —  Euphonic,  Euphonical,  a-f  on'ik,  Q- 
fon'i-kal.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to,  or  char- 
acterized by,  euphony;  agreesCble  in  sound; 
pleasing  to  the  ear.— Euphonious,  a-fo'ni- 
us,  a.  Agreeable  in  sound;  euphonic.r- 
Euphoniously,  a-fo'ni-us-li,  adv.  In  a 
euphonious  manner.  —  Enpnonium,  Q-fo'- 
ni-um,  TO.  A  brass  bass  instrument  with 
three  or  four  valves,  used  in  military 
bands,  and  frequently  in  the  orchestra  as 
a  substitute  for  the  trombone.  —  Euphon- 
ize, Q'fo-niz,  v.^  '  To  make  agreeable  in 
sound. 

Euphorbia,  a-for'bi-a,  n.  [Gr.  euphorbia, 
from  the  name  of  an  ancient  Greek  phy- 
sician.]    A  genus  of  exogenous  plants, 

■  some  of  which  are  found  in  Britain,  and 
are  popularly  called  spurges,  while  the 
most  remarkable  are  tropical  shrubs  or 
trees,  often  large,  fleshy,  and  leafless,  hav- 
ing the  habit  of  a  cactaceous  plant.  —  E«- 
pliorbium,  u-forT)i-um,  n.  A  substance 
obtained  from  several  species  of  Euphor- 

■  bia,  virulently  purgative  and  emetic. 

Euphrasy,  u'fra-si,  n.  [Gr.  etiphrasia,' de- 
light.] The  herb  popularly  called  eye- 
bright,  formerly  a  specific  for  diseases  of 
the  eye. 


■^^hjjchailii,    cAi,Sc.  los&j  gtJlSiM  Aisfe/  ,n.  Fr.ton; 


SB,  thta;  .th,  thin;' 


.whjwWgji. '  SthiasmSji?^''^ 


EUPHUISM 


246 


EVERY 


F-aphuism,  a'fu-izm,  n.  [From  the  name 
of  the  hero  of  two  works  by  John  Lyly, 
written  in  a  strange  and  affected  style, 
■which  became  fashionable  at  the  court  of 
Elizabeth.  Eupkves  is  the  Gr.  euphyis, 
■vv-eJl-shaped— eu,  well,  and  phyk,  growth, 
stature.]  Affectation  of  excessive  elegance 
and  refinement  of  language;  high-flown 
ai-tificial  diction.  —  EuphtUat,  u'fu-ist,  n. 
One  addicted  to  euphuism :  applied  par- 
ticularly to  certain  writers,  at  the  head  of 
which  stood  John  Lyly.— Zuphuistic,  u-f  a- 
is'tik,  a.  Belonging  to  the  euphuists  or  to 
euphuism. 

Eurasian,  O-r&'shi-an,  n.  [A  contraction  of ' 
European  and  Asian.l  One  bom  in  Hin- 
dustan of  a  Hindu  mother  and  European 
father. 

Eureka,  u-reTca.  [Gr.  (h)eurBka,  I  have 
found,  perf .  ind.  act.  of  (/lieuwfco,  to  find.] 
The  exclamation  of  Archimedes,  when, 
after  long  study,  he  discovered  a  method 
of  detecting  the  amount  of  allo.Y  in  King 
Hiero's  crown;  hence,  a  discovery;  espe- 
cially, one  made  after  long  research;  an 
expression  of  triumph  at  a  discovery  or 
f^upposed  discovery. 

European,  a-iro-p6'an,  a.  [L.  Europa,  Gr. 
Europe,  Europe.]  Pertaining  to  Europe; 
native  to  Europe.— n.  A  native  of  Europe. 
— Enropeanize,  u-ro-pg'an-iz,  v.t.  To  cause 
to  become  European;  to  assimilate  to 
Europeans  in  manners,  character,  and 
usages.  \ 

Eustachian,  Q-staTd-an,  a.  Named  after 
Eustachius  or  Eustachi,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian, who  died  1574.— Eustachian  tube,  the 
tube  which  forms  a  communication  be- 
tween the  internal  ear  and  the  back  part 
of  the  moath.— Eustachian  valve,  a  valve 
which  separates  the  right  auricle  of  the 
heart  from  the  interior  vena  cava. 

Eutaxy,  u'tak-si,  n.  [Gr.  eutaxia,  good  ar- 
rangement—ew,  weU,  and  taxis,  order.] 
Good  or  established  order. 

Euthanasia,  a-tha-na'zi-a,  w.  [Gr.  —  eu, 
well,  and  thanatos,  death.]  An  easy  death; 
a  putting  to  death  by  painless  means;  a 
means  of  putting  to  a  painless  death. 

Eutrophy,  u'tro-fi,  n.  [Gr.  eutrophia,  from 
eutrophos,  healthy — eu,  well,  and  trepho, 
to  nourish.]  Med.  healthy  nutrition;  a 
healthy  state  of  the  nutritive  organs.— 
Eucrophic,  Q-trof'ik,  n.  An  agent  whose 
action  is  exerted  on  the  system  of  nutrir 
tion. 

Evacuate,  e-vak'Jl-at,  v.t.—evOiCtiated,  evacur 
aling.  [L.  evaeuo,  evacuatum — e,  out,  and 
vacuus,  empty,  froin  vaco,  to  be  empty.  Va- 
cant.] To  make  empty;  to  make  empty 
by  removing  one's  self  from  (an  army  eva- 
cuates a  town  or  a  country);  to  void  or  dis- 
charge from  the  bowels.— Evacuant,  e-vak'- 
Q-ant,  a.  Producing  evacuation;  purga- 
tive.—n.  A  medicine  which  promotes  the 
natural  secretions  and  excretions.— Eva- 
cuation, 6-vak'Q-a"shon,  n.  The  act  of 
evacuating;  that  which  is  evacuated  or 
discharged,  especially  from  the  bowels. — 
Evacuative,  e-vak'Q-a-tiv,  a.  Serving  or 
tending  to  evacuate;  purgative.— Evacu- 
ator,  6-vak'a-a-ter,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  evacuates. 

Evade,  e-vad',  v.t— Evaded,  evading.  [L. 
evado—e,  and  vado,  to  go,  as  in  invade, 
pervade;  akin  to  E.  wade.  Wade.]  To 
avoid,  escape  from,  or  elude  in  any  way, 
as  by  dexterity,  sirtifice,  sophistry,  ad- 
dress, or  ingenviity;  to  slip  away  from;  to 
elude;  to  escape  the  grasp  or  comprehen- 
sion of;  to  baffle  or  foil. — v.i.  To  escape; 
to  slip  away;  to  practise  artifice  or  sophis- 
try for  the  purpose  of  eluding.— Evadible, 
e-va'di-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  evaded. — 
Evasion,  e-va'zhon,  n.  [L.  evasM.'\  The 
act  of  evading,  eluding,  avoiding,  or  escap- 
inl;;  shift;  subterfuge;  equivocation;  pre- 
varication; shuffling.- Evasive,  e-va'siv,  a. 
Using  evasion  or  artifice  to  avoid;  shuf- 
fling; equivocating;  containing  or  charac- 
terized by  evasion.— Evasively,  e-va'siv-li, 
adv.  In  an  evasive  manner.— Evasiveness, 
e-va'siv-nes,  n. 

Evaluation,+  e-varo-a"Bhon,n.  Exhaustive 
valuation  or  appraisement. 

Evanesce,^  ev-a-nes',  v.i.— evanesced,  evan- 

/    etcing.    [L.  evanesco—e,  and  vanesco,  to 

vanish,  from  vanus,  vain,  empty.    Vaijj.] 


To  vanish;  to  disappear;  to  be  dissipated, 
as  vapour.— Evanescence,  ev-a-nes'ens,  n. 
The  state  or  character  of  being  evanescent. 
— Evanescent,  ev-a-ues'ent,  a.  Vanishing; 
subject  to  vanishing;  fleeting;  passing 
away;  liable  to  disappear  or  come  to  an 
end.  —  Evanescently,  ev-a-nes'ent-li,  adv. 
In  an  evanescent  manner. 

Evangel,  e-van'jel,  re.  [L.  evanqelium,  the 
gospel;  Gr.  evangelion,  good  tidings,  the 
gospel — eu,  well,  good,  and  angello,  to  an- 
nounce.] The  gospel;  one  of  the  gospels 
or  four  New  Testament  books  unoer  the 
names  of  Matthew,  I.Iark,  Luke,  and  John. 
—Evangelical,  Evangelic,  e-van-jsl'i-kal,  6- 
van-jel'ik,  a.  [L.L.  evungelicua.]  Accord- 
ing to  the  gospel,  or  religious  truth  taught 
in  the  New  Testament;  sound  in  the  doc- 
trines of  the  gospel;  adhering  closely  to 
the  letter  of  the  gospel;  fervent  and  de- 
vout; eccles.  a  term  applied  to  a  Section  in 
the  Protestant  churches  who  give  sirecial 
prominence  to  the  doctrines  of  the  cor- 
ruption of  man's  nature  by  the  fall,  of  his 
jregeneration  and  redemption  through  our 
Saviour,  and  of  free  and  uninerited  grace; 
applied  in  Germany  to  Protestants  as  dis- 
tinguished from  Boman  Catholics,  and 
more  especially  to  the  national  Prot^- 
tant  church  formed  in  Prussia  in  1817  by 
a  union  of  the  Lutheran  and  Calvinistic 
churches.— Evangelicalism,  e-van-jel'i-kal- 
izm,  n.  Adherence  to  evangelical  doc- 
trines. —  EvangelicaUy,  e-van-jel'i-kal-li, 
adv.  In  an  evangelical  manner.  —  Evan- 
gcUcism,  e-van-jel'i-sizm,  n.  Evangelical 
principles.  —  Evangelist,  e-van'jel-ist,  n. 
One  of  the  four  writers'of  the  gospels ;  a 
layman  engaged  in  preaching  or  mission- 
ary work.  —  Evangelistic,  6-van';el-i8"tik, 
o.  Evangelical;  tending  or  designed  to 
evangelize. —.Evangelizaticn,  e-van'jel-i- 
za"shon,n.  The  act  of  evangelizing. — Evan- 
gelize, e-van'jel-iz,  v.t.—ivangelized,  evan- 
gelizing. To  instruct  in  the  gospel;  'to 
preach  the  gospel  to  and  convert.— v.t.  To 
preaeh  the  gospel.- 

Evanish,t  e-van'ish,  i>.t.  To  vanish;  to  dis- 
appear. 

Evaporate,  e-vap'6r-at,  v.i.  —  evaporated, 
evaporating.  [L.  evaporo,  evaporatum — e, 
out,  and  vapor,  vapour.  Vapock.]  To 
pass  off  in  vapour;  to  escape  and  be  dissi- 
pated, either  in  visible  vapour  or  in  par- 
ticles too  minute  to  be  visible;  fig.  to  escape 
or  pass  off  without  effect;  to  be  dissipated; 
to  oe  wasted. — v.t.  To  convert  or  resolve 
into  vapour;  to  cause  to  evaporate;  to  va- 
porize.—Evaporable,  6-vap'6r-a-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  converted  into  vap6ur  or 
of  being  dissipated  by  evaporation.— Eva- 
poration, 6-vap'er-a"Bhon,  n.  The  act 
or  process  of  evaporating;  the  conversion 
of  a  liquid  by  heat  into  vapour  or  steam, 
which  becomes  dissipated  in  the  atmo- 
sphere in  the  manner  of  an  elastic  fluid; 
vaporization;  the  matter  evaporated;  va- 
pour. —  Evaporative,  e-vap'er-a-tiv,  a. 
Causing  evaporation ;  pertaining  to  eva- 
poration. —  Evaporometer,  e-vap'6r-om"- 
et-6r,  n.  An  instrument  for  ascertaining 
the  quantity  of  a  fluid  evaporated  in  a 
given  time;  an  atmometer. 

Evasion,  Evasive.    Under  Evade.   ' 

Eve,  ev,  n.  [Short  for  even,  evening.]  The 
close  of  the  day;  the  evening;  the  day  or 
the  latter  part  of  the  day  before  a  church 
festival ;  the  period  just  preceding  some 
event  (on  the  eve  of  a  revolution). 

Even,  5'vn,  a.  [A.  Sax.  efen,  even,  level, 
equal  =  D.  even,  Dan.  Jevn,  jcevn,  Icel. 
jafn,  Goth,  tbns,  G.  eoen,  even,  level.] 
Level;  smooth;  flat;  devoid  of  irregulari- 
ties ;  straight  or  direct ;  uniform ;  equal ; 
not  easily  ruffled ;  on  a  level  or  on  the 
same  level ;  in  the  same  or  in  an  equally 
favourable  position ;  on  a  level  in  advan- 
tage; having  accounts  balanced;  square; 
adjusted;  fair;  equitable;  capable  of  being 
divided  by  2  without  a  remainder:  opposed 
to  odd.— v.t.  To  make  even;  to  level;  to  lay 
smooth;  to  place  in  an  equal  state;  to  bal- 
ance.—  adv.  Expressing  a  level  or  equa- 
lity ;  hence,  just ;  exactly  in  consonance; 
according  {even  as  he  wished);  express- 
ing equality  or  sameness  of  time  (I  knew 
it  even  then);  expressing,  emphatically, 
identity  of  person  [even  he  did  it);  express- 


ing a  strong  assertion;  not  only  this  or  so, 
but  more,  or  but  also.  —  Evenly,  e'vn-LJ, 
adv.  In  an  even  manner^  smoothly; 
equally;  uniformly:  impartially.— Even- 
ness, e'vn-neSjn.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  even. — Even-handed,  a.  Imi>art[al; 
equitable;  just.— Even-handednesa,  n. 

Even,  e'vn,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ae/en,  i/en.  Even- 
ing.] Evening.  [Poet.]  —  Even£Ekll,  e'vn- 
fal,  n.  The  fail  of  evening;  early  evening; 
twilight.— Evensong,  e'vn-song.  n.  A  form 
of  worship  for  the  evening;  vespers.— 
Eventide,  e'vn-tid,  n.    Evening. 

Evening,  ev'ning,  n.  [A.  Sax!  ae/nung, 
verbal  noun  (like  morning),  from  aeien, 
i/en,  evening;,  cog.  G.  abend,  Sw.  afton, 
loel.  aftan,  Dan.  aften,  evening.  The  root 
meaning  seems  to  be  retiringj  the  word 
being  akin  to  A.  Sax.  a/,  of,  off;  G.  ab.  of, 
from",  L.  ab,  Skr.  apa,  from.]  The  close 
of  the  day,  and  the  beginning  of  darkness 
or  night;  the  time  from  sunset  till  dark- 
ness; the  latter  part  of  the  afternoon  and 
the  earlier  part  of  the  night;  the  decline 
or  latter  pstrt  of  Ufe,  strength,  or  glory: 
of  ten  used  a^an  adjective.— Evening-star, 
n.  The  planet  Venus  whenMsible  In  the 
evening.. 

Event,  e-vent,  n.  [L.  eventtiB,  from  evenio, 
eventum,  to  come  out— e,  out,  and'  renio, 

'  to  come,  seen  also  in  advaU,  convene,  pre^ 
vent,  venture,  &c.]  That  which  happens  or 
falls  out;  any  incident  good  or  had;  an  oc- 
currence; the  consequence  of  anything; 
that  in  which  an  action,  operation,  or 
series  of  operations  terminates;  the  issoe,; 
conclusion,  end.— Eventful,  e-vent'fvd,  o. 
Full  of  events  or  incidents;  characterized 

"  by  great  changes  either  in  public  or  pri- 
vate affairs.  —  Eventual,  6-ven'ta-al,  a. 
Coming  or  happening  as  a  consequence  or 
flnal  result;  consequential;  final;  ultimate. 
— EventusJity,  e-ven'ta-al"i-ti,  n.  That 
which  eventiiktesor  happens:  a  contingent 
result.  —  Eventually,  e-vefftu-al-li,  adv. 
In  the  event;  in  the  nnal  result  or  issue. — 
Eventuate,  e-ven'ta-£t,  v.i.  —  eventuated, 
eventuating.  To  issue  as  an  event  or  con- 
sequence; to  fall  out;  to- happen;  to  come 
to  i>ass. 

Ever,  ev'6r,  adv.  [A.  Sex.  ae/tv,  always; 
allied  to  G<)th.  am,  time,  aiv,  ever;  Icel. 
cefi,  an  age,  the  space  of  life;  L.  cevum, 
Gr.  aion,  Skr.  dyus,  an  age.  Akin  aye, 
every.]  At  any  time  past  or  future;  at 
all  times ;  always ;  eternally;  constantly; 
incessantly ;  continually ;  in  any  degree. 
—For  ever,  eternally;  to  iierpetuity;  some- 
times with  a  repetition  for  the  sake  of 
emphasis  (for  ever  and  ever).— Ever  and 
anon,  now  and  then ;  again  and  again ; 
time  after  time. — Ever,  in  composition. 
signifies  always  or  continually,  without 
intermission,  or  to  eternity;  as,  ever-ac- 
tive; ewer-living. — Evergreen,  ev'er-gr5n, 
a.  Always  green;  having  verdant  leaves 
throughout  the  year;  fig.  always  fresh, 
vigorous,  or  in  a  good  condition. — n.  A 
plant  that  retains  its  verdiu*  through 
all  the  seasons.  —  Everlasting,  ev-er-las'- 
ttng,  a.  Lasting  or  enduring  for  ever; 
existing  or  continuing  without  beginning 
or  end ;  eternal ;  perpetual ;  endlesr,  con- 
tinual.—-»».  Eternity;  a  plant  whose  flowers 
retain  their  form,  colour,  and  brightness 
for  ihany  months  after  being  gathered.— 

iT?te  Evfirlastinff,  the  Eternal  Being;  God. 

t— Everlastingly,    ev-6r-las'ting-li,    adv. 

V  Eternally;   perpetually ;, continually. — 

,  Everlastingnesa,  ev-^r-Ias'ting-nes,  n.— 
Evermore,  ev'er-mSr,  adv.  Always ;  eter- 
nally; for  ever;  at  all  times;  continually. 

'Evert,  e-v^rt',  v.t.  [L.  everto,  eversum—e, 
and  verto,  to  turn,  as  in  convert,  invert,  re- 
vert, verse,  &c.]  To  overturn;  to  overthrow; 
to  turn  outward,  or  inside  out.— Eversion, 
e-v6r'shon,  re.  The  act  of  everting;  an 
overthrowing;  destruction.  —  £wer«ion  of 
the  eyelids,  a.  disease  in  which  the  eyelMs 
are  turned  outward,  so  as  to  expose  the 
red  internal  tunio. 

Every,  ev'*r-i,  a.  [O.E.  everieh,  everilk, 
from  A.  Sax.  aefre,  ever,  and  ale,  each. 
Ever,  Each.]  Each  individual  of  the 
whole  number;  each  of  a  number  singly 
or  one  by  one. — Everybody,  ev'6r-i-boa-l, 
re.  Every  person.- Everyday,  ev'er-i-d&, 
a.    Used,  occurring,  or  that  may  be  seen 


*i'4le,  far,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     uOle,  not.  move;     tajbe,  tub,  bvjll;     oil,  pound;     ii,  Sc.  abtuie— the  Fr.  u. 


EVICT 


247 


EXCARNATE 


(ir  met  ■nrith  every  day;  common;  usual; 
ordinary. — Eveiywhere,  ev'er-i-whar,  adv. 
In  evety  place;  in  all  places. 

Evict,  e-vikt',  v.t.  [L,  evince,  evictum,  to 
vanquish  vjtterly— e,  intens.,  and  vinco,  to 
overcome,  as  in  convince,  convict,  evince. 
Victor.]  To  dispossess  by  a  judicial  pro- 
ceSs  or  course  of  legal  proceedings;  to  ex- 
pel from  lands  or  tenements  by  law. — 
Eviction,  6-vik'shon,  n.  The  act  of  evict- 
ing; the  expulsion  of  a  tenant  from  landis 
or  tenements  by  law. 

Evidence,  ev'i-dens,  n.  [Fr.  Evidence,  from 
L.  evidentia — e,  and  video,  visum,  to  see. 
Vision.]  That  which  demonstrates  or 
makes  clear  that  a  fact  is  so;  that  which 
makes  evident  or  enables  the  mind  to  see 
truth;  proof  arising  from  our  own  percept 
tions  by  the  senses,  or  from  the  testimony 
of  others,  or  from  inductions  of  reason; 
testimony;  law,  that  which  is  legally  sub- 
mitted to  a  competent  tribunal  as  a  means 
of  ascertaining  the  truth  of  any  alleged 
matter  of  fact  under  investigation.  — 
King's  or  Queen's  evidence,  evidence  given 
by  an  accomplice,  when  the  ordinary  evi- 
dence is  defective,  on  the  imderstanding 
that  he  himself  shall  go  free  for  his  share 
of  the  crime.— v.t.— evidenced,  evidencing. 

•  To  render  evident;  to  prove;  to  make.clear 
io  the  mind. — Evident,  ev'i-dent,  a-,  [h. 
ewcfewi!.]  Open  to  be  seen-;  clear  to  the 
mental  or  physical  eye;  manifest;  obvious; 
plain. — Evidential,  ev-i-den'shal.o.  Afford- 
ing evidence;  clearly  praving.  -r  Eviden- 
tiary, ev-i-den'shi-a-ri,  a.  J&vidential.-^ 
Evidently,  e v'i-d  ent-li,  adv.  In  an  evident 
•  manner;  clearly;  manifestly.  —  Evidenli- 
iiess,  eVi-dent-nes,  n. 

Evil,  5'vil,  a.  [A.  Sax.  efel,  yfe.1;  I),  evvel, 
O.Fris.  evel,  Qt.  iihel,  Goth.  wils.  lU  is  a 
contracted  form  of  eviLI  Having  bad 
qualities  of  a  natural  kind;  having  qual- 
ities which  tend  to  injuiy,  or  to  produce 
mischief;  injurious;  pernicious;' mischiev- 
ous;"having.bad  qualities  of  a  moral  kind; 
wicked;  corrapt;  perverse;  wrong;  vile; 
vicious;  unfortunate;  unpropitious ;  cala- 
mitous. —  The  evil  one,  the  devil.— n.  Any- 
thing that  causes  injury,  pain,  or  suffer- 
ing; misfortune;  calamity;  mischief;  in- 
jury; depravity;  corruption  of  heart,  or  dis- 
position to  commit  wickedness;  malignity; 
the  negation  or  contrary  of  good. — adv. 
Not  well;  ill.— Evildoer,  5'vil-do-er,  n.  One 
who  does  evil;  one  who  commits  sin,  crime, 
or  any  moral  wrong.— Evil-eye,  n.  A  kind 
of  influence  sui)er8titiously  ascribed  in 
former'  times  to  certain  persons,  their 
glance  being  supposed  to  injure.— Evil- 
eyed,  a.  Having  the  evil-eye;  looking 
with  envy,  jealousy,  or  bad  design. — EvU- 
favoujred,  a.  Having  a  bad  countenance 
or  external  appearance. — Evil-minded,  a. 
Having-  evil  dispositions  or  intentions; 
disposed  to  mischief  or  sin. — Evilness,  e'- 
vil-nes,  n.  Badness;  viciousness;  malig- 
nity of  sin. — Evil-starred,  a.  Destined  to 
misfortune,  as  if  through  the  influence  of 
an  adverse  star  or  planet;  ill-starred. 

Evince,  6-vins',  v.t. — evinced,  evincing.  [L. 
evince,  to  vanquish,  to  prove  or  show. 
Evict.]  To  show;  to  prove;  to  manifest; 
to  make  evident;  to  display  as  something 
belonging  to  one's  own  nature  or  character 
(to  evince  fear). — Evincement,  5-vins'ment, 
n.  Act  of  evincing.— Evincible,  5-vin'si-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  evinced. — Evincibly, 
e-vin'si-bU,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  evince. 

Eviscerate,  5-vis'6r-at,  v.t. — eviscerated,  evis- 
cerating. fL.  eviscero—e,  and  viscera,  the 
bowels.]  To  take  out  the  entrails  of ;  to 
disembowel.  —  Evisceration,  5-vis'6r-S."- 
shon,  n.    The  act  of  eviscerating. 

Evoke,  e-v5k',  v.t  — evoked,  evoking.  [Ti. 
evoco—e,  out,  and  voco,  to  call.]  To  call 
or  summon  forth.  —  Evocation,  ev-5-ka'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  evoking;  a  calling 
forth. 

Evolution,  ev-5-lil'shon,  n.  [L.  evolutio, 
from  evolvo,  evolutum,  to  unroll,  to  unfold. 
Evolve.]  The  act  of  unfolding,  unroll- 
ing, or  expanding;  a  gradual  development 
or  working  out;  the  extraction  of  arith- 
metical or  algebraic  roots — the  reverse  of 
involution ;  a  regulated  or  systematic  se- 
ries of  movements  which  a  body  of  troops, 
a  fleet,  or  a  ship  makes  when  chang- 


ing a  previous  formation  or  ppsition;  that 
theorj'  which  sees  in  the  history  of  aU 
things,  organic  and  inorganic,  a  develop- 
ment from  simplicity  to  complexity,  a 
gradual  advance  from  a  simple  or  rudi- 
mentary condition  to  one  that  is  more 
complex  and  of  a  higher  character. — 
Evolutional,  Evolutionary,  ev-o-lti'shon- 
al,  ev-o-lu'shon-a-ri,  a.-  Of  or  pertaining 
to  evolution;  produced  by  or  due  to  evolu- 
tion. —  Evolutionist,  ev-o-lu'shon-ist,  n. 
Oije  skilled  in  evolutions,  specifically  in 
military  evolutions;  a  believer  in  the  doc- 
trine of  evolution.   ,>^ 

Evolve,  'C-volv',  v.U— evolved,  evolving.  [L. 
evolvo — e,  and  volvo,  to  roll,  which  is  cog. 
with  E.  to  wallow,  andis  seen  also  in  con- 
volve, devolve,  revolve,  voluble,  volume,  &c.] 
To  unfold ;  to  open  and  expand ;  to  dis- 
entangle"; to  unravel;  to  develop;  to  cause 
to  pass  from  a  simple  to  a  complex  state. 
— v.i.  To  open  or  disclose  itself. — Evolve- 
ment.t  5-volv'ment, »,  Act  of  evolving.-  ■ 
Evolvent,  e-vol'vent,  n.  Geom.  the  involute 
of  a  curve.— Evoiver,  6-vol'v6r,  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  evolves.      •      "  .■ 

Evnlsion,  e-vul'shon,  n.  [L.  «i«Zffw— e,  but, 
and  vello,vnlsum,  to  pluck.]  The  act  of 
plucking  or  pulling  out  by  force. 

Ewe,  Q,  n.  [A.  Sax.  eowu;  allied  ti..*ris.  ei, 
O.H.6,  avi,  ou,  Icel.  A,  L.  oiiis.  Or.  ois, 
8kr.  avi,  a  sheep.]    A  female  sheep.     ' 

Ewer,  a'fer,  w.  [From  O.Fr.  evoe.  Mod.  Fr.  • 
eau,  water,  from  L.  aqua,  water  (whence 
agiMtlc,  &c.).].  A  large  pitcher  or  jug  with 
a  wide  8pout»..used  to  bring  water  for 
washing,  theliands;  a  sort  of  i)itcher  that 
accompanies  a  wash-hand  b^^in  for  hold- 
ing the  water. 

Exacerbate,  ek-sas'fir-bat,  v.t.—exdcerhated, 
exacerhaU'iig.  [L.  exacerbo,  exac'erbatum — 
ex,  intens.,  and  acerbus,  harsh,  sharp,sour.] 
To  irritate,  exasperate,  or  inflame;  to  in- 
crease the  malignant  qualities  of ;  to  in- 
crease the  violence  of  (a  disease).— 'Exacer- 
bation, ek-sa8'6r-ba"8hon,  n.  The  act  of  ex- 
acerbating; increase  of  malignity;  a  peri- 
odical increase  of  violence  in  a  disease. 
Termed  also  E:sacerbescence,  ek-sas'^r-, 
bes"ens,  n.  ■ 

Exact,  eg-zakt',  a.   [L.  exattus,vv.  of  exigo, 

vto  drive  out,  to  measure — ex,  out,  and  ago, 
to  drive,  to  do,  as  in  agent,  act,  agitate, 
&c.]    Closely  correct  or  regular;  accurate; 

•  conformed  to  rule ;  precise;  not'  different 
in  the  least;  methoclical;  careful;  observ- 
ing strict  method,  rule,  or  order;  punctual; 
strict. — v.t.  [Fr.  exacter,  L.L.  exactare.] 
To  force  or  compel  to  be  paid  or  yielded ; 
to  extort  by  means  .of  authority  or  com- 
pulsion; to  enforce  a  yielding  of;  to  enjoin 
with  pressing  urgency.— Exacter,  eg-zak'- 
t6r,  n.  One  who  exacts. — ExActing,  eg- 
zak'ting,jj.  and  o.-  Demanding  or  disposed 
to  demand  without  pity  or  justice;  extort- 
ing; making  unreasonable  claims. — Exac- 
tion, eg-zak'shon,  n.  The  act  of  exacting; 
extortion;  a  wresting  of  contributions  un- 
justly; that  which  is  exacted;  fees,  re- 
wards, or  contributions  levied  with  p^- 
verity  or  injustice.— Exactitude,  eg-zak'- 
ti-tud,  n.  Exactness;  accuracy;  nicety. — 
Exactly,  eg-za,kt'li,  adv.  la  an  exact 
manner.-^Exactness,  eg-zakt'nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  exact;  accuracy; 
correctness;  preciseness;  regularity. — Ex- 
actor, eg-zak't6r,  n.    One  who  exacts. 

Exaggerate,  eg-zaj'fer-5t,  v.t. — exaggerated, 
exaggerating.  [L.  exaggero,  exaggeratum — 
ex,  intens.,  and  agger o,  to  heap,  froin  ag- 
ger, a  heap— od,  to,  and  gero,  to  carry.] 
To  represent  as  greater  than  truth  or  jus- 
tice will  warrant;  to  heighten  unduly;  to 
magnify.— Exaggeration,  eg-zaj'er-a"shon, 
n.  The  act  of  exaggerating;  a  representa- 
tion of  things  beyond  the  truth  or  reality. 
— Exaggerative,  eg-zaj'6r-a-tiv,  a.  Having 
the  tendency  to  exaggerate.  —  Exagger- 
ator,  eg-zaj'6r-a-t6r,  n.  One  who  exagger- 
ates. —  Exaggeratory,  eg-zaj'6r-a-to-ri,  a. 
Containing  exaggeration. 

Exalbiuninous,  ek-sal-btl'mi-nus,  a.  Bt>t. 
having  no  albumen  about  the  embryo,  or 
no  albumen  but  that  of  the  cotyledons. 

Exalt,  eg:Z?ilt',  v.t.  [Fr.  exalter,  irovd  L. 
exaltare  —  ex,  and  alius,  high  ( whence 
altitude,  haxtghty).]  To  raise  high;  to  lift 
up;- to  elevate  in  power,  wealth,  rank,  or 


dignity,  character,  and  the  like;  to  clevat« 
with  joy,  pride,  or  coiifi.dence;  to  el-itor  to 
praise;  highly;  to  magnify;  to  extol;  to 
elevate  the  tone  of;  to  elevate  in  diction 
or  sentiment. — Exaltation,  eg-7;al-ta'shon, 
n.    The  act  of  exalting  or  state  of  being 

•  exaltedj  elevated  state;  state  of  igreatne&i 
or  dignity;  a  state  of  great  elation;  men- 

.  tal  elevation.— Exaltedness,  eg-zal'ted-nes, 
n.  The  state  of  being  exalted.  —  Exaltdr, 
eg-zal't^r,  n.    One  who  exalts. 

Examine,  eg-zam'in,  v.t. — examined,  exam- 
ining, [lui.'examino,  examinatum,  from 
exam^n,  exdminis,  the  tongue  of  a  balance, 
for  exagtnen,  from  ex,  out.and  ago,  to  bring, 
to  do  (whence  asrcnf,  &c.).^  To  inspect  or 
observe  caref  uUyj  to  look  into  the  state  of; 

.  to  view  and  consider  in  all  its  aspects;  to  , 
question,  as  a  witness  or  an  accused  per- 
son; to  put  judicial  inquiries  to;  to  inquire 
into  the  qualifications,  capabilities,  know- 
ledge, or  progress  of.  by  interrogatories; 
to  try  or  test.— Examinant,  eg-zam'i-nant, 
n.  An  examiner. — Examinee,  eg-zam'i-ne", 
n:  One  who  undergoes  an  examination. — 
Examiner,  eg-zam'i-n6r,  n.  One  who  exam- 
ines; one  who  inspects;  a  person  appointed 

,  to  conduct  an  examination,  as  in  a  univer- 
sitv. — Examinable,  eg-zam'i-na'-bl,  o.  Ca- 
pable of  being  examined.  -—  Examen,f  eg- 
zam'en,  n.    An  examination. — Examina- 

'tion,  eg-zam'i-na"sbon,n.  The  act  of  exam- 

"  ining  or  state  of  being  examined;  a  careful 
search  or  inquiry;  careful  and  accurate 
inspection;  a  legal  inquiry  into  facts  by 
testimony;  an  attempt  to  ascertain  tnith 
by  inquiries  and  interrogatories;  a  process 
fortesting  qualiflcations,  knowledge,  pro- 
gress, of  students,  candidates,  &c.;  investi- 
gation; scrutiny;  trial.— Examinator,  eg- 
zam'i-na-t6r,  n.    An  examiner.  ' 

Example,  eg-zam'pl,  n.  [I.,  exemplum,  from 
exima,  to  take  out  or  away-^-^x,  out,  and 
etno,  emptvm,  to  take,  to  purchase  (as  in 
exempt).  Sample  is  the  same  word.]  A 
sample  or  specimen;  a  pattern,  in  morals 
or  manners,  worthy  of  imitation;  a  copy 
or  model;  one  who  or  that  which  is  pro- 
posed or  IS  proper  to  be  imitated;  a  former 
instance,  to  be  followed,  or  avoided ;  one 
held  out  as  a  caution  or  warning  to  others; 
a  particular  case  illustrating  a  general 
rule,  position,  or  truth. 

Exanthema,  ek-san-thc'ma,  n.  pi.  Exan- 
themata, ek-san-them'arta.  [Gr.  exanthe- 
ma, from  exantheO,  to  blossom— ea;,  and 
antlws,  a  flower.]  M'ed.  an  eruption  or 
breaking  out,  as  in  measles,  small-pox,&c.: 
frequently  limited  to  such  eruptions  as 
are  accompanied  with  fever. — Exanthem- 
atons,  Exanthematic,  ek-san-them'a-tus, 
ek-san'the-mat"ik,  i.  ■  Of  or  pertaining  to 
exanthema ;  eruptive.  —  Exanthesis,  ek- 
san-the'sis,  n.    Med.  an  eruption. 

Exarch,  ek'siirk,  n.  [Gr.  exarchos—ex,  and 
archos,  a  chief.]  A  viceroy  or  governor  of 
an  Italian  or  African  province  under  the 
Byzantine  Empire.  —  Exarchate,  ek'sar- 
kat,  n.  The  office,  dignity,  or  administra- 
tion of  an  exarch. 

ExarticiUation,  ek-sar-tik'a-l'5"shon,  n.  [h. 
ex,  out,  and  articidui,  a  small  joint.]  Dis- 
location of  a  joint. 

Exasperate,  eg-zas'per-5t,  v.t. — exasperated, 
exasperating.  [L.  exaspero,  exasperatum, 
to  irritate— ea;,  and  asper,  rough,  harsh.] 
To  irritate  in  a  high  degree;  to  provoke  to 
rage;  to  enrage;  to  anger;  to  excite  or  in- 
flame. —  Exasperation,  eg-zas'p6r-a"sh6n, 
n.  The  act  of  exasperating  or  state  of 
being  Sixasperated. 

Excamb,  Excambie,  eks-kamb',eks-kam'bi, 
v.t.  [li.Ii.  excambio,  to  exchange.  Change, 
Exchange.]  To  exchange:  applied  speci- 
fically to  the  exchange  of  land.  [Scot«h.] 
— Excambiou,  Excambium,  eks-kam'bi-on, 
eks-kam'bi-um,  «..  Exchange  of  pieces  of 
land.    [Scotch.] 

Excandescence,  eks-kan-des'ens,  n.  PO. 
excandescentia — ex,  and  candesco,  candeo, 
to  be  hot.]  A  growing  hot;  glowing  heat; 
heat  of  passion. 

Excamate,  eks-kar'nat,  v.t.  —  excamafed, 
excamating.  [L.  ex,  priv.,  and  caro,  camis, 
flesh.l  To  deprive  or  clear  of  flesh.  —  Ex- 
camation.f  eks-kar-na'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
divesting  of  flesh;  the  opposite  of  incarna- 
tion. 


ch,  chuin;     c&>Sc.locA;     g>po;    j,job;     D,£r.  ton;     sg,  sin^i     sb, /Aen;  tb,  tAin;     t?,  wig;     wb,  w/ug;     zu,  amre. 


'JEX-CATHEDEA 


248 


ESCLtJDE 


Sx-cathedra,  eks-ka-thed'ra,  a.  [L.  ex, 
from,  and  caVtedra^  Gr.  kataedra,  a  chair 
(whence  cathedral}.^  Lit.  from  the  chair, 
as  of  authority  or  instruction;  hence,  ap- 
plied to-any  decision,  order,  &c.,  given  in 
an  authoritative  and  dogmatic  manner. 

Excavate,  eks'ka-vat,  v.t. — excavated,  ex- 
cavatijig.  [L.  excavo,'  excavaium — ex,  out, 
and  cayx«,  noUow.  Cave.]  To  cut,  scoop, 
dig.or  wear  out  the  inner  part  of  anything 
and  make  it  hollow;  to  hollow;  to  form  by 
scooping  or  hollowing  out.  —  Excavation, 
eks-ka-va'shon,  n.  The  act  of  excavating; 
a  hoUow  or  a  cavity  formed  by  removing 
substance.  —  Excavator,  eks'ka-va-t6r,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  excavates ;  a  ma- 
chine for  excavating. 

Exceed,  ek-sed',  v.t.  [L.  excedo—ex,  out, 
and  cedo,  to  go.  Cedk.]  To  pass  or  go  be- 
yond; to  proceed  beyond  the  given  or  sup- 
posed Umit,  measure,  or  quantity  of;  to 
outgo;  to  surpass;  to  excel. — v.i.  To  go  too 
far;  to  pass  the  proper  bounds  or  limita — 
Exceeding,  ek-sS'ding,  a.  Great  in  extent, 
quantity,  degree,  or  duration;  very  large. 
—adv.  In  a  very  great  degree ;  unusually, 
r O.T.J—  ExceeiUngly,  ek-se'ding-li,  adv. 
In  an  exceeding  mannei:  or  degree;  very 
greatly;  very  much. 

Excel,  ek-sel',  v.t. — excelled,  excelling.  [L. 
excello — ex,  and  root  seen  in  Gr.  kello,  to 
impel,  L.  celsus,  raised  high.]  To  surpass 
in  good  qualities  or  laudable  deeds;  to  out- 
do in  comparison:  to  surpass;  to  transcend; 
to  exceed. — v.i.  To  be  emineat  of  distin- 
guished: to  surpass  others;  to  take  a  high 
rank.— Excellence,  ek'sel-lens,  n..The  state 
of  excelling  in  anj-thing;  the  state  of  pos- 
sessing good  qualities  in  an  eminent  or 
■unusual  degree;  superiority;  eminence; 
any  valuable  qualify;  anything  highly 
laudable,  meritorious,  or  esteemed;  a  title 
cf  honour  given  to  persons  of  high  rank ; 
excellency.  —  Excellency,  ek'sel-len-si,  n. 
Valuable  quality;  excellence;  a  title  of 
honour  given  to  .governors,  ambassadors, 
ministers,  and  the  like:  with  ymir,  his, 
&c.— Excellent,  ek'sel-lent,  a.  Being  of 
great  virtue  or  .worth;  eminent  or  dis- 
tinguished for  what  is  amiable,  valuable, 
or  laudable;  virtuous;  gotfd;  worthy;  excel- 
ling or  surpassing  in  any  quality,  power, 
or  attainment;  being  of  great  value  or 
use;  remarkable  for  good  properties. — Ex- 
cellently, ek'sel-lent-li,  adv.  In  an  ex- 
cellent manner;  in  an  eminent  degree. 

Excentrai,  eks-sen'tral,  a.  Bot.  out  of  the 
cenore. 

Excentric,  Excentrlclty.    Eccentric. 

Except,  ek-sept',  v.t.  CFr.  exeepter,  L.  ex- 
eipio,exceptum-^z,  out,  and  capio,  to  take, 
seen  also  in  captiotts.  capaciouB.  capable, 
accept,  conceive,  &c.]  To  take  or  leave  out 
of  any  number 'specified;  to  exclude.— v.i. 
To  objeci;  to.  take  exception:  usually  fol- 
lowed by  to.-^rep.  Being  excepted  or  left 
out;  with  exception  of;  excepting. — conj. 
excepting;  unless.— Excepted,  ek-sep'ted, 
p.  and  a.  Left  out;  specially  e.xcluded. — 
Excepting,  ek-sep'ting,  ppi-.  use  das  a  prep, 
and  conj.  With  exception  of;  excluding; 
unless;  except.—  Exception,  ek-sep'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  excepting  or  excluding  from  a 
number  designatef"  or  from  a  description; 
exclusion;  that  wluch  is  excepted  or  ex- 
cluded; the  person  or  thing  specified  as 
distinct  or  not  included;  an  objection;  that 
which  is  or  may  be  offered  in  opposition 
to  a  rule,  proposition,  statement,  or  allega- 
tion; offence;  slight  anger  or  resentment 
(to  take  exception  at  a  severe  remark;  to 
take  exception  to  what  was  said).— Excep- 
tionable, ek-sep'shon-a-bl,  a.  Liable  to  ex- 
ception or  objection;  objectionable. — Ex- 
ceptlonableness,  ek-sep'snon-a-bl-nes,  n. — 
Exceptional,  ek-sep'shon-al,  a.  Out  of  the 
ordinary  course;  relating  to  or  forming  an 
exception.T-Exceptionallysek-sep'shou-al- 
li,  adv.  In  an  exceptional  manner;  un- 
precedentedly;  extraordinarily;  e8i)ecially. 
— Exceptive,  ek-sep'tiv,  a.  Including  an 
exception;  making  exception. — Excei^tor, 
ek-sep'ter,  n.  One  who  makes  exceptions. 
Excerpt,  ek-s6rpt',  v.t.  [L.  exccrpo,  excerp- 
twn—ex,  out,  and  carpo,  to  pick.]  To  pick 
out  or  extract  from  a  book  or  other  literary 
composition;  to  cull;  to  select;  to  cite.— 
li.  An  extract  from  an  author  or  from  a 


■writing  of  any  kind.— Excerption.ek-sferp'- 
shou,  n.  IL.  excerptio.]  The  act  of  ex- 
cerpting; a  gleaning;  selection.    " 

Excess,  ek-ses',  n.  [L.  excessiis,  from  ex- 
cedo,  to  exceed.  Exceed.]  That  which  ex- 
ceeds any  measure  or  limit ;  that  which 
is  bej;ond  measure,  proportion,  or  due 
quantity;  superfluity;  superabundance; 
any  transgression  of  due  limits;  extrava- 
gance; wastefulness;  riotous  living;  want 
of  restraint. in  gratifying  the  desires;  in- 
temperance; over-indulgence;  the  amount 
by  which  one  number  or  quantity  exceeds 
another.— Excessive,  ek-ses'iv,  a.  Beyond 
any  given  degree,  measure,  or  limit,  or  be- 
yond the  common  measare  or  proportion; 
immodeiute ;  extravagant ;  extreme.  /. 
Enormous,  Excessive.  Syzx.  under  Esor- 
Mocs.  —  Excessively,  ek-seslv-li,  adv.  In 
an  excessive  manner  or  degree;  exceed- 
ingly; vehemently;  violently, — ^cessive- 
ness,  ek-ses'iv-nes,  jt.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  excessive. 

Exchange,  eksiihsxii',  v.t.— exchanged,' ex- 
changing.  [  O.Fr.  exchanger  —  ex,  and 
changer,  to  change.  Change.]  To  give  or 
take  in  return  for  another  thing;  to  barter; 
to  lay  aside,  quit,  or  resigaiathing,  state, 
or  condition),  and  take  something  else;  to 
give  and  receive  reciprocally;  to  give  and 
take;  to  interchange.— t».i.  To  make  an  ex- 
change; to  pass  or  to  be  taken  as  an  equi- 
valent.—^. The  act  of  giving  one  thing  or 
commodity  for  another;  barter;  traffic  by 
interchange  of  commodities ;  the  act  of 
giving  up  or  resigning  ona  thing  or  state 
for  another,  the  act  of  giving  and  reoeiv- 
ing  reciprocally ;  the  thing  given  or  the 
thing  received  in  return;  the  pls.ce  where 
the  merchants,  brokers,  and  bankers  of  a 
city  meet  to  transact  business:  often  con- 
tracted into  'Change;  the  difference  of 
value  in  the  respective  currencies  of  dif- 
ferent countries.  —  Exchangeable,  eks- 
chan'ja-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  exchanged; 
estimated  .by  what  may  be  procured  in 
exchange. — Exchangeableness,  Exchange- 
ability, eks-chan'ja-bl-nes,  eks-chsn'ja- 
bil"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
exchangeable.  —  Exchanger,  eks-chan'j^r, 
n.  .  One  who  exchanges;  one  who  deals  in 
exchanging  the  money  of  one  country  for 
that  of  another.  —  Exchange -broker,  n. 
One  who  negotiates  foreign  bills,  for  which 
he  receives  a  small  commission. 

Exchequer,  eks-chek'er,  n.  [O.Fr;  esehe- 
qider,  Fr.  echiquier,  a  chess-board:  the 
term  was  applied  to  a  court  of  finance 
from  its  having  at  first  held  its  meetings 
round  a  table  covered  with  checked  cloth, 
because  accounts  were  taken  by  means  of 
counters  on  the  checks:  Check,  Chequer, 
Chkss.J  a  state  treasury;  hence,  i)ecnni- 
aiy  property  in  general;  a  person's  fin- 
ances or  pecuniary  resources;  an  ancient 
English  tribunal  and  court,  founded  chief- 
ly for  the  collection  and  care  of  the  royal 
revenues,  now  a  division  cf  the  High 
Court  of  Justice. — Exchequer  hUls,  bills 
for  money,  or  bills  of  creait  issued  from 
the  exchequer,  and  pledging  the  govem- 

,  ment  to  repay  the  sum  ■with  a  certain  rate 
of  interest;  a  species  of  isaper  currency 
emitted  under  the  authority  of  the  gov- 
ernment, and  in  Britain  forming  a  prin- 
cipal part  of  the  pnbUc  unfunded  debt.— 
v.ti  To  institute  a  process  against  in  the 
court  of  exchequer. 

Excipient,  ek-sip'i-ent,  n.  [L.  exeipiens, 
excipientis,  ppr.  of  excipio,  to  take  out. 
Except.]  Med.  an  inert  or  slightly  active 
substance  employed  as  the  me(uum  or 
vehicle  for  the  administration  of  the  active 
medicine,  as  bread-crust,  suctt,  jelly,  &c. 

Excise,  ek-siz',  n.  [From  O.I),  aksijs,  G. 
accise,  excise,  corruption  of  O.Fr.  assise, 
an  assize,  a  tax.  Assize.]  A  tax  or  duty 
imposed  on  certain  commodities  of  home 
production  and  consumption,  p^  beer,  spi- 
rits, &c.;  or  levied  on  persons  for  licenses 
to  pursue  certain  callings,  de.al  in  certain 
commodities,  as  well  as  use  certain  things 
(armorial  bearings,  carriages,  plate,  &c.), 
or  the  like ;  that  branch  of  the  civil  ser- 
■vice  which  is  connected  with  the  collect- 
ing of  such  duties. — v.t. — excised,  excising. 
To  loT  an  excise  on. — Excisable,  ek-si'za- 
bl,  a.    Liable  or  subject  to  excise.  ^  Ex- 


ciseman, ek-siz'man,  n.  An  officer  en  jaged 
in  collecting  the  excise  duties,  or  in  pr»v 
venting  the  evasion  of  them. 

Excision,  ek-sizh'on,  n.  [Fr.,  Irom  L.  ez- 
cido,  excisttm — ex,  out,- and  ccbcLo,  to  cut, 
seen  also  in  concise,  circumcise.']  The  act 
of  cutting  off;  extirpation;  destruction;  a 
cutting  out  or  cutting  off  any  part  of  the 
body;  amputation. 

Excite,  eK-sit',  v.t.— excited,  exciting.  [Fr. 
exciter,  from  L.  excito — ex,  and  cito  (as  in 
cite,  incite,  recite),  intens.  of  cieo  or  do,  to 
excite,  call;  akin  to  Gr.  kio,,  to  go,  kineo, 
tx>  move.]  To  call  into  action;  to  animate; 

.to rouse,  provoke,  or  to  stir  up;  to  cause  to 
act,  as  that  whi<}h  is  dormant,  sluggish,  or 
inactive;  to  give  new  or  increased  action 
to;  to  stimulate;  to  call  forth  or  increase 
the  ■vital  activity  of ;  to  raise,  create,  or 
set  afoot.— Excitable,  ek-si'ta-bl,  a.  Sus- 
ceptible of  excitement ;  capable  of  being 
excited;  easily  excited  or  stirred  up;  prone 
to  or  characterized  by  excitement.  —  Ex- 
citability, Excitableness,  ek-si'ta-bil"i-ti, 

■  ek-8i'ta-b!-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  excitable.  —  Excitant,  ek'si-tant,  n. 
That  which  produces  or  may  produce  in- 
creased action  in  a  living  organism;  an 
agent  or  infiuence  which  arouses  the  ■vi^tal 
activity  of  the  body  or  pf  any  of  the  tissues 
or  organs;  a  stimulant.  —  Excitation,  ek- 
Bi-ta'shonl  ri.  The  act  of  exciting;  excite- 
ment. —  Excita/tive;  Excitatory,  ek-si'ta- 

.  tiv,  ek-si'ta-to-rt,  a.  Having  power  to  ex- 
cite; tending  or  serving  to  excite.— Excite- 
ment, ek-sit'ment,  n.  The  act  of  exciting; 
stimulation ;  the  state  of  being  excited ; . 
agitation;  sensation;  commotion;  a  state 
of  aroused  or  increased  vital  activity  in 
the  body  or  any  of  its  tissues  or  organs;  a 
vitiated  and  abnormal  state  of  the  actions 
and  6ensations,or  both,  produced  by  stimu- 
lants, irritants,  or  the  like;  that  which  ex- 
cites of  rouses;  that  which  moves,  stirs,  or 
induces  action. — Exciter,  ek-si'tfer,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  excites.— Exci^ting,  ek- 
si'ting,  p.  and  a.  .r  Calling  or  rousing  into 
action ;  producing  excitement;  deeply  in- 
teresting; thrilling.  —  Excitingly,  ek-si'- 
ting-U,  adv.  So  as  to  excite.— Excitive, 
ek-si'tiv,  a.    Tending  to  excite. 

Exclaim,  eks-klam',  v.i.  [L.  exclamo — ex, 
and  clamo,  to  call.  Claim.]  To  utter  with 
vehemence;  to  cry  out;  to  shout;  to  de- 
clare ■with  loud  vociferation.— Exclaimer, 
eks-kl5'm6r,  n.  One  who  exclaims.  —  Ex- 
clamation, eks-kla-ma'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  exclaiming  or  making  an  outcry;  noisy 
talk;  vehement  vociferation;  clamour;  an 
emphatical  or  passionate  utterance;  the 

,  mark  or  sign  in  printing  '.  by  which  em- 
phatical utterance  or  interjectional  force 
is  marked;  grum.  a  word  expressing  out- 
cry; an  interjection.  —  Exclamatory,  Ex- 
clamatlve,  eks-klam 'a-to-ri,  eks-klam 'a- 
tlv,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
exclamation;  expressing  exclamation. — 
Exdamatorily,  Exclamatively,  eks-klam'- 
a-to-ri-li,  eks-kiam'a-tiv-li,  adv.  In  an  ex- 
clamatory manner. 

Exclude,  eks-klGd',  v.t— exchided,  exclud- 
ing. [L.  excludo,  to  shut  out — ex,  out,  and 
<ilau('o,  to  shut,  whence  clause,  close,  Ac] 
To  hinder  from  entering  or  from  admis- 
sion; to  shut  out;  to  hinder  from  partici- 
pation or  enjoyment;  to  debar;  to  except; 
not  to  comprehend  or  include  in  a  privilege, 
grant,  argument,  de.scription,&c.;  to  thrust 
out;  to  eject. — Exclusion,  ekf-kla'zhon,  n. 
The  act  of  excluding,  shutting  out,  debar- 
ring, expelling,  excepting,  or  i  ejecting;  the 
state  of  being  excluded.  —  Exclusionary, 
eks-klfi'zhon-a-ri,  a.  Tending  to  exclude  or , 
debar.— Exclnsionlsm,eks-kin'2hon-izm,n. 
Exclusive  principles  or  practice.— Exclu- 
Bionist,  eks-klQ'zhon-ist,  n.  One  who  is  in 
favour  of  exclusion.— Exclneive,  eks-kln'- 
siv,  o.  Having  the  power  or  effect  of  exclud- 
ing; possessed  and  enjoyed  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  others  (an  exclusive  privilege);  not 
taking  into  account  something  or  certain 
individuals;  not  including  or  comprehend- 
ing cert.ain  things  (an  exclusive  estimate): 
often  •witho/ (600  men  exclusive  o/o&ceTs); 
excluding  from  or  chary  in  admitting  to 
society  or  fellowship;  f.xstidious  n.>  to  the 
social  rank  of  associat-os;  illiberal;  narrow. 
— n.  One  very  fastidious  as  to  the  soci.il 


^>.w%i*r,fat,f{*ll;     sae,  met,  h«r;    piBea>in;    note,  oot,  mi>v«;    t<lbe,tul>,b^5    oil,jpoundi    ti»  8c.  abtme-tto  Jk, 


EXCOGITATE 


:i9 


EXEMPLIFY 


iwsition  or  breeding  of  his  associates. — 
ixclusively.  eks-klu'siv-li,  adu.  Without 
admission  of  others;  with  the  exclusion  of 
all  others;  without  comprehension  in  a 
number;  not  inclusively.— Exclusiveness, 
eks-klQ'siv-nes,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  exclusive.  —  Excluslvism,  eks-klri'- 
siv-izm,  n.  Act  or  practice  of  being  ex- 
clusive or  fastidious  in  the  choice  of  asso- 
ciates. —  Exclnsory,  eks-kln'so-ri,  a.  Ex- 
clusive; Excluding;  able  to  exclude. 

Excogitate,  eks-koj'i-tat,  v.t. —  excogitated, 
excogitating.  [L.  excogito  —  ex,  out,  and 
cogito,  to  think.)  To  strike  out  by  think- 
ing; to  think  out;  to  devise;  to  contrive.  — 
Excogitation,  ek8-koj'i-ta"8hon,  n.  The 
act  of  excogitating. 

Excommunicate,  eks-kom-mu'ni-kat,  v.t.— 
exconununicated,  excommunicating.  [L.  ex, 
out,  and  communieo,  communicattim,  to 
communicate,  from  communis,  common.] 
To  expel  or  eject  from  the  communion  of 
the  church  and  deprive  of  spiritual  advan- 
tages; hence,  to  expel  from  any  association 
and  deprive  of  the  privilefres  of  member- 
ship. —  n.  One  who  is  excommunicated; 
one  cut  oflf  from  any  privilege.  —  Excom- 
municable,  eks-koni-mu'ni-ka-bl,a.  Liable 
or  deserving  to  be  excommunicated;  pun- 
ishable by  excommunication.  —  Excom- 
munication, eks-kom-mu'ni-ka"shon,  n. 
The  act  of  excommunicating,  or  state  of 
being  excommunicated;  expulsion  from 
the  communion  of  a  church,  and  depriva- 
tion of  its  rights,  privileges,  and  advan- 
tages.—Excommimicator,  eks-kom-ma'ni- 
ka-t6r,  n.  One  who  excommunicates. — 
Excommunicatory,  eks-kom-mQ'ui-ka-to- 
ri,  a.  Relating  to  or  causing  excommuni- 
cation. 

Excoriate,  eks-ko'ri-5t,  v.t. — exeonated,  ex- 
coriating. [L.L,  excorio — L.  ear,  and  corium, 
skin,  hide.]  To  break  or  wear  off  the  cu- 
ticle of;  to  abrade  a  part  of  the  skin  so  as 
to  reach  the  flesh;  to  gall.  —  Excoriation, 
eks-ko'ri-a"shon,n.  The  act  of  excoriating; 
a  galling;  abrasion. 

Excorticate, eks-kor'ti-kat,  v.t.  |X.  ex,  priv., 
and  cortex,  coi'fiKis.  the  bark.]  To  strip  of 
the  b;irk  or  rind.— Excorticatlon,  eks-kor"- 
ti-ka"shon,  n.    The  act  of  excorticating. 

Excrement,  eks'kre-ment,  n.  [L.  excremen- 
tum,  from  exceryxo,  excretum,  to  sift  out — 
ex,  out,  and  cerno,  to  separate.  Discern.] 
matter  discharged  from  the  animal  body 
after  digestion;  alvine  discharge.— Excre- 
mental,  Excrementitial,  Excrementitious, 
eks-kre-men.'tal,  eks'krC-men-tish"al,  eks'- 
kre-nien-tish"us,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  con. 
sisting  of  excrement;  consisting  of  matter 
excreted  from  the  animal  body. 

Exci'ement,t  eks'kre-ment,  n.  TL.  excreseo, 
excretum,  to  grow  out  or  forth.  Excres- 
CENXE.]  Anything  growingout  of  the  body, 
as  hair,  nails,  feathers,  &c.    [Shak.] 

Excrescence,  Excrescency,  eks-kres'ens, 
eks-kres' en-si,  n.  [Fr.  excrescence,  from 
L.  excrescens,  pp.  of  excreseo,  to  grow  out 
— ex,  out,  and  cresco,  to  gi'ow  (in  crescent, 
concrete,  increase,  &c.).]  Anything  which 
grows  out  of  sqpiething  else  and  is  useJess 
ordisfiguring  (asa  wart  or  tumour);  a  use- 
less or  troublesome  outgrowth ;  hence,  a 
troublesome  superfluitj'. — Excrescent.eks- 
kres'ent,  a.  Growing  out  of  something 
else  in  an  abnormal  manner,  as  a  wart  or 
tumour. 

Excrete,  eks-kr5t',  v.t. — excreted,  excreting. 
[L.  excemo,  excretum.  Excrement.]  To 
separate  and  throw  off  from  the  body  by 
vital  action ;  to  discharge.  —  Excretion, 
eks-krS'shon,  n.  A  separation  of  some  fluid 
from  the  blood  by  means  of  the  glands;  a 
discharge  of  animal  fluids  from  the  body; 
that  which  is  discharged.— Excretive,  Ex- 
cretory, eks'kre-tiv,  eks'kr5-to-ri,  n.  Hay- 
ing the  quality  of  excreting  or  throwing 
off  excrementitious  matter.  —  n.  Anat.  a 
duct  or  vessel  destined  to  receive  secreted 
fluids  and  to  excrete  them. 
Excruciate,  eks-krO'shi-at,w.t. — excruciated, 
excruciating.  [I/,  excrucio,  excruciatum— 
ex,  and  critcio,  to  torment,  from  crux,  a 
cross.  Cross.]  Tocauseextremepainortor- 
ture  to;  to  torment;  to  inflict  most  severe 
pain  on. — Excruciating,  eks-kro'shi-a-ting, 
l»,  and  a.  Extremely  painful;  distressing; 
torturing ;  tormenting.—  Excruciatingly, 


eks-krO'shi-a-ting-li,  adv.  In  an  excru- 
ciatttig  manner.  —  Excruciation,  eks-krO'- 
shi-a'shon,  n.  The  act  of  excruciating; 
torture;  extreme  pain;  vexation. 

Excubitory,  Excubitorium,  eks-kabi-to-ri, 
eks-kQ'bi-to"ri-um,  n.  |  L.  excubitor,  a 
watchman— ex,  out,  and  c«6o,  to  lie.  J  Arch. 
a  gallery  in  a  church  where  public  watch 
was  kept  at  night  on  the  eve  of  some  fes- 
tival, and  from  which  the  great  shrines 
were  observed;  a  watching-loft. 

Exculpate,  eks-kul'pat,  v.t  —  exculpated, 
exculpating.  [L.L.  exculpo,  exculpatum — 
L.  ex,  and  culpo,culpatum,  to  blame,  from 
culpa,  a  fault.]  To  clear  from  a  charge  or 
imputation  of  fault  or  guilt;  to  vindicate 
from  a  charge  of  fault  or  crime;  to  relieve 
of  or  free  from  blame;  to  regard  as  inno- 
cent; to  exonerate;  to  absolve;  to  excuse. 
—Exculpation,  eks-kul-pa'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  exculpating;  what  exculpates;  an 
excuse.— Exculpatory,  eks-kuri)a-to-ri,  a. 
Able  to  exculpate;  containing  excusatory 
evidence. 

Excnrrent,  eks-kur'ent,  a.  [L.  exeurrens, 
excurrentis,  ppr.  of  excurro — ex,  out,  ana 
curro,  to  run.]  Bot.  projecting  or  running 
beyond  the  edge  or  point,  as  when  the 
midrib  of  a  leaf  projects  beyond  the  apex. 

Excursion,  eks-ker'shon,  n.  [L.  e.xcursio, 
from  excurro— ex,  out,  and  curro,  to  run.] 
Act  of  running  out  or  forth;  a  deviation 

1  from  a  fixed  or  usual  course;  a  wandering 
from  a  subject  or  main  design;  digression; 
a  journey  for  pleasure  or  health,  with  the 
view  of  return;  a  trip. — Excursion  train,  a 
i-ailway  train  specially  put  on  forcarrying 
passengers  on  a  pleasure  trip  for  a  certain 
distance  and  at  a  low  fare. — Excursionist, 
eks-ker'shon-ist,  n.  One  who  makes  an 
excursion;  specifically,  one  who  travels  by 
an  excursion  train;  one  who  professionally 
provides  the  public  with  facilities  for 
making  excursions.  —  Exeureionize,  eks- 
kfir'shon-iz,  v.i.  To  make  an  excursion;  to 
take  part  in  an  excursion.  —  Excursive, 
eks-kfer'siv,  a.  Given  to  making  excur- 
sions; rambling;  wandering. — Excursive- 
ly, eks-kfir'siv-li,  adv.  In  an  excursive 
manner.  —  Excursiveness,  eks-kfer'siv-qes, 
n.  The  condition  or  character  of  being 
excursive. — Excursus,  eks-k6r'sus,  n.  [L.) 
A  dissertati9n  appended  to  a  book,  dis- 
cussing some  important  point  or  topic 
more  fully  than  could  be  done  in  the  body 
of  the  work. 

Excuse,  eks-kQz',  v.t.  —  excused,  excusing. 
IL.  excuso — ex,  out,  and  causa,  a  cause,  a 
suit.]    To  free  from  accusation  or  the  im- 

Eutation  of  fault  or  blame;  to  relieve  from 
lame;  to  exculpate;  to  absolve;  to  justify; 
to  pardon  (a  fault),  to  forgive,  or  to  admit 
to  be  little  censurable,  and  to  overlook; 
to  free  from  an  obligation  or  duty;  to  re- 
lease by  favour.  —  n.  (eks-kus').  A  plea 
offered  in  extenuation  of  a  fault  or  irregu- 
lar deportment;  apology;  that  which  ex- 
tenuates or  justifies  a  fault,— Excusable, 
eks-ka'za-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  excused; 
pardonable;  admitting  of  excuse. — Excu- 
sableness,  eks-ka'za-bl-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  excusable.  —  Excusably,  eks-ku'- 
za-bli,  adu.  In  an  excusable  manner;  par- 
donably. —  Excusatory,  eks-ku'za-to-ri,  a. 
Making  excuse;  containing  excuse  or  apo- 
logy; apologetical.— Exouseless,  eks-kQs'- 
les,  a.  Having  no  excuse;  such  as  to  ex- 
clude excuse  or  apology.  —  Excuser,  eks- 
ka'zer,  n.    One  who  excuses.. 

Exeat, ek'se-at.  [L., let  him  depart.]  Leave 
of  absence  given  to  a  student  in  tlie  Eng- 
lish universities;  the  permission  granted 
by  a  bishop  to  a  priest  to  go  out  of  his 
diocese. 

Execrate,  ek'se-krat,  v.t.  —  exiecraled,  exe- 
crating. [Fr.  exdcrer,  from  L.  execror — ex, 
and  sacer,  consecrated  or  dedicated  to  a. 
deity,  accursed.  SacreI).]  To  denounce' 
evil  against,  or  to  imprecate  evil  on;  to 
curse;  hence,  to  detest  utterly;  to  abhor; 
to  abominate.— Execrable,  ek'sS-kra-bl,  a. 
Deserving  to  be  execrated  6r  cursed;  very 
hateful;  detestable;  abominable. — Execra- 
bly, ek'se-kra-bli,  adv.  In  a  manner  de- 
serving of  execration ;  detestably.  —  Ex- 
ecration, ek-se-kra'shon,  n.  The  act  of  ex- 
ecrating; a  curse  pronounced;  imprecation 
of  evil;  utter  detestation;  the  object  ex- 


ecrated. —  Execratlve,  Execratory,  ek'sS- 
kra-tiv,  ek'sC-kra-to-ri,  a.  Denouncing  evil; 
cursing ;  vilifying.  —  Execratory,  ii.  A 
formulary  of  execration. 
Execute,  ck'se-kot,  v.t.— executed,  executing. 
IFr.  exicuter,  from  L.  exsequor,  exsecutus, 
to  follow  to  the  end V- ex,  and  aequor,  to 
follow,  as  in  sequence,  prosecute,  persecute, 
pursue,  ensue,  &c.  ]  To  follow  out ;  to 
perform;  to  do;  to  carry  into  complete 
effect;  to  complete;  to  accomplish;  to  fin- 
ish; tagive  eflect  to:  to  put  in  force  (a  law 
or  measure);  to  inflict;  to  inflict  capital 
punishment  on;  to  put  to  death;  t#per- 
form  what  is  required  to  give  validity  to  (a 
writing),  as  by  signing  and  sealing;  to  per- 
form (a  piece  of  music)  on  an  instrument 
or  with  the  voice.— Executable,  ek-s6-ka'- 
ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  executed. — Ex- 
.  ecutant,  eg-zek'U-tant,n.  One  who  executes 
or  performs;  a  performer. — Executer,  ek'sC- 
ku-ter,  n.  One  who  performs  or  carries 
into  effects — Execution,  ek-s6-kQ'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  executing;  performance;  the 
mode  of  producing  or  performing  an  artis- 
tic work,  and  the  dexterity  with  which  it 
fc  accomplished;  the  carrying  out  of  the 
sentence  of  the  law  by  putting  a  criminal 
to  death;  a  cassof  the  infliction  of  capital 
punishment;  the  carrying  out  of  the  sen- 
tence of  a  court  by  arresting  the  goods  or 
body  of  a  debtor.  —  To  do  execution,  to 
cause  great  damage;  to  have  a  destructive 
effect  (as  a  storm  or  a  cannon-ball).— Exe- 
cutioner, ek-se-ka'shon-er,  n.  One  who 
inflicts  a  capital  punishment  in  pursuance 
of  a  legal  warrant.— Executive,  eg-zek'tt- 
tiv,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  executing 
or  performing;  designed  or  fitted  for  exe- 
cution, administering,  or  carrying  into 
efiect,  laws;  governing.— n.  The  person  (or 
body  of  persons)  who  superintends  the 
execution  of  the  laws;  the  person  or  per- 
sons who  .administer  the  government. — 
Executively,  eg-zek'a-tiv-li,  adv.  In  the 
way  of  executing  or  performing. — Execu- 
tor, ek'se-ka-ter,  n.  One  who  executes  or 
performs;  a  performer  or  doer;  law,  the 
person  appointed  by  a  testator  to  execute 
nis  will  or  to  see  it  carried  into  effect:  in 
this  sense  pronounced  eg-zek'Q-tfir. — Ex- 
ecutorial, eg^zek'n-to"ri-ar, «.  Pertaining 
to  an  executor.— Executorship,  eg-zek'a- 
t6r-ship,  n.  The  office  of  an  executor.— 
Executory,  eg-zefo-to-ri,  a.  Performing 
official  duties;  carrying  laws  into  effect; 
executive.  —  Executrix,  Executress,  eg- 
zek'a-triks,  eg-zek'Q-tres,  n.  A  female  ex- 
ecutor; a  woman  appointed  by  a  testator 
to  execute  his  will. 

Exegesis,  ek-se-je'sis,  n.  [Gr.  exegSsis,  from 
exegeomai,  to  explain— ex,  and  hegeomai, 
to  lead,  to  guide.]  The  exposition  or  in- 
terpretation of  any  literary  production, 
but  more  particularly  the  exposition  or 
interpretation  of  Scripture;  also  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  art  of  sacred  interpretation; 
exegetics;  hermeneutics.  —  Exegetic,  Exe- 
getical,  ek-s5-jet'ik,  ek-sC-jet'i-kal,  a.  Ex- 
planatory; tending  to  illustrate  or  unfold; 
expository.— Exegetically;  ek-s5-jet'i-kal- 
li,  adv.  By  way  of  exegesis  or  explana- 
tion. —  Exegetics,  ek-sS-jet'iks,  n.  The 
science  which  lays  down  the  principles  of 
the  art  of  scriptural  interpretation;  exe- 
gesis; hermeneutics.— Exegetlst,  ek-s5-je'- 
tist,  n.  One  who  is  skilled  in  exegetical 
theology. 

Exemplar,  eg-zem'pl6r,  n.  {h.  Example.] 
A  model,  original,  or  pattern  to  be  copied 
or  imitated;  a  person  who  serves  as  a  pat- 
tern.—Exemplary,  eg'zem-pla-ri,  a.  Serv- 
ing for  a  pattern  or  model  for  imitation; 
worthy  of  imitation;  such  as  may  serve  for 
a  warning  to  others;  such  as  may  deter.- 
Exemplarily,  eg'zem-pla-ri-li,  adv.  In  an 
exemplary  manner.  —  Exemplariness,  eg'- 
zem-pla-n-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  exemplary. 

Exemplify,  eg-zem'pli-fi,  v.t. — exemplijledi 
exemplifying.  [L.L.  exempliflco,  to  exem- 
plify—L.exetnpZurn,  an  example,  and/ocio, 
to  make.]  To  show  or  illustrate  by  exam- 
ple; to  serve  as  an  example  or  instance  of; 
to  make  an  attested  copy  or  transcript  of. 
— Exempllflable,  eg-zem'pli-fi-a-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  exemplified.— ExempUflca- 
tlon,  eg-zem'pU-fi-ka"shon,  n.    The  act  of 


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EXEUfPT 


250 


EXOOAJVIY 


exemplifying;  a  showing  or  illustrating 
by  example:  that  which  exemplifies.— Ex- 
empllfler,  eg-zem '  pli-fl-6r,  n. '  One  that 
exemplifies. 

Exempt,  eg-zemt%  v.t.  [Fr.  exetnpter;  L. 
eximo,  exemptum,  to  take  ont,  to  remove 
^-ex,  out,  and  emo,  to  buy,  tp  take.]  To 
free  or  permit  to  be  free  from  any  charge, 
buitien,  restraint,  duty,  &c.,  to  which 
others  are  subject;  to  privilege;  to  grant 
immunity  (no  man  is  exempted  from  suffer- 
ing>. — a.  free  from  any  service,  charge, 
burden,  tax,  duty,  requisition,  or  evil  of 
any  kind  to  which  others  are  subject;  not 
subject;  not  liable;  not  included;  freed; 
free.  —  n.  One  who  is  exempted;,  one  not 
subject. — Exemption,  eg-zem'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  exempting ;  the  st.\te  of  being  ex- 
empt; immunity;  privilegt\ 

Exequatur,  ek-se-kwa'tfer, »».  CD  »  let  him 
pertorm  or  execute.]  A  written  recogni- 
tion of  a  person  in  the  character,  of  consul 
or  commercial  agent;  an  official  permis- 
sion to  perform  some  act. 

Exequies,  ek'se-kwiz,  n.  pi.  [li.  exequice, 
from  exequor,  exseqvar — ea;,  out  of,  and 
segwor,  to foUow.  Execcte.]  Funeralrites; 
the  ceremonies  of  burial;  obsequies.— Ex- 
equial.t  ek-se'kwi-al,  o.  Pertaining  to 
funeral  ceremonies. 

Exercise,  ek's^r-siz,  n.  [Tr.  exercice,  from 
li.  exercitium,  exercise,  from  exerceo,  exer- 
citum,  to  exercise — ex.  out,  and  arceo,  to 
inclose,  to  hinder.]  A  putting  in  action 
the  powers  or  faculties  of  (the  eyes,  the 
limb's,  the  mind);  use;  employment;  prac- 
tice or  performance;  a  carrying  out  in  ac- 
tion, or  performing  the  duties  of  anything 
(the  exercise  ot  an  art,  trade,  occupation); 
exertion  of  the  body  as  conducive  to 
health;  bodily  exertion  as  a  psirt  of  r^- 
men;  systematic  exertion  of  the  body  for 
amusement  or  in  order  to  acquire  some- 
art,  dexterity,  or  grace;  any  such  art  or 
dexterity  acquired  bj;  bodily  training ; ' 
training  to  acquire  skill  in  the  manage- 
ment of  arms  and  in  military  evolutions; 
drill;  moral  training;  discipline;  a  lesson 
or  example  for  the  practice  of  learners;  a 
school  task.  —  v.t.  —  exercised,  exercising. 
To  set  in  exercise  or  operation;  to  employ; 
to  set  or  keep  in  a  state  of  activity;  to 
exert  ithe  body,  the  mind)  to  put  in  prac- 
tice; to  carry  out  in  action  (to  exercise 
authority);  to  train,  discipline,  or  improve 
by  practice;  to  task;  to  keep  employed  or 
busy;  to  cause  to  think  earnestly  and  la- 
boriously; to  give  anxiety  to;  to  make  un- 
easy; to  task  or  try  with  something  griev-. 
ous;  to  pain  or  afflict. — v.i.  To  exercise 
ones  self;  to  take  exercise. — Exerciser, 
ek's6r-8i-z6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
exercises.  —  Exercisible,  ek'sfer-si-zi-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  exercised,  enjoyed,  or  en- 
forced.—  Exercitation,  ek  s6r'8i-ta"shon, 
n.  [L.  exercitatio.}  Exercise ;  practice ; 
use. 

Exergue,  eg-z6rg',  n.  [Gr.  ex,  out,  and  er- 
gon, work.]  The  small  space  beneath  the 
base-line  of  a  subject  engraved  on  a  coin 
or  medal,  left  for  the  date,  engraver's 
name,  or  something  of  minor  importance. 
Exert,  eg-z6rt',  v.t.  [L.  exerlo,  exserto,  to 
sfretch  out,  to  thrust  forth,  freq.  from  ex- 
sero,  exsertum,  to  thrust  out  or  forth — ex, 
out,  and  sero,  to  join.  Series.]  To  put 
forth  (strength,  force,  ability);  to  put  in 
action;  to  bring  into  active  operation  (the 
mind,  the  bodily  powers);  refl.  to  use 
efforts;  to  strive;  to  put  forth  one's  pow- 
ers.—Exertion,  eg-z6r'Bhon,  n.  The  act  of 
exerting;  a  putting  forth  of  power;  an 
effort;  a  striving  or  struggling;  endeavour; 
trial. 

Exeunt.    Exit. 

Exfoliate,  eks-fSli-at,  v.i.  —  exfoliated,  ex- 
foliating. [L.  exfolio,  exfoliattim,  to  strip 
of  leaves  — ez,  and  folium,  a  leaf.]  To 
separate  and  come  off  in  scales ;  to  split 
into  scales.  —  v.t.  To  free  from  scales  or 
splinters. — Exfoliation,  eks-foli-a"shon,  n. . 
The  process  of  exfoliating  or  separation 
in  scales;  desquamation;  separation  into 
scales  or  laminae,  as  in  a  mineral.— Ex- 
foliative, eks-fo'li-a-tiv,  o.  Having  the 
power  of  causing  exfoliation. 
Exhale,  egz-hftl',  v.t.  —  exhaled,  exhaling. 
[It.  exhalo—ex,  out,  and  halo,  to  breathe.] 


To  breathe  or  send  out  (something  of  a 
vaporous  or  gaseous  character);  to  emit, 
as  vapour;  also,  to  cause  to  be  emitted  in 
vapour  or  minute  particles.— v.?.  To  rise 
or  pass  off,  as  vapour;  to  vanish.— Exhal- 
able,  egz-ha'la-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
exhsiled  or  evaporated. — Exhalant,  Exha- 
lant,  egz-halant,  egz-ha'lent,  a.  Having 
the  quality  of  exhaling  or  evaporating. — 
Exhalation,  egz-ha-la'shon,  n.  [L.  exka- 
latio.]  The  act  or  process  of  exhaling; 
evaporation;  that  which  is  exhaled;  that 
which  is  emitted  or  which  rises  in  the 
form  of  vapour;  emanation;  effluvium. 

Exhaust,  egz-hast',  v.t.  [L.  exhaurio,  ex- 
haristum — ex,  out,  up,  and  hanirio,  to  draw, 
todrawwater.]  TodrawoutordrEiinoffthe 
whole  of;  to  consume  or  use  up;  to  empty 
by  drawing  out  the  contents;  to  use  or  ex- 
pend the  whole  of  by  exertion;  to  wear 
out:  to  tire;  to  treat  thoroughly;  to  leave 
nothing  unsaid  regarding.  —  Exhauster, 
egz-has't6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
exhausts.  —  Exhaustible,  egz-has'ti-bl,  ia. 
Capable  of  being  exhausted,  drained  off, 
consumed,  or  brought  to  an  end. — Ex- 
haustihiliiy,  'egz-has'ti-bil"i-ti,  n.  Capa- 
bility of  being  exhausted;  the  state  of 
being  exhaustible.— Exhausting,  egz-hfts'- 
ting,  a.  Tending  to  exhaust,  weaken,  or 
fatigue.- Exhaustion,  egz-has'tyon,n.  The 
act  of  exhausting ;  the  state  of  being  ex- 
hausted or  emptied;  the  state  of  being  de- 
prived of  strength  or  spirits;  a  state  of 
complete  fatigue  and  bodily  weakness. — 
Exhaustive,  egz-has'tiv,  a.  Causing  ex- 
haustion; tending  to  exhaust;  treating  of 
a  subject  in  such  a  way  as  t*  leave  no  part 
of  it  unexamined ; .  thorough.  —  Exhaus- 

■  tively,  egz-has'tiv-li,  adv.  In  an  exhaus- 
tive mannerl.  —  Exhanstless,  egz-h?vst'les, 
a.  Kot  to  be  exharusted;  inexhaustible.— 
Exhaust-pipe,  n.  The  pipe  df  a  steam- 
engine  that  conveys  waste  steam  from  the 
cyunder  to  the  condenser,  or  through 
which  it  escapes  to  the  atmosphere. — Ex- 
haust-steam, vn.  The  steam  allowed  to 
escape  from  the  cylinder  after  it  has  .pro- 
duced ^notion  of  the  piston.  —  Exhaust- 
valve,  n.  The  valve  which  regulates  the 
passage  of  waste  steam  from  the  cylindf r. 

Exhibit,  egz-hib'it,  v.t.  [L.  exhibeo,  exhiM- 
tvm — ex,  out,  and  habeo,  hdbitum,  to  hold, 
as  in  prohioit,  &c.  Habit.]  To  hold 
out  or  present  to  view;  to  present  for  in- 
spection ;  to  show ;  to  manifest  publicly 
(to  exhibit  a  noble  example);  med.  to  rd- 
minister  by  way  of  medicine  or  remedy.- 
v.i.  To  show  one's  self  in  some  particular 
capacity  or  character;  ip  exhibit  one's 
manufactures  or  productions  at  a  public 
exhibition.— n.  Anything  exhibited,  as  at 
a  public  exhibition ;  a  document  or  other 
thing  shoTyn  to  a.  witness  when  giving  evi- 
dence, and  referred  to  by  him  in  his  evi- 
dence. —  Exhlbiter,  egz-hib'i-t6r,  n.  One 
who  exhibits;  one  who  presents  a  petition. 
—  Exhibition,  eks-hi-bish'on,  n.  [L.  ex- 
hibitio.]  The  act  of  exhibiting;  a  show- 
ing or  presenting  to  view;  that  which 
is  exhibited ;  especially  a  public  display, 
as  of  works  of  art,  natural  products,  ma- 
nufactures, feats  of  skill,  and  the  like; 
formerly  an  allowance,  pension,  or  salary; 
hence,  a  benefaction  settled  for  the  main- 
tenance of  scholars  in  English  universi- 
ties; med.  the  act  of  administering  a  re- 
medy.—Exhibitioner,  eks-hi-bish'on-^r,  w. 
In  English  universities,  one  who  has  a 
pension  or  allowance  granted  for  his  main- 
tenance.—  Exhibitive.t  egz-hib'i-tiv,  a. 
Servirig  for  exhibition;  representative. — 
Exhibitor,  egz-hib'i-tfer,  to.  One  who-  ex- 
hibits.—Exhibitory,  egz-hib'i-to-ri,  a.  Ex- 
hibiting; showing;  intended  to  exhibit  or 
display. 

Exhilarate,  egz-hil'a-rat,  v.t. — exhilarated, 
exhilarating.  [L.  exhilaro—ex,  and  hilaro, 
to-  make  merry,  from  hilaris,  merry,  jo- 
vial.] To  make  cheerful  or  merry;  to  in- 
spire with  hilarity;  to  make  glad  or  joyous; 
to  inspirit;  to  gladden;  to  cheer.  —  Exhll- 
arant,  egz-hil'a-rant,  a.  Exhilarating. — 
TO.  Thatwhich  exhilarates.— Exhilarating, 
egz-hil'a-ra-ting,  a.  Such  as  to  exhilarate 
or  make  cheerful.— Exhilaratingly,  egz- 
hil'a-ra-ting-li,  adv.  In  an  exhilarating 
manner.— Exhilaratlofl,  egz-hira-ra"shon. 


n.  The  act  of  exhilarating:  cheerfulness: 
enlivenment;  gladness;  gaiety. 

Exhort,  egz-hort',  v.t.  [L.  exiwrtor—ex,  and 
hortor,  to  encourage,  to  advise.]  To  incite 
by  words  or  advice;  to  animate  or  urge  by 
arguments  to  laudable  conduct  or  course 
of  action;  to  advise,  warn,  or  caution ;  to 
admonish. — v.i.  To  use  woiids  or  arguments 
to  incite  to  good  deeds.— Exhortation,  eks- 
hor-ta'shon,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  ex- 
horting; language  intended  to  incite  and 
encourage;  a  persuasive  discourse;  i  hom- 
ily; an  admonition.  —  Eaiortative,  Ex- 
hortatory,  egz-hor'ta-tiv,  egz-hor'tii-to-ri, 
a.  Contaming  exhortation^  tending  to 
exhort;  serving  for  exhortation.  —  I'.xhor- 
ter,  egz-hor't6r,'  n.  One  -who  exhovts  or 
encourages. 

Exhume,  eks-htlm',  v.t.—exhumed,  exhvm- 
ing.  [Fr.  exhumer,  to  dig  out  of  the  ground 
—  L.  ex,  out,  and  ft«mtts,  earth,  ground 
(akia humble).]  Todigupafterhavingbeeu 
buried;  to  disinter.— Exhumation,  eks-ha- 
ma'shon,  to.    The  act  of  exhuming. 

Exigence,  Exigency,  ek'si-jens,  ek'si-j  en-si, 
n.  [Fr.  exigence,  from  L.  ezigo,  to  drive 
out  or  forth,  to  demand,  to  exact.  Exact.] 
The  state  of  being  urgent  or  pressing;  ur- 
gent demand;  urgency;  a  pressing  neces- 
sity; emergency.  —  Exigent,  ek'si-jent,  a. 
Pressing ;  requiring  immediate  aid  or  ac- 
tion.— Exigible,  ek'si-ji-bl,  a.  That  may 
be  exacted;  dcmandable;  requirable. 

Exiguous,  ek-sig'Q-us,a.  [h.exiguus,  scanty.] 
Small;  slender;  minute;  diminutive. — 
Exiguity",  ek-si-gil'i-ti,  n.  [li.  exiguitas.^ 
Smallness;  slendemess. 

Exile,  eg'zil,  to.  .  [Fr.  exil,  banishment, 
exiU,  an  exiled  person,  from  L.  exsilittm, 
banishment,  exsul,  a  banished  person— ex, 
out,  and  root  of  aalio,  to.  leap  (whence 
salient,  sally);  Skr.  sar,  to  go.]  The  state 
of  being  expelled  from  one's  native  coun- 
try or  place  of  residence  by  authority,  and 
forbidden  to  return,  either  for  a  limited 
time  or  for  perpetuity;  banishment;  a  re- 
moval to  a  foreign  country  for  residence ; 
a  separation  from  one's  country  and  friends 
by  distress  or  necessity;  the  person  ban- 
ished or  expelled  from  his  country,  onwho 
leaves  his  country  and  resides  in  another. 
— v.t. — exiled,  exiling.  To  banish;  to  cause 
to  be  an  exile. — Exilement,!  eg-zil'ment, 
TO.    Banishment. 

Exist,  eg-zist',  v.i.  [Fr.  exister,  from  jd. 
existo—ex,  and  sisto,  to  stand,  as  in  assist, 
consist,  &c.  State,  Stand.]  To  have  ac- 
tual existence  or  being,  whether  in  the 
form  of  matter  or  of  spirit;  to  be;  to  lire; 

•  to  continue  to  have  life  or  animation;  to 
continue  to  be. — Existence,  eg-zis'tens,  n. 
The  state  of  being  or  existing ;  continu- 
ance of  being ;  that  which  exists ;  an  en- 
tity.—  Existent,  eg-zis'tent,  a.  Having 
existence;  being.— Existential,  eg-zis-ten'- 
shal,  0.  Of  or  pertaining  to,  or  consisting 
in  existence. 

Exit,  ek'sit,  n.  [L. ,  he  goes  out,  from  exeo, 
to  go  out— -esc,  out,  and  eo,  to  go.]  The  de- 
parture 0).'  a  player  from  the  stage  when 
he  has  performed  his  part;  a  direction  in 
a  play  to  mark  the  time  of  an  actor's 
quitting  the  stage;  any  departure;  the  act 
of  quitting  the  stage  of  action  or  of  life; 
death;  decease;  a  way  of  departure;  pas- 
sage out  of  a  place.  —  Exeunt,  ek'se-unt. 
They- go  out:  a  common  direction  in  plays, 
referring  to  more  of  the  actors  than  one. 

Exodic,  ek-sod'ik,  a.  [Exodus.]  Physiol. 
a  term  applied  to  cert?an  nerves  which 
conduct  influences  from  the  spinal  mar- 
row outward  to  the  body;  motor. 
Exodus,  ek'so-dus,  to.  [Gr.  exodoa—ex,  and 
hodos,  way.]  Departure  from  a  place; 
especially,  the  emigration  of  large  bodies 
of  people  from  one  country  to  another; 
the  second  book  of  the  Old  Testament, 
which  gives  a  history  of  the  departure  of 
the  Israelites  from  Egypt. 

Exogamy,  ek-sog'a-mi,  n.  [Gr.  exO,  with- 
out, and  <7amo8, (marriage.]  A  custom 
among  certain  savage  tribes  which  pro- 
hibits a  man  from  marrying  a  woman  of 
his  own  tribe,  and  so  leaas  the  men  to  cap- 
ture their  wives  from  among  other  tribes. 
— Exogamons,  ek-sog'a-mus,  a.  Of  or  be- 
longing to  exogamy;  characterized  by 
exogamy. 


Fate,  f&r,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  h&r;     piue,  pin;     note,  not,  miive;     tabe,  tub,  boll;     oil,  pound;     fi, Sc.  abime— the  Fr.  n. 


ISXOGEN 


261 


EXPEND 


Exogen,  ek'so-jen,  n.  [Gr.  exo,  •without, 
ana  root  gen,  to  produce.)  One  of  those 
plants  forming  a  large  primary  class  of 
the  vegetable  kingdom,  bo  named  because 
the  growth  of  the  stem  takes  place  by  a 
succession  of  rings  of  new  wood  exter- 
nally, or  from  the  central  pith  outwards 
to  the  bark  or  circumference.— Exogenous, 
ek-soj'e-nus,  a.  Pertaining  or  belonging 
to  the  class  Exogens. 

£xoD,  ek'son,  n.  [O.Fr.  exoini,  excused, 
exempt.]  In  England  the  name  given  to 
four  officers  of  the  yeomen  of  the  royal 
body-guard. 

Exonerate,  eg-zon'6r-5t,  v.t.  —  exonerated, 
exonerating.  [L.  cxonero,  exoneratum—ex, 
priv.,  and  onus,  oneris,  a  load  (whence  also 
oneroua).'\  To  relieve  of  a  charee  or  of 
blame;  to  clear  of  something  that  lies 
upon  the  character  as  an  imputation;  to 
discharge  of  responsibility,  obligation, 
duty,  or  liability.  —  Exoneration,  eg-zon'- 
er-a"shon,  n.  The  act  of  exonerating.  — 
Exonerative,  eg-zon'er-a-tiv,  a.  Freeing 
from  a  burden  or  obligation. 

Exorable,  ek'so-ra-bl,  a.  [L.  exorabilis, 
from  ex,  and  oro,  to  pray.]  That  may  be 
moved  or  persuaded  by  entreat; . 

Exorbitance,  Exorbitancy,  eg-z  rTsi-tans, 
eg-zor'bi-tan-si, n.  [L.L.  exorhitontia, from 
exorbito,  to  go  out  bf  the  track  —  L.  ex, 
out,  and  orhita,  a  rut  made  by  a  wheel, 
from  orhia,  a  circle.  Orb.]  A  going  be- 
yond rule  or  ordinary  limits ;  excess;  ex- 
travagance {exorbitance  of  demands,  of 
prices).  —  Exorbitant,  eg-zor'bi-tant,  a. 
Going  beyond  the  established  limits  of 
right  or  propriety;  excessive;  extravagant; 
enormous.  —  Exorbitantly,  eg-zor'bi-tant- 
li,  ado.   In  an  exorbitant  manner. 

Exorcise,  ek'sor-siz,  v.t. — exorcised,  exorcis- 
ing. [Fr.  exorciser,  from  Gr.  exorkiiO—ex, 
intens.,  and  horkizO,  to  bind  by  oath,  from 
horkos,  an  oath.]  To  expel  or  cast  out  by 
conjurations,  prayers,  and  ceremonies;  to 
purify  from  unclean  spirits  by  adjurations 
and  ceremonies;  to  deliver  from  the  influ- 
ence or  presence  of  malignant  spirits  or 
demons.  —  Exorciser,  Exorcist,  ek'sor-si- 
z6r,  ek'sbr-sist,  n.  One  who  exorcises. — 
Exorcism,  ek'sor-sizm,  n.  The  act  of  ex- 
orcising; a  prayer  or  chaiin  used  to  expel 
evil  spirits. 

Exordium,  eg-zor'di-um,  n.  [L.,  from  exor- 
dior,  to  begin  a  web,  to  lay  the  warp — ex, 
and  ordior,  to  begin  a  web,  to  begin.]  The 
beginning  of  anything;  specifically,  the 
introductory  part  of  a  discourse,  wnich 
prepares  the  audience  for  the  main  sub- 
ject.— Exordial,  eg-zor'di-al,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  an  exordium;  introductory;  initial. 

Exorhiza,  ek-so-ii'za,  n. .  [Gr.  exO,  outside, 
and  rhiza,  a  root.]  The  rootlet  of  an  ex- 
ogenous plant.  —  Exorhizal,  Exorhizons, 
ek-s6-ri'zal,  ek-so-ri'zus,  a.  Bot.  a  term 
applied  to  exogenous  roots  because  they 
push  out  directly  in  a  tapering  manner, 
and  do  not  come  out  in  the  form  of  nu- 
merous rootlets  through  sheaths,  as  in 
monocotyledons. 

Exoskeleton,  ek'so-skel-e-ton,  n.  [Gr.  ex6, 
without,  and  skeJeton.']  The  external  skele- 
ton; all  those  structures  which  are  pro- 
duced by  the  hardening  of  the  integument, 
as  the  shells  of  the  Crustacea,  the  scales 
and  plates  of  fishes  and  reptiles;  dermo- 
skeleton. 

Exosmose,  Exosmosls,  ek'sos-mos,  ek-sos- 
m5'sis,  n.  [Gr.  exo,  outside,  and  Osmos, 
impulsion,  from  OtheO,  to  thrust,  to  push.] 
The  passage  of  gases  or  liquids  through 
membranes  or  porous  media,  from  within 
outward,  the  reverse  process  being  called 
endosmose.  —  Exosmotic,  ek-sos-mot'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  exosmose. 

Exostome,  ek'sos-tom,  n.  [Gr.  ex,  and  stoma, 
a  mouth.]  Sot.  the  aperture  through  the 
outer  integunient  of  an  ovule. 

Exostosis,  ek-sos-to'sis,  n.  [Gr.  eX,  and 
osteon,  a  bone.]  Any  protuberance  or  en- 
largement of  a  bone  which  is  not  natural; 
a  disease  of  trees,  in  which  knots  or  large 
tumours  are  formed. 

Exoteric,  Exoterlcal,  ek-so-ter'ik,  ek-so-ter'- 
i-kal,  a.  [Gr.  exoterikos,  external,  from 
exoteros,  exterior— exo,  without.]  Suftable 
to  be  imparted  to  the  public;  hence,  ca- 
pable of  being  readily  or  fully  compre- 


hended ;  public : .  opposed  to  esoteric  or 
serret.  —  axoterlcally,  ek-so-ter'i-kal-li, 
adv.  In  an  exoteric  manner.  —  Exoteri- 
cism,  ek-so-ter'i-sizm,  n.  Exoteric  doc- 
trines or  principles,  or  the  profession  or 
teaching  of  such. 

Exothecium,  ek-so-the'shi-um^.  [Gr.  exO, 
outside,  and  theki,  a  case.]  Sot.  the  coat 
of  an  anther. 

Exotic,  Exotical,  eg-zot'ik,  eg-zot'i-kal,  a. 
[Gr.  exotikos,  from  exO,  outward.]  Intro- 
duced from  a  foreign  country;  not  native; 
foreign;  extraneous. — Exotic,  n.  Anything 
of  foreign  origin,  as  a  plant,  tree,  word, 
practice,  introduced  from  a  foreign  coun- 
try.—Exoticism,  eg-zot'i-sizm,  n.  The  state 
of  being  exotic;  anything  exotic,  as  a  for- 
eign word  or  idiom. 

Expand,  eks-pand',  v.t.  [L.  expando — ex, 
and  pando,  to  s^ead  out,  to  extend,  to 
open  (seen  also  in  pace,  pass,  &c.).]  To 
spread  out  so  as  to  give  greater  extent  to; 
to  open  out ;  to  cause  the  particles  or 
parts  of  to  spread  or'stand  apart,  thus  in- 
creasing the  bulk;  to  dilate;  to  enlarge 
in-bulk;  to  distend;  to  widen  or  extend. — 
v.i.  To  become  opened,  spread  apart,  dila- 
ted, distended,  or  enlarged.  —  Expanse, 
eks-pans',  n.  [li.  expansum.]  A  widely  ex- 
panded surface  or  space;  a  wide  extent  of 
space.— Expansible,  eka-pan'si-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  expanded,  extended,dilated, 
ordiffused.— Expansibility  ,ek8-pan'si-bir'- 
i-ti,  n.  The  capacity  of  being  expanded. — 
Expansibly,  eks-pan'si-bli,  adv.  In  an  ex- 
pansible manner. — Expansile,  eks-pan'sil, 
a.  Capable  of  expanding  or  of  being  di- 
lated.— Expansion,  eks-pan'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  expandingor  spreading  out;  the  state 
of  being  expanded;  the  increase  of  bulk 
which  a  body  undergoes  by  the  recession  of 
its  jjartioles  from  one  another  so  that  it  oc- 
cupies a  greater  space,  its  weight  remain- 
ing still  the  same;  enlargement;  dilatation; 
distention;  an  expanse  or  extended  sur- 
face; extension. — ExpanBive,eks-pan'siv,a. 
Having  the  power  of  expanding  or  dilat- 
ing: having  the  capaci  ty  of  being  expanded; 
embracing  a  large  number  of  objects;  wide- 
extending.  —  Expansively,  eks-pan'siv-li, 
adv.  In  an  expansive  manner. — Ezpan- 
siveness,  eks-pan'siv-nes,  n. 

Ex-parte,  eks-par'ta,  a.  [  L.]  Proceeding 
only  from  one  part  or  side  of  a  matter  in 
question;  one-sided;  partial;  law,  made  or 
done  by  or  on  behalf  of  one  party  in  a 
suit.  ■ 

Expatiate,  eks-pa'shi-at,  v.i.  —  expatiated, 
expatiating.  [L.  exspalior,  exspatiatus — 
ex,  and  spatior,  to  walk  about,  from  spa- 
tium,  space.  Space.  ]  To  move  at  large ; 
to  rove  without  prescribed  limits;  to  en- 
large in  discourse  or  writing;  to  be  copious 
in  argument  or  discussion. — Expatlatlon, 
eks-pa'shi-a"shon,  n.  Act  of  expatiating. 
— Expatiator,  eks-pa'shi-a-tfer,n.  One  who 
expatiates.— Expatiatory,  eks-pa'shi-a-to- 
ri,  a.    Expatiating;  amplificatory. 

Expatriate,  eks-pa'tri-at,  v.t— expatriated, 
expatriating.  [L.  ex,  out,  and  patria,  one's 
fatherland,  from  patrius,  fatherly,  from 
pater,  a  father.]  To  banish  from  one's 
native  country ;  to  exile :  often  re/!.— Ex- 
patriation, ek8-pa'tri-a"shon,  n.  The  act 
of  banishing  or  state  of  being  banished; 
banishment;  exile. 

Expect,  eks-pekf,  v.t.  [L.  exspecto,  exspec- 
tatwtn  —  ex,  and  spedto,  to  behold,  from 

-  specio,  to  look.  Species.]  To  wait  forj; 
to  awaitl ;  to  look  forward  to  in  the  fu- 
ture; to  look  for  to  happen;  to  entertain 
at  least  a  slight  belief  in  the  happen- 
ing of;  to  anticipate;  to  reckon  or  count 
upon.— Expectance,  Expectancy,  eks-pek'- 
tans,  eks-pek'tan-si,  n.  The  act  or  state 
of  expecting ;  expectation ;  something  on 
which  expectations  or  hopes  are  founded; 
th«  object  of  expectation  or  hope.  —  Ex- 
pectant, eks-pek'tant,  a.  Expecting; 
looking  for, — re.  One  who  waits  in  expecta- 
tion; one  held  in  dependence  by  his  belief 
or  hope  of  receiving  some  good. — Expecta- 
tion, eks-pek-ta'shon,  n.  The  act  of  ex- 
pecting or  looking  forward  to  an  event  as 
about  to  happen;  the  state  of  being  ex- 
pected or  awaited;  prospect  of  future  pos- 
sessions, wealth,  or  other  good  fortune; 
wealth  in  prospect :  in  this  sense  usually 


In  the  plural;  the  value  of  anything  de- 
pending  on  the  happening  oi  some  un- 
certain event;  prospect  of  resuihing  a  cer- 
tain age.—  Expectative,  eks-pek'ta-tiv,  a. 
Giving  rise  to  expectation ;  anticipatory. 
— Expectedly,  eks-pek'ted-li,  adv.  In  an 
expected  manner.— Expectiiigly,  eks-pek'- 
ting-li,  adv.    In  an  expecting  manner. 

Expectorate,  eks-pek'to-rat,  v.t.  —  expecto- 
rated, expectorating.  [Ij.  expectoro,  expec- 
toratum — ex,  audpectus,  pec(or£8,the  breast 
(whence  pectoral).]  To  eject  from  the 
trachea  or  lungs;  to  discharge,  as  phlegm  or 
other  matter,  Dy  coughing,  hawking,  and 
spitting;  to  spit  out. — v.i.  To  eject  matter 
by  coughing  and  spitting;  to  spit.  —  Ex- 
pectorant, Expectorative,  eks-pek'to-rant, 
eks-pek'to-ra-tiv,  a.  Having  the  quality 
of  promoting  discharges  from  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  lungs  or  trachea. — n.  A 
medicine  which  promotes  such  discharges. 
— Expectoration,  eks-pek'to-ra"8hon,  n. 
The  act  of  expectorating;  the  matter  ex- 
pectorated. 

Expediency,  Expedience,  eks-pe'di-en-si, 
eks-p5'di-en3,  n.  [L.  expediens,  pp.  of  ex- 
pedio,  to  set  fr^e.  Expedite.]  Propriety 
under  the  particular  circumstances  of  a 
ciise;  advisability,  all  things  being  duly 
considered  or  taken  into  account;  the  seek- 
ing of  immediate  or  selfish  gain  or  advan- 
tage at  the  expense  of  genuine  principle; 
tirae-servingness. —  Expedient,  eks-pe' di- 
ent,  a.  Tending  to  promote  the  object 
proposed;  proper  under  the  circumstances; 
conducive  or  tending  to  selfish  ends.  —  n. 
That  which  serves  to  promote  or  advance; 
any  means  which  may  be  employed  to  ac- 
complish an  end;  means  devised  or  em- 
ployed in  an  exigency;  shift;  contrivance; 
resort;  plan;  device. 

Expedite,  eks'ije-dit,  v.t.  —  expedited,  expe- 
diting. [L.  expedio,  expeditum,  to  free  one 
caught  by  the  feet  in  a  snare — ex,  out,  and 
pes,  pedis,  the  foot,  seen  also  in  pedal, 
pedestal,  pedesti-ian,  despatch,  &c.]  To  free 
from  impediments;  to  accelerate  or  faci- 
litate the  motion  or  progress  of;  to  render 
(juicker  or  ea"^ier  in  progress. — a.  Clear  c4 
impediments;  easy;  expeditious.  —  Ex^e- 
ditely,  eks'pO-dit-Ii,  adv.  In  an  expedite 
manner.  —  Expedition,  eks-p6-dish'on,  n. 
Promptness  in  action  from  being  free  from 
encumbrance;  speed;  quickness;  despatch; 
the  march  of  an  army  or  the  voyage  of  a 
fleet  to  a  distant  place  for  hostile  purposes; 
any  important  journey  or  vovage  made  by 
an  organized  body  of  men  for  some  valu- 
able end;  such  a  body  of  men,  together 
with  their  equipments,  &c.  —  Expedition- 
ary, eks-pC'-dish'on-a-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  composing  an  expedition. — Expeditious, 
eks-p5-dish'us,  a.  Performed  with  expedi- 
tion or  celerity;  quick;  hasty;  speedy; 
nimble;  active;  swift;  acting  with  celerity. 
—Expeditiously,  eks-pe-dish'us-li,  adv.  In 
an  expeditious  manner.  —  Expeditioua- 
ness,  eks-pe-dish'us-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  expeditious. 

Expel,  eks-pel',  v.t. — expeMed,  expelling.  [L. 
expeUo — ex,  out,  and  pello,  to  drive,  as  in 
impel,  repel,  compel,  &c.]  To  drive  or  force 
out  from  any  inclosed  place,  or  from  that 
within  which  anything  is  contained  or 
situated;  to  cast  or  thrust  out;  to  banish; 
to  exclude;  to  drive  out,  as  from  any 
society  or  institution.  —  Expellable,  exs- 
pel'a-bl,  a.  That  may  be  expelled  or  driven 
out.— Expeller,  eks-pel'Sr,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  expels. 

Expend,  eks-pend',  v.t.  [L.  expendo  —  ex, 
out,  and  penao,  to  weigh  out,  to  pay.  The 
same  word  takes  another  form  m  spend.] 
To  lay  out  in  paying,  purchasing,  &c.;  to 
disburse;  to  spend;  to  deliver  ordistribute, 
either  in  pa.yment  or  in  donations;  to  use, 
employ,  consume  (time,  labour,  material). 
—Expenditure,  eks-pen'di-tur,  n.  The  act 
of  expending  or  laying  out;  disbursement; 
that  whidi  is  expended;  expense.— Ex- 
pense, eks-pens',  n.  [Ii.  expensum,  from 
expensus,  pp.  of  expendo.]  A  laying  out  or 
expending ;  that  which  is  expended,  laid 
out,  or  consumed;  especially,  money  ex- 
pended; cost;  charge;  cost,  with  the  idea 
of  loss,  damage,  or  discredit  (he  did  this 
at  the  expense  of  his  character).— Expen- 
sive, eks-pen'siv,  a.    Bequiring  much  ex- 


cfa,  cAain;     ch,  Sc.  loch;     g,  go;     j,  job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sine;     ih,  ihea;  th,  t}un;     yr,  wig;     wh,  whig;     zh,  eaxxre. 


EXPKRIENCE 


252 


'EX-POST-1'ACTO 


I)en8e,  costly;  dear;  extravagant;  larish. 
— Expensively,  eks-pen'siv-li,  adv.  In  an 
fxpensive  manner.  — Expenslvenass,  eks- 
pen'siv-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ex- 
pensive. 

Experience,  eks-pe'ri-ens,  n.  [Fr.  expiri- 
ence,  L.  experientia,  from  experior,  to  try, 
to  prove — ex,  and  a  root  per,  to  try,  to 
pass  through,  same  as  in  £.  ferry,  &c.] 
Personal  trial,  proof,  or  test;  frequent 
trial;  continued  and  varied  ohservation ; 
the  knowledge  gained  by  trial,  or  repeat- 
ed trials,  or  observation;  practical  wisdom 
taught  by  the  changes  and  trials  of  life. — 
v.t.—6xperiewxd,  experiencing.  To  make 
practical  acquaintance  with;  to  try,  or 
prove,  by  use,  by  suffering,  or  by  enjoy- 
ment; to  have  happen  to  or  befall.-:-E3:- 
perienced,  eks-pe'ri-enst,  p.  and  a.  Taught 
by  experience;  skilful  or  wise  by  means 
of  trials,  use,  or  observation.— Experien- 
tial, eks-pe'ri-en"shal,  a.  Kelating  to  ex- 
perience; derived  from  or  based  on  experi- 
ence, trial,  or  observation;  empirical. — Ex- 
perientialism,  eks-i>e'ri-en"shal-izm,re.  The 
doctrine  that  all  our  knowledge  or  ideas 
are  derived  from  the  experience  of  our- 
selves or  others,  and  that  none  of  them 
are  intuitive.— Experientialist,  eks-pe'ri- 
en"shal-ist,  n.  One  who  holds  the  doctrine 
of  experientialism. 

Experiment^  eks-per'i-ment,  n.  [L.  expe- 
rimentum,  from  experior.  Experience.] 
An  act  or  operation  designed  to  discover 
some  unknown  truth,  principle,  or  effect, 
or  to  establish  it  when  discovered;  a  trial. 
— v.i.  To  make  trial;  to  make  an  experi- 
ment. —  Experimental,  eks-per'i-men"tal, 
a.  Pertaining  'to,  derived  from,  founded 
on,  or  known  by  experiment;  given  to  or 
skilled  in  experiment. — Expeiimentalise, 
E^^rimentaJize,  eks-per'i-meu"tal-iz,  v.i. 
To  make  experiments.— Experimentalist, 
eks-per'i-men"tal-ist,  n.  One  who  makes 
experiments.— Experimentally,  eks-per'i- 
Aien"tal-li,  adv.  In  an  experimental  man- 
ner ;  by  experiment.  -^  Experimentation, 
eks-per'i-men-ta"8hon,  r».  The  act  or  prac- 
tice of  making  experiments. — Experimen- 
ter, Experimentist,  eks-per'i-men-ter,  eks- 
per'i-men-tist,n.  One  who  makes  experi- 
ments. 

Exi)ert,  eks-pfrt',  a.  [h.  experttis,  having 
made  trial,  experienced,  from  experior,  te, 
try.  Experience.]  Experienced;  taught 
by  use  or  practice;  skilful;  dexterous; 
adroit;  having  a  facility  of  operation  or 
performance  from  practice. — n.  A  skilful 
or  practised  person;  a  scientific  or  profes- 
sional witness  who  gives  evidence  on  mat- 
ters connected  with  his  profession.  —  Ex- 
pertly, eks-pert'li,  adv.  In  an  expert 
manner. — Expertness,  eks-p6rt'nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  expert. 

Expiate,  eks'pi-at,  v.t. — expiated,  expiat- 
ing.. [Ii.  expio,  expiatum,  to  make  satis- 
faction—sx,  out,  and  pio,  to  appease,  to 
propitiate,  from  pius,  pious.]  To  atone 
for;  to  make  satisfaction  or  reparation 
for.— Expiable,  eks'pi-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  expiated. — Expiation,  eks-pi-a'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  atoning  for  a  crime;  the  act  • 
of  making  satisfaction  or  reparation  for 
.an  offence;  atonement;  satisfaction;  the 
meanfe  by  which  atonement,  satisfaction, 
or  reparation  is  made. — Expiator,  eks'pi- 
ft-tfer,  n.  One  who  expiates.— Expiatory, 
ek.s'pi-a-to-ri,  a.  Having  the  power  to 
make  atonement  or  expiation. 

Expire,  eks-pir',  v.t.  —  expired,  expiring. 
(L.  exspiro — ex,  out,  and  spiro,  to  breathe. 
Spirit.]  To  breathe  out;  to  expel  from 
the  mouth  or  nostrils  in  the  process  of  re- 
spiration: opposed  to  inspire;  to  emit  jn 
minute  particles;  to  exhale.— v.i.  To  emit 
breath;  to  epnit  one's  last  breath;  to  die; 
to  come  to  an  end;  to  close  or  conclude,  as 
a  given  period;  to  terminate;  td  end. — Ex- 
piration,eks-pi-r9.'8hon,n.  [li.  exgpiratio.] 
The  act  of  breathing  out,  or  forcing  the 
air  from  the  lungs;  emission  of  breath; 
exhalation ;  close,  end,  conclusion,  or  ter- 
mination; expiry.— Eacpiratory,  eks-pi'ra- 
to-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  emission  or 
expiration  of  breath.— Expiring,  eks^pi'- 
ring,  p.  and  o.  Breathing  out  air  from 
the  lungs;  breathing  the  last  breath;  dy- 
ing; pertainiiig  to  or  uttered  at  the  time 


of  dying.— Expiry,  eks'pi-ri,  n.  Expira- 
tion; termination. 

Expiscate,  eks-pis'kat,  v.t.  fL-  expiscor, 
expiscatuB  —  ex,  out,  and  piscor,  to  fish, 
from  piscis,  a  fish.]  To  fish  out;  to  dis- 
cover by  artful  means  or  by  strict  exami- 
nations.— Expiscation,  •eks-pis-ka'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  expiscating;  the  act  of  getting 
at  the  truth  of  any  matter  by  strict  in- 
quiry and  examination.  —  Expiscatory, 
eks-pis'ka-to-ri,  a.  Calculated  to  expis- 
cate. 

Explain,  eks-plan',  v.t.  Jlj.  explaTio—ex, 
and  piano,  to  make  plain,  from  planiis, 
level,  plain.  Plain.]  To  make  plain, 
manifest,  or  intelligible ;  to  clear  of  ob- 
scurity; to  make  clear  or  evident;  to  ex- 
pound; to  give  or  show  the  meaninf;  or 
reason  of.  —  v.i.  To_  give  explanations. — 
Explainable,  eks-pla'na-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  explained.— Explainer,  eks-pla'n6r, 
n.  One  who  explains, — Explanation,  eks- 
pla-na'shon,  n.  [L.  explanaiio.j  The  act 
of  explaining;  a  making  clear  or  under- 
stood; exposition;  interpretation;  the 
clearing  up  of  matters  between  pai-ties 
who  have  been  at  variance.— Expiamitory, 
eks-plan 'a-to-ri,  a.  Serving  to  explain; 
containing  explanation. 

Expletive,  eks'ple-tiv,  a.  [Fr.  expUtif, 
from  L;  expleo,  explehim,  to  fill  full — ex, 
intens.,  and  pUo,  to  fill  (as  in  complete, 
&c.).]  Addedtofillavacancy;'superfluous: 
said'  of  words.— n.  A  word  or  syllable  in- 
serted to  fill  a  vacancy;  an  oath  or  a  need- 
less interjection.  —  Expletively,  eks'ple- 
tiv-li,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  an  exple- 
tive.—Expletory,  eks'ple-to-ri,  a.  Exple- 
tive. 

Explicate,  eks'pli-kat,  v.t. — explicated,  ex- 
plicating. IL.  expUeo,  explicatum,  to  un- 
fold-^a;,  priv.,  and  plica,  to  fold,  as  in 
complicate,  implicate,  apply,'  &c.  Ply.] 
To  unfold  the  meaning  or  sense  of;  to  ex- 
plain; to  interpret.— Explicable,  ek^pli- 
ka-bl,  q,.  Capaole  of  being  explicated  or 
explained. — Explication,  eks-pli-ka'shon, 
?i.  The  act  of  explicating  or  exjilaining; 
explanation.  —  Explicative,  Explicatory, 

,  eks'pli-ka-tiv,  eks'pli-ka-to-ri,  a.    Serving 

'  to  uiifold  or  explain. — ExpUcator,  eks'pli- 
ka-ter.  n.    One  who  explains. 

Explicit,  eks-plis'it,  a.  [L.  explicitus,  dis- 
entangled, from  expliCo,'explicitum,  to  un- 
fold, to  disentangle.  Explicate.]  Not 
implied  only,  but  distinctly  stated;  plain 
in  language;  open  to  the  understanding ; 
clear;  not  obscure  or  ambiguous;  open; 
unreserved;  outspoken. — Explicitly,  eks- 
plis'it-li,  adv.  In  an  explicit  mannerj  ex- 
pressly, plainly. — Explicitness,  eks-plis'it- 
nes,  n.    The  quality  of  being  explicit. 

Explode,  eks-plod',  v.i. — exploded,  explod- 
ing. [L.  exT>lodo,  to  hoot  off  the  s1»ge,  to 
cast  out,  reject--€a;,  and  plaudo,  to  clap, 
as  in  applaud,  plaiuiit,  &c.]  To  burst 
■with  a  loud  report;  ta  burst  and  expand 
with  force  and  noise;  to  detonate;  to  burst 
into  activity  or  into  a  passion.— w.t.  To  cause 
to  explode  or  burst  with  a  loud  report ;  to 
drive  from  notice  or  practice  and  bring 
into  disrepute;  to  cause  to  be  no  longer 
practised,  held,  or  believed  in  (generally 
m  pp.;  an  exploded  custom  or  theory). — 
Explodent,  eks-plo'dent,  n.  Philol.  same 
as  explosive.  —  Exploder,  eks-plO'der,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  explodes.- Explo- 
sion, eka-plo'zhon,  n.  [L.  explosio.]  The 
act  of  exploding;  a  bursting  or  sudden  ex- 
pansion of  any  elastic  fluid  with  force  and 
a  loud  report;  a  sudden  and  loud  discharge 
caused  by  the  application  of  fijre,  as  of 
gunpowder  or  an  inflammable  gas ;  Jig.  a 
violent  outburst  of  feeling,  as  of  rage, 
generally  accompanied  by  excited   lan- 

,  guage  -or  by  violent  actions. — Explosive, 
eks-plo'siv,  a.    Causing  esmlosion;  readily 

;  exploding;  philol.  mute,  forming  a  com- 

i  plete  vocal  stop :  said  of  certain  conson- 
ants.— n.  Anything  liable  or  with  a  ten- 
dency to  explode,  as  gunpowder,  dyna- 
mite,'&c.;  philol.  a  mute  or  non-continu- 
ous consonant,  as  k,  t,  b.  —  Explosively, 
eks-plS'siv-Ii,  adv.  In  an  explosive  man- 
ner. 

Exploit,  eks-ploit',  n.  [Fr.  exploit,  O.Fr. 
exploiet,  from  L.  e3a)lico,  explicatum^  expli- 
eitwm,  to  unfold,  nnish.    Explicate.]    A 


deed  or  act  of  note;  a  heroic  act;  a  deed  of 
renovm;  a  notable  feat;  a  great  or  noble 
achievement.  —  I'.t.  t  [Fr.  exploiter. \  To 
make  use  of ;  to  cultivate ;  to  work  up;  to 
utilize.— Exploitation,  eks-ploi-ta'shon,  )i. 
[Fr.]  The  act  or  process  of  exploiting  or 
employing  successfully;  utilization;  the 
successful  application  of  industry  on  any 
object,  as  in  the  cultivation  of  laud,  the 
working  of  niines,  &c.  ■ 
Explore,  eks-plor',  v.t. — explored,  explonng. 
[L.  exploro,  to  cry  aloud,  to  explore — ex, 
out,  and  ploro,  to  bewail,  as  in  deplore.] 
To  travel  or  range  over  with  the  view  of 
making  discovery,  especially  geographical 
discovery;  to  search  by  any  means;  to 
scrutinize;  to  inquire  into  with  care;  to 
examine  closely  with  a  view,  to  discover 
truth.— Explorable,  eks-plo'r'a-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable ^f  being  explored.  —  Exploratioi^, 
eks-plO-ra'shon,  n.  The  act  of  exploring; 
close  search;- strict  or  careful  examina- 
tion.—Explorative,  Exploratory,  eks-plo- 
ra-tiv,  eks-plC'ra-to-ri,  a.  Serving  or  tend- 
ing to  explore;  se:uching;  examining.— 
Explorator,  eks'plu-ra-t*r,  n.  One  who 
explores.— Explorer,  eks-plo'rer,  n.  One 
who  explores.— Exploring,  eks-plo'ring, /». 
and  a.  Employed  in  or  designed  for  ex- 
ploration. 

Explosion.  Under  Explode. 
Exponent,  eks-po'nent,  n.  [X.  expo^iens, 
exponentis,  ppr.  of  expono,  to  expose  or 
set  forth  —  ex,  out,  and  pono  to  place] 
One  who  expounds  or  explains  anything, 
one  who  stands  forth  to  explain  the  prin- 
ciples or  doctrines  Of  a  party;  alg.  a  small 
number  placed  above  a  quantity  at  the 
right  hand  to  denote  to  what  power  the 
quantity  must  be  understood  to  be  raised: 
thus  a2  denotes  a  raised  to  the  second 
power.— Exponential,  eks-po-nen'shal,  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  an  exponent  or  expo- 
nents. 

Export,  eks-port',  v.t.  [Fr.  exporter,  from 
L.  exporlo — ex,  out,  and  porto,  to  bear,  to 
carry, as  inimport, report,  support, sport.] 
To  send  for' sale  or  consumption  in  foreign 
countries;  to  send  or  furnish  for  convey, 
ance  to  distant  places,  either  by  water  or 
land.— w.  (eks'port)..The  act  of  exporting; 
exportation;  the  gross  quantity  of  goods 
exported;  that  which  is  exported;  a  com- 
modity that  is  exported.  —  Exportable, 
eks-por'ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  export- 
ed.— Exportation," eks-por-ta'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  exporting;  the  act  of  conveying  or 
sending  abroad  commodities  in  the  course 
of  commerce.  —  Exporter,  eks-por'tfer,  n. 
One  who  exports;  the  person  who  ships 
goods,  commodities,  or  merchandise  to  a 
foreign  country. 

Expose,  eks-poz',  v.t.  [Fr.  exp'osej^-^preSx 
ex,  and  poser,  to  set,  to  place.  Pose;  aUo 
Compose,  Depose,  &c.]  To  set  out  or  leave 
in  a  place  unprotected  and  uncared  for;  to 
abandon;  to  make  bare;  to  uncover;  to  dis- 
close; to  put  forward  or  place  in  a  position 
to  be  seen ;  to  exhibit ;  to  set  out  to  view ; 
to  lay  open  to  examination;  to  subject  or 
place  in  the  way  of  something  to  be 
avoided  (this  exposed  him  to  danger) ;  to 
put  in  danger ;  to  hold  up  to  'censure  by 
disclosing  the  faults  of;  to  show  the  folly 
or  ignorance  of.  —  Expose,  eks-po-za,  n. 
[Fr.]  Exposure;  the  exposure  of  some- 
thing which  it  was  desirable  to  keep  con- 
cealed.— Exposed,  eks-pozd',  p.  and  a.  Put 
in  danger;  unprotected;  liable;  subject; 
open  to  the  wind  or  the  cold;  unsheltered. 
— Exposedness,  eks-po'zed-nps,  ti.  A  state 
of  being  exposed.— Exposer,  eks-po'zer,  n. 
One  who  exposes.  —  Exposition,  eks-pO- 
zish'on,  n.  [Fr.  exposition,  L.  expositio.] 
A  laying  open ;  a  setting  out  to  public 
view;  explanation;  interpretation;  a  lay- 
ing open  the  sense  or  meaning;  an  ex- 
hibition or  show.  —  Expositor,  eks-poz'i- 
tfer,  n.  One  who  expounds  or  explains;  an 
interpreter. — Expository,  eks-poz'i-to-ri  A- 
Serving  to  explain;  tending  to  illustrate. 
— ExiM>STire,  eks-po'zhor,  n.  TKe  act  of  ex- 
posing; abandonment;  the  state  of  being 
exposed;  openness  to  view;  openness  or 
liability ■  to  danger,  inconvenience,  Ac: 
position  in  regard  to  the  free  access  of 
light,  air,  &c. 
Ex-poBt-facto,  eks-pust-fak'to,  a.  [L.]  Law, 


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EXPOSTULATE 


EXTEB,FAX 


dolic  after  another  thing;  after  the  deed  is 
doae;  retrospective. 

Expostulate,  eks-pos'ta-lat,  v.i.  —  expostu-y 
lated,  expostulating.  [L.  expostido,  expos- 
tulatum,  to  demand  vehemently,  to  find 
fault — ex,  and  postulo,  to  demand,  from 
posco,  to  ask  urgently,  to  beg.  Postulate.] 
To  reason  earflestly  with  a  person  on  some 
impropriety  of  .  his  conduct ;  to  remon- 
strate.—t».<.t  To  reason  about;  to  discuss. 
IShak.']  —  Expostulation,  eks-pos '  tQ-la  "  - 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  expostulating;  the  act 
of  pressing  on  a  person  reasons  or  argu- 
ments against  the  impropriety  of  his  con- 
duct; an  address  containing  expostulation. 
— Es^ostulator,  eks-pos'tu-la-tSr,  n.  One 
who  expostulates.  —  Expostulatory,  eks- 
pos'ta-la-to-ri,  a.  Consisting  of  or  contain^ 
ing  expostulation. 

Exposure.    Under  Expose. 

Expound,  eks-pound',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  expondre, 
from  L.  exponere,  to  set  forth,  to  explain 
—ex,  out,  and  pono,  to  place.  Compound  is 
similarly  formed.]  To  explain;  to  lay  open 
the  meaning  of  ;•  to  clear  of  obscurity;  to 
interpret.  —  Expounder,  eks-poun'd6r,  n. 
One  who  expounds. 

Express,  eks-pres',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  expresser;  L. 
ezprimo,  expressum — ex,  out,  and  premo, 
to  press.  Press.]  To  press  or  squeeze  out; 
to  force  out  by  pressure;  to  give  utterance 
to  or  declare  by  words;  to  represent  in 
words;  to  intimate;  to  indicate;  to  make 
hnc^m ;  to  tell ;  to  represent ;  to  exhibit : 
to  denote;  refi.  to  speak  what  one  has  got 
to  sneak. —  a.  Given  indirect  terms;  not 
im  r  lied  or  left  to  inference  j  clearly  ex- 
pre^^sed;  not  ambiguous;  plain;  explicit; 
intended  or  sent  f or  a  iparticular  purpose 
or  on  a  particular  errand;  travelling  with 
special  speed  (an  express  train). — n.  A  mes- 
f^enger  sent  with  haste  on  a  particular 
frraud  or  occasion;  a!ny  regular  provision 
made  for  the  speedy  transmission  of  mes- 
sa!;cs;  any  vehicle  or  other  conveyance 
sent  on  a  special  messaga;  a  railway  train 
which  travels  at  a  specially  high  rate  of 
speed;  the  message  sent  by  an  express. — 
Expressed,  eks-prest',  p.- and  a.  Squeezed 
or  forced  out,  as  j'uice  or  liquor;  uttered  in 
',',  ords;  set  down  in  writing  (well  expressed 
sen  i^iments).— Expressible,  eks-pres'i-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  expressed.— Expression, 
cks-presh'on,  n.  The  act  of  expressing  or 
forcing  out  by  pressure,  as  juices  and  oils 
f  loni  plants;  the  act  of  uttering,  declaring, 
or  representing ;  utterance ;  declaration ; 
powor  of  expressing  one's  thoughts,  feel-. 
inss,  ideas,  &c.;  something  uttered;  a 
phrase  or  mode  of  spee«h;  the  peculiar 
manner  of  utterance  suited  to  the  subject 
and  .sentiment;  cast  of  countenance,  as  in- 
dicative of  character;  play  of  features,  as 
expressive  of  feeling  or  any  emotion;  the 
natural  and  lively  representation  of  any 
state  or  tiondition,  as  in  a  picture  by  the 
I)ose.  of  the  figure,  the  conformation'  of  the 
features,  &c. ;  the  power  or  quality  in  a 
pictare  or  other  work  of  art  of  suggesting 
an  idea;  mus.  the  tone,  grace,  or  modula- 
tion of  voice  or  sound  suited  to  any  parti- 
cular subject;  alg.  any  algebraic  quantity, 
simple  or  compound,  as  3a,  v  4a-f  6,  &c. — 
Expressional,  eks-presh'on-al,  c^  Of  or  per- 
taining to  expression;  —  Expressionless, 
eks-presh'on-les,  a,  Destitute  of  expression. 
— Expressive,  eks-pres'iv,  a.  Serving  to  ex- 
press, utter,  or  represent  (words  expressive 
of  gratitude) ;  full  of  expression ;  vividly 
representing  the  meaniug  or  feeling  in- 
tended to  be  conveyed;  emphatical. — Ex- 
pressively, eks-pres'iv-li,  adv.  In  an  ex- 
pressive manner.  —  Expressiveness,  eks- 
pres'iv-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ex- 
pressive.— Expressly,  eks-pres'li,  adv.  In 
an  express  manner;  of  set  purpose;  in 
direct  terms;  plainly.— Expressness,  eks- 
pres'nes,  n. 

Expropriate,  eks-pro'pri-at,  v.t.  [L.  ex,  out 
of,  from,  and  propriiLS,  one's  own.  Pro- 
per, PROtRiETT.]  To  disengage  from  ap- 
propriation; to  give  up  a  claim  to  the  ex- 
clusive property  of.— Expropriation,  eks- 
pro'pri-a"shon,  ».  The  act  of  expropriat- 
ing; the  act  of  dispossessing  the  o'\vner  of 
a  property  wholly  or  to  a  great  extent  of 
his  propiietaty  rights.  ' 
Expuiiiou,  eks-pul'shon,  n.    [L.  expvlsio,  a 


driving  Out,  from  expeUo,  to  expel.]  The 
act  of  driving  out  or  expelling;  a  driving 
away  by  violence ;  the  state  of  being  ex- 
pelled, driven  out,  or  away.  —  Expulsive, 
eks-pul'siv,  a.  Having  the  power  of  ex- 
pelling. 

Expunge,  eks-punj',  v.t. — expunged,  expung- 
ing. IL.  expungo,  to  prick  out,  to  cross  or 
blot  out  —  ex,  out,  and  pungo,  to  prick. 
Point.]  To  blot  out,  as  with  a  pen;  to  rub 
out;  to  efface;  to  erase;  to  obliterate;  to 
wipe  out  or  destroy;  to  annihilate. 

Expurgate,  eks-p6r'gat,  v.t.  —  expurgated, 
expurgating.  [L.  expurgo,  expurgatum — 
ex,  and  purgo,  to  purge.  Pukgk,  Pure.] 
To  purify  from  anything  noxious,  oifen- , 
sive,  or  erroneous;  to  purge;  to  cleanse;  to' 
strike  obscene,  coarse,  or  offensive  passage^ 
out  of  (a  book).— Expurgation,  ekg-p6r-ga'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  expurgating,  purging, 
or  cleansing;  purification.  —  Exjpurgator, 
eks-per'ga-tfer,  n.  One  who  expurgates. — 
Expurga,tory,  eks-p6r'ga-to-ri,  a.  Cleans- 
ing; purifying;  serving  to  expurgate. 

Exquisite,  eks'kwi-zit,  a.  [L.  exquisitus, 
carcfuHy  sought  out,  exquisite,  from  ex- 
quiro,  exqidsitwm—ex,  out,  and  qua;ro,  to 
seek,  whence  question,  qvsst,  query,  &c.]  Of 
great  excellence  or  fineness;  choice;  select; 
consummate;  perfect;  of  keen  or  delicate 
perception;  keen;  nice;  refined;  delicate; 
pleasurable  or  painful  in  the  highest  de- 
gree; extreme.— Ji.  One  excessively  nice  ia 
Eis  dress;  a  dandr;  a  swell;  a  fop;  a  cox- 
comb.—Exquisitely,  eks'kwi-zit-li,  adv.  In 
kn  exquisite  manner.— Exquisiteness,eks'- 
kwi-zit-nes,  n. 

Exsangueous,  Ezsangninous,  Ezsangoin- 
eoU3,  eks-sang'gwe-us,  eks-sang'gwi-nus, 
eks-sang-"win'6-us,  a.  [L.  exsanyui»—ex, 
priv.,  and  sanguis,  blood.]  Destitute  of 
blood,  or  rather  of  red  blood,  as  an  animal. 
— Exsangulnity,eks-6ang-gwin'i-ti,n.  Des- 
titution of  blood. 

Exsert,  Exserted,  ek-s6rt',  ek-s6r'ted,  a.  [L. 

.  exsertus,  from  exsero,  to  stretch  out  or 

'  forth.  Exert.]  Standing  out;  projected 
beyond  some  other  part.  —  Exsertlle.  ek- 
s6r'til,  a.    Capable  of  being  protruded. 

Exsiccate,  ek-sik'kat,  v.t.  —  exsiccated,  ex- 
siccating. [L,  cxsicco,  exskcatum,  to  dry 
up — ex,  intens.,  and  sicco,  to  dry.]  To  ex- 
haust of  moisture;  to  dry  up  completely. 
— Exsiccant,  ek-sik'kant,  a.  Having  the 
quality  of  drying.— «..  A  drug  having  dry- 

.  ing  properties.  —  Exsiccation,  ek-sik-ka'- 

■  shon,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of  exsiccat- 
ing or  drying;  dryness. — Exsiccative,  ek- 
sik'ka-tiv,  a.  Tending  to  make  dir;  hav- 
ing the  power  ot  drying. — Exsiccator,  ek- 
sik'ka-t6r,  n.  An  apparatus  or  contriv- 
ance for  drying  moist  substanpes. 

Exstipulate,  eks-tip'a-lat,  a.  Bot.  having 
no  stipules. 

Extant,  eks'tant,  a.  [L.  extans,  exstans, 
extantis,  exstantis,  ppr.  of  exsto,  to  stand 
out— ex,  out,  and  sto,  to  stand.  State.] 
Still  existing;  in  being;  now  subsisting ; 
not  destroyed  or  lost. 

Eztasy,  Extatic,  eks'ta-si,  eks-tat'ik.  Ecs- 
tasy, Ecstatic. 

Extemporaneous,  Extemporary,  eks-tem'- 
po-ra"ne-us,  eks-tem'po-ra-ri,  o.  [L,  ex- 
temporcHieus — ex,  priv:,  and  tempus,  tern- 
pons,  time.]  Performed,  uttered,  or  made 
at  the  tirne  without  previous  thought  or 
study ;  unpremeditated ;  off-hand.  —  Ex- 
temporaneously, Extemporarily.eks-tem'- 
po-ra"n5-us-li,  eks-tem'po-ra-ri-li,  adv.  In 
an  extemporaneous  manner.' — Extempo- 
raneousness,  eks-tem'po-ra"ne-us-nes,  n. 
.The  quality  of  being  extemporaneous. — 
Extempore^  eks-tem'po-re,  adv.  [L.  phrase 
ex  tempore,  same  meaning.]  Without  pre- 
vious thought,  study,  or  meditation;  with- 

•  out  preparation.— a.  Extemporary;  extem- 
poraneous.— Extemporization.eks-tem'po- 
ri-za"Bhon,  n.  The  aftt  of  extemporizing. 
— Extemporize,  eks-tem'po-riz,  v.i.— extem- 
porized, extemporizing.  To  speak  without 
previous  thought,  study,  or  preparation; 
to  discourse  without  notes  orwritten  com- 
position. —  v.t.  To  make  without  fore- 
thought ;  to  provide  fdi  the  occasion ;'  to 
prepare  in  great  haste  with  the  means 
within  one's  reach  (to  extemporise  a  speech 
or  a  dinner).— Extemporizer,  eks-tem'po- 
ri-z&:,  n.    One  who  ext«mporiaes. 


Extend,  eks-tend',  v.t.  [L.  extendo,  to  stretch 
out— e.T;,  out,  and  tendo,  to  stretch  (as  in 

.  corUend,  pretend,  tend) ;  same  root  as  L. 
tenuis,  thin,  tenax,  tenacious,  E.  thin.]  To 
stretch  in  any  direction;  to  carry  forward 
or  continue  in  length,  as  a  line;  to  spread 
in  breadth;  to  expand  or  dilate  in  size;  to 
hold  out  or  reach  forth;  to  expand;  to  en- 
large; to  widen;  to  diffuse;  to  continue;  to 
prolong;  to  communicate,  bestow,  or  im- 
part.— v.i.  To  stretch;  to  reach;  to  bg  con- 
tinued in  length  or  breadth ;  to  become 
larger  or  more  comprehensive.  —  Exten- 
dedly,  eks-ten'ded-li,  adv.  In  an  extended 
manner.  —  Extender,  eks-ten'd6r,  n.  He 
who  or  that  which  extends  or  stretches. — 
Extendible,  eks-ten'di-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  extended.  —  Extensibility,  eks-ten'- 
si-biF'iti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  exten- 
sible-Extensible, Extensile,  eks-ten'si-bl, 
eks-ten'sil,  a.  Capable  of  being  extended. 
— Extension,  eks-ten'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
extending;  the  state  of  being  extended;  en- 
largement; expansion;  prolongation;  that 
property  of  any  body  by  whfch  it  occupies 
a  portion  of  space,  being  one  of  the  pro- 
perties of  matter;  logic,  the  extent  of  the 
application  of  a  general  term,  that  is,  the 
objects  collectively  which  are  included 
under  it ;  compass.  —  Extensive,  eks-ten'- 
siv,  a.  Having  great  or  considentble  ex- 
tent; wide;  large;  embracing  a  \7ide  area 
or  a  great  nuniber  of  ol^jects;  diffusive.— 
Extensively,  eks-ten'sivrh,',  ddv.  In  an  ex- 

.  tensive  manner. — Extensiveness,  eks-ten'- 
siv-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
extensive. — Extensor,  eks-ten'ser, ».  Anat. 
a  muscle  which  serves  to  extend  or 
straighten  any  part  of  the  body,  as  an  arm 
or  a  finger:  opposed  to ./fexor.— Extent,  eks- 
tent',  n.  [L.L.  extentus,  a  stretching  out; 
L.  extcntv.s,  extended.]  Space  or  degree 
to  which  a  thing  is  extended;  extension; 
length;  compass;  bulk;  size.  • 

Extenuate;  eks-ten'U-at,  wti. — extenuated, 
extenuating^  [L.  extenuo,  extsnuatum,  to 
make  thin  or  small,  to  lessen— ex,  and 
tenuis,  thin,  fine  (whence  tenuity) ;  same 
root  as  E.  thin.]  To  lessen  or  diminish;  to 
weaken  the  import  or  force  of;  to  palliate; 
to  mitigate.  — Extenuation,  eks-ten'u-a'^- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  extenuating;  palli- 
ation; mitigation,  as  opposed  to  aggrava- 
tion.— Extenuator,  ek8-ten'u-a-t6r,  n.  One 
who  extenuates.— Extenuatory,  eks-ten'a- 
a-to-ri,  a.    Tending  to  extenuate. 

Exterior,  eks-te '  ri-6r,  a.  tL.,  compar.  of 
exter  or  exterus,  on  the  outside,  outwajfd, 
from  ex,  out  of;  akin  external,  extreme, 
estrange,  strange.]  External;  outer;  out- 
ward :  bounding  or  limiting  outwardly; 
situated  beyona  the  limits  of;  on  the  out- 
side; not  aiising  or  coming  from  within. — 
n.  The  outer  surface;  the  outside;  the 
external  features;— Exteriority,  eks-te'ri- 
or"i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  ex- 
terior; externality.— Exteriorly,  eks-ts'ri- 
6r-li,  adv.  In  an  exterior  manner;  out- 
wardly; externally. 

Exterminate,  eks-ter'mi-nat,  v.t. — extermi- 
nated, exterminating.  [L.  extermino,exter- 
viincUum,  to  remove — ex,  and  termino,  to 
terminate, from  terminua,  a  limit.  Term.] 
To  destroy  utterly;  to  extirpate;  to  root 
out;  to  eradicate.— Exterminable,  eks-tfer'- 
mi-na-bl,  a.'  Capable  of  being  extermina- 
ted.— Extermination,  eks-t6r'mi-na"shon, 
n.  The  act  of  exterminating;  destruction; 
eradication ;  extirpation. — Exterminator, 
ek8-t6r'mi-na-ter,n.  One  who  or  that  which 
exterminates.  —  Exterminatory,  eks-t6r'- 
mi-na-to-ri,  a.  Serving  or  tending  to  ex- 
terminate. 

•External,  eks-tfir'nal,  a.  [L.  extemus,  from 
exter,  on  the  outside.  Exterior.]  On  the 
outside:  opposite  to  internal;  on  the  ex- 
terior; superficial;  visible;  apparent;  exist- 
ing or  situated  outside;  not  being  or 
arising  within;  outside  of  ourselves;  relat- 
ing to  or  connected  with  foreign  nations; 
foreign. — n.  An  outward  part ;  something 
pertaining  to  the  exterior;  an  outward  rite 
or  ceremony.— Externality ,ek8-t6r-nal'i-ti, 
n.  The  state  of  being  external;  separation 
from  the -perceiving  mind;  exteriority. — 
Externalize,  ek8-t6r'nal-iz,?>.<.  To  embody 
in  an  outward  form ;  to  give  shape  and 
form  to.  —  Externally,  eks-t6r'nal-li,  adv. 


.chjCAain;,    cft,Sc.locA;     g, yo;     j,;ob;     it,  Fr.  ton;_  ng, sin^;     in, then;  ih,  thini     w,  trig;    wh,  wAig;    zh, aeure. ^ 


EXTERRITORIAL 


254 


EXUDE 


Outwardly;  on  the  outside;  apparently; 
exteriorly. 

Exterritorial,  eks-ter'i-to"ri-al,  a.  [Prefix 
ex,  and  territorial)  Beyond  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  laws  of  the  country  in  which 
one  resides.  —  ExterritoriaJity,  eks-ter'i- 
to'ri-al"i-ti,n.  Immunity  from  a  country's 
laws,  such  as  that  enjoyed  by  an  ambassa- 
dor. 

Extinct,  eks-tingkt',  a.  [h.  extiivctxia,  pp. 
oi  extinguo,  exstinguo.  Extinguish.]  Ex- 
tinguished; quenched;  having  ceased;  be- 
ing at  an  end;  no  longer  in  existence; 
having  died  out  (a  family  or  race  is  ex- 
tinct).—Extinction,  eks-tingk'8hon,5i.  The 
act  of  putting  out  or  quenching  flame  or 
tire;  the  state  of  being  extingmshed;  a  put- 
ting an  end  to,  or  a  coming  to  an  end. 

Extine,  eks'tin,  n.  [L.  exter,  outside.]  Bot. 
the  outer  coat  of  the  pollen-grain  in  plants. 

Extinguislr,  eks-ting'gwish,  v.t.  [L.  extin- 
guo, exstinguo — ex,  and  stinguo,  to  scratch 
out,  as  in  disting%dsh.']  .  To  put  out;  to 
quench;  to  stifle;  to  put  an  end  to;  to  sup- 
press; to  destroy;  to  crush;  to  eclipse. — 
Extinguishable,  eks-ting'gwish-a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  quenched,  destroyed, 
or  suppressed.  —  Extingnisher,  eks-ting'- 
gwish-6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  ex- 
tinguishes; a  hollow  conical  utensil  to  put 
on  a  candle  or  lamp  to  extinguish  it. — 
Extinguishment,!  eks-ting'gwish-ment,  n. 
The  act  of  extingmshing;  extinction. 

Extirpate,  eks-tfer'p&t,  v.t. — extirpated,  ex- 
tirpating. [X.  extirpo,  exstirpo,  exstirpa- 
tum — ex,  out,  and  stilus,  the  trunk  of  a 
tree.]  To  pull  or  pluck  up  by  the  roots;  to 
root  out;  to  eradicate;  to  destroy  totally; 
to  exterminate.— Extlrpable,eks-t6r'pa-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  extirpated. —Extlira- 
tion,  eks-t6r-pa'shon,  n.  The  act  of  rooting 
out;  eradication;  total  destruction.  —  Ex- 
tirpator, eks-t6r'pa-ter,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  extirpates.— Exttrpatory,  eks- 
ter'pa-tori,  a.  Serving  or  tending  to  ex- 
tirpate. »■ 

Extol,  eks-tol',  v.t. — extolled,  extolling.  [L. 
extollo,  to  raise  up — ex,  out,  up,  and  tollo, 
to  raise;  from  same  root  as  in  tolero,  to 
endure,  to  tolerate.]  To  speak  in  laudatory 
terms  of;  to  praise;  to  laud;  to  applaud; 
to  eulogize;  to  magnify;  to  celebrate;  to 
glorify.— Extoller,  eks-tol'er,  n.  One  who 
extols;  a  praiser  or  magnifier. 

Extort,  eks-tort',  v.t.  [li.  extorqtieo,  extor- 
tum — ex,  and  iorgueo,  to  twist,  seen  in  con- 
tori,  distort,  retort,  torture,  &c.]  To  obtain 
from  a  person  by  force  or  compulsion;  to 
wrest  or  wring  by  physical  force,  by  rtjen- 
ace,  torture,  or  authority  (to  extort  contri-  • 
butions,  a  confession,  a  promise,  &c.).— Ex- 
torter, eks-tor'ter,  n.  One  who  extorts.— 
Extorsive,  eks-tor'siv,  a.  Serving  to  ex- 
tort.—Extorsivcly,  eks-tor'siv-li,  adv.  In 
an  extorsive  manner.— Extortion,  eks-tor'- 
Ehon,  71.  The  act  of  extorting;  the  act  or 
practice  of  extorting  or  wringing  money 
from  people  by  any  undue  exercise  of 
power;  illegal  compulsion  to  pay  money; 
rapacity;  that  which  is  extorted.— Extor- 
tionary, eks-tor'shon-a-ri,  a.  Practising 
extortion;  containing  extortion.  —  Extor- 
tionate, eks-tor'shon-at,  a.  Characterized 
by  extortion;oppressive  in  exacting  money. 
—Extortioner,  Extortionist,  eks-tor'shon- 
ir,  eks-tor'shon-ist,  n.  One  who  practises 
extortion. 

Extra,  eks'tra,  a.  fContr.  from  extraordi- 
nary, or  directly  from  Ii.  extra,  beyond.] 
Extraordinary;  more  than  what  is  usual; 
beyond  what  is  due,  appointed,  or  ex- 
pected ;  supplementary;  additional.  —^  n. 
Something  in  addition  to  what  is  due, 
expected,  or  usual;  something  over  and 
above. 

,  Extract,  eks-trakt',  v.t.  fli.  extractus,  from 
extraho — ex,  and  tra^,  to  draw;  seen  also 
in  contract,  detract,  retract,  trace,  tract,  &c.] 
To  draw  out;  to  take  out;  to  pull  out  or 
remove  from  a  fixed  position;  to  draw  out 
by  distillation  or  other  chemical  process; 
to  select  as  a  specimen  or  sample;  to  take 
(a  passage  or  passages)  from  a  book  or 
■writing;  to  ascertain  the  root  of  a  num- 
ber.—n.  (eks'trakt).  That  which  is  ex- 
tracted or  dravra  from  something;  a  paa- 
sage  taken  from  a  book  or  writing;  an 
excerpt;  a  quotation;  anything  drawn 


from  a  substance  by  heat,  distillation,  or 
a  chemical  process,  as  an  essence,  a  tinc- 
ture, and  the  like.— Extractable,  Extract- 
ible,  eks-trak'ta-bl,  eks-tr£ik'ti-bl.  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  extracted.  —  Extraction, 
eks-trak'shon,  n.  [L.  extractio.]  The  act 
of  extracting  or  drawing-  out";  descent ; 
lineagej  derivation  of  persons  from  a  stock 
or  family;  the  stock  or  family  from  which 
one  has  descended;  ariih.  and  alg.  the 
operation  of  finding  the  root  of  a  given 
number  or  quantity.  —  Extractive,  eks- 
trak'tiv,  a.  Capable  of  being  extracted; 
tending  or  serving  to  extract;  extracting. 
— n.  A  peculiar  base  or  principle  supposed 
to  exist  in  all  vegetable  extracts.— Extrac- 
tor^ eks-trak't6r,  n.     One  who  or  that 

.  which' extracts;  a  forceps  or  instruinent 
used  in  lithotomy  and  midwifery,  or  in 
extracting  teeth. 

Extradition,  eks-tra-dish'on,  n.  [L.  ex, 
and  traditio,  a  giving  up,  surrender,  from 
trado,  traditum,  to  give  up.]  Delivery  of 
a  criminal  or  fugitive  from  justice  by  one 
nation  to  another,  on  sufficient  grounds 
shown. — An  extradition  treaty  is  a  treaty 
by  which  either  nation  becomes  bound  to 
give  up  criminal  refugees  to  the  other. — 
Extradite,  eks'tra-dit,  v.t.  To  deliver  or 
give  up  (a  criminal)  to  the  authorities  of 
the  country  from  which  be  has  come. 

Extradog,  eks-tra'dos,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ex- 
tra,' without,  and  dorsum,  the  back.]  The 
exterior  curve  of  an  arch;  the  outer  curve 
of  a  voussoir. 

Extraforaneou8,t  eks'tra-fo-ra"n5-us,  a.  [L. 
extra,  beyond,  smi  fores,  doors. J  Out-door; 
out-of«door. 

Extrajudicial,  eks'tra-ju-<iish"al,  a.  Out  of 
the  proper  court,  or  the  ordinary  course 
of  legal  procedure.— Extrajudicially,  eks'- 
tra-ju-dish"al-li,  adv.  In  an  extrajudicial 
manner;  out  of  court. 

Extramundane,  eks-tra-mun'dan,  a.  Be- 
yond the  limit  of  the  material  world  or 
mundane  affairs. 

Extramnrai, -eks-tra-mu'ral,  a.  [L.  extra, 
beyond,  and  rmirus,  a  wall.]  Without  or 
beyond  the  walls,  as  of  a  fortified  city  or  a 
university. 

Extraneous,  eks-tra'ne-u8,a.  [L.  extraneue, 
from  extra,  without,  beyond;  akin  strange.] 
Foreign;  not  belonging  to  a  thing;  exist- 
ing without;  not  intrinsic. — Extraneously, 
eks-tra'ne-us-li,  adv.  In  an  «xtraneous 
manner. 

Extraofficial,  ek8'tra-of-fish"al,  a.  Not 
within  the  limits  of  official  duty. 

Extraordinary,  eks-tra-or'di-na-ri,  a.  [L. 
extraoi^inarius — extra,  and  ordo.ordinis, 
order.]  Beyond  or  out  of  the  o'rdinary  or 
common  order  «r  method;  not  in  the  usual, 
customary,  or  regular  course;  notordinary; 
exceeding  the  common  degree  or  measure; 
remarkable;  uncommon;  rare;  wonderful; 
special;  particular;  sent  for  a  special  pur- 
pose or  on  a  particular  occasion  (an  am- 
bassador extraordinary). '—  Extraordinar- 
ily, eks-tra-or^di-na-ri-li,.  adu.  In  an  ex- 
traordinary manner;  in  an  uncommon 
degree;  remarkably;  exceedingly;  emi- 
nently. —  Extraordinarinegs,  eks-tra-or'- 
di-na-ri-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  extraordinary;  remarkableness. 

ExtraparochiaJ,  eks'tra-pa-ro"ki-al,  a.  Not 
within  or  rec'koned  within  the  limits  of 
any  parish.— Extraparochially,  eks'tra-pa- 
ro"ki-al-li,  adv.    Out  of  a  parish. 

Extraphysical,  eks-tra-fiz'i-kal,  a.  Not  sub- 
ject to  physical  laws  or  methods. 

Extraprofessional,  eks '  tra-pro-f esh"on-al, 
a.  Not  within  the  ordinary  limits  of  pro- 
fessional duty  or  business. 

Extratropical,eks-tra-trop'i-kal,a.  Beyond 
the  tropics;  without  the  tropics,  north  or 
south.         -  *5t 

ExbravaMnce,  Extravagancy,  eks-traVa- 

;  gans,  eKB-trav'a-gan-si,  n.     [i"r.  extrava- 

'•  gancc—L.  extra,  beyond,  and  vagans,  ppr. 

i  of  vago,  vagor,  to  wander.     Vagabond.] 

•  A  wandering  beyond  proper  bounds;  want 

^  of  restraint ;  wildness ;  irregularity ;  nn- 

!i reasonableness;  prodigality;  lavish  spend- 

'  ing  or  waste;  excess;  profusion;  bombast. 

( —Extravagant,  eks-trav'a-gant,  a.    Vfan- 

■  dering  beyond  bounds  (Sltak.);  exceeding 
due  bounds;  unreasonable;  excessive;  not 
within  ordinary  limits  of  truth  or  proba- 


bility or  other  usual  bounds;  unres- 
trained; irregular;  wild;  wasteful;  prodi- 
gal; profuse  in  expenses.— Extravagantly, 
eks-trav'a-gant-li,  adv.  In  an  extravagant 
manner;  unreasonably;  excessively;  waste- 
fully.  —  Extravaganza,  eks-trav'a-gan"za, 
n.  A  literary  or  musical  composition  noted 
for  its  wildness  and  incoherence;  a  bur- 
lesque. 

Extravasate,  eks-trav'a-s&t,  v.t.  —  extrava- 
sated,  extravasating.    [L.  extra,  beyond, 

■  and  uas,  a  vessel.]  To  force  or  let  out  of 
the  proper  vessels,  as  out  of  the  blood- 

•  vessels.  —  Extravasation,  eks-trav'a-sS"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  extravasating;  the 
state  of  being  forced  or  let  out  of  the  ves- 
sels or  ducts  of  the  body  that  contain  it; 
effusion.  —  ExtravascuUx,  eks-tra-vasTiQ- 
I6r,  a.    Being  out  of  the  proper  vessels. 

Extreme,  eks-trem',  a.  [Fr.  extreme,  from 
L.  extrerrms,  super!,  of  exter  or  exterus,  on 
the  outside,  external.  Exterior.]  Outer- 
most; furthest;  at  the  utmost  point, 
edge,  or  border;  worst  or  best  that  can 
exist  or  be  supposed ;  greatest ;  most  vio- 
lent or  urgent;  utmost;  last;  beyond  which 
there  is  none;  carrying  principles  to  the 
uttermost;  holding  the  strongest  possible 
views;  xiltr&.— Extreme  umtion,  in  the  Ro- 
man ritual,  the  anointing  of  a  sick  per- 
son with  oil  when  on  the  point  of  death. — 
n.  The  utmost  point  of  a  thing;  extremity; 
utmost  limit  or  degree  that  can  be  sup- 
posed or  tolerated ;  either  of  two  states  or 
feelings  as  difl'erent  from  each  other  as  pos- 
sible; height  or  extravagant  pitch ;  math. 
the  first  or  the  last  term  of  a  proportion. — 
Extremely,  eks-trem'li,  adv.  In  the  ut- 
most degree;  to  the  utmost  point.— Ex- 
tremist, eks-trem'ist,  re.  A  supporter  of 
extreme  doctrines  or  practice.  —  Extrem- 
ity, eks-trem'i-ti,  n.  [L.  eictremitas.]  The 
ntmost  point  or  side;  the  verge;  the  point 

'or  border  that  terminates  a  thing;  the 
highest  degree;  the  most  aggravated  or 
intense  form;  extreme  or  utmost  distress, 
straits,  or  difficulties ;  a  limb  or  organ  of 

•  locomotion,  as  opposed  to  the  trunk. of  the 
body  and  the  head. 

Extricate,  eks'tri-kat,  v.t.— extricated,  ex- 
-  tricating.    Ih.  extrico,  extricatum — ex.  and 

•  tricce,  trifles,  perplexity.  See  Intricate.] 
To  free,  as  from  difficulties  or  perplexi- 
ties;  to  disembarrass;  to  disengage;  to  dis- 

'  entangle;  to  clear;  to  relieve.— Extricable, 
."  eks'tri-ka-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  extri- 
cated. —  Extrication,  eks-tri-ka'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  extricating,  disentangling,  or 
setting  free. 

Extrinsic,  Extrinsical,  eks-trin'sik,  eks- 
trin'si-kal,  a.  [L.  extrinsecus,  from  with- 
out—«xter,  outward  (as  in  exterior),  and  se- 

.ctis,  by,  along  with.]  External;  outward; 
coming  from  without;  not  intrinsic;  not 
contained  in  or  belonging  to  a  ^ody. — Es- 

•  ttinsicality,  eks-trin'si-kal"i-ti,  n.  The 
state  of  being  extrinsical;  externality. — 
— Extrinsically,  eks-trin'si-kal-li,  adv.  In 
an  extrinsic  manner;  from  without. . 

Extrorsal,  Extrorse,  eks-tror'sal,  eks-trors', 
a.    [Fr.  extrorse,  from  L.  ea;tra,  on  the 
outside,  and  verto,  veraum,  to  turn.]    Bot. 
turned  or  directed  outwards,  or  turned 
away  from  the  axis:  opposed  to  introrse. — 
Extroversion,  eks-tro-vfir'shon,  n.    Path. 
a  malformation  consisting  in  an  organ 
being  turned  inside  out,  as  the  bladder. 
Extrude,  eks-trbd',  v.t.— extruded,  extrud- 
ing,   f L.  extrudo~ex,  and  trudo,  to  tbrust, 
as  in  intrude.]    To  thnist  out;  to  urge, 
force,  or  press  out;  to  expel;  to  drive  away; 
to  displace.  —  Extrusion,  eks-tro'zhon,  71. 
The  act  of  extruding ;  expulsion. 
Exuberance,    Exuberancy,  eks-a'b^r-ans, 
eks-fl'btr-an-si,  n.    [Fr.  exuMranee,  from 
L.  exuberaniia—€X,  intens.,  and  ttbero,  to 
be  fruitful,  from  uoer,  rich,  fruitful.]    The 
state  of  being   exuberant;    superfluous 
abundance;  an  overflowing  quantity;  rich- 
ness; excess;  redundance;  copiousness. — 
Exuberant,  eks-Q'btr-ant,  a.    [L.  exvber- 
ans,  exut>erantis,'x>pT.  of  exubero.]    Char- 
j  acterized  by  abundance,  richness,  or  lux- 
!,  nriance;  plenteous;  rich;  overflowing;  over- 
f abundant;   su^irfluouB.  —  Exuberantly, 
'.  ek8-a'b^-ant-b,,<uit>.^  Inan  exuberant 
'  manner.  - 
Exude,  eks-Qd',  v.t.— exuded,  esniding.   [1 


^te.  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  h4r; -.pine,  pin;     n5te,  not,  nJi)ve;     tabe,  tub,  bijtll;     oil,  pound;  -t,  Sc.  abtme-the  Fr, .»«, 


EXULCERATE 


255. 


FACILE. 


'exsvdo,  to  discharge  by  sweating— «a;,  and 

\siulo,  to  sweat,  from  same  root  as  E. 
sweat]  To  discharge  through  the  pores, 
as  moisture  or  other  liquid  matter;  to 
give  out,  like  sweat  or  juice;  to  let  ooze 
out. — v.i.  To  flow  from  a  body  through  the 
pores;  to  ooze  out  like  sweat. — EzT^dation, 
eks-u-da'shon,  n.  The  act  of  exuding;  a 
discharge  of  humours  or  moisture;  that 
which  is  exuded. 

Exulcerate,  eg-zul'str-at,  v.t.  [L.  exulcero, 
exulceratuTXi. — ex,  intens.,  and  Micws.u^cens, 
an  Ulcer.]  To  produce  an  ulcer  or  ulcers 
on;  to  uke'rate. 

Exult,  eg-zult',  v.i.  [li.  exuUo,  exsulto,  to 
leap  or  jump  about — ex,  and  salio,  saltum, 
to  leap,  seen  also  in  insult,  result,  salient, 
&c.)  To  rejoiofe  in  triumph;  to  rejoice  ex- 
ceedingly; to  be  glad  above  measure;  to 
triamph.— Exultant,  eg-zul'tant,  a.  Re- 
joicing triumphantly.  —  ExiUtation,  eg- 
zul-ta'shon,  n.  The  act  of  exulting;  j'reat 

flaJness;  rapturous  delight;  triumjJh.— 
xultingly,  eg-zul'ting-li,  adv.  ia  an  ex- 
ulting manner. 

Exuviae,  e'g-zU'vi-S,  n.  pi.  fL.,  from  txuo, 
to  put  off,  to  strip.)  (Jast  skins,  shells,  or 
coverings  of  animals;  any  parts  of  animals 
which  are  shed  or  cast  off,,  as  the  skins  of 
serpents,  &c. — Exuvial,  eg-zu'vi-al,a.  Re- 
lating to  or  containing  exuviae.— Exuvia- 
tton,  eg-zu'vi-^"shon,  n.  The  rejection  or 
casting  off  of  exuvise. 

Ex-voto,  eks-vo'to,  a.  fL.,  in  consequence 
of  a  vow. J  Vowed;  offered  in  consequence 
of  a  vow:  applied  to  votive  offerings,  as  of 
a  picture  for  a  chapel,  &c.,  presented  by 
Roman  Catholics. 

Eyalet,  i'a-Iet,  n.    A  Turkishiprovince  un- 


der the  administration  of  a  vizier  or  pasha 
of  the  first  class. 

Eyas,  i'as,  n.  [Fr,  niais,  lit.  a  nestling  fal- 
con, from  L.L.  nidax,  nidacis,  still  in  the 
nest,  L.  nidus,  a  nest;  with  loss  of  n  as  in 
adder.]  A  young  hawk  just  taken  from 
the  nest,  not  able  to  prey  for  itself.  |  iihak.] 
—Eyas-musket,  a  young  sparrow-hawk. 

Eye,  i,  n.  [U.E.  ye,  eighe,  A.  Sax.  edge, 
0an.  Oie,  D.  oog,  Icel.  auga,  G.  auge,  Goth. 
augo;  cog.  L.  octdus,  Skr.  akshi — eye;  from 
a  root  meaning  sharp.  Acid.1  The  organ 
of  vision,  which  in  man  and  the  higher 
animals  consists  of  a  ball  or  globular  body 
set  in  an  orbit  or  socket  and  forming  an 
optical  apparatus  by  means  of  which  the 
figures  of  external  objects  form  sensible 
impressions ;  power  of  seeing;  delicate  or 
accurate  perception;  sight;  ocular  per- 
ception; notice;  observation;  regard;  re- 
spect; anything  resembling  or  suggesting 
an  eye  in  shape  or  generpl  appearance,  as 
the  bud  or  shoot  of  a  pla,nt  or  tuber,  the 
hole  or  aperture  in  a  needle,  the  circular 
catch  of  a  hook-and-eye,  the  loop  or  ring 
on  a  rope ;  arch,  the  centre  of  some- 
thing ;  thus,  the  eye  of  a  dome  is  the  cir- 
cular aperture  .at  its  apex.— The  wind's 
eye,  the  direction  right  opposite  to  that  of 
the  wind. — v.t. — eyed,  eyeing.  To  fix  the 
eye  on;  to  look  on;  to  observe  or  watoh 
narrowly,  or  with  fixed  attention. — Eyed, 
id,  p.  and  a.  Furnished  with  eyes ;  hav- 
ing eyes  of  this  or  that  character:  used 
most  frequently  in  composition.— Eyeless, 
i'les,  a.  Without  eyes.— Eyeiball,  i'bal,  ji. 
The  ball,  globe,  or  applq  of  the  eye. — 
Eyebright,i'brit,n.  A  pretty  little  annual 
herb  common  in  meadows,  heaths,  &c-.,  i 


throughout  Britain,  which  formerly  en- 
joyed a  great  reputation  in  diseased  of  the 
eyes. — Eyebrow,  i'brou,  n.  The  brow  or 
hairy  arch  above  the  eye.— Eye-glass,  n. 
A  glass  to  assist  the  sight;  the  lens  of  a 
telescope,  microscope,  &c.,  to  which  the 
eye  is  applied.— Eyelash,  i'lash,  n.  The 
line  of  hair  that  edges  the  eyelid.— Eyelet, 
Eyelet-hole,  i'let,  n.  A  small  hole  or  per- 
foration to  receive  a  lace  or  small  rope  or 
cord,  or  for  other  purposes. — Eyelid,  i'lid, 
n.  That  portion  of  movable  skin  that 
serves  as  a  cover  for  the  eyeball. —  Eye- 
piece, n.  In  an  optical  instrument  tlie 
lens  or  combination  of  lenses  to  which  the 
eye  is  applied.  —  Eye-servant,  n.  A  ser- 
vant who  attends  to  his  duty  only  when 
watched.. —  Eye-service,  n.  Service  per- 
formecUonly  under  inspection  or  the  eye 
of  an  employer. — Eyeshot,  i'shot,  n.  Range 
of  vision ;  sight;  view. — Eyesight,  i'sit,  n. 
The  sight  of  the  eye;  view;  observation; 
the  sense  of  seeing.  —  Eyesore,  i '  sOr,  n. 
Something  offensive  to  the  eye  or  sight.— 
Eyetootb,  i'tiith,  n.  A  tooth  under  the 
eye ;  a  fang ;  a  canine  tooth.  —  Eye-wit- 
ness, n.  One  who  sees  a  thing  done;  one 
who  has  ocular  view  of  anything. 

Eyot,  i'ot,  n.  [O.E.  ey,  Icel.  ey,  A.  Sax.  ig, 
an  island,  and  dim.  term,  -ot.]  A  little 
isle;  a  small  river  islet  with  willows  grow- 
ing oa  it;  an  ait. 

Eyre,  ar,  n.  [O.Fr.  erre,  eirre,  a  journey, 
from  L.  iter,  itineris,  a  journey.]  A  jour- 
ney or  circuit  of  a  court;  a  court  of  itiner- 
anf  justices. — Justices  in  eyre,  itinerant 
justices  who  formerly  travelled  to  hold 
courts  in  the  different  English  counties. 

Eyry,  Eyrie,  i'ri.  n.    i5ame  as  Aerii:. 


F 


P,  the'sixth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet, 
A  consonant,  formed  by  the  passage  of 
breath  between  the  lower  lip  and  the  upper 
front  teeth ;  inus.  the  fourth  note  of  the 
diatonic  scale. 

Pa,  fa,  n.    Mus.  the  Italian  name  of  the 
i  fourth  note  of -the  diatonic  scale. 
Faam-tea,  fa'am-te,  n.    The  dried  leaves  of 
an  orchid  indigenous  to  Bourbon,  used  as 
a  stomachic  and  in  pulmonary  complaints. 
Pabaceoc",  fa-ba'shus,  a,    [L.  faha,  a  bean.] 
Having  tne  nature  of  the  bean;  like  the 
bean.  «/  ;-^ 

Fabian,  fa'bi-an,  a. ".  Like  the  generalship 
\of  Fabius  MaxUnus;  who  harassed  the 
I  troops  of  Hannibal  but  took  care  to  avoid 
'  a  battle  (Faftiaji  strategy).  ■'"  '??■••  •<» 
(Fable,  fa'bl,  n.  [Fr.  fable,  L.  fdbula,  from 
\fari,  to  speak;  akin  fate.]  A  fictitjious 
Inarration  intended  to  enforce  some  useful 
truth  or  precept;  a  fabricated  story;  a  fic- 
tion; the  plot  or  connected  series  of  events 
in  an  epic  or  dramatic  poem;  subject  of 
talk  {Tenn.).— v.i.— fabled,  fabling.  To  tell 
fables  or  falsehoods.  — tt.i.  To  invent  or 
fabricate;  t.o  speak  of  as, true  or  real. — 
jPabfed,  fa'bld,'^  p.  and  a.  >  Celebrated  in 
Ifables;  fabulously  imagined.— Fabler,  fa'- 
jblfer,  nf  One  who  fables;  a  writer  of  fables. — 
jFabliaaT  fab-l5-o,  n.  pi.  Fabliaux,  fab-le-o. 
jrFr.]#A  kind  of  metrical  tale  common  in 
*'iench-  literature  of  the  twelfth  and  thir- 
teenth centuries.  —  Fabulist,  fab'u-list,  n. 
jThe  inventor  or  writer  of  fables.— Fabulize, 
(fab'a-liz,  v.i.—fabtdized,fabuUzing.  To  in- 
vent, compose,  or  relate  fables. — Fabulos- 
ity,t  f  ab-u-los'i-ti,  n.  -  The  quality  of  being 
fabulous;  fabulousness;  a  fable.  —  Fabu- 
lous, fab'ii-lus,'a.'<V  Having  the  nature  of 
a  fable;  fictitious;' invented;  not  real; 
mythical;  hardly  to  be  received  as  truth; 
incredible.— Fabulously,  fab'u-lus-li,  adv. 
Inafabulousmanner.— Fabulousness,fab'- 
ti-lus-ne3,..n.MThe  quality  of  being  fabu- 
lous.*^ 

Fabric/^fab'rik,  «.  [Vr.'fabrique,  L.  fab- 
rica,  from  faber,  a' worker;  same  root  as 
Ifacio,  to  make.  ^*  Forge  is  really  the  same 
word.] ^ A  structure;  a  building,  edifice,; 
or  construction;  the  frame  of  a  build- 
ing ;  cloth 'manufactured  li^the.structuye 


of  anjrthing;  the  manner  in  which  the 
parts  are  put  together ;  texture.  —  Fab- 
ricant,  fab'ri-kant,  n.  [Fr.]  A  manufac- 
turer.—Fabricate,  fab'ri-kat,  v.t.— fabri- 
cated, fabricating.  [  L.  fabrico,  fabrifio- 
turn.]  To  frame,  build,  make,  or  construct; 
f.  to  form  into  a  whole  by  connecting  the 
parts;  to  form  by  art  and  labour;  to  in- 

t  vent  and  form;  to  forge;  to  devise  falsely. 

■  —Fabrication,  fab-ri-ka'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  fabricating;  construction;  making;  the 
act  of  devising  falsely;  forgery;  that  which 
is  fabricated;  a  falsehood.- Fabricator, 
fab'ri-ka-t6r,  n.    One  who  fabricates.         j 

Fa^de,  fa-sad'  or  fa-sad',  n.  (Fr.,  from  It. 
faciata,  a  fagade,  from  faccia,  L.  fades, 
the  face.]  The  face  or  front  view  or  ele- 
vation of  an  edifice;  exterior  front  or  face. 

Face,  fas,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  fades,  face,  fig- 
ure, form,  from  fado,  to  make.]  The  front 
part  of  an  animal's  head,  particularly  of 

\  the  human  head,  made  up  of  the  forehead, 

ieyes,  nose,  mouth,  cheeks,  &c.;  the  visage; 
aspect  or  air  of  the  face;  cast  of  features; 
look;  countenance;  expression  of  the  face; 
the  surface  of  a  thing,  or  the  side  which 
presents  itself  to  the  view  of  the  specta- 
^  tor;  the  front;  the  forepart;  a  plane  sur- 
■^  face  of  a  solid;  one  of  the  sides  bounding 
I  a  solid ;  appearance ;  aspect ;  effrontery ; 
I  boldness;  assurance;  the  dialof  a  clock, 
f  watch,  compass-card,  or  other  indicator; 
<  the  sole  of  a  plane;  operating  edge  or  sur- 
face in  certain  implements.—  To  make  a 
,  face,  to  distort  the  countenance;  to  make 
,'  a  grimace.— To  fly  in  the  face  of,  to  act  in 
'i  direct  opposition  to  or  disregard  of;  to 
%  defy.  —  Face  to  face,  both  parties  being 
4  present   and   confronting   each   other. — 
W  v.t.— faced,  fa/dng.    To  turn  the  face  or 
front  full  toward;  to  meet  in  front;  to 
stand  up  a.!?ainst  in  hostile  encounter;  to 
confront;  to  stand  with  the  face  or  front 
toward ;  to  finish  or  protect  with  ,a  thin 
external  covering  over  the  front  of ;  to 
smooth  or  dress  the  face  of  (a  stone,  &c.). — 
To  face  down,  to  oppose  boldly  or  impu- 
dently.— To  face  out,  to  persist  in,  espe- 
cially to  persist  in  an  assertion  which  is 
not  true;  to  brave  (an  accusation)  with 
efirontery.— To  face  tea,  to  adulterate  ^it 


by  mixing  it  "with  colouring  matter  and 
other  substances.  —  v.i.  To  turn  the  face' 
(to  face  to  the  right  or  left).  — Face-ache, 
n.   Tic-douloureux,  a  kind  of  neuralgia  in 
the  face. — Faced,  fast,  a.    Having  a  face; 
marked  with  a  face  (as  a  court-card). — 
Facial,  fa'shi-al,  «.    Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  face. — Fadal  angle,  the  angle  formedi 
by  the  plane  of  the  face  with  a  certain; 
other  plane;  an  angle  formed  by  lines 
drawn  to  show  to  what  extent  the  jaws 
are  protruding  and  the  forehead  reced- 
ing. —  Facially,  fa'shi-al-li,  adv. ^  In  a. 
/.  facial  manner;  considered  in  regard  to 
'<■  the  features. — Facing,  fas'ing^n.*-.  A  cov- 
ering in  front  for  ornament,  protection,' 
'  defence,  or  other  purposes;  a.mode  of  adul- 
'  terating  tea  by  mixing  with  colouring 

■  matter  and  other  substances;  the  move- 
ment of  soldiers  in  turning  round  to  tlie 

lleft,  right,  &c.;  pi.  the  distinctive  trim- 
I  mings  on  a  regimental  coat  or  jacket. — 
:«Facingly,  fas'ing-li,  adt/.^In  a.frontin.i? 
*  position.  '  _ 

Facet;  Facette.-fas'et,  fa-set',  nTSrPr.  fa- 
cette,  dim.  of  jface.]    A  small  flat'  portion 
of  a  surface;  one  of  the  small  smooth  sur- 
;  faces  on  a  gem  or  crystal.— u.i.  To  cut  a 

■  facet  or  facets  on. — Faceted,  fas'et-ed,  a. 
Having  facets;  formed  into  facets.  .  ; 

Facetiae,  fa-se'shi-S,  n.  pi.    fL.,  from  face- 
tus,  merry,  elegant,  from  root  of  fado,  to 
^  make.)  Witty  or  humorous  sayings;  jests; 
X  witticisms.— Facetious,  fa-se'shus,  a.  Mer- 
ry; jocular;  witty;  full  of  pleasantry;  play- 
ful; exciting  laughter.— Facetiously,  fa- 
86'shus-li,  adv.    In  a  facetious  manner.— 
Facetionsness,  fa-se'shus-nes,  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  facetious;  pleasantry.-' 
Facial.  •■  Under  Pack. 
Fades,  fa'shi-ez,  n.    [L.l  '  Anat.  the  face ; 
zool.  and  geol.  the  general  aspect  presented 
by  an  assemblage  of  animals  and  plants, 
characteristic  of  a  particulaj,  locality  or 
s  period.  _  "" 

Facile,  fas'il,  a.''[I/.  /octZis,  easy  to  be  done 
,«  or  made,  from  fado,  to  make.  1  Easy  to  be 
9  done  or  performed;  not  difficult;  easy  to  be 
B  dealt  with;  easy  of  access  or  converse;  not 
J  haughty  or  distant;  easily  persuaded  to 
"  good  or  bad:  yielding;  ductile  to  a  fault; 


ehjcham;     cli,  Sc.  loch;     g,  go;    'L'johi.    la.iLt-tQHV  "'ns^wugl'    ijCiAett;4h>iMn; ""  ^t,  i«ig;     -wh^wftig;     «h,  a2ur^, 


FACSIMILE 


266 


FAIE 


ready;  dexterous  (an  artist's  /adle  ppncil). 
— Facileness.t  fayil-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
bein^  facile— raclHtateyfa-ail'i-t&t,  v.t— 
fiuHitaUdt/aeOMatmo.  \VT.fcKiliter,-tc6m 
li.  faeiUtas,  easmeas.]  To  make  easy  or 
less  difScolt;  to  lessen  the  labour  of.— Fa- 
ciUtatioa,  fa-8il'i-t»"8honL,  n.  The  act  of 
facilitating.— Facaity,fa-8il'i-ti,  ra.  IVr. 
facUitij  L.  faeiliicu.]  Easiness  to  be  per- 
formed; freedom  tram  difficulty;  ease; 
'ease  in  performaJ»3e;  readiness  proceed- 
ing from  skill  or  use;  dexterity;  pliancy 
or  ductility  in  character^  easiness  to  be 
persuaded,  usually  implying  a  disposition 
to  yield  to  solicitations  to  evil ;  the  means 
by  which  the  accomplishment  of  anything 
is  rendered  more  easy:  -in  this  sense  usu- 
ally in  the  cZ. 

racsimlle,  fak-sim'MS,  n.  [L.  fiicio,  to 
make,  and  eimitis,  like.]  An  exact  copy 
or  likeness;  an  imitation  of  an  original  in 
all  its  projwrtions,  traits,  and  peculiari- 
ties.-FactiinlUst,  fak-sim'i-Ust,  n.  The 
producer  of  a  facsiinile  or  of  facsimiles." 

ract,  fakt,.n.  [Ii.  factum,  a  thing  done,  a 
deed,  a  fact,  from  facio,  to  do  or  make,  a 
stem  which  appears  in  many  words,  as 
affect,  affair,  cotaUer/eit,  defeat,  difficuU, 
faculty,  profits,  &c.J  Anything  done  or 
that  comes  to  pass.;  an  act;  a  deed;  sin 
eflfect  produced  or  achieved;  an  event; 
reality;  truth;  a  true  statemeift. 

Faction,"  f ak'shon,  n.  [L.  factio,  from  facio, 
factwn,  to  do.  Fact.]  ■  A  party  combined 
or  acting  in  union,  in  opposition  to  ar- 
other  party  or  a  government;  a  paxty  un- 
scrupulously promoting  their  private  ends 
at  the  expense  of  the  public  good;  discord; 
dissension.— Factioiiary,t  fak'shon-a-ri,  n. 
A  partyanan;  one  of  a  faction.— Faction- 
ist,  fak'shon-ist,  n.  One  who  promotes 
faction.— Factious,  fak'shus,  a.  Given  to 
faction;  prone  to  clamour  against  public 
measures  of  men;  pertaining  to  faction; 
proceedingfromfaction. — F4ctiously,fak'- 
shus-li,  adv.  In  a  factious,  turbulent,  oi: 
disorderly  manner.  —  Factiousness,  fak'- 
shus-nes,  n.  The  state  or  chariacter  of 
beiiig  factious;  disposition  to  clamour  and 
raise  opposition;  clamorousness  for  a 
party. 

actltlous,  fak-tish'us,  a.  [L.  factUius, 
made  by.  art,  frOm  fado,  to  make.  Fact.] 
Made  by  art,- in  distinction  from  what  is 
producwi  by  nature;  artificial;  conven- 
tional.—Factitiously,  fak-tish'us-b,  adv. 
In  a  factitious  manner. — Factitiousness, 
fak-tish'us-nes,  n. 

Factitive,  fak'ti-tiv,  a.  [From  L.  facio, 
factum,  to  make.  Pact.]  Causative;  tend- 
ing to  make  or  cause ;  gram,  expressing 
the  result  ^of  an  action  that  produces  a 
new  condition  in  the  object  (in  'he  struck 
him  dead,'  struck  is  factitive). 

.Factor,  fak't^r,  n.  [L.,  a  mafeer,  doer,  from 
facio,  factum,  to  do.  Fact.]  An  agent 
employed  by  merchants  residing  in  other 
places  to  buy  and  sell  or  trsjisact  other 
business  on  their  account;  in  Scotland,  a 
person  appointed  by  a  landholder  or  house 
proprietor  to  manage  an  estate,  collect 
rents,  &c.;  arUh.  the  multiplier  or  multi- 
plicand, from  the  multiplication  of  which 
proceeds  the  product ;  alg.  any  expression 
considered  as  part  of  a  product;  hence,gene- 
rally,  one  of  several  elements  or  influences 
which  tend  to  the  production  of  a  result; 
—Factorage,  fak't6r-aj,  n.  The  allowance 
to  a  factor  for  his  services;  commission. — 
Factorial,  fak-to'ri-al,  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  factor  or  factors.  —  Factorship, 
fak't6r-8hip,  n.  The  business  of  a  factor, 
— Factory,  fak'to-ri,  n.  A  name  given  to 
establishments  of  merchants  and  factors 
resident  in  foreign  countries;  (contr.  from 
manufactory)  a  building  or  collection  of 
buildings  appropriated  to  the  manufac- 
ture of  goods;  a  maniifactory. 

Factotum,  fs  k-to'tum,  n.  [L.  /acio,  to  do, 
and  totum,  the  whole.]  A  confidential 
agent  that  vnanagos  all  kinds  of  matters 
for  his  employer. 

Facula,  fak'a-16,  n.  pi.  IL.faeiila,  a  little 
torch,  dim.  of  fax,  a  torch.]  Aatron.  spots 
sotnetimes  seen  on  the  sun's  disc,  which 
appear  brighter  than  the  rest  of  his  sur- 
face.—P*cmar,  fak'a-l6r,  a.  Pertaininir 
or  relating  to  facuhe. 


/a 


Fftcolty,  fak'ul-ti,  n.  [Fr.  faevltd,  Jj.facul- 
toB,  from  /acio.  to  do,  to  make.  Fact.] 
Any  mental  or  bodily  power;  capacity  for 
any  action  or  function;  skill  derived  rrom 
practice ,  or  practice  aided  by  nature; 
special  power  or  endowment;  a  right  or 
power  granted  to  a  i)erson  by  favour  or  in- 
dulgence, to  do  what  by  law  he  may  not 
do;  the  body  of  individuals  constituting 
one  of  the  learned  professions,  and  more 
specifically  the  medical  profession ;  the 
masters  and  professors  of  the  several  de- 

gartmeats  of  a  university,  or  one  of  the 
epartments  themselves. 

Fad,  fad,  ju  [Perhaps  fr-om  A  Sax.  fadiun, 
to  arrange.]  A  favourite  theory;  crotchet; 
hobby.  IColloq.]— Faddy,  f ad'i,  a.  Given 
to  fads  or  crotchets.    [Colloq.]    - 

Fade,  fad,  v.i.—fad-ed,  fading.  [O.E.  vade, 
to  fade;  comi>.  Fr.  ^de,  insipid,  from  L. 
Vfirndiii,  vapid.]  To  wither;  to  lose 
strength,  health,  or  vigour  gradually;  to 
decay;  to  lose  freshness,  colour,  or  bright- 
ness; to  tend  fi>cm  a  stronger  or  brigliter 
colour  to  a  mo?e  faint  shade  of  the  same 
colour,  or  to  lose  colour  entirely;  to  grow 
dim  or  indistinct  to  view.— ti.i.  To  cause 
to  witherjto  deprive  of  freshness  or  vigour. 
— Fadedly,  fad'ed-li,  adv.  In  a  faded  or 
decayedmanner.— Fadeless,  fadles,  a.  TTn- 
fading.— Fading,  t&i'ing,  p.  and  o.  Liable 
to  fade  or  lose  freshness  and  vigour;  not 
durable ;  .transient.— Fadingly,iad'ing-li, 
adv.  In  a  fading  manner.  —  Fadingness, 
fad'ing-nes,  n. 

Fadge,  faj,  v.i.  [A  Sax.  faegidn,  to  fit, 
alda  to  faeger,  fair;  comp.  G.  fiigan,  D. 
vgegen,  Sw.  foga.  to  fit.]  To  suit;  to  fit;  to 
be  found  suitable  or  successful. 

Faeces,  fe'sgz,  n.  vl.  fL.]  Excrement;  also, 
settlings; dregs';  seoiment.- Faecal, fskal, 
a.    Pertaining  to  faeces. 

Faery,  fa'6r-i,  o.  Pertaining  to  fairies; 
fairy. 

Fag,  ias,  v.i.— fagged,- fagging:  [Probably 
from  verb  to  fiag,  by  omission  of  I.]  To 
become  weaiy ;  to  fail  in  strength ;  to  be 
faint  with  weariness;  to  labour  hard  or 
assiduously;  to  work  till  wearied;  to  act  as 
a  fag. — v.t.  To  use  or  treat  as  a  fag  or 
drudge;  to  tire  by  labour;  to  exhaust. — n. 
A  laborious  drudi^e;  a  school-boy  who  per- 
forms menial  services  for  another  boy  who 
is  in  the  highest  or  next  highest  form 
or  class:'  a  custom  in  seme  great  English 
schools.— Fag-end,  n.  [The  end  which  iiaga 
or  hangs  loose.]  The  end  of  a  web  of  cloth; 
the  latter  or  nearer  part  of  anything. 

Fa^ot,  Paget,  i^gat,  n.  [Fr.  fagot.  It. 
fanotfo,  a  faggot,  from  L.  fax,  facis,  9. 
faggot.a  torch.  ]  A  bundle  of  sticks  or  small 
branches  used  for  f  uel,or  for  filling  ditches, 
and  other  purposes  in  fortification;  a  fas- 
cine; a  bundle  of  pieces  of  iron  or  steel  in 
bars;  a  person  formerly  hired  to  take  the 
place  of  another  at  the  muster  oif  a  mili- 
lary  company  or  to  hide  deficiency  In  its 
•number ;  a  term  of  contempt  for  a  dry, 
shrivelled  old  wo'inan. — v.t.  To  bind  in  a 
faggot  or  bundle;  to  collect  promiscuously. 
— ^Faggot- vote,  n.  A  vote  procured  by  the 
purchase  of  property  under  mortgage  or 
otherwise,  which  is  divided  among  a  num- 
ber-so as  to  constitute  a  nominal  qualifica- 
tion without  a  substantial  basis.— Faggot- 
voter,  n.     One  who  holds  a  faggot-vote. 

Fagotto,  fa-got'to,  w.  [It.]  A  musical  wind- 
instrument  with  a  reed  and  mouth-piece 
like  the  clarionet  and  resembling  the  bas- 
soon. 

Faham-tea.    Faam-tea. 

Fahlerz,  Fahlore,  fal'ferts,  fal'or,  n.  [6. 
fahl,  yellowish,  and  era,  ore.]  Gray  copper 
or  gray  copper  ore. 

Fahrenneit,  fa'ren-hit,  a.  [After  Fahren- 
heit, who  first  employed  quicksilver  in 
thermometers  about  1720.]  The  name  dis- 
tin^lshing  that  kind  of  thermometer  in 
which  the  space  between  the  freezing  and 
the  boiling  points  of  water  is  divided  into 
180°;  the  freezing  point  being  marked  32°, 
and  the  boiling  212°. 

Faience,  fa'-i-ens'  or  fa-yans,  n.  [Fr.i  A 
sort  of  fine  pottery  or  earthenware  glazed 
with  a  fine  varnish,  and  painttd  in  vari- 
ous designs,  named  from  Faema  in  Italy. 

Fail,  fal,  v.i.  [Fr.  faillir,  to  fail,  from  h. 
foLlere,  to  deceive,  whence    also  faUe, 


faUible,  fault,  falter.}  TcS  become  deficient; 
to  be  insufficient;  to  cease  to  be  abundant 
for  supply;  to  come  short;  not  to  h&xe  the 
due  measure  or  degree;  to  decay,  decline, 
sink,  or  be  diminished;  to  become  weaker; 
to  besome  extinct;  to  be  entirely  wantiac; 
to  be  no  longsr  produced,  furnished,  or 
supplied; 'not  to  produce  the  effect;  to  mis- 
carry; to  be  unsuccessful;  to  be  guilty  of 
omission  or  neglect;  to  become  insolvent 
or  bankruot. — v.t.  To  cease  or  to  neglect  or 
omit  to  afford  aid  or  strength  to;  to  be 
wanting  to;  to  disappoint;  to  desert;  not 
to  be  at  hand  when  required.— n.  Miscar- 
riage; failure;  deficiency;  want.— Witftouf 
fail,  ■without  omission  to  ^perform  somo- 
thing;  'wdthout  doubt;  certainly, — Failing, 
fal'ing.'Ji.  Imperfection;  a  weakness  in 
character  or  dispcsitionj  foible.;  fault. — 
Saillngly.  fal'ing-li,  adv.  By  failing.— 
Failure,  lal'Qr,  n.  A  failing ;  deficiency; 
cessation  of  supply  or  total  defect;  omis- 
sion; non-performance;  decay,  or  defect 
from  decay;  the  act  of  failing  or  state  of 
having  failed  to  attain  an  object;  want  of 
success;  a  becoming  insolvent  or  bank- 
rupt. . 

Faille,  6-yi  or  tsl,  n.  [Pr.]  A  heavy  silk 
fabric  of  superior  quality. 

Fain, fan,  a.  [A.  Sax./oes'eTO,joyful,/c5£rnisn, 
to  rejoice;  Gkith.  faginon,  Icel.  fagna,  to 
be  glad.  Favm  (verb)  is  of  same  origin, 
and  7air  (adj.)  is  akin.]  Glad  or  pleased 
under  some  kind  of  necessity;  incli^ied; 
content  to  accept  of  or  do  something  for 
want  of  hetter'— adv.  Gladly;  with  joy  or 

.  pleasure:  ■with  V-ou2(f. —Fainness,  fan'nes, 
n.    State  of  being  fain. 

Faint,  fant,  v.i.  [O.Fr.  faint,  sluggish,  neg- 
ligent, pp.  of  feirJdre,  L.'  fingere,  to  feign, 
whence  also  feign,  fiction,  &c.]  To  become 
feeble;  to  decline  or  fail  in  strength  and 
vigour;  to  becbme  temporarily  uncon- 
scious, poweries8,and  motionless;  to  swoon; 
to  sink  ^nto  dejection;  to  lose  courage  or 
spirit;  ■to  become  gradually  weak  or  in- 
distinct; to  decay;  to  fade,  disappear,  or 
vanish.  —  a.  Weak ;  languid ;  feeble ;  ex- 
hausted; inclined  to  swoon;  hardly  per- 

7  ceptible  by  or  feebly  striking  the  senses; 

'  indistinct;  wanting  in  brightaess  or  vivid- 
ness, loudness,  sharpness,  or  force;  not 
well  defined;  feeble;  slight;  imperfect;  not 
carried  on  -with  vigour  or  energy;  dejected; 
depressed;  dispirited.— n.  A  fainting  fit;  a 
•swoon;  pi.  the  impure"  spirit  which  comes 
over  first  and  lait  in  -the  distillation  of 
•whisky.  —  Faint-hearted,  a.  Cowardly; 
timorous;  having  lost  courage;  yielding  to 
fear.- Faint-heartedly,  adv.  In  a  faint- 
hearted manner.  —  Famt-heartedness,  n. 
"Want  of  courage.  —  Faintlsh,  ffin'tish,  a. 
Slightly  faint.— Faintishness,  f  an'tish-nes, 
n.  A  BUght  degree  of  faintness.— Faintly, 
fSnt'li,  adv.  In  a  faint,  weak,  feeble,  or 
languid  manner ;  ■without  vigour  or  ac- 
tivity; without  vividness  or  distinctness. 
— Faintness,  f  ant'ues,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing faint. 

Fair,  far,  n.  [A.  Sax.  fceger,  fair,  pleasant, 
beautiful;  Icel.  fagr,  Dan.  feir,  Sw.  fager, 
Goth,  fagri,  bright.  Fain.]  Pleasing  to 
the  eye;  beautilul;  handsome;  white  or 
light  coloured  in  respect  of  skin  or  com- 
plexion; not  dark  or  s^warthy;  not  stormy 
or  wet;  not  cloudy  or  overcast;  clear  (/air 
weather);  free  from  obstruction,  obstacle, 
or  anything  to  impede  (on  the /air  way  to 
success) ;  open,  fiunk,  or  honest ;  not  re- 
sorting to  anything  tricky  or  underhand; 
just;  equitable;  free  from  unfair  or  un- 
favourable circumstances  or  influences; 
civil,  pleasing,  or  courteous  [fair  words); 
free  from  deletions,  blots,  and  the  like; 
perfectly  or  easily  legible  [a.  fair  copy);  free 
from  stain  or  blemish;  unspotted;  un- 
tarnished (one's  fair  fame) ;  passably  or 
moderately  good;  better  than  indifferent. 
— Fair  way,  the  track  or  course  that  is 
clear  of  obstacles  and  is  therefore  taken  by 
vessels  in  navigating  a  narrow  bay,  river, 
or  harbour. — cmv.  Openly;  frankly;  civilly; 
complaisantly  (especially  in  'to  speak  a 
person /ai7*');  on  good  terms  (to  keep /air 
■with  the  world).— To  bid  fair,  to  promise 
well;  to  be  in  a  fair  way;  to  be  likely. — n. 
EUiptically,  a  fair  ■woman;  a  handsome 
female.  [Poet.]— T/w /air,  the  female  sex; 


P6t«t.&rv£at,Jtallj    jn5,' joeti  h6r ;     pine,  pin  j/MiSte,  not,  miJiej^  tube,  tub^  bi^llj     oil,  poundv*kfl, A^  ab»«eT-tbe  Pr  «, 


FAIil 


257 


FALSE 


gpfecificallyj  the  loveliest  of  that  sex.— t».i. 
To  make  fair  or  beautiful.— F!iirJsh,far'ish, 
a.  Keasonably  fair.— Faariahly,  far'ish-li, 
adv.  In  a  tolerably  fair  mamior.— Tairly, 
far'li,  adv.  In  a  fair  manner;  beautifully; 
handsomely;  honestly ;  justly;  equitably; 
tolerably. — Fairness, far'nes.n.  The  quality 
or  character  of  being  fair;  li^jhtness  of  com- 
plexion, beauty  honesty;  justice.  —  Falr- 
play,  n.  Equitable  dealing  or  treatment; 
justice. — Fair-spo«ien,a.  Using  fair  speech; 
bland;  civil,  courteous;  plausible. — FaJr- 
weathcr,  a.  la  pleasant  weather;  show- 
ing only  in  fair  weather  or  in  favourable 
circumstances  (a  fair-tveatlt'ir  friend). 

Fair,  far,  n.  [Pr.  foire,  a  fair,  market;  It. 
feria;  L.  ferice,  holidays,  festivals.]  A 
stated  market  in  a  particular  town  or  city; 
a  stated  meeting  of  buyers  and  sellers  for 
trade. — Fairing,  far'ing,  n.  A.  present 
^iven  at  a  fair. 

Tairy,  fa'ri,  ».  [D.Fr.  faerie,  Fr.  fcerie,  the 
power  of  a  fairy,  enchantment;  fromO.Fr. 
/rte,  Fr.  /(*e.  It.  fata,  a  fairy,  lit.  a  fate, 
from  L.  fatum,  fate.  Fate.]  An  imagi- 
nary being  or  spirit  having  a  human  form, 
though. of  a  stature  much  below  human 
and  with  sundry  superhuman  attributes; 
an  elf  or  fay;  anvi^ersonage  vnth  super- 
liuman  powert;  fairy-landl.— a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  in  some  manner  connected  with 
fairies;  coming  from  fairies;  resembling  a 
invry.— Fairy  ring  or  circle,  a  ring  formed 
by  the  grass  in  certain  places  growing 
noticeably  greener  than  that  around,  long 
popularly  supposed  to  be  caused  by  fairies 
in  their  dances. — Falrily,  fa'ri-li,  adv.  la 
a  fairy-like  manner;  in  a  manner  or  fash- 
ion suggestive  of  the  handiwork  of  fairies. 
— Fairy-king,  n.  The  king  of  the  fairies.— 
Fairy-land,  n.  The  imaginary  land  or 
aboae  of  fairies.  —  Fairy-queen,  in.  The 
queen  of  the  fairies. — Fairy-tale,  n.  A  tale 
relating  to  fairies. 

Faith,  fath,  n.  [O.E.  feid,  feith,  O.Fr.  fM, 
from  L.  fides,  faith;  akin  fidelity ,  confide. 
dJify,  infidel,  &c.]  The  assent  of  the'  mind 
to  the  truth  of  what  is  declared  by  an- 
other; firm  and  earnest  belief  on  probable 
evidence  of  any  kind;-  belief;  belief  in  what 
is  given  forth  as  a  revelatioh  of  man's 
relation  to  God  and  the  infinite;-  a  settled 
conviction  in  regard  to  religion;  a  system 
of  religious  belief;  that  which  is  believed 
on  any  subject,  whether  in  science,  poli- 
tics, or  religion ;  a  doctrine  or  system  of 
doctrines  believed;  faithfulness;  fidelity; 
word  or  honour  pledged;  promise  given. 
—In  good  faith,  in  real  honesty;  with  per- 
fect sincerity.— Faithful,  f ath'ful,  a.  Firm 
in  faith;  firmly  adhering  to  religious  or 
other  duty;  of  true  fidelity;  loyal;  true 
and  constant  to  a  person  to  whom  one  is 
bound;  true  to  one's  word;  ia  conformity 
to  the  letter  and  spirit;  conformable  to 
truth;  conformable  to  a  prototype;  true  or 
exact ;  worthy  of  belief.  —  The  faithful, 
those  who  adhere  to  the  true  faith,  as 
contrasted  with  the  adherents  of  another 
faith.  —  Faithfully,  fath'ful-li,  adv.  In  a 
faithful  manner;  sincerely;  with  strong 
assurance;  earnestly;  conformably  to  truth 
or  fact;  conformably  to  an  example  or  pro» 
totype.— Faithfulness,  f ath'ful-nes,  m.  The 
quality  or  character  of  being  faithful; 
fidelity;  truth;  loyalty;  constancy.— Faith- 
leas,  fath'les,  a.  Without  faith;  not  adher- 
ing to  allegiance,  vows,  or  duty ;  disloyal ; 
not  observant  of  promises.  —  Faithlessly, 
fath'les-li,  adv.  In  a  faithless  manner.— 
Faithlessness,  fath'les-nes.  n.  State  of  be- 
ing faithless.— Faithwrorthlness,t  f  ath'w6r- 
THi-nes,  n.  Trustworthiness. — Faithwor- 
thy.J  fath'w6r-TEi,  a.  "Worthy  of  faith-or 
belief;  trustworthy. 

Fake,  fak,  n.  [A-  Sax.  fme,  a  space  or  in- 
terval.] One  of  the  circles  or  windings  of 
a  rope  as  it  lies  in  a  coil;  a  8ingle>tum  or 
coU. 

Fakir,  Fakeer,  fa-ker',  n.  [Ax.,  lit.  a  poor 
man.]  An  oriental  ascetic  Or  begging 
monk.  • 

Falcate,  Falcated,  fal'kat,  fal'k5t-ed,  tL 
fL.  faleatua,  from  falx,  folds,  a  sickle.] 
Hocked ;  in  shape  like  a  sickle  or  scythe.. 
—Faieatlon,  fal-ka'shon,  n.  A  bending  or 
bend  in  the  form  of  a  sickle.- Falciform, 
fal'si-fofm,  a.    In  the  shape  of  a  sickle  or 


reaping-hook.— Falcula,  falTctl-Ia,  n.  [L., 
a  small  sickle]  Zool.  a  compressed,  elon- 
f,'Rt.ed,  curved,  and  sharp-pointed  claw. — 
Falculate,  fal'ku-lat,  a.  Zoo.l.  having  the 
shape  of  a  falcula. 

Falcnion,  fal'shon,  n.  [It.  falcione,  L.L. 
falcio,  from  L.  falx,  fcUcis,  a  scythe.]  A 
broad  short  sword  with  a  slightly  curved 
point.     ' 

Falcon,  f ftTcn,  n.  fO.Fr.  falcon,  Fr.  faucon, 
h.h.  falco,  probably  from  L.  /a7x,a  reaping- 
hook,  from  the  curved  claws  and  beak.] 
The  common  name  of  various  raptorial 
birds  inferior  in  size  to  the  eagles  and  vul- 
tures, and  remarkable  for  their  elegant 
form  and  powers  of  flight;  especially,  one 
trained  to  hunt  wild  fowl  or  other  game; 
a  hawk.  [The  term  falcon  is  by  sports- 
men restricted  to  the  female,  the  male, 
which  is  smaller  and  less  courageous,  be- 
ing called  terael  or  Jiercai.]— Falconer,  fg.'- 
Icn-er,  n.  A  person  wlio  breeds  and  trains 
falcons  or  hawks  for  sport;  one  who  follows 
the  sport  of  fowling  with  hawks.— Falcon- 
gentle,  n.  The  female  of  the  goshawk. — 
Falconine,  fa'kon-in,  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  falcons.— Falconry,  fa'kn-ri,  n.  The 
art  of  training  falcons  to  attack  wild  birds 
or  game;  the  sport  of  pursuing  wild  fowls 
or  game  by  means  of  falcons  or  hawks. 

Faldstool,  fald'stol,  n.  [Paid  or  fold,  and 
stool.]  A  folding-stool  similar  to  a  camp- 
stool;  a  kind  of  stool  at  which  the  kings 
of  England  kneel  at  their  coronation;  a 
small  desk  at  which  in  churches  litany  is 
said. 

Falemlan,  fa-l6r'ni-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Mount  Falemus  in  Campania,  in  Italy. — 
n.  The  ancient  wine  made  from  grapes 
from  Mount  Falemus. 

Fall,  fal,  v.i.—fell  (pret.),  fallen  (pp.).  [A. 
Sax.  fiialUn='D.  vallen.  Ban.  falde,  Icel. 
falla,  Q.  fallen,  to  fall.  Fell  is  the  causal 
of  this.]  To  sink  from  a  higher  to  a  lower 
position;  to  descend  by  the'  power  of  grav- 
ity; to  drop  down;  to  sink;  to  ebb;  to  drop 
from  an'erect  posture;  to  empty,  disem- 
bogue, or  discharge  itself:  said  of  a  stream; 
to  depart  from  the  faith  or  from  rectitude; 
to  sink  into  sin;  to  die,  particularly  by 
violence;  to  come  to  an  end  suddenly;  to 
perish,  be  overthrown,  or  ruined;  to  sink 
into  weakness;  to  become  faint  or  feeble 
(our  hopes  fall);  to  sink  into  disrepute  or 
disgrace;  to  decline  in  power,  wealth,  or* 
glory;  to  pass  into  anew  state,  especially 
with  fluddenr^ess  or  through  inadvertence 
or  ignorance  (to  fall  asleep,  to  fall  into 
error);  to  decrease;  to  be  diminished  in 
weight,  size,  value,  or  intensity  (the  price 
falls,  the  wind  falls);  to  assume  an  ex- 
pression of  dejection,  discontent,  sorrow, 
shame,  &c.:  applied  to  the  countenance; 
to  happen;  to  befall;  to  take  place;  to  pass 
or  be  transferred  by  lot,  inheritance,  or- 
otherwise  (something /aZis  to  one's  share); 
to  belong  or  appertain;  to  have  to  be 
reckoned  to;  to  be  dropped  or  uttered 
carelessly;  to  sink  in  tone  or  loudness. — 
To  /all  among,  to  come  among  or  into  the 
society  of,  accidentally  and  unexpectedly. 
— To  fall  away,  to  lo^e  flesh;  to  become 
lean  or  emaciated;  to  renounce  or  desert 
allegiance,  faith,  or  duty;  to  revolt  or  re- 
bel; to  apostatize;  to  decline  gradually;  to 
languish  or  become  faint. ,-  To  fall  back, 
to  recede;  to  give  way;  to  go  from  better 
to  "Worse;  to  retrogracfe;  to  fail  of  perform- 
ing a  promise  or  purpose;  not  to  fulfil. — 
To  fall  hack  ttpon,  to  have  recourse  to, 
generally  to  some  support  or  expedient 
formerly  tried. — To  fall  down,  to  prostrate 
one's  self  in  worship  or  supplication;  to 
sink;  to  come  to  the  ground.— To /aH/ot/J 
of,  to  attack;  to  make  an  assault  upon. — 
TO  fall  from,  to  recede  from ;  to  depart ; 
not  to  adhere  to. — To  fall  in,  to  take  one's 
place  in  an  organized  body  of  men,  as  sol- 
diers; to  terminate  or  lapse  (an  annuity 
faZls  in  when  the  aminitant  dies. — To  fall 
in  with,  to  meet  casually;  to  happen  to 
meet;  to  concur,  agree,  or  comply  with. — 
To  fall  off,  to  be  broken  or  detac'ned  from 
something;  to  apostatize;  to  fall  away;  to 
get  into  disuse;  to  decline  from  former 
excellence;  to  become  less  valuable  or  in- 
teresting; to  become  less;  to  decrease; 
TMUt.  to  deviate  from  the  course  to  which 


the  head  of  the  ship  was  before  directed., 
— To  fall  on  oiupcti,  to  begin  suddenly  and 
eagerly;  to  begin  an  attack  on;  to  assault; 
to  assail;  to  come  upon,  usually  witli  some 
degree  of  suddenness  and  unexpectedness; 
to  drop  on;  to  light  on;  to  come  upon. — 
To  fall  out,  to  qu.arrel ;  to  begin  to  con- 
tend; to  happen;  to  befall;  to  chance;  to 
turn  out;  to  i>rovc.— To  fall  short,  to  be 
deficient.— To  fall  to,  to  be^in  hastily  and 
eagerly;  to  apply  one's  self  to. —  To  fall 
under,  to  come  under  or  within  the  limits 
of;  to  besubjected  to;  to  become  the  subject 
of. — n.  The  act  of  one  who  or  that  which 
falls;  a  dropping  or  descending;  descent; 
a  tumble;  death;  destruction;  overthrow; 
downfall;  degradation;  declension  of  great- 
ness, power,  or  dominion;  riiin;  diminij- 
tion;  decrease  of  price  or  value;  a  sinking 
of  tone;  cadence;  descent  of  water;  a  cas- 
cade or  cataract;  extent  of  descent;  the  dis- 
tance through  which  anything  falls  or  may 
fall;  amount  of  slope;  declivity;  the  sea- 
son when  leaves  fall  from  trees ;  autumn ; 
that  which  falls;  a  shower;  a  kind  of  ladies' 
veil;  lapse  or  declension  from  innocence  or 
goodness,  the  fall  being  specifically  the 
lapse  into  sin  of  our  first  parents  Adam 
and  Eve ;  naut.  the  part  of  a  tackle  to 
which  the  power  is  applied  in  hoisting. — 
To  try  a  full,  to  tiy  a  bout  at  wrestling. — 
Fallen,  fal'en,  pp."  or  a.  Dropped;  de- 
graded; sunk  in  vice;  lost  to  virtue;  ruined; 
overthrown.— Falling-in,n.  An  indentation 
or  hollow.— Falling-sickness,  n.  Epilepsy, 
a  disease  in  which  the  patient  suddenly 
loses  his  senses  and  falls. — Falling-star,  n. 
A  meteor  appearing  as  a  luminous  point 
darting  through  the  sky,  and  followed  by 
a  long;  train  of  light.— Fall-trap,  n.  A  trap 
in  which,  a  part  of  the  apparatus  descencls 
and  imprisons  or  kills  the  victim. 

Fallacious,  fal-la'shus,  a.  [Fr.  fallaciettx, 
from  li.fallax,fallacis,ieceitim,  from  fal- 
lo,  to  deceive.  Fail.]  Pertaining  to  or  em- 
bodying something  deceptive  or  mislead- 
ing; producing  error  or  mistake;  tending 
to  mislead.,".'i''aWacioMS  reasoning  consitta 
of  arguments  that  deceive  or  mislead  one, 
though  not  necessarily  purposely.  Sophis- 
tical reasoning  is  intendedly  false  reason- 
ing, consisting  of  arguments  so  subtle  as 
not  to  be  easily  detected  and  controverted, 
advanced  purposely  to  mislead.  —  Falla- 
ciously, fal-la'shus-li,  adv.  In  a  fallacious 
manner;  sophisticaily;  with  purpose  or  in 
a  manner  to  deceive.— Fallaciousness,  fal- 

'la'shus-nes,  n.  State  of  being  fallacious. — 
Fallacy,  fal'la-si,  n.  [L.  fallacia,  deceit.] 
A  misleading  or  mistaken  ai-gument;  an. 
argument  or  proposition  apparently  sound 
but  really  containing  some  undetected 
error,  and  therefore  misleading;  any  un-' 
sound  but  specious  mode  of  arguing. 

Fallible,  fal'i-bl,  a.  [L.L.  fallibilis,  from 
L.  faUo,  to  deceive.  Fallaciocs.  Fail.] 
Liable  to  fail  or  mistake;  liable  to  deceive 
or  to  be  deceived;  liable  to  error  or  going 
astray.  —  Fallibility,  fal-i-bil'i-ti,  n.  The 
state  of  being  fallible;  liableness  to  deceive 
or  to  be  deceived.— Faliibly,  fal'i-bli,  adv. 
In  a  fallible  manner. 

Fallopian,  f al-lo'pi-an ,  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Fallopius,  an  Italian  anatomist  of  the 
16th  century.  —  Fallopian  tubes,  the  two 
canals  or  tubes  which  arise  at  each  side  of 
the  uterus,  and  pass  towards  the  ovarium. 

Fallcw-,  fal'o,  a.  [A.  Sax.  fealo,  fealwe, 
pale  red  or  pale  yellow;  akin  to  G.  fahl, 
falb;  L.G.  and  D.  vaal,  fallow;  same  rooli 
as  L.  pallidum,  pallid,  pale.  The  term  was 
applied  to  land  from  the  colour  of  pic  aghed 
land.]  Pale  red  or  pale  yellow;  left  to 
rest  without  a  crop  after  tillage;  untilled; 
uncultivated;  neglected;  unoccupied;  un- 
used.— -re.  Land  that  has  lain  a  year  or 
more  untilled  or  unsown;  land  ploughed 
without  being  sowed;  the  ploughing  of 
land,  without  sowing  it,  for  a  season. — v.t. 
To  leave  fallow  or  ploughed  but  not  so-wa 
in  crop.— Fallow-deer,  n.  [From  its  fal- 
low or  pale-yellow  colour.]  A  Europcf^n 
deer  smaller  than  the  stag.  Of  a  brownish- 
bay  colour,  whitish  beneath.  —  Fallow- 
chat,  Fallow-finch,  n.  The  bird  otherwise 
called  the  wheat-ear. 

False,  f?ils,  a.  [L.  falsus,  false,  from  faUo, 
falsum,  to  deceive.    Faii..]    Not  tlrue;  ao-i 


«:h,  cAain;     c/i,  Sc.  loc/t;     g,  p.o;     Jt/ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sin^;     tb,  t/ten;  th,  (/tin;     w,  wig; 


•wh,  ir/iic; 

17 


zh,  a^ure. 


FALSETTO 


258 


FANTASIA 


conformable  to  fact;  expressing  what  is 
contrary  to,  that  which  exists,  is  done, 
said,  or  thought:  Intended  to  mislead; 
counterfeit ;  forged ;  not  real  or  genuine; 
hypocritical ; '  feigned ;  not  agreeable  to 
rule  or  propriety  (false  construction  iu 
language);  not  honest  or  just;  fraudulent; 
not  faitliful  or  loyal;  treacherous;  perfidi- 
ous; deceitful;  unfaithful;  inconstant;  not 
well  founded  or  based  (false  hopes);  con- 
structed for  show  or  a  Bubsidiary  purpose 
(a  falsi  bottom,  a  false  keel). — False-faced, 
a.  Hypocritical.— J?al8e-heaTted,a.  Treach- 
erous; deceitful;  perfidious. — FaJse-heart- 
edness,  n.  Perfidiousness;  treachery.— 
Falsehood,  f^'hod,  n.  Contrariety  or 
want  of  conformity  to  fact  or  truth;  false- 
ness; want  of  truth  or  veracity;  untruth- 
fulness; what  is  false  or  untrue;  a  lie;  an 
untrue  assertion;  want  of  honesty;  deceit- 
fulness;  perfidy;  imposture.— Falsely,  f  als'- 
Ij,  adv.  In  a  manner  contrary  to  truth 
and  fact;  not  truly;  untruly.— Falseness, 
fftls'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
faise^  untruthfulness;  want  of  veracity;" 
duplicity;  deceit;  unfaithfulness;  perfidy. 
— FjOsify,  fftl'si-fi,  v.t.—falsifiedjalsifying. 
[Fr.  falsifier,  from  L.  falsus,  and  facio,  to 
make.]  To  represent  falsely;  to  vitiate 
with  false  and  m.isleading  elements;  to 
garble;  to  make  not  genuine;  to  disprove; 
to  prove  to  be  false;  to  cause  to  turn  out 
false  (to  falsify  a  prediction);  to  violate  or 
break  by  falsshocd.  —  v.i.  To  violate  the 
truth.-^Falsiflable.fal'si-fl-a-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  falsified.— ^falsification,  fal'si-fi- 
ka"Ehon,  n.  The  act  of  falsifying;  a  coun- 
terfeiting; the  giving  to  a  thing  an  appear- 
ance of  something  which  it  is  not.— Falsi- 
fier, f iirBi-fi-6r,  n.  One  who  f9.1sifies ;  one 
who  counterfeit^  or  gives  to  a  thing  a  de- 
ceptive appearance.  —  Falsism,  Falseism, 
fftl'sizm,  n.  '  A  statement  or  assertion  the 
falsity  of  which  is  plainly  apparent :  op- 
posed to  truism.— VaX^ty,  fal'si-ti,  n.  Th^ 
quality  of  being  false;  that  which  is  false; 
a  falsehood;  a  false  assertion. 

Falsetto,  fal-set'to,  n.  [It.,  from  L.  falsus, 
false.]    The  tones  above  the  natural  com- 

_pa88  of  the  voice. 

Falter,  f ftl'ter,  v.i.  [A.  freq.  connected -^th 
favlt,  from  a  supposed  Fr.  verb  correspond- 
ing to  Sp.'faltar,  It.  faltare,  to  fail,  from 
li.  f aline,  to  deceive.  Fault,  Fail.]  To 
hesitate  in  the  utterance  of  words;  to  apeak 
yniJh  a  broken  or  trembling  utterance;-  to 
stammer;  not  to  be  firm  and  steady;  to 
tremble. — n.  The  act  of  faltering;-  hesita- 
tion; trembling;  quavering.. —  Filtering, 
fal'ter-ing,  a.  -"Trembling;  ^lesitating. — 
falteringly,  f at'ttr-ing-li,  adv.  With  hesi- 
tation; -with  a  tremhhng,  broken  voice. 

Fama,  fa'ma,  n.  [L.]  In  Rom.  myth,  the 
deified  personification  of  fame  or  rumour; 
hence  a  widely  prevailing  rumour  afiiect- 
ing  the  character  of  any  one. 

Fame,  fam,  n.  [Fr.  fame,  from-  L.  fama, 
fame,  renown,  from  fari,  to  speak;  whence 
also  fate.  Fate.]  Public  report  or  ru- 
mour; report  or  opinion  widely  diffused;  re- 
nown; notoriety;  celebrity  .—Famed,  f  amd, 
p.  and  o.  Much  talked  of;  renowned; 
celebrated.— Fameless,  fam'les,  a.  With- 
out renown. — Famous-,  fa'mus,  a.  [L. 
famdsa  s,  Fr.  fameux.]  Celebrated  in  fame 
or  public  report;  renowned;  much  "talked 
of;  distinguished  in  story.— Famously,  f a'- 
mus-li,  adv.'  In  a  famous  manner.— Fa- 
xnoiumess,t  fa'n^os-nes,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing famous;  renown;  celebrity. 

familiar,  fa-mil 'y6r,  a.  [L.  famUiaris, 
from  familia,  a  household,  the  servants 
of  a  family,  from  famvlvs,  a  servant. 
i'"AsiiLT.]  "Well  acquainted;  closely  -inti-' 
mate;  well  veirsed  (in  a  subject  of  study); 
exhibiting  the  manner  of  an  intimate 
friend;  aSnible;  accessible;  characterized  by 
ease  or  absence  of  gtiffiiiess  or  pedantry ; 
easy  ;well  known;  well  understood;  of  every- 
day occurrence  or  use. — Familiar  spirit,  a 
spirit  or  demon  supposed  to  be  constantly 
at  the  command  of  some  person. — n.  An 
intimate;  a  close  companion;  a  familiar 

'spirit;  an  officer  of  the  Inquisition  em- 
ployed in  apprehending  and  imptisoninK 
persons  accrued.  — . Famillari^,  farmil'i- 
aT"i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  familiar; 
i^nconstrained  intercourse;  intimate  ac- 


quaintance or  knowledge;  intimacy;  pi. 
actions  characterized  by  too  much  license; 
liberties.  —  Familiarization,  fa-mil'ySr-i- 
za"shon,  n.  Act  or  process  of  .making  or 
becoming  familiar.- Familiarize,  fa-mil'- 
yer-iz,  v.l.  —  fam.Uiarized,  familiarizing. 
To  make  familiar  or  intimate;  to  habitu- 
ate; to  accustom;  to  make  intimately  ac- 
quainted; to  render  conversant  or  fully 
acquainted  by  practice  or  customary  use, 
or  by  intercourse.  —  Familiarly,  fa-mil'- 
yfer-li,  adv.  In  a  familiar  manner.— Fa- 
miliamess,  f a-miFyer-nes,  n.  Familiarity. 

Family,  fam'i-li,  n.  [L.  familia,  a  house- 
hold, the  slaves  or  servants  of  a  house; 
from  -famulus,  a  servant,  .a  slave,  from 
Oscan  /awiel,  a" servant,  from  faxvma,  Skr. 
dhSmvan,  a  house.]  The  body  of  persons 
who  live  in  one  house  and  under  one  head; 
the  parents  and  children  alone;  the  chil- 
dren as  distinguished  from  the  parents; 
those  who  descend  from  one  common  pro- 
genitor; a  tribe  or  race;  kindred;  lineage; 
line  of  ancestors;  honourable  descent; 
noble  oi"  respectable  stock  (a  man  of  fam^ 
ily);  in  scientific  classifications,  a  group  of 
individuals  more  comprehensive  than  a 
genus,  and  leSs  so  than  an  order.— Family- 
man,  TO.  One  who  has  a  family  or  house- 
hold; a  married  man.— Family-way,  n. 
State  of  pregnancy. 

Famine,  famin,  n.  [Fr.  famine,  from  L. 
fames,  hunger.]  Scarcity  of  food;  dearth; 
a  general  want  of  provisions;  destitution. 
"—Famish,  fam'iph,  v.t  Ly-Fr.  famis, 
starving,  from  L.  fames.']  To  kill  or  de- 
stroy with  hunger;  to  starve;  to  cause  to 
suffer  from  hunger  or  thirst;  to  distress 
with  hunger ;  to  force  or  compel  by  fam- 
ine.— v.i.  To  die  of  hunger;  to  sufiier  ex- 
treme hunger  or  thirst;  to  suffer, by  the 
deprivation  of  any  necessary. 

Famous.    Under  Fame. 

Fan,  fan,  n.  [A.  Sax.  fann,  fan,  from  L. 
vann'us,  a  fan  for  winnowing;  akin  to  L. 
ventus,  wind,  and  E.  wind,im,nncsv.'\  The 
name  of  various  instruments  for  exciting 
a  current  of  air  by  the  agitation  of  a  broad 
surface,  vanes  or  discs;  a  machine  for 
winnowing  grain;  an  instrument  used  by 
ladies  to  agitate  the  air  and  cool  the  face; 
anything  resemblin^g  this;  what  fans  or 
excites. — v..t.^anned,  fanning.  To  move 
or  agitate  as  with  a  fan;  to  cool  and  re- 
fresh by  moving  the  air  -with  a  fan ;  to 
■winnow;  to  separate  chaff  from,  and  drive 
it  away  by  a  current  of  air;  fig.  to  produce 
efiects  on  analogous  to  those  of  a  fan  in 
exciting  flame;  to  excite  or  stir  up  to 
activity;  to  stimulate.— Fan-blower,  n.  A 
fan  for  driving  a  current  of  air  into  a  fur- 
nace by  the  quick  revolution  of  a  wheel 
with  vanes.— Fan-light,  n.  A  fan-shaped 
window  situated  over  a  door  in  a  circular- 
headed  opening;  also  any  window  over  a 
door.— Fanner,  fan'fer,  n.  One 'who  fans; 
a  rotatory  contrivance  with  vanes  for  ven- 
tilating the  interior  of  a  chamber;  £in 
arrangement  of  vanes  for  blowing  fires; 
pt  a  fan  or  machine  for  witinowing  grain. 
—Fan-tall,  n.  A  variety  of  the  domestic 
pigeon;  a-form  of  gas-burner. — Fan-tailed, 
a.  Having  a  tail  expanding  like  a  fan. — 
Fan-window,  n.  A  window  having  a  semi- 
circular outline  and  a  sash  formed  of 

Fanatic,  Fanatical,,  fa-nat'ik,  fa-nat'i-kal, 
a.  [L.  fa^aXicus,  inspired,  enthusiastic, 
.,  from  fanum,  a  place  dedicated  to  some 
fc  deity,  a  temple.  Fane.]  Wild  and  ex- 
travagant in  opinions,  particularly  in  re- 
Jigious  opinions. — n.  A  person  affected  by 
excessive  enthusiasm,  particularly  on  re- 
ligious subjects;  one  who  indulges  wild 
and  extravagant  notions  of  religion. — 
Fanatically,  fa-nat'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  fa- 
-natical  manner;  with  wild  enthusiasm.-^ 
Fanatlcalness,  fa-nat'i-kal-nes,  n.  Fana- 
ticism.<-<Fanatlci8m,fa-nat'i-sizm,n.  The 
state  or  character  of  a  fanatic;  -wild  and 
extravagant  notions  of  religion;  religious 
frenzy;  fervid  zeal.— Fanaticlze,  fa-nat'i- 
siz,  v.t.  To  make  fanatic. 
Fancy,  fan'si,  n.  [Contr.  for  fantasy,  phan- 
tasy, from  L.  and  Gr.  phantasia.  a  fancy, 
from  Or.  phanUuO,  to  make  visible,  from 
phaino,  to  show ;  akin  j)harJtom,  pheno- 
wienon.]   A  phase  of  the  intellectual  fac- 


ulty of  a  lighter  and  less  impressive  cast 
than  the  imagination,  or  the  active  play 
of  this  lighter  faculty ;  a  new  and  pleas- 
ing thought  or  conception  due  to  this 
faculty;  the  happy  and  poetical  embodi- 
ment of  such  conception  in  words;  a  poeti- 
cal illustration  or  ornament,  as  a  simile, 
metaphor,  and  the  like;  an  opinion  or 
notion;  aLn  impression  or  supposition;  a 
whim  or  conceit;  inclination;  liking;  fond- 
ness; preference. —  T?te  fancy,  a  name  for 
sporting  characters,  especially  prize- 
fighters. —  a.  F-ine ;  elegant ;  ornamental 
(fancy  goods);  beyond  intrinsic  value;  ex- 
travagant (a  fancy  price).— w.i. — fancied, 
fancying.  To  imagine;  to  figure  to  one's 
self;  to  believe,  or  supiwse  without  proof. 
— v.t.  To  form  a  conception  of;  to  portray 
in  the  mind;  to  imagine;  to  like;  to  be 
pleased  with.— Fancied,  fan'sid,  p.  and  a. 
Portrayed  or  formed  by  the  fancy;  imagi- 
nary ;  attracting  one's  fancy ;  liked ;  in 
esteem;  sought  after.  —Fancier,  fan'si-er, 
n.  One  who  fancies;  one  who  is  influenced 
by  his  fancies.  —  Fanciful,  fan '  si-ful,  a. 
Guided  by  fancy  rather  than  by  reason 
and  experience;  subject  to  the  influence  of 
fancy;  whimsical:  applied  to  persons;  dic- 
tated or  produced  by  fancy;  appealing  to 
or  pleasing  the  fancy;  fuU  of  wild  images; 
curiously  shaped :  applied  to  things.  — 
Fancifully,  fan'si-f ul-li,  adv.  In  a  fanciful 
manner.  —  Fancifulness,  fan'si-f ul-nes,  n. 
The  ciuality  of  being  fancifjjl.— F'anciless, 
fan'si-les,  a.  Destitute  of  fancy.— Fancy- 
ball,  n.  A  ball  in  which  persons'appear 
in  fancy  dresses,  imitations  of  antique 
costumes,  &c.— Fancy-fair,  n.  A  kind  of 
temporary '  market  in  which  ladies  sell 
various  light  wares,  usually  of  their  own 
make,  for  some  benevolent  or  charitable 
purpose;  a  bazaar.— Fancy-free,  a.    Free 

■from  the  power  of  love.— Fancy-work,  n. 
Ornamental  knitting,  eAhroidery,  &c., 
performed  by  ladies. 

Fandango,  f an-dang'go,  n.  A  livd^  Spanish 
dance  borrowed  from  the  Moors,  danced 
by  two  persons,  male  and  female,  the 
music  .being  in  triple  time. 

Fane,'  fan,  n.  [L.  fanum,  a  place  dedicated 
to  a  deity,  from  fUri,  U>  speak;  akin  fame, 
fate.]  A  temple ;  a  place  consecrated  to 
religion;  a  church.    [Poet.] 

Fanfare,  fan'far,  n.  [Fr.]  A  flourish  of 
trumpets;  a  short  tune  of  a  cheerful  cast, 
played  with  hunting  horns;  an  ostenta- 
tious parade.or  boast;  bravado. — Fanfaron, 
fan'fa-ron,  n.  [Fr.]  A  bully;  a  hector;  a 
swaggerer;  an  empty  boaster.— Fanfaron- 
ade, fan-far'o-nad",  n.  [Fr:]  A  swaggering; 
ostentation;  bluster. 

Fang,  fang,  n.  ■  [A.  Sax.'  fang,  a  taking, 
grasp,  from  f&n  (for  fahan),  to  seize  (pret. 
fing,  pp.  fangen)=G.  fangen,  Goth,  fahan, 
T>.  vangen,  to  take.]  The  tusk  of  a  boar 
or  other  animal  by  which  the  prey  is 
seized  and  held;  a  long  pointed  tooth;  the 
hollow  poison  tooth  of  a  serpent;  a  claw  or 
talon.— ranged,  fangd,ij.and  a.  Furnished 
with  fangs,  tusks,  or  something  resem- 
bling these.— Fangie8S,f angles,  a.  Having 
no  fangs  or  tusks. 

Fangled,  fang'gld,  a.  [From  old  f angle,  a 
gewgaw,  something  to  catch  the  eye,  from 
old  fangen,  to  catclv]  Gaudy;  showy;  fond 
of  finery.  [Used  by  Shakspere,  but  now 
only  in  the  compound  nerv-fangled.] 

Fanon,  fan'on,  n.  [Fr.-/anon,  from  Goth. 
fana,  cloth,  a  banner.]  JSccles.  a  kind  of 
napkin  or  handkerchief  used  by  the  priest 
at  mass ;  also  an  ornament  attached  to  a 
priest's  left  arm.. 

ra&tasia, fan-ta'z€-a,  n.  [It.,  Ut.  a  fantasy 
or  fancy,  from  L.  and  Gr.  phantasia,  a 
fancy,  whence  also  'E.  fancy.  Fancy.]  A 
species  of  musical  composition  having  no 
'particular  theme,  but  ranging  amidst 
various  airs  and  movements.  —  Fantasm, 
fan'tazm,  a.  Same  as  PharUasm.  —  Fan- 
tast,  fan'tast,  n.  One  whose  mind  is  full 
of  fantastic  notions.  —  Fantastic,  Fantas- 
tical, fan-tas'tik,  fan-tas'ti-ka^l,  a.  [Fr. 
farUastique,  from  Gr.  phantastikos,  from 
•phantaxui,  vision,  fancy.]  Fanciful;  ex- 
isting only  in  imagination ;  imaginary ; 
chimerical;  whimsical;  capricious;  indul- 
ging the  vagaries  of  imagination ;  having 
oddneso  of  figure  or  appearance;  whimsi- 


Fate  fllr»£at^fftlli     mS-met,b6r}    plne,  Bin^nste,  not,  mOvei^abe,  tub,  bvill;^oil,  pound; ^U,  So.  abttn^^theFr.  «./ 


/FAJfTOCCINI 


259 


FASHION 


,  cally  shaped;  grotesque.— n.'  A  -whimsical 
I  person ;  a  fop.— Fantasdcallty,  fan-tas'ti- 
'  kal"i-ti,n.  Fautasticahiess.— Fantastically, 
fan-tas'ti-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  fantastic  man- 
,ner;  capriciously;  whimsically.  —  Fantas- 
ticalness,  Fantasticjsm,  fan-tas'ti-kal-ncs, 
fan-tas'ti-sizm,  n.  iStatis  of  being  fantas- 
tical. —  Fantasy,  fan'ta-si,  n.  Same  as 
Fa-no}/- 

Fantoccini,  fan-to-ch5'n5,  n,  pi.  [It.]  Pup- 
,  pets  worked  by  concealed  wires  or  strings; 
*  a  puppet-show;  marionettes. 
Fantom,  fan'tom,  n.  Same  as  Phantom. 
Far,  far,  a.  [A.  Sax.  feor;  D.  ver,-  Icel. 
,  fjarri,  Goth,  fairra,  G.  /em,  far— allied  to 
fore,  ferry,  fare:  the  root  being  same  as 
that  of  L.  per,  through;  G.  pera,  beyond; 
Skr.  para,  other.]  Distant;  separated  by 
a  wide  space;  hence,  remote  as  regards 
wishes,  feelings,  affections;  more  distant 
of  the  tivo:  applied  to  the  ri^ht  side  of  a 
horse. — adv.  To  a  great  exten-b-or  distance 
of  space;  to  a  remote  period;  in  great  part 
(the  day  far  spent);  in  a  great  proportion; 
by  many  degrees;  very  much  (/ai»  better 
Of  higher);  to  whatever  point,  degree,  or" 
distance  las  far  as).— JJj/  far,  in  a  gteat 
degree;  very  much.— jProrji/ar.froma^reat 
,  distance;  from  a  remote  place. — Par  other, 
very  different.  —  Far-fetched,  p.  and  a. 
:  Brought  from  a  remote  place;  not  easily  or 
naturally  introduced;  elaborately  strained 
(afar-fetched  explanation).— Farmost,  far'- 
most,  a.  auperl.  Most  distant  or  remote. — 
Famess,  fa.r'nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  far 
off;  distance;  remotenesa— Far-off,  a.  Far- 
away: distant;  remote  in  space  or  time. — 
Far-sighted,  a.  Seeing  to  a  great  distance: 
calculating  carefully  the  distant  results  of 
present  jconduct  or  action;  not  capable  of 
perceiving  objects  near  at  hand  distinctly. 
-Far-sightedness,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  far-sighted. —  Far -sought,  a. 
Sought  at  a  distance ;  forced.  —  Farther, 
far'TH6r,  a.  compar.  [Not  the  original 
coropar.  of  far,  which  was  far-er  (ferrer), 
but  assimilated  to  further. '\  More  remote; 
more  distant  than  something  else;  tending 
to  a  greater  distance;  additional.— adw.  At 
or  to  a  greater  distance ;  more  remotely; 
beyond ;  by  way  of  progression  in  a  sub- 
ject; moreover. — Farther,!  far'THfir,  v.t.  To 
promote ;  to  further.— Fartherance,t  far'- 
THfer-ans,  n.  A  helping  forward;  further- 
ance. —  Farthermore,  far'THfer-mor,  adv. 
Besides;  moreover;  furthermore. — Farther- 
most, far'THgr-most,  a.  superl.  Being  at 
the  farthest  distance;  most  remote.— Far- 
thest, far'THest,  a.  superl.  At  the  greatest 
distance  either  in  time  or  place. — adv.  At 
or  to  the  greatest  distance.— Far-west,  n. 
That  portion  of  the  United  States  lying  be- 
yond the  Mississippi. 

Farad,  f ar'ad,  n.  [In  honour  of  Prof.  Fara- 
day.] The  unit  of  quantity  in  electro- 
metry;  the  quantity  of  electricity  with 
which  an  electro-motive  force  of  one  volt 
would  flow  through  the  resistance  of  one 
megohm  in  one  second.- Faradio,  fa-rad'- 
ik,  a.  Applied  to  induction  electricity. — 
Faradisation,  Faradism,  far'a-di-za"shon, 
far'ad-izm,  n.  The  medical  application  of 
the  magi\eto-electric  currents  which  JSVira- 
day  discovered  in  1837. 

Farce,  fftrs,  v.t.—farcedffarcing.  [Ft.farcir, 
L.  fareio,  to  stuff.]  To  stuff  with  force- 
meat; to  fill  with  mingled  ingredients.^ 
ji.  [Fr.  farce.  It.  farsa,  from  L.  fareio,  to 
stuff,  from  being  stuffed  or  crammed  with 
humour.]  A  dramatic  composition  of  a 
broadly  comic  character;  a  comedy  full  of 
extravagant  drollery;  ridiculous  parade ; 
empty  pageantry;  mere  show. — Farceur, 
far-s6r,  n.  [Fr.]  A  writer  or  player  of 
farces;  a  joker.  —  Farcical,  far'si-kal,  a. 
Belonging  to  a  farce;  of  the  character  of  a 
farce;  droll;  ludicrbus;  ridiculous.— Farci- 
cally, far'si-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  farcical  man- 
ner.—Farcicalness,far'si-kal-nes,n.  Quality 
of  being  farcical.  —  Farcing,  far'sing,  n. 
Stuffing;  force-meat. 

Farcy,  Farcin,  far'si,  far'sin,  n.  A  disease 
of  horses  intimately  connected  with  glan- 
ders, the  two  diseases  generally  running 
irito  each  other. — Farcy-bud,  n.  A  tumour 
\v'hich  appears  early  in  the  disease  farcy. 

Fuvdage,  far'daj,  n.  [Fr.  Fardel.]  JVa««. 
same  as  Dunnage. 


Fardel,  faj/del,  n.  [O.Pr.  fardel,  Fr.  faf- 
deau,  a  bundle,  from  the  Arabic.  Hence 
furl.]  A  bundle  or  pack;  a  burden;  any- 
thing cumbersome  or  irksome. — Fardel- 
bound,  a.  A  term  applied  to  cattle  and 
sheep  affected  with  a  disease  caused  by  the 
retention  of  food  in  the  manipUes  or  third 
stomach. 
Fare, far, t».t.—/ared,/arimjr.  [A.  Sax./aran, 
to  go = Icel.  Sw.  and  Dan.  fare,  1).  varen, 
G.  fahrem,  to  go,  same  root  as  L.  per, 
through,  porta,  gate,  6r.  poros,  passage, 
peirO,  to  pierce;  E.  far,  ferry,  &c.]  To  go; 
to  pass;  to  move  forward;  to  travel;  to  be 
in  any  state,  good  or  bad;  to  be  in  a  certain 
condition  as  regards  bouily  or  social  com- 
forts; to  be  entertained  with  food;  to  hap- 
pen; to  turn  out  or  result;  to  be:  withii 
impersonally. — n.  The  sum  paid  or  due  for 
conveying  a  person  by  land  or  water;  food; 
provisions  of  ^he  table ;  condition;  treat- 
ment by  circumstances;  fortune;  the  per- 
son ogr  persons  conveyed  in  a  vehicle. — 
Farewell,  far'wel.  [F^rsm /are,  in  the  im- 
per.,  and  well.]  May^ou  fare  or  prosper 
well;  a  wish  of  happiness  to  those  who 
leave  or  those  who  are  left:  it  sometimes 
has  the  pronoun  inserted  between  its  two 
elements;  as  fare  you  well.  Sometimes  it 
is  an  expression  of  mere  separation  (like 
'  good-bye'  or '  adieu ').— "n.  Good-bye;  adieu; 
leave;  departure;  final  look,  reference,  or 
attention.— a.  Leave-taking;  valedictory. 

Farina,  fa-ri'na,  n.  [L. /anna,'  flour,  from 
far,  a  sort  of  grain.]  Meal  or  flour;  a  Boft, 
tasteless,  and  commonly  white  powder, 
■obtained  by  trituration  of  the  seeds  of 
cereal  and  leguminous  plants,  and  of  some 
roots,  as  the  potato.  —  Farinaceous,  far-i- 
na'shns,  a.  Consisting  or  made  of  meal  or 
flour;  containing  or  yielding  farina  or 
flour;  mealy.  —  FarinaceouBly,  far-i-na'- 
shus-li,  adv.  After  the  manner  of  farina- 
ceous substances.  —  Farinose,  fayi-nos,  a. 
Yielding  farina. 

Farm,  farm,  n.  [A.  Sax.  feorm,  fyrm,  food, 
provisions,  a  feast,  entertainment;  hence, 
a  piece  of  land  that  has  to  supply  a  cer- 
tain quantity  of  provisions;  from  L.L. 
Jirma  (from  L.  firmus,  firm,  established), 
farm,  rent,  sum  settled  or  fixed.]  A  tract  of 
land  cultivated  either  by  the  owner  of  the 
land  or  a  tenant,  and  usually  divided  into 
fields. — v.t.  To  let  to  a  tenant  on  condition 
of  paying  rent;  to  hold  and  cultivate  either 
as  tenant  or  as  owner ;  to  lease  or  let,  as 
taxes  or  other  duties,  at  a  certain  sum  or 
a  certain  rate  per  cent. — v.i.  To  be  em- 
ployed in  agriculture;  to  "cultivate  the 
soil.— Farmable,  far'ma-bl,  d.  Capable  of 
being  farmed.— Farm-bailiff,  n.  An  over- 
seer appointed  to  direct  and  superintend 
farming  operations. — Fanner,  fiir'm^r,  n. 
One  who  farms;  one  who  cultivates  a 
farm;  an  agriculturist;  a  husbandman; 
one  who  takes  ta*es,  customs,  excise,  or 
other  duties,  to  collect  for  a  certain  gross 
sum  or  a  rate  per  cent.— Farmership,  far'- 
mer-ship,  n.  Skill  in  farming.— Farmery, 
fiir'mfer-i,  n.  A  farmyard. —Farmhouse, 
farm'hous,  n.  A  house  attached  to  a 
farm  for  the  residence  of  a  farmer.— Farm- 
ing, far'ming,  a.  Pertaining  to  agricul- 
ture.—n.  The  business  of  a  farmer;  hus- 
bandry. —  Farmstead,  f arm'sted,  n.  The 
system  of  buildings  connected  with  a 
farm ;  a  homestead.  —  Farmyard,  farm'- 
yard,  rt.  The  yard  or  inclosure  surround- 
ed by  or  connected  with  the  farm  build- 
ings. 

Faro,  fa'ro,  n.  [Said  to  be  from  Pharaoh 
having  formerly  been  depicted  on  one  of 
the  cards.]  A  game  at  cards  in  which  a 
person  plays  against  the  bank.  —  Faro- 
bank,  n.  A  bank  or  establishment  where 
persons  play  at  the  game  of  faro. 

Farrago,  fa-ra'go,  n.  [i,.,  from  far,  meal.] 
A  mass  composed  of  various  materials 
confusedly  mixed;  a  medley.  —  Farragin- 
ous, fa-raj'i-nus,  «.  Formed  of  v^ous 
materials  mixed. 

Farrier,  far'i-fir,  n.  [O.Fr.  ferrier,  from 
ferrer,  to  shoe  a  horse,  from  L.  ferrutn, 
iron.]  A  shoer  of  horses;  one  who  com- 
bines the  art  of  horse-shoeing  with  the 
profession  of  veterinary  surgery. — v.i.  To 
practise  as  a  farrier.— Farriery,  far'i-6r-i, 
n.    The  art  of  shoeing  horses;  the  art  of 


Fai 


curing  the  diseases  of  horses,  oxen,  sheep, 
pigs,  &c.;  veterinary  surgery. 
arrow,  far'o,  n.  [A.  Sax.  fearh,  a  little 
pig;  akin  to  O.H.G.  farah,  G.  fefkel,  D. 
varken,  a  pig;  L.  porcus,  a  pig,  being  also 
allied.]  A  htter  of  pigs.— v.T.  and  i.  To 
liring  forth  pigs. 
Farther.  Under  Far. 
Farthing,  far'ining,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ferthing, 
feorthing,  the  fourth  part  of  a  thing,-from 
feorth,  fourth,  from  fedwer,  four.J  The 
fourth  of  a  penny,  a  small  copper  coin  of 
•  Britain,  the  fourth  of  a  penny  in  value. 
Farthingale,  Farduigale,far'THing-gal,  far- 
ding-gal,  n.  [O.Fr.  vertugalle,  vertugade, 
from  Sp.  verdugo,  a  rod  or  shoot  of  a  tree, 
hence  a  hoop.]  A  hoop  petticoat  formerly 
worn  by  ladies,  or  the  circles  of  hoops  used 
to  extend  the  petticoat. 
Fasces,- flis'sez,  n.  pi.  [L.]  A  bundle  of 
rods,  with  an  axe  bound  in  along  with 
them,  anciently  borne  before  the  superior 
Roman  magistrates  as  a  badge  of  their 
power  over  life  and  limb. — Fascial,  fas'- 
si-al  or  fash'i-al,  a.  Belonging  to  the 
fasces. 

Fascia,  fash'i-a,  n.  pi.  Fasciae,  fash'i-e.  [L.J 
A  band,  sash,  or  fillet,  or  something  re- 
sembling this  in  shape;  a  surgical  ban- 
dage; arch,  a  long  band  of  stone  or  brick 
forming  a  slight  projection.  —  Fasciate, 
tash'i-at,  o.  Banded  or  bound  together; 
fasciated.  —  Fasciated,  fash '  i  -  a-  ted,  a. 
Bound  with  a  fillet,  sash,  or  bandage;  hot. 
applied  to  the  peculiar  flattened  stems  or 
branches  which  occur  occasionally  in  trees. 
— Fas(dation,  fash-i-a'shon,  n.  The  state 
of  being  fasciated;  the  act  or  manner  of 
binding  up  diseased  parts;  bandage. 
Fascicle,  fas'si-kl,  ra.  [L.  fasciculus,  from 
fasds,  a  bundle.]  A  little  bundle  or  col- 
lection; hot.  a  form  of  cyme  in  which  the 
flowers  are  clustered  together  in  a  more  or 
less  compact  bundle.— Fasciculate,  Fasci- 
culated, Fascicled,  Fascicular,  fas-sik'Q- 
'  lat,  fas-sik'a-la-ted,  fas'si-kld,  fas-sik'O- 
ler,  a.  Bot.  growing  in  bundles  or  bunches 
from  the  same  point:  said  of  leaves,  stems, 
roots,  &c.  —  Fa'sciculately,  Fascicularly, 
fas-sik'u-lat-li,  fas-sik'n-lfer-li,  adv.  In  a 
fasciculate  manner.— Fascicule,  fas'si-kal, 
n.  A  fascicle.— Fasciculus,  fas-sik'Q-lus,  n. 
A  fascicle ;  one  of  the  separate  divisions 
or  numbers  in  which  a  book  is  published. 
Fascinate,  fas'si-nat,  v.t.— fascinated,  fas- 
cinating. [Fr.fasciner,  L.  fascino,  fascina- 
tuni,  to  fascinate,  bewitch.]  To  bewitch; 
to  enchant;  to  operate  on  by  some  power- 
ful or  irresistible  influence;  to  charm;  to 
captivate;  to  allure  irresistibly  or  power- 
fully. —  v.i.  To  exercise  a  bewitching  or 
captivating  power.  —  Fascinating,  fas'si- 
na-ting,  p.  and  a.  Bewitching; -enchant- 
ing; charming;  captivating. — Fascination; 
fas-si-na'shon,  n.  The  act  of  fascinating, 
bewitching,  or  enchanting;  enchantment; 
a  charm;  that  which  fascinates. 
Fascine,  fas-sSn',  n.  [Fr.,  from  h.  fascia,  a 
bundle;  akin  fascicle,  fasces.]  Fort,  a  fag- 
got or  bundle  of  rods  or  small  sticks,  used 
in  raising  batteries,  in  filling  ditches,  in 
strengthening  ramparts,  &c. 
Fash,  fash,  v.t.  [Fr.  fdcher,  to  offend,  annoy, 
from  h.fastidiuvi,  disgust.]  To  trouble; 
to  annoy. — n.  Trouble;  annoyance. 
Fashion,  fash'on,  n.  [O.Fr.  fachon,  facion, 
from  L.  factio,  a  making,  from  facio,  to 
make.  Fact.]  The  make  or  form  of  any- 
thing ;  external  form  ;  shape ;  pattern ; 
make  according  to  the  custom  of  the  time; 
the  prevailing  mode  of  dress  or  ornament; 
manner,  sort,  way,  or  mode;  custom;  pre- 
vailing practice;  genteel  life  or  good 
breeding;  genteel  society. — v.t.  To  form; 
to  give  shape  or  -figure  to ;  to  mould. — 
Fashionable,  fash'on-a-bl,  a.  Conforming 
to  the  fashion  or  established  mode ;  tak- 
ing the  public  taste  and  being  in  vogue ; 
established  by  custom ;  current ;  prevail- 
ing; dressing  or  behaving  according  to 
the  prevailing  fashion ;  genteel ;  well- 
bred.— n.  A  person  of  fashion.— Fashion- 
ableness,  fash'on-a-bl-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  fashionable.- Fashionably,  fash'- 
on-a-bli,  adv.  In  a  manner  according  to 
fao'-.ion;  according  to  the  prevailing  mode. 
—Fashioner,  fash'oh-er,  n.  One  who  fa- 
shions. 


l*i<iA^;_«^>  Sc.  locA;  J>g,  go;  ^  j.job;  jt  n,  Fr.  ton;  a  ng,  sing;ji^iB,  then;  th,  thux;X.w,  wig;l,^wh,  wMg;rl  zh,  arore. 


FASSAITE 


260 


FAUN 


/a 


Pawslte,  Fusite,  faa'sa-it,  fas'sit,  n.  A 
mineral,  a  variety  of  pyroxi9ne,lound  in 
-the  valley  of  Pqasa,  in  the  Tyrol. 

Vast,'  fast;  a.  lA.  Sax.  fcest,  feat,  fast,  firm 
•"D;  vast,  Icel.  faatr,  Dan.  fast,  O.  /est, 
firm,  solid.  Hence  faatt  quick,  and  verb 
.to  fast.]  Firmly  fixed;  close;  tight;  closely 
adhering;  made  close;  strong  against 
attack;  firm  in  adherence;  not  easily 
alienated  {a,  fast  friend);  steadfast;  faith- 
ful; lasting;  durable  (a  fast  colour).— 
adv.  Firmly;  immovably. — To  play  fast 
and  loose,  to  act  lii  an  inconstant  man- 
ner; to  say  one  thing  and  do  another. 
— Faeten,  fas'n,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  fwstnian, 
to  secure.]  To  fix  fltmly ;  to  make  fast 
or  close;  to  secure,  as  by  lock,  bolt,  or 
the  like;  to  join  in  close  union;  to  unite 
closely ;  to  attach ;  to  affix.  —  v.i.  To  fix 
one's  self  or  itself;  to  become  attached. 
•^Fastener,  fas'n-6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
■which  fastens.  —Fastening,  fas'n-ing,  n. 
Anything  that  fastens,  binds,  attaches, 
4c.— FasFly,  fast'li,  adv.  In  a  faat,  firm, 
or  secure  manner. — Fastness,  fast'nes,  n. 
[A.  Sax.fcESinea,  firmness,  a  fortification.] 
The  state  of  being  fast,  firm,  or  secure; 
strength;  security;  astrongholo^  afortlfled 
place;  a  castle;  a  fortress, 
ast,  fast,  c.  [The  same  word  as  fast, 
Sxed  firm  or  steadfast  (one  who  runs 
fast  runs  steadfastly)  =  Icel.  /ost,  rapidly, 
Qxuckly,  from  fastr,  firm.]  Swift;  movin.? 
rapidly:  quick  in  motion;  rapid;  dissi- 
pated; devoted  to  pleasure ;  indulging  in 
Sensual  vices:  said  of  a  man;  imitating 
the  manners  or  habits  of  a  man:  said  of 
a  female. — adv.  In  a  fast  or  quick  man- 
ner; swiftly;  rapidly;  with  quick  steps  or 
progression;  prodigally  and  wastefully; 
with  dissipation,  —  Fastness,  fast'nes,  ti.. 
The  stat^  or  quality  of  being  fast. 

Fast,  fast,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  fmatan,  to  fast;  pro- 
bably from  fceit,  firm,  steadfast,  the  mean- 
ing being  to  be  steadfast  in  abstaining = 
D.  vasten,  Dan.  faste,  Icel.  and  Sw.  fasta, 
G.  fasten,  Goth,  fa^tan,  to  fast.]  To  ab- 
stam  from  food  beyond  the  usual  time;  to 
go  hun^rry;  to  abstain  from  food,  or  parti- 
cular kinds  of  food,  voluntarily,  especially 
for  religious  reasons.— w.  Abstinence  from 
food;  a  withholding  from  the  usual  quan- 
tity of  nourishment;  voluntary  abstinence 
from  food  as  a  reUgioue  mortification  or 
humiliation;  the  time  of  fasting.- Faster, 
fas'ter,  n.  One  who  fasts. —Fast-day,  n. 
A  day  on  which  fasting  is  observed. 

Fkstidioas,  fas-tid'i-us,  a.  \Jj.  fastidiosus, 
from  faetidiufii,  loathing,  fastidiousness, 
from  fctstua,  haughtiness.]  Hard  or  diffi- 
cult to  please;  squeamish;  delicate  to  a 
fault;  ovemice;  difficult  to  suit. — Fastidi- 
ously, fas-tid'i-us-li,  adv.  In  a  fastidious 
manner. — Fastidiousness,  fas-tid'i-us-nes, 
n.  The  condition  or  quality  of  being  fas- 
tidious. 

Fastlglate,  Fastlglated,  fas-tij'i-at,  fas-tij'- 
i-a-ted,  o.  [L.  faatigiatus,  pointed,  from 
fastigium,  a  top  or  peak.]  Peaked  or 
pointed  at  top;  hot.  tapering  to  a  narrow 
po'nt  like  a  pyramid,  as  a  plant  when  the 
branches  become  gradually  shorter  from 
the  base  to  the  apex. 

Fat,  fat,  a.  [A.  Sax.  /«<=D.  vet,  Dan.  fed, 
Icel.  feitr.G.  /ett,  fat.  Hence,  to  fatten, 
fatting.']  Flesoy; plump; obese; corpulent; 
the  contrary  to  lean;  oily;  greasy;  unctu- 
ous; coarse;  hsavy;  dull;  stupid  (especially 
in  such  compounds  as  /ai-brained,  /at- 
witted);  producing  a  large  income;  rich; 
fertile  ,  nourishing. — n.  A  solid  oiiy  sub- 
stance of  whitish  or  yellow  colour,  a  com- 
pound of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen, 
found  in  certain  parts  of  animal  bodies, 
lard  and  tallow  being  varieties  of  it;  the 
be?t  or  richest  part  of  athine. — v.t.— fatted, 
fatting-  To  make  fat;  to  fatten.— i».t.  To 
grow  fat.  — FatUng,  f  at'ling,  n.  Any  young 
i-.Tiimal  fattened  for  slaughter,  as  a  lamb, 
I'id,  or  the  like.— Fatly,  fat'li,  adv.  In  a 
fat  manner ;  grossly ;  greasily.— Fatness, 
fat'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
fat;  corpulence;  plumpness;  unctuousnoss; 
oiliness;  richness;  fertility.- Fatton.fat'n, 
v.t  To  make  fat;  to  feed  for  slaughter; 
to  enrich;  to  make  fertile.- ii.i.  To  grow 
fat;  to  become  plump  or  fleshy, —Fattener, 
fat'n-6r,  n.    One  who  or  that  which  fat- 


tens; that  which  gives  fatness,  richness, 
or  fertility.- Fattlness,  fat'i-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  fatty;  greasiness. 
—Fatty,  fat'i,  a.  Having  the  nature  or 
qualities  of  fat;  oily;  greasy;  composed 
of,  or  containing  much,  fat.— Fat-Into,  ti. 
A  mixture  of  pipe-clay  and  linseed-oil  for 
filling  joints,  holes,  &c. 

Fat,  fat,  n.  [Vat.]  A  large  tub  or  vessel; 
a  vat.    [O.T.] 

Fatal,  fa'tal,  a.  [L.  fatalis,  from  faium, 
fate.  Fate.]  Proceeding  from  fate  or 
destiny t;  fraught  with  fatej;  fatefulj; 
causing  death  or  destruction;  deadly; 
mortal;  destructive;  calamitous;  disas- 
trous.—FataUam,  fa'tal-izm,  n.  The  doc- 
trine that  all  things  are  subject  to  fatCj 
or  that  they  take  place  by  inevitable 
necessity. -Fatalist,  la' tal-ist,  n.  One 
who  maintains  that  all  things  happen  by 
iijevitable  necessity.  —  FataJistlc,  fa-ta- 
lis'tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  fatalism;  imph^- 
ing  fatalism  — JFatality,  fa^tal'l-ti,  n. .  [L. 
fatalitas.}  The  state  of.  being  fatal;  a 
fixed  unalterable  course  of  things;  a  fatal 
occurrence:  a  calamitous  accident.. — Fa- 
tally, fa' tal-li,ady.  In  a  fatal  manner. — 
Fatalness,  f  a'taJ-nes,  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  fatal. 

Fata  Morgana,  fa'ta  mor-ga'jia,  n.  [It.,  be- 
cause supposed  to  be  the  work  "of  a  fata 
or  fairy  called  Morgana.'}  A  striking  opti- 
cal illusion  principally  remarked  in  the 
Strait  of  Messina,  between  the  coasts  of 
Sicily  and  Calabria — a  variety  of  mirage. 

Fate,  ffit;  ii.  W.  faium  (lit.  that  which 
has  been  spoken),  destiny  as  pronoimced 
by  the  gods,  fate,  from  fari,  to  speak 
(whence  also  fama,  fame,  and  fanum,  a 
lane),  fron\  a  root  which  appears  also  in 
Gr.  phanax,  to  speai,  and  phaos,  light: 
akin  fuble,  fairy,  fay,  affable,  &c.].  A  fixed 
decree  cr  sentence,  oy  which  the  order  of 
things  is  prescribed;  inevitable  necessity 
settling  how  events  are  to  befall;  unavoid- 
able concatenation  and  succession  of 
events;  destiny;  predetermined  lot;  hu- 
man destiny;  the  fijial  fortune  of  any- 
thing; final  event;  death;  destruction;.  pJ. 
(myth.)  the  Desthiies  or  Parcae ;  the  three 

fodesses  supposed  to  preside  over  the 
irth  and  life  of  men,  called  Clotho,  La- 
chfisis  and  Atrfipos.- Fated,  f a'ted,  a.  As- 
signed or  gifted  with  a  certain  fate; 
doomed;  destined;  regulated  by  fate.— 
Fateful,  fat'ful,  a.  Bringing  or  deciding 
fate  or  destiny;  fatal. 

Fath.er,  fa'THfir,  n.  [A.  Sax.  feeder  =  D. 
vader,  Icel.  falhir,  Dan.  and  Sw.  fadSr, 
Goth,  fadar,  G.  vaier,  L.  pater,  Gr.  patir. 
Per.  padar,  Skr.  pi<rt— father;  prooably 
from  a  root  pa,  to  feed.]  He  who  begets 
a  child;  a  male  parent;  a  male  ancestor 
more-remote  than  a  parent,  especially  the 
first  ancestor;  the  founder  of  a  race,  fam- 
ily, or  lihe;  a  respectful  mode  of  address 
to  an  old  man;  one  who  exercises  paternal 
care  over  another;  a  guardian,  protector, 
or  preserver;  the  first  to  practise  any  art; 
a  distinguisned  example;  a  teacher;  origi- 
natbr;  cause;  the  appellation  of  the  first 
person  in  the  Trinity;  the  title  given  to 
dignitaries  of  the  church,  superiors  of 
convents,  confessors,  and  priests;  the 
eldest  member  of  a  profession,  or  other 
hody.— Fathers  of  the  Church,  the  name 
given  to  the  early  teachers  and  expound- 
ers of  Christianity,  whose-  writings  have 
thrown  light  upon  the  history,  doctrines, 
and  observances  of  the  Christian  church 
in  the  early  ages.  —  v.t.  To  beget  as  a 
father;  to  assume  as  one's  own  work;  to 
profess  or  acknowledge  one's  self  to  be  the 
author  of;  to  ascribe  or  charge  to  one  as 
his  oflspring  or  production  (to  fathir  a 
book  on  a  person). — Fatherhood,  fa'iH6r- 
h-yid,  n.  The  state  of  being  a  father;  the 
character  or  authority  of  a  f  ath  er.— Father- 
in-law,  n.  The  father  of  one's  husband  or 
wife.  — Fatherland,  fa'THfer-land,  n.  [A 
literal  translation  of  the  G.  Vaterland.'i 
One's  native  country;  the  country  of  one's 
fathers  or  ancestors. —Father lasher,  fa'- 
5Her-la8h-6r,  ti.  A  fish;  the  bull-head 
(which  see). — Fatherless,  fa' ra6r-les,  a. 
Destitute  of  a  living  father;  without  a 
knoi,ra  author.  —  Fatherliness,  f  a'TH6r-li- 
nos,  n.     The  state  or  ^quality  of  being 


fatherly;  parental  kindness,  care,  and  ten- 
derness.—Tatherly,  fa'THfer-U,  a.  Like  a 
father  in  affection  and  care;  paternal;  pro- 
tecting ;  pertaining  to  a  father.— atiy.  In 
the  manner  of  a  father. — Fathership,  fa'- 
?H6r-8hip,  n.    State  of  being  a  father. 

Fathom,  faiH'um,  n.  [A.  Sax.  fcethm,  the 
bosom,  the  space  of  both  arms  extended; 
Icel.  fathmr,  D.  vadem^  Sw.  famn,  G.  fa- 
den,  from  a  iroot  meamng  to  stretch.]  A 
measure  of  length  containing  6  feet,  being 
originally  the  space  to  whiph  a  man  may 
extend  his  arms. — v.t.  To  try  the  depth  ol; 
to  find  the  bottom  or  extent  of;  to  sound; 
Jig.  to  penetrate  or  comprehend.— Fathom- 
able, faTH'um-a-bl,  a.  Canable  of  being 
fathonjed  or  comprehend ea. — Fathomless, 
faTH'um-Ies,  a.  That  of  which  no  bottom 
can  be  found;  bottomless;  not  to  be  pene- 
trated or  comprehended. 

Fatigue,  farteg',  v.t.  —fatigued,  fatiguing. 
[Fr.  fatiguer,  from  L.  fatigo,  to-  weary.] 
To  weary  with  labour  or  any  bodily  or 
mental  exertion;  to  harass  with  toil;  to 
exha,ust  the  strength  by  severe  or  long- 
continued  exertion;  to  tire  or  wear  out. — 
n.  Wearii^ess  from  bodily  labour  or  men- 
tal exertion ;  lassitude  or  exhaustion  of 
strength;  the  cause  of  weariness;  labour 
undergone;  toil;  the  labours  of  military 
men  distinct  from  the  use  of  arms.  — 
Fatigue-dress,  n.  The  working  dress  of 
soldiers.- Fatigue-duty.  n.  The  work  of 
soldiers  distinct  from  the  use  of  arms. — 
Fatiguing,  fa-teg'ing,  p.  and  a.  Inducing 
fatigue  or  weariness;  tiring;  exhausting. 

Falling,  Fatten,  &c.    Under  Fat. 

Fatuity,  fa-ta'i-ti,  n.  (L.  faiuitas,  from 
fatuus,  silly.]  Weakness  or  imbecility  of 
mind;  feebleness  of  intellect;  foolishness. 
— Fatuous,  fat'a-us,  a.  [h.  fatuus.)  Feeble 
in  mind;  weak;  idiotically  silly;  foolish. 

Faubourg,  fo'bOrg,  n.  [Fr.]  A  suburb  in 
French  cities;  also  a  district  vrithia  a  city 
which  was  formerly  a  suburb. 

Fauces,  fa'sSz,  Ji.  pi.  [L.,  the  throat,  the 
guUet.J  '.linat.  thegulletorwindpipe;  the 
posterior  part  of  the  mouth,  terminated 
by  the  phaiynx  and  larynx.— Fo-ucal,  fft'- 
kal,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  fauces. 

Faucet,  fa'set.n.  [Fr.  fausset,  from  L.  fal- 
sus,  false.]  A  pipe  to  be  inserted  in  a 
cask  for  drawing  liquor,  and  stopijed  with 
a  peg  or  spigot;  the  peg  or  spigot  itself. 

Faugfi,  fa.  Exclamation  of  contempt  or 
abhorrence. 

Fault,  fait,  ri.  [O.Fr.  fauTte,  Fr.  faute.  It. 
and  Sp.  fdlta,  fault,  defect,  from  a  Ro- 
mance verb  (not  recorded  in  French),  from 
a  L.  freq.  fallitare,  from  fallo,  to  deceive. 
Fail;]  A  slight  offence;  a  neglect  of  duty 
or  propriety;  something  worthy  of  some 
blame  or  censure ;  a  defect;  a  blemish;  a 
flaw;  among  sportsmen,  the  act  of'  losing 
the  scent;  a  lost  scent;  geol.  and  mining,  a 
break  or  dislocation  of  strata;  an  inter- 
ruption in  the  continuity  of  strata  such 
that  the  strata  on  either  side  appear  ele- 
vated or  depressed.— ^t/a«^<,  pu-inled;  in 
some  difficulty  or  perplexity ;  also,  to 
blame;  deserving  censure.— To  Jind  fault, 
to  express  blame;  to  take  exception..— To 
find  fault  with,  to  take  exception  to;  to 
censure.— Faulted,  fal'ted,  p.  and  a.  Geol. 
exhibiting  a  fault.  —  Faultily,  fal '  ti-ii, 
adv.  In  a  faulty  manners  —  Faultinesa, 
fftl'ti-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  faulty, 
defective,  or  erroneous.— Faultless,  falt'- 
les,  a.  Without  fault;  not  defective  or 
imperfect;  free  from  blemish,  vice,  or 
offence;  perfect.  —  Faultlessly,  fftlt'les-li, 
adv.  In  a  faultless  manner. -Faultless- 
ness,  falt'les-nes,n.  Freedom  from  faults 
or  defec-ts.- Faulty,  fal'ti,  a.  Containinj; 
faults,  blemishes,  or  defects;  defective: 
imperfect;  gmlty  of  a  fault  or  of  faults; 
blamable.— Fault-finder,  n.  One  who  cen- 
sures or  objects. 

Faun,  fan,  n.  ,[L.faunus,  a  deity  of  tho 
'woods  and  fields.]  Rom.  myth,  -one  of  a 
kind  of  demigods  or  rural  dfeities,  differing 
little  from  satyrs.  —  Faima,  fa'na,  n.  [A 
Boman  goddess  of  fields,  cattle,  Af.]  A 
collective  term  for  the  animals  peculiar 
to  a  region  or  epoch,  corresponding  to  the 
word  jlora  in  respect  of  plants.- Faunlpt; 
f ir'nist,  n.  One  wllo  treats  of  the  fauna  oi 
a  countiy  or  district. 


>ra'k«,  far,  fat,  fftll;  ^  me,  met,  h6r;  _ptoe,  pinj . .  note,  not,  mi)ve;     ttlbe,  tub,  b^;^;     oil,  pound;    Hi,  So.  ab«Gi«-the  Fr.  «, 


PAUSSEERAYE 


261 


FEDERAL 


Faussebraye,  fos'bra,  n.  [Fr.]  Fort  a 
pmall  mount  of  eartn  thrown  up  about  a 

rampart. 

Fauteuil,  fo'tal  or  to-ti-y^,  n.  [Fr.,  from 
O.H.G.  faltatuol,  lit.  a  folding-stool.]  An 
arm-chair;  an  easy-chair. 

Faux  -  pa8,  f  o-pa,  n.  [Fr.  j  A  false  step ;  a 
breach  of  manners  or  moral  conduct;  a 
lapse  from  chastity. 

Faveolate,  fa-ve'o-lat,a.  [L./auws,  a  honey- 
comb.] Formed  like  a  honey-comb;  alve- 
olate; cellular. 

Favonian,  fa-vo'ni-an,  a.  [L.  favonius,  the 
west  wind.]   Pertaining  to  the  west  wind. 

Favor,  fa'v6r.  An  old  and  common  Ameri- 
can way  of  spelling  Favour. 

Favose,  fa-vos',  a.  [L.  favosus,  from  favus, 
a  honey -comb.]  Besembling  a  honey- 
comb. 

Favour,  fa'v6r,  n.  [Fr.  /aveur,  from  L. 
favor,  favoris,  from  faveo,  to  favour,  to 
befriend.]  Kind  regard;  friendly  dispo- 
sition; a  state  of  being  looked  on  with 
faod-will  or  kindness;  a  kind  act  or  office; 
indness  done  or  granted;  an  act  of  grace 
or  good-will;  leave;  good-will;  pardon;  a 
token  of  love;  a  knot  of  ribbons  worn  at  a 
marriage  or  on  other  festive  occasions; 
something  worn  as  a  token  of  affection; 
convenience  afforded  for  success  (under 
favour  of  darkness) ;  partiality;  bias ;  as- 
pect, look,  or  appearance  (Sliak.)l.—v.t.  To 
regard  with  favourer  kindness;  to  support; 
to  aid  or  have  the  disposition  to  aid;  to  be 
propitious  to;  to  befriend;  to  show  favour 
or  partiality  to;  to  afford  advantages  for 
success  to;  to  render  easier;  to  facilitate. 
—Favourable,  fa'v6r-a-bl,  o.  Kind;  pro- 
pitious; friendly;  affectionate;  manifest- 
ing partiality;  conducive;  contributing; 
tending  to  promote;  advantageous;  afford- 
ing facilities.  —  Favourableness,  fa'v6r-a- 
bl-nes,  n.  The  condition  or  quality  of 
being  favourable.  —  Favourably,  f a'v6r-a- 
bli,  adw.  In  a  favourable  manner. —Fa- 
voured, fa'vferd,  a.  Kegarded  or  treated 
with  favour;  having  special  advantages  or 
facilities;  featured,  now  only  in  the  com- 
pounds well-favoured,  ill-favoured.  —  Fa- 
vouredness,  fa'v6rd-nes,  n.  State  of  being 
favoured;  appearance;  cast  of  countenance 
(with  well  or  ill  prefixed).— Favourer,  fa'- 
v6r-6r,  n.  One  who  favours.  —  Favourite, 
fa'vfr-it,  n.  A  person  or  thing  regarded 
with  peculiar  favour,  preference,  and  af- 
fection; one  greatly  beloved;  often  one 
unduly  favoured;  one  treated  with  undue 
partiality. — a.  Regarded  with  particular 
affection  or  preference.-r-Favouritism,  fa'- 
v6r-it-izm,  n.  The  disposition  to  patronize 
favourites,  or  to  promote  the  interest  of  a 
person  or  persons  to  the  neglect  of  others 
having  equal  claims.— Favourlesa,  f  a'vfer- 
les,  o.    Not  regarded  with  favour. 

Favus,  fa'vus,  n.  [L.,  a  honey-comb.]  A 
kind  of  ■  ringworm,  a  disease  attacking 
the  scalp,  and  characterized  by  yellowish 
dry  incrustations  somewhat  resembling  a 
honey-comb. 

Fawn,  fan,  n.  [Fr.  faon,  from  a  form  fe- 
tonus,  from  li.' fetus,  progeny.)  A  young 
deer ;  a  buck  or  doe^  of  the  first  year.- 
v.i.  To  bring  forth  a  fawn. — a.  ResembUng 
a  fawn  in  colour;  light  brown. 

Fawn,  fan,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  faegnian,  Icel. 
fagna,  to  rsjoice,  flatter.  Fain.]  To  show 
a  servile  attachment;  to  court  favour  by 
low  cringingj  and  the  like;  to  flatter, 
meanly;  to  cringe  and  bow  to  gain  favour; 
to  cringe  and  frisk  about  a  person  (as  a 
dog).  —  n.  A  servile  cringe  or  bow;  mean 
flattery.  —Fawner,  fa'nfir,"  n.  One  who 
fawns.— Fawning,  fa'ning,  p.  and  a.  Ser- 
vilely courting  or  caressing;  meanly  flat- 
tering ;  cajoling  in  an  abject  manner. — 
Fawningly,  fa'ning-U,  adv.  In  a  fawning, 
servile  way;  with  mean  flattery. 

Fay,  fa,  n-.  [  Fr.  Jee,  L.L.  fata,  a  fairy. 
Fairy.]    A  fairy;  an  elf. 

Fay,  fa,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  fcegian,  to  fit.]  To  fit 
two  pieces  of  timber  together  so  that  they 
lie  close  and  fair. 

Fayalite,  fa'yal-it,  n.  [Fayal,  one  of  the 
Azores,  where  it  is  found.  J  A  black,  green- 
ish,  or  brownish  mineral,  consisting  main- 

'  ly  of  silicate  of  iron.  .,.,^„,,  ^,,1,.. 

Fayence,  »i.    Sia.me  a.s  Faience. 

Fealty,  fe'al-ti,  ».    [CFr.  fealtd,  feavU, 


fealtj,  from  h-Jidelitaa,  faithfulness,  fidel- 
ity: it  is  thus  the  same  word  as  Jiaeiilii.] 
Fidelity  to  a  superior;  faithful  adheren<!8 
of  a  tenant  or  vassal  to  the  superior  cf 
whom  he  holds  his  lands;  faithfulness  of 
any  person  to  another;  faith. 
Fear,  fer,  n.  [A.  Sax./aer,  fear,  peril;  IceL 
fdr,  harm,  mischief;  O.H.G.  fdra,  dan- 
ger, fright;  Mod.  G.  gefahr,  danger;  from 
root  of  E.  fare,  to  travel;  seen  also  in  L. 
periculum,  dagger  (E.  peril).]  A  painful 
emotion  excited  by  an  expsctation  of  evil 
or  the  apprehension  of  impending  danger; 
anxiety;  solicitude;  holy  awe  and  rever- 
ence for  God  and  his  laws:  respect:  due 
regard,  as  for  persons  of  authority  or 
worth.— 1>.^  To  feel  fear  or  a  painful  ap- 
prehension of ;  to  be  afraid  of;  to  suspect; 
to  doubt;  to  reverence;  to  have  a  reveren- 
tial awe  of ;  to  venerata ;  to  affright  or  to 
terrify  {Shak.)l.—v.i.  To  be  in  fear;  to  be 
in  apprehension  of  evil;  to  be  afraid.— 
Fearer,  fe'rir,  n.  One  who  fears.— FearftJ, 
fer'f ul,  a.  Aiiected  by  fear;  apprehensive 
with' solicitude;  airaid;  timorous;  wanting 
courage;  impressing  fear;  terrible;  dread- 
ful; awful.— Fearftmy,  fer'ful-ll,  adv.  In 
a  fearful  manner.- fearlulnesi,  f6r'ful- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fearful. — 
Fearless,  ferles,  a.'  Free  from  feax;  bold; 
courageous;  intrepid;  undaunted.— Fear- 
lessly, ferles-li,  adv.  In  a  fearless  man- 
ner.— Fearlessness,  ferles-nes.n.  (The  state 
or  quality  of  being  fearless. 
Feasible,  fe'zi-bl,  a.  [Fr.  faiiddle,  from  faire, 
faisant,  to  do  or  make,  Jj.faeere,  to  do,  to 
make.  Fact.]  Capable  of  being  Qone;  per- 
formed, executed,  or  effected;  practicaDle. 
—Feasibility,  Feaaiblenesa,  fe-zi-bil'i-tl, 
fe'zi-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fea- 
sible. —  Feasibly,  fe'zi-bli,  adv.  In  a  fear 
sible  manner. 

Feast,  fest,  n.  [O.Fr.  fesU  (Fr.  fSie),  from 
L.  festum,  a  holiday,  a  feast,  from  featug, 
solemn,  festive.]'  A  sumptuous  repast  or 
entertainment  of  which  a  number  of  guests 
partake ;  a  banquet ;  a  delicious  meal ; 
something  particularly  gratifying  to  the 
palate  or  the  mind;  a  festival  in  commem- 
oration of  some  great  event,  or  in  honour 
^of  some  distinguished  personage;  a  periodi- 
cal or  stated  celebration  of  sopie  event. — 
v.i.  To  take  a  meal  of  rich  or  sumptuous 
viands;  to  dine  or'sup  on  rich  provisions; 
to  bo  highly  gratified  or  delighted.— w.t. 
To  entertain  with  sumptuous  food;  to 
treat  at  the  table  magnifieently;  to  pam- 
per; to  gratify  luxuriously.— Feaster,  fes'- 
ter,  n.  One  who  feasts. 
Feat,  fet,  n.  [Fr.  fait,  from  Ii.  factum,  a 
deed,  from /acio, /odwrn,  to  do.  Fact.]  An 
act;  a  deed;  an  exploit;  m  particular,  any 
extiUordinary  act  of  strength,  ekill,  or 
cunning.— a.  [Fr. /ati,  made.]  Neat;  skil- 
ful; ingenious;  deft.  [Shak.}—Fe9.tly,  fet'- 
11,  adv.  Neatly;  dexterously. 
Feather,  fera'iT,  n.  [A.  Sax.  fetJier^D. 
veder,  Sw.  fjader,  Icel.  fjiithr,  G.  feder; 
same  root  as  L.  penna  {=^petna),  a  feather; 
Skr.  pattra,  a  wing,  from  root  pat,  to  fly.] 
One  of  the  growths  which  form  the  distin- 
guishing coveriag  of  birds;  a  plume,  con- 
sisting usually  of  a  etera  hollow  at  the 
lower  part  (called  the  quill),  and  having 
on  each  side  of  the  upper  part  (called  the 
shaft)  the  barbs,  which  with  the  shaft  con- 
stitute the  vane;  something  resembling  a 
feather;  a  projection  on  the  edge  of  a 
board  which  fits  into  a  channel  on  the 
edge  of  another  board.— 4  feather  'in  the 
cap,  an  honour  or  mark  of  distinction. — 
To  be  in  high  feather,  to  appear  in  high 
spirits;  to  be  elated. — To  show  the  white 
feather,  to  give  indications  of  cowardice  (a 
white  feather  in  the  tail  of  a  fighting  cock 
showed  that  it  was  not  of  the  true  game 
breed).— w.t.  To  dress  in  feathers;  to  fit 
with  feathers;  to  cover  with  feathers.-— To 
feather  one's  nest,  to  collect  wealth,  parti- 
cularly from  emoluments  derived  from 
agencies  for  others. —  To  feather  an  oar,  to 
turn  the  blade  horizontally,  with  the  upper 
edge  pointing  aft  as  it  leaves  the  water,  to 
lessen  the  resistance  of  the  air  upon  it. — 
Feathered,  f  eTn'erd,  a.  Clothed  or  covered 
with  feathers;  fitted  6r  furnished  with 
feather.*!;  furnished  with  wings;  winged. — 
Feather-edge,  n.    Carp,  the  thinner  edge 


of  a  bocrd  or  plank.— Feather-^dged,  o. 
HaviD.g  one  edge  thinner  tfaan  the  other 
and  overlapping.— FeatiBrlag,  f  0TH'6r-ing, 
n.  Arch,  an  arrangement  of  small  arcs  or 
curves  separated  by  projecting  points  or 
cusps,  used  a.8  ornaments  in  the  heads  of 
windows,  4c. .  in  Gothic  architecture. — 
Featherleas,  revH'^r-les,  a.  Destitute  of 
feathers:  unfledged.— Feathery,  f«EH'6r-i, 
a.  Clothed  or  covered  with  leathers;  re- 
sembling feathers  in  appearance,  softness, 
or  lightness. — Featlicr-grass,  ft.  A  \eiry 
grass  whose  flowers  aie  i^rodiKiod  in  loose 
panicles,  which,  when  dried  and  coloured, 
form  ornaments  lor  rooms.  —  Feather- 
spray,  n.  The  loamy  ripple  thiowfn  from 
the  bows  of  last-sailing  vessels.- Feathor- 
rtar,  h.  A  beautiful  crinoid,  consisting  of 
a  central  body  or  disc,  from  v/hich  spring 
slender  radiating  arms  furnished  on  both 
sides  with  _processe8  that  give  a  feather- 
like  appearance.— Feather-weight,  n.  A 
weight  as  light  as  a  feather;  the  lightest 
weight  that  is  placed  on  a  xacing-horsa. 
Feature,  fe'tor,  n.  [O.Fr.  /ai(«re^/xici«rs, 
from  L.  factvra,  a  making,  from  fqcio, 
factum,  to  make.  Fact.]  The  shape  or 
make  of  the  body  (iSAoa;.)!:  the  makt, 
form,  or  cast  of  any  part  of  the  face ;  asiy 
Einglo  lineament;  the  make  or  form  of 
any  part  of  the  surface  of  a  thing,  as  of  a 
country  or  landscape;  a  prominent  part. — 
Featured,  fe'tttrd,  o.  Having,  a  certain 
cast  of  features.  — FeaturfleM,f6'ttir-le*, 
a.  Having  no  distinct  features;  uely. 
Feaze,  f?z,  v.t.  [A.  Sax. /c!;«,  a  fringe;  O. 
faaen,  to  ravel  out.]  To  untwist  tne  end 
oi  anything  made  ol  threads  or  fibres;  to 
i:avel  out. 

Febricula,  le-brik'Q-la,  n.  [L.,  dim.  ol 
fehria.  fever.]  A  slight  fever.  —  Febrlcu- 
loae,  fe-brik'Q-los,  a.  Affected  with  slight 
fever. —Febrlfacient,  febri-fa'shi-ent,  a. 
Hj.  febria.  and  facio,  to  make.]  Causing 
fever.  —  Febrlleroua,  fe-brif'6r-us,  a.  [L. 
febris,  and  Zero,  to  brin^.]  Producing 
lever.— Febrffu^e,  feb'ri-fuj,  n.  [L.  febria, 
and  fugo,  to  drive  away.]  Any  medicine 
that  mitigates  or  removes  fever. — a.  Hav- 
ing the  quality  of  mitigating  or  subduing 
fever.  —  Febrile,  iebril,  a.  [L.  fehrUia.i 
Pertaining  to  fever;  indicating  fever,  or 
derived  from  it. 

February,  feb'ru-a-ri,  n.  [L.  febrvariua, 
from  /eorua,  purification,  because  a  great 
feast  of  purification  was  held  on  the  15th.] 
The  second  month  in  the  year,  consisting 
in  common  years  of  twenty-eight  days,  in 
leap-year  of  twenty-nine. 
Feces,  Feeal.  r.ECEa. 
Fecula,  f ek'a-la,  n.  [It.'foECtUa,  lees  of  wine, 
dim.  otfcex,fcscis,  dregs.]  Powdery  mat- 
ter obtained  from  plants  by  crushing, 
washing  with  ■  water,  and  subsidence ; 
starch  or  farina.— Focnlenoe-,  Fesulency, 
fek'Q-lens,  fek'Q-len-si,  n.  [L.  fceevlentia.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  feculent; 
sediment;  dregs.- Feculent,  fek'0-lent,  a. 
[L.  foecvlentua.l  Abounding  -with  sedi- 
ment, dregs,  or  impure  and  extraneous 
matter;  dreggy;  mdddy;  turbid;  foul.  • 
Fecund,  feTcuna,  a.  [L.  fecundua,  fruitful, 
from  root  fe  (as  in  fetua),  meaning  to  pro- 
»luce  or  bring  forth.]  Fruitful  in  chil- 
dren; prolific— Fecundate,  fekun-dat,  v.t. 
—fecundMied,  fecundating.  To  make  fruit- 
ful or  prolific ;  to  impregnate.— Fecunda- 
tion, fc-kun-d&'shon,  n.  The  act  of  fecun-" 
dating.*— Fecundity,  fe-kun,'di-ti,  n:  [L. 
facunditaa.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
fecund  or  of  bringing  forth  young  abun- 
dantly; fertility;  richness  ot  invention. 
Fed,  fed,  pret.  &  pp.  otfeed. 
Federal,  fed'fir-al,  a.  [Fr.  fidiral,  from  Ij. 
foedua,  foederis,  a  league,  seen  also  in  eon- 
federate.]  Pertaining  to  a  league  or  oon- 
tracj;,  particularly  between  states  or  na- 
tions; united  in  a  federation;  founded  on 
alliance  between  several  states  which  unite 
for  national  or  general  purposea,  each  state 
retaining  control  of  its  home  affairs,  civil 
and  criminal  law,  &,c.(a,  federal  republic).— 
n.  A  member  of  the  Northern  party  in  the 
United  States  who  during  the  civil  war  of 
1861-5  maintained  the  integrity  ef  the 
Union,  in  opposition  to  the  Confederates, 
or  the  Southern  party,  who  desired  to 
secede.— Federalism,  fed'6r-al-izin,  n.  The 


ch,  cAain;     ch,  Sc.  locA;     g,  go;     j,  job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sin^;  ^  tii,  t/ien;  th,  tAiii; .  wi  wig;     wh,  «iAig;     zh,  a«ure. 


FEE 


^2 


FEMALE 


principles  of  federal  government;  the  up- 
holding and  Btrengtljeamg  of  the  central 
government  in  a  federal  republic— Feder- 
alist, fed'6r-al-ist,  n.  One  who  upholds 
federalism;  a  federal.— Federalize,  fed'6r- 
al-iz,  v.t.  or  i.— federalized,  federalizing. 
To  unite  in  a  federal  compact.— Federate, 
fed'6r-at,  a.  [L.  fcederatua.]  Leagued; 
united  by  compact,  as  states  or  nations. — 
Federation,  fed'er-a'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
uniting  in  a  league;  a  federal  government; 
a  league.  Also  Federacy,  fed'6r-a-8i. — 
Federative,  fed'6r-a-tiv,  o.  Uniting  or 
joining  in  a  league ;  forming  a  confeder- 
acy. 

Fee,  fe,  n.  [A.  Sax.  feoh,fe6,  cattle,  pro- 
perty, money  =  D.  vee,  Icel.  f6,  G.  vieh, 
cattle;  Goth,  faihu,  goods,  money — allied 
to  L.  pecus,  cattle  (whence  pectiniary). 
Fief 'is  really  the  same  word.]  A  reward 
or  compensation  for  services;  recompense: 
applied  particularly  to  the  reward  of  pro- 
fessional services;  a  fief  or  piece  of  land 
held  of  a  Superior  on  certain  conditions;  a 
feud;  lajv,  a  freehold  estate  liable  to  alien- 
ation at  the  pleasure  of  the  proprietor, 
who  is  absolute  owner  of  the  soil;  hence, 
absolute  property,  possession,  or  owner- 
ship.—i>.<.—pret.  a  pp.  feed  01  fee'd.  To  give 
a  fee  to;  to  pay  for  services;  to  reward;  to 
hire ;  to  bribe.— Fee-simple,  n.  An  estate 
in  lands  or  tenem.ents  liable  "to  alienation 
at  the  will  of  the  owner:  also  called  a  Fee. 
— Fee-tail,  n.  An  estate  limited  to  a  man 
and  the  heirs  of  his  body,  or  to  himself 
and  particular  heirs  of  his  body. 
Feeble,  febl,  a.  [Fr.  faibU,  O.Fr.  fleble, 
fioible,  foible.  It.  fUvole,  from  L.  fiebiXia, 
lamentable,  from  fieo,  to  weep.  J  Destitute 
of  physical  strength;  infirm;  debilitated; 
weak;  wanting  force,  vigour,  vividness,  or 
energy.  —  Feebleness,  fs'.bl-nes,  n.  The 
quality  or  condition  of  being  feeble.  — 
Feebly,  fSTali,  adv.  In.  a  feeble  manner. 
— Feeble-minded,  a.  Weak  in  mind;  want- 
ing firmness  or  constancy;  irresolute. — 
Feeble-mindedness,  n. 
Feed,  fed,  «.«.- pret.  &  pp.  fed.  [A.  Sax. 
fddan,  to  feed,  from  foda,  food.  Food.] 
To  give  food  to;  to  supply  with  nourish- 
ment ;  Jig.  to  entertain,  indulge,  delight 
(to  feed  one's  self  with  hopes);  to  furnish 
with  anything,  of  which  there  is  constant 
consumption,  waste,  use,  or  application 
for  some  purpose  (to  feed  a  laks,  a  fire); 
to  supply. — v.i.  To  take  food;  to  eat;  to 
subsist  by  eating ;  to'  pasture ;  to  graze ; 
to  satisfy  a  longing  or  craving. — n.  That 
which  is  eaten;  food;  fodder;  an  allowance 
of  provender  given  to  a  horse,  cow,  &c. ;  the 
material  supplied  at  once  to  a  machine  or 
other  contrivance  to  make  it  act.— Feeder, 
f 6'der,  n.  One  who  feeds;  one  who  gives  food 
or  nourishment;  one  who  eats;  that  which 
supplies  something  (the  feeder  of  a  lake). 
—Feeding,  feding,  n.  Food;  that  which 
furnishes  food,  especially  for  animals.. — 
Feeding-bottle,  n.  A  bottle  for  supplying 
milk  or  liquid  nutriment  to  an  infant.— 
Feed-pipe„}i.  The  pipe  that  carries  water 
to  the  boiler  of  a  steam-engine  or  for  some 
other  purpose.— Feed-pump,  n.  The  pump 
employed  in  supplying  the  boilers  of 
steam-engines  with  water. 
Feel,  f5l,  v.t— felt,  feeUng.  [A.  Sax.  filan, 
D.  voelen,  G.  fuhlen,  to  feel;  root  and  con- 
nections doubtful.]  To  perce'ive  by  the 
touch;  to  have  sensation  excited  by  con- 
tact of  with  the  body  or  limbs;  to  have  a 
sense  of;  to  be  affected  by;  to  be  sensitive 
of  (pain,  pleasure,  disgrace);  to  experience; 
to  suffer;  to  examine  by  touching — v.i. 
To  have  perception  by  the  touch,  or  by  the 
contact  of  any  substance  with  the  body ; 
to  have  the  sensibilit.v  or  the  passions 
raoved  or  excited;  to  produce  an  impres- 
sion on  the  nerves  of  sensation  (iron  feela 
cold);  to  perceive  one's  self  to  be  (to  feel 
sick  or  well);  to  know  certainly  orwithout 
misgiving.— n.  The  act  of  feelins;  sensation 
or  impression  on  being  touched.  —Feeler, 
fe^fer,  7t.  One  who  feels;  an  organ  of  touch 
in  insects  and  others  of  the  lower  animals, 
as  antennae,  palpi,  &c. ;  any  device  for 
the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  des^ns, 
opinions,  or  sentiments  of  others. —  Feel- 
ing, feling,  a.  Expressive  of  great  sensi- 
biuty;  affecting;  tending  to  excite  the 


passions;  possessing  great  sensibility; 
easily  affected  or  moved.  —  n.  The  sense 
of  touch;  the  sense  by  which  we  per- 
ceive ext«raal  objects  which  come  in  con- 
tact with  the  body,  and  obtain  ideas  of 
their  tangible  qualities;  the  sensation 
conveyed  by  the  sense  of  touch;  physical 
sensation  not  due  to  sight,  hearing,  taste, 
or  snieU  (a  fedi'ng  of  warmth,  pain,-  or 
drowsiness);  mental  sensation  or  emotion; 
mental  state  or  disi>osition;  mental  per- 
ception ;  consciousness;  conviction;  tender- 
ness of  heart;  nice  sensibility;  the  quality 
of  exciting  or  expressing  emotioil;  pi.'  the 
emotional  part  of  our  nature ;  sensitive-^ 
ness;  susceptibility.- Feelingly,  fe'ling-li, 
adv.  In  a  feeling  manner;  tenderly; 
acutely;  keenly. 

Feet,  fet,  n.  pi.  of  foot.  Foot.-— Feetless, 
fet'les,  a.    Destitute  of  feet. 

Feign,  fan,  u.i.  [Fr./eindre,  fromL./jj^ere, 
to  shape,  invent,  feign,  from  root  seen  also 
in  figment,  figure,  fiction,  faint,  &c.]  To 
invent  or  imagine;  to  make  a  show  of;  to 
pretend;  to  assume  a  false  appearance  of; 
to  counterfeit.  —  v.i.  To  represent  falsely; 
to  pretend.- Feigned,  fand,  p.  and  a.  De- 
vised; aJBtimed;  simulated;  counterfeit. — 
Feignedly,  fa'ned-li,  adv.  In  a  feigned 
manner.— Feignedness,  fa'neJ-nes, «.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  feigned.— Feigner, 
f a'nfer,  re.  One  who  feigns.  —  Feigningly, 
fa'ning-li,  adv.  In  a  feigning  manner; 
with  pretence.— Feint,  fant,  n.  [Pr.  feinte, 
tmtafeindre.]  A  pretence;  a  mock  attack; 
an  appearance  of  aiming  ob  thrusting  at 
one  part  when  another  is  intended  to  be 
struck.  —  v.i.  To  taake  a  feint  or  mock 
attack. 

Fcldspar,feld'spar.  Felspak.— FeldspatUc, 
feld-spalh'ik.    Felspathic. 

Felicitate,  fe-iis'i-tat,  t.t.—felicitaUd,  feli- 
eitating.  {Ft.  f4liciter;  L.L.  /eZicito, 'from 
L.  felix,  felicis,  happy.]  To  congratulate; 
to  express  joy  or  pleasure  to  another  at 
his  good  fortune;  refi.  to  congratulate  one's 
self.- Felicitation,  fe-lis'i-ta"8hon,  n.  The 
act  of  felicitating;  expression  of  joy  at 
another's  good  fortune. — Felicitous,  fe-lis'- 
i-tus,  o.  Happy;  extremely  appropriate, 
Buitable,or  well  expressed;  managed  with 
extreme  skill  and  success. — Felicitously, 
fe-lis'i-tAs-li,  adv.  In  a  felicitous  maimer. 
— Felicitousness,  fe-lis'i-tus-ncs,  n.  The 
state  of  being  felicitous:— Felicity,  fe-Us'- 
i-ti,  n.  [L.  felicitas,  frotft  felix,  happy.] 
The  state  of  being  happy  or  in  extreme 
enjoyment;  happiness;  buss;  blissfulness; 
blessing;  source  of  happiness;  skiliulness; 
a  skilful  or  happy  turn;  appropriateness. 

Feline,  fe'lin,  a.  ITj.  fdinus,  from  felis,  a 
cat.]  Pertaining  to  cats  or  to  their  specie?; 
like  a  cat;  belonging  to  the  family  FelidsB. 
— FelldsB,  fe'li-de,  n.  pi.  A  family  of  car- 
nivorous quadrupeds,  including  the  lion, 
tiger,  cat,  leopard,'  panther,  &c. 

Fell,  fel,  pret.  of  fcdl. 

FeU,  fel,  a.  fA.  Sax.  fell,  D.  fd,  O.Pr.  /el. 
felle,  sharp,  fierce,  cruel,  a  word  permips 
of  Celtic  origin  ]  Cruel ;  barbarous ;  in- 
human; fierce;  savage;  rancorous;  bloody. 
— Fellness,  fel'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  fell;  cruelty;  ruthlessness. 

FeU;  fel,  n.  '  [A.  Sax.  /€ZZ=Icel.  fell,  G.  fell, 
D.  vel,  ikAj'h.fill,  skin.  Cog.  L.  pellis,  skin.] 
A  skin  or  hide  of  an  animal;  a  seam  or  hem 
sewed  down  level  with  the  cloth.— w-.t.  To 
lay  a  seam  or  hem  and  sew  it  down  level 
with  the  cloth.— Fellmonger,  f  el'mung-g^r, 
One  who  deals  in  fells  or  hides. 

F6U,  fel,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  fellan,  from  feaZlan, 
to  fall;  causative  form  otfaU.  Comp.  sit, 
set;  lie,  lay;  rise,  raise;  &c.]  To  cause  to 
fall;  to  bring  to  the  ground,  either  by  cut- 
ting or  by  striking;  to  hew  down;  to  knock' 
down.— feller,  fePer,  n.  One  who  fells  or 
knocks  or  hews  down. 

Fell,  fel,  n.  [Icel.  fell,  a  hill,  fjall,  a  moun- 
tain; Dwo.  fjdld,  field,  a  mountain,  a'  rock; 
6.  fels,  a  rock,  a  cliff.]  A  barren  or  stony 
hill;  high  land  not  fit  for  pasture. 

Fellah,  fel'la,  n.  [Ar.,  a  peasant;  pi.  feU 
lahin.}  An  Egyptian  peasant  or  -agricul- 
tural labourer. 

Felloe,  fd'o!    Felly. 

Fellow,  fel'o,  n.    [IceL  felagf,  a  partntr,  a 

*  sharer  in  goods,  from  filoii,  a  community 
of  goods  (lit.  a  fee-laying),  from  fi,  money. 


/ee,  and  Zo^,  partnership,  a  lading.]  A  com- 
panion; an  associate;  one  Of  the  same  kind; 
an  e^ual  in  rank,  endowments,  character, 
qualifications,  &<t:;  a  peer;^!  compeer;  one 
of  a  pair,  or  of  two  things  used  together 
and  suited  to  each  other;  an  appeUation 
cf  contempt  for  a  man  without  good  bread- 
ing or  worth;  an  ignoble  man;  pilso,  fami- 
liar for  person,  individual;  a  member  of  a 
college  that  shares  its  revenues;  a  member 
of  any  incorporated  society  (as  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  London).  ['(7 sea  in  composition 
to  denote  community  in  nature,  station,  or 
employment;  inutual  association  on  equal 
or  friendly  terms;  a.a,feHoio-citizea,fellow- 
labourer;  h&d-fellow,  school-ZeJiow.]— Fel- 
lowship, fel'o-ship,  n.  The  condition  of 
being  a  fellow  or  associate:  mutual  associa- 
tion on  equal  and  friendly  terms;  com- 
panionship; partnership:  joint  interest; 
an  association  of  persons  having  the  same 
tastes,  occupations,  or  interests;  a  brother- 
hood; an  establishment  in  somo  colleges 
(as  those  in  Cambridge  and  Oxford)  which 
entitles  the  holder  (called  a  fellow)  to  a 
sharp  in  their  revenues.  —  Fellow  -  com- 
moner, n. .  In  Cambridge  University,  one 
■who  dines  with  the  fellows.— Fellow-crea- 
ture, m.  One  made  by  the  same  Creator. 
—Fellow -feeling,  n.  Sympathy;  a  like 
feeling. 

Felly,  fel'i,  n.  ■  [A.  Sax.  felg.  Mm  —  Dan. 
fcclge,  I),  velg,  G.  felge,  a  felly.]  One  of  the 
curved  pieces  of  wood  which,  joined  to- 
gether, form  the  circumferenpeor.circular 
rim  of  a  ■wheel;  the  circular  riiii  of  awheel. 
■Written  also  Felloe. 

Felo  de-se,  fe'l5  d6  se.  [L.L.,  lit.  a  felon 
upon  himself.]  Law.  one  who  commits 
felony  by  suicide,  or  deliberately  destroys 
.his  own  life. 

Felon,  fel'on,  n.  [Fr.  fiUm,  a  traitor,  from 
L.L.  felo,  a.felou;  origin  doubtful.]  A  per- 
son who  has  committed  felony;  a  person 
guilty  of  heinous  crimes;  a  criminal;  a 
malefactor;  a  whitlow.  —  a.  Malignaint; 
fierce;  traitorous;  disloyal. — Felonious,  fe- 
lo'ni-us,  a.  'Villainous;  traitorous;  per- 
fidious; law,  done  with  the  deliberate  pur- 
pose to  commit  a  crimC:— Feloniously  ,fe- 
lo'ni-us-li,  adv.  In  a  felonious  manner. — 
Felonio'usness,  fe-lo'ni-us-nes,  n.  The  qua- 
•  lity  of  being  felonious.— Felony,  fel'oni,  n. 
A  crime  which  occasions  the  forfeiture  of 
lands  or  goods,  or  both;  a  serious  crime. 
Felspar,  fel'spar,  n.  [G.  feldspath—feld, 
field,  and  spaih,  spar.]  A  mhaeral  ■widely 
distributed,  and  usually  of  a  foliated  Struc- 
ture, consisting  of  silica  and  alumina,  with 
potash,  soda,  or  lime;  it  is  a  principal  con- 
stituent in  gtaniie,  gneiss,  porphyry,  &o. 
Caileds.lsoFeUi3par,Felapath.—'Felspa,thic, 
Felspathose,  felspath'ik,  fel-spatn'os,  a. 
Pertaining  to  felspar  or  containing  it : 
written  also  Feldspathic,  Feldspathoae. — 
Felstone,  fel'ston,  n.  [Fel  in  felspar,  and 
«toJis.j  Compact  felspar  occurring  in  amor- 
phous or  vitreous  rock  masses. 
Felt,  felt,  pret.  &  pp.,  of  feel. 
Felt,,  felt,  n.  [A.  Sax.  feU='D.  vitt,  G.  fits, 
felt;  allied  to  Gr.  irilos,  wool  wrought  into 
felt,  and  tp  L.  pileus,  a  felt  hat  or  cap. 
Akin  filter.]  A  cloth  or  stuff  made  of  wool, 
or  wool  and  hair  or  fur,  matted  or  wrought 
into  a  compact  substance  byjoUing,  beat- 
ing, and  pressure;  a  hat  ■made  of  wool 
felted.— v.t.  To  make  into  felt;  to  cover 
wi/h  f elt.  —  Felter,  fel'ttr,  n.  One  who 
makes  felt,  or  who  covers  with  felt.— Felt- 
ing, fel'ting,  n.  The  process  by  wliich  felt 
is  made;  the  materials  of  which  felt  is 
made,  or  the  felt  itself. 
Felucca,  fe-luk'a,  w.  [It.  felucca,  feluca, 
from  Ar.  felUkah,  from  fulk,  a  ship.]  A 
long,  n.ari'ow  vessel',  once  common  m  the 
Mediterranean,  with  two  large  lateen 
sails,  and  capable  of  being  propelled  by 
oars. 
(  Female,  fe'mfil,  n.  [Fr.  femeUe,  L.  femella, 
a  young  girl,  from  femina,  a  woman,  from 
the  root  fe,  as  in  fetu^,  feeundus.]  An  ani- 
mal of  that  sex  which  conceives  and 
bringsforth  young; Ihat  plant  which  pro- 
duce* fruit;  the  flower  that  bears  the 
pistil  .and  receives  the  pollen  of  the  male 
flowers. — a.Belobgingto  the  sex  which  pro- 
duces young;  feminine;  delicate j  weak; 
bot.  pistil -bearing;  producing  pistillate 


F&te,  far,  fat,  f(vU;     me,  met,  b^;     pine,  pin;  .  nSte,  not,  mdye;     tabe,  tub,  bull ;     oil,  pound;     u,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  u. 


PEME-COVERT 


263 


FKRTILE 


flowers.— i^emaZe  rhymes,  double  rhymes, 
Buch  as  motion,  notion,  the  second  syllable 
being  short.  —  Female  screw,  a  concave 
screw,  corresponding  to  the  convex  or 
male  screvr  which  works  in  it. — Feminine, 
fem'in-in,  a.  [L./einininug,  feminine,  from 
/emina,  a  woman.]  Pertaining  to  a  woman 
or  to  women,  or  to  the  female  sex;  having 
the  qualities  belonging  to  a  woman;  wo- 
manly; effeminate;  womanish ;  gram,  de- 
noting the  gender  of  words  which  signify 
females,  or  the  terminations  of  such  words. 
—Femininely,  fem'in-in-li,  adv.  In  a  fem- 
inine manner.  —  Feminineness,  Feminiu- 
Ity,  fem'in-in-nefi,  fem-in-in'i-ti,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  feminine. 

Feme-covert,  Femme-covert,  fem-kuv'6rt, 
n.  [Ncfrm.  Fr.l  Law,  a  manied  woman 
who  is  under  covert  of  her  husband. — 
Feme-sole,  Femme-sole,  fem-sol',  n.  An 
unmarried  woman. 

Femme  -  de  -  chambre,  fam-d6-shon-br,  n. 
fFr.]    A  lady's-maid;  a  chambermaid. 

Femoral,  fem'o-ral,  a.  [L.  femoralis,  from 
/emuc,  the  thigh.]  Belonging  to  the  thigh. 
—Femur,  fe'mfer,  n.  [L.j  The  first  bone 
of  the  leg  or  pelvic  extremity;  the  thigh- 
bone. 

Fen,  fen,  n.  [A.  Sa,x.fen,/enn,  marsh,  mud, 
dirt;  D.  veen,  G.  fenne,  Icel.  fen,  fen,  peat- 
bog, Goth,  fani,  mud,  clay.]  Low  land 
covered  wholly  or  partially  with  water, 
but  producing  sedge,  coarse  grasses,  or 
other  plants;  boggy  land;  a  marsh.— 
Fenny,  fen'i,  a.  Having  the  character  of 
a  fen;  marshy;  boggy;  inhabiting  or  grow- 
ing in  fens. 

Fence,  fens,  n.  [Abbrev.  from  defence.]  A 
wall,  hedge,  bank,  railing,  or  paling  form- 
ing a  boundary  to  or  inclosing  some  area; 
that  which  defends;  defence;  the  art  of  fen- 
cing ;  skill  in  fencing  or  swordsmanship; 
hence,  skill  in  argument  and  repartee ;  a 
purchaser  or  receiver  of  stolen  goods 
(slang).— i;.t.—/e)iced,  fencing.  To  inclose 
with  a  fence;  to  secure  by  an  inclosure;  to 
guard;  to  hedge  in;  to  ward  off  or  parry  by 
argumcut  or  reasoning. — y.i.Touseasword 
or  foil  for  the  purpose  of  learning  the  art  of 
attack  and  defence;  to  practise  fencing; 
to  fight  and  defend  by  giving  and  avoiding 
blows  or  thi'usts;  to  parry  arguments;  to 
equivocate;  to  prevaricate.— Fenced,  fenst, 
p.  and  a.  Inclosed  with  a  fence;  guarded; 
fortified.— Fenceless,  fens'les,  a.  Without" 
a  fence;  uninclosed;  open. — Fencer, fen's6r, 
n.  One  who  fences;  one  who  teaches  or 
practises  the  art  of  fencing  with  sword  or 
foil.— Fencible,  fen'si-bl,  n.  A  soldier  for 
defence  of  the  country  against  invasion, 
and  not  liable  to  serve  abroad.— Fencing, 
fen'sing,  n.  The  art  of  using  skilfully  a 
sword  or  foil  in  attack  or  defence;  material 
used  in  making  fences;  that  which  fences; 
a  protection  put  rouQd  a  dangerous  piece 
of  machinery. 

Fend,  fend,  v.t.  [Contr.  from  defend,  from 
de,  and  obs.  li.fendo,  to  thrust,  to  strike; 
seen  also  in  offendo,  to  offend.]  To  keep 
off;  to  ward  off;  to  shut  out:  usually  fol- 
lowed by  o/(to  fend  off  blows).  —Fender, 
fen'der,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  fends 
or  wards  off;  a  uten&il  emploj-ed  to  hinder 
coals  of  fi?e  from  rolling  forward  to  the 
floor;  also,  a  piece  of  timber,  bundle  of 
rope,  &c.,  hung  over  the  side  of  a  vessel  to 
prevent  it  from  being  injured  by  rubbing 
against  any  body. 

Fenestra,  f  e-nes'tra,  n.  [L.]  A  window;  an. 
aperture;  a  foramen.  —  Fensstral,  fe-nes'- 
trah  a.  [L.  fenestralis,  from  fenestra,  a 
window.]  Pertaining  to  a  window. — Fe- 
nestrate, fe-nes'trat,  a.  Having  windows 
or  openings;  hot.  applied  to  leaves  in  which 
the  cellular  tissue  does  not  completely  fill 
up  the  interstices  between  the  veins,  thus 
leaving  openings.  —  Fenestration,  fen-es- 
tra'shon,  n.  The  series  or  arrangement  of 
windows  in  a  building. 

Fenglte,  fen'jit,  n.  A  kind  of  transparent 
alabaster  or  marble. 

Fenian,  f5'ni-an,  n.  [A  name  assumed  from 
Ir.  J^Honna,  a  race  of  superhuman  heroes 
in  Irish  legendary  history.]  A  person  be- 
longing to  a  secret  society  having  for  its 
principal  object  the  erection  pf  Ireland 
into  an  independent  republic. — a.  Of  or 
belonging  to  the  Fenians.— Fenianism,  fe*- 


ni-an-izm,  n.  The  principles  or  iwlitics  of 

the  Fenians. 

Fennec,  fen'ek,  n.  [Moorish  name.]  A 
North  African  animal  allied  to  the  fox. 

Fennel,  fen 'el,  n.  [A.  Sax.  Jinol,  Jinugl, 
like  G.  fencheU  borrov/ed  from  the  L.  foe- 
nicitlum,  fennel,  dim.  from  foenum,  hay.] 
A  fragrant,  umbelliferous,  perennial,  cul- 
tivated plant,  having  seeds  which  are  car- 
minative, and  frequently  employed  in 
medicine,  and  leaves  that  are  used  in 
sauces. 

Fent,  fent,  n.  [Fr.  fente,  a  slit.]  The  open- 
ing left  iu  an  article  of  dress,  as  at  the  toi) 
of  the  skirt  in  a  gown,  &c.,  for  ihe  con- 
venience of  putting  it  on;  a  placket. 

Fenugreek,  f 6'nu-grek,  n.  [L.  foenum  grce- 
cum,  Greek  hay.]  A  leguminous  annual 
plant  resembling  clover,  and  whose  bitter 
and  mucilaginous  seeds  are  used  in  veter- 
inary practice. 

Feod,  Feodal,  Feodary,  fad,  f a'dal,  f Q'da-ri. 
Same  as  Feud,  &c. 

Feoff,  fef,  n.  [A  form  otfi^f.]  A  fief  or  fee. 
— Feoffee,  fef'fe,  n.  A  person  who  is  in- 
vested with  land,  in  foe.— Feoffer,  Feoffor, 
fef  or,  n.  One  who  enfeoffs  or  grants  a  fee. 
-^Feoffment,  fef'ment,  n.  The  legal  gift 
or  transference  to  a  person  of  a  fee  or  free- 
hold estate;  the  instrument  or  deed  by 
which  such  property  is  conveyed. 

Feracious.t  f  e-ra'shus,  a.  [h.  ferax,  feracis, 
from  fero,  to  bear.]  Fruitful ;  producing 
abundantly.  —  Feracity.t  fe-ras'i-ti,  n. 
Fruitfulness. 

Feral,  fe'ral,  a.  [L.  fera,  a  wild  beast] 
iiaving  become  wild  from  a  state  of  do- 
mestication, as  animals,  or  from  a  state 
of  cultivation,  as  plants. 

Fer-de-lance,  fer-de-lans,  n.  [Fr.,  iron  of 
a  lance,  lance-head.]  The  lance-headed 
viper,  a  very  venomous  serpent  of  Brazil 
and  the  West  Indies. 

Feretory,  fer'e-to-ri,  n.  [From  L.  feretrum, 
a  bier  or  litter,  from  fero,  to  bear.J  A 
shrine  or  repository  for  the  relics  of  saints, 
variously  adorned,  and  usually  in  the 
shape  of  a  chest,  with  a  roof-like  top. 

Ferial,  fc'ri-al,  a.  [L.  ferialis,  from  ferut, 
holidays.]  Pertaining  to  holidays  or  days 
in  which  business  is  not  transacted. 

Ferine,  fe'rin,  a.  [L.  ferinus,  from  fera,  a 
wild  beast.]  Relating  to  or  resembling  a 
wild  beast;  wild;  untamed;  savage. 

Feringee,  Feringhee,  fe-ring'g5,  n.  [Pro- 
bably a  corruption  of  Frank^  The  name 
given  to  Europeans  by  the  Hindus. 

Ferment,  fer'ment,  n.  [L.  fermentttm,  for 
fervim^ntum,  from  fervo  or  ferveo,  to  fcoil, 
to  foam.  Fervent.]  Any  substance,  as  a 
fungus,  whose  presence  in  another  body 
produces  the  peculiar  effervescence  and 
decomposition  called  fermentation;  com- 
motion; heat;  tumult,  agitation  (as  of  a 
crowd,  of  the  feelings,  &c.).  —  v.t.  (fer- 
ment'). To  cause  fermentation  in;  to  set 
in 'brisk  motion  or  agitation;  to  warm;  to 
excite.— j».i.  To  undergo  fermentation;  to 
worl:;  to  be  in  agitation  or  excited,  as  by 
violent  emotions.— Fermentable,  fer-men'- 
ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  fermentation.- Fer- 
mentability,  fSr-men'ta-bil"i-ti,  n.  Capa- 
bility of  being  fermented.— Fermentation, 
fer-men-ta'shon,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
fermenting;  the  decomposition  or  conver- 
sion of  an  organic  substance  into  new 
compounds  in  presence  of  a  ferment,  gen- 
erally indicated  by  a  sensible  internal 
motion,  the  development  of  heat,  and  the 
liberation  of  bubbles  of  gas;  in  common 
language,  the  process  by  which  grape  juice 
is  converted  into  wine,  and  the  wort  of 
malt  into  beer;  Jig.  the  state  of  being  in 
high  activity  or  commotion;  agitation; 
excitement.  —  Fermentative,  fCr-men'ta- 
tiv,  a.  Causing  fermentation:  consisting 
in  or  produced  by  fermentation. — ^rmen- 
tativenesSjfcSr-men'ta-tiv-nes.n.  The  state 
of  being  fermentativp.  —  Fermentescible, 
f6>--men-tos'si-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
fermented. 

Fern,  fern,  n.  [A.  Sax.feam=G.  farn,  far- 
ren,  D.  yaren— fern;  allied  to  Skr.  pama, 
a  wing  or  feather.]  The  name  of  many 
vascular  cryptogams,  consisting  of  herba- 
ceous, shrubby,  or  arborescent  plants,  pro- 
ducing leaves  called  fronds,  which  are 
simple  or  more  or  less  divided,  and  bear 


on  their  under  surface  or  edge  the  cap. 
Buloa  containing  the  minute  spores.  — 
Fernery,  fer'ner-i,  n.  A  place  where  ferns 
are  artificially  grown.— Fern-owl,  a.  Ihe 
common  goat-sucker  or  night-jar.  -  Fern- 
seed,  n.  The  seed,  or  more  coiTectly  the 
spores,  of  fern.— Ferny,  f^-'ni,  a.  Abound- 
ing or  overgrown  with  fern. 

Ferocious,  fe-ro  shus.  a.  [Fr.  firoce;  L. 
ferox,  ferocis,  fierce,  allied  to  ferrts,  wild. 
Fierce.]  Fierce;  savage;  barbarous;  r.iveu- 
ous;  rapacious;  indicating,  or  expressive 
of,  ferocity.  —  Ferociously,  fe-ro'shus-li, 
adv.  Fiercely;  with  savage  cruelty.— Fe- 
rocioosness,  fg-ro'shus-nes,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  ferocious;  ferocity. — Fe- 
rocity, f e-ros'i-ti,  n.  [Fr.  firociti,  L.  feruci- 
tas.]  State  of  being  ferocious;  savage  wild- 
ness  or  fierceness;  fury;  cruelty. 

Ferrandlne,  fer'an-din,  n.  [Fr.ferrandine.  1 
A  stuff  made  of  wool  and  silk. 

Ferrara,  ftr-ra'ra,  n.  A  broadsword  of 
peculiarly  excellent  quality,  named  after 
the  famous  swordstnith  Andrea  Ferrara. 

Ferreons,  fer'e-u8,a.  [L./er/'«m,iron.l  Per- 
taining to,  obtained  from,  or  containing 
iron.- Ferric,  fer'ik,a.  Chem.  pertaining  to 
or  extracted  from  iron  i  ferric  acid  and  fer- 
ric oxide).— Ferricalcite,fer-i-kal'sit,n.  [L. 
ferrum,  and  calx,  lime.]  A  species  of  cal- 
careous earth  or  limestone  combined  with 
a  large  portion'  of  iron.— Ferriferous,  fe- 
rif'6r-us,  o.  [L.  ferrum,  and  fero,  to  pro- 
duce.] Producing  or  yielding  iron.— Fer- 
rocyanic,  fer'o-8i-an"iK,  «.  Pertaining  to 
or  derived  from  iron  and  cyanogen. —  Fer- 
rotype, fer'O-tip,  n.  Photog.  a  term  ap- 
pliea  to  some  photographic  processes  in 
which  the  salts  of  iron  are  the  principal 
agents;  a  photograph  taken  on  japanned 
sheet-iron  by  a  collodion  process. — Ferru- 
^nous,  Ferrugineous,t  fe-ruj'i-uus,  fe-ru- 
jin'5-u8,  a.  [L.  /errugineus,  rusty,  from 
ferrugo,  ferruginis,  iron  rust,  from  ferruvi, 
iron. J  Partaking  of  iron;  irony;  of  the 
colour  of  the  rust  or  oxide  of  iron.  — Fer- 
rnginat^d,  fe-riij'i-na-ted,  a.  Having  the 
colour  or  properties  of  the  rust  of  iron.— 
Ferrugo,  fe-ro'go,  n.  Bot.  a  disease /of 
plants,  commonly  called  Rust—Ttirami- 
nate,  fe-rum'i-nat,  v.t.  [L.  ferrumino,  to 
cement,  from /errumen^ement.]  To  unite 
or  solder,  as  metals.  —  rerrumination,  fe- 

.rum'i-na"shon,  n.  The  soldering  or  unit- 
ing of  metals.  . 

Ferrule,  fer'ul,  n.  [Formerly  verril,  from 
Fr.  virole,  ferrule,  from  virer,  to  veer,  the 
form  having  been  modified  by  the  influ- 
ence of  L.  ferrum.,  iron.  Veer.]  A  ring  of 
metal  put  round  the  end  of  a  walking-stick 
or  other  thing  to  strengthen  it  or  prevent 
its  splitting. 

Ferret,  fer'et,  n.  [Origin  doubtful;  comp. 
G.fre(t,frettchen,O.Q.frette,furetie,ieTi&t; 
Fr.  furet.  It.  furetto,  a  ferret;    Armor. 

•  fured,  Gael,  and  Ir.  fired,  W.  ffured,  a  fer- 
ret (from^wr,  cunning,  crafty).]  A  carni- 
vorous animal  allied  to  the  weasel,  about 
14  inches  in  length,  of  a  pale  yellow  colour, 
with  red  eyes,  a  native  of  Africa — used  in 
catching  rabbits  to  drive  them  out  of  thfeir 
holes. — v.t.  To  hunt  with  ferrets;  to  drive 
out  of  a  lurking-place ;  to  search  out  by 
perseverance  and  cunning:  followed  by 
ow<.  —  Ferreter,  fer'e-t6r,  n.  One  who  fer- 
rets. 

Ferret,  fer'et,'  n.  [By  loss  of  I  from  Fr. 
fieuret,  coarse  ferret-silk.]  A  kind  of  nar- 
row tape,  made  of  woollen  thread,  some- 
times of  cotton  or  silk. 

Ferriage,  fer'i-5j,  n.    Under  Perry. 

Ferril,  fer'ul  n.    Same  as  Ferrule. 

Ferry,  fer'i,  v.t— ferried,  ferrying.  [A.  Sax. 
ferian,  farian,  to  carry,  to  convey,  causa- 
tive of  faran,  to  go.  Fare.]  To  carry  or 
transport  over  a  river,  strait,  &c.,  in  a 
boat  or  other  conveyance.— v.i.  To  pass 
over  a  ferry.  —  n.  The  place  or  passage 
where  boats  pass  over  a  narrow  piece  of 
water  to  convey  passengers;  the  boat  itself. 
—Ferry-boat,  n.  A  boat  that  plies  at  a 
ferry.  —  Ferryman,  n.  One  who  keeps  a 
ferry.- Ferriage,  fer'i-aj,  n.  The  price  or 
fare  to  be  paid  at  a  ferry. 

Fertile, fiir'til or f6r'til,a.  \TT.fertile,fTom L. 

fertilis,  fTorafero,to  bear,  to  produce;  same 
root  as  E.  bear  (Bear);  seen  also  in  confer, 
differ,  refer,  &c.]  Fruitful;  producing  fruit 


cb,-  cAaiu;     ch,  Sc.  loch;    g,  go;    j,  yob;    o,  Fr.  ton;    ng,  siny;    th,  then;  tb,  thin;    w,  tvig;    wh,  tcAig;    zh,  asure. 


FIAGEE 


or  crops  in  abrtndaiice;  the  opposite  of  bar- 
ren; prolific  or  productive  of  anything,  as 
of  ideas,  poetry,  &c. ;  inventive;  able  to 
produce  abundantly;  bot.  capable-of  pro- 
duotng  fruit ;  fruit-bearing.  —  Fertilely, 
t6r'til-li,  ado.  In  a  fertile  manner;  fruit- 
fully.—Fertileness,  f fer'til-nes,  n.  Fertility. 
—Fertility,  f6r-til'i-ti,  n.  [L.  fertUiias.] 
The  state  of  being  fertile  or  fruitful; 
fruitfulness;  fecundity;  productiveness; 
richness;  fertile  invention.— Fertilization, 
f6r'til-i-za"Bhon,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
rendering  fertile,  fruitful,  or  productive; 
bot.  the  application  of  the  pollen  to  the 
Btigma  of  a  plant,  by  means  of  which  a 
perfect  seed  containing  an  embryo  is  pro- 
duced; fecundation. — Fertilize,  f^r'ti-liz, 
v.t.— fertilized,  fertilizing.  To  make  fer- 
tile; to  make  n-uitful  or  productive;  to 
enrich;  to  fecundate.  —  Fertilizer,  fer'ti- 
li-z6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  fertil- 
izes. 

F§rule,  fer'Ol,  n.  [L.  ferula,  a  twig,  a  cane, 
a -switch,  from  ferio,  to  strike.]  A  flat 
piece  of  wood  used  to  punish  children  by 
striking  them  on  the  palm  of  the  hand;  a 
cane  or  rod  for  the  same  purpose. — v.t. — 
feruled,  fe'nding.  .To  punish  with  a  ferule. 

Fervent,  fSr'vent,  a.  [L.  fervens,  ferventis, 
ppr.  of  ferveo,  to  boil,  to  ferment;  akin 
fermeTit.]  Hot;  glowing;  intensely  warm; 
hot  intemper;  vehement;  ardent;  earnest; 
excited;  animated;  glowing  with  religious 
feeUng;  zealous.— Fervently,  f*r'vent-li, 
adv.  In  a  fen'ent  manner  or  degree;  ear- 
nestly; ardently;  vehemently. —:  Fervent- 
ness.  Fervency,  f6r'vent-nes,  ffer'ven-si,  n. 
The  state  of  being  fervent;  heat  of  mind; 
ardour;  animatetSzea!;  warmth  of  devo- 
tion.—Fervescent,  f6r-ves'ent,  a.  [L.  fer- 
ve8cens,fervesc€niis,  iiomferveo.]  Growing 
hot.— Fervid,  fer'vid,  a.  [L.  fervidus,  from 
ferueo.}  Very  hot;  burning;  glowing;  fer- 
vent; very  warm  in  zeal;  vehement;  ar- 
dent,—Fcrvidity,  fer-vid'i-ti,  n.  Heat;  fer- 
vency.— Fervi<Uy,  f6r'vid-li,  adv.  _  Very 
hotly;with  glowing  warmth. — Fervidness, 
fer'vid-nes,  n.  Glowing  heat;  ardour.^- 
Fervonr,  f er'v6r,  n.  [L. /eryor,  heat.]  Heat 
cr  warmth;  intensity  of  feeling;  ardour; 
burning  zeal;  extreme  earnestness  in  reli- 
gion, particularly  in  prayer. 

Fescue,  fesTiu,  n.  [O.E.  festue,  from  O.Fr. 
festtt  (Fr.  fitu),  a  straw;  L.  feduca,  a  shoot 
or  twig.]  A  straw,  wire,  pin,  or  the  like, 
used  to  point  out  letters  to  children;  a  kind 
of  gi-ass,  some  species  being  excellent 
meadow  and  pasture  grasses. 

Fesse,  fes,  n.  [O.Fr.  fesse,  Fr.  fasce,  L. 
fascia,  a  band.]  Her.  a  band  or  girdle 
comprising  the  centre  third  part  of  the 
escutcheon,  which  it  crosses  horizontally. 
— Fesse-point,  n.  The  exact  centre  of  the 
escutcheon. 

Festal,  f es'tal,  a.  [From  L.  festimi,  a  feast. 
Fe^st.]  Pertaining  to  a  feast;  festive. — 
Festally,  fes'tal-li,  adv.  Joyfully;  mirth- 
fully.—Festival,  fes'ti-val,  a.  tli.  festivns.} 
Pertaining  to  or  befitting  a  feast;  joyous; 
mirthful. — n.  A  time  of  feasting;  an  anni- 
versarv  day  of  joy,  civil  or  religious;  a  fes- 

.tive  celebration.  —  Festive,  f es'tiv,  a.  [L. 
fesptvus.]  Pertaining  to  or  becoming  a 
feast ;  joyous ;  gay ;  mirthful. — Festively, 
fes'tiv-U,  adv.  In  a  festive  manner.— Fes- 
tivity, fes-ti'^'i-ti,  n.  [h.  festivitci.]  The 
condition  of  being  festive ;  social  joy  or 
exhilaration  at  an  entertainment ;  some- 
thing forming  part  of  a  festal  celebration. 

Fester,  fes't*r,  v.i.  [Connected  with  foist.} 
To  suppurate;  to  discharge  or  become  full 
of  pus  or  purulent  matter;  to  rankle  (pas- 
sions, a  sense  of  wrong,  &c.).—n.  Act  of 
festering  ot  rankling. 

Festinate,t  fes'tt-nat,  a.  [L.  festino,  festi- 
riai-KWi,  to  hasten.]  Ha.oty;hurried.  [Shdk.l 

Festoop,  fes-ton',  n.  [Fr.  fe8ton,<iit.  a  fes-. 
tal  garland;  It.  festone,  from  L.  festum,  a 
fes  St.]  A  string,  chain,  or  garland  of 
&>wers,  foliage,  &c.,  suspended  so  as  to 
form  one  or  more  depending  curves;  arch. 
a  sculptured  ornament  in  imitation  of 
this.T-v.t.  To  adorn  with  festoons;  to  con- 
nect by  festoons.— Festoony,t  fes-td'ni,  a. 
Of  or  belonging  to  festoons.  ' 

Fetal,  a.  Fetation,  n.    Under  Fetus. 

Fetch,  fech,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  feccan,  gefecean, 
to  fetch,  to  draw,  to  take,  to  seek;  akin  to 


O.Fris.  faka,  to  prepare.]  To  go  and  bring; 
to  bring;  to  bear  toward  the  person  speak- 
ing; to  recall  or  bring  back;  to  make  or 
perform,  with  certain  objects  (to  fetch  a 
blow  or  stroke,  to  fetch  a  sigh);  to  bring  or 
obtain  as  its  price.— To  fetrh  out,  to  bring 
or  draw  out.— :  Jo  fetch  to,  to  restore;  to  re- 
vive, as  from  a  swoon;  to  bring  up;  to  stop 
cuddenly  in  any  course;  to  overtake.— t>.t. 
To  bring  things;  to  move  or  turn — To 
fetch  and  carry,  to  perform  menial  ser- 
vices; to  becomfra  servile  drudge. — n.  A 
stratagem  by  which  a  thing  is  indirectly 
brought  to  pass ;  a  trick ;  an  artifice ;  the 
apparition  of  a  living  person;  a  wraith. — 
Fetch-candle,  n.  A  light  seen  at  night, 
and  believed  by  the  superstitious  to  por- 
tend a  person's  death. — Fetcher,  fech'6r,  n. 
One  who  fetches. 
Fete,  fat,  n.  [Fr. ,  from  L.  festum,  a  feast.] 
A  feast ;  a  holiday ;  a  festival-day.— v.t— 
fSted,  feting.  To  entertain  with  a  feast; 
to  honour  with  a  festive  entertainment. — 
i'ete-ciiamp§tre,  fat-shan-patr,  n.  [Fr.]  A 
festival  or  entertainment  in  the  open  air. 
Fetich,  fe'tish,  n.  [Fr.  fitiche,  Pg.  feiiifo, 
sorcery,  witchcraft,  from  L.  factitius,  arti- 
ficial, from  fcudo,  to  make.  Fact.]  Any 
object,  animate  or  inanimate,  natural  or 
artificial,  regarded  by  some  uncivilized 
races  with  a  feeling  of  awe,  as  having 
mysterious  powers  residing  in  it  or  as  be- 
ing the  representative  or  habitation  of  a 
deity;  hence,  any  object  of  exclusive  devo- 
tion.^Fetichism,  Feticism,  f  e'tish-ism,  f  f?- 
•ti-sizm,  n.  The  practice  of  worshipping 
fetiches  practised  by  some  African  tribes. 
— Feticlustic,  fe-tish-is'tik,  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  fetichism. 

Feticide,  Fosticide,  fe'ti-sid,  n.   Under  Fe- 
tus.' 

Fetid,  fe'tid,  a.  [L.  foeiidvs,  from  foeteo,  to 
stink.]  Having  an  offensive  smell;  hav- 
ing a  strong  or  rancid  scent.— Fetidness, 
fe'tid-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  smeUing  of- 
fensively. —  Fetor,  fs'tcr,  n.  [L.  foetor  J 
Any  strong  offensive  smell;  stench. 
Fettsh,  fe'tish,  n  Same  as  Fetich. 
Fetlock,  fet'lok,  n.  [From  foot  or  feet  and 
lock.]  A  tuft  of  haii:  growing  behind  the 
pastern  joint  of  horses;  the  joint  on  which 
the  hair  grows ;  an  instrument  fixed  on 
the  leg  of  a  horse  when  put  to  pasture  for 
the  purpose  of  preventing  him  from  run- 
ning off.— Fetlocked,  fet'lokt,  a.  Having 
a  fetlock;  tied  by  the  fetlock.— Fetlock- 
joint,  n.  The  joint  of  a  horse's  leg  next 
to  the  hoof. 

Fetlow,  fet'Jo,  n.  A  whitlow  in  cattle. 
Fetor.  Under  Fetid. 
Fetter,  fet'fir,  n.  [A.  Sax.  feter,  fetor,  a 
fetter;  O.G.  feszera,  G.  feasel,  Icel.  fiotur. 
^Probably  connected  with  foot]  A  chain 
'for  the  feet ;  a  chain  by  which  a  person  or 
animal  is  confined  by  the  foot ;  anything 
that  confines  or  restrains  from  motion;  a 
restraint.- y.t.  To  nut  fetters  on;  to  bind; 
to  confine;  to  restrain.— Fetterless,  fet'6r- 
les,  a.  Free  from  fetters  or  restraint. — 
Fetterlock,  fet'6r-lok,  n.  An  instrument 
for  confining  a  horse's  leg;  a  fetlock. 
Fettle,  fet'l,  v.t.  [Akin  to  Icel.  fitla,  to 
touch  lightly;  Ii.G.fisseln,to  be  occupied 
in  cleanmg.]  To  put  in  right  order  or 
trim.    [Provincial.] 

Fetus,  Foetus,  fe'tus,  n.  [L.,  from  a  root 
fe,  implying  fruitfulness,  productiveness, 
as  in  fecund.']  The  young  of  viviparous 
animals  in  the  womb,  and  of  oviparous, 
anitnals  in  the  egg,  after  it  is  perfectly 
formed;  before  which  time  it  is  called 
Embryo.  —  Fetal,  Foetal,  fe'tal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  fetus. —Fetation,  Foetation, 
fe-ta'shon.  n.  The  formation  of  a  fetus. — 
Feticide,  Fceticide,-  fe'ti-sid,  n.  [L.  fetus, 
and  coedo,  to  kill.]  The  destruction  of  the 
fetus  in  the  womb;  the  act  by  which 
criminal  abortion  is  produced.  —  Fetifer- 
ouB,  Fcetiferous,  f5-tif'6r-us,  a.  [L.  fetua, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  Producing  young. 
Feu,  fu,  n.  [O.Fr.  fieu,Jief,  a  fief.]  In  Scot- 
land a  piece  of  ground  (usually  small) 
•  granted  by  a  superior  in  perpetuity  in 
consideration  of  an  annual  payment  called 
feurdviy,  and  certain  other  contingent  bur- 
dens.—r.«.  To  give  or  take  in  feu,  or  by  the 
payment  of  feu-duty.—FeTiar,fa'eri^  One 
who  holds  a  feu. 


Feud,  fQd,  n.  [L.L.  fewdu-m,  a  fief;  from 
O.Fr.  or  O.G.,  like  jie/,/e«,/6e.]  A  fief.— 
Feudal,  fn'dal,  a.  [L.L.  fevudalis,  from 
/ettttwrn.]  Pertaining  to  feuds  or  fiefs; 
founded  ui)on  or  pertaining  to  the  system 
of  holding  lands  by  military  services. — 
Feudal  sj/gtem,  a  system  according  to 
which  grants  of  land  were  made  by  the 
sovereign  to  the  nobles,  and  by  them  to 
an  inferior  class,  on  the  condition  that 
the  possessor  should  take  an  oath  of  fealty, 
and  do  military  service  to  him  by  whom 
the  ^rant  was  made.  —  Fendaligm,  fQ'- 
dal-izm,  n.  The  feudal  system  and  its 
belongings ;  the  system  of  holding  lands 
by  military  services.— Feudalist,  fa''dal-ist, 
n.  A  supporter  ctf  the  feudal  system;  one 
versed  in  feudal  law.— Feudality,  fu-dal'i- 
ti  ^n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  feudal . 
— Feudalization,  fu'dal-i-za"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  feudalizing. — Feudalize,  fu'dal-iz, 
v.t.— feudalized,  feudalizing.  To  reduce  to 
a  feudal  tenure;  to  conforni  to  feudalism. 
—  Feudally,  fa'dal-li,  atJv.  In  a  feudal 
manner;  by  feudal  tenm-e.— Feudary,  f  Q'- 
da-ri,  a.  Held  by  or  pertaining  to  feudal 
tenure. — n.  A  tenant  who  holds  his  lands 
by  feudal  service;  afeudatoiy.— Feudatory, 
Feudatary,  f a'da-to-ri,  fa'da-ta-ri,  a.  Hold- 
ing from  another  by  feudal  tenure. — n.  A 
tenant  or  vassal  holding  his  lands  on  con- 

.  dition  of  military  service;  the  tenant  of  a 
feud  or  fief. 

Feud,  f ud,  n.  [O.E./etde,from  A.  Sax.  faehth, 
hostility,  from  fdh,  hostile  (whence  foe] ;  D. 
veede,  G.  fehde,  Dan.  fejde,  a  feud;  the 
spelliiig  being  modified  throtigh  confusion 

:  with  L.L.  feudum,  a  feud  or  fief.  Akin 
Jknd.]  A  contention  or  quarrel;  hostility; 
often,  hostility  or  declared  warfare  be- 
tween families  or  parties  in  a  state; 

Feudejoie,ied-zhwa.  [Fr.,  fire  of  joy.]  A 
bpnfire,  or  a  firing  of  guns  in  tdken  of  joy. 

FeiriUeton,  fwel^ton,  n.  [Fr.,  from  feuille, 
"a  lea|;  lit.  a  small  leaf.]  That  part  of  a 
i'eench  newspaper  devoted  to  light  Mtera- 
fure  or  criticism. 

•Fever,  fe'vfer,  n.  [A.  Sax.  fefer,  from  L.  fe- 
bris,  a  fever,  or  from  O.-Yr.  fevre.  Mod.  Fr. 
fikvre,  of  same  origin.]  A  diseased  state 
of  the  system,  characterized  by  an  acceler- 
ated pulse,  with  increase  of  heat,  deranged 
■functions,  diminished  strength,  and  often 
with  excessive  thirst;  agitation  or  excite- 
ment by  anything  that  strongly  affects 
the  passions.- y.t.  To  put  in  a  fever.— tu. 
To  be  seized  with  fever. — Feverish,  fe'ver- 
ish,  a.  Having  fever;  alFected  with  fever, 
especially  with  a  slight  degree  of  fever; 
indicating  or  pertaining  toieven — Fever- 
ishly, £6'v6r-i8h-li,  adv.  In  a  feverish 
manner.  —  Feverishness,  f6'v6r-ish-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  feverish;  anxious,  heated 
excitement.  —  Feverous,  fe'v6r-us,  a.  Af- 
fected with  fever  or  ague ;  feverish.— Fe- 
verously.t  fe'v^r-us-Ji,  adv.  In  a  feverous 
manner.— Feverfew,  fe'v6r-ftl,  n.  [A.  Sax. 
feferfuge,  from  L.  febrifvjgia,  from  febris, 
fever,  and  fugo,  to  drive  away.]  A  Euro- 
pean composite  plant  with  inuch-divided 
leaves, -and  white  flowers,  once  supposed 
to  be  a  valuable  febrifuge,  hence  the  name. 

Few,  ffl,  a.  [A.  Sax.  fedwa,  fedwe,  Dan. 
faa,  Goth,  favs,  pi.  favai,  little,  few;  of 
cognate  origin  with  L.  paucui,  few,  pan- 
lus,  Gr.  pauros,  Uttle.]  Not  many^  small 
in  number:  used  frequently,  by  ellipsis  of 
a  noun,  for  not  many  persons  or  things. 
A  few  is  often  used  and  generally  means 
more  than  few  alone. — Fewness,  fa'nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  few;  paucity. 

Fey,  fi,  a.  [A.  Sax.  fage,  Icel.  fevjr,  near 
to  death.]  On  the  verge  of  a  sudden  or 
vi9lent  death;  fated  soon  to  die.  [Pro- 
vincial.] '  .    ,  ^ 

Fez,  fez,  n.  [From  Fez,  the  prmcipai  town 
in  Morocco,  where  such  caps  are  largely 
manufactured.]  A  red  cap  of  fine  cloth, 
fitting  closely  to  the  head,  with  a  tassel 
of  blue  silk  or  wool  at  the  crown,  much 
worn  in  Turkey,  on  the  shores  of  the  Lev- 
ant, in  Egj'ut,  and  North  Africa  generally. 

Fiacre,  fe-arkr,  n.  [Fr.,  from  the  Hotel  St. 
Fiacre,  where  the  inventor  of  these  car- 
riages established  in  1640  an  office  for  the 
hire  of  them.]  A  small  four-wheeled  car- 
riage; a  hackney-coach  or  similar  vehicle 
plying  for  hire. 


J'ftto,  fitr,  fat,  fftil;     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tube,  tub,  b\ill;     oil,  pound;     a,  Sc.  abime— the  Fr.  v. 


FIANCfi 


265 


TIGHT 


Fianc^,  Fiancee,  fe-i'ii-sa,  n.  masc.  and/<!m. 
[Fr.J  An  affianced  or  betrothed  person. 
Fiars,  fe'arz,  n.  pi.  [From  Icel.  fjdr,  geai- 
tive  of  f^,  money,  fee;  as  fjdr-lag,  fixed 
\sdne,f jar-met,  valuation  of  property,  &c.; 
or  from  O.  Fr.  feire,  a  fair  or  market.]  The 
prices  of  grain  for  the  current  year  in  the 
different-counties  of  Scotland,  fixed  by  the 
sheriifs  and  juries  to  regxilate  payments  in 
certain  circumstances. 
Fiasco,  fe-as'ko,  n.  [It.  fiasco,  a  flask  or« 
bottle,  a  cry  in  Italy  when  a  singer  fails 
to  please,  perhaps  in  allusion  to  the  burst- 
ing of  a  bottle.]  A  failure  in  a  musical 
performance;  an  ignominious  and  notori- 
ous failure  generally. 

Fiat,  fi'at,  n.  [L.,  let  it  be  done,  3d  pers. 
sing.  subj.of;?o,tobedone.]  A  command 
to  do  something;  a  decisive  or  effective 
command;  an  order  of  a  judge. 

Fib,  fib,  n.  [Probably  an  abbreviation  and 
corruption  from/a6«e.]  A  lie  or  falsehood: 
a  word  used  as  a  softer  expression  than 
he.— v.L— fibbed,  Mbing.  To  lie;  to  speak 
falsely.  —  Fibber,  Fibster,  fib'6r,  fib'st6r, 
n.    One  who  tells  lies  or  fibs. 

Fibre,  fi'b6r,  n.  [Fr.  fibre,  L.  fibra,  allied 
to  filum,  a  thread.]  A  thread  or  filament; 
one  of  the  fine  slender  threadlike  or  hair- 
like bodies  of  which  the  tissues  of  animals 
and  plants  are  partly  constituted;  the 
small  slender  root  of  a  plant.— Fibred,  fi'- 
b6rd,  a.  Having  fibres.— Flbreless,  fi'ber- 
les,  a.  Having  no  fibres.— Fibrlform,  fi'- 
bri-f orm ,  a.  Like  a  fibre  or  fibres. — Fibril, 
fi'bril,n.  [Fr.fibriUe.]  A  small  fibre;  the 
branch  of  a  fibre;  a  very  slender  thread.-^ 
Fibrilla,  fi-bril'la,  n.  pl.FibrlU»,fi-bril'le. 
[  Dim.  of  L.  fibra.'i  One  of  the  elements 
or  components  of  fibre;  bot.  one  of  the  hairs 
produced  from  the  epidermis  which  covers 
the  young  roots  of  plants.  —  Fibrillated, 
fi-bril'a-ted,  a.  Furnished  with  fibrils  or 
fibrillae;  fringed.  —  Fibrillation,  fi-bri-la'- 
shon,  n.  The  state  of  being  reduced  to 
fibrils  or  fibrillae.- Fibrillose,  fi-bril'os,  a. 
Bot.  covered  with  or  composed  of  little 
strings  or  fibres.— FibriUous,  li-bril'us,  a. 
In  the  form  of  fibrils.  —  Fibrin,  Fibiine, 
fi'brin,  n.  A  peculiar  organic  substance 
found  in  animals  and  vegetables,  and 
readily  obtained  from  fresh  blood.— Fibri- 
llation, fi-bri-na'shon,  n.  Med.  the  acqui- 
sition of  an  excess  of  fibrine.— Fibrinous, 
fi'bri-nus,  a.  Having  or  partaking  of  the 
nature  of  fibrine.— Fibrocartilage,  fi-briS- 
kilr'ti-laj,  n.  A  substance  intermediate 
between  proper  cartilage  and  ligament. — 
Fibrocellular,  fi-bro-sel'lQ-l^r, a.  -Partak- 
ing of  the  characters  of  fibrous  and  cellu- 
lar'tissues. —Fibrous,  fi'brus,  a.  Contain- 
ing or  consisting  of  fibres.  —  Fibrousness, 
fi'brus-nes,  n. 

Fibula,  fib'aJa,  n.  pi.  Fibula,  fib'iVle.  [L., 
a  clasp,  a  brace,  a  pin.]  An  ancient  clasp 
or  buckle;  anat.  the  outer  and  lesser  bone 
of  the  lower  leg;  surgery,  a  needle  for 
sewing  up  wounds.  — Fibular,  fib'a-lfir,  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  fibula. 

Fichu,  fi-sho',  n.  [Fr.]  A  light  piece  of 
dress  worn  by  ladies  covering  the  neck, 
throat,  and  shoulders. 

Fickle,  fik'l,  a.  [A.  Sax.  ficol,  inconstant; 
akin  to  G.  ficken,  to  move  quickly  to  and 
fro.]  Wavering;  inconstant;  unstable;  of 
a  changeable  mind;  irresolute;  not  firm  in 
opinion  or  purpose;  capricious;  liable  to 
change  or  vicissitude.  —  Fickleness,  fik'l- 
nes,  n.  -The  state  or  quality  of  being 
fickle;  inconstancy;  unsteadiness  in  opin- 
ion or  purpose;  changeableness.— Fickly, 
fik'li,  adv.    In  a  fidkle  manner. 

Fictile,  fik'til.  a.  [h.  fictilis,  from  fingo, 
ficium,  to  forin.  Feign.]  Moulded  into 
form  by  art;  manufactured  by  the  potter; 
suitable  for  the  potter.— Fictileness,  Fic- 
tiiity,  fik'til-nes,  fik-til'i-ti,  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  fictile. 

Fiction,  fik'shon,  n  [L.  fictiOi  a  shaping,  a 
fashioning,  from  fingo,  fictum,  to  fashion. 
Feign.]  The  act  of  inventing  or  imagin- 
ing; that  which  Is  feigned,  invented,  or 
imagined;  a  feigned  or  invented  story;  a 
tale  or  story  composed  for  amusement  or 
entertainment;  fictitious  literature;  prose 
narrative  in  the  torm  of  romances,  novels, 
tales,  and  the  like.— Fictional,  fik'shon-al, 
a.    Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  fic- 


tion.—Fictionist,  fik'shon-ist,  n.  A  writer 
of  fiction.  —Fictitious,  flk-tish'us,  a.  [X. 
ficlitius.]  Feigned;  imaginary;  not  real; 
counterfeit;  false;  not  genuine;  invented 
to  give  literary  pleasure;  dealing  with 
imaginary  characters  and  events. — Ficti- 
tiously, fik-tish'us-li,  adv.  In  a  fictitious 
manner;  falsely.- Fictitiousness,  fik-tish'- 
us-nes,  n.  —  Fictive,  fik'tiv,  a.  Feigned; 
imaginary;  hypothetical. 

Fiddle,  fid'l,  n.  [A.  Sax.  .AthAle-  L.G.  fidel, 
Dan.  fiddel,  Icel.  fithla,  D.  vedel;  perhaps 
borrowed  from  L.L.  vidula,  a  viol.  Viol.] 
A  stringed  instrument  of  music ;  a  violin. 
—v.i.— fiddled,  .fiddling.  To  play  on  a  fiddle 
or  violin ;  to  trifle.  —  Fiddle-bow,  n.  The 
bow  strung  with  horse-hair  for  playing  the 
fiddle.— Fiddle-faddle,  a.  Trifling;  mak- 
ing a  bustle  about  nothing.  [Colloq.] — v.i. 
To  trifle.  —  Fiddler,  fid'ler,  n.  One  who 
plays  on  a  fiddle.  —  Fiddle-stick,  n.  A 
fiddle-bow:  used  often  as  an  interjection 
equivalent  to  nonsense !  pshaw !  &c.  — 
Fiddle-string,  n.  The  string  of  a  fiddle.— 
Fiddle -wood,  n.  A  tropical  American 
timber  tree  which  yields  a  hard  wood 
valuable  for  carpenter  work.  —  Fiddling, 
fid'ling,  a.  Trifling;  trivial;  fussily  busy 
with  nothing. 

Fidelity,  fi-del'i-ti,  n.  [L.  fidelitas,  from 
fidelis,  faithful,  from  fides,  trust,  faith, 
fido,  to  trust.  Faith.]  Faithfulness;  care- 
ful and  exact  observance  of  duty  or  per- 
formance of  obligations;  firm  adherence 
to  a  person  or  to  a  party;  loyalty;  honesty; 
veracity;  adherence  to  truth. 

Fidget,  fij'et,  v.i.  [Dim.  of  provincial  fidge, 
fike,  fyke,  to  be  restless;  akin  to  Icel.  fika, 
to  hasten;  G.  ficken,  O.Sw.  fika,  to  move 
quickly  to  and  fro.]  To  move  uneasily  one 
way  and  the  other;  to  move  irregularly  or 
in  fits  and  starts.— n.  Irregular  motion; 
restlessness.  —  Fidgetiaess,  fij'et-i-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  fidgety. — 
Fidgety,  fij'et-i,  a.  Given  to  fidget ;  rest- 
less; uneasy. 

Fiducial,  fi-da'shal,  a.  [L.L.  fidiicialis, 
from  li.flducia,  trust,  trustiness,  fromyido, 
to  trust.  Faith.]  Confident  in  trust  or  be- 
lief;  undoubting;  fiduciary.  —  Fiducially, 
fi-du'shal-li,  adv.  With  confidence. — Fidu- 
ciary, fi-du'shi-a-ri,  a.  [h.Jiduciariv.s,  held 
in  trust.]  Confident  in  belief;  trustful; 
undoubting;  having  the  nature  of  a  trust; 
held  in  trust.— ri.  One  who  holds  a  thing 
in  trust;  a,  trustee. 

Fie,  fi,  interj.  [Interjectional  expression 
corresponding  to  Sc.  feigh,  Fr.  fi,  G.  pfui, 
fif  Dan./j/,  &c.]  An  exclamation  denoting 
contempt,  dislike,  or  impatience. 

Fief,  fef,  n.  [Fr.  fi^f,  from  O.H.G.  fihtt,  pro- 

Eerty,  lit.  cattle.  Fee,  Feud.]  An  estate 
eld  of  a  superior  on  condition  of  military 
or  other  service;  an  estate  held  on  feudal 
tenure. 

Field,  feld,  n.  [A.  Sax.  feld,  a  field=D.  veld, 
Dan.  felt,  G.  feld;  allied  to  fold,  an  in- 
closure,/en,  a  hill;  Dan.  falle,  greensward; 
Sc.  fale,  feal,  a  turf.]  A  piece  of  land  suit- 
able for  tillage  or  pasture;  a  distinct  or 
separate  division  of  a  farm;,  cleared  land; 
cultivated  ground;  the  open  country;  the 
ground  where  a  battle  is  fought  or  military 
operations  carried  on ;  hence,  a  battle  or 
action  (the  fxld  is  lost) ;  open  space,  or 
unrestricted  opportunity,  for  action  or 
operation;  scope;  compass;  extent;  sphere 
(a  vide  field  for  conjecture);  the  ground  or 
blank  space  on  which  figures  are  drawn; 
the  general  surface  of  a  heraldic  shield  or 
escutcheon;cricA;6<,the  fielders  collectively; 
sporting,  those  taking  part  in  a  hunt;  all 
the  horses,  dogs,  or  the  like,  taking  part 
in  a  race.  —  Field  of  vision  or  view,  in  a 
telescope  or  microscope ,  the  space  or  range 
within  which  objects  are  visible  to  an  eye 
looking  through  the  instrument.  —  To 
keep  the  field,  to  continue  active  mili- 
tary operations  in  the  field. — To  take  the 
field,  to  begin  military  operations.  —  v.i. 
Cricket,  to  be  one  of  the  field  whose  duty 
is  to  watch  and  catch  or  recover  the  ball 
as  it  is  driven  by  the  batsman. — Fielder, 
fel'dfer,  n.  A  player  who  fields  at  cricket. 
— Field-allowance,  n.  A  small  extra  pay- 
ment to  troops  on  active  service  in  the 
field. — Field-artillery,  n.  Light  ordnance 
fitted  for  active  operations  in  the  field. — 


I5e 


Field- day, ~n.  A  day  when  troops  hv-a 
drawn  out  for  instruction  in  field  exercis"?:; 
and  evolutions;  any  day  of  unusual  d  Jsplav- 
—Fieldfare,  feld'far,  n.  [Field,  and  fare, 
to  go,  to  wander.]  A  bird  of  the  thrush 
family,  a  winter  visitant  to  Great  Britain. 
—Field-glass,  n.  A  kind  of  binocular  tele- 
scope or  opera^rglass  for  looking  at  objects 
at  a  considerable  distance  from  the  spec- 
tator.— Field-gun,  n.  A  small  cannon  for 
use  in  the  field.  —  Field-marshal,  n.  The 
highest  rank  conferred  on  general  officers 
in  the  British  and  some  foreign  armies.— 
Field-marshalship,  n.  The  office  or  dignity 
of  a  field-marshal. — Field-mouse,  n.  One 
of  several  species  of  rodent  animals  that 
live  in  the  field,  burrowing  in  banks,  &c. 
— Field-of&cer,n.  A  military  officer  above 
the  rank  of  captain  and  below  that  of 
general,  as  a  major  or  colonel. — Field- 
preacher,  n.  One  who  preaches  in  the  open 
air.  — Field -train,  n.  A  department  of 
artillery  that  has  to  attend  to  the  supply 
of  ammunition  on  the  field. — Field-work, 
n.  All  the  out-of-doors  operations  of  a 
surveyor,  engineer,  geologist,  &c.;  a  tem- 

lorary  fortification  thrown  up. 

end,  fend,  n.  [A.  Sax.  fe&nd,  fgnd,  a  fiend, 
an  enemy,  from  fe6n,  to  hate;  like  D. 
vijandi  Icel.  fjandi,  Croth.  fi^'ands,  G.feind, 
originally  a  present  participle.  Akin/oe,] 
An  infernal  being;  a  demon;  the  devil;  a 
person  with  devilish  qualities;  a  wicked, 
cruel,  or  malicious  person.  —  Fiendish, 
fen'dish.o.  Having  the  qualities  of  a  fiend; 
infernal;  excessively  cruel;  diabolic;  dev- 
ilish. —  Fiendishly,  fen'dish-li,  adv.  In  a 
fiendish  manner.— Fiendiahness,  fen'dish- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fiendish. 
Fierce,  fers,  a.  [O.Fr.  fers,  fi£rs,  from  L. 
ferus,  wild,  rude,  cruel,  whence  /era,  a 
wild  beast;  from  same  root  as  deer.]  Vehe- 
ment; violent;  furious;  savage;  ferocious; 
easily  enraged ;  indicating  ferocity  or  a 
ferocious  disposition;  very  eager;  vehe- 
ment in  anger  or  cruelty.— Fiercely,  fers'- 
li,  adv.  In  a  fierce  manner;  furiously;  with 
rage;  with  a  fierce  expression  or  aspect. — 
Fierceness,  fers'nes,  n.  The  (juality  of  be- 
ing fierce,  furious,  or  angry;  violence;  f uiy; 
ferocity;  savageness. 
Fiery,  fi'6r-i,  a.  Under  Fire, 
Fife,  fif ,  n.  [Fr.  fifre,  a  fife,  from  G.  pfeife 
(=E.  pipe),a,  word  of  onomatopoetic  origin. 
Pipe.]  A  small  musical  instrument  of  the 
flute  kind,  having  but  one  key,  and  a 
compass  of  two  octaves.— v.i.  To  play  on  a 
fife. — Fife-major,  n.  A  non-commissioned 
officer  who  superintends  the  flfers  of  a 
'  battalion. — Fifer,  fi'f6r,  n.  One  who  plays 
on  a  fife. 

Fifteen,  fif'ten,  a.  [A.  Sax.  fiftpne,  lit.  five- 
ten.]  Five  and  ten.— n.  The  number  which 
consists  of  five  and  ten;  a  symbol  repre- 
senting this-  number,  as  16  or  iv.  —  Fif- 
teenth, fif'tenth,  a.  The  fifth  in  order 
after  the  tenth;  being  one  of  fifteen  equal 
parts  into  which  a  whole  is  divided. — a.  A 
fifteenth  part.— Fifth,  fifth,  a.  The  ordinal 
of  five;  next  after  the  fourth;  beiiig  one  of 
five  equal  parts  of  a  whole.-^n.  One  of  five 
equal  parts  into  which  anything  is  divided; 
mus.  an  interval  consisting  of  three  tones 
and  a  semitone. — Fifthly,  fifth'li,  adv.  In 
the  fifth  place.-rFiftleth,  fif'ti-eth,  a.  Next 
in  order  after  the  forty-ninth;  being  one 
of  fifty  equal  parts  of  a  whole.  — n.  One  of 
fifty  equal  parts  of  a  whole.— Fifty,  fif'ti, 
a.  [A.  Sax.  fiftig.]  Five  times  ten. — n.  The 
number  which  consists  of  five  times  ten;  a 
symbol  representing  this  number. 
Fig,  fig,  n.  [Fr.  figue,  like  D.  vijg,  G.  feige, 
from  L.  ficus,  fig.]  A  fruit  consisting  of 
a  hollow  receptacle  containing  a  great 
multitude  of  minute  flowers,  the  ripe 
carpels  of  which,  erroneously  called  the 
seed,  are  embedded  in  the  pulp;  the  tree 
that  bears  this  fruit;  used  also  as  a  term  of 
scorn  or  contempt  (I  do  not  care  a  fig  for 
him;  in  this  usage  perhaps  from  O.  Sp. 
figa,  a  motion  denoting  contempt).— Fig- 
cake,  n.  A  preparation  of  figs  and  almonds 
pressed  into  round  cakes. — Fig-eater,  n. 
Same  a.s  Beccafico. 
Fig,  fig,  n.  [A  contr.  for  figure.']  Dress: 
employed  chiefly  in  the  coUoquial  phrase 
in  full  fig,  in  full  or  official  dress. 
Fight,  fit,  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  fought.    [A.  Sax. 


ch,  c/iaia;     ch.Sc.loch;     g,  co;     j,;ob;     n,  Er.  tow;     ng,  sinjf;     th,  t'ien;  th,  JtWn;     w,  wig;     -.»b,  iwAig;     zh, —^u. 


PIGMENT 


266 


FIN 


/cohian=G.  fecfUen,  D.  vechten,  "Daxi.fegte, 
IceL' jUcta,  to  fight.]  To  contend  for  vic- 
tory in  battle  or  in  single  combat;  to  con- 
tend in  arms  or  otherwise;  to  carry  on  ac- 
tive opposition;  to  strive  or  struggle  to  re- 
sist: with  with  or  against  before  an  object* 
— To  fight  shy  of,  to  avoid  from  a.  feeling 
of  dislike,  fear,  mistrust,  &c. — v.t.  To  carry 
on  or  wage  (a  battle);  to  win  or  gain  by 
struggle  (to  fight  one's  way) ;  to  contend 
with;  to  war  against;  to  manage  or  man- 
oeuvre in  a  fight  (to  fight  one's  ship).— To 
fight  it  out,  to  struggle  tiU  a  decisive  re- 
sult is  attained. — n.  A  contest;  a  battle; 
an  engagement;  a  struggle  for  victory. — 
Syn.  under  Battle. —  Figliter,  fi'tor,  n. 
One  that  fights;  a  combatant.— Fighting, 
fi'ting,  p.  and  a.  Qualified  or  trained  for 
war;  fit  for  battle. 

Figment,  fig'ment,  n.  [L.  figmentum,  from 
fingo,  to  feign.  Feigk.]  Ari  invention;  a 
fiction;  something  feigned  or  imagined. 
FiguUne,  fig'u-lin,  a.  [L.  figttlvs,  a  potter, 
from  fingo,  to  fashion.]  Jlade  of  potter's 
clay;  made  by  a  potter. 
Figure,  fie'ur,  n.  [Fr.  figure,  from  L.  figura, 
figure,  snape,  from  fig,  root  of  fi.ngo,  to 
fashion,  to  shape;  whence  also  feign,  fiction, 
&c.  Fe!gm.]  The  form  of  anything  as 
expressed  by  the  outline  or  contour;  shape; 
fashion ;  form ;  any  form  made  by  draw- 
ing, painting,  carving,  embroidering,  &c.; 
especially  the  human  body  so  represented; 
appearance  or  impression  made  by  the 
conduct  of  a  person  (to  cut  a  poor  figure); 
logic,  the  form  of  a  syllogism  with  respect 
to  the  relative  position  of  the  middle  terrB; 
arith.  a  character  denoting  or  standing  for 
a  number;  hence,  value,  as  expressed  in 
numbers;  price;  theol.  type  or  representa- 
tive; rhet.  a  mode  of  speaking  or  writing  in 
which  words  are  deflected  from  their  ordi- 
nary useorsignification;  a  trope;  a  peculiar 
expression  used  for  impressiveness  as  a  me- 
taphor, antithesis,  &c. — To  cut  afigiire,  to 
make  one's  self  celebrated  or  notorious;  to 
appear  to  advantage  or  disadvantage.— .v.fc 
—figured,  figuring.  To  make  a  figure  or 
likeness  of;  to  represent  by  drawing, 
sculpture,  carving,  embroidery,  &c. ;  to 
cover  or  adorn  with  figures  or  ornamental 
designs; -to  mark  with  figures;  to  repre- 
sent by  a  typical  or  figurative  resemblance; 
to  typify;  to  imagine;  to  imacge  in  the  mind. 
— v.i.  To  make  a  figure;  to  be  a  prominent 
figure  or  personage.— Fignrible,  fig'u-ra- 
bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  figured.— Figural, 
fig'fl-ral,  o.  Represented  Dy  figure  or  per- 
taining to  figures ;  fii;urate.  —  Figurant, 
fig'a-rant,  n.  masc;  Figurante,  figTi-rant, 
n.  fern.  [Fr.]  One  who  dances  at  the 
opera  in  groups  or  figures;  a  character  on 
the  stage  who  figures  in  its  scenes,  but 
has  nothing  to  say. — Flgnrate,  fig'u-rat,  a. 
fL.  figuro,  fiptiratum,  to  form,  to  fashion.] 
( >f  a  certain  determinate  form  or  shape. — 
Figurate  nuvibers,  such  numbers  as  do  or 
may  represent  some  geometrical  figure, 
being  thus  called  triangular,  square,  pen- 
tagonal, &c.,  numbers.  —  Figuration,  fig- 
u-ra'shon,  n.  The-  act  of  giving  figure  or 
determinate  form.  —  Figurative,  fig'u-ra- 
tiv,  a.  [Fr.  figuratif.]  Representing  by 
means  of  a  figure  or  type;  typical;  sym- 
bolical ;  used  in  a  metaphorical  sense ; 
having  the  character  of  a  figure  or  trope; 
metapnoric;  not  literal.  —  Figuratively, 
fig'u-ra-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  figurative  man- 
ner; by  a  figure;  in  a  sense  different  from 
that  which  words  originally  imply ;  in  a 
metaphorical  sense. — Figurativeness,  fig*- 
Q-ra-tiv-ftes,  n.  State  of  being-figurative. 
— Figured,  fig'Ord,  a.3  Adorned  with  fig- 
ures. —  Figure-head,  n.  The  ornamental 
figure  on  a  ship  immediately  under  the 
bowsprit. 

Filament,  fil'a-ment, «.  rL.L.  filamentum,  a 
slender  thread,  from  L.  filum,  a  thread, 
whence  also  file  (a  line),  fillet,  pro.tile.] 
A  thread;  a  fibre;  a  fine  thread,  of  which 
fle.sh,  nerves,  skin,  plants,  roots,  &c.,  and 
also  some  minerals,  are  composed.  —  Fila- 
ceous,f  fi-la'shus,  a.  Composed  or  consist- 
ing of  threads.— Filamentary,  fil-a-men'- 
ta-ri,  a.  Having  the  "character  of  or 
formed  by  a  filament.— Filamentose,  Flla- 
mentouB,  fll-a-men'tos,  fil-a-men'tus,  a. 
Like  a  thread;  consisting  of  fine  filaments; 


bot.  bearing  filaments.  —  Filar,  filfir,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  thread:  applied  to  a  micro- 
scope, or  other  optical  instrument,  into 
whose  construction  one  or  more  threads  oi: 
fine  wires  are  introduced. — Filatory,  fil'a- 
to-ri,  n.  A  machine  which  forms  or  spins 
threads. — Filature,  fil'a-tor,  n.     A  form- 

'  ing  into  threads;  the  reeling  off  silk  from 
cocoons;  a  filatory.— FUiferous,  fi-lif'^r-us, 
a.  Producing  threads.  —  Filiform,  fil'i- 
fonn,  a.  Having  theform  Of  a  thread  or 
filament. — Filose,  fi'los,  a.  Zool.  and  hot. 
applied  to  a  part  when  it  ends  in  a  thread- 
like process. 

Filbert,  filbert,  n.  [Tor /ZJ-fteard,  because 
the  nut  just  fills  the  cup  made  by  the 
beards  of  the  calyx.]  The  fruit  of  a  culti- 
vated variety  of  hazel. 

Filch,  filch,  v.t.  [For  filk,  from  O.E.  fete, 
Icel.  fela.U)  steal,  like  talk  and  tell,  stalk 
(verb)  and  steal.]  To  steal,  especially  some- 
thing of  little  value;  to  pilfer;  to  take  in 
a  thievish  manner.  —  Filcher,  filch'ir,  n. 
One  who  filches. —  Filchlngly,  filch'ing-li, 
adv.    In  a  thievish  manner. 

File,  fil,  n.  [Fr.  file,  from  L.  filum,  a  thread. 
Filament.]  A  line  or  wire  on  which  papers 
axe  strung  that  they  may  be  conveniently 
found  when  wanted;  the  papers  sostrung; 
a  collection  of  papers  arranged  for  ready 
reference;  a  row  of  soldiers  ranged  one  be- 
hind another,  from  front  to  rear;  hence, 
i-ank  and  file  {milit.),  the  lines  of  soldiers 
from  side  to  sidg,  and  from  front  to  back. 
—v.t— filed,  filing.  To  arrange  or  place 
in  a  file ;  to  bring  before  a  coirrt  by  pre- 
senting the  proper  papers  (to  fits  a  bill  in 
chancerj'). — v.i.  To  march  in  a  file  or  line, 
as  soldiers,  not  abreast,  but  one  by  one. 

File,  fil,  n.  [A.  Sax.  feol=  D.  vijl,  Dan.  viil, 
G.  feile,  O.H.G.  vihila,  a  file.]  A  steel  in- 
strument, having  minute  teeth  upon  the 
surface  for  cutting,  abrading,  and  smooth- 
ing metal,  ivory,  wood,  &c.— v.t— filed,  fil- 
ing. To  rub  smooth,  or  cut  with  a  file,  or 
as  with  a  file :  to  polish.— File-cutter,  n. 
A  maker  of  files.  —  File-fiah,  n.  A  name 
given  to  certain  fisEes  from  their  skins 
being  granulated  like  a  file.  —  Fillngt,  fi'- 
ling,  n.    A  particle  rubbed  off  by  a  file. 

Filial,  fil'i-al,  a.  [Fr.  filicU,  from  L.X.  filior 
lis,  from  L.  filitis,  a  son,  filia,  a  daughter.] 
Pertaining  to  a  son  or  daughter;  becom- 
ing a  cliild  in  relation  to  his  parents;  bear- 
ing the  relation  of  a  child.— Filially,  fil'i- 
al-li,  adv.  In  a  filial  manner.  —  Filiate, 
fil'i-at,  v.t.  To  adopt  as  a  son  or  daughter. 
—Filiation,  fil-i-a'sbon,  n.  The  relation 
of  a  child  to  a  father;  adoption:  the  fixing 
of  the  paternity  of  a  child.— Filiety,  fi-li'- 
e-ti,  n.  The  relation  of  a  son  to  a  parent; 
sonship. 

Filibeg,  fil'i-beg,  n.    Same  as  Fillibeg. 

Filibuster,  fil'i-bus-ter,  n.  |Fr.  fiitmsUer, 
formerly  fribvstier,  a  form  of  D.  vrijbuiter, 
G.  freibeuter,  E.  freebooter.]    Originally,  a 

.buccaneer  of  the  West  Indies,  now  ap- 
plied to  any  lawless  adventurers  who  in- 
vade, with  the  view  of  occupying,  a  foreign 
country.  —  v.i.  To  act  as  a  filibuster. — 
Pilibusterism,  fil'i-bus-tSr-izm,  n.  The  act 
or  practice  of  filibustering. 

Fllical,  fil'i-kal,  a.  [L.  fifix,  filicis,  a  fern.] 
Belonging  to  the  family  of  ferns. — FiUci- 
form,  fi-lis'i-form,  a.  Fem-shaped.— Fill- 
cite,  fil'i-sit,  n.  A  fossil  fern  or  filicoid 
plant.— Filicoid,  fil'i-koid,  a.  Pem-Uke; 
having  the  form  of  a  fern.— n.  A  plant  re- 
sembling a  fern.— Filicology,  fil-i-kol'o-ji, 
n.    The  study  of  ferns. 

Fillferous,  Filiform.    Under  Filamest. 

FUigree,  fil'i-gre,  n.    [Formerly  filigrane, 

.from  Fr.  filigrane.  It.  filigrana,  from  L. 

f filum,  a  thread,  and  granum,  a  grain: 
originally  it  is  said  to  nave  had  beads  in 
it.]  Ornamental  open  work  executed  in 
fine  gold  or  silver  wire,  formed  into 
flowers  and  arabesques.  —  Filigreed,  fil'i- 
gred,  a.    Ornamented  with  filigree. 

Fill,  fil,  v.t  [A.  Sax.  fyOan,  to  fill,  from 
the  adjective /j<f,  full=Icel.  and  Sw.  fplla, 
Goth,  fulljan,  G.  fallen,  D.  vullen,  to  fill.] 
To  make  full;  to  cause  to  be  occupied  so 
that  no  space  is  left  vacant;  to  put  in  so 

as  to  occupy  a  space;  to  occupy  the  whole 
space  or  capacity  of;  to  occupy  to  a  great 
extent;  to  pervade;  to  satisfy;  to  content; 
to  glut;  to  press  and'dilate  (a  ship's  sails); 


to  supply  with  an  occupant  or  holder ;  to 
possess  and  perform  the  duties  of;  to- offi- 
ciate in;  to  hold  or  occupy.— To  fill  in,  to 
pour  or  put  in  for  the  pui-pose  of  filling 
something;  to  write  in  (iiems  in  a  bst). — 
To  fill  out,  to  distend  or  enlarge  from 
within.— To  fill  up,  to  make  quite  full;  to 
occupy  or  take  up ;  to  occupy  the  whole 
extent  of;  to  engage  or  employ  (time).— 
v.i.  To  grow  or  become  full;  to  make  some- 
thing full.— To  .^ZI  out,  to  become  enlarged 
or  distended.-^ To  fill  up,  to  grow  or  De- 
come  full.— n.  As  much  as  fills  or  quite 
supplies;  as  much  as  gives  complete  satis- 
faction.—Filler,  fil'Sr,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  fills;  a  utensil  for  conveying  a  liquid 
into  a  bottle,  cask,  &c.— Filling,  firing,  a. 
Calculated  to  fill,  satisfy,  or  satiate. — n. 
Materials  used  for  occupying  some  vacant 
space,  stopping  up  a  hole,  or  the  Uke. 
Fillet,  fil'et,  n.  [Fr.  filet,  a  thread,  a  band, 
the  chine  of  an  animal,  i&c,  dim.  of  fil, 
thread,  from  L.  filum,  a  thread.  Pile.]  A 
little  Jiand  to  tie  about  the  hair  of  the 
head;  a  band  or  narrow  strip  on  various 
things  and  for  various  purposes;  the  fleshy 
part  of  acalf  s  thigh  cut  for  cooking;  meat 
rolled  together  and  tied  round;  arch.  a. 
small  moulding  having  the  appeahince  of 
a  narrow  band,  generally  ustd  to  separate 
ornaments  and  mouldings;  also  the  ridge 
between  the  flutes  of  a  column.— ri.t.  To 
bind,  furnish,  or  adorn  with  a  fillet  or 
little  band. —Filleting,  fil'et-ing,  n.  Ma- 
terial of  which  fillets  are  made;  fillets 
collectively. 

FUlibeg,  fil'i-beg,  n.  [Gael,  filleadh-bep,  lit. 
little -i>laid—filleadh,  a  plaid,  and  beg, 
little.]  The  Gaelic  name  of  the'  kilt  worn 
by  the  Highlanders  of  Scotland. 
Filllbuster,  fiil'i-bus-ter,  n.  Same  as  Fili- 
buster. 

Fillip,  fil'ip,  v.t.  [Sameasyfip.]  To  strike 
with  the  nail  of  the  fore  or  middle  finger 
by  jerking  it  back  from  the  ball  of  the 
thumb;  to  strike  with  a.  smart  stroke. — ' 
.  n.  A  jerk  of  the  finger  forced  suddenly 
from  the  thumb;; a  smart  blow  or  stroke; 
something  which  tends  to  rouse  or  stimu- 
late at  once. 

Fillister,  fil'is-tfir.n.  A  kind  of  plane  used 
for  grooving  timber. 

Filly,  fil'i,  n.  [A  dim.  form  of  /oaZ= Icel. 
fl/lja,  a  filly,  from  foli,  a  foal.  Foal.]  A 
female  or  mare  foal ;  a  young  mare. 
Film,  film,  n.  [A.  Sax.  film,,  a  skin,  a  husk; 
allied  to  fell,  a  skin.]  A  thin  skin;  a  pel- 
licle, as  on  the  eye;  a  fine  thread,  as  of  a 
cobweb.— 1>.<.  To  cover  with  a  thiji  skin 
or  pellicle.— i>.i.  To  be  or  become  covered 
as  by  a  film.  —  Filminess,  fil'mi-nes,  n. 
State  of  being  filmy.  —  Filiny,  flFmi,  o. 
Composed  of  tnin  membranes  or  fieUicles, 
or  of  fine  threads. 
Filose,  a.  Under  Filament. 
FUter,  fil'tfer,  n.  [Fr.filtre,  from  L.L. /H- 
trum,  feltrum,  felt  or  fulled  wool,  used 
originally  as  a  strainer.  Felt]  A  strain- 
er; any  substance  or  apparatus  through 
which  liquors  are  passed  for  defecation. — 
v.t  To  purify  by  passing  through  a  filter, 
or  a  porous  substance  that  retains  feculent 
matter. — v.i.  To  percolate;  to  pass  through 
a  filter.  —  Filtrate,  fil'trat,  v.t— filtrated, 
filtrating.  [L.L.  filtro,  fiUraxum.]  To  fil- 
ter.—n.  The  liquid  which  has  been  passed 
through  a  filter.-Jiltration,  fil-trashon, 
n.  The  act  or  process  of  filtering. 
Filth,  filth,  n.  [A-.  Sax.  fylth,  from  /i/Z,  foul. 
Foul]  Anything  that  soils  or  defiles;  dirt; 
ffful  matter;  nastiness;  corruption;  pollu- 
tion.—Filthily,  filth'i-li,  adv.  la  a  filthy 
manner;  foully.— Filthiness,  filth'i-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  filthy:  filth;  foul  mat- 
ter; impurity.  —  Filthy,  filth'i,  o.  Dirty; 
foul;  unclean;  nasty;  morally  impure; 
licentious. 

Fimbriate,  fim'bri-at,  a.  [L.  fimbrice, 
threads,  a  fringe.]  Fringed;  having  a  sort 
of  fringe  or'border:  having  the  edge  sur- 
rounded by  fibres,  hairs,  or  bristles. — v.t 
To  hem;  to  fringe.  —  Fimbriated,  fim'bri- 
fi-ted,  a.    Fimbriate. 

Fimetarious,  fi-me-ta'ri-us,  a.  [L.  fifnetum, 
a  dunghill,  from  fimus,  dung.]  ^oL  grow- 
ing on  or  amidst  dung. 
Bin,  fin,  n.  [A.  Sax.  J5n,7!nn,  L.G.  and  Dan. 
finne,  D.  vin,  Sw.  fena;  allied  to  L.  pinna. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftll;     mS,  met,  h£r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOvei     tube,  tub,  bvUl;     oil,  pound;     tl,  Sc.  ab«ae— the  Ft. jc>i 


riNABLE 


267 


FIRE 


penna,  a  feather.]  One  of  the  projecting 
wing-like  organs  which  enable  fishes  to 
balance  themselves  in  anupfight  position, 
and  assist  in  r^ulating  their  movements 
in  the  water. — Fin-footed,  a.  Having  pal- 
mated  feet,  01*  feet  with  toes  connected  by 
a  iiembrane.  —  Finless,  fin'les,  a.  Desti- 
tute of  fins.  —  Finned,  find,  a.  Having  a 
fin  or  fins  or  anything  resembling  a  fin. — 
Finner,  Finback,  fin'^r,  fin'bak,  n.  A 
name  given  to  several  whales  from  their 
possessing  a  dorsal  hump  or  fin.  —  Finny, 
nn'i,  a.  Furnished  with  fins;  relating  to 
or  abounding  with  fins.  —  Fin-pike,  n.  A 
name  of  certain  ganoid  fishes,  the  long 
dorsal  fin  of  which  is  separated  into  twelve 
or  sixteen  strong  spines-.— Fin-spine,  n.  A 
spine-shaped  ray  in  the  fin  of  a  fish. — Fin- 
spined,  a.  Having  spiny  fins;  acanthop- 
terygious. 

Finable.    Under  Fine,  a.  and  n. 

Final,  fi'nal,  a.  [L.  finalis,  from  finis,  end; 
seen  also  in  fine,  adj.  and  noun,  confine, 
define,  affinity,  finance,  finish,  &c.]  Per- 
taining to-  the  end  or  conclusion ;  last ; 
ultimate ;  conclusive ;  decisive ;  respecting 
a  purpose  or  ultimate  erid  in  view  {a,  final 
cause).  —  Finale,  fe-na'la,'n.  [It.]  Mus. 
the  last  part  of  a  concerted  piece,  sonata,, 
symphony,  or  opera;  hence,  the  last  part, ' 
piece,  or  scene  in  any  public  performance 
or  exhibition.  —  Finality,  fi-nal'i-ti,  n. 
The  state  of  being  final;  philos.  the  doc- 
trine that  nothing  exists  or  was  made  ex- 
cept for  a  determinate  end.— Finally,  fi'- 
nal-li,  adv.  At  the  end  or  conclusion: 
ultimately;  lastly;  completely;  beyond 
recovery. 

Finance,  fi-nans',  n.    [Fr.,from  L.Ii.^wan- 

.  cia,  a  money  payment,  from  finare,  to  pay 
a  fine,  from  L.  finis,  in  late  sense  of  a  sum 
paid  in  final  settlement  of  a  claim.  Fine,  n.] 
The  system  or  science  of  public  revenue 
and  expenditure;  pi.  funds  in  the  public 
treasury,  or  accruing  to  it ;  public  re- 
Sources  of  money;  also  the  income  or  pecu- 
niary resources  of  individuals.  —  v.i.  To 
conduct  financial  operations. — Financial, 
fi-nan'shal,  a.  Pertaining  to  finance  or 
public  revenue;  having  to  do  with  money 
matters.  —  Financialist,  fi-nan'shal-ist,  n. 
One  skilled  in  tin-ancial  matters;  a  finan- 
cier.—Financially,  fi-nan'shal-li,  adv.  In 
relation  to  finances  or  public  funds. — 
Financier,  fi-nan'ser,  n.  One  who  is  skillecl 
in  financial  matters  or  in  the  principles 
or  system  of  public  revenue. 

Finch,  finsh,  n.  fA.  Sax.  fitic=  G.  Dan.  and 
Sw.  fink,  finke,  D.  vink;  comp.  W.  pine,  a 
finch,  Prov.  E.  and  Sc.  pink,  spink.]  The 
popular  name  given  to  a  large  family  of 
small  conirostral  singing  birds  belonging 
to  the  insessorial  order. 

Find,find,v.t. — pret.andpp./otind.  [A.  Sax. 
findan,  to  find=D.  vinden,  G'.finden,  Dan. 
finde,  Icel.  finna  [for  finda),  Goth,  finthan, 
to  find.  From  same  root  as  in  L.  peto, 
to  aim  at,  to  seek,]  To  discover;  to  gain 
first  sight  or  knowledge' of  (something 
lost);  to  recover;  to  get;  to  meet;  to  come 
or  light  upon;  to  gain,  acquire,  or  procure 
(leisure,  happiness);  to  supply,  provide,  or 
furnish  (to  find  money  for  a  purpose);  to 
catch;  to  detect;  law,  to  determine  and 
declare  by  verdict.  —  To  firid  one's  self,  to 
fare  in  regard  to  ease  of  pain,  health  or 
sickness;  to  provide  one's  necessaries  at 
one's  own  expense. — To  find  one  in  (some- 
thing), to  supply,  furnish,  or  provide  one 
with  (something). — To  find  out,  to  detect; 
to  discover,  as  something  before  unknown, 
a  mystery,  secret,  trick,  Ac. ;  to  solve.— 
To  find  fault  with,  to  censure. — v.i.  Law, 
to  give  judgment  on  the  merits  or  facts  of 
a  case. — n.  A  discovery  of  anything  valu- 
able; the  thing  found.— Findable,  fin'da- 
bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  found.  —  Finder, 
fin'd6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  finds ; 
astron.  a  smaller  telescope. attached  to  a 
larger,  for  the  purpose  of  finding  an  object 
more  readily.— Finding,  fin'ding,  n.  Dis- 
covery; that  which  is  found;  law,  th.e  re- 
turn of  a  jury  to  a  bill;  a  verdict\ 

Fine,  fin,  a.  [Vt-fin,  fine, delicate,  &c.;  G. 
fein,  D.  fijn,  Dan.  fiin,  Sw.  fin,  Icel.  finn, 
from  L.  finitus,  finished*,  perfect,  pp.  of 
finio,  to  finish,  trom  finis,  an  end.  Final.] 
Slender;  minute;  very  small;  of  very  small 


diameter;  not  coarse;  in  very  small  grains 
or  particles;  thin;  keen;  sharp;  made  of 
fine  threads  or  material;  delicate;  pure; 
of  excellent  quality;  refined;  elegant;  per- 
ceiving or  discerning  minute  beauties  or 
deformities  tflne  taste);  handsome;  beauti- 
ful; accomplished  (a  fine  gentleman);  ele- 
gant; showy;  splendid;  free  from  clouds 
or  rain;  sunshiny  (fine  weather);  finically 
or  affectedly  elegant;  aiming  too  much  at 
show  or  eflect. — Pine  at'ts,  the  arts  which 
depend  chiefly  on  the  labours  of  the  mind 
or  imagination,  generally  restricted  to  the 
imitative  arts  which  appeal  to  us  through 
the  eye,  such  as  painting  and  sculpture.— 
v.t— fined,  fining.  To  refine;  to  purify;  to 
free  from  foreign  matter.— Finable,  fi'na- 
bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  refined  or  purified. 
—Finer,  fi'ner,  n.  One  who  refines  or 
purifies.  [O.T.j  — Fining,  fi'ning,  n.  The 
process  of  refining  or  purifying;  the  clari- 
fying of  wines,  malt  liquors,  &c.;  the  pre- 
paration used  to  fine  or  clarify.  —  Fining- 
pot,  n.  A  vessel  in  which  metals  are  re- 
fined.—Finedraw,'  fin'dra,  v.t.  To  sew  up 
with  so  much  nicety  that  the  rent  is  not 
perceived. — Finedrawn,  fin'dran,a.  Drawn 
out  to  too  great  a  degree  of  fineness  or 
tenuity;  drawn  out  with  too  much  subtle- 
ty.—Fine-flngered,  a.  Nice  in  workman- 
ship ;  dexterous  at  fine  work.  —  Finely, 
fin'li,  adv.  In  a  fine  or  finished  manner; 
admirably;  beautifully;  delicately. — Fine- 
ness, fin'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  fine.— Finery,  fi'n^r-i,  n.  Fineness; 
ornament;  showy  or  excessive  decoration; 
the  forge  in  iron-works  at  which  the  iron 
is  hammered  into  what  is  called  a  bloom 
or  square  bar. — Flnespoken,  fin'8j)o-kn,  a. 
Using  fiiie  phrases.  —  Finespun,  fin'spun, 
a.  Drawn  to  a  fine  thread;  minute;  hence, 
over-refined;  over-elaborated;  subtile. 

Fine,  fin,  n.  [From  L.  finis,  an  end,  and  irf 
later  times  and  in  a  feudal  sense,  a  final 
settlement  of  a  claim  by  composition  or 
agreement.  Financk,  Final.]  A  payment 
■of  money  imposediupon  a  person  as  a  pun- 
ishment for  an  offioee.—in  fine,  in  conclu- 
sion ;  to  conclude ;  to  sum  up  a.l\.—v.t. — 
fined,  fining. .  To  set  a  fine  on  by  judgment 
of  a  court ;  to  punish  by  fine.  —  Finable, 
fi'na-bl,  a.  Admitting  of  a  fine;  capable 
of  being  subjected  to  a  fine  or  penalty. 

Tinesse.  fi-nes',  n.  [Pr.-,  lit.  fineness.]  Ar- 
tifice; stratagem;  subtlety  of  contrivance 
to  gain  a  point.— v.i.  To  use  finesse. 

Flngent,t  fin'jent,  a.  [L.  fingo,  to  make,  to 
form.  Feign.]  Making;  forming;  fash- 
ioning. 

Finger,  fing'gfir,  n.  [  A.  Sax.  finger  =  D. 
vinger,  G.  Sw.  and  Da.n. finger,  Goth.figgrs; 
same  root  as  in  fang.]  One  of  the  five  ex- 
treme members  of  the  hand  or  any  of  them 
but  the  thumb;  a  digit;  something  resem- 
bling or  serving  the  purpose  of  a  finger ; 
an  index. —  To  have  a  finger  in,  to  be  con- 
cerned in. — To  have  at  one's  finger  ends,  to 
be  quite  familiar  with;  to  be  able  to  make 
available  readily.— 1).<.  To  touch  with  the 
fingers;  to  handle;  to  toy  or  meddle  with; 
to  touch  or  take  thievishly;  to  apply 
the  fingers  to  in  order  to  produce  musi- 
cal effects.  —  v.t.  To  use  the  fingers  in 
playing  on  an  instrument. — Flnger-oipha- 
bet,  n.  Certain  positions  and  motions  of 
the  hands  and  fingers  answering  to  the 
common  written  alphabet,  and  used  by 
deaf-mutes.— Finger-and-toe,  n.  A  disease 
in  turnips.— Finger-board,  n.  The  board 
at  the  neck  of  a  violin,  guitar,  or  the  like, 
where  the  fingers  act  on  the  strings;  also 
the  whole  range  of  keys  of  a  piano,  organ, 
&c.;  a  key-board.— Fingered,  fing'gSrd,  pp. 
or  a.  Having  fingers;  bot.  digitate;  having 
leaflets  like  fingers;  mus.  touched  or  played 
on;  produced  by  pressing  the  fljager  on  a 
particular  key,  string,  or  hole.— Fingerer, 
fing'gfer-er,  n.  One  who  fingers  or  handles; 
a  pilferer. -^Finger-glass,  n.  A  glass  intro- 
duced at'table  in  which  to  rinse  the  fingers 
after  dinner.  —  Fingering,  fing'ger-ing,  n. 
The  act  of  touching  lightly  or  handling; 
mus.  the  management  of  the  fingers  in 
playing  on  an  instrument  of  music;  the 
marking  of  the  notes  of  a  piece  of  music 
to 'guide  the  fingers  in  playing;  a  thick 
loose  worsted  used  for  knitting  stockings. 
— Finger-plate,  n.    A  plate  of  metal  or 


gorcelain  on  the  edge  of  a  door  where  the 
andle  is.— Flnger-poat,  n.  A  post  set  up 
for  the  direction  of  travellers,  generally 
where  roads  cross  or  divide.— Finger-stall, 
n.  A  cover  of  leather,  &c.,  for  protection 
of  a  finger  when  injured. 

Finial,  fin'i-al,  n.  [From  L.  finio,  to  finish. 
Final.]  Arch,  the  ornamental  termina- 
tion of  a  pinnacle,  canopy,  gable,  or  the 
like. 

Finical,  fin'i-ial,  a.  [Prom  fine.]  Affecting 
great  nicety  or  elegance;  ovemice;  unduly 
particular  about  trifles.  —  Finicality,  fin- 
i-kal'i-ti,  n.  State  of  being  finical;  some- 
thing finical.— Finically,  Sn'i-kal-li,  adv. 
In  a  finical  manner.  —  Finicalness,  fin'i- 
kal-nes,  n.  Quality  of  being  finical. — 
Finicking,  Finikin,  fln'i-king,  fin'i-kin,  o. 
[Equivalent  to  finical.]  Precise  in  trifles; 
lAly  busy. 

Finis,  fi'nis,  n.  [L.]  An  end ;  condlusion : 
often  placed  at  the  end  of  a  book. 

Finish,  fin'ish,  v.t.  [Ft.  finir,vpi.  finissant, 
from  li.  finio,  finitum,  to  finish,  from  finis, 
end.  FiNAL.J  To  bring  to  an  end;  to  make 
an  end  of ;  to  arrive  at  the  end  of ;  to  be- 
stow the  last  required  labour  upon;  toper- 
feet;  to  polish  to  a  high  degree;  to  elabo- 
rate carefully. — v.i.  To  come  to  an  end;  to 
terminate;  to  expire.-«-n.  The  last  touch 
to  a  work ;  polish ;  careful  elaboration. — 
Finished,  nu'isht,  p.  and  a.  Polished  to 
the  highest  degree  of  excellence;  complete; 
perfect.— Finisher,  fin'ish-fer,  n.  One  who 
finishes,  puts  an  end  to,  completes,  or  per- 
fects; something  that  gives  the  finishing 
touch  to  or  settles  anything  (colloq.). 

Finite,  fi'nit,  a.  [L.  finitus,  from  finio,  to 
finish,  from  ^m«,  limit.  Final.]  Having 
a  limit;  limited;  bounded:  opposed  to  in- 
finite; gram,  a  term  applied  to  those  moods 
f  of  a  verb  which  are  limited  by  number 
and  person,  as  the  indicative,  subjunctive, 
and  imperative.  —  Finitely,  fi'nit-li,  adv. 
In  a  finite  manner;  limitedly;  to  a  certain 
degree  only. ^Finiteness,  fi'nit-nes,  n. 
St^te  of  being  finite— Finitude,  fin'i-tad, 
n.    State  of  being  finite;  limitation.  ' 

Finn,  fin,  n.  A  native  of  Finland,  or  person 
of  the  same  race.— Finnish,  fin'ish,  a.  Re- 
lating to  the  Finns  or  Finland.  —  n.  A 
language,  allied  to  the  Turkish  and  Hun- 
garian, spoken  by  the  Finns. 

Fiord,  Fjord,  fyord,  ri.  [Dan.  fiord;  Icel. 
fjOrthr.  Firth.]  An  inlet  from  the  sea, 
usually  long,  narrow,  and  very  irregularly 
shaped,  such  as  are  common  on  the  coast 
of  Norway. 

Fir,  f6r,  n.  [A.  Sax.  /«rA=Icel.  Sw.  ftira, 
Dan.  fyr,  fyrre,  G.  fiihre.  Fir  represents 
an  ancient  word,  which  appears  in  L.  as 
quercus,  an  oak,  and  probably  meant  ori- 
ginally tree  in  general.]  A  general  name 
for  several  species  of  coniferous  trees,  some- 
times used  as  co-extensive  with  the  term 
pine  (Pinus),  but  often  restricted  to  trees 
of  the  section  Abies,  which  differ  from  the 
true  pines  in  their  leaves  growing  singly 
on  the  stem,  and  the  scales  of  the  cones  be- 
ing smooth,  round,  and  thin.— Firry,  ffir'i, 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  firs ;  consi'sting  of 
fir;  abounding  in  firs. 

Fire,  fir,  n.  [A.  Sax.  /|fr=Icel.  f^;  Dan. 
and  Sw.  fj/r,  G.  fever,  fire ;  cog.  6r.  pyr, 
fire;  allied  to  Skr.  pu,  to  purify,  as  fire  is 
the  great  purifying  element.]  The  evolu- 
tion of  heat  and  light  during  combustion; 
fuel  in  combustion;  the  burning  of  a  house 
or  town;  a  conflagration;  the  discharge  of 
a  number  of  firearms ;  a  spark  from  hot 
iron  accidentally  lodged  in  the  eye;  light; 
lustre;  splendour;  ardour  of  passion, 
whether  of  love,  hate,  anger,  &c.;  consum- 
ing violence  of  temper;  liveliness  of  imagi- 
nation; vigour  of  fancy;  animation;  viva- 
city; force  of  sentiment  or  expression.— On 
fire,  ignited,  burning;  hence,  fig.  eager;  ar* 

_  dent. — St.  Anthony's  fire,  erysipelas. — v.t. — 

'fired,  firing.  To  set  on  fire;  to  kindle;  to 
inflame  or  irritate;  to  animate;  to  give  life 
or  spirit  to ;  to  cause  to  explode ;  to  dis- 
charge (a  gun,  a  shot). — v.i.  To  take  fire;  to 
be  irritated  or  inflamed  with  passion;  to 
discharge  artillery  or  firearms.  —  To  fire 
away,  to  begin;  to  go  on.  [Colloq.]— To /re 
up,  to  become  irritated  or  angry;  to  fly 
into  a  passion.  [Colloq.] — Fiery,  fi'6r-i,  a- 
Consisting  of  fire;  burning;  flaming;  blaz- 


ch, cftainj  — .<cfti,Sc.  locft;     e,go;     j.job;     D,.Fr.  tonj'^'^Jig,  Bingj*\.stH,  <Aen;  th, <Ain;   xw.  wig} '--■ffli,  wAig;     zb, a£iire> 


PIRE 


268 


PISSILE 


5ng;  highly  inflammable;  hot;  ardent; 
vehement;  impetuous;  passionate;  irrit- 
able ;  fierce ;  like  fire ;  bright ;  glaring.  — 
Fieri/  cross,  a  Light  -wooden  Tross,  the  ex- 
tremities of  which  were  set  fire  to  and  then 
extinguished  in  blood;  used  in  ancient 
times  in  Scotland  as  a  signal  to  assemble 
under  arms.— Fierily,  fi'6r-i-li,  cudv.  In  a 
fiery  manner.— FIerliess,fi'rt-i-nes,n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  fiery.  —  Firelcss, 
fir'les,  n.  Destitute  of  fire.— Firer,  fi'rSr,' 
n.  One  who  firea  or  sets  on  fire.  —  Firing, 
fi'ring,  n.  The  act  of  discharging  fire- 
arms; a  setting  on  fire;  material  for  burn- 
ing; fuel.— Fire-alarm,  n.  An  apparatus 
for  instantaneously  communicating  infor- 
mation of  fire,  as  by  telegraphic  signal. — 
Firearm,  fir' arm,  n.  A  weapon  whose 
charge  is  expelled  by  the  combustion  of 
powder,  as  cannon,  pistols,  muskets,  &c. 
—Fireball,  fir'bal,  n.  A  ball  filled  with 
combustibles  to  be  thrown  among  enemies; 
a  meteor  having  the  appearance  of  a  glo- 
bular mass  of  light.— Fire-balloon,  n.  A 
balloon  sent  up  through  the  buoyancy  of 
air  rarefied  by  means  of  a  fire  in  connec- 
tion with  it.— Fire-blast,  n.  A  disease  in 
hops,  in  which  they  appear  as  if  burned  by 
fire.— Fire-box,n.  The  box  (generally  made 
of  copper)  in  which  the  fire  in  a  locomo- 
tive is  placed.  —  Firebrand,  fir'brand,  n. 
A  piece  of  wood  kindled;  an  incendiary; 
one  who  inflames  factions,  or  causes  con- 
tention and  mischief.  —  Fie-brici;,  n.  A 
brick  of  «lay  that  will  sustain  intense  heat 
without  fusion.— Fire-brigade,  n.  A  body 
of  firemen  organized  to  work  in  extinguish- 
ing fires  in  towns.  —  Fire-bucket,  n.  A 
bucket  to  convey  water  for  extinguishing 
fire.— Fire-clay,  n.  A  kind  of  clay  capable 
of  sustaining  intense  heat,  and  used  in 
making  fire-bricks,  gas-retorts,  crucibles, 
&c. — Fire-cock,  n.  A  cock  to  let  out  water 
for  extinguishing  fire. — Fire -damp,  n. 
Light  carburetted  hydrogen  gae,  some- 
times very  abundantly  evolved  m  coal- 
mines, and  productive  of  the  most  dread- 
ful results  when  brought  into  contact  with 
a  naked  flame,  being  highly  explosive. — 
Fire-dog,  n.  An  andiron.— Fire-eater,  n.  A 
juggler  who  pretends  to  eat  fire;  a  fighting 
character  or  duellist.— Fire-engine,  n.  An 
engine,  acting  on  the  force-pump  prin- 
ciple, for  throwing  jets  of  water  to  ex- 
tinguish fire  and  save  buildings. — Fire-es- 
cape, n.  An  apparatus  for  escaping  from 
the  upper  part  of  a  building  when  on  fire; 
a  common  form  consisting  of  an  arrange- 
ment of  long  ladders  ciipable  of  being 
drawn  out  after  the  manner  of  a  telescope. 
— Fire-fiaire,  n.  A  fish;  a  British  species  of 
sting-hiy.— Firefly,fir'fli,n.  A  name  for  any 
winged  insect  which  possesses  much  lumi- 
nosity.—Fire-guard,  n.  A  framework  of 
iron  wire,  to  be  placed  in  front  of  a  fire- 
place to  protect  against  fire  —  Fire-irons, 
n.  pi.  Poker,  tongs,  and  shovel.  —  Fire- 
light, Fire-lighter,  n.  A  composition  of 
very  inflammable  material,  as  pitch  and 
sawdust,  for  lighting  fires. — Firelock,  fir'- 
lok,  n.  A  musket  or  other  gun  with  a  lock 
furnished  with  a  flint  and  steel.  —  Fir»- 
jnain,n.  A  pipe  for  water.tobe  employed  in 
case  of  conflagration.— Fireman,  fipman, 
n.  A  man  whose  business  is  to  extinguish 
fires  in  towns;  a  member  of  a  fire-brigade; 
a  man  employed  in  tending  fire's,  as  of  a 
steam-engine.  —  Fire-new,  a.  Fresh  from 
the  forge;  bran-new.  [Shak.']  —  Fire-pan, 
n.  A  pan'for  'holding  or  conveying  fire. — 
Fireplace,  fir'plSB,  n.  The  lower  part  of  a 
chimney  which  opens  into  an  apartment, 
and  in  which  fuel  is  burned;  a  hearth. — 
Fire-plug,  n.  A  plug  for  drawing  water 
from  the  pipes  in  the  street  to  extinguish 
fire.  —  Fire-pot,  n.  A  small  earthen  pot 
filled  with  combustibles,  used  in  military 
operations.- Fireproof,  fir'prOf ,  a.  Proof 
against  fire ;  incombustible;  rendered  in- 
combustible by  some  process. — Fire-rais- 
ing, n.  The  name  given  in  Scotland  to  the 
crime  of  arson. — Fire-screen,  n.  A  kind  of 
jnovable  screen  placed  before  a  fire  to  in- 
itercept  the  heat.— Fire-ship,  n.  A  vessel 
filled  with  combustibles  to  be  set  on  fire 
ifor  burning  an  enemy's  ships. — Fireside, 
tfir'sid,  n.  The  side  of  the  fireplace;  the 
bearth;  home:  often  used  adject' vely. — 


Firestone,  fir'ston,  n.  Any  kind  of  stone 
which  resists  the  action  of  fire.— Fire-weed, 
n.  A  North  American  plant  which  ap- 
pears abundantly  on  land  over  which  a 
fire  has  passed.  —  Firewood,  fir'wud,  n. 
AVood  for  fuel.— Firework,  fir'werk.'n.  A 
preparation  of  gunpowder,  sulphur,  and 
other  inflammable  materials  to  be  let  off 
for  the  purpose  of  making  a  show.— Plre- 
worship,Ti.  The  wor8hii)of  fire,  the  highest 
type  being  the  adoration  of  the  sun,  a 
species  of  worship  practised  by  the  ancient 
Persians  or  Magians,and  continued  by  the 
modem  Parsees. — Fire-worshippor,  n.  A 
worshipper  of  fire;  a  Guebre  or  Parsee. 

Firkin,  fer'kin,  n.  [From  /our,  with  dim. 
suffix  -kin,  being  the  fourth  of  a  barrel.] 
An  old  measure  of  capacity  equal  to  7i 
gallons;  a  small  wooden  vessel  or  caslj. 

Firlot,  ffer'lot,  n.  [From  four,  and  lot, 
part.]  A  former  dry  measure  used  in . 
Scotland  equal  to  the  fourth  part  of  a  boll. 

Firm,  ferm,  a.  [li.  Jirmus,  firm,  seen  also 
in  affirm,  confirm,  firmament,  fai"m.'\ 
Closely  compressed;  compact;  hard;  solid; 
fixed;  steady;  constant;  stable;  unsha- 
ken in  purpose  or  will;  resolute  in  mind; 
not  easily  moved;  not  giving  way. — n. 
lOriginafly  a  signature  by  which  a  writ- 
ing was  fimxed  or  rendered  valid.]  A 
partnership  or  association  of  two  or  more 
persons  for  carrying  on  a  business;  a  com- 
mercial house;  the  name  or  title  under 
which  a  company  transact  business. — v.t. 
To  make  firm  or  solid;  to  solidify. — v.i.  To 
become  firm  or  solid.  —  Firmly,  fferm'li, 
adv.  (In  a  fiarm  manner. — Firmness, fferm'- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
firm:  compactness;  solidity;  stability; 
steadfastness ;  resolution.  —  Firmament, 
fer'ma-ment,  n.  CL.  firmamentum,  from 
fijrmo,  firmaium,  to  make  firm.]  The  re- 
gion of  the  air;  the  sky  or' heavens. 

Firman,  f^r'man  or  ffer-man',  «.  [Per.  fer- 
mAn,  farmdn,  a  decree].  A  decrefe,  order, 
or  grant  of  an  Oriental  sovereign,  as  of 
Turkey,  &c.,  issued  for  various  special 
purposes;  a  license  or  grant  of  privileges. 

First,  fferst,  a.  [A  superlative,  of  which 
fore  may  b§  regarded  as  the  positive.  A. 
Sax.  fyrst,  first,  most  to  the  fore.  Fore.] 
The  ordinal  of  one;  preceding  all  others 
in  a  series;  advanced  before  or  further 
than  any  other  in  progression;  foremost 
in  place;  preceding  all  others  in  time, 
rank,  dignity,  or  excellence.  —  f'trsMoor, 
the  floor  or  story  of  a  house  next  above 
the  ground-floor.— ady.  Before  all  others 
in  place,  progression,  rank,  order  of  time, 
&c. — At  first,  at  the  first,  at  the  beginning 
or  origin.  —  First  and  last,  within  the 
whole  time  or  period;  altogether. — First 
or  last,  at  one  time  or  another.— Firstling, 
f^rst'ling,  n.  The  first  produce  or  off- 
spring of  a  beast.  —  Firstly,  ferst'li,  ctdv. 
In  the  first  place;  first.— First-bom,  a. 
First  brought  forth;  eldest.— First-class, 
a.  First-rate;  of  the  highest  excellence  or 
quality.  [Colloq.]— FirSt-fruit,  First-fruits, 
n.  The  fruit  or  produce  &cst  matured 
and  collected  in  any  season;  the  first  pro- 
fits of  anything;  the  first  or  earliest  effect 
of  anythine,  in  a  good  or  bad  sense.— First- 
band,  a.  Obtained  direct  from  the  first 
source;  obtained  direct  from  the  producer, 
maker,  &c.—At  first-hand,  directly;  with- 
out the  intervention  of  an  agent. — Ilrst- 
rate,  a.  Of  the  first  class  or  rate;  of  the 
highest  excellence.— n.  A  war-ship  of  the 
first  or  most  powerful  class.— First-water, 
n.  The  first  or  highest  quality;  purest 
lustre:  applied  principally  to  diamonds 
and  pearls. 

Firth,  f6rth,  n.  [From  Icel.  fjorthr,  Dan. 
fiard,  N.  fiord,  a  firth;  same  root  as  fare, 
ferry.]  A  name  given  to  several  estuaries 
or  bays  into  which  rivers  discharge  them- 
selves in  Scotland;  a  channel  or  arm  of 
the  sea  (the  Pentland  Firth):  written  also 

,  F-rith. 

FiscaJ.  fisTial,  a.  [From  L.  fiscus,  the  state 
treasury.]  Pertaining  to  the  public  trea- 
sury or  revenue.— n.  In  Scotland  a  col- 
loquial abbreviation  of  Procurator-fiscal 
(which  see). 

Tiebj  fish,  n.  pi.  Fishes,  fish'ez,  instead  of 
which  the  sing,  is  often  used  collectively. 
[A.  Sax.  jJ«c  =  Icel.  fisJcr,  Dan.  and  Sw. 


fisJc,  D.  triscft,  G.  fisch,  Goth,  fi^ks;  cog.  L. 
piscis,  Vf.  pysg,  Gael,  and  Ix.  iasg,  fish. 
A  vertebrate  animal  that  lives  in  water, 

'breathes  by  gills,  and  has  cold  blood,  with 
limbs  in  the  form  of  fins;  popularly  applied 
also  to  whales  and  various  other  marine 
animals;  a  contemptuous  or  familiar  tetm 
for  a  person  (in  such  phrases  as,  a  queer 
or  strange  fi^h;  a  loose  fish);  the  fiesh  of 
fish  used  as  food;  naut.  a  purchase  used  to 
raise  the  flukes  of  an  anchor  up  to  the 
gunwale.— A'eitherfl,esh  nor  fish,  neither  one 
thing  nor  another;  having  no  decided 
characterorqualities;nondescript.— u.t.  To 
employ  one's  self  in  catching  fish;  to  en- 
deavour to  take  fish  by  a  rod  and  line  or 
other  means;  to  seek  to  obtain  by  artifice, 
or  indirectly  (to  fish  for  compliments). — 
v.t.  To  catch  or  attempt  to  catch  fish ;  to 
draw  out  or  up,  especisuly  when  in  water; 
to  search  by  dragging,  raking,  or  sweep- 
ing; to  strengthen  or  unite  by  a  piece  that 
extends  on  both  sides  of  a  joint  or  a  crack. 
—Fish-beam,  n.  A  beam  which  bellies 
out  usually  on  the  under  side —Fish-car- 
ver, n.  A  broad  knife,  generally  of  silver, 
for  carving  fish  at  table;  a  fish-sUce.— 
Fisher,  fish'fer,  n.  One  who  fishes;  one 
employed  in  catching  fish.  —  Fisherman, 
fish'er-man,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is 
to  catch  fish.— Fishery,  fish'er-i,  n.  The 
business  of  catching  fish;  a  place  where 
fish  are  regularly  caught,  or  other  pro- 
ducts of  the  sea  or  rivers  are  taken  from 
the  water.  —  Fish-fag,  n.  A  woman  who 
sells  fish;  a  fishwife.— Fish-garth,  n.  A 
garth  or  weir  for  the  taking  and  retaining 
of  fish.— Fishgig,  Fizgig,  fish'gig,  fiz'gig,  n, 
[From  .^sA,  and  gig,  a  dart.J  A  kind  of 
harpoon.— Fish-glue,  n.  Isinglass.— Fish- 
gnano,  n.  Fish  or  fish-offal  dried  and  used 
as  manure.  —  Fish-hook,  n.  A  hook  for 
catching  fish.— Fishiness,fish'i-nes,n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  fishy.— Fishing, 
fish'ing,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  catch- 
ing fish.— a.  Used  or  employed  in  fisheiy 
or  by  fishermen.- Fishing-frog,  n.  A  fish, 
the  angler.— Fishing-rod,  n.  A  long  slen- 
der rod  to  which  a  line  is  fastened  for 
angling.— Fish-joint,  n.  A  railway  con- 
trivance for  connectmg  two  rails  meeting 
end  to  end.— Fish-kettle,  n.  A  kettle  made 
long  for  boiling  fish  whole.— Fish-knife,  n. 
A  fish-carver  or  fish-slice. — Fish-louse,  n. 
A  name  for  several  crustaceans  parasitic 
on  fishes.— Fishmonger,  fish'mung-gfer,  n. 
A  seller  of  fish;  a  dealer  in  fish.— Fish-oil, 
n.  Oil  obtained  from  the  bodies  of  fishes, 
whales,  porpoises,  &c. — Fish-plate,  n.  One 
of  the  plates  composing  a  fiih-joint  in  a 
rail, — Fish-salesman, n.  One  who  receives 
consignments  of  fish  for  sale,  peuerally  by 
auction,  to  retail  dealers. — Fish-sauce,  n. 
Sauce  to  be  eaten  with  fish.— Fish-slice,  n. 
Same  as  Fish-carver.  —  Fish-strainer,  n. 
A  utensil  to  drain  the  water  from  cooked 
fish.— Fishtail,  fish'tal,  a.  Shaped  like  a 
fish's  ta.il.— Fishtail  burner,  a  gas-burner 
whoso  jet  takes  the  form  of  a  fish's  tail. 
—Fish-torpedo,  n.  A  kind  of  torpedo  or 
explosive  apparatus  for  use  under  water, 
self-propelling  and  shaped,  like  a  fish. — 
Fishwife,  Fishwoman,  fish'wif,  fish'wu- 
man,  n.  A  woman  who  hawks  or  retails 
fish.  -Fishy,  fish'i,  a.  Pertaining  to  fishes; 
consisting  of  fish;  inhabited  by  fish;  hav- 
ing the  qualities  of  fish;  as  a  slang  term, 
worn  out,  as  if  by  dissipation;  seedy:  ap- 
plied to  persons;  equivocal ;  unsafe ;  un- 
sound: applied  to  a  project  or  speculation. 

Fish,  fish,  n.  [Fr.'fiche,  a  dibble,  a  peg  to 
mark  distances.]  A  counter  used  in  vari- 
ous games. 

Fissile,  fis'sil,  a.  [L.  fissHis,  from  findo, 
fiAsvim,  to  split  or  cleave,  whence  also  fis- 
sure, the  iroot  being  same  as  in  E.  6iteJ 
Capable  of  being  split  in  the  direction  of 
the  grain  (like  wood),  or  in  certain  planes; 
readily  splitting  in  flakes  or  plates.— 
Flssllity,  fis-sil'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing fissile.  —  Fission,  fish 'on,  n.  [L.  .^s- 
eio.]  The  act  of  cleaving,  splitting,  or 
breaking  up  into  parts:  biol.  a  species  of 
reproduction  or  multiplication  by  means 
of  a  process  cf  self-division  seen  in  ani- 
mals of  a  low  type,  the  body  becoming 
divided  into  two  parts,  each  of  which  then 
becomes  a  separate  and  independent  in- 


Fate,  fitr  fat.  fall;     me,  met,  her,     pinajjinj     note,  not,  mavej,     tube,  tub,  b\5ll;     oil,  pound;     U,  So.  abune— the  Fr.  «- 


FISSIROSTRAL 


269 


FLAIIBEAU 


dividual. —Fissipariam,  Fisslparlty,  fis- 
sip'ar-izm,  fifi-si-part-ti, «.  [li.Jiasus,  Bpl\t, 
and  pario,  to  produce.]  Kejaoduction 
by  fission.  —  Fissiparons,  fis-sip'a-rus,  a. 
Reproducing  by  msion  or  spontaneous 
division.  —  Fissiparousay,  fis-sip'arrus-li, 
adv.    In  a  fissiparous  manner. 

Flssirostral,  fis-si-ros'tral,  a.  [L.  findo,fi8' 
irum,  to  divide,  and  rostrum,  a  beak.]  Be- 
longing to  the  Fissirostres  (fis-si-ros'trez),' 
a  sub-order  of  insessorial  birds  character- 
ized by  a  deeply-cleft  bill,  as  swallows, 
{joat-suckers,  &c.,  in  which  the  gape  is  ex- 
tended beneath  the  eyes. 

Fissure,  gsh'ur,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  fissvra, 
from  .^mo,  to  split.  Fissile.]  A  cleft;  a 
crack;  a  narrow  chasm  made  oy  the  part- 
ing of  any  substance;  a  longitudinal  open- 
ing.— v.t.—JiS8ured,  fissMring.  To  cleave 
or  make  a  fissure  in;  to  crack  or  fracture. 

Flat,  fist,  n.  [A.  Sax.  fygt=Or.  faust,  D. 
vuist,  Rus.  Tpjast;  same  root  as  L.  pugnus, 
Gr.  pygme,  the  fist.]  The  hancP clenched; 
the  hand  with  the  fingers  doubled  into 
the  palm. — v.t.  To  strike  or  gripe  with  tha 
fist.  [SAafc.]— Fistic,  fis'tik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  boxing;  pugilistic— FisticuSs,  fis'- 
ti-kufs,  n.  pi.  Blows  or  a  combat  with 
the  fist.  —  Flsty,  fis'ti,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  fist  or  fists,  or  to-pugilism;  fistic. 

Fistula,  ^'ta-la,  n.  [L.,  a  pipe]  A  musi- 
cal pipe;  »urg.  a  channel  excavated  be- 
tween an  internal  part  (as  the  rectum) 
and  the  sldjc-surf  ace,  showing  no  tendency 
to  heal,  and  generally  arising  from  ab- 
scesses. —  Fistulaj",  fis'tQ-lfer,  a.  Hollow, 
like  a  pipe  or  reed.— Fistulose,  Fiattdous, 
fls'ta-los,  fis'tQ-luSj^a.  Formed  like  a  fis- 
tula; fistular. 

Pit,  nt,  Ji.  [Of  doubtful  origin;  comp.  A. 
Sax.  Jit,  fltt,  a  song,  a  struggle,  Icel.  /et;  a 
pace,  a  step.l  A  sudden  effort,  activity, 
or  motion  lollowed  by  an  interval"  of  re- 
laxation; a  temporary  but  violent  mental 
affection  or  attack;  a  paroxysm;  a  tempor- 
ary attack  of  a  disease  or  pain;  particularly 
a  sudden  and  violent  attack,  aocompajaied 
with  convulsions  aid  loas  of  consciousness, 
as  in  hysteria,  apoplexy,  &c.— Fitful,  fif- 
ful,  n.  Full  of  fits;  varied  by  paroxysms; 
spasmodic ;  varied  by  events ;  chequered. 
— FitftUly,  fit'fiir-11,  adv.  In  a  fitful  man- 
ner; by  fits;' at  intervals.— FitfsUness,  fit'- 
ful-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  fitful;  im- 
pitdsiveness;  waywardness. 

nt,  fit,  a.    [AUied  to  Icel.  Mia,  to  knit  to- 

f  ether,  Goth.  /ei!;an,  to  arrange,  to  adorn, 
1.  fettle;  or  equivalent  to  feat  (adj.),  O.Fr. 
feit.  It.  factum,  made.]  Conformable  to  a 
standard  of  right,  duty,  taste.or  propriety; 
of  suitable  kind;  meet;  becoming;  appro- 
priate; adapted  to  an  end,  object,  or  design; 
suitable;  qualified;  competent;  prepared; 
ready.— v.t.— yitted,  fitting.  To  make  fit  or 
suitable;  to/bring  iuto  some  required  form; 
to  adapt;  to  suit;  to  furnish  or  accommo- 
date with  anything;  to  prepare;  to  put  in 
order  for;  to  qualify;  to  be  properly  fitted 
for  or  adjusted  to;  to  suit;  to  become. — To 
fit  out,  to  furnish;  to  equip;  to  supply  with 
necessaries  or  means. — Tofitup,  to  furnish 
(ahouse,&c.)  with  things  suitaole;  to  make 
proper  for  the  reception  or  use  of  any  per- 
son.— v.i.  To  be  proper  or  becoming;  to  be 
adjusted  to  the  shape  intended;  to  suit  or 
be  suitable;  to  be  adapted.  —  n.  Nice  ad- 
justment; adaptation.  —  Fitly,  fit'U,  adv. 
In  a  fit  manner;  suitably;  properly.— Fit- 
ness, fit'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
I  being  fit;  suitableness;  adaptation;  pre- 
;  paration;  qualification.  —  Ilttedness,  fit'- 
'ed-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  fitted.— 
Fitter,  fit'6r,  n.  One  who  fits;  one  who 
puts  the  parts  of  machinery  together.— 
Fitting,  fifing,  a.  Fit  or  appropriate; 
'  suitable;  proper. — n.  Something  fitted  on 
or  attached  as  subsidiary  to  another  thing. 
—Fittingly,  flt'ing-U,  adv.  In  a  fitting 
manner;  suitably.  ^ 

Fitch,-  fich,  n.  [vetch.]  X  chick-pea;  a 
vetch ;  a  kind  of  cummin ;  also  a  kind  of 
bearded  wheat  or  spelt.  [O.T.]  - 
Fitch,  fich,  n.  [O.D.  vitsche,  O.Fr.  fissau,  a 
pole-cat;  akin /oisi.]  The  pole-cat ;  also 
lits  f  ur.  —  Fttchet,  Fitcheu,  fich'et,  fich'a, 
n.-    The  pole-cat.  ^ 

Five,  fiv,  a.  [A.  Sax.  /i/=Goth.  fimf,  Icel. 
fimm,  Sw.  and  Dan.  fern,  D.  vijf,  G.  fiinf. 


Lith.  penki,  "W.  pump,  Gael,  coig,  L.  min- 
me,  Gr.  pempe,  petite,  Skr.  panchan — five.] 
Four  and  one  added;  the  half  of  ten. — n. 
The.  number  which  consists  of  four  and 
one;  the  number  of  the  fingers  and  thumb 
of  one  hand;  a  symbol  representing  this 
number.— Fivefold,  fiv'f Old,  a.  Consisting 
of  five  in  one;  five  times  repeated;  in  fives. 
—Fives,  fivz,  n.  A  kind  of  play  with  a 
ball,  originally  called  hand -tennis:  bo 
named  probably  because  the  ball  is  struck 
with  the  hand  or  ^we  fingers. 
Fix,  fiks,  v.t.  [Fr.  fixer,  from  L.  flgo,  fixum, 
to  fasten,  seen  also  in  affix,  prefix,  avMx.] 
To  make  stable,  firm,  or  fast;  to  set  or  place 
permanently;  to  establish  firmly  or  im- 
movably; to  fasten;  to  attact  firmly;  to 
direct  steadily,  as  th£  eye,  the -mind,  the 
attention,  &c.;  to  make  solid;  to  congeal; 
to  deprive  of  volatility;  to  stop  or  keep 
from  moving.  —  v.i.  To  settle '  or  remain 
perihanently;  to  caaae  from  wandering; 
to  become  finn,  so  aa  to  resist  volatiliza- 
tion; to  cease  to  flow  or  be  fluid;  to  congeal. 
— n.  A  condition  of  difficulty;  oilemma. 
[Collcq.]— Fix&ble,  fik'sa-bl,  a.  That  may 
be  fixed,  established,  or  rendered  firm. — 
Fixation,  fiik-sE'shon,  n.  The  act  of  fixing; 
that  process  by  yhich  a  gaseous  body  be- 
comes fixed  or  solid.— Fixed,  fikst,  pp.  or 
a.  Settled;  established;  firm;  lastj'stable; 
not  volatile  or  easUy  volatilized.  —  Fixed 
vile,  oils  obtained  by  simple  pressure  and 
not  readily  volatilized. — Fixed,  stars,  such 
stars  as  always  retain  the  same  apparent 
position  and  distance  with  respect  to  each 
other,  and  are  thus. distinguished  from 
planets.  —  Fixedly,  fik'sed-li,  adv.  In.  a 
fixed  manner.  —  Fixedness,  fik'sed-nes,  n. 
A  state  of  being  fixed.— Fixity,  -fik'si-ti,  n. 
State  of  beiiLj  fixed ;  fixed  character ;  fix- 
edness j  stability.  —  Fixture,  fiks'tur,  n. 
Aiiythmg  placea  in  a  firm  or  fixed  posi- 
tion; that  which  is  fiixed  to  a  building ; 
any  appendage  or  part  of  thg  furniture  of 
a  house  which  is  fixed  to  it,  as  by  nails, 

Fiz^g,  tishgig.    Under  Pish. 

Fizz,  Fizzle,  fiz,  flz'l,  v.i.  [Imitative.]  To 
make  a  hissing  sound. 

Flabby,  flab'i,  a.  [Akin  to  flap,  aUd  to  G. 
flabbe,  Sw.  flabb,  Dan.  flab,  hanging  lips.] 
Soft  and  jrielding  to  the  toucn;  easily 
moved  or  shaken;  hanging  loose  by  its 
own  weight;  flaccid:  said  especially,  of 
flesh.— Flabbily,  flab'i-U,  adv.  In  a  flabby 
manner.- Flabbiness,  flal>'i-nes,  n.  State 
of  being  flabby. 

Flabelliun,  fla-bel'lum,  n.  [L.]  A  fa:n; 
specifically,  an  ecclesiastical  fan  anciently 
used  to  drive  away  flies  from  the  chalice 
during  the  eucharist.  —  Flabellate,  Fla- 
belliform,  fla-bel'lat,  fla-bel'li-form,  a. 
Pan-shaped. 

Flaccid,  flak'sid,  o.  [L.  flaccidus,  from 
^accws/flabby;  comp.  W.  Uac,  slack,  loose; 
.  It.  fluich,  flabby.]  Soft  and  weak;  limber; 
lax;  drooping;  hanging  down  by  its  own 
weight.— Flaccidly,  flak'sid-li,  adv.  In  a 
flaccid  manner.— Flaccidness.naccidity, 
flak'sid-nes,  flak-sid'i-ti,  n.  The  state  or 
being  flaccid. 

Flag,  flag,  n.  [Not  found  in  A.  Sax.;  same 
aa  D.  vlag,  Sw.  flagg,  flagga,  Dan.  flag,  G. 
flagge,  banner;  connected  with /Zagr,  to  hang 
loose.]  Afcloth,  usually  bearing  emblems 
or  figures,  borne  on  a  staff,  and  em'ploved 
to  distinguish  one  party  or  nationality 
from  another;  a  standard  on  which  are 
certain  emblems  expressive  of  nationality, 
party,  or  opinion;  a  banner.  —  Black  flag, 
a  flag  of  a  black  colour  displayed  on  a 
piratical  vessel  as  a  sign  that  no  mercy  will 
be  shown  to  the  vanquished. —  White  flag, 
a  flag  of  truce. — Flag  of  truce,  a  white  flag 
displayed  as  an  invitation  to  the  enemy, 
to  confer,  and  in  the  meantime  as  a  noti- 
fication that  the  fighting  shall  cease. — To 
strike  or  louier  the  Jlag,  to  puU  it  down  in 
token  of  respect  or  submission.— To  Jiang 
the  flag  half  mast  high,  to  rai^e  a  flag  half- 
way to  thetc^  of  the  mast  or  staff,  as  a 
token  or  signal  of  mourning. — Flag-oiBcer, 
n.    A  general  distinguishing  title  for  an 

'  admiral  of  any  grade ;  the  commanding 
officer  of  a  squadron. — Fiag-ship,  n.  The 
ship  which  bears  the  flag-officer,  and  on 

i  which  his  flag  is  displayed.- Flag-staff,  n. 


The  staff  or  i>ole  on  which  a  flag  is  dis- 


played. 
Flag,  flag 


la,g,^a.g, v.i.— flagqed, flagging.  [Pormerly 
written  flack,  and  connected  with  Icel. 
flaka,  to  hang  loosely,  G.  flacken,  to  be- 
come languid,  O.D.  fiaggeren,  to  be  loose; 
akin  also  flicker.]  To  hang  loose  without 
stiffoess;  to-be  loose  and  yielding;  to  grow 
spiritless  or  dejected ;  to  droop ;  to  grow 
languid;  to  grow  stale  or  vapid;  to  lose  in- 
terest or  relish.  —  Flaggingly,  flag'ing-li, 
adv.    In  a  drooping  or  listless  manner. 

Flag,  flag,  n.  [From  Icel.  flaga,  a  flag,  Sw. 
flaga,  aflake  or  scale;  allied  to  li.Q.flage,  a 
flat  marshy  place,  and  Gr.  plax,  a  tablet.] 
A  flat  stone  used  for  x>siving.— v.t.— flagged, 
flagging'.  To  lay  with  flags  or  flat  stones. 
— Flag-stone,  n.  Any  fissile  sandstone  that 
Bplits  up  into  flags ;  a  large  flat  paving- 
stone;  a  flag.     ' 

Flag,  flag,  n.  [Probably  named  from  its 
broad  leaves  resembling  flags  or  standards.] 
A  popular  name  for  many  endogenous 
plants  with  sword-shaped  leaves,  mostly 
growing  in  moist  situations;  particularly 
appropriated  to  a  species  of  ins.- Flaggy, 
flag'i,  n.  Abounding  in  or  resembling 
flags. 

Flagellate,  flaj'el-lat,  v.t.  [L.  flagello,  fla- 
gellatum,  to  beat  or  whip,  from  fiagellum, 
a  whip,  scourge,  dim.  oi  fiagram,  a  whip, 
a  scourge;  akin  fiail.]  To  whip;  to  scourge. 
—Flagellant,  flaj'el-lant,  n.  One  wno 
whips  himself  ip  religious  discipline;  spe- 
cifically, one  of  a  fanatical  sect  founded 

•in  Italy  a.d.  1260,  who  maintained  that 
flagellation  was  of  equal  virtue  with  bap- 
tism and  other  sacraments.- FiagellatloB , 
flaj-el-la'shon,  n.  A  flogging ;  the  discip- 
line of  the  scourge.— Flagellifonn,  fla-jel'- 
li-form,  a.  [L.  ftagelliformis.]  Long,  nar- 
row, and  flexible,  like  the  thong  of  a  whip. 
—Fiagellum,  fla-jel'lum,  n.  pi.  Flagella, 
fla-jel'la.  jBo<.  a  runner  or  creeping  branch 

-  sent  out  from  the  bottom  of  a  stem,  as  in 
the  strawberry;  zool.  the  lash-like  appen- 
dage exhibited  by  many  infusoria. 

Flageolet;  flaj'el-et,  n.  IFr.  flageolet,  dim. 
of  O.Fr.  flajol,  from  L.L.  fiauta,  fUiutus, 
flute.  PLUTt.]  A  small  wind-instrument 
of  music,  played  by  a  mouthpiece  inserted 
in  the  bulD-shaped  head  of  the  pipe,  which 
is  holed  and  keyed  like  the  flute. 

Flagitious,  fla-jish'us,  a.  [L.  flagitiosus, 
from  fcagitium,  a  shameful  act,  from  Jfa- 
gito,  to  demand  or  urge  hotly  or  violently, 
from  root  flag,  whence  flagro,  to  bum  (aa 
in  flagrant).]  Deeply  criminal ;  grossly 
■wicked;  vicious;  abandoned;  profligate; 
heinous;  flagrant.— nagltiously,  fla-jish'- 
us-li,  adv.  In  a  flagitious  manner.— Fla- 
gitiousnesa,  fla-jish'us-nes,  n.  The  condi- 
tion or  quality  of  being  flagitious. 

Flagon,  flag'on,  n.  [FT.flacon,flaacon,  L.L. 
flasca,  a  flask.  Flask.]  A  vessel  with  a 
narrow  mouth,  used  for  holding  and  con- 
veying liquors. 

Flagrant,  fla'grant,  a.  [L.  flagrana,  fla- 
graniis,  ppr.  of  flagro,  to  bum  (seen  in 
conflagration),  the  root  being  same  as  in 
flamma,  flame,  jtapitiMW,  a  flagitious  act.] 
Flaming  into  notice;  glaring ;  notorious; 
enormous.— Flagrantly,  fla'grant-li,  adv. 
In  a  flagrant  manner.  —  Flagrancy,  fla'- 
gran-si,  n.  The  quality  of  being  flagrant; 
neinousness;  enormity. 

Flail,  flal,  n.  [O.Fr.  flml,flaiel,  fluial,  from 
L.  fiagellum,  a  whip  or  scourge,  whence 
also  flagellate.]  An  instrument  for  thrash- 
ing or  beating  grain  from  the  ear,  consist- 
ing of  the  hand-staff,  which  is  held  in  the 
hand;  the  swiple,  which  strikes  the  com; 
and  a  thong  which  connects  the  two. 

Flake,  flak,  n.  [Allied  to  Icel.  flakna,  to 
flxLke  off,  flifka,  a  flake;  E.  flag,  a  stone  for 
paving,  and  flaw;  Sw.  flaga,  a  flake.]  A 
loose  filmy  or  scale-like  mass  of  anything; 
a  scale;  a  small  fleecy  or  feathery  particle; 
a  tLock.— v.i.— flaked,  flaking.  To  break  or 
separate  in  layers;  to  peel  or  scale  off. — 
Flaky,  fla'ki,  a.  Consisting  of  flakes  or 
small  loose  masses;  lying  in  flakes  or 
layers;  flake-Uke.— Flakiness,  fla'ki-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  flaky.  —  Flake-white, 
n.  The  purest  white-lead,  a  fine  white 
pigment  in  the  form  of  scales  or  flakes. 

Flambeau,  flam  1)0,  n.  pi.  Flambeaux,  flam'- 
boz.  [Fr.,  from  fiambe,  a  blaze,  for  flamile. 


jsb,  elmui  >s.ch,  Sc.  loch;    s>  eoi    Ji  Job;    .i,  Fr.  tpn; .-  sg,  8in$r;    th,  then;  th,  thia;    w,  tcig;    wl),  v/ldgi    zb,  a«ure. 


FLAME 


270 


FLAY 


from  L.  flammula,  dim.  of  flamma,  a 
flame.]  A  flaming  torch;  a  light  made  of 
thick,  wicks  covered  with  wax  or  other  in- 
flammable material.— Flamboyant,  flam- 
boi'ant,  a.  [Fr.,  flaming.]  A  term  applied 
to  that  style  of  Gothic  architecture  whose 
chief  characteristic  is  a  wavy  flame-like 
tiacery  In  the  windows. 

Flame,  flam,  n.  [Fr. /iamnifi,  from  L./anv- 
■)na,  a  flame,  torfiagma,  from  the  root  flag, 
whence  fiagro,  to  biim,  to  blaze,  as  in  fla- 
grant, conflagration;  root  also  in  Gr.  phhgo, 
to  bum.]  A  blaze;  burning  vapour  or  gas 
rising  from  matter  in  a  state,  of  visible 
combustion;  fire  in  general;  heat  of  pas- 
sion; violent  contention;  passionate  excite- 
ment or  strife;  a  state  of  ardour;  warmth  of 
affection;  the  passion  of  love;  one  beloved. 
— v.i.— flamed,  flaming.  To  blaze;  to  send 
out  a  flame  or  blaze;  to  shine  like  burning 
gas  or  any  other  luminous  body;  to  b)eak 
out  in  violence  of  passion,— Flaming,  fla'- 
ming:,  a.  Of  a  bright  red  or  yellow  colour;' 
burning;  ardent;  violent;  vehement;  — 
Flamingly,  flalning-li,  adv.  In  a  flaming 
manner^— Flamy,  fla' mi,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
consisting  of,  or  like  flame. 

Flamen,  fla'men,  n.  [L.]  The  name  in 
ancient  Kome  for  any  priest  devote*  to 
the  service  of  ohe  particular  deity.  —  Fla- 
mineous,  Flamlnical,  fla-min'e-u8,fla-min'- 
i-kal,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  flamen. 

Flamijigo,  fla-ming'go,  n.  [Sp.  and  Pg.^a- 
menco,  from  L.  flamma,  flame,  from  its 
red  colour.]  A  web-footed  tropical  bird, 
with  long  neck  and  long  slender  legs, 
standing  from  5  to  6  feet  high,  and  having 
scarlet  plumage. 

Flanch,  flanch,  n.    Same  as  Flange. 

Flaneur,  fla-ner,  n.  IFr.,  from  fl^lner,  to 
saunter  about.]    A  lounger;  a  gossiper. 

Flange,  flanj,  n.  [Aform  of  ;?anJ;.]  A  pro- 
jecting edge  or  rim  on  any  object,  as  the 
rims  by  which  ca.st-iron  pipes  are  con- 
nected together,  or  those  round  the  wheels 
of  railway -carnages  to  keep  them  on  the 
rails.— y.t.—;Jan.(/ed,  flanging.  To  furnish 
with  a  flange;  to  make  a  flange  on. 

Flank,  flangk,  n.  [Fr.  /lane.  It.  flanco,  Sw. 
and  Dan.  jian/t,  the  flank,  ijerhaps  from*L. 
flaccus,  flabby,  flaccid,  with  n  inserted, 
being  so  named  from  the  absence  of  bone.j 
The  fleshy  or  muscular  part  of  the  side  of 
an  aitimal,  between  the  ribs  and  the  hip; 
the  side  of  anything,  particularly  the  ex- 
treme right  or  left  of  an  army,  brigade, 
regiment,  &c.,  the  outer  ships  of  a  fleet, 
or  the  place  occupied  by  such  forces;  any 
part  of  a  fortified  work  defending  another 
work  by  a  fire  along  its  face.  —  v.t.  To 
stand  or  be  at  the  flank  orside  of;  to  place 
troops  so  as  to  command  or  attack  the 
flank  of ;  to  pass  round  or  turn  the  flank 
of..— Flajiker,  flangk'^r,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  flanks;  one  employed  on  the 
flank  of  an  army. 

Flannel,  flan'el,  n.  [O.E.  and  Sc.  flannen, 
from  W.  gwlanen,  from  gxolan,  wool,  flan- 
nel being  originally  aWelsh  manufacture.] 
A  soft  nappy  woollen  cloth  of  loose  tex- 
ture, used  lor  articles  of  underclothing, 
&c.— Flannelled,  flan'eld.o.  Covered  with 
or  wrapped  in  flannel. 

Flap,  flap,  n.  [Probably  onomatopoetic. 
being  imitative  of  a  blow  with  a  pliant 
flat  surface;  flabby  is  a  kindred  form.] 
Anything  broad  and  flexible  that  hangs 
loose  or  is  attached  by  one  end  or  side  and 
easily  moved ;  a  lappet,  a  lobe,  a  skirt  or 
tail  of  a  coat;  the  motion  of  anything 
broad  and  loose,  or  a  stroke  with  it. — v.t. — 
flapped,  flapping.  To  beat  with  or  as  with 
a  flap;  to  move,  as  something  broad  or 
flap-like.  —  v.i.  To  move  as  wings,  or  as 
something  broad  or  loose;  to  wave  loosely 
or  flutter.  —  Flap-dragon,  n.  A  play  in 
which  the  players  snatch  raisins  out  of 
burning  brandy ;  snap-dragon.  —  Flap- 
eared,  a.  Having  broad  loose  ears.  [Shak.] 
—Flap-jack,  n.  A  sort  of  broad  flat  pan- 
cake ;  a  fried  cake ;  an  apple-pufF. — Flap- 
moutjied,  a.  Having  loose  hanging  lips. 
—Flapper,  flap'6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  flaps;  a  young  wild  duck. 

Flare,  fl5r,  v.i.— flared, flaring.  [Comp.  Dan. 
flagre,  G.  flackem  (freq.  of  flacken),  to 
flicker,  to  flare ;  perhaps  akin  to  flath.J 
'fo  waver  or  flutter  in  burning;  to  bum 


with  an  unsteady  light ;  hence,  to  flutter 
with  gaudy  show;  to  shine  out  with  sudden 
■and  unsteady  light  or  splendour;  to  give 
out  a  dazzling  light. — To  flare  up,  to  be- 
come suddenly  angry  or  excited.  —  n.  A 
bright  unsteady  light.— Flaringly.fla'ring- 
Ji,  adv.  Flutteriugly;  showily. 

Flash,  flash,  n.  [Comp.  Icel.  jlosa,  to  rush, 
flas,  a  rush;  also  E.  flare.]  A  sudden  burst 
of  light;  a  flood  of  light  instantaneously 
appearing  and  disappearing;  a  gleam;  a 
sudden  burst  of  something  regarded  as 
resembling  light,  as  wit,  merriment,  pas- 
sion, &c.;  a  short  and- brilliant  burst:  mo-' 
mentary  brightness  or  show;  the  time  oc- 
ciipied  by  a  flash  of  light;  an  instant. 
—v.i.  To  break  or  burst  forth  with  a  flash  ' 
or  flame;  to  give  out  a  flash  or  gleam ;  to 
break  forth  into  some  new  and  dazzling 
condition;  to  burst  out  violently;  to  tome, 
aupear.or  pass  suddenly;  to  dart  (a  thought 
flashes  through  the  mind). — v.t.  To  emit  or 
send  forth  in  a  sudden  flash  or  flashes;  to, 
convey  or  send  instantaneously  or  start- 
lingly.  —  a.  Vulgarly  showy  or  gaudy ; 
forged;  counterfeit  (flash  notes),— Flashy, 
flash'i,  a.  Showy  or  gaudy;  tawdry;  im- 
pulsive; fiery.— Flashily;  flash'i-li,  adv.  In 
a  flashy  manner.— Flaisniness,  flash'i-nes,,' 
n.    The  state  of  being  flashy. 

Flask,  flask,  n.  [A.  Sslx.  flasc,  fiasco,  flaxa, 
I)an.  flaske,  Sw.  fl^sca;  ultimate-  origin 
doubtful;  comp.  0.fr:fla8che,fl/isccm;Sp. 
flasco,  Jt.  fiasco,  li.li.flasco,  flasca,  a.  S.a.sk; 
L.  vaaculum,  dim.  of  vas,  a  vessel;  also  W. 
fflasg,  a  vessel  of  wicker-work,  a  basket.] 
A  kind  of  bottle;  a  narrow-necked  globu- 
lar glass  bottle;  a  metal  or  other  pocket 
dram-bottle;  a  vessel  for  containing  gun- 
powder, carried  by  sportsmen. — Flasket, 
nasTcet,  n.  A  vessel  in  which  viands  are 
served  up;  a  long  shallow  basket. 

Flat,  flat,  a.  [Not  in  A.  Sax.=Icel.  flatr, 
Sw. /tat,  Dai.  fiad,  G. /(acA.flat;  akin  Gr. 
platys,  Skr.  prithus,  broad.]  Having  an 
even  and  horizontal,  or  nearly  horizontal 
surface,  without  elevations  or  depressions, 
hills  or  vallej's;  level  without  iuclination; 
level  with  the  ground ;  prostrate;  fallen; 
laid  low;  tasteless;  stale;  vapid;  insipid; 
depressed;  without  interest,  point,  or 
spirit;  frigid;  dull;  peremptory;  absolute; 
positive;  downright  {a.  flat  denial);  mtis. 

-bfeiow  the  natural  or  the  true  pitch;  not 
sharp  or  shrill ;  not  acute ;  gram,  applied 
to  consonants,  in  the  enunciation  of  which 

-voice  (in  contradistinction  to  breath)  is 
heard:  opposed  to  sharp;  as,  b,  d,  g,  z,  v. — 
n.  A  flat  surface;  a  surface  without  relief 
or  prominences;  a  level;  a  plain;  a  low 
tract  of  land;  a  shoal ;  a  shallow;  a  sand- 
bank under  water;  the  flat  part  or  side  of 
anything  (the /fat  of  the  hand,  of  a  sword); 
m,vx.  a  mark  (  \}  )  placed  on  a  line  or  in  a 
space  of  the  stafl^  which  indicates  that  all 
notes  on  the  same  degree  (or  their  octaves) 
are  lowered  a  semitone;  a  story  or  floor  of 
a  building;  a  foolish  fellow;  a  simpleton; 
one  of  the  halves  of  such  stage  scenes  or 
parts  of  scenes  as  are  formed  by  two  equal 
portions  pushed  from  the  sifles  of  the  stage 
and  meeting  in  the  centre. — v.t.  and  i. — 
flatted,  flatting.  To  flatten.— Flat-fish,  n. 
One  of  those  fish  which  have  their  body  of 
a  flattened  form,  swim  on  the  side,  and 
have  both  eyes  on  one  side,  as  the  floun- 
der, turbot,  and  sole.— Flat-iron,  n.  An 
iron  with  a  flat  face  for  smoothing  cloth. 
—Flatly,  flafli,  ddv.  In  a  flat  manner; 
horizontal!}';  evenly;  positively;  plainly. — 
Flatness,  flat'nes,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  flat  (in  all  its  senses).— Flat-race,  n. 
A  race  over  level  or  clear  ground,  as  op- 
posed to  a  hurdle-race  or  steeple-chase.-^ 
Flatten,  flat'n,^.t.  To  make  flat  or  Ifevel; 
to  lay  flat;  mus.  to  lower  in  pitch;  to 
render  less  acute  or  sharp. — v.i.  To  grow 
or  become  flat.— Flatting,  flat'ing,  n.  A 
mode  of  house-p.ainting,  in  which  the 
paint,  from  its  mixture  with  turpentine, 
leaves  the  work  without  gloss.— Flattiah, 
flat'ish,  a.  Somewhat  flat;  approaching 
to  flatness.  — Flatwise,  flat'wia,  o.  or  adv. 
With  the  flat  side  downward  or  next  to 
another  thing:  opposed  to  edgewise. 

Flatter,  flat'er,  v.t  [Fr.  flatter,  Pr.  flatar, 
to  pat.  stroke,  caress,  flatter,  perhaps  from 
lee],  flatr,  E.  flat;  comp.  also  Icel.  flathra. 


to  fa\vn  or  flatter,^atfir,  flattery.]  To  gra- 
tify by  praise  or  obsequiousness;  to  please 
by  applause,  favourable  notice,  respectful 
attention,  or  anything  that  confirms  one's 
good  opinion  of  one's  self;  to  encourage  by 
favourable  notice  ^r  by  favourable  repre- 
sentations or  indications  (to  flatter  hopes); 
to  inspire  with  false  hopes.  —  Flatterer, 
fiat'6r-6r,  ».  One  who  flatters;  one  who 
praises  another  with  a  view  to  please  him, 
to  gain  his  favour,  or  to  accomplish  some 
purpose.— Flatteringly,  flat'^r-ing-li,  adv. 
In  a  flattering  manner.— Flattery,  flat'- 
*r-i,  n.  IFr.  flatterie.]  The  act  of  one 
who  flatters;  .false,  insincere,  or  venal 
'  praise;  adulation;  cajolery. 
Flatulent,  flat'u-lent,  a.  lli.L.flatttlentus, 
from  L.  flatus,  a  blowing,  from  flo,  flatum, 
to  blew  (as  in  inflate).]  AiFected  with  gases 
generated  in  the  alimentary  canal;  gener- 
ating or  apt  to  generate  wind  in  the 
stomach;  windy.— Flatulence,  Flatulency, 
flat'a-ler.3,  flat'a-len-si,  n.  [L.L.  flatxiUn- 
tia.]  The  state  of  being  flatulent,  or  affec- 
ted with  an  accumulation  of  gases  in  the 
alimentary  canal.  —  Flatulently,  flat '  u- 
lent-li,  adv.  In  a  flatulent  manner. 
Flaunt,  flaut,  v.i.  [Connected  with  prov. 
G.  flander,  a  rag  or  tatter,  flandeiri,  to 
flutter,  G./a«em,  to  flirt,  to  flutter.]  To 
make  in  ostentatious  display;  to  move  or 
act  ostentatiously;  to  be  glaring  or  gaudy. 
— v.t.  To  display  ostentatiously;  to  display 
impudently  or  offensively.— n.  The  act  of 
flaunting;  bold  or  impudent  parade.— 
Flannter,  flan'ter,  ?i.  One  who  flaunts. — 
Flauatingly,  fian'tiog-li,  adi;.  In  a  flaunt- 
ing way.  —  Flaunty,  Flaunting,  flan'ti, 
flan 'ting,  a.  Ostentatious;  vnlgafly  or 
offensively  showy;  gaudy. 
Flautist,  fla'tist,  n.  [It.^^awto,  a  flute.]  A 
jplayer  on  the  flute;  a  flutist. 
Flavescent,  fia-ves'ent,  a.  [L.  ftavesco,  to 
,  become  yellow,  from /at>u8;yellow.]  Bot. 
yeUowisn  or  turning  yellow.  —  Flavicom- 
ous,  fla-vik'o-mus,  a.  [L./laimg,  and  coTna, 
hair.]  Having  yellow  hair.— Flavine,  flav'- 
ia,  n.  A  yellow  dye-stuff  imported  from 
America. 

Flavour,  fla'jto,  n.  [From  L.L.  flavor,  yel- 
lowness, the  meaning  of  colour  being 
changed  to  that  of  taste  or  smell,  from  L, 
flaws,  yellow.i  The  o.nality  of  any  sub- 
Stance  which  affects  the  taste;  that  quality 
which  gratifles  the  palate;  relish;  zest;  the 
quality  of  a  substance  which  affects  the 
smell;  odour;  fragrance.  —  v.t.  To  commu- 
nicate flavour  or  some  quality  of  taste  or 
smell  to.— Flavoured,  fla'vferd,  a.  Having 
the  quality  that  'affects  the  sense  of  taste 
or  smell.— Flavourless,  fla'ver-les,  a.  "With- 
out flavour;  tasteless. — Flavorous,  fla'- 
v6r-u8,  a.  Having  a  rich  or  pleasant  fla- 
vour. 

Flaw,  fla,  n.  [A.  Sax./rfA,  that  which  has 
flown  off,  a  fragment;  Gotb-  flaga,  a  frag- 
ment; Sw.flaga,  a  Qa.w,  flaga  sig,  to  scale 
ofi',  akin  to  flake  and  flag;  comp.  also  W. 
flaw,  a  splinter,  Ma,  a  parting  from.]  A 
crack;  a  defect  of  continuity  or  cohesion, 
a  gap  or  fissure;  any  blemish  or  imperfec- 
tion; a  defect;  a  fault;  a  sudden  burst  of 
wind;  a  sudden  gust  or  blast  of  short  dura- 
tion.— v.t.  To  make  or  produce  a  flaw  in. — 
Flawless, fla'les;  a.  'Witnout  flaw  or  defect. 
—Flawy,  flji'i,  a.  Full  of  flaws;  defective; 
faulty;  subject  to  sudden  gusts. 
Flax,  flaks,  n.  [A.  Sax.  fieax=D.  vJas,  Fris. 
flax,  G.  flachg,  flax;  allied  to  Bohem.  vlas, 
Rus.  volos,  Lith.  plaukas,  hair,  from  a 
root  meaning  to  comb,  weave,  or  twist, 
seen  in  L.  plecto,  Gr.  pleko,  to  weave  or 
plait.]  A  wiry,  erect-stemmed  annual 
plant,  the  fibre  of  which  is  used  for  wak- 
ing linen  thread  and  cloth,  lace,  &c.;  the 
fibrous  part  of  the  plant  when  broken  and 
cleaned  tjy  scutching  and  hackling.— Flax- 
dresser,  n.  One  who  breaks  and  scutches 
flax,  and  so  prepares  it  for  the  spinner. — 
Flaxen,  flak'sn,  a.  Made  of  flax;  resem- 
bling flax;  of  the  colour  of  flax;  fair.— 
Flax-mill,  n.  A  mill  where  flsix  is  spun; 
a  mill  for  the  manufacture  of  linen  goods. 
—Flaxy,  flak'si,  a.  Like  flax;  flaxei). 
Flay,  fla,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  fledn,  to  flay;  CD. 
vlaeqen,  vlaen,  to  flay;  akin  flake_yflaw.] 
To  skin;  to  strip  off  the  skin  of.  —  Fmyer, 
fla'6r,  n.    One  who  flays. 


F&t«,  f&r,  fat,  ff^l;     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     nSte,  not,  mOve;     ttkbe,  tub,  bull ;     oil,  pound;     tt,  Sc.  a.biaie— the  Fr,  «. 


FLEA 


27J 


FLIRT 


Flea,  fle,  n.  Ml.  Sax.  fUd,  from  fie6n.,  fleO- 
gan,  to  fly ;  D.  vloo,  Icel.  fid,  Sc.  fiech,  G. 
/Jo/i,  a  flea.]  An  insect  remarkable  for  its 
agility  and  its  very  troublesome  bite. — A 
fiea  in  the  ear,  an  annoying,  unexpected 
hint  or  reply. — v.U  To  clean  from  fleas. — 
Fleabane,  flS'ban,  n.  ■  A  name  popularly 
given  to  several  composite  plants  from 
their  supposed  power  of  destroying  or 
driving  away  fleas.  —  Fleabite,  fle'bit,  n. 
The  bite  of  a  flea;  a  trifling  wound  or  pain; 
a  slight  inconvenience;  a  thing  of  no  mo- 
ment. 
Fleam,  flcm,  «.  [D.  vlUm,  Ft.  fiamme, 
O.II.G.  fliedim&,  from  L.L.  flevotomum, 
ftubotomum,  from  Gr.  phlebs,  phlebos,  a 
vein,  and  tomos,  a  cutting.  Phlebotomy.] 
A  sharp  farrier's  instrument  for  opening 
veins  for  letting  blood;  a  lancet. 
Fleck,  tiek,  n.  [Icel.  Jkkkr,  D.  vlek,  G.  fleck, 
a  spot;  allied  to  flick.]  A  spot;  a  streak;  a 
dapple;  a  stain.— «.t.  To  spot;  to  streak 
or  stripe;  to  variegate;  todapple— Flecker, 
flek'er,  v-t.  Same  as  ii'Iecfc.  —  Fleckless, 
flek'les,  a.  Spotless;  blameless. 
Fleeted,  flek'ted,  p.  and  ft.  fL.  flecto,  to 
bend.]  Bent. — Fl&cted  and  reflected,  bowed 
or  bent  in  a  serpentine  form  like  the  letter 
S.— Flection,  flek'shon.n.  [h.fl^ctio.]  The 
act  of  bending  or  state  of  being  bent;  in- 
flection.—Fleeter,  flek'tfir,  n.  A  flexor. 
Fled,  fled,  pret.  &  pp.  of  yZee. 
Fledge,  flej,  v.t— fledged,  fledging.  [Icel. 
fleygr,vMs  to  Ay,fTom  fljiiga,to  fly;  comp. 
G.  fiiick,  fiiigge,  feathered,  from  fiiegen, 
to  fly.]  To  furnish  with  feathers;  to 
supply  with  the  feathers  necessary  for 
flight;  chiefly  in  pp.— Fledgeling,  flej'Ung, 
n.  A  young  bird  just  fledged. 
Flee,  fle,  v.i.  pret.  and  pp.  fled;  ppr.  flee- 
ing. [A.  Sax.  fl^On,  to  flee,  »c  fls6, 1  flee ; 
akin  tofl^dgan,  to  fly,  Icel  jlfy'a,  Dan.  flye, 
Sw.  fly,  G.  fliehen,  to  flee.  Ply.J  To  hasten 
or  run  away;  as  from  danger  or  evil;  to 
resort  to  shelter:  sometimes  apparently 
transitive,  from  being  omitted  before  the 
object. 

Fleece,  fles,  n.  [A.  Sax.  fleds,  flfs,  a  fleece, 
■wool=D.  vlie»,  G.  fliess;  perhaps  related  to 
flax.]  The  coat  of  wool  that  covers  a  sheep 
or  that  is  shorn  from  a  sheep  at  one  time; 
any  covering  resembling  wool.  —  v.t.  — 
fleeced,  fleecing.  To  deprive  of  the  fleece; 
to  strip  of  money  or  property ;  to  rob  or 
cheat  heartlessly.- Fleecer,  fle'sfer,  n.  One 
who  fleeces  or  strips  of  money.  —  Fleece, 
wool,  n.  Wool  that  is  shorn  from  the 
living  sheep:  opposed  to  skin-wool,  from 
the  skins  of  dead  animals.— Fleecy,  fle'si, 
a.  Covered  with  wool;  woolly;  resembling 
wool  or  a  fleece. 

Fleer,  fler,  v.i.    [Comp.  Dan.  dial,  ftire,  to 
laugh,  to  sneer,  N.  flira,  to  tetter.]    To 
i  make  a  wry  face  in  contempt ;  to  grin, 
flneer,  mock,  or  gibe. — v.t.  To  mock;  to 
,  flout  at.  —  n.  The  act  of  one  who  fleers.— 
'  Fleerer,  fle'rfer,  n.    One  who  fleers. 
Fleet,  flet,  re.    [A  Sax.  fledt,  fiiit,  a  ship, 
V.from  fl^dtan,  to  float;  akin  D.  vloot,  G. 
^«e,  fleet.    Float.]    A  body  or  squadron 
of  ships;  a  number  of  ships  in  company, 
'  more  especially  ships  of  war. ' 
Fleet,  flet,  a.    [Icel.  flj6tr,  A  Sax.  fledtig, 
» quick;  allied  to  flU,   atid  fl,oat.     Flit, 
Float.]    Swift  of  pace;  moving  or  able  to 
move  with  rapidity;  nimble;  light  and 
quick  in  motion.— v.i.  To  fly  swiftly;  ta 
hasten;  to  flit,  as  a  light  subste^nce.— y.t. 
To  skim  over  the  surface;  to  pass  over 
rapidly.  —  Fleet-footed,  a.    Swift  of  foot ; 
running  or  able  to  run  with  rapidity. — 
Fleeting,  fle'ting,'p.  and  o.    Passing  ra- 
[pidly;  transient;  not  durable  (the  fleeting 
imoments). .'.  Sj/w.imderTRANSiENT.— Fleet- 
lingly,  fle'ting-li,  adv.    In  a  fleeting  man- 
ner.—Fleetly,  fletli,  adv.    In  a  fleet  main- 
ner;  rapidly;  swiftly.— Fleetness,  flet'nes, 
•n.    The  quality  of  being  fleet ;  swiftness ; 
rapidity;  velocity;  celerity;  speed. 
Fleming,  flem'ing,  n.  A  native  of  Flanders. 
N — Flemish,  fiem'ish,  a.  Pertaining  to  Flan- 
ders.— n.  The  language  of  the  Flemings, 
jclosely  akin  to  Dutch;  pi.  the  people  of 
/Flanders. 

Slenge,  flens,  v.t.  —flensed,  flensing.  [Dan. 
^flense:  D.  vlensen,.]  To  cut  up  and  obtain 
,  the  blubber  of  a  whale.  ' 

Flesh,  flesh,  ri.    [A.  Sax.  flae?c—J>..vleesch, 


G.  fleisch,  flesh;  Icel.  and  Dan. /^si,  bacon 
or  pork;  perhaps  akin  to  flake  or  to  flitch.] 
The  Bubstance  which  forms  a  large  part 
of  an  animal,  consistingof  the  softer  solids, 
as  distinguished  from  the  bones,  the  skin, 
and  the  fluids;  animal  food,  in  distinction 
from  vegetable;  beasts  and  birds  used  as 
food,  in  distinction  from  fish;  the  body,  as 
distinguished  from  the  soul;  the  bodily 
frame;  the  human  race;  mankind;  human 
nature;  bodily  appetite;  kindred;  family: 
the  soft  pulpy  substance  of  fruitj  also  that 
part  of  a  root,  fruit,  &c.,  which  is  fit  to  be 
eaten.— ii'<es/i  and  blood,  the  entire  body ; 
man  in  his  physical  personality.— w.t.  To 
initiate  to  the  taste  of  flesh  (as  dogs  used 
in  hunting);  to  accustom  to  flesh. — Flesh- 
brush,  n  A  brush  for  exciting  action  in' 
the  skin  by  friction.— Flesh-colour,  n.  The 
colour  of  flesh;  carnation  —Flesh-coloured, 
a.  Being  of  the  colour  of  flesh.— Fleshed, 
flesht,  p  and  a  Fat;  fleshv;  having  flesh 
of  a  particular  kind— Flesher,  flesh'fir,  n. 
A  butcher.  [Scotch.]— Flesh-fly,  n.  Same 
as  Blow-fly  — Fleshfui,  flesh'f  ul,  a.  Plump; 
abounding  in  flesh.  —  Flesh-hook,  n.  A 
hook  to  drag  flesh  from  a  pot  or  caldron, 
[O.T.]— Fleshiness,  flesh  i-nea,  n.  State  of 
being  fleshy;  plumpness;  corpulence. — 
Fleshing,  flesh'in^,  n.  [Generally  m  plur- 
al.]   A  kind  of  drawers  worn  by  actors, 

■  dancers,  &c.,  resembling  the  natural  skin. 
— Fleshless,  flesh'les,  o.  Destitute  of  flesh; 
lean.— Fleshliness,  flesh'li-nes,  n.  State  of 
being  fleshly;  carnal  passions  and  appe- 
tites.-^Fleshly,  flesh'li,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  flesh;  corporeal;  carnal;  worldly,  lasci- 
vious; human;  not  celestial;  not  spiritual 
or  divine. — Flesh-meat,  n.  Animal  food; 
the  flesh  of  animals  prepared  or  used  for 
food.— Fleshpot,  flesh'poc,  n.  A  vessel  in 
which  flesh  is  cooked.  [O.T.]— Flesh-tint, 
n.  Painting,  a  colour  which  best  serves 
to  represent  that  of  the  human  body.— 
Flesh-wound,  n.  A  wound  which  does" 
not  reach  beyond  the  flesh,— Fleshy  ,fle8h'i, 
a.  Characterized  by  or  consisting  of  flesh, 
full  of  flesh;  plump;  fat;  corpulent;  cor- 
poreal; human;  pulpy,  as  fruit. 

Fieur-de-Us,  flfer-ae-le,  n.  [Fr.,  flower  of 
the  lily.]  A  heraldic  figure  representing 
either  a  lily  or  the  head  of  a  lance  or  some 
such  weapon;  the  distinctive  bearing  of 
the  kingdom  of  France;  hot.  the  iris. 

Flew,  flu,  pret.  of  fly. 

Flez,  fleks,  v.t.  [From  L.  flecto,  ft£xum,  to 
bend;  seen  also  in  deflect,  inflect,  reflect, 
&c.]  To  bend.— Flexed,  flekst,  p.  and  a. 
Bent  J  having  a  bent  shape.  —  Flexible, 
flek'si-bl,  a.  [L.  flexibilia,  from  flecto,  flex- 
um.]  Capable  of  being  flexed  or  bent; 
pliant;  yielding  to  pressure;  not  stiff; 
capable  of  yielding  to  entreaties,  argu- 
ments, or  other  moral  force;  manageable; 
tractable;  easy  and  compliant;  capable  of 
being  moulded  into  different  forms  or 
styles;  plastic;  capable  of  being  adapted 
or  accommodated.— Flexibility,  Flexlble- 
ness,  flek-si-bil'i-ti,  flek'si-bl-nes,  n."  The 
quality  of  being  flexible;  pliancy;  easiness 
to  be  persuaded;  readiness  to  comply;  fa- 
cility. —  Flexibly,  flek'si-bli,  culo.  In  a 
flexiole  manner.— Flexile,  flek'sil,  a.  [L. 
flexilis.]  Pliant;  pliable;  flexible. — Flexion, 
flek'shon,  n.  [L.  flexio.]  The  act  ofbend- 
ing;  a  bending;  a  part  bent;  gram,  an 
inflection.  —  Flexor,  flek'-«6r,  n.  Anat.  & 
muscle  whose  office  is  to  produce  flexion. 
— Flexuons,  ^^ek'ea-ua,  a.  [L.  flexnosus.] 
Winding  or  bending;  having  turns  or 
windings;  bot.  changing  its  direction  in  a 
cuiye,  from  joint  to  joint,  from  bud  to 
bud,  or  from  flower  to  flower:  in  this  sense 
written  also  ii'fexitose.  —  Flexure,  flek'sOr, 
n.  [L.  flexura.]  A  bending;  the  form  in 
■which  a  thing  is  bent;  part  Dent;  a  bend. 

Flick,  flik,  re.  [Akin  to /ip,^ap.]  A  sharp 
sudden  stroke,  as  with  a  whip;  a  flip.— v.i. 
To  strike  with  a  flick:  to  flip. 
Flicker,  flik'6r,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  flicerian,  to 
flutter  or  move  the  wings;  G.  flackem,  to 
flare,  to  blaze,  to  flutter;  D.  flikkeren.  to 
twinkle;  Icel.  flaka,  to  "flap.]  To  flutter 
or  flap  the  wings;  to  fluctuate  or  waver,  as 
a  flame  in  a  current  of  air  or  about  -to  ex- 
pire.— n.  A  wavering  or  fluctuating  gleam, 
as  of  a  candle;  a  flutter.  —  Flickeringly, 
flik'6r-ing-li,  adv.  In  a  flickering  manner. 


Flier,  flj'6r,  n.    Under  Fly. 
Flight,  flit,  n. '  [A.  Sax.  ^iW,  from,  fledgan, 
to  fly.    Fly.1    The  act  of  fleeing;  hasty  or 

grecipitate  departure;  the  act  or  power  of 
ying;  volitation;  the  manner  or  mode  of  ■ 
flying;  a  flock  of  birds  flying  in  company; 
the  birds  produced  in  the  same  season;  a 
discharge;  a  volley;  a  shower,  as  of  arrows; 
a  mounting  or  soaring;  an  extravag^ant 
excursion,  or  sally,  as  of  the  imagination. 
— Flight  of  stairs,  the  series  of  steps  or 
stairs  from  one  platform  or  landing  to  an- 
other.—Flightlly,  fli'ti-U,  adv.  In  a  flighty, 
wild,  capricious,  or  imaginative  manner. 

—  FUghtiness,  fli'ti-nes,  re.  The  state  of 
being  flighty;  extreme  volatility.— Flight- 
shot, re.  The  distance  which  an  arrow 
flies;  bow-shot.— Flighty,  fli'ti,  a.  Fleet- 
ing! ;  indulging  in  flights  or  sallies  of  im- 
agination, humour,  caprice,  &c.;  volatile; 
Kiddy;  fickle. 

Flimsy,  flim'zi,o.  [Origin  doubtful.]  With- 
out strength  or  solid  substance ;  of  loose 
and  unsubstantial  structure;  without  rea- 
son or  plausibility.  —  re.  A  thin  sort  of 
mper;  a  slang  term  for  a  bank-note. — 
FlimsUy,  flim'zi-li,  adv.  In  a  flimsy  man- 
ner.— Iiinisiness,  flim'zi-nes,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  flimsy. 

Flinch,  flinsh,  v.i.  [Perhaps  corrupted  from 
bknch,  or  from  O.E.  fl^cche,  Vr.flichir,  L. 
ftectere,  to  bend.]  To  draw  back  from  pain 
or  danger;  to  show  signs  of  yielding  cr 
of  suffering;  to  shrink;  to  wince.— Flinch- 
er,  flinsh'er,  re.    One  who  flinches  or  fails. 

—  FUnchlngly,  flinsh' ing-li,  adv.  In  a 
flinching  manner 

FUag,  fling,  v.t  —flung,  flinging.  [Akin  to 
O  Sw.  flenga,  to  strike  or  beat;  Dan.  flenge, 
to  slash.]  To^cast,  send,  or  throw;  to  burl; 
to  send  or  shed  forth;  to  emit ;  to  scatter; 
to  throw  to  the  ground;  to  prostrate.- v.*. 
To  flounce;  to  throw  oat  the  legs  violently, 
to  start  away  with  a  sudden  motion,  as  in 
token  of  displeasure;  to  rush  away  angrily. 
— re.  A  throw;  a  gibe;  a  sarcasm;  a  severe 
or  contemptuous  remark;  enjoyment  of 
pleasure  to  the  full  extent  of  one's  oppor- 
tunities (to  take  one's  fling:  colloq.);  a 
Scotch  dance,  the  Highland  ^irecr. 

Flint,  flint,  n.  [A.  Sax.  and  Dan.  flint,  Sw. 
flinta;  same  root  as  Gr,  plinthos,  a  brick.] 
A  species  of  quartz,of  a  yellowish  ort)luish- 
gray  or  grayish -black  colour,  very  hard 
ana  used  to  form  an  ingredient  in  fine 
pottery;  a  piece  of  flint  used  to  strike  fire 
with  steel  or  in  a  flint-lock.— Flinty,  fiin'ti» 
o.  Consisting  or  composed  of  flint;  con- 
taining flints;  like  flint;  very  hard;  cruel; 
unmerciful.— Fllntiness,  flin'ti-nes,  re.  The 
quality  of  being  flinty.— Flint-glass,  re.  A 
species  of  glass,  of  which  flint  was  formerly 
an  ingredient,  now  made  with  quartz  and 
fine  sand,  and  used  for  table-ware,  &c. — 
Flint-lock,  re.  A  musket-lock  in  which 
fire  is  produced  by  a  flint  striking  on  the 
steel  pan. 

Flip,  flip,  n.  [A  form  of  flup.]  A  smart 
blow,  as  with  a  whip;  a  flick;  a  drink  con- 
sisting of  beer  and  spirit  sweetened,  and 
heated  by  a  hot  iron. — v.t.  To  flick. 

Flippant,  flip'ant,  a.  [Formed  from  flip, 
flap;  comp.  Icel.  fleipr,  tattle,  fleipinn. 
pert,  petulant.]  Speaking  fluently  and 
confidently,  without  knowledge  or  con- 
sideration ;"heedle8sly  pert;  showing  un- 
due levity.— Flippancy,  Fllppantness.flip'- 
an-si,  flip'ant-nes,  n.  The  statd  or  quaUty 
of  being  flippant;— Flippantly,  flip'ant-11, 
adv.    In  a  flippant  manner;-  volubly. 

Flipper,  flip'fer,  re.  [Equivalent  to  flapper, 
from /lap.]  The  paddle  of  a  sea-turtle;  the 
broad  fin  of  a  fish;  the  arm  of  a  seal. 

Flirt,  fl6rt,  v.i,  [A.  Sax.  yleard,  trifle,  folly; 
fleardian,  to  trifle;  comp.  Qt.fUrren,  trifles, 
flirren,to  make  a  confused  noise.]  To  throw 
with  a  jerk  or  sudden  effort  or  exertion;  to 
fling  suddenly;  to  move  with  short,  quick 
jnovements;  to  make  coquettish  motions 
with  (a  fan); — v.i.  To  run  and  dart  about; 
to  act  with  levity  or  giddiness;  to  play  the 
coquette. — re.  A  sudden  jerk;  a  quick  throw 
or  cast;  one  who  flirts;  a  woman  who  plays 
at  courtship;  a  coquette.— Fllrtat.'.<m,  fltr- 
tS.'shon,>i.  A  flirting:  a  playing  at  court- 
ship: coquetry.— Flmiatlous.t  flfer-ta'shus, 
a.  Given  to  flirtation.  —  Fllrtlngly,  flfir'- 
ting-li,  adv.    In  a  flirting  manner. 


ch^  chain;     fh,  Sc.  loc^;,    g,  go;     itjoibj     n,  Fr.  ton;     ug,  ang;^  th,  tAeo;  th,  ihia;     w,  wig;^  wh,  wMg;^  zh,  arare. 


FLIT 


27^ 


FLOUT 


Flit,  flit,  v.i.— flitted,  flitting.  [Dan.  fl]/tte, 
Sw.  ftytta,  to  remove ;  akin  to  fiei.  fleet, 
flutter,  &c.]  To  fl^  away  with  a  rapid  mo- 
tion; to  move  with  celerity  through  the 
air;  to  move  rapidly  about;  to  flutter;  to 
migrate;  to  remove  from  one  habitation  to 
another  ( Scotch).— Flitting,  flit'ing,  »i.  The 
act  of  one  who  flits;  a  removal  from  one 
habitation  to  another  (Scotch).  —  Flitty, 
flit'i,  a.    Fluttering;  restless. 

Flitch,  flich,>n.  [A.  Sax.  fiicce,  a  flitch  of 
bacon;  Icel.  flikki,  a  flitch.]  The  side  of  a 
hog  salted  and  cured;  carp,  a  plank  fas- 
tened side  by  side  with  others  to  form  a 
compound  beam. 

Flittern,  flit'6m,  a.  The  bark  of  young  oak- 
trees  used  in  taiming. 

Float,  flot,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  flotian,  to  float, 
fledtan,  to  fleet;  fleet,  flxrw,  flood  are  closely 
allied.  Flow.]  To  rest  or  glide  on  the  sur- 
face of  a  fluid;  to  swim  or  be  buoyed  up; 
to  move  as  if  supported  by  a  fluid;  to  move 
gently  and  easily  through  the  Aii.—v.t.  To 
cause  to  float;  to  cause  to  rest  or  be  con- 
veyed on  the  surface  of  s,  fluid;  to  flood;  to 
inundate;  to  overflow. — To  float  a  scheyne, 
to  bring  it  prominently  before  public  no- 
tice; to  raise  funds  for  carrying  it  on. — n. 
That  which  floats  on  the  svirface  of  a  fluid; 
a  collection  of  timber  'fastened  together 
and  floated  down  a  stream;  a  raft;  a  Duoy; 
the  cork  or  quill  on  an  angling  line,  to 
support  it  and  indicate  the  bite  of  a  fish; 
a  plasterer's  tool  for  producing  a  plane 
surface;  the  float-board  of  a  water-wheel 
or  paddle-wheel.— Floatage,  Flotage,  flo'- 
taj,  n.  Anything  that  floats  on  the  water. 
Floatation,  flO-ta'shon,  n.  The  science  of 
floating  bodies. — Float-board,  n.  One  of 
the  boards  of  an  undershot  water-wheel 
which  receive  the  impulse  of  the  stream; 
one  of  the  boards  of  a  paddle-wheel. — 
Floater,  flo't6r,  n.  One  thatfloats.— Float- 
ing, flo'ting,  p.  and  a.  Besting  on  and. 
buoyed  up  by  a  fluid;  circulating;  not 
fixed  or  invested :  opposed  to  s%i,nk  (float- 
ing capital ;  floaiftig  debt) ;  disconnected ; 
unattached  (thefloating  ribsinsome  fishes). 
—  Floating  battery.  Under  Battkry. — 
Floating  breakwater,  a  series  of  floating 
frames  of  timber,  corjiected  by  mooring 
chains  or  cables,  to  protect  vessels  from 
the  violence  of  the  waves.  —  Floating 
bridge,  a  bridge  of  timber  supported 
wholly  by  the  water;  a  large  flat-bottomed 
steam  ferry-boat,  in  harbours  or  rivers, 
generally  runniilg  on  chains  laid  across 
the  hottom.— Floating  dock.  Under  I)ocx. 
— Floating  light,  a.  light  borne  on  a  buoy 
or  carried  by  a  vessel  moored  on  sunken 
rocks,  shoals,  &c.  —  Floating  pier,  a  pier 
v,hich ■  rises  and  falls  with  the  tide. — 
Floaty,  flo'ti,  a.  Buoyant;  swimming  on 
the  surface;  light. 

Floccillation,  flok-sil-la'shon,  n.  [h.floecne, 
a  lock  of  wool.]  A  delirious  picking  of  the 
bsd-clothes  by  a  sick  person.  —  Flocoose, 
flok-os',  a.  [L.  floccosui.]  Bot.  composed 
of  or  bearing  tufts  of  woolly,  or  long  and 
Foft,  hairs. —Flocculence,  flok'Q-lens,  n. 
The  stat«  of  being  flocculent;  adhesion  in 
small  flakes.  —  Flocculent,  flok'o-lent,  a. 
Coalescing  and  adhering  in  locks  or  flakes. 

TlocX  flok.  n.  [From  O.Fi.floc.li.fioccus, 
a  lock  of  wool;  comp.  Q.flocke,  O.G.floccho, 
1).  vlok,  Svr.flocka,  Da.n.  flokke.J  A  lock  of 
wool  or  hair;  the  refuse  of  cotton  and  wool, 
or  shreds  of  woollen  goods,  used  for  stuflane 
mattresse8,&c.— Flock-bed.n.  Abed  stuffed 
with  flocks  or  locks  of  wool,  or  pieces  of 
cloth  cut  up  fine.— Flock-paper, n.  Awall- 
paper  having  raised  figures  resembling 
cloth  made  of  powdered  wool  attached  by 
bize  or  varnish.- Flocky,  flok'i,  a.  Abound- 
ing with  flocks;  floccose. 

Flock,  flok,  n.  [A.  Sax.  floe,  flocc,  a  flock,  a 
company  of  men=Dan./ioifc,  Sw.  flock,  Icel. 
flokkr,  flock;  perhaps  same  as  folk.']  A 
company  or  collection  of  living  creatures : 
especially  applied  to  birds  and  sheep;  a 
Christian  congregation  in  relation  to  their 
pastor,  who  takes  charge  of  them  in  spiri- 
tual thii:g8.— u.i.  To  gather  in  flocks  or 
crowds. — Flock-m^ter,  n.  An  owner  or 
overseer  of  a  flock;  a  sheep-farmer.. 

Floe,  flo,  n.  [Dan.  flage,  Sw.  flaga,  a  floe; 
iikin  to  flake.]  A  laige  masdof  ice  floating 
in  the  ocean. 


Flog,  flog,  v.t.— flogged,  flogging.  [Allied  to 
Prov.  ^.  flack,  to  beat;^cJre{,  to  flap  about; 
perhaps  also  to  flap  or  flag.]  To  beat  or 
whip;  to  chastise  with  repeated  blows. — To 
flog  a  dead  horse,  to  try  to  revive  interest 
in  a  stale  subject.— Flogger,  flog'fer,  n.  One 
who  flogs. 

Flood,  flud.m. .  [A.  Sax./dd,  aflood=Fri8. 
Dan.  and  Sw.  flod,  lcel.flM,'D.vloed;tToia 
the  root  oiflaw.]  A  great  flow  of  wat«r;  a 
body  of  waier  rising  and  overflowing  the 
land;  a  river  (poet.);  the  flowing  in  of  the 
tide:  opposed  to  ebb;  a  flow  or  stream  of 
anything  fluid;  a  great  quantity;  an  over- 
flowing; abundance;  superabundance. — 
The  Flood,  the  deluge  in  the  days  of  Noah. 
— v.t.  To  overflow;  to  inundate;  to  cause  to 
be'covered  with  water.— Flood-gate,  n.  A 
gate  to  be  opened  for  letting  water  flow, 
or  to  be  shut  to  prevent  it.— Floodingiflud'- 
ing,  n.  The  act  of  overflowing  or  inundat- 
ing; a  morbid  discharge  of  blood  from  the 
uterus.— Flood-mark,  n.  The  mark  or  line 
to  which  the  tide  rises;  high-water  mark. 
— Flood-tide,  n.    The  rising  tide. 

Floor,  flor,  u.  [A.Sax.  fl&r,  a  floor=D(  vloer, 
a  floor;  G.  flnr,  a  field,  a  floor;  W.  llauv, 
the  ground,  a  floor.]  That  part  of  a  build- 
ing or  room  on  which  we  walk;  a  plat- 
form; a  story  in  a  building;  a  suite  of 
rooms  on  a  level. -*».J.  To  furnish  with  a 
floor;  to  strike  or  knock  down  level  with 
the  floor  (colloq.). — Floorer,  flo'rfer,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  floors;  a  blow  which 
floors  a  person  (coUcq.).— Flooring,  flo'ring, 
n.  A  floor ;  materials  for  floors.  —  Floor- 
cloth, n.   Oil-cloth  for  covering  floors. 

Flop,  flop,  v.t.  [A  form  of  flap^  To  clap; 
to  flap;  to  let  fall  or  sink  down  suddenly. 
— v.t.  To  strike  about  with  something 
broad  and  flat;  to  flap;  to  plump  doivn 
suddenly.  —  n.  A  sudden  sinking  to  the 
ground.— Floppy,  flop'i,  a.   Having  a  ten- 

•dency  to  flop. 

Flora,  flo'ra,  n.  [L.,  from  flos,  floris,  a 
flower  (whence  also  fl/ywev,  flour,  flourish, 
&c.).]  The  Roman  goddess  of  flowers;  a 
work  describing  the  plants  of  a  certain 
district  or  region;  a  collective  term  for  the 
plants  iudigenous  to  any  district,  region, 
or  period.— Floral,  flo'ral,  a.  Containing 
or  belonging  to  the  flower;  pertaiuing  to 
flowers  in  general;  made  of  flowers. — 
Florally,  flo;ral-H,_adt;.  In  a  floral  man- 
ner.—Floreated,  flo're-a-ted,  a.  Decorated 
with  florjil  ornament;  having  florid  orna^ 
ments.  —  Florescence,  flO-res'ens,  n.  [L. 
florescens,  pp.  of  floresco.]  Bot.  a  aursting 
into  flower;  the  season  when  plE.its  expand 
their  flowers;  inflorescence.  —  Florescent, 
flo-res'ent,  a.  Bursting  into  flower;  flower- 
ing. —  Floret,  flo'ret,  n.  A  single  small 
flower  in  a  compact  inflorescence. — Florl- 
age,t  flo'ri-aj,  n.  Bloom;  blossom.— Flori- 
culture, flo'ri-kul-tnr,  n.  [L.  flos^  floris, 
and  ctdtura.]  The  culture  or  cultivation 
of  flowers  or  flowering  plants.  —  FlorictU- 
tural,  flo-ri-kul'tor-al,  a.  Relating  to  flori- 
culture.—Floriculturist,  flo-ri-kul'tur-ist, 
n.  One  interested  in  floriculture.- Florid, 
flor'id,  rt.  [L.  flaridus,  from  flos,  floris.] 
Flowery;  bright  in  colour;  flushed  with 
red;  of  a  lively  red  colour;  embellished 
with  profuse  ornamentation,  especially 
with  flowers  of  rhetoric,  or  high-flown  or 
elaborately  elegant  language.— Floridity, 
Floridness,  flo-nd'i-ti,  flor'id-nes,  n.  The 
quality  or  condition  of  being  florid. — 
Floridly,  flor'id-li,  adv.  In  a  showy  im- 
posing way.  —  Floriferona,  flo-rif'tr-us,  a. 
Producing  flowers.— Floriflcation,  fio'n-fi- 
ka,"8hon,  n.  The  act,  process,  or  time  of 
flowering.  —  Floriform,  flo'ri-form,  a.  In 
the  form  of  a  flower.  —  Florist,  flor'ist,  n. 
[Fr.  fleuriste,  a  florist.]  A  cultivator  of 
flowers;  one  who  deals  in  flowers;  one  who 
writes  a  flora.  —  Floroon,  flo-r&n',  n.  [Fr. 
fleuron.]   A  border  worked  with  flowers. 

Florence,  flor'ens,  n.  A  kind  of  wine  from 
Florence  in  Italy;  a  gold  coin  of  the  reign 
of  Edward  III.,  value  63.— Florence  flask, 
a  globular  bottle  of  thin  transparent  glass 
with  a  long  neck,  in  which  Florence  oil 
(a  fine  kind  of  olive  oil)  comes  to  England. 
—Florentine,  flor'en-tin,  o.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Florence. — n.  A  native  of  Florence; 
a  kind  of  silk  cloth. 

Florin,  flor'in,  n.    [Fr.  florin,  from  It.  flor- 


ino,  first  applied  to  a  Florentine  coin,  be- 
cause stamped  with  a  Uly;  It.  flore,  a 
flower,  from  L.  flos,  floris,  a  flower.]  A 
name  given  to  different  coins  of  gold  or 
silver.  Of  different  values,  and  to  moneys 
of  account,  in  different  countries;  an  Eng- 
lish coin,  value  2s.  or  one-tenth  of  a  pound 
sterling. 

Floscular,  Floscnlou8,_  Flosculose,  flos'ku- 
ler,  flosTctl-lus,  flos'ku-los,  a.  [L.  floscul%i8, 
dim.  of  flos,  a  flower.]  JBot.  applied  to 
composite  flowers,  which  consist  of  many 
florets.  — Floscule,  flo's'ktU,  n.  A  smau 
flower;  a  floret. 

Floss,  flos,  n.  [It.  floscio,flas80,sott.  flaccid, 
from  L.  flvxus,  flo^vlng,  loOse.]  A  do'vny 
or  silky  substance  in  the  husks  of  certain 
plants;  untwisted  filaments  of  the  finest 
silk,  &c.— Floss-silk,  n.  Floss;  silk  fibres 
broken  off  in  unwinding  the  cocoons,  and 
used  for  coarser  fabrics. — Flossy,  flos'i,  a. 
Composed  of  or  resembling  floss. 

Flotation.    See  Floatation,  under  Float. 

Flotilla,  flo-til'la,  n.  [Sp.  dim.  of  .flota,  a 
fleet.]  A  little  fleet;  a  fleet  of  small  vessels. 

Flotsam,  Flotson,  fiot'sam,  flot'son,«.  [From 
float.]  Such  a  portion  of  the  wreck  of  a 
ship  and  the  cargo  as  continues  floating 
on  the  surface  of  the  water. 

Flounce,  flouns,  v.i.  — flounced,  flouncing. 
[Akin  N.  and  O.Sw.  flunsa,  to  plunge  about 
in  water.]  To  throw  one's  self  about  with 
jerks,  as  if  in  displeasure  or  agitation. — 
n.  A  sudden  jerking  motion  of  the  body. 

Flounce, fiouns.ji.  [Originally /iow/ire, from 
Fr.  fronds,  a  plait,  from  froncer,fronser, 
to  wrinkle,  from  L.  frons,ironiis,  the  front 
or  forehead.  Front.]  A  strip  of  cloth 
sewed  horizontally  round  a  frock  or  go%vn, 
with  the  lower  border  loose  and  spreading. 
—v.t.  To  deck  with  a  flounce  or  flounces. 

Flounder,  floun'd6r>  n.  [G.  Aundfr,  Sw. 
flxindra,  Dan.  flynder,  flounder.]  One  of 
the  most  common  of  the  flat-fishes,  found 
in  the  sea  and  near  the  mouths  of  rivers. 

Flounder,  floun'd^r,  v.i.  ,  [Akin  to  D.  flod- 
deren,  to  flap  like  aioose  garment.]  To 
make  violent  motions  with  the  limbs  and 
body  when  hampered  in  some  manner;  to 
roll  or  tumble  about. 

Flour,  flour,  n.  [Fr.  fleur,  a  flower,  ,^eiir  dc 
farine,  flour,  lit.  '  flour  of  meal,'  the  finest 
part  of  the  meal;  comp.  flowers  of  sulphur. 
Flower  is  merely  another  form.]  Tho 
finely  ground  meal  of  wheat  or  of  any 
other  grain  ;  the  finer  part  of  meal  sepa- 

»  rated  by  bolting;  the  fine  and  soft  powder 
of  any  substance.  —  v.t.  To  convert  into 
flour;  to  sprinkle  with  flour.— Flour-box, 
Flour-drsdge.  Flour-dredger,  n.  A  tin  box 
for  scattering  flour.— Flour-mill,  n.  A  mill 
for  grinding  and  sifting  flour.  —  Floury, 
flou'ri,  a.  Consisting  of  or  resembling 
flour;  covered  with  flour. 

Flourish,  flur'ish,  v.i.  [Fr.  fleurir,  fleuris- 
sant,  L.  florere,  to  flower,  to  bloom,  from 

flos,  floris,  a  flower.  Flora.]  To  grow 
luxuriantly;  to  increase  and  enlarge;  I0 
thrive;  to  be  prosperous;  to  increase  in 
wealth,  comfort,  happiness,  or  honour;  to 
prosper;  to  live  at  a  certain  period  (said  of 
authors,  painters,  &c.);  to  use  florid  lan- 
guage; to  make  ornamental  strokes  is 
writing;  to  move  or  be  moved  in  fantastic 
irregular  figures;  to  play  a  bold  prelude  or 
fanfare. — v.i.  To  adorn  with  flowers  or  beau- 
tiful figures;  to  ornament  with  anything 
Bhowy;  to  give  a  fair  appearance  to  iSkak.j; 
to  make  bold  or  iixegular  movements  w  ith ; 
to  hold  in  the  hand  and  swing  about;  to 
brandish.— n.  An  ostentatious  embellisK- 
ment;  parade  of  words  and  figures;  show; 
a  fanciful  stroke  of  the  pen  or  graver ;  a 
brandishing ;  the  waving  of  a  weapon  or 
something  held  in  the  hand;  the  decora- 
tive notes  which  a  singer  or  instrumental 
performer  adds  to  a  passage.— /f'iowmA  of 
trumpets,  a  trumpet-call,  fanfare,  or  pre- 
lude performed  on  the  approach  of  any 
person  of  distinction;  hence,  any  ostenta- 
tious preliminary  sayings  or  doings. — 
Flonruher,  flur'ish-tr,  n.  One  who  flour- 
ishes. —  Flourishing,  flur'ish-ing,  p.  and 
a.  Prosperous;  thriving.— Flourishingly, 
fiur'ish-ing-li,  adv.  la  a  flourishing  man- 
ner. 

Flout,  flout,  v.t.  [D.  fltdten,fluyten,  to  play 
on  the  flute,  to  whistle,  to  jcor,  from  flidi. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fr,ll;  "^  raC,  met,  liir;     piae,  pin;     note,  riot,  mCve;     tobe,  tub,  bull ;     oil,  pound;     ti,  Sc.  abime— the  FT.  « 


FLOW 


273 


FLUVIAL 


a  flute.  Flute.]  To  mock  or  insult;  to 
treat  with  contempt  or  disrespect,  to  jeer 
at;  to  jibe.— t>.i.  To  behave  with  contempt: 
often  with  at.—n.  A  mock;  an  insult. — 
Flouter,  flou't*r,  n.  One  who  flouts. 
Flow,  flo,  v.i.  LA.  Sax.  fldwan.  to  flow=D. 
vloeijen,to  flow;  Icel.^da.to  flood;  O.H.G. 
fittwan,  to  wash;  from  a  root  seen  In  L. 
pluvius,  rain,  Gr.  pleO,  to  swimj  Skr.  pin, 
to  flow.  Akin  are  flood,  float,  fleet,  &c.]  To 
move  along  in  the  manner  of  liquids;  to 
run  like  water;  to  melt;  to  proceed  or 
issue  as  from  a  source;  to  abound;  to' have 
or  be  in  abundance;  to  glide  along  smooth- 
ly, without  harshness  or  roughness;  to  be 
smooth  or  pleasant  to  the  ear;  to  be  easily 
or  smoothly  uttered;  to  hang  loose  and 
waving;  to  rise,  as  the  tide:  opposed  to 
ebb.—^.t.  To  cover  -.yith  water;  to  overflow. 
—n.  A  stream  of  water  or  other  fluid;  a 
current;  an  outflow;  the  rise  of  the  tide; 
abundance;  copiousness;  undisturbed  and 
even  movement.— Flowage,  flo'aj,  n.  o  Act 
of  flowing :  state  of  being  flowed?— Flow- 
ing, flo'ing,  p.  and  a.  Moving  as  a  fluid; 
fluent;  smooth.— Flowingly,  flo'ing-li,'ady. 
In  a  flowing  manner.— Flowingness,  flo'- 
ing-nes,  n. 

Flower,  flou'6r,  n.  [O.Fr.  flour.  Mod.  Fr. 
tleuTt  from  L.  flos,flo'ri8,  a  flower,  whence 
also  fljoral,  florid,  florin,  &c.  Flonr  is 
really  the  same  word  though  it  has  taken 
a  different  signification  and  spelling.]  The 
delicate  and  gaily -coloured  leaves  or  petals 
on  a  plant;  a  circle  or  leaves  or  leaflets  of 
some  other  colour  than  green;  a  bloom  or 
blossom;  more  strictly,  in  hot.  the  organs 
of  reproduction  in  a  phenogamous  plant, 
consisting  of,  when  complete,  stamens  and 
pistils  together  with  two  sets  of  leaves 
which  surround  and  protect  them,  the 
calyx  and  corolla;  the  early  part  of  life  or 
of  manhood;  the  prime;  youthful  vigour; 
youth;  the  best  or  finest  part;  a  figure  of 
speech;  an  ornament  of  style;  pZ.  a  powdery 
or  mealy  substance  (as  flowers  of  sulphur); 
the  menstrual  discharge.— ».i.  To  blossom; 
to  bloom;  to  flourish.  —  v.t.  To  embellish 
with  figures  of  flowers;  to  adorn  with  imi- 
tated flowers.  —  Flowerage,  flou'6r-aj,  n. 
Flowers  in  general.— Flower-bud,  n.  The 
bud  which  produces  a  flower.  —  Flower- 
clock,  n.  A  means  of  measuring  time  by 
a  collection  of  growing  flowers  that  open 
and  shut  at  certain  hours  of  the  day. — 
Flower-de-lls,  Flower-de-luce,  flou'er-de- 
16,  flDu'fer-de-ias,  re.  [Fr.  fleur  ae  Us,  flower 
of  the  lily.]  Same  as  Fleur-de-lis. — 
Flowered,  flou'ferd,  p.  and  a.  Embellis'hed 
with  figures  of  flowers. — Floweret,  flou'- 
fer-et,  n.  A  small  flower;  a  floret. — Flower- 
ful,  flou'fer-fid,  71.  Abounding  with  flowers. 
—Flower-garden,  re.  A  garden  in  which 
flowers  chiefly  are  cultivated.  —  FlowBr- 
head,  n.  Bot.  a  capitulum  or  head  of  ses- 
sile flowers,  as  in  the  daisy. — Floweriness, 
flou'6r-i-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  flowery; 
floridness  of  speech.  —  Flowering,  flou'er- 
ing,  p.  and  a.  Having  or  producing 
flowers.— Flowering-ash,  re.  A  deciduous 
tree  of  Southern  Europe  which  yields 
manna.— Flowering-fern,  re.  A  fine  British 
fern,  so  called  from  the  upper  pinnae  of 
the  fronds  being  transformed  into  a  hand- 
some panicle  covered  with  sporangia. — 
Flower iiig-rush,  re.  A  beautiful  British 
plant,  having  leaves  2  or  3  feet  long,  and 
a  large  umbel  of  rose-coloured  flowers. — 
Flower-leaf,  re.  The  leaf  of  a  flower;  a 
petal.— FlowerleBS,  flou'er-les,  a.  Having 
no  flowers.  —  Flowerlessness,  flou'6r-les- 
nes,  re.  State  of  being  without  flowers. — 
Flower-maker,  re.  A  maker  of  artificial 
flowers.— Flower-piece,  re.  A  painting  or 
picture  of  flowers. — Flower-pot,  re.  ~  A  pot 
in  which  flowering-plants  or  other  plants 
are  grown. — Flower-show.re.  An  exhibition 
of  flowers,generally  competitive.— Flower- 
stalk,  n.  Bot.  the  peduncle  of  a  plant,  oi: 
the  stem  that  supports  the  flower  or  fruc- 
tification.—Flowery,  flou'er-i,  a.  Full  of 
:flowers;  abounding  with  blossoms;  richly 
■embellished  with  figurative  language; 
florid. 

Flown,  flon,  pp.  of  verb  iofly. 
Fluctuate,  fluk'tu-at,  v.i. — fluctuated,  fluc- 
tuating.   [L.  flucvi:.o,  flxictuatum,  from  fluc- 
ftts,  a  wave,  frcja  fl.uo,  to  flow,  whence 


fluent,  &c.  Fluent.]  To  move  as  a  wave; 
to  wave ;  to  float  backward  and  forward, 
as  on  waves;  to  be  wavering  or  unsteady; 
to  be  irresolute;  to  rise  and  fall;  to  be  in 
an  unsettled  state.- y.<.  To  put  into  a  state 
of  fluctuating  or  wave-like  motion. — Fluc- 
tuability,  fluk'tu-a-bil"i-ti,  re.  The  quality 
of  being  fluctuable.— Fluctuable,  fluk'tu- 
a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  fluctuating;  liable  to 
fluctuation.  —  Fluctuant,  fluk'tu-ant,  a. 
[h.  fluctuans,  fluctuantis.]  Moving  like  a 
wave;  wavering;  unsteady.— Fluctuating, 
fluk'tQ-a-tiing,  p.  and  a.  Wavering;  mov- 
ing in  this  and  that  direction;  rising  and 
falling;  changeable.  —  Fluctuation,  fluk- 
tfl-a'shoa,  re.  [L.  fiuctuatio.]  A  motion 
like  that  of  waves;  a  moving  in  this  and 
that  direction;  a  rising  and  falling;  a 
wavering;  unsteadiness. 
Flue,  flo,  re.  [Comp.  O.Fr.  flue,  a  flowing, 
from  finer,  L.  fluere,  to  flow  J  A  passage 
for  smoke  in  a  chimney; .'  pipe  or  tube  for 
oonveying  heat,  as  in  certain  kinds  of 
steam-boilers,&c.— Flue-boiler,n.  A  steam- 
boiler  with  flues  running  through  the  part 
that  contains  the  water. 
Flue,  flo,  n.  I^Fluff.]  Downy  matter;  fluff. 
—Fluey,  flo'i,  a. .  Downy;  flufiy. 
Fluent,  flu'ent,  a.  [L.  fluens,fiuentis,  ppr. 
of  fluo,  fiuxum,  to  flow,  as  in  affluence,  con- 
fluence, influence, flux,  &c.;  akin  Gr.  phly6, 
to  bubble  over.]  ^'lowing;  ready  in  the 
use  of  words;  having  words  at  command 
and  uttering  them  with  facility  and 
smoothness;  voluble;  smooth. — n.  Math. 
the  variable  or  flowing  quantity  in  flux- 
ions which  is  continually  increasing  or  de- 
creasing.—Fluently,  flu'ent-li,  adv.  In  a 
fluent  manner.  —  Flnentness,t  flu'ent-nes, 
re.  State  of  being  fluent;  fluency.— fluency', 
fln'en-si,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fluent; 
readiness  of  utterance;  volubility. 
Fluff,  fluf,  n.  [Also  flue;  akin  to  flock,  L.G. 
flog,  flak,  flue.]  Light  down  or  nap  such 
as  rises  from  beds,  cotton,  &c.j;  flue. — 
Fluffy,  fluf'i,  a.  Containing  or  resembling 
flufl";  giving  oiF  fluff;  fluey. 
Flugelman.  8a.ma  a.s  Fugleman. 
Fluid,  flu'id,  re.  (L.  fluidua,  from  fluo,  to 
flow.  FiiuENT.]  Capable  of  flowing  or  mov- 
ing like  water ;  liquid  or  gaseous.— re.  A 
fluid  body  or  substance;  a  body  whose 
particles  on  the  slightest  pressure  move 
and  change  their  relative  position  without 
separation;  a  liquid  or  a  gas:  opposed  to  a 
soKd.— Fluidity,  flu-id'i-ti,  re.  The  quality 
of  being  fluid;  a  liquid,  aeriform,  o;:  gaseous 
state.— Fluidize,  flu'id-iz,  v.t.  To  convert 
into  a  fluid.^FluidnesB,  flu'id-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  fluid;  fluidity. 
Fluke,  flak,  re.  [Akin  to  G.  flunk,  a  wing, 
the  fluke  of  an  anchor;  comp.  also  Sw.  flik, 
.Dan.  flig,  a  flap  or  lappet:  Dan.  anker-flig, 
anchor-fluke.]  The  part  ot  an  amchor  which 
catches  in  the  ground;  one  of  the  two  tri- 
angular divisions  constituting  the  tail  of 
a  whale;  billiards,  an  accidental  successful 
stroke;  hence,  any  unexpected  or  acciden- 
tal advantage.— Fluky,  flo'ki,  a.  Formed 
like  or  having  a  fluke. 
Fluke,  flok,  a.  [A.  Sax.  fldc,  a  flat  fish.]  A 
flounder.  —  Fluke-worm,  re.  A  species  of 
entozoon  v/hich  infests  the  ducts  of  the 
liver  of  various  animals,  especially  those 
of  the  sheep:  also  called  simply  fluke. 
Flume,  flom,  re.  [Connected  with^ow.]  The 
passage  or  channel  for  the  water  that 
drives  a  mill-wheel;  an  artificial  channel 
for  gold-washing. 

Flummery,  flum'er-i,  re.  fW.  llymry,  flum- 
mery, oatmeal  steeped  till  sour,  from  Uym- 
yr,  harsh,  llym,  sharp  ]  A  sort  of  jelly 
made  of  flour  or  meal;  flour  from  oats 
steeped  in  water  till  sour  and  then  boiled; 
flattery;  empty  compliment;  nonsense. 
Flung,  flun^,  pret.  &  pp.  oi  fling. 
Flunkey,  Flunky,  flung'ki,  re.  [L.G.  flun- 
kern,  to  flaunt;  D.  flonkeren,  flinkeren,  to 
glitter;  orfrom/igireifc,  one  that  keeps  at  his 
master's  flank.]  A  male  servant  in  livery; 
a  term  of  contempt  for  a  cringing  flatterer 
and  servile  imitator  of  the  aristocracy;  a 
male  toady.  —  Flunkeydom,  Flunkydom, 
flung'ki-dum,  re.  Flunke\-s  collectively; 
the  grade  or  condition  of  flunkeys.— Flun- 
keyism,  Flunkyism,  flung'ki-izm,  re.  Ser- 
vility; toadyism. 
Fluor-spar,  flu'or-spar,  re.    [L.  fluor,  a  flow- 


ing (from  fluo,  to  flow),  and  spar,  as  in  fel- 
spar; named  from  its  fusibility  and  from 
being  used  as  a  flux.]  A  mineral  some- 
times colourless  and  transparent,  but  more 
frequently  exhibiting  tints  of  yellow, 
green,  blue,  and  red,  found  in  great  beauty 
in  Derbyshire;  hence,  often  known  ifmder 
the  name  of  Derbyshire  Spar,  manufac- 
tured into  various  ornamental  articles. 
Sometimes  called  simxily  Fium:  —  Fluor- 
escence, flu-o-res'ens,  n.  The  emission  of 
bluish  or  greenish  light  by  certain  sub- 
stances caused,  by  the  invisible  rays  of  the 
solar  spectrum  at  the  violet  end.— Fluores- 
cent, flu-o-res'ect,  a.  Possessing  fluores- 
cence.—tluoric,  flu-or'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  obtained  ffom  fluor-spar.— Fl^prin,  Flu- 
orine, flu'o-rin,  re.  An  element  existing  in 
fluor-spar,  of  which  in  a  free  state  we  know 
but  little.— Flnorous,  flu'o-rus,  a.  Obtained 
from  or  containing  fluor. 
Flurry,  flur*!,  re.  [Of  doubtful  origin  and 
connections;  comp.  Sw.flurig,  disordered, 
•flur,  disordered  hair.]  A  sudden  blast  or 
gust  of  wind;  a  short  sudden  shower;  agita- 
tion; commotion;  bustle.— w.(.  To  put  in 
agitation;  to  excite  or  alarm.  —  Flurried, 
flur'id,  p.  and  a.  Put  in  agitation;  agitated; 
discomposed;  excited.  ' 

Flush,  flush,  v.i.  [Perhaps  akin  to /asA;  or 
from  O.Fr.  flux,  a  flowing,  a  flush  at  cards, 
irom  Ii.fiuxus.  Flux.]  To  flow  and  spread 
suddenly,  as  the  blood  to  the  face;  to  be- 
come sumised;  to  become  suddenly  red;  to 
blush.— v.t.  To  cause  "to.  blush  or  redden 
suddenly;  to  elate;  to  excite;  to  animate 
with  joy;  to  wash  out  by  drenching  with 
copious  supplies  of  water;  sporti.t-^,  to 
cause  to  start  up  or  fly  off';  to  spring.— re. 
A  sudden  flow  of  blood  to  the  face;  the 
redness  so  jproduced;  any  warm  colouring 
or  glow;  sudden  thrill  or  shock  of  feeling; 
bloom;  vigour;  a  rush  orflow^of  water;  a 
run  of  cards  of  the  same  suit  in  cribbage. 
Flusb,  flush,  a.-  [Origin  doubtful.]  Fresh- 
full  of  vigour ;  well-supplied  with  money 
(slang);  having  the  surface  even  or  level 
with  the  adjacent  surface.  —  Flushness, 
flush'nes,  re.  State  of  being  flush. 
Fluster,  flus't^r,  v.t.  [Icel.  flauster,  fluster, 
flaustra,  to  be  in  a  fluster;  Norweg.  flosa, 
passion.]  To  make  hot  with  drinking;  to 
heat;  to  agitate;  to  confuse. — re.Heat;  glow; 
agitation ;  confusion  of  mind.  —  Flus- 
.trated>t  flus'tra-ted,  a.  Flustered. 
Flute,  flet,  re.  [Fr.  jtflte,  O.Fr.  flaiite,  from 
flaiiter,  from  a  li-li.  fiatuare  (giving  flau- 
tare  by  metathesis),  from  L.  flatus,  a  blow- 
ing, from  L.  flo,flatum.  to  blow  (as  in  in- 
flate); akin  flageolet.]  A  musical  wind-in- 
strument consisting  of  a  tapering  tube 
with  six  holes  for  the  fingers,  and  from 
one  to  fourteen  keys  which  open  other 
holes;  a  perpeadicular  furrow  or  channel 
cut  along  the  shaft  of  a  column  or  pilas- 
ter; any  similar  groove  or  channel  in  any 
materiaX.— v.i.— fluted,  fluting.  To  play  on 
a  flute. — v.t.  To  play  or  sing  in  notes  re- 
sembling those  of  a  flute:  to  form-  flutes 
or  channels  in.  —  Fluted,  flo'ted,  p.  and  a. 
Channelled ;  furrowed ;  mtw.  clear  and 
mellow;  flute-like.  —  Fluter,  flO'ter,  re.  A 
flutist;  one  who  makes  grooves  or  flutes. 
— Flutina,  fl8-t6'na,  n.  A  musical  instru- 
ment of  the  accordion  kind.— Fluting,  flo'- 
■  ting,  re.  The  act  of  forming  a  groove  or 
flute;  fluted  worit.— Flutist,  flo'tist,  re.  A 
performer  on  the  flute.  —  Fluty,  flti'ti,  a. 
Soft  and  clear  in  tone,  like  a  flute. 
Flutter,  flut'Sr,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  fioterian,  td 
fluctuate,  •  from  flot,  the  sea ;  aHied  to 
float,  and  to  L.  G.  fluttem,  G.  flattem, 
to  flutter.]  To  move  or  flap  the  wings 
rapidly,  without  flying,  or  with  short 
flights;  to  move  about  with  bustle;  to 
move  with  quick  vibrations-  or  undula- 
tions ;  to  be  in  agitation.— 1/.<.  To  agitate; 
to  disorder ;  to  throw  into  confusion. — n. 
Quick  and  irregular  motion ;  vibration ; 
agitation  of  the  mind;  confusion;  dis- 
order.—Flutterer,  flut'6r-6r,  re.  One  who 
flutters.— Flutteringly,  flut'6r-ing-li,  adv. 
In  a  fluttering  manner. 
Fluvial,  Fluviatic,  FluviatUe,  flo'vi-al,  flo- 
vi-at'ik,  flo'vi-a-til,  a.  [L.  fluvialis,  fluvi- 
aticus,  fluviatilis,  frojn  fluvius,  a  river, 
from  fluo,  to  flow.]  Belonging  to  rivers ; 
produced  by  river  action;  growing  or  liv- 


IS 


i^cftain;     eft,  Sc.  lo«ftf     g>  ffo;     j, /ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sirej)';     ?h,  (/ten;  th,  t/iin;     w,  itig;     wh,  teWr,-;     i.1^,  a.juift, 


FLUX 


274 


FOLD 


ing  in  fresh-water  rivers. — Flaviomax ine, 
flo'vi-o-ma-ren.",  a.  Geol.  formed  or  depo- 
sited in  estuaries  or  on  the  'bottom  of  the 
sea  at  the  embouchure  of  a  river. 
Flux,  fluks,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  fiuxus,  from 
filU),  to  flow.  Fluent.]  The  act  of  flow- 
ing; a  flow;  the  flow  of  the  tide,  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  ebb;  mod.  an  extraordinary 
evacuation  from  the  bowels  or  other  part; 
that  which  flows  or  is  discharged;  vietal, 
any  substance  or  mixture  us.ed  to  promote 
the  fusion  of  metals  or  minerals;  a  liquid 
state  from  the  operation  of  heat.—v.t.  To 
melt  or  to  fuse;  med.  to  .cause  a  flux  or 
evacuation  from;  to  purge.  —  Flnxation, 
fluk-sa'shon,  n.  A  flowing  or  passing 
away,  and  giving  place  to  others.  —Fluxi- 
bility,  Fluxibleness.t  fluk'si-bil-i-ti,  fluk'- 
si-bl-nes,  n.'  The  quality  of  beiag  fluxible 
or  admitting  fusion.— fluxifcle,  fluk'si-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  melted  or  fused,  as  a 
mineral.  —  Fiuxility,  fluk-sU'i-ti,  n.  The 
quality  of  admitting  fysion.  —  Fluxion, 
fluk'shon,  n.  A  "flux  or  flcov^ing;  7ned.  a 
flow  or  determination  of  blooa  or  other 
fluid  towards  au^'  orean  with  greater  force 
than  natural;  inath.  a  differential,  fluxions 
being  an  old  method  of  mathematical 
analysis  superseded  by  the  differential 
calculus.  —  Fluxional,  Fltixionary,  fluk'- 
shon-al,  fluk'shon-a-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to 
fluxions;  variable.— Fluxionist,  fluk'shon- 
ist,  n:  One  skilled  in  fluxions. 
Fly.fli,  v.i.—pret.flgw,  pp.  flOvm.TpVT.  flying. 
[A.  Sax.  fledgan,  6.  fliegen,  Icel.  fljiiga, 
Vsja.  flyzie,  to  fly ;  akin,  flee,  flight,  fledge, 
Ac]  To  move  through  air  by  the  aid  of 
wings;  to  move  through  the  "air  by  the 
force  of  wind  or  other  impulse ;  to  rise  in 
air,  as  light  substances;  to  run  or  pass 
with  swiftness;  to  depart  swiftly;  to  run 
away;  to  flee;  to  escape;  to  become  dif- 
fused or  spread  rapidly;  to  pass  quickljr 
from  mouth  to  mouth;  to  burst  in  pieces; 
to  flutter,  vibrate,  or  play;  as  a  flag  in  the 
wind.— To  fly  at,  to  ru^h  on;  to  fall  on  sud- 
denly.— T-ofly  in  the  face  of,  to  set  at  defi- 
ance; to  act. in  direct  opposition  to.— To 
Jli/  open,  to  open  suddenly  or  with  violence. 
—To  let  fly,  to  discharge;  to  throw  or  drive 
with  violence.— a.t.  To  flee  from;  to  shun; 
to  avoid;  to  cause  to  fly  or  float  in  the  air. 
— n.  {The"  noun  is  partly  from  A.  Sax. 
fledge,  the  insect,  from  fledgan,  to  fly,  like 
G.fliege,  from  fliegsn,  partly  from  the  verb 
directly.]  A  winged  insect  of  various 
species,  'whose  distinguishing  character- 
istics are  that"  the  wings  are  transparent 
and  have  no  cases  or  covers;  a  hook  dressed 
so  as  to  resemble  a  fly  or  other  insect  used 
by  anglers  to  catch  flsh^  an  arrangement 
of  vanes  upon  a  revohnng  axis  or  other 
contrivance  to  regulate  the  motion  of 
machinery;  a  flier;  one  of  the  arms  that 
revolve  round  the  bobbin  in  a  spinning- 
frame,  and  twist  the  yam  as  it  is  wound 
on  the  bobbin;  a  light  carriage  formed  for 
rapid  motion ;  a  hackney-coach;  a  cab;  a 
gallery  in  a  theatre  running  along  the 
Side,  of  the  stage  at  a  high  level,  wher& 
the  ropes  for  drawing  up  parts  of  the 
scenes,  &c.,  are  worked.— Flier,  Flyer,  fli'- 
6r,  n.  One  that  flies  or  flees ;  a  runaway ; 
a  furtive;  a  part  of  a  machine  which  by 
moving  rapidly  equalizes  and  regulates 
the  motion  of  the  whole;  a.contrivance  for 
taking  off  or  delivering  the  sheets  from  a 

Srinting  macliine.— Flybitten,  fli'bit-n,  a. ' 
larked  by  the  bite  of  flies.— Flyblow,  fli'- 
blo,  n.  The  egg  of  a  Qy.—v.t.  To  dejwiit  a 
fiy's  egg  in;  lo  taint  with  eggs  which  pro- 
duce maggots.— Flyblown,  fli'blon,  pp.  or 
a.  Tainted  with  maggots.  —  Fly-boat,  n. 
A  large  flat-bottomed  Dutch  vessel  with 
a  high  stem;  a  long  narrow  passage  boat, 
Ewifter  than  the  cargo  boats,  formerly 
VKuch  used  on  canals. — Fly-catcheK  ji.  One 
who  or  that  which  catches  flies;  eswcially, 
a  name  of  various  insessorial  birds  which 
feed  on  fiiefi,  and  two  species  of  which  are 
British.- Fly-fishing,  n.  The  art  or  prac- 
tice of  angUng  for  fish  with  flies,  natural 
or  artificial.  —  Fly-paper,  n.  A  kind  of 
porous  paper  impregnated  with  poison  for 
destroying  flies.  — Fly-trap,  n.  A  trap  to 
catch  or  kill  flies;  an  American  sensitive 
plant,  the  leaves  of  which  close  upon  and 
capture  insects.— Flylng-buttiress,  n.    A 


buttress  in  the  form  of  an  arch  springing 
from  a  solid  mass  of  masonry,  and  abut- 
ting against  and  serving  to  support  an- 
other part  of  the  structure. —Flying-fish, 
7{.  One  of  those  fishes  which  have  the 
power  of  sustaining  themselves  for  a  time 
in  the  air  by  means  of  their  large  pectoral 
fins.— Fljring-fox,  n.  A  bat  found  in  the 
islands  of  the  Eastern  -Archipelago,  so 
named  from  the  resemblance  of  its  bead 
to  that  of  a  fox.— Flying-jib,  n.  Naut.  a 
sail  extended  outside  of  the  jib,  upon  a 
boom  called  the  flying-.iib  boom.— Flying- 
lemur,  n.  An  insectivorous  mammal  hav- 
ing the  limbs  connected  by  wide  lateral 
folds  of  skin,  which  serve  to  bear  it  up 
when  taking  great  leaps  from  tree  to  tree. 
— Fl3ring-phalanger,  n.  A  nocturnal  mar- 
supial of  New  Guinea  and  Australia,  hav- 
ing a  wing-like  fold  of  skin  similar  to  that 
of  the  flying-lemur. —Flying-shot,  m.  A 
shot  fired  at  Something  in  motion.  —  Fly- 
ing-squid, n.  A  rephalopod  having  two 
large  lateral  fins,  which  enable  it  to  leap 
high  out  of  the  water.  —  Flying-squirrel, 
n.  One  of  those  squirrels  that  have  a  fold 
of  skin  extending  between  the  fore  and 
hind  legs,  so  as  to  bear  them  up  for  a 
moment  in  the  air,  and  enable  them  to 
make  veiy  great  leaps;  also  a  name  of 
the  flying  -  phalanger.  —  Fly-leaf,  n.  A 
blank  leaf  at  the  beginning  or  end  of  a 
book,  pamphlet,  &c.  — Fly -man,  n.  One 
who  drives  a  fly.— Fly-wheel,  n.  A  wheel 
with  a  heavy  rim  placed  on  the  revolving 
shaft  of  any  machmery  put  in  motion  by 
an'irregular  or  intermitting  force,  for  the- 
purpose  of  rendering  the  motion  equable 
and  regular  by  means  of  its  momentum. 
Foal,  fol.  It.  [A.  Sax.  fola,  a  foal;  Icel. 
foli,  Dan.  fble,  D.  vevlen,  G.  fohlen,  fallen; 
Cog.  Gr.  p6U)s,  a  foal;  L.  pullus,  a  young 
animal.  Filly  is  a  dim.  from  foal.]  The 
young  of  the  equine  genus  of  quadrupeds, 
and  of  either  sex;  a  colt;  a  mly.—i)t.  To 
bring  forth  her  young:  said  of  a  mare  or  a 
she-ass.- w.i.  To  bring  forth  a  foal.— Foal- 
foot, n.  Same  as  CoU's-foot. 
Foam,  fom,  n.  f  A.  Sax.  fiiin=Gr.  feim,  aiid 
dial,  faum,  foam ;  allied  to  L.  apuma, 
foam,  from  spixo,  to  spit.]  Froth;  spume; 
the  aggregation  of  bubbles  which  is  formed 
on  the  surface  of  liquids  by  fermentation 
or -violent"  agitation. — v.i.  To  gather  foam; 
to  froth;  to  be  in  a  violent  rage. — v.t.  To 
cause  to  feam;  to  throw  out  with  rage  or 
violence:  with  out  (N.T.).— Foamy,  fo'mi, 
a.  Covered  with  foam;  frothy. 
Fob,  fob,  n.    [Allied  to  Prov.  6.  Juppe,  a 

Cket.].  A  little  pocket  made  in  men's 
eches  or  trowsers,  as  a -receptacle  for  a 
watch. 

Fob,  fob,  v.t— fobbed,  fobbing.  [Comp.  G. 
foppen;  to  mock,  to  banter.]  To  cheat;  to 
trick;  to  impose  on.    [Shale.] 

Focus,  foTsus,  n.  pi.  Focuses,  fo'kus-ez,  or 
Foci,  fo'si.  [L.  focus,  a  fire,  the  hearth, 
whence  also  fuel,  fusil.1  A  point  of  con- 
centration; a  central  point;  a  centre  of 
sjiecial  activity ;  optics,  a  point  in  which 
any  number  of  rays  of  light  meet  after 
being  reflected  or  refracted;  ^eow.  a  name 
of  two  imiibrtant  points  on  the  principal 
axis  of  the  ellipse  (which  see).  —  v.t.  To 
bring  to  a  focus;  to  adjust  to  a  focus;  to 
focalize. — Focal,  fo'kal,  o.  Of  or  pertain- 
3n|r  to  a  focus.- Focalize,  fo'kal-iz,  v.t.  To 
bring  to  a  focus;  to  focus. — FociBieter.^fo- 
sim'et-fer,  n.  An  instrument  for  finding 
the  focus  of  a  lens.    ' 

Fodder,  fod'fir,  »i.  [A.  Sax.  fiddler,  f6der, 
from  /(Wa»food=Ice).  f6thr,  L.G.  fodder,  D. 
Doeder.G. /Miter,  fodder.  Food.]  Pood  for 
cattle,  horses,  and  sheep,  as  hay,  straw,  and 
other  kinds  of  vegetables.  —  v.t.  To  feed 
with  fodder.— Fodderer,  fod'6r-er,  n.  One 
•v^ho  fodders  cattle. 

Foe,  to,  n.  [A.  Sax.  fd,  fAh,  an  enemy, 
from  same  stem  as  fiend.  Fiend,  Feud.] 
An  eneijiy;  one  who  entertains  personal 
enmity;  ah  enemy  in  war;  a  hostile  or 
opposing  army;  an  adversary;  one  who 
opposes  Euiything  {a.  foe  to  virtue). —  Foe- 
man,  fo'man,  n.  pi.  roemen,  fo'men.  An 
enemy  in  war;  a  personal  antagonist. 

Foetal,  FcEtus,  Ac.    Fetal,  Fetus. 

Fog,  fog,  n.  (Comp.  Dan.  snee-fog,  a  snow- 
storm, fyge,  to  dnve  with  the  wind,  Dan.* 


dial,  fuge,  to  rain  fine  and  blow,  Icel.  fok, 
snow-storm.]  A  dense  watery  vapour  ex- 
haled from  the  earth  or  from  rivers  and 
lakes,  or  generated  in  the  atnjosphere 
neartheearth;  astateof  mental  confusion 
or  uncertainty. — v.t.f  To  envelop  with  or 
as  with  fog. — fog-bank,  n.  At  sea  a  bank 
of  fog  sometimes  resembling  laud  at  a 
distance. — Foggily,  fog'i-li,  adu.  In  a 
foggy  manner. — Fogginess,  fog'i-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  fog^y.- Foggy,  fog'j,  a. 
Filled  or  abounding  with  fog;  damp  with 
humid  vapours;  misty;  dull ;  stupid ;  lie- 
clouded. — Fog-horn,  n.  A  horn  to  sound 
as  a  warning  signal  in  foggy  weather;  a 
sounding  instrument  for  warning  vessels 
of  their  proximity  to  the  coast  during  a 
fog.  ^-  Fog-signal,  n.  Any  signal  made 
during  fog  to  prevent  accidents ;  rail.,  a 
detonating  body  placed  on  €he  rails,  which 
explodes  on  the  engine  passing  over  it, 
and  gives  warning  of  danger  ahead,  &c. 
Fog,  fog,  n.  [W.  ffwg,  dry  grass.]  After- 
math; a  second  growth  of  grass;  long  grass 
that  remains  on  land  through  the  winter. 
Fogey,  Fogy,  fo'gi,  n.  [Lit  one  who  is  in 
a  fog;  or  from  fog,  after-grass.]  A  stupid 
fellow;  an  old-fashioned  or  singular  per- 
son. [Colloq.J-^Fogej^sm,  Fogyism,  fo'gi- 
izm,  n.  The  habits  or  practices  of  a  fogey. 
Foh,  fo,  inteii.  An  exclamation  of  abhor- 
rence or  contempt,  like  poh  andyie. 
Foible,  foi'bl,  n.  [O.Fr.  weak.  Feeble.] 
The  weak  part  of  a  sword;  opposed  to 
forte;  a  partiqular  moral  weakness;  a  weak 
point;  a  fault  of  not  a  very  serious  char- 
acter. 

Foil,  foil,  v.t.  [Fr.  fouler,  to  press,  to  crush, 
to  oppress,  from  stem  of  L.  fullo,  a  fuller.] 
To  frustrate;  to  defeat;  to  render  vain  or 
nugatory,  as  an  effort  or  attempt;  to  bafiie; 
to  balk.— «i.  Defeat;  frustration;  a  blunt 
sword,  or  one  that  has  a  button  at  the 
end,  used  iix  fencing. — Foilable,  foi'la-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  foiled.- Foiler,  foi'- 
Itr,  n.  Ope  who  foils  or  frustrates. 
Foil,  foil,  n.  IFr.  feuille,  L.  folium,  a  leaf 
(whence  foliage).']  A  leaf  or  thin  plate  of 
metal;  a  thin  leaf  of  metal  placea  under 
precious  stones  to  improve  their  appear- 
ance; anything  of  a  different  character 
which  serves  to  set  off  something  else  to 
advantage;  that  which,  by  comparison  or 
contrast,  sets  off  or  shows  more  conspicu- 
ously the'  superiority  of  something  else; 
arch,  one  of  the  small  arcs  or  hollow 
curves  in  the  tracerv  of  a  Gothic  window, 
panel,  &c.— Foiled,  foUd,  a.  Arch,  having 
foils  {a.  foiled  arch). 

Foin,  foin,  v.i.  [From  Fr.  fouine.  a  fish- 
sp©ar;'or  O.Fr.  foigner,  to  feign,  to  make 
a  feint.]  -To  push  in  fencing.  [Shak.] 
Foison.t  foi'zn,  n.  [Fr.  foison,  from  L. 
fv.sio,  fusionis,  outpouring,  from  fundo, 
fusum,  to  pour.  Fuse.]  Plenty;  abun- 
dance.   [Shak.] 

Foist,  foist,  v.t.  [Originally,  to  break  wind 
noiselessly;  D.  veest,  Dan.  fits,  a  breaking 
of  wind;  Icel.  flsa,  to  break  wind.]  To  in- 
sert surreptitiously,  or  without  warrant; 
to  pass  off  as  genuine,  true,  or  worthy. — n. 
A  trick;  an  imposition.— Foister,  fois'tfer, 
n.    One  who  foists. . 

Fold,  fold,  n.  [A.  Sax.  fald,  feald,  a  plait, 
a  fold,  fealdan,  to  fold;  cog.  Fris.  fald,  G. 
falte,  Goth,  faiths,  a  doubling,  a  plait; 
Icel.  falda,  Dan.  folde,  Goth,  falthan,  to 
fold;  same  root  as  L.  plato,  to  weave.] 
The  doubling  or  double  of  any  flexible 
substance,  as  cloth;  a  plait;  one  part 
turned  or  bent  arid  laid  on  another;  a 
clasp;  an  embrace  (Shak.).  [Often  used  fol- 
lowing a  numeral  in  compounds,  and  thia 
signifying  '  times,'  as  in  twofold,  tonrfoM, 
tenfold.}— v.t.  To  lap  or  lay  double  or  in 
plaits;  to  lay  one  part  over  another  part  of; 
to  lay  one  over  the  other,  as  the  hands  or 
arms;  to  enfold;  to  embrace.  —  v.i.  To  iie- 
come  folded  or  doubled.— Folder,  fol'dfer,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  folds;  a  flat  knife- 
like instrument  used  in  folding  paper.  — 
Folding-door,  n.pl.  A  door  in  two  uprigh  t 
pieces  which  meet  in  the  middle.— Fold- 
ing-stool, n.  A  camp-stool,  or  similar 
stool.  — -  Foldless,  fold'les,  a.  Having  no 
fold. 

Fold,  fsld,  n.  [A.  Sax.  /aZd=Dan.  /old,  Sw. 
faila,  a  fold,  a  pen.]    A  pen  or  mclosure 


i'Ate,  far,  fat,  fftUj     njjp,  metj^htei    pine,  piu;     uSte,  aot,  mOve;  •  tabe,  tu'o,  hyiil;     oil,  pound;     a,  Sc.  abwn^the  Fr^  %, 


F0LIACE0U5 


Til 


FOOT 


for  sheep  or  like  animals;  a  flock  of  sheep: 
hence,  Scrip,  the  church,  the  fleck  of 
Christ.— 1;.<.  To  confine  in  a  fold. 
Follaceous,  fo-li-a'shus,  a.  [L.  foliaceus, 
from  folium,  a  leaf,  akin  to  Gr.  phyllon,  a 
leaf.]  Leafjr;  of  the  nature  or  form  of  a 
leaf;  consistjng  of  leaves  or  thin  laminae. 
— Foliage,  fo'li-aj,  n.  [Fr.  feuillage,  from 
feuille,  h.  folium.']  Leaves  collectively; 
the  leaves  of  a  plant;  leaves  or  leafy 

frowths,  represented  by  sculpture,  &c. — 
oliar,  fo'li-6r,  a.  Bot.  insertedin  or  pro- 
ceeding from  a  leaf  .—Foliate,  fo'li-at,  v.t. 
To  beat  into  a  leaf,  thin  plate,  or  lamina; 
to  cover  \iith  tin-foil,  &c. — a.  Bot.  leafy; 
furnished  with  leaves.— Foliated,  fdii-a- 
ted,  p.  and  a.  Consisting  of  plates  or 
laminae;  lamellar;  arch,  containing  foils 
(a  foliated  arch). —Foliation,  fo-li-a'shon,  ?». 
[L.  foliatio.']  The  leafing  of  plants ;  ver- 
nation; the  act  of  beating  metal  into  a 
thin  plate  or  foil;  the  operation  of  spread- 
ing foil  over  a  surface;  the  property  in 
certain  rocks  of  dividing  into  laminae  or 
plates;. arcA.  the  foils,  cusps,  &c.,  in  the 
tracery  of  Gothic  windows.  —  Foliferous, 
Foliiferoag,  fo-lif '6r-us,  fO-li-if'6r-us,  a. 
Bot.  producing  leaves.— Foliiparous,  fo-U- 
ip'ii-rus,  a.  Bot.  producing  leaves  only. — 
Foliolate,  fs'li-o-lat,  a.  Bot.  pertaining  to 
or  consisting  of  leaflets. — Foliole,  fo'li-ol, 
n.  Bot.  a  leaflet;  a  separatepiece  of  a 
compound  leaf.— Foliose,  fo'li-os,  a.  Bot. 
covered  closely  with  leaves. 

Folio,  fo'li-o,  n.  [Ablative  case  of  L.  folium, 
a  leaf,  short  for  in  folio.]  A  book  of  the 
largest  size,  formed  of  sheets  of  paper 
once  doubled,  each  sheet  thus  contp,ining 
four  pages;  book-keeping,  a  page,  or  rather 
both  the  right  and  left  hand  pages,  of  an 
account-book,  expressed  by  the  same 
figure;  printing,  the  number  appended  to 
each  page;  law,  a  written  page  of  a  cer- 
tain number  of  words. 

Folk,  fok,  n.  fA.  Sax.  fole,  folk,  a  people 
or  nation=L.G.  Fris.  Dan.  and  Sw.  folk; 
Icel.  f6lk;  D.  and  G.  volk;  probably  con- 
nected with  E.  flock,  full,  L.  pleo,  to  fill< 
plebs,  the  common  people,  &c.] '  People  in 
general;  a  separate  class  of  people:  though 
plural  in  signification  it  is  frequently 
used  with  the  plural  form  especially  with 
a  qualifying  adjective  (rich  folks,  young 
folks).  —  Folk-land,  n.  Public  land  in 
ancient  England  held  by  the  people  in 
common  or  granted  for  a  term  to  indi- 
viduals. —  Folk-lore,  n.  Rural  supersti- 
tions, tales,  traditions,  or  legends. — Folk- 
gpeeui,  n.  The  dialect  spoken  bj;  the  com- 
mon people  of  a  country  or  district. 

Follicle,  fol'li-kl,  n,  [Ii.  folUculus,  dim.  of 
follis,  a  bag  or  bellows.]  A  little  bag  or 
vesicle  in  animals  and  plants;  a  dry  seed- 
vessel  or  pod  opening  on  one  side  only;  a 
vessel  distended  with  air;  a  gland;  a  min- 
ute secreting  cavity. — Follicular,  Follicu- 
lous,  fol-lik'Q-16r,  fol-lik'Q-lus,  a.  Per- 
taining to,  or  consisting  of  follicles.— Fol- 
llcnlated,  fol-lik'Q-la-ted,  a.  Having  fol' 
lielea;  follicular. 

Follow,  fol'o,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  folgian,fyligean 
=G.  folgen.  Ban.  /67^e,-Jcel.  fylgja,  to  fol- 
low. By  some  regarded  as  connected  with 
folk,  full,  &c.]  To  go  or  come  after  or  be- 
hind; to  move  behind  in  the  same  direct 
tion;  to  pursue;  to  chase;  to  pursue  as  an 
object  of  desire;  to  go  with  (a  leader);  to 
be  led  or  guided  by;  to  accept  as  authority; 
io  take  as  an  example;  to  copy;  to  come 
after  in  order  of  time,  rank,  or  ofiice;  to 
result  from,  as  an  effect  from  a  cause  or 
an  inference  from  premises;  to  keep  the 
attention  fixed  upon  while  in  progress  (a. 
speech,  piece  of  music,  &c.);  to  understand 
the  meaning,  connection,  or  force  of,  to 
walk  in  (a  road  or  course);  to  practise  (a 
trade  or  calling). — To  follow  suit,  in  card- 
playing,  to  play  a  card  of  the  san\e  suit 
as  that  first  played;  hence,  to  follow  the 
line  of  conduct  adopted  by  a  predecessor. 
—v.i.  To  go  or  come  after  another;  to  be 
posterior  in  time;  to  result,  as  an  effect  or 
an  inference.  .".  Follow  and  sticceed  are 
applied  to  persons  or  things;  ensue,  in 
modem  literature,  to  things  only.  Sue- 
ceed  implies  a  coming  into  the  place  pre- 
viously occupied  by  another;  ensue,  gener- 
ally tliat  what  follows  is  an  effect  or  re- 


sult.—Follower,  fol'o-6r,  n.  One  who  fol- 
lows; an  adherent;  a  disciple;  an  imitator; 
a  dependant. — Following,  fol'o-ing,  n.  A 
body  of  followers  or  retainers. — p.  Being 
next  after;  succeeding;  related,  described, 
or  explained  next  after. 

Folly,  fol'i,  n.  [Fr.  folie,  folly,  from  fol,  a 
fool.  Fool.]  Weakness  of  intellect ;  im- 
becility of  mind;  a  weak  or  foolish  act; 
foolish,  weak,  or  light-minded  conduct; 
criminal  weakness. 

Foment,  fo-ment',  v.t.  [Fr.  fomenter,  L.  /o- 
'inento,  from  fomentum,  for  foviTnentum,  a 
warm  application,,  from  foveo,  to  warm, 
to  cherish.]  To  apply  warm  lotions  to;  to 
bathe  with  warm  medicated  liquids  or 
warm  water;  to  encourage;  to  abet,  used 
especially  in  a  bad  sense  (to  foment  quar- 
rels). —  Fomentation,  fo-men-ta'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  fomenting;  encouragement; 
what  is  used  to  foment;  a  warm  lotion. — 
Fomenter,  fo-men't6r,  n.  One  who  foments. 

Fond,  fond,  a.  [O.E.  fonne,  to  be  foolish, 
fond,  stupid;  fon,  a  fool;  akin  to  Icel.  fdna, 
to  play  the  fool;  Sw.  fane,  fatuous.  The 
final  a  (like  that  of  compound)  does  not 
properly  belong  to  the  word.]  Foolish;  in- 
discreet; imprudent;  foolishly  tender  and 
loving;  doting;  relishing  highly;  loving 
ardently;  delighted  with:  followed  by  of; 
foolishly  or  extravagantly  prized  (Shak.). 
—Fondle,  fon'dl,  v.t. — fondled,  fondling. 
To  treat  with  tenderness;  to  caress.—' 
Fondling,  fond'ling,  n.  A  person  or  thing 
fondled  or  caressed.— Fondly,  fond'li,  adv. 
In  a  fond  manner;  with  indiscreet  or  ex- 
cessive affection;  affectionately;  tenderly. 
—Fondness,  fond'nes,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing fond;  great  affection  or  liking. 

Font,  font,  re.  [From  Ii.  fons,  fontis,  a  foun- 
tain. Fount.]  The  vessel  used  in  churches 
as  the  receptacle  of  the  baptismal  water. 
— Fontal,t  fon'tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
fount,  source,  or  origin. 

Font,  font,  n.  [Fr.  fonte,  from  fondre;  to 
melt  or  found,  from  L.  fundo,  to  pour  out, 
whence  also  found,  foundry.]  A  complete 
assortment  of  printing  types  of  one  size. 

Fontanel,  fon'ta-nel,  n.  [Fr.  fontanelle,  lit. 
a  little  fountain,  from  L.  fons,  a  fountain.] 
Anat.  a  yacancy  in  the  infant  cranium 
between  the  frontal  and  parietal  bones, 
and  also  between  the  parietal  and  occi- 
T)ital. 

Food,  fod,  n.  [A.  Sax.  fida,  food,  whence 
fidan,  to  feed;  Dan.  fode,  Sw.  foda,  food; 
from,  root  meaning  to  feed,  seen  in  L.  pasco, 
to  feed,  pastor,  a  shepherd.]  Whatever 
supplies  nourishment  to  organic  bodies; 
nutriment;  aliment;  victuals;  provisions; 
whatever  feeds,  sustains,  or  nourishes.'— 
Foodless,  fod'les,  a.  Not  having  or  not 
supplying  food. 

Fool,  fol,  n.  [Fr.  fol,  fou,  foolish,  a  fool, 
from  L.L.  follus,  from  L.  folles,  bellows, 
cheeks  puffed  out,  the  follus  or  fool  being 
originally  one  who  made  grimaces.]  One 
who  is  destitute  of  reason  or  the  common 
powers  of  understanding;  an  idiot;  a  natu- 
ral; a  person  who  acts  absui-dly,  irration- 
ally, or  unwisely;  one  who  does  not  exer- 
cise his  reason;  a  professional  jester  or 
buffoon.  —  To  make  a  fool  of,  to  cause  to 
appear  ridiculous.— w.j.  To  act  like  a  fool. 
— v.t.  To  make  a  fool  of;  to  befool;  to  de- 
ceive ;  to  impose  on ;  to  cheat.  —  To  fool 
away,  to  waste  or  spend  foolish ly.— Fool- 
ery, forsr-3,  n.  Folly;  the  practice  of 
folly ;  an  act  of  folly;  object  of  folly. — 
Foolhardiness,  Foolhardihood,  fol'har-di- 
nes,  fol'har-di-hud,  n.  Quality  of  being 
foolhardy;  mad  rashness.- — Foolhardily, 
f ol '  har-di-li,  adv.  With  foolhardiness. — 
Foolhardy,  fol'har-di,  a.  iO.Fx.fol-hardi.] 
Daring  without  judgment;  madly  rash 
and  adventurous;  foolishly  bold.  Syn. 
under  Rash.— Foolish,  fol'ish,  a.   Charac- 

'  teri-sed  by  or  exhibiting  folly ;  weak  in 
int'-llect;  uiiwise;  silly;  vain;  trifling; 
ridiculous.— Foolishly,  fol'ish-li,  adv.  In 
a  foolish  manner.  —  Foolishness,  fol'ish- 
ues,  n.  The  quality  or  condition  of  being 
foolish;  folly.— Foolscap,  fiJlzTcap,  re.  Pa- 
per of  the  smallest  rej;ular  size  but  one, 
its  water-mark  in  early  ijlmes  being  the 
outline  of  a  fool's  head  aid  cap. — Fool's- 
errand,  n.  An  absurd  oil°rviitles8  search 
or  enterprise.— Fool's-par^ey,  n.  A  British 


plant  resembling  parsley,  commonly  be- 
lieved to  be  poisonous,  out  if  so  only  in 
certain  localities. 

Foot,  fut,  n.  pi.  Feet,  fet.    [A.  Sax.  f<it,  pi. 

fet=lcel.  fdtr,  Sw.  fot,  Goth,  fotus,  (i.fuss; 
the  same  word  also  as  L.  pes,  pedis,  Gr. 

pous,  podos,  Skr.  p&da,  a  foot,  from  a  root 
pad,  to  go.]  The  lower  extremity  of  an 
animal's  leg;  the  part  of  the  leg  which 
treads  the  earth  in  standing  or  walking; 
that  surface  of  the  body  by  which  pro- 
gression is  effected  among  the  mollusca ; 
step;  tread;  footfall;  the  part  of  a  stock- 
ing, boot,  &C.,  which  receives  the  foot;  the 
lower  end  of  anything  that  supports  a 
body;  the  part  opposite  to  the  head  or  top; 
the  Dottom;  soldiers  who  march  and  fight 
on  foot;  infantry,  as  distinguished  from 
cavalry;  a  measure  consisting  of  12  inches, 
taken  from  the  length  of  a  man's  foot; 
jpros:  a  certain  number  of  syllables  form- 
ing a  distinct  part  of  a  verse. — Square  foot. 
a  sc[uare  whose  side  is  one  foot  or  any 
equivalent  area;  144  square  inches. — Cubic 

foot,  a  cube  whose  side  is  one  foot,  and 
which  therefore  contains  1728  cubic  inches 
or  any  eg.uivalent  solid.— £y  foot,  on  foot, 
by  walking.  —  To  set  on  foot,  to  originate; 
to  begin;  to  put  in  motion. — To  put  one's 
iest  foot  foremost,  to  adopt  all  the  means 
at  command.  —  Fbot-and-mouth  disease, 
a  highly  contagious  affection  which  at- 
tacks the  feet  and  mouths  of  cattle. — v.i. 
To  dance;  to  walk,  commonly  followed 
by  it.  —  v.t.  To  kick  or  spurn  {Shak.)l;  to 
tread;  to  add  or- make  a  foot  to  (to  foot  a 
stocking  or  boot). — Football,  f ut'bal,  n.  A 
ball  made  of  an  inflated  ox-bladder,  or  a 
hollow  globe  of  india-rubber,  cased  in 
leather,  to  be  driven  by  the  foot;  a  ^'amis 
played  with  a  football  by  two  particij  of 
players.  —  Footbridge,  f  utOarij,  n.  A  nar- 
row bridge  for  foot  passengers.  —  Foot- 
cloth,  fut'kloth,  re.  A  sumpter  cloth,  or 
housings  of  a  horse,  covering  his  body  and 
reaching  to  his  heels.  —  Footed,  fut'ed,  a. 
Provided  with  a  foot  or  feet:  usually  in 
composition. — Footfall,  fut'fal,  re.  A  foot- 
step; tread  of  the  foot.— Footgear,  fut'ger, 
re.  The  covering  of  the  feet;  shoes  or  boots. 
— Foot-guards,  n:pl.  A  body  of  infantry 
so  called.— Foothold,  fut'hold,  re.  That  on 
which  one  may  tread  or  rest  securely;  firm 
standing;  footing;  stable  position;  settle- 
ment. —  Footing;  f ut'ing,  n.  Ground  for 
the  foot;  established  place;  permanent 
settlement;  foothold;  basis;  foundation; 
tread;  walk  (Shak.);  relative  condition; 
state  (on  a  footing  of  equality).— To  pay 
one's  footing,  to  pay  something  by  way  of 
entrance  money,  as  on  entering  a  new 
place  to  prosecute  one's  trade.— Foot-iron, 
n.  A  carriage-step;  a  fetter  for  the  feet. — 
Foot  -jaw,  re.  The  limb  of  a  crustacean, 
modified  so  as  to  serve  in  mastication.— 
Foot-lights,  n.  pi.  A  row  of  lights  in 
a  theatre  on  the  front  of  the  stage,  and 
serving  to  light  it  up.— Footman,  fut'man, 
n.  An  infantry  soldier;  a  male  servant 
whose  duties  are  to  attend  the  door,  the 
carriage,  the  table,  &c.;  a  man  in  waiting. 
— Footmark,  fut'mark,  n.  A  track;  mark 
of  a  foot.— Foot-note,  re.  A  note  of  refer- 
ence at  the  bottom  of  a  page.— Foot-pace, 
n.  A  slow  step,  as  in  walking.— Footpad, 
fut'pad,  n.  A  highwaymsin  that  robs  on 
foot.— Foot-passenger,  n.  One  who  travels 
on  foot. — Footpath,  fut'path,  re.  A  narrow 
path  for  foot-passengers  only.  —  Foot- 
pavement,  re.  A  paved  way  for  passengers 
on  foot;  a  footway.  —  Foot-pound,  re. 
Physics,  one  pound  weight  raised  through 
a  height  of  one  foot:  the  unit  selected  in 
measuring  the  work  done  by  a  mechanical 
force.— Footprint,  fut'print,  re.  The  mark 
of  a  foot.— Foot-race,  n.  A  race  performed 
by  men  on  foot.  —  Foot-rot,  re.  A  disease 
in  the  feet  of  sheep.  — :  Foot-rule,  n.  A 
rule  of  12  inches  long ;  a  rule  for  taking 
measurements  in  feet  and  inches. — Foot- 
soldier,  re.  A  soldier  that  serves  on  foot. — 
Foot-sore,  a.  Having  the  feet  rendered 
sore  or  tender,  as  by  much  walking. — 
Footstalk,  f  ut'stak,  n.  Bot.  a  petiole;  the 
stalk  supporting  a  leaf;  zool.  a  process  re- 
sembling the  footstalk  in  botany;  a  pe- 
duncle.—Footstep,  fut'step,  n.  The  mark 
or  impression  of  tne  foot;  footprint;  trea^; 


cb,  cAain;    ch,  Sc-  loch;    g,  go;    j,  ^ob;    u,  Fr.  ton;     ug,  sing;  t'H,  tAen;  tb,  thia;    w,  wig; .  wh,  wM^;    zh,  asure. 


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270 


FORECLOSE 


footfall ;  soond  of  the  step.  —  Footstool, 
fut'stSl,  n.  A  stool  for  the  feet  when  sit- 
ting.—root-warmer,  n.  A  contrivance  for 
warming  or  keeping  warm  the  feet.— Foot- 
way, fut'wa,  n.  A  path  for  passengers  on 
foot.— Foot-worn,  p.  and  a.  .  Worn  by  the 
feet;  foot-sore. 

Fop,  fop,  n.  [D.  foppen,  to  banter,  to  make 
a  fool  of,  fopper,  a  wag.]  A  vaia  man  of 
weak  understanding  and  much  os^nta- 
tion:  a  gay,  trifling  man;  a  coxcomb;  a 
dandy.— Fopling,  fop'lin^,  n.  A  petty  fop. 
— Foppery,  fop'fer-i,  n.  The  characteristics 
of  a  fop;  showy  folly;  idle 'affectation; 
dandyism.- Foppish,  fop'ish,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  fop;  vam  of  dress;  dressing  in  the 
extreme  of  fashion;  affected  in  manners. 
—Foppishly,  fop'ish-li,  adv.  In  a  foppish 
manner.— Foppishness,  fop'ish-nes,  n. 

For,  for,  prep.  [A.  Sax.  for,  for,  because 
of,  instead  of;  D.  I'oor,  G.  fur,  Goth,  fatir, 
for — allied  to  E.  fore,  jar,  fare;  L.  pro,  for 
or  in  place  of;  Skr.  pra,  before:  before,  in 
advance,  is  the  root-meaning.  The  prefix 
for-  in  forbid,  &c.,  is  different  from  this.] 
In  the  place  of;  instead  of:  indicating  sub- 
stitution' or  equivalence;  corresponding 
to ;  accompanying  (groan  for  groan) ;  in 
the  character  ofj  as  being  (he  took  it  for 
truth);  toward;  with  the  intention  of  go- 
iilg  to;  with  a  tendency  to  (an  inclina- 
tion for  drink);  conducive  to;  tending 
towards;  in  expectation  of;  with  a  view 
to  obtain;  in  order  to  arrive  at,  get,  or 
procure  (to  wait  for  money,  he  writes  for 
money);  suitable  or  proper  to;  against; 
with  a  tendency  to  resist  and  destroy  (a 
remedy  /or  the  headache);  because  of;  on 
account  of;  by  reason  of  (for  want  of  time) 
[in  this  usage  but  comes  very  often  before 
the  for];  on  the  part  of;  in  relation  to 
(easy /or  you,  but  difficult  for  me);  in  pro- 
portion to  (tall  for  his  age);  through  a  cer- 
tain space;  during  a  certain  time;  accord- 
ing to;  as  far  as;  so  far  as  concerns;  not- 
withstanding (it  mSy  be  so  /pr  anything  I 
know);  in  favour  of;  on  the  part  or  side 
of  (to  vote  for  a  person;  desirous  to  have; 
wilUng  to  receive  [in  this  sense  often  in 
interjections:  O  for  revenge!  ];  to  take  up 
the  part  or  character  of  (nature  intended 
him /or  a  usurer);  having  so  much  laid  to 
one's  account;  to  the  amount  of  (he  failed 
/or  ten  thousand).  .•.  For  was  at  one  time 
common  before  the  infinitives  of  verbs  to 
denote  purpose;  but  this  usage  is  now  vul- 
gar.— For  all  the  world,  of  everything  else 
in  the  world;  in  every  respect;  exactly  (an 
animal /or  all  the  world  like  a  mouse).— i^br 
eirer.  Ever.— con;.  For  the  cause  or  reason 
that;  because:  a  word  by  which  a  reason  is 
introduced  of  something  before  advanced, 
being  really  a  preposition  governing  a 
clause. — For  as  much  as,  or  forasmuch  as, 
in  consideration  that;  seeing  that;  since. 

Forage,  for'aj,  n.  [Fr.  fourrage,  O.Fr.  for- 
rage,  from /orre,  forage;  froni-the  old  Ger- 
man or  Scandinavian  word  equivalent  to 
E.  fodder.]  Pood  of  any  kind  for  horses 
and  cattle;  the  act  of  searching  for  provi- 
sions.— v.i.— foraged,  foraging.  To  collect 
forage;  to  roam  in  search  of  food  or  pro- 
vender.—  v.t.  To  collect  forage  from;  to 
supply  with  forage. — Forage-cap;  Forag- 
ing-cap,  n.  A  military  cap  worn  bj-  soldiers 
sent  out  to  forage,  or  when  infatigue-dress. 
— Forager,  for'a-jer,  n.    One  that  forages. 

Foramen,  fo-ra'men,  n.  pi.  Foramina,  fo- 
ram'i-na.  [L.,  from  foro,  to  bore.]  A 
small  natural  opening  or  perforation  in 
parts  of  animals  or  plants;  an  opening  by 
which  nerves  or  blood-vessels  obtain  a 
passage  through  bones.— Foratalnated,  fii- 
ram'i-u5-ted,  a.  Having  foramina  or  little 
holea.— ForaminUer,  fo-ra-min'i-f 6r,  n.  [L. 
foramen,  foraminis,  a  hole,  and  fe'ro,  to 
bear.]  An  individual  of  the  Foraminifera. 
—  Foraminifera,  fo-ram'i-nif'^-a,  n.  pi. 
An  order  of  niinute  animals  belonging  to 
the  protozoa,  furnished  with  a  shell, 
simple  or  complex,  usually  perforated  by 
pores  (whence  the  name). — Foramiiiiferal, 
Foraminiferous,fo-ram'i-nif"fer-al,fo-ram'- 
i-nif"er-u8,  a.  Belonging  to  the  Forami- 
nifera.—  Foramlnnle,  fo-ram'i-ntkl,  n.    A 

'minute  foramen. 

i^orasmuch.  for-az-much',  conj.  Under  For. 

■foray,  for'a,  v.t.    |A  form  of  joraye.]    To 


ravage;  to  pillage.— n.  The  act  of  forag- 
ing; a  jiredatory  excursion;  booty. — Foray- 
er,  for'a-6r,  k.  One  who  takes  part  in  a 
foray;  a  marauder. 

Forbade,  for-bad',  pret.  of  forbid. 

Forbear,  for-bfir',  v.i.— forbore  ipret.),  for- 
borne (pp.).  [Prefix  fm;  intens. ,  and  oear; 
A.  Sax.  forberan,  forbceran,.}  To  cease;  to 
refrain  fram  proceeding;  to  pause;  to  de- 
lay; to  be  patient;  to  restrain  one's  seif 
from  action  or  violence.  —  v.t.  To  avoid 
voluntarily;  to  abstain  from;  to  omit;  to 
avoid  doing;  to  treat  with  indulgencet. — 
Forbearance,  for-bar'ahs,  n.  The  act  of 
forbearing;  restr-oint  of  passions;  long- 
suffering;  indulgence  towards  those  who 
injure  us;  lenity.— Forbearer,  for-bSr'er, 
n. .  One  who  forbears.  —  Forbearing,  for- 
bfir'ing,  p.  and  a.  Having  forbearance; 
long-suifering.  —  Forbearingly,  for -.bar '- 
ing-li,  adv.    In  a  forbearing  manner. 

Forbid,  for-bid',  d.<.— pret.  forbade;  pp.  for-' 
bid,  forbidden ;  forbidding.  [Prefix  for, 
implying  negation,  and   bid.]     To  pro- 

•  hibit;  to  interdict;  to  command  to  for- 
bear or  not  to-  do;  to  refuse  access;  to  com- 
mand not  to  enter  or  approach;  to  oppose; 
to  hinder;  to  obstruct  (a.  river  forbids  ap- 
proach). —  Forbiddance,t  for-bid'ans,  n. 
IProhibition;  command  or  edict  against  a 
thing.  —  Forbidden,  for-bid'n,  p.  and  a. 
Prohibited;interdicted.— Forbidden-fruit, 
n.  The  fruit  of  the  tree  of  knowledge 
prohibited  to  Adam  and  Eve  in  Paradise; 
the  fruit  of  the  shaddock  when  of  small 
size.- Forbidder,  for-bid'er,  71.  One  who 
forbids.— Forbidding,  for-bid'ing,  a.  Re- 
pelling approach;  repulsive;  raising  ab- 
horrence, aversion,  or  dislike.  —  Forbid- 
dingly, for-bid'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  forbid- 
ding manner;  repulsively.  —  Forbidding- 
ness,  for-bid'ing-nes,  n. 

Format,  for-sa,  n.  iFr.,.  from  forcer,  to 
force.]  A  French  convict  condemned  to 
forced  labour;  a  galley-slave.      , 

Force,  fors, n.  [Fr.,  from  li.li.forcia,forfia, 
from  Id.  fortis,  strong;  seen  also  in  fort,  for- 
titude, fortress,  comfort,  effort, &c.]  Active 
power;  vigour;  might;  strength;  energy; 
thut  which  is  the  source  of  all  the  active 
phenomena  occurring  in  the  material 
world;  that  which  produces  or  tends  to  pro- 
duce change;  one  of  the  modes  or  forms  in 
which  energy  is  exhibited  in  nature,  as 
heat  or  electricity;  momentum;  the  quan- 
tity of  energy  or  power  exerted  by  a  mov- 
ing body;  violence;  power  exerted  against 
will  or  consent;  moral  power  to  convince 
the  mind ;  influence ;  validity ;  power  to 
bind  or  hold  (the  force  of  an  agreement) ; 
a  military  or  naval  armament ;  a  body  of 
troops ;  an  army  or  navy ;  a  body  of  men 
prepared  for  action  in  other  ways  (a  police 
force).— v.t.— forced,  forcing.  To  compel ; 
to  constrain  to  do  or  to  forbear,  by  the  ex- 
ertion of  a  power  not  resistible;  to  impel; 
to  press,  drive,  draw,  or  push  by  main 
strength;  to  compel  by  strength  of  evi- 
dence (to  force  conviction  on  the  mind);  to 
ravish;  to  violate  (a  female);  to  twist, 
wrest,  or  overstrain;  to  assume,  or  compel 
one's  self  to  give  utterance  or  expression 
to  (to  force  a  siliile);  to  ripen  or  brihg  to 
maturityby  heat  .artificially  applied. — 
Forced,  forst,  p.  and  a.  Unnaturally  as- 
sumed; constrained;  affected;  overstrained; 
unnatural. — Forcedly,  fOr'sed-li,  adv.    In 

'a  forced  manner;  constrainedly;  unnatu- 
rally.—Forcednes8,fdr'sed-nes,»i.  The  state 
of  being  forced.  —  Forceful,  fors'ful,  o. 
Possessing  force;  powerful;  driven  with 
force;  acting  with  power;  impetuous 
(S/iaA.).— Forcefully,  forsful-li,  adv.  Vio- 
lently; impetuously. —  Forceless,  fors'les, 
a.  Having  little  or  no  force ;  feeble ;  im- 
potent. —  Force-pump,  Forcing-pump,  n. 
A  pump  which  delivers  ihe  water  by 
means  of  pressure  or  force  directly  applied, 
so  as  to  eject  it  forcibly  to  a  great  eleva- 
tion; in  contradistinction  to  a  pump  that 
raises  water  by  the  pressure  of  the  air 
simply.  —  Forcer,  f  or'sfer,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  forces.— Forcible,  for'si-bl,  o. 
Having  force;  exercising  force;  powerful; 
strong ;  marked  by  force  or  violence;  vio- 
lent. —  Forcible-feeble,  a.  [From  Shak- 
spere's  character  Feeble — '  most  forcible 
FeMc.'i    ;:,Ui.:iih  lo  lie  or  .ippcar  vigor- 


ous but  in  reality  feeble. — n.  A  feeble 
writer  who  wants  to  appear  xngorous. — 
Forcibleness,  for'si-bl-nes,  n.  The  condi- 
tion or  quality  of  being  forcible.— Forci- 
bly, fOr'si-bli,  adv.  In  a  forcible  manner. 
—Forcing,  for'siug,  n.'  Hwt.  the  art  of 
raising  plants,  flowers,  and  fruits  at  an 
earlier  season  than  the  natural  one  by  arti- 
ficial heat. 

Force,  fors,  n.  [Icel..  for3,  Dan.  /ps,  a 
waterfall.]  A  waterfall.  [Korth  of  Eng- 
land.] 

Force,  fors,  t/.t  [Same  as  farce;  or  perhaps 
from  force,  in  old  .sense  of  to  season,  force- 
meat being  thus  highly  seasoned  meat.] 
To  stuff;  to  farce. — Forcemeat,  fors'mfit, 
n.  Cookery,  meat  chopped  fine  and  sea- 
soned, either  sei-ved  ijp  alone  or  used  as 
stuffing. 

Forceps,  for'seps,  n.  [L., from /or  in/o)T7i«s, 
warm,  and  capio,  to  take.]  A  two-bladed 
instrument  on  the  principle  of  pincers  or 
tongs  for  holding  anything  difficult  to  be 
held  by  the  hand:  used  by  surgeons,  den- 
tists, jewellers,  &c.— Forcipate,  Forcipa- 
ted,  for'si-pat,  for'si-pa-ted,  a.  Formed 
like  a  forceps.— Forcipation,  f  or-si-pa'shon,- 
n.  Torture  "by  pinching  with  forceps  or 
pincers. 

Forclose,  Forclosure.  Same' as  Foreclose, 
Foreclosure. 

Ford,  ford,  n..  [A.  Sax.  ford,  connected 
with  faran,  to  go,  to  fare;  comp.  G.  furt,  a 
ford,  fakren,  to  go;  allied  to  Gr.  po7'os,  a 
passage;  E.  ferry.]  A  place  in  a  river  or 
other  water  where  it  ma;  be  passed  by 
man  or  beast'  on  foot  or  oy  wading.— w.i. 
To  nass  or  cross  (a  stream)  by  wading;  to 
wade  throui<h.  —  Fordable,  for'da-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  forded.— Fordableness, 
for'da-bl-nes,  n.    State  Of  being  fordable. 

Fordo,  for-di)',  v.t.-^fordid  (pret.r,  fordone 
(pp.).  [Prefix  for-,  intens.,  atd  uo.\  To 
destroy:  to  undo;  to  ruin;  to  exhaust,' 
overpower,  or  overcome,  as  by  toil. 

Fore,  for,  a.  [A.  Sax.  fore,  foran,  before; 
D.voor,  Dan./or,  Q.vor,  before;  Qoth.fuwa', 
for;  Ij,  prcE,  before,  pro,  for,  por  (as  in  por- 
rigere,  to  extend),  Gr.  paros,  Skr.  pra, 
puras- before.  Akin/ar,/or,/n!:e.  First 
and  foremost  arc  its  superlatives.]  Ad- 
vanced, or,  locally,  in  advance  of  some- 
thing; opposed  to  hind  or  hinder;  coming 
first  in.tiiiie:  opposed  to  after;  anterior; 
prior;  antecedent;  in  front  or  toward  the 
face;  situated  towards  the  stem  of  a  ship. 
—Fore  and  aft  mavt),  in  a  direction  from 
stem  to  stem:/ore-ond-a/i  SEiil,  a  sail,  such 
as  a  jib  or  spanker,  that  has  a  position 
more  or  less  in  this  direction. — n.  Used  in 
the  phrase  to  the  fore,  that  is.  alive;  remain- 
ing still  in  existence;  not  lost,  worn  out, 
or  spent. 

Foreadmonish,  for-ad-mon'ish,  v.t.  To  ad- 
monish beforehand. 

Forearm,  for-arm',  v.t.  To  arm  or  prepare 
for  attack  or  resistance  before  the  time  of 
need. 

Forearm,  for'arm,  n.  That  part  of  the 
arm  which  is  between  the  elbow  and  the 
wrist. 

Forebode,  for-bod',  v.t— foreboded,  forebod- 
ing. To  bode  beforehand;  foretell;  to  pre- 
sage; to  be  prescient  of;  to  feel  a  secret 
sense  of,  as  of  a  c;ilamity  about  to  happen. 
— Forebodement,  for-bod 'ment.  n.  The 
act  of  foreboding.— Foreboder,  fSr-bo'dtr, 
n.    One  who  forebodes. 

Forecast,  fOr-kast',  v.i.  — pret.  &  vp.  fore- 
cast. To  cast  or  scheme  befoiehand;  to 
plan  before  execution;  to  calculate  before- 
hand; to  estimate  in  the  future.— t».i.  To 
form  a  scheme  previously;  to  contrive  be- 
forehand.—n.  (forTcastl.  Previous  contri- 
vance or  determination;  foresight;  a  guess 
or  estimate  of  what  wUl  happen.— Fore- 
caster, for-kas'ter,  n.    One  who  forecasts. 

Forecastle,  for'kas-l;  sailors'  pronunciation, 
fok'sl,  n.  A  short  raised  deck  in  the  fore- 
part of  a  ship;  the  forepart  of  a  vessel 
where  the  sailors  live. 

Forechosen,  for-cho'zn,  o.  Chosen  or  elected 
beforehand.  .    « . 

Forecited,  fsr-si'ted,  a.  CSted  or  quoted 
before  or  above. 

Foreclose,  for-kloz',  «.t  —foreclosed,  fore- 
closing. [Fore  for  Fr.  prefix  for  (as  in  for- 
ftit),  from  L.  furis,  away,  out  of  doors.]  To 


j^'ate,  flir,  fat,  fftU;     in?i  met,  h4r;     pine,  pin  j     oOte,  not,  mOve;     (f^be,  tub,  bnll;     oil,  pound;     u,  >>c.  abtme— the  Fr. », 


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PORGAl'HER 


preclude;  to  stop;  to  iprcyent.— To  foreclose 
a  mortgage,  to  compel  the  mortgager  to 
])ay  the  money  due  ou  it,  or  forfeit  his 
right  to  the  estate. — Foreclosure,  for-klo'- 
zQr,  n.    The  act  of  foreclosing. 

Foredate,  for-dat',  v.t.  To  date  before  the 
true  .time;  to  antedate. 

Foredeck,  for'dek,  n.  The  forepart  of  a 
deck  of  a  ship. 

Foredesign,  for-de-sin'  or  de-zin',  v.t.  To 
design  or  plan  beforehand;  to  intend  pre- 
viously. 

Foredetermine,  for-de-ter'min,  v.t.  To  de- 
termine beforehand. 

Foredispose,  for-dispoz',  v.t.  To  dispose  or 
bestow  beforehand. 

Foredo,  f  or-dO',  v.  t.—foredid  {pTet.),/oredone 
(pp.).    To  do  beforehand. 

Foredoom,  for-dom',  v.t.  To  doom  before- 
hand; to  predestinate. 

Foredoor,for'dor,w.  The  door  in  the  front 
of  a  house;  in  contradistinction  to  back- 
door. 

Fore-end ,  f  or'end,  w.  The  end  in  front;  the 
anterior  part. 

Forefather,  for'fa-TH6r,  n.    An  ancestor. 

Forefend,  for-fend',  v.t.  To  fend  off;  to 
avert;  to  prevent  the  approach  of;  to  forbid 
or  ))rohibit. 

Forefinger,  for'fing-g6r,  n.  The  finger  next 
to  the  thumb;  the  index. 

Forefoot,  for'fut,  n.  One  of  the  anterior 
feet  of  a  quadruped  or  multiped. 

Forefront,  f or'frunt,  n.  The  foremost  part 
or  place. 

Foregather,  for-gaia'^r,  v.i.  Same  as  For- 
gather. 

Forego,  for-g5',  v.t.    To  forgo  (which  see). 

Forego,  f5r-go',  v.t.— forewent  (pret.),  fore- 
gone (pp.).  To  go  before;  to  precede. — 
Foregoer,  f5r-go'6r,  n.  One  who  goes  be- 
fore another;  an  ancestor;  a  progenitor. — 
Foregoing,  for-go'ingorfor'go-ing,  p.anda. 
Preceding;  going  before,_in  time  or  place; 
antecedent.— Foregone,  fOr-gon' or  for'gon, 
p.  and  a.  Past;  preceding;  predetermined; 
made  up  beforehand. 

Foreground,  fOr'ground,  n.  The  part  of  a 
picture  which  is  represented  so  as  to  ap- 
pear nearest  the  eye  of  the  onserver. 

Forehand,  fOr'hand,  n.  The  part  of  a  horse 
which  is  before  the  rider;  the  chief  part 
{Shak.);  advantage;  superiority  (Shak). — a. 
Done  sooner  than  is  regular;  anticipative; 
done  or  paid  in  advance. 

Forehead,  f or'hed  or  for'ed,  n.  The  part  of 
the  face  which  extends  from  the  usual 
line  of  hair  on  the  top  of  the  head  to  the 
eyes;  the  brow. 

Foreign,  forin,  a.  [Fr.  forairi,  from  L.L. 
foraneus,  from  L.  foras,  out  of  doors  (also  in 
forest)— aa.me  root  as  E.  door.  As  in  sov- 
ereigntheg  has  been  improperly  inserted.] 
Belonging  or  relating  to  -another  nation 
or  country;  not  of  the  country  in  which 
one  resides;  alien;  extraneous;  not  our 
own;remote;not  belonging;  not  connected; 
irrelevant;  not  to  the  purpose:  with  to  or 
/rom.— Foreigner,  for'in-er,  n.  A  person 
born  in  or  belonging  to  a  foreign  country; 
an  alien.— Foreignism,  for'in-izm,  n.  For- 
eignness;  a  foreign  idiom  or  custom. — 
Foreignness,  f  or'in-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  foreign. 

Forejudge,  for-juj',  v.t.  To  judge  before- 
hand or  before  hearing  the  facts  and 
proof;  to  prejudge.  —  Forejudgment,  for- 
,1uj'ment,n.  Judgment  previously  formed. 

Foreknow,  for-no',  v.t.  — foreknew  (pret.), 
foreknown  (pp.).  To  have  previous  know- 
ledge of;  to  know  beforehand. — Foreknow- 
able,  for-no'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  fore- 
known. —  Foreknowingly,  for-no'ing-li, 
adv.  With  foreknowledge;  deliberately. 
—Foreknowledge,  for-nol'ej,  n.  Know- 
ledge of  a  thing  before  it  happens;  pre- 
science. 

Foreland,  fSr'land,  n.  A  promontory  or 
cape;  a  headland.         ^^ 

Foreleg,  for'leg,  n.  One  of  the  front  or  an- 
terior legs,  as  of  an  animal,  a  chair,  &c. 

Forelock,  forlok,  n.  The  lock  or  hair  that 
grows  from  the  forepart  of  the  head. — To 
take  time  by  the  forelock,  to  make  prompt 
use  of  anything;  to  let  no  opportunity 
escape. '<»»»>*>•.•'?. -V«(B-'    '-     • 

Foreman,'' for 'man,  n.  pi.  Foremen,  for*- 

I  men.  •  The  first  or  chief  mau;  the  chief 


man  of  a  jv.ry  who  acts  as  their  speaker; 
a  chief  workman  who  superintends  others. 

Foremast,  for'mast,  n.  The  mast  of  a  ship 
or  other  vessel  which  is  placed  before  the 
other,  or  the  others. 

Forementioned,  fOr'men-shond,  a.  Men- 
tioned before;  mentioned  in  a  former  part 
of  the  same  writing  or  discourse. 

Foremost,  for'most  or  fOr'most,  a.  [Should 
have  been  /omiest  (to  correspond  with 
former),  be:ng  the  A.  Sax.  formest,  a 
double  superlative,  from  forma,  first,  fore- 
most (itself  a  superlative),  and  the  -est  of 
superlatives:  the  spelling  has  been  modi- 
fied by  confusion  "with  m.0Bt;  so  also  livnd- 
m,ost,  inmost,  outmost]  First  in  place, 
station,  honour,  or  dignity;  most  advanc^d; 
first  in  time. 

Forename,  for'nam,  n.  A  name  that  pre- 
cedes the  family  name  or  surname. — Fore- 
named,  f  or'namd,  a.  Named  or  mentioned 
before. 

Forenoon,  for'nSn,  n.  The  part  of  the  day 
that  comes  before  noon;  the  part  from 
morning  to  mid-day. 

Forensic,  ForenslcaJ,  fo-ren'sik,  fo-ren'Bi- 
kal,  a.  [From  L.  forensis,  from  forum,  a 
court,  a  forum  ;  akin  forest.]  Belonging 
to  courts  of  justice  or  to  public  discussion 
and  debate;  used  in  courts  or  legal  pro- 
ceedings, or  in  public  discussions. — Foren- 
sic medicine, medical  jurisjirudence. 

Forordain,  for'or-dan,  v.t.  To  ordain  or 
appoint  beforehand;  to  preordain;  to  pre- 
destinate.^Foreordinat<oa,  for-or'di-na"- 
shon,  n.  Predetermination;  predestina- 
tion. 

Forepart,  for'part,  n.  The  most  advanced 
part,  or  the  first  in  time  or  place;  the  an- 
terior part;  the  beginning. 

Forepayment,  for'pa-ment,  u  Payment 
beforehand;  prepayment. 

Forepeak,  fOr'pek,  n.  Naut.  the  part  of  a 
vessel  in  the  angle  of  the  bow. 

Fortrun,  fiir-run'  v.t.— foreran  (pret.),  fore- 
iim  (pp.),  forerunning  (ppr.).  To  run  be- 
fore ;  to  come  before,  as  an  earnest  of 
something  to  follow.  —  Forerunner,  for- 
run'fer,  n.  A  messenger  sent  before  to 
give  notice  of  the  approach  of  others ;  a 
harbinger;  a  sign  foireshowing  something 
to  follow. 

Foresaid,  fsr'sed,  a.  Spoken  of  or  men- 
tioned before. 

Foresail,  for'sal.  n.  Naut.  the  principal 
sail  set  on  the  foremast. 

Foresee,  foi-si', v.t— foresaw  {piet.),  foreseen 
(pp.).  To  see  beforehand;  to  see  or  know 
before  it  happens;  to  have  prescience  of; 
to  foreknow.— v.t".  To  exercise  foresight.— 
Foreseeing,  for-se'ing,  p.  and  a.  Prescient; 
foresifthted.— Foreseer,  for-se'Cr,  n.  One 
who  foresees. 

Foreshadow,  for-shad'O,  v.t  To  shadow  or 
typify  beforehand. 

Foreshew,  f or-shoi,  v.t.    Same  as  Foreshow. 

Foreshore,  for' shor,  n.  The  sloping  part  of 
a  shore  between  high  and  low  water- 
mark. 

Foreshorten,  for-shor'tn,  v.t.  Persp.  to  re- 
present figures  (as  an  arm,  a  branch, 
directed  towards  the  spectator)  in  such  a. 
manner  as  to  convey  to  the  mind  the  im- 
pression of  the  entire  length  of  the  object 
that  is  viewed'  in  an  oblique  direction. 

Foreshow,  for-sho',  v.t.— foreshowed  (pret.), 
foreshown  (pp.).  To  show,  represent,  or 
exhibit  beforehand ;  to  prognosticate ;  to 
foretell.— Foreshower,  for-6ho'6r,  n.  One 
who  foreshows. 

Foreside,  for'sid,  n.    The  front  side. 

Foresight,  for'sit,  n.  The  act  or  power  of 
foreseeing ;  prescience ;  foreknowledge ; 
provident  care  for  the  future;  prudence  in 
guarding  against  evil;  wise  forethought; 
the  sight  on  the  muzzle  of  a  gun.  —  Fore- 
sighted,  for'si-ted,  a.  Having  foresight; 
prescient;  provident. 

Foreskin,  for'skin,  n.  The  fold  of  skin  that 
covers  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  male 
member  of  generation;  the  prepuce. 

Forespend,  for-spend',  v.t.  [Fore,  for  prefix 
for,  intens.]_To  weary  out;  to  exhaust. — 
Forespent,  for-spent',  p.  and  a.  Tired  out; 
exhausted,      t^-^-^  »^, 

Forest,  for'est,  to.  [O.Fr.  fvrest.  Mod.  Fr. 
forct,  from  L.L./oresto,  a  forest,  from  L. 
foris,  foras,  out  of  doors,  abroad;  akin  for- 


eign, forensic.]  An  extensive  wood,  or  3, 
large  tract  of  land  covered  with  trees ;  a 
tractof  mingled  woodland  and  open  uncul 
tivated  ground;  a  district  wholly  or  chiefly 
devoted  to  the  purposes  of  the  chase;  a  royal 
domain  kept  separate  for  such  purposes, 
and  subject  to  its  own  laws,  courts,  and  offi- 
cers.— a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  forest;  syl- 
van; rustic. — v.t.  To  convert,  into  a  forest. 
Forestage,  for'es-taj,  to.  Law,  a  duty  pay- 
able in  connection  with  a  royal  forest.— 
Forestal,  for'es-tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
forest.— Forester,  for'es-t6r,  to.  An  officer 
appointed  to  watch  or  attend  to  a  forest; 
one  who  has  the  charge  of  aiorest  or  for- 
ests ;  one  whose  occupation  is  to  manage 
the  timber  on  an  estate.— Forestlne,  for'es- 
tin,  a.  Pertaining  to  forests;  living  in 
forests.— Forest-marble,  to.  Geol.  an  argil- 
laceous laminated  shelly  limestone :  so 
called  from  Whichwood  Forest,  in  Oxford- 
shire, where  the  finer  sorts  are  quarried  as 
marble. — Forest-oak,  n.  The  commercial 
term  for  the  timber  of  the  beef -wood  trees 
of  Australia.— Forestry,  for'est-ri,  to.  The 
art  of  forming  or  of  cultivating  forests,  or 
of  managing  growing  timber.  —  Forest- 
tree,  TO.  A  tree  of  the  forest,  not  a  fruit- 
tree. 

Forestall,  fOr-stal',  v.t  [A.  Sax. /or«8<«aH, 
an  intercepting,  a  placing  before,  from 
fore,  before,  and  steall,  a, place,  a  stall. 1 
To  take  too  early  action  regarding;  to 
realize  beforehand;  to  anticipate;  to  take 
possession  of  in  advance  of  something  or 
somebody  else;  to  hinder  by  preoccupation 
or  prevention. —  7'o  forestall  the  market,  to 
buy  up  merchandise  on  its  way  to  market 
with  tne  intention  of  selliiig  it  again  at  a 
higher  price:  formerly  an  offence  at  law. — 
Forestaller,  forstal'er,  n. ,  One  who  fore- 
stalls. 

Foretaste,  for'tSst,  to.  A  taste  beforehand; 
anticipation;  enjoyment  in  advance. — 
v.t.  (for-tasf).  To  taste  before  possession; 
to  have  a  foretaste  of.  —  Foretaster,  f3r- 
tas'ter,  n.    One  that  foretastes. 

Foretell,  for-tel',  v.t— foretold  (pret.  &  pp.). 
To  tell  before  happening ;  to  predict ;  to 
prophesy;  to  foretoken  or  foreshow;  to 
prognosticate. — v.i.  To  utter  prediction  or 
prophecy.  —  Foreteller,  for-tel'ir,  to.  One 
who  foretells. 

Forethought,  fOr'thivt,  to.  A  thinking  be- 
forehand; provident  care;  foresight. 

Foretoken,  fOr-to'kn,  v.t  To  betoken  be- 
forehand; to  foreshow;  to  presignify;  to 
prognosticate. 

Foretooth,  fSr'tOth,  n.  pi.  Foreteeth,  for'- 
teth.  One  of  the  teeth  in  the  forepart  of 
the  mouth;  an  incisor. 

Foretop,  for'top,  to.  Hair  on  the  forepart 
of  the  head;  naut.  the  platform  erected  at 
the  head  of  the  foremast.— Foretop-mast, 
n.  The  mast  above  the  foremast,  and 
below  the  foretop-gallant  mast. 

Forewarn,  for-wam',  v.t.  To  warn  before- 
hand; to  give  previous  notice  to. 

Forewoman,  for'wu-man,  to.  A  woman  who 
superintends  others  in  a  workshop  or  other 
establishment. 

Forfeit,  for'fit,  v.t  [Fr.  forfait,  a  crime, 
misdeed,  from /or/aire,  to  transgress,  L.L. 
forisfacere,to  offend — L./om;out  of  doors, 
beyond  (seen  also  in  foreclose,  forest),  ana 
facere,  to  do.]  To  lose  the  right  to  by  some 
fault,  crime,  or  neglect;  to  become  by  mis- 
deed liable  to  be  deprived  of  (an  estate, 
one's  life).— TO.  The  act  of  forfeiting;  that 
which  is  forfeited  •,.  a  fine ;  a  penalty;  a 
sportive  fine  or  penalty,  whence  the  game 
of  forfeits.— p.  and  a.  Forfeited  or  sub- 
ject to  be  forfeited:  liable  to  deprivation 
or  penal  seizure. — Forfeitable,  for'fit-a-bl, 
a.  Liable  to  be  forfeited ;  subject  to  for- 
feiture.— Forfeiter,  for'fit-6r,  n.  One  who 
forfeits.— Forfeltui-e,  for'flt-ur,  n.  The  act 
of  forfeiting;  the  losing  of  some  right, 
privilege,  estate,  honour,&c.,  by  an  offence, 
crime,  breach  of  condition,  or  other  act; 
that  which  is  forfeited.  ,..,  1 

Forfend,  for-fend'.    Same  as  Forefend.  '*■'    ' 

Forgat,  for-gat'.  Old  form  of  the  pret.  of 
forget.    [O.T.]   -  ,  | 

Forgather,  for-gaTH'6r,  v.i.  [For,  intens., 
and  gather;  com  p.  O.Fris.  forgathera,  to 
assemble.]  To  meet;  to  convene;  to  coma 
or  meet  together  accidentally.     ,  -c-v.: 


cb  cbsiui   c^^^lof^i/  \st ggj>^iifila/k3a»)f rwtwv*{jBg^aag^  ab,  ueuis^ 


FORGAVE 


278 


FOHT 


Forgave,  for-gSr',  pret.  of  forgive. 

Forge,  fOij,  n.  IFi.  forge.  It. /orgia,  trova 
L.  fabrUa,  a  workshop,  from  faber,  a 
■workman,  a  smith.  So  that  fbrge^fabrv:.] 
A  furnace  in  -which  iron  or  other  metal  is 
heated  to  be  hammered  into  form;  a  work- 
shop for  this  purpose;  a  smithy.— 1>.«. — 
forged,  forging.  To  work  into  shape  in  a 
forge ;  to  form  or  shape  out  in  any  way; 
to  invent ;  to  produce,  as  that  which  is 
counterfeit  or  not  genuine;  to  counterfeit, 
as  a  signature  or  document. — v.i.  To  com- 

;  mit  forgery.— Forger,  for'jtr,  n.  One  who 
forges ;  especially,  a  person  guiltjs  of  for- 
gery. —  Forgery,  for'jer-i,  n.  The  act  of 
forging,  fabricating,  or  producing  falsely; 
the  crime  of  counterfeiting  a  person's  sig- 
nature on  a  document;  that  which  is 
forged,  fabricated,  or  counterfeited.— For- 
ging, f  or'jing,  n.  The  act>of  one  who  forges; 
an  article  of  metal  forged. 

Forge,  forj,  v.i.— forged,  forging.  [Perhaps 
from  Icel.  farga,  to  press.]  Naut.  to  move 
on  slowly  and  laboriously;  to  work  one's 
way:  usually  with  ahead,  off,  past,  &c. 

Forget,  for-get',  v.t— forgot  (pret.K  forgot, 
forgotten  (pp.),  forgetting  (ppr.).  [A.  Sax." 
/or(;i<a»i— /or,  priv.  or  neg.,  and  gitan,  to 
get.  Get.]  .To  lose  the  remembrance  of; 
to  let  go  from  the  memory;  to  cease  to. 
have  in  mind ;  not  to  remember  or  think 
of;  to  slight;  to  neglect;  refi.  to-be  guilty 
of  Bom£tiiing  unbecoming;  to  commit  an 
oversight.— Forgetable,  Forgettable,  for- 
get'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  forgotten. 
—Forgetful,  for-get'ful,  a.  4-Pt  to  forget; 
easily  losing  remembrance ;  careless ;  ne- 
glectful ;  inattentive.  —  ForgetfuUy,  f or- 
fet'ful-li.  adv.  In  a  forgetful  manner. — 
brgetfulness,  for-get'ful-nes,  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  forgetful;  a  ceasing  toremem- 
ber;  obliyion;  neglect;  negligence;  inat- 
tention. —  Forgetter,  for-get '6r,  n-.  One 
who  forgets.  —  Forget-me-not,  «.  A  well- 
known  plant,  having  bright  blue  flowers 
with  a  yellow  eye,  and  considered  to  be 
the  emblem  of  friendship  in  almost  every 
part  of  Europe. 

Forgive,  for-giv',  v.t.— forgave  (pret.),  for- 
given ip-p.),  for gimng  (ppr.).  [A.  Sax. /or- 
mfan—for  intens.,  and  gifan,  to  give.] 
To  give  up  resentment  or  claim  to  requital 
on  account  of;  to  remit,  as  an  oftence, 
debt,  fine,  or  peilalty;  to  pardon;  to  cease 
to  feel  resentment  against;  to  free  from  a 
claim  or  the  consequences  of  an  injurious 
act  or  crime.  Syn.  under  Pardon.  —  For- 
givable, for-giv'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
forgiven;  pardonable.  —  Forgiveness,  for- 
giv'nes,  n.  The  act  of  forgiving;  disposi- 
tion or  willingness  to  forgive.— Forgiver, 
for-giv'fer,  n.  One  who  forgives.— Forgiv- 
ing, f or-giv'ing,  p.  and  a.  ■  Disposed  to  for- 
give; inclined  to  overlook  offences ;  mild; 
merciful;  compassionate.— Forgivlngneas, 
for-giv'ing-nes,  n. 

Porgo,  toT-go',  v.t— forwent  (pret.),  forgone 

•  (vp.).  [Also  spelled  less  correctly /orej7o; 
6om  prefix  for,  intens.,  or  with  sense  of 
away,  and  go:  A.  Sax.  forgdn,  io  forgo, 
pass  over,  neglect.]  To  forbear  to  enjoy  or 
possess ;  to  voluntarily  avoid  eijjoying  or 
possessing;  to  give  up,  renounce,  resign. — 
Forgoer,  f or-go'fer,  n.    One  who  forgoes. 

Forisfanuliate,  fo'ris-fa-mil"i-at,  v.t.  [L. 
/oj*i8,  out  of  doors,  and  familia,  family.] 
To  emancipate  or  free  from  parental  au-. 
thority;  to  put  a  son  in  possession  of  pro- 
perty m  his  father's  lifetime. — Forlsfamil- 
iation,  fo'ris-fa-mil-i-a"shon,  n.  The  act 
of  forisfamiliating. 

Fork,  fork,  n.  [A.  Sax.  fore,  furc,  from  L. 
furca,  a  fork,  which  is  alsd  the  parent  of 
G.  fwke,  D.  vork,  Fr.  fourche.]  An  instru- 
ment, consisting  of  a  handle  with  a  shank, 
terminating  in  two  or  more  parallel 
prongs,  used  for  holding  or  lifting  some- 
thing; anything  similar  in  shape;  one  of 
the  parts  into  which  anjrthing  is  bifur- 

,  cated;  a  prong.-^ForA:s  of  a  road  or  river, 
the  point  whera  a  road  partp  into  two,  the 
point  where  two  rivers  meet  and  unite 
in  one  stream. — v.i.  To  divide  into  forks  or 
branches.—  v.t.  To  raise  or  pitch  with  » 
fork;  to  dig  and  break  with  a  fork. — 
Forked,  forkt,  a.    Having  prongs  or  divi 


— ForkeSIy,  for^ied-li.  adv.  In  a  forked 
form.  —  Forkedness,  forted-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  forked.— Forkiness,  for*- 
ki-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  forky, — 
Forky,  forTd,  a.  Forked ;  furcated. 
,  Forlorn,  for-lom',  a.  [A.  Sax.  forloren,  pp. 
oi  forledsan,  to  lose;  prefix  for,  intens., 
ledsan,  to  lose ;  comp.  I),  and  G.  verloren, 
forlorn,  lost.  Lose.]  Deserted;  forsaken; 
abandoned;  lost;  helpless;  wretched;  soli- 
tary ;  bereft ;  destitute.  —  Forlorn,  hope. 
[D.  verloren  hoop — hoop,  a  troop.]  A  de- 
tachment of  men  appointed  to  lead  in  an 
assault,  or  perform  other  service  attended 
with  uncommon  peril.  —  Forlornly,  for- 
lom'li,  adi).  '  In  a  forlorn  manner.  —  For- 
lonmess,  f  or-lorn'nes,  n. 
Form,  form,'  n.  [Fr.  forme,  form,,  shape, 
manner,  bench,  bed  of  a  hare,  &om  L. 
forma,  form,  whence  conform,  inform,  re- 
form, &c.]  The  shape  or  external  appear- 
ance of  a  body,  as  distinguished  from  its 
material;  the  figure,  as  defined  by  Unes 
and  angles;  appearance  to  the  eye;  config- 
uration; a  shape;  a  phantom;  manner  of 
arranging  particulars;  disposition  of  par- 
ticular things  (a  form  of  words);  general 
system  or  arrangement  (a  particular /orm 
of  government);  something  on  or  after 
which  things  are  fashioned;  a  model, 
.draught,  pattern;  proper  shape  or  trim; 
high  condition  or  fitness  for  any  undertak- 
ing; external  '  appearance  without  the 
essential  qualities;  stated  method;  estab- 
lished practice ;  ceremony ;  a  long  seat ;  a 
bench;  a  bench  or  class  of  pupils  in  a  school; 
the  bed  of  a  hare ;  printing,  the  pages  of 
type  or  stereotype  plates  arranged  for 
printing  a  sheet,  and  fastened  in  an  iron 
frame  or  chase. — v.t.  To  give  form  or  shape 
to:  to  shape;  to  mould;  to  arrange;  to  com- 
bine in  any  particular  manner;  to  model 
by  instruction  and  discipline;  to  mould;  to 
train;  to  demise ;  to  contrive;  to  frame;  to 
create;  to  be  an  element  or  constituent  of; 
.to  combine  ^to  make  up  ;  to  answer  as;  to 
•  take  the  shape  of. — v.i.  To  take  a  form.— 
Formal,  for'mal,  a.  Given  to  outward 
forms,  obserrances,  or  ceremonies;  strictly 
ceremonious;  done  or  made  in  due  form  or 
according  to  regularmethod;  acting  ac- 
cording to  rule  or  established  mode;  hav- 
ing the  form  or 'appearance  without  the 
substance  or  es=ence;  conventional;  for- 
mative.—Formalism,  for'mal-izm,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  formal  or  addicted  to 
mere  forms;  outside  and  ceremonial  reli- 
gion. —  Formalist,  for'mal-isl,  n.  One 
given  to  formalism. — Formality,  for-mal'- 
i-ti,  n.  The  condition  or  quality  of  being 
formal;  form  without  substance;  estab- 
lished order;  rule  of  proceeding;  mode; 
method;  customary  ceremony;  ceremo- 
nial; conventionality  .—Formalize.for'mal- 
iz,  v.t.— formalized,  formalizing.  To  re- 
duce to  a  form;  to  give  a  certain  form  to; 
to  render  formal. —Formally,  for'mal-li, 
adv.  In  a  formal  manner;  ceremoniously; 
stiffly ;  precisely.  —  Formation,  for-mS'- 
shon,  n.  •  The  act  of  forming,  making, 
creating,  composing,  shaping,  &c. ;  pro- 
duction; the  manner  in  which  a  thing  is 
formed;  geol.  any  series  of  rocks  referred 
to  a  common  origin  or  period ;  milit.  an 
arrangement  of  troops,  as  in  a  square, 
column,  &c.  —  Formative,  for'ma-tiv,  a. 
Giving  form;  having  the  power  of  giving 
form;  plastic;  gram,  serving  to  form;  in- 
flexional.—n.  Gram,  that  which  serves  to 
give  form  to  a  word  and  is  no  part  of  the 
root. — Forme,  form,  n.  Printing,  see  Form. 
— Former,  for'mfer,  n.  One  who  forms. — 
Formless,  form'les,  a.  Wantinij  form  or 
shape;  without  a  determinate  form;  shape-i 
less.— Formlessness,  formOes-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  without  form. 
Former,  for'mir,  o.  compar.  [A  compar. 
■from  A.  Sax. /oj-rna,  first.  Foremost.]  Be- 
fore or  preceding  another  in  time:  opposed 
to  latter;  ancient;  long  past  (former  ages); 
preceding;  earlier,  as  between  two  things 
mentioned  together;  first  mentioned. — 
Formerly,  for'mfir-li,  adv.  In  time  past, 
either  in  time  immediately  preceding  or 
at  an  indefinite  distance ;  of  old ;  hereto- 
fore. .•.FoT-merZj/  means  before  the  present 


sions  Uke  a  fork ;  opening  into  two  or ,  .  time ;  previottslj/,  before  some  particular 
ijnote  prongs,  points,  or  shoots ;  furcated. '    - — *■ 


event. 


Formic  j^Kmik,  a.  Ih.  formica,  an  ant.] 
Pertaining  to  or  produced  by  &iits.— For- 
mic acid,  a  pungent  acid  with  a  peculiar 
odoux,  and  acting  as  a  corrosive  on  the 
skin,  originally  obtained  from  ants.— For- 
micary, f  or'mi-ka-ri,  j;.  A  colony  of  ants; 
an  ant-hiU.  —  Formicate,  for'mi-kat#a. 
Pertaining  to  an  ant.  —  Formication,  for- 
mi-ka'shon,  n.  [L.  formicatio.l  Med.  a 
sensation  of  the  body  resembling  -that 
made  by  the  creeping  of  •ents  on  the  skin. 

Formidable,  for'mi-da-bl,  c.  [L.  formida- 
bilis,  from  formido;  fear.]  Exciting  fear 
or  apprehension;  adapted  to  excite  fear  or 
deter  fivm  approach,  encounter,  or  under- 
taking. —  Formidableness,  for'  mi-da-bl- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  formidable. 
— Formidably,  for'mi-da-bli,adi>.  In  a  for- 
midable manner. 

Formula,  for'mo-la,  n.  pi.  Formulae,  for*- 
mti-le,  or  Formulas.    [L.  formvda,  dim.  of 

forma,  a  form.]  A  prescribed  form;  a  pre- 
scribed form  of  words  in  which  something 
is  stated;  m.ed.  a  prescription;  eccles.  a 
written  confession  of  faith;  a  formal  enun- 
ciation of  doctrines;  inath.  a  rule  or  prin- 
ciple expressed  in  algebraic  symbols;  chem. 
an  expression  by  means  of  symTsols  and 
letters  of  the  constituents  of  a  compound. 
— Formular,  f  or'mu-l6r,  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  formula.— Formularization,  for'- 
mu-l6r-i-za"6hon,  n.  The  act  of  f  ormular- 
izing.  —  Formularize,  for'ma-lcr-iz,  v.t. — 
formvZai-ised,  forr,fularising.  To  reduce 
to  a  formula ;  to  f ormxilate. — Formulary,' 
for'mu-la-ri,  n.  A  book  containing  stated 
and  prescribed  forms;  a  book  of  prece- 
dents.—a.  Prescribed;  ritual.— Formulate, 
for'mQ-lat,  v.t.  —■  formulated,  formttjiating. 
To  reduce  to  or  express  in  a  formula;  to 
put  into  a  precise  and  comprehensive  state- 
ment ;  to  state  precisely.  —  Formulation, 
for-mQ-Ia'shon,  n.  The  act  of  formulating. 
— Formulization, for'ma-li-za"8hon, n.  The 
act  of  formulizing.— Fonnnliie,  f  or'mQ-liz, 
v.t.  To  reduce  to  a  formula  or  formulas; 
to  formulate. 

Fornicate,  for'ni-kat,  v.t.  ['L.fomicor,forr 
nicatus,  from  fornix,  a  vault,  a  brothel, 
brothels  in  Home  being  generally  in  vaults 
or  cellars.]  To  have  unlawful  sexsal  in- 
tercourse.—Fornication,  for-ni-ka'shon,  n. 
[L.  fomicatio.]  The  incontinence  or  lewd- 
ness of  unmarried  persons,  male  or  female. 
— Fornicator,  for'ni-ka-ter,  n.  One  guilty, 
of  fornication.  —  Fornicatress,  ■for'ni-ka- 
tres,  n.  An  unmarried  female  guilty  of 
fornication.  ' 

Forsake,  for-sak',  v.t— forsook  (pret.),  for- 
saken (pp.),  forsaking  fppr.).  [A.  Sax.  for- 
sacan,  to  oppose,  to  renounce;  prefix  for, 
intens.,and  sacan,  to  contend;  Vnnjorsage, 
D.  versaken,  to  deny.  Sase.]  To  quit  or 
leave  entirely,  often  to  leave  that  to  which 
we  are  bouna  by  duty  or  natural  affection; 
to  desert;  to  abandon;  to  depart  or  with- 
draw from;_to  renounce;  to  reject.  -^  For- 
saker,  for-saTcfer,  n..   One  that  forsakes. 

Forsooth,  for-sotn',  adv.  [For  and  sooth, 
that  is,  for  or  in  truth.  A.  Sax.  foisdth.] 
In  truth;  in  fact;  certainly;  veiy  well; 
often  in  ironical  .expressions.  , 

Forswear,  for-swar',  v.t.— forswore  (pret.), 
forsworn  (pp.).  [Prefix  for  with  negative 
Sense.]  To  reject  or  renounce  upon  oath; 
to  renounce  earnestly  or  with  protesta- 
tions; refi.  to  swear  falselv;.to  perjure 
one's  self.— v.i  To  swear  faleely;  to  com- 
mit perjury.- Forswearer,  fof-swa'rfer,  n. 
One  who  forswears;  one  who  is  perjured,  i 

Fort,  fort,  n.  [Fr. /ort,  lit.  strong  place 
from  fort,  L.  fortis,  strong.  Forck.)  A 
fortified  place;  usually,  aC  small  fortified 
place,  occupied  only  by  troops.— Fortalice, 
f6r'ta-lis.  n.  [O.  Fr.  fortelesse,  L.L.  fortali- 
tium'.]  A  small  outwork  of  a  fortification. 
— Forte,  for'ta,  ody.  [It.]  3f««. -direction 
to  sing  or  play  with  force  of  tone.— Forte, 
fort,  n.  [Fr.  /ort,  strong  part,  also  a  per- 
son's forte  (the  final  e  being  an  English 
insertion).]  The  strong  portion  of  a 
sword-blade  or  rapier;  peculiar  talent  or 
faculty  a  person  has;  a  strong  point;  chief 
excellence.  —  Fortress,  fort'res,  "n.  .  fFr.- 
forteresse,  O.  Fr.  fortelesse:  same  word  as 
fortalice.  ]  A  fortified  place,  especially 
one  of  considerable  extent  and  complica- 
tion; a  stronghold;  a  place  of  security,  jla 


g&te.far.  falitjall-'    m5,  met.  hCr;     piue^pie;     uStCi  not,  saiYSi'    tahei.tubJ)V>Ui     QJii^uadj     iW  Sc.  aowia^rihe  Etjj 


\ 


FORTH 


279 


rouNT 


I'orUj,  ffiLih,  adv.  fA.  Sax.  forth,  from 
fore,  before;  G.  fort,  on,  further;  D.  voord, 
forward.  roEE.]  Onward  in  time,  plaoe, 
or  order  (from  that  time  forth);  in  advance 
from  a  given  point;  forward;  out;  abroad; 
from  a  state  of  concealment ;  from  an  in- 
terior ;  out  into  view.  —  Forthcoming, 
f  »rth'kum-ing,  a.  Beady  to  appear;  mak- 
ing appearance.  —  Jorthgoing,  forth'go- 
ing,  a.  Going  forth.— n.  A  going  forth  or 
utterance ;  a  proceeding  from.  —  Forth- 
right, forth'rit,  adv.  Straight  forward; 
straightway. — a.  Straightforward:  direct; 
immediate^  —  Forthwith,  fOrth'with,  adv. 
[Forth  and  with,  forth  along  with  that.] 
Immediately;  without  delay;  directly. 
Fortify,  for'ti-fi,  v. t— fortified,  fortifying. 
[ Fr.  fortifier,  from  L.li.  fortifico—Xi.  fortis, 
ctrong,and/o(;io,tomake.]Toaddstrength 
to;  to  strengthen  (an  argument,  resolu- 
tion); to  furnish  with  strength  or  means  of 
resisting  (to  fortify  one  against  cold) ;  to 
surround  with  a  wall,  ditch,  palisades,  or 
other  works,  with  a  view  to  defend  against 
the  attacks  of  an  enemy;  to  increase  the 
alcoholic  strength  of  (wine)  by  means  of 
aJventitious  spirit.— Fortifiablc,  for'ti-fi- 
a-hl,  a.  Capable  of  being  fortified.— For- 
tification, for'ti-fi-ka"8hon,  n.  The  act  of 
fortifying ;  the  art  or  science  of  strength- 
ening military  positions  in  such  a  way  that 
they  may  be  readily  defended;  the  works 
constructed  for  the  purpose  of  strengthen- 
ing a  position;  a  fortitied  place;  a  fort. — 
Fortifier,  for'ti-fi-6r,  n.  One  who  fortifies, 
Fortiasin.o,for-tis's5-mo,  acJy.  Mus.a,  direc- 
tion to  sing  with  the  utmost  strength  or 
loudness. 

Fortitude,  f or'ti-tod,  n.  [L.  fortitudo,  from 
fortis,  strong.  Force.]  That  strength  or 
firmness  of  mind  or  soul  which  enables  a 
person  to  encounter  danger  or  to  bear  pain 
with  coolness  and  courage;  passive  cour- 
age; resolute  endurance. 
Fortnight,  fort'nit,  n.  [Contr.  from  four- 
teen nights,  time  being  formerly  often 
reckoned  by  nights.]  The  space  of  four- 
teen days;  two  weeks. — Fortnightly,  fort'- 
nit-li,  adv.  Once  a  fortnight;  every  fort- 
night.— a.  Occurring  o:^  apx>earing  oncf  a 
fortnight. 

Fortress.  Under  Fort. 
Fortuitous,  for-tu'i-tua,  a.  [L.  fortuitus, 
irora  fors,  fortis,  chaxice.  Fortune.]  Ac- 
cidental; happening  by  chance;  occurring 
without  any  known  cause.— Fortuitously, 
for-tu'i-tus-li,  ccdv.  In  a  fortuitous  man- 
ner; accidentally;  by  chance.— Fortuitous- 
ness, for-tu'i-tus-nes,  n.  Fortuity,  for-tu'- 
i-ti,  n.  Accident;  chance;  casualty. 
Fortune,  for'tun,  n.  [L.  fortuna,  a  length- 
ened form  f  ronrstem  of  fors,  fortis,  chance, 
hap,  luck,  from  fero,  to  bring  (as  in  fur- 
tile).^  Chance;  accident;  luck;  fate;  also, 
the  personified  or  deified  pdwer  regarded 
as  determining  the  lots  of  life;  the  good 
or  ill  that  befalls  or  may  befall  man;  suc- 
cess, good  or  bad;  what  the  future  may 
bring;  good  success;  prosperity;  good  luck; 
estate;  possessions;  especially,  large  es- 
tate; great  wealth. — v.i.  To  befall;  to  fall 
out;  to  happen;  to  come  casually  to  pass. 
— Fortunate,  for'tu-nat,  a.  [L.  fortuna- 
tHS.\  Coming  by  good  fortune  or  favour- 
able chance;  bringing  some  unexpected 
good;  having  good  fortune;  lucky;  success- 
ful. .•.  Fortunate  refers  to  that  which  is 
deemed  beyond  our  own  control;  success- 
ful denotes  that  effective  effort  has  been 
made  to  gain  the  object;  prosperous  leaves 
both  these,  notions  out  of  account,  simply 
conveying  the  fact  of  there  being  a  flour- 
ishing state  of  matters.  —  Fortunately, 
for'tu-nat-li,  adv.  In  a  fortunate  man- 
ner; luckily;  happily. —Fortunateness, 
for^tu-nat-nes,  »i.— Fortune-hunter,  n.  A 
man  who  seeks  to  marry  a  woman  with  & 
large  fortune,  with  a  view  to  enrich  him- 
self. —  Fortune-hunting,  n.  The  seeking 
of  a  fortune  by  marriage. — Fortuneless, 
for'tun-les,  a.  Luckless;  also,  destitute  of 
a  fortune  or  wealth.— Fortune-teller,  n. 
One  who  pretends  to  tell  people  their  for- 
tune in  life— Fortune-telling,  n.  The  act 
'  or  practice  of  telling  fortunes. 
Forty,  for'ti,  a.  [A.  iia.x.  fedwertig—fedwer, 
\four,  and  tig,'  ten.  Four.]  Four  times 
teu,  thirty-nine  and  one  added. — n.  The 


number  which  consists  of  four  times  ten; 
or  a  symbol  expressing  it.— Fortieth,  for- 
ti-eth,  a.  Following  the  thirty-ninth; 
being  one  of  forty  equal  parts  into  which 
anything  is  divided.  —  n.  One  cf  forty 
equal  parts  into  which  a  whole  is  divided. 
Forum,  fo'rum.n.  [L.,  connected with/ori«, 
out  of  doors;  hence  forensic.]  A  public 
place  in  Rome,  where  causes  were  judi- 
cially tried  and  orations  delivered  to  the 
people;  a  tribunal;  a  court. 
Forward,  Forwards,  for'werd,  for'w6rdz, 
adv.  [A.  Sax.  foreweard—fore,  before,  and 
weard,  genit.  weardes,  used  to  signify 
direction.  Comp.  G.  vorwd7-ts.i  J'oward 
a  part  or  place  before  or  in  front;  onward; 
progressively;  opposed  to  backwai-d. — a. 
Being  at  the  front;  anterior;  fore;  ready; 
prompt;  strongly  inclined;  ardent;  eager; 
in  a  bad  sense,  less  reserved  or  modest 
than  is  proper;  bold;  pert;  saucy;  advanced 
beyond  the  usual  degree;  advanced  for  the 
season.— w.^  To  advance  or  help  onward; 
to  promote,  accelerate,  quicken,  hasten; 
to  send  toward  the  place  of  destination; 
to  transmit;  bookbinding,  to  prepare  for 
the  finisher.  —  Forwarder,  for'w6r<l6r.  »>. 
One  who  forwards.— For wardly,  for'wferd- 
li,  adv.  In  a  forward  manner;  eagerly; 
pertly;  saucily.  —  Forwardness,  for'v/erd- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  forward; 
promptitude;  pertness. 
Fosse,  Foss,  fos,  n.  [Fr.  fosse,  L.  fossa,  a 
ditch,  a  trench,  from  fodio,  fossvm,  to 
dig,  whence  also  fo8s.il.]  Fort,  a  ditch  or 
moat,commbnly  full  of  water,  outside  the 
walls  or  rampart  of  a  fortified  place  or 
post  to  be  defended;  anat.  a  kind  of  cavity 
m  a  bone  with  a  large  aperture. 
Fossil,  fos'sil,  a.  IFr.  fossHe,  L.  foseUig, 
from  fodio,  fossum,  to  dig.  Fosse.]  Dug 
out  of  tlxo  earth;  petrified  and  preserved 
in  rocks.— n.  Originally  any  substance  dug 
out  of  the  earth;  now  specifically  applied 
to  the  petrified  remains  of  plants  and  ani- 
mals which  occur  in  the  strata  that  com- 
pose the  surface  of  our  globe.— Fossil-cork, 
Fossil-flax,  n.  Popular  names  for  special 
varieties  of  asbestos.  —  Fossiliferous,  fos- 
6i-lif'er-U3,  a.  Producing  or  containing 
fossils.— Fos3lliflc&tion,fos-sii'i-fi-ka"shon, 
M.  Act  of  fossilizing,  or  of  becoming  fos- 
sil.—FossiUfy,  fos-sil'i-fi,  v.t.  To  convert 
into  a  fossil;  to  fossilize. — v.i.  To  become 
a  fossil.— Fossilist,  fos'sil-ist,  n.  One  who 
is  versed  in  fossils;  a  palaeontologist. — 
Fossllization,  fos'sil-i-za"shon,  re.  The 
act  or  process  of  fossilizing;  the  state  of 
being  fossilized.— Fossilize,  fos'sjl-iz,  v.t. — 
fossilized,  fossilizing.  To  convert  into  a 
f ossU;  fig.  to  render  permanently  antiqua- 
ted ;  to  cause  to  be  out  of  harmony  with 
present  time  and  circumstances. — v.i.  To 
become  a  fossil;  to  become  antiquated, 
rigid,  and  fixed. 

Fossorial,  fos-so'ri-al,  a.  pti.  fossor,  a  dig- 
ger, from  fodio,  fossum,  to  dig.]  Pertain- 
ing to  animals  which  dig  dwellings  and 
seek  their  food  in  the  earth;  adapted  for 
digging. — Fossulate,  f os'su-lat,  a.  [L.  fps- 
sula,  dim.  of  fossa,  a  ditch.]  N'at.  hist. 
presenting  small,  long,  and  narrow  super- 
ficial depressions. 

Foster,  fos'ter,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  fdstrian,  to 
nourish,  from  fdster,  nourishment,  from 
fdda,  food.  Food,  Fodder.]  To  nourish 
or  nurture ;  to  bring  up ;  to  cherish ;  to 
promote  the  growth  of;  to  encourage;  to 
sustain  and  promote. — Foster-brother,  n. 
One  who  is  a  brother  only  by  being  nursed 
at  the  same  breast.  —  Foster-child,  n.  A 
child  nurtured  by  one  who  is  not  its 
mother  or  father.  —  Foster-daughter,  n. 
One  who  is  a  daughter  only  by  nursing. — 
Fosterer,  fos't6r-6r,  re.  One  that  fosters. — 
Foster-father,  re.  One  who  takes  the  place 
of  a  father  in  bringing  up  and  educating 
a  chUd.  —  Fosterling,  fos'tfer-ling,  re.  A 
foster-child. — Foster-mother,  re.  A  woman 
who  takes  the  place  of  a  mother  in  bring- 
ing up  a  chUd.— Foster-parent,  h.  A  fos- 
ter-father or  foster-mother.— Foster-sister, 
re.  A  female,  not  a  sister,  nurspd  by  the 
same  person. — Foster-son,  n.  One  brought 
up  like  a  son,  thoUgh  not  the  person's  son 
by  birth. 

Fother,  foTH'6r,  v.t.  [A.  Sax. /odder,  a  cover- 
ing or  case;  G.  futter,  Uning.]    To  stop  a 


lea s  by  letting  down  a  sail  over  it.  liii',  1 
with  cakum,  spun  yam,  &c. 

Fothei,  foTH'er,  ?i.  [A.  Sax.  fiifher,  a  cA:t- 
load;  I),  voeder,  G.  fud.tr.]  A  weight  for 
lead— 19i  cwts. 

Fougade,  Fougasse,  fd-gad',  fs-giis',  re.  [Fr., 
from  L.  focus,  z.  ficre.]  Mitii.  a  little  mine 
in  the  form  of  a  well.  8  or  10  feet  wide  and 
10  or  12  deep,  dugunder  some  work  or  post. 

Fou^iht,  fat,  prot.  &  pp.  of  fight. 

Foul,  foul,  a.  lA.  Sax. /iiJ,  foul=Icel. /wR, 
Dan.  fuvl,  D.  vvil,  G.  faul,  Goth,  ftils, 
putrid,  corrupt;  same  root  as  L.  puteo, 
Skr.  piXp,  to  be  putrid.]  Covered  witVi  or 
containing  extraneous  matter,  which  is 
injurious,  noxious,  or  offensive;  filthy;  dir- 
ty; not  clean;  turbid;  muddy;  scurrilous; 
obscene  or  profane;  abusi  ve;  stormy,  rainy, 
or  tempestuous  {foul  weather);  detestable; 
vile;  shameful;  odious;  unfair;  not  lawful 
or  according  to  established  rules  or  cus- 
toms; naut.  entangled  or  in  collision;  oii- 
poaed  to  clear.— To  run  or  fall  foul  of,  to 
rush  upon;  to  attack;  to  run  against,  to 
stumble  over  or  upon.— d.<.  To  make  filthy; 
to  defile;  to  dirty;  to  soil.— w.i.  To  become 
foul  or  dirty;  naitt.  to  come  into  collision; 
to  become  entangled  or  clogged.— re.  The 
act  of  fouling;  a  colliding,  or  otherwise 
impeding  due  motion  or  progi'ess.- Foully, 
foul'li,  adv.  In  a  foul  manner;  filthily; 
scaudalously ;  shamefully;  dishonestly. — 
Foulness,  foul'nes,  re.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  foul  or  filthy;  filthiness.  —  Foul- 
mouthed,  a.  Using  foul  or  vile  language; 
uttering  abuse,  or  profane  or  obscene 
words.— Foulspoken,four8po-ka,  a.  Using 
foul  language. 

Foumart,  fo'miirt,  re.  [Lit.  foul  marten, 
from  fold,  and  Fr.  marte,  a  marten;  comp. 

■'G.  stinkmarder,  stinking  marten.]  The 
polecat. 

Found,  found,  pret.  and  pp.  of  find. 

Found,  found,  v.t.  [Fr.  fonder,  from  L. 
fundo,  to  found,  from  fundus,  the  bottom 
of  anything;  hence  also /MJid,/ov.reder.J  To 
lay  the  basis  of;  to  base;  to  establish  on  a 
basis  literal  or  figurative;  to  take  the  first 
steps  in  erecting  or  building  up;  to  origi- 
nate.—v.t.  To  rest  or  rely:  followed  by  ore 
or  upon  (I  found  upon,  my  own  observa- 
tion).—Foundation,  foun-da'bhon,  n.  The 
act  of  founding,  establishing,  or  beginning 
to  build;  -the  masonry  or  the  solid  ground 
on  which  the  walls  oi  a  building  rest;  the 
basis  or  groundwork  of  anything;  that  on 
which  anything  stands  and  is  supported; 
fund  invested  for  a  benevolent  purpose;  en- 
dgwment;  an  endowed  institution  or  char- 
ity. —  Foundationer,  f oun-dfi '  shon-6r,  n. 
One  who  derives  support  from  the  founda- 
tion or  endowment  of  a  college  or  endowed 
school.- Foundatioiiless,foun-da'shon-leS, 
a.  Having  no  foundation.— Foundation- 
stone,  m.  A  stone  of  a  public  building, 
laid  in  public  with  some  ceremony. — 
Founder,  foun'dfer,  re.  One  w^ho  founds; 
one  who  fixes,  originates,  or  establishes. — 
Foundress,  f oun'dres,  n.  A  female  foun- 
der. 

Found,  found,  v.t.  [Fr.  fondre,  to  melt,  to 
cast,  from  L.  fundo,  fusum,  to  pour  out 
(hence  fuse,  &c.).]  To  form  by  melting  a 
metal  and  pouring  it  into  a  mould;  to  cast. 
— Founder,  fovm'dSr, «.  Orie  who  founds; 
one  who  casts  metals  in  various  forms. — 
Foundry,  Foundery,  foun'dri,  found^r-i, 
re.  [S'r.fonderie.]  The  art  of  casting  metals; 
the  buildings  and  works  occupied  for  cast- 
ing metals. 

Founder,  foun'der,  v.i.  [O.Fr.  fondrer,  afon- 
drer,  to  founder— /ond,  ground,  bottom, 

.,  from  L. /und«8,  bottom.  Found,  to  estab- 
lish.] To  fill  or  be  filled  and  sink;  to  go 
down:  said  of  a  ship;  to  fail;  to  miscarry; 
to  go  lame:  said  of  a  horse.— re.  Farriery, 
a  lameness  occasioned  by  inflammation 
within  the  hoof  of  a  horse;  an  inflamma- 
tory fever  or  acute  rheumatism.   ■ 

Foundling,  found 'ling,  re.  [Dim.  formed 
from  found,  as  bantling  from  band,  dar- 
ling from  dear.]  A  child  found  Without  a 
parent  or  any  one  to  take  care  of  it. 

Fount,  fount,  re.  [L.  fons,  fontis.  Fokt.]'  A 
spring  of  water;  a  fountain.  —  Fount  of 
types.  Pont,  in  this  sense.  —  Foimtain, 
foun'tan,  re.  [Fr.  fontaine,  li.lt.  fontana, 
from  L.  fons, fontis.  ]    A  spring  or  natural 


clii^iaifii^ajeA,  Sc,  Ipc/t;  .f  g,  go;  ^  j,Jo\>}  ^  n,  Fr.  towj^ng,  Ei»(?;^  ih,  then,  th,  than  _  w,  wig;  _  wh,  uhigi     zh,  asure 


FOUE 


280 


FRANK 


source  of  water;  the  head  or  source  of  a 
river;  an  artificial  spout,  jet,  or  shower  of 
water;  a  basin  or  other  structure  kept 
constantly  supplied  with  water  for  use  or 
for  ornament;  the  origin  or  source  of  any- 
thing.— f  onntain-heacl,n.  Primary  source; 
origin.  —  Fountainlesa,  foun'tan-les,  a. 
Having  no  fountain  or  springs.  —  Foun- 
taJn-peu,  n.  A  writing  pen  with  a  reser- 
voir for  furnishing  a  continuous  supply  of 
ink. 

Four,  fsr,  o.  [A-.  Sax.  /e()w«r=Pri8.  flower, 
Icel.  fj6rir, Ban.  fire,G. and  D. vier, Goth. 
fidwor,  L.  qwttuor,  6r.  UUares,  Russ.  eet- 
vero,  W.  pedwar.  It.  ceathair,  Skr.  chatv&r.] 
Twice  two ;  three  and  one.— re.  The  num- 
ber consisting  of  twice  two;  the  symbol  re- 
presenting this  number. — On  aU  four,  or 
on  all  fours.  All-fours,  under  Axl.— Four- 
foW,  for'fold,  a.  Four  times  told;  quad- 
ruple.—Four -horse,  a.  Drawn  by  four 
horses.— Fonr-in-hand,  re.  A  vehicle  drawn 
by  four  horses  and  guided  by  one  driver 
holding  all  the  reins.— Fourpence,  Fonr- 
penjiy,  fSr'pens,  for'pen-i,  n.  -A  small  sil- 
ver coin  worth  four  pence. — Four-poster  ,n. 
A  lai'ge  bed  having  four  posts  or  pillars 
for  the  curtains.  —  Fourscore,  f Or'skor,  o. 
Tour  times  twenty;  eighty:  often  ellipti- 
caUy  for  fourscore  y  ears.— n.  Twenty  taken 
four  times ;  eighty  units.  —  Foursquare, 
fOrskwar,  a.  'Square.— Fourteen,  for'ten, 
n.  TA.  Sax. /e()ioer-<t?7i«.]  The  number  con- 
sisting of  ten  and  four,  or  the  symbol  te- 
preaenting  it.  —  a.  Four  and  ten ;  twice 
seven. — Fourteenth,  for 'tenth,  a.  The 
ordinal  of  fourteen;  the  fourth  after  the 
tenth. — n.  One  of  fourteen  equal  parts  in 
which  a  whole  is  divided. — Fourth,  forth, 
a.  [A.  Sax.  feortha.]  The  ordinal  of  four; 
the  next  after  the  third. — j».  One  of-  four 
equal  parts  into  which  a  whole  is  divided; 
mv.s.  an  interval  composed  of  two  tones 
and  a  semitone.  —  Fourthly,  forth 'li,  adv. 
In  the  fourth  place.  —  Four-wheeled,  a. 
Having  or  running  on  four  wheels.— Four- 
■wheeler,  n.  A  coach,  cab,  &c.,  with  four 
wheels. 

FoTirgon,  fSr-gon,  »i._[Fr.]  An  ammuni- 
tion wagon;  a  baggage  cart. 

Fourierism,  f5'ri-6r-izm,  n.  A  socialistic 
system  or  form  of  communism  propounded 
by  Charles  Fourier,  a  Frenchman. — Fon- 
rierist,  Fourierite,  fo'ri-fer-ist,  f o'ri-6r-it,  re. 
An  adherent  of  this  system. 

Foyeate,  Foveolate,  fo'vg-at,  fo've-o-l^t,  a. 
[ti.  fovea,  a  pit.]  Sot.  Marked  by  little  de- 
Xiressions  or  pits;  pitted. 

Fovilla,  f5-%Tl'la,  re.  [Dim.  formed  from  L. 
foveo,  to  warm,  to  nourish.].  Bot.  the 
minute  powder  or  semi-Huid  matter  con- 
tained in  the  interior  of  the  pollen  grain, 
and  whioh  is  the  immediate  agent  in  fer- 
tilization. 

Fowl,  foul,  n.  [A.  Sax.  frigel,  fugol,  a  fowl, 
a  bird  =-  D.  and  G.  vogel,  Icel.  and  Dan. 
fugl,  Goth,  fugls,  a  bird;  can  hardly  be 
cormected  with  Vtj/.]  A  bird:  often  vin- 
changed  in  the  plural  (the  foul  of  the  air); 
nowvery  commonly  a  cock  or  hen;  a  ham- 
door  or  domestic  fowl. — v.i.  To  catch  or 
kill  wild  fowls.  — .  Fowler,  fou'Ur,  re.  A 
sportsman  who  pursues  wild  fowls: — Fowl- 
ing-piece, re.  A  light  gun  for  shooting 
fowls  or  birds  of  any  kind. 

Fox,  foks,  re.  [A.  Sax.  fox:  G.  fxwhs,  L.G. 
vr^sg,  vog,  Prov.  E.  fawa,  Goth,  favho,  fox. 
Fucen  (E.  tdxen)  was  the  A.  Sax.  for  she- 
fox.]  A  carnivorous  animal  closely  allied 
to  the  dog,  remarkable  for  his  cunning,  and 
preying  on  lambs,  geese,  hens,  or  other 
small  animals;  a  sly,  cunning  fellow. — 
v.t.  and  i.  To  turn  sour:  applied  to  beer 
when  it  sours  in  fermenting. — Fox-bat,  re. 
A  name  for  some  of  the  largest  of  the  bat 
tribe  inhabiting  the  Australian  region. — 
Fox-bmsh,  n.  The  tail  of  a  fox.  —  Fox- 
earth,  re.  A  hole  in  the  earth  to  which  a 
fox  resorts  to  hide  itself.— Foxed,  fokst.p. 
and  a.  Marked  with  brownish  stains -or 
spots,  as  paper.  — Foxglove,  foks'gluv,  re. 
[A.  Sax.  foxes  glofa,  lit.  fox's  glove.]  A  com- 
mon British  plant,  conspicuous  by  its  tall 
spike  of  large  showy  flowers  in  long  one- 
sided racemes;  digitalis.  —  Fox-hound,  re. 
A  hound  for  chasing  foxes,  of  great  fleet- 
ness,  strength,  and  perseverance,  and  with 
0,  keen  scent.— Fox-nnnt,  re.-  The  chase  or 


hunting  of  a  fox  with  hounds.  —  Fox- 
hunter,  re.  One  who  hunts  or  pursues 
foxes  with  hounds.— Fox-hunting,  n.  The 
pursuit  of  the  fox.  —  Foxish,  foks'ish,  a. 
Resembling  a  fox  in  qualities;  cunning. — 
Fox-shark,  n.  A  kind  of  shark,  the  Sea- 
fox  or  TArcg^r.— Fox-sleep,  re.  A  feigned 
sleep. — Foxtail-gras3,re.  A  name  of  various 
grasses  from  the  close  cylindrical  panicle 
in  which  the  spikelets  of  flowers  are  ar- 
ranged. -^Foxy  fok'si,  a.  Pertaining  to 
foxes;  wily;  suggestive  of  a  fox  or  of  cun- 
ning; sour:  said  of  vrine,  beer,  &c.,  which 
has  soured  in  fermenting. 

Foyer,  fwa-ya,  re.  [Pr.;  L.L.  foearium,  a 
hearth,  L.  focus.]  A.  crush-room  or  green- 
room in  a  theatre. 

Fracas,  fra-ka',  re.  [Fr.,  from /racasser,  to 
crash;  It.  fracasaare,  to  break.]  An  uproar; 
a  noisy  quarrel;  a  disturbance. 

Fracid,  fras'id,  a.  [L.  fracicbis,  mellow, 
soft.]  Rotten  from  beiifg  too  ripe;  over- 
ripe; hot.  of  a  pasty  texture,  between  fleshy 
and  pulpy. 

Fraction,  frak'shon,  w.  [Fr.  fraction,  from 
L.  fractio,  a  breaking,  from  frango,  frac- 
tum,  to  break;  akin  frail,  fragile,  frag- 
ment, fracture,  infringe,  &c.J  The  act  of 
breaking^;  a  fragment;  a  portion;  a  very 
small  part;  arith.  and  dig.  one  or  more  of 
the  equal  parts  into  which  a  unit  or  whole 
number  is  divided  or  supposed  .to  be  di- 
vided (as  f,  two  fifths,  i.  one  fourth, 
which  are  called  vulgar  fractions;  '66, 
O04,deamaZfraction8).— Fractional,  frak'- 
Bhon-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  fractions;  con- 
stituting a  fraction.  — Fractionary,  fra-k'- 
shon-a-ri,  a.  Fractional;  pertaining  to  a 
fraction  or  small  portion  of  a  thing. 

Fractions,  frak'shus,  a.  [From  Prov.  E. 
fratch,  to  quarrel  or  chide.]  Apt  to  quarrel; 
cross ;  snappish;  peevish ;  fretful.  —  Frac- 
tionsly,  frak'shus-li,  adv.  In  a  fractious 
manner;  snappishly. — Fractiousness,frak'- 
shu.'!-ne3,  re.    A  fractious  temper. 

Fracture,  frak'tiir,  re.    [L.  fraciura,  from 

{ratigo,  fractum,  to  break.  Fraction.]  A 
ireakage;  a  breach  in  a  body,  especially 

,  caused  by  violence ;  a  crack ;  a  rupture ; 
aurg  the  breaking  of  a  bone;  mineral,  thd 
characteristic  manner  in  which  a  mineral 
breaks,  and  by  which  its  texture  is  dis- 
played.— v.t. — fractured,  fracturing.  To 
cause  fracture  in;  to  break;  to  crack. 

Fragile,  frajiil,  a.  [L.  fragilis,  from  frango, 
to  break.  Fraction.  Frail  is  the  same 
word.]  Brittle;  easily  broken;  easily  des- 
troyed; frail.— Fragilely,  frao'il-li,  adv.  In 
a  fragile  maimer.— Fragileness,  Fragility, 
fraj'il-nes,  fra-jil'i-ti,  n.  The  condition  or 
quality  of  being  fragile;  brittleness;  deli- 
cacy of  substance. 

Fragment,  frag'ment,  re.  [li.  fragrftentum, 
from /rare^o,  to  break.  Fkactfon.]  Apart 
broken  oft;  a  piece  separated  from  any- 
thing by  breaking;  anything  left  uncom- 
pleted; a  part  separated  from  the  rest. — 
Fragmeutal,  frag-men'tal,  a.  Consisting 
of  fi-agments ;  fragmentary.  —  Fragmen- 
tarily,  frag'men-ta-ri-li,  adv.  In  a  frag- 
mentary manner;  by  piecemeal. — Frag- 
mentariness,  frag'men-ta-ri-nes,  re.  The 
state  or  quaUtv  of  being  fragmentary. — 
Fragmentary, rrag'men-ta-ri, a.  Composed 
of  fragments  or  broken  pieces;  broken  up; 
not  complete  or  entire;  disconnected. 

Fragrant,  fra'grant,  a.  [L.  fragrans,  fra- 
grantis,  ppr.  of  fragro,  to  emit  a  scent.] 
Sweet  of  smell ;  affecting  the  olfactory 
nerves  agreeably;  having  an  agreeable  per- 
fume; odoriferous. — Fragrantly,  fra'grant- 
li,'  adv.  AVith  sweet  scent.  —  Fra,{^^ce, 
Fragrancj;,  fr&'grans,  fra'gran-si,  re.  The 
quality  of  being  fragrant;  sweetness  of 
smell;  pleasing  scent;  perfume. 

FraU,  fral,  a.  [Fr.  frik,  O.Fr.  fraUe,  L. 
/ragriKs,  fragile.  Fragile.]  Easily  broken; 
fragile;  liable  to  fail  and  decay;  easily 
destroyed;  perishable;  not  firm  or  durable; 
not  strong  against  temptation  to  evil; 
liable  to  fall  from  virtue.— Frailly,  fralli, 
adv.  In  a  frail  manner;  weakly.  —  Frail- 
ness, fral'nes.  re.  The  condition  or  quality 
of  being  fraU.  —  Frailty,  fral'ti,  n.  The 
condition  or  quality  of  being  frail;  weak- 
ness of  resolntion;  infirmity;  liableness  to 
be  deceived  or  seduced;  a  fault  proceeding 
from  weakness;  a  foible. 


Frail,  fral,  re.  [O.VT.frael,f rat/el.']  A  basket 
made  of  rushes,  in  which  diied  fruit  is 
occasionally  imported. 

Fraise,  fraz,  re.  [Fr.,  same  word  as  frieze 
(on  a  building).]  Fort,  a  defence  consist- 
ing of  pointed  stakes  driven  into  the  ram- 
parts in  a  horizontal  or  inclined  position. 
—  Fraised,  frazd,  a.  Fortified  with  a 
fraise. 

Framhoesia,  f ram-be'si-a,  re.  [  Fr.  framboise, 
a  raspberry.]  The  yaws,  a  contagious  dis- 
ease prevalent  in  the  Antilles  and  some 
parts  of  Africa,characterizedby  raspberry- 
like excrescences:  whence  the  name. 

Trsjne,  fr3.m, v.t— framed,framvng.[  A.SSiX. 

fremman,  to  form,  make,  effect,  ixovafram, 
from,,  strong,  forward  =/ro?n,  prep.;  O.Sax. 
freminian,  O.Fris.  frema,  Icel.  fremja,  to 
accomijlish.]  ,  To  construct  by  fitting  and 
uniting  together  the  several  parts;  to 
make,  compose,  contrive,  devise,  invent, 
fabricate ;  to  fit,  as  for  a  specific  end ;  to 
adjust,  shape,  conform;  to  surroundl^or 
provide  with  a  frame,  as  a  picture.  —  re. 
Anything  composed  of  parts  fitted  and 
united  ;  fabric ;  structure ;  specifically, 
bodily  structure ;  make  or  Duild  of  a  per= 
son;  the  .main  timbers  of  a  structure 
fitted  and  joined  together  for  the  purpose  of 
supporting' and  strengthening  the  whole; 
framework;  some  kind  of  case  or  structure 
for  admitting,  inclosing,  or  suisporting 
things ;  particular  state,  as  of  the  mind ; 
temper  or  disposition. — Framable,fra'ma- 
bl,  a. .  Capable  of  being  framed. — Frame- 
bridge,  re.  A  bridge  constructed  of  pieces 
of  timber  framed  together. — Frame-house, 
re.  A  house  constructed  with  a  wooden 
skeleton. — Framer,  fra'mfer,-  re.  One  who 
frames;  a  maker;  a  contriver.— Frame-saw, 
n.  A  thin  saw  stretched  on  a  frame,  with- 
out which  it  would  not  have  sufficient 
rigidity  for  working. — Framework,  fram'- 
werk,  re.  A  etancture  or  fabric  for  support- 
ing anything;  a  frame;  fabric;  structure. 
— Framing,  fra'ming,  n.  A  framework  or 
frame;  a  system  of  Irames. 

Frampold,  fram'pold,  a.  [Comp.  W.  ffromr 
awl,  peevish,  testy;  ffromi,  to  grow  angiy.] 
Unruly;  pee^ash;  quarrelsome.    [Shak.] 

Franc,  frangk,  re.  [Fr.,  from  the  device 
Francorvm,  rex,  king  of  the  French,  on  the 
coin  when  first  struck  by  King  John  in 
1360.]  A  French  silver  coin  and  money  of 
account  of  the  value  of  a  little  over  9id. 
English  money,  and  divided  into  100  cen- 
times. 

Franchise,  fran'chiz,  n.  [Fr.,  from  franc, 
free.  Frank.]  A  particular  privilege  or 
right  granted  by  a  sovereign  or  govern- 
ment; the  right  of  voting  for  a  parbsimen- 
tary  or  other  representative.— w.<.  To  en- 
franchise.   [Shak.] 

Franciscan,  fi-an-sisTian,  re.  A  mendicant 
friar  of  the  order  founded  by  St.  Francis 
of  Assisi  about  1210,  and  othenvise  called 
Minorites,  OT  from  the  colour  of  their  habit 
Chray  Friars. — a.  Belonging  to  the  order  of 
St.  FrancisJ 

Francolin,  frangTio-lin,  re.  [Dim.  of  Pg. 
franco,  a  hen.]  A  bird  closely  allied  to  the 
partridges,  found  throughout  the  wanner 
parts  of  Europe,  as  well  as  in  Asia. 

Franc-tirenr,  fran-te-rfer,  re.  [Fr. ,  lit.  a  free- 
shooter.]  Oneof  a  body  of  irregular  sharp- 
shooters organized  in  France  in  the  war  of 
1870,  and  employed  in  guerrilla  warfare.  • 

Frangible,  fran'ji-bl,  a.  [From  h.  frango, 
to  break.  Fraction.]  C4pab)e  of  being 
broken;  brittle.  —  Frangent,  fran'jent,  a. 
Causing  fractures.— Franglbility,  Frangi- 
taleness,  fran-ji-bil'i-ti,  fran'ji-bl-nes,n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  frangible. 

Frangipamil,'fiun-ji-pan'ni,  re.  A  perfume 
prepared  from,  or  imitating  the  odour  of, 
the  flower  of  a  West  Indian  tree. 

IVank,  frangk,  o.  •  f Fr.  franc,  free,  origin- 
ally free  like  the  Franks,  the  word  being 
from  the  name  of  this  old  Germanic  tribe  or 
nation.]  Free  in  uttering  real  sentiments; 
not  reserved;  open;  candid;  ingenuous; 
using  no  disguise;  generous  or  liberalj. — n. 
The  signature  of  a  member  of  par  liam  ent  or 
other  specially  privileged  ijerson  formerly 
securing  transmission  of  a  letter  free  of 
postage;— «.t.  To  send  bj'  means  of  a  frank; 
to  transmit  free  of  expense.  —  Frankly, 
f rangk'li,adv.  In  a  frank  manner;  openly; 


rate,  far,  fat,  fftU;     mc,  ihet,  hSx;     piae.pinj    nOte,  not,  mOvej     tube,  tub,  bviU;  ,oD,  pound;    fi,  Sc,  abuno— the  Fr.  «, 


KRANK 


281 


FREEZE 


candidly. — Frankness,  frangk'ncs,  n.  The 
state  cr  quality  of  being  frank.  —  Prank- 
hearted,  a.  Having  a  frank,  open  disi)o- 
sition.  —  Frank-heartedneas,  n.  —  Frank- 
pledge, n.  [A  pledge  given  by  free  men.] 
An  institution  in  early  England  by  which 
the  members  of  a  tithing,  composed  of  ten 
households,  were  made  responsible  for  each 
other,  so  that  if  one  committed  an  offence 
the  others  were  bound  to  make  reparation. 

Frank,  frangk,  n.  One  of  the  ancient  Ger- 
man race  of  the  Franks;  a  native  of  Fran- 
conia;  a  name  given  by  the  Orientals  to  the 
inhabitants  of  western  Europe.— Frankish, 
franft'kish,  a.  Kelating  or  pertaining  to 
the  Franks. 

Frankfort -black,  frangk'fort,  n.  A  fine 
black  pigment  used  in  copperplate  print- 
ing. 

Frankincense,  frangk'iu-sens,  n.  [That  is, 
pure,  unadulterated  incenso.l  A  gum 
resin  obtained  from  a  tree  somewhat  re- 
sembling the  sumach,  inhabiting  the 
mountains  of  India,  which,  when  IMrned, 
exhales  a  strong  aromatic  odour. 

Franklin,  franfrk'lin,  n.  TO.Fr.  franlieleijn, 
francheleyn,  from  L.Ii.  franchilanus,  from 
francus,  free.  Frank,  a.]  A  freeholder;  a 
yeoman;  one  whose  estate  was  free  of  any 
feudal  superior. 

Frantic,  fran'tik,  a.  fFr.  frinitique,  from 
Ii.  phrBnetic\ts^  from  Gr.  phrciutis,  rnental 
disorder,  frenzy,  from  pkren,  the  mind. 
Frknzy. ]  Mad;  raving;  furious;  out- 
rageous; distracted  (a  frantic  person); 
characterized  by  violence,  fury,  and  dis- 
order (a  frantic  outburst).  —  FranticaUy, 
Franticly,  fran'ti-kal-li,  fran'tik-li,  adv. 
In  a  frantic  or  furiousmanner. — Frantic- 
ness,  fran'tik-nes,  n. 

Frap,  frap,  v.t.  —/rapped,  frapping.  [Pr. 
f rapper,  to  strike,  to  frap,  of  Scandinavian 
urigin.l  Narit.  to  make  fast  or  tight,  as  by 
passing  ropes  round  a  sail  or  a  weakened 
vessel,  or  by  binding  tackle  with' yam. 

Fraternal,  fra-ttr'nal,  a.  [Fr.  fratemel;  L. 
fraternus,  from  /rater,  brother ;  a  word 
cog.  with  E.  brother.}  t3rother!y;  pertain- 
ing to  brothers;  becoming  or  proceeding 
from  brothers.— Fraternally,  fra-t^r'nal- 
li,  adv.  In  a  fraternal  manner.  —  Frater- 
nity, fra-ter'ni-ti,  n.  [Fr.  fraternitd;  L. 
fratemitas.]  The  state  or  relationship  of 
a  brother;  a  body  of  men  associated  for 
their  common  interest,  business,  or  plea- 
sure; a  brotherhood;  a  society;  a  class  or 
profession  of  nien.— Fraternization,  frat'- 
6r-ni-za"8hon,  n.  The  act  of  fraternizing. 
—Fraternize,  Fraternise,  frat'Cr-niz,  v.i. 
To  associate  or  hold  fellowship;  to  hold 
Bympathetic  intercourse;  to  have  conge- 
nial sympathies  and  intercourse. — Frater- 
nizer,  frat'6r-ni-z6r,  n.  One  who  frater- 
nizes.—Fratricide,  frat'ri-sid,  n.  [L.  frat- 
ricidium,  the  crime,  fratricida,  the  crimi- 
nal—/rater,  and  ccedo,  to  kill.]  The  crime 
of  murdering  a  brother;  one  who  murders 
or  kills  a  brother.  —  Fratricidal,  f rat-ri- 
si'dal,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  involving  frat- 
ricide. 

Fraud,  frad,  n.  [L.  fraus,  fraudis,  Fr. 
fraude;  hence  defraud.']  An  act  or  course 
of  deception  deliberately  practised  with 
the  view  of  gaining  an  unla\vful  or  unfair 
advantage;  aeceit;  deception;  imposition. 
/.  Deceit  is  used  of  the  mental  process 
■which  underlies  any  proceeding  intended 
to  deceive;  deception  signifies  the  proce- 
dure by  which  deceit  is  carried  out,  and 
also  that  which  deceives,  misleads,  or  im- 
poses on;  while  fraud  is  an  act,  or  a  series 
of  acts  of  deceit,  by  which  we  attempt  to 
benefit  ourselves  at  the  expense  of  another. 
— Frandful,  frad'ful,  a.  Full  of  or  charac- 
terized by  fraud;  containing  fraud  or  de- 
ceit. —  Fraudfully,  frad'ful-li,  adv.  In  a 
fraudf ul  manner.  —  Fraudless,  frad'les,  a. 
Free  from  fraud.— Fraudlesaly,  frad'les-li, 
adv.  In  a  fraudless  manner.—  Fraudless- 
ness,  frad'les-nes,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  fraudless.  —  Fraudulence,  Fraudn- 
lency,  fra'dQ-lens,  fra'dQ-len-si,  n.     [li. 

fraudulentia.]  The  quality  of  being  frau- 
dulent. —  Fraudulent,  fra'da-lent,  a.    [L. 

fraudttlentus.]  Using  fraud  in  making 
bargains,  contracts,  &c. ;  given  to  using 
fraud;  founded  on  fraud;  proceeding  from 
fraud.— Fraudulently,  fra'du-lent-li,  adv. 


In  a  fraudulent  manner.— Fraudulentness, 
fra'dn-lent-nes,  n. 

Fraught,  fri^t,  a.  [A  participial  form  from 
old  verb  fraught, to  load,  a  form  affreight. 
Freight,]  Freighted^;  Jig.  filled,  stored, 
charged,  abounding,  pregnant  (a  scheme 
fraught  with  mischief).  —  Fraughtage.t 
fra'taj,n.  Loading;  cargo.  [Shctk.] 
Fray,  fra,  n.  [Abbrev.  of  affray.]  An 
affray ;  a  broil,  quarrel,  or  violent  riot. — 
V.  t.  To  fright;  to  terrify. 
Fray,  fra,  v.t.  [Fr.  frayer,  from  L.  fricare, 
to  rub  (whence  also /rictton).]  To  rub;  to 
rub  away  the  surface  of;  to  fret,  as  cloth 
by  wearing  or  the  skin  by  friction.  — ».  A 
frayed  or  rubbed  place. 
Freak,  frek,  n.  [A.  Sax.  free,  greedy,  boId= 
Icel.  frekr,  greedy,  exorbitant;  Da.n.frcek, 
bold,  G.  frech,  saucy.)  A  sudden  cause- 
less change  or  turn  of  the  mind;  a  whim 
or  fancy;  a  capricious  prank. — Freakiali, 
frCk'ish,  a.  Addicted  to  freaks;  whimsi- 
cal; capricious;  fauci'i,!;  grotesque. — 
•Freakishly,  frek'ish-U,  udv.  In  a  freak- 
ish manner.  —  Freakishness,  frek'ish-nes, 
n.  Cajiriciousness;  whimsicalness. 
Freak,  frek,  v.t.  [Coaoected  with  freckle, 
Jleck.]  To  variegate;  to  checker. 
Freckle,  frek'l,  n.  [O.E.  freckens,  frekens, 
freckles  (akin  to  freak,  to  variegate);  Icel. 
freknur,  Uan. /reffner,  freckles ;  comp.  G. 
fleck,  a  spot.]  A  spot  of  a  yellowish  colour 
in  the  skin,  particularly  on  the  face,  neck, 
and  hands;  any  small  spot  or  discoloration. 
—v.t.  and  i.  To  mark  or  become  marked 
with  freckles.- Freckled,  fi;ek'ld,  pp.  and 
a.  Marked  with  freckles.- FreckledneBg, 
f  rek'ld-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  freckled. 
—  Freckly,  frek'li,  a.  Covered  with 
freckles. 

Free,  fre,  a.  [A.  Sax.  frt,  /red  =  Icel.  fri, 
Daiu  and  Sw.  fri,  D.  vrij,  G.  /ret,  Goth. 
freis,  free ;  allied  to  friend,  Goth,  frijon, 
to  love ;  Skr.  pri,  to  love ;  perhaps  also  to 
L.  pnvua,  one's  own,  privatu.s,  private.] 
Not  being  under  necessity  or  restraint, 
physical  or  moral;  exempt  from  svjbjection 
to  the  will  of  others;  being  at  liberty;  not 
in  confinement;  not  under  an  arbitrary  or 
despotic  government;  instituted  by  a  free 
people;  capable  of  being  used,  enjoyed,  or 
taken  advantage  of  without  charge;  un- 
restricted; open;  not  obstructed;  going  be- 
yond due  limits  in  speaking  or  acting; 
open;  candid;  frank;  without  care;  un- 
concerned; liberal;  not  parsimonious;  pro- 
fuse; gratuitous;  given  with  readiness  or 
good-will ;  clear;  exempt;  having  got  rid; 
not  encumbered,  affected,  or  oppressed: 
with-/'"orn,  and  sometimes  of;  invested 
with  or  enjoying  certain  immunities;  hav- 
ing certain  privileges:  with  o/(a  man/ree 
of  the  city  of  London);  hot.  applied  to 
parts  which  are  not  united  together;  chem. 
not  chemically  combined  with  any  other 
body. —  Free  agency,  the  state  of  acting 
freely  or  without  necessity  or  constraint 
of  the  will.— Free  Church  of  Scotland,  thsit 
ecclesiastical  body  which  seceded  from 
the  Established  Church  at  the  Disruption 
in  1843. — Free  labour,  labour  performed  by 
free  persons  in  contradistinction  to  that 
of  slaves.- Free  love,  the  right  to  consort 
with  those  we  have  conceived  a  passion 
for,  regardless  of  the  shackles  of  matri- 
mony.—To  make  free  with,  to  intermeddle 
•with;  to  use  liberties  with;  to  help  one's 
self  to. — Free  and  easy,  unconstrained;'re- 
gardless  of  conventionalities. — v.t.— freed, 
freeing.  To  remove  from  a  thing  any  en- 
cumbrance or  obstruction;  to  disentangle; 
to  disengage;  to  rid;  to  strip;  to  clear;  to 
set  at  liberty;  to  rescue  or  release  from 
slavery,  captivity,  or  confinement;  to 
manumit;  to  loose;  to  exempt,  as  from 
some  oppressive  condition  or  duty;  to  clear 
from  stain;  to  absolve  from  some  charge. 
—Free-and-easy,  n.  A  sort  of  club  held  in 
public-houses,  in  which  the  members  meet 
to  drink,  smoke,  sing,  &c. — Free-board,  n. 
Naut.  the  part  of  a  ship's  side  between  the 
gunwale  and  the  line  of  flotation.  —  Free- 
booter, fre'bo-t6r,  n.  fD.  vrijbuiter,  G. 
freibeuten  Booty.]  One  who  wanders 
about  for  booty  or  plunder;  a  robber;  a 
pillager;  a  plunderer.  —  Freebooting,  fre'- 
bd-ting,  a.  Xiving  or  acting  as  a  free- 
booter; pertaining  to  or  like  freebooters. — 


n.  Robbery;  plunder;  pillage.— Freebooty, 
frC'bO-ti,  Ji  Pillage  or  plunder  by  frfc- 
booters.  —  Freeborn,  f re '  bom,  a.  Bom 
free;  not  in  vassalage;  inheriting  liberty. 
— Freedman,  fred'man,  n.  A  man  who 
has  been  a  slave  and  is  manumitted. — 
Freedom,  fre'dum,  n.  The  state  of  being 
free;  exemption  from  slavery,  servitude, 
confinement,  or- constraint;  liberty;  inde- 
pendence; frankness;  openness;  outspoken- 
ness; unrestrictedness ;  permission;  liber- 
ality ;  particular  privileges  ( the  freedom 
of  a  city);  ease  or  facility  of  doing  any- 
thing; license;  improper  familiarity  (in 
this  sense  with  a  plural).  —  Free-grace,  n. 
Voluntary  and  unmerited  favour.  —  Free- 
hand, frC'hand,  a.  Applied  to  drawing 
in  which  the  hand  is  not  assisted  by  any 
guiding  or  measuring  instruments. — Free- 
handed, a.  Open-handed;  liberal. — Free- 
hearted, a.  Open;  frank;  unreserved; 
liberal;  charitable;  generous.- Free-heart- 
edly,  adv.  In  a  free-hearted  manner. — 
Free-heartednes8,  n.  —  Freehold,  <re'hold, 
n.  Law,  an  estate  in  real  property,  held 
either  in  fee  simple  or  fee  tail  or  for  life; 
an  estate  for  which  the  owner  owes  no 
duty  or  service  except  to  the  crown;  the  ten- 
ure by  which  such  an  estate  is  held. — Free- 
holder, fre'hol-dfer,  n.  Law,  the  possessor 
of  a  freehold.— Free-lance,  n.  One  of  the 
mercenary  soldiers  of  the  middle  ages; 
one  unattached  to  any  party;  one  who 
fights  for  his  own  hand.  —  Freeliver,  fre'- 
liv-6r,  n.  One  who  cats  and  drinks  abun- 
dantly; one  who  gives  free  indulgence  to 
his  .appetites.  —  Freely,  fre'li,  adv.  In  a 
free  manner.  —  Freeman,  fre'man,  n.  A 
man  who  is  free;  one  not  a  slave  or  vassal; 
one  who  enjoys  or  is  entitled  to  a  fran- 
chise or  peculiar  privilege.  —  Freemartin, 
fre'mar-tfn,  n.  A  cow-calf  twin  bom  with 
a  bull-calf:  generally  barren.— Freemason, 
fre'ma-sn,  n.  A  person  belonging  to  a  so- 
ciety or  organization  the  members  of 
which  call  themselves  free  and  accepted 
viaaons.  —  Freemasonry,  fre'ma-sn-ri,  n. 
The  mysteries  in  which  freemasons  are 
initiated.— Freeness,  frC'nes,  ji.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  free.— Free-pass,  n.  A 
permission  to  pass  free,  as  by  railway,  &c. 
— Free-port,  n.  A  port  where  ships  may 
be  unloaded  and  goods  deposited  without 
payment  of  customs.  —  Freer,  fre'6r,  n. 
One  who  frees. — Free-school,  n.  A  school 
in  which  pupils  are  ta\ight  without  pay- 
ing for  tuition.- Freespoken,  fre'spo-kn, 
a.  Accustomed  to  speak  without  reserve. 
— Preespokenness,  fre-spo'kn-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  freespoken.— Freestone, 
fre'ston,  n.  Any  species  of  stone  composed 
of  sand  or  grit,  so  called  because  it  is 
easily  cut  or  wrought.— Freethinker,  fre'- 
thingk-6r,  n.  One  who  is  free  from  the 
common  modes  of  thinking  in  religious 
matters;  a  deist;  an  unbeliever;  a  sceptic. — 
Freethlnking,  frC'thingk-ing,  n. — a.  Hold- 
ing the  principles  of  a  freethinker.— Free- 
thought,  fre'that,  a.  The  be)  iefs  or  ways  of 
thinking  of  freethinkers.- Free-trade,  n. 
Trade  or  commerce  free  from  restrictions, 
and  in  particular  from  customs  duties 
levied  on  foreign  commodities.  —  Free- 
trader, n.  An  advocate  of  free-trade.— 
Free-VBill,  n.  The  power  of  directiufr  o«r 
own  actions  without  constraint  by  neces- 
sity or  fate ;  voluntariness ;  spontaneous- 
ness. — o.  Voluntary;  spontaneous. 
Freeze,  frez,  v.t. — froze  (pret.),  frozen  or 
froze  {pp.),  freezing  (ppr. ).  [A.  Sax.  friisan, 
fre(isan=I).vriezen,  feel.  fr.j6sa,  'D&n.fryee, 
G.  frieren;  same  root  as  L.  pruina,  hoar- 
frost. Akin  frore,  frost.]  To  be  con- 
gealed by  cold;  to  be  changed  from  a 
liquid  to  a  solid  state  by  the  abstraction 
of  heat;  to  be  hardened  into  ice;  to  be  of 
that  degree  of  cold  at  which  water  con- 
geals: used  impersonally  {it  freezes  hard); 
to  become  chilled  in  body  with  cold. — v.t. 
To  congeal  or  cause  to  freeze;  to  harden  into 
ice;  to  chill;  to  give  the  sensation  of  cold  and 
shivering.— n.  The  act  of  freezing;  frost. 
[Colloq.}— Freezable,  fre'za-bl,  n.  Capable 
of  being  frozen.— Freezer,  fre'zfer,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  freezes.— Freezing-point, 
n.  That  degree  of  a  thermometer  at  which 
a  liquid  begins  to  freeze;  the  temperature 
at  which  ordinarily  water  freezes.  By  the 


^  cb,  cAainj    <^,  Sc.  loch;    g,  go;    j,  /ob;  i  n,  Fr.  ton;    ug,  tang;    tb,  than:  th,  thin;    w,  wig;  '  vh.  wAig;    zh,  asure. 


FREIGHT 


282 


FRIEZE 


Centigrade  thermometer  the  freezing- 
point  of  water  is  0°  or  zero;  by  Fahrenheit's 
thermometer  32°  above  aero.  —  Freezing- 
mixtnre,  n.  A  pixture  such  as  produces 
a  degree  of  cold  sufficient  to  freeze  liquids. 
—Frozen,  fro'zn,  p.  and  o.  Congealed  by- 
cold;  frosty;  subject  to  severe  frost ;  void 
of  sympathy;  yanting  in  feeling  or  inter- 
est; unsympathetic.  —  Frozenness,  fro'zn- 
nes,  71.  A  state  of  .being  frozen. 

Freight,  f rat,  n.  [  Formerly  fraht=  D.  vragt, 
Dan.fragt,  Svr.frakt,  G.fracht,  afreightor 
cargo.  Fraught.]  The  cargo  of  a  ship; 
lading;  that  which  is  carried  by  water;  the 
price  paid  for  the  use  of  a  ship  or  part  of 
a  ship  to  transport  goods;  the  sum  charged 
or  paid  for  the  transportation  of  goods. — 
v.t.  To  load  (a  ship)  with  goods;  to  hire 
for  the  transportation  of  goods.— Freight- 
age, fra'taj,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
freighting;  money  paid  fcjr  freight;  freight 
or  lading  {Mil.).— Treigh^r,  fra'ter,  n.  One 
who  freights.— Freightless.frat'les.a.  Des- 
titute of  freight.  o  , 

Fremescence,  fre-mes'ens,»n.  [From  L. 
frenw,  to  roar.]  Tumultuous  noise. — Fre- 
Biescent,  fre-mes'ent,  a.  Koisy  and  tumul- 
tuous; raging. 

French, frensh, a.  [O.TT.franchois,/ranQoi8, 
Mod.Fr. //•anjais,  from  France,  which  re- 
ceived its  name  from  the  F7-anks.]  Per- 
taining to  France  or  its  inhabitants.  —  n. 
The  language  spoken  by  the  people  of 
France;  collectively  the  French  people. — 
Jrench-baan,  n.  A  species  of  bean;  the 
kidney-bean.— Fyench-chalk,  n.  A  variety 
of  talc  resembling  chalk,  of  a  pearly  white 
or  grayish  colour.  —  French-horn,  n.  A 
musical  instrument  of  brass  having  several 
curves,  and  gradually  widening  from  the 
mouth-piece  to  the  other  end. — Frenchify, 
frensh'i-fi,  v.t.  To  make  French;  to  infect 
with  French  tastes  or  manners. — French- 
naji,  frensh 'mail,  n.  A  man  pf  the 
French  nation ;  a  native  or  naturalized 
inhabitant  of  Frange.  —  French-polish,  n. 
■Grumlac  dissolved  in  spirits  of  wine,  used 
for  coating  wood  with  a  fine  glossy  surface. 
— French-white,  n.  Finely  pulverized  talc. 

Frenetic,  Frenetical,  fre-net'ik,  fre-net'- 
i-kal,  a.  [Same  word  as  frantic.  Frenzy.] 
Frenzied;  frantic— Frenetically,  fre-net'i- 
kal-li,S!^v.  In  a  frenetic  or  frenzied  man- 
ner. 

Frenzy,  fren'zi,n.  [O.TT.frenaisie,  Mod.  Fr. 
phremsie;  from  Gr.  phi'enesis,  phrenitis, 
mental  derangement,  from  phren,  the 
mind.  Frantic]  Distraction;  delirium; 
madness;  any^iolent  agitation  of  the  mind 
approaching  to  distraction  or  temporary 
derangement  of  the  mental  faculties. — v.t. 
—jremied,  frenrying.  To  drive  to  mad- 
ness; to  render  frenzied. — Frenzical,  fren'- 
zi-kal,  a.  Pertaking  of  frenzy.— Frenzied, 
fren'zid,  p.  and  a.  Affected  with  frenzy  or 
madness;  maddened;  frantic. — Frenziedly, 
fren'zid-li,  adv.    Madly;  distractedly. 

?reqnent,  fre'kwent,  a.  IFr.  frequent,  from 
L.  frequenH,  frequentis,  common,  usual, 
full, crowded;  same  root  as /arcio,  to  cram 
(whence  farce).]  Often  seen  or  done;  often 
happening  at  short  intervals ;  often  re- 
peated or  occurring;  doing  a  thing  often; 
inclined  to  indulge  in  any  practice  — v.t. 
',fre-kwent').  [li.freqiiento;  Vr.  frequenter.] 
To  visit  often;  to  resort  to  often  or  habi- 
tually.—Freqnence,t  freTcwens,  n.  [L./re- 
gwentia.]  A  crowd;  a  throng;  a  concourse; 
an  assembly. — Frequency,  freTcwen-si,  n. 
The  state  of  being  frequent;  a  frequent  re- 
turn 01*  bccurrence:  tlie  condition  of  being 
often  repeated  at  short  inten'als.  —  Fre- 
quentation,  frS-kwen-ta'shon,  n.  The  act 
or  custom  of  frequenting.- Frequentative, 
'rekwen'ta-tiv,  a.  Gram,  serving  to  ex- 
press the  frequent  repetition  of  an  action: 
Applied  to  certain  verbs.— n.  A  verb  which 
denotes  the  frequent  occurrence  or  repeti- 
tion of  an  action.— Frequenter,  fre-kwen'- 
t*r,  n.  One  who  frequents. — Frequently, 
fr6'kwent-li,  adv.  Often;  many  times,  at 
short  intervals;  repeatedly;  commonly. — 
Frequentness,  frekwent-nes,  n. 

Fresco,  fres'ko,  n.  pi.  Frescoes  and  Frescos. 

'fres'koz.  [It.,  fresh,  from  being  executed 
on  fresh  plaster.  Fhesh.J  A  method  of 
painting  on  walls  with  mineral  and  earthy 
pigments  on  fresh  plaster,  or  on  a  wall  laid 


with  mortar  not  yet  dry.— w.i.  To  paint  in 
fresco,  as  walls.    -  ' 

Fresh,  fresh,  a.  [A.  Sax. /ersc,  whence jvesfc 
by  a  common  metathesis=D.  versch,  IceL 
ferskr,  friskr,  Dan.  fersk,  frisJt,  G.  frisch; 
nence  It.  Sp.  and  Pg.  fresco,  Fr.  frods, 
fraiche,  fresh.  Frisk  is  a  form  of  the  same 
word.]  Full  of  health  and  strength;  vig- 
orous; strong;  brisk;  lively;  bright;  not 
faded;  undecayed;  unimpaired  by  time; 
in  good  condition;  not  stale;  not  exhausted 
with   labour    or   exertion ;    renewed    in 

■strength;  rein  vigorated;refreBhing;health- 
giving:  applied  to  pure  cool  water,  and  also 
to  a  rather  strong  wind ;  vivid ;  clearly  re- 
membered; new;  recently  grown,  made,  or 
obtained;  not  salt  or  saKed.— :n.  A  freshet; 
a  spring  of  fresh  water;  a  flood;  an  over- 
flowing; an  inundation— Freshen,  fresh'n, 
v.t.  To  make  fresh;  to  give  a  fresh  ap- 
pearance or  character  to;  to  make  to  feel 
fresh;  to  refresh;  to  revive. — v.i.  To  grow 
fresh;  to  grow  strong  (the  wind  freshens). 
— Fi-eshet,  fresh'et,  u.  A  small  streain  of 
fresh  water;  a  flood  or  overflowing  of  a 
river,  by  means  of  heavy  rains  or  melted 
snow.— Freshly,  Jresh'li,  qdv.  In  a  fresh 
manner.  —  Freshman,  fresh'man,  n.  A 
novice;  a  student  of  the  first  y^ar  in  a 
university.— Freshness,  fresh'nes,  n.  The 
condition  orquaUty  of  being  fresh. — Fresh- 
water, a.  Pertaining  to,  produced  by,  or 
living  in  water  that  is  fresh  or  not  salt. 

Fret,  fret,  v.t.— fretted;  fretting.  [A.  Sax. 
fretan,  to  eat,  to  gnaw,  devour;  D.  vreten, 
G.fressen,  O.H.G.  jrezzan.  66th.  fraitan. 
to  eat,  all  from  prefix=E.  for,  intens.,  and 
verb  to  eat.]  To  gna^r;  to  eat  into;  to  rub 
or  wear  away;  to  fray;  to  chafe;  to  gall;  to 
wear  away  so  as  to  diminish;  to  impair;  to 
agitate;,  to  disturb  (to  fret  the.  surface  of 
the  sea);  fig.  to  chafe  the  mind  of;  to  irri- 

-tate;  to  tease;  to  make  angry.- n.t.  To  be- 
come frayed  or  chafed;  to  be  chafed  or  ir- 
ritated; to  become  vexed  or  angry;  to  utter 
peevish  expressions;  to  boil  or  work  as 
angry  feelings;  to  rankle.— ».  A  state  of 
chafing  or  irritation;  vexation;  anger. — 
Fretful,  fret'ful,  a.  Disposed  to  fret;  ill- 
humoured;  peevish;  in  a  state  of  vexation. 
—Fretfully,  fret'ful-li,  adv.  In  a  fretful 
manner;  peerishly.— Fretfulness,  fret'ful- 
nes,  n.  Peevishness;  ill-humour.— Fretter, 
fret'^r,  n.    One  who  fret's. 

Fret,  fret,  n.  [O.Fr.  freter,  to  interlace, 
freltes,  a  grating;  It.  ferrata,  the  grating 
of  a  window;  from  L.  ferrum,  iron.  Comp. 
also  A.  Sax.  frcetwe,  ornaments.]  A  kind 
of  ornament  formed  of  bands  or  fillets 
variously  combined,  but  most  frequently 
arranged  in  rectangular  forms;  a  piece  of 
perforated  ornamental  work ;  one  of  the 
wood,  ivory,  or  metal  cross-bars  on  the 
finger-boards  of  some  stringed  instru- 
ments, which  regulate  the  pitch  of  the 
notes  produced. — v.t.  To  ornament  or  fur- 
nish with  frets;  to  variegate',  to  diversify. 
—Fretted,  fret'ed,  a.  Adorned  with  frets 
or  fretwork;  exhibiting  sunk  or  raised 
ornamentation  in  rectangular  forms.  — 
Fretter,  fret'er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
frets.— Fretty,  fret'i,  a.  Adorned  with  fret- 
work.—Fretwork,  fret'w6rk,n.  Ornamen- 
tal work  consisting  of  a  series  or  combina- 
tion of  frets.  , 

Friable,  f ri'a-bl,  a.  [L.  fridbilis,  from  frio, 
friatum,  to  crumble  down.]  Easily  crum- 
bled or  pulverized;  easily  reduced  to  pow- 
der.—Friability,  Frlableness,  fri-a-bifi-ti, 
fri'a-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fri- 
able. —Friation,  fri-a'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
crumbling  or  pulverizing. 

Friar,  fri'6r,  n.  [Formerly  frere,  Fr.  frire, 
O.Fr.  freire,  a  brother,  from  L.  frater, 
/rains,  a  brother.  Brother.]  A  monk; 
a  iTiale  member  of  a  monastery;  a  person 
belonging  to  one  of  the  religious  orders  or 
brotherhoods.— Friarly,  fri'er-li,  a.  Like 
a  friar;  pertaining  to  friars. — Friary,  fri'- 
*r-i,  n.    A  convent  of  friars;  a  monastery. 

Fribble,  f rio'l.  a.  [Perhaps corrupted  from 
Fr./rit)o?e,  frivolous;  or  allied  to  frippery.] 
Frivolous;  trifling;  silly;  contemptible. — 
n.  A  frivolous,  trifling,  contemptible  fol- 
low.—  v.i. — fribbled,  fribbling.  To  act  the 
fribble;  to  trifle.— Fribbler,  frib'l6r,  n.  A 
trifler;  a  coxcomb.  —  Fribbling,  frib'ling, 
a.    Frivolous;  trifling. 


Fricandeau,  frik-an-do',  n.  {Fr,  etymology 
doubtful.]  A  fricassee  or  other  prepara- 
tion of  veal. 

Fricassee,  frik-as-sc',  n.  [Fr.  fricassee,  from 
fricasser,  to  cook  in  this  way:  etymology 
doubtful]  A  dish  of  food  made  by  cut- 
ting chickens,  rabbits,  or  other  small  ani- 
mals into  pieces,  and  dressing  them  with 
a  strong  sauce  in  a  frying-pan  or  a  like 
utensil.— v.t— fricasseed, fricasseeing.  To 
dress  in  fricassee. 

Friction,  f rik'shon,  n.  [L.  frictio.  frictionis, 
from  frico.  frictum,  to  rub,  to  rub' down.] 
The  act  of  rubbing  the  surface  of  one  body 
against  that  of  another;  attrition;-  mech. 
the  effect  of  rubbing,  or  the  resistance 
which  a  moving  body  meets  with  from 
the  surface  on  which  it  moves.— FiicatIon,t 
fri-ka'shon,  n.  IL.  fncatio.]  The  act  of 
rubbing;  friction.— Fricative,  frik'a-tiv,  a. 
A  term  applied  to  certain  letters  produced 
by  the  friction  of  the  breath  issuing 
through  a  narrow  opening  of  the  organs, 
as  /.  r,  s,  z,  &c  — Frictional,  frik'shon-al, 
a.  Kelating  to  friction;  moved  by  fric- 
tion; produced  by  friction.— Frictionless, 
frik '  shon-les,  o.  Having  no  friction. — 
Friction-clutch,  n.  A  species  of  loose 
coupling  much  used  for  connecting  pieces 
in  machines  which  require  to  be  fre-ljuent- 
ly  engaged  and  disengaged.  —  Friction- 
powder,  n.  A  composition  of  chlorate  of 
potash  and  antimony,  which  readily  ig- 
nites by  friction.— Friction-rollers,  n.  pi. 
Small  rollers  or  cylinders  placed  under 
heavy  bodies  when  they  are  required  to  be 

.  moved  a  short  distance  on  the  surface  t)f 
the  ground.— Friction-tube,  n.  A  small 
tube  used  in  firing  cannon,  heat  being 
generated  in  it  by  friction.  —  Friction- 
wheelj  »i.  Mach.  one  of  two  simple  wheels 
or  cylinders  intended  to  assist  in  dimin- 
ishing the  friction  of  a  horizontal  axis. 

Friday,  fri'da,  n.  [A.  Sax.  Frige-doeg,  G. 
Freytag,  the  day  sacred  to  Frigga,  or 
Freya,  the  Teutonic  goddess.]  The  sixth 
day  of  the  week.— (?ood  Friday,  the  Fri- 
day immediately  preceding  Easter,  kept 
sacred  as  the  day  of  Christ's  crucifixion. 

Friend,  f rend,  n.  [A.  Sax.  frednd,  virtually 
a  pres.  part,  of  fredn,  to  love;  like  Goth. 
fiijonds,  from  frijon,  to  love;  D.  friend, 
Icel.  frcendi,  G.  freund,  a  friend.  Fiend 
is  similarly  formed.  Free.]  One  who  is 
attached  to  another  by  affection;  one  who 
has  esteem  and  regard  for  another  and 
loves  his  society;  one  not  hostile;  one  of 
the  same  nation,  party,  or  kin ;  one  who 
looks  with  favour  upon  a  cause,  institu- 
tion, or  the  like;  also  a  term  of  salutation 
or  familiar  address. —SocieijfO/i<'7^«nd8,the 
name  assumed  by  the  society  of  dissenters 
commonly  called  Quakers. — To  befriends 
with,  to  feel  as  a  friend  towards;  to  be 
friendly  towards:  may  be  used  when  a 
single  person  is  the  friend  of  another.— y.<. 
To  befriend;  to  support  or  aid.— Friendless, 
frend'les,  a.  Destitute  of  friends.— Friend- 
lessness,  frend'les-nes,,  n.  The  state  of 
being  friendless.  —  Friendlike,  frend'lik, 
«.  Like  a  friend;  like  what  marks  a 
friend.— FriendUly,  frend'li-li,  adv.  In  a 
friendly  manner.— Friendliness,  frend'li- 
nes,  n.  The  condition  or  quality  of  being 
friendly;  a  disposition  to  favour  «r  be- 
friend; good-will;  exercise  of  benevolence 
or  kindness. — Friendly,  frend'li,  a. '  Hav- 
ing the  temper  and  disposition  of  a  friend; 
disposed  to  promote  the  good  of  another; 
kind;  amicable;  befitting  friends;  not  hos- 
tile; favourable;  propitious.  —  Friendly 
societies,  associations  chiefly  among  trades- 
men and  mechanics,  for  the  purpose  of 
forming  a  fund  for  the  assistance  of  mem- 
bers jn  sickness,  or  of  their  relatives  or 
others  in  case  u)f  death.  .'.  Syn.  under 
Amicable.  —  adv.i  In  the  manner  of 
friends ;  amicably.  \Shak.]  —  Friendship, 
frend'ship,  n.  The  feeling  that  subsists 
between  friends  or  binds  them  to  one  an- 
other; attachment  to  a  person;  mutual 
attachment;  kind  regard;  intimacy;  kind- 
ness. 

Frier,  fri'^r,  n.  JJnder  Fry. 

Friese,  frez.  n.  The  language  of  Frie.«land; 
Frisian.— Frieslc,  frc'zik,  a.    Frisian. 

Frieze,  frCz,  n.  [Fr.  /rise^It.  fregio.  Sp. 
fi-iso,  probably  from  Ar.  ifriz,  a  ledge  on 


Fa^,  faXiial,  fall;  aLiae,  met,  httj,    piic,  pin ;  _nOte,  oot,  mevei,^tabe.  tub,  b^;  ,  oil.  pound; U,.Sc.  abttue^the Fr.  v. 


FRIEZE 


283 


FROST 


a  wnll.]  Arch,  that  r-art  of  the  entabla-. 
lure  of  a  column  which  is  between  the 
architrave  and  cornice,  usually  enriched 
^th  figures  or  other  ornaments. 
frieze,  frez,  n.  [Fr.  /rise,  probably  from 
Friesland,  once  the  principal  seat  of  its 
manufacture.]  A  coarse  woollen  cloth 
having  a  shaggy  nap  on  one  side.— «.<.— 
friezed,  friezing.  To  form  a  shaggy  nap 
on;  to  frizzle;  to  curl.— Friezed,  frezd,  a. 
Napped;  shaggy  with  na)i  or  frieze. 
Frigate,  f  rig'at,  n.  I  Fr.  frigate.  It.  frega- 
ta;  Sp.  and  Pg.  fragata;  origin  doubtful.] 
Among  ships  of  war  of  the  older  class,  a 
vessel  of  a  size  larger  than  a  sloop  or  brig, 
and  less  than  a  ship  of  the  line;  a  ship  of 
war  with  a  high  speed  and  great  fighting 
power.— Frigate-bird,  n.  A  tropical  sea- 
oird  allied  to  the  cormorants,  remarkable 
for  its  powers  of  flight. 
Fright,  frit,  n.  [A.  Sax.  fyrhtu,  fyrhto, 
fear;  Dan.  frygt,  G.  furcht,  U.  vrucht,  fear. 
Fear  is  probably  alun  in  origin.]  Sudden 
and  violent  fear;  a  sudden  fit  of  fear  or 
dread;  terror;  a  r>erson  of  a  shocking,  dis- 
agreeable, or  ridiculous  appearance  in 
person  or  dress.  —  v.t.  To  frighten;  to 
affright;  to  scare.  —  Frighten,  fri'tn,  v.t. 
To  strike  with  fright;  to  terrify;  to  scare; 
to  alarm  suddenly.  —  Ffightenable.t  fri'- 
tn-a-W,  a.  That  may  be  frightened. — 
Frightful,  frit'ful,  a.  Causing  fright;  ter- 
rible; dreadful ;  awful ;  horrid ;  terrific. — 
Frightfully,  frrt'ful-li,  adv.  In  a  fright- 
ful manner;  dreadfully;  horribly;  terribly; 
shockingly.- Frightfulness,  frit'ful-nes.n. 
The  quality  of  being  frightful.— Fright- 
less,  frit'les,  a.  Free  from  fright. 
Frigid,  frij'id,  a.  [L.  frigidua,  from  frigeo, 
to  be  cold,  akin  to  rigeo,  to  be  numb  or 
stiff;  Gr.  rigos,  cold.  Frill  is  of  same 
origin.)  Cold;  wanting  heat  or  warmth; 
of  a  very  low  temperature-;  cold  in  feel- 
ing or  manner;  wanting  warmth  of  affec- 
tion; wanting  zeal,  fire,  energy,  spirit,  or 
animation;  stiff;  haughty;  forbidding; 
lifeless. — Fngid  zoiies,  in  geog.  the  two 
zones  comprehended  between  the  poles 
and  the  polar  circles,  which  are  about 
23°  28'  from  the  poles.— Frigidity,  fri-jid'i- 
ti,n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  frigid; 
coldness;  want  of  warmth;  coldness  of 
feeling  or  manner;  want  of  animation, 
ardour,  or  vivacity.  —  Frigidly,  frij'id-li, 
adv.  In  a  frigid  manner.  — Frigidness, 
frij'id-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  frigid.— 
Frigorific,  Frigorlfical,  frig-o-rif'ik,  frig-o- 
rifi-kal,  a.  fL.  frigonficug  ~ frigus,  fri- 
goris,  cold,  and  /acio,  to  make]  Causing 
cold. 

Frill,  iril,  n.'  [Originally  the  ruffling  of  a 
hawk's  feathers  when  shivering  with 
cold;  from  Fr.  friller,  to  shiver,  from  L. 
frigidulus,  dim.  from  friyid^ls,  cold.  Fri- 
gid.] A  crimped  or  ornamental  edging  of 
fine  linen  on  the  bosom  of  a  sliirt;  a  some- 
what similar  trimming  on  something  else; 
a  rufile.— y.t.  To  decorate  with  a  frill.— 
Frilled,  frild,  pp.  or  a.  Decked  with  a 
frill  or  frills,  or  something  similar.— Frill- 
ing, fril'ing,  n.  Frills;  ruffles. 
Fringe,  frinj,  n.  (Fr.  /range,  fringe,  It. 
/rcmcfia,  from  h.  fimbria,  fringe;  akin  to 
fibra,  a  fibre.)  An  ornament  to  the  bor- 
ders of  garments,  furniture,  &c.,  consist- 
ing of  threads  attached  at  one  end,  the 
other  hanging  loose;  something  resembling 
a  fringe;  an  edging ;  margin ;  extremity: 
oiitics,  one  of  the  coloured  bands  of  light 
in  the  phenomena  of  diffraction.— w.<.  To 
adorn  or  border  wither  as  with  a  fringe. — 
Fringed,  friujd,  pp.  and  a.  Borderod  or 
ornamented  with  a  fringe  or  fringes.  — 
Fringe -tree,  n.  A  small  American  tree 
having  snow-white  flowers,  which  hang 
down  like  a  fringe  —  Fringy,  frin'ji,  a. 
Adorned  with  fringes. 
FringiUaceous,  frin-.iil-la'shus,  a.  [li.  frin- 
gilln,  a  finch.)  Pertaining  to  t!iu  finches. 
Frippery,  frip'6r-i,  n.  (Fr.  /riperie,  old 
clothes,  from  /riper,  to  rumple,  to  spoil ; 
from  O.Fr.  /repe,  rag,  tatter.]  Old  or  cast- 
off  clothes;  waste  matter;  useless  things; 
trifles;  traffic  in  old  clothes.— a.  Trilling; 
contemptible. 

Frisian,  friz'i-an.  a.  Belonging  to  Fries- 
land.— ii.  A  native  of  Friesland ;  the  lan- 
guage of  Friesland. 


Frisk,  frisk, t).i.  (O.Fr. /risqne,  brisk,  lively, 
from  the  Germanic  adjective  correspon- 
ding to  E. /ces/i.  Fresh.)  To  leap,  skip, 
dance,  or  gambol,  as  in  gaiety  or  frolic;  to 
frolic— ?i.  A  frolic;  a  fit  of  wanton  gaiety. 
— Frisker,  fris'ktr,  n.  One  who  frisks. — 
Frisket.  fris'ket,  n.  (Fr.  /risquette,  from 
the  frequency  of  its  motion.)  Print,  a  light 
frame  hinged  to  the  tympan  for  keeping 
the  sheet  in  proper  position  while  being 
printed.  —  Fnskful,  frisk'ful,  a.  Frisky; 
frolicsome.— Friskily,  fris'ki-li,  adv.  In  a 
frisky  manner.— FriaXlness,  fris'ki-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  frisky. — 
Frisky,  fris'ki,  a.  Fond  of  frisking  or 
capering;  lively;  frolicsome. 

Frit,  frit,  n.  (Fr.  /riUe,  from  /rit,  fried, 
pp.  of  /Hre,  from  L.  /rigo,/rictum,  to  roast. 
Fry.)  The  matter  of  which  glass  is  made 
after  it  has  been  calcined  or  baked  in  a 
furnace. 

Frith,  frith,  n.    Same  as  Firth. 

Fritillary,  frit'il-la-ri,  n.  [h.  fritillus,  a, 
dice-box:  from  chequered  markings.]  The 
popular  name  of  a  genus  of  herbaceous 
bulbous  plants,  natives  of  north  temperate 
regions;  also  of  several  British  butterflies. 

Fritter;  frit'er,  n.  [Fr.  friture,  lit.  a  fry- 
ing, from  L.  /rigo,  /rictum,  to  fry.  Frv.) 
A  small  piece  of  anything  cut  to  be  fried; 
also  a  fragment  or  shred.— w.t.  To  cut  into 
small  pieces  to  be  fried;  to  break  into 
small  pieces  or  fragments.  —  Tu  /ritter 
away,  to  waste  or  expend  by  little  and 
little;  to  sjiend  frivolously  or  in  trifles. 

Frivolous,  friv'o-lus,  a.  [L.  /nvolus,  frivo- 
lous, silly,  trifling;  same  root  as  /rico,  to 
rub  (whence  /riction).)  Of  little  weight, 
worth,  or  importance;  not  worth  notice; 
trifling;  trivial;  given  to  trifling;  charac- 
terized by  unbecoming  levity;  silly;  weak. 
—Frivolity,  Frivolism.t  fri-vol'i-ti,  friv'ol- 
izm,  n.  The  condition  orqualitj'  of  being 
frivolous  or  trifling ;  insignificance;  alsp, 
the  act  or  habit  of  trifling ;  unbecoming 
levity  of  mind  or  disposition. — Frivolous- 
ly, friv'o-lus-li,  adv.  In  a  frivolous  man- 
ner—Frivolousness,  friv'o-lus-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  frivolous. 

Frizz,  Friz,  friz,  v.t.— frizzed,  /rizzing.  [Fr. 
/riser,  O.Fr.  /rizer,  to  curl,  /rise,  frieze 
cloth.  Frirzb.)  To  curl;  to  crisp;  to  form 
into  small  curls  or  into  little  burs,  as  the 
nap  of  cloth.— n.  That  which  is  frizzed  or 
curled.  —  Frizzle,  friz'l,  v.t.^rizzled, /riz- 
ding.  [Vim.  from /i-izz.]  To  curl  or  crisp, 
as  hair;  to  frizz.- n.  A  curl;  a' lock  of  hair 
crisped.  —  Frizzier,  friz'l6r,  n.  One  who 
frizzles.  —  Frizzly,  Frizzy,  friz'li,  friz'i,  a. 
Curly. 

Fro,  fro,  adv.  [A.  Rax.  or  Icel./rd,  from; 
shojt  form  of /rom.)  From;  away;  back  or 
backward;  as  in  the  phrase  to  and  fro. 
'  Frock,  frok,  n.  [Fr.  froc,  a  monk's  habit; 
li.Jj.  frocus,  Jlocvs,  so  called  because /Joc- 
cosa,  woolly,  from  L.  floccus,  a  flock  of 
wool.)  Primarily,  an  ecclesiastical  gar- 
ment with  large  sleeves  worn  by  monks; 
a  kind  of  gown  which  opens  behind,  worn 
by  females  and  children.  —  Frock-coat,  n. 
A  coat  with  full  skirts  having  the  same 
length  before  and  behind ;  a  surtout.— 
Frocked,  frokt,  a.    Clothed  in  a  frock. 

Frog,  frog,  n.  [A.  Sax.  frocga,  froga,  frosc, 
frox;  D.  vorsch,  G. /roscA,,  Dan.  /ro,  Tcel. 
/roskr.'i  The  name  of  various  amphibians, 
having  four  legs  with  fouvtoeson  the  fore 
feet  and  five  on  the  hind,  more  or  less 
webbed,  a  naked  body,  no  ribs,  and  no 
tail,  and  with  great  powers  of  leaping;  a 
sort  of  tender  horn  th.at  grows  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  sole  of  a  horse's  foot.  —  Frog- 
eater,  11.  One  who  eats  frogs:  a  term  of 
contempt  for  a  Frenchman.  —  Froggery,t 
frog'6r-i,  n.  A  place  abounding  in  frogs. — 
Frog-fish,  n.  A  fish  with  a  wide  and  flat- 
tened head,  larger  than  the  bodv,  a  gaping 
mouth  with  manv  teeth,  and  spacious 
gill-covers.— Frog-fly,  Frog-hopper,  n.  A 
small  leaping  in.sect.  the  larvae  of  which 
are  found  on  jilants  inclosed  in  a  frothy 
liquid  known'as  cuckoo-spit.  —  Frog-spit, 

I  Frog-spittle,  n.  The  frothy  liquid  of  the 
larv^  of  the  frog-hopper.— Froggy,  frog'i, 
a.  Having  or  abounding  in  frogs. 
Frog,  frog,  Ji.  fPg.  /rnco,  a  frog  or  tag  on  a 
coat.  I  A  fastening  for  a  frock  or  coat  in 
the  form  of  a  tassel  or  large  button  passed 


through  a  loop  on  the  breast ;  the  loop  of 
the  scabbard  of  a  bayonet  or  sword.— «.<. 
—f  ragged,  f  ragging.  To  ornament  or  fasten 
with  a  frog. 

Frolic,  frol'ik,  a.  [From  D.  vralijk,  from 
vro -O.Fria.  fro,  Dan.  fro,  glad,  and  ?yfc= 
E.  like;  so  G.  frohlich,  from  froh,  joyful, 
and  Uch,  like.)  Gay;  merry;  full  of  mirth; 
dancing,  playing,  or  frisking  about. — 
n.  A  wild  or  merry  prank;  a  flight  of  lev- 
ity or  gaiety  and  mirth;  a  scene  of  gaiety 
and  mirth;  a  merry-making.  —  v.i.— frol- 
icked (frol'ikt),  frolicking.  .  To  play  merry 
pranks;  to  play  tricks  of  levity,  mirth, 
and  gaiety.  —  Frolicsome,  Frolicful,  f  rol'- 
ik-sum,  frol'ik-ful,  a.  Full  of  gaiety  and 
mirth;  given  to  frolics;  sportive.— Frolic- 
somely, frol'ik-sum-li,  adv.  In  a  frolic- 
some manner.  —  Frolicsomeness,  frol'ik- 
sum-nes,  n. 

From,  from,  prep.  (A.  Sax.  from,  from, 
O.  Sax.  O.H.G.  and  Goth,  fram,  from; 
Icel. /ram,  forward, /rd, from;  Dan./jem, 
fra,  from;  cog.  with  h.  peren  in  perendie, 
the  day  after  to-morrow,  Gr.  pevan,  Skr. 
fiaram,  beyond.  Allied  \,o/ar,/orth,kc.] 
Out  of  the  neighbourhood  of;  leaving  be- 
hind; by  reason  of;  out  of;  by  aid  of;  de- 
noting source,  beginning,  distance,  ab- 
sence, privation,  or  departure,  sometimes 
literally  and  sometimes  figuratively:  the 
antithesis  and  correlative  of /ram  is  to. 
Frond,  frond,  n.  [L.  /rons, /rondis,  a  leaf.) 
Bot.  a  term  used  to  designate  the  leaves  of 
ferns  and  other  cryptogamous  plants. — 
Frondent.t  fron'dent,  a.  Covered  with 
leaves. — Frondesce,  fron-des',  v.i.  (L.  /ron- 
de.9co.]  To  unfold  leaves  or  become  leafy. 
— Frondescence,  fron-des'ens,  n.  Bot.  the 
precise  time,  in  which  each  -species  of 
plants  unfolds  its  leaves;  the  act  of  burst- 
ing into  leaf. — Frondiferous,fron-dif'fcr-us, 
a.  Producing  fronds. — Frondlet,  frond'let, 
n.  A  little  frond.— Frondose,  fron'dOs,  a. 
Bot.  covered  with  leaves;  bearing  a  great 
number  of  leaves.— Frondous,  fron'dus,  a. 
Bot.  producing  leaves  and  flowers  on  one 
part. 

Front,  frunt,  n.  jTr.  /ront,  h./rans,  /ron- 
ti8,  the  forehead  (allied  to  E.  brow}; 
seen  also  in  affront,  con/ront,  &c.)  The 
forehead,  or  part  'of  the  face  above  the 
eyes;  the  whole  face ;  boldness  of  disposi- 
tion; impudence;  the  part  or  side  of  any- 
thing which  seems  .to  look  out  or  to  be 
directed  forward;  the  face  or  fore  part; 
the  foremost  rank ;  the  van ;  position  di- 
recfcly  before  the  face  of  a  person  or  the 
foremost  part  of  anything;  a  set  of  false 
hair  or  curls  for  a  lady.— To  come  to  the 
/ront,  to  take  a  high  rank  in  one's  profes- 
sion, in  society,  &c.  —  a.  Relating  to  the 
front  or  face;  having  a  position  in  the 
front. — v.t.  To  oppose  face  to  face;  to  stand 
in  front  of  or  over  against;  to  face;  to  ap- 
pear in  the  presence  of;  to  confront;  to 
supply  with  a  front;  to  adorn  in  front.— 
v.i.  To  have  the  face  or  front  In  some 
direction.  —  Frontage,  frun '  taj,  n.  The 
front  part  of  any  structure  or  object;  ex- 
tent of  front. — Frontal,  fron'tal,n.  Some- 
thing worn  on  the  forehead  ;  a  /rontlet ; 
an  ornamental  band  for  the  hair;  ardi. 
a  little  pediment  over  a  door  or  window. 
— a.  Belonging  to  the  forehead.  —  Front- 
door, n.  The  door  in  the  front  wall  of  a 
building,  generally  the  principal  entrance. 
—Frontier,  fron'ter,  n.  (Fr.  /rontiere,  a 
frontier,  a  border.)  That  part  of  a  country 
which  fronts  or  faces  another  country;  the 
confines  or  extreme  part  of  a  country  bor- 
dering on  another  country;  the  marches; 
the  border —Frontispiece,  fron'tis-pgs,  n. 
[L.L.  /rontUpicium,  from  L.  /rons,  and 
specia,  to  view.)  An  ornamental  figure  or 
engraving  fronting  the  first  page  of  a 
book  or  at  the  beginning.  — Frontless, 
frunt'les,  a.  Wanting  shame  or  modesty; 
of  unblushing  front.— Frontlet,  frunt'let, 
n.  A  frontal  or  browband;  a  fillet  or  band 
worn  on  the  forehead. 
Frore,  fror,  a.  (A,  Sax.  /roren,  pp.  of  /re6- 
aan,  to  freeze.  Freeze.)  Frozen;  frosty: 
a  poetic  word. 

Frost. frost.n.  \K.Si».x./rosl,/orst,iromjre6- 
san,to  freeze;  Icel.Dan.  Sw.and  G./rosf,  T>. 
vorst.  Freeze.)  That  state  or  temperature 
of  the  air  which  occasions  freezing  or  the 


cb^cAaini.  .c&.  §c..lo«Aj_  jgigoi__JiJQbi     u,  Fr.  ton;     ug,  Ein^;     sh,  tAen;  th,  <Aiii;     w,  wig;     wh.wAig;     zh,aaure. 


FROTH 


284 


FUEL 


congelation  of  water;  freezing  ■weather; 
frozen  dew;  rime;  hoar-frost;  coldness  or 
severity  of  manner  or  feelings— w.i.  To  in- 
jure by  frost;  to  cover  or  ornament  with 
anj;thing  resembling  hoar-frost,  as  with 
white  sugar;  to  furnish  with  frost-nails. — 
Frosted  glass,  glass  roughened  on  the  sur- 
face, 80  as  to  destroy  its  transparency. — 
Frost-bite,  n.  A  state  of  insensibility  or 
deadness  with  arrested  circulation  in  any 
pait  of  the  body,  such  as  the  nose  and 
ears,  occasioned  by  exposxure  to  severe 
frost. — v.t.— frost-hit  (pret.),  frost-hitten, 
frost-hit  (pp.);  frost-biiing  (ppr.).  Toaffect 
with  frost-bite.  —  FrostUy,  fros'ti-li,  adv. 
In  a  frosty  manner;  with  frost  or  excessive 
cold;  without  warmth  of  affection;  coldly. 
— Frostiness,  fros'ti-fies,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  frosty.  —  Frosting,  fros'- 
ting,  n.  A  coating  resembling  frost;  the 
compositionreserobling  hoar-frost  used  to 
cover  cake,  &c.  —  Frost-nail,  n.  A  nail 
driven  into  a  horse-shoe  to  prevent  the 
horse  from  slipping  on  ice.  —  Frostwork, 
frost'wferk,  n.  The  beautiful  covering  of 
hoar-frost  deposited  on  shrubs  or  other 
natural  objects.  —  Frosty,  fros'ti,  a.  At- 
tended with  frost;  of  a  freezing  temper- 
ature; affected  by  frost;  without  warmth 
of  aflfection  or  courage;  resembUng  hoax- 
frost;  gray-haired. 

Froth,  froth,  n.  [A  Scandinavian  word= 
Icel.  frotha,  fravdh,  Dan.  fraade,  froth, 
foam.]  The  bubbles  caused  in  liquors  by 
fermentation  or  agitation;  spume;  foam; 
empty  talk;  mere  words  without  sense; 
light,  unsubstantial  matter. — v.t.  To  cause 
to  foam  or  pspduce  froth;  to  vent,  or  give 
expression  to  what  is  light,  unsubstan- 
tisQ,  or  worthless.^^j.i.  To  foam;  to  throw 
up  or  out  froth.— Frothily,  froth'i-li,  adv. ' 
In  a  frothy  manner.— Frothiness,  froth'i- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
frothy.— Frothy,  froth'i,  <i.  FuU  of  or  ac-  ■ 
companied  with  froth;  consisting  of  froth 
or  light  bubbles;  foamy;  light,  empty,  or 
\msubstantial;  given  to  empty  display. 
Frounce,  frouns,  v.t.— frounced,  frouncing. 
f Fr.  froncer,  D.  fronssen,  to  wrinkle,  from 
a  hypothetical  Tu.li.  frontiare,  to  wrinkle 
the  brows,  from  h.  frons,  the  forehead 
(whence  front).  Flounce  (of  a  dress)  is  the 
same  wor4.  ]  To  form  into  plaits  or 
wrinkles;  to  adorn  with  fringes,  plaits,-&c. 
— n.  A  wrinkle,  plait,  or  curl;  a  flounce. 
Frouzy,  Frowzy,  frou'zd,  a.  IComp.  Prov. 
E.  frousl,  a  musty  smell,  also  Prov.  E. 
frov),  a  slattern,  from  D.  vrouw,  G.  frau,  a 
woman.l  Fetid:  musty;  rank;  dingy;  ill- 
coloured  ;  in  a  state  of  disorder;  slovenly; 
.■slatternly. 

Frow,  fro,  n.  A  wedge-shaped  tool  ■with  a 
handle  used  for  splitting  wood. 
Froward,  fro'wferd,  a.  !  From  fro  =  from, 
and  -ward,  denoting  direction,  being  thus 
the  reverse  of 'to-ward,  and  nearly  equiva- 
lent to  way-ward  {awayward);  A.  Sax. 
fronv-weard,  turned  away,  about  to  de- 
part.] Not  willing  to  comply  with  what 
JB  right  or  reasonable;  perverse;  ungov- 
ernable; refractory;  disobedient;  peevi?h. 
— Frowardly,  fro'wferd-li,  adv.  In  a  fro- 
ward manner.  —  Frowardness,  fro'wtrd- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  froward. 
Frown,  froun,  v.i.  [Fr.  frogner,  in  se  re- 
frooncr,  to  Icnit  the  brow,  to  frown;  of 
doubtful  origin.]  To  express  displeasure, 
severity,  or  sternness  by  contracting  the 
brow;  to  put  on  a  stem  look;  to  scowl;  to 
show  displeasure  or  disapprobation;  to  be 
ominous  of  e'vil;  to  lower  (the  clouds 
frown).— n.  A  contraction  or  wrinkling  of 
the  brow,  or  a  severe  or  stem  look  expres- 
sive of  displeasure.  —  Frowningly,  frou'- 
nin»-li,  adv.  In  a  frowning  manner. — 
Frowny ,  f  rou'ni ,  a.  Given  to  frown ;  scowl- 
ing. 

Froze,  frCz,  Frozen,  frS'zn.  Freeze. 
Fmctescence,  fruk-tes'ens,  n.  [From  L. 
fruHus,  fruit.  Fruit.]  Bot.  the  time 
when  the  fruit  of  a  plant  arrives  at  matu- 
rity and  its  eeeds  are  dispersed;  the  fruit- 
ing season. — Fructiculose,  fruk-tik'Q-los, 
a.  Bot.  producing  much  fruit.— Fructif- 
erous, fruk-tif'6r-us,  a.  Bearing  or  isro.- 
ducing  fruit.  —  Fructification,  fruk'ti-fi- 
k8"8hon,  n.  The  act  of  forming  or  produc- 
ing fruit;  the  act  of  fructifyinig  or  render- 


ing productive  of  fruit;  fecundation;  the 
oreans  concerned  in  the  production  of  the 
fruit  of  a  plant.— Fructify,  fruk'ti-fi,  v.t. 
{Yt.  fructifier.'i  To  make  fruitful;  to  ren- 
der productive ;  to  fertilize.— f.i.  To  bear 
or  produce  fruit.  —  Fructose,  f ruk'tos,  n. 
A  variety  of  sugar  from  f  ruit.- Fructuajy , 
fruk'ta-a-ri,  n.  One  who  enjoys  the  pro- 
duce or  profits  of  anything. 
Frugal,  frb'gal,  o.  [L.  frugalis,  from  frugi, 
lit.  fit  for  food,  hence,  worthy,  temperate, 
dative  case  of  frux,  frugis,  fruit;  akin  to 
fruit.]  Economical  in  regard  to  expendi- 
ture; thrifty;  sparing;  not  profuse,  prodi- 
gal, or  lavish;  saving.— Frugality,  fro-gal'- 
i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  frugal;  a 
prudent  and  sparing  use  of  anything. — 
frugally,  fro'gal-li,  adv.  In  a  frugal 
manner. — Frugalness,  fro'gal-neSjW.  Fru- 
gality. 

Frugiferoas,  frO-jiffer-us,  a.  [L.  frvgifer— 
frux,  frvpis,  fruit,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  Pro- 
ducing fruit  or  crops;  fruitful;  fructifer- 
ous. —  Frugivorous,  fre-jiv'er-us,  a.  [L. 
frux,  frugis,  and  voro,  to  eat.]  Feeding 
on  fruits,  seeds,  or  com,  as  birds  and  other 
animals. 

Fruit,  f  rot.n.  (Fr.  fruit,fiom  li.fructus,irmt, 
from  fruor,  fructus,  to  enjoy,  from  a  root 
seen  in  E.verb  to  ftroot.  originally  to  enjoy; 
akin  frugal,  fruition.]  "Whatever  vegetable 
products  the  earth  yields  for  the  use  of  man 
and  the  lower  animals  (in  this  sense  gene- 
rally in  the  plural);  in  a  more  limited 
sense,  the  reproductive  product  of  a  tree  or 
other  plant;  especially,  the  edible  succu- 
lent products  of  certain  plants,  generally 
covering  and  including  their  seeds;  such 
products  collectively ;  hot.  the  seed  of  a 
plant,orthe  mature  ovary  ,com posed  essen- 
tially of  two  parts,  the  pericarp  and  the 
seed;  the  produce  of  animals;  offspnng; 
young;  something  that  results;  effect,  re- 
sult, or  consequence. — v.i.  To  produce  or 
yield  fruit.— Fruitage,  fro'taj,  n.  Fruitcol- 
lectively ;  product  or  produce.— Fmit-bear- 
Ing,  a.  Producing  fruit;  having  the  qua- 
lity of  bearing  fruit.— Fruit-bud,  n.  The 
bud  that  produces  fruit.— Fruiterer,  fro'- 
t*r-6r,  n.  One  who  deals  in  fruit;  a  seller 
of  fruits.- Fruiteress,  fro't<Jr-es,  n.  A  fe- 
male who  sells  fruit.  —  Frultery,  fro'tfer-i, 
n.  fFr.  fruiterie.]  Fruit  collectively;  a 
repository  for  fruit. — Fruitful,  frot'fid,  a. 
Producing  frujt  in  abundance;  very  pro- 
ductive; prolific;  bearing  children;  not 
barren;  producing  or  presenting  in  abun- 
dance; productive  (fruitful  in  expedients). 
—Fruitfully,  frot'ful-li,  adv.  In  a  fruitful 
manner;  plenteously;  abundantly.— Fruit- 
fulness,  frot'fiil-nes,  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  froitful;  productiveness;  fer- 
tility; fecundity.— Fruit-knife,  n.  A  knife, 
generally  with  a  silver  or  plated  blade, 
for  paring  and  cutting  fruit.  — Fruitless, 
frat'les,  a.  Not  bearing  fruit;  destitute 
of  fruit  or  offspring;  productive  of  no  ad- 
vantage or  good  effect;  vain.— Fruitlessly, 
frOt'les-li,  adv.  In  a  fruitless  manner.  — 
Fruitlessness,  frot'les-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  beiugfruitlessor  unprofitable.— 
Fruit-pigeon,  ji.  A  pi  geon  of  very  brilliant 
plumage,  occurring  in  India,  the  warmer 
parts  of  Australia,  &c.;  so  called  because 
they  feed  entirely  on  fruit. — Fruit-sugar, 
n.  Fructose.— Fruit-tree,  »i..  A  tree  cul- 
tivated for  ita  fruit,  or  whose  principal 
value  consists  in  its  fruit.— Fi-uity,  fro'ti, 
a.  Kesembbng  fruit;  ha\'ing  the  taste  or 
flavour  of  frui*. 

Fruition,  fro-ish'on,  n.  fFrom  L.  frtior, 
fructus  or  frtdtus,  to  usg  or  enjoy.  Fruit.] 
Use  or  possession  of  anything,  especially 
*rhen  accompanied  with  pleasiure;  the 
pleasure  derived  from  use  or  riossession; 
enjoyment. 

Fnunentaceons,  frO-men-ta'shus,  a.  fX. 
frumentaceus,  from  frumentum,  com;  same 
root  as  fructus,  fruit.  Fruit.]  Having 
the  character  of  or  resembling  wheat  or 
other  cereal.  —  Frumentarious,  fro-men- 
ta'ri-UB,  a.  fL.  frumentarius.]  Pertain- 
ing to  wheat  or  grain.  —  Frumenty,  fro'- 
men-ti,  n.  [h.  frumentum,  wheat.)  A 
dish  made  of  hulled  wheat  boiled  in  milk 
and  seasoned;  fxirmenty. 
Frump,  frump,  n.  [Connected  ■with  fram- 
pold,  or  witlS  Prov.  E.  frumple,  D.  from- 


•melen,  to  ■wrinkle  or  crumple.]  A  cross- 
tempered,  old-fashioned  female.— Frump- 
ish, fnimp'ish,  o.  Cross-tempered;  cross- 
grained;  scornful;  old-fashioned  as  to 
dress.  —  Frumpislmess,  frump'ish-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  frumpish. — 
Frumpy,  frump'i,  a.  Cross  -  tempered ; 
frumpish. 

Frush,*  frush,  w.t.  [Fr. /roisser,  to  crush, 
to  break,  from  L.  frustum,  a  fragment.] 
To  crush;  to  break  in  pieces.  [Hhak.}— 
a.  Easily  broken;  brittle.  [Provincial.}— 
n.t  Noise  of  objects  coming  into  collision 
and  breaking. 

Frustrate,  frus'trat,  v.t  — frustrated,  frus- 
trating. [  L.  frustror,_  frusfralus,  from 
frustra,  in  vain,  same  root  zsfraus,  fnmd.] 
To  make  to  be  in  vain  or  of  no  avail;  to 
bring  to  nothing;  to  prevent  from  taking 
effect;  to  defeat;  to  balk.  —  Frustrable, 
frus'tra-bl,'  o.  Capable  of  being  frustrated 
or  defeated. — Frustration,  frus-tra'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  frustrating. — Frustrative, 
frus'tra-tiv,  o.  Tending  to  frustrate  or 
defeat. — Frustratory,  frus'tra-to-ri,  «. 
Tending  to  frustrate;  making  void  or  of 
no  effect;  rendering  null. 

Frustum,  fnis'tum,  n.  [L.,  a- piece,  same 
root  as  frustra,  in  vaAxi,  fraus,  fraud,  &c.] 
Cieoin.  the  part  of  a  solid  (as  a  cone  or  a 
pyramid)  leffby  cutting  off  the  top  por- 
tion by  a  plane;  a  truncated  solid.— Irus- 
tule,  frus'tal,  n.  [L.  frustulum,  dim.  ol 
fmstuni.]  One  of  the  cells  into  which  cer- 
tain sea-weeds,  as  the  diatoms,  divide. — 
Frustulent,t  fras'to-lent,  a.  Abounding 
in  fragments.  -Frustulose,  frus'tu-lOs,  a. 
Consisting  of  small  fragments  or  frustums. 

Frutescent,  frO-tes'ent,  a.  ■  [From  X./rutei, 
fruticis,  a  shrub.]  Bot.  having  the  appear- 
ance or  habit  of  a  shrub;  shrubby.— «-uti- 
cous,  Fruticose,  frO'ti-kus,  fi-n'tiko?,  a. 
IL.  fruticosus.]  Pertaining  to  shrubs; 
shrubby.  —  Fruticulose,  fro-tik'Q-los,  a. 
Branching  like  a  small  shrub. 

Fry,  fri,_  v.t.— fried,  frying.  [Fr.  frire,  to 
fry,  from  Tu.frigo,  to  fry,  roast,  or  parch; 
Skr.  hhrij,  to  parch.]  To  cook  by  roasting 
in  a  pan  over  a  fire  along  ■with  tat  or 
butter.  —  v.i.  To  be  cooked  as  above ;  to 
simmer;  to  ferment  or  be  agitated  in  feel- 
ings as  if  in  being  fried,  —  n.  That  which 
is  fried;  a  dish  of  anything  fried;  stats 
of  mental  ferment  or  agitation.  —  Frier, 
fri'er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  fries. — 
Frying-pan,  n.  A  pan  with  a  long  handle, 
used  for  frying  meat  and  vegetables. 

Fry,  fri,  n.  (Icel.  free,  frj6,  spawn;  Goth. 
fraiv,  seed.]  Young  of  fishes  at  a  rery 
early  stage;  a  swarm  of  little  fishes;  a 
swarm  of  stuall  animals,  or  of  young 
people;  small  or  insignificant  objects  col- 
lectively. 

Fucate,  Fucated,  ffiTiat,  foTca-ted,  a.  IL. 
fucatus,  from  fueo,  to  stain,  fucus,  paint 
for  the  face,  deceit.]  Painted;  disguised 
with  paint  or  with  any  false  show. 

Fuchsia,  fQ'shi-a,  n.  [From  the  discoverer 
Leonard  Vuchs  ( =Fox),  a  German  botan 
ist.  ]  A  genus  of  beautiful  flowering  shrubs, 
natives  of  South  America,^  Mexico,  and 
New  Zealand,  having  a  funnel-shaped, 
coloured,  deciduous,  four-parted  calyx. — 
Fuchsine,  fok'sin,  n.  [From  resembling 
the/«scftia  in  colour.]  A  beautiful  aniUne 
colour;  magenta. 

Fucivorous,  fu-siv'er-us,  a.  [L.  fucus.  sea- 
weed, ar-l  voro,  to  eat.]  A  term  applied  to 
animals  ihat  subsist  on  sea-weed.— xucoid, 
fu'koid,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  resembling 

Fuddle, f ud'l,  v.t.—fuddled.fuddling.  [From 
a  form  fuzzle,  akin  to  L.G.  fusslig,  6.  fus- 
selig,  drunk-J  To  make  foolish  or  stupid 
by  drink;  to  make  tipsy  or  intoxicated;  to 
spend  in  drinldng.— t».t.  To  drink  to  ex- 
cess.—Fuddler,  fud'ler,  n.    A  drunkard. 

Fudge, fuj,  v.t.—fudged,fudging.  [Probably 
connected  with  fadge  (which  see).]  To 
make  up  or  invent  (a  false  story);  to  fabri- 
cate; to  foist;  to  interpolate.— n.  A  made- 
up  story;  stuff;  nonsenre. 

Fuel,  fu'el,  n.  (Norm.  Fr.  fuayl,  fouoyle, 
fouaVe,  from  li.L.  focaU,  from  L.  focus,  a 
hearth,  a  firepliice.  Focus.]  That  which 
is  used  to  feed  fire,  as  wood,  coal,  peat,  &c.; 
what  serves  to  feed  or  increase  heat,  anger, 
or  excitement. — v.t.— fuelled,  fuelling.    To 


Fate,  far,  fat,  f ftll;     me.  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tube,  tub,  b«ll ;     oil,  pound;     tl.  So.  abtme— the  Fr.  v 


FUGACIOUS 


2S5 


FUjyCTIOX 


fectl  with  fuel ;  to  store  or  furnish  with 
fuel. 

Fngacloos,  fQ-ga'shus,  a.  [L.  fugax,  fuga- 
•cig,  from  /agio,  to  flee.]  Flying  or  disposed 
to  fly;volatile;  fleeting. —ii^wpuciouscoroHa, 
but.  one  that  is  soon  shed. — FugaciousnesB. 
fQ-ga'shus-ites,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
fugacious.  —  Fugacity,  f a-gas'i-ti,  n.  The 
<!uality  of  being  fugacious;  fugaciousness; 
volatility  ;  instability ;  transitoriness.  — 
Fugitive,  fQ'ji-tiv,  a.  [Fr.  fugitif,  L.  ftigi- 
tivii8,  from  L.  fugio,  to  flee.]  Apt  to  flee 
away  or  be  dissipated;  volatiie;  staying  or 
lasting  but  a  short  time;  fleeting;  not 
fixed  or  durable  (fugitive  dyes);  fleeing  or 
running  from  danger  or  pursuit,  duty  or 
service;  aa  a  literary  term,  applied  to 
compositions  which  are  short,  unimpor- 
tant, and  published  at  intervals.— n.  One 
who  flees;  a  deserter;  one  who  flees  from 
daiiger  or  duty;  one  who  flees  for  refuge. 
— Fugltively,  fQ'ji-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  fugi- 
tive manner.  —  Fugitiveness,  fu'ji-tiv-nes, 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  fugitive. 
Fugleman,  Flugelman,  fu'gl-man,  flo'gl- 
man,  n.  [Q.Jtiigelniunn,  a  man  at  the  head 
of  a  file  ot  a  wing,  from  fliigd,  a  wing.]  A 
soldier  especially  expert  and  well  drilled, 
v/ho  takes  his  place  in  front  of  soldiers,  as 
au  example  or  model  to  the  others  in  their 
exercises;  a  file-leader;  hence,  any  one  who 
sets  an  example  for  others  to  follow. 
Fugue,  fug,  u.  (Fr.,  from  L.  fuga,  a  flight.] 
Anm.  a  composition  in  parts  th;it  do  not 
all  begin  at  once,  but  as  it  w^ic  fallow  or 
pursue  each  other  successively.'—  Foigal, 
fiVgal,  a.  Mus.  like  a  fugue;  containing 
repetitions  or  imitations  of  a  given  theme 
or  melody. —Fuguist,  fug'ist,  n.  A  com- 
poser or  performer  of  fugues. 
Fulcrum,  fulkrum,  n.  L.  pi.  Fulcra,  E.  pi. 
Fulcrums.  |L.,  the  post  or  foot  of  a  couch, 
from  fiilcio,  to  support.]  A  prop  or  sup- 
j)oit;  mech.  that  by  which  a  lever  is  slis- 
taiiied;  the  point  about  which  a  lever 
tunis  in  lifting  a  body;  hot.  an  additional 
or  supplementary  organ,  as  a  stipule,  a 
bract,  a  tendril,  a  gland,  &c.  —  Fulcrate, 
fiil'krat,  a.  Having  a  fulcrum  or  ful- 
cninis;  having  the  character  of  a  fulcrum. 
FulfJ,  Fulflll,ful-fil',u.«.— /«Jyi»ed,  fulfilling. 
(A  compound  of  full  and  fill;  A.  S^x.ful- 
fi/Van.  1  To  accomplish  or  carry  into  effect, 
as  a  prophecy,  promise,  intention,  design, 
desire,  prayer, bargain,  &c.;  to  perform;  to 
complete  by  performance;  to  complete  (a 
term  of  year8)t.— Fulflller,  ful-fircr,n.  One 
that  fulfils  oraccomplishes.— Fulfilment, 
ful-fil'ment,  n.  Accomplishment;  comple- 
tion; execution;  performance. 
Fulgent,  ful'jent,  a.  [h.  fulgens,  fulgentis, 
from/M?creo,  to  shine.]  Shining;  dazzling; 
exquisitely  bright. —  Fulgency,  ful'jen-si, 
n.  Brightness;  splendourj  glitter.  —  Ful- 
gently,  f ul'jent-li,  adv.  In  a  fulgent  man- 
ner; dazzlingly;  glitteringly.— Fuljid,  ful'- 
jid,  a.  [L.  fulgidu8.\  Shining;  splendid. 
— Fulgidity,  ful-jid'i-ti,  n.  Splendour. 
Fuiguration,  ful-ga-ra'ahon,  n.  fL.  fnlgu- 
ratio,  from  fulgur,  lightning.]  The  flash- 
ing of  lightning;  assaying,  the  sudden 
brightening  of  the  nielted  globules  of  gold 
and  silver  in  the  cupel.— Fulgurite,  ful'ga- 
rit,  11.  Any  rocky  substance  that  has  been 
fused  or  vitrified  by  lightning. — Fulgurous, 
ful'gu-rus,  a.  Flashing  like  lightning. 
Fuliginous,  FuUginose,  fu-lij'i-nus,  fu-lij'- 
i-no>i,  a.  [L.  fuliginosus,  from  ftdigo,  soot.] 
Pertaining  to  soot;  sooty;  smoky;  resem- 
bling smoke;  dusky.— Fuliginously,  fu-lij'- 
i-nus-li,iac<u.  In  a  smoky  manner;  duskily. 
— FuUginosity,  fu-lij'i-nos"i-ti,  n.  The  con- 
dition or  quality  of  being  fuliginous. 
Full,  ful,  o.  [A.  Sax.  /«i-Icel.  fidlr,  Sw. 
full,  Dan.  fuld,  Goth,  fulls,  G.  voll;  same 
root  as  L.  plenus,  full,  pleo,  to  fill  (as  in 
complete).  Fill  is  a  derivative.]  Having 
within  its  limits  all  that  it  can  contain; 
replete;  completely  or  largely  supplied  or 
furnished;  abounding;  supplied;  occupied; 
not  vacant;  plump;  filled  out;  inclined  to 
be  stout  or  corpulent ;  saturated ;  sated ; 
abundant  in  quantity;  plenteous;  not  de- 
fective or  partial ;  entire ;  adequate ;  ma- 
ture; perfect  (/«!  J  supply, accomplishment, 
age;  a  full  stop);  loud,  clear,  and  distinct 
(voice);  giving  ample  details  or  arguments; 
copious  (a  full  account;  the  speech  was 


full). — Full  brothers  or  sisters,  children  of 
the  same  father  and  the  same  mother. — 
Full  cousin,  the  sou  or  daughter  of  an  aunt 
or  uncle.  —  Full  cry,  a  term  in  hunting 
signifying  that  all  the  hounds  have  caught 
the  scent  and  give  tongue  in  chorus;  hence, 
hot  pursuit;  hard  chase.  —  Full  dress,  a 
dress  which  etiquette  requires  to  be  worn 
on  occasions  of  ceremon}'  and  the  like. — 
Full  moon,  the  moon  with  its  whole  disk 
illuminated;  also.the  time  when  the  uioon 
is  in  this  position. — n.  The  state  of  being 
full;  complete  measure;  utmost  extent; 
highest  state  or  degree  (fed  to  the  full; 
the  full  of  the  mpon).  —  Written  in  full, 
written  without  contractions;  written  in 
words,  not  in  figures. — adv.  Quite;  fully; 
equally;  completely;  altogether;  exactly 
{full  m  the  centre);  directly;  straight 
(he  looked  him  full  in  the  face);  to  sa- 
tiety (to  sup  full  of  horrors).  .'.  Full,  is 
often  used,  espetially  in  poetry,  to  heigh- 
ten or  strengthen  the  signifijation  of  ad- 
jectives and  adverbs  {full  .sad),  and  is, pre- 
fixed to  other  words,  chiefly  participles,  to 
express  utmost  extent  or  degree  (fuU- 
blown,/i/ZJ-grown).— Full-blooded, a.  Hav- 
ing a  full  supply  of  blood;  of  pure  blood  or 
extraction;  thorough- bred.— Full-blo'wn,a. 
Fully  expanded,  as  a  blossom ;  mature 
(full-bloivti  beauty).  —  Full-bottomed,  a. 
Having  a  large  bottoBji,  as  a  wig.  —  Flill- 
bonnd,  a.  Book-binding,  bound  entirely 
in  leather.  —  Full-eyed,  a.  Having  large 
prominent  eyes.- Full-fed,  a.  Fed  to  ful- 
ness; plump  with  fat.  —  Full-grown,  a. 
Grown  to  full  size;  accompanying  fulness 
of  growth.— Full-handed,  a.  Bearing  Some- 
thing valuable,  especially  a  gift.  —  Full- 
length,  a.  Embracing  the  whole  length  or 
figure;  extending  the  whole  length  (a/wrt- 
length  portrait).  —  Fulness,  Fullness,  f\ir- 
nes.n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  full  or 
filled. — In  the  fulness  of  time,  at  the  proper 
ordestincd  time.— Full-swing,  ady.  With 
eager  haste;  with  violence  and  impetuo- 
sity. [Colloq.]— Fully,  ful'li,  ai/t>.  In  a 
full  manner;  to  the  full  extent;  so  as  to 
be  f  uU;  without  lack  or  defect;  completely; 
entirely. 

Full,  ful,  v.t.  [Partly  from  A.  Sax.  ftiUian, 
to  whiteu,/uHc)'e,a  fuller,  a  bleacher,  from 
L.  fullo,  a  fuller;  partly  from  Fr.  fouler, 
to  tread,  to  full  or  felt,  from  L.L.  fullarx^, 
to  full,  also  from  L.  fullo.]  To  thicken 
and  condense  the  fibres  of  (woollen  cloth) 
by  wetting  and  beating;  to  scour,  cleanse, 
and  thicken  in  a  mill.  —  v.i.  To  become 
fulled  or  felted.— FuUage,  ful'aj,  n.  Money 
paid  for  fulling  cloth.  —  Fuller,  fnl'er,  n. 
One  who  fulls;  one  whose  occupation  is  to 
full  cloth;  one  who  bleaches  or  whitens 
(N.T.)t.  —  Fuller's-earth,  n.  A  variety  of 
clay  or  marl, useful  in  scouring  and  cleans- 
ing cloth.— FuUer's-thistle,  Fuller's-weed. 
n.  A  common  name  of  the  teasel,  the  burs 
of  which  are  used  in  dressing  cloth. — Full- 
ing-mill, n.  A  mill  for  fulling  cloth. 
Fulmar,  f ul'mar,  n.  [  Icel.  ftilindr,  lit.  foul 
mew,  from  its  feeding  on  putrid  sub- 
stance?.] A  marine  swimming  bird  which 
inhabits  the  northern  seas  in  prodigious 
numbers,  and  is  valued  for  its  feathers, 
down,  and  the  oil  it  yields. 
Fulminate,  ful'mi-nrit,  v.i.— fulminated,  fuh 
viinating.  [L.  fulmino,  fulminatum,  from 
fulmen,  lightning,  contr.  for  fulpivien, 
from  fuTgeo,  to  flash,  whence  fulgent.  ]  T'o 
thunder;  to  explode  with  a  loud  noise;  to 
detonate;  to  i.-^sue  threats,  denunciations, 
censures,  and  the  like.— u.i.  To  cause  to  ex- 
plode; to  utter  or  hurl  out  (denunciation). 
— n.  A  kind  of  explosive  compound.— Ful- 
minant, ful'mi-nant,  a.  [L.  fulvxinans, 
fulminantis.]  Thundering;  making  a  loud 
noise. — Fulminating,f ul'mi-na-ting,  p.  and 
a.  Thundering;  exploding;  detonating. — 
Fulminating  powder,  a  mixture  of  nitre, 
sulphur,  and  potash.— Fnlmination.f  ul-mi- 
na'shon,  n.  The  act  of  fulminating;  that 
which  is  fulminated  or  thundered  forth, 
as  a  menace  or  censure. — Fulminatory,  f  ul'- 
mi-na-to-ri,  a.  Sending  forth  thunders  or 
fulminations.  —  Fulmine,  ful '  min,  v.t. — 
fulmined,  fulmining.  To  fulminate  or 
give  utterance  to  in  an  authorative  or 
vehement  manner.  —  v.i.  To  thunder;  to 
fulminate  or  send  forth  denunciations,  &c. 


— Fulminic,  ful-min'ik,  a.  Capable  of  de- 
tonation :  applied  to  an  acid. 

Fulness.    Under  Fdlu 

Fulsome,  ful'sum,  a.  [Partly  from/uZZ,  and 
term,  -some,  partly  from  old  ful,  foul.] 
Cloying  J;  surfeiting  J;  offensive  from  ex- 
cess of  praise;  gross  (flattery,  compli- 
ments); nauseous;  disgusting. — Fulsomely , 
ful'sum-li,  adv.  In  a  fulsome  manner. — 
Fulsomeness,  ful'sum-nes,  n. 

Fulvous,  ful'vus,  a.  [L.  fulvus,  Jrellow.] 
Yello*;  tawny;  of  ji  tawny  yellow  colour. 

Fumarole,  fu'ma-rol,  n.  [It.  fumarola, 
from  li.  fumus,  smoke.]  .  A  hole  from 
which  smoke  6r  gases  issue  (in  a  volcanic 
locality). 

Fuinble,  furalal,  v.i.  [From  D.  fommelen, 
L.G.  fummelen,  to  fumble,  Sw.  fumla,  to 
handle  feebly,  Dan.  famle,  to  grope,  Icel. 

fdbna,  to  fumble;  akin  to  A.  Sax.  folm,  the 
hand;  cog.  Jj.  palma,  the  palm.]  To  feel 
or  grope  about;  to  grope  about  in  per- 
plexity; to  seek  or  search  for  something 
awkwardly;  to  employ  the  hands  or  fingers 
in  an  awkward  fashion. — Fumbler,  fum'- 
bler,  n.    One  who  fumbles. 

Fume,  fom,  n.  [L.  fumus,  smoke,  vapour, 
fume;  akin  to  Skr.  dhHm,a,  smoke,  the 
root  being  that  of  E.  dust.\    Smoky  or  va- 

. porous  exhalation,especially  if  possessing 
narcotic  or  other  remarkable  properties; 
volatile  matter  arising  from  anything; 

,  exhalation:  generally  in  the  plural;  men- 
tal agitation  clouding  or  affecting  the  un- 
derstanding ;  an  idle  conceit  or  vain  im- 
agination (Shak.).  — v.i.  — fumed,  fuming. 
To  yield  fumes  or  exhalations;  to  pass  ofi 
in  vapours:  with  away;  to  be  in  a  rage;  to 
be  hot  with  anger.— w.<.  To  fumigate;  to 
perfume;  to  offer  incense  to.— Fumeless, 
fttm'les,  a.  Free  from  fumes. — Fumette, 
fn-met',  n.  I  Fr.  fumet,  from  L.  fumus.  | 
Tlie  scent  of  meat,  as  venison  or  game 
when  kept  too  long;  the  scent  from  meats 
cooking.— Fumid,  fu'mid,  a.  [L.  fumidus.  | 
Smoky;  vaporous.— Fumidity,  Fumidness, 
fQ-mid'i-ti,  fu'mid-ues,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  fumid;  smokiness.— Fu- 
miferouB,  fu-mif 'cr-ns,  o.  [L.  fumifer.l 
Producing  smoke.- Fumigate,  fu'mi-gat 
v.t.—fmnigated,  fumigating.  [L.  fumigo. 
fumigaium.]  To  apply  smoke  to;  to  ex- 
pose to  fumes  or  vapours  (as  of  sulphur; 
in  cleansing  infected  apartments,  cloth 
ing,  &c. — Fumigation,  fu-mi-ga'shon,  n 
The  act  of  fumigating.— Fumigatory,  fn' 
mi-ga-to-ri,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  fu 
migating.  —  Fumily,  fu'mi-li,  adv.  With 
fumes.— Fumy,  fu'mi.o.  Producing  fumes; 
vaporous;  apt  to  fume  or  fret. 

Fumitory,  fu'mi-to-ri,  n.  [O.E.  fvmetere, 
Fv.  fumeterre,  from  h.  fumus,  smoke,  and 
terra,  the  earth,  because  said  to  make  the 
eyes  water  like  smoke.]  A  common  gar- 
den and  field  plant  with  much-divided 
leaves  au<l  ])urplish  flowers,  formerly  much 
used  in  medicine. 

Fun,  fun,  n.  [Ferhaps  connected  with 
fond,  O.E.  fon,  foolish,  fan,  fonne,  to  bG 
foolish;  or  Ir.  fonn,  delight.]  Sport; 
mirthful  drollery;  frolicsome  anwiscment. 
—  To  make  fun  of,  to  turn  into  ridicule.— 
Not  to  see  the  fun,  to  be  unwilling  to  re- 
gard something  iu  the  light  of  a  joke. — 
Funnily,  fun'i-li,  adv.  In  a  funny,  droll, 
or  comical  manner.- Funning,  fun'ing,  n. 
Jesting;  joking;  the  playing  of  sportive 
tricks.  — •  Fimny,  f un'i,  a.  Making  fun  ; 
droll;  comical;  odd. 

Funambulate,  fa-nam'ba-lat,  v.t.  [L.  fn- 
nambulus,  a  rope-walker,  funis,  rope,  and 
avibulo,  am-bulatum,  to  walk.]  To  walk 
on  a  rope.  —  Funambulation,  fQ-namlm- 
la'shon,  n.  Rope-dancing.— Funambula- 
tory,  fu-nam'bu-la-to-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  rope-dancer  or  rope-dancing.  —  funam- 
bulist, fa-nam'ba-list,  n.  A  rope-walker 
or  rope-dancer. 

Function,  fungk'shon,  n.  [Fr.  fonction,  L. 
functio,  from  fungor,  functxis,  to  perform, 
to  execute;  same  root  as  Skr.  hhuj,  to  en- 
joy; akin  dtfunct]  Office,  duty,  or  busi- 
ness belonging  to  a  person  in  virtue  of  a 
particular  station  or  character;  what  a 
person  or  body  of  persons  has  specially  to 
perform  in  some  capacity  (the  functions 
of  a  bishop,  of  a  parent);  the  specific  office 
or  action  which  any  organ  or  system  of 


.ph,  cAainf     cA,  Sc.  locAj,    gifoj     Jt/o^J     »,  Fr.tonL    Ugt.8i»{/;.    th,  tAen;  th,  tfii»;     w,  wig;     wh,  wWgi,   zh,  a^uye, 


FUND 


285 


FUSE 


organs  performs  in  ttie  animal  or  vei?etable 
economy,  as  the  body,  the  mind,  or  any 
faculty  of  the  mind  (the  fwKtions  of  the 
brain,  the  function  of  memory,  of  nutri- 
tion, &c.);  inath.  a  quantity  so  connected 
with  another  that  no  change  can  be  made 
in  the  latter  without  producing  a  corres- 
ponding change  in  the  former.  —  Func- 
tional, fungk'shon-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
function  or  functions :  thus  a  functwtwX 
disease  is  one  in  which  some  one  or  other 
of  the  animal  functions  is  deranged,  and 
is  often  opposed  to  an  organic  disease,  in 
which  an  organ  is  directely  affected. — 
I"unctionaUy,  fungk'shon-al-li,  adv.  In  a 
functional  manner;  by  means  of  func- 
tions. —  Functionary,  fungk'shon-a-ri,  n. 
One  who  holds  an  office  or  trust;  one  who 
has  a  special  office  or  duties. 

Fund,  fund,  n.  [Fr.  fond,  land,  fund,  a 
merchant's  stock,  from  L.  fundus,  founda- 
tion, a  piece  of  land,  estate,  whence  also 
found,  founder,  profound.]  A  stock  or 
capital;  a  sum  of  money  appropriated  as 
the  foundation  of  some  commercial  or 
other  operation;  money  which  an  indi- 
vidual may  possess  or  can  employ  for 
carrying  on  trade;  money  lent  to  govern- 
ment and  constituting  part  of  the  national 
debt;  a  special  branch  or  stock  of  a  na- 

.  tional  debt;  money  set  apart  for  any  object 
more  or  less  permanent;  a  store  laid  up 
from  which  one  may^raw  at  pleasure: 
stock;  supply  (a  fund  of  amusement,  of 
sinecaoie).— tanking  fund,  a  fund  or  stock 
set  apart,  generally  at  certain  intervals, 
for  the  reduction  of  a  debt  of  a  govern- 
ment or  corporation. — Consolidated  fund. 
Under  Consolidate. — v.t.  To  provide  and 
appropriate  a  fund  or  permanent  revenue 
for  the  payment  of  the  interest  of;  to  put 
into  the  form  of  bonds  or  stocks  beaiiug 
regular  interest;  to  place  in  a  fund.— 
Funded  debt,  a  debt  existing  in  the  form 
of  bonds  bearing  regular  interest;  a  debt 
forming  part  of  the  permanent  debt  of  a 
country  at  a  fixed  rate  of  interest.— Fun- 
dable, fun'da-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
funded  or  converted  into  a  fund.— Fund- 
holder,  n.  One  who  has  property  in  the 
public  funds.— Fundless,  fund'les,  a.  Des- 
titute of  funds. 

Fundament,  fun'da-ment,  n.  [L.  funda- 
inentum,  a  groundwork  or  foundation, 
from  fuiido,  fundatum,  to  found.  Fund, 
Found.]  The  part  of  the  body  on  which 
one  sits;  the  anus.— Fundamental,  fun-da- 
men'tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  groundwork, 
root,  or  basis ;  at  the  root  or  foundation 
of  something;  essential;  elementary  (a 
ftindamenial  truth  or  principle).  — .n.  A 
leading  or  primary  principle,  rule,  law,  or 
article;  something  essential. — Fundajnen- 
tallty,  Fundameutalness,  f  un'da-meu-tai"- 
i-ti,  fun-da-men'tal-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  fundamental.  — Funda- 
mentally, fun-da-men 'tal-li,  adv.  In  a 
fundamental  manner. 

Fundi,  fun'di,  n.  A  kind  of  grain  allied  to 
millet,  cultivated  in  the  west  of  Africa. 

Funeral,  f u'n6r-al,  n,  [Fr.  funerailtes,  from 
L./t(nws,/Mnem, a  burial.]  The  ceremony 
of  buiyin^  a  dead  human  body;  inter- 
ment; burial;  obsequies.— a.  Pertaining  to 
burial;  used  at  the  interment  of  the  dead. 
Funereal,  fu-n6're-al,  a.  tX.  funereus.} 
Suiting  a  funeral;  pertaining  to  or  calling 
up  thoughts  of  death  or  the  grave;  dismal; 
mournful;  gloomy.— Ftmereally,  fu-ne're- 
al-li,  adv.    In  a  funereal  manner. 

Fungi,  fun'ji,  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  fungus,  a 
mushroom.]  A  large  natural  order  of 
cryptogamoua  plants,  typical  forms  of 
which  are  seen  in  the  numerous  species 
of  the  mushroom  tribe,  and  in  the  growths 
known  as  moulds,  mildew,  smut,  rust,dry- 
rot,&c.— Fungaceous,  fung-ga'shus,  a.  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  the  Fungi.— Fungal, 
f ung'gal,  n.  A  plant  of  the  class  of  fungi 
and  lichens.— a.  Relating  to  Fungi.— Fun- 
gic,  fun'jik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  obtained 
from  fungi.  —  Fungiform,  Fungilltform, 
fun'ji-form,  fun-jil'i-form,  o.  Having 
the  form  of  a  fungus;  having  a  termina- 
tion similar  to  the  head  of  a  fungus.— 
Fungivorous,  fun-jiv'er-us,  a.  [L.  fungus, 
and  voro,  to  devour.]  Feeding  on  mush- 
rooms or  fungi.  —Fungoid,  fung'goid,  a. 


Having  the  appearance  or  caaracter  of  a 
fungus.— Fungology,  f ung-gol'o-.ii,  n.  [L.' 
fungus,  Gr.  logos/}  A  treatise  on  or  the 
science  of  the  fungi;  mycology.— Fongos- 
ity,  f ung-gos'i-ti,  n.  The  qusdity  of  being 
fungous;  fiiiigous  excrescence. — Fxingous, 
fung'gus,  a.  Like  a  fimgus ;  having  the 
character  of  one  of  the  fungi;  hence,  grow- 
ing or  springing  up  suddenly,  but  not 
substantial  or  durable.— Fungtis,  fung'gus, 
n.  A  member  of  the  Fmigi;  med.  a  spongy 
morbid  excrescence;  a  diseased  state  de- 
pendent on  the  growth  of  vegetable  para- 
sites. 

■Pivnicle,  fu'm-kl,  n.  [li.  funicul^is,  dim.  of 
/wnis,  ti  cord.]  A  small  cord;  a  small  liga- 
ment; bot.  the  little  stalk  by  which  a  seed 
is  attached  to  the  placenta —Fimicular, 
fu-nik'u-ler,  a.  Consisting  of  a  funicle  or 
small  cord;  dependent  upon  the  tension 
of  a  cord.  —  Funilifonn,  fu-nil'i-form,  a. 
Sot.  formed  of  tough,  flexible  cordUke 
fibres. 

Funnel,  fun'el,  n.  [Prov.  Fr.  enfounil,  a 
funnel,  from  L  infundibuluvi,  a  funnel — 
in,  into,  and  fundo,  fusuin,to  pour,  whence 
fuse,  to  melt.  Fuse.]  A  utensil  for  convey- 
ing fluids  into  vessels  v.'ith  small  openings, 
being  a  kind  of  hollow  cone  with  a  pipe 
issuing  from  its  apex;  the  shaft  or  hollow 
channel  of  a  chimney;  a  cylindrical  iron 
chimney  in  stea6i-ships  for  the  furnaces, 
rising  abdve  the  deck.  —  Funnelled,  fun'- 
eld,  a.  Ha^ang  a  funnel  or  funnels;  fun- 
nel-shaped.—Fuanel-nst,  n.  A  net  shaped 
like  a  funneL 

Funny,  fun'i,  a.    Under  Pun.  . 

Fiir,  fir,  n.  [Fr.  fourrure,  fur,  O.  Fr.  forre, 
fuere,  a  case  or  cover,  from  an  old  German 
word  corresponding  to  modem  G.  fuller, 
covering,  case,  lining,  fur  being  so  called 
from  the  skins  of  animals  being  used  for 
lining  or  trimming  clothes.]  The  short, 
fine,  soft  hair  of  certain  animals  growing 
thick  on  the  skin,  and  distinguished  from 
the  hair,  which  is  longer  and  coarser;  the 
skin  of  certain  wild  animals  with  the  fur; 
peltry;  a  coating  regarded  as  resembling 
fur,  as  morbid  matter  collected  on  the 
tongue. — a.  Made  of  fur.— v.t.— furred,fur- 
ring.  To  line;  face,  or  cover  with  fur. — 
Furrier,  f ftr'i-fer,  n.  A  dealer  in  or  dresser 
of  furs.— Furriery,  f6r'i-er-i,  n.  Furs  in 
generaJ;  the  trade  of  a  furrier.— Furry, 
ler'i,  a.  Covered  with  fur;  dressed  in  fur; 
consisting  of  far  or  skins;  resembling  fur; 
coated  with  a  deposit  of  morbid  matter. 

Furbelow,  f6r'b5-lo,  n.  [Fr.  falbala,  farba- 
la.  It.  Sp.  Pg.  falbala,  Sp.  also  farfala, 
flounce;  origin  unknown.]  A  kind  of 
flounce;  the  plaited  border  of  a'petticoat  or 
gown. — Furbelowed, f er'be-lod,  a.  Having 
furbelows;  ornamented  with  furbelows. 

Furbish,  ffer'bish,  v.t.  [Fr.  fourbir,  from 
O.H.G'.  furban,  to  clean,  to  furbish,  G. 

{urben,  to  sweep.]  To  rub  or  scour  to 
irightness;  to  polish  up;  to  burnish;  fig. 
to  clear  from  taint  or  stain;  to  brighten. — 
Furbishable,  fer'bish-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  furbished.  —  Furbisher,  fer'bish-fer, 
n.    One  who  or  that  which  furbishes. 

Furcate,  Furcated,  fer'kat,  f6r'ka-ted,  a. 
[li  furca,  a  fork.]  Forked;  branching  like 
the  prongs  of  a  fork.  —  Furcation,  fer-ka'- 
8hon,"n.  A  forking  or  branching.  —  Fur- 
cula,  f  6r'kQ-la,  n.  [L.,  dim.  of /wrca]  The 
forked  bone  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
collar-bones  in  many  birds;  the  merry- 
thought. 

Furfur,  ffer'f^r,  n.  [L.]  Dandruff;  scurf; 
scales  like  bran.  —  Furfuraceous,  Furfur- 
ous,  fer-ffer-a'shus,  fSr'f^r-us,  a.  [L.  fur- 
furaeeus.]  Branny;  scurfy;  like  bran. — 
Furfuration,  fer-f6r-a'shon,  n.  The  falling 
of  scurf  from  the  head. 

Furious.    Under  Fuey. 

Furl,  fferl,  v.t.  [Contr.  from  furdle,  for 
fardle,  fardel,  to  make  up  in  fardels  or 
bundles.  Fardel.]  Naut.  to  wrap  or  roll 
(a  sail)  close  to  the  yard,  stay,  or  mast, 
and  fasten;  to  draw  into  close  compass. 

Furlong,  furlong,  n.  [A.  Sax.  furlaug— 
furh,  a  furrow,  and  lang,  long.]  A  mea- 
sure of  length,  being  the  eighth  part  of  a 
mile;  forty  rods,  poles,  or  perches. 

Furlough,  iir'ld,  n.  [Dan.  forlov,  D.  verlof, 
Q.  verlaub,  leave,  furlough,  lit.  lejtve  off  or 
away— /m?'  being  equivalent  to  for-  in  for- 


bear, and  lough,  akin  to  leave,  lief.]  Leave 
or  license  given  to  a  soldier  to  be  absent 
from  service  for  a  certain  time.— v.^  To 
f'»mish  with  a  furlough. 

F  irmenty,  Furmity,  f  er'men-ti,  f  6r'mi-ti,  n. 
Same  as  Frumenty. 

Furnace,  fer'nas,  n.  [Fr.  foumaise,  from 
L.  fomax,  an  oven.]  An  inclosed  structure 
in  which  is  kept  up  a  strong  fire  for  melt- 
ing ores  or  metals,  heating  .the  boiler  of  a 
steam-engine,  and  other  such  purposes; 
fig.  en  occasion  of  severe  torture  or  trial. 

Furnish,  fer'nish,  v.t.  [Vr.  foumir,  to  fur- 
nish; It.  fomire,  frunire,  Pr.  forniir,  fur- 
mir,  to  finish,  perfect,  to  furnish;  from 
O.H.G.  frumjan,  to  perfect,  of  kindred 
origin  with  E.  frame.]  To  supply  with 
anything  necessary  or  usefuli  to  equip,  to 
offer  for  use;  to  afford;  to  fit  up;  to  supjily 
with  furniture.— Furnisher,  fii^nish-er,  n. 
One  who  furnishes.— Furnishing,  ffer'nish- 
ing,  n.  Something  that  serves  to  equip  or 
fit  up;  an  appendage.— Fomiture,  ffir'ni- 
ttlr,  n,  [Fr.  foumiture,  from  foumir,  to 
furnish.]  That  with  which  anything  is 
furnished;  equipment;  specifically,  the 
seats,  tables,  utensils,  &c.,  necessiiry  or 
convenient  for  housekeeping;  the  neces- 
sary appendages  in  various  emplcyments 
or  arts. 

FtU'or,  f a'ror,  n.    Under  Phry. 

Furrier.    Under  Fur. 

Farrow,  fur  o,  m.  [A.  Sax.  /KrA=O.H.G. 
furich,  G.  furche,  furrow ;  cog.  with  L. 
j)orca,  a  ridge  between  furrows.]  A  trench 
in  the  earth  made  by  a  plough;  a  narrow 
trench  or  channel;  a  groove;  a  wrinkle  ia 
the  fa.ce.  —  v.t.  To  make  furrows  in;  to 
plough;  to  mark  with  or  as  with  wrinkles. 
-Furrow-drain,  v.t.  To  drain  by  a  drain 
at  each  furrow.  —  Furrowed,  fnr'od,  a. 
Having  furrows,  channels,  or  grooves.— 
Furrowy,  fur'o-i,  a.  Furrov,-ed;  full  of 
furrows.  ' 

Furry,  f6r1,  a.    Under  Pur. 

Further,  fer'THfir,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  further, 
furthur,  further,  more,  besides,  compar.  of 
forth,  or  of  fore,  before.]  More  m  advance; 
still  onwards;  moreover;  besides;  farther: 
this  word  can  hardly  be  said  to  differ  in 
meaning  from  farther. — o.  More  distant; 
farther. — v.t.  To  help  forward;  to  promote; 
to  forward  or  assist.  —  Furtherance,  f4r'- 
5H6r-an£,  n.  The  act  of  furthering ;  pro- 
motion ;  advancement.  —  Furtherer,  f er'- 
THer-6r,  n.  One  v.'ho  furthers;  a  promoter. 
—Furthermore,  ffer'THfer-mor,  adv.  More- 
over; besides;  in  addition  to  what  has  been 
said.  —  Fui'thersome,t  fer'Tner-sum.  a. 
Tending  to  further  or  promote.— Furthest, 
ffer'THest,  a.    Most  distant;  farthest. 

Furtive,  fsr'tiv,  o.  [h.furtiw^,  from  fur- 
tiim,  theft,  from  fur,  a  thief.]  Stolen;  ob- 
tained by  theft;  stealthy;  thief -like. — 
Furtively,  f6r'tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  furtive 
manner;  stealthily. 

Fury,  fu'ri,  n.  {Fx.furie,'L.furia,  fury, one 
of  the  three  goddesses  of  vengeance,  from 
furo,  to  rage.J  Rage ;  a  storm  of  anger ; 
madness;  turbulence;  a  violent  rushing; 
impetuous  motion;  inspired  or  supernatu- 
ral excitement  of  the  mind;  class,  myih. 
one  of  the  avenging  deities,  the  daughters 
of  Earth  or  of  Night,  three  in  number, 
and  call^  respectively  TisiphCne,  Alecto, 
and  Megaera.  —  Furious,  fu'ri-us,  a.  [L. 
furiosus7\  Exhibiting  fury;  raging;  vio- 
lent; transported  with  passion;  mad;  fren- 
zied ;  rushing  with  impetuosity;  violent; 
boisterous. — Furious^,  fu'ri-us-li,  adv.  In 
a  furious  manner. — Furiousness,  fu'ri-us- 
nes,  n.— Furor,  fa'ror^n.  |L.]  Fury;  rage; 
mania.— Furore,  fo-ro'ra,  n.  [It.]  Rage ; 
fury;  great  excitement;  intense  commo- 
tion; enthusiasm. 

Furze,  fferz,  n.  [A.  Sax.  fyrs.]  "Whin  or 
gorse,  a  spiny,  almost  leafless  shrub,  with 
yellow  papilionaceous  blossoms,  growing 
abundantly  in  gravelly  waste  grounds  in 
Western  Europe.— Furzy,  ffer'zi,  a.  Over- 
grown with  furze. 

Fuscous,  fus'kus,  a.  [L.  fuscus,  dark'' 
coloured.]    Brown;  of  a  dark  colour. 

Fuse,  fOz,  v.t.—fugtd,  fusing.  [L.  fundo, 
/usum,  to  pour  out,  to  melt,  to  cast;  hence 
found  (to  cast),  also  confound,  confuse,  dif- 
fuse^ refuse,  ko.;  akin  tuao  futile.)  To  melt 
or  liquefy  by  beat;  to  render  fluid;  to  dis- 


l^ate,  far,  fut,  fttU;     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     nOt«,  not,  move;     tabe,  tub,  b^;     oil,  pound;     b,  Sc.  abuiie— tav  £r.  m. 


FUSE 


287 


GAGE 


Bolre;  to  blend  or  unite  as  if  melted  to- 
gether.—f.i.  To  melt  by  heat;  to  become 
intermingled  and  blended.  —  Fuuibillty, 
f a-zi-bili-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fu- 
sible. —  Fusible,  fu'zi-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  fused  or  melted. — Fusible  vietal,  an 
alloy,  usually  of  lead,  tin,  and  bismuth, 
compounded  in  such  definite  proportions 
as  to  melt  at  a  given  temperature.— Fusil, 
Fusile,  fa'zil,  a.  [Fr.  fugile,  L.  fusiUs.] 
Capable  of  being  melted;  fusible.— Fusion, 
f Q'zhon,  n.  [Fr.  fusion,  li./usio.]  The  act 
or  operation  of  fusing;  the  state  of  being 
melted  or  dissolved  by  heat;  the  act  or 
process  of  uniting  or  blending  as  if  melted 
together;  complete  union. 

Fuse,  Fuze,  fQz,  n.  [A  shortened  form  of 
fusil,  a  musket.]  A  tube  filled  with  com- 
bustible matter,  used  in  blasting,  or  in 
discharging  a  shell,  &c.— Fusee,  fu-zO',  n. 
I  From  Vr.  fusil,  v/hich  is  prouounoed  fiise. 
Fusil.]  A  small  musket  or  firelock;  a 
fusil;  a  kind  of  match;  a  fuse. 

Fusee,  f u-ze',n.  [Fr. fuaie.fi.  spindleful,  from 
L.L.  fusata  (same  sense),  L. /tisws,  a  spin- 
dle.! The  cone  or  conical  piece  in  a  watch 
or  clock  round  which  is  wound  the  chain 
or  cord.— Fusifonn,  fa'zi-form,  a.  Shaped 
like  a  spindle. 

Fusel-oil,  fQ'zel,  n.  \G.  fusel,  coarse  spirits.l 
A  colourless  oily  spirit,  of  a  strong  and 
nauseous  odour,  separated  in  the  rectifica- 
tion of  ordinary  distilled  spirits. 

Fusil,  fa'zil,  n.  [Fr.  fusil,  originally  the 
part  of  the  lock  that  struck  fire,  L.L.  fo- 
cile,  from  L.  focus,  a  fire  (whence  also 
fuel).]  A  light  musket  or  firelock  formerly 
used.— Fusileer,  Fusilier,  f Q-zi-l5r',  n.  Pro- 
perly, a  soldier  armed  with  a  fusil;  an  in- 
fantry soldier  who  bore  firearms,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  a  pikeman  and  archer. — 
Fusillade,  fu'zi-lad,  n.  [Fr.,  from  fusil.] 
A  simultaneous  discharge  of  musketry.— 
v.t— fusilladed,  fusilladino.  To  shoot  dovni 
by  a  fusillade.  - 


Fuss,  fus,  n.  [From  A.  Sax.  fiis,  quick,, 
ready;  Icel.  fiisa,  eager. J  A  tumult;  a 
bustle;  unnecessary  bustle  in  doing  any- 
thing; much  ado  about  nothings— v.i.  To 
make  much  ado  about  trifles;  to  make  a 
fuss  or  bustle.— Fussily,  fus'i-li,  adv.  In  a 
fussy  manner.— Fussiness,  f us'i-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  fussy ;  needless  bustle. — 
Fussy,  fus'i,  a.  Jloving  and  acting  with 
fuss;  bustling;  making  more  ado  tuan  is 
necessary. 

Fust,  fust,  n.  [O.Fr.  /msW,  tasting  or  smell- 
ing of  the  cask,  'fust,  a  cask,  from  L.  fnstis, 
a  stick.]  A  strong  musty  smell. — I'.i.  To 
become  mouldy  or  musty;  to  smell  ill. — 
Fuated,  fus'ted,  «.  Mouldy;  ill  smelling., 
— Fustiness,  f  us'ti-nes,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  fusty.— Fusty,  fus'ti,  a.  Mouldy; 
musty;  ill-smelling;  rank:  rancid. 

Fustet,  fus'tet,  n.  [Sp.  and  Pg.fustete,  from 
L.  fusiis;  a  stick,  staff.]  The  wood  of 
■Venice  sumach,  a  South  European  shrub 
which  yields  a  fine  orange  colour. 

Fustian,  fus'tyan,  n.  [O.Fr.  fustaine,  Fr. 
fuiaine.  It.  fustagno,  from  Postal,  the 
name  of  a  suburb  of  Cairo,  whence  this 
fabric  was  first  brought.  1-  A  coarse  cotton 
stuff,  or  stuff  of  cotton  anil  linen,  with  a 

Sile  like  velvet,,but  shorter,  such  as  cor- 
uroy,  moleskin,  ic;  an  inflated  style  of 
writing;  bombast.  —  a.  Made  of  fustian; 
ridiculously  tumid;  bombastic. — Fustijm- 
ist,  fus'tyan-ist,  n.  One  who  writes  bom- 
uast. 

Fustic,  fus'tik,  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  fusloc,  from 
Sp.  fuste,  wood,  timber,  from  L.  fustis,  a 
stick; a  staff.)  The  wood  of  a  tree  growing 
in  the  West  Indies,  extensively  used  as  an 
ingredient  in  the  dj'eing  of  yellow. 

Fustigate, t  fus'ti-gat,  v.t.  |L.  fustigo,  from 
fustis,  a  stick.]    To  beat  with  a  cudfrel. 

Futile,  f Q'til,  a.  [Fr.  futile,  from  L.  futilis, 
that  easily  pours  out,  vain,  worthless,  from 
/undo. /wswm,  to  pour.  Fuse.]  Serving  no 
useful  end;  of  no  effect;  answering  no 


valuable  purpose;  worthless;  trivial. — 
Futilely,  f  a'til-li,  adv.  In  a  futilemanner. 
-Futility,  f  Q-til'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing futile,  or  producing  no  valuable  effect; 
trirtingness;  unimportance. — FutUitarian, 
f  u-tiri-ta"ri-an,  a.  |  Formed  on  the  type  of 
utilitarian.]  Devoted  to  worthless  or  use- 
less pursuits  or  aims. 

Futtock,  fut'ok,  n.  (Corrupted  from  foot- 
hook.]  Naut.  one  of  thos^  timbers  raised 
over  the  keel  which  form  the  breadth  of 
the  ship. — Futtock  shrouds,  small  shrouds 
leading  from  tho  shrouds  of  the  main, 
mizzen,  and  fore  masts  to  the  shrouds  of 
the  top-masts. 

Future,  f  Q'tur,  a.  [Fr./w/wrvfrom  Ij.futurtis, 
future  part,  of  swm./ui,  to  be.  Be. J  That 
is  to  be  or  come  hereafter;  that  will  exist 
at  any  time  after  the  present.  —  Future 
tense,  that  tense  of  a  verb  which  expresses 
that  something  is  yet  to  take  place.— 
71.  Time  to  come;  time  subsequent  to  the 
present;  all  that  is  to  happen  after  the 
present  time;  the  future  tense. — Futurist, 
fQ'tQr-ist,  n.  One  who  has  regard  to  the 
future;  one  who  holds  that  the  prophecies 
of  the  Bible  are  yet  to  be  fulfilled.— Futu- 
rity, fQ-tu'ri-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being 
future  or  yet  to  come ;  future  time;  time 
or  event  to  come. 

Fuze,  fiiz,  n.    Ff se. 

Fuzee,  f  az5',  n.    A  kind  of  match;  a  fusee. 

Fuzz,  ixiz.v.i.  (Comp.  prov.  'St.fozy,  spongy, 
soft  and  woolly;  D.  voos,  spongy.]  To 
fly  off  irTminute  particles. — n.  Fine,  light 
particles ;  loose  volatile  matter.  —  Fnzz- 
ball,  fuz'bal,  n.  A  fungus  which,  after  it 
becomes  dry,  when  pressed,  bursts  and 
scatters  a  fine  dust;  a  puff-ball.- Fuzzy, 
fuz'i,  a.  Light  and  spongy  or  rough  and 
shaggy. 

Fy.  fi,  estc/aw.    Same  as  Fie. 

Fylfot,  fil'fot,  n.  A  rectangular  cross  with 
arms  of  eqUal  lengths  and  each  bent  at 
right  angles  at  ttie  end. 


G. 


O,  the  seventh  letter  in  the  English  alpha- 
bet, with  two  sounds,  a  hard  (guttural),  as 
in  good;  a  soft  (=j)  as  in  gem,  the  former 
being  the  original  sound;  rn««.  the  fifth 
note  and  dominant  of  the  normal  scale  of 
C,  called  also  sol. 

Gab,  gab,  v.i.  [Icel.  gaVb,  mockery,  gahha, 
to  mock;  akin  D.  gahberen,  to  joke,  to 
chatter;  Fr.  gaber,  to  deceive;  E.  gabble, 
gape.]  To  talk  much ;  to  prate ;  to  talk 
jdly.  [CoUoq.]  —  n.  [Dan.  crab,  Sw.  gap, 
the  mouth.]  The  mouth;  idle  talk;  chat- 
ter.   [CoUoq] 

Gabardine,  Gaberdine,  gab'Ur-den,  gab'6r- 
den,  n.  [Sp.  gabardina,  akin  to  Sp.  and 
O.Fr.  gaban,  Fr.  caban,  a  greatcoat,  a 
cape.]  A  coarse  frock  or  loose  upper  gar- 
ment formerly  yom. 

Gabble,  gab'l,  v.i.— gabbled,  gabbling.  [Freq. 
from  gab;  akin  to  gobble.]  To  talk  noisily 
and  rapidly,  or  without  meaning;  to  prate; 
to  utter  rapid  inarticulate  sounds.  —  n. 
Loud  or  rapid  talk  without  meaning;  in- 
articulate sounds  rapidly  uttered,  as  of 
fowls. — Gabbler,  gab'l6r,  n.  One  who  gab- 
bles. 

Gabel,  Gabelle,  ga-bel',  n.  [Fr.  gabelle,  O.It. 
cabella,  caballa,  from'Ar.  kabdla,  tax.]  A 
tax,  impost,  or  excise  duty  in  some  con- 
tinental countries. 

Gaberdine.     Gabardine. 

Gabion,  ga'bi-on,  n.  [Fr.  gabion.  It.  cra6- 
hione,  a -large  cage,  from  gabbia,  a  cage, 
from  L.L.  gabia  ( =  L.  cavea),  a  cage. 
Cage.]  Fort,  a  large  basket  of  wicker- 
work,  of  a  cylindrical  form,  but  without 
a  bottom,  filled  with  earth,  and  serving 
to  shelter  men  from  an  enemy's  fire. — 
Gabionage,  ga'bi-on-aj ,  n.  Gabions  col  lec- 
tively.  —  Gabioned,  ga'bi-ond,  a.  Fort. 
furnished  with  or  formed  of  gabions. — 
Gabionnade,  ga'bi-on-ad,  n.  A  work  con- 
sisting of  gabions. 

Gable,  ga'bl,  n.  [O.Fr.  gable,  L.L.  gabu- 
lum,  from  the  Teut.;  comp.  Daii.  gavl;  D. 


gevel,  Icel.  gafi,  G.  giehel,  Goth,  gihla,  a 
gable.]  Arch,  the  triangular  end  of  a 
house  from  the  level  of  the  eaves  to  the 
top;  also  the  end  wall  of  a  house. — Gablet, 
ga'blet,  n.  Arch,  a  small  gable  or  gable- 
shaped  decoration. — Gable-window,  n.  A 
window  in  the  end  or  gable  of  a  building. 

Gaby,  ga'bi,  n.  [Akin  to  gape,  gab.]  A 
silly,  foolish  person;  a  dunce;  a  simpleton. 

Gad,  gad,  n.  |  Icel.  gaddr,  Sw.  gadd,  Goth. 
gazds,  a  goad,  a  spike,  a  sting;  akin  to 
goad;  comp.  also  Ir.  gada,  a  bar  or  ingot 
of  metal.]  A  spike,  style,  or. other  sharp 
thing;  a  wedge  or  ingot  of  steel  or  iron; 
a  pointed  wedge-like  tool  used  by  miners. 
— <Tad-steel,  n.  Flemish  steel:  so  called 
fsom  its  being  wrought  in  gads.— Gadfly, 
gad'fli,  n.  [From  gad,  for  goad,  and  fly.] 
A  two-winged  insect  which  stings  cattle, 
and  deposits  its  eggs  in  their  skin:  called 
also  Botfly  and  Breeze;  any  fly  that  bites 
and  annoys  cattle. 

Gad,  gad,  v.i. — gadded,  gadding.  [Proba- 
bly from  the  restless  running  about  of 
animals  stung  by  the  gadfly.]  To  rove  or 
ramble  idly  or  without  any  fixed  purpose; 
to  act  or  move  without  restraint;  to  wan- 
der, as  in  thought  or  speech. — Gadabout, 
gad'a-bout,  n.  One  who  walks  about  idly. 
fCoIloq.]— Gadder,  gad'er,  n.  One  that 
gads.  —  Gaddish,  gad'ish,  o.  Disposed  to 
gad. — Gaddishness,  gad'ish-nes,  n. 

GadheUc,gad-he'lik  or  gariik,a.  [Gaelic] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  that  branch  of  the 
Celtic  race  which  comprises  the  Erse  of 
Ireland,  the  Gaels  of  Scotland,  and  the 
Manx  of  the  Isle  of  Man. — n.  The  lan- 
guage of  the  Gadhelic  Celts. 

Gadoid,  gad'oid,  a.  [Gr.  grados,  a  cod.]  Re- 
lating to  the  family  of  fishes  of  which  the 
codfish  is  the  type. 

Gadwall,  gad'wal,  n.  (Origin  doubtful.] 
A  duck  belonging  to  Europe,  Asia,  and 
North  America,  not  so  large  as  the  com- 
mon wild  duck. 


Gaelic,  gal'ik,  a.  [Gael.  Gaidhealach,  Gae- 
lic, from  Gaidheal,  a  Gael.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Gaels,  a  Celtic  race  inha- 
biting the  Highland  of  Scotland. — n.  The 
languageof  the  Celts  inhabiting  the  High- 
lands of  Scotland.— Gael,  gal,  n.  A  Scot- 
tish Highlander. 

Gaff,  gaf ,  n.  [Fr.  gaffl.  Sp.  and  Pg.  gafa,  a 
hook;  of  Celtic  origin;  akin  L.G.  D.  Dan. 
and  Sw.  gaffel,  a  fork.]  A  harpoon;  a 
gaff-hook;  naut.  a  spar  with  a  forked  end 
used  to  extend  the  upper  edge  of  some 
fore-and-aft  sails.- ti.t.  To  strike  or  secure 

ia  salmon)  by  means  of  a  gaff-hook. — Gaff- 
look,  n.  An  iron  hook  used  to  assist  in 
landing  large  fish  when  they  have  been 
brought  near  the  side  by  the  angler. 

Gaff,  gaf,  n.  A  theatre  of  the  lowest  class, 
the  admission  to  which  is  a  copper,  or  two. 

Gaffer,  gaf'6r,  n.    [Contr.  from  grandfather 

'  or  good  father.]  An  old  rustic ;  a  word 
originally  of  respect.now  rather  of  famili- 
arity or  contempt;  the  foreman  of  a  squad 
of  workmen;  an  overseer. 

Gag,  gag,  vt— gagged,  gagging.  [Perhaps 
from  W.  cegiaw,  to  choke,  from  ,ceg,  a 
choking.  Or  it  may  be  onomatopoetic; 
comp.  gaggle.]  To  slop  the  mouth  of  by 
thrusting  something  into  it  so  as  to  hin- 
der speaking  but  permit  breathing;  hence, 
to  silence  by  authority  or  violence. —  n. 
Something  thrust  into  the  mouth  to  hin- 
der speaking. 

Gage,  gaj,  n.  [Fr.  gage,  from  L.L.  gadium, ' 
vadium,  from  Goth,  wadi,  pledge,  G.  wette, 

.  a  bet;  or  from  L.  vas,  vadis,  a  surety,  a 
pledge.  Akinwape.]  Something  laid  down 
or  given  as  a  security  for  the  performance 
of  some  act  by  the  person  giving  the  gage; 
a  pledge;  something  thrown  down  as  a 
token  of  challenge  to  combat. — v.t.— gaged, 
gaging.  To  give  or  deposit  as  a  pledge  or 
security  for  some  act;  to  pledge  or  pawn; 
to  bind  by  pledge. 

Gage,  gaj,  n.  and  v.t.    Same  as  Gauge. 


K^^elmxL^    cA,.Sc.^locA;,    g,  go;     j^jfob^     n.  Pr.toTH^    ng,  sin?;/    .»H,JAen;  th,.<Ain;     w^.wig;     wh,w/iig]     zh,a«nKw 


GAGE 


288 


GALLIC 


Gage,  gfij ,  n.  [The  name  of  the  person  who 
first  introduced  them.]  A  name  of  several 

varieties  of  plum. 

Gaggle,  gag'l,  v. i.— gaggled,  gaggling.  [Torm- 
ed  from  the  sound.]  To  make  a  noise  like 
a  goose. 

Gaiety,  Gaily.    Under  Gat. 

Gain,  gan,  v.t.  [Fr.  gagner,  anciently,  to 
earn  profit  from  pasturage,  hence,  to  gain; 
from  O.H.G.  tueidanjan,  to  pasture;  partly 
also  from  Icel.  and  Sw.  gagn,  gain,  profit.] 
To  obtain  by  industry  or  the  employment 
of  capital;  to  get  as  profit  or  advantage;  to 
acquire:  opposed  to  lose;  to  win  or  obtain 
by  superiority  or  success  (to  gain  a  battle, 
a  prize);  to  obtain  in  general;  to  procure 
(fame,  favour);  to  win  to  one's  side;  to  con- 
ciliate; to  reach,  attain  to,  arrive  at  (to 
gain  a  mountain  top). — To  gain,  over,  to 
draw  to  another  party  or  interest;  to  win 
over. — To  gain  ground,  to  advance  in  any 
undertaking;  to  make  progress.— To  gain 
tinie,  to  obtain  a  longer  time  for  a  par- 
ticular purpose. — v.i.  To  reap  advantage 
or  profit;  to  acquire  gain. — I'o  gain  on  or 
upon,  to  encroach  on  (the  sea  gains  on  the 
land) ;  to  advance  iiearer  to,  as  in  a  race; 
to  gain  ground  on.  —  n.'  Something  ob- 
tained as  an  advantage;  anything  opposed 
to  loss;  profit;  benefit  derived. — Gainable, 
ga'na-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  gained,  ob- 
tained, or  reached. — Gainer,  ga'nfer,  n.  One 
that  gains  or  obtains  profit  or  advantage, 
— Gainful,  gan'f ul.  a.  Producing  profit  or 
advantage;  protitable;  advantageous;  lu- 
crative.— Gainfully,  ganful-li,  adv.  In  a 
gainful  manner.  —  Gainfulness,  gan'fxU- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  beiiig 
gainful.— Gaining,  ga'ning,  n.  That  which 
one  gains:  usually  in  the  plviral;  earnings. 
— Gainless,  gan'les,  a.  Not  producing 
gain;  unprofitable.— Gainlessness,  gan'les- 
nes,  71. 

Gainly,  g&nli,  a.  Handsome:  nowonl/in 
the  compound  ungainly  (which  see). 

Gainsay,  g&n's&,  v.t— gainsaid,  gainsai/ing. 
[A.  Sax.  gegji,  against  (as  in  again),  and  E. 
say.]  To  contradict;  to  deny  or  declare 
not  to  be  true;  to  controvert;  to  dispute. — 
n.  Opposition  in  words;  contradiction. — 
Gainsay er,  .gan'sa-6r,  n.  One  who  gain- 
says. 

'Gainst,  genst.    Contr.  for  Against 

Gair-fowi,  gar'foul,  n.  [ProV.  E.  garv,  gair, 
to  stare.]  The  great  auk,  a  bird  now  ex- 
tinct. 

Gairish,  a.    Garish. 

Gait,  gat,  n.  [Same  as  gate,  a  way.]  Walk; 
manner  of  walking  or  stepping;  carriage. 
— Gaited,  gat'ed,  a.  Having  a  particular 
gait:  used  in  compounds  {alow -gaited, 
hca.\'y-gaited). 

Gaiter,  ga'ter,  n.  [Pr.  guetre,  a  gaiter— 
origin  unknown.].  A  covering  of  cloth  for 
the  leg,  fitting  over  the  shoe ;  a  spatter- 
dash. — v.t.  To  dress  with  gaiters. 

Gala,  gal'a  or  ga'la,  n.  [Fr.,  show,  pomp;  It. 
gala,  finery;  of  Teut.  origin;  akin  gallant. 
Gallant.]  An  occasion  oi  public  festivity. 
— Gala-day,  n.  A  day  of  festivity;  a  holiday 
■with  rejoicings. — Gala-dress,  n.  AJioliday 
dress. 

Galactic,  ga-lak'tik,  a.  '[Gr.  gaJaktiJcos, 
milky,  from  gala,  galaktos,  milk.]  Of  or 
belonging  to  milk ;  obtained  from  milk ; 
lactic;  astron.  pertaining  to  the  Galaxy  or 
Milky  Way.— Galactine,  ga-lak'tin,  n.  A 
substance  obtained  from  milk.-^Galacto- 
gogue,  Galactagogne,  ga-lak'to-gog,  ga- 
lak'ta-gog,  n.  [Gr.  gala,  and  ago,  to  in- 
duce.] A  medicine  which  promotes  the 
secretion  of  milk.— Galactometer,  gal-ak- 
tom'et-6r,  n.  [Gr.  gala,  and  vietron,  mea- 
sure.] An  instrument  to  test  the  quality 
of  milk;  a  lactometer.  —  Galactopoietic, 
ga-lak'to-poi-efik,  a.  or  n.  [Gr.  gala,  and 
poieo,  to  make.]  Applied  to  substances 
which  increase  the  flow  of  milk. 

Galanga,   Galangal,   ga-lang'ga,  ga-lang*- 

fal,  n.  [Fr.  galanga,  O.Fr.  garingal;  of 
lastem  origin.]  A  dried  rhizome  brought 
from  China  and  used  in  medicine,  being 
an  aromatic  stimulant  of  the  nature  of 
ginger. 

Galantine,  gal-an-ten',  n.    [Fr.]    A  dish  of 
veal,  chickens,  or  other  white  meat,  freed 
from  bones  and  served  cold. 
Galatian,  ga-la'shi-an,  n.    A"  native  or  in- 


habitant of  Galatia,  in  Asia  IVIinor.— a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  Galatia  or  the  Galatians. 

Galaxy,  gal'ak-si,  n.  [Fr.  galaxie,  from 
Gr.  galaxias  {kyklos,  circle,  being  under- 
stood), from  gala,  galaktos,  milk.]  The 
Milky  Way,  that  long,  white,  luminous 
tract  which  is  seen  at  night  stretching 
across  the  heavens,  and  which  is  formed 
by  a  multitude  of  stars  so  distant  and 
blended  as  to  be  distinguishable  only  by 
powerful  telescopes ;  an  assemblage  of 
splendid  persons  or  things. 

Galbanum,  galTaa-num,  n.  [L.,  from  Heb. 
cheUmah,  galbanum,  from  cheleb,  fat.]  A 
fetid  gum  resin  brought  from  the  Levant, 
Persia,  and  India,  used  in  the  arts,  as  in 
the  manufacture  of  varnish,  and  also  as  a 
medicine. 

Galbulus,  galTjtl-lus,  n.  [L.,  the  nut  of  the 
cypress.]  Bot.  a  cOne  or  strobilus,  the 
scales  of  which  are  fleshy  and  combined 
into  a  uniform  ma£S. 

Gale,  gal,  n.  [Gael,  and  Ir.  gal,  a  gale  or' 
puff  of  wind;  or  coimected  with  Icel.  gol, 
gola,  a  breeze.]  A  wind;  a  breeze;  a  wind 
between  a  breeze  and  a  storm  or  tempest. 

Gale,  gal,  n.-[O.E.  gawl,  A.  Sax.  D.  and  G. 
gagel,  wild-myrtle.]  A  small  shrub  with  a 
pleasant  aromatic  odouir  found  in  bogs 
and  wet  heaths. 

Gale,  gal,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gafol,  rent,  tribute, 
probal>ly  from  W.  gafael,  Gael,  vabhail,  a 
taking,  a  lease.]  A  periodical  payment  of 
rent. 

Galea,  ga'le-a,  n.  [L.,  a  helmet.]  Bot. 
parts  of  a  calyx  or  corolla  when  with  the 
form  of  a  helmet. — Galeated,  GaJeate,  ga'- 
le-a-ted, ga'l5-at, a.  [Ij.galeatus.]  Covered 
as  with  a  helmet;  shaped  like  a  helmet. 

Galena,  ga-le'na,  n.  [Gr.galene,  tranquillity 
— 80  named  from  its  supposed  effect  upon 
diseases.]  The  principal  ore  of  lead,  of  a 
lead-gray  colour,  with  a  metallic  lustre, 
found  massive,  or  sometimes  granular  or 
crystallized.— Galenlc,Galenical,ga-len'ik, 
ga-len'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  contain- 
ing galena. 

Galenic,  Galenical,  ga-len'ik,  ga-len'i-kal, 
a.  Relating  to  Galen,  the  celebrated  Greek 
physician  of  the  second  century. — Galen- 
ism,  ga'len-izm,  n.  The  doctrines  of  Galen. 
— Galenist,  ga'len-ist,  n.  A  follower  of 
Galen. 

Galilean,  gal-i-l5'an,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to, 
or  invented  by  Galileo,  the  Italian  astro- 
nomer. 

Galilee,  gal'i-l6,  n.  [Named  after  the  scrip- 
tural Galilee.1  A  portico  or  chapel  annexed 
to  some  old  churches,  and  used  for  various 
purposes.— Galilean,  gal-i:le'an,  n.  A  na- 
tive or  inhabitant  of  Galilee,  in  Jndea. — 
a.  Relating  to  Galilee. 

Galimatias,  gal-i-ma'shi-as,  n.  [Fr.,  origin 
doubtful.]  Confused  talk;nonsense;  absurd 
mixture. 

Gallngale,  gal 'in -gal.  n.  [Galanga.]  A 
rare  marsh  plant  which  occurs  in  the 
south  of  Etiland^  formerly  used  as  a 
synonym  of  Galanga. 

Galiot,  Galliot,  gal'i-ot,  n.  [Fr.  galiote.dira. 
of  galie,  a  galley.  Galley.]  A  small  gal- 
ley, or  sort  of  brigantine,  moved  both  by 
sails  and  oars;  a  two-masted  Dutch  cargo 
vessel,  with  very  rounded  ribs  and  flattish 
bottom. 

Galipot,  gal'i-pot,  n.  [Fr.,  perhaps  from 
being  sold  in  gallipots^]  The  French  name 
for  the  resin  which  is  obtained  by  incisions 
in  the  stems  of  the  maritime  pine. 

Gall,  gal,  ti.  [A.  Sax.  ,(7eaZto=Icel.  gall,  I). 
gal,  G.  galle}  cog.  with  Gr.  chole.  L.  fel, 
bile.]  A  bitter  fluid  secreted  in  the  liver 
of  animals;  hi\e;fio.  bitterness  of  mind; 
rancour;  malignity;  the  ^1-bladder.— 
Gall-bladder,  n.  Anat.  a  small  mem- 
branous sac  shaped  like  a  pear,  which  re- 
ceives the  gall  or  bile  from  the  liver. — 
Gall-stone,  n.  A  concretion  formed  in  the 
gall-bladder,  used  as  a  yellow  colouring 
matter. 

Gall,  gal,  n.  [Fr.  gale.  It.  gaXla,  from  L. 
galla,  an  oak-gall,  a  gall-hut.]  A  vegetable 
excrescence  produced  by  the  deposit  of  the 
egg  of  an  insect  in  the  bark  or  leaves  of  a 
plant,  especially  the  oak,  very  extensively 
used  in  dyeirig  and  in  the  manufacture  of 
ink.— Gail-fly,  Gall-insect,  n.  An  insect 
that  punctures  plants,  and  occasions  galls. 


—Gallic,  gal'ik,  a.  Belonging  to  galls;  de- 
rived from  galls.  —  Gall-nut,  n.  A  vege- 
table excrescence  in  plants. — Gall-oa-k,  n. 
The  oak  from  which  the  galls  of  commerce 
are  obtained. 

Gall,  gal,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  giller,  to  gall  or  fret, 
galle,  an  itching,  scurf,  perhaps  L.  gaUa, 
the  diseased  vegetable  excrescence.  Comp. 
also  Armor,  gdl,  eruption.]  To  make  a 
sore  in  the  skin  of  by  rubbing,  fretting, 
and  wearing  away;  to  excoriate;  to  vex;  to 
chagrin;  to  cause  to  have  a  feeling  of  bit- 
terness or  annoyance;  to  hurt  the  feelings 
of;  to  harass;  to  annoy  (as  by  a  musketry 
fire). — n.  A  sore  place  caused  by  rubbing. 
Galling,  gal'ing,  o.  Adapted  to  fret  or 
chagrin;  vexing;  harassing ;.  annoying. — 
Gallingly,  gftl'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  galling 
manner. 

Gallant,  gal'ant,  a.  [Fr.  galant.  ppr.of  O.Fr. 
verb  galer,  to  rejoice,  from  thg  Teutonic; 
comp.  G.  geil,  wanton,  Goth,  gailjan,  to 
rejoice,  A.  Sax.  gdl,  merry.]  Gay,  showy, 
or  splendid  in  attire  or  outward  appear- 
ance; handsome;  fine;  brave;  high-spirited; 
courageous;  magnanimous;  noble;  chival- 
rous; (in  the  following  senses  pron.  also 
ga-lant'),  courtly;  polite  and  attentive  to 
ladies;  courteous.  —  n.  A  gay  sprightly 
man;  a  high-spirited  brave  young  fellow; 
a  daring  spirit ;  (in  the  following  senses 
pron.  also  ga-lant'),  a  man  who  is  polite 
and  attentive  to  ladies;  a  wooer;  a  suitor. 
—v.t.  (ga-lanf).  To  act  the  gallant  to- 
wards; to  wait  on  or  be  very  attentive  to 
(a  lady).  —  Gallantly,  gal'ant-li,  adv.  In 
a  gallant  manner;  gaily;  splendidly; 
bravely;  nobly.  —  Gallantness,  gal 'an  t- 
nes,  w.  The  state  or  quality  of  being' gal- 
lant.— Gallantry,  gal'ant-ri,  n.  [Fr.  galan- 
terie.]  Show;  ostentatious  finery;  bravery; 
dash ;  intrepidity ;  polite  attention  to 
ladies;  court  paid  to  females  for  the  pur- 
pose of  winning  illicit  favours. 

Galleass,  gal'6-as,  n.  [Fr.  galeasse,  It.  gale- 
az2a;  akin  to  galley. 1  A  large  kind  of  gal- 
ley formerly  used  in -the  Mediterranean. 

Galleon,  gal'e-un,  n.  [Sp.  galeon.  It.  gdl- 
eone,  augmentatives  from  L.L.  galea,  a 
galley.]  A  large  ship  formerly  used  by 
the  Spaniards  in  their  commerce  with 
America. 

Gallery,  gal'fer-i,  n.  [Fr.  galerie.  It.  gal- 
leria,  L.L.  galeria,  perhaps  from  L.Gr. 
gale,  a  gallery.]  Aii  apartment  of  much 
greater  length  than  breadth,  serving  as  a 
passage  of  communication  between  dif» 
lerent  rooms  of  a  building;  a  room  or 
building  for  the  exhibition  of  paintings, 
statues,  and  other  works  of  art;  a  collec- 
tion of  paintings,  statues.  &c.;  a  platform 
projecting  from  the  walls  of  a  building, 
and  overlooking  a  ground -floor,  as  in  a 
church,  theatre,  and  the  like ;  fort,  any 
communication  covered  in  both  above  and 
at  the  sides;  mining,  a  narrow  passage; 
naut.  a  frame  like  a  balcony  projecting 
from  the  stem  and  quarters  of  a  ship. 

Galley,  gal'i,  n.  [O.Fi.  galie.  It.  and  L.L. 
(rafca— probably  from  Gr.  gale,  a  kind  of 
gallery,  or  galeos,  gale,,  a  sea-fish,  a  kind 
of  shark,  which  might  suggest  a  swift- 
sailing  vessel.  Akin  are  galleon,  galleass, 
galiot]  A  low  flat-built  vessel  with  one 
deck,  and  navigated  with  sails  and  oars, 
once  commonly  used  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean; a  ship  of  the  ancient  Greeks  and  Ro- 
mans, propelled  chiefly  by  oars;  the  boat 
of  a  warship  appropriated  for  the  captain's 
use;  the  cook-room  or  kitchen  on  board 
ship;  printing,  a  movable  frame  or  tray  on 
which  the  types 'are  placed  when  com- 
posed.—TAe  galleys,  certain  galleys  on  tbe 
Mediterranean  which  were  worked  by 
convicts;  hence,  a  synonym  for  a  place  of 
forced  and  severe  toil. — GaJley-fire,  n.  A 
ship's  fireplace.— Galley-slave,  n.  A  per- 
son condemned  for  a  crime  to  work  at  the 
oar  on  board  of  a  galley. 

Galliar'd,  gal'yard,  n.  [Sp.  gallarda.]  A 
lively  dance,  originally  Spanish. 

Gallic,  a.  Under  Gall,  a  vegetable  excres- 
cence. 

Gallic,  Gallican,  gal'ik,  gal'i-kan,  a.Jh.  Gal- 
licus,  from  Gallia,  Gaul.  France.]  Pertain- 
ing to  Gaul  or  France  (the  Gallican  church 
or  clergy).- Galllcise,  Gallicize,  gal'i-siz, 
v.t—gallicised,  gallicising.  To  render  con- 


Fate,  ftr,  fat,  fftllj^  me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;^   note,  not,  mOve;   ;tabe,  tub,  b\\ll;     oil,poond^     ti,  Sc.  abwne— the  FrKi 


GALLIGASKINS 


'289 


GANDER 


f  ormable  to  the  French  idiom  or  language. 
— Gallicism,  gal'i-sizm,  n.  [Ft.  galUeismfi.] 
X  mode  of  spsech  peculiar  to  the  French 
nation;  a  custom  or  mode  of  thought  pecu- 
liar to  the  French. 

Galligaskins,  gal-i-gasTunz,  n.  pL  [From  Fr. 
greguesqties,  O.Fr.  guarguesques,  gargties- 
qvss,  from  It.  grecheaco,  Grecian  (through 
such  forms  as  glegitesqy.es,  galligagks).] 
Large  open  breeches;  wide  hose;  leather 
guards  ■worn  on  the  legs  by  sportsmen. 

Gallimaufry,  gal-i-ma'fri,  .n.  [Fr.  galima- 
frde,  a,  ragout;  of  uncertain  origin.]  A 
hash;  a  medley;  a  hodge-podge. 

Gallinaceous,  gal-i-na'shus,  a.  [li.  galli- 
Hoxeus,  from  gallina,  a  hen,  gallua,  a  cock.] 
Pertaining  to  the  o.rderof  birds  which  in- 
cludes the  domestic  fowls,  pheasants,  &c. 
— Galliuacean,  gal-i-nS'she-an,  n.  One  of 
the  gallinaceous  birds.— Gall'nule,  gal'i- 
niil,  n.  [L.  gallinula,  dim.  of  gallina,  a 
hsn.)  A  grallatorial  bird  closely  allied  to 
the  coots;  the  water-hen  or  moor-hen. 

Gallipot,  gal'i-pot,  n.  [Corrupted  from 
O.D.  gleypot,  an  earthen  pot — gley,  clay, 
and  pot]  A  small  pot  or  vessel  painted 
and  glazed,  used  by  druggists  and  apothe- 
caries for  containing  medicines. 

6allium,gal'i-um,n.  [From  GaZtta, France.] 
A  rare  metal,  of  a  grayish-white  colour 
and  brilliant  lustre,  exceedingly  fusible, 
discovered  in  1878.  ' 

Gallivant,  Gallavant,  gal-i-vant',  gal-a- 
vant',  v.i.  [Probably  a  corrupt  form  of 
gallant]    To  gad  or  run  about;  to  flirt. 

Galliwasp,  gal'i-wasp,  n.  A  species  of  West 
Indian  lizard,  about  1  foot  in  length.- 

Gallomania,  gal-o-mS'ni-a,  n.  A  mania 
for  imitating  French  manners,  dress,  lit- 

Gallon,  gal'un.w.  [O.Fr.  galonjacon;  Fr. 
jale,  a  jar,  a  bowl ;  origin  unknown.]  A 
measure  of  capacity  for'  dry  or  liquid 
goods,  but  usually  for  liquids,  containing 
4  quarts;  the  English  imperial  gallon  con- 
tains 277'274  cubic  inches. 

Galloon,  ga-len',  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  gdlon;  It. 
galone,  irom  gala,  show.  Gala.)  A  kind 
of  narrow  close  lace  made  of  cotton,  silk, 
gold,  or  silver  threads,  &c.  —  Gallooned,' 
ga-lond',  a.  Furnished  or  adorned,  with 
galloon. 

Gallop,  gal 'up,  v.i.  [Fr.  galoper,  from 
O.Flem.  walop,  a  galop,  an  extension  of 
wallen,  A.  Sax.  weallan,  to  boil.]  To  move 
or  run  with  leaps,  as  a  horse;  to  run  vith 
speed;  to -ride  a  horse  that  is  galloping; 
to  ride  at  a  rapid  pace;  to  scamper.  — n. 
the  movement  or  pace  of  a  horse.by  springs 
orJ^aps.— Gallopade,  gal-up-ad',  n.  [Fr. 
gcSopade.]  A  sidelong  or  curvetting  kind  of 
gallop;  a  sprightly  kind  of  dance;  a  galop; 
the  musid  adaptea  to  it.— v.i.— gaZlopaded, 
gallopading.  To  gallop;  to  perform  the 
dance  called  a  gaUopade. — Galloper,  gal'- 
np-6r,  ».  One  who  or  that  which  gal- 
lops. 

GaUowaT,  gal'o-wa,  n.  A  specie?  of  horses 
of  small  size  but  great  endurance,  first 
bred  in  Galloway  in  Scotland. 

Gallowglass,  Gallowglas,  gal'o-glas,  n.  [Ir. 
galloglach  —  gall,  a  foreigner,  an  Eng- 
lishman, and  oglach,  a  youth:  from  being 
armed  after  the  English  model.]  An  an 
cient  heavy-armed  foot-soldier  of  Ireland 
and  the  Western  Isles. 

Gallows,  gal'dz,  n.  sing,  or  pi.;  also  Gal- 
lowses in  pi.  [A  plural  form:  A.  Sax. 
galga,  gealga  (sing.),  a  gallows=Dan.  and 
Sw.galge,  Icel.  gaZgi,  Goth,  galga,  G.  qalgen, 
gallows.]  An  instrument  of  punishment 
on  which  criminals  are  executed  by  hang- 
ing; also,  a  contrivance  for  suspending 
anything;  one  of  a  pair  of  braces  for  the 
trowsers  (colloq.,  always  with  plural  gal- 
lowses).— Gallows-bird,  n.  A  person  that 
deserves  the  gallows. 

Galoche,  Galoshe, ^losh', n.  [FT.galoche,, 
from  L.L.  calopedia  (through  the  corfup- 
tionalcalop'dia,  calopdja),  from  Gr.  kaio- 
podion,  a  wooden  shoe — kalon,  wood,  and 
poits,  podos,  a  foot.]  A  shoe  to  be  worn 
oyer  another  shoe  to  keep  the  foot  dry ; 
also  a  kind  of  gaiter. 

Galop,  ga-lop',  n.'  [Fr.  GAiLOP.]  A  quick, 
lively  kind  of  dance,-somewhat  resembling 
a  waltz;  the  music  for  the  dance. 

Galorg,^  ga-lor',  n.    [Ir.  and  Gael,  go  ledr. 


enough— ffo,  to,  and  ledr,  enough.]  Abun- 
dance; -nlecty.    [Colloq.] 

Galvanic,  6alvanical,t  gal-van'ik,  gal-van'- 
i-kal,  a.  [From  Galvani,  an  ItaUan  phy- 
siologist, an  early  investigator  of  gal- 
vanism.] Pertaining  to  galvanism ;  con- 
taining or  exhibiting  galvanism.  —  Gal- 
vanic electricity,  electricity  arising  from, 
chemical  action. — Galvanic  pair  or  cell,  a 
combination  of  two  substances  in  an  ex- 
citing liquid  which  acts  chemically  upon 
one  more  than  on  the  other.  —  Galvanic 
battery,  an  association  of  galvanic  pairs 
for  the  production  of  current  electricity. 
— Galvanism, gal'van-izm,?!.  That  branch 
of  the  science  of  electricity  which  treats 
of  the  electric  currents  arising  from  chemi- 
cal action,  more  particularly  from  that 
accompanying  the  decomposition  of  met- 
als—Galvanist,  gal'van-ist,  n.  One  versed 
in  galvanism.  —  Galvanization,  gal'van-i- 
za"shon,  n.  The  act  of  affecting  with  gal- 
vanism; the  state  of  being  affected.— Gal- 
vanize, gal'van-iz,  v.t— galvanized,  galvan- 
izing. To  affect  with  galvanizm;  to  elec- 
troplate by  galvanism;  to  coat  (sheets  of 
iron)  with  tin  or  zinc  in  this  way;  to  re- 
store to  consciousness  by  galvanic  action, 
as  from  a  state  of  suspended  animation. — 
Galvanizer,  gal'van-i-zfer,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  galvanizes.  —  tralvanologist, 
gal-van-ol'o-jist,  n.,  One  who  describes 
the  phenomena  of  galvanism.— Galvanol- 
Ogy,  gal-van-ol'o-ji,  n.  A  description  of 
the  phenomena  of  galvanism. — Galvano- 
magnetic,  gal-van'O-mag-nefik,  a.  Same 
as  Electro-magnetic.  —  Galvanometer,  gal- 
van-om'et-6r,  n.  An  instrument  for  de- 
tecting the  existence  and  determining  the 
strength  and  direction  of  hn  electric  cur- 
rent.—Galvanometry,  gal-van-om'et-ri.  n. 
The  art  or  process  of  determining  the 
ioice  of  electric  or  galvanic  currents.  — 
Galvanoplastic,gal-van'o-plas"tik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  art  or  process  of  electrotyp- 
ing. — Galvanoplasty,  gal-van'o-plas-ti,  n. 
Same  as  Electrotypy. —Oaivanoscope,  gal- 
van'o-skop,  n.  An  instrument  for  detecting 
the  existence  and  direction  of  an  electric 
current. — Galvanoscopic,  gal-van'o-skop"- 
ik,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  galvanoscope. 

Gama-grass,  ga'ma,  n.  A  tall,  strong,  and 
exceedingly  productive  grass  cultivated 
in  the  warm  parts  of  America  and  to  some 
extent  in  Europe. 

Gambeson,  Gambison,  gaml^e-zon,  gamlsi- 
zon,  n.  [O.Fr.  gambeson,  from  O.H.G. 
■wamba,  A.  Sax.  wambe,  womb,  stomach ; 

.  comp.  G.  warns,  doublet.]  A  stuffed  and 
quilted  tunic,  fitting  the  body,  and  for- 
merly worn  under  the  habergeon. 

Gambler,  Gambir,  gam'bSr,  gam'bir,  n. 
[Malayan.]  An  earthy-looking  substance 
of  lignt-brown  hue,  procured  from  the 
leaves  of  a  Malayan  shrub,  and  used  fnedi- 
cinally  as  an  astringent,  but  far  more  ex- 
tensively employed  in  tanning  and  dyeing. 

Gambit,  gam'bit,  n.  [Fr.,  from  It.  gam- 
betto,  a  tripping  up  of  one's  legs,  from 
gamba,  the  leg.]  CAess.the  sacrifice  of  a 
pawn  early  in  t^e  game,  for  the  purpose 
of  taking  up  an  attacking  position. 

Gamble,  gamTjl,  v.i. — gambled,  gambling. 
[Freq.  of  game,  with  b  inserted,  as  in  nuwi- 
ber,  humble.]  To  play  or  game  for  money  or 
other  stake,  especially  to  be  in  thd  habit  of 
doing  so. — V.I!.  To  lose  or  squander  by  gam- 
ing: with  away.  —  Gambler,  gamTjIer,  n. 
One  who  gambles.— Gambling-house,  n.  A 
gaming-house. 

Gamboge,  gam-bSJ',  n.  [From  Oamboja, 
Cambodia,,  a  portion  of  the  empire  of 
Anam,  in  Asia.]  The  hardened  juice  or 
sap  yielded  by  several  species  of  trees,  and 
"used  as  apurgative  in  medicine,and  also  in 
the  arts,  chiefly  in  water-colour  -painting. 
Gamboglc,  gam-bo'jik,  a.  Pertaining  to 


Gambol,  gam'bol,  v.i.— gambolled,  ga/nibol- 
ling.  [O.E.  gambolde,  gambaude,  from  Fr. 
gambade,  gambol,  gambiller,  to  wag  the 
leg  or  kick,  O.Fr.  gambe.  It.  gamba,  the 
leg,  Fr.  jambe.]  To  dance  aLnd  skip  about 
in  sport;  to  frisk;  to  leap;  to  play  in  frolic. 
—n.  A  shipping  or  leaping  about  in  frolic; 
a  skip,  frisk,  leap,  prank. 

Gambrel,  Gambru,  gamTirel,  gam'bril,  n. 
[From  It.  gamba,  the  leg.]    The  hind-leg 


of  a  horse;  a  stick  crooked  like  a  horse's 
leg,  used  by  butchers  for  suspending  ani- 
mals. —  Ganibrel  roof,  a  hipped-roof ;  a 
mansard  roof. 

Game,  gam,  ».  [A  Sax.  gam^n,  joy,  plea- 
sure; Icel.  gamun,  Dan.  gammen,  delight, 
fratification;O.G.j/0'man,jest,  sport.  Gamb- 
le is  a.  derivative,  and  gammon,  humbug, 
is  of  %ame  origin.]  Sptjrt  of  any  kind;  jest; 
play;  some  contrivance  or  arrangement 
for  sport,  recreation,  testing  skill,  and  the 
like  (the  game  of  cricket  or  of  bowl^);  a 
single  contest  in  any  such  game;  specifi- 
cally {pi.  ),diversion8  or  conte<st9,as  in  wrest- 
ling, running,  and  other  athletic  exercises; 
a  scheme  pursued  or  measures  planned; 
such  animals,  collectively,  as  are  usuairy 
pursued  or  taken  in  the  ch&se  or  in  the 
sports  of  the  field:  in  this  sense  without  a 
plural ;  the  animala  enumerated  in  the 
game-laws. — To  make  gams  of,  to  turn  into 
ridicule;  to  delude  or  humbug. — v.i. — 
gam£d,gaming.  [,A.Sa,x.gamenian.]  To  gam- 
ble; to  play  at  cards,  dice,  billiards,  &c.,  for 
money;  to  be  in  the  habit  of  so  doing.— a. 
Having  the  courageous  spirit  of  a  gama- 
cock;courageous.  [Colloq.]— To  die  pams.to 
maintain  a  bold,  resolute.courageous  spirit 
to  the  last.— Game-bag,  n.  A  bag  for  hold- 
ing the  game  killed  by  a  sportsman.— 
Game-cock,  n.  A  cock  bred  or  used  to  fight; 
a  cock  of  a  good  fighting  breed.  —  Game- 
fowl,  n.  A  variety  of  the  common  fowl 
bred  for  fighting.  —  Gamefnl,  gam'ful,  a. 
Full  of  sport  or  games;  sportive;  full  of 

fame  or  beasts  of  sport  (Pope).  —  Game- 
efeper,  n.  One  who  has  the  care  of  game; 
one  who  is  employed  to  look  after  animals 
kept  for  sport. — Game-laws,  n.  pi.  Laws 
enacted  with  regard  to,  or  for  the  pre- 
servation of,  the  animals  called  game.—; 
Gamely,  gamli,  adv.  In  a  game  or  cour- 
ageous manner.[Colloq.]—Gamen8ss,gam'- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  game;  plucki- 
ness.  [Colloq.] — Game-preserver,  n.  One 
who  strictly  preserves  for  his  own  sport  or 
profit  such  animals  as  are  game.— Game- 
some, gam'sum,  a.  Sportive;  playful; 
frolicsome.  —  Gamesomely,  gam'sum-li, 

.  adv.  Sportively;  playfully.  —  Gamesome- 
ness,  gam'sum-nes,  n..  The  quality  or  ije- 
ing  gaipeso^e.  —  Gamester,  gam'stir,  n. 
[Garner  and  the  suffix  -ster.]     One.  who 

.  games ;  a  person  addicted  to  gaming ;  a 
gambler;  one  skilled  in  games.  —  Gamey, 
Gamy,  ga'mi,  a.  Having  the  flavour  of 
game. — Gaming-house,  n.  A  house  where 
gaming  is  practi6ed;.a  gambling-house. — 
Gamihg-table,  n.  A  table  appropriated  to 
gaming. 

Gamin,  gam'in,  gasman,  n.  [Fr.]  A  ne- 
glected street  boy;  ah  Arab  of  the  streets. 

.Gammer,  gam '  er,  .n. .  [  Oontr.  for  good  - 
mother  at  grandmaOier.  Cotd.t^.  gaffer. '\  An 
old  wife:  the  correlative  of  gaffer. 

Gammon,  gam'un,  to.  [O.Fr.  gambon.  It. 
ganibone.a.  big  leg,  a  gammon,  from  ga-niba. 
a  leg.]  The  thigh  of  a  hog,  pickled  ana 
smoked  or  dried;  a  smoked  h&va.—v.t.  To 
make  into  bacon;  to  pickle  and  dry  in 
smoke. 

Gammon,  gam'un,  ».  [Connected  "with 
gains;  comp.  Dan.  garrvmen,  sport.]  An  im- 
position or  hoax;  humbug.  [CoUeq.J— v.«. 
To  delude;  to  hoax  or  humbug.    [Colloq.] 

Gamogenesis,  gam-o-jen'e-sis,  n.  [Gr.  gamos, 
marriage,  and  genesis.]  Genera,tion  by  cop- 
ulation of  the  sexes ;  sexual  generation. 
■— Gamogehetic,  gam'o-je-net"ik,  a.  Of  or 
relating  to. gamogenesis. —Gamopetalous, 
gam-o-pet'a-lus,  a.  [Gr.pawio*, B.na.petalon, 
a  flower-leaf.]  Bot.  monopetalous.  —  Ga- 
mophyllons,  ga-mof  i-lus  or  gam-o-fil'lus, 
a.  [Gr.  jramos,  and  phyllon,  a  leaf.]  J8oi. 
having  a  single  perianth-whorl  with  co- 
herent leaves. — Oamosepalous,  gam-o-sep'- 
a-lus,.a.  [Gr.  gamos,  and  E.  sepal.l  .Bot 
monosepalouB. 

Gamut,  gam'ut,  re.  [Gr.  'gamma,  the  letter 
G,  the  last  note  of  the  scale,  and  L.  ut, 
the  syllable  formerly  used  in  singing  the 
first  note  of  the  scale,  the  •modem  do.} 
Jfu8.\a  scale  on  which  notes  in  mupic  are 
■written  or  printed,  consisting  of  lines  and 
spaces  which  are  named  aiter  the  first 
seven  letters  of  the  alphabet. 

Gander,  gan'dfer,  n.  [A.  Sas..gandTa,  tor 
ganra,  from  the  root  gan  seen  in  G.  gang,  a 


Cii,  c7tain;     c7t,  Sc.  locft;     gj?o;     j.jobj     »,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sine;     fH,  t/ien;  th,  tAia;     w,  trig;    wh,  ifWgi     zh.a^ure, 


19 


GANG 


290 


GARTER 


goose,  rdnsericli,  a.  gander.  Goose.]  The 
male  of  the  goose. 

Gang,  gang,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gang,  a  way,  a  pas-. 
sage,  genge,  a  gang,  a  company,  from  j,onr 
gan,to  go.Go.Ji  number  going  in  company; 
hence,  a  company  or  number  of  persons 
associated  for  a  particular  purpose:  used 
especially  in  a  depreciatory  or  contemp- 
tuous sense  or  of  disreputable  persons;  a 
number  of  workmen  or  labourers  engaged 
on  £Uiy  piece  of  work  under  the  supervision 
of  one  person;  a  squad.  —  Ganger,  gang'- 
6r,  n.  One  who  superintends  a  gang  of 
labourers.— Gangway,  gang'wa,  n.  A  tem- 
porary means  of  access  to  some  position, 
formed  of  planlcs  or  boards;  a  narrow 
framework  or  platform  leading  into  or  out 
of  a  ship,  or  from  one  part  of  a  ship  to 
••mother:  an  opening  in  a  ship's  bulwarks 
and  the  steps  leading  to  it. 
Gangetic,  gan-jet'ik,  a.  Relating  to  the 
river  Gfanges. 

Ganglion,  gang'gli-on,  n.  pi.  Ganglia  or 
Ganglions.  [Gr.  gangUon,a.80Tt  of  swelling' 
or  excrescence,  a  tumour  under  the  skin.] 
Anat.  an  enlargement  occurring  some- 
where in  the  course  of  a  nerve;  a  mass  of 
nervous  matter  containing  nerve-cells,  and 
giving  origin  to  nerve-fibres ;  surg.  an  en- 
cystea  tumour  situated  somewhere  on  a 
tendon.— Gangliac,  Ganglia^,  gang'gli-ak, 
gang'gli-al,  a.  Relating  to  a  ganglion. 
— Gangllated,  gang'gU-atr-ed,  a.  Having 
ganglions.  —  Gangmorm,  -  Gangliof orm, 
gang'gli-fonn,  gang'gli-o-form,  a.  Having 
the  shape  of  a  ganglion.  —  Ganglionary, 
gang'gli-on-a-ri,  a.  Ctomposed  of  ganglia. 
— Ganglionic,  gang-gli-on'ik,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  ganglion.  ' 

Gangrene, gang'gren, n.  CL.  gangrana.from 
G  r.  gangraina,  from  grairui,  to  gnaw.  ]  The 
first  stage  of  mortification  of  living  flesh; 
iot.  a  disease  ending  in  putrid  decay. — 
v.t.  —  gangrened,  gangrening.  To  produce 
a  gangrene  in;  to  mortify. — w.i.  To  become 
mortified.  Also  Gangrenate,  gang'grS- 
nat.  —  Gangrenescent,  gang-gre-nes'ent, 
a.  Becoming  gangrenous.  —  Gangrenous, 
gang'gre-nus,  a.  Attacked  by  gangrene ; 
mortified;  indicating  mortification  of  liv- 
ing flesh. 

Gangue,  gang,  n.    [G.  gang,  a  vein.]    The 
stony  matrix  of  metallic  ores. 
Gangway.    Under  Gang. 
Ganister,  Gaimister,  gan'is-t^r,  w.  A  close- 
gi'ained  hard  sandstone  or  grit  found  under 
certain  coal-bfeds  in  England. 
Gannet,  gan'et,  n.    [A.  Sax.  ganet,  jrojwt,  a 
sea-fowl,  a  gannet;  allied  to  gander,  goose.) 
The  solan -^ose,  an  aquatic  bird  of  the 
pelican  family,  3  feet  in  length,  common 
on  insular  rocks  in  the  northern  seas. 
Ganoid,  gan'oid,  a.    [Gr.  garws,  splendour, 
and  eJdos,  appearance.]    Belonging  to  an 
order  of  fishes,  the  majority  of  them  ex- 
tinct, characterized  by  scales  composed 
of  horny  or  bony  plates,  covered  with 
glossy  enamel. — n.  One  of  these  fishes. 
Gantlet,  g^nt'let,  n,    A  glove.    Same  as 
GaunUet. 

Gantlet,  gantlet,  n.  fProm  Sw.  gailopp, 
from  gata,  a  street,  a  line  of  soldiers,  and 
lopp,  a  course,  akin  to  E.  teap,  D.  loopen, 
to  run.]  A  punishment  in  which  the  cul- 
prit was  compelled  to  run  between  two 
ranks  of  men  armed  with  rods,  &c.,  re- 
ceiving a  blow  from  each.  —  To  rvn  the 
gantlet,  to  undergo  the  punishment  of  the 
gantlet;  hence,  to  go  through  much  and 
tevere  criticism,  controversy,  or  ill-treat- 
ment. 

Gaol,  jal.  Gaoler,  jal6r.  Jail,  Jaile* 
Gap,  gap,  n.  [Icel.  and  Sw.  gap,  a  gap  or 
I'i'atus;  akin  gape,  gdby.'l  A  break  or 
opening,  as  in  a  fence,  wall,  or  the  like;  a 
breach;  a  chasm;  a  hiatus. — To  stopa  gap, 
to  fill  it  up;  hence,  to  supply  a  temporary 
expedient.  —  v.t.  To  make  a  gap  or  gaps 
ia;  to  notch  or  jag;  to  cut  into  teeth.-i- 
Gap-toothed,  a.  Having  interstices  be- 
t.veen  the  teeth  (Tenn.).  • 
Gape,  gap,  v.i. — gaped,  gaping.  [A.  Sax. 
gedpan,  ifi  ga,pe  or  open  wide,  from  gedp, 
wide;  Dan.  gche,  IceL  gapa,  to  gaze  with 
open  mouth;  D.  gapen,  G.  gaffen,  to  gape; 
aJdn  gap,  gahy.]  To  open  the  mouth  wide, 
as  indicative  of  drowsiness,  dulness,  sur- 
1  rise,  expectation.  Sic;  to  stand  open;  to 


present  a  gap;  to  show  a  fissure  or  chasm. 
— To  gape  /or  or  after,  to  crave ;  to  desire 
or  covet  earnestly.— n.  The  act  of  gaping; 
zool.  the  width  of  the  mouth  when  opened, 
as  of.  birds,  fishes,  &c. ;  pi.  a  disease  of 
young  poultryattended  with  much  gap- 
ing.—Gaper,  gaper,  n.  One  who  gapes;  a 
bivalve  mollusc  with  a  shell  permanently 
open  at  the  posterior  end. 

Garb,  garb,  n.  [O.Fr.  garbe,  a  garb,  ap- 
pearance, comeliness,  from  O.H.6.  garawi, 
ganvi,  attire;  akin  to  A.  Sax.  gearwa, 
clothing;  E.  gear  and  yare.l  Clothing; 
vesture;  costume;  habit;  an  oflicial  or 
other  distinguishing  dress;  fashion  or 
mode.— «.<-  To  dress;  to  clothe  (Tenn.). 

Garbage,  garljaj,  n.  [O.E.  garbash,  pro- 
bably from  garble,  to  sift;  being  thus  what 
is  sifted  out,  refuse.]  Refuse  or  offal;  refuse 
animal  or  vegetable  m&,tter;  any  worth- 
less, offensive  matter. 

Garble,  gar'bl,  v.t— garbled,  garbling.  [O. 
Fr.  garbeller,  from  Sp,  garbUlar,  to  sift, 
garoUlo,  a  coarse  sieve;  from  Ar.  gharbil, 
a  sieve.]  To  sift  or  boltj ;  to  examine  for 
the  purpose  of  separating  the  good  from 
the  badt ;  to  falsify  by  leaving  out  parts; 
to  mutilate  so  as  to  give  a  false  impres- 
sion (to  garble  historical,  documents);  to 
sophisticate ;  to'  corrupt.  —  Garbler,  gar'- 
bl6r,  -n.  One  who  garbles ;  formerly  an 
official  in  London  who  looked  after  the 
purity  of  drugs  and  spices. 

Garboil,*  garTaoil,  n.  [O.Fr.  garbouU,  It. 
garbuglio.}    Tumult;  uproar.    [Sftafc.] 

Gardant,  gar'dant,  a.  [Pr.]  Ber.  a  term 
applied  to  a  lion  represented  as  looking 
with  full  face  at  the  observer. 

Garden,  gar'dn,  n.  [O.Pr.  gardin.  Mod. 
Pr.  jardin,  a  word  of  Teutonic,  origin; 
comp.  L.G.  garden,  G.  garten,  a  garden; 
Goth,  gards,  A.  Sax.  geard,  O.E.  garth^  an 
inclosed  place,  a  yard.  Yard.]  A  piece 
of  ground  appropriated  to  the  cultivation 
of  plants,  fruits,  flowers,  or  vegetables;  a 
rich  well-cultivated  spot  or  tract  of  coun- 
try .—w.i.  To  lay  out  or  cultivate  a  garden. 
— Gardener,  gar'dn-6r,  n.  One  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  tend  and  dress  a  garden. — 
Gardening,  giir'dn-ing,  n.  The  art -or 
practice  of  cultivating  gardens;  horticul- 
ture.—Garden-party,  II.  A  party  held  on 
the  la-w-n  or  ip  the  garden  attached  to  a 
private  residence. 

Gardenia,  gar-<l5'ni-a,  n.  [After  Dr.  Gar- 
den, an  American  botanist.]  A  name  of 
certain  plants  of  Asia  and  Africa  with 
large  handsome  white  or  yellowish  flowers, 
often  deliciously  fragrant. 

Garfish,  gar'flsh,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gdr,  a  dart.] 
A  fish  with  a  remarkably  elongated  body 
and  a  long,  narrow,  beak-like  snout;  sea- 
pike  or  sea-needle. 

Gargarism,  gar'gar-izm,  n.  [L.  gargaris- 
mus,  Gr.  gargarizO,  to  wash  the  mouth.] 
A  gargle. 

Gargle,  gar'gl,  v.t— gargled,  gargling.  [A 
word  akin  to  gurgle,  gorge,  gargou;  Pr. 
gargoncUler,  to  gargle;  L.  gurgulio,  the 
gullet;  Gr.  gargarizO,  to  rinse  the  mouth; 
G.  gurgel,  the  throat,  gurgeln,  to  gargle.] 
To.  wash  or  rinse  (the  mouth  or  throat] 
with  a  liqrdd  preparation. — n.  Any  liquid 
preparation  for  washing  the  mouth  and 
throat. 

Gargoil,  Gargoyle,  gar'goil,  n.  [Pr.  gar^ 
gouille, a.  gdiTgoil  or  spont.  Gargle.]  Arch. 
a  projecting  spout  for  throwing  the  water 
from  the  gutters  of  a  building,  generally 
carved  into  a  grotesque  figure  from  whose 
mouth  the  water  gushes. 

Garish,  Gairish,  ga'rish,  a.  [Prom  O.E. 
gare,  to  stare,  probably  a  form  of  gaze 
with  change  from  z-sound  to  r,as  in  snore, 
snooze;  frore,  freeze,  Ac]  Gaudy;  showy; 
staring;  overbright;  dazzling.  —  Garishly, 
Gairishly,  ga'rish-li,  adv.  In  a  garish 
manner.  — Garishness,  Gairishness,  ga,'- 
rish-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  oemg 
garish. 

Garland,  giirland,  n.  [O.E.  girlond,  ger- 
l&nd,  from  Pr.  guirlande,  a  garland,  from 
O.H.G.  unera,  a  coronet,  through  a  verb 

.  vrierelen,  to  plait.]  A  wreath  or  chaplet 
made  of  leaves,  twigs,  flowers,  or  the  like; 
a  collection  of  little  printed  pieces;  an  an- 
thology.—r.t.  To  deck  with  a  garland  or 
garlands. 


Garlic,  garlik,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gdrledc,  from 
gdr,  a  dart  or  lance — from  the  spear-shaped 
leaves — and  ledc,  a  leek,  as  in  hemlock, 
chatlocJc,  &c.]  A  plant  allied  to  the  onion, 
leek,  &c.,  having  an  acrid  pungent  taste 
and  very  strong  odour,  indigenous  to  the 
south  of  Europe,  where  it  forms  a  favour- 
ite condiment. 

Garment,  gar'ment,  n.  [Pr.  gamernent; 
O.Fr.  gamiment,  from  garnir,  to  garnish, 
to  deck.  Garnish.]  Aoy  article  of  cloth- 
ing or  piece  of  dress,  as  a  coat,  a  gown, 
&c.;  as  vestment.  —  Garmented,t  gar'men- 
ted,  a.    Covered  with  a  garment;  clothed. 

Gamer,  gar'ner,  n.  [Pr.  grejiier,  O.Fr.  ger- 
nier,  a  corn-loft,  from  L.  grarvaria,  a  gran- 
ary, from' granvm,,  grain.  Granary.]  A 
granary;  a  building  or  place  where  grain 
is  stored,  for  preservation. — v.t  To  store  in, 
or  as  in,  a  grajiary". 

Garnet,  garnet,  n.  [Pr.  grenat.  It.  granata, 
from  L.  granum,  grain,  seed,  and  in  later 
times  the  cochineal  insect  and  the  scarlet 
dye  obtained  from  it,  the  stone  being  so 
called  on  account  of  its  fine  crimson  col- 
our.] The  name  common  to  a  group  or 
family  of  precious  stones,  varying  con- 
siderably in  composition,  the  prevailing 
colour  being  red  of  various  shades,  but 
often  brown,  and  sometimes  green,  yellow, 
or  black:  naut.  a  sort  of  tackle  fixed  to  a 
stay,  and  used  to  hoist  in  and  out  cargo. — 
Gametlferous,  gar-ne-tif'6r-u8,  o.,..  Con- 
taining or  yielding  garnets. 

Garnish,  gar'nish,  v.t.  [Pr.  garnir,  to  pro- 
vide or  equip;  It.  guamire,guermre,O.Sp. 
guarnir;  from  the  German — comp.  O.H.G: 
■wamOn,  G.  warnen,  A.  Sax.  wamian,  to 

•  take  care^  to  warn.  Warn.  Akin  gar- 
ment, garrison.)  To  adorn;  to  decorate 
with  appendages;  to  set  off;  cookery,  to 
ornament  (a  di^h)  with  something  kid 
round  it. — ri.  Something  added  for  embel- 
lishment; ornament;  decoration;  cookery, 
Eomethin.g  round  a  dish  as  an  embellish- 
ment. —  Gamisher,  gar'nish-6r,  n.  Ono 
who  garnishes  or  decorates. — Garnishing, 
Garnishment,  gar'nish-ing,  gar'iiish-ment, 
n.  That  which  garnishes;  ornament. — 
Garniture,  gar'ni-tur,  n.  Ornamental  ap- 
pendages; embellishments. 

Garotte,  Garotter,  ga-rot',  ga-rot'6r.  Gar- 
rotte, .--i,  ■-- 

Garret,  gar'et,  n.  [O.Pr.  garite,  a  place  of 
refuge  or  outlook,  from  garer,  to  beware, 
from  O.H.G.  weryan,  Goth,  varjan,  to  de- 
fend. Akin  ward,  guard,  wary,  warn.] 
That  part  of  a  house  which  is  on  the  up- 
permost floor,  immediately  under  the  roof; 
a  loft.  —  Garreteer,  gar-et-€r',  n.  An  in- 
habitant of  a  garret;  a  poor  author. — 
Garret-story,  n.  The  story  of  a  house-  in 
which  the  garrets  are  situated. 

Garrison,  gar'i-sn,  n.  [Pr.  gamison,  from 
garnir,  to  garnish.  Garnish.]  A  body  of 
troops  stationed  in  a  fort  or  fortified  town; 
a  fort,  castle,  or  fortified  town  furnished 
with  troops.— w.i.  To  place  a  garrison  in; 
to  secure  or  defend  by  garrisons. 

Garrot,  gar'ot,*!.  The  common  name  given 
to  several .  ducks,  one  of  them  called  also 
the  golden-eye.     . .  ■■ 

Garrotte,  Garrote,  ga-iot',  g&r-rO'ta,  n. 
[Fr.  garrotte,  from  Sp.  garrote.]  A  mode  of 
capitEil  punishment  in  Spain  by  strangling 
the  person  by  means  of  an  iron  collar  at- 
tached to  a  post ;  the  instrument  of  this 
punishment.  —  Garrotte,  Garrote,  ga-rot', 
ga-r5t',  v.t. — garrotted,garroted,  garrotting, 
garrotmg.  To  strangle  by  means  of  the 
garrotte;  to  rob  by  suddenly  seizing  a  per- 
se* and  compressing  his  windpipe  till  he 
become  insensible,  or  at  least  helpless, 
usually  carried  out  by  two  or  three  accom- 
plices.- Garrotter,  ga-rot'6r,  n.  One  who 
commits  the  act  of  garrotting. 

Garrulous,  gar'tl-lus,  a.  [L.  garrulus,tToia 
garrio,  to  prate,  to  chatter;  allied  to  Gr 
geryO,  garyO,  to  cry;  Ir.  gairim,  to  bawl.] 
Talkative;  prating;  characterized  by  long 
prosy  talk,  with  minuteness  juid  frequent 
repetition  in  recording  details.  —  Qarm- 
llty,- ga-rU'li-ti  n.  The  quality  of  being 
garrulous;  talkativeness;  loquacity. — Gar- 
rulously, gar'a-lus-U,  adv.  In  a  garrulous 
or  talkative  manner.— Garmlousneas,  gar'- 
a-lus-nes,  n.    Talkativeness;  garrulity. 

Garter,  giir'tir,  n.    [From  O.Pr.  gartier= 


r:te, SHr,  fat,  fall;  D^mi,  met,  Mr,  ''iipiiie,  pin;.  'nSte,  not,.iniiT9;    \tQbe,  tub,  b^ill ;  '•^oil,  pound;  .^^O,  So.  abune— the  Pr.  m. 


GAEXn 


291 


GAWK 


Fr.  jarretitre,  from  jarret,  O.Pr.  garret, 
ham,  hough,  from  the  Celtic;  Armor,  gdr 
or  garr,  W.  gar,  the  leg,  Gael,  gar,  in 
gartan,  a  garter.]  A  string  or  baud  used 
to  tie  a  stocking  to  the  leg;  the  badge  of 
the  highest  order  of  knighthood  in  Great 
Britain,  called  ilie  order  of  the  Garter; 
hence,  also,  the  order  itself,  and  the  name 
given  to  the  principal  king-of-arms  in  Eng- 
land.—v.<.  To  bind^ith  a  garter. 
Garth,  garth,  n.  [Icel.  garthr,  a  yard  or 
court=A.  Saxi  geard,  a  yard.  Garden, 
Yard.]  A  yard  or  gardent ;  a  smaU  in- 
closed place;  the  greensward  or  grass  area 
within  the  cloisters  of  a  religious  house ; 
a  dam  or  weir  for  catching  fish. 

Gas,  gas,  n.  [A  word  formed  by  the  Dutch 
chemist  Van  Helmont,  who  died  in  1644 ; 
probably  suggested  by-  D.  geest,  spirit,  G. 
geisfi  An  elastic  aeriform  fluid;  a  sub- 
stance the  particles  of  which  tend  to  fly 
apart  from  each  other,  thus  causing  it  to  ex- 
pand indefinitely;  coal-gas,  the  common 
gas  used  for  illuminating  purposes.— Gasa- 
er,  Gaselier,  gas-arler',  gas'e-ler,  n.  [From 
gas,  by  an  erroneous  imitation  of  chande- 
lier.] A  hanging  apparatus  with  brackets 
or  branches  adapted  for  burning  gas,  as  a 
chandelier  for  burning  candles.— Gas-bur- 
ner^ n.  That  part  of  a  gas  lamp  or  bracket 
which  gives  out  the  light.  —  Gas-coal,  n. 
A  coal  employed  for  making  gas.  — Ga- 
seity,  ga-se'i-ti,  w.  The  state  of  being 
gaseoiTS. — Gas-engine,  n.  An  engine  for 
utilizing  coal-gas  as  a  motive  power. — Ga- 
geoos,  ga'ze-us,  a.  In  the  form  of  gas;  of 
the  nature  of  gas. — Gaseousness,  ga'ze-us- 
nes,  n. — Gas-fitter,  n.  A  workmpn  who 
fl.xes  pipes  and  fits  burners  and  other  ap- 
pliances for  gas. — Gas-furnace,  n.  A  fur- 
nace of  which  the  fuel  is  gas.- Gasholder, 
gas'hol-d6r,  n.  .  A  vessel  for  storing  gas 
after  purification ;  a  gasometer.  —  Gasi- 
form, ga'zi-form,  o.  Gaseous;  aeriform. — 
Gasify,  gas'i-fi,  v.t. — gasified,  gasifyingl  To 
convert  into  gas. — GasIficatlon,gas'i-li-ka"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  converting  into  gas. — 
Gas-jet,  n.  A  spout  of  flame  issuing  from  a 
gas-burner;  a  gas-burner. — Gas-lamp,  n.  A 
lamp,  the  light  of  which  is  supplied  by 
gas.- Gas-light,  n.  Light  produced  by  the 
combustion  of  coal-gas ;  a  gas-jet.  —  Gas- 
ibain,  n.  Ono  of  the  principal  pipes  which 
convey  the  gas  from  the  gas-works  to  the 
place  of  consumptioii.— Gas-meter,  n.  An 
instrument  through  which  the  gas  is. made 
to  pass  in  order  to  ascertain  the  quantity 
which  is  consumed  at  a  particular  place. 
— Gasogene,  Gazogene,  gas'o-ji5a,  gaz'o-jen, 
n.  [Gas,  and  Gr.  root  gen,  to  produce.! 
An  apparatus  for  manufacturing  aerated 
water  on  a  small  scale  for  domestic  use. — 
Gasolene,  Gasoline,  gas'o-len,  gas'o-lin,  n. 
Air-gas. — Gasometer,  ga-zom'e-ter,  n.  An 
instrument  or  apparatus  intended  to  mea- 
sure, collect,  or  mix  gases ;  a  reservoir  or 
storehouse  for  the  ordinary  illuminating 
gas  produced  in  gas-works;  a  gasholder;  a 
gas-tank.  —  Gasometry,  ga-zom'e-tri,  n. 
The  art  or  practice  of  measuring  gases. — 
Gasometric,  gaz-o-met'rik,  n.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  gasometry. — Gas-stove,  n.  A 
stove  heated  by  gas. — Gassy,  gas'i,  a:  Re- 
ld.ting  to  or  containing  gas;  gaseous. — Gas- 
tank,  n.  A  gasholder  or  reservoir  for  coal- 
gas.— Gas-tar,  n.  Coal-tar.— Gas-work,  n. 
A  work  where  coal-gas  is  made  for  illumi- 
nating purposes. 

Gascon,  gas'kon,  n.  [Fr.;  akin  to  Basque.] 
A.  native  of  Gascony  in  France;  hence,  a 
boaster,  the  Gascons  being  noted  for  boast- 
Zing.  —  Gasconade,  gas-ko-nad',  n.  [Fr.] 
A  boast  6r  boasting;  a  vaunt;  a  bravado; 
a  hra.gging.— v.i.— gasconaded,  gasconad-. 
ing.  To  boast;  to  brag;  to  vaunt;  to  blus- 
ter.—Gasconader,  gas-ko-na'dfer,  ».  'A 
great  boaster. 

Gash,  gash,  n.  [Perhaps  from  O.Fr."5iar8er, 
to  scarify,  to  pierce  with  a  lancet ;  L.L. 
garsa,  scairification.]  A  deep  and  long  cut; 
an  incision  of  considerable  length,  parti- 
cularly in  flesh.  —  v.t  To  make  «,  gash  or 

•gashes  m-  . 

Gasket,  gasTiet,  w.  [Fr.  garcette,  Sp.  gareeta, 
a  gasket.]  One  of  the  plaited  cords  fastened 
to  the  yard  of  a  ship  to  tic  the  sail  to  it. 

Gasp,  gasp,  v.i.  [Icel.  geispa,  to  yawn;  Dan. 
gi^pe,  to  gasp;  L.Gi.japen,jap8en;  akin  to 


E.  gape.]  To  open  the' mouth  wide  in  la- 
borious respiratioil;  to-  labour  for  breath; 
to  respire  convulsively;  to  pant  violently. 
— v.t.  To  emit  or  utter  with  gaspings  or 
pantings:  with  away,  forthj  ovt,  iic.—n.  A 
lalwured  respiration:  a  short  painful 
catching  of  the  breath.— Gaspingly,  gas'- 
ping-li,  adv.    lu  a  gasping  manner. 

Gasteropod,  Gastropod,  gas'tfer-o-pod,  gas'- 
ti-o-pod,  n.  [Gr.  gaster,  the  belly,  and 
pous,  podoa,  a  foot.]  One  of  a  class  of 
molluscs,  consisting  of  snails,  periwinkles, 
and  other  animals  inhabiting  a  univalve 
shell  (although  some  of  them  are  desti- 
tute of  a  shell),  the  distinguishing  char- 
acteristic being  the  foot,  a  broad  muscular 
organ  attached  to  the  ventral  surface.— 
Gasteropodous,  gas-tfer-op'o-dus,  a:  Be- 
longing to  the  gasteropods. 

Gastly,  gast'li,  a.    Same  as  Ghastly. 

Gastralgia,  Gastralgy,  gas-tral'ji-a,  gas- 
tral'ji,  n.  [Gr.  gaster,  gastros,  the  belly, 
and  algos,  pain.]  Pain  in  the  stomach  or 
belly. 

Gastric,  gas'trik,  a.  [From  Gr.  gaster,  gas- 
tros, the  belly  or  stomach.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  belly  or  stomach.— ffa«<nc 
juice,  a  fluid  secreted  in  the  mucous  mem- 
Drane  of  the  stomach,  and  the  principal 
agent  in  digestion. — Gastric  fever,  a  popu- 
lar name  for  typhoid  or  enteric  /ew,  from 
the  manner  in  which  it  affects  the  intes- 
tines. —  Gastritis,  gas-tri'tis,  n.  Chrohic 
Inflammation  of  the  stomach.  —  Gastro- 
cele,  gas'tro-sel,  n.  [Gr.  kele,  a  tumour.] 
Pathol,  a  hernia  of  the  stomach.  —  Gas- 
tronomy, gas-tron'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  nomog,  a 
law.]  The  art  or  science  of  good  living ; 
the  pleasures  of  the  table ;  'epicurism.— 
Gastronomic,  Gastronomical,  gas  -  tro  - 
nom'ik,  gas-tro-nom'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  gastronomy.  —  Gastronome,  Gastrono- 
mer, Gastronomist,  gas'tro-nom,  gas-tron'- 
o-m6r,  gas-tron'o-mist,  n.  One  versed  in 
gastronomy;  a  judge  of  the  art  of  cookery; 
a  gourmet;  an  epicure.— Gastroscopy,  gas- 
tros'ko-pi,  n.  [Gr.  skopeo,  to  view.J  Med. 
an  examination  of  the  abdomen  in  order 
to  detect  disease.- Gastrotomy,  gas-trot'- 
o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  tomd,  a  cutting.]  Surg,  the 
operation  of  cutting  into  the  abdomen. 

Gat,  gat,  old  pret.  ox  get. 

Gate,  gat,  n.  [A.  Sax.  geat,  a  gate  or  door; 
Icel.  gat,  D.  gai,  a  hole;  from  same  root  as 
get.]  A  large  door  such  as  gives  entrance 
into  a  castle;  a  temple,  palace,  or  other 
large  edifice;  the  entrance  leading  into 
such  an  edifice;  a  frame  of  timber  or 
metal  which  opens  or  closes  a  passage  into 
an  inclosure  of  some  kind;  the  frame 
which  shuts  or  stops  a  passage  for  water, 
as  at  the  entrance  to  a  dock.— Gated,  ga'- 
ted,  o.  Having  gates.— Gate-house,  n.  A 
house  at  a  gate,  as  a  porter's  lodge  at  the 
entrance  to  the  grounds  of  a  mansion. — 
Gate-man,  n.  The  person  who  has  charge 
of  a  gate.— Gateway,  gat'wa,  n.  An  open- 
ing which  is  or  may  be  closed  with  a  gate; 
a  means  of  ingress  or  egress. 

Gather,  gasn'fer,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  gaderian, 
gadrian,  from  gador,  geador,  together, 
seen  also  in  together;  comp.  D.  gadem,  to 
gather,  te  gader,  L.G.  to  gader.  together.] 
To  ,bring  together;  to  collect  into  one 
place  or  one  aggregate;  to  assemble;  to 
congregate;  to  pick;  to  pluck;  to  accumu- 
late; to  amass;  to  draw  together;  to  bring 
together  in  folds  or  plaits,  as  a  garment; 
hence,  to  plait;  to  pucken  to  acquire  or 
gain,  with  or  without  effort  ( to  gather 
Strength);  to  deduce  by  inference;  to  con- 
clude.—To  gather  one's  self  together,  to  col- 
lect all  one  8  powers  for  a  strong  effort. — 
To  he  gathered  to  one's  fathers,  to  be  in- 
terred along  with  one's  ancestors,  or  sim- 
ply to  die.-7y.i.  To  collect;  to  become  as- 
sembled; to  congregate;  to  take  origin- 
and  grow;  to  come  to  a  head  (as  a  boil). — 
n.  A  plait  or  fold  in  cloth  held  in  position 
by  a.thread  drawn  through  it;  a  pucker. — 
Gatherer,  gaTH'6r-6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  gathers. — Gathering,  gaTH'6r-ing,  n. 

"  The  act  of  collecting  or  assembling;  that 
which  is  gathered-,  a  crowd;  an  assembly; 
a  collection  of  pus;  an  abscess. 

Gatllng-grun,  gat'ling-gun,  n.  A  form  of 
the  mitrailleuse  or  repeating  machine- 
gun,  so  named  from  the  inventor. 


Gaucherle,  gosh-r5,  n.  [Fr.,  from  gauche, 
left-handed,  awkward.]  An  awkward  ac- 
tion; awkwardness. 

Gaucno,  ga-6'cho,  n.  A  native  of  the  Pam- 
pas of  the  La  Plata  of- Spanish  descent. 

Gaud,  Gawd,  gad,  n.  [L.  gaudium,  joy, 
gladness;  in  later  times  something  showy; 
akin  joy,  jewel.]  Something  worn  for 
adorning  the  person;  a  piece  of  showy 
finery  (SAafc.).— Gaudery  t  ga'der-i,  n.  Fin- 
ery; fijie  things.  —  Gaudily,  ga,'di-li,  adv. 
In  a  gaudy  manner.  —  Gaudiness,  ga'dJ- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  or  condition  of  being 
gaudy.— Gaudy,  ga'di,  a.  Gay  beyond  the 
simplicity  of  nature  or  good  taste;  showy; 
tastelessly  or  glaringly  adorned. —w.  A 
feast  or  festival. 

Gaudeamus,  ga^dS-fi'mus,  n.  [L.,  let  us  re- 
joice.]   A  rejoicing;  a  festival. 

Gauffer,  ga'fer,  v.t.  [Fr.  gaufrer,  to  figure 
cloth,  velvet,  &c.,  from  gaufre—TSi.  wafer.] 
To  plait;  to  crimp;  to  flute;  to  goffer.— 
GaufEerlng-iron,  n.  An  iron  used  for  plait- 
ing or  fluting  frills,  &c. 

Gauge,  gaj,  v.t.— gauged,  gauging.  [O.Fr. 
gauger,  perhaps  of  the  same  origin  with 
gallon,  and  signifying  to  find  the  number 
of  measures  in  a  vessel.]  To  measure  or 
to  ascertain  the  contents  or  capacity  of; 
to  measure  in  respect  to  cal)ability,  power, 
character,  &c.;  to  appraise;  to  estimate. — 
n.  A  standard  of  measure;  an  instrument 
to  determine  dimensions  or  capacity;  a 
measure;  means  of  estimating;  the  dis- 
tance between  the  lines  of  rails  of  a  rail- 
way; joinery,  a  simple  instrument  made 
to  strike  a  hne  parallel  to  the  straight  side 
of  a  board,  &c.  —  Oaugeable,  ga'ja-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  gauged  or  measured. — 
Gauger,  ga'j6r,  n.  One  who  gauges;  an 
officer  whose  business  is  to  ascertain  the 
contents  of  casks;  an  exciseman. 

Gaul,  gal,  n.  [L.  Gallus,  a  Gaul,  an  inhabi- 
tant of  Gallia,  the  country  now  called 
Prance.]  An  inhabitant  of  Gaul.— Gaul- 
ish, ga'lish,  a.'  Pertaining  to  Gaul  or  an- 
cient France. 

Gault,  gftlt,  n.  [Comp.  Icel.  gold,  galdr, 
hard  snow.]  Geol.  a  series  of  stiiF  marls  or 
calcareous  clays,  varying  in  colour  from 
a  light  gray  to  a  dark  blue,  occurring  be- 
tween the  upper  and  lower  greensands  of 
the  chalk  formation. — v.t.  Agri.  to  dress 
land  with  gault. 

Gaunt,  gant,  a.  [Comp.  N.  gand,  a  slender 
stick,  a  thin  man.]  Attenuated,  as  with 
fasting  or  sufiering;  lean;  meagre;  thin; 
slender. — Gauntly,  g^nii'li,  adv.  Leanly; 
meagrely. 

Gauntlet,  g^nflet,  n.  [Fr.  gantelet,  dim. 
from  gant,  a  glove,  from  the  Teut. ;  D. 
want,  Dan.  vante,  Icel.  vottr  (for  vantr), 
a  glove.]  AUarge  iron  glove  with  fingers 
covered  with  small  plates,  formerly  worn 
as  armour;  a  long  glove  for  a  lady;  which 
envelops  the  hand  and  wrist.  The  gaunt- 
let used  to  be  thrown  down  in  token  "of 
challenge;  hence,  to  throw  down  the  gaunt- 
let, to  challenge;  to  take  up  the  gauntlet,  to 
accept  the  challenge.— Gauntleted,  gant'- 
let-ed,  o.    V/earing  a  gauntlet. 

Gaur,  Gour,  gour,  n.  [Indian  name:  Skr. 
go,  a  cow.]  One  of  the  largest  of  the  ox 
tribe,  inhabiting  the  mountain  jungles  of 
India. 

Gauze,  g^z,  n.-  [Fr.  gaze,  Sp.  firosa,'from  the 
town  Gaea,  whence  it  was  first  brought.] 
A  veiT  thin,  slight,  transparent  stulF,  of 
silk,  linen,  or  cotton;  any  slighl;  open 
material  resembling  this  (wire  gauze). — 
Gauzy,  g^'zi,  a.  Like  gauze;  thin  as  gauze. 

Gave,  gav,  pret.  of  give. 

Gavelkind,  ga'vel-kind,  n.  [W.  gafcel  cenedl, 

■the  hold  or  tenure  of  a  family.]  An  old 
land-tenure  in  England,  still  prevailing  In 
Kent,  by  which  land  descends  to  all  the 
sons  in  equal  shares. 

Oavial,  ga'vi-al,  n.  [Indian  name.]  A  croco- 
dile found  in  India,  with  an  extremely 
lengthened  muzzle. 

Gavotte,  ga-vot',  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gavot,  a 
native  of  the  Pays  deGap  in  the  Hautes 
Alpes,  where  the  dance  originated.]  A  sort 
of  French  dance;  the  music  to  which  the: 
dance  was  performed,  or  a  similar  instru-f 
mental  movement. 

Gawk,  gftk,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gedc,  Icel.  gankr, 
Sc.  gowk',  cuckoo,  simpleton.]    A  simple- 


chjCAain;     cAtSc.  IqcA;    .g>g^"     J.JQbj     n.  Fr.  ton;     ng,  riny;     th,  <Ae»;  thv'fti»»^w,  ttiig;j^^.wh,«^i^     zh,  asure. 


GAY 


292 


GENERAL 


ton;  a  booby.— Gawky,  ga'ki,  a.  Awkward; 
clumsy;  clownish.— n.  A  stupid  awkward 

'  fellow;  a  clown. 

Gay,  ga,  o.  [Fr.  gai,  of  Teutonic  origin ; 
comp.  O.H.G.  g&hi,  swift,  excellent,  G. 
gdhe,  jdhe,  quick.  Jay,  the  bird,  is  akin.] 
Excited  with  merriment  or  delight;  merry; 
sportive;  frolicsome;  fine;  showy  (a  ga^ 
dress);  given  to  pleasure,  often  to  vicious 
pleasure;  dissipated.  —  Gaiety,  ga'e-ti,  n. 
The  state  of  being  gay;  merriment;  mirth; 
show.— Gaily,  Gayly,  ga'li,  adv.  In  a  gay 
manner.  — Gayness,  ga'ncs,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  gay.— Gaysome,  ga'sum, 
a.    Full  of  gaiety. 

Gayal,  Gyal,  gi'al,  n.  [Indian  name.]  A 
species  of  ox  found  wild  in  Burmah  and 
Assam,  and  also  domesticated. 

Gaze,  gaz,  v.i.—ga2td,  gazing.  fSw.  gasa,  to 
gaze;  allied  to  E.  ugast,  Goth.  usguUjart,, 
to  terrify.]  To  fix  the  eves  and  look  steadily 
and  earnestly;  to  looK  with  eagerness  or 
curiosity, — v.t.  To  view  with  fixed  atten- 
tion ( Mil . ).  — n.  A  fixed  look;  a  look  of  eager- 
ness, wonder,  or  admiration.  —  At  gaze, 
standing  gazing ;  gaping  in  wonder.  — 
Gazer,  gazer,  n.  One  who  gazes. — Gazing- 
stock,  gazing-stok,  n.  A  person  gazed  at; 
an  object  of  curiosity  or  contempt. 

Gazelle,  ga-zel',  n.  [Fr.  gazelle,  from  Sp. 
guzela,  from  Ar.  ghazdl.]  An  antelope  of 
>'orth  Africa,  Syria,  Arabia,  and  Persia, 
about  the  size  of  a  roebuck,  of  a  graceful 
form,  and  with  long  slender  limbs. 

Gazette,  ga-zet',  n.  [It.  gazzetta,  a  gazette, 
from  gazzetta,  a  small  Venetian  coin  (from 
li.  or  rather  Per.  gaza,  treasure),  the  price 
of  the  newspaper;  or  the  name  may  have 
been  equivalent  to  'The  Chatterer,'  gaz- 
zetta being  a  dim.  of  gazza,  a  magpie.]  A 
newspaper;  especially  an  official  or  govern- 
ment newspaper  containing  public  an- 
nouncements, such  as  appointments  to 
civil  or  military  posts,  the  names  of  per- 
sons who  have  been  declared  bankrupt, 
&c.;  hence,  to  appear  in  the  gazette  often 
means  to  be  publicly  announced  there  aa 
a  hunkript.— v.t.— gazetted,  gazetting.  To 
insert  or  publish  in  a  gazette;  hence,  to  be 
gazetted,  to  have  one's  name  announced  in 
the  gazette  as  appointed  to  some  post  or 
promoted  to  some  rank. — Gazetteer,  gaz- 
et-ter',  n.  A  manager  of  a  gazette;  more 
commonly  a  book  containing  geographical 
and  topographical  information  alphabeti- 
cally arranged;  a  geographical  dictionary. 

Gazogene.     Under  Gas. 

Gean,  gen,  n.  [Fr.  guigne,  O.Fr.  sniisne,  a 
word  of  Teutonic  origin.]  A  kind  of  wild 
cherry  tree  common  in  England  and  Scot- 
land, with  fruit  of  an  excellent  flavour. 

Gear,  ger,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gearwe,  habiliments, 
equipments,  from  gearu,  gearo,  prepared, 
ready,  whence  also  yare,  ready;akin  garb, 
dress.]  AVhatever  is  prepared  for  use  or 
wear;  hence,  dress;  ornaments;  the  har- 
ness or  furniture  of  domestic  animals; 
naut.  the  ropes,  blocks,  &c. ,  belonging  to 
any  particular  sail  or  spar;  mach.  the  ap- 
pliances or  furnishings  connected  with  the 
acting  portions  of  any  piece  of  mechanism. 
— To  throw  m,achinery  into  or  ovi  of  gear, 
to  connect  or  disconnect  wbeelwork  or 
couplings. — v.t.  To  put  gear  on;  to  harness. 
— Gearing,  ge'ring,  n.  Harness;  the  parts 
by  which  motion  is  communicated  from 
one  portion  of  a  machine  to  another;  a 
train  of  connected  toothed  wheels. 

Geek,  gek,  n.  [Comp.  D.  gek,  G.  geek,  a  silly 
person;  also  E.  gavik,  a  simpleton.]  Adupe; 
a  gull.    [Shak.] 

Gecko,  Gekko,  gek'o,  n.  [From  the  sound 
of  the  animal's  voice.]  A  name  of  various 
nocturnal  lizards  of  the  warm  parts  of 
both  hemispheres. 

Geese,  gCs,  n.  pi.  of  goose. 

Ge8z,g6z,n.  The  ancient  language  of  Abys- 
•:inia,  a  dialect  of  Arabic. 

Gehenna,  g5-hen'na,  n.  [L.  gehenna,  Gr. 
PMnna,  from  the  Heb.  ge-hinom,  the  valley 
of  Ilinom,  in  which  was  Tophet,  where  the 
Israelites  sometimes  sacrificed  their  chil- 
dren to  Moloch;  hence  the  place  was  after- 
wards regarded  as  a  place  of  abomination 
and  became  the  receptacle  for  the  refuse 
of  the  city.]  A  term  used  in  the  New 
Testament  as  typical  of  the  place  of  future 
punishment  and  translated  bell,  bell-fire. 


Gelatine,  Gelatin,  jel'a-tiii,  n.  [Fr.  gelatiw. 
It. and  Sp.  firetatina,  from  L.peto,  to  congeal. 
GELin.l  A  substance  obtained  from  vari- 
ous animal  tissues,  and  employed  in  the 
arts  and  as  human  food,  being  known  in  its 
coarser  forms  as  glue,  size,  and  isinglass, 
according  to  the  sources  whence  it  is  ob- 
tained and  the  care  exercised  in  its  pre- 
paration. —  Gelatlnation,  je-lat'i-na"shon, 
n.  The  act  or  process  of  converting  into 
gelatine.— Gelatinize,  je-lat'i-niz,  v.t.  and 
i.  To  convert  or  be  converted  into  gela- 
tine. Also  Gelatinate,  je-lat'i-nat.  —  Ge- 
latinous, je-lat'i-nus,  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to,  or  consisting  of  gelatine;  resembling 
jelly;  viscous.— Gelose,  je'lOs,  n.  Same  as 
Agar-agar. 

Geld,  geld,  v.t.  [From  Ice!,  gdda,  Dan. 
ffilde,  a.  gelten,  to  geld.]  To  castrate;  to 
emasculate;  to  deprive  of  anything  essen- 
tial (S/jofc.).— Gelder,  gel'der,  n.  One  who 
castrates.  —  Gelding,  gel'ding,  n.  A  cas- 
trated animal;  especially  a  castrated  horse. 

Gelder-rose,  Guelder-rose,  gel'der,  n. 
[Brought  from  Guelderlnud  in  Holland.] 
A  shrub  of  the  woodbine  family  with 
handsome  flowers. 

Gelid,  jel'id,  a._  [L.  gelidus,  from  gelo,  to 
freeze,  seen  als'o  in  gelatine,  congeal,  jelly, 
the  root  being  that  of  cool.]  Cold ;  very 
cold;  icy  or  frosty.— Gelidity,  je-lid'i-ti,  n. 
The  state  of  being  gelid;  extreme  cold. — 
Gelidly,  jel'id-li,  adv.  In  a  gelid  manner. 
— Gelidiiess,  jel'id-nes,  n. 

Gem,  jem,  n.  [L.  gemma,  a  bud,  a  precious 
stone.]  A  precious  stone  of  any  kind,  as 
the  ruby,  topaz,  emerald,  &c.,  especially 
when  cut  or  polished;  a  jewel;  anything 
resembling  a  gem,  or  remarkable  for  beau- 
ty, rarity,  or  costliness. —».  J.  —  gemmed, 
g»mming.  To  adorn  with  gems  or  what 
resembles  gems;  to  bespangle.- Gemme- 
ons,  jem'e-us,  a.  [L.  gemmsus.]  Pertain- 
ing to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  resembling 
gems.— Gemminess,  jem'i-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  gemmy.— Gemmy,  jem'i,  a.  Glit- 
tering with  gems;  adorned  with  gems. 

Geminate,t  jem'i-nat, v.t.  [L.  gemino,  gem- 
inatum,  to  double,  from  geminus,  twin.] 
To  double.  —  o.  Bot.  twin;  combined  in 
pairs;  binate.  —  Gemination,  jem-i-na'- 
shon,  n.  A  doubling;  duplication;  repeti- 
tion.— Gemini,  jem'i-ni,  n.  pi.  {h.,  twin 
brothers.  Castor  and  Pollux.]  Astron.  the 
third  sign  of  the  zodiac,  so  named  from 
its  two  brightest  stars.  Castor  and  Pollux. 

Gemma,  jem'a,  n.  pi.  Gemmae,  jem'6.  [L.,  a 
bud.  Gem.]  Bot.  a  leaf-bud  as  distin- 
guished from  a  flower-bud. — Gemmaceous, 
jem-a'sbus,  a.  Pertaining  to  leaf-buds. — 
Gemmate,  jem'at,  a.  [li.gemmutus.l  Bot. 
having  buds;  reproducing  by  buds. — Gem- 
mation, jem-a'shon,  n.  [L.  gemmatio.] 
Zool.  the  process  of  reproduction  by  buds; 
the  formation  of  a  new  individual  by 
budding;  bot.  the  act  of  budding;  vema- 
tion.— Gemmiferous,  jem-if'6r-u8,  a.  Pro- 
ducing buds;  multiplying  bybuds. — Gem- 
mipanty,  jem-i-par'i-ti,  n.  The  condition 
of  being  gemmiparous.  —  Gemmiparous, 
jem-ip'a-rus,  a.  [L.  pario,  to  produce.] 
Producing  buds;  zool.  reproducingby  buds. 
— Gemmule,  jem'al,  n.  [h.  gemmula.'i  Bot. 
the  growing  point  of  the  embryo  in  plants; 
one  of  the  buds  of  mosses;  a  reproductive 
spore  of  algse;  zool.  the  ciliated  embryo  or 
reproductive  body  of  some  of  the  lowest 
animals. 

Gemsbok,  gemz'bok,  n.  [p.  gemsbok,  G. 
gemsbock,  the  male  chamois,  from  gemse, 
chamois,  and  bock,  buck.]  A  fine  large 
antelope  inhabiting  South  Africa. 

Genajape,  je-nap',  n.  [From  Genappe,  in 
Belgium.]  A  worsted  yam  well  adapted 
for  braids,  fringes,  &c. 

Gendarme,  zhan-darm,  n.  [Fr.,  from  the 
pi.  gens  d'armes,  men-at-arms.]  A  private 
m  the  armed  police  of  France. — Gendaxme- 
rie,  zhan-diirm-re,  n.  [Fr.  gendarmerie. 1 
The  body  of  gendarmes. 

Gender,  jen'Jer,  n.  [Fr.  genre,  from  L. 
genus,  generis,  kind  or  sort,  gender;  with 
d  inserted  as  in  tender,  adj.  G&nus.]  Kind 
or  sortj;  a  sex,  male  or  female;  gram,  one 
of  those  classes  or  categories  into  which 
words  are  divided  according  to  the  sex, 
natural  or  metaphorical,  of  the  beings  or 
things  they  denote;  a  grammatical  cate- 


gory in  which  words  of  similar  termina- 
tion are  clasped  together;  such  a  distinc- 
tion in  words.  [In  English  grammar 
words  expressing  males  are  all  said  to  be 
of  the  masculine  gender;  those  expressing 
females,  of  t\ic  feminine  gender;  and  words 
expressing  things  having  no  sex  are  of  the 
neuter  ge^uLer;  but  in  other  languages  gen- 
der has  a  different  basis,  thus  in  French  it 
has  comparatively  little  to  do  with  sex, 
all  nouns  being  either  masculine  or  femi- 
nine.]—w.t.t  To  beget;  to  engender.  —  v.i. 
To  copulate;  to  breed  (O.T.). 

Genealogy,  jg-n5-al'o-ji  or  jen-e-al'o-ji,  n. 
[L.  and  Gr.  genealogia—  Gr.  genea,  family 
(root  gen,  to  beget),  and  logos,  discourse. 
Genus.]  An  account  or  synopsis  tracing 
the  descent  of  a  person  or  family  from  an 
ancestor;  an  enumeration  or  table  of  an- 
cestors and  then-  children  in  the  order  of 
succession;  pedigree;  lineage;  the  study  of 
pedigrees  or  family  history.— Genealogi- 
cal, j5'ne-a-loj"i-kaI,  a.  Pertaining  to 
genealogy;  exhibiting  or  tracing  genealo- 
gies.—GeneaJopicai  tree,  the  genealogy  or 
lineage  of  a  family  drawn  out  under  the 
form  of  a  tree.  —  Genealogically,  je'ne  ii- 
loj"i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  genealogical  man- 
ner.—Genealogist,  je-ne-al'o-jist,  n.  One 
who  traces  descents  of  persons  or  families. 
— Genealogize,  je-ne-al'o-jiz,  v.i. — geneulo- 
gized,  genealogizing.  To  investigate  or 
study  genealogy. 

Genera,  jen'fer-a,  n.  pi.  of  Genus. 

General,  jen'er-al,  a.  [Fr,  g4niral,  from  L. 
generalis,  belonging  to  a  genus,  generic, 
general,  from  genus,  generis,  a  kind.  Ge- 
NLS.]  Relating  to  a  whole  genus,  kind, 
class,  or  order;  relating  to,  affecting,  or 
comprehending  the  whole  community; 
public;  common  to  many  or  the  greatest 
number;  extensive,  though  not  universal; 
common;  usual;  ordinary  (a  general  opin- 
ion); not  restrained  or  limited  to  a  p.arti- 
cular  import;  not  specific  (a  general  term); 
not  directed  to  a  single  object;  taken  as  a 
whole;  regarded  in  the  gross. .".  This  word 
affixed  to  another  word  is  common  in 
names  expressive  of  rank  or  office,  as  ad- 
jutant- general,  attorney  -  general,  &c. — 
General  Assembly,  under  Assembly. — 
General  dealer,  a  tradesman  who  deals  in 
all  the  articles  of  daily  use.  —  General 
officer,  an  officer  who  commands  an  army, 
a  division,  or  a  brigade.— <?e>ieraJ  Post- 
office,  a  principal  post-office;  the  chief 
post-office  of  a  system. — n.  The  whole 
communityt;  a  general  or  comprehensive 
notion;  a  military  officer  of  the  highest 
rank;  the  commander  of  an  army  or  of  a 
division  or  brigade;  the  chief  of  an  order 
of  monks,  or  of  all  the  houses  or  congre- 
gations established  under  the  same  rule. 
•—In  general,  in  the  main;  for  the  most 
part;  not  always  or  universally;  also  in 
the  aggregate,  or  as  a  whole. — Generalis- 
simo, jen'er-a-Us"i-mo,  n.  [It.]  Tho  chief 
commander  of  an  army  or  military  force 
which  consists  of  two  or  more  grand  divi- 
sions under  separate  commanders.  [Not 
used  in  the  British  army.]— Generality, 
jen-er-al'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  gen- 
eral ;  the  quality  of  including  species  or 
particularsj  a  statement  which  ife  general 
or  not  specific,  or  which  lacks  application 
to  any  one  case. —  Tlie  generality,  thfi  main 
body;  the  bulk;  the  greatest  part.— Gen- 
eraUzable,  jen'er-al-i"za-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  generalized. — Generalization,  jen'- 
er-al-i-za"shon,  n.  The  act  or  proce.«s  of 
generalizing;  a  general  inference.— Gen- 
eralize, jen'er-al-iz,  v.t. — generalized,  gen- 
eralizing. To  reduce  or  bring  under  a 
general  law,  rule,  or  statement;  to  bring 
into  relation  with  a  wider  circle  of  facts; 
to  deduce  from  the  consideration  of  many 
particulars.  —  v.i.  To  form  objects  into 
classes;  to  bring  or  classify  particulars 
under  general  heads  or  rules.- Generally, 
jen'er-al-li,  adv.  In  general;  commonly; 
ordinarily;  extensively,  though  not  uni- 
versally; most  freq^uently,  but  not  with- 
out exceptions;  without  detail;  leaving 
particular  facts  out  of  account;  in  the 
whole  taken  together.— Generalniess,  jen'- 
er-al-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  general; 
frequency ;  commonness.  —  Generalship, 
jen'er-al-«hip,  n.    The  office  of  a  general; 


i'ate,  f&r,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  h«r;     p'me,  pin;     uOte,  not,  move;     tCibo,  tub,  b\)Il;  ,  oil,pouad;     fl,  Sc,  abtoae— the  Fr.  u. 


GENERATJi: 


293 


GEOCENTRIC 


the  discharge  of  the  functions  of  ageneral; 
military  skill  exhibited  in  the  judicious 
handling  of  troops:  mauagement  or  judi- 
cious tactics  generally. 

Generate,  jen'er-at,  v.t. — generated,  general- 
inff.  [L.  genero,  generatum,  to  beget. 
Genus.  ]  To  procreate  (young);  to  produce; 
to  cause  to  be;  to  bring  into  existence;  to 
cause  (heat,  vibrations).  —  Generability, 
jen'6r-a-bil"i-ti,  n.  Capability  of  being 
generated.— Generable,  jen'6r-a-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  generated.  —  Generant.t 
jen'6r-ant,  n.  That  which  generates. — a. 
Generating;  producing. — Generation,  jen- 
er-a'shon,  n.  The  act  of  generating;  pro- 
duction; formation;  a  single  succession  of 
the  human  race  in  natural  descent;  the 
average  period  of  time  between  one  suc- 
ces.=!ion  of  children  and  the  next  following; 
people  who  are  contemporary  or  living 
at  the  same  time ;  a  race ;  progeny ;  off- 
spring.— Equivocal  or  spontaneous  genera-, 
tion,  in  hiol.  the  production  of  animals 
and  plants  without  previously  existing 
parents;  abiogenesis.  —  Alternate  genera- 
tion, under  Alteknate.— Generative,  jen'- 
*r-a-tiv,  a.  Having  the  power  of  gener- 
ating; belonging  to  generation  or  the  act 
of  procreating.— Generator,  jen'6r-a-t6r,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  begets,  causes,  or 
produces;  a  vessel  or  chamber  in  which, 
somethink  is  generated. 

Generic,  Generical,  je-ner'ik,  je-ner'i-kal, 
a.  f  Fr.  ginirique,  from  L.  genus,  generis, 
kind.  Genus.]  Pertaining  to  a  genus; 
descriptive  of,  belonging  to,  or  compre- 
hending the  genus,  as  distinct  from  the 
species  or  from  another  genus;  referring 
to  a  large  class.— Generically,  je-ner'ikal- 
li,  adv.  In  a  generic  manner;  with  regard 
to  genus.— Genericalness,  je-ner'i-kal-nes, 

Generous.  jen'6r-us,  a.  [L.  generosus,  of 
honourable  birth,  generous,  from  genus, 
generis,  birth,  extraction, family.  Genus.] 
Noble;  honourable;  magnanimous  (of  per- 
sons or  things);  liberal;  bountiful;  munifi- 
cent; free  in  giving;  strong;  full  of  spirit 
{generous  wine).— Generously,  jen'6r-us-li, 
adv.  In  a  generous  manner.— Genercsity, 
jen-6r-os'i-ti,  n.  [L.  generositas.]  The 
quality  of  being  generous;  nobleness  of 
soul;  liberality  of  sentiment;  a  disposition 
to  give  liberally.  —  Generousness,  jen'er- 
us-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  generous; 
generosity.  , 

Genesis,  jen'e-sis,  n.  [Gr.  genesis,  from 
root  gen,  to  beget.  Genus.]  The  act  of  pro- 
ducing or  giving  origin;  a  taking  origin; 
generation;  origination;  the  first  book  of 
the  Old  Testament,  containing  the  history 
of  the  creation  of  the  world  and  of  the 
human  race.  —  Genesiology,  je-ne'siol"o- 
ji,  TO.  [Gr.  genesis,  and  logos,  discourse.] 
The  science  or  doctrines  of  generation. 

Genet,  jen'et,  n.  [Fr.  genette,  Sp.  ginete, 
from  the  name  of  a  Berber  tribe  who  sup- 
plied the  Moorish  sultans  of  Grenada  with 
cavalry.]  A  small-sized,  well-proportioned 
Spanish  horse:  spelled  also  Jennet. 

Genet,  Genette,  jen'et,  je-net',  n.  [Sp.  gineta, 
from  .Ar.  jemeit.]  A  carnivorous  animal 
belonging  to  the  civet  family,  a  native  of 
western  Asia;  the  fur  of  the  genet. 

Genetic,  Genetlcal,  je-net'ik,  je-net'i-kal,  a. 
[From  Gr.  genetes,  a  begetter,  or  genesis, 
generation.]  Relating  to  generation;  per- 
taining to  the  origin  of  a  thing  or  its  mode 
6f  production. — Genetically,  je-net'i-kal-li, 
adv.    In  a  genetic  manner. 

Geneva,  je-ne'va,  to.  [Corrupted  from  Fr. 
geniivre,  from  L.  juniperus,  juniper;  gin 
is  a  contraction-of  this.]  A  spirit  distilled 
from  grain  or  malt,  with  the  addition  of 
juniper-berries;  gin. 

Genevan,  je-n6'van,  a.  Pertaining  to  Ge- 
neva..— TO.  An  inhabitant  of  Geneva;  a  6e- 
nevese;  a  Calvinist.— Genevese,  jen-6-vez', 
n.  sing,  and  pi.  A  native  or  natives  of  Ge- 
neva.—a.  Relating  to  Geneva. 

Genial,  je'ni-al,  a.  [L.  genialis,  from  genius, 
social  disposition,  j;enius,  from  root  gen. 
Genus.]  Characterized  by  kindly  warmth 
of  disposition  and  manners  such  as  pro- 
motes cheerfulness  on  the  part  of  others; 
cordial;  kindly;  sympathetically  ch/eerfnl; 

enlivening;  warming;  contributing  to  life 

and  cheerfulness  (the  genial  sun).  —  Geni- 


ality, Genialness,  j5-ni-al'i-tl,  js'ni-al-nes, 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  genial ; 
5?mpathetic  cheerfulness  or  cordiality. — 
Genially,  je'ni-al-li,  adv.  In  a  genial  man- 
ner. 

Geniculated,  Geniculate,  je-nik'Q-la-ted,  je- 
nik'Q-lat,  a.  [L.  geniculatus,  from  genicu- 
lum,  a  knot  or  joint,  from  genu,  the  knee.] 
Bot.  knee-jointed;  having  knots  like  knees. 
—Geniculate,  je-nik'u-lat,  v.t.  To  form 
joints  or  knots.  —  GeniCTUatlon,  je-nik't\- 
la"shon,  TO.  Knottiness;  a  knot  or  joint 
like  a  knee. 

Genie,  je'ne,  w.  pi.  Genii,  j6'n5-i.  [A  form 
due  to  the  influence  of  the  word  genius.] 
Same  as  Jinnee. 

Genital,  jen'i-tal,  a.  ['L.genitaUs,{rompigno, 
genitwm,,  to  beget.  Genus.]  Pertaining  to 
generation  or  the  act  of  begetting. — Gen- 
itals, jen'i-talz,  to.  pi.  The  parts  of  gen- 
eration; the  privates;  the  sexual  organs. 

Genitive,  jen'i-tiv,  a.  [L.  genitivus,  relat- 
ing to  birth  or  origin,  from  gigno,  genitum, 
to  beget.]  Gram,  a  term  applied  to  a  case 
in  the  declension  of  nouns,  adjectives,  pro- 
nouns, &c.,  in  English  called  the  posses- 
sive case.  — TO.  Gram,  the  genitive  case. — 
Genitival,  jen'i-ti-val,  a.  Relating  to  the 
genitive. 

Genius,  je'ni-us,  to.  [L.,  a  genius  or  tute- 
lary spirit,  social  disposition,  wit  or  genius, 
from  the  root  gen,  to  beget.  Genus.]  A 
tutelary  deity;  an  imaginary  being  ruling 
or  protecting  men,  places,  or  things;  a 
good  or  evil  spirit  supposed  to  be  attached 
to  a  person  and  to  influence  his  actions; 
that  disposition  or  bent  of  mind  which  is 
peculiar  to  every  man,  and  which  qualifies 
him  for  a  particular  employment ;  intel- 
lectual endowment  of  the  highest  kind, 
particularly  the  power  of  invention  or  of 
producing  original  combinations;  a  man 
thus  intellectually  endowed;  peculiarchar- 
acter  or  constitution;  pervading  spirit  or 
influence  from  associatioas  <x  otherwise 
(the  special  genius  of  a  language). .'.  Genius 
implies  the  possession  of  high  and  peculiar 
natural  gifts  which  enable  their  possessor 
to  reach  his  ends  by  a  sort  of  intuitive 
power.     Talent  is  of  a  lower  order,  and  de- 

.  pends  more  on  mental  training,  being  less 
original  and  inventive. 

Genoese,  jen'o-5z,  a.  Relating  to  Genoa.— 
TO.  An  inhabitant  or  the  people  of  Genoa 
in  Italy. 

Genre,  zhS,n-r,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  genus, 
generis,  kind.]  Painting,  a  term  applied 
to  paintings  which  depict  scenes  of  ordi- 
nal life,  as  domestic,  rural,  or  village 
scenes. 

Gent,jent.  A  vulgar  abbreviation  for  Gentle- 
man. 

Genteel,  jen-tel',  a.  [Fr.  gentil,  from  L.  gen- 
tilis,  belonging  to  the  same  family  or  na- 
tion, not  foreign,  latterly  also  gentile  or 
pa^an,  from  gens,  gentis,  race,  stock,  fa- 
mily. Genus.  GeiUle  And  gentile  are  donh- 
lets  of  this.]  Having  the  manners  of  well- 
bred  people;  well-bred;  refined;  free  from, 
anything  low  or  vulgar;  of  a  station  above 
the  common  people;  furnishing  a  conj- 
petencelasenJeei  allowance).— Genteelish,t 
jen-tel'ish,  a.  Somewhat  genteel.  —  Gen- 
teelly, jen-tSl'U,  adv.  In  a  genteel  man- 
ner.—Genteelness,  jeu-tel'nes,  to.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  genteel.  —  Gentility, 
jen-til'i-ti,  to.  The  state  or  character  of  be- 
ing genteel;  the  manners  or  circumstances 
of  genteel  people. 

Gentian,  jen'shi-an, «.  [L.  gentiana—8a.id 
to  be  named  after  Gentius,  king  of  Illyria, 
Who  first  experienced  the  virtue  of  gen- 
tian.] The  name  of  certain  bitter  herba- 
ceous plants  with  beautiful  blue  or  yellow 
powers,  the  roots  of  some  species  being 
highly  valued  as  a  tonic. 

Gentile,  jen'til, ».  [L.  gentUis,  from  gens, 
gentis,  nation,  race.  Genteel.]  Scrip. 
any  one  belonging  to  the  non-Jewish  na- 
tions; any  person  not  a  Jew  or  a  Christian; 
a  heathen. — a.  Belonging  to  the  non- Jew- 
ish nations;  gram,  denoting  one's  race  or 
country  (a  gentile  noun).  —  Gentilish,  jen'-' 
til-ish,  a.  Heathenish;  pagan.  —  Grentil- 
ism,  jen'til-izm,  to.  Heathenism;  pagan- 
ism. —  Gentilitious,t  jen-ti-lish'us,  a.  [L. 
gentilitius.^  Peculiar  to  a  people  or  na- 
tion; national;  hereditary. 


Gentility.    Under  Genteel. 

Gentle,  jen'tl,  a.  [Fr.  gentil.  Oewteev] 
Well-born;  of  a  good  family;  soft  and  ife- 
fined  in  manners;  mild;  meek;  not  rough, 
harsh,  or  severe ;  not  wild,  turbulent,  or 
refractory;  placid;  bland;  not  rude  or  vio- 
lent.— TO.  A  person  of  good  birth;  a  gentle- 
man.—Gentleness,  jen'tl-nes,  to.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  gentle.  —  Gently,  jen'- 
tli,  adv.  In  a  gentle  manner;  mildly; 
meekly;  placidly.— Gentlefolk,  jen'tl-fok, 
TO.  Persons  of  good  breeding  and  family: 
generally  in  plural,  gentlefolks..  —  Gentle- 
man, jen'tl-man,  to.  [Gentle,  that  is,  well- 
bom,  and  man;  Fr.  gentilfiomvie.  Gen- 
teel.] A  man  of  good  family  or  good 
social  position;  in  a  somewhat  narrow 
and  technical  sense,  any  man  above  the 
rank  of  yeomen,  including  noblemen;  in  a 
more  limited  sense,  a  man  who  without  a 
title  bears  a  coat  of  arms;  as  commonly 
applied,  any  man  whose  education,  occu- 
pation, or  income  raises  him  above  menial 
service  or  an  ordinary  trade;  a  man  of 
good  breeding  and  politeness,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  vulgar  and  clownish;  a 
man  of  the  highest  honour,  courtesy,  an  1 
morality;  often  used  almost  as  a  polite 
equivalent  for  'man':  in  the  plural  tha 
appellation  by  which  men  are  addressed 
in  ipopular  assemblies,  whatever  may  be 
their  condition  or  character.  —  Gentle", 
manhood,  jen'tl-man-hod,  n.  The  condi- 
tion or  attributes  of  a  gentleman. — Gen- 
tlemanism,  jen '  tl-man-izm ,  to.  The  state 
of  being  a  gentleman;  the  affectation 
of  gentlemanliness.  —  Gentlemauize,  jen'- 
tl-man-iz,  v.t.  To  bring  or  put  into  the 
condition  of  a  gentleman.  —  Gentleman- 
liness, jen'tl-man-li-nes,  m.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  gentlemanly;  gentlemanly 
behaviour.— Gentlemanly.Gentlemanlike, 
jen'tl-man-li,  jen'tl-man-lik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  becoming  a  gentleman ;  like  a 
gentleman.— Gentleman-at-arms,  Gentle- 
man-pensioner, TO.  One  of  forty  gentle- 
men attached  to  the  English  court  whose 
office  it  is  to  attend  the  sovereign  to  and 
from  the  chapel-royal,  &c.— Gentlewoman, 
jen'tl-wum-an,  to.  A  woman  of  good  fa- 
mily or  of  good  breeding;  a  woman  above 
the  vulgar;  a  woman  who  waits  about  the 
person  of  one  of  high  rank. 

Cfentry,  jen'tri,  to.  [O.  Fr.  genterise,  for 
gentilise,  high  birth,  from  gentil,  \i.  gen- 
tilis.  Genteel.]  Rank  or  good  birth 
{ShaTc.)l;  courtesy  {Shak.)ti  pl.  people  of 
good  position;  wealthy  or  well-bom  people 
in  general,  of  a  rank  below  the  nobility; 
also  ironically  applied  to  disreputable 
characters. 

Genuflect,  jen'a-flekt,  v.i.  [L.  genu,  the 
knee,  and  fiecto,  to  bend,  as  in  inflect,  re- 
flect, &c.]  To  kneel,  as  in  worship;  to  make 
a  genuflection  or  genuflections.— Genuflec- 
tion, Genuflexion,  jen-U-flek'shon,  to.  The 
act  of  bending  the  knee,  particularly  in 
worship. 

Genuine,  jen'O-in,  a.  [L.  genuinus,  from 
root  of  gigno,  to  beget.  Genus.]  Belong- 
ing to  the  original  stock;  hence,  real; 
natural ;  true ;  pure ;  not  spurious,  false, 
or  adulterated. .-.  Si-n.  under  Authentic— 
Genuinely,  jen'u-in-ll,  adv.  In  a  genuine 
manner.  —  Genuineness,  jen'ft-in-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  genuine. 

Genus,  je'nus,  to.  pl.  Genuses  or  Genera,  js'- 
nus-ez,  jen'er-a.  [L.  genus,  generis,  a  kind, 
class=Gr.  genoS',  race,  family;  from  root 
gen,  Skr.  jan,  to  beget,  the  same  as  in 
E.  kin,  kind.  This  root  is  seen  in  a  great 
many  words,  as  gentle,  genteel,  general, 
genius,  generous,  genesis,  genial,  genital, 
genuine,  indigenous,  ingenious,  progeny, 
&c.]  A  kind,  class,  or  sort;  logic,  a  class  of 
a  greater  extent  than  a  species;  a  word 
which  may  be  predicated  of  several  things 
of  different  species;  in  scientific  classifica- 
tions, an  assemblage  of  species  possessing 
certain  characters  in  common,  by  which 
they  are  distinguished  from  all  others: 
subordinate  to  order,  tribe,  family. 

Geocentric,  Geocentrical,  je-o-sen'trik,  j6- 
6-sen'tri-kal,  a.  [Gr.  ge,  earth,  and  kentron, 
centre.]  Astron.  having  reference  to  the 
earth  for  its  centre;  seen  from  tlje  earth : 
applied  to  the  place  of  a  planet  as  seen 
from  the  centre  of  the  earth.— Geocentri- 


ch.  cAaln;     eh.  So.  loch;     g,  go;     j,  job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sing;     th,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  tcig;     wh,  whig;     zh,  a«ure. 


GEOCYCLIC 


294 


iGESTATION 


cally,  je-o-sen'tri-kal-h,  adv.  In  a  geocen- 
tric,' manner 

Oeocyclic,  je-o-sik'lik,  a.  [Gr.  gi,  the  earth, 
ami  kj/kloa,  a  circle.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  revolutions  of  the  earth;  circling  the 
earth  periodically. 

Geode,  je'od,  n.  [Gr.  geodes,  earthy,  from 
pt',  earth.]  Miiieral.  a  roundish  hollow 
lump  of  agate  or  other  mineral,  having  the 
cuvity  frequently  lined  with  crystals.— 
Geodiferous,  je-o-dif'6r-us,  a.  Producing 
'-jeodes. 

Geodesy,  Geodetics,  j6od'e-si,  je-o-det'iks, 
.'t.  [Gr.  geodaisia — ge,  the  earth,  and  daio, 
to  divide.]  That  branch  of  applied  mathe- 
matics which  determines  the  figures  and 
areas  of  largo  portions  of  the  earth's  sur- 
face, the  general  figure  of  tJie  earth,  and 
the  variations  of  the  intensity  of  gravity 
indifferent  regions. — Geodesian,  je-o-de'si- 
an,  n.  One  versed  in  geodesj-.— Geodetic, 
Geodetical,  je-o-det'ik,  je-o-det'i-kal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  geodesy;  obtained  or  deter- 
mined by  the  operations  of  geodesy.  Also 
Geodesic,  Geodesical,  je-5-des'ik,  je-o-des'- 
i-lial.— Geodetically,  je-o-det'i-kal-li,  adv. 
Ill  a  geodetical  manner. 

Geognosy,  je-og'no-si,  n.  Gr.  ge,  the  earth, 
and  gnosis,  knowledge.]  That  part  of  na- 
tural science  which  treats  of  the  structure 
of  the  earth— a  term  nearly  equivalent  to 
geulopy,hvit  having  less  to  do  with  scientific 
reasoning  and  theory.  —  Geognost.t  je'og- 
nost,  n.  One  versed  in  geognosy. — Geog- 
aostic.t  Geognostical.t  je-og-nos'tik,  je-og- 
nos'ti-kal,  a.    Pertaining  to  geognosy. 

Geogony,  je-og'o-ni,  n.  \Gr.  ge,  the  earth, 
and  fifone,  generation.]  The  doctrine  of  the 
origin  or  formation  of  the  e:irth.  —  Geo- 
gonie,  Geogonical,  je-o-gon'ik,  je-o-gon'i- 
kal,  a.    Pertaining  to  geogony. 

Geography,  js-og'ra-fi,  n.  IGr.  geographia 
—  ge,  the  earth,  and  graphe,  description.] 
The  science  or  branch  of  knowledge  which 
treats  of  the  world  and  its  inhabitants, 
describing  more  especially  the  external 
features  of  the  world,  and  in  its  widest 
scope  embracing  mathematical  geography, 
which  deals  with  the  figure  and  measure- 
ment of  the  earth,  latitude  a»d  longitude, 
&c. ;  physioal  geography,  which  describes 
the  earth's  features  and  explains  their  re- 
lations to  each  other,  treating  also  of  cli- 
mate, animals,  and  plants,  and  their  dis- 
tribution, the  ocean  and  its  phenomena, 
Ac.;and  political  geography,  which  treats  of 
the  states  andpeoples  of  the  earth  and  their 
political  and  social  characteristics ;  a  de- 
scription of  the  earth  or  a  certain  portion 
of  it;  a  book  containing  such  a  description. 
— Geographer,  je-og'ra-fer,  n.  One  who  is 
ver.'ied  in,  or  compiles  a  treatise  on,  geog- 
raphy. —  Geographic,  Geographical,  je-o- 
graf'ik,  je-o-gi-af 'i-kal,  a.  K,clating  to 
geography;  contaiblng  information  re- 
garding geography.— Geographically,  je-o- 
graf'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  geographical  man- 
ner. 

Geology,  je-ol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  ge,  the  earth,  and 
logos,  discourse.]  The  science  which  deals 
with  the  structure,  especially  the  internal 
structure,  of  the  crust  of  the  globe,  and 
of  the  substances  which  compose  it;  the 
science  which  treats  of  the  minerals,  rocks, 
earths,  or  other  substances  composing  the 
globe,  the  relations  which  the  several  con- 
stituent masses  bear  to  each  other,  their 
formation,  structure,  position,  and  his- 
torj",  together  with  the  successive  chani?es 
that  have  taken  place  in  the  organic  iuid 
inorganic  kingdoms  of  nature  as  illus- 
trated by  fossils  or  otherwise.  —  Geologic, 
Geological, j6-o-loj'ik,je-o-loj'i-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  geolog.y. — Geologically,  je-o-loj'- 
i-kal-li.  adv.  In  a  geological  manner. — 
Geologist,  je-olo-jist,  n.  One  versed  in 
geology.  Also  Geologian,  jo-o-l5'ji-an,  n. 
— Geologize,  je-ol'o-jiz,  v.i.  To  study  geo- 
logy; to  make  geolocical  investigations. 

Oeomancy,  j6'o-man-si,  n.  TGr.  gg,  the 
earth,  and  m,anteia,  divination.  ]  A  kind  of 
divination  by  means  of  figures  or  lines 
formed  by  little  dots  or  points,  originally 
on  the  earth  and  afterwards  on  paper. — 
Ge  nnancer,  je'o-nian-sfer,  n.  One  versed  in 
or  who  iiractises  geomancy.  —  Geomantic, 
Geomantical,je-o-man'tik,j?-5-man'ti-kal, 
o.  Of  or  pertaining  to  geomancy. 


Geometry,  j5-om'e-tri,n.  \GT.ge0inetria—g6, 
the  earth,  and  inutron,  measure— the  term 
being  originally  equivalent  to  land-mea- 
suring or  surveying.)  The  science  of  mag- 
nitude; that  science  which  treats  of  the  pro- 
I>erties  of  lines, angles,  surfaces,  and  solids; 
that  branch  of  mathematics  which  treats  of 
the  properties  an  d  relation  s  of  magnitudes. 
— Geometral,t  je-om'et-rai,  o.  [Fr.  geormi- 
traZ.]  Pertaining  to  geometry. — Geometric, 
Geometricalje-o-met'rikje-o-met'ri-kal,a. 
[Gr.  geOmetHkos.]  Pertaining  to  geometry; 
according  tio  the  rules  or  principles  of  geo- 
metry; done  or  determined  by  geometry. 
— Gccmietncal  elevation,  a  design  for  the 
front  or  side  of  a  building  drawn  according 
to  the  rules  of  geometry,  as  opposed  to 
perspective  or  natural  elevation. — Geomet- 
rical progression,  progression  in  which  the 
terms  increase  or  decrease  by  a  common 
ratio,  as  2,4,  8, 16,  &c.— Geometricaily,  j6- 
o-met'ri-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  geometrical 
manner.  —  Geometrtcian,  Geometer,  j5- 
om'e-trish-an,  je-om'e-t6r,  n.  One  skilled 
in  geometry. 

Geonomy,  j6-on'o-mi,  n. .  [Gr.  ge,  the  earth, 
and  nomos,  law.]  The  science  of  the  phy- 
sical laws  relating  to  the  earth,  including 
geology  and  physical  geography. 
Geophagism,  je-of'a-jizm,  n.  [lir.  gi,  the 
earth,  and  phagO,  to  eat.]  The  act  or  prac- 
tice of  eating  eirth,  as  clay,  chalk,  &c, — 
Geophagist,  je-of'a-jist,  n.  One  who  eats 
earth. 

Geoponic,  Geoponicol,  j5-o-pon'ik,  je-o-pon'- 
i-kal,  a.  [Gr.  ge,  the  earth,  and  pono«, 
labour.)  Pertaining  to  tillage  or  agricul- 
ture»— Geoponics,  je-O-pon  ;.ks,  n.  The  art 
or  science  of  cultivation. 
Oeorama,  je-o-va'ma,  n.  [Gr.  'j^,  the  earth, 
and  horama,  view.)  A  large  hollow  spheri- 
cal globe  or  chamber  having  the  geogra- 
phy of  the  earth's  surface  depicted  on  its 
interior. 

George,  jorj,  n.  [This  proper  name  is  from 
Gr.  geOrgos,  a  husbandman— fifg,  the  earth, 
and  er8'on,.labour.]  A  figure  of  St.  George 
on  horseback  encountering  the  dragon, 
worn  pendent  from  the  collar  by  knights 
of  the  Gai-ter.- Georgian,  jor'ji-an,  a.  Be- 
longing or  relating  to  the  reigns  of  the  four 
Georges,  kings  of  Great  Britain. — Georgic, 
jor'jik,  n.  [Gr.  georgikos,  rustic]  A  rural 
poem;  a  poetical  comi>osition  on  the  sub- 
ject of  husbandry.— Georginm  Sidns,  jor'- 
ji-um  si'duSj  n.  (That  is  '  Georgian  stai'.'] 
The  name  given  to  the  planet  Uranus  by 
its  discoverer  Sir  William  Ilerschel  in 
honour  of  George  III. 
Geoselenic  je'o-se-len"ik,  a.  [Gr.  g^,  the 
earth,  and  selenc,  the  moon.]  'Kelating  to 
the  earth  and  the  moon;  relating  to  the 
joint  action  or  mutual  relations  of  the 
earth  and  moon. 

Geothermlc,  j5-o-th6r'mik,  a.  [Gr.  gd,  the 
earth,  and  Uiermos,  heat.]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  internal  heat  of  the  earth.— 
Geothermometer,  je'6-ther-mom"e-t6r,  n. 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  heat  in 
mines,  artesian  wells,  &a 
Geotropism,  je-ot'ro-pizm,  n.  [Gr.  gS,  the 
earth,  and  tropos,  a  turning.)  Disposition 
or  tendency  to  turn  or  incline  towards  the 
earth,  the  characteristic  exhibited  in  a 
young  plant  when  deprived  of  light. — 
Geotropic.  je-o-trop'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  exhibiting  grotropism. 
Gerah,  cS'ra,  n.  [Heb.]  The  smallest  piece 
of  money  among  the  ancient  Jews,  equal 
to  about  three  halfpennies. 
Geranium,  je-ra'ni-um,  n.  [L.  geranium, 
Gr.  geranion,  from  geranos,  a  crane — on 
account  of  the  long  ijrojecting  spike  of  the 
seed-cajisule.]  The  crane's-bill  genus,  a 
genus  of  herbaceous  plants  (rarely  under- 
shrubs),  natives  of  the  temperate  regions 
of  the  world,  having  flowers  which  are 
usually  blue  or  red,  and  often  handsome; 
the  geraniums  of  gardens  belong,  however, 
to  a  different  genus  (pelargonium). 
GerbH,  jer'bil,  n.  [Fr.  gerHUe,  from  gerbo, 
the  Arabic  name.]  A  small  burrowing 
rodent  found  in  the  sand.v  parts  of  Africa 
and  Asia,  one  species,  inliabitiug  Egypt, 
being  about  the  size  of  a  mouse. 
Gerfalcon,  jf/fa-kn,  n.  The  gyrfalcou. 
Germ,  j6rm,  n.  |Fr.  germe,  L.  genneit,  an 
offshoot,  a  sprout.)    Physiol,  the  earliest 


form  under  which  any  organism  appears; 
the  rudimentary  or  embryonic  form  of  »n 
organism ;  hence,  that  from  which  any- 
thing springs ;  origin ;  .first  principle.-— 
Germ-cell,  n.  Animal  physiol.  the  cell 
which  results  from  the  union  of  the  sper- 
matozoon with  the  germinal  vesicle  or  its 
nucleus.  —  Germinal,  jer'mi-nal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  germ  or  seed-bud.— GermmaJ 
vesicle,  animal  physiol.  a  cell  which  floats 
in  the  yoke  of  an  egg;  hot.  a  cell  contained 
in  the  embyro  sac,  from  which  the  embryo 
is  developed. — Germ i»; ant,  jer'mi-nant,  a. 
[It.  genninans,  gerniinantis.]  Sprouting; 
beginning  to  grow;  growing;  gradually 
developing.— Germinate,  jer'mi-nat,  v.i. — 
germinated,  germinating,  [li.  germino, 
germvnatwn,  to  bud,  from  germen.]  To 
sprout;  to  bud;  to  shoot;  to  begin  to  vege- 
tate, as  a  plant  or  its  seed. — v.t.i  To  cause 
to  sprout  or  bud.  —  Germination,  jor-mi- 
nS'shon,  n.  The  act  of  germinating;  the 
first  act  of  growth  by  an  embryo  plant. — 
Germinative,  jer'mi-na-tiv,  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  germination. — Germ-theory,  n. 
The  theory  that  living  matter  cannot  bf 
produced  by  evolution  or  development 
from  not-living  matter,  but  is  produced 
from  germs  or  seeds;  also  the  theory  that 
zymotic  diseases  are  caused  by  the  presence 
in  the  atmosphere  of  infinite  multitudes 
of  germs  of  cr.vptogamic  plants  reaily  to 
become  developed  and  multiply  under 
favourable  conditions. 
German,  jer'man,  a.  [L.  germanus,  a  bro- 
ther, for  germina7ius,  from  germen,  an  off- 
shoot. Germ.  ]  Siirung  from  the  sama 
father  and  mother  or  from  members  of  the 
same  family;  germanej.  —  Germane,  jer'- 
man,  a.  Closely  akin;  nearly  related; 
allied;  relevant;  pertinent. 
German,  jer'm an,  n.  Ih. Germanus, GermsiU, 
Germani,  the  Germans,  not  a  native  Ger- 
man appellation,  but  probably  borrowed 
by  the  Komans  from  the  Celts;  of  doubt- 
ful origin.]  A  Native  or  inhabitant  of 
Germany;  the  language  of  the  higher  and 
more  southern  districts  of  Germany,  and 
the  literary  language  of  all  Germany, 
called  by  the  people  themselves  Deittsch 
{= Dutch),  and  also  known  as  High  Ger- 
man, to  distinguish  it  from  the  Low  Ger- 
man, or  vernacular  of  the  lowland  or 
northern  •  parts  of  Germany.  See  also 
Dutch. — a.  Belonging  to  Germany.— Ger- 
manic, jer-man'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  Ger- 
many; a  name  of  certain  languages  other 
wise  called  Teutonic.  —  Germanism,  jer"- 
man-izm,  n.  An  idiom  or  phrase  of  the 
German  language. — German-millet,  n.  A 
species  of  grass,  producing*  a  nutritious 
grain.— German-paste,  n.  A  kind  of  paste 
used  for  feeding  singing  birds.— German- 
silver,'!!.  A  white  alloy  of  nickel,  formed 
by  fusing  together  100  parts  of  copper,  60 
of  zinc,  and  40  of  nickel. — German-tinder. 
n.    Amadou. 

Germander,  j6r-man'd6r,  n.  [Fr.  german- 
dria,  corrupted  from  L.  cham,cedrys,  Gr. 
chamaidrys,  germander— cAaniai,  on  the 
ground,  and  drys,  an  oak.]  The  common 
name  of  certain  labiate  plants,  a  few 
species  of  which  are  common  in  Britain.— 
Ger^nander  speedwell.  SpksdwkIjI.. 
Germinal,  4c.  Under  Germ. 
Gerontocracy,  jer-on-tok'ra-si,  n.  [Gr.  ger- 
&n,  gerontos,  an  old  "man,  and  kratfis, 
power.)  Government  by  old  men. 
Gerund,  jer'und,  n.  |L.  gerundium,  from 
gero,  to  carry  on  or  perform,  the  gerund 
expressing  tho  doing  or  the  necessity  of 
doing  something.)  A  part  of  the  Latin 
verb,  or  a  kind  of  verbal  noun,  used  to 
express  the  meaning  of  the  present  infini- 
tive active^  a  term  adopted  into  other  lan- 
guages to  indicate  various  forms  or  modi- 
fications of  the  verb,  in  English  being 
applied  to  verbal  nouns  such  as  'touching' 
in  expressions  like  'fit  for  teaching  boys.' 
—  Gerundial,  je-run'di-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  resembling  a  gerund.  —  Gerundive, 
je-mn'div,  n.  A  name  given  originally  by 
Latin  grammarians  to  the  future  partici- 
ple passive,  a  form  similar  to  the  gerund; 
sometimes  u.sed  in  regard  to  otlier  lan- 

fuapes.  —  Gerundively,  je-run'div-li,  adv. 
n  the  manner  of  a  gerund  or  gerundive. 
Gestation,  jes-ta'shon,  n.  [L.  gestatio,  from 


1' ate,  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  miive;     tQbe.  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     ii,  Sc.  abttne— the.Fr.  tt, 


GESTICULATE 


295 


GILD 


sesto,  gesiatum,  freq.  from  gero,  gestum,  to 
carry,  seen  also  in  gesture,  gesticulate,  corir 
gest,  digest,  suggestion,  &c.]  The  act  of 
carrying  young  m  the  womb  from  concep- 
tion to  delivery;  pregnancy.  —  Gestatory, 
jes'ta-to-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  gestation  or 
pregnancy.— G€stlc,tjes'tik,  a.  [From  old 
gest,  a  deed  or  exploit:  L.  gestum,  from 
gero.]  Pertaining  to  deeds  or  exploits. 
[Goldsmith.] ' 

Gesticulate,  jes-tik'a-lat,  v.i.— gesticulated, 
gesticulating.  [L.  gesticulor,  gesticvlatus, 
from  gero,  gestum,  to  bear  or  carry.  Ges- 
tation.] To  make  gestures  or  motions,  as 
in  speaking;  to  use  postures. — v.t.i  To  re- 
present by  gesture.  —  Gesticxilation,  jes- 
tik'u-la"shon,  n.  lli.  gesticulaiio.]  The  act 
of  gesticulating  or  making  gestures;  a  ges- 
ture.—Gesticulator,  jes-tik'u-la-ter,  n.  One 
that  gesticulates. — Gesticulatory,  jes-tik'- 
ti-la-to-ri,  a.    Pertaining  to  gesticulation. 

Gesture,  jes'tur,  n.  [L.L.  gesiura,  mode  of 
acting,  from  L.  gestuS,  po?ture,  motion, 
from  gero,  gestum,  to  bear,  to  carry.  Ges- 
tation.] A  motion  or  action  intended  to 
express  an  idea  or  feeling,  or  to  enforce 
an  argument  or  opinion;  movement  of  the 
body  or  VLnxhs.— v. t.— gestured,  gesturing. 
To  express  by  gesture.— v.i.  To  make  ges- 
tures.—Gestural,  jes'ta-ral,  a.  Pertaining 
to  gesture.  —  Gestur^ess,  jes'tur-Iea,  a. 
Free  from  gestures. 

Get,  get,  v.t.  pret.  got  (gat,  obs.),  pp.  got, 
gotten,  ppr.  getting.  [A.  Sax.  gitan,  to  ob- 
tain; Icel.  geta,  O.H.G.  gezan,  Goth,  gitan: 
probably  of  same  root  as  Gr.  chandanO,  to 
contain,  L.  {pre]hendo,  to  catch,  as  in  com- 
prehend. Hence  beget,  forget.]  To  pro- 
cure; to  obtain;  to  gain  possession  of  by 
any  means;  to  beget;  to  procreate;  to  com- 
mit to  memory;  to  learn;  to  prevail  on;  to 
induce;  to  persuade;  to  procure  or  cause 
to  be  or  occur  (to  get  a  letter  sent,  to  get 
things  together) ;  refl.  to  carry  or  betake 
one's  self. — To  get  in,  to  collect  and  bring 
under  cover. — To  get  off,  to  put  or  be  able 
to  put  off;  to  take  off. — To  get  on,  to  be 
able  to  put  on;  to  draw  or  pull  on.— To  get 
out,  to  draw  or  be  able  to  draw  forth. — 
v.i.  To  make  acquisition;  to  gain;  to  ar- 
rive at  any  place  or  state;  to  become:  fol- 
lowed by  some  modifying  word,  and  some- 
times implying  difliculty  or  labour.— To 
get  above,  to  surmount;  to  surpass. — To  get 
along,  to  proceed;  to  advance. — To  get  at, 
to  reach;  to  make  way  to;  to  come  to. — To 
get  away,  to  depart;  to  leave;  to  disengage 
one's  self..— To  get  back,  to  arrive  at  the 
place  from  which  one  departed;  to  return.' 
— To  get  be/ore,  to  advance  to  the  front  or 
so_as  to  be  before. — To,  get  behind,  to  fall 
in" the  rear;  to  lag. — To  get  clear,  to  disen- 
gage one's  self;  to  be  releasea. —  To  get 
down,  to  descend ;  to  come  from  an  eleva- 
tion.— To  getdrunk,  tobecome  intoxicated. 
— To  get  forward,  to  proceed;  to.  advance; 
also,  to  prosper. — To  get  home,  to  arrive  at 
one's  dwelling.  —  To  get  in,  to  obtain  ad- 
mission; to  insinuate  one's  self.  —  To  get 
loose  or  free,  to  disengage  one's  self;  to  be 
released  from  confinement. — To  get  off,  to 
escape;  to  depart;  to  get  clear;  to  alight  or 
come  down  from  a  thing. — To  get  on,  to  pro- 
ceed ;  to  advance;  to  succeed ;  to  prosper; 
to  mount. — To  get  out,  to  depart  from  an 
inclosed  place  or  from  confinement;  to 
escape;  to  free  one's  self  from  embarrass- 
ment.— To  get  over,  to  pass  over;  to  sur- 
mount; to  conquer;  to  recover  from. — To 
get  quit  of,  to  get  rid  of,  to  shift  off,  or  to 
disengage  one's  self  from. — To  get  through, 
to  pass  through  and  reach  a  point  beyond; 
also,  to  finish;  to  accomplish. — To  get  to,  to 
reach;  to  arrive  at.— To  get  up,  to  rise  from 
a  bed  or  a  seat;  to  ascend;  to  climb;  to  ori- 
ginate and  prepare  or  bring  forward  (to  get 
up  a  concert);  to  dress;  to  equip  (the  actor 
was  well  got  wp).— Gettable,  Getable,  get'- 
a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  obtained;  obtain- 
able.-^  Getter,  get'er,  n.  One  who  gets; 
one  who  begetsf. — Getting,  get'ing,  n.  The 
act  of,  obtaining;  acquisition. — Get-up,  n. 
Equipment;  dress  and  other  accessories 
(an  actor's  get-up). 

Gewgaw,  gu'ga,  n.  [Formerly  gugawe,  gy- 
gawe,  for  old  givegove,  a  reduplicated  form 
from  give.]  A  showy  trifle;  a  pretty  thing 
of  little  worth;  a  toy;  a  bauble. 


Geyser,  gi'z6r,  n.  [Icel.  geysir,  lit.  the 
gusher,  from  geysa,  to  gush;  allied  to  E. 
gush,]  The  name  given  to  springs  or  foun- 
tains of  hot  water  characterized  by  peri- 
odic eruptions,  the  water  rising  up  in  a 
column. 

Ghastly,  gastli,  a.  [A.  Sas.  gcesiUc,  terri- 
ble, gcestheing  the  same  as  ghast  in  aghast; 
akin  Goth,  usgaisjan,  to  terrify.  Aghast.] 
Terrible  of  comitenance ;  tleathlike ;  dis- 
mal ;  horrible;  shocking ;  dreadful. — adv. 
In  a  ghastly  manner;  hideously. — Ghast, 
gast,  a.  [From  ghastly.]  Having  a  ghastly 
appearance;  weird.  —  Ghastllness,  gast'li- 
nes,  n.  The  state'  or  quality  of  being 
ghastly. 

Ghat,  Ghaut,  giit,  gat,  n.  [Hind.]  In  the 
East  Indies,  a  pass  through  a  mountain;  fi 
range  or  chain  of  hills;  a  landing-place  or 
stairway  to  the  rivers  of  India. 

Ghawazee,  Ghawazi,  ga-wa'z5,  n.  An  Egyp- 
tian dancing-girl. 

Ghebre,  Gheber,  galsfir,  n.    Guebke. 

Ghee,  ge,  n.  [Hind.]  In  India,  the  butter 
made  from  the  milk  of  the  buffalo  con- 
verted into  a  kind  of  oil. 

Gherkin,  g6r'kin,  n.  [G.  gurJce,  D.  agurkje, 
DAn.  agurke,  from  Ar.  al-khiydr.  Per.  khi- 
ydr,  cucumber.]  A  small-fruited  variety 
of  the  cucumber  used  for  pickling. 

Ghittern,  git'6m,  n.    Same  as  Gittern. 

Ghost,  gost,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gdst,  a  spirit,  a 
ghost ;  D.  geest,  G.  geist,  a  spirit ;  from  a 
root  seen  in  Icel.  geisa,  to  chafe,  to  rage  as 
fire;  Sw.  gdsa,  to  fernient;  E.  yeast.]  The 
soul  or  spiritual  part  of  mant;  the  visible 
spirit  of  a  dead  person;  a  disembodied 
spirit;  an  apparition;  shadow  (not  the 
ghost  of  a  chance). — To  give  up  the  ghost,. 
to  yield  up  the  spirit;  to  die.— The  Holy 
Ghost,  the  third  person  in  the  Trinity.— 
Ghostlike,  gost'lik,  a.  Like  a  ghost;  spec- 
tral.—Ghostliness,  gost'li-nes.w:  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  ghostly.— Ghostly,  gost'- 
li,  a.  Having  to  do  with  the  soul  or  spi- 
rit; spiritual;  not  carnal  or  secular;  per- 
taining to  apparitions  (a  ghostly  visitant); 
suggestive  of  ghosts  (ghostly  gloom). — . 
Ghost-seer,  n.    One  who  sees  ghosts  or' 

,  apparitions. ' —  Ghost-story,  n.  A  story 
about  a  ghost  or  ghosts. 

Ghoul,  gol,  n.  [Per.  ghUl,  a  kind  of  demon 
supposed  to  devour  men.]  An  imaginary 
evil  being  among  eastern  nations,  which 
is  supposed  to  prey  upon  human  bodies. 

Ghyll,  gil,  n.    Same  as  Gill,  a  ravine. 

Giant,  ji'ant,  n.  [O.E.  geant,  Fr.  giant, 
from  L.  gigas,  gigantis,.trom  Gr.  gigas, 
gigantos,  a  giant,  formed  by  reduplication 
of  root  gan,  gen,  to  produce.]  A  man  of 
extraordinary  bulk  and  stature;  a  person 
of  extraordinary  strength  or  powers,  bod- 
ily or  intellectual.  —  a.  Like  a  giant;  ex- 
traordinary in  size  or  strength.— Giantess, 
ji'an-tes,  n.  A  female  giant.  —  Giantize, 
ji'an-tiz,  v.i.  To  play  the  giant.— Giantly, 
ji'ant-li,  a.  Resembling  or  appropriate  to 
a  giant;  characteristic  of  a  giant. — Gian't- 
ry,t  ji'ant-ri,  n.  Giants  collectively. — 
Giantship,  ji' ant-ship,  n.  The  state  or 
character  of  a  giant. 

Giaour,  jour,  n.  [Turk.,  from  Per.  g&wr.&n. 
infidel.]  A  word  used  by  the  Turks  to  des- 
ignate the  adherents  of  all  religions  ex- 
cept the  Mohammedan,  more  particularly 
Christians;  a  Frank. 

Gibber,  gib'6r,  v.i.  [Akin  to  jabber  and 
gabble,  perhaps  also  to  gibe.]  To  speak- 
rapidly  ard  inarticulately;  to  gabble  or 
jabber.  —  Gibberish,  gib'er-ish,  n.  Rapid 
and  inarticulate  talk;  unintelligible  lan- 
guage; unmeaning  words. 

Gibbet,  jib'et,  n.  [Fr.  gibet,  O.Pr.  gibbet: 
comp.  O.Fc.  gibet,  a  large  stick.]  A  kind 
of  gallows;  a  gallows  with  a  cross-beam  or 
an  arm  projecting  from  the  top,  on  which 
notorious  malefactors  were  hanged;  the 
projecting  beam  or  jib  of  a  crane.- u.^  To 
hang  on  a  gibbet  or  gallows;  to  iiold  up 
to  ridicule,  scorn,  infamy,  &o. 

Gibbon,  gib'on,  n.  A  name  of  various  apes 
of  the  Indian  Archipelago,  slender  in  form 
and  with  very  long  arms. 

Gibbous,  gib'us,  a.  [L.  gibbosus,  from  gib- 
bus,  humped,  a  hump.]  Swelling  out  or 
protuberant;  exhibiting  a  sort  of  hump 
or  convex  swelling ;  hunched :  applied  to 
the  moon  when  more  than  half  and  less 


than  full;  hot.  more  convex  or  tumid  in 
ohe  place  than  another.— Gibbose,  gib-5s', 
a.  Humped;  having  humps;  gibbous. — 
Gibbosity,  gib-os'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing gibbous  or  gibbose;  a  protuberance  or 
round  swelling  prominence;  convexity. — 
Gibbously,  gib'us-li,  adv.  In  a  gibbous  or 
protuberant  form.  —  Gibbousness,  gib'us- 
nes,  n. 

Gib-cat,  gib'ka.t,n.  [Gib  for  GiVbert;  comp. 
Tmn-cat.]    A  castrated  cat. 

Gibe,  jib,  v.i.— jibed,  jibing.  [From  the 
same  root  as  gab,  the  mouth,  gabble,  jab- 
ber, &c. ;  comp.  Sw.  gipa,  to  -wry  the  mouth.] 
To  utter  taunting  sarcastic  words;  to  flout; 
to  fleer.  —  v.t  To  assail  with  contemp- 

-tuous  words;  to  mock;  to  flout;  to  treat 
with  sarcastic  reflections;  to  taunt. — n.  A 
taunt  or  sarcastic  remark;  a  mocking  jest; 
a  scoff.— Giber,  ji'ber,  n.  One  who  gibes. 
— Gibingly,  ji'bing-li,  adv.  In  a. gibing 
manner. 

Giblets,  jib'lets,  n.  pi.  [0.  Fr;  gibelet;  origin 
unknown.]  The  entrails  of  a  goose  or 
other  fowl  removed  before  roasting;  rags 
or  tatterst. 

Giddy,  gid'i,  a.  [Porhaps  from  A.  Sax. 
giddian.to  sing,  from  gidd,  a  song.]  Hav- 
ing in  the  head  a  sensation  of  a  whirling 
or  reeling  about;  affected  with  vertigo; 
dizzy;  reeling;  rendering  giddy;  inducing 
giddiness  (a  giddy  height) ;  suggestive  of 
giddiness  from  its  motion ;  whirling ;  in- 
constant; changeable;  flighty;  thought- 
less; rendered  wild  by  excitement;  having 
the  head  turned.— f.<. — giddied,  giddying. 
To  make  giddy. — v.i.  To  turn  quickly;  to 
reel.  —  Giddily,  gid'i-li,  adv.  In  a  giddy 
manner.— Giddiness,  gid'i-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  giddy.— Giddy-head,  n.  A  person 
without  thought  or  judgment.  —  Giddy- 
headed,  a.  Having  a  giddy  head;  un- 
steady; flighty;  volatile.— Giddy-paced,  a. 
Moving  irregularly;  reeling;  flighty. 

Gier-eagle,  ger'e-gl,  n.  [D,  gier,  G.  geier, 
a  vulture.]    A  kind  of  eagle.    [O.T.] 

Gift,  gift,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gift,  from  gifan, 
to  give.  Give.]  That  which  is  given  or 
be.otowed;  a  present;  a  donation;  the  act, 
right,  or  power  of  giving  (it  is  not  in  his 
gift):  a  natural  quality  or  endowment  re- 
garded as  conferred ;  power ;  faculty ;  tal- 
ent.— v.t:  To  confer  as  a  gift;  to  make  a 
gift  or  present  to;  to  endow. — Gifted,  gif- 
ted, pp.  or  a.  Endowed  by  nature  with 
any  power  or  faculty ;  largely  endowed 
with  intellect  or  genius;  talented. 

Gig,  gig,  n.  [Origin  doubtful;  comp.  jT^.] 
Any  little  thing  that  is  whirled  round  in 
play;  a  whirligig  (Shak.);  a  light  one-horse 

•  carriage  with  two  wheels;  a  long  narrow 
rowing-boat;  a  ship's  <boat  suited  for  row- 
ing expeditiously,  and  generally  furnished 
with  sails;  a  machine  for  teazling  woollen 

.cloth;  a  kind  of  harpoon.  —  Gigster,  gig'- 
st6r,  n.    A  horse  suitable  for  a  gig. 

Gigantic,  Gigantical,  ji-gan'tik,  ji-gan'ti- 
kal,  a.  [L.  giqanticus,  from  gigas,  a  giant. 
Giant.]  Of  tne  size  or  proportions  of  a 
giant;  colossal;  huge;  enormous;  im- 
mense.—Gigantesque,  ji'gan-tesk,  a.  Be- 
fitting a  giant.  —  Gigantically,  jtgan'ti- 
kal-li,  adv.  In  a  gigantic  manner.  —  6i- 
gaiiticness,t  ji-gan'tik-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  gigantic.  —  (Jigantom- 
achy,  ji-gan-tom'a-ki,  n.  [Gr;  gigas,  gi- 
gantos, giant,  and  mache,  fight.]  A  war 
of  giants. 

Giggle,  gig'l,  n.  [Imitative,  like  eacJde;  I). 
gicken,  gickelen,  to  cackle;  Swiss  gigelen,  to 
giggle.]  A  kind  of  laugh,with  short  catches 
of  the  voice  or  breath;  a  titter.  —  f.i.— 
giggled,  giggling.  To  laugh  with  short 
catches  of  the  breath  or  voice;  to  titter. — 
Giggler,  gig'ler,  n.  One  that  giggles.— 
Giggling,  gig 'ling,  a.  Characterized  by 
giggles;  tittering.— Giglet,  Giglot,  gig'let, 
gig'lot,  n.  [From  giggle,  or  from  gig  with 
a  diminutive  termination.]  A  light  giddy 
girl;  a  wanton. — a.  Giddy;  inconstant; 
wanton  (Shak.).     ' 

Gigot,  jig'ot,  n.  [Fr.,  from  O.Frl  gigue,  the 
thigh,  a  fiddle,  from  O.G.  glge,  G.  geige,  a 
violin,  from  its  shape.]   A  leg  of  mutton. 

Gild,  gild,  v.t.— pret.  &  pp.  gilded  or  gilt.  [A. 
Sax.  gyldan,  from  gold.]  To  overlay  with 
gold,  either  in  leaf  or  powder,  or  in  amal- 
gam with  quicksilver;  to  give  a  golden 


^chjCTiain;    .eft,  So,  locft;     g,  fro;     j.job;     n,  Fr.  tow;     ng,  Binff;     sh,  </ien;  th,  «Wn;     w,  wig;     wb,  w/tig;     zh,  asure. 


GILD 


296 


GLAD 


hue  to;  to  illuminate;  to  brighten;  to  ren- 
der bright ;  to  give  a  fair  and  agreeable 
external  appearance  t-o.  —  GUder,  gil'dfer, 
J!.  One  who  rilda.  —  GUding,  gil'ding,  n. 
The  art  of  a  gilder;  -what  is  laid  on  by  the 
gilder;  a  thin  coating  of  gold-leaf; /p.  fair 
superficial  show. 

GUd,  gild,  n.    Same  as  Guild. 

Gilder,  gil'dfer,  n.  A  Dutch  coin;  a  guil- 
der. 

Gill,  gil,  n.  [Not  in  A.  Sax.  or  German;  a 
Scandinavian  word:  Dan.  gicette,  Sw.  gal, 
Jisk-oel,  a  fish-gill;  comp.  Gael,  guil,  a  jaw, 
a  gill.]  The  respiratory  organ  of  fishes 
and  other  animals  which  breathe  the  air 
that  is  mixed  in  water;  pi.  the  flap  that 
hangs  below  the  beak  of  a  fowl ;  the  flesh 
under  or  about  a  person's  chin;  the  radiat- 
ing plates  on  the  under  side  of  a  fungus. 

Gill,  jil,  n.  [O.Fr.  gelle,  a  wihe  measure; 
akin  to  gallon.'}  A  measure  of  capacity 
containing  the  fourth  part  of  a  pint. 

Gill,  jil,  n.  [Abbrev.  of  Oillian,  from  Juli- 
ana,; hence  jilt.]  A  sweetheart;  a  wanton 
girl.— Gill-flirt,  n.  A  sportive  or  wanton 
girL 

Gill,  gil,  n.  [Icel.  gil,  a  ravinej  A  ravine 
or  chasm  in  a  hiU;  a  gully.    [Local.] 

Gillie,  gil'i,  n.  [Gael,  gille,  a  boy,  a.  gillie.] 
In  the  Highlands  an  outdoor  male  ser- 
vant, especially  one  who  attends  a  person 
while  hunting. 

GilIyflow«r,  jil'i-flou-Sr,  n;  [Formerly  gil- 
o/er,  from  Fr.  giroflee,  from  L.  caryophyl- 
lu9,  Gr.  karyophyllon,  the  clove-tree— iar- 
yon,  a  nut,  and  phylion,  a  leaf.]  The  pop- 
ular name  given  to  certain  plants,  as  the 
pink  or  clove-pink.    Clove. 

Gilt,  gilt,  pp.  of  gild.  Overlaid  with  gold. 
-^.  Gk>ld  laid  on  the  surface  of  a  thing; 
gilding.— Gilt-head,  ».-  The  name  of  two 
fishes. 

Gimbals,  gim'balz,n.p7.  [Formerly  ^em»waZ, 
gimmal-ring^  from  Fr.  genielle,  from  L. 
nemellus,  twin,  paired,  double,  from  gemi- 
nus,  twin.]  A  contrivance  consisting  usu- 
ally of  two  movable  hoops  or  rings,  sup- 
ported upon  horizontal  pivots,  the  one 
moving  within  the  other  about  two  axes 
at  right  angles  to  each  other  and  in  the 
same  plane;  a  contrivance  such  as  sup- 
ports'the  mariner's  compass  and  causes  it 
to  assume  a  coixstantly  vertical  position, 

-.notwithstanding  the  rolling  of  the  ship. 

Gimcrack,  jim'krak,  n.  [From  W.  gwymp, 
Prov.  E.  gimp,  gim,  neat  spruce,  and  old 
crack,  a  pert  boy;  originally  applied  to  a 
boy.)  A  trivial  piece  of  mechanism;  a 
toy;  a  pretty  thing. 

Gimlet,  Simblet,  gimlet, ».  [O.Fr.  guitn- 
beUt,  same  word  as  £.  wimble,  with  dim. 
term.;  comp.  CD.  wimpel,  alDore,  D.  u<em- 
elen,  to  move  in  an  undula.tory.  manner.] 
A  small  instrument  with  a  pointed  screw 
at  the  end,  for  boring  holes  in  wood  by 
turning. —  ti.t.  To  use  a  gimlet  upon;  to 
form  by  using  a  gimlet. 

Gdmmer,  gim'er,  n.  [Icel.  gyrribr,  Dan.  gim- 
^ner,  a  young  ewe.]  A  ewe  that  is  two 
jreais  old.    [Provincial.] 

Gimp,  Gymp,  gimp,  n.  [Perhaps  nasalized 
from  Fr.  guiper,  to  whip  about  with  silk, 
from  Goth.  weipan=^.  to  whip;  comp.  G. 
gim/,  gimpf,  a  loop,  lace,  Ac]  A  kind  of 
silk  twist  or  edging. 

Gin,  jin,  n.  A  contraction  of  Geneva,  a  dis- 
tilled spirit.  —  Gin-palace,  n.  A  shop  or 
house  where  gin.is  retailed;  a  dram-shop. 

Gin,  jin,  n.  [A  contr.  of  engine.]  A  trap 
or  snare ;  a-  kind  of  whim  or  windlass 
worked  by  a  horse,  for  raising  minerals;  a 
contrivance  for  raising  weights,  consist- 
ing of  three  upright  poles  meeting  at  top 
with  block  and  tackle;  a  machine  for 
separating  the  seeds  from  cotton;  a  ma- 
chine for  driving  pile3.~v.t.— ginned,  gin- 
ning. To  catch  in  a  gin;  to  clear  of  seeds 
by  the  cotton-gin. 

Gin,  gin,  v.i.    [A  Sax.  ginnan.)    To  begin. 

Ginger,  jin'jfer,  n.  (O.Fr.  gengihre,  Fr.  gin- 
gembre,  from  L.  zingiber,  ultimately  from 
Skr.  .fringa-vera  —  (ringa,  horn,  vira, 
shape.]  The  rhizome  or  underground  stem 
of  a  perennial  herb  cultivated  in  most 
tropical  countries;  used  in  medicine  and 
largely  as  a  condiment. —  Gingerade,  jin'- 
j6r-ad,  n.  An  aerated  beverage  flavoured 
vith  ginger.— Qinger-heer,  n.  A  bavsrage 


of  ragar  and  water  fermented,  and  fla- 
voured with  ginger.  —  Gingarbread,  n.  A 
kind  of  cake  usually  sweetened  with  trea- 
cle and  variously  flavoured.— Gingerbread- 
tree,  n.  A  name  of  the  doum-palm. — Gin- 
ger-cordial, n.  A  liqueur  made  from 
raisins,  ginger,  and  spirit.  — Ginger-wine, 
n.  A  sweet  beverage  flavoured  with  ginger. 

Gingerly,  jin'jSr-li,  adv.  [Connected  with 
prov.  ging,  gang,  to  go.]  Cautiously;  dain- 
tily (to  walk,  to  handle  a  thing  gingerly). 

Gingham,  ging'am.it.  [From  Guingamp,  a 
town  of  Brittany.]  A  kind  of  striped  cot- 
ton cloth. 

Gingle,  jing'gl,  n.,  t>.t.,  and  v.t.  Same  as 
Jingle. 

Gingi3rma8,  gingfgli-mus,  n.  [Gr.  gitigly- 
mos.]  Anat.  a  joint  such  as  that  of  the 
elbow  or  knee,  in  which  there  is  no  rota- 
tory movement. 

Ginn,  jin,  n.    Same  as  Jinn, 

Ginseng,  jin'seng,  n.  [Chinese  name.]  A 
name  of  two  plants,  the  root  of  which  is 
considered  by  the  Chinese  a  panacea  or 
remedjr  for  all  ailments. 

Gipsy,  jip'si,  n.    Gypsy. 

Giraffe,  ji-raf ,  n.  [Fr.  girafe,  giraffe,  Sp. 
girafa,  from  Ar.  ziirofa,  said  to  mean 
long-necked.]  The  camelopard,  a  rumin- 
ant animjJ  inhabiting  Aixica.,  the  tallest 
of  all  animals  (awing  to  the  extraordinary 
length  of  the  neck),  a  full-grown  male 
reaching  the  height  of  18  or  20  feet. 

Girandole,  jir'an-dol,  n.  [Fr.,  from  It.  gir- 
andola,  from  girare,  to  turn,  firom  L. 
gyrus,  a  turn.]  A  chandelier;  a  kind  of 
revolving  firework. 

Girasole,  jir'a-sol,  n.  [Fr.,  from  It.  gira- 
8oi6-~girare,  to  turn,  L.  gyrus,  a  turn,  and 
sole,  D.  sol,  the  sun.)  A  plant,  the  Euro- 
pean heliotrope  or  turnstile ;  a  variety  of 
opal  showing  a  reddish  colour  when  turned 
toward  the  sun  or  any  bright  light. 

Gird,  g6rd,n.  [A.  Sax.  gyrd,  a  tod  (whence 
also  E.  yard,  a  measure);  D.  garde,  G-. 
gerte,  a  twig,  a  switch.]  A  stroke  with  a 
switch  or  wnip;  heifice,  a  twitch  or  pang ; 
a  sneer;  a  gibe. — v.t.  To  gibe;  to  lash. — 
v.i.  To  gibe;  to  utter  severe  sarcasms:  with 
at 

Gird,  gferd,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  girded  or  girt. 
[A.  Sax.  gyrdan  =  Goth,  gairdan,  Icel. 
gyrtha,  Dan.  giorde,  G.  giirten,  to  gird; 
akin  garth,  girth,  yard,  an  inclosure.]  To 
bind  by  surrounding  with  any  flexible 
substance;  to  make  fast  by  binding;  to  tie 
round :  usually  with  on;  to  clothe,  invest, 
or  surround;  to  encircle;  to  encompass. — 
Girder,  g^r'd^r,  n.  One  who  girds;  a  main 
beam,  either  of  wood  or  iron,  resting  upon 
a  wall  or  pier  at  each  end,  employed  for 
supporting  a  superstructure  or  a  super- 
incumbent weight. — Girder-bridge,  n.  A 
bridge  the  roadway  of  which  is  supported 
by  girders.— Girdle,  gfer'dl,  n.  [A.  Sax. 
gyrdel,  from  gyrdan,  to  gird ;  Sw.  gordel, 
G.  giirtel.]  A  band  or  belt  for  the  waist; 
■what  girds  or  incloses.  —  v.t.  —  girdled, 
girdling.  To  bind  with  a,  girdle;  to  in- 
close or  environ. 

Girljgferl,  •».  [Formerly  applied  to  both 
sexes,  and  probably  connected  with  L.G. 
gbr,  gore,  a  child;  Swiss  gurre,  gurrti,  de- 
preciatory term  for  girl.]  A  female  child; 
a  female  not  arrived  at  puberty;  a  young 
woman. — Girlhood,  gtrrhud,n.  The  state 
of  being  a  girl;  the  earlier  stage  of  maiden- 

!  hood.— Girlish,  girlish,  a.  Like  or  jjer- 
taiuing  to  a  girl ;  befitting  a  girl.— Girl- 
ishly, gferlish-li,  adv.  In  a  girlish  man- 
ner. —  Girlishness,  gfer'lish-nes,  Ji.  The 
quality  of  being  girlish. 

Girt,  gert,  pret.  &  pp.  of  gird. 

Girth,  gferth,  n.  [From  gird,  v.t.,  or  rather 
directly  from  Icel.  gerth,  gjorih,  girth.] 
The  band  fastening  the  saddle  on  a 
horse's  back;  the  measure  round  a  person's 
body  or  anything  cylindrical.— w.t.  To  bind 
with  a  girth. 

Gist,  jist,  n.  [O.Fr.  giste,  a  lying-place, 
lodging,  from  gesir,  L.  jacere,  to  lie  (as  in 
adjacent).]  The  maii^  point  of  'a  question 
or  that  on  which  it  rests;  the  substance  or 
pith  of  a  matter. 

Glttern,  git'6m,  n.  [O.D.  ghiteme,  from 
li.  eithara,  Gr.  kithara,  a  kind  of  lyre.] 
An  instrument  of  the  guitar  kind  strung 
with  wire;  a  cittern. 


Give,  giv,  v.t— gave  (pret.),  givek  ipt.),  giv- 
ing (ppr.).  [A.  Sax.  gi/an=Daxi.  give,  Icel. 
gefa,  D.  geven,  G.  geben,  Goth,  giban,  to 
give;  probably  causative  from  same  root 
as  L.  habeo,  to  have  (whence  iiabit,  &c.)= 
to  make  to  have.]  To  convey  to  another; 
to  bestow;  to  communicate  (an  opinion, 
advice);  to  utter;  to  pronounce  (a  cry,  the 
word  of  command);  to  grant;  bo  cause  or 
enable  (he  gave  me  to  understand);  to  ad- 
dict; often  with  up;  to  excite  {to  give 
offence);  to  pledge  (one's  word);  to  propose, 
as  a  toast;  to  ascribe;  to  pay;  to  j'ield,  as  a 
result  or  product.— 2'o  give  away,  to  make 
over  to  another;  to  transfer.— To  give  back, 
to  return;  to  restore. — To  give  birth  to,  to 
bring  forth,  as  a  child;  to  be  the  origin  of. 
— To  give  chase,  to  pursue. — To  give  ear,  to 
listen;  to  pay  attention;  to  give  heed.—  To 
Site/or^ft,  to  publish;  to  report  publiSly. — 
To  give  ground,  to  retire  before  an  enemy; 
to  yield, — To  give  in,  to  yield;  to  declare; 
to  make  known;  to  tender.— To  give  the 
lie,  to  charge  with  falsehood.—  To  give  over, 
to  leave;  to  cease;  to  abandon ;  to  regard 
as  past  recovery. — To  give  out,  to  report ; 
to  proclaim;  to  publish;  to  issue;  to  de- 
clare or  pretend  to  be;  to  emit;  to  distri- 
bute.— To  give  place,  to  retire  so  as  to-make 
room. —  To  give  tongue,  said  of  dogs,  to 
bark. — To  give  «p,  to  resign;  to  yield  as 
hopeless;  to  surrender;  to  cede;  to  deliver 
or  hand  over. — To  give  way,  to  yield ;  to 
withdraw;  to  yield  to  force;  to  break  or 
break  down ;  naut.  to  row  after  ceasing,  or 
to  increase  exertions. — v.i.  To  make  gifts; 
to  be  liberal ;  to  yield,  as  to  i)ressure ;  to 
recede;  to  afford  entrance  or  view;  to  race 
or  be  turned  (as  a  house).— To  give  in,  to 
give  way;  to  yield;  to  confess  one's  self 
beaten. — To  give  in  to,  to  yield  assent  to. 
— To  give  out,  to  ceat«  from  exertion;  to 
yield.  —  To  give  over,  to  cease ;  to  act  no 
more.— Given,  giv'n,  p.  and  a.  Bestowed; 
conferred;  admitted  or  supposed;  addicted; 
disposed  (much  given  to  carping) ;  math. 
supposed  or  held  to  be  known.  —  Giver, 
giv'er,  n.    One  who  gives. 

GizEard,  giz'6rd,  n.  [Fr.  gisier,  0 .  Fr.  geeier, 
from  L.  ciseria,  entrails  of  poultry.]  The 
third  and  principal  stomach  in  birds,  often 
very  thick  and  muscular. 

Glabrous,  gla'brus,  o.  [L.  gldber,  smooth.] 
Smooth;  having  a  surface  devoid  of  hair 
or  pubescence. 

Glacial,  gl&'shi-al,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  glaei- 
alis,  from  glades,  ice.]  Pertaining  to  ice 
or  to  the  action  of  ice;  pertaining  to 
glaciers;  icy;  frozen;  having  a  cold  glassy 
look.— Glacial  period  or  epoch,  in  geol  that 
interval  of  time  in  the  later  tertiary  period 
during  which  both  the  arctic  regions  and 
a  great  parirof  the  temperate  regions  were 
covered  with  a  sheet  of  ice.— Glacialist, 
gla'shi-al-ist,  n.  One  who  studies  or  writes 
on  glacial  phenomena.— Glaciate,  gla'shi- 

.  at,  v.i.  To  be  converted  into  ice.— r.t.  To 
convert  into  or  cover  with  ice;  to  act  upon 
by  glaciers.— Glaciation,  gla-shi-a'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  freezing;  the  process  or  result 
of  glacial  action  on  the  earth's  surface; 
the  striation  and  smoothing  of  rock-sur- 
faces by  glacial  action. — Glacier,  gla'shi- 
6r,n.  [Fr.,  from  pJace,  ice.]  An  immense 
accumulation  of  ice,  or  ice  and  snow, 
formed  in  lofty  valleys  above  the  line  of 
perpetual  congelation,  and  slowly  moving 
downwards  into  the  lower  valle.v8,  reach- 
ing frequently  to  the  borders  of  cultiva- 
tion.— Glacier-snow,  the  coarsely  granular 
snow  from  which  glaciers  are  formed;  neve. 
—  Glacier  tables,  large  stones  found  on 
glaciers  supported  on  pedestals  of  ice, 
formed  by  the  melting  away  of  the  ice 
where  it  is  not  shaded  from  the  sun  by 
the  Btons.— Glacier  theory,  a  theory  in  re- 
gard to  glaciers;  the  theory  attributing 
important  geological  changes  (as  the  ero- 
sion of  valleys)  to  the  actio^i  of  glaciers. 

Glacis,  gla'sis,  n.  (Pr..  from  glace,  ice— 
from  the  smoothness  of  its  surface.]  Fort 
a  sloping  bank  so  raised  as  to  bring  the 
enemy  advancing  over  it  into  the  most 
direct  line  of  fire  from  the  fort. 

Olad,  glad,  a.  [A.  Sax.  glced,  gIad==Dan. 
glad,  glad,  D.  glad,  Icel.  fritotAr,  smooth, 
polished,  cheerful;  G.  glatt,  smooth.  Allied 
to  glide  and  to  glow.]  ASfected  with  plea- 


fate,  f^,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,hto;     pine,  pin;     n5t«,  not,  mttre;     tube,  tub,  b^;.   (0{il,p«undj     <«  Sc.  abt<ae— tlw  Fr.  «. 


GLADE 


297 


GLIDE 


sure  or  satisfaction;  pleased;  joyful;  grati- 
fied; well  contented:  often  followed  by  of 
or  at;  cheerful;  bright;  wearing  the  ap- 
pearance of  joy  (a  glad  countenance). — v.t. 
— gladded,  gladding.  To  mak«  glad;  to 
gladden.  [Poet.]  —  Gladden,  glad'n,  v.t. , 
To  make  glad;  to  cheer;  to  please;  to  ex- 
hilarate.— v.i.  To  become  glad;  to  rejoice. 
—Gladly,  glad'li,  adv.  With  pleasure; 
joyfully;  cheerfully.— Gladness,  glad'ues, 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  gUd. — 
Gladsome,  glad'sum,  a.  Glad ;  cheerful ; 
causing  joy,  pleasure,  or  cheerfulness. 
[Poet.J  • 

Glade ,  glad,  n.  PJit.  a  light  or  bright  place, 
a  glad  place;  Icel.  glathr,  bright,  glad. 
Glad.]  An  opening  or  passage  through 
a  wood ;  a  kind  of  avenue  in  a  wood  or 
forest  covered  with  grass. — Glady,  gla'di, 
a.    Having  glades. 

Gladlate,  glad'i-at,  a.  [It.  gladius, asword.] 
Sword-shaped.-'Gladiator,  glad'i-a-t6r,  n. 
[L.,  from  gladius,  a  sword.]  Among  the 
ancient  Romans  one  who  fought  with 
deadly  weapons  in  the  amphitheatre  and 
other  places  for  the  entertainment  of  the 
people ;  hence,  a  combatant  in  general ;  a 
prize-fighter;  a  disputant.  —  GladiatoMal, 
Gladiatorian,  glad'i-a-to"ri-al,  glad'i-a-to"- 
ri-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  gladiators;  per- 
taining to  combatants  in  general  who 
fight  singly,  as  to  disputants.— Gladiator- 
ism,  glad-i-a'ter-izm,  n.  The  act  or  prac- 
tice of  gladiators.T^Gladiatorship,  glad-i- 
a't6r-ship,  n.  The  state  or  occupation  of 
a  gladiator. — Gladiolus,  gla-di'o-lus,  glad- 
i-O'lus  very  common,  n.  pi.  Gladioli,  gla- 
di'o-li,  glad-i-o'li.  Ih.  gladiolus,  dim.  of 
gladius,  a  sword,  from  their  leaves.]  An 
extensive  and  very  beautiful  geilusof  bul- 
bous-rooted plants,  found  most  abun- 
dantly in  South  Africa ;  sword-lily.— Gla- 
dius, gla'di-us,  n.  The  'pen'  or  internal 
bone  of  some  cuttle-fishes. 

Glagol,  gla'gol,  n.  [Slav.,  a  word.]  An  an- 
cient Slavonic  alphabet,  still  used  in  lit- 
urgies, ttc— Glagolitic,  gla-gO-lit'ik,  a.  'X)f- 
or  pertaining  to  the  Glagol. 

Glair,  glar,  n.  [Fr.  glaire,  from  li.  clarus, 
clear,  the  glair  of  an  egg  being  the  clear 
portion.  Clear.]  The  white  of  an  egg 
used'  as  varnish  to  preserve  paintings,  and 
as  a  size  in  gilding;  any  similar  substance. 
—v.t.  Tok  varnish  or  smear  with  glair. — 
Glairy,  Glaireous,  Glairous,  gla'ri,  gla'r6- 
ns,  gla'rus,  a.  Like  glair,  or  partaking  of 
its  qualities;  covered  with  glair. 

Glaive,  Glave,  glav,  n.  [Fr.  glaive,  from 
L.  gladius,  a  sword ;  allied  to  Gael,  claid- 
heanih,  a  sword,  claidheamhmor,  a  clay- 
more.- Glabiate.]  a  sword;  a  broadsword; 
a  falchion;  a  cutting  weapon  formerly  used 
by  foot  soldiers,  fixed  to  the  end  of  a  pole. 

Glamour,  glam'fer,  n.  [Comp.  Icel.  gtdrn- 
s^ni,  glamour,  illusion ;  Gidmr,-  a  poetic 
name  of  the  moon;  perhaps  akin  to  gleam.] 
Magic  influence  causing  a  person  to  see 
objects  difierently  from  what  they  really 
are;  witchery. 

Glance,  glans,  n.  [Same  word  as  Sw.  glans, 
IJau.  glands,  D.  glans,  G.  glam,  lustre, 
splendour;  glint,  glitter,  glisten,  gleam,  &c., 
are  connected.]  A  sudden  dart  or  flash  of 
light  or  splendour;  a  sudden  look  or  dart- 
ing of  sight;  a  rapid  or  momentary  cast- 
ing of  the  eye;  a  name  given  to  some  min- 
erals which  possess  a  metallic  lustre. — v.i. 
—glanced,  glancing.  To  shoot  or  dart  rays 
of  light  or  splendour;  to  emit  flashes  or 
corruscations  of  light;  to  flash;  to  fly  off 
in  an  oblique  direction;  to  strike  or  graze; 
to  dart  aside;  to  look  with  a  sudden  cast 
of  the  eye. — v.fEo  shoot  or  dart  suddenly; 
to  cast  for  a  moment  (to  glance  the  eye).— 
Glance-coal,  n.  Anthracite.— Glancingly, 
glan'sing-li,ody.    In  a  glancing  manner. 

Gland,  gland,  n.  fl'.  glans,  glandis,  an 
acoru.]  Anat.a.  distinct  soft  bodj% formed 
by  the  convolution  of  a  great  number  of 
vessels,  generally  destined  to  secrete  some 
fluid  from  the  blood;  bot.  a  secreting  organ 
occurring  on  the  epidermis  of  plants;  also, 
a  kind  of  one-celled  fruit,  with  a  dry  peri- 
carp.—Glanders,  glan'derz,  n.  A  very  dan- 
gerous and  highly  contagious  disease, 
chiefly  seen  in  horses,  but  capable  of  being 
transmitted  to  majn,  which  especially 
affect  the  .<:lri.nt)«  iwl^eiico  the  r:\'^->c),  the 


mucous  membrane  of  the  nose,  the  lungs, 
&c.— Glander,  glan'der,  v.t.  To  affect  with 
glanders. — Glandered,  glan'derd,  p.  and  a. 
Affected  with  glanders.  —  Glandiferous, 
glan-dif 'er-us,  o.  [L.  glandis,  and  fero,  to 
bear.]  Bearing  glands;  bearing  acorns  or 
other  nuts.— Glandiform,  glan'di-form,  a. 
Having  the  shape  of  a  gland  or  nut;  re- 
sembling a  gland.  —  Glandular,  glan'dU- 
ler,  a.  Consisting  of  a  gland  or  glands; 
pertaining  to  glands. — Glandularly,  glaa'- 
du-ler-li,  adv.  In  a  glandular  manner. — 
Glandule,  glan'dul,  n.  [L.  glandula.]  A 
small  gland.— Glanduliferows,  glan-du-lif- 
tr-us,  a.  Bearing  glandules,  —  Glandu- 
losity,  glan-du-los'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  glandulous.  —  Glandulous,  Glandu- 
lose,  glan'du-lus,  glan'da-los,  a.  [L.  glan- 
dulosus.]  Glandular. 
Glare,  glar,  n.  [Akin,  to  A.  Sax.  glcer,  amber; 
IJan.  glar,  Icel.  gler,  glass;  L.G.  glaren,  to 
glow;  E.  glass,  glance,  gleam,  &c.]  A 
bright  dazzling  light;  splendour  that 
dazzles. the  eyes;  a  confusing  and  bewil- 
dering light;  a  fierce,  piercing  look. — 
v.i.  —  glared,  glaring.  To  shine  with  a 
bright  dazzling  light;  to  look  with  fierce, 
piercing  eyes;  to  have  a  dazzling  effect;  to 
be  ostentatiously  splendid. — v.t.  To  shoot 
out  or  emit,  as  a  dazzling  light.— Glaring- 
ness,  glar'ing-nes,  n.  The  st^te  or  quality 
of  having  a  glaring  appearance.—  Glaring, 
glar'ing,  p.  and  a.  Shining  with  dazzling 
lustre;  excessively  bright;  vulgarly  splen- 
did; forcing  one'j  notice;  notorious;  open; 
barefaced  (a  glaring  crime).  —  Glaringly, 

§lar'ing-li,  adv.  Ih  a  glaring  manner, 
ass,  glas,  n.  [A.  Sax.  glaes;  L.G.  I>.  G. 
Sw.  and  Icel.  glas:  Icel.  also  gler;  akin 
glisten,  glance,  glare,  &c.]  A  hard,  brittle, 
transparent  artificial  substance,  formed 
by  the  fusion  of  silicious  matter  (as  pow- 
dered flint  or  fine  sand)  with  some  alkali; 
something  made  of  glass;  especially,  a 
mirror  or  looking-glass;  ,a  glass  vessel 
filled  with  running  sand,  for  measuring 
time;  a  drinking  vessel  made  of  glass;  the 
quantity  which  such  avessel  holols  (hence, 
the  glass=8trong  drink);  an  optical  instru- 
ment, such  as  a  lens  or  a  telescope;  a 
barometer  or  thermometer;  pi.  spectacles. 
—  a.  Made  of  glass.  —  v.t.  To  reflect ;  to 
mirror ;  to  cover  with  glass.  —  Glassful, 
glas'ful,  n.  As  much  as  a  glass  will  hold. 
— Glassily,  glas'i-li,  adv.  So  as  to  resemble 
glass.— Glassiness,  glas'i-nes,  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  glassy.  —  Glassy,  glas'i,  a. 
Made  of  gla.ss;  vitreous;  resembling  glass; 
having  a  lustre  or  surface  like  glass.— 
Glass-blower,  n.  One  whose  business  it 
is  to  blow  and  fashion  vessels  of  glass. — 
Glass-case,  n.  A  case  largely  consisting 
of  glass.— Glass-cutter,  n.  One  who  cuts 
glass,  or  grinds  it  into  ornamental  forms. 
—Glass-furnace,  n.  A  furnace  in  which 
the  materials  of  glass  are  melted. — Glass- 
gall,7i.  Sandiver. — Glass-house,n.  A  manu- 
factory of  glass ;  a  house  built  largely  of 
glass,  as  a  conservatory  or  greenhouse. — 
Glass-painter,  Glass-stainer,  n.  One  who 
produces  designs  in  colour  on  or  in  glass. 
— Glass-paper,  n.  A  polishing  paper  made 
by  strewing  finely-pounded  glass  on  paper 
besmeared  with  thin  glue. — Glass-rope,  n. 
A  sponge  found  in  Japan,  consisting  of  a 
cup-shaped  body,  supported  by  a  rope  of 
twisted  siliceous  fibres.  —  Glass-shade,  n. 
A  cover  of  glass,  as  for  flowers,  gas-jets, 
&c. — Glass-snake,  n.  A  North  American 
lizard,  so  called  from  its  brittleness,  — 
.  Glass-stopper,  n.  A  stopple  of  glass  for 
bottles.— Glass-ware,  n.  Articles  made  of 
glass.  —  Glass-work,  n.  Articles  of  or  in 
gla.«s;  an  establishment  where  glass  is 
made  — Glasswort,  glas'wert,  n.  A  name 
of  various  plants  common  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean coasts  yielding  ashes  containing 
much  soda,  and  hence  used  in  making 
glass, 

Glauber-salt,  gla'bfer-salt,  n.  [After  Glau- 
ber (died  16SS),  a  German  chemist,  who 
first  prep.ired  it.]  Sulphate  of  soda,  a 
well-known  cathartic. 
Glaucous,  gla'kus,  a.  [L.  glaucus,  from 
Gr.  glaukos,  bluish-green  or  sea-green.] 
Of  a  sea-green  colour;  of  a  light  green  or 
bluish  green;  hot.  covered  with  a  fine 
bl'.i.ieh  or  ,gTf;n:>b  powder  cr  bloom.  — 


Glaucescent,  Glaucine,  gla-ses'ent,  gla'sin, 
a.  Bot.  having  a  somewliat  bluish-green 
tinge  or  bloom, —  Glaucescence,  gla-s-es- 
ens,  n.  The  state  of  being  glaucescent. — 
Glaucoma,  Glaucosis,  gla-ko'ma,  gla-ko'- 
«is,  n.  [Gr.  glaukOma,  from  firtawtos,.. sea- 
green.]  An  almost  incurable  disease  of 
the  eye,  being  an  opacity  of  the  vitreous 
humour,  giving  the  eye  a  bluish  green 
tint.  —  Glaucomatous,  g!a-ko'ma-tus,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  glaucoma. 

Glave,  glav,  n.    Saihe  as  Glaive. 

Glaze,  glaz,  v.t.  —  glazed,  glazing.  [From 
glass.].  To  furnish  with  glass  or  panes  of 
glass;  to  incriist  or  overlay  with  glass  or 
a  vitreous  coating;  to  give  a  glassy,  or 
smooth,  shining  surface  iOi—v.i.  To  assume 
a  dim,  glassy  lustre:  said  of  the  eye.— n. 
That  which  is  used  in  glazing.  —  Glazer, 
gla'z6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  glazes. 
— Glazier,  gla'zher,  n.  One  who.se  business 
is  to  fix  panes  of  glass  in  windows,  i'c— 
Glazing,  gla'zing,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  one 
who  glazes;  the  siibstance  with  which 
anything  is  overlaid  to  give  it  a  glassy  aji- 
pearance ;  enamel ;  glaze ;  paint,  transpa- 
rent or  'semi-transparent  colours  passed 
thinly  over  other  colours,  to  modify  the 
effect. 

Gleam,  gl5m,  n.  [A.  Sax.  glaem,  a  glitter- 
ing; comp.  O.Sax.  glimo,  splendour,  Sw. 
glinima,  to  flash;  allied  to  glimmer,  glow, 
glance,  &c.  1  A  beam  or  flash  of  light ;  a 
ray;  a  small  stream  of  light;  brightness. — 
v.i.  To  dart  or  throw  rays  of  light;  to 
glimmer;  to  glitter;  to  shine.— Gleaming, 
glem'ing,  a.  Beaming;  shining  clearly 
and  brightly;  radiant.  —  Gleamy,  gle'mi, 
a.    Dai'ting  beams  or  rays  of  light. 

Glean,  glen,  v.t.  [Fr.  glaner,  from  L.L. 
glenare,  to  glean,  from  W.  glain,  gldn, 
clean;  comp.  A.  Sax.  gilm,  a  handful. )  To 
gather  after  a  reaper,  or  on  a  reaped  corn- 
field, the  ears  of  grain  left  ungathered; 
lience,  to  collect  in  scattered  portions;  to 
pick  up  here  and  there;  to  gatlier  slowly 
a,nd  assiduously. —  v.i.  To  gather  ears  of 
grain  left  by  reapers.— Gleaner^gls'nfii-,  n. 
Oiie  who  gleans. 

Glebe,  gleb,  n.  [Fr.  gUbe,  from  L.  gleba,  a 
clod  or  lump  ofearth.j  Soil;  ground;earth; 
the  land  belonging  to  a  parish  church  or 
ecclesiastical  benefice.  —  Glebosity,  glG- 
bos'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  glebous. 
— Glebous,  Glfiby,  gle'bus,  gle'bi,  a.  Con- 
sisting of  or  relating  to  glebe  or  soil; 
cloddy. 

Glede,  glc-d,  n.  [A.  Rax.  glida,  the  kite,  lit. 
glider,  from  its  gliding  flight.  Glide.]  A 
bird  of  prey,  the  common  kite  of  Europe. 

Glee,  gle,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gled,  gliw,  glig,  music, 
sport;  Icel.  gli^,  laughter.]  Joy;  merri- 
ment; mirth;  gaiety;  a  musical  composi- 
tion consisting  of  two  or  more  contrasted 
movements,  with  the  parts  forming  as  it 
were  a  series  of  interwoven  melodies. — 
Gleeman,  gle'man,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gledman.] 
A  minstrel  or  musician  of  former  days. — 
Gleeful,  Gleesome,  gle'f ril,  gle'sum.a.  Full 
of  glee;  merry;  gay;  joyous. 

Gleed,t  gled,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gldd,  a  live  coal, 
from  root  of  glow.]  A  burning  coal;  a 
blaze. 

Gleet,  glet.  n.  [O.Fr.  glette,  slime,  phlegm; 
Sc.  glet,  glit,  phlegm.]  A  transparent  mu- 
cous discharge  from  the  urethra,  an  effect 
of  gonorrhea;  a  thin  ichor  running  from 
a  sore.— Gleety,  gle'ti,  a.  Of  the  character 
of  gleet. 

Glen,  glen,  n.  [Ir.  and  Gael,  gleann,  W. 
glpn,a,  glen.]  A  secluded  narrow  valley; 
a  dpJe;  a  depression  or  space  between  hills. 

Glenoid,  gle'noid,  a.  [Gt.  glane,  the  pupiU 
the  eyeball.]  Anat.  a  term  applied  to  any 
shallow,  articular  cavity  which  receives 
the  head  of  a  bone. 

Glib,  glib,  a.  ['Comp.  D.  glibherig,  smooth, 
slippery;  glihberen,  L.G.  glippen,  to  slide; 
akin  to  glide.]  Smooth;  slippery;  more 
commonly  voluble;  fluent;  having  words 
always  ready.  —  Glibly,  glibli,  adw.  In  a 
glib  manner;  smoothly;  volubly.  —  Glib- 
ness,  glib'nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  glib. 

Glide,  glid,  v.i.— glided,  gliding.  [A.  Sax. 
glidan='Da.n.  glide,  X>.glijden,  G.  gleiten,  to 
slide;  allied  to  glad.]  To  flow  gently;  to 
move  along  silently  and  smoothly;  to  pass 
along  wither. t-"pprtrent  effort  (a  river,  a 


ch,  chain; 


,  Sc.  loc/t;     g,  fo;     j,yob;     £,  Fr.  ton.;     ng,  sin;/;     tu,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;     wh,  w7tig;     zh,  asure. 


GLIMMEK 


298 


GLUE 


bird,  a  skater  qlides). — n.  The  movement 
of  one  who  or  that  which  elides;  the  join- 
ing or  slurring  together  oi  tw^o  successive 
sounds.  —  Glider.  gli'd6r,  n.  One  who 
glides.  —  Glidingly,  gli'ding-li,  adv.  In  a 
gliding  manner.     ^ 

Glimmer,glim'6r,o.i.  [Xfxeq.of  gleam— D&a. 
glimre,  to  glitter,  from  gUmme,  to  gleani; 
comp.  G.  glimrtier,  a  faint  Ught;  gHTnment 
to  shine.J  To  emit  feeble  or  scattered  rays 
of  light;  to  shine  faintly;  to  give  a  feeble 
light;  to  flicker.— n.  A  faint  and  unsteady 
light;  feeble  scattered  rays  of  light;  glit- 
ter; twinkle;  also,  a  name  of  mica.— Glim- 
mering, glim'6r-ing,- n.  A  glimmer;  a 
gleam ;  a  faint  indication;  an  inkling;  a 
glimpse. 

Glimpse,  glimps.n.  [Formerly  ^Hmse,  from 
the  stem  of  gleam,  glimmer,  &c.,  the  p  be- 
ing inserted  as  ia. empty,  sempstress,  &c. 
Comp.  Swiss  glumsen,  to  glow;  D.  glimpeii, 
giinsen,  to  sparkle.]  A'gleam;  a  momen- 
tary flash;  a  short  transitory  view;  a 
glance;  a  faint  resemblance;  a  slight  tinge. 
—v.i.— glimpsed,  glimpsing.  To  appear  by 
glimpses.  —  v.t.  To  see  by  a  glimpse  or 
glimpses. 

Glint,  glint,  v.i.  [Of  kindred  origin  with 
glimpse,  glimmer,  glance,  &c.;  comp.  Dan. 
glimt,  a  gleam,  glimte,  to  flash.]  To  glance; 
to  gleam;  to  give  a  flash  of  light.  —  n.  A 
glance;  a  flash;  a  gleam. 

Glisten,  glis'n,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  glisnian,  akin 
to  G.  gleissen,  Icel.  glyssa,  O.G.  glizan,  to 
shine;  same  root  as  glitter,  gleam,  &c.\  To 
shine;  to  sparkle  with  light;  to  sliine  with 
a  scintillating  light.— n.t  Glitter;  sparkle. 
—Glister,  gUs^tSr,  v.i.  To  shine;  to  glitter. 
—n.  Lustre;  glitter.  —  Glisteringly,  glis'- 
tcr-ing-li,  adv.    In  a  glistering  manner. 

Glitter,  glit'er,  v.i.  [A  freq.  from  stem  glit, 
seen  in  A.  Sax.  glitnian,  to  glitter  =  Sw. 
glittra,  Icel.  glitra  (from  glita,  to  shine), 
G.  glitzem,to  shine;  akin  to  gleam,  glance, 
&c.]  To  shine  ^vith  a  broken  and  scattered 
light;  to  emit  rapid  flashes  of  light;  to 
gleam;  to  sparkle;  to  glisten;  to  be  showy 
or  brilliant.  —  n.  Bright  sparkling  light; 
brilliancy;  splendour;  lustre.  —  GUtter- 
ingly.  glit'6r-ing-li,  adv.  In  a  glittering 
manner. 

Gloaming,  glom'ing,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gl&nmng, 
twilight,  from  gldm,  E.  gloom.]  Fall  of 
the  evening;  the  twilight;  closing  i)eriod; 
decline.  [Scotch,  but  adopted  by  English 
writers.) 

Gloat,  glot,  v.i.  [Allied  to  Sw.  glutta,  gWUa, 
to  look  at  with  prying  eyes;  G.  gloUen,  to 
stare.]  To  gaze  with  admiration,  eager- 
ness, or  desire;  to  feast  the  eyes  eitner' 
actually  or  in  thought ;  'to  contemplate 
with,  evil  satisfaction. 

Globe,  glob,  n.  [L.  globus,  a  ball;  Fr.  globe, 
Sp.  and  It.  gloho.]  A  round  or  spherical 
solid  body;  a  ball;  a  sphere;  the  earth;  an 
artificial  sphere  on  whose  convex  surface 
is  drawn  a  map  or  representation  of  the 
earth  {a  terrestrial  globe)  or  of  the  heavens 
(a  celestial  globe).  —  v.t.  To  gather  into  a 
round  mass;  to  conglobate. — Globate,  Glo- 
bated,  glo'bat,  gloTia-ted,  a.  [L.  globatus.'] 
Shaped  like  a  globe]  spherical. — Globose, 
Globous,  glo-bos',  gloTjus,  a.  fh.  globosiis.] 
Spherical:  globular. — Globosity,  glo-bos'- 
i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  globose.— 
Globular,  glob'fl-ler,  a.  Globe-shaped; 
having  the  form  of  a  ball  or  sphere;  round; 
spherical.- Globularity,  glob-tt-lar'i-ti,  n. 
State  of  being  globular;  sphericity. — Glob- 
nlarly,  glob'u-l6r-li,  adv.  In  a  globular  or 
spherical  form ;  spherically.  —  Globular- 
new,  glob'u-16r-nes,  n.  Sphericity.  —  Glo- 
bule, gloTjul,  n.  [L.  glolndiis.l  A  smaU 
liarticle  of  matter  of  a  spherical  form;  a 
round  body  or  corpuscle  found  in  the  blood. 
— Globulet.  glob'u-let,  n.  A  minute  glo- 
bule.— Globulin,  glob'u-lin,n.  The  main  in- 
gredient of  blood  globules  and  resembling 
albumen.—  Globulose,  Globuloua,  glob'u- 
los,  glob'ti-lus,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a 
small  sphere ;  round ;  globular.  —  Globu- 
lonsness,  glob'a-lus-nes, «..— Globy,  glo'bi, 
a.  Resembling  a  globe.  —  Globe  -  fish,  n. 
The  name  of  several  fishes  remarkable  for 
being  able  to  inflate  themselves  into  a 
globular  form  .-Globe-flower,  71.   A  Euro- 

Sean  plant  with  a  globular  yellow  flower. 
ochidate,  glo'ki<^at,  a.    [Gr.  glochis,  a 


point.]  Bot.  barbed  at  the  ppint  Uke  a 
fish-hook. 

Glomerate,  glom'6r-at,  v.t.  [L.  ghmero, 
glomeratiim,  from  glomniB,  glomeHs,  a  baU. 
as  in  conglomerate.]    To  gather  or  wind 

.  into  a  ball;  to  collect  into  a  spherical  form 
or  mass. —  a.  Congregated;  gathered  into 
a  round  mass  or  dense  cluster.  —  Glomer- 
ation,  glom-er-5'shon,  re.  The  act  of  glom- 
erating;  conglomeration;  an  aggregate. — 
Glomerule,  glom'er-ul,  n.  Bat.  a  cluster 
of  flower-heads  inclosed  in  a  common  in- 
volucre. 

Gloom,  gldm,  re.  [A.  Sax.  glim,  glooiuj. 
twilight,  gl&mung,  gloaming;  allied  to 
glum,  glow,  gleam,  gliirimier,  &c.].Obscurity; 
partial  darkness;  thick  shade;  dusk;  clouiU- 
ness  or  heaviness  of  mind;  heaviness,  de- 
jection, anger,  suUenness;  a  depressing 
state  of  afifairs;  a  dismal  prospect.— «;.i.  To 
appear  dimly;  to  be  seen  in  animperfect  or 
waning  light;  to  look  gloomy,  sad,  or  dis- 
mal ;  to  frown ;  to  lower.  —  v.t.  To  make 
gloomy  or  dark;  to  fiU  with  gloom  or  sad- 
ness. —  Gloomily,  glo'mi-li,  adv.  In  a 
gloomy  maimer. — Gloomtnesa,  glo'mi-nes, 
n.  -  The  condition  or  (juality  of  being 
gloomy.— Gloomy,  glo'mi,  a.  Involved  in 
gloom;  imperfectly  illuminated;  dusky  or 
dark;  characterized  by  gloom;  wearing  the 
aspect  of  sorrow;  dejected;  heavy  of  heart; 
dismal;  doleful. 

Glory,  glo'ri,  re.  [L.  gloria,  fame,  glory; 
allied  to  Gr.  kleos,  fame,  kUo,  to  celebrate, 
klyo,  to  hear.]  Praise,  honour,  admiration, 
or  distinction,  accorded  by  common  con- 
sent to  a  person  or  thing;  honourable  fame; 
renown;  celebrity;  a  state  of  greatness  or 
renown;  pomp;  magnificence;  brightness; 
lustre;  splendour;  brilliancy;  the  happi- 
ness of  heaven;  celestial  bliss;  distin- 
guished honour  or  ornament;  an  object  of 
which  one  is  or  may  be  proud;  painting, 
the  radiation  round  the  head  or  figure  of 
a  deity,  saint,  angel,  &c.  —  v.i. — gloried, 
glorying.  To  exult  with  joj';  to  rejoicej  to 
be_boastful;  to  have  pride. — Glorification, 
glo'ri-fi-ka"shon,  re.  The  act  of  glorifying 
orthe  state  of  being  glorified.  —  Glorify, 
glo'ri-fl,  v.t.  —  glorified,  glorifying.  [Fr. 
glorifier,  L.  gloria,  glory,  and  facio,  to 
make.]  To  give  or  ascribe  glory  to;  to 
praise;  to  magnify  and  honour;  to  honour; 
to  extol;  to  make  glorious;  to  exalt  to 
glory. — Gloriole,  glo'ri-ol,  n.  [Formed  on 
type  of  aureole.]  A  circle,  as  of  rays,  in 
ancient  paintings  surrounding  the  heads 
of  saints.— Glorious,  glO'ri-us,  a.  [Fr.  glo- 
rievx,  L.  gloriosus,  from  gloria.]    Charac- 

-  terized  by  attributes,  qualities,  or  acts  that 
are  worthy  of  glory;  of  exalted  excellence 
and  splendour ;  noble ;  illustrious ;  re- 
nowned ;  celebrated ;  rnagnificent;  grand; 
splendid;  hilarious  or  elated  (colloq.). — 
Gloriously,  glo'ri-us-li,  adv.  In  a  glorious 
manner.— Gloriousness,  glo'ri-us-nes,  re. 

Gloss,  glos,  re.  [Akin  to  Icel.  glossi,  flame, 
brightness,  ghjs,  finery,  whence  glysligr, 
showy  or  specious;  Sw.  glossa,  to  glow;  G. 
glotzen,  to  sliine,  to  glance;  allied  to  glass, 
glbw,  gloom,  gleam,  &c.]  Brightness  or 
lustre  of  a  body  proceeding  from  a  smooth 
and  generally  a  soft  surface;  polish;  sheen 
(the  gloss  of  silk) ;  a  specious  appearance 
or  representation;  external  show  that  may 
mislead.- u.t.  To  give  gloss  to;  to  give  a 
superficial  lustre  to;  to  make  smooth  and 
shining;  hence,  to  give  a  specious  appear- 
ance to;  to  render  specious  and  plausible; 
to  palliate  by  specious  representation.  — 
Glosser.  glos'fer,  re.  One  who  glosses;  one 
who  palliates.— Glossily,  glos'i-li,  tCdv.  In 
a  glossy  manner. — Glossiness,  glos'i-nes,  re. 
The  state  or  character  of  being  glossy; 
polish  or  lustre  of  a  surf  ace.^Glossy,  glos'i, 
a.  Having  a  gloss;  having  a  soft,  smooth, 
and  shining  surface;  lustrous  with  soft- 
ness to  the  touch;  specious  or  plausible. 

Gloss,  glos,  re.  [L.  glossa,  an  obsolete  or 
foreign  word  that  requires  explanation, 
from  Gr.glossa,  the  tongue,  latterly  also  an 
obsolete  or  foreign  word.]  A  marginal  not« 
or  interlineation  explaining  the  meaning 
of  Fome  word  in  a  text;  a  remark  intended 
to  illustrate  some  point  of  difficulty  in  an 
author;  comment;  annotation;  explana- 
tion.— v.t.-To  render  clear  by  comments; 
to  annotate;  to  illustrate.  —  Glossarial, 


glos-sa'ri-al,  a.  Connected  with,  or  con- 
sisting in  a  glossary.  —  Glossarist,  glos'a- 
rist,  n.  One  who  compiles  a  glossary. — 
Glossary,  glos'a-ri,  re.  [L.L.  gtossarium,.] 
A  vocabulary  of  words  used  by  any  author, 
especially  by  an  old  author,  or  one  ^vriting 
in  a  provincial  dialect,  or  of  words  occtir- 
ring  in  a  special  class  of  works,  of  techni- 
cal terms,  &c.  —  Glosser,  Glossist,  glos'^r, 
glos'ist,  re.  One  who  writes  glosses.— Glos- 
sitis, glos-i'tis,  re.  Inflammation  of  the 
tongue.  —  Glossographer,  glos-og'ra-f t'r,  n. 
A  writer  of  glosses ;  a  scholiast.  —  Glosso- 
graphical,  glos-o-graf'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  glossography. — Glossography,  glos-og*- 
ra-fi,  re.  The  writing  of  glosses;  a  know- 
ledge of  glosses:^Glossological,  glos-o-loj'- 
i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  glossology.— Glos- 
sologist,  glos-cl'o-jist,  re.  One  who  is  versed 
in  glossology.  —  Glossology,  glos-ol'o-ji,  re. 
The  definition  and  explanation  of  terms, 
as  of  a  science ;  terminology ;  universal 
grammar;  glottology. — Glossotomy,  glos- 
ot'o-mi,  re.  Anat.  dissection  of  the  tongue. 

Glottis,  glot'is,  re.  [Gr.  glottis,  from  glotta, 
glossa,  the  tongue,  whence  also  glossary, 
&c.]  The  opening  at  the  upper  part  of  the 
windpipe,  and  between  the  vocal  chords, 
which,  by  its  dilatation  and  contraction,, 
contributes  to  the  modulation  of  the  voice. 
— Glottal,  glot'al,  a.  Relating  to  the  glot- 
tis.—Glottology,  glot-ol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  glotta., 
language,and  logos,  discourse.]  The  science 
of  language;  comparative  philology;  glos- 
sology.—Glottological,  Glottic,  glot-o-loj'- 
i-kal,  glot'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  glottology. 
— Glottologist,  glot-ol'o-jist.re.  One  versed 
in  glottology. 

Glove,  gluv,  n.  [A.Sax.  gl6f;  probably  from 
prefix  ge,  and  Goth,  lofa,  Sc.  loof,  Icel. 
Ufi,  the  palm  of  the  hand.]  A  cover  for  the 
hand,  or  for  the  band  and  wrist,  with  a 
separate  sheath  for  each  finger.— To  throw 
down  the  glove.  Same  as  to  Oirow  down  the 
gauntlet,  under  Gauktlet.  —  v.t. — gloved, 
gloving.  To  cover  with  or  as  with  a  glove. 
— Glover,  gluv'fer,  re.  One  whose  occupa- 
tion is  to  make  or  sell  gloves. 

Glow,  glo,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  'gl&wan,  to  glow= 
D.  gloeijen,  G.  glUhen,  to  glow;  Icel.  gl6a, 
to  glitter;  Sw.  gloa,  to  sparkle;  allied  to 
gloat,  gleam,  gloom,  gloaming,  gloss,  &c.] 
To  bum  with  an  intense  or  white  heat, 
and  especially  without  flame;  to  give  forth 
bright  light  and  heat;  to  feel  great  heat 

»  of  body;  to  be  hot  or  flushed  in  person;  to 
be  bright  or  red,  as  with  animation, 
blushes,  or  the  like;  to  exhibit  brightness 
of  colour ;  to  feel  the  heat  of  passion ;  to 
be  ardent;  to  bum  or  be  vehement;  to 
rage.- re.  Shiningheat,  or  white  heat;  in- 
candescence; brightness  of  colour;  redness; 
vehemence  of  passion;  ardour;  animation. 

— Glowing,  glo'ing,  p.  and  a.  Shining  with 
intense  heat;  bright  in  colour;  red;  ardent; 
vehement;  fervid;  heated; fiery.  —  Glow- 
ingly, glo'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  glowing  man- 
ner.—Glowworm,  giyw^rm,  re.  The  wing- 
less female  of  a  kind  of  beetle,  emitting.a 
shining  grbcn  light  to  attract  the  male. 

Gloze,  gloz,  v.i. — glozed,  glazing.  [O.E.  glose, 
a  gloss  or  interpretation ;  the  meaning 
being  influenced  by  gloss,  lustre.  Gloss.] 
To  comment  or  expoimdt;  to  use  specious 
woftls;  to  talk  smoothly  or  flatteringly.— 
v.t.  To  gloss  over;  to  extenuate. — re.  Flat- 
tery; specibus  words.^Mozer,  glo'zir,  re. 
One  who  glozes.   . 

Glucinum,  glo-si'num,  n.  [From  Gr.  glykys 
or  glukus.  sweet,  from  its  salts  having  a 
sweet  taste.]  A  white  metal,  of  specific 
gravity  2'1,  belonging  to  the  group  of  the 
alkaline  earths,  and  prepared  from  beryl, 
hence  its  name  BerylUum.—Qluciast,  glo- 
si'na, re.  The  oxideof  the  metal  glucinum. 
—Glucose,  glo-kos',  re.  Grape-sugar,  a 
variety  of  sugar,  less  sweet  than  cane- 
sugar,  produced  from  grapes,  cane-sugar, 
starch,  &c.— Glucoside,  glo'ko-sid,  re.  One 
of  those  substances  that  yield  glucose. 

Glue,  gla,  re.  fO.Fr.  glu,  from  L.L.  glutts, 
L.  gluten,  glutinis,  glue;  comp.  W.  gfyd, 
viscous  matter.]  Commoner  impure  gela- 
tine, obtained  by  boiling  animal  sub- 
stances, as  the  skins,  hoofs,  &c.,  of  animals, 
with  water:  used  for  imiting^  pieces  of 
wood  or  other  materials,  —v.t — glued,  glu- 
ing.   To  join  with  glue  or  other  viscous 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftU;     mo,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tube,  tub,  b\iU;     oil,  pound;     iX,  Sc.  abune— the  F»  v. 


GLUM 


299 


GO 


substance;  to  hold  togetlier,  as  if  by  glue; 
to  fix;  to  rivet.— Gluey,  glo'i,  a.  Having 
the  nature  of  glue ;  viscous;  glutinous. — 
Glueyness,  glo'i-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  gluey. — Glue -pot,  n.  A  utensil, 
usually  consisting  of  two  pots  —  the  one 
within  the  other— for  dissolving  glue. 

Glum,  glum,  a.  [Akin  to  gloom,  and  Sc. 
ylouni,  a  frown.  ]  Frowning;  sullen.  [Col- 
loq.  J— Glumly,  glum'li,  adv.  In  a  glum  or 
sullen  manner.  —  Glumness,  glum'nes,  n. 
The  condition  or  quality  of  being  glum ; 
suUenness. — Glump,  glump,  v.i.  To  show 
suUenuess.  [Colloq.]  —  Glumpy,  glum'pi, 
a.    Sullen;  sulky.    [Colloq.] 

Glume,  glom,  n.  [L.  gluma,  a  husk,  from 
gtubo,  to  peel,  akin  to  Ur.  glypho,  to  hol- 
low out.]  The  husk  or  chaff  of  grain;  the 
palea  or  pale.— Glumaceous,  Glumiferou.j, 
glo-ma'shus,  glo-miffer-us,  a.  Having  or 
bearing  glumes;  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
glumales;— Glumal,  glo'mal,  a.  Bot.  pos- 
sessing or  characterized  by  a  glume.— 
Glumales,  glo-ma'lez,  n.  pi.  Bot.  a,  group 
of  monocotyledons,  including  the  grasses 
and  sedges. — Glumella,  glo-mel'la,  n.  The 

'  inner  hu.«k  of  grasses;  the  innermost  scale- 
like envelope  of  the  ovarium.  —  Glumous, 
glo'mus,  a.  Bot.  having  the  nature  of  a 
glume. 

Glut,  glut,  v.t.— glutted,  glutting.  [L.  glutiu, 
gluttio,  to  swallow;  whence  also  englut, 
glutton.  I  To  swallow,  or  to  swallow  greed- 
ily (Shak.);  to  cloy,  sate,  or  disgust;  to 
feast  or  delight  to  satiety.  —  To  glut  the 
'market,  to  furnish  an  over  supply  of  any 
article,  so  that  there  is  no  sale  for  it  all. — 
n.  Plenty  even  to  loathing;  superabun- 
dance; an  oversupply  of  any  commodity 
in  the  market. 

Gluteal,  glo-te'al,  a.  [Gr.  gluutos,  the  but- 
tock.) Anat.  of  or  pertaining  to  certain 
parts  connected  with  the  buttocks. 

Gluten,  glo'ten,  n.  (L.  See  Gwje.]  A  tough 
elastic  substance  of  a  grayish  colour, which 
becomes  brown  and  brittle  by  drying, 
found  in  the  flour  of  wheat  and  other 
grain.  —  Glutinate,  glb'ti-nat,  v.t.—gluti- 
nated,  glutinating.  (L.  glutino,  glutinatum.] 
To  unite  with  glue;  to  cement. — Glutina- 
tion,  glb-ti-na'shon,  n.  The  act  of  gluti- 
nating or  uniting  with  glue. — Glutinative, 
glo'ti-na-tiv,  a.  Having  the  quality  of 
cementing ;  tenacious.  —  Glutinous,  Glu- 
tinose,  glO'ti-nus,  gla'ti-nos,  a.  [L.  glu- 
tinosus.]-  Gluey;  viscous;  viscid;  tenacious; 
resembling  glue;  bot.  besmeared  with  a 
slippery  moisture.  —  Glutinosity,  Glutl-  i 
nousness,  glci-ti-nos'i-ti,  glo'ti-nus-ues,  n.  | 
The  quality  of  being  glutinous;  viscosity;  i 
viscidity.  I 

Glutton,  glut'n,  n.  [Fr.  glouton,  from  L.  I 
ghito,  glutto,  a  glutton,  from  glutio,  to  swal-  I 
low.  Glut.]  One  who  indulges  to  excess  in 
eating,  or  eating  and  drinking;  a  gorman- 
dizer; a  carnivorous  quadruped,  2i  feet 
long,  yielding  a  valuable  fur,  and  inhabit- 
ing Northern  Europe  and  America,  known 
also  as  the  VToZyerene.— Gluttonish.t  glut'- 
n-ish,  a.  Gluttonous.— Gluttonize,t  glut'- 
n-iz,  v.i.  To  eat  gluttonously.  —  Glutton- 
ous, glut'n-us,  a.  Characterized  by  glut- 
tony; given  to  excessive  eating;  insatiable. 
—Gluttonously,  glut'n-us-li,  adv.  In  a 
gluttonous  manner.  —  Gluttony,  glut'n-i, 
n.  The  act  or  practice  of  a  glutton;  excess 
in  eating,  or  eating  and  drinking. 

Glycerine,  glis'6r-in,  n.  [From  Gr.  glyker- 
os,  sweet.  Glucinum.J  A  transparent  col- 
ourless liquid  with  a  very  sweet  taste, 
obtained  from  fats. 

Glycogen,  gli'ko-jen,  re.  [Gr.  glykys,  sweet, 
and  root  gen,  to  produce.]  A  non-nitro- 
penous  principle  occurring  in  the  liver.— 
Glycogenic,  gli-ko-jen'ik,  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  glycogen. 

Glyconian,  Glyconic,  gli-ko'ni-an,  gli-kon'- 
ik,  a.  [Gr.  glykoneios,  from  its  inventor 
Glyk6n.]  A  kind  of  verse  in  Greek  and 
Latin  poetry,  consisting  of  three  feet — a 
spondee,  a  choriambus,  and  a  pj^rrhic. 

Glyph,  glif ,  n.  [Gr.  glyphe,  carving,  from 
glypho,  to  carve.]  Sculp,  and  arch,  a  chan- 
nel or  cavity,  usually  vertical,  intended 
as  an  ornament.  —  Glyphic,  glif'ik,  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  carving  or  sculpture. — 
Glyphograph,  glif'o-graf,  n.  A  plate 
formed  by  glyphography.  —  Glyphogra- 


phy,  gli-fo^'ra-fi,  n.  An  electrotype  pro- 
cess by  which  from  an  etched  plate  a  de- 
sign in  relief  is  obtained.  —  Glyi)tlc,  glip'- 
tik,  a.  [Gr.  glyptikos.]  PertaininK  to  the 
art  o^  sculpture  or  engraving.  —  Glypto- 
don,  glip'to-don,  n.  [Gr.  glyptos,  en- 
graved, and  odous,  tooth — from  its  fluted 
teeth.]  A  gigantic  fossil  animal,  closely 
allied  to  the  armadilloes,  covered  with 
an  osseous  coat  of  mail,  found  in  the  ter- 
tiary strata  of  South  America.  —  Glypto- 
graph,  glip'to-graf,  n.  An  engraving  on 
a  gem  or  precious  stone. — Glyptographer, 
glip-tog'ra-fer,n.  An  engravei' on  precious 
stones.— Glyptographic,  glip-to-graf'ik,  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  glyptography.— Glyp- 
tography, glip-tog'ra-fi,  n.  The  art  or  pro- 
cess of  engraving  on  precious  stones. — 
Glyptotheca,  glip-to-the'ka,  ii.  [Gr.  glyp- 
tos, and  theke,  a  repository.]  A  place  for 
the'preservation  of  works  of  sculpture. 

Gnarl.  narl,  n.  [From  old  gnar,  a  knot,  also 
knarr,  knurr;  akin  to  D.  knorre',  a  knot; 
G.  knorren,  a  lump.]  A  protuberance  on 
the  outside  of  a  tree;  a  knot.  — -  Gnarled, 
narld,  a.    Having  many  knots  or  knotty 

.protuberances;  cross-grained;  perverse. — 

'Gnarly,  nar'li,  cu    Having  knots;  knotty. 

Gnarr,  Gnarl,  nar,  narl,  v.i.  [O.E.  gnerr; 
found  in  similar  forms  in  the  other  Teut. 
languages,  and  probably  imitative  of  snar- 
Jing.  I    To  growl;  to  murmur;  to  snarl. 

Gnash,  nash,  I'.t.  [O.E.  gnaste,  gnayste;  akin 
to  Dan.  knaake,  V>.  knarsen,  G.  knirschen, 
Sw.  knastra,  gnissta,  to  gnash.]  To  strike 
together  (the  teeth),  as  in  anger  or  pain.— 
v.i.  To  strike  or  dash  the  teeth  together, 
as  in  rage  or  pain.— Gnashingly,  uash'ing- 
li,  adv.    In  a  gnashing  manner. 

Gnat,  nat,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gncet,  L.G.  gnid,  a 
gnat;  perhaps  akin  to  G.  gnatze,  the  itch.] 
A  small  two-winged  fly  whose  mouth  is 
furnished  with  bristly  stings  which  inflict 
irritating  wounds.— Gnatling,  nat'liug,  n. 
A  little  gnat. 

Gnathopodite,  na-thop'o-dit,  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
gnathos,  a  jaw,  and  pous,  podos,  a  foot.] 
A  foot-jaw  of  a  crustacean. 

Gnaw,  na,  v.t  [A.  Sax.  gnayan—T).  knagen, 
G.  gnagen,  Dan.  gnave,  nage,Tce\.  and  Sw. 
gnaga,  naga,  to  gn:iw;  akin  verb  to  nag.] 
To  bite  by  little  and  littlb;  to  wear  away 
by  biting;  to  nibble  at;  to  bite  in  agonjr 
or  rage;  to  fret;  to  corrode.  —  v.i.  To  use 
the  teeth  in  biting;  to  bite  with  repeated 
efforts;  to  cause  or  be  affected  with  steady 
annoying  pain.  —  Gnawer,  na'Cr,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  gnaws;  a  rodest. 

Gneiss,  nis,  n.  [G.  gneiss,  gneiss.]  A  kind 
of  hard  tough  crystalline  rock,  having  a 
structure  exhibiting  layers  either  straight 
or  curved,  and  like  granite  composed  in 
the  main  of  quartz,  felspar,  and  mica.— 
Gneissoid,  nis'oid,  a.  Resembling  gneiss; 
having  the  characteristics  of  gneiss.  Also 
Gneissio,  Gneissose,  nis'ik,  nis'os. 

Gnome,  nom,  n.  [Fr.  gnome,  formed  from 
Gr.  gnSme,  intelligence;  see  next  art.]  An 
imaginary  being,  fabled  to  inhabit  the 
inner  parts  of  the  earth,  and  to  be  the 
guardian  of  mines,  quarries,  &c.;  a  goblin; 
a  small  misshapen  person. 

Gnome, nom, n.  [Gr. gnomS.n, maxim, from 
stem  of  gnonai,  to  know.  Know.]  A  brief 
reflection  or  maxim;  a  saw;  an  aphorism. 
—Gnomic,  Gnomical,  no'raik,  no'rai-kal, 
a.  [Gr.  gnomikos.]  Containing  or  deal- 
ing in  maxims  (the  ancient  Greek  gnomic 
poets). 

Gnomon,  no'mon,  re.  [Gr.  gnomon,  an 
index,  from  stem  of  gnona%,  to  know; 
whence  also  gnome,  Gnostic.'\  The  style  or 
pin  of  a  sun-dial,  which  by  its  shadow 
shows  the  hour  of  the  day;  a  style  con- 
sisting of  a  pillar,  pyramid,  &c.,  erected 
perpendicularity  to  the  horizon,  in  order 
to  find  the  altitudes,  declinations,  &c.,  of 
the  sun  and  stars;  the  index  of  the  hour- 
circle  of  aglobe.— Gnomonic,  Gnomonical, 
no-mon'ik,  no-mon'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  art  of  dialling;  6oJ.  "bent  at  right 
angles.—  Gnomonic  projection^  a  projection 
of  the  surface  of  the  sphere,  m  which  the 
point  of  sight  is  taken  at  the  centre  of 
the  sphere.— Gnomonically,  no-mon'i-kal- 
li,  adv.  In  a  gnomonical  manner.  —  Gno. 
monies,  no-mon'iks,  re.  The  art  or  science 
of  dialling.  —  Gnomoaist,  no'mon-ist,  re. 


One  versed  in  gnomoniec..— Gnomonology, 
no-mon-ol'o-ji,  re.    Dialling. 

Gnostic,  nos'tik,  re.  [L.  giwsticus,  Gr.  gnos- 
tiftos,  from  stem  otgnOnai,  to  know  (akin  L. 
£rno3co,reosco,tpknow);  co^.  with  E.know.] 
One  of -a  sect  that  arose  m  the  first  ages 
*f  Christianity,  who  pretended  to  be  the 
only  men  who  had  a  true  knowledge  of 
the  Christian  religion,  and  professed  a 
system  of  doctrines  based  partly  on  Chris- 
tianity, partly  on  Greek  ana  Oriental 
philosophjr.— a.  Pertaining  to  the  Gnos- 
tics or  their  doctrines.  —  Gnosticism,  nos'- 
ti-sizm,  n.  The  doctrines  or  principles  of 
the  Gnostscs. 

Gnu,  Gnoo,  no,  no,  re.  [Hottentot  gnu  or 
nju.]  A  ruminant  quadruped,  partaking 
of  the  form  of  the  antelope,  ox,  and  horse, 
inhabiting  South  Africa. 

Go,  go,  v.i. — pret.  went,  pp.  gone.  [A.  Sax. 
gdn,  gangan,  0.  and  Prov.  E.  and  Sc.  gang, 
to  go;  Dan.  gaae,  D.  gaan,  G.  gehen,  Goth. 
gaggan  (that  is  gangan),  Icel.  ganga, 
O.H.G.  gangan.  Went,  though  now  used 
as  the  pret.,  is  really  the  past  tense  of 
wend,  A.  Sax.  wendan,  to  turn,  to  go.]  To 
walk ;  to  pass,  proceed,  move,  or  be  in 
motion ;  to  depart  or  move  from  a  place: 
opposed  to  come;  to  have  currency  or 
use;  to  circulate  (the  story  goes);  to  be 
reckoned  or  esteemed ;  to  proceed  or  haiJ- 
pen  in  a  given  manner;  to  have  course; 
to  turn  out  (the  case  went  against  him);  to 
have  recourse  (to  go  to  law);  to  be  about 
to  (in  this  usage  a  kind  of  auxiliary  and 
usually  in  ppr.  —  going  to  say,  going  to 
begin);  to  be  guided  or  regulated  (to  go  by 
some  rule);  to  be  with  young;  to  be  preg- 
nant; to  be  alienated,  sold,  or  disposed  of 
(it  went  for  a  trifle) ;  io  extend,  reach, 
lead  (this  road  goes  to  London);  to  ex- 
tend in  effect,  meaning,  or  purport;  to  be 
of  force  or  value;  to  proceed  or  tend  to- 
ward a  result  or  consequence;  to  contri- 
bute, conduce,  concur  (frequently  with  to, 
towards,  &c.);  to  perish;  to  sink  or  die;  to 
become  (she  has  gone  mad). — To  go  about, 
naut.  to  tack;  to  turn  the  head  of  a  ship. — 
To  go  about  to,  to  set  one's  self  to;  to  take  a 
circuitous  way  to. —  Togo  against,  to  march 
to  attack;  to  be  in  opposition;  to  be  dis- 
agreeable.—  To  go  ahead,  to  make  rapid 
progress;  to  be  enterprising.  [Colloq.] — 
To  go  between,  to  interpose  or  mediate  be- 
tween; to  attempt  to  reconcile.- To  go  be- 
yond, to  overreach. —  To  go  by,  to  pass  near 
and  beyond  {by  being  a  prep.);  to  pass 
away  unnoticed  or  disregarded  {by  adv.). 
— To  go  down,  to  descend;  to  come  to 
nothing;  to  be  received  as  true  or  cor- 
rect.— To  go  for  nothing,  to  have  no  value, 
weight,  or  efiicacy.— 7'o  go  hard  with,  to 
bring  danger  of  a  fatal  issue  to;  to  be 
all  but  ruinous  for:  used  impersonally. — 
To  go  in  for,  to  be  in  favour  of;  to  make 
the  object  of  acquirement  or  attainment. 

—  To  go  in  to  (Scrip.),  to  have  sexual  com- 
merce with.— To  170  off,  to  leave  a  place;  to 
die;  to  decease;  to  be  discharged,  as  fire- 
arms; to  explode;  to  be  sold. — To  go  on,  to 
proceed ;  to  advance  forward ;  to-  be  put 
on,  as  a'  garment.  —  To  go  out,  to  issue 
forth;  to  go  on  an  expedition;  to  become 
extinct,  as  light  or  life.  —  To  go  over,  to 

I  read ;  to  peruse ;  to  examine ;  to  view  or 
review  (over  being  the  prep.);  to  change 
sides;  to  pass  from  one  party  to  another 
(over  adv.). — To  go  through,  to  pass  ot  pene- 
trate through;  to  accomplish;  to  perform 
thoroughly;  to  undergo;  to  sustain  to  the 
end. —  To  go  through  with,  to  execute  effec- 
tually.—  To  go  upon,to  proceed  as  on  a  foun- 
dation; to  take  as  a  principle  supposed  or 
settled. —  To  go  with,  to  accompany;  to  side 
with;  to  be  in  party  or  design  with;  to 
agree  with;  to  suit.— ii  goes  ill  or  well  with 
a  person,  he  has  ill  or  good  fortune.— To  go 
without,  to  be  or  remain  destitute.— To  go 
wrong,to  become  unsound,  as  meat,fruit;  to 
leave  the  paths  of  virtue;  to  take  a  wrong 
way. — Go  to!  come;  move;  begin:  a  phrase 
of  exhortation;  also  a  phrase  of  rebuke  or 
reproof;  tush;  nonsense.— [In  the  follow- 
ing usages  the  verb  may  be  construed 
as  transitive.]  To  undertake  (to  go  a. 
joilmey,  to  go  equal  risks).  —  To  go  one's 
way,  to  set  forth;  to  depart;  to  move  on. 

—  To  go  an  errand,  to  go  a  drive,  to  go 


ph,  cAain;     ch,  Sc.  \och; 


j.yob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     \is,^mg:     tu,  than;  t\i,  thin;     w,  iwig;     wh,  «7iig;     zh,  a^ure. 


GOAD 


300 


GOMUTI 


circuit,  to  go  on  an  errand;  to  go  upon 
or  for  a  drive ;  to  ^  upon  circuit.— w.  fAs 
a  noun  the  word  is  coUoq.  or  slang.]  The 
fashion  or  mode ;  a  glass  or  other  mea- 
sure of  liquor  called  in  •when  drinking; 
stamina,  bottom,  or  power  of  endurance ; 
spirit;  animation;  fire. — Great  go,  little  go, 
university  cant  terms  for  the  examination 
for  degrees  and  the  previous  or  prelimi- 
nary examination. — Goer,  go'er,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  goes;  one  that  has  a 
gait  good  or  bad:  often  applied  to  a  horse, 
and  to  a  watch  or  clock.  —  Going,  go'- 
ing,  n.  The  act  of  moving  in  any  man- 
ner ;  departure  ;  procedure ;  behaviour, 
or  course  of  life :  chiefly  in  the  pi.  —  Go- 
ings-on, actions;  conduct:  used  mostly 
in  a  bad  eense. — Gone,  gon,  pp.  Passed ; 
vanished  away;  consumed;  finished;  dead; 
lost  or  destroyed;  worn  out,  exhausted,  or 
overpowered.^Qo-ahead,  a.  Characterized 
by  or  disposed  to,  progress;  enterprising. — ' 
[CoUoq.]— Go-between,  n.  An  intermedi- 
ary: often  an  agent  in  disreputable  nego- 
tiations. —  Go-by,  n.  A  passing  without 
notice;  an  intentional  disregard  or  avoid- 
ance.— GkMJart,  n.  A  small  machine  with 
Castors  or  rollers,  and  without  a  bottom ,  in 
which  children  learn  to  walk  without  dan- 
ger of  falling. 

Goad,  god,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gdd,  a  point  of  a 
weapon,  a  goad.  Gad.]  A  pointed  instru- 
inent  used  to  stimulate  a  beast  to  move 
faster;  hence,  anything  that  urges  or 
stimulates, — v.t.  To  drive  with  a  goad; 
hence,  to  incite;  to  stimulate;  to  instigate; 
to  urge  forward.  —  Goadsman,  Goadster, 
godz'man,  god'st6r,  n.  One  who  drives 
oxen  with  a  goad. 

Goaf,  gof ,  71.  [Comp.  W.  gob,  a  heap.]  Min- 
ing, that  part  of  a  mine  from  which  the 
mineral  has  been  partially  or  wholly  re- 
moved; also  the  waste  or  rubbish  left  T)e- 
hind.  Called  also  Gob. 
Goal,  gol,  n.  [Fr.  gaule,  a  pole,  a  word  of 
Germanic  origin,  from  Goth,  walus,  Fris. 
walu,  Icel.  voir,  staff,  rod.]  The  point  set 
to,  bound  a  race ;  the  space  between  the 
two  upright  posts  in  the  game  of  football; 
also  the  act  of  driving  the  ball  through 
between  the  posts;  the  end  to  which  a  de- 
sign tends,  or  which  a  person  aims  to 
reach  or  accomplish. 

Croat,  got,  n.  lA.  Sax.,  gdt^Tcel.  L.G.  D. 
and  Fris.  geit,  G.  geiss,  goat;  cog.  with  L. 
hoedus,  a  kid.]  A  well-known  homed 
ruminant  quadruped,  nearly  of  the  size 
of  a  sheep,  but  stronj;er,  less  timid,  and 
more  agile. — Goatee,  go-te',  n.  A  beard 
that  hangs  down  from  the  chin  without 
whiskers.  —  Grdatherd,  got'herd,  n.  One 
whose  occupation  is  to  tend  goats.— Goat- 
ish, gut'ish,  a.  Resembling  a  goat  in  any 
quality,  especially  in  smell  or  lustfulness. 
.— Goatiahly,  gOt'ish-li,  adv.  In  a  goatish 
manner;  lustfully.— Goatishness,  got'ish- 
nes,  XI.  The  quality  of  being  goatish;  lust- 
fulness. — Goat-pepper,  n.  A  species  of  cap- 
sicum or  Cayenne  pepper.— Goat's-beard, 
n.  The  name  of  herbaceous  perennials, 
one  species  of  which  {salsify)  is  cultivated 
in  gardens  for  its  root,  which  is  used  in 
the  same  manner  as  carrot.— Goat-sucker, 
n.  A  name  common  to  various  species  of 
birds  which  feed  upon  nocturnal  insects, 
given  originally  from  the  erroneous  opin- 
ion that  they  sucked  goats;  the  fern-owl 
or  night-jar. 

Gob,  gob,  n.  Same  as  Goaf. 
Gobbet,  gob'et,  n.  [Fr.  gobet,  from  O.Fr. 
(7o6,  a  mouthful,  from  the  Celtic= Gael.and 
Ir.  gob,  the  mouth.]  A  mouthful;  a  morsel; 
a  lump.— Gobble,  gob'l,  v.t.— gobbled,  gob- 
bling. [A  f req.  from  Fr.  gober,  to  swallow.] 
To  swallow  in  large  pieces;  to  swallow 
hastily.  —  v.i.  To  make  a  noise  in  the 
throat,  as  a  turkey.— n.  A  noise  made  In 
the  throat,  as  that  of  a  turkey-cock. — Gob- 
bler, gobler,  n.  One  who  gobbles. 
Gobelin,  gob'e-lin,  a.  [From  the  Gobelins 
establishment  in  Paris,  where  tapestiT, 
Ac,  is  made,  named  from,  and  originally 
belonging  to  a  family  of  dyers  "called  Go- 
belin.] A  term  applied  to  a  species  of  rich 
tapestry,  also  to  a  printed  worsted  cloth 
for  covering  chairs,  sofas,  &c.,  in  imitation 
of  tapestry. 
{Goblet,  goblet,  re.     IFi".  goltelet,  dim.  of 


O.Fr.  gdbel,  a  drinking-glaas,  from  L.L. 
gobeUus,  from  L.  cwjja,  a  tub,  a  cask.  Cup.] 
A  kind  of  cui5  or  drinking  vessel  without 
a  handle. 

Goblin,  gob'Un,  n.  [Fr.  gobelin,  from  L. 
cobalns,  Gr.  kobalos,  a  kind  of  malignant 
being  or  goblin;  whence  also  G.  fcoJwM.] 
An  evil  or  mischievous  sprite;  a  gnome; 
an  elf;  a  malicfous  fairy.— Goblinry,  gob'- 
lin-ri,  n.    The  acts  oi:  practices  of  goblins. 

Goby,  go'bi,  n.  [L;  gobitis,  Gr.  kobios,  the 
gudgeon.]  A  name  given  to  various  rather 
small  fishes. 

God,  god,  ti.   [A.  Sax.  gpd='D.  god,  Icel. 

'  goth,  gvih,  Dan.  and  Swl  pwd,  Goth,  gvth, 
G.  gott,  God;  root  unknown;  not  connected 
with  good.]  A  being  conceived  of  as  pos- 
sessing divine  power,  and  therefore  to  be 
propitiated  by  saerificCj  worship,  and  the 
like ;  a  divinity ;  a  deity ;  the  Supreme 
Being;  Jehovah;  the  eternal  and  infinite 
Spirit,  the  Creator,  and  the  Sovereign  of 
the  universe  (in  this,  sense  written  or 
printed  with  a  capital  letter);  any  person 
or  thing  exalted  too  much  in  estim9,tion, 
or  deified  and  honoured  as  the  chief  good; 
pi.  the  audience  in  the  upper  gallery  of  a 
theatre:  so  called  from  their  elevated  posi-. 
tion  (slang).  —Godchild,  god'child,  re.  A 
godson  or  goddaughter.  —  Goddaughter, 
dod'da-t6r,  n.  A  female  for  whom  one  be- 
comes sponsor  at  bapHsm.— Goddess,  god'- 
es,  re.  A  female  deity ;  a  heathen  deity 
of 'the  female  sex;  a  woman  of  superior 
charms  or  excellence.— Godfather,  god'fa- 
iH6r,  n.  In  the  Anglican,  R.  Cath.,  and 
several  other  churches,  a  man  who  at  the 
baptism  of  a  child  makes  a  profession  of 
the  Christian  faith  in  its  name,  and  gua- 
rantees its  religious  education;  a  male- 
sponsor.  —  v.t.  To  act  as  godfather  to;  to 
take  under  one's  fostering  care. — God-fear- 
ing, a.  A  term  applied  to  one  who  fears 
or  reverences  God.— Godhead,  god'hed,  re. 
[God,  and  suffix  -head,  same  as  -hood.] 
Godship;  deitj';  divinity;  divine  nature  or 
essence.  —  The  Godhead,  the  Deity;  God; 
the  Supreme  Being.  —  Godhood,  god'hud, 
re.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  a  god; 
divinity. — Godless,  god'les,  a.  Having  or 
acknowledging  no  God;  impious;  ungodly; 
irreligious;  wicked. — Godlessly,  god'Ies-li, 
adv.  In  a  godless  manner. — Godlessness, 
godles-nes,  re.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing godless. — Godlike,  godlik,  a.  ..  Resem- 
bling a  god  or  God;  divine;  of  superior  ex- 
cellence.—Godlikeness,  god'lik-nes,  re.  The 
state  of  being  godlike.  —  Godlily,  god'- 
li-li,  adv.  In  a  godly  manner;  piously; 
righteously.— Godliness,  godli-nes,  n.  The 
condition  or  quality  of  being  godly. — God- 
ly, godli,  a.  Pious;  reverencing  God  and 
his  character  and  laws;  devout;  religious; 
righteous;  conformed  to  or  influenced  by 
God's  law.— adt).  Piously;  righteously. — 
Godmother,  god'muTH-er,  n.  A  woman 
who  becomes  sponsor  for  a  chUd  in  bap- 
tism.— Godsend,  god'send,  n.  Something 
sent  by  God;  an  unlooked-for  ac(^uisition 
or  piece  of  good  fortune.— Godship,  god'- 
ship,  re.  Deity;  divinity;  the  rank  or  char- 
acter of  a  god.  —  Godson,  god'sun,  re.  A 
male  for  whom  one  has  been  sponsor  at  bap- 
tism. —  God-speed,  god'spFd,  n.  [A  con- 
traction of  '  I  wish  that  God  may  speed 
you.']  Success;  prosperity;  a  prosperous 
journey;  usually  in  phrase  to  bid  a  person 
ffod-sp«e(f.— 6odward,6odwards,goQ'w6rd, 
god'w^rdz,  adv.    Toward  God. 

Godwit,  god'wit,  re.  f  A.  Sax.  p6d,  good,  and 
wiht,  creature,  wight,  from  the  excellence 
of  their  flesh.]  A  name  of  several  gralla- 
torial  birds  of  no  great  size,  the  flesh  of 
which  is  highly  esteemed. 

Goffer,  goffer,  v.t.  [Gauffeu.]  To  plait  or 
flute;  to  gauffer.  —  Goffer,  Goffering,  gof- 
fer, gof  fer-ing,  re.  An  ornamental  plaiting, 
used  for  the  frills  and  borders  of  women's 
caps,  &c. 

GOi    • 


strain  or  roll  the  eyes.  —  a.  Full  or  pro- 
minent and  rolling  or  staring:  said  of  the 
veyes.— re.  A  strained  or  afTected  rolling  of 
the  eye;  pi.  cylindrical  tubes  in  which  are 
fixed  glasses  for  defending  the  eyes  from 
cold,  dust,  &c.,  or  .tubes  intended  to  cure 


squinting;  blinds  for  horses.— Goggle-eye. 
re.  A  prominent,  rolling,  or  staring  e^e. 
Goitre,  Goiter,  goi'tfer,  re.  [Fr.  goitre,  from 
L.  grMur,  the  throat.]  Bronchocele  or 
Derbvshire  neck,  a  morbid  enlargement  of 
the  tnyroid  gland,  forming  a  tumour  or 
protuberance  sometimes  of  extiaordinai-y 
size  hanging  down  on  the  front  part  of  the 
neck.— Goitered,  Goltred,  goi'tferd,  a.  Af- 
fected with  goitre.— Goitrous,  goi'tms,  a. 
Pertaining  to  goitre;  affected  with  goitre. 
Gold,  gold^re.  lA.Sax.gold='D.goud,  Hc.gotcd, 
Sw.ffttZd,  Icel.  gull,  Goth.gulth;  from  root  of 
yellow.  Hence  gild.]  A  precious  metal  of 
a  bright  yellow  colour,  and  the  most  duc- 
tile and  malleable  of  all  the  metals,  and 
one  of  the  heaviest;  money;  riches;  wealth; 
a  symbol  of  what  is  valuable  or  much 
prized;  a-biight  yellow  colour,  lil:e  that  of 
the  metal;  archery,  the  exact  centre  of  the 
target,  marked  with  gold,  or  of  a  gold 
colour.— o.Made  of  gold;  consisting  of  gold, 
— Gold-beater,  n.  One  whose  occupation 
Is  to  beat  gold  into  thin  leaves  for  gilding. 
— Gold-be atei''s  skin,  the  prepared  outsidfe 
membrane  of  the  large  intestine  of  the  ox, 
used  by  gold-beaters  to  lay  between  the 
leaves  of  the  metal  while  they  beat  it. — 
Gold-digger,  re.  One  who  digs  for  gold. — 
Gold-digging,  re.  The  occupation  of  dig- 
ging for  gold;  the  locality  where  it  is 
found. — Gold-dust,  re.  Gold  in  very  fine 
particles.  —  Golden,  gol'dn,  a.  Made  of 
gold;  of  the  colour  or  lustre  of  gold;  yellow; 
shining;  splendid;  excellent;  most  valu- 
able; precious;  happy;  marked  by  the 
happiness  of  mankind;  pre-eminently 
favourable  or  aspicious  (a  golden  oppor- 
tunity). —  Golden  age,  an  early  period  in 
the  history  of  the  human  race,  fabled  to 
have  been  one  of  primeval  innocence  and 
enjoyment;  any  period  of  great  brilliancy 
or  progperity.— (?o?d«re6ai&,  the  three  gilt 
balla  placed  in  front  of  a  pawnbroker's 
place  of  business. — Golden  fleece,  in  Greek 
myth,  the  fleece  of  gold  in  quest  of  which 
Jason  undertook  the  Argonautic  expedi- 
tion; an  order  of  knighthood,  the  toison 
d'or. — Golden  legend,  a  collection  of  lives 
and  legends  of  saints  in  •high  repute  in 
the  middle  ages.  —  Golden  nwixber,  in 
chron.  a  number  showing  the  year  of  the 
moon's  cycle.  —  Golden-eye,  re.  A  species 
of  duck;  the  garrot.— Golden-pheasant,  n. 
A.  beautiful  species  of  pheasant  belonging 
to  China.  —  Gold-fever,  re.  A  mania  for 
digging  or  otherwise  searching  for  gold. 
—  Gold  -  field,  re'.  A  district  or  region 
where  gold  is  found.  —  Goldfinch,  gold'- 
finsh,  re.  [A.  Sax.  goldfinc.]  A  British  song- 
bird belonging  to  the  finches,  so  named 
from  the  yellow  mai'kings  on  its  wings.— 
Goldfish,  Golden-carp,  re.  A  species  of  carp, 
so  named'f  ron\  its  colour ,now  largely  bred 
in  ponds,  tanks,  or  glass  vessels.  —  Gold- 
lace,  re,  A  lace  wrought  with  gold  or  gilt 
thread.  —  Gold-leaf,  re.  Gold  beaten  into 
an  exceedingly  thin  sheet  or  leaf.  —Gold- 
less,  gold'les,  a.  Destitute  of  gold.— Gold- 
plate,  n.  Dishes,  spoons,  &c.,  of  gold.— 
Goldsmith,  gold'smith,  re.  An  artisan  who 
manufactures  vessels  and  ornaments  of 
gold.  —  Gold -stick,  re.  A  title  given  to 
colonels  of  the  British  Life  Guards  and  to 
captains  of  the  gentlemen-at-arms,  from 
the  gilt  rods  which  they  bear  when  attend- 
ing the  sovereign  on  state  occasions. — 
Gold-thread,  n.  A  thread  formed  of  flat- 
tened gold  laid  over  a  thread  of  silk  by 
twisting  it.— Gold-washer,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  washes  away  the  refuse  from 
gold  ore. 

Golf,  golf,  re.  [D.  kolf,  a  club  to  drive  balls 
with;  Dan.  and  G.  kolbc,  a  club.]  A  game 
played  with  clubs  and  balls,  generally  over 
large  commons,  downs,  or  links;  the  object 
■being  to  drive  the  ball,  with  as  few  strokes 
as  possible.  Into  holes  placed  at  consider- 
able distances  apart.  —  Golfer,  gol'ffer,  re. 
One  who  plays  golf. 

Golgotha,  gol'go-tha,  n.  [Heb.]  A  char- 
nel-house. 

Golosh,  go-losh',  re.    A  galoche. 
Gomphosis,  gom-fp'sis,  re.    [Gr.,  from  oowt- 
phos,  a  nail.]  Anat.  an  immovable  articu- 
lation, as  in  the  insertion  of  the  teeth  in 

Gomnti,  go-mtl'ti,  re.    The  Malayan  name 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  hfer;      pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;      tabe,  tub,  b\}ll;     oil,  pound;     fi,  So,  abtme— the  Fr.  tt. 


GONANGIUM 


301 


GOEGE 


for  the  sago-palm,  which  yiolds  a  bristly 
useful  fibre  resembling  black  horsehair, 
known  I>y  the  same  name. 

Gonangium,  go-nan'ji-um,  n.  (Gr.  yonos, 
offspring,  and  angeion,  a  vessel.]  Same  as 
Gonotlieca. 

Croudola,  gon'do-la,  n.  Tit.;  origin  un- 
known. I  A  flat-bottomed  boat,  very  long 
and  narrow,  and  having,  towards  the  cen- 
tre, a  curtained  chamber  for  the  passen- 
gers, used  chiefly  at  Venice.  —  Gondolier, 
goa-do-ler',  n.  A  man  who  rows  a  gondola. 

Gone,  gon,  pp.  of  go. 

Gonfalon,  Gonfanon,  gon'fa-lon,  gon'fa-non, 
n.  [Fr.  gonfalon,  O.Fr.  gonfanon,  from 
O.G.  guntfano — gunt,  a  combat  (  =  A.  Sax. 
guih),  and  fano,  a  banner.]  An  ensign  or 
standard,  the  bearer  of  which  in  many  of 
the  medieval  republican  citiesof  Italy  was 
often  the  chief  personage  in  the  state.— 
Gonfalonier,  gon'fal-o-iier",  n.  One  in- 
trusted with  a  gonfalon;  a  chief  magis- 
trate in  medieval  Italian  cities. 

Ooug,  gong,  n.  [llalay.]  A  Chinese  musi- 
cal instrument  of  percussion,  made  of  a 
mixed  metal  and  shaped  like  a  large  round 
flat  dish,  used  for  making  loud  sonorous 
signals,  for  adding  to  the  clangour  of  mar- 
tial instruments,  &c.— Gong-metal,  w.  An 
alloy  consisting  of  about  seventy -eight 
parts  of  copper  and  twenty-two  of  tin. 

&)ngylus,  gon'ji-lus,  n.  [Gr,  gongyloa, 
round.]  Bot.  a  spore  of  certain  fungi;  a 
reproductive  body  in  certain  sea-weeds. 

Gonldia,  go-nid'i-a,  n.  pi.  fGr.  gone,  gener- 
ation, and  eidon,  appearance.]  Bot.  the 
secondary,  reproductive,  green,. spherical 
cells  in  the  thallus  of  lichens. 

Goniometer,  go-ni-om'et-fer,  n.  [Gr.  gOnia, 
angle,  and  metron,  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  solid  angles,  particu- 
larly the  angles  formed  by  the  faces  of 
mineral  crystals.  —  Gonlometric,  Gonlo- 
metrical,  g5'ni-o-met"rik,  go'ni-o-met"ri- 
kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  determined  by  a 
goniometer.— Goniometry,  go-ni-om'ct-ri, 
n.    The  art  of  measuring  .solid  angles. 

Gonoblastldia,  gon'o-bIas-tid"i-a,  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
£fonos,  offspring,  hlastidion,Aim..  of  hlastos, 
a  bud.]  The  processes  which  carry  the 
gonophores  in  many  hydrozoa.  —  Gono- 
calyx,  gon-o-ka'liks,  n.  [Gr.  go^ios,  a  bud, 
and. kalyx,  a  cup.]  Zool.  the  swimming 
bell  of  a  medusiform  gonophore. 

Gonophore,  gon'o-for,  n.  [Gr.  gonos,  seed, 
and  phorcO,  to  bear.]  Bot.  the  short  stalk 
which  bears  the  stamens  and  carpels  in 
some  plants;  eool.  one  of  the  generative 
buds  or  receptacles  of  the  reproductive 
elements  in  the  hydrozoa. 

Gonorrhoea,  gon-o-re'a,  n.  [Gr.  gonorrlioia 
— gonos,  semen,  and  rheO,  to  flow.]  An  in- 
flammatory ailment  of  the  male  urethra 
or  the  female  vagina,  attended  with  secre- 
tion of  mucus  intermingled  with  pus. 

Gonosome,  gon'o-som,  n.  |Gr.  gonos,  off- 
spring, and  soma,  body.]  Zool.  a  collective 
term  for  the  reproductive  zooids  of  a  hy- 
drozoon. 

Gonotheca,  gon-o-theTca,  «.  [Gr.  gonos,  off- 
spring, and  thike,  a  case.]  Zool.  tlie  recep- 
tacle within  which  the  gonophores  of  cer- 
tain hydrozoa  are  produced. 

Good,  gud,  a.  [A.  sax.  god,  good=D.  goed, 
Dan.  aiid  Sw.  god,  Icel.  gothr,  Goth,  goda, 
G.  gut;  not  connected  with  god.]  The  op- 
posite of  bad;  conducive,  in  general,  to  any 
useful  end  or  purpose;  serviceable;  advan- 
tageous; beneficial;  wholesome;  suitable; 
useful;  fit;  proper;  right;  possessing  desir- 
able or  valuable  physical  or  moral  quali- 
ties; virtuous,  righteous,  dutiful,  pious,  or 
religious;  excellent,  valuable,  precious; 
kind,  benevolent,  humane,  merciful,  or 
friendly;  clever,  skilful,  or  dexterous;  ade- 
quate, sufficient,  or  competent ;  valid ;  of 
unimpaired  credit;  able  to  fulfil  engage- 
ments; real,  actual,  serious  {good  earnest); 
considerable;  more  than  a  little;  not  defi- 
cient; full  or  complete;  not  blemished;  un- 
sullied; immaculate;  honourable. — Good 
Friday,  a  fast  of  the  Christian  church,  in 
memory  of  our  Saviour's  crucifixion,  kejit 
on  the  Friday  before  Easter.  —  In  good 
time,  opportunely;  not  too  soon  nor  too 
late;  in  proper  time.— To  make  good,  to 
l>erform ;  to  fulfil ;  to  verify  or  establish 
(an  accusation);  to  supply  deficiency  in; 


to  make  up  for  defect;  to  maintain  or 
carry  out  successfully. —  To  stand  good,  to 
be  firm  or  valid.  —  To  think  quod,  to  see 
good,  to  be  pleased  or  satisfied ;  to  think 
to  be  expedient.  —  As  good  as  his  word, 
equalling  in  fulfilment  what  was  pro- 
mised. —  n.  What  is  good,  esiJecially  a  re- 
sult that  is  so  (no  good  can  come  of  it) ; 
what  is  serviceable,  fit,  excellent,  kind, 
benevolent,  or  the  like  (to  do  good);  benefit; 
advantage :  opposed  to  evil,  iU,  harm,  i^c; 
welfare  or  prosperity  (the  good  of  the  state); 
a  valuable  possession  or  piece  of  property: 
almost  always  in  the  plural  in  this  sense, 
and  equivalent  to  wares,  commodities, 
movables,  household  furniture,  chattels, 
effects. — For  good,  for  good  and  all,  to  close 
the  whole  business;  for  the  last  time; 
finally.  —  Good-breeding,  n.  Polite  man- 
ners, formed  by  a  good  education.— Good- 
bye, Good-by,  giid-oi'.  [Corruption  of  God 
be  with  you.]  A  form  of  salutation  at  part- 
ing; farewell.  —  Good -day.  Good -even. 
Good-evening,  Good-morning,  Good-mor- 
row, n.  and  interj.  A  kind  wish  or  salu- 
tation at  meeting  or  parting.— Good-night, 
n.  and  interj.  A  kind  wish  between  per- 
sons parting  for  the  night. — Good-fellow, 
n.  A  man  esteemed  for  his  companion- 
able or  social  qualities;  a  good-natured, 
pleasant  person.  —  Good-fellowship,  n. 
>l  erry  sooiet  v;  companionableness;  f  riend- 
liness.— Gooi-folk,  Good-neighbours,  n.pl. 
A  euphemism  for  fairies  or  elves.— Good- 
for-nothing,  n.  An  idle,  worthless  person. 
—a.  Worthless.— Good-humour,  n.  A  cheer- 
ful temper  or  state  of  mind.  —  Good-hu- 
moured.a.  Characterized  by  good-numour. 
— Good-numouredly,  adv.  In  a  good-hu- 
moured manner;  in  a  cheerful  way  — Good- 
ish,  gnd'ish,tt.  Pretty  good;  tolerable;  fair. 
— Good-lack,  gnd-lak',  interj.  [Good,  and 
lack,  a  contraction  from  lakin  or  ladykin, 
a  diminutive  of  lady,  that  is  the  Virgin 
Mary  ('Our  lady').]  An  exclamation  im- 
plying wonder,  surprise,  or  admiration. — 
Goodliness,  gnd'li-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  goodly.  —  Goodly,  gud'li,  a.  Being 
of  a  handsome  form;  fair  to  look  on;  beau- 
tiful-; graceful;  well-favoured;  pleasant; 
agreeable;  large;  considerable. — Goodman, 
giid'man,  n.  A  familiar  appellation  of 
civility  addressed  to  a  man :  often  used 
much  like  gaffer;  a  husband;  the  head  of 
a  family.— Goodwife,  gud'wif ,  n.  The  mis- 
tress of  a  household:  correlative  to  good- 
man.— Good-manners,  n.  pi.  Propriety  of 
behaviour;  ijoliteness;  decorum.  —  Good- 
nature, n.  Natuiul  mildness  and  kind- 
ness of  disposition.  —  Good-natured,  a. 
Having  good-nature;  naturally  mild  in 
temper. — Good-naturedly,  adv.  In  a  good- 
natured  manner.  —  Good-naturedness,  n. 
The  quality  of  beiiig  good-natured. — Good- 
ness, gud'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  good;  a  euphemism  for  God  (thank 
Goodness).  —  Goods-engine,  n.  A  steam- 
engine  for  drawing  a  goods  train,  or  one 
carrying  goods,  not  passengers.  —  Good- 
sense,  ji.  Soundness  of  understanding; 
good  judgment.— Good-tempered,  a.  Hav- 
iiig  a  good  temper;  not  easily  irritated  or 
annoyed.— Good-Templar,  n.  [Name  bor- 
rowed from  the  knights  of  the  Temple.]— 
A  member  of  a  certain  society  established 
for  the  promotion  of  teetotal  princi- 
ples.— Good-will,  n.  Benevolence;  kindly 
feelings;  heartiness;  earnestness;  zeal; 
com.  the  custom  of  any  trade  or  business; 
the  right  to  take  up  a  trade  or  business 
connection,  purchased  of  one  who  gives  it 
up.  —  Goody,  gud'i,  n.  [Probably  contr. 
from  goodwife.]  A  term  of  civility  applied 
to  women  in  humble  life. — Goody,  gud'i. 
Goody-good,  Goody-goody,  a.  Affected 
with  mawkish  morality;  excessively 
squeamish  in  morals. 

Googing,  Goodgeon,  gnj'ing,  gnd'jon,  n. 
One  of  several  clamps  of  iron  or  other 
metal,  bolted  on  the  stem-post  of  a  vessel, 
whereon  to  hang  the  rudder. 
Goor,  gor,  n.  The  Indian  name  for  the 
concentrated  juice  or  syruj)  of  the  date- 
palm. 
Gooroo.  go'rd.  ii.  [Skr.  gum,  a  teacher.]   A 

Hindu  sjiiritual  guide. 
Goosander,  gb.s'an-der,  n.  I  Lit.  goose-duck, 
from  (/oove,  and  lufl.  midur,  genit.  of  ond. 


A.  Sax.  ened,  a  duck.  Drake.]  A  swim- 
ming bird  allied  to  the  ducks  and  divers ; 
the  moi-ganser.    Mergansek. 

Goose,  gos,  ji.  pi.  Geese,  gSs.  [A.  Sax.  g6s 
(pi.  gis,  gees),  a  goose=Icel.  gas,  Dan.  gaas, 
D.  and  G.  gans,  Rus.  gus;  cog.  with  L. 
anser,  Gr.  chen,  Skr.  hansa;  from  a  root 
meaning  to  gape,  seen  in  E.  yaivn.]  The 
name  of  several  well-known  swimmiug 
birds  larger  than  ducks;  a  silly,  stupid 
person,  from  the  popular  notion  as  to  the 
stupidity  of  the  goose;  a  tailor's  smooth- 
ing-iron ;  a  game  formerly  common  in  Eng- 
land, played  with  dice  on  a  card  divided 
into  small  compartments,  on  certain  of 
which  a  goose  was  figured. — To  cook  one's 
goose,  to  do  for  one ;  to  finish  a  person 
(slang).  —  v.t.  To  hiss  out;  to  condemn  by 
hissing.  [Slang.]— Goose-flesh,  Goose-skin, 
n.  A  peculiar  roughness  of  the  human  skin 
produced  by  cold,  fear,  and  other  depress- 
ing causes,  as  dyspepsia.— Goose-grass,  n. 
A  name  given  to  two  British  plants.— 
Goose-necK,  n.  A  pipe  shaped  like  the  let- 
ter S.— Goose-quill,  n.  The  large  feather 
or  quill  of  a  goose,  or  a  pen  made  with  it. — 
Goosery,  gos'6r-i,  n.  A  place  for  geese; 
silliness  or  stupidity  like  that  of  the  goose. 
— Goose-step,  n.  The  act  of  a  soldier  mark- 
ing time  by  raising  the  feet  alternately 
without  advancing. 

Gooseberry,  gos'be-ri,  n.  [A  corruption  of 
gossberry  for  gorseberry,  from  prickles  on 
the  bush  giving  it  a  resemblance  to  gorse; 
or  for  grose-berry,  from  Fr.  groseille,  a 
gooseberry,  from  G.  k'rausbeere,  krdusel- 
beere,  a  goosebei-ry—fcraus,  frizzled,  curled, 
crisp,  and  beere,  a  berry.]  The  fruit  of  a 
prickly  shrub  either  red,  yellow,  or  green 
in  colour,  and  hairy  or  smooth  on  the  sur- 
face, well-known  and  much  esteemed;  also 
the  shrub  itself. 

Gopher,  go'ffer,  n.  [Fr.  gaufre<  honeycomb.  | 
The  name  given  in  America  to  several 
bun-owing  animals  from  their  honeycomb- 
ing the  earth;  also  a  species  of  burrowing 
tortoise  of  the  Southern  States. 

Gopher-wood,  goffer,  n.  [Heb.  gopher.']  A 
species  of  wood  used  in  the  construction 
of  Noah's  ark,  perhaps  cypress. 

Goramy,  Gourami,  go-ra-mi',  gO-ra-mi',  n. 
[Javanese  name.]  A  peculiar  species  of 
nest-building  fishes,  natives  of  China  and 
the  Eastern  Archipelago,  but  introduced 
into  the  West  Indialslandsand  elsewhere 
on  account  of  the  excellence  of  their  flei-h. 

Gor-belly,  gor'bel-li,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gor,  dirt, 
dung,  E.  gore,  and  belly.]  A  prominent 
belly;  a  person  having  a  big  belly.  —  Gor- 
beUted,  a.  Big-bellied.— Gor-cock.gor'kok, 
n.  [From  its  red  colour;  or  from  gorse, 
furze.]  The  red  grouse.— Gor-hen,  n.  The 
female  of  the  red  grouse.  —  Gor-crow,  n. 
The  common  or  carrion  crow. 

Gordian,  gor'di-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Gor- 
dins,  king  of  Phrygia,  or  the  knot  tied  by 
him,  and  which  could  not  be  untied,  but 
which  was  ultimately  cut  by  Alexander 
the  Great;  hence,  the  term  Gordian  knot 
is  applied  to  any  inextricable  difficulty ; 
and  to  cxd  the  Gordian  knot  is  to  remove  a 
difficulty  by  bold  or  unusual  measure.s. 

Gore,  gor,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gor,  gore,  filth,  Icel. 
and  Dan.  gor,  Sw.  gorr.]  Blood  that  is 
shech  thick  or  clotted  blood. — Gory,  go'ri, 
a.    Covered  with  gore;  bloody. 

Gore,  gor,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gdra,  a  point  or 
corner  of  land,  from  gar  a  spear;  like  Icel. 
geiri,  a  triangular  piece,  from  geirr,  a 
spear.]  A  triangular-shaped  piece,  as  of 
cloth,  let  into  or  regarded  as  let  into  a 
larger  piece;  a  gusset. — v.t.  To  cut  a  gore 
in;  to  piece  with  a  gore. 

Gore,  gor,  v.t. — gored,  goring.  [Directly 
from  A.  Sax.  g?ir,  a  spear  or  dart;  Ice!. 
geirr.]  To  stab;  to  pierce  with  a  pointed 
instrument,  as  a  spear,  or  with  the  horns 
(as  an  ox). 

Gorge,  gorj,  n.  [Fr.  gorge,  from  It.  gorgia, 
L.  gurges,  a  whirlpool;  sikingargle,  gurgle, 
&c.]  The  throat  or  gullet;  that  which  is 
swallowed;  food  caused  to  regurgitate 
through  nausea  or  disgust;  a  narrow  pas- 
sage between  hills  or  mountains;  the  en- 
trance into  a  bastion  or  other  outwork 
of  a  fort;  arch,  the  narrowest  part  of  the 
Tuscan  and  Doric  capital;  also,  a  cavetto. 
—  v.t.  —  gorged,  gorging.    To  swallow,  cs- 


ch,  c/(ain;     c/t,  Sc.  loc/i;      g,go;     },joh;      u,  Fr  Ion;      ng,  ^iji;;;      ih.  Wen;  th.  </ciu;      w.  wifr;      wh,  ui/iig;      ih,as\iTo 


GORGEOUS 


S02 


GRACE 


pecially  with  greediness  or  in  large  quan- 
tities; to  fill  the  stomach  of;  to  satiate: 
often  refi. — v.i.  To  feed  greedily;  to  stuff 
one's  self. 

Gorgeous, gor'j us,  a.  [O.Fr.  gorgias,  gaudy, 
flaunting,  from  yorgias,  a  ruff  for  the  neck, 
from  porye,  the  throat  (which  see).|  Ex- 
ceedingly showy ;  splendid ;  magnificent ; 
glittering  with  gay  colours.— Gorgeously, 
Kor'jus-li,  ado.  In  a  gorgeous  manner. — 
Gorgeon^^iess,  gor'j  us-nes,  n. 

Gorget,  gor'jet,  n.  [Fr.  gorgette,  from  gorge, 
the  throat.  Gorgk.J  A  piece  of  armour 
for  defending  the  tliroat  or  neck;  a  small 
crescent  -  shaped  metallic  ornament  for- 
merly worn  by  ofi&cers  on  the  breast. 

Gorgon,  gor'gou,  n.  lOr.  gurgO,  gorgOn,  from 
gorgos,  fierce,  grim.J  Greek  myth,  one  of 
several  monsters  of  terrific  aspect,  the 
sight  of  which  turned  the  beholder  to 
stone;  hence,  some  one  like  a  gorgca. — a. 
Very  ugly  or  terrific— Gorgonean.Gorgo- 
nian,  gor-gO'ne-au,  gor-go'ni-an,  a.  Like 
a  gorgon ;  pertaining  to  gorgons.  —  Gor- 
gonize,  gor'gon-iz,  v.t.  To  turn  into  stone; 
to  petrify. 

Gonlla,  go-ril'la,  n.  [Originally  an  African 
name,  found  in  use  by  the  Phoenician 
navigator  Hanno  in  thefifth  century  n.c.  I 
The  largest  of  the  apes,  very  strong  and 
fierce,  found  chiefly  In  the  woody  equa- 
torial regions  of  Africa,  living  mostly  on 
trees,  and  feeding  on  vegetable  substances. 

Gormand,  gor'mand,  >i.  |Er.  goMrmand.\ 
A  gourmand.  —  Gonnandism,  gor'man- 
dizm,  n.  Gluttony.  —  Gormandize,  Gor- 
mandise, g:or'man-diz,  v.i.  —  gonnaiidized, 
gormandizing.  To  eat  greedily;  to  swallow 
voraciously.  —  Gormandizer,  gor'man-tli- 
z6r,  n.    A  voracious  eater. 

Gorse,  gors,  n.  |A.  Sax.  gofst,  gost,  furze; 
connections  doubtful.J  The  common  furze 
or  whin. — Gorsy,  gor'si,  a.  Abounding  in 
gorse;  resembling  gorse. 

Goshawk,  gos'hak,  n.  I  A.  Sax.  gdshafoe, 
goose-hawk — so  called  from  lieing  flown  at 
geese.]  A  kind  of  lai-ge  hawk,  formerly 
much  used  in  falconry^ 

Gosling,  gozling,  n.  [A.  Sax.  yCs,  goose, 
and  the  dim.  term,  -ling.]  A  young  goose; 
a  kind  of  catkin. 

Gospel,  gos'pel,  n.  fA.  Sax.  podspell—g6d, 
good,  and  spell,  history,  narration  —  an- 
swering to  the  Gr.  euangelion,  L.  evange- 
Hum,  a  good  or  joyful  message,  evangel ; 
01  compounded  of  A.  Sax.  god,  God,  and 
spell  —  lit.  God's  word.]  The  history  of 
Jesus  Christ;  any  of  the  four  records  of 
Christ's  life  left  by  his  apostles;  the  whole 
scheme  of  salvation  as  revealed  by  Christ 
and  his  apostles;  system  of  gospel  doctrine 
or  of  reUgious  truth;  any  general  doctrine 
(a  political  gospel);  some  portion  of  one  of 
the  four  gospels  appointed  to  be  read  in 
the  service  of  the  Anglican  Church. — a. 
Accordant  with  the  gospel;  relating  to  the 
gospel;  evangelical.— Gospellize.t  gos'pel- 
iz,v.t.  To  instruct  in  the  gospel;  to  evan- 
gelize.— Gospeller,  gos'pel-6r,  n.  An  evan- 
gelist; the  priest  who  reads  the  gosi)el  in 
the  church  service. 

Gossamer,  gos'a-mfer,  n.  [A  name  ap- 
I)arently  applied  originally  to  the  period 
at  which  gossamer  is  commonly  observed, 
and  equivalent  to  goose-summer,  the  term 
having  perhaps  arisen  from  geese  being 
then  driven  out  to  the  stubble  and  from 
their  well-known  connection  with  Mi- 
chaelmas; comp.  the  German  names  for 
gossamer,  'our  lady's  summer,*  'flying 
summer,'  '  old  wives'  summer.']  A  fine 
filmy  substance,  a  kind  of  delicate  cob- 
webs, floating  in  the  air  in  calm  clear 
weather,  especially  in  autumn,  formed  by 
small  species  of  spiders. — Gossamery,  gos'- 
a-mer-i,  a.  Like  gossamer;  flimsy;  unsub- 
stantial. 

Gossan,  gos'an,  n.  Mining,  an  oxide  of  iron 
and  quartz,  a  sure  indication  of  ore  at 
greater  depth. —  Gossaniferoos,  gos-an-if'- 
er-ns,  a.    Containing  gossan. 

Gossip,  gos'sip,  n.  [From  God,  and  prov.E. 
sib,  relation,  related,  lit.  related  in  the 
service  of  God.]  A  godfather  or  godmo- 
thert;  a  friend  or  neighbour,  an  intimate 
coixipanion;  an  idle  tattler  or  carrier  of 
tales:  mere  tattle;  groundless  rumour.— 
v.i.  To  prate;  to  chat;  to  tell  idle  tales.— 


Gossiper,  gos'sip-6r,  n.  One  who  gossips; 
a  gossip.  —  Gossipry,  gos'sip-ri,  n.  Rela- 
tionship by  baptismal  rites;  sponsorship; 
idle  talk  or  gossip.— Gossipy,  gos'sip-i,  a. 
Full  of  goi-sip. 

Gossomer,  gos'o-mfer.    Gossamer. 

Got,  got,  pret.  of  yet. — Got,  Gotten,  got'n, 
pp.  of  get. 

Goth,  goth,  n.  IL.  Gothi,  Goths.]  One  of 
an  ancient  Teutonic  race  of  people,  flrst 
heard  of  as  inhabiting  the  shores  of  the 
Baltic,  and  who  afterwards  overran  and 
took  an  important  part  in  subverting  the 
Konian  empire;  a  bai-barian;  a  rude  igno- 
rant person;  one  defective  in  taste.  — 
Gothic,  goth'ik.a.  Pertaining  to  the  Goths; 
rude;  barbarous;  the  term  applied  to  that 
style  of  architecture  the  characteristic  fea- 
ture of  which  is  the  pointed  arch  and  the 
subserviency  of  the  other  parts  to  this 
feature:  originally  used  in  a  depreciatory 
sense. — ii.The  language  '.f  the  Goths;pnn.i- 
ing,  the  name  of  a  bold-faced  type,  used  for 
titling  and  jobbing  work;  the  Gothic  style 
or  order  of  architecture.- Gothicism,goth'- 
i-sizm,  71.  A  Gothic  idiom;  conformity  to 
the  Gothic  style  of  architecture;  rudeness 
of  raanuers;  barbarousness.  ^Gothicize, 
goth'i-siz,  v.t. -^  Gothicized,  Gothicizing. 
To  make  Gothic;  to  bring  back  to  barbar- 
ism.— Gothish,  goth'ish,  a.    Gothic. 

Gothamist,  Gothamite,  go'tham-ist,  go'- 
tham-it,  n.  A  person  deficient  in  wisdom, 
so  called  from  Gotham,  in  Kottingham- 
shire,  noted  for  some  pleasant  blunders;  a 
term  sportively  applied  to  the  inhabitants 
of  Kew  York.  • 

Goada,  gou'da,  a.  A  kind  of  cheese  from 
Gouda,  a  town  in  Holland. 

Gouge,  gouj,  n.  IFr.  gouge,  L.L.  guma,B, 
gouge;  origin  uncertain.]  A  chisel  with 
a  hollow  or  grooved  blade,  used  to  cut 
holes,  channels,  or  grooves.— w.<. — gouged, 
gouging.  To  8cooi>  out  or  turn  with  or  as 
with  a  gouge.- Gouge-bit,  n.  A  bit,  in 
the  form  of  a  gouge,  for  boring  wood. 

Gourd,  gord,  n.  ( Fr.  gourde,  O.Fr.  gouorde, 
gougorde,  from  L.  cucurbita,  a  gourd.]  The 
popular  name  of  the  family  of  plants  repre- 
sented by  the  melon,  cucumber,  pumpkin, 
vegetable  maiTow,  &c.,  or  for  their  fruits. 
—  Gourd-tree,  n-  A  tropical  American 
tree  which  produces  globular  or  oval 
gourd-like  fruits,  the  hard  woody  shell  of 
which  is  applied  to  many  useful  purposes. 
— Gourdy,  gor'di,  a.  Swelled  in  the  legs: 
said  of  a  horse.  —  Gourdiness,  gor'di-nes, 
n.  The  condition  or  quality  of  being 
goufdy. 

Gourmand,  gor'mand,  n.  [Fr.,  of  Celtic 
origin;  comp:  AV.  gonnant,  that  which 
tfnds  to  overfill;  gormodd,  excess,  from 
gor,  excess.]  A  glutton;  a  greedy  feeder; 
a  dainty  feeder;  an  epicure;  a  goumret. — 
Gourmandize,  gor'man-dJz,  v.i.  To  gor- 
mandize. 

Gourmet,  gar-ma  or  gor'met,  n.  [Fr.,  a 
wine-taster,  for  groumet,  from  the  O.D. 
word=E.  groom.]  A  man  of  keen  palate; 
a  connoisseur  in  wines  and  meats;  a  nice 
feeder;  an  epicure. 

Gout,  gout,  n.  [Fr.  goutte,  L.  gutta,  a  drop, 
from  the  old  medical  theory  that  diseases 
were  due  to  the  deposition  of  drops  of  mor- 
bid humour  in  the  part.]  A  disease  giving- 
rise  to  paroxysms  of  acute  pain  with  dn- 
flammation,  affecting  the  small  joints, 
and  generally  the  first  joint  of  the  great 
toe,  and  often  accompanied  by  calculi  or 
concretions  at  the  joints;  a  drop;  a  clot  or 
coagulation  (Shak.).  —  Gontily,  gout'i-li, 
adv.  In  a  gouty  manner.  —  Goutiness, 
gout'i-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  gouty ; 
gouty  affections.  —  Goutish,  gout'ish,  a. 
Having  a  predisposition  to  gout;  gouty. — 
Gouty,  gout'i,  a.  Diseased  with  or  sub- 
ject to  the  gout;  pertaining  to  the  gout. — 
Gontwort,  6outweed,gout'w6rt,  gout'wed, 
n.    An  umbelliferous  British  plafnt  which 

'  was  formerly  believed  to  be  a  specific  for 
gout;  ache-weed. 

Gout,  gO,  n.  [Fr.  goAt,  from  L.  gustus, 
taste.]    Taste;  relish. 

Govern,  guv'fem,  v.t.  [Fr.  gouvemer,  from 
L.  gubemare,  to  govern,  a  form  of  Gr.  ky- 
bernao,  to  govern.]  To  direct  and  control; 
to  regulate  by  authority:  to  keep  within 
the  limits  prescribed  by  law  or  sovereign 


will;  to  influence;  to  direct;  to  restrain;  to 
keep  in  due  subjection ;  to  steer  or  regu- 
late the  course  of;  grain,  to  cause  to  be  in 
a  particular  case,  or  te  require  a  particu- 
lar case.  —  v.i.  To  exerci  e  authority;  to 
administer  the  laws;  to  maintain  the  su- 
periority; to  have  the  control.  —  Govern- 
able, gu\''^r-ira-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
governed;  submissive  to  law  or  rule. — 
Govemableness,  guv'er-na-bl-ues,  n.  State 
or  quality  of  being  governable.  —  Gover- 
nance, guv'6r-nans,  n.  Government;  ex- 
ercise of  authority;  control;  management. 
— Governess,  guv'6r-nes,  n.  A  female  that 
governs;  a  lady  who  has  the  care  of  edu- 
cating or  teaching  children  in  their  homes. 
— Governing,  guv'er-ning,  p.  and  a.  Serv- 
ing to  govern;  directing;  controlling. — 
Government,  guv'em-ment,  n.  The  act 
of  governing;  regulation;  control;  re- 
straint; the  exercise  of  authority;  direc- 
tion and  restraint  exercised  over  the  ac-v 
tions  of  men  in  communities,  societies,  or 
states;  the  administration  of  public  affairs; 
the  system  of  polity  in  a  state;  the  mode 
or  system  according  to  which  the  sov- 
ereign powers  of  a  nation,  the  legislative, 
executive,  and  judicial  powers,  are  vested 
and  exercised;  a  body  politic  governed  by 
one  authority;  a  province  or  division  of 
territory  ruled  by  a  governor;  the  persons 
or  council  who  administer  the  laws  of  a 
kingdom  or  state;  the  administration;  the 
executive  power;  gram,  the  influence  of  a 
wojrd  in  regard  to  construction. — Govern- 
mental, guv'6m-men-tal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  government;  n^ade  by  government. — 
Governor,  guv'^r-nfer,  n.  One  who  gov- 
erns; the  supreme  executive  magistrate 
of  a  state,  community,  corporation,  &c.; 
a  tutor-  to  a  boy  at  home ;  a  contriv- 
ance in  mills  and  machinery  for  main- 
taining a  uniform  velocity  with  a  vary- 
ing resistance ;  a  contrivance  in  a  steam- 
engine  which  automatically  regulate? the 
admission  of  steam  to  the  cylinder. — Gov- 
ernor-general, n.  A  governor  who  has 
under  him  subordinate  or  deputy  gover- 
nors; a  viceroy. — Govemorship,guv'6r-n6r- 
ship,  n.    The  ofiSce  of  a  governor. 

Gowaji,  gou'an,  n.  [Gael,  and  Ir.  gugan, 
a  bud,  a  flower.]  The  Scotch  name  for  the 
mountain  daisy. 

Gown,  goun,  n.  [W.  gwn,  Ir.  gunn,  Gael. 
gun,  a  gown  or  robe.]  A  woman's  outer 
garment;  a  dress;  a  dressing-gown;  tlie 
official  dress  worn  by  members  of  certain 
professions,  as  divinity;  medicine,  law,  by 
magistrates,  university  professors  and  stu- 
dents, &c.:  sometimes  used  as  the  emblem 
of  civil  life,  as  the  sword  of  military.— r.t. 
To  put  a  gown  on;  to  clothe  or  dress  in  a 
gown. — v.i.  To  put  on  a  gown.  —  Gowns- 
man, gounz'man,  n.  One  whose  profes- 
sional habit  is  a  gown,  as  a  lawyer,  pro- 
fessor, or  student  of  a  university. — Gown- 
piece,  n.  A  piece  of  cloth  svufficient  to 
make  a  gown. 

Graafian,  gra'fi-an,  o.  [From  Regnier  de 
Graaf,  a  Dutch  physician.]  Applied  to 
certam  vesicles  developed  in  the  ovaries 
of  mammals  for  the  special  purpose  of  ex- 
pelling the  ovum. 

Graal,  gral,  n.    Same  as  Grail. 

Grab,  grab,  v.t. — grabbed,  grabbing.  [Sw. 
grahba,  to  grasp;  D.  grabbelen,  to  snatch; 
akin  grapple,  gripe,  grasp,  grope.  Ac]  To 
seize;  to  snatch;  to  gripe  suddenly.  |Col- 
loq.l  — n.  A  sudden  grasp  or  seizure;  a 
catch;  an  advantage  (colloq.);  an  imple- 
ment for  clutching  objects.  —  Grabber, 
grab'er,  n.    One  who  or  that  which  grabs. 

C»-ace,  gras,  n.  [Fr.,from  L.  gratia,  fa- 
vour, from  gratus,  pleasant  (seen  also  in 
grateful,  gratitude,  agree,ingrate,&c. );  from 
a  root  seen  in  Gr.  chairO,  to  rejoice,  Gael. 
gradh,  love,  and  E.  yearn.]  Favour,  good- 
will, or  kindness;  disposition  to  oblige  an- 
other; the  love  and  favour  of  God;  divine 
influence  renewing  the  heart  and  restrain- 
ing from  sin;  a  state  of  reconciliation  to 
G^;  virtuous  or  religious  affection  or  dis- 
position proceeding  from  divine  influence; 
mercy;  pardon;  favour  conferred;  a  license,  ■ 
dispensation,  or  peculiar  privilege;  a  short 
prayer  before  or  after  meals  acknowledg- 
ing the  grace  or  goodness  of  God ;  (witc 
possessive  pronouns)  a  title  used  in  ad- 


•'Pftte,  ftr,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  b6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mSve;     tahe,  tub,  bull ;     oil,  pound;     U,  Sc.  abune-rthe  Fr.  «/ 


GRAOILE 


303 


GRAMPUS 


dressing  or  speakihg  of  a  duke  or  duchess; 
that  external  element  in  acting  or  speak- 
ing which  renders  it  appropriate  and 
ap'eeable;  elegance  with  appropriate  dig- 
nity; a  beauty  or  element  in  what  pleases 
the  eye;  an  embellishment;  an  affectation 
of  elegance,  dignity,  or  refinement  (a  per- 
son's airs  and  graces) ;  Greek  myth,  beauty 
or  elegance  deified;  one  of  three  goddesses 
in  whose  gift  were  grace,  loveliness^  and 
favour;  mug.  a  turn,  trill,  shake,  &c.,  intro- 
duced for  embellishment.— Daj^s  of  grace, 
com.  three  days  immediately  following 
the  day  when  a  bill  becomes  due,  which 
days  are  allowed  to  the  debtor  or  payer  to 
make  payment  in. — A  person's  good  graces, 
a  person's  favour  or  friendly  regard. —  With 
a  good  grace,  graciously ;  with  at  least  an 
air  of  graciousness.  —  With  a  bad  grace, 
ungracefully;  ungraciously. — v.t.— graced, 
gracing.  To  lend  or  add  grace  to;  to  adorn; 
to  serve  to  embellish  or  dignify;  to  honour. 
— Graced,  grast,  a.  Endowed  with  grace; 
beautiful ;  graceful ;  favoured;  honoured. 
—Graceful,  gras'fyl,  a.  Displaying  grace 
in  form  or  action;  possessing  a  peculiar 
elegance  or  attraction  in  mien  or  appear- 
ance: used  particularly  of  motion,  looks, 
and  speech. —  Gracefully,  gras'ful-li,  adv. 
In  a  graceful  manner.  —  Gracefulness, 
grfts'fvll-nes,  n.  The  condition  or  quality 
of  being  graceful. — Graceless,  gras'les,  a. 
Void  of  grace;  somewhat  careless  in  regard 
to  religious  matters ;  not  at  all  devout ; 
unregenerate;  unsanctified.— Graceleesly, 

SrasTes-li,  adv.  In  a  graceless  manner. — 
racelessness,  gra3'les-nes,n. — Qrace-aote, 
n.  Mug.  a  note  added  by  way  of  ornament, 
and  printed  or  written  in  smaller  charac- 

■  ters ;  an  s^poggiatura.  —  Gracious,  gra'- 
shus,  a.  [Pr.  gracieux,  L.  gratiosus.]  Fa- 
vourable; benevolent;  merciful;  benign: 
kind;  friendly;  proceeding  from,  produced 
by,  or  associated  with  divine  grace:  virtu- 
ous; good. — Graciously,  gr&'shus-ii,  adv. 
In  a  gracious  manner.— GraclonsnesB.grft'- 
shuB-nes,  n.    - 

Oraclle,t  graslL  a.  [L.  grcteilis,  slender.] 
Slender.— Oracility,f  gra-sil'i-ti,  n.  Slen- 
demess. 

Grockle,  Grakia  gfakl,  n.  [L.  graculus, 
a  jackdaw,  imitative  of  the  cry.]  A  name 
of  various  birds  inhabiting  Asia  and  Afri- 
ca, and  belonging  to  the  starling  family, 
which  birds  they  much  resemble  in  habits. 

Grade,  grad,  n.  [Fr.  grade,  from  L.  gradtis, 
a  step,  from  gradior,  gressus,  to  go,  seen 
also  in  congress,  degrade',  degree,  egress,  in- 
gredient, progress,  retrograde,  &c.]  A  de- 
gree or  rank  in  order  or  dignity;  a  step  or 
degree  in  any  series,  rank,  or  order;  rela- 
tive position  or  standing  (officers,teachers, 
magnitudes,  crimes  of  every  grade). — v.t. 
~~ffraded,  grading.  To  arrange  in  order 
according  to  size,  quality,  rank,  degree  of 
advancement,  and  the  like;  to  reduce  (the 
line  of  a  railway,  &c.)  to  such  levels  or 
de^ees  of  inclination  as  may  make  it 
suitable  for  being  used.  —  Gradation,  gra- 
da'shon,  n.  [L.  gradaiio.}  The  act  df  grad- 
ing; the  state  of  being  graded;  arrange- 
ment by  grades  or  ranks;  a  regular  ad- 
vance from  step  to  step;  a  degree  or  relative 
position  in  any  order  or  series;  the  gradual, 
blending  of  one  tint  into  another.  — G^J^ 
datlonal,  gra-da'shon-al,  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to,  or  according  to  gradation. — 
Oradatory,  gra'da-to-ri,a.  Proceeding  step 
by  step ;  marking  gradation.  —  n.  Eccles. 
arch,  a  series  of  steps  leading  from  the 
cloisters  into  the  church.— Gradient,  gra'- 
di-ent,  a.  [L.  gradiens,  gradientis,  ppr.  of 
gradior.]  Moving  by  stepst;  walkingt; 
rising  or  descending  by  regular  degrees  of 
inclination.— n.  The  degree  of  slope  or  in- 
clination of  the  ground  over  which  a  rail- 
way, road,  or  canal  passes;  the  rate  of 
ascent  or  descent;  the  part  of  a  road  which 
slopes. — Gradual,  grad'a-al,  a.  [Fr.  grad- 
uel.]  Proceediiig  by  stteps  or  degrees;  ad- 
vancing step  by  step ;  regular  and  slow ; 
progressive. — n.  An  ancient  service-book 
of  the  church:  also  called  Graii.  —  Gradu- 
ality,t  grad-u-al'i-li,  n.  The  state  of  being 
gradual.— Gradually,  grad'O-al-li,  adv.  In 
a  gradual  manner;  by  degrees:  step  by 
step;  regularly.— Graduate,  grad'tl-at,  v.t. 
—graduated,,  graduating.     [Pr.  graduer. 


from  L.  gradus.)  To  mark  with  degrees, 
regular  intervals,  or  divisions ;  to  divide 
into  small  regular  distances  (to  graduate 
a  thermoriieter);  to  temper  or  modify  by 
degrees;  to  characterize  or  mark  with  de- 
grees or  grades,  as  of  intensity;  to  confer 
a  university  degree  on;  to  reduce  to  a  cer- 
tain consistency  by  evaporation. — v.i.  To 
receive  a  degree  from  a  college  or  univer- 
sity; to  pass  by  degrees;  to  change  gradu- 
ally; to  shade  off. — n.  One  who  has  been 
admitted  to  a  degree  in  a  college  or  uni- 
■versity,  or  by  some  incori)orated  society. — 
a.  Arranged  by  successive   steps  or  de- 

frees.  —  GraduatesMp,  grad'n-at-ship.  n. 
he  state  of  a  graduate.  —  Graduation, 
grad-a-a'shon,  n.  The  act  of  graduating, 
or  state  of  being  graduated;  the  marks  or 
lines  made  on  an  instrument. to  indicate 
degrees  pr  other  divisions.  —  Graduator, 
grad'n-a-t6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
graduates;  an  instrument  for  graduating; 
a  contrivance  for  accelerating  evaporation. 
Graft,  graf,  u.  [The  old  and  better  spelling 
of  graft]  A  graft.— w.<.  To  graft. 
Graffiti,  gra-fe'te,  n.  pt  [Pi,  of  It.  graffito, 
a  scribbling,  from  praMare,  toscribble.] 
A  class  of  rude  scribbungs  or  figures  on 
the  walls  of  Pompeii^he  Catacombs,  Ac, 
dating  from  ancient  Roman  times. 
Graft,  graft,  n.  [O.Fr.  araffe,  Fr.  greffe,  a 
slip  or  shoot  of  a  tree  for  grafting,  origi- 
nally a  pointed  instrument,  from  L.  graph- 
ium,  a  style  for  writing  on  waxen  tablets, 
from  Gr.  grapho,  to  write.  According  to 
the  etymology  graff  is  the  proper  spelling 
of  the  word.]  A  small  shoot  or  scion  of  a 
tree,  inserted  in  another  tree  and  becom- 
ing part  of  it,  but  retaining  the  characters 
of  its  own  parent.— ».<.  To  insert  a  graft 
on;  to  propagate  by  a  graft;  to  incorporate 
after  the  manner  of  a  graft;  to  join  on  as 
if  organically  a  part.— Grafter,  graf'tfir,  n. 
One  who  grafts. 

Grail,  Graial,  gral,  n..  [O.Fr.  graaZ,  great, 
L.L.  gradalis,  gradale,  4c.;  perhaps  froin 
erateUc,dim.otli.  crater,  Qi.lcrcUer.a, cup.] 
The  holy  vessel  said  to  have  been  brougnf 
to  England  by  Joseph  of  Arimathea.  who 
had  caught  the  last  dropa  of  Christ's  bipod 
in  it,  and  which  being  -afterwards  lost 
the  search  for  it  became  the  great  work  of 
King  Arthur's  Knights.  Foranotftier(?raiI 
see  under  Grade. 

Grain,  gran,  n.  [Fr.  grain,  from  L.  granum, 
a  grain,  seed,  kernel,  same  root  as  £.  com 
(which  see).  Of  same  origin  are  granite, 
grange,  gamer,  &c.]  A  single  seed  of  a 
plant,  particularly  of  those  plants  whose 
seeds  are  used  for  food  of  man  or  beast ; 
used  collectively  for  com  in  general,  or 
the  fruits  of  cereal  plants,  as  wheat,  rye, 
barley,  oats,  &c..  as  also  for  the  ijiants 
themselves;  pi.  the  husks  or  remains  of 
grain  used  in  brewing  or  distUling;  any 
small  har^  particle,  as  of  sand,  sugar,  saJt, 
&c. ;  a  minute  particle ;  an  atom  (not  a 
grain  of  sense);  the  twentieth  part  of  the 
scruple  in  apothecaries'  weight,  and  the 
twenty-f  ourtn  part  of  a  pennyweight  troy; 
the  substance  of  a  thing  regarded  with 
respect  to  the  size,  form,  or  direction 
of  the  constituent  particles;  the  fibres  of 
wood  or  other  fibrous  substance,  with  re- 
gard to  their  arrangement  or  direction; 
texture  (stone  or  wood  of  a  fine  grain) ; 
formerly  the  scarlet  dye  made  from  the 
kermes  or  cochineal  insects,  from  their 
round,  seed-like  form;  hence,  a  red-col- 
oured dye;  also,  a  permanent  colour  of  any 
kind. —  To  dye  in  grain,  originally,  to  dye 
with  kermes;  then,  to  dye  deeply  or  per- 
manently; now  usually  to  dye  in  the  libre 
or  raw  material. —  Grain  side  of  leather, 
the  side  from  which  the  hair  has  been  re- 
moved.— Against  the  grain,  against  tho 
fibi"es  of  wood;  hence,  against  the  natural 
temper;  unwillingly;  unpleasantly;  reluc- 
tantly.— Grains  of  Paradise,  the  pungent, 
somewhat  aromatic  seeds  of  a  plant  of  the 
ginger  family,  a  native  of  tropical  Western 
Africa. — v.t.  To  form  into  grains,  as  pow- 
der, sugar,  and  the  like;  to  paint  so  as  to 
give  the  appearance  of  grains  or  fibres; 
tan.  to  give  a  granular  appearance  to  the 
surface;  to  prepare  the  hairy  side  as  the 
outer  side.— y.i.  To  form  grains  or  to  as- 
sume a  granular  form,  as  the  result  of 


crystallization.- Grained,  grand,  p.  and  o. 
Having  a  certain  grain  or  texture;  having 
a  granular  surface  (grained  leather). — 
Gralner,  gra'n6r,  n.  One  who  or  thatwhich 
grains;  a  peculiar  brush  or  a  toothed  in- 
strument used  by  painters. — Qradny,  gra'- 
ni,  n.  Full  of  grains  or  com;  full  oi  ker- 
nels. —  Grain  -leather,  n.  A  name  for 
leather  blacked  on  the  grain  side  for 
shoes,  boots,  kc.  —  Grain-mill,  n.  A  mUl 
for  grinding  grain ;  a  grist-mill.  —  Grain- 
moth,  n.   A  minute  moth  whoss  larvas  de- 

,  vour  grain  in  granaries. — Granary,  gran'- 
a-ri,  n.  [L.  graivinum,  from  granum^  A 
storehouse  for  grain  after  it  is  threshed, — 
Graniferous,  gra-nif'6r-UB,  a.  [L.  granum, 
and /ero,  to  Dear.]  .  Bearing  grain  or  seeds 
like  grain.  —  Granlform,  gran'i-form.Ta. 
Bot.  formed  like  grains  of  com. — Gramv- 
orous.  gra-niv'o-rus,  o.  [L.  granum,  and 
voro,  to  eat.]  Eating  grain;  feeding  or  sub- 
sisting on  seeds. 

Grain,  gran,  n.  [Same  word  as  Dan.  preen, 
a  branch,  a  pron^;  Icel.  grein,  a  branch; 
akin  groin.]  A  tine,  prong,  or  spike;  2>2, 
a  kind  of  harpoon  with  four  or  more 
barbed  points. 
Gr&ip,  grap,  n.    [Same  as  D.  greepi  Dan 

■  greb,  a  dung-fork;  akin  to  gripe,  grope. 
A  dung-fork  or  fork  for  digging  potatoes; 

Graith,  grath.n.  [Icel.  greithi,  preparation 
equipment,  i^rettftr,  ready;  A.Sax.  perade 
trappings ;  from  stem  of  ready,  with  par 
tide  176-  prefixed.]  Apparatus.equipmentS 
implements,  or  accoutrements. 
GrallatoreB,  Grallae,  gral-a-to'rez,  gral'e,  n. 
pi.  [Ii.  grallce,  stilts,  grallator  (pi.  graXla^ 
tores),  one  who  goes  on  stilts,  from  gradior 
to  go.  Giuj)E.j  An  order  of  birds  gene- 
rally characterized  by  very  long  legs,  long 
necks,  and  long  bills,  including  the  cranes, 
plovers,  snipes,  rails,  coots,  &c.  4c.;  the 
waders.  —  Cfrallatorlal,  graJ-a-to'ri-al,  o.' 
Pertaining  to  the  Grallatores. 

Grailock,  gral'ok,  v.t.  [Gael,  grealach,  en- 
trails.] To  remove  the  entrails  from  a 
deer.  ,, 

Gramineous,  '  Qramineal,  QraminaceouB,^ 
gra-min'e-us,  gra-min'S-al,  gram-i-na'shus^ 
a.  [li.  gramuieus,  from  gramen,  graminis^ 
grass.]  Like  or  pertaining  to  grass  or  to 
the  tribe  of  grasses.  —  Graminlfollous, 
gram'i-ni-f5"li-us,  a.  [L.  folium,  a  leaf.] 
Bot.  having  leaves  resembling  those  of 
grass.  —  Graminivorous,  gram-i-niv'5-rus, 
a.  [L.  voro,  to  eat.]  Feedmg  or  subsisting 
on  grass,  as  oxen,  &c. 

Grammar,  gram'mar.n.  [Fr.  grammaire, 
from  a  hypothetical  L.L.  form  grammdria, 
from  Gr.  gramma,  a  letter,  froin  grapho, 
to  write  (whence  crap/tic,  &c.).  Gkave.«;.<.J 
The  exposition  of  the  principles  which 
underlie  the  use  of  language;  a  system  of 
general  jirinciples  and  of  particular  rules 
for  speaking  or  writing  a  language:  a  book 
containing  such  principles  and  rules;  lan- 
guage as  regulated  by  rules  or  usage;  pro- 
priety of  speech  (to  violate  grammar ^  good 
grammar,  oacJ  grammar,  correct  or  incor- 
rect language);  a  treatise  on  the  elements 
or  principles  of  any  science;  an  outline  of 
the  principles  of  any  subject. — a.  Belong- 
ing to  or  contained  in  grammar. — Gram- 
marian, gram-ma'ri-an,  n.  One  versed  in 
grammar.  —  Grammatical,  Grammatlc, 
gram-mat'i-kal,  gram-mat'ik,  a.  Belong- 
ing to  grammar;  according  to  the  rules  of 
grammar.  —  Grammatically,  gram-mat'i- 
kal-li,ad».  In  a  grammatical  manner;  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  of  grammar.— Gram- 
maticalness,  gram- mat 'i-kal-nes,  n. — 
Grammaticism,  gram-mat '  i-sizm,  n.  A 
point  or  principle  of  grammar.  —  Gram- 
maticize, gram-mat'i-siz,  v.t. —  grammati- 
cized, grammaiicizing.  To  render  gram- 
matical.— Grammar-school,  n.  A  school 
in  which  Latin  and  Greek  are  more  espe- 
cially taught. 

Gramme,  gram,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  gramma, 
a  letter,  also  the  weight  of  a  scruple,  from 
grapho,  to  write.]  The  French  unit  of 
weight,  equivalent  to  a  cubic  centimetre 
of  water,  or  equal  to  15'43  grains  troy. 

Grampus,  gram'pus,  n.  [Sp.  gran  pez,  from 
L.  sraiuiis,  great,  and  piscis,  a  fish;  comp. 

fiorpoise,  ^orpus.)  A  marine  mammal  of 
he  dolphin  family,  which  grows  to  the 
length  of  26  feet,  and  preys  on  fish. 


ch,  cAaioi.    eh,  Sc.  loch;     g,  go;     },jobi     n,  Fr.  toni     ng,  sin^;     tm,  thea;  tb,  (hm;     w,  tdg;     wb,  whig;     zb,  asure. 


GRAXADILLA 


304 


GllATE 


GrsinadUla,  gi-au-a-<lil'la,  w.  (Si).,  dim.  of 
yiaiuaki,  a  poinegnmate.J  Tho  fi-iiit  of  a 
species  of  passion-liower  much  esteemed 
ill  tropical  countries;  also  the  plaut. 
Granary.  Under  Grain. 
Grand,  graud,  a.  li'r.  grand,  from  L. 
tjiMulis,  j,Teat,  grand,  seen  also  in  ayyran- 
d'ue.\  Great;  illustrious;  high  in  power 
or  dignity;  noble;  splendid;  niagnificeiit; 
principal  or  chief:  used  largely  in  compo- 
sition (yrand-inxoT,  yrauii-masteri ;  con- 
ceived or  expressed  with  yreat  dignity; 
implying  an  additional  or  second  gener- 
ation, as  in  ©ranc/father,  yraiw/child,  &c. 
— Grandam,  gran 'dam,  it.  {Grand  and 
(/((«ie.|  An  old  woman;  a  grandmother. — 
Grand-aunt,  n.  The  aunt  of  one's  father 
or  mother.  —  Grandchild,  grand'child,  «. 
A  sou's  or  daughter's  child  or  offspring. — 
Granddaughter,  grand' da -ter,  n.  'rhe 
daughter  of  a  son  or  daughter.  —  Grand- 
father, grand 'fa-THer,  n.  A  father's  or 
mother's  fatlier.  —  Grandmother,  grand'- 
niuTH-er,  n.  A  father's  or  motlier's  mother. 
-  Grand-nephew,  n.  The  grandson  of  a 
brother  or  sister.  —  Grand-niece,  n.  The 
granddaughter  of  a  brother  or  sister.  — 
Grandparent,  grand'pa-rent.ii.  The  parent 
of  a  parent.  —  Grandsli-e,  grand'sir,  n.  A 
grandfather;  any  ancestor  preceding  a  fa- 
ther.—Grandson,  grand'suu,  n.  The  son  of 
a  son  or  daughter. — Grand-uncle,  n.  The 
uncle  of  one's  father  or  mother.  —  Grand- 
duke,  n.  The  title  of  the  sovereign  of  sev- 
ei-al  of  the  states  of  Germany;  also  applied 
to  members  of  the  imperial  familyof  Kus- 
sia.— Grandee,  gran-de',  n.  [Sp.  yrande,  a 
nobleman.)  In  Spain,  a  nobleman  of  the 
first  rank;  hence  a  nobleman  or  man  of 
liigh  rank  in  general.— Grandeur,  gnind'- 
j'er,  a.  |Fr.J  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing grand.  —  Grandiloquence,  gran-dil'o- 
kwens,  n.  The  quality  of  being  gnindilo- 
<nient.  —  Grandiloquent,  GrandQoquous, 
Kran-dil'o-kweut,  gran-dil'o-kwus,  a.  [h. 
yraiuliloquens,  grandiloqwiis — yrandls,  and 
lijqitor,  to  speak.J  Speaking  in  a  lofty 
style;  expressed  in  high-sounding  w<jrds; 
bombastic;  pompous.  —  Grandiose,  gran'- 
di-os, a.  tFr.)  Impressive  from  inherent 
grandeur;  imposing;  commonly,  aiming 
at  or  affecting  grandeur ;  grandiloquent ; 
bombastic;  turgid.— Grandiosity,  gran-di- 
os'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  grandiose. 
—Grand-juror,  n.  A  member  of  a  grand- 
jury.— Grand-jury,  n.  A  jury  whose  duty 
is  to  examine  into  the  grounds  of  accusa- 
tion against  offenders,  and  if  they  see  just' 
cause,  to  find  a  true  bill  against  them. — 
Grandly,  giand'li,  adv.  Tn-a  grand  or  lofty 
manner. — Grandness,  grand'nes,  n.  Gran- 
deur; greatnesswith beauty;  magnificence. 
— Grand-piano,  n.  A  large  kind  of  piano, 
of  great  compass  and  strength,  usually 
flat  instead  of  upright.  —  Grand-seignior, 
n.  The  sultan  of  Turkey.— Grand-stand,  I 
n.  An  elevated  erection  on  a  race-course 
or  the  like,  whence  a  good  view  can  be 
obtained.  —  Grand -vizier,  n.  The  chief 
miiiisterof  the  Turkish  Empire. 
Grange,  granj,  n.  [Fr.  grange,  a  bam, 
from  L.L.  granea,  graniea,  a  bam,  from 
Ji.  cri'a'W'ii,  grain.  Grain.]  A  farm,  with 
the  dwelling-house,  stables,  bams,  &c. ; 
the  dwelling  of  a  yeoman  or  gentleman- 
farmer;  in  the  United  States  a  kind  of 
trades-union  among  farmers. 
Graniferous.  Under  Grain. 
Granilite,  gran'i-lit,  n.  [L.  granwn,  a 
grain,  and  Gr.  lithos,  a  stone.]  Indeter- 
minate granite ;  granite  that  contains 
VI. ore  than  three  constituent  parts. 
Granite,  gran'it,  n.  [Fr.  granit,  from  It. 
pranito,  lit.  grained  stone,  from  L.  gra- 
nwn, a  grain.  Grain.]  An  unstratified 
rock,  one  of  the  most  abundant  in  the 
earth's  crust,  composed  generally  of  grains 
or  crystals  of  quartz,  felspar,  and  mica, 
united  ■ivithout  regular  arrangement.  — 
Granltel,  Granitelle,  gran'i-tel,n.  A  sort  of 
Eranitic  rock  containing  only  two  constit- 
uent parts,  as  quartz  and  felspar,  or  quartz 
and  hornblende.  —  Granitic,  Granitical, 
pra-nit'ik,  gra-uit'i-kal,  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
in.g  to  granite;  having  the  nature  of  gran- 
it?"; consisting  of  granite.  —  Granitifica- 
tion,  gra-nit'i-fi-ka"shon,  n.  The  process 
of  being  formed  into  granite.  —  Cfraniti- 


fonn,  gra-nit'i-form,  a.-  Resembling  gran- 
ite in  siructure. — Granitify,  gra-nit'i-fi, 
v.t;  To  form  into  granite.  —  Granitine, 
gran'i-tin,  n.  A  granitic  aggregate  of 
three  species  of  minerals,  not  the  same  as 
in  ordinary  granite.— Granitoid,  grau'i- 
toid,  a.  lieserabling  granite. 
Granivorous.  Under  Grain. 
Grff.Tinam,  gran'am,  n.  A  grandam.  Under 
Grand. 

Grant,  grant,  v.t.  [From  O.Fr.  graanter, 
grauHter,  craanter,  cnunter,  to  promise, 
to  agree,  to  guarantee,  from  (hypothetical) 
L.L.  credentuiv,  to  make  to  believe  or 
trust,  from  L.  credens,  pp.  of  credo,  to  be- 
lieve. Creed.]  To  transfer  the  title  or 
possession  of;  to  convey,  give,  or  make 
over;  to  bestow  or  confer,  particularly  in 
answer  to  prayer  or  request;  to  admit  as 
true  tliough  not  proved;  to  allow;  to 
yield;  to  concede. — v.i.  To  UKike  a  gi-ant; 
to  consent  {Sliak.).—n.  The  act  of  grant- 
ing, bestowing,  or  conferring;  the  thing 
granted  or  bestowed.  —  Grantable,  gran'- 
ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  granted  or 
conveyed.— Grantee,  gran-tO',  n.  The  per- 
son to  whom  a  grant  or  conveyance  is 
made.  —  Granter,  grau'ttr,  n.  One  who 
grants.  —  Grantor,  gran'tor,  n.  Law,  the 
person  who  makes  a  grant  or  conveyance. 
Granular,  Granulary,  gran'u-ler,  graa'a- 
la-ri,a.  (From  L.firraimjii,  grain.  Grain.] 
Consisting  of  or  resembling  granules  or 
grains.  —  Granularly,  gi-an'u-ler-li,  adv. 
In  a  granular  form.  —  Granulate,  gran'n- 
lat,  v.t.  —  gramUated,  grannlating.  (Fr. 
granuler.']  To  form  into  grains  or  small 
masses  J  to  raise  in  granules  or  small 
asperities;  to  make  rough  on  the  surface. 
— v.i.  To  collect  or  be  formed  into  grains; 
to  become  granular.— Granulation,gran-a- 
la'shon,n.  The  act  of  granulating;  areduc- 
ing  to  the  form  of  small  griiins;  surg.  a  i)ro- 
cess  by  which  little  granular  fleshy  bodies 
form  on  sores  when  healing;  the  fleshy 
grains  themselves.  —  Granule,  gran'fil,  n. 
[Fr.,  dim.  from  L.  granwn,  a  grain.]  A 
little  grain;  a  small  particle;  a  minute 
round  body  of  vegetable  or  animal  matter. 
— Granuliferous,  gran-u-lif'Or-us,  a.  Bear- 
ing grains  or  granules.  —  Granuliform, 
gran'u-li-form,  a.  Having  the  form  of 
granules.  —  Grannlous,  gran'u-lus,  a. 
Abounding  with  granules.  —  GrannUte, 
gran'u-lit,  n.  A  fine-grained  granitic  rock. 
Grape,  grap,  n.  (O.Fr.  grajie,  grape,  Mod. 
Fr.  grappe,  a  bunch  or  cluster,  originally 
a  hook  (a  cluster  of  grapes  bemg  hooked 
or  hung  together),  from  O.G.  krap/e,  a 
hook;  akin  to  grab, grapple,  gripe,  kc]  A 
single  berry  of  the  vine;  the  fruit  of  the 
vine  which  yields  wine;  milit.  grape-sftot. 
— Sour  grapes,  things  professedly  despised 
because  they  are  beyond  our  reach:  from 
.^Kop's  fable  of  '  The  Fox  and  the  Grapes.' 
— Grapery,  gra'p6r-i,  n.  A  place  where 
grapes  are  grown;  a  vinery. — Grape-shot, 
n.  A  missile  consisting  of  three  tiers  of 
spherical  iron  shot  put  up  in  stands,  each 
tier  containing  three  shot. — Grape-stone, 
n.  The  stone  or  seed  of  the  grape.  — 
Grape-sugar,  n.  A  variety  of  sugar  from 
grapes;  glucose. — Grape-vine,  n.  The  vine 
that  bears  grapes.  —  Grapy,  gra'pi,  a. 
Composed  of  or  resembling  grapes. 
Graphic,  Graphical,  graf'ik,  graf'i-kal,  a. 
[L.  graphiciis,  Gr.  graphikos,  from  grapho, 
to  write  —  the  origin  also  of  grammar, 
-gram,  -graphy,  in  diagram,,  geography, 
kc,  graft.  Grave,  to  Ciir\'e.]  Pertaining  to 
the  art  of  writing,  engraving,  or  delineat- 
ing ;  Avritten ;  pictorial ;  describing  with 
accuracy  or  vividly;  vivid;  portraying  in 
vivid  and  expressive  language.  —  Graphic 
granite,  a  variety  of  granite  which  when 
cut  in  one  direction  exhibits  markings  re- 
sembling Hebrew  characters.  —  Graphi- 
cally, graf'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  graphic 
manner.  —  Graphicness,  Graphicalness, 
graf'ik-nes,  graf'i-kal-nes,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  graphic.  —  Graphite,  graf'it,  n. 
[Gr.  grapho,  to  write,  being  made  into 
pencUs.j  One  of  the  forms  under  which 
carbon  occurs,  made  into  pencils,  and 
called  also  Plurkbago  and  Black-lead.— 
Grapholite,  graf'o-fit,  n.  (Gr.  litlios,  a 
stone.  ]  A  species  of  si  ate  suitable  for  writ- 
ing on. —Graphot3rpe,  graf'o- tip,  n.    A 


pnx'css  by  which  a  drawiiig  made  on  a 
chalky  surface  with  a  special  ink  is  vm>- 
ducud  in  relief,  luitl  suitable  for  printing 
from. 

Grapnel,  grap'nel,  n.  (Dim.  from.  Fr. 
grappin,  a  grapnel;  of  same  origin  as 
grape.]  A  small  anulior  with  four  or  five 
nukes  or  claws,  used  to  hold  boats  or 
small  vessels;  a  grappling-iron. 
Grapple,  grap'l,  v.t.— grappled,  grappling. 
(Directly  from  O.Fr.  grappil,  a  grapnel; 
or  from  grab  ot  gripe~\  To  lay  fast  hold 
on,  either  with  the  hands  or  with  hooks; 
to  seize  and  hold.  —  v.i.  To  contend  in 
close  fight,  as  wrestlers.— 7'o  grapple  with, 
to  contend  with;  to  struggle  witli;  to  con- 
front boldly. — n.  A  close  seizure  or  hug; 
the  wrestler's  hold;  close  fight  or  encoun- 
ter; a  hook  by  Mliich  one  ship  fastens  on 
another.— Grappling-iron,  ii.  An  instru- 
ment consisting  of  four  or  more  iron  claws 
for  grappling  and  holding  fast. 
Graptolite,  grap' to- lit,  n.  (Gr.  gniptoD, 
written,  inscribed,  and  lithos,  stone. (  A 
fossil  of  various  species  presenting  a 
general  resemblance  to  pens  or  quills. 
Grasp,  grasp,  v.t.  (From  stem  of  grope, 
gripe,OT grab;  comp.  G.  grapsen,  to  buatch, 
from  O.G.  giappen, grabben.]  To  seize  and 
hold  by  the  fingers  or  arms;  to  lay  hold  of; 
to  take  possession  of;  to  seize  by  the  intel- 
lect; to  comprehend. — v.i.To  make  a  clutch 
or  catch;  to  gripe.— To  grasp  at,  to  catch 
at;  to  try  to  seize.— n.  The  grip  or  seizure 
of  the  hand;  reach  of  the  arms;  hence,  the 
power  of  seizing  and  holding;  forcible  jxis- 
session;  power  of  the  intellect  to  seize  and 
comprehend ;  wide-reaching  power  of  in- 
tellect.—Graspable,  gras'pa-til,  a.  Capable 
of  being  grasped.  —  Grasper,  gras'per,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  grasps.—  Grasping, 
gra.s'ping,  a.  Covetous;  rapacious;  avari- 
cious; greedy;  miserly. — Graspingly,  gi-as'- 
ping-li,  adv.  In  a  grasping  manner. 
Grass,  gras,  n.  (A.  Sax.  grits,  e'tE?'8=Goth. 
Icel.  1).  and  G.  gras,  Dan.  grces,  Sw.  gras; 
probably  akin  to  grow  and  green.]  In  com- 
mon usage  (and  without  a  plural),  her'. lUgc; 
the  verdurous  covering  of  the  soil;  also  .any 
plant  of  the  family  to  which  belong  the 
grain-yielding, and  pastui-e  plants. — Chiiia 
grass,  a  Chinese  plant  of  the  nettle  family, 
from  the  filjre  of  which  grass-cloth  is 
made. — Esparto  grass.  Esparto.- v.<.  'yo 
cover  withgrass;  to  furnish  with  grass;  to 
bleach  on  the  grass.- Grass-cloth,  n.  Au 
oriental  clothniadefrom  the  fibre  of  China 
grass,  &c.— Grass-green,  o.  Green  like  the 
colour  of  grass.—  Grass- grown,  a.  Over- 
grown with  grass.  —  Grasshopper,  gras'- 
hop-fer,  n.  A  leaping  orthopterous  insect 
allied  to  the  locusts,  commonly  living 
among  grass.  —  Grassiness,  gras'i-nes,  n. 
The  condition  of  being  grassy.  —  Grass- 
land, n.  Land  kept  perpetually  under 
grass.— Grass-oil,  n.  A  fragrant  Indian 
oil  procured  from  certain  scented  grasses. 
—Grass-tree.  n.  An  Australian  \)lant  of 
the  lily  family,  having  shrubby  stems  with 
tufts  of  long  grass -like  wiry  foliage.— 
Grass-widow,  n.  (Originally  grace-widuw,  a 
widow  by  courtesy.]  Formerly,  an  unmar- 
ried woman  who  had  a  child:  now  applied 
to  a  wife  temporarily  separated  from  her 
husband.  —  Grasswrack,  gras'rak,  n.  A 
genus  of  grass-like  marine  plants  widely 
distributed  on  various  coasts.  —  Grassy, 
gras'i,  a.  Covered  with*  grass;  abounding 
with  grass;  resembling  grass. 
Grate,  grat,  n.  (It.  grata,  a  grate,  lattice, 
hurdle,  from  L.L.  grata,  crata,  L.  crates, 
a  hurdle.  Crate.]  A  series  of  parallel  or 
cross  bars,  with  interstices;  a  kind  of  lat- 
tice-work; a  grating;  a  metallic  receptacle 
for  holding  burning  fuel,  and  formed  to 
a  greater  or  less  extent  of  bars.  —v.t.  To 
furnish  with  a  grate  or  grates;  to  fill  in  or 
cover  with  cross-bars.— Grating,  gra'tiug, 
n.  A  partition  or  frame  of  parallel  or 
cross  bars. 

Grate,  grat,  v.t.—gi'oted,  grating.  [O.Fr. 
grater,  Fr.  gratter,  to  scratch,  to  rub;  from 
the  Teutonic;  comp.  O.H.G.  chrazOn,  G. 
kratien,  to  scratch;  Dan.  kratte,  kradse,  to 
scratch ;  E.  scratch.]  To  rub  hard  or 
roughly  together,  as  a  body  with  a  rough 
surf  ace  against  another  body;  to  wear  away 
in  small  particles  by  rubbing  with  anj- 


wFate,  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  h6r;     pin3,  pin;     note,  not,  mitve;     tabe,  tub,  b\ill;     oil,  pound;     U,  Sc.  abttn&— the  Fr.  «, 


GEATEFUL 


305 


GREAT 


thing  rougji  or  iudeuted;  tn  offend  or  irri- 
tate.— y.t.  To  rub  roughly  with  the  surface 
in  contact  (a  body  grates  upon  another);  to 
have  a  galling  or  annoying  effect  (to  grate 
upon  the  feelings);  to  make  a  harsh  sound 
by  friction ;  to  sound  disagreeably.—  Gra- 
ter, gra'ter,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
grates. — G-rating,  gra'ting,  p.  and  a.  Ir- 
ritating; harsh.— 11.  The  harsh  sound  or 
the  feeling  caused  by  strong  attrition  or 
rubbing.— Gratingly,  gra'ting-li,  ado.  In 
a  grating  manner. 

^'rateful,  grat'ful,  a.  [From  O.Fr.  grat,  L. 
gratus,  pleasing,  and  E.  adjectival  term. 
-ful.  Grac*:.]  Having  a  due  sense  of  bene- 
fits; having  kind  feelings  and  thankful- 
ness toward  one  from  whom  a  favour  has 
b«en  received;  expressing  gratitude;  in- 
dicative of  gratitude;  affording  pleasure; 
agreeable;  pleasing  to  the  taste  or  the  in- 
tellect; gratifying. —Gratefully,  gruff ul- 
li,  adv.  In  a  grateful  manner.— Grateful- 
ness, grat'ful-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  grateful.- Gratitude,  grat'i-tud, 
n.  [L.C.  gratitudo.]  The  feeling  of  one 
who  is  grateful ;  a  warm  and  friendly 
emotion  awakened  by  a  favour  received ; 
thankfulness.  , 

Graticulation,  gra-tik'u-la"shon,  7i.  [Fr. 
graticulation,  L.  craticula,  dim.  of  crates, 
a  hurdle,  wicker-work.  Gratk,ji.]  The  di- 
vision of  a  design  or  drawing  into  squares, 
for  the  purpose  of  producing  a  copy  of  it 
in  larger  or  smaller  dimensions.  —  Grati- 
cule, grat'i-kul,  n.  LFr.J  A  design  or 
drawing  so  divided. 

Gratify,  grat'i-fl,  v.t.— gratified,  gratifying. 
(Fr.  gratijier,  Ij.  gratificor  —  gnitus,  plea- 
sant, agreeable,  and.  fado,  to  make. 
UuATEKi'L.)  To  please;  to  give  pleasure 
to;  to  indulge,  delight,  humour,  satisfy. — 
Gratification,  grat'i-fi-ka"shon,  n.  [L. 
gratijicatio.]  The  act  of  gratifying  or 
pleasing;  tliat  which  affords  pleasure;  en- 
joyment; satisfaction;  delight. — Gratifier, 
grat'i-fi-er,  n.    One  who  gratifies. 

Gratis,  gra'tis,  adv.  [h.,  from  gratia,  fa- 
vour. UiiACK.J  For  nothing;  freely;  with- 
out recompense  (to  give  a  thing  gratis).— 
a.  Given  or  done  for  nothing. 

Gratitude.    Under  Guateful. 

Gratuitous,  gi-a-tu'i-tus,  a.  [L.  gratuitus, 
from  gralits,  pleasing,  agreeable.  Gkatk- 
FUL,  Grace.)  Given  without  an  equivalent- 
or  recompense;  free;  voluntary;  not  re- 
quired, called  for,  or  warranted  by  tlic 
circumstances;  adopted  or  asserted  with- 
out any  good  ground  (a  gratuitous  assuni  j i- 
tion).  —  Gratuitously,  gra-tu'i-tus-li,  adv. 
In  a  gratuitous  manner.  —  Gratuitous- 
ness, gra-tn'i-tus-ncs,  n.  —  Gratuity,  gra- 
tu'i-ti,  n.  A  free  gift;  a  present;  a  dona- 
tion. 

Gratulate,t  grat'Q-lat,  v.t.—gratulatsd,  gra- 
txdaliiig.  [L.  gratulor,  gratiUalus,  from 
gratus,  pleasing,  agreeable.  Grace.]  To 
salute  with  declarations  of  joy;  to  con- 
gratulate. —  Gratulant,  grafii-laut,  «. 
Congratulatory. — Gratulation,  grat-u-la'- 
shon,  n.  [h.  grut%daiio.\  Congratulation. 
—  Gratnlatory,  grat'u-la-to-ri,  a.  Con- 
gratulatory.— n.  A  congratulation. 

Grauwacke.    Gkavwackk. 

Gravamen,  gra-va'mon,  n.  [li.,  from 
gruvo,  to  weigh  down,  from  gravis,  heavy. 
GrtAVE,  a.]  That  part  of  an  accusation 
which  weighs  most  heavily  against  the  ac- 
cused; ground  or  burden  of  complaint  in 
general. 

Grave,  grav,  v.t.— graved  (pret.),  graven  or 
graved  (pp.),  graving  (ppr.).  [A.  Sax.  gra- 
j'an,  to  dig,  to  grave  or  cai^e=D.  graven, 
I>an.  grave,  Icel.  grafa,  G.  graben,  to  dig, 
to  engrave;  cog.  Ir.  grafaim,  to  engrave, 
to  scrape;  Gr.  grapho,  to  grave,  to  write.] 
To  carve  or  cut;  to  form  or  shape  by  cutting 
with  a  tool;  to  delineate  by  cutting;  to  en- 
grave; heilce,  to  impress  deeply. — Graver, 
gra'ver,  n.  One  who  carves  or  engraves ; 
an  engraving  tool;  a  burin. 

Grave,  grav,  n.    [A.  Sax.  grcef,  a  grave,  a 

,  trenchjfrom  stem  of  grafan,to  dig  or  grave 

■  =Dan.  graf,  Icel.  grof,  D.  graf,  G.  grab, 

I  Rus.  grab,  a  grave.  Grave,  to  carve.]-  An 
excavation  in  the  earth  in  which  a  dead 
human  body  is  deposited;  hence,  any  i>lace 
of  interment;  :\  '■.inli;  :i  si.-pv;'r-lir". — 
Grave-clothes,  )o.  'A.  The  clothes  iuwlni'ls 


the  dead  are  interred.  —  Grave-digger,  n. 
One  whose  occui)ation  is  to  dig  graves. — 

"  Graveless,  grav'les,  a.  Without  a  grave: 
unburied.— Grave-stone,  n.  A  stone  placed 
at  a  grave  as  a  monument  to  the  dead. — 
Grave-yard,  n.  A  yard  or  inclosure  for 
the  interment  of  tlie  dead. 

Grave,  grav,  v.t.  [From  the  graves  or  dregs 
of  melted  tallow  with  which  ships'  huUs 
were  formerly  smeared.]  To  clean  a  ship's 
bottom  of  sea- weeds,  &c. ,  and  pay  it  over 
with  pitch  or  tar.— Graves,  Greaves,  gravz, 
grevz,  n.  pi.  IL.G.  greven,  Dan.  graver, 
G.  grieben,  graves;  hence  also  gravy.]  The 
insoluble  parts  of  .tallow  gathered  from 
the  melting-pots.— GraviE.g-dock,ji.  Under 
Dock.. 

Grave,  grav,  a.  [Fr.  grave,  from  L.  gravis, 
heavy  (whence also s^ne/,  aggravate, gravid, 
gravitate);  allied  to  Gr.  barys,  heavy,  baros, 
weight  (in  barometer);  Skr.  griru,  heavy.] 
Solemn;  serious:  ojtposed  to  light  or  jovial; 
plain;  not  showy;  important;  momentous; 
having  a  serious  and  interesting  import; 
mus.  low ;  depressed :  opposed  to  sharp, 
acute,  or  /ap/i.— Gravely,  grav'li,  adv.  In  a 
giave  manner.  —  Graveness,  grav'nes,  it. 
The  state  or  quality  of  beiug  grave;  gravity. 

Gravel,  grav'el,  n.  [Fr.  gravele,  from  O.Fr. 
grave,  sand  or  gravel,  from  the  Celtic; 
Armor,  grouan,  sand;  \V.  grou,  iJebbles, 
coarse  gravel.]  Small  stones  or  very  small 
pebbles  collectively;  small  stones,  sand, 
&c.,  combined;  pathol.  small  concretions 
or  calculi  in  the  kidneys  or  bladder;  the 
disease  occasioned  by  such  concretions. — 
v.t.— gravelled,  gravelling.  To  cover  with 
gravel ;  to  cause  to-  stick  in  the  sand  or 
gravel;  hence,  to  perplex  and  bring  to  an 
intellectual  standstill;  to  puzzle;  to  hurt 
the  fopt  of  (a  horse)  by  gravel  lodged  under 
the  shoe.  —  GravelUness,  grav'el-i-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  gravelly.— Gravelling, 
grav'el-ing,  n.  The  act  of  laying  di^wn 
gravel;  the  gravel  itself.— Gravelly,  grav'- 
el-i,  a.  Abounding  with  gravel;  con.'ist- 
ing  of  gravel.— Gravel-pit,  n.  A  pit  from 
which  gravel  is  dug.— Gravel-walk,  n.  A 
walk  covered  with  gravel. 

Graven,  gra'vn,  pp.  of  grave,  to  carve. 

Graveolent,  gra-vO'o-lent,  a.  |L.  graveo- 
lens,  graveolentis— gravis,  heavy,  and  oleo, 
tosinell.]  .Sending  forth  a  strong  and 
offensive  smell.  —  Graveolence,  gra-ve'O- 
lens,  n.    A  strong  oft'ensive  smell. 

Graves.  Under  Grave,  to  clean  a  ship's 
bottom. 

Gravid,  grav 'id,  a.  [L.  gravidus,  from 
gravis,  heavy.  Grave,  a.\  Ueing  with 
child;  pregnant.— Gravidation,  Gravidity, 
grav-i-da'shon,  gra-vid'i-ti,  n.  Pregnancy; 
impregnation. 

Gravlgrade,  grav'i-grad,  w.  (L.  gravis, 
heavy,  and  grad2is,  a  step.]  An  animal 
that  moves  slowly,  more  especially  a  huge 
fossil  animal,  as  the  megatherium,  mylo- 
don,  &c. 

Otavimeter,  gra-vim'et-Or,  n.  [L.  gravis, 
heavy,  and  Or.  vietron,  a  measure.)  An 
instrument  for  determining  the  specific 
gravities  of  bodies.,  whether  liquid  or 
solid,  as  a  hydrometer. 

Graving-dock.  Under  Grave  (to  clean  a 
sliip's  bottom)  and  Pock. 

Gravitate,  grav'i-tat,  v.i.— gravitated,  gravi- 
tating. Li''",  gruviter,  from  L.  gravitas, 
from  gravis,  heavy.  Grave,  a.]  To  be 
affected  by  gravitation;  to  move  under 
the  influence  of  .gravitation;  fig.  to  have  a 
tendency  towards  some  attracting  influ- 
ence.—Gravitation,  grav-i-ta'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  gravitating  or  tending  to  a  centre 
of  attraction;  the  force  by  which  bodies 
are  drawn,  or  by  which  they  tend  towanl 
the  centre  of  the  earth  or  other  centre,  or 
the  effect  of  that  force.  —  Gravitative, 
grav'i-ta-tiv,  a.  Causin.g  to  gravitate  or 
tend  to  a  centre.  —  Gravity,  grav'i-ti,  n. 
The  state  or  character  of  being  grave;  so- 
lemnity of  deportment,  character,  or  de- 
meanour; seriousness;  weight  or  weighti- 
ness;  enormity  (the  gravity  of  an  offence); 
the  force  which  causes  a  mass  of  matter 
to  tend  toward  a  centre  of  attraction, 
especially  toward  the  centre  of  the  earth; 
t!ie  force  by  which  the  planets  mutually 
jtttr.ict  each  other  and  are  attracted  to- 
v/:uds  the  sun;  centripetal  force,— Centre 


of  gravity.  Under  Centre.- S/)<ici.;i(;  <jrav\ 
ity,  the  relative  gravity  or  weight  of  aii.w 
body  or  substance  considered  with  ivgarij 
to  the  weight  of  an  equal  bulk  of  pure 
distilled  water  at  the  temperature  of  CJ'^ 
Fahr.,  which  is  reckoned  unity. 

Gravy,  gra'vi,  n.  IFivm  graves,  greaves, 
the  di'egs  of  melted  tallow.  Grave,  to 
clean  a  ship's  bottom.]  The  fat  and  other 
liquid  matter  that  drips  from  flesli  in 
cooidng,  accompanying  the  meat  when 
served  up;  dripping. 

Gray,  Grey,  gra,  a.  [A.  Sax.  graeg^Xf. 
gro.auw,  Icel.  gidr,  Dan.  graa,  G.  grau, 
gray;  connected  with  G.  greif,?ca  old  man.  J 
Of  the  colour  of  hair  whitened  by  age; 
hoary;  white  with  a  mixture  of  black;  of 
the  colour  of  ashes;  having  gray  hairs; 
old;  mature  (gray  experience). — Gray  cot- 
ton, gray  goods,  a  commercial  name  for 
unbleached  and  undyed  cotton  cloth.— n. 
A  gray  colour;  a  dull  or  neutral  tint ;  an 
animal  of  a  gray  colour,  as  a  horse.— Gray- 
beard,  Grey-beard,  n.  A  man  with  a 
gray  beard;  an  old  man;  a  large  eartlien 
jar  or  bottle  for  holding  liquor.— Grayish, 
gra'ish,  a.  Somewhat  gray;  gray  in  a 
moderate  degree.— Grayling,  gra 'ling,  n. 
[From  the  silvery  gra.v  of  its  back  and 
sides.]  A  fish  of  the  salmon  family,  16  or 
18  inches  in  length,  found  in  streams  in 
the  north  of  Europe.  —  Grayly,  Greyly, 
gra'li,  adv.  With  a  gniy  colour  or  colours; 
with  a  gray  tinge. — Grayness,  Greyness, 
gra'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
gray.  —  Gray-owl,  n.  The  tawny  owl,  a 
common  British  species.  —  Gray-pease,  n. 
pi.  ("ommon  pease  in  a  dried  stat^.- 
Gray-stone,  n.  A  grayish  or  grei'nisb, 
compact,  volcanic  rock.  — Graywacke, 
Grauwacke,  gra-wak'e,  grou-w.\k'e,  n.  jCJ. 
grauwacke— grau,  gray,  and  wucke,  a  kind 
of  rock.]  A  kind  of  sandstoni^  iii  which 
grains  or  fragments  of  various  miiieral.s 
or  rocks  are  embedded  in  an  indurated 
matrix,  which  may  be  siliceous  or  argilla- 
ceous.—Gray-wether,  ji.  A  large  bouldi  .- 
of  siliceous  sandstone. 

Grayhound.    Gkeviioind. 

GTa,ze,graLZ,v.i.~  grazed,  grazing.  [Perhaps 
from  the  comtiined  influence  of  yraia,  to 
rub,  and  rase;  or  perhaps  originally  meilu- 
ing  to  skim  along  the  grass,  from  gras.<i, 
like  graze,  to  pasture.]  To  rub  or  touch 
lightly  in  passing,  as  a  missile  does;  to 
brush  lightly  the  surface  of.— y.i.  To  imss 
so  as  to  touch  or  rub  lightly. — n.  The  act 
of  grazing;  a  slight  rub  or  brush. 

Graze,  graz,  v.t. — grazed,  grazing.  [A.  Sax. 
grasian,  to  graze  or  feed,  from  grais,  grass; 
comp.  D.  grazen,  to  graze,  and  gras,  grass, 
G.  grasen  and  gras.]  To  feed  or  supply 
with  growing  grass;  to  fui'nish  pasture 
for;  to  feed  on;  to  eat  from  the  ground. — 
v.i.  To  eat  grass;  to  feed  on  growing  her- 
bage.— n.  The  act  of  grazing  or  feeding  on 
grass.  —  Grazer,  gra'zSr,  n.  One  that 
grazes.  —  Grazier,  grazhfer,  n.  One  who 
grazes  or  pastures  cattle  for  the  market; 
a  farmer  who  raises  and  deals  in  cattle. — 
Grazing,  gra'zing,  ».  The  act  of  feeding 
on  grass;  a  pasture. 

Grease,  gres,  n.  (Fr.  graisse,  0\Fr.  gressn, 
from  L.  crassus,  fat,  gross,  whence  E. 
crass;  akin  Gael,  creis,  fat.]  Animal  fat 
in  a  soft  state;  particularly  the  fatty 
m  -tter  of  laud  animals,  as  distinguished 
from  the  oily  matter  of  marine  animals; 
/arWeri/,  a  swelling  and  inflammation  in 
a  horse's  legs  attended  ivith  the  secretion 
of  oily  matter  and  cracks  in  the  skin.- 
v.t.  (grez  or  gres).— grreaserf,  greasing.  To 
smear,  anoint,  or  daub  with  grease  or  fat. 
—Greasily,  .gre'zi-li,  adv.  In  a  greasy 
manner.  —  Greasiness,  gre'zi-nes,  n.  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  greasy.— Greasy, 
gre'zi,  a.  Composed  of  or  characterized 
by  grease;  fatty;  unctuous;  having  the 
appearance  of  fat  or  grease;  seemingly 
unctuous  to  the  touch,  as  some  minerals; 
gross;  indecent;  farriery,  affected  with 
the  disease  called  grease. 

Great,  grat,  a.  [A.  Sax.  gredt='li.Gr.  and  D, 
groot,  G.  gross,  great;  perhaps  allied  to  L. 
grandis.]  Large  in  bulk,  surface,  or  linear 
dimensions;  of  wide  extent;  big;  large  in 
number; numerous;  large, extensive,  or  un- 
usual in  degree;  long  continued;  of  long  tui- 


\gbvCftaifi^     <,]„.  So.  loci.; 


L,  yr.  tcijj     ii>^,  sii'j;     %xi,  i/tgji;  tb,  i.'tiu^     AVjiS-S 


9.0 


GREAVE 


306 


GSIFFIN 


ration;  important;  weighty;  involving  im- 
portant interests;  holding  an  eminent  or 
proiainent  position  in  respectof  mental  en- 
dowments or  acquirements,  virtue  orvice, 
rank,  office,  power,  or  the  like;  eminent; 
distinguished;  celebrated;  notorious;  of 
elevated  sentiments;  generous;  noble;  on' 
an  extensive  scale;  Bumptuous;  magnifi- 
cent; wonderful;  sublime;  grand;  preg- 
nant; teeming;  filled:  denoting  a  degree 
of  consanguinity  in  the  ascending  or  de- 
scending Une  (ffreat  grandfather).  —  Cfreat 
circle.  Under  Circle.— TAe  great,  pi.  the 
powerful,  the  rich,  the  distinguished,  per- 
sons of  rank  and  position.  —  Great<:oat, 
grat'kot,  n.  An  overcoat;  a  topcoat. — 
Great-hearted,  a.  High-spinted;  magnani- 
mous.—Greatly,  gratli,  adv.  In  a  great 
manner  or  degree.  —  Greatness,  grat'nes, 
m.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  great; 
magnitude;  dignity?  eminence;  distin- 
guished ranJc  or  position;  nobleness. 

Qreave,  grev,  n.  tPr,  gr^e,  armour  for 
the  leg;  Sp.  and  Pg.  greba,  probably  of 
Ar.  originr)  Armour  worn  on  the  front 
of  the'  lower  part  of  the  leg,  across  the 
back  of  which  it  was  buckled. 

Greaves.  Under  Gkave,  to  cleaA.  a  ship's 
bottom. 

Grebe,  greb,  n.  [Tr.  grUbe,  from  Armor. 
krib,  W.  erib,  a  comb,  a  crest,  one  variety 
having  a  crest.]  An  aquatic  bird  of  vari- 
ous species,  having  no  tail,  toes  separate,  ■ 
but  broadly  fringed  by  a  membrane,  and 
legs  set  so  far  back  that  on  land  it  assumes 
the  upright  position  of  the  penguin. 

Grecian,  gre'shan, 'a.  [Greek..]  Pertaining 
to  Greece;  Greek. — n.  A  native  of  Greece, 
or  a  person  of  the  Greek  race;  one  versed  in 
the  Greek  language.— Grecian,  gre'sizm,n. 
An  idiom  of  the  Greek  language.  —  Qre- 
cize,  gre'siz,  v.t.—gredzed,  grecizing.  To 
render  Grecian;  to  translate  into  Greek. — 
v.i.  To  speak  the  Greek  language. 

Greedy,  gre'di,  a.  [A.  Sax.  gridig,  graedig 
=Goth.  gredags,  Icel.  grdthugr,  Dan.  graa- 
dig,  D.  gretig,  greedy.  -Hence  greed,  which 
is  quite  a  modem  word  in  English  =  Icel. 
grdthr,  Goth,  gredus,  hunger.]  Having  a 
keen  appetite  for  food  or  drink;  ravenous; 
voracious;  very  fond  of  eating;  gluttonous; 
having  a  keen  desire  for  anytliing;  cove- 
tous (greedy  0/ gain).— Greed,  gred,  n.  An 
eager  desire  or  longing ;  greediness.  — 
Greedily,  grC'di-li,  ad».  In  a  greedy  man- 
ner ;  voraciously ;  eagerly.  —  Greediness, 
gre'di-nes.  n.  The  quality  of  being  greedy. 

Greek,  grek,  a.  [Pr.  gree,  L.  grcEcua,  Greek, 
from  the  Graikoi,  an  insignificant  tribe  of 
ancient  north-western  Greece.]  Pertain- 
ing to  Greece.— ffreat  Church,  the  eastern 
church  which  separated  from  the  Roman 
or  western  church  in  the  ninth  century, 
and  comprises  the  great  bulk  of  the  Chris- 
tians of  Russia,  Greece,  Rbumania,  Tur- 
key, &c.  —  Oreek  fire,  a  combustible  pre- 
paration, the  constituents  of  which  are 
supposed  to  have  been  asphalt,  nitre,  and 
sulphur.- n.  A  native  of  Greece;  the  lan- 
guage of  Greece.— Greeklah,  grck'ish*  a. 
Peculiar  to  Greece  ;  Greek.  —  Greekling, 
grek'ling,  n.  A  little  Greek ;  a  Greek  of 
little  importance  or  repute. 

Green,  gren,  a.  [A.  Sax.  grSne^Tiim.  and 
Sw.  gron,  Icel.  grcsnn,  G.  griin;  akin  to 
grow;  L.  holus,  olus,  green  vegetables;  Gr. 
cMoe,  a  young  shoot,  chloros,  pale  green ; 
Skr.  hari,  green.]  Of  the  colour  of  grass 
or  herbage  and  plants  when  growing; 
emerald;  verdant;  new;  fresh;  recent; 
fresh  and  vigorous;  flourishing;  undecayed 
(a  green  old  age);  containing  its  natural 
juices;  not  dry;  not  seasoned;  xinripe;  im- 
mature (green  fruit);  immature  in  age; 
young;  raw;  inexperienced;  easily  imposed 
upon.— Green  cJoth  (Board  of),  a  board  or 
court  that  formerly  had  jurisdiction  in 
matters  connected  with  the  English  sove- 
reign's household,8itting  at  a  table  covered 
with  green  cloth.  —  Green  tea,  tea  of  a 
greenish  colour  from  the  mode  in  which 
the  leaves  are  treated  and  having  a  jieculiar 
flavour. — Green  turtle,  the  turtle  of  which 
the  soup  is  made. — Green  vitriol,  a  name 
of  sulphate  of  iron  in  a  crystallized  form. 
— Ji.  A  green  colour;  a  grassy  plain  or  plat; 
a  piece  of  ground  covered  with  verdant 
herbage;  a  name  of  several  pigments;  pi. 


the  leaves  and  stems  of  young  pltmts  used 
in  cookery,  especially  certain  plants  of  the 
cabhage  kind. — v.t.  To  make  green.— ti.i.  To 
grow  green. — Grreenback,  grSn'bak,  n.  A 
note  belonging  to  the  paper-money  of  the 
United  States,  first  issued  in"  1862,  from 
the  back  of  the  notes  being  of  a  green 
colour. — Green-crop,  n.  A  crop  that  is  used 
in  its  growing  or  unripe  state,  as  clover, 
grass,  turnips,  potatoes,  &c.— Green-eaxth, 
n.  A  species  of  earth  or  mineral  substance 
used  by  artists. — Greea-ebony,n.  A  cabinet 
and  dye  wood  obtained  from  South  Ame- 
rica.—Greenery,  gre'ner-i,  n.  A  mass  of 
green  foliage;  the  green  hue  of  such  a 
mass. — Green-eyed,  a.  Having  green  eyes; 
seeing  all  things  discoloured  or  distorted; 
jaundiced.  —  Greeu-finch,  n.  A  common 
British  finch  of  a  greenish  colour;  the 
green-linnet  or  green-grossbeak. —  Green- 
fly, n.  The  name  given  to  various  species 
of  A-pbides  which  infest  plants.— Green- 
gage, n.  [After  a  person  named  Gage,vfho 
introduced  it  into  England.]  A  species  of 
plum  having  a  juicy  greenish  pulp  of  an 
exquisite  flavour. — Green-grocer,  n.  A  re- 
tailer of  greens  and  other  vegetables.  — 
Green -heart,  n.  Bebeeru.— Greenhorn, 
gren'hom,  n.  A  person  easily  imposed 
upon;  a  raw  inexperienced  person.  — 
Greenhouse,  gren'hous,  n.  A  building 
principally  consisting  of  glazed  frames  or 
sashes  for  the  purpose  of  cultivating  exo- 
tic plants  which  are  too  tender  to  endure 
the  open  air:  often  artificially  heated  up. 
—Greening,  gren'ing,  n.  A  name  given  to 
certain  varieties  of  apples  green  when  ripe. 
— Greenish,  gren'ish,  a.  Somewhat  green; 
having  a  tinge  of  green;  somewhat  raw 
and  inexperienced.— Oreenishness,  gren'- 
ish-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  greenish. 
Green-linnet,n.The  green-finch.— Greenly, 
grSnli,  adv.  In  a  green  maimer.- Green- 
ness, gren'nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
green. — Green-room,  n.  A  room  near  the 
stage  in  a  theatre,  to  which  actors  retire 
during  the  inten-als  of  their  parts  in  the 
play. — Green-sand,  n.  A  name  given  (from 
the  colour  of  some  of  the  beds)  to  tw  o  groups 
of  strata, the  one  (lower  green-sand)  belong- 
ing to  the  lower  cretaceous  series,  the  other 
(upper  green-sand)  to  the  upper  cretaceous 
series.  —  Green-shank,  n.  A  well-known 
species  of  sandpiper  with  greenish  legs. — 
Green-sickness,  n.  Chlorosis.  —  Green- 
stone, gren'ston,  n.  [From  a  tinge  of  green 
in  the  colour.)  A  general  designation  for 
the  hard  granular  crystalline  varieties  of 
trap. — Green-sward,  n.  Turf  green  with 
grass.— Greenth,  grenth,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  green;  greenness.  —  Greenwood, 
gren'wnd,  rt.  A  wood  orforest  when  green, 
as  in  summer. — a.  Pertainirig  to  a  green- 
wood.— Greeny,  gren'i,  a.  Green;  greenish; 
having  a  green  hue.    ' 

Greet,  gret,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  gritan^to  salute, 
hail,  bid  fareweIl=G.  grUssen,  D.  groeUn, 
to  greet;  comp.  A.  Sax.  gretan,  Prov.  E. 
and  Sc.  greet,  Goth,  qretan,  Icel.  grdia,  to 
weep.]  To  address  with  salutations  or  ex- 
pressions of  kind  wishes;  to  pav  respects 
or  compliments  to;  to  salute;  to  naU.— v.i. 
To  meet  and  salute  each  other. — Greeter, 
gret'er,  n.  One  who  greets.  —  Greeting, 
gret'ing,  n.  Expression  of  kindness  or  joy ; 
salutation  at  meeting;  compliment  sent 
by  one  absent. 

Greet,  gret,  v.t  [Greet,  to  salute.]  To 
weep.    [Old  English  and  Scotch.] 

-Greg^ixioua,  gr6-ga'ri-us,  a.  [L.  gregarius, 
from  grex,  gregis,  a  flock  or  herd;  seen  also 
in  aggregate,  congregate,  egregious.l  Hav- 
ing the  habit  of  assembling  or  living  in  a 
flocls  or  herd ;  not  habitually  solitary  or 
living  alone.  —  Gregariously,  gre-ga'n-us- 
li,  adv.  In  a  gregarious  manner.— Grega- 
rionsness,  gre-ga'ri-us-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  gregarious. — Gregarian, 
gre-g5'ri-an,  o.  Gregarious;  belonging  to 
the  herd  or  common  sort;  ordinary. — Gre- 
gartne,  greg'a-rin,  n.  A  name  of  certain 
minute  animals  of  a  low  type,  having  no 
definite  organs  6bservable,  found  inhabit- 
ing the  intestines  of  various  animals. 

Gregorian,  gre-g5'ri-an, a.  Belonging  to  Gre- 
gory.—  Gregorian  calendar,  the  calendar 
as  reformed  Dy  Pojie  Gregory  XIII.  in  1582. 
—Gregorian  year,  the  ordinary  year,  as  rec- 


koned according  to  the  Gregorian  iml&n- 
dax.—Grecorianepoch,the  time  from  which 
the  Gregorian  calendar  dates. — Gregoruin 
chant,  a  choral  melody  introduced  into  the 
service  of  the  Christian  chiirch  by  Pope 
Gregory  I.  about  the  end  of  the  sixth  cen- 
tury. —  Gregorian  telescope,  the  first  and 
most  common  form  of  the  reflecting  tele- 
scope, invented  by  Prof.  James  Gregory  of 
Edinburgh. 

Grenade,  gre-n5d',  n.  [Fr.  grenade,  Sp. 
granada,  a  pomegranate,  a  grenade  (the 
missile  somewhat  resembling  the  fruit), 
from  L.  granatum,  a  pomegranate.  Grain.] 
A  hoUow  ball  or  shell  of  .iron  or  other 
metal,  or  of  annealed  glass,  filled  with 
powder,  fired  by  means  of  a  fuse,  and 
thrown  among  enemies. — Grenadier,  gren- 
a-dei^  n.  Originally,  a  soldier  who  threw 
hand-grenades ;  afterwards  a  company  of 
tall  soldiers  distinguished  by  a  particular 
dress;  now  the  title  in  the  British  army 
for  a  regiment  of  guards. 

Grenadine,  gren'a-din,  n.  A  thin  gauay 
silk  or  woollen  fabric,  plain,  coloured,  or 
embroidered,  used  for  ladies*  dresses, 
shawls,  &c. 

Gressorial,  gres^so'ri-al,  a.  [L.  gresaus,  a 
going,  step.  Grade.]  Omitt.  having  three 
toes  forward  (two  of  them  connected)  &ad 
one  behind. 

Grew,  gro,  pret.  of  grow. 

Grewsome,  Gruesome,  grO'sum,  a.  fD.  grw- 
wen,  Dan.  grue,  G.  grauen,  to  shudder.] 
Causing  one  to  shudder;  frightful;  hor- 
rible. 

Grey,  gra.    Gray. 

Greyhound,  gra'hound,n.  [Icel.  greu-hvndr, 
from  grey,  a  greyhound,  a  bitch;  oc.  grew, 
a  greyhound;  Ir.  grech,a.  hound;  the  name 
has  no  reference  to  the  colour.]  A  dog 
kept  for  the  chase,  remarkable  for  the 
symmetry  .and  beauty  of  its  form,  and  its 
great,  fleetness. 

Grice,  gris,  n.  [Dan.  gria,  griis,  Sw.  and 
Icel.  gris,  a  pig.]    A  little  pig. 

Griddle,  grid'l,  n.  [W.  greidell,  from  greid- 
iaw,  to  heat,  to  scorch;  It. greidell,  greid- 
ain,  to  scorch.]  A  broad  disk  of  iron  used 
for  baking  oatmeal  cakes,  &c.  . 

Gride,  grid,  v.i.    [Partly  from  O.E.  girden, 

"to  strike,  pierce,  cut,  from  gerde,  a  rod  = 
yard;  partly  from  O.E.  grede,  A  Sax.  grae- 
dan,  to  cry.]  To  pierce^  to  cut  through; 
to  cut  (MU.);  to  give  out  a  harsh  creaking 
soimd;  to  jar  harshly  {Tenn.).—n.  A  grat- 
ing Or  harsh  sound.    . 

Gridelln,  grid'e-lin,  n.  [Fr.  j/ris  de  lin,  flax 
gray.]  A  colour  mixed  of  white  and  red, 
or  a  gray  violet. 

Grldfron,  gridl-6m,  n.  [From  grid-  of  grid- 
dle, and  iron.]  A  grated  utensil  for  broil- 
ing flesh  and  fish  over  coals ;  a  frame  of 
cross-beams  upon  whidh  a  ship  rests  for 
inspection'or  repairs  at  low  water. 

Grief,  gref,  n.  [Pr.  gri^,  grievance,  what 
oppresses,  from  li.gravis,  heavy.  Grave, a.] 
Pain -of  mind,  arising  from  any  cause; 
sorrow;  sadness;  cause  of  sorrow  or  pain; 
that  which  aflUcts;  trial;  grievance;  bodily 
pain  [S?iak.)U—To  come  to  grief,  to  come  to 
a  bad  end;  to  come  to  ruin;  to  meet  with 
an  accident.  6yn.  imder  Affliction. — 
Grievable,  gre^  va-bl,  a.  Causing  grief; 
lamentable.— Grievance,  grC'vans,  n.  That 
which  causes  grief  or  uneasiness;  wrong 
done  and  suffered;  injury.— Grieve,  grCv, 
vli.— grieved,  grieving.  [O.Fr.  grieoer.]  To 
cause  to  feel  grief;  to  give  pain  of  mind  to; 
to  make  sorrowful ;  to  amict ;  to  sorrow 
over;  to  deplore. — v.i.  To  feel  grief;  to  sor- 
row ;  to  mo\)pi :  followed  by  at,  for,  and 
ooer.  —  Griever,  gre'v^r,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  grieves.— Giievlngly,  gre'ving-r 
li,  adv.  In  a  grieving  manner.— Grievous, 
gre'vus,  a.  Causing  grief  or  sorrow;  aflBic- 
tive;  hard  to  bear ;  heavy;  severe;  harm- 
ful; great;  atrocious;  aggravated;  full  of 
grief;  indicating  great  grief  or  affliction. 
■^-Grievously,  gr5'vus-li,  adv.  In  a  grie- 
vous manner.— GrievousnesB,  gre'vns-nes. 

Grieve,  Gre«ve,  grfiv,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gerifa,  a 
bailiff  or  reeve.  Reeve.]  In  Scotland,  a 
manager  of  a  farm:  a  farm-bailiff. 

Griffin,  Griffon,  grif'in,  gTif'on,n.  [Ft.  grif- 
fon. It.  grifone^  from  L.  gryps.ffryphun, 
grimn,  from  Gr.  gryps,  a  griffon,  from 


1  ute,  far,  fut,  i^U;     me,  met,  h^r;     pine,  pin;     oote,  aot,  iuOt«;     tube,  tub,  bv(U ;     oil,  pouBd;     tl,  Sc.  abuue— tt.e  Fr. «. 


GRIG 


307 


GROPE 


in  the 


.  oos,  hook-beaked.]  A  mythical  animal, 
in  the  fore  part  represented  as  an  eagle,  in 
the  hinder  part  as  a  lion;  a  species  of  vul- 
ture found  in  the  mountainous  parts  of 
Europe  and  in  North  Africa. 
Grig,  grig,  n.  [Connected  with  cricket;  in 
second  sense  with  Sw.  krclka,  to  creep.]  A 
cricket;  a  grasshopper;  the  sand-eel;  a 
small  eel  of  lively  and  incessant  motion. 
Grill,  gril,  v.t.  [From  Fr.  griller,  to  broil, 
from  gi'il,  a  gridiron,  grille,  a  grate;  O.Fr. 
yraille,  from  L.L.  graticiila,  corrupted  for 
Li.  craticzUa,  a  small  gridiron,  dim.  of 
cj-a<es,  a  hurdle.  Grate,  Crate.]  To  broil 
on  a  gridiron  or  similar  instrument. — n.  A 
gi-ated  utensil  for  broiling  meat,  &c.,over 
a  fire ;  a  gridiron.  —  GrlUade,  gril-ad',  n. 
;Meat  or  fish  broiled  on  a  grill. — Grillage, 
gril'aj,  n.  [Fr.,  from  grille,  a  grate,  a  rail- 
ing.] A  heavy  framework  of  beams  used 
to  sustain  foundations  in  soils  of  unequal 
compressibility.— Grille,  gril,  n.  [Fr.J  A 
lattice  or  grating;  a  piece  of  grated  work. 
Grilse,  grils,  n.  ri*robably  a  corruption  of 
Sw.  grcs-lax,  gray  salmon.]  The  young  of 
the  salmon  on  its  first  return  from  the  sea 
to  fresh  water. 

Glim,  grim,  a.  [A.  Sax.  grim,  fierce,  fero- 
cious; akin  to  gravia,  fury;  Icel.  grimmr, 
savage,  angry,  gramr,  wrath;  Dan.  grim, 
ugly;  1).  gram,  angry,  grivimen,  to  growl; 
G.  grimm,  furious,  grimmen,  to  rage;  comp. 
W.  grem,  a  snarl,  gremiaw,  to  snarl.]  Of 
a  forbidding  or  fear-inspiring  aspect;  fierce; 
stern;  sullen;  sour;  sujrly. — v.t.  To  make 
grim;  to  give  a  forbidding  or  fear-inspiring 
aspect  to  iOarl.).  —  Grimly,  grim'li,  a.. 
Having  a  grim,  hideous,  or  stem  look. — ' 
!  adv.  In  a  grim  manner.— Grimness,  grim'- 
j  nes,n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  grim. 
Grimace,  gri-mas',  n.  [Fr.,  a  wry  face,  from 
\  the  Teutonic;  comp.  J),  grimmen,  to  snarl, 
to  malce  faces.  Grim.]  A  distortion  of 
the  countenance  expressive  of  affectation, 
scorn,  disapprobation,  self-satisfaction,  or 
the  like;  a  smirk;  a  wry  ta.ce.—v.i.— grim- 
aced, grimacing.  To  makis  grimaces. 
Grimalkin,  gri-mal'kin,  n.  [For  gray- 
mulkin—gray,  and  malkin,  that  is  Moll- 
kin,  dim.  from  Mary;  comp.  Tom-cat.]  An 
old  cat,  especially  a  female  cat. 
Grime,  grim,  n.  [Same  as  Dan.  grime,  a 
spot  or  streak,  grim,  soot,  lampblack.] 
Foul  matter;  dirt;  dirt  deeply  ingrained. 
—v.t— grimed,  griming.  To  sully  or  soil 
deeply;  to  dirt.  —  Grimily,  gri'mi-li,  adv. 
In  a  grimy  manner  or  condition;  foully.— 
Griminess,  gri'mi-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  grimy. — Grimy,  gri'mi,  a. 
Full  of  grime;  foul;  dirty.  ■ 
Grin,  g:rin,  v.i.—griwud,  grinning.  [A.Sax. 
grinnian,  grennian,  to  grin=Dan.  grine, 
D.  grijnen,  6.  greinen,  to  grin,  to  cry,  to 
weep;  perhaps  allied  to  groan.]  To  snarl 
and  show  the  teeth,  as  a  dog;  to  set  the 
teeth  together  and  open  the  lips;  to  show 
the  teeth  as  in  laughter,  scorn,  or  pain.— 
v.t.  To  show,  set,  or  snaj)  (the  teeth),  in 
grinning;  to  express  by  grinning.— ji.  The 
act  of  withdrawing  the  lips  and  showing 
the  teeth;  a  forced  or  sneering  smile. — 
Grinner,  grin'fer,  n.  One  who  grins.— Grin- 
ningly,  grin'ing-y,  adv.  In  a  grinning 
manner. 

Grin.I  grin,  n.  [A.  Sax.  grin,  gym,  Sc.  gira, 
a  snare,  i  A  snare  or  trap;  a  gin.  [O.T.] 
Grind,  grind,  v.t.  —grunnd  (pret.  &  pp.), 
very  rarely  grinded.  [A.  Sax.  griMan,  to 
grind;  same  root  as  Gr.  chrio,  to  graze  or- 
touch  lishtly;  Skr.  ghrish,  to  grind.  Grist 
and  ground  in.)  are  from  this  word.]  To 
break  and  reduce  to  fine  particles  or  pow- 
der by  friction,  as  in  a  mill;  to  comminute 
by  attrition;  to  triturate ;  to  wear  down, 
smooth,  or  sharpen  by  friction;  to  whet; 
to  oppress  by  severe  exactions;  to  harass; 
to  prepare  tor  examination  in  some  sub- 
ject of  study,  or  to  study  (in  these  senses 
university  slang).  —  w.i.  To  grind  corn  or 
other  matter;  to  be  rubbed  together,  as  in 
the  operation  of  grinding;  to  be  ground  or 
pulverized ;  to  drudge  or  perform  hard 
work;  to  study  hard,  especially  for  un  ex- 
amination (slang).— 71.  The  act  of  one  who 
grinds;  a  spell  of  work.  —  Grinder,  grin'- 
der,  11.  One  who  or  that  which  grinds ;  a 
molar  tooth. —Grindstone,  grind 'ston,  n. 
A  revolving  stone  used  for  grinding:  (jr 


sharpening  tools.— To  hring  or  hold  a  per- 
son's nose  to  the  grindstone,  to  oppress  him; 
to  punish  him. 

Grip,  grip,  n.  [Directly  from  Fr.  gripper, 
to  grasp,  which  itself  is  from  a  Germanic 
word=E.  gripe.]  The  act  of  grasping  by 
the  hand;  grasp;  the  grasp  peculiar  to  any 
secret  fraternity  as  a  means  of  recogni- 
tion; a  fast  hold;  a  hilt  or.  handle.— ».t. — 
{tripped,  gripping.  To  grasp  by  the  hand; 
to  gripe;  to  seize  forcibly;  to  hold  fast. — 
v.i.  To  take  hold;  to  hold  fast. 
Grip,  Gripe,  grip,  grip,  n.  [A.  Sax.  grcep, 
a  oitch;  D.  grop,  groep,  a  ditch  or  trench.] 
A  small  ditch. or  furrow;  a  channel  to 
carry  off  water  or  other  liquid. — v.t.  To 
trench;  to  drain. 

Gripe,  grip,  v.t.— griped,  griping.  [A.  Sax. 
gripan,  to  gripe,  to  grasp = Icel.  gripa, 
D.  grijpen,  Goth,  greipan,  G.  grei/en,  to 
seize;  same  root  as  grab,  grope,  grasp.] 
To  catch  with  the  hand  and  clasp  closely 
with  the  fingers;  to  hold  tight  or  close;  to 
clutch;  to  seize  and  hold  fast;  to  clench; 
to  tighten;  to  give  pain  in  the  bowels,  as 
if  by  pressure  or  contraction;  to  straiten 
or  distress.— D.t.  To  take  fast  hold  with 
the  band;  to  clasp  closely  with  the  fingers. 
— n.  Grasp;  seizure;  grip;  oppression;  af- 
fliction; pinching  distress;  a  kind  of  brake 
to  act  on  a  wheel;  pi.  a  pinching  inter- 
mittent pain  in  the  intestines,  of  the  cha- 
racterof  that  which  accompanies  diarrhoea 
or  colic.  —  Griper,  gri'pfer,  n.  One  who 
gripes.  —  Griping,  gri'pin.g,  a.    Grasping ; 

,  greedy;  extortionate;  causing  a  pinching 

f,  feeling  in  the  bowels.— Gripingly,  gri'ping- 

•"  li,  adv.    Jn  a  griping  manner. 

Grisaille,  gre-sal',  n.  [Fr.,  from  gris,  gray.] 
A  style  of  painting  in  various  gray  tints 
employed  to  represent  solid  bodies  in  re- 
lief, as  friezes,  mouldings,  bas-reliefs,  &c. 

Grisette,  gri-zet',  n.  [Fr.  Originally,  a 
gray  woollen  fabric,  much  used  for  dresses 
by  women  of  the  inferior  classes,  from  gris, 
gray.]  A  young  woman  of  the  working- 
class  in  Prance;  a  belle  of  the  working- 
class  given  to  gaiety  and  gallantry. 

Griskin,  gris'kin,  n.  [Dim.  from  grise  or 
grice.    Grice.]    The  spine  of  a  hog. 

Grisled,  Grisly,  griz'ld,  griz'li,  a.  Gray;  of 
a  mixed  colour;  grizzled. 

Grisly,  griz'li,  a.  [A.  Sax.  grislic,  from  grls- 
an  or  dgrisan,  to  dread,  to  fear  greatly; 
allied  to  G.  grdsslich,  horrible,  gruuseru, 
horror;  grieseln,to  shudder;  Y,. grewsome.] 
Frightful;  horrible;  terrible;  grim.— Gris- 
Uness,  griz'li-nes,  ?i.b.  Quality  of  being 
grisly.  _    ^  'Wf 

Grist,  grist,  n.  [A.  Sax.  grist,  a  grinding, 
from  gnndan,  to  grind.  Grind.]  Com 
ground  in  the  mill  or  to-  be  ground ;  the 
grain  carried  to  the  mill  at  one  time,  or 
the  meal  it  produces. —  To  bring  gnst  to 
tlie  mill,  to  be  a  source  of  profit;  to  bring 
lirofitable  business  into  one's  hands.— 
Grist-mill,  n.    A  mill  for  grinding  grain. 

Gristle,  gris'l,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gristel,  gristle ; 
akin  to  grist,  being  named  from  the  grind- 
ing or  crunching  it  requires;  comp.  A.  Sax. 
gristlv.ng,3.  gnashing.]  Cartilage.— Gristly, 
gris'li,  a.  Consisting  of  or  like  gristle; 
cartilaginous. 

Grit,  grit,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gredt,  sand;  akin  to 
E.  grits,  groxit,  grouts;  comp.  Icel.  grjdt, 
stones,  rubble;  G.  gi-ies,  grit.]  Sand  or 
gravel;  rough  hard  particles;  any  hard 
sandstone  inwhich  the  component  grains 
of  quartz  are  less  rounded  or  sharper  than 
in  ordinary  sandstones;  structure  cf  a 
stone  in  regard  to  fineness  and  closeness  of 
texture.  —  Grittlness,  grit'i-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  gritty.  —  Gritty, 
grit'i,  a.  Containing  or  consisting  of  grit; 
sandy. 

Grits,  grits,  n.  pi.  [A.  Sax.  grytia,  gryttan. 
grits  or  groats;  akin  to  grit,  grout,  groat.) 
Groats;  wheat  or  oats  hulled  or  coarsely 
ground. 

Grivet,  priv'et,  n.  A  small  green-gray 
Abyssinian  monkey.         "^ 

Grizzle,  griz'I,  n.  [From  Fr.  gris,  gray,  from 
O.G.  crfs,  gray.l  A  gray  colour;  a  mixture 
of  white  and  black;  a  mixture  of  white 
among  dark  hairs.  —  v.i.  To  grow  gray  or 
grizzly;  to  become  gray-haired.- Grizided, 
griz'ld,  a.  Of  a  grayish  colour.— Grizzly, 
Eriz'li,  a.     Somewhat   gray;  grayish. — 


Grizzly  or  grisly  bear,  a  large  anaierocious 
bear  of  Western  North  America.  ■■j«'  , 
Groan,  gion,v.i.  [A.Sax.  ordman,  to  groan; 
perhaps  imitative  of  the  sound,  made  in 
groaning;  comp.  A.  Sax.  grunan,  to  grunt: 
W.  grwn,  a  groan.]  To  utter  a  mournful 
voice,  as  in  pain  or  sorrow;  to  utter  a  deep, 
low-toned,  moeming  sound.  —  n.  A  deep, 
mournful  sound  uttered  in  pain,  sorrow, 
or  anguish;  a  deep  sound  uttered  in  dis- 
approbation or  derision.  —  Grbaner,  giO'- 
n6r,  n.  One  who  groans. 
Groat,  grot,  n.  [D.  groot,  G.  grot,  that  is, 
great,  a  gr^at  piece  or  coin:  so  called  be- 
cause before  this  piece  was  coined  by  Ed- 
ward III.  the  English  had  no  silver  coin 
larger  than  a  penny.]  An  old  English  coin 
and  money  of  account,  equal  to  fourpence; 
hence,  colloquially,  fourpence,  or  a  four- 
penny  piece.  r=v  . 
Groats,  grots,  n.  pi.  [A.  Sax.  grdtan,  groats; 
akin  grits,  grvut.]  Oats  or  wheat  with  the 
husks  taken  ofi'.  ...  m»-<^'« *,.a»-«. 
Grocer,  gro'sfer,  n.'  [Properly  a  grosser,  or 
one  who  sells  things  in  the  gross;  O.Fr. 
grossier,  one  who  sells  by  wholesale,  from 
gros,  great.  Gross.]  A  trader  who  deals 
in  tea,  sugar,  spices,  coffee,  liquors,  fruits, 
&c.— Grocer's-itch,  n.  A  variety  of  eczema. 
—Grocery,  grO'sfer-i,  n.  A  grocers  shop; 
pi.  the  commodities  sold  by  grocers. 
Grog,  grog,  n.  [From  'Old.  Grog,'  a  nick- 
name given  to  Admiral  Vernon,  who  intro- 
duced the  beverage,  from  his  wearing  a 
grogram  cloak  in  rough  we.-ither.]  A  mix- 
ture of  spirit  and  water  not  sweetened; 
also  used  as  a  general  term  for  strong 
drink.  —  Grogginess,  grog'i-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  groggy.— Groggy,  grog'i,  a. 
Overcome  with  grog;  tipsy;  farriery,  mov- 
ing in  an  uneasy,  hobbling  manner,  owing 
to  tenderness  of  the  feet :  said  of  a  horse. 
—Grog-shop,  n.  A  dram-shop.  -•^^ 
Grogram,  Grogran,  grog'ram,  grog'ran,  n. 
|Fr.  grosgrain,  coarse  grain,  of  a  coarse 
texture.  Gross,  Grain.]  A  kind  of  coarse 
stuff  made  of  silk  and  mohair;  also,  a  kind 
'of  strong,  coarse  silk. 
Groin',  groin,  n.  [Icel.  grein,  a  branch,  an 
arm  of  the  sea,  greina,  to  branch  off  or 
sei)arate;  Sw.  gren,  a  branch,  grenu,  to 
divide ;  Sc.  grain,  a  branch,  a  prong  of  a 
fork.  I  The  hollow  of  the  human  body  in 
front  at  the  junction  of  the  thigh  with 
the  trunk;  arch,  the  angular  projecting 
cune  made  by  the  intersection  of  simi^le 
vaults  crossing  each  other  at  any  angle. — 
v.t.  Arch,  to  form  into  groins;  to  ornament 
with  groins.  —  Groined,  groind,  o.  Arch. 
having  a  groin  or  groins;  formed  of  groins 
meeting  in  a  point.—  Groining,  groi'ning, 
n.  Arch,  the  arrangement  of  groins; 
groins  coUectivel.v.  ■  '--,#**" 
Gromet,  Grommet,  grom'et,  w.  [Armor. 
prom,  a  curb.]  Naut.  a  ring  of  rope  for 
fastening  the  upper  edge  of  a  sail  to  its 
stay. 

Groom,  gjom,  w.  [From  A.  Sax.  guma,  O.E. 
gome,  man,  with  an  inserted  r;  comp.  0.1). 
grom,  Icel.  gromr,  a  youth.  Guma  (Goth. 
guma,  O.H.G.  komo)  is.  the  Teutonic  word 
equivalent  to  L.  hovio.  a  man.  Tlcuce 
bridegroom  (A.  Sax.  brydguma).]  A  man 
or  boj'  who  has  the  charge  of  horses;  one 
who  takes  care  of  horses  or  the  stable;  oni> 
of  several  officers  in  the  English  royal 
household;  a  bridegroom. — v  t.  To  curry  or 
care  for  a  horse.  —  Groom's-man.  Grooms- 
man, grbmz'man,  n.  One  who  acts  as  at- 
tendant on  a  bridegroom  at  his  marria.ge. 
Groove,  grOv,  n.  [  From  D.  proeve,  tiroef, 
a  furrow,  a  ditch,  a  channt'i  =  <T.  grube,  a 
pit,  hole,  grave;  the  stem  being  same  as  in 
E.  grave,  v.t.]  A  furrow  or  long  hollow, 
such  as  is  cut  by  a  tool;  a  channel,  usually 
an  elongnted  narrow  channel ;  the  fixed 
routine  of  one's  life. — v.t. — grooved,  groov- 
ing. To  cnt  a  groove  or  channel  in ;  to 
furrow.— Grooved,  grovd,p.  and  a.  Chan- 
nelled; out  with  grooves.— Groover,  gro'- 
ver,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  grooves. 
Grope,  grop,  v.i.— groped,  groping.  [A.  Sax. 
grapian;  closely  allied  to  gripe,  grab, 
and  grasp.]  To  search  or  attempt  to  find 
something  in  the  dark,  or  as  a  blind  per- 
son, by  feeling ;  to  feel  one's  way ;  to  at- 
tempt an.vthing  blindly.*—  v.t.  To  search 
out  l)y  feeling  in  or  as  in  the  dark  (to  gropa 


■cbuAaiai    cft,SG^lstA;     §,(«?;     j,job-,     et.I'r.  ton;     ng,  sijij;;     SH».<Afin;  lb,.«*ia}     ^v^.a!igj 


sh.jisucat 


GROSPEAX 


308 


GKUiCBLE 


our  way).— Groper,  grO'per,  n.  One  who 
gropes.— Gropingly,  gro'ping-li,  adv.  la  a 
groping  manner. 

Grosbeak,  n.    Grossb^ak.  . 

Grosclieii,  gro'shen,  n.  {pi.  the  same).  [Prom 
li.L.  grossus,  thick— in  opposition  to  an- 
cient thin  lead  coins.]  A  German  coin 
equal  to  a  little  over  Id.  English. 

Grogs,  gros,  a.  [Fr.  gros,  big,  thick,  coarse; 
li.li.  grog»us,  thick,  crass;  of  doubtful 
origin.  Hence  orocer.]  Coarse  or  rough ; 
indelicate,  obscene,  or  impure;  sensual; 
great,  palpable  or  enormous;  shameful; 
flagrant  (a  gross  mistake,  gross  icjustite); 
dense ;  not  attenuated ; .  whole ;  entire ; 
total;  balkyj;  of  some  sizej .-^CVoss  weigM, 
the  ■weight  of  merchandise  or  goods,  with 
the  b^,  cask,  chest,  &c. ,  in  wliich  they  itQ 
contained. — n.  Main  body;  chief  part; 
bulk;  the  number  of  twelve  dozen  (being 
the  gross  or  great  hundred):  has  no  plural 
form.— .d  great  gross,  twelve  gross  or  144 
dozen. — In  the  gross,  in  gross,  in  the  bulk, 
or  the  undivided  whole;  all  parts  taken  to- 
geth  sr.— Grossbeak,  Grosbeak,  gros'bek,  n. 
A  name  common  to  a  group  of  finches  dis- 
tinguished by  the  thickness  and  strength 
of  the  bill.  ^  Grossification;  gros'i-fi-ka"- 
shon,  n.  Sot.  the  sweUing  of  the  ovary  of 
plants  after  fertilization.— Grossify,  grcs'- 
i-fi,  v.t.  and  i.  To  make  gross  or  thick;  to 
become  gross  or  thick.  ^-  Grossly,  gros'U, 
adv.  In  a  gross  manner. — Grossness,  gros'- 
nes,  71.  The  quality  of  bang  gross;  ob- 
scenity; greatness. 

GrosEtuaceons,  gros-u-la'shus,  a.  [L.  L. 
grossula,  a  gooseberry.]  £ot.  pertaining 
to  the  tribe  of  plants  comprehending  the 
gooseberry  and  currant  of  gardens. — Gros- 
eular,  gros'u-lfer,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling a  gooseberry. 

Grot,  grot,  n.    Grotto.    [Poet.]' 

Grotesque,  gro-tesk',  a.  [Fr.,  from  grpits, 
ajgrotto,  from  the  style  of  the  paintings 
found  in  the  ancient  crypts  and  grottos. 
Grotto.]  Having  a  -wild,  extiaordinary, 
or  extravagant  form;  of  the  ntmost  odd- 
ness;  whimsical;  extravagant.— 7i.  A  capri- 
cious van  sty  jf  arabesque  ornamentation; 
a  whimsical  figure  or  icenery.  —  Gro- 
tesquely, gro-tfesk'li,  adv.  In  a  grotesque 
manjuer. — Grotesqueness,  gro-tesk'ncs,  n. 
—  Grotesqnery,  gro-tes'ksr-i,  n.  Gro- 
tesque whims  or  antics;  grotesque  con- 
duct. 

Grotto,  grot'to,  n.  pi.  Grottos  or  Grottoer, 
grot'toz.  [Pr.  grotie.  It.  grotta,  from  L. 
crypia,  Gr.  kryple,  a  cave,  a  vault,  from 
k)T/pto,  to  conceal.  Cryi't.]  A  cave  or 
natural  cavity  in  the  eartli,  as  in  a  moun- 
tain or  rock;  an  artificial  cavern  decorated 
with  rock-work,  shells,' &c.,  constructed 
for  coolness  and  pleasure. 

Ground,  ground,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gnmd,  ground; 
probably  from  grindan,  to  grind;  G.  Dan. 
and  iiw.grv-nd,  I).grond,  Icel.<7r««nr,  Goth. 
grmidvs,  ground;  probably  the  original 
meaning  was  fine  dust;  simik.rly.  viould, 
earth,  is  connected  with  meal.]  The  sur- 
face of  the  earth;  the  earth  we  tread  on  and 
subject  to  tillage,  Sc;  the  soil;  the  soil  of  a 
particular  country  /British  grou7id)  or  be- 
longing to  a  particular  person;  land;  estate; 
the  place  assiirned  to  one  incertningames, 
as  cricket;  that  on  which  anything  may 
rest,  rise,  or  originate;  basis;  foundation; 
support;  ■painting,  the  first  layer  of  colour 
on  which  the  others  are  wrought;  the 
primary  or  predominating  colour;  a  foil  or 
background  that  sets  off  anything;  etching, 
a  composition  spread  over  the  surface  of 
the  plate  to  be  etched,  tx)  pre^ent  the  acid 
from  eating  into  the  plate,  except  where 
an  opening  is  made  with  the  point  of  the 
e'lChing-needle;  pt  sediment  at  the  bottom 
of  liquors;  dregs;  lees. — To  break  ground, 
to  penetrate  the  soil  for  the  first  time,  as-in 
cutting  the  first  turf  of  a  railway;  hence, 
fg.  to  take  the  first  step;  to  euterupon  an 
undertaking.  —  To  fall  to  the  ground,  to 
come  to  nought. — I'o  gain  grmtnd,  to  ad- 
■vance;  to  obtain  an  advantage;  to  pain 
credit;  to  become  more  general  or  extea- 
sive. — To  lose  ground,  to  withdraw  from  the 
position  taken;  to  lose  advantage;  to  de- 
cline; to  become  less  in  force  or  extent.— To 
Ci:-''  y/ v.i;-.:-.',  U-  t.::-Xr ,  f .  y.-c'i  1  i.cl  ..latt.i:-;-. 

''jjstcuul  uiu-^n  ifroiQia,t\}  si-aiiu-iiiTa;  not 


to  recede  or  y ield.— •».  t.  To  lay  or  set  on  or  in 
the  ground;  to  cause  run  (a  ship)  aground; 
t-o  settle  or  establis}!,  as  en  a  foundation 
or  basis;-  to  fix  or  settle  firmly;  to  found; 
to  base;  tothoroughly  instruct  in  eleraents 
or  first  piinciples.- t'.i.  To  run  agrotmd:  to 
strike  tne  ground  and  remain  fixed  (the 
shin  sri'o?«i'Hed  in  two  fathoms  of  watev), — 
Groundedly,  groxin'ded-li,  ady.  In  a 
grounded  or  firmly-established  manner.— 
3roundless,grounQ'l8S,tt.  Wanting  ground 
or  foundation;  wanting  cause  or  reason; 
baseless;  false.— Grouadlessly,  gronnd'les- 
li,ad».  In  a  groundless  manner. — Gx-ound- 
lessnesB,  groundles-nes, ».— Gromidliag.t 
ground'ling,  n.  A  spectator  who  stood  in 
the  pit  of  the  theatre  (;Sfc«ft.).  —  GrcKnd- 
bait,  n.  Bait  dropped  to  the  bottom  of  the 
water.  —  Ground-floor,  n.  The  floor  of  a 
house  on  a  level,  or  nearly  so,  with  the  ex- 
terior ground.— Grotmd-game,  n.  A  name 
given  to  hares,  rabbits,  and  the  iikci,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  winged-game.— Ground- 
ice,  n.  Ice  formed  at  the  bottom  before  ice 
begins  to  appear  oa  the  surface.— Ground- 
hog,  n.  The  marmot  of  North  America ; 
also,  the  aardvark  of  South  Africa.  — 
Ground-ivy,  n.  A  trailing  British  plant, 
formerly  h,eld  in  much  repute  for  its  sup- 
posed tonic  properties;  ale-hoof  .—Ground- 
plan,  n.  A  plan  shomug  the  divisions  of 
a  building  on  the  same  level  as  the  surface 
of  the  ground.  —  Gronnd-plame,  n.  The 
horizontal  plane  of  projection  in  perspec- 
tive dra  v/ing. — Gronnd-plate,  n.  Same  as 
Groundsill  —  Ground-rent,  ii.  Rent  paid 
for  the  iTTivilege  of  building  on  another 
man's  land.— GroundsiU,ground'sil,?i.  The 
timber  of  a  building  which  lies  next  to  the 
ground;  the  ground-plate.— Ground-squir- 
rel, '/I.  The  name  of  several  animals  allied 
to  the  true  squirrels,  but  having  cheek- 
pouches,  and  living  in  holes.  —  Groxmd- 
Bwell,  n.  A  deep  swoU  or  rolling  of  the 
sea,  occa~ioned'along  the  shore  by  a  distant 
storm  or  gale. — Ground-tackle,  n.  Natd. 
the  anchors,  cables,  warps,  &c.,  used  for 
securing  a  vescel  at  anchor. — GroimdworU, 
ground'werk,  n.  The  work  which  forms 
the  foundation  of  anything;  that  to  \/hich 
the  rest  is  additional;  the  basis. 

Ground,  proand,  pret.  &  pp.  of  gnnd. 

Groundsel,  grouad'sel,  n.  [O.E.  grouni- 
swiU,  Sc.  groundie-sioaUow,  A.  Sax. gri'nde- 
stveloe,  t"r««ristfeli3tf,groundsel,  lit.ground- 
swalloT/ing,  that  is  entirely  covi.TJng.]  A 
coramon  annual  weed,  much  used  as  food 
for  caged  birds. 

Group,  grop,  7i.  fPr.  groupe.  a  group;  allied- 
to  croz'.pe,  the  buttocks  of  a  horse;  Icel. 
croppr,  V.  hump  or  bunch.  .  Ckoup  (rump) 
and  Ckop  (craw  of  a  bird).]  An  affem- 
blage,  eithw  of  persons  or  things;  a  num- 
ber coiie?t°d;  a  cluster;  an  artistic  com- 
bination of  r.gures;  in  scientific  classiiica- 
tions  a  number  of  individuals  having  some 
resemblr^nce  or  common  chaKtcterlstic. — 
v.t.  To  t'orm  into  a  group;  to  ai-rangu  in  a 
group  01-  in  giouijs. 

Grouse,  grous,  n.  fEtym.  doubtful;  per- 
haps erroneously  formed  as  a  singular  to 
the  eld  form  grice,  a  grouse,  on  the  suppo- 
sition that  this  was  a  plural  like  mice; 
comp.  O.Fr.  potdc  griescke,  a  moor-hen — 
150wZe,a  fowl,  and  griesche,  speckled,  f.Ta}\] 
The  common  name  of  anuniDer  of  rasorial 
birds,  more  particularly  applied  to  the 
well-known  moor-fowl  or  red  grouse  of 
Britain. 

Grout,  grout,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gnit,  barley  or 
wheat  meal;  Icel.  grcutr,  porridge;  akin  to 
groats,  grits  (which  see).]  Coarse  incal; 
pollard ;  a  thin  mortar  used  for  pourbig 
into  the  joints  of  masonry  and  brickwork; 
a  kind  of  thick  ale;  iees,  gro-ands,  dregs. 

Grove,  grov,  n.  fA.  Sax.  grof,  a  grove, 
from  grafan,  to  dig,  a  grove  being  origi- 
nally an  alley  cut  out  in  a  wood;  :vkin 
grave  {v.  and  n.).]  A  cluster  of -trees  shad- 
ing an  avenue  or  walk;  an  assemblage  of 
growing  trees  of  no  great  extent;  a  small 
wood. 

Gi"oval,  grov'el,  v.i. — grovelled,  grovelling. 
f.Akin  to  O.E.  grof,  gruf,  flat,  with  the 
iface  towards  the  ea-^th ;  Icel.  grnfla,  to 
grovel,  gmfl,  a  grovelling;  Sw.  grufa, 
vrime,  with  tbn  free  toward'*  the  erirth.! 
'i'o  he  i>->-oi;y  or  riw\e  witn  the  hcity  pi-oj- 


trateon  the  earth;  to  act  in  a  prostrate 
posture ;  to  have  a  tendency  towards  or 
take  pleasure  in  lew  or  base  things;  to  be 
lov^  abject,  or  mean.— Groveller,  grov'el- 
^r,  n.  One  who  grovels.- Grovelling,  grov'- 
el-ing,  p.  and  a.  Indulging  by  prefer- 
ence in  what  is  low  or  base. 

Grow,  gro,  v.i.—grew  (pret.),'  growt\  (pp.). 
[A.  Sax.  gr6wan,  past  gredw,  p'^._gr&wen= 
D.  groeijen,  Icel.  gria,  Dan.  groe,  Sw.  gro, 
to  grow;  allied  to  gi-een.]  To  become  en- 
larged in'  bulk  or  stature,  by  a  natural 
ana  organic  process:  said  of  animals  an  1 
vegetables;  to  increase  in  anj'  way;  to  be- 
come larger  and  stronger;  to  be  aug- 
mented;, to  wax-;  to  advance;  to  extend; 
to  swell  (the  wind  grew  to  a  hurricane);  to 
be  changed  from  one  state  to  another;  to 
result,  as  from  a  cause  or  reason ;  to  be- 
come (to  grnjv  pale).— To  grow  out  of,  to 
issue  from  by  growth;  to  result  from,  as 
an  effect  from  ej,  cause. — To  grow  up,  to  ad- 
vance to  full  stature  or  maturity.  —  To 
grow  togeilier,  to  become  \inited  by  growth. 
— v.t.  To  cause  to  grow;  to  cultivate;  to  pro- 
duce; to  raise., —  Grower,  gro'er,  J4.  One 
who  or  that  which  grows  or  increases;  one 

.  who  grows,raises,or  produces;  a  cultivator. 
— Grown,  gron,  pp.  of  grow:  Increased  in 
growth;  having  arrived  at  full  size  or  sta- 
tiiTe.^Orown  over,  covered  by  the  growth 
of  anything;  overgrown.— (?roip»-Mp,  full- 
grown;  having  attained -man's  or  woman's 
estate. — Gro-wth,  groth,  n.  The  process  of 
gro-wing;  the  gradual  mcrease  of  animal 
and  vegetable  bodies;  gradual  increase  in 
any  way,  as  in  numiber,  bulk,  &c. ;  that 
which  has  gro^vn;  something  produced  by 
growing.. 

Growl,  gi-oul,  v.i.  [Comp.  D.  grollen,  to 
growl  or  grumble,  krollen,  to  caterwaul; 
(x.  groUen,  to  roar;  N.  gryla,  to  grimt;  per- 
haps imitative  of  sound,]  To  inuimur  or 
snarl,  as  a  dog;  to  utter  an  angry,  grum- 
Iding  sound.— u.t.  To  express  by  growling; 
to  utter  in  an  angry  or  grumbling  tone. — 
n.  The  angry  sound  uttered  by  a  dog;  the 
inarticulate  or  grumbling  sound  uttered 
'oy  a  discontented  oV  ■  angry  person.— 
Growle'f,  grou'ler.  n.    One  who  growls. 

Grub,  gmb,  v.i.—srvbbei,  grubbing.  [O.E. 
gnibhe,  groVbe;  akin  to  grope;  comp.  G. 
gruben,  to  dig.]  To  dig  in  or  imder  the 
ground;  to  be  occupied  in  digging.— «.i. 
To  dig;  to  dig  up  by  the  roots;  to  root  up 

.  by  digging:  generally  followed  by  up  or 
oiit.—n.  [From  grubbing  in  the  ground,- 
dirt,  &c.]  The  larva  of  an  insect,  especial- 
ly of  beetles;  a  caterpillar;  a  maggot. — 
Grubber,  grub'fer,  n.  One  who  gnibs ;  an 
instrument  for  grubbing  out  roots,  weeds, 
ore— Grub-axe,  Grubbing-hoe,  n.  An  in- 
Etrument  for  digging  up  trees,  shrubs,  &c., 
by  the  roots;  a  mattock. 

Gi-ndge,  gruj,  v.t.—gi'udged,  grud.ging.  [For- 
merly grucche,  gnitche,  groche,  &c.,  trgn\ 
O.  Pr.  g'roucher,  grouchier;  .groucer,  to 
grumble;  of  doubtful  origin.]  To  permit 
or  grant  with  reluctarce;  to  begrudge. — 

*.';.  To  be  envious:  .to  cherish  ill-will.— n. 
Unwillingness  to  benefit ;  reluctance  felt 
in  giving ;  ill-will  from  en\T  or  sense  of 
injury. — Grudger,  gruj'er,  n  One  th^t 
grudges.  -^  Grddgingly,  gruj '  ing-li,  •  adv. 
V.'if  h  reluctance  or  discontent. 

Gruel,  gru'el,  Ji.  [O.Pr.  grud,  for  gruleX, 
from  D.  "or  L.G.  s^«(  =  E.  grout  iwhich 
see).]  A  kind  of  broth  made  by  bojlins 
ingredients  in  water:  usually  made  of  the 
meal  of  oats. 

Gi-nff.  pruf,  a.  [Same  word  as  D.  grof,  Dan. 

■  grov,  G.  grob,  coarse,  blunt,  rude.]  Of  a 
rar.gli  or  stem  manner,  voice,  or  counte- 
ri.ince;  sour;  sur'y.— Gruffish,  gruf'isb.,  a. 
SoiTiewhat  gruff;  rather  rough  and  surly. 
— Gruffly, gruf'Ii,«d».  Inagrufl:manner. 
— GrufEness,  graf-nes,  ti, 

Grun,  gram,  a.  [Comp.,  A.  SaS.  grom, 
gram,  severe ;  Dan.  grvmi  fell ;  W.  gincm, 
surly;  grwmian,  to  grumble.]  Moros?; 
revere  of  countenance;  sour;  surly;  glum. 
— Gmmly,  grum'li,  adv.  In  a  grum  man- 
ner.— Grumness,  grum'nes,  n. 

Grumble,  gnim'bl,  v.i.—gi-umbled,  grum- 
bling.   [Perhaps  same  as  D.  gromtnelen, 

■  grommen,  Pr.  ffronintcler,  to  grumble; 
akin  to  A.  Sax.  grimtnan.  to  niuruiur,  to 
rnge;  E.  orim,  Trian.    This,  like  other 


Jt'ate,  far,  fat,  fall;     xne,  not,  hCr;     fine/ pin;     note,  not,  mdA'e;     tube,  tub,  bull ;     uil,  ;.ouiid;     il,  83,  abtoie— th«  fr.  W. 


GRUME 


309 


GUILT 


■words  such  as  grunt,  growl,  may  have  been 
partly  affected  by  sound-imitation.j  To 
murmur  with  discontent;  to  utter  a  low 
voice  by  way  of  complaint;  to  give  vent  to 
discontented  expressions ;  to  growl ;  to 
snarl;  to  rumble;  to  roar;  to  make  a  harsh 
and  heavy  sound. — v.t.  To  express  or  utter 
by  grumbling.  —  Grumbler,  grum'bl6r,  n. 
One  who  grumbles;  a  discontented  man. 
-Grumblingly,  grum  bling-li,a(/y.  With 
grumbling  or  complaint. 

Grume,  grom,  Ji.  [O.Fr.  grwne,  Fr.  gru- 
meau,  a  clot;  from  L.  grunius,  a  little 
heap.J  A  fluid  of  a  thick,  viscid  consis- 
tence ;  a  cl( ',,  as  of  blood.  —  Grumose, 
gro'mos,  a.  Bot.  grumous.  —  Grumous, 
gro'mus,  a.  Resembling  or  containing 
grume ;  thick ;  clotted ;  bot.  formed  of 
coarse  grains,  as  some  clustered  tuber- 
cular roots.  —  Grumousness,  Grumosity, 
grO'mus-nes,  gro-mos'i-ti,  n. 

Grumpy,  Grumpish,  grum'pi,  grurn'pish,  a. 
[Cormected  with  grum,  grumble.]  burly; 
angry;  gruff.  [CoUoq. J— Grumpily,  grum'- 
pi-li,  adv.  In  a  grumpy,  surly,  or  gruff 
manner. 

Grunt,  grunt,  v.i.  [Probably  from  an  imi- 
tative root  seen  in  A.  Sax.  grunan,  E. 
groan,  Dan.  grynte,  6.  g-rumen,  to  grunt ; 
comp.  also  L.  orunnio,  Fr.  grogiier,  to 
grunt;  Gr.  grti,  the  cry  of  a  pigl  To  snort 
or  make  a,  noise  like  a  hog ;  to  uttftr  a 
short  groan  or  a  deep  guttural  sound. — n. 
A  deep  guttural  sound,  as  of  a  hog. — 
Gnmter,  grun'ter,  n.  One  that  grunts;  a 
fish  that  makes  a  grunting  sound. 

Grype,t  grip,  n.    A  griffin.    lHhak.] 

Guacharo,  gwa-cha'ro,  n.  [Sp.]  A  South 
American  bird  of  the  goatsucker  family, 
valued  for  its  fat. 

Guaiacum,  gwa'ya-kum,  n.  [Native  name.] 
A  South  American  tree  and  the  resin  ob- 
tained from  it,  the  latter,  as  well  as  the 
bark  and  wood,  being  of  medicinal  value. 

Guan,  gwan,  n.  A  South  American  galli- 
naceous bird,  allied  to  the  curassows. 

Guanaco,  gwa-na'ko,  n.  [Sp.,  Peruv.  hua- 
nacu.]  A  quadruped  closely  allied  to  the 
llama  and  alpaca. 

Guano,  gwa'no,  n.  [Sp.  guano,  Imano,  from 
Peruv.  huanu,  dung.]  A  substance  found 
on  many  small  islands,  especially  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean  and  on  the  west  coast  of 
South  America,  chiefly  composed  of  the 
excrement  of  sea -fowl  in  a  decomposed 
state,  much  used  as.  a  manure.  —  v.t.  To 
manure  with  guano.  —  Guaniferous,  gwa- 
nif'6r-us,  a.    Yielding  guano,     j^'^ 

Guarantee,  gar-an-t6',  v.t.  —  guaranteed, 
guaranteeing.  [O.Fr.  guarantie,  a  form  of 
warranty.  Warrant,  &c.]  To  warrant;  to 
pledge  one's  self  for;  to  become  bound  that 
an  article  shall  be  as  good  or  useful  as  it 
is  reiJresented;  to  secure  the  performance 
of;  to  undertake  to  secure  to  another 
(claims,rights,possessions);  to  undertake  to 
uphold  or  maintain. — n.  An  undertaking 
that  the  engagement  or  promise  of  another 
shall  be  performed;  a  pledging  of  one's 
self  as  surety;  one  who  binds^  himself  to 
see  the  stipulations  of  another  performed; 
a  guarantor. — Guarantor,  gar-an-tor',n.  A 
warrantor;  one  who  gives  a  guarantee. 

Guard,  gard,  v.t.  [The  form  m  which  the 
Germanid  equivalent  of  E.  ward  passed 
into  English  through  the  Norman;  O.Fr. 
S'warder,  Fr.  (jfarder,  to  guard.  Ward.  As 
to  change  of  w  to  gu  see  Guide,  Guile.] 
To  secure  against  injury,  loss,  or  attack^ 
to  defend;  to  keep  in  safety;  to  accompany 
for  protection;  to  provide  or  secure  against 
objections  or  attacks. — To  guard  one's  self 
against,  to  be  on  one's  guard  against ;  to 
take  pains  to  avoid  doing  or  saying. — v.i.  To 
watch  by  way  of  caution  or  defence;  to  be 
cautious;  to  be  in  a  state  of  caution  or  de- 
fence (to  guard  against  mistake). — n.  A 
state  of  caution  or  vigilance,  or  the  act  of 
observing  what  passes  in  order  to  prevent 
surprise  or  attack;  defence;  attention; 
watch ;  heed ;  fencing  or  boxing,  a  posture 
of  defence;  the  arms  or  weapon  in  such  a 
posture;  one  who  guards  or  keeps  watch; 
one  whose  business  is  to  defend  or  prevent 
attack  or  surprise;  a  person  who  has  charge 
of  a  mail-coach  or  a  railway  train ;  pi.  a 
body  of  select  troops  whose  special  duty  is 
that  of  guarding  the  sovereign's  person; 


that  which  guards  or  protects;  caution  of 
expression;  any  appliance  or  attachment 
designed  to  protect  or  secure  against  in- 
jury; part  of  a  sword-hilt  which  protects 
the  hand ;  a  chain  or  cord  attached  to  a 
person's  watch;  an  ornamental  border  or 
the  like  on  one's  dress. — On  guard,  acting 
as  a  guard  or  sentinel.— To  be  on  our  (your, 
'my,  &'c.l  guard,  to  be  in  a  watchful  state; 
Guardable,  gar'da-bl,  a.  That  may  be 
guarded  or  protected.— Guarded,  gar'ded, 
p.  and  a.  Protected;  defended;  cautious; 
circumspect  (jrwarded  in  language);  framed 
or  uttered  with  caution. — Guardedly,  gar'- 
ded-li,  adv.  In  a  guarded  or  cautious  man- 
ner.—Guardedness,  giir'ded-nes,  n.— Guar- 
dian, gar'di-an,  n.  ['Ft.  gardien.]  One  who 
guards;  one  tp  whom  anything  is  commit- 
ted for  preservation  from  injury ;  one  who 
has  the  charge  or  custody  of  any  person  or 
thing.  —  a.  Protecting ;  performing  the 
office  of  a  protector.— Guardianship,  gar"- 
di-an-ship,  n.  The  office  of  a  guardian; 
protection :  care ;  watch.  —  Guard-house, 
Guard-room,  n.  A  house  or  room  for  the 
accommodation  of  a  guard  of  soldiers,  and 
where  military  defaulters  are  confined. — 
Guard-ship,  n.  A  vessel  of  war  for  thq 
protection  of  a  harbour,  river,  &c.— Guards- 
man, gardz'man,  ji.  A  watchman;  an 
officer  or  private  in  a  regiment  of  guards. 

Guava,  gwa'va,  n.  [The  native  name  in 
Guiana.)  A  small  tropical  tree  of  the 
myrtle  family,  the  fruit  of  which  is  made 
into  a  delicious  jelly. 

Gubernatorial,  gu'b6r-na-to"ri-al,  a.  [L. 
gubemator,  a  governor.  Govern.]  Per- 
taining to  government  or  to  a  governor. 

Gudgeon,  guj'on,  n.    [Fr.  goujon,  from  L. 

gobio,  gobius,  Gr.  kobios,  a  gudgeon.]    A 

i  small  fresh-water  fish  which  is  very  easily 

J  caught;  hence,  a  person  easily  cheated  or 

insnared.— y.<.  To  cheat;  to  impose  on. 

Gudgeon,  guj'on,  n.  [Ft.  goujon;  origin 
doubtful.)  A  metallic  piece  let  into  the 
end  of  a  wooden  shaft  and  forming  a  sort 
of  axle  to  it;  the  bearing  portion  of  a  shaft. 

Guebre,  Gneber,  ga'ber  or  ge'bfer,  n.  [A 
Per.  form  of  Turk,  giaour,  Ar.  kafir,  an  in- 

■;  fidel.)  The  name  given  by  the  Mohamme- 
dans to  one  belonging  to  the  Persian  fire- 
worshippers,  called  in  India  Parsees. 

Guelder-rose,  n.    Gelder-rose. 

Guerdon,  ger'don,  n.  [O.Fr.  guerdon.  It. 
guiderdone,  from  L.L.  widerdonum,  cor- 
rupted from  O.G.  widurlon  (A.  Sax.  vktlier- 
ledn),a.  recompense,  through  the  influence 
of.  the  L.  donum,  a  gift — from  widar  (G. 
iOTd€r),against,  and  Zon,  reward  (=-E.2oan).] 
A  reward;  requital;  recompense:  used  both 
in  a  good  and  bad  sense  (poet,  or  rhet.). — 
v.i.  To  give  a  guerdon  to;  to  reward. 

Guernsey,  gfim'se,  n.  A  sort  of  close-fitting 
woollen  knitted  shirt. 

GuerriUa,  Guerilla,  ge-rilla;  Sp.  pron.  ger- 
rel'ya,  n.  [Sp.  gueriilla,  dim.  of  guerra, 
Fr.  guerre,  war,  from  O.H.G.  werra,  war.] 
A  carrying  on  of  war  by  the  constant  at- 
tacks of  independent  bands;  an  irregular 
^petty  war;  one  engaged  in  this  irregular 
•warfare.— Guerrillero,  Guerillist,  ger-rel- 

'  yer'6,  ge-ril'ist,  n.  One  who  engages  in 
guerrilla  warfare. 

Guess,  ges,  v.t.  [O.E.  gesse  =  L.G.  and  D. 
gissen,  Dan.  gisse,  Icel.  giska,  gizka,  to 
guess,  lit.  to  try  to  get.  Get.]  To  form  an 
opinion  concerning,  without  good  means 
of  knowledge  or  sufficient  evidence;  to 
judge  of  at  random;  to  conjecture  rightly; 
to  solve  by  a  correct  conjecture;  to  think; 
to  suppose;  toimagine:  of  ten  followed  by  a 
clause.  [This  verb  is  much  used  colloquially 
in  the  United  States  in  the  sense  of  to  be- 
lieve,to  be  sure.] — w.i.Toform  a  conjecture; 
to  judge  at  random,  or  without  any  strong 
evidence :  with  at.  —  n.  A  conjecture.  — 
Guesser,  ges'6r,  n.  One  who  guesses. — • 
Guessingly,  ges'ing-li,  adv.  By  way  of  con- 
jecture.—Guesswork,  ges'wferk,  w.  Mere 
conjecture;  the  act  of. working  by  hazard. 

Guest,  gest,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gmst,  gest  =  Icel. 
gestr,  Dan.  giest,  D.  and  G.  gast,  Goth. 
gasts,  a  guest,  a  stranger;  cog.'  Armor. 
hostiz.  Bus.  gosty,  a  guest;  L.  hostis,  an 
enemy  (whence  E.  host,  hostile).']  A  visitor 
OT  friend  entertained  in  the  house  or  at 
the  table  of  another;  a  lodger  at  a  hotel  or 
lodging-house. — Gnestwise,  gest'wiz,  adv. 


In  the  manner  or  capacity  of  a  guest. 
i.ihak.) 

Guffaw,  guf-fa',  n.  [Imitative.]  "A  loud  or 
sudden  Durst  of  laughter.  —  «.i..To  burai 
into  a  loud  or  sudden  laugh. 

Guggle,  gug"!,  v.i.  [Imitative,  suggested 
by  purple.]  To  make  a  sound  like  that  of 
a  liquid  passing  through  a  narrow  aper- 
ture; to  gurgle.— n.  A  sound  of  this  kind; 
a  gurgle. 

Guide,  gid,  v.t.^uided,  guiding.  {Fr.guidar, 
It.  guidare,  Sp.  guiar — of  Teutonic  origin, 
and  akin  to  G.  weisen,  to  show,  to  lead, 
Goth,  witan,  to  watch  over;  A.  Sax.  witan, 
to  know,  to  wit,  with  change  of  w  to  gu  as. 
ia  guile,  guard.  Wit.]  To  lead  or  direct  ii.i 
a  way;  to  conduct  in  a  course  or  path;  t--> 
direct;  to  regulate;  to  influence  incouduot 
or  actions;  to  give  direction  to;  to  instruct 
and  direct ;  to  superintend. — n.  [FT.guid;, 
It.  guida,  Sp.  guia.]  A  person  whoguides,  a, 
leader  or  conductor;  one  who  conducts 
travellers  or  tourists  in  particular  locali- 
ties; one  who  or  "that  which  directs  an- 
other in  his  conduct  or  course  of  life ;  ii 
director ;  a  regulator ;  a  guide-book ;  tech- 
nology,  applied  to  various  contrivances  in  • 
tended  to  direct  or  keep  to  a  fixed  cour;.? 
or  motion.— Gtildable,  gi'da-bl,  a.  Capabl  j 
of  being  guided.  —  Guidance,  gi'da-as,  n. 
The  act  of  guiding;  direction;  government. 
— Guide-book,  n.  A  book  for  giving  travel- 
lers or  tourists  information  about  the 
places  they  visit. — Gnideless,gid'les,a.  Des- 
titute of  a  guide;  wanting  a  director. — 
Gnidelessness,  gid'les-nes,  n.— Guide-post, 
n.  A  post  at  the  parting  of  roads  for  direct- 
ing travellers;  a  finger-post. 

Guidon,  gi'don,  n.  [Fr.,  lit.  a  guiding  flag.) 
The  flag  of  a  troop  of  cavalry;  a  flag  used 
to  direct  the  movements  of  infantry;  a  flag 
used  to  signal  with  at  sea,  &c. 

Guild,  gild,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gild,  a  payment, 
hence  a  society  where  paj'ment  was  made 
for  its  protection  and  support.from  gildan, 
to  pay;  D.  gild,  a  guild.  Guilt,  Yield.] 
An  association  or'  incorporation  of  men  be- 
longing to  the  same  class  or  engaged  in 
similar  pursuits,  formed  for  mutual  aid 
and  protection.— Guild-hall,  n.  The  hall 
where  a  guild  or  corporation  Usually  as- 
sembles ;  a  town  or  corporation  hall.  — 
Guildry,  gild'ri,  n.  In  Scotland,  a  guUd; 
the  members  of  a  guild. 

'Guilder,  gil'der,  n.  (D.  and  G.  guide*,  a 
florin ;  modified  as  if  meaning  a  coin  of 
Gelders  or  Gueldres.]  A  coin  of  Holland 
worth  Is.  8d.  English;  a  florin ;iein  pi. 
formerly=money  {Shak.). 

Guile,  gil,  n.  [French  form'^of'Ei'w'tZe 
(which  see);  O.Fr.  guile.guile, from  a  Ger- 
manic form,  with  regular  change  of  G.  w 
into  Romance  gu  (as  in  guide).']  Craft; 
cunning ;  artifice ;  duplicity ;  deceit.  — 
Guileful,  gil'f  id,  a.  Full  of  guile;  intended 
to  deceive;  crafty;  wily;  deceitful;  insidi- 
ous;  treacherous;  —  Guilefully,  girful-li; 
adv.  In  a  guileful  manner.— Guilefulness,* 
gil'ful-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
guileful. — GuUeless,  gil'les,  a.  Free  frorn. 
guile. — Guilelessness,  gil'les-nes,  n. 

Guillemot,  gil'le-mot,  n.  [Fr.  guillemot: 
perhaps  from  Armor.  gw€la,  to  weep,  and 
O.Fr.  moette,  a  gull.]  A  marine  swimming 
bird  allied  to  the  auks  and  divers. 

Guillotine,  gil-o-ten',  n.  [From  Dr.  GuiUo- 
tin,  the  inventor  or  improver^]  An  engine 
for  beheading  persons  by  means  of  a  steel 
blade  loaded  with  a  mass  of  lead,  and 
sliding  between  two  upright  posts;  a  ma- 
chine which  consists  of  a  knife  descending 
between  grooved  pbsts^much  used  for  cut- 
ting pai)er,  straw,  &c. — v.t. — guillotined, 
guillotining.  To  behead  by  the  guillotine. 
— Gnlllotinement,  gil-o-tea'ment,  n.  De- 
capitation by  the  guillotine.    (Carl.) 

Gnilt,  gUt,  71.    [A.  Sax.  gylt,  a  crime,  from 

fildanj  gyldan,  to  pay,  to  requite;  akin 
cel.fl;a  W,  payment,  retribution,  gjalda,  to 
pay.  to  yield;  E.  yield,  guild.]  Criminality; 
that  state  of  a  moral  agent  which  results 
from  his  wilful  or  intentional  commission 
of  a  crime  or  offence,  knowing  it  to  be  a 
crime  or  violation  of  law.  —  Guiltily,  gil'-, 
ti-li,  adv.  in  a  guilty  manner.  —  Gimtl- 
ness,  gU'ti-nes,  n.     The  state  of  being; 

fiiilty;  wickedness;  criminality;  guilt. — 
uUtleBS,  gilt'les,  a.     Free  from  guilt,; 


ch.  cAain;     cA,  Sc.  loc/t;     g,  firo;     j.iob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sin^;.    th,  tften;  th,  tAinj    w,  wig;     wh,  wftig;     sb,  afore. 


GUINEA 


3iO 


GUT 


•  -ime,  nr  offence;  innocent;  not  having 
■  \lierience;  ignorant  (with  of;  poet. I. — 
■Guiltlessly,  gilt'les-U,  adv.  In  a  guiltless 
manner.  —  Guiltlessness,  pilt'les-nes,  n. 
State  or  quality  of  being  guiltless. — 
— Guilty,  gil'ti,  a.  Having  incurred  puilt; 
not  innocent;  criminal;  morally  delin- 
quent: with  of  before  the  crime;  pertain- 
ing to  guilt;  indicating  or  expressing 
guilt  (a  guilty  looki. 

Guinea,  gin'e,  n.  [Because  first  coined  of 
gold  brought  from  Guinea,  in  Africa.]  A 
gold  coin  formerly  current  in  Great  Brit- 
ain of  the  value  of  21  shillings  sterling;  a 
sum  of  money  of  the  same  amount. — 
Guinea -conj,  n.  A  kind  oi  millet  culti- 
vated in  Guinea  and  elsewhere.— Guinea- 
fowl,  n.  A  fowl  of  the  rasorial  order, 
closely  allied  to  the  peacocks  and  phea- 
sants, common  in  Guinea. — Guinea-grass, 
n.    A  valuable  fodder  grass  cultivated  in 

the  West  Indies,  &.c Gutnea-pepper,  n. 

A  kind  of  capsicum;  a  name  of  various 
kinds  of  pepper. — Guinea-pig,  ra.  [Perhaps 
for  <jruiana-pig.]  A  tailless  rodent  mam- 
«  mal,  about  7  inches  in  length,  belonging 
to  South  America,  and  often  kept  as  a 
domestic  pet.— Guinea-worm,  n.  A  worm 
common  in  hot  countries,  which  often 
insinuates  itself  under  the  human  skin, 
causing  intense  pain. 

Guipure,  ge-pQi^,  71.  [Fr.]  An  imitation  of 
antique  lace;  a  kind  of  gimp. 

Ouise,  giz,  n.  [Fr.  guise,  the  equivalent  of 
E.  wise,  mode,  fashion,  O.H.G.  w'lsa,  G. 
ureise,  with  common  change  from  u>  to  g^i- 
in  words  borrowed  into  French  from  the 
German;  comp.  citi^e,  m?e.)  External  ap- 
pearance; dress;  garb;  manner;  mien;  cast 
or  behaviour;  custom;  motle;  practice. — 
Gniser,  gi'zer,  n.  [One  who  assumes  a 
gtUse  other  than  his  own.]  A  masker;  a 
raummer. 

Guitar,  gi-tar',  n.  [Fr.  guitare.  It.  chitarra, 
from  L.  cilliara,  Gr.  kithara,  a  kind  of 
lyre.l  A  musical  stringed  instrument 
having  six  strings,  which  are  played  by 
twitching  with  the  fingers  of  the  right 
hand,  while  the  notes  are  stopped  by  the 
fingers  of  the  left. 

Galar,  gu'ler,  a.  [From  L.  ff?',7a,  the  throat 
or  gullet.]    Pertaining  to  the  gullet. 

Gulch,  gulch,  n.  [Allied  to  Sw.  gOlka,  to 
swallow,  D.  gulzig,  greedy.]  A  deep,abmpt 
ravine  caused  by  the  action  of  water;  the 
dry  bed  of  a  torrent;  a  gully. 

Gulden,  gul'den,  n.  The  Austro-Hunga- 
rian  florin,  nominally  equal  to  2s.  British 
money. 

Gules,  gulz,  n.  [Fr.  giteules,  from  Per.  gvl, 
a  rose.]  Her.  the  term  employed  to  indi- 
cate red.- Guly,  gtili,  o.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  gules.    iMil.) 

Gulf,  gulf,  n.  [Fr.  golfe.  It.  go2fi>.  Mod.Gr. 
kolphos,  from  Gr.  'kolpos,  a  gulf  or  bay.] 
A  large  indentation  on  the  coast-line  of  a 
country  and  the  sea  embraced  in  it;  a  bay; 
a  bight;  an  abyss,  chasm,  or  deep  opening 
in  the  earth;  what  gulfs  or  swallows;  a 
wide  intenal,  as  in  station,  education,  and 
the  like. — v.t.  To  swallow  up;  to  engulf. — 
Gulf-stream,  n.  A  current  of  warm  water 
which  flows  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
through  the  channel  between  Cuba  and 
America,  and  sweeps  north-eastwards  to- 
wards Europe. — Gulf-weed,  n.  A  sea-weed 
found  abundantly  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
where  it  covers  vast  areas;  drift-weed. 

Gull,  gul,  n.  [In  Old  and  Prov.  E.,  a  young 
unfledged  bird,  lit.  a  yellow  bird,  from  the 
yellowness  of  the  beak  and  plumage  of 
young  birds,  from  O.E.  gul,  yellow=Icel. 
g^clr,  Dan.  gul,  guul,  yellow.  Yellow. 
Comp.  Fr.  hejaune,  yellow-beak,  no'\'ice.] 
A  young  unfledged  bird  {Shak.);  one  easily 
cheated;  a  simpleton;  a  trick  tShnk.). — 
v.t.  To  make  a  fool  of ;  to  mislead  by  de- 
ception; to  trick.— Gullibility,  gul-i-oil'i- 
ti,  71.  The  quality  of  being  gullible. — 
Gullible,  gnl'i-bl,  a.  Easily  gulled  or 
cheated.  —  Gollish,  gul  'ish,  a.  Foolish ; 
stupid. 

Gull,  gul,  n.  [From  the  Celtic;  AV.  gwylan. 
Armor,  gwelan.  Com.  gullan,  a  gull.  I  A 
name  for  many  marine  swimming  birds 
fiiutiil  on  the  shores  of  all  latitudes,  and 
)::iviii!:  largo  wings,  slender  legs,  webbed 
It'i't.  and  a  small  or  no  hind  toe. 


Gullet,  giil'et,  71.  [Fr.  govtet,  from  J..iivh(. 
the  throat.]  The  passage  in  the  neck  or 
an  animal  by  which  food  and  liquor  are 
taken  into  the  stomach;  the  oesophagus; 
something  resembling  this. 

Gully,  gul'i,  71.  [Fr.  goulet,  a  gullet,  a 
channel  for  water.  Gvllet.]  A  channel 
or  hollow  worn  in  the  earth  by  a  current 
of  water;  a  ravine;  a  ditch;  a  gutter.— v.i. 
To  wear  into  a  gully  or  channel. 

Gulp,  gulp,  v.t.  [A  form  .of  j;it</,  to  swallow; 
same  as  D.  golpen,  to  swallow  greedily; 
Dan.  gulpe,  to  disgorge.]  To  swallow 
eagerly  or  in  large  draughts.— ti.  The  act 
of  taking  a  large  swallow. 

Gum,  gum,  n.  [A.  Sax.  g&ma,  Icel.  g<imr,  G. 
gauvi,  palate,  gum.]  The  fleshy  substance 
on  the  jaws  which  envelops  the  heck  of  the 
teeth.  —  Gum -boil,  n.  A  boil  or  small 
abscess  on  the  gum.— Gum-rash,  n.  A  mild 
species  of  papiiiar  eruption  to  which  many 
children  are  subject  soon  after  birth. 

Gum,  gum,  ti.  [Fr.  gomme,  from  L.  gummi, 
Gr.  AroTiiTJii,  grum.]  A  juice  which  exudes 
from  trees  either  spontaneously  or  after 
incisions  are  made,  and  thickens  on  the 
surface,  or  is  obtained  from  their  seeds  or 
roots. — v.t. — gummed,  gumviing.  To  smear 
with  gum;  to  unite  or  stiffen  by  gum  or  a 
gum-like  substance.— w.i.  To  exude  or  form 
gum. — Gunvanime.  Anime.— Gum-arabic, 
71.  The  juice  of  various  species  of  acacia, 
hardened  in  the  air.  —  Gum  -  elastic,  n. 
Caoutchouc;  india-rubber.  —  Gum-elemi. 
ELtJii.— Gosi-juniper,  71.  The  resin  of  a 
coniferous  tree  found  in  Barbary. — Gum- 
lac,  71.  L.ic- Gummiferous,  gum-ifCr-us, 
a.  Producing  gum.  —  Gumminess,  gum'i- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
gummy ;  viscousness.  —  Gumming,  gum'- 
ing,  71.  A  disease  in  trees  bearing  stone 
fruit,  characterized  by  a  morbid  exudation 
of  gum,  and  generally  killing  the  tree.— 
Gummous,  gum'us,  a.  Of  the  nature  or 
quality  of  gum;  gummy. — Gummy,  gum'i. 
a.  Consisting  of  gum;  of  the  nature  of 
gum;  giving  out  gum;  covered  with  gum 
or  viscous  matter;  viscous. — Gum-resin,  n. 
A  mixedjuice  of  plants,  consistiug  of  resin 
and  various  other  substances.— Gum-sand- 
arach,7i.  Sandarach.— Gum-dragon,  Gum- 
tragacanth,  n.  Tragacastu.— Gum-tree, 
71.    The  eucalj'ptus. 

Gumption,  gum'shon,7i.  [Perhaps  for poaTii- 
ishing,  a  being  goamish,  from  O.E.  gome, 
O.  Sax.  gdma,  Icel.  gaumr,  care.]  Dnder- 
standing;  capacity;  shrewdness.   [Colloq.] 

Gaii,gun,7i.  [O.E.£/omi«,ero7ie,j(un7ie,&c.; pro- 
bably taken  from  the  latter  part  of  O.Fr. 
mangmirve,  a  machine  for.  throwing  stones 
in  sieges,  a  mangonel.]  A  name  applied, 
to  every  species  of  firearm  for  throwing 
projectiles  by  the  explosion  of  gunpowder 
or  other  explosive. — Great  gun,  a  cannon;  a 
person  distinguished  in  any  department 
(colloq.  t. —  To  blow  great  guns,  to  be  a  tem- 
pe.st. — Gun-barrel,  71.  The  barrel  or  tube  of 
a  gun. — Gun-boat,  71.  A  boat  or  small  vessel 
fitted  to  carry  one  or  more  guns  of  heavy 
calibre,  and  from  itslight  draught  capable 
of  running  close  inshore  or  up  rivers. — 
Gun-carriage,  ti.  The  carriage  on  which 
a  cannon  is  mounted  or  moved,  and  on 
which  it  is  fired. — Gun-cotton,  71.  A  highly 
explosive  substance  produced  by  soak- 
ing cotton  or  similar  vegetable  fibre  in 
nitric  and  sulphuric  acids,  and  then  leav- 
ing it  to  dry.— Gun-fire,  ti.  Milit.  the  hour 
at  which  the  morning  or  evening  gun  is 
fired.  —  Gun-flint,  ti.  A  piece  of  shaped 
flint,  fixed  in  the  lock  of  a  musket  or  pistol 
to  fire  the  charge  before  the  introduction  of 
percussion  caps. — Gun-metal,  71.  An  alloy, 
generally  "f  nine  parts  of  copper  and  one 
part  of  tin,  used  for  the  manufacture  of 
cannon,  &c. — Gunner,  gun'^r,  ti.  One  who 
works  a  gun  or  cannon,  either  on  land  or 
sea;  a  warrant  oflicer  in  the  navy  connected 
with  the  charge  of  the  ordnance.  — Gun- 
nery, gun'^r-i,  n.  The  art  of  firing  or 
managing  guns;  the  science  of  artillery. — 
Gun-port,  ti.  An  opening  in  the  side  of  a 
ship  through  which  cannon  are  discharged. 
— Gunpowder .gun'pou-der,?!.  An  explosive 
mixture  of  saltpetre,  sulphur,  and  ch.-xr- 
ooal,  reduced  to  a  fine  powder,  then  gran- 
ulated .and  dried.— 'r«»ipoi/Hfer<«n  a  fine 
species  of  green  tea  with  a  granular  ap- 


pearance.—6nnshot,gun'8ho{,n.  The  firing? 
of  a  gun;  the  distance  to  which  shot  can 
be  thrown  so  as  to  be  efl"ective. — a.  >tade 
by  the  shot  of  a  gun  \gunshut  wounds). 

—  Gunsmith,  gun '  smith,  n.  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  make  or  repair  small  fire- 
arms. —  Gunsmithery,  gun'smith-er-i.  ti. 
The  business  of  a  gunsmith.— 6un-tack).e, 
n.  The  blocks  and  pulleys  affixed  to  the 
sides  of  a  gun-carriage  and  the  side  of  a 
ship  by  mdans  of  which  a  gun  is  run  up  to 
or  drawn  back  from  the  port-hole. — Gun- 
wadding,  ti.  Circular  pieces  of  card-board, 
cloth,  felt,  &c.,  used  to  keep  down  the 
charge  in  a  gun. — Gunwale,  Gunnel,  gun'- 
wal,  gun'el,  ti.  [Gtin,  and  wale,  the  upper 
edge  of  a  ship's  side.]  A'aut.  the  upper  edge 
of  a  ship's  or  boat's  side. 

Gunny,  gun'i,  n.  [Bengalee.]  A  strong 
coarse  cloth  manufactured  of  jute  in  Ben- 
gal, for  making  into  bags,  sacks,  &c. 

6urge,t  gerj,  n.  [L.  grirges,  a  whirlpool.]  A 
whirlpool  (Mil). 

Gurgle,  ger'gl,  v.i.— gurgled,  gurgling.  [Pro- 
bably imitative  or  connected  with  p.-r-yp; 
comp.  G.  ijurgeln.  It.  gorgogliare.  to  gur- 
gle. Garglk.]  To  run  or  flow  in  an  irvc- 
gular,  noisy  current,  as  water  from  a  bot- 
tle; to  flow  with  a  purling  sound.— ti.  The 
sound  made  by  a  liquid  flowing  from  the 
narrow  mouth  of  a  vessel,  or  generally 
through  any  narrow  opening. 

Gurgoyle,  ger'goil.  n.    Arch.  Gargovle. 

Gurnard,  Gurnet,  ger'nard,  gOr'net,  n. 
fO.Fr.  grougnaut,  probably  from  grogner, 
L.  gnmnire,  to  grunt  orgrumble,  from  the 
sound  these  fishes  make  when  taken  from 
the  water.]  The  name  of  certain  marine 
fishes,  having  an  angular  head  wholly 
covered  with  bony  plates. 

Gush,  gush,  v.i.  [Icel.  gjOsa,  to  gush,  gusa, 
a  gush,  to  gush;  a  Scandinavian  word, 
allied  to  A.  Sax.  gedtan,  Goth,  giutan,  G. 
giessen,  to  pour;  E.  gut,  gust  (of  wind), 
geijser.]  To  rush  forth  as  a  fluid  from  con- 
finement ;  to  flow  suddenly  or  copiously ; 
to  be  extravagantly  and  eflnsively  senti- 
mental.— v.t.  To  emit  suddenly,  copiously, 
or  with  laolence.  —  n.  A  sudden  and  vio- 
lent issue  of  a  fluid;  an  emission  of  liquor 
in  a  large  quantity  and  with  force;  an 
outpour;  an  effusive  display  of  sentiment. 

—  Gusher,  gush'^r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  gushes;  a  person  who  is  demon- 
stratively sentimental.  —  Gushing,  gush'- 
ing,  ppr.  Rushing  forth  with  violence,  as 
a  fluid;  flowing  copiouslj; ;  exuberantly 
and  demonstratively  afrectionate;extrava- 
gantly  sentimental.  —  Gushingly,  gush'- 
ing-li,  adv.  In  a  gushing  manner. 

Gusset,  gus'et,  ti.  [Fr.  gousset,  a  gusset, 
from  gousse,  a  husk  orshell.]  A  tri.angular 
piece  of  cloth-  inserted  in  a  garment  for 
the  purpose  of  strengthening  or  enlarging 
seme  part;  something  resembling  such  a 
piece  of  cloth  in  shape  or  function. 

Cfnst,  gust,  Ti.  [L.  gustug,  taste ;  gusto,  to 
taste  (as  in  disgust);  from  root  seen  in 
choose.]  The  sense  or  pleasure  of  tasting; 
gratification  of  the  appetite;  relish;  gusto; 
taste.— Gustable,  gus'ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  tasted;  having  a  pleasant  relisht. — 
6ustation,t  gus-ta'shon,  n.  [L.  gtisiatio.] 
The  act  of  tasting.— Gustatory,  gus'ta-to- 
ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  gust  or  taste.—  Gusto, 
gusto,  Ti.  [It.]  mce  appreciation  or  en- 
joyment; keen  relish;  taste;  fancy. 

Gust,  gust,  Ti.  [Icel.  gustr,  a  blast  of  wind; 
allied  to  E.  gush.]  A  violent  blast  of  wind; 
a  sudden  ru.shing  or  driving  of  the  wind, 
of  short  duration;  a  sudden  violent  bui«t 
of  passion.— Gusty,  gus'ti,  a.  Subject  to 
gusts  or  sudden  blasts  of  wind;  tempes- 
tuous; given  to  sudden  bursts  of  passion. 

Gut,  gut,  Ti.  [A.  Sax.  pirf,  gutt,  gut,  gvttus, 
entrails;  comp.  prov.  E.  gut,  a  water  chan- 
nel, a  drain;  O.E.  gote,  a  drain;  from  stem 
of  A.  Sax.  gedtan,  Goth,  giutan,  to  pour  out. 
Gush.]  The  intestinal  canal  of  an  anin::il 
from  the  stomach  to  the  anus;  an  inte.~ 
tine;  pi.  the  stomach  and  digestive  apiian- 
tus  generally,  the  viscera  or  entrails;  a 
prepar.ition  of  the  intestines  of  an  animal 
nsed  for  various  purposes,  as  for  the  ^-triiics 
of  a  fiddle;  .•»  channel  or  imssiigo.-  r.t  — 
gitUrd,  guttviii.  To  take  out  the  entniiU 
of ;  to  eviscej-ate ;  to  plunder  of  c<jntcnts; 
to  destroy  or  take  out  the  interior  of 


Pftte,  far,  fat,  f»U;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  miire;     tube,  tub,  bfiU;     oil.  pound;     tt.  So  ab«u«*-t)H- Fr  a. 


GUriA 


311 


HABIT 


Gutta,  gut'ta,  n.  pi.  Gattae,  gut'te.   IL.]  A  ' 
drop;  specifically,  arch,  cue  of  a  Beries  of  i 
pendent  ornaments  attached  to  the  under  i 
side  of  the  mutules  and  under  the  triglyphs 
of  the  Doric  ordor.-Gutta-S8rena,gut'ta-s6- 
re"ua,  n.  An  old  medical  name  for  Amatt- 
rosis.— Guttata,  gut'at,  a.  Bot.  spotted,  as 
if  discoloured  by  drops.— Guttiferous,  gut- 
if'Cr-us,  a.    Yielding  gum  or  resinous  sub- 
stances. 

Gutta  percha,  gut'ta  pfir'cha,  n.  fSIalay 
gidtxt,  gum,  and  percha,  the  tree.]  The 
hardened  milky  juice  of  a  large  tree  which 
grows  in  the  Malayan  Peninsula  and  in 
home  of  the  islands  of  the  Eastern  Archi- 
pelago, resembling  caoutchouc  in  many  of 
its  properties,  but  stronger,  more  soluble, 
and  less  elastic. 

Gutter,  gut'6r,  w.  [Fr.  gouttiire,  from 
goutte,  L.  gutta.,  a  drop.J  A  channel  at  the 
side  of  a  road,  street,  or  the  like,  also  at 
the  eaves  of,  or  on,  a  roof  of  a  building  for 
conveying  away  water. — v.t.  To  cut  or  form 
gutters  in.  —  v.i.  To  become  chaimelled.— 
Guttei-ing,  gut'rt-ing,  n.  A  chauuel  or 
collection  of  channels  to  carry  off  rain- 
water. 

Guttle,  gutl,  v.i.  [A  form  of  auzde.]  To 
swallow  greedily:  to  gormandize.  —  Gut- 
tier,  gut'l6r,  n.    A  gormandizer. 

Guttural,  gut'6r-al,  a.  [From  L.  guttvr,  the 
throat,  whence  also  goitre.]  Pertaining  to 
the  throat;  uttered  from  the  throat. — Ji. 
A  letter  or  combination  of  letters  pro- 
nounced in  the  throat;  any  guttural  sound. 
—Gutturalize,  gut'6r-al-iz,  v.t.  To  speak 
or  enunciate  gutturally.— Gutturally  ,gut'- 
6r-al-li,  adv.  In  a  guttural  manner. — 
Gutturalness,  Gutturality.t  gut'6r-al-nes, 
gut-fer-al'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  gut- 
tural. 

Buy,  gi,  n.  [Sp;  ouia,  a  guide,  a  small  rope 
used  on  board  ship.  Guide.]  A  rope  used 
to  steady  anything;  a  rope  to  steady  an  ob- 
ject which  is  being  hoisted;  a  rope  or  rod 
to  steady  a  suspension  -.bridge.  —  v.t.  To 
steady  or  direct  oy  means  of  a  guy. 

Guy,  gi,  n.  A  fright;  a  person  of  queer 
looks  or  dress:  from  the  effigy  of  Gvy' 
Fawkes  burned  on  the  5th  November. 

Guzzle,  guz'l,  v.i.  and  v.t. — guzzled,  guzzling. 
|0.  Fr.  gouziller  (in  desgouziller),  to  gulp 
down,  to  swill,  connected  with  gosier,  the 
throat.]  To  swallow  liquor  greedily;  to 
swill;  to  drink  much;  to  drink  frequently, 
n.  A  debauch,  especially  on  drink.  — 
Guzzler,  guz'ler,  n.    One  who  guzzles. 

Gybe,  jib,  »i.    A  sneer;  a  gibe. 

Gyle,  gil,  n.  A  brewer's  vat;  the  fermented 
wort  used  by  vinegar  makers. 

Gymnasium,  jim-na'zi-um,  n.  pi.  Gymna- 
sia, jlm-na'zi-a.  [Gr.  gymnasion,  from 
gymnos,  naked.]  A  place  where  athletic 
exercises  are  performed;  a  schctol  or  semi- 
nary for  the  higher  branches  of  education; 
a  school  preparatory  to  the  universities. — 
Gymnast,  jim'nast,  n.    One  who  teaches 


or  practises  gymnastic  exercises.  —  Gym- 
nastic, Gymnastical,  jim-nas'tik,  jim-nas'- 
ti-kal,  a.  tli.gynniastlcug;  Gr.gymnHstikos.] 
Pertaining  to  athletic  exercises.  —  Gym- 
nastically,  jim-nas'ti-kal-li,  adv.  In  a 
gymnastic  manner.  —  Gymnastics,  jim- 
nas'tiks,  n.  The  art  of  performing  athletic 
exercises;  athletic  exercises;  feats  of  skill 
or  address.  —  Gjrmnic.t  jim'nik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  gymnastics_. 

Gymnocarpous,  jim-no-kar'pus,  a.  FGr. 
gymnos,  naked,  and  karpos,  fruit.]  Bot. 
having  a  naked  fruit.— Gymnodont.jim'- 
no-dont,  n.  [Gr.  odoua,  odontoe,  a  tooth.] 
One  of  those  fishes  that  have  a  projecting 
bony  beak.— Gymnogen,jim'nO-jen,  n.  jGr. 
root  gen,  to  producer]  Bot.  a  plant  with  a 
naked  seed;  a  gymnosperm.— Gymnogen- 
ous,  jim-noj'e-nus,  a.  Bot.  pertaining  to 
the  gymnogens.— Gymnogynous,  jirn-noj'- 
i-nus,  a.  [Gr.  gyne,  female.]  Bot.  having 
a  naked  ovary. — Gymnosophist,  jim-nos- 
o-fist,  n.  [Gr.  fophistes,  a  philosopher.] 
One  of  a  sect  of  ancient  Hindu  ascetics 
who  lived  solitarily,  and  wore  little  or  no 
clothing. — Gymnosperm,  jim'no-sperm,  n. 
[Gr.  sperma,  seed.]  A  plant  with  a  naked 
seed;  a  gymnogen. — Gymnospermous,  jim- 
no-sp6r'mus, a.  Bot. pertaining totho gym- 
nosperms.  —  Gymnospore,  jiiu'no-spor,  n. 
Bot.  a  naked  spore.— Gymnoaporous,  jim- 
nos'po-rus,  a.  Bot.  having  naked  spores. 
Gysmaottts,  jim-no'tus,  n.  [Gr.  notoa,  the 
back,  from  having  no  dorsal  fin.]  The 
electric  eel. 

Gynaecocracy,  Gynecocracy,  jin-C-kok'ra- 
si. :».  [Gr.  gyne,  gynaikos,  a  woman,  and 
kratoa,  power.]  Government  by  a  woman; 
female  rule.  —  Gjmseolatry,  jin-5-ol'a-tri, 
n.  [Gr.  latreia,  worship.]  The  extravagant 
adoration  or  worship  of  woman. 

Gynander,  ji-nan'd6r,  n.  [Gr.  gyni,  a  fe- 
male, and  aner,  andros,  a  male.]  A  plant 
belonging  to  the  Gynandria  (ji-nan'dri-a), 
one  of  the  classes  in  the  system  of  Lin- 
naeus, the  character  of  which  is  to  have 
the  stamens  and  pistil  consolidated  into  a 
single  body.  —  Gjmandrian,  GynandrouB, 
ji-nan'dri-an,  ji-nan'drus,  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  gynanders. 

G3marcny,  jin'ar-ki,  n.  [Gr.  gynS,  woman, 
and  arche,  rule.]  Government  by  a  female 
or  females. 

Gynobase,  jin'o-bas,  n.  [Gr.  gyng,  a  female, 
and  basis,  a  base.)  Bot.  a  central  axis  to 
the  base  of  which  the  carpels  are  attached. 
— Gynobasic,  jin-o-ba'sik,  a.  Bot.  pertain- 
ing to  or  having  a  gynobase.— Gynophore, 
jin'o-for,  n.  [Gr.  phoros,  bearing.]  The 
stalk  on  which  the  ovary  stands  in  certain 
flowers;  zool.  the  generative  bud  of  a  hydro- 
zoon  containing  ova. 

^yp,  jip,  n.  [Said  to  be  a  sportive  appli- 
cation of  Gr.  gyps,  a  vulture,  from  their 
alleged  rapacity.]  A  term  for  a  servant 
at  Cambridge  tfniversity,  as  scout  is  used 
at  Osford. 


GypsTun,  jip'sum,  n.  [L.  gypsztm,  from  G  ;*. 
gypsos,  chalk.]  A  mineral  which  is  found 
in  a  compact  and  crystallized  state,  as 
alabaster,  or  in  the  form  of  a  soft  chalky 
stone  which  by  heat  becomes  a  fine  white 
powder,  extensively  used  under  the  name 
of  plaster  of  Paris.— Gypseous,  jip'sB-us, 
a.  Of  the  nature  of  gypsum;  resembling 
gypsum.  —  GypsiferouSj  jip-sif 'er-us,  a. 
Producing  gypsum.  —  Gypsoplast,  jip'so- 
plast,  »i.  [Gypsuin,  and  Gr.  plassd,  to 
mould.]    A  cast  taken  in  plaster  of  Paris. 

Gjrpsy, jip'si,  n.  pi.  Gypsies.  [For  Egyptian, 
from  the  belief  that  the  race  are  descen- 
dants of  the  ancient  people  of  Ef ypt.]  One 
of  a  peculiar  wandering  race  deriving  their 
origin  from  India;  a  name  of  slight  or 
humorous  reproach  to  a  young  woman; 
the  language  of  the  gypsies. — a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  gypsies. — Gypsology,  jip-sol'o- 
ji,  n.  That  branch  of  knowledge  which 
treats  of  the  gypsies. — Gypsy-hat,  n.  A 
kind  of  hat  worn  by  women. — Gypsyism, 
jip'si-izm,  n.  The  arts  of  gypsies;  decep- 
tion. 

Gyrate,  ji'rat,  v.i.  [L.  gyro,  ^ratum,  from 
gyrus,  Gr.  gyros,  a  circle.]  To  turn  round 
circularly;  to  revolve  round  a  central 
point;  to  move  spirally. — a.  Winding  or 
going  round,  as  in  a  circle.— Gyral,  ji'ral, 
a.  AVhirling;  moving  in  a  circular  form. 
— Gjrrant.  ji'rant,  a.  Whirling;  wheeling. 
[Poet.}— Gyration,  ji-ra'shon,n.  A  turning 
or  whirling  round;  a  circular  motion. — 
Gyrational,  ji-ra'shon-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
^ration.— Gyratory, ji'i'a-to-ri,  a.  Moving 
in  a  circle  or  spirally. — 63rre,  jir,  re.  A  cir- 
cular motion,  or  a  circle  described  by  a 
moving  body;  a  turn.  —  Gyrose,  ji'ros,  o. 
Bot.  bent  round  like  a  crook. 

Gyrencephalate,  ji-ren-sef'a-lat,  a.  [Gr. 
gyros,  a  circle  and  enkephalos,  the  brain.] 
Belonging  to  a  sub-class  of  the  mammalia 
having  the  cerebrum  covering  the  greater 
part  of  tl>e  cerebellum  and  the  hemi- 
spheres of  the  brain  with  numerous  convo- 
lutions. 

Gyrfalcon,  jer'fa-kn,  n.  [L.L.  gyrofalco, 
from  gyrus,  a  circle,  so  called  from  its 
flight.]  A  species  of  falcon,  ~  one  of  the 
boldest  and  most  beautiful  of  the  tribe. 

Gyroidal,  ji-roi'dal,  a.  IGr.  gyros,  a  circle, 
and  eidos,  resemblance.  J  Spiral  in  arraage- 
ment  or  action.— Gyroscope,  ji'ro-skOp,  n. 
[Gr.  gkopeO,  to  view.]  An  apparatus, 
consisting  of  a  rotating  disc  mounted  by 
very  accurately  fitted  pivots  in  a  ring  or 
rings,  rotating  in  different  ways,  for  iuus- 
traiing  peculiarities  of  rotation.  —  Gyro- 
stat, ji'rO-stat,  n.  A  modification  of  the 
gyroscope. 

Gyve,  jiv,  n.  fW.  gevyn;  Ir.  geibion,  from 
geibhim,  to  got,  to  hold ;  same  root  as  L. 
capio,  to  take.]  A  shackle,  usually  for  the 
legs;  a  fetter:  commonly  in  the  plural. — 
v.t.—gi/ved,  gyving.  To  fetter;  to  shackle; 
to  chain. 


H. 


H,  the  eighth  letter  of  the  English  alpha- 
bet, a  consonant  often  called  the  aspirate, 
as  being  a  mere  aspiration  or  breathing. 

Ha,  ha.  An  exclamation,  denoting  sur- 
prise, wonder,  joy,  or  other  sudden  emo- 
tion. 

Habeas  corpus,  haTDS-as  kor'pus.  [L.,  you 
may  have  the  body.]  Law,  a  writ  which 
is  the  great  safeguard  of  the  personal 
liberties  of  British  subjects,  directed  to 
any  person  who  detains  another  in  custody 
and  commanding  him  to  produce  the  body 
of  .this  person  with  a  statement  of  the 
day  and  cause  of  his  apprehension  and 
detention  that  the  court  may  deal  with 
him. 

Haberdasher,  hab'6r-dash-er,  n.  [Lit.  a 
seller  of  hapertas,  from  O.Fr.  hapertas,  a 
kind  of  cloth,  a  word  of  doubtful  origin.] 
A  dealer  in  drapery  goods  of  various  de- 
scriptions, as  woollens,  linens,  silks,  rib- 
bons, &c.  —  Haberdashery,  hab'fer-dash- 
6r-i,  n.    The  wares  sold  by  a  haberdasher. 


Habergeon,  ha-bfer'jon,  n.  [Pr.  hauhergeori, 
from  Aaufterc,  a  hauberk.  Hadberk.J  A 
short  coat  of  mail  or  armour  consisting  of 
a  jacket  without  sleeves. 

Habiliment,  ha-bil'i-ment,  re.  [Fr.  Jiabille- 
T!i«n<,from  habiller, to  dress,  from  li.habiUs, 
fit,  proper.  Habit.]  A  garment;  clothing: 
usually  in  the  plural.— Habilimented,  ha- 
bil ' i-ment-ed,  a.  Having  habiliments; 
clothed.  —  HabUablet,  hab'il-a-bl,  «.  Ca- 
pable of  being  clothed.— Habilatory,  hab'- 
il-a-to-ri,  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to 
habiliments  or  clothing. 

Habit,  hab'it,  re.  [Fr.  habit,  from  L.  hoM- 
ius,  state,  dress,  manner,  condition,  &c., 
from  habeo,  habitum,  to  have,  to  hold :  of 
similar  origin  are  habiliment,  habitation, 
inhabit,  exhibit,  prohibit,  also  able,  debt, 
duty,  &C.J  The  ordinary  state  or  condi- 
tion of  the  body,  either  natural  or  ac- 
quired; the  bodily  constitution  or  tem- 
perament; tendency  or  capacity  resulting 
from  frequent  rei)efcition  of  the  same  acts; 


practice;  usage;  a  vray  of  acting;  a  pecu- 
liar practice  or  custom;  a  chanicteristic 
item  of  behaviour;  dress;  garb-  the  outer 
dress  worn  by  ladies  while  on  hoTFeback. 
.:Syn.  under  Custom. —w.i.  To  dress;  to 
clothe;  to  array.— Habit-maker,  re.  One 
who  makes  habits;  a  tailor  who  makes 
ladies'  riding-habits.— Habit-shirt,  re.  A 
thin  muslin  or  lace  under-garment  worn 
by  females  over  the  breast.  —  Habitual, 
ha-bit'u-al,  a.  (Fr.  habituel]  Formed  or 
acquired  by  habit, frequent  use,  or  custom; 
constantly  practised;  customary;  regular. 
—Habitually,  hiv-bit'tt-al-li,  adv.  In  a 
habitual  manner. — Habitualness,  ha-bit'- 
n-al-nes,  n.— Habituate,  ha-bit'u-at,  v.t. — 
habituated,  habituating.  [L.  habiluo,  ha- 
bituatum.]  To  accustom;  to  make  familiar 
by  frequent  use  or  practice;  to  familiarize. 
~-n.  Formed  by  habit.— Habituation,  ha- 
bit'fi-a"shon,  n.  The  act  of  habituating, 
or  state  of  being  habituated. — Habitude, 
hab'i-tQd,  re.    (Fr.  habitude,  from  L.  Iiabi- 


Vch,cAaiu;     cA,  Sc.  locA;     S,goi    jtiob;     n,rr.  ton;     Wi.,ta.n^j;     «h,  t/ieu;  th,  tAin;     w,  4«ig;    wh,  toiiig;    zh^asure 


HABITABLE 


512 


HAIR 


tudo.^  •  Customary  manner  or  mode  of  liv- 
ing,feeUng,or  acting;  long  custom;  habit. 
— Habitni,  a-be-t(i-a,  n.  [Ft.,  pp.  of  hdbi- 
tuer,  to  accustom.J  A  habitual  frequenter 
of  any  place,  especially  one  of  amusement, 
recreation,  and  the  like. 

Habitable,  hab'i-ta-bl,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
habitabilis,  from  habito,  to  dwell,  a  freq. 
of  habeo,  to  have.]  Capable  of  being  in- 
habited or  dwelt  in;  capable  of  sustaining 
human  beings.— Habltabillty,  Habitable- 
ness,  hab'i-ta-bil"i-ti,  hab'i-ta-bl-nes,  n. 
State  of  beingbabitahle;  capacity  of  being 
inhabited. —Habitably,  hab'i-ta-bli,  adv. 
So  as  to  be  habitable.  —  Habitant,  habi- 
tant, n.  [L.  habitans,  kabitMitis,  ppr.  of 
habito.]  An  inhabitant;  a  dweller;  a  resi- 
dent.— Habitat,  hab'i-tat,  n.  [L.  habitat, 
*  it  dwells.']  The  natural  abode  or  locality 
of  a  .plant  or  animal. — Habitation,  hab-i- 
ta'shon,  n.  [L.  habitatio.]  Act  of  inhabit- 
ing; occupancy;  place  of  abode;  a  settled 
dwelling;  a  house  or  other  place  in  which 
man  or  any  animal  dwells. 

Habitude,  Eabitu^.    Under  Habit. 

Habromania,  hab-ro-ma'ni-a,  n.  LGr.  ha- 
bros,  gay,  and  mania,  madness.]  Insanity 
in  which  the  delusions  are  of  a  gay  char- 
acter. 

Hachure,  hach'ur,  n.  [Fr.,  from  hacher,  to 
hack.  Hack,  v.*.]  Short  lines  which  mark 
half-tints  and  shadows  in  designing  and 
engraving. — v.t.  To  cover  with  hachures. 

Hacienda,  a-the-en'da,  n.  [Sp.]  In  Spain, 
Spanish  America,  &c.,  a  farm-house;  a 
farm. 

Hack,  hak,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  haccan  or  haccian 
=D.  hakken,  Dan.  hakke,  Sw.  hacka,  G. 
hacken,  to  hack  or  chop;  whence  Fr.  hacher, 
and  from  the  latter  E.  hatch  (in  engraving), 
hatchet,  hash.]  To  cut  irregularly  and  into 
small  pieces;  to  notch;  to  mangle. — n.  A 
notch;  a  cut. — Hacking,' hak'ing,  p.  and  a. 
Short  and  interrupted  (a  hacking  cough). 

Hack,  hak,  n.  [Short  for /lactoiej/.]  Ahorse 
kept  for  hire;  a  horse  much  worked;  a 
worn-out  horse;  a  person  overworked;. a 
writer  employed  in  the  drudgery  and  de- 
tails of  book-making.  —  a.  Much  nsed  or 
worn,  like  a  hired  horse ;  hired. — v.t.  To 
use  as  a  hack ;  to  let  out  for  hire.— Hack- 
watch,  n.  Naut.  a  watch  with  a  seconds 
hand,  used  in  taking  observations,  to  obvi- 
ate the  necessity  of  constantly  moving  the 
chronometer. 

Hack,  hak,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hmc,  a  grating. 
Hatch,  n.]  A  grated  frame  of  various 
kinds;  a  frame  for  drying  fish,  &c.;  a  rack 
for  cattle. 

Hackberry,  hakTie-ri,  n.  [Same  as  Prov.  E. 
hag-berry,  bird-cherry=/iaw-beny,  hedge- 
berry.]  A  North  American  tree  bearing 
sweet  edible  fruits  as  large  as  bird-cherries. 

Hackbut,  hak'but,  n.    Hagbut.   . 

Hackee,  hak'5,  n.  The  common  ground- 
squirrel  of  North  America. 

Hackery,  hak'er-i,  n.  A  rude  two-wheeled 
cart  of  India  drawn  by  oxen. 

Hackle,  hak'l,  n.  [D.  hekel,  G.  hechel,  Dan. 
h^gle,  a  hackle  for  flax  or  hemp;  akin  to 
hook.  The  secondary  senses  are  from  simi- 
larity to  tufts  of  hackled  fibres.]  A  hatchel, 
heckle,  or  comb  for  dressing  flax;  raw 
silk;  any  flimsy  substance  unspun;  a  long 
pointed  feather  on  the  neck  of  a  fowl,  or 
any  similar  feather. — v.t.  To  comb  (flax  or 
hemp) ;  to  hatchel  or  heckle.  —  Hackler, 
hak'ler,  n.    One  who  hackles. 

Hackmatack,  hak'ma-tak,  n.  [Amer.  In- 
dian.]   The  American  black  larch. 

Hackney,  hak'ni,  n.  ■  [O.Fr.  haquenee.  a 
pacing  horse,  Sp.  hacaiiea,  a  nag;  probaoly 
from  O.D.  hackeneye,  hakJcenei,  a  hackney; 
lit.  perhaps  a  hacked  or  dock-tailed  nag.] 
A  horse  kept  for  riding  or  driving;  a  pad; 
a  nag;  a  horse  kept  for  hire;  a  hack;  a  per- 
son accustomed  to  drudger.v,  often  literary 
drudgery. — a.  Let  out  for  hire;  much  used; 
common;  trite. — v.t.  To  use  as  a  hackney; 
to  devote  to  common  or  vulgar  use. — 
Hackney-coach,  n.  A  coach  kept  for  hire. 
Hackneyed,  hak'nid,  p.  and  a.  Discussed 
or  talked  of  without  end;  in  eveiybody's 
mouth;  trite;  commonplace. 

Had,  had,  pret.  &  pp.  of  have. 

Haddock,  had'ok,  n.  [Comp.  O.Fr.  Tuidot, 
/iadon,Ir.codo5,  a  haddock.]  A  well-known 
fish  of  the  cod  family,  smaller  than  the 


cod,  and  having  a  dark  spot  on  each  side 

just  behind  the  head. 
Hadb,  had,  n.     [A.  Sax.  hmld,  inclined, 

bent;  G.  haXdc,  decli\-ity.]  Mining;  a  slope 

or  inclination;  inclination  of  a  vein  or  bed 

from  a  vertical  direction.^ — v.i.  To  slope  or 

incline"from  the  vertical. 
Hades,  hadez,  n.    [Gr.  Hades,  i.e.  aides, 

invisible,  unseen,  from  a,  priv.,  and  idein, 

to  see.]    The  invisible  abode  of  the  dead ; 

the  place  or  state  of  departed  souls;  the 

world  of  spirits. 
Haclj,h£ij,n.  [Ar.]  The  Mohammedan  pil- 

g 'image  to  Mecca  and  Medina.— Hadji, 
adjee,  hai'e,  n.  A  Mussulman  who  has 
performed-his  pilgrimage  to  Mecca. 

HadrosanruB,  had-ro-sa'rus,  n.  [Gr.  had- 
ros,  thick,  large;  great,  and  sauros,  a  liz- 
ard.] A  hu^e  extinct  herbivorous  reptile 
found  fossil  in  North  America. 

Haemal,  he'mal,  a.  [Gr.  haima,  haimatos, 
blood.  Some  of  the  words  in  which  this 
forms  part  are  spelled  indiiTerently  he-  or 
hce-;  in  others  there  is  a  preference.  See 
also  under  He-.]  Pertaining  to  the  blood; 
connected  with  the  blood-vessels  or  the 
circulatory  system. — Haern-al  arcft, the  arch 
formed  by  the  projections  anteriorly  of  the 
ribs  and  the  sternum  from  the  ve^tebne. 
— Hsemapophysis,  he-ma-pof'i-sis,  n.  [Gr. 
haima,  and  apophysis,  apophysis.]  Corn- 
par,  anot.  part  of  the  typical  vertebra  on 
each  side  of  the  haimal  arch.  —  Hsema- 
static,  he-ma-stat'ik,  n.  Hdmastatic. — 
Haematemesis,  he-ma-tem'e-sis,  n.  [Gr. 
emesis,  a. vomiting.]  A  vomiting  of  blood 
from  the  stomach. — Haematics.  heXmat'iks, 
n.  That  branch  of  physiology  which  treats 
of  the  blood.  —  Haematin.  H^matin. — 
Haematite,  he'ma-tit,n.  Hematite.— Hae- 
matocryal,  he-ma-tok'ri-al,  a.-  [Gr.  cvyos. 
cold.]  ZooL  applied  to  the  cold-blocided 
vertebrates.  —  Haematold,  he'ma-toid,  a. 
[Gr.  haimato-eides,  eidos,  resemblance.] 
Having  the  appearance  of  blood. — Haema- 
tosis,  he-ma-to'sis,  n.  (Gr.,  a  changing 
into  blood.]  The  arterialization  of  blood; 
the  formation  of  the  blood.  —  Haemato- 
thermal,  he'ma-to-th6r"mal,  a.  [Gr.  ther- 
mos, warm.]  Of  orpertaining  to  the  warm- 
blooded vertebrates.  —  Haematoxylin,  hg- 
ma-tok'si-lin.  H  ematoxylin.  —  Hsemato- 
zoa,  h6'ma-to-zo"a,  re.  pi.  [Gr.  zoon,  an 
animal.]  The  entozoa  which  exist  in  the 
blood  of  mammals,  birds,,  reptiles,  &c.— 
Haematuria,  he-ma-tu'ri-a,  re.  [Gr.  owow, 
urine.]  A  discharge  of  bloody  urine. — 
Haemoglobin,  HsemoglobuUn,  he'mo-glo- 
bin,  he-mo-glo'bfi-lin,  re.  [L.  globus,  a  ball.] 
The  matter  of  a  red  colour  contained  in 
the  red  corpuscles  of  the  blood. — Haemop- 
tysis, he-mop'tis-is,  n.  [Gr.  ptysis,  a  spit- 
ting.] The  coughing  up  of  blood. — Hae- 
morrhage, he'mor-aj,  re.  Hejiorrhage. — 
Haemorrhoids,  he'mor-oidz,  n.  Hemorr- 
hoids.— Haemctrophy,- h5-mot'ro-fi,n.  [Gr. 
trophs,  nourishment.]  An  excess  of  san- 
guineous nutriment. 

Haft,  haft,  re.  [A.  Sax.  hceft,n,  haft=D.  and 
G.  heft,  a,  handle ;  Icel.  hepti  (—hefti),  a 
haft,  from  the  stem  of  have  or  heave.]  A 
handle;  that  part  of  an  instrument  which 
is  taken  into  the  hand,  and  by  which  it  is 
held  and  used.  —  v.t.  To  set  in  a  haft;  to 
furnish  with  a  handle. 

Hag,  hag,  re.  [Shortened  from  A.  Sax.  hmg- 
tesse;  akin  to  G.  ?ieze,  D.  heks,  a  witch; 
probably  from  A.  Sax.  haga,  a  hedge,  G. 
hag,  a  wood  (the  meaning  being  woman  of 
the  woods).]  An  ugly  old  woman;  a  witch; 
a  sorceress;  a  she-monster;  an  eel-shaped 
fish  which  eats  into  and  devours  other 
fishes. — Haggish,  hag'ish,  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  resembling  a  hag:  ngly;^  horrid. — Hag- 
gishly,  hag'ish-li,  adv.  In  a  haggish  man- 
ner.—Haggishness,  hag'ish-nes,  re. 

Hagbut,  haig'but,  re.    Same  as  Arquebvse. 

Haggard,  hag'ilrd,  a.  [Fr.  hagard,  origi- 
nally a  wild  falcon,  from  G.  hag,  a  wood,, 
and  affix -ar'd.  In  secondary  sense  perhaps 
for  ft(H7{7ed,  that  is,  fcaj7-like.  Hedge,Haw.] 
Wild;  intractable  (a  haggard  hawk);  hav- 
ing the  expression  of  one  wasted  by  want 
or  suffering;  having  the  face  worn  and 
pale;  lean-faced;  gaunt.— re.  An  untrained 
or  refractory  hawk.— Haggardly,  hag'ard- 
li,  adv.    In  a  haggard  manner. 

Haggis,  hag'is,  n.    [From  Itag,  to  chop,  a 


form  of  hack;  comp.  Fr.  RacWj,  a  harb. 
A  Scotchdish,  commonly  made  inasheep't 
stomach,  of  the  heart,  lungs,  and  liver  of 
the  animal  minced  with  suet,  onions,  oat- 
meal, salt,  and  pepper. 

Haggle,  hag'l,  v.t— haggled,  haggling.  [Freq 
of  hag,  for  hafJt,  to  hack.]  To  cut  into 
small  pieces;  to  notch  or  cut  in  an  unskil 
ful  manneri  to  mangle. — v.i.  To  be  diffi'- 
cult  in  bargaining;  to  hesitate  and  cavil; 
to  stick  at  small  matters;  to  higgle.— 
Haggler,  hag'l-6r,  n.    One  who  haggles. 

Hagaocracy,  ha-ji-ok'ra-si,  re.  [Gr.  hagios, 
holy,  and  kratos,  rule.]  The  government 
of  the  priesthood;  a  sacred  government; 
a  hierarchy.— Hagiography,  ha-ji-og'ra-fi, 
re.  [Gr.  hagios,  holy,  and  graphe,  a  writ- 
ing.] The  last  of  the  three  Je-\vish  divi- 
sions of  the  Old  Testament,  comprehend- 
ing Psalms,  Proverbs,  Job,  Daniel,  Ezra, 
Nehemiah,  Ruth,  Esther,  Chronicle?,  Can- 
ticles, Lamentations,  and  Ecclesiastes ; 
also  called   Hagiographa,  ha-ji-og'ra-fa 

Sl.);_  R.  Cath.  Ch.  the  lives  of  the  saints.— 
agiograph,  ha'ji-o-graf ,  n.  A  holy  writ- 
ing. —  Hagiographic,  Hagiographal,  ha'- 
ji-o-graf"ik,  ha-ji-og'ra-fal,  a.  ■  Pertaining 
to   hagiography.  j—  Hagiographer,  ha-ji- 

.  og'ra-fer,  re.  One  of  the  writers  of  tlie 
hagiogi-aphj;  a  writerof  lives  of  the  saints. 
— Hagiologist,  ha-ji-oro-jist,  re.  One  who 
•vyrites  or  treats  of  the  sacred  writings;  a 
writer  of  lives  of  the.  saints.— Hagiology, 
ha-ji-oVo-ji,  re.  [Gr.  hagios,  and  logos.] 
Sacred  literature;  that  branch  of  literature 
which  has  to  do  with  the  lives  and  legends 
of  the  saints. 

Hah,  ha,  inter}.  Expression  of  effort,  sur- 
prise, ic. 

Ha-ha,  ha'ha,  n.  [Reduplicated  form  of 
haw,  a  hedge.]  A  sunk  fence  or  ditch;  a 
hawhaw. 

Hail,  hal,  n.  [A,  Sax.  hagal,  hagol^G.  7>. 
Dan.  and  Sw.  hagel,  Icel.  hagt,  hail ;  root 
doubtful.]  The  sinall  masses  of  ice  or 
frozen  vapour  falling  from  the  clouds  in 
showere  or  storms ;  frozen  rain. — v.i.  To 
pour  down  hail.— Hailstone,  hal'ston,  n. 
A  single  ball  or  pellet  of  hail.  —  Hail- 
storm, re.  A  storm  of  hail. — Haily,  ha'li, 
a.    Consisting  of  hail;  full  of  hail.'  {Pope.) 

Hall,  hal,  interj.  [Same  as  hale,  adj.;  Icel. 
hetll,  Dan.  heel,  hale.  Hale,  Health.]  A 
term  of  greeting  or  salutation  expressive 
of  -vi^pll-wishing.- 1).«.  To  call  to;  to  greet 
from  ^  distance;  to  call  to  in  order  to  arrest 
attention;  to  designate  as;  to  salute  or  ad- 
dress as.— v.i.  Used  only  in  the  phrase  to 
hail  from,  originally  used  of  a  ship,  which 
is  said  to  hail  from  the  port  whence  she 
comes;  hence,  to  have  as  one's  residence 
or  birth-place;  to  belong  to.  —  re.  Call. — 
Within  hail,  within  call;  ■within  reach  of 
the  soumd  of  the  voice. 

Hair,  har,  re.  [A.  Sax.  haer,  fedr=Icel.  Mr, 
O.D.ftoir,D.  Dan.andG.Aaar,hair;  perhaps 
akin  to  Icel.  horr,  flax,  E.  hards  (which 
see).]  A  small  filament  issuing  from  the 
skin  of  an  animal,and  from  a  bulbous  root; 
the  collection  or  mass  of  filaments  grow- 
ing from  the  skin  of  an  animal  and  form- 
ing an  integument  or  covering ;  such  fila- 
ments in  the  mass;  a  filament  resembling 
a  hair;  bot.  a  species  of  down  or  pubescence. 
— To  a  hair,  to  a  nicety.— To  split  hairs,  to 
be  unduly  nice  in  making  distinctions. — 
Hair -breadth.  Hair's -breadth,  »i.  The 
diameter  or  breadth  of  a  hair;  a  minute 
distance.  —  a.  Of  the  breadth  of  a  hair; 
very  narrow  (a  hair-breadth  ~esca.i>e}.— 
Hair-broom,  w.  A  broom  paade  of  hair. 
— Hair-bnuh,  re.  A  brush  for  dressing  and 
smoothing  the  hair.— Hair-cloth,  re.  A  kind 
of  cloth  made  of  hair  or  in  part  of  hair. — 
Hair-dresser,  re.  One  who  dresses  or  cuts 
people's  hair;  a  barber.— Haired,  hard,  a. 
Ha'ving  hair:  mostly  used  in  coniposi- 
tion(long-?ia?'red,  dark-Aaired,  &c.).— Hair- 
grass,  n.  The  iwpular  name  of  various 
grasses  of  little  or  no  value.  -^  Hairiness, 
ha'ri-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  haiiy.— : 
Hairless,  harles,  a.  Destitute  of  hair;  bald/> 
—Hair-line,  re.  A  line  made  of  hair;  a  very 
slender  line  made  in  writing  or  dra'wing ; 
a  hair-stroke.  —  Hair-pencil,  n.  .  A  fine 
brush  or  pencil  made  of  hair  and  nsed  in 
painting.— Hair-pin,  re.  A  pin  used  to  keep 
the  hair  in  a  certain  position;  especially.a 


X  ute,  fur,  iat,  iull;     in&,  luet.  hOr;     yme,  v^n;     Uuic,  unt,  mOvei     tObe,  tub,  b\iiU     oil,  pound;     0,  Sc.  abwne— tta  Fr. «. 


RAKU 


313 


HALT 


rlovibled  pin  or  bent  wire  used  hy  women. 
— Hair -powder,  n.  A  fiiie-scent.ed  "powder 
of  ilour  or  starch  for  sprinkling  the  hair  of 
I  he  head.  —  Hair-sieve,  n.  A  straim-r  ot 
sieve  with  a  hair-cloth  bottom.  —  Hair- 
space,  n.  The  thinnest  space  used  by  piin- 
'ters.— Hair-splitting,  n.  The  act  or  prac- 
tice of  making  minute  distinctions  in 
reasoning.  —  Hair-splitter,  n.  Une  given 
to  hair-splitting.— Hair-spring,  n.  The  fine 
hair -like  spring  giving  motion  to  the 
balance-wheel  of  a  watch.— Hair-stroke,  n. 
The  fine  up-stroke  in  penmanship.— Haiir- 
itrlgger,  n.  A  trigger  to  a  gun-lock,  so 
delicately  adjusted  that  the  slightest  touch 
■will  discharge  the  piece. — Hair-worker,  n. 
One  who  works  in  hair;  one  who  makes 
•  bracelets,  lockets,  &c.,  of  human  hair. — 
'  Hair-worm,  n.  A  filiform  animal  found  in 
fresh  water  or  in  the  earth.— Hairy,  ha'ri, 
a.  Overgrown  with  hair;  covered  with 
hair;  abounding  with  hair;  consisting  of 
hair;  resembling  hair. 

^ake,  Haak,  hak,  n.  [Prov.  E.  halce,  a  hook, 
from  the  hook-shaped  jaw  of  the  fish.  I  A 
fish  of  the  cod  family,  one  species  of  which 
is  known  as  king  of  the  herrings,  on  which 
it  preys. 

Hakim,  ha'kSm;  re.  [Ar.]  An  oriental  name 
for  a  physician. 

Halberd,  Halbert,  hal'bferd,  hal'bert,  n. 
I  Fr.  hallebardiy  from  O.G.  helmparte,  helm- 
Oa  r<e-,a  halberd— Ae2m,ahandle,ahelm,and 
parte,  barte,  an  axe.)  An  ancient  military 
kweapon,  a  kind  of  combination  of  a  spear 
'and  battle-axe,  with  a  shaft  about  6  feet 
'long.  —  Halberdier,  hftl-bfer-der*,  n.  One 
who  is  armed  with  a  halberd. 

Halcyon,  hal'si-on,  n.  [L.  halcyon,  from 
Gr.  halkyon,  a  kingfisher,  said  to  be  from 
haU,  the  sea,  and  kyO,  to  conceive.!  An 
old  or  poetical  name  of  the  kingfisher, 
which  was  fabled  to  have  the  power  of 
charming  the  winds  and  waves  during  the 
period  of  its  incubation,  so  that  the  wea- 
ther was  then  calm. — a.  Pertaining  to  or 
connected  with  tThe  halcyon;  calm;  quiet; 
peaceful.  —  Halcyon  days,  the  seven  days 
before  and  as  many  after  the  winter  sol- 
stice, when  the  halcyon  was  l)elieved  to 
.Ijrood,  and  the  weather  was  calm;  hence, 
idays  of  peace  and  tranquillity.  —  Halcyo- 
nian,  hal-si-o'ni-an,  a.  VHalcyon;  ealm.    • 

Hale,  hal, a.  (Same  as  Icel.  heill,  l)an. TieeZ, 
Goth,  hails,  .in  good  health,  sound,  &c. 
(hence,  hail  in  salutations);  closely  akin  to 
A.  Sax.  hdl,  whole,  sound,  whence  Si.whole; 
cog.  with  Gr.  kalos,  beautiful.  Akin  heal, 
health,  haHow,  holy.]  Sound;  healthy;  ro- 
bust; not  impaired  in  health. — Haleness, 
hal'neS,  re.  The  state  of  being  hale;  healthi- 
ness; soundness. 

Hale,  hal,  v.t. — haled, haling.  '[Haul.!  To 
pull  or  draw  with  force;  to  haul.  —  «-  A 
violefnt  pull;  a  haul. 

Half,  haf,  re.  pi.  Halves,  havzr^[A.  Sax. 
half  or  healf=i). Fits.  1).  andSw.  half,  Icel. 
hdl/r,  Goth,  -halbs,  G.  halb,  half.]  One 
•part  of  a  thing  which  is  divided  into  two 
.equal  parts,  either  in  fact  or  in  contempla- 
.tion;  a  moiety  (we  usually  say  half  a.  pound, 
half  a  mile,  &c.,  omitting  of).  —  To  cry 
halves,  to  claim  an  equal  share.  —  To  go 

.halves,  to  agree  with  another  for  the  divi- 
ision  of  anything  into  equal  parts. — adv.  In 
lan  equal  part  or  degree;  by  half;  to  some  ex- 
tent: much  used  in  composition  and  often 
Indefinite  (^aZ/-leanied,  AaV-hatched). — a. 
Consisting  of  a  moiety  or  half. — Half-and- 
half,  re.  A  mixture  of  two  malt  liquors, 
especially  porter  and  sweet  or  bitter  ale. — 
Half -binding,  n.  A  style  of  binding  books 
in  which  the  back  and  comers  are  in 
leather  and  the  sides  in  paper  or  cloth. — 
Half-blood,  re.  One  born  of  the  same 
mother  but  not  the  same  father  as  aiiother, 
or  vice  v.ersd;  a  half-breed.  —  Half-bound, 
a.  A  term  applied  to  a  book  in  half-bind- 
ing. —  Half-bred,  a.  Imperfectly  bred ; 
mixed;  mongrel;  partially  or  imperfectly 

•  acquainted  with  the  rules  of  good  breed- 
ing.—Half-breed,  re.    One  bom  of  parents 

:of  different,  races:  specifically  applied  to 

rthe'  offspring  of  American  Indians  and 

iwhites.  —  Half-brother,  re.    A  brother  fcy 

lone  parent,  but  not  by  both.-^JHalf-caste, 
w.  One  bom  of  a  Hindu  and  a  European; 
a  half-blood  or  half-l)reed.— Half-cock,  «, 


The  position  of  the  hammer  of  a  gun  when 
it  is  elevated  only  half-way  anaretained 
by  the  first  notch.— Half-crown,  n.  A  silver 
coin  of  the  value  of  2«.  fid.— Half-dead,  a. 
Almost  dead ;  nearly  exhausted.  —  Half- 
doUair,  n.  A  silver  coin  of  the  United 
States,  value  fifty  cents,  or  about  2».  Id. 
sterling.  —  Half-eagle,  re.  An  American 
gold  coin,  value  five  dollars,  or  20s.  lOd. 
sterling.— Half -educated,  a.  Imperfectly- 
educated.  —  Half -guinea,  re.  An  English 
gold  coin,  value  10s.  6d.,  no  lon.^er  in  cir- 
culation.— Half -hatched,  a.  Imperfectly 
hatched.  —  Half-hearted,  a.  Devoid  of 
eagerness  or  enthusiasm;  indifferent;  luke- 
warm.—Half-holiday,  n.  A  day  on  which 
work  is  carried  on  only  during  a  portion 
of  the  usual  working  hours. — Half-honrly, 
a.  Occuring  at  intervals  of  half  an  hour. — 
Half-length,  a.  Of  half  the  full  or  ordinary 
length;  showing  only  the  upper  half  of 
the  body,  as  a  portrait.  —  re.  A  portrait 
showing  only  the  upper  half  of  the  body. 
— Half-measui'e,  re.  An  imperfect  i)lan  of 
operation;  a  feeble  effort.— HaU-moon,  re. 
The  moon  at  the  quarters,  when  half  its 
disc  appears  illuminated;  anything  in  the 
shape  of  a  half -moon.— Half -note,  re.  JIfug. 
a  minim,  being  half  a  semibreve;  a  semi- 
tone.—Half-past,  adv.  Half  an  hour  past 
(half-past  six  o'clock).— Half -pay,  re.  Half 
wages  or  salary;  a  reduced  allowance  paid 
to  an  officer  in  the  army  or  navy  when  not 
in  actual  service. — a.  Keceiving  or  entitled 
to  half -pay.  —  Halfpenny,  ha'pen-i,  re.  pi. 
Halfpence,  hiif'pens  or  ha'pens.  A  copper 
coin  of  the  value  of  half  a  penny.— a.  Of 
the  price  or  value  of  a  halfpenny. — Half- 
penny-worth, re.  The  value  of  a  half- 
penny. —  Half-pike,  n.  A  weapon  with  a 
shorter  shaft  than  the  ordinary  pike :  a 
boarding-pike. — Half-price,  re.  Half  the 
oi-dinary  price;  a  reduced  charge  for  ad- 
mission to  a  place  of  amusement  when 
part  of  the  entertainment  is  over. — Half- 
quarter,  re.  One  eighth ;  one  eighth  of  a 
year.— Half-read,a.  Superficially  inf ohned 
by  reading.  —  Half-round,  re.  Arch,  a 
moulding  whose  profile  is  a  semicircle. — a. 
Semicircular  (Mil.).  —  Half-royal,  re.  A 
kind  of  millboard  or  pasteboard  of  which 
there  are  two  sizes,  small  20^  by  13  inches, 
and  large  21  by  14  inches.— Half-seas-over, 
a.  *Pretty  far  gone  in  drunkenness;  half- 
drank;  tipsy.  I  Colloq.];-Half -sister  re.  A 
sister  by  the  father's  side  only,  or  by  the 
mother's  side  only.— Half-sovereign,  re.  A 
British  gold  coin,  value  10s.— Half -starved, 
a.  -  Almost  starved ;  very  ill  fed.  —  Half- 
tide,  re.  Half  the  duration  of  a  single-tide; 
the  state  of  the  tide  when  it  is  half-way 
between  ebb  and  flood. — Half-tint,  n.  An 
intermediate  colour;  a  middle  tint;  such 
a  colour  as  is  intermediate  between  the  ex- 
treme lights  and  strong  shades  of  a  jjic- 
ture.  —  Half-truth,  re.  A  statement  only 
partially  true,  or  that  only  conveys  part 
of  the  truth.  —  Half-way,  adv.  In  the 
middle;  at  half  the  distance.— a.  Midway; 
equidistant  from  the  extremes.  —  Haff- 
witted,a.  Weak  in  intellect;  silly;  foolish. 
—Half-year,  re.  Six  months.— Half-yearly, 
a.  Happening  in  each  half  of  a  year; 
semi-anpual.  —  adv.  In  each  half-year; 
semi-aimually.  ■  - '     »»- 

Halibut,  Hohbut,  hal'ibut,  hol'i-but,  re. 
[Prom  hali,  that  is,  holy,  and  hut  or  hutt, 
a  flounder=D.  heilbot,  G.  heilbittt,  heilig- 
butte.]  One  of  the  largest  of  the  flat-fish 
family,  allied  to  the  turbot,  but  much  less 
broad  comparatively,  valuable  as  food.  "*» 
Haiidom,t  hal'i-dom,  re.  [A.  Sax.  hdligdom, 
holiness,  from  halig,  holy,  and  term.  -dowi. 
HoLY.l  Holiness;  sacred  word  of  honour: 
formerly  used  in  adjurations.  ■<(  '  '■  -k  ^^'f-  ^( 
Haliography,  hal-i-og'ra-fi,  re.  [Or.  hals, 
halos,  the  sea,  and  grapho,  to  describe.] 
That  department  of  science  which  treats 
of  the  sea ;  a  description  of  the  sea. — Hall- 
ographer,  hal-i-og'ra-f6r,  re.  \One  .who 
writes  about  the  sea.  -  '.  .v^^'-5^•'-'\^s^; 
Halitas,  hal'i-tus,  re.  •  |Ti.,  from  halo,  to 
breathe  out  (in  exhale).]  Physiol,  the 
breath  or  moisture  of  the  breath;  vapour 
exhaled  from  the  body.  >•  .      '^    '•    . 

Hall,  hal,  re.  [A.  Sax.  heal,  heall=Icel. 
holl,  hdil,  Sw.  haU,  D.  hal,  from  root  sig- 
nifying to  cover,  seen  also  in  E.  hell.]    A 


large  room,  especially  a  large  public  room; 
a  room  or  building  devoted  to  \)ul)lic  busi- 
ness, or  in  which  meetings  of  the  public 
or  corporate  bodies  are  held;  a  large  room 
at  the  entrance  of  a  house;  a  vestibule;  an 
entrance  lobby;  a  manor-house;  the  name 
of  certain  colleges  at  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge; also  the  large  room  in  which  the 
students  dine  in  common ;  hence,  the 
students'  dinner.— Hall-lamp,  n.  A  lamp 
suspended  in  a  lobby  or  hall.— Hall-mark, 
re.  The  official  stamp  affixed  by  the  Gold- 
smiths' Company  and  certain  assay  offices 
to  articles  of  gold  and  silver,  as  a  mark  of 
their  legal  quality. 

Hallelujah,  Halleluiah,  hal-le-l()'ya,  n.  and 
interj.  Allkluiah. 
Halliard,  hal'yard,  n.  Haltard. 
Halloo, hal-lO', interj.  and  n.  [Comp.  G.  hal- 
loh!  and  Fr.  halle,  an  exclamation  used  to 
cheer  on  dogs;  haller,  to  encourage  dogs.  | 
An  exclamation,  used  as  a  call  to  invite 
attention;  also,  a  hunting  cry  to  set  a  dog 
on  the  chase. — ri.i.To  call  halloo;  to  shout; 
to  cry,  as  after  dogs.— 1).<.  To  shout  to. 
Hallow,  hal'lO,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  hdlgian,  to 
hallow,  from  hdlig,  holy.  Holv.]  To 
make  holy;  to  consecrate;  to  set  apart  for 
holy  or  religious  use ;  to  reverence ;  to 
honour  a»  sacred.- Hallow-e'en.  Hallow- 
even,  re.  The  eve  or  vigil  of  All-llallows 
or  All-Saints' Day.  [Sc.l— Hallowmas,  Hal- 
lowtide,  hal'lo-mas,  harlo-tid,  re.  |A.  Sax. 
hdlga,  a  saint,  and  nueiise,  mass,  festival.  | 
The  feast  of  All-Saiuts  or  tli  e  time  at  which 
it  is  held.     , 

Hallucination,  hal-la'si-na,"8hon,  re.  [L. 
halluclnatio.  from  hallucinor,  to  wander 
in  mind,  to  talk  idly.]  An  unfounded  and 
mistaken  notion;  an  entire  misconception; 
a  mere  dream  or  fancy;  med.  a  morbid 
condition  of  the  brain  or  nei-ves,  in  which 
objects  are  believed  to  be  seen  and  sensa- 
tions experienced;  the  object  or  sensation 
thus  erroneously  perceived.  —  Hallncina- 
tory,  hal-lQ'si-na-io-ri,  a.  Partaking  of 
hallucination. 

Hallux,  hal'uks,  re.  fErroneous  form,  for 
L.  hallex,  the  thumb  or  great  toe.]  The 
great  toeor  corresponding  digit  of  an  ani- 
mal; the  hind  toe  of  a  bird.  ■< 
Ealm,  ham,  re.  Same  as  HauVni. 
Halo,  ha'lojre.  [Gr.  halos,  a  circular  thresh- 
ing-floor, the  disk  of  the  sun,  a  halo.]  A 
luminous  ring  or  circle,  either  white  or 
coloured,appearing  round  the  sun  or  moon; 
any  circle  of  light,  as  the  glory  round  the 
head  of  saints;  a  coloured  circle  round  the 
nipple;  an  ideal  glory  investing  an  object 
(a  halo  of  romance). — v.i.  To  form  itself  in- 
to a  halo. — v.t.  To  surround  with  a  halo.^ 
Haloed,  ha'lod,  a.  Surrounded  by  a  halo. 
— Haloscope,  ha'lo-skOp,  re.  An  instru- 
ment which  exhibits  all  the  phenomena 
connected  with  halos. 
Halogen,  hal'o-jen,  re.  fGr.  hals,  salt,  and 
root  gen,  to  produce.]  Chem.  a  name 
given  to  substances  (such  as  chlorine  or 
iodine)  which  form  compounds  of  a  saline 
nature  by  their  union  with  metals. — Ha- 
logenous,  ha-loj'e-nus,  a.  Having  the  na- 
ture of  halogens. 

Haloid,  hal'oid.  a.  [Gr.  hals,  sea-salt,  and 
eidos,  resemblance.]  Chem.  resemnling 
common  Siilt  in  composition;  formed  by 
the  combination  of  a  halogen  and  a  metal: 
common  salt  is  a  haloid  salt.—n.  A  haloid 
salt.— Halosel,  hal'o-sel,  re.  A  haloid. 
Halophyte,  hal'o-fit,  re.  [Gr.  hals,  halos, 
'the  sea,  salt,  and  phyton,  a  plant.]  One  of 
the  plants  which  inhabit  salt  marshes,  and 
by  combustion  yield  barilla  or  Spanish 
soda.'-  "KM''".  -.-'<•'  ''If  ■,  ■.', •,.<■«  .«r  . 
Halt,  h?ilt,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  healtian,  to  be 
•lame,  healt,  lame,  from  Icel.  haltr,  Dan. 
and  Sw.  halt,  Goth,  halts,  lame;  Dan.  and 
Sw.  halte,  to  limp.  In  sense  of  to  stop  in 
marching,  probably  of  German  origin, 
from  halten,  E.  to  hold.]  To  limp;  to  be 
lame;  to  limp  or  be  defective  in  regard  to 
metre,  versification,  or  connection  of  ideas; 
to  stop  in  marching  or  walking ;  to  cease 
to  advance;  to  stand  in  doubt  whether  to 
proceed  or  what  to  do;  to  hesitate.— v.t. 
To  stop;  to  cause  to  cease  march'"ng. — a. 
Lame;  not  able  to  walk  without  limping. 
— re.  Lameness;  a  limp;  a  stopping;  a  stop 
in  walking  or  marching.— Halter,  hal'tef. 


ch.  c&aiai    «Zi,gc.  locA;     g,  oo;    j.jgbi    ii,  Fr,  ton;     Df,  Biawi    lUitftea;  tli,  ttin;    s.'wisi    wijtffAJg;    ah,  asuie. 


HALTEU 


314 


HAND 


n.  One  M-ho  halts  or  limps.— Haltingly, 
hal'tiug-li,  adv.    In  a  halting  mariner. 

Halter,  hal'tfer,  n.  (A.  Sax.  htelfter,  head- 
.«tall, noose  =^D.  L.G.  and  G.  halfter;  origin 
doubtful.]  A  cord  or  strap  forming  a 
headstall  for  leading  or  confining  a  horse 
or  other  animal;  a  rope  specially  intended 
for  hanging  malefactors.— t'.t  To  put  a 
halter  on.   < 

Halteres,  hal-te'rez,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  halteres, 
weights  held  while  leaping,  from  hallomai, 
to  leap.]  The  balancers  of  insects;  the 
aborted  second  pair  of  wings. 

Halve,  hiiv,  v.t— halved,  halving.  [From 
Aft//.]  To  divide  into  two  halves  or  equal 
parts;  to  join  (timbers)  by  lapping  or  let- 
ting into  each  other.— HaJves,  havz,  n.  pi. 
of  half. 

Halyard,  hal'yard,  n.  [Hale  or  haul,  and 
yard.]  A'aid.  a  rope  or  tackle  for  hoisting 
and  lowering  sails,  yards,  gaffs,  &c;  hal- 
liard, o  • 

Ham,  ham,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ham,  hamm,  the 
ham=D.  luxm,  Icel.  fuim,  G.  hamme,  a 
ham,  from  a  root  meatdng  to  bend,  seen 
in  Gr.  kampto,  to  bend;  W.  Ir.  and  Gael. 
cam,  crooked,  bent.]  The  inner  bend  or 
hind  part  of  the  knee;  the  thigh  of  an 
animal,  particularly  of  a  hog,  salted  and 

icured. — v.t.  To  maJce -into  ham.  —  Ham- 
cnrer,  n.    One  w^ho  makes  beef,  pork.  Ac, 

I  into  ham. — Hamstring,  ham 'string,  n. 
One  of  the  tendons  of  the  ham. — v.t.  pret. 
&  pp.  hamstiting  or  hamstritiged.  To  lame 
or  (Bsjible  by  cutting  the  tendons  of  the 
ham. 

Hamadryad,  ham'a-dri-ad,  n.  [Gr.  Kama- 
dryas,  from  Kama,  together,  and  drys,  a 
tree.]  In  classical  mythology  a  wood- 
nymph,  feigned  to  live  and  die  with  the 
tree  to  which  she  was  attached. 

Hamal,  ham'al,  n.  A  porter  in  Constan- 
tinople. 

Hamate,  ha'mat,  a.  [I/,  hamatus,  hooked^ 
from  hamris,  a  hook.]  Hooked;  set  with 
hooks.— Hamiform,ha'mi-form,a.  In  the 
shape  of  a  hook. 

Hambnrg-Iake,  ham'berg,  n.  A  cochineal 
pigment  of  a  purplish  colour,  inclining  to 
crimson. — Hamburg-white,  n.  A  pigment 
composed  of  barj'tes  and  white-lead. 

Hame,ham,n.  '  [SameasD.Aacnn,ahame.] 
One  of  two  curved  pieces  of  wood  or  metal 
in  the  harness  of  a  draught  horse,  to  which 

.the  traces  are  fastened,  and  which  lie  upon 
the  collar  or  have  pads  attached  to  them 
fitting  the  horse's  neck. 

Hamite,  hamlt,  n.  A  descendant  of  Sam; 
an  Ethiopian.  —  Hamitlc,  ham-it 'ik,  a. 

'  Relating  to  Ham,  or  his  descendants;  ap- 
pellative of  a  class  of '  African  tongues, 
comprising  Coptic,  Ethiopian  or  Abyssin- 
ian, &c. 

Hamlet,  hamlet,  n.  [Dim.  of  A.  Sax.  ham, 
dwelling,  inclosure;  akin  Jiotne.']  A  small 
village;  a  little  cluster  of  houses  in  the 
country.  —  Hammel,  ham'el,  n.  A  small 
shed  and  yard  used  for  sheltering  fatten- 
ing cattle. 

Hammer,  ham'4r,  n.  [A.  Sax.  7tODior=D. 
hanier,  G.  and  Uan.  liammer,  Icel.  ha- 
marr;  root  doubtful.]  An  instrument  for 
driving  nails,  beating  metals,  and  the 
like,  consising  usually  of  an  iron  head, 
fixed  crosswise  to  a  handle';  a  striking 
piece  in  the  mechanism  of  a  clock  and  a 
piano;  that  part  in  the  lock  of  a  gun,  rifle, 
Sfc,  which  when  the  trigger  is  pulled  f*ll8 
with  a  smart  blow,  and  causes  the  explo- 
sion of  the  detonating  substance  in  con- 
nection with  the  powder.—  To  bring  to  the 
hammer,  to  sell  by  auction.— w.t.  To  beat, 
form,  or  forge  with  a  hammer;  to  contrive 
by  intellectual  labour;  to  excogitate: 
usually  with  out. — v.i.  To  strike  anything 
repeatedly,  as  with  a  hammer;  to  work;  to 
labour  in  contrivance.  —  Hammer-beam, 
n.  A  short  projecting  beam  attached  to 
the  foot  of  a  principal  rafter  in  a  roof,  in 
the  place  of  the  tie-beam. — Hammer-cloth, 
n.  [Probably  hamtner,  here=D.  hernel, 
top  of  a  coach,  cover,  canopy.]  The  cloth 
■which  covers  the  driver's  seat  in  some 
kinds  of  carriages. — Hammer-dressed,  a. 
Dressed  or  prepared  with  a  pointed  ham- 
mer or  pick.  —  Hammerer,  ham'6r-6r,  n. 
One  who  works  with  a  hammer. — Ham- 
mer-fish, n.    A  shark  the  head  of  which 


resembles  a  hammer.— Hammer-harden, 
v.t  To  harden  (metal)  by  hammering  in 
the  cold  state.  —  Hammer-head,  n.  The 
iron  head  of  a  hammer;  the  hammer-fish. 
— Hammerman,  ham'er-man,  n.  A  smith 
or  other  worker  in  metal. 

Hammock,  ham 'ok,  n.  [Sp.  ftamaca,  a  word 
of  West  Indian  origiii.]  A  kind  of  hang- 
ing bed,  consisting  of  a  piece  of  cloth 
suspended  by  cords  and  hooks. 

Hamous,  Hamose,  ha'mus,  ha'mos,  a.  [L. 
hamus,  a  hook.]  Bot.  hooked;  having  the 
end  hooked  or  curved; 

Hamper,  ham'pSr,  n.    [Contr.  from  hana- 

■  per  (which  see).]  A  kind  of  rude  basket  or 
wicker-work  receptacle,  chiefly  used  as  a 
case  for  packing  axticles. — v.t.  To  put  into 
a  hamper. 

Hamper,  ham'p6r,  v.t.  [A  nasalized  form 
corresponding  to  D.  haperen,  to  stammer, 
falter,  stick  fast;  comp.  Sc.  hamp,  to  stam- 
mer; Goth,  hamfs,  hanfs,  mutilated.]    To 

\  impede  in  motion  or  progress,  or  to  render 
tirogress  difficult  to ;  to  shackle ;  to  em- 
)barrass;io  encumber. — n.  Something  that 

Jhampers  or  encumbers;  a  clog. 

Hamster,  ham'stfer,  n.  [G.]  A  burrowing 
animal  of  th^rat  family  common  in  Ger- 
many, having  a  short  tail  and  cheek- 
pouches. 

Hamstring,  ?i.  and  v.t.    Under  Ham. 

Hamulus,  ham'a-lus,  n.  [L.,  a  little  hook, 
dim.  of  hamus,  a  hook.]  A  little  hook;  a 
hook-like  x>rocess  in  ardmals  and  plants. 

Hanaper,  han'a-p6r,  n.  [L.L.  hanaperium, 
lit.  a  receptacle  for  cups;  from  L.L.  hana- 
pus,  a  cup,  from  O.H.G.  hnap,.  A.  Sax. 
hncep,  a. cup;  hence  hamper,  re.]  A  kind 
of  basket  used  in  early  days  by  the  kings 
of  England  for  holding  and  carrying  with 
them  their  money;  the  king's  treasury. 

Hanch,  hanch,  n.    JilrcA.  Hauxch. 

Hand,  hand,  re.  [Common,  in  similar  forms, 
to  all  the  Teutonic  tongues;  allied  to 
Goth,  hinihan,  to  capture;  O.E.  hent,  to 
seize;  perhaps  also  hunt.  Handsel,  handle, 
handy,  handsome  are  derivatives.]  The  ex- 
tremity of  the  arm,  consisting  of  the  palm 

,and  fingers,  coimected  with  the  arm  at 
the  wrist;  the  corresponding  member  in 
certain  of  the  lower  animals;  a  measure  of 
4  inches;  a  palm:  ajsplied  chiefly  to  horses; 
side  or  direction,  either  right  or  left  (on 
the  one  hand  or  the  other);  handiwork; 
style  of  penmanship;  power  of  perfor- 
mance; skill;  agency;  part  in  performing 
(to  have  a  hand  in  mischief);  possession; 
power  (in  the  hands  of  the  owner);  that 
which  performs  the  office  of  the  hand  or 
of  a  finger  in  pointing  (the  hands  of  a 
clock);  a  male  or  female  in  relation  to  an 
emploj'er;  a  person  employed  on  board 
ship  or  in  manufactories ;  a  person  with 
some  special  faculty  or  ability  (a  good  hand 
at  a  speech);  in  card-playing,  the  cards 
held  by  a  single  player;  one  of  the  players. 
—At  hand,  near  in  time  or  place;  within 
reach  or  not  far  distant.— Ai  first  hand, 
from  the  producer  or  seller  directly;  at 
second  hand,  or  simply  second  hand,  from 
an  intermediate  purchaser;  old  or  used. — 
By  hand,  with  the  hands  and  not  by  the 
instrumentality  of  tools,  &c.  —  For  one's 
ovm  hand,  on  one's  own  account;  for  one's 
Belt.— From  hand  to  hand,  from  one  person 
to  another. — In  hand,  in  ready-money;  in 
possession;  in  the  state  of  preparation  or 
execution. — Off  hand,  without  hesitation 
or  difficulty;  without  previous  prepara- 
tion.— Off  one's  hands,  out  of  one's  care  or 
attention;  ended.  —  On  hand,  in  present 
possession. —  Ore  one's  hands,  under  one's 
care  or  management;  as  a  burden  upon 
one. — Out  of  hand,'  at  once;  directly;  with- 
out delay  or  hesitation;  off  one's  hands.— 
To  one's  hand,  already  prepared;  ready  to 
be  received. —  Under  one's  hand,  with  the 
proper  writing  or  sign?.ture  of  the  name. 
— Hand  in  hand,  with  hands  mutually 
clasped ;  hence,  in  union ;  conjointly ; 
unitedly.— Hared  to  hand,  in  close  union; 
close  fight.— iJared  to  mouth,  as  want  re- 

■  quires;  without  making  previous  provision 
or  having  an  abundant  previous  supply. — 
Hands  off.'  keep  off";  forbear;  refrain  from 
blows. — Clean  hands,  innocence;  freedom 
from  guilt. —  To  ask  the  hand  of,  to  ask  in 
marriage.-"- Tq^  Mnd  and  glove  with,  to 


be  intimate  and  familiar,  as  friends  or 
associates. — To  bear  a  hand  [naut.],  to  give 
assistance  quickly;  to  hasten.— To  c^n^je 
hands,  to  change  owners.  —  To  come  to 
haiul,  to  be  received;  to  come  within  one's 
reach .— To  have  one's  hands  full,  to  be  fully 
occupied;  to  have  a  great  deal  to  do.— 2o 
lay  hands  on,  to  seize;  to  assault. — Laying 
on  of  hands,  a  ceremony  used  in  consecrat- 
ing one  to  office.— To  lend  a  hand,  to  give 
assistance. —  To  set  the  hand  to,  to  engage 
in;  to  undertake.— To  shake  hands,  to  clasp 
the  right  hand  mutually  (with  or  without 
a  shake),  as  a  greeting  or  in  token  of  friend- 
ship or  reconciliation —To  strike  hands,  to 

'  make  a  contract  or  to  become  surety  fc^r 
another's  debt  or  good  behaviour  lO.T.).— 
To  take  by  the  hand,  to  take  under  one's 
protection. — To  take  in  hand,  to  attempt; 
to  undertake;  to  seize  and  deal  with  la 
person). — To  wash  one's  hands. of,  to  have 
nothing  more  to  do  with;  to  renounce  all 
connection  with  or  interest  in.  —  vt.  To 
give  or  transmit  with  the  hand  (hand  me 
a  book);  to  lead,  guide,  and  lift  with  the 
hand;  to  conduct.—  To  hand  doxvn,  to  trans- 
mit in  succession,  as  from  father  to  son,  or 
from  predecessor  to  successor.— a.  Belong- 
ing to  or  used  by  the  hand:  much  used  in 
composition  for  that  which  is  manageable 
or  T^TOught  by  the  hand.— Hand-barrow,re. 
A  kind  of  litter  or  stretcher,  with  handles 

.  at  each  end,  carried  between  two  persons. — 
Hand-basket,  re.  A  small  or  portable  bas- 
ket.— Hand-bell,  re.  A  small  bell  rung  when 
held  by  the  hand;  a  table-bell.— Hand-bill, 
n.  A  printed  paper  or  sheet  to  be  circulated 
for  the  purpose  of  making  some  public  an- 
nouncement.— Hand-book,  re.  A  small  book 
or  treatise  such  as  may  be  easUy  held  in  the 
hand;  a  manual  or  compendium;  a  guide- 
book for  travellers.— Hand-breadth,  re.  A 
space  equal  to  the  breadth  of  the  hand;  a 
palm.  —  Hand-cart,  re. '  A  cart  drawn  or 
pushed  by  hand. —  Handcuff,  hand'kuf, 
n.  [Modified  from  A.  Sax.  handcops — 
hand,  the  hand,  cops,  a  fetter.]  Amanacle 
or  fastening  for  the  hand.— v.t.  To  put  a 
handcuff  on;  to  manacle. — Handed,  han'- 
ded,  a.  Having  a  hand  possessed  of  any 
peculiar  property:  psed  especially  in  com- 
pounds (right-ftareded,  left-?ianded,empty- 
7iareded,full-teHded,&c.).— Handfuljhand'- 
f  ul,  n.  As  much  as  the  hand  will  grasp  or 
contain;  a  small  quantity  or  number. — 
Hand-gallop,  re.  A  slow  and  easy  gallop, 
in  which  the  hand  presses  the  bridle  to 
liinder  increase  of  speed.  —  Hand-gear,  n. 
Steam -enable,  the  mechanism  used  for 
working  the  valves  by  hand.— Hand-glass, 
n.  Hort.  a  glass  used  for  placing  over 
plants  to  protect  them  or  forward  growth. 
— Hand-grenade,  re.  A  grenade  to  be 
thrown  by  the  hand.  —  Handline,  re.  A 
small  line  used  in  fishing  from  boats  at 
sea.  —  Hand-loom,  re.  A  weaver's  loom 
worked  by  the  hand,  as  distinguished  from 
a  power-loom.  —  Hand-made,  a.  Manu- 
factured by  the  hand  and  not  by  a  ma- 
chine. —  Handmaid,  Handmaiden,  hand'- 
mad,  hand'ma-dn,  n.  A  maid  that  waits 
at  hand;  a  female  servant  or  attendant. — 
Hand-mill,  re.  A  small  mill  for  grinding 
grain,  pepper,  coffee,  &c.,  movetlby  hand. 
—  Hand-organ,  re.  A  portable  or  barrel 
organ.  —  Hand-press,  n.  A  press  worked 
by  the  hand,  in  opposition  to  one  moved 
by  steam-power,  &c.  —  Handrail,  Hand- 
railing,  hand'ral,  hand-ral'ing,  re.  A  rail 
or  railing  to  hold  by.  —  Hand-saw,  re.  A 
saw  to  be  used  with  the  hand.  —  Hand- 
screen,  n.  A  screen  resembling  a  fan,  used 
for  keeping  off  the  heat  of  the  fire,  too 

■  glaring  light,  &c.  —  Hand-sore^  re.  An 
appliance  foi"  raising  heavy  weights;  a 
jack.  —  Handspike,  hand'spik,  re.  A  bar 
used  as  a  lever  for  various  purposes,  as  in 
raisine  weights,  heaving  about  a  windlass, 
&c.  —  Handstaff,  hand'staf,  re.  pi.  Hand- 
staves,  hand'stavz.  A  javelin  (O.T.). — 
Hand-vice,  re.  A  small  ixjrtable  vice  held 
in  the  hand  while  used.  —  Hand-work,  re. 
AVork  done  by  the  hands.— Hand-worked, 
Hand-wronght,  a.  Made  with  the  hands. 
— Handwrite,t  hand'rit,  v.t.  To  express  in 
handwriting;  to  write  out. — Handwriting;, 
hand'rit-ing,  n.  The  cast  <  'f  writing  pecu- 
liar to  each  person;  chirography;  wntingJ 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftll;  _  me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tub,  bvjll  =     oil,  pound;     fi,  Sc.  abime— the  Fr.  uJ 


HANDICAP 


316 


HARl? 


Eacdicap,  1ian'di-kap,  n.  [For  hand  i'  cap, 
hand  in  the  cap^  the  allusion  being  to  draw- 
ing a  lot  out  of  a  cap,  from  the  fairness  of 
both  principles.  J  Racing,  an  allowance  of 
a  certain  amount  of  time  or  distance  to 
the  inferior  competitors  in  a  race  to  bring 
all  as  nearly  as  possible  to  an  equality,  or 
the  extra  weight  imposed  upon  the  supe- 
rior competitors  with  the  same  object;  a 
race  so  arranged. — v.t.— handicapped,  han- 
dicapping. To  put  a  handicap  on;  to 
equalize  by  a  handicap.  —  Handicapper, 
han'di-kap-6r,  n.    One  who  handicaps. 

Handicraft,  han'di-kraft,  n.  [  Equivalent 
to  hand-craft,  the  i  representing  old  prefix 
ge,  as  in  handiwork.]  Manual  occupation; 
work  performed  by  the  hand.  —  Handi- 
craftsman, han'di-krafts-man,  n.  A  man 
employed  in  manual  occupation;  an  ar- 
tisan.—Hajidictiff,  Handycnfl,  han'di-kuf, 
)i.  [Formed  in  imitation  of /landitforA;.]  A 
blow  or  cuff  with  the  hand.  °  ' 

Handiwork,  Handywork,  han'di-w6rk,  n. 
[A.  Siix.handgeweorc,  from  hand,  the  hand, 
and  geweorc==weorc,  work,  with  prefix  ge.] 
Work  done  bj'  the  hands;  hence,  the  work 

"or  deed  of  any  person. 

Handkerchief,  hang'k^r-chef,  n.  [Hand 
and  kerchief.  Kkrchief.I  A  (piece  of  cloth, 
usualjy  silk,  linen,  or  cotton,  carried  about 
the  person  for  wiping  the  face,  hands,- Ac; 
a  similar  piece  worn  rorund  the  neck. 

Handle,  han'dl,  v.t—  handled,  handling. 
I  A.  Sax.  handlian,  to  handle,  a  kind  of 
freq.  from  hand=  D.  handelen,  t)a.n.kandle, 
Icel.  hiindla,  G.  handeln.]  To  bring  the 
hand  or  hands  in  frequent  contact  with; 
to  finger;  to  touch;  to  feel;  to  manage,  ply, 
or  wield;  to  treat  of  or  deal  with,  as  a  per- 
son or  a  topic— y.i.  To  use  the  hands;  to 
feel  with  tne  hands.— n.  That  part  of  a 
thing  which  is  intended  to  be  grasped  by 
the  hand  in  using  or  movifig  it;  the  instru- 
ment or  means  of  effecting  a  purpose. — To 
give  a  handle,  to  furnish  an  occasion. — A 
handle  to  one's  naine,  a  title  (colloq.). — 
Handleahle,  han'dl-a-bl,  o.  That  may  be 
handled.  —  Handler,  han'dlfer,  n.  One 
who  handles.  —  Handling,  han'dling,  n. 
A  touching  or  using  by  the  hand;  a  treat- 
ing in  discussion;  dealing;  action. 

Handsel,  Hansel,  hand'sel,  han'sel,  n. 
[From  hand,  and  stem  sell,  sale;  Icel.  hand- 
sal  (from  hand,  and  sal,  sale),  a  bargain 
by  shaking  hands ;  Dan.  handsel,  hansel, 
earnest.]  An  earnest,  or  earnest  penny;  a 
sale,  gift,  or  using,  which  is  regarded  as 
the  first  of  a  series;  the  first  money  re- 
ceived for  the  sale  of  goods.— v.<.  To  give 
a  handsel  to;  to  use  or  do  for  the  first 
time. 

Handsome,  hand'sum,  a.  [From  hatid,  and 
term.  -some=  D.  handzaam,,  tractable,  ser- 
viceable, mild;  G.  handsaw,,  convenient, 
favourable.]  Possessing  a  form  agreeable 
to  the  eye  or  to  correct  taste;  having 
a  certain  share  of  beauty  along  with 
dignity;  having  symmetry  of  parts;  well 
formed;  shapely;  becoming;  appropriate; 
ample  or  large  (a  handsome  fortune):  char- 
acterized by  or  expressive  of  liberality  or 
generosity.  —  Handsomely,  hand'sum-li, 
adv.  In  a  handsome  manner.— Handsome- 
ness, hand'sum-nes,  n. 

Handy,  han'di,  a.  [From  hand;  comp.  Sw. 
Goth,  and  D.  handig,  handy.]  Skilled  to 
use  the  hands  with  ease;  dexterous;  ready; 
adroit ;  ready  to  the  hand ;  near;  conven- 
ient.—HandUy.han'di-li.ady.  In  a  handy 
manner.— Handiness,  han'di-nes,  n. 

Hang,  hang,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  hung  or  hanged 
(the  latter  being  obsolete  except  in  sense 
to  put  to  death  by  the  rope).  [A.  Sax. 
hangian,  to  hang  or  be  suspended,  and 
h&n  (contracted  for  hahan),  pret.  heng, 
pp.  hangen,  to  suspend;  O.H.G.  hahan, 
G.  hangen,  hdngen,  Dan.  hcenge,  Icel.  han- 
aa,  hengja,  Gtoth.  hahan,  to  suspend,  to 
hang.  Akin  hank,  hanker,  hinge.]  To 
suspend;  to  fasten  to  some  elevated  point 
without  support  from  below:  often  with 
up;  to  put  to  death  by  suspending  by 
the  neck;  to  fit  up  so  as  to  allow  of  free 
motion  (a  door,  a  gate,  &c. );  to  cover, 
furnish,  or  decorate  by  anything  suspen- 
ded (to  hang  an  apartment  with  curtains); 
to  cause  or  suffer  to  assume  a  drooping 
attitude  {to  luxng  the  head).— To  hang  fire. 


to  be  slow  in  communicating  fire  through 
the  vent  to  the  charge :  said  of  a'  gun ; 
hf  nee,  to  hesitate  or  oe  slow  in  acting;  to 
be  slow  in  execution. — To  hang  otU,  to  sus- 
pend in  open  view:  to  display;  to  suspend 
m  the  open  air. — To  hang  up,  to  suspend; 
to  keep  or  suffer  to  remain  undecided.— 
v.i.  To  be  suspended;  to  be  sustained 
wholly  or  partly  by  something  above;  to 
dangle;  to  depend;  to  bend  forward  or 
downward;  to  lean  or  incline;  to  be  at- 
tached to  or  connected  with  in  various 
ways;  to  hover;  to  impend  (dangers  hang 
over  us);  to  linger,  lounge,  loiter;  to  in- 
cline; to  have  a  steep  declivity;  to  be  put 
to  death  by  suspension  from  the  neck. — 
To  hang  back,  to  halt;  to  incline  to  retire; 
to  go  reluctantly  forward.— To  hang  on  or 
upon,  to  weigh  upon;  to  drag;  to  rest;  to 
continue  (sleep  hung  on  his  eyelids);  to  be 
dependent  on;  t'»  -egard  with  the  closest 
attention  (he  hung  upon  the  speaker's 
words).—  To  hang  together,  to  be  closely 
united;  to  be  self-consistent. — n.  The  way 
a  thing  hangsf  slope  or  declivity;  inclina- 
tion, betit,  or  tendency.— Hang-dog,  n.  A 
base  and  degraded  character,  fit  only  to 
be  the  hangman  of  dogs.— a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  hang-dog;  having  a  low,  de- 
g'aded,  or  blackguard-like  appearance. — 
anger,  haug'6r,  n.  One  who  hangs;  a 
short  broad  sword,  incurvated  at  the  point, 
which  was  suspended  from  the  girdle;  that 
from  which  something  is  hung.— Hanger- 
on,  n.  pi.  Hangers-on.  One  who  hangs  on, 
or  sticks  to  a  person,  a  place,  society,  &c.;  a 
parasite;  a  dependant.  —  Hanging,  hang'- 
mg,  o.  Such  as  to  incur  punishment  by  the 
halter(a  hanging  matter). — n.Death  by  sus- 
pension; what  is  hung  up  to  drape  a  room, 
as  tapestry  or  the  like:  used  chiefly  in  the 
plural.  —  Han^ng-buttress,  n.  Arch,  a 
merely  decorative  buttress  supported  on  a 
corbel.  —  Hanging-garden,  n.  A  garden 
formed  in  terraces  rising  one  above  the 
other.— Hangman,  hang'man,  n.  One  who 
hangs  another;  one  employed  to  execute 
malefactors  by  the  halter.  —  Hangman- 
ship,  hang'man-ship,  n.  The  ofifice  of 
hangman. 

Hangnail,  hang'nal,  n.    Same  as  Agnail. 

Hank,  hangk,  n.  [Same  as  Icel.  honk,  a 
hank  or  skein;  Dan.  hank,  a  hook,  a  clasp; 
Sw.  hank,  a  band;  akin  to  hang.]  ^  par- 
cel consisting  of  two  or  more  skeins  of 
yam  or  thread  tied  together;  naut.  a  ring 
of  wood,  rope,  or  iron,  fixed  to  a  stay  to 
confine  the  stay-sails. 

Hanker,  hang'kfer,  v.i.  [Allied  to  D.  hun- 
keren,  to  desire,  to  long  after;  probaily  to 
hank  and  hang.]  To  long  for;  to  be  un- 
easily desirous;  to  think  of  with  longing: 
followed  by  o/<ei-.— Hankering,  hang'ker- 
ing,  n.  The  feeling  of  one  who  hankers; 
longing  appetite.  —  Hankeringly,  hang'- 
kfer-ing-U.  ddv.    In  a  hankering  manner. 

Hansard,  han'sftrd,  n.  The  published  de- 
bates of  the  British  parliament,  printed 
and  published  by  the  Messrs.  Hansard. 

Hanse,  bans,  n.  JG.  hanse,  hansa,  league.] 
A  league;  a  confederacy. — Hanse,  Hanse- 
atic,  han-s6-at'ik,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
a  confederacy  of  commercial  cities,  asso- 
ciated together  as  early  as  the  twelfth 
century;  the  name  Hanse  tovms  is  still  ap- 
plied to  Liibeck,  Hamburg,  and  Bremen, 
the  three  free  cities  of  Germany.  —  Han- 
sard, han'sard,  n.  A  merchant  of  one  of 
the  Hanse  towns. 

Hansom,  Hansom-cab,  han'sum,  n.  A  two- 
wheeled  cab,  so  named  after  the  inventor. 

Hap,  hap,  n.  [Icel.  happ,  good  fortune, 
luck;  comp.  A.  Sax.  gehcep,  fit;  X>.  happen, 
to  snatch  at;  seen  also  in  mishap,  perhaps.] 
Chance ;  accident ;  casual  event ;  vicissi- 
tude.— v.i.  To  happen;  to  befall;  to  come 
by  chance.— Haphazard,  n.  Chance;  ac- 
cident.,— Hapless,  hap'les,  a.  Luckless; 
unfortunate ;  unlucky ;  unhappy.  —  Hap- 
lessly, hap'les-li,  adv.  In  a  hapless  man- 
ner.—Hapleasness,  hap'les-nes,  n.— Haply, 
Happily,  hap'li,  hap'i-li,  adv.  By  hap, 
accident,  or  chance;  perhaps;  it  may  be  — 
Happen,  hap'n,  v.t.  [From  hap.\  To  be 
or  be  brought  about  unexpectedly  or  by 
chance;  to  chance;  to  take  place;  to  occur. 
—To  happen  on,  to  meet  with;  to  fall  or 
light  upon.— Happily,  hap'i-li,  adv.    In  a 


happy  manner,  state,  or  circumstances; 
felicitously;  prosperously;  in  happiness.— 
Happiness,  nap'i-nes,  n.  The  stat*  or 
quality  of  being  happy;  felicity;  conten- 
tedness  along  with  actual  pleasure;  good 
fortune.  —  Happy,  hap'i,  a.  [From  hap.] 
Being  in  the  enjoyment  of  agreeable  sen- 
sations from  the  possession  of  good;  con- 
tented in  mind;  highly  pleased  with  one's 
self  and  one"s  position ;  satisfied ;  fortu- 
nate; successful;  secure  of  good;  bringing 
or  attended  with  good  fortune;  prosper- 
ous; propitious;  favourable;  ■well  suited 
for  a  purpose  or  occasion;  well  devised; 
felicitous;  apt;  living  in  concord  or  friend- 
ship fa  happy  family). 

Haquebut,  hak'but,  n.  [Fr.Mquebute.]  An 
arquebuse. 

Haqneton,  hak'ton,  n.    An  acton. 

Haram,  ha'ram,  n.    A  harem. 

Harangue,  ha-rang',  n.  [Fr.  hara7igue='PT. 
arengua.  It.  aringa,  a  harangue.  Jit.  a 
speech  made  to  a  ring  of  people,  from' 
O.H.G.  An>ii?,Arinc,  a  circle,  a  ring.  Ring.) 
A  loud  address  to  a  multitude;  a  popular 
oration;  a  bombastic  or  pompous  address; 
a  tirade  or  declamation.— w.i.—/iaranfir«ed, 
haranguing.  To  make  a  harangue;  to  make 
a  bombastic  or  pretentious  speech.— v.t.  To 
address  by  a  harangue.  —  Haranguer,  ha- 
rang'tr,  n.    One  who  harangues. 

Harass,  har'as,  v.t.  [Fr.harasser;  probably 
connected  with  Fr.  harier,  to  harry,  vex; 
harer,  to  set  &  dog  on.l  To  weary,  fatigue, 
or  tire  with  bodily  laboi-r;  to  weary  with 
importunity,  care,  or  perplexity ;  to  per- 
plex; to  annoy  by  repeated  attacks. —  n.t 
Distress;  devastation.  —  Harasser,  har'as- 
*r,  n.  One  who  harasses.  —  Harassment, 
hair'as-ment,  n.  The  act  of  harassing  pr 
state  of  being  harassed. 

Harbinger,  har'bin-jer,  n.  [O.E.  }iarbegier, 
harbergeour,  harbesher,  &c.,  one  who  pro- 
vides harbourage  or  lodging,  a  harbinger; 
for  the  insertion  of  the  n  compare  mes- 
senger, passenger.  Harbour.]  One  who 
went  before  to  provide  lodgings  and  other 
accommodation;  hence,  a  forerunner;  a 
precursor;  that  which  precedes  and  gives 
notice  of  the  expected  arrival  of  something 
else. — v.t.  To  precede  as  harbinger;  to  pre- 
sage or  predetermine,  as  a  harbinger. 

Harbour,  har'bfer,  n.  [A.  Sax.  Jiere-berga,  a 
military  station,  a  lodging-house — here,  an 
army,  and  beorgan,  bergan,  to  shelter  or 
protect;  Icel.  herbergi,  G.  herberge,  shelter, 
house  of  entertainment.  Borough.]  A 
place  of  shelter,  protection,  or  refuge;  a 
port  or  haven  for  ships.— v.t.  To  shelter  or 
take  under  protection ;  to  protect ;  to  en- 
tertain or  cherish  in  the  mind  (to  harbour 
malice). — v.i.  To  lodge  or  abide  for  a  time 
for  shelter  or  protection;  to  take  shelter. 
—Harbourage,  harTjer-ftj,  n.  State  of  be- 
ing harboured;  shelter;  lodgment. —  Har- 
bour-daes,  n.  pi.  Chargeson  a  ship  or  cargo 
for  the  use  of  a  harbour,  &c. — Harbonrer, 
harTD6r-er,  n.  One  who  harbours.  —  Har- 
bourless,  harT)6r-les,  a.  Without  a  har- 
bour; destitute  of  shelter.— Harbour-light, 
n.  A  light  or  lighthouse  to  guide  ships  in 
entering  a  harbour.— Harbour-master,  n. 
An  oflScer  who  attends  to  the  berthing,  &c., 
of  ships  in  a  harbour. 

Hard,  hard,  a.  [A.  Sax.  h£,ard  =  Goth. 
hardus,  Icel.  hardr,  Dan.  haard,  D.  hard, 
G.  Mrt;  cog.  Gr.  kratos,  kartos,  strength 
(as  in  aristocrat,  democrat,  &c.).  Hence 
hardy.)  Not  easily  penetrated  or  sepa- 
rated into  parts;  not  yielding  to  pres- 
sure: applied  to  material  bodies,  and  op- 
posed to  soft;  diflBcult  to  the  understand- ' 
ing;  not  easy  to  the  intellect;  difiicult  of 
accomplishment;  not  easy  to  be  done  or 
executed;  laborious;  fatiguing;  difiicult  to 
endure;  oppressive;  severe;  cruel;  distress- 
ing: painful;  unfeeling;  insensible;  harsh; 
obdurate;  exacting;  avaricious;  grasping; 
harsh  or  abusive  ( hard  words ) ;  pinching 
with  cold  ;  rigorous  (a  hard  winter)  j  aus- 
tere; rough;  acid  or  sour  {hard  cider); 
forced ;  constrained ;  unnatural ;  coarse, 
unpalatable,  or  scanty  {hard  fare);  gram. 
applied  to  the  consonants  (also  called  gwrd) 

/,  k,  V,  s,  t,  and  the  sound  of  th  in  thin,  and 
also  to  the  sound  of  c  as  in  com  and  g  as  in 
get,  as  distinguished  from  the  sounds  in 
city  and  gin;  applied  to  water  not  very 


ah,  cMio;     cA,  Sc.  loc^;     g,  eo^    J,;ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ug,  aiHc;     thi  tAea;  tb,  tAin;.    ^,u^;     vh,  wAig;     zh,  asure. 


HAUDS 


316 


HARVSICHORD 


suitable  for  washing  from  holding  salts  of 
lime  or  magnesia  in  solution.— i?arcJ  oish, 
Kold  or  silver  coin,  as  distinguished  from 
l<aper-money.  ICoUoq.J— «(ii>.  Close;  near 
{hard  by);  with  urgency;  vehemei!tly; 
vigorously;  energetically;  -violently;  with 
great  force;  with  difficulty  or  labour. — To 
die  hard,  to  die,  as  it  were,  reluctantly, 
and  after  a  struggle  for  life;  to  die  unre- 
l>ent£tnt.  —  Hard  up,  in  want  of  money; 
needy;  without  nesources. — Hard  up  for, 
having  difficulty  in  getting  anything;  at 
a  loss  how  to  find. — Hard  a-weather!  hard 
a-port!  &c.,  naut.  a  direction  for  the  helm 
to  be  turned  as  much  as  possible  to  the 
weather-side,  the  port-side,  &c.  —  Hard- 
bake, n.  A  species  of  toffy.— Hard-billed» 
n.  Having  a  hard  Jbill  or  beak  suitable 
for  crushing  seeds,  &c. :  said  of  birds. — 
Hard-earned,  a.  Earned  with  difficulty. 
—Harden,  har'dn.  v.t.  To  make  hard  or 
more  hard;  to  confirm  in  efTrontery,  ob- 
stinacy, wickedness,  opposition,  or  enmity; 
to  make  insensible  or  unfeeling;  to  make 
firm ;  to  inure.  -^  v.i.  To  become  hard  or 
more  hard;  to  acquire  solidity  or  more  com- 
pactness; to  become  unfeeling ;  to  become 
inured.  —  Hardened,  hiir'dnd,  p.  and  a. 
>lade  hard,  or  more  hard;  confirmed  in 
error  or  vice  {hardened  sinner). — Hardener, 
hiir'dn-er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  liar- 
dens.  —  Hard-faced,  Hard-visaged,  Hard- 
featured,  a.  Having  a  hard  or  stern  face. — 
Hard-favoured,  a.  Having  coarse  features; 
harsh  of  countenance. — Hard-fisted,  Hard- 
Iianded,  a.  Having  hard  hands;  close- 
fisted;  covetous. — Hard-fought,  a.  Vigor- 
ously contested. — Hard-headed,a.  Shrewd; 
clear-headed  and  firm.— Hard-hearted,  a. 
Pitiless;  unfeeling;  inhuiii;in;  inexorable. 
— Hardish,  har'dish,  a.  Somewhat  hard; 
tending  to  hardness.- Hardly,  hard'li,adv. 
In  a  hard  manner;  not  easily;  severely; 
harshly;  scarcely;  barely;  not  quite. — 
Hard-mouthed,  a.  Having  a  mouth  not 
sensible  to  the  bit  (a  hard-mouthed  horse). 
—  Hardness,  hard'nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  hard;  mineral,  the  capa- 
city of  a  substance  to  scratch  another  or 
be  scratched  by  another.  —  Hard-pan,  n. 
Agri.  the  name  given  to  a  hard  stratum 
of  earth  below  the  soil  proper.  —  Hard- 
pressed,  Hard -pushed,  a.  In  a  strait  or 
difficulty.— Hardship, hard'ship, n.  Some- 
thing hard,  oppressive,  toilsome,  distress- 
ing, &c.;  want  or  privation;  grievance. — 
Hardware,  hard 'war,  «.  Articles  of  iron 
or  other  metal,  as  pots,  kettles,  saws, 
knives,  &c.— Hardwood,  hard'wiid,  71.  Any 
wood  of  a  close  and  solid  texture,  as  beech, 
oak,  ash,  maple,  ebony,  &c. 

Hards,  hardz,  n.  pi.  [Also  written  hurds; 
from  A.  Sax.  heordan  (pi.),  hards,  tow; 
Icel.  horr,  flax;  same  root  as  L.  caro,  to 
card,  carduus,  thistle,  eomxi,  hair;  per- 
haps E.  hair.']  The  refuse  or  coarse  part 
of  flax  or  wool. 

Hardy,  har'di,  a.  \T?t.  hardi,  bold,  daring, 
properly  the  pp.  of  the  old  verb  hardir,  to 
make  bold,  from  O.H.G.  hartjan,  from 
Aart  (E.  Aard),  hard,  bold.  Hard.]  Bold; 
brave;  stout;  daring;  resolutt.;  intrepid; 
confident;  full  of  assurance;  inured  to 
fatigue;  proof  against  hardship;  capable  of 
bearing  exposure  to  cold  weather  (a  hardy 
plant).— Hardihood,  har'di-hud,  n.  Bold- 
iiess;  bravery;  intrepidity;  venturesome- 
ness ;  audacity.  —  Hardily^  hiir'di-li,  adv. 
In  a  hardy  manner.  —  Hardiness,  har'di- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  hardy. 

Hare,  bar,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hara=Daja.  and  Sw. 
fiare,  Icel.  Mri,  D.  Aaos,  G.  hasc;  probably 
allied  to  Skr.  fafa,  a  hare,  from  cai;,  to 
jump.l  A  rodent  quadruped  of  various 
species,  with  long  ears,  a  short  tail,  soft 
hair,  a  divided  upper  lip,  and  long  hind 
legs,  often  hunted  for  sport  or  for  its  flesh, 
which  is  excellent  food.— Harehell.harbel, 
n.  A  species  of  campanula  or  bell-floweis 
also  termed  the  common  bell-flower  and 
Scottish  blue-bell;  also  applied  in  many 
districts  to  the  wild  hyacinth.  —  Hare- 
brained,a.  [Comp. '  mad  as  a  March  Aare.'] 
Giddy;  volatile;  heedless.- Hare-hearted, 
a.  Tim  orous,  like  a  hare;  easily  frightened. 
— Hare-bound,  n.  A  hound  for  hunting 
hares;  a  greyhound. — Hare-lip,  n.  A  mal- 
formation of  the  lip  consisting  of  a  fissure 


or  vertical  division  of  one  or  both  lips, 
sometimes  extending  also  to  the  palate. — 
Hare -lipped,  a.  Having  a  hare-lip. — 
Harish,  ha'rish,  a.  Kesembling  a  hare. 
Eareld.  har'eld,  n.  [Perhaps  from  its  cry.] 
A  marine  duck  inhabiting  the  arctic  seas, 
the  male  having  two  very  long  feathers  in 
the  tail. 

Harem,  Hareem,  ha'rem,  ha-r5m',  n.  [At. 
haram,  anything  prohibited,  from  hhar- 
ram,  to  prohibit,  the  inmates  of  the  harem 
being  kept  in  strict  seclusion.]  The  apart- 
ments appropriated  to  the  female  mem- 
bers of  a  Alohammedan  family;  the  occu- 
pants. 

Haricot,  Jiar'i-ko,  n.  [Fr.,  a  ragout;  O.Fr. 
hangoter,  to  mince,  harigote,  a  morsel; 
Aarico^bean=  ragout-bean.]  A  kind  of 
ragout  of  meat  and  roots;  the  kidney-bean 
or  French  bean  (in  this  sense  short  for 
haricot-bean). 

Hark,  hark,  v.i.  [Contr. .  from  hearken.] 
To  listen ;  to  hearken :  now  onlj-  used  in 
the  imperative.  —  Hark!  a  hunting  cry 
used  with  various  adjuncts  to  stimulate 
or  direct  the  hounds. 

Harl,'  harl,  n.  [Probably =AardZe,  from 
Aa?'(is.]  A  filament,  as  of  flax  or  hemp;  a 
barli  of  one  of  the  feathers  from  a  pea- 
cock's tail,  used  ui  dressing  fly-hooks. 
Harlequin,  har'le-kwiu,  n.  (Fr.  harlequin, 
arleqidn;  O.Fr.  hellequin,  hierlekin,  &c.; 
origin  quito  uncertiun.]  A  performer  in 
a  pantomime,  masked,  dressed  in  tight 
parti-coloured  clothes,  covered  with  span- 
gles, and  armed  with  a  magic  wand  or 
sword;  a  buffoon  in  general:  a  fantastic 
fellow.  —  Harlequinade,  har'le-kwin-ad", 
n.  The  portion  of  a  pantomime  in  which 
the  harlequin  and  clown  play  the  princi- 
pal parts.— Harleqnin-dnck,  n.  A  beauti- 
ful species  of  duck,  the  male  of  which  has 
the  plumage  fantastically  marked. 
Harlot,  har'lot,  n.  [O.Fr.  harlot,  herlot, 
Pr.  arlot,  Sp.  arlote.  It.  arlotto,  a  glutton, 
a  lazy  good-for-nothing,  a  word  of  uncer- 
tain origin;  comp.  AV.  herlawd,  a  stripling, 
herlodes,  a  damsel.]  A  woman  who  pros- 
titutes her  body  for  hire;  a  prostitute.— 
Harlotry,  hiir'lot-ri,  n.  The  trade  or  prac- 
tice of  prostitution. 

Harm,  harm.  n.  [A.  Sax.  hearm,  harm, 
evW,  grief==I)an.  Sw.  and  G.  harm,  grief, 
offence;  Tcel.  harmr;  comp.  Skr.  (ram,  to 
weary.]  Physical  or  material  injury;  hurt; 
damage;  detriment;  moral  wrong;  evil; 
mischief;  wickedness. — v.t.  To  hurt;  to  in- 
jure; to  damage. — Harmful,  harm'ful,  a. 
Full  of  harm;  hurtful;  injurious;  noxious. 
— Harmfully,  harm 'fni-U,ocJy.  In  a  harm- 
ful manner.— Hannfulness,  harm'fiil-nes, 
n.  —  Harmless,  harm'les,  a.  Free  from 
harm;  uninjured;  free  from  power  or  dis- 
position to  harm;  not  injurious;  innocu- 
ous; inoffensive. — Harmlessly,  harm'les-li, 
adv.  In  a  harmless  manner.— Hannless- 
nesB,  harm'les-nes,  n. 

Harmattan,  bar-mat' tan,  n.  [Arabic  name.] 
An  extremely  dry  and  hot  wind  which 
blows  periodically  from  the  interior  parts 
of  Africa  towards  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
Harmony,  har^mo-ni,  n.  [L.  and  Gr.  har- 
moxiia,  from  Gr.  harmos,  a  suiting  or  fit- 
ting together  a  joint,  from  aro,  to  fit,  to 
adapt,  the  same  root  being  seen  in  E.  arm.} 
The  just  adaptation  of  parts  to  each  other, 
in  any  system  or  combination  of  things, 
or  in  things  intended  to  form  a  connected 
whole; .concord;  consonance;  concord  or 
agreement  in  facts,  views,  sentiments, 
manners,  interests,  and  the  like;  peace 
and  friendship;-?*!?)*,  musical  concord;  the 
accordance  of  two  or  more  sounds,  or  that 
union  of  different  sounds  which  pleases 
the  ear,  or  a  succession  of  such  sounds 
called  chords;  the  science  which  treats  of 
such  sounds.  —  Harmonic,  Harmonical, 
hHr-mon'ik,  har-mon'i-kal,  a.  Relating 
to  harmony  or  musjc;  concordant;  musical; 
harmonious.  —  Harmonical  proportion, 
math,  the  relation  between  four  quanti- 
ties when  the  first  is  to  the  fourth  as  the 
difference  between  the  first  and  second  is 
to  the  difference  between  the  third  and 
fourth;  also  a  similar  relation  between 
three  quantities.  —  Harmonical  »eiies,  a 
series  of  numbers  in  continued  harmoni- 
cal proportion.— flarwMmic  truid,  mu».  the 


chord  of  a  note  consisting  of  its  third  and 
perfect  fifth,  or  in  otlier  words,  thf  com. 
mou  chord.— n.  Mus.  a  secondary  and  less 
distinct  tone  which  accompanies  any  prin- 
cipal and  appai-ently  simple  tone. — Har- 
monica, har-mon'i-ka, «.  A  collection  of 
musical  glass  goblets;  also  an  instrument, 
the  tones  of  which  are  produced  by  strik- 
ing rods  or  plates  of  glass  or  metal  with 
hammers.- Harmonically,  har-mon'i-kal- 
li,  adv.  In  a  harmonic  manner. — Har- 
monicon,  har-mon'i-kon,  n.  A  large  bar- 
rel-organ, containing,  in  addition  to  the 
common  pipes,  others  to  imitate  the  dif- 
ferent wind-instruments,  and  an  appara- 
tus to  produce  the  effects  of  drums,  tri- 
angles, cymbals,  &c.;  also,  a  toy  musical 
instrument  with  free  reeds  blown  by  the 
mouth.— Harmonics,  har-mon'iks,n.  The 
doctrine  or  science  of  musical  sounds.— 
Harmonious,  har-mo'ni-us,  a.  Exhibiting 
or  characterized  by  harmony. — Harmoni- 
ously, har-mCni-us-li,  adv.  In  a  harmo- 
nious manner. — Harmoniousness,  har-mO'- 
ni-us-nes,  n. —  Harmonist,  har'mon-ist, 
n.  One  who  harmonizes;  one  skilled  in 
the  principles  of  harmony;  a  writer  of 
harmony. — Harmonium,  har-mo'ni-um,  n. 
A  musical  instrument  resembling  a  small 
organ,  and  much  used  as  a  substitute  for 
it,  the  tones  of  which  are  produced  bythe 
forcing  of  air  through  free  reeds.— Har- 
moniumist,  har-mo'ni-um-ist,n.  A  player 
of  the  harmonium, — Harmonization,  har'- 
mon-i-za"shon,  n.  The  act  of  harmoniz- 
ing.—  Harmonize,  har'mon-iz,  v.i.  —  har- 
monized,  har~monizing.  To  unite  harmoni- 
.  ously  or  in  harmony;  to  be  in  peace  and 
friendship;  to  agree  in  action,  effect,  sense, 
or  puriwrt;  to  be  musically  harmonious. — 
v.t.  To  bring  to  be  harmonious;  to  cause 
to  agree;  to  show  the  harmony  or  agree- 
ment of;  to  reconcile  the  contradictious 
between;  mus.  to  combine  according  to 
the  laws  of  counterpoint;  to  set  accom- 
panj-ing  parts  to,  as  to  an  air  or  melody. — 
Harmonizer,  hai^mon-i-zer,  n.  One  who 
harmonizes;  a  harmonist. 
Harmotome,  har'mo-tom,  n.  fGr.  harmos, 
a  joint,  and  tevinO,  to  cut.]  Cross-stone. 
Harness,  har'nes,n.  [W.  harnais,  haiamaez, 
harness,  from  haiam,  iron.  Iron.]  The 
whole  accoutrements  or  equipments  of  a 
knight;  a  person's  armour  and  military 
furniture;  the  gear  or  tackle  by  which  a 
horse  or  other  animal  is  yoked  and  made 
to  work;  the  apparatus  in  a  loom  by  which 
the  sets  of  warp  threads  are  shifted  alter- 
nately to  form  the  shed.- f.t.  To  dress  in 
armour;  to  equip  with  military  accoutre- 
ments; to  put  harness  on,  as  on  a  horse. — 
Hamesser,  har'nes-er,  n.  One  who  har- 
nesses. 

Harp,  harp,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hearpe='D.  Jiarp, 
Icel.  hai-pa,  Dan.  harpe,  Gr.  harfe,  a  harp; 
perhaps  same  root  as  L.  carpo,  to  pluck  or 
twitch.]' A  stringed  musical  instrument  of 
great  antiquity,  now  usually  nearly  trian- 
gular in  form,  with  wire  strings  stretohed 
from  the^  upper  part  to  one  of  the  sides, 
played  with  both  hands  while  standing  up- 
right, the  strings  being  struck  or  pulled 
by  fingers  and  thumb. — v.i.  To  play  on  the 
harp;  to  dwell  on  a  subject  tiresomely  and 
vexatibusly :  usually  with  on  or  upon. — 
To  harp  on  one  string,  to  dwell  too  exclu- 
sively upon  one  subject,  so  as  to  weary  or 
annoy  the  hearers.  —  Harper,  Harpist, 
har'peis  har'pist,  n.  A  player  on  the 
harp.— Harp-seal,  n.  The  Greenland  seal, 
so  called  from  the  large,  black,  crescent- 
shaped  mark  on  each  side  of  the  back. — 
Harp-shell,  n.  A  mollusc  of  the  whelk 
family,  the  shell  of  which  has  some  re- 
semblance in  shape  to  a  harp. 
Harpoon,  har-pOn',  n.  [Fr.  harpon,  a  har- 
poon, from  harper,  to  clutch,  from  harpe, 
a  claw,  a  hook,  from  Gr.  harpagg,  a  hook, 
harpazO,  to  seize.]  A  spear  or  javelin  used 
to  strike  and  kill  whales  and  large  fish.— 
v.t.  To  strike  with  a  harpoon.— flarpoon- 
er,  har-pO'ner,  n.  One  who  uses  a  har- 
poon.—Harpoon-gnn,  n.    A  guii  for  firing 

Harptdchord,  harp'si-kord,  n.  [From  O.Fr. 
harpeehorde.  It.  arpieordo  —  harp  and 
chord';  it  does  not  appear  how  the  «  got 
inserted.]    An  obsolete  stringed  musical . 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  htr;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  taOTe;     tabe.  tub,  bijU;    ^.jOBad;     fl,  Sc.  abwie— the  Fr.  v.. 


HARPY 


317 


HAUOH 


iustrument  something  like  a  horizontal 
Krand  pianoforte. 

Harpy,  liiir'pi,  n.  [Fr.  harpi^  from  L.  har- 
pyia,  Gr.  karpuia,  from  root  of  harpazC, 
to  seize.]  Class,  viythol.  a  name  of  threq 
winged  monsters  having  the  face  of  a. 
woman  and  the  body  of  a  bird,  with  fjiet 
and  fingers  armed  with  sharp  claws;  any 
rapacious  or  ravenous  animal;  an  extor- 
tioner; a  plunderer.— Harpy-eagle,  n.  \  A 
large  and  very  powerful  raptorial  bird  of 
Mexico  and  South  America. 

Harquebtue,    Harquebuss,    har'kwS-bus. 

»  Aruuebuse. 

Harridan,  har'i-dan,  n.  [Akin  to  Fr.  Jiari- 
delle,  Prov.  Fr.  hardele,  harin,  a  worn-out 
horse,  a  jade.]  A  hag;  an  odious  old 
woman;  a  vixenish  woman;  a  trollop. 

Harrier,  har'i-6r,  n.  [From  hare.]  A  small 
kind  of  dog  of  the  hound  species  employed 
in  hunting  the  hare. 

Harrier,  har'i-^r,  n.  [From  harry,  to  pil- 
lage.) A  name  for  several  species  of  hawks 
which  strike  their  prey  upon  the  ground 
and  generally  fly  very  low. 

Harrl-karri,  Harri-kiri,  har'ri-kar'ri,  har'- 
ri-kir'i,  n.  The  mode  of  suicide  incumbent 
on  Japanese  military  and  civil  officials, 
when  ordered  to  perform  it  as  a  punish- 
ment for  any  offence;  effected  by  inflicting 
two  gashes  on  the  bell/  in  the  form  of  a 
cross — called  frequently  by  English  writers 
Happy  Despatch. 

Harrow,  har'G,  n.  [Same  word  as  Dan. 
harve,  Sw.  harf,  a  harmw  ;  akin  to  D. 
hark,  6.  harke,  a  rake.]  Aji  agricultural 
implement,  usually  formed  of  pieces  of 
timber  or  metal  crossing  each  other,  and 
set  with  iron  teeth,  called  tines,  used  for 
covering  seed  when  sown,  &c.  —  v.t.  To 
draw  a  harrow  over;  Jig.  to  lacerate  (the 
feelings);  to  torment;  to  harass.  — nar- 
rower, har'O-^r,  n.  One  wluj  harrows. — 
Harrowing,  har^-ing,  a.  Causing  acute 
distress  to  the  mind.— Harrowingly,  11,1?- 
o-ing-Uj  adv.  In  a  harromng  manner;  ex- 
cruciatingly. 

Harry,  har'i,  v.t— harried,  harrying.  [A. 
Sax.  hergian,  to  ravage,  from  here  (genit. 
heroes),  an  army;  Icel.  hei-ja,  to  lay  waste, 
to  oppress;  Dan.  hcerge,  hcerje,  G.  [ver) 
heeren,  to  ravag*.  Akm  herring,  herald.] 
To  pillage;  to  plunder;  to  rob;  to  harassj. 

Harsh,  hai-sh,a.  fO.E.  and  Sc.  harsk,  harsh, 
acid;  same  as  Dan.  and  O.Sw.  harsk,  ran- 
cid ;  G.  harsch,  harsh,  rough;  root  doubt- 
ful; perhaps  akin  to /lard.]  Grating,  either 
to  the  touch,  to  the  taste,  or  to  the  ear; 
austere ;  crabbed ;  morose ;  rough  ;  rude ; 
rigorous;  severe.  —  Harshen,  har'shn,  v.t. 
To  render  harsh. — Harshly,.harsh'li,  adv. 
In  a  harsh  manner.  —  Harshness,  harsh'- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  or  condition  of  being 
har.sh. 

Harslet,  hars'let,  ft.    Haslet. 

Hart,  hart,  n.  [A.  Sax.  heort='L.Q.  and  D. 
hert,  Dan.  hioH,  Sw.  hjort,  Icel.  hjortr,  G. 
hirsch,  stag;  lit.  homed  animal;  allied  to 
Gr.  feras,  L.  coniM,  a  horn.  Horn.]  A  stag 
or  male  deer,  especially  when  he  has  passed 
his  fifth  year,  and  the  sur-royal  or  crown 
antler  is  formed.  —  Hart's-clover,  Hart's- 
trefoil,  n.  The  common  yellow  melilot. — 
Hartshorn,  harts'horn,  n.  The  horn  of 
the  hart  or  stag;  an  ammoniacal  prepara- 
tion obtained  from  the  horn,  and  used  me- 
dicinally; solution  of  ammonia.  —  Hart's- 
tongue,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  fern 
found  in  Britain. 

Hartbeest,  Hartebeest,  hart'bcst,  har'te- 
l:ast,  n.  f Dutch.]  An  antelope  common 
in  S.  Africa. 

Harum-scarum,  ha'rum-ska'rum,  a.  [Per- 
haps from  O.E.  hai-e,  to  fright,  or  from 
Actre,  the  animal,and scare.]  Hare-brained; 
unsettled;  giddy;  rash.— n.  A  giddy,  hare- 
brained, or  rash  person.    [Colloq.] 

Haruspice,  Haruspicy.    Auuspe.x. 

Harvest,  har'vest,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hcerfest  — 
O.Fris.  harvest,  G.  herhst,  D.  herfst,  Icel. 
haust,  Sw.  and  Dan.  host,  autumn,  han-est; 
cognate  with  Gr.  karpos,  fruit,  L.  carpo,  to 
pluck.]  The  season  of  gathering  a  crop  of 
any  kind;  the  time  of  reaping  and  gather- 
ing com  and  other  <'raiu;  that  which  is 
reaped  and  gathered  in;  the  product  of 
any  labour?  gain;  result;  effect;  conse- 
quence.—u.J.  To  reap  or  gather  (com  and 


fruits).— Harvest-bug,  n.  A  species  of  tick 
which  infests  the  skin  in  the  autumn. — 
Harvester,  har'ves-tfer,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  harvests;  a  mower;  a  reaper. — 
Harvest-feast,  n.  The  feast  made  at  the 
ingathering  of  the  harvest.— Harvest-field, 
n.  A  field  from  which  a  harvest  is  ga- 
thered.—Harvest-home,  n.  The  bringing 
home  of  the  harvest;  the  harvest-feast. — 
Harvest-moon,  n.  The  full  moon  at  the 
time  of  harvest,  or  about  the  autumnal 
equinox,  when  it  rises  nearly  at  the  same 
hour  for  several  days.— Harvest-mouse,  n. 
The  smallest  British  quadruped,  which 
builds  a  nest  attached  to  the  straws  of 
standing' com.— Harvestry,  har'vest-ri,  n. 
The  act  or  operation  of  harvesting;  that 
which  is  reaped  and  gathered  in;  crop. 

Has,  haz.  The  3d  pers.  sing.  pres.  of  the 
verb  have. 

Hash,  hash,  v.t.  [Fr.  hacher,  E.  to  hack. 
Hack.]  To  chop  into  small  pieces;  to 
mince  and  mix.— n.  That  which  is  hashed 
or  chopped  up;  meat  which  has  been  al- 
ready cooked,  chopped  into  small  pieces 
and  served  up  again;  any  second  prepara- 
tion of  old  matter;  a  repetition;  a  re-ex- 
hibition. 

Haslet,  has'let,  n.  [For  hastekt,  from  Fr. 
hastille,  the  pluokof  an  animal,  lit.  a  little 
■  roast,  from  haste,  a  spit,  L.  hasta,  a  spear.J 
The  cooked  heari,  liver,  &c.,  of  a  hog. 

Hasp,  hasp,  n.  \A.  Sax.  hoepse,  the  hook  of  a 
hinge=Icel.Ae«j3a,G.fta8p«,/i<tsp«,  a  fasten- 
ing; Dan.  haspe,  a  hasp,  a  reel.]  A  clasp 
that  passes  over  a  staple  to  be  fastened  by 
a  padlock,  a  metal  hook  for  fastening  a 
door;  the  fourth  pirt  of  a  siwndle  (of  yarn). 
—t.t.  To  shut  or  fasten  with  a  hasp. 

Hassock,  has 'ok,  n.      [Origin   doubtf-ul; 

♦comp.  W.  hesg,  sedge,  also  Sw.  hivass, 
rushes.]  A  thick  mat  or  hard  cushion  on 
which  persons  kneel  in  church ;  a  foot- 
stool stuffed  with  flock  or  other  materiiU. 
Hast,  hast.  The  2d  pers.  sing.  pres.  of  the 
verb  have. 

Hastate,  has 'tat,  a.  [L.  hastatus,  from 
hasta,  a  spear.]  Spear-shaped;  resembling 
the  head  of  a  spear;  triangular- 
Haste,  hast,  n.  [Same  word  as  G.  Sw.  and 
Dan.  Aast,  haste,  whence  O.  Fr.  haste. 
Mod.  Fr.  hdte,  haste;  akin  to  hate.]  Celer- 
ity of  motion;  speed:  swiftness;  despatch; 
expedition :  applied  only  to  voluntary 
bemgs,  as  men  and  animals;  sudden  ex- 
citement of  passion;  quickness;  precipi- 
tance; the  state  of  being  pressed  by  busi- 
ness ;  hurry ;  urgency.— 7'o  make  haste,  to 
hasten;  to  proceed  rapidly.  —  Haste, 
Hasten,  hast,  ha'sn,  v.t.  [Sw.  hasta,  Dan. 
haste,  G.  hasten,  to  haste.]  To  drive  or 
urge  forward;  to  push  on;  to  hurry;  to  ex- 
pedite; with  me,  him,  &c. ,  to  make  haste;  to 
be  speedy  or  quick. —  v.i.  To  move  with 
celerity;  to  hurry.— Hastener,  ha'su-er,  71. 
One  that  hastens:  a  metal  kitchen-stand 
for  keeping  in  the  heat  of  the  fire  to  a 
joint  wnile  cooking.  —  Hastily,  has'ti-H, 
adv.  In  a  hasty  manner.  —  Hastiness, 
has'ti-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing hasty.- Hasty,  has'ti,  a.  Moving  or 
acting  with  haste;  quick;  speedy:  opposed 
to  slow;  precipitate;  rash;  inconsiderate: 
opposed  to  deliberate;  irritable;  easily  ex- 
cited to  wrath;  passionate;  arising  from 
or  indicating  passion  {hasty  words);  early 
ripe  (O.T.).  — Hasty-pudding,  n.  A  pud- 
ding made  of  milk  and  flour  boiled  quickly 
together;  also,  oatmeal  and  water  boiled 
together;  porridge. 

Hat,  hat,  n.  (A.  Sax.  hcet  =  Dan.  hat,  Sw. 
hett,  Icel.  hattr— hat,  from  a  root  meaning 
to  cover.]  A  covering  for  the  head;  a 
head-dress  with  a  crown,  sides,  and  con- 
tinuous brim,  made  of  different  materials, 
and  worn  by  men  or  women;  the  dignity 
of  a  cardinal:  from  the  broad-brimmed 
scarlet  hat  which  forms  part  of  st  cardi- 
nal's dress.— To  give  one  a  hat,  to  lift  the 
hat  to  one.— Hat-band,  n.  A  band  round 
a  hat.— Hat-block,  n.  A  block  for  form- 
ing or  dressing  hats  on.  —  Hat-body,  n. 
The  whole  body  of  a  hat  in  an  unfinished 
state.— Hat-box,  Hat-case,  n.  A  box  for 
a  hat.  —  Hat-brush,  n.  A  soft,  brush  for 
hats.  —  Hatless,  hat'les,  a.  Having  no 
hat.  —  Hat-rack,  Hat-stand,  Hat-tree,  n. 
A  rack  or  stand  of  various  forms  furnished 


with  pegs  for  hanging  hats  on.— Hatted,' 
hat'ed,  a.  Covered  with  a  hat;  wearing  a 
hat. — Hatter,  hater,  n.  A  maker  or  seller 
of  hats.— Hatting,  hat'mg,  n.  The  trade 
of  a  hatter;  stuff  for  hats. 

Hatch,  hach,  v.t.  [Same  word  as  Dan. 
hcekke,  to  hatch,  or  nidificate,  from  hcek,  a 
hatching;  Sw.  hdcka,  to  hatch;  G.  hecken, 
to  hatch,  hZcke,  the  pairing  of  birds,  a 
brood;  connected  with  hack,  from  the 
chipping  of  the  shell.]  To  produce  young 
from  eggs  by  incubation,  or  by  artificliu 
heat;  to  contrive  or  plot;  to  originatfe  and 
produce  (a  scheme,  mischief,  &c.).  —  v.i. 
To  perform  or  uiidergo  the  process  of  in- 
cubation.—  n.  A  brood;  as  many  young 
birds  as  are  ijroduced  at  once;  the  act  of 
hatching.— Hatcher,  hach'Sr,  n.  One  who 
hatches;  a  contriver;  a  plotter. 

Hatch,  hach,  v.t.  [Fr.  haclisr,  to  hack,  to 
shade  by  lines.  Hack.]  To  shade  by  lines 
crossingeach  other  in  drawing  and  engrav- 
ing. —  Hatching,  hach'ing,  n.  Shading 
made  by  cross  lines. 

Hatch,  hach.n.  [A.  Sax.  hcec,a.  grating; 
Dan.  hoek,  U.  hek,  a  grating;  G.  heck,  a 
fence  of  laths.]  The  frame  of. cross-bars 
laid  over  the  opening  in  a  ship's  deck;  the 
cover  of  a  hatchway;  the  oi^ening  in  a 
ship's  deck;  the  hatcnway;  a  similar  open- 
ing in  a  floor;  a  trap-door;  a  half-door  or  a 
door  with  an  opening  over  it;  a  flood-gate; 
a  frame  or  weir  in  a  river  for  catching 
fish. — To  be  under  hatches,  to  be  In  the  in- 
terior of  a  ship  with  the  hatches  down. — 
v.t.  To  close  with  a  hatch  or  hatches. — 
Hatchway,  hach'wa,  n.  A  square  or  ob- 
long opening  in  a  ship's  deck  for  communi- 
cation with  the  interior. 

Hatchel,  hach'el,  n.  [A  softened  form  of 
hackle  or  heckle.  I  A  hackle  or  heckle  for 
flax. — v.t.  To  clean  by  drawing  through 
the  teeth  of  a  hatchel;  to  hackle  or  heckle. 
— Hatcheller,  hach'el-er,  n.    One  who. 

Hatchet,  hach'et,  n.  [Fr.  hachette,  from 
hacher,  to  cut,  from  G.  hacken,  to  cut. 
Hack.]  A  small  axa  with  a  ghort  handle, 
used  with  one  hand.  —  To  take  up  the 
hatchet,  to  make  war;  to  bury  the  hatchet, 
to  make  peace :  phrases  derived  from  the 
customsof  the  American  Indians.— Hatch- 
et-faced, a.  Having  a  thin  face  with  pro- 
minent features. 

Hatchment,  hach'ment,  n.  [Corrupted 
from  achievement.]  The  coat  of  arms  of 
a  dead  person,  placed  on  the  front  of  a 
house,  in  a  church,  or  elsewhere  at  funer- 
als, notifying  the  death  and  the  rank  of 
the  deceased.    Also  called  Achievement 

Hatchway,  n.    Under  Hatch,  n. 

Hate,  hat,  v.t.— hated,  hating.  [A?  Sax. 
hate,  hete,  hate,  hatred,  hatian,  to  hate;  D. 
haat,  Sw.  hat,  Icel.  hatr,  Goth,  hatis,  hate; 
Goth,  hatan,  Icel.  and  Sw.  hata,  D.  haten, 
G.  Aassen,  to  hate.]  To  dislike  greatly  or 
intensely;  to  have  a  great  aversion  to;  to 
detest.  —  n.  Great  dislike  or  aversion; 
hatred.  —  Hatable,  Hateable,  ha'ta-bl,  a. 
Capable  or  worthy  of  being  hated;  odious. 
— Hateful,  hat'fiil,  a.  Causing  hate;  ex- 
citing great  di.slike;  odious;  detestable; 
feeling  hatred  ;•  malevolent.  —  Hatefully, 
hat'ful-li,  adv.  In  a  hateful  manner. — 
Hatefulness,  haffnl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  hateful.  —  Hater,  ha'tfer,  n.  One 
that  hates.  —  Hatred,  ha'tred,  n.  [Bate, 
and  suffix  -red,  as  in  kindred  =  A.  Sax. 
•raeden,  condition,  state.]  Great  dislike 
or  aversion;  hate;  detestation;  active  anti- 
pathy. 

Hath,  hath,  3d  pers.  sing.  pres.  of  have, 
now  archaic  or  poetical.  • 

Hatt,  Hatti-sherif,  hat,  hat'ti-she-rif",  n. 
[Turk.)  An  irrevocable  order  which  comes 
immediately  from  the  Sultan  of  Turkey, 
who  subscribes  it  himself. 

Hauberk,  ha'berk,  n.  [O.Fr.  hauberc,  from 
O.H.G.  halsberg  —  hals,  the  throat,  and 
bergen,  to  defend;  A.  Sax.  healsbeorga, 
Icel.  hdlsbjOrg,  a  gorget.  Habergeon  is  a 
diminutive.  Hawse,  Borough.]  A  coat 
of  mail  without  sleeves,  formed  of  steel 
rings  Interwoven.  ,,;■      | 

Haugh,  hacfc,  n.  [Comp.  Icel.  hagi,  a  pas- 
ture, G.  huge,  an  inclosed  meadow,  from 
hag,  a  fence,  a  hedge;  also  Gael,  achadh,  a 
field.)  In  Scotland,  a  piece  of  low-lyiiig 
meadow  ground  on  the  border  of  a  river. 


Qb.  (Aaiiu^-4ft.SaJocA;iSg,yo;Xj.;ob;-i.EuFr.  ton;aog,sin(7;-tJH,(Ae»;tli,<Ain;  -Jf.ifig;  Jwh.wWg;    ib,a?ure. 


HAUGHTY 


318 


HEAD 


Haughty,  ha'ti,  a.  [O. Fr.  hautain, haughty, 
from  haul,  hault,  from  L.  alius,  high 
(whence  altitude,  exalt);  gh  -was  inserted 
through  influence  of  high.]  Proud  and  dis- 
dainful ;  having  a  high  opinion  of  one's 
self,  with  some  contempt'for  others;  lofty 
and  arrogant;  disdainful;  supercilious. — 
Haughtily,  h^'ti-li,  adv.  In  a  haughty 
manner.— Haughtiness,  ha'ti-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  haughty. ' 

Haul,  hal,  v.t.  [Same  as  D.  halen,  Icel.  and 
Sw.  hala,  Dan.  hale,  to  haul;  G.  hoUn,  to 
fetch,  to  tuw  (whence  Fr.  haler,  to  haul); 
hence  halliard,  halyard.]  To  pull  or  draw 
with  force;  to  transport  by  drawing;  to 
drag ;  to  tug.  —  To  haul  over  the  coals,  to 
bring  to  a  reckoning;  to  take  to  task;  to 
reprimand.— w.t.  Naut.  to  change  the  direc- 
tion of  sailing;  with  off,  up,  &c.— n.  A  pull- 
ing with  force;  a  violent  pull;  a  draught 
of  fish  in  a  net;  that  which  is  caught  by 
one  haul;  hence,  that  which  is  taken, 
gained,  or  received  at  once.  —  Haulage, 
ha'laj,  n.  The  act  of  hauling  or  dra^^'ing; 
the  force  expended  in  hauling;  dues  or 
charges  for  hauling  or  towing.  —  Hauler, 
ha'ler,  n.    One  who  pulls  or  hauls. 

Haulm,  Haum,  halm,  ham,  n.  [A.  Sax. 
healm—  D.  Dan.  and  Sw.  halm,  Icel.  hdlmr; 
cog.  L.  calamus,  6r.  kalamos,  a  reed.]  The 
stem  or  stalk  of  grain  of  all  kinds,  or  of 
pease,  beans,  hops,  &c.;  dry  stalks  in 
general. 

Eanuch,  hansh,  n.  fPr.  hanctie,  Ihe  haunch, 
from  the  Teutonic;  Fris.  hancke,  hencke, 
haimch;  G.  hanke,  the  haunch  of  a  horse.] 
The  hip;  the  bend  of  the  thigh;  part  of  the 
body  of  man  and  of  quadrupeds  between 
the  last  ribs  and  the  thigh;  arch,  the 
middle  part  between  the  vertex  or  crown 
and  the  springing  of  an  arch;  the  flank. 

Haunt,  hant,  v.t.  [Fr.  hantsr,  to  frequent, 
from  Armor,  hent,  a  way,  fienii,  to  fre- 
quent.] To  frequent;  to  resort  to  much  or 
often,  or  to  be  much  about;  to  visit  cus- 
tomarily; to  appear  in  or  about,  as  a  roec- 
tre;  to  be  a  frequent  spectral  visitaCi  of. 
— v.i.  To  be  much  about  a  place;  to  make 
frequent  resort.— n.  A  placs  to  v/hich  one 
frequently  resorts ;  a  favourite  resort ;  a 
common  abiding  place.  —  Haunted,  hgn'- 
ted,  p.  and  a.  Frequently  visited  or  re- 
sorted to,  especially  by  apparitions  or  the 
shades  of  the  dead.— Haunter,  han't6r,  n. 
One  who  haunts. 

Haustellum,  has-tel'lum,  n.  [L.,  from 
haurio,  haustum,  to  draw  up.]  The  suc- 
torial organ  of  certain  insects,  otherwise 
called  the  proboscis  or  antlia.  —  Haustel- 
late,  has'tel-lfit,  o.  Provided  with  a  haus- 
tellum or  sucker;  suctorial. 

Hautboy,  Hautbois,  ho'boi,  n.  [Fr.  haut- 
bois—haut  (in  E.  haughty),  high,  and  boia 
(E.  busk),  wood,  from  the  nigh  tone  of  the 
instrument.]  An  oboe;  a  wind-instru- 
ment of  wood,  sounded  through  a  double- 
reed.— Hautboyist,  ho'boi-ist,  n.  A  player 
on  the  hautboy. 

Hautelisse,  ot'lis,  a.  [Fr.  hautelice,  high 
warp.  I    Bassklisse. 

Hauteur,  C-ttr,  n.  [Fr.  Haughty.]  Pride; 
haufrhtincss;  n>,8olent  manner  or  spirit. 

Havana,  Havannah,  ha-van'a,  n.  A  kind 
of  cigar  largely  manufactured  at  Havana, 
the  capital  of  Cuba. 

Have,  hav,  t?.i.— pret.  &  pp.  had,  ppr.  hav- 
ing. Ind.  pres.  I  have,  thou  hast,  he  has; 
we,  ye,  they  have.  [A.  Sax.  habban,  from 
hafiim  {Ji  becoming  regularly  &6  between 
v.>wels)-Dan.ftaiie,Icel.  ha/a,  Goth.haban, 
G.  hahen,  to  have;  cog.  L.  capio,  to  take 
(whence  capable,  &c.).  Behave,  haft,  haven 
are  connected.]  To  possess;  to  hold;  to 
be  in  close  relation  to  (to  have  a  son,  a 
master,  a  servant);  to  accept;  to  take  as 
husband  or  wife;  to  hold  or  regard  (to  have 
in  honour);  tomaintain  orholdin  opinion; 
to  be  under  necessity,  or  impelled  by  duty 
(to  haue  to  do  it);  to  procure  or  make  to  be; 
to  cause  (he  had  him  murdered);  to  gain, 
procure,  receive,  obtain;  to  bring  forth  (a 
child);  to  experience  in  any  w.iy,  as  to  en- 
joy, to  participate  in,  to  suffer  from ;  to 
underhand. — /  had  as  good,  it  would  be  as 
well  for  me;  /  had  better,  it  would  be  better 
tor  me;  /  had  best,  it  would  be  best  for  me; 
'  had  as  lief  or  lieve.  I  would  as  willingly; 
I  had  rather,  t  should  prefer.—  Have  after  ! 


pursue !  let  us  purshe  \—Have  at !  go  at ! 
assail !  encounter!  aj3,Jiave  at  him  \—Have 
with  you!  come  on !  agreed !—  To  have  away, 
to  remove;  to  take  away.  —  To  have  in,  to 
contain. — To  have  on,  to  wear;  to  carry,  as 
raiment  or  weapons.  —  To  have  a  care,  to 
take  care;  to  be  on  guard,  or  to  guard. — To 
have  a  person  out,  to  meet  him  in  a  duel. 
— To  have  it  out  of  a  person,  to  punish  him; 
to  retaliate  on  him;  to  take  him  to  task. 
[Have  is  used  as  an  auxiliary  verb  to  form 
certain  compound  tenses,  as  the  perfect 
and  pluperfect  of  both  transitive  and  in- 
transitive verbs.]— Haver,  hav^6r,  n.  One 
who  has  something;  Scots  law,  the  pos- 
sessor of  a  document  bearing  on  the  case. 
— Having,  hav'ing,  n.  The  act  or  state  of 
possessing;  that  which  is  had  or  possessed; 
goods;  estate. 

Havea,  ha'vn,  n.  [A  Sax.  hoefen  =  D.  and 
L.G.  haven,  Icel.ho/n,  Dan.  liavn,  G.  ha/en; 
connected  with  have.]  A  harbour;  a  port; 
a  bay,  recess,  or  inlet  which  affords  anchor- 
age and  a  station  for  ships ;  a  shelter, 
asylum,  or  place  of  safety,— v.t.  To  shelter, 
as  in  a  haven. 

Haversack,  hav'ir-sak,  «.  [Fr.  havresae, 
from  D.  haverzak,  G.  hufersack,  a  haver- 
sack, literally,  a  sack  for  oats,  from  D. 
haver,  G.  hafer,  Dan.  havre,  oats.]  A  bag 
of  strong  cloth  worn  over  the  shoulder  by 
soldiers  in  marching  order  for  carrying 
their  provisions. 

Haversian,  ha-v6r'gi-an,  a.  [After  Havers, 
the  discoverer.]  Applied  to  a  net-work  of 
minute  canals  which  traverse  the'  solid 
substance  of  bones,  conveying  the  nutrient 
vessels  to  all  parts. 

Havildar,  hav'il-dar,  n.  [Hind.  hawaXdar 
— ha'Ji&la,  charge,  care,  and  dar^  a  holder.] 
A  sepoy  sergeant  in  Indian  regiments. 

Havock,  Havoc,  hav'ok,  n.  [W.  hafog,  de- 
struction.] Devastation;' wide  and  general 
destruction.— v.t.  To  destroy;  to  lay  wartc 
{Mil.). 

Haw,  ha,  n.  [A.  Sax.  haga,  an  inclosure,  a 
yard  =  Icel.  hagi,  Sw.  hage,  an  inclosure; 
akin  hedge,  haggard.  \  A  hedge;  the  berry 
and  seed  of  the  hawthorn. 

Haw,  ha,  n.  [Same  as  ha,  interjection.]  An 
intermission  or  hesitation  of  speech  (hums 
and  haws). — v.i.  To  speak  with  a  haw. 

Hawhaw,  haTia,  n.  [Duplication  of  haw, 
a  hedge.]  A  fence  formed  by  a  hollow  be- 
tween slopes;  a  sunk  fence.  Also  written 
Hdha. 

Hawk,  hak,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hafoe  =  T>  havik, 
G.  habiclit,  Icel.  haukr,  Dan.  hog,  a  hawk; 
from  stem  of  have.]  A  rapacious"  bird  of 
the  falcon  family;  a  falcon. — v.i.  To  hunt 
by  means  of  trained  hawks  or  falcons;  to 
practise  falconry;  to  fly  in  the  manner  of 
the  hawk. — To  hawk  at,  to  attack  on  the 
wing.—  Hawker,  ha'kfer,  n.  One  who 
hawks;  a  falconer.  —  Hawkish,  ha'kish,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  hawk;  rapa- 
cious; fierce. — Hawk-moth,  n.  A  moth,  so 
called  from  its  hovering  motion.— Hawk'B- 
bill,  n.  A  turtle  with  a  mouth  like  the 
beak  of  a  hawk. 

Hawk,  hak,  v.i.  [Probably  imitative. 
Comp.  ri.  harke  and  W.  hochi,  to  hawk.] 
To  make  an  effort  to  force  up  phlegm  with 
noise. —  v.t.  To  raise  by  hawking. — n.  An 
effort  to  force  up  phlegm  by  coughing. 

Hawk,  hak,  v.t.  [From  D.  heukeren,  to  re- 
tail, to  Tiuckster,  heuker,  a  retailer;  akin 
to  G.  hoken,  hocken,  to  retail,  hijker,  hocker, 
a  hawker,  from  hocken,  hucken,  to  take 
upon  the  back,  to  squat.  Akin  huckster.] 
To  sell,  or  try  to  sell,  by  offering  the  goods 
at  people's  doors;  to  convey  through  town 
or  country  for  sale.  —  Hawker,  ha'ktr,  n. 
[D.  heuker,  a  retailer.]  One  who  travels 
selling  wares;  a  pedlar;  a  packman. 

Hawm,  ham,  n.    Haulm. 

Hawse,  has,  n.  [O.  and  Prov.  E.  hdlse,  the 
neck;  Icel.  hdla,  neck,  bow  of  a  vessel ; 
Dan.  hals,  neck.]  Naut.  that  part  of  a 
vessel's  bow  where  the  hawse-holes  are  cut; 
the  hole  in  the  vessel's  bow;  the  distance 
between  a  ship's  head  and  her  anchors. — 
Hawse-hole,  n.  A  hole  in  a  vessel's  bow 
through  which  a  cable  passes.  —  Hawser, 
ha'ser,  n.  [Formerly'  halser.]  Naut.  a 
small  cable  used  in  warping,  &c. 

Hawthorn,  ha'thom,  «.  I  A.  Sax.  haga- 
thorn,  hcpg-thorn.  huw- thorn.  lit.  hedge- 


thom;  like  G.  liagedom,  D.  haagedoom. 
Haw,  Hkdoe.)  A  kind  of  small  tree,  one 
species  of  which  is  an  excellent  hedge- 
plant,  while  some  of  its  varieties  are  very 
beautiful  when  in  full  blossom. 

Hay,  ha,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hig^O.Viia.  hai,  Dan. 
ho,  Icel.  heu,  Goth,  havi,  G.  heu,  hay;  con- 
nected with  verb  to /tew.  Hew.]  Grass  cut 
and  dried  for  fodder. — To  make  hay:,  when 
Vie  sun  shines,  to  seize  the  favourable  op- 
portunity.—Hay-cock,  n.  A  conical  pile 
or  heap  of  hay.— Hay-fever,  n.  A  summer 
fever,erroneonEly  ascribed  to  the  effluvium 
of  new-cut  hay.  —  Hay-fork,  n.  A  two- 
pronged  fork  for  turning  or  lifting  hay,  &.c. 
—Hay-rick,  Hay-stack,  n.  A  large  pile  of 
hay  in  the  open  air,  laid  up  for  presena- 
tion.  —  Hay-tedder,  n.  A  machine  for 
scattering  bay  so  as  to  expose  it  to  the 
sun  and  air. 

Hazard,  haz'6rd,  n.  [Fr.  hasard,  from  Sp. 
azar,  an  unlucky  throw  of  the  dice,  from 
Ar.  az-zahr,  a  die.]  A  fortuitous  event ; 
chance;  danger;  peril;  risk;  a  game  played 
with  dice. — v.t.  To  expose  to  chance;  to  put 
in  danger  of  loss  or  injury;  to  risk.— Haz2.r- 
dable,  haz'6r-<la-bl,  a.  Liable  to  hazard.- 
Hazarder,  haz'6r-d6r,  n.  One  who  hazards. 
—Hazardous,  haz'fir-dus,  a.  Exposing  to 
peril  or  danger  of  loss  or  evil;  dangerous; 
risky.  —  Hazardously,  haz'6r-dus-li,  adv. 
In  a  hazardous  manner. — HazardouBnesc,, 
hsiz'^r-dus-nes,  n. 

Haze, haz, n.  [Allied to  ASax.  ^«o,dusky, 
dark;  Icel.  hoss,  gray,  dusky.]  Fog;  a 
grayish  or  dusky  vapour  in  the  air;  hence, 
obscurity;  dimness;  mental  fog. — v.i.  To  'd3 
hazy.— Haziness,  ha'zi-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  hazy.— Hazy,  ha'zi,  a.  Foggy;  mis- 
ty; thick  with  haze;  mentally  obscure  or 
confused. 

Hazel,  ha'zl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hcesel,  haesl=Jce1. 
hasl,  Dan.  hassd,  G.  hasel,  hazel;  cog.  with 
L.  cortflus,  for  cosylus,  a  hazel.]  A  tree 
growing  wild  in  Britain,  and  yielding  nuts 
that  are  eaten,  while  the  wood  is  employed 
for  hoops,  fishing-rods,  walking-sticks,  Ac. 
— a.  Of  a  light -brown  colour  like  the 
hazel-nut.  —  Hazelly,  ha'zl-li,  a.  Of  the 
colour  of  the  hazel-nut;  of  a  light  brown. 
—Hazel-nut,  n.    The  nut  of  the  hazeL 

He,  he,  pron.  possessive  his,  objective  kim 
(also  dative).  [A.  Sax.  M,  he6,  hit,  he,  she, 
it;  D.  hij,  Dan.  and  Sw.  han,  Icel.  hann, 
he ;  akin  hence,  her,  here,  hither.  She  is  of 
different  origin.]  The  masc.  sing,  form  of 
the  pronoun  of  the  3d  person.  It  is  some- 
times used  as  a  noun,  being  equivalent  to 
man  or  male  person,  and  is  often  prefixed 
to  the  names  of  animals  to  designate  the 
male  kind  (a  fte-goat). 

Head,  hed,  ji.  [A.  Sax.  fteo/od  =  Dan.  hoved, 
Icel  hofuth,  G.  haupt,  Goth,  haubith,  head; 
cog.  L.  caput  (whence  chief),  Gr.  kephall, 
head.j  The  name  applied  generally  to  the 
anterior  part  or  extremity  of  anim.als;  the 
part  which  forms  the  seat  of  the  brain  and 
mental  faculties;  hence,  understanding, 
intellect,  will  or  resolution,  mind;  an  in- 
dividual; a  unit  (a  thousand  headoi  sheep: 
used  only  in  sing.);  a  chief;  a  leadfer;  a 
commander;  what  gives  a  striking  aptieur- 
ance  to  the  head,  as  the  hair,  antlers  of  a 
deer,  Ac;  part  of  a  thing  resembling  in 
position  or  otherwise  the  human  head  (the 
head  of  a  spear,  of  a  nail);  the  main  point 
or  part;  the  forepart  (the  head  of  a  ship); 
the  upper  part  (of  a  bed.&c);  the  top;  tlie 
principal  source  of  a  stream ;  the  jpart 
most  remote  from  t"ne  mouth  or  opening; 
a  headland;  promontory;  altitude  of  water 
as  applicable  to  the  driving  of  machinerj-; 
the  foremost  place:  the  place  of  honour  or 
command;  crisis;  height;  pitch;  division 
of  discourse;  title  of  a  sub-division.— i/ecit/ 
and  ears,  deeply;  wholly;  completely.— 
Head  and  shoulders,  by  force:  violently 
(to  drag  in  a  topic  head  and  shouUltrsi ; 
by  as  much  as  the  height  of  the  head  ami 
shoulders.—^  broken  head,  a  flesh  wound 
in  the  head.— To  make  head  against,  to  re- 
sist with  success.— To  give,  to  get,  &c.,  the 
head,  used  literally  of  a  horse  that  is  not 
held  in  by  the  reins,  and  bene*  figura- 
tively head  means  license,  freedom  from 
check,  control,  or  restraint.— r.t.  To  be  or 
put  one's  self  at  the  head  of;  to  lead ;  to 
direct;  to  behe.ad;  to  decapitate;  to  form 


Fate,  fur,  fat,  fjiU;     m5,  met.  her:      jiine.  pin;     nOte,  not,  mOvej     tabe,  tub,  b\jll ;     oil.  poundi     a.  Sc.  abtqie— th«  Fr.  «. 


HEAL 


319 


HEATH 


a  head  to;  to  fit  or  furnish  with  a  head;  to 
'go  in  front  of,  so  as  to  keep  from  advan- 
'cing  (to  head  a  drove  of  cattle  i. — a.  Be- 
longinji  to  the  head ;  chief ;  principal : 
often  used  in  composition  (/lead-workman, 
a  head-m-dster,  &c.).  —  Headache,  hed'ak, 
n.  Pain  in  the  head,— Headachy,  hed'ak- 
i,  a.  Afflicted  with  a  headache.  —  Head- 
band, hed'band,  n.  A  band  for  the  head; 
the  band  at  each  end  of  a  bound  book. — 
Head-borough,  Head-borrow,  n.  In  Eng- 
land, formerly  the  chief  of  a  frank-pledge, 
tithing,  or  decennary,  consisting  of  ten 
families:  now  known  by  the  name  of 
J^ettyConstaUe.—'H.eaA-AreaB,  n.  The  dress 
of  the  head;  the  covering  or  ornaments  of 
a  woman's  head.— Headed,  hed'ed,  p.  and 
a.  Furnished  with  a  head:  used  chiefly  in 
composition  (clear -/leaded,  long-headed, 
&c.).— Header,  hed'er,  n.  One  who  puts  a 
head  on  anything;  one  who  stands  at  the 
head  of  anything;  a  leader ;  a  plunge  or 
dive  into  water  head  foremost.  —  Head- 
foremost,ac/;j.  "With  the  head  first;  rashly; 
precipitately.— Headily,  hed'i-li,  adv.  In 
a  heady  manner.— Headiness,  hed'i-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  heady.  —  Heading, 
jhed'ing,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  heads; 
iwhat  stands  at  the  head;  a  title  of  a  sec- 
.tion  in  a  book,  &c.j  a  drifc-way  or  passage 
^excavated  in  the  line  of  an  intended  tun- 
nel, and  in  which  the  workmen  labour. — 
Headland,  hed'land,  n.  A  cape;  a  promon- 
tory.'—  Headless,  hed'les,  a.  Having  no 
head ;  destitute  of  a  chief  or  leader. — 
Headlong,  hed'long,  adv.  [Head-nad  adv. 
term.  -long=ling  in  darkling.]  With  the 
bead  foremost;  rashly;  precipitately;  with- 
out deliberation.  —  a.  Steep;  precipitous; 
rash;  precipitate.  —  Head -mark,  n.  The 
natural  characteristics  of  each  individual 
of  a  species. — Head-master,  n.  The  prin- 
cipal master  of  a  school. — Headmost,  hed'- 
most,  a.  Most  advanced ;  first.  —  Head- 
piece, n.  A  helmet;  a  morion;  the  head, 
especially  the  head  as  the  seat  of  the  uu- 
derstanding.— Head-quarters,  ji.  pi.  The 
quarters  of  the  commander  of  an  army;  a 
centre  of  authority  or  order;  the  place 
where  one  chiefly  resides.  —  Head-sea,  n. 
A  sea  that  directly  meets  the  head  of  a 
ship.  —  Headship,  hed'ship,  n.  The  state 
or  position  of  being  a  head  or  chief;  au- 
thority; supreme  power;  government. — 
Headsman,  heclz'man,  n.  One  that  cuts 
off  heads;  an  executioner. — Head-stall,  n. 
That  part  of  a  bridle  which  encompasses 
the  head.  —  Head-stone,  n.  The  chief  or 
comer  stone;  the  keystone  of  an  arch;  the 
stone  at  the  head  of  a  grave.  —  Hea4- 
strong,  hed' strong,  o.  Obstinate;  ungov- 
ernable; bent  on  pursuing  one's  o^vn 
course.  — Headstrongness,  hed'strong-nes, 
n. — Head-water,  n.  The  part  of  a  river 
j  near  its  source,  or  one  of  the  streams  that 
I  contribute  to  form  it.— Headway,  hed'wa, 
'  n.  The  progress  made  by  a  ship  in  motion; 
hence,  progress  or  success  of  any  kind. — 
Head-wind,  n.  A  wind  directly  opposed 
to  a  ship's  coui-se. — Head-work,  n.  Mental 
or  intellectual  labour.  —  Heady,  hed'i,  o. 
Rash;  hasty;  i)recipitate;  headstrong;  apt 
to  aflfect  the  mental  faculties;  intoxicat- 
ing; strong. 

Heal,  hel,  v.t  [A.  Sax.  haelan,  to  heal, 
from  hdl,  whole,  sound  (=  E.  whole);  corap. 
the  related  words  hale,  hail,  ivhole,  holy, 
health.]  To  make  hale,  sound,  or  whole; 
to  cure  of  a  disease  or  wound  and  restore 
to  soundness ;  to  reconcile,  as  a  breach  or 
jdiflerence- — v.i.  To  grow  sound;  to  return 
to  a  sound  state:  sometimes  with  up  or 
\over.  —  Healable,  he'la-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
'  being  healed. — HealerJie'lSr,  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  heals.— Healing,  he'ling,  p. 
and  a.  Curing;  restoring  to  a  sound  state; 
conciliatory.  —  Healing  art,  the  medical 
art.— Healingly,  he'ling-li,  adv.  In  a  heal- 
ing manner. 

Heald,  held,n.  A  heddle. 
Health,  helth,  n.  [A,  Sax.  haelth,  from 
haelan,  to  heal.]  That  state  of  a  being  in 
which  all  the  parts  and  organs  are  sound 
land  in  proper  condition;  moral  or  iv.tel- 
^lectual  soundness ;  salvation  or  divine 
favour  or  grace  (O.T.).  [It  is  often  used  in 
itoasts,  and  hence  sometimes  means  toast.] 
—Healthful,  helth'ful,  a.    Pull  of  health ; 


free  from  disease;  promoting  health  ;whole- 
8ome.— Healthfully,  helth'fiil-li,  adv.  In  a 
healthful  manner.— Healthfulness,  helth'- 
ful-nes,  n.  'J  ne  state  of  being  healthful 
or  healthy. — Healthily,  hel'thi-li,  adv.  In  a 
healthy  maimer  or  condition.— Healthless, 
helth'les,  a.  Infirm;  sickly .—Healthless- 
nesa,  helth'les-nes,  n.  —  Health-of&cer,  n. 
An  officer  appointed  to  watch  over  the 
public  health.— Healthy,  hel'thi,  a.  Being 
in  health ;  enjoying  health ;  hale;  sound ; 
conducive  to  health;  wholesome;  salu- 
brious. 

Heap,  hep,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hedp,  a  pile,  a 
crowd=D.  }u)op,  Dan.  hob,  Icel.  Mjrr,  G. 
haufe.  Akin  Tiip.]  A  pile  or  mass;  a  col- 
lection of  things  piled  up;  a  large  quan- 
tity; a  great  number,  —v.t.  To  lay  in  a 
heap;  to  pile;  to  amass :  often  with  up  or 
with  on;  to  round  or  form  into  a  heap:  — 
Heaper,  he'p6r,  n.    One  who  heaps. 

Hear,  her,  w.i.— pret.  k  pp.  heard.  [A.  Sax. 
hyran,  hdran,  to  hear=0.rri8.  Tier  a,  hora, 
Icel.  heyra,  D.  hooren.  Or.  hiiren,  Goth. 
hauajan;  hence  hearkern,  hark.]  To  per- 
ceive by  the  auditory  sense;  to  take  cogni- 
zance of  by  the  ear;  to  give  audience  or  al- 
lowance to  speak;  to  listen  to;  to  heed;  to 
obe;y;  to  try  judicially  (a  cause)  in  a  court 
of  justice;  to  listen  to  one  repeating  or 
going  over,  as  a  task  or  the  like. — v.i.  To 
enjoy  the  sense  on  faculty  of  perceiving 
sound;  to  listen;  to  hearken;  to  attend;  to 
be  told;  to  receive  by  report.— Hearer,  he'- 
r6r,  n.  One  who  hears ;  an  auditor ;  one 
who  sits  under  the  ministry  of  another.— 
Hearing,  he'ring,  n.  The  act  of  perceiving 
sound;  the  faculty  or  sense  by  which  sound, 
is  perceived;  audience;  an  opportunity  to 
be  heard;  a  judicial  investigation  before 
a  court;  reach  of  the  ear;  extent  within 
which  sound  may  be  heard.  —  Hearsay, 
her'sa,  71.  Report;  rumour;  common  talk. 
— Hearsay  evidence,  evidence  repeated  at 
second  hand  by  one  who  heard  the  actual 
witness  relate  or  admit  what  he  knew  of 
the  transaction  or  fact  in  question. 

Hearken,  hii^kn,  w^t.  [A.  Sax.  heorcnian, 
hyrcnian,  from  hyran,  to  hear.  IIeau.J 
To  listen;  to  lend  the  ear;  to  give  heed  to 
what  is  uttered;  to  hear  with  obedience  or 
compliance.— w.t.  To  hear  by  listcningt;  to 
hear  with  attention;  to  regard. — Hearken- 
er,  har'kn-6r,  n.    One  who  hearkens. 

Hearse,  hers,  n.  [O.Fr.  herce,  a  harrow,  a 
kind  of  portcullis,  a  herse,  from  L.  hirpex, 
Atrpicis,  a  harrow;  hence  re/iearse.l  AViier; 
a  bier  with  a  cofiin;  a  carriage  for  convey- 
ing the  dead  to  the  grave.— w.t.  To  put  on 
or  in  a  hearse.— Hearse-cloth,  n.  A  pall; 
a  cloth  to  cover  a  hearse. 

Heart,  hart,  n.  [A.  Sax.  heorte  .=  Goih. 
hairto,  D.  hart,  Icel.  hjarta,  Dan.  hjerte, 
G.  herz;  cog.  Gael,  cridhe,  L.  cor,  cordis, 
Gr.  kardixt,  Skr.  hi-id,  heart;  from  a  root 
meaning  to  leap.]  A  muscular  organ, 
which  is  the  propelling  agent  of  the  blood 
in  the  animal  body,  situated  in  the  thorax 
of  vertebrated  animals;  the  mind,  the  soul, 
the  consciousness;  the  thinking  faculty; 
the  seat  of  the  aftections  and  passions;  the. 
moral  side  of  our  nature  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  the  intellectual ;  courage ;  spirit ; 
the  seat  of  the  will  or  inclination;  hence, 
disposition  of  mind;  tendency;  conscience, 
or  sense  of  good  and  ill;  the  inner  part  of 
anything;  the  part  nearest  the  middle  or 
centre;  the  vital  or  most  essential  part;  the 
core;  the  very  essence;  that  which  has  the 
shape  or  form  of  a  heart  or  is  regarded  as 
representing  the  figure  of  a  heart;  one  of 
a  suit  of  playing  cards  marked  with  such  a 
figure. — At  heart,  in  real  character  or  dis- 
position; at  bottom;  substantially;  really 
(he  is  good  at  hea  rt).—To  break  the  heart  of, 
to  cause  the  deepest  grief  to;  to  kill  by 
grief.  —  To  find  in  the  heart,  to  be  willing 
or  disposed.  —  To  get  or  learn  iy  heart,  to 
commit  to  memory. — To  have  in  the  heart, 
to  purpose;  to  have  design  or  intention. — 
To  have  the  heart  in  the  mouth,  to  be  ter- 
rified.—To  lay  or  take  to  Aeart,  to  be  much 
affected  by;  to  be  zealous,  ardent,  or  solici- 
tous about.  —  To  wear  the  heart  upon  the 
sleeve,  to  expose  one's  feeUngs,  wishes,  or 
intentions  to  every  one. — v.i.  To  form  a 
close  compact  head,  as  a  plant.  —  Heart- 
ache, hait'ak,  n.    Anguish  of  mind. — 


Heart-break,  n.  Overwhelming  sorrow  or 
•grief  .—Heart-breaker,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  breaks  hearts.  —  Heart-broken,  a. 
Deeply  grieved;  in  despair.- Heart-bum, 
n.  An  uneasy  burning  sensation  in  the 
stomach  from  indigestion  and  excess  of 
acidity.— Heart-burning,  a.  Causing  dis- 
content.— Ji.  Discontent;  secret  enmity. — 
Hearted,  har'ted,  a.  Having  a  heart: 
frequentljr  used  in  composition  (hard- 
hearted, f aint-/iear^d,  &c. ).— Hearten,.har'-  • 
tn,  v.t.  To  encourage;  to  incite  or  stimu- 
late the  courage  of.— Heartener,  har'tn-er, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  heartens.— 
Heart-felt;  a.  Deeply  felt;  deeply  afl'ect- 
ing.— Heartily,  har'ti-li,  adv.  In  a  hearty 
manner.— Heartiness,  har'ti-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  hearty.— Heartless,  hart'les, 
a.  Without  a  heart;  destitute  of  feeling 
or  affection;  cruel.— Heartlessly,  hart'les- 
li,  adv.  In  a  heartless  manner.  —  Heart- 
lessness,  hart'les-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  heartless.— Heart-rending,  a.  Break- 
ing the  heart;  overpowering  with  anguish; 
very  distressing.  —  Heart's-blood,  n.  The 
blood  of  the  heart;  hence,  life;  essence. — 
Heart's-ease,  n.  Ease  of  heart;  a  plant  of 
the  violet  genus;  the  pansy.— Heart-sick, 
a.  Sick  at  heart;  pained  in  mind;  deeply 
depressed.— Heart-sickening,  a.  Tending 
to  make  the  heart  sick  or  depressed.  — 
Heart-sickness,  n.  Sadness  of  heart;  de- 
pression of  spirits.— Heartsome,  hart'sum, 
a.  Inspiring  with  heart  or  courage;  ex- 
hilaratmg;  cheerful;  lively. — Heart-sore, 
a.  Sore  at  heart.— Heart-sorrow,  n.  Sin- 
cere grief.— Heart-stirring,  a.  Arousing, 
exciting,  or  moving  the  heart.  —  Heart- 
string,  n.  A  hypothetical  nerve  or  tendon, 
supposed  to  brace  and  sustain  the  heart. — 
Heart-whole,  a.  Not  affected  with  love ; 
having  unbroken  spirits  or  good  courage. 
—Heart-wood,  n.  The  central  part  of  the 
wood  of  cxogens;  the  duramen. — Hearty, 
har'ti,  a.  Having  the  heart  engaged  in 
anything;  proceeding  from  the  heart;  sin- 
cere ;  warm;  zealous ;  cordial ;  sound  and 
healthy;  large  to  satisfaction  (a  liearty 
meal);  loud  and  unrestrained  (a  Iiearty 
laugh).  ) 

Hearth,  harth,  n.  [A.  Sax.  heorth,  heurth= 
D.  haard,G.  heerd,  herd,  area,  floor,  hearth; 
*  root  doubtful.]  That  portion  of  the  floor  of 
a  room  on  which  the  fire  stands,  generally 
a  pavement  or  floor  of  brick  or  stone  below 
a  chimney;  the  fireside;  the  domestic  cir- 
cle.—Heaxth-broom,  Hearth-brush,  n.  A 
broom  or  brush  for  sweeping  the  hearth. 
— Hearth-money,  n.  A  tax  on  hearths, 
long  imposed  in  England.— Hearth-rug,  n. 
A  small  thick  carpet  laid  before  a  fire. — 
Hearth-stone,  n.  The  stone  forming  the 
hearth. 

Heat,  het,  n.  fA.  Sax.  Jiaetu,  haete,  from 
hdt,  hot;  D.  and  L.G.  hitte,  Icel.  hiti,  Dan. 
liede,  G.  hitze,  heat;  Goth,  ncito, fever;  root 
in  Gr.  kaio,  to  bum  (whence  caustic).]  A 
phenomenon  believed  to  consist  in  a  cer- 
tain motion  or  vibration  of  the  ultimute 
molecules  of  which  bodies  are  composed ; 
the  sensation  produced  by  bodies  that  are 
hot;  the  bodily  feeling  when  one  is  ex- 
posed to  fire,  the  sun's  rays,  &c.;  thie  re- 
verse of  cold;  high  temperature,  as  distin-"^ 
guished  from  low ;  hot  weather ;  a  hot 
period;  a  single  effort,  as  in  a  race;  utmost 
ardour  or  violence;  rage;  vehemence;  agi- 
tation of  mind;  inflammation  or  excite- 
ment; exasperation;  animation  in  thought 
or  discourse;  fervency;  sexual  excitement 
in  animals;  fermentation.— y.t.  To  make 
hot;  to  communicate  heat  to;  to  cause  to 
grow  warm;  to  make  feverish;  to  excite; 
to  warm  with  passion  or  desire;  to  ani- 
mate.— v.i.  To  grow  warm  or  hot. — Heater, 
he't^r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  heats. — 
Heating,  he'ting,  p.  and  a.  Promoting 
warmth  or  heat;  stimulating. — Heat-spec- 
trum, n.  An  invisible  spectrum  produced 
by  the  sun's  raj's,  "when  light  is  decom- 
posed by  a  prism. 

Heath,  heth,  n.  [A.  Sax.  haeth=\i.G.  D. 
Fris.  and  G.  heide,  the  plant,  also  a  moor; 
Goth,  haithi,  a  field;  Icel.  heithi,  heithr,  a 
waste,  a  fell.  Hence  heathen,  heather.]  A 
name  of  numerous  shrubby  plants,  many 
of  them  having  beautiful  flowers,  and 
three  species  being  common  in  Britain;  a 


cb,  cAain;  "'c7t,  Sc.  Ioc7t;     g,  go;     j,  job;     n,  Fr,  tOi^;     05,  sing;     ia,  then;  th,  thm; .  .w,  wig;  ,  wh.  vihig;  ^zh,  asure. 


HEATHEN 


820 


HEGEMONY 


place  overgrown  with  heath;  a  waste  trij,ct 
of  land.-«-Heatlv-beiTy,n.  The  crow-berry. 
— Heath-cl?^  o.  Covered  with  heath. — 
EeatJx-cock,  n.  The  black-cock  (under 
Black).— Heathy,  he'thi,  a.  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  resembling  heath ;  covered  or 
abounding  with  heath. 
Heathen,  he'Taen,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ha&lhen,  lit. 
one  inhabiting  a  heath,  from  haith,  a 
heath,  bo  that  it  is  similar  in  meaning  to 
the  L.  paganus,  a  p<tgan,  originally  a 
countryman.]  One  who  worships  idols  or 
does  not  acknowledge  the  true  God;  a 
pagan;  an  idolater;  a  rude,  barbarous,  or 
irreligious  person.  —  a.  Gentile;  pagan. — 
Heathendom,  he'5Hen-dum,  n.  Those 
parts  of  the  world  in  which  heathenism 
prevails. — Heathenish,  he'THen-ish.a.  Be- 
longing to  heathens  or  their  religions; 
barbarous;  uncivilized;  irreligious. — Hea- 
thenishly,  he'THen-ish-li,  adv.  In  a  hea- 
thenish manner.  —  Heatheniahnesa,  he'- 
THen-ish-nes,  n.  —  Heathenism,  he'rnen- 
iim,  n.  The  system  of  religion  or  the  man- 
ners and  morals  of  a  heathen  nation;  pa- 
ganiBm;barbari8m. — Heathenize,  he'Tnen- 
Vt,v.t.  To  render  heathenish.— Heathenry, 
he'THen-ri,n.  Heathenism;  heathens  col- 
lectively! 

Heather;  hera'tr,  n.  [From  Math;  equi- 
valent to  heath-er']  Ciommon  heath,  a 
low  shrub  with  clusters  of  rose-coloured 
flowers,  covering  immense  tracts  of  waste 
land  in  Britain.  —  Heather-bell,  n.  A 
blossom  of  a  large-flowered  British  heath. 
— Heathery,  beiH'er-i,  a.  Abounding  in 
heather;  heathy. 

Heave,  hev,  v.i.— ft«a»ed  or  hove  (pret.  & 
pp.),  heaving.  [A.  Sax.  AeifcaTi,  pret.  hdf, 
pp.  ftalsJi  =  Goth,  hafjan,  O.Fris.  hiva,  u. 
Iteffen,  'heven,  Dan.  hceve,  Icel.  tte/ia,  G. 
•hcboTi,  to  lift;  akin  lieaTfj/,  heaven.]  To 
lift;  to  raise;  to  elevate;,  to  raise  or  force 
from  the  breast  (to  heave  a  sigh);  to  throw; 
to  cast;  navA.  to  apply  power  to,  as  by 
means  of  a  windlass,  in  order  to  pull  or 
force  in  any  direction.  —  To  heave  to,  to 
'  bring  a  ship's  head  to  the  wind  and  stop 
her  motion. — v.i.  To  be  thrown  or  raised 
up;  to  rise;  to  rise  and  fall  V-ith  alternate 
motions;  to  swell  up;  to  pant,  as  after 
severe  labour  or  exertion;  to  make  an  effort 
to  vomit;  to  retch.— To  tieave  in  eight,  to 
appear;  to  make  its  first  appearance,  as  a 
ship  at  sea. — n.  An  upward  motion;  swell, 
as  of  the  waves  of  the  sea;  an  effort  of  the 
lungs,  ftc;  an  effort  to  raise  something; 
pi.  a  disease  of  horses,  characterized  by 
difficult  and  laborious  respiration.— Hea- 
ver, he'vfer,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
heaves.-rHeavlng,  he'ving,  n.  Arisingtor 
swell;  a  panting. 

Heaven,  he^n,  n.  [A.  Sax.  Tieofon,  heaven; 
0.  Sax.  hevan,  L.tS.  heben,  Icel.  hijinn; 
from  root  of  heave.^  The  blue  expanse 
which  surrounds  the  earth,  and  in  which 
the  sun,  moon,  and  stars  seem  to  be  set; 
the  sky:  the  upper  regions:  often  in  the 
plural;  the  final  abode  of  the  blessed;  the 
place  where  (Jod  manifests  himself  to  the 
blessed:  often  used  as  equivalent  to  God 
or  Providence ;  supreme  felicity ;  bliss ;  a 
r.ublime  or  exalted  condition. -^  Heaven- 
bora,  a.  Bom  of  or  sent  by  heaven. — 
KeavenllneBB,  h^n-li-nes,  n.  The  con- 
dition or  quality  of  being  heavenly.  — 
Heavenly,  hev'^-li,  a.  Pertaining  to 
heaven;  inhabiting  heaven;  celestial;  su- 
premely blessed;  supremely  excellent. — 
(ulv.  In  a  heavenly  manner.  —  Heaven- 
VTird,  hev'n-w^rd,  adv.  Tovr-ard  heaven. 
H!»vy,  hev'i,  o.  [A.  Sax.  JieUg,  heavy, 
from  the  stem  of  h£bban,  to  heave=Icel. 
hiifigr.  Heavb.]  That  can  be  lifted  only 
with  labour;  ponderous;  weighty:  the  op- 
posite of  light;  large  in  amount  or  quan- 
tity (a  heavy  rain,  a  heavy  crop);  not  easily 
borne;  hard  toendure;  burdensome;  oppres- 
sive; severe;  hard  to  accomplish;  weighed  or 
bowed  down;  burdened  with  sorrow,  sleep, 
weariness,  or  the  like;  slow;  sluggish;  in- 
active; dull;  lifeless;  inanimate;  imped- 
ing motion  or  action  (heavy  roads);  acting 
or  moving  with  violence  (a  Iieavi/  sea,  can- 
nonade); dark;  gloomy;  threatening:  lower- 
ing (a  ?ieayy  sky);  not  easily  digested  (food) ; 
deep  and  volnminous  (sound).  —  Heavily, 
hev'i-li,  adv.  In  a  heavy  manner.— Heavi- 


ness, hev'i-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  heavy;  weight;  severity;  sadness; 
dulness  or  lif  elessness.  —  Heavy-laden,  a. 
Laden  with  a  heavy  burden. — Heavy -spar, 
n.  The  sulphate  of  barvta,  occurring  in 
veins  massive,  fibrous,  lamellar,  and  in 
prismatic  crystals. 

Hebdomadal,  Hebdomadary,  heh-dom'a- 
dal,  heb-dom'a-da-ri,  a.  (Gr.  hebdomas,  the 
number  seven,  seven  days,  from  hepta', 
seven.J  Weekly;  consisting  of  seven  days, 
or  occurring  every  seven  days.  —  Hebdom- 
adally,  heb-dom'a-dal-li,  adv.  By  the 
we«k;  from  week  to  week. 

Hebe,  he 'be,  n.  Th,e  goddess  of  youth 
among  the  Greeks;  hence,  a  beautiful 
young  woman. 

Hebetate,  heb'5-tat,  v.t.—Jiebetated,  hebetat- 
ing. [L.  hebeto,  heietatvm,  from  hebes, 
dull.]  To  dull;  to  blunt;  to  stupefy.— 
Hebetude,  heb'e-tad,  n.  [L.  hebetvdo.] 
I)ulness;  stupidity. 

Hebrew,  he'bro,  m.  [Fr.  h^reu,  L.  }iebr(sits, 
Gr.  h^aios,  from  Heb.:  supposed  to 
mean  a  person  from  beyond  (the  Eu- 
phrates) J  One  of  the  descendants  of  Ja- 
cob; an  iaraelite;  a  Jew;  the  language  of 
the  Jews,  one  of  the  Semitic  tongues. — 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  Hebrews.— Hebraic, 
he-brft'ik,  a.  Perta.ining  to  the  Hebrews 
or  their  language.  —  Hobraically,  he-brS'- 
i-kal-li,  adv.  After  the  manner  of  the 
Hebrews  or  their  language.  —  Hebraism, 
he'bra-izm,  n.  A  peculiarity  of  Hebrew 
or  the  Hebrews.  —  Hebraist,  he'bra-ist, 
n.  One  versed  in  the  Hebrew  language. — 
Hebraize,  he'bra-iz,  v.t. — hebraized,  hebra- 
izing.  To  convert  into  the  Hebrew  idiom; 
to  make  Hebrew. — v.i.  To  conform  to  the 
Hebrew  idiom,  manners,  Ac. 

Hebrldean,  Hebridian,  heb-ii-de'an,  he- 
brid'i-an,  a.    Pertaining  to  *he  Hebrides, 

'islands  lyin^  to  the  west  of  Scotland; — n. 
A  native  or  inhabitant  of  the  Hebrides. 

Hecatomb,  hek'a-tom,  n.  [Gr.  hekaiortiM 
— hekaton,  a  hundred,  and  bou8,  an  ox.] 
A  sacrifloe  of  a  hundred  oxen  or  other 
beasts;  hence,  any  great  sacrifice  of  vic- 
tims; a  great  number 'of  parsons  or  ani- 
mals 8laughtere4. 

Heck,  hek,  n.  [A  form  of  hatch,  a  grating.] 
A  contrivance  for  catching  fish;  a  rack;  a 
hack. 

Heckle,  hekl,  n.  [Same  as  hacTcle.']  A  sort 
of  comb  for  flax  or  hemp;  a  hackle  or 
hatchel.— y.t.  To  dress  with  a  heckle;  JJjr.  to 
tease  or  vex;  to  catechise  severely. — Heck- 
ler, heklfer,  n.    One  who  heckles. 

Hectare,  hfik'tar,n.  [Fr.]  A  French  mea- 
sure containing  100  ares,  or=2"47  acres." 

Hectic,  hek'tik,  a.  [Gr.  hektikos,  habitual, 
hectic  or  consumptive,  from  hexu,  habit 
of  body,  frcm  echo,  future  hex6,  to  have.] 
A  term  applied  to  the  fever  which  accom- 
panies consumption;  pertaining  to  or  af- 
fected with  such  fever;  concumptive; 
feverish.— n.  A  hectic  fever. — Hectically, 
hek'ti-kal-li,  adv.    In  a  hectic  manner.  . 

Hectocotylus,  hek-to-kot'i-lus,  n.  [Gr.  hek- 
aton, a  hundred,  and  kotyU,  a  small  cup, 
a  sucker.]  The  reproductive  arm  of  cer- 
tain of  the  male  cuttle-fishes. 

Hectogramme,  hek'to-gram,  n.  [Fr.,  from 
Gr.  hekaton,  a  hundred,  and  gramrna,  a 
gramme.]  A  French  weight  containing 
100  grammes,  or  3  ounces  8'4383  drams 
avoirdupois.— Hectolitre,  "hek'to-le-t6r,  n. 
[Fr.]  A  French  measure  for  liquids,  con- 
taining 100  Utres  or  22  gallons.— Hecto- 
metre, hek'to-m&-ter,  n.  [Fr.]  A  French 
measure  of  length  containing  100  metres 
or  10936  yards. 

Hector,  hek'ter,  n.  [From  Bedor,  the  son 
of  Priam,  a  brave  Trojan  warrior.]  A 
bully;  a  blustering,  turbulent,  noisy  fel- 

•  low.— y.<.  To  treat  with  insolence;  to  bully. 
—v.i.  To  play  the  bully;  to  bluster;  to  b« 
turbulent  or  insolent. 

Heddle,  hed'l,  n.  [By  metathesis  for  hedld; 
perhaps  from  A.  Sax.  heald,  hold.] .  Weav. 
one  of  the  parallel  double  threads  with  a 
centre  loop  or  eye  which  raises  the  warp 
threads  to  form  the  shed  and  allow  the 
shuttle  to  pass;  a  heald. 

Hederaceous,  hed-er-a'shus.  a.  [L.  hider- 
acetis;  from  hedera,  ivy. )  •  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  ivy.  —  Hederal,.hed'6r-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  ivy. 


Hedge,  hej,  n.  [A  Sax.  Jieeg,  a  hedge, 
closely  akin  to  nagal  an  inciosure;  Icel. 
Tuigi]  an  inclosed  field;  D.  hegge,  a  hedge, 
haag,  a  hedge  (whence  the  Hague);  E. 
haw-thooii,  that  is  hedge-thorn.]  A  fence 
formed  by  bushes  or  small  trees  growing 
close  together;  any  line  of  shrabbery  close- 
ly planted. — v.t.  hedged,  hedging.  To  in- 
close or  fence  with  a  hedge;  to  obstruct 
with  a  barrier;  to  stop  by  any  means;  to 
surround  for  defence;  to  hem  in. — To  hedge 
a  bet,  to  bet  upon  both  sides,  thus  guard- 
ing one's  self  against  great  loss,  whatever 
may  be  the  result. — v.i.  To  hide  in  a  hedge; 
to  skulk  iShak.);  to  protect  one's  self 
from  loss  by  cross-bets.— Hedge-bill,  Hedg- 
ing-bill, n.  A  cutting  hook  used  in  dress- 
ing hedges;  a  biU-hook. — Hedgehog,  hej'- 
hog,  n.  An  insectivorous  quadruped  about 
9  inches  long,  the  upper  part  of  whose 
body  is  covered  with  prickles  or  spines. — 
Hedge-knife,  n.  An  instrument  for  trim- 
ming hedges. — Hedgeless,  hej'les,  a.  Hav- 
ing no  hedge.  —  Hedge-marriage,  n.  A 
marriage  performed  by  a  hedge-parscn. — 
Hedge-parson,  n.  A  poor,  mean,  or  illi- 
terate parson,  without  a  benefice. — Hedge- 
priest,  n.  A  poor  mean  priest. — Hedger, 
hej'er,  n.  One  Who  makes  or  repairs 
hedges. — Hedgerow,  hej'ro,  n.  A  row  or 
series  of  shrubs  or  trees  forming  a  hedge. 
— Esdge-Echool,  n.  .  A  school  kept  beside 
a  hedge,  or  in  the  open  air.- Eedge-atis- 
sors,  71.-  pi.  A  large  kind  of  scissors  for 
trimming  hedges. -He dge-Bparrow,Hedg»- 
warbler,  n.  Accentor. 
Eedoclc,  he-don 'ik,  a.  [Gr.  JiedoniJcos, 
from  hedonS,  pleasure.]  Pertaining  to 
pleasure;  pursuing,  or  placing  the  chief 
!?ood  in,  sensual  pleasure. — Hedonics,  he- 
don'iks,  n.  That  branch'  of  ethics  which 
treats  of  active  or  positive  pleasure  or  en- 
joyment.— ^Hedoniun,  he'don-izm,  n.  The 
doctrine  that  the  chief  good  of  man  lies 
in  the  pursuit  of  pleasure.— Hedonist,  he'- 
don-ist,  n.  One  who  professes  hedonism. 
Heed,  hed,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  hedan,  lo  heed;  D. 
hoeden,  to  care  for,  hoede,  care ;  G.  hiUen, 
to  look  after,  from  hut,  protection;  akin 
Iiood.']  To  regard  with  care;  to  take  notice 
of;  to  attend  to;  to  observe. — n.  Care;  atten- 
tion; notice;  observation;  regard:  usually 
with  give  or  tofe.— HeedfuL  Jied'ful,  o. 
Full  of  heled;  attentive;  watchful;  c&ufious; 
wary.— Heedfully,  hed'fnl-li,  ade.  In  a 
heedful  manner.  —  Eeedfnlness,  iedful- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  heedful;  at- 
tention;  caution. —  Heedless,  hSd'les,  a. 
"Without  heed;  inattentive;  careless. — 
Heedlessly,,  hedles-li,  adv.  In  a  heedless 
manner.— Heedlessness,  hed'les-nes,  n. 
Heel,  hel,«.  [A.  Sax.  h4l=lcel.  hcell,  D.  hiel, 
the  heel;  radically  akin  to  L.  calx,  the  heel 
(seen  in  ineidcate).]  The  hinder  part  of  the 
foot  in  man  or  quadrupeds;  the  hinder 
part  of  a  covering  for  the  foot;  something 
shaped  like  the  human  heel,  or  that  occu- 
pies a  position  corresponding  to  the  heel; 
the  latter  or  concluding  part.— 2''o  be  at  the 
heels,  to  pursue- closely;  to  follow  hard; 
also,  to  attend  closely.  —  To  be  doum  at 
heel,' to  be  slipshod;  hence,  to  be  in  de- 
cayed circumstances. — To  lay  by-the  heels, 
to  fetter;  to  shackle;  to  confine. — To  thow 
the  hed»,  to  flee;  to  run  away.— To  take  to 
the  heels,  to  betake  one's  self  to  flight.— 
v.t.  To  perform  by  the  use  of  the  heels, 
is  a.  dance  (iSAoJi;.);  to  add  a  heel  to. — 
Heel-piece,  n.  A  piece  of  leather  on  the 
heel  of  a  shoe;  armour  for  the  heel. — Heel- 
tap, n;  A  small  piece  of  leather  for  the 
heel  of  a  shoe;  the  small  portion  of  liquor 
left  in  a  glass  when  the  main  portion  has 
been  drunk. 

Heel,  hel,  v.t.  [Same  as  A.  Sax.  hddan,  T). 
hellen;  Dan,  Iielde,  Sw.  hdlla,  to  tilt.]  To 
incline  or  cant  over  from  a  vertical  pea- 
tion,as.a  ship.— n.  The  act  of  so  inclining; 
a  cant. 

Heft,  heft,  n.  [From  heave,  to  lift.]  The 
act  of  heaving;  violent  strain  or  exertion; 
effort  {Shak.}. 

Hegelian,  he-ge'li-an,  a.'  Pertaining  to 
Hegel  (h&'gl)  or  his  system  ofphilosophy. 
-^.■' A  follower  of  Hegel.  —  Hegeliamsm, 
ho-geli^an-izm,  n.  The  system  of  >philoso- 
phy  of  Hegel.  -, 
Hegemony,  bej'e-mo^i  -  or  he-jem'o-ni,  n. 


Fate,  fkr,  Hi,  f«U:     mC;  met,  hir,     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tobe,  tub,  b^;     oil,  pound;     (1,  S<?.  abwne— the  ft.  «. 


ESOIEA 


321 


HELTER-SKELTER 


[Cir.  h^ffemciiiia,  from  hegemon,  guide, 
loader,  from  hegeomai,  to  lead.J  Leader- 
ship; predoDiiuance;  preuonderance  of  one 
atate  among  otliers.  —  Hegemonic,  hej-e- 
moa'ik,  a.  Ruling;  predominant;  prin- 
cipal. 

Hegira,  hej'i-ra,  n.  [Ar.  htjrah,  departure, 
from  hajara,  to  remove.]  The  flight  of 
Mohammed  from  Mecca,  adopted  by  the 
Mohammedans  in  reckoning  their  time, 
their  era  beginning  16th  July,  622;  hence, 
any  similar  flight. 

Heifer,  hef  er,  n.  (A.  Sax.  liedJlfore;  origin 
doubtful.]    A  young  cow. 

Heigh-ho!  ni'ho.  An  exclamation  usually 
expressing  some  degree  of  languor  or  un- 
easiness. 

Height,  hit,  n.  (Tor  highth;  A.  Sax.  hedh- 
tkn,hijhtho, from  hedh,high.  High.]  The 
\  condition  of  being  high;  the  distance 
which  anything  rises  above  its  foot,  basis, 
or  foundation,  or  above  the  earth;  alti- 
tude; an  eminence;  a  summit;  a  hill  or 
mountain;  elevation  or  i)re-eminence 
among  other  persons;  elevation  in  excel- 
lence of  any  kind;  elevation  or  dignity,  aS 
of  sentiment,  expression,  or  the  like;  ex- 
tent; degree;  stage  in  progress  or  advance- 
ment: tite  height,  the  utmost  degree  in  ex- 
tent or  violence.— Heighten,  hi'tn,  v.t.  To 
make  high;  to  raise  higher;  to  elevate; 
to  increase;  to  augment;  to  intensify. — 
Heightener,  hi'tn-er,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  heightens. 

Heinous,  ha'nus,  a.  [Fr.  hainetix,  from 
liuine,  malice,  hate,  from  hair,  O.  Fr.  ha- 
dir,  to  hate,  from  Tent.  verb=E.  to  hate.] 
Hateful;  odious;  hence,  notorious;  enor- 
mous; aggravated  (sin  or  crime,  sinner). — 
Heinously,  ha'nus-li,  adv.  In  a  heinous 
manner.— Heinousness,.ha'nus-ne8,  n.  The 
condition  or  quality  of  being  heinous. 

Keir,  fir,  n.  [0.  Fr.  heir,  h.  hceres,  an  heir 
(same  root  as  Skr.  har,  to  take  or  hold), 
whence  hereditary,  heritage,  inherit.]  One 
who  succeeds  or  is  to  succeed  another 
in  the  possession  of  property;  an  inheri- 
tor; one  who  receives  any  endowment 
from  an  ancestor.— Heir  apparent.  Heir 
presumptive.  Under  Apparent,  Presum- 
ri\E.—v.t.  To  inherit;  to  succeed  to.— Heir- 
dom, ar'dum,  n.  'I'ne  state  of  an  heir.— 
Heiress,  ar'es,  n.  A  female  heir.— Heir- 
loom, ar'lom,  n.  [Heir,  and  loom  in  old 
sense  of  tool,  implement,  article.]  A  per- 
sonal chattel  that  descends  to  an  heir;  ^ny 
piece  of  personal  property  which  has  be- 
longed to  a  family  for  a  long  time.— Heir- 
ship, ar'ship,  n.  The  state  of  an  heir; 
right  of  inheriting. 

Hejira,  hej'i-ra,  n.    Same  as  Hegira. 

Held,  held,  pret.  &  pp.  of  hold. 

Heliac,  Heliacal,  he'li-ak,  he-11'a-kal,  a, 
[L.  heUacus,  from  Gr.  helios,  the  sun;  akin 
L.  sol,  and  w.  haul,  sun.]  Astron.  emerg- 
ing from  the  light  of  the  sun  or  passing 
into  it;  rising  or  setting  at  the  same  time, 
or  nearly  the  same  time,  as  the  sun. — 
Heliacally,  hg-li'a-kal-li,  (xdv.  In  a,  helia- 
cal manner. 

HSlianthus,  he-li-an'thus,  n.  [Gr.  helioa, 
the  sun,  and  anthos,  a  flower.]  The  sun- 
flower. 

Helical,  Helicoid,  Helicoidal,  &c.  Under 
Hklix. 

Heliconian,  hel-i-ko'ni-an,  a.  Pertaining 
to  Helicon,  the  famous  Grecian  mountain, 
the  residence  of  the  muses. 

Heliocentric,  Heliocentrical,  h5'li-o-sen"- 
trik,  he'li-o-sen"tri-kal,  a.  [Gr.  fielios  (akin 
L.  sol,  W.  hatd),  the  sun,  and  kentron, 
centre.]  Astron.  relating  to  the  sun  as  a 
centre;  appearing  as  if  seen  from  the  aun's 
centre.— Heliochroaie,  he'U-o-krom,  nflGr. 
chroma,  colour.]  A  coloured  photograph. — 
Heliochromic,  he'li-o-krom"ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  heliochromy.— Heliochromy,  hs-li- 
ok  ro-mi,  n.  The  art  of  producing  coloured 
photographs. — Heliograph,  he'li-o-graf ,  n. 
(Gr.  grapho,  to  write.]  A  photograph;  an  in- 
strument for  taking  photographs  of  the 
sun;  a  sun  telegraph;  a  heliostat. — v.t.  and 
i.  To  convey  or  communicate  by  means  of 
a  heliostct  or  similar  instrument. — Hello- 
graphlc,  h6'li-o-grai"ik,  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  heliography.  —  Heliography,  he-li- 
og'ra-fi,  n.  Photography;  also,  the  art  or 
process  of  signalling  by  reflecting  the  sun's 


rays.  —  Heliolater,  he-li-ol'a-t6r,  n.  [Gr. 
latrueO,  to  worship.].  A  worshipper  of  the 
sun.  —  Hellolatry,  he-li-ol'a-tri,  n.  The 
worship  of  the  sun.  —  Heliometer,  hC-li- 

■  om'et-6r,  n.    Same  as  ^s^rometer.— Helio- 

'  scope,  he'li-o-skop,  n.  [Gr.  skopeo,  to  view.] 
A  sort  of  telescope  fitted  for  viewing  the 
sun  without  pain  or  injury  to  the  eyes. — 
Helioscopic,  h6'li-o-skop"ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  helioscope. — Heliostat,  h€'li-os-tat, 
n.  [Gr.  statos,  fixed.]  A  name  of  various 
contrivances  for  reflecting  the  sun's  light 
temporarily  or  continuously  to  an  observer 
at  a  distance:  used  in  astronomical  ob- 
servations, in  experiments  on  light,  and 
for  signalling  in  war,  &c.  —  Heliotrope, 
he'li-o-trop,  n.  [Gr.  trope,  a  turning, 
trepo,  to  turn.]  A  heliostat;  a  variety 
of  quartz,  of  a  deep  green  colour,  with 
bright  red  spots;  blood-stone;  a  name  of 
plants,  mostly  natives  of  warm  regions, 
one  species  of  which  is  a  favourite  garden 
plant  from  the  fragrance  of  its  flowers. — 
Heliotropic,  Heliotropical,  he'li-o-trop"- 
ik,  h6'li-o-trop"i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to.  or 
characterized  by,  heliotropism.  —  Helio- 
tropically,  hS'li-o-trop"i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a 
heliotropic  manner.— Heliotropism,  he-li- 
ot'ro-pizm,n.  The  tendency  of  a  plant  to 
direct  its  growth  toward  the  sun  or  to- 
ward light.— Heliotype,  he'li-o-tip,  n.  A 
process  Dy  which  pictures  can  be  printed 
with  lithographic  ink  from  a  film  of  speci- 
ally prepared  gelatine  which  has  been  ex- 
posed under  a  photographic  negative  and 
then  wetted,  the  parts  not  acted  on  by 
the  light  taking  the  ink;  a  picture  pro- 
duced by  thi?  process. 

Helix,  he'liks,  n.  pi.  Helices,  hel'i-scz.  [Gr., 
a  winding,  a,  spiral.]  A  spiral  line,  as  of 
Vire  in  a  coil ;  something  that  is  spiral ; 
a  circumvolution;  geom.  such  a  curve  as  is 
described  by  every  point  of  a  screw  that  is 
turned  round  in  a  fixed  nut;  arch,  a  small 
volute  or  twist  under  the  abacus  of  the 
Corinthian  capital;  anat.  the  whole  circuit 
of  the  external  border  of  the  ear ;  zool.  a 
genus  of  molluscs,  comprising  the  land 
Shell-snail^.  —  Helical,  hel'i-kal,  o.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  helix;  spiral.  —  Helically, 
heri-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  helical  manner. — 
Helicifonn,  he-lis'i-form,  a.  Having  the 
form  of  a  helix.  —  HeUcoid,  Helicoidal, 
hel'i-koid,  hel'i-koi-dal,  a.  Spirally  curved 
like  the  spire  of  a  univalve  shell.  —  Heli- 
coid, hel'i-koid,  n.  Geom.  a  spirally  curved 
surface.— Helicometry,  hel-i-kom'et-ri,  n. 
The  art  of  measuring  or  drawing  spiral 
lines  on  a  plane. 

Hell,  hel, «.  [  A.  Sax.  hel,  from  helan,  to  cover, 
conceal,  lit.  aplace  of  concealment=D.ana 
Icel.  hel,  G.  hiiCle,  hell;  same  root  as  L.  celo, 
to  conceal.  Akin  Tib  tosi,  perhaps  AoZe.]  The 
place  of  the  dead,  or  of  souls  after  death; 
the  place  or  state  of  punishment  for  the 
wicked  after  death;  the  infernal  powers;  a 
gaming-house:  a  haunt  of  the  vicious  or 
depraved.— Hellish,hel'ish, a.  Pertaining 
to  hell;  infernal:  malignant;  wicked;  de- 
testable.— Hellisnly,  hel'ish-li,  adv.  In  a 
hellish  manner.— Halliahness,  hel'ish-nes, 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  hellish. — 
Hell-flre,  n.  The  fire  of  hell;  the  torments 
of  hell.— Hell-hound,  n.  A  dog  of  hell;  an 
agent  of  hell;  a  miscreant. 

Hellebore,  hel'le-bor,  n.  [L.  hellehorua,  Gr. 
lielleboros.]  A  name  applied  to  plants  of 
two  very  different  genera,  the  black  helle- 
bore or  Christmas  rose,  and  the  white 
hellebore  ;  the  pov/ered  root  of  white  hel- 
lebore used  by  gardeners  for  killing  cater- 
pillars. —  Helleborine,  hel'le-bo-rin,  n. 
A  resin  obtained  from  the  root  of  black 
hellebore.  —  Helleborise,  hel'le-bor-iz,  o.t. 
To  dose  with  hellebore;  to  treat  for  in- 
sanity by  hellebore. 

Hellenes,  hel-le'nez,  n.  pi.  [Gr.]  The  in- 
habitants of  Greece;  the  Greeks.— Hellenic, 
hel-len'ik,  a.  [Gr.  hellmikos.  ]  Pertaining  to 
the  Hellenes;  Greek;  Grecian.— Hellenism, 
hel'len-izm,  n.  A  Greek  idiom;  the  type 
of  character  usually  considered  peculiar 
to  the  Greeks.  — Hellenist,  hel'leu-ist.  n. 
One  who  affiliates  with  Greeks;  one  skilled 
in  the  Greek  language.— Hellenistic,  Hel- 
lenistical,  hel-len-is'tik,  hel-len-is'ti-kal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  Hellenists. — Hellenization, 
herien-i-za"shon,  n.    Act  of  hellenizing. — 


Hellenizo,  hel'len-iz,  v.i.  To  use  the  Greek 
language  or  adopt  Greek  manners. 

Helm,  helm,  n.  [A.  Sax.  helma,  a  helm;  D. 
tielvi,  a  tiller;  G.  helm,  a.  helve,' a  tiller; 
akin  to  helve.]  The  instrument  by  v/hich 
a  ship  is  steered,  consisting  of  a  rudder,  a 
tiller,  and  in  large  vessels  a  wheel ;  in  a 
narrower  sense,  the  tiller;  fig.  the  place  or 
post  of  direction  or  management.— « t.\  To 
steer;  to  guide.  —  Heimage,  hel'maj,  ». 
Guidance.— Helmless,  helm'lcs,  a.  With- 
out a  helm  or  steering  apparatus.- Helms- 
man, helmz'man,n.  The  man  at  the  helm 
or  wheel  who  steers  a  ship. 

Helm,  helm,  n.  [A.  Sax.  helm,  what  covers, 
a  helmet,  irom-helan,  to  cover;  D.  and  G. 
helm,  Goth,  hilms,  Icel.  hjdhnr,  'Dun.lijehu; 
lielmet  in  a,  dita.  torm.  Hell.]  A  helmet. 
[Poet.]  —  v.t.  To  cover  with  a  helmet.  — 
Helmed,  Helmeted,  helmd,  hel'met-ed,  o. 
Furnished  with  a  helmet.— Helmet,  hel'- 
met,  n.  A  defensive  covering  for  the  lieau; 
head  armour  composed  of  metal,  leather, 
&c.;  6o<..the  upper  part  of  a  ringent  cor- 
olla.—Helmet-flower  ,n.  Aconite.— Helraot- 
chell,  »i.  The  name  of  certain  univalve 
shells,  some  of  which  furnish  the  material 
for  shell  cameos. 

Helminthagogue,  hel-min'tha-gog,  n.  [Gr. 
helmins,  lielmintlios,  a  worm,  and  ago,  to 
expel.]  Med.  a  remedy  against  worniB;  r.a 
anthelmintic.  — Helminthiasis,  hel-mia- 
thi'a-sis,  n.  Med.  the  disease  of  worma  in 
any  part  of  the  body.  —  Helminthic,  hel- 
min'thik.a.  Relating  to  worms;  expelling 
worms.  —  n.  A  medicine  for  expelling 
worms;  a  vermifuge.  —  Helminthite,  hel- 
min'thit,  n.  A  fossil  worm-track  or  worm- 
trail.  —  Heliuinthoid,  hel-min'thoid,  a. 
Worm-shaped;  vermiform.  —  HelmSntho- 
logic,  Helminthological,  hel-min'tho-loj  "- 
ik.  hel-miu'tho-loj  'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
helminthology.  —  Helminthologist,  hel- 
min-thol'o-ji.st,  n.  One  versed  in  helmin- 
thology— Helminthology,  hel-min-thol'o- 
ji,  n.  'Ihe  knowledge  or  natural  history  of 
worms. 

Heloderma,  he-lo-d6r'ma,  «.  [Gr.  helos,  a 
stud,  a  wart,  and  derma,  skin.]  A  Mexican 
lizard  about  3  feet  long,  having  teeth 
furnished  with  poison  glands,  being  tho 
only  venomous  lizard  known. 

Helot,  he'lot,  n.  [Qr.  heilotes.]  A  slave  in 
ancient  Sparta;  hence,  a  slave  in  general. 
—  Helotism,  he'lot-izm,  n.  The  condition 
of  a  Helot;  slavery.- Helotry,  hu'lot-ri,  n. 
Helots  collectively;  bondsmen. 

Help,  help,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  /t«ipan  =  Goth. 
hilpat>,,D.  helpen,lce\.  hjdlpa,  Dan.  hjelpe, 
G.  hel/en,  to  help^— from  same  root  as  Skr. 
kalp,  to  suit,  to  be  of  service.]  To  give  as- 
sistance or  aid  to;  to  aid;  to  assist;  to  suc- 
cour, to  relieve;  to  cure  or  mitigate  (pain 

•  or  disease);  to  avail  against:  to  prevent;  to 
remedy;  to  forbear;  to  avoid  (to  help  doing 
something).- To  help  forward,  to  advance 
by  assistance;  to  assist  in  making  pro- 
gress. —  To  help  on,  to  forward;  to  aid.— 
To  help  out,  to  aid  in  delivering  from 
difficulty,  or  to  aid  in  completing  a  de- 
sign. —  To  kelp  over,  to  enable  to  sur- 
mount.—To  help  (a  person)  to,  to  supply 
with ;  to  furnish  with.  —  v.i.  To  lend 
aid ;  to  be  of  use ;  to  avail.  —  n.  [A.  Sax. 
helpe,  Icel.  hjdlp.]  Aid  furnished;  de- 
liverance from  difficulty  or  distress;  assis- 
tance; that  which  gives  assistance;  one 
who  or  that  which  contributes  to  advance 
a  purpose;  remedy?  relief;  a  domestic  ser- 
vant (U.S.).— Helper,  hel'pfer,  n.  One  that 
helps,  aids,  or  assists;  an  assistant;  an 
auxiliary.— Helpful,  help'ful,  a.  Furnish- 
ing help;  useful.  —  Helpfulness,  help'ful- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  helpful.— 
Helpless,  help'les,  a.  Destitute  of  help  or 
strength;  needing  help;  feeble;  weak;  af- 
fording no  help;  beyond  help.— Helplessrly, 
help'les-li,  adv.  In  a  helpless  manner. — 
Helplessness,  help'les-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  helpless.  —  Helpmate,  help'mat,  n. 
An  assistant;  a  helper;  a  partner;  a  con- 
sort; a  wife.— Helpmeet,  help'mSt,  n.  A 
helpmate. 

Helter-skelter,  hel'tfer-skel't^r,  adv.  [A 
term  formed  to  express  bustle;  comp.  G. 
holter-poUer,  D.  hulter  de  butter,  Sw.  huller 
am  buUer,  &c.]  'An  expression  denoting 
hurry  and  confusion. 


ch,  e^n;     ch,Sc.loch;     g,  po;     ),}dbf  n,  Fr.  to«;     ng,  siwj;;     ih,  then;  th,  thia;     w,  wig; 


wh,  ""tig, 

21 


zh,  asure. 


HELVE 


322 


KEPTATEUCH 


Melre,  heir,  n.  [A.  Sai.  AcZ/e, .  O.H.G. 
halx,  helbe;  same  root  as  helm  (of  a  ship), 
hut.i  The  handle  of  an  axe  or  hatchet.— 
v.t. — helved,  helving.  To  furnish  with  a 
helve,  as  an  axe. 

Helvetic,  hel-vet'ik,  a.  Uj-Helveticus,  from 
Helvetii,  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  Swit- 
zerland.] Of  orpertaining  to  Switzerland. 
Hem,  hem,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hxm,  a  hem;  akin  to 
Icel.  hemja,  Dan.  hemrm,  O.Pris.  hemma, 
D.  and G.  hemmen,  to  stop,  check, restrain.] 
The  border  of  a  garment,  doubled  and 
sewed  to  strengthen  it;  edge,  border,  mar- 
gin.—?;.^  he^nmed,  hemvAing.  To  form  a 
hem  or  border  on;  to  border;  to  edge.— Jo 
hem  in,  to. inclose  and  confine;  to  surround 
closel^;  to  environ.' 

Hem,  hem,  inter j.  [Imitative  and  more 
correctly  hvi.'\  An  exclamation  consisting 
in  a  sort  of  half -cough,  loud-  or  subdued 
as  the  emotion  may  suggest :  sometimes 
used  as  a  noun.— v.i.  To  make  the  sound 
TieTn;  hence,  to  hesitate  or  stammer  in 
speaicing. 

Eemachrome,  he'ma-kromj  n.  Same  as 
Hmviachrome,  some  words  of  which  6r. 
hairna,  blood,  forms  the  first  part,  being 
written  iJeori?cB.—Hemadromometer,he'- 
ma-dro-mom"et-fer,  n.  [6r.  haiina,  droTiws, 
course,  and  metron,  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  rate  at  which  the 
blood  moves  in  the  arterles.-r-Hemadjma- 
mometer,h6'ma-din-a-mom"et-er,n.  A  con- 
trivance for  ascertaining  the  pressure  of 
the  blood  in  the  arteries  or  veins  by  ob- 
serving the  height  to  which  it  will  raise  a 
column  of  mercury. — Hemal,  hS'mal,  a. 
E^SMAx,. — Hemastatic,  Hemastatical,  h6- 
ma-stat'ik,  he-ma-stat'i-kal,  a.  [Gr.  /wi- 
ma,  and  statikos,  causing  to  stand.]  Med. 
serving  to  arrest  the  escape  or  flow  of 
blood.  —  Hemastatics,  h5-ma-stat'iks,  n. 
The  doctrine  as  to  the  circulation  of  the 
blood.— Hemathenn,  hs'ma-therm,  n.  [Gr. 
haima,  and  thermos,  hot.]  A  warm-blooded 
animal. — Hemathermal,  he-ma-ther'mal, 
a.  Warm-blooded. —  Hematine,  Hema- 
tosine,  h5'ma-tin,  he-ma-to'sin,  n.  [Gr. 
Iiainia,  haimatos,  blood.]  The  red  colour- 
ing matter  of  the  blood.  —  Hematite-,  he'- 
ma-tit,  n.  [Gr.  haimatites,  from  haima, 
blood.]  A  name  of  two  ores  of  iron,  red 
hematite  and  brown  hematite,  so  named 
from  the  blood-red  colour  of  the  former 
variety,  which  is  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant ores. — Hematitic,  h5-ma-tit'ik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  hematite  or  resembling  it. — 
Ilematosis,  he-ma-to'sis,  n.  HiEMAiosis. 
— Hematoxyline,  he-ma-tok'si-Un,  n.  [Gr. 
haima,  haimatos,  and  xylon,  wood.]  The 
colouring  principle  of  logwood. 
Hemeralopia,  he'me-ra-lo"pi-a,  n.  IGr. 
hfmera,  the  day,  alaos,  blind,  and  ops,  the 
eye.]  A  term  sometimes  used  to  mean 
night  blindness,  sometimes  day  blindness, 
the  latter  being  the  natural  meaning;  op- 
posite of  nyctalopia. 

Eemicarp,  hem'i-karp,  n.  [Gr.  hemi,  half, 
karpos,  fruit.]  Bot  one  of  the  halves  of  a 
fruit  which  spontaneously  divides  into 
two. 

Kemicranla,  hem-i-kra'ni-a,  n.    [Gr.  hSmi. 
half,  cranion,  the  skull.]    A  pain  that 
affects  only  one  side  of  the  head, 
liemicycle,  hem'i-si-kl,  n.    [Gr.  hSmi,  half, 
and  kyklos,  a  circle.]  A  half  circle;  a  Semi- 
circle; a  semicircular  area. 
Hemigamous,  he-mig'a-mus,  a.    [Gr.  hemi, 
half,  and  games,  marriage.]    Bot.  having 
one  of  the  two  florets  in  the  same  spikelct 
neuter,  and  the  other  unisexual. 
Hemihedral,hem-i-he'dral,a.  [Gr.Wmi.half, 
and  hedra,  a  face.]    Mineral,  applied  to  a 
crystal  having  only'half  the  normal  num- 
ber of  faces.  —  Hemlhedrally,  hem-i-he'- 
f"!ral-li,  adv.    In  a  hemihedral  manner.— 
2Iemihedron,  hera-l-he'dron,  n.    A  soUd 
Vemihedrally  divided. 
Jlamlmetabolic,    hem'i-met-a-bol"ik,    a. 
[Gr.  hemi,  half,  and  metaboie, change.]  Ap- 
jiiied  to  inrsccts  which  undergo  an  incom- 
plete metamorphosis. 
Hemiopia,  Hemiopsy,  hem-i-o'pi-a,  hem-i- 
op'si,  n.    [Gr.  hCini,  half,  and  opsis,  sight.] 
A  defect  of  vision  in  which  the  patient 
sees  only  a  part  of  the  object  he  looks  at. 
Hemiplegia,    Eemiplegy,    hem-i-ple'ji-a, 
hem'i-plej-i,  n.  [Gr.  hemi,  half,  smApUoi,  a 


stroke.]  Pajralysis  of  one  half  of  the  body. 
— Hemiplegia,  hem-i-plej'ik,  o.  Relating 
to  hemiplegia. 

Hemipter,  Hemipteran,  he-mip't6r,  he- 
mip'ter-an,  n.  [Gr.  hemi,  half,  attd  pteron, 
a  wing.]  One  of  an  order  of  four-winged 
insects,  so  named  because  many  of  them 
have  the  outer  wings  leathery  at  the  base 
and  transparent  towards  the  tips,  includ- 
ing the  locusts,  bugs,  plarit-Uce,  &c. — 
Hemlpterous,  he-mip'ter-us,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  hemipters. 

Hemisphere,  hem'i-sfSr,  «.  [Gr.  hemi- 
sphairion  —  hemi,  half,  and  sphaira,  a 
globe.]  A  half  sphere;  one  half  of  a  sphere 
or  globe;  half  the  terrestrial  or  the  celes- 
tial globe. — Hemispheres  of  the  brain,  the 
two  parts,  one  on  each  side,  which  con- 
stitute great  part  of  the  brain.— Hemis- 
pheric,  Hemispherical,  hem-i-sf  er'ik,  hem- 
i-sfer'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  hemisphere. 
— Hemispheroid,  hem-i-sfer'oid,  n.  The 
half  of  a  spheroid;— Hejnisrpheroidal,  hem'- 
i-sfe-roi"dal,  a.  Approaching  to  the  figure 
of  a  hemisphere. 

Hemistich,  hem'i-stik,  n.  [Qr.  hSmistichion 
—hemi,  half,  and  stichos,  a  verse.]  Half  a 
poetic  verse,  or  a  verse  not  completed. — 
Hemistichal,  he-mis'ti-kal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  written  in  hemistichs. 

Hemitropal,  Hemitropous,  he-mit'ro-pal, 
he-mit'ro-pus,  a.  [Gr.  himi,  and  tropos,  a 
turn.]  Turned  half  round;  half-inverted; 
bot.  applied  to  an  ovule. 

Hemlock,  hem'lok,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hemledo- 
hem,  of  doubtful  meaning,  and  ledc,  an 
herb.  Comp.  garlic,  charlock,  &c.\  A 
poisonous  European  plant  with  compound 
umbels  of  small  white  flowers,  of  consider- 
able value  in  medicine;  an  American  fir 
with  branches  resembling  hemlock. 

Hemoptysis,  he-mop'tis-is,  Ji.  H^emopttsis. 

Hemorrhage,  he'mor-aj,,  n.  [Gr.  haimor- 
rhagia— haima,  blood,  and  rhSgnymi,  to 
break,  to  burst.]  A  discharge  of  blood 
from  the  blood-vessels.— Hemorrhagic,  he- 
mo-raj'ik,  a.    Pertaining  to  hemorrhage. 

Hemorrhoida,  he'mor-oidz,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  hai- 
morrho'is,  haimarrhoxdos,  a  gushing  of 
blood — haima,  blood,  and  rhoos,  a  flowing, 
from  rhed,  to  flow.]  Piles.— Hemorrhoidal, 
he-mo-roi'dal,  a.  Pertaining  to  hemor- 
rhoids. 

Hemp,  hemp,  n.  [A.  Sax.  henep,  hanep= 
D.  hennep,  Dan.  hamp,  Icel.  hampr,  G. 
hanf;  cog.  Armor,  canib,  Ir.  cannaib,  I/. 
cannabis,  Gr.  kanndbis,  Skr.  fana,  hemp.] 
An  annual  herbaceous  plant,  the  prepared 
flbre  of  which,  also  called  hemp,  is  made 
into  sail-cloth,  ropes,  &c.;  the  hangman's 
rope.  —  Hempen,  hem'pn,  o.  Made  of 
hemp.  —  Hemp-palm,  n.  A  Chinese  and 
Japanese  palm  whose  leaves  yield  a  valu- 
able flbre. 

Hen,  hen,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hen,  Jienn—V.  Tien, 
Icel.  hcena,  G.  henne,  hen— the  feminines 
corresponding  to  A.  Sax.  and  Goth,  hana, 
D.  haan,  G.  hahn,  Icel.  hani,  a  cock,  the 
root  being  same  as  in  L.  eano,  to  sing.] 
The  female  of  any  kind  of  bird;  especially, 
the  female  of  the  domestic  or  barn-yard 
fowl. — Henbane,  henl)§.n,n.  A  poisonous 
British  plant  found  in  waste  ground,  and 
sometimes  fatal  to  domestic  fowls,  but 
yielding  a  .iuice  that  is  used  as  a  sedative 
and  narcotic.  —  Hen-cooj),  n.  A  coop  or 
cage  for  fowls.— Hen-harrier,  n.  A  species 
of  hawlr,  io  named  from  its  depredations 
in  the  poultry-yard.  —  Hen  -  hearted,  a. 
Havin|c  a  heart  lik^  that  of  a  hen;  timid ; 
cowardly.  —  Hen-house,  n.  A  house  or 
shelter  for  fowls.  —  Hennery,  hen'6r-i,  n. 
An  inclosed  place  for  hens.  —  Henjpeck, 
hen'pek,  v.t.  To  govern  or  rule:  said  of  a 
wife  who  has  the  upper-hand  of  her  hus- 
band.—Henpecked,  hen'pekt,  a.  Govei-ned 
by  one's  wif  e.— Hen-roost,  n.  A  place  where 
poultry  rest  at  night.  —  Hen-wife,  Hen- 
woman,  n.  A  woman  who  takes  charge 
of,  or  deals  in  poultry. 

Hence,  hens)  cidv.  [O.E.  henTies,  a  genit. 
form  from  older  henne;  A.  Sax.  heonan, 
hence;  G.  hin,  Goth,  hina,  hence;  from  the 
pronominal  element  seen  in  he,  here,  &c.] 
From  this  place;  from  this  time  (a  week 
hence};  as  a  consequence,  inference,  or  de- 
duction from  something  just  before  stated; 
from  this  source  or  origin.— i^rom  hence 


is  sometimes  used  tautologicaUy  for  li/ivxe. 
—Henceforth,  Henceforward,  bens'fSrth, 
hens-for'w6rd,  adv.  From  this  time  for- 
ward. 

Henchman,  hensh'man,  n..  [Probably 
haunch  and  Ttum,  a  man  wno  stands  at 
one's  haunch; compare^Mnt«y{=^anfc-«j^).] 
A  servant;  a  male  attendant;  a  footman; 
a  follower; 

Hendecagon,  hen-dek'a-gon,  «.  [Gr.  'hen- 
d£ka,  eleven,  and  gOnia,  an  angle.]  Geom. 
a  plane  figure  of  eleven  sides  and  as  many 
angles. 

Hendecasyllahle,  hen-dek'arsil-la-bl,  n. 
[Gr.  hendeka,  eleven,  a.nd  syllabe,  a  syl- 
lable.] A  metrical  line  of  eleven  syllables. 
— Hendecasyllabic,  hen-dek'a-sil-lab"ik,  a. 
Having  eleven  syllables. 

Hendiadys,  hen-di'a-dis,  n.  [Gr.  hen  dia 
dyoin,  one  by  two.]  A  figure  of  speech  by 
which  two  nouns  are  used  insteaa  of  one, 
or  one  and  an  adjective. 

Henna,  hen'na,  ti.  [Ar.  Ainn(t-a.]  A  plant 
cultivated  in  Egypt,  the  leaves  of  which 
yield  a  paste  employed  by  Eastern  wo- 
men to  stain  the  nails  and  finger-tips  an 
.orange-colour, 

Henotheisn^  hen'o-th€-izm,  n.  [Gr.  heis, 
henos,  one,  and  theos,  god.]  A  belief  and 
worship  of  a  single  object  as  a  deity. 

Henotic,  he-not'ik,  a.  [Gr.  heia,  henos, 
one.]  Tending  to  make  one,  to  unite,  or 
to  reconcile. 

Hep,  hep^re.    A  hip  (the  fruit). 

Hepatic,  Hepatical,  he-pat'ik,  hS-pat'i-kal, 
a.    [L.  hepaticus,  Gr.  hepatikos,  from  h£- 

f)ar,  hepatos,  the  liver.]  Pertaining  to  the 
iver. — n.  A  medicine  that  acts  on  the 
liver.  —  Hepatite,  hep'a-tit,  n.  [L.  h-epa- 
titis,  Gr.  hepar,  hepatos,  the  liver.]  A 
variety  of  sulphate  of  baryta,  which  when 
rubbed  or  heated  exhales  a  fetid  odour. — 
Hepatitis,  hep-a-tVtis,  n.  Inflammation 
of  the  liver.— Hepatization,  hep'a-ti-za"- 
shon,  n.  The  state  of  being  hepatized; 
the  condensation  of  a  texture  so  as  to  re- 
semble the  liver.— Hepatize,  hep'a-tiz,  v.t. 
—hepatized,  hepatizing.  Pathol,  to  gorge 
with  efinsed  matter;  to  convert  into  a  sub- 
stance resembling  liver.— Hepatocele,  he- 
pat'o-sel,  n.  [Gr.  kele,  a  tumour.]  Hernia 
of  the  liver.— Hepatorrhoea,  hep'a-to-re"a, 
n.  [Gr.  rheO,  to  flow.]  A  morbid  flow  of 
bile. 

Heptachord,  hep'ta-kord,  n.  [Gr.  hepta, 
seven,  and  chords,  chord.]  Anc.  mus.  a 
diatonic  octave  without  the  upper  note; 
an  instrument  with  seven  strings. 

Heptad,,hep'tad,  n.  [Gr.  heptas,  heptadoa, 
from  hepta,  seven.]    A  sum  of  seven. 

Heptaglot,  hep'ta-glot,  n.  [Gr.  hepta, 
seven,  and  glotta,  language.]  A  book  in 
seven  languages. 

Heptagon,  hep'targon,  n.  [Gr.  hepta,  seven, 
and  gSniaj  an  angle.]  Geom.  a  plane 
figure  having  seven  sides  and  as  many 
angles.  —  Heptagonal,  hep-tag 'on-al,  a. 
Having  seven  angles  or  sides. 

HeptagjrnooB,  Heptagynlan,  hep-taj'in-us, 
hep-ta-jin'i-an,  a.    [Gr.  hepta,  seven,  and 

jgyn£,  a  woman.]  Bot.  having  seven  styles. 

Heptahedron,  hep-ta-he'drgn,  n.  [Gr. 
hepta,  seven,  ana  hedra,  a  base.]  A  solid 
figure  with  seven  sides.  —  Heptahedral, 
hep-ta-he'dral,  a.    Having  seven  sides. 

Eeptamerous,  hep-tam'^r-us,  a.  [Gr.  hepta, 
seven,  and  meros,  a  part.]  Bot.  consisting 
of  seven  parts:  having  its  parts  in  sevens. 

Heptandrous,  Heptandrian,  hep-tan'drus, 
hep-tan'dri-an,  a.  [Gr.  hepta,  seven,  and 
aner,  andros,  a  male.]    Bot.  having  seven 

Heptanffilarjiep-tang'gll-lfr.a.  [Gr.Jiepta, 
seven,  and  E.  angular.]  Having  seven 
angles. 

Heptarchy,  hep'tar-kl,  n.  [Gr.  Tiepta,  seven, 
and  arche,  rule.]  A  government  by  seven 
persons,  or  the  country  governed  by  seven 
persons :  usually  applied  to  the  •  seven 
Anglo-Saxon  kingdoms  into  which  Eng- 
land was  once  divided.  —  Heptarch,  Hep- 
tarchist,  hep't&rk,  hep-tar'kist,  n.  A 
ruler  of  one  division  of  a  heptarchy. — 
Heptarchic,  hep-tarTdk,  a.  Pertaining, 
to  or  consisting  of  a  heptarchy. 

Heptateuch,  hep'ta-tok,  n.  [Gr.  hepto, 
seven,  and  teucJios,  book.]  The  first  seven 
books  of  the  Old  Testament. 


rate,  far,  fat,  f^U;     me,  met,  her;     piae,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tftbe,  tub,  b\ill ;     oil,  pound;     tl,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  «. 


HEE. 


323 


HERO 


Her,  h6r,  pron.;  a  lonn  anrwering  to  sev- 
eral cases  of  she.  [O.E.  hire,  A.  Sax.  hire, 
heore,  genit.  and  dat.  case  of  the  prououn 
he6,  she,  the  feminine  of  fi4,  he.  He.] 
Tlie  possessive  case  of  she  [her  face);  the 
dative  case  of  she  (give  her  that  book);  the 
objective  case  of  she  (I  love  her).  —  Hers, 
h6rz,  pron.  [From  her,  with  s  of  the  pos- 
sessive case.]  A  possessive  pronoun  used 
instead  of  her  and  a  noun,  as  subject,  ob- 
ject, or  pre  dicate.—Herself,her-self',  prow. 
An  emphasized  or  reflexive  form  of  the 
3d  pers.  pron.  fem.,  used  iu  the  same  way 
as  himself  (which  see). 

Herald,  her'ald,  n.  [O.Fr.  herault,  herald, 
Pr.  Iieraut,  from  O.H.G.  hariwalt  (G. 
herold),  an  officer  of  an  army— Aari,  heri, 
an  army  (akin  E.  harry),  and  waltan,  to 
rule  (E.  wield).]  An  officer  whose  business 
was  to  denounce  or  proclaim  war,  to  chal- 
lenge to  battle,  to  proclaim  peace,  to  bear 
messages  from  the  commander  of  an  army, 
&c.;  an  officer  who  marshals  processions 
and  superintends  public  ceremonies;  one 
who  records  and  blazons  the  arms  of  the 
nobility  and  gentry,  and  regulates  abuses 
therein;  a  proclaimer;  a  publisher;  a  fore- 
runner.—w.j.  To  introduce  or  to  give  tidings 
of,  as  by  a  herald;  to  proclaim.— .Heraldic, 
he-ral'dik,  a.  Pertaining  to  heralds  or 
heraldry.  —  Heraldically,  he-ral'di-kal-li, 
adv.  In  a  heraldic  manner.  —  Heraldry, 
her'ald-ri,  n.  The  art  or  office  of  a  herald; 
the  art  of  blazoning  arms  or  ensigns  ar- 
morial, or  the  knowledge  pertaining  there- 
to.—Heraldsliip,her'ald-3hip,n.  The  office 
of  a  herald. 

Herb,  hfrrb  or  6rb,  n.  [Fr.  Jierbe,  L.  herba, 
herb,  from  a  root  meaning  to  eat  or 
nourish,  seen  in  Gr.  phorhe,  pasture,  fod- 
der.] Any  plant  with  a  soft  or  succulent 
stem  (or  stems)  which-  dies  to  the  root 
every  year,  as  distinguished  from  a  tree 
and  a  shrub,  which  have  woody  stems.— 
Herbaceous,  hfir-ba'shus,  a.  (L.  herba- 
ceus.  I  Pertaining  to  herbs.  —  Herbaceous 
plants,  plants  which  perish  annually  down 
to  the  root;  soft,  succulent  vegetables. — 
Herbage,  h^rTiai,  n.  Herbs  collectively; 
green  food  for  beasts;  grass;  pasture. — 
Herbaged,  hfer'bajd,  o.  Covered  with 
herbage  or  grass.  —  Herbal,  hur'bal,  n.  A 
book  containing  the  names  and  descrip- 
tions of  plants;  a  collection  of  plants  dried 
and  preserved;  a  herbarium. — a.  Pertain- 
ing to  herbs.  —  Herbalizm,  hsr'b.-tl-izm,  n. 
The  knowledge  of  herbs.— Herbalist,  Her- 
barian,  h6r'bal-ist,  her-ba'ri-an,  w.  A  per- 
son who  makes  collections  of  plants;  a 
dealer  in  medicinal  plants.  —  Herbarium, 
her-birri-um,  n.  A  collection  of  dried' 
plants  systematically  arranged;  a  book  or 
other  contrivance  for  preserving  dried 
specimens  of  plants.— Herbary,  hCr'ba-ri, 
n.  A  garden  of  plants.— Herb-bennet,  n. 
[Saint  Bennet's  or  Benedict's  herb.)  Com- 
mon avens,  an  aromatic,  tonic,  and  astrin- 
gent plant.  —  Herbescent,  her-bes'ent,  a. 
[h.  herbescens.]  Growing  into  herbs. — 
Herbiferous  h6r-bif 'er-us,  a.  Bearing 
herbs.— Herbivore,  her'bi-vor,  n.  A  her- 
bivorous aiiimal.— Herbivorotis,  h6r-biv'o- 
rus,  a.  [h.  herba,  and  voro,  to  eat.]  Eat- 
ing herbs;  subsisting  on  plants  (a  her- 
bivoivus  animal).  —  Herborize,  her'boriz, 
v.i. — herborized,  herborizing.  [Fr,  herbor- 
iser.]  To  search  for  plants;  to  seek  new 
species  of  plants;  to  botanize.-— Herboriza- 
tion,  her'bo-ri-za"shon,  n.  The  act  of  her- 
borizing.—Herbose,Herbous,  her'bos,  hfer- 
bus,  a.  [L.  herbosus.]  Abounding  with 
herbs. —Herbulent,  hfer'ba-lent,  o.  Con- 
taming  herbs.  —  Herb-woman,  n.  A  wo- 
man that  sells  herbs.  —  Herby,  hir'bi,  a. 
Having  the  nature  of  herbs ;  abounding 
in  herbs. 

Herculean,  h6r-kQ'l6-an,  a.  Pertaining 
to  Hercules;  resembling  Hercules  in 
strength;  very  difficult  or  dangerous  (a 
Herculean  task). 

Herd,  herd,  n.  [A.  Sax.  heord,  Aerd^Goth. 
kairda,  D.  tierde,  Dan.  hjord,  Icel.  hjorth, 
G.  herde,  a  herd,  flock,  drove,  &c.]  A  num- 
ber of  beasts  feeding  or  driven  together;  a 
company  of  men  or  people,  in  contempt  or 
detestation;  a  crowd;  a  rabble. —  v.i.  To 
forrn  or  unite  in  a  herd ;  to  feed  or  run  iu 
1  :;Tas;  to  associate;  to  unite  in  companies. 


—Herdsman,  h«rdz'man,r».  A  man  attend- 
ing a  herd. 

Herd,  herd,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hirde,  a  herdsman 
or  shepherd,  from  heord,  a  flock  or  herd; 
Goth,  hairdeis,  Icel.  hirdi,  L)an.  hyrde,  G. 
hirt:  same  origin  as  the  preceding.  I  A 
keeper  of  cattle  or  sheep:  now  mostly  in 
composition.as  shepherd,  goa.t-herd,  swine- 
herd. 

Here,  her,  adv.  fA.  Sax.  h4r=Da.n.  and 
Goth,  tier,  Icel.  Mr,  G.  and  D.  hier,  here; 
based  on  the  pronominal  element  seen  in 
ke.i  In  this  place;  in  the  place  where  the 
speaker  is  present:  opposed  to  there;  in  the 
present  life  or  state;  to  this  place,  hither 
(come  here).  Herein  Here's  for  you.  Here 
goes,  &c.,  is  a  sort  of  exclamation  to  at- 
tract attention  to  something  about  to  be 
done,  the  subject  in  familiar  phrases  hav- 
ing been  dropped  out. — ^'either  here  nor 
there,  neither  in  this  place  nor  in  that; 
hence,  unconnected  with  the  matter  in 
hand;  irrelevant;  unimportant.— //tre  and 
there,  in  one  place  and  another;  thinly  or 
irregularly  dispersed.— Hereabout;  Here- 
abouts, her'a-bout,  her'a-bouts.odw.  About 
this  place;  in  this  vicinity  or  neighbour- 
hood.—Hereafter,  her-af 'ter,  adv.  In  time 
to  come;  in  some  future  time  or  state. — 
n.  A  future  state.  —  Hereat,  her-at',  adv. 
At  or  by  reason  of  this.— Hereby,  h5r-bi', 
adv.  l5y  this;  by  means  of  this;  close  by; 
very  near.— Herein,  h?r-in',  adv.  In  this. 
— Hereinafter,"her-in-af'ter,  adv.  In  this 
afterwards:  applied  to  something  after- 
wards to  be  named  or  described  in  a  v/rit- 
in^— Hereinto,  hfr-iu  to,  adv.  Into  this. 
— Hereof,  her-of,  adv.  Of  this;  concerning 
this;  fron>this.— Hereon,  her-on',adt».  On 
this.— Hereto,  her-to',  adv.  To  this.— Here- 
tofore, hCr-tO-fSr',  adv.  Beforeorupto this 
time ;  formerly.  —  Hereunto,  hcr-un-to', 
adv.  Unto  this  or  this  time;  hereto. — 
Hereupon,  her-up-on',  adv.  Upon  tliis; 
hereon.— Herewith,  her-with',  adv.  With 
■  this. 

Heredltable,  h5-red'i-ta-bl,  a.  [L.L.  here- 
ditabilis, from  L.  hereditas,  hereditatis,  the 
act  of  inheriting,  from  heres,  heredis,  an 
heir.  Heir.]  Capable  of  being  inherited. 
—  Hereditability,  hs-red'i-ta-bil"i-ti,  n. 
State  of  being  hereditable.  —  Heredita- 
ment, he-red'i-ta-ment,  n-  [L.L.  heredi- 
iamentum.'\  Any  species  o/  property  that 
may  be  inherited.— Hereditarily,  he-red'i- 
ta-ri-!i,  adv.  By  inheritance.— Hereditary, 
h8-red'i-ta-ri,  a.  [L.  hereditarius.]  De- 
scended by  inheritance;  descending  from 
an  ancestor  to  an  heir;  descendible  to  an 
heir-at-law;  that  is  or  may  be  transmitted 
from  a  parent  to  a  child.  —  Heredity,  he- 
red'i-ti,  n.  [L.  heredilas."]  Hereditary 
transmission  of  qualities  of  like  kind  with 
those  of  the  parent;  the  doctrine  that  the 
offspring  inherits  the  characteristics  of 
the  parent  or  parents. 
Heresy,  her'e-si,  n.  [Fr.  herisie,  L.  haeresis, 
from  Gr.  hairesis,  a  taking,  a  principle  or 
set  of  principles,  from  haireO,  to  take.]  A 
doctrine,  principle,  or  set  of  principles  at 
variance  ^lath  established  or  generally 
received  principles;  especially  an  opinion 
or  opinions  contrary  to  the  established 
religious  faith,  or  what  is  regarded  as  the 
true  faith ;  heterodoxy.— Heresiarch,  he- 
r6'si-ark,n.  [Gr.hairesiarchos,  hairesis,  her- 
esy, and  arche,  rule.]  A  leader  in  heresy; 
a  prominent  or  arch  heretic.  —  Heresiar- 
chy,he-re'si-ar-ki,n.  Chief  heresy.— Here- 
Elographer,  he-r6'si-og"ra-fer,  n.  One  who 
writes  on  heresies.  —  Heresiography,  he-r5'- 
si-oe"ra-fi,  n.  A  treatise  on  heresy.— Here- 
tic, her'e-tik,  n.  [li.hcereticus.]  A  person 
who  holds  heretical  opinions;  one  who 
maintains  heresy.— Heretical,  he-ret'i-kal, 
a.  Containing  or  pertaining  to  heresy. — 
Horetically,  he-ret'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  he- 
retical manner. 

Heriot,  her'i-ot,  n.  [A.  Sax.  heregeatu,  mili- 
tary equipment,  a  heriot — here,  an  army, 
and  geatu,  equipment.]  Law,  a  chattel  or 
payment  given  to  the  lord  of  a  fee  on  the 
decease  of  the  tenant  or  vassal.  —  Eerlot- 
able,  her'i-ot-a-bl,  a.  Subject  to  the  pay- 
ment of  a  heriot. 

Heritable,  her'i-ta-bl,  a.  [O.Fr.  Mritable, 
abbrev.  from  L.L.  hereditabilis.  Heredit- 
able. J    Capable  of  being  inherited;  in- 


heritable.—flieritabte  propertv,  the  name 
in  Scotland  for  real  property.— Heritable 
security,  security  constituted  by  heritable 
property.  —  Heritably,  her'i-ta-bli,  adv. 
By  way  of  inheritance.  —  Heritage,  her'i- 
taj,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  hereditas,  heritage.] 
That  which  is  inherited;  inheritance; 
Scots  law,  heritable  estate  or  realty. — 
Heritance,t  her'i-tans,n.  Inheritance.— 
Heritor,  her'i-ter,  n.  In  Scotland,  a  pro- 
prietor or  landholder  in  a  parish.  —  Herl- 
tsix,  her'i-triks,  n.    A  female  heritor. 

Herling,  Hirling,  her'ling,  n.  The  young 
of  the  sea-trout. 

Hermaphrodite,  her-maf'ro-dit, ».  [From 
Hermaphroditos  of  Greek  mythology,  son 
of  Hermes  and  Aphrodite,  who  became 
united  into  one  body  with  a  nymph.]  An 
animal  in  which  the  characteristics  of 
both  sexes  are  either  really  or  apparently 
combined;  bot.  a  flower  that  contains  both 
the  stamen  and  the  pistil,  or  the  male  and 
female  organs.— a.  Including  or  being  of 
both  sexes. —  Hermaphrodite  brig,  a  brig 
that  is  square-rigged  forward  and  schoon- 
er-rigged aft— Hermaphroditic.Hermaph- 
roditical,  her-maf'ro-dit"ik,  her-maf'ro- 
dit"i-kal,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  her- 
maphrodite. —  Hermaphroditically,  her- 
maf'ro-dit"i-kal-li,aJt).  After  the  manner 
of  hermaphrodites.  —  Hermaphrodism, 
Hermaphrcdeity,  Hermaphroditism,  hcr- 
mafrod-izm,  her-maf 'ro-de"i-ti,  her-maf- 
rod-it-izm,  n.  The  state  of  being  her- 
maphrodite. 

Hermeneutics,  her-mC-nO'tiks,  n.  [Gr.  her- 
meneutikos,  from  hermeneus,  an  interpre- 
ter, from  Hermes,  Mercury.]  The  art  or 
science  of  interpretation :  especially  ap- 
plied to  the  interpretation  of  the  Scrip- 
tures; excge8is.—Hermeneutic, Hermeneu- 
tical,  her-m5-nn'tik,  her-me-nti'ti-kal,  a. 
Interpreting;  explaining;  exegetical;  un- 
folding the  signification.  —  HermeneuM- 
cally,  her-me-nQ'ti-kal-li,  adv.  According 
to  hermeneutics.— Hermeneutist,  her-me- 
na'tist,  n.    One  versed  in  hermeneutics. 

Hermetic,  Hermetical,  her-met'ik,  her- 
met'i-kal,  a.  [Fr.  hermStique,  from  the 
ancient  Hermes  Trismegistus,'vho  was  re- 
garded as  skilled  in  alchemy  and  occult 
science.]  Appellative  of  or  pertaining  to 
alchemy  or  the  doctrines  of  the  alchemists; 
efTected  by  fusing  together  the  edges  of 
the  mouth  or  aperture,  as  of  a  bottle  or 
tube,  so  that  no  air,  gas,  or  spirit  can 
escape  (the  hermetic  method  of  sealing). — 
Hermetically,  her-met'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a 
hermetic  manner;  by  fusing  the  edges  to- 
gether. 

Hermit,  her'mit,  n.  [Fr.  ermite,  O.Fr.  Jier- 
mite,  Gr.  eremites,  from  erSmos,  lonely, 
solitary,  desert.]  A  person  who  retires 
from  society  and  lives  in  solitude;  a  re- 
cluse; an  anchoret.  —  Hermitage,  her'mi- 
taj,  n.  The  habitation  of  a  hermit;  a  kind 
of  French  wine.— Hermitary,  her'mi-ta-ri, 
n.  A  cell  for  the  use  of  a  hermit  annexed 
to  some  abbey.— Hermit-crab,  n.  A  species 
of  crab  which  takes  possession  of  and  oc- 
cupies the  cast-off'  shells  of  various  mol- 
luscs, carrying  this  habitation  about  with 
it,  and  changmg  it  for  a  larger  one  as  it 
increases  in  size.  —  Hermltical,  her-mit'i- 
kal,  a.  Pertaining  or  suited  to  a  hermit 
or  to  retired  life. 

Eermodactyl,  her -m5- dak 'til,  n.  [Gr. 
Hermes,  iiercury,  and  daktylos,  a  finger; 
Mercury's  finger.]  A  white  root  brought 
from  Turkey,  anciently  in  great  repute  as 
a  cathartic. 

Hem,  hem,  n.    A  heron. 

Hernia,  her'ni-a,  n.  [L.]  Surg,  a  protrusion 
of  some  part  from  its  natural  cavity  by  an 
abnormal  aperture;  commonly  the  protru- 
sion of  viscera  through  an  aperture  in  the 
wall  of  the  abdomen;  rupture. — Hernial, 
Hemions,  hCr'ni-al,  her'ni-us,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  hernia.— Hemiology,  her-ni-ol'o-ji, 
n.  That  branch  of  surgery  which  deals 
with  ruptures. 

Hemshaw,  hem'sha,  n.    A  heronshaw. 

Hero,  he'ro,  n.  pi.  Heroes,  he'roz.  [L.  heros, 
from  Gr.A^rOs;  akin  to  L.  vir  (seen  in  vir- 
ile, virttwj),  A.  Sax.  wer,  a  man;  Skr.  vtra, 
a  nero.l  A  kind  of  demigod  in  ancient 
Greek  mj-thology;  hence,  a  man  of  dis- 
tinguished vaJour  or  intrepidity;  a  promi- 


ch,  c/iain;     cA,  Sc.  locA;     g,  yo;     j./ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sin;;     9a,  tAen;  th,  tAin;     w,  wig;     wh,  wWg;     «h,  a^ure 


HERON 


S24 


HEXAPETALOUg 


nent  or  central  personage  in  any  remark- 
able action  or  event;  the  principal  person- 
age in  a  poem,  play,  novel,  Ac.  —  Heroic, 
h6-ro'ik,  o.  [L.  heroicus.i  Pertaining  to 
a  hero;  becoming  a  hero;  characteristic  of 
a  hero;  brave  and  magnanimous;  intrepid 
and  noble;  reciting  the  achievements  of 
heroes;  epic— Heroic  treatment,  remedies, 
vied,  treatment  or  remedies  of  a  violent 
character.  —  Heroie  verse,  in  Englisii  poe- 
try, the  iambic  verse  of  ten  syllables,  in 
French  the  iambic  of  twelve,  and  in  clas- 
sical poetry  the  hexameter.— Heroicall3f, 
be-rO'i-kal-Ii,  adv.  in  a  heroic  manner. — 
Heroine,  her'o-in,  n.  IFr.  heroine.i  A  fe- 
male hero.  —  Heroism,  h6'ro-izm,  n.  The 
qualities  of  a  hero;  bravery;  courage;  in- 
trepidity.—Heroize,  he'ro-iz,  v.t.  To  make 
a  hero  of;  to  elevate  to  the  rank  of  a  hero. 
— Herosmp,  he'ro-ship,  n.  The  character 
or  condition  of  a  hero. — Hero-worship,  n. 
The  worship  of  heroes;  excessive  admira- 
tion of  great  men. 

Heron,  her'un,  ii.  [Fr.  Mrcm,  O.Fr.  hairon, 
from  U.H.U.  keigro,  heigero,  Icel.  hegri, 
Sw  hager,  a  heron;  heuce  also  Fr.  aigre, 
dim.  aigrette,  E.  egret.]  A  grallatoiial  bird 
■with  a  long  bill  cleft  beneath  the  eyes, 
long  slender  legs  and  neck,  formerly  the 
special  game  pursued  in  falconry.— Her- 
onry, her  uu-ri,  n.  A  place  where  herons 
breed.— Heronshaw,  her'un-shji,  n.  lO.Fr. 
hennv;eau,  heroncel,  a  young  neron.J  A 
young  heron;  a  heroJi.- 

Eerpes,  hCr'pez,  n.  [Gt.  Iii:i-f^e»,  from  herpO, 
to  creep.]  A  skin  disease  chai-acterized  by 
the  eruption  of  inllamed  vesicles,  such  as 
shingles.— Herpetic,  Herpetical,  htr-pet'- 
ik,  her-pet'i-kal,  o.  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling herpes. 

Herpetology,  hSr-pe-tol'o-ji,  n.  fGr.  her- 
peton,  a  reptile,  from  herpo,  to  creep,  and 
loffos,  discourse.)  A  description  of  reptiles; 
the  natural  history  of  reptiles.  —  Herpet- 
ologlc,  Herpetological,  h6r-pet'o-loj''ik, 
her-pet'o-loy'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  her- 
petology.—Herpetologist,  her-pe-tol'o-jist, 
n.    One  versed  in  herpetology. 

Herr,  her,  n.  The  German  equivalent  of 
the  I^nglish  Mr. 

Herring,  her'ing.  n.  FA.  Sax.  h(ering=T). 
haring,  G.  h&ring,  Icel.  hceringr,  herring; 
from  A.  Sax.  here,  G.  heer,  an  army,  from 
the  fish  moving  in  shoals.  Harky,  Her- 
ald. I  A  common  fish  found  in  incredible 
numbers  in  the  German  Ocean,  the  north- 
em  parts  of  the  Atlantic,  Ac,  of  great 
importance  as  an  article  of  food  or  com- 
merce. —  Herring-bone,  work,  masonry  in 
■which  the  stones  are  laid  angularly,  giving 
a  slight  resemblance  to  the  spine  of  a 
herring.— //errinp- bone  stiteh,  a  kind  of 
stitch  used  in  woollen  work. — v.t.  and  i. 
To  seam  with  a  herring-bone  stitch. 

Hers,  hcrz,  pron.    Under  Her. 

Herse,  hers,  n.  fFr.  herse,  O.Fr.  hei-ee,  a 
harrow,  a  portcullis;  same  as  hearse.] 
A  portcullis  in  the  form  of  a  harrow, 
set  with  iron  spikes ;  a  similar  structure 
used  for  a  chevai-de-frise;  a  framework 
whereon  lighted  candles  were  placed  in 
some  of  the  ceremonies  of  the  church,  and 
at  the  obsequies  of  distinguished  pei-sons; 
sometimes  a  hearse. 

Herself.     Under  Her. 

Hesitate,  hez  i-tat,  v.i.  —  hesitated,  hesitat- 
ing. (L.  h/rsito,  hecsitatum,  intens.  from 
haereo,  haestmi,  to  stick,  as  in  adhere,  cohere, 
inhererU.]  To  stop  or  pause  respecting  de- 
cisiou  or  action;  to  be  doubtful  as  to  fact, 
principle,  or  determination;  to  stammer; 
to  stop  in  speaking. — I'.t.t  To  be  undecided 
about ;  to  insinuate  hesitatingly  (Por>e). 
—Hesitatingly,  hez'i-ta-ting-li,  adv.  In  a 
hesitating  manner— Hesitation,  hez-i-ta'- 
shon,  n.  [L  hcesitatio,  huisitationis.]  The 
act  of  hesitating ;  a  stopping  in  speech ; 
intprmission  between  words;  stammering. 
--Hesitative,  hez'i-ta-tiv,  a.  Showing  hesi- 
tation. —  Hesitancy,  hez'i-tan-si.  n.  The" 
act  of  hesitating  or  doubting.  —  Hesitant, 
hez'i-tant,  a.  [h.  haesitans,  hcesitantis.] 
Hesitating;  wanting  readiness. 

Hesperian,  hes-pe'ri-an,  a.  [L.  hesperius, 
western,  from  Gr.  hesperos  (=  L.  vesper), 
the  evening.]  Western;  situated  at  the 
west.    [Poet.]  — Hesperides,  hes-per'i-dez, 

.  ji.  pi.    Greek  myth,  the  daughters  of  Hes- 


He 


perns,  poBsessors  of  the  gartfen  of  golden 
fruit,  watched  over  by  a  dragon,  at  the 
western  extremities  of  the  earth. — Hespe- 
ridiom,  hes-pe-ridi-um,  n.  Bot.  a  fleshy 
fruit  such  as  that  of  the  orange. 

Hessian,  besh'i-an,  a.  Helating  to  Hesse 
in  Germany.—  Hessian  hoot,  a  kind  of  long 
boot  originally  worn  by  the  Hessian 
troops.— n.  A  native  of  Hesse;  a  Hessian 
boot. — Hessian-fly,  n.  [From  the  notion 
that  it  was  brought  into  America  by  the 
Hessian  troops  during  the  revolutionary 
war.]  A  small  two- winged  fly  nearly  black, 
the  larva  of  which  is  very  destructive  to 
young  wheat. 

Hest,  nest,  n.  |A.  Sax.  haes,  a  command 
(the  t  being  added  a»  in  amongst),  from 
hdtan,  to  command ;  coinp.  G.  geheiss,  a 
command,  heissen,  to  bid;  D.  heeten,  to 
command.  Heuce  befiest.]  Command; 
3rece])t;  injunction;  order.  [Poet.] 
etan8m,Heteirism,  het'a-rizm,  he-ti'rizm, 
n.  [Gr.  hetarg,  hetaira,  afemale  paramour.] 
That  primitive  state  of  Society  in  which 
the  women  of  a  tribe  are  held  in  common. 
— Hetaristic,  het-a-ris'tik,  a.  Pertaining 
to  hetarism. 

Heterarchy,  het'er&r-ki,  n.  [Gr.  heteros, 
another,  and arcAe,  rule.]  The  government 
of  an  alien. 

Heterocarpous,  het'e-ro-kar"pus,  a.  (Gr. 
heteros,  other,  and  karpos,  fruit.]  Bot. 
beariiig  fruit  of  two  sorts  or  shapes. 

Heterocephalons,  het'e-ro-sef"a-lus,  a.  (Gr. 
heteros,  other,  kcphale,  a  head.]  Bot.  hav- 
ing some  ■flower- heads  male  and  others 
female  in  the  same  individual. 

Heterocercal,  Heterocerc,  het'e-ro-s6r"kal, 
het'e-ro-s6rk,  a.  [Gr.  heteros,  other, kerkos, 
a  tail.]  Having  the  vei-tehral  column 
running  to  a  point  in  the  upper  lobe  of  the 
tail,  as  in  the  sharks  and  sturgeons :  con- 
trasted  with  homocercal.  —  Heterocercy, 
het'e-r5-s6r"si,  n.  Inequality  in  the  lobes 
of  the  tail  in  fishes. 

Heteroclite,  het ' e-rO-klit,  n.  (Gr.  hetero- 
klUon— heteros,  other,  and  kliiUi,  to  incline, 
to  lean  away  from  the  normal  form.]  A 
word  which  is  irregular  or  anomalous 
either  in  declension  or  coniueation:  some- 
thing abnormal.  —  HeterocUtic,  Hetero- 
clitical,  het'e-ro-klit"ik,  het'e-ro-kUt"i-kal, 
a.    Irregular;  anomalous. 

Heterodactyle,  het '  e-ro-dak  "  til,  a.  f  Gr. 
heteros,  other,  daktylos,  a  finger  or  toe.) 
Having  the  toes  irregular  in  number  or 
formation. 

Heterodox,  het'e-ro-doks,  a  (Gr.  heteros, 
other,  and  doxa,  opinion.]  Contrary  to 
established  or  generally  received  opinions; 
contrary  to  some  recognized  standard  of 
opinion,  especially  in  theology;  not  ortho- 
dox. —  Heterodoxly,  hct'e-ro-doks-li,  adv. 
In  a  heterodox  manner.  —  Heterodoxy, 
het'e-ro-dok-si,  n.  The  holding  of  hetero- 
dox opinions;  heresy. 

HeterodromouB,  het-e-rod'ro-mus,  o.  [Gr. 
heteros,  other,  dromos,  a  running.]  JBot. 
running  in  different  directions,  as  leaves 
on  a  stem. 

HeterogamouB,  het-e-rog'a-mus,  a.  [Gr. 
heteros,  other,  gamos,  marriage.]  Bot.  ir- 
regular in  regard  to  the  arrangement  of 
the  sexes;  having  florets  of  different  sexes 
in  the  same  flower-head.— Heterogamy, 
het-e-rog'a-mi,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
beinR  heterogamous. 

Heterogeneous,  het'e-ro-je"n6-u8,  a.  [Gr. 
heteros.  other,  and  genos,  kind.]  Differing 
in  kind;  composed  of  dissimilar  or  incon- 
gruous parts  or  elements:  opposed  to  homo- 
geneous.—B.eteTogeneoviBly,\\et'e-To-j6"n&- 

•us-li,  adv.  In  a  heterogeneous  manner. 
Also  Heterogeneal,  het'e-rO-je"ne-al. — 
Heterogeneousness,  Heterogeneity,  het'e- 
ro-je"n5-us-ne8,  het'e-ro-je-n6"i-ti,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  heterogeneous. 

Heterogenesis,  Heterogeny,  het'e-ro-jen"©- 
sis,  het-e-roj'e-ni,  n.  [Gr.  heteros,  other, 
and  genesis,  generation.]  Biol,  spontane- 
ous generation;  also,  same  as  Alternate 
Generation. 

Eeterologons,  het-e-rol 'o-gus,  a.  [Gr.  he- 
teros,other,  and  topos.analogy,  proportion.] 
Different;  not  analogous  or  homologous. 
—Heterology,  het-e-rol'o-ji,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  heterologous;  biol.  want 
or  absence  of  relation  or  analogy  between 


parts;  difference  in  structure  from  the 
tyi)e  or  normal  form. 

Heteromorphlc,  Heteromorpliona,  het'e-ro- 
mor"fik',  het'e-ri)-mor"fus,  o.  [Gr.  Iieteros, 
other,  morphe,  form.  ]  Of  an  irregular 
or  unusual  form ;  having  two  or  more 
diverse  shapes.  —  Heteromorphlsm,  Hete- 
romorphy,het'e-r6-mor"fizm,het'e-r0-mor- 
fi,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  hete- 
romorphic;  existence  under  different  forms 
at  different  stages  of  development. 

Eeteronomy,  het-e-ron'b-mi,  n.  [Gr.  heteros, 
different,  nomas,  law.]  Subordination  to 
th&law  of  another:  opposed  to  autonomy. 
— HeteronomouB,  het-e-ron'o-mus,  a.  I'er- 
taining  or  relating  to  heteronomy. 

Heteropathic,  het '  e-ro-path  "  ik,  a.  (Gr. 
heteros,  other,  pathos,  suffering.]  Allo- 
pathic. —  Heteropathy,  het-e-rop'a-thi,  n. 
Allopathy. 

Heterophyllous,  het-e-rof'i-lus  or  het-e-r6- 
finus,  a.  [Gr.  heteros,  other,  phyllon.  leaf.] 
Bot.  having  two  different  kiiids  of  leaves 
on  the  same  stem. 

Heteropod,  het'e-ro-pod,  n.  [Gr.  heteros, 
other,  pous,  podos,  a  foot.]  One  of  an 
order  ol  marine  molluscs,  the  most  highly 
organized  of  the  gasteropoda,  the  foot  be- 
ing compressed  into  a  kind  of  fin.— Heter- 
opodous,  het-e-rop'o-dus,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  heteropods.. 

Heteropterous,  het-e-rop't6r-us,  a.  [Gr.  het- 
eros, other,  and  pteron,  a  wing.]  Entompl. 
having  wings  partly  leathery,  partly  mem- 
branous: said  of  certain  hemipterous  in- 
sects. 

Heterotaxy,  het'e-ri>-tak"8i,  n.  [Or.  heteros, 
other,  and  taxis,  arrangement.]  Arrange- 
ment differing  from  that  existing  in  a 
normal  form  or  type;  confused,  abnormal, 
or  heterogeneous  arrangement  or  struc- 
ture. 

Heterotropal.  HeterotropoM.  het-e-rot'ro-- 
pal,  het-e-rot'ro-pus,a.  [Gr.  neteros,  other, 
trepo,  to  turn.]  Bot.  having  the  embyro  or 
ovule  oblique  or  transverse  to  the  axis  of 
the  seed. 

Hetman,  het'man,  n.  [Pol.,  from  G.  haupt- 
man,  head-man,  chieftain.]  The  title  of 
the  head  (general)  of  the  Cossacks. 

Hew,  hQ,  v.t. — pret.  hewed,  pi_  hewed  or 
hewn.  [A.  Sax.  hedwan,  D.  houwen,  G. 
hauen,  Icel.  hOggva,  Dan.  hugge,  to  hew; 
akin  hoe,  hay.]  To  cut  or  fell  with  an  axe 
or  other  like  instrument;  to  shape  with  a 
sharp  instrument:  often  with  out. — Hewer, 
hQ'6r,  n.    One  who  hews. 

Hexachord,  hek'sa-kord,  n.  (Gr.  )iex,  six, 
and  chorde,  a  chord.]  Mus.  a  scries  of  six 
notes,  each  rising  one  degree  over  the 
other. 

Hexagon,  hek'sa-gon,  n.  (Gr.  hex,  and 
gania,  an  angle.]  Geom.  a  figure  of  six 
sides  and  six  angles.  —  Hexagonal,  hek- 
sag'on-al,  a.  Having  six  sides  and  six 
angles.  —  Hexagonafly,  hek-sag'on-al-li, 
adv.    In  the  form  of  a  hexagon. 

Hexagynian,  Hexagynons,  hek-sa-iin'i-an, 
hek-saj'i-nus,  a.  |Gr.  hex,  six,  ana  gyni,  a 
female]    Bot.  having  six  styles. 

Hexahedron,  hek-sa-he'dron,  n.  (Gr.  hex, 
SIX,  and  hedra,  a  base  or  seat.]  A  regular 
solid  body  of  six  sides;  a  cube.  —  Hexabe- 
dral,  hek-sa-he  dral,  a.  Of  the  figure  of  a 
hexahedron;  cubic. 

Hexahemeron,  hek-sa-he'me-ron,  n.  (Gr. 
liex,  six,  and  hemera,  day.]  The  term  of 
six  days;  the  six  days'  work  of  creation  as 
described  in  the  first  chapter  of  Genesis. 

Hexameter,  hek-sam'e-tfer,  n.  [Gr.  hex,  six, 
and  metron,  measure.]  Pros,  a  verse  of 
six  feet,  the  first  four  of  which  may  be 
either  dactyls  or  spondees,  the  fifth  nor- 
mally a  dactyl,  though  sometimes  a  spon- 
dee, and  the  sixth  always  a  sjwndee.-u. 
Having  six  metrical  feet.  —  Hexametric, 
Hexametrical,  Hexametral,  hek-sa-met'- 
rik,  hek-sa-met'ri-kal,  hek-samet-ral,  a. 
Consisting  of  six  metrical  feet;  forming  a 
hexameter.  —  HexsimetrlAt,  hek-sam'et- 
rist,  n.    One  who  writes  hexameters. 

Hexandrian,  Hexandrous,  hek-san  dri-an, 
hek-san'drus,  a.  [Gr  hex,  six,  aner,  ow- 
dros,  a  male.]  Bot.  having  six  stamens, 
all  of  equal  or  nearly  equal  length. 

Hexangular,  hek-sang'ga-ltr,  a.  [Gr.  hex, 
six,  and  B.  angular.]    Having  six  angles. 

Hexapetalous,  hek-sa-pet'a-lus,  a.     [Gr. 


Fate,^ttat,JftU;  ^me,  met^hen^^^pme,  pin;     n5te,  not,mdve;_tQbe,tab,  b\)U;     oil,  pound}     tl,  Sc.  abtm©— the  Fr. Ji. 


HEXAPLA 


325 


HIGH 


hex,  six,  and  petalon,  a  petal. J  But.  hav- 
ing six  petals.  —  Hexapaylloas,  hek-saf  i- 
lus  or  hek-sa-fil'lug,  o.  [Gr.  hex,  six,  and 
•phyllon,  a  leaf.  ]    Bot.  having  six  leaves. 

Hexapla,  hek'sa-pla,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  hexapUncs, 
sixfold — hex,  six,  and  term,  as  in  double.] 
An  edition  of  the  Holy  Scriptures  in  six 
languages  or  six  versions  in  parallel  col- 
umns.— Hexaplar,  hek'sa-pl6r,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  hexapla. 

Hexapod,  hek'sa-pod,  o.  [Gr.  hex,  six,  and 
pons,  podoa,  a  foot.]  Having  six  feet. — n. 
An  animal  having  six  feet. 

Hexastich,  Hexastichon,  hek'sa-stik,  hek- 
sas'ti-kon,  n.  [Gr.  hex,  six,  stichos,  a  verse.] 
A  poem  consisting  of  six  lines  or  verses. 

Hexastyle,  hek'sa-stil,  n.  [Gr.  hex,  six,  and 
stulos,  a  column.]  A  portico  or  temple 
wnich  has  six  columns  in  front.  —  Hexa- 
Btylar,  hek'sa-sti-ler,  a.  Arch,  having  six 
columns  in  front. 

Hey,  ha.  [Comp.  G.  and  D.  hei.]  An  ex- 
clamation of  joy  or  to  call  attention. — 
Heyday,  ha'da,  exclam.  [Comp.  G.  heyda, 
heuii,  heia,  huzzau  1  heyaay  !]  An  excla- 
mation of  cheerfulness  and  sometimes  of 
wonder. 

Heyday,  ha'da,  n.  [Equivalent  to  hiohday.] 
A  frolic;  the  wildnesa,  or  frolicsome  period 
of  youth. 

Hiatus,  hi-a'tus,  n.  [L.,  from  hio,  to  open 
or  ^ape. j  An  opening;  a  gap;  a  space  from 
which  something  is  wanting;  a  lacuna; 
proa,  the  coming  together  of  two  vowels 
m  two  successive  syllables  or  words. 

Hibernal,  hi-bfer'nal,  a.  [L.  hibernalis,  from 
hihernus,  wintry,  akin  to  hienm,  winter; 
Or.  chion,  Skr.  hima,  snow.J  Belonging 
or  relating  to  winter;  wintry.— Hibernate, 
hi-ber'nat,  v.i.  —  hihematea,  hibernating, 
[h.  hibernoj  hibernatum.]  To  winter;  to 
pass  the  winter  in  sleep  or  seclusion,  as 
some  animals. — Hibernation,  hi-b6r-na'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  hibernating. — Hlber- 
naculum,  hi-b6r-nak'Q-lum,  n.  The  winter 
retreat  of  an  animal. 

Hibernian,  hl-ber'ni-an,  a.  [li.  Hibemia, 
Ireland.]  Pertaining  to  Hibemia,  now 
Ireland;  Irish. — n.  A  native  or  inhabitant 
of  Ireland. — Hibemianism,  Hibemiclsm, 
hi-b6r'ni-an-izm,  hi-bCr'ni-sizm,  n.  An 
idiom  or  mode  of  speech  peculiar  to  the 
Irish.— Hiberaicize,  hi-b6r'ni-siz,  v.t.  To 
make  Irish;  to  render  into  the  Irish  lan- 
guage or  idiom. — Hibemo-Celtlc,  hi-bcr'- 
no-sel"tik,  n.  The  Celtic  language  spoken 
in  Ireland. 

Eibrid,  hi'brid,  n.  and  a.    HrBRin. 

Hiccap,  Hiccongh,  hik'up,  n.  [An  imita- 
tive word ;  comp.  Dan.  hik  or  htkken,  D. 
hik,  hikken,  Fr.  hoqvet,  W.  to,  igian.  Ar- 
mor, hicq — all  imitative.]  A  spasmodic 
catching  in  the  breath  with  a  sudden 
sound ;  a  convulsive  catch  of  the  respira- 
tory muscles  re^ieated  at  short  intervals. 
— v.i.  To  have  hiccup.  [The  second  spell- 
ing is  erroneous,  and  suggested  by  cough.] 

Hickory,  hik'o-ri,  n.  [Etymol.  unknown.] 
A  North  American  tree  with  pinnate 
leaves,  growing  from  70  to  80  feet  high, 
the  wood  of  which  is  heavy,  strong,  tena- 
cious, and  most  valuable. 

Hidalgo,  hi-dal'go,  Sp.  pron.  e-dal'go;  n. 
[Sp.,  contr.  for  hijodalgo,  hijo  de  alga,  son 
of  somewhat — hijo,  from  h.Jilius,  son,  and 
algo,  from  L.  aliquod,  something,  some- 
what.) In  Spain,  a  man  belonging  to  the 
lower  nobility;  a  gentleman  by  oirth. 

Hide,  hid,  v.t.  —  nid  (pret.),  hid.  hidden 
(pp.),  hiding  (ppr.l.  [A.  Sax.  hpdan,  to 
hide;  cog.  W.  cuddiaw,  to  cover,  cudd, 
darkness,  .Gr.  keutho,  to  hide;  akin  hide, 
skin.]  To  withhold  or  withdraw  from 
sight  or  knowledge;  to  keep  secret;  to 
conceal.— w.t.  To  conceal  to  one's  self;  to  lie 
concealed.  —  Hide-and-seek,  n.  A  play 
among  children,  in  which  some  hide  them- 
selves and  one  seeks. them. — Hid,  Hidden, 
hid,  hid'n,  p.  and  o.  Concealed;  placed 
in  secrecy ;  secret ;  unseen ;  mysterious. — 
Hlddealy,  hid'n-M,  adv.  In  a  hidden  or 
secret  manner.  —  Hlddennesg,  hid'n-nes, 
n.  The  state  of  being  hidden  or  concealed. 
— Hider,  hi'dfer,  n.  One  who  hides  or  con- 
ceals.— Hiding-place,  n.  A  place  of  con- 
Hide,  hid,"n.    [A.  Sax.  hid--=r>.  huid,  Icel. 

'  hiith,  Dan.  and  Sw.  hud,  G.  fiaut,  hide; 


cog.  L.  ctUis,  Gr.  skulos,  the  skin  of  a 
beast,  from  root  meaning  to  cover,  as  in 
hide,  v.t.]  The  skin  of  an  animal;  especial- 
ly, the  undressed  skin  of  the  larger  domes- 
tic animals,  a.s  oxen,  horses,  &c. ;  the  human 
skin,  in  contempt. — v.t.  To  beat;  to  flog. 
[CoUoq.]— Hiding,  hi 'ding,  n.  A  flogging 
or  beating.  IColloq. J— Hidebound,  hid- 
bound,  a.  Having  the  skin  morbidly 
tight  on  the  body,  as  horses  or  cattle;  hav- 
ing the  bark  so  close  or  firm  as  to  impede 
growth. 

Hide,  hid,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hld^  contr.  from 
higid,  a  hide ;  same  root  as  hive.]  An  old 
measure  of  land  variously  estimated  at 
60  80,  and  100  acres. 

Hideous,  hid'e-us  a.  [Fr.  hidevjc,  O.Fr. 
hisdous,  rough,  sliaggy,  hideous,  from  L. 
hispidosus,  for  hispidus,  rough,  shaggy.] 
Frightful  to  the  sight;  dreadful;  shocKing 
to  the  eye;  shocking  in  any  way;  detest- 
able; horrible.— Hideously,  hid'S-us-li,  adv. 
In  a  hideous  manner. — Hideonsness,  hid'- 
5-us-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  hideous. — 
Eideosity,  hid-6-os'i-ti,  n.  The  condition 
or  quality  of  being  hideous;  f rightfulness. 

Hldrotlc,  hi-drot'ik,  n.  [Gr.  IcidrOs,  hidro- 
toa,  sweat.]  A  medicine  that  causes  per- 
spiration. 

Hie,  hi,  v.i.—hied,  hiei'>ig-  [A.  Sax.  higian, 
to  endeavour,  to  hasten ;  perhaps  from 
hyae,  hige,  the  mind,  thought ;  comp.  D. 
hijgen,  ]Jan.  hige,  to  covet.]  To  move  or 
run  with  haste;  to  go  in  haste  (often  with 
him,  me,  &c.,  reflexively;  as,  he  hied  him 
home). 

Hiemal,  hi-em'al,  a.  [L.  hiemalia,  from 
hiems,  winter.  Hiheknal.]  Pertaining 
to  winter;  wintry.— Hlemation,  hi-e-ma'- 
shon,  n.  The  spending  or  passing  of  the 
winter. 

Hlerarch,  hi'fer-ark,  n.  [Gr.  hteros,  sacred, 
and  archc,  rule.]  One  who  rules  or  has 
authority  in  sacred  things.— Hierarchic, 
Hierarchical,  Hlerarclxal,  hi-ir-ar'kik/  hi- 
*r-ar'ki-kal,  hi-tr-ar'kal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  hierarch  or  hierarchy. — HlerarchJcaJ- 
ly,  hi-er-ar'ki-kal-Ii,  adv.  In  a  hierarchic 
manner.— Hierarchism,  hi'tr-ark-izm,  n. 
Hierarchical  principles;  hierarchal  cha- 
racter. —  Hierarchy,  hi'6r-ar-ki,  n.  [Gr. 
hierarchia.\  Government  or  authority  in 
sacred  things;  the  body  of  clergy  in  whom 
is  confided  the  government  or  direction  of 
sacred  things;  rule  by  the  clergy. 

Hieratic,  Hieratical  hi-cr-at'ik,  hi-6r-at'- 
i-kal,  a.  [Gr.  hieratikos,  from  hieroa,  holy.] 
Consecrated  to  sacred  uses;  pertaining  to 
priests;  sacred  ;  sacerdotal;  especially  ap- 
plied to  the  characters  or  mode  of  writing 
used  by  the  ancient  Egyptian  priests,  a 
development  from  the  hieroglyphics. 

Hlerocracy,  hi-6r-ok'ra-si,  n.  (Gr.  hieroa. 
holy,  and  kratos,  power.  ]  Government 
by  ecclesiastics;  hierarchy. 

Hieroglyph,  Hieroglyphic,  hi'6r-o-gltf ,  hi'- 
6r-o-glif"ik,  n.  [<ir.  hieroa,  sacred,  and 
pZypM,  to  carve.]  Thefigure  of  an  animal, 
plant,  or  other  object  intended  to  convey 
a  meaning  or  stand  for  an  alphabetical 
character;  a  figure  implying  a  word,  an 
idea,  or  a  sound,  such  as  those  in  use 
among  the  ancient  Egyptians;  a  figure 
having  a  hidden  or  enigmatical  signifi- 
cance ;  a  character  difiicult  to  decipher. 
—Hieroglyphic,  Hierogl3T)hical,  hi'&r-o- 
glif''i-kal,  a.  Forming  a  hieroglyphic; 
consisting  of  hieroglyphics;  expressive  of 
meaning  by  hieroglyphics. — Hieroglyphl- 
cally,  hi'6r-o-glif"i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  hier- 
oglyphic manner.— Hieroglyphist,  hi'or-o- 
glif-ist,  n.  One  versed  in  hieroglyphics. — 
Hieroglyphize,  hi'er-o-glif-iz,  v.t.  To  ex- 
press by  hieroglyphics.  | 

Hierogram,  hi'er-o-gram,  n.  [Gr.  hieroa, 
sacred,  and  gramma,  letter,  grapho,  to 
write.]  A  species  of  sacred  writing. — 
Hlerogrammatic,  hi'6r-o-gram-mat"ik,  a. 
AVritten  in  or  pertaining  to  hierograms.— 
Hierographer,  hi-or-og'ra-fer,  n.  A  writer 
of,  or  one  versed  in  hierography.- Hiero- 
graphic,  Eierographlcal  hi'^r-o-graf"ik, 
ni'fer-o-graf'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  sacred 
writing.— Hlerography,t  hi-6r-og'ra-fi,  n. 
Sacred  writing. 

Hierolatry,t  hi-^r-ol'a-tri,  n.  [Gr.  hieroa, 
sacred,  and  latreia,  worship.]  The  wor- 
ship of  saints  or  sacred  things. 


Hlerology,  hi-^r-ol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  hieroa, 
sacred,  and  Zooos, discourse.]  Sacred  lore; 
knowledge  of  hieroglvphics  or  sacred  writ' 
ing.  —  Hlerologic,  ftierological,  hi'er-o- 
loj"ik,  hi'<;r-o-loj"i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
hierology.— Hierologist,  hi-6r-ol'o-jist,  n. 
One  versed  in  hierology. 
Hlerophant,  hi'6r-o-fant,  n.  [Gr.  hiero- 
phantea  —  hieroa,  sacred,  and  phaino,  to 
show.]  A  priest;  one  who  teaches  the 
mysteries  and  duties  of  religion.— Hiero- 
phantic,  hi'6r-o-fan"tik,  a.  Belonging  to 
hierophants. 

Higgle,  hig'l,  v.t.  —  higgled,  higgling.  [A 
weaker  form  of  haggle,  to  chaffer.)  To 
chaffer;  to  haggle  in  making  a  bargain; 
to  hawk  wares  for  sale.  — Higgledy-pig- 
gledy, hig'l-di-pig'l-di.odt>.  In  confusion, 
like  wares  in  a  higgler's  basket ;  topsy- 
turvy. [CoUoq.J-Hlggler,  hig'l-er,  n.  One 
who  niggles. 

High,  hi,  a.  [A.  Sax.  hedh,  h4h  =  Goth. 
havha,  Icel.  hdr,  Dan.  hoi,  D.  hoog,  G. 
hoch,  high;  hence  height.]  Having  a  great 
extent  from  base  to  summit;  rising  much 
above  the  ground  or  some  other  object; 
elevated,  lofty,  tall ;  exalted,  excellent, 
superior  (mindj  attainments,  art);  elevated 
in  rank,  condition,  or  office;  difficult  to 
comprehend;  abstruse;  arrogant,  boastful, 
proud;  loud,  boisterous,  threatening,  or 
angry  (high  words) ;  extreme,  intense, 
strong,  forcible;  exceeding  the  common 
measure  or  degree  (a  high  wind ;  high 
colour);  full  or  complete  [high  time);  dear; 
of  a  great  prifte,  or  greater  price  than 
usual;  remote  from  the  equator  north  or 
south  (a  high  latitude);  mv.a.  acute  or  ele- 
vated in  ttme;  capital;  committed  against 
the  king,  sovereign,  or  state  [high  treason); 
cooAr.  tending  towards  putrefaction;  strong- 
scented  (venison  kept  till  it  is  high).  Used 
substantively  for  people  of  rank  or  high 
station  (hiqh  and  low).— On  high,  ale  ft;  m 
a  lofty  position.— /7io/!  and  dry,  out  6f  the 
water:  out  of  reach  of  the  current  or  waves. 
—High  admiral,  an  oflicer  sometimes  ap- 
pointed to  be  at  the  head  of  naval  afiiiirs 
m  Britain.— High  altar,  the  chief  altar  in 
a  church.— High  Church,  the  party  in  the 
Church  of  England  who  exalt  the  author- 
ity of  the  Church,  and  attach  great  value 
to  the  episcopal  oflice  and  the  apostolic 
succession. — High  day,  a  festival  or  gala 
day.— High  day,  high  jioon,  the  time  wtien 
the  sun  is  in  the  Taeridia.n.— High  Dutch, 
High  German.  Dutch,  GEiiUA.K.--Hiph 
life,  the  style  of  living  of  the  upper  classes. 
— High  living,  indulgence  in  nch  or  costly 
food  and  drink.  —  High  maaa,  principal 
mass,  a  solemn  ceremony  in  which  the 

Sriest  is  assisted  by  a  deacon  and  sub- 
eacon.  —  High  place,  in  Scrip,  an  emi- 
nence or  mound  on  which  sacrifices  were 
offered,  especially  to  heathen  deities.- To 
be  on  the  high  horae,  to  viount  one's  high 
horae,  to  stand  on  one's  dignity;  to  assume 
a  lofty  tone  or  manner;  to  take  offence. — 
adv.  In  a  high  manner;  to  a  great  altitude; 
highlyj  richly;  luxuriously.- High-bom, 
a.  Bemg  of  noble  birth  or  extraction. — 
High-bred,  a.  Bred  in  high  life;  having 
very  refined  manners  or  breeding. — High- 
colonred,  o.  Having  a  strong,  deep,  or 
glaring  colour;  flushed  in  the  face;  de- 
scribed in  forcible  or  exaggerated  terms. 
-High-fed,  a.  Pampered;  fed  luxurious- 
ly.—Blgh-feadlng,  n.  Luxury  in  diet.- 
High-flier,  n.  One  who  is  extravagant  in 
pretensions  or  manners.  [Colloq.]— High- 
flown,  a.  Elevated ;  proud ;  turgid :  ex- 
travagant {high-flown  sentiment).— High- 
flying, o.  Extravagant  in  claims,  expec- 
tations, or  opinions.  —  High-handed,  a. 
Oppressive;  violent;  arbitrary.— Highland, 
hi'land,  n.  An  elevated  or  mountainous 
region:  generally  in  plural  (the  Highlands 
of  Scotland). — a.  Pertaining  to  highlands, 
especially  the  Highlands  of  Scotland.— 
Highlander,  Hlghlandman,  hi'land-6r,  hi'- 
land-man,n.  An  inhabitant  of  highlands, 
particularly  the  Highlands  of  Scotland.— 
Highland-fling,  n.  A  sort  of  dance  pecu- 
liar to  the  Scottish  Highlanders,  danced 
by  one  person.— High -low,  n.  A  kind  of 
laced  boot  reaching  to  the  ankle.— Highly, 
hi'li,  adv.  In  a  high  manner  or  to  a  high 
degree;  greatly;  decidedly;  markedly.— 


cb,  cAain;     c/t,  Sc.  locA;     g,  j/o;     j.iob;     ii.  Fr.  ton;     iis,sing;     »h,  tAen;  th,  <Ain;     w,  tdg;     wh,  toWg;     zh,  asure. 


HILAR 


326 


HIRE 


High-mettled,  a.  Tlavin^  high  spirit;  ar- 
den  t;  full  of  fire.— Higii-mmded,  a.  Proud; 
arrogant  (N.T. );  characterized  by  or  per- 
taining to  elevated  principles  and  teel- 
ini.'s  •  magnanimous.  —  Hlgh-mlndedneBS, 
71. — Highness,  hi'nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  high ;  a  title  of  honour 
given  to  princes  or  other  persons  of  rank: 
used  ■with  poss.  prons.  his,  her,  &c.— High- 
pressure,  a.  Having  or  involving  a  pres- 
sure exceeding  that  of  the  atmosphere,  or, 
in  a  more  restricted  sense,  having  a  pres- 
rure  greater  than  50  lbs.  on  the  square 
inch:  said  of  steam  and  steam-engines. — 
35igh-priced,  a.  Ctostly;  dear. —High-priest, 
II:  A  chief  priest.  —  High-prlestship,  n. 
</ffice  of  a  high-priest.— High-principled, 
a.  Of  strictly  honourable  or  noble  prin- 
ciples; highly  honourable.— High-road.  n. 
A  highway ;  a  much-frequented  road. — 
High-seas,  n.  pi.  The  open  sea  or  ocean; 
the  ocean  beyond  the  limit  of  3  miles  from 
the  shore.— High-seasoned,  a.  Enriched 
•with  spices  or  other  seasoning.  —  Hlgh- 
souled,  a.  Having  a  high  or  lofty  spirit; 
highly  honourable.  —  Hlgh-aountting,  a. 
Pompous;  ostentatious;  bombastic. — Hieh- 
sptrited,  a.  Having  a  high  spirit;  bold; 
manly;  sensitive  on  the  point  of  honour. — 
High-stepper,  n.  A  horse  that  lifts  its 
feet  well  from' the  ground.— High-strung, 
a.  Strung  to  a  high  pitch;  high-spirited; 
having  some  intense  emotion.— High-tide, 
n.  H igh- water.  —  High-toned,  a.  High 
in  tone  or  pitch;  high-principled;  noble; 
elevated.— High-voiced,  a.  Having  a  voice 
of  a  high  pitch.— High- water,  n.  The  ut- 
most flow  or  greatest  elevation  of  the 
tide;  also  the  time  when  such  flow  or  ele- 
vation occurs.  —  Highway,  hi'wa,  n.  A 
public  road;  a  "way  open  to  all  passengers. 
—Highwayman,  Highway-robber,  hi'wa- 
man.n.  One  who  robs  on  the  public  road 
or  highway,— High-wrought,  a.  Wrought 
with  exquisite  art  or  sklU;  inflamed  or 
agitated  to  a  high  degree. 

Hilar.    Under  Hildm. 

Hilarity,  hi-lar'i-ti,  n.  [Ft.  hilariU,  from 
L.  hilaritas,  from  hUaris,  hilarus,  Gr.  At- 
laros,  cheerful;  hence  exhilarate.]  A  plea- 
surable excitement  of  the  animal  spirits; 
mirth;  merriment;  gaiety. — Hilary  term, 
a  law  term  beginning  near  the  festival  of 
St.  Hilary,  which  is  January  13.— Hilari- 
ous, hi-la  ri-us,  o.    Mirthful;  merry. 

Hlldlng,t  hil'ding,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hyldxtn,  to 
bend,  to  crouch.l  A  mean  cowardly  per- 
son.— a.  Cowardly;  spiritless.   [Shaic.] 

HIU,  hil,  n.  I  A.  Sax.  hill,  hyU,  a  hiU;  O.D. 
hUle,  hU:  same  root  as  L.  cnllis,  a  hill, 
eolumna,  a  column.]  A  natural  elevation 
of  less  size  than  a  mountain;  an  eminence 
rising  above  the  level  of  the  >-urrounding 
land;  a  heap  (a  mole-/iiU).— HllUness,  hil'- 
i-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  hilly.  —  HUI- 
slda,  hil'sid,  n.  The  side  or  declivity  of  a 
hill. — Hilltop,  hil'top,  n.  The  top  or  sum- 
mit of  a  hill.— Hilly,  hil'i,  a.  Abounding 
with  hills.  —  HUlock,  hil'ok,  n.  [Dim.  of 
hill.]  A  small  hill ;  a  slight  elevation. — 
EUlocky,  hil'ok-i,  o.  Abounding  or  cov- 
ered with  hillocks. 

Hilt,  hilt,  n;  [A.  Sax.  hilt,  hilt=Ioel.  hjaU, 
Dan.  hjalte,  O.H.G.  helza;  same  root  as 
helve.]  The  handle  of  a  sword,  dagger,  &c. 
— Hiited,  hilt'ed,  a.  Having  a  hilt:  used 
in  composition  (a  hasket-hilted  sword). 

Hilum,  hi'lum,  n.  [L.]  The  mark  or  scar 
on  a  seed  (as  the  black  patch  on  a  bean) 
produced  by  its  separation  from  the  pla- 
centa.—Hilar,  hilfer,  o.  Pertaining  to  the 
hilum. 

Him,  him,  pron.  [In  A.  Sax.  the  dative 
and  instrumental  of  he  and  hit,  he  and  it, 
afterwards  used  instead  of  At7te,the  real  ac- 
cusative sing.  masc. ;  m  is  properly  a  dative 
suffix,  as  in  them,  whom.]  The  dative  and 
objective  case  of  he.  —  Hlmselfj  him-self, 
pron.  An  emphatic  and  reflexive  form  of 
the  3d  pers.  pron.  masc;  a.s,  himself,  he 
himself,  the  man  hir.iself,  told  me;  it  was 
himself,  or  he  himself;  he'  struck  himself. 
It  often  implies  that  the  person  has  com- 
mand of  himself,  or  is  possessed  of  his  na- 
tural frame  or  temper;  as,  he  is  not  him- 
self aX  all;  he  soon  came  to  him,self. — By 
himself,  alone;  unaccompanied. 

Winalayan,  him-a-U'ysoi  or  hi-m&la-yan. 


a.  [Skr.  Idtna,  snow,  and  Maya,  abode.] 
Belonging  to  the  Himalayas. 

Himyaric,  Hlmyaritic,him-yar'ik,him-ya- 
rit'ik,  a.  [From  Himyar,  an  ancient  king 
of  Yemen.]  Pertaining  to  the  ancient 
Arabic  of  South-east  Arabia. — n.  The  lan- 
guage of  South-eastern  Arabia. 

Hin,  hin,  n.  [Heb.]  A  Hebrew  measure 
containing  about  5  quarts. 

Hind,  hind,  n,  [A  bax.  hind  =  G.  and  D. 
hinde,  Icel.  Dan.  and  Sw.  hind.]  The 
female  of  the  red-deer,  the  stag  being  the 
male. 

Hind,  hind,  n.  [A.  Sax.  Mne,  hina,  with  d 
affixed,  as  in  lend,  sound;  akin  hive.]  A 
labouring  man  attached  to  a  household ; 
an  agricultural  labourer;  a  peasant;  a 
rustic. 

Hind,  hind,  a.  f  A.  Sax.  hind,  hind,  hindan, 
behind;  Goth,  hindana.  hiimar,0.  H .  G.ftin- 
tar,  G.  hinten,  behind,  hititer,  hind;  hence 
to  hinder.]  Backward ;  pertaining  to  the 
part  which  follows  or  is  behind :  in  oppo- 
sition to  fore.  —  Hinder,  hin'der,  a.  Be- 
longing to  that  part  which  is  in  the  rear; 
in  the  rear;  following;  after.— Hindmost, 
Hlndermost,t  hind'most,  hin'dermdst,  a. 
[A.  Sax.  hindema,  hindmost:  the  -mast  is  a 
corruption  as  in /'ore7nosi  (which  see).]  Far- 
thest behind;  behind  all  others:  last.— 
Hind-head,  n.  The  back  part  of  the  head: 
the  occiput. 

Hinder,  hin'dfer,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  hindrian,  to 
hinder,  from  hinder,  compar.  of  hind,  a. 
(which  see).]  To  prevent  frpm  proceeding 
or  from  starting;  to  stop;  to  interrupt;  to 
obstruct;  to  impede;  to  check  or  retard  in 
progression  or  motion;  to  debar;  to  shut 
out;  to  balk:  often  with  from,  and  a  verbal 
noun  (to  hinder  him  from  going:  the  from 
is  sometimes  omitted). — v.i.  To  interpose 
obstacles  or  impediments. — Hlnderer,hin'- 
d^r-*r,  n.  One  who  hinders.- Hindrance, 
Hlnderance,  hin'drans,  hin'der-ans,  n. 
The  act  of  hindering;  that  which  hinders; 
impediment;  obstruction;  obstacle. 

Hindu,  Hindoo,  hin-do'  or  hin'do,  n.  A  i)er- 
son  of  Aiyan  race  native  to  Hindustan. — 
Hinduism,  Hlndooism,  hin'db-izm,n.  The 
doctrines  and  rites  of  the  Hindus;  Brali- 
manism.  —  Hindustani,  Hlndoostanee, 
hin-d&-stan'5,  n.  A  language  of  Hindu- 
stan, akin  to  Sanskrit,  but  having  a  large 
admixture  of  Persian  and  Arabic  words, 
spoken  more  or  less  throughout  nearly  the 
whole  Peninsula.  —  Hindi,  hin'de,  n.  A 
language  of  Northern  India  akin  to  Hin- 
dustani, but  much  more  purely  Sanskrit. 

Hinge,  hinj,  n.  [Probably  from  hang,  O. 
and  Prov.  E.  and  Sc.  king;  comp.  Prov. 
E.  hingle,  a  small  hinge;  D.  hengsel,  a 
hinge.]  The  hook  or  joint  on  which  a 
door,  Ud,  gate,  shutter,  and  the  like  turns; 
the  joint  of  a  bivalve  shell ;  fig.  that  on 
•which  anything  depends  or  turns;  a  gov- 
erning principle,  rule,  or  point.  —  v.t.  To 
furnish  with  hinges. — v.i. —  hinged,  hing- 
ing.   To  stand,  depend,  or  turn,  as  on  a 

.  hinge. 

Hinny,  hin'i,  n.  (Xi.  hinnu3,  Gr.  hinnos, 
mule.]  A  mule,  the  produce  of  a  stallion 
and  a  she-ass.— ».i.  fL.  hinnio,  to  neigh.] 
To  neigh;  to  whinny. 

Hint,  hint,  n.  (Perhaps  from  O.E.  Jiente, 
A.  Sax.  herntan,  to  seize ;  comp.  also  Icel. 
ymtr,  a  muttering.]  A  motive  or  occa- 
sion (Shak.);  a  distant  allusion  or  slight 
mention;  a  word  or  two  suggesting  or  in- 
sinuating something;  a  suggestion. —  v.i. 
To  bring  to  notice  bjr  a  hint;  to  suggest 
indirectfy. .'.  To  hint  is  merely  to  make 
some  reference  or  allusion  that  may  or 
may  not  be  apprehended;  to  suggest  is  to 
offer  something  definite  for  consideration. 
— v.i.  To  make  or  utter  a  hint.— To  hint 
at,  to  allude  to.— Hlnter,  hin'tSr,  n.  One 
who  hints.  —  Hlntlngly,  hin'ting-li,  adv. 
In  a  hinting  manner. 

Hip,  hip,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hype=Icel.  huppr, 
Dan.  hofte,  Goth,  hups,  D.  luup,  G.  hiifte; 
akin  to  n€ap,  perhaps  to  Aump.J  The  fleshy 
.projecting  part  of  the  thigh;  the  haunch; 
arch,  the  external  angle  at  the  junction 
of  two  sloping  roofs  or  sides  of  a  roof. — 
To  have  a  person  on  the  hip,  to  have  the 
advantage  over  him ;  to  have  got  some 
catch  on  him.— 7'o  smite  hip  and  thigh,  to 
overthrow  completely  with  great  slaugh- 


ter (O.T.). —w.t.  —  WppeJ,  Wpj)i<u)-  To 
sprain  or  dislocate  the  hip.— Hip-bath,  n. 
A  portable  bath  in  which  the  body  can 
only  be  partially  immersed.  —  Hip-joint, 
n.  The  joint  of  the  hip,  a  ball-and-socket 
joint.— Hip-rafter,  n.  The  rafter  -tthich 
forms  the  hip  of  a  roof— Hip-roof,  Hipped- 
roof,  n,  A  roof  the  ends  of  which  slope 
Inwards  with  the  same  inclination  to  the 
horizon  as  its  two  other  sides.— Hip-shot, 
a.  Having  the  hip  dislocated;  lame;  awk- 
ward. 

Hip,  hip,  n.    [A  Sax.  hedpe.]    The  fruit  of 
i    the  dog-rose  or  wild-brier. 
I  Hip,  hip,  n.     [Contr.   of   hypochor.dria.1 
I    Hypochondria. — v.t.  To  render  hypochoc- 
I    driac  or  melancholy, — Hipped,  hipt,  p. 
and  a.    Rendered  melancholy;  character- 
j    ized  by  melancholy.— Hippish,  hip'ish,  a. 
j    Somewhat  melancholy  or  hypochondriac. 
I  Hip,  hip,  inter).  An  exclamation  expressive 
j    of  a  call  to  any  one  or  to  arouse  attention 
•hip,  hip,  hip,  hurrah  ! ). 
Hipplatry,  hip'i-at-ri,  n.     [Gr.  hippos,  a 
horse,  and  iatros,  a  physician,]  Veterinary 
I    surgery,— Hippiatric,  hip-i-at'rik,  a.   Per- 
j    taining  to  veterinary  surgery;  veterinary. 
I  Hippocampus,  hip-o-kam'pus,  n.    (Gr.  hip- 
;    pos,  a  horse,  and  kampto,  to  bend.]    A 
I    name  of  several  small  fishes  of  singular 
'    form,  having  the  head  and  foreparts  show- 
ing some  similarity  in  shape  to  the  head 
and  neck  of  a  horse,  and  a  prehensile  tail. 
Hippocentaur,  hip-o-sen'tar,  n.    [Gr.  hip- 
pokentauros  —  hippos,  a  horse,  and  ken- 
tanros,  centaur.]    Afylh.  a  fabulous  mon- 
ster, half  man  and  half  horse. 
Hippocras,  hip'o-kras,  n.     [Fr.,  lit.  wine 
of  Hippocrates.]   A  medicinal  drink,  com- 
posed of  wine  with  an  infusion  of  spices 
and  other  ingredients,  used  as  a  cordial. — 
Hlppocratic,-  hip-o-krat'ik,  a.     Pertain- 
ing to  Hippocrates,  a  Greek  physician, 
bom  B.C.  ^R.—Hippocratic  face,  the  ex- 
pression which  the  features  assume  im- 
mediately before  death,— Hlppocratism, 
hip-pok'rat-izm,  n.    The  doctrines  or  sys- 
tem of  Hippocrates. 

Hippocrepiform,  hip-o-krep'i-form,  a.  [Gr. 
hippos,  a  horse,  kripis,  a  shoe.]  £ot.  horse- 
shoe-shaped. 

HlpiMdroihe,  hip'o-drom,  n.  [Gr.  hippo- 
dromos — hippos,  a  horse,  dromax,  a  course.  ] 
Anciently,  a  place  in  which  horse-races 
and  chariot-races  were  performed;  a  cir- 
cus. 

Elppogrifl,  Hlppogr3rph,  hip'o-grif,  n.  [Gr. 
hippos,  a  horse,  and  gryps,  a  griffon.]  A 
fabulous  monster,  half  horse  and  naif 
griffon. 

Eippopathology,  hip'o-pa-thol"o-ji,  n.  [Gr. 
hippos,  horse,  and  E.  pathology.]  The 
science  of  veterinair  medicine. 
Hippophagy,  hip-pofa-ji,  n.  [Gr.  hippos,  a 
horse,  and  phage,  to  eat.]  The  act  or 
pi-actice  of  feeding  on  horse-flesh.  —  Hip- 
pophaglst,  hip-pof'a-jist,  n.  One  who  eats 
horse-flesh . — Hippopnagous,hip-pof 'a-gus, 
a.  Feeding  on  horse-flesh. 
Hippopotamus,  hip-o-pot'a-mus,  n.  pi. 
Hippopotamuses  or  Hippopotami,  hip-o- 
pot'a-mus-ez,  hip-o-pofa-mi.  (Gr,  hippos, 
a  horse,  and  potamos,  a  river,]  A  hoofed 
quadruped  of  great  bulk  inhabiting  lakes 
and  rivers  in  Africa,  being  an  excellent 
swimmer  and  diver,  and  feeding  on  her- 
bage. 

Hippotherium,  hip-5-the'ri-um.  n,  [Gr. 
hippos,  a  horse,  and  ihirion,  a  wild  beast,] 
An  extinct  quadruped  allied  to  the  horse. 
Elrclne,  Hlrcinous,  her'sin,  her-si'nus,  a. 
[L.  hircinus,  from  hircua,  a  goat.]  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  a  goat ;  na'iing 
a  strong,  rank  smell  like  a  goat;  goatish. 
Hire,  hir,  v.t— hired,  hiring.  [A.  Sax.  h^- 
ian,  from  hir,  hire ;  Dan.  hyre,  to  hire, 
'  hyre,  wages,  Sw.  hyra,  G.  heuer,  hire.]  To 
procure  from  another  person  and  for  tem- 
porary use  at  a  certain  price  or  equivalent; 
to  engage  in  service  for  a  stipulated  re- 
ward; tf)  grant  the  temporary  use  or  ser- 
■vice  of  for  compensation ;  to  let :  in  this 
sense  usually  with  out,  and  often  reflex- 
ively.  —  n.  The  compensation  given  for 
the  temporary  use  of  anything;  the  reward 
or  Recompense  paid  for  personal  service; 
wages.  —  Hireling,  hir'ling,  n.  [A.  Sax. 
hording.]  One  who  is  hired  or  who  serres 


Fate,  fir,  fat,  fftll;  v  me,  met,  h4r ;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tQbe,  tub,  b\ill;  ^  oil,  pound;     ti,  Sc.  ahtfltt©— the  Fr.  u. 


HIRSUTE 


327 


HOD 


I  for  wages;  a  venal  or  mercenary  person.— 

[  o.  Venal ;  mercenary.  —  Hirer,  hi'rer,  n. 
One  that  hires. 

Hirsute,  her-sQt',  a.  [L.  hirsutug,  shaggy, 
from  hirhis,  hairy,  connected  with  twrrid.] 
Rough  with  hair;  hairy;  shaggy. —Hir- 
sutenesa,  her-sat'nes,  n. 

Hirundine,  hi-run'dln,  a.  and  n.  [L.  hirun- 
do,  a  swallow.]    Swallow-like;  a  swallow. 

His,  hiz,  pron.  [In  A.  Sax.  the  genit.  sing. 
of  M,  he,  and  of  hit,  it.]  The  possessive 
case  singular  of  the  personal  pronoun  he: 
of  or  belonging  to  him;  formerly  also  used 
for  its. 

Hispid,  his'pid,  a,  [h.  hispidus,  rongh, 
hairy.  Hideous.]  Rough;  shaggy;  bristly; 
bot.  beset  with  stiff  bristles.  —  Hispidity, 
his-pid'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  hispid-. 
— Hlspidulous,  his-pid'u-lus,  a.  £ot.  hav- 
ing short  stiiF  hairs. 

Hiss,  his,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  hysian,  O.'D.hisaen. 
imitative  of  sound.]  To  make  a  sound 
like  that  of  the  letter  »,  in  contempt  or 
disapprobation;  to  emit  a  similar  sound: 
said  of  serpents,  of  water  thrown  on  hot 
metal,  &c.  —  v.t.  To  condemn  bv  hissing ; 
to  express  disapproval  of  by  hissing. — 
n.  The  sound  made  by  propelling  the 
breath  between  the  tongue  and  upper 
teeth,  as  in  pronouncing  the  letter  a,  es- 
pecially as  expressive  of  diaapprobation; 
any  similar  sound.— Hissingly,  his'ing-U, 
adv.    With  a  hissing  sound. 

Hist,  hist,  exclam.  iComp.  hush,  whist, 
Dan.  hs/s,  hush,  W.  huat,  a  low  buzzing 
sound.)  A  word  commanding  eileuce, 
equivalent  to  hush,  be  silent. 

Histogeny,  his-toj 'e-ni,  n.  [Gr.  histos,  a 
tissue,  and  root  pen,  to  produce.]  The  for- 
mation and  development  of  the  organic 
tissues.— Histogenetic,  his'to-je-nefik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  histogeny.  —  Histograpny, 
his-tog'ra-fi,  n.  A  description  of  the  or- 
ganic tissues.  —  Histologic,  Histological, 
his-to-loj'ik,  bis-to-loj'i-kal,a.  Pertaining 
to  histology.  —  Histologically,  his-to-Joj'i- 
kal-li,  adv.— Histologist,  his-tol'o-jist,  it. 
One  versed  in  histology.— Histology,  his- 
tol'o-ji,  n.  The  doctrine  of  the  tissues  which 
enter  into  the  formation  of  an  animal  or 
vegetable  and  its  various  organs.  —  His- 
tolysis, his-tol'i-sis,ri.  [Gr.  ii/sig,  solution.] 
The  decay  and  dissolution  of  organic  tis- 
sues. —  Histonomy,  his-ton'o-mi,  n.  [Gr. 
nomoa,  a  law.]  The  laws  of  the  formation 
of  tissues. 

History,  his'to-ri,  n.  [L.  historia,  a  history, 
from  Gr.  historia,  a  learning  by  inquiry, 
from  Gr.  histOr,  knovring,  learned;  same 
root  as  E.  wis,  wit,  to  know.  Story  is  a 
short  form  of  this.]  That  branch  of  know- 
ledge which  deals  with  events  that  have 
taken  place  in  the  world's  existence ;  the 
study  or  investigation  of  the  past;  a  nar- 
rative or  account  of  an  event  or  series  of 
events  in  the  life  of  a  nation,  or  that  have 
marked  the  progress  or  existence  of  any 
community  or  institution;  a  verbal  rela- 
tion of  facts  or  events;  a  narrative;  an  ac- 
count of  things  that  exist ;  a  description ; 
an  account  of  an  individual  person. — His- 
torian, histo'ri-an,  n.  A  writer  or  com- 
piler of  history ;  a  historical  writer. — 
Historic,  Historical,  his-tor'ik,  his-tor'i- 
kal,  a.  [L.  historicus.'\  Pertaining  to  or 
connected  with  historj';  containing  or  con- 
tained in,  deduced  from,  suitable  to,  re- 
g resenting,  &c.,  history.  —  Historically, 
is-tor'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  historic  manner. 
— Hlstorify,t  Historicize,t  his-tor  i  fi,  his- 
tor'i-siz,  v.t.  To  record  or  narrate:  to  write 
as  history.— Historied,t  his'to-rid,  a.  Re-, 
corded  in  history. — Historlette,  his-to'ri- 
et",  n.  [Fr.l  A  short  history  or  story;  a 
tale;  a  novel.— Historiographer,  his-to'ri- 
og"ra-f6r,  n.  A  historian;  particularly,  a 
professed  or  official  historian.  —  Historl- 
ographic,  Historiographical,  his-to'ri-5- 
graf'ik,  his-to'ri-o-graf'i-kal,  a.  Relating 
to  historiography.  —  Biistoriography,  his- 
tG'ri-og"ra-fi,  n.  The  art  or  employment 
of  a  historian;  the  writing  of  history. 

Histrionic,  Histrionical,  his-tri-on'ik,  his- 
tri-on'i-kal,  a.  [L.  histrionicus,  from  Ais- 
trio,  an  actor;  same  root  as  Skr.  has, 
to  laugh  at.]  Pertaining  to  an  actor  or 
stage-player;  belonging  to  stage-playing; 
theatrical;  stagey;  feigned  for  purposes 


of  effect.  —  HlEtrionlc,t  his-tri-on'ik,  n. 
A  dramatic  performer.  —  Histrionically, 
his-tri-on'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  histrionic 
manner.  —  Histrionics,  his-tri-on'iks,  jj. 
The  art  of  theatrical  representation.— 
Histrionism,  Histrionicism,  his'tri-on-izm, 
his-tri-on'i-sizm,  n.  Stage-playing;  theat- 
rical or  artificial  manners  or  deportment, 
Hit,  hit,  v.t— hit,  hitting.  [Same  as  Icel. 
hitta,  Dan.  hitte,  to  hit,  to  meet  with;  Sw. 
hitta,  to  strike,  to  touch;  same  root  as 
hunt,  Goth,  hinthan,  to  seize.]  To  strike  or 
touch  with  some  degree  of  force;  to  strike 
or  touch  (an  object  aimed  at);  not  to  miss; 
to  give  a  blow  to,  to  reach  or  attain  to  an 
object  desired;  to  light  upon;  to  get  hold 
of  or  come  at  (to  hit  a  likeness) ;  to  suit 
•with;  to  be  conformable  to;  to  fit;  to  agree 
with  (to  hit  the  public  taste).  —  To  hit  of, 
to  represent  or  describe  by  characteristic 
strokes  or  hits. — v.i.  To  strike:  to  meet  or 
come  in  contact:  to  clash:  followed  by 
against  or  on:  to  -si  .cceed;  to  strike  or  reach 
the  intended  point;  to  agree,  suit,  fit.— 
To  hit  on  or  upon,  to  light  on;  to  meet  or 
find,  as  by  accident.— ?o  hit  out,  to  strike 
out  with  the  fists.— ».  The  act  of  one  who 
or  that  which  hits;  a  striking  of  a  mark; 
a  stroke  or  blow;  a  lucky  chance  or  fortu- 
nate event';  a  successful  attempt ;  an  ex- 
pression or  remark  peculiarly  applicable. 
—Hitter,  hit'fer,  n.  One  who  hits. 
Hitch,  hich,  v.i.  [Comp.  Prov.  E.  hick,  to 
hop  or  spring;  G,  dial,  hiksen,  to  limp;  Sc. 
hatch,  to  move  by  jerks,  to  hobble;  Prov. 
E.  hicck,  to  shrug.]  To  move  by  jerks  or 
with  stops;  to  become  entangled;  to  be" 
caught  or  hooked  (the  cord  hitched  on  a 
branch);  to  be  Linked  or  yoked.— v.t.  To 
fasten;  to  yoke;  to  make  fast;  to  hook;  to 
raise  or  pull  up;  to  raise  by  jerks  (to  hitch 
up  one's  trousers).  —  n.  A  catch ;  an  im- 
pediment; a  break -down,  especially  of  a 
casual  and  temporary  nature;  a  heave  or 
pull  up;  temporary  help  or  assistance  (to 
give  one  a  hitch) ;  naut.  a  kind  of  knot  or 
noose  in  a  rope  for  fastening  it  to  an  ob- 
ject. 

Hither,  hiTH'fer,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  hider,  hither, 
Goth.Aiptre,  Icel.  hethra,  hither;  from  stem 
of  he  with  comparative  suffix.]  To  this 
place;  here:  with  verbs  signifying  motion. 
—Hither,  and  thither,  to  this  place  and 
that.— a.  On  the  side  or  in  the  direction 
toward  the  person  speaking;  nearer:  cor- 
relative of /orJA«r.  —  Hithermost,  hlTH'tr- 
most,  a.  Nearest  on  this  side.— Hitherto, 
hira'tr-tO,  «cJu.  To  this  place;  to  this  time; 
as  yet;  until  now.  —  Hitherward,  Hither- 
waxds,  hi*H'6r-w6rd,  hiTH'fer-w^rdz,  adv. 
This  way;  toward  this  place. 
Hive,  hiv,  n.  (A.  Sax.  hiw,a,  house;  Goth. 
heiwa,  O.H.G.  hiwcu,  a  family;  same  root 
as  L.  civis,  a  citizen  (whence  civil,  city, 
&c.).J  A  box  or  kind  of  basket  for  the  re- 
ception and  habitation  of  a  swarm  of 
honey-befs;  the  bees  inhabiting  a  hive;  a 
place  swarming  with  busy  occupants. — v.t. 
— hived,  hiving.  To  collect  into  a  hive ;  to 
cause  to  enter  a  hive ;  to  lay  up  in  store 
for  future  use. — v.t.  To  take  snelter  to- 
gether; to  reside  in  a  collective  body. — 
Hive-bee,  n.  A  bee  which  is  housed  m  a 
hive;  a  domestic  bee. 

Hives,  hivz,  n.  (^Perhaps  akin  to  heave.]  A 
disease  of  chiloren,  in  which  there  is  an 
eruption  of  vesicles  over  the  body;  nettle- 
rash  or  chicken-pox;  also  croup. 
Ho,  Hoa,  ho,  ho' a,  exclam.  ( Fr.  ho,  Icel.  iW.] 
A  cry  or  call  to  arrest  attention. 
Eoar,  hor,  a.  [A.  Sax.  heir,  hoary,  gray- 
haired;  Jcel.  hdrr,  hoar,  hcsra,  gray  nair, 
hoariness;  comp.  Sc.  haar,  a  whitish  mist.] 
White  (ftoar-frost);  gray  or  grayish-white; 
white  with  age;  hoary. — n.  Hoariness;  an- 
tiquity.— v.t.  To  become  mouldy  or  mus- 
ty. —  Hoar-Crost,  n.  The  white  particles 
of  frozen  dew;  rime.  —  Hoariness,  ho'ri- 
nes,  n.  The  slate  of  being  hoary.— Hoary, 
ho'ri,  o.*  White  or  gray  with  age;  hence, 
fig.  remote  in  time  past;  hot.  covered  with 
short,  dense,  grayish -white  hairs;  can- 
escent. —  Hoary -headed,  a.  Having  a 
hoary  head;  gray-headed. 
Hoard,  hord,  n.  [A.  Sax.  h.ord=O.Sax.  and 
G.  hort,  Icel.  hodd,  Goth,  httid,  hoard,  trea- 
sure ;  from  root  of  hmise  and  of  L.  custoa, 
a  guardian.]  A  store,  stock,  or  large  quan- 


tity of  anything  accumulated  or  laid  up: 
a  hidden  stock.— v.t.  To  collect  and  lay  up 
in  a  hoard;  to  amass  and  deposit  in  secret: 
often  followed  by  up. — v.t.  To  collect  and 
form  a  hoard;  to  lay  up  store  of  money. — 
Hoarder,  hor'dfer,  n.  One  who  hoards. 
Hoarding,  hor'ding,  n.  [O.Fr.  horde,  a  bar- 
rier. llyRDLE.)  A  timber  inclosure  round 
a  building  when  the  latter  is  in  the  course 
of  erection  or  undergoing  alteration  or 
repair. 

Hoarse,  hors,  a.  [A.  Sax.  Ms,  hoarse, 
husky = Icel.  hdss,  Dan.  hces,  D.  heesch,  6. 
heiser,  hoarse:  the  r  is  intrusive.]  Having 
a  harsh,  rough,  grating  voice,  as  when 
affected  with  a  cold;  giving  out  a  harsh, 
rough  cry  or  sound.  —  Hoarsely,  hOrs'li, 
adv.  In  a  hoarse  manner.  —  Hoarsen, 
hor'sn,  v.t.  and  i.  To  make  or  to  grow 
hoarse.  —  Hoarseness,  hors'nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  hoarse. 
Hoax,  hoks,  n.  [For  Aocms.1  Something 
done  for  deception  or  mockery ;  a_  trick 
played  off  in  sport;  a  practical  joke. — v.t'. 
To  play  a  trick  upon  for  sport  or  without 
malice.  —  Hoaxer,  hok'sfer,  n.  One  that 
hoaxes. 

Hob,  hob,  n.  [Same  as  hub;  comp.  Dan. 
hob,  a  heap;  hump  is  akin,  and  hobnail  is 
a  compound.]  The  part  of  a  grate  or  fire- 
place on  which  things  are  placed  in  order 
to  be  kept  warm. 

Hobble,  hob'l.  v.i.— hobbled, hobbling.  [ From 
or  connected  with  hop;  comp.  D.  hobbelen, 
to  hobble,  to'stammer.]  To  walk  lamely, 
bearing  chiefly  on  one  leg:  to  limp;  to 
walk  awkwardly ;  to  wabble  or  wobble; 
flg.  to  halt  or  move  irregularly  in  versifi- 
cation. —  v.t.  To  hopple.  —  71.  A  halting 
gait;  an  awkward  gait;  a  difficulty;  a 
scrape;  a  clog:  a  fetter.  —  Hobbler,  hob'- 
ICr,  n.  One  that  hobbles.  —  Hobblingly, 
hob'ling-li,  adv.  In  a  hobbling  manner. 
Hobbledehoy,  hob'1-de-hoi,  n.  [Of  uncer- 
tain origin.)  A  raw  gawky  youth  ap- 
proaching manhood. 

Hobby,  hob'i,  n.  (Comp.  Fr.  hoberau,  dim. 
of  O.Fr.  hobe,  a  little  bird  of  prey.)  A 
small  but  strong-winged  British  falcon. 
Hobby,  Hobby-horse,  hob'i,  n.  [Comp. 
Dan.  hoppe,  a  mare ;  Prov.  Sw.  and  Fris. 
hcppa;  akin  to  hop.]  A  strong  active 
horse  of  a  middle  size;  a  nag;  a  figure  of  a 
horse  on  which  boys  ride;  any  favourite 
object,  plan,  or  pursuit. 
Hobgoblin,  hob-goiyiin,  n.  [From  hob,  for- 
merly a  rustic,  a  clown,  an  elf;  corruption 
of  Robin,  Robert.]  A  goblin ;  an  elf ;  an 
imp. 

Hobnail,  hob'nU,  n.  [Bob,  a  projection, 
and  natt.]  A  nail  with  a  thick  strong 
head  used  for  shoeing  horses,  or  for  the 
soles  of  heavy  boots.  —  Hobnailed,  hob'- 
nald,  a.  Set  with  hobnails;  rough. 
Hobnob,  hob'nob,  v.i.  (Lit.,  have  or  not 
have,  drink  if  it  please  you— A.  Sax.  hcdy- 
ban,  to  have,  and  nabban,  for  ne  habban, 
not  to  have.]  Todfink  familiarly;  to  clink 
glasses;  to  be  boon  or  intimate  com- 
panions. 

Hoboy.  hO'boi.  Hautboy. 
Hock,  hok,  n.  FA.  Sax.  hih,  the  heel;  Icel. 
hd,  D.  hak.]  The  joint  of  an  animal  be- 
tween the  knee  and  the  fetlock ;  in  njan, 
the  posterior  part  of  the  knee-joint.  — 
Hock,  Heckle,  uok'l,  v.t.  To  hamstring ; 
to  hough. 

Hock,  hok,  n.  [G.  HocMieimer,  from  Hoch- 
heim,  in  Nassau,  where  it  is  produced.]  A 
light  8<^rt  of  Rhenish  wine  which  is  either 
sparkling  or  still. 

Hockey,  hok'i,  n.  [From  hook.]  A  game 
at  ball  played  Vrith  a  club  curved  at  the 
lower  end. 

Hocus,  ho'kus,  v.t.  —  hocussed,  hocuasing. 
[The  hocus  of  homa-pocua.]  To  impose 
upon;  to  cheat;  to  hoax;  to  stupefy  with 
drugged  liquor  for  the  purpose  oi  cheating 
or  rob'oiug;  to  drug  for  this  purpose. — 
HocuB-pocns,  ho'kus-po'kUB,  a.  [An  in-, 
invented  word  imitative  of  Latin.]  A 
juggler's  trick;  trickery  used  by  con- 
jarers. — v.t.  To  cheat;  to  hocus  or  hoax. 
Hod,  hod,  n.  [Northern  English  forfeoW.]/ 
A  kind  of  trough  for  carrying  mortar  and 
bricks  to  masons  and  bricklayers,  fixed  to 
the  end  of  a  pole,  and  borne  on  the  shoul- 
der. —  Hodman,  hod'man,  n.     One  who 


ch,  cAaiu;     cA,Sc.locA;     ^,go;     j.iob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  6in£r;     tb,  (Aeu;  tb,  C/ua;     w,  wi^;;     wh,  tvAig;     £h,  aiure. 


HODGE-PODGE 


828 


HOLt 


can-ies  a  hod;  a  mason's  or  bricklayer's 
labourer. 

Hodge-podge,  Hotch-potch,  hoj'poj,  hoch'- 
poob,  n.  [Corrmition  of  hotchpot.]  A 
mixed  mass ;  a  medley  of  ingredients ;,  in 
Scotland,  a  thick  soup  of  vegetables  boiled 
•with  beef  or  mutton  (in  this  sense  lUways 
hotch-potch). 

Hodometer,  ho-dom'et-6r,  n.  [Gr.  hodos, 
a  way,  Tnetron,  a  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  length  of  way 
travelled  by  any  vehicle. — Hodometrical, 
hod-o-met'ri-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  ho- 
dometer. 

Hoe,  ho,  n.  [O.Pr.  Tioe,  Fr.  Tiove,  from  the. 
German;  O.H.G.  houwa,  G.  haue.  Hew.] 
An  instrument  for  cutting  up  weeds  and 
loosening  the  earth  in  fields  and  gardens. 
— v.t. — hoed,  hoeing.  To  cut,  dig,  scrape,  or 
clean  with  a  hoe. — v.i.  To  use  a  hoe. 

Hog,  hog,  n.  [W.  hwch.  Com.  hoch.  Armor. 
houoh,  hoch,  a  sow,  swine,  hog.]  A  swine; 
a  pig,  or  jiny  animal  of  that  species;  a  cas- 
trated boar;  a  sheep  of  a  year  old;  a  brutal 
fellow;  one  who  is  n>ean  and  filthy. — Hog- 
backed,  o.  Shaped  like  the  back  of  a  hog 
or  sow.  —  Hoggery,  hog'er-i,  n.  A  place 
where  hogs  or  swine  are  kept;  hoggish- 
ness;  brutishness.— Hogget,  hog'et,  n.  A 
sheep  two  years  old;  a  young  boar  of  the 
second  year.— Hoggish,  hog'ish,  a. '  Hav- 
ing the  qualities  of  a  hog;  brutish;  filthy. — 
Hoggishly,  hog'ish-li,  adv.  In  a  hoggish 
manner.  —  Hoggishness,  hog'ish-nes,  n. — 
Hogherd,  hog'hord,  »i.  A  keeper  of  swine. 
—Hog-pen,  n.  A  hog-sty.  —  Hog-plum,  n. 
A  West  Indian  fruit  used  as  food  for  hogs. 
— Hogs-back,  n.  Something  shaped  like 
the  back  of  a  hog;  a  ridge  of  a  hill  having 
this  shape.— Hog-skin,  n.  Leather  made 
of  the  skin  of  swine.— Hog's-lard,  it.  The 
fat  of  the  hog. — Hog-sty,  re.  A  pen  or  in- 
closure  for  hogs. — Hog-wash,  n.  The  re- 
fuse of  a  kitchen  or  a  brewery,  or  like 
matter  given  to'swine;  swiU. 

Hogmanay,  hog'ma-na,  n.  [Supposed  to 
be  from  I'r.  '  Au  gvi  menez,^ ' I^ead  on  to 
the  mistletoe,'  a  cry  which  in  some  parts 
of  France  the  boys  that  go  about  begging 
on  the  last  day  of  December  are  said  to 
use.]  The  name  given  in  Scotland  to  the 
last  day  of  the  year. 

Hogshead,  hogz'lied,  n.  I  Corrupted  from 
D.  oHhnnfd,  Dan.  oxelioved,  the  measure 
called  a  liogshead,  and  lit.  ox's-head;  pro- 
bably modified  from  some  term  of  quite 
other  meaning.]  A  measure  of  capacity 
containing  52i  gallons;  also,  a  large  cask 
of  indefinite  contents;  in  America  often  a 
cask  containing  from  100  to  140  gallons. 

Hoiden,  hoi'deu,  n.  lO.l").  heyden,  a  hea- 
then, a  gypsy,  a  vagabond.  Hkathen.]  a 
rude  bold  miuit;  a  rude  bold  girl;  a  rustic 
romp. — v.i.  To  romp  rudely  or  indecently. 
— Hoidenhood,  hoi'den-hud,  n.  State  of 
being  a  hoiden.  —  Hoideiiish,  hoi'den-ish, 
a.  Like  or  appropriate  to  a  hoiden. — 
Hoidenism,  hoi'den-izm,  re.  The  character 
or  manners  of  a  hoiden. 

Hoist,  hoist,  v.t.  [O.E.  hoise,  Sc.  heeze= 
I),  hijsuchen,  hyzen,  L.G.  hissen,  Dan.  heise, 
hisse,  to  hoist;  the  t  was  a^ded  as  in 
against,  amongst.]  To  heave  or  raise;  es- 
pecially to  raise  by  means  of  block  and 
tackle. — re.  The  act  of  hoisting;  that  by 
which  anything  is  hoisted;  a  machine  for 
el«'ating  goods,  passengers,  &c.,  in  a  ware- 
house, hotel,  and  the  like;  an  elevator. — 
p;).  Hoisted.    \J<hak.]  ' 

Hoity-toity,  hoi'ti-toi'ti.  An  exclamation 
denoting  surin-ise  or  disapprobation,  with 
some  degree  of  contempt:  equivalent  to 
pshaw : — a.  Elated;  flighty;  petulant. 

Hold,  hold,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  held.  fA.  Sax. 
healdan  =  Da,n.  holde,  I),  houden,  Icel. 
hcdda  Goth,  haldan,  G.  halten,  to  hold; 
hence  hehold.]  To  have  or  grasp  in  the 
hand;  to  grasp  and  retain  (to  hold  a  sword, 
a  pen,  a  candle);  to  bear,  put,  or  keep  in  a 
certain  position  (to  h.old  the  hands  up);  to 
consider;  to  regard  (I  hold  him  in  honour); 
to  account  (I  hold  it  true) ;  to  contain,  or 
to  have  capacity  to  receive  and  contain; 
to  retain  within  itself;  to  keep  from  run- 
ning or  flowing -but;  to  keep  possession  of; 
to  maintain,  uphold,  presen'e;  not  to  lose; 
to  be  in  possession  of;  to  possess,  occupy, 
own,  keep;  to  have  or  to  entertain  (to 


hold  enmity);  to  derive  or  deduce  title  to 
(he  held  lands  of  the  king);  to  stop,  res- 
train, withhold;  to  keep  fixed,  as  to  a  cer- 
tain line  of  action ;  to  bind  or  oblige  (to 
Jiold  one  to  his  promise);  to  keep  in  continu- 
ance or  practice  (to  hold  intercourse) ;  to 

•prosecute  or  carry  on,  observe,  pursue  (a 
course,  an  argument);  to  celebrate,  solem- 
nize, carry  out  (a  feast,  a  meeting) ;  to  oc- 
cupy or  keep  employed;  to  engage  the  atten- 
tion of. — To  hold  in  play,  to  keep  occupied 
so  as  to  withdraw  from  something  else. — 
To  hold  wate: '  [fig. ),  to  be  logically  soimd  or 
capable  of  standing  investigation.  —  To 
hold  in,  to  guide  with  a  tight  rein;  hence, 
to  restrain,  check,  repress. — To  hold  off,  ta 
keep  off;  to  keep  from  touching.— To  hold 
out,  to  extend;  to  stretch  forth;  henc'e,  to 
propose;  to  offer.— ?'o  hold  up,  to  raise;  to 
keep  in  an  erect  position;  to  sustain,  sup- 
port, uphold;  to  show,  exhibit,  put  promi- 
nently forward.  —  To  hold  one's  oien,  to 
keep  good  one's  present  condition;  not  to 
lose  ground. — To  hold  one's  peace,  to  keep 
silence.— To  hold  the  plough,  to  guide  it  in 

.  ploug'hing.— uTi.  To  take  or  keep  a  thing 
in  one's  grasp;  to  maintain  an  attach- 

•  ment;  to  continue  firm;  not  to  give  way 
or  break;  to  adhere;  to  stand,  be  valid, 
apply  (the  argument  holds  good,  this  holds 
true);  to  stand  one's  ground:  generally 
with  out  (the  garrison  held  out);  to  refrain; 
to  be  dependent  on  for  possessions,  to  de- 
rive right  or  title:  with  o/,  sometimes 
fivm;  to  stop,  stay,  or  wait;  to  cease  or 
give  over:  chiefly  in  the  imperative.  —  To 
ttold  forth)  to  speak  in  public. — To  hold  off, 
to  keep  at  a  distance;  to  avoid  connection. 
— To  hold  on,  to  continue;  to  keep  fast 
hold;  to  cling;  to  proceed  in  a  course. — 
To  Iwld  to,  to  cling  or  cleave  to;  to  adhere! 
— To  hold  with,  to  side  with;  to  stand  up 
for. — To  hold  togetlier,  not  to  separate;  to 
remain  in  xxnion.— Hold  on!  hold  hard! 
stop;  cease.  — re.  A  grasp,  gripe,  clutch 
(often  in  to  take  hold,  to  lay  hold);  fig. 
mental  grasp;  grasp  on  or  influence  work- 
ing on  the  mind;  something  which  may 
be  seized  for  support;  power  of  keeping; 
authority  to  seize  or  keep;  claim;  a  place 
of  confinement;  the  whole  interior  cavity 
of  a  ship  between  the  bottom  and  deck 
or  lowest  deck  (in  this  sense  seems  modi- 
fied from  T>.  hoi,  a  hole,  a  ship's  hold). — 
Holder,  hol'der,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
holdsj  a  payee  of  a  bill  of  exchange  or  a 
promissory  note.  —  Holdfast,  hold'fast,  n. 
Something  used  to  secure  and  hold  in 
place  something  else. — Holding,  hol'ding, 
■n.    A  tenure;  a  farm  held  of  a  superior; 

.  that  which  holds,  binds,  or  influences. 

Hole,  hoi,  re.  [A.  Sax.  hoi,  hollow,  hole; 
D.  hoi,  Icel.  hoi,  hola,  a  hollow,  a  cavity ; 
G.  hoM,  hollow ;  of  same  root  as  A.  Sax. 
helan,  to  cover,  whence  hell;  or  as  Gr. 
koilos,  hollow.]  A  hollow  place  or  cavity 
in  any  solid  body ;  a  perforation,  orifice, 
aperture,  pit,  rent,  fissure,  crevice,  &c.; 
the  excavated  habitation  of  certain  wild 
beasts;  a  mean  habitation;  a  ■\vTctched 
abode.— D.i.-Aoted,  holing.  To  go  into  a 
\io\e.—v.t.  To  make  a  hole  or  holes  in;  to 
drive  into  a  hole ;  mining,  to  undercut  a 
coal-seam.— Hole-and-corner,  a.  Clandes- 
tine; underhand. 

Holethnos,  hol-eth'nos,  n.  [Gr.  holos,  en- 
tire, whole,  and  ethnos,  nation.]  A  primi- 
tive stock  or  race  of  people  not  yet  divided 
into  separate  tribes  or  l)ranches. — Holeth- 
nic,  hol-eth'nik,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  hol- 
ethnos. 

Holiday.  Holily,  Holiness.    Under  Holt. 

Holla,  Hollo,.  Holloa,  hol-lii',  hol-lo'.  [Fr. 
hold — ho!  hoi  and  Id,  there.]  An  excla- 
mation to  some  one  at  a  distance,  in  order 
to  call  attention  or  in  answer  to  one  that 
hails.— v.t.  To  call,  shout,  or  cry  aloud. 

Holland,  hol'and,  re.  A  kind  of  fine  linen 
originally  manufactured  in  Holland;  also 
a  coarser  linen  fabric  nsed  for  covering 
furniture,  carpets,  &c. — Hollander,  hol'an- 
der,  n.  A  native  of  Holland.  —  Hollands, 
hol'andz,  n.  A  sort  of  gin  imported  from 
Holland. 

Hollow,  hol'o,  a.  [A.  Sax.  holg,  holh,  a 
hollow  space,  from  hoi,  a  hole.  Hole.] 
C'ontainingsin  empty  space  within;  having 
a  vacant  space  within;  not  solid;  concave; 


sunken  (eye,  cheek);  eoundi  :g  as  if  rever- 
berated from  a  cavity ;  deep  or  low ;  not 
sincere  or  faithful;  false;  deceitful.— re.  A 
depression  or  excavation  below  the  general 
level  or  in  the  substance  of  anything ;  a 
cavity  .—v.t.  To  make  a  hollow  or  cavity  In; 
to  excavate.— adt;.  Utterly;  completely  (in 
certain  phrases,  as  he  beat  him  hollow). — 
Hollow-eyed,  a.  Having  sunken  eyes.  — 
Hollow-hearted,  a.  Insincere ;  deceitful ; 
not  true.  —  Hollowly,  hol'o-li,  adv. '  In  a 
hollow  manner.  —  Hollowness,  hol'o-nes, 
re.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  hollow. — 
Hollow  -  square,  n.  A  body  of  soldiers 
drawn  up  in  the  form  of  a  square,  with  an 
empty  space  in  the  middle., —  Hollow- 
toned,a.  H  a\'ing  a  sound  as  if  coming  from 
a  cavity;  deep-toned.— Hollow-ware,  re.  A 
trade  name  for  such  iron  articles  as  caul- 
drons, kettles,  saucepans,  coffee-mills,  &c. 

Holly,  Holly-tree,  hol'i,  re.  [O.E.  holin, 
A.  Sax.  holegn,  holen,  holly,  allied  to  W. 
celyn,  Gael.  cwiHorere,  holly.]  An  evergreen 
tree  or  shrub  with  indented  thorny  leaves, 
and  which  produces  clusters  of  beautiful 
red  berries;  also  a  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  holm-oak,  an  evergreen  oak. — Knee- 
holly,  butcher's-broom.  . 

Hollyhock,  hol'i-hok,  re.  [liit.  holy  hock— 
hock  being  A.  Sax.  /toc,'\V.  hocys, mallow: 
so  called  because  brought  from  the  Holy 
Laud.]  A  tall  single-stemmed  biennial 
plant  of  the  mallow  family,  a  frequent 
ornament  of  gardens. 

Holm,  holm  or  hom,  re.  [A.  Sax.  L.G.  G. 
and  Dan.  holm,  a  small  island  in  a  river ; 
Sw.  holme,  Icel.  holmr,an  island.]  A  river 
island;  a  low  flat  tract  of  rich  land  by  the 
side  of  a  river. 

Holm-oak,  holm  or  hom,  re.  [Lit.  holly-oak, 
liolm  being  from  A.  Sax.  holen,  holly,  the 
leaves  resembling  those  of  the  holly. 
Hoi.LY.]    The.evergreen  oak. 

Holoblast,  hol'o-blast,  re.  [Gr.  holos,  whole, 
and  ilastos,  a  bud  or  genn.J  Zool.  an 
ovum  consisting  entirely  of  germinal  mat- 
ter. Mero.blast.— Holoblastic,  hcl'o-blas- 
tik,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  holoblast. 

Holocaust,  hol'O-kast,  re.  [Gr.  holos,  whole, 
and  kaustos,  burned.]  A  burnt  sacrifice  or 
offering  the  whole  of  which  was  consumed 
by  fire ;  a  great  slaughter  or  sacrifice  of 
life. 

Holograph,  hol'o-graf,  re.  [Gr.fi.oZos,  whole, 
and  graphs,  to  write.]  Any  document,  as 
a  letter,  deed,  &c.,  wholly  written  by  the 
person  from  whom  it  bears  to  proceed. 
Used  also  as  an  adj.— Holographic,  Holo- 
graphical,  hol-o-graf'ik,  hol-o-graf'i-kal,  a. 
Being  holograph;  written  by  the  grantor 
or  testator  himself. 

HolometaboUc,  hol'o-met-a-bol"ik,  a.  [Gr. 
holos,  entire,  «veto6oZe,  change.]  Applied 
to  insects  which  undergo  a  complete  meta- 
moriJhosis. 

Holophotal,  hol-o-fo'tal,  a.  [Gr.  holos, 
whole,  and  phos,  photos,  light.]  Optics,  re- 
fleeting  the  r.ays  of  light  in  one  unbroken 
mass  without  perceptible  loss. 

Holoptychius,  hol-op-tik'i-us,  n.  [Gr.  holos, 
entire,  and  ptyche,  a  wrinkle.]  A  fossil 
ganoid  fish  of  the  old  red  sandstone,  with 
wrinkled  bony  scales. 

Holostome,  horo-stom,n.  [Gr.  fiotos, whole, 
and  do^:ia,  a  mouth.]  One  of  the  gaster- 
opodous  molluscs  in  which  the  aperture  of 
the  shell  is  rounded  or  entire. 

Holothure,  Holothurian,  horo-thQr,  hol-o- 
thu'ri-an,  re.  [Gr.  holos,  whole,  thurion, 
dim.  of  thura,  opening.]  One  of  the  sea- 
cucumbers  or  sea-slugs,  an  order  of  echi- 
noderms,  of  which  the  beche-de-mer  or 
trepang  is  an  example. 

Holp,  Holpen,  help,  hol'pn,  antiquated 
pret.  and  pp.  of  help. 

Holster,  hol'ster,  re.  [D.  holster,  a  pistol- 
case  =  A.  Sax.  heolster,  a  cover,- a  recess: 
Icel.  hvlsl^r,  Dan.  hylster,  a  case;  root 
seen  in  A.  Sax.  helan,  to  cover,  whence 
also  ft«H.]  A  leathern  case  for  a  pistol,  car- 
ried by  a  horseman  at  the  forepart  of  his 
saddle.— Holstered,  hol'sterd,  a.  .Bearing 
holsters.  '  . 

Holt,  holt;  n.  [A.  Sax.  Icel.  and  L.G;  holt, 
grove,  wood;  D.  hout,  G.  holz,  wood,  tim-; 
ber;  cog.  Gael,  and  Ir.  coil,  coitle,  pi.  coUltej 
wood ;  W.  celt,  shelter.]  A  wood  or  wood' 
land;  a  grove;  a  plantation.' 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move:     tQbe,tub,bvai;    .oil,  pound;    luScabime— theEr.«„ 


>^ 


HOLT 


329 


HOMONYM 


Holt,  holt,  n.  [Corrupted  f  or  AoW.]  A  place 
of  security;  a  burrow. 
Holus-bolus,  ho'lus-bo'lus,  adv.  [From 
whole,  and  bolus,  a  pill.)  All  at  a  gulp; 
altogether;  all  at  once.  fVulgar.] 
Holy,  h5'li,  a.  [A.  Sax.  hdlig,  holy,  from 
hdl,  -whole ;  similarly  D.  and  G.  heiliy, 
Icel.  heUagr,  Dan.  hellig,  holy;  akin  hale, 
heal,  hallow,  whole,  &c.;  same  root  also  in 
Gr.  kalos,  beautiful,  j  Free  from  sin  and 
sinful  attections;  pure  in  heart;  pious; 
godly;  hallowed;  consecrated  or  set  apart 
to  a  sacred  use;  having  a  sacred  character. 
—Holiday,  Holyday,  hol'i-da,  n.  A  con- 
secrated day;  a  religious  anniversary;  an 
occasion  of  joy  and  gaiety;  a  day,  or  a  num- 
ber of  days,  of  exemption  from  labour. — a. 
Pertaining  to  or  befitting  a  holiday;  cheer- 
ful; joyous.  —  Holily,  holi-li,  adv.  In  a 
holy  manner.— Holiness,  ho'li-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  holy  or  sinless ; 
sanctity;  godliness;  sacredness;  hia  holi- 
ness, a  title  of  the  pope. — Holy  of  holies,  the 
innermost  apartment  of  the  Jewish  taber- 
nacle or  temple,  where  the  ark  was  kept. — 
Holy  Ghost  or  Holy  Spirit,the  Divine  Spirit; 
the  third  person  in  the  Trinity.  —  Holy 
Office,  the  Inquisition.— //uiy  Thursday, 
Ascensioii  Day;  also  Thursday  in  Holy 
AVeek  (so  also  Holy  Saturday).  —  Holy 
water,  in  the  R.  Cath.  Ch.  salted  water  con- 
secrated by  the  priest,  and  used  in  various 
rites  and  ceremonies.  —  Holy  we«fc, 'the 
week  before  Kaster  (the  last  week  of  Lent). 
—  Holyiirrii,  the  sacred  Scriptures. — Holy- 
grass,  n.  An  odoriferous  grass  strewed 
before  the  doors  of  churches  on  festival 
days.— Holy-stone,  n.  A>  soft  sandstone 
used  by  seamen  for  cleaning  the  decks  of 
ships. —w.t.  To  scrub  with  holy-stone. 
Homage,  hom'aj,  n.  [Fr.  hommage,  O.Pr. 
homenage,  L.L.  hominaticum,  homage, 
from  L.  horAo,  hominis,  a  man,  in  late  times 
a  vassal.  Human.]  Acknowledgment  of 
vassalage  made  by  a  feudal  tenant  to  his 
lord  on  receiving  investiture  of  a  fee; 
hence,  obeisance;  respect  paid  by  external 
action;  reverence  directed  to  the  Supreme 
Being;  reverential  worship;  devout  affec- 
tion.—u.i.  To  pay  homage  to.  —  Homage- 
able,  hora'aj-a-bl,  a.  Bound  to  pay  hom- 
age. —  Homager,  hom'aj-6r,  n.  One  who 
does  or  is  bound  to  do  homage. 
Home,  hCm,  n.  (A.  Sax.  hdm,  home,  house, 
dwellings L.G.  and  Fris.  ham,  D.  and 
a.  heim,  Icel.  heimr,  Goth,  haims,  abode, 
village,  &c. ;  cog.  Gr.  kOme,  a  village, 
keimai,  I  rest;  probably  L.  quies,  quiet, 
&c.]  One's  own  abode  or  dwelling;  the 
abode  of  the  family  or  household  of  which 
one  forms  a  member;  abiding  place;  one's 
own  country;  the  seat  (the  home  of  war); 
an  institute  or  establishment  affording  to 
the  homeless,  sick,  or  destitute  the  com- 
forts of  a  home  (a  sailors'  home,  an  orphans* 
^OOTe,&c.). — At  home,  in  or  about  one'sown 
house  or  abode;  in  one's  own  country. — At 
home  in  or  on  a  subject,  conversant,  famil- 
iar, thoroughly  acquainted  with  it.— To 
make  one's  self  at  }iome,  to  conduct  one's 
self  in  aribther's  house  as  unrestrainedly  as 
if  at  home. — a.  Connected  with  one's  home; 
domestic:  often  opposed  to  foreign.— Home 
farm,  Aome  park,  &c.,  the  farm,  park,  &c.. 
adjoining  a  mansion-house  or  residence  of 
a  landed  proprietor.- ady.  To  one's  home 
or  one's  native  country:  often  opposed  to 
abroad;  to  one's  self;  to  the  point;  to  the 
mark  aimed  at;  so  as  to  produce  an  in- 
tended effect;- effectively;  thoroughly  (to 
strike  home).  —  Homebom,  hom'bom,  a. 
Native;  natural;  domestic;  not  foreign. — 
Homebred,  hom'bred,  a.  Bred  at  home; 
originating  at  home;  not  foreign;  not 
polished  by  travel.  —  Home  -  brewed,  a. 
Brewed  at  home.— m.  Beer,  ale,  or  the  like 
brewed  at  home.  —  Home-circle,  n.  Tlie 
members  or  close  intimates  of  a  house- 
hold.—Home-department,  n.  That  depart- 
ment of  the  British  government  in  which 
the  interior  affairs  of  the  country  are  regu- 
lated. —  Honie-grown,  a.  Grown  in  one's 
own  garden  or  country;  not  imported.— 
Homeless,  hSm'les,a.  Destitute  of  a  home. 
— Homelessness,  hom'les-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  homeless.  —  Homelily,  hom'li-li, 
adv.  In  a  homely  manner.— Homeliness, 
I  homli-nes,  n.    The  state  or  quality  of  be- 


ing homely.— Homely,  hom'li,  o.  I'ertaiu- 
iug  to  horael;  domestict;  of  plain  features; 
not  handsome;  like  that  which  is  made 
for  common  domestic  use;  plain;  coarse; 
not  fineorelegant.— Home-made,  a.  Made 
at  home ;  of  domestic  manufacture.  — 
Home-office,  n.  The  office  in  which  the 
affairs  of  the  British  home-department  are 
transj^cted.  — Home-rule,  n.  Self-govern- 
ment for  a  detached  part  of  a  country;  the 
political  programme  of  the  so-called  Na- 
tional party  in  Ireland.— Home-ruler,  n. 
One  who  maintains  the  doctrines  of  home- 
rule.— Home-secretary,  n.  The  secretary 
of  state  for  the  British  home-depaijment. 
— Home-sick,  a.  Ill  from  being  absent 
from  home;  affected  with  home-sickness. 
—Home-sickness,  n.  Intense  and  uncon- 
trolled grief  at  a  separation  from  one's 
home  or  native  land;  nostalgia;  longing 
for  home. — Homespun,  hOm'spun,  a.  Spun 
or  wrought  at  home;  hence,  plain;  coarse; 
homely. — n.  Cloth  made  at  home. — Home- 
stead, hSm'sted,  n.  A  house  or  mansion 
with  the  grounds  and  buildings  immedi- 
ately contiguous;  a  home.  —  Homeward, 
Homewards,  hom'wferd,  hom'wferdz,  culv. 
Toward  Ijome;  to  ward  one's  abode  or  native 
country.  —  o.  Being  in  the  direction  of 
home. — Homeward-bound,  a.  Bound  or 
destined  for  hbme;  returning  from  a  for- 
eign country.  —  Homing,  hom'ing,  a. 
Coming  home:  a  term  applied  to  birds, 
such  as  the  carrier-pigeons,  that  have  the 
faculty  of  returning  home  from  great  dis- 
tances. 
Homeopathy.    Homceopatuy. 

Homer,  ho'mfer,  n.  [Heb.J  A  Hebrew  mea- 
sure equivalent  to  about  75  gallons  or  to 
11  bushels. 

Homeric,  ho-mer'ik,  a  Pertaining  to 
Homer,  the  great  poet  of  Greece;  resem- 
bling Homer  s  verse  or  style. 

Homicide,  hora'i-sid,  n.  [L.  homiciditim, 
the  crime,  hoviicida,  the  perpetrator — 
homo,  man,  and  ccedo,  to  strike,  to  kill.] 
The  killing  of  one  manor  human  being 
by  another;  a  person  who  kills  another;  a 
manslayer.  —  Homicidal,  hom-i-si'dal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  homicide;  murderous. 

Homily,  hom'i-li,  n.  [Gr  homilia,  inter- 
course or  converse,  instruction,  a  sermon, 
from  homilos,  a  throng— Aonios,  same  (cog. 
with  E.  same),  and  He,  a  throng.]  A  dis- 
course or  sermon  read  or  pronounced  to 
an  audience;  a  sermon;  a  serious  discourse. 
—  Homiletlc,  HomileticaJ,  hom-i-let'ik, 
hom-i-Iet'i-kal,  a.  [Gr.  homiletikos.]  Re- 
lating to  homilies  or  homiletics;  hortatory. 
— Homilelic  tlieology,  homiletics.  —  Homi- 
letics, hom-i-let'iks,  n.  The  art  of  preach- 
ing; that  branch  of  practical  theology 
which  treats  of  sermons  and  the  best 
mode  of  composing  and  delivering  them. 
— Homilist,  hom'i-list,  n.  One  that  com- 
poses homilies;  a  preacher/ 

Hominy,  hom'i-ni,  n.  [Amer.-Indian  ouAti- 
wtraect,  parched  com. !  Maize  hulled  and 
coarsely  ground,  prepared  for  food  by  be- 
ing boiled  withwater    [U.S.] 

Homocarpous,  ho-m5-kar'pus,a.  [Gr.  homos, 
same  (cog.  with  E.  same),  karpos,  fruit.] 
Bot.  having  all  the  fruits  of  the  flower- 
head  alike. 

HomocentrIc,  hS-mo-sen'trik,  o.  [Gr.  ho- 
m,os,  same,  kcntron,  a  centre.]  Having  the 
same  centre;  concentric. 

Hbmocercal,  ho-mo-s6r'kal,  a.  [Gr.  homas, 
same,  kerkos,  tail.]  Ichthyol.  having  the 
lobes  of  the  tail  diverging  symmetrically 
from  the  backbone,  as  in  the  cod,  herring, 
&c.  Heterocercal. — Homocercy,  hO-mo- 
ser'si,  n.    The  state  of  being  homocercal. 

Homochromous,  ho-mok'ro-mus,  a.  [  Gr. 
homos,  same,  cftrOma,  colour.]  Bot.  having 
all  the  florets  of  the  same  colour. 

Eomodromous,  Homodromal,  hd-mod'ro- 
mus,  ho-mod'ro-mal,  a.  [Gr.  /lomos, same, 
dromos,  a  race.]  Bot.  having  the  spires  of 
leaves  running  in  the  same  direction. 

Homoeomeric,  Homoeomerical,  ho'mS-6- 
mer"ik,  ho'me-o-mer"i-kal,  a.  [Gr.hoinoios, 
like,  from  homos,  same,  and  meros,  a  part.] 
Pertaining  to  or  characterized  bysameness 
of  parts.' —  Homoeomorphous,  ho'me-o- 
mor"fus,  a.  [Gr.  morphe,  form.]  Isomor- 
PHons. 

Homoeopathy,  hO-me-op'a^thi,  n.    [Gr.  ho- 


wwios, like,  patfios,  feeling,  sufvering.)  The 
system  of  medicine  founded  upon  the  be- 
lief that  drugs  have  the  power  of  curine 
morbid  conditions  similar  to  those  they 
have  the  power  to  excite  in  healthy  per- 
sons: opposed  to  heteropathy  or  allopathy. 
— Homoeopathic,  Homoeopathical,  ho'me- 
o-path"ik,  ho'me-o-path"l-kal,  a.  Relating 
to  homoeopathy. —Homoeopathically,  ho'- 
me-o-path"i-kal-li,at<''.  In  a  homoeopathic 
manner.  —  Homoeopathist,  ho  -  me  -  op '  a- 
thist,  n.  One  who  practises  or  supporta 
homoeopathy. 

Homoeozoic,  ho'me-5-26"ik,  a.  [Gr.  homcAoB, 
similar,  z6i,  life.]  Inhabited  by  similar 
forms  of  animal  or  vegeta,ble  life. 
Homogamous,  h5-mog'a-mus,  a.  [Gr.  ho- 
mos, same,  cranio*, marriage.)  Bot.  having 
aU  the  florets  of  a  flower-head,  or  the 
florets  of  the  spikelets  in  grasses,  her- 
maphrodite. —  Homogamy,  ho-mog'a-mi, 
n.  The  state  of  being  homogamous. 
Homogangliate,  ho-mo-gang'gli-at,  o.  [Gr. 
hom/is,  same,  ganglion,  a  ganglion.]  Anai. 
having  the  nervous  ganglia  symmetrically 
arranged. 

Ho_mogeneoas,Homogeneal,ho-mo-je'ne-iis, 
ho-mo-je'ne-al,  o.  [Gr.  hom.ogenes — homos, 
like,  and  genos,  kind;  root  gen,  cog.  with 
E.  kin.]  Of  the  same  kind  or  nature;  con- 
sisting of  similar  parts,  or  of  elements  of 
the  like  nature:  opposite  of  heterogene- 
ous. —  Homogeneity,  Homogeneousness. 
ho'mo-je-n6"i-ti,ho-mo-je'ne-us-nes,n.  The 
state  or  character  of  being  homogeneous. 
Homogenesis, ho-mo-jen'e-si8,n.  [Gr.homos. 
.■<ame,  genesis,  birth.]  Sameness  of  origin; 
reproduction  of  ofiiipring  similar  to  their 
parents.  —  Homogenetic,  ho'mo-je-net"ik, 
a.  Pertaining  to  homoKenesis. 
Homograph,  ho'mo-graf,  n.  [Gr.  homaa, 
same,  grapho,  to  write.)  A  word  which 
has  exactly  the  same  form  as  another, 
though  of  a  different  origin  and  signifi- 
cation; a  homonym.  —  Homographlc,  ho- 
mo-graf'ik,  a.  Relating  to  homographs. 
Homoiousian,  ho-moi-ou'si-an,  n.  [Gr.  ho- 
moios,  similar,  and  ousia,  being.]  A  per- 
son holding  the  belief  that  the  nature  of 
Christ  is  not  the  same  with,  but  only  simi- 
lar to,  that  of  the  Father.  .Homootsian. 
Homoiozoic,  ho'moi-o-za"ik,  a.  Homosozoic. 
Homologate,  ho-mol'o-gat,  v.t.  —  homolo- 
gated, homologating.  (L.L.  homologo,  lui- 
mologatum,  from  Gr  homos,  same,  and 
logos,  discourse,  from  lego,  to  speak.)  »To 
approve;  to  express  approval  of  or  assent 
to ;  to  ratify.  —  Homologation,  ho-mol'o- 
Ba"shon,  n.  The  act  of  homologating. 
Homologous,  ho-mol'o-gus,  a.  [Gr.  homog, 
same,  and  logos,  proportion.]  Having  the 
same  relative  position,  proportiou.or  struc- 
ture; corresponding  in  use  or  general  cha- 
racter; of  similar  type. — Homologue,  ho'- 
mo-log,  n.  That  which  is  homologous;  an 
organ  of  an  animal  homologous  with  an- 
other organ.  —  Homology,  ho-mol'o-ji,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  homologous;  corres- 
pondence in  character  or  relation;  same- 
ness or  correspondence  in  organs  of  ani- 
mals as  regards  general  structure  and  type, 
thus  the  human  arm  corresponds  to  the 
fore-leg  of  a  quadruped  and  the  wing  of  a 
bird.  —  Homological,  ho-mo-loj'i-kal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  homology ;  naving  a  struc- 
tural affinity.  —  Homologically,  ho-mo- 
loj'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  homological  man- 
ner. 

Homomorphous,  Homomorphlc,  ho-mS- 
mor'fus,  ho-mo-mor'fik,  a.  [Gr.  homos, 
same,  morpM,  shape.]  Havingthe  same 
external  appearance  or  form.— Homomor- 
phism,  ho-md-mor'fiizm,  n.  The  condition 
of  being  homomorphous. 
Homonym,  Homonyme,  ho'mo-nim,  n.  [Gr. 
homos,  same,  onoyna,  name.]  A  word  which 
agrees  with  another  in  sound,  and  per- 
haps in  spelling,  but  differs  from  it  in 
signification;  a  homograph;  as  fair,  a. 
and  fair,  n.  —  Homonymic,  Homonyml- 
cal,  ho-mo-nim '  ik,  ho-mo-nim '  i-kal,  a. 
Relating  to  homonymy  or  to  homonynis 
— Homonymous,  ho-mon'i-mus,  a.  Having 
the  same  sound  or  spelling.  — ■  Homonym- 
ously,  ho-mon'i-mus-li,  adv.  In  a  homon- 
ymous manner.  —  Homonyiny,  ho-mon'i- 
mi,  n.  Sameness  of  name  with  a  difference 
of  meaning;  ambiguity;  equivocation. 


ch.cAain;     cA,  Sc.locA;     g,  yo;     j.job;     n,  Ff.  ton;     ng,  sinj/;     th,  (/ten;  th,  tAin;      w,  wig;     wh,  wAig;     zh.  a«ure. 


HOMOOUSIAN 


'330 


HOP 


Homoousian,  ho-tno-ou'si-an,  n.  fGr.  fiomna, 
same,  and  ousia,  being.  |  A  person  who 
maiutams  that  the  nature  of  the  Father 
and  the  bon  is  the  same,  in  opposition  to 
the  Homoiousians. 

Eomopetalous,  hO-mo-pet'a-lus,  a.  fGr. 
homos,  same,  petalon,  a  petal.  ]  Bot.  Hav- 
ing all  the  petals  or  florets  alike. 
Homophone,  ho'mo-fon,  n.  fGr.  fiomos, 
same,  p/idne,  sound.]  A  letter  or  charac- 
ter exijressing  a  like  sound  with  another; 
a  word  having  the  same  sound  as  another; 
a  homonym.  —  Homophonous,  hO-mof'o- 
nus,  a.  Of  like  sound;  apreeing  in  sound 
but  differing  in  sense.  —  Homophony,  ho- 
rnof'o-ni,  n.  Sameness  of  sound. 
Eomopter,  ho-mop'ter.n.  fGr.  hoinos,sa.me, 
pteron,  a  wing.]  A  hemipterous  insect 
with  wings  of  same  consistence  through- 
out. 

Homotaxis,  Homotaxy,  hO-mo-tak'sis,  ho- 
mi'-tak'si,  n.  |Gr.  homos,  same,  taxis,  ar- 
rangement.] Agreement  in  arrangement; 
geol.,  agreement  in  the  arrangement  of 
strataiu  different  localities. — Homotaxial, 
ho-raO-tak'si-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  homo- 
taxis. 

Eomotonous,  ho-mot'o-nus,  a.  .  [Gr.  homos, 
same,  ionos,  tone.]  Of  the  same  course  or 
tenor:  applied  to  diseases. 
Homotropal,  Homotropous,  ho-mot'ro-pal, 
hu-mot'ro-pus,  a.  IGr.  homos,  same,  tro- 
pos,  turn,  direction.  ]  Bot.  directed  in  the 
same  wayasthe^body  to  which  it  belongs. 
Eomotype,  ho'mo-tip,  n.  [Gr.  homos,  same, 
t!/pos,  type.]  A  part  or  organ  of  animal 
corresponding  to  or  forming  a  repetition 
of  another  part  (as  on  the  right  and  left 
sides).  —  Homotypal,  Homotypic,  hO'mo- 
ti-pal,  ho-mO-tip'ik,  a.  Forming  a  homo- 
type.  —  Homotypy,  ho-mot'i-pi,  n.  The 
existence  of  homotypes. 
Homuncule,  Homunculus,  ho-mung'kal, 
iio-mung'ku-lus,  n.  [L.,  dim.  of  homo,  a 
man.]  A  manikin;  a  dwarf. 
Eone,  hOn,  n.  f  A.  Sax.  kdn,  Icel.  hein,  Sw. 
hen,  a,  hone,  a  whetstone;  root  seen  in  Skr. 
fo,  to  sharpen,  and  in  L.  conus,  a  cone.] 
A  stone  of  a  fine  grit,  used  for  sharpening 
instruments  that  require  a  fine  edge. — 
v.t.  To  sharpen  on  a  hone. 
Honest,  on'est,  a.  [O.Fr.  koneste  (Fr.  hon- 
nete),  from  L.  honestus,  from  honor,  honos, 
honour.  Honour.]  Fair  in  dealing  with 
others;  free  from  trickishness,  fraud,  or 
theft;  upright;  just;  equitable;  sincere, 
candid,  or  unreserved;  honourable;  reput- 
able; chaste  or  virtuous;  pleasant-looking 
in  features.— Honestly,  on'est-li,  adv.  In 
an  honest  manner.— Honesty,  on'es-ti,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  honest;  in- 
tegrity; uprightness;  fairness;  candour. 
Honey,  hun'i,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hunig=D.  and 
G.  honig,  Icel.  hunang,  honey.]  A  sweet, 
viscid  juice,  collected  from  flowers  by 
several  kinds  of  insects,  especially  bees; 
Jig.  sweetness  or  pleasantness;  as  a  word 
of  endearment,  sweet  one;  darling.— u.i. 
To  become  sweet;  to  become  complimen- 
tary or  fawning.— «.t.  To  cover  with  or  as 
with  honey;  to  make  agreeable;  to  sweeten. 
— Honey-bee,  ji.  •  A  bee  that  produces 
honey;  the  hive-bee.— Eoney -comb,  n.  The 
waxy  structure  formed  by  bees  for  the  re- 
ception of  honey,  and  for  the  eggs  which 
produce  their  young.— Honey-combed,  a. 
Formed  like  a  honey-comb;  perforated 
with  or  containing  many  cavities. — Honey- 
dew,  n.  A  sweet  saccharine  substance 
found  on  the  leaves  of  trees  and  other 
plants  in  small  drops  like  dev;;  a  kind  of 
tobacco  which  has  been  moistened  with 
molasses.  —  Honeyed,  Honied,  hun'id,  p. 
and  a.  Covered  with  or  as  with  honey; 
hence,  sweet;  full  of  compliments  or  ten- 
der words.  —  Honeyedness,  hun'id-nes. 
»i.— Honeymoon,  hun'i-mon,  n.  The  first 
month  after  marriage;  the  Interval  spent 
by  a  newly-married  pair  before  settling 
down  in  a  home  of  their  own.— Honey- 
mouthed, Eoney -tongned,  a.  Soft  or 
smooth  in  speech.  —  Honeysuckle,  hun'i- 
Buk-1,  n.  [From  children  sucking  the 
honey  out  of  the  nectary.!  The  popular 
name  for  a  genus  of  upright  or  cDmbing 
shrubs,  one  species  of  wnich  is  a  well- 
known  British  plant,  known  also  by  the 
name  of  woodbine. 


Hong, hone, ».  [Chinese /lonp, /laufr.l  The 
Chinese  name  for  foreign  factories  or  mer- 
cantile houses. — Hong  merchants,  a  body 
of  eight  to  twelve  Chinese  merchants  at 
Canton,  who  once  had  the  sole  privilege 
«rf  trading  with  Europeans. 
Honour,  Honor,  on'er,  n.  (O.Fr.  Iionor, 
honour,  Fr.  honneur,  from  L.  honor,  honos, 
honour,  whence,  ftone.stus, honest. J  Esteem 
paid  to  worth;  high  estimation;  reverence; 
veneration;  any  mark  of  respect  or  estima- 
tion by  words  or  actions;  dignity;  exalted 
rank  or  place;  distinction;  reputation; 
good  name;  a  nice  sense  of  what  is  right, 
just,  and  true;  scorn  of  meanness;  a  par- 
ticular virtue,  as  bravery  or  integrity  in 
men  and  chastity  in  females;  one  who  or 
that  which  is  a  source  of  glory  or  esteem; 
he  who  or  that  which  confers  dignity  (an 
honour  to  his  country);  title  or  privilege 
of  rank  or  birth;  one  of  the  highest  trump 
cards,  as  the  ace,  king,  queen,  or  knave: 
with  his,  your,  &c.;  a  title  of  address  or 
respect  now  restricted  to  the  holders  of 
certain  offices,  except  among  the  vulgar; 
(pi.)  civilities  paid,  as  at  an  entertainment; 
ipl.)  academic  and  university  distinction 
or  pre-eminence. —  Honours  of  war,  dis- 
tinctions granted  to  a  vanquished  enemy, 
as  of  marching  out  of  a  camp  or  intrench- 
ments  armed  and  with  colours  flying. — 
An  affair  of  honour,  a  dispute  to  be  decid- 
ed by  a  duel.—  Word  of  honour,  a  verbal 
promise  or  engagement  which  cannot  be 
violated  without  disgrace.— X)e6<o//ionowr, 
a  del)t,  as  a  bet,  for  which  no  security  is 
required  or  given  except  that  implied  by 
honourable  dealing.  — Maid  of  honour,  a 
lady  whose  duty  it  is  to  attend  a  queen 
in  public— v.*.  To  regard  or  treat  with 
honour;  to  revere;  to  respect;  to  reverence; 
to  bestow  honour  upon;  to  elevate  in  rank 
or  station;  to  exalt;  to  render  illustrious; 
com  to  accept  and  pay  when  due  (to  hon- 
our a  bill  of  exchange).— Honorarium,  on- 
fer-a'ri-ura,  n.  [L  honorarium,  (dtmum, 
gift,  understood).]  A  fee  to  a  professional 
gentleman  for  professional  services.  — 
Honorary,  on'6r-^-ri,  a.  [L.  honoramis.] 
Done  or  made  in  honour;  indicative  of 
honour;  intended  merely  to  confer  honour 
(an  honorary  degree);  possessing  a  title  or 
post  without  performing  services,  or  with- 
out receiving  benefit  or  reward  (an  honor- 
ary secretary  or  treasurer).  —  Honorific, 
on-tr-if'ik,  a.  Conferring  honour.— Hon- 
ourable, Eonorable,on'6r-a-bl,  a.  Worthy 
of  being  honoured;  estimable;  illustrious 
ornobie;  actuated  by  principles  of  honour; 
confering  honour;  consistent  with  honour 
.  or  reputation;  regarded  with  esteem;  ac- 
.  companied  with  marks  of  honour  or  testi- 
i  monies  of  esteem;  upright  and  laudable; 
f  directed  to  a  just  and  proper  end;  not 
*  base;  a  title  of  distinction  applied  to  cer- 
f  tain  members  of  noble  families,  persons 
t  in  high  position,  &c.,  right  honourable 
'  being  a  higher  grade.  —  Honourableness, 
on'6r-a-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  hon- 
ourable. —  Eonourably,  on'er-a-bli,  adv. 
In  an  honourable  manner.  —  Honourer, 
on'er-er,  n.  One  who  honours.— Honour- 
less,  on'*r-les,  a.  Destitute  of  honour; 
not  honoured. 

Hood,  hud,  n.  [A.  Sax.  h6d='D.  hoed,  G. 
hut,  a  hat;  allied  to  E.  Jieed;  G.  hiiten,  D. 
hoeden,  to  protect;  Skr.  chad,  to  cover.]  A 
soft  covering  for  the  head  worn  by  fe- 
males and  children ;  a  part  of  a  monk's 
outer  garment  with  which  he  covers  his 
head ;  a  cowl ;  a  similar  appendage  to  a 
cloak  or  overcoat;  an  ornamental  fold  at 
the  back  of  an  academic  gown;  a  covering 
for  a  hawk's  head  or  eyes,  used  in  falconry; 
anything  that  resembles  a  hood  in  form 
or  use.— v.t.  To  dress  in  a  hood  or  cowl;  to 

Eut  a  hood  on;  to  cover  or  hide.— Hooded, 
ud'ed,  p.  and  o.  Covered  with  or  wear- 
ing a  hood;  bot.  cucuUate;  resembling  a 
hood  in  shape. — Hooded  crow,  a  crow  of  a 
grayish  colour  with  a  black  head;  the 
Royston  crow. — Hooded-snake,  the  cobra- 
de-capella.— Eood-mould,  Bood-moulding, 
n.  A  dripstone.— Hoodwink,  hud'wingk, 
v.t.  To  blind  by  covering  the  eyes;  to 
blindfold:  to  deceive  by  external  appear- 
ances or  disguise;  to  impose  on.  -  ' 
Hoof,  hof,  n.  pi.  Hoofs,  rarely;  Hooves,  { 


hovz.  [A.  Sax.  hdf,  Icel.  hdfr,  D.  hoe/, 
Dan.  hov,  6.  huf,  a  hoof.J  The  horny  sub- 
stance that  covers  the  feet  or  the  digits 
of  the  feet  of  certain  animals,  as  horses, 
oxen,  sheep,  deer,  4c.  —  Hoof-bound,  a. 
Farriery,  having  a  dryness  and  contrac- 
tion of  the  hoof,  which  occasions  pain  and 
lameness.  —  Hoofed,  hoft,  a.  Furnished 
•with  hoofs. —Hooaess,  hof'les,  a.  Desti- 
tute of  hoofs.— Hoof-mark,  n.  The  mark 
or  trace  left  by  a  l\oof. 
Hook,  hiik,  n.  [A.  Sax.  h6c,  a  hook,  a 
crook  =  U.  hoek,  Icel.  haki,  G.  haken, 
O.H.G.  hako,  a  hook:  same  root  as  hang, 
hake,  hockey,  huckle-bone,  hackle.]  A  piece 
of  iron  or  other  metal  bent  into  a  curve 
for  catching,  holding,  or  sustaining  any- 
thing; any  similar  appliance;  a  curved 
instrument  for  cutting  grass  or  grain ;  a 
sickle;  an  instrument  for  cutting  or  lop- 
ping; a  small  metallic  fastening  for  dresses 
catching  in  an  eye. — By  hook  or  by  crook. 
Under  Crook. — On  one's  own  hook,  on  one's 
own  account  or  responsibility.  (CoUoq. ) — 
v.t.  To  catch  or  fasten  with  a  hook  or  hooks; 
to  bend  into  the  form  of  a  hook;  to  furnish 
■with  hooks;  to  catch  by  artifice;  to  entrap. 
— v.i.  To  bend;  to  be  curving;  to  catch  into 
something.— Hook-beaked,  Hook-billed,  a. 
Having  a  curved  beak  or  bill;  curviros- 
tral.— Hook-bill,  re.  The  curved  beak  of  a 
bird;  a  bill-hook  with  a  curved  end. — 
Hooked,  huk'ed  or  hukt,  p.  and  a.  Shaped 
or  curved  like  a  hook.— Hgokedness,  huk'- 
ed-nes,  n.  A  state  of  being  hooked ;  in- 
curvation.—Hooker,  huk'^r,  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  hooks.  —  Hook-nose,  n.  A 
curve<l  nose.  —  Hook-nosed,  a.  Having  a 
curvated  or  aquiline  nose. 
Hookah,  ho'kah,  n.  A  pipe  with  a  large 
bowl  and  a  long  pliable  tube,  so  con- 
structed that  the  smoke  of  the  tobacco  is 
made  to  pass  through  water  for  the  pur- 
pose of  cooling  it. 

Hooker,  huk'er,  n:  [D.  hoeker,  hoekboot] 
A  two-roasted  Dutch  vessel;  also,  a  small 
fishing-smack. 

Hoop,  hop,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hdp,  Fris.  Tiop,  D. 
hoep;  akin  hump.]  A  band  of  wood  or 
metal  used  to  confine  the  staves  of  casks, 
tubs,  &c.,  or  for  other  similar  purposes;  a 
combination  of  circles  of  thin  whalebone 
or  other  elastic  material  used  to  expand 
the  skirts  of  ladies'  dresses;  a  farthingale; 
a  crinoline.  —  v.t.  To  bind  or  fasten  with 
hoops.  —  Hooper,  "h8'p6r,  n.  One  who 
hoops-. 

Hoop,  hop,  v.t.  [Fr.  houper,  to  whoop;  same 
as  whoop.]  To  whoop;  to  shout.  —  n.  A 
shout.- Eooper,  ho'p^r,  n.  The  wild  swan, 
so  called  from  its  cry. — Eoopi&g-cough,  n. 
A  contagious  ailment  common  in  child- 
hood.characterized  by  a  violent  convulsive 
cough,  returning  by  fits,  and  consisting  of 
several  expirations,  followed  by  a  sonor- 
ous inspiration  or  hoop. 
Hoopoe,  Hoopoo,  hO'po,  hO'pd,  n.  fFr. 
huppe,  L.  upupa,  Gr.  epops,  hoopoe:  names 
given  from  its  cry.]  A  beautiful  bird  with 
a  crest,  which  it  can  erect  or  depress  at 
pleasure,  found  in  Europe  ana  North 
Africa. 

Hoot,  het,  v.i.  [From  the  sound;  comp.  Fr. 
houter,  to  call,  to  cry.]  To  cry  out  or  shout 
in  contempt;  to  cry  as  an  owl.  —  v.t.  To 
utter  cries  or  shouts  in  contempt  of;  to 
utter  contemptuous  cries  or  shouts  at.— n. 
A  cry  or  shout  in  contempt;  the.cry  of  an 
owl.  ,_  ^ 

Hop,  hop,  v.i.—hopped,  flopping.  [A.'  Sax. 
hoppian=lfel.  and  Sw.  hoppa.  D.  huppen, 
6.  hiipfen,  to  hop;  akin  hobble,  hi>bby.\ 
To  move  by  successive  leaps;  to  leap  or 
spring  on  one  foot;  to  skip,  as  birds;  to 
limp ;  to  dance. — n.  A  leap  on  one  leg ;  a 
jump;  a  spring;  a  dance  or  dancing  party 
(coUoq.).  —  Hopper,  hop'6r,  n.  One  who 
hops;  a  wooden  trough  through  which 
grain  passes  into  a  mill,  so  named  from  its 
moving  or  shaking;  any  similar  contriv- 
ance; a  boat  having  a  compartment  with 
a  movable  bottom  to  convey  matter 
dredged  up  and  deposit  it  in  deep  water. — 
Eoi>-scotcn,  n.  A  children's  game  which 
consists  in  hopping  over  scores  or  scotches 
on  the  ground.  ''     _^  ... 

Hop,  hop,  n.  [D.'hopThopi^erOThopJjsni 
hop.]  A  climbing  plant  of  the  hempfamily. 


iF&tej  f&r,  fat,  f All;     me,  met,  h£r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;.    tabe,  tub,  bull;     qU.  sound;    ttl,  gc.  abunerrtlie  FTiJIjj 


HOPE 


331 


HORSE 


whose  female  flowers  are  used  to  flavour 
malt  liquors  and  make  them  keep.—v.t. 
—hopped,  hopping.  To  mix  hops  with. 
— v.i.  To  pick  or  gather  hops.  —  Hopbine, 
hop'bin,  n.  The  climbing  or  twining  stem 
of  the  hop-plant.— Hopoast,  hop'ost,  n.  An 
oven  or   kiln   for   drying   hops.  —  Hop- 

:  picker,  n.  One  who  picks  or  gathers  hops. 
—Hop-pocket,  n.  A  coarse,  heavy  wrapper 
for  containing  hops,  used  as  a  measure  for 
hops=li  to  2  cwt.— Hope-pole,  n.  A  pole 
or  stake  for  the  stem  of  the  hop-plant  to 
climb.-Hoppy,  hop'i,a.  Abounding  with 
hops;  having  the  flavour  of  hops. 

Hope,  hop,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hopa=l).  hoop,  Sw. 
hopp.  Dan.  haab,  hope;  (i.  hoffen,  to  hope; 
possibly  akin  to  L.  cupio,  to  desire.]  A 
aesire  of  some  good,  accompanied  with  at 
least  a  slight  expectation  of  obtaining  it, 
or  a  belief  that  it  is  obtainable;  expecta- 
tion of  something  desirable;  confidence  in 
a  future  event;  trust;  that  which  gives 
hope;  one  in  whom  trust  or  confidence  is 
placed;  the  object  of  hope;  the  thing  hoped 
for. —  Forlorn  hope.  Under  Forlorn.— 
v.i.  —  hoped,  hoping.  [A.  Sax.  hopian,'!). 
hopen,  to  hope.  J  To  entertain  or  indulge 
hope;  to  have  confidence;  to  trust. — v.t.  To 
entertain  hope  for;  to  desire  with  expecta- 
tion.—Hopeful,  hop'ful,  a.  Full  of  or  en- 
tertaining hope;  having  qualities  wUich 
excite  hope;  promising.— «.  A  boy  or  young 
man,  the  hope  of  his  parents:  often  with 
the  epithet  young,  and  used  sarcastically. 
— Hopefully,  hop'ful-li,  adv.  In  a  hopeful 
manner.— Hopefulness,  hop'ful-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  hopeful,  or  of 
furnishing  ground  for  hope.  —  Hopeless, 
hop'les,  a.  Destitute  of  hope;  giving  no 
ground  of  hope.  —  Hopelessly,  hop'les-li, 
adv.  In  a  hopeless  manner.  —  Hopeless- 
neas,  hop'les-nes,  n.  —  Hoper,  ho'p6r,  n. 
One  that  hopes.  —  Hopingly,  ho'ping-li, 
adv.    With  hope;  hopefully. 

Eopllte,  hop'lit,  n.  [Gr.  hoplitSs,  from 
hoplon,  a  weapon.]  A  heavy-armed  soldier 
of  ancient  Greece. 

Hopper.    Under  Hop. 

Hopple,  hop'l,  v.t.  [From  Jbop,  to  leap;  also 
in  form  hobble.]  To  tie  the  feet  of  (a  norse) 
near  together  to  prevent  leaping  or  run- 
ning; to  hobble;  to  f etter.— n.  A  fetter  for 
the  legs  of  horses  or  other  animals  when 
turned  out  to  graze. 

Horary,  Horal,  ho'ra-ri,  ho'ral,  a.  [L.  hora, 

^an  hour.]  Pertaining  to  the  hours;  occur- 
ring once  an  hour;  hourly. 

Horatian,  ho-ra'shan,  a.  Relating  to  or  re- 
sembling the  Latin  poe*;  Horace  (Uoratius) 
or  his  poetry. 

Horde,  hord,  n.  [Fr.  horde,  from  Turk,  and 
Per.  ordA,  court,  camp,  horde.]  A  tribe, 
clan,  or  race  of  Asiatic  or  other  nomads;  a 
■wandering  tribe;  hence,  a  gang;  a  migra- 
tory crew;  rabble.— v.t.  To  live  in  hordes; 
to  huddle  together. 

Horebound,  hor'hound,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hdra- 
hune  —  hdr,  hoar,  and  hune,  the  generic 
name  of  these  plants.]  The  popular  name 
of  several  European  plants  of  the  mint 
family,  one  of  which,  white  horehound, 
has  an  aromatic  smell  and  bitter  taste, 
and  has  been  much  in  use  for  coughs  and 
asthma.    Written  also  Hoarhound. 

Horizon,  ho-ri'zon,  n.  [Gr.  horizon,  from 
horizO,  to  bound,  from  horos,  a  limit;  lit. 
that  which  bounds.]  The  circle  which 
bounds  that  part  of  the  earth's  surface 
vigible  to  a  spectator  from  a  given  point; 
the  apparent  junction  of  the  earth  and 
sky:  called  the  visible  or  apparent  hori- 
zon; an  imaginary  great  circle,  parallel  to 
this,  whose  plane  passes  through  the  cen- 
tre of  the  earth :  called  the  celestial  ho- 
rizon. —  On  the  same  horizon,  geol.  said  of 
fossils  or  strata  which  appear  to  be  of  the 
same  age.  —  Horizontal,  hor-i-zon'tal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  horizon;  on  the  same  or 
a. parallel  plane  with  the  horizon;  on  a 
level;  measured  or  contained  in  the  plane 
of  the  horizon  {horizontal  distance).— Hori- 
zontality,  hor'i-zon-tal"li-ti,  n.  The  state 
of  being  horizontal.— Horizontally,  hor-i- 
zon'tal-li,  adv.  In  a  horizontal  direction 
or  position.      .,  c 

3om,  horn,  n.  [A.  Sax.  horn,  a  horn,  a 
trumpet=lcel.  Sw.  Ban.  and  G."  horn,  D. 
horen,  Goth,  haurn;  cog.  W.  and  Armor. 


com,  h.  cortiu,  Gr.  fceras— horn.  Hornet 
is  a  derivative,  and  hart  is  akin.]  A  hard 
projecting  appendage  growing  on  the 
heads  of  certain  animals,  and  particularly 
on  cloven-hoofed  quadrupeds;  the  mate- 
rial of  which  such  horns  are  composed ;  a 
wind-instrument  of  musicoriginally  made 
of  horn;  a  drinking-cup  of  horn;  a  utensil 
for  holding  powder  for  immediate  use,  ori- 
ginally made  of  horn;  a  powder-flask; 
something  similar  to  a  horn;  the  feeler  of 
an  insect,  snail,  &c.;  an  extremity  of  the 
moon  when  waxing  or  waning. —  To  draw 
in  the  horns,  to  repress  one's  ardour,  or  to 
restrain  pride,  in  allusion  to  the  habit  of 
the  snail  withdrawing  its  feelers  when 
startled.  —  Hornbeam,  hom'bem,  n.  A 
small  bushy  tree  of  the  oak  family,  with 
a  hard  white  wood. — Horn-beast,  n.  An 
animal  with  horns.  [Shak.]  —  Hombill, 
horn'bil,  n.  A  name  of  certain  birds  with 
very  large  bills  surmounted  by  an  extra- 
ordinary horny  protube/a  ace.  —  Hom- 
bl'ende,  hom'blend,  n,  [G.  horn,  horn, 
and  blende,  blemle  (from  blenden,to  dazzle), 
from  its  horny  and  glittering  appearance.] 
A  dark  green  or  black  lustrous  mineral  of 
several  varieties,  an  important  constituent 
of  several  rocks. — Hornblendic,  hom-blen'- 
dik,  a.  Containing  hornblende;  resem- 
bling hornblende.— Horn-blower,  n.  One, 
that  blows  a  horn.— Hornbook,  hom'buk, 
n.  In  former  times  a  child's  alphatet 
book  or  primer,  with  a  transparent  sheet 
of  horn  placed  over  the  single  page  of 
which  it  usually  consisted,  the  whole 
being  fixed  toji.  wooden  frameT— Homed, 
homd,  a.  Having  horns  Or  projections 
resembling  them  (the  homed  moon).  — 
Horned-horse,  n.  The  gnu.— Homedness, 
homd'nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  horned. 
—Horned-screamer,  n.  A  South  Ameri- 
can grallatorial  bird,  with  a  long,  slender, 
movable  horn  projecting  from  its  fore- 
head.—Horner,  hor'nfer,  n.  One  who  works 
or  deals  in  horn;  one  who  blo'frs  a  horn. — 
Horn-fish,  Horn-pike,  n.  The  garfish  or 
sea-needle.- Hornless,  hom'les,  a.  Hav- 
ing no  horns. — Horn-mad,  a.  Outrageous; 
stark  mad:  in  allusion  to  a  mad  bull.— 
Horn-owl,  Horned-owl,  n.  One  of  those 
owls  that  have  two  tufts  of  feathers  on  the 
head.— Hornpipe,  Ijom'pip,  n.  A  musical 
instrument  formerly  popiilar  in  Wales;  a 
lively  dance  tune;  a  sprightly  dance,  usu- 
ally performed  by  one  person.- Hornstone, 
hom'ston,  n.  A  siliceous  stone,  a  variety 
of  quartz.— Homwork,  hom'werk,  n.  Fort. 
a  work  with  .one  front  only,  thrown  out 
beyond  the  glacis,  which  front  consists  of 
two-demi-bastions  connected  by  a  curtain. 
— Homy,  hor'ni,  a.  Consisting  or  com- 
posed of  horn;  resembling  horn  in  ap- 
pearance or  composition;  exhibiting  har- 
dened skin  or  callosities  (a  homy  fist); 
having  horns. 

Hornet,  hor'net, «.  [A.  Sax.  hyrnet,  from 
horn,  a  horn,  from  its  antennas  or  horns, 
or  because  its  buzzing  is  compared  to  the 
blowing  of  a  horn;  G.  homiss,  a  hornet.] 
The  largest  species  of  wasp  found  in  Brit- 
ain, the  sting  of  which  is  very  painful ; 
hence,  any  one  who  gives  particular  an- 
noyance. 

Horography,  ho-rog'ra-fi,  n.  [Gr.  hOra, 
hour,  and  grapho,  to  write.]  An  account 
of  the  art  of  constructing  instruments  for. 
showing  the  hours;  horology. — Horologe, 
ho'ro-loj,  n.  [Fr.  horologe,  L.  horologium, 
Gr.  h6rologion — hOra,  hour,  and  lego,  to 
tell.]  A  piece  of  mechanism  for  indicat- 
ing the  hours  of  the  day;  a  time-piece  of 
any  kind.— Horologer,  Horologist,  ho-rol'- 
o-j6r,  ho-rol'o-jist,  n.  A  maker  or  vender 
of  clocks  and  watches;  one  versed  in  or 
■who  writes  on  horology.  —  Horologic,  Ho- 
rologlcal,  ho-ro-loj'i£,  ho-ro-loj'i-kal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  horology;  hot.  opening  and 
closing  at  certain  hours:  said  of  flowers. — 
Eorolo37,  ho-rol'C-ji,  n.  The  science  of 
measuring  'time;  the  art  of  constructing 
machines  for  measuring  time,  as  clocks, 
watches,  dials.— Horometer,  ho-rom'et-er, 
n..  An  instrument  to  measure  time. — 
HorometHcal,  ho-ro-met'ri-kal,  a.  Be- 
longing to  horometry. — Horometry,  ho- 
rom'et-ri,  n.  The  art  of  measuring  time 
by  hours  and  subordinate  divisions.  — 


Horoscope,  hS'ros-kop,  n.  [  Or.hdroskop'os — 
hora,  hour,  and  skopeO,to  view.]  A  scheme 
or  figure  of  the  heavens  at  a  given  time, 
used  by  astrologers  to  foretell  future 
events  and  the  fortunes  of  persons,  ac- 
cording to  the  position  of  the  stars  at  the 
time  of  their  birth.— Horoscopist,  ho-ros'- 
ko-pist,  n.  One  versed  in  horoscopy. — 
Horoscopic,  ho-ros'-kop'ik,  a.  Relating  to 
horoscopy.  —  Horoscopy,  ho-ros'ko-pi,  n. 
The  predicting  of  future  events  by  the 
disposition  of  the  stars  and  planets. 

Horrible,  hor'ri-bl,  a.  [L.  horribilis,  from 
horreo,  to  bristle  or  stand  on  end,  to  be 
terrified;  akin  to  hirtua,  shaggy,  hirsutus, 
hirsute.]  Exciting  or  tending  to  excite 
horror;  dreadful;  terrible;  shocking;  hid- 
eous.— Horrent,  hor'rent,  a.  [L.  horrens, 
horrentis.]  'Bristling.- Horribleness,  hor*- 
ri-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  or  <iuality  of  being 
horrible.— Horribly,  hor'ri-bli,  adv.  In  a 
horrible  manner;  excessively;  very  much. 
— Horrid,  hor'rid,  a.    [h.  horridua,  from 

•horreo.]  Fitted  to  excite  horror;  dread- 
ful; hideous;  shocking;  very  offensive 
(colloq.).— Horridly,  hor'rid-li,  adv.  In  a 
horrici  manner.— Horridness,  hor'rid-nes, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  homd.— Horrific, 
hor-rif'ik,  a.  [L.  horrijicua.]  Causing  hor- 
ror.—Horrify,  hor'ri-fi,  v.t.—hoi-rified,  hor- 
rifi/ing.  [L.  horror,  fado,  to  make.]  To 
strike  or  impress  with  horror.— Horripi- 
lation, hor'ri-pi-la"shon,  n.  [L.  horreo,  to 
bristle,  pilua,  hair.]  The  bristling  or 
standing  on  end  of  the  hair. — Horror,hor'- 
r6r,  n.  [L.,  from  horreo.]  A  powerful  feel- 
ing of  fear,  dread,  and  abhorrence;  a  shud- 
dering with  terror  and  loathing;  that 
which  excites  horror;  something  frightful 
or  shocking. — The  horrors,  a  state  of  ex- 
treme agitation  felt  by  a  drunkard  on  the 
withdrawal  of  the  customary  stimulus.- 
Horror-stricken,  Horror-struck,  a.  Struck 
with  horror. 

Eors^  hors.  n.  [A.  Sax.  Aor«=Icel.  hroaa, 
hora,  O.H.G.  hros,  G.  ross,  i).  roa,  allied  to 
Skr.  hreca,  neighing,  or  to  L.  curro,  to  run.] 
A  well-known  quadruped,  the  most  im- 
portant to  man  of  all  animals  that  are 
used  as  beasts  of  burden  and  of  draught; 
the  male  animal,  in  distinction  from  the 
femalecalled  amare;  cavalry;  troops  serv- 
ing on  horseback  (in  this  sense  no  plural 
termination) ;  a  wooden  frame  with  legs 
for  supporting  something;  na«(.  a  rope 
attached  to  a  yard  to  support  the  sailors 
while  they  loose,  reef,  or  furl  the  sails. — 
[Horse,  in  compounds,  often  implies  large- 
ness or  coarseness;  as  Aor se-chestnut,  horse- 
play.]—To  take  horae,  to  mount  or  set  out 
on  horseback.— y.t.—/iorsed,  horsing.  To 
provide  with  a  horse;  to  supply  a  horse  or 
horses  for;  to  sit  astride;  to  bestride  iShak.). 
— Horse-artillery,  n.  Milit.  field-artillery 
with  lighter  guns  than  ordinary  fiela- 
artillery,  and  jlII  the  gunners  mounted. — 
Horseback,  hors'bak,  n.  The  back  of  a 
horse;  that  part  on  which  the  rider  sits; 
generally  in  the  phrase  on  horseback,  thai 
IS,  mounted  or  riding  on  a  horse. — Horse- 
barracks,  n.  pi.  Barracks  for  cavalry. — 
Horse-box,  n.  A  closed  carriage  for  trans- 
porting horses  by  railway. — Horse-break- 
er, n.  One  whose  employment  is  to  break 
or  train  horses.  —  Horse-chestnut,  n.  A 
well-kncwn  tree  with  beautiful  flowers, 
often  planted  for  ornament,  the  nuts  of 
which  have  been  used  as  food  for  animals. 
—Horse-cloth,  n.  A  cloth  to  cover  a  horse. 
-Horse-dealer,  n.  One  who  buys  and 
sells  horses. — Horse-doctor,  n.  One  who 
treats  the  diseases  of  horses;  a  farrier. — 
Horse-drench,  n.  A  dose  of  physic  for  a 
horse;  the  instrument  by  which  it  is  ad- 
ministered.—Horseflesh,  hors'flesh,  n.  The 
flesh  of  a  horse;  horses  generally;  a  species 
of  mahogany.  —  Horsefly,  hors'fli,  n.  A 
large  fly  that  sucks  the  blood  of  horses.— 
Horse-guards,  n.  pi.  A  body  of  cavalry 
for  guards.  —  The  Horse-guarda,  the  pub- 
lic office  appropriated  to  the  departments 
under  the  commander-in-chief  of  the  Brit- 
ish army;  the  military  authorities  at  the 
head  of  the  British  war  department,  in 
contradistinction  to  the  civil  chief,  who  is 
the  secretary-at-war. — Horse-hair,  n.  sing. 
and  pi.  The  halt  of  horses,  more  particu- 
larly of  the  mane  and  tail.— Horse-hoe,  n. 


cbj.cAaisi    eft.  Sc.  l«c/»;     g,"ffQi     t.  Jobj '   n,  ErviOlU,    wr^Sinjrj     fp,  t/ien;  th,  toio;     WuWitf?    ■wh,.M>/tig;    ih,  asure. 


HORTATIOIf 


332 


HOUSE 


An  agricaltural  implement  consisting  of 
hoe  bladee  attached  to  a  frame  and  drawn 
^  a  horse.— Horse-iockey,  n.  A  jockey.— 
Eorse-laagh,  n.  A  loud,  coarse,  boisterous 
laugh.— Horseleech,  n.  A  large  siiecies  of 
leech;  a  horse-doctor;  a  f arrier.  —  Horse- 
Ioa4,n.  A  load  for  a  horse.— Horse-macker- 
el, n.  A  fish  about  the  size  of  a  mackerel, 
with  oilyrank  flesh.— Horseman.hors'man, 
n.  A  man  who  rides  on  horseback;  one  who 
uses  and  manages  a  horse;  a  soldier  who 
serves  on  horseback;  a  variety  of  pigeon» — 
Horsemanship,  hors'man-ship,  n.  The  art 
of  riding  and  managing  horses;  equestrian 
skill.— Horse-mill,  n.  A  mill  turned  by  a 
horse  or  horses.- Horse-milliner,  n.  One 
who  supplies  ribbons  and  other  decora- 
tions for  horses.— Horse-nail,  n.  A  nail 
for  fastening  a  horse's  shoe  to  the  hoof. — 
Eorsa-play,  n.  Rough  or  rude  practical 
jokes  or  the  like;  rude  pranks.- Horse- 

Sjnd,  n.  A  pond  for  watering  horses.— 
orse-power,  n.  The  power  of  a  hofte 
or  its  equivalent;  the  force  with  wfiich  a 
horse  acts  when  drawing;  the  standard 
tor  estimating  the  power  of  a  st«am-en- 
^ne,  each  horse -power  being  estimated 
as  equivalent  to  33,000  lbs.  raised  one 
foot  nigh  per  minute.  —  Herse-race,  n. 
A  race  by  horses;  a  match  of  horses  in 
running.— Horse-racing,  n.  The  practice 
or  art  of  running  horses. — Horse-radish, 
n.  A  perennial  plant  of  the  Cabbage 
family,  the  white  cylindrical  root  of  which 
has  a  pungent  taste,  and  is  used  as  a  con- 
diment with  roast  beef .— Horse-rng.  ti.  A 
■woollen  cover  for  a  horse. — Horse-ihoe,  n. 
A  shoe  for  horses,  commonly  a  piece  of 
iron,  in  shape  resembling  the  letter  U. 
nailed  to  the  horse's  foot;  anything  shaped 
like  a  horse-shoe.— i/or«e-s/ioe  rfiugnei,  an 
artificial  steel  magnet  nearly  in  the  form 
of  a  horse-shoe. — Horse-Boldier,  n.  A  cav- 
aliy  soldier.  —  Horse-tail,  n.  The  tail  of 
a  horse  ;*a  standard  of  ra.uk  and  honour 
.among  the  Turks,  consisting  of  one  or 
more  tails  of  horses  mounted  on  a  lance; 
an  equisetum  (which  see).  ■•—  Horsewhip, 
hors'whip,  n.  A  whip  for  driving  or  strik- 
ing horses.  —  v.t.  —  horsewhipped,  horse- 
ishippvua.  To  lash  or  strike  with  a  horse- 
■whip.— Horsewoman,  hort'wum-an,  n.  A 
woman  who  rides  on  horseback^  an  eques- 
trienne.—Horsy,  Horsey,  hor'si,  a.  Con- 
nected with,  fond  of,  or  much  taken  up 
*ith  horses.- HorsineM,  hor'si-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  horsy. 
Hortation,  hor-ta'shon,  n.  [L.  hortatio, 
from  kortor,  to  exhort.l  The  act  of  ex- 
horting; exhortation. — Hortative,  hor'ta- 
tiv,  a.  Giving  exhoiiation. — n.  A  precept 
given  to  incite  or  encourage;  exhortation. 
— HortAtory,  hor'ta-to-ri,  a.  Exhortative. 
Horticnltnre,  hor'ti-kul-ttir,  71.  [L.  hortru, 
a  garden  (same  root  as  garden,  yard), 
and  euUura,  culture.]  The  cultivation 
of  a  garden;  the  art  of  cultivating  or 
managing  gardens.  —  Horticultural,  hor- 
ti-kul'tQr-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  horticul- 
ture. —  Horticulturist,  Horticiiltor,t  hor- 
ti-kul'tOr-ist,  hor'ti-kul-ter,  n.  One  who 
practises  horticulture.  —  Hortus  Siccna, 
hor'tus  sikTcus,?!.  [L.]  I/it.  a  dry  garden; 
a  collection  of  specimens  of  plants  care- 
fully dried  and  preserved;  a  herbarium. 
Hosanna,  ho-zan'na,  n.  .  [Heb.,  save,  I  be- 
seech you.]  An  exclamation  of  praise  to 
God,  or  an  invocation  of  blessings. 
Hose,  hoz,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hosa  (pi.  hosan),  a 
leg-covering=D.  hoog,  Icel.  hosa,  G.  and 
Dan.  hose ;  comp.  A.  Sax.  hose,  Dan.  haae, 
a  hnsk;  perhaps  allied  to  houseJ]  Close- 
fitting  trousers  or  breeches  reaching  to 
the  knee;  covering  for  the  lower  part  of 
the  legs,  including  the  feet;  stockiiigs  (in 
these  senses  now  used  as  a  plural);  a  flex- 
ible tube  6r  pipe  for  conveying  water  or 
,  other  fluid  to  any  required  pomt.— Hose- 
;reel,  n.  A  large  revolving  drum  or  reel 
for  carrying  hose  for  fire-engines,  &a— 
I  Hosier,  ho'zhi-^r,  n.  One  who  deals  in 
;  stockiiigs  or  similar  goods,  or  in  under- 
I  clothing' of  every  description.— Hosiery, 
h5'rhi-6r-i,  n.  The  goods  sold  by  a  hosier; 
'  knitted  goods,  &c. 

Hospice,  nos'pis,  n.  [Tr.,  from  L.  hotpi- 
\  tium,  hospitality,  a  lodging,  an  inn.]  A 
ll>laoe  of  refuge  and  entertainraent  for  tra- 


vellers on  some  difficult  road  or  pass,  as 
among  the  Alps. 

Hospitable,  hcs'pi-ta-bl,  a.  [Pr.  hospitable, 
li.  nospitali^  from  hospes,  hospitis,  a  host, 
a  guest.  Host.]  Eeceiving  and  enter- 
taining strangers  with  kindness  and  with- 
out reward;  kind  to  strangers  and  guests; 
pertaining  to  the  liberal  entertainment  of 
guests.  — Hospitableness,  hos '  pi-ta-bl-nes, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  hospitable.- 
Hospitably,  hos'pi-ta-bU,  adv.  In  a  hos- 
pitable manner.— Hospital,  hos'pi-tal,  n. 
fO.Fr.  hospital,  L.L.  hospital'e.  Hotel, 
hostel,  are  doublets  of  this.]  A  building 
or  institution  for  the  reception  and  treat- 
ment of  the  old,  sick,  &c.,  for  the  educa- 
tion and  support  of  orphans,  or  for  the 
benefit  of  any  class  of  persons  who  are 
more  or  less  dependent  upon  public  help. 
—Hospitality,  hos-pi-tal'i-ti,  n.  [L.  hos- 
pitaMaa.}  The  kind  and  generous  recep- 
tion and  entertainment  oi  'jtrangers  or 
guests;  fondness  for  entertaining  guests 
at  ones  house;  hospitable  treatment  or 
disposition. — Hospitaller^  hos'pi-tal-6r,  n. 
A  member  of  a rehgious community  whose 
oflice  it  was  to  relieve  the poor.the  stranger, 
and  the  sick;  one  ofanorderof  knightswho 
built  a  hospital  at  Jerusalem  in  a.d.  1042 
for  pilgrims,  called  Krughts  of  St.  John, 
and,  after  their  removal  to  Malta,  .ffnii?/ite 
of  Malta. 

Hospodar,  hos-po-dar',  n.  A  Slavonic  title 
formerly  borne  by  the  princes  of  Moldavia 
and  WaJlachia,  &c. 

Host,  host,  n.  [O.Fr.  hoste,  Pr.  h6U;  from 
L.  hospes,  hos2yitis,  a  host,  for  hostipes, 
from  hiostig,  an  enemy,  a  stranger  (akin  E. 
guest),  and  root  pa,  to  protect,  as  in  L. 
pater,  a  father,  iotens,  powerful.  Proin 
nospes  are  also  derived  hospital,.  Iwstler, 
hotel,  &c.]    One  who  receives  ana  enter- 

■  tains  another  at  his  own  house;  a  land- 
lord: the  correlative  of  guest;  an  animal 
or  organism  in  or  on  whose  organs  a  para- 
site exists.— Hostess,  hus'tes,  n.  A  female 
host. 

Host,  h58t,  n.  lO.Fr.  host,  from  L.  hostis, 
a  stranger,  an  enemy,  in  later  usage  an 
army;  guest  is  cog.  with  hostis.  See  also 
Host,  above.]  An  army;  a  number  of 
men  embodied  for  wpr;  any  great  number 
or  multitude. 

Host,  host,  n.  PJ.  hostia,  a  sacrificial  vic- 
tim, from  hodio,  to  strike.]  The  conse- 
crated bread  or  wafer  in  the  eucharist,  or 
in  the  R.  CathoUc  sacrament  of  the  mass. 

Hostage,  hos'taj,  n.  [O.Pr.  hostage,  Pr. 
Otage,  L.L.  hostoffitis,  obstagius,  obsidatir 
CU8,  from  L.  obses,  obsidis,  hostage — ob,  at, 
near,  sedeo,  to  sit.]  A  person  handed  over 
to  an  enemy  as  a  pledge  for  the  perfor- 
mance of  certain  conditions. 

Hostel,  Hostelry,  hos-tel,  h5s'tel-ri,  n. 
[Hotel.]    An  inn;  a  lodging-house. « 

Hostile,  hos'til,  a.  [L.  hostUis,  from  hostis, 
an  enemy.  See  Host,  army.]  Belonging 
to  an  enemy;  holding  the  position  of  an 
enemy  or  enemies;  showing  ill-will  and 
malevolence.  — Hostile]^,  hos'til-li,  adv. 
In  a  hostile  manner.— Hostility,  hos-til'i- 
ti.  n.  [Ij.  hcstiUids.'i  State  of  oeing  hos- 
tile; an  act  of  an  open  enemy;  an  act  of 
warfare  (in  this  sense  generally  pZ.). 

Hostler,  os'l6r,  n.  [O.Pr.  hosteller,  from 
hostel.  Hod.  Pr.  hdtel,  an  inn,  from  L.L. 
iiospitale,  a  hospital.  Hotel.]  The  per- 
son who  has  the  care  of  horses  at  an  inn, 
formerly  the  innkeeper,  a  stable-boy. 

Hot,  hot,  a.  [A.  Sax.  hdl^Sc.  het.  D.  heet, 
Sw. het,  Dan.  }ted,?ieed,  Icel. h^tr,  G. heiss. 
Heat.]  Having  much  sensible  beat;  ex- 
citing the  feeling  of  warmth  in  a  great  or 
powerful  degree;  very  warm;  ardent  in 
temper;  easily  excited  or  exasperated;  ve- 
hement; violent;  furious;  animated;  brisk; 
keen;  lustful;  lewd;  acnd;  biting;  stimu- 
lating; pungent.  —  Hotbed,  hot 'bed,  n. 
Hart,  a  bed  of  eartlfheated  by  fermenting 
BubstancsB,  and  covered  with  gla^,  used 
for  growing  early  or  exotic  plants;  a  place 
which  favours  rapid  growth  or  develop- 
ment: generally  in  a  bad  sense  (a  hotbed 
of  sedition).- Hot-blast,  n.  A  blast  of  hot 
air;  a  current  of  heated  air  injected  into 
a  smelting-fumace  by  a  blowing-engine 
to  further  the  combustion  of  the  fuel. — 
Hot-blooded,  a.    Having  hot  blood;  hav- 


ing warm  passions;  irritable.  —  Hot- 
brained,  o.  Hot  in  teniper;  rash;  precipi- 
tate—Hot-headed, a.  Violent;  rash;  im- 
petuous. —  Hothouse,  hot'hous,  n.  A 
greenhouse  or  house  to  shelter  tender 
plants,  artificially -heated;  a  conservatory. 
—Hotly,  hot'li,  adv.  In  a  hot  manner.^— 
Hotness,  hot'nes,  n.  The  condition  or 
quality  of  being  hot.— Hot-press,  v.t.  To 
apply  heat  to  in  conjunction  with  me- 
chanical pressure  in  order  to  produce  a 
smooth  and  glossy  surface  (to  hot-press 
paper  or  cloth).  —  Hot- water,  n.  Heated 
water ;  fig.  strife ;  contention ;  difliculties 
or  troubles;  worry. 

Hotchpot,  hoch'-pot,  n.  [Pr.  hochepot— 
hocher,  to  sb,aka  (from  D.  or  Flem.  hotsen), 
and  pot,  a  pot  or  dish.]  A  hodge-podge  or 
mixture;  law,  a  commixture  of  property 
for  equality  of  division.— Hotch-potch,  n. 
Hodge-podge. 

Hotel,  ho-tel',  n.  [Pr.  AOfeZ,  O.Pr.  hostel, 
an  inn;  same  wora  as  hospital,  hostel.']  A 
house  for  eni.tertaining  strangers  or  tra- 
vellers ;  an  inn ;  especially,  one  of  some 
style  and  pretensions;  a  large  town  man- 
sion (Prench  usage).— H6tel-de-ville,  o-tel- 
d6-Tel,  n.  [Pr.]  A  city -hall  or  town- 
house. —H6tel-diett,  o-tel-dye.  [Pr]  A 
hospital. 

Hottentot,  hot'n-tot.n.  [Prom  D.  hot  en 
tot,  hot  and  tot,  syllables  intended  to  imi- 
tate sounds  frequent  in  their  language.] 
A  member  of  a  degraded  tribe  or  race  01 
South  Africa;  the  language  Of  this  people, 
characterized  by  curious  clicking  or  cluck- 
ing sounds. 

Houdah,  hou'dah,  n.    Howdah. 

Hough,  nok,  n.  [Written  also  hock,  whicV, 
see.]  The  nock  of  a  horse;  the  back  part 
of  the  human  knee-joint;  the  ham. — v.t. 
To-  hamstring ;  to  disable  by  cutting  the 
sinews  of  the  ham.    [O.T.] 

Houlet,  hou'let,  n.    Howlet. 

Hound,  hound,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hund,  a  dog  or 
hound=G,.  Dan.  and  Sw.  hund,  D.  hond, 
Icel.  hundr,  Gotti;  hunds;  cog.  W.  cttn, 
Gael.  c&,  L.  canis,  Gr.  kyOn,  Skr.  fvan.  a 
dog.]  A  term  restricted  to  particular 
breeds  or  varieties  of  dogs  used  in  the 
chase,  as  in  hunting  the  deer,  the  fox,  the 
hare;  sometimes  used  as  a  term  of  con- 
tempt for  a  man. — v.t.  To  set  on  the  chase; 
to  incite  to  pursuit  of  animals;  hence,  to 
urfee,  incite,  or  spur  to  action:  usually 
with  on.  —  Houndfish,  hound'fish,  n.  A 
name  for  certain  fishes  of  the  shark  family. 

Hour,  our,  n.  [O.Pr.  hore,  houre,  from  L. 
hora,  from  Gr.  hOra,  a  season,  an  hour; 
seen  also  in  horologe,  horosco^}  The 
twenty-fourth  part  of  a  day ;  sixty  min- 
utes; the  particular  time  of  the  day;  a 
fixed  or  appointed  time;  a  time,  period,  or 
season;  pi.  certain  prayers  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  to  be  repeated  at  stated 
times  of  the  day.— To  keep  good  hours,  to 
be  at  home  regularly  in  good  season,  or 
not  after  the  usual  hours  of  retiring  to 
rest;  to  keep  bad  hours,  the  opposite. 
—  The  small  hours,  the  early  hours  of 
the  morning,  as  one,  two,  &c.  —  Hour- 
circle,  n.  Astron.  any  great  ci»cle  of  the 
sphere  which  passes  through  the  two  poles; 
a  meridian  drawn  on  a  terrestrial  globe. — 
Hour-glass,  n.    A  glass  in  two  compart- 

.  ments  connected  by  a  narrow  neck,  for 
measuring  time  by  the  running  of  a  quan- 
tity of  Band  from  one  compartment  to 
the  other.  —  Hour-hand,  n.  The  hand 
which  shows  the  hour  on  a  clock  or  watch. 
—Hourly,  ourli,  o.     Happening  or  dore 

,every  hour;  frequent;  often  repeated;  coa- 
tmual.  —  adv.  Eveiy  hour;  frequently; 
continually, 

Houri,  hou'riorhii'ri,  n.  [Ar.]  Among  the 
Mohammedans,  a  nymph  of  paradise. 

House,  hous,  n.  pi.  Houses,  hou'zez.  [A.Sax. 
Ajt«=Icel.  hus,  Dan.  Sw.  and  Gcth.  nttg,  D. 
hms,  G.  Imus;  from  root  meaning  to  cover, 
ais  in  hide,  hose,  sky,  &c.  Akin  hwibarui, 
huasy.l  A  building  serving  or  intended 
to  serve  as  an  abode;  a  building  for  the 
habitation  of  man,  or  for  his  use  or  ac- 
commodation; a  dwelling;  an  abode:  a 
household^  a  family;  a  family  regarded 
as  consisting  of  ancestors,  descendants, 
and  kindred;  especially-  a  noble  oY-  illus- 
trious family;  a  legislative  body  of  men 


F&te,  f&r,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met.h^r;     pine,  piti*     nSte,  not,  mOve;     tai>(»,tal>,bMU;     oil,  pound;     ii,  Sc.  abtaie— the  Pr. «. 


HOUSEL 


833 


HULLABAibo 


(the  House  of  Lords);  a  quorum  of  a  legis- 
lative body;  the  audience  or  attendaace 
at  a  place  of  entertainment;  a  firm  or 
commercial  establishment;  a  twelfth  part 
of  the  heavens  as  divided  for  astrological 
purposes. — House  of  call,' a.  house  where 
journeymen  connected  with  a  particular 
trade  assemble,  and  where  the  unem- 
ployed can  be  hired.— Jfortse  of  correction, 
a  bridewell.  —  Hotise  of  God,  a  church ;  a 
temple.— To  bring  down  the  house,  todra.w 
forth  a  universal  burst  of  applause,  as  in 
a  theatre.— To  keep  house,  to  maintain  an 
independent,  family  establishment,  —v.t. 
—housed,  housing  (houz).  To  put  or  re- 
ceive into  a  house;  to  provide  with  a  dwell- 
ing or  residence;  to  shelter;  to  cause  to 
take  shelter.— f.i.  To  take  shelter  or  lodg- 
ings ;  to  take  up  abode.  —  House  -  agent, 
House-factor,  n.  One  employed  to  sell  or 
let  houses,  collect  the  rents  of  them,  &c. — 
House-breaker,  n.  One  who  breaks  into  a 
house  with  a  felonious  intent;  a  burglar. 
— House-breaking,  n.  Burglary.— House- 
carpenter,  n.  A  carpenter  chiefly  em- 
ployed on  the  wood-work  of  houses. — 
House-dog,  n.  A  dog  kept  to  guard  a 
house.— House-fly,  n.  A  well-known  two- 
winged  fly  common  in  dwelling-houses. 
—  Household,  hous'hold,  n.  Those  who 
dwell  under  the  same  roof  and  compose 
a  family;  those  under  the 'same  domestic 
government:  house;  family.— a.  Pertain- 
Ulg  to  the  house  and  fa^pily;  domestic. 
—Household  gods,  gois  presiding  over  the 
house  or  family  among  the  ancient  Bo- 
mans;  hence,  objects  endeared  to  one  from 
being  associated  with  home.  —  Household 
troops.  Household  brigade,  troops  whose 
special  duty  it  is  to  attend  the  sovereign 
and  guard  the  metropolis.— Householder, 
hous'hol-dfer,  n.  The  chief  of  a  "house- 
hold ;  the  occupier  of  a  house.  —  Houae- 
keeper,  hous'ke-pfer,  n.  A  householder;  a 
head  female  servant  in  a  household;  a  fe- 
male who  looks  after  a  person's  houscr 
hold.— Housekeeping,  hous'k6-ping,n.  The 
management  of  domestic  concerns;  the 
maintenance  of  a  household. — House-leek, 
n.  A  well-known  plant  which  grows  on  the 
tops  of  houses  and  on  walls,  and  the  fleshy 
leaves  of  which  are  applied  to  bfuises 
and  other  sores.  —  Houseless,  hoiisles,  o. 
Destitute  of  a  house  or  habitation;  with- 
out shelter.— Houselessness,  hous'les-nes, 
n.  The  condition  of  being  houseless. — 
Housemaid,  hous'mad,  n.  A  female  ser- 
vant employed  to  keep  a  house  clean,  &c. — 
Houseroom,  hous'rom,  n.  Room  or  accom- 
modation in  a  house.— House-steward,  n. 
A  male  domestic  who  has  the  chief  man- 
agement of  the  internal  affairs  of  a  house- 
hold.—House-warming,  n.  A  merry-mak- 
ing at  the  timea  family  enters  a  new  house. 
— Housewife.hous'wif  orless  formally  huz'- 
if,  >i.  The  mistress  of  a  family;  the  wife  of  a 
householder;  a  female  manager  of  domes- 
tic affairs;  a  little  case  for  needles,  thread, 
scissors,  &c.;  ahussif. — Housewifely,  hous'- 
wif-li,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  a  house- 
wife; thrifty.  —  Housewifery,  hous'wif-ri 
or  huz'if-ri,  n.  The  business  or  manage- 
ment of  a  housewife. 

Eousel,  hou'zel,  n.  (A.  Sax.  hiisel,  offering, 
sacrament;  Goth,  ntinsl.]  The  eucharist; 
the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's  supper.— ^.<. 
To  adjninister  the  eucharist  or  the  via- 
ticum to.— Houseling,Honsling,  houzfing, 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  eucharist  or  other 
sacrament. — Houselingcloth,a.  cloth  spread 
over  the  rails  before  the  altar  during  com- 
munion. 

Housing,  hou'zing,  n.  [From  Fr.  housse,  a 
covering,  a  horse-cloth;  from  D.  hulse,  a 
husk  or  shell;  akin  holster,  hull,  husk.] 
A  cloth  laid  over  a  saddle;  a  saddle-cloth; 
a  horse-cloth. 
Hove,  h3v,  pret.  of  heave. 
Hovel,  hov'el,  n.  [Dim.  of  A.  Sax.  hof,  a 
house,  a  dwelling=Icel.  hof,  a  hall,  G.  hof,' 
a  court,  a  farm.]  A  poor  cottage;  a  small 
mean  house. 

Hover,  hov'6r,  v.i.  [Perhaps  from  O.E. 
hove,  to  abide,  to  linger,  same  origin  as 
hovel.]  To  hang  fluttering  in  the  air  or 
upon  the  wing;  to  be  in  doubt  or  hesita- 
tion; to  be  irresolute;  to'hiove  to  and  fro 
threateningly  or  watchingly  (an  army 


hovering  on  our  borders).  —  Hoverlngly, 
hov'er-ing-li,  adv.  In  a  hovering  manner. 

How,  hou,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  hii,  hwu,  hw^,  in- 
strumental case  of  hwd,  hwcet,  who,  what; 
really  the  same  word  as  why.]  In  what 
manner;  by  what  means  or  method;  to 
what  degree  or  extent;  by  what  measure- 
or  quantity  (how  long,  how  much  better); 
in  what  state,  condition,  or  plight.  Be- 
sides being  used  as  an  interrogative,  di- 
rect or  indirect,  it  is  sometimes  used  inter- 
jectioually,  or  even  substantively  (the 
how  and  why  of  it).  -7-  Howbeit,  hou-be'it, 
adv.  [How,  be,  and  it.]  However  it  be ; 
be  it  as  it  may;  nevertheless;  however. — 
However,  hou-ev'6r,  adv.  In  whatever 
manner  or  degree;  in  whatever  state. — 
conj.  Nevertheless;  notwithstanding;  yet; 
still;  though.  —  Howsoever,  hou-so-ev'er, 
adv.  or  conj.  In  what  manner  soever; 
however. 

HowdaJi,  hou'da,  n.  FHind.  and  Ar.  Aaw- 
ddh.]  A  seat  erected  on  the  back  of  an 
elephant  for  two  or  more  persons  to  ride 
in:  usually  covered  overhead. 

Howitzer,  hou'it-ser,  n.  [From  G.  haubitze, 
from  Bohem.  ftatt/nice,  originally  a  sling. J 
A  short  piece  of  ordnance,  specially  de- 
signed  for  the  horizontal  firing  of  shells 
with  small  charges. 

Howl,  houl,  v.i.  [An  imitative  word  =  D. 
huilen,  G.  heulen,  Dan.  hyle,  to  howl;  comp. 
L.  ululo,  Gr.  oMyzO,  to  wail,  to  howl;  akin 
owl,  L.  ulula,  an  owl.]  To  utter  a  loud, 
protracted,  mournful  cry,  as  that  of  a  dog 
or  wolf;  to  produce  any  similar  sound,  as 
the  wind;  to  wail  or  lament  (N.T.).— u.t. 
To  utter  in  a  loud  or  mournful  tone. — n. 
The  cry  of  a  dog  or  wolf  or  other  like 
sound ;  a  cry  of  distress.  — yHowler,  hou'- 
I6r,  n.  One  who  howls ;  a  name  given  to 
a  monkey  of  South  America  from  its  Cry. 
—Howling,  hou'ling,  a.  Filled  with  howls 
or  howling  beasts;  dreary  (a  howling  wil- 
derness). 

Howlet,  hou'Iet,  n.  [From  owUt,  with  h 
prefixed  through  the  influence  of  howl.} 
An  owl;  an  owlet. 

Hoy,  hoi,  n.  [D.  and  G.  heu  (pron.  hoi); 
Dan.  hoy.]  A  small  coasting  vessel,  usu- 
ally rigged  as  a  sloop.— Hoyman,  hoi' man, 
n.    One  who  navigates  a  hoy. 

Hoy,  hoi,  inter}.  Ho!  holloa!  an  exclama- 
tion designed  to  call  attention. 

Hoyden,  hoi'dn,  n.  and  a.    Hoiden. 

Hub,  hub,  n.  [Hob.]  The  central  cylin- 
drical part  of  a  wheel  in  which  the  spokes 
are  set;  the  nave;  a  block  of  wood  for 
stopping  a  carriage  wheel;  a  mark  at 
which  quoits,  &c.,  are  cast;  the  hilt  of  a 
weapon. 

Hubble-bubble,  hubl-bubl,  n.  A  kind  of 
tobacco-pipe  so  arranged  that  the  smoke 
passes  through  water,  making  a  bubbling 
noise— hence  its  name;  a  hookah. 

Hubbub,  hub'ub,  n.  [Imitative  of  confused 
noise.]  A  noise  of  many  confused  voices; 
a  tumult;  uproar. 

Huckaback,  huk'a-bak,n.  [Originally  linen 
hawked  or  huckstered  by  being  carried  on 
the  back.]  A  kind  of  linen  cloth  with 
raised  figures  on  it,  used  principally  for 
towels. 

Huckle,  hukl,  n.  [Connected  with  hook; 
lit.  a  thing  bent  or  hooked;  akin  huckster.] 
The  hip;  a  bunch  or  part  projecting  like 
the  hip. — Huckle -backed,  a.  Having 
round  shoulders;  hump-backed.— Huckle- 
bone,  n.    The  hip-bone. 

Huckster,  huk'stfer,  n.  [ATcin'to  hawker; 
the  name  was  given  from  the  bending  of 
the  back  in  carrying'  a  pack ;  comp.  D. 
hukken,  to  squat,  heuker,  a  hawker;  G. 
hocken,  to  take  on  the  back;  Dan.  hokre,  to 
huckster;  huckle,  hook,  are  also  akin.]  A 
retailer  of  small  articles ;  a  hawker ;  one 
who  higgles. —  v.i.  To  deal  in  small  arti- 
cles or  in  petty  bargains;  to  higgle. — v.t. 
To  hawk  or  peddle;  to  make  a  matter  of 
bargain. —  Hncksterage,  huk'st6r-aj,  n. 
The  business  of  a  huckster. —Hucksterer, 
huk'st6r-er,  n.    A  huckster. 

Huddle,  hud'l,  v.t.  —  huddled,  huddling. 
[Same  word  as  6.  hudeln,  Dan.  hutle,  D. 
hoetelen,  to  bungle;  akin  hustle.]  To  crowd 
or  press  together  without  order  or  regu- 
larity; to  hustle. — v.t.  To  crowd  together 
without  order;  to  produce  in  a  hurried 


manner:  often  with  vp;  to  put  hastily 
and  carelessly;  to  put  op.  in  haste  and  dis- 
order (to  huddle  on  one'sxlothes).— n.  A 
crowd  or  crowded  confused  mass ;  conf u- 
sion.  —  Huddler,  hud'ler,  n.  One  who 
huddles. 

Hudibrastlc,  ha-di-bras'tik,  o.  Pertaining 
to  or  resembling  in  style  the  poem  Hudi- 
bras,  by  Samuel  Butler. 

Hue,  ha,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hiw,  heow,  appear- 
ance; Sw.  hy,  colour:  Goth,  hiwi,  shape, 
show.]  Colour,  or  shade  of  colour;  dye; 
tint:  painting,  a  compound  of  one  or  more 
colours  forming  an  intervenient  shade.— 
Hned,  had,  a.  Having  a  hue  or  colour. — 
Eueless,  ha'les,  a.  Destitute  of  hue  oir 
colour. 

Hue,  ho,  n.  fPr.  huer,  to  hoot,  to  shout; 
akin  hoot]  A  shouting  or  clamour:  used 
only  in  the  phrase  hu£  and  cry,  which  is 
the  outcry  raised,  or  public  warning  at 
once  given,  by  a  person  who  has  been 
robbed,  or  who  knows  that  a  felony  has 
been  committed. 

Hufi,  huf,  n.  [An  imitative  word  meaning 
lit.  to  blow,  to  puff;  comp.  whiff.]  A  fit  of 
peevishness  or  petulance;  anger  at  some 
offence,  real  or  fancied ;  one  filled  with  a 
false  opinion  of  his  own  importance. — To 
take  huff,  to  take  offence.  —  v.t.  To  swell 
or  puff  up  J ;  to  treat  with  insolence ;  to 
bully;  to  make  angry.— y.i.  To  swell  up;  to 
bluster;  to  take  offence.- Huffiness,^  huf'i- 
nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  huffy.— Huffish, 
huf'ish,  a.  Inclined  to  nuff ;  insolent. — 
Hufflshly,  huf'ish-li,  adv.  In  a  huflish 
manner.  — .Hufflshness,  huf 'ish-nes,  n. — 
Hnfly,  huf'i,  a.  Puffed  up;  swelled;  arro- 
gant or  insolent;  easily  offended. 

Hug,  hug,  v.t.— hugged,  hugging.  [Origin 
doubtful;  comp.  Icel.  hugga,  to  soothe,  to 
comfort;  D.  hugen,  to  coax;  Dan.  huge,  to 
sqaat.)  To  press  closely  with  ihe  arms; 
to  embrace  closely;  to  clasp  to  the  breast; 
to  grasp  or  gripe,  as  in  wrestling;  to  cher- 

•  ish  in  tne  mind  (to  hug  delusions);  to  keep 
close  to  (to  hug  the  land  in  sailing);  refl. 
to  congratulate  one's  self  .—v.i.  To  lie  close; 
to  crowd  together  (Shak.).—n.  A  close  em- 
brace; a  clasp  or  gripe.  —  fitigger,  hug'er, 
n.    One  who  hugs. 

Huge,  hoj,  a.  [O.E.  huge,  oXsohogge;  comp. 
O.Fr.  aituge,  huge;  origin  unknown.]  Hav- 
ing an  immense  bulk;  very  largei  or  great; 
enormous;  very  great -in  any  respect  (a 
huge  difference).— Hugely,  hOj'li,  adv.  In 
a  huge  manner. — Hugeness,  hQj'nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  huge. 

Hugger-mugger,  hug'er-mug'6r,  n.  [Comp. 
hug,  to  lie  close ;  obsolete  hugger,  to  lurk; 
N.  mugg,  secrecy.]  Concealment;  privacy; 
secrecy.  —  a.  Clandestine ;  sly ;  confused ; 
slovenly. 

Huguenot,  ho'ge-not,  n.  [Fr. ;  probably 
corrupted  from  G.  eidgenoss,  a  confeder- 
ate, there  being  found  various  early  forms, 
■such  as  higuenot,  eidguenot,  enguenot,  an- 
guenot,  &c.]  A  French  Protestant  of  the 
period  of  the  religious  wars  in  France  in 
the  sixteenth  century.  —  Hugnenotism, 
ha'ge-not-izm,  n.  The  religion  of  the 
Huguenots. 

Hulk,  hulk,  n.  [Same  -word  as  D.  hulk,  G. 
hulk,  hoik,  Sw.  hoik,  a  kind  of  ship,  from 
L.L.  hulca,  olca,  from  Gr.  holkas,  a  ship  of 
burden,  from  hclko,  to  draw.]  A  heavy 
shipl;  the  body  of  a  ship ;  the  body  of  an 
old  ship  laid  by  as  unfit  for  service;  some- 
thing bulky  or  unwieldy. — The  hulks,  old 
or  dismasted  ships,  formerly  used  as  pri- 
sons. —  Hulking,  Hulky,  hulljing,  hul'ki, 
a.  Large  and  clumsy  of  body;  unwieldy; 
loutish. 

Hull,  hul,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hulu,  a  hull  or  husk; 
akin  G.  hillle,  a  covering,  Goth,  hulj'an,  to 
cover;  same  root  as  in  hell,  holster.]  The 
outer  covering  of  something,  particularly 
of  fruits,  grain,  &c.;  the  husk;  the  body  of 
a  ship,  exclusive  of  her  masts,  yards,  and 
rigging. — Hull  down,  said  of  a  ship  when 
so  distant  that  her  hull  is  below  the  hori- 
zon.—v.t  To  deprive  of  the  hull  or  hulls; 
to  pierce  the  hull  of,  as  with  a  cannon- 
ball.— Huller,  hul'fir,  n.  One  who  hulls;  a 
machine  for  separating  seeds  from  their 
hulls.— Hully,  hul'i,  a.  Having  husks  or 
pods. 

Hullabaloo,  hul'a-ba-lo",  n.    [Imitative  of 


ch,  cftain;    cA,  Sc.  locA;    e,go;    j,;ob;    n,  Fr.  ton;    ng,  sinpr;    sh,  tAen;  th,  tWn;  _w,  wig;    wh,  wWg;    zb^  a«ure. 


HULLO 


334 


HUIfDRED 


confoBed  noise;  comp.  hmiv-burl]/.]   Up- 

.  roar;  noisy  coniosion. 

Hollo,  hul-lo',  inter}.  [Same  as  Halloo.'] 
An  exclamation  to  call  attention. 

Hum,  hum,  v.i. — hummed,  humming.  [Imi- 
tative of  sound ;  comp.  G.  hummen,  sum- 
men,  D.  hommeleti,  to  hum.  Humble-bee, 
humbug,  humdrum  are  connected.]  To 
make  a  dull,  prolonged  sound,  like  that  of 
a  bee  in  flight ;  to  drone ;  to  murmur ;  to 
buzz;  to  give  utterance  to  a  similar  sound 
with  the  mouth;  to  mumble;  to  make  a 
drawling,  inarticulate  sound  in  speaking. 
— v.t.  To  sing  in  a  low  voice;  to  murmur 
without  articulation. — n.  The  noise  made 
by  bees  or  any  similar  sound;  a  buzz;  any 
inarticulate,  low,  murmuring,  or  bizzzing 
so^nd;  a  murmur  of  applause;  a  low  inax- 
ticuUte  sound  uttered  by  a  speaker.— 
liiteri.  A  sound  with  a  pause,  implying 
doubt  and  deliberation ;  ahem.  —  Hum- 
ming, hum'ing,  n.  The  sound  of  that 
which  hums;  a  buzzing;  a  low  murmuring 
sound. — Humming-bird,  n.  A  name  given 
to  the  individuals  of  a  family  of  minute 
and  beautiful  birds,  from  the  sound  of 
their  wings  in  flight.  —  Humming-top,  n. 
A  hollow  spinning  top,  which,  when  spun, 
emits  a  loud  humming  noise. 

Human,  ha'man,  a.  [Fr.  humain,  L.  hu- 
4nanus,from  homo,  hominis,  a  man  (whence 
also  homage);  akin  to  humus,  the  ground 
(whence  humilis,  E.  humble) ;  also  to  A. 
Sax.  gupux,  a  man  (seen  in  bridegroom).] 
Belonging  to  man  or  mankind;  having 
the  qualities  or  attributes  of  man.  —  n.  A 
human  being. — Humane,  hu-m5n',  a.- 
[Same  word  as  human.]  HumanJ;  hav- 
ing the  feelings  and  dispositions  proper  to 
man;  kind;  benevolent;  tender;  merciful; 
tending  to  humanize  or  refine. — Humane- 
ly, ha-man'li,  adv.  In  a  humane  manner. 
— Humaneness,ha-man'ne8,n.  The  quality 
of  being  humane.— Humanify,  ha-man'i- 
fi,  v.t.  To  render  human.  —  Humanism, 
ha'man-izm,  n.  Human  nature  or  dis- 
position; humanity. — Humanist,  ha'man- 
ist,  n.  One  who  studies  the  humanities; 
one  versed  in  the  knowledge  of  human 
nature. — Humanistic,  hu-man-is'tik,  o.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  humanity.  —  Humanita- 
rian, hu-man'i-ta"ri-an,  n.  One  who  has 
a  great  regard  or  love  for  humanity;  a 
philanthrt)pist;one  who  denies  the  divinity 
of  Christ,  and  believes  him  to  have  been  a 
mere  man;  one  who  maintains  the  per- 
fectibility of  human  nature  without  the 
aid  of  grace.— Humanitarianiian,  hQ-man'- 
i-ta"ri-an-izm,  7i.  The  practices  or  beliefs 
of  a  humanitarian. — Humanity,  htl-man'i- 
ti,  n.  [  Fr.  humaniU,  L.  humanitas,  from 
huTTianus.]  The  quality  of  being  human; 
humanness;  mankind  collectively;  the 
human  race;  the  quality  of  being  humane; 
tenderness  and  kindness  towards  all 
created  beings:  opposed  to  cruelty;  clas- 
sical and  polite  literature  or  a  branch  of 
such  literature:  in  this  sense  generally 
plural  and  with  the  definite  article — '  the 
humavitieq: '  but  in  the  Scottish  universi- 
ties used  in  the  singular  and  applied  to 
Latin  and  Latin  literature  alone.  —  Hu- 
manization,  ha'man-i.-za"shon,  n.  The  act 
of  humanizing.— Humanize,  ha'man-iz,  v.t. 
— humanized,  humanising.  To  render  hu- 
man or  humane.  —  v.i.  To  become  more 
humane;  to  become  more  civilized.— Hu- 
manlzer,  htl'man-j-z$r,  n.  One  who  hu- 
manizes. —  Humankind,  hQ'man-kind,  n. 
The  race  of  man;  mankind;  the  human 
species. — Humanly,  ha'man-li,  adv.  In  a 
human  manner;  after  the  manner  of  men. 
—Humanness,  ha'man-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  human. 

Humble,  num'bl,  a.  [Fr.  humble,  from  L. 
humilis,  from  humus,  the  earth  (seen  also 
in  exhume).  Humiliate,  Human.]  Of  a 
low,  mean,  or  unpretending  character;  not 
grand,  lofty,  noble,  or  splendid;  having  a 
low  estimate  of  one's  self;  not  proud,  arro- 
gant, or  assuming:  lowly;  modest;  meek; 
submissive. — v.t. — humbled,  humbling.  To 
render  humble;  to  reduce  the  power,  inde- 
pendencej  or  state  of;  to  bring  down;  to 
abase;  to  lower;  to  bring  down  the  pride  or 
vanity  of:  often  refi.— Humble-pie.  Under 
Humbles. — HnmblenesB.  hum'bl-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  humble  or  low.— Hum- 


bler, hum'blto,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
humbles.  —  Humbly,  humOsli,  adv.  In  a 
humble  manner;  meekly;  submissively. 
Humble-bee,  hum'bl-be,  n.  [From  old 
humble,  to  hum,  from  hujn;  comp.  G.  hum- 
viel,  Dan.  humle-bi,  Sw.  humia,  humble- 
bee  ;  from  the  humming  sound  it  makes ; 
whence  also  6u»i6te-6fie.  Hum.]  The  com- 
mon name  of  various  large  wild  bees,  of 
which  many  sijecies  are  found  in  Britain. 
Humbles,  hum'blz,  n.  pi.  [Fr.,  L.  umbili- 
cus, the  navel.]  The  heart,  liver,  kidneys, 
&c. ,  of  a  deer. — Humble-pie,  n.  A  pie  made" 
of  the  hwnbles,  or  heart,  liver,  kidneys, 
&c.,  of  the  deer.- To  eat  humble-pie,  tohave 
to  take  a  humble  tone;  to  come  down  from 
an  assumed  position;  to  apologize,  or  hum- 
iliate one's  self,  abjectly:  the  phrase  arose 
from  the  humbles  being  allotted  to  the 
huntsmen  and  servants,the  meaning  being 
influenced  by  the  adj.  humble. 
Humbug,  hum 'bug,  n.  [From  hum  and 
bug,  hum  having  its  old  sense  of  to  de- 
ceive, and  bug  its  old  meaning  of  bugbear: 
hence=false  alarm.]  An  imjwsition  played 
off  under  fiiir  pretences;  a  hoax;  spirit  of 
deception  or  imposition;  falseness;  hoUow- 
ness ;  a  cheat ;  a  trickish  fellow.  —  v.t.  — 
humbugged,  humbugging.  To  impose  on ; 
to  cajole  or  trick;  to  hoax.  —  Humbuggep, 
hum-bug'ef,  n.  One  who  hum  bugs.— Hum- 
buggery,  hum'bug-6r-i,  n.  The  practice  of 
humbugging;  quackery. 
Humdrum,  hum'drum,  ai  [From  hum  and 
drum;  originally  droning,  monotonous.] 
Commonplace ;  homely ;  dull ;  heavy. — n. 
A  droning  tone  of  voice;  dull  monotony. 
Humectate,  hQ-mek'tat,  v.t.  [L.  humecto, 
humectaium — humectus,  Ta.oist,  hum^o,  to 
be  moist.]  To  moisten.  —  Humectation, 
ha-mek-ta'shon,  n.  The  act  of  moistening 
or  wettingt;  med.  the  application  of  mois- 
tening remedies. — ^Humective,  hu-mek'tiv, 
a.  Having  the  powerto  moisten.— Humefy, 
hQ'me-fi,  v.t.  To  moisten;  to  soften  with 
water. 

Humeral,  hn'mfer-al,  a.  [L.  humerus,  the 
shoulder.]  Belonging  to  the  shoulder; — 
Humerus,  ha'm6r-u8,  n.  Anat.  the  long 
cylindrical  bone  of  the  arm.  situated  be- 
tween the  shoulder-blade  ana  theforearfn: 
also  the  shoulder. 
Humic.  Under  Humus. 
Humid,  htl'mid,  a.  [L.  humidus,  umidits, 
from  humeo,  umeo,  to  be  moist  (akin  uvidus, 
moist,  M»a,  a  grape);  whence  also  humor.] 
Moist;  damp;  wet  or  watery. — Humidity, 
Humidness,  ha-mid'i-ti,  hu'mid-nesr  n. 
The  state  of  being  humid. 
Humifuse,  ha'mi-fus,  a.  [L.  httmus,  the 
ground,  and  fusus,  poured  or  spread]  Bot. 
spread  over  the  surface  of  the  ground; 
procumbent. 

Eumlliate,  ha-mil'i-at,  v.t.  —  humiliated, 
humiliating.  [L. humilio, Jiumiliatwm,from. 
humilis,  humble.  Humble.]  To  reduce 
to  a  lower  position  in  one's  own  estimation 
or  the  estimation  of  others;  to  humble;  to 
depress.- Humiliating,  ha-mil'i-at-ing,  p. 
and  a.  Humbling;  reducing  self-con- 
fidence ;  mortifying.  —  Humiliation,  hQ- 
mil.'i-a"8hon,  n.  The  act  of  humiliating; 
the'state  of  being  humiliated,  humbled,  or 
mortified.- Humility,  hQ-mil'i-ti,  n.  [L. 
humilitas.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
humble ;  humblenees ;  lowliness  of  mind; 
a  feeling  of  one's  own  insignificance. — Hu- 
miHant,t  hU-mil'i-ant,  a.  Humiliating. 
Humming,  n.  Under  Hum. 
Hummock,  hum'ok,  n.  [Probably  a  dim. 
form  othump.]  A  rounded  knoll;  a  mound; 
a  hillock;  a  protuberance  on  an  ice-field. 
—Hummocked,  hum'okt,  a.  Characterized 
by  hummocks.- Hummocky,  hum'ok-i,  a. 
Abounding  in  hummocks. 
Humour,  a'mfer,  n.  [Pr.  humeur;  L.  humor, 
moisture,  liquid,  from  humeo,  to  be-moist. 
Humid.]  Moisture  or  moist  matter;  fluid 
matter  in  the  human  or  an  animal 
body,  not  blood  (the  vitreous  humour 
of  the  eye);  a  morbid  fluid  collected;  old 
med.  a  fluid,  of  which  there  were  four — 
blood,  phlegm,  yellow  bile,  and  black  bile 
— on  the  conditions  and  proportions  of 
which  the  bodily  and  mental  health  was 
BupiJoaed  to  depend;  hence,  turn  orframeof 
mind;  disposition,  or  a  peculiarity  of  dis- 
position, often  temporary  (not  in  the  hu- 


mour for  reading);  a  caprice,  whim,  or 
fancy  (Shak.);  temper  (as  regards  anger  or 
annoyance  or  the  opposite);  that  mental 
quality  which  gives  to  ideas  a  ludicrous  or 
fantastic  turi!,and  tends  to  excite  laughter 
or  mirth;  a  quality  or  faculty  akin  to  wit, 
but  depending  for  its  eftect  rsitlier  on 
kindly  human  feeling  than  on  point  or 
brilliancy  of  expression.— £act  humvur,  a 
feeling  of  irritation,  annoyance,  or  dis- 
pleasure.— Good  humour,  feeling  of  cheer- 
lulness;  good  temper.- Ou<  of  humour, -out 
of  temper;  displeased;  annoyed.— w.t.  To 
comply  with  the  humour  or  inclination  of; 
to  sooth  by  compliance;  to  gratify;  to  in- 
dulge; to  adapt  one's  self  to.  —  Humoral, 
tl'mer-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  or -proceeding 
from  the  humours  of  the  body  {.humoral 
pathology).— Humorallsm,a'mer-al-izm,n. 
The  doctrme  that  diseases  have  their  seat 
in  the  humours.  —  Humoralist,  u'mfer-al- 
ist,  n.  One  who  favours  the  humoral  pa- 
thology.— Humoric,  u'm6r-ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  humours.— Humorific,!  u-mer-if'ik, 
a.  Producing  humour.  —  Humorism,  u'- 
mfer-izm,  n.  Uumoralism. — ^Humorist,  u'- 
mfer-ist,  n.  Formerly,  a  person  who  ex- 
hibited certain  strong  peculiarities  of  dis- 
position or  manner;  one  who  indulged  in 
whims  or  eccentricities;  now,  one  that 
makes  use  of  a  humorous  st^le  in  speaking 
Of  writing ;  one  whose  writings  or  conver- 
sation are  full  of  humour;  one  who  has  a 
playful  fancy  or  genius;  a  wag;  also,  one 
who  attributes  all  diseases  to  a  depraved 
state  of  the  humours.— Humoristic,  u-m6r- 
is'tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  a  humorist. 
— Hnmorize,  Q'm6r-iz,  v.i.  To  fall  in  with 
the  humour  of  anything  or  of  any  person. 
— Humorous,a'm6r-us,a.  Moist  or'humidt; 
full  of  humour;  exciting  la,ugbter;  jocu- 
lar; governed  by  humour  or  caprice;  cap- 
ricious; whimsical. — Humorously,  u'm6r- 
us-li,  adv.  In  a  humorous  manner;  plea- 
santly; jocosely.  —  Humorousness,  ti'mfer- 
UB-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
humorous.  —  Humorsome,  Q'm6r-sum,  a. 
Influenced  by  humours  or  whims;  capri- 
cious ;  petulant.  —  Humorsomely,  fi'm6r- 
sum-li,  adv.  In  a  humorsome  manner. 
Humous.  Under  Humus. 
Hump,  hump,  n.  [A  nasalized  form  of  hub 
or/io6=L.G.  hump,  heap;  D.  homp,&lnm'p; 
akin  hunch,  heap.]  A  protuberance;  es- 
pecially, the  protuberance  formed  by  a 
'crooked  back;  a  hunch.  —  Humpback, 
hump'bak,  n.  A  back  with  a  hump;  a 
person  who  has  such  a  back;  a  whale  that 
has  a  hump  on  the  back.  —  Humpbacked, 
hump'bakt,  a.  Having  a  crooked  back. — 
Humped,  humpt,  a.  Having  a  hump.— 
Humpy,  nump'i,  a.  Full  of  humps. 
Humpn,  numf ,  inter}'.  An  exclamation  ex- 
pressive of  disbelief,  doubt,  dissatisfaction, 
or  the  like. 

Humus,  hn'mus,- n.  [L.  humus,  soil.]  Vege- 
table mould:  a  dark  brown  or  blackish 
matter  from  decayed  vegetable  substances. 
ZlHumic,  Humous,  ha'mik,  hu'mus,  a. 
Obtained  from  or  pertaining  to  humus. 
Huncb,  hunsh,  n.  [A  form  of  hump.]  A 
hump;  a  lump;  a  thick  piece;  a  push  or 
jerk  with  the  fist  or  elbow.— ti.(.  To  make 
a  hunch  on;  to  push  with  the  elbow. — 
Hunchback,  hunsh'tiak,  n.  A  humpback; 
a  humpbacked  person.  —  Hunchbacked, 
■  hunsh'bakt,  a.  Humpbacked.— Hunched, 
hunsht,  a.  Having  a  hunch  or  hump. 
Hundred,  hun'dred,  o.  [A.  Sax.  hundred^ 
Icel.  hundrath,  Dan.  hundrede,  D.  hon- 
derd,  G.  hundert;  from  hund,  cog.  with  L. 
centum,  Skr.  f  atam,  a  hundred,  and  a  ter- 
mination akin  to  E.  read,  and  to  Goth. 
garathjan,  to  reckon.]  Ten  times  ten: 
ninety  and  ten  added.— n.  The  product  of 
ten  multiplied  by  ten;  a  collection  of  ten 
times  ten  individuals  or  units;  a  division 
of  a  county  in  England,  supposed  to  have 
originally  contained  a  hundred  families 
or  freemen.  —  Himdred-fold,  n.  A  hun- 
dred times  as  much.— Hundredth,  hun'- 
dredth,  a.  The  ordinal  of  a  hundred; 
forming  one  of  a  hui^dred  equal  parts  into 
which  anything  is  divided.— n.  The  one 
after  the  ninety-ninth;  one  of  a  hundred 
equal  parts  of  a  thing.— Hundredweight, 
hun'dred-wat,n.  A  weight,  usually  de- 
noted by  Owt.,  containing  112  lbs. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  bfir;     pine,  pin;     n5te,  not,  move;     tabe,  tub^bvill ;     oil,  pouad;     tJ,  So.  abune— the  Fr.  «. 


HITNG 


335 


HYALESCEjS^CE 


Hiing,  hung,  pret.  &  pp.  of  hang. 
Hungarian,  himg-ga'ri-an,  n.  A  native  of 
Hungary;  a  Magyar;  the  language  of  the 
Hungarians;  Magyar.— a.  Pertaining  to 
Hungary. — Hungairy-balsam,  n.  A  kind 
of  turpentine.  —  Hungary -water,  n.  A 
perfume  and  stimulant,  from  water  and 
alcohol  flavoured  with  rosemary,  &c.,  and 
then  distilled :  first  made  for  a  queen  of 
Hungary. 

Hunger,  hung'gfer,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hunger, 
hungor=Gr.  Dan.  and  Sw.  hunger,  Icel. 
hungr,  Goth,  huhnis,  hunger. J  An  uneasy 
sensation  occasioned  by  the  want  of  food; 
a  craving  for  food;  craving  appetite;  strong 
or  eager  desire. — v.i.  To  feel  hunger;  to 
crave  food;  to  desire  eagerly;  to  long. — 
Hunger-bit,  Hunger-bitten,  a.  Pained, 
pinched,  or  weakened  by  hunger.  —  Hun- 
gerer,  hung'g6r-i^r,  n.  One  who  hungers. — 
Hungerly.t  hung'ger-li,a.  Hungry  (ii'Aafc.). 
—adv.  With  keen  appetite  (Shak.)  —Hun- 
grily, liung'gri-li,  adv.  In  a  hungry  man- 
ner—Hungry, hung'gri,  a.  [A.  Sax.  hung- 
rig.}  Feeling  hunger;  having  a  keen  ap- 
petite; eagerly  desirous;  proceeding  from 
hunger. 

Hunk,  hungk,  n.  [A.  form  of  hunch.l  A 
large  lump;  a  hunch. 

Hunks,  hungks,  n.  [Perhaps  from  hunk,  a 
piece,  a  lump.]  A  covetous  sordid  man;  a 
miser;  a  niggard.  i^ 

Hunt,  hunt,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  huntian,  to  hunt, 
akin  to  hentan,  to  seize;  0.6.  hiindjan, 
Goth.  (fra)hinthan,  to  catch:  allied  to  E. 
hand,  and  to  hind  (female  deerl.]  To 
chase,  search  for,  or  follow  after  (wild 
animals,  particularly  quadrupeds),  for 
the  purpose  of  catching  or  killing;  to 
search  after,  pursue,  follow  closely;  to 
pursue  game  or  wild  animals  over  (to  hunt 
a  district).— jTo  hunt  up  or  oiit,  to  seek  for; 
to  search  for. — To  hunt  down,  to  pursue 
and  kill  or  capture;  to  exterminate  in  a 
locality. — v.i.  To  follow  the  chase;  to  go 
in  pursuit  of  game  or  other  wild  animals; 
to  seek  by  close  pursuit;  to  search:  with 
after  or  for. — n.  The  chasing  of  wild  ani- 
mals; a- pursuit;  a  chase;  a  pack  of  hounds; 
an  association  of  huntsmen  in  a  district. 
— Hunter,  hun't6r,  n.  One  who  hunts ;  a 
huntsman ;  a  horse  used  in  the  chase ;  a 
watch  whose  glass  is  protected  by  a  metal 
cover.— Hunting-horn,  n.  A  bugle;  a  horn 
used  in  hunting. — Hunting-box,  Hunting- 
lodge,  Hunting-seat,  n.  A  residence  oc- 
cupied for  the  purpose  of  hunting, — Hunt- 
ing-watch, n.  Under  Hunter.— Huntress, 
hunt'res,  n.  A  female  that  hunts  or  fol- 
lows the  chase.— Huntsman,  hunts'man, 
n.  One  who  hunts  or  who  practises  hunt- 
ing; a  ijerson  whose  office  it  is  to  manage 
the  chase.  —  Huntsmanship,  hunts'man- 
ship,  n.  The  qualifications  of  a  hunts- 
man.—Hnnt's-up,  n.  The  tune  formerly 
played  on  the  horn  under  the  windows  of 
sportsmen  to  awaken  them. 

Hurdle,  her'dl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hyrdel,  a  dim. 
corresponding  to  G.  horde,  hiXrde,  a  hur- 
dle; Icel.  hurih,  Goth,  haurds,  a  door; 
akin  E.  hoarding.]  A  movable  frame 
made  of  interlaced  twigs  or  sticks,  or  of 
bars  or  rods  crossing  each  other,  varying 
in  form  according  to  its  use. — v.t.— hur- 
dled, hurdling.  To  fence  or  provide  with 
hurdles.— Hurdle-race,  n.  A  race  of  men 
or  horses  over  hurdles  or  fences. 

Hurds,  hferdz,  n.  pi.  [Harus.]  The  coarse 
part  of  flax  or  hemp;  hards. 

Hurdy-gurdy,  her'di-gfir'di,  n.  [Intended 
to  suggest  its  sound.]  A  stringed  instru- 
ment, whose  tones  are  produced  by  the 
friction  of  a  wheel  acting  the  part  of  a 
bow  against  four  strings,  two  of  which 
are  pressed  by  the  fingers  or  by  keys,  the 
other  two  forming  a  bass. 

Hurl,  herl,  v.t.  [A  contracted  form  of 
hurtle,  influenced  by  whirl.]  To  send 
whirling  or  flying  through  the  air;  to 
throw  or  dash  with  violence;  to  emit  or 

1  utter  with  vehemence.  —  v.i.  t  To  move 
rapidly;  to  whirl.— re.  The  act  of  throwing 
with  violence.— Hurler,  her'l6r,  n.  One 
who  hurls.— Hurling,  hSrl'ing,  n.  An  old 
game  of  ball. 

Hurly,  Hurly-burly,  hSrli,  h6rli-b6rTi,  n. 
[Intended  to  express  by  its  sound  noise  or 
confusion,  suggested  by  hurl  or  hurry; 


comp.  Dan.  Jiurlumliei,  hurry-scurry;  Pr. 
hurluberlu,  a  hare-brained  person.]  Tu- 
mult; bustle;  confusion. 
Hurrah,  Hurra,  hu-ra',  interj.  [Comp.  E. 
huzza,  G.  hurrah,  Dan.  and  Sw.  hurra, 
Pol.  hura.]  An  exclamation  ex])ressive 
of  joy,  api^lause,  or  encouragement:  also 
used  as  a  noun. — v.i.  To  utter  a  hurrah. 
—v.t.  To  receive  with  hurrahs;  to  encour- 
age by  cheering. 

Hurricane,  hur'i-kan,  n.  [Sp.  huracan,  Fr. 
owagan,  D.  orkaan,  G.  orkan,  all  from  a 
native  American  word.]  An  extremely 
violent  tempest  or  storm  of  wind;  any- 
thing resembling  a  violent  tempest. — 
Hu)-ricaiie-deck, nnelevnted  deck  insteam- 
boats,  especially  the  deck  above  a  saloon. 

Hurry,  hur'i,  v.t.— hurried,  hurrying.  [Akin 
to  G.  hurren,  to  move  hastily;  Icel.  hurr, 
a  confused  noise;  Dan.  hurre,  to  buzz; 
Sw.  hurra,  to  whirl;  imitative  like  whirr, 
hurly-burly,  &c.]  To  impel  to  greater 
speed  or  haste;  to  urge  to  act  or  proceed 
with  precipitance;  to  cause  to  be  performed 
with  great  or  undue  rapidity;  to  impel  to 
violent  or  thoughtless  action.  —  v.i.  To 
move  or  act  with  haste;  to  proceed  with 
precipitation;  to  make  great  haste  in 
going. — re.  The  act  of  hurraing;  urgency; 
bustle ;  confusion.  —  Humed,  hur'id,  p. 
and  a.  Done  in  a  hurry;  evidencing 
hurry. — Hurriedly,  hur'id-li,  adv.  In  a 
hurried  manner.  —  Hurriedness,  hur'id- 
nes,  ri.  State  of  being  hurried.— Hurrier, 
hui-'i-er,  re.  One  who  hurries.— Hurrying- 
ly,  hur'i-ing-li,  adv.  In  a  hurrying  man- 
ner.—  Hurry-skurry,  hur'i-skur'i,  adv. 
[Hurry  and  scurry.]  Confusedly;  in  a 
bustle.— re.  Fluttering  haste;  great  confu- 
sion. 

Hurst,  herst,  re.  [A.  Sax.  hyrat,  O.D.  Iiorst, 
O.H.G.  hurst,  horst,  Sw.  hurst,  a  grove,  a 
wood.  J   A  wood  or  grove. 

Hurt,  hert,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  hurt.  [O.Fr. 
hurter.  Mod.  Fr.  heurter,  to  knock  against; 
perhaps  of  Celtic  origin;  comp.  W.  hwyrdd, 
a  push,  a  thrust,  a  blow.  -Hence  hurtle, 
hurl.]  To  cause  physical  pain  to;  to  wound 
or  bruise  painfully;  to  cause  mental  pain; 
to  wound  the  feelings  of;  to  cause  injury, 
loss,  or  diminution  to;  to  impair;  to  dam- 
age; to  harm. — re.  A  wound,  a  bruise,  or 
the  like;  injury;  loss;  damage;  detriment. 
—Hurtful,  hert'ful,  a.  Causing  hurt; 
harmful;  injurious;  mischievous;  detri- 
mental.—Hurtfully,  h(>rt'ful-li,  adv.  In 
a  hurtful  manner.— Hurtfulness,  htrt'f ul- 
neSj  re.  The  quality  of  being  hurtful. — 
— Hurtless,  hert'les,  a.  Inflicting  no  in- 
jury; harmless;  receiving  no  injury. — 
Hurtlessly,  h6rt'les-li,  adv.  Without  harm. 
— Hurtlessness,  hfert'les-nes,  re. 

Hurtle,  her'tl,  v.i.— hurtled,  hurtling.  [From 
hurt.]  To  clash  or  meet  in  shock;  to  make 
a  sound  suggestive  of  hostile  clash;  to 
clash;  to  sound  threateningly;  to  resound. 

Hurtleberry,  h6r'tl-be-ri,  re.  Whortle- 
berry. 

Husband,  huzlsand.re.  [A.  Sax:  h'Ashonda, 
the  master  of  the  house,  from  Icel.  h'As- 
bdndi  (hiis,  house,  and  biiandi,  dwelling 
in),  Dan.  huusbond,  Sw.  husbonde,  the 
master  of  the  house;  A.  Sax.  biian,  Icel. 
bHa,  G.  bauen,  to  inhabit,  to  cultivate. 
House,  Boor.]  A  man  joined  to  a  woman 
by  marriage:  the  correlative  of  wife. — 
Ship's  husband,  an  agent  of  the  owners 
who  sees  that  a  ship  is  supplied  with  stores 
and  properly  repaired  before  she  proceeds 
to  sea. — v.t.  To  spend,  apply,  or  use  with 
economy;  to  keep  from  spending  in  view 
of  an  effort  required.— Husbandless,  huz'- 
band-les,  a.  Destitute  of  a  husband. — 
Husbandly,  huz'band-li,  a.  Frugal;  thrifty. 
—Husbandman,  huz'band-man,  re.  A  far- 
mer; a  cultivator;  one  engaged  in  agricul- 
ture.—Husbandry,  huz'band-ri,  n.  Domes- 
tie  economy ;  good  management';  frugal- 
ity; thrift;  the  business  of  a  husbandman; 
agriculture. 

Hush,  hush,  a.  [Akin  to  hist,  whist,  hiss; 
G.  husch,  Dan.  hys,  hyst,  a  sound  made  to 
enjoin  silence.]  Silent;  still;  quiet.— w.i. 
To  still ;  to  silence ;  to  make  quiet ;  to  re- 
press the  noise  or  clamour  of. — To  hush 
up,  to  suppress;  to  procure  silence  con- 
cerning; to  keep  concealed.— -D.i.  To  be 
still;  to  be  silent:  used  chiefly  in  the  im- 


perative; be  still;  make  no  noise.— re.  Still- 
ness; quiet. — Hush-mone^,  re.  A  bribe  to 
secure  silence;  money  paid  to  prevent  dis- 
closure of  facts. 

Husk,  husk,  re.  [Akin  to  D.  7mUe,  G.  hiilse, 
a  husk;  equivalent  to  E.  AmK,  ahusk,  with 
sk  as  a  termination.  Hull.]  The  exter- 
nal covering  of  certain  fruits  or  seeds  of 
plants;  glume;  hull;  rind;  chaff.— 1;.<.  To 
deprive  of  the  husk. — Husked,  huskt,  a. 
Covered  with  a  husk.— Husker,  hus'ker.  re. 
One  who  or  that  which  husks.  —  Husky, 
hus'ld,  a.  Abounding  with  husks;  con- 
sisting of  husks;  resembling  husks. 

Husky,  hus'ki,  a.  [Allied  to  hoarse;  A. 
Sax.  hwdsta,  Sc.  hoast,  a  cough]  Rough  in 
tone,  as  the  voice;  not  clear;  harsh;  hoarse. 
—Huskily,  hus'ki-li,  adv.  In  a  husky 
manner.  —  Huskiness,  hus'ki-nes,  re.  The 
state  of  being  husky;  hoarseness. 

Hussar,  hu-zar'?  n.  [Hung,  hftszar,  from 
husz,  twenty,  because  in  the  wars  against 
the  Turks   every  twenty  families  were 

'  bo\md  to.  furnish  one  cavalry  soldier.  ] 
Originally  one  of  the  national  cavalry  of 
Hungary;  now  a  light  cavalry  soldier  of 
Eurojjean  armies. 

Hussif,  huz'if ,  re.  [Contr.  for  housewife.]  A, 
case  for  holding  such  implements  as 
needles,  thimble,  thread,  &c. 

Hussite,  hus'it,  re.  A  follower  of  John. 
Huss,  the  Bohemian  religious  reformer, 
burned  in  1415. 

Hussy,  huz'i,  re.  [Contr.  iromlmswife, 
housewife.]  A  bad  or  worthless  woman  or 
girl;  a  jade;  a  jilt;  a  forward  girl;  a  pert, 
frolicsome  wench;  also  a  hussif. 

Hustings,  hus'tingz,  re.  pi.  [A.  Sax.  hasting, 
from  Icel.  liiis-thing,  an  assembly,  a  coun- 
!  cil — hiis,  house,  and  thing,  cause,  council. 
Thing.]  The  temporary  platform  on 
which,  previous  to  the  Ballot  Act  of  1872, 
parliamentary  candidates  stood  when  ad- 
dressing the  electors.— Hustings  Court,  an 
obsolete  court  of  the  city  of  Ijondon. 

Hustle,  hus'l,  v.t.  [From  D.  hutselen,  hiit- 
sen,  to  jumble  or  shake  together;  Sw.  hutla, 
to  shuffle;  akin  hotch-^ot.]  To  crowd  upon 
so  as  to  shove  about  roughly;  to  push  or 
elbow  out  or  about  rudely;  to  jostle.— f.i. 
— hustled,  hustling.  To  push  or  crowd;  to 
move  in  a  confused  crowd;  to  shamble 
hurriedly. 

Huswife,  huz'if,  re.    A  housewife. 

Hut,  hut,  re.  [Same  word  as  D.  hut,  G. 
hntte,  Dan.  hytte,  Sw.  hydda,  a  hut;  comp. 
W.  cwt,  a  hovel.]  A  sraall.  house,  hovel, 
or  cabin;  a  mean  dwelling;  a  wooden  house 
for  troops  in  camp  or  for  settlers  in  a  wild 
comxtry.— v.t.— hutted,  hutting.  To  place 
in  huts,  as  troops  encamped  in  winter- 
quarters.— v.i.  To  take  lodgings  in  huts. 

Hutch,  huch,  re.  ■  [Fr.  huche,  a  chest,  from 
L.L.  hutica,  a  chest;  probably  of  Teutonic 
origin  and  akin  to  hut]  A  chest,  box, 
coffer,  bin,  or  other  receptacle  in  which 
things  may  be  stored  or  animals  confined; 
a  Ipw  wagon  in  which  coal  is  drawn  up 
out  of  the  pit;  a  measure  of  2  bushels. — 
v.t.  To  place  in  a  hutch. 

Huzza,  hn-za',  interj.    A  form  of  Hurrah. 

Hyacinth^  hia-sinth,  n.  [6r.  Hyakinthos, 
the  name  of  a  youth  said  to  have  been 
slain  by  Apollo,  •  and  changed  into  the 
flower.]  A  liliaceous  bulbous  plant,  of 
which  there  are  many  varieties  cultivated; 
a  mineral,  a  variety  of  zircon,  transparent 
or  translucent,  of  a  red  colour  tinged  with 
yellow  or  brown :  the  name  is  also  given 
to  varieties  of  the  garnet,  the  sapphire, 
and  the  topaz.  —  Hyacinthine,  Hyacin- 
thian,  hi-a-sin'thin,  hi-a-sin'thi-an,  a. 
Made  of  hyacinth ;  resembling  hyacinth. 

Hyads,  Hyades,  hi'adz,  hi'a-dez,  re.  pi.  [Gr. 
hyades,  from  hyo,  to  rain.]  A  cluster  of 
seven  stars  supposed  by  the  ancients  to 
indicate  the  approach  of  rainy  weather 
when  they  rose  with  the  sun. 

Hyaena,  hl-e'na,  re.    Hyena. 

Hyalescence,  hi-a-les'ens,  re.  [Gr.  hydlos, 
glass.]  The  act  or  process  of  becoming 
transparent  as  glass.  —  Hyaline,  hi'al-in, 
a.  Glassy;  crystalline^  transparent.— Hy- 
alite, hi'al-it,  re.  A  pellucid  variety  of 
opal,  resembling  colourle.ss  gum  or  resin. 
— Hyalography,  hi-al-og'ra-fl,  re.  The  art 
of  writing  or  engraving  on  glass. — Hya- 
.loid,  hi'al-oid,  o.   Resembling  glass;  vitri- 


ch,  cAaiu;     eft,  Sc.  locA;     g, go;     3,  job;     n,  Fr.  tore;     ng,  eing;     th,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;  ^wh,  wAig;^  zh, asure.^ 


HYBERNATE 


836 


HYDEOTHECA 


form;  transparent.  —  Hyalotype,  hi-al'o- 
tip,  n.  A  positive  photographic  picture 
taken  on  glass. 

Hybemate,  Hybernation,  hilafer-nat,  hi- 
bfer-nJ'shon.  Hibernate,  Hibernation. 
Hyblaan,  hl-ble'an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Hy- 
bid,  in  Sicily,  noted  for  its  honey. 
Hybrid,  hi'brid  or  hib'rid,  n.  (From  L. 
hybrida,  hibrida,  a  hybrid ;  origin  doubt- 
f  ul.]  A  mongrel;  an  animal  or  plant,  the 
produce  of  a  female  animal  or  plant  which 
has  been  impregnated  by  a  male  of  a  differ- 
ent variety,  species,  or  genus. — a.  Mongrel; 
produced  from  the  mixture  of  two  species. 
—Hybridism,  Eybridity,  hi'brid-izm,  hib- 
rid'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  hybrid; 
mongrel  state.— Hybridlzal)le,'hi'brid-iz- 
a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  hybridized. — 
Hybridization,  hi'bridi-za"shon,  n.  The 
a«t  of  hybridizing.— Hybridize,  hi'brid-iz, 
v.t  To  bring  into  the  condition  of  pro- 
ducing a.hybrid;  to  render  hybrid.— Hy- 
bridizer, lu'brid-iz-6r,  n.  One  who  hybrid- 
izes.   . 

Hydatid,  hid'a-tid,  n.  [Gr.  hydatis,  a  ves- 
icle, from  hydOr,  water.]  A  term  applied 
to  larval  forms  of  tape-worms,  found  in 
the  bodies  of  men  and  certain  animals,  "or 
to  similar  vesicular  or  cyst-like  bodies. — 
Hydatiform^d'at-i-f orm,  a.  Resembling 
ahydatid.— Hydatoid,hid'a-toid,a.  Anai. 
applicsd  to  the  membrane  inclosing  the 
aqueous  humour  of  the  eye.  < 

Hyde,  hid,  n.    A  portion  of  land;  a  hide. 

Eydra,  hi'dra,  n.  [L.  hydra;.  Gr,  hydra, 
from  hydOr,  water.]  A  monster  of  Greek 
mythology  destroyed  by  Hercules,  and 
represented  as  havinginany  heads,  one  of 
which,- being  cut  oSTwas  immediately 
succeeded  by  another,  unless  the  wound 
was  cauterized;  hence,  evil  or  misfortune 
arising,  from  many  sources  and  not  easily 
to  be  surmounted;  a  genus  of  fresh-water 
polyps  of  a  very  low  tjT)e  of  structure. — 
Hydroid,  hi'droid,  a.  Resembling,  the 
hydra  polyp  in  character.— Hydroida,  hi- 
droi'da,  n.  pi.  A  division  of  Hydrozoa,  in- 
cluding the  hydra  and  animals  which 
generally  grow  attached  to.  objects. 

Bydrago^e,  hi'dra-gog,  n.  IGr.  hydra- 
SdgoB-^ydor,  water,  and  agH,  to  lead.]  A 
medicine  causing  a  watery  discharge;  a 
diuretic. 

Hydrangea,  hi-dran'j6-a,  n.  [Gr.  hydOr, 
water,  and  angeion,  a  vessel,  from  the", 
shape  of  its  capsules.]  An  Asiatic  shrub 
cultivated  in  gardens  for  the  beauty  of  its 
flowers.  ■ 

Hydrant,  hi'drant,  n.  [Gr.  hydraind,  to  ir- 
rigate, from  hydOr,  water.]  A  pipe  with 
suitable  valves  and  a  spout  by  which 
water  is  raised  and  discharged  from  a 
main  pipe. 

Eydrargymm,  hi-d^r'ji-nun,  n.  [L,,from 
Gr.  hydOr,-  water,  and  argyroa,  silvBt.] 
Quicksilver  or  msrcury.  " 

Hydrate,  hi'drat,  n.    [Gr.  hydOr,  water.] 

.A  chemical  compound  in  which  water  or 
hydrogen  is  a  characteristic  ingredient. — 
Hydrated,  hi'dr&-ted,  o.  Formed  into  a 
hydrate. 

HyUraulic,  hi-dralik,  a.  [Fr.  hydrauligw, 
li.ViydraiUicus,  Gr.  hydraulikos,  from  hy- 
droMlis,  an  instrument  played  by  water — 
hi'Mr,  water,  and  axdos,  a  pipe.]  Pertain- 
ing to  fluids  in  motion,  .or  the  action  of 
water  utilized  for  mechanical  purposes. — 
'Bydraidic  cement,  a  cement  having  the 
property  of  becoming  hard  under  water. — 
Hydraulic  preis,  a  machine  for  the  appli- 
cation of  great  "power  by  means  of  water. 
— Hydraulic  ram,  a  machine  by  which  de- 
scending water  can  be  made  to  raise  a 
portion  of  itself  to  a  considerable  height. 
—Hydraulics,  hi-draliks,  n.  That  branch 
cf  science  which  treats  of  the  motion  of 
liquids,  and  deals  with  the  application  of 
water  in  machinery. 

Hydric,  hi'drik,  a.  [Gr.  hydOr,  water.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  hydrogen.— Hydride,  hi'- 
drid,  n.  A'  chemical  compound  of  hydro- 
gen and  a  metal,  or  sorne  base. 

Hydrobarometer,  hi'dru-ba-rom"et-*r,  n. 
[Gr.  hydOr,  water,  and  E.  barometer.l  An 
instrument  for  determining  the  depth  of 
the  sea  by  the  pressure  of  the  superincum- 
bent water. 

Hydrocarbon,  hI-dr5-kaTl>on,  n.  A  chemi- 


cal compound  of  hydrogen  and  carbon.— 
Hydrocarbon  furnace^  hydrocarbon  stove, 
one  in  which  liquid  fuel  is  used. 
Hydrocele,  hi'dro-sel,  n.  [Gr.  hydiOr,  water, 
and  kele,  a  tumour.] .  Hed.  a  morbid  col- 
lection of  serous  fluid  in  the  scrotum  or 
testicle. 

Hydrocephalus,  hi-dro-sef'a-lus,  n.  [Gr. 
hydOr,  water,  and  Icephale,  the  head.]  Med. 
an  accumulation  of  fluid  within  the  cavity 
of  the  cranium;  water  in  the  head.  —  Hy- 
drocephalic, hi'dro-se-fal"ik,  o.  Pertain- 
ing to  hydrocephalus. 
Hydrochloric,  hi-dro-kio'rik,  o.  Chem,.  per- 
taining to,  or  compounded  of,  chlorine 
and  hydrogen,  as  hydrochloric  acid,  a  con- 
centrated aqueous  solution  of  which  is 
commonly  known  as  spirit  of  salt  and  mu- 
riatic acid. 

Hydrocyanic,  hi'dro-si-an"ik,  a.  [Hydrogen 
and  cyanogen.}  Derived  from  the  com- 
bination of  hydrogen  and  cyanogen:  hy- 
drocyanic acid,  or  prusHc  acid,  found  m 
laurel  leaves,  the  kernels  of  fruits,  &c.,  is 
one  of  the  most  deadly  poisons  known, 
though  valuable  as  a  medicine. 
Hydrodynamic,  hi'dro-di-nam"ik,  a.  [Gr. 
hydOr,  water, 'and  dyruimis,  power.]  Per- 
taining to  the  force  or  pressure  of  water. 
—  Hydrodynamics,  hi'dro-di-nam"iks,  n. 
That  branch  of  science  which  treats  of  the 
application  of  forces  to  fluids,  especially 
when  producing  motion  in  fluids. 

Hydro-electric,  hi'dro-e-lek"trik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  evolution  of  electricity  by 
a  battery  in  which  water  is  employed. 

Hydro-extractor,  hi'dro-eks-trak"t6r,  n.  A 
machine  for  expelling  water  from  textile 
fabrics  by  the  action  of  centrifugal  force. 

Hydrofluoric,  hi'dr6-fla-or"ik,  a.  Ctonsist-" 
ing  of  fiuorin  and  hydrogen  {hydrofiuoric 
acid). 

Hydro-galvanic , hi'dro-gal-van"ik .a.  Per- 
taining  to  electricity  evolved  by  the  action, 
or  use  of  fluids. 

Hydrogen,  hi'dro-jen,  n.  [Gr.Aj/d(5r,  water, 
and  root  gen,  to  generate.]  One  of  the 
elements  of  water  (the  other  being  oxygen) 
and  a  component  of  all  vegetable  and  ani- 
mal products;  aa  important  elementary 
substejice,  long  known  only  in  the  gaseous 
■form,  but  now  shown  to  be  the  vapour  of  a 
metal,and  itself  capable  of  solidification. — 
Hydrogenize,  hi'dro-jen-iz,  v.t.—hydrogen- 
ized,  hydrogemzing.   To  combine  with  hy- 

■  drogen.  —  Hydrogenous,  hi-droj '  e-nus,  o. 
Pertaining  to  or  containing  hydrogen; 
formed  or  produced  by  the  action  of  water: 
said  of  rocks. 

Hydrography,  hi-drog'ra-fi,  n.  [Gr.  hydOr, 
water,  and  grapho,  to  describe.]  That 
branch  of  science  which  has  for  its  object 
the  measurement  and  description  of  the 
sea,  lakes,  rivers,  and  other  waters,'  and 
includes  marine  surveying,  the  drawing 
of  charts,  &c.— Hydrographer,  hi-drog'ra- 
f6r,  n.  One  who  is  proficient,  in  hydrogra- 
phy.—Hydrographic,  Hydrographical,  hi- 
dro-graf'ik,  hi-dro-graf'i-kal,  a.  Kelating 
to  or  treating  of  hj'drography. 

Hydroid.    Under  Hydra. 

Hydrokinetics,  hi'dro-ki-net"iks,  n.  Same 
as  Hydrodynamics.   , 

Hydrology,  hi-drol'o.-ji,  ti.  [Gr.  hydOr, 
water,  and  logos,  discourse.]  The  science 
thaftreats  of  water,''its  properties,  laws, 
distribution,.  &cJ>-— Hydtological,  hi-dro- 

"loj'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining*. to  hydroloCT. — 
Hydrologist.'lu-droro-jist,  "n.  One  skilled 
in  hydrology.  - 

Hydromancy,  hi'drS-man-si,  ti.'  [Gr.  hydOr, 
water,  and  «»an<eia,divination.]  A  method 
of  divination -by  water. —' Hydromantic, 
hi-dro-man'tik,At  'JBertaining  to  divina- 
tion by  water. 

Hydromania,  hi-dro-mati-a,  n.  [Gr.  hydOr, 
water,  and  manias  madness.]  A  species 
of  mental  disease  under  the  influence  of 
which  the  sufferers  are  led  to  commit 
suicide  by  drowning. 

Hydromel,  hi'dro-mel,  n.  [Pr.,  from  Gr. 
hydOr,  water,  and  meli,  honey.]  A  liquor 
consisting  of  honey  dilutedin  water;  wnen 
fermented  it  forms  mead. 

Eydrometallurgy,  hi-dro-met'al-4r-ji,  n. 
The  process  of  assaying  or  reducing  ores 
by  liquid  reagents. 

Hydrometeorology,  hi-dr5-m6'te-*r-ol"o-ji. 


n.  The  branch  of  meteorology  which 
concerns  itself  with  water  in  the  atmo- 
sphere in  the  form  of  rain,  clouds,  snow, 
&c.  —  Hydrometeorological,  hi-dro-m?'t6- 
6r-o-loj"i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  this. 
Hydrometer,  hi-drom'et-6r,  n.  {Gr.  hydOr, 
water,  TTieinm, a  measure.]  An  instrument 
to  measure  the  specific  gravity  or  density 
of  water  and  other  fluids,  and  hence  the 
strength  of  spirituous  liquors  and  of  vari- 
ous solutions. — Hydrometric,Hydrometri- 
cal,  hi-dro-met'rik,  hi-dro-met'ri-ksil,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  hydrometer  or  hydrom- 
etry.- Hydxometry,  hi-drom'et-ri,  ri.  The 
art  or  operation  of  determining  the  spe- 
cific gravity,  density,  force,  &c.,  of  fluids. 
Hydropathy,  hi-drop'a-thi,  n.  [Gr.  hydOr, 
water,  and  pathos,  affection.]  A  mode  of 
treating  diseases  by  the  copious  and  fre- 
quent use  of  pure  water  both  internally 
and  externally;  the  water-cure.  —  Hydro- 
pathic, Hydropathical,  hi-dro-path'ik,  hi- 
dro-path'i  kal,  a.  Relating  to  hydropathy. 
—  Hydropathist,  hi-drop'a-thist,  n.  One 
who  practises  or  maintains  the  value  of 
hydropathy. 

Hydrophane,  hi'drS-fan,  n.  [Gr.  hydOr, 
water,  and  phainO,  to  show.]  .A  variety  of 
opal  made  transparent  by  immersion  in 
water. 

Hydrophld,  hi'dro-fid,  n.  [Gr.  %ctor,  water, 
and  ophis,  a  snake.]    A  water-snake. 

Hydrophobia,  Hydrophoby,  hi-dro-f o'bi-a, 
hi'dro-f5-bi,  n.  [Gr.  hydof,  water,  ana 
phobos,  fear.]  A  morbid  unnatural  dread 
of  water;  a  disease  produced  by  the  bite 
of  a  mad  animal,  especially  of  a  mad  or 
rabid  dog,  one  of  the  characteristics  of 
which  is  an  aversion  to  or  inability  to 
swallow  liquids.  —  Hydrophobic,  hi-dro- 
fob'ik,a.  Of.or  pertaining  to  hydrophobia, 

Hydrophora,  hi-dtofo-ra,  n.  pi.  Same  as 
Hydroida,  under  Htdra. 

Hydrophyte,  hi'dro-fit,  n.  [Gr.  hydOr, 
water,  and  p/ii/ton,  a  plant.]  Aplant  which 
lives  and  grows  in  water.  —  Hydrophyto- 
logy,  hi'dro-fi-tol"o-ji,  ».  The  botany  of 
water-plants. 

Hydropic,  Hydroplcal,  hi-4rop'ik,  hi-drop'- 
i-kal,  a. '  [L.  hydropicus,  Gr.  hydrOpikos, 
from  hydrops,  dropsy— hyd6r,  water,  and 
Ops,  the  face.]  Dropsical;  pertaining  to 
dropsy.  —  Hyoropically,  hi-drop'i-kaj-li, 
adv.  In  a  hydropical  manner. — Hydropsy, 
hidrop-si,  n.  •  Dropsy. 

Hydropult,  hi'dro-pult,  n.  [Gr.  hydOr, 
water,  and  the  term.  -puU  of  eataptdt.)  A 
machine  for  throwing  water  by  hand- 
power. 

Hydrorhiza,  hi-dro-ri'za,  n.  [Hydra,  and 
Gr.  rhiza,  a  root.]  2ool.  the  adherent  base 
of  any  hydrozoon. 

Hydroscope,  hi'drS-skop,  n.  [Gr.  hydOr, 
water,  and  skopeO,  to  view.]  An  instru- 
ment to  mark  the  presence  of  water  in  the 
airi  a  kind  of  ancient  water-clock. 

Hydroselenlc,  hi-di-o-se-len'ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  combination  of  hydrogen  and 
selJenium-(feydTOgeientc  acid).  ~ 

Hydrosoma,  Hydrosome,  hi-dro-'so'ma,  M'- 
dro-som,  n.  [Hydra,  and  Gr.  e(5ma,  body.] 
The  entire  organism  of  any  hydrozoon. 

Hydrostatic,  hi-dro-stat'ik,  a.  [Gr'.hydOr, 
water,  and  «iatiAro«.  Statics.]  Relating 
to  hydrostatics;  pertaining  to  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  equUi  Drium  of  fluids.— MrcJpo. 
ataHc  balance^  a  balance  used. for  dieter- 
ttiining  very  accurately  the  specific  gravity 
of  bodies  by  weighinig  them  in  water. — 
Hydrostatic  bed.  Same  as  Water  •bed.-' 
Hydrostatic  press.  Same  as  Hydratdie 
press.  —  HydrostaHe  paradox,  the  prin- 
ciple that  any  quantity  of  water  however 
small  may  be  made  to  balance  any  weight 
however  great.— Hydrostatically,  hi-drS- 
stat'i-kal-li,  adv.  According  to  hydrostatic 
prin  ciples.— Hydrostatics,  hi-dro-stat'iks, 
n.  The  science  which  treats  of  the  weight 
and  equilibrium  of  fluids,  particularly  of 
water;  thstt  branch  of  science  which  treats 
of  the  properties  of  fluida  at  rest. 

Hydrosulphuric,  hi'dro-sul-fQ"rik,  o.  De- 
rived from  or  containing  hydrogen  and 
sulphur  (hydrosiUphuriceiciA). 

Hycfrotheca,  hi'dro-the-ka,  n.  [Hydra,  and 
Gr.  thike,  a  case.]  Zool.  a  little  chitinou* 
cup,  in  which  each  polynite.  of  the  hydro- 
zoa is  protected. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  h6r;     pine.-  pin;     nste.  not,  vaOve;     tflbe,  tub,  bull ;     oil,  pound;     11,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr.  «. 


HYDROTHERMAL 


337 


HYPHOMYCETES 


Hydrothermal,  hi-dro-thSr'mal,  a.     [Gr. 
hydor,  water,  and  thermos,  hot.]   Of  or  re- 
lating to  heated  water. 
Hydrothorax,   hi-drO-tho '  raks,  n.     Med. 
dropsy  in  the  thorax  or  chest. 
Hydrotic,  hi-drot'ik,  a.     [Fr.  hydrotique, 
from  Gr.  hydor,  water.]    Med.  causing  a 
discharge  of  water  or  phlegm. 
Hydrous,  hi'drus,  a.    Containing  water; 
watery. 

Hydrozoon,  hi-drO-zo'on,  n.  pi.  Hydrozoa, 
lu-dro-zO'a.  [Gr.  hydra,  a  hydra,  and  zOon, 
a  living  creature.]  Zool.  one  of  a  class 
of  animals  forming,  with  the  Actinozoa, 
the  sub-kingdom  Ccelenterata,  consisting 
mostly  of  marine  animals  and  including 
the  jelly-fishes  or  sea-nettles,  the  sea-firs, 
the  hydra  or  fresh-water  polyp,  &c.,  many 
of  them  being  permanently  attached  to 
objects,  and  somewhat  resembling  plants. 
— Hydrozoal,  hi-dro-zo'al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  hydrozoa. 

Hyemal,  hi'e-mal,  a.  Same  as  Hiemal. 
Hyena,  hi-e'na,  n.  {L  hycena,  from  Gr.  hj/' 
aina,  a  hyena,  from  hys,  a  hog,  from  its 
hog-like  back.]  Adigitigrade  carnivorous 
animal  of  several  species,  belonging  to 
Asia  and  Africa,  strong  and  fierce,  feeding 
chiefly  on  carrion,  and  of  nocturnal  habits. 
— Hyena-dog,  n.  A  large  wild  dog  of  Cape 
Colony. 

Hyetal,  hi'e-tal,  a.  [Gr.  hyetos,  rain,  from 
hyo,  to  rain.]  Relating  to  rain,  or  its  dis- 
tribution with  reference  to  different  re- 
gions. —  Hyetograph,  hi'e-to-graf,  n  A 
chart  showing  the  rainfall  in  different  re- 
gions. —  Hyetographic,  Hyetographical, 
hi'e-to-graf"ik,  hi'e-to-graf"i-kaI,  a.  Per- 
taining to  hyetography.  —  Hyetography, 
hi-e-tog'i-a-fi,  n.  The  science  of  the  distci- 
bution  of  rain.— Hyetology,  hi-e-tol'o-ji.n. 
That  branch  of  meteorology  which  treats 
of  the  phenomena  connected  with  rain. — 
Hyetometer,  hi-e-tom'et-6r,  n.  A  rain- 
gauge. 

Hygeian,  hi-je'yan,  a.  [From  Gr.  hygieia, 
hygeia,  health,  from  hygiCa,  healthy.]  Per- 
taining to  health  or  its  preservation. — 
Hygeist,  Hyglenist,  hi'je-istj  hi'ji-en-ist,n. 
One  versed  in  hygiene.  —  Hygienal,  hi'ji- 
en-al,  a.  Relating  to  hygiene. — Hygiene, 
Hygeine,  hi'ji-en,  hi'je-in,  n.  [Fr.  hygiine, 
from  Gr.  hygieinoSj  healthy,  wholesome.] 
A  system  of  principles  or  rules  designed 
for  the  promotion  of  health,  especially  the 
health  of  households  or  communities; 
sanitary  science. — Hygienic,  hi-ji-en'ik,  a. 
Relating  to  hygiene  or  sanitary  matters. 
— Hygienically,  hi-ji-en'i-kal-li,ady.  In  a 
hygienic  manner.— Hygienics,Hygienism, 
hi-ji-en'iks,  hi'ji-en-izm,  n.  The  science  of 
health;  hygiene;  sanitary  science. 

Hygrograph,  hi'gro-graf,  n.  [Gr.  hygroa, 
moist,  and  grapho,  to  write.]  An  instru- 
ment which  registers  automatically  the 
variations  of  the  atmosphere  as  regards 
moistness.- Hygrometer,  hi-grom'et-6r,  n. 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  degree 
of  moisture  of  the  atmosphere.  —  Kygro- 
metric,  Hygrometrical,  hi-gro-met'rik,  hi- 
gro-met'ri-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  hygro- 
metry;  readily  absorbing  and  retaining 
moisture.- Hygrometry,  hi-^rom'et-ri,  n. 
The  determination  of  humidity,  or  of  the 
moisture  of  the  atmosphere.— Hygroscope, 
hi'gro-skop,  n.  An  instrument  for  indi- 
cating the  presence  of  moisture  in  the 
atmosphere.— Hygro3copic,hi-gro-skop'ik, 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  hygroscope;  imbib- 
ing moisture  from  the  atmosphere. 

Hylaeosaurus,  hi'lC-o-sa"rus,  n.  [Gr.  hiilaioa, 
belonging  to  woods  (/ii/?e,  wood),and  aauroa, 
a  lizard.]  A  gigantic  fossil  lizard  dis- 
covered in  the  Wealden  formation. 

Hylism,  hi'lizm,  n.  [Gr.  hyle,  a  wood,  tim- 
ber, matter.]  A  theory  which  regarded 
matter  as  the  original  principle  of  evil, 
in  opposition  to  the  good  spirit.  —  Hylo- 
genesiSj  Hylogeny,  hi-lO-jen'e-sis,  hi-loj'e- 
ni,n.  [Gr.£renesis,bii-th.]  The  origin  of  mat- 
ter.—Hylopathism,  hi-lop'ath-izm,n.  [Gr. 
pat/ios,  feeling.]  The  doctrine  that  matter 
is  sentient.— Hylopathist, hi-lop'ath-ist, n. 
A  believer  in  hylopathism.— Hylophagous, 
hi-lof'a-gus,  a.  [Ott.phagd,  to  eat.]  Feed- 
ing upon  the  young  shoots  of  trees,  roots, 
&c.- — KylotheiF.fS,  hi-lo-th'^'ir.n,  n.  fGr, 
Theoa,  God.]    T:._  Joctrine  cr  boiief  Llial 


matter  is  God,  or  that  there  is  no  God 
except  matter  and  the  universe. — Hylo- 
theist,  hi-lo-thc'ist,  n.  One  who  believes 
that  matter  is  God.— Hylozoisd,  hi-lo-zO'- 
izm,  n.  [Gr.  £(3g,  life.]  The  doctrine  that 
matter  possesses  a  species  of  life,  or  that 
life  and  matter  are  inseparably  connected. 
—  Hylozoist,  hi-lo-zo'ist,  n.  A  believer  in 
hylozoism.  —  Hylozoic,  HylozolcaJ,  hi-lo- 
zO'ik,  hi-lo-zO'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  hy- 
lozoism. 

Hymen,  hi'men,  n.  [Gr.  hymen,  a  skin,  a 
membrane;  Hymen,  the  God  of  marriage.] 
Anat.  the  virginal  membrane,  situated  at 
the  entrance  of  the  vagina;  hot.  the  fine 
pellicle  which  incloses  aflov/er  in  the  bud. 
—Hymeneal,  Hymenean,  hi-men-e'al,  hi- 
men-5'an,  «.  Pertaining  to  marriage.— n. 
A  marriage  song. 

Ejrmenlum,  hi-me'nl-um,  n.  [Gr.  hymen,  a 
membrane.]  Bot.  the  fructifying  surface 
in  fungi.— Hyineno^eny,  hi-men-oj'e-ni,n. 
Physiol,  the  production  of  membranes. — 
Hymenology,  hi-men-ol'o-ji,  n.  A  treatise 
on  the  membranes  of  the  animal  system. 

Hymenopter,  Hymenopteran,  hi-men-op'- 
tfer,  hi-men-op'ter-an,  n.  [Gr.  hymen,  a 
membrane,  and  pteron,  a  wing.]  A  mem- 
ber of  an  order  of  insects,having  four  mem- 
branous wings,  and  including  the  bees, 
wasps,  ants,  Ac- Hymenopterous,  hi-men- 
op't6r-us,  a.  Belonging  or  pertaining  to  the 
hymenopters. 

HymenOtomy,  hi-raen-ot'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  hy- 
inen,  membrane,  and  tomos,  a  cutting.] 
The  cutting  or  dissection  of  membranes. 

Hymn,  him,  n.  [L.  hymnus,  from  Gr. 
hymnos,  a  song,  a  song  of  praise.]  A  song 
or  ode  in  honour  of  God,  or  in  honour  of 
some  deity;  a  sacred  lyric;  a  song  of  praise, 
adoration,  or  thanksgiving.— v.t.  To  praise 
or  celebrate  in  hymn  or  song;  to  sing. — 
v.i.  To  sing  in  praise  or  adoration.  — 
H3nnnal,  Hymn-book,  him'nal,  n.  A  col- 
lection of  hymns,  generally  for  use  in 
public  worship.— Hymnlc,  him'nik,  a.  Re- 
lating to  hymns.  —  Hymnography,  him- 
nog'ra-fi,  n.  The  art  of  writing  hymns. — 
Hjrmnologlst,  Hymnographer,  him-nol'o- 

i"ist,  him-nog'ra-fer,  n.  A  composer  of 
lymns.  —  Hymnology,  Hymnody,  him- 
nol'o-ji,  him  nodi,  n.  A  body  of  sacred 
lyrics  composed  by  several  authors  of  a 
particular  period  or  country;  hymns  col- 
lectively. 

Hyold,  Hyoldean,  hi'oid,  hi-oi'd5  an,  a.  [Gr. 
hyoeides,  shaped  like  the  letter  u  or  y.] 
Applied  to  a  movable  bone  having  some- 
what the  shape  of  the  letter  U,  between 
the  root  of  the  tongue  and  the  larynx. — ' 
Hyoideal,  hi-oi'de-al,  a.  Connected  with 
the  hyoid  bone. 

Hyp,  hip,  v.t— hypped,  hypping.  To  make 
melancholy;  to  hip. 

Hypsethral,  Hypethral,  hi-pe'thral,  a.  [Gr. 
hypaWiros,  under  the  sky— hypo,  under, 
and  aither,  ether.]  Arch,  applied  to  a 
building  not  covered  by  a  roof. 

Hypallage,  hi-pal'la-j5,  n.  [Gr.  hypallage, 
change— /lypo,  under,  and  ullage,  change, 
from  aZZasso,  to  change.]  A  figureof  speech 
consisting  of  a  transference  of  attributes 
from  their  proper  subjects  to  others. 

Hypantbium,  hi-pan'thi-um,  n.  [Gr.  hypo, 
under,  anthos,  flower.]  Bot.  the  fleshy 
enlarged  hollow  of  the  end  of  a  flower- 
stalk,  as  in  the  rose. 

Hypapophysis,  hl-pa-pof'i-sis,  n.  [Gr.  hypo, 
under,  and  apophysis,  a  process.]  Anat.  a 
process  on  the  lower  side  of  a  vertebra. 

Hyperemia,  hl-p6r-e'mi-a,  n.  [Gr.  hyper, 
over  or  above,  and  haima,  blood.]  An  ex- 
cessive accumulation  of  blood  in  a  part  of 
the  body.  —  Hyperaemic,  hi-p6r-e'mik,  a. 
Pertainmg  to  or  affected  with  hypereemia. 

Hypersesthesls,  Hyperaesthesla,  hi'p6r-es- 
tlie"si3,  hi'per-es-the"zi-a,  n.  [Gr.  hyper, 
over,  and  aiathesis,  sensation.]  Morbid  ex- 
cess of  sensibility. 

Hyperbaton,  hi-pfir'ba-ton,  n.  [Gr.,  from 
hyper,  beyond,  bainO,  to  go.]  Gram,  a 
figurative  construction  inverting  the  natu- 
ral order  of  words  and  sentences. — Hyper- 
batic,  h!-F6r-bat'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  hy- 
perbaton. 

Hyperbola,  hi-p6rl)o-la,  n.  [Gr.  hyperbole. 
Hyperbole.]  Geom,.  a  curve  formed  by  a 
yl^xna  that  cuts  a  cone  in  a  direction  paral- 


lel to  its  axis,  or  so  that  the  plane  makes 
a  greater  angle  with  the  base  than  the 
side  of  the  cone  makes.— HsnperboUforia, 
hi-p6r-bol'i-form,  a.  Having  the  form  of 
a  hyperbola.— Hyperbolold,  Hyperbolic, 
hi-p6r'bol-oid,  hi-p6r-bol'ik,  a.  Having 
the  properties  of  the  hyperbola.— Hyper- 
bolold, n.  A  hyperbolic  conoid. 
Hyperbole,  hi-p.'ir'bo-lt",  n.  [Gr.  hyperbole, 
excess — hyper,  beyond,  hallo,  to  throw.]  A. 
figure  of  speech  which  expresses  much 
more  or  less  than  the  truth;  an  exag- 
gerated statement ;  exaggeration.  —  Hy- 
perbolic, Hyperbolical,  hi-pfer-bol'ik,  hi- 
per-bol'i-kal,  o.  Belonging  to  or  contain - 
ins  hyperbole;  exaggerated  in  term*. — 
Hyperbolically,  hi-per-bol'i-kal-li,  adv.  In 
a  hyperbolic  manner.  —  Hyperbolism.  hi- 
pCr'bol-izm,n.  The  use  of  hyperbole.— Hy- 
perbolist,  hi-pfir'bol-ist,  n.  One  who  uses 
hyperboles.  —  Hyperbolize,  hi-p6r'bol-'z, 
v.i.  and  t.  To  speak  or  write  with  exai> 
geration;  to  exaggerate. 
Hyperborean,  hi-per-bo'r5-an,  a.  [Gr.hyper 
beyond,  horens,  the  north.]  Belonging  to 
a  region  veiy  far  north;  northern;  arctic; 
frigid.  —  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the  most 
northern  region  of  the  earth. 
Hypercatalectic,  hi-per-kat'a-lek"tik,  a. 
[Gr.  hyper,  beyond,  and  kataUxis,  termina- 
tion.] Pros,  having  a  syllable  or  two  be- 
yond the  regular  measure. 
Hypercritlc,  hi-p6r-krit'ik,  n.  [Gr.  hyper, 
beyond,  and  kntikos.  critical.  Critic] 
One  who  is  critical  beyond  measure  or 
reason ;  an  over-rigid  critic ;  a  captioua 
censor.— Hypercritical,  hi-per-kr)t'i-kal,a. 
Over-critical;  critical  beyond  use  or  reason; 
excessively  nice  or  exact.  —  Hypercritl- 
cally,  hi-pftr-krifi-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  hyper- 
critical manner.— Hypercritlclee,  hi-p6r- 
krit'i-siz,  v.t.  To  criticise  with  excessive 
severity.  —  Hypercriticism,  hi-pfer-krifi- 
sizm,  n.  Excessive  rigour  of  criticisni; 
captious  criticism. 

Hyperdulia,  Hyperduly,  h!-p6rdmi-a,  hi- 
per-dQ'li,  n.  [Gr.  hyper,  beyond,  and  dou- 
leia,  service.]  The  worship  offered  by 
Roman  Catholics  to  the  Virgin  Maiy,  so 
called  because  higher  than  that  given  to 
saints  (which  is  known  as  dulia). 
Hyperinosis,  hi'per-i-n0"8is,  n.  [Gr.ftyper, 
above,  and  is,  tnos,  fibre.]  An  excess  of 
fibrin  in  the  blood. 

Hyperkinesis,  hi'p6r-ki-n6"sis,n.  [Gr.  hyper, 
beyond,  and  kinesis,  motion.]  Abnormal 
increase  of  muscular  movement;  spasmo- 
dic action.— Hyperkinetic,  hi'p6r-ki-net"- 
ik,  o.  Relating  to  or  characterized  by 
hyperkinesis. 

Hjrpermeter,  hi-p6r'me-t6r,  n.  [Gr.  hyper, 
beyond,  and  mstron,  measure.]  A  hyper- 
catalectic verse ;  something  beyond  ordi- 
nary measure.  —  Hypermetrical,  hi-pfer- 
met'ri-kal,  a.  Exceeding  the  common 
measure;  redundant. 

Hypei'sarcoma,  HypersarcosiB,  hi'pfer-sftr- 
ko"ma,  hi'p6r-sar-ko"sis,  n.  [Gr.  hyper, 
beyond,  aarx,  sarkos,  flesh.]  Proud  or 
fungous  flesh.  ' 

Hypersthene,  hi'p^r-sthen,  n.  [Gr.  hyper. 
beyond,  sthenos,  strength;  from  itsdiflicult 
frangibility  as  compared  with  hornblende.] 
A  mineral  of  the  hornblende  group,  a  con- 
stituent of  some  rocks;  also  called  Labra- 
dor hornblende. 

Hypertrophy,  hi-p6r'tro-fi,  n.  [Gr.  hyper, 
aoove,  and  trophe,  nutrition.]  A  morbid 
enlargement  of  a  part  of  the  body  fir,m 
excessive  nutrition.  —  Hypertrophic,  Ey- 
pertrophlcal,  hi-pir-troi'ik,  hi-p6r-trofi- 
kal,  a.  Producing  or  tending  to  produce 
hypertrophy.— Hjrpei-trophied,  hi-p6r'tro- 
fid,  a.  Affected  with  hypertrophy;  exces- 
sively developed. 
Hypethral,  a.  Hypjethral. 
Hyphen,  hi'fen,  n.  [Gr.  hyphen,  strictly 
hyph'hen,  into  or  in  one,  together  —  hypo, 
under,  and  hen,  one.]  A  mark  or  short 
line  made  between  two  words  to  show  tiiat 
they  form  a  compound  word,  or  used  to 
connect  the  syllables  of  a  divided  word. — 
v.t.  To  join  b;5r  a  hyphen. 
Hyphomycetes,  hi'fo-mi-s5"tez,  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
hypkao,  hyphaino,  to  weave,  ana  mykea, 
rnyketoa,  a  fungus.]  One  of  the  great  divi- 
sions of  fungi,  containing  those  specif  b  of 
microscopic  vegetable  moulds  wlucb  li?.te 


ph,  c/iain;     i'i,  frj.  lock;     i:,c\K     j./cb;     u,  Ti'.  t-'K* 


i-ing-,     in,  thev,  th,  tMn;      w,  iw;;;     wh,  uh'.. 


HYPNOTIC 


338 


ICARUil^ 


naked  spores  borne  on  free  ^r  only  fasci- 
culate threads.  —  Hyphomycetous,  hi'f<>- 
nii-E5"tus,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Hypho- 
inycetes. 

Hypnotic,  hip-not'ik,  a.  [Gr.  hypnos,  sleep; 
akin  L.sopor.sleep,  A.  Sax.  sti'e/en,a  dream.  ] 
Having  the  quality  of  producing  sleep; 
tending  to  produce  sleep;  soporific— n.  A 
medicine  that  produces  sleep;  a  soporific. 
— Hypnotism,  hip'no-tizm,  n.  A  sleep-like 
condition  brought  on  by  artificial  means. 
—Hypnotize,  hip'no-tiz,  v.t.  To  affect  with 
hypnotism.  —  Hypnologist,  hip-nol  o-jist, 
n.  One  versed  in  hypnology. — Hypnology, 
hip-nol'o-ji,  n.  Facts  relating  to  the  phe- 
nomena of  sleep. 

Hypoblast,  hi'po-blast,  n.  [Gr.  hypo,  under, 
and  blastos,  a  bud.]  Bot.  the  fiat  dorsal 
cotyledon  of  a  grass;  anat.  the  lower  of 
•  the  two  layers  of  cells  forming  the  blasto- 
derm, the  upper  being  the  epiblast. 

Hypocaust,  hi'po-kast,  n.  LGr.  hypokaus- 
totir—hypo,  under,  and  kaiO,  to  bum.  ]  Anc. 
arch,  an  arched  chamber  in  which  a  fire 
was  kindled  for  the  purpose  of  giving  heat 
to  the  rooms  al  mvc  it;  also  a  compartment 
of  some  modem  stu\  es. 

Hypochondria,  hi-po-kon'dri-a,  n.  [From 
tne  hypochoiuiriwn\  being  regarded  as  the 
seat  of  the  disease.  See  below.]  Med.  a 
disease  characterized  by  exaggerated  un- 
easiness and  anxiety,  mainly  as  to  what 
concerns  the  health,  «c.;  spleen;  vapours; 
low  spirits.— Hypochondriac,  Hypochon- 
driacal, hi-po-kon'dri-ak,  hi'po-kon-dri"- 
a-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  hypochondria  or 
to  the  hypochondrium;  aftected  with  hy- 
pochondria.—Hjiiochondriac,  n.  A  per- 
son affected  with  hypochondria. — "Bypo- 
chondriacally,  hi'po-kon-dri"a-kal-Ii,  adv. 
In  a  hypochondriac  manner.— Hypochon- 
driasis, Hypochondriasm,  hi'pO-kon-dri"- 
a-sis,  hirpo-kon'dri-azm,  n.  Hypochon- 
dria.—Hypochondrium,  hi-p5-kon'dri-um, 
n.  pi.  Hypochondria.  [Gr.  hypochondrion, 
from  hypo,  under,  and  chondros,  cartilage 
— from  its  situation.]  Anat.  the  name  of 
the  two  regions  of  the  abdomen  under  the 
cartilages  of  the  false  ribs  on  the  right  and 
left  side. 

Hypocrateriform,  hi'p5-kra-t6"ri-form,  o. 
[Gr.  hypo,  under,  kratSr,  a  goblet.]  Bot. 
salver-shaped;  applied  to  a  corolla  having 
a  straight  tube  surmounted  by  flat  spread- 
ing limbs,  as  in  the  cowslip. 

Hypocrisy,  hi-pok'ri-si,  n.  [Fr.  hypocrisU, 
L.  hypocrisis,  Gr.  hypolcHsis,  a  playing  a 
part  on  the  stage,  simulation,  from  hypo- 
Icrirw/niai,  to  play  a  part,  to  feign— Aj/po, 
and  l-rinO,  to  separate,  discern.  Criuc.J 
The  act  or  practice  of  simulating  or  feign- 
ing to  be  what  one  is  not;  especially,  the 
assuming  of  a  false  appearance  of  piety 
and  virtue;  dissimulation;  insincerity. — 
Hypocrite,  'hip'o-krit,  n.  [Fr.  hypocrite, 
Gr.  hypokrites.]  One  who  practises  hy- 
pocrisy.—Hypocritical,  hip-o-kxit'i-kal,  a. 
Pertaining  to,  or  proceeding  from,  hypo- 
crisy; characterized  by  hypocrisy;  pretend- 
ing goodness  or  religion;  insincere. — Hy- 
pocnticaUy,  hip-6-krit'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a 
hypocritical  manner;  insincerely. 

Hypocycloid,  hi-po-si'kloid,  n.  [Gr.  hypo. 
under,  and  E.cycJoid.J   A  curve  generated 


I  by  the  movement  of  a  curve  upou  tlje  con- 
cave side  of  a  fixed  curve. 
Hypodermal,  Hypodermic,  hi-po-d6r'inal, 
hi-po-dfer'mik,  o.  [Gr.  hypo,  under,  der- 
Mia,  the  skin.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to 
parts  under  the  skin  or  to  the  introduc- 
tion of  medicines  under  the  skin. 
Hypogaean,  Hypogseal,  Hypogseous,  hi-p5- 
je'an,  hi-po-jC'al,  hi-po-je'us,  a.  [Gr.  hyiM, 
beneath,  ge,  the  earth.]  Lit.  subterra- 
nean; hot.  a  term  applied  to  parts  of  plants 
which  grow  beneath  the  surface  of  the 
earth. 

Hypogastrimn,  hi-po-gas'tri-um,  n.  [Gr. 
hypo,  under,  and  gaster,  the  belly.]  Anat. 
the  lower  anterior  region  of  the  abdomen. 
— Hjrpogastric,  hi-po-gas'trik,a.  Relating 
to  the  hypogastrium.  —  Hypogastrocele, 
hi-po-gas'tro-sel,  n.  [Gr.  keU,  a  tumour.] 
A  hernia  through  the  walls  of  the  lower 
belly. 

Hypogene,  hi'po-j5n,  a.  [Gr.  hypo,  under, 
and  root  gen,  to  produce.]  Geol.  formed  or 
originating  under  the  surface  of  the  earth 
(as  crystalline  rocks). 

Hypoglossal,  hi-po-glos'al,  a.  [Gr.  hypo, 
under,  gloasa,  the  tongue.]  Anat.  per- 
taining to  the  under  side  of  the  tongue. 
Hypogynous,  hi-poj'i-nus,  o.  [Gr.  hypo, 
under,  gyne,  a  female.  Bot.  placed  below 
the  ovary  or  seed-vessel;  having  the  corolla 
and  stamens  inserted  below  the  ovary. 
Hypomenous,' hi-pom'en-us,  a.  [Gr.  hypo, 
under,  menO,  to  remain.]  Bot.  arising 
below  an  organ  without  adhering  to  it. 
Hypophylloas,  hi-pofi-lus  or  hi-po-fil'lus, 
a.  [Gr.  hypo,  under,  and  phyllon,  a  leaf.] 
Bot.  placed  under  a  leaf. 
Hypostasis,  hi-pos'tasis, n. pi. Hypostases, 
hi-pos'ta-sCz.  [Gr.  hypostasis — hj/po,  under, 
atasi.%  a  standing.]  That  which  under- 
lies something  else;  the  reality  under- 
lying or  assumed  to  underlie  a  phenom- 
enon; theol.  the  distinct  substance  or  sub- 
sistence of  the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy 
Spirit  in  the  Godhead.— Hypostatic,  Hy- 
postatical,  hi-po-stat'ik,  hi-po-stat'i-kal. 
a.  Relating  to  hypostasis.  —  Hypostatic 
union,  the  union  of  the  three  persons  in 
the  Godhead,  orthe  union  of  the  divine  and 
human  nature  in  the  person  of  Christ. — 
Hypostatically,  hi-pO-stat'i-kal-li,  adv.  In 
a  hypostatic  manner. — Hypostatize,  Hy- 
postasize,  hi-pos'ta-tiz,  hi-pos'ta-siz,  v.t. 
To  regard  as  a  distinct  substance. 
Hypostyle,  hi'po-stil,  n.  [Gr.  hypo,  under, 
stylos,  a  pillar.]  Arch,  a  covered  colon- 
nade; a  pillared  hall.— a.  Having  the  roof 
supported  bypillars. 

Hypotenuse,  Hjrpothenuse,  hi-pot'e-ntss,  n. 
[Gr.  hypoieiiwiisa—hypo,  under,  and  teinO, 
to  stretch.]  Geom.  the  longest  side  of  a 
right-angled  triangle;  the  line  that  sub- 
tends the  right  angle. 
Hypothec,  hi-poth'ek,  n.  [L.  hypotheca, 
Gr.  hypoiheke,  a  pledge,  from  hypotithemi, 
to  put  under,  to  pledge.]  Hcots  law,  a  lien 
such  as  that  which  a  landlord  has  over  the 
furniture  or  crops  of  his  tenant  in  respect 
of  the  current  rent.  —  Hjrpothecary,  hi- 
poth'e-ka-ri,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  hy- 
pothecation.—H3rpothecate,hi-poth'e-kfit, 
v.t.  —  hypothecated,  hypothecating.  To 
pledge  iu  security  for  a  debt,  but  without 


transfer;  to  mortgage.— Hypothecation, 
hi-poth'e-ka'shon,  n.  The  act  of  hypothe- 
cating. —  Hypothecator  hi-poth'e-ka-ter, 
n.    One  who  nj-pothecates. 

Hypothesis,  hi-poth'e-sis,  n.  pi.  Hypothe- 
ses, hirpoth'e-sez.  [Gr.  hypothesis,  a  sup- 
position, from  hypo,  under,  and  tithhni, 
to  place.]  A  supposition;  something  not 
proved,  but  assumed  for  the  purpose  of 
argument;  a  theory  imagined  or  assumed 
to  account  for  what  is  not  understood.— 
HjT)0thesi2e,t  hi-poth'e-siz,  v.i.  To  form 
hypotheses.  —  Hypothetic,  Hypothetical, 
hi-pG-thet'ik,  hi-po-thet'i-kal,  a.  Includ- 
ing or  characterized  by  a  supposition  or 
hypothesis;  conjectural;  conditional.— Hy- 
pothetically,  hi-po-thet'i-kal-li,  adv.  In 
a  hypothetical  manner  or  relation. — Hy- 
pothetlst,  hi-poth'e-tist,  n.  One  who  de- 
fends a  hypothesis. 

Hypozoic,  hi-po-zo'ik,  a.  [Gr.  hypo,  under, 
and  zOon,  an  animal.]  Geol.  applied  to 
such  rocks  as  occur  below  the  undoubted- 
ly fossiliferous  strata,  and  which  have 
hitherto  yielded  no  organic  remains. 

Hjrpsometer,  hip-som'et-Cr,  n.  [Gr.  hypsos, 
height,  7netron,  measure.]  A  kind  of 
metrical  barometer  for  measuring  alti- 
tudes; an  apparatus  for  measuring  heights 
by  noting  the  boiling  point  of  water. — 
Hypsometric,  Hypsometrical,  hip-so-met'- 
rik,  hip-so-met'ri-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
hypsometry.  —  Hypsometrically,  hip-so- 
met'ri-kal-li,  adv.  According  to  hypsome- 
try.— Hypsometry,  hip-som'et-ri,  n.  The 
art  of  measuring  the  heights  of  places 
upon  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

Hyraz,  hi'raks,  n.  [Gr.,  a  shrew-mouse.] 
A  small  rabbit-like  animal  of  Syria,  be- 
lieved to  be  the  'coney'  of  Scripture; 
a  kindred  species  of  Soutn  Africa. 

Hyson,  hi'son.  n.  [Chinese  hi-tshtm,  lit. 
first  crop.]  A  species  of  green  tea  from 
China. 

Hyssop,  his'op,  n.  [Gr.  hyssOpos,  hyssop.] 
The  name  of  small  bushy  herbs  of  the 
mint  family,  the  medicinal  properties  of 
which  were  formerly  held  in  estimation, 
the  plants  being  aromatic  and  stimulating. 

Hysteranthons,  his-tSr-an'thus,  a.  [Gr. 
hysteron,  afterwards,  antltos,  a  flower.] 
Bot.  Having  the  leaves  appearing  after 
the  flowers,  as  the  willows,  &c. 

Hysteria,  Hysterics,  his-t6'ri-a,  his-ter'iks, 
n.  [L.L.  hysUria,  from  Gr.  hyatera,  the 
womb.]  A  nervous  affection  characterized 
by  alternate  fits  of  laughing  and  crying, 
convulsive  struggling,  rumbling  in  the 
bowels,  sense  of  suffocation,  &c. — Hystoric, 
Hysterical,  his-ter'ik,  his-ter'i-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  hysterics  or  hysteria ;  affected 
by  or  subject  to  hysterics.- Hysterically, 
his-teri-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  hysterical  man- 
ner.—Hysterioid,  his-tCri-oid,  o.  Resem- 
bling hysteria. 

Hysteron-proteron,  his't6r-on-prot"fr-on, 
n.  [Gr.  hysteron,  last,  and  proteron,  first.] 
An  inversion  of  the  natural  order  in 
words;  a  putting  first  what  should  be  last. 

Hysterotomy,  his-ter-ot'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  hys- 
tera,  the  uterus,  tome,  a  cutting.]  The 
operation  of  cutting  into  the  uterus  to 
take  out  a  fetus  which  cannot  be  excluded 
by  the  usual  meaits. 


I. 


I,  the  ninth  letter,  and  the  third  vowel 
of  the  English  alphabet,  in  which  it  re- 
presents not  only  several  vowel  sounds 
but  also  the  consonantal  sound  of  y. 

I,  i,  pron.  pos.  my  or  mine,  dat.  and  obj. 
Tjie;  pi.  nom.  we,  pos.  our  or  ours,  dat.  and 
obj.  us.  [A.  Sax.  tc,  D.  ik,  Goth,  ik,  G. 
ich,  Icel.  ek,  Duu.jeg,  L.  ego,  Gr.  ego,  Skr. 
akam,  W.  ym.  Armor,  em — I.]  The  nom- 
inative case  of  the  pronoun  of  the  first 
person;  the  word  by  which  a  speaker  or 
writer  denotes  himself:  sometimes  used 
as  a  noun;  the  ego. 

fajnbus,  i-am'bus,  n.  pi.  Iambuses  or  Iam- 
bi, j-amTjus-ez.  i-am-bi.  (Gr.  iambos,  from 
iapto,  to  assail,  the  iambus  being  much 


nsed  in  satiric  poetry.]  Pros,  a  foot  con- 
sisting of  two  syllables,  the  first  short  and 
the  last  long,  or  the  first  unaccented  and 
the  last  accented,  as  in  deii'p/it.— Iambic, 
i-am'bik,  a.  [Gr.  iambikos.]  Pertaining 
to  the  iambus;  composed  of  iambics. — n. 
An  iambic  foot;  a  verse  consisting  of 
iambi.  —  lambically,  i-am'bi-kal-li,  adv. 
In  iambics.— lambize.t  i-am'biz,  v.t.  To 
satirize  in  iambic  verse.— lambographer, 
5-am-bog'ra-fer,  n.  A  writer  of  iambic 
poetry. 

latric,  latrical,  i-at'rik,  i-at'ri-kal,  a.  [Or. 
iatrikos,  from  iatros,  a  physician.]  Rela- 
ting to  medicine  or  physicians. 

Iberian,  i-be'ri-au,  n.    One  of  the  primitive 


inhabitants  of  Spain;  the  language  of  the 
ancient  Iberians,  of  which  Basque  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  representative. 

Ibex,  i'beks,  n.  [L.,  a  kind  of  goat.]  An 
animal  of  the  goat  family  found  in  the 
Alps  and  Pyrenees,  with  large  horns 
directed  backwards  and  marked  with  pro- 
minent transverse  ridges  in  front. 

Ibidem,  ib-i'dem.    [L.]    In  the  same  place. 

Ibis,  i'bis,  n.  [Gr.  and  L.]  A  name  of 
certain  grallatorial  birds  allied  to  the 
storks,  tne  most  remarkable  species  of 
which,  the  sacred  ibis,  was  revered  by  t!ie 
ancient  Egyptians. 

Icarian,  i-ka'ri-stn,  a.  [From  Icarug,  in 
Greek  mj'thoL,  who,  flying  with  a  pair  of 


'  F&te,  fiUr,  fat,  f;vU;     me,  met,  ber;     pine,  pin;     nute,  not,  move^     tube,  tub,  byiU ;     oil,  pouad^     ii,  Sc.  abuse— the  Fr,  «, 


ICE 


339 


IDENTICAL 


artificial  wings,  soared  so  high  that  the 
suu  melted  the  wax  that  cemented  his 
wings,  and  caused  him  to  fall  into  the 
sea.  J  Adventurous  in  flight;  soaring  too 
high  for  safety,  like  Icarus. 

Ice,  is,  n.  [A.  Sax.  is=D.  ijs,  Dan.  and  Sw. 
18,  Icel.  iss,  G.  eia,  referred  along  with 
iron,  G.  eisen,  to  a  root  meaning  to  shine 
or  glance.]  Water  or  other  fluid  congealed 
or  in  a  solid  state  in  consequence  of  the 
^abstraction  of  the  heat  necessair  to  pre- 
serve its  fluidity;  cream  and  milk  sweet- 
ened, variously  flavoured,  and  frozen;  ice- 
cream.— To  break  the  ice,  to  make  the  first 
opening  to  any  attempt;  to  open  the  way. 
— v.t. — iced,  icing.  To  cover  with  ice;  to 
convert  into  ice;  to  cool  with  ice;  to 
freeze;  to  cover  with  concreted  sugar.— 
Ice-anchor,  n.  An  anchor  with  one  arm, 
used  for  securing  vessels  to  floes  of  ice. — 
Iceberg,  is'herg,  n.  [D.  ijaberg—ijs,  ice, 
and  berg,  a.  mountain.]  A  vast  and  lofty 
body  of  ice  floating  on  the  ocean.  —  Ice- 
blink, n.  A  bright  yellowish-white  tint 
near  the  horizon,  reflected  from  the  snow- 
covered  surface  of  ice  in  the  arctic  regions. 
— Ice-boat,  n.  A  strong  boat,.commonly  pro- 
pelled by  steam.to  break  apassage  through 
ice;  a  boat  for  sailing  on  the  surface  of  ice. 
— Icebound,  is'bound,  a.  Totally  surround- 
ed with  ice,  so  as  to  be  incapable  of  advan- 
cing;; surrounded  with  ice  so  as  to  be  inac- 
cessible.— Ice-cream,n.Cream  variously  fla- 

I  voured,  and  congealed  by  means  of  a  freez- 
ing-mixture.— Iced,  ist,  p.     Covered  with 

I  ice;  cooled  with  ice;  frosted.— Ice-fleld,  n. 

I  Alarge  sheet  of  sea  ice  whose  limits  can- 
not be  seen. — Ice-floe,  n.  A  sheet  of  ice, 
smaller  than  an  ice-field,  but  still  of  con- 
siderable size.— Icefoot,  is'fut,  n.  A  belt 
or  fringe  of  ice  that  forms  round  the  shores 
in  arctic  regions. — Icehouse,  is'hous,  n.  A 
repository  for  the  preservation  of  ice  dur- 
ing warm  weather.— Ice-plane,  n.  An  in- 
strument for  smoothing  the  surface  of  ice 
before  cutting  for  storage.  —  Ice-jplant,  n. 
A  plant  belonging  to  Greece,  the  Canaries, 
and  the  Cape,  so  called  from  being  studded 
with  pellucid  watery  vesicles  which  ^hine 
like  pieces  of  ice. — Ice-plough,  n.  A  plough 
for  cutting  grooves  on  ice  previously  to  its 
removal,  or  to  open  a  passage  for  boats. — 
Ice-saw,  n.  A  large  saw  used  for  cutting 
through  ice,  to  relieve  ships  when  frozen 
up,  or  to  remove  ice  for  storage.  —  Ice- 
water,  n.  Water  from  melted  ice;  iced 
water.— Icicle,  i'si-kl,  n.  .  [A.  Sax.  is-gicel, 
from  is,  ice,  and  gicel,  an  icicle;  akm  to 
Icel.  jukidl,  icicle,  jaki,  a  piece  of  ice.]  A 
pendent  conical  mass  of  ice  formed  by 
the  freezing  of  water  or  other  fluid  as  it 
drops  from  something.— Icily,  i'si-li,  adv. 
In  an  icy  manner.  —  Iclncss,  i'si-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  icy  or  very  cold.  —  Icy, 
i'si,  a.  Pertaining  to,  composed  of,  pro- 
duced by,  resembling  or  abounding  with 
ice;  fig.  characterized  by  coldness  or  cool- 
ness, as  of  manner,  &c.;  frigid;  chilling; 
indifferent. 

Icelander,  is'lan-dfer,  n.  A  native  of  Ice- 
land. —  Icelandic,  is-lan'dik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Iceland.— n.  The  language  of  the 
Icelanders  or  of  their  literature,  the  oldest 
of  the  Scandinavian  group  of  tongues. — 
Iceland-moss,  n.  A  species  of  lichen  found 
in  the  arctic  regions  and  on  lofty  moun- 
tains, used  in  medicine  and  as  a  nutritious 
article  of  diet.— Iceland-spar,  n.  A  trans- 
parent variety  of  calcareous  spar,  or  car- 
bonate of  lime,  valuable  for  experiments 
on  the  double  refraction  and  polarization 
of  light. 

Ichneumon,  ik-na'mon,  n.  [Gr.,  from  ich- 
neuo,  to  track  out,  from  ichnos,  a  footstep 
— fae  animal  searches  out  crocodiles'  eggs.] 
A  digitigrade  carnivorous  animal  of  Egypt, 

I  resembling  a  weasel,  and  feeding  on  cro- 
codiles'  eggs,  snakes,  rats,  lizards,  mice, 

'  &c.;  a  hymenopterous  insect  whose  larvae 
are  parasitic  on  other  insects  (called  also 
ichneumon  fly).  —  Ichneumofudan,  ik-ntt- 
nion'i-dan,  a.    One  of  the  ichneumon  flies. 

Ichnlte,  ik'nit,  n.  [Gr.  ichnos,  a  footprint.] 
Geol.  a  fossil  footprint;  the  footprint  of 

J  an  extinct  animal  marked  on  rocks.  — 

\  IchnoUte,  ik'no-lit,  n.    [Gr.  ichnos,  a  foot- 

'  mark,  and  Kthos,  a  stone.]  An  iqhnite  or 
stone  mai'ked  with  an  animal's  footprint. 


-^Ichnology,  Ichnollthology,  ik-nol'o-ji, 
ik'no-li-thoi"o-ji,  n.  The  fossil  footmarks 
of  animals. 

Ichnography,  ik-nog'ra-fi,  n.  [Gr.  ichnos,  a 
footstep,  and  grapho,  to  describe.]  The 
horizontal  section  of  a  building  or  other 
object,  showing  its  true  dimensions  accor- 
ding to  a  geometric  scale;  a  ground-plan. 
—  Ichnographic,  Ichnographical,  ik-no- 
grafik,  ik-Ho-graf'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
ichnography. 

Ichor,  i'kor,  n.  [Gr.l  An  ethereal  fluid 
that  supplied  the  place  of  blood  in  the 
veins  of  the  gods  of  the  Greeks  and  Ro- 
mans; med.  a  thin  watery  humour,  like 
serum  or  whey;  a  thin  watery  acrid  dis- 
charge from  an  ulcer,  wound,  &c.  —  Icho- 
rous, i'ko-rus,  a.  Like  ichor;  thin;  watery; 
serous. 

Ichthine,  ik'thin,  n.  [Gr.  ichthys,  a  fish.] 
A  constituent  of  the  eggs  of  cartilaginous 
fishes.— Ichthyic,  ik'thi-ik,  a.  Pertaining; 
to  fishes;  fish-like.  —  Ichthyocql,  Ichthyo- 
colla,  ik'thi-o-kol,  ik'thi-o-Kol-la,  n.  [Gr. 
AroZta.glue.l  Fish-glue;  isinglass. — Ichthyo- 
dorulite,  ik'thi-o-dor"u-lit,  n.  [Gr.  dOTry, 
spear,  lithos,  a  stone.]  A  spine  of  certain 
fossil  fishes.— Ichthyography,  ik-thi-og'ra- 
fl,  n.  The  description  of  fishes.— Ichthyoid, 
Ichthyoidal,  ik'thi-oid,  ik-thi-oi'dal,  a. 
Having  many  of  the  characters  of  a  fish. — 
Ichthyolat^,  ik-thi-ol'a-tri,  n.  [Gr.  latreia, 
worship.]  Fish-worship ;  the  worship  of 
fish-shaped  gods.  —  IchthyoUte,.  ik'thi-o- 
lit,  n.  A  fossil  fish  or  part  of  a  fish,  or 
the  impression  of  a  fish  in  rock. — Ichthyo- 
logic,  Ichthyological,  ik'thi-o-loj"ik,  ik'- 
thi-o-loj"i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  ichthy- 
ology.—Ichthyologist,  ik-thi-ol'o-jist,  n. 
One  versed  in  ichthyology.— Ichthyology, 
ik-thi-ol'o-ji,  n.  The  science  of  fishes; 
that  branch  of  zoology  which  treats  of 
fishes.  —  Ichthyomorphons,  Ichthyomor- 
pbilc,  ik'thi-o-mor"fus,  ik'thi-o-mor"fik,  o. 
Fish-shaped.- Ichthyophagist,  ik-thi-of'a- 
jist,  n.  [Gr.  phago,  to  eat.)  One  who  eats 
or  subsists  on  fish.— Ichthyophagous,  ik- 
thi-of'a-gus,  a.  Eating  or  subsisting  on 
fish.- Icnthyophagy,  ik-thi-of'a-ji,  n.  The 
practice  of  eating  fish.  —  Ichthyopsida, 
ik-thi-op'si-da,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  opsis,  appear- 
ance.] The  primary  division  of  the  Ver- 
tebrata  that  comprises  the  fishes  and  am- 
phibia.—Ichthyomis,  ik-thi-or'nis,  n.  f Gr. 
omis,  a  bird.]  A  fossil  bird  with  vertebrae 
like  those  of  fishes,  and  with  teeth  set  in 
sockets.  —  Ichthyosaurus,  Ichthyosaur, 
ik'thi-o-8a"rus,ik'thi-o-sar",n..  [Gr.  sauros, 
a  lizard.]  A  fish-like  Uzard;  an  immense 
fossil  marine  reptile,  combining  many  of 
the  characters  of  lizards  and  fishes. — Ich- 
thyosis, ik-thi-o'sis,  n.  A  disease  of  the 
skin,  jjortions  of  which  become  hard  and 
scaly,  with  a  tendency  to  excrescences. — 
Ichthyotomlst,  ik-thi-ot'om-ist,  n.  A  dis- 
sector of  fishes.— Ichthyotomy,  ik-thi-ot'- 
o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  tomS,  a  cutting.]  Dissection 
of  fishes. 

Icicle,  Icily,  Iciness.    Under  Ice. 

Icon,  i'kon,  n.  [Gr.  eikon,  an  image,  from 
eiko,  to  resemble.J  An  image  or  represen- 
tation ;  a  portrait.  —  Iconoclast,  i-kon'o- 
klast,  n.  [Gr.  eikOn,  and  klastes,  a  breaker, 
from  klaO,  to  break.]  A  breaker  of  images; 
any  destroyer  or  exposer  of  shams  or  super- 
stitions; one  who  makes  attacks  upon 
cherished  beliefs.  —  Iconoclastic,  i-kon'o- 
klas"tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  iconoclast. 
— Iconoclasm,  i-kon'o-klazm,  n.  The  act, 
principles,  or  proceedings  of  an  icono- 
clast.—Iconography,  i-ko-nog'ra-fi,  n.  [Gr. 
eik6n,  and  grapho,  to  describe.]  That 
branch  of  knowledge  which  treats  of  an- 
cient statues,  busts,  paintings  in  fresco, 
mosaic  works,  engravings  on  gems  or  me- 
tals, and  the  like.— Iconographic,  i-kon'o- 
graf'ik,  a.  Relating  to  iconography;  re- 
presenting by  diagrams  or  pictures.— Icon- 
olater,  i-ko-nol'at-er,  n.  [Gr.  eik6n,  and 
latreia,  service.]  One  that  worships  im- 
ages. —  Iconolatrjr,  i-ko-nol'at-ri,  n.  The 
worship  or  adoration  of  images. — Iconolo- 
gy,  i-ko-nol'o-ji,  n.  The  doctrine  of  images 
or  emblematical  representations;  iconog- 
raphy.—Icoiiomachy,i-ko-nom'a-ki,n.  [Gr. 
eikdn,  and  mach4,  a  fight.]  A  war  against 
images;  hostility  to  images  or  pictures  as 
objects  of  worship  or  reverence. 


Icosahed/al,  i'ko8-a-he"dral,  a.  .  [Gr.  eikosi, 
twenty,  and  hedra,  seat,  side.]  Having 
twenty  equal  sides. — Icoaahedron,  i'kos- 
a-h6"dron,  n.  A  solid  of  twenty  equal 
sides. 

Icosander,  i-ko-san'dfer,  n.  [Gr.  eikosi. 
twenty,  and  aner,  a  male.]  Bat.  a  plant 
having  twenty  or  more  stamens  inserted 
in  the  calyx.— Icosandrian,  Icosandrous, 
i-ko-san'dri-an,  i-ko-san'drus,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  such  plants. 

Icteric,  Icterical,  ik-ter'ik,  ik-ter'i-kal,  a. 
[L.  icterus,  jaundice.  ]  Affected  with  jaun- 
dice; curative  of  jaundice. —Icteritlous, 
Icteroid,  ik-tftr-ish'us,  ik'tfer-oid,  a.  Per- 
taining to  jaundice;  yellow,  as  if  jaun- 
diced. 

Ictus,  ik'tus.  n.  [li.,  from  ieo,  to  strike.] 
A  stroke;  tne  stress  laid  on  an  accented 
syllable. 

Icy.    Under  Ice. 

Idalian,  i-da'li-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Ida- 
Hum  or  to  Aphrodite  (Venus),  that  ancient 
town  being  sacred  to  her. 

Idea,  i-de'a,  n.  [L.  tdea,.from  Gr.  idea,  the 
form  or  appearance  of  a  thing,  kind  or 
species,  from  idein,  to  see;  same  root  as  E. 
wit.]  The  form,  image,  or  model  of  any- 
thing in  the  mind;  that  which  is  held  or 
comprehended  by  the  understanding  or 
intellectual  faculties;  as  a  philosophical 
term,  now  generally  used  to  designate  sub- 
jective notions  and  representations,  with 
or  without  objective  validity;  popularly 
it  signifies  notion,  conception,  thought, 
opinion,  belief.— Ideal,  i-de'al,  a.  Exist- 
ing in  idea;  existing  in  fancy  or  imagina- 
tion onlv ;  visionary.  —  n.  An  imaginary 
model  of  perfection;  a  standard  of  perfec- 
tion or  beauty.— iJeau  Id-eal.  Under  Beau. 
— Idealess,  i-de'a-les,  a.  Destitute  of  ideas. 
—Idealism,  i-de'al-izm,  n.  That  system  of 
philosophy  according  to  which  nothing 
exists  but  the  mind  itself  and  ideas  per- 
ceived by  the  mind,  or  which  maintains 
that  we  nave  no  rational  grounds  for  be- 
lieving in  the  reality  of  anything  but 
percipient  minds  and.  ideas.  —  Idealist,  i- 
de'al-ist,  n.  One  who  holds  the  doctrine 
of  idealism ;  one  who  idealizes ;  one  who 
indulges  in  flights  of  fancy  or  imagination; 
a  visionary.  —  Idealistic,  i-de'al-is"tik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  idealism  or  idealists. — Ide- 
ality, i-de-al'i-ti,  n.  The  condition  or 
quality  of  being  ideal ;  capacity  to  form 
ideals  of  beauty  and  perfection. — Idealizn- 
tlon,  i-d6'al-i-za"8hon,  n.  The  act  of  ide- 
alizing.—Idealize,  i-de'al-iz,«.t.— idealised, 
idealizing.  To  make  ideal;  to  give  form  to 
in  accordance  with  any  preconceived  ideal; 
to  embody  in  an  ideal  form. — v.i.  To  form 
ideals.— Idealizer,  i-de'al-i-zer,  n.  One  who 
idealizes;  an  idealist.  —  Ideally,  i-de'al-li, 
adv.  In  an  ideal  manner.  —  Idealogue, 
i-de'a-log,  n.  One  given  to  form  ideals;  a 
theorist ;  a  dreamer.  —  Idealogic,  i-de'a- 
loj"ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  idealogue,  or 
to  his  theories  or  ideas. — Ideation,  i-d5-a'- 
shon,  n.  The  faculty  of  the  mind  for  form- 
ing ideas;  the  establishment  of  a  distinct 
mental  representation  or  idea  of  an  object. 
—Ideational,  i-de-a'shon-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  ideation.— Ideograph,  Ideogram,  id'5-o- 
graf,  id'6-o-graln,  n.  In  some  systems  of 
writing,  a  character,  symbol,  or  figure 
which  suggests  the  idea  of  an  object  with- 
out expres.sing  its  name;  a  hieroglyphic. — 
Ideographic,  Ideographical,  id'e-o-graf  "ik, 
id'6-o-graf"i-Kal,  a.  Representing  ideas  in- 
dependently of  sounds;  pertaining  to  that 
mode  of  writing  which,  by  means  of  sym- 
bols, figures,  or  hieroglyphics,  suggests 
the  ideas  of  objects.— Ideographlcally,  id'- 
e-6-graf"i-kal-li,  adv.  In  an  ideographic 
manner.  —  Ideography,  id-5-og'ra-fi,  n. 
Writing  in  ideographic  characters  or  sym- 
bols.—Ideology,  id-e-oro-ji,n.  The  science 
.of  ideas  or  of  the  understanding;  that  sys- 
tem of  mental  philosophy  which  exclu- 
sively derives  our  knowledge  from  sensa- 
tion. Also  written  Idealogy,  id-5-al'o-ji.— 
Ideological,  id'5-o-loj"i-kal^  a.  Pertaining 
to  ideology.— Ideologist,  id-5-ol'o-jist,  n. 
One  who  treats  of  ideas;  one  who  in- 
dulges in  ideas  or  theories;  a  supporter  of 
ideology. 

Identical,  Identic,  i-den'ti-kal,  i-den'tik,  a. 
[L.L.  identic%'.s,  from  L.  idem,  the  same  ) 


cb,  cAainj  .  eft,  Sc.  locA:     g,.<7o:     j.^ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinp;     th,  tAen;  th,  tftin;     w,  wig;  4,  wh,  wMg;     zh,  a.rure, 


IDEOGRAPH 


340 


ILIAC 


The  same;  not  another  or  different.— 7den- 
iical  proposition,  a  proposition  in  which 
the  terms  of  the  subject  and  the  predicate 
comprise  the  same  idea,  as  that  the  whole 
is  equal  to  its  parts.— Identically,  i-den'ti- 
kal-li,  adv.  In  an  identical  mamner.- Iden- 
ticalness,  i-den'ti-kal-nes,  n.  Sameness. — 
Identifiable,  i-den'ti-fi-a-bl,a.  That  may  be 
identified.  —  Identiflcaticn,  iden'ti-fi-ka"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  identifying.— Identi- 
fy, i-den'ti-fi,  v.t— identified,  identifying. 
[From  identi-  in  identity,  and  L.  facio,  to 
make.]  To  make  to  he  the  same;  to  unite 
or  combine  in  such  a  manner  as  to  make 
one;  to  determine  or  establish  the  identity 
of;  to  ascertain  or  prove  to  be  the  same  with 
something  described  or  claimed.— u.i.  To 
become  the  same.  —  Identism,  i-dent'izm, 
n.  Afetaph.  the  system  or  doctrine  of  iden- 
tity.—Identity,  i-den'ti-ti,  n.  [L.L.  iden- 
titas,  from  L.  idem,  same.]  The  state  or 
fact  of  being  identical;  sameness,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  similitude  and  diversity. 
—Personal  identity,  our  being  the  same 
I)er8ons  from  the  commencement  to  the 
end  of  life  while  the  matter  of  the  body, 
the  dispositions,  habits,  thoughts,  &c.,  arc 
continually  changing.— Pnn«p/e  of  ider^ 
tity,  philoa.  the  principle  that  a  thing  is 
what  it  is  and  not  another. 

Ideograph,  Ideology,  &c.    Under  Idea. 

Ides,  idz,  n.  pi.  [L.  idus,  the  ides,  from 
iduo,  to  divide.]  In  the  ancient  Roman 
calendar  the  13th  of  January,  February, 
April,  June,  August,  September,  Novem- 
ber, andiDecember,  and  the  16th  of  March. 
>lay,  July,  and  October. 

Zdlocrasy,  id-i-ok'ra-si,  n.  [Gr.  idios,  pecu- 
liar, and  krasia,  mixture,  temperament.] 
Peculiarity  of  constitution;  temperament 
or  constitution  peculiar  to  a  person;  idio- 
syncrasy.— Idiocratic,  Idiocratical,  id'i-o- 
kraf'ik,  id'i-o-krat"i-kal,  a.  Peculiair  in 
constitution;  idiosyncratic. 

Idiocy.    Under  Idiot. 

Idioelectrlc,  id'i-o-5-lek"trik,  a.  [Gr.  idios, 
one's  own,  and  E.  electric.)  Electric  by 
virtue  of  its  own  peculiar  properties. 

Idlograph,  id'i-o-graf,  n.  [Gr.  idios,  pecu- 
liar, private,  and  grapko,  to  write.]  A 
mark,  signature,  or  the  like,  peculiar  to 
an  individual;  a'private  or  trade  mark. — 
Idiographic,  id'i-6-graf"ik,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  consisting  of  an  idiograph  or  idio- 
graphs. 

Idlolatry,  id-i-ol'a-tri,  n.  [Gr.  idioB,  be- 
longing to  one's  self,  and  latreia,  wor- 
ship] Self-worship;  excessive  self-«8teem. 

Idiom,  id'i-om,  n.  [Fr.  idionie,  L.  idiomci, 
from  Gr.  idiOma,  from  idios,  proper,  or 
pieculiar  to  one's  self.]  A  mode  of  expres- 
sion peculiar  to  a  language  or  to  a  person; 
a  phrase  or  expression  having  a  special 
meaning  from  usage,  or  a  special  gram- 
matical character;  the  genius  or  peculiar 
cast  of  a  language;  a  peculiar  form  or  va- 
riety of  language;  a  dialect.  —  Idiomatic, 
Idiomatlcal,  id'i-o-mat"ik,  id'i-o-mat"i- 
kal,  a.  Having  the  character  of  an  idiom; 
pertaining  to  the  particular  modes  of  ex- 

i)ression  which  belong  to  a  language. — 
:diomatically,  id'i-5-niat"i-kal-li,  adv.  In 
an  idiomatic  manner. 

Idiopathy,  id-i-op'a-thi,  n.  [Gr.  idios,  pro-' 
per,  peculiar,  and  pathos,  suffering.]  A 
morbid  state  or  condition  not  preceded 
andoccasionedby  any  other  disease.— Idio- 
pathic, Idiopathetic,  Idiopathical,  id'i-o- 
path"ik,  id'i-o-pa-thet"ik,  ia'i-o-path"i-kal, 
a.  Pertaining  to  idiopathv;  not  sympto- 
matic—Idiopathically,  Idiopathetically, 
id'i-3-path  "  i-kal-li,  id'i-o-pa-ihet"  i-kal-'i, 
adv.  In  the  manner  of  an  idiopathic  di- 
sease. 

Idiosjmcrasy,  id'i-S-sin'Tcra-si,  n.  [Gr.  idios, 
proper,  gyn,  with,  and  krasis,  tempera- 
ment.] A  personal  peculiarity  of  consti- 
tution or  temperament;  a  mental  or  moral 
characteristic  belonging  to  and  distin- 
guishing an  individual;  peculiar  way  of 
thinking  or  feeling.— Idiosyncratic,  liUo- 
syncratical,  id'i-o-sin-krat''ik,  id'i-o-sin- 
kfat"i-kal,  a.    P.elating  to  idiosyncrasy. 

Idiot,  id'i-ot,  n.  [L.  idiota.  from  Gr.  idiotcs, 
a  private,  vulgar,  unskilled  person,  from 
idtos,  private,  peculiar  to  one's  self.)  A 
private  peiponj;  r  human  beirfj  ('ostitvt? 
of  reacon  or  the  ordinaay  intellectual 


powers  of  man;  one  hopelessly  insane.— 
a.  Pertaining  to  an  idiot;  afflicted  with  idi- 
ocy.—Idiocy,  Idiotcy,  id'i-o-si,  id'i-ot-si,  n. 
State  of  being  an  idiot;  hopeless  insanity. 
—Idiotic,  Idiotical,  id-i-ot'ik,  id-i-ot'i-kal, 
a.  Like  or  relating  to  an  idiot:  foolish; 
utterly  absurd.— Idiotically,  id-i-ot'i-kal- 
li,  adv.  In  an  idiotic  manner.— Idiotish, 
id'1-ot-isU,  a.    Like  an  idiot;  idiotic. 

Idioticon,  id-i-ot'i-kon,  n.  [Gr.  idiotikon, 
from  idios  J  proper  to  one's  self.]  A  dic- 
tionary of  idioms;  a  dictionary  of  dialectal 
words.- Idiotism,  id'i-ot-izm,  n.  f  Gr.  idi- 
6tismos,  a  vulgar  idiom.]  An  idiom;  a 
peculiar  or  abnormal  idiom. 

Idle,  i'dl,  a.  [A.  Sax.  idel,  vain,  empty, 
idle  =  D.  ijdel,  G.  eitel,  idle;  Dan.  idel, 
mere:  from  root  meaning  to  shine  (Skr. 
idh,  Gr.  aitho,  to  bum).]  Not  engaged  in 
any  occupation;  unoccupied;  doing  noth- 
ing; slothful;  averse  to  labour  or  employ- 
ment; lazy;  vacant,  or  not  spent  in  work 
[idle  hours);  remaining  unused;  producing 
no  effect ;  useless,  vain,  ineffectual,  or 
fruitless  {idle  rage);  trifling  or  irrelevant 
(an  idle  story). — v.i.— idled,  idling.  To  lose 
or  spend  time  in  inaction  or  without  being 
employed.— v.t.  To  spend  in  idleness:  gene- 
rally followed  by  atoay.- Idleness,  i'dl-nes, 
n.  The  condition  or  quality  of  being  idle. 
—Idler,  id'ler,  n.  One  who  idles.— Idle- 
wheel,  n.  In  machinery,  a  wheel  placed 
between  two  others  for  the  purpose  simply 
of  transferring  the  motion  from  one  axis 
to  the  other  without  change  of  direction. 
— Idly,  id'li,  adv.    In  an  idle  manner. 

Idocrase,  i'do-kras,  n.  (Gr.  eitl,os,  form,  and 
ferasis,  mixture,  from  the  mixture  of  forms 
its  crystals  display.]  A  mineral  differing 
from  garnet  chiefly  in  form,  occurring, 
variously  coloured,  in  the  lavas  of  Vesu- 
vius and  elsewhere;  pyramidal  garnet  or 
Vesuvian. 

Idol,  i'dol,  n.  fFr.  idole,  L.  idolum,  from 
Gr.  eidolon,  an  image,  form,  phantom,  idol, 
from  eidos,  form;  same  root  as  in  idea.]  An 
image, representation,  or  symbol  of  adeity 
made  or  consecrated  as  an  object  of  wor- 
ship; any  person  or  thing  on  whic'n  we 
strongly  set  our  aflections;  that  to  which 
we  are  excessively,  often  improperly,^ at- 
tached.—Idolater,  i-dol'a-ter,  n.  [Fr.  w.ol- 
atre,  L.  idololatre,  Gr.  eidOlolatrSs,  an  idol- 
worshipper.  Idolatry.]  A  worshipper  of 
idols;  one  who  worships  as  a  deity  that 
which  is  not  God;  a  pagan;  an  adorer;  a 
great  admirer.— Idolatress,  i-dol'at-res,  n. 
A  female  worshipper  of  idols. — Idolatrize, 
i-dol'at-riz,  v.i.  To  worship  idols.— t.t.  To 
adore;  to  worship.  —  Idolatrous,  i-dol'at- 
rus,  a.  Pertaining  to  idolatry;  partakiag 
of  the  nature  of  idolatry;  worshipping  false 
god.i;  consisting  in  or  partaking  of  an  ex- 
cessive attachment  or  reverence. — Idolat- 
ronsly,  i-dol'at-rus-li,  adv.  In  an  idolat- 
rous manner.— Idolatry,  i-dol'at-ri,  n.  [Fr. 
idolatrie,  L.  idololatria,  from  Gr.  eidolola- 
treia  —  eidolon,  idol,  and  latret(0,  to  wor- 
ship.] The  w*ship  of  idols,  images,  or 
anything  made  by  hands,  or  which  is  not 
God;  excessive  attachment  to  or  venera- 
tion for  any  person  or  thing.  —  Idolism,t 
i'dol-izm,  n.  The  worship  of  idols. — Idol- 
ize, i'dol-iz,  v.t.  —  idolized,  idolising.  To 
worship  as  an  idol;  to  make  an  idol  of;  to 
love  to  excess;  to  love  or  reverence  to 
adoration.  —  Idollzer,  i'dol-i-z6r,  n.  One 
who  idolizes. — Idoloclast.  i-dol'o-klast,  to. 
[Gr.  eidOioTO,  and  klao,  to  break.]  An  idol 
or  image  breaker;  an  iconoclast. 

Idyl,  Idyll,  i'dil,  n.  [L.  idyllium,  Gr.  eidyl- 
lion,  from  eidos,  form.]  A  short  highly 
wrought  descriptive  poem,  consisting 
generally  of  scenes  or  events  of  pastoraa 
life.— Idyllic,  i-dil'ik,  a.  Of  or  belonging 
to  idyls  or  pastoral  poetry;  pastoral. 

If,  if,  conj.  [A.  Sax.  gif,  if;  Icel.  ef,  if,  if; 
akin  O.G.Unt,  G.  o6,  if,  whether;  Goth.tfta, 
whether,  jabai,  if.]  A  particle  used  to  in- 
troduce a  conditional  sentence,  equal  to — 
in  case  that,  granting  that,  supposing 
that,  allowing  that;  also,  whether:  in  de- 
penaent  clauses  (I  know  not  i/he  will). 

Igneons,  ig'ne-us,  a.  [L.  igneus,  from  ignis, 
fire,  allied  to  Skr.  agni,  pre.]  Pertaining 
to,  consisting  of,  or  resembling  fire ;  pro- 
duced by  or  resulting  from  the  action  of 
tire.— Ianas:ui:t,  :^-ats'eat,  a.    [L.  iir.^3- 


cens.]  Emitting  sparks  of  fire  when  struck, 
especially  with  steel.- n.  A  mineral  that 
gives  out  sparks  when  struck. — Ignicolist, 
ig-nik'ol-ist.  n.  (L.  ignis,  and  colo,  to  wor- 
ship.] A  worshipper  of  fire.— Igniferous, 
ig-nif'^r-us,  a.  [L.  ignifer.]  Producing 
fire.- Ignifinons,  ig-nif'lu-us,  a.  [L.  igni- 
fluus—fl.'uo,  to  flow.]  Flowing  with  fire. — 
Ignigenous,  ig-nij'e-nt\s,  a.  [L.  ignis,  and 
root  gen,  to  produce.]  Produced  by  fire. — 
Ignlpotent,  ig-nip'o-tent,  a.  [L.  ignipotens 
— ignis,  and  potens,  powerful.]  Presiding 
over  fire.— IgniB-fatuus,  ig'nis-fat'u-us,  n. 
pi.  Ignes-fatui.  ig'nez-fat'Q-i.  [L., foolish- 
fire.]  A  meteor  or  light  that  appears  in 
the  night,  and  flits  about  in  the  air  over 
marshy  grounds;  popularly  known  by  such 
names  as  Will-o'-the-wisp,  Jack-a-lantem, 
Corpse-candle,  &c.  —  Ignite,  ig-nit',  v.t. — 
igrated,  igniting.  To  kindle  or  set  on  fire; 
to  communicate  fire  to. — v.i.  To  take  fire; 
to  become  red  with  heat.  —  Ignltible,  ig- 
ni'ti-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  ignited. — 
Ignition,  ignish'on,  n.  The  act  of  ignit- 
ing, or  state  of  being  ignited. 

Ignoble,  ig-no'bl,  a.  [L.  ignobilis—in,  not, 
wad  miobilis,  or  nobilis,  noh\e.  Noble.]  Of 
low  birth  or  family:  not  noble;  not  illus- 
trious; mean;  wortnless;  not  honourable; 
base.  —  Ignobleness,  igno'bl-nes,  n.  The 
condition  or  quality  of  being  ignoble. — 
Ignobly,  ig-no'bli,  adv.  In  an  ignoble 
manner. 

Ignominy,  ig'no-mi-ni,  n.  [L.  ignominia — 
in,  not,  and  gnomen,  nomen,  name,  from 
root  seen  in  E.  know.]  Public  disgrace; 
shame ;  dishonour ;  infamy.  —  Ignomini- 
ous, ig-no-min'i-us,  a.  [L.  ignominiosvs.] 
Marked  with  ignominy;  shameful ;  dis- 
honourable; infamous;  despicable.— Igno- 
mlnlously,  ig-no-min'i-us-li,  adv.  In  an 
ignominious  manner. 

Ignoramus,  ig-no-ra'mus,  n.  pi.  Ignorsi- 
muses,  ig-no-ra'mus-ez.  [Ist  pers.  pi.  pres. 
ind.  of  L.  ignoro— lit.  we  are  ignorant. 
Ignore.]  An  ignorant  person;  a  vain  pre- 
tender to  knowledge. 

Ignorant,  ig'no-rant,  a.  [L.  ignorans,  ig- 
norantis,  ppr.  of  ignoro,  to  be  ignorant. 
loNORE.]  Destitute  of  knowledge  in  gen- 
eral, or  with  regard  to  some  particular: 
with  of  before  an  object ;  uninstructed  or 
uninformed;  untaught;  unenlightened; 
unacquainted ;  unconscious.— Ignorantly, 
ig'nO-rant-li,  adv.  In  an  ignorant  man- 
ner.—Ignorance,  ig'no-rans,  n.  [L.  ignor- 
ar.tia.)  The  state  of  bein§  ignorant;  want 
of  knowledge;  the  condition  of  not  being 
cognizant  or  aware;  inacquaintance. 

I^ore,  ig-nor',  v.t. — ignored,  ignoring.  [L. 
ignoro,  to  be  ignorant  of,  from  ignarus, 
not  knowing — in,  not,  and  gnarus,  know- 
ing, from  root  of  gnosco,  to  knoWj  and  E. 
/mow.]  To  pass  over  or  by  without  notice; 
to  act  as  if  one  were  unacquainted  with; 
to  shut  the  eyes  to;  to  leave  out  of  account; 
to  disregard ;  to  reject.— Ignorement,t  ig- 
nor'ment,  n.    The  act  of  ignoring. 

Ignana,  ig-wa'na,  n.  [Sp.,  from  the  Hay- 
tian  language.]  A  reptile  of  the  lizard 
family,  with  pendulous  dewlaps",  native 
of  tropical  America,  some  species  of  which 
are  much  esteemed  as  food. 

Igaanodon,  ig-w&'no-don,  n.  [Iguana  sx^di 
Gr.  odo%LS,  odontos,  a  tooth,  from  the  char- 
acter of  its  teeth.  ]   A  colossal  fossil  lizard 

.  found  in  the  WeaJden  strata. 

Heum,  il'e-um,  n.  [From  Gr.  eilo,  to  roll, 
from  its  convolutions;  or  from  L.  ilia,  in- 
testines. Iliac]  Anat,  the  lower  three- 
fifths  of  the  small  intestine  in  man. 

Hens,  i'l5-us,  n.  [Gr.  ileos,  eileos,  a  severe 
pain  in  the  intestines.]-  Med.  colic;  iliac 
passion. 

Biac,  il'i-ak,  a.  [L.  iliacus,  from  ilia,  the 
flank,  the  groin,  the  intestines.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  bowels,  especially  the  lower 
bowels,  or  to  the  part  of  the  aodomen  con- 
taininit  them.— Iliac  region,  the  side  ol 
the  abdomen  between  the  ribs  and  the 
hips.— Iliac  aiieries,  the  arteries  formed 
by  the  bifurcation  of  the  aorta  near  the 

,  last  lumbar  vertebra.  —  Iliac  passion,  a 
dangerous  ailment,  consisting  in  obstruo- 
tion  of  the  bowels,  accompanied  with  se- 
vere griping  pain,  and  often  vomiting  of 
fecal  matter. — Ulnro,  il'i-um,  n.  [Properly 
OS  iliunt,  bone  of  the  iUa  or  flank.]  Atuit. 


fate,  tax,  fat,  fftll; ,  me,  >a«t,  hir,     plno,  pin;     nSte,  not,  move;     tbbe,  tub,  byll;     oil,  p«und;     tt,  He  alwn«— (b«  Fr.  «. 


ILK 


341 


IMAGINE 


a  bone  that  forms  the  outer  portion  of  the 
pelvis  on  either  side;  the  hip-bone. 

Ilk,  ilk,  a.  lA.  Sax.  He,  ylc,  same.]  Same. 
[Old  E.J— 0/  that  ilk,  in  Scot.,  a  phrase 
Bometimos  used  after  the  name  of  a  landed 
gentleman  to  denote  that  his  surname 
and  the  title  of  his  estate  are  the  sscme. 

Ill,  il,  a.  (From  the  Scandinavian;  Icel. 
"illr,  adj.,  ill;  Icel.  and  Sw.  ilia,  adv.  ill ; 
a  fontracted  form  of  evil.  Its  compara- 
tive and  superlative,  worse  and  worst,  are 
from  a  different  root.]  Bad  or  evil;  the 
opposite  of  good;  wicked;  wrong :  used  of 
things  rather  than  persons;  producing  evil 
or  misfortune;  calamitous  or  unfortunate 
(an  ill  end);  cross,  crabbed,  surly,  or  peev- 
ish Hll  nature,  ill  temper);  suffering  from 
disease  or  sickness;  sick  or  indisposed; 
unwell  (ill  of  a.  fever);  not  proper;  rude  or 
unpolished  Ull  manners,  ill  breeding).— 
Ill  turn,  an  unkind  or  injurious  act. — 
n.  Wickedness;  evil;  misfortune;  calamity; 
whatever  annoys  or  imi)air8  haiflbiness  oi* 
prevents  success.  —  adv.  Not  well ;  not 
rightly  or  perfecthr  {Ul  at  ease);  not  easily; 
with  pain  or  difficulty  (he  is  ill  able  to 
sustain  the  burden).  [Ill,  prefixed  to  par- 
ticiples, or  adjectives  having  the  form  of 
participles,  forms  a  great  number  of  com- 
pound words  the  meaning  of  jvhich  is 
generallyjjbvious.]— Illness,  il'nes,  n.  The 
state  or  condition  of  being  ill;  an  ailment 
or  sickness.  —  lU-advised, '  o.  Badly  ad- 
vised; resulting  from  bad  advice  or  the 
want  of  good;  injudicious.- lU-aSected,  o. 
Not  well  inclined  or  disposed.— Ill-blodd, 
»i.  Resentment;  enmity. — Ill-bred,  a. 
Not  well  bred;  badly  educated  or  brought 
Up;  impolite.— Ill-conditioned,  a.  Having 
bad  qualities;  having  a  rude,  surly  temper. 
— ni-considercd,  a.  Not  well  considered; 
done  without  due  deliberation.  —  Ill-dis- 
posed, a.  Not  well  disposed;,wickedly  or 
maliciously  inclined. — Ill-fated,  a.  Hav- 
ing an  ill  or  evil  fate;  ill-starred;  unfor- 
tunate. —  Ill-favouredi  a.  Having  ill 
features;  ugly.  —  111 -got.  Ill-gotten,  a. 
Gained  by  unfair  or  improper  means;  dis- 
honestly come  by.  —  Ill-humour,  n.  Ill 
temper;  fretfulness.- Ill-judged,  a.  Not 
well  judged;  inj\idicious;  foolish;  unwise. 
—Ill-luck,  w.  Misfortune;  bad  luck.— 111- 
mannered,  a.  Uncivil;  rude;  boorish;  im- 
polite. —  Ill-matched,  a.  Badly  assorted ; 
not  well  suited.— Ill-meaning,  a.  Having 
malicious  intentions;  ill-intentioned. — 
Hi-nature,  n.  Bvil  nature  or  disposition ; 
bad  temper;  crossness;  craibedness. — Ill- 
natured,  a.  Having  ill-nature;  of  habitual 
bad  temper;  bad-tempered. — Hl-natured- 
ly,  odw.  In  an  ill-natured  manner;  crossly. 
— Ill-omened,  a.  Having  unlucky  omens; 
unfortunate.  —  Ill-starred,  a.  Having 
an  evil  star  presiding  over  one's  destiny; 
hence,  fated  to  be  unfortunate ;  ill-fated. 
—Ill-tempered,  a.  Of  bad  temper.— Ill- 
timed,  a.  Attempted,  done,  or  said  at  an 
unsuitable  time.  —  Ill-will,  n.  A  desire 
that  evil  will  befall  a  person;  enmity; 
malevolence. 

niapae,  il-laps',  v.i.  [L.  illdbor,  Ulapsus,  to 
slip  or  slide  into— iJ  for  in,  into,  and  labor, 
to  slip.J  To  fall,  pass,  or  glide;  to  lapse.— 
n.  A  sliding  in;  an  immission  or  entrance 
of  one  thing  into  another;  a  falling  on;  an 
attack. 

niaqueate,  il-lak'w5-at,  v.t.  [L.  illagueo, 
Ulaqueaium — il  for  in,  in,  and  laqwua,  a 
snare.]   To  ensnare;  to  entangle. 

Illation,  il-la'shon,n.  [h.illatio — il  for  in,  in, 
on,  and  latU>,  a  bearing,  from  fero,  latum,to 
bear.]  The  act  of  inferring  from  premises 
or  reasons;  inference;  an  inference,  de- 
duction, or  conclusion.- Illative,  il'la-tiv, 
a.  Relating  to  illation;  capable  of  being 
inferred  or  of  inferring;  denoting  an  infer- 
ence [then  or  therefore  is  an  illative  word), 
—re.  An  illative  word.  —  niatively,  illa- 
tiv-li,  adv.    By  illation  or  inference. 

Illaudable,  il-la'da-bl,  a.  [Prefix  il  for  in, 
not,  and  laudable.}  Not  laudable.— Ulaud- 
ably,  il-la'da-bli,  adv.  In  an  illaudable 
manner. 

Illegal,  il-l6'gal,  o.  [Prefix  il  for  in,  not, 
and  legal.}  Not  legal;  contrary  to  law; 
unlawful;  illicit.— Illegality,  Hlegalness, 
il-l5-gal'i-ti,  il-l5'gal-nes,  n.  The  condition 
or  quality  of  being  illegal.— lUegallze,  il- 


Ic'gal-iz,  v.t.—illegalized,  illegalizing.  To 
render  illegal  or  unlawful. — Illegally,  il- 
l5'gal-li,  adv.    In  an  illegal  manner. 

Illegible,  il-lej'i-bl,  a.  (Prefix  il  for  in,  not, 
ana  legible.}  Incapable  of  being  read; 
obscure  or  defaced  so  that  the  words  can- 
nut  be  known.— Illegibility,  Hlegibleness, 
il-lej'i-bil"i-ti,  il-lej'i-bl-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  illegible.  —  Illegibly, 
il-lej'i-bli,  adv.    In  an  illegible  maimer. 

niegitimate,  il-le-jit'i-mat,  a.  [Prefix  U  for 
in,  not,  and  legitimate.}  Not  legitimate; 
bom  out  of  wedlock;  not  in  conformity 
with  law;  not  authorized;  not  legitimately 
inferred  or  deduced;  not  warranted  |an 
illegitimate  influence). — v.t. — illegitimatedr 
illegitimating.  To  render  illegitimate;  to 
bastardize.- Illegitimately,  il-le-jit'i-mat- 
li,  adv.  In  an  illegitimate  manner. — 
Blegitimatlon,  il-l5-jit  i-ma"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  illegitimating.- Illegitimacy,  il-le- 
jit'i-ma-si,  n.  The  strtfe  of  being  ulegiti- 
mato;  bastardy. 

Cleviable,  il-lev'i-a-bl,  o.  [Prefix  il  for  in, 
not,  and  leviable.]  Incapable  of  being 
levied  or  collected.* 

Illiberal,  il-lib'tr-al,  a.  [Prefix  il  for  t«, 
not,  and  liberal.}  Not  liberal ;  not  free  or 
generous;  of  narrow  or  contracted  mind 
or  opinions.  —  Illlberallty,  Illiberallsm, 
lillberalness,  il-lib'er-al"i-ti,  il-lib^6r-al- 
izm,  i'.-!ib'6r-al-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing illiberal.  —  Illiberalize,  il-lib'er-al-Iz, 
v.t.  To  make  illiberal.  —  Illiberally,  il- 
lib'6r-al-li,  adv.    In  an  illiberal  manner. 

Illicit,  niicitous,  il-lis'it,  il-lis'i-tus,  n.  [L. 
illicitua—in,  not,  and  Ueitus,  lawful,  from 
liceo,  to  be  allowed.]  Not  permitted  or 
allowed;  prohibited;  unlawful.— Illicitly, 
il-lis'it-li,  adv.  In  an  illicit  manner.- 
lUicitness,  il-lis'it-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  illicit. 

Illimitable,  il-lim'it-a-bl,  a.  [Prefix  il  tot 
in,  not,  and  limitable.]  Incapable  of  be- 
ing limited  or  bounded ;  boundless  ;  im- 
measurable. —  Ulimltabiy,  il-lim'it-a-bli, 
adv.  Without  possibility  of  being  boun- 
ded; without  limits —IlumltableneES,  il- 
lim'it-a-bl-nes.n.  —  niimlted,  il-lim'it-ed, 
o.  Unbounded ;  interminable. — Illlmited- 
ness,  il-lim'it-ea-nes,  n. 

nilnltion,  il-li-nish'on,  n.  [L.  illxKio,  ilK- 
nitvm,  to  spread  or  lay  on— iZ  for  in,  on, 
and  lino,  to  smear.]  A  smearing  or  rub- 
bing in  or  on,  as  of  an  ointment. 

Illiterate,  il-lit'er-at,  a.  [L.  iUiteratus-^ 
for  in,  not,  and  literatus,  lettered,  learned, 
from  litera,  a  letter.  Letter.]  Ignorant 
of  letters  or  books;  untaught;  unlearned; 
ignorant.— Illiteracy,  il-lit'er-a-si,  n.  The 
state  of  being  illiterate;  a  literary  errort 
—  Illiterately,  il-lit'6r-&t-li,  adv.  la  an 
illiterate  manner. 

Illness.    Under  III. 

Illogical,  il-ioj  i-kal,  a.  [Prefix  il  for  in, 
not,  and  logical.}  Ignorant  or  negligent 
of  the  rules  of  logic  or  correct  reasoning: 
contrary  to  logic  or  sound  reasoning. — 
Blogically,  il-loj'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  an  illo- 
gical manner.  —  Illogicalnesa,  il-loj'i-kal- 
pes,  n.    The  quality  of  being  illogical. 

Hlnde,  il-lQd',  v.t.  —  iUuded,  iUuding.  [L. 
illudo,  illusum—pro&x  il  for  in,  on,  and 
ludo,  to  play.  Delude.]  To  deceive;  to 
mock;  to  make  sport  of. 

Ulumlnate,  il-lQ'mi-nat,  v.t. — iUumindted, 
iiluminating.  [L.  illumino,  illwnlnatum 
—prefix  U  for  in,  in,  and  lumen,  luminis, 
light.  Luminary,  Lucid.]  To  enlighten; 
to  throw  light  on;  to  supply  with  light; 
to  light  up  with  festal  lamps,  bonfires,  or 
the  like;  to  adorn  (a  manuscript)  with 
gilded  and  coloured  decorations  or  illus- 
trations.—Ulume,  il-lum',  v.t— illumed, 
iUuming.  To  illumine  or  illuminate. 
[Poet.  1  —  Hlmnlnable,  il-la'mi-na-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  illuminated.  —  Muml- 
nant,  il-la'mi-nant,  n.  That  which  illumi- 
nates or  affords  light.— Uluminary,  il-la'- 
mi-na-ri,  a.-  Pertaining  to  illumination. 
— nitunlnatl,  il-la'mi-na"ti,  n.  pi.  A  t«rm 
formerly  applied  to  certain  sects  and  se- 
cret societies,  now  applied  to  persons  who 
affect  to  possess  extraordinary  knowledge 
whether  justlyor  otherwise.  —  Hlnmina- 
tion,  il-la'mi-na"8hon,  n.  [L.  iUuminaiio, 
illuminationis.']  The  act  of  illuminating, 
or  state  of  being  illuminated;  a  festive 


display  of  lightG.&c;  an  on5a;T!c:it  or  illus- 
tration in  colours  and  gilding,  such  as 
those  with  which  ancient  manuscripts  or 
books  were  embellished.  —  Illuminative;, 
il-lu'mi-na-tiv,  a.  Having  the  power  of 
illuminating;  tending  to  throw  light; 
illustrative.— Illuminator,  il-la'mi-na-tfer, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  illuminates.— 
Illumine,  il-lu'min,  v.t.  To  illuminate. 
[Poet.] 

Elusion,  il-la'zhon,n.  [L.  iZZiMjo,  inu«ion'>, 
iroiaiXludo.  Illude.]  The  act  of  decei'- 
ing  or  impoEing  upon;  deception;  mockerj  ; 
a  deceptive  appearance;  an  unreal  visica 
presented  to  the  bodily  or  mental  eyt-; 
hallucination.— Ulusionable,  il-lu'zhon-;,- 
bl.  o.  Subject  to  illusions.— niusionisl;, 
il-lu'zhon-ist,  n.  One  given  to  illusion.- 
Illusive,  il-ltt'siv,  a.  Deceiving  by  falru 
show;  illusory. — IllUBively,  il-lQ'siv-li,  ads'. 
In  an  illusive  manner. — Illusiveneiss,  il- 
lu'siv-nes,  n.— Illusory,  il-lu'so-ri,  a.  IFr. 
illusoire,  from  L.  illudo,  illusum.}  Caus- 
ing illusion;  deceiving  or  tending  to  de- 
ceive by  false  appearances;  false  and  de- 
ceptive; fallacious. 

lUnstrafe,  i\-\u%'tTa,t,,v.t.— illustrated,  illus- 
trating. [L.  illuatru,  illustratum,,  to  light 
up,  to  illuminate— iJ  for  in,  and  lustro,  to 
make  light.  Lustre.1  To  illuminatei ; 
to  glorify  i;  to  make  bright  or  conspicu- 
ous;; to  make  clear,  intelligible,  or  ob- 
vious; to  through  light  on  by  examples, 
by  comparisons,  and  the  like;  to  ornament 
and  elucidate  by  taeans  of  pictures,  draw- 
ings, lie.  —  Illustrable,t  il-lus'tra-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  illustrated;  admitting  of 
illustration.— Illustration,  il-lus-tra'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  illustrating;  that  which  il- 
lustrates; a  particular  case  or  example 
intended  to  throw  light  on  one's  meaning; 
a  picture  accompanying  and  illustrating 
the  text  of  a  book.— Illustrative,  U-lus'- 
tra-tiv,  a.  Tending  to  illustrate. — Ulns- 
tratively,  il-lus'tra-tiv-li,  adv.  By  way  of 
illustration  or  elucidation.— Uluatrator, 
il-lus'tr&-ter,  n^   One  who  illustrates. 

BlustriooK,  il-lus'tri-us,  a.  [From  L.  illug- 
tris,  lighted  up,  clear,  distinguished;  pro- 
bably contr.  for  Ulucestris — U  for  in,  into, 
and  lux,  lucis,  light.  Lucid.]  Distin- 
guished by  greatness,  nobleness,  or  emi- 
nence among  men;  conspicuous  for  praise- 
worthy qualities;  renowned;  eminent; 
glorious;  brilliant  (an  illustrious  man,  an 
illustrious  action).  —  Illustriously,  il-lus'- 
tri-us-li,  adv.  In  an  illustrious  manner.- 
niastriousjiess,  il-lus'trj-us-nes,  n. 

Hmenlte,  il'men-it,  n.  A  black  ore  of  iron 
found  in  the  Ilmen  Mountains  in  Russia. 

Image,  im'aj,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  imago,  an 
image,  likeness,  apparition,  4c.,  froLi 
stem  of  imitor,  to  imioate.  J  A  rejiresenta- 
tion  of  any  person  or  thing,  sculptured, 
painted,  or  otherwise  made  visible;  a 
statue,  picture,  or  stamped  representa- 
tion; an  effigy;  an  idol;  what  forms  a 
counterpart  or  likeness  of  something  else; 
likeness;  embodiment;  a  picture  drawn  by 
fancy:  semblance;  show;  appearance;  op- 
tics, the  figure  or  appearance  of  an  object 
made  bjr  reflection  or  refraction.— v.t. — 
imaged,  imaging.  To  represent  by  an  im- 
age; to  reflect  the  image  or  likeness  ofj  to 
mirror;  to  represent  to  the  mental  vision; 
to  form  a  likeness  of  in  the  mind— Image- 
able,  im'ftj-a-bl,  o.  Capable  of  being  im- 
aged. —  Imageless,  im'aj-les,  a.  Having 
no  image.— Imagery,  im'a-jer-i,n.  Images 
in  general  or  collectively;  forms  of  the 
fancy;  imaginary  phantasms;  rhetorical 
figures  collectively;  comparisons,  similes, 
&c.,indi8course.— Image-worship.n.  The 
worship  of  images;  idolatry. 

Imagina,  im-aj'm,  v.t.—iTnagined,  tmafri»v- 
ing.  [Fr.  imaginer,  L.  im,affinor,  im^igma- 
turn,  to  imagine,  from  imago,  image. 
Image.]  To  form  a  notion  or  idea  of  in 
the  mind;  to  bring  before  the  mind's  eye; 
to  produce  by  the  imagination;  to  con- 
ceive in  thought;  to  think,  scheme,  or  de- 
vise (O.T.). — v.i.  To  conceive;  to  suppose; 
to  fancy ;  to  think.  —  Imaginable,  im- 
aj'i-na-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  imagined 
or  conceived.— Imaginableness,  im-ag'i-na- 
bl-ne8,n.— Imaginably,  im-aj'i-na-bh.  adi>. 
In  an  imaginable  mariner. — Imag{iuJ,t 
im-aj'i-nal,  a.    Characterized  by  imagina- 


ch,  c/iain;     cA,  Sc.  locA;     g.firo;     j, iob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ii|;,  Buif  j_  «h,  tften;  tb,  tAw;.  v,  wig;  ^  wb,  icAig-,     sb,  Mure,, 


IMAGO 


342 


IMMINENT 


tion;  imaginative.  —  Imagtoarlly,  im-aj'- 
}-na-ri-li,  adv.  In  an  imaginai7  manner. 
-ImagliiaxiJieBS,  im-aj'i-na-ri-nes,  n.  The 
condition  or  quality  of  being  imaginary. 
—Imaginary,  im-aj'i-na-ri,  a.  [L.  irnagi- 
nariu».]  Existing  only  in  imagination  or 
fancy;  conceived  by  the  imagination;  not 
real;  fancied.  —  Imagination,  im-aj'i-na"- 
!(hoD,  n.  [L.  imaginatio,  imaginationis.'i 
The  power  or  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which 
it  conceives  an  Jforms  ideas  of  things  from 
knowledge  communicated  to  it  by  the  or- 
gans of  sense;  the  faculty  by  which  we  can 
bring  absent  objects  and  perceptions  for- 
cibly before  the  mind;  the  poweror  faculty 
which  enables  a  person  to  produce  a  new, 
impressive,  and  artistic  whole  b  v  selecting 
and  working  up  ideas  derivea  through 
observation  and  memory,  and  which  thus^ 
includes  a  certain  share  of  invention;  an 
image  or  conception  in  the  mind;  idea;  an 
imsolid  or  fanciful  opinion;  a  scheme  or 
plot  (O.T.).  —  Imaginative,  im-aji-nS-tiv, 
a.  Forming  imaginations;  endoiited  with 
imagination;  owing  existence  to,  or  char- 
acterized by,  imagination. — Imaginative- 
ness, im-aj'i-nH-tiv-nes,  n.  Quality  of 
being  imaginative. — Imaginer,  im-aj'i-n^r, 
n.  One  who  ijnagines. 
Imago,  im-a'go,  n.  [h.,  an  image.]  The 
last  or  perfect  state  of  an  insect,  usually 
that  in  which  it  has  wings. 
Imam,  Imaum,  Tman,  i-mam',  t-mam',  i- 
man',  n.  [Ar.  imd'in,  from  ammo,  to  walk 
before,  to  preside.]  A  minister  or  priest 
who  performs  the  regular  service  of  the 
mosque  among  the  Mohammedans;  a  title 
given  to  the  successors  of- Mohammed. 
Imbalm,  im-bam',  v.t.  To  embalm. 
ImbajUi,  im-bangk',  v.t.  To  embank.— 
Imbankment,  im-bangk 'ment,  n.  Em- 
bankment. 

Imbattled,  im-bat'ld,  o.    Embattled. 
Imbecile,  im'be-til,  a.     VU.  imbecillU,  im- 
becilliu,  feeble  in  body  or  mind — origin 
doubtful.]     Destitute  of  strength;  weak; 
feeble;   mentally  feeble;   fatuous;  with 
mental  faculties  greatly  impaired.  —  n. 
One  that  is  imbecile  or  impotent  either  in 
body  or  mind.— Imbecilitate,  im-be-sil'i- 
tat,  v.t.    To  render  imbecile  or  feeble. — 
Imbecility,  im-be-sil'i-ti,  n.    [L.  imbecUli- 
ia«.]    The  condition  or  quality  of  being 
imbecile;  fatuity. 
Imbed,  im-bed',  v.t.    To  embed. 
Imber,  Immer,  im'bir,  im'6r,  n.    The  em- 
ber-g6ose. 

Imbibe,  im-bib',  v.t.  —  imbibed,  imbibing. 
[L.  imbibo — im  for  in,  in,  into,  and  bibo,  to 
drink,  whence  also  beverage.]  To  drink 
in;  to  absorb;  to  receive  or  admit  into  the 
mind  and  retain.— Imbiber,  im-bi'b«r,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  imbibes. — Imbi- 
bition, im-bi-bish'on,  n.  The  act  of  im- 
bibing. 

Imbitter,  Imblazou,  Imbody,  Imbolden, 
Imborder,  Imbosom,  Imbowel,  Imbower. 
Embitter,  4c. 
Imbricate,  Imbricated,  im'bri-kat,  im'- 
bri-ka-ted,  a.  [li.  imbrieatus,  from  imbrex, 
imbiicis,  a  hollow  tile  for  a  roof,  from  im^ 
her,  a  8hower=  6r.  ombros,  rain.]  Formed 
like  a  bent  or  hollow  tile;  lapping  over 
each  other,  like  tiles  on  a  roof,  or  the 
scales  of  fishes  and  reptiles.— Imbrication, 
ini-bri^a'shon,  n.  State  of  being  imbri- 
cate; a  hoUow  like  that  of  a  roof  tile. 
Imbroglio,  im-brolyo,  n.  [It.,  from  prefix 
im  for  in,  and  brogliare,  to  confound  or 
mix  together;  akin  broil.]  An  intricate 
and  perplexing  state  of  affairs;  a  misun- 
derstanding between  persons  or  nations  of 
a  complicated  nature. 
Imbrown,  im-broun',  v.t.  To  make  brown; 
to  embrown. 

Imbrue,  im-briJ',  v.t. — inibrued,  imbruing. 
[O.Fr.  embruer,  s'embruer,  to  dabble  one's 
self,  from  prefix  im  for  in,  in,  and  L.  bibere, 
to  drink;  comp.  Fr.  breuvage,  beverage, 
also  from  bibere.]  To  soak  or  drench  in  a 
fluid,  as  in  blood. — Imbmement,  im-brci'- 
ment,  n.  The  act  of  imbruing. 
Imbmte,  im-brot',  v.t. — imbrtUed,  imbrut- 
ing.  To  degrade  to  the  state  of  a  brute. 
—v.i.   To  sink  to  the  state  of  a  brute. 

Imbue,  im-ba',  v.t.—imbtted,  imbuing.  [L. 
\imbuo,  allied  to  imber,  a  shower;  Skr.  am- 


bn,  water.  Imbricate.]  To  soak,  steep, 
or  tinge  deeply;  Jig.  to  inspire,  impress,  or 
impregnate  (the  mind);  to  cause  to  become 
impressed  or  penetrated.  —  Imbuement, 
Imbution,  im-bu'ment,  im-bQ'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  imbuing. 

Imitate,  im'i-tat,  v.t.— imitated,  imitating. 
[L.  imitor,  imitatus,  from  a  root  which 
gives  also  imago,  image.]  To  follow  as  a 
model,  pattern,  or  example;  to  copy  or 
endeavour  to  copy  in  acts,  manners,  or 
otherwise;  to  produce  a  likeness  of  in  form, 
colour,  qualities,  conduct,  manners,  and 
the  like;  to  counterfeit.— Imitability,  Im- 
itableness,  im'i-ta-bil"i-ti,  im'i-ta-bl-nes, 
n.  The  condition  or  quality  of  being  im- 
itable.— Imitable,  im'i-ta-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  imitated  or  copied.  —  Imitation, 
im-i-ta'shon,  n.  [L.  im,itatio,  imitationis.] 
The  act  of  imitating;  that  which  is  made 
or  produced  as  a  copy;  a  likeness;  a  copy; 
a  counterfeit;  mus.  the  r-^i/etition  of  the 
same  melodic  idea  by  different  parts  or 
voices  in  a  composition. -rlmitation&l,  im- 
i-ta'shon-al,  o.  Relating  to  imitation. — 
Imitationist,  imri-ta'shon-ist,  n.  A  mere 
imitator;  one  who  wants  originality. — 
Imitative,  im'i-ta-tiv,  a.  lucUned  to  imi- 
tate or  copy;  aiming  at  imitation;  exhib- 
iting an  imitation  of  a  pattern  or  modeb 
formed  after  a  model  or  original;  intendea 
to  represent  an  actual  sound  by  the  sound 
of  the  letters  (an  imitative  word). — Imita- 
tively,  im'i-ta-tiv-li,  adv.  In  an  imitjitive 
manner.  —  Imltativeness,  im'i-ta-tiv-nes, 
n.  Quality  of  being  imitative. — Imitator, 
im'i-ta-tfer,  n.  One  who  imitates. 
Immaculate,  im-mak'u-lat,  a.  [L.  twimo- 
culatu8—im  for  in,  not,  and  maculatus, 
from  macula,  a  spot.]  Spotless;  pure;  un- 
stained; undefiled;  without  blemish. — Im- 
maculate conception,  the  dogma  of  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  Church  (settled  in  1854), 
that  the  Virgin  Mary  was  conceived  and 
bom  without  original  sin.— Immaculately, 
im-mak'u-Jat-li,  adv.  In  an  immaculate 
manner.— Immaculateness,  im-mak'c-lat- 
nes,  n.  The  condition  or  quality  of  being 
immaculate. 

ImmaUeable,  im-malle-a-bl,  a.  [Prefix  im 
for  in,  not,  and  malleable.]  Not  malle- 
able. 

Immanate,  im'ma-n'at,  v.i.  [L.  im  for  in,  in, 
and  niano,  to  flow.]  To  flow  or  issue  in:  said 
of  something  intangible. — Immanation, 
im-ma-na'shon,  n.  A  flowing  in. 
Immanent,  im'ma-nent,  a.  [L.  immanens, 
imm.anentis,  ppr.  of  immaneo — imtorin,  in, 
and  mafieo,  to  remain  (as  in  remain,  man- 
sion).] Remaining  in  or  within;  nence, 
not  passing  out  of  the  subject;  inherent 
and  indwelling;  internal  or  subjective: 
opposed  to  transitive.  —  ImmaTience,  Im- 
manency, im'ma-nens,  im'ma-nen-si,  n. 
The  condition  of  being  immanent. 
Immantle,  im-man'tl,  v.t.  To  envelop,  as 
with  a  mantle. 
Immanuel,  im-man '  0-el,  n.  [Heb. — im, 
with,  anu,  us,  and  El,  God.]  God  with  us: 
an  appellation  of  our  Saviour. 
Immarginate,  im-mar'ji-nat,  a.  [Prefix  im 
for  in,  not,  and  marginaie.l  Without  a 
margin.  > 

Immaterial,  im-ma-te'ri-al,  a.  [Prefix  im 
for  in,  not,  and  materiaJ.]  Kot  consisting 
of  matter ;  incorporeal ;  spiritual ;  of  no 
essential  consequence;  unimportant. — Im- 
materialism,  im-ma-te'ri-al-izm,  n.  The 
doctrine  that  immaterial  substances  or 
spiritual  beings  exist  or  are  possible;  the 
doctrine  that  there  is  no  material  world, 
but  that  all  exists  only  in  the  mind. — Im- 
materiallst,  im-ma-te'ri-al-ist,  n.  One 
who  professes  immaterialism.  —  Immate- 
riality, Immaterialness,  im-ma-te'ri-al"i- 
ti,  im-ma-te'ri-al-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  immaterial  or  not  consisting  of 
matter;  absence  of  matter.— Immaterial- 
ize,  im-ma-te'ri-al-!z,  v.t.  To  make  imma- 
terial or  incorporeal.  —  Immaterially,  im- 
ma-t6'ri-al-li,  adv.  In  an  immaterial 
manner. 

Immature,  im-ma-ttir',  a.  [L.  immatterua, 
unripe — im  for  iiu,  not,  and  matums,  ripe.] 
Not  mature  or  ripe;  unripe;  not  brought 
to  a  complete  state;  too  early;  premature. 
— Immatnrely,  im-ma-ttir'li,  adv.  In  an 
f  immature  manner. — Inunatureness,  Im- 


maturity, im-ma-tOr'neg,  im-ma-tO'ri-ti,' 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  imma- 
ture; unripeness. 

Immeasurable,  im-mezh'Q-ra-bl,  a.  [Pre- 
fix im  for  in,  not,  and  itieaswable.]  In- 
capable of  being  measured. — Immeasur- 
ableness.  Immeasurability,  im-mezh '  a- 
ra-bl-nes;  im-mezh 'ri-ra-bil"i-ti,  n.  The 
state  of  being  immeasurable.— inmeasur- 
ably,  im-mezh'u-ra-bli,  adv.  In  an  im- 
measurable manner ;  immensely ;  beyond 
all  measure. 

Immediate,  im-me'di-5t,  a.  [Prefix  im  for 
in,  not,  and  mediate.]  Not  separated  by 
anything  inten'ening;  placed  in  the  closest 
relation;  not  -separated  by  an  interval  of 
time;  instant;  acting  without  a  medium, 
or  without  the  inten'ention  of  another 
object  as  a  cause,  means,  or  condition; 
produced,  acquired,  or  obtained  without 
the  intervention  of  a  medium ;  direct. — 
Immediacy,  im-me'di-a-si,  n.   The  relation 

•  of  being  immediate:  immediateness;  prox- 
imity.—Immediately,  im-me'di-at-U,  adv. 
In  an  immediate  manner;  without  the 
intenention  of  anything ;  directly ;  with- 
out delay;  instantly;  forthwith.— Imme- 
diateness, im-me'di-at-nes,  n. 

Immelodious,  im-me-lo '  di-us,  o.  [Prefix 
im  for  in,  not,  and  melodious.]  Not  melo- 
dious. 

Immemorial,  im-me-mo'ri-al,  a.  [L.  im  for 
in,  not,  and  m^nwria,  memory.]  Beyond 
memoir;  extending  beyond  the  reach  of 
record  or  tradition.  —  Immemorially,  im- 
me-mp'ri-al-li,  adv.  Beyond  memory;  from 
time  out  of  mind. 

Immense,  im-mens',  a.  [L.  imm£nsv^—im 
for  in,  not,  and  mensus,  measured,  pp.  of 
metier,  rnensua,  to  measure.  Measure.] 
Vast  in  extent  or  bulk;  very  great ;  very 
large;  boundless;  huge;  enormous. .'.Syn. 
under  Enormous. — Immensely,  im-mens'- 
li,  adv.  In  an  immense  mannen  vastly. — 
Inunenseness,  im-mens'nes,  n.  The  condi- 
tion or  quality  of  being  immense.  —  Im- 
mensity, im-men'si-ti,  n.  [L.  imviensitas.] 
The  condition  or  quality  of  being  im- 
mense: that  which  is  immense;  extent 
not  to  be  measured;  infinity. 

Immeasurable,  im-men'su-ra-bl,  a.  (L.  im 
for  in,  not,  and  mensurabilis,  from  men- 
sura,  meaisure.  Measure.]  Not  to  be 
measured ;  immeasurable.  —  Immensura- 
Bility,  im-men'sa-ra-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  immensurable. 

Immerge,  im-mSrj',  v.t.  —  immerged,  im- 
merging.  [L.  immergo — itn  for  tn,  into, 
and  mergo,  to  plunge.]  To  plunge  into  or 
under  anything,  especially  into  or  under 
a  fluid. — v.i.  To  disappear  by  entering 
into  any  medium. 

Immerse,  im-m^rs*,  v.t — immersed,  iminer- 
sing.  [L.  immergo,  immersum — im  for  in, 
into,  and  mergo,  to  plunge.  Merge.]  To 
plunge  into  anything  that  covers  or  sur- 
rounds, as  into  a  fluid;  to  dip;  fig.  to  engage 
deeply;  to  involve  (to  be  immersed  in  busi- 
ness). —  Immersible,  im-mer'si-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  immersed.  —  Immersion, 
im-m6r'8hon,  n.  [L.  immersio,  immer- 
sionis.)  The  act  of  immersing,  or  state  of 
being  immersed;  a  sinking  or  dipping  into 
anything:  astron.  the  disappearance  of  a 
celestial  body  by  passing  either  behind 
another  or  into  its  shadow:  opposed  to 
emersion. — Immersionist,  im-in6r'shon- 
ist,  n.  One  who  holds  that  immersion  is 
essential  to  Christian  baptism. 

Immesh,  im-mesh',  v.t.  [Prefix  im  for  in, 
and  mesh.)  To  entangle  in  the  meshes  of 
a  net  or  anything  similar. 

Immethodical,  im-me-thod'i-kal,  a.  [Pre- 
fix im  for  in,  not,  and  metltodical.]  Not 
methodical;  without  system,  order,  or  re- 
gularity.—Immethodlcally,  im-me-thod'i- 
kal-li,  adv.  —  Immethodicalnesa,  im-me- 
thod  i-kal-nes.  n. 

Immigrate,  im'mi-grat,  v.i.  [L.  immigro — 
im  for  in,  into,  and  migro,  to  migrate.] 
To  remove  into  a  country  of  which  one  is 
not  a  native  for  Wie  purpose  of  permanent 
residence;  to  remove  into  and  settle  in  an- 
other country.— Immigrant,  im'mi-grant, 
n.  One  who  immigrates:  the  correlative 
of  emigrant.  —  Immigration,  im-mi-grft'- 
shpn,  n.    The  act  of  immigrating. 

Imntlnent,  im'mi-nent,  a.    [Ii.  imminent. 


Ji.tfi^i'Sijfaij.UUi.  jn^met,  h£u     pine,  piox   Aute,  not. mOve;,    ttxbe.  tab. boll;     ciU  pound:     ii,  Sc  abuue— the  Fr. «, 


IMMIT 


843 


IMPECCABLE 


imminentvi,  ppr.  of  immineo,  to  hang  over 
— im  for  in,  on,  and  mmeo,  as  in  eminent.^ 
Hanging  over;  threatening  to  fall  or  oc- 
cur {imminent  danger,  war);  impending; 
near  at  hand;  threatening  evil. — Immi- 
nence, im'mi-nens,  n.  The  quality  or  con- 
dition of  being  imminent. — Imminently, 
im'mi-aent-li,  adv.  In  an  imminent  man- 
ner; threateningly. 

Zmmlt,  im-mit',  v.t.  IL.  immitto — im  for 
in,  in,  into,  and  mitto,  to  send.]  To  send 
in;  to  inject:  the  correlative  of  emit.— Im- 
mission,  im-mish'on,  n.  [L.  immissio.] 
The  act  of  immitting:  the  correlative  of 
emission. 

Immix,  im-miks',  v.t.  [Prefix  im  for  in,  and 
mix.]    To  mix ;  to  mingle. 

Immobile,  im-mob'il,  a.  [Prefix  im  for  in, 
not,  and  mobile;  L.  immabilis.]  Not  mo- 
bile ;  immovable ;  fixed ;  stable.  —  Immo- 
bility, im-mo-bil'i-ti,  n.  The  condition  or 
quality  of  being  immobile. 

Immoderate,  im-mod'e-rat,  a.  [Prefix  im, 
not,  and  moderate;  L.  imm.oderatus.]  Not 
moderate;  exceeding  just  or  usual  bounds; 
excessive ;  extravagant ;  unreasonable. — 
Immoderately,  im-mod'e-rat-li,  adv.  In  an 
immoderate  manner.  — Immoderateness, 
Immoderacy,  Immoderation,  im-mod'o- 
r&t-nes,  im-mod'e-ra-si,  ira-mod'e-ra'shon, 
n.  The  condition  or  quality  of  being  im- 
moderate. 

Immodest,  im-mod'est,  a.  [Prefix  im  for  in, 
not,  and  modest.]  Not  modest;  wanting  in 
the  reserve  or  restraint  which  decency  re- 
quires; indelicate;  unchaste. — Immodest- 
ly, im-mod'est-li,  adv.  In  an  immodest 
manner. — Immodesty,  im-mod'es-ti,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  immodest. 

Immolate,  im'mo-lat,  v.t. — immolated,  im- 
molating, [h.  immolo,immolatum,  to  sac- 
rifice —  im  for  in,  on,  and  viola,  meal, 
which  was  thrown  on  the  head  of  the  vic- 
tim.) To  sacrifice;  to  kill,  as  a  victim 
offered  in  sacrifice;  to  offer  in  sacrifice. — 
Inunolation,  im-mo-la'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  immolating;  a  sacrifice  offered. —  Im- 
molator,  im'mo-la-ter,  n.  One  who  im- 
molates. 

Immomentous,  im-mo-men'tus,  a.  [Prefix 
im,  for  in,  not,  and  momentotis.]  Not  mo- 
mentous; unimportant. 

Immoral,  im-mor'al,  a.  [Prefix  im  for 
in,  not,  and  moral.]  Not  moral;  incon- 
sistent with  morality  or  rectitude;  con- 
trary to  morals;  wicked;  unjust.  —  Im- 
morality, im-mo-ral'i-ti,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  immoral;  an  immoral  act  or  prac- 
tice.—Immorally,  irn-mor'al-li,ady.  In  an 
immoral  manner. 

Immortal,  im-mor'tal,  a.  [L.  immortalis 
— im  for  in,  not,  and  m/)rtalis,  mortal.] 
Not  mortal;  having  life  that  shall  never 
end;  undying;  connected  w\th  immortal- 
ity {imnioi-tal  hopes);  imperishable  {im- 
mortal fame).— n.  One  who  is  immortal: 
often  applied  to  the  gods  of  classical  myth- 
ology. —  Immortality,  im-mor-tali-ti,  n. 
iL.  imm/)rtalitas.]  The  condition  or  qua- 
ity  of  being  immortal;  exemption  from 
death  and  annihilation;  unending  exis- 
tence. —  Immortalization,  im-moiV  tal-i- 
za"8hon,  n.  The  act  of  immortalizing. — 
Immortalize,  im-mor'tal-iz,  v.t— immor- 
talized, immortalizing.  To  render  immor- 
tal; to  make  famous  for  ever.— Immor- 
tally, im-mor'tal-li,  adv.  In  an  immortal 
manner. — Immortelle;  im-mor-tel',  n.  A 
flower  of  the  sort  called  Everlasting,  or  a 
wreath  made  of  such  flowers. 

Immovable,  im-mo'va-bl,  a.  [Prefix  im  for 
in,  not,  and  movable.]  Not  movable;  in- 
capable of  being  moved  in  place;  firmly 
fixed;  fast;  not  to  be  moved  from  a  pur- 
pose; steadfast;  unalterable;  unchange- 
able ;  not  impressible ;  unfeeling.  —  Im- 
movability, unmovableness,  im-md'va- 
■bil"i-ti,  im-me'va-bl-nes,  n.  The  condition 
or  quality  of  being  immovable.  —  Immov- 
ably, im-mo'va-bli,  adv. 

Immunity,  im-mu'ni-ti,  n.  [L.  immunitas, 
from  immunis,  exempt— ini  for  in,  not, 
and  m,unus,  office,  duty.]  Freedom  or  ex- 
emption from  any  obligation,  charge, 
duty,  office,  tax,  &c.;.  a  particular  privi- 
lege; freedom  or  exemption  in  general 
(immunity  from  error). 
Immure,  im-mar',  v.t.  —  immured,  immur- 


ing. [0. Ft.  emmurer— Jj.  in,  and  murus,  a, 
wall.  Mural.]  To  inclose  or  imprison 
within  walls;  to  shut  up;  to  confine. — Im- 
murement, im-mur'ment,  n.  The  act  of 
immuring  or  state  of  being  immured. 

Immutable,  im-mu'ta-bl,  a.  [Prefix  im  for 
in,  not,  and  mutable.]  Not  mutable;  not 
subject  to  mutation;  unchangeable;  inva- 
rialjle;  unalterable.  —  Immutability,  Im- 
mut&bleuesa,  im-ma'ta-bil"i-ti,  im-mu'ta- 
bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  immu- 
table. —  Immutably,  im-ma'ta-bU,  adv. 
Unchangeably;  unalterably. 

Imp,  imp,  n.  (Originally  a  shoot  or  scion; 
from  L.L.  impott*«,.a  graft  or  scion,  from 
Gr.  em,phytos,  engrafted — en,  in,  and  phy6, 
to  grow,  to  produce;  similarly  Sw.  ymp, 
Dcin.  ympe,  twig,  shoot,  scion.  ]  A  scion  or 
graitj;  ason,  offspring, or  progeay[Shak.)l; 
a  young  or  little  devil;  a  little  malignant 
spirit;  hence,  a  mischievous  child;  alco 
oomething  added  or  united  to  another  to 
repair  or  lengthen  it  out.  — v.t.  To  graft ; 
to  strengthen  or  enlarge  by  something  in- 
serted or  added;  to  mend  a  deficient  wing 
by  the  insertion  of  afeather;  to  strengthen. 
— Impish,  imp'ish,  a.  Having  the  qualities 
of  an  imp;  fiendish.— Impishly,  imp'ish-li, 
adv.    After  the  manner  of  an  imp. 

Impact,  im'pakt,  n.  [From  L,  ivipingo, 
ivipactum,  to  drive  or  strike.  Impinge.] 
A  forcible  touch;  a  coUisJon;  a  stroke;  com- 
municated force;  "inecA.  the  shock  or  col- 
lision occasioned  by  the  meeting  of  two 
bodies. 

Impair,  im-par',  v.t.  [Pr.  empirer,  from 
prefix  em,  intens.,  ptre,  worse,  fronj  li. 
pejor,  worse. 1  To  make  worse;  to  lessen  in 
some  good  quality,  as  in  quantity,  value, 
excellence,  strength;  to  deteriorate.  —  v.i. 
To  become  worse ;  to  deteriorate.  —  Im- 
pairer,  im-pa'rfer,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
impairs. —Impairment,  im-p&r'ment,  n. 
The  act  of  impairing. 

ImpaJe,  im-pal',  v.t.  —  impaled,  impaKng. 
[L.  im  for  in,  on,  and  palus,  a  pole,  stake, 
pale.]  To  put  to  death  by  fixing  on  an 
upright  sharp  stake ;  to  empale ;  her.  to 
join,  as  two  coats  of  arms,  by  an  upright 
line.— Impalement,  im-pal'ment,  n.  The 
act  of  impaling. 

Impalpable,  im-pal'pa^bl,  a.  [Prefix  im  for 
in,  not,  and  palpable.]  Not  to  be  felt;  in- 
capable of  having  its  individual  particles 
distinguished  by  the  touch  (an  impalpable 
powder);  not  easily  or  readily  apprehended 
or  grasped  by  the  mind. — Impalpably,  im- 
pal'pa-bli,  adv.  In  an  impalpal)le  man- 
ner.—Impalpability,  im-pal'pa-bil"i-ti,  n. 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  impalpable. 

Impanate,  im-pa'nat, a.  [L.  in,  in,  into,  and 
panis,  bread.]  Embodied  in  the  bread 
used  m  the  eucharist.  —  Impanatlon,  im- 
pa-na'shon,  n.  The  supposed  real  presence 
in,  and  union  of  the  body  and  olood  of 
Christ  with  the  bread  and  wine,  after  con- 
secration, in  the  eucharist;  consubstantia- 
tion :  distinct  from  tranaubstantiaiion, 
which  holds  that  there  is  a  change  of  the 
elements  into  the  real  body  and  blood  of 
Christ. 

Impanel,  im-pan'el,  v.t. —impanelled,  im- 
panelling. [Prefix  im  for  in,  and  panel.] 
To  form,  complete,  or  enrol  the  list  of 
jurors  in  a  court  of  justice.— Impanelment, 
im-pan'el-ment,  n.  The  act  of  impanel- 
ling. 

Impandigitate,  im-par'i-dij"i-tat,  a.  [L. 
impar,  unequal  {im,,  not,  par,  equal),  and 
digitus,  a  finger.]  Zool.  having  an  uneven 
number  of  fingers  or  toes.— Imparipinnate, 
im-par'i-pin"at,  a.  Bot.  applied  to  a  pin- 
nate leaf  when  there  is  a  terminal  or  odd 
leaflet  at  the  end.  —  Imparieyllabic,  im- 
par'i-sil-lab"ik,  a.  Gram,  not  consisting 
of  an  equal  number  of  syllables:  applied 
to  a  noun  which  has  not  the  same  number 
of  syllables  in  all  the  cases. 

Imparity,  im-par'i-ti,  n.  [From  L.  impar, 
unequal — im,,  not,  and  par,  equal.  Pair, 
Peer.]  Inequality;  disproportion;  want 
of  equality;  disparity. 

Impart,  im-part',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  im-partir, from 
L.  impartio,  im,pertio  —  im,  for  in,  and 
partto.to  divide,  from  para,  partis,  a  part.] 
To  bestow  a  part,  share,  or  portion  of;  to 
give,  grant,  confer,  or  communicate ;  to 
communicate  the  knowledge  of;  to  make 


toown;  to  show  by  words  or  tokens.— u.t. 
To  give  a  part  or  share.  —  Impartation, 
Im-piir-ta'shon,  ».  The  act  of  imparting. 
-— Impaxter,  im-piir'ter,  n.  One  who  im- 
parts.—Impartlbiiity,  im-par'ti-bil"i-ti,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  impartible.  —  Im- 
partible, im-par'ti-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
imparted. — Iinpartment,' im-part 'ment,n. 
The  act  of  imparting. 

Impartial,  im-par'shal,  o.  [Prefix  .im  for 
in,  not,  and  partial.]  Not  partial;  not 
favouring  one  party  more  than  another; 
unprejudiced;  equitable;  just.  —Impar- 
tiality, Impartialness,  im-par'shi-al"i-ti, 
im-par'shal-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
impartial.  —  Impartially,  im-par'shalJi, 
adv.  In  an  impartial  manner;  without 
bias;  fairly. 

Impartible,  im-par'ti-bl,  a.  [Prefix  im  for 
ire,  not,  and  partible.]  Not  partible  or  sulj- 
ject  to  partition.— ImpartibiUty,  im-par'- 
ti-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  impar- 
tible. 

Impassable,  im-pas'a-bl,  a.  [Prefix  im  for 
in,  not,  and  passable.]  Not  passable;  in- 
capable of  being  passed. — Impassableness, 
ini-pas'a-bl-nes,  n. 

Impassible,  im-pas'i-bl,  a.  [L.  impasaibilia 
—im,  for  in,  not,  and  passibilis,  capable  of 
feeling,  from  patior,  passus,  to  suffer. 
Patient.]  Incapable  of  pain,  passion,  or 
Buffering ;  not  to  be  moved  to  passion  or 
sympathy;  without  or  not  exhibiting,  feel- 
ing. —  Impassibility,  Impassibleness,  im- 
pas'i-bil"i-ti,im-pa3'i-bl-ne3,n.  The  quality 
or  condition  of  being  impassible. 

Impassion,  im-pasli'ou,  v.t.  [Prefix  im  for 
in,  intens.,  and  passion.]  To  move  or  affect 
strougly  with  passion.  —  Impassionable, 
im-pash'on-a-bl,  a.  Kasily  excited;  sus- 
ceptible of  strongemotion. — Impassionate, 
im-pash'on-at,  o.  Strongly  affected. — Im- 
passioned, im-pash'ond,  a.  Actuated  or 
animated  by  passion,  ardour,  or  warmth 
of  feeling;  animated;  excited  (an  impas- 
sioned orator  or  discourse). 

Impassive,  im-pas'iv,  a.  [Prefix  im  for  iw, 
intens,  and  paasive.]  Not  susceptible  of 
pain  or  suffering;  impassible:  not  exhibit- 
ing feeling  or  sensibility.  —  impassively, 
im-pas'iv-li,  adv.  In  an  impassive  man- 
ner.—Impassiveness,  Impassivity  ,im-pa3'- 
iv-nes,  im-pa-siv'i-ti,n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  impassive. 

Impaste,  im-past',  v.t.  [Prefix  im  for  in, 
and  paste.]  To  knead  or  make  into  paste; 
«ai»iJ!incr,  to  lay  on  (colours)  thickly  and 
boldly  ;6ni7ray.  to  intermix  lines  and  points 
on  (a  plate)  so  as  to  represent  thickness  of 
colouring.  — Impastation,  im-pas-ta'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  impasting;  a  combination 
of  materials  of  different  colours  and  con- 
sistencies united  by  a  cement  and  bar- 
dened.— ImpaBto,im-pas'to,n.  [It.]  Paint- 
ing, the  thickness  of  the  layer  of  pigment 
applied  by  the  painter. 

Impatient,  im-pa'shent,  a.  [Prefix  im  for 
in,  not,  and  patient.]  Not  patient;  uneasy 
under  given  conditions  and  eager  for 
change :  followed  by  of,  at,  for,  under; 
prompted  by  impatience ;  exhibiting  or 
expressing  impatience  (an  impatient  ges- 
ture). —  Impatiently,  im-pa'shent-li.  adv. 
In  an  impatient  manner.  —  Impatience, 
im-pa'shens,  n.  The  condition  or  quality 
of  being  impatient. 

Impeach,  im-p5ch',  v.t.  [Fr.  empScher, 
O.Fr.  empeeckier,  Pr.  empedigar;  from  L. 
tmpedicare,  to  entangle  —  in,  and  pedica, 
a  snare,  from  pes,  pedis,  the  foot.  Im- 
pede.] To  charge  with  a  crime  or  mis- 
demeanour; to  accuse;  specifically,  to 
exhibit  charges  of  maladministration 
against,  as  against  a  minister  of  state  or 
other  high  official,  before  a  competent  trl 
bunal;  to  call  in  question  (motives,  sin- 
cerity) ;  to  disparage  or  detract  from. — 
Impeachable,  im-pech'a-bl,  a.  Liable  to 
impeachment. — Impeacher,  im-p5ch'er,  n. 
One  who  impeaches.  —Impeachment,  im- 
pech'ment,  n.  Impediment  or  obsiruc- 
tionj;  the  act  of  impeaching,  or  state  of 
being  impeached. 

Impeccable,  Impeccant,  im-pek'a-bl,  im- 
pek'ant,  a.  [L.  im,peccabilis — prefix  im 
for  in,  not,  and  pecco,  to  sin.]    Not  liable 

"or  subject  to  sin;  exempt  from  the. pos- 
sibility of  doing  wrong.— n.  A  person  ex- 


cb,  cAain;     ch,Sc.loeh;     g,  po;    j./ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ns.sing;     tu,  theu;  th,  thin;     w,  tf ig;     frh,  u'ftig;     s.h,  a^ure. 


IMPECUNIOUS 


344 


Implead 


empt  from  the  possibility  of  sinning.— Im- 
peccability, Impeccance,  Impeccancy,  im- 
pek  a-bil"i-ti,  im-pek'ans,  im-pek'an-si,  n. 
The  condition  or  quality  of  being  impec- 
cant  or  impeccable. 

Impectinious,  im-pe-ku'ni-us,  a.  [Prefix  im 
for  in,  not,  and  pecunia,  money.]  Not 
having  money;  hard-up;  without  funds. — 
Impecuniosity,  im-pe-ku'ni-os"i-ti,n.  State 
of  being  impecunious. 

Impede,  im-ped',  v.t— impeded,  impeding. 
[li.  iinpedio,  to  entangle  the  feet  of — im 
for  in,  and  pes,  pedis,  the  foot;  seen  also  in 
pedestrian,  expedite,  biped,  pedestal,  in^ 
peach,  &c.  J  To  hinder;  to  stop  or  delay  the 
progress  of;  to  obstruct,— Impedible,  im- 
pe'di-bl,  c.  Capable  of  being  impeded. — 
Impediment,  im-ped'i-nient,  n.  Ih.  im- 
vedimeiitum.]  That  which  impedes  or 
hinders  progress  or  motion.  —  Impedi- 
mental, im-ped'i-men"tal,  a.  Of  the  nature 
of  an  impediment.— Impeditive,  im-ped'i- 
tiv,  a.    Causing  hindrance;  impeding. 

impel,  im-pel',  v.t.  —  impelled,  impelhno. 
\\j.  impello — im  for  in,  on,  and  pello,  to 
drive  (as  in  compel,  dispel,  repel,  pulse}.] 
To  drive  or  urge  forward;  to  press  on;  to 
excite  to  motion  or  action  in  any  way. — 
Impellent,  im-pel'ent,  a.  Having  the 
quality  of  impelling.— »i.  A  power  or  force 
that  impels.— Impelier,  im-pel'tr,  tu  One 
who  or  that  which  impels. 

Impeiid,  im-pend',  v.i.  [L.  impsndeo—im 
for  in,  in,  on,  over,  and  pendeo,  to  hang  (as 
in  depetui,  pendant,  &.C.J.]  To  hang  over; 
to  threaten  from  near  at  hand;  to  be  im- 
minent.—  Impendence,  Impendency,  im- 
pen'dens,  im-penden-si,  n.  The  state  of 
being  impencient.  —  Impendent,  im-pen'- 
dent,  a.    Impending;  itaminent. 

Impenetrable,  im-pen'6-tra-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
im  for  in,  not,  and  penetrable.]  Not  pene- 
trable; incapable  of  being  penetrated  or 
pierced;  hence,  incapable  of  intellectual 
or  emotional  impression;  obtuse  or  un- 
Bympathetic;p/ii/sics,preventing  any  other 
substance  from  occupying  the  same  place 
at  the  same  time. — Impenetrably,  im-pen'- 
e-tra-bli,  adv.  In  an  impenetrable  man- 
ner.— Impenetrability,  Impenetrableness, 
im-pen'e-tra-bil " i-ti,  im-pen ' e-tra-bl;nes, 
n.    The  quality  of  being  impenetrable. 

Impenitent,  im-pen'i-tent,  a.  [Prefix  im 
for  in,  not,  and  penitent]  Not  i)emtent: 
not  repenting  of  'sin;  obdurate;  of  a  hard 
heart.  —  n.  One  whb  does  not  reptot ;  a 
hardened  sinner.  —  Impenitence,  Impeni- 
tency,  im-pen'i-tens,  im-pen'i-ten-si,  n. 
The  condition  of  being  impenitent.— Im- 
penitently,  im-pen'i-tent-li,  adv. 

Impennate,  im-pen'at,  a.  [L.  im  for  in,  not, 
and  penna,  a  feather.]  Ornithol.  having 
Bhort  wings  covered  \nth  feathers  resem- 
bling scales,  as  the  penguins. 

Imperative,  im-per'a-tiv,  a.  [L.  impera- 
<it)ws,fromimpero,to command.  Emperor.] 
Expressive  of  command;  containing  posi- 
tive command ;  authoritative;  not  to  be 
avoided  or  evaded;  obligatory  (imperative 
duty);  gram,  applied  to  the  mood  or  form 
of  a  verb  which  expresses  command,  en- 
treaty, advice,  or  exhortation  {go,  write, 
attend):  in  this  sense  often  used  «trf(stan- 
tiwly.  —  Imperatival,  im-per'a-ti-val,  a. 
Belonging  to  the  imperative  mood.  —  Im- 
peratively, im-per'a-tiv-li,  adv.  In  an 
imperative  manner;  also,  by  way  of,  or  as, 
the  imperative  mood. 

Imperceptible,  im-per-sep'ti-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
im  for  in,  not,  and  perceptible.}  Not  per- 
ceptible; not  to  be  perceived;  not  discern- 
ible; not  easily  apprehended.  —  Impercep- 
tibility,  Imperceptibleness,  im-per-sep'- 
ti-bil"i-ti,  im-per-sep'ti-bl-nes,  n.  The 
Btate  or  quality  of  being  imperceptible. — 
Imperceptibly, im-p6r-sep'ti-bli,ati!w.  In  an 
imperceptible  manner.  —  Imperception, 
im-per-sep'shon,  n.  Want  of  perception. — 
Imperceptive,  Impercipient,  im-pfer-sep'- 
tiv,  im-per-sip'i-ent,  a.    Not  perceiving. 

Imperfect,  im-p6r'f ekt,  a.  [Prefix  im  for  in, 
not, and  perfect;  L.  imper/ectus.]  Not  per- 
fect; not  complete  in  all  parts;  wanting 
something  necessary  to  completeness;  de- 
fective; not  reaching  a  certain  standard  or 
ideal;  morally  deficient  or  defective;  not 
completely  good.— /mper/ect  ten8e,gram.  a 
tense  expressing  sin  uncompleted  action  or 


state,  especially  in  time  past— n.  An  im- 
perfect tense.— Imperfectible,  im-per-fek'- 
ti-bl,  a.  Incapable  of  beiui.;  made  perfect. 
—Imperfection,  im-pfer-fek'shon,  n.  The 
condition  or  quality  of  being  imperfect;  de- 
fect; flaw;  blemish. — Imperfectly,im-per'- 
fekt-li,  adv.  In  an  imperfect  manner  or 
degree ;  defectively ;  faultily.— Imperfect- 
ness,  im-p6r'fekt-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  imperfect. 

Imperforate,  im-p6r'fo-rat,  a.  [Prefix  im 
for  in,  not,  and  perforate.]  Not  perforated 
or  pierced;  having  no  opening  or  pores. 

Imperial,  im-pe'ri-al,  a.  [L.  imperiaiis, 
from  imperium,  empire,  supreme  com- 
mand, from  impero,  to  command.  Em- 
peror.] Pertaining  to  an  empire  or  to  an 
emperor;  pertaining,  to  supreme  authority 
or  to  one  who  wields  it ;  sovereign ;  su- 
preme; suitable  for  an  emperor:  of  supe- 
rior excellence.  —  n.  A  tuft  of  hair  on  a 
man's  lower  lip  (the  style  of  beard-made 
fashionable  byNapoleonlll.);  atrade  term 
for  an  article  of  unusual  size  ox  excellence, 
as  a  large  decanter,  &c.;  a  size  of  p:iper 
measuring  30  by  22  inches.— Imperialism, 
im-pe'ri-al-iam,  n.  Imperial  state  or  au- 
thority; the  spirit  of  empire.— Imperialist, 
im-pe'ri-al-ist,  n.  A  subject  or  soldier  of 
an  emperor;  one  favourable  to  empire  or 
imperial  govemnient.  —  Imperiality,  Im- 
perialty,  im-pe'ri-al"i-ti,  im-p5'ri-al-ti,  n. 
Imperial  power;  an  imperial  right  or 
privilege.— Imperialize,  im-pe'ri-al-iz,  v.t. 
To  invest  with  the  state,  authority,  or 
character  of  an  emperor;  to  bring  to  the 
form  of  an  empire.— Imperially,  im-pe'ri' 
al-U,  adv.    In  an  imperial  manner. 

Imperil,  im-per'il,  v.t.  —  imperilled,  im- 
perUliiu/.  [Prefix  im  for  in,  into,  and 
peril]  To  bring  into  peril;  to  endanger. — 
Imperilment,  im-per'il-ment,  n.  Act  of 
putting  in  peril. 

unperioiu,  im-pe'ri-us,  a.  [L.  imperiosHS, 
from  imperium,  empire.  Imperial.]  Giv- 
ing orders  or  commands  in  an  arbitrary  or 
absolute  madner;  dictatorial;  haughty; 
arrogant;  domineering;  urgent,  pressing, 
or  overmastering  (imperious  necessity}. — 
Imperiotuly,  im-p6'ri-us-li,  adv.  In  an 
imperious  manner.  —  Imperionsness,  im- 
pe'ri-us-nes,  n. 

Cnperisbable,  im-per'ish-a-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
im  for  in,  not,  and  perishable.]  Not  per- 
ishable; not  subject  to  decay;  indestruc- 
tible; enduring  permanently. — Imperish- 
ableness.  Imperishability,  im-per'ish-a-bl- 
nes.  im-per'ish-a-bil"i-ti,  tu  The  quality 
of  being  imperishable.  —  Imperisliably, 
im-per'ish-a-bli,  adv. 

Impermeable,  im-p6r'm5-a-bl,  a.    [Prefix 

"  im  for  in,  not,  and  pet'm^able.]  Not  per- 
meable; impervious.  — Impermeability, 
Impermeablene8s,im-p6r'me-a-bil"i-ti,im- 
per'me-a-bl-nes,  n.  —  Impermeably,  im- 
p6r'm6-a-bli,  adv. 

Impersonal,  im-p6r'son-al,  a.  [Prefix  im 
for  in,  not,  and  personal.]  Not  having 
personal  existence;  not  endued  with  per- 
sonality.— Impersonal  verb,  gram,  a  verb 
(such  as  it  rains,  it  becomes  us  to  be  mo- 
dest) which  is  used  only  with  an  imper- 
sonal nominative  or  subject.  —  n.  That 
which  wants  personality;  an  impersonal 
verb.  —-Impersonality,  im-p6r'8o-nal"i-ti, 
n.  The  condition  of  being  impersonal.- 
Impersonally,  im-pfer'son-al-li,  adv.  In  an 
impersoniil  manner. 

Impersonate,  im-p6r'son-at,  v.t. — imperson- 
ated, impersonating.  [Prefix  im  for  in,  in 
(or  in  intens.),  and  personate.]  To  invest 
with  personality;  to  assume  the  person  or 
character  of ;  to  represent  in  character  (as 
on  the  stage). — Imperflonation,  im-pfer'so- 
na"shon,  n.  The  act  of  impeisonating. — 
Impersonator,  im-pfer'son-a-tfer,  n.  One 
who  impersonates. 

L-npertinent,  im-ptr'ti-nent,  o.  (Prefix  im 
for  in,  not,  and  pertineTit.]  Not  pertinent 
or  pertainmg  to  the  matter  in  hand;  hav- 
ing no  bearing  on  the  subject;  not  to  the 
point;  irrelevant;  unbecoming  in  speech 
or  action;  meddling  with  matters  in  which 
one  has  no  concern ;  petulant  and  rude ; 
uncivil. — n.  One  who  acts  impertinently. 
—  Impertinently,  im-per'ti-nent-li,  adv. 
la  an  impertinent  manner;  iirelevantly; 
in  a  rude,  saucy  manner.— Impertinence, 


Impertinency,  im-pSrti-nens,  im-pex  ti- 
nen-si,  n.  The  quality  of  bemg  impa-ti- 
nent;  that  which  is  iiuptrtineut;  imper- 
tinent conduct  or  language. 

Imperturbable,  im-per-ter'ba-bl,  a.  [Pi-efix 
im  for  in,  not,  and  perturb.]  incapable  of 
being  perturbed  or  agitated;  unmoved; 
calm ;  cool.  —  Impei-turbability,  im-per- 
t^r  ba-bil"i-ti,  n.  Quality  of  being  imper- 
turbable. —  Imperturbatiwi,  im-per '  ter- 
ba"shon,  n.  Treedom  from  agitation  of 
mind.  ^ 

Impervious,  im-p6r'vi-us,  a.  [Prefix  im  for 
in,  not,  ana  pervious.]  Not  pervious;  not 
admitting  entrance  or  passage;  incapable 
of  being  passed  through.  —  Impervionsly, 
im-p6r'vi-us-li,  adv.  In  an  impervious 
manner.  —  ImperviomiOiess,  im-per'vi-us- 
nes,  n. 

Impetigo,  im-pe-ti'go,  n.  [L.,  from  ivipeto, 
to  assail.  Impetuous.]  iled.  an  eruption 
of  itching  pustules  in  clusters  on  the  skin. 
— Impetiginous,  im-pe-tij '  i-nus,  a.  Per- 
taining to  impetigo. 

Impetrate,  im'pe-trat,  v.t.  —  impetrated, 
impetrating.  [L.  impetro,  impetratum,  to 
obtain — prefix  im  for  in,  intens.,and  patro, 
to  bring  to  pass.]  To  obtain  by  prayer  or 
petition. — Impetrable,  im'pe-tra-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  impetrated.  —  Impetra- 
tion,  im-pe-tra'shon,  n.  The  act  of  impe- 
trating; formerly  specifically  applied  to 
the  obtaining  from  the  Roman  see  of 
benefices  belonging  to  lay  patrons.  —  Im- 
petrative,Impetratory,im  pe-tra-tiv,  im'- 
pet-ra-to-ri,  a.  Containing  or  expressing 
entreaty. 

Impetuotus,  im-pet'a-us,  a.  [L.  impetuosus, 
from  impetus,  an  attack  —  im,  in,  and 
veto,  to  assail  (whence  petition,  compete}.] 
Kushing  with  force  and  violence;  furious 
in  motion;  forcible;  fierce;  raging;  vehe- 
ment in  feeling;  passionate;  violent. — 
Impetuously,  im-pet'a-us-li,  adv.  In  an 
impetuous  manner.  —  Impetuosity,  Im- 
petuoUsness,  im-pet'Q-os"i-ti,  im-pet'u-us- 
ues,  n.  The  quality  of  being  impetuous; 
fury;  vehemence. — Impetus,  im'pe-tus,  n. 
[L.J  Force  of  motion;  the  force  with  which 
any  body  is  driven  or  impelled;  momen- 
tum. 

Impeyan,  Impeyan  Pheasant,  im'pi-an. 
[After  Lady  Ivipey,  who  attempted  to  in- 
troduce it  into  Britain.]  A  large  bird  of 
the  pheasant  tribe,  belonging  to  the  high 
cold  regions  of  the  Himalas'a. 

Impi,  im'pi,  n.  A  brigade  or  large  body  of 
Kafii"  soldiers. 

Impinge,  im-pinj',  v.i.  [L.  impingo,  imj}ac- 
tum—im  for  in,  on,  and  pango,  to  strike. 
Pact.]  To  strike,  knock,  or  dash  against; 
to  clash  upon;  to  strike;  to  hit.— Impinge- 
ment, im-pinj'ment,  n.  Act  of  impinging. 
— Impingent,  im-pin'jent,  a.  Striking 
against  or  upon.  , 

Impious,  im'pi-us,  a.  [L.  impius—im  for 
iti,  not,  and  piua,  pious.]  The  reverse  of 
•  pious;  irreverent  towards  the  Supreme 
Being;  wanting  in  veneration  for  God  and 
his  authority;  irreligious;  irreverent;  pro- 
fane (impious  men,  deeds,  words).  —  Im- 
piously, im'pi-us-li,  adv.  In  an  impious 
manner. — ImpiousnesB,  im'pi-us-nes,  n. 
Impiety.— Impiety,  im-pi'e-ti,  n.  IL.  im- 
pietas.]  The  condition  or  quality  of  being 
impious;  an  act  of  wickednessor  irreligion: 
in  this  latter  sense  with  a  plural. 

Impi£h,  Impishly.    Under  Imp. 

Implacable,  im-plaTca-bl,  a.  [Prefix  im  for 
in,  not,  and  placable.]  Not  placable;  not 
to  be  appeased  or  pacified;  inexorable; 
stubborn  or  constant  in  enmity. — Impla- 
cability, Implacableness,  im-pla'ka-bil"i- 
ti,  im-pla'ka-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  implacable.  —  Implacably,  im-pl&'- 
ka-bli,  adv.    In  an  implacable  manner. 

Implacental.  im'pla-sen-tal,  a.  [Prefix  im 
for  in,  not,  and  placental.]  Destitute  of  a 
placenta,  as  marsupials  and  monotremes. 
— n.  A  mammal  destitute  of  a  placenta. 

Implant,  im-plant',  v.t.  [Prefix  im  for  in, 
in,  into,  ana  plant.]  To  plant ;  to  set  in 
soil  (lit.  or  fig.);  to  insert;  to  sow  (to  im- 
plant truths,  principles,  virtue,  &.C.). — 
Implantation,  im-plan-ta'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  implanting. 

Implead,  im-pled',  v.t.  [Prefix  im  for  in, 
and  plead.]   To  institute  and  prosecvte  a 


Jc  <^U,  ibx,  iui,  Atll;     xus,  met,  hdr;     piue^  pin;     note,  not,  m<iTe;     tQbe,  tub,  biiU;     oil,  p«undi    tt,  Sc  «buue— the  fr.  tt. 


IMPLEMENT 


245 


IMPRESS 


siiit  aKainst  in  court;  to  sue  at  law. — 
Impleader,  im-ple'dfer,  n.  One  who  im- 
pleads; an  accuE3r.  ~ 

Implement,  im'ple-ment,  n.  (X-L.  imple- 
mentum,  lit.  what  accomplishes,  from  L. 
impleo,  to  fill  up— im  for  tn,  and  pleo,  to 
fill,  as  in  complete,  repUte,  &c.,  the  root 
being  in  E.  full.]  An  instrument,  tool,  or 
utensil;  an  article  assisting  in  carrying  on 
manual  labours.  .•.  Syn.  under  Tool.— y.t. 
To  fulfil  or  satisfy  the  conditions  of;  to 
fulfil  or  perform;  to  carry  into  effect  (to 
implement  a  bargain). — Implemental,  im- 
pl6-men'tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  implements; 
characterized  by  the  use  of  implements 
(implemental  stage  in  civilization). 

Implex,  im'pleks,  a.  [L.  implexus,  pp.  of 
implecto,  entangle — im,  for  in,  in,  and  plec- 
to,  to  plait. j  Infolded;  intricate;  en- 
tanglea.— Implexous,  im-plek'sus,  a.  Bot. 
entangled;  interlaced. 

Implicate,  im'pli-kat,  v.t. — hnpUcated,  imr 
plicating.  [L.  implico,  i^nplicatum  —  im 
for  in,  a,  into,  and  plico,  to  fold.  Ply.] 
To  entangle  to  a  certain  extent  in  some 
atfair;  to  show  or  prove  to  be  connected  or 
concerned;  to  involve  {implicated  in  a  con- 
spiracy), ."./rnpftcaic  is  a  less  strong  word 
than  involve,  a  person  who  is  implicated 
being  connected  only  to  a  small  extent, 
while  one  who  is  involved  is  deeply  con- 
cerned or  entangled.  —  Implication,  .im- 
pli-ka'shon,  n.  The  act  of  implicating  or 
state  of  being  implicated;  an  implying,  or 
that  which  is  implied  but  not  expressed; 
an  inference,  or  something  which  may 
fairly  be  understood  though  not  expressed 
in  words.  —  Implicative,  im'pli-ka-tiv.  o. 
Tending  to  implicate.  —  Implicatlvely, 
im'pli-ka-tiv-li,  adv.    By  implication. 

Implicit,  im-plis'it,  a.  IL.  impUcitus,  from 
implico,  implicitum,  and  iinplicatum,  to 
infold.  Implicate.]  Fairly  to  be  under- 
stood, though  not  expressed  in  words;  im- 
I>lied  (an  implicit  promise);  entirely  de- 
pending or  resting  on  something  or  some- 
one else;  hence,  free  from  doubt  or  ques- 
tioning; settled;  deep  rooted  (implicit  faith 
in  one  B  word).  —  Implicitly,  im-plis'it-li, 
adv.  In  an  implicit  manner.— mpUcit- 
ness,  im-plis'it-nes,  n. 

Impliedly.    Under  Implt. 

Implore,  im-plor*,  v.t.— implored,  implor- 
ing. [L.  imploro — im  for  in,  on,  upon, 
and  ploro,  to  cry  out  (as  in  deplore,  ex- 
plore).] To  call  upon  or  for,  in  supplica- 
tion; to  beseech;  to  pray  earnestly;  to  en- 
treat; to  beg  (to  implore  forgiveness,  to 
implore  a  person  to  forgive). — v.i.  To  en- 
treat ;  to  beg.  —  Imploration,  im-plo-ra'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  imploring;  earnest 
supplication.— Imploratory,  im-plo'ra-to- 
ri,  a.  Earnestly  supplicating;  imploring; 
entreating.— Implorer,  im-plo'r6r,  n.  One 
who  implores.— imploringly,  im-plo'ring- 
li,  adv.  ■  In  an  imploring  maimer. 

Imply,  im-pli',  v.t.  —  im,plied,  implying. 
LFrom  L.  implico— in,  and  plico,  to  fold, 
whence  also  implicate  (which  see);  comp. 
apply,  reply,  ply.]  To  involve  or  contain 
by  fair  inference;  to  contain  bv  impli- 
cation or  as  a  consequence;  to  include  vir- 
tually (words  imply  a  promise;  an  effect 
implies  a  cause).  —  Impliedly,  im-plid'li, 
adv.  In  an  implied  manner;  by  implica- 
tion. 

Impolite,  im-po-lit',  a.  [Prefix  im  for  in, 
not,  and  polite.  ]  Not  polite;  unpolite;  un- 
civil ;  rude. — Impolitely,  im-po-lit'li,  adv. 
In  an  impolite  manner.  —  Impoliteness, 
im-po-lit'nes,  n. 

Impolitic,  Impolitical,  im-pol'i-tik,  im-po- 
lit'i-kal,  a.  [Prefix  im  for  in,  not,  and 
politic]  Not  politic;  wanting  policy  or 
prudent  management;  unwise;  imprudent; 
indiscreet;  injudicious.— Impolicy  ,im-por- 
i-8i,n.  The  quality  of  being  impolitic. — 
Impoliticly,  Impolitically,  im-nol'i-tik-li, 
im-p6-lit'i-kal-li,  adv.— ImpoUticness,  im- 
pol'i-tik-nes,  n. 

Imponderable,  im-pon'der-a-bl,  a.  Not 
ponderable;  without  sensible  weight. — n. 
A  thing  which  has  no  appreciable  weight. 
—  Imponderability,  mponderableness, 
im-pon'd6r-a-bil"i-ti,  im-i^on'dtr-a-bl-nes, 
n.    The  quality  of  being  imponderable. 

Import,  im-port',  v.t.  [Fr.  irrporter,  to 
bring  from  abroad,  to  matter  or  be  of  conse- 


?uence,  L.i?npo>'to,to  bring  in,  to  cause— tm 
or  in,  and  porto,  to  bring  or  carry ,  whence 
port,  a  person's  bearing,  porter.  Pokt.] 
To  bring  into  a  place  from  abroad ;  to 
bring  into  one's  own  country:  opposed  to 
export;  to  bear  or  carry  as  a  signification; 
to  mean;  to  signify;  to  imply;  to  be  of  im- 
portance, moment,  or  consequence  to;  to 
matter  to.  — n.  (im'port).  That  which  is 
imported  or  brought  into  a  country  from 
abroad ;  that  which  a  word  bears  as  its 
signification;  purport;  meaning;  the  appli- 
cation or  interpretation  of  an  action,  of 
events,  &c.;  bearing;  importance,  weight, 
or  consequence.— Importable,im-por'ta-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  imported. — Importa- 
tion, im-por-ta'shon,  n.  The  act  or  prac- 
tice of  importing;  a  quantity  imported. — 
Importer, im-por't6r,  n.    One whoimports. 

Important,  im-por'taut,  o.  [Fr.  important, 
lit.  being  of  great  import  or  moment.  Im- 
port.] Full  of  or  bearing  import,  weight, 
or  consequence;  momentous;  weighty; 
material;  influential;  grave. — Important- 
ly, ira-por'tant-li,  adv.  In  an  important 
manner.— Importance, im-por'tans,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  important;  weight;  con- 
sequence; moment. 

Importtme,    im-por-ton',   sometimes    im- 

fior'tun,  v.t.  —  importuned,  importuning. 
Fr.  importuner,  to  importune,  pester, 
from  L.  importunus,  distressing,  rude  — 
im  for  in,  not,  and  partus,  a  port  or  har- 
bour, access.]  To  press  with  solicitation; 
to  soUcit  or  ur^e  with  frequent  or  ifn- 
ceasing  application;  to  armov  with  unre- 
mitting demands. — v.i.  To  solicit  earnest- 
ly and  repeatedly. — Importunate,  im-por'- 
ta-nat,  a.  Troublesome  by  frequent  de- 
mands; incessant  in  solicitation;  urgent; 
unreasonable.- Importunately,im-por'tu- 
nat-li,  adv.  In  an  importunate  manner. 
—Importuner,  im-por-tu'n6r,  n.  One.  who 
importunes.— Importunity,  Importunacy, 
Importunatenoss,  im-por-tu'niti,  im-por'- 
tu-na-si,  im-por'tu-nat-nes,  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  importunate;  application 
urged  with  troublesome  pertinacity. 

Impose,  im-pOz',  v  t.  —  imposed,  imposing. 
[Fr.  imposer — im  for  in,  on,  upon,  and 
poser,  to  place.  Compose,  Pose.]  To  lay, 
set,  or  place  on  (to  impose  the  hands);  to 
lay  or  enjoin  as  a  burden,  tax,  penEiIty, 
command,  law,  &c. ;  to  palm  or  pass  on : 
printing,  to  arrange  and  adjust  (pages) 
and  fasten  into  a  chase.  —  vi.  Used  in 
phrase  to  impose  on  or  upon,  to  pass  or 
put  a  trick  or  deceit  on;  to  deceive;  to 
victimize. — Imposable,  im-po'za-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  imposed. — Imposableness, 
im-pO'za-bl-nes,  n.  — Imposer,  im-pS'zfer, 
n.  One  who  imposes;  one  who  enjoins. 
— Imposing,  im-po'zing,  a.  Impressive 
in  appearance;  commanding;  stately; 
majestic— Imposingly,  im-po'zing-li,  adv. 
In  an  imposing  manner  — Imposlngness, 
im-pS'zinn-nes,  n.  —  Imposing-stone,  Im- 
posing-table, n.  Printing,  a  table  of  stone 
or  metal  on  which  the  pages  or  columns 
of  type  are  imposed  or  made  into  forms.— 
— Imposition,  im-p<5-zish'on,  n.  The  act 
of  imposing  or  laying  on ;  that  which  is 
imposed,  levied,  inflicted,  enjoined,  and 
the  like;  the  act  of  tricking  or  deceiving; 
a  trick  or  deception,  a  fraud;  an  impos- 
ture; an  exercise  enjoined  on  students  as 
a  punishment. 

Impossible,  im-pos'i-bl,  a.  [L.  impossibilia 
— im  for  in,  not,  and  possibilis,  possible. 
Possible.]  Not  possible;  not  capable  of 
being  or  being  done;  incapable  of  being 
accomplished,  thought,  endured.  Sec. — 
Impossibly,  im-pos'i-bli,  adv.  Not  pos- 
sibly.—Impossibility,  im-pos'i-bir'i-ti,  n. 
The  state  or  c^uality  of  being  impossible; 
that  which  is  impossible. 

Impost,  im'post,  n.  [O.Fr.  impost,  Fr.  im-, 
p6t,  L.  impositum,  from  impono,  im,posi- 
tum,  to  lay  upon — in,  on,  and  pono,  to 
place.]  That  which  is  imposed  or  levied; 
a  tax,  tribute,  or  duty;  arch,  the  point 
where  an  arch  rests  on  a  wall  or  column. 

Imposthnme,  im-pos'tdm,  n.  [A  corrup- 
tion of  aposteme,  apostume.}  Same  as 
Aposteme. 

Impostor,  im-pos'tfer,  n.  [L.  impostor, 
from  iwipono — in,  on,  and  pono,  to  place.] 
One  who  imposes  on  others;  a  person  who 


asHumes  a  character  for  the  purp^s-e  of  de- 
ception; a  deceiver  under  a  false  ch.irac- 
ter.— Impostrous.t  im-pos'trus,  a.  Char- 
acterized by  imposition.— Imposture,  im- 
pos'tur,  n.  [L.  ivipostura,  from  impono, 
impositum.]  The  act  or  conduct  of  an 
impostor;  fraud  or  imposition. 

Impotent,  im'po-tent,  a.  [L.  impotens,  imr 
potentis  —  im  for  in,  not,  and  potens,  able, 
potent.]  Entirely  wanting  power,  strength, 
or  vigour  of  body  or  mind;  deficient  in 
capacity ;  weak ;  feeble ;  destitute  of  the 
power  of  sexual  intercourse  or  of  begetting 
children.— Impotently,  im'pO-tcnt-li,  adv. 
In  an  impotent  manner.— Impotence,  Im- 
potency,  im'po-tens,  im'po-ten-si,  n.  The 
condition  or  quality  of  being  impotent. 

Impound,  im-pound',  v.t.  [Prefix  im  for 
in,  and  pound.]  To  put  in  a  pound  (as 
a  straying  animal);  to  confine;  to  take  pos- 
session of,  as  of  a  document,  for  use  when 
necessarj'.  —  Impoundage,  im-poun'daj,  n. 
The  act  of  impounding.— Impounder,  im- 
poun'dfer,  n.    One  who  impounds. 

Impoverish,  im-pov'fer-ish,  v.t.  [I'refix  im, 
intens.,  and  Fr.  pauvre,  poor.  PooK.j  To 
make  poor;  to  reduce  to  poverty  or  indi- 
gence; to  exhaust  the  strength,  richness, 
or  fertility  of  (to  impoverish  land). — Im- 
poverisher,  im-pov'er-ish-er,  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  impoverishes.  —  Impover- 
ishment, im-pov'Cr-i§h-ment,  n.  The  act 
of  impoverishing. 

Impower,  im-pou'4r,  v.t.    To  empower. 

Impracticable,  im-prak'ti-ka-bl,  a.  Not 
practicable;  not  to  be  performed  or  effec- 
ted by  human  means  or  by  the  means  at 
command;  not  to  be  dealt  with  or  managed: 
unmanageable;  incapable  of  being  passed 
or  travelled  (an  impracticable  road).— Im- 
prax:tica.bly,  im-prak'ti-ka-bli,  adv.  In  an 
impracticable  manner.  —  Impracticabil- 
ity, ImpracticablenesB,  im-prak'ti-ka- 
bil"i-ti,  im-prak'ti-ka-bl-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  impracticable.— Im- 
practical, im-prak'ti-kal,  a.  Not  practi- 
cal; not  taking  a  common-sense  view  of 
things;  full  of  theories. 

Imprecate,  im'pre-kat,  v.t.  —  imprecated, 
imprecating.  (L.  im.precor,  imprecatus — 
im,  for  in,  on,  and  precor,  to  pray.  Pray.] 
To  call  down,  as  a  curse,  calamity,  or  pun- 
ishment, by  prayer;  to  invoke  (a  curse  or 
some  evil).— Imprecation,  im-pr6-ka'shon, 
n.  [L.  imprecatio.]  The  act  of  imprecat- 
ing; a  prayer  that  a  curse  or  calamity  may 
fall  on  any  one ;  a  curse.  —  Imprecatory, 
im '  pr5-ka-to-ri,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  or 
containing  an  imprecation. 

Impregnable,  im-preg'na-bl,  a.  [O.Fr.  im- 
prenable  (the  g  being  inserted  as  in  preg- 

■  nable)  —  im  for  in,  not,  and  pre')idre,  to 
take.]  Not  to  be  taken;  incapable  of  being 
reduced  by  force  (an  impregnable  fortress); 
not  to  be  moved,  impressed,  or  shaken. — 
Impregnability,  Impregnableness,  im- 
preg'na-bil"i-ti,  im-preg'na-bl-nes,  n. 
State  of  being  impregnable. — Impregna- 
bly,  im-preg'na-bli,  adv. 

Impregnate*  im-preg'nat,  v.t.— impregna- 
ted, impregnating.  [L.L.  impragno,  im- 
prcegnatumy—li.  im  for  in,  in,  and  prceg- 
nans,  pregnant.  Pregnant.]  To  make 
pregnant  or  with  young;  to  cause  to  con- 
ceive; to  transmit  or  infuse  an  active 
principle  into;  to  imbue;  to  communicate 
qualities  to  by  mixture.— Impregnation, 
im-preg-nft'shon,  n.  The  act  of  impreg- 
nating. 

Impresario,  im-pres-&'ri-o,  n.  [It.]  One 
who  organizes,  manages,  or  conducts  a 
company  of  concert  or  opera  performers. 

Imprescriptible,  im-pre-skrip'ti-bl,  a.  [Pre- 
fix im  for  in,  not,  and  prescriptible.]  In- 
capable of  being  lost  by  neglect  to  use,  or 
by  the  claims  of  another  founded  on  pre- 
scription. —  Imprescriptibility,  im-pr6- 
skrip'ti-bil"i-ti,  n.  State  of  being  impre- 
scriptible. 

Impress,  im-pres',  v.t.  [L.  imprinio,  im- 
pressum^im,  for  in,  on,  upon,  and  premo, 
to  press.  ]fREss.]  To  press  or  stamp  in 
or  upon;  to  mark  by  pressure;  to  make  a 
mark  or  figure  upon;  to  stamp  (to  impress 
a  design  on;  to  impress  with  a  design);  to 
stamp  on  the  mind;  to  inculcat»  (truth, 
facts,  &c.);  to  affect  deeply  the  feelings  or 
sentiments.  —  n.  (im'pres).    A  mark  or 


£h,cAain,    cft^Sc.  .locA;     £>i73:     j.^ob;     b,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sin^;     tH,  (Aea;  th,  (hin;     w,tcig;     vb,  uAig;     zh,  asurc. 


IMPRESS 


846 


INACCESSIBLE 


figure  made  by  pressure,  or  as  by  pressure; 
stamp ;  impression.  —  Impressibility,  Im- 
pressibleness,  im-pres'i-bil"i-ti,  im-pres'- 
i-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  impres- 
sible. —  Impressible,  im-pres'i-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  impressed;  susceptible  of 
impression;  easily  affected;  susceptive. — 
Impressibly,  im-pres'i-bli,  adv.  In  an  im- 
pressible manner.— Impression,  im-presh'- 
on,  n.  (L.  impressio,  impressionis.]  The 
act  of  impressing;  that  which  is  impressed, 
printed,  or  stamped;  a  copy  taken  by 
pressure  from  type,  from  an  engraved 
plate,  and  the  like;  the  aggregate  of  copies 
taken  at  one  time;  edition;  effect  or  influ- 
ence on  the  senses,  on  the  mind,  feelings, 
or  sentiments;  an  indistinct  notion,  re- 
membrance, or  beUef.— Impressionability, 
Impressionableness,  im-presh'on-a-bil  "i- 
ti,  im-presh'on-a-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  impressionable.— Impressionable, 
im-presh'on-a-bl,  a.  Susceptible  of  im- 
pression; having  the  mind  or  feelings 
easily  affected.- Impressive,  im-pres'iv,  a. 
Making  or  tending  to  make  nn  impres- 
sion; having  the  power  ot  affecting  or  of 
exciting  attention  and  feeling.  —  Impres- 
sively, im-pres'iv-li,  ady.  In  an,  impres- 
sive manner.  —  Impresslveness,  im-pres'- 
iv-nes,  n. 

Impress,  im-pres',  v.t  [Influenced  by  press, 
but  originally  meaning  to  hire  by  ready 
money,  from  O  E.  prest,  ready  money ; 
O.Fr.  prester,  to  give,  to  lend;  L.  prasto, 
in  readiness  {prce,  before,  and  sto,  to 
stand).]  To  compel  to  enter  into  public 
service,  as  a  seaman;  to  seize  and  take 
into  Hervioe  by  compulsion;  to  take  for 
public  use.  —  n.  The  act  of  impressing ; 
compulsion  to  sen-e.  —  Impress-gang.J  n. 
A  press-gang.  —  Impressment,  im-pres'- 
ment,  n.    The  act  of  impressing. 

Imprimatur,  im-pii-ma't6r,  n.  |L.,  let  it 
be  printed.]  A  license  to  print  a  book, 
&c. ;  hence,  a  mark  of  approval  in  gen- 
eral. 

Imprimis,  im-pri'mis,  adw.  [L.]  In  the  first 
place;  first  in  order. 

Imprint,  im-print',  v.t.  [CE  emprent,  Pr, 
empreinty  pp.  of  empreindre,  tp  imprint, 
L.  imprimere,  to  impress.  PRiyr.]  To 
mark  by  pressure ;  to  stamp;  to  print ;  to 
fix  indelibly  or  permanently,  as  on  the 
mind  or  memory;  to  impress. —».  (im'- 
print).  Whatever  is  impressed  or  printed; 
especially,  the  name  of  the  printer  or  pub- 
lisher on  a  book,  with  the  place  and  often 
the  time  of  publication. 

Imprison,  im-priz'on,  v.t.  (Prefix  im  for 
m,  in,  and  prison.]  To  put  into  a  prison; 
to  incarcerate ;  to  confine.  —  Imprisoner, 
im-priz'on-er,  n.  One  who  imprisons. — 
Imprisonment,  im-priz'on-ment,  n.  The 
act  of  imprisoning  or  state  of  being  im- 
prisoned. 

Improbable,  im-prob'a-bl,  a.  TPrefix  im 
for  in,  not,  and  probable.)  Not  probable ; 
not  likely  to  be  true;  unlikely.  —  Impro- 
bability, Improbableness,  im-prob'a-Dil"- 
i-ti,  im-prob'a-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  improbable.— Improbably  ,im-prob'- 
a-bli,  adv.    In  an  improbable  manner. 

Improbity,  im-prob'i-ti,  n.  [L.  improbitaa 
—im  for  in,'  not,  and  prohitas,  probity.] 
Want  of  probity;  want  of  integrity  or 
rectitude  of  principle;  dishonesty. 

Impromptu,  im-promp'tQ,  adv.  [L.  in 
promptu,  in  readiness,  from  promptus. 
readiness.  Prompt.]  Off-hand;  without 
previous  study. — n.  A  saying,  poem,  epi- 
gram, or  the  like  made  off-hand,  or  with- 
out previous  study;  an  extemporaneous 
effusion.— a.  Off-hand;  extempore. 

Improper,  im-prop'6r,  a.-  [Prefix  im  for 
in,  not,  and  proper.]  Not  proper;  not 
suitable,  adapted,  or  suited;  unbecoming; 
indecent.— /mproper  fraction,  a  fraction 
whose  numerator  is  equal  to  or  greater 
than  its  denominator.  —  Improperly,  im- 
prop'fer-li,  adv.  In  an  improper  manner. 
—Impropriety,  im-pro-pri'e-ti,  n.  [Fr.  im^ 
proprieid,  from  L.  improprius,  improper.] 
The  quality  of  being  improper;  that 
which  is  improper;  an  unsuitable  act,  ex- 
pression, and  the  like. 

Impropriate,  im-pro'pri-at,  v.t.— impropri- 
ated, impropriating.  [L.  im  for  in,  and 
propiix),  propriatum,  to  appropriate,  from 


proprius,  one's  own.  Proper.]  To  ap- 
propriate; eccles.  to  place  the  profits  or 
revenue  of  in  the  hands  of  a  layman;  to 
put  in  the  possession  of  a  layman  or  lay 
i  corporation. — a.  Devolved  into  the  hands 
of  a  layman. — Impropriation,  im-pro'pri- 
ft"shon,  n.  The  act  of  impropriating; 
that  which  is  impropriated.  —  Impropri- 
ator, im-pro'pri-a-ter,  n.  One  who  impro- 
priates. 

Impropriety.    Under  Improper. 

Improve,  im-prOv',  v.t— improved,  improv- 
ing.  [Prefix  im  for  in,  intens.  ,and  O.  Fr.pro- 
t'ej',to  testjto  show  to  be  sufficient.  Pkove.] 
To  make  better;  to  increase  the  value, 
worth,  or  good  qualities  of;  to  use  or  em- 
ploy to  good  purpose;  to  turn  to  profitable 
account  (to  infprove  the  time).— y.i.To  grow 
or  become  better;  to  advance  id  goodness, 
knowledge,  wisdom,  or  anything  else  de- 
sirable.—To  improve  on  (X  upon,  to  make 
additions  or  amendments  to;  to  make  an 
advance  in;  to  bring  nearer  to  perfection. 
.'.Syn;  under  Amend.  —  Improvability, 
Improvableness,  im-pr(i'va-bil"i-ti,   im- 

.  pro'va-bl-nes,  n  The  state  or  quality  of  • 
being  improvable.- Improvable,  im-pra'- 
va-bl,  o.  Capable  of  being  improved. — 
Improvement,  im-prOv'ment,  n.  The  act 
of  improving,  or  state  of  being  improved; 
that  which  improves;  that  by  which  the 
value  of  anything  is  increased,  its  excel- 
lence enhanced,  and  the  like;  a  beneficial 
or  valuable  addition  or  alteration. —Im- 
prover, im-pro'v6r,  n.  One  who  improves. 
— ^Improving,  im-pro'ving,  a.  Tending  to 
advance  in  good  qualities.— Improvingly, 
im-prO'ving-li,  adv.  In  an  improving 
manner 

IiQprovident,  im-prov'i-dent,  a.  [Prefix  im 
for  in,  not,  andprot)id«it<.]  Not  provident; 
wanting  forecast;  wanting  care  to  make 
provision  for  future  exigencies;  thriftless; 
thoughtless.  —  Improvidence,  im-prov'i- 
dens,  71.  The  quality  of  being  improvident. 
—  Improvidently,  im-prov'i-dent-li,  adv. 
In  an  improvident  manner;  thriftlessly. 

Improvise,  Improvisate,  im-pro-viz',  im- 
pro'vi-sat,  v.^.-^mprovised,  improvising; 
improvisated,  improvisating.  [Fr.  impro- 
tnser.  It.  improvvisaj-e,  to  sing  in  extem- 
I)ore  rhymes,  from  L.  in,  not,  jjro,  before, 
and  irisus,  seen.]  To  compose  and  recite 
or  sing  without  premeditation;  to  speak 
extempore,  especially  in  verse;  to  do  or 
form  on  the  spur  of  the  moment  for  a 
special  occasion;  to  bring  about  in  an  off- 
hand ■w&y.—v.i.  To  recite  or  sing  composi- 
tions without  previous  preparation.— Im- 
provisation, im-pro'vi-sa"shon,  n.  The  act 
or  faculty  of  improvising;  a  song  or  other 
poem  which  is  improvised.— Improviser, 
Improvisator,  im-pro-vi'z6r,  im-pro'vi-sa- 
t6r,  n.  One  who  improvisates  or  impro- 
vises. —  Improvisatory,  im-pro-vis'a-to-ri, 
o.  Kelating  to  improvisation  or  impro- 
visers.- Improwisatore,  im-pro»-vis'a-to- 
r5,  n.  pi.  Improwisatori,  im-prov-vis'a- 
to"r5.  [It.]  An  extempore  versifier,  who 
call,  without  preparation,  recite  or  sing  a 
quantity  of  verses  upon  a  given  subject.— 
inprowisatrice,  im-prov-vis'a-tr6"cha,  n. 
[It.]  A  female  improwisatore;  an  extem- 
pore poetess.  [These  Italian  words  are 
spelled  less  correctly  with  one  v.] 

Imprudent,  im-prO'dent,  a.  [L.  impritdena 
— tm  for  in,  not,  and  prudent.]  Not  pru- 
dent; wanting  prudence  or  discretion;  in- 
discreet; injudicious;  rash;  heedless. — Im- 
prudence, im-pro'dens,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  imprudent;  an  imprudent  act  or 
course  of  conduct.— Imprudently,  im-pro'- 
dent-li,  adv.    In  an  imprudent  manner. 

Impudent,  im'pu-dent,  a.  [L.  impudens, 
impudenlis,  without  shame — in,  not,  ana 
ptidens,  from  pudeo,  to  be  ashamed.]  Of- 
fensively forward  in  behaviour;  inten- 
tionally treating  others  without  due  re- 
spect; wanting  modesty ;  shameless;  im- 
pertinent. —  Impudently,  im '  ptt-dent-li, 
adv.  In  an  impudent  manner.  —  Impu- 
dence, im'pu-dens,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing impudent;  impudent  language  or  be- 
haviour; offensive  forwardness. 

Impugn,  im-pan',  v.t.  [Fr.  impugner;  L. 
impugno — int  for  in,  against,  and  pugno, 
to  fight  or  resist  (akin  pugnacious,  repug- 
nant, pugilism}.]    To  attack  (a  statement, 


truthfulness,  &c.)  by  words  or  argument?: 
to  contradict;  to  call  in  question;  to  gain- 
say. —  Impugnable,  im-pn'na-bl,  o.  Ca- 
pable of  being  impugned.— Impumer,  im- 
pQ'ner,  n.  One  who  impugns.— Impugn- 
ment, im-pQn'ment,  n.  The  act  of  impugn- 
ing. 

Impulse,  im'puls,  n.  [L.  impulsus,  from 
inipello,  impulsuin,  to  drive  on.  Impel.] 
Force  communicated  suddenly:  motion 
produced  by  suddenly  communicated 
force ;  thrust ;  push ;  influence  acting  on 
the  mind  suddenly  or  unexpectedly;  sud- 
den thought  or  determination.  — impul- 
sion, im  pul'shon,  n.  •  [L.  impulsio,  im- 
ptdsionis.]  The  act  of  impelling  or  state 
of  being  impelled;  instigation;  impulse.— 
Impulsive,  im-pul'siv,  a.  [Fr.  imptUsif.] 
Having  the  power  of  impelling;  impellent; 
actuated  or  liable  to  be  actuated  by  im 
pulses;  under  the  sway  of  one's  emotions. 
—Impulsively,  im-pul'siv-li,  adv.  In  an 
impulsive  manner. — Impnlsiveuess,  im- 
pul  siv-nes,  n. 

Impunity,  im-pu'ni-ti,  n.  [Fr-  impunity, 
from  h.  impunitas,  from  tmpunis.  unpun- 
ished— im  for  tn,  not,  and  punio,  to  pun- 
ish. Punish.]  Exemption  from  punish- 
Esent  or  penaJty;  freedom  or  exemption 
from  injury,  suffering,  or  loss. 

Impure,  im-pQr',  a.  [Pr.  impur,  from  L. 
impurus—im  for  in,  not,  and  pwrus,  pure.] 
Not  pure;  mixed  or  impregnated  with 
foul  or  extraneous  substance;  foul;  ob- 
scenp;  unchaste;  lewd;  unclean;  defiled 
by  sin  or  guilt;  unhallowed  or  unholy. — 
Impurely,  im-pfir'li,  adv.  In  an  impure 
manner.— Impureness,  im-par'nes,  n.  The 
quality  or  condition  of  being  impure.— 
Impurity,  im-pQ'ri-ti,  n.  [L.  impuritas.] 
The  condition  or  quality  of  being  impure; 
foulness;  that  which  is  impure;  foul  mat- 
ter. 

Impute,  im-pat',  v.t.  [L.  impuio—in,  into, 
and  puto,  think,  consider,  reckon  (as  in 
compute,  repute,  putative).]  To  charge, 
attribute,  or  ascribe;  to  set  to  the  account 
of;  tlieol.  to  reckon  or  set  down  to  the 
account  of  one  what  does  not  belong  to 
him.— Impntability,  Imputableness,  im- 
pti'ta-bil"i-ti,  im-pu'ta-bl-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  imputable.— Imputable, 
im-pO'ta-bl,  a.  Capaole  of  being  imputed. 
—Imputation,  im-pO-ta'shon,  n.  [L.  im- 
putatio,  imputationis.]  The  act  of  imput- 
ing; that  which  is  imputed  or  charged; 
charge,  as  of  evil;  censure;  reproach;  theol. 
the  charging  or  reckoning  to  the  account 
of  one  something  which  properly  attaches 
to  another.— Imputative,  im-pu'ta-tiv,  a. 
Coming  by  imputation;  imputed.— Impn- 
tatively,im-pa'ta-tiv-li,  adv.  By  imputa- 
tion. —  Impater,  im-pQ'ter,  n.  One  that 
imputes. 

In,  in,  prep.  [A.  Sax.  in='D.  and  Goth,  in, 
Icel.  inn,  i,  Dan.  ind,  i,  G.  in,  ein,  forms 
corresponding  to  L.  in,  Gr.  en,  W.  yn. 
Armor,  enn;  akin  to  on.]  AVithin;  inside 
of;  surrounded  by;  indicating  presence  or 
situation  within  limits,  whether  of  place, 
time,  or  circumstances  {in  the  house,  in 
the  year,  tJi  sickness) ;  or  existence  as  a 
part,  constituent,  or  quality  of  (evil  in  a 
man  s  disposition);  or  a  certain  state  (a 
vehicle  in  motion,  to  put  in  operation). — 
Jn  as  much  as,  or  inasmuch  as,  seeing  that; 
considering  that;  since.— /»  that,  because; 
for  the  reason  that. — In  name  of,  by  way 
of;  as  (a  sum  paid  in  name  of  damages). 
—In  the  name  of,  in  behalf  of;  on  the  part 
of;  by  the  authority  of.— adv.  In  or  within 
some  place;  in  some  state,  affair,  or  cir- 
cumstances; not  out  (he  is  in,  that  is,  in 
the  house;  the  Tories  are  in,  that  is,  in 
office;  the  ship  is  in,  that  is,  in  port);  into 
some  place  or  state,  implj'ing  motion  or 
change  (come  in,  that  is,  into  the  house).- 
To  breed  in  and  in,  to  breed  among  mem- 
bers of  the  same  family.  —  To  keep  one's 
hand  in,  to  keep  up  one's  acquirements;  to 
maintain  one's  skill  by  practice.— Some- 
times used  substantively,  as  in  the  phrase 
'ins  and  outs,'  nooks  and  comers;  all  the 
details  and  intricacies  of  a  matter. 

Inability,  in-a-bil'i-ti,  n.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  abiliti/.]  The  state  of  being  unable; 
want  of  the  necessary  power  or  ability. 

Inaccessible,  in-ak-ses'i-bl,  a.     I  Prefix  tn. 


Fate,  fiir,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  hit;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tub,  b\iU ;     oil,  pound;     iX,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  u. 


INACCUHATE 


347 


/TNCENDIAEY 


not,  and  accessible.]  Not  accessible;  not  to 
be  reached,  obtained,  or  approached. — 
Inaccessibly,  in-ak-ses'i-bli,  adv.  In  an 
inaccessible  manner. — Inaccessibility,  In- 
accessibleness,  in-ak-se8'i-bil"i-ti,  in-ak- 
ses'i-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  inaccessible. 

Inaccurate,  in-ak '  kn-rat,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  accurate.]  Not  accurate,  exact, 
or  correct;  making  or  containing  incorrect 
statements ;  not  according  to  truth;  er- 
roneous. —  Inaccurately,  in-ak'kQ-rat-li, 
adv.  In  an  inaccurate  manner.— Inaccu- 
racy, in-ak'ka-ra-si,  n.  The  state  of  being 
inaccurate;  an  inaccurate  statement;  a 
mistake' in  a  statement;  an  error. 

Inaction,  in-ak'shon,  n.  [Prefl.x  in,  not,  and 
action.]  Want  of  action;  state  of  being 
inactiTe;  idleness;  rest.— Inactive,  in-ak - 
tiv,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not,  and  active.]  Not 
active ;  inert ;  having  no  power  to  move; 
not  engaged  in  action  or  effort;  idle;  indo- 
lent; sluggish;  chem.  and  med.  inoper- 
ative. —  Syn.  under  Inert.  —  Inactively, 
in-ak'tiv-li,  adv.  In  an  inactive  manner. 
—Inactivity,  in-ak-tiv'i-ti,  n.  The  qualitjr 
or  condition  of  being  inactive. 

Inadequate,  in-ad'8-kwat,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  adequate.]  Not  adequate;  not 
equal  to  the  purpose;  insufiicient;  defec- 
tive. —  Inadequacy,  Inadequateness,  in- 
ad'e-kwa-si,  in-ad'e-kwat-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  inadequate.  —  Inade- 
quately, in-ad'e-kwat-U,  adv. 

Inadmissible,  in-ad-mis'i-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not.,  and  admissible.]  Not  admissible;  not 
proper  to  be  admitted,  allowed,  or  re- 
ceived.—Inadmissibly,in-ad-mis'i-bli.adr. 
In  a  manner  not  admissible.  —  Inadmis- 
sibility, in-ad-miiB'i-bil"i-ti,n.  The  quality 
of  being  inadmissible. 

Inadvertent,  in-ad-ver'tent,  a.  [L.  prefix 
in,  not,  and  advertens,  advertentis,  ppr.  of 
aduerto,  to  attend  to.  Advert.]  Not  pay- 
ing strict  attention;  failing  to  notice  or 
observe;  heedless;  unwary.— Inadvertent- 
ly, in-ad-ver'tent-li,  adv.  In  an  inadver- 
tent manner.  —  Inadvertence,  Inadver- 
tency, in-ad-ver'tens,  in-ad-v6r' ten-si,  re. 
The  quality  of  being  inadvertent;  an  over- 
sight, mistake,  or  fault  which  proceeds 
from  some  degree  of  .heedlessness. 

Inalienable,  in-al'yeti-a-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  alienable.]  Incapable  of  being 
alienated  or  transferred  to  another. — In- 
alienability, Inalienableness,  in-al'yen-a- 
bil"i-ti,  in-ai'yen-a-bl-nes,  n.  The  statn  m 
quality  of  being  inalienable.  —  Inalien- 
ably," m-al'yen-a-bli,  adv.  In  a  manner 
that  forbids  alienation. 

Inalterable,  in-al'ter-a-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  alterable.]  Not  alterable;  unal- 
terable.' 

Inamorato,  in-a'mo-ra"to,  n.  [It.  innam- 
orato,  fem.  innamorata,  from  L.  in,  in, 

'  amor,  love,]  A  male  lover.-^  Inamorata, 
in-a'mo-ra"ta,  n.  A  female  in  love;  a 
mistres3._ 

Inane,  in-a,n',-a.  [L.  inanis,  empty.]  Empty; 

I  void;  frivolous;  worthless;  void  of  sense  or 
intelligence.  —  n.  That  which  is  void  or 
empty;  infinite  void  space.  [Teren.}— In- 
anition, in-a-nish'on,  n.  The  condition  Of 
being  inane ;  exhaustion  from  want  of 
food. — Inanity,  in-an'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of 
being  inane;  mental  vacuity;  silliness.    ' 

Inanimate,  inran'i-mat,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  aniinaie.]  Not  animate;  destitute  of 
life  or  animation;  without  vivacity  or 
briskness;  dull;  inactive;  sluggish. — In- 
animateness,'  Inanimation,  in-an'i-mat- 
nes,  in'an-i-ma"shon,  re. 

Inappetenoe,  Inappetency,  in-ap'pS-tens, 
in-ap'p5-ten-si,  n.  [Prefix  in,-  not,  and  ap- 
petence, appetency.]  Want  of  appetence, 
desire,  or  inclination.  -   . 

Inapplicable,  in-ap'pli-ka-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  applicable.]  Not  applicable;  in- 
capable of  being  applied;  not  suited  or 
suitable  to  the  purpose. — Inapplicability, 
Inapplicableness,  in-ap'pli-ka-bil"i-ti,  in- 
ap'pli-ka-bl-nes,  re. — Inapplicably,  in-ap'- 
pli-ka-bli,  adv.  —  InappUcation,  in-ap'pli- 
ka"shon,  re.  Want  of  application,  atten- 
tion, or  assiduity;  neglect  of  industry, 
"lapposite,  in-ap'po-zit,  a.  [Prefix  itt,  not, 
nd  apposite.]  Not  apposite,  fit,  or  suit- 
able; not  pertinent,  ^j™;.  v.'^ix 


Inappreciable,  in-ap-pr5'shi-a-bl,  a.  [Pre- 
fix in,  not,  and  appreciable.]  Not  appre- 
ciable; BO  small  as  hardly  to  be  noticed  or 
estimated. 

Inapproachable,  in-ap-proch'a-bl,  a.  [Pre- 
fix in,  not,  ana  approachable.]  Not  ap- 
proachable; inaccessible;  that  cannot  be 
equalled;  unrivalled. 

Inappropriate,  in-ap-pro'pri-at,  o.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  appropriate.]  Not  appropri- 
ate; unsuited ;  unsuitable ;  not  proper. — 
Inappropriately,  in-ap-pro'pri-at-li,  adv. 
In  an  inappropriate  manner.  —  Inappro- 
priateness,  in-ap-pro'pri-at-nes,  n. 

Inapt,  in-apt',  a.  [Prefix  ire,  not,  and  apt.] 
Unapt ;  not  apt;  unsuitable;  unfit.  —  In- 
aptitude, Inaptness,  in-ap'ti-tud,  in-apt'- 
nes,  re.  Unfitness ;  unsuitableness.  —  In- 
aptly, in-apt'li,  adv.  Unfitly;  unsuitably. 

Inarch,  in-arch',  v.t.  [Prefix  in,  into,  and 
arch.]  To  graft  by  uniting  to  the  stock 
without  separating  (for  a  time)  the  scion 
from  its  parent  tree. 

Inarticulate,  in-ar-tik'a-lftt,  a.  [Prefix  in. 
not,  and  articulate.]  Not  articulate;  not 
uttered  with  distinctness  of  sounds  or 
syllables;  zool.  not  jointed  or  articulated. 
— Inarticulated,  in-ar-tik'u-la-ted,  a.  Nut 

■  articulated;  not  jointed.— Inarticulately, 
in-ar-tik'U-iat-U,  adv.  In  an  inarticulate, 
mafiner. — Inarticulateness,  in-ar-tik'a- 
lat-nes,  re.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
inarticulate.- Inarticulation,  m-ar-tik'a- 
la"shon,  n.  Want  of  articulation;  indis- 
tinctness of  sounds  in  speaking. 

Inartificial,  in-ar'ti-fi8h"al,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  artificial.]  Not  artificial;  formed 
without  art;  simple;  artless.  —  Insirtifl- 
cially,  in-ar'ti-fi8h"al-li,  adv.  In  an  inar- 
tificial manner. 

Inasmuch,  in-az-much',  adv.    Under  Ik. 

Inattention,  in-at-ten'shon,  n.  [Prefix  tw, 
not,  and  aliention.]  Want  of  attention; 
heedlessness.  —  Inattentive,  in-at-tentiv, 
a.  Not  attentive;  not  fixing  the  mind  on 
an  object;  heedless.— Inattentively,  in-at- 
ten'tiv-li,  adv.  Carelessly  j  heedlessly. — 
Inattentiveness,  in-at-ten'tiv-nes,  n. 

Inaudible,  in-a'di-bl,  o.  [Prefix  ire,  not,  and 
audible.]  Not  audible;  incapable  of  being 
hoard.— Inaudibly,  in-a'di-bli,  adv.  In  an 
inaudible  manner.  —  Inaudibility,  loau- 
dibleness,  in-a'dl-bil"i-ti,  in-a'di-bl-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  inaudible. 

Inaugurate,  in-a'ga-rat,  v.t. — inaugurated, 
inaugurating.  [L.  inauguro,  inauguratum, 
to  inaugurate,  to  install — ire,  into,  and 
augur,  an  augur.]  To  introduce  or  induct 
into  an  office  with  solemnity  or  suitable 
ceremonies;  to  invest  in  a  formal  manner; 
to  begin  or  set  in  progress  with  formality 
or  some  degree  of  solemnity,  pomp,  or 
ceremony;  to  initiate;  to  perform  in  pub- 
lic initiatory  ceremonies-  in  connection 
with;  to  celebrate  the  completion  of. — 
Inaugural,  in-a'gQ-ral,  a.  Pertaining  to 
an  Inauguration.- Inauguration,  in-a'gQ- 
ra"shon,  re.  The  act  of  Inaugurating,  or 
the  ceremonies  connected  with  such  an 
act.— Inaogurator,  in-a'gQ-r5-t6r,  re.  One 
who  inaugurates.— Inauguratory,  in-a'gO- 
ra-to-ri,  a.  Suited  or  pertainissg  to  inau- 
guration. 

Inaurate,  in-a'rftt,  v.t.  [L.  inauro,  inaura- 
tum,  from  prefix  in,  and  aurum,  gold.] 
To  cover  witn  gold;  to  gild. 

Inauspicious,  in-a-spish'us,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  auspicious.]  Not  auspicious;  ill- 
omened;  unluckyj  unfavouraJ)le. — Inaus- 
piciously,  In-a-spish'us-li,  adv.  In  an  in- 
auspicious manner.  —  Inauspiciousness, 
in-a-spish'us-nes,  re. 

Inauthoritative,  in-tv-thor'i-tgrtiv,  a.  [Pre- 
fix in,  not,  and  authoritative.]  Having  no 
authority. 

Inboard,  m'b5rd,  a.  Within  a  ship  or 
other  vessel  (an  inboard  cargo).  —  adv. 
Within  the  hold  of  a  vessel;  on  board  of  a 
vessel. 

Inborn,  in'bom,  a.  Innate;  implanted  by 
nature. 

Inbreak,  in'brSk,  n.  A  sudden,  violent  in- 
road or  incursion;  an  irruption:  opposed 
to  outbreak.  —  InbretCking,  in'bra-king,  n. 
The  ax!t  of  breaking  in;  incursion;  inva- 
sion; inroad. 

Inbreathe,  in-br5TH',  v.t.  To  breathe  in,  or 
infuse  by  breathing. 


Inbred,  in'brod,  a.  Bred  within;  innate; 
natural.  —  Inbreed,  in-bred',  v.t.  To  pro- 
duce or  generate  within. 

Inca,  in'ka,  re.  A  king  or  prince  of  Peru 
before  the  conquest  of  that  country  by  the 
Spaniards. 

Incage,  in-ksj',  v.t    To  encage. 

Incalculable,  in-kal'kQ-la-bl,  o.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  calculable.]  Not  calculable;  be- 
yond calculation:  very  great.  —  Incalcu- 
lableness,  in-kal'ka-la-bl-nes,  re.  —  Incal- 
culably, in-kal '  ka-la-bb,  adv.  In  an  in- 
calculable manner  immeasurably;  in- 
.finitely. 

Incalescent,  in-ka-les'ent,  a.  [L.  incaleseo, 
to  grow  warm— ire,  and  calesco,  to  grow 
warm,  caleo,  to  be  warm.  Calid.]  Grow- 
ing warm;  increasing  in  heat.  —  Incales- 
cence,  Incalescency,  in-ka-les'ens,  in-ka- 
les'en-8i,re.  The  state  of  being  incalescent. 

Incandescent,  in-kan-des'ent,  a.  [It.  incan- 
desco,  to  become  warm — ire,  intens.,  and 
cared«sco,  to  begin  to  glow,  from  candeo,  to 
shine.  Candiu.]  White  or  glowing  with 
heat.  —  Incandescence,  in-kan-des'ens,  re. 
The  condition  of  being  incandescent. 

Incanescent,  in-ka-nes'ent,  a.  {In,  intens., 
and  canescerti.]  JBot.  having  a  hoary  or 
gray  aspect,  from  hairs  upon  the  surface. 

Incantation,  in-kan-tfi'shon,  n.  [L.  incan- 
latio,  incantaiionis,  from  incanio,  to  chant 
a  magic  formula  over  one  —  ire,  on,  and 
cantOj  to  sing.  Chant.]  The  act  of  using 
certain  words  and  ceremonies  for  the  pur- 
pose of  raising  spirits  or  performing  magi- 
cal actions;  the  form  of  words  so  used:  a  ' 
magical  spell,  charm,  or  ceremony.  —  In- 
cantatory,  iu-kan'ta-to-ri,  a.  Dealing  by 
enchantment;  magical. 

Incapable,  in-ka'pa-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  capable.]  Not  capable;  possessing  in- 
adeq^uate  power;  not  admitting;  not  sus- 
ceptible; not  equal  to  anything ;  unable ; 
unqualified  or  disqualified:  generally  fol- 
lowed hy  o/..: Incapable  properly  denotes 
a  want  of  passive  power,  anal  is  applicable 
particularly  to  the  mind,  or  said  of  some- 
thing inanimate;  unable  denotes  the  want 
of  active  power  or  power  of  performing, 
and  is  applicable  to  the  body  or  mind. — n. 
One  physically  or  mentally  unable  to  act 
with  efiect:  an  inefficient  or  silly  person. 
—  Incapability,  Incapableness,  in-ka'pa- 
bil"i-ti,  in-ka'pa-bl-nes,  re.  The  quality  of 
being  incapable.— Incapably,  in-ka'pa-bli, 
adv.    In  an  incapable  manner.  •»■ 

Incapacitate,  in-ka-pas'i-tat,  v.t.—inccmad- 
tated,  incapacitating.  [Prefix  in,  not,-and 
eapax:itate7\  To  deprive  of  capacity  or 
natural  power;  to  render  or  make  unable 
or  unfit;  to  disqualify  or  render  incom- 
petent. —  Incapacitation,  in-ka-pas'i-ta"- 
shon,  n. '  The  act  of  incapacitating.  — 
Incapacity,  in-ka-pas'i-ti,  re.  Want  of  ca- 
pacity, power,  or  ability;  inability;  in- 
competency. 

Incarcerate  ,in-kar's6r-5t,t).^— incarcerated, 
incarcerating.  [L.  ire,  in,  into,  and  career, 
a  prison.]  To  imprison ;  to  confine  in  a 
jail;  to  shut  up  or  inclose. — Incarceration, 
in-kar'ser-a"shon ,  re.  The  act  of  incarcerat- 
ing; imprisonment. — Incarcerator,in-kar'- 
8er-a-t6r,  re.    One  who  incarcerates.    ' 

Incarnadine,  in-kar'na-din,  v.t.  [Fr,  ire- 
camadin,  flesh-coloured — L.  ire,  in,  and 
caro,  camis,  fiesh.]  To  tinge  with  the  col- 
our of  flesh;  to  dyered. 

Incarnate,  in-kar'nat,  v.t. — incarnated,  in- 
carnating. [L.L.  incamo,  itvcamatum — L. 
in,  into,  and  caro,  camis,  flesh  (whence 
also  carnage,  carnal,  carnation).]  To  clothe 
withflesh;  to  embody  in  flesh. — a.  Invested 
with  flesh;  embodied  in  flesh  or  a  human 
body. — Incarnation,  in-kar-na'8hon,re.  The 
act  of  assuming  flesh  or  taking  a  human 
body  and  the  nature  of  man;  the  state  of 
being  incarnated;  a  visible  embodiment; 
a  vi^id  exemplification  in  person  or  act  (be 
is  the  incarnation  of  wickedness). 

Incase,  in-kas',  v.t. — incased,  incasing.  To 
inclose  in,  or  as  in,  a  case.  '  . 

Incautious,  in-ka'shus,  a.  [Prefix  ire,  not, 
and  cautious.]  Not  cautious:  unwaiy; 
heedless.- Incautiously,  in-kft'shus-li,  adv. 
In  an  incautious  manner. — Incautious- 
ness,  in-k^'shus-nes,  n. 

Incendiary,, in-sen'di-a-ri,  n.'  PL.  incendi- 
arius,  from  incendo,  to  bum— tw,  and  can- 


cb,  cAain;     cA,Sc.  locA;     s,  0o;     j,/ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ns,  sinp;     th,  then;  tb,  <Aiu;     w,  wig;  ;^  wta,  tcMg;    zh.aeure. 


INCENSE 


348 


INCOHEKENT 


d«o,  to  shine  or  be  on  fire.  Canpid.]  A 
person  who  wilfully  and  maliciously  Bets 
fire  to  a  building,  &c.;  one  who  sets  fire  to 
another's  property-  one  who  is  guilty  of 
arson;  one  who  excites  or  inflames  factions 
and  promotes  quarrels.— a.  Pertaining  to 
wilful  and  malicious  fire-raising;  tending 
to  excite  or  inflame  factions,  sedition,  or 
quarrel.  —  Incendiarism,  in-sen'di-ar-izm, 
n.    The  act  or  practice  of  an  incendiary. 

Incense,  in'sens,  n.  [Fr.  e)icens,  from  L. 
incensum,  what  is  set  on  fire,  from  incen- 
sus,  pp.  of  incendo,  to  bum.  I^•CENDIAKT.] 
The  odours  of  spices  and  gums,  burned  in 
religious  rites,  or  as  an  ofiering  to  some 
deity;  the  materials  burned  for  making 
perfumes. — v.t.—  iniensed,  incensing.  To 
perfume  with  incense. 

Incense,  in-sens',  v.t  — incensed,  incensing. 
[L.  incensus,  provoked,  inflamed;  same 
word  as /ncense,  above.]  To  enkindle  orin- 
flame  to  violent  anger;  to  excite  to  angry 
passions;  to  provoke,  irritate,  exasperate. 
—Incensed,  in-senst',  p.  and  a.  Inflamed 
with  anger;exasperated;exhibiting  violent 
anger.— Incensive,  in-sen'siv,  a.  Tending 
to  incense;  inflammatory. 

Incentive,  in-sen'tiv,  a.  [L.  imentivus, 
striking  up  or  leading  a  melody— in,  on, 
and  cano,  to  sing.  Chant.]  Inciting;  en- 
couraging or  stirring  up. — n.  That  which 
incites  or  has  a  tendency  to  incite  to  de- 
termination or  action;  what  prompts  to 
good  or  ill;  motive;,  spur.  —  Incentively, 
in-sen'tiv-li,  adv.  In  an  incentive  manner. 

Inception,  in-sep'shon,  n.  [L.  inceptio,  in- 
ceptUmis,  from  incipio,  to  begin— prefix  in, 
and  capio,  to  take.  Capable.]  The  set  of 
beginning;  a  beginning;  commencement; 
first  stage.- Inceptive,  in-sep'tiv,  o.  [L. 
incepUvus.]  Pertaining  to  inception;  De- 
ginning;  applied  to  a  verb  which  expresses 
the  beginning  of  an  action. — n.  An  incep- 
tive verb.— Inceptively,  in-sep'tiv-li,  adv. 
In  an  inceptive  manner.  —  Inceptor,  in- 
sep'tfer,  n.  A  beginner;  one  who  is  oil  the 
point  of  taking  the  degree  of  Master  of 
Arts  at  an  English  universitv. 

Incertitude,  in-sfir'ti-tod,  n.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  certitude.}  Uncertainty;  doubtful- 
ness; doubt. 

Iiicessant,  in-ses'ant,  a.  [L.  prefix  in,  not, 
and  cessans,  cessantis,  ppr.of  cesso,to  cease. 
Cease.]  Continuing  wstnout  interruption; 
imceasing;  unintermitted;  uninterrupted; 
continual;  ceaseless.— Incessantly,  in-ses'- 
ant-li,  adv.  In  an  incessant  manner;  con- 
tinually.—Incessantness,  in-ses'ant-nes,  n. 

Incest,  in'sest,  n.  [Fr.  inceste,  L.  incestum, 
unchastity,  incest,  from  incesttis,  unchaste 
—  in,  not,  and  castus,  chaste  (whence 
chaste).]  The  offence  of  sexual  commerce 
between  persons  related  within  the  de- 
grees wherein  marriage  is  prohibited  by 
law.— Incestuous,  in-ses'tQ-ws,  a._  Guilty 
of  incest;  involving  the  crime  of  incest: — 
Incestuoualy,  in-ses'tu-us-li,  adv.  In  an 
incestuous  manner.  —  Incestuonsncss,  in- 
ses'tti-us-nes,  w. 

Inch,  insh,  n.  [A.  Sax.  inte,  ynce,  an  inch, 
the  twelfth  part  of  a  foot;  from  L.  uneia, 
a  twelfth  part.  Ounce  is  the  same  word.] 
A  lineal  measure,  being  the  twelfth  part 
of  a  foot;  proverbially,  a  small  quantity 
or  degree.  — ,  Btj  inches,  by  slow  degrees; 
graduall3r.— a.  Measuring  an  inch:  used  in 
composition  (two-tnc.'i,  four-incA).  —  Inch- 
meal, insh'mel,  adv.  [The  term  -meal= 
A.  Sax.  -maelum,  by  parts,  from  mael,  a 
part.]  By  inches;  little  by  little.  —  By 
inchmeal,  by  parts  or  slow  degrees. 

Inch,  insh,  n.  [Gael,  innis,  an  island,  pro- 
bably allied  to  L.  insula.']  An  island: 
common  in  place-names  belonging  to 
Scotland. 

Inchoate,!  in'kS-fit,  ».<.  [L.  inchoo,  incho- 
atum,  to  begin.]  To  begin.— a.  Recently 
or  just  begun ;  incipient ;  rudimentary ; 
incomplete.— Inchoately,  iuTso-at-li,  adv. 
In  an  inchoate  state. — Inchoation,  in-ko- 
5'shon,  ».  The  act  of  beginning;  incep- 
tion.—Inchoative,  in'ko-a-tiv,  a.  Express- 
ing or  indicating  beginning;  inceptive. — 
n.  That  which  serves  to  begin;  gram,  an 
inceptive  verb. 

Incidence)  in'si-dens,  n.  [L.L.  inddenUa, 
from  L.  ineido,  to  fall  upon— in,  into,  upon, 
ana  eado,  to  fall  (whence  cadence,  chance. 


cuse,&c.).]  A  falling  or  occurring;  the  man- 
ner of  falling  (the  ituidetice  of  taxation  in 
a  state);  physics,  the  direction  in  which  a 
body,  or  a  ray  of  light,  heat,  &c.,  falls  upon 
any  surface,  this  direction,  as  regards  the 
surface  on  which  the  body  or  ray  falls,  be- 
ing called  ihe  line  of  incidence. — Angle  of 
incidence,  the  an^le  formed  by  the  line  of 
incidence,  and  a  line  drawn  from  the  point 
of  contact,  perpendicular  to  the  surface. — 
Point  of  incidence,  the  point  where  an  in- 
cident ray  meets  a  surface.— Incident,  in'- 
si-dent,  a.  [L.  inddens,  incidentis,  ppr.  of 
inddo.]  Falling  or  striking,  as  a  ray  of 
light  upon  a  surface;  liable  to  happen;  apt 
to  occur;  hence,  naturally  happening  or 
appertaining  (ills  incident  lo  human  lue). 
— n.  What  f  Ellis  out,  happens,or  takes  place; 
an  event;  an  appertaining  fact;  law,  a 
thing  appertaining  to,  or  passing  with  an- 
other or  principal  thing.  —  Incidental,  in- 
si-den'tal,  a.  Happening  as  an  occasional 
event  forming  an  incident;  casual;  not 
necessary  to  the  chief  purj^ose;  appertain- 
ing and  subsidiary.  —  Incidentally,  in-si- 
den'tal-U,  adv.  In  an  incidental  manner. 
— Incidentalness.t  in-si-den'tal-nes,  n. 

Incinerate,  in-sin'Cr-5t,  v.t.  [L.  in,  into, 
and  cinis,  cinens,  ashes.]  To  bum  to  ashes. 
—Incinerable,  in-ain'er-a-bl,  o.  Capable 
of  being  reduced  to  ashes.  —  Incineration, 
in-sin'er-a"shon,  n.  The  act  of  incinerat- 
ing. 

Incipient,  in-sip'i-ent,  a.  [L.  incipiens,  in- 
cipientis,  ppr.  of  incipio,  to  begin  —  in, 
and  capio,  to  take.  Capable.]  Beginning; 
commeucing;  beginning  to  show  itself. — 
Incipience,  Inclpiency,  in-sip'i-ens,  in-sip'- 
i^n-"i,w.  The  condition  of  being  incipient. 
— Incipiently,  in-sip'i-ent-li,  adv.  In  an 
incipient  manner. 

Incircle,  in-ser'kl,  v.t.    To  encircle. 

Incise,  in-siz',  v.t.  —  incised,  incising.  [Tr. 
ineiscr,  from  L.  inddo,  incis^tm — in,  into, 
and  ccedo,  to  cut,  as  in  concise,  dedde,  ex- 
dsion,  &C.1  To  cut  into;  to  make  a  deep 
cut  in ;  to  carve.  —  Incised,  in  -  sizd ', 
p.  and  a.  Cut ;  made  by  cutting.  —  In- 
cision, in-sizh'on,  n.  The  act  of  cutting 
into  a  substance;  that  which  is  produced 
by  incising;  a  cut;  a  gash;  fig.  sharpness; 
trenchanc^.  —  Incisive,  in-si'siv,  a.  [Fr. 
incisif,  incisive.]  Cutting  in;  sharply  and 
clearly  expressive;  trenchant  (incisive 
language  or  style).  —  Incisor,  in-si'z6r,  n. 
JL.]  Zool.  a  fore-tooth;  one  or  those  teeth 
the  special  task  of  which  is  to  cut  or  sepa- 
rate.—Incisory,.in-8i'zo-ri,  a.  Having  the 
quality  of  cutting-.  —  Incisure,  in-6i'zh6r, 
n.    A  cut;  an  incision. 

Incite,  in-sit',  v.t. — i^icited,  indtingi  [h.  in- 
dto  —  in.  on,  and  dto,  to  urge,  to  rouse. 
Cite.]  To  move  to  action ;  to  stir  up ;  to 
stimulate,  urge,  provoke,  spur  on.— Imciv- 
atlve,  in-si'ta-tiv,  a.  Tending  to  incite ; 
inciting;  provocative. — n.  That  which  ex- 
cites; a  stimulant;  a  provocative.— Incite- 
ment, Incitation,  in-sit 'ment,  in-si-ta'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  inciting ;  that  which 
incites  or  moves  to  action;  incentive;  im- 
pulse; spur;  stimulus. — Inciter,  in-si't6r, 
«.  Onewhomcites.— Incitingly,  in-si'ting- 
li,  adv.    So  as  to  incite. 

Incivil,  in-siv'il,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not,  and 
dvil.]  "Not  civil:  rude;  unpoUte.  —  Inci- 
vility, in-si-vil'i-ti,  n.  Want  of  courtesy; 
radeness;  impoliteness. 

Incle,  ing'kl,  n.    Same  as  Inlcle. 

Inclement,  in-klem'ent>  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  clement.]  Not  clement;  unmerciful, 
severe,  or  harsh;  tempestuous,  rough, 
stormy,  boisterous,  or  otherwise  hojrd  to 
bear  (weather).— Inclemency,  in-klem'en- 
si,  n.  The  condition  or  quality  of  being 
inclement.  —  Inclemently,  in-klem'ent-li, 
adv.    In  an  inclement  manner. 

Incline,  in-klin',  v.i. — inclined,  inclining. 
[L.  inclino,  to  incline — in,  in,  on,  and 
elino,  6r..  klinO,  to  bend.  Decline.]  To 
deviate  from  a  direction  which  is  regarded 
as  normal ;  to  bend,  lesin,  tend ;  to  tend, 
as  towards  an  opimon,  course  of  action, 
&c.—v.t.  To  cause  to  deviate  from  a  Une, 
position,  or  direction;  to  give  a  leaning 
to;  to  direct;  to  give  a  tendency  or  pro- 
pensity to;  to  dispose;  to  bend,  stoop,  or 
bow  (the  body,  the  head).— «.  An  ascent 
or  descent,  as  in  a  road  or  railway;  a 


slope.- Inclinable,  in-kll'na-bl,  a.  [L.  in- 
ciinahilis,  from  vnelino.]  Tending;  in- 
clined ;  somewhat  disposed.  —  Inclisalilo- 
ness,  in-kli'na-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing inclinable.  —  Inclination,  in-kU-na- 
ehon,  Jt.  [h.inclinatio,inclinationi».]  .The 
act  of  Inclining,  leaning,  or  bending;  de- 
viation from  a  direction  regarded  as  the 
normal  one;  geom.  the  approach  or  lean- 
ing of  two  lines  or  planes  towards  each 
other,  so  as  to  make  an  angle  at  the  point 
where  they  meet,  or  where  their  lines  of 
direction  meet;  a  disposition  more  favour- 
able to  one  thing  or  person  than  to  an- 
other; leaning;  'feeling  in  favour;  propen- 
sity.— Inclination  of  an  orbit,  asfrvn.  the 
angle  which  the  plane  of  an  orbit  makes 

with  the  ecliptic Inclinatory,  in-kli'ra- 

to-ri,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  incUning. 
—Inclined,  in-lmnd',  p.  and  a.  Having  a 
leaning  or  tendency;  disposed.— Inclined 
plane,  a  plane  inclined  to  the  horizon,  or 
forming  with  a  horizontal  plane  any 
angle  whatever  excepting  a  right  angle: 
it  is  one  of  the  mechanical  powers. 

Inclose,  in-kloz',  v.t — inclosed,  inclosing. 
[Prefix  in,  in,  and  close.]  To  sun^iijia, 
shut  in,  or  confine  on  all  sides;  to  shut  up; 
to  environ  or  encompass;  to  separate  from 
common  grounds  by  a  fence  (to  inclose 
lands);  to  cover  with  a  case,  wrapper,  or 
envelope.  —  Incloser,  in-klo'zerj^  n.  One 
who  incloses. — Inclosure,  in-klo'zhor,  n. 
The  act  of  inclosing ;  what  is  inclosed ;  a 
space  inclosed  or  fenced;  something  in- 
closed along  with  a  letter  or  the  like. 

Include,  in-Bad',  v.t.—uicluded,  including. 
[L.  includo-^n,  in,  and  claudo,  to  shut  up, 
as  in  conclude,  exclude,  &c.  Close.]  To 
confine,  hold,  or  contain;  to  comprise;  to 
comprehend;  to  embrace  or  involve.— /n- 
elvded  stylCf  included  stamens,  hot.  a  style 
or  stamens  which  do  not  project  beyond 
the  mouth  of  the  corolla.— Includible,  in- 
klQ'di-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  included.— 
Inclusion,  in-klu'zhon,  n.  [L.  inclusio.] 
The  act  of  including.  —Inclusive,  in-klu'- 
siv,  a.  [Fr.  inchx^,  from  L.  includo.] 
Inclosing;  encircling;  comprehended  in 
the  numoer  or  sum;  comprehending  the 
stated  limit  or  extremes.  —  Inclusively, 
in-kla'siv-U,  adv.  In  an  inclusive  man- 
ner. 

Incogitable,  In-koj'i-ta-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  eogiiahle.  Cogitate.]  Not  cogi- 
table; incapable  of  being  made  the  ob- 
ject of  thought.— Incogiiability,  in-koj'i- 
ta-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  quahty  of  being  incogi- 
table.—Inco^tance,  Inco^tancy,  in-koj'i- 
tans,  in-koj'i-tan-si,  n.  [L.  incogitantia.] 
Want  of  thought  or  the  power  of  think- 
ing. —  Incogitant,  in-koj'i-tant,  a.  Not 
thmking;  thoughtless.— Incogitantly,  in- 
koj'i-tant-li,  adv.  In  an  incogitant  man- 
ner.—Incogitative,  in-koj'i-ta-tiv,  a.  Not 
cogitative;  wanting  the  power  of  thought. 

Incognisable,  a.    Incognizable. 

Incognito,  in-kog'ni-to,  a.  or  adv.  [It.  Sp. 
and  Fr.,  from  L.  incognitv.s,  unknown — 
in,  not,  and  cognitus,  known.  Cognition.] 
In  disguise ;  in  an  assumed  character  and 
under  an  assumed  name.  —  n.,  the  fem. 
being  Incognita,  in-kog'ni-ta.  One  un- 
known, or  in  disguise,  or  passing  under  an 
assumed  name;  assumption  of  a  disguised 
or  feigned  character. 

Incognizable,  Incognisable,  in-kog'ni-za- 
bl  or  in-kon'i-za-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not,  and 
cognizahle.]  Not  cognizable;  incapable  of 
being  recognized,  known,or  distinguished. 
-^Incognlzance,  Incognisanco,  in-kog'ni- 
zans  or  in-kon'i-zans,  n.  Failure  to  recog- 
nize, know,  or  apprehend. — Incognizant, 
Incognisani,  in-kog'ni-zant  or  in-kon'i- 
zant,  a.  Not  cognizant;  unacquainted  with. 
— Incognosci'bie,in-kog-nos'i-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,.and  cognoscible.]  Not  cognoscible; 
incapable  of  being  comprehended,  known, 
or  distinguished.  —  Incognoscibility,  in- 
kog-nos'i-bil"i-ti,  «.  The  state  of  being 
incognoscible. 

Incoherent,  in-ko-h6'rent,  a.  [Prefix  tn, 
not,  and  coherent.]  Not  coherent;  not  co- 
hering or  attached  together;  unconnected 
(incoherent  particles);  wanting  coherence 
or  rational  connection  (ideas,  language, 
&c.);  rambling  and  unintelligible. — Inco- 
jierence,  Incoherency,  in-ko-h&'rens,  in- 


'i'ate,  far,  fat,  f^;     m€,met,b£r;.    pine,  pin;     nSte,  not,  mSTe;     ttlbe,tub,b\iU;     oil,  pound;     a,  So.  atnme— the  Fr.  «, . 


INCOMBUSTIBLE 


349 


INCONSUMMATE 


ko-he'ren-si,  n.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
coherent. —Incoherently,  in-ko-h€'reiit-li, 
adv.    In  an  incoherent  manner. 

Incombustible,  in-kom-bus'ti-bl,  a.  [Pre- 
fix in,  not,  and  covibustible.]  Not  combus- 
tible; incapable  of  being  burned  or  con- 
sumed by  fire.— Incombustibility,  Incom- 
bustibleness,  in-kom-bus'ti-bil"i-ti,  in- 
kom-bus'ti-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
incombustible.  —  Incombustibly,  in-kom- 
bus'ti-bli,  adv.  So  as  to  resist  combus- 
tion. 

Income,  inOium,  n.  [From  in  and  come, 
lit.  that  which  comes  in;  comp.  outcome.] 
Receipts  or  emoluments  regularly  accru- 
ing from  property  or  oflice;  the  annual  re- 
ceipts derived  from  labour,  trading,  or 
otherwise,  by  a  person  or  body  of  persons; 
revenue.  —  Income-tax,  n.  A  tax  levied 
on  incomes  according  to  their  amount. — 
Incomer,  in'kum-er,  n.  One  ,who  comes 
in;  a  stranger,  not  a  native.  —Incoming, 
in'kum-ing,  a.  Coming  in,  as  an  occupant 
(an  incoming  tenant). — n.  The  act  of  com- 
ing in. 

Incommensurable,  in-kom-men'sQ-ra-bl,  a. 
[Prefix  in,  not,  and  commensurable.]  Not 
commensurable;  having  no  common  mea- 
sure.—^'. One  of  two  or  more  quijntities 
which  have  no  common  measure.  Incom- 
mensurability, Incommensurableness,  in- 
kom-men' su-ra-bil " i-ti,  iu-kim-men ' sfl- 
ra-bl-nes,  n.— Incommensurably,  in-kom- 
mea'su-ra-bli,  adv.  -.Incommensurate, 
in-konj-men'su-rat,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  comm^maurate.]  Not  commensurate; 
incommensurable;  not  adequate  or  of  suf- 
ficient amount.  —  Incommensurately,  in- 
kora-men'sn-rat-li,  adv.  Not  in  due  mea- 
sure or  proportion;  inadequately. 

Incommode,  in-kom-mod',  v.t.—incommo- 
(ltd,  incommoding.  [Fr.  incommoder,  from 
l/.TOComniodo,to  be  troublesome  to — in.not, 
commodws,  convenient.  Commodious.]  To 
give  inconvenience  to;  to  inconvenience; 
to  put  about;  to  trouble.— Incommodious, 
it-kom-mo'di-us,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not,  ana 
c'^nimadious.l  Not  commodious;  incon- 
venient; tending  to  incommode.— Incom- 
modiously, in-kom-mo'di-us-li,  adv.  In 
an  nicommodious  manner.  — Incommodi- 
ousness,  in-kom-mo'di-us-nes,  n. 

lucr.mmunlcable,  in-kom-mu'ni-ka-bl,  a. 
[Prefix  in,  not,  and  comm.unipable.']  Not 
communicable;  incapable  of  being  com- 
ra'.Miicated,  told,  or  imparted  to  others. — 
lacommumcability.IncomTnunicableness, 
in-kom-mO. ' ni-ka-bil "i-ti,  in-kom-mu ' ni- 
ka-bl-nes,  n.  — Incommunicably,  in-kom- 
mfi'ni-ka-bli,  adv. — Incommunicative,  in- 
kom^mu'ni-ka-tiv,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not,  and 
communicative.]  Not  communicative;  not 
inclined  to  impart  information  to  others; 
not  disposed  to  hold  communion  or  inter- 
course.—Incommunicatively,jn-kom-ma'- 
ni-ka-tiv-li,  adv.  —  Incommunicativeness, 
in-kom-raa'ni-ka-tiv-nes,  n. 

Incommutable,  in-kom-mu'ta-bl,  o.  [Pre- 
fix 171,  not,  and  commiitable.]  Not  com- 
mutable;  incapable  of  being  exchanged. 
—  Incommutability,  Incommutableness, 
in-kom-mtt '  ta-bil "  i-ti,  in-kom-mu '  ta-bl- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  incommut- 
able. 

Incomparable,  in-kom'pa-ra-bl,  a.  [Pre- 
fix in,  not,  and  comparable.]  Not  com- 
parable; admitting  of  no  comparison  with 
othors;  without  a  match,  rival,  or  peer; 
unequalled;  transcendent.  —  Incompar- 
ableness,  in-kom'pa-ra-bl-nes,  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  incomparable.  —Incompara- 
bly, in-kora'pa-ra-bli,  adv.  In  an  incom- 
parable manner:  beyond  comparison  or 
compare;  in  the  highest  degree. 

Incompatible,  in-kom-pat'i-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  compatible.]  Not  compatible; 
incaimble  of  subsisting;  being  possessed, 
or  being  made  to  accord  with  something 
else;  incapable  of  harmonizing  (feelings 
or  tempers  incompatible  with  each  other). 
— n.  A  thing  that  is  incompatible. —In- 
compatibility, Incompatibleness,  in-kom- 
pat'i-biri-ti,  in-kom-pat'i-bl-nes,  n.  The 
quality  or  condition  of  being  incompatible. 
—Incompatibly,  in-kom-pat'i-bli,  adv. 

Incompetent,  in-kom'p6-tent,  u.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  competent.]  Not  competent; 
v-nrting  adequate  strength,  power,  capa- 


city, means,  qualifications,  &c. ;  unable; 
incapable;  inadequate;  wanting  necessary 
legal  or  constitutional  qualifications  (an 
incompetent  witness  in  a  court);  not  per- 
missible or  admissible  (an  incompetent  de- 
fence).—Incompetence,  Incompetency,  in- 
korn'pe-tens,  in-kora'pe-ten-si,  n.  The  con- 
dition or  quality  of  being  incompetent. — 
Incompetently,  in-kom'pe-tent-li,  adv.  In 
an  incompetent  manner. 

Incomplete,  in-kom-plet',  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  com,plete.]  Not  complete;  not 
finished;  imperfect;  defective.  —  Incom- 
pletely, in-kom-plet'li,  adv.  In  an  incom- 
plete manner.  —  Incompleteness,  Incom- 
pletion,  in-kom-pl5t'nes,  in-kom-ple'shon, 
n.    The  state  of  being  incomplete. 

Inoompliant,  in-kom-pli'ant,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  compliant.]  Not  compliant;  not 
disposed  to  comply.  —  Incompliance,  in- 
kom-pli'ans,  n.  The  quality  of  bsing  in- 
compliant.  —  Incompllantly,  in-kom-pli'- 
ant-li,  adv.    In  an  iucompliant  manner. 

Incomposite,  in-kom'po-zit,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  composite.]  Not  composite;  un- 
compounded;  simple. 

Incomprehensible,  in-kom'pr5-hen"6i-bl,  a. 
[Prefix  in,  not,  and  comprehemrible.]  Not 
comprehensible;  incapable  of  being  com- 
prehended or  uuderstood;beyond  the  reach 
of  human  intellect ;  inconceivable.  —  In- 
comprehensibility .Incomjjrehensibleness, 
in-kom  'prO-hen '  si-bil"i-ti,  in-kom '  pre- 
hen"si-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
comprehensible. —  Incomprehensibly,  in- 
kom'pre-hen"si-bli,  adv.  In  an  incom- 
prehensible manner.  —  Incomprehension, 
m-kom '  pr5-hen  "  shon,  n.    Want  of  com- 

grehehsion  or  understanding.— Incompre- 
ensive,  in-kom'pr5-hen"8iv,_a.  Not  com- 
prehensive; not  extensive;  limited.  —  la- 
comprehensively ,  in-kom '  prS-hen  "  siv-li, 
adv.  —  Incomprehensiveness,  in-kom'pre- 
hen"siv-nes,  n. 

Incompressible,  in-kom-pres'i-bl,  a.  [Pre- 
fix in,  not,  and  compressible.)  Not  com- 
pressible; resisting  compression.— Incom- 
pressibUity,  Incompressibloness,  in-kom- 
pres'i-bil"i-ti,  in-kom-pros'i-bl-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  incompressible. 

Incomputable,  in-kom-pu'ta-bl,  o.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  computable.]  Not  computable; 
incapable  of  being  computed  or  reckoned. 

Inconcealable,  in-kon-sel'a-bl,  o.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  concealable.]  Not  concealable; 
not  to  be  hid  or  kept  secret. 

Inconceivable,  in-kon-se'va-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  conceivable.]  Not  conceivable; 
incapable  of  being  conceived  or  thought 
of ;  incomprehensible.—  Inconceivability, 
Inconceivablenegs,in-kon-s5'va-bil"i-ti,in- 
kon-sc'va-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
inconceivable.  —  Inconceivably,  in-kon- 
B5'va-bli,  adv.  In  an  inconceivable  man- 
ner; beyond  conception. 

Inconclusive,  in-kon-klu'siv,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  conclusive.]  Not  conclusive;  not 
producing  a  conclusion:  not  settling  a 
point  in  debate  or  a  doubtful  question.— 
Inconclusively,  in-kon-kla'siv-li,  adv.  In 
an  inconclusive  manner.  —  Inconclusive- 
ness,  iu-kon-klu'siv-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  inconclusive. 

Incondensable,  in-kon-den'sa-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  condensable]  Not  condensable; 
incapable  of  being  condensed,  or  made 
more  dense.  —  Incondensability,  in-kon- 
den'sa-bil"i-ti,  r».  The  quality  of  being  not 
condensable. 

Incondite,  in-kon'dit,  a.  [L.  inconditus, 
confused,  rude— in,  not,  and  conditus,  pp. 
of  condo,  to  put  together,  to  join.]  Rude; 
unpolished;  said  of  literary  compositions. 

Inconformable,  in-kon-for'ma-bl,  a.  [Pre- 
fix in,  not,  and  conformable.]  Not  confor- 
mable; unconformable. 

Incongealable,  in-koii-jel'a-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  congealable.]  Not  congealable; 
incapable  of  being  frozen. — lucongealable- 
ness,  in-kon-j5l'a-bl-nes,  n. 

Incongenial,  in-kon-je'ni-al,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  congenial.]  Not  congenial;  not  of 
a  like  nature;  unsuitable;  uncongenial. 

Incongruous,  Incongruent,  in-kong'gru-us, 
in-kong'grii-ent,  a.  [L.  incongruus  —  in, 
not,  and  congruuSj  congruous.]  Not  con- 
gruous; not  of  a  kind  or  character  to  m'in- 
gle  well  together;  not  such  as  to  make  a 


harmonious  whole;  not  suiting  each  other; 
inharmonious;  inconsistent  (incongrTwua 

£arts,  elements,  mixtures). — Incongruity, 
icongruence,  in-kon-gru'i-ti,  in-kong'- 
gru-ens,  n.  The  quality  of  being  incon- 
gruous; that  which  is  incongruent;  some- 
thing exhibiting  a  want  of  congruity. — 
Incongruously,  in-kong'gru-us-li,  adv.  In 
an  incongruous  manner.  —  Incongruous- 
aess,  in-kon^gru-us-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  incongruous. 

Inconsequent,  in-kon'se-kwent,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  consequent;  li.  inconsequ^ns.] 
Not  follov/ing  from  the  premises;  not  in. 
accordance  with  logical  method;  incon- 
clusive.— Inconsequence,  in-kon'se-kwens, 
n.  [L.  inconseqitentia.]  The  condition  or 
quality  of  being  Inconsequent;  want  of 
logical  sequence.  —  Inconsequential,  in- 
kon's5-kwen"shal,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not,  and 
consequential.]  Not  consequential;  incon- 
sequent; not  of  consequence  or  importance; 
of  little  moment.— Inconsequentiality,  in- 
kon's5-kwen'shi-al"i-ti,  n.  State  of  being 
inconsequential.  —Inconsequentially,  in- 
kon's5-kwen"Bhal-li,  adv.  In  an  incon- 
sequential manner.  —  Inconsequentness, 
in-kon'se-kwent-nes,  w. 

Inconsiderable,  in-kon-sid'6r-a-bl,  a.  [Pre- 
fix in,  not,  and  considerable.]  Not  worthy 
of  consideration  or  notice ;  unimportant ; 
small;  trivial;  insignificant.— Inconsider- 
ableness,  in-kon-sid'fir-a-bl-nes,  n.— Incon- 
siderably, in-kon-sid'^r-a-bli,  adv.  In  an 
inconsiderable  manner  or  degree. 

Inconsiderate,  in-kon-sid'er-at,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  considerate;  L.  inconsideratits.] 
Not  considerate;  not  acting  with  due  con- 
sideration; hasty;  imprudent;  thought- 
less; heedless.  —  Inconsiderately,  in-kon- 
sid'er-5t-li,a(Zi'.  In  an  inconsiderate  man- 
ner. — Inconsiderateness,  in-kon-sid'er-at- 
nes,  n.  The  condition  or  quality  of  being 
inconsiderate.  —  Inconsideration,  in-kon- 
sid'6r-a"8hon,  m.  Want  of  due  considera- 
tion. 

Inconsistent,  in-kon-sis'tent,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  consistent.]  Not  consistent;  ir- 
reconcilable in  conception  or  in  fact;  con- 
trary; contradictory;  incompatible;  incon- 
gruous; not  exhibiting  uniformity  of  sen- 
timent or  conduct,  steadiness  to  principle, 
or  the  like.  —  Inconsistently,  in-kon-sis'- 
tent-li,  adv.  In  an  inconsistent  manner. — 
Inconsistency,  Inconsistence,  in-kon-sis'- 
ten-si,  in-kon-sis'tens,  n.  The  condition  or 
quality  of  being  inconsistent;  opposition 
or  disagreement  of  particulars;  self-con- 
tradiction; incongruity  in  action  or  con- 
duct. 

Inconsolable,  in-kon-spl'a-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  consolable.]  Incapable  of  be- 
ing consoled;  grieved  beyond  consolation. 
— uiconsolableness,  in-kon-sol'a-bl-nes,  n. 
State  of  being  inconsolable.  —  Inconsola- 
J)ly,  in-kon-sol'a-bli,  adv.  So  as  to  be  in- 
consolable. 

Inconsonant,  in-kon'so-nant,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  consonant.]  Not  consonant  or 
agreeing;  inconsistentj  discordant.  —  In- 
consona&tly,  in-kon'so-nant-li,  adv.  In 
an  inconsonant  manner. —  Inconsonance, 
Inconsonancy,  in-kon'so-nans,  in-kon'so- 
nan-si,  n.  Want  of  harmony;  discord- 
ance. 

Inconspicuous,  in-kon-spik'a-us,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  conspicuous.]  Not  conspicuous 
or  readily  noticed;  not  to  be  easilj'  per- 
ceived. —  Inconspicuously,  in-kon-spik'u- 
us-Ii,  adv.  In  an  inconspicuous  manner. — 
Inconspicuousness,  in-kon-spik'-a-us-nes, 
n.    AVant  of  conspicuousness. 

Inconstant,  in-kon'stant,  a.  [Prefix in,  not, 
and  constant;  L.  inconstans,  Vr.inconstant.] 
Not  constant;  subject  to  changeof  opinion, 
inclination,  or  purpose;  not  firm  in  resolu- 
tion; unsteady;  fickle;  capricious:  said  of 
persons;  mutable,  changeable,  or  variable: 
said  of  things.— n.  A  thing  which  is  not 
constant;  a  variable.  —  Inconstantly,  in- 
kon'stant-li,  adv.  In  an  inconstant  man- 
ner. —  Inconstancy,  in-kon'stan-si,  n.  [L. 
ijiconstanfia.]  The  quality  of  being  incon- 
stant. 

Inconsumable,  in-kon-sa'ma-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  consumable.]  Not  consumable; 
incapable  of  being  consumed. 

Inconsummate,  in-kon-sum'at,  a.    [Prefix ' 


ch,  cftain;     cA,  Sc.  loch;     g,  go;     j,  ;ob;     »,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  Bing,     ?h,  tAen;  th,  thiui    w,  wig;     wh,  whig;     zh,  a^ure. 


INCONTESTABLE 


350 


INCUNABULUM 


in,  not,  and  ccnsummale.']  Not  consum-. 
mate;  not  finished;  not  coinplete.— Incon- 
sommateness,  in-kon-sum'at-nes,  n. 

Incontestable,  in-kon-tes'ta-bl,  a.  .[Prefix 
in,  not,  and  contestable.]  Not  contestable; 
not  to  be  disputed;  too  clear  to  be  con- 
troverted; incontrovertible. — Incontesta- 
bility, Incontestableness,  in-kon-tes '  ta- 
bil"i-ti,  in-kon-tes'ta-bl-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  incontestable. — Incon- 
testably,  in-kon-tes'ta-bli,  adv.  In  an  in- 
contestable manner;  iiicontrovertibly;  in- 
dubitably. 

Incontinent,  in-kon'ti-nent,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  continent;  L.  incontinens;  Fr.  in- 
continent,incontinent,  and  (as  adv.)  forth- 
with, immediately.]  Not  continent;  not 
restraining  the  passions  or  appetites,  par- 
ticularly the  sexual  appetite;  unchaste; 
lewd;  ined.  unable  to  restrain  natural  dis- 
charges or  evacuations.  —  Incontinence, 
Incontinency,  in-kon'ti-nens,  in-kon'ti- 
nen-si,  n.  (L.  incontinentia,  Fr.  inconti- 
nence.] The  condition  or  qu^ity  of  being 
incontinent.  —  Incontinently,  in-kon'ti- 
neut-li,  adv.  In  an  incontin^t  manner; 
immediately;  instantly;  forthwith;  at 
once. 

Incontrovertible,  in-kon'tro-ver"ti-bl,  a. 
[Prefix  in,  not,  and  controvertible.]  Not 
controvertible ;  too  clear  or  certain  to  ad- 
mit of  dispute  or  controvers/. — Incontro- 
vertiblllty,  Incontrovertibleness,  in-kon'- 
tri}-v6r'ti-bil"i-ti,  in-kon'tr0-v6r"ti-bl-ne8, 
n.  State  of  being  incontrovertible.  —  In- 
controvertibly,  in-kon'tro-ver"ti-bli,  adv. 
In  an  incontrovertible  manner;  incontes- 
tably. 

Inconvenient,  in-kon-v5'ni-ent,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  convenient.]  Not  convenient; 
incommodious;  giving  some  trouble;  want- 
ing due  facilities;  causing  embarrassment; 
inopportune. — Inconveniently,  in-kon-ve'- 
ni-ent-li,  adu.  In  an  inconvenient  man- 
ner. —  Inconvenience,  Inconveniency,  in- 
kon-ve'ni-ens,  in-kon-ve'ni-en-si,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  inconvenient;  something 
that  incommodes  or  gives  trouble  or  un- 
easiness. —  Inconvenience,in-kon-ve'ni-ens, 
v.t. — inconvenienced,  inconveniencing.  To 
put  to  inconvenience;  to  incommode. 

Inconversant,  in-kon'vfer-sant,  a.  [Prefix 
in.  not,  and  conversant.]  Not  conversant; 
not  familiar;  not  versed. 

Inconvertible,  in-kon-vfer'ti-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  convertible.]  Not  convertible; 
incapable  of  being  converted  into  or  ex- 
changed for  something  else. — Inconverti- 
bility, Inconvertibleness,  in-kon-v^r'ti- 
bil"i-ti,  in-kon-vfer'ti-bl-nes,  to.  The  quality 
of  being  inconvertible.— Inconvertibly,  in- 
kon-v^r'ti-bli,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  con- 
vertible. 

laconvlncible,  in-kon-vin'si-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  convincible.]  Incapable  of  be- 
ing con\'inced. 

Incorporate,  in-kor'po-rafc,  v.t.  —  incorp<h 
rated,  incorporating.  [L.  incorporo,  incor- 
poratum — in,  into,  and  corpus,  corporis,  a 
body.]  To  form  into  one  body;  to  combine 
or  mix  into  one  mass;  to  unite  with  another 
body  or  substance;  to  combine  or  unite 
intimately  (to  incorporate  things  together 
or  one  thing  with  another);  to  embody  or 
give  material  form  to;  to  form  into  a  cor- 
poration or  body  of  individuals  that  can 
act  as  one.  —  i;.i.,To  unite  so  as  to  form 
B  part  of  another  body;  to  be  mixed  or 
blended;  to  grow  into:  usually  followed 
by  ivith. — a.  Incorporated;  united  in  one 
body.  —  Incorporated,  in-kor'po-ra-ted,  p. 
and  a.  Mixed  or  united  in  one  body;  as- 
sociated so  as  to  form  a  corporation;  united 
in  a  legal  body.— Incorporation,  in-kor'po- 
ra"shon,  n.  The  act  of  incorporating  or 
state  of  being  incorporated ;  that  which 
is  incorporated;  a  society  or  body  formed 
by  the  union  of  individuals  and  authorized 
by  law  to  act  as  a  single  person.  —  Incor- 
porative,  in-kor  po-ra-tiv,  o.  Tending  to 
incorporate;  incorporating;  philol.  tend- 
ing to  combine  many  elements  into  one 
long  word. 

Zncorporeal,  in-kor-po'rS-al,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  corporeal.]  Not  corporeal;  not 
consisting  of  matter;  not  having  a  mate- 
rial body;  immaterial;  intangible.— Incor- 
porealinn,  in-kor-po're-al-izm,  n.  The  con- 


dition of  being  incorporeal.  —  Incorpore- 
ally,  in-kor-po're-al-li,  adv.  In  an  incor- 
poreal manner;  immaterially. — Inconwre- 
ality,  Incorporeity,  in-kor-po're-al"i-ti, 
in-kor'po-re"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
incorporeal. 

Incorrect,  in-ko-rekt',  o.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  correct.]  Not  correct;  not  exact;  in- 
exact; erroneous;  faulty;  not  according  to 
fact.— Incorrectly,  in-ko-rekt'h,  adv.  In 
an  incorrect  manner.  —  Incoi^ectness,  in- 
ko-rekt'nes,  n. 

Incorrigible,  in-kor'i-ji-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  corrigible.]  '  Incapable  of  being 
corrected  or  amended;  bad  beyond  correc- 
tion or  reform. — to.  One  who  is  bad  beyond 
correction  or  reform.— Incorrigibility,  In- 
corrigibleness,  in-kor'i-ji-bil"i-ti,  in-kor'i- 
ji-bl-nes,  n.  The  condition  or  quality  of 
being  incorrigible. — Incorrigibly,  in-kor'i- 
ji-bli,  adv.  In  an  incorrigible  manner. 
Incorrodible,  in-ko-rO'di-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  corrodiLle.]  Incapable  of  being 
jcorroded. 

Incorrupt,  Incormpted,  in-ko-rupt',  in-ko- 
rup'ted,  o.  (Prefix  in,  not,  and  corrupt; 
L.  incorruptus.^  Not  corrupt  or  corrupted; 
not  suffering  from  corruption  or  decay ; 
not  depraved;  pure;  untainted;  above  the 
influence  of  corruption  or  bribery. — Inccr- 
mptibility,  Incorruptibleness,  in-ko-rup'- 
ti-bil"i-ti,  in-ko-rup'ti-bl-nes,  p.  "The  con- 
dition of  being  incorruptible.— Incorrup- 
tible, in-ko-rup'ti-bl,  a.  Incapable  of  cor- 
ruption, decay,  or  dissolution;  incapable 
of  being  corrupted  or  bribed;  inflexibly 
upright.— Incorruptibly,  in-korrup'ti-bli, 
adv.  In  an  incorruptible  manner.— Incor- 
raption,  in-ko-rup'shon,  to.  Absence  of  or 
exemption  from  corruption  or  decay. — In- 
corruptly,  in-ko-rupt'li,  adv:  In  an  in- 
corrupt manner;  without  corruption.— In- 
cormptness,  in-ko-rupt'nes,  n.  The  con- 
dition or  quality  of  being  incorrupt;  pro- 
bity; integrity. 

Incrassate,  in-kras'at,  v.t. — inerassated,  iu- 
erassating.  [L.  incrasso,  incrassatum—in, 
intens.,  and  crassus,  thick,  crass.]  To 
make  thick  or  thicker;  to  make  less  fiuid; 
to  inspissate;  to  thicken.  —  Incrassation, 
"in-kras-a'shon,  to.  The  act  of  thickening; 
inspissation.— Incrassative,  in-kras  a-tiv, 
a.  Having  the  quality  of  thickening. — 
TO.  That  which  has  the  power  to  thicken. 
Increase,  in-kres',  v.i. — increased,  increas- 
ing, [ftrefix  in  or  en,  and  O.Fr.  ereser,  L. 
erescere,  to  grow,  allied  to  creare,  to  create 
—similarly  decrease.]  To  become  greater; 
to  grow;  to  augment;  to  advance;  to  mul- 
•tiply  by  the  production  of  young;  astron. 
to  snow  a  gradually  enlarging  luminous 
surface ;  to  wax  (the  moon  increases). — 
v.t.  To  make  greater  or  larger;  to  augment 
in  bulk,  quantity,  amount,  or  degree ;  to 
add  to.— TO.  (inTcrgs).  Augmentation;  a 
growing  greater  or  larger;  enlargement; 
extension;  the  amount  by  which  anything 
is  augmented;  increment:  interest  of 
money;  produce;  issue  or  offspring  (O.T.); 
astron.  the  period  of  waxing,  as  of  the 
moon.  —  Increasable,  in-kres'a-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  increased.  —  Increasable- 
ness,  in-kres'a-bl-nes,  to.  The  quality  of 
bein^  increasable.  — Increaser,  in-kres'fr, 
TO.  One  who  or  that  which  increases. — 
Increasingly,  in-kres'ing-li,  adv.  In  the 
way  of  increase ;  by  continual  increase. 
Incredible,  in-kred'i-bl,  a.  (Prefix  tto,  not, 
and  credible.]  Not  credible;  impossible 
to  be  believed;  too  extraordinary  and  im- 
probable to  admit  of  belief.  —  uicredibil- 
ity,  in-kred'i-bil"i-ti,  to.  The  quality  of 
being  incredible;  that  which  is  incredible. 
— Incredibleness,  in-kred'i-bl-nes,  to.  The 
quality  of  being  incredible.— Incredibly, 
in-kred'i-bli,  adv.  In  an  incredible  man- 
ner. 

Incredulous,  in-kred'Q-lus,  o.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  credulous.]  Not  credulous;  nob. 
given  to  believe  readily;  refusing  or  with-" 
holding  belief;  sceptical.  —  Incredulity, 
Jjicredulousneas,  in-kre-duli-ti,  in-kred'- 
Q-lus-nes,  n.  The  qualitv  of  being  in- 
credulous. —  IncredniouBly,  in-kred'Q-lus- 
li,  adv.  In  an  incredulous  manner. 
Incremate,  inlcre-mfit,  v.t.  To  cremate.— 
Incremation,  in-kr^-m&'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  incremating;  cremation. 


Increment,  in'kre-ment,  n.  tli.  ineremen- 
tum,  from  incresco,  to  increase.  Increase.] 
Act  or  process  of  increasing;  augmenta- 
tion or  growth;  something  added;  .in- 
crease; inach.  the  increase  of  a  quantity 
from  its  present  value  to  its  next  ascend- 
ing value;  rhet.  an  amplification  without 
necessarily  involving  a  true  climax. 

Increscent,  in-kres 'ent,  a.  IL.  increscens, 
iiicrescentis,  ppr.  of  incresco,  to  increase.) 
Increasing;  growing;  augmenting;  swell- 
ing. 

Incriminate,  in-krim'i-nat,  v.t— incrimi- 
nated, incrimiyiating.  (L.L.  incrimino,  in- 
criminatum — L.  ito,  and  CTnmino,  to  accuse 
one  of  a  crime,  from  crimen,  crf>ninis,  a 
charge.]  To  charge  with  a  crime  or  fault; 
to  accuse;  to  criminate.  —  Incriminatory, 
iri-krim'i-na-to-ri,  a.  Accusatorj-;  tending 
to  criminate. 

Incrust,  in-krust',  v.t.  fL.  incrusio — ito,  in, 
on,  and  crusta,  crust.]  To  cover  with  a 
crust  or  with  a  hard  coat;  to  form  a  crust 
on  the  surface  of  .—Incrustation,  in-Tcrus- 
ta'shon,  n.  The  act  of  incrusting;  a  crust 
or  hard  coating  on  the  surface  of  a  body; 
a  covering  or  inlaying. 

Incrystallizable,  in-kris'ta-liz-a-bl,  a.  [Pre- 
fix in,  not,  and  crystaUizable.]  Not  crys- 
tallizable;  uncryslallizable. 

Incubate,  inTtu-bat,  v.i.  [L.  ineulo,  incu- 
hatum,  to  lie  in  or  upon — prefix  in,  in,  on, 
and  cubo,  to  lie,  seen  also  in  incubus,  in- 
cumhent,,  covey.]  To  sit  on  eggs  for  hatch- 
ing.—Incubation,  in-ku-ba'shon,  to.  The 
act  of  sitting  on  eggs  for  the  purpose  of 
hatching  young;  pathol.  the  maturation 
of  a  contagious  poison  in  the  animal  sys- 
tem.—Incubative,  in'ku-ba-tiv,  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  incubation.- Incubator,  in'- 
KU-ba-t*r,  TO.  One  who  or  that  which  in- 
cubates; an  apparatus  for  hatching  eggs 
by  artificial  heat.— Incubatory,  in-kQ'ba- 
to-ri,  a.  Serving  for  incubation. 
I  IncubUB,  inTcu-bus,  to.  pi.  Incubuses,  In- 
cubi,  in'ka-bus-ez,  inTtu-bi.  [L.,  from  in- 
cubo,  to  lie  on.  Inxubate.]  Nightmare; 
an  imaginary  being  or  demon, .formerly 
supposed  to  be  the  cause  of  nightmare; 
henc-,  something  that  weighs  heavily  on 
the  mind  or  feelings ;  an  incumbrance  of 
any  kind;  a  dead  weight. 

Inculcate,  in-kulliat,  v.t—incidcated,  ito- 
eulcating.  [L.  inculco,  incidcatuin — in,  in, 
and  calco,  to  tread;  akin  calx,  the  heel.] 

'  To  impress  by  frequent  admonitions;  to 
teach  and  enforce  by  frequent  repetitions; 
to  urge  on  the  mind. — Inculcation,  in-kul- 
ka'shon,  to.  The  act  of  inculcating.  —  In- 
culcator,  in-kul'ka-tfer,  n.  One  who  incul- 
cates. 

Inculpable,  in-kul'pa-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  culpable.]  Not  culpable;  not  to  be 
accused;  blameless.  —  Inculpableness,  in- 
kul'pa-bl-nes,  to.    Blamelessness. 

Incuq>ate,  in-kul'pat,  v.t.— inculpated,  in- 
culpating. (L.L.  inculpo,  inculpatum—h. 
in,  into,  and  culpa,  a  fault;  akin  culpable, 
culprit.]  To  show  to  be  in  fault;  to  accuse 
of  crime;  to  impute  guilt  to;  to  incrimi- 
nate: opposed  to  exculpate. — Inculpation, 
in-kul-pa'shon,  to.  The  act  of  inculpating. 
—Inculpatory,  in-kul'pa-to-ri,  a.  Tending 
to  inculpate  or  criminate. 

Incult,  tn-kult',  a.  [L.  inciUtus-vre&x  in, 
not,  and  cultus,  pp.  of  colo,  to  cultivate.] 
Uncultivated ;  rude ;  not  polished  or  re- 
fined. 

Incumbent,  in-kumTaent,  a.  [L.  incumbens, 
incumbentis,  ppr.  of  incuiriho,  to  lie — in,  on, 
and  (Tuwiio,  to  lie  down.  Ikcubate.],  Lying 
or  resting  upon;  resting  upon  a  person  as 
a  duty  or  obligation  to  be  performed;  im- 
posed and  calling  for  performance.- to.  A 
person  in  possession  of  an  ecclesiastical 
l5enefice  or  other  office.— Incumbently,  in- 
kum'bent-li,  adv.  In  an  incumbent  man- 
ner.  Incumbency,  in-kum'ben-si,  to.   The 

state  of  being  incumbent;  what  is  incum- 
bent; eccles.  the  state  of  holding  or  being 
in  possession  of  a  benefice. 

Incumber,  in-kmn'bfer,  v.t.  Same  as  En- 
cumber. 

Incunabulum,  in-kti-nab'tl-lum,  n.  pi.  In- 
cunabula, in-kQ-nab'Q-la.  [L.  inetmabvla, 
swaddling  -  clothes,  birthplace,  origin  — 
prefix  tTO,  and  eunabtda,  from  evncr,  a 
cridle.]  A  book  printed  in  the  early  times 


fate,  far,  fat,  fall;     me.  mot,  h«r,     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     Vtlbe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pooad;     0,  Sc.  abide— the  Fr.  «, 


lifCUR 


351 


INDEX 


of  printing;  generally,  a  book  printed  be- 
fore the  year  1500.  ■ 

Xncnr,  in-kir',  v.t.~4ncurred,  incurring.  [L. 
incurro,  to  run  against— iw,  and  curro,  to 
run.  CcTKRMJT.J  To  run  in  danger  of  or 
liability  to;  to  expose  one's  self  to;  to  be- 
come liable  to;  to  become  subject  to  (to 
incur  danger,  inconvenience,  &c.);  to  con- 
tract (to  incur  a  debt).  —  Incurrence,  in- 
kfer'ens,  n.    The  act  of  incurring. 

Incnrabie,  In-kQ'ra-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  curable.}  Not  curable;  beyond  the 
power  of  skill  or  medicine;  not  admitting 
remedy. — n.  A  person  diseased  beyond  the 
reach  of  cure.  —  Incurability,  Incurable^ 
ness,  itl-ku'ra-bir'i-ti,  in-ku'ra-bl-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  incurable. — Incurably, 
in-ku'ra-bli,  adi».  In  an  incurable  manner. 

&icurious,  in-ka'ri-us,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  curious.]  Not  curious  or  Inquisitive; 
destitute  of  curiosity.  —  Incariously,  in- 
ka'ri-ms-U,  adv.  _In  an  inpurious  manner. 
— Incuriosity^  Iscuriousness,  in-ktt'ri-os"- 
i-ti,  in-ka'ri-us-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  incurious. 

Incursion,  in-kftr'shon,  n.  FL.  incursio,  in- 
cursionis,  from  incurro.  Incur.]  An  en- 
tering into  a  territory  with  hostile  inten- 
tion; an  invasion  not  followed  by  con- 
tinued occupation;  an  inroad.— Incursive, 
in-k6r'siv,  a.  Making  an  attack  or  incur- 
sion; aggressive. 

Incnrvate,  Incurve,  in-kfer'vat,  in-k6rv',  v.t. 

—  incurvated,  incxirvating ;  incurved,  in- 
curving, ill.  incurvo,  incurvation— in,  in, 
and  curvo,  to  bend.  Curve.]  To  curve 
inwards;  to  make  curved;  to  bend;  to 
crook.  —  Incnrvate,  a.  Curved  inward  or 
upward.— Incurvation,  in-k6r-v5'shon,  n, 
Tne  act  of  incurvating:  a  bending  or  bend. 

—  Incurvity,  in-k6r'vi-ti,  n.  A  state  of 
being  bent  inwards. 

IncuB,  ing'kus,  n.  [L.,  an  anvil.]  A  bone 
of  the  internal  ear,  so  called  from  its 
shape.      ■ 

Incuse,t  in-kQz',  v.t.  [L.  ineiido,  incuaum, 
to  forge.]  To  impress  by  striking  or 
stamping. 

Indagate,t  in'da-gat,  v.t.  [L..  indago,  inda- 
gatum.]    To  seek  or  search  out. 

Indear,  in-der',  v.t.  Indeannent,  in-d5r'- 
ment,  n.    Same  as  Endear,  Endearment. 

Indebted,  in-det'ed,  a.  [Prefix  in,  in,  and 
debt]  Being  under  a  debt;  having  in- 
curred a  debt;  held  to  payment  or  requital; 
obliged  by  something  received,  for  which 
restitution  or  gratitude  is  due. — Indebted- 
ness, in-det'ed-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
indebted;  the  amount  of  debt  owed. 

Indecent,  in-de'sent,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  decent;  It.  indecens,  unseemly.]  Of- 
■fending  against  decency;  unfit  to  be  seen 
or  heard ;  oiFensive  to  modesty  and  deli- 
cacy; immodest;  unseemly.— Indecently, 
in-de'sent-li,  adAi.  In  an  indecent  manner. 
— ^Indecency,  in-de'sen-si,  n.  '  The  quality 
of  being  indecent;  what  is  indecent  in 
language,  actions,  or  manners ;  grOssness 
in  speech  or  behaviour;  immodesty. 

Indeciduat'e,  in-de-sid'a-at,  a.  [Prefix  in. 
not,  and  deciduate.]  Not  deciduate;  not 
having  a  decidua. 

Indeciduous,  in-ds-sid'a-us,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  deciduous.]  Not  deciduous;  ever- 
green. 

Indecipherable,  in-de-si'f6r-a-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  decipherable.]  Not  decipher- 
able; incapable  of  being  deciphered. 

Indecision,  in-de-sizh'on,  n.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  decision.]  Want  of  decision  or  settled 
purpose;  a  wavering  of  mind;  irresolution. 
— Indecisive,  in-de-si'siv,a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  decisive.]  Not  decisive;  not  bringing 
to  a  final  close  or  ultimate  issue;  not  hav- 
ing come  to  a  decision;  irresolute;  Vacil- 
lating; hesitating.— Indecisively,  in-de-si'- 
siv-li,  adv.  In  an  indecisive  manner. — 
Indecisiveness,  in-dS-si'siv-nes,  n. 

Indeclinable,  in-de-kli'na-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,a,nddeclindble.]  Gram,  not  declinable; 
not  varied  by  terminations.—n.  Gram.  a. 
word  that  is  not  declined. 

Indecomposable,  iD.-de'kom-po"za-bl,  a. 
[Prefix  in,  not,  and  decomposable.]  Not 
decomposable ;  incapable  of  decomposi- 
tion. —  Indecomposableness,  in-de'kom- 
po"za-bl-nes,  n. 

Indecorous,  in-ds-ko'rus,  a.  [Prefix  iw.not. 


and  decorous.]  Not  decorous;  violating 
decorum  or  propriety;  unseemly;  unbe- 
coming. —  Indecorously,  in-d6-ko'rus-li, 
adv.  In  an  indecorous  manner.  —  Inde- 
corousuess,  in-de-ko'rus-nes,  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  indecorous.— Indecorum,  in- 
ds-ko'rum,  n.  Want  of  decorum;  impro- 
priety of  behaviour, ,  _  _.  „  _  ., 
Indeed,  in-dsd',  adv.,  [Prep,  inf  and 'deed.] 
In  reality;  in  truth ;  in  fact :  sotaetimes 
used  as  intimating  a  concession  or  admis-^ 
sion;  sometimes  inter] ectionally,  as  an- 
expression  of  surprise,  or  for  the  purpose' 
of  obtaining  confirmation. 
Indefatigable,  in-de-fat'i-ga-bl,  a.  [L.  tn-, 
defatigabilis,  from  in,  not,  ssaa'defatiga,  to. 
tire  completely— de,  intens.,  and/attfiro,  to^ 
fatigue.]  Incapable' of  being  fatigued; 
not  yielding  to  fatigue ;  unremitting  in 
labour  or  effort;  unwearied;  untiring.-^, 
Iiidefatigably,  in-de-f at'i-ga-bli,  adv.  v  In 
an  indefatigable  manner:  unremittingly; 
sedulously.  —  Indefatigabillty,  Indefati- 
gableness,  in-de-f at'i-ga-bil"i-ti,  in-de-f at'- 
f-g^-bl-nes, ».  The  quality  of  being  inde- 
fatigable, a,  ,-, 
Indefeasible,  in-dc-fs'zi-bl,  d.#  [Prefix  in, 
not,  arid  defeasible.]  Not  defeasible;  not 
to-be  defeated  or  made  void  (right,  claim, 
or  title).— Indefeasibly,  in-ds-f e'zi-bU,  adv. 
In  an  indefeasible  manner.  —  Indefeasi- 
bility,  in-dc-f e'zi-bil'  i-ti,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  indefeasible. 

Indefensible,  in-de-fen'si-bl,  a.  [Prefix  iw, 
not,  and  defensible.]  Not  defensible ;  in- 
capable of  being  defended,  vindicated,  or 
justified.  —  Indefensibility,  in-de-f  en 'si- 
bil"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
indefensible.  —  Indefensibly,  in  de-f en'si- 
bli,  adv.  In  an  indefensible  manner. 
Indefinable,  in-de-fi'na-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  definable.]  Incapable  of  being 
defined;  unsusceptible  of  deflnitioiy  not  to 
be  clearly  explamed  by  words. — Indefiu* 
ably,  in-de-fi'na^bli,  adv.  In  an  indefin- 
able manner. 

Indefinite,  in-def'i-nit,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  definite.]  Not  definite;  not  limited  or 
defined;  not  precise  or  certain;  having  no 
determinate  or  certain  limits;  bot.  too 
numerous  or  various  to  make  a  particular 
enumeration  important:  said  of  the  parts 
of  a  flower. — Indefinite  inflorescence,  bot. 
one  in  which  the  flowers  all  arise  from 
axillary  buds,  the  terminal  bud  going  on 
to  p'ow,  and  continuing  the  stem  inde- 
finitely.—Indefinitely,  in-def'i-nit-U,  adv. 
In  an  indefinite  manner. — ^Indefinlteness, 
in-def 'i-nit-nes,  n. 

Indehiscent,  in-ds-his'ent,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  dshiscent.]  Bot.  not  dehiscent; 
not  opening  spontaneously  when  ripe,  as 
a  capsule.— Indehlscence,  in-de-his'ens,  n. 
Bot.  the  property  of  being  indehiscent. 
Indelible,  in-del'i-bl,  a.  [L.  indelebilis—in, 
not,  and  deleo,  to  delete.]  Not  to  be 
blotted  out;  incapable  of  being  effaced, 
cancelled,  or  obliterated.  —  Indelibility, 
Indelibleness,  in-deri-bil"i-ti,  in-del'i-bl- 
nes,  n.  Quality  of  being"  indelible.— In- 
delibly, in-del'i-bli,  adv.  In  an  indelible 
manner;  ineffaceably. 
Indelicate,  in-del'i-kat,  a.  [Prefix  iw,  not, 
and  delicate.]  Wanting  delicacy;  offen- 
sive to  modesty  or  purity  of  mind;  tending 
towards  indecency  or  grossness;  somewhat 
immodest.  —  Indelicately,  in-del'i-kat-li, 
adv.  In  an  indelicate  manner.— Indeli?  h 
cacy,  in-del'i-ka-si,  w.  The  condition  or 
quality  of  being  indelicate;  a  certain  want 
of  modesty  or  purity  of  mind. 
Indemnify,  in-dem'ni-fi,  v.t— indemnified, 
indemnifying.  [L.  indemnis,  free  from 
loss  or  injury,  and  faeio,  to  make.  In- 
demnity.] To  save  harmless:  to  secure 
against  loss,  damage,  or  penalty;  to  reim- 
burse for  expenditure  made.— Indemnifi- 
cation, in-dem'ni-fi-ka"shon,  n.  The  act 
of  indemnifying;  that  which  indemnifies. 
Indemnity,  in-dem'ni-ti,  n.  [Fr.  indemr 
nil6,  from  L.  ind&mnitas,  from  indemnis, 
uninjured— prefix  in,  not,  and  damnum, 
loss,  damage.  Damn.]  Security  or  ex- 
emption from  damage,  loss,  injury,  or 
punishment;  compensation  or  equivalent 
for  loss,  damage,  or  injury  sustained. 
Indent,  in-dent',  v.t.  [Ii.L.  indentare,  O.Fr. 
endenter,  from  L.  in,  in,  and  dens,  dentis. 


a  tooth.  Dental.]  To  notch,  jag,  or  cut 
into  points  or  inequalities,  like  a  row  of 
teeth;  to  indenture;  printing,  to  begin  (a 
line)  farther  in  from  the  margin  than  the 
rest  of  the  paragraph. — n.  A  cut  or  notch 

,  in  the  margin  of  anything ;  an'^  indenta- 
tion; printing,  the  blank  space' at  the 

.'  beginnmg  of  a  paragraph. — uidentation, 
in-den-ta'shoii,  n.  The  act  of  indenting; 
a  cut  or  notch  in  a  margin;  an  angular 
recess  or  depression  like  a  notch  in  any 
border.— Indented,  in-den'ted,  p.  and  a. 
Having  notches  or  points  like  teeth  on  the 
margin ;  toothed ;  bound  by  iij.denture. — 
Indentedly,  in-den'ted-li,.  adv.  With  in- 
dentations.—  Indenture,-  in-den'tor,  n. 

,  The  act  of  indenting;  an  indentation;  law, 

i  a  deed  under  seal,  entered  into  between 

^  two  or  more  parties,  each  party  having  a 
duplicate :  so  called  from  the  duplicates 
having  originally  been  written  on  one 
skin,  which  was  divided  by  a  jagged  cut,, 
so  tbat  the  correspondence  of,  the  two 
halves  was  at  once  manifest.— v.t.— indew- 
tured,  indenturing.  To  indent;  to' bind  by 
indentures. 

Independent,  in-d5-pen'dent,'d;iJ[Prefix 
in,  not,  and  dependent]  Not  dependent; 
not  subject  to  the  control  of  others;  not 
Inlying  on  others :  with  of  before  an  ob- 
ject; not  subordinate;  affording  the  means 
of  independence  (an  independent  fortune); 
moderately  wealthy;  acting  and  thinking 
for  one's  seJf;  not  swayed  by  bias  or  influ- 
ence; self -directing ;  proceeding  from  or 
expressive  of  a  spii-it  of  independence  (an 
independent  air  or  manner);  pei-taining  to 
the  Independents  or  Congregationalists. 
— adv.  Irrespective;  without,  taking  note 
or  regard;  not  to  make  mention:  with  of. 
— w.  Eccles.  one  who  maintains  that  every 
congregation  forms  a  church  or  indepen- 
dent religious  society  in  itself;  a  Congre- 
tationaUst.  —  Independence,  Indepen- 
ency,t  in-d5-pen'dens,  in-de-pen'den-si, 
w.  The  state  of .  being  independent;  that 
which  renders  one  independent;  property 
or  income  sufficient  to  make  one  indepen- 
dent of  others  or  of  his  own  exertions. — 
Independently,  in-d5-pen'dent-li,  adv.  In 
an  independent  manner;  leaving  out  of 
consideratioa  (ll3  Je  richer  independently 
o/that). 

Indescribable,  in-dS-skri'ba-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  describable.]  Not  descnbablej 
incapable  of  being  described.--Inde8cril)- 
ables,  in-de-skri'ba-blz,  w.:p4.  i-A.  colloquia* 
euphemism  for  trousers. 

Indeslrable,  in-de-zi'ra-bl,  OOu'^VtS&M  ifft 
not,  and  desirable.]    Undesiracisi- 

Indestructible,  in-ae-struk'ti4b|,  «.  TPro» 
fix  in,  not,  and  destructible.Y  Not  de- 
structible; incapable  of  being  destroyed. — 
Indestructibility,  Indestructiblenesa,  in- 
de-struk'ti-bil"i-ti,  in-de-struk'ti-Tal-nes,  w. 

.  The  quality  of  being  indestruc.tiblev— In- 
destructibly, in-de-struk'ti-bli.^  advJ  In 
an  indestructible  manner. 

Indeterminate,  in-de-ter'mi-naf,'''a;  'TPre- 
.fix  iw.not,  and  determinate.]  Not  deter- 
minate; not  settled  or  fixed;  not  definite; 
uncertain ;  not  precise ;  math,  applied  to 
problems  which  have  an  indefinite  num- 
ber of  solutions,  not  arbitrary  but  corre- 
lated.— Indeterminate  inflorescence.  Same 
as  indefinite  inflorescence,  r—  Indetermin- 
abte,  in-d6-t6r'mi-na-bl,-a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and.  detemvinableSi  Incapable  of 
beingi  determined,  ascertained,  or  fixed; 

■  not  to  be.  determined  or  ended;  intermin- 
able. —  Indeterminably,  in-de-t^r'mi-na- 
bU,  adv.  '''In  an  indeterminable  manner. 
Indetenninately,  in-de-tfer'mi-nat-li,  adv. 
In  an  indeterminate  mannei'. — ^Indeter- 
mlnateness,  in-de-t6r'mi-nat-nes,  w.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  indeterminate. — 
Indetenulnation,  in-de-t6r'mi-na"shon,  n. 
Want  of  determination:  an  unsettled  or 
wavering  state,  as  of  the  mind.— Inde- 
termined,  in-de^er'miodv.  et*.  sCndeter-. 
mined;  unsettled. 

^devout,  in-de-vout',  a.'CPrefix'iw,  not,' 
and  devout]  Not  devout;  not  having  de- 
vout affections.- Indevoutly,  in-de-vout'- 
li,  adv.    Without  devotion. 

Index.  In'deks,  w.  pi.  Indexes,'  in'dek-sez, 
or  Indices,  in'di-sez'.  [L.,  one  who  or  that 
which  points  out,  a  table  of  contents— iw, 


<!h,  cftain;     eft,  Sc.  lo«A;     g,poj    i.;«b;     iq,  Er.  i«n;     ng,  siny;     ^  then-,  th,  thin;     w,wig;     wb,  w/iig;     zb,a£ure^ 


INDEXTERITY 


352 


ESDISTINCT 


in,  and  stem  of  dico,  to  say  (Diction); 
seeu  in  Skr.  die,  ^t-  deHmyiiU,  to  show.] 
Soniethinjj  that  points  out,  shows,  indi- 
cates, or  manifests;  a  pointer  or  hand  that 
points  or  directs  to  anything;  the  hand 
/J#'  used  by  printers,  Ac,  to  call  atten- 
tion; a  table  of  the  contents  of  a  book  in 
alphabetical  order;  anat.  the  forefinger; 
math,  the  figure  or  letter  which  shows  to 
what  power  any  quantity  is  involved;  the 
exponent. — Iiidex  of  refraction,  optics,  the 
ratio  between  the  sines  of  the  angles  of 
incidence  and  of  refraction. — Indux  Ex- 
purgatorius  (Index  Expurgatory),  Index 
Hrolnbitorius  (Index  Prohibitory),  or  more 
fully  Index Librorum Prohihitoruvi  (XnAe]i. 
of  Prohibited  Books),  a  catalogue  of  books 
which  are  forbidden  by  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic Church  to  be  read  by  the  faithful. — v.t. 
To  provide  with  an  index;  to  place  in  an 
index. — Indexer,  in'dek-ser,  n.  One  who 
makes  an  index.— Index-finger,  n.  The 
forefinger.  —  Indexical,  in-dek'si-kal,  a. 
Having  the  form  of  an  index;  pertaining 
to  an  index.— Indexically,  in-dek'si-kal- 
li,  adv.     In  the  manner  of  an  index. 

Indexterity,  in-deks-ter'i-ti,  n.  ( Prefix  in, 
not,  and  dexterity. \    M'ant  of  dexterity. 

Indian,  in'di-an,  a.  [From  India,  and 
this  from  Indus,  the  name  of  a  river  in 
Asia;  akin  Skr.  sindhu,  a  river,  syand,  to 
flow.]  Pertaining  to  either  of  the  Indies, 
Kast  or  \Vest,  or  to  the  aborigines  of 
America;  made  of  maize  or  Indian  com 
[Indian  meali.  —  Indian  berry.  Ooccnlus 
Indictis.  C<iccL'Li;s. — Indian  corn,a.  native 
American  plant,  otherwise  called  Maize, 
.and  its  fruit.- /nduoi  file,  single  file;  ar- 
rangement of  jiersous  in  a  row  following 
one  after  another:  from  the  habit  of  the 
Americ.cn  Indians.  —  Indian  ink,  China 
ink  (under  China). — Indian  red,  a  species 
of  ochre ;  a  very  fine  pui-ple  earth  used 
both  in  oil  and  water-colour  painting. — 
Indian  s^immei;  in  North  America,  a  sea^ 
sou  of  pleasiint  waiTn  Weather  occurring 
late  in  autumn.  —  Indian  yelloiv,  a  pig- 
ment of  a  bright  yellow  colour,  used  in 
water-colour  p.aiuting.- n.  A  native  of  the 
Indies,  \Vest  or  East;  an  .aboriginal  native 
of  .\nieric:i.  —  Indiaman,  in'di-a-man,  n. 
pi.  Indiamen.  A  largo  ship  employed  in 
the  India  trade.  —  India-matting.  Grass 
or  reed  mats  made  in  the  East. — India- 
paper,  n.  A  delicate  absorbent  paper 
made  originally  in  China,  and  used  to 
take  first  or  finest  proofs  of  engravings. — 
India-rubber,  n.  Caoutchouc— Indie,  in'- 
dik,  a.  Applied  to  Indo-European  (Aryan) 
languages  of  India,  as  Hindustani,  Prak- 
rit, Pali,  and  Sanskrit. 

Indicate,  in'di-kat,  v.t.— indicated,  indicat- 
ing. [L.  indico,  indicatutn,  from  index, 
in^icis.  Index.]  To  point  out;  to  direct 
the  mind  to  a  knowledge  of ;  to  show ;  to 
intimate.  —  Indicant,  in'di-kant,  a.  f L. 
indicans,  indicantis  ]  Serving  to  point 
out ;  indicating.  —  fiidication,  in-di-ka'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  indicating  or  point- 
ing out;  what  serves  to  indicate  or  point 
out;  intimation;  mark;  token;  sign;  symp- 
tom.— Indicative,  in-dik'a-tiv,  a.  [L.  in- 
dicativus.}  Pointing  out  or  indicating; 
serving  as  an  indication ;  giving  intima- 
tion or  knowledge  of  (movements  indica- 
tive of  uneasiness) ;  gram,  apidied  to  that 
mood  of  the  verb  that  declares  directly  or 
that  asks  questions. — n.  Gram,  the  indi- 
cative mood.  —  Indicatively,  in-dik'a-tiv- 
li,  adv.  In  an  indicative  manner.- Indi- 
cator, in'di-ka-ter,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  indicates;  an  instrument  for  ascer- 
taining and  recording  the  pressure  of 
steam  in  the  cylinder  of  a  steam-engine; 
a  recording  instrument  of  various  kinds; 
a  South  African  cuckoo  that  by  its  move- 
ments indicates  the  presence  of  the  nests 
of  wild  bees. — Indicatory,  in'di-ka-to-ri, 
a.    Serving  to  indicate. 

Indict,  in-dit',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  inditer,  indicter, 
from  L.  indico,  indicium,  to  declare  pub- 

.licly— in,  and  dico,  to  say,  to  speak.  In- 
dex.] To  accuse  or  charge  with  a  crime 
or  Tnisdemeanour  in  due  form  of  law. — 
Indictable,  in-di'ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing or  liable  to  be  indicted;  that  may 
bring  an  indictment  on  one  (an  indictable 
offence).— Indictment,  in-dit'ment,  n.  The 


Act  of  indicting;  a  formal  accusation  or 
charge  against  a  person;  a  written  accu- 
sation of  a  crime  or  a  misdemeanour. — 
Indicter,  Indictor,  in-di'ter,  n.  One  who 
indicts. 

Indifferent,  in-dif'6r-ent,  a.  [Jj.  indifferens, 
inaifferentis — in,  not,  and  differens,  ppr.  of 
differo,  to  differ.  Dikfer.1  Not  inclined 
to  one  side  more  than  to  another ;  impar- 
tial ;Tinbiassed;  feeling  no  interest,  an- 
xiety, or  care;  unconcerned;  careless; 
having  no  difference  that  gives  a  prefer- 
ence; of  no  account  or  moment;  neither 
very  good  nor  very  bad,  but  rather  bad 
than  good  ■„  middling ;  tolerable.  —  For- 
merly often  used  adverbially  (indiffer- 
ent honest).  —  Indifference,  in-dif'er-ens, 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  indiffer- 
ent; absence  of  feeling  or  interest;  uncon- 
cern; apathy;  mediocrity  or  some  degree 
of  badness.— Indifferentism,  in-dif'er-ent- 
izm,  n.  Systematic  indifference;  reasoned 
disregard ;  want  of  zeal.  —  Indifferently, 
in-dif '  er-ent-li,  adv.  In  an  indifferent 
manner;  impartially;  no  more  than  pass- 
ably. 

Indigene,  in'di-jen,  n.  [L.  indigena — indu, 
old  form  of  in,  and  gen,  root  of  gigno,  to 
beget.  Genis.I  One  bom  in  a  country; 
a  native  animal  or  plant.— Indigenous,  in- 
dij'e-nus,  a.  Originating  or  produced  na- 
turally in  a  country  or  climate;  native; 
not  foreign  or  exotic. 
Indigent,  in'di-jent,  a.  [L.  iniigens,  indi- 
gentis,  from  indigeo.  to  want— ind,  a  form 
of  in,  and  egeo,  to  be  in  want.]  Destitute 
of  the  means  of  comfortable  subsistence; 
needy;  poor.  —  Indigently,  in'di-jent-li, 
adv.  In  an  indigent,  destitute  manner. — 
Indigence,  Indigency,  in'di-jens,  in'di- 
jen-si,  n.  The  condition  of  being  indigent; 
penury;  poverty. 
Indigested,  in-di-jes'tcd,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  digested.]  Not  digested;  undigested; 
not  reduced  to  due  form;  not  methodized; 
crude;  not  prepared  or  softened  by  heat, 
as  chemical  substances.  — Indigestibility, 
Indigestiblencss,  in-di-je3'ti-bil"i-ti,  iu- 
di-jes'ti-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
indigestible.— Indigestible,  in-di-jes'ti-bl, 
a.  [Prefix  in,  not,  and  dige.'i'ible.]  Not 
digestible;  digested  with  difficulty.  —  In- 
digestibly,  in-di-jes'ti-bli,  adv.  So  as  not 
to  be  digestible.— Indigestion,  in-di-jest'- 
yon,  n.  (Prefix  in,  not,  and  dis7osiio>i.l  In- 
capability of  or  difficulty  in  digesting 
food;  dyspepsia. 

Indignant,  in-dig'nant,  a.  [L.  indignans, 
indignantis,  ppr.  of  indig>wr,  to  consider 
as  unworth}',  to  disdain — in,  not,  and  dig- 
nor,  to.deem  worthy,  from  dignus,  worthy 
(whence  dignity,  deign).]  Displeased  at 
what  is  unworthy  or  base;  affected  with 
indignation.— IncUgnantly,  in-dig'nant-li, 
adv.  In  .an  indignant  manner. — Indigna- 
tion, in-dig-na'shon,  n.  [L.  indignatio,  in- 
dignationis.}  A  feeling  of  displeasure  at 
what  is  unworthy  or  base;  anger,  mingled 
with  contempt,  disgust,  or  abhorrence; 
violent  displeasure. — Indignity,  in-dig'ni- 
ti,  71.  fL.  indigmtas  ]  Any  action  toward 
another  which  manifests  contempt  for  him 
or  design  to  lower  his  dignity;  an  iosult; 
an  .affront;  an  outrage. 
Indigo,  in'di-gO,  n.  fSp.  and  It.  indigo, 
from  L.  indicuni,  indigo,  from  Indicus, 
Indian,  from  India.]  A  beautiful  blue 
vegetable  dye,  extensively  employed  in 
dyeing  and  (alico-printing,  almost  en- 
tirely obtained  from  leguminous  plants, 
natives  of  the  East  and  West  Indies. 
— Indigo -blue,  n.  A  preparation  from 
crude  indigo,  of  which  it  is  the  character- 
istic constituent.— Indigo-white,  n.  In- 
digo obtained  by  means  of  certain  agents 
from  crude  indigo,  turning  blue  on  expo- 
sure to  the  air. — Indigogen,  in'di-go-jen, 
n.  Indigo  -  white. —Indigometer,  in-di- 
gom'et-6r,  n.  An  instrument  for  ascer- 
^ining  the  strength  of  indigo.  —  Indigo- 
plant,  n.  Any  of  the  leguminous  plants 
from  which  indigo  is  prepared.  —  Indigo- 
tin,  in'di-go-tin,  n.  Indigo-blue. 
Indirect,  in-di-rekt',  a.  TPrefix  in,  not, 
and  direct.]  Not  direct;  deviating  from  a 
direct  line  or  course;  circuitous;  not  tend- 
ing directly  to  an  aim  or  end ;  round- 
about; not  open  and  straigbtforwiird;  uut 


resulting    directly;     having    something 
mediate  or  interposed. — Indirectly,  in-di- 
rekt'li,  adv.     In   an  indii-ect  manner. — 
Indirectness,  in-di-rekt'nes,  n. 
Indiscernible,  in-diz-z6r'ni-bl,  a.     [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  discernible.]     Incapable  of 
being  discerned ;   undiscemible.  —  Indis- 
cemibleness,  in-diz-zer'ni-bl-nes,  n.  —  In- 
discernibly,  in-diz-zer'ni-bli,  adv.    So  as 
not  to  be  perceived. 
Indisciplinable,  in-dis'si-plin-a-bl,  a.  fPre- , 
fix  in,  not,  and  disciplinable.]     Incapable 
of  being  disciplined  or  subjected  to  disci- 
pline. 

Indiscoverable,  in-di's-kuv'Cr-a-bl,  a.  [Pre- 
fix in,  not,  and  discoverable.]  incapable 
of  being  discovered;  undiscoverable. 
Indiscreet,  in-dis-kret',  o.  (Prefix  in,  not, 
and  discreef.]  Not  discreet;  wanting  in 
discretion  or  sound  judgment ;  injudi- 
cious; inconsiderate.  —  Indiscreetly,  in- 
dis-kret'li,  adv.  In  an  indiscreet  manner. 
— Indiscreetness,  in-dis-kret'nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  indiscreet.— Indiscretion, 
iu-dis-l<resh'on,  n.  The  condition  or  qua- 
litj'  of  being  indiscreet;  want  of  discre- 
tion; iui  indiscreet  act;  an  ill-judged  act. 
Indiscriminate,  in-dis-krim'i-nat,  a.  (Prefix 
in,  not,  and  disci-iminate.]  Without  dis- 
crimination or  distinction;  not  making 
any  distinction;  confused;  promiscuous. — 
Indiscriminately,  in-dis-krim'i-nat-li,  ado. 
In  an  indiscriminate  manner.  —  Ijidls- 
criminating,  in-dis-krim'i-nat-ing,  p.  and 
a.  Not  discriminating;  not  making  any 
distinction.  —  Indiscrimination,  in-dis- 
krim'i-na"shon,  n.  Want  of  discrimina- 
tion.— Indiscriminative,  in-dis-krim'i-na- 
tiv,  a.  Not  discriminative;  making  no 
distinction. 

Indispensable,  in-dis-pen'sa-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  dispensable.]  Incapable  of 
being  dispensed  with ;  absolutely  neces- 
sary or  requisite.  —  Indispensabillty,  In- 
dispensableness,  in-dis-pen'sa-bil"i-ti,  in- 
dis-pen'sa-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
indispensable.  —  Indispensably,  in-dis- 
pcn'sa-bli,  adv.  In  an  indispensable  man- 
ner; absolutely. 

Indispose,  in-<ti8-poz',  v.t. — indisposed,  in- 
disposing. [Fr.  iJuZi^poser— prefix  in,  not, 
and  disposer,  to  dispose.  Dispose.]  To 
disincline;  to  render  averse  or  unfavour- 
able; to  render  unfit  or  unsuited;  to  dis- 
qualifj';  to  affect  with  indisposition. — In- 
disposed, in-dis-pOzd',  p.  anti  a.  X'<'ot  dis- 
posed; disinclined;  averse;  slightly  dis- 
ordered in  health;  somewhat  ill.—  Indls. 
posedness,  in-dis-po'zed-nes,  n.— Indispcsi. 
tion,  in-dis'po-zish"on,  :•<..  The  state  of 
being  indisposed ;  disinclination;  want  cf 
tendency;  slight  ailmejit  or  disordei  ol 
the  health. 

Indisputable,  in-dis'pu-ta-bl,  or.  [Prefix  iti, 
not,  and  dispidable.]  Incapable  of  being 
disputed;  incontrovertible;  incontestable. 
—Indisputability,  Indisputableness,  in- 
dis'pa-ta-bil"i-ti,  in-dis ' pfi-ta-bl-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  indisputable. 
— Indisputably,  in-dis  pu-ta-bli,  adv.  in 
an  indisputable  manner;  incontrovertibly. 
— Indisputed,  in-dis-pu'ted,  a.  Not  dis- 
puted or  controverted;  undisputed. 

Indissociable,  in-dis-sO'shi-a-bl,  a.  [Pireflx 
in,  not,  and  dissociable.]  Incapable  oi 
being  dissociatedj  inseparable. 

Indissoluble,  in-dis'so-lu-bl,  a.  [Pi-eSx  in. 
not,  and  dissoluble;  L.  indissolubiliA.J  Not 
capable  of  being  dissolved;  not  capable  cf 
being  broken  or  rightfully  violated;  per- 
petually binding  or  obligatory  (agreement, 
ties,  &c.);  firm;  stable. —  Indissolubility, 
Indissoluoleness,  in-dis'so-lu-bil"i-ti,  in- 
dis'fio-lu-bl-ncs,  n.  The  quality  of  beina 
imlissoluble.  —  Indissolnbly,  in-dis  so  la 
bli,  a(/i>.     In  an  indissoluble  manner. 

Indissolvable,  in-diz-zol'va-bl,  a.  [Pteffx 
171,  not,  and  dissolvable.]  Not  capable  of 
being  dissolved  or  melted;  indissoluble.— 
Indissolvableness,  in-diz-zol'va-bl-nes,  n. 

Indistinct,  jn-dis-tingkt',  <».  [  Prefix  in. 
not,  and  distinct:  L.  indistinctus.]  Noi 
distinct;  not  readily  distinguishable;  faint 
to  the  Bight;  obscure  to  the  mind;  aol 
clear;  confused;  imperfect  or  dim  (indis- 
tinct vision). — Indistinctly,  in-dis-tingkt - 
li,  adv.  In  an  indistinct  manner;  not 
clearly;  dimly  or  obscurely.  —  Indistinct- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  f»ll;     me.  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tflbe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     u,  Sc.  abt<ne— the  Fr.  w. 


INDISTINGUISnABLE 


853 


INEFFABLE 


nesa,  ia-dis-tingkt'nes,  n.  The  quality  or 
condition  of  beiag  indistinct, 
ladlstinguisliable,  in-di3-ting'(?wish-a-bl, 
a.  [Prefix  in,  not,  and  diatinguishable.] 
Inoapabie  of  being  distinguished;  undie- 
tinguishable.  —  Indistingiushably,  in-dis- 
ting'gwish-a-bli,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  dis- 
tinguishable. 

Indite,  ia-(iit',v.t.—indited,inditing.  [O.Pr. 
inditer.  Indict.]  To  compose  or  -write; 
to  direct,  prompt,  or  dictate.— y.i.  To  com- 
pose; to  write;  to  pen.  —  Inditement,  in- 
dit'ment.n.  The  act  of  inditing.— Inditer, 
in-di't6r,  n.  One  who  indites. 
Indium,  in'di-um,  n.  [From  the  indigo 
lines  in  its  spectrum.]  A  soft  lead-coloured 
metallic  element,  discovered  by  two  indigo 
lines  which  it  shows  under  spectrum 
analysis. 

Individual,  in-di-vid'u-al,  a.  [Fr.  indivi- 
dual, from  L.  individtms,  indivisible— in,  ■ 
not,  and  diuidMus,  divisible.  Divide.]  Sub- 
sisting as  one  indivisible  entity  or  distinct 
being;  sipgle;  one;  pertaining  to  one  only; 
peculiar  to  or  characteristic  of  u  single 
person  or  thing.  —  re.  A  being  or  thing 
forming  one  of  its  kind;  a  single  person, 
animal,  or  thing;  especially,  a'  human 
being ;  a  person.  —  Individualism,  in-di- 
vid'u-al-izm,  n.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
dividual; individuality;  self-interest;  a 
system  or  condition  in  which  each  indivi- 
dual works  for  his  own.  ends,  in  either 
socialj  political,  or  religious  matters. — 
Individualistic,  in-di-vid'u-al-is"tik,  o. 
Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  individ- 
uaUsm.— Indivldaality,  in-di-via'Q-al''i-ti, 
n.  The  condition  of  being  individual; 
existence  as  an  individual;  oneness;  the 
sum  of  the  characteristics  or  traits  pecu- 
liar to  an  individual.— Individualization, 
in-di-vid'Q-al-i-za"sKon,  re.  The  act  of  in- 
dividualizing.—Individualize,  in-di-vid'Q- 
al-iz,  v.t — individualized,  individualizing. 
To  mark  as  an  individual;  to  distinguish 
by  peculiar  or  distinctive  characters. — 
Individualizer,  in-di-vid'u-al-i-z^r,  n.  One 
who  individualizes.  —  Individually,  in-di- 
vid'Q-al-li,  adv.  In  an  individual  manner; 
separately;  each  by  itself.  —  Individuate, 
m-dl-xidHi-5,t,  v.t:— individuated,  individu- 
ating. To  give  the  character  of  individu- 
ality to;  to  individualize. — v.i.  To  become 
individttal.  —  Individuation,  in-di-vid'u- 
a"shon,  a.  The  act  of  individuating,  or 
state  of  being. 

Indivisible,  in-di-viz'i-bl,.a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  divisible.]  Not  divisible;  not  separable 
into  parts. -^-re.  That  which  is  indivisible. 
— Indlvisibillty,Iadlvisibleness,in-di-viz'- 
i-biF'i-ti,  in-di-via'i-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
property  of  being  indivisible.  —  Indivisl- 
bly,  in-di-viz'i-bli,  adv.  In  an  indivisible 
manner. 

Indocile,  in-do'sil  or  in-dos'il,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  docile;  L.  indocilis,  unteachable.] 
Not  docile  or  teachable;  intractable. — 
Indocility,  in-do-si'U-ti,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  indocile. 

Indoctrinate ,  in-dok'tri-nat,  v.  t.~indoctrin- 
ated,  indoctrinating.  [L.  ire,  in.  and-  doC' 
trina,  learning.  Doctrine.]  To  instruct 
in  any  doctrine;  to  imbue  or  cause  to  im- 
bibe certain, principles;  to  instruct. — 
Indoctrination,  in-dok'tri-na"shon,  re.  The 
act  of  indoctrinating;  instruction. 

Indo-European,  a.  A  term  applied  to  that 
family  of  languages  which  includes  ^the 
Sanskrit  and  the  kindred  tongues  of  India 
and  Persia,  Greek,  Latin,  and  the  _Ro- 
mance  tongues,  the  Teutonic,  Celtic,  and 
Slavonic  tongues.— re.  An  Aryan. 

Indo- Germanic,  a.  A  term  sometimes  used 
as  equivalent  to  Indo-European  or  Aryan. 

Indolent,  in'do-lent,  a.  [Fr.  indolent— h. 
in,  not,  and  dolens,  dolentis,  ppr.  of  doleo, 
to  feel  pain  (whence'  dolour,  dole).]  Ha- 
bitually idle  or  indisposed  to  labour;  lazy; 
slothful;  sluggish;  idle  (person,  life);  wed. 
causing  Uttle  or  no  pain  (an  indolent  tu- 
mour).—Indolently,  in'do-lent-li,  adv.  In 
an  indolent  manner.  —  Indolence,  in'do- 
lens,  re.  The  condition  or  quality  of  being 
indolent;  laziness;  sloth. 

Indomitable,  in-dom'i-ta-bl,  a.  [L.  prefix 
in,  not,  and  domito,  freq.  of  domo,  domi- 
tum,  to  tame.  Dacnt,.Dame.]  Not  to  be 
tamed  or  subdued;  unconquerable;  un- 


tamable. ~  Indomitableness,  in-dom'i-ta- 

bl-nes,  n.  The  character  of  being  indomi- 
table—Indomitably, in-dom'i-ta-bU,  adv. 
In  an  indomitable  manner. 

Indoor,  in'dor,  a.  Being  within  doors; 
domestic  (an  indoor  servant).  —  Indoors, 
in'dorz,  adv.  Withindoors;  inside  a  house. 

Indorse,  in-dors',  v.t.  ■  Same  as  Endorse. 

Indov/,  in-dou',  v.t.    Same  as  Endow. 

Indri,  in'dri,  re.  [Native  name,  signifying 
'man  of  the  woods,']  A  taiUess  qusidru- 
manous  animal  of  the  lemur  family,  a 
native  of  Madagascar,  about  the  size  of  a 
cat. 

Indubitable,  in-dQ'bi-ta-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  dubitahle;  L.  indvbitatoiXis.]  Not 
dubitable;  tjQO  plain  to  admit  of  doubt; 
incontestable ;  unquestionable. — Jndubit- 
ableness,  in-du'bi-ta-bl-nes,  n.  State  of 
beiag  indubitable.  —  Indubitably,  in-dU'- 
bi-ta-bli,  adv.  In  an  indubitable  manner; 
undoubtedly;  unquestionably. 

Induce,  in-dus',  v.t.— induced,  indtuAng.  [L. 
induco,  inductum — in,  in,  and  duco,  to  lead. 
DuKE.J  'Co  lead  by  persuasion  or  argu- 
ment; to  prevail  on;  to  draw  by  motives; 
to  impel;  to  bring  on,  produce,  cause  (an 
ailment  induced  by  over-study).— /ndwced 
current,  an  electric  current  excited  by  the 
presence  of  a  primary  current.— Jre<it<c«(i 
magnetism,  magnetism  produced  m  soft 
iron  when  a  magnet  is  held  near,  or  a  wire 
through  which  an  electric  current  is  pass- 
ing is  coiled  round  it..  —  Inducement,  in- 

■  dOs'ment,  re.  The  act  of  inducing ;  that 
which  induces  or  leads  one  to  act;  a  motive; 
a  consideration  that  leads  to  action.— 
Indiicer,  in-da's6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  induces.  —  Inducible,  in-du'si-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  induced;  capable 
of  being  inferred  by  induction.— xaduct, 
in-dukt',  v.t.  [li.  induco,  inductum.]  To 
bring  in  or  introduce;  to  introduce,  as 
to  a  benefice  or  ofIice,>4o  put  in  possession 
of  an  ecclesiastical  living  or  any  other 
office,  r—  Induction,  in-duk'shon,  re.  The 
act  of  inducting;  introduction:  the  intro- 
duction of  a  clergyman  into  a  benefice,  or 
of  a  person  into  an  office,  with  the  cus- 
tomary forms  and  ceremonies;  logic,  the 
method  of  reasoning  from  particulars  to 
generals;  the  deriving  of  a  general  prin- 
ciple or  conclusion  from  particular  facts, 
as  that  heat  expands  bodies,  from  observ- 
ing its  effect  in  particular  cases;  the  con- 
clusion or  inference  thus  drawn  or  arrived 
at;  physics,  the  property  by  which  one 
body,  having  electrical,  galvanic,  or  mag- 
netic polarity,  causes  or  induces  it  in  an- 
other body  without  direct  contact. — In- 
duction coil,  an  apparatus  for  producing 
electric  currents  by  induction  and  for 
utilizing  them.— Inductlonal.in-duk'shon- 
al,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  proceeding  by  in- 
duction; inductive.  —  Inductive,  in-duk'- 
tiv,  a.  Proceeding  by  induction;  employed 
in  drawing  conclusions  by  induction; 
elect,  able  to  produce  electricity  by  induc- 
tion; operating  by  induction;  facilitating 
induction. — Inductive  sciences,  those  sci- 
ences which  are  based  upon  induction,  as 
astronomy,  zoology,  &c.— Inductively,  in- 
duk'tiv-li,  adv.  In  an  inductive  manner. — 
Inductor,  in-duk't6r,  n.  One  who  inducts. 

Inductile,  in-duk'til,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  ductile.]  Not  ductile.  —  Inductillty, 
in-duk-til'i-ti,  re.  The  quality  of  being 
inductile. 

Indue,  in-dQ',  v.t— indued,  induing.  [L. 
indiio.  from  indu,  old  form  of  ire,,  in,  and 
verbal  stem  seen  also  in  exuo,  to  put  ofi" 
(whence  exuviae).]  To  put  on,  as  clothes; 
to  clothe  or  invest ;  hence,  to  furnish ;  "to 
supply ;  to  endow.  —  Induement,  in-dU'- 

■  ment,  n.    The  act  of  induing. 
Indulge,  in-dulj',  v.t.— indulged,  indulging. 

[L.  indulgeo,  to  indulge  or  giv^  one's  self 
up  to;  origin  doubtful.]  To  give  one's  self 
up  to;  not  to  restrain  or  tjppose;  to  give 
free  course  to  (to  indulge  the  passions);  to 
gratify  by  compliance;  to  humour  to  ex- 
cess {to  indulge  childTen).— v.i.  To  indulge 
one's  self ;  to  practise  indulgence ;  to  be 
self-indulgent  (to  indulge  ire  pleasure).— 
Indulgence,  in-dul'jens,  n.  [IJ.  indulgen- 
tia.]  The  act  or  practice  of  indulging;  an 
indulgent  act;  favour  granted;  intemper- 
ance in  eating  and  drinking;  readiness  to 


forgive  faults;  tolerance;  R.  Cath.  Ch.  re- 
mission, by  church  authority,  to  a  repen- 
tant sinner,  of  the  penance  attached  to 
certain  sins.  —  ludmgent,  in-dul'jent,  a. 
[Ij.  indulgens,  induigentis,  ppr.  of  indulgeo.] 
Prone  to  indulge  or  humour;  over-com- 
pliant; not  strict.  —  Indulgently,  in-dul'- 
jent-li,  adv.  In  an  indulgent  manner.— 
Indulger,  in-dul'j6r,  re.  One  who  indulges. 

Induplicate,  in-du'pli-kat,  a.  [L.  in,  in, 
and  duplicatus,  doubled.]  Bot.  having  the 
edges  bent  or  'rolled  inward,  as  petals  or 
leaves  in  the  bud. 

Indurate,  in'dji-rat,  v.i.  [Ii.  induro,  indu- 
raium— prefix  ire,  intens.,  and  duro,  to 
harden,  from  durus,  hard,  whenqe  also 
durable,  durance,  &c.  ]  To  gTow  hard ; 
to  harden  or  become  hsird.  — v.t.— indu- 
rated, indurating.  To  make  hard;  to 
harden;  to  make  unfeeling;  to  render  ob- 
durate.-^Induration,in-du-ra'shon,re.  The 
act  of  hardening  or  process  of  grov.'ing 
hard,  the  state  of  being  indurated. 

Indusium,  in-da'si-um,  re.  pi.  Indusia,  in- 
du'si-a.  •  [L.,  a  woman's  under-garment, 
from  induo,  to  put  ou.  Indue.]  Hot.  a 
collection  of  united  hairs  forming  a  sort 
of  cup  inclosing  the  stigma  of  a  flower; 
the  immediate  covering  of  the  capsules  or 
spore -cases  in  ferns;  zool.  the  case  or 
covering  of  a  larva;  anat.  the  amnion. — 
Indusial,  in-dQ'si-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  an 
indusium ;  composed  of  or  containing  in- 
dusia or  the  cases  of  larvae  (iwdw*iai  Bme- 
Btone).— Induslated,  in-du'si-a-ted,  a.  Hut. 
having  an  indusium. 

Industrious,  in-dus'tri-us,  a.  [h.^idustrl- 
ua,  from  indu,  old  form  of  ire,  and  struij, 
to  fabricate.  Structure.]  Given  to  or 
characterized  by  industry;  diligent  in 
business  or  study;  always  working  at 
something;  assiduous.— Industriously,  in- 
dus'tri-us-Ii,  adv.  In  an  industrious  man- 
ner. —  Industrial,  in-dus'tri-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to,  invohing,  or  characterized  by 
industry  (arts,  establishment,  capacity).— 
Industrial  exhibition,  industrial  museum; 
an  exhibition,  museum  of  industrial  pro- 
ducts or  manufactures. — Industrial  school, 
a  school  for  educating  poor  neglected 
children  and  training  them  to  habits  of 
industry.  —  Industrialism,  in-dus 'tri-al- 
izm,  n.  Devotion  to  or  employment  in 
industrial  puisuits.—IndustriaUy,in-dus'- 
tri-al-li,  adv.  In  an  industrial  manner. — 
Industry,  in'dus-tri,  re.  [L.  iTidxistria,  from 
industrius.]  Habitual  diligence  in  any 
employment;  steady  attention  to  work  or 
business;  assiduity;  the  industrial  arts 
generally,  or  any  one  of  them;  any  produc- 
tive occupation,  especially  one  in  which 
considerable  numbers  of  people  are  em- 
ployed. 

Induvise,  in-da'vi-6,  n.  nl.  CL.,  clothes, 
from  induo,  to  put  on.  Indue.]  Bot.  the 
withered  leaves  which  remain  on  the 
stems  of  some  plants,  not  being  joined  to 
them  by  articulations  which  allow  of  their 
falling  ofi;.- Induviate,  in-du'vi-at,  a.  Bot. 
covered  with  induviae. 

Indwell,  in'dwel,  v.t.  To  abide  within;  to 
occupy. — v.i.  To  dwell  or  exist  in  or  within 
some  place.— Indweller,  in'dwel-fer,  re.  One 
who  dwells  in  a  place;  an  inhabitant. 

Inebriate,  in-e'bri-at,  v.t. -^inebriated,  in- 
ebriating.   [L.  inebrio,  inebriatum^in-,  in- 

■  tens. ,  and  ebrio,  to  intoxicate,  from  ebrius, 
drunk,  whence  also  ebriety;  akin  sober.] 
To  make  drunk ;  to  intoxicate ;  to  dis- 
order the  senses  of ;  to  turn  the  head  of. 
—  re.  An  habitual  drunkard.  —  Inebria- 
tion, in'e-bri-a"Bhon,  re.'  The  act  of  in- 
ebriating or  state  of  being  inebriated. — 
Inebriety,  in-e-bri'e-ti,  re.  Drunkenness; 
intoxication.  —  Inebrious,  in-e'bri-us,  a. 
Drunk  or  partially  drunk.  —  Inebriant, 
in-e'bri-ant,  a.  [L.  inebrians,  iiidtriantis, 
ppr.  of  inebrio.]  Intoxicating. —re.  Any- 
thing that  intoxicates. 

Inedited,  in-ed'it-ed,  a.  [Prefix  ire,  not, 
and  edited.]    Not  eoited;  unpublished. 

Ineffable,  in-ef'a-bl,  a.  [L.  inejfabUis—vTC- 
At:  ire,  not,  and  effabilis,  speakable,  from 
effor,  to  speak— 6/  for  ex,  out,  and/or,/an, 
to  speak.  Fate.]  Incapable  of 'being  ex- 
pressed in  words. — Ineffabillty,  IneEablo- 
ness,  in-ef'a-bil"i-ti,  in-efa-bl-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  ineffable  or  unii;,ie'-;-,hle. 


ch,  cftain;     cA,  Sc.  locAj     g,  ffo;     j.job;     o,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  8irt(;;     ?h,  <Aen;  th,  iftin;     w,  iwg;    wh,  wWgi     zh,  asure. 


INEFFACEABLE 


S54 


INFANT 


—Ineffably,  in-ef  a-bli,  adv.  In  an  ineffable 
manner;  unutterably. 

Ineffaceable,  in-ef-fa'sa-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  ejaceable.] .  IncapaBle  of  being 
effaced.— Ineffaceably,  in-ef-fa'sa-bli,  adv. 
So  as  not  to  be  effaceable;  indelibly. 

Ineffective,  in-ef-fek'tiv,  a.  IPrefix  in,  not, 
and  effective.]  Incapable  of  producing  any 
effect,  or  the  effect  intended ;  inefficient ; 
useless;  impotent;  wanting  energy.  —  In- 
effectively, in-ef-fek'tiv-H,  adv.  In  an  in- 
effective manner.  —  Ineffectiveness,  in-ef- 
fek'tiv-nes,  n.  Quality  of  bein^  ineffective. 
—Ineffectual,  in-ef-fek'tu-al,  a.  LPrefijc  in, 
not,  and  effectual.]  Not  effectual;  ineffi- 
cient ;  weak.—  Ineffectually,  in-ef-f ek'tQ- 
ai-li,  adu.  In  an  ineffectual  manner. — In- 
sg3ctualnes8,  in-ef-fek'ta-al-nes,  n. 

I^i-sffervescent,  in-ef'fer-,ve8"ent,  a.  [Prefix 
iii,  not,  and  effervescent.]  Not  effervescent 
or  effervescing;  not  susceptible  of  effer- 
vescence. —  Ineffervescence,  in-ef  f6r-ves"- 
ens,  n.  A  state  of  not  effervescing.— Ineffer- 
vescible,  in-ef'fer-ve8"i-bl,  a.  Not  capable 
of  effervescence. 

Inef&cacioug,  in-ef 'fi-ka"shu8,  a.  [Prefix 
i?i-,  not,  and  efficacious.]  Not  efficacious; 
not  producing  the  effect  desired;  of  inade- 
quate power.— Inefficaciously,  in-effi-ka"- 
shus-li,  adv.  In  an  inefficacious  manner. 
—Inefficaciousness,  Inefficacy,  in-ef'fi-ka"- 
shus-nes,  in-ef'fi-ka-si,  n.  Want  of  effi- 
cacy; ineffectualness;  failure  of  effect. 

Inefficient,  in-ef -fish'eat,  a.  [  Prefix  in,  not, 
and  efficient.]  Not  efficient;  not  producing 
the  required  effect;  incapable  of  effective 
action;  iticompetent. — n.  One  who  is  in- 
competent to  perform  the  duties  of  a  ser- 
vice.— Inefficiency,  in-ef-fish'en-si,  n.  The 
condition  or  quality  of  being  inefficient.-^ 
Inefficiently,  in-ef-fish'ent-li,  adv.  In  an 
inefficient  manner. 

Inelaborate,  in-e-lab'o-r5t,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  elaborate.]  Not  elaborate ;  not 
wrought  with  care. 

Inelastic,  in-e-las'tik,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  elastic]  Not  elastic;  wanting  elasti- 
city; unelastic— Inelasticity,  in-elas-tis"- 
i-ti,  n.    Want  of  elasticity. 

Inelegant,  in-el'e-gant,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  elegant;  L.  inelegans,  inelegantis,  in- 
elegant.] Not  elegant;  wanting  in  ele- 
gance; wanting  in  anything  which  correct 
taste  requires.  —  Inelegance,  Inelegancy, 
in-el'e-gans,  in-el'e-gan-si,  n.  [ii.  inele^an- 
tia ;  JTr.  inelegance.]  The  condition  or 
quality  of  being  inelegant;  an  inelegant 
point  or  feature.  —  Inelegantly,  in-el'e- 
gant-li,  adv.    In  an  inelegant  manner. 

Ineligible,  in-el'i-ji-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  eligible.]  Not  eligible;  not  oapatale  of 
or  fit  for  being  elected  or  adopted;  not 
worthy  to  be  chosen  or  preferred. — Ineli- 
gibility, in-el'i-ji-bir'i-ti,  n.  Condition  of 
being  ineligible.— Ineligibly,  in-el'i-ji-bli, 
adv.    In  an  ineligible  manner. 

Ineloquent,  •  in-el'o-kwent,  o.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  eloquent.]  Not  eloquent;  want- 
ing in  eloquence;  not  eloquently  written 
or  delivered.— Ineloquently,in -el'o-kwpnt- 
11,  adv.  In  an  ineloquent  manner. — In- 
eloquence,  in-el'o-kwens,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  ineloquent. 

Inept,  in-ept',  a.  [L.  ineptws— prefix  in, 
not,  and  ap^Ms,  fit,  apt.  Aft.]  Unsuitable; 
improper;  foolish;  silly;  nonsensical.— In- 
eptitude, Ineptness,  in-ep'ti-tnd,  in-ept'- 
nes,  n.  [L.  ineptitudo.]  The  condition  or 
quality  of  being  inept;  unfitness;  inapti- 
tude; foolishness.— Ineptly,  in-eptli,  adv. 
Ill  an  inept  manner. 

Tneouable,  in-eTcwa-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
ana  equable;  L.  incequahilis.]  Not  equable; 
unequable. 

Ii?  equal,  in-eTiwal,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not,  and 
equal;  L.  inoequalis.]  Not  equal;  unequal; 
uneven;  varying.— Inequality,  in-e-kwol'- 
i-ti,  n.  [Ti.  incequalitas.]  The  condition 
or  quality  of  bemg  inequal  or  unequal; 
disparity;  unevenness;  want  of  levelness; 
:in  elevation  or  a  depression  of  a  surface. 

Inequitable,  in-ek'wi-ta-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,Siadequitable.]  Notequitable;  not  just 
or  fair.— Inequity,  in-ek'wi-ti,  n.  Uniair- 
ness;  injustice. 

Ineradicable,  in-e-rad'i-ka-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  eradieable.]  Incapable  of 
>  1  ing   eradicated.  —  Ineradicably,  in  -  6- 


rad'i-ka-bli,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  eradi- 
cated. 

Inermous,  in-fer'mus,  a.  [Ii.  inermis,  iner- 
mus — prefix  in,  not,  and  arma,  arms.] 
Bot.  unarmed;  destitute  of  prickles  or 
thorns,  as  a  leaf. 

Inert,  in-ert',  a.  [L.  iners,  inertis,  un- 
unsliilled,  inactive — in,  not,  and  ars,  ac- 
quired skill,  art.  Art.]  Destitute  of  the 
power  of  moving  itself,  or  of  active  resis- 
tance to  motion  impressed;  not  moving  or 
acting;  indisposed  to  move  or  act;  slug- 
gish; inactive.  .•.  Inert  refers  rather  to  the 
external  manifestation  of  a  habit  which 
may  be  either  natural  or  induced;  inac- 
tive, not  exhibiting  activity,  often  refers 
to  a  tempora'ry,  perhaps  voluntary,  state. 
. —  Inertia,  in-6r'shi-a,  n.  (ii.J  Passive- 
ness;  inactivity;  inertness;  sluggishness; 
physics,  the  property  of  matter  by  which 
it  retains  its  state  of  rest  or  of  uniform 
rectilinear  motion  so  long  as  no  foreign 
cause  occurs  to  change  that  state :  caUed 
also  vis  inertice.  —  Inertly,  in-6rt'li,  adv. 
In  an  inert  manner.— Inertness,  Inertion, 
Inertitude,  in-Srt'nes,  in-er'shon,  in-fer'ti- 
tud,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  in- 
ert. 

Inerudite,  in-er'Q-dit,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  erudite.]    Not  erudite;  unlearned. 

Inessential,  in-es-sen'shal,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  essential.]  Not  essential;  unes- 
sential. 

Inestimable,  in-es'ti-ma-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  estimable;  L.  inceslimabUis.]  In- 
capable of  being  estimated  or  computed; 
too  valuable  or  excellent  to  be  rated  or 
fully  appreciated;  incalculable.— Inestim- 
ably, in-es'ti-ma-bii,  adv.  In  a  manner 
not  to  be  estimated. 

Inevitable,  in-ev'i-ta-bl,  a.  [L.  inevita.bmti, 
from  in,  not,  and  evitio,  to  avoid— e,  out, 
and  vito,  to  shim.]  Incapable  of  being 
avoided;  unavoidable;  admitting  of  no 
escape  or  evasion;  certain  to  befall.  —  In- 
evitability, Inevitableness,  in-ev'i-ta-bil"- 
i-ti,  in-ev'i-ta-bl-nes,  n.  Dnavoidableness; 
certainty.— Inevitably,  in-ev'i-ta-bli,  adv. 
Unavoidably;  certainly. 

Inexact,  in-eg-zakt',  a.  [Prefix  in,  not,  and 
exact.]  Not  exact;  not  precisely  correct 
or  true.  —  Inexactness,  in-eg-zakt'nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  inexact;  incorrectness. 

Inezcitable,  in-ek-si'ta-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  excitable.]  Not  excitable;  not 
susceptible  of.  excitement. —  Inexcitabil- 
Ity,  in-ek-si'ta-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  inexcitable. 

Inexcusable,  in-eks-ku'za-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  excusable.]  Incapable  of  being 
excused  or  justified;  unpardonable;  inde- 
fensible. —  InezcosablenesB,  in-eks-ka'za- 
bl-nes,  n.  The  condition  or  quality  of  be- 
ing inexcusable.  —  Inexcusably,  in-eks- 
kti'za-bli,  adv.  In  an  inexcusable  man- 
ner; without  excuse. 

Inexecutable,  iu-ek's5-kQ"ta-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  executable.]  Not  executablfe; 
incapable  of  being  executed  or  performed. 

Inexhaustible,  in-egz-has'ti-bl,  o.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  exhaustible.]  Not  exhaustible; 
incapable  of  being  exhausted  or  spent; 
unfailing.  —  Inexhausted,  in-egz-has'ted, 
a.  Not  exhausted;  unexhausted. — Inex- 
haustedly,  in-egz-has'ted-li,  adv.  Without 
exhaustion.— Inexhaustibility,  Inexhaus- 
tibleness,  in-egz-has'ti-bil"i-ti,  in-egz-has'- 
ti-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  inexhaus- 
tible. —  Inexhaustibly,  in-egz-has'ti-bli, 
adv.  In  an  inexhaustible  manner  or  de- 
gree. 

uexorable,  in-ek'so-ra-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  exorable.]  Incapable  of  being 
moved  by  entreaty  or  prayer;  too  firm  and 
determined  to  yield  to  supplication  ;  un- 
yielding; unbending;  implacable.— Inex- 
orability, Inexorabfeness,  in-ek'so-ra-bil"- 
i-ti,  in-ek'so-ra-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  inexorable. — Inexorably, 
in-ek'so-ra-bli,  adv.  In  ab  inexorable 
manner. 

Inexpansible,  in-eks-pan'si-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  expansible.]  Incapable  of  be- 
ing expanded,  dilated,  or  diffused. 

Inexpedient,  in-eks-pe'di-ent,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  expedient.]  Not  expedient; 
Inappropriate;  unsuitable  to  time  and 
place;  not  advisable. —  Inexpedience,  In- 


expediency, in-eks-p5'di-ens,  in-eks-pe'di' 
en-si,  n.  The  condition  or  quality  of  be- 
ing inexpedient.  —  Inexpediently,  in-eks- 
pS'di-ent-li,  adv.  In  an  inexpedient  man- 
ner. 

Inexpensive,  in-eks-pen'siv,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  expensive.]    Not  expensive. 

Inexpeiience,  in-eks-pe'ri-ens,  n.  (Prefix 
in,  not,  and  experience.]  Want  of  experi- 
ence.— Inexperienced,  in-eks-pe'ri-enst,  a. 
Not  having  experience. 

Inexpert,  iu-eks-pert',  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  expert.]  Not  expert;  not  skilled. — 
Inexpertness,  in-eks-pert'nes,  n. 

Inexpiable,  in-eks'pi-a-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  expiable;  L.  inexpiabilis.]  In- 
capable of  being  expiated;  not  to  be  atoa(j4 
for ;  unpardonable.  —  iQexpiableness,  in- 
eks'pi-a-bl-nes,  n.— Infcxiliably,  in-eks'pi- 
a-bll,  adv. 

Inexplicable,  in-eks'pli-ka-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  explicable;  L.  inexplicabilis.] 
Incapable  of  being  explained  or  inter- 
preted; unaccountable;  mysterious.  —  In- 
explicability,InexpIicableness,in-eks'pU- 
ka-bil"i-ti,  in-eks'pli-ka-bl-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  inexplicable. — Inexpli- 
cably, in-eks'pli-ka-bli,  adv.  In  an  inex- 
plicable manner;  unaccountably. 

Inexplicit,  in-eks-plis'it,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  explicit.]  Not  explicit;  not  clear  in 
statement;  not  clearly  stated. 

Inexplosive,  in-eks-plo'siv,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  explosive.]  Not  liable  to  explode 
or  burst  with  a  loud  report. — n.  A  sub- 
stance which  is  not  liable  to  explode. 

Inexpressible,  in-eks-pres'i-bl,  a.  I  Prefix 
in,  not,  a.nd' expressible.]  Not  expressible; 
not  to  be  uttered ;  unspeakable ;  unutter- 
able.—Inexpressibles,  in-eks-pres'i-blz,  n. 
pi.  A  colloquial  euphemism  for  trousers. — 
Inexpressibly,  in-eks-pres'i-bli,  adv.  In 
an  inexpressible  manner.  —  Inexpressive, 
in-eks-pres'iv,  a.  Not  expressive;  want- 
ing in  expression;  inexpressible;  inef- 
fable. —  Inexpressiveness,  in-eks-pres'iv- 
nes,  n. 

Inextinet,  in-eks-tingkt',  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  extinct.]    Not  extinct. 

Inextinguishable,  in-eks-ting'gwish-a-bl,a. 
[Prefix  in,  nof,  and  extinguishable.]  Inca- 
pable of  being  extinguished;  unquench- 
able (flame,  thirst,  desire).— Inextinguish- 
ably, in-eks-tipg'gwish-a-bli,  adv.  In  an 
inextinguishable  manner. 

Inextricable,  in-eks'tri-ka-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  extricable;  L.  inextricfibilis.] 
Incapable  of  being  extricated  or  disen- 
tangled; not  permitting  extrication. — In- 
extricableness,  in-eks'tri-ka-bl-nes,  n. — 
Inextricably,  in-eks'tri-ka-hli,  adv. 

Infallible,  in-fal'i-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
a.nd  fallible.]  Not  fallible;  not  capable  of 
erring  or  falling  into  error ;  not  leading 
into  error;  perfectly  reliable;  certain  {in- 
fallible testimony).  —  Infallibly,  in-fal'i- 
Dli,  adv.  In  an  infallible  manner.— Infal- 
Ubilism,  in-fal'i-bil-izm,  n.  Adherence  to 
the  dogma  of  the  infallibility  of  the  pope. 
— Infallibilist,  in-fal'i-bil-ist,  n.  One  who 
maintains  the  infallibility  of  the  pope. — 
Infallibility,  Infallibleness,  in-fari-bil"i- 
ti,  in-fal'i-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
infallible.  —  Infallibility  of  the  pope,  the 
dogma  established  as  an  article  of  faith  in 
1870,  that  the  pope,  when  speaking  as  pope 
upon  matters  of  faith  or  morals,  is  infal- 
lible. 

Infamy,  in'fa-mi,  n.  [L.  infamia,  ill  fame, 
ill  report,  from  in^amis,  infamous — in,  not, 
and /oma,  fame.)  Total  loss  of  reputation; 
public  disgrace;  bad  or  disgraceful  reputfe; 
shamef ulness ;  disgracef ulness ;  scanda- 
lousness ;  extreme  baseness  or  vileness. — 
Infamous,  in'fa-mus,  a.  Having  a  reputa- 
tion of  the  worst  kind;  scandalous;  noto- 
riously vile;  shameful;  branded  with  in- 
famy. —  Infamously,  in '  fa-mus-li,  adv. 
Scandalously;  disgracefully;  shamefully. 

Infant,  in'fant,  n.  [L.  infans,  infaniis,  that 
cannot  speak,  an  infant — prefix  in,  not, 
and /art,  to  speak.  Fame.]  A  child  during 
the  first  two  or  three  years  of  its  life;  law, 
a  person  not  of  full  age.— a.  Pertaining  to 
infancy. — Infancy,  in'fan-si,  n.  [h.  infan- 
tia.]  The  state  of  being  an  infant;  earliest 
period  of  life;  lav,  the  period  from  a  per- 
son's I'jjth  till  he  is  twenty-one  years  of 


I'fite,  far,  fat,  fftll;     me.  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note",  not,  m8ve:j    %tibo,  tub,  b\jU;     oil,  pound;     fi,  Sc.  abttne— the  Fr.  «. 


IXFAXTRY 


355 


INFLICT 


agt;  uouage:  minority:  the  first  nun  of  any- 
thing. —  In/an ta,  iu-fnu'ti,  n.  lu  .-Spain 
and  Portugal,  ajxy  princess  of  the  royal 
blood,  excei)t  the  eldest. — Infante,  in-faij'- 
tft,  n.  in  Spain  and  Portugal,  any  boii  of 
the  king,  except  the  eldest.— Infanthood. 
in  fanthud,  n.  The  state  6f  being  an  in- 
fant; infancy.— Infanticidal.  infan'ti-si"- 
dal,  a.  Relating  to  infanticide. —Infanti- 
cide, in-fan'ti-sid.  n.  IL.  in/anticidnim, 
the  crime,  in/unticida,  the  perpetrator— 
in/atiH,  and  cceito,  to  kill.  I  The  murder 
and  also  the  inunierer  of  an  infant;  child- 
murder.  —  Infantile,  Infantine,  in'fan-til, 
in'fan-tin,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characteris- 
tic of  infancy  or  an  infant. 

Infantry,  in  f an t-ri,n,  IFr.  infanterie.  It. 
in/anteria,  infantry  (lit.  a  band  of  youths), 
from  in/ante,  a  young  person,  originally 
an  infant.!  The  soldiers  or  troops  that 
serve  on  foot,  as  distinguished  from  cav- 
alry. 

Infatuate,  in-fat'n-fit,  v.t—  infattiated,  in- 
fatuating. [L.  in/utuo,  in/atuatum,to mSi]s.e 
foolish  —  prefix  in,  intens.,  and  /afuKS, 
foolish  fwhence/atunus).]  To  make  foolish; 
to  inspire  with  folly;  to  inspire  with  an 
extravagant  passion  that  cannot  be  con- 
trolled.—Infatuated,  in-fat  ii-a-ted,  p.  and 
a.  Affected  with  folly;  Viesotted;  inspired 
with  foolish  passion.— Infatuation,  in-fat'- 
ii-a"shon,  n.  The  act  of  infatuating  or 
state  of  being  infatuated ;  extreme  folly; 
foolish  passion. 

Infeasible,  in-fe'zi-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  feasible.]  Not  feasible;  impractic- 
able. 

Infect,  in-fekt',  v.t.  [Ft.  infecter,  from  L. 
in/icio,  infectum,  to  put  in,  to  stain  —  in, 
into,  and  facio,  to  do.  Fact.  ]  To  taint 
with  disease;  to  contaminate  with  morbid 
or  noxious  matter;  to  communicate  bad 
qualities  to;  to  corrupt.— Infecter,  in-fek'- 
t^r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  infects. — 
Infection,  in-fek'shon,  n.  The  act  or  pro- 
cess of  infecting;  that  which  infects:  as 
distinguished  from  contagion  it  does  not 
imply  actual  contact,  as  the  latter  pro- 
perly does.- Infectious,  Infective,  in-tek'- 
shus,  in-fek'tiv,  a.  Capable  of  infecting; 
Jikely  to  communicate  disease;  contagious; 
corrupting  or  contaminating ;  easily  dif- 
fused or  spread  from  person  to  person. — 
Infectiously,  in-fek'shus-li,  adv.  In  an 
infectious  manner;  by  infection.  —  Infec- 
tiousness, in-fek'shus-nes,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  infectious. 

Infecund,  in-fe'kund,  o.  [Prefix  in,  not,  and 
fecund;  L.  infecundus.]  Not  fecund;  un- 
fruitful; barren.— Infecundity,  in-fe-kun'- 
di-ti,  n.    State  of  being  infecund. 

Infeftment,  in-feft'ment,  n.  The  Scotch 
equivalent  of  Enfeoffment. 

Infelicity,  in-fe-lis'i-ti,  n.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  falicity;  L.  infelicitas.}  The  state  of 
being  unhappy;  unhappiness;  misery;  un- 
favourableness.  —  Inielicitoug,  in-fe-lis'i- 
tus,  a.  Not  felicitous;  unhappy;  unfor- 
tunate. 

Infeit,  in'felt,  a.  [Prefix  in,  within,  and 
felt.\    Felt  within  or  deeply;  heart-felt. 

Infeofl,  in-fef.    Te  enfeofiF. 

Infer,  in-f6r',  v.t.—wferred,  inferring.  [L. 
infero,  to  bring  in  or  on,  to  conclude  — 
in,  upon,  and  fero,  to  bear.  Fertile.]    To 

father  or  derive  either  by  induction  or  de- 
uction;  to  deduce,  as  a  fact  or  conse- 
quence; to  conclude  or  arrive  at  by  reason- 
ing.—Inferable,  in-ffer'a-bl,  o.  Capable  of 
being  inferred;  inferrible.— Inference,  in'- 
f'^r-ens,  n.  The  act  of  inferring ;  conclu- 
sion drawn  or  inferred;  deduction;  coase- 
quence.— Inferential,  in-ffir-en'shal,  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  an  inference.  —  Inferen- 
tially,  iii-fer-en'shal-li,  adv.  In  an  infer- 
ential manner;  by  way  of  inference. — 
Inferrible,  in-ftr"!-!)!,  a.  .  Such  as  may  be 
inferred ;  to  be  gathered  or  concluded  by 
reasoning. 

Inferior,  iu-fCri-6r,  o.  [L.  compar.  from  in-- 
Jerus,  low;  akin  infernal.']  Lower  in  place, 
station,  rank,  value,  importance,  and  the 
like;  subordinate;  hot.  growing  below  some 
other  organ;  astron.  situated  or  occurring 
between  the  earth  and  the  sun  (the  inferior 
planets). — n.  A  person  who  is  inferior  to 
another,  or  lower  in  station,  rani,  intel- 
lect, importance,  &c.  —  Inferiority,  in-fe'- 


ri-or"i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  inferior. 
— Inferlorly,  in-f6'ri-^r-li,  adv.  In  an  in- 
ferior manner,  or  on  the  inferior  part. 

■Infernal,  in-ftr'nal,  a.  I  L.  infemalis,  from 
infemus,  infernal;  akin  lu/enor.  1  Per- 
taining to  the  lower  regions,  or  regions  of 
the  dead;  pertaining  to  hell;  inhabiting 
hell;  characteristic  or  worthy  of  hell  or 
the  inhabitants  of  hell;  hellish;  diaboli- 
cal ;  wicked  and  detestable.  —  Infernal 
machine,  a  mafchine  or  api>aratus  of  an  ex- 
plosive nature,  contrived  for  the  purposes 
of  .T.ssassination  or  other  mischief.— fiifer- 
nally,  in-fer'nal-li,  adv.  In  an  infernal 
manner. 

Infertile,  in-ffir'til  or  in-f6r'til,  o.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  a.ad  fertile.]  Not  fertile;  not  fruit- 
ful or  productive;  barren. -Infertllely,  in- 
ffer'til-li,  adv.  In  an  infertile  manner. — 
Infertility,  in-f 6r-til'i-ti,  n.  U  uproductive- 
ness;  barrenness. 

Infest,  in-fest',  v.t.  [Fr.  infeater;  L.  infestare, 
to  attack,  to  molest,  from  mfeatus,  hostile 
—in,  m,  and  same  root  as  fendo  in  offendo, 
d.efendo,  to  offend,  defend.]  To  make  hos- 
tile attacks  or  depredations  on;  to  harass, 
torment,  disturb,  annoy —Infestation,  in- 
fes-ta'shon,  n.  [h.  infestatio.]  The  act  of 
infesting.— Infester,  in-f es'ter,  n.  One  who 
infcFts. 

Infestive,  in-fes'tiv,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not,  and 
festive.\    Not  festive;  cheerless;  joyless. 

Infeudation,  in-f  u-d&'shon,  n.  [L.  in,  into, 
and  feudum,  a  fief.]  Law,  the  act  of  put- 
ting in  possession  of  an  estate  in  fee;  the 
granting  of  tithes  to  laymen. 

Infidel,  in'fi-del,  n.  |  L.  injidelis,  faithless, 
unbelieving  —  prefix  in,  not,  and  fidelia, 
faithful.  Fidelity.]  A  disbeliever;  a  scep- 
tic; one  who  does  not  believe  in  God  or  in 
Christianity  or  has  no  religious  faith;  an 
atheist;  any  one  r^arded  as  not  holding 
the  true  faith.— a.  Unbelieving;  sceptical. 
—Infidelity,  in-fi-del'i-ti.n.  jFr  thjidelite; 
L.  infidelitas.]  Want  of  faith  or  belief; 
atheism  or  disbelief  m  God  or  in  the  truths 
of  revealed  religion;  unbelief;  scepticism; 
unfaithfulness  in  married  persons;  un- 
faithfulness to  a  charge  or  moral  obliga- 
tion; treachery;  deceit. 

Infiltrate,  in-fil'trfit,  v.i.  [Prefix  in,  and 
filtrate.]  To  enter  by  penetrating  the  pores 
or  interstices  of  a  substance. — Infiltration, 
in-fil-tra'shon,  n.  The  process  of  infiltrat- 
ing; that  which  infiltrates. 

Infinite,  in'fi-nit,  o.  [Prefix  in,  not,  and 
finite;  h.  infiniivs.]  Not  finite;  without 
limits;  not  limited  or  circumscribed*  ap- 
plied to  time,  space,  and  the  Supreme 
Being  and  his  attributes;  exceedingly 
great  in  excellence,  degree,  capacity,  and 
the  like;  boundless;  limitless;  immeasur- 
able.—n.  That  which  is  infinite;  an  infinite 
space  or  extent;  the  infinite  being;  the 
Almighty.  —  Infinitely,  in'fi-nit-li,  adv. 
In  an  infinite  manner. — Infinltensss,  in'- 
fi-nit-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  infinite. 
—Infinitesimal,  in'fln-i-tes"i-mai,  o.  [Fr. 
infinit4sim,al.]  Infinitely  or  indtfiijitely 
small;  less  than  any  assignable  quantity. 
— n.  Math,  an  infinitely  small  quanity,  or 
one  less  than  any  assignable  quantity. — 
Inflnitesimally,  in'fin-i-tes"i-mal-lij  adv. 
To  an  infinitesimal  extent  or  in  an  infini- 
tesimal degree.— Infinitive,  in-fin'i-tiv,  cC. 
[L.  injinitivus,  unlimited,  indefinite.]  Not 
limiting  or  restricting:  a  grammatical 
term  applied  to  that  mood  of  i-  verb  which 
expresses  the  action  of  the  verb,  without 
limitation  of  person  or  number. — n.  The 
infinitive  mood.  —  Infinitival,  in-fin'i-ti- 
val,  a.  Gram,  of  or  belonging  to  the  in- 
finitive mood.— Infinitively,  in-fln'i-tiv-U, 
adv.  Gram,  in  the  manner  of  an  infini- 
tive mood.— Infinitude,  in-fin'i-tud,n.  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  infinite;  infinite 
extent;  infinity;  immensity;  boundless 
number.— Infinity,  in-fin'i-ti,  n.  (li.  tTt- 
finitas.]  Tinliraited  extent  of  time,  space, 
quaiitity,  excellence,  energy,  &c.;  bound- 
lessness; endless  or  indefinite  number. 

Infirm,  in-fferm',  a.  [Prefix  i.n,  not,  and 
firm;  L.  infirmuSy  not  strong,  weak, 
feeble.]  Not  firm  or  sound;  weak  as  re- 
gards the  body;  feeble;  not  steadfast;  ir'- 
resolute;  not  solid  or  stable.— Infirmary, 
in-f  «r'ma-ri,  n.  A  place  where  the  infirm 
or  sick,  or  those  suffering  from  accidents. 


are  lodged  and  nursed,  or  have  their  ail- 
ments attended  to.— Infirmity,  in-fer'mi- 
ti,  n.  [L.  injirmitas.]  The  state  of  being 
infirm;  an  unsound  or  unhealthy  state  of 
the  body;  a  disease;  a  malady;  an  ailment, 
weakness,  failing,  defect,  foii)lo. — Infirm- 
ly, in-ferm'li,  adv.  In  an  infirm  manner. 
—Infirmnegs,  in-fCrm'nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  infirm. 

Infix,  in-fiks',  v.t.  [L.  infigo,  injixum — in, 
in,  into,  and  Jigo,  to  fijt.J  To  fix  or  fasten 
iu;  to  cause  to  remain  or  adhere,  as  in  the 
mind ;  to  implant  or  fix,  as  principles, 
thoughts,  &c. 

Infiame,  in-flam',  v.t. — inflamed,  inflaming. 
|Ij.  injiantmw — in,  andylamnio,  to  iufianie, 
from  y(ar>iina,  flame.  Flamk.I  To  set  on 
fire;  to  kindle;  to  redden  or  maKe  fiery 
(the  eyes,  the  face);  to  excite  or  increase, 
as  passion  or  appetite;  to  enkindle  into 
violent  action ;  to  enrage  or  exasperate; 
med.  to  make  morbidly  red  and  swollen. 
—v.i.  To  take  fire;  to  grow  angry;  to  grow 
hot  and  painful. — Inflamer,  in-fla'mir,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  inflames.— Inflam- 
mability, Tnflaniinablenesa-,  in-flam'a-bil  "- 
i-ti,in-nam'a-bl-nes,n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  inflammable.— Inflammable, 
in-flam 'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  set  ou 
fire;  easily  kindled;  combustible.— Inflam- 
mably, in-flam'a-bli,  adv.  In  an  infiam- 
mable  manner. — Inflammation,  in-fia- 
ma'shon,  n.  |L.  in^tnrnaiio.)  The  act  of 
inflaming;  med.  a  redness  and  swelling  of 
any  part  of  an  animal  body,  attended  with 
heat,  pain,  and  febrile  symptoms. —  In- 
flammative.t  in-flam'a-tiv,  o.  Inflamma- 
tory. —  Inflammatory,  in-flam'a-to-ri,  a. 
Tending  to  inflame;  tending  to  excite  in- 
flammation; accompanied  with  great  heat 
and  excitement  of  arterial  action;  tending 
to  excite  anger,  animosity,  or  the  like. 

Inflate,  in-flat',  v.t.— inflated,  inflating.  [L. 
inflo,  inflatum — in,_  into,  and  flo,  to  blow. 
Flatulent.)  To  swell  or  distend  by  in- 
jecting air;  to  puff  up;  to  elate,  as  with 
pride;  to  raise  above  the  real  value  or 
value  according  to  sound  commercial 
principles  (inflated  priceB).  —  Inflatable, 
in-fla'ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  iniiat<;d. 
—Inflated,  in-fia'ted,  p.  and  a.  Distended 
with  air;  puffed  up;  turgid;  tumid;  bom- 
bastic (an  inflated  style  of  writing).— In- 
flation, in-fla'sbon,  n.  [L.  inflatio,  infla- 
tioniti.]  The  act  of  inflating;  the  state  of 
being  inflated.  —  Inflationist,  in-fla'shon- 
ist,  n.  One  who  causes  an  unnatural  or 
undue  expansion  of  prices. — Inflatns,  In- 
fla'tus,  n.  JL.,  from  inflo,  injlatum.]  A 
blowing  or  breathing  in;  inspiration. 

Inflect,  in-flekt',  v.t.  [L.  infiecto — in,  in- 
teuB.,  and  fiecto,  to  bend.  Fl£x.]  To 
bend;  to  turn  from  a  direct  line  or  course;  ~ 
to  modulate  (the  voice);  gram,  to  go  over 
the  inflections  of;  to  decline  or  conjugate. 
— Inflected,  in-flek'ted,  p.  and  a.  Bent  or 
turned  from  a  direct  line  or  course  (an  in- 
jected ray  of  light);  hot.  bent  or  curved  in- 
wards; gram,,  having  inflections. — Inflec- 
tion, IzEQezion,  in-flek'shon,  n.  [L.  in- 
flexw,  infiexionis.]    The  act  of  inflecting, 

.  or  the  state  of  being  inflected;  modulation 
or  rise  and  fall  erf  ftie  voice;  optics,  deflec- 
tion or  diffraction;  gram,  the  variation  of 
nouns,  &c.,  by  declension,  and  of  verbs  by 
conjugation. — Inflectional,  in-flek'ahon-al, 
o.  Pertaining  to  or  having  iuflectiou. 
— Inflective,  iu-flek'tiv,  a.  Having  the 
power  of  inflecting. — Inflezed,  in-fle,kKt', 
a.  [L.  inflexus,  pp.  of  infiecto.]  Curbed; 
bent. — Infiexed  leaf,  hot.  a  leaf  curved  or 
bent  upwards  and  inwards  at  the  apex. — 
Inflexibility,  in-flek'8i-bll"i-ti,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  inflexible.  —  Inflexible, 
in-flek'si-bl,  a.  [L.  inflexibilis,  that  can- 
not be  bent.]  Incapable  of  being  bent; 
firm  in  purpose;  not  to  be  prevailed  ou; 
incapable  of  being  turned  from  a  jjurpose; 
inexorable;  unalterable.  — Inflenbleness, 
in-flek'si-bl-nes,  n.  Inflexibility.— Inflex- 
ibly, in-flek'si-bli,  adv.  In  an  inflexible 
manner;  firmly;  inexorably. 

Inflict,  in-flikt',  v.t.  [L.  infligo,  inflictum — 
in,  upon,  and  fiigo,  to  strike,  as  in  afflict, 
conflict.]  To  cause  to  bear  or  suffer  from; 
to  cause  to  feel  or  experience;  to  impose 
(pain,  disgrace,  punishment).  —  Inflicter, 
in-flik'tCr,  n.    One  who  inflicts.  — Inflic- 


ch,  cAain;     eft,  Sg»locfc^     g,  jro;    j.yob;     ^,  fCttaai    nguWWfiHJ    iB,.<Aen;th,  ttiiy     Tfr,  tdgj     wli,wAig;,    ?h,a8uro. 


INFL0EE8CENCE 


356 


DfGEOSS 


tion,  in-flik'shon,  n.  [L.  inflictio,  viiflic- 
fionvs.]  The  act  of  inflicting  or  imposing; , 
that  which  is  inflicted.  —  inflictiye.T^-! 
flik'tiv,  a.    Tending  to  inflict.  _^  '  .■ 

Inflorescence,  in-flo-res'ens,  n.'.  [TrosL^Jj. 
in/torescens,  ppr.  of  infioreseo,  to  begin  to 
blossom— it*,  intens.,  aaAJloreseo,  to  Degin 
to  blossom.  Flourish.]  A  flowering;  the 
unfolding  of  blossoms;  bot  a  mode  of 
flowering  or  the  manner  in  which  blossoms 
are  arranged  and  supported  on  their  foot- 
stalks or  peduncles. 

Inflow,  in'flO,  n.  The  act  of  flowing  in  or 
into;  that  which  flows  in;  influx. 
Influence,  in'fl^x-ens,  n.  [Ft.  influence,  from 
L.  infiuens,  ivJiuentiB,  ppr.  of  infirto,  to 
flow  in— in,  ixi,flvo,  to  flow.  Fluent.]  jV. 
flowing  in,  into,  or  upon;  a  supposed  power 
proceeding  from  the  celestial  bodies,  and 
operating  on  the  affairs  of  men;  agency  or 
power  serving  to  affect,  modify,  or  sway 
in  some  way;  ability  or  power  sufficient  to 
produce  some  efFecU  sway;  effect;  power  or 
authority  arising  from  elevated  station, 
wealth,  and  the  like;  acknowledged  as- 
cendency with  people  in  power.— v.t.— in.' 
fMenced,inihusneing.  To  exercise  influence 
on ;  tof  modify  or  affect  in  soibe  way ;  to 
act  on;  to  bias;  to  sway.- Influencer,  in'- 
flu-ens-6r,  n.  One  w^o  or  that  which  in- 
fluences.—Influent,  in'flu-ent^  a.  [L.  in- 
fiuens, infiue.nlis.'\  Flowing  in.— Snfluen- 
tial,  in-flu-en'shal.a.  Exerting  influence, 
physical  or  other;  possessing  power  or  in- 
fluence. —  InfluentiaUy,  in-flu-en'shal-li, 
advr  In  an  influential  manner. 
Influenza,  in-flij-en'za,  n.  [It.  influema,  Ut. 
influence.  Influence.]  An  epidemic  ca- 
tarrh or  cold  of  an  aggravated  kind. 
Infioz,  in'fluks,  n.  [L.  irifluxua,  a  flowing 
in,  from  in^uo.  Influence.]  (Che  act  of 
flowing  in;  infusion;  inflowj  a  coming  in; 
introduction;  importation  in  abundance 
(an  infiiix  of  money);  the  point  at  .which 
one  smam  runs  into  another  or  into. the 
sea.  —  Influxion,  In-fluk'shon,  n.  [L.  -m- 
fiuxio,  in^^ixionis.]  Infusion;  intromis- 
sion.—Influxive,  in-fluk'siv,  a.  HaTing  a 
tendency  to  flow  in. 

Infold,  in-fold'^  v.i.  To  fold  in;  to  wrap 
up  or  inwrap;  to  clasp  with  the  arms;  to 

"biloTm,  iti-form',  v.t.  [Fr.  informer,  to 
apprise,  L.  informo,  to  shape,  to  describe 
— tn,  intens.,  and  formo,  to  form,  from 
forma,  form.]  To  give  form  or  shape  to; 
to  inspire  and  give  life  to;  to  actuate 
with  vitality;  to  animate;  to  communi- 
cate knowledge  to;  to  instruct,  to  tell, 
acquaint,  apprise  (to  inform,  a  person  of 
something).  —  v.i.  To  give  information.— 
To  inform  against,  to  communicate  facts 
by  way  of  accusation  against. — Informant, ' 
in-formant,  n.  One  who  informs;  an  in- 
former.—Information,  in-for-ma'shon,  n. 
[L.  informctio.']  The  act  of  informing; 
news  or  intelligence  communicated  by 
word  or  writing;  intelligence;  knowledge 
derived  from  reading  or  instruction,  or 
gathered  in  any  waj-;  a  statement  of  facts 
laid  before  a  court  of  justice.  —  Informar- 
tory.  Informative,  iq-for'ma-to-ri,  in-for'- 
ma-tiv,  a.  A'ffording  knowledge  or  infor- 
mation; instructive.  —  Informer,  in-for'- 
m*r,  n.  One  who  informs;  an  accomplice 
who  in  order  to  escape  punishment  gives 
evidence  against  another  or  others;  one 
who  makes  a  business  of  informing  against 
others. 

Informal,  in-for'mal,  a.  [Prefix  tn,  not, 
and  formal.']  Not  in  the  regular  or  usual 
form;  not  in  accordance  witn  officiaJ,'con- 
ventional,  or  customary  forms;  without 
ceremony.— InfbPinality,  in-for-mal'i-ti,  n. 
The  state  of  being  informal;  want  of  for- 
mality.—Informally,  in-for'mal-li,od».  In 
an  informal  manner. 

Infra-axillary,  in-fra-ak'sil-la-ri,  a.  [L. 
infra,  beneath,  and  axiUa,  axil.]  Bot. 
fiiluated  beneath  the  axil.  —  Infracostal, 
in-frarkos'tal,  a.  [L.  infra,  and  cogta,  rib.] 
Anat.  situated  beneath  the  ribs. 

Infraction,  in-frak'shon,  n.  CL.  infractio, 
infractioni^,  a  breaking  in  pieces,  from 
infrinqo,  infraetum.  Infringe.]  The  act 
of  infringing;  breach;  violation;  infringe- 
ment. 

Infra-mftTlllary,  in-fra-mak'sil-Ia-ri,  a,  [L. 


in/ra,  beneath,  and  maariZZa,  a  jaw.]  Anat. 
situated  under  the  jaw;  belonging  to  the 
lower  jaw.— infra-mundane,  in-fra-mun'- .* 
,-  dan,  a.  [L.  infra,  and  mrmdus,  the  world-J^ 
lii'ing  or  being  beneath  the  world. 

In&anchise,  io.-fran'chizj4V.t.  Same  as  £n- 

franchise. 

Infrangible,  in-fran'ji-bl,  o.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  frangible.  ]  Not  capable  of  being 
broken;  not  to  oe  violated  or  infringed. — 
Infrangibility,  Infrangibleness,  in-fran'- 
ji-bil"i-ti,  in-fran'ji-bl-nes,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  infrangible. 

Infra-orbital,  Infira-orbitary,  in-fra-orTDi- 
tal,  in-fra-orbi-ta-ri,  a.  [Prefix  infra,  and 
orbit.]  Anat.  situated  below  the  orbit. — 
Infra-scapular,  in-fra-skap'a-l6r,  a.  [Pre- 
fix infra,  and  scapula.]  Anat.  below  or 
beneath  the  scapula  or  shoulder-blade. 

Infrequent,  in-frs'kweut,  a.  [L.  infrequens 
— in,  not,  and  freqvens,  frequent.]  Not 
frequent;  seldoai  happening  or  occurring; 
unf requent ;  rare.  —  Infrequence,  Infre- 
quency,  in-fre'kwens,  in-f re 'k wen-si,  n. 
State  of  bein^  infrequent.— Infrequently, 
in-frelrwent-B,  adv.  Not  frequently;  sel- 
dom; rarely. 

Infringe,  in-frinj',  v.t. — infringed,  infring- 
ing. [L.  infringe — in,  intens.,  anifrango, 
to  break.  Fraction.]  To  break,  as  laws 
or  contracts;  to  violate;  to  contrayene;  to 
impair  or  encroach  on.— v.i.  To  encroach: 
followed  by  on  or  ttpon.  —  Infringement, 
in-lrinj'ment,  n.  Actof  infringing  or  vio- 
lating.—Infringer,  in-frin'jer,"  n.  One 
who  infringes;  a  violator. 

Infnla,  in'fa-la,  n.  [L.]  A  sort  of  head- 
dress worn  by  ancient  Homan  priests,  &c. 
a  pendant  to  a  bishop's  mitre. 

Ininlne,  Infumate,  In-fum',,  in'fu-m&t,  v.t. 
[L.  in/«}no,in/«t?i<rtwmr — in,  in,  mx&f tonus, 
smoke.    Pdme.]    To  dry  in  smoke. 

Infnndlbni&r,  Infuudlbulate,  InfundiboU 
form,  in-f un-dib'a-l6r,  in-f  un-dib'a-lat,  in- 
f  un-dib'a-li-f orm,  a.  ■  [From  infundibulitm, 
afunnel— tn,in,and/«n<J«,toponr.  Fuse.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  funnel. 

mfariate,  in-fo'ri-at,  v.t. — infuriated,  in- 
/uriating.  [IlL.  infurio,  infuriatvm.—ih, 
in,  intens.,  and/wna,  rage,  madness.]  To 
render  furious  or  mad;  to  enrage. — o.  En- 
raged; mad;  raging. 

Infuse,  in-fuz',  ti.i.— in/jtsed,  infusing.  [Fr. 
infuser,  from  h.  infundo,  infusum,  to  pour 
into — in,  into,  and /jtndo,  to  pour.  Fuse.] 
To  pour  in,  as  a  liquid;  to  pour;  to  shed; 
to  instil,  as  principles  or  qualities;  to  in- 
troduce; to  diffuse;  to  steep  in  liquor  with- 
out boiling,  in  order  to  extract  medicinal 
or  other  quaUtiss.  —  Infuser,  in-fu'zftr,  n. 
One  who  infuses.  —  Infusibility,  in-f u'zi- 
bil"i-ti,  n.  The  capability  of  being  infused. 
— Infusible,  in-f u'zi-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
infused.- Infusion,  in-fa'zhon,  n.  The  act 
or  process  of  infusing;  that  whica  is  in- 
fused or  instilled ;  liquor  obtained  by  in- 
fusing or  steeping.— Infusive,  iu-f  G'siv,  a. 
Having  the  power  of  infusion. — Infusoria, 
in-fu-s5'ri-a,  n.  pi.  [L.]  A  class  of  rain- 
ute,mostly  microscopic,  animals,  so  named 
froni  being  frequently  developed  in  or- 
ganic infusions. — Infusorial,  Infusory,  in- 
fu-so'ri-al,  in-fo'so-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Infusoria;  composed  of  or  containing  In- 
fusoria.—Infusorian,  in-f u-s6'ri-an,  n.  One 
of  the  Infusoria. 

Infusible,  in-f  u'zi-bl,  a.  [Prefii  in,  not,  and 
fusible.]  Not  fusible;  incapable  of  fusion. 
—Infusibility,  in-fu'zi-bil"i-ti,  n.  Absence 
of  fusibility. 

Ingathering,  in'gaTH-6r-ing,  n.  The  act  of 
gathering  in;  tne  collecting  and  securing 
of  the  fruits  of  the  earth;  harvest. 

Ingeminate,  in-jem'i-nat,  v.<.  [L.  in;7e7nino, 
ingeminatntm — in,  intens.,  and  gemino,  to 
double.  Geminate.]   To  double  or  repeat. 

— a.  Redoubled;  repeated.— Tngemination, 
in-jem'i-n3,"8hon,  ?i.  Repetition;  redupli- 
cation. 

Ingender,  in-jen'd6r,  v.t.  Same  as  Engen- 
der. 

Ingenerate,  in-jen'*r-at,  v.t.  [L.  ingenero, 
ingeneratum — in,  and  genera,  tq  generate.] 
To  generate  or  produce  within.— a.  Gen- 
erated within;  inborn;  innate;  inbred. — 
Ingeneration,  m-jen'6r-a"shon,  n.  The  act 
of  mgenerating  or  producing  within. 

Ingenious,  in-je'ni-us,  a.    [L.  ingeniosuB, 


able,  ingenious,  from  in<7«niMm.  ability, 

■iclevemess — in,  in,  and  root  gen,  to  beget. 

.Genus.]  Possessed  of  cleverness  or  abilityt; 
having  the  faculty  of  invention;  skilful  or 

'  prom"pt  to  invent ;  apt  in  contriving  or 
forming  new  combinations  of  ideas;  con- 
trived with  ingenuity;  of  curious  design, 
structure,  or  mechanism ;  witty  or  well 
conceived  (an  ingenitnis  compliment).  — 
Ingeniously,  in-je'ni-us-li,  adv.  In  an  in- 
genious maimer. — Ingeniousness,  in-j6'ni- 
us-nes,  n.  Ingenuity.— Ingenuity,  in-jen- 
u'i-ti,n.  fPr.  ing&n.wUi,  L.  ingenuitas,  from 
ingenuxM.  Ingenuous.]  Ingenuousnes.sJ; 
the  quality  or  power  of  being  ingeuiou":; 
ready  invention;  skill  in  contrivance.  [In 
form,  though  not  in  meaning,  this  word 
belongs  to  the  next  entry.] 

IngeunooB,  in-jen'u-us,  a.  [L.  ingenuus, 
inborn,  freebom,  ingenuous— in,  and  root, 
gen,  to  produce.  Genus.]  Honouraliie. 
noble,  or  generous^;  open,  frank,  or  candid ; 
free  from  reserve,  disguise,  equivocation, 
or  dissimulation :  of  persons  or  things. — 
Ingenuously,  in-jen'a-us-li,  adv.  In  an 
ingenuous  manner ;  openly ;  candidly. — 
Ingenuousness,  in-jen'u-us-nes,  n.  The  con- 
dition or  quality  of  being  ingenuous;  open- 
ness of  heart;  frankness.  —  Ingenue,  an- 
zha-nti,  n.    An  ingenuous,  artless,  naive 

.  girl  or  young  woman:  used  often  of  female 

'  parts  in  plays;  also,  an  actress  who  plays 
such  parts. 

Ingest,  in-jest',  v.t.  [L.  inigero,  ingestum — 
in,  into,  and  sero,  to  bear.  Gesture.]  To 
throw  into  the  stomach.  —  Iiigestlon,  in- 
jest'shori,  n.  The  act  of  throwing  into  the 
stomach. 

Inglorious,  in-glo'ri-uB,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  glorious;  L.  inglorius.]  Not  glorious; 
without  renown ;  obscure ;  bringing  dis- 
grace rather  than  glory ;  disgracefiil ;  ig- 
notainious.  —  Ingloriously,  tn-gl5'ri-us-li, 
adv.  In  an  inglorious  manner.— luglori- 
ousness,  in-glo'ri-us-nes,  n. 

IngluTies,  in-glu '  vi-€z,  n.  [L.]  Zool.  the 
crop,  craw,  or  gorge  of  birds;  the  stomach 
or  pauiich  of  ruminant  animals.  —  I&gln- 
vi^  in-glu'vi-al,  o.  .  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  ingluvies. 

Ingoing,  in'go-ing,' «.  The  act  of  entering; 
entrance.  —  a.  Going  in;  entering,  as  on 
an  office. 

Ingorge,  in-goij',  v.t.    To  engorge. 

Ingot,  in'got,  n.  [From  in,  and  A.  Sax. 
gedtan,  D.  gieten,  to  pour;  originally  mean- 
ing a  mass  of  molten  metal.  Gush.]  A 
mass  or  wedge  of  gold  or  silver  cast  in  a 
mould;  a  mass  of  unwrought  metal. 

In^^aft,  ia-graft',  v.t.  [In  and  graft.]  To 
graft;  to  attach  by  grafting;  hence,  to  in- 
sert; to  introduce;  to  set  or  fix  deeply  and 
firml3^.  —  Ingrafter,  in-CTaf'tfer,  n.  One 
who  ingrafts.  —  In^aftment,  in-graft'- 
ment,  n.    The  act  of  ingrafting. 

Ingrail,  in-gral',  v.t.    To  engrail. 

Ingrain,  in-grSn',  v.t.    To  engrain. 

Ingrste,  in'smt,  n.  [Fr.  ingrai,  from  L. 
ingratu»,  ungrateful — in,  not,  and  gratus, 
grateful.]   An  ungrateful  person. 

Ingratiate,  in-gra'shi-at,  v.t.— ingratiated, 

■ingratiating.  [L.  in,  into,  and  gratia, 
favour.  Grace.]  To  introduce  or  com- 
mend to  another's  good-will,  confidence, 
or  kindness:  alVays  r^. 

Ingratitude,  in-grat'i-tud,  n.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  gratitude.]  Want  of  gratitude; 
insensibility  to  favours,  and  want  of  a 
disposition  to  repay  them;  unthankful- 
ness. 

Ingrave,!  in-grav',  v.t.    To  engrave. 

Ingredient,  in-gre'di-ent,n.  [L.ingrediens, 
ingredientis,  ppr.  of  ingredior,  to  go  in— 
i»S  into,  and  gradior,  to  go.  Gbape] 
That  which  enters  into  a  compound  cr  is 
a  component  part  of  any  compound  or 
mixture;  an  element,  component,  or  con- 
stituent. 

Ingress,  in'gres,  n.  [L.  ingressus,  a  going 
into,  from  ingredior.  Ingredient.]  En- 
trance; astron.  the  entrance  of  the  moon 
into  the  shadow  of  the  earth  in  eclipses, 
the  sun's  entrance  into  a  sign,  &c.;  power 
or  liberty  of  entrance;  means  of  entering. 
— v.i.  (in-gres').    To  go  in  or  enter.  —  In- 

■gression,  in-gresh'on,  n.  [L.  ingressio.] 
The  act  of  entering;  entrance. 

Ingress,  ifl-gros',  v.t.    Same  as  Engross. 


Fate,  ftlr,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     sOte,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tub,  b>^;     oil,' pound]    v,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr. «. 


INGUINAl 


357 


INLAV 


Inguinal,  in  gwi-nal,  a.  [L.  inguinalis,  from 
inguen,  inpuinis,  the  groiiuj  Pertaining 
to  the  groin. 

Ingulf,  in-gulf ,  v.t.  To  swallow  up  in  or 
as  in  a  gulf  or  whirlpool;  to  overwhelm  by 
swallowing.  —  Ingulfment,  in-gulf'ment, 
n.    The  act  of  ingulfing. 

Ingurgitate,  in-ger'ji-tat,  v.t.— inpurtritafed, 
ingurgitating.  [L.  ingurgito,  ingurgita' 
turn,  to  gorge  — in,  into,  and  gurges,  a 
gulf.    Gorge.]    To  swallow  eagerly  or  in 

■great  q\ia.iitity.—v.i.  To  drink  largely;  to 
swill.- Ingurgitation,  in-g6r'ji-ta"Bhon,  n. 
The  act  of  ingurgitating. 

Inhabit,  in-hab'it,  v.t.  [L.  inhabito — in, 
and  habito,  to  dwell.  Habit.]  To  live  or 
dwell  in^  to  occupy  as  a  place  of  settled 
residence.— t).i.  To  dwell;  to  live;  to  abide. 
—Inhabitable,  in-hab'i-ta-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  inhabited;  habitable. — Inhabi- 
tance,  Inhabitancy,  in-hab'i-tans,  in-hab'- 
i-tan-si,  n.  The  condition  of  an  inhabi- 
tant ;  habitancy.  —  Inhabitant,  in-hab'i- 
tant,  re.  [L.  inhabitans,  inhabitantis,  ppr. 
of  inhabito.'i  One  who  inhabits;  one  who 
dwells  or  resides  permanently  in  a  place, 
as  distinguished  from  an  occasional  visi- 
tor. —  Inhabitation,  in-hab'i-ta"shon,  n. 
The  act  of  inhabiting;  an  abode.— Inhabl- 
ter,  in-hab'i-t6r,  n.  One  who  inhabits;  an 
inhabitant  (N.T.). 

Inhale,  in-hal',  v.t. — inhaled,  inhaling.  [L. 
inhalo—in,  in,  into,  and  halo,  to  breathe, 
as  in  exhale.]  To  draw  into  the  lungs;  to 
inspire;  to  suck  in.— Inhaler,  in-ha'16r,  n. 
One  who  inhales ;  med.  an  apparatus  for 
inhaling  vapours  *nd  volatile  substances, 
as  steam  of  hot  water,  vapour  of  chloro- 
form, iodine,  &c.;  a  respirator. — Inhalant, 
Inhalent,  in-ha'lant,  in-ha'lent,  a.  In- 
haling.—Inhalation,  in-ha-la'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  inhaling. 

Inhance,  in-bans',  v.t.    Same  as  Enhance. 

Inharmonic,  Inharmonical,  in-har-mon'ik, 
in-har-mon'i-kal,  a.  Not  harmonic;  in- 
harmonious ;  discordant. — Inharmoniona, 
in-har-mo'ni-us,  a.  Not  harmonious;  dis- 
cordant. —  Inharmoniously,  in-har-mo'ni- 
us-li,  adv.  In  an  inharmonious  manner. 
— Inharmoniousness,  Inharmony,  in-har- 
mo'ni-us-nes,  in-hiir'mo-ni,  n.  Want  of 
harmony;  discord. 

Inhere,  in-hcr',  v.i.— inhered,  inhering.  [L. 
inhcereo,  inhcexuivr^in,  and  hcereo,  to  stick, 
as  in  adhere,  cohere,  hesitate.]  To  exist  or 
be  fixed  in;  to  belong,  as  attributes  or 
qualities,  to  a  subject;  to  be  innate. — In- 
herence, Inherency;  in-he'rens,  in-h5'ren- 
si,  n.  The  state  of  inhering;  existence  in 
something.— Inherent,  in-he'rent,  a.  [L. 
inhterens,  inhmrentis,  ppr.  of  inhcereo.]  In- 
hering; inseparable;  naturally  pertaining; 
inborn;  innate. — Inherently,  in-h6'rent-li, 
adv.  In  an  inherent  manner. — Inhesion, 
in-he'zhbn,  n.    [h.  inhmsio.]    Inherence. 

Inherit,  in-her'it,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  enheriter,  L. 
inhoerediio,  to  inherit,  from  hceres,  hceredis, 
an  heir.  >  Heir.]  To  receive  or  obtain  by 
descent  from  an  ancestor;  to  take  by  be- 
ing the  heir;  to  receive  from  a  progenitor 
as  part  of  one's  nature;  to  come  into  pos- 
session of;  to  hold  as  belonging  to  one's 
lot.— v.i.  To  take  an  inheritance;  to  take 
the  position  of  heir  or  heirs.— Inheritabil- 
ity,  in-her'i-ta-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  inheritable.— Inheritable,  in-her*!- 
ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  inherited;  ca- 
pable of  being  transmitted  from  parent  to 
child.  —  Inheritably,  in-her'i-ta-bli,  adv. 
By  inheritance.  —  liaheritance,  in-her'i- 
tans,  n.  That  which  is  or  may  be  inheri- 
ted; an  estate  derived  or  to  be  derived 
from  an  ancestor  to  his  heir;  a  possession 
received  by  gift  or  without  purchase. — 
Inheritor,  in-her'i-t6r,n.  One  who  inherits 
or  may  inherit;  an  heir.— Inheritress,  In- 
heritrix, in-her'it-res,  in-her'it-riks,  re.  An 
heiress. 

Inhesion,  in-he'zhon,  n.    Under  Inhere. 

Inhibit,  in-hib'it,  v.t.  [L.  inhibeo,  inhibit- 
um,  to  restrain — ire,  in,  and  habeo,  to  have. 
Habit.]  To  restrain  by  command  or  in- 
terdict; to  hinder;  to  forbid,  prohibit,  or 
interdict.— Inhiblter,  in-hib'i-t6r,  re.  One 
who  inhibits.  —  Inhibition,  in-hi-bish'on, 
re.  [L-.  inhibitio."]  The  act  of  inhibiting ; 
prohibition;  alegal  writinhibitingajudge 
from  further  proceeding  in  a  cause.  —  In- 


iiibitor^r,  in-hib'i-to-ri,  o.  Conveying  an 
inhibition;  prohibitory. 

Inhospitable,  in-hos'pi-ta-bl,  o.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  hospitable.]  Not  hospitable; 
wanting  in  hospitality;  hence,  affording 
no  subsistence  or  shelter  to  strangers  (in- 
hospitable shores).  —  Inhospitality,  Inhos- 
pitableness,  in-hos'pi-tal"i-ti,  in-hos'pi-ta- 
Dl-nes,  re.  The  quality  of  being  inhospit- 
able—Inhospitably, in-hos'pi-ta-bli,  adv. 
In  an  inhospitable  manner. 

Inhuman,  in-hQ'man,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  human;  L.  inhnmanus.]  Destitute  of 
the  kindness  and  tenderness  that  belong 
to  human  beings ;  cruel ;  barbarous ;  sav- 
age; unfeeling.  —  Inhumanity,  in-ha- 
man'i-ti,  re.  [L.  inhumanitas.]  The  state 
of  being  inhuman.  —  Inhumanly,  in-ha'- 
mun-li,  adv.    In  an  inhuman  manner. 

Inhume,  in-hQm',  v.t. — inhumed,  inhuming. 
[Pr.  inhumer,  L.  inhumo,  inhumatv.m—in, 
in,  and  humus,  the  ground.  Humble.) 
To  deposit  in  the  earth;  to  bury;  to  inter 
(a  dead  body).  —  Inhiunation,  in-ha-ma'- 
shoUj  re.    The  act  of  burying;  interment. 

Inia,  in'i-a,  re.  A  cetaceous  animal  belong- 
ing to  the  dolphin  family,  frequenting  the 
tributaries  of  the  river  Amazon. 

Inial.    Under  Inion. 

Aiimical,  in-im'i-kal,  a.  [h.  iniminta—in, 
not, and  amicjis, friendly.  Amicable.]  Un- 
friendly; hostile;  adverse;  hurtful  (ireimi- 
cal  to  coAamerce).  —  Inimlcality,  in-im'i- 
kal"i-ti,  re.  The  state  of  being  inimical. 
— Inlmlcally,  in-im'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  an  in- 
imical manner. 

Inimitable,  in-im'i-ta-bl,  c.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  imitabU.]  Incapable  of  being  imi- 
tated or  copied ;  surpassing  imitation. — 
Inimitability,  l^mitableness,  in-im'i-ta- 
bil"i-ti,  in-im'i-ta-bl-nes,  re.  The  quality 
of  being  inimitable.— Inimitably,  in-im- 
i-ta-bli,  adv.    In  an  inimitable  manner. 

Inion,  in'i-on,  re.  [Gr.  inimi,  the  nape.] 
Anal,  the  ridge  of  the  occiput;  the  nape. 
— luial,  in'i-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  inion. 

Iniquity,  in-ik'wi-ti,  n.  [L.  iniquitas,  from 
inigiMMg,  unequal,  from  ire,  not,  and  cequus, 
equal.  Equal.]  Want  of  equity;  a  devi- 
ation from  rectitude ;  unrighteousness ;  a 
sin  or  crime:  wickedness;  an  act  of  injus- 
tice.—Iniquitous,  in-ik'wi-tus,  a.  Char- 
acterized by  iniquity;  unjust;  wicked;  un- 
righteous. —  Iniquitously,  in-ik'wi-tu8-li, 
adv.    In  an  iniquitous  manner. 

Initial,  in-ish'al,  a.  (L.  initialis,  from  tni- 
tium,  beginning,  from  ineo,  initum,  to  go 
in — ire,  in,  and  eo,  itum,  to  go,  present  also 
in  amhition,  exit,  circuit,  issue,  transient, 
&c.  Ambition.]  Placed  at  the  beginning 
(an  initial  letter);  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
beginning;  beginning; 'incipient.-n.  The 
first  letter  of  a  word:  a  person's  initidls 
are  the  first  letters  in  proper  order  of  the 
words  composing  his  name.  —  V.t.  —  ini- 
tialled, initialling.  To  put  one's  initials 
on  or  to;  to  sign  or  mark  by  initials.— In- 
itially, in-ish'al-li,  adv.  In  an  initial 
manner;  by  way  of  beginning.  —  Initiate, 
in-ish'i-at,  v.t.— initiated,  initiating.  [L. 
initio,  initiatum,  from  initium.]  To  begin 
or  enter  upon;  to  set  afoot;  to  be  the  first 
to  practise  or  bring  in;  to  guide  or  direct 
by  instruction  in  rudiments  or  principles; 
to  let  into  secrets;  to  indoctrinate;  to  in- 
troduce into  a  society  or  organization;  to 
admit.  —  a.  Initiated ;  introduced  to  the 
knowledge  of  something.— Initiation,  in- 
ish'i-a"shon,  re.  The  act  or  process  of  ini- 
tiating.—Initiative,  in-ish'i-a-tiv,  a.  Serv- 
ing to  initiate;  initiatory —re.  An  intro- 
ductory act  or  step;  the  first  active  pro- 
cedure in  an.v  enterprise;  power  of  taking 
the  lead  or  of  originating.— Initiatory,  in- 
ish'i-a-to-ri,  o.  Pertaining  to  initiation 
or  introduction;  introductory;  initiating 
or  serving  to'initiate. 

Inject,  in-jekt',  v.t.  [L.  injicio,  irijectum — 
in,  into,  and  jacio,  to  throw,  as  in  abject, 
eject,  reject,  &c.  Deject,  Jet.']  To  throw 
in;  to  cast  in  or  into. — Injection,  in-jek'- 
shon,  re.  The  act  of  injecting;  the  throw- 
ing of  a  liquid  medicine  into  a  cavity  of 
the  body  by  a  sj-ringe  or  pipe;  that  which 
is  injected.— /re^'eciion  pipe,  a  pipe  through 
which  water  is  injected  into  the  condenser 
of  a  steam-engine,  to  condense  the  steam. 
—Injector,  in-jek'tfer,  re.    One  who  or  that 


which  injects;  an  apparatus  for  supply- 
ing the  boilers  of  steam-engines  with 
water. 

Injudicial,  in-jfi-dish'al,  a.  [Prefix  ire,  not, 
and  judicial.]  Not  judicial;  not  according 
to  the  forms  of  law. 

Injudicious,  in-ja-dish'us,  a.  [Prefix  ire, 
not,  and  judicious.]  Not  judicious;  acting 
without  judgment;  not  according  to  sound 
judgment  or  discretion;  unwise;  indis- 
creet; inconsiderate.  —  Injudiciously,  in- 
ja-dish'us-li,  adv.  In  an  injudicious  man- 
ner.—Injudlciousness,  in-ju-dish'us-nes,  n. 

Injunction,  in-jungk'shon,  re.  [L.  injunc- 
tio,  injunclionis,  from  injungo,  to  enjoin — 
in,  and  jungo,  to  join.  Join.]  The  act  of 
enjoining  or  directing;  that  which  is  en- 
joined; a  command,  order,  precept;  law, 
a  writ  requiring  a  person  to  do  or  refrain 
from  doing  certain  acts.  - 

Injure,  in'j\ir,  v.t— injured,  injuring.  [Fr. 
injurier,  li.  injurior,  injuriari,  from  inju- 
ria, injury,  injurius,  injurious,  from  ire, 
not,  and  jus,  juris,  right,  justice.  Juav. J 
To  do  harm  or  injury  to;  to  impair  the 
excelleuce,value,  strength,  &c., of;  to  hurt; 
to  damage.— Injurer,  in'mr-fer,  re.  One  who 
or  that  which  injures.— Injtirioua,  in-jU'ri- 
UB,  a.  [L.  injurius.]  Tending  to  injure ; 
hurtful ;  harmful ;  prejudicial.  —  Injuri- 
ously, in-jQ'ri-us-li,  adv.  In  an  injurious 
or  hurtful  manner.— Injuriousness,  in-jiV- 
ri-us-nes,  re.  The  quality  of  being  injuri- 
ous.- Injury,  in'ju-ri,  re.  [L.  injuria,  from 
injurius.]  The  doing  of  harm ;  harm  or 
damage  occasioned ;  a  wrong  or  loss  re- 
ceived; mischief;  detriment. 

Injustice,  in-jus'tis,  re.  [L.  injustitia—in, 
not,  and  justitia,  justice.]  Want  of  jus- 
tice or  equity;  any  violation  of  another's 
rights;  iniquity;  wrong. 

Ink,  ingk,  re.  [O.E.  enke,  inke,  O.Fr.  enque 
(Fr.  encre),  Pr.  encaut,  from  L.  encaustum, 
purple  ink  used  by  the  Roman  emperors, 
from  Gr.  e^ikaustos,  burned  in — ere,  m,  and 
kaio,  to  burn  (whence  caustic,  encaustic, 
calm).]  A  coloured  liquid,  usually  black, 
used  for  writing,  printing,  and  the  like;  a 
pigment,  as  China  or  Indian  ireJi:  (under 
Indian).— «>.<.  To  blacken,  colour,  or  daub 
with  ink.  —  Ink-bag,  Ink-sac,  re.  A  sac 
found  in  some  cuttle-fishes,  containing  a 
black  viscid  fluid  resembling  ink,  by  eject- 
ing which  they  discolour  the  water  and 
escape  from  enemies.  —  Ink-fish,  re.  The 
cuttle-fish.— Inkhom,  ingk'hom,  re.  [From 
horns  being  formerly  used  for  holding 
ink.]  A  small  vessel  used  to  hold  ink  on  a 
writing  table  or  desk,  or  for  carrying  it 
about  the  person.- Inkiness,  ingk'i-nes,  re. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  inky.— Ink- 
ing-roller,  re.  A  soft  tough  roller  made  of 
glue  and  treacle,  used  by  printers  to  sup- 
ply the  types  with  ink.— Inking-table,  n. 
A  table  on  which  to  spread  the  ink  and 
supply  the  inking-roller.— Inkstand,ingk'- 
stand,  re.  A  vessel  for  holding  ink  and 
other  writing  utensils.— Ink-well,  re.  An 
ink-bottle  fitted  into  a  hole  in  the  top  of 
a  writing-desk.— Inky,  ingk'i,  a.  Consist- 
ing of  ink;  containing  ink;  smeared  with 
ink;  resembling  ink;  Dlack. 

Inkle,  ingk'i,  re.  [Formerly  tingle,  then, 
by  loss  of  I,  ingle,  inkle,  from  Fr.  lipneul, 
lignol,  strong  thread  used  by  shoemakers, 
L.  linum,  flax  (whence  linen).]  Formerly, 
a  kind  of  crewel  or  worsted;  afterwards  a 
sort  of  broad  linen  tape. 

Inkling,  ingk'ling,  re.  [Prefix  ire  or  en,  and 
Fr.cJire,  a  wink,  cligner,  to  wink,  L.  clinare, 
to  bend,  as  in  inclinare,  to  incline.]  A  hint 
or  whisper ;  an  intimation ;  inclination ; 
desire.— Inkle,  ingk'i,  v.t.  To  guess;  to 
conjecture.    [Colloq.] 

Inlaid,  in-lad',  pp.  of  inlay. 

Inland,  in'land,  a.  [That  is,  ire  the,  land  or 
interior  as  opposed  to  the  coast.]  Irterior; 
remote  from  the  sea;  carried  on  within  a 
country;  domestic,  not  foreign;  confined 
to  a  country;  drawn  and  payable  in  the 
same  country  (an  inland  bill  of  exchange). 
—  adv.  In  or  towards  the  interior  of  a 
country. — re.  The  interior  part  of  acountry. 
— Inlander,  in'lan-dfer,  re.  One  who  lives 
in  the  interior  of  a  country. 

Inlay,  in-la',  v.t.—pret.  &  pp.  inlaid.  [In 
and  lay.]  To  lay  or  insert  in;  to  ornament 
or  diversify  by  inserting  precious  stones. 


ch,  cAain;     ch,  Sc.  locA;     g,  go;    j,  job;     &,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  Ring;     ta,  then;  th,  thia;     vr,  wig;     wh,  wWg;     zh,  a«ure. 


nSTLET 


358 


fTKTQmSITION 


metals,  fine  woods,  ivory,  <fec. ,  in  a  ground- 
work of  some  other  material.  —  n.  Pieces 
inlaid  and  forming  a  pattern.  —  Inlayer, 
in-la'er,  n.    One  who  inlays. 

Inlet,  in'let,  n.  [Something  let  in.]  A 
passage  or  opening  by  which  an  inclosed 
place  may  be  entered;  place  of  ingress; 
enti-ance ;  a  creek  or  narrow  recess  in  a 
shore. 

ICnlier,  in-li'^r,  n.  Geol.  a.  portion  of  one 
formation  lying  in  and  completely  snr- 
rounded  by  anotner  formation:  opposed  to 
outlier. 

Inlcck,  in-lok',  v.t.  To  lock  or  inclose  one 
thing  within  another. 

Inly,  in'U,  adv.  [Adv.  in,  and  suffix  -ly.] 
Internally;  inwardly;  in  the  heart;  men- 
tally; secretly. 

Inmate,  in'mat,  n.  [7n  or  inn,  and  mate.] 
A  person  who  lodges  or  dwells  in  the  same 
house  with  another;  one  of  the  occupants 
of  hospitals,  asylums,  prisons,  &c. 

Insnesli,  in-mesh',  tJ.t.  To  involve  in  meshes, 
as  of  a  net;  to  entangle  or  ensnare. 

Inmost,  in'most,  o.  [A.  Sax.  inriemest,  a 
double  superlative  of  the  prep,  or  adv.  in, 
altered  erroneously  like  foremost.  Fore- 
most.] Farthest  within;  remotest  from 
the  surface  or  external  part. 

Inn,in,n.  [A  Sax.  inn,  a  chamber,  a  house, 

■  an  inn;  IceL  inni,  a  house;  from  the  prep. 
in.]  A  house  for  the  lodging  and  enter- 
tainment of  travellers;  a  college  of  law 
professors  and  students.  —  Inns  of  Court, 
certain  colleges  or  corporate  societies  in 
London,  to  one  of  which  all  barristers  and 
serjeants-at-law  and  all  aspirants  to  these 
dignities  must  belong;  they  are  now  four, 
the  Inner  Temple,the  Middle  Temple,Lin- 
cobi's  InUi  and  Gray's  Inn.  —  Innkeeper, 
in'ke-per,  n.  The  keeper  of  ap  inn;  a 
tavemer. 

Innate,  in-naf,  a.  [L.  innatus—in,  in,  and 
nattis,  bom.  Natal.]  Inborn;  belonging 
to  the  body  or  mind  by  nature ;  natural ; 
derived  from  the  constitution  of  the  mind, 
as  opposed  to  being  derived  from  experi- 
ence {innate  ideas).  —  Iimately,  in-nat'li, 
adv.  In  an  innate  manner. — Innateness, 
in-nat'nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  innate. 

Inner,  in'Sr,  a.  [A  Sax.  innera,  compar.  of 
in.]    Interior;  farther  inward  than  some- 

1  thing  else;  internal;  not  outward  (the  in- 

Iner  man);  not  obvious;  esoteric. — n.  The 

'  centre,  or  that  part  of  a  rifle  target  next 
the  bull's-eye;  a  shot  that  strikes  the  cen- 

!  tre.— Innermost,  in'6r-most,  a.    Farthest 

I  inward. 

Innerve,  in-n6rv',  v.t.    [Prefix  in,  in,  and 

;  nerve.]  To  give  nerve  to;  to  invigorate;  to- 

'  stteugthen. — Innervation,  in-nfer-ya'shon, 

I  n.    Act  of  innerving  or  strengthening ; 

[  physiol.  the  properties  or  functions  of  the 
nervous  system;  a  special  activity  in  any 
part  of  the  nervous  system. 

Innings,  in'ingz,  n.  pi.  [Lit.  the  state  of 
being  in;  a  sort  of  verbal  noun.]  Cricket, 
the  time  or  turn  for  usingthe  bat,  whether 

I  in  the  case  of  an  individual  player  or  of  a 

'  side;  a  turn  or  opportunity  for  acting  in 
other  ways. 

Innocent,  in'no-sent,  a:  [Ti.  innocens,  inno- . 

I  centis,  harmless — in,  not,  and  nocens,  ppr. 

I  of  noceo,  to  hurt.  Noxious.]  Not  noxious 
or  hurtful;  innoxious;  free  from  guilt;  not 
I  having  done  wrong  or  violated  any  law; 
guiltless;  sinless;  pure;  upright;  free  from 
the  guilt  of  a  particular  crime  or  evil 
action. — n.  One  free  from  guilt  or  harm;  an 

.  innocent  person ;  a  natural  or  simpleton. 
—  Innocently,  in'no-sent-li,  adv.     In  an 

;  innocent  manner.— Innocence,  Innocency, 
in'no-sens,  in'no-sen-si,n.    [L.  innocentia.] 

I  The  quality  of  being  innocent;  harmlcss- 

I  ness;  freedom  from  crime,  guilt,  or  sin ; 

j  freedom  from  the  guilt  of  a  particular 
crime. 
Innocuous,  in-nok'Q-us,  a.    [L.  innocuus— 

>  in,  not,  and  wocuim,  hurtful-,  from  noceo,  to 
■hurt.  Intjocent.]  Harmless;  producmg 
'  no  ill  effect.— Innocuously,  in-nok'u-us-li, 
.  adv.  In  an  innocuous  manner. — Innocuity, 
I  InnocnouBness,  in-no-ku'i-ti,  in-nok'u-us- 

*  nes,  n.  >«^      j,"^ 

Innominable,  in-nom'i-na-bl,'?a.    [L.  injto- 

^minabilis — in,  not,  and  noTtien,  a  name.] 
iNot  to  be  named.  —  Innominate,  in-nom'- 
i-nat,  a.     [L.  innominatus.]     Having  no 


name.  —  Innominate  bone,  the  bony  mass 
forming  either  side  of  the  pelvis  and  con- 
sisting of  three  bones  that  have  grown  to- 
gether. 

Innovate,  in'no-vat,  v.t.l  —  innovated,  in- 
novating. [L.  innovo,  innovatum,  to  renew 
— in,intens.,ELndnoin«,  new  (whence  noueJ). 
New.]  To  change  or  alter  by  introducing 
something  new. — v.i.  To  introduce  novel- 
ties; to  make  changes  in  anything  estab- 
lished: with  on  or  in  (to  innovate  or.  estab- 
lished customs).  —  Iimc)vation,  in-no-va'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  innovating;  change 
made  in  established  laws,  customs,  rites, 
and  practices  by, the  introauction  of  some- 
thing new.  —  Innovator,  in'no-va-t6r,  n. 
One  who  innovates.— Innovationist,  in-no- 
va'shon-ist,  n.  One  who  favours  or  intro- 
duces innovations.— Innovative,  in'no-va^ 
tiv,  o.  Introducing  or  tending  to  introduce 
innovations. 

Innoxious,  ih-nok'shus,  a.  [L.  innoxius— 
in,  not,  and  nozius,  hurtful.  Noxious.] 
Free  from  mischievous  qualities;  innocent; 
harmless.  —  Innoxiously,  in-nok'shus-U, 
adv.— Innoxionsness,  in-nok'shus-nes,  rl. 

Innuendo,  in-nu-en'do,  n.  [L.  innuendo 
(ablative  of  gerund),  by  giving  a  nod,innMO, 
to  give  a  nod — in,  and  nv.o,  Gr.  neuo,  to 
nod.]  An  oblique  hint:  a  remote  intima- 
tion; an  insinuation.— Innuent,  in'nu-ent, 
a.  [L.  inivueiis,  innu^ntis,  ppr.  of  innuo.] 
Conveying  a  hint;  insinuating;  significant. 

Innumerable,  in-nQ'm6r-a-bl,  a.  [L.  iniiu- 
merabiUs — in,  not,  and  7ivmerabilis,  from 
numero,  to  nuniber.]  Incapable  of  being 
enumerated  or  numbered  for  multitiide ; 
hence,  extremely  numerous ;  countless. — 
Innumerably,  in-nu'm6r-a-bli,  adv.  With- 
out number. — Innumerous,t  in-nu'm$r-us, 
a.  [L.  innumerus.]  Innumerable.  [Mil.] 
—  fimmnerahility,  Innumerableness,  in- 
nu'mtr-a-bil"i-ti,  in-nu'm6r-a-bl-aes,  n. 

Innutrition,  in-na-trish'on,  n.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  nutrition.]  Want  of  nutrition  or 
nourishment. — Innutritions,  Innutritlve, 
ia-nu-trish'us,  In-nQ'tri-tiv,  a.  Not  nutri- 
tious; not  nourishing. 

Inobservable,  in-ob-z6r'va-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  observable.]  Incapable  of  being 
seen,  perceived,  or  observed.  —  Inobser- 
vance, in-ob-z6r'vans,  n.  Want  of  obser- 
vance; disobedience.— Inobservant,  in-ob- 
zfer'vant,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not,  and  observant.] 
Not  taking  notice;  not  quick  or  keen  in 
observation;  heedless;  disobedient. — Inob- 
gervantly,  in-ob-zer'vant-li,  adv.  In  an 
inobservant  manner. 

Inobtmaive,  in-ob-tra'siv,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  obtrusive.]  Unobtrusive. — Ihob- 
trusively,  in-ob-tro'siv-li,  adv.  Unobtru- 
sively. 

Inoculate,  in-ok'u-lat,  v.t. — inoculated,  in- 
oculating. [L.  inocuU),  inocvlatiim,  to  in- 
graft an  eye  or  bud  of  one  tree  into  an- 
other— in,  into,  and  ocitZiM,  an  eye  (whence 
ocular).]  To  graft  by  inserting  a  bud;  to 
bud;  med.  to  communicate  a  disease  to  by 
morbid  matter  introduced  into  the  blooa, 
especially  that  of  small-pox;  hence,  gener- 
ally, to  infect,  to  contaminate.  —  v.i.  To 
practise  inoculation.— Inoculable.in-ok'Q- 
la-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  inoculated,  or 
of  being  communicated  by  inoculation. — 
Inoculation,  in-ok'tl-la"shon,-  n.  The  act 
or  practice  of  inoculating;  communication 
of  a  disease  by  contagious  matter  intro- 
duced into  the  blood;  especially  artificial 
communication  of  small-pox  formerly  em- 
ployed instead  of  vaccination.  —  Inocula- 
tor,  in-ok'u-la-t6r,  n.  One  who  inoculates. 

Inodorous,  in-o'der-us,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  odcrous.]  Wanting  scent;  having  no 
smell.— Inodoronaness,  in-o'der-us-nes,  n. 

Inoffensive,  in-of-fen'siv,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  offensive.]  Giving  no  offence  or  pro- 
vocation; harmless;  doing  no  injuiy  or 
mischief.  —  Inoffensively,  in-of-fen'siv-li, 
adv.  In  an  inoffensive  manner.— Inoffen- 
siveness,  jn-of-fen'siv-nes,  n. 

Inofficial,  in-of-fish'al,  o.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  official.]    Not  official;  not  proceeding 

■  from  the  projjer  officer;  not  done  in  an 
official  character.— Inofftclally,  in-of-fish'- 
al-li,  adv.    In  an  inofficial  manner. 
Inoperative,  in-op'e-ra-tiv,  a.    [Prefix  in, 

I  not,  and  operative.]  Not  operative;  pro- 
ducing no  effect. 


Inopercnlar,  in-6-p6r'kO-l*r,  a.  [L.  in, 
not,  and  operculum,  a  lid.J    Having  no 

operculum. 

Inopportune,  in-op'por-tun,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  opportune;  L.  inopportumis.] 
Not  opportune;  inconvenient;  unseason- 
able. —  Inopportunely,  in-op '  por-ttin-li, 
adv.    In  an  inopportune  manner. 

Inordinate,  in-or'di-nat,  a.  [L.  inordinor 
tua—in,  not,  and  ordinatus,  well-ordered. 
Order.]  Excessive;  immoderate;  not 
limited  by  rules  prescribed  or  to  usual 
bounds. — Inordin'acy,  Inordinateness,  in- 
or'di-na-si,  in-or'di-nat-nfis,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  inordinate.  —  InorcU- 
nately,  in-or'di-nat-li,  adv.  In  an  inor- 
dinate manner;  excessively. 

Inorganic,  in-or-^n'ik,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  organic.]  Having  no  organs;  devoid 
of  an  orgEuaized  structure,  ov  the  structure 
of  a  living  being;  pertaining  to  or  em- 
bracing the  department  of  unorganized 
substances  (inorganic  chemistry).  —  Inor- 
ganical,  in-or-gan'i-kal,  a.  Inorganic— 
Inorganically,  in-or-gan'i-kal-li,  adu. 
In  an  inorganic  manner;  without  organs 
or  organization.  —  Inorganization,  in-or'- 
gan-i-za"shon,  n.  The  state  of  being  in- 
orftanized. — Inorganized,  in-or'gE^-izd,  a. 
Void  of  organs;  unorganized. 

Inosculate,  in-os'ka-lat,  v.i.  —  itioscvlated, 
hiosczdating.  [L.  in,  and  osculor,  oscula- 
tus,  to  kiss.  Osculation.]  To  unite  by 
apposition  or  contact,  as  arteries,  nerves, 
geometrical  curves,  &c.;  to  anastomose;  to 
run  into  one  another. — v.t— inosculated, 
inosculating.  To  cause  to  unite  in  this 
way.  —  Inosculation,  in-os'ktl-la"8hon,  n. 
The  act  of  inosculating;  a  point  where 
vessels  are  inosculated;  anastomosis. 

In-patient,  n.  A  patient  who  is  lodged  and 
fed  as  well  as  treated  in  a  hospital  or  in- 
firmary. 

Inquest,  inliwest,  n.  [O.Fr.  empieste,  from 
L.  inquiro,  to  seek  after.  Inquire.]  The 
act  of  inquiring;  inquiry;  search;  quest; 
law,  a  judicial  inquiry,  especially  an  in- 
quiry held  before  a  jury;  the  jury  itself.— 
Cormier's  inquest,  an  inquest  held  by  a 
coroner  on  tne  bodies  of  such  as  either 
die,  or  are  supposed  to  die,  a  violent 
death. 

Inquietude,  in-kwi'e-tQd,  n.  [L.  irigvAetu^ 
do — in,  not,  and  quietudo,  quietude.}  Want 
of  quiet;  restlessness;  uneasiness,  either  of 
body  or  mind. 

Inquire,  in-kwir',  v.i.— inquired,  inquiring. 
[L.  inquiro,  to  seek  after— in,  into,  and 
quaro,  to  seek.    Query,  Quest.]    To  ask  a 

.  question  or  questions;  to  seek  for  infor- 
mation by  asking  questions;  to  seek  for 
truth  by  argument  or  the  discussion  of 
questions,  or  by  investigation  (to  inquire 
of  a  person,  after,  concerning,  into,  &c.,  a 
tning).— y.t.  To  ask  about;  to  seek  by  ask- 
ing (to  inquire  the  way  of  a  person).— In- 
quirer, inOcwi'rer,  n.  One  who. inquires; 
an  investigator.- Inquiringly  ,in-kwi'ring- 
li,  adv.  In  an  inquiring  manner;  by  way 
of  inquiry.— Inquiry,  jn-kwi'ri,  71.  [Froni 
inquire,  like  expiry  from  expire.]  The 
act  of  inquiring;  a  question  or  interroga- 
tion; search  for  information  or  knowledge; 
research;  investigation. 

Inquisition,  in-kwi-zish'on,  n.  [L.  inqrii- 
sitio,  inquisitionis,  from  inquiro,  inquiai- 
turn,  to  seek  after.  Inquiue.]  The  act  of 
inquiring;  inquiry;  investigation;  a  judi- 
cial inquiry;  an  inquest;  in  R.  Cath.  Ch. 
a  court  or  tribunal  estsiblished  for  the  ex- 
amination and  punishment  of  heretics, 
and  which  formerly  in  some  countries 
was  the  means  of  great  cruelties  being 
perpetrated.  —  Inquiiaitional,  Inquisition- 
ary,  in-kwi-zish'on-al,  in-kwi-zisn'on-a-ri, 
a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  inquisition 
or  inquiry;  relating  to  the  Inquisition — 
Inquisitive,  in-kwiz'i-tiy,  a.  Addicted  to 
inquiry ; .  inclined  to  seek  information ; 
given  to  pry  into  anything;  troublesomely 
curious;  i)rying.— Inquisitively,  in-kwizT- 
tiv-li,  adv.  In  an  inquisitive  manner. — 
Inqulsitiveness,  in-kwiz'i-tiv-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  inquisitive.— Inquisitor, 
in-kwiz'i-tfer,  n.  One  whose  official  duty 
it  is  to  inquire  and  examine;  a  member  of 
the  Inquisition.— Inquisitorial,  in-kwiz'i- 
to"ri-aI,  a.     Pertaining   to  inquisition; 


^J'S,t9,j^,fat, fftU;    jne„met.Ji6r:  ^Biae,  pin;     note, not,  miiTe;     tabe,  tub, b^;  .oil, pound;     tl,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr.  «. 


INROAD 


359 


INSOLENT 


especially  to  the  Court  of  Inqmsition; 
making  strict  or  searching  inq^uiry.— In- 
quisitorially,  in-kwiz'i-t6"ri-al-li,ady.  lu 
an  inquisitorial  manner. 

Inroad,  in'rod,  n.  [A  road  or  rather  a  raid 
or  riding  into  a  country.]  The  hostile 
entrance  of  an  enemy  into  a  country;  a 
sudden  incursion  or  invasion;  an  encroach- 
ment; loss  or  impairment  (to  make  iiiroada 
on  one's  health). 

Inroll,  in-ror,  w.t.  — Inrolment.in-rol'ment, 
n.    Enroll,  Enrolment. 

Insalivation,  in-sal'i-va"shon,  n.  Physiol. 
the  blending  of  the  saliva  with  the  food 
in  the  act  of  eating. 

Insalubrious,  in-sa-lu'bri-us,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  saiubrioits.\  Not  salubrious;  un- 
favourable to  health;  unhealthy. — Insalu- 
brity, in-sa-la'bri-ti,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  insalubrious;  unhealthi- 
nfess. 

Insalutary,  in-sal'd-ta-ri,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  salutary.]  Not  salutary;  un- 
healthy; productive  of  evil. 

Insane,  in-san',  a.  [Prefix  in,  not,  and 
sane;  h.  insanus.]  Not  sane;  unsound  or 
deranged  in  mind  or  intellect;  mad;  crazy; 
delirious;  distracted;  appropriated  to  in- 
sane persons  (an  insane  hospital).  —  In- 
sanely, in-san'li,  ody.  In  an  insane  man- 
ner.—Insanity,  Insaneness,  in-san'i-ti,  in- 
san'nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  insane  or 
of  unsound  mind;  derangement  of  intel- 
lect; lunacy. 

Insatiable,  in-sa'shi-a-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  satiable;  Jj.  insatiahilis.]  In- 
capable of  being  satiated,  8ati^fied,  or  ap- 
peased.—Insatiability,  Insatiableness,  iu- 
sa'shi-a-bil"i-ti,  in-sa'shi-a-bl-ues,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  insatiable.- Insatiably, 
in-sa'shi-a-bli,  adv.  In  an  insatiable  mau- 
ner.— Insatiate,  in-sa'shi-at,  a.  [L.  insa- 
tiatus.]  Not  satisfied ;  insatiable. — Insa- 
tlately,  in-sa'shi-at-li,  adv.  In  an  insa- 
tiate manner.  —  Insatiateness,  Insatiety, 
in-sa'shi-at-nes,  in-sa-ti'e-ti,  n.  State  of 
not  being  satiated. 

Insolent,  in'si-ent, «.  [L.  in,  not,  and  sciens, 
scientis,  ppr.  of  scio,  to  know.  Science.) 
Not  knowing;  ignorant. — Inscience,  in'si- 
ens,  n.  |L.  inscientia.]  Ignorance;  want 
of  knowledge. 

Insconce,  in-skons',  v.t.    To  ensconce. 

Inscribe,  in-skrib',  v.t. — inscribed,  inscrib- 
ing. [L.  inscribo,  inscnptwn  —  in,  and 
«c)i6o,  to  write.  Desckiue.]  To  write  down 
or  engrave;  to  mark  down  (to  inscribe 
a  motto);  to  mark  with  characters  or 
words  (to  inscHbe  a  monument);  to  assign, 
address,  or  dedicate  (to  inscribe  a  poem  to 
a  person);  to  imprint  deeply;  to  impress; 
geom.  to  draw  or  delineate  within  another 
figure  so  that  the  boundaries  of  the  two 
are  in  contact  at  certain  points. — Inscrib- 
able,  in-skri'ba-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
inscribed.— Inscribableness,  in-skri'ba-bl- 
nes,  n.  —  Inscrlber,  in-skri'ber,  n.  One 
who  inscribes.  —  Inscriptible,  in-skrip'ti- 
bl,  a.  Geom.  capable  of  being  inscribed. — 
Inscription,  in-skrip'shon,  n.  [L.  inscrip- 
tio,inscriptionis.\  The  act  of  inscribing; 
any  words  or  writing  engraved  on  stone, 
metal,  or  other  hard  substance  for  public 
inspection;  an  address  of  a  book,  poem, 
&c.,  to  a  person  as  a  mark  of  respect,  less 
formal  tnan  a  dedication;  numis.  the 
words  placed  in  the  middle  of  the  reverse 
side  of  some  coins  and  medals. — Inscrip- 
tive, in-skrip'tiv,  a.  Of  the  character  of 
an  inscription. 

Inscrutable,  in-skrb'ta-bl,  a.  [Fr.  inscru- 
table, L.  insc7-utabiHs — m,  not,  and  sci-utor, 
to  search.  Sckutiny.]  Incapable  of  being 
searched  into  and  understood;  incapable 
of  being  penetrated  or  understood  by  hu- 
man reason;  not  to  be  satisfactorily  ac- 

,  counted  for  or  explained.— Inscrutably, 

i  in-skro'ta-bli,  adv.      In    an    inscrutable 

1  manner.  —  Inscrutability,  Inscrutable- 
ness,  in-skrb'ta-bil"i-ti ,  in-skro'ta-bl-nes,  n. 

Insculp,t  in-skulp'  v.t.  [L.  insculpo — in, 
and  sculpo,  to  engrave.]  To  engrave;  to 
carve. 

Inseam,  in-s5m',  v.t.  To  impress  or  mark 
with  a  seam  or  cicatrix. 

Insect,  in'sekt,  n.    [h.  insectnm  something 

1  cut  in  (from  their  shape),  from  inseco,  in- 

I  tectum,  to  cut  into — in,  into,  and  seco,  to 


cut.  Dissect.]  One  of  a  class  of  small 
animals  that  in  their  mature  state  have 
the  throe  divisions  of  the  body— the  head, 
thorax,  and  abdomen  —  always  distinct 
from  one  another,  and  usually  have  three 
pairs  of  legs  and  two  pairs  of  wings,  as 
the  numerous  creatures  known  as  flies, 
beetles,  bees,  &c.;  a  puny  contemptible 
person. — a.  Pertaining  to  insects;  resem- 
bling an  insect;  mean;  contemptible. — In- 
secticide, in-sek'ti-sid,  n.  [Insect,  and  h. 
ecedo,  to  kill  ]  One  who  or  that  which 
kills  insects;  the  killing  of  insects.- In- 
sectivore,  in-sek'ti-vor,  n.  [Ijtsect,  and  L. 
voro,  to  devour.]  An  animal  that  eats  in- 
sects. —  Insectivorous,  in-sek-tiv'o-rus,  a. 
Feeding  or  subsisting  on  insects;  belong- 
ing to  ail  order  of  animals  (shrew,  hedge- 
hog, mole)  which  live  to  a  great  extent  on 
insects. 

Insecure,  in-se-kQr*,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not,  and 
secure.]  Not  secure;  not  confident  of 
safety;  apprehensive  of  dangeror  loss;  not 
sufficiently  strong  or  guarded;  not  furnish- 
ing security  or  safety;  unsafe. — Insecure- 
ly, in-se-kur'li,  adv.  In  an  insecure  man- 
ner.—Insecurity,  Insecureness,  in-se-ku'- 
ri-ti,  in-se-kur'nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
insecure;  want  of  security. 
Insensate,  in-sen'sat,  a.  (L.L.  insensatus 
— L.  in,  not,  and  sensus,  sensation,  sense. 
Sense.]  Destitute  of  sense  or  sensation; 
wanting  sensibility;  stupid.  —  Insensate- 
ness,  in-sen'sat-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
insensate. 

Insensible,  in-sen'si-bl,  a.  [L.  iTisensibilis 
-^prefix  in,  not,  and  semioilis,  sensible.] 
Not  apprehended  by  the  senses;  impercep- 
tible; incapable  of  being  felt  or  perceived; 
so  slow  or  gradual  that  the  stages  are  not 
noted;  destitute  of  the  power  of  feeling  or 
perceiving;  numb  or  dead  to  pain;  not 
susceptible  of  emotion  or  passion;  void  of 
feeling;  unfeeling;  callous;  apathetic;  in- 
different. —  Insensibly,  in-sen'si-bli,  adv. 
In  an  insensible  manner;  imperceptibly; 
by  slow  degrees.  —  Insensibility,  Insensi- 
bleness,  in-sen'si-bil"i-ti,  in-sen'si-bl-nes, 
n.  The  condition  or  quality  of  being  in- 
sensible; dulness;  apathy;  numbness;  tor- 
por.—  Insensitive,  in-seu'si-tiv,  a.  Not 
sensitive;  haying  little  sensibility.— In- 
sensuous,  in-sen'su-us,  a.  Not  sensuous. — 
Insentient,  in-sen '  shi-ent,  o.  Not  sen- 
tient. 

Inseparable,  in-sep'a-ra^bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  sejpardble;  L.  inseparabilis.]  In- 
capable of  being  separated  or  disjoined; 
not  to  be  parted;  always  together. — Insep- 
arably, in-sep'a-ra-bli,  adv.  In  an  in- 
separable manner.  —  Inseparability,  In- 
separableness,  in-sep'a-ra-bil"i-ti,  in-sep'a- 
ra-bl-nes,  n. 

Insert,  in-s6rt',  v.t.  [L.  insero,  insertwm— 
in,  and  sera,  to  put  (as  in  assert,  exert, 
concert).  Series.]  To  set  in  or  among;  to 
put  or  thrust  in;  to  introduce.— Inserted, 
in-ser'ted,  p.  Bot.  attached  to  or  growing 
out  of  some  part. — Inserted  column,  same 
as  Engaged  Column.  —  Insertion,  in-ser'- 
shon,  n.  |L.  inseHio.]  The  act  of  insert- 
ing; something  inserted; '6o<.  the  place  or 
mode  of  attachment  of  an  organ  to  its 
support. 

Insessores,  in-ses-so'rez,  n.  pi.  [PI.  of  L. 
insessor,  one-that  sits — in,  and  sedeo,  to 
sit.  1  The  order  of  perchers  or  PESserine 
birds,  comprehending  all  those  which  live 
habitually  among  trees,with  the  exception 
of  the  birds  of  prey  and  climbing  birds. — 
Insessorial,  in-se's-so'ri-al,  a.  Belonging 
to  the  Insessores  or  perching  birds. 
Inset,  in-set',  v.t.  To  set  in;  to  infix  or  im- 
plant.—n.  (in'set).  That  which  is  set  in; 
insertion. 

Insheathe,  in-shSTH',  v.t.  To  hide  or  cover 
in  a  sheath. 

Inshore,  in'shor,  a.  or  adv.  Near  the  shore. 
Inshrine,  in-shrin',  v.t.  To  enshrine. 
Inside,  in'sid,  a.  [Lit.  within  the  sides.] 
,  Being  within;  interior;  internal. — n.  That 
which  is  wit'hin;  specifically,  the  entrails 
or  bowels;  an  inside  passenger  in  a  ve- 
hicle.—prep.  In  the  interior  of;  within. 
Insidious,  in-sid'i-us,  a.  [L.  i^isidiosus, 
from  insidice,  an  ambush,  from  insideo,  to 
sit  upon — in,  in,  upon,  and  sedeo,  to  sit. 
Sit.]      Characterized    by    treachery   or 


stealthy  and  guileful  acts ;  treacherous ; 
guileful;  working  evil  secretly  (an  insidi- 
ous person,  plot,  disease).  —  insidiously, 
in-sid'i-us-li,  adv.  In  an  insidious  manner. 
— Insidiousness,  in-sid'i-us-nes,  n. 

Insight,  in'sit,  n.  [Prefix  in,  and  sight.] 
Deep  inspection  or  view;  thoro\igh  know- 
ledge; power  of  observation;  discernment; 
penetration. 

Insignia,  in-sig'ni-a,  n.  pi.  [L. ,  pl.ol  insigne, 
a  mark,  neut.  of  insignis,  remarkable — in, 
intens.,  and  signum,  a  mark.  Sigs.  ] 
Badges  or  distinguishing  marks  of  oflice 
or  honour;  any  characteristic  marks  or 
signs. 

Insignificant,  in-sig-nif'i-kant,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  significant.]  Void  of  signifi- 
cation; having  no  weight  or  effect;  unim- 
portant; trivial  or  trifling;  without  weight 
of  character;  mean;  contemptible.— Insig- 
nificantly, iu-sig-nif'i-kant-Ii,  adv.  In  an 
insignificant  manner.— Insignificance,  In- 
sigiuflcancy,  in-sig-nif'i-kans,  in-sig-nif'i- 
kan-si,  n.  The  condition  or  quality  of 
being  insignificant. 

Insincere,  in-sin-ser',  a.  [Prefix  in,  not,  and 
sincere;  L.  insincerus.]  Not  sincere;  dis- 
sembling ;  hypocritical ;  false ;  deceitful : 
of  persons,  statements,  &c.  —  Insincerely, 
iu-sin-8i5r'li.  adv.  In  an  insincere  manner. 
—Insincerity,  in-sin-ser'i-ti,  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  insincere. 

Insinuate,  in-sin[.u-at,  v.t. — insinuated,  in- 
sinuating. [L.  'insinwj,  insinuatum  —  in, 
and  sinuo,  to  wind,  from  sinus,  a  bend- 
ing, curve,  bosom.)  To  introduce  gently, 
or  as  by  a  winding  or  narrow  passage ; 
hence,  re/,  to  push  or  work  gradually  into 
favour;  to  introduce  one's  self  by  slow  or 
artful  means;  to  infuse  gently  or  artfully; 
to  instil  (to  insinuate  a  doubt):  to  hint  or 
suggest. — v.i.  To  creep  or  wind;  to  act  by 
insinuation;  to  make  an  insinuation;  to 
wheedle.— Insinuating,  in-sin'u-at-lng,  p. 
and  a.  Given  to  or  characterized  by  in- 
sinuation; wheedling;  insensibly  winning 
favour  and  confidence.  —  Insinuatingly, 
in-sin'Q-at-in^  li,  adv.  In  an  insinuating 
manner. — Insinuation,  in-sin'u-a"sbon,  n. 
[L.  insinuaiio,  insinuationis.]  The  act  of 
insinuating;  a  wheedling  manner;  a  sug- 
gestion, hint,  or  innuendo.- Insinuative, 
xnslnuatory,in-sin'u-a-tiv,  in-sin'Q-a-to-ri, 
o.  Insinuating;  stealing  on  the  affections. 
— Insinuator,  in-sin'u-a-tSr,  n.  One  who 
insinuates. 

Insipid,  in-sip'id,  a.  [L.  insipidus— in,  not, 
and  sapidus,  savoury,  from  sapio,  to  taste. 
Savour.]  Tasteless;  destitute  of  taste; 
vapid;  wanting  interest,  spirit,  Ufe,  or  ani- 
mation ;  dull,  heavy,  or  uninteresting. — 
Insipidity,  Insipidness,  in-si-pidi-ti,  in- 
sip'id-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
sipid.—Inilpldly,  in-sip'id-li,  adv.  In  an 
insipid  manner. 

Insist,  in-sist',  v.i.  [L.  insisto — in,  and 
sisto,  to  stand,  as  in  consist,  desist,  persist, 
resist,  &c.  State.]  To  rest,  dwell,  or  dil- 
ate upon  as  a  matter  of  special  moment; 
to  be  persistent,  urgent,  peremptory,  or 
pressing:  usually  witn  on  or  wpon.- Insis- 
tence, in-sis'tens,  n.  Act  of  insisting; 
persistency;  urgency. 

Insnare,  in-snar',  v.t.—insnared,  insnaring. 
To  catch  in  a  snare;  to  entrap;  to  involve 
in  difficulties  or  perplexities;  to  inveigle; 
to  entangle.— Insnarer,  in-snar'tr,  n.  One 
that  insnares.  —  Insnaringly,  in-snar'ing- 
li,  adv.    So  as  to  insnare. 

Insobriety,  in-so-bri'e-ti,  n.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  sobriety.]  Want  of  sobriety;  intem- 
perance; drunkenness. 

Insociable,  in-so'shi-a-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, not, 
and  sociable.]  Not  sociable;  unsociable; 
taciturn. — Insociably,  in-so'shi-a-bU,  adv. 
In  an  insociable  manner;  unsociably. — 
Insoci ability,  in-so'shi-a-bil"i-ti,  a.  The 
quality  of  being  insociable. 

Insolate,  in'so-lat,  v.t. — insolated,  insolat- 
ing.  [L.  insolo,  insolatum — in,  and  sol, 
the  sun  (whence  solar).]  To  dry  or  prepare 
in  tHe  sun's  rays;  to  expose  to  the  heat  of 
the  sun. — Insolation,  in-so-la'shon,  n.  [L. 
insolatio.  insolationis.]  The  act  of  expos- 
ing, or  condition  of  being  exposed,  to  tho 
rays  of  the  sun;  sunstroke. 

Insolent,  in'so-lent,  a.  [L.  insolens,  insa- 
lentis,  contrary  to  custom,  immoderate. 


ch.c/tain;     cA,  Sc.  locA;    g,  ^o;     j.job;  _n,  Fr.  ton;_^ng,  sinfii;     sh,  <ften;  th,  t/tin; __w,  tcig;     •wh.u'Mg;     zh.aaiae. 


iJS'soLimxv 


860 


rj^iaUBJECTiOJf 


haughty,  iusolent— in,  not,  and  soleaa,  ppr. 
of  eoko,  to  be  wont. J  Showing  haughty 
disregard  of  others;  using  ruda-  and 
haughty  or  defiant  language;  overbearing; 
saucy;  proceeding  from  insolence. — Inso- 
lently, in'so-lent-li,  adv.  In  an  insolent 
manner.— InEolence,  in'so-lens,  n.  [L.  inso- 
feiiUct, f rom  i7isolens.]  Haughtiness  mani- 
fested in  contemptuous  and  overbearing 
treatment  of  others;  insolent  language. 

Insolidity,  in-so-lid'i-ti,  n.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  soHditi/.']    Want  of  solidity. 

Insoluble,  in-sol'u-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not,  and 
soluble.]  Incapable  of  being  dissolved, 
particularly  by  a  liquid;  not  to  be  solved 
orexplained.— Ii^olttbilityjnsolableneas, 
in-soi'u-bir'i-ti,  in-sol '  a-bi-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  insoluble. 

Insoivable,  in-sol'va-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  solvabk.]  Not  solvable;  not  to  be 
solved  or  explained ;  not  adrnitting  solu- 
tion. 

loBolvent,  in-sol'vent,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  solvent.]  Not  solvent ;  not  having 
money,  goods,  or  estate  sufficient  to  pay 
ail  debts.— Ji.  A  debtor  unable  to  pay  his 
debts. — Insolvency,  in-sol'ven-si,  n.  The 
condition  of  being  insolvent;  inability  of  a 
person  to  pay  all  his  debts. 

Insomnious,  in-som'ni-us;  a.  [L.  insomni- 
osus,  from  msomnia.sleeplessness — in,  not, 
and  somnus,  sleep.]  Restless  in  sleep,  or 
being  without  sleep.- Insomnia,  in-som'- 
ni-a,  n.  [L.]  Want  of  sleep;  morbid  or 
unnatural  sleeplessness. 

Iiisomuch,  tn-so-much',  adv.  [In,  so,  and 
much.]  To  such  a  degree;  in  such  wise; 
so:  followed  by  that,  sometimes  as. 

Insouciant,  an-sO-syan,  a.  [Fr. — in,  not, 
and  soucier,  to  care,  souci,  care,  from  L. 
sollicitus,  uneasy,  solicitous.]  Ca-reless; 
heedless ;  regardless ;  tinconcemed.  —  In- 
souciance, an-so-syans,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  insouciant. 

Inspan,  in-span',  v.t.  [D.  inspannea — in, 
in,  and  spanneii,  to  yoke.]  To  yoke,  as 
dbraught   oxen :    correlative  of    ovtspan. 

'[Soutla  African  Colonies.) 

Inspect,  in-spekt',  v.t.  [L.  inspicio,  inspee- 
twm^—in,  and  specio,  to  view.  Species.]  To 
view  or  examine  for  the  purpose  of  ascer- 
taining the  quality  or  condition,  discover- 
ing errors,  &c. ;  to  examine  officially. — 
Inspection,  in-spek'shon,  n.  [L.  inspectio.] 
The  act  of  inspecting;  official  view  or  ex- 
amination.— Inspector,  in-spek'tSr,  n.  One 
who  inspects  or  oversees.  —  Inspectorate, 
in-spek't6r-at,  n.  A  body  of  inspectors  or 
overseers;  inspectorship.— Inspectorship, 
in-8pek't6r-ship,  n.  The  office  or  district 
of  an  inspector. 

Inspire,  in-spir'^  v.t.  —  inspired,  inspiring. 
[L.  inspire  —  tn,  and  spiro,  to  breathe, 
whence  spirit,  expire,  respire.]  To  draw 
in  breath;  to  inhale  air  into  the  lungs. — 
v.t.  TO' breathe  in;  to  draw  into  the  lungs; 
to  incf  use  by  or  as  if  by  breathing;  to  in- 
stil; to  communicate  divine  instructions 
to  the  mind  of;  to  animate  by  superna- 
tural infusion ;  to  rouse  or  animate  in 
general.  —  Inspired,  in-spird',  p.  and  a. 
Breathed  in;  inhaled;  directed  by  the  Holy 
Spirit;  instructed  or  affected  by  a  superior 
influence;  produced  under  the  direction 
or  influence  of  inspiration  {itvfpired  writ- 
ings).—Inspirer,  in-spi'rfer,  n.  One  who  in- 
spires. —  Inspiring,  in-spi'ring,j3.  and  a. 
Infusing  spirit  or  courage;  animating. — 
Inspirable,  in-spi'ra-bl,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing inspired;  inhalable.  — Inspiration,  in- 
spi-ra'shon,  n.  [L.  insf)iratio.]  The  act  of 
inspiring;  the  divine  influence  by  which 
the  sacred  writers  were  instructed ;  in- 
fluence emanating  from  any  object,  giving 
rise  to  new  and  elevated  thoughts  or  emo- 
tions; the  state  of  being  inspired;  some- 
thing conveyed  to  the  mind  when  under 
extraordinary  influence.  —  Inspirational, 
in-spi-ra'shon-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  inspira- 
tion.—Inspiratory,  in-spi'ra-to-ri.  o.  Per- 
taining to  or  assisting  in  inspiration  (the 
inspiratory  muscles): 

Inspirit,  in-spir'it,  v.t.  (Prefix  in,  and 
spint.]  To  infuse  or  excite  spirit  in;  to 
enliven,  animate,  encourage,  invigorate. 

Inspissate,  in-spis'at,  v.t.— inspissated,  in- 
spissating, [li.  inspisso,  i7ispissatinn — in, 
inw-iis.,  and  spi'-ws,  thick.]    To  thicken 


by  boiling  so  as  to  evaporate  the  water;  to 
bring  to  greater  thickness  by  evaporatica. 
■—a.  Thick;  inspissated.— InaplEsation,  in- 
bpis-a'shon,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of  in- 
spissating. 

Instable,  in-statl,  a.  [L.  instabilis—in, 
not,  and  stahilis,  stable.]  Not  stable;  un- 
stable.— Instability,  Instableness,  in-sta- 
bil'i-ti,  in-sta'bl-nes,  n.  Want  of  stability; 
inconstancy ;  changeableness ;  want  of 
strength  or  firmness  in  construction. 

Install,  in-stal',  v.t.  [Fr.  installer  —  in,  in, 
and  O.H.G.  stal,  a,  place,  E.  stall.  Stall.] 
To  place  in  a  seat;  to  place  in  an  office  or 
post;  to  invest  with,  any  charge,  office,  or 
rank  with  customary  ceremonies.— Instal- 
lation, in-sta-la'shon,  n.  The  act  or  cere- 
mony'of  installing.— Instalment,  in-st£il'- 
ment,  n.  The  act  of  installing;  a  pari;  of 
a  whole  produced  at  stated  periods;  one  of 
the  parts  of  a  sum  paid  at  various  times. 

Instance,  in'stans,  n.  [L.  instantia,  a  stand- 
ing near,  importunity,  urgency  —  in,  on, 
and  sto,  to  stand.  State.]  The  act  or 
state  of  being  instant  or  urgent;  urgency; 
a  case  occurring;  a  case  ouered  as  an  ex- 
emplification or  precedent;  an  example; 
an  occurrence. — v.t.— instanced,  instancing. 
To  mention  as  an  instance,  example,  or 
case  in  point.— Instant,  in'stant,  a.  fli. 
instans,  instantis.]  Pressing,  urgent,  im- 
portunate, qr  earnest  (N.T.);  immediate; 
without  intervening  time  (send  him  to  in- 
stant execution);  quick;  making  no  delay; 
present  or  current:  usually  abbreviatefti  to 
inst.,  as  10th  inst.,  that  is,  10th  day  of 
the  present  month.  —  n.  A  point  in  dura- 
tion ;  a  moment ;  a  part  of  duration  that 
occupies  the  timeof  a  single  thought.-r-In- 
Btantaneity,  Instantaneousness,  in'stan- 
ta-ne"i-ti,  in-stan-ta'ne-us-ues,  n.  The 
quality 'of  being  instantaneous. .— Instan- 
taneous, in-stan-ta'ne-us,  a.  [Made  on  the 
model  of  contemporaneous.]  Done  in  an 
instant;  occurring  without  any  perceptible 
lapse  of  time. '-Instantaneously,  in-stah- 
ta'n5-us-li,  adv.  In  an  instant;  in  a  mo- 
ment.—  Instanter,  ia-stan'ter,  adv.  [L., 
from  instans.]  Immediately;  forthwith;  on 
the  moment. — ^Instantly,  m'stant-U,  adv. 
With  urgency;  earnestly;  immediately; 
forthwith;  at  once. 

Instate,  in-stat',  v.t.  —  instated,  instatit^. 

^[Prefix  in,  and  state.]  To  establish,  as  in 
a  rank  or  condition;  to  install. 

Instead,  in-sted',  adv.'  [From  in,  and  stead, 
place;  stead  retaining  its  character  of  a, 
noun,  and  being  followed  byo/.]  In  the' 
place  or  room.  [When  instead  is  used 
without  of  following,  there  is  an  ellipsis 
of  a  word  or  words  that  would  otherwise 
follow  the  of.] 

Instep,  in'step,  n.  [Formerly  instop,  instup, 
perhaps  from  in  and  stoop,  lit.  the  bend 
in.]  The  forepart  of  the  upper  side  of  the 
human  foot,  near  its  junction  with  the  leg; 
part  of  the  hind  leg  of  a  horse  from  the 
ham  to  the  pastem-joint. 

Instigate,  in'sti-gat,  v.t— instigated,  insti- 
gating. [L.  instigo,  histigatwm — in,  on,  and 
root  stig,  to  prick.  Instinct,  Stjgma.]  To 
incite;  to  set  on;  to  provoke;  to  urge:  used 
chiefly  or  wholly  in  a  bad  sense.— Instiga- 
tion, in-sti-g5'shon,  n.  [L.  instigatio.]  The 
act  of  instigating ;  incitement,  as  to  evil 
or  wickedness.  —  Instigator,  in'sti-ga-t6r, 
n.    ©ne  who  instigates. 

Instil,  in-stil',  v.t.— instilled,  instilling.  [L. 
instillo — in,  and  stUlo,  to  drop.  Distil.] 
To  pour  in  by  drops;  hence,  to  infuse 
slowly  or  by  degrees  'into  the  mind ;  to 
cause  to  be  imbibed;  to  insinuate  imper- 
ceptibly. —  Instillation,  in-stil-a'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  instilling.  —  InstiUatory,  in- 
stil'a-to-ri,  a.  Relating  to  instillation. — 
Instiller,  in-stil'fer,  n.  One  who  instils. — 
Instilment,  in-stil'ment,  n.  The  act  of  in- 
stilling. 

Instinct,  in'stingkt,  n.  [L.  insthictus,  in- 
stigation, impulse,  from  insting-uo,  instinc- 
tum,  to  impel— in,  on,  and  root  meaning 
to  prick,  as  in  stivndrcs,  sting.]  An  impulse 
to  a  particular  kind  of  action  which  the 
being  needs  to  perform  as  an  individual, 
but  which  it  could  not  possibly  learn  to 
perform  before  it  needs  to  act;  as  a  general 
term  it  iacludes  all  original  impulseR  and 
that  apparent  knowledge  and  sjtill  which 


animals  have  without  experience;  hence, 
natural  feeling  or  sense  of  what  is  correct 
or  effective  in  artistic  matters  or  the  like. 
— a.  (in-stingkf).  Animated  or  stimulated 
from  within;  inspired;  fully  euiTused  and 
breathing  cut  (a  portrait  insitnc< with  life). 
— Instinctive,  in-stingk'tiv,  a.  Promptec!. 
by  or  proceeding  from  instinct;  determinec 
by  natural  impulse  or  propensity;  spon- 
taneous. —  Instinctively,  in-stingk'tiv-li, 
adv.  In  an  instinctive  manner.— Instinc- 
tivity,  in-stingk-tiv'i-ti,  n.  The  qnaUty  of 
being  instinctive. 

Institute,  in'sti-tut,  v.t. — instituted,  institut- 
ing. [L.  instituo,  institutum  —  in,  aiid 
status,  to  set,  place,  from  sto,  statum,  to 
stand.  State.]  To  set  up  or  establish;  to 
ordain;  to  originate;  to  found;  to  set  in 
operation;  to  begin  (an  investigation,  Ac). 
— n.  That  which  is  instituted  or  formally 
established;  an  estabUshed  law,  precept,  or 
principle;  a  society  established  according 
to  certain   laws   or  regulations   for   the 

-furtherance  of  some  particular  object  (a 
philosophic  institute,  a  literary  institute,  a 
mechanics  institute);  pi.  a  book  of  elements 
or  principles,  particularly  a  work  contain- 
ing the  principles  of  a  system  of  jurispru- 
dence.—Institution,  in-sti-tu'shon,  n.  (L. 
insiitiitio.]  The  act  of  instituting;  eccles. 
the  ceremony  of  investing  a  clerk  with 
the  spiritual  part  of  a  benefice;  something 
instituted  or  established;  a  permanent 
rule  of  conduct  or  of  government ;  some- 
thing forming  a  prominent  or  estab- 
lished feature  in  social  or  national  life; 
a  society  established  or  body  organized  for 
promoting  anj'  object,  public  or  social. — 
Institutional,  in-sti-tu'shon-al,  a.  Relat- 
ing to  institutions;  instituted  by  autho- 
rity; relating  to  elementary  knowledge. — 
Institutionary,  in-sti-tu'shon-a-ri,  a.  Re- 
lating to  an  institution  or  to  institutions. 
—Institutive,  in'sti-tu-tiv,  a.  Tending  or 
intended  to  institute  or  establish.— Insti- 
tutor,  in'sti-tu-ter,  n.  [L.]  One  who  in- 
stitutes. 

Instruct,  in'Strukt',  v.t.  [L.  instrvo,  in- 
structum — in,  and  struo,  to  join  together, 
to  pile  up.  SriiL'CTURE.]  To  teach;  to  edu- 
cate; to  impart  knowledge  or  information 
to;  to  enlighten;  to'  direct  or  command;  to 
furnish  with  orders;  to  order  or  enjoin. — 
Instructible,  in-struk'ti-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  instructed;  teachable ;  docile.  —  In- 
struction, in-stnik'shon,  n.  [L.  instructto.] 
.The  act  of  instructing;  that  which  is  com- 
municated for  instructing;  that  with 
which  one  is  instructed ;  information  ; 
order,  mandate,  or  direction.  —  Instruc- 
tional, in-struk'shon-a),  a.  Rehitiug  to 
instruction;  educational. — Instructive,  in- 
struk'tiv,  a.  Conveying  knowlc<lge;  serv- 
ing to  instruct  Or  inform.- Instructively, 
in-struk'tiv-li,  adv.  In  an  instructive 
manner — InEtructiveness,in-struk'tiv-nes, 
n.— Instructor,  in-struk'ter,  n.  [L.]  One 
who  instructs;  a  teacher. 

Instrument,  in'stru-ment,  n.  [L.  inslru- 
mentum,  from  instruo,  to  prepare.  In- 
struct.] That  by  which  work  is  perfornicd 
or  anything  is  effected ;  a  tool ;  a  utensil ; 
an  implement;  one  who  or  that  which  is 
subsen'ient  to  the  execution  of  a  plan  o^j. 
purpose;  means  used  or  contributing  to  iiii 
effect;  any  contrivance  from  which  mu^ic 
is  produced,  as  an  organ,  harp,  violin, 
flute,  &c.;  law,  a  writing  instructing  om- 
in  regard  tio  something  that  has  been 
agreed  upon. — Instrumental,  in-stni-men  - 
tal,  a.  Conducive  as  an  instrument  ir 
means  to  some  end;  pertaining  to  instiu- 
ments,  especially  musical  instruments.— 
Instrumentalist,  in-stn.i-men'tal-ist,  n. 
One  who  plavs  upon  a  musical  inrtrument. 

Instrumentality,  Instrumentalness,  in'- 

8tni-men-tal"i-ti,  in-stru-men'tal-ne.s  u. 
The  condition  of  being  instrumental;  fub- 
ordinate  or  auxiliary  agcncv ;  ageucy  as 
means  to  an  end.— Instnunentally,in-Rtrii- 
men'tal-li,  adv.  By  way  of  an  instrument; 
as  means  to  an  end;  with  instruments  of 
music. — Instrumentation  ,in'stni-men-ta"- 
shon,  n.  The  art  of  arranging  riinsic  for  a 
combined  number  of  instruments;  the 
music  for  a  number  of  instruments;  ex- 
ecution of  music  on  an  instrument. 

Insubjection,  in-sub-jek'shon,  n.     IPrefix 


J?ate,  far,  fat,  f^Il;     me,  met,  her,     piae,  pin;     note,  not,  mOvej     tube,  tUb.  bull:     oil,  pound;     U.  Be,  abune— the  Fr.  «. 


iNSUBMISSlOJf/ 


361 


FNTEMPERANCE 


in,  not,  aud  subjection.]  AVant  of  subjec- 
tion; state  of  disobedience  to  government. 
Insubmission,  in-sub-mish'on,  n.  I  Prefix 
in,  not,  ;ind  submission.l  Want  of  submis- 
sion; disolxjdieuee. 

Insubordinate,  iu-sub-or'di-nat,  n.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  aud  subordinate.  |  Not  submitting 
to  authority;  mutinous;  riotous. — Insub- 
ordination, in-sub-or'di-na"shon,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  insubordinate. 
Insubstantial,  iu-sub-stan'shal,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  nut,  and  substantial.  I  Unsubstantial. 
Insuetnde,  in'swe-tud,  n.  [L.  insuetudo, 
from  i7i3M<i(Ms,  unaccustomed— in,  not,  ana 
nuttus,  accustomed.]  The  state  of  being 
unaccustomed;  absence  of  use  or  custom. 
Insufferable,  in-suf'fer-a-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  sufferable.]-  Not  to  be  suffered, 
borne,  or  endured;  intolerable;  unendur- 
.ible.  —  Insufferably,  in-suf'fer-a-bli,  adv. 
lu  an  insufferable  manner. 

Insufficient,  in-suf-fish'ent,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
uot,aLnd'stifficient.i  Not  sufficient;  inade- 
quate to  any  need,  use,  or  purpose.-oln- 
sufficiency,  in-suf-fish'en-si,  n.  The  con- 
dition or  quality  of  being  iusufficieut. — 
Insufficiently,  in-suf-fish'eut-li,  adu.  '  In 
an  insufticieut  manner. 

Insular,  in'su-lfer,  a.  [L.  insularis,  from 
insula,  an  island  (whence  alao  isle,  isolate).] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  an  island;  forming  an 
island;  pertaining  to  the  opinions  or  views 
of  peoijfe  inhabiting  an  island;  hence,  nar- 
row-minded {insular  prejudices);  con- 
tracted.—Insularity,  in-8u-lar'i-ti,n:.  The 
state  of  being  insular.  —  Insularly,  in'sQ- 
ltr-!i,  adv.  In  an  insular  manner,— Insu- 
late, iu'su-lat,  v.t.— insulated,  insulating. 
To  make  an  isjand  of;  to  place  in  a  de- 
tached situation;  to  isolate;  to  separate, 
as  an  electrified  or  heated  body,  from 
other  bodies  by  the  interposition  of  non- 
conductors; to  free  from  combination  with 
other  substances,  as  a  chemical  substance. 
—Insulation,  in-sQ-la'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
insulating,  or  state  of  being  insulated. — 
Insulator,  in'sfi-la-t6r,  n  One  who  or  that 
which  insulates;  a  body  that  interrupts 
the  communication  of  electricity  or  beat 
to  surrounding  objects;  a  non-conductor. 

Insult,  in'sult.n.  [Fr.  insulte;  L.  insuUus, 
from  insilio,  insultum,  to  leap  on— in,  and 
salio,  to  leap;  seen  also  in  asriail,  assault, 
desultory,  residt,  sally,  salient.]  Any  gross 
affi-ont  or  indignity  offered  to  another, 
either  by  words  or  actions;  act  or  speech 
of  ipsolence  or  tontempt.— v.t.  (in-sulf). 
To  treat  with  insult,  grsss  abuse,  inso- 
lence, or  contempt.— f.i.  To  behave  with 
insolent  triumph.— Insulter.  ln-sult'6r,  n. 
One  who  insults.  —  Insulting,  in-sulfing, 
a.  Containing  or  conveying  insult. — In- 
sultingly, in-sult'ing-li,  adv.  In  an  in- 
sulting manner;  so  as  to  insult. 

Insuperable,  in-su'p6r-a-bl,  a.  [Ii.  insuperr 
abilis — in,  not,  and  supero,  to  overcome. 
Superior.]  Incapable  of  being  overcome 
or  surmounted;  insurmountable  (difficul- 
ties, objections,  obstacles,  &c.).  — Insuper- 
ability, Insuperableness,  in-su'p6r-a-bil"- 
i;ti,  in-sa'per-a-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  insuperable.  —  Insuperably,  in-su'- 
p^r-a-bli,  adv.  In  an  insuperable  manner. 

Insupportajile,  in-sup-por'ta-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  supportable.]  Not  to  be  sup- 
ported or  borne;  insufferable;  intolerable. 
— Insupportableness,  in-sup-por'ta-bl-nes, 
n.— Insupportably,  in-sup-por'ta-bli,  adv. 

Insuppressible,  in-sap-pres'i-bl,  a.  (Prefix 
in,  not,  and  suppressible.]  Incapable  of 
beiAg  suppressed  or  concealed.  —  Insup- 
pressibly,  in-sup-pres'i-bli,  adv.  So  as  not 
to  be  suppressed.— Insuppressive.t  in-sup- 
pres'iv,  a.  Not  tending  to  suppress;  in- 
suppressible (Shak.). 

Insure,  in-shor',  v.t.  —  insured,  insuring. 
[Prefi-X  ini_intens.,  and  sure.]  To  make 
sure;  to  ensure  (which  is  the  word  now 
commonly  used  m  this  general  sense);  to 
contract  tor  the  payment  of  a  certain  sum 
in  the  event  of  loss  or  damage  happening 
to,  or  at  the  death  or  termination  of  (to 
insure  a  house  against  fire,  a  ship  against 
damage,  to  insure  one's  life);  to  maSie  a 
subject  of  insurance;  to  assure  (one's  life). 
— Insurer,  in-shB'rer,  n.  One  who  insures. 
—Insurable,  in-sho'ra-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  insured.— Insurance,  in-sho'rans,  n. 


The  act  of  insuring;  a  contract  by  which 
a  licrson  or  company,  in  consideration  of 
a  sum  of  money  or  percentage  (technically 
called  a  premtuwl,  becomes  bound  to  in- 
demnify the  insured  or  his  representatives 
against  loss  by  certain  risks;  the  premium 
paid  for  insuring  property  or  life.  Manne 
insurance  is  the  term  used  for  the  insur- 
ance on  ships,  goods,  &c.,  at  sea.  Fire  in^ 
suraiice  is  for  the  insuring  of  property  on 
shore  from  fire.  Life  insurance  is  -for  se- 
curing the  payment  of  a  certain  sum  at 
the  death  of  the  individual  insured,  or 
wlien  he  reaches  a  given  age,  or  of  an  an- 
nuity.—  Insurance  policy,  the  document 
by  which  the  insurance  is  ratified. 

Insurgent,  in-s6r'jent,  a.  [L.  insurgens,  in- 
surgentis,  ppr.  of  insurgo,  to  rise  against 
— in,  on,  and  surge,  to  rise,  whence  surge, 
source,  &c.]  Kising  in  opposition  to  law- 
ful civil  or  political  authority;  rebellious. 
— n.  A  person  who  rises  in  opposition  to 
civil  or  political  authority  '.Aninsurgent 
differs  from  a  rebel  in  holi^i^ig  a  less  pro- 
nounced position  of  antagonism,  and  may 
or  may  not  develop  into  a  rebel.  Insur- 
rection.—Insurgency,  iB-s£r'jen-si,n.  The 
condition  of  being  insurgent. 

Insurmountable,  in-s6r-moun'ta-bl,  a.  [Pre- 
fix in,  not,  and  surniountable.]  Incapable 
of  being  surmounted,  i^assed  over,  or  over- 

5  come.  —  InsurmountabiUty,  InsurmountT 
ableness,  in-s(ir-moun'ta-bil"i-ti,  in-s6r- 
moun'ta-bl-nes,  n.  —  Insurmountably,  in- 
ser-moun'ta-bli,  adv. 

Insurrection,  in-ser-rek'shon ,n.  [L. insur- 
rectio,  insurrectioms,  from  insurgo,  insur- 
rectum.  Insuugent  1  The  opan  and  active 
opposition  of  a  number  of  persons  to  the 
civil  or  political  authorities  of  a  city  or 
country,  in  defiance  of  law  and  order;  a 
revolt  Dy  a  number  of  persons  against 
constituted  authorities. .".An  insurrection 
is  less  serious  than  a  rebellion,  for  the 
latter  attempts  to  overthrow  the  govern- 
ment, to  establish  a  different  one,  or  to 
place  the  country  under  another  jurisdic- 
tion; a  mutiny  is  a  movement  of  revolt 
against  minor  institutions,  or  against  the 
authorities  m  the  army  or  navy ;  a  revolt- 
is  a  less  strong  form  of  a  rebellion. —  In- 
surrectional, Insurrectionary,  in-sftr-rsk'- 
shou-al,  in-86r-rek'8hon-a-ri,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  insurrection. — liisnrrectioiiist,  in- 
sfer-rek'shon-ist,  n.  One  who  favours  in- 
surrection. 

Insusceptible,  in-sus-sep'ti-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  susceptible]  Not  susceptible; 
not  capable  of  being  affected  or  impressed 
(a  heart  insicsceptible  of  pity).— Insuscepti- 
bility, in-sus.sep'ti-biri-ti,n.  The  quality 
of  being  insusceptible.— InSusceptive,  in- 
suB-sep'tiv,  a.  Not  susceptive;  not  suscep- 
tible or  receptive. 

Intact,  in-takt',  a.  [L.  intactwa— prefix  in, 
not,  and  tactus,  touched,  pp.  of  tango,  to 
touch;  whence  also  tangent,  tact,  &c.J  Un- 
touched by  anything  that  harms  or  defiles; 
uninjured;  unimpaired;  left  complete, 
whole,  or  unharmed. 

Intaglio,  in-tal'yo,  n.  [It.,  from  intagliare, 
to  carve  — in,  and  tagliare,  to  cut,  Fr. 
tailler  (whence  tailor).]  Any  figure  en- 
graved or  cut  into  a  substance  so  as  to 
form  a  hollow;  a  gem  with  a  figure  or  de- 
vice sunk  below  the  background;  the  re- 
verse of  cameo,  Mhich  has'  the  figure  in 
relief.— Intagliated,  in-tal'ya-ted,  a.  Cut 
in  intaglio.— /ntapiio  relievato  (rel-i-a-v&'- 
to).    Same  as  Cavo-relievo. 

Intake,  in'tak,  n.  The  point  at  which 
water  is  taken  from  a  main  stream  and 
directed  into  another  channel. 

Intangible,  in-tan'ji-bl,  a.  fl'refix  in,  not, 
and  tangMe.]  Not  tangible;  incapable  of 
being  touched;  not  perceptible  to  the 
touch.— Intangiblerjfisa,  Intangibility,  in- 
tan'ji-bl-nes,  in-tan'ji-bil"i-ti,n.  The  (Jua- 
lity  of  being  intangible.— Intangibly,  in- 
tan'ji-bli,  adv.  . 

Integer,  in'te-jfer,  n.  [I/,  integer,  whole, 
entire— in,  not,  and  tag,  root  of  tango,  to 
touch.  Entire,  Tangent.]  ^n'tt.  awhole 
number,  in  contradistinction  to  a  fraction. 
— Integral,  in'ts-gral,  a.  Whole;  entire; 
complete;  belonging  to  or  forming  a  neces- 
sary part  of  a  whole;  math,  pertaining  to 
a  whole  number  or  undivided  quantity; 


not  fractional;  pertaining  to  inteprat- oi'. 
— Integral  calculus,  a  branch  of  mathema- 
tical analysis  which  is  the  inverse  of  the 
differential  calculus,  its  object  being  the 
deriving  of  the  primitive  function  from 
its  differential,  or  -its  differential  coeffi- 
cient.— n.  A  whole;  an  entire  thing. — In- 
tegrally, in'te-gral-li,  aUv.  In  an  inte- 
gral manner.— Integrant,  in'te-grant,  a. 
Making  part  of  a  whole;  integral.— lite- 
grate,  in'te-grat,  v.t.— integrated,  integrat- 
ing. [L.  integro,  integratum.]  To  make 
entire;  to  form  into  one  whole;  to  perfect; 
to  give  the  sum  or  total  of.— Integration, 
in-te-gra'shon,  n.  The  act  of  integrating; 
m.ath.the  determination  of  a  function  from 
its  differential  or  its  differential  coefficient. 
—Integrity,  in-tog'ri-ti,  n.  (L.  iutegiitas, 
from  integnr.]  The  state  of  being  entire  or 
complete;  entireness;  a  genuine  or  unim- 
paired Ftate;  honesty;  uprightness  in  mu- 
tual dealings;  probity. 
Integument,  in-teg'U-ment,  n.  [L.  integu- 
mentum,  intego,  to  cover — in,  intens.,  and 
•tego,  to  cover  (same  root  as  E.  thatch).] 
Anat.  the  skin,  membrane,  or  shell  which 
covers  any  part;  bat.  the  cellular  skin  of 
seed,  leaf,  or  stem.— Integumentary,  in- 
teg'Q-men"ta-ri,  a.  Belonging  to  or  com- 
posed of  integument.— Integumentation, 
in-teg'a-men-ta"shon,  n.  A  covering  with 
integument. 

Intellect,  in'tel-lekt,  n.  [L.  intellectus, 
from  intelligo,  to  understand— inter,  be- 
tween, and  lego,  to  choose  or  pick,  to  read; 
seen  also  in  colled,  elect,  select,  legend,  les- 
son, lecture,  &c.]  That  faculty  of  the  hu- 
man mind  which  receives  or  comprehends 
ideas,  as  distinguished  from  the  power  to 
feel  and  to  will;  the  understanding  facul- 
ty; also,  the  capacity  for  higher  forms  of 
knowledge;  good  mental  power.  —  Intel- 
lection, in-tel-lek'shou,  n.  The  act  of  un- 
derstanding; simple  apprehension  of  ideas. 
—Intellective,  in-tel-lek'tiv,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  intellect  or  understanding;  per- 
ceivable by  the  understanding  only,  not 
b^  the  senses.— Intellectively,  in-tel-lek'- 
tiv-\\,  adv.  In. an  intellective  manner. — 
Intellectual,  in-tel-lek'tu-al,  a.  Relating 
■  to  the  intellect  or  understanding;  appeal- 
ing to  or  engaging  the  intellect  or  higher 
capacities  of  man;  perceived  by  the  intel- 
lect; existing  in  the  understanding;  ideal; 
having  intellect;  characterized  by  intel- 
lect.—Intellectualism,in-tel-lek'tu-al-izm, 
'n.  Intellectuality;  the  doctrine  th8.t 
knowledge  is  derived  from  pure  reason. — 
Intellectuallst,  in-tel-lek'tu-al-ist,  n.  One 
who  overrates  the  understanding;  one  who 
believes  in  intellectualism.— latellectuai- 
Ity,  in-tel-lek'tu-al"li-ti,  n.  The  state  of 
being  intellectual;  intellectual  power. — 
IntelZectualize,  in-tel-lek'tu-al-iz,  v.t.  To 
endow  with  intellect;  to  give  an  intellec- 
tual or  ideal  character  to.— Intellectually, 
in-tel-lek'tu-al-li,  adv.  In  an  intellectua' 
manner. — Intelligence,  in-te!'i-jens,  n.  [L. 
intelligentia.]  The  capacity  to  know,  un- 
derstand, or  comprehend;  the  capacity 
for  the  higher  functions  of  the  intellect ; 
intellectual  power;  knowledge  imparted 
or  acquired;  general  information;  infor- 
m.ation  communicated  by  any  means; 
news  or  notice;  an  intelligent  or  spiritual 
being.  —  Intelligencer,  in-tel'i-jen-str,  n. 
One  who  conveys  intelligence;  a  messen- 
ger or  spy.  —  Intelligent,  iu-tel'i-jent,  a. 
(fL.  intelligens.intelligentis,  ppr.  of  intelli- 
go.] Endowed  with  the  faculty  of  under- 
standing or  reason;  endowed  with  a  good 
intellect;  having  superior  intellectual  ca- 
pacities j  well  informed.  —  Intelligently, 
in-tel '  i-jettt-li,  adv.  In  an  intelligent 
manner.— In  telliglbility,IntelligibienesE, 
in-tel'i-ji-bil"i-ti,  in-tel'i-ji-bl.neSj  n.  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  intelligible.— In- 
telligible, in-tel'i-ji-bl,  a.  [L.  intelligi- 
bUis.']  Capable  of  being  understood  or 
comprehended;  comprehensible;  perspicu- 
ous ;  clear.  —  Intelligibly,  in-tel'i-gi-bli, 
adv.  In  an  intelligible  manner. 
Intemperance,  in-tem'pCr-aus,  n.  [Prefix 
in,  not,  and  temperance:  L.  intemperantia, 
want  of  moderation.  Temper.]  Want  of 
moderation  or  due  restraint;  excess  of  any 
kind;  specifically,  habitual  indulgence  in 
the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors,  especially 


chjO-saiu;     c/i,  Sc.  iocA;     g,  i/o;     j.j'ob;     n,  Tr.  ton;     ug.  sinf/;     sb,  (/isn;  th,  iAit.;     w,  wig;     wh,  Mi/ug;     zh,  asure. 


IN TENABLE 


362 


INTEREST 


with  iutoxi cation.— Intemperant,  in-tem'- 
p^r-ant,  n.  One  who  mtemperantly  in- 
*dulges  in  alcoholic  liquors.— Intemperate, 
in-tem'p6r-at,  a.  IL.  intempcratus,  im- 
moderate.] Not  exercising  due  modera- 
tion or  restraint;  addicted  to  an  excessive 
or  habitual  use  of  alcoholic  liquors;  ex- 
cessive, immoderate,  or  inordinate  {in- 
teinperate  language).— n.  One  who  is  not 
temperate;  an  intemperant.  —  Intemper- 
ately,  in-tem'p6r-at-li,  adv.  In  an  intem- 
perate •  manner.  —  Intemperateness,  in- 
tem'per-at-nes,  n.  State  of  being  intem- 
perate. 

Intenable,  in-ten'a-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not, 
and  tenable.]  Not  tenable;  untenable. 
Intend,  in -tend',  v.t.  [L.  inlendo,  to  stretch 
forth,  to  intend — in,  and  Undo,  to  stretch 
(as  in  attend,  contend,  &c.).  Tend.]  To  fix 
the  mind  upon,  as  the  object  to  be  effected 
or  attained;  to  mean;  to  design;  to  pur- 
pose.—Intendancy,  in-ten'dan-si,  n.  The 
office,  employment,  or  district  committed 
to  the  charge  of  an  intendaut.— InteRdant, 
in-ten'dant,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  vttendo.] 
One  who  has  the  charge  or  management 
of  some  public  business;  a  superintendent. 
—Intended;  in-ten'ded,  p.  and  a.  Be- 
trothed; engaged.— n.  A  person  engaged 
to  be  married  to  another;  an  afBanced 
lover.  —  Intendedly,  in-ten'ded-li,  adv. 
With  purpose  or  intention;  by  design. — 
Intender,  in-ten'd6r,  n.  One  who  intends. 
Intense,  iu-tens',  a.  [h.  intensus,  stretched, 
tight,  pp.  of  intendo,  to  stretch.  Intknd.J 
Closely  strained;  kept  on  the  stretch 
(study,  thought,  &c.);  extreme  in  degree; 
vehement;  violent;  severe  (pain,  cold,  &c.). 
—Intensely,  in-tensli,  adv.  In  an  intense 
manner.  —  Intensative,  in-ten'sa-tiv,  a. 
Adding  intensity ;  intensifying. — Intense- 
ness,  in-tens'nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
intense.  —  Intensation.t  Intensification,+ 
in-ten-sa'shon ,  iii-ten'si-fi-ka"shon  ,n.  The 
act  of  intensifying  or  making  more  in- 
tense.— Inteasiner,  in-teu'si-fi-6r,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  intensifies.— liitensify, 
in-ten'si-fi,  v.t.—Vntemified,  intensifying. 
To  render  intense  or  more  intense.— v.i. 
,To  become  intense  or  more  intense. — In? 
'tension,  in-ten'shon,  n.  [L.  intensto,  in- 
tensionis.^  Act  of  straining  or  intensify- 
ing; the  state  of  being  strained :  opposed 
to  remission  or  relaxation. — Intensity,  in- 
ten'si-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  intense;  re- 
lative degree,  vigour,  or  activity;  keenness 
(of  feeling,  &c.);  physics,  the  amount  of  en- 
ergy with  which  a  force  operates  or  a  cause 
acts. — Intensive,  in-ten'siv,  a.  Serving- to 
give  force  or  emphasis  (an  ijitensiwe  particle 
or  prefix).— n.  Something  serving  to  give 
force  or  emphasis;  an  intensive  particle  or 
word.— Intensively,  in-ten'siv-li,  adv.  In 
an  intensive  manner. — Intensiveness,  in- 
ten'siv-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
tensive.— Intentjin-tent',  a.  [L.  intenttis, 
pp.  of  intendo.]  Having  the  mind  strained 
or  bent  on  an  object;  sedulously  applied; 
eager  in  pursuit  of  an  object;  anxiously 
diligent :  with  on  before  a  noun. — n.  J)e- 
si^,  purpose,  or  intention ;  meaning ; 
drift;  aim. — To  aU  intentt  and  purposes, 
in  all  applications  or  senses;  practically; 
really.— Intention,  in-ten'shon,  n.  [L.  in- 
tentio,  attention,  design.]  Determination 
to  act  in  a  particular  manner;  purpose; 
design ;  end ;  aim ;  the  state  of  being 
strained  or  intensified;  intension;  logic, 
any  mental  apprehension  of  an  object.— 
Intentional,  in-ten'shon-al,  a.  Done  with 
intention,  design,  or  purpose;  intended; 
designed.  —  Intentionally,  in-ten'shon-al- 
li,  adv.  With  intention;  by  design;  of 
purpose.  —  Intentioned,  in-ten'shond,  a. 
Having  intentions  or  designs ;  usually  in 
composition. — Intenthr,  in-tent'li,  adv.  In 
an  intent  manner.— fiitentness,  in-tent'- 
nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  intent. 
Inter,  in-t6r',  v.t.— interred,  interring.  [Fr. 
enterrer — en,  and  terre,  L.  terra,  the  earth 
(whence  terrace,  terrestrial,  &c. ).]  To  bury; 
to  inhume.  —  Interment,  in-t6r'ment,  n. 
The  act  of  interring;  burial. 
Interact,  in't6r-akt,  n.  [Prefix  inter,  and 
ac/.]  The  interval  between  two  acts  of  a 
drama;  an  interlude;  any  intermediate 
employment  of  time.— u.i.  To  act  recipro- 
'  cally;  to  act  on  each  other.— Interaction, 


in-t^r-ak'shon,  n.     Intermediate  action; 
mutual  or  reciprocal  action. 
Interblend,  in-t6r-blend',  v.t.  and  i.    [Pre- 
-fix  inter,  and  blend.]    To  blend  or  mingle 
together. 

Interbreed,  in-t*r-br5d',  v.t.  and  i.  [Prefix 
inter,  and  breed.]  To  breed  by  crossing 
one  kind  of  animals  or  plants  with  an- 
other. 

Intercalary,  in-tferTca-la-ri,  a.  [L.  interca- 
larius — inter,  between,  and  calo,  to  call  or 
proclaim,  seen  also  in  calendar,  council] 
Inserted  or  introduced  among  others,  as 
the  odd  day  (February  29th)  inserted  in 
leap-year.— Intercalate,  in-ter'ka-lat,  v.t. 
— intercalated,intercalating.  (L.  intercalo.] 
To  insert  between  others;  chron.  to  insert 
between  other  days  or  other  portions  of 
time;  geol.  to  insert,  as  a  layer  or  series  of 
layers,  between  the  regular  series  of  the 
strata.  —  Intercalation,  in-t6r'ka-la"shon, 
n.  [L.  intercalatio.]  The  act  of  interca- 
lating.—Intercalative,  iy-ttr'ka-la-tiv,  a. 
.Tending  to  intercalate;  intercalating. 
Intercede,  in-ter-sed',  v.i.— interceded,  in-' 
terceding.  [L.  intercedo — inter,  between, 
and  cedo,  to  go;  lit  to  pass  between. 
Cede.]  To  act  between  parties  with  a 
view  to  reconcile  those  who  differ  or  con- 
tend; to  plead  in  favour  of  another;  to  in- 
terpose; to  mediate  or  make  intercession. 
— Interceder,  in-ter-se'd6r,  n.  One  who 
intercedes.  —  Intercession,  in-tfer-sesh'on, 
n.  [L.  intercessio.]  The  act  of  interced- 
ing; mediation.  —  Intercessional,  in-t6r- 
sesh'on-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  containing 
intercession.  —  Intercessor,  in't6r-ses-s6r, 
n.  One  who  intercedes.  —  Intercessory, 
Int«rcessoriaI,t  in-t^r-ses'so-ri,  in't6r-ses- 
so"ri-al,  a.  Containing  intercession;  in- 
terceding. 

Intercellular,  in-ter-sel'lQ-lSr,  a.  [Prefix 
inter,  between,  and  cellvZar.]  Sot.  and 
20ol.  lying  between  cells  or  cellules. 
Intercept,  in-t6r-sept',  v.t.  [Fr.  intereepter; 
L.  intercipio,  interceptum,  to  intercept- 
inter,  between,  and  capio,  to  take.  Ca- 
pable.] To  take  or  stop  by  the  way;  to 
interrupt  the  journey  or  passage  of  (a 
messenger,  a  letter);  to  stop  on  its  passage; 
to  obstruct  the  process  of  (rays  of  light, 
Ac.).— Interceptor,  in-t6r-eep't«r,  n.  One 
■who  or  that  which  intercepts.- Intercep- 
tion, in-t6r-8ep'shon,  n.  The  act  of  inter- 
cepting; obstruction  of  a  course  or  pro- 
ceeding.—  Interceptive,  in-ter-sep'tiv,  a. 
Serving  to  intercept. 
Intercession,  dtc.  Under  Intercede. 
Interchain,  in-t6r-chan',  v.t.  [Prefix  inter, 
and  cfiain.]  To  chain  or  link  together,  to 
imite  closely  or  firmly. 
Interchange,  in-ter-chanj',  v.t.  —  inter- 
changed, interchanging.  ( Prefix  inter,  and 
change.]  To  change  reciprocally;  to  put 
each  in  the  place  of  the  other;  to  cause  to 
succeed  alternately.  —  v.i.  To  change  re- 
ciprocally; to  succeed  alternately.— n.  (in'- 
t6r-chanj).  The  act  or  process  of  mutually 
giving  and  receiving;  exchange  between 
two  or  more;  alternate  succession. — Inter- 
changeable, in-t6r-chan'ja-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  interchanged.- Interchangeabil- 
Ity,  Interchangeableness,  in-t6r-chan'ja- 
bil"i-ti,  in-t6r-chan'ja-bl-nes,  n. — Inter- 
changeably, in-ter-chan'ja-bli,  adv. 
Interclude,  in-t6r-klud',  v.t.  —  intercluded, 
inter  eluding.  [L.  intercludo  —  inter,  be- 
tween, and  claudo,  to  shut.]  To  shut  fr«m 
a  place  or  course  by  something  interven- 
ing; to  intercept. 

Intercolline,  in-t^r-kollin,  a.  [L.  inter, 
between,  and  coni«,  a  hill.]  Lying  between 
hills  or  hillocks. 

Intercolonial,  in-t6r-ko-lo"ni-al,  a.  [Prefix 
infer,  between,  among,  and  colonial.]  Sub- 
sisting between  different  colonies.  — Inter- 
colonlally,  in't6r-ko-lo"ni-al-li,  adv.  As 
between  colonies. 

Intercolumnlation,  in  'ter-ko-lum '  ni-a"- 
shon,  n.  [Prefix  inter,  between,  and 
column.]  Arch,  the  space  between  two 
columns  measured  at  the  lower  part  of 
their  shafts. 

Intercommunicate,  in'tir-kom-mu"ni-kat, 
v.i.  and  t.  [  Prefix  inter,  and  communicate.] 
To  communicate  mutually;  to  hold  mutual 
communication. — totercommunicabIe,in'- 
t^r-kom-ma"ni-ka-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 


mutually  communicated. — Intercoraiuu- 
nicatios,  in't6r-kom-mO'ni-ka"8hon,  n. 
Reciprocal  communication. 

Intercommunion,  in'ter-kom-mrm"yon,  n. 
[Prefix  inter,  and  communion.]  Mutual 
communion;  mutual  intercourse. — Inter- 
community, in'ter-kom-mu"ni-ti,  n.  A 
mutual  communication  or  community. 

Intercomparison,  in'ter-kom-par'i-son,  n. 
[Prefix  inter,  and  comparison.]  Compari- 
son between  the  various  features  of  one 
thing  and  the  corresponding  features  of 
another. 

Interconnect,  in't6r-kon-nekt",  v.t.  [Prefix 
inter,  and  conTiect.]  To  connect  or  unite 
closely  or  by  various  bonds.— Interconnec- 
tion, in't^r-kon-nek"shon,  n.  The  state  of 
being  interconnected;  what  serves  to  in- 
terconnect. 

Intercontinental,  in't6r-kon-ti-nen"tal,  a. 
[Prefix  inter,  and  continent.]  Subsisting 
between  different  continents. 

Intercostal,  in-ter-kos'tal,  o.  [L.  inter,  be- 
tween, and  costa,  a  rib.]  ArCat.  placed  or 
lying  between  the  ribs. 

Intercourse,  in'tfer-kors,  n.  [Prefiix  inter, 
between,  and  course;  L.  intercursus.]  Be- 
ciprocal  dealings  between  persons  or 
nations;  interchange  of  thought  and  feel- 
ing; communication;  commerce;  com- 
munion; sexual  connection. 

Intercross,  in-ter-kros',  v.t.  and  i.  [Prefix 
ijiter,  and  cross.]  To  cross  mutually;  to 
cross  one  another,  as  lines;  to  interbreed. 

Intercurrent,  in-t6r-kur 'ent,  a.  [Prefix 
inier,  between,  and  "cwrrent;  L.  intercur- 
rens,  irUereurrentis.]  Running  between 
or  among;  intervening;  m^d.  applied  to 
diseases  which  occur  sporadically  during 
the  prevalence  of  other  diseases. 

Intercutaneotts,  in't6r-ka-ta"ne-u8,  a.  [Pre- 
fix inter,  between,  and  cutaneous.]  Being 
within  or  under  the  skin. 

Interdependence,  Interdependency,  in'tSr- 
de-peu"dens,  in't6r-de-pen"den-8i,  n.  [Pre- 
fix inter,  and  depend.]  Reciprocal  depen- 
dence; dependence  each  upon  the  others 
reciprocally.  —  Interdependent,  in'ter-d6- 
pen"dent,  a.  ■  Reciprocally  dependent. 

Interdict,  in-tfer-dikt',  v.t.  [L.  interdico, 
interdictum — inter,  between,  and  dieo,  to 
speak.  DicTroN.]  To  debar,  forbid,  or  pro- 
hibit; to  restrain  by  an  interdict.— n.  (in'- 
ter-dikt).  \\j.interdictum.]  A  prohibition;  a 

Erohibiting  order  or  decree;  a  papal  pro- 
ibition  of  the  performance  of  divine  ser- 
vice and  the  administration  of  religious 
rites.  —  Interdiction,  in-t6r-dik'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  interdicting;  prohibition. — In- 
terdictive.  Interdictory,  in-tfer-dik'tiv,  in- 
t6r-dik'to-ri,  o.  Having  power  to  interdict 
or  prohibit. 

Interdigital,in-t6r-dij'i-tal,o.  [Prefix  inter, 
and  digit.]  Anat.  being  between  the  digits; 
between  toes  or  fingers,  as  the  web  which 
forms  the  wing  of  a  bat.— Interdigitate, 
in-t6r-dij'i-tat,  v.i.  To  run  into  each  other, 
like  the  fingers  of  one  hand  inserted  be- 
tween those  of  the  other. — Interdigitation, 
in-t6r-dij'i-ta"shon,  n.  The  act  or  state  of 
interdigitating;  anat.  the  space  between 
two  fingers. 

Interest,  in'tfer-est,  n.  [O.Fr.  interest,  Fr. 
intiret,  from  L.  interest,  it  concerns,  it  is 
of  importance,  from  L.  interesse— inter, 
between,  and  esse,  to  be  (whence  also  e«- 
sence,  equity).]  Concern,  sympathy,  or  re- 
gard (to  excite  one's  interest);  advantage; 
good;  profit  (it  is  for  your  interest  to  do  so); 
share,  part,  or  participation  in  value ;  the 
profit  percent  derived  from  money  lent  or 
invested  (which  in  reference  to  the  interest 
is  called  the  pnncipal);  hence,  something 
in  addition  to  a  mere  equivalent  (to  repay 
injury  with  interest]-,  influence  with  a 
person,  especially  with  persons  in  power 
(to  get  a  post  by  interest);  a  collective  name 
for  those  interested  in  any  particular  busi- 
ness (the  landed  interest,  the  shipping  in- 
terest). —  Simple  interest  is  that  which 
arises  from  the  principal  sum  only.— Co»»- 
pound  i7iterest  is  that  which  arises  from 
the  principal  with  the  interest  of  one  year 
added  together  to  form  a  new  principal 
for  the  next  year,  and  so  on  successively. 
— v.t.  To  engage  the  attention  of;  to 
awaken  interest  or  concern  in.  —  Inter- 
ested, in't^r-es-ted,  p.  and  a.    Having  an 


rate,  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  hir;  _ pine.  ;pin;^  note,  not,  m«>y§;     tube,  tub,  b\ill;  _.  joy.^und;^,  Sc.  abujie-rthe  Ffcjfc, 


INTERFACE 


363 


INTEENAL 


iutfi-ust  or  share;  affected;  moved;  having 
attentiou  roused;  concerned  in  a  cause  or 
in  con.sequences ;  liable  to  be  biassed  by 
personal  considerations;  chiefly  concerned 
lor  one's  own  private  advantage.  —  In- 
terestednesa,  in'tsr-es-ted-ues,  n. — In- 
teresting, :n't6r-e8-ting,  a.  Engaging  the 
attention  or  curiosity;  exciting  oradapted 
to  excite  attention  and  sympathy. — Inter- 
estingly, in't6r-es-ting-li,  adv.  In  an  in- 
teresting manner.  —  Interestingness,  in'- 
tor-es-ting-nes,  n. 

Interface,  in'ter-fas,  n.  [Prefix  inter,  and 
face.]  The  meeting  or  union  of  two  sur- 
faces.—Interfacial,  iu-ttr-fa'shi-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  an  interface;  included  oetween 
two  faces  or  jjlane  surfaces. 

Interfere,  iu-ter-f5r',  v.L— interfered,  inter- 
fering. fO.Fr.  untreferir,  to  exchange 
blows  —  L.  inter,  between,  and  ferio,  to 
strike  (whence /ecuie). J  To  interpose;  to 
intermeddle;  to  enter  into  or  take  a  part 
in  the  concerns  of  others;  to  clash,  come 
in  collision,  or  be  in  opposition;  physics, 
to  act  reciprocall.y  upon  eacli  other  so  as 
to  modify  trie  effect  of  each. — Interference, 
iu-ter-f5'rens,  n.  The  act  of  interfering  or 
intermeddling;  physics,  the  mutual  action 
of  waves  of  any  kind  (water,  sound,  heat, 
or  light)  upon  each  other,  by  which  the 
vibratious  and  their  effects  are  increased, 
diminished,  or  neutralized.  —  Interferer, 
iu-ter-fertir,  n.  One  who  interferes.— Jn- 
terfering,  in-ter-fe'ring,  a.  l^one  or  given 
to  interfere  or  intermeddle.  —  Interfer- 
ingly,  iu-ter-fe'ring-li,  adv.  In  an  inter- 
fering manner. 

Interfluent,  Interflnoos,  in-t6r'flu-ent,  in- 
ter'flu-u8,  a.  IL.  interfluens,  iriieijtuus— 
iiUur,  between,  and /«o,  to  flow. J  Flowing 
between. 

InterfoUaceons,  in-t6r-fo'li-a"shus,  a.  [L. 
inter,  between,  and  folium,  a  leaf.]  Bot. 
being  between  opposite  leaves,  but  placed 
alternately  with  them.  —  Interfoliate,  in- 
t6r-fo'li-at,  v.t.    To  interleave. 

Interfuse.  in-t6r-fuz',  D.t. — interfused,  inter- 
fusing. (L.  interfusus,  pp.  of  %nterfundo — 
inter,  between,  a.nd  fundo,  to  pour.  Flse.] 
To  paur  or  spread  between  or  among;  to 
mix  up  together;  to  make  interdependent. 
— Interfusion,  in-ter-fu'zhon,  n.  Act  of 
iuteriusing  or  that  which  is  interfused. 

Interganglionic,  in-t6r-gang'gli-on"ik,  a. 
( Prefix  inter,  between,  and  gatiglion.  ] 
Anat.  lying  or  passing  between  ganglia. 

Interglacial,  in-ter-gla'shi-al,  a.  LPrefix 
inter,  and  glacial.  ]  Geul.  formed  or  oc- 
curring between  two  periods  of  glacial 
action. 

InterJuemal,  in-t6r-he'mal,  a.  [Prefix  inter, 
and  luBmal.]  Anat.  situated  between  the 
Iia;mal  processes  or  arches. 

Interim,  in' t6r-im,n.  [L.,  in  the  meantime.] 
The  meantime;  time  intervening. — a.  Be- 
longing to  an  intervening  time;  belonging 
to  the  meantime;  temporary. 

Interior,  in-te'ri-er,  o.  [L.,  inner,  interior, 
compar.  of  interug,  internal,  itself  a  corn- 
par,  from  ijf.  Akin  entrails,  internal,  in- 
testine.]  Internal;  being  within  any  limits, 
inclosnre,  or  substance:  opposed  to  exterior 
or  superficial;  inland;  remote  from  the 
frontiers  or  shore. — Interior  angles,  geom. 
the  angles  made  within  axiy  figure  by  the 
sides  of  it.  —  Interior  planets,  astron.  the 
planets  between  the  earth's  orbit  and  the 
son  ;•  inferior  planets.  —  Interior  screw,  a 
Bcrew  cut  on  the  interior  surface  of  any- 
thing hollow.  —  »i.  The  internal  part  of  a 
tiling;  the  inside;  the  inland  part  of  a 
country;  the  department  of  a  government 
haring  charge  of  home  affejrs.  —  Interl- 
oritjr,  in-t5'n-or"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing interior,— Interiorly,  In-te'ri-or-li,  ado. 
Internally;  inwardly. 

tttteijacent.  in-t6r-jft'sent,-  a.     [L.'  tnter- 

jaeeng,  ppr.  of  inUrjaceo— inter,  between, 
oaA  Jaceo,  to  lie,  as  in  adjacent,  eybjacent, 
ius.J  Lying  or  bdng  between;  intervening. 
—  lotetjacesce,.  Xoteijacency,  in-t6r-ja'- 
sens,  in-t^'ia'gen-si,  n.  The  condition  of 
being  interjacent. 

Inte/ject.  in-t^-jekt',  v.t.  [L.  interiido, 
interjectum — inter,  'mtweea,  and  iaelo,  to 
tlirow,  Jpr.J  To  throw  between;  to  throw 
in  between  other  wordi.— Interjection,  in- 
tte-Jek'sbon,  ».    pL.  imierjeetio^   The  act 


of  throwing  between;  a  word  thrown  in 
between  words  connected  in  construction, 
to  express  some  emotion  or  passion,  as  ex- 
clamations of  joy,  grief,  astonishment.  &c. 
— InterjectionaJ,  Interjectionary,  in-t6r- 
jek'shon-al,  in-tOr-jek'shon-a-ri.  a.  Thrown 
ill  between  other  words;  partaking  of  the 
character  of  an  interjection. — Interjec- 
tionally,  iu-t6r-jek'shon-al-li,  adv.  In  an 
iuterjectional  maimer. 

Interknit,  iu-tor-nit',  v.t.  [Prefix  inter,  and 
knit.  I    To  knit  together  closely. 

Interlace,  iii-ter-las',  v.t. — interlaced,  inter- 
lacing. I  I'retix  i>i(er,  and  lace;  Fr.  entre- 
lacer.l  To  weave  on  twine  together;  to 
entangle  or  interweave  one  tiling  with  an- 
other. —  vi.  To  be  intertwined  or  inter- 
woven; to  have  parts  crossing  or  intersect- 
ing. —  Interlacement,  in-ter-las'ment,  n. 
The  "act  or  state  of  interlacing. 

Interlard,  in-ter-lard',  v.t.  [Prefix  inter, 
and  Uird.]  1-Yimarily,  to  mix  fat  with  lean; 
hence,  to  mix  by  something  frequently 
occurring;  to  diversify  by  mixture  (talk 
interlarded  with  oaths). 

Interleave,  in-ter-lev',  v.t. — interleaved,  in- 
terleaving. [Prefix  inter,  and  leaf.)  To 
insert  a  blaiuk  leaf  or  blank  leaves  in;  to 
insert  between  the  other  leaves  of  (a  book). 

Interline,  in-ter-lin',  v.t. — interlined,  inter- 
lining. [Prefix  inter,  and  ii)M!. I  To  write 
or  print  in  alternate  lines;  to  write  or  print 
between  the  lines  of.— Interlineal,  Inter- 
linear, Interlineary,  in-ter-lin'C-al,  in-ter- 
lin'e-er,  in-tCr-lin'e-a-ii,  o.  Written  or 
printed  between  lines  before  written  or 
printed.  —  Inter  linearly,  in-ter-lin'6-er-li, 
adv.  In  an  interlinear  manner.— Inter- 
lineation, iu-t6r-lin'e-a"shon,  n.  The  act 
of  interlining;  that  which  is  interlined. 

Interlock,  in-ter-lok',  v.i.  [Prefix  inter,  and 
lock.]  To  unite  or  be  locked  together  by  a 
series  of  connections. — v.t.  To  lock  one  in 
another  firmly. 

Interlocution,  in't6r-lo-ka"shon,  n.  [L.  inr 
terlocutio,iTO\n  interloquor — inter,  between, 
and  loquor,  to  speak  (in  loquacious,  elocu- 
tion,&c.).]  Dialogue;  interchange  of  speech; 
law,  an  intermediate  act  or  decree  before 
final  decision.— Interlocutor,  in-t6r-lok'a- 
t6r,  n.  One  who  speaks  in  a  dialogue  or 
conversation;  Scots  law,  the  term,  judg- 
ment, or  order  of  any  court  of  record. — 
Interlocutory,  in-t6r-lok'Q-to-ri,  a.  Con- 
sisting of  dialogue  or  conversation. 

Interlope,  in-t6r-lop',  v.i.— interloped,  inter- 
loping. [From  the  noun,  which  is  from 
l>.  enterlooper,  a  smuggler  or  smuggling 
vessel— Fr.  entre,  between,  and  D.  loopen, 
to  leap,  to  run=E.  to  leap.  Leaj>.J  To 
traflic  without  a  proper  license;  to  run 
into  a  matter  in  which  one  has  no  right. — 
Interloper,  in-t6r-lo'per,  n.  One  who  un- 
warrantably intrudes  or  thrusts  himself 
into  a  business,  position,  or  matter. 

Interlude,  in'tcr-lad,  n.  [L.L.  interludium, 
an  interlude — L.  inter,  between,and  ludus, 
a  play.  Delude.]  A  short  lively  enter- 
tainment performed  between  the  acts  of  a 
play,  or  between  the  play  and  the  after- 
piece; apiece  of  music  played  between  the 
verses  of  a  canticle  or  hymn,  or  between 
certain  portions  of  a  church  service. 

Interlunar,  Interlunary,  in-ter-la'ner,  in- 
ter-lQ'na-ri,  o.  [L.  inter,  between,  luna, 
the  moon.]  Belonging  to  the  time  when  ' 
the  moon  is  invisible. 

Intermarry,  in-ter-mayi,  v.i.  —  intermar- 
ried, intermarrying.  [Prefix  inter,  and 
marri/.]  To  marry  together;  to  become 
connected  by  marriage,  as  two  families, 
ranks,  tribes,  or  the  like.— Intermarriage, 
in-ter-mar'ij,  n.  Marriage  between  two 
familieB,  tribes,  or  nations. 

Intermaxillary,  in-tdr-mak'sil-la-ri,  a. 
[Prefix  inter,  and  maxillarp.]  Anat.  be- 
ing between  the  m  axillary  bones. — n.  The 
bone  in  mammalia  which  supports  the 
upper  incisors. 

Intermeddle.  in-t6r-med'l,  v.i.  —  inter- 
meddled, intermeddling. '  [Prefix  inter,  and 
meduile.]  To  meddle  In  affairs  in  which 
one  has  no  concern;  to  meddle  officiously; 
to  Interfere./— Intermeddler,  ln-t6r-med'- 
ler,  n.  One  who  intermedoleB.  —  Intfcf- 
meddlesome,  in-tcr-med'l-snm,  a.  Prone 
to  intermeddle.— Intermeldl3BomenesB4n- 
ter-uiedl>fium-neB,  n. 


Intermediate,  in-tcr-me'di-at,  a-  |Pr.  i«- 
temuidiat,  L.  intennedius — inter,  between, 
and  nusdius,  middle  (whence  medium, 
niediate,  &c.j.]  Lying  or  being  between; 
in  the  middle  place  or  degree  between 
two  extremes;  intervening;  interposed. 
Also  Intermedial,  Intermediary,  in-ter- 
me'di-al,  in-tor-me'dia-ri,  in  same  sense.- 
Intermediately,  in-tCr-me'di-at-li,  adv.  In 
an  intermediate  position.  —  Intermedia- 
tion, iu-ter-me'di-a"shon, n.  Inter\'entiou; 
interposition.  —  Intermediary,  in-ter-mC- 
di-a-ri,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  inter- 
poses or  is  intermediate;  an  intervening 
agent.— Intermediator,  in-ter-me'di-a-ter, 
n.    -A.  mediator  between  parties. — Inter- 

rfnedlnm,  in-ter-me'di-um,  n.  Intermedi- 
ate space;  an  intervening  agent  or  instru- 
ment. 

Interment.    Under  Inter. 

Intermezzo,  i^i-ttr-met'zo,  n.  [It.]  Mus.  a 
short  composition,  generally  of  a  light 
sparkling  character,  played  between  more 
important  pieces;  iu>  interlude. 

Intermigration,  in'ter-mi-gra"shon,  n. 
[Prefix  inter,  and  migration.]  Reciprocal 
migration. 

Interminable,  in-tfer'mi-na-bl,  a.  [L.  inter- 
miuabnis — in,  not,  and  terminus,  a  bound 
or  limit.  Tkkm.I  Boundless;  endless;  ad- 
mitting no  limit;  wearisomely  spun  out 
or  protracted.— Intermlnableness,  in-ter'- 
mi-ua-blTues,  )i.— Interminablj',  iii-ter'ini- 
ua-bli,  adv.  In  an  iiitermiuable  manner; 
endlessly.- Interminate,  in-ter'mi-nat.  a. 
Endless. — Interminate  decimal,  one  that 
may  be  continued  to  infinity,  as  that  given 
by*. 

Intermingle,  in-ter-ming'gl,  v.t. —inter- 
mingled, intenninglino.  [Prefix  inter,  and 
mingle  ]  To  mingle  or  mix  together;  to 
mix  up:  to  intermix. — v.i.  To  be  mixed  ot 
incorporated. 

Intennisaion.    Under  Intermit. 

Intermit,  in-ter-mit',  v.t. — intermitted,  in- 
termitting. |L.  intermitto,  to  let  go  be- 
tween, to  interrupt— inter,  and  mitto,  to 
send.  Mission.]  To  cause  to  cease  for  a 
time;  to  interrupt;  to  suspend  or  delay. — 
v.i.  To  cease  for  a  time;  to  cease  or  relax 
at  intervals,  as  a  fever. — Intermlttence, 
in-t6r-mit'ens,  n.  The  act  or  state  of  in- 
termitting ;  intermission.  — Intennittent, 
in-ter-mit'ent,  o.  Ceasing  at  inter\'al8. — 
Intermittent  or  intermitting  spring,  a  spring 
which  flows  for  some  time  and  then 
ceases,  again  flows  and  again  ceases,  and 
so  on,  usually  having  a  siphon-shaped 
channel  of  outflow. — n.  A  fever  which 
entirely  subsides  or  ceases  at  certain  in- 
tervals.—Intermitting,  in-tCr-mit'ing,ppr. 
and  a.  Ceasing  for  a  time;  pausing. — In- 
termittlngly,  in-tdr-mit'ing-li,  adv.  In 
an  intermittent  manner.  —Intermission, 
in-ter-mish'on,  n.  [L.  intermissio.]  The 
act  or  state  of  intermitting;  ce«sation  for 
a  time;  pause;  the  temporairy  subsidence 
of  a  fever.— Intermlsslve,  In-ler-mis'iv,  a. 
Intermittent. 

Intermix,  in-tSr-miks',"  v.t  [Prefix  inter, 
and  mix.]  To  mix  together;  to  inter- 
mingle.—f.iTTo  be  mixed  or  intermingled. 
— Intermixture,  in-ter-miks.'tor,  n.  A 
mass  formed  by  mixture;  a  mass  of  in- 
gredients mixed;  admixture. 

Intermundane,  in-ter-mun'dan,  a.  [L.  im.- 
ter,  between,  mundus,  a  worW.]  Being 
between  worlds  or  between  orb  and  orb 
(intermundane  spaces). 

Intermural,  in-t6r-mti'ral,  a.  [L.  inter,  be- 
tween, murus,  a  wall.]  Lying  between 
walls. 

Intermnscnlar,  in-tfer-musTca-ler,  a.  [Pre- 
fix inter,  and  mwcuUtr.]  Between  the 
muscles. 

Intern,  in-t6m',  v.t.    [Pr.  intemer,  from  L. 

•  internus^  internal.]  To  send  to  or  cause 
to  r^naam  in  the  interior  of  a  country 
withcmt  permission,  to  leave  it;  to  disarm 
and  quarter  in  some  place,  as  a  defeated 
body  of  troops.  —  Internment,  In-tem'- 
ment,  n.  The  act  of  interning;  the  state 
of  being  interned. 

Intemal,  in-ter'nal,  a.  [L.  intemus,  Inter- 
nal. iNTEiiiea.]  Inward;  Interior;  being 
within  any  limit  or  surface;  not  external; 
pertaining  to  the  mind  or  thoughts,  or  to 
one's  inner  being;  pertaining  to  itaelf ,  ita 


ehtehaiBi    eh, ^. loch;    B,gui    iiJoh;    i&, Vr. ton^    ag,»in{n    tu,thm;ih,ihiin    w, wi«i    vh,wliisn    potato. 


INTKrwVA'llONAi: 


364 


INTERVIEW 


r.v.-a  ;iff:iirs,  or  home  interests:  said  of  a 
<uaiit:y;  <lomc>-tJc;  not  forfi)?».  —  Inter- 
nality,  in-tcr-ual  i-ti,  ji.  The  state  or 
<iunlit3'  of  bem;,'  internal.— Internally,  iu- 
tar'nal-li,  adv.  Inwardly;  within  the  hody; 
uiLUtally;  spiritually. 

International,  in-ter-nash'ou-al, «.  [Prefix 
inter,  and  juttiunal.]  Jf  ei  taiuiuy  to  or  re- 
ciprocally affecting  nations;  resulatiug 
the  mutual  intercourse  between  different 
nations.  —  InUniuti  nial  law,  the  law  of 
nations;  those  maxims  or  rules  that  re- 
gulate states  in  their  conduct  towards  one 
anothe  r.— Internationally ,  in-tfer-uash'on- 
al-li,  adv. 

Internecine,  in-ter-ne'sln,  a.  [h.  inteJTte- 
ci)iu3,  deadly,  murderous— iuier,  between, 
among,  and  nvco.  to  kill.J  Marked  by  de- 
structive hostilities  or  ruuch  slaughter; 
causing  great  slaughter,  as  between  fel- 
low-citizens {internecine  war). 

Intemeural, in-ter-uural, a.  [Prefix  inter, 
aud)ie«r"'.]    Situated  between  the  neui-al 

'  lirocesses  or  spines :  said  of  those  bones 
which  support  the  fin-rays  on  a  fish's  back. 

Intemode,  in  ter-nod,  n.  [h.  inter, between, 
and  nodus,  knot.)  Hot.  the  space  which 
intervenes  between  two  nodes  or  leaf- 
buds.  —  Intemodal,  in-ter-no'dal,  a.  Bot. 
of  or  pertaining  to  an  intemode. 

Internuncio,  iu-ter-uun'shi-o,  n.  FL.  inter- 
■Mincius— inter,  between,  and  nuneius,  a. 
messenger.)  A  messenger  between  two 
parties;  an  envoy  of  the  pope,  sent  to 
small  states  and  republics  while  a  nuncio 
is  sent  to  emperors  and  kings.— Intemun- 
cial,  in-ter-nun'shi-al,  a.  Belonging  to  an 
internuncio. 

Interoceanic,  int6r-o'sh6-an"ik,  a.  [Prefix 
inter,  and  ocean.]  Between  oceans  {inter- 
oceanic railway,  canal,  &c.). 

Interocular,  in-ter-ok'a-ler,  a.  [L.  inter, 
and  oculv,s,  the  eye.J  Situated  between 
the  eyes. 

Interorbital,  in-t<5r-or'bi-tal,  a.  [Prefix  in- 
ter, and  orbit.]  Sitiuited  between  the  or- 
bits, as  of  the  eyes. 

InteroscQlate,  in-ter-osTcu-lat,  v.i.  [Prefix 
inter,  and  osculate.]  To  touch  or  run  into 
one  another  at  various  points;  to  form  a 
connecting  link  between  objects  or  groups 
by  having  characters  in  common. 

Interosseal,  Interosseous,  in-ter-os'sS-al, 
in-t6r-os'se-u8,  a.  [B.  inter,  between,  and 
OS,  a  bone.  ]   Anat.  situated  between  bon^s. 

Interpellate,  in-ter'pel-lat,  i>.t.  —  interpel- 
lated, interpellating,  [h.  interpello,  inter- 
pellatum,  to  interrupt  in  speaking — inter, 
between,  and  pellu,  to  drive  (seen  in  ap- 
peal, compel,  pvlse,  &c.).]  To  question, 
especially  to  question  imperatively;  to 
interrupt  by  a  question. — Interpellation, 
in't6r-pel-la"shon,  n.  [L.  interpellatio.] 
The  act  of  interrupting;  an  interruption 
by  speaking;  a  question  put  by  a  member 

;  of  a  Jegislative  assembly  to  a  minister  or 
memV)er  of  the  government. 

Interpenetrate.  in-t6r-pen'e-trat,  v.t.  and 

',  i.—interpenetrated,interpenetrating.  [Pre- 

I  fix  inter,  and  penatrate.]     To  penetrate 

'between  or  within;  to  penetrate  mutually. 
— Interpenetration,  in-t6r-pen'e-tra"shnn, 
n.  The  act  of  interpenetrating.— Interpene- 
trative, in-t6r-pen'6-tra-tiv,  a.    Mutually 

'  penetrative. 

Interpetiolar,  in-t6r-pet'i-o-l6r,  a.    [Prefix 

j  inter,  and  petiole.]  Bot.  situated  between 
the  petioles. 

Interplanetary,  in-t6r-plan'e-ta-ri,  a.   [Pre- 

j  fix   inter,  and   planetary.]     Situated   or 

'  existing  between  the  planets. 

Interplead,  in-t6r-pl5d',  v.i.  [Prefix  inter, 
and  plead.]  Law,  to  discuss  a  point  inci- 
dentally happening,  before  the  principal 
cause  can  be  tried.— Interpleader,  in-tfer- 

Sle'dtr,  n.  Law,  one  who  interpleads;  the 
,  iscussion  of  a  point  incidentally  arising 
'  in  a  suit. 

Interpolate,  iii-ter'po-lat,».«.—in««rpoZo<«rf, 
I  iiiterpolating.  [L.  interpolo,interpolatum, 
j  to  interpolate  or  falsify,  from  interpolus, 
vamped  up,  falsified— tnier,  between,  and 
'polio,  to  polish.]  To  foist  in;  to  insert,  as 
1  a  spurious  word  or  passage  in  a  manuscript 
I  or  book;  to  corrupt  or  vitiate  by  the  inser- 
I  tion  of  new  matter;  math,  and  physics,  to 
ifiU  up  intermediate  terms  of,  as  of  aseries, 
I  according  to  the  law  of  the  series. — Inter- 


*polable,  in-t6r'po-la-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
boiug  iuteri)olated  or  inserted.— Interpo- 
lation, in-ter'po-la"shou,  n.  [L.  iuterpo- 
iatu).]  The  act  of  interpolating;  that 
which  is  interpolated  or  inserted;  a  spuri- 
ous word  or  passage  inserted.— Interpola- 
tor, in-tei''i)o-la-ter,  n.  One  who  interpo- 
lates. 

Interpose,  in-t6r-poz',  v.t. — interposed,  in- 
terpo-iiny.  |  Pr.  interposer — inter,  between, 
and  pusvr,  to  place.  Pose,  Composk.  )  To 
place  between;  Jig.  or  tit.  to  present  or 
biing  forward  by  way  of  interruption  or 
for  some  service  (to  interpose  one's  hand, 
one's  self,  one's  aid  or  services).— v.i.  To 
step  in  between  parties  at  variance;  to* 
mediate;  to  interfere;  to  put  in  or  maKe  a 
remark  by  way  of  interruption — Inter- 
poser, in-tcr-po'zer,  n.  One  who  iuter- 
poses.— Interposition,  in-ter'po-zish"on  or 
iu'ter-po-zish  'on,  n.  The  act  of  interpos- 
ing; a  coming  between;  mediation;  inter- 
vention. 

Interpret,  in-t6r'pret,  v.t.  fL.  interpretor, 
from  interpres,  iuterpretis,  an  interpreter 
— inter,  between,  and  root  seen  in  {pre)- 
paro,to  prepare.)  To  explain  the  meaning 
of ;  to  expound;  to  translate  from  an  un- 
known to  a  kndwn  language,  or  into  in- 
telligilile  or  familiar  words;  to  free  from 
mystery  or  obscurity;  to  make  clear;  to 
unravel ;  to  represent  artistically  (aS  by 
an  actor  on  the  stage).  —  Interpretable, 
iu-ter'pre-ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  in- 
terpreted.— Interpretation,  in-t6r'pre-ta"- 
shon,  n.  [L.  interpretatio.]  The  act  of  in- 
terpreting; translation;  explanation;  the 
sense  given  by  an  interpreter;  concep- 
tion and  representation  of  a  character  on 
the  stage.  —  Interpretative,  in-tfer'pre-ta- 
tiv,  a.  Designed  or  fitted  to  explain;  ex- 
planatory. —  Interpretatively,  inter'pre- 
ta-tiv-li,  adv.  In  an  interpretative  man- 
ner.—Interpreter,  in-t(5r'pre-ter,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  interprets. 

laterregniun,  in-ter-reg'nurn,  n.  [L.,  from 
inter,  between,  and  regnum,  reign. J  The 
time  between  the  death  or  abdication  of  a 
king  and  the  accession  of  his  successor; 
the  interval  between  the  cessation  of  one 
government  and  the  estiTblishment  of  an- 
other. 

Interrelation,  in't6r-re-la"shon,  n.  [Prefix 
inter,  and  relation.]  Jiutual,  reciprocal, 
or  coiTcsponding  relation;  correlation. 

Interrogate,  in-ter'6-gat,  v.t.  [L.  inierrogo, 
inlerrogatum — inter,  between,  and  rogo,  to 
ask  (as  in  abrogate,  arrogant,  derogate, 
prorogue,  &c.).'\  To  question;  to  examine 
by  asking  questions.  —  Interrogation,  in- 
ter'o-ga"shon,  n.  [L.  interrogutio.]  The 
act  of  (^[^uestioning ;  a  question  put;  the 
sign  ?,  indicating  that  the  sentence  im- 
mediately preceding  it  is  a  question,  or 
used  to  express  doubt  or  to  mark  a  query. 
—Interrogative,  in-ter-rog'a-tiv,  a.  JL.  in- 
ierrogativus.]  Denoting  a  question;  'ex- 
pressed in  the  form  of  a  question.  —  n. 
gram,  a  word' used  in  asking  questions;  as, 
wfiot  what!  which!  —  Interrogatively,  in- 
ter-rog'a-tiv-li,  adv.  In  an  interrogative 
manner.— Interrogator,  in-ter'6-ga-t6r,  n. 
One  who  interrogates  or  asks  questions. — 
Interrogatory,  in-ter-rog'a-to-ri,  n.  [L. 
interrogatoriua.]  A  question;  an  interro- 
gation.—  o.  Containing  a  question;  ex- 
pressing a  question. 

Interrupt,  in-ter-rupt',  v.t.  [L.  interrumpo, 
tnferrupiwtji— inter,  between,  and  rutnpo, 
to  break.  Ruptore.)  To  stop  or  hinder 
by  breaking  in  upon  the  course  or  progress 
of;  to  break  the  current  or  motion  of; 
to  cause  to  stop  in  speaking ;  to  cause  to 
be  delayed  or  given  over;  to  break  the 
uniformity  of.  —  Interrupted,  in-tfir-rup'- 
ted,  o.  Having  interruptions;  broken; 
intermitted.  —  interruptedly,  in-ter-rup'- 
ted-li,  adv.  With  breaks  or  interruptions. 
— Intermpter,  in-t6r-rup't6r,  n.  One  that 
interrupts.  —  Interruption,  in-t6r-rup'- 
shon,  n.  [L.  intemtpiio.)  jhe  act  of  in- 
terrupting or  breaking  in  vpon;  a  break 
or  breach;  intervention;  interposition; 
obstruction  or  hindrance;  cause  of  stop- 
page. —  laterruptive,  in-tfer-rup'tiv,  a. 
Tending  to  interrupt;  interrupting.  —  In- 

terruptively,.  in-ter-rup'tiv-li,  adv.    In  an 

interruptive  manner. 


Intersect,  in-tfr-sekt',  v.t.  [L.  int»rseco, 
intersectuui,  —  inter,  between,  and  seco,  '  u 
cut.  Section.]  To  cut  into  or  between; 
to  cut  or  cross  mutually;  to  divide  into 
parts  by  crossing  or  cutting. — v.i.  To  cut 
into  one  another;  to  meet  and  cross  each 
other.  —  Intersection,  in-t6r-sek'shon,  n. 
IB.  intersectio.]  The  act  or  state  of  inter- 
secting; the  point  or  line  in  which  two 
lines  or  two  sui-faces  cut  each  other.— la- 
tersectional,  in-ter-sek'shon-al,  o.  Relat- 
ing to  or  formed  by  an  intersection. 

Intersidereal.  in'ter-8i-<l6"re-al,a.  [B.  inter, 
between,  and  sidus,  sideris,  a  star.J  Situ- 
ated between  or  among  the  stars. 

Interspace,  in'ter-spas,  n.  (l^efix  inter. 
and  space.]  A  space  between  other  things; 
intervening  space. 

Intersperse,  in-tfer-spfers',  v.  t. — interspersed, 
interspersing.  [B.  interspergo,  intersper- 
sum — inter,  between,  and  spargo,  to  scatr' 
ter.  Sparse.]  To  scatter  or  set  here  and 
there  among  other  things;  to  diversify  by 
scattering  objects  here  and  there. — Inter* 
spersion,  in-t6r-8p6r'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
interspersing. 

Interspinal,  Intersplnoua,  in-t^r-spi 'nal, 
in-ter-spi'nus,  o.  [Prefix  inter,  and  spine.] 
Anut.  l3"ing  between  the  processes  of  tlie 
spine,  as  muscles,  nerves,  &.C. 

Interstellar,  Interstellary,  in-ter-stel'6r, 
in-ter-stel'la-ri,  a.  [Prefix  iJiter,  and  stel- 
lar.] Situated  among  the  stars;  beyond 
the  solar  system. 

Interstice,  in-ter'stis,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  in- 
terstitium  —  inter,  between,  and  «to,  to 
stand.  State.]  A  narrow  or  small  space 
between  things  close  together,  or  between 
the  component  parts  of  a  body;  a  chink, 
crevice,  or  cranny.  —  Interstitial,  in-t6r- 
stish'al,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  containing 
interstices. 

Interstratify,  in-tfer-strat'i-fi,  v.t.  [Prefix 
inter,  and  stratify.']  Geol.  to  cause  to  oc- 
cupy a  position  between  other  strata ;  to 
intermix  as  to  strata.  —  v.i.  To  assume  a 
position  between  other  strata,  —  Inter- 
stratification,  in-ter-strat'i-fi-ka"shonj  n. 
The  condition  of  being  interstratified. 

Intertexture,  in-ter-teks'tQr,  n.  [Prefix 
inter,  and  texture.]  The  act  of  interweav- 
ing; state  of  things,  interwoven ;  what  is 
interwoven. 

Intertissued,  in-t^r-tish'ad,  a.  [Prefix  in- 
ter, and  tissxte.'i  Wrought  with  interwoven 
tissue.    [Shah.] 

lutertraffic,  in'ter-traf-ik,  n.  [Prefix  inter, 
and  traffiic.]  Reciprocal  traffic  between 
two  or  more  places. 

Intertropical,  ln-t6r-trop'i-kal,  a.  [Prefix 
inter,  and  tropic.]  Situated  between  or 
within  the  tropics. 

Intertwine,  in-ter-twin'.  v.t— intertwined, 
intertwining.  [Prefix  inter^  and  twine.]  T<j 
unite  by  twining  or  twisting  one  with  an- 
other; to  interlace. — v.i.  To  be  mutually 
interwoven. 

Intertwist,  in-tfir-twist',  v.t.  [Prefix  inter, 
and  twist]  To  twist  one  with  another;  to 
interweave  or  interlace. 

Interval,  in'ter-val,  n.  [L.  tnterran«ni,the 
space  between  the  rampart  of  a  camp  and 
the  soldiers'  tents — inter,  between,  and 
vallum,  an  earthen  rampart  set  with  pali- 
sades, from  valliis,  a  stake.  Wall.]  A 
space  or  distance  between  thingE;  an  un- 
occupied space  intervening;  space  of  time 
between  two  definite  points  or  events ;  in- 
tervening time;  "music,  the  dilferenee  in 
point  of  gravity  or  acuteaess  between  two 
given  sounds. 

Intervene,  in-t6r-v5n',  v.i. — intervened,  in- 
tervening. [L.  intervenio — ir.ter,  between, 
and  venio,  to  come,  as  in  advene,  convene, 
&c.  Venture.]  To  come  or  be  between 
persons  or  things;  to  be  situated  between; 
to  occur,  fall,  or  come  between  points  of 
time  or  events;  to  come  in  the  way;  to  in- 
terpose.—Intervener,  in-t6r-v5'ner,  n.  One 
who  int'?rvenes.  —  Intervention,  in-t€r- 
ven'shon,  n.  [B.  inierventio.]  The  act  of 
intervening;  a  coming  between;  interfer- 
ence that  may  affect  the  interests  of  others; 
interposition. 

Intervertebral,  in-t6r-v6r'te-bral,  a.  [Pre- 
fix inter,  and  vertebra.]  Anat.  situated 
between  the  vertebrae.  » 

Interview,-  in'ter-vti,  n.    [Prefix  inter,  an4 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;  -  me,  met,  her,  -^plae,  fiuj,    uut«,  not.  miive;     tobe,  tub,  bnll  i    oil,  paund;    &  Sc.  abvne^the  Fc  w 


I]STER  WEAVE 


365 


INTRODUCE 


view;  Fr.  entrevue.]  A  meeting  betweeu 
two  or  more  persons  face  to  face;  a  con- 
ference or  mutual  comiiiuuicatiou  'of 
thoughts. — v.t.  (in-tOr-vu').  To  wait  or  call 
on  for  the  purpose  of  haviny  an  interview 
and  getting  iuforniation  for  publication. 
—Interviewer,  iu-tSr-vat'r,  n.  One  who  in- 
terviews; a  newspaper  reporter  who  visits 
and  interrogates  a  person  of  position  or 
notoriety. 

Interweave,  in-t«r-wCv',  v.t. —interwove 
(pret.);  interwoven[i>p.);interweavinoipi)r.). 
To  weave  together:  to  iutermingle  as  if 
liy  weaving;  to  unite  intimately;  to  inter- 
lace. 

Intestate,  in-tes'tat,  a.  [L.  intestatv.s—4n, 
not,  and  testaius,  having  made  a  will,  pp. 
of  testor,  to  make  a  will.  Testament.] 
j  >ying  without  having  made  a  will ;  not 
(lispo.sed  of  by  will;  not  devised  or  be- 
(jueathed. — n.  A  person  who  dies  without 
making  a  will,  or  a  valid  will. — Intestable, 
in-tes'ta-bl,  a.  [h.  inlestabiUa\  Legally 
unqualified  to  make  a  will.  —Intestacy, 
in-tes'ta-si,n.  The  state  of  being  intestate. 
Intestine,  in-tes'tin,  a.  [L.  infestimis,  in- 
ward, iHlestinum,  an  intestine,  from  intus, 
within,  from  in,in;  akin  intertor.]  Internal 
with  regtird  to  a  state  or  country;  domestic; 
not  foreign.  —  n.  Tfio  canal  or  tube  that 
extends  with  convolutions  from  the  sto- 
mach to  the  anus;  ril.  entrails  or  viscera 
in  general.  —  Intestinal^  in-tes'ti-ual,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  intestmes'of  an  animal 
body.  —  Intestinal  canal,  the  intestine  or 
tube  through  which  food  passes  in  being 
digested. 

Intextine,  in-teks'tin,  n.  [L.  intus.  within, 
and  E.  extine.]  Bot.  that  membrane  of 
the  pollen-grain  which  is  situated  next  to 
the  eztine  or  outermost  menibraue. 
Inthral,  Inthrall,  in-thrsir,ii.<.  To  enthral, 
lathrone,  in-thron',  v.t.  To  enthrone. 
Intimate,  in'ti-mat,  a.  [Fr.  intime,  h/inti- 
muB,  inmost,  superl.  of  obs.  interna,  in- 
ternal. Interior.]  Inward  or  internal^; 
close  in  friendship  or  acquaintance;  oa 
very  friendly  and  familiar  terms;  very  close 
as  regards  connection  or  relation  (an  inti- 
tnate  union). — n.  An  intimate  or  familiar 
friend;  a  close  associate.— Intimacy,  in'ti- 
ma-si,  n.  The  itate  of  being  intimate. — 
Intimately,  in'ti-mat-li,  adv.  In  an  inti- 
mate manner. 

Intimate,  in'ti-mat,  v.t.—iTdimated,  inti- 
mating, [li.  intimo,  intimatum,  to  pub- 
lish or  make  known,  from  intimua,  in- 
most. Intimate,  a.]  To  hint,  indicate, 
or  suggestj;  to  announce;  to  make  known. 
— Intimation,  in-ti-ma'shon,  n.  [L.  intv- 
matio.]  The  act  of  intimating;  a  hint; 
an  explicit  announcement  or  notifica- 
tion. 

Intimidate,  in-tim'i-dat,  v.t.—intimidaied, 
intimidating.  [L.L.  iittimido,  intiniida- 
tum — L.  in,  intens.,  and  timidus,  timid.]. 
To  inspire  with  fear;  to  dishearten;  to 
cow;  to  deter  by  threats.  —  Intimidation, 
in-tim'i-da"8hon,  n.  The  act  of  intimidat- 
ing; the  deterring  of  a  person  by  threats 
or  otherwise.— Intimidatory,  in-tim'i-da- 
to-ri,  a.  Causing  intimidation. 
Intine,  in'tin,  n.  [L.-  intus,  within.]  Bbt. 
the  inner  coat  of  the  shell  of  the  pollen- 
grain  in  plants. 

Intitle,  in-ti'tl.  Entitle.  —  Intituled,  in- 
ti'tuld,  pp.  Entitled;  distinguished  by  a 
title:  a  term  used  in  acts  of  parliament. 
Into,  in'to,  prep.  [A.  Sa.x.  in  t6,  in  being 
the  adv.  and  td  the  prep.]  A  compound 
preposition  expressing  motion  or  direc- 
tion towards  toe  inside  of,  whether  liter- 
ally or  figuratively;  or  expressing  a  change 
of  condition  (to  gd  into  a  house,  to  fall  into 
a  fever). 

Intolerable,  in-tol'6r-a-bI,  a.  [L.  intoUr- 
abilts^in,  not,  and  toUrabilis,  bearable, 
from  tolero,  to  bear.  Tolerate.]  Not  to 
be  borne  or  endured;  unendurable;  insuf- 
ferable.—Intolerableness,  Intolerabillty, 
in-tol'er-a-bl-nes,  ui-tol'6r-a-bii"i-ti,n..  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  intolerable.— In- 
tolerably, in-tol'^r-a-bb,  adv.  In  an  in- 
tolerable manner;  unendurably.— Intoler- 
ant, in-tol'er-ant,  a.  [L.  intolerans,  intol- 
erantis—in,  not,  and  tolero,  to  bear.]  Not 
endnriag;  not  able  to  endure  (an  animal 
intolerant  of  cold);  refusing  to  tolerate 


others  in  the  enjoyment  of  their  opinions, 
rights,  or  worsUij);  unduly  impaueat  of 
diiference  of  opinion  on  the  part  of  others. 
—Intolerantly,  iu-tol'er-ant-li,  adv.  In 
an 'intolerant  manner.— Intolerance,  In- 
toleiuncy,  Intoleration,  in-tol'er-ans,  in- 
tol'er-an-si,  iu-torer-a"shon,  n.  The  quar 
lity  of  being  intolerant;  want  of  tolera- 
tion; want  of  capacity  to  endure. 
Intomb,  iu-tdm',  v.t.  To  entomb. 
Intonate,  in'tO-nat,  v.i.  [L.  in,  in,  and 
tonus,  tone.]  To  modulate  the  voice;  to 
sound  the  notes  of  the  musical  scale. — o.t. 
To  pronounce  with  a  certain  tone  or  mo- 
dulation. —  Intonation,  in-to-ua'shon,  n. 
The  act  or  manner  of  intonating;  modu- 
lation of  the  voice  musically  as  in  reading; 
the  act  of  intoning;  utterance  with  a 
special  tone. — Intone,  in-ton',  v.i.  To  use 
a  musical  monotone  in  pronouncing  or  re- 
peating; to  chant.— 1>.<.  To  pronounce  with 
a  musical  tone;  to  ihant. 
Intort,  in-tort',  v.i.  [L.  intorqxieo,  intor- 
tum — in,  and  torqueo,  to  twist.  Tortuiu;.] 
To  twist  inwards;  to  wreathe. — Intorsion, 
Intortion,  in-toc'slwn,  n.  A  winding  or 
twisting  inwards. 

Intoxicate,  in-tok'si-kat,  v.t. — intoxicated, 
intoxicating.  [L.L.  intoxico,  intoxicatum 
— L.  in,  and  toxicum,  poison=Gr.  toxikon, 
a  poison  in  which  arrows  were  'dipped, 
from  tozon,  a  bow.]  To  inebriate;  to  make 
drunk,  as  with  spirituous  liquor;  Jig.  to 
excite  the  spirits  of  to  a  very  liigh  pitch; 
to  elate  to  enthusiasm,  frenzy,  or  mad- 
ness.—y.i.  To  have  the  power  of  intoxicat- 
ing, or  making  drunk.— IntoxiCable.  in- 
tok'si-ka-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  intoxi- 
cated. —  Intoxicant,  in-tok'si-kant,  n. 
That  which  intoxicates;  an  intoxicating 
liquor  or  substance. — Incoxicatedness,  in- 
tok'sl-ka-ted-nea.n.- Intoxicating,in-tok'- 
si-ka-ting,  p.  and  o.  Inebriating;  causing 
intoxication  or  high  mental  excitement. 
—Intoxication,  in-tok'8i-ka"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  intoxicating;  the  state  of  being  in- 
toxicated; inebriation;  drunkenness. 

Intractable,  in-trak'ta-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in. 
not,  and  tractable;  L.  intractabilis.]  Not 
tractable;  not  to  be  governed  or  managed; 
perverse ;  refractory;  indocile.  —  Intract- 
ableness.  Intractability,  in-trak'ta-bl-nes, 
in-trak'ta-bU"i-ti,  n.  Tne  quality  of  being 
intractable.  —  Intractably,  in-trak'ta-bU, 
adv.    In  an  intractable  manner. 

Intrados,  in-tra'dos,  n.  [Fr.,from  L.iraira, 
within,  and  dorsum,  back.]  Arch,  the  in- 
terior and  lower  line  or  curve  of  an  arch. 
Exxfikvos. 

Intrafoliaceoos,  in'tra,-fo-li-a"shus,  a.  [Pre- 
fix intra,  and  foliaceoua.}  Bot.  growing 
on  the  inside  of  a  leaf. 

Intramundane,  in-tra-mun'dan,  a.  [Prefix 
ixitra,  and  ynundane.]  Being  "srithin  the 
world;  belonging  to  the  material  world. 

Intramural,  in-tra-mu'ral,  a.  (Prefix  in- 
tra, and  mural.]  Being  within  theTvalls 
or  boundaries,  as  of  a  university,  city,  or 
town. 

Intrance,  in-trans',  v.t.    Entrance. 

Intransigent,  in-tran'si-jent,  a.  [Fr.  iniran- 
sigeant,  from  L.  in,  not,  and  transigo^o 
transact,  to  come  to  a  settlement.]  Ke- 
fusing  to  agree  or  come  to  a  settlement; 
irreconcilable:  used  especially  of  some  ex- 
treme political  party.—?!.  An  irreconcil- 
able person. — Intransigentes,  in-tran-si- 
hen'taz,  n.  pi.  fSp.,  the  irreconcilables.] 
The  name  given  to  the  extreme  left  in  the 
Spanish  Cortes,  and  afterwards  to  a  very 
advanced  republican  party. 

Intransitive,  in-tran'si-tiv,  a.  [Prefix  mi, 
notj  and  transitive.]  tfram. .expressing  an 
action  or  state  that  is  limited  to  the  sub- 
ject; not  having  an  object  (an  intransitive 
verb).  —  Intransitively,  in-tran'si-tiv-U, 
adv.    In  an  intransitive  manner. 

Intransmissible,  in-trans-mis'i-bl,  a.  [Pre- 
fix m,not,iind  traiiamissible.]  That  cannot 
be  transmitted. 

IntransmutaWe,in-tran8-mQ'fca-bl,a.  [Pre- 
fix in,  not,  and  transmviahl«J\  That  can- 
not be  transmuted  or  changed  into  another 
substance.— Intranamntability,  in-trans- 
mil'ta-bil"l-ti,  n. 

Intrant,  in'fcrant,  a.   (Tj.  intrans,  intrantia, 

ppr.  of  intra,  to  go  into,  to  enter.]  Enter- 
ing.—n.  One  who  makes  an  entrance;  one 


who  enters  upon  some  public  duty  or 
office. 

Intrap,  in-trap',  v.t.    Entrap. 
Intraparietal,  in'tra-pa-ri"et-al,  a.    [L.  t«- 
tra,  and  paries,  parietin,  a  waU.l  Situated 
or  happeping  within  walls;  shut,out  from 
public  view;  private. 

IntratropieaJ,  in-tra-trop'i-kal,  a.  [Prefix 
intra,  and  tropical.]  Situated  within  the 
tropics;  pertaining  te  regions  within  the 
tropics. 

Intravenous,  in'tra-ve-nus,  a.  [Prefix  in- 
tra, and  venous.}  Introduced  within  the 
veins. 

Intrench,  in-trensh',  v.t.  [Prefix  in,  and 
trench.^  To  dig  or  cut  a  trench  or  trenches 
round,  as  in  fortification;  to  fortify  with 
a  ditch  and  parapet;  to  lodge  within  or  as 
within  an  intrenchment ;  to  place  in  a 
strong  position.  —  t>.i.  To  itivade;  to  en- 
croach: with  onor-upon. — Intrenchment, 
iu-trensh'ment,  n.  The  act  of  intrench- 
ing; fort,  a  work  consisting  of  a  trench  or 
ditch  and  a  parapet  (the  latter  formed  of 
the  earth  dug  •  out  of  the  ditch),  con- 
structed for  a  defence  against  an  enemy; 
an  inroad  or  encroachment  on  the  rights 
of  others. 

Intrepid,  in-trep'id,  a.  [L.  intrepidus—in, 
not,  and  trepidus,  alarmed.  Trepidation.] 
Fearless;  bold;  brave;  undaunted.— Intre- 
pidity, in-tre-pid'i-ti,  n.  Fearlessness; 
learless  bravery  in  damger;  undaunted 
courage.  —  Intrepidly,  in-tren'-d-U,  adv. 
In  an  intrepid  manner. 
Jntricacy.  Under  Intricate. 
Intricate,  in'tri-kat,  a.  [L.  intricatus,  pp. 
of  intrico,  to  entangle — in,  into,  and  tricie, 
trifles,  hindrances,  as  in  extricate;  akin 
intrigvs.]  Entangled ;  involved ;  difficult 
to  unravel  or  follow  out  in  all  the  wind^^ 
ings:  complicated.  —  Intricately,  in'tri- 
kat  -  li,  adv.  In  an  intricate  manner.  — 
Intricateness,  in'tri-kat-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  intricate;  inti-icacy.— Intri- 
cacy, in'tn-ka-si,  n.  The  state  of  being 
intricate  or  entangled;  a  winding  or  com- 
plicated arrangement ;  entanglement ; 
complication. 

Intrigue,  in-trSg'  or  In'treg,  n.  [Fr.  in- 
trig-uer,  from  L.  intrico,  to  entangle.  In- 
tricate.] A  plot  or  scheme  of  a  compli- 
cated nature,  and  especially  political  in 
character;  the  plot  of  a  play,  poem,  or  ro- 
mance; an  illicit  intimacy  between  two 
persons  of  different  sexes;  a  liaison. — v.i. 
— intngued,  intriguing.  To  form  an  in- 
trigue; to  engage  in  an  intrigue;  to  carry 
on  a  liaison.- Intrigner,  in-tre'g6r,  n.  One 
■who  intrigues.— Intriguery,  in-tre'g6r-i,  n. 
Arts  or  practice  of  intriguB.— Intriguing, 
in-tr6g'ing,  p.  and  a.  Addicted  to  in- 
trigue.—Intriguingly,  in-treg'ing-U,  adv- 
In  an  intriguing  manner. 
Intrinsic,  Intrinsical,  in-trin'sik,  in-tria'- 
si-kal,  a.  [L.  iniHnsecv,9— intra,  inwards, 
in,  in,  and  secus,  beside,  from  root  of  se- 
quor,  to  follow  (whence  sequence).]  Inher- 
ent; essential:  belonging-  to  the  thing  in 
itself;  not  extrinsic  or  accidental  (the  in- 
trinsic value  of  gold  or  silver,  irtirinaie 
merit).  —  Intrinsically,  in-trin '  si  -  kal  -  U, 
adv.  15y  intrinsic  character;  in  its  nature; 
essentially ;  inherently.  —  IntrinEicality, 
Intrlnsicalness,  in-trin'8i-kal"i-ti,  in-trin'- 
si-kal-nes,  n. 

Introduce,  in-tro-das',  v.t.— introduced,  in- 
troducing. [L.  introdxico—intro,  within, 
and  dvco,  to  lead.  Duke.]  To  lead  or 
bring  in;  to  conduct  or  usher  in;  to  pass 
in;  to  put  in;  to  insert;  to  make  known 
by  stating  one's  name:  often  used  of  the 
action  of  a  third  party  with  regard  to 
two  others;  to  bring  to  be  acquainted;  to 
present  (to  irdroduce  one  person,  one's  self, 
to  another);  to  bring  into  use  or  practice 
(a  fashion,  custom,  &c.);  to  bring  before 
ihe  public;  to  bring  into  a  country;  to 
bring  forward  (a  topic)  with  preliminary 
or_  preparatory  matter.  —  Introducer,  in- 
tro-du'86r,  w.  One  who  introduces. — In- 
trodnctioa;  in-tro-duk'shon,  n.  [L.  inlro- 
ductio.]  The  act  of  introducing,  bringing 
in,  making  persons  acquainted,  &c.;-the 
part  of  a  book  or  discourse  which  precedes 
the  main  work,  and  which  gives  some 
general  account  of  its  desi^  and  subject; 
a  preface  or  preliminary  discourse;  a  tre..-- 


"■h.  cAais}     eft,  Sc.  locA;     g,  go\  _  j,  ;ob}  _  n,  Pr.  ton;     ng,  wng\     ?h,  eften;  tb,  ttinj     w,  wig;    wh,  wUs;;^  zh,  asupe. 


INTROFLEXED 


3G6 


INVENTORY? 


tise  introductory  to  more  elaborate  works 
on  the  same  subject. — Introductive,  in- 
tro-fiuk'tiv,  a.  Serving  to  introduce. — In- 
troductory, in-trO-duk'to-ri,  a.  Serving 
to  introduce  something  else;  serving  as  or 
given  by  way  of  an  introduction ;  prefa- 
tory; i)reliniinary. 

Introfiexed,  in-trO-flekst',  a.  [Prefix  intro, 
witliin,  to  the  inside,  and  flexed.]  Flex-ed 
i>r  bent  inward. 

Introit,  in-tro'it,  n,  [L.  introitus,  an  en- 
trance, from  intro,  within,  and  eo,  to  go. 
Initial.)  R.  Cath.  Ch.  the  beginning  of 
the  mass;  a  ])iece  sung  or  chanted  while 
the  priest  proceeds  to  tlie  altar  to  celebnto 
mass;  a  musical  i'ompo.sition  designed  for 
opening  the  church  service. 

Intromit,  in-tro-mit',  v.t.—intromitted,  in- 
IronUtting.  [h.  intromitto — intro,  within, 
and  mittu,  misauni,  to  send.]  To  send  in, 
put  in,  or  let  in. — u.i.  Scots  law,  to  inter- 
meddle with  theeffects  of  another.  —  In- 
tromittent,  in-tro-mifent,  a.  Letting  or 
conveying  into  or  within. —  Intromlttef, 
in-tru-mit'6r,  n.  One  who  intnimits. — 
Intromission,  in-tro-mish'on,  n. .  The  act 
of  sending  or  letting  in;  admission;  Scots 
law,  the  transactions,  of  an  agent  or  sub- 
ordinate with  the  money  of  his  superior. 

Introrse,  in-trors',  a.  ■  [L.  intrursum,  in- 
wards—  intro,  within,  and  versus,  pp.  of 
verto,  to  turn.  1  Turned  or  facing  inwards; 
turned  towards  the  axis  to  which  they 
appertain,  as  the  anthers  in  plants. 

Introspect,  in-tro -  spekt',  v.t.  [h.  iniro- 
spicio,  intriispectutn  —  intro,  within,  and 
specio,  to  look.)  To  look  into  or  within; 
to  view  the  inside  of.  —  Introspection,  in- 
tri3-spek'shon,  n.  The  act  of  looking  in- 
wardly; examination  of  one 'sown  thoughts 
or  feelings.— Introspectionist,in-tro-siiek'- 
Khon-ist,  n.  One  given  to  introspection. — 
Introspective,  in-tro-spek'tiv,  a.  Viewing 
inwardly;  examining  one's  own  thoughts. 

Introsusception,  in'tro-sus-sep"shon,  n.  f L. 
intra,  within,  and  susceidio,  susceptwnis, 
a  taking  up  or  in.)  The  act  of  receiving 
within;  anat.  intussusception. 

Introvert,  in-tro-v6rt'^  v.t.  [h.  in<ro,  with- 
in, and  verto,  to  turn.]  To  turn  inward. — 
Introversion,  in-tro-vfer'shon,  n.  A  turn- 
ing inward. 

Intrude,  in-trod',  v.i.— intruded,  intruding. 
[L.  intrude — in,  in,  into,  and  trudo,  to 
thrust,  as  in  detrude,  obtrude.,  protrude, 
abstruse.]  To  thrust  one's  self  forwardly 
or  unwarrantably  into  any  place  or  posi- 
tion; to  force  one's  self  upon  others ;  to 
encroach ;  to  enter  unwelcome  or  unin- 
vited into  company;  geol.  to  penetrate,  as 
into  fissures  or  between  the  layers  of  rocks. 
— v.t.  To  thrust  in,  or  cause  to  enter  with- 
out right  or  welcome;  often  with  the  re- 
flexive pronoun. — Intruder,  in-tro'der,  n. 
One  who  intrudes. — Intrusion,  in-tr8'zhon, 
n.  The  act  of  intruding;  unwarrantable 
entrance;  law,  an  unlawful  entry  into 
lands  and  tenements  void  of  a  possessor 
by  a  person  who  has  no  right  to  the  same; 
geol.  the  penetrating  of  one  rock,  while  in 
a  melted  state,  into  fissures,  &c.,  of  other 
rocks.— Intruslonal,  in-tro'zhon-al,  a.  Be- 
longing to  intrusion.  —  Intrusionist,  in- 
tro'zhon-ist,  n.  One  who  intrudes  or  who 
favours  intrusion.  —  Intrusive,  in-tro'siv, 
a.  Characterized  by  intrusion;  apt  to  in- 
tnide;  of  the  nature  of  an  intrusion. — In- 
trusively, in-tro'siv-li,  adv.  In  an  intru- 
sive manner.  —  Intrusiveness,  in-trO'siv- 
nes,  n. 

Ifitrost,  Entrust,  in-trust',  en-trust',  v.t. 
|Fr.  en,  L.  in,  in,  and  E.  trv.st.']  To  de- 
liver in  trust;  to  trust  or  confide  to  the 
care  of;  to  commit  with  confidence  (to 
intrust  a  thing  to  a  person,  or  a  person 
with  a  thing). 

Intuition,  in-tu-ish'on,  n.  [From  L.  intueor, 
intuitus,  to  look  upon,  to  contemplate — 
in,  in,  upon,  and  ttieor,  to  look  (whence 
tutor,  tuition).]  Philos.  the  act  by  which 
the  mind  perceives  the  agreement  or  dis- 
agreement of  two  ideas,  or  the  truth  of 
things  immediately,  and  without  reason- 
ing and  deduction;  a  truth  discerned  by 
the  mind  directly  and  necessarily  as  so; 
a  truth  that  cannot  be  acquired  by,  but 
is  assumed  in  experience.  —  Intuitional, 
iu-ta-ish'on-al,  a.    Pertaining  to,  derived 


from,  or  characterized  by  intuition;  intui- 
tive.—Intuitionalism,  in-ta-ish'on-al-izm, 
n.  The  doctrine  that  the  perception  of 
truth  is  from  intuition.— Intuitive,  in-tQ'- 
i-tiv,  a.  Perceived  by  the  mind  imme- 
diately without  the  intervention  of  rea- 
soning; based  on  intuition;  received  or 
obtained  by  intuition;  having  the  power 
of  discovering  truth  without  reasoning, — 
Intuitively,  in-tu'i-tiv-U,  adit).  In  an  in- 
tuitive m,anner;  by  intuition. 

Intumesce,  in-tu-mes',  v.i.~irU,umesced,  irv- 
tuniescing.  [L.  intwinesco—in,  and  tumesco, 
to  begin  to  swell,  incept,  of  tunieo,  to 
swell.  Tumid.)  To  enlarge  or  expand 
with  heat;  to  swell  out  in  bulk.  —  Intu- 
mescence, Intumescency,  in-tu-mes' ens, 
in-tu-mes'en-si,  n.  The  state  or  process 
of  iutumescing. 

Intussuscept,  in'tus-sus-sept,  v.t.  [L.  in- 
tus,  within,  and  suscipw,  to  take  or  re- 
ceire.  Susceptible.1  To  take  into  the 
interior;  to  receive  liy  intussusception. — 
Intussusception,  in'tus-sus-sep  "shon,-  n. 
The  reception  of  one  part  within  another; 
the  descent  or  doubling  in  of  a  higher 
portion  of  jntestifie  Into  a  lower  one;  the 
act  of  taking  foreign  matter  into  the  sub- 
stance of  a  living  body;  the  process  by 
which  nutriment  is  absorbed  into  and 
goes  to  form  part  of  the  system. 

Intwine,  in-twin',  v.t. — intwined,  intwining. 
To  twine  or  twist  in- or  together;  to 
wreathe;  to  entwine.  —  Intwinement,  in- 
twin'ment,  n.    The  act  of  intwining. 

Inunction,  in-ungk'shon,  n.  [L.  inunctio, 
inunctionis,  from  intingo,  inunctum,  to  an- 
oint.)   The  action  of  anointing;  unction. 

Inundate,  inun'dat  or  in'un-dat,  v.t.— in- 
undated, inundating.  [L.  imindo,  inunda- 
tuin~in,  and  undo,  to  overflow  (also  in 
abound),  from  unda,  a  wave.  Undulate.] 
To  spread  or  flow  over;  to  overflow;  to  de- 
luge; to  flood;  to  submerge;  to  fill  with  an 
overflowing  abundance  or  superfluity. — 
Inundation,  in-un-da'shon,  n.  |L.  inun- 
datio.l  The  act  of  inundating  or  state  of 
being  inundated;  a  flood;  a  rising  and 
spreading  of  water  over  low  grounds. — 
Inundant,  in-un'dant,  a.  Overflowing; 
inundating. 

Inure,  in-ar',  v.t. — inured,  inuring.  [Prefix 
in,  in,  and  obsol.  ure,  operation,  work, 
from  O.  Fr.  eure.  Mod.  Fr.  oeuvre,  from  L. 
opera,  work.  The  -ure  of  this  word  there- 
fore=Mj'e  of  manure.  Operate.)  To  ap- 
ply or  expose  in  use  or  practice  till  use 
gives  little  or  no  pain  or  inconvenience, 
or  makes  little  impression;  to  habituate; 
touccustom  (to  toil  or  hardships).— Inure- 
ment, in-ur'ment,  n.  The  act  or  process 
of  inuring. 

Inum,  in-6m',  v.t.  [Prefix  in,  and  vm.] 
To  put  in  an  urn,  especially  a  funeral 
urn;  hence,  to  bury:  to  intomb.    [Poet.] 

Inutility,  in-u-til'i-ti,  n.    [Prefix  in,  not, 

•  and  utility;  L.  inutilitas.]  The  quality  of 
being  useless  or  unprofitable;  uselessness; 
unprofitableness. 

Inutterable,  in-ut'6r-a^bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  utterable.]    Unutterable.    [Mil.] 

Invade,  in-vad',  v.t.  —  invaded,  invading. 
[L.  invado — in,  into,  and  vado,  to  go,  seen 
also  in  evade,  pervade;  akin  wade.]  To 
enter  with  hostOe  intentions;  to  enter  as 
an  enemy,  with  a  view  to  conquest  or 
plunder;  to  enter  by  force;  to  make  an  in- 
road or  incursion  on;  to  intrude  upon;  to 
infringe,  encroach  on,  or  violate  (rights  or 
privileges).— t».t.  To  make  an  invasion. — 
Invader,  in-va'd6r,  n.  One  who  invades. 
— Invasion,  in-va'shon,  n.  [L.  im,vasio, 
from  invado.]  The  act  of  invading;  a  hos- 
tile entrance  into  the  country  or  posses- 
sions of  another;  an  attack  on  the  rights 
of  another.— Invasive,  in-va'siv,  a.  Tend- 
ing to  invade;  aggressive. 

Invaginate,  in-vaj'i-nat,  v.i.  [L.  in,  in,  in- 
to, and  vagina,  a  sheath.]  To  enter  as  in- 
to a  sheath  ;'to  enter  by  intussusception 
into  another  part.— Invagination,  in-vaj'- 
i-na"shon,  n.  Anat.  the  reception  of  one 
part  within  another  by  being  doubled 
backwards;  intussusception. 

Invalid,  in-val'id,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not,  and 
valid;  L.  invalidus.]  Not  valid;  of  no 
force,  weight,  or  cogency;  weak  (an  inva- 
lid argument);  tow, laving  no  force,  eflfect, 


or  efficacy;  void;  hull. — n.-  (in'va-lld).  '  [Di- 
rectly from  Fr.  invalide.]  A  person  who 
is  weak  and  infirm;  a  sufferer  from  ill 
health;  one  who  is  disabled  for  active  ser- 
vice, especially  a,,  soldier  or  seaman  worn 
out  in  service. — a.  In  ill  health;  infirm; 
disabled  for  active  service. — v.t.  To  render 
an  invalid;  .to  enrol  on  the  list  of  invalids 
in  the  military  or  naval  service. — Invali- 
date, in-val'i-aat,  v.t— invalidated,  invali- 
dating. To  render  invalid  or  not  valid;  to 
render  of  no  legal  force  or  effect. — Invali- 
dation, in-val'i-da"8hon,  n.  Act  of  invali- 
dkting.— Invalidism,  in'va-lid-izm,  n.  The 
condition  of  being  an  invalid. — Invalidity, 
Invalidness,  in-va-lid'i-ti,  in-val'id-nes,  n. 
■\Vant  of' validity;  want  of  cogency;  want 
of  legal  force  or  efficacy. 
Invaluable,  in-val'u-a-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  valuable.]  Precious  above  esti- 
mation; so  valuable  that  its  worth  cannot 
be  estimated;  inestimable.- Invaluably, 
in-val'u-a-bli,  adv.  Inestimably. 
Invariable,  in-va'ri-a-bl,  a.  (Prefix  in,  not, 
and  variable.]  ISot  variable;  constant  in 
the  same  state;  always  uniform ;  immut- 
able; unalterable;  unchangeable. — n.Math. 
an  invariable  quantity;  a  constant.— In- 
vaxiableness,  Invariability,  in-va'ria-bl- 
nes,  in-va'ri-a-bil"i-ti,  n.  State  of  being 
invariable.— Invariably,  in-va'ri-a-bli,adw. 
In  an  invariable  manner;  constantly;  uni- 
formly. 

Invasion,  Invasive.  Under  Invade. 
Invective,  in-vek'tiv,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  in- 
vectivus,  abusive,  from  inveho,  to  inveigh. 
Inveigh.]  A  severe  or  violent  utterance 
of  censure  or  reproach;  something  uttered 
or  written  intended  to  cast  opprobrium, 
censure,  or  reproach  on  another;  railing 
language ;  vituperation.  —  a.  Containing 
invectives;  abusive;  vituperative. — Invec- 
tively,  in-vek'tiv-li,  adv.  In  an  invective 
manner ;  abusively.  —  Invectiveness,  in- 
vek'tiv-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  invec- 
tive or  vituperative. 

Inveigh,  in-va',  v.i.  [L.  invehor,  to  attack 
with  words,  to  inveigh  against — in,  into, 
against,  and  veho,  to  carry.  Vehicle.] 
To  utter  invectives;  to  exclaim  or  rail 
against  a  person  or  thing;  to  utter  censori- 
ous or  opprobriousjwords:  with  against. — 
Inveigher,  in-va'er,  n.  One  who  inveighs 
or  rails;  a  railer. 

Inveigle,  in-ve'gl,  t).f.  [Norm,  enveogler,  to 
inveigle,  to  blind,  for  Fr.  aveugler,  to 
blind,  from  aveugle,  blind — L.  ab,  priv., 
and  oculus,  the  eye.  Ocular.]  To  per- 
suade to  something  evil  by  deceptive  arts 
or  flattery;  to  cajole  into  wrong-doing;  to 
entice;  to  seduce. — Inveiglement,  in-ve'gl- 
nient,  n.  The  act  of  inveigling.— Inveigler, 
in-v6'gl-6r,  n.  One  who  inveigles. 
Invenom,  in-ven'om,  v.t.  To  Envenom. 
Invent,  in-vent',  v.t.  [Fr.  inventer,  from 
L.  invenio,  inventum,  to  come  upon,  to 
find — in,  upon,  and  venio,  to  come,  as  in 
advent,  convent,  convene,  prevent,  &c.  Ven- 
ture.]  To  contrive  and  produce;  to  devise, 
make,  or  construct  as  the  originator  of 
something  that  did  not  before  exist;  to 
frame  by  the  imagination;  to  excogitate; 
to  concoct;  to  f&,bricate  .".  Syn.  under  Dis- 
cover. —  Diventible,  in-ven'ti-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  invented.— Inventibleness, 
in-ven '  ti-bl-nes,  n. — Invention,  in-ven'- 
shon,  n.  [L.  inventio,  inventionis.]  The 
act  of  inventing ;  the  contrivance  of  that 
which  did  not  oefore  exist;  origination; 
something  invented  or  contrived ;  a  con- 
trivance ;  the  power  of  inventing ;  that 
skill  or  ingenuity  which  is  or  may  be  em- 
ployed in  contriving  anything  new;  that 
faculty  by  which  a  poet  or  novelist  pro- 
duces plots,  incidents,  and  characters,  &c. 
—Inventive,  in-ven'tiv,  o.  Able  to  invent; 
quick  at  invention  or  contrivance;  ready 
at  expedients. — Inventively,  in-ven'tiv-li, 
adv.  By  the  power  of  invention. — Inven- 
tiveness, in-ven'tiv-nes,  n.  The  faculty  of 
inventing.  —  Inventor,  Inventer,  in-ven'- 
t6r,  n.  One  who  invents  or  finds  out  some- 
thing new.— Inventress,  in-ven'tres,  n.  A 
female  that  invents. 

Inventory,  in'ven-to-ri,  n.  [L.  inventariwm, 
an  inventory,  lit.  a  list  of  goods  found  in 
a  place,  from  invenio.  Invent.]  A  list 
containing  a  description,  with  the  values, 


Eate, far, fat, fftlli  ^me, met, hdr;  _plne,  pin;     nOte, not, mOve;     tQbe,  tub, b^U;     oil,  pound;  Jl, 8c. ab«n»;^theFr..V;/ 


ESTVERSE 


367 


INVULNERABLE 


si- 


of  goods  and  chattels,  made  on  various 
occasions,  as  on  the  sale  of  goods,  or  at  de- 
cease of  a  person;  any  catalogue  of  goods 
or  wares;  a  catalogue  or  account  of  parti- 
cular things. — v.t—inventoi-ied,  inventory- 
ing. To  make  an  inventory,  list,  cata- 
logue, or  schedule  of ;  to  insert  or  register 
in  an  account  of  goods. — Inventorial,  in- 
ven-tyri-aL  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  in- 
ventory.—Iiiventorially,  in-ven-to'ri-al-li, 
adv.    In  the  manner  of  an  inventory. 

Inverse,  in-v6rs',  a.  [L.  inversus,  pp.  of 
inverto — in,  on,  to,  and  verto,  to  turn,  as 
in  advert,  convert^  revert,  subvert,  &c. 
Verse.  J  Opposite  in  order  or  relation;  in- 
verted; having  what  usually  is  or  should 
be  after  placed  before;  proceeding  the 
backward  or  reverse  way;  math,  opposite 
in  nature  and  effect ;  thus,  subtraction  is 
inverse  to  addition,  division  to  multipli- 
cation. —  Inverse  proportion,  proportion 
such  that  one  tiling  is  greater  or  less  as 
another  is  less  or  greater.— Inversely,  in- 
v^rs'li,  adv.  In  an  inverse  order  or  man- 
ner; in  inverse  proportion.  —  Inversion, 
in-v6r'shon,  n.  [L.  ihversio,  inversionis, 
from  inverto,  inversum.]  The  act  of  in- 
verting or  the  state  of  being  inverted;  a 
change  of  order  or  position  so  that  what 
was  after  is  now  before,  and  vice  versa;  a 
making  inverse  in  order;  gram,  and  rhet. 
transposition  of  words  so  that  they  are 
out  of  their  natural  order  ('wise  was 
Solomon'  for  'Solomon  was  wise');  mus. 
change  of  position,  as  of  an  interval  or  a 
chord;  math,  a  change  in  the  order  of  the 
terms  of  a  proportion,  so  that  the  second 
takes  the  place  of  the  first,  and  the  fourth 
of  the  third.— Invert,  in-v6rt',  v.t.  [L.  in^ 
verto.]  To  turn  upside  down;  to  place  in 
a  contrary  order  or  position;  to  put  in  in- 
verse order  or  position.— Inverted,  in-vfer'- 
ted,  p.  and  a.  Turned  to  a  contrary  direc- 
tion; turned  upside  down;  changed  in  or-, 
der;  bat.  having  the  apex  in  an  opposite 
direction  to  that  which  is  normal.— /n- 
verted  arch,  an  arch  with  its  curve  turned 
downwards,  as  in  a  sewer,  in  foundations, 
&c.— Invertedly,  in-v6r'ted-li,  adv.  In  an 
inverted  position;  in  reversed  order. — In- 
vertible,  in-vCr'ti-bl,  a\'  Capable  of  being 
inverted. 

Invertebrate,  Invertebrated,  Invertebral, 
in-v6r't5-brat,  in-v6r'te-bra-ted,  in-v^r't5- 
bral,  a. ,  [Prefix  in,  not,  and  vertebrate. 
Vertebra.]  Destitute  of  a  backbone  or 
vertebral  column.— Invertebrate,  in-v6r'- 
te-brat,  n.  An  animal  belonging  to  one 
of  the  two  great  divisions  of  the  animal 
kingdom,  the  Invertebrata  (in-v6r't6-bra"- 
ta),  including  all  animals  that  have  no 
vertebral  column  or  spine,  and  in  many 
cases  no  hard  parts  at  all. 

Invest,  in-vest',  v.t.  '[L.  investio—in,  and 
vestio,  to  clothe,  from  vestis,  a  garment. 
Vest.]  To  put  garments  on;  to  clothe,  to 
dress,  to  array:  usually  followed  by  with, 
sometimes  by  in,  before  the  thing  put  on; 
to  clothe,  as  with  office  or  authority;  to 
place  in  possession  of  an  office,  rank,  or 
dignity;  milit.  to  inclose  or  surround  for 
the  purpose  of  besieging;  to  lay  siege  to; 
to  lay  out  (money  or  capital)  on  some 
species  of  property,  usually  of  a  perman- 
ent nature,  and  with  the  purpose  of  getting 
a  return  (to  invest  money  in^bank  shares). 
— v.i.  To  make  an  investment.— Investi- 
ture, in-ves'ti-tQr,  n.  The  act  of  invest- 
ing; the  act  or  right  of  giving  possession 
of  an  office,  dignity,  &c.;  that  which  in- 
vests or  clothes;  clothing;  covering  (poet. 
in  this  sense).— Investment,  in-vest'ment, 
n.  The  act  of  investing;  the  act  of  besieg- 
ing by  an  armed  force;  the  laying  out  of 
money  in  the  purchase  of  some  species  of 
property;  money  laid  out  for  profit;  that 
in  which  money  is  invested.— Investor, 
in-ves't6r,  n.    One  who  invests. 

Iiivestigate,  in-ves'ti-gat,  v.t.-Anvestigated, 
investigating.  [L.  investigo,  investigatum 
-Hn,  and  vestigo,  to  follow  a  track,  to 
search,  from  vestigium,  a  track.  Vestige.] 
To  search  into;  to  inquire  and  examine 
into  with  care  and  accuracy^  to  make 
careful  research  or  examination  into. — 
Investigable,  in-ves'ti-ga-bl,  a.  "-Capable 
of  being  investigated.— Investigation,  in- 
ves'tiga"shon,  ii.    [L.  inveatigatio,  invesH- 


gationis.']  The  act  of  investigating;  the. 
process  of  inquiring  into  a  subject;  re- 
search; inquiry.— Investigative,  in-ves'ti- 
ga-tiv,  a.  Given  to  or  concerned  with 
•investigation.  —  .Investigator,  in-ves '  ti- 
ga-ter,  n.    One  who  investigates. 

Inveterate,  in-vet'er-at,  a.  [L.  inveteratua, 
pp.  of  invetero,  to  render  old— in,  in,  and 
velvs,  veteris,  old.  Veteran.  ]  Firmly 
established  by  long  continuance;  deep- 
rooted  or  ingrained  in  a  person's  nature 
or  constitution;  firmly  fixed  by  time  or 
habit  {inveterate  disease,  custom);  con- 
firmed in  an^  habit  by  practice  (an  inveter- 
ate Uar).  —  Inveterately,  in-vet'er-at-li, 
adv.  In  an  inveterate  manner. — Inveter- 
acy, Inveterateness,  in-vet'6r-a-si,  in-vet'- 
6r-at-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
inveterate;  obstinacy  confirmed  by  time. 

Invidious,  in-vid'i-us,  a.  [L.  invidios%i8, 
from  invidia,  envy,  invidus,  envious. 
Envy.]  EnviousJ;  likely  to  bring  on  envy, 
ill-will,  or  hatred;  likely  to  provoke  envy; 
entailing  odium  {invidious  distinctions, 
preference,  position).  —  Invidiously,  in- 
vid'i-us-li,  adv.  In  an  invidious  manner. 
— Invidiousness,  in-vid'i-us-nes,  n:  The 
quality  of  being  invidious. 

Invigorate,  in-vig'or-at,  v.t.— invigorated, 
invigorating.  [L.  in,  in  tens.,  and  vigor, 
strength.  Vigour.]  To  give  vigour  to; 
to  cause  to  feel  fresh  and  vigorous;  to 
strengthen;  to  give  life  and  energy  to.— 
Invigoration,  in-vig'o-ra"shon,  n.  Act  of 
invigorating;  state  of  being  invigorated. 

Invincible,  iu-vin'si-bl,  a.  [L.  invincibiiis 
— in,  not,  and  vindbilis,  conquerable,  from 
vinco,  to  conquer.  Victor.]  Incapable  of 
being  conquered  or  subdued;  incapable  of 
being  overcome;  unconquerable;  insuper- 
able.—n.  One  who  is  invinciljic. -Invinci- 
bility, Invincibleness,  in-vin'si-bil"i-ti,  iu- 
vin'si-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
invincible.— Invincibly,  in-vin'si-bli,  adv. 
In  an  invincible  manner;  unconquerably; 
insuperably. 

Inviolable,  in-vi'o-la-bl,  a.  fL.  iiiviolabUis 
—in,  not,  and  violabilis,  that  may  be  vio- 
lated, from  violo,  to  violate.  Violate.] 
Not  to  be  violated  or  profaned;  not  to  bu 
polluted  or  treated  with  irreverence;  not 
to  be  I)rokeu  or  infringed  (agreement, 
secrecy);  not  to  be  injured  or  tarnished 
(chastity,  honour);  not  susceptible  of  hurt 
or  wound  {aMU.K  —  Inviolably,  in-vi'o-la- 
bli,  adv.  In  an  inviolable  manner;  with- 
out violation  or  profanation.  —  Inviola- 
bility, Invlolableness,  in-vi'o-la-l>il"i-ti, 
in-vi'o-la-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  orquality  of 
being  inviolable^  —  Inviolate,  Jnviolated, 
in-vi'o-lat,  in-vi'o-la-ted,a.  [L.  inviolatus.] 
Not  violated;  unprofaned;  unpolluted; 
unbroken;  inviolsible.  — Inviolately,  in- 
vi'o-lat-li,  adv.  In  an  in\iolate  manner. — 
Inviolateness,  in-vi'o-lat-nes,  n. 

Invisible,  in-viz'i-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in,  not,  and 
visible^  L.  invisibilis.]  Incapable  of  being 
seen;  imperceptible  by  the  sight. — Invis- 
ible green,  a  shade  of  green  so  dark  as 
scarcely  to  be  distinguishable  from  black. 
—  Invisibleness,  Invisibility,  in-viz'i-bl- 
nes,  in-viz'i-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being 
invisible;  imperceptibleness  to  the  sight. 
—Invisibly,  in-viz'i-bli,  adv.  In  an  invis- 
ible manner;  imperceptibly  to  the  eye. 

Invite,  in-vit',  v.t. — invited,  inviting.  [L. 
invito,  to  invite,  perhaps  for  invicto,  invee- 
to— in,  and  root  of  vox,  voice.)  To  ask, 
request,  bid,  or  call  upon  to  do  something; 
to  summon;  to  ask  to  an  entertainment 
or  to  pay  a  visit ;  to  allure  or  attract;  to 
tempt  to  come. — v.i.  To  give  invitation;  to 
allure  orentice.— n.  An  invitation.[Genteel 
slang.]— Invitation,  in-vi-ta'shon,  n.  [L. 
invitatio,  invitationis.]  The  act  of  inviting; 
solicitation ;  the  requesting  of  a  person's 
company  as  to  an  entertainment,  on  a 
visit,  or  the  Uke. — Invitatory,  in-vi'ta-to- 
ri,  a.  Using  or  containing  invitations.— 
Inviter,  in-vi'ter,  n.  One  who  invites. — 
Inviting,  in-vi'ting,  p.  and  a.  Alluring ; 
tempting;  attractive  (an  inviting  pros- 
pect). —  Invitingly,  in-vi'ting-li,  adv.  In 
ai» inviting  manner;  attractively.— Invit- 
ingness,  in-vi'ting-nes,  n.  Attractiveness. 

Invitrifiable,  in-vit'ri-fi-a-bl,  o.   [Prefix  in, 

'  not,  and  vitrifiable.]  Incapable  of  being 
vitrified. 


Invocate,  in'viS-kat,  v.t.—invoeaied,  invocat^, 
ing.  [L.  invoco,  invocatum — in,  and  t»oco,' 
to  call,  vox,  voice.  Voice,  Vocal.]  To 
invoke;  to  call  on  in  supplication;  to  im- 
plore; to  address  in  prayer. — Invocation, 
m-vo-ka'shon,  n.  [L.  invocatioHnvocatio- 
nis.]  The  act  of  invoking  or  addressing  iu 
prayer;  the  form  or  act  of  calling  for  the 
assistance  or  presence  of  any  being,  par- 
ticularly of  some  divinity.  —  Invocatory, 
in-vo'ka-to-ri,  a.  Making  invocation;  in- 
voking. 

Invoice,  in'vois,  n.  [Fr.  envois,  things  sent,' 
goods  forwarded,  pi. 'of  envoi,  a  sending,  a 
thing  sent,  from  envoyer,  to  send — L.  in, 
andfici,away.  Envoy.]  A  written  account 

~  of  the  particulars  of  merchandise  sent  to 
a  purchaser,  consignee,  factor,  ic,  with 
the  value  or  prices  and  charges  annexed. 
— v.t.  —  invoiced,  invoicing.  To  write  or 
enter  in  an  invoice. 

Invoke,  in-vok',  v.t. — invoiced,  invoking.  [Fr. 
invoquer,  L.  invocare.  Invocate.]  To  ad- 
dress in  prayer;  to  call  on  for  assistance 
and  protection ;  to  call  for  solemnly  or 
with  earnestness. 

Involucre,  Involucrum,  in-vo-lu'k6r,  in-vo- 
la'krum,  n.  [L.  involucrum,  a  wrapper  or 
envelope,  from  involvo,  to  involve  or  wrap 
round — in,  and  volvo,  to  rpll.  Involve.] 
Bot.  any  collection  of  bracts  round  a  clus- 
ter of  nowersj  anai.  a  membrane  which 
surrounds  or  incloses  a  part,_as  the  peri- 
cardium.—  Involucral,  in-vo-lu'kral,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  having  an  involucre. — 
Involucred,  Involucrate,  Involucrated,  in- 
vo-lu'kerd,  in-vO-lu'krat,  in-vo-lu'kra-ted, 
a.  Bot.  having  an  involucre,  as  umbels,&c. 
— Involucel,  Involucellum,in-vol'u-sel,  in- 
vol'u-Ber'lum,  n.  [Dim.  of  involucre,  in- 
volucrum.] Bot.  the  secondary  involucrum 
or  small  bracts  surrounding  an  umliellule 
of  an  umbelliferous  flower.  —  Involucel- 
late,  in-vo-lu'sei-lat,  a.  Surrounded  with 
involucels. 

Involuntary,  in-vol'un-ta-ri,  n.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  voluntary.]  Not  voluntary;  not 
able  to  act  or  not  acting  according  to  will 
or  choice  (an  involuntary  agent);  indepen- 
4  dent  of  will  or  choice  (an  involuntary 
movement);  not  proceeding  from  choice; 
not  done  willingly;  unwilling.— Involun- 
tarily, in-vol'un-ta-ri-li,  adv.  In  an  in- 
voluntary manner.— Involuntariness,  in- 
vol'un-ta-ri-nes,  n. 

Involute,  Involuted,  in'vo-lQt,  in'vo-ln-ted, 
a.  lh.involutus,i>n.  oiinvolvo.  Involve.] 
Involved:  twisted;  confusedly  mingled; 
bot.  rolled  inward  from  the  edges:  said  of 
leaves  and  petals  in  vernation  and  esti- 
vation; zool.  turned  inwards  at  the  mar- 
gin :  said  of  the  shells  of  molluscs.  — 
Involute,  n.  A  curve  traced  by  any  point 
of  a  tense  string  when  it  is  unwrapped 
from  a  given  curve.— Involution,  in-vo-lu'- 
shon,  n.  |L.  involtctio,  involutionis,- from 
involvo.]  The  action  of  involving  or  in- 
folding ;  the  state  of  being  entangled  or 
involved,  or  of  being  folded  in;  complica- 
tion; arith.  and  alg.  the  raising  of  a  quan- 
tity from  its  root  to  any  power  assigned ; 
the  multiplication  of  a  quantity  into  it- 
self a  given  number  of  times:  opposite  of 
evolution. 

Involve,  in-volv',  v.t— involved,  involving. 
[Li  involvo— in,  into,  and  volvo,  to  roll,  as 
in  convolve,  devolve,  evolve,  revolve,  voluble, 
&c.    Wallow.]     To  roll  or  wrap  up;  to 

.  envelop  in  folds;  to  entwine;  to  envelop; 
to  cover  with  surrounding  ma.tter  {involved 
in  darkness);  to  imply  or  compripe,  as  a 
logical  consequence  (a  statement  that  in- 
volves a  contradiction);  to  connect  by  way 
of  natural  result  or  consequence;  to  en- 
tangle; to  implicate;  to  complicate;  to 
blend;  to  mingle  confusedly;  arith.  and 
alg.  to  raise  to  any  assigned  power.  .*.  Syn. 
under  Implicate.— Involved,  in-volvd',  p. 
and  a.  Complicated;  entangled;  intricate. 
— Involvedness,  in-vol'ved-nes,  n.  State  of 
being  involved.  —  Involvement,  in-volv'- 
ment,  n.    Act  of  involving. 

Invulnerable,  in-vul'ner-a-bl,  a.  [Prefix  in, 
not,  and  vulnerable;  L.  invulnerabilis.] 
Not  vulnerable;  incapable  of  being  woun- 
ded or  of  receiving  injury ;  unassailable, 
as  an  argument;  able  to  reply  to  all  argu- 
ments. —  Invulnerability,  Invulnerable- 


fh^cAaiu:     eft.  SclQCAl    MtUQi     hMi    .&£'C^-t(ml    a&iaiS&    lBiJft«Qi  th.  (AIq;     y.msi     w&,  i^Aigj     shi^asuiSy 


DfWARD 


368 


IES,EC0GNI2ABII1 


nese,  in-TQl'n6r-a-bil"i-ti,  in-vul'nSr-a-bl- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  invul- 
aerable.  —  ItLvulnerably,  in-vul'n6r-a-bli, 
adv.  In  an  invulnerable  manner.  —  Ir- 
vtdnerate,  in-vul'ner-at,  a.  [L.  invul- 
neratus.]    Unwoiinded;  unhurt. 

Inward,  in'werd,  a.  [A.  Sax.  imieweard— 
prep,  in,  and  suffix  -ward,  as  in  backward, 
towardt'&c]  Internal;  interior:  placed  or 
being  ■within;  in  or  connected  with  the 
mind,  thoughts,  soul,  or  feelings.  —  adf . 

•  also  Inwards  (in'-w6rdz).  Toward  the  in- 
side; toward  the  centre  or  interior;  into 
the  mind  or  thoughts. — n.  pi.  the  incer 
parts  of  an  animal;  the  viscera,— Inwaxdly, 
in'werd-li,  adv.  In  an  inward  marner; 
internally;  mentally;  privately.— Inward- 
ness, in'werd-nes,  ri.    The  state  of  being 

_iiiward  or  internal. 

Inweave,  jn-wev',  v.t— inwove  (pret.),  in- 
vwven  (pp.),  inweaving  (ppr.).  To  weave 
together;  to  iatermix  or  intertwine  by 
weaving. 

Inwrap,  in-rap',  v.t.—inturapped,  inuirap- 
ping.  [Prefix  in,  and  wrap.}  To  cover  by 
•wrapping;  to  involve;  to  infold. 

luwreathe,  in-resH',  v.t. — inioreathled,  in- 
wreathing.  [Prefix  in,  and  wreathe.]  To 
surround  or  twine,  as  with  a  wreath ;  to 
infold  or  involve. 

inwrought,  in'rat,  p.  and  a.  '[Prefix  in,  and 
wrought]  Wrought  or  worked  in  or  among 
other  things;  adorned  with  figures  worked 
in. 

Iodine,  i'o-din,  n.  [6r.  Hides,  resembling  a 
violet  (from  its  colour)— ion,  a  violet,  and 
eidos,  resemblance.]  One  of  the  non- 
metallic  elements,  a  solid  substance,  of  a 
bluish-black  or  grayish-black  colour,exiEt- 
in§  in  sea-water,  in  marine  molluscous 
anunals,  and  in  sea- weeds,  from  the  ashes 
of  which  it  is  chiefly  procured;  much  used 
in  medicine. — Iodic,  irod'ik,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  containing  iodine  [iodic  silver).— ibdic 
acid,  an  acid  formed  by  the  action  of  oxi- 
dizing agents  on  iodine  in  presence  of  water 
or  alkalies. — Iodide,  i'o-did,w.Acompound 
of  iodroe  and  a  metal.  —  lodisn,  i'o-dizm, 
ii:  Pathol,  a  peculiar  morbid  state  pro- 
duced by  the  use  of  iodine.— Iodize,  i'o-diz, 
v.t.—iodized,iodizing.  To  treat  ^vith  iodine; 
to  impregnate  or  affect  with  iodine.— 
lodizer,  i'o-dI-z6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  iodizes.  —  Iodoform,  i-od'o-form,  n. 
A  compound  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and' 
iodine,  analogous  to  chloroform.    . 

lolite,  i'o-lit,  n.  [Gr.  ion.,  a  violet,  and  lithos, 
stone.]  A  mineral  of  a  violet  blue  colour; 
dichroite. 

Ion,  i'on,  n.  One  of  the  elements  of  an 
electrolyte,  or  compound  body  undergoing 
electrolysation.    Anioit,  Cation. 

Ionian,  Ionic,  i-o'ni-an,  i-on'ik,a.  Relating 
to  Ionia,  or  to  the  Ionian  Greeks. — Ionic 
order,  one  of  the  five  orders  of  architec- 
ture, the  distinguishing  characteristic  of 
which  consists  in  the  volutjps  of  its  capital. 
— Ionic  dialect,  a  dialect  of  the  ancient 
Greek  janguage. 

Iota,  i-o'ta,  n.  [Gr.  i^jtaz  hence  jot.]  Pri- 
marily the  name  of  the  Greek  letter  t,which 
in  certain  cases  is  indicated  by  a  sort  of 
dot  under  anothet  letter  (as  >r)\  hence,  a 
very  small  quantity;  a  tittle;  a  jot. 

I  0  U,  i'  o  u,  n.  [A  phonetic  equivalent  of  J 
ovrn  you.]  A  paper  addressed  to  a  person 
having  on  it  these  letters,  followed  by  a 
sum,  and  duly  signed;  serving  as  an  ac- 
kno-sFledgment  of  a  debt. 

Ipecacuanha,  i-pe-kak'a-an"a,n.  [The 
Iirazilian  name.]  An  emetic  or  tonic  sub- 
stance, of  a  nauseous  odour  and  repulsive 
bitterish  taste,  obtained  from  the  root  of 
a  Brazilian  plant  of  the  cinchona  family. 

lracund,f  i'ra-ktmd,  a.  [L.  iraeundus, 
angry,  from  ira,  ^iger;  whence  ire,  irate, 
&C.1   Angry;  passionate.    [Cart.] 

trade,  i-ra'd6,  n.  [Turk.]  A  decree  or  pro- 
riamation  of  the  Sultan  of  Turkey. 

Iranian,  i-ra'ni-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Iran, 
the  native  name"  of  Persia;  applied  to  cer- 
tain languages,  including  Persian,  Zend, 
and  cognate  tongues. 

Irascible,  i-ras'i-bl,  a.  ■  [L.  iraseibilis,  from 
irascor,  ■  to  be  angry,  from  ira,  auger, 
whence  also  ire,  irate.]  Readily  made 
angry;  easily  provoked;  apt  to  get  into  a 
passion;  irritable.— Irascibility,  Irascible- 


nesa,  i-ras'i-bil'l-ti,  i-ras'i-bl-nes,  n.  Tlie 
quality  of  being  irascible.  —  Irascibly,  i- 
ras'irbli,_  advi    In  an  irascible  manner. 

Irate,  i-rat',  a.  [L.  iratus,  angry,  from  iras- 
cor, to  be  angry.  Ibascible.j  Angry;  en- 
raged; incensed. 

Ire,  ir,  n.  [O.Fr.,  from  L.  ira^  wrath.] 
Anger;  wrath;  keen  resentment.— Ireful, 
ir'f^l,  a.  Pull  of  ire;  angry;  wroth.— Ire- 
fully,  rr'fnl-li,  adv.  ■  In  an  ireful  or  angry 
manner.  —  Irefalness,  ir'fnl-nes,  ti.  The 
condition  of  being  ireful;  wrath;  anger. 

Iricism,  Tri-sizm,  n..  An  Irish  mode  of  ex- 
pression; a  characteristically  Irish  blun- 
der; a  bull;  any  Irish  peculiarity. 

Iridal,  Indian,  i'rid-al,  i-rid'i-an,  a.  [Gr. 
iris,  indos,  the  rainbow.  Ikis.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  iris;  belonging  to  or  resembling 
the  rainbow. — ^Iridescence,  i-rid-es'ens,  n. 
The  condition  of  being  iridescent.— Irides- 
cent, i-rid-es'ent,  a.  Exhibiting  or  giving 
out  colours  like  those  of  the  rainbow; 
gleaming  or  shitnmei^ing  with  rainbow 
colours.  —  Iridium,  i-rid'i-nm,  n.  [Prom 
the  iridescent  colours  it  exhibits'when  dis- 
solving in  hydrochloric  acid.]  A  rare  metal 
of  a  whitiBn  colour,  not  malleable,  very 
infusible,  and  not  readily  affected  by 
acids,  found  in  the  ore  of  platinum  and 
in  a  native  alloy  with  osmium.  —  Iridos- 
mine,  Iridosminm,  i-rid-os'min,  i-rid-os'- 
mi-um,  M.  A  native  compound  of  iridium 
and  osmium  used  for  pointing  gold  pens. 

Iris,  i'ris,  n.  jjL  Irises,  i'ris^z.  [L.  iris, 
iridis,  Gr.  iris,  iridos,  the  female  mes- 
senger of  the  gods,  the  rainbow,  the  plant 
iris,  the  iris  of  the  eye.]  The  rainbow;  an 
appearance  resembling  the  rainbow;  the 
hues  of  the  rainbow  as  seen  in  sunlit  spray, 
the  spectrum  of  sunlight,  &c.;  a  kind  of 
muscular  curtain  stretched  vertically  in 
the  anterior  part  of  the  eye,  in  the  midst 
of  the  aqueous  humour,  separating  the  an- 
terior from  the  posterior  chamber,  and  per- 
forated by  the  pupil  for  the  transmission 
of  light;  the  flower-de-lis  or  flag-flower,  a 
plant  of  various  species.— Irisated,  Irised; 
i'ri-sa-ted,  i'rist,  a.  Exhibiting  the  pris- 
matic colours;  resembling  the  rainbow. — 
Iriscowe,  i'ri-skop,  n.  A  philosophical  toy 
for  exhibiting  the  prisrjatic  or  rainbow 
colours.— Iritis,  Iriditis,  i-ri'tis,  i-ri-di'tis, 
n.    Inflammation  of  the  iris. 

Irish,  i'rish,  a.    Pertaining  to  IrelfmJ  or 

-its  inhabitants;  Erse.  —  n.  The  Irish  lan- 

,  gnage;  with  plural  signification,  the  people 

'  of  Ireland.  —  Irishism,  i'rish-izm,  n. .  An 
Iricism. — Irish- moss,  n.  Carrageen. — 
Irish  stetv,  meat  and  potatoes  stewed  to- 
gether. 

Irk,  6rk,  v.t.  [The  same  word  as  Sw.  yrka, 
to  urge,  enforce,  press,  from  root  of  work, 
wreak,  and  urge!]  To  weary;  to  give  an- 
noyance or  uneasiness  to;  to  be  distress- 
ingly tiresome  to;  to  annoy:  used  chiefly 
or  only  impersonaliy  (it  irks  me).  —  Irk- 
some, ^rk'sum,  a.  Wearisome;  burden- 
some; vexatious;  giving  uneasiness  (irk- 
some labour,  delay,  &c.)  —Irksomely,  6rk'- 
sum-li,  adv.  In  an  irksome  manner.— Irk- 
Bomeness,  ^rk'sum-nes,  n.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  irksome;  vexatiousness. 

Iron,  i'fem,  n.  [A.  Sax.  iren,  isen,  Goth. 
eisam,  Icehjdj'n  (from  older  isam),  Dan. 
jeni,  O.H.G.  isam.  Mod.  G.  eisen;  D.  ijzer; 
comp.  Skr.a2/a8,W.  haiarn,  Armor.hotiam. 
Thewordappearstobein  form  an  ad  j . ,  and 
the  name  may  be  akin  to  tee- from  its  glan- 
cing.] The  commonest  and  most  useful  of 
all  the  metals,  of  a  livid  whitish  colour  in- 
clined to  gray,  seldom  found  native;  an  in- 
strument orutensil  made  of  iron;  an  instru- 
ment that  when  heated  is  used  for  smooth- 
ing cloth;  pi.  fetters;  chains;  manacles; 
handcuffs.— To  have  man;/ irons  inthefire, 
to  be  engaged  in  many  imdertakings. 
[Cast  iron  is  iron  direct-from  the  smelting 
furnace  (blast-furnace),  also  called  pig- 
iron;  wrought  or  maUeoble  iron  has  to  un- 
dergo the  further  process  of  puddling; 
tftee.1  is  a  variety  of  iron  containing  more 
carbon  than  maUeable  iron  and  less  than 
cast  iron.}— a.  Made  of  .iron;  consisting  of 
iron;  resembling  iron,  either  really  or  me- 
taphorically; hence,  h^rsh,  rude,  severe; 
capable  of  great  endurance;  firm;  robust; 
inflexible.— tJ.t  To  smooth  with  an  iron; 
to  fetter  or  handcuff;  to  furnish  or  arm 


with  iron. — Iron-bonnd,  a.  Bound  with 
iron;  faced  or  surrounded  with  rocks;  rug- 
ged (an  iron-bound  coast);  —  Iron-clad,  a. 
Covered  or  clothed  with  iron  plates; 
armour-plated. — n.  A  vessel  prepared  for 
naval  warfare  by  being  cased  or  covered, 
wholly  or  partially,  with  thick  iron  plates. 
— ^Ironer,  i'6m-6r, .  n.  One  who  irons.  — 
Iron -fisted,  a.  Close-fisted;  covetous. — 
Iron -founder,  n.  One  who  makes  "iron 
castings. —Iron- fonnciry,  n.  The  place 
where  iron  castings  are  m9.de.— Iron-gray, 
n.  A  hue  of  gray  approaching  the'Colour 
of  freshly  fractured  iron.  Used  also  adjec- 
tively.'— iron-hearted,  a.  Hard  hearted ; 
unfeeling.— Iron-Uquor,  n.  Acetate  of  iron, 
used  as  a  mordant  by  dyers,  &c.  —  iron- 
master, 71.  _  One  who  employs  a  number 
of  i)eople  in  the  manufacture  of  iron. — 
&t>nmonger,  i'6m-mung-g6r,  n.  A  dealer 
in  iron  wares  or  hardware.— Ironmongery, 
i'6m-mungrgir-i,  n.  Iron  wares;  hardware; 
such  articles  of  iron  or  hardware  as  are 
kept  in  shops.— Iron-monld,  n.  A  spot  on 
cloth  occasioned  by  iron  rust.— Iron-pyri- 
tes. Pykites.  — Iron-sand,  n.  A  variety 
.of  iron  ore  in  grains.— Ironside,  i'6m-sid, 
n.  One  of  Oliver  Cromwell's  vetenin 
troopers;  a  soldier  noted  for  rough  hardi- 
hood.—lK>nsmith,i'6m-8mith,n.  A  worker 
in  iron,  as  a  blacksmith,  locksmith,  &c — 
Iron-stone,  n.  A  general  name  applied  to 
the  ores  of  iron  containing  oxygen  and 
silica.— Ironware,  i'6ni-war,  n.  l)  tonsils, 
tools,  and  various  light  articles  of  iron.— 
Iron-wood,  n.  The  popular  name  given 
to  several  very  hard  and  very  heavy  woods 
in  different  countries.  — -Ironwork,  i'6m- 
wCrk,  n.  A  general  name  of  the  parts  of 
a  building,  vessel,  carriage,  &c.,  which 
consist  of  iron;  a  work  o»  establishment 
where  iron  is  manufactured.  —  Ironjr,  i'- 
6m-i,  n.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  iron 
in  any  qualities. 

Irony,  i'ron-i,  n.  [Pr.  ironie,  L.  ironix, 
from  Gr.  eironeia,  from  eir&)i,  a  dissembler 
in  speech,  from  eirO,  to  speak.]  A  mode  of 
speech  by  which  words  are  used  that  pro- 
perly express  a  sense  contrary  to  that 
which  the  speaker  really  intends  to  con- 
vey; a  subtle  kind  of  sarcasm,  in  which 
apparent  praise  reallj  conveys  disapproba- 
tion.—Ironical,  Iromc,  i-rQn'i-kal,i-ron'ik, 
a.  Relating  to  or  containing  irony;  ad- 
dicted to  irony;  using  irony.  -Ironically, 
i-ron'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  an  ironical  manner. 
—  Ironicalness,  i-ron'i-kal-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  ironicaL    -• 

Irradiate,  ir-ra'di-at,  v.t.— irradiated,  irra- 
diating. [L.  irradio,  irrcdiatvm—in,  in  or 
on,  and  radius,  a  ray.]  To  illuminate  or 
shed  a  light  upon;  to  cast  splendou?  or 
brilliancy  upon;  to  enlighten  intellectu- 
ally; to  illuminate;  to  penetrate  by  radia- 
tion.—v.i.  To  emit  rays;  to  shine.— Irradl- 
ance,  Irradiancy,  ir-radi-ans,  ir-ra'di-an- 
si,  n.  Emission  of  rays  of  b^ht  on  an  ob- 
ject; lustre;  splendour. — Irradiant,  ir- 
ra'di-ant,  a.'  Emitting  rays  of  Ught.— Ir- 
radiation, ir-ra'di-a"shon,  n.  The  act 
of  irradiating;  illumination;  brightness 
emitted;  intellectual  illumination;  physies 
and  ogtron.  the  apparent  enlargement  of 

'!  an  object  strongly  illuminated,  in  con- 

■  sequence  of  the  vivid  impression  of  light 
on  the  retina. 

Irrational,  tr-rash'on-al,  a.  [Prefix  ir  for 
ill,  not,  and  rational.]  Not  rational;  void 
of  reason  or  understanding;  contrary  to 
reason;  absurd;  math,  not  capable  of  being 
exactly  expressed  by  an  integral  number 
or  by  a  vulgar  fraction;  surd.  —  Irration- 
ality, Irrationalness,  ir-Tash'on-al"i-ti,  ir- 
rash'on-al-nes,  n.  The  condition  or  quality 
of  beingirrational.— IrrationaUy,  ir-rash'- 
on-al-li,  adv.    In  an  irrational  manner. 

Irrealiaable,  ir-re'al-iz"a-bl,  a.  [Prefix  ir 
for  in,  not,  and  realizable.}  Incapable  of 
being  realized  or  defined. 

IrreclaiaiaWe,  ir-re-kla'ma/-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
ir  for  in,  not,  and  reclaimdble.]  Incapable 
ef  being  reclaimed  or  recalled  from  error 
or  vice;  incapable  of  being  reformed;  in- 
corrigible.—Irreclalmably,  ir-re-kla'ma- 
bli,  odf.    So  as  not  to  be  reclaimed.  ^^ 

Irrecognizable,  ir-rek'og-m"za-bl,  a.  [lTt»- 
fix  ir,  not,  and  recognizable.]  Incapable 
of  being  recognized;  not  recognizable. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  hfer;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     ttkbe,  tub,  b\iU ;     oil,  pound;     il,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  «. 


IIIEECONCILABI.E 


369 


IRRITATE 


Irxeconcilafcle,  ir-rek'on-si"la-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
irfor  m,not,aud  reconcilable.  ]  Not  reconcil- 
able; not  to  be  reconciled:  implacable  (an 
enemy,  enmity);  incapable  of  being  made 
to  agree  or  be  consistent;  inconsistent.— n. 
One  who  is  not  to  be  reconciled;  especially. 
a  member  of  a  political  body  who  will  not 
work  in  harmony  with  his  co-members. — 
Irreconcilability,  IrrEConcilableness,  ir- 
rek'on-si'la-bil "  i-ti,  ir-rek'on-si  "  la-bl-nes, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  irreconcilfvble.— 
Irreconcilably,  ir-rek'on-gi"la-bli,  adv.  So 
as  to  preclude  reconciliation. 

Irrecoverable,  ir-r5-kuv'6r-a-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
ir  for  m,  not,  and  recoverable.]  Incapalde 
of  being  recovered  or  regained;  not  capable 
of  being  restored,  remedied, or  madagood. 
— Irrecoverableness,  ir-jre-kuv'tr-a-bl-ues, 
n.  The  state  of  being  irrecoverable.  — Ir- 
recoverably, ir-re-kuv '  6r-a-bli,  adv.  In 
an  irrecoverable  manner;  beyond  recov- 
ery. 

Irredeemable,  ir-re-de'raa-bl,  a.  [Prefix  ir 
for  in,  not,  and  redeemable.]  Not  redeem- 
able; not  subject  to  be  paid  at  its  nomi- 
nal value:  specifically  applied  to  a  depre- 
ciated paper  currency —IrredeemabUUy, 
Irredeemableuess,  ir-re-de'ma-bil"i-ti,  ir- 
r5-de'ma-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
not  redeemable.  —  Irredeemably,  ir-rC- 
de'ma-bli,  ado.   So  as  not  to  be  redeemed. 

Irreducible,  ir-rS-du'si-bl,  a.  [Prefix  ir  for 
in,  not,  and  reducible.]  Not  reducible; 
incapable  of  being  reduced.— -Irreducible- 
ness,  Irreductibility,  ir-re-du'si-bl-nes,  ir'- 
r5-duk-ti-bil"i-ti,  n.  —  Irreducibly,  ir-re- 
du'si-bli,  adv. 

Irreflection,  ir-rC-flek'shon,n.  [Prefix  ir  for 
in,  not,  and  reflection.]  Want  or  absence 
of  reflection. 

Irrefragable,  ir-refra-ga-bl,  a.  [Prefi.x  ir 
for  in,  not,  and  h.  refragor,  to  withstand 
or  gainsay — re,  back,  and  root  of  frango, 
to  break.  Fkaction.j  Incapable  of  being 
refuted  or  overthrown;  incontestable;  un- 
deniable; incontrovertible.— Irrefrapabll- 
Ity,  Irrefragableness,  ir-ref'ra-ga-bil"i-ti, 
ir-ref'ra-ga-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality'  of  be- 
ing iiTefragable. — Irrefragably,  ir-ref'ra- 
ga-bli,  adv.  In  an  irrefragable  manner; 
incontestably. 

Irrefutablej  ir-r5-ffl'ta-bl  or  ir-ref'u-ta-bl, 
a.  I  Prefix  ir  for  in,  not,  and  refutable.] 
Not  refutable;  incapable  of  being  refutod 
or  disproved.- Irrefutably,  ir-re-fQ'ta-l)li 
or  ir-ref'u-ta-bli,  adv.  In  an  irrefutable 
manner. 

Irregular,  ir-reg'Q-ler,  a.  [Prefix  ir  for  in, 
and  regular.]  Not  regular;  not  according 
to  rules,  established  principles,  or  cus- 
toms; not  conformable  to  the  usual  oper- 
ation of  natural  laws;  deviating  from 
the  rules  of  moral  rectitude;  vicious;  not 
straiglit  or  uniform;  gram,  deviating  from 
the  Common  form  in  respect  to  the  iuilec- 
tioual  terminations;  geo^n.  applied  to  a 
figure  whose  sides  as  well  as  angles  are 
not  all  equal  and  similar  among  them- 
selves; hot.  not  having  the  parts  of  tlie 
«aine  size  or  form,  or  arranged  with  sym- 
metry.—ji.  One  not  conforming  to  settled 
rule;  especiall.y,  a  soldier  not  in  regular 
service.— Irregularity,  ir-reg'u-lar"i-ti,  n. 
State  or  character  of  being  irregular;  want 
of  regularity;  that  which  ia' irregular;  a 
part  exhibiting  or  causing  something  to 
be  irregular  or  impairing  uniformity;  an 
action  or  behaviour  constituting  a  breach 
of  morality;  vicious  conduct.— Irregularly, 
ir-reg'il-lcr-li,  adv.  In  an  irregular  man- 
ner. 

Irrelative,  ir-rel'a-tiv  a.  [Prefix  ir  for  in. 
not,  and  relative]  Not  relative;  without 
mutual  relations.  —  Irrelatively,  ir-rel'a- 
tiv-li,  adv 

Irrelevant,  ir-rel'O-vant,  a.  [Prefix  ir  for 
in,  not,  and  relevant]  Not  relevant;  not 
applicable  or  pertinent:  not  bearing  on 
the  case  in  point  or  matter  in  hand.  — Ir- 
relevantly, ir-rel'iS-vant-li,  adv.  In  an  ir- 
relevant manner.  —  In-elevance,  Ii'rele- 
vancy,  ir-rel'e-vans,  ir-rel'e-van-si,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  irrelevant. 

Irreligion,  ir-re-lij'on,  n.  (Prefix  ir  for  in, 
not,  and  religion.]  Want  of  religion  or 
contempt  of  it;  impiety.— Irreligious,  ir- 
r5-lij'us,  a.  Ohiriptcrized  by  irreligiuu; 
disregarding  or  (.ciiteniuiag  religion;  ccn- 


trary  to  religion ;  profane ;  impious ;  un- 

fodly.  —  Irreligiously,  ir-re-li.i'u8-li,  adv. 
u  an  irreligious  manner.  —  Irreligious- 
ness,  ir-r6-lij'us-nes,  ji. 

Irremeable, t  ir-re-mC'a-bl,  a.  [L.  irrem^a- 
bilis—ir  for  in,  not,  re,  back,  and  meo,  to 
go.]    Not  permitting  of  a  person's  return. 

Irremediable,  ir-re-me'di-a-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
ir  for  in,  not,  and  remeciiabJc]  Incapable 
of  being  remedied  or  cured;  not  to  be  cor- 
rected or  redressed;  incurable;  irreparable. 
—  Irremediableness,  ir-r6-me'di-a-bl-nes, 
n.— Irremediably,  ir-re-me'di-a-bli,  adv. 

Irremissible,  ir-re-mis'i-bl,  a.  [Prefix  ir  for 
in,  not,  and  remisiible.]  Not  remissible; 
unpardonable;  not  capable  of  being  re- 
mitted. —  Irremissibleness,  ir-re-mis'i-bl- 

•  nes,  n.— Irremissibly,  ir-r6-mis'i-bli,  adv. 
— Irremission,  ir-rC-mish'on,  n.  The  act 
of  withholding  remission. -Irremissive, 
ir-re-mis'iv,ci.  Not  remissive  or  remitting. 
— Irremittable,  ir-re-mit'a-bl,  a.  Irremis- 
sible; unpardonable. 

Irremovable,  ir-r5-nio'va-bl,  a.  [Prefix  ir 
for  in,  not,  and  removable.]  Not  remov- 
able ;  immovable ;  inflexible.  —  Irremov- 
ably,  ir-re-mb'va-bli,  adv.  In  an  irremov- 
able manner.— Irremovability,  ir-r5-nio'- 
va-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
irremovable. 

Irreparable,  ir-rep'a-ra-bl.  a.  [Prefix  ir 
for  i^,  not,  and  reparable.]  Not  reparable; 
incapable  of  being  repaired;' irremediable. 
— Irreparability,  Irreparableneaa,  ir-rep'- 
a-ra-bil"i-ti,  ir-rep'a-ra-bl-nes,  n.  State  of 
bein§  irreparable.— Irreparably,  ir-rep'a- 
r^-bh,  ad».  In  an  irreparable  msmner; 
irrecoverably. 

Irrepealable,  ir-re-pel'a-bl,  a.  [Prefix  ir 
for  irij  not,  and  repealable.]  Not  repeal- 
able;  incapable  of  being  legally  repealed 
or  annulled.  —  Irrepealability,  Irrepeal- 
ableness,  ir-re-pera-bil"i-ti,  ir-re-pel'a-bl- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  irrepealable. 
— Irrepeal^tly,  ir-rO-pel'a-bli,  adv. 

Irreprehensibie,  ir-rep're-hen"8i-bl,  a.  [Pre- 
fix ir  for  in,  not,  and  reprehensible.]  Not 
reprehensible;  not  to  be  blamed  or  cen- 
sured ;  blameless.  —  Irreprehensibleness, 
ir-rep're-hen"8i-bl-ne8,  n.  —  Irreprehensi- 
bly,  ir-rep're-hen"si-bli,  adv.  In  an  irrep- 
rehensibie manner;  blamelessly. 

Irrepi-esBible,  ir-re-pres'i-bl,  o.  [Prefix  ir 
for  in,  not,  and  repressible.]  Not  rcpres- 
sible;  incapable  of  being  repressed,  re- 
strained ,  or  kept  under  control.— IiTepres- 
Bibly,  ir-riS-pres'i-bli,  adv.  In  a  maimer 
or  degree  precluding  repression. 

Irreproachable,  ir-re-proch'a-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
ir  for  in,  not,  and  reproachable.]  Inca- 
pable of  being  reproachefl;  not  occasioning 
reproach:  upright;  innocent;  faultless; 
unblemished.— IrreproachablenesB,  ir-r6- 
pr5ch'a-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  irreproachable.— Irreproachably,  ir- 
re-proch'a-bli,  adv.  In  an  irreproachable 
manner;  faultlessly;  blamelessly. 

Irreprovable,  ir-re-pro'va-bl,  a.  [Prefix  ir 
for  in,  not,  and  reprovable.]  Not  reprov- 
able;  blameless;  upright;  unblamable. — 
Irreprovableness,  ir-re-prd'va-bl-nes,  n.— 
Irreprovably,  ir-re-pro'va-bli,  adv.  So  as 
not  to  be  liable  to  reproof  or  blarne. 

Irresistance,  ir-re-zis'tans,  n.  (Prefix  ir 
for  in,  not,  and  resist.]  Forbearance  to  re- 
sist ;  non-resistance.  —  Irresistible,  ir-re- 
zis'ti-bl,  a.  Not  resistible;  incapable  of 
being  successfully  resisted  or  opposed;  re- 
sistless^ invincible.— Irresistibility,  ir-re- 
2i8'ti-bil"i-ti,  n.    The  quality  of  being  ir- 

*  i-esistible.— Irresistibly,  ir-r(i-zis'ti-bli,adv. 
In  an  ii-resittible  manner;  resistlessly. 

Irr«soluble,t  ir-rez'o-lu-bl,  a.  [Prefix  ir  for 
in,  not,  and  renoluble.]  Incapable  of  reso- 
lution into  parts;  indissoluble.— Irresolu- 
blcness,  ir-rez'o-lu-b!-nes,  n. 

Irresolute,  ir-rez'o-lut,  a.  [Prefix  ir  for  in, 
not,  and  vesolttte]  Not  resolute;  not  firm 
or  constant  in  purpose;  undecided;  waver- 
ing; given  to  doubt  or  hesitation;  vacil- 
lating. —  Irresolutely,  ir-rez'o-ltlt-li,  adv. 
In  an  irresolute  manner.— Irresoluteness, 
ir-rez'o-lQt-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
irresolute.— Irresolution,  ir-rez'o-lQ"shon, 
n.  ■  Want  of  resolution  or  decision;  a  fluc- 
tuation of  mind;  vacillation.  « 

Irresolvable,  ir-re-zol'va-bl,  o.  [Prefix  ir 
for  in,  not,  and  resolvable.]   Incapable  of 


being  resolved.— Irresolvability, Irresolv- 
ablenesB,  ir-re-zol'va-bir'i-ti,  ir-rS-zol'va- 
bl-ues,  n. 

Irrespective,  ir-re-spek'tiv,  a.  [Prefix  ir 
for  in,  not,  and  respective.]  Having  no 
respect  to  particular  circumstances:  gen- 
erally used  in  the  prepositional  phrase  ir- 
resptctioeof,  that  is,  leaving  out  of  account. 
—  Irrespectively,  ir-re-spek'tiv-li,  adv. 
Without  regard  to  certain  circumstances 
(irrespectively  0/ these  matters). 

Irrespirable,  ir-re-spi'ra-bl,  a.  rPre9x''ir 
for  in,  not,  and  respirable.]  Not  respir- 
able;  unfit  for  respiration. 

Irresponsible,  ir-re-spon't-i-bl.  o»  [Prefix 
ir  for  in,  not,  and  responsible.]  Not  re- 
sponsible; not  liable  to  answer  for  conse- 
quences.—Irresponsibly,.  ir-r6-spon'si-bli , 
adv.  In  an  irresponsible  manner.— Irre- 
sponsibility, ir-re-spon'si-bil^i-ti, ».  Want 
of  responsibility. 

Irresponsive,  ir-re-spon'siv,  o.  [Prefix'  ir 
for  in,  not,  and  re^niive.]  Not  respon- 
sive. 

Irrestralnable,  ir-re-stra'na-bl,  a.  [Prefix 
ir  for  in,  not,  and  restrainable.]  That  can- 
not be  restrained;  not  to  be  kept  back  or 
held  in  check. 

Irretraceable,  ir-re-tra'sa-bl,  a.  [Prefix  ir 
for  in,  not,  and  retraceaMe.]'  Not  retrace- 
able. 

Irretrievable,  Ir-re-tre'va-bl,  a.  [Prefix  ir 
for  in,  not,  and  retrievcdile.]  Not  retriev- 
able ;  irrecoverable ;  irreparable.  —  Irre- 
trievableness,  ir-riS-tre'va-bl-nes,  n.— Irre- 
trievably, ir-re-tro'va-bli,  adv.  In  an  irre- 
trievable manner;  irrecoverably. 

Irreverence,  ir-rev'er-ens,  n.  [Prefix  ir  for 
in,  not,  and  reverence;  h.  irreverentia.] 
Want  of  reverence  or  veneration;  want  of 

•  a  due  regard  to  the  authority  and  charac- 
ter of  a  superior;  irreverent  conduct  or  an. 
irreverent  action.  —  Irreverent,  ir-rev'er- 
ent,  a.  [L.  irreverens.]  Exhibiting  or 
marked  by  irreverence  (person,  conduct, 
words);  wanting  in  respect  to  superiors. — 
Irreverently,  ir-rev'er-ent-li,  adv.  In  an 
irreverent  manner;  irreversibly;  immu- 
tably. 

Irreversible,  ir-re-v^r'si-bl,  a.  [Prefix  ir 
for  in,  not,  and  reversible.]  Not  reversible; 
incapable  of  being  reversed.— Irreversible- 
ness,  ir-rC-ver'si-bl-nes,  n.  State  of  being 
irreversible.— Irreversibly,  ir-re-v6r'si-bli, 
adv.  In  an  i/reversible  manner;  irrever- 
sibly; immutably. 

Irrevocable,  ir-rev'5-ka-bl,  a.  [Piiefix  ir 
for  in,  not,  and  revocable.]  Not  to  be  re- 
called or  revoked;  incapable  of  being  re- 
versed, repealed,  or  annulled;  irreversible 
(fate,  decree,  &c.).  — Irrevocability,  Irre- 
vocableness,  ar-rev'o-ka-bil"i-ti,  irirev'6- 
ka-bl-nes,  n.  State  of  being  irrevocable. — 
Irrevocably  ,ir-rev'6-ka-bli,a(Zf.  In  an  irre- 
vocable manner;  irreversibly;  immutably. 

Irrigate,  ir'ri-gat,  v.t.—iiTigated,  irngalinrj. 
[L.  irrigo,  irrigatwm—ir  for  in,  and  rigo, 
to  water.  Rain.]  To  bedew  or  sprinkle; 
to  water  (land)  by  causing  a  stream  to 
flow  upon  it  and"  spread  over  it;  to  water 
by  various  artificial  channels  for  water. — 
Irrigation,  ir-ri-ga'shon,  n.  [L.  irrigatio.l 
The  act  or  operation  of  irrigating.— Irrig- 
uous,  ir-rig'a-us,  a.  [L.  irriguua.]  Having 
many  streams;  well  watered.  [Mil.] 

Irritant,  ir'ri-tant,  a.  [L.  in-ito,  to  make 
void,  from  'in,  not,  and  ratus,  ratified.] 
Scots  lav;,  rendering  null  and  void.— Irri- 
tancy, ir'ri-tan-si,  n.  The  state  of  being 
irritant  or  null  and  void. 

Irritate,  ir'ri-tat,  v.t.  LL.  trrito,  irritaturr,^ 
to  incite,  stir  up,  provoke;  perhaps  frorri 
hirrire,  to  snarl]  To  excite  anger  in;  to 
provoke;  to  tease;  to  exasperate;  to  exai'.a 
heat  and  redness  in,  as  in  the  skin  or  Sesb ; 
to  inflame ;  to  fret ;  physiol.  to  excite  by 
certain  stimuli;  to  cause  to  exhibit  irrlta- 
tion.— Irritation,  ir-ri-ta'shon,  n.  [L.  irri- 
tatio,  irritationis.]  The  act  of  irritating 
or  state  of  being  irritated;  provocation; 
exasperation;  angry  feeling;  feeling  of 
heat  and  pain  in  a  part  of  the  body ;  physiol. 
the  change  or  action  which  takes  place  in 
muscles  or  organs  when  a  nerve  or  nerves 
are  affected  by  the  application  of  external 
bodies.— Irritative,  ir'ri-ta-tiv,  a.  Sen'ing 
to  excite  or  irritate.— Irritable;  ir'ri-ta-bi, 
o.    ih..~irrUabiUs.]     Capable  or  suscep- 


ghj  cftair.;     c"!,  f^g.  hch; 


j,;cb;     n,  Fr.  tori;     E9,  6i!'£»;     tii,  <.1ea;  th,  t/tJn;     w,  u'i;;; 


wh,  '•nhirr, 

24' 


IRRUPTION 


370 


ISRAELITE 


tible  of  being  iiritated;  readily  provoked 
or  exasperated;  of  a  fiery  temper;  physiol. 
susceptible  of  respondiug  to  or  being  acted 
upon  by  stimuli.— Irritability,  Irritable- 
ness,  ir'ri-ta-bil"i-ti,  ir'ri-ta-bl-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  irritable.— Irri- 
tably, ir'ri-ta-bli,  adv.  In  an  irritable 
manner.— Irritant,  ir'ri-tant,  o.  [L.  irri- 
tans,  irritantis,  ppr.  of  irrito.)  Irritating; 
producing  pain,  heat,  or  tension;  produc- 
ing inflammation  (an  irritant  poison). — n. 
Thi\t  which  excites  or  irritates;  a  medical 
application  that  causes  pain  or  heat  (as 
a  lly  blister);  an  irritant  poison. 

Imiption,  ir-rup'shon,  n.  [L.  irruptio,  ir- 
ruptwnis,  from  i'mtrnpo,  irruptum — in,  in, 
and  rumpo,  to  break.  Rupture.)  A  burst- 
ing in;  a  breaking,  or  sudden,  violent 
rushing  into  a  place;  a  sudden  invasion  or 
incursion.— Irmptive;  ir-rup'tiv,  a.  Hush- 
ing in  or  upon. 

Is,  iz.  [A.  Sax.  is  =  Goth,  ist,  L.  est,  Gr. 
esti,  Skr.  asti,  is.  Am.]  The  3d  pers.  sing, 
of  the  verb  to  he.    Be. 

Isabel,  IsabelUne,  iz'a-bel,  iz'a-bel-in,  n. 

I  Fr.  isabelle,  from  a  queen  or  princess  of 
this  name.]  A  pale  brownish  yellow 
colour. 

Isagogic,  Isagogical,  i-sa-goj'ik,  i-sa-goj'i- 
kail,  «.  [Or.  eisagOgiko's,  from  eisago,  to  in- 
troduce—eis,  in,  into,  and  ago,  to  lead.] 
Introductory;  especially,  introductory  to 
the  study  of  theology.— Isagogics,  i-sa-goj'- 
iks,  Ji.  The  department  of  theological 
study  introductory  to  exegesis. 

Isagon,  i'sa-gon,  n.  |Gr.  isos,  equal,  and 
ffOnta,  an  angle.]  Math,  a  figure  whose 
angles  are  equal. 

IsapostoUc,  i '  sa-pos-tol "  ik,  a.  [Gr.  isos. 
equal,  and  aposiolos,  an  apostle.  J  Almost 
apostolic  in  character  or  standing. 

Ischiadic,  is-ki-adik,  a.  [L.  ischiadicus, 
from  ischias,  sciatica,  from  ischium,  Ur. 
ischion,  the  hip.]  Pertaining  to  sciatica. 
— Ischiadic  passion  or  disease,  sciatica. — 
Ischial,  is'kl-al,  a.  Belonging  to  tha  is- 
chium or  hip-bone.— Ischialgia,  is-ki-al'ji- 
a,  n.  [Gr.  algos,  pain.]  Paiu  iu  the  hip; 
sciatica. — Ischiatic,  is-ki-at'ik,  o.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  ischium  or  the  hip.  —  Ischium, 
is'ki-um.n.  [Gr.  ischion.]  ^nat.  the  pos- 
terior and  inferior  part  of  the  pelvic  arch 

■  at  the  hii>-joint. 

Isclmophonia,  isk-no-fo'uia,  n.  (Gr.  isch- 
nos,  slender,  and  phone,  voice.]  Shrillness 
or  thinness  of  the  voice. 

Ischuria,  Ischury,  is-ka'ri-a,  is'kU-ri,  n. 
[Gr.  ischouria,  from  ischo,  to  stop,  and 
ouron,  urine.]  A  stoppage,  retention,  or 
suppression  of  urine.  —  lichnretic,  is-kQ- 
ret'Ui,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  relieving 
ischury. — n.  A  medicine  of  this  kind. 

Iserine,  i'ser-in,  n.  [From  the  river  Iser  in 
Silesia.)  A  mineral  of  an  iron-black  colour, 
and  of  a  splendent  metallic  lustre,  an  ore 
of  the  metal  titanium. 

Ishmaelite,  ish'ma-el-it,  n.  [From /«^7Jia£J; 
Gen.  xvi.  12.J  A  descendant  of  Ishmael ; 
one  resembling  Ishmael,  whose  hand  was 
against  every  man  and  every  man's  hand 
against  him ;  one  at  war  with  society.— 
Isnmaelitish,  ish'ma-el-it-ish,  a.  Like  Ish- 
mael or  an  Ishmaelite. 

lilac,  i'si-ak,  a.     Under  Isis. 

Isinglass,  i'zing-glas,  n.  |  Corrupted  from 
D.  huizenblas—huizen,3.  sturgeon,  and  bias, 

II  vesicle,  a  bladder  (akin  to  Ijlow.bladder).] 
A  gelatinous  substance  prepared  from  the 
sounds  or  air-bladders  of  certain  fishes, 
particularly  several  species  of  stureeou 
found  in  the  rivers  of  Russia,  used  in 
clarifying  liquors,  as  a  cement,  &c. 

Isis,  i'sis,  ii.  One  of  the  chief  deities  in  the 
Egyptian  my  thology, regarded  as  the  sister 
or  sister- wife  of  Osiris.  —  Isiac,  i'si-ak,  o. 
Relating  to  Isis. 

Islam,  iz'lam.  n.  [Ar.,  from  salama,  to  be 
free,  safe,  or  devoted  to  God.]  The  religion 
of  Mohammed,  and  also  the  whole  body 
of  those  who  profess  it  throughout  the 
world.— lalamism.  iz'lam-izm,  n.  The  faith 
of  Ixlam;  Mohammedism.  —  Islamite,  iz'- 
lam-it,  n.  A  Mohammedan.  —  Islamitic, 
iz-la-rait'ik,  o.  Pertaining  to  Islam;  Mo- 
hammedan. —  Islamize,  iz'lam-iz,  v.t.  or  i. 
To  conform  to  Islamism;  to  Mohammeda- 
nize.  ,.         ,  ,      . 

liland,  iland,  n.    [From  A.  bax.  {gland. 


lit.  ialand-lajid,  from  ig  (=Icel.  ey,  Dan. 

and  Sw.  6),  an  island,  and  land,  laud;  the 
8  is  due  to  erroneous  connection  with  L. 

insula,  O.Fr.  isle.  Isle.  A.  Sax.  ig  =  -ea 
or  -ey  in  Anglesea,  Anglesey,  ey-  in  eyot ; 

akin  to  G.  aue,  a  meadow,  Goth,  ahwa,  L. 
aqua,  water. )  A  tract  of  land  surrounded 
by  water,  whether  of  the  sea,  a  river,  or  a 
lake;  anything  resembling  an  island.— u.t 
To  cause  to  become  or  appear  like  an  is- 
land; to  isolate;  to  dot,  as  with  islands.— 

Islander.  i'lan-d6r,  n.  An  inhabitant  of 
an  island. 

Isle,  il  n.  [O.Fr.  isle,  Fr.  He,  Prov.  isla, 
from  L.  insula,  an  island.  Insulate.]  An 
island.  [Chiefly  poet.]— f.t.— isted,  isling. 
To  cause  to  become  or  appear  like  an  isle; 
to  isolate:  to  island.- Islet,  il'et,  n.  [Dim. 
of  isle.]  A  little  isle  or  something  similar. 

Isobar,  i'so-bar,  n.  [Gr.  isos,  equal,  and 
baros,  weight.]  A  line  drawn  on  a  map 
connecting  places  at  which  the  mean 
height  of  the  barometer  at  sea-level  is  the 
same.  —  Isobaric,  i-so-bar'ik,  a.  Isobaro- 
metric. — l80barometric,i-so-bar'o-met"rik, 
a.  Indicating  equal  barometric  pressure. 
— Isobar ometric  line.    Same  as  Isobar. 

Isobrious,  i-sob'ri-us,  a.  [Gr.isos,  equal,  and 
bria6,  to  be  strong.]  Bot.  applied  to  the 
dicotyledonous  enibryo,  because  both  lobes 
seem  to  grow  with  equal  vigour. 

Isocheim^Vso-kim,  n.  [Gr.  isos,  equal,  and 
cheima,  cheimOn,  winter.)  A  line  drawn 
on  a  map  through  places  which  have  the 
same  mean wintertemperature.— Isochei- 
mal,  Isochimal,  i-so-ki'mal,  a.  Of  the  same 
mean  winter  temperature;  marking  places 
with  the  same  mean  winter  temperature. 
— Isocheimal  line.  Same  as  Isocheim.  Also 
Isocheimonal,  Isochimonal,  i-so-ki'mon-al. 

Isochromatlc,  j'so-kro-mafik,  a.  [Gr.  isos, 
equal,  and  chrOrna,  colour.)  Having  the 
same  colour;  marking  correspondence  in 
colour.  • 

Isochronal,  Isochronous,  i-sok'ron-al,  i-sok'- 
ron-uB,  a.  [Gr.  isos,  equal,  and  chronos, 
time.]  Uniform  in  time;  of  equal  time; 
performed  in  equal  times  (as  the  oscilla- 
tions of  two  pendulums).  —  Isochronally, 
i-sok'ron-al-h,  adv.  So  as  to  be  isochronal. 
— Isochroniam,  i-sok'ron-izm,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  isochronous. 

Isocbrous,  i'sok-rus,  a.  [Gr.  isochroos,  like- 
coloured  —  isos,  equal,  and  chroa,  colour.] 
Being  of  equal  colour  throughout. 

Isoclinal,  Isoclinic,  i-so-kli'nsu,  i-so-klin'ik, 
a.  (Gr.  isos,  equal,  and  klinO,  to  incline.) 
Of  equal  inclination  or  dip.— /socZtnaJ  or 
isoclinic  lines,  curves  connecting  places  at 
which  the  dip  of  the  magnetic  needle  is 
equal. 

Isocryme, i'so-krira,  n.  [Gr.  isos,  equal, and 
krymos,  cold.]  A  line  drawn  on  maps 
connecting  places  corresponding  in  regard 
to  the  extreme  degree  of  cold.— Isocrymal, 
i-so-kri'mal,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having 
the  nature  of  an  isocryme. 

Isodynamic,  i'so-di-nam"ik.  o.  [Gr.  isos. 
equal, and dyjiamis, power.)  Havingequal 
power  or  force.  —  Isodynamic  lines,  lines 
connecting  those  places  where  the  inten- 
sity of  the  terreRtrial  magnetism  is  equal. 
— i8odynajnous,i-8o-din'a-mus,a.  Having 
equal  force;  of  equal  size;  bot.  isobrious. 

Isogeotherm,  i-s5-je'o-th6rm,  n.  (Gr.  isos, 
equal,  gC,  the  earth,  and  thenne,  heat.) 
An  imaginary  line  or  plane  under  the 
earth's  surface  passing  through  points 
having  the  same  mean  temperature.— Iso- 
geothermal,  i-8o-je'o-th6r"mal,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  isogeotherins. 

Isogonic,  i-s6-gon'ik,  a.  [Gr.  isos,  equal,  and 
gOnia,  an  angle.]  Having  equal  angles.— 
Isogo^iic  lines,\mei  connecting  those  places 
where  the  deviation  of  the  magnetic  needle 
from  the  true  north  is  the  same. 

Isohyetose,  i-so-hi'e-tos,  a.  [Gr.  isos,  equal, 
and  hyetos,  rain.]  Applied  to  lines  con- 
necting those  places  on  the  surface  of  the 
globe  "where  the  quantity  of  rain  which 
falls  annually  is  the  same. 

Isolate,  i'so-lal  or  is'o-lat,  v.t.— isolated,  iso- 
lating. [Fr.  isoler.  It.  isoZare,  from  isola= 
L.  insula,  an  island.  Insulate.)  To  place 
or  leave  in  a  detached  situation  ;  to  place 
apart;  elect,  to  insulate:  chem.  to  obtiiin  (a 
substance)  free  from  all  its  combinations. 
—Isolated,  i'sO-lft-ted,  p.  and  a.    Standing 


detached  from  others  of  a  like  kind;  placed 

by  itself  or  alone.— Isolatedly,  i'so-Ia-ted- 

li,  adv.  In  an  isolated  manner.  —  Isolat- 
ing, i'so-la-ting,  a.  Philol.  applied  to  that 

class  of  languages  in  which  each  word  is  a 
simple,  uninflected  root;  monosyllabic. — 
Isolation,  i-so-la'shon,  n.  State  of  being 
isolated  or  alone.  —  Isolable,  i'sS-la-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  isolated. 

Isomerism,  I-som'tr-izm,  n.  [Gr.  i8o«, equal, 
and  rneros,  a  part.]  Chem.  identity  or 
close  similarity  of  composition  with  differ- 
ence of  physical  or  both  chemical  and 
physical  properties. —Isomeric,lBomerical, 
i-so-mer'ik,  i-so^mer'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  characterized  by  isomerism. — Isom- 
eride,  i-som'6r-id,  n.  A  comijound  that  ex- 
hibits isomerism. — Isomerous,  i-som'6r-us, 
a.  Bot.  having  organs  composed  each  of 
an  equal  number  of  parts. 

Isometric,  Isometrical,  i-so-met'rik,  i-so- 
met'ri-kal,  a.  (Gr.  isos,  equal,  metron. 
measure.)  Pertaining  to  or  characterized 
by  equality  of  vaeasure.— Isometrical  per- 
spective or  projection,  a  method  of  drawing 
plans  whereby  the  elevation  and  ground- 
plan  are  represented  in  one  view. 

Isomorphism,  i-so-mor'fizm,  n.  [Gr.  isos, 
like,  and  morphe,  form.]  A  similarity  of 
crystalline  form  in  minerals.  —  Isomor- 
phous,  i-so-mor'fus,  a.  Exhibiting  the 
property  of  isomorphism. 

Isonomy,  i-son'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  isos,  equal, 
and  nomos,  law.]  Equal  law;  equal  distri- 
bution of  rights  and  privileges. — Isonomic, 
i-so-nom'ik,  o. .  Pertaining  to  isonomy. 

Isoperimetric,  Isojr  erimetrical,  i-sG-per'i- 
mef'rik,  i-so-per'i-met"ri-kal,  a.  [Gr.  isos, 
equal,  and  pei-imetron,  perimeter.]  Hav- 
ing, equal  boundaries  or  perimeters. 

Isop'od,  i'so-pod,  n.  [Gr.  isos,  equal,  and 
pous,  podos,  the  foot.)  One  of  an  order  of 
crus£a<;eans,  comprehending  those  .whose 
feet  are  of  equal  size  and  move  in  the 
same  direction;  the  wood-lice,  and  slaters 
are  examples. — Isopodous,  i-sop'o-dus,  o. 
Belonging  to  the  isopods. 

IsopoUty,  i-so-pol'i-ti,  n.  [Gr.  isos,  equal, 
and  politeia,  polity.]  Equal  rights  of 
citizenship. 

Isop3n:e,  i'sO-pir,-  n.  [Gr.  isoSj  like,  and 
pyr,  fire.)  A  mineral  of  a  grayish  or  black 
colour  which  occurs  massive. 

Isosceles,  i-sos'se-lez,  a.  [Gr.  isoskeUs — isos, 
equal,  and  skelos;  leg.]  Having  two  legs 
or  sides  only  that  are  equal  (an  isosceles 
triangle). 

Isoseismal,  Isoseismlc,  i-so-sis'mal,  i-so-sis'- 
mik,  a.  [Gr.  isos,  equal,  and  snismos.  an 
earthquake,  from  seio,  to  shake.]  Mark- 
ing equal  earthquake  disturbance  on  the 
earth's  surface. 

Isostemonous.'i-so-stem'on-us, a.  [Gr.  isos, 
equal,  and  stemOn,  a  stamen.]  Bot.  hav- 
ing the  stamens  equal  in  number  to  the 
petals. 

Isothere,  i'so-th6r,  n.  [Gr.  isos,  equal,  and 
theros,  summer.]  An  imaginary  line  on 
the  earth's  surface  iiitjising  through  points 
having  the  same  mean  summer  tempera- 
ture.— Isotheral,  i-sothVr-al,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  marked  by  isotheres.  ■ 

Isotherm,  i'so-thirm,  n.  [Gr.  isos,  equal, 
proper,  and  Viermc,  heat.]  An  imaginary 
line  on  the  earth's  surface  passing  through 
places  having  a  corresponding  tempera- 
ture either  throughout  the  year  or  at  any 
particular  period.— Isothermal,  i-sO-ther- 
mal,  o.  Pertaining  to  an  isotherm  or  iso- 
therms; marking  correspondence  in  tem- 
peratore.- /sof/i«)T)uxZ  line,  an  isotherm. 

Isotherombrose,  i'sO-the-rom"bros,  a.  [Or. 
isos,  equal,  theros,  summer,  and  omhrvs, 
rain.]  Said  of  tines  marking  places  where 
the  same  quantity  of  rain  falls  during  f.he 
summer. 

Isotonic,  i-s5-ton'ik,  o.  [Gr.  tsos.  equal, 
and  tonos,  tone.]  Having  or  indicating 
equal  tones. 

Isotropic,  i-so-trop'ik,  o.  [Gr.  tsos,  equal, 
and  tropi,  a  tunung,  from  trepO,  to  turn.] 
A  term  applied  to  bodies  wnose  elastic 
forces  are  alike  in  all  directions.    .£olo- 

TROPIC. 

Israelite,  iz'ra-el-it,  n.  A  descendant  of 
Israel,  or  Jacob;  a  Jew.— Israelitic,lEri,el- 
itlsh,  iz'ra-el-it"ik,  iz'ra-el-it"ish,  a.  I'ur 
taining  to  Israel;  Jewish;  Hebrew. 


Kate,  i.ir,  fat,  full;      mC,  met,  hir;     pine,  piu;     uOU,  not.  move;      tube,  lub,  b«ll ;     oil,  pound;     U,  Sc.  abiiuc-thc  !■(.  «, 


ISSUE 


371 


JACK 


Issue,  ish'O,  n.  [Fr.  issue,  issue,  outlet, 
event,  from  O.Fr.  isair,  to  go  out,  to  flow 
forth,  and  that  from  L.  exeo,  exire,  to  go 
out— ex.out,  aud  eo,  to  go  {iacircuit,  exit,  tn- 
ittaJ,  &c.).  Itinerant.]  The  act  of  passing 
or  flowing  out;  a  moving  out  of  anv  in- 
closed place;  the  act  of  sending  out;  deliv- 
ery jof  commands,  money,  &.C.);  the  whole 
quantity  sent  forth  or  issued  at  one  time 
(an  issue  of  bank-notes;  yesterday's  isstie 
of  the  Times);  what  happens  or  turns  out; 
event;  consequence;  progeny;  a  child  or 
children;  offspring;  all  persons  descended 
from  a  common  ancestor ;  a  flux  of  blood 
(iV.T.);  surg.  an  artificial  ulcer  made  iu 
some  part  of  the  body  to  promote  a  secre- 
tion of  pus;  law,  the  close  or  result  of 
pleadings;  the  point  or  matter  depending 
in  a  suit  on  which  two  parties  join  and 
put  their rause  to  trial;  hence,  a  material 
point  turning  up  in  any  argument  or  de- 
bate, when  one  party  takes  the  negative, 
the  other  the  positive  side  on  an  impor- 
tant point.— .At  issue,  in  controversy;  dis- 
puted; opposing  or  contesting.— To  join 
issue,  to  take  issue,  said  of  two  parties  who 
take  up  a  positive  and  negative  position 
respectively  on  a  point  in  debate.— f.i.— 
issued,  issuing.  To  pass,  flow,  or  run  out, 
as  from  any  inclosed  pla^;  to  proceed,  as 
from  a  source;  to  rush  aut;  to  proceed,  as 
progeny;  to  be  produced,  as  an  effect  or 
result;  to  close,  end,  terminate.— y.t.  To 
send  out;  to  deliver  for  use;  to  deliver 
authoritatively  (orders,  &c.);  to  put  (notes, 
coin,  newspapers)  into  circulation. —Issu- 
able, ish'a-a-bl,  a.  Capiable  of  being  issued; 
admitting  of  issue  being  taken  upon  it.— 
Xssuably,  ish'ft-a-bli,  adv.  In  an  issuable 
manner;  by  way  of  issue.— Issuance,  ish'- 
a-ans,  n.  The  act  of  issuing  or  giving  out. 
—Issueless,  ish'u-les,  a.  Having  no  issue 
or  progeny.— Issuer,  ish'a-6r,  r».  One  who 
issues  or  emits. 

Isthmus,  ist'mu8,n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  isthmos, 
a  neck  of  land  or  narrow  passage.]  A  neck 
or  narrow  slip  of  land  by  which  two  con- 
tinents are  connected,  or  by  which  a  pen- 
insula is  united  to  the  mainland.— Isth- 
mian, ist'mi-an,  «.•  Ot  or  pertaining  to 
an  isthmus.  —  Isthmian  'gaines,  ancient 
Greek  games  celebrated  at  the  Isthmus  of 
Corinth,  in  the  first  and  third  year  of  each 
Olympiad,  in  honour  of  Poseidon. 

It,  it,  pron.  [A.  Sax.  nom.  hit,  neut.  cor- 
responding to  hi,  he,  genit.  or  pos.  his, 
dat.  and  instrumental  him;  Goth,  ita,  D. 
het,  O.H.G.  12,  G.  es.  He.]  A  pronoun  of 
the  neuter  gender  corresponding  with  the 
masculine  he  and  the  feminine  she,  hav- 
ing the  same  plural  they.  Besides  stand- 
ing in  place  of  neuter  nouns  it  is  used  (1) 
as  the  nominative. to  iraj^ersonal  verbs  {it 
rains;  it  saows);  (2)  to  introduce  a  sen- 


tence, preceding  a  verb  as  a  nominative, 
but  referring  to  a  clause  or  distinct  mem- 
ber of  the  sentence  following  (it  is  well, 
ascertained  that  the  figure  of  the  earth  is 
an  oblate  spheroid);  (3)  for  a  preceding 
clause  of  a  sentence  (we  have  been  defeat- 
ed for  the  present,  it  is  true) ;  (4)  to  begin 
a  sentence  when  a  personal  pronoun,  or 
the  name  of  a  person,  or  a  masculine  or 
feminine  noun  follows,  where  it  may  re- 

.  present  any  one  of  the  three  persons  or  of 
the  three  genders  (as,  it  is  I;  it  was  they); 
(5)  for  state  of  matters,  condition  of  affairs, 
or  the  like  (has  it  come  to  this?);  (6)  after 
intransitive  verbs  very  indefinitely  (to 
walk  it,  to  run  it).  .:  The  possessive  case 
its  does  not  appear  till  a  year  or  two  be- 
fore 1600,  his  being  used  both  for  the  mas- 
culine and  the  neuter  possessive. 

Italian,  i-tal'yan,  a.  Pertaining  to  Italy.— 
n.  A  native  of  Italy;  the  language  used  in 
Italy  or  by  the  Italians.— /taZian  iron,  a 
smoothin'g  iron,  consisting  essentially  of 
a  metal  tube  with  a  closed  rounded  end 
heated  by  a  metal  bolt :  used  for  fluting 
or  gauffering.- /iaZian  warehouse,  a  name 
assumed  by  shops  where  groceries,  includ- 1 
ing  some  Italian  products,  are  sold.— It- 
alianlsm,  Italicism,  i-tal'yan-izm,  i-tal'i- 
sism,  n.  An  Italian  expression,  manner, 
or  custom.— Italiam'ze,  i-tal'yan-iz,  v.t.  To 

five  an  Italian  colour  or  character  to.— 
tallc,  i-tal'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  Italy;  the 
name  of  a  printing  type  sloping  towards 
the  right,  invented  about  1500  a.d.  by 
Aldus  Manutius,  a  Venetian  printer.— ti. 
An  italic  letter  or  type.— Italicize,  i-tal'i- 
siz,  v.t.— italicized,  italicizing.  To  write  or 
print  in  italic  characters;  to  distinguish 
by  italics. 

Itch,  ich,  n.  [O.E.  ichyn,  gykin,  A.  Sax. 
giccan,  to  itch;  G.  jucken.  to  itch;  D.  jeuk- 
ing;  jeukte,  Sc.  yuik,  itch.]  A  sensation 
in  the  skin  causing  a  great  desire  to 
scratch  or  rub ;  a  cutaneous  disease  due 
to  a  minute  species  of  mite;  a  constant 
teasing  desire  (an  itch  for  praise).  —  v.i. 
To  feel  an  itch;  to  have  an  uneasy  or 
teasing  sensation  impelling  to  something. 
—Itching,  ich'ing,  n.  The  sensation  of 
itch;  an  uneasy  desire  or  hankering.— p. 
and  a.  Having  a  sensation  that  leads  to 
Bcratchingj  having  a  teasing  uneasy  sen- 
sation. —  Itch-mite,  ri.  The  microscopic 
animal  which  produces  itch.— Itchy,  ich'i, 
a.  Infected  with  or  having  the  sensation 
as  if  suffering  from  itch.— Itchiness,  ich'- 
i-nes,  n.    The  state  of  being  itchy. 

Item,  i'tem,  adv.  fL.  item,  also.]  Also:  a 
word  formerly  often  used  in  accounts  or 
lists  of  articles.— n.  A  separate  particular 
in  a  list  or  account;  a  paragraph;  a  scrap 
of  news. 

Iterate,  it'6r-at,  v.t.  —  iterated,  iterating. 


[L.  itero,  iteratvm,  to  do  again,  to  repeat, 
from  iterum,  again,  from  id,  it,  with  the 
comparative  suffix;  akin  Skr.  itara,  an- 
other] To  utter  or  do  a  second  time;  to 
repeat.  —  Iteration,  it-fer-a'shon,  n.  [L. 
iteratio,  iteralionis.]  Repetition;  recital 
or  performance  a  second  time.— Iterative, 
it'er-a-tiv,  a.    Repeating.  * 

Itinei'ant,  i-tin'er-ant,  a.  [L.L.  itinerans,  it- 
inerantis,  travelling,  from  L.  iter,  itineris, 
a  way.or  journey;  from  root  t,  to  go,  seen 

-also  m  circuit,  exit,  transit,  ambition,  in- 
itial, issue,  perish,  &c.]  Passing  or  travel- 
ling about  a  country  or  district;  wander- 
ing; not  settled;  strolling.— n.  One  who 
travels  from  place  to  place.— Itineracy,  i- 
tin'^r«.-si,  n.  Practice  of  itinerating.— 
Itinerancy,  i-tin'6r-an-si,  n.  A  passing 
from  place  to  place;  the  passing  from  place 
to  place  in  the  discharge  of  official  duty.— 
Itlnerantly,  i-tin'er-ant-li,  adv.  In  an 
itinerant,  unsettled,  or  wandering  man- 
ner.—Itinerary,  i-tin'Cr-a-ri,  n.  [L.L.  it- 
inerarium.]  A  work  containing  notices 
of  the  places  and  stations  to  be  met  with 
in  pursuing  a  particular  line  of  road.— a; 
Travelling;  pertaining  to  a  journey.— Itin- 
erate, i-tin'6r-at,  v.i. — itinerated,  itinerat- 
ing. To  travel  from  place  to  place,  par- 
ticularly for  the  purpose  of  preaching;  to 
wander  without  a  settled  habitation. 

Its,  its.  Possessive  case  of  the  pronoun  it, 
—Itself,  it-self',  pron.  The  neuter  pro- 
noun corresponding  to  himself,  herself. 

Ittrium,  it'ri-um,  n.    Yttrium. 

Ivory,  i'vo-ri,  n.  [O.Fr.  ivu-rie,  Fr.  ivoire, 
from  L.  eboreus,  made  of  ivory,  from  ebur, 
ivory;  akin  Skr.  ibha,  an  elephant.]  The 
substance  composing  the  tusks  of  the  ele» 
phant;  a  similar  substance  obtained  from 
the  tusks  of  the  walrus,  the  hippopotamus, 
the  narwhal,  &c.— a.  Consisting  or  made 
of  ivory.— Ivory-black,  n.  A  fine  kind  of 
soft  black  pigmept,  prepared  from  ivory* 
dust  by  calcination.— Ivory-nut,  n.  The 
seed  of  a  South  American  palm,  about  as 
large  as  a  hen's  egg,  and  resembling  the 
finest  ivory  in  texture  and  colour,  and 
used  for  similar  purposes;  vegetable  ivory. 
-Ivory-palm,  n.  The  tree  \vhich  bears 
the  ivory-nut.  ^ 

Ivy,  i'vi,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ifig;  akin  to  G.  epheu, 
O.G.  ebeheu,  ebah,  ivy.]  An  evergreen 
climbing  plant,  plentiful  in  Britain,  and 
growing  in  hedges,  woods,  on  old  build- 
ings, rocks,  and  trunks  of  trees.— Ivied,  i'. 
vid,  a.    Covered  or  overgrown  with  ivy.    ■ 

Ixolyte,  ik'so-lit,  n.  [Gr.-  ixos,  bird-bme, 
and  lyO,  to  dissolve.]  A  mineral  of  a 
greasy  lustre  found  in  bituminous  coal, 
and'  becoming  .soft  and  tenacious  when 
heated. 

Izard,  Izzard,  iz'clrd,  n.  The  wild  goat  of 
the  Pyrenees;  the  ibex. 


Ji 


J.  The  tenth  letter  in  the  English  alpha- 
bet, and  the  seventh  consonant,  having  a 
sound  like  that  of  g  in  genius.  [Not  an 
original  English  letter.] 

Jabber,  jab'er,  v.i.  [A  form  equivalent  to 
gabble,  Sc.  gabber,  freq.  of  gab,  to  talk 
much  or  pertly.  Gab.]  To  talk  rapidly, 
indistinctly,  or  nonsensically;  to  utter 
gibberish;  to  chatter.— v.t.  To  utter  rapid- 
ly or  indistinctly  (to  jabber  French).— 
n.  Rapid  talk  with  indistinct  utterance  of 
words.— Jabberer,  jab'er-6r,  n.    One  who 

jabbers. 

Jablru,  jab'i-r8,  n.  [Brazilian  name.]  A 
tall  wading  bird  resembling  the  stork,  a 
native  of  Africa  and  America 

JacamaiS  jak'amar,  n.  [Brazilian  jaca- 
vmrica.]  The  name  of  certain  climbing 
birds  of  tropical  America,  nearly  allied  to 
the  kingfishers. 

Jacana,  jakVna,  n.  The  name  of  sundry 
tropicaj  grallatorial  birds,  having  very 
long  toes,  so  that  they  can  easily  walk  on 
the  leaves  of  aquatic  plants. 

Jacaranda,  jak-a-ran'da,  n.    The  name  of 


several  Brazilian  trees  yielding  fancy 
woods. 

Jacare,  jak'a-ra,  w.  [Brazilian.]  A  species 
of  Brazilian  alligator. 

Jacinth,  ja'siLth,  n.  The  gem  also  called 
Hyacinth. 

Jack,  .iak,  n,  [From  Fr.  Jacques,  L.  Jaco- 
bus, James.  Being  the  commonest  chris- 
tian name  in  France,  it  became  synony- 
mous with  rusiic  or  clown,  a  meaning 
which  it  also  had  in  England,  where,  how- 
ever, it  came  to  be  used  as  a  familiar  sub- 
stitute for  the  common  name  John,  in- 
stead of  for  James.]  A  familiar  substitute 
for  the  name  John;  a  popular  name  for  a 
sailor;  a  name  of_  various  contrivances  or 
implements;  an  implement  to  assist  a 
person  in  pulling  off  his  boots;  aboot-jack; 
a  contrivance  for  raising  great  weights  by 
the  action  of  screws;  a  contrivance  for 
turning  a  spit;  a  coat  quilted  and  covered 
with  leather,  formerly  worn  over  a  coat  of 
mail;  a  pitcher  of  waxed  leather;  a  black- 
jack; a  small  bowl  thrown  out  for  a  mark 
to  the  players  in  the  game  of  bowls;  a  flag 


■  displayed  ftrom  a  staflP  on  the  end  of  a 

bowsprit;  the  union  flag  of  Britain  (made 
by  uniting  the  crosses  of  St.  George,  St. 
Alldrew,  and  St.  Patrick) ;  the  male  of 
certain  animals,  as  the  ass;  the  fish  more 

.  commonly  called  the  pike;  a  young  pike; 
any  of  the  knaves  in  a  pack  of  cards. — 
Jack-ln-a-box,  n.  A  kind  of  toy  consisting 
of  a  box,  out  of  which,  when  the  lid  is 
opened,  a  figure  springs.  —  Jack-in-of&ce^ 
n.  One  who  is  vain  of  his  petty  office.— 
Jack-of-all-trades,  n.  A  person  who  can 
turn  his  hand  to  any  kind  of  business.— 
Jack-with-a-Lantem,  Jack-a-Lantern,  n. 
Will-o'-the-wisp,  a  meteor  that  appears  in 
lowmoist  lands.— Jackanape,  Jackanapes, 
jak'a-nap,  jak'a-njips,  n.  [Jack  the  ape,  or 
Jack  ofApes.^  A  monkey;  a  coxcomb;  an 
impertinent  fellow.  —  Jackass,  jak'as,  n. 

,  The  male  of  the  ass;  an  ignorant  or  stupid 
person.  —  Laughing  jackass,  a  species  of 
Australian  kingfisher.  —  Jack-boot,  n.  A 
kind  of  large  boot  reaching  up  over  tha 
knee.  —  Jackdaw,  jak'da,  n.  [A  name  of 
like  kind  with  Maapie,  Robin  redbreast. 


ch,  c^ain;     cA,Sc.  locft;   g,  90;    j,;ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sin^;     ?h,  tAen;  th,.lAin;     w,  wig;     wh,wW^;     zh,  asure. 


JACKAL 


372 


JASEY 


4c.]  A  small  species  of  crow.  —  Jack- 
hare,  n.  A  male  hare.  —  Jack- Ketch,  n. 
I  From  a  notud  executioner  of  this  uame.] 
A  imblic  hangman.  —  Jack-knife,  n.  A 
large  strong  cbisp-knife  for  the  pocket. — 
Jack-plane,  n.  A  plane  about  18  inches 
long  used  by  joiners  for  coarse  work. — 
Jack  -  pudding,  n.  (Comp.  the  German 
Hanswuist,  a  buffoon  or  merry-andrew — 
Hans,  J  ack,  and  wurst,  sausage,  pudding.] 
A  merry-andrew;  a  buffoon;  a  zany. — 
Jack-screw,  n.  A.  jack  for  lifting  heavy 
objects.  —  Jack-snipe,  n.  A  small  species 
of  snipe.  —  Jack-staff,  n.  A  staff  on  the 
bowsprit  of  a  vessel  on  which  the  jack 
is  flown.  —  Jack-straw,  n.  A  fieure  of  a 
man  made  of  straw ;  a  man  without  any 
substance  or  means;  a  dependant. — Jack- 
towel,  n.  A  coarse  towel  hanging  from  a 
roller  for  general  use. — Jack-tree,  n.  (Pro- 
perly jaca-tree,  from  jaca.  the  native 
name,  f  A  kind  of  bread-fruit  tree  belong- 
ing to  the  Malay  Archipelago,  its  fruit 
being  called  jack-fruit. 
Jackal,  jak'al,  n.  |  Fr.  chacal,  Turk,  chaial, 
Per.  sliughdl,  skagdl,  a  jackal.]  A  carniv- 
orous animal  closely  allied  to  the  dog  and 
the  wolf:  from  an  erroneous  notion  that 
the  jackal  hunted  up  prey  for  the  king  of 
beasts,  he  was  often  called  the  lion's  pro- 
vider; hence,  a  person  who  performs  a 
similar  office  for  another. 
Jacket,  -jak  'et,  n.  [Fr.  jaquetU,  dim.  of 
jaque,  a  coat  of  mail,  a  jacket.  J  ack..]  A 
short  outer  garment  exteudiog  downward 
to  the  hips;  an  outer  casing  of  cloth,  felt, 
wood,  &c  ,  a  casing  to  prevent  the  radia- 
tion of  heat  from  a  steam-boiler.— w.t.  To 
cover  or  furnish  with  a  jacket. — Jacketed, 
jak'et-ed,  p.  and  a.  Wearing  or  furnished 
with  a  jacket 

Jacobean,  Jacobian,  ja-ko'be-an,  ja-kolii- 
an,  a.  |L  Jacobus,  James,  from  Heb. 
Jacob.']  Arch,  the  term  sometimes  applied 
to  the  later  style  of  Elizabethan  architec- 
ture prevailing  in  the  age  of  James  1.— - 
Jacobin,  jak'o-bin,  n  [Fr,  from  L.  .^aco- 
bu3,  James  1  A  Gray  or  Dominican  Friar, 
from  these  friars  having  first  established 
themselves  in  Paris  in  the  Hue  .St. Jacques 
(Saint  James  Street);  a  member  of  a  club 
of  violent  republicans  in  France  during 
the  revolution  of  17S9;  a  politician  of  simi- 
lar character;  a  variety  of  pigeon  whose 
neck -feathers  form  a  hood.  — Jacobinic, 
Jacobinical,  jak-6-bia'ik,jak-o-bin'i-kal,a. 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  Jacobins 
of  France.— Jacobinlcally,  jak-o-biu'i-kal- 
li,adv.  In  a  manner  resembling  the  Jaco- 
bins.— Jacobinism,  jak'o-bin-izm,  n.  The 
principles  of  Jacobins. — Jacoblnize,  jak'o- 
bin-iz,  v.t.—Jacobinized,  jacobininng.  To 
taint  with  Jaoobitiism.— Jacobite,  jak'o- 
bit,n.  [From  L../a«o6v«, James  1  A  partisan 
or  adherent  of  James  II.  of  England  after 
he  abdicated  the  throne,  and  of  his  de- 
scendants. —  a.  Pertaining'  to  the  Jaco- 
bites.— Jacobitic,  Jacobitical,  jak-o-bit'ik, 
iak-o-bit'i-kal,  «t.  PeHaining  to  the  Jaco- 
Dites.  —  JacohlticaUy,  jak-o-bifi-kal-U, 
adv.  In  a  manner  resembling  the  Jaco- 
bites.— Jacobitlam,  jak'0-bit-izm,  n.  The 
£rinciples  of  the  Jacobites.  —  Jacob's- 
idder,  n.  A  favourite  cottage-garden 
plant  with  handsome  blue  (sometimes 
white)  flowers;  nav.t.  a  roj)e-laclder  with 
wooden  steps  or  spokes. — Jacob's-staff,  n. 
Cross-staff.  —  Jacobna,  ja-ko'bus,  n.  A 
gold  coin,  value  258.  sterling,  struck  in  the 
reign  of  James  I. 

Jaconet,  jak'o-net,  n.    [Tr.  jaconas;  origin 
doubtful.]  A  light  soft  muslin  of  an  open 
texture,  used  for  dresses,  neckcloths,  ic. 
Jacqoard-loom,  jak-kard',  n.    [From  Jac- 
guard  of  Lyons,  who  died  in  ISM.]    An 
ingenious  loom  for  weaving  figured  goods. 
Jacquerie,  zhak-rO,  n.    [Fr.,  from  Jcuqiies, 
James,  used  to  typify  a  pe-i&aut.    Jack.] 
An  insurrection  of  peasants;  oricrinally,  a 
revolt  of  the  peasants  apainst  the  nobles 
of  Picardy,  France,  in  1358. 
Jactitation,  jak-ti-ta  shon,  n.     [L.  jactUo, 
freq.  from  jacto,  freq.  of  jaeio,  to  throw. 
J  ET.  ]  A  frequent  tossing  of  the  body;  rest- 
lessness; also,  vain  boasting;  bragging. 
Jaculate,  jaku-lat,  v.t.    IL.  jaculor,  jacu- 
,  latus,  to  throw  the  iavelin,  from  jr-nilum, 
I  javelin,  jacio,  to   throw.]     To  dart;   to 


throw  out.  —  Jacnlatory,  jak'Q-la-to-ri,  o. 
Throwing  out  suddenly,  or  suddenly 
thrown  out;  uttered  in  short  sentences. 

Jade,  jad,  n.  (Sc.  yavd,  jaud,  an  old  mare; 
Icel.  jalda.  Prov.  Sw.  jcUda,  a  mare.]  A 
mean  or  poor  horse ;  a  worthless  nag ;  a 
mean  or  vile  woman;  a  hussy:  used  op- 
probriously ;  a  young  woman :  used  in 
humour  or  slight  contempt. — v.t.— jaded, 
jading.  To  ride  or  drive  severely;  to  over- 
drive; to  weary  or  fatigue. — vi.  To  become 
weary;  to  lose  spirit.  —  Jaded,  ja'ded,  p. 
and  a.  Wearied  out;  fatigued;  harassed. 
— Jadery,  ja'der-i,  n.  The  tricks  of  a  jade. 
— Jadlsh,  ja'dish,  a.  Like  or  pertaining 
to  a  jade. 

Jade,  jad,  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp.jade;  origin  un- 
known.] A  kind  of  hard  tenacious  stone, 
of  a  colour  more  or  less  green,  of  a  resinous 
or  oily  aspect  when  poUshed,  used  by  rude 
nations  for  implements  and  weapons; 
called  also  axe-stone  and  nephrite. 

Jag.  jag,  v.t.  —jagped,  jagging.  [Origin 
doubtful;  comp.  vv .  ind  Gael,  gag,  a  cleft 
or  chink;  Gael,  gag,  to  notch.]  To  notch; 
to  cut  into  notches  or  teeth  like  those  of 
a  saw. — n.  A  notch  or  denticulatiou ;  a 
sharp  protuberante  or  indentation.  — 
Jagged,  jag'ed,  p.  and  a.  Having  notches 
or  teeth;  cleft;  divided;  laciniate. — Jag- 
gedness,  jag'ea-nes,  n.  —  Jagger,  jag'tr,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  jags. — Ja«gy,  jag'i, 
a.  Set  with  jags  or  teeth;  notchedf;  jagged. 

Jaggery,  Jagghery,  jag'er-i,  n.  [Hmd. 
jdgri.]  In  the  East  Indies  sugar  in  its 
coarse  state;  imperfectly  granulated  sugar; 
also,  the  inspissated  juice  of  the  palmyra- 
tree. 

Jaghire,  jag-her',  n.  •  In  the  East  Indies, 
an  assignment  of  the  government  share  of 
the  produce  of  land  toan  individual,either 
personal  or  for  the  support  of  a  public 
establishment.  —  Jaghixdar,  jag-her-diir', 
n.    A  person  holding  a  jaghire. 

Jagnar,  ja-gwar',  n.  [Brazilian  jaguara.] 
The  American  tiger,  a  spotted  animal  the 
most  formidable  feline  quadruped  of  the 
New  World. 

Jah,  ja,  n.    [Heb.]    Jehovah. 

Jail,  jal,  n.  [Fr.  geile,  O.Fr.  gaiaU,  a  pri- 
son; L.L.  gabiola,  from  L.  cavea,  a  cage, 
coop,  den,  from  cavus,  hollow.  Cave.]  A 
prison;  a  building  or.place  for  the  confine- 
ment of  persons  arrested  for  debt  or  for 
crime.— f.<.  To  put  in  prison;  to  imprison. 
— Jailbird,  jal'Dfird,  n.  One  who  has  been 
confined  in  jail.— Jailer,  Jailor,  ja'l^r,  n. 
The  keeper  of  a  prison.— Jail-fever,  n.  A 
fever  generated  in  jails  sind  other  places 
when  overcrowded  with  people. 

Jain,  Jadna,  jan,  ja'na,  n.  One  of  a  Hindu 
religious  sect  believing  doctrines  similar 
to  those  of  Buddhism. — Jainism,  jan'izm, 
n.    The  doctrines  of  the  Jains. 

Jalap,  .ial'ap,  n.  [Fr.  jalap;  Sp.  jalapa, 
from  Jalapa  in  Mexico.)  A  purgative 
medicine,  principally  obtained  from  the 
tuberous  roots  of  a  climbing  plant  of  the 
convolvulus  family,  a  native  of  Mexico. — 
Jalapic,  ja-lap'ik,  a.    Relating  to  jalap. 

Jalousie,  zhal-<i-z5,  n.  [Fr.,  from  jaloiix, 
jealous.  Jealous]  A  wooden  frame  or 
blind  for  shading  from  the  sunshine,  much 
used  in  hot  countries;  a  Venetian  blind. 

Jam,  jam,  n.  (Ar  jantd,  congelation,  con- 
cretion; jajnid,  concrete,  conjealed]  A 
conserve  of  fruits  boiled  with  sugar  and 
water. 

Jam,  jam,  v.t.—jamvied,  jamming,  [Per- 
haps from  jami.  so  that  the  original  no- 
tion might  be  that  of  pressing  between 
two  uprights  or  jambs.]  J'o  wedge  in;  to 
squeeze  tight;  to  press  or  thrust  in.-  n.  A 
crush;  a  squeeze;  a  block  of  people. 

Jamb,  jam,  n.  |Fr.  javibe.  a  leg,  a  jam  be; 
akin  gambol,  gamvton.]  The  side  or  verti- 
cal piece  of  any  opening  in  a  wall,  such  as 
a  door,  window,  or  chimney,  supporting 
the  lintel. 

Jane,  jan,  n.    Same  as  Jean. 

Jangle,  jftng'gl,  v.i.  —  jangled,  jangling. 
1^0.  Fr.  jangler,  gangler,  from  L.(t.  and  D. 
rangelen,  to  brawl ;  imitative  of  sound.] 
To  sound  discordantly  or  harshly;  to 
quarrel  in  words;  to  altercate;  to  bicker; 
to  wrangle. — v.t.  To  cause  to  sound  harshl.v 
or  inharmoniously ;  to  utter  in  a  discor- 
dant manner.— ».  JDiscordant  sound;  prate; 


babble.— Jangler,  jang'glfer,  n.  A  prater; 
a  babbler. 

Janitor,  jan'i-ter,  n.  [L.,  from  janua,  a 
door.]  A  doorkeeper;  a  porter. — Janitrix, 
jan'i-triks,  n.    A  female  janitor. 

Janizary,  jan'i-za-ri,  n.  [Turk,  yeni,  new, 
and  tcheri,  militia,  soldiers.]  A  soloier  of 
the  Turkish  footguards,  a  body  originally 
composed  of  Christian  slaves,  but  sup- 
pressed after  a  terrible  struggle  in  182G. 

Jansenist,  jan'sen-ist,  n.  A  follower  of 
Jansen,  R.  Catholic  bishop  of  Ypres  in 
Flanders,  who  leaned  to  the  doctrine  of 
irresistible  grace  as  maintained  by  Calvin. 
— Jansenism,  jau'sen-izm,  n.  The  doctrine 
of  the  Jansenist^. 

Jantu,  Janta,  jan'to,  jfin'ta,  n.  A  machine 
for  raising  water  to  irrigate  land,  used  in 
Hindustan. 

Janty,  ic.    See  Jaunty. 

January,  jan'u-a-ri,  n.  [L.  jantMrius,  the 
month  consecrated  to  the  god  Janus,  a 
deity  represented  with  two  faces  looking 
opposite  ways.]  The  first  month  of  the 
year  according  to  the  present  computa- 
tion.—Janus-faced,  a.  Having  two  faces; 
double-dealing;  deceitful. — Janus-headed, 
a.     Double-headed. 

Japan,  ja-pau',  n.  [Prom  the  country  so 
called.]  Work  varnished  and  figured  in 
the  manner  practised  by  the  natives  of 
Japan;  the  varnish  employed  in  japanning 
articles;  japan-lactjuer.  —  v.t.  —japanned, 
japanning.  To  varnish  or  cover  with  japan- 
lacquer. —  Japanned  leather,  a  species  of 
enamelled  or  v.amished  leather.— Japan- 
earth,  n.  A  name  of  catechu  or  cutch,  an 
astringent  matter  procured  from  a  species 
of  acacia. — Japanese,  jap'a-n5zs  a.  Per- 
taining to  Japan  or  its  inhabitants.— n. 
A  native  or  native*  of  Japan;  the  language 
of  the  inhabitants  of  Japan.  —  Japan- 
lacquer,  71.  A  valuable  black  hard  varnish 
iisea  in  japanning.— Japanner,  ja-pan'tn, 
n.    One  who  japans. 

Japhetic,  ja-fet'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  Japketh, 
one  of  the  sons  of  Noah  (the  Japlieiie  na- 
tiousi. 

Jar,  ja.T,.vA.— jarred,  jarring.  [Also  found 
in  forms  cAwr.jwr,  and  imitative  of  sound: 
comp.  night-j'ar,  night-c/turr,  names  of 
the  goat-sucker  from  its  cry;  also  jargon, 
L.  garrio,  to  chatter.]  To  strike  together 
with  a  short  rattle  or  tremulous  sound;  to 
give  out  a  harsh  sound;  to  sound  discor- 
dantly; to  be  inconsistent;  to  clash  or  in- 
terfere; to  quarrel;  to  dispute.— w.t.  To 
cause  a  short  tremulous  motion  to;  to 
cause  to  shake  or  tremble. — n.  A  rattling 
vibration  of  sound;  a  harsh  sound;  clash 
of  interest  or  opinions;  collision;  discord. 
—  Jarringly,  jar'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  jarring 
manner. 

Jar,  jar,  n.  [Pr.  jare,  Sp.  jarra,  a  jar.  from 
Ar.  jarran,  a  water-pot.]  A  vessel  of  earth- 
enware or  glass,  of  various  shapes  and  di- 
mensions; the  contents  of  a  jar. 

Jardiniere,  zhar-don-yar,  u.  [Fr.,  a  female 
gardener,  a  gardener's  wifej  An  orna- 
mental stand  for  plants  and  flowers,  used 
as  a  decoration  of  an  apartment. 

Jargon,  jar'gon,  n.  [Fr.;  origin  doubtful. 
Jar,  v.i.]  Confused,  unintelligible  talk 
or  language;  gabble;  gibberish;  phrase- 
ology pecmiar  to  a  sect,  profession .  or  the 
like;"  professional  slang.— v.i.  To  utter  un- 
intelligible sounds.— Jargonize,  jar'gon-iz, 
v.i.    To  utt»-r  jargon. 

Jargon,  Jargoon,  jar'gon,  jar'gon,  n.  [Fr. 
jargon,  from  It.  giargone,  projierly  a  yel- 
low stone,  from  Pers.  zargihi,  goId<ol- 
oured.]  A  variety  of  zircon,  colourless  or 
coloured,  the  colourless  forms  resembling 
the  diamond.  —  Jargonelle,  jar-gonel',  n. 
I  Fr  ,  from  jargon,  the  mineral.]  A  variety 
of  early  pear. 

Jarool,  jii-rol',  n.  A  magnificent  timber- 
tree  of  India  and  Burmah,  the  wood  of 
which  being  very  durable  in  waiter  is 
much  valued  for  boat  and  shij.  building. 

Jarrah,  jar'ra,  n.  A  valuable  timber-tree 
of  West  Australia,  a  species  of  eucalyptus. 

Jarvey,  Jarvy,  jar'vi,n.  A  hackney-coach; 
the  driver  of  a  coach,  cab,  or  similar  con- 
veyance.   (Slang.  I 

Jasey,  ja'zi,  n  (Possibly  a  corruption  of 
J^sey,  as  being  made  of  Jersey  yam.]  A 
worsted  wig. 


Fate,  ftir,  fat.  fiill;     jnO,  met,  her;    jpisc,  )jiu;     note,  not,  miive;     tQbe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;   _ti»  Sn.  abwne— the  Fr,  u 


JASMIJJ^E 


373 


JET 


Jasmine,  Jasmin,  jaa'mia,  n.  [Ft.  jasrmin; 
At.-  and  ultimately  Pers.  y&aemin,  jas- 
Toine.]  The  name  of  several  elegant  erect 
or  climbing  slu'ubs,  with  white  or  yellow 
flowers,  from  some  of  which  delicious  per- 
fumes are  extracted. 

Jasper,  jas'pfer,  n.  fO-Fr.  jaipre,  Pr.  joBpe, 
L.  Gr.  icLSpis,  Ax.  yashb,  Heb.  yashpheh; 
hence  diaper.]  An  impure  opaque  cot- 
cured  quartz,  which  admits  of  an  elegant 
polish,  and  is  used  for  vases,  seals,  &c.— 
Jasperated,  jas'p6r-a-tedj  a.  Mixed  with 
jasper;  containing  particles  of  jasper. — 
Jaspeiy,jas'p6v-i,a.  Having  the  qualities 
of  jasper;  mixed  with  jasper.— Jaspidean, 
Jaspideous,  jas-pid'e-an,  jas-pid'e-us,  a. 
Like  jasper;  consisting  of  jasper,  or  par- 
taking of  jasper.  —  Jaspoid,  jas'poid,  a. 
Resembling  jasper.  —  Jasponyx,  jas'pS- 
niks,  n.  [L.  Gr.  iaaponyX—iaspis,  jaspen 
and  onyx.]  The  purest  horn  -  colo"ured 
onyx,  with  beautiful  green  zones. 
Jaumange,  zh5-manzh,  n.  [Fr;  jawn*,  yel- 
low, and  inanger,  meat.]  A  variety  of 
blanc  -  mange ;  Dutch  flummery.  Also 
called  JauTie-mange. 

Jaundice,  jan'dis,  n.  [O.E.  jaunes,  jaunis, 
Fr.  jauniase,  from  jaune,  O.Fr.  mine,  L. 
palbanus,  galbinus,  yellowish,  galbus,  yel- 
low ;  same  root  as  yellow.]  A  disease 
characterized  by  suppression  and  altera- 
tion of  the  liver  f  unctions,yellowness  of  the 
eyes  and  skin,  with  loss  of  appetite  and 
general  languor  and  lassitude;  any  feeling 
or  emotion  disorderinjr  the  judgment.— 
v.t.— jaundiced,  jaundicing.  To  affect  with 
jaundice;  to  aiiect  with  prejudice. 
Jaunt,  jant,  v.i.  [Formerly  jaunce,  from 
O.Fr.  jancer;  of  doubtfiu  origin.]  To 
Wander  here  and  there;  to  make  an  ex- 
cursion or  trip;  to  ramble.— n.  An  excur- 
sion; a  ramble;  a  short  journey.  —  Jaunt- 
ing-car, n.  A  light  car  used  in  Ireland  in 
which  the  passengers  ride  back  to  back  on 
folding-down  seats  placed  at  right  angles 
to  the  axle. 

Jaunty,  jan'ti;  a.  [O.E.  gent,  Sc.  genty, 
elegant,  pretty;  from  gentle,  genteel,  but 
modified  by  juiiftt.]  Gay  and  easy  in  man- 
ner or  actions ;  airy ;  sprightly ;  afifecting 
elegance;  showy.— Jauntily,  jan'ti-li,  adv. 
Briskly;  airily;  gaily.— Jauntlness,  jan'ti- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  jaunty. 
Javanese,  jav'a-nez,  a.  Relating  to  Java. — 
n.  A  native  of,  or  the  language  of  Java- 
Javelin,  jav'lin,  n.  [Fr.  javeline.  It.  giave- 
lina,  Sp.  jabahna;  oi  similar  origin  with 
gaf;  G.  gabsl  or  W.  gafl,  a  fork.j  A  light 
spear  thrown  from  the  hand,  in  use  in 
ancient  warfare  both  by  horse  and  foot. — 
v.t.  To  strike  or  wound  with  a  javelin. 
Jaw,  ja,  n.  [O.E.  chaw,  that  which  chaws 
or  chews.  Chew.]  The  bones  of  the  mouth 
in  which  the  teeth  are  fixed;  the  upper  or 
lower  bon.v  portion  of  the  mouth;  anything 
resembling  a  jaw  in  form  or  use  (the  jaws 
of  a  vice);  loquacity  or  talk  (a  vulgar 
Visage).  —  v.i.  To  talk  or  gossip ;  also,  to 
scold  (vulgar).— v.i.  To  use  hnpudent  lan- 
guage towards  (vulgar).-=-Jaw-Done,  n.  The 
bone  of  the  jaw  in  which  the  tee'th  are 
fixed.  —  Jawed,  jad,  a.  Having  jaws: 
mostly  in  composition.— Jaw-foot,  w.  The 
foot  of  a  crustacean  near  its  mouth.— Jaw- 
tooth,  n.  A  molar  tooth;  a  grinder. 
J*y.  ja,  n.  [Fr.  geai,  O.Fr.  gai,  Pr.  gai,jcii, 
Sp.  gayo;  same  origin  as  adjective  gay;  lit. 
the  gay  or  lively  bird.]  A  bird  allied  to 
the  crows,'  and  one  species  of  which,  a 
beautiful  bird  with  a  crest  of  erectile 
feathers,  is  a  native  of  Britain,  another 
(the  blue  jay)  is  anative  of  North  America, 
Jealous,  jel'us,  a.  [O.Ft.  jalous.  Ft.  jalottx. 
It.  geloao,  from  L.li.  zeloaus—li.  zelus,  Gr. 
zelos,  zeal.  The  word  is  therefore  another 
form  of  -zealous.]  Uneasy  through  fear  of, 
or  on  accoivnt  of,  preference  given  to  an- 
other; 'suspicious  in  love;  apprehensive  of 
rivalry;  suspiciously  vigilant;  anxiously 
fearful  or  careful ;  zealous.  —  Jealously, 
jel'us-li,  adv.  In  a  jealous  manner.— Jeal- 
ousness,  jel'us-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
jealous.— Jealousy Jel'us-i  ,n.  [Pr.jatotme.] 
The  quality  of  being  jealous;  uneasiness 
from  fear  of  being,  or  on  account  of  being, 
supplanted  by  a  rival;  apprehension  of  an- 
other's superiority  to  ourselves;  earnest 
solicitude. 


Jeojj,  jan,  n.  [Probably  from  Genoa.]  A 
twilled  cotton  cloth. — Satin  jean,  a  species 
of  jean  with  a  smooth  and  satiny  surface. 
Jedding-aze,  jed'ing-aks,  n.  A  cavil. 
Jeer,  jcr,  v.i.  [Perhaps  from  O.Fr.  girer, 
It.  girare,  L.  gyrarc,  to  turn  in  a  circle; 
bt.  it  might  be  to  walk  round  a  person 
and  jeer  nim.]  To  utter  severe  sdrcastic 
reflections;  to  scoff;  to  make  a  mock  of 
some  person  or  thing  {tojeer  at  a  person). 
— v.t.  To  treat  with  scoffs  or  derision ;  to 
make  a  mock  of;  to  deride;  to  flout. — n.  A 
scoff;  a  taunt;  a  flout;  a  gibe;  derision. — 
Jeerer,  je'rfer,  n.  One  who  jeers.  —  Jeer- 
i&£ly,  j6'ring-li,  adv.  In  a  jeering  man- 
ner. 

Jehovah,  je-h3'va,  n.  A  Scripture  name 
of  the  Supreme  Being,  the  proper  form  of 
which,  according  to  most  scholars,  should 
be  Yahveh  or  Yahweh.  —  Jehovlsi,  je-hS'- 
vist,  n.  The  supposed  author  or  authors 
of  the  JehovisHc  portions  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment. Elohist.— Jehovistic,je-ho-vl8'tik, 
a.  Pertaining  to  those  passages  in  the  Old 
Testament,  especially  of  the  Pentateuch, 
in  which  the  Supreme  Beiiig  is  spoken  of 
under  the  name  Jehovah.  Elohistic. 
Jehn,  je'hU,  «.  [From  Jehtt,  the  son  of 
Nimshi,  2  K.i.  ix.  20.]  A  slang  name  for  a 
coachman  or  one  fond  of  driving. 
Jejune,  je-jon',  a.  [li. jejunum, hungry,  dry, 
barren.]  Devoid  of  interesting  matter,  or 
attractiveness  of  any  kind:  said  especially 
of  literary  productions;  bare;  meagre;  bar- 
ren; unprofitable. —Jejunely,  je-jQn'li,  ado. 
In  a  pejune  manner.  —  Jejuneness,  Je^lu- 
i^ty.  je-jan'nes,  je-ja'ni-ti,  n.  The  quality 
or  condition  of  being  jejune. 
Jejunum,  je-ja'num,  n.  [L.,  from  jejunua, 
hungry  or  empty  .J  Anat.  the  second  por- 
tion of  the  small  intestine  comprised' be- 
tween the  duodenum  and  ileum. 
Jelly,  jel'i,  n.  [Fr.  gelie,  from  geler,  L. 
gelo,  to  freeze;  so  gelatine,  congeal.  Gelid.] 
Matter  in  aviscous  or  glutinous  state;  the 
inspissated  juice  of  fruit  boiled  with  sugar; 
a  transparent  gluey  matter  obtained  from 
animal  substances  by  decoction. — Jellied, 
jel'id,  a.  Brought  to  the  consistence  of 
jelly.— Jelly-bag,  n.  A  bag  through  which 
jelly  is  strained.— Jell^-fl3n,n.  The  popular 
name  of  various  marine  animals  which 
have  a  jelly-like  appearance;  a  medusa;  a 
sea-nettle. 

Jemidar,  Jemadar,  jem-i-dar',  jem-ardar', 
n.    [Hind,  jamad&r,  from  jama,  a  num- 
ber or  body,  and  ddr.s.  holder.]    A  native 
officer  in  the  Anglo-Indian  army  having 
the  rank  of  lieutenant. 
Jemmy,  jem'i,  o.    [Possibly  for  gemmy,  or 
connected  with  gim  of  gimcrack.]  Spruce; 
neat;  smart.    [CoUoq.]— Jemminess,  jem'i- 
nes,  n.    Spruceness;  neatness.    [CDlIoq.] 
Jemmy,  jem'i,  n.  [Slang— from  James.]    A 
short  stout  crowbar  used  by  house-br^akers 
for  opening  dcx)rs. 
Jennet,  jen'et,  n.    Genet. 
Jenneting,  jen'et-ing,  n.  [Perhaps  tot  jean- 
neton,  from  Fr.  Jean,  John;  St.  John's  ap- 
ple.]   A  species  of  early  apple. 
Jenny,  jen'i;  n.  [For  otwnj/,from  gin,  short 
for  engine,  influenced  by  its  resemblance 
to  a  common  female  name.]    A  machine 
for  spinning,  moved  by  water  or  steam. 
Jeopardy,  jep'6r-di,  n.  [O.E.  jupartie,  from 
Fr.  jeu  parti,  lit.  a  divided  game;  L.L. 
jocus   partltus,  an  even   chance.     Joke, 
Part.]  Exposure  to  death,  loss,  or  injury; 
hazard;  danger;  peril. — v.t.^^eopardied, 
jeopardying.    To  jeopardize.  —  Jeopard, 
jep'ferd,  v.t.    To  put  in  danger;  to  hazard. 
— Jeoparder,  jep'6r-d6r,  n.    One  who  jeo- 
pards.— Jeopardize,  jep'6r-diz,  v.t.    To  ex- 
pose to  loss  or  injury;  to  jeopard.  —  Jeo- 
pardous,  jep'fer-dus,  a.    Perilous;  hazar- 
dous. —  Jeopardously,  jep '  ^r-dus-U,  adv. 
With  risk  or  danger;  hazardously. 
Jerboa,  j6r-bo'a,.  n.    [Ar.  yerbda,  yerbila.] 
A  name  of  certain  small  rodents  mainly 
characterized    by    the    disproportionate 
length  of  the  hind-limbs. 
Jereed,  Jerid,  je-red ,  n.   A  wooden  javelin 
used  in  Persia  and  Turkey,  especially  in 
mqck  fis;ht8. 

Jeremiad,  Jeremiade,jer-5-mi'ad,n.  [From 
Jeremiah,  the  prophet.]  A  lamentation; 
a  tale  of  grief,  sorrow,  or  complaint:  used 
with  a  s'^iee  of  ridicule  or  mockery. 


Jerf alcoa,  jiSr'fa-kn,  n.    The  gyrfalccn. 
Jergue.    Jerque. 

Jerk,  j6rk,  v.t.  [Comp.  O.E.  and  Sc.  yerk,  a 
quick,  smart  lash  or  blow;  prov.  girk,  a 
rod;  perhaps  same  as  gird  (n.).]  To  thrust 
with  a  sudden  effort;  to  give  a  sudden  pull, 
twitch,  thrust,  or  push  to,  to  throw  with 
a  quick  smart  motion.  —  v.i.  To  make  a 
sudden  motion;  to  give  a  start.— n.  A  short 
sudden  thrust,  push,  or  twitch ;  a  jolt ;  a 
sudden  spring;  a  start;  a  leap  or  bound.— 
Je^er,  j6r'k6r,  re.  One  who  jerks:  also 
same  as  Jerquer.  —  Jerkingly.  j«r'king-li, 
adv.  In  a  jerking  manner.— Jerky,  jfer'ki, 
o.  Moving  by  or  exhibiting  jerks. 
Jerk,  j6rk,  v.t.  [Chilian  charqui.]  To  cut 
<beef)  into  long  thin  pieces,  and  dry  in  the 
aun,  as  is  done  in  S.  America.  Charqui. 
Jerkin,  j6r'kin,  n.  [Dim;  of  D.  jurk,  a 
ftock.]  A  jacket;  a  short  coat;  a  close 
waistcoat. 

Jerque,  Jergue,  j6rk,  jfirg,  v.t.  [Probably 
from  It.  cercare  (pron.  cher-),  Fr.  chercher, 
to  search.]  To  search  a  ship  (by  a  custom- 
house officer)  for  smuggled  goods.  —  Jer- 
quer, Jerguer  j6r  k6r,  j6r'g6r,  n.  An  officer 
of  the  customs  who  searches  vessels  for 
smuggled  goods. 

J«rsey,  j6r  zi,  n.  [From  the  island  so 
called.]  Pine  yam  of  wool;  a  kind  of  close- 
fitting  knitted  woollen  shirt. 
Jerusalem-artichoke,  jer-u  sa-lem,  n.  [Jer- 
usalem is  here  a  corruption  of  the  Italian 
ffirascle.  Girasole.J  A  well-known  plant, 
the  tubers  of  which  are  of  a  sweetish  far- 
inaoeous  nature,  somewhat  akin  to  the 
potato. 

Jess,  jes,  n.  [O.Fr.  ges,  gest,  get.  &c.,  from 
Ii.L.  jactua.a,  jess,  from  L.  joao,  jactum, 
to  tlyrow.  Jet.]  A  short  strap  of  leather 
fastened  round  each  of  the  legs  of  a  hawk, 
to  which  the  leash  tied  round  the  falconer's 
hand  was  attached.— Jessed,  jest,  a.  Hav- 
ing jesses. 

Jessamine,  jes'a-min,  n.  Jasmine. 
Jesse,  jes'se,  n.  [Prom  its  resemblance  to 
the  genealogical  tree  of  Jesse,  the  father 
of  David,  of  which  a  picture  used  to  be 
hung  up  in  churches.]  A  large  brass  can- 
dlestick branched  into  many  sconces,  used 
in  churches. 

Jest,  jest,  n.  [O.E.  geste,  a  jest,  a  tale,  from 
L.  gestum,  something  done,  a  deed,  a  feat, 
from  gero,  to  do,  wJience  gesture,  &c.]  A 
JCke;  something  ludicrous  uttered  and 
meant  only  to  excite  laughter;  the  object 
of  laughter ;  a  laughing-stock.  —  In  jest, 
for  mere  sport  or  diversion;  not  in  truth 
and-reality;  not  in  eam§8t.— v.i.  To  make 
merriment  by  words  or  actions;  to  utter 
jests ;  to  talk  jokingly;  to  joke.  —  Jest- 
book,  n.  A  book  containing  jests,  jokes, 
or  funny  anecdotes.  —  Jester,  jes'tSr,  n; 
One  who  jests;  a  person  given  to  jesting; 
a  buffoon;  a  merry-andrew;  a  person  for- 
merly retained  by  persons  of  rank  to  make 
sport  for  them. — Jestingly,  jes'ting-li,acJ«. 
In  a  jesting  manner;  not  in  earnest. 
Jesuit,  jez'a-it,  n.  [One  of  the  order  or 
Societjr  of  Jesus.]  One  of  a  religious  order 
belonging  to  the  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
founded  by  Ignatius  Loyola  in  the  16th 
century;  a  crafty  person;  an  intriguer. — 
Jesuitic  Jesuitical,  jez-U-it'ik,  jez-a-it'i- 
kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Jesuits  or  their 
principles  and  arts;  designing;  cunning; 
deceitful ;  prevaricating.  —  Jesuitically, 
jez-Q-it'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  Jesuitical  man- 
ner; craftily.  —  Jesuitlsh,  jez'U-it-ish,  a. 
Somewhat  Jesuitic.  —  Jesuitism,  jez'a-it- 
izm,  n.  The  arts,  principles,  and  prac- 
tices of  the  Jesuits.- Jesuitry,  jez'a-it-ri, 
n.  The  principles  and  practices  of  the 
Jesuits;  cunning;  deceit. — Jesuits'-hark, 
n.    Peruvian  bark. 

Jesus,  jg'zus,  re.  [Gr.  Ksous,  from  Heb. 
Jeshua,  Jehosuah, '  help  of  Jehovah.']  The 
Son  of  God;  the  Saviour  of  men:  frequently 
conjoined  with  Christ  (which- see). 
Jet,  jet,  re.  [Old  forms  jedt,- jayet,  O.Fr. 
jayet,  gayet,  from  Gr.  gagates,  from  Gagce, 
a  town  and  river  in  Lycia,  where  it  was 
obtained.]  A  highly  compact  species  of 
coal  susceptible  of  a  good  polish,  deep 
black  and  glossy,  wrought  into  buttons 
and  ornaments  of  various  kinds.  —  Jet- 
black,  a.  Of  the  deepest  black,  the  colour 
of  jet.— Jettiness,  jet'i-nes,  re.    Quality  of 


cb,  cAaiu;    cA,  Sc.  Ioca;    g,goi    j./ob;    n,  Fr.  ton;    D8,ang;    >h,  tAen;  tb,  (Ain;    v,  tcig;    wh,  wAig;    ib,  acme. 


JET 


374 


JOINT 


Iteiag  jttty;  blackness.  —  Jetty,  jet'i,  o. 
Made  of  jet,  or  black  as  jet. 
Jet,  jet,  n.  (Fr.  jet,  a  throw,  a  jet,  a  foun- 
taiYi,  from  L.  jactus,  a  throwing,  from 
jacio,  to  throw,  which,  with  the  connected 
jaceo,  to  lie  (to  be  thrown),  enters  into  a 
number  of  E.  words,  as  aoject,  adjective, 
adjacent,  conjecture,  gist,  interjection,  jetty, 
reject,  &c.]  A  shooting  forth  or  spouting; 
what  issues  or  htreams  forth  from  an  ori- 
fice, as  water  or  other  fluid,  gas  or  flame. 
— v.i.— jetted,  jetting.  [i'T.jeter,  to  throw,- 
from  L.  jactare,  freq.  of  jacio,  to  throw. 
Jut  is  the  same  word.]  To  issue  in  a  jet; 
to  shoot  out;  to  project;  to  jut. — v.t.  To 
emit;  to  spout  forth. 

Jetsam,  Jetson,  jet'sam,  jet'sun,  n.    [From 
jet,  to  throw;  comp.^'(o<sam,.rtotsoii.]    The 
throwing  of  goods  overboard  in  order  to 
lighten  a  ship  in  a  tempest  for  her  pre- 
servation; the  goods  thus  tlirown  away. 
Jetty,  Jettee,  jet'i,  jet'e,  n.    [O.Ft.  jettie, 
I'T.jetee,  from  O. Fr.  getter,  to  throw.  Jet.] 
A  projecting  portion  of  a  building;  a  pro- 
jection of  stone,  wood,  or  other  material 
(generally  of  piles),  affording  a  convenient 
place  for  landing  from  and  discharging 
vessels  or  boats;  a  kind  of  small  pier.— 
Jettyhead,  jet'i-hed,  n.  A  projecting  part 
at  the  outer  end  of  a  wharf. 
Jew,  jQ,  n.    (O.Fr.  Jziis;  L.  Judceus,  from 
Judcea,  so  named  from  Judah,  the  tribe 
wliich  had  the  first  and  largest  portion 
west  of  the  Jordan.]  A  Hebrew  or  Israeli 
ite. — Jewess,  ju'es,  n.    A  Hebrew  woman. 
-—Jewish,  j  Q'ish,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Jews 
or  Hebrews. — Jewishly,  ju'ish-li,  adv.    In 
a  Jewish  manner. — Jewlshness,  ja'ish-nes, 
n.     The    condition   of   being   Jewish. — 
Jewry,  jQ'ri,  n.    Judaea;  also,  a  city  quar- 
ter inliaoited  by  Jews. — Jews'-liarp,jlws'- 
tramp.  ii.   An  instrument  of  music  which 
is  held  between  the  teeth  and  by  means 
of  a  thin  beat  metal  tongue  struck  by  the 
finger,  gives  out  a  sound. 
Jewel,  ja'el,  n.    lO.Fr.  jouel,  joiel,  joel  (Fr. 
joyau),  either  from  L.L.  joeale,  a  jewel, 
from  li.  jocure,  to  jest,>oc«s,  a  jest  (whence 
joke),  or  from  L.L.  paudiale,  from  L.  gau- 
dium,  joy  (whence  joy).\   A  personal  orna- 
ment in  which  precious  stones  form  a 
principal  part;  a  precious  stone;  anything 
of  exceeding  value  or  excellence. — v.t. — 
jewelled,  jewelling.  To  dress  or  adorn  with 
jewels;  to  fit  or  pi'ovide  with  a  jewel  (as  a 
watch);  to  deck  or  adorn  as  with  jewels. — 
Jewel-case,  n.    A  case  for  holding  orna- 
ments and  jewels.  —  Jeweller,  ju'el-er,  n. 
One  who  makes  or  deals  in. jewels  and 
other  ornaments.  —  Jewellery,  Jewelry, 
ju'el-er-i,  jtUel-ri,  n.   The  trade  or  occupa- 
tion of  a  jeweller;  jewels  in  general. 
Jezebel,  jez'e-bel,  n.     [From  Jezebel,  the 
,  infamous  wife  of  Ahaib,  king  of  Israel.] 
An  unscrupulous,  daring,  vicious  woman. 
Jib,  jib,  n.   [From  Pan.  gihbe,  D.  gijpen,to 
.,  turn  suddenly,  said  of  sails.]  The  foremost 
'  alii  of  a  ship,  triangular  in  shape  and  ex- 
tended from  the  outer  end  of  the  jib-ljoom 
toward  the  foretopmast-head;  in  sloops,  a 
sail  on  the  bowsprit,  and  extending  to- 
wards the  lower  masthead;  the  projecting 
beam  or  arm  of  a  crane.  —  Jib,  Jibe,  jib, 
jib,  v.t.— jihhed, jibbing:  jihed,  jibing.  Naut. 
to  shift  fa  fore-and-aft  sail)  from  one  side 
to  the  other. — Jib-boom,  n.    A  spar  run 
out  from  the  extremity  of  the  bowsprit, 
and  which  serves  as  a  continuation  of  it. 
Jib,  Jibe,  jib,  jib,  v.i.— jibbed,  jibbing;  jibed, 
jibing.    [O.Fr.  giber,  to  struggle;  refibber, 
to  kick.)     To  pull  against  tne  bit,  as  a 
hoi-se;  to  move  restively  sideways  or  back- 
wards.—Jibber,  jib'tr,  n.    One  who  jibs;  a 
horse  that  jibs. 
Jibe,  jib,  v.t.    To  jeer.    Gibe. 
Jiffy,  jif'i,  n.    [Prov.  E.  jiffle,  to  be  restless; 
f  comp.  jib,  to  turn  suddenly.]    A  moment; 
'  an  instant.    [CoUoq. ) 
Jig.  jigi  «•    [O.B^.  gigue,  gige,  a  stringed 
instrument;  the  same  word  as  gig.]    A 
quick  light  dance;  a  light  quick  tune  or 
air,  generally  in  triple  time— v.i.— jigged, 
jigging.    To  dance  a  jig;  to  move  with  a 
light  jolting  motion.— w.<.  To  sing  in  the 
style  of  a  jig,  or  in  jig  time.    \Shak.}- 
'  Jlgglsh,  jig'ish,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  smt- 
)  able  to  a  jig.  '■"■ 

Jigger,  j  ig'Or,  n.  Mining,  a  roan  who  cleans 


ores  by  mpans  of  a  wir^-bottoni  bitve;  tho 
sieve  itself:  a  kind  of  light  tackle  used  in 
ships;  a  potter's  wheel  by  which  earthen- 
ware vessels  are  shaped.  —  Jigger-mast,  n. 
The  mast  furthest  aft  in  a  four-masted 
vessel,  bearing  the  jigger,  a  sail  extended 
by  a  gafl"  and  boom.     Similarly  Jigger- 
topmast,  Jigger-stay,  &c. 
Jigger,  jig'er,  n.    [Chigoe.]    The  chigoe. 
Jigjog,  jig'jog,  n.    [Keduplication  of  jog.} 
A  jolting  motion;  a  jog;  a  push. — a.  Jolt- 
ing. 
Jig-saw,  n.    A  saw  •with  a  vertical  motion, 
moved  by  a  vibrating  lever  Or  crank  rod. 
Jilt,  jilt,  n.    [Contr.  from,  jittet,  a  dim.  of 
jill,  gilt,  a  young  woman,  a  giddy  girl. 
Gill.]  Awoman  who  gives  her  lover  hoi)e8 
and  capriciously  disappoints  him:  some- 
times used  of  a  man;  a  name  of  contempt 
for  a  woman. — v.t.  To  treat  as  a  Jill  does 
her  lover;  to  play  the  jilt  to;  to  trick  in 
love.— v.i.  To  play  the  jilt. 
Jimcrack,  jim'krak,  n.    Giucrack. 
Jimmy,  jim'i,  n.    Jemmy. 
Jingle,  jing'gl,  v.i.— jingled,  jingling.  [Pro- 
bably imitative,  like  jangU,  chink,  tinkle, 
6.  klingeln.]    To  sound  with  a  tinkling 
metallic  sound;  to  clink,  as  money,  chains, 
or  bells.— v.t.  To  cause  to  give  a  tinkling 
metallic  sound. — n.  A  rattling  or  clinking 
sound,  as  of  metal;  something  that  jinglesj 
a  little  bell  or  rattle;  correspondence  oi 
sound  in  rhymes. 

Jingo,  jing'go,  n.  [From  Basque  Jingo, 
God,  or  a  corruption  of  St.  Gingoulph:  in 
the  second  sense  from  the  words  '  by  jingo ' 
occurring  in  a  stupid  war-song  that  had 
some  popularity  in  1877-*.]  An  expletive 
nsed  as  a  mild  oath;  a  person  clamorous 
for  war  or  not  eager  to  avoid  it  (in  this 
sense  with  plural  Jingoes). 
Jinnee,  jin'ne,n.  pl.Jinn,  jin.  Mohammedan 
myth,  one  of  a  race  of  genii,  angels,  or 
demons. 
Job,- job,  n.  [A  form  of  Prov.  E.  gob,  a 
lump,  a  portion;  akin  gobbet]  A  piece  of 
work  undertaken;  any  petty  work  or  un- 
dertaking at  a  stated  price;  work  turned 
out;  a  public  transaction  done  for  private 
profit;  an  undertaking  set  agoing  pro- 
fessedly in  the  public  interest,  but  really 
to  benefit  the  promoters. — v.t.^obbed,  job- 
bing. To  let  out  to  be  done  in  separate 
portions  or  jobs;  to  let  out,  as  horses  or 
carriages  for  hire;  to  engage  for  one's  own 
use  for  hire;  to  buy  in  large  quantity  and 
sell  in  smaller  lots. — v.i.  To  work  at  ch.ance 
jobs ;  to  deal  in  the  public  stocks;  to  buy 
and  sell  as  a  broker;  to  let  or  hire  horses  or 
carriages;  to  pervert  some  public  undertak- 
ing to  private  advantage.— a.  Applied  to 
goods  bought  and  sold  under  special  cir- 
cumstances, and  generally  under  the  ordi- 
nary trade-price. — Jobber,  job'er,  n.  One 
who  jobs;  one  who  works  at  jobs;  one  who 
lets  or  hires  out  carriages  or  horses;  one 
who  deals  or  drvbbles  in  stocks;  a  stock-job- 
ber.—Jobbery,  job'tr-i,  71.  Act  or  practice 
of  jobbing ;  unfair  and  underhand  means 
used  to  procure  some  private  end  at  pub- 
lic expense. — Jobbing,job'ing,  o.  Applied 
to  a  person  who  works  by  the  job  (a  lob- 
bing gardener,  &c.). — Job-master,  n.  One 
who  hires  or  lets  out  carriages,  horses,  &c. 
— Job-printer,  n.  A  printer  who  does  mis- 
cellaneous work,  as  bills,  circulars,  <Sx. 
Job,  job,  v.t.  [From  Celtic  gob,  the  mouth. 
Gobbet.]  To  peck,  stab,  or  strike  with 
something  sharp.  [Now  provincial.] 
Job's  -  comforter,  joo,  n.  [From  Job  of 
Scripture.]  One  who  pretends  to  sympa- 
thize with  you,  but  attributes  yoiu  mis- 
fortunes to  your  own  misconduct. 
Job-watch,  job'woch,  n.  Same  as  Hack- 
watch. 

Jockey,  jok'i,  n.  [For  Jockey,  dim.  of  Jack, 
for  John;  Jockey  and  Jock  being  Nor- 
thern English  forms.  Jack.]  A  man  whose 
profession  it  is  to  ride  horses  in  horse- 
races; a  dealer  in  horses;  a  tricky  or 
cheating  fellow  in  trade  affairs. — v.t. — 
jockeyed  or  jockied,  jockeying.  To  ride  in 
a  race;  to  jostle  by  riding  against;  to 
cheat;  to  trick;  to  deceive  in  trade. — 
Jockeylsm,  jok'i -izm,  n.  .  Practice  of 
jockeys.— Jockeyship,  jok'i-ship,  n.  The 
art  or  practice  of  riding  horses.  ^ 

Jocose,  jo-kos',  a.    [L.  jocosus,  from  joeug. 


a  joke.  JOR.E.J  Given  to  jokes  and  jest- 
ing; merry;  waggish;  containing  a  juke; 
sportive;  merry.— Jocosely,  jO-kOs'li,  adv. 
In  a  jocose  manner.  —  Jocoseness,  jo-kos'- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  jocose.— 
Joco-serious,  j6-ko-s6 'ri-us,  a.  Partaking 
of  mirth  and  seriousness.  —  Jocosity,  jo- 
kos'i-ti,  n.  Jocularity;  merriment;  wag- 
gery; a  jocose  act  or  saying. — Jocular,  jok'- 
u-ler,  a.  [L.  yocuZaris,  from  j'ocus.]  Given 
to  jesting;  jocose;  merry ;  waggish ;  con- 
taining jokes;  facetious. — Jocularity,  jok- 
u-lar'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  jocu- 
lar. —  Joculaxly,  jok'a-l6r-li,  adv.  In  a 
jocular  manner. 

Jocund,  jok'und,  a.  [Jj.  jocundus,jucundus, 
connected  with  juvenis,  a  young  man, 
juvare,  to  assist  (as  in  adjutant,  coadjutor); 
E.  young.]  Jlerry;  cheerful:  blithe;  glee- 
ful; gay;  sprightly;  sportive;  light-hearted. 
—  Jocundity,  Jocundness,  jo-kun'di-ti, 
jok'und-nes,  n.  State  of  being  jocund. — 
Jc  cundly,  jok'und-li,  adv.  In  a  jocund 
iu;iniier;  blithely. 
Jog,  jog,  v.t.— jogged,  jogging.  [Perhaps  a 
form  of  jag,  or  allied  t?  W.  gogi,  to  shake.] 
To  push  or  shake  with  the  elbow  or  hand; 
to  give  notice  or  excite  attention  by  a 
slight  push. — w.t.  To  move  at  a  slow  trot; 
to  walk  or  travel  idly  or  slowly ;  to  move 
along  with  but  little  progress :  generally 
followed  by  on.—n.  A  push;  a  slight 
shake;  a  shake  or  push  intended  to. give 
notice  or  awaken  attention;  car)),  and 
masonry,  a  square  notch.  —  Jogger,  jog'- 
6r,  n.  One  who  jogs. — Joggle,  jog'l,  v.t. — 
joggled,  joggling.  [Fieq.  ot  jog.]  To  shake 
slightly;  to  give  a  sudden  but  slight  push; 
carp,  to  join  or  match  by  jogs  or  notches 
so  as  to  prevent  sliding  apart.  —  v.i.  To 
push ;  to  shake ;  to  totter.  —  n.  A  joint 
made  by  means  of  jogs  or  notches;  a  joint 
held  in  place  by  means  of  pieces  of  stone 
or  metal  introduced  into  it;  the  piece  of 
metal  or  stone  used  in  such  a  joint.— Jog- 
trot, n.  A  slow,  easy  trot;  hence,  a  slow 
routine  of  daily  duty  to  which  one  perti- 
naciously adheres. — a.  Monotonous;  easy- 
going; humdrum. 

Johannisberg,  jo-han'is-b6rg,  n.  fFrom  the 
castle  of  the  name  near  Wiesbaden,  v/here 
the  wine  is  made.]  The  finest  and  most 
expensive  of  the  Rhenish  wines. 
John,  jou,  n.  [L.  Johannes,  Joannes,  Gr. 
Joannas,  from  Heb.]  A  proper  name  of 
men. — John  Bull,  a,  huraoTous  designation 
of  the  English  people,  first  used  in  Ar- 
buthnot's  satire  The  History  of  John  Bull. 
— John-crow,  n.  A  AVest  Indian  name 
for  the  turkey -buzzard.  —  John-dory,  n. 
Dory.— Johnny -cake,  jon'i,n.  In  America, 
a  cake  made  of  the  meal  of  maize  mixed 
with  water,  and  baked  on  the  hearth. — 
Johnny -raw,  n.  A  raw  beginner;  a  novice. 
[Sportive.] 

Johnsonese,  jon-8on-5z',  n.  The  style  or 
language  of  Dr.  Johnson,  or  an  imitation 
of  it;  a  pompous  inflated  style. 
Join,  join,  v.t.  [Fr.joindre,from  Jj.  jungere, 
junctum,  to  join,  seen  in  many  E.  words, 
as  junction,  juncture,  adjoin,  conjoin,  en- 
join, rejoin,  conjugal,  conjugate,  Ac;  same 
root  as  Skr.  yuj,  to  join;  E.  yoke.]  To  con- 
nect or  bring  together,  physically  or  other- 
wise; to  place  in  contiguity;  to  couple;  to 
combine;  to  associate;  to  engage  in  (to  joi»i 
the  fray);  to  make  one's  self  a  party  in;  to 
become  connected  with;  to  unite  with;  to 
enter  or  become  a  member  of ;  to  merge 
in  (to  join  the  army,  one  river 'joins  iin- 
other). —  To  join  battle,  to  engage  in  battle. 
—  To  join  issue.  Under  Issue. — v.i.  Tu  lie 
contiguous  or  in  contact;  to  form  a  physi- 
cal union;  to  coalesce;  to  unite  or  become 
associated,  as  in  marriage,  league,  partner- 
ship, society;  to  confederate;  to  associate; 
to  league.— Joiner,  joi'ntr,  n.  One  who 
joins;  a  mechanic  who  does  the  wood-work 
of  houses;  a  carpenter, — Joinei-y,  joi'ner-i, 
n.  The  art  of  a  joiner;  carpentry. — Join- 
ing, joi'ning,  n.  A  joint. 
Joint,  joint,  n.  [Fr.  joint,  from  joindre, 
pp.  joiTit,  to  join.  Join.]  The  place  or 
part  at  which  two  separate  things  are 
joined  or  united;  the  mode  of  connection 
of  two  things;  junction;  articulation; 
one  of  the  large  pieces  into  which  a  car- 
cass is  cut  up  liy  the  butcher;  auat.  the 


iLitJ,firvfattfi)ll;     me,  met,  hOr;     pice.pia;  _EMte^iiQt^iii()ve;     tobe,  tub,  b\ill;     oil,  pound;     0,  Sc.  abwne— the  Fr.  u. 


OIST 


375 


JTIDGB 


joining  oi  two  or  more  bones,  as  in  the 
elbow,  the  knee,  or  the  knuckle;  bot  a 
node  or  knot;  also,  the  part  between  two 
nodes;  an  intemode;  geol.  a  fissure  or 
line  of  partiug  in  rocks  at  any  angle  to 
the  plane  of  stratification;  bvilding,  the 
surface  of  contact  between  two  bodies 
that  are  held  firmly  together  by  means  of 
cement,  mortar,  &c.,  or  by  a  superincum- 
bent weight;  the  place  whete  or  the  mode 
in  which  one  piece  of  timber  is  connected 

"with  another.  Dove-tail,  Scarf,  Mitre, 
MoRTisK,  Tenon.  —  Universal  joint,  a  me- 
chanical arrangement  by  which  one  part 
may  be  made  to  move  freely  in  all  direc- 
tions in  relation  to  another  connected 
part.  —  Out  of  joint,  dislocated,  as  when 
the  head  of  a  bone  is  displaced  from 
its  socket ;  hence,  figuratively,  confused ; 
disordered.  —  a.  Shared  by  two  or  more 
(joint  property);  having  an  interest  in 
the  same  thing  {joint  owner);  united;  com- 
bined; acting  in  concert  "(a  joint  force, 
joint  efforts). — v.t.  To  form  with  a  joint  or 
joints;  to  asticulate;  to  unite  by  a  joint  or 
joints;  to  fit  together;  to  cut  ot  divide 
into  joints  or  pieces.— «i.i.  To  coalesce  by 
joints. — Jointed,  join'ted,  ».  and  a.  Pro- 
vided with  joints;  formed  with  knots  or 
nodes.— Jointediy,  join'ted-li,  adv.  In  a 
jointed  manner.  —  Jointer,  join'ter,  n.' 
One  who  or  that  which  joints. — Joint- 
heir,  n.  An  heir  having  a  joint  interest 
with  another. — Jointly,  joint'Ii,  adv.  In 
a  joint  manner;  together;  unitedly;  in 
concert.  —  Joiut-atock,  n.  Stock  held  ia 
company. — Joint-stock  company,  an  asso- 
ciation of  a  number  of  individuals  who 
jointly  contribute  funds  for  the  purpose 
of  carrying  on  a  specified  business  or  un- 
dertaking, of  which  the  shares  are  trans- 
ferable by  ep,ch  owner  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  other  partners.— Joint-tenant, 
n.  Law,  one  who  holds  an  estate  along* 
with  another,  and  if  the  other. dies  takes 
the  whole.— jointure,  join'tur,  n.  Pro- 
perty settled  on  a  woman  in  consideration 
of  marriage,  and  which  she  is  to  enjoy  after 
her  husband's  decease.  —  f.<. — jointured, 
jointuring.  To  settle  a  jointure  upon. 
Joist,  joist,  n.  [O.Pr.  giste,  Fr.  gtte,  a  bed, 
a  place  to  lie  on,  L.L.  gista,  from  L.  jad- 
trim,  pp.  oijacere,  to  lie.  Jet,  Gist.]  One 
of  the  stout  pieces  of  timber  to  which. the 
boards  of  a  floor  or  the  laths  of  a  ceiling 
are  nailed,  and  which  are  supported  by 
the  walls  or  on  girders.— v.t.  To  fit  or  fur- 
nish with  joists. 

Joke,  jok,  n.  [L.  jocug,  Fr.  jeu.  It.  giuoco, 
gioco,  a  jest;  same  root  as  jacio,  to  throw 
(Jet).  Akin  jocose,  jocular,  jvggler,  jeo- 
pardy.1  Something  said  for  the  sake  of 
exciting  a  laugh;  something  witty  or 
sportive;  a  jest;  what  is  not  in  earnest  or 
actually  meant. — A  practical  joke,  a  trick 
played  on  one,  usually  to  the  injury  or 
annoyance  of  his  person. — In  joke,  in  jest; 
with  no  serious  intention.  —  v.i. — joked, 
joking.  To  jest;  to  utter  jokes;  to  jest  in 
words  or  actions.— w.i.  To  cast  jokes  at; 
to  make  merry  with;  to  rally. -Joker, 
jo'ker,  n.  A  jester;  a  merry  fellow.— Jok- 
ingly, j5'king-li,  adv.  In  a  joking  manner. 
Jole,  Joll,  jol,  n.  [Jowl.  Hence  jolt]  The 
jowl;  the  head.— y.t.J  To  knock  the  jole  or 

'  head  against;  to  clash.  [Shak.] 
Jolly,  jol'i,  a.  [O.Fr.  joli,  jolif,  Fr.  joli, 
gay,  merry,,  from  the  Scand.,  and  origi- 
nally referring  to  the  festivities  of- Christ- 
mas; from  Icel.  j6l,  Sw.  and  Dan.  jul,  E. 
yule,  Christmas.  Yule.]  Merry;  gay; 
lively ;  full  of  life  and  mirth;  jovial;  ex- 
pressing mirth;  exciting  mirth  or  gaiety; 
J)lump;  in  excellent  condition  of  body. — 
roUification,  jol'i-fi-ka"shon,  n.  A  scene  of 
merriment,  mirth,  or  festivity;  a  carouse; 
merry-making. — JoUily,  jol'i-li,  adv.  In 
a  jolly  manner.  —  Jolliness,  jol'i-nes,  n. 
The  quality  or  condition  of  being  jolly.— 
Jollity,  jol'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
jolly;  mirth;  gaiety;  festivity;  jovialty. 
Jolly-boat,  n:  [Jolly  here  is  same  as  Dan. 
jolle,  D.  jol,  a  yawl,  a  joUy-boat.J  One  of 
a  ship's  boats,  about  12  feet  in  length, 
with  a  bluff  bow;  a  yawl. 
Jolt,  jolt,  v.i.  [From  jole,  joli.]  To  shake 
\  with  short  abrupt  risings  and  fallings,  as 
'  a  carriage  moving  on  rough  gronnA.'—v.t. 


To  shake  with  sudden  jerks,  as  in  a  car- 
riage or  on  a  high-trotting  horse. — n.  A 
shock  or  shake  by  a  sudden  jerk,  as  in  a 
carriage.- Jolter,  jol'ter,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  jolts.  —  Joltingly,  jol'ting-li, 
adv.  In  a  jolting  manner. 
Jonquil,  Jonquille,  jon'kwil,  a.  [Fr.  jon- 
quille;  It.  giunchiglia,  dim.  from  L.  jwir 
cua,  a  rush.]  A  species  of  narcissus  or 
daffodil,  with  rush-like  leaves  and  flowers 
that  yield  a  fine  perfume. 
Jorum,  jo'rum,  n.  [Perhaps  a  corruption 
of  Jordan,  a  vessel  in  which  pilgrims 
brought  home  water  from  the  Jordan.] 
A  colloquial  term  for  a  bowl  or  drinking 
vessel  with  liquor  in  it. 
Joseph,  jo'zef,  n.  -  [Probably  in  allusion  to 
Joseph's  coat  of  many  colours.]  A  riding 
coat  or  habit  for  women,  formerly  much 
in  use. 

Joss,  jos,  n.  [Chin,  joss,  a  deity,  from  Pg. 
deos,  from  L.  deus,  a  god.]  A  Chinese 
idol. — Joss-house,  n.  A  Chinese  temple. — 
Joss-stick,  n.  In  China,  a  small  reed 
covered  with  the  dust  of  odoriferous  woods, 
and  hurned  before  an  idol. 
Jostle,  ps'l,  v.t— jostled,  jostling.  [A  dim. 
from  joust.]  To  push  against;  to  crowd 
against ;  to  elbow ;  to  hustle.  —  v.i.  To 
hustle;  to  shove  about  as  in  a  crowd. 
Jot,  jot,  n.  [From  iota,  the  smallest' letter 
in  the  Greek  alphabet.  Iota.]  An  iota; 
a  point;  a  tittle;  the  least  quantity  assign- 
able.— v.t— jotted,  jotting.  To  write  down 
in  a  diary  or  memorandum.-book;  to  make 
amemorandum of.— Jotter, jot'6r,re.  One 
who  jots;  a  book  for  memoranda.— -Jotting, 
jot'ing,  n.  A  memorandum. 
Joumai,  jfer'nal,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  diuma- 
lis,  diurnal,  from  dies,  a  day.  Diurnal, 
Dial,  Diary.]  A  diary;  an  account  of 
daily  transactions  and  events,  or  the  book 
containing  such  account :  a  newspaper  or 
other  periodical  published  daily,  a  periodi- 
cal; hook-keeping,  a  book  in  which  every 
particular  article  or  charge  is  entered 
under  each  day's  date,  or  in  groups  at 
longer  periods;  naut.  a  daily  register  of 
the  slup's  course  and  distance,  the  winds, 
weather,  and  other  occurrences ;  a  log- 
book; mach.  that  part  of  an  axle  or  shaft 
which  rests  and  moves  in  the  bearings. — 
Journalism,  j^r'nal-izm,  n.  The  trade  or 
occupation  of  publishing,  writing  in,  or 
conducting  a  journal.— Journalist^  jcr'nal- 
ist,  n.  The  conductor  of  or  writer  in  a, 
public  journal;  a  newspaper  editor  or 
regular  contributor.  —  Journalistic,  j6r- 
nai-is'tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  journalism. — 
Journalize,  j6r'nal-iz,  v.t. — journalized, 
journalizing.  To  enter  in  a  joumai;  to 
give  the  form  of  a  joumai  to. 
Journey,  jsr'ni,  n.  [Fr.  j'oumde,  a  day,  a 
day's  work,  a  day's  journey,  from  L.  diur- 
nus,  daily,  from  dies,  a  day.  Journal.] 
Travel  from  one  place  to  another;  a  pas- 
sage madQ  between  places;  a  distance 
travelled  at  a  time.— w-i.  To  travel  from 
place  to  place;  to  pass  from  home  to  a  dis- 
tance.—Joumeyer,  jer'ni-ifer,  n.  One  who 
journeys.  —  Journeyman,  j6r'ni-man,  n. 
Strictly,  a  man  hired  to  work  by  the  day; 
but  in  fact,  any  mechanic  or  workman 
who  has  served  his  apprenticeship,  and  is 
thus  supposed  to  have  learned  his  special 
occupation. 

Joust,  jost,  ».  [O.Pr.  juste,  jouste,  jcste, 
jousting,  from  O.^r.  juster,  jouster,  joster, 
to  tilt;  from  Ji.  juxta,  near  to,  high.]  An 
encounter  with  spears  on  horseback  for 
trial  of  skill;  a  combat  betv/-een  two 
knights  at  a  tournament  for  sport  or  for 
exercise.- «.i.  To  engage  in  mock  fight  on 
horseback;  to  tilt.— Jouster,  jos'tfer,  n.  One 
who  jousts. 

JoVe,  jov,  n.  [L.  Jovis,  JDiovis,  the  old 
name  of  Jupiter  (that  is  Jove-father),  lat- 
terly appearing  only  in  the  oblique  cases; 
same  root  as  deus,  a  god.  See  Deity.] 
The  chief  divinity  of  the  Romans;_  Jupi- 
ter; the  planet  Jupiter.— Jovial,  jo'vi-al, 
a.  [L.L.  Jovialis,  because  the  planet 
Jupiter  was  believed  to  make  those  bom 
under  it  of  a  jovial  temperament.]  Gay; 
merry ;  joyous ;  jolly.— Jovialist,  jo'vi-al- 
ist,  n.  One  who  lives  a  jovial  life.— Jovi- 
alit:^,  Jovialty,  Jo vialness,  jo-vi-al'i-ti, 
jo'vi-al-ti,  jo'vi-al-nes,  n.    The  state  or 


quality  of  being  jovial. — Jovially,  j5'vi-al- 
h,  adv.  In  a  jovial  manner.— Jovian,  jo'- 
vi-au,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  planet  J  upiter. 
Jowl,  jol,  n.  [Also  in  ioxvas  jole,  joli,  cImwT; 
from  A.  Sax.  ceajl,  jaw,  snout.  Akin  jolt] 
The  cheek.  —  Cheek  by  jowl,  with  heads 
close  together;  side  by  side. 
Joy,  joi,  n.  [O.Fr.  joye,  joie,  goie,  Fr.  joie. 
It.  gioja,  from  L.  gaudium,  joy,  gaudere, 
to  rejoice;  seen  also  in  gaudy,  rejoice, 
jewel.]  Excitement  of  pleasurable  feeling 
caused  by  the  acquisition  or  expectation 
of  good;  gladness;  pleasure;  delight;  exul- 
tation; exhilaration  of  spirits;  the  cause 
of  joy  or  happiness.- D.i.  To  rejoice;  to  be 
glad;  to  exult.  —  v.t.  To  give  joy  to;  to 
gladden.  [Shak.]  —  Joyance,  joi'ans,  n. 
[O.Fr.  joiant,  joyful.]  Enjoyment;  happi- 
ness; delight.  [Poet.]— Joyful,  joi'ful,  a. 
Full  of  joy;  very  glad;  exulting;  joyous; 
gleeful.  —  Joyfully,  joi'fvil-li,  adv.  In  a 
joyful  mamler.- Jpyfulness,  joi'fnl-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  joyful.— Joyless,  joi'- 
les,  a.  Destitute  of  joy;  wanting  joy;  giv- 
ing no  joy  or  pleasure.- Joylessly,  joi'les- 
li,  adv.  In  a  joyless  manner. -J'oylsss- 
ness,  joi'les-nes,  n.  State  of  being  joyless. 
—Joyous,  joi 'us,  a.  [O.Fr.  joyous;  .Fr. 
joyeux;  from  L.  gaudiosus,  from  gaudium.] 
Glad;  gay;  merry;  joyful;  giving  joy. — 
Joyously,  joi'us-11,  adv.  In  a  joyous  man- 
ner.—Joyousness,  joi'us-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  joyous. ' 

Jubilant,  ja'bi-lant,  a.  [L.  jvbilans,  ppr. 
of  juJbilo,  to  shout  for  joy,  from  jubilum,  a 
shout  of  joy;  not  connected  with  jubilee.] 
Uttering  songs  of  triumph;  re.ioicing; 
shouting  or  singing  with  joy.— Jubilate, 
ja'bi-lat,  v.i.  To  rejoice;  to  ex>uit;  to 
triumph.  —Jubilation,  ju-bi-la'phon,.n. 
[L.  jubilatio.]  A  rejoicing;  a  triumph;  ex- 
ultation. 

Jubilee,  jQ'bi-15,  n,  [Fr.  jubild;  L.  jubil- 
ffitts,  jubilee,  from  Heb.  .yobel,  the  blast 
of  a  trumpet,  and  hence  the  sabbatical 
year  announced  by  the  sound  of  the 
trumpet.]  Among  the  Jews  every  fiftieth 
year,  being  the  year  following  the  revolu-. 
tion  of  seven  weeks  of  year.-j,  at  which 
time  there  was  a  general  release  of  all 
debtors  and  slaves;  hence  a  season  of 
great  public  joy  and  festivity;  any  occa- 
sion of  rejoicing  or  joy;  a  celebration  of  a 
marriage,  pastorate,  or  the  like,  after  it 
has  lasted  fifty  years. 
Judaic,  Judaical,  ju-da'ik,  jo-da'i-kal,  a. 
[L.  Judaicus,  from  Judcea.  Jew.]  Per- 
taining to  the  Jews.— Judaically,  jn-da'i- 
kal-li,  adv.  After  the  Jewish  manner.— 
Judaism,  ju'da-izm,  n.  The  religious  doc- 
trines and  rites  of  the  Jews,  as'enjoined  in 
the  laws  of  Moses;  conformity  to  the 
Jewish  rites  and  ceremonies.  —  Judaist, 
jU'da-ist,  n.  An  adherent  to  Judaism. — 
Judaistic,  ju-da-is'tik,  a.  Relating  or 
pertaining  to  Judaism.— Judaization,  ju'- 
da-i-za"shon,  n.  The  act  of  judaizing. — 
Judaize,  ju'da-iz,  v.i.—-judaized,  judaizing. 
To  conform  to  the  religious  doctrines  and 
rites  of  the  Jews ;  to  assume  the  manners 
or  customs  of  the  Jews.  —  v.t.  To  bring 
into  conformity  with  v/hat  is  Jewish. — 
Judaizer,  ju'da-i-zer,  n.-  One  who  judaizes. 
— Judean,  ju-dg'an,  n.  A  native  or  .inhabi- 
tant of  Judaea.— ct.  Relating  to  Judaja. 
Judas,  ju'das,  n.  [After  the  false  apostle.] 
A  treacherous  person;  one  who  betrays 
under  the  semblance  of  friendship;  a 
judas-hole.— Judas-coloured,  a.  Red;  ap- 
plied to  hair,  from  the  notion  that  Judas 
had  red  hair.— Judas-hole,  n.  A  small 
hole  for  peeping  into  a  chamber  without 
the  knowledge  of  those  within  it. 
Judge,  juj,  n.  [Fr.  juge,  from  L.  judex,  ju- 
dicis,  a  judge,  from  jus,  juris,  law  or  right, 
and  dico,  to  pronounce  (Jury,  Diction). 
This  word  appears  in  adjudge,  judicature^ 
judicial,  judicious,  &c.]  A  civil  officer  in- 
vested with  power  to  hear  and  determine 
causes,  civil  and  criminal,  and  to  adminis- 
ter justice  between  parties  in  courts  held 
for  the  puTt)ose;  one  xho  has  skill  to  de- 
cide on  the  merits  of  a  question  or  on  the 
value  of  anything;  a  critic;  a  connoipseur; 
Jewish  hist,  a  chief  magistrate  with  civil 
and  military  powers;  hence,  pi.  the  name 
of  the  seventh  book  of  the  Old  Testament. 
—v.i.— judged, judging.  [Fr.  juger,  L.  judi- 


ch,  cAain;     cA,  So.  locA;     g.co;    j,/ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ag,eing;     sh,  tAen;  th,  tAin;     w,  wig;     wh,  wAig;     zh,  a^ure 


JUDICABLE 


376 


JUPON 


care,  to  judge.]  To  hearaud  determiue,  as 
in  causes  on  trial;  to  pass  judgment  upon 
any  matter ;  to  sit  in  judgment ;  to  com- 
pare facts,  ideas,  or  proixisitions,  and  per- 
ceive their  agreement  or  disagreement;  to 
form   an  opinion ;    to  express  censorious 
opinions;  to  determine;  to  estimate;  to 
discern.  —  v.i.  Q'o  hear  and  determine  au- 
thoritatively, as  a  cause  or  controversy;  to 
examine  into  and  decide;  to  examine  and 
liass  sentence  on;  to  try;  to  be  censorious 
towards;  to  esteem,  think,  reckon.— Judge- 
ship, juj'ship,  n.    1'he  office  of  a  judge.— 
Judgment,  juj'ment,  n.     [Fr.  >uye?ii«>ii.l 
The  act  of  judging;  the  act  of  deciding  or 
pa.'-sing  decision  on  something;  the  act  or 
faculty  of  judging  truly,  wisely,  or  skil- 
fully;  good  sense;  discernment;  under- 
standing; opinion  or  notion  formed   by 
judging  or  considering;  the  act  or  mental 
faculty  by  which  man  compares  ideas  and 
ascertains  the  relations  of  terms  and  pro- 
positions; a  deternoination  of  the  mind 
bO  formed,  producing  when  expressed  in 
words  a  proposition;  law,  the  sentence  pro- 
nounced in  a  cause  by  the  judge  or  court 
by  which  it  is  tried;  hence,  a  calamity  re- 
garded as  inflicted  by  God  for  the  punish- 
ment of  sinners;   the  final  trial  of  the 
human  race.  —  Judgment  of  GtjJ,  a  term 
foi-nier!y  applied  to  trials  of  crimes  by 
single  combat,  by  ordeal,  &c.— Judgment- 
day,  n.  The  last  day,  when  final  judgment 
will  be  pronounced  on  men.— Judgment- 
debt,  n.  Law,  a  delit  secured  to  the  credi- 
tor by  a  judge's  order.- Judgin«nt-hall,  u. 
The  hall  where  courts  are  held.  —  Judg- 
ment-seat, ji.    The  seat  on  which  judges 
sit  in  court;  a  court;  a  tribunal. 
Judicable,  jo  di;ka-bl,  a.    |L.  judicabilis, 
from  jndicu,  to  judge,  fi-om  judex,  a  judge. 
JiDGf.!  Capable  of  "being  tried  drdecided. 
—Judicative,  jQ'di-ka-tiv,  a.      Having 
power  to  judge.  —  Judicatory,  ju'dika  to- 
ri, a.  [Ij. ]udicuto>-ius.\    J'ortainiug  to  the 
passing  of  judgment;  belonging  to  the  ad- 
luiuistratiou  of  justice;  dispensing  justice. 
—  11.  A  court  of  justice;  a  tritjunal ;  ad- 
ministration of  justice.  —  Judicature,  jO'- 
di-ka-tur,  n.    The  i>ower  of  distributing 
justice;  a  court  of  justice;  a  judicatory; 
extent  of  jurisdiction  of  a  judge  or  court. 
Judicial,  jQ-dish'al,  a.    |L.  jiidicialis,  from 
jiidictum,  a  trial,  a  judicial  inquiry,  judg- 
ment, di.scernmeut,  from  judex,  judicis,  a 
judge.  Judge.]  Pertaining  or  appropriate 
to  courts  of  justice  or  to  a  judge  thereof; 
jiroceeding  from,  issued  or  ordered  by,  a 
court  of  justice;  inflicted  as  a  penalty  or 
in  judgment;  enacted  by  law  or  statute.— 
Judicially,  ju-dish'al-li,  adv.   In  a  judicial 
manner.— Judiciary,  ju-dish'i-a-ri,  a.    [L. 
judiciarius.]    Pertaining  to  the  courts  of 
judicature  or  legal'tribunals;  judicial.— n. 
i'he  system  of  courts  of  justice  in  agovern- 
rient;  the  judges  taken  collectively.— Ju- 
dicious, jfl-dish'us,  a.  [Ft.  judicieux,  from 
L.  judicium,  judgment.]  ,  According  to 
sound  judgment;  adapted  to  obtain  a  good 
end  by  the  best  means ;  well  considered : 
said  of  things;  acting  according  to  sound 
judgment;   i)0ssessing  sound  judgment; 
directed  by  reason  and  wisdom :  said  of 

i)ersons.  —  Judiciously,  ju-dish'us-li,  adv. 
n  a  judicious  mMnner.— Judiciousness,  ju- 
(lish'us-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ju- 
dicious. 

Jug,  jug,  n.  [}(rom  Ju(/  or  Judge,  an  old 
familiar  form  i  f  Joan  or  Jenny,  the  name 
being  jocularly  given  to  the  vessel,  like 
jack,  black-jack.]  A  vessel,  usually  of 
earthenware,  metal,  or  glass,  of  various 
sizes  and  shapes,  and  generally  with  a 
handle  or  ear,  used  for  holding  and  con- 

■  veying  liquors;  a  drinking  vessel;  a  mug; 
a  pitcher.— !;.i.—;Hpf;e(/,  jugging.  To  jiut 
in  a  jug;  to  cook  by  putting  into  a  jug,  and 

/  this  into  boiling  water  Ijugged  hare). 

Jug,  jug,  n.  The  sound  fancied  to  resemble 
the  note  uttered  by  the  nightingale. 

Jugate,  Jugated,  jQ'gat,  ju'ga-ted,  a.    fL. 

,  jugum,  a  yoke,  a  ridge  or  summit.)    Bot. 

I  coupled  together,  as  the  pairs  of  leaflets 
in  compound  leaves. 

Juggernaut,  jug'tr-nat,  n.  [Properly^a- 
panndtha,  '  lord  of  the  world,'  the  famous 
idol  to  which  people  in  India  used  to 
sacrifice  themselves  at  festivals.]     Any 


idea,  custom,  fashion,  or  the  like,  to  which 
one  either  devotes  himself  or  is  blindly  or 
ruthlessly  sacrificed. 

Juggle,  jug'l,  v.i.— juggled,  juggling.  fO.Fr. 
jogler,  Fr.  jongUv,  It.  giocolare,  from  L. 
■joculvr,  to  jest  or  joke,  from  L.  jocus,  a 
jest.  Joke.]  To  play  tricks  by  sleight  of 
hand;  to  practise  artifice  or  imposture. — 
v.t.  To  deceive  by  trick  or  artifice.— «.  A 
trick  by  legerdemain;  an  imposture.— Jug- 
gler, jug'ler,  n.  [O.Fr.  juglcor,  jogleor, 
fiom  h.  joculalor,  one  who  jokes.)  One 
who  juggles.— Jugglery,  jug'ler-i,  n.  The 
art  or  performances  of  a  juggler;  leger- 
demain; tricjiexy;  imposture.— Jugglingly, 
jug'ling-Ii.  adv.  In  a  juggling  manner. 
Jugular,  ju'gu-lir,  a.  IL.  jugulum,  the 
collar-bone,  the  neck,  from  root  of  jungo, 
to  join.  Join.)  Aiiat.  pertaining  to  the 
neck  or  t\\Toa.t.—JuguUtr  vern,  one  of  the 
large  trunks  (two  on  each  side)  by  which 
the  greater  part  of  the  blood  that  has  cir- 
culated in  the  head,  face,  and  neck  is  re- 
turned to  the  heart. 

Juice,  jus,  ?i.  |O.E.yoK'«,  Vt.jus,  from  L. 
jus,  broth,  soup;  cog.  Skr.  yAsha,  broth.) 
The  sap  or  watery  part  of  vegetables,  es- 
pecially of  fruits;  also,  the  fluid  jjart  of 
animal  substances.  —  Juiceless,  jus'les,  a. 
l>estitute  of  juice;  dry;  without  moisture. 
—Juiciness,  jiVsi-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
juicy.— Juicy,  ju'isi,  a.  Abounding  with 
juice;  sucoulent. 

Jujube,  Jujub,  ju'jQb,  n.  fFr.  jujube,  a  ju- 
jube, from  h.  ziiyphvm.  Or.  zizyphon.  At. 
zizuf,  the  jujubi-  ■  [ree.J  The  fruit  of  a 
fcpiny  shrub  or  small  tree  of  Southern 
Kuro^ie,  Northern  Africa,  and  Western 
Asia;  the  tree  itself;  a  confection  made  of 
gum-arabic  or  gelatine,  sweetened  and 
flavoured  so  as  to  resemble  the  jubube 
fruit. 
Julep,  jn'lej),  H.  fFr.  julep,  Ar.  julAb,  from 
Per.  guldb,  rose-water — gul,  rose,  and  db, 
water.)  A  sweet  drink;  a  sweetened  mix- 
tuiv  serving  as  a  vehicle  to  ^ome  form  of 
medicine;  a  United  States  drink  com- 
posed of  spirituous  liquor,  as  brandy  or 
whisky,  sugar,  pounded  ice,  and  a  season- 
ing of  mint. 

Julian,  ju'li-;in,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  derived 
from  Julius  Cvcmxr.— Julian  calendar,  the 
calendar  as  <idjusted  by  Julius  Caesar. — 
Juliun  year,  the  year  of  365  days  6  hours, 
adopted  in  the  J  ulian  calendar. 
Julienne,  zhn-le-en',  H.  I  Fr. )  A  kind  of 
soup  made  with  various  herbs  or  vegeta- 
bles cut  in  very  small  iiieces. 
July,  ju-li',  n.  The  seventh  month  of  the 
year,  during  which  the  sun  enters  the  sign 
Leo:  so  called  from  Julius  Ciesar,  who  w£is 
born  in  this  month,  and  by  whom  the 
calendar  was  reformed. 
Jtunart,  jQ'mart,  n.  [Fr.)  The  supposed 
offspring  of  a  bull  and  a  mare. 
Jumble,  jum'bl,  v.t.  —jumble^  jumbling. 
[O.E.  jumbre,  jumhre,  jumpre,  to  agitate, 
to  shake  together;  akin  to  jump,  and  to 
Ban.  gumpe,  to  jolt.)  Tomix  in  a  confused 
mass;  to  put  or  throw  together  without 
order:  often  followed  by  together  or  up.— 
v.i.  To  meet,  mix,  or  unite  in  a  confused 
manner.  —  n.  Confused  mixture,  mass,  or 
collection  without  order;  disorder;  confu- 
sion.—Jnmblement,  jum'bl-ment,  n.  The 
act  of  jumbling  together;  confu.sed  mix- 
ture. —  Jumbler,  jum'bltr,  n.  One  who 
jumbles.- Jumblingly,  jum'bling-li,  adv. 
In  a  confused  or  jumbled  manner. 
Jump,  jump,  v.i.  f  Akin  Dan.  gumpe,  Prov. 
<T.  gumpen,  to  jolt  or  jump;  Icel.  ooppa,  to 
jump  or  skip;  also  jumble.]  To  throw 
one's  self  in  any  direction  by  lifting  the 
feet  wholly  from  the  ground  and  again 
alighting  upon  them  ;  to  leap;  to  spring; 
to  bound;  to  agree,  tally,  or  eoncide  (this 
jumps  with  my  idcM).— To  jump  at,  to  em- 
brace or  accept  (an  offer)  with  eagerness 
(coUoq.).  —  v.t.  To  pass  by  a  leap;  to  pass 
over  eagerly  or  hastily ;  to  skip  over ;  to 
leap.  —  n.  The  act  of  jumping;  a  leap;  a 
spring;  a  bound,— Jumper,  jumper,  n.  One 
■who  or  that  which  jumps;  a  long  iron 
chisel  pointed  with  steel  u.sed  to  prepare  a 
hole  for  blasting  or  the  like;  one  of  a  sect 
of  fanatics  among  the  Calvinistic  Metho- 
dists and  others,from  their  violent  motions 
during  worship. 


Juccaceona,  jung-ka'shus,  a.  [L.  juncug, » 
rush.)  Jiot.  pertaining  to  or  resembling 
the  order  of  plants  of  which  the  rush  is 
the  type. 

Junction,  jungk'shon,  n.  fFrom  h.jvnetio, 
from  jungo,  to  join.  Join.]  The  act  or 
operation  of  joining ;  the  state  of  being 
joined;  the  place  or  point  of  union;  joint; 
juncture;  the  place  where  two  or  more 
railways  meet.  —  Juncture,  jungk'tur,  n. 
[L.  junctura.]  The  line  or  f)oint  at  which 
two  bodies  are  joined ;  a  point  of  time ; 
particularly,  a  point  rendered  critical  or 
important  by  a  concurrence  of  circum- 
stances.' 

June,  jan,  n.  (L.  Juniiis,  perhaps  after  L. 
Junius  Brutus,  who  abolished  regal  ))ower 
at  Rome;  same  root  as  junior,  L.  juvenis, 
a  youth;  E.  yoting.]  The  sixth  month  of 
the  year. 

Jungle,  jung'gl,  n.  [Hind,  iangal,  forest, 
jungle.]  Land  covered  with  forest-trees, 
thick,  impenetrable  brushwood,  or  any 
coarse,  rank  vegetation.— Jungle-fever,  n. 
A  disea.se  prevalent  in  the  East  Indies  and 
other  tropical  regions,  a  severe  variety  of 
remittent  fever.— Jungle-fowl,  n.  A  name 
given  to  two  birds,  the  one  a  native  of 
Au.stralia,  the  other  of  India.  —  Jungly, 
jung'gli,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  a  jungle; 
consisting  of  jungles;  abounding  with 
jungles. 

Junior,  jQ'ni-er,  a.  [L.,  contracted  from 
juvenior,  comp.  uf  juvenis,  young.  Juven- 
ile, Young.]  Younger;  not  as  old  as  an- 
other: applied  to  distinguish  the  younger 
of  two  persons  bearing  the  same  name; 
opposed  to  senior;  lower  or  younger  in 
standing,  as  in  a  profession.— ji.  A  person 
youngir  than  another;  one  of  inferior 
t^tandjng  in  his  profession  to  another. — 
Juniority,  Juniorship,  ju-ni-or'i-ti,  jQ'ni- 
6r-ship,  n.  The  state  of  being  junior. 
Juniper,  jn'ni-p6r,n..  [L.  juniperus— juvenis, 
young,  and  pario,  to  produce  (from  its  be- 
ing evergreen);  gin  (the  liquor)  is  from 
this.  June,  pARiNT.)  A  coniferous  shrub 
found  throughout  Europe,  the  berries  of 
which  are  used  in  the  preparation  of  gin, 
and  in  medicine  as  a  powerful  diuretic. — 
Juniper-resln,  n.  Sandarac. 
Junk,  jungk,  n.  [Fr.  jonc,  L.  juncus,  a  bul- 
rush, of  which  ropes  were  made  in  early 
ages.  Junket.)  Pieces  of  old  cable  or  old 
cordage ;  salt  beef  supplied  to  vessels  for 
long  voyages  (which  is  tough  likejunAr). 
Junk,  jungk,  n.  (Fr.  jonque,  Sp.  and  Pg. 
junco,  said  to  be  from  Chinese  chouen,  a 
vessel.]  A  flat -bottomed  ship  used  in 
China  and  Japan,  often  of  large  dimen- 
sions. 

Junk,  jungk,  n.  [A  form  of  chunk,  chump, 
a  thick  piece.)  A  thick  jiiece;  a  chunk. 
Junket,  jung'ket,  n.  [Formerly  written 
juncate,  from  It.  giuncata,  cream-cheese 
Drought  to  market  in  rushes,  from  L.  jun- 
c«s,arush.  JuNKirope).!  Curds  mix^d^^ith 
cream,  sweetened  and  flavoured;  a'sweet- 
meat;  delicate  food;  a  feast;  a  gay  enter- 
tainment of  any  kind.  —  v.i.  To  feast;  to 
banquet;  to  take  part  in  a  gay  entertain- 
ment. —  v.t.  To  entertain ;  to  feast.  — 
Junketing,  jung  'ket-ing,  n.  A  private 
feast  or  euteTtainmeut;  a  junket. 
Juno,  ju'no,  n.  jL.;  the  root  is  the  same  as 
that  of  Jove.]  The  highest  divinity  of  the 
Latin  races  in  Italy,  next  to  Jupiter,  of 
whom  she  was  the  s-ister  and  wife,  the 
equivalent  of  the  Greek  Hera. 
Junta,  junta,  ti.  (Sp.  junta,  a  meeting  or 
council,  junto,  united,  from  L.  junctua, 
joined.  Join.)  A  meeting;  a  council; 
specifically,  a  grand_  council  of  state  in 
Spain — Junto,  jun'to,  n.  A  select  council 
or  assembly  which  deliberates  in  secret  on 
any  affair  of  government;  a  faction;  a 
cabal. 
Jupiter,  ja'pi-ter,  n.  [L.,  equivalent  to 
i/owis  pater,  lit.  Jove-father.  Jove.]  The 
supreme  deity  among  the  l^atin  races  in 
Italy,  the  equivalent  of  the  Greek  Zeus; 
one  of  the  superior  planets,  remarkable 
for  its  size  ancf  brightness. 
Jupon,  Juppon,  ju-pon',  n.  [Fr.,  from  Sp. 
jupon,  from  Ai.jubbah,  an  outer  garment.] 
A  tight-fitting  military  garment  without 
sleeves,  formerly  worn  over  the  armour;  a 
petticoat. 


i-aciio-  fdt.fall:     t3C,  met,  bC;-;     ".iuv  ..lu:     uOte,  ugt,  mOve;     tObc,  tub,bi(U;     gil,  iwund;     U.  Sc.  al)un«>-thc  Fr.  «. 


JTJBASSin 


377 


KAMPl'ULICON 


Jurassic,  ja-ras'ik,  a.  Geol.  of  or  belong- 
ing to  tne  formation  of  the  Jwa  moun- 
tains between  France  and  Switzerland. 
— Jura  limestone,  the  limestone  rocks  of 
the  Jura  corresponding  to  the  oolite  for- 
mation.— Jurassic  system,  the  name  given 
by  continentalgeologists  to  what  is  termed 
in  Britain  the  Oolitic  system. 

Jurat,  Jurate,  ju'rat,  n.  [Pr.,  from  L.  ju- 
ratus,  sworn,  from  j'uro,  to  swear.  Jury.] 
A  person  under  oath;  specifically,  a  ma- 
gistrate in  some  corporations;  an  alder- 
man.or  an  assistant  to  a  bailiff.— Juratory, 
jii'ra-to-ri,  a.   Of  or  pertaining  to,  or  com- 

jirising  an  oath.  • 

Juridical,  Juridic,  jfi-rid'i-kal,  ja-rid'ik,  a. 
[L.  juridicus—jus,  juris,  law,  and  dico,  to 
pronounce.  JvriSdiction.]  Acting  in  the 
distribution  of  justice ;  pertaining  to  a 
judge,  or  the  administration  of  justice; 
used  in  courts  of  law  or  tribunals  of  jus- 
tice.—Juridically,  ju-rid'i-kal-li,  adv.  -  In 
a  juridical  manner. 

Jurisconsult,  ju'ris-kon-sult,  n.  [L.  ywm 
consuUus—jtis,  juris,  law,  and  consuUus, 
from  consulo,  to  consult.]  One  who  gives 
his  opinion  in  casesof  law;  anyone  learned 
in  juri-sprudence;  a  jurist. 

Jurisdiction,  ju-ris-dik'shon,  n.  [L.  juria- 
dictio — jus,  juris,  law,  and  dictio,  from 
dico,  to  pronounce.  Jury,  Diction.]  The 
extent  of  the  authority  which  a  court  has 
to  decide  matters  tried  before  it;  the  right 
of  exercising  authority;  the  extent  of  the 
authority  of  a  government,  an  officer,  &c.. 
to  execute  justice;  the  district  or  limit 
within  which  power  may  be  exercised. — 
Jurisdictional,  ju-ris-dik'shon-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  jurisdiction. — Jurisdictive,  jQ- 
ris-dik'tiv,  a.    Having  jurisdiction. 

Jurisprudence,  ju-ris-pr6'den3,n.  [li.juris- 
pm'ientia— jus,  juris,  law,  and  prudentia, 
skill.  Jury,  Prudent.]  The  science  of 
law;  the  knowledge  of  the  laws,  customs, 
and  rights  of  men  in  a  state  or  com- 
munity, necessary  for  the  due  administra- 
tion of  justice.  —  Medical  jurisprudence, 
theapplication  of  the  principlesof  medical 
science  in  aid  of  the  administration  of 
justice;  forensic  medicine.— Jurisprudent, 
ja-ris-pro'dent,  a.  Understanding  law.— 
n.  One  learned  in  the  law;  a  jurist. — Juris- 
prudential, ju'ri8-pr0-den"8hal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  jurisprudence. 

Jurist,  ja'rist,  n.  [Fr.  juriste;  from  L.  jus, 
juris,  law.  JuKY.J  A  man  who  professes 
the  science  of  law;  one  versed  in  the  law, 
or  more  particularly  in  the  civil  law. — 
Juristic,  Juristical,  ju-ris'tik,  ju-ris'ti-kal, 
a.  Relating  to  a  jurist  or  to  jurispru- 
dence. 

Juror,  jG'r6r,n.  [O.Fr.  jureur,  a  sworn  wit- 
ness, from  jureVj  to  swear.  Jury.]  One 
that  serves  on  a  jury;  a  member  of  a  juiy; 
a  juryman.  . 

Jar7,ja'ri,».  [O.Fr  June,anassize,  from  Fr. 


jurer,  Ii.jurare,  to  swear;  same  origin  as 
jus,  juris,  right,  law  (whence  jurist,  &c.), 
Justus,  just,  from  root  meaning  to  bind, 
seen  iujungo,  to  join  (see  Join),  and  in  E. 
yoke.]  A  certain  number  of  men  selected 
according  to  law  and  sworn  to  inquire 
into  or  to  determine  facts,  and  to  declare 
the  truth  according  to  the  evidence  legally 
adduced ;  a  body  of  men  selected  to  ad- 
judge prizes,  &c.,  at  a  public  exhibition. — 
Jury-box,  n.  The  place  in  a  court  where 
the  jury  sit.— Jur3naan,  ja'ri-man,n.  One 
who  is  impanelled  on  a  jury,orwhoserve3 
as  a  jure*-.- Jury-process,  n.  The  writ  for 
the  summoning  of  a  jury. 

Jury,  ju'ri,  a.  IThe  origin  of  this  term  is 
quite  uncertain;  perhaps  from  Pg.  ajttrfa, 
help.]  Naut.  a  term  applied  to  a  thing 
employed  to  serve  temporarily  in  room  of 
something  lost,  as  a  ynr^-mast,  a,  jury- 
rudder. 

Jussieuan,  jus-sU'an,  o.  Applied  to  the 
natural  system  of  classifying  plants  which 
superseded  the  Linnaean,  promulgated  by 
Jussieu,  a  French  botanist. 

Jussive,  jus'iv,  a.  [From  L.  jussnm,  an 
order,  from  jubeo,  jussi,  to  command.] 
Conveying  or  containing  a  command  or 
order. 

Just,  just,  a.  [Fr.  juste,  L.  jitsttis,  what  is 
according  to  ^ms,  the  rights  of  man.  Jury.] 
Acting  or  disposed  to  act  conformably  to 
what  is  right;  rendering  or  disposed  to 
render  to  each  one  his  due;  equitable  in 
the  distribution  of  justice ;  upright ;  im- 
partial; fair;  blameless;  righteous;  con- 
formed to  rules  or  principles  of  justice; 
equitable;  due;  merited  u'mt  reward  or 
punishment);  rightful;  proper;  conformed 
to  fact;  exact.— adv.  Exactly  or  nearly  in 
time  {just  at  that  moment,  just  now); 
closely  in  place  {just  by,  just  behind  him). 
exactly;  nicely;  accurately  {just  as  they 
were);  narrowly;  barely;" only.  —  Justly, 
just'li,  adv.  In  a  just  manner.- Justness, 
just'nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  just. — 
Justice,  jus'tis.n.  [li.jusiitta,  from  Justus, 
just.]  The  quality  of  being  just;  justness; 
propriety;  correctness;  rightfulness;  just 
treatment;  vindication  of  right;  requital 
of  desert;  merited  reward  or  punishment; 
a  judge  holding  a  special  office;  used  as 
an  element  in  various  titles,  as  Lord  Chief- 
justice.  Lord  Juslice-clei\s„  Lord  Justice- 
general,  &c.— Justices  of  Hie  peace,  local 
judges  or  magistrates  appointed  to  keen 
the  peace,  to  inquire  into  felonies  and 
misdemeanours,  and  to  di..wharge  numer- 
ous other  functions.— Justiceship,  jus'tis- 
ship,  n.  The  office  or  dignity  of  a  justice. 
— JustiP'able.t  jus-tish'i-a-bl,  a.  Proper'' 
to  be  b.  ./Ught  before  a  court  of  justice.— 
Justiciary,  Justiciar,  jus-tish'i-a-ri,  jus- 
tish'i-6r,  n.  [L.  justiciarius.]  An  adminis- 
trator of  justice;  a  lord  chief -justice.— 
High  Court  of  Justiciar]/,  the  supreme 


criminal  tribunal  of  Scotland,  m?ide  up  of 
the  lord  justice-general,  lord  justice-clerk, 
and  five  of  the  lords  of  session. 

Justify,  jus'ti-fi,  v. t— justified,  justifying. 
[Fr.  justifier;  L.  Justus,  just,  and  facio,  to 
make.]  To  prove  or  show  to  be  just  or 
conformable  to  law,'  right,  justice,  pro- 
priety, or  duty;  to  defend  or  maintain;  to 
vindicate  as  right ;  to  absolve  or  clear 
from  guilt  or  blame;  to  prove  by  evidence; 
to  verify;  to  make  exact;  to  cause  to  fit,  as 
the  parts  of  a  complex  object;  to  adjust,  as 
lines  and  words  in  printing;  theol.to  pardon 
and  clearf  rom  guilt;  to  treat  as  just,though 
guilty  and  deserving  punishment.  —  v.i. 
To  form  an  even  surface  or  true  line  with 
something  else.— Justifiable,  jus'ti-fi-a-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  justified;  defensible; 
vindicable;  warrantable;  excusable. — Jus- 
tifiableness,  jus'ti-fi-a-bl-nes,  n.  Tiij 
guality  of  being  justifiable.— Justifiably, 
jus'ti-fl-a-bli,«dy.  In amannerthatadmit? 
of  justification;  defensibly;  excusablv.' 
—Justification,  jus'ti-fi-ka"shon,,ji.  Ths 
act  of  justifying  or  state  of  being  justified ; 
theol.  the  remission  of  sin  and  ab?oluticr. 
from  guilt  and  punishment. — Justificr.- 
tive,  jus'ti-ti-ka-tiv,  a.  Justifying;  jus- 
tificatory.—Justificatory,  jus-tif 'i-ka-tor. , 
a.  Vindicatory;  defensorj;.— Justifier,  jus  • 
ti-fi-6r,  n.    One  who  j  ustifies. 

Justle,  jusl.  v.i.~justled,justling.  [Jostle,  j 
To. clash;  to  jostle.  lO.T.]— u.<.  To  push  ; 
to  drive  or  force  by  rushing  against;  to 

jostle. — n.  An  encounter  or  sliock. 

Jut,  jut,  v.i.— jutted,  jutting.  [A  differen': 
spelling  of  jet]  To  shoot  out  or  to  project  b  i  • 
yond  the  main  body. — n.  That  which  juts; 
a  projection.  — Juttingly,  jut'lng-U,  adv. 
Inajuttingmanner;projectingly.— Jutty, 
jut'i,  n.    A  jetty. 

Jute,  jut,  n.  [Hind.  jM.]  A  fibrous  sub- 
stance resembling  hemp,  obtained  from 
an  Indian  plant  of  the  linden  family,  and 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  carpets,  bag- 
ging, &c.;  the  plant  itself. 

Juvenile,  ju've-nil,  a.  [L.  juvenilis,  from 
juvenis,  young;  cog.  Skr.  yuvan,  young, 
E.young.  Junior iscompuratiyeot juvenis.] 
Young;  youthful;  pertainiijg  or  suited  to 

Jouth.— n.  A  young  person  or  youth. — 
uvenileness,  ju-ve-nil'nes,  n.  Juvenility. 
—Juvenility,  ju-ve-nil'i-ti,  n.  The  state 
of  being  juvenile;  youthfulness;  youth- 
ful age.  —  Juvenescent,  ju-ve-nes'eiit,  a 
[L.  juvenescens,  ppr.  of  juvenesco,  to  grow 
young.]  Becoming  young.— Juvenescence, 
jQ-ve-nes'ens,  n.  The  state  of  being  juve- 
nescent. 

Juxtapose,  iuks-ta-poz',  v.t.  [L.  juxta,  near, 
and  E.  pose.]  To  place  near  or  ne-Kt;  to 
place  side  by  side.  — Jtixtaposit,  juks-ta- 
poz'it,  v.t.  To  place  contiguous  or  in 
close  connection.— Juxtaposition,  juks'ta- 
po-zish"on,  n.  The  act  of  juxtaposing,  or 
state  of  being  juxtaposed;  proximity. 


K. 


K,  the  eleventh  letter  and  the  eighth  con- 
sonant of  the  English  alphabet;  vX  Anglo- 
Saxon  represented  by  c. 

Kaaba,  ka-a'ba,  n.    Ca.vba. 

Kaama,  ka'ma,  n.  A  South  African  ante- 
lope; the  hartbeest. 

Ka-i,kab,  n.    A  Hebrew-measure.    Cab. 

Eabala,  kab'a-la,  n.    Cabala. 

Kabyle,  ka-bel',  n.  [Ar.  k'bUa,  a  league.] 
One  belonging  to  a  race  of  Berbers  inhab- 
iting Algeria  and  Tunis. 

Kadi,  kad'i  or  ka'di,  ?i.    Cadi. 

Kafir,  Kaffer,  Kaffir,  kaf'er,  n.  [Ar.  Kdfir, 
an  unbeliever,  an  infidel.]  One  of  a  race 
spread  over  a  considerable  region  in  South- 
eastern Africa, and  living  partly  iaBritiah 
territory;  the  language  of  the  Kafirs. — a. 
Of  or  belonging  to  the  Kafirs. 

Eaftan,  kaftan,  n.  [Per.]  A  garment 
worn  in  Turkey,  E^ypt,  &c.,  consisting  of 
a  kind  of  long  vest  tied  round  at  the  waist 
with  a  girdle  and  having  sleeves  loBger 
than  the  arms. 

Eail,  Kale,  kal,  n.   [IceL  k<U,  Dan.  kaal. 


CoLE.J  A  kind  of  cabbage  having  curled 
orwnnkled  leaves,  but  not-a  close  heart 
or  head;  eolewort. 

Kjiil,  kal,  n.  [D.  and  Gr.  kegel,  Dan.  kegle, 
a  nine-pin,  a  cone.]   A  nine-pin. 

Eaim,  Hiame,  kam,  n.  [A  forrii  of  covib; 
comp.  Icel.  kamhr,  a  comb,  a  crest  or 
ridge.]  A  low  ridge ;  the  crest  of  a  hill ; 
geol.  a  narrow,  elongated,  generally  flat- 
topped  ridge  of  gravel  of  the  post-glacial 
period  in  a  valley.    [Scotch.]    Eskar. 

Kainite,  ka'nit,  n.  [Gr.  kainos,  recent.]  A 
mineral  obtained  at  Stassfurt  .and  else- 
where in  Prussia,  since  recent  times  used 
as  a  manure,  more  especially  on  account 
of  the  potash  it  contains. 

Kainozoic,  ka-no-zo'ik,  a.    Cainozoic. 

Kaiser,  ki'zfer,  n.  [C]  An  emperor.  Cjesar. 

Kakapo,.  kak'a-po,  «.  [Native  name.]  The 
owl  parrot,  a  New  Zealand  parrot  resem- 
bling an  owl. 


An  optical. instrument  which  exhibits,  by 
reflection,  a  variety  of  beautiful  colours 
and  symmetrical  forms,  consisting  in  its 
simplest  form  of  a  tube  containing  two 
reflecting  surfaces  incliited  to  each  other 
at  a  suitable  angle,  with  loose  pieces  of 
coloured  glass,  &c.,  inside.— Kaleidoscopic, 
Kaleidoscopical,  ka-li'do-skop"ik,  ka-li'- 
do-skop"i-kal,  a.  Belating  to  the  kaleido- 
scope. 

Kalendar,  kal'en-d^r.    Calenbak. 

Kali,  ka'li,  n,  [Ar.  qali.  Alkali.]  Glass- 
wort,  a  plant  the  ashes  of  which  are  used 
inmakingglass.- Kaligenous,ka-lij'e-nu8, 
a.  Producing  alkalies:  applied  to  certain 
metals  which  form  alkalies  with  oxygen. 
—Kalian),  kg/U-uin,  n.  Another  name  for 
potassium. 

Kalif,  ka'lif.    Cauf. 

Kalmuk,  Kalmuck,  kal'muk,  n.    Calmuck. 

Kalong,  ka'long,  n.  [Native  name.]  .^ 
name  given  to  several  species  of  fox-bats. 

Kamar-band,  n.'  Cummer-bunt). 

JUmptulicon,  kamp-tu'li-kon,  H,    [Or. 


c2i,cAAUii    cA,  SdoeA;     g,sro;    j,/ob;     iq,  Fr.  ton;     nStSing;    «h,  tAec;  th,  tAin;     w,wig2    'wh,w^;    i;h,.asuro. 


KAMSIS 


378 


KERNEL 


kahiptos.  flexible,  and  ouloa,  thick,  clos"? 
pressed.]  A  kindcf  floor-cloth  composed 
of  ground  cork,  wool,  &c.,  with  melted 
india-rubber  spread  on  canvas. 

Kamsln,  kam'sin,  n.  [Ar.  khamsin,  fifty, 
because  it  blows  about  fifty  days.]  A  hot 
southerly  wind  in  Egypt;  the  simoom. 

Kamtchadale,  kamt'cha-dal,  n.  A  native 
of  Kamtchatka. 

Kanacka,  Kanaka,  ka-nak'a,  n.  A  native 
(^  the  Sandwich  Islands. 

Kangaroo,  kang'ga-rO,  w.  The  native  name 
of  certain  marsupials  of  Australia,  with 
long  and  powerful  hind-legs  for  le?.pii.ig, 
and  small  and  short  fore-legs.— Kaagaroo- 
grasa,  n.  A  valuable  Australian  fodder 
grass.— Kangaroo-rat,  n.    The  bettong. 

Kaolin,  ka'o-linj^n.  [Chinese  kau-ling,  high 
ridge,  the  name  of  a  hill  where  it  is  found.] 
A  fine  variety  of  clay,  resulting  from  the 
decomposition  of  the  felspar  of  a  granitic 
rock  under  the  influence  of  the  weather; 
porcelain  or  China  clay. 

Karob,  ka'rob,  n.  With  goldsmiths,  the 
tweuty-fourth  part  of  a  grain. 

Karoo,  Karroo,  ka-ro',  -n.  (Hottentot  ka- 
rusa,  hard,  from  the  hardness  of  their  soil 
under  drought.]  The  name  given  to  the 
immense  arid  tracts  of  clayey  table-lauds 
of  South  Africa,  which  are  covered  with 
verdure  only  in  the  wet  season. 

Karpholite,  kar'fo-lit,  n.  [Gr.  karphos. 
straw,  and  lithos,  a  stone.]  A  mineral 
with  a  fibrous  structure  and  a  yellow  col- 
our. —  Karphosiderite,  kar-fo-sid'6r-Jt,  n. 
(Gr.  sideros,  iron.  1  A  straw-coloured  min- 
eral, hydrated  phosphate  of  iron,  from 
Greenland. 

Katalysia,  ka-tal'i-sis,  n.    Catalysis. 

Kathode,  kath'od,  n.    Cathode. 

Kation,  kat'i-on,  n.    Cation. 

Katydid,  ka'ti-dld,  n.  A  species  of  grass- 
hopper found  in  the  United  States ;  it 
gives  out  a  loud  sound  which  its  name  is 
intended  to  imitate 

Kauri-pine,  n.    Cowrie-pine. 

KavaBS,Kawass,  ka-vas',  ka-was'.n.  [Turk. 
kawwds.]  In  Turkey ,  an  armea  constable; 
also,  a  government  servant  or  courier. 

Eaw,  kft,  v.i.  and  n.    Caw. 

Kay,  ka,  n-    Cay 

Eayak,  Kayack,  ka-ak',  n.  [Probably  a 
corruption  of  the  eastern  eaique,  applied 
to  it  by  early  voyagers.]  A  light  fishing- 
boat  in  Greenland,  made  of  seal-skins 
stretched  round  a  wooden  frame. — Kay- 
aker,  Kayacker,  ka'ak-«r,  n.  One  who 
fislies  >p  a  kayak. 

Kayl**.  kai.  n.    A  nine-pin.    Kail. 

Keblah,  keb'la,  n.  [ Ar.  idhlah,  from  kdbaia, 
to  lie  opposite.]  The  direction  of  the  temple 
at  itecca,  being  the  point  toward  which 
Mohammedans  turn  their  faces  in  prayer. 

Kecksy,  kek'si,  n.  [Also  kex;  from  W. 
cecys,  reeds,  canes.]  A  strong  hollow 
stalk  or  stem  of  a  plant.    [Shak.] 

Kedge,  kej,  n.  [Softened  form  of  keg;  IceL 
kaggi,  a  keg,  a  cask  fastened  as  a  float  to 
an  anchor,  hence,  the  anchor  itself.]  A 
small  anchor  tiaed  to  keep  a  ship  steady 
when  riding  in  a  harbour  or  river,  or  to 
assist  in  warping  her.— v.t.—kedged,  kedg- 
ing.  To  warp  (a  ship)  by  means  of  a  rojw 
attached  to  a  kedge. 

Keel,  kd,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cedZ,  a  barge  or 
small  vessel ;  Icel.  kj6ll,  a  barge,  a  ship, 
kjolr,  Dan.  kjol,  8w.  kol,  a  keel  of  a  ves- 
sel; G.  and  D.  kiel,  a  keel,  a  ship.]  The 
principal  timber  in  a  ship,  extending  from 
stem  to  stem  at  the  bottom,  and  support- 
ing the  whole  frame;  the  corresponding 
part  in  iron  vessels;  fig-  the  whole  ship;  a 
projecting  ridge  on  a  surface;  a  low  flat- 
bottomed  vessel  used  in  the  river  Tyne 
lor  loading  the  colliers;  a  coal-barge;  hot. 
tlie  lower  petal  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla, 
inclosing  the  stamens  and  pistil.— y.i.  To 
turn  up  the  keel ;  to  capsize.— Keelage,  kel'- 
aj ,  n.  A  duty  for  ashipenteringa  harbour. 
—Keeled,  keld,  a.  Having  a  keel  or  ridge; 
carinate.— Keelhaul,  kel'hftl,  v.t.  To  pun- 
ish by  dropping  into  the  sea  on  one  side 
of  a  ship  and  hauling  up  on  the  other. — 
Keelson,  kel'sun  or  kel'sun.n.  [Dan.  kjiila- 
viiriy  Sw.  kolsvin,  0.  kielackwein,  lit.  keel- 
swine:  comp.  pig  of  lead.)  An  internal 
keel  laid  on  ■the  middle  of  the  floor-tim- 
bers over  the  keel 


Keen,  !:Sn,  a.  [A.  Sax.  c6ne,  cdn—lccl. 
keenn,  wise,  clever;  D.  koen,  G.  kiihn,  keen, 
bold;  same  root  as  ken.]  Acute  of  mind; 
penetrating;  quick-witted;  eager;  vehe- 
ment; full  of  relish  or  zest;  sharp  {a,  keen 
appetite)j  having  a  very  fine  edge  (a  keen 
razor);  piercing;  penetrating;  severe  (cold 
or  wind);  bitter,  acrimonious  [keen  satire). 
— Keenly,  ken'li,  adv.  In  a  keen  manner. — 
Keenness,  ken'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  keen;  aeuteness;  eagerness. 

Keep,  kep,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  kept.  [A.  Sax. 
cipan,  to  keep,  observe,  regard;  Fris. 
kijpen,  to  look.]  To  hold;  to  retain  in 
one's  power  or  possession ;  not  to  lose  or 
part  with;  to  have  in  custody  for  security 
or  preservation;  to  preserve;  to  protect;  to 
guard;  to  restrain;  to  detain  or  delajy;  to 
tend  or  have  the  care  of;  to  maintain,  as 
an  establishment,  institution,  &c.;  to  man- 
age; to  hold  in  any  state;  to  continue  or 
maintain,  as  a  state,  course,  or  action  (to 
keep  silence;  to  keep  t  he  same  pace;  to  keep 
step);  to  remain  confined  to;  not  to  qmt 
(the  house,  one's  bed);  to  observe  in  prac- 
tice; not  to  neglect  or  violate;  to  fulfil;  to 
observe  or  solemnize;  to  board,  maintain, 
supply  with  necessaries  of  life;  to  have  in 
the  house;  to  entertain  (to  keep  lodgers, 
company);  to  be  in  the  habit  of  selling;  to 
have  a  supply  of  for  sale.— To  keep  back, 
to  reserve ;  to  withhold ;  not  to  disclose 
or  communicate;  to  restrain;  to  prevent 
from  advancing;  not  to  deliver. — To  keep 
doxvn,  to  prevent  from  rising;  to  hold  in 
subjection;  to  restrain.- ?'o  keep  house,  to 
maintain  a  separate  residence  for  one's 
self,  or  for  one's  self  and  family;  to  remain 
in  the  house;  to  be  confined  to  the  house. 
— To  keep  in,  to  prevent  from  escape;  to 
hold  in  confinement;  not  to  tell  or  dis- 
close; to  restrain;  to  curb,  as  a  horse.—: 
To  keep  off,  to  hinder  from  approach  or 
attack.  —  To  keep  on  foot,  to  maintain, 
as  a  standing  army.  —  To  keep  one's  self 
to  one's  self,  to  shun  society;  to  keep 
one's  own  counsel;  to  keep  aloof  from 
others.— 7*0  keep  ovt,  to  hinder  from  en- 
tering or  taking  possession. — To  keep  un- 
der, to  hold  in  subjection.— To  keep  up,  to 
maintain;  to  prevent  from  falling  or  dim- 
inution; to  continue;  to  hinder  from  ceas- 
ing.—w.i.  To  remain  in  any  position  or 
state;  to  continue;  to  abide;  to  stayj  not 
to  be  impaired;  to  continue  fresh  or  wnole- 
some;  not  to  become  spoiled.— To  keep  at 
it,  to  continue  hard  at  work.  [CoUoq.}— 
To  keep  from,  to  abstain  from;  to  refrain 
from.— To  keep  on,  to  proceed;  to  continue 
to  advance.— To  keep  to,  to  adhere  strictly 
to;  not  to  neglect  or  deviate  from.— To 
keep  up,  to  retain  one's  spirits;  to  be  yet  ac- 
tive or  not  to  be  confined  to  one's  bed.— n.. 
Guard,  care,  or  heed;  the  stato  of  being 

•  kept;  the  means  by  which  one  is  kept; 
subsistence;  provisions;  the  stronghold  of 
an  ancient  castle;  a  donjon.- Keeper,  kSp'- 
er,  n.  One  who  or  that  wliich  keeps;  one 
who  has  the  care  of  a  prison  and  the 
custody  of  prisoners;  one  who  has  the 
charge  of  patients  in  a  lunatic  asylum; 
one  who  has  the  care,  custody,  or  superin- 
tendence of  anything;  something  that 
keeps  or  holds  safe;  a  ring  which  keeps 
another  on  the  fin  <^er.— Keeperless,  iep'er- 
les,  o.  N  ot  hiivir  g  a  keeper.— Keepership, 
kep'er-ship,  rt.  The  otlice  of  a  keeper. — 
Keeping,  kep'infe-,  n.  A  holding;  custody; 
guard;  maintenance  support;  food;  just 
proportion;  conformity;  consistency;  har- 
mony.—To  be  in  keeping  with,  to  accord  or 
harmonize  with;  to  be  consistent  with.— 
Keepsake,  kep'sak,  n.  Anything  kept  or 
given  to  be  kept  for  the  sake  of  the  giver; 
a  token  of  friendship. 

Keeve,  k5v,  n.  [A.  Sax.  eyf,  a  tub,  from 
L.c«pa,atub,acask.  Cup.]  A  large  vessel 
to  ferment  liquors  in;  a  mashing-tub. 

Keg,  keg,  n.  [Pormerly  kcuj;  Icel.  kaggi, 
Sw.  kagge,  a  keg.  Ksdoe.J  A  small  cask 
or  barrel. 

Kehul,  ke-hul',  n.  [Ar.  kuhaul,  antimony.] 
A  mixture  of  antimony  and  frankincense, 
used  by  the  Arab  women  to  darken  their 
eyebrows  and  eyelashes. 

Keltloa,  kit-lQ'a,  n.  [Native  name.]  A 
species  of  rhinoceros  found  ia  South 
Africa. 


Kolp,  kelp,  11.  [Origin  unknown]  Tl;" 
alkaline  substance  yielded  by  sea-weeds 
when  burned,  containing  soda  and  iodine. 

Kelpie,  Kelpy,  kel'pi,  n.  [Perhaps  con- 
nected with  yelp, from  his  bellowiuK.]  In 
Scotland,  a  malignant  spirit  of  the  waters, 
generally  seen  in  the  form  of  a  horse. 

Kelson,  kel'sun,  n.    Same  as  Keelson. 

Kelt,  Keltic,  kelt,  kel'tik.    Celt,  Celtic. 

Kelt,  kelt,  n.  [Comp.  Gael,  eaillte,  lost, 
ruined.]  The  name  in  Scotland  for~a 
salmon  in  its  spent  state  after  spawning; 
a  foul  fish. 

Kelter,  kel'ter,  n.  (Comp.  kilt,  to  tuck  up 
the  clothes.]  Kegular  or  proper  state. 
[Colloq.] 

Ken,  ken,  v.t.  —  kenned,  kenning.  [Icel. 
kenna,  D.  and  G.  kennen,  A.  Sax.  cunnan, 
to  ken,  to  know;  allied  are  coji,  cunning, 
know.  Know.]  To  know;  to  take  cog- 
nizance of ;  to  see  at  a  distance;  to  descry; 
to  recognize.  (Now  only  provincial  ana 
poetical.]  —  n.  Cognizance;  reach  of  sight 
or  knowledge. 

Kennel,  ken'el,  n.  [Norm,  Fr.,  from  ken. 
Ft.  chien,  a  dog,  from  L.  canis,  a  dog  (cog. 
with  E.  hovnd).\  A  house  or  cot  for  dogs; 
a  pack  of  hounds;  the  hole  of  a  fox  or  other 
beast;  a  haunt- v.i.— itennerted,  kennel- 
ling. To  lodge;  to  lie;  to  dwell,  as  a  dog 
or  a  fox.  —  v.U  To  keep  or  confine  in  a 
kennel. 

Kennel,  ken'el,  n.  •  [A  form  of  channel, 
canal.\  The  water -course  of  a  street;  a 
gutter. 

Kentish,  ken'tish,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  county  of  Kent.  —  Kentish  fire,  rap- 
turous applause,  a  term  originally  given 
to  the  cheering  common  at  the  Protestant 
meetings  held  in  Kent  in  1828  and  iSvii), 
with  the  view  of  preventing  the  passing 
of  the  Catholic  Relief  Bill. — Kentish  rag, 
geol.  a  dark-coloured,  tough,  highly  fos- 
sUiferous  limestone.belonging  to  the  lower 
greensand,  occurring  in  Kent. 

Kentledge,  kent'lej,  n.  [Perhaps  for  eant- 
lage,  from  cantle,  a  piece.]  Pigs  of  iron  for 
ballast  laid  on  the  floor  of  a  snip. 

Keplerian,  kep-le'ri-an,  a.  [Johann  Kepler, 
1691-1630.]  Pertaining  to  Kepler;  pro- 
pounded by  Kepler.— if  ep^erian  or  Kepler's 
laws,  the  laws  of  the  courses  of  the  planets 
established  by  Kepler. 

Kept,  kept,  pret.  and  pp.  of  keep. 

Keramic,  ke-ram'ik,  o.    Ceramic. 

Kerargyrite,  Kerate,  ke-rar'ji-rit,  ker'fit,  n. 
[Or.  keras,  horn,  and  argyros,  silver.! 
Chloride  of  silver;  horn  silver,  so  named 
from  its  cutting  like  horn.  —  Keratode, 
Keratose,  ker'a-tod,  ker'a-tos,  n.  [Gr.  keras, 
keratoa."]  The  homy  substance  of  which 
the  skeleton  of  many  sponges  is  composed. 

Kerb-roof,  Kerb-stone.  Curl>roof;  curb- 
stone.   Under  Curb. 

Kerchief ,  ker'chef,  71.  [O.E.  coverchief,  O.Pr. 
couvrechief,  eouvrechef  —  Fr.  eouvrir,  to 
cover,  and  chef,  the  head.  Cover,  Chief.] 
A  cloth  to  dress  or  cover  the  head;  hence, 
any  loose  cloth  used  in  dress. — Kerchiefed, 
Kerchieft,  ker'cheft,  a.  Dressed  or  covered 
with  a  kerchief. 

Kerf,  kerf,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cyrf,  a  cutting  off, 
from  ceorfan,  cearfan,  to  cut,  to  carve. 
Carve.]  The  cut  or  way  made  through 
wood  by  a  saw  or  other  cutting  instru- 
ment. 

Kermes,  ker'mCz,  n.  [Ar.  and  Per.  kermes, 
kirmis,  from  Sta".  krimi,  a  worm;  crimson, 
carmine,  are  derivatives.]  A  scarlet  dye- 
etuft'  consisting  of  the  dried  bodies  of  the 
females  of  certain  insects  found  on  various 
species  of  oak  round  the  Mediterranean. 

Kern,  Kerne,  kern,  n.  [O.Gael,  and  Ir. 
ceam,  a  man.]  A  light-armed  foot-soldier 
of  ancient  Ireland  and  the  Highlands  of 
Scotland:  opposed  to  gaJlowglass. 

Kern,  kern,  n.  [Probably  from  L.  crenn, 
notch.]  Printing,  that  part  of  a  type  which 
hangs  over  the  bofly  or  shank. 

Kernel,  ker'nel,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cymel,  a  little 
com,  a  kernel,  dim.  of  com,  a  grain.  Corn. 
Grain.]  The  edible  substance  contained 
in  the  shell  of  a  nut  or  the  stone  of  a  fruit; 
anything  inclosed  in  a  shell,  husk,  or  in- 
tegument; a  grain  of  com;  the  feed  of 
pulpy  fruit;  a  small  mass  around  which 
other  matter  is  concreted;  a  nucleus;  fig. 
the  main  or  essential  point,  as  opposed  to 


ri'te.  far.  fat.  fftll:     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tabe,  tab,  bQll ;     oil,  pound;     u.  He.  abwue— the  Vi.  u. 


KEROLITE 


379 


KINDERGARTEN 


matters  of  less  import;  the  core;  the  gist. 
— ».t.  To  harden  or  ripen  into  kernels,  tm 
the  seeds  of  plants.— Kemelled,  kSr'neld, 
a.  Having  a  kernel.— Kemelly,  k6r'nel-i, 
a.    Full  of  kernels;  resembling  kernels. 

KeroUte,  ker'o-lit,  n.  IGr.  keros,  wax,  and 
lithos,  a  stone.  J  A  mineral  of  a  white  or 
green  colour,  greasy  feel,  and  vitreous  or 
resinous  lustre,  found  in  Silesia- 
Kerosene,  ker'o-s5n,  n.  [Gr.  keroa,  wax.] 
A  liquid  hydrocarbon  distilled  from  coals, 
bitumen,  petroleum,  &c.,  extensively  used 
in  America  as  a  lahip-oil. 

Kersey,  ker'zi,  n.  [Said  to  be  from  Kersey, 
in  Suffolk.]  A  species  of  coarse  woollen 
cloth,  usually  riobed,  made  from  long 
^ool.  —  a.  Consisting  of  kersey;  hence, 
homespun;  homely. 

Kerseymere,  k6r'zi-mer,  n.  [Cassimere.] 
A  thin  twilled  stuff  woven  from  the  finest 
wools,  used  for  men's  garments;  cassi- 
mere. 

Keslop,  kes'lop,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cese-lib,  <Mse- 
lib,  rennet — ceae,  epse,  cheese,  and  no,  a. 
drug;  Qoth.  lubi.  a  drug.]  The  stomach  of 
a  calf  prepared  tor  rennet. 

Kestrel,  kes'trel,  n.  [Fr.  qtiercerelle,  ores- 
eerelle,  kestrel;  L.  querquedula,  a  teal.]  A 
common  British  species  of  falcon,  13  to  15 
inches  in  length,  regarded  as  a  mean  or 
base  kind  of  hawk,  and  hence  the  word  was 
often  used  as  a.contemptuous  epithet. 

Ketph,  kech,  m.  (Cornp.  V>.  and  G.  kit»,  G. 
kitz;  origin  unknown.]  A  strongly-built 
vessel,  usually  two-masted,  and  from  100 
to  250  tons  burden,  formerly  much  used  as 
bomb-vessels. 

KetchuB,  kech'up,  n.  [From  kitjap,  a  kind 
of  East  Indian  pickles.]  A  kind  of  sauce 
for  meat  and  fish,  generally  made  from 
mushrooms,  but  sometimes  from  unripe 
walnuts,  tomatoes,  &c. 

Kettle,  ket'l,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cetel=D.  ketel, 
Icel.  ketill,  Sw.  kettel,  Goth,  kaiils,  G.  kea- 
sel,  kettle;  from  L.  catilUis,  dim.  of  catinua, 
a  deep  bowl,  a  vessel  for  cooking  food.]  A 
vessel  of  iron  or  other  metal,  of  various 
Bhapes  and  dimensions,  used  for  heating 
and  boiling  water  or  other  liquor.— Kettle- 
-drum,  n.  A  drum  consisting  of  a  copper 
vessel,  usuallyhemispherical.covered  with 
parchment;  a  tea-party  held  in  the  after- 
noon before  dinner  (fashionable  slang).— 
Kettle -drummer,  n.  One  who  beats  the 
kettle-drum.  —  Kettle-holder,  n.  A  little 
mat  or  the  like  for  holding  the  handle  of 
a  kettle  when  hot. 

Keuper,  koi'per,  n.  Geol.  the  German  name 
for  the  highest  member  of  the  trias  or  up- 
per new  red  sandstone  formation. 

Kevel,  kev'el,  n.  [Dan.  kievle,  a  peg,  a  roll- 
ing-pin.] Naut.  a  piece  of  timber  serving 
to  belay  great  ropes  to.  —  Kevel-head,  n. 
Naxti.  the  end  of  one  of  the  too  ^-mbers 
used  as  a  kev§l. 

Kex,  keks,  n.  •  Same  as  Keckay. 

Key,  ke,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cceg,  cage,  u'ris.  kai, 
kei,  a  key;  affinities  doubtful.]  An  in- 
strument for  shutting  or  opening  a  lock; 
that  whereby  any  mystery  is  disclosed  or 
anything  difficult  explained;  a  guide;  a 
solution;  an  explanation;  an  instrument 
by  which  something  is  screwed  or  turned; 
something  that  fastens,  keeps  tight,  pre- 
vents movement,  or  the  like;  a  binding  or 

■  connecting  piece;  a  movable  piece  in  a 
musical  instrument,  struck  or  pressed  by 
the  fingers  in  playing  to  produce  the  notes; 
the  key-note.  —  v.t.  To  furnish  or  fasten 
with  a  key ;  to  fasten  or  secure  firmlj.— 
Key-board,  re.  The  series  of  levers  m  a 
keyed  musical  instrument,  as  a  pianoforte, 
organ,  or  harmonium,  upon  which  the 
fingers  press.— Keyed,  ked,  a.  Furnished 
with  keys;  set  to  a  key,  as  a  tvrne.— Key- 
hole, n.  A  hole  or  aperture  in  a  door  or 
lock  for  receiving  a  key.— Key-note,  Key- 
tone,  n.  Mua.  the  first  note  of  any  scale; 
the  fundamental  note  or  tone  of  the  scale 
in  which  a  piece  is  composed.— Keystone, 
kc'ston,  n.  The  stone  of  an  arch  which, 
being  the  last  put  in,  keys  or  locks  the 
whole  together. 

Key,  ke,  n.    A  quay.  —  Keyage,  ke'aj,  n. 
Quayage.    '■:        y 
Key,  ke,  n.    Cay.  . 
KhalifE,  kaOif,  re.    Calif. 
B^liamsin,  kam'sin,  n.    KamsiQ. 


Khan,  kan,n.  [Tartar  and  Turk.ArMn.J  In 
Asia,  a  governor;  a  king;  a  prince;  a 
chief.— Knanate,  kan'at.n.  The  dominion 
or  jurisdiction  of  a  khan. 

Khan,  kan,-/i.  [Per.  kh&n,  a  house,  a  tent.] 
An  eastern  inn;  a  caravansary. 

Khedive,  ke-dev',  n.  A  Turkish  title  applied 
to  the  Pasha  or  governor  of  Egypt,  imply- 
ing a  rank  or  authority  superior  to  a  prince 
or  viceroy,  but  inferior  to  an  independent 
sovereign. 

Khltmutgar,  kit-mut'gar,  re.  [Hind,  khid- 
■mat-gar— khidmat,  service,  duty,  and  gar, 
a  doer.]  In  India,  a  waiter  at  table;  an 
under  butler. 

Kholsun,  kol'sun,  re.  [Hind.]  The  native 
dog  of  India;  the  dhole. 

Khus,  kus,  re.  An  East  India  species  of 
grass  which  has  a  sweet-smelling  root. — 
Khus-khua,  kus'kus,  re.  A  fragrant  attar 
obtained  from  khus. 

Kiabooca-wood,  ki-a-bSTta.  n.  Amboyna- 
Wpod. 

Kibble,  kib'l,  re.  [Armor.  fcibeZ.]  Mining,  a 
large  bucket,  generally  of  iron,  in  which 
the  ore,  &c.,  are  brought  to  the  surface. 

Kibe,  kib,  re.  \y/,  dbwst—cib,  cup,  and 
gwst,  moist,  fluid,]    A  chilblain. 

Kiblaih,  kib'ia,  re.    Keblab. 

Kick,  kik,  v.t.  [W.  ciciaw,  to  kick,  eic,  the 
foot.  ]  To  strike  with  the  foot;  to  strik& 
in  recoiling,  as  a  gun.— To  kick  the  beam, 

;  to  fly  up  and  strike  the  beam,  as  the 

^  lighter  scale  of  a  balance  outweighed  by 

*  the  heavier. — To  kick  up  a  row  or  a  dust, 

S.to  create  a  disturbance.  [CoUoq.) — v.i.  To 
strike  with  the  foot  or  feet;  to  be  in  the 
habit  of  so  striking;  to  manifest  repug- 

f.  nance  to  restraint;  to  be  recalcitrant;  to 

'  recoil,  as  a  musket  or  other  firearm.  ..-re. 
A  blow  with  the.  foot  or  feet;  a  striking  or 
,  thrust  of  the  foot;  the  recoil  of  a  firearm. 

*— Kicker,  kik'^r,  n.  One  that  kicks. — 
Kickup,  kik'up,  n.  ,  A  disturbance;  a  row. 

Kickshaw,  kik'sh?,,  re.  [Originally  kick- 
ahawa,  as  a  Singular  noun,  from  Fr.  quel- 

?ue  choae,  something. J, ■Something  fantas- 
ical  or  uncommon;  a  light,  unsubstan- 
tial dish. 

Kid,  kid,  n.  [Dan.  and  Sw.  kid,  Icel.  kith, 
G.  kitz,  kitze.  Si  kid;  akin  chit,  child.l  A 
young  goat;  leather  made  from  the  skin 
of  a  kid,  or  in  imitation  of  it. — v.t.  or  i. 
kidded,  kidding.  To  bring  forth  a  young 
coat. 

Kid,  kid,  re.  [A  form  of  kit.}  A  small 
wooden  tub  or  vessel.  yp. 

EUdderminster,  kid'er-min-ster,  n.  A  car- 
peting, go  named  from  the  town  where 
formerly  it  was  principally  manufactured. 

Kiddle,  kid'l,  re.  [Armor.  Hdel',  a  net  at  the 
mouthof  a  stream.]  Akindof  weirformed 
of  basket-work  for  catching  fish  in  a 
stream. 

Kidnap,  kid'nap,  v.t. — kidnapped,  kidnap- 
ping. [Slang  E.  kid,  a  child,  and  nap  for 
nab,  to  steal.]  To  forcibly  abduct  or  steal 
a  human  being;  to  seize»and  forcibly  cairy 
away.  —  Kidnapper,  kid'nap-fer,  re.  One 
who  kidnaps. 

Kidney,  kid'ni,  n.  [O.E.  kidnere=Sc.  kite, 
A.  Sax.  civith,  Icel.  kvithr,  Sw., qtted,  the 
belly;  and  Sc.  neer,  Icel.  nyra,  G.  wi«re,  a 
kidney.]  Either  of  the  two  oblong,  flat- 
tened, bean-shaped  glands  which  secrete 
the  urine,  situated  in  the  belly  on  either 
side  of  the  backbone  j  sometimes  collo- 
quially used  for  constitution,  sort,  kind, 
character,  or  temper  (a  man  of  that  kid- 
ney).— Kidney-bean,  n.  A  well  known  cu- 
linary vegetable,  of  which  there  are  two 
■irincipal  varieties  in  our  gardens;  the 
French  or  haricot  bean.— Kidney-potato, 
n.  A  variety  of  potato  resembling  a  kid- 
ney in  shape. 

Kilderkin,  kil'der-kin,  re.  [O.D.  kindeken, 
kinneken.]  A  small  barrel;  an  old  liquid 
measure  containing  the  eighth  part  of  a 
hogshead. 

Kill,  kil,  v.t  [O.fi.  kulle,  kulle,  culU,  to 
strike,  Sc.  cole,  to  cut  short  or  lop;  N. 
kylla,  to  lop;  comp.  Icel.  kolla,  to  harm, 
kolh;  the  head.]  To  deprive  of  life,  ani- 
mal or  vegetable,  in  any  manner  or  by 
any  means;  to  render  inanimate;  to  put 
to  death;  to  sTay;  to  deprive  of  active 
qualities;  to  deaden  (pain);  to  overpower. 
—Killer,  kil'^r,  nrOne  who  kills.— Killing, 


kil'iug,  p.  and  a.  Depriving  of  life;  over- 
powering; irresistible;  irresistibly  fasci- 
nating; dangerous;  too  fast  to  last  (a  kill- 
ing pace).— Killingly,  kil'ing-li,  adv.  In  a 
killing  manner. 

Killadar,  kil'a-dar,  re.  [Hind,  kaladdr-r- 
kala,  a  fort,  and  -d&r,  a  holder.]  In  India, 
the  commandant  or  governor  of  a  fort. 

Killaa.^il'as,  re.  The  argillaceous  schist  in 
which  many  of  the  metalliferous  veins  of 
Cornwall  and  Devon  occur. 

KUn,  kil,  re.  [A.  Sax.  cylene,  cyln,  perhaps 
fiom  L.  eulina,  a  kitchen  (whence  culi- 
nary).} A  fabric  of  brick  or  stone  which 
may  be  heated  for  the  purpose  of  harden- 
ing, burning,  or  drying  anything  placed 
in  it;  a  kind  of  large  stove  in  which  some- 
thing is  dried  or  baked.— Kiln-dry,  v.t.  To 
dry  in  a  kiln. 

Kilodyne,  kil'o-din,  re.  [Gr.  chilioi,  a  thou- 
sand, and  E.  dyiie.]    A  thousand  dyne?:. 

Kilogram,  Kilogramme,  kil'o-gram,  re.  |Fr. 
kilogravinie,  from  Gr.  chilioi,  a  thousand, 
and  Fr.  gramme.]  A  French  measure  of 
weight,  being  1000  grammes,  or  22  lbs. 
avoirdupois.— Kilolitre,  kil'o-l5-tr,  re.  A 
French  measure,  lOuO  litres  or  220'09  gal- 
lons.- Kilomfetre,  kil'o-ma-tr,  n.  A  French 
measure,  1000  metres,  equivalent  to  about 
five -eighths  of  a  mile,  or  1093633  yards. 
The  aquare  kilomitre  is  equal  to  247  "11 
acres.— Kilostfere,  kil'o-star,  n.  [Gr.  stereoa, 
solid.]  A  French  solid  measure,  equal  to 
35317'41  cubic  feet. 

Kilt,  kilt,  re.  [A  Scandinavian  word;  comp. 
Icel.  killing,  a  skirt,  kjalta,  a  person's  lap; 
Dan.  kilte,  to  tuck  up  or  kilt.]  A  kind  of 
short  petticoat  worn  by  men  as  an  article 
of  dress  in  lieu  of  trousers:  regarded  as 

fieculiarly  the  national  dress  of  the  High- 
anders  of  Scotland;  the  fillibeg.— w.<.  to 
tuck  up  like  a  kilt,  for  greater  freedom  of 
movement.— Kilted,  kilt'ed,  a.  Wearing 
a  kilt. 

Kim-coal,  re.  A  kind  of  bituminous  slate 
or  shale  forming  part  of  the  Kimmeridge 
clay  of  geologists,  which  is  a  blue  and 
grayish-yellow  clay  of  the  upper  oolite 
formation. 

Kin,  kin,  re.  [A.  Sax.  cynn,  cyn;  Icel.  kyn, 
Goth,  kuni,  O.H.G.  chumvi,  kin,  kind,  fa' 
mily,  race;  akin  are  kind,  n.  and  a.,  king; 
D.  and  G.  kind,  a  child;  L.  genua,  Gr. 
genoa,  race,  offspring.  Genus.]  Eelation- 
ship;  consanguinity  or  affinity;  connection 
by  blood;  relatives  collectively;  kindred: 
used  in  this  sense  with  a  verb  in  the  plural. 
—a.  Of  the  same  nature  or  kind;  kindred; 
congenial. — Kinless,kin'le3,a. -Destitute  of 
kin  or  kindred.— Kinsfolk,  kinz'fok,  re.  pi. 
Relations;  kindred.— Kinship,  kin'shio,  re. 
Relationship;  consanguinity.  —  BUnsman, 
kinz'man,  re.  A  man  of  the  same  race  or 
f amilv ;  one  related  by  blood.  —  Kinswo- 
man, kinz'wumnan,  re.    A  female  relation. 

Kind,  kind,  re.  [A.  Sax.  cy>id,  {ge}cynd,  na- 
ture, kind,  race,  generation,  from  same 
root  as  cyn,  offspring.  Kin.]  Race;  genus; 
generic  class;  sort;  variety;  nature;  style; 
manner;  character. — Jn  kind,  with  pro- 
duce or  commodities,  as  opposed  to  in 
money  (to  pay  one  ire  kind). 

Kind,  kind,  a.  [A.  Sax.  cynde,  gecynde, 
natural,  harmomous;  closely  akin  to  kind, 
re.  Kin.]  Disposed  to  do  good  to  others. 
and  to  make  them  happy;  having  tender- 
ness or  goodness  of  nature;  benevolent; 
benignant;  friendly;  proceeding  from  or 
dictated  by  tenderness  or  goodness  of 
heart.  —  Kind-hearted,  a.  Having  much 
kindness  of  nature;  characterized  by  kind- 
ness of  heart. — Kind-heartedness,  re.  Kind- 
ness of  heart.— Kindliness,  kind'li-nes,  re. 
The  quality  of  being  kindly.'—  Kindly, 
kindii,  adv.  In  a  kind  manner. — a.  Of  a 
kind  disposition  or  character;  sympa- 
thetic; congenial;  benevolent;  favourable; 
refreshing  (kindly  showers).  —  Kindness, 
kind'nes,  re.  The  state  or  quality  of'being 
kind;  good-wiU;  benevolence;  a  kind  act; 
an  act,  of  good-will.  —  Kind-spoken,  a. 
Spoken  in  a  kind  way;  characterized  by 
speaking  kindly. 

Kindergarten,  kin'der-gar-tn,  re.  [G.;  lit. 
children's  garden.  Child,  GARnEN.]  A 
kind,  of  infants'  school,  intermediate  be- 
tween the  nursery  and  the  primarv  school, 
in  which  sj-stematically  arranged  amuse- 


cb,  c/iain;  _  fA,  Sc  locA;     g,  po;  ■■  j,  jobi     n^Fr.  ton;     iigisintr;     ih,  fAenj  th,  (Ain;     w.wig;    wh^  t«Aig;__zh,  5^Uie. 


/KINDERKIN 


380 


KNAVE 


m  en  t  a  are  combined  with  a  certain  amount 
iif  instruction. 

Kinderkia,  kin'der-kin,  n. '  Kilderkin. 

Kindle,  kiu'dl,  v.t.— kindled,  kindling.    |A1- 

\  lied  to  or  derived  from  Icel.  ki/nda,  to 
kindle,  kyndilt,  a  torch  or  candle;  perhaps 
frum  li.  candtlu,  E.  candle.]  To  set  on  fire; 
to  cause  to  burn  with  tianie;  to  light;  to 
inflame,  as  the  passions;  to  rouse;  x,o  pro- 

,voke;  to  excite  to  action.  —  v.i.  To  take 
fire;  to  grow  warm  or  animated;  to  be 
roused  or  exasperatijd.— KIndler,  kind'lftr, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  kindles.  — 
Kindling,  kiud'ling,  n.  The  act  of  one 
who  kindles;  materials  for  lighting  a  fire. 
—Kindling-coal,  n.  An  ignited  piece  of 
coal  used  to  light  a  fire. 

Kindred,  kindred,  n.  [O.E.  kinrede,  kin- 
dred, from  kin,  and  term,  -red,  as  in 
hatred  (which  see):  the  d  \s  inserted,  as  in 
eeuJer,  thum/er.  Kin.)  Relationship  by 
birth  or  marriage;  consanguinity;  kin;  in 
plural  sense,  relatives  by  blood  or  mar- 
riage, more  properly  the  former;  relations 
or  relatives.  —  a.  Kelated:  congenial-  al- 
lied. 

Kine,  kin,  old  pi.  of  coi». 

Kinematics,  ki-ne-mat'Iks,  n.  fOr.  kincma, 
movement,  from  kineO,  to  move.)  That 
branch  of  the  science  of  mechanics  which 
treats  of  motion,  without  reference  to  the 
forces  producing  it.  —  Kinematic,  Kine- 
maticai,  k.i-ne-mat'ik,  ki-ne-mat'i-kal,  a. 
Of  or  belonging  to  kinematics. — Kinetic, 
ki-net'ik,  n.  Causing  motion)  motory: 
applied  to  force  actually  exerted.— Kinet- 
ics, ki-net'iks,  n.  That  branch  of  the 
science  of  dynamics  which  treats  of  forces 
causing  or  changing  motion  in  bodies. 
Dynamics. 

King,  king,  n.  fA.  Sax.  cyning,  from  eyn, 
kin,  race,  and  term,  -iny,  one  of,  descen- 
dant (as  in  athtling);  D.  koning,  Icel.  Icon- 
vngi;  Uau.  konge,  G.  konig,  king.  KiN.l 
The  sovereign  of  a  nation;  a  man  invesJted 
with  supreme  authority  over  a  nation, 
tribe,  or  country;  a  monarch;  a  priuce;  a 
mler;  a  playing-card  having  the  picture 
of  a  king;  the  chief  piece  in  the  game  of 
chess;  a  crowned  man  in  the  game  of 
draughts;  pi.  the  title  of  two  books  in  the 
Old  Te.stament,  relating  particularly  to 
the  Jewish  kings. — King's  Bench.  Under 
Bench. — King's  Counsel.  Under  Counsel. 
— King's  evidence.  Under  Evidence.  — 
Klng-at-arms,  n.  The  name  of  the  chief 
heralds  in  Britain,  whose  business  it  is  to 
direct  the  other  heralds,  and  who  have  the 
jurisdiction  in  regard  to  coats  of  arms. — 
King-crab,  n.  A  kind  of  crustacean  with 
a  carapace  of  hnrse-shoe  shape,  and  a  long 
tail-spine.— Kingcraft,  king'kraft,  n.  The 
art  of  governing;  royal  polity  or  policy. — 
Kingdom,  king'dum,  n.  "fhe  power  or 
authority  of  a  king  CShak.);  the  territory 
or  country  subject  to  a  king;  the  dominion 
of  a  king  or  monarch;  domain  or  realm  in 
a  general  sense;  nat.  hist,  one  of  the  most 
extensive  divisions  into  which  natural 
objects  are  classified  (the  animal,  vege- 
table.and mineral  tinffdoms). —Kingfisher, 
'king'fish-er,  n.  The  general  name  of  a 
family  of  birds,  the  only  British  species  of 
which,  a  small  but  most  beautiful  bird, 

;  frequents  the  banks  of  rivers  and  dives 
for  fish.  —  Kinghood,  kins'hi.vU  n.  State 
of  being  a  king.  —  Kingless,  king'Ies,  a. 
Having  no  king. — Kinglet,  king'let,  71. 
A  little  king;  a  weak  or  insignificant  king; 
a  minute  European  bird.  —  Kinglihood, 
king'li-lnid,  n.  The  condition  of  being 
kingly.  —  Kinglike,  king'lik,  a.  Like  a 
king.- Kindliness,  king'li-nes,  n.  State  of 
being  kingly.— Kingly,  kingii,  o.  Belong- 
ing or  pertaining  to  a  king  or  to  kings; 
royal;  monarchical;  becoming  a  king; 
august;  splendid.  .'.Syn.  under  Royal. — 
adv.  With  an  air  of  royalty;  as  becoming 
a  king.  —  King-post,  King-piece,  n.  The 
middle  post  standing  at  the  apex  of  a  pair 
of  rafters,  and  having  its  lower  end  fas- 
tened to  the  middle  of  the  tie-beam. — 
Kin6'g-evil,  n.   A  disease  of  the  scrofulous 

,kina,   formerly  believed  curable  by  the 

(touch  of  a  king.  —  Kingship,  king'ship. 

In.  Royalty;  the  state,  office,  or  dignity  of 
a  king.  —  "King's-yellow,  n.  A  )>igment 
[fonn^  by  mixing  orpimentaud  arsenious 


acid.  —  King-tmss,  n.  A  truss  for  a  roof 
framed  with  a  king-post.  —  King-vulture, 
n.  An  American  sjiecies  of  vulture,  so 
called  because  other  vultures  are  said  to 
stand  quietly  by  until  it  has  finished  its 
repast.— King- wood,  n.  A  Brazilian  wood 
beautifully  streaked  with  violet  tints,  and 
used  in  cabinet-work.  —  King-worship,  n. 
Excessive  or  extravagant  loyalty  to  the 
monarch. 

Kink,  kingk,  n.  fD.  G.  and  Sw.  kink,  a 
twist  or  coil  in  a  cable.]  A  twist  in  a  rope 
or  thread  such  as  prevents  it  running 
freely;  an  unreasonable  and  obstinate  no- 
tion; a  crotchet.— t>.i.  To  get  into  a  kink; 
to  twist  or  run  into  knots. 

Klnkajou,  king'ka-jo,  n.  A  plantigrade 
carnivorous  mammal  of  South  America, 
resembling  the  lemurs  in  structure  and 
aspect,  but  allied  to  the  bear. 

Kino,  ki'nO,  n.  !An  East  Indian  word.]  An 
astringent  extract  re.«embliug  catechu, 
obtained  from  variou-  'ropica!  trees. 

Kinsfolk,  Kinship,  Tfii.-mfln_  Kinswoman. 
Under  Kin. 

Kiosk,  ki-osk',  n.  A  Turkish  word  signify- 
ing a  kind  of  opc»  pavilion  or  summer 
house. 

BJp,  kip,  n.  A  tanner's  name  for  the  hide 
of  a  young  beast.— Kip-leather,  Kip-skin, 
n.  Leather  prepared  from  the  skin  of 
young  cattle,  intermediate  between  talf- 
skin  and  cowhide. 

Kipper,  kip'Cr,  n.  {V.  kippen,  to  hatch,  to 
exclude  ova.]  A  salmon  at  or  directly  after 
the  si)awning  season,  when  it  is  unfit  to 
be  eaten  fresh;  a  fish,  as  a  salmon  or  her- 
ring, split  ojjen,  salted,  and  dried  or 
smoked:  so  called  because  at  the  spawning 
season  salmon  were  cur^d  in  this  way  to 
make  them  eatable.— w.i.  To  cure  isalmon) 
by  splitting  open,  salting,  and  drying. 

Kirk,  kirk,  n.  |The  old  form  of  church;  A. 
Sax.  cyrc.  Chuhcu.]  A  church:  still  in 
common  use  in  Scotland.  —  Kirk-session, 
r9  The. lowest  court  of  the  Established 
Church  of  Scotland. 

Kirsch-wasser,  kersh'vas-sfer,  n.  fC,  from 
kirsche,  cherry,  and  wasser,  water.]  An 
alcoholic  liiiuor  distilled  from  the  fer- 
mented juice  of  the  small  black  cherry. 

Kirtle,  ker'tl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cyrtel,  Icel.  kyr- 
till,  Dan.  kjortel;  akin%to  short]  A  kind 
of  short  gown;  -a  petticoat.  —  v.t.  To  tuck 
up  so  as  to  give  the  appearance  of  a  kirtle 
to.— Kirtled,  kfer'tld,  a:  Wearing  a  kirtle. 

Kish, kish,n.  [Gr. kies,kiss,  gravel,  pyrites.] 
A  substance  resembling  plumbago  found 
in  some  iron-smelting  furnaces. 

Kismet,  kis'met,  n.  [Per.  kusmut.]  A  Mo- 
hammedan expression  for  fate  or  destiny. 

Kiss,  kis,  v.t.  I  A.  Sax.  cyssan,  from  coss,  a 
kiss;  Icel.  and  Sw.  kyssa,  Dan.  kysse,  G. 
kilssen,  to  kiss;  the  corresponding  nouns 
being  Icel.  koss,  Dan.  kys,  G.  kuss;  from 
same  root  as  L.  gusto,  to  taste,  also  as 
cftoose.]  To  touch  with  the  lips  in  saluta- 
tion or  as  a  mark  of  affection;  to  caress  by 
joining  lips;  to  touch  gently,  as  if  witli 
fondness.  —  v.i.  To  join  lips  in  love  or  re- 
spect; to  meet  or  come  in  contact  (as 
curved  lines,  Ac). — n.  A  salute  given  with 
the  lips;  a  kind  of  confection.  —  Kisser, 
kis'er,  n.  One  that  kisses.— Kissing-comfit, 
n.  A  perfumed  sugar-plum  to  sweeten 
the  breath.  ISAaA:.}— Kissing-crust,  n.  A 
portion  of  the  crust  of  a  loaf  that  touches 
.inothcr. 

Kist,  kist,  n.  A  place  of  interment  of  a 
tirehistoric  period;  a  cist. 

Kit,  kit,  n.  [  1).  kit,  a  large  bottle;  CD. 
kitte,  a  beaker,  decanter.  I  A  large  bottle; 
a  kind  of  wooden  tub  for  holding  fish,  but- 
ter, &c.;  that  which  contains  necessaries 
or  tools,  and  hence  the  necessaries  and 
tools  themselves;  a  sailor's  chest  and  con- 
tents; an  outfit. 

Kit,  kit,  n.  [Probably  an  abbreviated  form 
of  guitar,  gittcrn,  cittern.']  A  diminutive 
fiddle,  used  geuerally  by  dancing-masters. 

Kit-cat^  kit'kat,  a.  and  n.  (From  the  por- 
traits of  the  members  of  the  Kit-cat  Club 
in  London  to  which  Addison  and  Steele 
lielonged,  painted  in  this  size  by  Sir  G. 
Kneller;  the  club  itself  being  so  called 
from  Christopher  Cat,  a  pastrj'-cook.  in 
whoFe  house  it  met.  I  A  term  applied  to 
I  a  three-quarter  length  portrait  on  a  canvas 


SG  inches  in  length  by  28  or  29  inches  in 
width;  or  to  any  portrait  about  half-kiigth 
in  which  the  hands  are  shown. 

Kitchen,  kich'en,  «.  [A.  Sax.  cycene,  from 
L.  coquinu,  kitchen,  from  coquo,  to  cook. 
CooE..]  The  room  of  a  house  appropriated 
to  cookery.— Kitchen-garden,  n.  A  garden 
appropriated  to  the  raising  of  vegetables 
for  the  table.— Kitchen-maid.  n.  A  female 
serrant  whose  work  lies  in  the  kitchen. — 
Kitchen  -  midden,  n.  [Dan.  kjokken-mod- 
ding.]  The  name  given  to  certain  mounds 
found  in  Denmark,  the  north  of  Scotland, 
&c.,  being  the  refuse  heaps  of  a  prehistoric 
people  unacquainted  with  the  use  of 
metals,  all  the  implements  found  in  them 
being  of  , stone,  bone,  horn,  or  wood. — 
Kitchen-range,  n.  A  kitchen  grate  with 
oven,  'boiler,  Ac,  attached,  for  cooking. — 
Kitchen-stxiff,  n.  Fat  collected  from  pots, 
dripping-pans,  &c. 

Kite,  kit,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cj/ta,  a  kite.]  A  bird 
of  the  falcon  family  having  a  somewhat 
long  forked  tail,  long  wings,  and  com- 
paratively weak  bill  and  talons;  a  light 
frame  of  wood  and  paper  constructed  for 
flying  in  the  air  for  amusement ;  an  ac- 
commodation bill  or  other  paper  repre- 
senting fictitious  value  (commercial 
slang).— Kite-flier,  n.    One  who  flies  kites. 

Kith,  kith,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cythth,  knowledge, 
relationship,  native  country,  from  cuth, 
known,  pp.  of  cunnan,  to  know.  Can.] 
Acquaintances  or  friends  collectively. — 

'  Kith  and  kin,  friends  and  relatives. 

Kithara,  kith'a-ra,  n.    Same  as  Cithara. 

Kitmutgar,  kit-mut'gar,  n.  Same  as  Khit- 
vmtgar. 

Kitten,  kit'n,  n.  [Dim.  of  cot.]  A  young 
cat,  or  the  young  of  the  cat. — v.i.  To  bring 
forth  young,  as  a  cat.— Kittenhood,  kit'n- 
hud,  n.  The  state  of  being  a  kitten. — 
Kittenish,  kit'n-ish,  a.  Like  a  kitten  or 
what  pertains  to  a  kitten;  fond  of  playing. 

Kittiwake,  kit'i-wak,  n.  [From  its  cry.] 
A  species  of  gull  found  in  great  abundance 
in  the  northern  parts  of  the  world.     - 

Kiwi-kiwi,  ke'wi-ke-wi,  n.    The  apteryx. 

Kleptomania,  klep-to-ma'ni-a,  n.  [Gr. 
klepto,  to  steal,  and  inania,  madness.]  A 
supposed  species  of  moral  insanity,  exhi- 
biting itself  in  an  irresistible  desire  to 
pilfer.  —  Kleptomaniac,  klep-to-ma'ni-ak, 
n.    One  affected  with  kleptomania.  ^, 

Klinometer.    Clinometer. 

Kloof,  klof,  n.  fD.,  a  gap,  a  chasm.]  In 
South  Africa,  a  common  name  for  a  ravine 

*  or  gully. 

Knack,  nak,  n.  [Imitative  of  sound,  like 
D.  knakj  Dan.  kucek,  G.  knack,  a  crack,  a 
snap;  originally  a  snap  of  the  fingers,  then 
a  trick  or  way  of  doing  a  thing  as  if  with  a 
snap.]  Readiness;  habitual  facility  of  per- 
formance; dexterity;  adroitness;  a  knick- 
knack  or  toy  {Shak.). 

Knacker,  nali'er,  n.  (From  Icel.  hnakkr,  a 
saddle:  originally  it  meant  a  saddler  and 
harness-maker.]  One  whose  occupation 
is  to  slaughter  diseased  or  useless  horses. 

Knag,  nag,  n.  [Comp.  Dan.  knag,  a  wooden 
peg;  Prov.  G.  knagge,  Sw.  knagg,  a  knot 
in  wood;  Ir.  enag,  a  peg,  a  knob.)  A  knot 
in  wood;  a  protuberant  knot;  a  wart;  the 
shoot  of  a  deer's  hoi-ns.— Knagged,  nag'ed, 
a.  Knotty.  —  Knagginess,  uag'i-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  knaggy.  —  Knaggy, 
nag'i,  o.     Knotty;  full  of  knots.    <« 

Knap,  nap,  t'.<. — knapped,  knapping.  [Same 
as  D.  knappen,  to  crack,  to  munch,  to  lay 
hold  of;  G.  knappen,  to  crack,  to  snap.] 
To  bite;  to  bite  off';  to  break  short;  to  snap; 
to  make  a  short  sharp  sound.— n;  A  short 
sharp  noise;  a  snap. 

Knapsack,  nan'sak.  n.  [L.G.  knappsack, 
D.  knapzak,  G.  and  D.  knappen,  to  snap, 
to  eat,  and  sact— lit.  a  provision-sack.)  A 
bag  of  leather  or  strong  cloth  for  carrying 
a  soldier's  necessaries,  strapped  to  the 
back  between  the  shoulders;  any  simil'ar 
bag,  such  as  those  used  by  tourists  and 
othersforcarrying  light  personal  luggage. 

Knar,  Knarl,  mir,  nitrl,  n.  JGnakl.)  .A 
knot  in  wood.— Knarled,  Knarred,  niirld, 
nard.a.  Gnarled;  knotty.— Knarry,  n&i'i, 
a.    Knotty;  stubby.  -^^^ 

Knave,  nav,  n.  [A.  Sax.  enapa  or  cnafa,  a 
boy,  a  youth,  a  son;  D.  knaup,  G.  knahe,  a 
boy  or  young  man,  Icel.  knupi,  a  servant 


Fate,  fiir,  fat,  f^ll;/  me,  met,  hfir;/"  pine,  pin;^  i^ute,  not,  move;,    t&be,  tub,  bull;     oj],  pound;,     a,  Sc.  abune-rthe  Fr,  k. 


KNEAD 


S81 


KNOW 


boy;  root  doubtful;  comp.  knight]  A  boyj; 
a  male  servant!;  a  false  deceitful  fellow;  a 
dishonest  man  or  boy;  a  rascal;  iu  a  pack 
of  playing  cards,  a  card  with  a  soldier  or 
servant  painted  on  it;  a  jack.— Knavery, 
na'ver-i,  n.  The  conduct  of  a  knave;  dis- 
honesty; deception  in  traffic;  trickery; 
petty  villainy;  fraud.— Knavish,  na'vish, 
a.  Acting  like  or  belonging  to  a  knave; 
dishonest;  fraudulent;  mischievous t.— 
Knavishly,  na'vish-li,  adv.  In  a  knavish 
manner.  —  Knavislmess,  na'vish-nes,  n. 
The  quality  or  habit  of  Ijeiug  knavish. 

Knead,  ued,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  cnedan,  cncedan; 
D.  kneeden,  G.  kneten,  Icel.  knutha,  to 
knead;  akin  Slav,  gneta,  gnesti,  to  press, 
to  knead.]  To  work  and  press  into  a  mass; 
particularly,  to  work  into  a  well-mixed 
mass,  as  the  materials  of  bread,  cake,  or 
paste;  to  beat  or  pommel. — Kneader,  ne'- 
der,  Ji.    One  who  kneads. 

Knee,  ne,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cned,  cne6w=lcel. 
knii,  Dan.  knm,  D.  and  G.  knie,  Goth,  kniu; 
cogTiate  with  L.  genu,  Gr.  gonu,  Skr.  jAnu, 
knee.]  The  joint  connecting  the  two  prin- 
cipal parts  of  the  leg;  the  articulation  of 
the  thigh  and  bones  of  the  lower  leg; 
something  resembling  or  suggestive  of 
this;  a  piece  of  bent  timber  or  iron  used 
to  connect  the  beams  of  a  ship  with  her 
sides  or  timbers.  — Knee-breeches,  )i.  pi. 
Breeches  that  do  not  reach  farther  down 
thim  the  knee.— B^ee-brush,  n.  A  brush 
or  tuft  at  the  knees  of  some  animals.— 
Kn2e-cap,  n.  The  movable  bone  covering 
the  knee-joint  in  front;  the  knee-pan;  the 
patella;  a  leather  cap  or  covering  for  the 
knee  oi  a  horse.— Kneed,  ned,  a.  Having 
•knees:  chiefly  in  composition  (in-kneed, 
out-fcneed);  hot.  geniculated.— Knee-deep, 
c.  Rising  to  the  knees;  as  deep  as  would 
coine  to  the  knee. — adv.  Sunk  to  the  knees; 
CO  as  to  be  up  to  the  knees  in  something. 
— linee-joint,  n.  The  joint  which  con- 
nei;ts  the  thigh  and  leg  bones.  —  Knee- 
jointed,  a.  Having  joints  or  knots  like 
1',!!  3(;s;  hot.  geniculate.— Knee-pan,  n.  The 
bone  covering  the  knee-joint;  the  knee- 
c;i.!i.— Knee-piece,  Knee-rafter,  n.  A  bent 
ra :  tor,  the  lower  end  or  foot  being  crooked 
downwards.  —  Knee-stop,  n.  A  stop  or 
lever  in  an  organ  or  harmonium  acted  on 
by  the  knee.  —  Knee-swell,  n.  A  contri- 
vance in  a  harmonium  for  producing  a 
diminuendo  and  crescendo  effect,  worked 
by  the  knee. 

Kneel,  nel,  y.i.— pret.  &  pp.  kneeled,  knelt. 
lO.E.  kneole,  kneoli,  from  knee;  correspon- 
ding to  D.  knielen,  Dan.  knwle,  to  kneel. 
Conip.  handle,  from  hand.\  To  bend  the 
knee;  to  fall  on  the  knees.— Kneeler,  n6l'- 
er,  n.  One  who  kneels  or  worships  by 
kneeling.- Kneellngly,  nel'ing-li,  adv.  In 
'  a  kneeling  position. 

Knoll,  nel,  n.  fA.  Sax.  cnyll,  a  sound  of  a 
bell;  enyllan,  to  sound  a  bell;  comp.  G. 
k'lw.llen,  knallen,  to  make  a  loud  noise;  G. 
and  U.  k-nal,  Sw.  knall,  a  loud  sound;  Icel. 
kn'jlla,  to  beat,  gnella,  to  scream;  imita- 
tive of  sound;  knoll  is  akin.)  The  sound 
of  a  bell  rung  at  a  funeral;  a  passing  bell: 
a  death  signal  in  general.— ti.i.  To  sound 
as  a  funeral  knell;  to  sound  as  an  omen  or 
warning  of  coming  evil.— f.t.  To  summon 
by,  or  as  by,  a  knell. 

Knelt,  nelt,  pret.  and  pp.  of  irieeZ. 

Knew,  nu,  pret.  of  know. 

KnickerbocKers,  mk'6r-bok-6rz,  n.  pi.  [Pro- 
perly Dutch  breeches,  after  Washington 
Irving's  character  Diedrich  Knickerbocker, 
as  representative  of  a  Dutchman.]  A  kind 
of  loose  breeches,  of  American  origin, 
reaching  just  beyond  the  knee.where  they 
are  gathered  in  so  as  to  clasp  the  leg. 

Knick-knack,  nik'nak,  n.  [A  reduplication 
of  knack;  comp.  click-clack,  tip-top,  ding- 
dong,  &c.  ]  A  trifle  or  toy ;  any  small  article 
more  for  ornament  than  use.  — ^Knick- 
knackery,  nik'nak-4r-i,  n.  Knick-knacks; 
trifles;  toys. 

Kjiife,  nif,  n.  pi.  Knives,  nivz.  [A.  Sax. 
cn(/=D.  knij'f,  Icel.  knifr,  Dan.  kniu,  Sw. 
knif;  akin  to  nip.  Nip.]  A  cutting  in- 
strument consisting  of  a  sharp-edged  blade 
of  small  or  moderate  size  attached  to  a 
handle. —  War  to  the  knife,  a  war  carried 
on  to  the  utmost  extremity;  mortal  com- 
bat. -Knife- blade,  n.    The  cutting  part  of 


a  knife.  -^  Knife-boaxd,  n.  A  board  on 
which  knives  ui'e  cleaned  and  polished. — 
Knife-edge,  n.  A  jiiece  of  steel  with  a  fine 
edge,  serving  to  support  with  the  least 
friction  an  oscillating  body,  as  the  beam 
of  a  pair  of  scales.— Knif e-gnnder,  n.  One 
whose  business  it  is  to  grind  or  sharpen 
knives. — Knife-rest,  n.  An  article  used  to 
rest  the  blades  of  carving-knives  at  table. 

Knight,  nit,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cnihts  a  boy,  a  ser- 
vant, a  military  follower;  D.  and  G.  knecht, 
a  male  servant;  Dan.  knegt,  a  fellow,  the 
knave  at  cards:  perhaps  from  root  of  kin 
or  of  knave.]  In  feudal  times,  a  man  ad- 
mitted to  a  certain  military  rank,  with 
special  ceremonies;  in  modem  times,  one 
who  holds  a  certain  dignity  conferred  by 
the  sovereign  and  entitling  the  possessor 
to  have  the  title  of  Sir  prefixed  to  his 
Christian  name.but  not  hereditary  like  the 
dignity  of  baronet;  a  member  of  an  order 
of  chivalry;  a  champion;  one  of  the  pieces 
in  the  game  of  chess,  usually  the  figure 
of  a  horse's  head.  —  Knight  of  the  shire, 
a  county  member  of  the  British  .Parlia- 
ment.— Knights  bachelors.  Under  Bache- 
hOK,— Knights  bannerets.  Under  Banner. — 
v.t.  To  dub  or  create  a  knight;  to  confer 
the  houour  of  knighthood  upon,  the  acco- 
lade or  blow  of  a  sword  being  commonly 
a  part  of  the  ceremony.— Knightage,  nit'- 
aj,  n.  The  aggregate  of  those  persons  who 
have  been  created  knights.  —  Knight-er- 
rant, n.  A  knight  w  ho  travelled  in  search 
of  adventures  and  to  exhibit  his  prowess. 
-Knight-errantry,  n.  The  role,  character, 
or  practice  of  a  knight-errant.— Knight- 
hood, nit'hud,  n.  The  character  or  dig- 
nity of  a  knight ;  the  rank  or  honour  ac- 
companying the  title  of  knight;  knights 
collectively.— Order  of  Knighthood,  an  or- 
ganized and  duly  constituted  body  of 
knights,  as  those  of  the  Garter  or  the  Bath. 
— Kniehtlike,  nit'lik,  a.  Resembling  a 
knight.— Knightliness,  nit'li-nes,  n.  The 
character  or  quality  of  being  knightly. — 
Knightly,  nit'li,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  knight; 
becoming  a  knight;  chivalrous. — adv.  In 
a  manner  becoming  a  knight.  —  Knight- 
service,  n.  Law,  the  tenure  of  lands,  on 
condition  of  performing  military  service. 

Knit,  nit,  v.t. — knit  or  knitted,  knitting. 
[A.  Sax.  cnpttan,  to  knit,  to  tie,  from  cnotta, 
a  knot;  Icel  knyta,  from  knntr,  a  knot; 
Dan.  Arwi/tte,  to  knit,  to  knot.  Knot]  To 
tie  together;  to  tie  with  a  knot;  to  fasten 
by  tying;  to  weave  or  form  by  looping  or 
knotting  a  continuous  thread  by  means  of 
wires  or  needles;  to  cause  to  grow  together; 
to  join  closely ;  to  contract  into  folds  or 
wrinkles  (to  knit  the  brows). — v.i.  To  make 
a  fabric  by  iuterlooping  yam  or  thread  by 
means  of  nefedles,  &c.;  to  unite  closely;  to 
grow  together.  —  Knitster,  nit'ster,  n.  A 
female  who  knits. — Knlttable,  nit'a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  knitted.  —  Knitter,  nit'- 
6r,  n.  One  that  knits;  a  knitting-ma- 
chine.—Knitting-needle,  n.  A  needle  used 
for  knitting,  usually  a  straight  piece  of 
wire  with  rounded  ends. 

Knives,  nivz,  n.  pi.  of  knife. 

Knob,  nob,  n.  [Older  form  knop;  comp. 
A.  Sax.  cnoep,  a  top,  a  knob,  D.knop,  knoop, 
G.  knopf,  Icel.  knappr,  Dan.  knop,  knap', 
a  knob,  button,  bud,  &c.;  also  W.  Ir.  and 
Gael,  aiap,  a  knob.]  A  hard  protuberance; 
a  hard  swelling  or  rising;  a  round  ball  at 
the  end  of  anything;  the  more  or  less  ball- 
shaped  handle  for  a  door,  drawer,  or  the 
like;  a  boss;  a  knot;  a  bunch  of  foliage 
carved  or  cast  for  ornament. — v.i. — knobbed, 
knobbing.  To  grow  into  knobs;  to  bunch. — 
Knobbed,  nobd,  a.  Containing  knobs;  full 
of  knobs.— Knobbiness,  nob'i-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  having  knobs. — Knobby,  nob'i, 
a.  Pull  of  knobs  or  hard  protuberances. — 
Knobstick,  nob'stik,  n.  A  workman  who 
refuses  to  join  a  trade's-unioh  or  will  not 
act  with  the  membersof  it  when  on  strike. 

Knock,  nok,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  cnocian,  cnucian, 
to  knock,  to  beat;  Icel.  knoka,  Sw.  knacka, 
to  knock;  also  seen  in  Gael,  ana  Ir.  cnag, 
a  knock;  W.  cnociaw,  to  knock;  akin  knack, 
knag,  knuckle,  &c.]  To  strike  or  beat  with 
something  thick,  hard,  or  heavy;  to  drive 
or  be  driven  so  as  to  come  in  collision  with 
something ;  to  strike  against ;  to  clash. — 
To  knock  about,  to  wander  here  and  there; 


to  move  about  in  the  world.  [Ctolloq.]— 
To  knock  off,  to  cease  from  labour;  to  stop 
work.  LCoUoq.l— To  knock  under,  to  yield; 
to  submit;  to  acknowledge  one's  self  con- 
quered. ICoUoq.]— Y'o/fnucA;«p,to  be  worn 
out;  to  fail  from  fatigue,— 1;.<.  To  dash;  to 
drive;  to  cause  to  collide;  to  drive  or  force 
by  a  succession  of  blows.— 3"o  knock  down, 
to  strike  down;  to  fell;  to  prostrate  by  a 
blow;  at  auctions,  to  assign  to  a  bidder, 
generally  by  a  blow  with  a  hammer.— 3'o 
knock  out,  to  force  out  by  a  blow  or  by 
blows. —  To  knock  up,  to  ViTouse  by  knock- 
ing; to  exhaust  with  fatigue.— To  knock  on 
the  head,  to  stun  or  kill  by  a  blow  or  blows 
nn  the  head;  hence,  to  frustrate,  as  a  pro- 
ject or  scheme;  to  render  abortive.  [Col- 
loq.] — n.  A  blow;  a  stroke  with  something 
thick,  hard,  or  heavy;  a  stroke  on  a  door, 
intended  as  a  request  for  admittance;  a 
rap.— Knock-down,  a.  A  term  applied  to 
a  blow  which  fells  a  person  to  the  ground. 
— Knocker,  uok'er,  n.  One  that  knocks;  a 
contrivance  fastened  to  a  door  to  knock 
for  admittance.— Knock-kneed,  a.  Having 
the  legs  so  much  curved  inwards  that  they 
touch  or  knock  together  in  walking;  hence, 
feeble  (a  knock-krieed  argument). 

Knoll,  nol,  v.t.  and  t.  To  sound,  as  a  bell. 
— n.  The  ringing  of  a  bell;  a  knell. 

Knoll,  nol,  n.  |A.  Sax.  atoll,  a  knoll,  a 
summit;  N.  knoll,  Dan.  knold,  a  knoll;  G. 
knolle,  knollen,  a  lump;  comp.  W.  cnol,  the 
top,  a  round  hillock.]  The  top  or  crown 
of  a  hill;  a  small  or  low  round  hiU;  a  small 
elevation  of  earth. 

Knop,  nop,  n.  [Knob.]  A  knob;  a  boss;  a 
bunch.    [O.T.] 

Knot,  not.  n.  [A.  Sax.  cnotta,  ji  knot=D. 
kihot,  Icel.  kniitr,  Sw.  knut,  G.  krioten,  a 
knot; cog.  L.  nodus,  that  is, gnodus (whence 
node).  Knit.]  A  complication  of  a  thread, 
cord,  or  rope,  or  of  two  or  more,  by  tying, 
knitting,  or  entangling;  a  fastening  made 
by  looping  a  cord  or  thread  on  itself;  a  tie; 
a  figure  with  interlaced  lines ;  a  bond  of 
association;  a  union  (the  nuptial  knot);  a 
cluster,  collection,  group;  a  difficulty  or 

Eerplexity;  something  not  easily  solved;  a 
ard  part  in  timber  caused  by  the  shooting 
out  of  a  branch;  a  protuberance;  a  nodule; 
a  bunch;  a  knob;  navi.  a  division  of  the 
logline,  forming  the  same  fraction  of  a 
mile  as  half  a  minute  is  of  an  hour,  that 
is,  the  hundred  and  twentieth  part  of  a 
nautical  mile;  so  that  the  number  of  knots 
run  off  the  reel  in  half  a  minute  shows  the 
vessel's  speed  per  hour  in  miles;  hence,  a 
nautical  mile  or  60867  icet.— v.t.— knotted, 
knotting.  To  tie  in  a  knot  or  knots;  to  form 
a  knot  on;  to  entangle;  to  unite  closely. 
—vd.  To  become  knotted;  to  form  knots 
or  joints,  as  in  plants.— Knot-grass,  n.  A 
British  weed  of  low  growth,  with  branched 
trailing  stems  and  knotted  joints. — Knot- 
less,  not'les,  a.  Free  from  knots;  without 
knots.—  Knotted,  not'ed,  a.  Full  of  knots; 
havingknots;  W.having  knobs  or  enlarge- 
ments as  on  a  stem. — Knottiness,  not'i-nes, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  knotty.— Knotty, 
not'i.a.  Full  of  knots;  having  many  knots; 
difficult;  intricate;  involved;  hard  to  un- 
ravel (a  knotty  question  or  point).— Knot- 
weed,  Knotwort,  n.    Knot-grass. 

Knot,  not,  n.  [Said  to  be  named  after  King 
Canute  (Cnut),  who  was  very  fond  of  it.] 
A  small  grallatorial  bird,  closely  allied  to 
the  snipe.  , 

Knout,  nout,  n.  [Russ.  knute."]  An  instru- 
ment of  punishment  used  in  Russia  con- 
sisting of  a  handle  2  feet  long,  a  leather 
thong  4  feet,  with  a  metal  ring  at  the  end 
to  which  the  striking  part,  a  flat  tongue  of 
hardened  hide  2  feet  long  is  attached;  the 
punishment  inflicted  with  the  knout. — v.t. 
To  punish  with  the  knout.  ' 

Know,  no,  v.t— knew  (pret.),  knoum  (pp.). 
[A. Sax.  cndwan,  pret.  cnedw,  pp.  cndwen^  to 
know;  Icel.  knd,  to  be  able;  comp.the  allied 
words  E.  can,  to  be  able,  ken,to  know,  Icel. 
kunna,  used  in  both  senses;  G.  konnen,  to 
be  able  (icft  kann,  I  can),  kennen,  to  know; 
from  a  root  gna,  gan,  to  know,  seen  also  in 
naTiie, noble,  narrate  (these  words  have  lost 
g  before  the  n,  as  in  ignoble,  ignorant),  un- 
couth; L.  gnosco,  nosco,  Qr.  gignosko,  to 
know.]  To  perceive  with  certainty;  to 
understand  clearly;  to  be  convinced  or. 


Ch,  c^n;  _  cA,  Sc.  locft;     g,  £?o;     j,;ob;     ii,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinfr;     th,  tftep;  th,  <to;     w,  trig;     •wh,whis;     zh,  a^nxey 


KNUBS 


382 


LABOFR 


satisfied  regarding  the  truth  or  reality  of; 
to  be  assured  of;  to  be  aware  of ;  to  dis- 
tinguish (to  k))MW  a  star  from  a  planet);  to 
be  familiar  or  acquaiuted  with  (a  i)erson, 
a  topic,  &c.);  to  have  experience  of.  — v.i. 
To  have  clear  and  certain  perception;  nut 
to  be  doubtful;  to  be'  informed.  —  Know- 
able,  nO'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  known. 
— Knowableness,nO'a-bl-nes,»i.  The  quality 
of  being  knowable.— Blower,  no'fer.n.  One 
who  knows.— Knowing,  nO'ing,  a.  Well- 
iiiformed;  well -instructed;  intelligent; 
Kai^ticious;  conscious;  expressive  of  know- 
ledge or_cunning(a  knoiDinu  look). — Know- 
ingly, no'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  knowing  man- 
ner.—Knowingness,  no'ing-nes,  n.— Know- 
ledge, nol'ej,  n.  [O.E.  knowUche,  from 
iuutv,  and  term,  seen  in  I  eel.  hmnleikr, 
knowledge,  and  in  K  wedlock,  and  which 
is  derived  from  A.  Sax.  lac,  Icel.  Idkr, 
(ioth.  talks,  sixjrt,  play,  gift.]  The  clear 
and  c<:rtain  perception  of  that  which  ex- 
ists, or  of  truth  and  fact;  indubitable  ap- 
prehension ;  cognizance;  learning ;  erudi- 
tion; information:  skill  in  anything; 
familiarity  gained  by  actual  experience; 
acquaintance  with  any  fact  or  person. — 
Known,  non,  p.  and  a.  Perceived;  under- 
stood; recognized;  familiar. 

Knubs,  uul(Z,  n.  pi.  Waste  silk  formed  in 
winding  off  the  threads  from  cocoons. 

Knuckle,  nuk'l,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cnttcel,  D. 
knokkd,  kneukrl,  Dan.  knokkel,  G.  krwchel, 
a  knuckle,  knoclien,  a  bone;  comp.  W.  aiw&, 
a  knob  or  knot;  allied  are  probably  knuck, 
knay,  knack.  |  The  joint  of  a  finger,  parti- 
cularly when  protuberant  by  the  closing 
of  the  fingers;  the  knee-joint  of  a  calf  or 
pig  (a  ktiuckle  of  veal). — v.t.  —  knuckled, 
knuckling.  To  strike  with  the  knuckles;  to 
pommel. — vfi.  Only  used  in  the  colloquial 
phrases  to  knvckle  down,  tu  knuckle  wider, 
to  yield;  to  submit;  to  acknowledge  one's 
self  beaten:  phrases  of  doubtful  origin. — 
Knuckled,  nuk'ld,  a.  Jointed.— Knuckle- 
duster, n.  An  iron  instrument  with  knobs 
or  points  projecting,  contrived  to  cover  the 
knuckles,  and  which  renders  a  blow  struck 
more  powerful.— Knuckle-joint,  ji.  Much. 
any  flexible  joint  formed  by  two  abutting 
Iink,s. 

Knur,  Knurl,  nfir,  nOrl,  n.  Same  as  Knar, 
Knurl,  Gnarl. 

Koala,  ko-a'la,  n.  [Native  name.]  A  mar- 
.supial  animal  of  Australia,  the  native 
'  sloth '  and  '  bear'  of  the  colonists. 

Kobold,  ko'bold,  n.  [Goulijj.J  A  domestic 
>il>irit  or  elf  in  Germau  mythology;  a  kind 
of  goblin. 


KoM,  ksl,  n.  A  black  pigment  used  by 
Eastern  women  as  a  cosmetic. 

Kohl-rabi,  kol-ra'be,  n.  [  (i. ,  from  kohl,  kale, 
and  L.  rapa,  a  turnip ;  kale  or  cabbage 
turnip.]  A  variety  of  cabbage  distinguished 
by  a  globular  swelling  immediately  above 
the  ground,  which  is  the  part  used. 

Kola-nut.    Cola-nvt. 

Koodoo,  k8'dd,n.  [Native  name.]  A  striped 
an telope.of 'South  Africa,  the  male  having 
long  and  beautifully  twisted  horns. 

Koord,  Koordisli,  kiird,  kor'dish.    Kurd. 

Kop,  kop,  H.    ID.]    In  South  Africa,  a  hill. 

Kopeck,  Kopek,  kO'pek,  n.    Copeck. 

Koran,  ko'ran  or  ko-ran',  n.    Alkoran. 

Korin,  ko'rin,  n.    An  African  antelopa. 

Kos,  kos,  n.  A  Jewish  measure  of  capacity 
equal  to  about  4  cubic  inches. 

Kosmos.    Cosmos. 

Koumiss,  ko'mis,  n.    Kcmiss. 

Kousso,  kus'so,  n.  The  dried  flowers  of  a 
plant  of  Abyssinia,  employed  as  an  anthel- 
mintic. 

Kow-tow,  Ko-tow,  kou-tou',  ko-tou',  n. 
[Chinese.]  The  mode  of  saluting  the  Em- 
peror of  China  by  prostrating  one's  self 
and  touching  the  ground  with  the  fore- 
head nine  times. —w.i.  To  perform  the 
kow-tow. 

Kraal,  kral,  n.  [D.;  probably  from  a  native 
word.]  A  native  village  or  collection  of 
huts  in  South  Africa. 

Kraken,  kra'ken,  n.  A  supposed  enormous 
sea,  monster,  said  to  have  been  seen  at 
different  times  off  the  coast  of  Norway. 

Krang,  Kreng,  krang,  kreng,  n.  [D.  kreng, 
a  carcass.]  'j"he  carcass  of  a  whale  after 
the  blubber  hasjjeen  removed. 

Kreasote,  kre'a-sOt.    Creasote. 

Kreatic,  kre-at'ik,a.  Ckeatic— Kreatine, 
kre'a-tin,  n.    Ckk;atin. 

Kreosote,  kre'o-sot,  n.    Creasote. 

Kreutzer,  Kreuzer,  kroit'sfer.  n.  [G.  kreu- 
zer,  fi^om  kretu,  a.  cross,  because  formerly 
stami)cd  with  a  cross.)  An  old  South  Ger- 
man copper  coin,  the  sixtieth  part  of  the 
gulden  or  florin,  or  about  a  third  of  a 
penny;  an  Austrian  coin  equal  to  the 
hundredth  part  of  a  florin,  or  to  one-fifth 
of  an  English  penny. 

Krieg^spiel,  krOg'spel,  n.  [G.,  game  of  war 
— krieg,  war,  and  spiel,  game.]  A  game  of 
German  origin,  played  by  means  of  pieces 
representing  troops  on  a  map  exhibiting 
all  the  features  of  a  country. 

Kris,  kres,  n.    A  JJIalay  dagger;  a  crease. 

Krone,  kro'na,  n.  [Dan.,  a  crown]  A 
Danish,  Norwegian,  and  Swedish  money 
equal  to  Is.  lid.  sterling. 


Kraller,  kml'^r,  n.'  [O.E.  cruU,  Curled;  I^ 
kmllen,  to  curl.]  A  cake  curled  or  crisped.j 

Kxyolite,  ?i.    Cryolite.  ""S 

Kshatriya,  kshat'ri-a,  n.  A  member  of  the 
second  or  military  caste  in  the  social  sys- 
tem of  the  Brahmanical  Uindus.         -»,  ^.'1 

Kudos,  ku'dos,  n.  (Gr.J  Glory ^fame; 
renown.  "    ~  • 

Kudu,  ko'de,  n.    Koodoo. 

Kufic,  a.    CuFic.  ^^ ^  __ 

Kuhhom,  ko'hom,  n.  [G.  huh,  a  cow,  and 
horn.]    An  alpen-horn  (under  Aj,p).- 

Kulan,  ko'lan,  n.    The  dziggetai. 

Kumiss,  ko'mis,  n.  [Of  Tartar  origin.]  A 
liquor  made  from  mare's  mUk  fermented 
and  distilled;  milk-spirit,  used  by  the 
Tartars. 

Kiimmel,  kflm'l  or  kiml,  n.  [G.  kiimmel, 
caraway.]  A  liqueur  made  in  Germany, 
Russia,  &c.,  flavoured  with  caraway  seeds. 

Knnkor,  ken'ktr,  n.  [Hind.,  limestone.]  A 
calcareous  deposit  spread  over  the  surface 
of  India,  and  apparently  corresponding  to 
the  Imulder  drift  of  England. 

Kupfemickel,  kup'f 6r-nik-l,  m.  [G.—kzip/er, 
copper,  and  nickel.]  An  ore  of  nickel,  an 
alloy  of  nickel  and  arsenic,  of  a  copper 
colour.  —  Kupferschiefer,  kup'f6r-she-fer, 
n.  [G.,  copper-slate.]  A  term  applied  by 
German  geologists  to  certain  dark  shales 
of  the  permian  series  of  Thuriugia. 

Ktird,  kurd,  n.  An  inha'bitant  of  Kurdis- 
tan.— BLiirdish,  kur'dish,  a.  Of  or  relating 
to  Kurdistan  or  the  Kurds. 

Enrsaal,  kor'sal,  n.  [G.,  lit.  cure-hall— 
kur,  cure,  and  saal,  a  hall.]  A  public  hall 
or  room  for  the  use  of  visitors  in  connec- 
tion with  many  German  watering-places 
or  health  resorts. 

Kutch,  kuch,  n.     Cutch. 

Kyabooca-wood,  ki-a-boTca,  n.    Kiabooca- 

WOOD. 

Eyanite,  ki'an-it,  n.  [Gr.  kyanos,  blue.]  A 
gem  of  the  garnet  family  of  a  blue  colour, 
somewhat  resembling  sapphire. 

Eyanize,  ki'an-iz, v.t.—k!/anized,kj/anizing. 
[From  Kyan,  the  inventor.]  To  preserve 
(timber)  from  dry-rot  by  steeping  in  a 
solution  of  corrosive  sublimate. 

Kyle,  kil,  n.  (Gael,  caol,  caoil,  a  firth,  a 
channel.]  A  sound;  a  strait:  used  in  some 
Scotch  place-names. 

Eyloe,  ki'lo,  n.  [Gael,  caol,  slender,  small. T 
One  of  a  breed  of  small-sized  cattle  of  the 
Hebrides  and  AVestem  Highlands. 

Kyrie-eleison,  ki'ri-e-e-li"son,  n.  [Gr.  kyrie, 

•  Lord,  eleeson,  have  mercy.]  A  form  of  in- 
vocation m  ancient  Greek  liturgies  and 
still  used  in  the  Roman  Catholic  serrice. 


£,. 


L,  the  twelfth  letter  and  ninth  consonant 
of  the  English  alphabet. 

La,  la,  erclum.  [A.  Sax.  Id,  lo!  behold!] 
Look;  see;  behold. 

La,  la.  Mus.'thc  sixth  of  the  seven  syl- 
liiblc's  that  represent  the  seven  sounds  in 
tile  diatonic  scale. 

Laager,  lii'gOr,  n.  [D.,  a  camp.]  In  South 
Africa,  an  encampment;  a  temporary  de- 
fensive incl  .-iure,  formed  of  wagons.- i».i. 
To  encamji;  to  form  a  temporary  defence 
by  means  of  wagons. 

L.abaruni,  lab'a-rum,  n.  [L.  laharum,  la- 
lii'jnim,  (ir.  tabaron,  labOron;  etym.  doubt- 
ful.) The  standard  adopted  by  Constan- 
tino the  Great  after  his  conversion  to 
Christianity;  a  banner  bearing  the  Greek 
letters  X  P  (that  is,  Chr),  conjoined  so  as 
1 1 1  form  a  monogram  of  the  name  of  Christ. 

Labdanum,  lab'da-num.    Jjadanum. 

Labefaction,  lab-e-fak'shon,  n.  [  L.  labe- 
/actio,  from  lahe.facio—labo,  to  totter,  and 
.faeio,  to  make.']  A  weakening;  decay; 
downf.ill. 

Label,  la'bl,  n.  [O.Fr.  label,  lambel,  a  rag, 
a  tatter,  a  shred;  of  Germanic  or  Celtic 
origin;  comp.  G.  lappe.  a  flap,  rag,  W.  llab, 
a  strip,  Gael.  leub,a.  shred.  Lap,  n.]  A  slip 
of  paper,  parchment,  or  other  material, 
containing  a  name,  title,  address,  state- 
ment of  contents,  nature,  or  the   like, 


affixed  to  anything;,  a  narrow  Sup  affixed 
to  diplomas,  deeds,  or  writings  to  hold 
the  apiKjnded  seal;  arch,  a  projecting  tab- 
let or  moulding  over  doors,  windows,  &c. 
— v.t.— labelled,  labelling.  To  affix  a  label 
to.— Labeller,  la'bl-er,  n.  One  who  labels. 

Labellum,  la-bel'lum,  n.  [L.,  a  little  lip, 
dim.  of  labrum,  a  lip.)  Bot.  one  of  the 
three  pieces  forming  the  corolla  in  orchid- 
eous  plants,  usually  turned  downwards. 

Labial,  la'bi-al,  a.  [From  L.  labium,  a  lip. 
Lip.]  Pertaining  to  the  lips;  uttered  by 
the  lips;  owing  its  special  character  to  the 
lips  (a  labial  consonant).  —  n.  A  vowel  or 
consonant  formed  chiefly  by  the  lips,  as 
b,  m,  p,  o.  —  Labialize,  la'bi-al-iz,  v.t.    To 

■  give  a  labial  sound  or  character  to;  to 
utter  labially.  —  Labially,  la'bi-al-li,  adv. 
Tu  a  labial  manner;  by  means  of  the  lips. 
—Labiate,  Labiated,  la'bi-at,  la'bi-5-ted.a. 
[L.L.  labiattts,  from  L.  labiuvi,  lip.)  Bot. 
applied  to  an  irregular  gamopetalous  cnr- 
olla,  the  limb  or  expanded  portion  cleft 
so  as  to  present  anupper  and  lower  lip. — 
Labiodental,  laTii-o-den-tal,  a.  and  n.  [L. 
labium,  a  lip,  and  dens,  a  tooth.]  Formed 
or  pronounced  by  the  co-operation  of  the 
lips  and  teeth;  a  sound  thus  formed  (/and 
I)).— Labitun,  IS'bi-um,  n.    [L.  |    AIip;es- 

eecially,  the  lowerlip of  insects,  the  upiier 
eing  called  the  labrum;  the  inner  lip  of 


the  shell  of  a  nniyalTe  mollusc,  the  outer 
being  called  the  labrum. 
Laboratory,  lab'o-ra-to-ri,  n.  [L.L.  labora- 
torium,  from  L.  labor,  labour.  Laiiouk.) 
A  building  or  room  designed  for  investi- 
gation and  experiment  in  chemistry,  phy- 
sics, or  other  subject;  a  chemist's  work- 
room; the  shop  of  a  druggist.  • 
Labour,  la'ber,  n.  [O.Fr.  labour,  Fr.  Zo- 
beur,  L.  labor,  labons,  labour;  from  a  root 
beginning  with  r  (by  a  common  change), 
whence  also  robustus,  robust.)  Exertion, 
physical  or  mental,  or  both,  undergone  in 
the  performance  of  some  task  or  work; 
particularly,  the  exertion  of  the  body  in 
occupations  by  which  subsistence  is  ob- 
tained; the  i>erformance  of  work;  toil; 
work  done  or  to  be  done;  labourers  or 
producers  in  the  aggregate  (the  claims  or 
rights  of  labour);  travail;  the  pangs  and 
efforts  of  childbirth. — v.i.  To  engage  in 
labour;  to  work;  to  toil;  to  exert  the  body 
or  mind,  or  both,  in  the  prosecution  of 
any  design;  to  proceed  or  act  with  diflS- 
culty;  to  be  burdened;  to  suffer  (tolabour 
imder  a  disea.se);  naut.  to  pitch  and  roll 
heavily,  as  a  ship  in  a  turbulent  sea. — v.t. 
To  till;  to  cultivate;  to  prosecute  with 
effort.— Laboured,  la'btrd,  p.  and  a.  Pto- 
duced  with  labour;  bearing  the  marks  of 
constraint  and  effort:  opposed  to  ea»j/  or 


.Fiite,  far,  fat,  fall;     mi!,  metihfer;     pine,  pin;     uOte,  not,  move;      tabe,  tub^bull;     oil,  pound;     ti,  be.  atum*?— tjic  t't,.!?. 


LABRADOEITE 


383 


LADE 


natvral  (a  laboured  speech), —Labourer, 
lft'b6r-6r,  n;  One  who  labours;  a  man  who 
does  work  that  requires  little  skill  or  spe- 
cial training,  as  distinguished  from  an 
artisan. — LaDOTiring,  la'b6r-ing,  p.  and  o. 
Exerting  muscular  strength  or  intellec- 
tual power;  moving  with  pain  or  difficulty; 
occupied  in  work  that  requires  no  appren- 
ticeship or  professional  skill.  —  Labour- 
savbig,  a.  Saving  labour;  adapted  to  su- 
persede or  diminish  the  labour  of  men.— 
Iiaborious,  la-bo;ri-us,  a.  [L.  ldboriotus.\ 
Beqtuiring  labour;  toilsome;  not  easy; 
diligent  in  work  or  service ;  industrious ; 
assiduous.  —  Laborlo&sly,  la-bS'ri-us-li, 
adv.  In  a  laborious  manuer.-~-l4itK>riou8- 
ness,  la-bo'ri-us-nes,  n. 

Labradorite.  lab'ra-dor-it,  n. "  A  mineral,  a 
kind  of  felspar,  found  on.  the  coast  of 
Labrador,  distinguished  by  its  splendent 
changeability  Of  colour.:  called  also  Lab- 
rador felspar. 

Labrum,  la'bfum,  n.  [L.]  An  upper  or  outer 

,  lip.  Labiuu.— Labroae,  la'bros,  a.  Hav- 
ing thick  lips. 

Laburnum,  la-bSr'num,  n.  [L.]  A  legu- 
minose  tree,  well  known  for  the  beauty 
of  its  pendulous  racemes  of  yellow  pea- 
shaiped  flowers,  and  having  wood  which  is 
much  valued  for  turnery  work.- 

Labyrinth,  lab'i-rinth,  n.  [L.  labyrinthtia; 
Gr.  labynnthoa.]  A  structure  having  nu- 
merous intricate  winding  passages;  a  place 
full  of  inextricable  windings;  an  orna- 
mental maze  or  wilderness  in  gardens;  an 
intricate  arrangement  of  bands  or  lines 
used  for  ornamentation;  any  intricate  mat- 
ter or  business;  anat.  that  part  of  the  in- 
ternal ear  which  lies  behind  the  tympan- 
um; metal,  a  aeries  of  troughs  attached  to 
a  stamping  mill,  through  which  a  current 
of  water  passes  so  as  to  carry  on  and-  de- 

Eosit  in  certain  places  the  ground  ore. — 
abvrinthlan,  Labyrinthal,  lab-i-rinth'i- 
an,  lab'i-rinth-al,  a.  Labyrinthine.  Also 
Labyrlnthlc,  lab-i-rinth'ik,  Labjrrinthical, 
lab-i-rinth'i-kal.  —  Labyrinthine,  lab-i- 
rinthln,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  a  laby- 
rinth; full  of  windings;  intricate;  mazy. — 
Labyrinthodon,  lab-i-rinth"o-don,  n.  [Gr. 
labprinthosi  and  odous,  odontos,  a  tooth.] 
A  fossil  amphibian  allied  to  the  crocodile 
and  to  the  frog,  10  or  12  feet  long. 

Lac,  lak,  n.  [Per.  lak,  Skr.  IdksM  and 
r&kshA,  the  lac  insect,  from  ranj,  to  dye; 
hence  lacquer,  lake  (colour). 1  A  resinous 
substance  produced  mainly  upon  the  ban- 
yan-tree, by  the  puncture  of  a  small  in- 
sect, and  used  in  preparing  lacquers,  var- 
nishes, &c.— Stick  lac  is  the  substance  in 
its  natural  state,  incrusting  small  twigs ; 
when  broken  off  and  washed  with  water 
it  is  called  seed  lac;  when  melted  and  re- 
duced to  a  thin  crust  it  is  called  shell-lac. 
shellac.  -^  Lac  dye  and  lac  lake,  scarlet 
colouring  matters  obtained  from  stick  lac. 

'  — Laccic,  lak'sik.  a.  Pertaining  to  lac  or 
produced  from  it. 

Lac,  Lack,  lak,  n.  [Hind,  lakh,  Skr.  laksha.] 
In  the  East  Indies  a  word  used  to  denote 
100,000  (a  lac  of  rupees); 

Lace,  las,  n.  [O.Pr.  las,  from  L.  laqtteus,  a 
noose,  a  snare ;  akin  lasso,  latchet.]  A 
string  or  cord  used  for  fastening  boots  or 
some  other  part  of  the  dress,  or  plaited 
and  otherwise  ornamented  and  used  for 
decoration;  a  delicate  kind  of  net-work, 
used  for  the  ornamenting  of .  female 
dresses,  &cJ—v.t.— laced,  lacing.  To  fasten 
with  a  JM«e  or  string  through  eyelet-holes; 
to  adorn  with  lace,  or  as  with  lace. — v.i. 
To  be  fastened  or  tied  by  a  lace;  to  have-a 
lace.— Lace-boot,  n.  A  boot  which  is  fas- 
tened by  a  lace.  —  Laced,  last,  p.  and  a. 
Fastened  with  lace:  tricked  out  wi^h  lace. 
— Lace-frame,  n.  A  machine  for  making 
lace.— Lace-leaf,  n.    Lattice-leaf.— Lace- 

E"low,  n.  A  pillow  or  cushion  for  making 
e  on.— Lacing,  las'ing,  n.  The  act  of 
tening  with  a  lace;  a  cord  used  in  draw- 
ing tight  or  fastening. 
Lacerate,  las'er-5t,  v.t— lacerated,  laceraf- 
ing.  [L.  lacero,  laceratum,  to  tear,  from 
lacer,  mangled,  torn.]  To  tear;  to  rend; 
to  make  a  ragged  wound  or  gash  in  by 
violence  or  tearing;  fig.  to  torture;  to  har- 
row. —  Lacerable,  las'Cr-a-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being .  lacerated  or  torn.  —  Lacerate, 


Lacerated,  las'Sr-at,  las'6r-a-ted,'p.  and  a. 
Hent;  torn;  bot.  having  the  appearance  of 
being  torn.  —  Laceration,  las-6r-a'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  lacerating;  the  breach  made  by 
rending. — Lacerative,  las'^-a-tiv.a.  Tend- 
ing to  lacerate. 

Lacei-tian,  LacertiUan,  la-sdr'shi-an,  las-«r- 
til'i-an,  a.  [L.  lacerta.  a  Uzard.]  Belopg- 
ing  to  the  family  of  lizards.  —  Lacertlne, 
la-s6r'tin,  o.    Like  a  lizard.  • 

Laches,  lach'es  or  lash'ez,  n.  [Norm.  Fr. 
lachesse,  remissness,  lit.  looseness,  from 
O.Fr.  lasche,  from  L.  laxus,  lax,  slow.] 
Law,  neglect;  negligence;  remissness;  in- 
excusable delay. 

Lachryma  Christ!,  Iak'ri-m6  kris'ti,  w.  [L., 
lit.  Christ's  tears.]  A  sweet  but  piquant 
muscatel  wine  of  most  agreeable  flavour 
produced  from  the  grapes  of  Mount  Som- 
ma,  near  Vesuvius. 

Lachrymal,  lak'ri-mal,  a.    [L.  lachryma, 

•  lacryma,  lacmna,  a  tear;  cog.  with  Gr. 
dakry,  a  tear,  and  E.  tear.]  Pertaining  to 
tears;  generating  or  secreting  tears'  (the 
lachrymal  gland);  conveying  tears  (lachry- 
mal canal).— Lacnrymary,  lak'ri-ma-ri,  o. 
Containing  tears.  —  Lachrymation.t  lak- 
ri-ma'shon,  n.  The  act  of  shedding  tears. 
-^Lachrymatory,  lak'ri-ma-to-ri,  n.  A 
vessel  found  in  sepulchres  of  the  ancients, 
in  which  it  has  been  supposed  the  tears  of 
a  deceased  .person's  friends  were  collected 
and  preserved  with  theashes  and  urn.  Also 
called  LachryrtMl.  —  Lachrymose,  lak'ri- 
mos,  a.  Generating  or  shedding  tears; 
appearing  as  if  shedding  or  given  to  shed 
tears;  tearful.— Lachrymoaely,  lak'ri-mSs- 
li,  adu.    In  a  lachrymose  manner. 

Lacing.    Under  Lace. 

Lacinlate,  Lacinlated,  la-sin'i-at,  la>sin'i- 
ft-ted,  a.  [L.  lacinia,  a  lappet,  fringe,  or 
border.]    Adorned  with  fringes;  bot.  jag- 

,  ged:  applied  to  leav«s  or  petals  which  are 
divided  by  deep  tapering  mcisions. 

Lack,  lak,  v.t.  [Same  as  D.  laken,  to  blame, 
0>D.  laecken,  to  fail,  to  decrease;  Dan.  lak, 
fault,  want;  Icel.  lakr,  defective;  perhaps 
connected  vrith  leak.]  To  be  destitute  of; 
not  to  have  or  possess;  to  want;  to  need; 
to  require.— v.t.  To  be  in  want;  to  be  want- 
ing.— n.  Want;  destitutiour  need;  failure. 
— ^Lackall,  lak'al,  n.  A  person  thoroughly 
destitute;  a  needy  fellow.  [ Car Z.]— Lacker, 
lak'6r,  w.  One  who  lacks.— Lack-lustre, 
a.    Wanting  lustre  or  brightness. 

Lack,  n.    Lac. 

Lack-a-day,  lalc-a-da'.  [Contr.  for  aXack- 
the-day.]  Exclamation  of  sorrow  or  regret; 
alas!— alas!  the  day.— Lackadaisical,  Lack- 
adaisy,  lak-a-da'zi-kal,  lak-a^da'zi,  a.  Af- 
fectedly pensive;  maudlinly  sentimental. 
— Lackadaisy,  lak'a-da-zi,  exclam.  Used 
ludicrously  for  Lack-a-day. 

Lacker,  lak'fer, ».    Lacquer. 

Lackey,  lak'i,  n.  [Fr.  laquais,  from  Sp.  and 
Pg.  •  lacayo,  alacay,  probably  from  Ar. 
lakiyy,  attached  to  some  one.]  An  attend- 
ing male  servant;  a  footboy  or  footman; 
any  servile  *ollower.—«.<.  To  wait  on  as  a 
lackey;  to  attend  servilely. — v.i.  To  act  as 
a  lackey;  to  pay  servile  attendance  on 
some  person. 

Lacmus,  lak'mus.    Lmrus. 

Laconic,  laconical,  la-kon'ik,  la-kon'i-kal, 
o.  [Fr.  laconiqne,  L.  laconicus,  from'  La- 
coweg,  the  Spartans.]  Short;  brief;  pithy; 
gententious;expiessing  much  in  few  words, 
after  the  manner  of  the  Spartans,  who 
were  Laconians.  —  Laconically,  la-kon'i- 
kal-li,  adv.  In  a  laconic  manner;  con- 
cisely; in  few  words.— Laconism,  Laconi- 
cism,  lak'on'jem,  la-kon'i-sizm,  n.  [L.  la- 
conismus.]  A  concise  style ;  a  brief  sen- 
tentious phrase  or  expression. 

Lacquer,  Lacker,  lak'er,  n.  [Pg.  laare,  from 
laca,  lac.  Lac]  A  solution  of  shell-lac 
(sometimes  sandarach,  mastic,  &c.)  in  alco- 
hol, coloured  byamotto,  gamboge,  safiron, 
and. other  colouring  matters,  forming  a 
yellow  varnish  for  brass  and  other  metals. 
—v.i.  To  varnish  with  lacquer.— Lacquered, 
Lackered,  lak'6rd,  p.  and  a.  Covered  with 
lacquer;  varnished. 

La-croBse,  la-kros',  n.  [Pr.]  Agameatballj 
originating  with  the  Indians  of  Canada, 
played  somewhat  on  the  principle  of  foot- 
ball, except  that  the  ball,  instead  of  being 
kicked,  is  carried  or  thrown  through  the 


enemy's  goal  by  means  of  a  large  battle- 
dore  called  a  crosse.  ' 

I:acr7mal,  &c.    Under  Lachrymal. 

Lactarene,  Lactarine,  lak'ta-ren,  lak'ta- 
rin,  n.  [L.  lac,  lactis,  milk;  cog.  with  Gr. 
gala,  galaktos,  Ir.  laith,  milk.]  A  prepara- 
tion of  the  casein  of  milk,  extensively  used 
by  calico-printers.- Lactary.t  lak'ta-ri,  a. 
[L.  ktctaritw,  milky.]  Milky;  full  of  white 
juice  like  milk. — rt.t  A  dairy-house.— Lac- 
tate, lak'tat,  n.    Chem'.  a  salt  of  lactic 

.  acid,  or  acid  of  sour  milk.— Lactation,  lak; 
ta'shon,  n.  [L.  lacto,  to  give  suck.]  The 
act  of  giving  suck,or  the  time  of  suckling; 
the  function  of  secreting  and  excreting 
milk. — Lacteal,  lak'te-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  resembling -milk;  niilky:  conveying 
chyle  (a  lacteal  vessel). . —  n.  Anat.  one  of 
numerous  minute  tubes  which  absorb  or 
take  up  the  chyle  or  milk-like  fluid  from 
the  alimentary  canal  and  convey  it  to  the 
thoracic  duct. — Lacteally,  lak'te-al-li,  adv. 
Milkily;  in  the  manner  of  milk.— Lactean, 
lak'te-an,  a.  Milky;  lacteal."-  Lacteous, 
lak'te-us,  a.  [L.  lacteus.]  Milky;  lacteal. 
— Lactescence,  lak-tes'ens,  n.  The  state 
of  being  lactescent;  mUkiness  or  milky 
colour;  the  milky  liquor  which  flows  from 
a  plant  when  wounded.— Lactescent,  lak- 
tes'ent,  a.  [L.  lactescens,  ppr.  of  lactesco, 
to  beo(jme  milky.]  Becoming  milky;  hav- 
ing a  milky  appearance  or  consistence. — 
Lactic,  lak'tik,  a.  [Pr.  lactique.]  Per- 
taining to  milk  or  procured  from  sour 
milk  or  whey  [lactic  acid).  —  Lactiferous, 
lak-tif'^r-us,  a.  [L.  lactifer.]  Producing 
or  conveying  mUk  or  milky  juice.  —  Lac- 
tiflc,  Lactisfial,  lak-tifik,  lak-tif'i-kal,  a. 
[L.  lac,  and  jte«o,  to  make.]  Causing,  pro- 
ducing, or  yielding  milk.— Lactifuge,  lak'- 
ti-fnj,  n.  [L.  lac,  and  fugo,  to  expel.]  A 
medicine  which  checks  or  diminishes  the 
secretion  df  milk.— Lactine,  Lactose, lak'- 
tin,  lak'tos,  n.  Sugar  of  milk,  a  substance 
obtained  by  evaporating  whey,  filtering 
through  animal  charcoal,  and  crystalliz- 
ing. —  Lactometer,  lak-tom'et-6r,'  n.  [L. 
lac,  and  Gr.  metron,  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  ascertaining  the  different  quali- 
ties of  milk. 

Lactucarium,  lak-ta-ka'ri-um,  n.  [Prom 
L.  la'ctuca,  lettuce,  from  lac,  lacUs,  milk.] 
The  inspissated  milky  juice  of  lettuce, 
possessing  slight  anodyne  properties,  and 
sometimes  used  for  opium. 

Lacuna,  la-kQ'na,  n.  pL  Lacuna,  la-ktt'ne. 
[L.,  a  hollow.]  A  pit  or  depression  on  a 
surface ;  a  small  blank  space ;  a  gap ;  a 
hiatus;  one  of  the  spaces  left  among  the 
tissues  of  the  lower  animals  serving  in 
place  of  vessels  for  the  circulation  of  the 
fluids.- Lacune.t  la-kOn',  n.,  A  lacuna.— 
Lacunal,  la-ku'nal,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
having  lacunae.  —  Lacunar,  la-ka'n6r,  n. 
pi.  Lacunars,  Lacunaria,  la-ka'rterz,  lak- 
tt-na'rl-a.  [L.j  Arch,  one  of  the  sunk  com- 
pai-tments  or  panels  in  ceilings,  &c.  —  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  having  lacunae  or  lacu- 
hars. — Lacunous,  Lacunose,  la-ka'nus,  la- 
ka'nos,  a.  [L.  lacunosits.']  Having  lacunae; 
furrowed  or  pitted. 

Lacustrine,  Lacustral,  la-kus'trin,  la-kus'- 
tral,  a.  [From  L.  lacvs,  a  lake.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  Isike.— Lacustrine  or  lake  dwell- 
■ings,  the  name  given  to  ancient. habita- 
tions built  on  small  islands  in  lakes,  or  on 
platforms  supported  by  piles  near  the 
shores  of  lakes. 

Lad;  lad,  n.  [Of  doubtful  origin;  comp.  \V. 
llawd,  Ir.  lath,  a  lad,  a  youth;  lass  is  the 
feminine  corresponding.]  A  young  man  or 
boy;  a  stripUng;  a  familiar  term  applied 
to  grown  men;  felloW;  comrade. 

LadanUm,  lad'a-num,  n.  [Gr.  ladanon,  from 
Per.  Iddan,  the  shrub.]  The  resinous  juice 
which  exudes  from  several  species  of  cistus 
growing  in  Spain  and  Portugal,  Crete, 
Syria,  &c.,  formerly  used  in  plasters,  &c. 

ladder,  lad'fer,  n,  [A.  Sax.  hlcedder  = 
O.Fris.  Madder.  D.  ladder,  O.H.G.  hleitra, 
hleitara.  Mod.  G.  leiter,  a  ladder;  cog.  L. 
clathri,  a  trellis  or  grate.]  An  article  of 
wood,  metal,  or  rope,  consisting  of  two 
long  side-pieces  connected  by  cross-pieces 
at  suitable  distances,  forming  steps  by 
which  persons  may  ascend  a  building,  &c.; 
fig.  a  means  of  rising  to  eminence. 

Lade,  lad,  v.t. — yvet.laded,  pt).  laded,  laden 


ch,  cftain;     th, ' 


■.(J0-, 


j,  ^ob;     u,  Fr.  to»ij     ng,  sing;     th,  then;  th,  thia;     w,  wig;     wh,  whig;     zh,  asure, 


LADE 


384 


LAMENT 


(the  former  always  in  second  sense),'  ppr. 
lading,  [A.  Sax.  hladan,  to  load,  to  lade 
water;  O.  Sax.  and  O.H.G.  hladan,  Icel. 
hlatha,  Goth,  hlathan,  D.  laden,  G.  ibe)- 
laden,  to  load.  Load  is  almost  the  same 
word,  and  ladle  is  a  derivative.]  To  load; 
to  put  a  load  or  cargo  on  or  in;  to  lift  or 
throw  in  or  out  (a  fluid)  with  some  uten- 
sil; to  lave.— Laden,  la'dn,  p.  and  a.  [Pp. 
of  lade  in  first  sense.]  Loaded ;  charged 
with  a  burden  or  freight ;  Jig.  oppressed ; 
burdened.— Lading,  la'ding,  n.  That  which 
coustitutesaloadorcargo;freight;burden. 
— mil  of  lading.  Under  Bill. 
Lade,  lad,  n.  [A.  Sax.  lad,  a  canal,  way, 
course,  from  lithan,  to  go.]  A  water-course; 
a  channel  for  water;  in  Scotland,  a  mill- 
race. 

Ladle,  la'dl,  n.  [A .  Sax.  hlcedel,  from  hladan, 
to  draw  water.  Lade,  w.]  A  sort  of  dish 
with  a  long  handle,  used  for  lifting  or 
serving  out  liquids  from  a  vessel;  the  re- 
ceptacle of  a  mill-wheel  whiclu  receives 
the  water  that  moves  it;  founding,  an  iron 
vessel  in  which  liquid  metal  is  carried' 
from  the  furnace  to  the  mould.— u.^ — la- 
dled, ladling.  To  lift  or  deal  out  with  a 
ladle;  to  lade.— Ladleful,  la'dl-ful,  n.  The 
quautity  contained  in  a  ladle. 
Lady,  la'di,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hlaefdige,  hlaefdie, 
lit.  bread-maid,  from  hldf,  bread,  loaf,  and 
-tZiffe,O.E.d«y  .servantrmaid  (seen  in  dairy). 
Lord.]  A  woman  of  rank  or  distinction: 
correlative  to  lord;  the  proper  title  of  any 
woman  whose  husband  is  above  the  rank 
of  a  baronet  or  knight,  or  who  is  the 
daughter  of  a  nobleman  not  lower  than  an 
earl,  though  often  the  wife  of  a  baronet  or 
a  knight  is  called  by  this  title;  a  term  ap- 
plied by  courtesy  to  any  woman;  one  of 
the  fair  sex;  specifically,  a  woman  of  good 
breeding,  education,  and  refinement  of 
mind:  the  correlative  to' sreniZemara;  the 
wife  of  a  gentleman  or  man  in  good  posi- 
tion; the  mistress  or  possessor  of  an  estate; 
the  calcareous  apparatus  in  the  stomach 
of  a  lobster  for  triturating  its  food. — Our 
Lady,  the  'Virgin  Mary.  —  Ladles'-man, 
Lady's-man,  n.  One  who  inuch  affects  the 
society  of  ladies;  a  beau.— Ladify,  la'di-fi, 
v.t.  To  render  iadyUke;  to  make  a  lady 
of.— Lady -bird,  Lady-cow,  Lady -fly,  n. 
[Lady  is  here  the  "Virgin  Mary.]  A  small 
beetle  common  on  trees  and  plants  in 
gardens,  the  larva  of  which  feeds  on  aphi- 
des or  plai^t-lice. —Lady -chapel,  n.  A 
chapel  dedicated  to  the  Virgin  Mary,  fre- 
quently attached  to  large  churches,  and 
generally  placed  to  the  eastward  of  the 
high  altar.— Lady-day,  n.  The  day  of  the 
annunciation  of  the  'Virgin  Mary,  March' 
25th.— Lady-fern,  n.  A  species  of  fern,  of 
a  remarkably  elegant  plumj'  structure, 
common  in  Great  Britain. — Ladyhood,  la'- 
di-hud,  n.  The  condition  or  rank  of  a  lady. 
— Ladyism,  la'di-izm,  n.  Airs  or  conceits 
adopted  by  a  lady.— lady-killer,  n.  A  man 
whose  fascinations  are  irresistible  among 
the  ladies;  a  general  lover. — Lady-killing, 
n.  Act  or  practice  of  a  lady-killer;  gallan- 
try.- Ladylike,  la'di-lik,  a.  Like  a  lady 
in  any  respect.— Lady-love,  n.  A  female 
sweet-heart;  a  lady  who  is  loved.— Lady's- 
bedstraw,  n.  A  common  British  plant 
with  yellow  or  white  flowers,  formerly 
used  to  coagulate  milk.-^Lady's-bower,  re. 
A  woody  climbing-plant,  a  species  of  cle- 
matis; traveller's-joy. —  Ladyship,  la'di- 
ship,  n.  The  condition  or  rank  of  a  lady: 
employed  as  a  title  (with  her,  your,  &c.). — 
Lady's-maid,  n.  A  female  attendant  upon 
a  lady.— Lady's-slipper,  n. '  A  rare  British 
orchidaceous  plant  with  a  conspicuous 
flower. —Lady's -smock,  n.  A  common 
European  plant  growing  in  meadows,  with 
lilac  or  whitish  flowers. 
Laemmergeier,  lem'mer-gi-6r,  n.  Same  as 
Lanimergeyer. 

Lafitte,  la-fet',  n.  A  Bordeaux  wine,  a  kind 
of  claret,  so  called  from  the  vineyard  of 
Chateau  LaflUe. 

Lag,  lag.  a.  [  Of  Celtic  origin:  Vf.  Uag,  weak, 
languitt;  Gael,  lag,  feeble;  akin  L.  laxus, 
loose,  lax,  langmaug,  languid.]  Coming 
after  or  behind ;  slow;  sluggi.sh;  tardy. — 
n.  The  qu.intity  of  retardation  of  some 
movement  (the  lag  of  the  valve  of  a  steam- 
engine;  the  lag  of  the  tide).—-v.i.— lagged, 


lagging.  To  walk  or  move  slowly:  to  loiter; 
to  stay  behind. — Lag-end,  n.  The  last  or 
extreme  end  of  any  thing.— Laggard,  lag'- 
ard,  a.  [Lag,  and  si'ffix  -ard.]  Slow; 
sluggish;  backward.^re.  One  who  lags;  a 
loiterer;  a  lazy,  slack  fellow.— Lagger,  lag*- 
er,  n.  One  who  lags  or  loiters.— Laggingly, 
lag'ing-li,  ado.    Loiteringly. 

Lagan^  lag'an,  n.    Same  as  Ligan. 

Lager-beer,  la'g6r-ber,  n.  [G.  lagerbier— 
lager,  a  storehouse,  and  oier,  beer.]  A 
popular  German  beer,  so  called  from  its 
being  stored  for  some  months  before  use. 
— Lager-wlne,  re.  Bottled  wine  that  has 
been  kept  for  some  time  in  the  cellar; 

Lagoon,  Lagune,  la-gon',  la-gun',  n.  [It. 
and  Sp.  laguna,  from  L.  lacuna,  from  la- 

•  CMS,  a  lake.  Lake.]  A  shallow  lake  or  sheet 
of  water  connected  with  the  sea  or  a  river, 
found  in  low-lying  regions,  such  as  on  the 
coasts  of  Italy,  Holland,  parts  of  South 
America,  &c.;  the  sheet  of  water  surroun- 
ded by  an  atoll  or  ring-shaped  coral  island. 

Lagopnthalmia,  lag-of-thal'mi-a,  n.  [Gr. 
lagos,  a  hare,  and  ofihthalmos,  the  eye.] 
The  abnormal  retraction  of  the  upper  eye- 
lid which  prevents  it  covering  the  eyeball 
during  sleep. 

Lagostoma,  la-gos'to-raa,  n.  [Gr.  lagOs,  a 
hare,  and  stoma,  the  mouth.]    Hare-lip. 

Laic,  Laical,  la'ik,  la'i-kal,  a.  (L.  laicus. 
from  Gr.  taifes,  from  Jaos,  people.  LAY,a.j 
Belonging  to  the  laity  or  people,  in  dis- 
tinction from  the  clergy. — re.  A  layman. — 
Laicality,  la-i-kal'i-ti,  re.  The  condition  or 
quality  of  being  laical;  the  state  of  a  lay- 
man.—Laically,  la'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  laic 
manner. 

Laid,  lad,  pret.  &  pp.  of  lay:  so  written  for 
Layed.—Laid  paper,  ■vvriting  paper  with  a 
slightly  ribbed  surface,  called  cream-laid, 
blue-laid,  &c.,  according  to  colour. 

Lain,  Ian,  pp.  of  lie. 

Lair,  lar,  re.  [A.  Sax.  leger,  a  bed,  a  couch, 
a  grave,  from  the  root  of  lay,  lie—D.  leger, 
G.  lager.  Lay.]  A  place  to  lie  or  rest;  es- 
pecially the  resting-place  of  a  wild  beast, 
&c.;  in  Scotland,  a  portion  of  a  burying- 
ground  sufficient  for  one  grave. 

Laird,  lard,  n.  [A  form  of  lord.']  In  Scot- 
land, a  land-owner  or  house-proprietor. — 
Lairdship,  lard'ship,  n.  An  estate;  landed 
property.    [Scotch.] 

Laity.    Under  Lay,  a. 

Lake,  lak,  n.  [Fr.  lae,  from  L.  Ia<ni8,  a 
lake;  cog.  loch.]  A  sheet  or  body  of  water 
wholly  surrounded  by  land,  and  having 
no  direct  communication  with  tlie  sea, 
or  having  so  only  by  means  of  rivers. — 
Lake-basin,  n.  The  hasin  in  which  the 
waters  of  alake  rest;the  whole  area  drained 
by  a  lake.— Lake-dwelling,  n.  Under  La- 
custrine. —  Lakelet,  lak'let,  re.  A  little 
lake.— Laky,  la'ki,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
lake  or  lakes. 

Lake,  lak,  re.  [Fr.  laqtie.  Lac]  A  pig- 
ment consisting  of  an  earthy  substance 
impregnated  with  red  colouring  matter 
of  certain  ahimal  and  vegetable  substan- 
ces, there  being  thus  cochineal  and  lac 
lakes,  madder  lake,  &c. 

Lakh,  lak,  re.    Lac. 

Lallation,  lal-la'shon,  n.  [Fr.  lallation, 
from  the  letter  I.]  The  imi)erfect  pro- 
nunciation of  the  letter  r,  which  is  made 
to  sound  like  I. 

Lama,  la'ma,  n.  [Tibetan.]  A  priest  or 
ecclesiastic  belonging  to  that  variety  of 
Buddhism  which  is  known  as  Lamaism, 
and  prevails  in  Tibet  and  Mongolia.— La- 
maism, la'ma-izm,  n.  A  variety  of  Buddh- 
ism chiefly  prevailing  in  Tibet  and  Mon- 
golia.— Lamaist,  Lamaite,  la'ma-ist,  la'- 
ma-it,  n.>  One  belonging  to  the  religion 
of  Lamaism. — Lamaistic,  la-ma-is'tik,  «. 
Pertaining  to  lamaism. — Lamasery,  ItL'i- 
ma-ser-i,  n.  A  Buddhist  religious  society 
presided  over  by  a  lama. 

Lama.,  la'ma,  re.  An  animal,  same  as 
Llama. 

Lamantin,  Lamentin,  la-man'tin,  la-men'- 
tin,  re.  (Fr.;  from  Sp.  manate,  vvtiiatin, 
from  the  native  'W.  Indian  term.]  The 
American  manatee  or  sea-cow. 

Lamb,  lam,  n.  [A.  Sax.  O.  Sax.  Goth.  Icel. 
and  O.H.G.  lamb;  D.  and  Dan.  lam,  G. 
lamm,  lamb.]  The  youns  of  the  sheep 
kind;  a  person  as  gentle  or  iimocent  as  a 


lamb.— The  Lamb,  The  Lanib  of  God,  the 
Saviour  Jesus  Christ,  who  was  typified  by 
the  paschal  lamb.— I'.i.  To  bring  forth  a 
lamb  or  iambs.— Lambkin,  lam'kin,  re.  A 
small  lamb;  one  fondly  cherished. — Lamb- 
like, lam'lik,  a.  Like  a  lamb;  penile; 
humble;  meek.  —  Lambling,  lam'ling,  n. 
A  young  or  small  lamb.— Lambskin,  1am'- 
skin,  re. .  The  skin  of  a  lamb  dressed  with 
the  fleece  on,  or  made  into  leather.— 
Lambs'-wool,  n.  "Wool  obtained  from 
lambs.- 

Lambdacism,  lam'da-sizm,  re.  [Gr.  lambda- 
kisvios,  from  lambda,  the  Greek  letter  L.] 
A  faulty  pronunciation  of  U,  as  when  the 
tongue  is  pressed  against  the  palate  and 
produces  a  sound  similar  to  Ui  in  million; 
an  imperfect  pronunciation  of  the  letter 
r;  lallation. 

Lambdoidal,  lam'doi-dal,  a.  [Gr.  lamb- 
doeides — lambda  (A),  and  eidos,  resem- 
blance.] In  the  form  of  the  Greek  letter 
lambda  (A). 

Lambent,  lam'bent,  a.  [L.  lambens,  lamr- 
bentis,  ppr.  of  lambo,  to  lick,  a  nasalized 
form  akin  to  lap.]  Licking;  playing  about; 
touching  lightly;  gliding  over  (a  lambent 
flame);  gleaming;  twinkling;  flickering. 
Lame,  lam,  a.  [A.  Sax.  tama=C  Lan.  and 
Sw.  lam,  G.  lahm,  lame;  Icel.  tama,  alame 
person;  akin  prov.  E.  lam,  to  beat.] 
Crippled  or  disabled  in  one  or  more  of  the 
limbs;  crippled;  disabled  (a  lume  arm);  im- 
perfect, defective,  not  sound  or  unassail- 
i\ble  (a  lame  excuse).— v.t.— lamed,  laming^ 
To  make  lame ;  to  cripple  or  disable ;  to 
render  iiEperfect.- Laine-duck,w.  A  slang 
term  for  a  def  aul  ter  on  the  stock-exchange. 
— Lamely,  lam'li,  adv.  In  a  lame  or  im- 
perfect manner. — Lameness,  lam'nes,  re. 
The  condition  of  being  lame. 
Lamella,  la-mel'la,  re.  pi.  Lamellae,  la-mel'- 
le.  [Dim.  of  lamina.]  A  thin  plate  or 
scale;  one  of  an  aggregate  of  thin  plates; 
one  of  the  thin  plates  which  compose  the 
giUs  of  certain  molluscs ;  one  of  the  gills 
forming  the  hymenium  of  an  agaric. — 
Lamellar,  la-mel'ler,  a.  Composed  of  thin 
plates  or  kimellse;  disposed  in  thin  plates 
or  scales!- Lamellarly,  la-mel'lfer-li,  adv. 
In  thin  plates  or  scales. — ^Lamellate,  La- 
mellated,  lam'el-lat,  lam 'el-la-ted,  a. 
Formed  in  thin  plates  or  lamellae,  or 
covered  with  them;  furnished  with  la- 
mellae. —  LamelUbranchiate,  la-mel'li- 
brang"ki-at,  a.  [L.  lamella,  a  thin  plate, 
and  branchice,  gills.]  Having  lamellar 
gills,  especially  having  lamellar  gills  and 
bivalve  shells  as  the  molluscs  of  the  class 
or  order  (Lamellibranchiata)  of  which 
mussels,  cockles,  and  oysters  are  familiar 
examples.  Also  used  as  a  noun.— Lamel- 
licoru,  la-mel'li-korn,  a.  [L.  lamella,  a 
plate,  and  coi-nu,  a  horn.]  Having  lamel- 
lar antennae ;  having  antennas  the  three 
last  joints  of  which  are  plate-like  and  dis- 
posed somewhat  like  the  teeth  of  a  comb: 
said  of  beetles,  such  as  the  cockchafers, 
&c.  Used  also  as  w.  —  Lamelliferous,  la- 
mel-if '6r-us,  a.  Producing  or  composed  of 
plates  or  layers;  having  a  foliated  struc- 
ture. —  Lamelliform,  la-mel'li-form,  a. 
Having  a  lamellar  form. — ^Lamellirostral, 
la-merii-ros"tral,  a.  [L.  rostrum,  a  beak.] 
Having  a  beak  furnished  along  its  mai-- 
gins  with  numerous  lamellse  or  dental 

£lates  as  the  duck^,  geese,  swans,  &c. — ' 
'amellose,  la-mel'los,  a.  Covered  with  or 
in  the  form  of  lamellae. 
Lament,  la-ment',  v.i.  [L.  Zaweretor,to wail, 
from  larnentum,  a  wail;  same  root  as  lat- 
rare,  to  bark,  an  onomatopoetic  word.]  To 
mourn;  to  weep  or  wail;  to  express  sorrow; 
to  regret  deeply;  to  grieve. — v.t.  To  bewail; 
to  mourn  for;  to  bemoan;  to  deplore. — re. 
Lamentation;  an  elegy  or  mournful  ballad 
or  air. — Lamentable,  lam'en-ta-bl,  a.  [L. 
lamentabilis.]  To  be  lamented;  exciting  or 
callingforsorrow;grievous;moumful;  mis- 
erable; pitiful;  wretched.— Lamentable- 
ness,  lain'en-ta-'bl-nes,  re.  The  state  «f  being 
lamentable.  —Lamentably,  lam'en-ta-bii, 
adv.  In  a  lamentable  manner. — Lamenta- 
tion,lam-en-tiVshon,re.  [li.lameniaiio.]  The 
act  of  lamenting;  a  wailing;  expression  of 
sorrow;  cries  nr  words  expressive  of  grief; 
vl.  A  book  of  Scripture  containing  the 
Lamentations  of  Jeremiah.  —  Lamenter, 


Fate,  filr,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     u5te,  notj-mOve;     tobe,  tub,  biill ;     oil,  pound;     U,  Sc.  abime— the  Fr.  «. 


LAMINA 


3C5 


LAKD 


la-menf 6r,  n.  One  who  laments.  —  La- 
tnentingly,  la-ment'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  la- 
menting manner. 

Lamina,  lana'i-na,  n.  pi.  Laminae,  lam'i-nO, 
|L.,  a  thin  plate  or  lamina;  perhaps  from 
same  root  as  Gr.  e-tauno,  to  drive.]  A  thin 
plate  or  scale;  a  layer  or  coat  lying  over 
another:  applied  to  the  ))late8  of  minerals, 
bones,  &c.;  bot.  the  upiier  broad  part  of 
the  petal  in  a  polypelalous  corolla;  the 
blade  of  a  leaf.  —  Lajninable,  lam'i-na- 
bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  formed  into  thin 
plates. —Laminar,  lami-niir,  a.  Formed 
of  laminae  or  plates;  consisting  of  thin 
plates  or  layers.— Lamlnaria,  lam-i-na'ri- 
a,  n.  The  generic  name  of  various  sea- 
v/ecds  having  no  definite  leaves  but  a  plain 
riblcss  expansion,  v/hich  is  cither  simple 
or  cloven,  one  of  these  plants  being  the 
common  tangle.— Laminarian,lam-i-na'ri- 
an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Lai^inaria;  a  term 
applied  to  that  belt  or  zone  of  marine  life 
which  extends  from  low -water  m^rk  to  a 
depth  of  from  40  to  90  feet.— Laminary, 
lam'i-na-ri,  a.  Composed  of^'laminse  or 
plates.— Laminate,  Laminated,  lam'i-nat, 
lam'i-na-ted,  a.  Consisting  of  laminae 
scales,  or  thin  layers,  one  over  another.— 
Laminate,  lam'i-nat,  v.i.— laminated,  la^ 
viinating.  To  separate  or  split  up  into 
thin  plates  or  layers.- Lamination,  1am- 
i-na'shon,  n.  State  of  being  laminated; 
arrangement  in  laminae  or  thin  plates. — 
Laminiferous,  lam-i-nif'6r-u8^  a.  Having 
a  structure  consisting  of  laminaj  or  layers. 

Lammas,  lam'as,  re.  lA.  Sax.  hldf-rruesse, 
that  is,  loaf-mass,  bread-feast,  so  called 
because  on  this  day  offerings  were  formerly 
made  of  the  fixst-fruits  of  harvest.]  The 
first  day  of  August.  —  Lammas-tide,  n. 
The  time  of  Lammas. 

Lammergeier,  Laemmergeyer,  lara'm6r-gi- 
6t,  lem'mer-gi-6r,  re.  •  [G.  la^nmargeier— 
Idmmer,  pi.  of  lamm,  a  lamb,  and  geier,  a 
vulture.]  The  bearded  vulture,  the  largest 
European  bird  of  prey,  inhabiting  the 
Alps,  as  well  as  Asia  and  Africa. 

Lamp,  lamp,  re.  [Fr.  lampe,  L.  and  '-Qt. 
lampas,  from  Gr.  lampd,  to  shine;  akin 
lantern.]  A  vessel  for  containing  oil  or 
other  liquid  inflammable  substance,  to  be 
burned  by  means  of  a  wick;  any  contriv- 
ance adapted  to  contain  an  artificial  light; 
something  metaphorically  communicat- 
ing light.  —  Lampblack,  lamp'blak,  re.  A 
fine  soot  formed  by  the  condensatfon  of 
the  smoke  of  burning  oil,  pitch,  or  resin- 
ous substances  in  a  chimney  terminating 
in  a  cone  of  cloth.  —  Lamp-glass,  re.  The 
glass  tube  used  for  lamps,  burning  par- 
ticular oils;  the  glass  shade  for  a  lamp  or 
glass -burner.  —  Lampion,  lam'pi-on,  re. 
(Fr.;  dim.  of  lampe.]  A  small  lamp  suit- 
able for  illuminations.  —  Lamp-light,  re. 
The  light  shed  by  a  lamp.— Lamp-lighter, 
re.  A  man  employed  to  light  t,„rut;t  or 
other  public  lamps.  —  Lamp-post,  re;  A 
post  or  pillar  for  supporting  a  street  or 
other  outdoor  lamp.  —  Lamp-shade,  n.  A 
shade  placed  over  the  flame  of  ?  Ilv^v  to 
mellow  or  intercept  it. — Lami-shtll,  n. 
One  of  the  molluscs  of  the  class  Brachi- 
opoda. 

Lampas,  Lampass,  lam'pas,  re.  [Fr.  lam-- 
pas.].  A  swelling  in  the  roof  of  a  horse's 
mouth  immediUtely  behind  the  fore-teem. 

Lampem,  lam'pferu,  re.  [Corruption  of  lam^ 
prey.]  The  name  given  to  two  species  of 
fresh-water  lampreys. 

Lampoon,  lam -pan',  n.  [Fr.  lampem,  a 
drinking  or  scurrilous  song,  from  iam,per, 
to  drink,  to  guzzle;  akin  lap,  to  lick.]  A 
personal  satire  in  writing;  a  satiric  or 
abusive  attack  in  prose  or  verse.  —  v.t.  To 
write  a  lampoon  against;  to  assail  in  a 
lampoon.— Lampooner,  lam-pon'fer,  re.  The 
writer  of  a  lampoon.  —  Lampoonry,  lam- 
pon'ri,  re.  The  act  of  lampooning;  the 
matter  in  a  lampoon. 

Lamprey,  lam'pri,  re.  [Fr.  lamproie.  It. 
lampreda,  from  L.Ii.  lam,petra—li.  lambo, 
to  lick,  and  petra,  a  stone,  from  their  habit 
of  attaching  themselves  to  stones  by  their 
mouths.]  The  nanie  of  several  marsipo- 
branchiate,  eel-like,  scaleless  fishes,  with 
suctorial  mouths,  inhabiting  both  fresh 
and  salt  water. 

Lanary,  la'na-ri,  n.    [L.  lanaria,  a  wool- 


store,  from  lana,  wool. )  A  store-place  for 
v.'ool.— Lanatc,  Lanated,  la'nat,  la'ua-ted, 
a.  [h.  lanatri.s.]  Woolly;  covered  with  a 
growth  or  substance  resembling  wool. 

Lance,  lans,  re.  (Fr.  lance,  from  L.  lancea, 
a  lance,  supposed  to  be  of  same  root  as 
lacero,  to  lacerate.)  An  ofiensive  v/eapon 
consisting  of  a  long  wooden  shaft  with  a 
sharp-pointed  head  ol  steel  or  other  metal, 
used  in  war  by  both  ancient  and  modem 
nations;  a  spear. —  w.t. — lanced,  lancing. 
To  pierce  with  a  lance  or  other  pointed 
instrument;  to  open  with  a  lancet  or  other 
sharp  instrument.— Lance-corporal,  re.  A 
private  soldier  performing  the  duties  of  a 
corporal  with  temporary  rank  as  such. — 
Lance-head,  re.  The  head  or  sharp  end  of 
a  lance.  —  Lancelet,  lans'let,  re.  A  small 
worm-like  transparent  fish  of  very  anoma- 
lous structure,  the  lowest  of  the  class 
fishes.- Lanceolar,  lan'se-o-ler,  a.  [Li-ton- 
eeota,  dim.  of  lancea.]  Bot.  tapering  to- 
ward each  end.— Lanceolate,  Lanceolated, 
lan'se-o-lat,  lan'se-o-la-ted,  a.  [L.  lanceola, 
dim.  of  lancea,  a  lance.]  Shaped  like  a 
lance-head.— Lancer,  lan's^r,  re.  One  who 
lances;  one  who  carries  a  lance;  a  cavalry 
soldier  armed  with  a  lance.— Lancet,  lan'- 
set,  re.  (Fr.  lancette,  dim.  of  lance.]  A 
small  surgical  instrument,  sharp-pointed 
and  generally  two-edged,  used  in  opening 
veins,  tumours,  abscesses,  &c.  —  Lancet- 
window,  n.  A  nigh  and  narrow  window 
pointed  like  a  lancet.— Lancet-arch,  re.  An 
arch  whose  head  is  shaped  like  the  point 
of  a  lancet:  generally  used  in  lancet-win- 
dows.—Lancet-flsh,  re.  A  fish  distinguished 
by  its  compressed  shape  and  lancet-like 
spines  placed  on  each  side  of  the  tail.— 
Lance-wood,  n.  |So  named  from  its- being 
suitable  for  making  the  shafts  of  lances.] 
The  wood  of  several  trees  of  the  custard- 
apple  family,  natives  of  Guiana  and  the 
West  Indies,  which  possesses  great  tough- 
ness and  elasticity,  and  is  much  used  for 
carriage-shafts,  whip'handles,  tops  of  fish- 
ing-rods, &c.  —  Lancifonn,  lan'si-form,  a. 
Lance-shaped;  lanceolate. 

Lanclnate,  lan'si-nat,  v.t.  [L.  lancino,  lan- 
cinatum;  akin  to  lance,  lacerate.]  To  tear; 
to  lacerate.  —  Lancinating,  lan'si-na-ting, 
a.  Piercing:  applied  to  a  sudden  sharp 
shooting  pain,  as  in  cancer. — Lanclnation, 
lan-si-na'shon,  re.  A  sudden,  sharp,  shoot- 
ing pain;  laceration;  wounding. 

Land,  land,  re.  -[A.  Sax.  D.  Dan.  Icel.  Sw, 
Goth,  and  G.  land;  connections  very  doubt- 
ful.] The  solid  or  fixed  part  of  the  surface 
of  the  globe,  in  distinction  from  the  sea 
or  other  waters,  which  constitute  the  fluid 
or  movable  part;  a  definite  portion  of  the 
solid  surface  of  the  globe  as  set  apart  or 
belonging  to  an  individual  or  a  people,  as 
a  country,  estate,  or  farm  (to  travel  in  all 
lands,  his  land  adjoins  mine);  the  people, 
of  a  country  or  region;  ground  or  soil 
(good  land,  poor  land) ;  in  Scotland,  a 
building  including  houses  occupied  by 
different  families. — To  make  the  land,  or 
to  make  land  {naut.),  to  discover  land  from 
the  sea  as  the  ship  approaches  it.— v.t.  To 
set  on  shore;  to  disembark;  to  bring  to  or 
put  in  a  certain  place  or  condition  (to 
land  a  person  at  the  theatre,  in  difficul- 
ties). —  v.i.  To  go  on  shore  from  a  ship  or 
boat:,  to  disembark;  to  arrive;  to  reach. — 
Land-agent,  re.  A  person  employed  by  the 
proprietor  of  an  estate  to  collect  rents,  to 
let  farms,  and  the  like.  —  Land-blink,  re. 
A  peculiar  atmospheric  brightness  per- 
ceived in  the  arctic  regions  on  approach- 
ing land  covered  with  snow.— Land-breeze, 
re.  A  current  of  air  setting  from  the  land 
toward  the  sea.  —  Land-crab,  re.  A  crus- 
tacean whose  habits  are  terrestrial,  as 
distinguished  from  one  whose  habits  are 
aquatic— Landed,  ian'ded,  a.  Having  an 
estate  in  land;  consisting  in  real  estate  or 
land  {landed  property).— Lander,  lan'dfer, 
n.  One  who  lands.— Landfall,  land'fal,  re. 
The  first  land  discovered  after  a  voyage; 
a  landslip.  —  Land-force,  re.  A  military 
force  or  body  of  troops  serving  on  land. — 
Land-fowl,  re.  Birds  that  frequent  land: 
as  opposed  to  water-fowl. — Land-holder,  re. 
A  holder,  owner,  or  proprietor  of  land. — 
Land-ice,  re.  A  field  or  floe  of  ice  stretch- 
ing along  the  land  between  two  head- 


lands.—Landing,  land'ing,  a.  Connected 
with  the  process  of  bringmg  to  land,  or  of 
unloading  anything  from  a  vessel,  &c. — 
Landing  net,  a  small  bag-shaped  net  used 
in  fly-fishing  to  take  the  fish  from,  the 
water  after  being  hooked.— Laredirecr  stage, 
a  stage  or  platform,  frequently  so  con- 
structed as  to  rise  and  fall  with  the  tide, 
for  the  convenience  of  landing  or  shipping 
passengers  and  goods.  —  Landing  waiter, 
an  olticer  of  the  cusiurao  whoso  duty  is  to 
oversee  the  landing  of  goods.— n.  The  act 
of  going  or  setting  on  land;  a  place  where 
persons  land  or  v/heru  goods  are  sot  on 
shore;  the  first  part  of  a  floor  at  the  end 
of  a  flight  of  steps;  also,  a  resting-place  in 
a  series  or  flight  of  steps.  —  Land-jofeber, 
.  re.  One  who  speculates  in  buying  and  sell- 
■  ing  land.— Land-Jobbing,  n.  The  practice 
of  buying  land  for  the  purpose  of  speuvila- 
tion. — Landlady,  land'la-di,  re.  A  woman 
who  has  tenants  under  her;  the  mistress 
of  an  inn  or  of  a  lodging-house:  correlative 
to  Janrftorof.- Landless,  land'les,  a.  Desti- 
tute of  land;  having  no  property  in  land. 
—Landlocked,  land'lokt,  pp.  Inclosed  (v^- 
encompassed  by  land.  —Landloper,  laud'- 
lo-p6r,  re.  .  [Land,  and  loper,  as  in  inter- 
loper.] A  vagabond  or  vagrant;  one  who 
has  no  settled  habitation.  —  Landlord,' 
land'lord,  re.  The  owner  of  land  or  of 
houses  who  has  tenants  under  him;  the 
master  of  an  inn,  tavern,  or  lodging-house; 
a  host.  —  Landlubber,  iand'lub-6r,  re.  A 
contemptuous  term  among  seamen  for  a 
landsman.— Landmark,  land'mark,  re.  A 
mark  to  designate  the  boundary  of  land; 
any  mark  or  fixed  object  by  which  thj 
limits  of  a  portion  of  territory  may  bo 
known  and  preserved;  any  prominent  and 
distinguishing  feature  of  a  locality;  some 
elevated  object  on  land  that  serves  as  a 
guide  to  seamen;  what  marks  a  stage  in 
any  course  of  development;  any  striking 
historical  event  to  which  others  may  be 
referred. — Land-me3.sure,  n..  The  sj'stera 
of  quantities  used  in  computing  the  ai-ea 
of  pieces  of  land.  —Land-measurer,  re.    A 

f)erson  whose  employment  is  to  measure 
and.— Land-measxiring,  n.  The  art  of  de- 
termining by  moasurem.ent  and  computa- 
tion the  superficial  contents  of  portions  of 
land  in  acres,  roods,  &c.— Land-owner,  re. 
A  proprietor  of  land.— Landrail,  land'ral, 
w.  The  corncrake.— Landscape,  land'skap, 
re.  [D.  landschap,  Dan.  landskab;  equiva- 
lent to  land-shape.]  A  picture  represent- 
ing a  tract  of  country  with  the  various 
objects  it  contains;  such  pictures  in  gene- 
ral, or  the  painting  of  such  pictures;  a 
natural  scene  that  might  form  the  subject 
of  such  a  picture.— Landscape-gardener,re. 
One  who  is  employed  in  landscape-gar- 
dening. —  Landscape-gardening,  re.  'The 
art  of  laying  out  grounds,  arranging  trees, 
shrubbery,  &c.,  so  as  to  produce  the  effect 
ofnatural  landscape— Landscape-painter, 
re.  A  painter  of  landscapes.— Land-shark, 
re.  A  sailor's  term  for  a  sharper.— Land- 
slip, Landslide,  land'slip,  land'slid,  n. 
The  slipping  or  sliding  down  of  a  consider- 
able portion  of  land  or  earth  from  a  higher 
to  a  lower  level;  the  earth  which  so  slides 
or  slips. — Landsman,  landz'man,  re.  One 
who  lives  on  the  land:  opposed  to  seaman. 
— Landspring,  land' spring,  re,  A  spring 
of  water  which  comes  only  into  action 
after  heavy  rains.  —  Land-steward,  re.  A 
person  who  has  the  care  of  many  matters 
connected  with  a  landed  estate.  —  Land- 
sturm,  lant'stiirm,  re.  (G.,lit.  land-storm.J 
A  local  militia  of  Germany,  which  is  never 
called  from  its  own  district,  but  in  case  of 
actual  invasion.— Iiand-Burvesring,  re.  The 
act  of  determining  the  boundaries  and 
superficial  extent  of  portions  of  land,  and 
of  laying  down  an  accurate  map  of  the 
whole.  —Land-surveyor,  re.  •  One  whose 
employment  is  land-curveying. — Land- 
tax,  re.  A  tax  assessed  upon  lanJ  and 
houses.— Land-tortoiae,  Land-turtle,  re,  A 
tortoise  or  turtle  inhabiting  the  land. — 
Land -urchin,  re.  A  hedgehog.  —  Land- 
ward, land'wSrd,  adv.  Toward  the  land. 
— a.  Lying  toward  the  land,  or  toward  the 
interior,- or  away  from  the  sea-coast:  situ- 
ated in  or  forming  part  of  the  ccnn*'-^,  as 
opposed  to  the  town;  rural.  —  Laaii?  tlir, 


ch,  cftain;     cA,  Sc.locft;     g,  firo;     j.yob;     n,  Fr.  t07»;     ag,  sireji     <sB,thea;  ih,thw;     w,  tdg; 


wh,  whig; 
25 


zb,  a^ui'e. 


LANDAU 


386 


LAPWING 


lant'var,  n.  [G.— Zand,  counting,  and  v>eh,r, 
defence  (E.  ware,  beware).]  That  portion 
of  the  military  forces  of  some  continental 
nations  who  in  time  of  peace  follow  their 
ordinary  occupations,  excepting  when 
called  out  for  occasional  training.— Land- 
wind,  n.  A  wind  blowing  from  the  land. 

Landau,  lan-da',  n.  [From  Landau,  a  town 
in  Germany,  where  first  made.]  A  kind 
of  coach  or  carriage  whose  top  may  be 
opened  and  thrown  back. 

Lande,  land,  n.  [Fr.  lande.  It.  and  Sp. 
landa,  a  heath.]  A  heath;  a  heathy  or 
sandy  plain  incapable  of  bearing  cereals; 
specifically,  pi.  extensive  areas  in  France 
stretching  from  the  mouth  of  the  Garonne 
along  the  Bay  of  Biscay  and  inward  to- 
wards Bordeaux. 

Landgrave,  Landgraf,  land'grav,  land'graf, 
n.  [G.  landgra/,  J>.  landgraaf—land,  land, 
and  gra/,  graaf,  an  earl  or  count.]  In 
Germany,  originally,  the  title  of  district 
or  provincial  governors;  later,  the  title  of 
three  princes  of  the  empire,  whose  terri- 
tories were  called  landgi-aviates.  —  Land- 
graviate,  land-gra'vi-at,  n.  The  territory 
or  oflice  of  a  landgrave.  —  Landgravine, 
land  gra-v5n,  n.    The  wife  of  a  landgrave. 

Lane,  Ian,  n.  [A.  Sax.  Idne,  a  lane;  D.  laan,' 
alley,  avenue;  Icel.  Ion,  row  of  houses; 
Fris.  lona,  lana.  a  lane.]  A  narrow  way  or 
passage,  as  between  hedge*  or  buildings; 
a  narrow  street;  an  alley;  H  narrow  pass. 

Langrage,  Langrel,  lang'graj,  lang'grel,  n. 
Old  bolts,  nails,  and  pieces  of  iron  bound 
together  and  fired  from  a  ship's  guns. 

Langsyne,  lang-sln',  n.  [Sc.  long,  long, 
and  si/Tie,  since.]  The  time  long  ago. 
[Scotch.] 

Language,  lang'gwsj,  n.  [Pr.  langage,  from 
langue,  L.  lingua,  the  tongue ;'  which  is 
cog.  with  E.  tongw  (I  corresponding  to  t, 
as  in  L.  lacrima,  E.  tear).]  Human  speech; 
the  expression  of  thoughts  by  words  or 
articulate  sounds;  the  aggregate  of  the 
words  employed  by  any  community  for  in- 
tercommunication; the  speech  peculiar  to 
a  nation;  words  appropriate  to  or  espe- 
cially employed  in  any  branch  of  know- 
ledge (the  language  of  chemistry);  general 
stylo  or  manner  of  expression;  the  expres- 
sion of  thought  in  any  way  articulate  or 
inarticulate  (the  language  of  the  eyes,  of 
flowers,  &c.).  — Languaged,  lang'gwajd,  a. 
Having  a  language  of  this  or  that  kind ', 
Gkilled  in  language!— Laagnageleas,  l^ug'- 
<rwaj-les,  a.  Wanting  speech  or  language. 
{Shah.] 

Lingrnld,  lang'gwid,  a.  [L.  languidus,  from 
Zan£rt<eo,  to  droop  or  flag.  Languish.]  Flag- 
ging; drooping;  weak;  heavy;  dull;  indis- 
posed to  exertion;  slow;  tardy;  without 
animation. — Languidly,  lanp'gwid-li,  adv. 
In  a  languid  manner. — ^Languidness,  lang'- 
(pvid-nes,  n.  The  state  or  cjuality  of  being 
languid. 

Languish,  lang'gwish,  v.i.  [Pr.  languir, 
ppr.  languisgant,  from  L.  langueo,  to  lan- 
guish; akin  to  toa;,  lag,  alack.l  To  lose 
strength  or  animation ;  to  be  or  become 
dull,^eble,  or  spiritless;  to  pinej  to  be  or 
to  grow  heavy;  to  droop;  to  wither;  to 
fade;  to  be  no  longer  active  and  vigorous. 
— n.  Act  of  pining;  also,  4  soft  and  tender 
look  or  appearance.— Langulsher,  lang'- 
gwish-ir,  n.  One  who  languishes.  —  Liua- 
gulabing,  lang'ftwish-in;?,  p.  and  a.  Los- 
ing strength:  becoming  feeble;  pining; 
having  a  soft  and  tender  expression  (a 
languMhing  eye).  —  Lasguishingly,  lang'- 
gwish-ing-li,  adv.  In  a  languishing  man- 
ner.—Langulslunont,  lang'gwish-ment,  n. 
The  state  qf  languisning  or  pining;  soft- 
ness of  look  or. mien.— Languor,  lang'- 
prwfer,  rj.  ■  [li.  languor.]  The  state  of  body 
induced  by  exhaustion  of  strength;  feeble- 
ness; faintuess;  lassitude  of  booy;  dulness 
Vif  intellect;  listlessneas;  an  agreeable  list- 
less or  dreamy  state.— Languorous,  lang*- 
gwer-u3,  a.    Characterized  oy  languor. 

Laniard,  lan'yilrd,  n.    Lantard. 

Laniary,  lan'i-arri,  n.  [L.  laniarius,  per- 
taining to  a  butcher,  from  lanius,  a  but- 
cher.] ShamblesJ;  a  place  of  slaughter!; 
one  of  the  canine  teeth  of  the  carnivorous 
animals.— a.  Used  for  lacerating  or  tear- 
ing flesh  {laniary  teeth).— Lamariform, 
lan-i-ar'i-form,  o.    Shaped  like  the  lani- 


aries  or  canine  teeth  of  the  Camivora.— 
Laniate,t  la'ni-at,  v.t.  [L.  lanio,  laniatum.l 
To  tear  in  pieces.  —  Lanlation,t  la-ni-a'- 
shon,  n.    A  tearing  in  pieces. 

Laniferons,  la-nif'6r-us,  o.  [L.  lanifer— 
lana,  wool,  fero,  to  produce.]  Bearing  or 
producing  wool. — Lanifical,  la-nif'i-kal,  o. 
fli.  laTia  and  faeio.\  Working  in  wool.— 
Lanlgerous,  la-nij'6r-us,  a.  [L.  lana,  and 
gero,  to  bear.)  Bearing  or  producing  wool. 

Lank,  langk,  a.  [A.  Sax.  hlanc:  connections 
doubtful.]  Loose  or  lax  ana  easily  yield- 
ing to  pressure.t;  languid  or  drooping;;  not 
distended;  not  plump;  of  a  thin  or  slender 
habit  of  body.— Lankly,  langk'U,  adv.  In 
a  lank  manner;  loosely;  laxly. — Lankness, 
langk'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing lank.— Lanky,  lang'ki,  a.    Lank. 

Lanner,  lan'fer,  n.  [Fr.  lanier,  L.  laniarius, 
lanitts,  a  butcher.]  A  species  of  hawk, 
especially  the  female  of  the  species,  found 
in  the  south  and  east  of  Europe.— Lanner- 
et,  lan'6r-et,  n. '  The  male  of  the  lanner. 

lanseh,  lan'se.  n.  [Indian  name.]  The 
fruit  of  a  Malayan  tree  which  is  nighly 
esteemed. 

Lansquenet,  lansTce-net,  n.  [Originally  a 
foot  soldier,  from  G.  landaknecht,  a-foot- 
Boldier— tanrf,  country,  knecht,  a  servant, 
a  knight.]    An  old  game  at  cards. 

Lantern,  lan'tim,  n.  -[Fr.  lanteme,  L.  Ian- 
tema,  from  Gr.  lamptSr,  a  light,  a  beacon, 
from  lampO,  to  shine,  whence  also  lamp.] 
A  case  inclosing  a  light  and  protecting  it 

■  from  wind  ^na  rain,  sometimes  portable 
and  sometimes  fixed:  arch,  an  erection  on 
the  top  of  a  dome,  the  roof  of  an  apart-' 
mant,  &c.,to  give  light,  for  ventilation,  or 
for  ornament;  a  tower  which  has  the 
whole  or  a  considerable  portion  of  the  in- 
terior open  to  view;  a  light  open  erection 
on  the  top  of  a  tower;  the  upper  part  of  a 
lighthouse  where  the  light  is  shown.— 
Chinese  lantern.  .Under  Chinese.— Dart 
lantern,  one  with  a  single  opening,  which 
may  be  closed  so  as  to  conceal  the  light. — 
2iagic  lantern.  Under  Maoic— Lantern- 
fly,  «.  A  hemipterous  insect  of  South 
America  which  emits  a  strong  light  in  the 
dark.  — Lantern- jawed,  a.  Having  lan- 
tern-jaws; having  a  long  thin  visage. 
[Colloq.]— Lantern-Jaws,  n.  pi.  Long  tmn 
jaws;  a  lean  visage.    [Colloq.] 

Lanthanimn,  Lanthanum,  lan-tba'ni-um, 
lan'tha-num,  n.  [Gr.  lanthanO,  to  conceal, 
because  its  existence  long  remained  Un- 
known.] A  rare  metal  obtained  from 
cerite,  of  little  interest  or  importance. 

Lanthom,  lan'tfem,  n.  An  old  and  erro- 
neous spelling  of  Lantern,  due  to  the  fact 
that  lanterns  used  to  have  horn  sides. 

Lanu^nous,  Lanuglnose,  la-nti'ji-nus,  la- 
nti'ji-nSs,  a.  [B.  lanuginosns,  from  lanugo. 
do^vn,  from  lana,  wool.]  Downy;  covered 
with  down  or  fino  soft  hair. 

iLanY<^*^>  lan'yard,  n.  [Also  written  lanier, 
laniard,  from  Fr.  laniire,  a  thong,  -strap, 
originally  a  woollen  band,  from  L.  lana, 
wool.]  IVaut.  a  short  piece  of  rope  or  line 
used  for  fastening  something  m  ships; 
milit.  a  piece  of  strong  twine  with  an  iron 
hook  at  one  end,  used  in  firing  cannon 
with  a  friction-tube. 

Laodicean;  la-od'i-s5"an,  a.  Like  the  Chris- 
tians of  Laodicea;  lukewarm  in  religion. 
— Laodlceanism,la-od'i-se"an-izm,n.  Luke- 
■warmness  in  religion. 

Lap,  lap,  71.  [A. Sax.  Iceppa;  D.  and  Ban.Zap, 
Sw.  lapp,  6.  lappen,  a  lap,  a  loose  flap,  lap^ 
pen,  to  hang  loose;  akin  to  label,  loie,  limp 
(a.),  lapse;  lapel,- lappet,  &re  derivatives.] 
The  lower  part  of  a  garment  that  hangs 
-  loosely;  the  part  of  clothes  that  lies  on  the 
knees  when  a  person  sits  down;. hence,  the 
upper  part  of  the  legs  in  this  position;  the 
part  of  one  body  which  lies  on  and  covers 
a  part  of  another  (as  a  slate  in  roofing).— 
Lap-board,  n.  A  board  resting  on  the  lap, 
employed  by  tailors  for  cutting  out  or  iron- 
ing work  upon.— Lapdog.  lap'dog,  n.  A 
small  dog  fondled  in  the  lap;  a  pet  dog. — 
Lapful,  lap'ful,  n.  At  much  as  the  lap  cam 
contain. — Lap-stone,  n.  A  stone  on  which 
shoemakers  beift;  leather  on  the  knees. 

Lap,  lap,  v.t.  —  lapped,  lapping.  [From 
O.E.  wlap,  to  wrap,  a  form  of  wrap  (which 
see).!  To  wrap  or  twist  round;  to  infold; 
to  fold;  to  double  over;  to  lay  partly  above. 


—v.i.  To  be  spread  or  laid ;  to  be  turned 
over;  to  lie  over  something  in  part  (aa 
slates  on  a  roof).— Lapper,  lap'er,  n.  One 
who  laps  or  folds;  one  who  folds  cloth. 

Lap,  lap,  v.i.— lapped,  lapping.  [A.  Sax. 
lapian,  lappian.  Icel.  lepja,  O.D.  lappen, 
lapen,  L.G.  lappen,  to  lap  or  lick  up;  allied 
to  L.  larnbo,  Gr.  lapto — to  lap  or  lick.]  To 
take  up  liquor  or  food  with  the  tongue;  to 
feed  or  drink  by  licking  up ;  to  make  a 
sound  like  that  produced  Tby  taking  up 
water  by  the  tongue.  — y.t  To  take  into 
the  mouth  with  the  tongue;  to  lick  up. — 
n.  A  lick,  as  with  the  tongue;  a  sound 
made  in  this  way;  a  sound  as  of  water  rip- 
pling against  the  beach.— Lapper,  lap'er, 
n.  One  who  laps  pr  takes  up  with  the 
tongue. 

Lap,  lap,  n.  [Short  for  lapidary  wheel.]  A 
wheel  or  revolving  disk  of  soft  metal, 
which  by  means  of  a  polishing  powder  is 
used  in  cutting  glass,  gems,  &c. 

Lapel,  Lapelle,  la-pel',  n.  [Dim.  from  lap, 
part  of  a  garment.]  That  part  of  a  gar- 
ment which  is  made  to  lap  or  fold  over; 
the  part  in  the  front  of  a  coat  or  waistcoat 
that  is  folded  back.— Lapelled,  la-peld',  a. 
Furnished  with  lapels. 

Lapidary,  lap'i-da-ri,  n.  [L.  lapidarius, 
from  lapis,  lapidis,  a  stone;  akin  Gr.  lepaa, 
a  rock.]  An  artificer  who  cuts,  polishes, 
and  engraves  gems  or  precious  stones ;  a 
dealer  in  precious  stones. — a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  art  of  polishing  and  engrav- 
ing precious  stones. — Lapidarian,  lai)-i- 
da'ri-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  lapidarv;  in- 
scribed on  stone.- Lapideou8,+  la-pid'e-us, 
a.  [L,  lapideus.]  Of  the  nature  of  stone; 
stony. — Lapidescent,  lap-i-des'ent,  a.  [L. 
lapidesco,  to  become  stone.]  Growing  or 
turning  to  stone;  having  the  quality  of 
petrifying  bodies. — n.  A  substance  which 
has  the  quality  of  petrifying  bodies.  —  «. 
— Lapidescence,  lap-i-des'ens,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  lapidescent.— Lapidific, 
Lapidiflcal,  lap-i-dif'ik,  lap-i-dif'i-kal,  a. 
[L.  lapis,  and  facio,  to  maite.]  -  Forming 
or  converting  into  stone. — Lapidification, 
la-pid'i-fi-ka"shon,  w.  The  act  of  lapidi- 
fying or  converting  into  stone;  the  state 
of  being  lapidified.  — Lapidiftr,  la-pid'i-fi, 
v.t,-— lapidified,  lapidifying.  To  form  into 
stone. — v.i.  To  turn  into  stone;  to  become 
stone.  —  Lapidist,  lap'i-dist,  n.".  A  lapi- 
dary .—Lapidose,  lap'i-dos,  a.  Bot.  growing 
in  stony  places. 

Iiapilli,  la-pil'li,  n.  pi.  [L.  lapillus,  a  little 
stone,  contr.  of  liipiduZus,  dim.  of  lapis,  a 
stone.  Lapidary.]  Volcanic  ashes  which 
consist  of  small,  angular  fragments  or 
particles.  v 

Lapis-lazull,  la-pis-Iaz'Q-li,  n.  [L.  lapis,  a 
stone,  .and  L.L.  lazulum,  this  mineral ; 
same  origin  as  azure.]  An  aluminous 
mineral  of  a  rich  blue  colour,  used  in 
mozaic  work  and  other  kinds  of'  orna- 
ment, and  when  powdered  yielding  ultra/- 
marine. 

Lappet,  lap'et,  n.  [Dim.  of  lap,  a  loose 
part  01  a  coat,  &c.J  A  little  lap  or  flap  on 
a  dress,  especially  on  a  head-dress,  and 
made  of  muslin. 

Lapse,  laps, «.  [L.  lapsus,  from  labor,lapsus, 
to  slide,  to  fall  (as  in  collapse,  elapse,  re- 
lapse, &c.);  akin  lap,  n.,  lobe,  &c.  Lap.] 
A  gliding,  slipping,  or  gradually  falling; 
an  unobserved  or  very  gradual  advance; 
an  imnoticed  passing  away  (of  time);  a 
slip  or  error;  a  failing  in  duty;  a  deviation 
from  truth  or  rectitude;  eccles.  law,  the 
omission  of  a  patron  to  present  a  clerk  to 
a  benefice  within  six  months  after  it  be- 
comes void.— ti.i. — lasped,  lasping.  To  pass 
slowly,  silently,  or  by  degrees;  to  glide 
away ;  to  fall  gradually ;  to  slip  in  moral 
conduct;  to  fail  in  duty;  to  commit  a  fault; 
to  fall  or  pass  from  one  person  to  another, 
through  some  omission  or  negligence;  law, 
to  become  inefiectual  or  void.- Lapaable, 
lap'sa-bl,  a.  Capable  of  lapsing.— Lapsed, 
lapst,  p.  and  a.  Exhibiting  or  having  un- 
dergone a  lapse;  having  fallen  away  from 
connection  with  any  chujrch  (the  lapsed 
masses). 

Lap-sided,  a.    Lop-sised. 

Lapwing,  lap 'wing,  n.  [O.E.  lapwinJce, 
A.  Sax.  hhdpewince,  equivalent  to  leap- 
wink;  from  its  leaping  or  jerking  mode  of 


Fate,  far,  fat,  ftiil;     me,  met,  her;     piue,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tabe,  tub,  b\iU ;     oil,  pound;     tt,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  v. 


LAE 


387 


LATERITB 


flight.]  A  well-known  and  handsome  bird 
belonfnns  to  the  plover  family,  about  the 
size  of  a  pigeon,  often  called  the  pee-unt 
from  its  cry.  ..^   ^, 

lar,  lar,  n.  pi.  Lares,  iS'rBz.  [L.,  lit.  the 
shining  one,  allied  to  Skr.  las,  to  shine.] 
A  household  deity  among  .'the  ancient 
Romans,  regarded  as  the  spirit  of  a  de- 
ceased ancestor. 

Larboard,  lar'bord,  n.  [The  origin  of  the 
first  syllable  is  unknown.]  iVawt.  the  left- 
hand  or  port  aide  of  a  ship,  a  term  now 
given  up  in  favour  of  port,  the  latter  being 
shorter  and  more  distinctive ,  in  sound : 
opposite  of  starhoard. 

Larceny,  lar'se-ni,  n.  [Contr.  for  latrociny, 
from  L.  latrocinium,  from  latro,  a  robber.] 
The  unlawful  taking  and  carrjfing  away  of 
any  article  or  piece  of  goods  with  intsnt  to 
deprive  the  right  owner  of  the  same;  theft. 
— Larcener,  Laxcenist,  isysen-fer,  liir'sen- 
ist,  n.  One  who  commits  larceny;  a  thief. 
—Larcenous,  lar'sen-us,  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  having  the  character  of  larceny;  guilty 
of  or  inclined  to  larceny. 

Larch,  larch,  n.  (L.  andGr.  Zarix,  the liirch.] 
A  well-known  coniferous  tree  remarkable 
for  the  elegance  of  its  form  and  the  dura- 
bility and  value  of  its  wood,  —  Larcheu, 
lar'chen,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  birch.    • 

Lard,  lard,,n.  [Pr.  lard,  L.  lariian,  lari- 
dum,  allied  to  Gr.  larinos,  fat,  from  laroa, 
dainty.]  The  fat  of  swine  after  being 
melted  and  separated  from  the  flesh.— w.t. 
To  mix  with  lard  or  bacon;  to  stuff  with 
pieces  of  bacon  (as  in  cooking  a  fowl);  to 
fatten;  to  enrich;  to  mix  with  something 
by  way  of  improvement;  to  interlard. — 
v.i.  To  grow  fat.— Lardaceous,  lar-da'shus, 
o.  Of  the  nature  of  lard;  consisting  of 
lard.— Larder,  lar'dfir,  n.  [O.Fr.  lardie.r.'^ 
A  room,  house,  box,  or  the  like,  where 
meat  is  kept  before  eating.— Lard-oU,  n. 
A  valuable  oil  made  from  lard,  used  for 
burning  and  for  lubricating  machinery.— 
Lardon,  lar'don,  n.  fFr.]  A  strip  of  lard; 
a  bit  of  bacon.— Lardy,  lar'di,  a.  Contain- 
ing lard;  full  of  lard. 

tares,  n.  pi.    Lar. 

Large,  larj,  a.  [Fr.  large,  u.  largris,  abun- 
dant, large.]  Being  of  great  size;  having 
great  dimensions;  big;  bulky;  great;  con- 
taining or  consisting  of  a  great  quantity  or 
number;  abundant;  plentiful;  numerous; 
liberal,  many-sided,comprehen8ive  (a  large 
mind);  generous,  noble,  sympathetic  (a 
large  heart).— .4i  large,  without  restraint 
or  confinement;  diffusely;  fully;  with  all 
■details.— Large-hearted;  a.  Having  a  lar<;e 
heart;  generous;  macnanimous;  sympa- 
thetic— Large-hecxtednasa,  n.  Largeness 
of  heart.— Largely,  larj'li,  adv.  In  a  large 
manner;  to  a  Targe  or  great  degree  or  ex- 
tent; ■Tvidely;  extensively;  copiously;  dif- 
fusely; amply;  bountifully. — Largeness, 
larj'nes,  to.  The  condition  or  quality  of 
being  large. 

Largess,  lar'jes,  n.  [Fr.  largesse,  from  L. 
largitio,  a  bounty,  from  largiri,  to  bestov/, 
from  largus,  large.]  A  present;  a  gift  or 
donation;  a  bounty  bestowed. 

Larghetto,  lar-get'to.  [It.]  Mus.  somewhat 
slowly,  but  not  so  slowly  as  largo.— liSiTgo, 
lar'go.  [It.]  Mu3.  slov/ly ;  quicker  than 
adagio. 

Xariat,  la'ri-at,  n.  [Sp.  lariata.]  The  lasso; 
a  long  cord  or  thong  of  leather  with  a 

'  noose,  used  in  catching  wild  horses,  &c. 

Xark,  lark,  n.  [A.  Sax.  Idwerce,  Idftrce,  O. 
and  Prov.  E.  lavrock,  lavetvck  =^  I),  leeu- 
werik,  leevwrik,  Dan.  larke,  Icel.  Icsvirki, 
G.  lerche—3,  lark;  the  Icel.  Icevirki  seems 
to  literally  mean  craft-worker.]  One  of  a 
genus  of  perching  birds  characterized  by 
having  a  long  straight  hind  claw,  and  of 
which  there  are  various  species,  as  the  sky- 
lark, wood-lark,  shore-lark,  &c.,  the  oky- 
lark  being  celebrated  for  its  song. — Lark- 
bnnting,  n.  The  snow-bunting.  —  Lark- 
spnr,  lark'spfer,  n.  [From  the  long  spur  of 
one  of  the  sepals.]  The  common  name  of 
'a  genus  of  plants,  several  species  of  which 
are  common  in  gardens. 

Xark,  lark,  n.  [From  A.  Sax.  Idc,  Icel. 
leikr,  Goth,  laiks,  sport,  play.]  Sport; 
frolic;  a  piece  of  merriment.  [Slang  or 
<  nlloq.]— D.i.  To  sport;  to  make  sport. 
[Sliiug  or  colloq.] 


Larmier,  lar'mi-6r,  n.,  [Fr.,  from  larme.  a 
tear  or  drop.]  Arch,  another  name.for  the 
Corona;  sool.  a  pouch  which  secretes  a 
blackish  humour,  situated  at  the  inner 
comer  of  the  eye  in  the  deer  and  antelope. 

Larry,  lar'i,  to.    A  long  low  wagon;  a  lorry. 

Lamm,  lar'um,  n.    An  old  form  of  Alarm, 

Larva,  lar'va,  n.  pi.  Larvae,  is.r'vs.  [L. 
larva,  'a  mask,  a  spectre.]  The  early  form 
of  any  animal  which  during  its  develop- 
ment is  unlike  its  parent;  an  insect  in  the 
caterpillar  or  grub  state,  that  is,  the  first 
stage  after  the  egg,  preceding  the  chrysalis 
and  the  perfect  insect.— Larval,  lar'va!,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  larva.— Larvate,  Larvatod, 
lar'vat,  la,?va-ted,  a.  Masked;  clothed  as 
with  a  mask.— Larve,  larv,  to.  A  larva. — 
LarWfonn,  lar'vi-form,  a.  Like  or  having 
the  form  of  a  larva.— Larviparous,  lar-vip'- 
a-rus,  a.  [L.  larva,  and  pario,  to  bring 
forth.]  Producing  young  in  the  state  of 
larviB. 

Larynx,  lar'ingks,  TO.  [Gr.]  .Atoo^.  the  upper 
part  of  the  windpipe  or  trachea,  a  cartila- 
ginous cavity  which  plays  an  important 
part  in  the  utterance  of  articulate  sounds. 
—Laryngeal,  Laryngean,  lar-in-jCal,  lar- 
iu-j§'anj  o.  Pertaining  to  the  larynx. — 
Laryngitis,  la-rin-ji'tis,  to.  [Term,  -ttis  de- 
notes inflammation.]  An  inflammation  of 
the  larynx  of  any  sort.— Laryngoscope,  la- 
ring'go-skop,  n.  A  reflecting  contrivance 
for  examining  the  larynx  and  commence- 
ment of  the  trachea.— Laryngoscopic,  la- 
ring'go-8kop''ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  in- 
spection of  the  larynx.— Laiyngotomy,  lar- 
in-got'o-mi,  to.  [Gr.  tome,  a  cutting.]  The 
making  of  an  incision  into  the  larynx 
for  assisting  respiration  when  obstructed, 
for  removing  foreign  bodies,  or  for  other 
reasons. 

Lascar,  lasTcar,  to.  In  the  East  Indies,  pro- 
perly, a  camp-follower;  but  by  Europeans 
applied  to  a  native  sailor. 

Lascivious,  las-siv'i-us,  a.  [L.  Zascit/ta, lewd- 
ness, lascivus,  wanton,  allied  to  Skr.  las, 
to  embrace,  lixsh,  to  desire,  Gr.  lilaiovuii, 
to  desire.]  Wanton;  lewd;  lustful;  excit- 
ing voluptuous,  emotions.  —  Lasciviously, 
las-siv'i-us-li,  adv.  In  a  lascivious  man- 
ner. —  Lasclvlousness,  la^-siv'i-us-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  lascivious. 

Lash,  lash,  to.  [Akin  to  G.  lasche,  a  flap,  a 
thong,  a  latchet,  also  a  scarf  joint;  D. 
2asc/t,  a  piece  joined  on,  a  joining;  Dan. 
laske,  Sw.  laska,  to  scarf.]  The  thong  or 
cord  at  the  point  of  a  whip ;  any  thong, 
cord,  or  the  like  for  flogging;  a  whip;  a 
scourge;  a  stroke  with  a  whip  or  anything 
pliant  and  tough;  a  stroke  or  satire;  a  sar- 
casm or  cutting  remark. — v.t.  To  strike 
with  a  lash  or  anything  pliant;  t-o  whip  or 
scourge;  to  beat,  as  with  something  loose; 
to  dash  ag8.jnst  (as  waves);  to  satirize;  to 
censure  with  severity;  to  tie,  bind,  secure, 
or  fasten  with  a  rope  or  cord. — v.i.  To  p'y 
the  whip;  to  aim  sarcasms;  to  hit.— To 
lash  out,  to  strike  out  with  the  hind  legs; 
to  kick.— Lasher,  lash'tr,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  lashes.- Lashing,  lash'ing.  n. 
A  piece  of  rope  binding  or  making  fast 
one  thing  to  another. 

Lass,  las,  n.  [A  contr.  for  ladesa,  fem.  of 
lad,  or  a  contr.  of  W.  llodes,  a  lass.  Lad.] 
A  young  woman;  a  girl:  in  familiar  lan- 
guage often  applied  to  a  woman  of  any 
age.— Lassie,  las'i,  n.  [Dim.  of  lass.]  A 
young  girl;  a  term  of  endearment  for  a 
young  woman.    [Colloq.] 

Lassltade,  las'i-ttld,  w.  [L.  lassitudo,  from 
lassus,  weary;  same  root  as  late.]  The  state 
of  having  the  energies  weakened;  weak- 
ness; weariness;  languorof  body  or  mind; 
enervation. 

LasEO,  las'sS,  n.  [Sp.  lazo,  Pg.  la(0,  from 
L.  laqueus,  a  noose.  Lace.]  In  Spanish 
America,  a  rope  or  cord,  with  a  noose, 
used  for  catehing  wild  horses  and  other 
animals.— v.t.  To  catch  with  a  lasso. 

Last,  last,  a.  [A.  Sax.  last,  a  contr.  for 
latost,  latest;  comp.  best  for  betsi.  Late.] 
Coming  after  all  the  others;  latest;  hind- 
most; closing;  final;  next  before  the  pre- 
sent; most  recent;  utmost;  extreme;  low- 
est; meanest;  farthest  of  all  from  possess- 
ing a  given  quality,  character,  use,  or  the 
like;  rao?t  unlikely  (you  are  the  last  man 
I  should  consult).- .44  last,  formerly  at  the 


la»t,  at  the  end;  in  the  conclusion. — To  the 
last,  to  the  end;  till  the  conclusion. — adv. 
On  the  last  occasion;  the  time  before  the 
present;  after  all  others;  lastly;  finally. 

Last,  last,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  laestan,  to  follow, 
to  observe  or  perform,  to  last,  to  endure; 
Goth,  laisljan,  to  trace  footsteps,  to  follow, 
from  A.  Sax.  Idst,  Goth,  laists,  a  footstep. 
See  Last,  for  shoes.]  To  continue  in  time: 
to  endure;  to  remain  in  existence;  to  hola 
out  without  being  entirely  unconsumed 
(rirovisions  to  last  a  week);  to  continue 
unimpaired;  not  to  decay  or  perish. — 
Lasting,  las'ting,  p.  and  a.  Such  as  will 
or  can  continue  or  endure;  durable;  of 
long  continuance  {lasting  good,  evil,  im- 
pression). —  TO.  A  species  of  stifi'  and  very 
durable  woollen  stuff,  used  for  making 
shoes  and  other  purposes.- I.aBtIngly,  las'- 
ting-li,  adv.  In  a  lasting  manner. — Last- 
ingness,  las'ting-nes,  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  lasting.— Lastly,  last'li,  adv. 
In  the  last  place;  at  last;  finally. 

Last,  last,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hlcest,  from  hladan, 
to  lade;  D.  Dan.  and  G.  last,  Icel.  lest,  a 
load.  Lade.]  A  load;  henee,  a  certain 
weight  or  measure,  which  varies  in  differ- 
ent articles,  but  is  generally  estimated  at 
4000  Iba.j  the  burden  of  a  ship. 

Last,  last.  n.  [A.  Sax.  Idst,  laest,  D.  leest, 
Dan.  loest,  a  last;  Goth,  laists,  footstep; 
Icel.  leistr,  the  foot  below  the  ankle,  a 
short  sock.  Last,  v.i.]  A  mould  or  form  of 
the  human  foot,  made  of  wood,  on  which 
boots  and  shoes  axe  formed. — v.t.  To  form 
on  or  by  a  last. 

Latakla.  lat-a-ke'a,  w.  A  fine  variety  of 
Turkisn  tobacco,  so  named  from  Latakia 
(anciently  Laodicea),  near  which  it  is  pro- 
duced. 

Latch,  lach,  n.  [From  O.E.  lacche,  latche, 
A.  Sax.  Iceccan,  to  seize,  to  take  hold -of; 
comp.  Icel.  Idss,  a  latch,  a  lock.]  A  simple 
contrivance  or  catch  for  fastening  a  door. 
—v.t.  To  fasten  with  a  latch.— Latch-kay, 
TO.  A  key  used  to  raise  the  latch  of  a  door. 

Laichet,  lach'et,  to.  [Fr.  lacet,  a  \aiie  or 
string.  Lace.]  The  string  or  thong  that 
fastens  a  shoe  or  sandal. 

Late,  l&t,  a.  [A.  Sax.  lest,  D.  laat,  Icel.  lair, 
Dan.  lad,  Sw.  lat,  late,  slow,  tardy;  Goth. 
lats,  sluggish;  G.  lass,  wearied;  akin  L. 
lassus  (for  ladtus);  the  root  is  that  of  let. 
This  adjective  is  compared  by  later,  latter, 
latest  or  last.]  Coming  after  the  usual 
time;  slow;  tardy;  long  delayed;  far  ad- 
vanced toward  the  end  or  close  (a  late  hour 
of  the  day);  existing  not  long  ago,  but  not 
now;  deceased;  departed;  last  or  recently 
in  any  place,  office,  or  character. — adv. 
After  the  usual  time,  or  the  time  ap- 
pointed: after  delay;  not  long  ago;  lately; 
far  in  the  night,  day,  week,  or  other  par- 
ticular period. — Of  late,  lately,  in  time  not 
long  past,  or  near  the  present.  —  Lately, 
lat'li,  adv.  Not  long  ago;  recently  .—Late- 
ness, lat'nes,  TO.  The  state  of  being  late; 
tardiness;  far  advanced  period.  —  Latlsh, 
lat'ish,  a.    Somewhat  late. 

Lateen,  la-ten',  a.  [Fr.  voile  latine,  lit. 
Latin  sail.]  A  teim  applied  to  a  triangu- 
lar sail  having  its  foremost  edge  fastened 
to  a  yard  wliich  hoists  obliquely  to  the 
mast:  used  in  xebecs,  feluccas,  &c.,  iu  the 
Mediterranean. 

Latent,  la'tent,  a.  [L.  latens,  latentis,  from 
lateo,  to  lurk;  allied  to  Gr.  lanthanO,  lath- 
ein,  to  escape  notice.]  Not  visible  or  ap- 
parent; not  seen;  not  manifested;  under 
the  surface  or  what  outwardly  appears. — 
Latent  heat,  that  portion  of  heat  which 
exists  in  any  body  without  producing  any 
effect  upon  another,  or  upon  the  thermo- 
meter. —  Latently,  la'fcent-li,  adv.  In  a 
latent  manner.— Latency,  la'ten-si,  n.  The 
state  of  being  latent. 

Lateral,  lat'ftrral,  a.  [L.  lateralis,  from 
latus,  lateris,  a  side,  as  in  collateral,  egm- 
laieral.]  Pertaining  to  the  side;  directed 
to  the  side;  proceeding  from  the  side; 
situated  on  the  side  (as  opposefl  to  the  front 
or  back).— Laterality,  lat-er-al'i-ti,  to.  The 
quality  of  being  lateral.  —  Laterally,  lat'- 
6r-al-li,  adv.  In  a  lateral  manner,  direc- 
tion, or  position;  sideways.— LateriioUons, 
la't*T-i-fo"li-u8,  a.  [L.  latus,  and  folium, 
leaf.]    Boi.  growing  on  the  side  of  a  leaf. 

Laterite,  lat'er-it,  to.    [L.  later,  a  brick  or 


_ch,  c'luln;    ch,  Sc.  locJt;^  g,  go;^  j, ;ob;^  n,  Fr.  toM;^ng,  sinfr; j^t*,  (Aen^th,  thiu;  jw,  wig;  ^wh,  whig;  _8h,  aaure. 


LATESCENT 


388 


LAUREATE 


tile.]-  Anr argillaceous  sandstone  of  a  red- 
dish colour,  found  in  Soutn  India  and 
Ceylon.— Lateritic,  lat-6r-it'ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  characterized  by  laterite.  — 
Lateritious,  la-tfir-ish'us,  a.  [h.  lateritius.} 
Like  brick;  of  the  colour  of  bricks. 

latescent.t  la-tes'ent,  o.  [L.  latesco,  to  hide 
one's  self.  Latent.]  Lying  hid;  latent.— 
Latescence.t  la-tes'ens,  n.  The  quality  or 
condition  of  being  latescent. 

Latex,  la'teks,  n.  [L.,  a  fluid  juice.]  Bot. 
the  elaborated  sap  of  plants,  often  a  white 
milky  fluid. 

Lath,  lath,  n.  [A.  Sax.  Icetta,  D.  and  G. 
latte,  whence  Fr.  latte.  It.  latta,  a  lath,  a 
pole,  &c.  Akin  lattice,  latteji.]  A  thin 
narrowboard  or  slip  of  wood  that  is  nailed 
to  the  rafters  of  a  building  to  support  the 
tiles  or  covering;  a  thin  narrow  slip  of 
wood  that  is  nailed  to  a  wall  to  support 
the  plastering;  such  slips  collectively;  any 
si  milar  piece  of  wood. — v.t.  To  cover  or  line 
with  laths. — Lath-brick,  n.  A  long  slender 
brick,  used  in  kilns  to  dry  malt  on.— 
Iiatben,  lath'en,  a.  Made  of  lath.— Lath- 
spUtter,  n.  One  who  splits  wood  into 
laths.— Lath-splitting,  n.  The  act  or  occu- 
pation of  making  laths.— Lathy,  lath'i,  a. 
Thin  as  a  lath;  long  and  slender. 

Lathe,  la^PH,  n.  [A.  Sax.  JotJtA.]  A  division 
of  a  county  comprising  several  hundreds, 
now  confined  to  the  county  of  Kent,  in 
which  there  are  five.      ' 

Lathe,  laTH;  n.  [Icel.  loth,  Dan.  lad,  a  lathe, 
dreielad,  a  turning-lathe;  in  second  sense 
it  corresponds  with  Sw.  and  G.  lade,  a  lay 
or  lathe  in  a  loom.]  An  apparatus  for 
turning  and  polishiijg  wood,  ivory, metals, 
&c.,  by  supporting  and  causing  the  article 
to  revolve  while  being  operated  on ;  the 
part  of  a  loom  to  which  the  reed  is  fixed, 
and  by  the  movements  of  which  the  weft- 
threads  are  driven  home  in  weaving: 
called  also  lay. 

Lather,  laTH'fer,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ledihor;  akin 
to  Icel.  lauthr,  lothr,  froth  of  sea  water, 
also  a  kind  of  soap;  Sw.  ladder,  soap;  from 
root  meaning  to  wash,  seen  also  in  lave.] 
Foam  or  froth  made  by  soap  and  water; 
foam  or  froth  from  profuse  sweat,  as  of  a 
horse. — v.i.  To  form  a  foam  with  soap  and 
water;  to  become  frothy.— 1>.{.  To  spread 
over  with  lather. 

Laticiferons,  lat-i-sif 6r-us,  a.  [L.  latex,  sap, 
and  /ero,  to  bear.]  Bot.  bearing  or  con- 
taining latex  or  elaborated  sap. 

Latifoliate,  LatifoUoos,  la-ti-fo'li-at,  la-ti- 
fo'li-us,  a.  [L.  latus,  broad,  and /oZium,  a 
leaf.]    Broad-leaved,  as  a  plant. 

Xiatin,  lat'in,  a.  [L.  Latinus,  from  Latium, 
the  district  of  Italy  in  which  Rome  was 
built.]  Pertaining  to  the  Latins,  a  people 
of  Latium  in  Italy;  Roman;  pertaining 
to  or  composed  in  the  language  spoken  by 
the  Latins  or  Romans.— iaiin  Church,  the 
Western  Church;  the  Church  of  Rome,  as 
distinct  from  the  Greek  or  EastemChurch. 
— Latin  races,  the  Italian,  French,  Span- 
ish. &c.,  whose  language  is  based  on  the 
Latin,  and  among  whose  ancestors  were 
Roman  colonists.— n.  The  language  of  the 
ancient  Romans.— y.t.  To  turn  into  Latin. 
— Latinism,  lat'in-izm,  n.  A  Latin  idiom; 
a  mode  of  speech  peculiar  to  the  Latins. — 
Latlnist,  lat'in-ist,  n.  One  skilled  in  Latin. 
— Latinitaster,  Ia-tin'i-ta3-t6r,n.  One  who 
has  a  smattering  of  Latin.  —  Latinity,  la- 
tin'i-ti,  n.  Latin  style  or  idiom;  punty  of 
Latin  style.  —  Latinizatlon,  lat'in-i-za"- 
shon,  n.    The  act  of  rendering  into  Latin. 

.  —Latinize,  lat'in-iz,  v.t.— latinized,  latin- 
izing. To  translate  into  Latin;  to  give 
Latin  terminations  or  forms  to,  as  to 
foreign  words.  —  v.i.  To  use  words  or 
phrases  borrowed  fi'om  the  Latin. 

LatirostrooB,  lat-i-ros'tros,  a.  [L.  latua, 
broad,  rostrum,  beak.]  Having  a  broad 
beak,  as  a  bird. 

Latitude,  lat'i-tQd,  n.  [L.  latiiudo.  Lit. 
breadth,  from  latus,  broad,  wide ;  as  ap- 
plied in  geography  this  term  was  adopted 
because  ancient  geographers  thought  the 
breadth  (latitude)  of  the  earth  from  north 
to  south  was  much  less  than  its  length 
(longitude)  from  east  to  west.l  Extent 
from  side  to  side ;  breadth;  width;  room 
or  scope  r  comprehensiveness  or  looseness 
of  application;  extent  of  deviation  from 


a  standard;  freedom  from  rules  or  limits; 
laxity;  extent;  amplitude;  distance  north 
or  south  of  the  equator,  measured  on  a 
meridian  and  expressed  in  degrees,' min- 
utes, and.  seconds,  the  greatest  possible 
latitude  being  90°  north  or  south,  and  any 
latitude  approaching  this  being  a  high  lat- 
itude, the  opposite  being  a  low  latitude; 
astron.  the  distance  of  a  star  north  or 
south  of  the  ecliptic,  measured  on  a  circle 
at  right  angles  to  the  ecliptic  and  passing 
through  the  "body.— Parallels  of  latitude, 
circles  parallel  to  the  equator,  used  in 
measuring  latitude.  —  Latitudinal,  lat-i- 
ta'di-nal,  a.  Pertaining  to  latitude;  in 
the  direction  of  latitude.— Latitudinarlan, 
lat'i-tu-di-na"ri-an,  a.  Embracing  a  wide 
circle  or  range;  having  a  wide  scope;  cha- 
racterized by  freedom,  independence,  or 
want  of  respect  for  the  usual  standards  of 
belief  or  opinion;  lax  in  religious  princi- 
ples or  views;  free-thinking;  liberal. — 
n.  One  who  is  liberal  or  loose  in  his  no- 
tions; one  who  has  no  respect  for  com- 
monly accepted  doctrines  or  opinions;  one 
who  mdulges  a  latitude  of  thinking  and 
is  careless  of  orthodoxy.— Latitudinarian- 
Ism,  lat'i-tu-di-na"ri-an-izm,  n.  The  prin- 
ciples of  latitudinarians;  freedom  of  opi- 
nion, particularly  in  theology. 

Latria,  la-tri'a,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  latreia, 
service.]  The  highest  kind  of  worship,  or 
that  paid  to  God,  distinguished  by  Roman 
Catholics  frbm  dvlia,  or  the  inferior  wor- 
ship paid  to  saints. 

Latrine,  la-tren',  n.  [L.  latrina,  a  bath,  a 
water-closet,  from  lavo,  to  wash.]  A  privy; 
a  water-cjoset. 

Latten,  lat'en,  n.  '[O.Fr.  laton,  Fr.  laiton, 
brass;  It.  latta,  tin-plate;  akin  to  lath;  so 
called  from  the  material  being  used  in 
flat  pieces  or  plates.  Lath.]  A  fine  kind 
of  brass  or  bronze  anciently  used  for 
crosses,  candlesticks,  brasses  of  sepulchral 
monuments,  &c.;  as  a  modem  commercial 
term,  metal  in  sheets  or  strips,  especially 
sheet  or  plate  brass  or  thin  plates  of  mixed 
metal.— Latten-brass,  n.  Milled  brass  in 
sheets. of  different  thicknesses. 

Latter,  lat'tr,  a.  [An  irregular  compara- 
tive of  late.  Late.]  More  late  or  recent; 
the  second  of  two:  opposed  to  former; 
mentioned  the  last  of  two;  modem;  lately 

Sast  (in  these  latter,  ages).  —  Latter-day 
aint,  n.  Mormoij.  — Latterly,  lat'er-li; 
adv.  Of  late;  in  time  not  long  past;  lately; 
ultimately;  at  last.— Latter-math,  n.  The 
latter  mowing;  after-math. 

Lattice,  lat'is,  n.  [Fr.  lattis,  from  Xatte, 
lath.  Lath.]  A  structure  of  wood  or  iron 
made  by  crossing  laths,  rods,  or  bars,  and 
forming  open  chequered  or  reticulated 
work;  a  window  made  of  laths  or  strips 
of  iron  which  cross  one  another  like  net- 
work, so  as  to  leave  open  interstices. — 
v.t.— latticed,  latticing.  To  give  the  form 
or  appearance  of  a  lattice  to;  to  furnish 
with  a  lattice. — Lattice -bridge,  n.  A 
bridge  having  its  sides  constructed  with 
cross-framing  so  as  to  resemble  lattice- 
work. —  Lattice-girder,  n.  A  girder  of 
which  the  side  consists  of  diagonal  pieces 
arranged  like  lattice-work.- Lattice-leaf, 
Lattice-plant,  n.  An  aquatic  plant  of 
Madagascar,  the  leaf  of  which  resembles 
lattice -work,  consisting  of  reticulated 
nerves  with  open  interstices.  —  Lattice- 
vrindow,  n.  A  window  made  of  strips  cross- 
ing one  another,  with  open  interstices. 

Land,  Iftd,  v.t.  [L.  laudo,  to  praise,  from 
laus,  laudis,  praise;  allow  is  a  derivative.) 
To  praise  in  words  alone,  or  with  words 
and  singing;  to  extol;  to  celebrate.— n. 
Praise ;  a  song  or  hymn  of  praise ;  pi.  a 
service  of  the  church  cohiprising  psalms 
of  praise,and  generally  included  in  matins. 
— I.audabillty,t  Laudableness,  Ift-da-bil'i- 
ti,  la'da-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
laudable.— Laudable,  la'da-bl,  a.    [L.  lau- 

dabUis.']    Praiseworthy;  commendable. 

Laudably,  la'da-bli,  adv.  In  a  laudable 
or  commendable  manner.— Laudation,  1ft- 
da'shon,  n.  Praise;  commendation. — 
Laudatory,  Iji'da-to-n,  a.  ■  Containing  or 
expressing  praise  j  tending  to  praise.— n. 

.  That  which  contains  or  expresses  praise. 
—Lander,  la'der,  n.  One  who  lauds  or 
praises. 


Laadannm,  Ift'da-num,  n.  [From  L.  lada- 
nuwi,  a  resinous  juice.  Ladanum.]  Opium 
prepared  in  spirit  of  wine  by  maceration, 
straining,  and  filtering;  tincture  of  opium. 
Laugh,  laf,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  hlehhan,  hlihhan, 
to  laugh;  comp.  Goth,  hlahjan,  O.H.G. 
hlahhan,  Icel.  hlceja,  D.  lagchen,  G.  lachen, 
to  laugh;  imitative  of  sound  made  in 
laughing.]  To  make  that  convulsive  or 
chuckling  noise  which  sudden  merriment 
excites;  when  said  of  things,  to  appear 
gay,  bright,  or  brilliant. — To  laugh  at,  to 
ridicule;  to  treat  with  some  degree  of  con- 
tempt.—To  laugh  in  the  sleeve,  to  laugh  to 
one's  self  or  so  as  not  to  be  observed,  espe- 
cially when  apparently  maintaining  a  de- 
mure countenance. — To  laugh  on  the  wrmig 
side  of  the  mouth,  to  weep  or  cry ;  to  be 
made  to  feel  vexation  or  disappointment 
after  exhibiting  a  boastful  or  exultant 
spirit. — n.  The  inarticulate  expression  of 
sudden  mirth  peculiar  to  man.— t).t.  To 
express  by  laughing;  to  ridicule  or  deride: 
with  out  or  down.— To  laugh  to  scorn,  to 
deride;  to  treat  with  mockery,  contempt, 
and  scorn.— Laughable,  laf'a-blj  a.  That 
may  justly  excite  laughter;  comical;  ludi- 
crous.—  Laughableness,  laf'a-bl-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  laughable.— Laugh- 
ably, laf'a-bli,  adv.  In  a  inanner  to  ex- 
cite laughter.  —  Laugher,  laf'fer,  n.  One 
who  laughs  or  is  fond  of  merriment. — 
Laughing-gas,  n.  Nitrous  oxide,  or  prot- 
oxide of  nitrogen:  so  called  because, 
when  inhaled,  it  usually  produces  exhilar- 
ation.—Laughingly,  lafing-li,  adv.  In  a 
laughing  or  merry  way;  with  laughter. — 
Laughing-stock,  n.  A  person  or  thing 
that  is  an  object  of  ridicule;  a  butt  for 
laughter  or  jokes. — Laughter,  laf'tir,  n. 
[A,  Sax.  hleahtor;  IceX.hldtr,  O.H.G.  hlah- 
tar.]  The  act  or  sound  of  laughing;  an 
expression  of  mirth,  manifested  chiefly  in 
certain  convulsive  and  partly  involuntary 
actions  of  the  muscles  of  respiration, 
which  produce  a  succsssion  of  shoii  abrupt 
sounds,  with  certain  movements  of  the 
muscles  of  the  face,  and  often  of  other  parts 
of  the  body;  any  expression  of  merriment 
perceivable  in  the  countenance,  as  in  the 
eyes.— Laughterless,  laf'tfer-les,  a.  With- 
out laughter;  not  laughing.  —  Langhy,t 
laf  i,  o.  Inclmed  or  disposea  to  laughter. 
\Thack.] 

Lauuce,  lans,  n.  A  name  of  two  species  of 
sand-eels,  from  their  lancelike  form. 

Launch,  l&nsh,  v.t  f  Also  written  lanch,  a 
form  of  lance;  Fr.  lancer,  O.Fr.  lanchier, 
to  throw  or  dart.]  To  throw,  as  a  lance; 
to  dart;  to  let  fly;  to  move  or  cause  to 
elide  from  the  land  into  the  water;  to  set 
afloat  for  the  first  time  after  being  built 
(to  launch  a  ship);  Jig.  to  put  out  into  an- 
other sphere  of  duty,  another  field  of  ac- 
tivity, or  the  like.— j;.i.  To  glide  forward, 
as  a  ship  into  the  water;  to  enter  on  a  new 
field  of  activity;  to  enter  upon  a  new 
topic  (to  launch  into  a  discussion).- n.  The 
setting  afloat  of  a  ship  or  boat ;  a  kind  of 
boat,longer,  lower,and  more  flat-bottomed 
than  a  long-boat;  the  largest  boat  carried 
by  a  man-of-war. 

Launder,  lan'der,  n.  [Contr.  from  O.E. 
lavander,  from  Fr.  lavandier,  lavandiire, 
from  laver,  L.  lavo,  to  wash.  Lave.]  A 
washerwoman;  a  long  trough  used  ^y 
miners  for  washing  ore. —v.t.l  To  wash; 
to  wet.— Lannderer,  lan'd6r-6r,  n.  A  man 
who  follows  the  business  of  washing 
clothos.— Laundress,  lan'dres,  n.  A  female 
whose  employment  is  to  wash,  and  espe- 
cially to  dress,  underclothing,  table-linen, 
&c.— Laundry,  lan'dri,  i».  [Contr.  for 
lavendery.]  The  place  or  room  where 
clothes  are  washed  and  dressed. 

Laureate,  la'r5-at,  a.  [L.  laureatus,  from 
laurea,  a  laurel,  from  laurus,  a  laurel. 
Laurel.]  Decked  or  invested  with  laurel. 
— Poet  laureate,  in  Great  Britain,  an  ofiScer 
belonging  in  virtue  of  his  oflBce  to  the 
royal  household,  who  was  formerly  re- 
quired to  compose  an  ode  annually  for  the 
sovereign's  birthday,  for  a  great  national 

.victory,  and  the  like— a  requirement  dis- 
continued sinca  the  reign  of  George  III., 
the  post  being  now  a  sinecure.— n.  One 
crowned  with  laurel;  a  poet  laureate. — v.t. 
—laureated,  laureating.    To  honour  with 


fate,  far,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  n>dve;     tube,  tub,  b^jll ;     oil,  pound;     a,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr, «, 


lAtJEEL 


389 


"LAY 


a  wreath  of  laurel;  to  invest  with  ther 
office  of  poet  laureate.— Lanreateship,  la'- 
r5-at-ship,  n.  Office  of  a  laureate ;  the 
post  of  a  poet  laureate. 
Laurel,  la'rel,  n.  [O.E.  laurer,  lorer,  Fr. 
laurier,  Sp.  Pr.  laurel,  from  L.  lautua,  a 
laurel,  for  daurus,  being  akin  to  Gr.  drys, 
W.  derw,  an  oak,  E.  tree.'\  The  sweet- 
bay,  a  native  of  the  north  of  Africa  and 
south  of  Europe,  cultivated  in  gardens 
from  its  elegant  appearance  and  the  aro- 
matic fragrance  of  its  evergreen  leaves ;  a 
name  also  given  to  several  other  shrubs 
botanically  very  different,  but  somewhat 
similar  in  their  evergreeen  foliage,  as 
the  cherry -laurel  and  Portugal  laurel, 
both  of  the  cherry  genus;  pi.  a  crown  of 
laurel,  formerly  bestowed  as  a  distinotion 
on  poets,  heroes,  &c. ;  hence,  honour, 
fame;  distinction.  —  Laurelled,  l.a'reld,  a. 
Crowned  or  decorated  with  laurel,  or  with 
a  laurel  wreath;  laureate.— Laurel-water, 
n.«  A  poisonous  water  distilled  from  the 
leaves  of  the  cherry -laurel,  containing 

frussic  acid.— Lauriferous,  la-rif'6r-u8,  a. 
'roducing  or  bringing  laurel. 

Xanrentian,  l^-ren'shi-an,  a.  [From  the 
river^St.  Lawrence.']  Geol.  a  term  applied 
to  a  vast  series  of  stratified  and  crystalline 
rocks  of  gneiss,  mica-schist,  quartzite,  ser- 
pentines and  limestones,  occurring  north- 
ward of  the  St.  Lawrence  in  Canada. 

Iiaurustine,  Laurustinus,  Laurestine,  la'- 
rus-tin,  la-rus-ti'nus,  la'res-tin,  n.  [L. 
laurua,  laurel,  and  tinus,  this  plant.]  A 
popular  garden  evergreen  shrub  or  tree, 
native  of  the  south  of  Europe,  with  pink- 
ish or  white  flowers. 

Lava,  la'vii,  n.  [It.,  from  L.  lavo,  to  wash. 
Lave.J  The  general  term  for  all  rock- 
matter  that  flows  in  a  molten  state  from 
volcanoes. — Lava  ware,  a  kind  of  coarse 
ware  resembling  lava  made  from  iron 
slag,  cast  into  urns,  tiles,  table-tops,  Ac. 
— Lavatic,  Lavlc,  la-vat'ik,  la'vik,  a.  Con- 
sisting of  or  resembling  lava. 

Lave,  lav,  v.t— laved,  laving:  [Fr.  laver, 
L.  lavo,  to  wash,  to  bathe;  akin  to  luo,  6r. 
louO,  to  wash;  connected  are  laundress, 
lavender,  lava,  ablution,  alluvial,  deluge, 
lotion,]  To  wash;  to  bathe.— v.t.  To  wash 
one's  self ;  to  bathe ;  to  wash,  as  the  sea 
on.  the  beach.  —  Lavation,  la-va'shon,  n. 
[L.  lavatio.]  A  washing  or  cleansing. — 
Lavatory,  lav'a-to-ri,  a.  Washing  or  clean- 
sing by  washing.— n.  A  room  or  place  for 
washing  or  personal  ablutions;  a  wash  or 
lotion.  —  Laver,  la'v6r,  n.  A  vessel  for 
washing;  a  large  basin;  in  Scrip,  hist,  a 
basin  placed  in  the  court  of  the  Jewish 
tabernacle,  where  the  officiating  priests 
washed  their  hands  and  feet. 

Lave,  l&v,'v.t.  [A.  Sax.  lafian,  gelafian,  to 
refresh,  D.  laven,  to  refresh.  6.  laien, 
O.H.G.  tobon,  to  wash,  to  refresh.  Lavish.] 
To  throw  up  or  out,  as  water  from  any  re- 
ceptacle; to  lade  out;  to  bale. 

Lavender,  lav'en-d6r,  n.  [L.L.  lavendula, 
lavandula,  It.  lavandola,  lavanda,  Fr.  la- 
vande,  G.  lavandel,  lavender,  from  L.  lavo, 
to  wash,  from  its  distilled  water  being 
used  in  ablution.]  An  aromatic  plant  of 
the  mint  family,  the  flower  spikes  of 
which  are  used  to  perfume  clothes,  and 
afford  by  distillation  a  valuable  essential 
oil;  a  pale  blue  colour  with  a  slight  mix- 
ture of  gray,  like  the  flower  of  lavender. — 
To  lay  in  lavender,  to  lay  by  (clothes)  with 
sprigs  of  lavender. — Lavender-water,  n. 
A  perfume  composed  of  sijirits  of  wine, 
essential  oil  of  lavender,  and  ambergris. 

Laver,  Laverwort,  la'v6r,  la'v6r-wert,  n. 
[Comp.  Ir.  leabhar,  broad,  trailing.]  A 
name  given  totwo  species  of  sea-weed  em- 
ployed as  food,  and  said  to  be  useful  in 
scrofulous  affections. 

Laverock,  la'v6r-ok,  n.    The  sky-lark. 

Lavic,  la'vik,  a.    Under  Lava. 

Lavish,  lav'ish,  v.t. '  [Irregularly  formed 
from  B.  lave,  to  pour  out.]  To  expend  or 
bestow  with  profusion;  to  expend  without 
necessity  or  use;  to  waste;  to  squander. — 
a.  Expending  or  bestowing  with  profu- 
sion; profuse;  liberal  to  a  fault;  wasteful; 

ibeing  overflomng  or  in  profusion;  super- 

I  abundant;  superfluous.— Lavisher,  lav'ish- 
6r,  n.  One  who  lavishes.— Lavishly,  lav'- 
ish-li,  adv.    In  a  lavish  manner.— Lavish- 


ment,  lav'ish-ment,  n.  The  act  of  lavish- 
ing.—Lavishness,  lav'ish-nes,  n. 

Lavolt,  Lavolta,  la-volt',  la-vol'ta,  n.  [It. 
la  volta,  the  turn.]  An  old  dance  m  which 
was  much  turning  and  capering.    [S?utk.] 

Law,  la,  n.  [A.  Sax.  lagu,  from  same  root 
as  lie,  lay,  low;  cog.  Sw.  lag,  Icel.  lag,  log, 
Dan.  lav,  a  law;  the  root  is  also  in  L.  lex, 
a  law  (whence  legal).  Lie.]  A  rule  or 
action  or  conduct  laid  down  or  prescribed 
by  authority;  an  edict  or  decree  of  a  ruler 
or  a  government;  a  general  command  or 
order  expressly  laid  down;  such  rules, 
edicts,  or  decrees  collectively;  the  whole 
bodjr  of  rules  regulating  and  controlling 
the  individuals  of  a  state  or  community 
(to  break  the  Imv,  a  violation  of  law,  a 
father-in-taw);  legal  procedure;  litigation; 
the  science  dealing  with  legal  enactments 
and  procedure ;  jurisprudence ;  rights  es- 
tablished by  law;  justice;  one  of  the  rules 
or  principles  by  which  any  matter  or  pro- 
ceeding is  regulated  (the  laws  of  versifi- 
cation, of  horse-racing) :  an  allowance  in 
distance  or  time  granted  to  a  weaker  com- 
petitor in  a  rac6  or  the  like;  a  theoretical 
principle  deduced  from  practice  or  obser- 
vation; a  formal  statement  of  facts  invari- 
ably observed  in  natural  phenomena  (the 
law  of  zravitation).- TAe  law,  theol.  the 
code  of  AToses,  or  the  books  containing  it; 
the  preceptive  part  of  revelation  in  con- 
tradistinction to  the  doctrinal,  that  is,  to 
the  gospel. — Law  French,  the  Norman  dia- 
lect or  old  French,  still  employed  in  cer- 
tain formal  state  proceedings.— iaw  lan- 
guage, the  language  used  in  legal  writings 
and  forms.  —  Law  Latin,  corrupt  Latin 
used  in  law  and  legal  documents. —  Law 
merchant,  mercantile  or  commercial  law; 
international  law  regulating  commerce. 
See  also  under  Civil,  Commercial,  Com- 
mon, Criminal,  JIcclesiastical,  &c.— Law- 
abiding,  a.  Obs&rant  of  the  law;  obeying 
the  law.— Law-book,  n.  A  book  contain- 
ing legal  information. — Law-breaker,  n. 
One  who  violates  the  law.— Law-burrows, 
la'bur-oz,  n.  [A.  Sax.  borh,  security,  pledge 
(akin  borrow).]  Scots  law,  a  writ  com- 
manding a  person  to  give  security  against 
offering  violence  to  another  who  applies 
for  the  writ  on  the  ground  of  apprehen- 
ding personal  injury.— Lawful,  la'ful,  a. 
Agreeable  or  conformable  to  law;  allowed 
by  law;  legitimate;  permissible  (lawful 
but  not  expedient);  competent;  free  from 

.objection;  rightful  (lawful  owner).— Law- 
fully, l?^'ful-li,  adv.  In  a  lawful  manner; 
legitimately;  legally.— Lawfulness,  la'ful- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  lawful.— Law- 
giver, la'giv-6r,  n.  One  who  makes  or 
enacts  a  law;  a  legislator.— Lawgiving,  la'- 
giv-ing,  a.  Making  or  enacting  laws; 
legialative.— Lawless,  Iti'les,  a.  Not  obedi- 
ent or  conforming  to  law;  unrestrained  by 
the  law  of  morality  or  of  society;  contrary 
to  or  unauthorized  by  law;  illegal;  aj)- 
parently  uncontrolled  by  any  law;  capri- 
cious.—Lawlessly,  la'les-li,  adv.  In  a  law- 
less manner.  — Lawlessness,  la'les-nes,  n. 
Illegality;  disregard  of  law;  arbitrariness; 
violence.— Law-list,  n.  A  published  list  of 
all  the  persons  connected  with  the  profes- 
sion of  the  law  in  a  country.— Law-maker, 
w.  A  legislator;  a  lawgiver.— Law-officer, 
n.  An  officer  vested  with  legal  authority. — 
Law-stationer,  n.  A  stationer  who  keeps 
on  sale  the  articles  required  by  lawyers.— 
Lawsuit,  la'sut,  n.  A  suit  in  law  for  the 
recovery  of  a  supposed  right;  an  action 
before  a  court  instituted  by  a  party  to 
compel  another  to  do  him  justice. — Law- 
writer,  n.  A  clerk  employed  to  make 
copies  of  briefs,  deeds,  cases,  &c.,  in  a  good 
legible  hand.— Lawyer,  la'yer,  n.  [From 
law;  comp.  bowyer,  savjyer.]  One  versed 
in  the  laws,  or  a  practitioner  of  law ;  one 
whose  profession  is  to  institute  suits  in 
courts  of  law,  or  to  prosecute  or  defend 
the  cause  of  clients. 

Lawn,  Ian,  n.  [O.E.  laund,  lawnde,  a  clear 
space  in  a  forest,  a  wild  shrubby  or  woody 
tract,  from  \V.  llan,  an  inclosed  space,  or 
from  Fr.  lande,  a  heath  or  wild  tract.]  A 
glade  in  a  forest;  a  vista  through  trees;  a 
space  of  ground  covered  with  grass,  and 
kept  smoothly  mown,  generally  in  front  of 
or  around  a  mansion.— Lawn-mower,  n.  A 


machine  formowing  lawns.— Lawn-tennl?. 
n.  An  outdoor  game  played  with  balls  and 
rackets  on  a  lawn  and  resembling  tennis. 
—Lawny,  la'ni,  a.    Resembling  a  lawn. 

Lawn,  Ian,  Ji.  [Perhaps  same  as  preceding 
word,  and  so  called  from  its  transparency, 
being  seen  through  as  we  see  through  a 
lawn  or  vista.]  A  sort  of  fine  linen  or  cam- 
bric, used  in  the  sleeves  and  some  other 
parts  of  the  dress  of  bishops;  hence,  the 
lawn,  the  office  or  dignity  of  a  bishop.— a. 
Made  of  lawn.— Lawn-sleeve,  n.  A  sleeve 
made  of  lawn;  a  part  of  a  bishop's  dress. 

Lax,  laks,  a.  [L.  laxus,  loo^.e,  from  same 
root  as  langueo,  to  languish,  and  probably 
E.  slack;  hence,  relax,  lease,  leash,  release.] 
Loose;  flabby;  soft;  not  tense,  firm,  or 
rigid;  not  tightly  stretched  or  drawn;  not 
rigidly  exact  or  precise;  vague;  equivocal; 
not  sufficiently  strict  or  rigorous;  remiss; 
having  too  frequent  discharges  from  the 
bowels.  —  Laxation,  lak-sa'shon,  n.  [  L. 
laxatio.]  The  act  of  loosening  or  slacken- 
ing.—Laxative,  lak'sa-tiv,  o.  [Fr.  laxatif.] 
Having  the  power  or  quality  of  loosening 
or  opening  the  intestines,  and  relieving 
from  constipation.  —  n.  A  medicine  that 
acts  as  a  gentle  purgative.— Laxativeness, 
lak'sa-tiv-nes,  n.— Laxity,  Laxness,  lak'si- 
ti,  laks'nes,  n.  [L.  laxitas.]  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  lax ;  looseness ;  want  of 
strictness;  remissness.— Laxly,  laks'li.adw. 
In  a  lax  manner;  loosely;  without  exact- 
ness. 

Lay,  la,  pret.  of  lie. 

Lay,  la,  v.t— pret.  &  pp.  laid;  ppr.  lay- 
ing. [A.  Sax.  lecgan  (pret.  legde,  lede,  pp. 
gelegd,  geUd),  a  causal  corresponding  to 
lie,  A.  ^ax.licgan;  similarly  Goth,  lagjan, 
Icel.  leggja,  Dan.  Icegge,  D.  leggen,  G.  legen, 
to  lay,  from  corresponding  intrans.  verbs. 
Lie.]  To  place  in  a  Ijing  position;  to  causo 
to  lie;  to  prostrate;  to  put,  set,  or  place 
in  general ;  to  impose  (taxes,  commands, 
blame,  &c.);  to  bring  into  a  certain  state: 
with  various  adjectives  (to  lay  bare;  to 
lay  open,  &c.);  to  settle  (dust);  to  still  (the 
wind);  to  allay  (pain);  to  dispose  with  re- 
gularity in  building  or  in  other  technical 
operations  ( to  place  at  hazard ;  to  wager; 
to  stake;  to  contrive,  scheme,  plan  (a  plot); 
to  place  before  a  court  of  justice"(an  in- 
dictment, damages).— To  lay  aside,  to  put 
off  or  away;  not  to  retain;  to  abandon. — 
To  lay  away,  to  reposit  in  store;  to  put 
aside  for  preservation.— To  lay  before,  to 
exhibit  or  show  to;  to  present  to  the  view 
of.— To  lay  by,to  reserve  for  future  use;  to 
put  off.— To  lay  by  the  heels,  to  put  in  the 
stocks;  to  confine;  to  put  in  prison.— To 
lay  claim,  to  claim;  to  advance  or  bring 
forward  a  claim.— To  lay  down,  to  give  up 
or  resign;  to  declare  (to  lay  down  a  proposi- 
tion or  principle);  to  delineate  on  paper; 
to  stake,  or  deposit  as  a  pledge,  equivalent, 
or  satisfaction. — To  lay  down  the  law,  to 
assert  dictatorially  what  the  speaker  holds 
to  be  right.— To  lay  eggs,  to  produce  them 
naturally  from  the  body,  as  a  bird  or  rep- 
tile.— To  lay  hold  of,  to  lay  hold  on,  to  seize; 
to  catch;  to  apprehend. — To  lay  in,  to  col- 
lect and  store;  to  provide  previously. — To 
lay  it  on,  to  do  something  to  excess,  as  to 
charge  an  exorbitant  price.— 2'o  lay  on,  to 
apply  with  force;  to  supply,  as  water,  nas, 
&c.,  to  houses  by  means  of  pipes  leauiiig 
from  a  main  reservoir.— To  lay  one's  self 
open  to,  to  expose  one's  self  to. — To  lay  one's 
self  out  for,  to  be  ready  to  take  part  in;  to 
put  one's  self  in  the  way  of. — To  lay  one's 
hand  on  a  thing,  to  find  it  when  wanted. — 
To  lay  open,  to  open;  to  make  bare;  to  un- 
cover; also,  to  show;  to  expose;  to  reveal. 
—  To  lay  out,  to  expend ;  to  plan  or  dis- 
pose in  order  the  several  parts  of  (to  lay  out 
a  garden) ;  to  dress  .in  grave-clothes  and 
place  in  a  decent  posture  (to  lay  out  a 
corpse).— To  lay  to  heart,  to  consider  seri- 
ously and  intently;  to  feel  deeply  or  keenly. 
— To  lay  to  one't;  charge,  to  accuse  him  of. 
—To  lay  up,  to  store;  to  treasure;  to  re- 
posit  for  future  use;  to  confine  to  the  bed 
or  chamber;  naut.  to  dismantle  (a  ship)  and 
put  in  a  dock  or  other  place  of  security. — 
To  lay  siege  to,  to  besiege;  to  importune;  to 
annoy  with  constant  solicitations.  —  To 
lay  wait,  to  lie  in  ambush. — To  lay  waste, 
to  devastate;  to  desolate.  —  ii.i.  To  bring 


ch.  cAain:     ch.  He.  loch:     g,  <7o;    j.job;     a,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sirtp;     th,  tAen;  th,  tAln;,    w,  wig;     vfh.whix:    zh.aaure^ 


LAY 


390 


LEAN 


forth  or  produce  cjrss;  hftt>>ig,tn  wager;  to 
net;  to  stake  money. —  7'o  lay  about  one,  to 
strike  on  all  sides;  to  act  with  vigour.— To 
lay  at,  to  endeavour  to  strike. — To  lay  on, 
to  deal  blows  with  vehemence.  [To  lay  is 
sometimes  erroneously  used,  even  by  good 
writers,  for  to  lie,  but  this  should  be  care- 
fully avoided.  See  under  Lie.}— n.  A  stra- 
tum; a  layer;  a  fold;  the  direction  or  lie  in 
which  the  diJCTereut  strands  of  a  rope  are 
twisted. 

■tiay,  la,  a.  [Fr.  lai,  from  L.  laicus,  6r. 
laikOB,  from  lao»,  people.]  Pertaining  to 
the  people,  as  distinct  from  the  clergy;  not 
clerical;  not  professional;  not  appertaining 
to  one  who  has  professional  kno^vledge. — 
Lay  brother,  a  person  received  into  a  con- 
vent of  monks,  under  vows,  but  not  in  holy 
orders.— Lay  clerk,  in  the  English  Cn.  a 
person  net  in  orders  who  leads  the  people 
in  their  responses. — Lay  sister,one  received 
ic  to  a  convent  of  nuns.under  vows,  but  who 
does  not  perform  any  sacred  office.— Laity, 
la'i-ti,  n.  Collectively  all  people  who  do 
not  belong  to  the  clergy;  people  out>ide  of 
any  profession  as  distinguished  from  those 
in  it.— Layman,  la'man,  n.  Any  man  not 
a  clergyman;  one  of  the  laity;  a  man  not 
professionally  or  specially  devoted  to  a  pur- 
suit.—Lay-sermon,  n.  A  ssrmon  by  a  lay- 
man; a  sermon  on  secular  subject?. 

Lay,  la,  n.  [O.Fr.  lai,  from  the  Celtic;  Jr. 
and  Gael,  laoi,  averse,  hymn,  poem;  same 
root  as  in  G.  lied,  a  song.]  A  song;  a  bal- 
lad; a  narrative  poem. 

Lay,  la,  n.  [Lathe.]  A  part  of  a  loom;  a 
lathe. 

Lay,  la,  n.    Same  as  Lea. 

Layer,  la'er,  n.  [Partly  from  lay,  the  verb; 
partly  same  as  lair.]  One  who  or  that 
which  lays;  a  stratum;  a  coat,  as  of  paint; 
a  row  or  course  of  masonry,  brickwork,  or 
the  like;  a  shoot  or  twig  of  a  plant,  not  de- 
tached from  the  stoc!:,  partly  laid  under 
ground  for  growth  or  propagation. — v.t. 
Gardening,  to  propagate  by  bending  the 
shoot  of  a  living  stem  into  the  soil,  the 
shoot  striking  root  while  being  fed  by  the 
parent  plant. 

Lay-.agure,  Layman,  la'fig-Or,  Ifi'man,  n. 
[D.  leeman,  lit.  joint-man,  lee  being  for 
lede,  from  leden,  pi.  of  lid  (A.  Sax.  lith, 
Dan.  lid,  Goth,  lithus),  a  joint.]  A  jointed 
figure  used  by  painters  in  imitation  of  the 
human  body,  and  which  can  be  placed  in 
any  attitude  so  as  to  serve  when  clothed 
as  a  model  for  draperies,  &c. 

Lazar, la'zar, n.  [O.Fr.  lazare,iTom.Lazarug 
of  the  New  Testament  (Luke  xvi.  20).]  A 
leper;  any  person  infected  with  a  nauseous 
and  pestilential  disease.- Lazaretto,  La- 
zaret, laz-a-ret'to,  laz'a-ret,  n.  [Sp.  loua- 
reto.  It.  lazzeretto,  Fr.  lazaret]  A  hos- 
pital for  the  reception  of  diseased  per- 
sons, particularly  those  aflFected  with  con- 
tagious distempers;  at  seaports  often  a 
vessel  used  for  this  purpose;  a  hospital 
for  quarantine.— Lazar-house,  n.  A  laza- 
retto.—Iiazarlike,  Lazariy,  la'zar-lik,  ia'- 
zar-li,  a.  Like  a  lazar;  full  of  sores;  lep- 
rous. 

Lazuli,  laz'0-li,n.  Lapis-lazuli.— LazuUte, 
laz'n-lit,  n.  Blue-spar,  a  phosphate  of  alu- 
minium, magnesium,  and  iron. 

Lazy,  la'zi,  a.  [Origin  doubtful;  perhaps 
for  late-sy  (from  late),  with  term,  as  in 
tricksy,  tipsy ;  or  O.Fr.  lasche,  lax,  slow, 
remiss,  from  L.  laxvs.]  Disinclined  to 
action  or  exertion;  sluggish;  indolent; 
averse  to  labour;  heavy  in  motion;  moving 
slowly  or  apparently  with  labour.— Laze, 
Ifiz,  v.i.  To  live  in  idleness. — v.t.  To  spend 
in  sloth  or  idleness.— LazUy,  la'zi-li,  adv. 
In  a  lazy  manner.— Laziness,  la'zi-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  lazy;  indo- 
lence; sloth.— Lazy  DoneB,  la'zi-bonz,  n.  A 
lazy  fellow-  an  idle^. 

Lazzaroni,  lat-^sa-ro'ne,  n.  pt  sing.  Lazza- 
rone,  lat-sa-ro'na.  [It.;from  iazarwg  in 
the  parable.]  The  poor  class  of  jjeople  at 
Naples  who  nave  no  fixed  habitation. 

Lea,  le,  n.  [Also  written  lay,  from  A.  Sax. 
hah,  untilled  land,  pasture;  Dan.  dialect 
lei,  fallow;  D.  leeg,  empty,  fallow.]  A  mea- 
dow or  grassy  plain;  land  under  grass  or 
pasturage. 

Leach,  lech,  n.  Ji'atU.  the  side  edge  of  a 
sail.    Leech. 


leach,  I5ch,  v.t  and  i.    Letch. 

Lead,  led,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ledd;  akin  D.  lood, 
Sw.  and  Dan.  lod,  G.  loth,  a  plummet,  the 
lead  for  taking  soundings.]  A  metal  of  a 
bluish-gray  colour,  characterized  chiefly 
by  its  softness  and  fusibility;  a  plummet 
or  mass  of  lead  used  in  sounding  at  sea; 
printing,  a  thin  plate  of  metal  used  to 
give  space  between  lines;  a  small  piece  of 
black  lead  or  plumbago  used  in  pencils; 
pi.  the  leaden  covering  of  a  too'.— Black 
lend,  a  came  of  graphite  or  plumbago. 
Under  Graphic— irAite  lead,  carbonate 
of  lead,  forming  a  white  substance  much 
used  in  painting.  —  a.  Made  or  composed 
of  lead;  consisting  more  or  less  of  lead; 
produced  by  lead. — v.  t  To  cover  with  lead; 
to  fit  with  lead;  printing,  to  widen  the 
space  between  (lines)  by  inserting  a  lead 
or  thin  plate  of  type-metal.  —  Leaded, 
led'ed,  p.  and  a.  Covered  with  lead; 
fitted  with  lead;  set  in  lead;  printing,  sspa- 
rated  by  thin  plates  of  lead,  as  lines  in 
printing.— Leaden,  led'n,  a.  Made  of  lead; 
resembling  lead  (a  leaden  sky);  sluggish; 
slow;  inert;  heavy;  dull;  gloomy.— Lead- 

f  lance,  n.  Lead-ore;  galena.— Lead-gray, 
eaden-gray,  a.  Coloured  like  lead. — 
Leaden -paced,  a.  Slow  in  movement. — 
Leadless,  led'les.  o.  Having  no  lead;  not 
charged  with  a  bullet.— Lead-mine,  n.  A 
mine  containing  lead  or  lead-ore. — Lead- 
pencil,  n.  An  instrument  for  drawing  or 
writing,  usually  made  by  inclosing  a  slip 
of  plumbago  or  graphite  (black  lead)  in  a 
casing  of  wood.  —  Leadsman,  ledz'man,  n. 
Navt.  the  man  who  heaves  the  lead. — 
Lead-spar,  n.  A  mineral,  the  carbonate 
of  lead  or  cerusite.— Leady,  led'i,,a.  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  lead  in  any  of  its 
properties. 

Lead,  led,  v.t  pret.  &  pp.  led.  [A.Sax.  laedan, 
to  lead,  from  Idd,  a  course,  from^  lithan,  to 
go  or  travel:  D.  leiden,  Icel.  leitha,  Dan. 
lede,  to  lead;  akin  lode,  lodestone.]  To 
guide  by  the  hand ;  to  guide  or  conduct 
by  showing  the  way;  to  direct;  to  conduct, 
as  a  chief  or  commander;  to  head;  to  di- 
rect and  govern;  to  precede;  to  hold  the 
first  place  in  rank  or  dignity  among;  to 
show  the  method  of  attaining  an  object ; 
to  direct,  as  in  an  investigation;  to  draw, 
entice,  allure ;  to  induce ;  to  prevail  on ; 
to  influence;  to  pass  or  spend  (to  lead  a 
life  of  gaiety) J  to  cause  to  spend  or  endure 
(he  led  his  wife  a  sad  life);  card-playing, 
to  commence  a  round  or  trick  with.— To 
lead  captive,  to  carry  into  captivity. — To 
lead  one  a  dance  or  a  fine  dance,  to  cause 
one  more  exertion  Or  trouble  than  neces- 
sary or  expected. — To  lead  the  way,  to  go 
before  and  show  the  way.— w.i.  To  go  be- 
fore and  show  the  way;  to  have  precedence 
or  pre-eminence;  to  take  the  first  place;  to 
have  a  position  of  authority;  to  be  chief, 
commander,  or  director;  to  conduct,  bring, 
draw,  induce  (gambling  leads  to  other 
evils);  card^playing,  to  play  the  first  card 
of  a  round  or  trick.— To  lead  of  or  out,  to 
begin. — n.  A  going  before;  guidance;  act 
of  leading;  precedence;  the  right  of  play- 
ing the  first  card  in  a  rouna  or  trick.— 
Leader,  le'dSr,  n.  One  that  leads  or  con- 
ducts; a  guide;  a  conductor;  a  chief;  a 
commander;  the  chief  of  a  party,  faction, 
or  any  body  of  people;  a  musical  perfor- 
mer who  leads  a  band  or  choir;  a  leading 
article  in  a  newspaper,  i.e.  an  editor's  own 
political  or  other  disquisition;  one  of  the 
front  horses  in  a  team.— Leaderette,  lg-d6r- 
et',  n.  A  short  leading  article  in  a  news- 
paper.—Leadership,  I5'd6r-ship,  n.  The 
olfice  of  a  leader;  guidance.— Leading,  le'- 
ding,  p.  and  a.  Guiding;  conducting; 
chief;  principal;  most  influential. — LeadL- 
ing  question,  a  question  which  suggests  the 
answer.— Leadmgly,  le'ding-li,  adv.  In  a. 
leading  manner.— Leading-strings,  n.  pi. 
Strings  by  which  children  are  supported 
when  beginning  to  walk ;  hence,  to  be  in 
leading-strings,  to  be  a  mere  puppet  in  the 
hands  of  others. 

Leaf,  l5f ,  n.  pi.  Leaves,  levz.  [A.  «ax.  led/ 
-=0.  Sax.  W/,  Goth,  laufs,  Icel.  lauf,  Dan. 
I  lov,  D.  loo/,  O.  laub,  a  leaf;  allied  to  Lith. 
lapas,  a  leaf;  Gr.  lepis,  a  scale.]  One  of 
the  external  parts  of  a  plant,  usually 
Bhooting  from  the  sides  of  the  stem  and 


branches,  and  ordinarily  green  in  colour; 
somethiug  resembling  a  leaf;  the  pail  >>! 
a  hook  or  folded  sheet  containing  two 
pages;  a  side,  division,  or  part  of  a  flat 
Dody,  the  parts  of  which  move  on  hinges, 
as  folding-doors,  window-shutters,  a  fire- 
screen, &c.;  the  part  of  a  table  which  can 
be  raised  or  lowered  at  pleasure;  a  ^ery 
thin  plate  of  metal  {gold-lea/i;  the  brim  of 
a  soft  hat. — To  turn  over  a  new  leaf,  to 
adopt  a  different  and  better  line  of  con- 
duct.— v.i.  To  shootout  leaves;  to  produce 
leaves. — Leafage,  lef'aj,  n.  Leaves  collec- 
tively; abundance  of  leaves;  foliage. — 
Leaf-bad,  n:  A  bud  from  which  Iihvcs 
only  are  produced.— Leafed,  left,  a.  Hav- 
ing leaves:  used  frequently  in  composition 
(broad-Zea/erf,  thin-lea/ed,  &c.).— LeaiiEsss, 
le'fi-nes,  n.  State  of  being  leafy  or  full  of 
leaves. — Leaf -insect,  n.  The  popular  name 
of  insects  whose  wings  resemble  or  mimic 
leaves;  a  walking-leaf  .—Leafless,  lef'les,  c. 
Destitute  of  leaves. — Leaflessnoss,  lef'les- 
nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  leafless.- Leaf- 
let, leflet,  n.  A  little  leaf;  bot.  one  of  the 
divisions  of  a  compound  leaf;  a  foUole. — 
Leaf-lonse,  n.  An  aphis  or  plant-louse. 
—  Leaf -mould,  n.  Leaves  decayed  and 
reduced  to  the  state  of  mould,'  used  &a 
manure  for  plants.  —  Leaf-stalk,  n.    The 

Eetiole  or  stalk  which  supports  a  leaf. — 
eafy,  Ic'fi,  a.  Full  of  leaves;  abounding 
with  leaves. — Leave,  lev,  v.i.  To  produce 
leaves ;  to  leaf.  —  Leaved,  levd,  a.  Fur- 
nished with  leaves;  having  leaves  or  folds: 
often  in  compounds  ithree-lcaved,  &c.). 

League,  leg,  n.  [Fr.  ligue.  It.  lega,  L.L.  liga, 
from  L.  ligo,  to  bind  (in  ligament,  ligature, 
ally,  &c.).]  A  combination  or  union  of  two 
or  more  parties  for  the  purpose  of  promot- 
ing their  mutual  interest,  or  for  executing 
any  design  in  concert;  an  alliance  or  con- 
federacy oetween  princes  or  states  for  their 
mutual  aid  or  defence;  a  national  contract 
or  covapa.ct.— v.i.— leagvsd,  leaguing.  To 
unite  in  a  league  or  confederacy;  to  fortti 
a  league;  to  confederate.— Leaguer,  lo'ger, 
n.  One  who  unites  in  a  league;  a  confed- 
erate. 

League,  leg,  n.  [O.Fr.  legue,  Pr.  lieue,  from 
L.L.  leuca,  leuga,  &c.,  and  that  from  the 
Celtic]  A  measure  of  length  varying  in 
different  countries, the  English  land  league 
being  3  statute  miles,  the  nautical  league 
nearly  34. 

Leagner,  le'gfir,  n.  [D.  leger,  Q.  lager,  a, 
bed,  a  couch,  a  camp;  allied  to  lair,  lie, 
lay.]  A  camp;  the  camp  of  a  besieging 
army;  a  siege. 

Leak,  Igk,  n.  [Icel.  leH,  a  leak;  lekr,  leaky; 
D.  lek,  Dan.  leek,  G.  leek,  a  leak,  leaky. 
See  the  verb.)  A  crack,  fissure,  or  hole  m 
a  vessel  that  admits  water,  or  permits  a 
fluid  to  escape;  the  passing  of  liquid 
through  such  a  crack  or  aperture.  —  To 
spring  a  leak,  to  open  or  crack  so  as  to  let 
in  water;  to  begin  to  let  in  water. — v.i. 
[Icel.  leka,  Dan.  Icekke,  D.  lekken,  to  leak; 
allied  to  A.  Sax.  V.ccan,  to  wet,  to  moisten, 
and  to  E.  lack.]  To  let  water  or  other 
liquor  in  or  out  through  a  hole  or  crev- 
ice (the  vessel  leaks)-,  to  ooze  or  pass, 
as  water  or  other  fluid,  through  a  crack, 
fissure,  or  aperture  in  a  Vessel. — To  leak 
out,  to  find  vent;  to  find  publicity  in  a 
clandestine  or  irregular  way.— Leakage, 
lek'aj,n.  A  leaking;  the  quantity  of  a 
liquor  that  enters  or  issues  by  leaking; 
com.  a  certain  allowance  for  the  leaking 
of  casks,  or  the  waste  of  liquors  by  leaking. 
— Leakiness,  lek'i-nes,  n.  State  of  being 
leaky.— Leaky,  lek'i,  o.  Letting  water  or 
other  liguid  pass  in  or  out  by  leaks;  fig. 
apt  to  disclose  secrets;  tattling;  not  close. 

Leal,  lei,  a.  [O.Fr.  lea,l;  the  same  word  as 
legal  and  loyal.]  Loyal;  true;  faithful; 
honest;  upright.— Leamess,  lel'nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  leal. 

Leam,^  l5m,  n.  [O.Fr.  liem;  same  as  lien.] 
A  cord  or  string  to  lead  a  dog. 

Lean,  len,  ti.t.— pret.  &  pp.  leaned  or  leant 
(lent).  [A.  Sax.  Hcman,  to  make  to  lean, 
hlinian,  to  lean;  O.  Sax.  hliruyn,  O.H.G. 
hlinen,  G.  lehnen,  D.  leunen,  to  lean;  cog. 
with  Gr.  klinO,  to  make  to  bend,  and  L. 
clino,  inclino,  to  bend,  to  incline.]  To  slope 
or  incline  from  a  straight  or  perpendicular 
position  or  line;  to  slant;  to  incline  in 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fsll;     me,  met,  hfer;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  miive;     tobe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     fl,  Sc  ahime— the  Fr.  «■ 


IE  AN 


891 


LEECH 


feeling  or  opinion;  to  tend  toward;  to  rest 
as  for  support ;  hence,  to  depend  for  con- 
solation, comfort,  and  thelike:  usually 
with  agaitist,  on,  or  upon.  — v.t.  To  cause 
to  lean ;  to  incline ;  to  support  or  rest. — 
I>eau-to,  len'to,  -a.  Having  rafters  pitched 
against  or  leaning  on  \inother  building  or 
a  wall. 

Lean,  len,  a.  [A.  Sax.  hlaene,  li.Ot.  Jeen, 
leajr;  allied  to  lean,  v.]  Wanting  flesh  or 
fat  on  the  body;  meagre;  not  fat;  not  rich, 
fertile,  or  productive;  barren  of  thought; 
jejune. — n.  That  part  of  flesh  which  con- 
sists of  muscle  without  fat— Leanly,  len'- 
li,  adv.  In  a  lean  manner  or  conditio .:; 
meagrely.— Leanness,  len'nes,  n.  The  con- 
dition or  quality  of  being  lean ;  meagre- 
ness;  thinness.  ■'^■'^» 

Leap,  lep,  v.i.— leaped,  pret.  &  pp.,  rarely 
leapt  (lept).  [A.  Sax.  hledpan,  to  leap,  to 
run,  pret.  hledjj;  Sc.  loup,  D.  ioopen,  to  run 
(seen  in  elope,  interlope);  Icel.hlaupa,  Dan. 
lobe,  Goth,  hlaupan,  Q.  laufen;  allied  to 
Gr.  kraipnos,  karpalimos,syfift.]  To  spring 
or  rise  from  the  ground  with  feet  in  the 
air;  to  move  with  springs  or  bounds;  to 
jump,  vault,  bound,  skip;  to  make  a  sud- 
den transition. — v.t.  To  pass  over  by  leap- 
ing; to  spring  or  bound  from  one  side  to 
the  other  of;  to  cause  (one's  liorse)  to  take 
a  leap;  to  make  to  pass  by  leaping.— m.  The 
act  of  leaping;  the  space  passed  over  or 
cleared  in  leaping;  a  jump;  a  spring;  a 
bound;  a  sudden  transition.  —Leaper,  lep'- 
6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  leaps. — 
Leap-frog,  n.  A  game  in  which  one  player, 
by  placing  his  hands  on  the  back  or  shoul- 
ders of  another  in  a  stoopingpobture,  leaps 
over  his  head.— -Leapingly,  l6p'ing-li,  adv. 
In  a  leaping  manner;  hy  leaps.  —  Leap- 
year,  n.  Bissextile;  every  fourth  year,  in 
which,  February  has  an  additional  day, 
and  there  are  thus  366  days  in  all:  so  called 
because  after  February  the  days  of  the 
week  leap  an  extra,  day  as  compared  with 
other  years. 

Leara,  Ifim,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  leomian,  to  learn, 
to  teach;  akin  to  laeran,  to  teach,  Idr, 
learning,  lore;  comp.  G.  lemen,  to  learn, 
lehren,J,o  teach;  D.  leeren,  Icel.  Icera,  to 
teach,  to  learn;  Goth.  laUjan,  to  teach; 
allied  to  A. Sax.  lesan,  Icel.  iesa,  to  gather,  j 
To  gain  or  acquire  knowledge  of  or  skill 
in;  to  acqviire  oy  study;  to  teach  "{Shak.). 
— v.i.  To  gain  or  receive  knowledge,  infor- 
mation, or  intelligence;  to  receive  instruc- 
tion; to  be  taught.— Leamable,  ler'na-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  learned.  —  Learned, 
Ifer'ned,  a.  Possessing  knowledge;  having 
a  great  store  of  information  obtained  by 
study;  erudite;  well  acquainted;  having 
much  experience ;  skilful :  often  with  in 
{Jieamed  in  martial  arts);  containing  or 
indicative  of  learning  (a  learned  book). — 
Learnedly,  16r'ned-li,  adv.  In  a  learned 
manner.  —  Leamedness,  I6r'ned-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  learned;  erudition. — 
Learner,  Ifer'ner,  n.  A  person  who  learns; 
one  who  is  taught;  a  scholar;  a  pupil. — 
Learning,  ler'ning,  n.  Acquired  know- 
ledge in  any  branch  of  science  or  litera- 
ture; knowledge  acquired  by  tlie  study  of 
literary  productions;  erudition. 

Lease,  les,  n.  [Norm,  lees,  leez,  a  lease, 
L.L.  Ies3a;  from  L.  lazare,  to  loosen,  relax, 
from  iaxus,  lax.  Lax.]  A  letting  of  lands, 
tenements,  Ac,  to  a  person  for  a  specified 
rent  or  compensation;  the  written  con- 
tract for  such  letting;  any  tenure  by  grant 
or  permission;  the  time  for  which  such  a 
tenure  holds  good. — v.t. — leased,  leasing. 
To  grant  by  lease ;  to  let  for  a  specified 
rent;  to  let;  to  occupy  in  terms  of  a  lease. 
—Leasable,  I5s'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
leased.— Leasehold,  ISsTiold,  a.  Held  by 
lease.  —  n.  A  tenure  by  lease.  —  Lease- 
bolder,  les'hol-der,  n.  A  tenant  under  a 
lease. 

Leash,  lesh,  n.  [Fr.  Iai9se,  O.Fr.  lesse,  a 
leash,  from  L.L.  laxa,  a  loose  cord,  from 
L.  lajciis,  loose.  Lax.]  A  thong  or  line, 
by  which  a  dog  (or  two  or  three  dogs)  is 
held  in  in  hunting;  a  line  holding  in  a 
hawk;  three  creatures  of  any  kind,  espe- 
cially greyhounds,  foxes,  bucks,  and  hares; 
hence,  three  things  in  general.  —  v.t.  To 
hold  or  fasten  by  a  leash. 

Xieasiag,  le'zin^,  n.    [A.  Sax.  ledsun^,  from 


ledeian,  to  lie,  from  Zeds,  false;  allied  to 
lose,  loose,  loas.1    Falsehood;  lies. 

Least,  lest,  a.  [A.  Sax.  laist,  Icesast,  superl. 
of  Icessa,  less.]  Smallest;  little  beyond 
others,  either  m  size,  degree,  value,  worth, 
importance,  or  the  like.  —  adv.  In  the 
smallest  or  lowest  degree.— .4t  least,  at  the 
least,  to  say  no  more;  at  the  lowest  degree; 
on  the  lowest  estimate.  —  Leastways, 
Leastwise,  lest'waz,  lest'wiz,  adv.  At  least; 
however.    [Vulgar.] 

Leather,  lein'er,  n.  [A.  Sax.  let7i£r='L.Gr. 
ledder,  tier,  Icel.  letlir,  Dan.  Imder,  leer,  G. 
and  I),  leder;  root  unknown.]  The  skin 
of  animals  dressed  and  prepared  for  use 
by  tanning,  tawing,  or  other  processes; 
tanned  hide ;  an  appliance  made  of  this 
substance. — a.  Consisting  of  leather. — v.t. 
To  furnish  with  leather;  to  beat  as  with  a 
thong  of  leather  (vulgar).— Leatherette, 
IcTH-er-et',  n.  A  kind  of  imitation  leather. 
— Leathern,  leTH'em,  a.  Made  of  leather; 
consisting  of  leather.- Leathery,  lern'or-i, 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  leather ; 
tough. 

Leave,  lev,  n.  [A.  Sax.  led/,  geUdf,  leave, 
permission ;  same  as  the  -lieve  in  believe ; 
akin  D.  -lof  in  oorlof,  permission  j  Icel. 
leyfi,  permission,  lof,  praise,  permission; 
G  {er)lauben,  to  permit;  allied  also  to  E. 
kiye,  lief;  L.  libet,  it  is  pleasing.]  Liberty 
granted  to  act ;  permission;  allowance;  a 
formal  parting  of  friends  or  acquaint- 
ances; farewell:  used  chiefly  in  the  phrase 
to  take  leave.  :.  Leave  is  usually  employed 
on  familiar  or  uiiimportant  occasions; 
liberty  in  relation  to  more  important  mat- 
ters.—Leave-taJdng,  n.  The  act  of  taking 
leave;  a  bidding  good-bye. 

Leave,  lev,  v.t.— left  (jiret.  &  pp.),  leaving. 
[A.  Sax.  laefan,  to  leave,  to  cause  to  re- 
main, from  lifiati,  to  remain ;  Icel.  leifa, 
O.  Fris.  leva,  O.H.(>.  bi-liban.  Mod.  G. 
b-leiben,  to  remain;  same  stem  as  live.]  To 
suffer  to  remain;  not  to  take  or  remove ; 
to  have  remaining  at  death;  to  commit 
or  trust  to,  as  a  deposit;  to  bequeath; 
to  give  by  will;  to  withdraw  or  depart 
from;  to  quit;  to  forsjike,  desert,  abandon; 
to  relinquish,  resign,  renounce ;  to  refer; 
to  commit  for  decision;  to  let  remain 
without  further  discussion. — To  be  left  to 
one's  self,  to  be  left  alone;  to  be  permitted 
to  follow  one's  own  opinions  or  desires. — 
To  leave  off,  to  desist  from;  to  forbear;  to 
cease  wearing  or  practising.— To  leave  out, 
to  omit.— w.i.  To  set  out;  to  take  one's  de- 
parture; to  desist. — To  leave  off,  to  cease; 
to  desist;  to  stop.— Leaver,  le'ver,  n.  One 
v/ho  leaves. — Leavings,  le'vingz,  n.  pi. 
Something  left  disregarded;  remnant;  re- 
lic; refuse;  offal. 

Leaved.    Under  Leaf. 

Leaven,  lev'n,  n.  [Fr.  levain,  from  Zewr, 
L.  levare,  to  raise;  akin  levity,  lever,  re- 
lieve, &c.]  A  substance  that  produces 
fermentation,  as  in  dough;  yeast;  barm; 
what  resembles  leaven  in  its  effects. — v.t. 
To  mix  with  leaven;  to  impregnate  or  im- 
bue.— Leavenous,  lev'n-us,  a.  Containing 
leaven;  tainted. 

Lecher,  lech'er,  n.  [O.Fr.  lecheor,  gour- 
mand, parasite,  libertine;  Fr.  Idcher,  to 
lick;  from  G.  lecken,  O.H.G.  Iecc6n,, to 
lick.  Lick.,  Lickerish.]  A  pian  given  to 
lewdness.  —  w.i.  To  practise  lewdness.  — 
Lecherous,  lech'er-us,  a.  Addicted  to 
lewdness;  prone  to  indulge  lust;  lustful ; 
lewd.— Lecnerously,  lech'er-us-li,  adv.  In 
a    lecherous    manner.  —  Lecher ousness, 

•  lech '  er-us-nes,  n.  —  Lechery,  lech'er-i,  n. 
[O.Fr.  lecherie.]  Lewdness;  free  indulgence 
or  practice  of  lust. 

Lectern,  lek'tern,  n.  [O.Fr.  lectrinj  L.L. 
lectrinum,  from  ledrum,  pulpit,  Gr.  lek^ 
tron,  a  couch.]  A  desk  or  stand  on  which 
the  larger  books  used  in  the  services  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  and  other  churches  are 
placed;  in  Scotland,  the  precentor's  desk 
in  front  of  the  pulpit. 

Lection,  lek'shon,  n.  [L.  lectio,  from  lego, 
to  read.  Lecture.]  The  act  of  reading; 
a  difference  or  variety  in  copies  of  a  manu- 
script or  book;  a  reading;  a  lesson  or  por- 
tion ofiScripture  read  in  divine  service. — 
Lectionary,  lek'shon-a-ri,  n.  A  book  con- 
taining portions  of  Scripture  to  be  read 
for  particular  days. — Lector,  lek'tfer,  n. 


[L.]  A  person  in  tjhe  Church  of  Rome 
whose  office  it  is  td  read  the  lessons  in 
church. 

Lecture,  lek'tur,  n.  jTr.  lecture,  from  L." 
lectura,  a  reading,  from  lego,  to  read, 
whence  also  legend,  lesson,  legible,  &c. 
Legend.]  A  discourse  on  some  subject 
read  or  delivered  before  an  audience;  a 
formal  or  methodical  discourse  intended 
for  instruction;  a  reprimand,  as  from  a 
superior;  a  formal  leproot— v.t— lectured, 
lecturing.  To  give  a  lecture  to;  to  speak 
to  dogmatically  or  authoritatively;  to  rep- 
rimand; to  reprove.  —  t).i.  To  read  or  de- 
liver a  formal  discourse;  to  deliver  lec- 
tures for  instruction.  —  Lecturer,  lek'tci- 
rer,  n.  One  who  lectures ;  a  professor  or 
instructor  who  delivers  formal  discourses 
to  students. — Lectureship,  lek'tur-ship,  n. 
The  oflice  of  a  lecturer. 

Led,  led,  pret.  &  pp.  of  Zead.- Led-horse,w. 
A  horse  that  is  fed;  a  spare  horse  led  by  a 
groom  or  servant,  to  be  used  in  a  case  of 
emergency. 

Ledge,  lej,  n.  [From  stem  of  lie;  comp.', 
Sc.  leggin,  Icel.  logg,  the  ledge  or  rim  at 
the  bottom  of  a  cask.]  A  shelf  on  which 
articles  may  be  placed;  anything  which 
resembles  such  a  shelf;  a  part  rising  or 
projecting  beyond  the  rest;  a  ridge  or 
shelf  of  rocks;  arch,  a  small  moulding; 
also,  a  s'tring  course ;  joinery,  a  piece 
against  which  something  rests.  —  Ledgy, 
lej'i,  a.    Abounding  in  ledges. 

Ledger,  lej'6r,  n.  [Perhaps  lit.  a  book  that 
rests  on  a  ledge  or  shelf;  in  any  case  from 
the  same  stem;  comp.  old  leger,  ledger, 
resting  in  a  place;  D.  legger,  one  that  lies; 
akin  lie  (to  rest).]  The  principal  book  of 
accounts  among  merchants  and  others,  so 
arranged  as  to  exhibit  on  one  side  all  the 
sums  at  the  debit  of  the  accounts  and  on 
the  other  all  those  at  the  credit;  arch:  a 
flat  slab  of  stone,  such  as  is  laid  horizon- 

*'  tally  over  a  grave;  the  covering-slab  of  an 
altar-tomb. — Ledger-line,  n.  Mus.  a  short 
line  added  above  or  below  the  staff  for  the 
reception  of  a  note  too  high  or  too  low  to 
be  placed  on  the  staff. 

Lee,  le,  n.  [Icel.  hU,  Dan.  Ice,  D.  lij,  G.  lee, 
lee;  akin  A.  Sax.  hied,  a  shade,  a  shelter, 
Goth,  hlija,  a  tent.]  The  quarter  toward 
which  the  wind  blows,  as  opposed  to  that 
from  which  it  proceeds;  the  slielter  caused 
by  an  object  interposed,  and  keeping  off 
the  wind:  almost  exclusively  9,  nautical 
terva.— Under  the  lee  of,  on  that  side  of 
which  is  sheltered  from  the  wind;  pro- 
tected from  the  wind  by:  opposed  to  on 
the  weather  side  of. — a.  Naut.  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  part  or  side  towards  which 
the  wind  blows:  opposite  to  weather. — Lee- 

.  shore,  the  shore  under  the  lee  of  a  ship,  or 
that  toward  which  the  wind  blows. — Lee- 
tide,  a  tide  running  in  the  same  direction 
as  the  wind  is  blowing.— Lee-board,  n.  A 
long  fiat  piece  of  wood  attached  to  eacb 
side  of  a  flat-bottomed  vessel  (as  a  Dutch 
galiot),  intended  to  prevent  herfrom  drift- 
ing fast  to  leeward.— Lee-gage,  n.  JV^attt. 
a  greater  distance  from  the  point  whence 
the  wind  blows  than  another  vessel  has. — 
Leeward,  le'wferd  or  iQ'werd,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  part  towards  which  the  wind 
blows.  —  n.  The  quarter  or  direction  to- 
wards the  lee.  — Leeway,  le'wa,  n.  The 
drifting  of  a  ship  to  the  leeward  of  her 
course;  the  deviation,  from  her  true  course, 
which  a  vessel  makes  by  drifting  to  lee- 
ward.— To  make  up  leeway,  to  make  up  for 
lost  time;  to  overtake  work  which  has 
fallen  behind. 

Lee,  lei  n.    Dregs  or  sediment.    Lees. 

Leech,  lech,  n.  [A.  Sax.  laece,  a  physician; 
Goth,  leikeis,  Icel.  Iceknari,  Sw.  Idkare,  a 
physician;  Sw.  Idka,  Dan.  loege,  Icel.  loek- 
na,  A.  Sax.  Idcnian,  to  heal:  the  animal  is 
so  called  from  its  use  in  healing.]  A  phy- 
sician; a  doctor;  the  common  name  of 
several  blood-sucking  wormlike  animals, 
some  of  which  are  used  in  medicine. — v.t. 
To  treat  with  medicaments;  to  heal;  to 
bleed  by  the  use  of  leeches.— Leech-craft, 
n.    The  art  of  healing. 

Leech,  lech,  n.  [L.  G.  lei^k,  Icel.  Uk,  Sw. 
lik,  Dan.  Kg,  leech-line,  bolt-rope.]  Naut. 
the  border  or  edge  of  a  sail  which  is  sloj)- 
ing  or  perpendicular. 


ch,  chain;     ch,  Sc.  loch;     g,  go;     3,  job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sing;     ra,  then;  th,  thia;     w,  wig;     wh,  whig;     Zh,  asure. 


LEECH 


8&2 


LEMON 


L<'ech,  Igch,  v.t.    Letch.' 

Leek,  lek,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ledc,  an  herb,  a  leek 
=L.G.  and  D.  look,  Icel.  lajikr,~Sw.  liik, 
Dan.  log,  G.  lauch,  Rus.  luk;  this  gives  the 
term,  in  garlic,  hevilock.'\  A  well-known 
culinary  vegetable  with  a  bulbous  root; 
the  national  badge  of  the  Welsh.— To  eat 
the  leek,  to  be  compelled  to  withdraw  one's 
statements;  to  have  to  retract  one's  words. 
[See  Shakspere's  Henry  V.  act  v.] 

Leer,  ler,  n.  lA.  Sax.  hledr,  O.E.  lere,  lire, 
O.  Sax.  hlear,  Icel.  hlyr,  face,  cheek.]  A 
side  glance  expressive  of  malignity,  amor- 
ousness, or  some  unworthy  feeling;  an 
arch  or  affected  glance  or  cast  of  counte- 
nance.— v.i.To  cast  a  look  expressive  of  con- 
tempt, malignitj',  or  amorousness;  to  cast 
a  sly  or  amorous  look. — v.t.  To  allure  with 
a  leer.  —  Leeringly,  le'ring-li,  adv.  In  a 
leering  manner. 

Lees,  I6z,  n.  pi.  [Fr.  lie,  Walloon  Uzi,  L.L. 
lice;  origin  unknown,]  The  grosser  parts 
of  any  liquor  which  have  settled  on  the 
bottom  of  a  vessel;  dregs;  sediment. 

Leet,  let,  n.  [Icel.  leiti,  a  share  or  part.] 
In  Scotland,  a  list  of  candidates  for  any 
office. 

Leeward,  Leeway.    Under  Lee. 

Left,  left,  pret.  &  pp.  of  leave. — Iieft-off,  a. 
Laid  a.'side;  no  longer  worn  lle/t-off  clothes). 

Left,  left,  a.  [A.  Sax.  left,  worthless;  O.E. 
lift,  luft,  O.D.  luchl,  luft,  left;  probably 
allied  to  A.  Sax.  lef,  O.  Sax.  lef,  weak,  in- 
£rm.]  Denoting  the  part  opposed  to  the 
right  of  the  body;  belonging  to  the  side 
next  which  the  heart  is  situated  (the  left 
hand,  arm,  or  side).—  The  left  hank  of  a 
river,  that  which  would  be  on  the  left 
hand  of  a  person  whose  face  is  turned 
down  stream. — n.  The  side  opposite  to  the 
right;  that  part  which  is  on  the  left  side. 
—Left-handed,  a.  Having  the  left  hand 
more  capable  of  being  used  than  the  right; 
using  the  left  hand  with  more  facility 
than  the  right;  turned  towards  the  left 
hand.  —  Left-handed  marriage.  Moruan- 
ATic.  —  Leit-handedness,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  left-handed.  —Leftward, 
left'werd,  adv.  Towards  the  left;  on  the 
left  hand  or  side.    Also  used  as  a. 

liZg,  leg,  n.  [X  Scandinavian  word :  Icel. 
leggr,  a  leg,  hollow  bone,  stem  or  trunk; 
Dan.  lag,  Sw.  lagg,  the  calf  or  shin.]  The 
limb  of  an  animal,  used  in  supporting  the 
body  and  in  walking  and  running;  in  a 
narrower  sense,  that  part  of  the  limb  from 
the  knee  to  the  foot;  a  long  slender  sup- 
port, as  the  leg  of  a  chair  or  table;  one  of 
the  sides  of  a  triangle  as  opposed  to  the 
base ;  the  part  of  a  stocking  or  other 
article  of  dress  that  covers  the  leg;  cricket, 
the  part  of  the  field  that  lies  to  the  left  of 
End  behind  the  batsman  as  he  faces  the 
bowler;  the  fielder  who  acts  in  that  part 
of  the  field;  a  blackleg  (slang).— To  jjut 
OTve's  best  leg  foremost,  to  do  one's  utmost 
endeavour.— To  have  not  a  leg  to  stand  on, 
to  have  exhausted  all  one's  strength  or  re- 
sources. —  On  one's  legs,  standing,  espe- 
cially to  CT)eak.— Legged,  legd,  a.  Having 
legs:  used  in  composition  {ha.udy-legged, 
two-iecced).- Legging,  leg'ing,  »i.  A  cov- 
ering for  the  leg,  usually  worn  over  the 
trousers  and  reaching  to  the  knee;  a  long 

f alter.  —  Leggy,  leg'i,  a.  Long-legged ; 
aving  legs  of  a  length  disproportionate 
to  the  rest  of  the  body.— Legless,  leg'les,  a. 
Having  no  legs. 

Legacy,  leg'a-si,  n.  [From  L.  legatum,  a 
legacy,  from  lego,  to  bequeath,  to  appoint. 
Legate.]  A  bequest;  a  particular  thing 
or  certain  sum  of  money  given  by  last  will 
or  testament;  an>'thiug  handed  down  by 
an  ancestor  or  predecessor.— Legacy-hun- 
fcer,  n.  One  who  flatters  and  courts  for 
legacies. 

Legal,  le'gal,  a.  [Fr.  Idgal,  from  L.  legalis, 
from  lex,  legis,  law  (also  in  alloy,  legiti- 
mate, legislator,  &c.);  akij  to  legare,  to 
delegate  (as  in  legate);  root  same  as  in  E. 
lay,  lie.  Loyal  is  the  same  word.]  Accor- 
ding to  law;  in  conformity  with  law;  per- 
mitted by  law;  pertaining  to  law;  created 
by  law. -Legalism  le'gal-izm,  71.  Strict 
adherence  to  law;  a  legaldoctrine.— Legal- 
ist, le'gal-ist,  n.  A  stickler  for  adherence  to 
law. —Legality,  Legalness,  If-gal'i-ti,  le'- 
gal-aes,  ».    The  state  or  quality  of  being 


legsj. — Legalization,  le'gaI-i-za"shon,  n. 
The  act  of  legalizing.— Legalize,  le'gal-iz, 
v.t— legalized,  legalizing.  To  make  legal  or 
lawful;  to  render  conformable  to  law. — 
Legally,  le'gal-li,  adv.  In  a  legal  man- 
ner; by  permission  of  or  in  conformity 
with  law. 

Legate,  legr'at,  n.  [L.  legatus,  from  lego,  to 
Bend,  to  delegate.  Legal.]  An  ambassador; 
especially,  the  pope's  ambassador  to  a 
foreign  prince  or  state.— LegatesMp,  leg'- 
at-ship,  n.  The  office  of  a  legate.— Legatine, 
leg'a-tin,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  legate;  made 
by  or  proceeding  from  a  legate. — Legation, 
le-ga'shon,  n.  [L.  legatio.\  A  person  or 
persons  sent  as  envoys  or  ambassadors  to 
a  foreign  court;  an  embassy;  a  diplomatic 
minister  and  his  suite;  a  district  ruled  by 
a  papal  legate. 

Legatee,  ley-a-te',  n.  [From  L.  legatum,  a 
legacy.  L  to  act.]  One  to  whom  a  legacy 
is  bequeathed. 

Legato,  le-ga'ts.  [It.,  tied,  from  L.  ligare, 
to  tie.)  Mus.  played  or  sung  in  an  even, 
smooth,  gliding  manner. 

Legend,  le'jend  or  lej'end,  n.  [Fr.  ligende, 
from  L.  legenda,  lit.  things  to  be  read, 
from  lego,  to  read;  originally  applied  to 
lives  of  the  saints  that  had  to  be  read  as  a 
religious  duty.  Lego,  to  read,  originally 
to  gather,  appears  in  a  great  many  English 
words,  a^  in  lecture,  lesson,  coil,  cull,  col- 
lect, intellect,  neglect,  diligent,  elegant,  &c.] 
A  story  generally  of  a  marvellous  charac- 
ter told  respecting  a  saint;  hence,  any 
marvellous  story  handed  down  from  early 
times;  a  tradition;  a  non-historical  narra- 
tive; an  inscription;  numinmatics,  the 
words  arranged  circularly  on  a  medal  or 
coin,as  distinguished  from  the  inscription, 
which  is  across  it.— Legendary,  lei'en-da- 
ri,  a.  Consisting  of  legends;  like  a  legend; 
fabulous.  • 

Legerdemain,  lej'f'r-de-man",  n.  [Fr.  I6ger 
de  main,  light  of  hand — leger,  L.L.  levia- 
rius,  from  L.  levis,  light  (whence  levity), 
and  main,  L.  vianus,  hand.]  Sleight  of 
hand;  a  deceptive  performance  which  dc- 

Sends  on  dexterity  of  hand ;  trickery  or 
eception  generally.- Legerdemainist,lej'- 
er-de-man"ist,  n.  One  who  practises  leger- 
demain; a  juggler. 

Leger-line,  lej'er-lin.    Same  as  Ledger-line. 

Legging.    Under  Lku. 

Leghorn,  leg'horn.Ji..  A  kind  of  straw  plait 
for  bonnets  and  hats  imported  from  Leg- 
horn; a  hat  made  of  that  material. 

Legible,  lej'i-bl,  a.  |L.  legibilis,  from  lego, 
to  read.  Legenh.I  Capable  of  l>eing  read; 
consisting  of  lett-ers  or  figures  that  may  be 
distinguished  by  the  eye.— Legibility,  Le- 
gibleness,  lej-i-bil'i-ti,  lej'i-bl-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  legible.— Legibly,  lej'i-bli, 
adv.    In  a  legible  manner. 

Legion,  le'jon,  n.  [L.  legio,  from  lego,  to 
collect.  Legend.  ]  A  body  of  ancient 
Roman  infantry  consisting  at  different 
periods  of  from  3000  to  alrove  6000,  often 
with  a  complement  of  cavalry ;  hence,  a 
body  of  troops  in  general;  a  great  number. 
—Legion  of  honour,  an.order  instituted  in 
France  by  Napoleon  I.,  as  a  reward  for 
merit,both  civil  and  military,  now  greatly 
altered  in  character. — v.t.  To  enroll  orform 
into  a  legion.  —  Legionary,  le'jon-a-ri,  a. 
Belonging  to  a  legion  or  legions.— n.  One 
of  a  legion;  a  Roman  soldier  belonging  to 
a  legion. 

Legislate,  \ey\i-\&t,v.i.— legislated,  legislat- 
ing: [L.  lex,  legi»,  law,  and /ero,  latum,  to 
give,  pass,  or  enact.  Legal.]  To  make  or 
enact  a  law  or  laws.- Legislation,  lej-is- 
l&'shon,  n.  The  act  of  legislating  or  eu- 
iicting  laws.— Legislative,  lej'is-la-tiv,  a. 
Enacting  laws;  having  ]>ower  or  authority 
to  enact  laws;  pertaining  to  the  enacting 
of  laws.— Legiilatlvely,  lej'is-la-tiv-li,  adv. 
In  a  legislative  manner. — Legislator,  lej'- 
is-la-t^r,  n.  A  law-giver;  one  who  frames 
or  establishes  the  laws  and  polity  of  a  state 
or  kingdom ;  a  member  of  a  national  or 
8ui>reme  legislative  assembly.— Legislato- 
rial, lej'is-la-tO"ri-al,  a.  Relating  to  a  leg- 
islature or  legislator.— Leglalatorshlp,  lej'- 
is-la-tir-ship,  n.  The  office  of  a  legislator. 
—Legislature,  lej'is-lft-tur,  n.  The  body  of 
men  in  a  state  or  kingdom  invested  with 
power  to  make  and  repeal  laws;  the  su- 


preme legislating  power  of  a  state.— Le- 
gist, le'jist,  n.    One  skilled  in  the  laws. 

Legitim,  lej'i-tim,  ii.  (L.  legitimus,  legiti 
mate,  legal.]  Hcots  law,  the  share  of  a 
father's  movable  property  to  which  on 
his  death  his  children  are  entitled  by  law. 

Legitimate,  le-jit'i-mat,  a.  [L.L.  legitima- 
tus,  from  Itgitimare,  to  legitimate,  from 
L.  legitimus,  lawful,  from  lex,  law.  Legal.) 
Lawfully  begotten  or  bom;  bom  in  wed- 
lock; genuine;  not  false  or  spurious;  follow- 
ing by  logical  or  natural  sequence;  allow- 
able (a  legitimate  argument  or  influence); 
rightful;  politics,  according  to  law  or  es- 
tablished usage;  in  a  narrower  sense,  accor- 
ding to  the  doctrine  of  divine  right. — v.t. 
— legitimated,  legitimating.  '  To  make  law- 
ful (J/iJ.I;  to  render  legitimate. — Legiti- 
mately, le-jit'i-roat-li,  adv.  In  a  legiti- 
mate manner.- Legitimacy,  Legitimate- 
ness, lo-jit'i-ma-si,  l6-jit'i-niat-iies,  n.  The 
state  or  qualitj;  of  being  legitimate.— Le- 
gitimation, le-jit'i-ma"shon,  n.  The  act  of 
making  or  rendering  legitimate.— Legiti- 
matize, 10-jit'i-ma-tiz,t'.t.  To  make  legiti- 
mate.—Legitimism,  l6-jit'im-izm,  n.  The 
principles  of  the  legitimists.— LegitimiEt, 
Legitimatist,  l6-jiti-mist,  le-jit'i-ma-tist, 
n.  One  who  supports  legitimate  authority; 
one  who  believes  in  the  sacredness  of  here- 
ditary monarchies 'or  the  doctrine  of  divine 
right.— Legitimize,  le-jit'i-miz,  v.t— legiti- 
mized, legitimizing.    To  legitimate. 

Legume,  legTim,  n.  [L.  legumen,  pulse — 
said  to  be  from  lego,  to  gather,  because 
gathered  and  not  cut.  Lkoenu.)  Hot.  a 
seed-vessel  of  two  valves,  like  the  pod  of 
a  pea,  in  which  the  seeds  are  fixed  to  tho 
ventral  suture  only;  pi.  the  fruit  of  legu- 
minous plants  of  the  pea  kind;  inilse. — 
Legmnin,  leg'u-min,  n.  A  nitrogenous 
substance  obtained  from  peas ;  veg"table 
casein. — Leguminous,  le-gu'mi-nus.a'.  Per- 
taining to  legumes  or  pulse;  but.  Ijearing 
legumes;  pertauiing  to  plants  bearing  leg- 
umes, as  pK-^s. 

Leiotrichous,  li-ot'ri-kus,  o.  [Gr.  leios, 
smooth,  and  thrix,  trichos,  hair.]  Of  or 
belonging  to  the  smooth-haired  races,  one 
of  the  two  groat  divisions  into  which  Hux- 
ley has  classified  inan.    Ulotuicuois. 

Leister,  les'tcr,  n.  [Icel.  Ijistr,  Sw.  Ijustra, 
a  lei.ster.]  A  pronged  and  barbed  instru- 
ment for  striking  .and  taking  fish;  a  sal- 
mon-spear.   [Scotch.] 

Leisure,  le'zhur  or  lezh'fir,  n.  [O.E.  leisere, 
leiser,  &c.,  Fr.  loisir,  from  O.Fr.  leisir, 
loisir  (infim.Kfrom  L.  lictre,  to  be  allowed, 
to  be  lawful;  comp.  phusure,  which  is 
similarly  formed.  Akintictnse.)  Freedom 
from  occupation  or  Imsiness;  vacant  time; 
time  free  from  employment;  time  which 
may  be  appropriated  to  any  specific  object. 
—At  leisure,  free  from  occupation;  not  eu- 
gARed.-At  one's  leisure,  at  one's  ease  or 
convenience.  —  a.  Not  used  or  spent  in 
lalwur  or  business;  vacant :  said  of  time. 
—Leisured,  le'zhurd  or  lezh'Ord,  a.  Hav- 
ing leisure  or  much  unoccupied  time.  — 
Leisurely,  le'zhur-li  or  lezh'ur-li,  adv.  Not 
in  haste  or  hurry;  slowly;  at  leisure. — «. 
Done  at  leisure;  not  hasty;  deliberate. 

Leman,  le'man,  n.  [From  lief,  A.  Sax.  ledf, 
dear,  and  man.  Lief.]  An  old  term  for 
a  sweetheart  of  either  sex;  a  gallant  or  a 
mistress:  often  in  a  bad  sense. 

Lemma,  lem'ma,  n.  ( Gr.  lemma,  from  lam- 
bano,  to  receive.]  Math,  a  preliminary  or 
preparatory  proposition  laid  down  and  de- 
monstrated for  the  purpose  of  facilitating 
something  more  important  that  follows. 

Lemming, lem'ing.n.  [Dan.]  A  rodent  mam- 
mal found  in  Norway,  Lapland,  Siberia, 
&c.,  vast  hordes  of  which  periodically 
migrate  towards  the  sea,  destroying  all 
vegetation  in  their  path. 

Lemnian,  lem'ni-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Lem- 
nos,  an  island  in  the  Egean  Sea..— Lemnian 
eariA.a  kind  of  astringent  medicinal  earth, 
of  a  fatty  consistence  and  reddish  colour, 
used  in  the  same  cases  as  bole. 

Lemon,  lem'on,  n.  [Sp.  limon.  It.  limone. 
At.  laymun.  Hind,  limu,  limbu.]  A  fruit 
resembling  the  orange,  but  having  u  pauch 
more  acid  pulp,  and  furnishing  a  cooling 
acid  juice,  which  forms  an  ingredient  in 
certain  beverages;  the  tree  that  produces 
lemons.— a.  Belonging  to  or  impregnated 


r&t£>,  far,  fatrfftU;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tQbe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     11,  Sc.  abuue— the  Fr.  «. 


tUMUB 


893 


LET 


with  lemon.  —  Lemonade,  lem-on-ftd',  n. 
CFr.  li-inonaile;  Sp.  limonada.]  A.  liquor 
consisting  of  lemon  juice  mixed  with  water 
and  sweetened;  an  aerated  drink  flavoured 
with  the  juice  or  essence  of  lemons.— Lem- 
on-grass, a.  A  name  of  several  grasses 
yielding  a  fragrant  oil. —  Lemon-peel,  n. 
The  rind  of  a  lemon;  the  rind  dried,  pre- 
served, and  candied  by  cooks  and  confec- 
tioners.—Lenjon-yellow,  n.  A  beautiful, 
vivid,  light  yellow  colour. 

Lemur,  le'inSr,  n.  (L.,  a  spectre:  so  called 
from  its  nocturnal  habits  and  stealthy 
step.]  A  name  of  certain  quadrumanous 
mammals  inhabiting  Madagascar,  the 
East  Indian  Islands,  &c.,  allied  to  the 
monkeys,  insectivores,  and  rodents. 

Lend,  lend, «.«.— pret.  &  pp.  lent.  [A.  Sax. 
laenan,  to  lend,  from  laen,  a  loan  (from 
lihan=G.  leihen,  to  lend) ;  the  -d  has  er- 
roneously attached  itself  to  the  word ; 
comp.  D.  leenen,  Dan.  laane,  Icel.  Idna,  to 
lend.  Loan.]  To  grant  to  another  for 
temporary  use;  to  furnish  on  condition  of 
the  thing  or  its  equivalent  in  kind  being 
returned ;  to  aft'ord,  grant,  or  furnish  in 

feneral  (assistance,  an  ear  to  a  discourse, 
c);  refl.  to  accommodate;  to  give  up  so 
as  to  be  of  assistance  (he  lent  himself  to  the 
scheme). — To  lend  a  hand,  to  assist. — Len- 
dable,  len'da-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  lent. 
— Lender,  len'dSr,  n.    One  who  lends. 

Length,  length, n.  [A.Sa.x.length,  from  lang, 
long;  comp.  strength,  from  strong.  liONo.] 
The  longest  measure  of  any  object,  in  dis- 
tinction from  depth,  thickness,  breadth,  or 
width;  extent  from  end  to  end;  one  of  the 
three  dimensions  of  space;  distance  to  a 
place;  a  portion  of  space  considered  as 
measured  longwise;  some  definite  long 
measure  (to  cut  a  rope  into  lengths);  long 
continuance ;  duration  of  any  extent  in 
time;  detail  or  amplification  ia  language; 
extent,  degree,  height,  as  in  conduct  or 
action  (to  go  to  great  lengths);  extent  of 
progress.— 4*  length,  at  or  in  the  full  ex- 
tent; with  'amplitude  of  detail ;  at  last ; 
after  a  long  period;  at  the  end  or  conclu- 
sion.- Lengthen,  leng'thn,  v.t.  To  make 
long  or  longer;  to  extend  in  length  (often 
followed  by  out).— v.t.  To  grow  longer. — 
Lengthily, leng'thi-li,  adv.  In  a  lengthy 
manner.  —  Lengthiness,  leng'thi-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  lengthy.— Lengthways, 
Lengthwise,  length'waz,  length'wiz,  adv. 
In  the  direction  of  the  length;  in  a  longi- 
tudinal direction.  —Lengthy,  leng'thi,  a. 
Long  or  moderately  long;  protracted;  not 
short  or  brief:  applied  chiefly  to  discoursed, 
arguments,  proceedings,  &c. 

Lenient^  l5'ni-ent,a.  [L.  leniens,  fromZenio, 
to  soften,  from  lenis,  soft,  mild:  akin  len- 
tus,  slow  (in  relent).]  Softening!;  mitigat- 
ingt;  acting  without  rigour  or  seventy; 
gentle;  merciful;  clement. — Leniently,  16'- 
ni-ent-li,  adv.  In  a  lenient  manner.^-Le- 
nience.  Leniency,  le'ni-eus.  le'ni-en-si,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  lenient;  clemency. 
—Lenitive,  len'i-tiv, a.  Havingthe  quality 
of  softening  or  mitigating,  as  pain;  assua- 
sive;  emollient. — n.  A  medicine  or  applica- 
tion of  this  kind.— Lenity,  len'i-ti,  n.  [L. 
lenitas.]  Gentleness;  clemency;  tender- 
ness; mercy. 

Leno,  le'no,  n.  A  kind  of  cotton  gauze  used 
for  window  curtains,  &c. 

Lens,  lenz,  n.  pi.  Lenses,  len'zez.  [L.  lens, 
a  lentil  —  a  convex  lens^  somewhat  re- 
sembles a  lentil  seed.]  A  transparent  sub- 
stance, usually  glass,  so  formed  that  rays 
of  light  passing  through  it  are  made  to 
change  their  direction,  and  thus  cause  ob- 
jects to  appear  magnified  or  diminished 
in  size;  one  of  the  glasses  of  a  telescope, 
microscope,  &c.  Lenses  are  double-convex, 
or  convex  on  both  sides;  double-concave, 
or  concave  on  both  sides ;  plano-convex, 
that  i9,  with  one  side  plane  and  the  other 
convex,  &c.  —  Crystalline  lens.  Under 
Crvstal. 

Lent,  lent,  pret.  &  pp.  of  lend. 

Lent,  lent,  n.  [A.  Sax.  lextcten,  spring, 
lencten-fceaten,  spring  fast.  Lent;  D.  lente, 
G.  lem,  spring;  perhaps  connected  with 
long,  the  days  becoming  longer  in  spring.] 
A  fast  of  forty  days,  beginning  at  Ash- 
Wednesday  and  continuing  till  Easter, 
observed  in  the  Christian  church  in  com- 


memoration of  the  forty  days'  fast  of 
Christ.— Lenten,  len'ten,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Lent;  as  meagre  as  the  fasting  diet  of 
Lent;  hence,  spare;  plain  (lenten  fare). 

Lenticel,  Lenticelle,  len'ti-sel,  n.  -[Fr.  len- 
ticelle,  L.  lenticula,  dim.  of  lens,  lentis,  a 
lentil.  Lens.]  Bot.  one  of  the  small  oval 
spots  found  on  the  surface  of  young  stems; 
a  small  lens-shaped  gland  on  the  under 
side  of  some  leaves. — Lenticellate,  len'ti- 
sel-at,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  lenti- 
cels.— Lenticular,  len-tik'u-ler,  a.  IL.  len- 
ticularis.]  Resembling  a  lentil  in  size  or 
form;  having  the  form  of  a  double-convex 
lens.  —  Lenticularly,  len-tik'u-l6r-li,  adv. 
In  a  lenticular  form;  lilte  a  lens.  —  Lenti- 
form,  Lentoid,  len'ti-form,  len'toia,  a.  Of 
the  form  of  a  lens;  lenticular. 

Lentigo,  len-ti'go,  n.  [L.  lentigo,  a  freckle, 
from  L.  leiis,  lentis,  a  lentil.]  Med.  a 
f  reckly  eruption  on  the  skin.— Lentiginose, 
len-tij'i-nOs,  a  Bot.  covered  with  minute 
dots  as  if  dusted.— Lentiginous;  len-tij'i- 
nus,  a.  Pertaining  to  lentigo;  freckly; 
scurfy. 

Lentil,  len'ftl,'  n.  [Pr.  lentille,  from  L. 
lens,  lentis,  a  lentil.  Lens.]  An  annual 
pea-like  leguminous  plant  cultivated  in 
Eg^pt  and  Palestine  from  remote  anti- 
quity, having  seeds  used  in  soups,  &c., 
and  forming  a  very  nutritious  diet. 

Lento,  len'to.  [It.,  from  L.  lentus,  slow.] 
Mus.  a  direction  that  the  music  is  to  be 
performed  slowly. 

Lentor,  len'tor,  n.    [L.]    Slowness;  slug- 

'  gishness. 

L'envoi,  L'envoy;  len'voi,  n.  [Fr.  Envoy.] 
A  sort  of  postscript  appended  to  literary 
compositions. 

Leo,  Ig'o,  n.  [L.,  a  lion.]  The  Lion,  the 
fifth  sign  of  the  zodiac. — Leonides,  le-on'i- 
d6z,  n.  pi.  A  name  for  the  group  of  me- 
teors obseia'ed  annually  in  November, 
which  seem  to  radiate  from  the  constella- 
tion jLeo.— Leonine,  le'o-nin,  a.  [L.  leoni- 
JiMgJ  Belonging  to  a  lion  ;  resembling  a 
lion  or  partaking  of  his  qualities.— Leo- 
ninely,  le'o-nin-li,  adv.  In  a  leonine  man- 
ner; like  a  lion. 

Leonine,  le'o-nin,  a.  [From  Leon  or  Leo- 
ninus,  an  ecclesiastic  of  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury, who  wrote  largely  in  this  measure.] 
A  term  applied  to  a  certain  Latin  mea- 
sure popular  in  the  middle  ages,  consist- 
ing of  hexameter  and  pentameter  verses, 
rhyming  at  the  middle  and  end. 

Leopard,  lep'iird,  n.  [L.  teo,  liou,  and  parr 
d.us,  a  panther.]  A  carnivorous  animal  of 
the  cat  genus,  inhabiting  Africa,  Persia, 
China,  and  India,  of  a  yellowish-fawn 
colour  variegated  with  dark  spots. 

Leper,  lep'6r,  n.  [Originally  meant  the  di- 
sease, being  from  Fr.  lepre,  L.  lepra,  from 
Gr.  lepra,  leprosy,  from  lepros,  scaly,  con- 
nected with  lepos,  a  husk.l  A  person  affec- 
ted with  leprosy.— Leperous,  lep'^r-us,  a. 
Leprous.  [5Aafc.]— Leprosy,  lep'ro-si,  n.  A 
disease  which  prevailed  during  the  middle 
ages,  and  is  still  met  with  in  various  parts 
of  the  world,  characterized  by  dusky  red 
'  or  livid  tubercles  on  the  face,  ears,  and  ex- 
tremities, thickened  or  rugose  state  of  the 
skin,  &c.  —  Leprosity,  Leprousness,  le- 
pros'i-ti,  lep'rus-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
leprous.  —  Leprous,  lep'rus,  a.  Infected 
with  leprosy.  —  Leprously,  lep'rus-U,  adv. 
In  a  leprous  manner. 

Lepidodendron,  lep'i -do-den  "dron,  n.  [Gr. 
lepis,  lepidos,  a  scale,  dendron,  a  tree.]  A 
genus  of  fossil  plants  common  in  the  coal 
formation,  many  of  which  are  large  trees 
having  characters  resembling  those  of  the 
conifers  and  club-mosses. 

Lepidoganoid,  lep'i-do-gan"oid,  n.  and  a. 
[Gr.  lepis,  lepidos,  a  scale,  g(^nos,  splen- 
dour, eidos,  resemblance.]  A  term  applied 
to  a  sub-order  of  ganoid  fishes,  covered 
with  ganoid  scales,  and  not  plates. 

Lepidtrid,  lep'i-doid,  n.  and  a.  [Gr.  lepis,  a 
scale,  and  eidos,  shap^.]  A  term  applied 
to  fossil  fishes  covered  with  large  rhom- 
boidal  bony  ganoid  scales. 

Lepidolite.  lep'i-do-lit,  n.  [Gr.  lepis,  lepi- 
dos, a  scale,  and  lithos,  a  stone.]  A  min- 
eral found  in  scaly  masses,  ordinarily  of  a 
violet  or  lilac  colour,  allied  to  mica. 

Lepidopterous,  Lepidopteral,  lep-i-dop'tCr- 
us,  lep-i-dop't6r-al,  a.    [Gr.  l^is,  a  scale, 


and  pteron,  a  wing.]  Of  or  belonging  to 
the  order  of  insects  called  Lepidopiteia 
(lep-i-dop'tcr-a),  comprising  the bUttei'flieR 
and  moths. 

Lepidosiren,  lep'i-do-si"ren,  n.  [Gr.  lepis, 
lepidos,  a  scale,  and  seir&rt,  a  siren.]  A 
fish  found  in  Western  Africa  and  South 
America,  having  both  gills  and  lungs,  and 
being  thus  enabled  to  lie  packed  in  the 
mud  of  their  native  rivers  during  the  dry 
season.    Called  also  Mud-Jish. 

Lepidosis,  lep-i-do'sis,  n.  [Gr.  lepis,  lepidos, 
a  scale.]  Med.  a  growth  of  scales  ov^r  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  body. 

Lepidote,  lep'i-dot,  a.  [Gr.  lepidotos,  scaly, 
frQm  lepis,  a  scale.]  Bot.  .covered  with 
scurfy  scaly  spots. 
•  Leporine,  lep'o-rin.  a.  [L.  leporinus,  from 
lepus,  leporis,  a  hare.]  Pertaining  to  a 
hare;  having  the  qualities  of  the  hare. 

Lepra,  lep'ra,  n.  [L.,  leprosy.]  Med.  a 
non-contagious  skin  -  disease,  in  which 
scales  occur,  generally  on  the  limbs.— Lep- 
rose,  lep'ros,  a.  Bot.  having  a  scurfy  ap- 
pearance. 

Leprosy,  Leprous,  &c.    Under  Leper. 

Leptodaotylous,  lep-to-dak'ti-lus,  a.  [Gr. 
leptos,  slender,  daktylos,  a  digit.]  Having 
slender  toes. 

Lese-majesty,  lez'maj-es-fi,  n.'  Leze-maj- 
ESTy. 

Lesion,  le'zhon,  n.  [L.  lasU),  from  Imdo,  to 
hurt;  seen  also  in  collide,  elide.]  Med.  de- 
rangement; injury;  a  morbid  change  in 
the  texture  or  substance  of  organs. 

Less,  les,  a.  serving  as  the  comparative  of 
'  littla.  [A.  Sax.  Ices,  Icessa;  O.Fr.  lessa; 
allied  to  Goth,  lasiws,  weak,  Icel.  lasinn, 
feeble:  the  superl.  is  least.  Little  is  from  a 
'  different  root.  Hence  lest.]  Smaller;  not 
so  large  or  great. — adv.  In  a  smaller  or 
lower  degree. — n.  Not  so  much;  a  quantity 
not  so  great  as  another  quantity;  what  is 
below  a  certain  standard.  —  JVo  less,  no- 
thing of  inferior  consequence  or  moment; 
nothing  else.— Lessen,  les'n,  v.t.  To  make 
less  or  smaller;  to  diminish;  to  reduce;  to 
reduce  in  dignity;  to  depreciate;  to  dis- 

Sarage. — v.i.  To  become  less  or  smaller;  to 
ecrease  or  diminish. — Lesser,  les'er,  a. 
[A  double  compar.  from  less.]  Less; 
smaller:  especially  common  with  the  de- 
finite article,  and  where  there  is  opposi- 
tion to  gredier:  not  used  in  comparisons 
with  than. — adv.  Less.  [Hhak.j 

Lessee,  !es-s€',  M,  (Lease.)  The  person  to 
whom  a  lease  is  given.— -Lessor,  les-sor',  n. 
One  who  leases  or  lets  to  a  tenant  for  a 
term  of  years. 

Lesson,  les'n,  n.  [Fr.  le<;on,  from  L.  lectio, 
lectionis,  from  L.  lego,  lecHtm,  to  read. 
Legend.]  Anything  read  or  recited  to  a 
'  teacher  by  a  pujul  or  learner;  wh.at  is 
assigned  by  a  preceptor  to  a  pupil. to  be 
learned  at  one  time;  something  to  be 
learned;  piece  of  instruction  conveyed; 
what  is  learned  or  may  be  learned  from 
experience;  a  portion  of  Scripture  read  in 
divine  sen'ice;  a  doctrine  or  notion  incul- 
cated; a  precept;  a  reproof  or  rebuke. 

Lessor.    Under  Lessee. 

Lest,  lest,  conj.  [O.E.  lesie,  for  les  the, 
shortened  from  A.  Sax.  thu  Ices  the,  the 
less  that,  lest— thy,  by  that  (=i/ie  in  the 
more,&c.),  Ices^less,  tfte,  indeclinable  rela- 
tive.] For  fear  that;  in  case;  that . .  .  not. 

liet,\et,v.t.—let{xiret.&Y>v.),lettMg.  [A.  Sax. 
laetan,Utan—'D.laten,  Icel.Jdio,  Goth  letan, 
G.  Uissen ;  allied  tb  E.  late,  and  L.  lassus, 
weary.]  To  permit;  to  allow;  to  suffer;  to 
give  leave;  not  to  prevent;  to  lease;  to 
grant  possession  and  use  of  jEor  a  compen- 
sation.— In  such  phrases  as  let  us  go,  let 
often  expresses  merely  a  suggestion  for 
mutual  action,  in  let  him  go,  &c.,  it  often 
has  the  force  of  a  command.  ["VVTien  lei 
governs  an  infinitive  the  latter  never  takes 
to.}— To  let  alone,  to  leave  untouched;  to 
suffer  to  remain  without  intermeddling. — 
To  let  be,  to  suffer  to  be  as  at  present;  to 
let  alone.— To  Zet Stood, to  oi)en  avein  and 
suffer  the  blood  to  flow.— To  let  down,  to 
permit  to  sink  or  fall;  to  lower.— To  let 
drive  or  let  fly,  to  send  forth  or  discharge 
with  violence,  as  an  arrow,  stone,  &c. — To 
let  go,  to  allow  or  suffer  to  go;  to  relax  hold 
of  anything. — To  let  in  or  into,  to  permit 
or  suffer  to  enter;  to  admit;  to  place  iu  as 


ob,  cfciia;     ch.  He,  loch;     StOOi    j,job;     o,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sin(»;     iu,  tfiea;  ih,  thia;     Vi,  wig;     wh,  wftig;     zh,  acure. 


LET 


394 


LEWB 


an  insertion. —  To  Iti  loose,  to  free  from  re- 
.  Etraint;  to  permit  to  wander  at  large.— 7'o 
Jet  off,  to  allow  to  escajje ;  to  release,  as 
from  a  penalty  or  an  eugafjement;  to  dis- 
charge, as  an  arrow;  to  fire,  us  a  gun.— 2o 
let  out,  to  allow  to  issue;  to  suffer  to  escape; 
to  extend;  to  lease  or  let  on  hire. — To  let 
slip,  to  let  go  from  one's  hold;  to  let  loose; 
to  lose  Ian  opportunity)  by  negligence.— 
To  let  well  aloiie,  to  forl>ear  trying  to  im- 
prove what  is  already  satisfactory.— v.i.  To 
yield  a  certain  rent  by  being  hired  out;  to 
be  taken  on  liire. — To  let  in,  to  leak;  to 
admit  water. 

Let,  let,  v.t.— letted,  letting.  [A.  Sax.  lettan, 
from  lat,  late  IJ.  Itticn,  Icel.  letja;  conip. 
hinder,  from  hind.  Late.]  To  hinder;  to 
impede;  to  interpose  obstructions  to.— n. 
A  hindrance;  obstticle;  impediment. 
Letch,  luch,  v.t.  (A.  Sax.  leccan,  to  wet,  to 
moisten;  akin  leak.]  To  wash,  as  wood 
ashes,  by  causing  water  to  pass  through 
them,  and  thus  to  separate  from  tliem  the 
alkali. — v.i.  To  pass  through  by  percola- 
tion. —  Letch-tub,  n.  A  wooden  vessel  or 
tub  in  which  ashes  are  letched. — IiCtchy, 
lech'i,  a.  Allowing  water  to  percolate. 
Lethal,  le'thal,  a.  [h.  lethulis,  letalis,  mor- 
tal, from  htum,  death.)  Deadly;  mortal; 
fatal.— Lethality,  le-thal'i-ti,n.  Mortality. 
Lethargy,  luth'ar-ji,  n.  |L.  letliargia,  from 
Gr.  letliargia,  oblivion,  UtJiaryoK,  forgetful, 
from  leUte,  oblivion.)  Unnatural  sleepi- 
ness; morbid  drowsiness;  profound  sleep, 
from  which  a  person  can  scarcely  be 
awaked;  dulncFs;  inaction;  inattention. — 
Lethargic,  Lethargical,  le-thar'jik,  le- 
thar'ji-kal,a.  Affected  with  lethargy;  mor- 
bidly inclined  to  sleep;  dull;  heavy;  per- 
taining to  lethargy.  —  Lethargically,  le- 
thiir'ji-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  lethargic  manner. 
— Lethargize,  leth'ar-jiz,  v.t.  To  render 
lethargic. 
Lethe,  le'the,  n.  [Gr.  ?e<A^,  forgetf ulness; 
akin  L.  lateo,  to  lie  hid.  J  Greek  vtyth.  the 
river  of  oblivion;  one  of  the  streams  of  the 
infernal  regions;  hence,  oblivion;  a  draught 
of  oblivion.— Lethean,  le-the'an,  o.  Per- 
taining to  the  river  Lethe ;  inducing  for- 
getfulness  or  oblivion. 
Lett,  let,  n.  A  member  of  a  race  inhabit- 
ing the  Baltic  provinces  of  Russia. — Let- 
tish, Lettlc,  let'ish,  let'ik,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  Letts. — n.  The  language  spoken  by 
the  Letts,  one  of  the  Aryan  tongues. 
Letter,  let'6r,  n.  [Fr.  letire,  from  L.  litera, 
a  letter,  from  lino,  litum,  to  besmear; 
same  root  as  liquid.]  A  mark  or  character 
used  as  the  representative  of  a  sound ;  a 
character  standing  for  a  vowel  or  a  con- 
sonant; a  written  or  printed  message;  an 
epistle;  printing,  a  Single  tj-pe  or  charac- 
ter; also  types  collectively;  pi.  learning; 
erudition  (a  man  of  letters). —  The  letter, 
neither  more  nor  less  than  what  words 
literally  express;  the  literal  or  verbal 
meaning.— ie<ter  of  credit.  Under  Credit. 
— Letter  of  Marque.  Under  JIarque. — 
Letters  patent,  a  writing  proceeding  from 
the  crown,  by  which  power  and  authority 
are  granted  to  a  person  to  do  some  act  or 
enjoy  some  right.— v.*.  To  impress  or  form 
letters  on  (to  letter  a  book).— Letter-book, 
n.  A  book  in  which  a  business  m:\u  inserts 
copies  of  letters  despatched  by  him. — Let- 
ter-box, n.  A  box  for  receiving  letters;  a 
l>ost-oflice  box. — Letter-carrier,  n.  A  man 
who  carries  about  and  delivers  letters ;  a 
postman.— Lettered,  let'ferd,  a.  Versed  in 
literature  or  science;  belonging  to  learn- 
ing; marked  or  designated  with  letters. 
—Lettering,  let'6r-ing,  n.    The  act  of  im- 

Eressing  letters;  the  letters  impressed. — 
etter-paper,  n.  Paper  for  writing  letters 
on. — Letter-press,  n.  Words  impressed  by 
types;  print;  a  copying-press.— a.  Consist- 
ing of,  relating  to,  or  employed  in,  type- 
printing.  —  Letter -writer,  n.  One  who 
writes  letters;  a  book  giving  instruction 
in  writing  letters. 

Lettish,  Lettlc.  a.  and  n.  Under  Lett. 
Lettre  -  de  -  cachet,  let-r-de-ka-shi.  Under 
Cachet. 
Lettuce,  let'is,  n.  [From  L.  lactuea,  a  let- 
« tuce;  from  lac,  lactis,  milk  (as  in  lacteal).] 
LThe  popular  name  of  several  species  of 
(annual  composite  plants,  the  leaves  of 
I  some  of  which  are  used  as  salads. 


Iieucin,  Leucine,  lu'sin,  n.  [Gr.  leukos, 
white.)  A  white  pulverulent  substance 
obtained  by  treating  muscular  fibre  with 
sulphuric  acid,  and- afterwards  with  alco- 
hol. —  Leucite,  lu'sit,  n.  A  mineral,  so 
called  from  its  whiteness,  found  among 
volcanic  products  in  Italy,  especially  at 
Vesuvius. — Lencitic,  la-sit'ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  leucite. 

Leucocythaemia,  Lencocythemla,  luTcS-si- 
the"mi-a,  n.  [Gr.  leukos,  white,  kytos,  a 
cell,  and  haima,  blood.]  Med.  a  disease  in 
which  the  blood  presents  a  great  increase 
of  the  white  corpuscles. 
Lencoma,  lu-ko'ma,  n.  [Gr.  UvkQma,  from 
leukus,  white.]  A  white  opacity  of  the 
cornea  of  the  eye,  the  result  of  acute  in- 
flammation. 

Lencopathy,  lu-kop'a-thi,  n.  [Gr.  leukos, 
white,  and  pathos,  affection.]  The  condi- 
tion of  an  albino;  albiui  jm. 
Leucophlegmacy,  lu-ko-fleg'ma-si,  n.  [Gr. 
leukoijhlegmatia — leukos, white,  and  phleg- 
ma,  phlegm,]  A  tendency  to  a  dropsical 
state,  with  paleness  and  nabbiness.— Leu- 
cophlegmatic,  la'ko-fleg-mat"ik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  leucophlegmacy. 
Leucorrhoea,  lu-ko-re'a,  n.  [Gr.  leukos,  and 
rheO,  to  flow.)  Med.  a  morbid  discharge 
of  a  white  or  j'ellowish  mucus  from  the 
female  genital  organs;  fhe.whites. 
Leucosis,  In-kO'sis,  n.  [Gr.  hiiikosis,  from 
/e Mfcos,  white.]  HwcaeasLeucopatky. 
Levant,  l6-vant',  n.  [It.  levante,  the  east, 
the  direction  of  sunrise,  from  L.  levare,  to 
raise,  se  Uvare,  to  rise.  Levitt.)  The 
eastern  portion  of  the  Mediterranean  and 
its  seaboard  or  the  contiguous  countries, 
as  Syria,_  Asia  Minor,  Egypt,  &c.  —  Le- 
vanter, le-van'ter,  ji.  A  wind  in  the  Medi- 
terranean from  the  direction  of  the  Le- 
vant.—Levantine,  l6-van'tin  or  lev'an-tin, 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  Levant;  designating 
a  particular  kind  of  silk  cloth.  —  n.  A 
native  of  the  Levant;  a  vessel  of  the  Le- 
vant; a  particular  kind  of  silk  cloth. 
Levant,  le-vant',  v.i.  [Sp.  levantar,  to  raise, 
to  remove;  levantar  la  casa,  to  break  up 
house — from  L.ievare,  to  raise.  See  above.] 
To  run  away;  to  decamp;  to  -run  away 
without  paying  debts.— Levanter,  le-van'- 
ter,  n.  One  who  levants. 
Levator,  le-va'tCr,  ji.  [L.,  what  raises, from 
leva,  to  raise.]  Anat.  a  name  applied  to 
many  muscles,  such  as  raise  the  lips,  eye- 
lids, &c.;  a  surgical  instrument  used  to 
raise  a  depressed  part  of  the  skull. 
Levee,- lev'e,' n.  [Fr.  lever,  a  rising,  a  leree 
or  reception;  lev^,  a  levy,  an  embankment, 
from  lever,  L.  levare,  to  raise,  from  levis, 
light.  IjEvitv.)  a  morning  reception  oi 
visitors  held  by  a  prince  or  great  person- 
■■  age;  an3' similar  assemblage;  in  America, 
an  embankment  on  the  margin  of  a  river, 
to  confine  it  within  its  natural  channel. 
Level,  lev'el,  n.  [O.Fr.  level,  livel  (now 
niveau),  from  L.  Ubella,  dim.  of  libra,  a 
level,  a  balance;  akin  deliberate,  equilibri- 
um.] An  instrument  by  which  to  find  or 
draw  a  straight  line  parallel  to  the  plane 
of  the  horizon;  a  line  or  surface  which  co- 
incides with  the  plane  of  the  horizon;  a 
surface  without  inequalities;  usual  eleva- 
tion; customary  height;  equal  elevation 
with  something  else;  a  state  of  equality; 
natural  position;  position  to  \ihich  any- 
thing is  entitled;  mining,  a  horizontal 
gallery  in  a  mine.  —  a.  Horizontal ;  coin- 
ciding with  the  plane  of  the  horizon,  or 
parallel  to  it;  not  having  one  part  higher 
than  another;  even;  flat;  on  the  same  line 
or  plane;  equal  in  rank  or  degree;  having 
no  degree  of  superiority.  —  v.t. — levelled, 
levelling.  To  make  level;  to  remove  in- 
equalities of  surface  in;  to  lay  flat  on  the 
ground;  to  reduce  to  eq^uality  of  condition, 
state,  or  degree;  to  point,  in  taking  aim; 
to  aim;  to  direct-or  point  at. —  To  level  up, 
to  raise  to  the  level  of  anjthiug  higher; 
to  raise  to  a  higher  status.  —  To  level, 
doum,  to  lower  to  the  same  level  or  status." 
I  — v.i.  To  accord,  agree,  or  suit  t ;  to  point 
'  a  gun  or  the  like  to  the  mark ;  to  aim. 
— Leveller,  lev'el-6r,  n.  One  who  levels; 
one  who  would  destroy  social  distinc- 
tions and  reduce  all  men  to  equality. — 
Levelling,  lev'el-ing,  n.  The  act  of  one 
•who  levels;  the  art  or  operation  of  ascer- 


taining the  different  elevations  of  objertg 
on  the  surface  of  the  earth,  as  in  survey- 
ing.— Levelling-pole,  LeveUing-rod,  Level- 
lij^. staff,  n.  An  instrument  used  in 
levelling  in  conjunction  with  a  spirit-level 
and  telescope..— Levelly,  lev'el-li,  adv.  In 
a  level  manner;  evenly. — Levelness,  lev'el- 
nes,  n.  The  condition  of  being  level; 
evenness. 

Lever,  le'vfer,  n.  (Fr.  levier,  from  lever,  L. 
levare,  to  raise.  Levitt.)  A  bar  of  metal, 
wood,  or  other  substance  turning  on  a  sup- 
port called  the  fulcrum  or  prop,  and  used 
to  overcome  a  certain  resistance  (called 
the  weighty  encountered  at  one  part  of  the 
bar.  by  means  of  a  force  (caJled  the  power) 
applied  at  another  part ;  a  watch  having 
a  vibrating  lever  to  connect  the  action  of 
the  escape-wheel  with  that  of  the  balance. 
—Leverage,  le'ver-fij,  n.  The  action  of  a 
lever;  lever  power;  the  mechanical  advan- 
tage or  power  gained  by  using  a  lever. — 
Lever-valve,  n.  A  safety-valve  kept  down 
by  the  pressure  of  a  spring  or  an  adjust- 
able weight. 

Leveret,  lev'6r-et,  n.  [Fr.  levrette,  dim.  of 
O.Fr.  levre  (now  liivre),  a  hare,^  from  L. 
lepus,  leporis,  a  hare.]  A  hare  in  the  first 
year  of  its  age. 

Leverock,  lev'cr-ok,  n.  A  lark. 
Leviable.  Under  Levy. 
Leviathan,  le-vi'a-than,  n.  [Heb.  KvydtnAn, 
a  term  which  etyniologically  seems  to 
mean  a  long  jointed  monster.)  An  aqua- 
tic animal  described  in  the  book  of  Job, 
ch.  xli. ;  a  fabulous  sea-monster  of  immense 
size. 
Levigate,  lev'i-gat,  v.t.— levigated,  levigat- 
ing. [L.  Icevigo,  from  Icevis,  smooth.]  To 
make  smooth;  to  polish;  to  rub  or  grind  to 
a  fine  impalpable  powder,  especially  with 
the  use  of  a  liquid. — Levigable,  lev'i-ga-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  levigated.— Leviga- 
tion,  lev-i-ga'shon,  n.  The  operation  of 
grinding  or  rubbing  a  solid  substance  to  a 
fine  impalpable  powder. 
Levin,  lev'in,  n.  [O.E.  Uvene,  levening,c<yn- 
nected  with  light,  and  Pro  v.  E.  lowe,  Icel. 
log,  flame.)  Lightning.  [Poet.] 
Levirate,  Leviratical,  lev'i-rfit,  lev-i-rat'i- 
kal,  a.  (L.  levir,  a  husband's  brother;  akin 
Gr.  daer.]  Pertaining  to  marriage  with  a 
husband's  brother;  applied  to  the  Jewish 
law  according  to  which  a  woman  whose 
husband  died  without  issue  was  to  be  mar- 
ried to  the  husband's  brother, — Leviration, 
lev-i-ra'shon,  n.  ilarriage  according  to  the 
levirate  law. 

Levitate,  lev'i-tat,  v.t.  [L.  lemtas,  lightness, 
from  levis,  light.]  To  cause  to  become 
buoyant  in  the  atmosphere;  to  cause  to 
float  in  the  air. — Levitation,  lev-i-ta'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  making  light  or  buoyant; 
lightness;  buoyancy. 

Levite,  le'vit,  n.  [From  Levi,  one  of  the 
sons  of  Jacob.)  In  Jewish  history,  one  of 
the  tribe  or  family  of  Levi ;  a  descendant 
of  Le^T ;  more  particularly,  an  inferior  or 
subordinate  priest.— Levitic,  Levitical,  16- 
vit'ik,  le-vit'i-kal,  a.  Belonging  to  or  con- 
nected with  the  Levites;  priestly.— ie«i7i- 
cal  degrees,  degrees  of  kindred  within 
which  persons  are  prohibited  (in  the  book 
of  Leviticus)  to  marry.  —  Levitically,  16- 
vit'i-kal-li,  adv.  After  the  manner  of  the 
Levites. — Leviticus,  le-vit'i-kus,  n.  A  book 
of  the  Old  Testament  containing  the  cere- 
monial law  or  the  laws  and  regulations 
relating  to  the  priests  and  Levites  and  to 
offerings. 

Levity,  le^i-ti,  n.  [L.  levUas,  from  ?ein«, 
light;  akin  to  E.  light,  G.  leicht,  easy,  slight, 
Gr.  elachys,  small.  L.  levis  gives  lever, 
levy,  elevate,  alleviate,  relieve,  &c.]  Light- 
ness; especially  lightness  of  temper  or  con- 
duct; want  of  seriousness;  disposition  to 
trifle;  fickleness;  capriciousness;  volatility. 
Levy,  lev'i,  n.  [Fr.  levie,  from  lever,  L. 
levare,  to  raise.  Levity,  Levee.)  The  act 
of  raising,  collecting,  or  enlisting  troops; 
the  raising  of  taxes;  that  which  is  levied; 
a  body  of  troops  raised.— u.f.— Zested,  levy- 
ing. To  raise  or  enlist  (troops);  to  collect 
(taxes). — To  /evj^tcar,  to  raise  or  begin  war; 
10  raise  troops  for  attack.— Leviable,  lev*- 
i-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  levied.— Levier, 
lev'i-6r,  n.  One  who  levies. 
Lewd,  iQd,  a.    [O.E.  Jewed,  A.  Sax.  laeieed. 


\rate,  far,  fat,  fall;  _  me,  met,  Lfcr;  ^pine,  pin;>j>r.t«^not,  mOve)  jtflbe,  tub,  b\}Il ;  ^oil,  pound;  ^  Sc.  &bune-;the  Fr.  ji.-^ 


LEWIS 


S9S 


LICENSE 


'lay,  ifmorant,  pp.  of  laewan,  to  weaken,  to 
."betray ;  akin  Icel.  Im,  Goth,  lew,  craft.1 
jVile,  despicable,  profligate,  or  wicked 
ilN.T.);  given  or  pertaining  to  the  unlawful 
{indulgence  of  lust;  lustful;  libidinous: 
llascivious.— Lewdly,  lud'U,  adv.  In  a  lewd 
j  manner.— Lewdness,  lad'nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  lewd ;  lechery ;  lasciv- 
I'iousness. 

^lewis,  Lewisson^lQ'is,  la'is-soii,  n.    An  in- 
(strument  of  iron  used  in  raising  large 
I  stones,  operating  by  the  dove  tailing  of  one 
of  its  ends  into  the  stone. 
iLexicon,  lek'si-kon,  n.    [6r.  lexikon,  from 
'|Iexi8,  a  speaking,  speech,  a  word,  from 
lego,  to  Speak.  Legend.]    A  dictionary;  a 
book  containing  an  alphabetical  arranie- 
I  ment  of  the  words  in  a  language,  with  the 
!  definition  or  an  explanation  of  the  mean- 
ling  of  each:  usually  applied  to  dictionaries 
of  the  Greek  or  Hebrew  tongues.— Lexl- 
coniat,  lek'si-kon-ist,  n.  A  writer  of  a  le.xi- 
'  con.— Lexical,  lek'si-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
;a  lexicon.  —  Lexically,  lek'si-kal-li,  adv. 
i  According  to  lexicography  or  a  lexicon. — 
j  Lexicographer,  lek-si-kog'ra-fer,  n.     The 
author  or  compiler  of  a  lexicon  or  dic- 
tionary. —  Lexicographic,  Lexicographi- 
cal, lek'si-ko-graf"ik,  lek'si-ko-graf"i-kaJ, 
I  a.  Pertaining  to  lexicons  or  lexicography. 
'—Lexicography,  lek-si-kog'ra-fl,  n.     The 
.  act  or  art  of  compiling  a  lexicon  or  dic- 
',  tionary;  the  occupation  of  composing  dic- 
( tionaries.— Lexicologist,  lek-Bi-koro-ji8t,n. 
One  skilled  in  lexicology.  —  Lexicology, 
[  lek-si-kol'o-ji,  n.    The  science  of  wortfs, 
!  their  derivation  and  signification ;  that 
f  branch  of  learning  which  treats  of  the  pro- 
■  per  signification  and  just  application  of 
j  words.— Lexigraphic,  Lexigraphical,  lek- 
/  si-graf'ik,  lek-si-graf 'i-kal.  a.    Pertaining 
to  lexigraphy.— Lexigrapny,  lek-sig'ra-fl, 
I  n.    The  art  or  practice  of  oefining  words; 
'  lexicography. 

lexiphanic.t  lek-si-fan'ik,  o.    [Or.  lexis,  a 
j  word,  and  phainO,  to  show.]    Grandilo- 
quent; bombastic;  turgid;  inflated.- Lexi- 
phanicism,tlek-si-fan'i-sizm,n.  Grandilo- 
quence ;  an  inflated  style. 
Ley^le,  n.    Same  as  Lea. 
Ley,  le,  n.    Same  as  Lye. 
Leyden-phial,  Leyden-jar,  la'dn,  n.    [So 
I  named  from  having  been  invented  atLey- 
i  den,  Holland.]  A  glass  phial  or  jar  coated 
[  inside  and  outside,  usually  with  tin-foil, 
I  to  within  a  third  of  the  top,  that  it  may 
be  readily  charged  with  electricity. 
Leze-majesty,   lez'maj-es-ti,  n.     [Fr.  Use- 
majesty,  high  treason,  from  L.  Icesa.  majes- 
tas—lmdo,  Icesum,  to  injure  (whence  lesion), 
and  imajestas,  maiesty.]    Any  crime  com- 
mitted against  the  sovereign  power  in  a 
■^-state;  treason. 

Liable,  li'a-bl,  a.    [Either  from  the  verb  to 

lie,  with  the  sense  of  lying  open  or  subject 

to,  or  from  Fr.  Jier,  to  bind,  and  hence  akin 

,  to-  ally,  lieiu    Comp.  reli/  and  reliable.] 

Answerable  for  consequences;  bound  to 

'  make  good  a  loss;  responsible;  apt  or  not 

t  unlikely ,to  incur  something  undesirable: 

I  subject;  exposed:  with  to.  .:  Liable  is  uaea 

chiefly  with  regard  to  what  may  befall; 

j  subject  to  what  is  likely  to  do  so,  and  does 

I  so  customarily.— Inability,  li-a-bil'i-ti,  n. 

I  The  state  of  being  liable;  that  for  which 

I  one  is  liable;  pi.  sums  or  amomit  which 

'  one  is  under  obligation  to  pay;  debts.— 

Limited  Liability.    Under  Limited.- Lla- 

'  bleness,  li'a-bl-nes,  n.    The  state  of  being 

'  liable;  liability. 

Liaison,  le-a-zon,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ligatio, 
a  binding,  from  L.  ligare,  to  bind.  Liga- 
ment.] A  bond  of  union;  an  entanglement; 
commonly,  an  illicit  intimacy  between  a 
man  and  a  woman. 

Liana,  iS-a'na,  n.  [Fr.  liane,  from  Iter,  L. 
ligare,  to  bind;  akin  lien.  Liaison.]  A 
term  applied  to  the  larger  climbing  and 
twining  plants  in  tropical  forests. 
Liar,  li'fer,  n.  One  who  tells  lies.  Under 
Lie. 

Lias,  li'as,  n.  [Fr.  liais,  O.Pr.  liois.  Arm. 
liach,  Gael.  leaCj  a  etone.  [  Cfeol.  that  series 
of  strata,  consistihg  principally  of  thin 
layers  of  limestone  embedded  in  thick 
masses  of  blue  argillaceous  clay,  lying  at 
the  basis  of  the  ooUtic'  series,  and  above 
\  the  triassic  or  new  red  sandstone.— Llasaic, 


li-as'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  age  of 
the  lias  formation. 

Libant.t  li'bant,  a.  [L.  libans,  ppr.  of  libo, 
to  taste.  Libation.]  Sipping;  touching 
lightly. 

Libation,  U-ba'shon,  n.  [L.  libatio,  liba- 
tionis,  from  libo,  to  taste,  to  make  Ubation: 
Gr.  leibo;  same  root  as  liquid.]  The  act  of 
pouring  a  liquid,  usually  wine,  either  on 
the  ground  or  on  a  victim  in  sacrifice,  in 
honour  of  some  deity ;  a  portion  of  wine 
or  other  liquor  poured  out  in  honour  of  a 
deity  by  a  person  who  is  to  drink. — Liba- 
tory,  li'ba-to-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  libation. 

Libel,  li'bel,  n.  [Fr.  libelle,  L.  libellus,  a 
libel  or  lampoon,  lit.  a  little  book,  dim.  of 
liber,  the  inner  bark  or  rind  of  a  tree  used 
for  paper,  and  hence  a  book;  akin  library.] 
A  defamatory  writing;a  malicious  publica- 
tion containing  representations  tending 
to  bring  a  person  into  contempt,  or  expose 
him  to  public  hatred  or  derision;  law,  the 
writ  commencing  a  suit  and  containing 
the  plaintiff's  allegations. — v.t.— libelled, 
libelling.  To  publish  a  libel  against;  to  de- 
fame by  libeh  to  lampoon.— iSbellant,  li'- 
bel-ant,  n.  One  who  brings  a  liable  in  a 
court.  —  Libeller,  li'bel-er,  n.  One  who 
libels ;  a  lampooner. — Libellous,  li'bel-us; 
a.  Containing  matter  of  the  nature  of  a 
libel;  defamatory.— Libellously,  li'bel-us- 
11  adv.    In  a  libellous  manner. 

Liber,  liTier,  n.  [L.  Libel.]  Bot.  the  inner 
lining  of  the  bark  of  exogenous  trees;  en- 
dophlceum;  bast. 

Liberal,  lib'er-al,  a.  [L.  liberalis,  from 
liber,  free;  akin  to  libet,  Itibet,  it  pleases,  it 
is  agreeable,  Skr.  lubh,  to  desire.  L.  liber 
gives  also  liberate,  liberty,  libertine,  livery, 
djiliaer.]  Befitting  a  freeman  or  one  well- 
bom  (the  liberal  arts,  a  liberal  education); 
of  a  free  heart;  bountiful;  generous;  giv- 
ing largely;  ample,  large,  abundant,  pro- 
fuse (donation,  supply,  &c.);  not  charac- 
terized by  selfish,  narrow,  or  contracted 
ideas  or  feelings;  favourable  to  civil,  poli- 
tical, and  relijjious  liberty;  favourable  to 
reform  or  progress,  and  in  politics  often 
opposed  to  connervative;  not  too  literal  or 
strict;  free.  It  is  used  in  various  self-ex- 
planatory compounds;  as,  liberal-hearted; 
lifteraZ-minded;  liberal-aonled. — n.  An  advo- 
cate of  freedom  from  restraint,  especially 
in  politics  and  religion;  a  member  of  that 
party  which  advocates  progressive  reform. 
— LiberaliBm,  lib'er-al-izm,  n.  Liberal 
principles;  the  principles  or  practice  of 
liberals.  —  Liberalistic,  lib'er-al-iB"tik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  libcral- 
ism.- Liberality,  lib-Sr-al'i-ti,  n.  [L.  liber- 
alitas;  Pr.  libiraliti.]  The  quality  of  be- 
ing liberal ;  largeness  of  mind  or  view ; 
disposition  to  give  largely ;  munificence ; 
generosity;  a  particular  act  of  generosity 
(in  this  sense  with  a  plural).— Liberalize, 
lib'er-al-iz,  v.t. — liberalized,  liberalizing.  To 
render  liberal;  to  free  from  narrow  views 
or  prejudices.— Liberally,  Ub'er-al-li,  adv. 
In  a  liijeral  manner;  generously;  bounti- 
fully; freely;  largely. 

Liberate,  Ijb'ftr-at,  v.t.— liberated,  liberat- 
ing. [It.  lihsro,  liberatum,  from  liber,  free. 
Liberal.]  To  release  from  restraint  or 
bondage;  to  set  at  liberty;  to  free;  to  de- 
liver; to  disengage.— Liberation,  lib-6i^a'- 
shon,  n.  JL.  liberatio.]  The  act  of  lib'sr* 
ating.  —  Liberator,  liV^r-a-ter,  n.  One 
who  liberates.  — Liberatory,  Ub'fer-a-to-ri, 
a.  Tending  to  liberate  or  set  free. — Libero- 
motor,  lib'6r-o-mo"tor,  a.  Letting  out  or 
liberating  nerve-forcef 

Libertarian.    Under  Liberty. 

Liberticide,  lib'er-ti-sid,  n.  ILiberij/,  and 
L.  erndo,  to  kill.]  Destruction  of  liberty; 
a  destroyer  of  liberty. 

Libertine,  lib'6r-tin,  n.  [li.  Ubertinvs,  a 
freedman,  from  liber,  free.  Liberal.]  A 
freedman  or  manumitted  slave  (N.T.); 
one  unconfined;  one  free  from  restraint 
{S?iak.);  one  who  iudulges  his  lust  without 
restraint;  one  who  leads  a  dissolute,  licen- 
tious life;  a  rake.  —  a.  Licentious;  disso- 
lute.— Libertinism,  lib'6r-tin-izm.  n.  The 
conduct  of  a  libertine  or  rake. 

Liberty,  llb'6r-ti,  n.  [Fr.  liberty,  L.  libertas, 
from  liber,  free.  Liberal.]  The  state  or 
condition  of  one  who  is  free ;  exemption 
from  restraint ;  power  of  acting  as  one 


§  leases;  freedom;  permission  granted  tc 
o  something;  leave;  immunity  enjoyed, 
a  special  privilege  or  exemption;  a  plact 
or  district  within  which  certain  exclusive 
privileges  may  be  exercised ;  freedom  oi 
action  or  speech  beyond  the  ordinary 
bounds  of  civility  or  decorum;  freedom 
from  occupation  or  engagements;  state  ol 
befog  disengaged. —ii6er<i/o/<ft«p?-ess,  the 
free  power  of  publishing  what  one  pleases, 
subject  only  to  punishment  for  pubUshiug 
what  is  mischievous  to  the  public  or  inju- 
rious to  individuals.- Cap  of  liberty,  a  cap 
or  hat  used  as  a  symbol  of  liberty;  a  red 
cap  worn  bjr  French  revolutiouariea.  .: 
Syn.  under  Leave.  —  Libertarian,  lib-6r- 
ta'ri-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  doctrine  of 
free-will,  sis  opposed  to  the  doctrine  of  ne- 
cessity.—n.  One  who  holds  the  doctrine 
of  the  freedom  of  the  will. — Libertarian- 
ism,  lib-er-ta'ri-an-izm,  n.  The  principles 
or  doctrines  of  libertarians.  i 

Libidinous,  li-bid'i-nus,  a.  [L.  libidinosus, 
frodi  libido,  lubido,  lust,  from  libet,  lubet, 
it  pleases.  Liberal.]  Charactei-ized  by 
lust  or  lewdness;  having  an  eager  appetite 
for  sexual  indulgence ;  fitted  to  excite 
lustful  desire;  lustful;  lewd.— Libidinous- 
ly,  li-bid'i-nus-Ii,  adv.  In  a  lihidiuoua 
manner.  —  Libidiiiosity,  Libidinouaness, 
li-bid'i-nos"i-ti,  li-bid '  i-nus-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  libidinous;  lustf  ulness. — 
Libidinist,  li-bid'i-nist,  n.  One  who  in- 
dulges in  lust. 

Libra,  li'bra,  n.  [L.,  a  balance.]  The  BaU 
ance,  the  seventh  sign  in  thezoaiac,  whicW 
the  sun  enters  at  the  autumnal  equinox 
in  September. 

Library,  li'bra-ri,  n.  [L.  librarium,  a  book- 
case, lihraria,  a  bookseller's  shop,  from 
liber,  a  book.  Libel.]  A  collection  of 
books  belonging  to  a  private  person  or  to 
a-  public  institution,  &c.;  an  apartment, 
suite  of  apartments,  or  a  whole  building 
appropriated  to  the  keeping  of  a  collection 
of  DooKS.— Iilbrarian,  li-bra'ri-an,  n.  The 
keeper  of  a  library.  —  Libiarianship,  li- 
bra'ri-an-ship,  n.  Tne  office  of  a  librarian. 

Llbrate,  li'brat,^'.^ — librated,libr ating.  (L. 
libro,  libratwm,  from  libra,  a  balance,  a 
level.  Level.]  To  hold  in  equipoise;  to 
poise;  to  balance.— v.t.  To  balance;  to  be 
poised.— Libration,  li-bra'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  balancing;  a  state  of  equipoise;  astron.  a 
real  or  apparent  motion  like  that  of  a  bal- 
ance before  coining  to  rest ;  an  apparent 
irregularity  of  the  moon's  motion.whereby 
those  parts  very  near  the  border  of  the 
lunar  disc  alternately  become  visible  and 
invisible.— Libratory,  li'bra-to-ri,  a.  Mov- 
ing like  a  balance;  oscillating. 

Libretto,  l6-bret't5,  n.  [It.,  a  little  book. 
Libel,  Libraht.]  A  book  containing  the 
words  of  an  extended  musical  composi- 
tion, as  an  opera. 

Libyan,  lib'yan,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Libya,  the  ancient  name  of  a  large  portion 
of  North  Africa,  and  sometimes  applied  to 
all  Africa.— n.  A  group  of  tongues,  other- 
wise called  Berber. 

Lice,  lis,  n.  pi.  of  lotiie. 

License,  Licence,  li'sens,  n.  [Fr.  licence, 
from  L.  licentia,  from  licet,  it  is  permitted 
(seen  also  in  illicit,  leisure);  akin  to  linquo, 
to  leave.]  Authority  given  to  act  in  a  par- 
ticular way;  power  conferred  upon  a  per- 
son by  proper  authority,  to  do  particular 
acts,  practise  in  professions^  conduct  cer- 
tain trades,  &c.;  tne  document  containing 
such  authority;  excess  of  liberty;  undue 
freedom;  freedom  abused,  or  used  in  con- 
tempt of  law  or  decorum;  deviation  from 
an  artistic  standard.  —  License,  v.t.  —  li- 
censed, licensing.  To  permit  or  empower 
by  license;  to  grant  a  license  to.— Licensed, 
li'senst,  p.  and  a.  Having  a  license ;  per- 
mitted oy  authority. — Licenaable,  lisen- 
sa-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  licensed.— Li- 
censee, li-sens5',  n.  One  to  whom  a  license 
is  granted.— Licenser,  li'sen-ser,  «.  One 
who  licenses. — Licentiate,  li-sen'shi-at,  n. 
One  who  has  a  license  to  practise  pome 
profession;  a  person  licensed  in  medicine 
or  theology. — Licentious,  li-sen'shus,  a. 
[L.  liceniiosua.]  Characterized  by  license; 
overpassing  due  bounds;  loose  in  beha- 
viour: profligate;  dissolute ;  libidinous. — 
Licentionsly,  li-sen'shus-li,  adv.     In  a 


^dUC&ailU  '  eft.  Sclocft;  ■.  g,j;o;     .i,;olt>;     n,  Fr.  ton;     Sig,  sin^;     T%<ftesi  th,  «ftin|     w,  twg;     wli,wAig;     zh,aenrai, 


LICHEN" 


396 


UFT 


licentious  manner.  —  Licentionsness,  15- 
seu'shus-ues,  n.  The  statu  of  being  licen- 
tious. 
Lichen,  li'ken  or  b'ch'en,  n.  [Gr.  Uichen, 
^the  plant,  the  disease,  from  Jeichi,  to  lick.] 
£ot.  one  of  an  or<ler  of  cryptoRamic  plants 
without  stem  aud  leaves,  growing  on  the 
bark  of  trees,  on  rocks,  &c.,  and  including 
'rock-moss,  tree-moss,  &c.;  vted.  au  erup- 
tion of  small  pimples,  of  a  red  or  white 
colour,  clustered  together  or  spread  over 
the  surface  of  the  skin.— Lichened,  li'kend 
'or  lichend,  a.  Covered  with  lichens. — 
iLichenic,  li-ken'ik,  a.  Kelating  to  or  de- 
rived from  lichens.— Lichenifonn,  li-ken'- 
i-form,a.  Resembling  a  lichen. — Licheno- 
graphic,  Llchenographical,  li'keu-o-graf"- 
ik,  li'ken-0-graf"i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
'lichenography. — Lichenographist,  Licnen- 
ographer,  li-ken-og'ra-fi?t,  U-ken-og'ra-fer, 
n.  One  versed  in  lichenography.— Lichen- 
ography, li-kcn-og'ra-fi,  n.  A  botanical 
description  of  the  lichens. — Llchenology, 
li-ken-ol'o-ji,  n.  That  department  of  b<jt- 
any  which  treats  of  the  lichens.— Lichen- 
OlogiEt,  li-keu-ori>-jist,  Ji.  One  versed 
in  lichenology.  —  Lichenous,  li'keu-us  or 
lich'en-us,  a.  Kelating  to  or  covered  with 
lichens;  pertaimug  to  the  disease  called 
lichen. 

Lich-gate,  lich'gat,>i.  [Lit.  corpse-gate.from 
A.  Sax../(c,   Icel.  lik,  Goth,  leik,   form, 
body;  G.  ieiche,  a  corjise.   Akin  like.]    A 
church-yard  gate,  wi(h    a   porch    under 
I  which  a  bier  might  stand  while  the  iutro- 
'ductory  part  of  the  servjce  was  read. — 
'  Lich-way,  n.  The  path  by  which  the  dead 
are  carried  to  the  grave. 
Licit,t  lis'it,  a.     (L.  lidt-us,  lawful,  from 
1  iieeo,  to  be  permitted.  LictNsE.I   Lawful. 
— Licitly,t  lis'it-li,  adu.    Lawfully. 
Lick,  lik,  v.t.    [A.  Sax.  liccixin=D.  likken, 
L>an.  likke,  G.  Uckeii,  Goth,  laigon  (in  bi- 
laigon);  cog.  Ir.  lighim,  L.  lingo,  Qr.  leicho, 
bkr.  lih,  to  lick.    Akin  lecher,  lickerish.] 
To  pass  or  draw  the  tongue  over  the  sur- 
face of;  to  lap;  to  take  in  by  the  tongue; 
to  flog,  beat,  or  conquer  (colkiq  ).— 7'o  lick 
vp,  to  devour;  to  consume  entirely  (O.T  ). 
— To  lick  the  riust,  to  be  slain;  to  perish  in 
battle;  to  act  abjectly  and  servilely. — To 
lick  into  shape,  to  give  form  or  method  to, 
from  the  old  notion  that  the  young  bear 
is  born  shapeless  and  its  mother  li' ks  it 
into  shape.— n   A  rubbing  or  drawing  of 
the  tongue  over  anything;  a  slight  smear 
or  coat,  as  of   paint;   a  blow  or  stroke 
(coUofj.).  —  Lick-platter,  Lick-trencher,  n. 
A  sneaking  parasite;  a  lickspittle. — Lick- 
spittle, lik'spit-1,  n.    A  flatterer  or  para- 
site of  the  most  abject  character. 
Lickerish,  lik'6r-ish,  a.    [From  the  stem 
lick,  and  akin  to  lecher,  lecherous;  comp 
O.lecker,  lickerish, dainty, delicate.]  Nice 
in  the  choi<^  of  food ;   dainty;  eager  to 
.  taste  or  enjoy;  appetizing.  —  Lickerishly, 
I  lik'Or-ish-li,  udv.    In  a  lickerish  manner. 
— Llckerishness,  likV-r-ish-ues,  n.  The  qua- 
lity  of  being  lickerish. 
Licorice,  lik'or-is,  n.    Liquorice. 
Lictor,  lik'tor,  n.  fL.*,  from  ligare,  to  bind.] 
An  officer  among  the  Romans  who  liore 
;  an  axe  and  fasces  as  ensigns  of  his  office, 
j  and  whose  duty  was  to  attend  the  chief 
I  tnagistrateswhenthey  appeared  in  public, 
to  apprehend  and  punish  criminals,  &c. 
Lid,  lid,  n.    (A.  Sax.  hlid,  lid,  cover,  pro- 
tection; D.  lid,  O.Fris.  hlid,  lid.  G.  lied,  as 
in  avgen-lied,  an  eyelid;  Icel.  hlilh,  a  gate, 
I  gateway,  interval;  allied  to  L.  claudo,to 
.shut.]    A  movable  cover  for  the  opening 
[of  a  vessel,  box,  fic;  the  cover  of  the  eye; 
'  the  eyelid.  —  Lidless,  lid'les,  o.    Having 
no  lia. 

Lie,  n,  v.i. — li£d,  lying.  [A.  Sax.  Ie6gai>= 
T>.  liegen,  Goth,  livgan,  tcel.  Ijnpa,  G.  hi- 
gen,  to  lie;  comp.  iia.e\.leog,  idle  talk.]  To 
;  utter  falsehood  with  an  intention  to  de- 
ceive; to  knowingly  utter  untruth. — n. 
[A.  Sax.  Ugej  lyge,  a  lie,  from  ledgan,  to 
(lie;  Icel.  li/gi,  I>.  logen,  Q.  liige,  a  lie.]  A 
lfalsehoo<l  uttered  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
ception; an  intentional  violation  of  truth. 
—  To  give  the  lie  to,  to  charge  with  false- 
hood; to  prove  to  be  false;  to  belie. — Liar, 
li'er,  n.  One  who  lies  or  tells  lies;  a  person 
who  knowingly  utters  falsehood;  one  who 
declares  to  be  a  fact  what  he  knows  is  not. 


Lie,  11,  v.i.  —  pret.  lap;  pp.  lain  (lien,  obso- 
lete); ppr.  lying.  [A.  Sax.  licgan,  to  lie  lof 
which  hcgan,  to  lay,  is  a  cavisative)=Goth. 
ligan,  D.  liggen,  Dan.  ligge,  Icel.  liggja.  G: 
liegen,  to  Ue ;  same  root  as  L.  lectus,  Gr. 
lechos,  a  bed,  also  seen  in  L.  lex,  E.  law; 
ledge,  layer,  lair,  &o.,  being  also  akin.] 
To  occupy  a  hurizoutal  or  nearly  horizon- 
tal position;  to  rest  lengthwise,  or  be  flat 
upon  the  surface  of  anything;  to  be  placed 
and  remain  without  motion ;   to  lay  or 

Elace  one's  self  in  a  horizontal  or  nearly 
orizontal  i)osition:  often  with  down;  to 
be  in  bed;  to  sleep  or  pass  the  night;  to 
lean  or  recline ;  to  be  situated ;  to  have 
place  or  position  (Ireland  lies  west  of 
England);  to  be  posted  or  encamped,  as  an 
army;  to  remain  or  be  in  some  condition: 
with  words  denoting  the  particular  condi- 
tion (to  lie  waste,  to  lie  fallow,  to  lie  open, 
to  lie  hid,  &c.);  to  be  present  or  contained; 
to  be  found ;  to  exist;  to  depend  (it  does 
not  lie  in  my  i)ower;  success  lies  in  vigi- 
lance); to  weigh  or  press;  to  be  sustainable 
in  law;  to  be  capable  of  being  maintained 
(an  action  will  not  lie). —  To  lie  at  one's 
heart,  to  be  an  object  of  afTection.  desire, 
oranxiety.  — To  lieby,  to  rest  untouched  or 
unnoticed.- To  lie  hard  ot  heavy,  to  press; 
to  op{>res8;  to  burden.  —  To  lie  in,  to  be 
in  childbed.  —  To  lie  in  the  way,  to  be  an 
obstacle  or  impediment.—  To  lie  in  wait, 
to  wait  in  ambush  or  concealment. — To 
lie  on  or  upon,  to  be  incumbent  on;  to  be 
a  matter  of  obligation  or  duty;  to  depend 
on. — Tu  lie  on  hand,  to  lie  on  one's  hands, 
to  be  or  remain  unsold  or  undisposed  of. 
—  To  lie  over,  to  remain  for  future  at- 
tention; to  be  deferred  to  some  future  oc- 
casion, as  a  motion  or  resolution  in  a  de- 
liberative assembly.  —  To  lie  to,  naut.  to 
stop  in  her  course  and  remain  stationary, 
as  a  ship.— To  lie  under,  to  be  subject 
to;  to  suffer;  to  be  oppressed  by.— To  lie 
with,  to  lodge  or  sleep  with;  to  have  carnal 
knowledge  of;  to  belong  to(it  lies  withyon 
to  make  amends).  (The  trans,  verb  to  lay 
is  often  erroneously  used  for  to  lie.  This 
is  n  gross  blunder  which  should  be  care- 
fully avoided,  ;ind  may  easily  be  so  by  at- 
tending to  the  meaning  and  conjugation 
of  the  two  verbs.  To  Ixxy  is  always  transi- 
tive, and  has  for  its  preterit  laid;  as,  he 
told  me  tolay  it  down,  and  I  laid  it  down. 
Hence  it  is  utterly  wrong  to  say,  we  must 
know  how  the  land  laiis;  I  went  and  laid 
down  for  a  little,  t—n.  The  relative  po.sition 
of  one  object  with  regard  to  another  or  to 
a  point  of  the  compass;  general  bearing 
or  direction;  ijosition  or  state  of  an  affair; 
Oeol.  the  manner  in  which  strata  are  dis- 
Iiosed.— Lier,  lifer,  n.  One  who  lies  down; 
one  who  rests  or  remains. 

Lie,  li,  n.    Lri:. 

Lief,  lef,  a.  [A.  Sax.  ledf,  loved,  beloved; 
D.  lief,  Icel.  Ijnfr,  G.  lieb,  Goth.  Hubs, 
loved;  akin  love,  leave  (permission),  be- 
lieve.]  Dear;  beloved;  pleasing;  agreeable. 
[Now  only  poet.] — adv.  Gladly;  willingly; 
readily  (used  in  such  phrases  as,  I  had  as 
lief  go  as  not). 

Liege,  lej,  a.  fPr.  lige,  Pr.  litje.  It.  ligio, 
L.L.  ligius,  legius;  origin  uncertain;  per- 
haps O.G.  lidic  (G.  ledig),fTec.]  Connected 
by  loyalty  or  duty;  bound  by  or  resting 
on  feudal  ties  (a  liege  lord,  liege  vassal- 
age).—n.  A  vassal  or  person  owing  duties 
to  his  feudal  lord ;  a  lord  or  superior;  a 
sovereign;  a  law..abiding  citizen  or  citizen 
in  general  (in  this  sense  usually  in  the  pi.). 
—Liegeman,  loj'man,  n.   A  vassal;  a  liege. 

Lien,  li'en,  obs.  pp.  oT  lie,  now  lain. 

Uen,  li'en,  n.  ( Fr.  (ten,  from  L.  ligamen, 
from  ligo,  to  bind.  Ligament.]  Law,  a 
legal  claim;'a  right  in  one  man  to  retain 
the  property  of  another  until  some  claim 
of  the  former  is  paid  or  sati.sfied. 

Lientery,  li'en-t*r-i,  n.  [Gr.  leienteria— 
Zeros,  smooth,  and  enteron,  an  intestine.] 
Med.  a  species  of  diarrhoea,  in  which  the 
food  is  di.scharged  undigested.— Lienteric, 
li-en-tfir'ik,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  lientery. 

Lier,  li'6r,  n.     Under  Lie. 

Lieu,  IQ,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  locus,  place.] 
Place ;  room  ;  stead :  preceded  by  in  (to 
give  goods  in  lieu  of  wages). 

Lieutenant,  lef-ten'ant,  n.  [Fr.,  composed 
of   lieu,  L.   locus,  place,  and  tenant,  L. 


tenens.  holding.)  An  officer,  civil  or  mili- 
tary,  who  supplies  the  place  of  a  sujh  rirr 
in  his  abseni«;  a  commissioned  othcer  in 
the  army  and  navy,  next  in  rank  below  a 
cajitain. — Lieutenancy,  lef-teu'au-si,  n. 
The  oflice  or  commission  of  a  lieutenant; 
the  collective  bod}'  of  lieutenants.  —  Lieu- 
tenant-colonel, n.  An  army  oflicer  next 
in  rank  below  a  colonel. — Lieutenant-gen- 
eral, n.  An  army  oflicer  next  in  rank  be- 
low a  general. — Lieutenant-governor,  n. 
An  officer  (as  in  some  British  colonies) 
ranking  next  below  a  go\eruor  or  gover- 
nor-general.—Llentenantshlp,  lef-ten'ant- 
ship,  n.    A  lieutenancy. 

Lieve,  lev,  a.    Same  as  Lief. 

Life,  lif,  n.  pi.  Lives,  livz.  fA.  Sax.  Uf, 
Icel.  Uf,  Dan  Itv,  D.  hjf.  Goth,  libaint, 
life.  Live.]  That  state  of  an  animal  or  a 
plant  in  which  its  org.Tus  are  capable  of 
performing  their  functions,  or  in  which 
the  performance  of  functions  has  not  per- 
manentlj' ceased ;  animate  existence;  vi- 
tality; the  time  during  which  such  a  state 
continues;  the  mundane  existence  of  a 
human  being;  the  period  from  birth  to 
death;  period  during  which  anything  con- 
tinues to  exist;  outward  manifestation  of 
life;  a  person's  condition  or  circumstances; 
mode,  manner,  or  course  of  living,  as 
morally  good  or  bad;  social  surroundings 
and  characteristics  (high  or  low  life);  that 
which  makes  alive;  animating  or  inspir- 
ing principle;  animation;  vivacity;  ener- 
gy; the  living  form,  or  nature  itself,  in 
opjiosition  to  a  copy  or  imitation;  a  living 
person  (many  lives  were  sacrificed);  coP 
lectively,  human  beings  in  any  number  (a 
great  loss  of  life);  animated  beings  in  the 
aggregate  (the  abundance  of  life  on  the 
globe);  narrative  of  a  person's  life;  a  biog- 
i-nphy  or  memoir;  human  affairs;  course 
of  things  in  the  world;  hapjiiness  in  the 
favour  of  God;  eternal  felicity.— i^'or  life, 
for  the  whole  term  of  one's  existence;  so 
as  to  save  or  to  strive  to  save  one's  own 
life  (to  run  for  life,  to  swim  for  life).— To 
the  Ufe,  so  as  to  closely  resemble  the  living 
person  or  original;  nence,  exactly;  per- 
fectly (drawn  to  the  ii/e).— Life-annuity, 
n.  A  sum  of  money  paid  to  a  person- 
yearly  during  the  person's  Ufe.  —  Life-as- 
surance, n.  See  Insuhance.— Life -belt, 
n.  A  belt  made  of  pieces  of  cork  fas- 
tened together,  or  of  india-rubber  hollow 
and  inflated,  used  to  support  the  body  in 
the  water.— Life-blood,  n.  The  blood  ne- 
cessary to  life;  vital  blood;  that  which  is 
essential  to  exi.-^tence  or  strength.  —  Life- 
boat, n.  A  boat  for  saving  persons  from 
drowning,constructed  with  great  strength, 
and  at  the  same  time  i)ossessing  sufficient 
buoyancj'  to  enable  it  to  float  though 
loaded  with  nien  and  filled  with  water.— 
Llfe-bnoy,  n.  Bl'ov.  — Life-guard,  n.  A 
soldier  that  guards  the  person  of  a  prince; 
a  body-guard;  in  the  British  army,  the 
Life-guards  are  two  cavalry  regiments  of 
the  Household  Brigade.  —  Life-insurance, 
n.    Iksurance.  —  Lifeless,  lif'hes,  a.    De- 

S rived  of  life-  dead:  inanimate;  inorganic; 
estitute  of  life  or  spirit;  s])iritless;  dull; 
heavy;  inactive. — Lifelessly,  lif'les-lj,adi'- 
In  a  lifeless  manner. — Lifelessness,  lif'les- 
ues,  71.  The  state  of  being  lifeless.  —Life- 
like, lif'Uk,  a.  Like  a  li\'ing  person;  true 
to  the  life.— Lifelong,  lif'long,  a.  Lastipg 
or  continuing  through  life.— Life-peerage, 
n.  A  peerage  for  life  only.  —  Life-pre- 
server, n.  One  who  or  that  which  pre- 
8er>-es  life;  a  life-belt;  a  short  stick  with 
a  loaded  head,  used. for  defence  against 
assailants.— Life-raft,  n.  A  nift  carried 
with  ships  for  saving  life  in  cases  of  ship- 
wreck.—Life-rate,  n.  The  rate  or  amount 
for  which  a  life  is  insured.  —  Life-rent,  n. 
A  right  which  entitles  a  person  to  use  and 
enjov  property  during  life.— Life-renter, 
n.  The  person  who  enjoys  a  life-rent.— 
Life-spring,  n.  The  spring  or  source  of  life. 
— Life-table,n.  A  statistical  table  exhibit- 
ing the  probability  of  life  at  diflerent  ages. 
—Lifetime,  lif'tim,  »i.  The  time  that  lif e 
continues;  duration  of  life. 
Lift,  lift,  v.t.  (From  O.E.  lift,  A.  Sax.  lyft, 
air.  sky;  comp.  Icel. 'hjpta  (pron.  lifta), 
from  lopt  (pron.  loft),  air;  Sw.  lyfta,  Dan. 
lofte,  G.  Wten,  to  lift,  from  Sw.  Dan. 


fate,  far,  fat,  f  (ill;     me,  met,  hOr,    jiine,  pin;    note,  uot,  mOve;    labe,  tub,bviU;    «i],  pound;    lU&c.  abuue— theFr.-w 


LIGAMENT. 


397 


iLILIPUTIAJ^ 


and  G.  lufl,  air,  atmosphere.  Loet.]  To 
briug  froin  a  lower  to  a  higher  position  or 
jjliice;  to  raise,  elevate,  upheave;  to  ele- 
vate, exalt,  or  improve,  as  in  fortune, 
estimation,  dignity,  or  rank;  to. elate: 
often  with  up;  to  take  and  carry  away;  to 
remove  l)y  stealing  (to  lift  cattle);  to  col- 
lect when  due  (to  lift  rents,  to  lift  ac- 
counts). —  To  lift  up  the  eyes,  to  look;  to 
rai.se  the  eyes  in  order  to  look. —  To  lift  the 
hand;  to  raise  the  hand  for  the  purpose  of 
striking;  to  strike  or  threaten  to  strike. — 
To  lift  the  hand  against,  to  strike ;  to  as- 
sail; to  injure;  to  oppress.— To  lift  vp  the 
voice,  to  cry  aloud;  to  call  out,  either  in 
grief  or  joy.— ^.i.  To  raise  or  try  to  raise ; 
to  rise,  or  be  raised  or  elevated  (the  fog 
lifts).— n.  The  act  or  manner  of  raising  or 
lifting;  elevationj  a  weight  to  be  raised; 
assistance  in  lifting;  hence,  assistance  or 
aid  in  general;  a  device  for  raising  persons 
or  goods  from  a  lower  flat  or  story  of  a 
house  to  a  higher  one;  an  elevator;  naut. 
a  rope  from  the  cap  and  mast-head  to  the 
extremity  of  a  yard  for  supporting  or 
raising  it. — Iiiftable,'lif'ta-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  lifted.— Lifter,  lif'tfir,  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  lifts ;  a  thief  (in  the  com- 
pound shop-i(/ter).— lafting-bridge,  n.  A 
sort  of  drawbridee  which  is  raised  to  allow 
ships  to  pass.— Lift-piimp,  n.  A  pump  in 
which  the  piston  raises  the  water  by  lift- 
ing it  without  atmospheric  pressure. 

Ligament,  lig'a-ment,  n.  [L.  ligamentum, 
from  ligo,  to  bind  (whence  also  ligation, 
ligature,  lien,  leagiie,  -ly  in  ally,  kc.).\ 
What  ties  or  unites  one  thing  or  part  to 
another;  a  band;  a  bond;  a  strong  flexible 
fastening;  anat.  a  strong,  compact,  ten- 
dinous substance,  serving  to  bind  one 
bone  to  another.  —  Ligamental,  Ligamen- 
tous, lig-a-men'tal,  lig-a-men'Jus,  a.  Of 
the  nature  of  a  ligament. 

Ligan,  li'gan,?i.  L^ontr.  for  L.  ligamen,?. 
band,  from  ligo,  to  bind.]  Goods  sunk  in 
the  sea,  but  having  something  buoyant 
attached  to  mark  their  jioaition. 

Ligation,  Ij-ga'shon,  to.  f  L.  ligatio,  Ugatio- 
nis.  Ligament.]  The  act  of  binding;  a 
bondj  a  ligature.  —  Ligature,  lig'a-tQr,  n. 
[L.  l7{/atura.]  Something  that  binds;  a 
cord,  thong,  band,  or  bandage;  a  ligament; 
the  act  of  binding;  mtta.  a  line  connecting 
notes;  printing,  a  type  consisting  of  two 
or  more  letters  or  characters  cast  on  the 
same  body,  as  Ji,  fi;  aurg.  a  cord  or  string 
for  tying  blood-vessels  to  prevent  hemor- 
rhage; a  thread  or  wire  to  remove  tumours, 
&c.,  by  stfaugulation.— Ligatured,-  lig'ar 
tttrd,  a.    Bound  by  a  ligature. 

Light,  lit,  n.  [A.  Sax.  leiht,  bright,  shin- 
ing, le6ht,  liht,  a  light;  D.  and  G.  licht, 
Icei.  Ijos,  Dan.  lys,  Goth,  liuhath;  allied 
to  li.  liix,  lumen,' light,  lueeo,  to  shine, 
htna,  the  moon;  Gr.  leukos,  white,  leussO, 
to  see;  W.  Hug,  Gael.  Heus,  light.  Lucid.] 
That  agent  or  force  by  the  action  of  which 
upon  the  organs  of  sight  objects  from 
which  it  proceeds  are  rendered  visible; 
that  from  which  this  agent  or  force  eman- 
ates, or  is  supposed  to  emanate;  a  radiant 
body,  as  the  sun,  the  moon,  a  candle,  &c.; 
mental  ,or  spiritual  illumination ;  know- 
ledge ;  information ;  a  person  who  is  con- 
spicuous or  eminent  in  any  study;  a  model 
or  example ;  the  phenomena  constituting 
day;  hence,  open  view,  public  observation, 
publicity;  a  compartment  of  a  window; 
the  illuminated  part  of  an  object  or  pic- 
ture; the  point  of  view  or  position  in 
which  or  from  which  anything  is  looked 
at  or  considftred;  aspect.— A'ortfteTTi  lights, 
the  aurora  borealis.  See  under  Aurora. — 
To  stand  in  one's  oum  light,  to  bs  the 
means  of  preventing  one's  own  good,  or 
frustrating  one's  own  purposes. — To  bring 
to  Ught,  to  bring  to  knowledge,  detection, 
or  discovery. — To  come  to  light,  to  be  de- 
tected; to  be  discovered  or  found.  —  a. 
Bright;  clear;  not  dark  or  obscure;  white 
or  whitish;  not  intense'or  deep,  as  a  colour; 
not  dark  in  hne.—v.t. — pret.  &  pp.  lighted, 
sometimes  lit.  To  set  fire  to;  to  kindle; 
to  ignite;  to  set  burning;  to  give  light  to; 
to  fill  or  spread  over  with  light;  to  show 
the  way  to  by  means  of  a  light;  to  illumi- 
nate.—Lightable,  li'ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  lighted.— Light-due,  n.    A  duty  or 


toll  levied  on  ships  for  the  maintenance 
of  lighthouses,  &c. — Iilghten,  li'tn,  v.i.  To 
exhibit  the  phenomenon  of  lightning ;  to 
give  out  flashes;  to  flash;  to  become  lighter; 

.  to  become  less  dark  or  gloomy;  to  clear. — 
v.t.  To  make  light  or  clear;  to  dissipate 
darkness  from;  to  illuminate;  to  en- 
lighten; to  flash  fortht.  —  Lighter,  li'ttr, 
TO.  One  who  or  that  which  lights.— Light- 
house, lit'hous,  TO.  A  tower  c  other  lofty 
structure  with  a  powerful  light  at  top, 
erected  as  a  guide  or  warning  of  danger  to 
navigators  at  night ;  a  pharos.  —  Light- 
keeper,  n.  One  who  has  charge  of  the 
lights  in  a' lighthouse,  light-ship,  or  the 
like.  —  Lightless,  lit'les,  a.    Destitute  of 

^  light;  dark;  not  giving  out  light.— Light- 

*  nes8,  lit'nes,  to.  Want  of  darkness  or  in- 
tensity; clearness.— Lightning,  lit'iiing,  to. 
IFrom  verb  ta  lighten.]  A  flash  of  light 
the  result  of  a  discharge  of  atmospheric 
electricity.— Lightning-conductor,  Light- 
ning-rod, TO.  A  metallic  rod.  attached  to 
buildings  or  vessels,  to  protect  them  from 
lightning  by  conducting  it  into  the  eaxth 
or  water.— Light-ship,  to.  A  ^hip  anchored 
and  hoisting  a  strong  light  to  scire  as  a 
lighthouse.— Lightsome,lit'sum,a.  Bright; 
light;  gay;  cheering. —  Lightsom6ly,,lit'- 
sum-li,  adv.  In  a  lightsome  manner. — 
Llghtsomeness,  Jit'sum-nes,  to. 

Light,  lit,  a.  [A,  bax.  ledht,  D.  ligt,  G. 
leicht,  Icel.  Uttr,  Dan.  let,  light;  allied  to 
L.  levis  (whence  levity),  Gr.  elachys,  Skr. 
laghu,  light.  Hence  alight,  lighter  (boat), 
lights.']  Not  heavy;  having  little  weight; 
not  burdensome;  easy  to  be  lifted,  borne, 
or  carried;  not  oppressive;  easy  to  be  suf- 
fered or  endured;  easy  to  be  performed; 
not  difficult;  easy  to  be  digested;  not  op- 
pressive to  the  stomach ;  not  heavily 
armed,  or  armed  with  light  weapons; 
swift ; .  nimble ;  not  dense  or  gross ;  not 
strong;  not  copious  or  vehement  (a  light 
rain);  inconsiderable;  easily  influenced 
by  trifling  considerations;  unsteady;  vol- 
atile; trifling;  gay;  airy;  wanton;  un- 
chaste; not  01  legal  weight  {light  coin); 
loose;  sandy;  easily  pulverized  (a  light 
soil);  having  a  sensation  of  giddiness;  em- 
ployed in  light  work  (a  light  porter).— To 
set  light  by,  to  slight;  to  treat  as  of  no  im- 
po'rtance.- To  make  light  of,  to  treat  as  of 
little  consequence;  to  slight;  to  disregard. 
—Lighten,  li'tn,  v.t.  To  make  lighter  or 
less  heavy;  to  relieve  of  a  certain  amount 
of^  weight;  to  make  less  burdensome  or 
oppressive;  to  alleviate.— Lighter,  li'tfir.  to. 

,  A  large  open  flat-bottomed  barge,  ofien 

'  used  rn  lightening  or  unloading  and  load- 
ing ships.  —  Light-fingered,  d.  Thievish ; 
addicted  to  petty  thefts:  often  applied  to 
pickpockets.  —  Light-footed,  a.  Nimble 
in  running  or  dancing ;  active.  —  Light- 
he«,ded,  a.  Having  dizziness  or  giddiness 
in  the  head;  dizzy;  delirious;  thoughtless; 
heedless;  weak;  volatile;  unsteady. —Light- 
headedn'sss,  to.  State  of  being  light-headed; 
dizziness ;  giddiness.  —  Light-hearted,  a. 
Free  from  grief  or  anxiety;  gay;  cheerful; 
merry.  —  Ught-heartedness,  n.  —  Light- 
horse,  n.  Light-armed  cavali-y.  —  Light- 
horseman,  TO.  A  light-armed  cavalry  sol- 
dier.— Light-Infantry,  to.  Infantry  selec- 
ted and  trained  for  rapid  evolutions. — 
Lightly,  lit'li,  adv.  In  a  light  manner; 
with  little  weight;  nimbly;  airily;  easily; 
slightly;  cheerfully;  gaily.— Lightness,  lit'- 
nes, n.  The  condition  or  quality  of  being 
light ;  the  opposite  of  heaviness ;  agility ; 
briskness;  levity.— Lights,  lits,  to.  pi.  The 
lungs.  [CoUoq.]— Light-weight, TO.  Sport- 
ing, a  man  or  animal  below  a  fixed  weight. 

Light,  lit,  y.i.— pret.&  pp.  lighted,  sometimes 
lit.  [A.  Sax.  lihtan,  to  descend,  alight, 
from  ledht,  light,  not  heavy:  to  alight  from 
horseback  or  a  vehicle  is  to  make  it  lighter 
by  relieving  it  of  weight.]  To  descend,  as 
from  a  horse  or  carriage  (with  doum,  off, 
from);  to  fly  or  fall  and  settle;  to  come  to 
rest;  to  fall  or  come  by  chance;  to  happen 
to  find:  with  on  or  wpoTO. 

Lign-aloes,  lin-al'oz,  to.  [Lign-  is  from  L. 
lignum,  wood.]  Aloes-wood  or  agallochum. 

Ligneous,  lig'ne-us,  a.  IL.  Ugneus,  from 
lignum,  wood.]  Made  of  wood;  consisting 
of  wood;  resembling  wood;  woody ;  wooden. 
— Llgniierous,  Ug-nif'tr-us,  a.    Producing 


'  wood;  yielding  wood.— Ligniflcation,  lig'- 
ni-fi-ka"8hon,  «.  The  act  of  lignifying, 
or  the  state  of  being  lignified.— Ligniform, 
lig'ni-form,  a.  Like  wood ;  resembling 
wood.  —  Lignify,,  lig'ni-fi.  v.t.  —  lignified, 
lignifying.  [L.  lignum,  and/acio,  to  make.] 
To  convert  into  wood.  — u.i.  To  become 
wood.  —  Lignin,  Lignine,  lig'nin,  to.  A 
modification  of  cellulose;  vegetable  fibre. 
— Ligmperdous,  lig-ni-per'dus,  a.  [L.  lig- 
num, and  perdo,  to  destroy.]  Wood-de- 
stroying: said  of  certain  insects.— Lignite, 
lig'nit,  TO.  Fossil-wood,  wood-coal,  or  brown 
coal,  a  combustible  substance  mineralized 
to  a  certain  degree.but  retaining  distinctly 
its  woody  texture.— Lignitic,  lig-nit'ik,  a. 
Containing  lignite;  resembling  lignite.— 
Llgnitiferous,  lig-ni-tif'er-us,  a.  ireol.  ap- 
plied to  strata  containing  beds  of  lignite. 
— Lignous,  Lignose,  lig'nus,  lig'nos,  a.  Lig- 
neous. —  Lignum-vitse,  lig-num-vi'te,  n. 
[L.,  wood  of  life,  from  its  hardness  and 
durability.]  The  popular  name  of  a  small 
AVest  Indian  and  South  American  tree, 

'  the  wood  of  which  is  valued  for  its  extreme 
hardness. 

Ligula,  Ligule,  lig'a-la,  lig'tU,  n.  [L.  ligula, 
a  strap,  from  ligo,  to  bind.  Ligament.] 
Bot.  a  strap-shaped  petal  of  composite 
flowers;  the  membrane  at  the  base  of  a 
grass  leaf.— Ligulate,  Ligulated,  lig'Q-lat, 
lig'u-la-ted,  a.  Like  a  bandage  or  strap ; 
bot.  having  the  form  of  a  ligula:  applied 
especially  to  the  ray  florets  of  composite 
flowers. 

Ligure,  li'gflr,  to.  [Gr.  linggourion,  ligurion.} 
A  kind  of  precious  stone  (O.T.J. 

Ligurite,  bg'a-rit,  to.  [From  Liguria.l  A 
kind  of  gem  of  an  apple-green  colour,  oc- 
casionally speckled. 

Like,  lilt,  o.  [A.  Sax.  lie,  gelic='£>.  lijk, 
gelijk,  Icel.  Ukr,  glikr,  G.  gleich,  Goth. 
leiks,  galeiks,  like.  From  A.  Sax.  lie,  form, 
body  (see  Lichgate).  Hence  the  termi- 
nation in  each,  such,  which,  and  the  -ly  of 
adjectives  and  adverbs,  as  also  the  verb 
to  like.]  Equal;  exactly  corresponding; 
of  the  same  kind;  similar;  resembling 
(like  passions);  probable;  likely  (it  is  like 
he  will);  feeling  equal  or  disposed  to. — Had 
like,  was  like;  had  nearly;  came  little  short 
of.  Like  is  frequently  suffixed  to  nouns 
to  form  adjectives  denoting  ressmblance, 
as  childlike,  &c. — to.  Some  person  or  thing 
resembling  another;  an  exact  counterpart. 
— adv.  In  the  same  or  a  similar  maiini;r; 

•  similarly:  likely;  probably.  — Likelihood, 
lik'li-hud,  TO.  Likeliness;  probability.— 
Likeliness,  lik'li-nes,  n.  The  condition  or 
quality  of  being  likely.  —  Likely,  lik'li,  o. 
Like  the  truth;"credible;  probable  {a,  likely 
story);  giving  a  probability  of  something 
(I  am  likely  to  be  from  home  to-morrow); 
suitable,  well  adapted,  or  convenient  fur 
some  purpose. — adv.  Probably;  as  may  be 
expected  or  reasonably  thought.  -^  Like- 
minded,  cC.  Having  a  like  disposition  or 
purpose. — Liken,  H'kn,  v.t.  To  make  like; 
to  cause  to  resemble;  to  compare;  to  re- 
present as  resembling. — Likeness,  lik'nes, 
TO.  The  condition  or  quality  of  being  like; 
similarity;  what  exactly  resembles  some- 
thing else;  especially ,  a  portrait. — Iiike- 
wise,  lik'wiz,  conj.  and  adv.  In  like  man- 
ner; also;  moreover;  too. 

Like,  lik.  v.i.— liked,  liking.  [A.  Sa,x:lician, 
gelician,  bo  please,  to  suit,  lit.  to  be  like 
one's  tastes:  originally  impersonal;  D. 
lijken,  to  suit;  Icel.  lika,  to  please,  to  like; 
from  the  adjective  (which  see).]  To  please 
or  suit:  used  impersonallyj;  to  be  pleased 

,  with  in  a  moderate  degree;  to  approve;  to 
take  satisfaction  in;  to  enjoy. — v.i.  To  be 
pleased;  to  choose. — to.  A  liking;  a  fancy: 
used  chiefly  in  the  phrase  likes  and  dis- 
likes. —  liikeable,  lik'a^bl,  a.  Such  as  to 
attract  liking ;  lovable.  —  Likeableness, 
lik'a-bl-nes,  ra.  Quality  of  being  likeable. 
— Liking,  lik'ing,  to.  Inclination;  desire; 
satisfaction:  often  with/or  or  to  (an  amuse- 
ment to  your  liking). 

Lilac,  li'lak,  to.  [Sp.  lilac,  Ar.  lilak,  lilac;. 
Per.  lllaj;  from  a  word  meaning  blue.]  A 
beautiful  flowering  shrub  with  flowers 
generally  bluish  or  white,  originally  a 
native  of  Per.iia.  ; 

LUiputlan,  Lilliputian,  lil-i-pQ'shan,  n.  A' 
member  of  the  diminutive  race  of  beings 


ch,  cAain;     cA,  Sc.  locA;     e>QOi    j,;ob:     n,  Fr.  ton;     n^^  titiju^VB,  then;  thy  thini    yt^  wig;    vb,  tcAig;     zh,  afxiro, 


LILT 


398 


LING 


described  ifi  Swift's  imaginary  kingdom 
of  Liliput;  a  person  of  very  small  size. — 
o-  Very  small;  pigmean. 
Ult,  lilt,  v.t.  and  t.  [Akin  to  lull]  To 
sing,  especially  in  a  cheerful  manner;  to 
give  musical  or  harmonious  utterance. 
I  rtnn.]—n.  A  song;  a  tune. 

lily,  lil'i,  n.  [A.  Sax.  lilie,  from  L.  Klium, 
Ur.  Uirion.}  The  popular  name  of  many 
bulbous  plants  with  showy  and  fragrant 
tlowers,  as  the  white  lily,  orange  -  lily, 
tiger-lily,  scarlet  lily,  &c. — Lily  of  the  val- 
Ity,  a  perennial  plant  with  small  white 
bell-shaped  flowers.  —  Liliaceous,  lil-i-a'- 
tihus.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  order  of  lilies; 
lijy-like.— Lily-encrinite,  n.  Same  as  Jin- 
cniiiie.— Lily-faced,  a.  Pale-faced.— Lily- 
ianded,  a.  Having  white  delicate  hands, 
—laly -hyacinth,  n.  A  bulbous  plant  with 
blue  flov/ers,  a  kind  of  squill.  —  Lily- 
livered,  a.  ^V"nite-l^vered;  cowardly .[5Aai.J 
—Ijly -white,  a.    White  as  a  lily. 

Limaceous,  li-ma'shus,  a.  [1i.  Umax,  luim- 
cis,  a  slug,  a  snail.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  slugs  or  garden  snails  without  shells. 

Limb,  lim,  n.  [A.  Sax.  Urn,  Icel.  liinr.  Pan. 
and  Sw.  lem,  a  limb.  The  6  is  added  as  in 
crumb,  thumb,  &c.]  One  of  the  jointed 
members  of  the  human  body  or  of  any 
animal;  an  arm  or  leg,  mere  especially  the 
latter;  a  pretty  large  or  main  branch  of  a 
tree.  —  v.t.  To  supply  with  limbs;  to  dis- 
member; totear  the  limbs  from. — Limbed', 
limd,  n.  Havmg  limbs:  mostly  in  com- 
^sition  (large-^iiwiwd,  short-Jimoed). 

Limb,  lim,  n.  [L.  UmJjus,  a  border,  edging, 
or  fringe.]  Astrnn.  the  border  or  outer- 
most edge  of  the  sun  or  moon;  the  gradu- 
ated edge  of  a  circle  or  other  astronomical 
or  surveying  instniment,  &c.;  hot.  the  bor- 
der or  upper  spreading.  i>art  of  a  mono- 
petalous  corolla,  or  of  a  petal  or  sepal. — 
Ijmbate,  lim 'bat,  a.  Bot.  bordered,  as 
when  ore  colour,  is  surrounded  by  an 
edging  of  another. 

Limber,  lim'bfer,  a.  fClosely  allied  to  limp, 
pliant,  flaccid.]  Easily  bent;  flexible; 
pliant.— y.t.  To  render  liD\bcr  or  pliant. — 
Limbemess,  lim'bfer-nes,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  limber. 

Limber,  Ijm'ber,  n.  fKeally  a  plural  form 
from  Icel.  limur,  limbs,  branches  of  a  tree; 
akin  to  Jinift.]  Ariill.  a  carriage  on  two 
wheels  with  the  ammunition  boxes  and 
shafts  for  the  horses,  attached  to  the  gun- 
carriage,  properly  so  called,  of  a  field  gun 
or  cannon;  pi.  thills;  shafts  of  a  carriage 
(li  call. — v.t.  To  attach  the  limber  to. 

Limbo,  lim'bo,  n..  (It.,  from  L.  limbus,  a 
hem  or  edge.]  A  region  beyond  this  world" 
in  which,  as  was  oelieved  by  some,  the 
souls  of  those  who  have  not  oflFended  by 
personal  acts  are  detained  till  the  final 
judgment;  any  similar  region  apart  from 
this  world;  a  prison  or  other  place  of  con- 
finement (colloq.K 

Lime,  lim,  n.  [A.  Sax.  Urn,  glue,  cement= 
D.  lijm,  Icel.  lim,  G.  leim,  glue;  allied  to 
loam,  L.  limus,  slime,  Skr.  It,  to  be  vis- 
cous.] A  viscous  substance  for  catching 
birds;  bird-lime;  a  most  useful  caustic 
earth,  obtained  from  chalk  and  other 
kinds  of  limestones,  used  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  mortar  and  other  cements,  and  as 
a  manure  to  fertilize  land;  also  mortar 
made  with  lime.— y.t. — limed,  liming.  To 
smear  with  bird-lime;  to  entangle;  to  en- 
snare; to  manure  with  lime;  to  cement  or 
glue  (SAafc.).— Lime-burner,  n.  One  who 
bums  limestone  to  form  line.— Limekiln, 
lim'kil,  71.  A  kiln  iji  which  limestone  is 
exposed  to  a  strong  heat  and  reduced  to 
lime.  — Lime-light,  n.  A  very  powerfol 
light  produced  by  turning  an  oxyhydrogen 
flame  on  a  ball  of  lime.— Limestone,  lim'- 
Eton,  n.  A  kind  of  stone  consisting  of 
varieties  of  carbonate  of  lime.  —  IJme- 
wash,  n.  A  coating  given  with  lime-water; 
whitewash.  —  Lime-water,  n.  Water  im- 
pregnated with  lime. — Limy,  li'mi,  a. 
Smeared  with  bird-lime;  containing  lime; 
resemb!  ing  or  having  the  qualities  of  lime. 

Ume,  lim,  n.  fFormerly  line,  from  A.  Sax. 
lind,  D.  and  G.  linde,  Dan.  Sw.  Icel.  lind, 
the  tree.]  The  linden  tree,  a  large  and 
handsome  tree,  the  wood  of  which  is  light 
and  white,  and  is  extensively  used  by  car- 
vers, inufical-instruiuent  makeri*,  &c. 


Lime,  lim,  n.  fFr.  lime,  from  Per.  limD., 
Jiiudn,  whence  also  lem^n.]  A  species  of 
tree  cultivated  in  the  south  of  Europe,  and 
producing  an  inferior  sort  of  lemon,  used 
for  flavouring  punch,  sherbet,  &c. — Inme- 
juicc,  n.  The  juice  of  the  lime,  used, 
among  other  purposes,  as  a  specific  against 
scurvy. 

Limit,  lim'it,  n.   [Fr.  limite,  from  L.  limes, 

,  liniitis,  a  bound  or  limit;  allied  to  li',nen, 
a  threshold;  akin  lintel,  eliminate.i  That 
which  terminates,  circumscribes,  or  con- 
fines; bound,  l)order,  utmost  extent;  math. 
a  determinate  quantity  to  which  a  vari- 
able one  continually  approaches,  but  can 
never  exceed.— «.t.  Toset  limits  or  bounds 
to;  to  bound;  to  confine  within  certain 
bounds;  to  ciixiumscribe ;  to  restroin;  to 
narrow  or  confine  the  signification  of ;  to 
apply  exclusively  (words  or  conceptions). 
— Limitable,  lim'i-ta-bl,  o.  Capable  of 
being  limited.— Limitarian,  lim-i-ta'ri-an, 
n.  One  that  holds  that  a  part  of  the 
human  race  only  are  to  be  saved.  -«-  Limi- 
tary, lim'i-ta-ri,  a.  Circumscribed  or 
bounded  in  power  or  authority.  — Limita- 
tion, lim-i-ta'shon,  n.  The  act  of  limiting, 
bounding,or  circumscribing;  the  condition 
of  being  so  limited;  that  which  limits; 
limiting  circumstance;  restriction;  quali- 
ficatioii.  —  Limited,  lim'i-ted,  p.  and  a. 
Confined  within  Umits;  narrow;  circum- 
scribed.—iimtted  liability,  such  liability 
as  that  of  a  company  whose  partners  or 
shiireholders  are  liable  only  for  the  amount 
of  the  shares  subscribed.— iiniited  mon- 
archy, a  monarchy  in  which  the  monarch 
shares  the,supreme  power  with  a  class  of 
nobles,  with  a  popular  body,  or  with  both. 
— Limitedly,  lim'i-ted-li,  adv.  In  a  limi- 
ted manner;or  degree.— Limitedness,  lim'- 
it-ed-nes,  n.  —  Limiter,  lim'i-tfer,  n.  One 
■who  limits.-;-LimitIe38,  lim'it-les,  a.  Harv- 
ing  no  limit's;  unbounded;  boundless;  in- 

.  finite. 

Limn,  lira,  v.t.  [Tr.  enluminer,  from  L. 
iUumino,  to  illuminate.  ]  To  draw  or  paint; 
to  make  a  portrait  or  likeness  of .— Liimer, 
lim'nfer,  ?i.  One  who  limns;  a  painter  of 
portraits  or  miniatures. 

Limosis,  li-mo'sis,  a.  [Gr.  limos,  hunger.] 
Med.  a  ravenous  appetite  caused  by  dis- 
ease. 

Limp,  limp,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  limp-hall,  hmp- 
healt,  limping-halt,  lame;  comp.  L.  G.  I 
lum,pen,  to  limp;  Icel.  lim,pa,  weakness; 
allied  to  lim,n,  limber,  and  probably  to 
lame.y  To  halt  or  walk  lamely.  —  n.  The 
act  of  limping;  a  halt  in  one's  gait. — 
Limpingly,  lim'ping-li,  adv.  In  a  limping 
or  halting  manner. 

Limp,  limp,  a.  [Akin  to  limp,  the  verb, 
and  to  limber;  comp.  Skr.  lamb,  to  hang.] 
Easily  bent;  flexible;  pliant;  lacking  stiff- 
ness; flaccid. 

Limpet,  lim'pet,  n.  [O.Fr.  Hmpine,  a  lim- 
pet; comp.  Gr.  lepas,  lepados,  a  limixit.] 
A  univalve  mollusc  with  a  conical  shell, 
found  adhering  to  rocks. 

Limpid,  lirn'pid,  a.  [L.  limpidus;  allied  to 
Gr.  Iamp6,  to  shine,  hence  akin  to  lamp.] 
Characterized  by  clearness  or  transpar- 
ency; clear  and  bright;  translucent;  trans- 
parent: said  of  water.— Limpidity,  lumpid- 
ness,  lim-pid'i-ti,  lim'pid-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  limpid. 

Limy,  a.    Under  Lime. 

Lin,  Idnn,  lin,  n.  [Ir.  Knn,  W.  llyn,  a  pool.] 
A  cataract  or  waterfall;  the  pool  below  a 
fall. 

Linch-pin.  linsh,  n.  [Lit.  axle-pin,  from 
A.  Sax.  lynis,  an  axle-tree;  D.  luns,  lens, 
G.  Jiinse,  a  linch-i)in.]  A  pin  used  to  pre- 
vent the  wheel  of  a  carriage  or  other  vehi- 
cle from  sliding  off  the  axle-tree;  an  axle^ 
pin.    . 

Linctnre,  lingk'tnr,  n.  [L.  hngo,  linetum, 
to  lick.]  A  medicine  to  be  taken  by  lick- 
ing. 

Linden,  lin'den,  n.  [An  adj.  form  from  A. 
Sax.  Icel.  Sw.  and  Dan.  lind,  D.  and  G. 
linde,  the  linden.  Lime,  the  tree.]  The 
lime-tree. 

Line,  lin,  n.  [A.  Sax.  line,  a  cord  or  line, 
from.  L.  linea,  a  linen  thread,  a  string,  a 
line  or  stroke,  from  lineus,  flaxen,  Hnum, 
flax;  Fr.  ligne,  a  line.  Linen.^  A  small  rope 
or  cord;  a  thread-liko  marUrajT,  aa  with  a 


pen,  pencil,  &c.;  a  stroke  or  score;  a  mark- 
ing or  furrow  upon  .the  hands  or  face;  a 
mark  traced  or  imagined  to  show  latitude, 
longitude,  temperature,  or  the  like  on  a 
map  or  the  globe:  the  line  being  specifically 
the  equator;  a  row  of  things;  a  straight  row 
of  soldiers  drawn  up  with  an  extended 
front;  a  similar  disposition  of  ships  in  pre- 
paration for  an  engagement;  a  straight  row 
of  words  or  figures  between  two  margins  (a 
page  of  thirty  lines);  the  words  which 
form  a  certain  number  of  poetical  feet;  a 
verse;  an  outline,  contour,  lineament  (a 
ship  of  fine  lines);  a  short*pistle,  one  as  it 
were  consisting  of  only  a  line  of  writing; 
course  of  thought,  conduct,  occupation, 
policy,  or  the  like,  conceived  as  directed 
towai'd  an  end  or  object;  a  continuous  or 
connected  series,  as  of  descendants  from  a 
common  progenitor;  a  series  of  public  con- 
veyances.as coaches, steamers.and  the  like, 
passing  between  places  with  regularity  (a 
line  of  ships  to  New  Zealand) ;  /urt.  ipl.) 
works  made  to  cover  extended  positions, 
and  presentinga  front  in  only  one  direction 
to  the  enemy;  as  a  measure,  the  twelfth 
part  of  an  inch. — Agonic  lines.  Agonic — 
lAneo/collimation.  Collimation. —  Visual 
line,  the  line  or  ray  conceived  to  pass  from 
an  object  to  the  eye.— Line  of  defence,  mil. 
the  distance  of  any  part  of  a  fortification 
from  the  work  that  flanks  it —Equinoctial 
line,the  equator;  the  equinoctial .  —Lines  of 
force,  in  elect,  the  lines  along  which  resul- 
tant force  acts.  —  Jsoclinal,  isodynamic, 
isogonic  lines.  See  the  adjectives.— Jfer- 
idian  line,  a  line  drawn  at  any  station  to 
show  the  directions  of  true  north  and 
south.  —  Troops  of  the  line,  the  ordinary 
infantry  of  an  army. — A  ship  of  the  line, 
formerly  a  ship  of  seventy-four  guns  and 
upwards.— Line  of  beauty,  a  fanciful  sort 
of  graceful  line,  to  which  different  artists 
have  given  different  forms.— i*'rawiAo/er's 
lines,  the  dark  lines  observed  crossing  a 
spectrum  at  right  angles  to  its  length, 
named  after  Fraunlwfer,  a  Bavarian  op- 
tician who  first  thoroughly  investigated 
theva.—v.t.—lui£d,  lining  To  draw  lines 
upon;  to  mark  with  lines  or  thread-like 
strokes. — Liner,  li'ni-r,  n  A  ship  of  the 
line;  also  one  of  a  line  of  ocean-going  ships. 
Line,  lin,  v.t. — lined,  lining.  [0  E.  line,  flax 
or  linen,  the  original  meaning  being  to 
double  a  garment  with  linen;  ultimate 
origin  same  as  that  of  preceding  word.] 
To  cover  on  the  inside;  to  protect  by  a 
layer  on  the  inside  (to  line  a  garment);  to 

£ut  in  the  inside  of  (to  line  one's  purse).— 
ining,  liii'ing,  n.  The  covering  of  the 
inner  surface  of  anything;  a  substance 
of  some  kind  forming  an  inside  and 
strengthening  layer. 

Ijneage,  lin'e-aj,  n.  [Fr.  lignage,  from 
ligiie.li.  linea, a.lme.  Line.]  Descendants 
in  a  line  from  a  common  progenitor;  line 
of  descent  from  an  ancestor;  race;  progeny' 
— Uneal,  lin'e-al,  a.  [L.  linealia]  Com- 
posed of  lines;  in  a  direct  line  from  an 
ancestor;  hereditary;  pertaining  to  or 
ascertained  by  a  line  or  lines  (lineal  mea- 
sure).—IJneaUy,  lin'6-al-Ii,  adv.  In  a  lin- 
eal manner;  in  a  direct  line  of  descent. 
—  Lineament,  lin"'e-a  ment,  n.  [L.  lin- 
eamentum.]  The  outline  or  contour  of  a 
body  or  figure,  particularly  of  the  face; 
a  line  of  form  or  feature.  —  Linear,  lin'6- 
6r,  a.  [L.  linearis.]  Pertaining  to  a  line; 
consisting  of  lines;  lineal;  in  bot.  like  a 
line  in  form;  long  and  slender.  —  Linear 
perspective,  that  which  regards  only  the 
positions,vjnagnitudes,  and  forms  of  the 
objects  delineated.  —  Linearly,  lin'e-tr-li, 
adv.  In  a  linear  manner.  —  Lineate,  Lin- 
eated,  Llieolate,  lin'e-at,  lin'e-a-ted,  lin'- 
e-o-lat,  a.  Bot.  marked  longitudinally 
with  depressed  parallel  lines. 

Linen,  lin'en,  n.  [Properly  an  adj.  signify- 
ing made  of  flax,  from  A.  Sax.  lin,  flax, 
L.  linum,  Gr.  linon,  flax;  comp.  Armor. 
lin,  W.  llin,  flax.]  Cloth  made  of  flax;  a 
flaxen  fabric  or  material;  underclothing 
in  general,  because  chiefly  made  of  linen 
or  similar  materials. — a.  5lade  of  flax,  or 
yam  from  flax.— Linen-drai>er,  n.  A  per- 
son who  sells  linen  goods  by  retail. 

Ling,  ling,  n.  [D.  ling;  Dan.  and  N.  lange; 
a.  lertg,  langfisch;  so  named  from  being 


Eate,  far,  fat,  fall;    jae,,met, Ji^^    vEoae*  pin;  -vuOte,  not,  mOvei  ^..tabe  tub,  b\ill;     oil,  pound;  *  ti,  Scl^abune— the  Fr.  j*. 


LING 


399 


LIST 


long-^  A  fish  of  the  cod  family,  xather  long 
in  proportion  to  its  thickness,  abounding 
in  the  British  seas,  and  salted  and  dried 
in  great  numbers. 

Xing,  ling,  n.  [Icel.  and  Dan.  lyng,  hear 
ther.]    Common  heather. 

Lingam,  ling 'gam,  n.  [Skr.]  A  conven- 
tional symbol  of  the  male  organ  of  gener- 
ation, held  sacred  among  the  Hjndus. 

Linger,  ling'gSr,  v.i.  [From  A.  Sax.  lenpra, 
compar.  of  lang,  long;  comp.  the  verb  lower, 
from  compar.  of  low.)  To  delay;  to  loiter; 
to  lag  or  hang  behind;  to  be  slow  to  move 
or  act;  to  hesitate;  to  remain  long  (the  dis- 
ease lingers).— v.t  To  spend  in  a  weari- 
some manner:  with  out  or  away.— Linger- 
er, ling'g6r-6r,  n.  One  who  lingers. — Lin- 
gering, ling'ger-ing,  p.  and  a.  Remaining 
or  continuing  long;  protracted  (a  linger- 
ing disease).— Lingeringly,  ling'ger-ing-li, 
adv.    In  a  lingering  manner. 

Lingo,  ling'go,  n.  [L.  lingua,  the  tongue.] 
Language;  speech;  a  contemptuous  term 
for  language  one  does  not  imderstand. 
[Vulgar.] 

Lingual,  lin^'gwal,  a.  [L.  lingiitt,  the 
tongue,  originally  dingua;  cog.  with  E. 
tongue  (comp.  L.  lacrima,  E.  tear).]  Per- 
taining to  the  tongue;  pronounced  chiefly 
by  means  of  the  tongue.— n.  A  letter  pro- 
nounced chiefly  by  means  of  the  tongue, 
as  I,  r.  —  Linguadehtal,  ling-gwa-den'tal, 
a.  [L.  lingua,  tongue,  and  dens,  a  tooth.1 
Uttered  by  the  joint  use  of  the  tongue  and 
teeth,  as  the  letters  d  and  t.—n.  A  sound 
80  uttered.— Linguiform,  Ung'gwi-form,  n. 
Having  the  form  or  shape  of  a  tongue.— 
Linguist,  ling'gwist,  n.  A  person  skilled 
in  languages;  one  who  knows  several  lan- 

guages. — Linguister,t  ling'gwis-ter,  n  A 
abbler  in  linguistics. — Linguistic,  ling- 
fwis'tik,  a.  Relating  to  language  or  to 
he  affinities  of  language;  philological.— 
Linguistics,  ling-gwis'tiks,  n.  The  science 
of  language,  or  of  the  origin,  signifi'ca- 
.tions,  affinities,  and  application  of  words; 
comparative  philology.  —  Lingula,  ling'- 
ga-la,  n.  [Lit.  little  tongue,  from  the 
shape  of  the  valves.]  A  remarkable  genus 
of  brachiopodous  molluscs  found  fossil  in 
the  early  Silurian  period  and  still  living. 
— Lingulate,',  ling'gu-lat,  a.  Shaped  like 
the  tongue  or  a  strap;  Ugulate. 

Liniment,  lin'i-ment,  n.  [L.  linimentum, 
from  lino,  to  anoint  (letter,  literature,  being 
from  same  stem).]  Med.  a  species  of  soft 
ointment,  of  a  stimulating  or  soothing 
character,  to  be  rubbed  into  the  skin. 

Lining,  n.    Under  Line. 

Link,  lingk,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hlence,  Sw.  Wnk, 
Dan.  l(Bnke,  Icel.  hlekkr,  a  link;  G.  gelenk, 
a  joint,  a  link  (from  lenken,  to  bend).]  A 
single  ring  or  division  of  a  chain;  any- 
thing doubled  and  closed  like  a  link;  some- 
thing that  serves  to  connect  one  thing  or 
part  with  another;  any  constituent  part 
of  a  connected  series;  land-measuring,  a 
division  of  Gunter's  chain,  havinga  length 
of  7'92  inches;  mach.  any  straight  rod  cout 
necting  two  rotating  pieces  by  flexible 
joints.— t;.i.  To  connect  by,  or  as  if  by,  a 
link  or  links;  to  unite  or  join.— w.i.  To  be 
joined  or  connected:  with  together  or  in. — 
Link-motion,  n.  Motion  communicated 
by  links,  applied  especially  to  a  system  of 
gearing  for  working  the  valves  of  a  loco- 
motive-engine. 

Link,  lingk,  n.  [Origin  uncertain ;  perhaps 
equivalent  to  lint,  the  first  part  of  lin- 
stock.'] A  torch  made  of  tow  or  other  ma- 
terials, with  tar  or  pitch.— Link-boy,  Link- 
man,  n.  A  boy  or  man  that  carries  a 
link  to  light  passengers. 

Links,  lingks,  n.  pi.  [A.  Sax.  Kline,  rising 
ground;  same  root  as  L.  clivus,  sloping. 
Decline.]  A  stretch  of  flat  or  slightly  un- 
dulating grouiid  on  the  sea-shore  lying 
uncultivated.    [Scotch.] 

Linnsean,  Linnean,  lin-ue'an,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Linnaeus,  the  celebrated  botanist. 

Linnet,  lin'et,  n.  [A.  Sax.  linet;  Pr.  linot, 
linotte,  from  L.  linum,  flax.]  One  of  the 
commonest  of  British  singing  birds,  fre- 
quenting open  heaths  and  commons. 

Lmoleom,  li-no'le-um,  n.  [L.  linum,  flax, 
and  oleum,  oil.]  A  preparation  of  linseed- 
oil  with  chloride  of  sulphur,  which  when 
mixed  with  ground  cork  and  pressed  upon 


canvas  forms  floor-cloth;  the  floor-cloth 
thus  produced. 

Unseed,  lin'sed,  n.  [O.E.  lin,  flax.  Line.] 
Tlie  seed  of  flax. — Linseed-cake,  n.  The 
solid  mass  which  remains  when  oil  is  ex- 
pressed from  flax-seed,  used  as  food  for 
cattle  and  sheep.— Linseed-meal,  n.  Meal 
made  from  flax-seed.— Linseed-oil,  n.  An 
oil  procured  by  pressure  from  the  seed  of 
flax.— Linsey-woolsey,  lin'si-wul-si,  n.  A 
fabric  made  of  linen  and  wool;  an  incon- 
gruous mixture  {Shak.).—a.  Made  of  linen 
and  wool  mixed;  of  different  and  unsuit- 
able ingredients. 

Linstock,  lin'stok,  n.  [For  lintstock,  lunt- 
stock,  from  D.  lont,  Dan.  lunte,  a  match, 
and  stock,  a  stick.]  A  staff  with  a  crotch 
or  fork  at  one  end  to  hold  a  lighted  match, 
used  in  firing  cannon. 
Lint,  lint,  n.  [A.  Sax.  linet,  L.  linteum, 
linteus,  from  linum,  flax.  Line.]  Flax; 
Mnen  scraped  into  a  soft  substance,  and 
used  for  dressing  wounds  and  sores. 
Lintel,  lin'tel,  n.  [O.Fr.  lintel,  Fr.  linteau, 
from  L.L.  limitellug,  dim.  from  L.  limes, 
limitis,  a  limit.  Limit.]  The  horizontal 
piece  of  timber  or  stone  over  a  dpor,  win- 
dow, or  similar  opening. 
Lion,  li'on,  n.  [Fr.  lion,  from  L.  lea,  leo- 
nis,  a  Uon;  Gr.  leOn.]  A  well-known  car- 
nivorous animal,  of  a  tawny  colour,  hav- 
ing a  fuU-flowSng  mane  in  the  male,  and 
a  tufted  tail;  a  sign  of  the  zodiac;  Leo;  an 
object  of  interest  and  curiosity  (the  lion  of 
the  day;  to  visit  the  lions  of  the  place):  a 
usage  derived  from  the  time  when  ihe 
lions  kept  in  the  Tower  of  London  w«re 
one  of  the  chief  sights  to  which  strangers 
were  taken.— iioji's  provider,  a  popular 
name  for  the  jackal. — Lion's  share,  the 
whole  or  a  veiy  disproportionate  share  in 
advantages.— Lionel,  Lionet,  li'on-el,  li'on- 
et,  n.  A  lion's  whelp;  a  young  lion. — 
Lioness,  li'on-es,  n.  The  female  of  the 
lion. —Lion-hearted,  a.  Haying  a  lion's 
courage;  brave  and  magnanimous. — Lion- 
Ism,  li'on-izm,  n.  The  attracting  of  notice 
as  a  lion;  the  treating  of  a  person  as  an 
object  01  curiosity. — Lionize,  li'on-iz,  v.t. 
To  visit,  as  the  objects  of  curiosity  in  a 
place;  to  treat  as  a  lion  or  object  of  curio- 
sity and  interest.— t).i.  To  visit  the  objects 
of  interest  of  a  place. 

Lip,  lip,n.  [A.  Sax.  lippe^D.  lip,  Dan.  and 
G.  lippe;  allied  to  verb  to  Jap;  Lith.  lupa. 
Per.  lah.  Hind,  hib,  L.  labium,  lip;  lambo, 
to  lap.]  The  name  of  the  two  fleshy  or 
musculpr  parts  (upper  and  lower)  covering 
the  front  teeth  in  man  and  many  other 
animals;  something  similar;  the  edge  or 
border  of  something  hollow  (as  a  vessel,  a 
wound);  brink  or  margin. — v.t.  To  touch, 
as  with  the  lip;  to  kiss.— Lip-devotion,  n. 
Prayers  uttered  by  the  lips  without  the 
desires  of  the  heart.  —  Lip-language,  ».. 
Oral  or  articulate  language,  iu  contradis- 
tinction to  the  lanOTage  of  signs. — Lipped, 
lipt,  a.  Having  lips.  —  Lip-reading,  n. 
Understanding  what  one  says  from  the 
movement  of  his  lips :  used  in  regard  to 
the  deaf  and  dumb.— Lip-service,  n.  A 
mere  verbal  profession  of  service.  —  Lip- 
TOlsdom,  n.  Wisdom  in  talk  without  prac- 
tice. 

Lijiogram,  li'po-gram ,  n.  [Qr.leipo,  to  leave, 
and  frramma,  a  letter.]  A  writing  in  which 
a  particular  letter  is_  wholly  omitted. — 
Lipogrammatic,  li'po-gram -mat"ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  lipograms.— Upogrammat- 
ism,  li-po-gram'mat-izm,  n,.  The  art  of 
writing  lipograms.  —  Lipogrammatist,  li- 
po-gram'mat-ist,  n.  One  who  writes  lipo- 
grams. 

Lippitude,  lip'i-tQd,  n.  [L.  lippitudo,  from 
lippus,  blear-eyed.]  Soreness  of  eyes; 
biearedness. 

Liquate,  liTcwat.K.i.  anAt.—liQuated,  liquat- 
ing. ['L.liquo,liquatum,.  lijQXHD.]  To  melt; 
to  liquefy;  metal,  to  separate  from  a  less 
fusible  metal,  by  applying  just  sufficient 
heat  to  melt  the  more  easily  liquefiable. — 
LiciTiation,  li-kwa'shon,  n.  The  act  or  oper- 
ation of  liquating. — Liqttefacient,  lik-w5- 
fa'shi-ent,  n.  That  which  causes  to  melt, 
—liquefaction,  lik-we-fak'shon,  n.  [L. 
.  limteo,  to  be  fluid,  and  facio,  to  make.] 
•The  act  or  operation  of  melting  or  dissol- 
ving; a  becoming  liquid;  the  state  of  be- 


ing melted.— Liqueflablo,  lik've-fi-a-bl,  oJ 
Capable  of  being  liquefied.— Liquefy,  llk'- 
w5-fi,  v.t— liquefied,  liquefying.  To  con- 
vert from  a  solid  form  to  that  of  a  liquid; 
to  melt  by  heat.— w.i.  To  be  meltea;  to 
become  liquid.  — Liquescency,  li-kwes'en- 
si,  n.  The  condition  of  being  liquescent.' 
—Liquescent,  li-kwes'ent,  a.  [L.  liquesco, 
to  melt.)    Melting;  becoming  fluid. 

Liqueur,  li-kar'  or  li-k6r',n.  [Fr.,  lit.  liquor.] 
A  beverage  composed  of  water,  alcohol, 
sugar,  and  some  infusion  or  extract  from 
fruits,  spices,  and  various  aromatic  sub- 
stances. 

Liquid,  lik'wid,  a.  [L.  liquidus,  from 
liqueo,  to  melt,  from  root  seen  also  in  lino, 
to  smear  (whence  liniment),  litera,  a  letter 
(whence  letter,  literature,  obliterate);  Skr. 
li,  to  melt.]  Composed  of  particles  that 
move  freely  among  each  other  on  the 
slightest  pressure;  fluid;  not  solid;  flow- 
ing smoothly  or  easily  to  the  ear;  devoid 
of  harshness;  pronounced  wit'n  a  slight 
contact  of  the  organs  of  articulation; 
smooth  in  sound  (a  liquid  letter).  — n.  A 
liquid;  matter  in  the  form  of  water, 
wine,  milk,  &c.;  a  non-elastic  fluid;  a  let- 
ter or  sound  pronounced  with  a  smooth 

.  flowing  sound,  as  I  and  r.— Llquldambar, 
lik'wid-am-bar,  n.  [That  is  liquid  amber.] 
A  kind  of  fragrant  gum  or  resin  from 
several  trees.— Liquidate,  Uk'wi-dat,  v.t.— 
liquidated,  liquidating.  [Fr.  liquider,  L. 
liquido.]  To  make  liquid;  to  ascertain,  or 
reduce  to  precision  in  amount;  to  adjust; 
■to  dissolve  or  clear  off  (debts  or  liabilities); 
to  pay;  com.  to  wind  up,  as  the  affairs 
of  a  flrpi  or  company,  by  settling  with  its 
debtors  and  creditors,  apportioning  the 
amount  of  profit  and  loss  of  each  partner 
or  shareholder,  &c.  —  Liquidation,  lik-wi- 
da'shon,  n.  The  act  of  liquidating. — 
Uquidator,  lik-wi-da't6r,  n.  One  who 
liquidates;  a  person  appointed  to  conduct 
the  winding  up  of  the  affairs  of  a  firm 
or  company. —  Liquidity,  lik-wid'i-ti,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  liquid. — 
Liquidize,  lik'wid-iz,  v.t.  To  make  liquid. 

.  — Liquidly,  lik'wid-li,  adv.  In  a  liquid 
manner.— Liquidness,  lik'wid-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  liquid.— Liquor,  lik'^r,  n. 
[L.  liquor,  from  liqueo,  to  melt.]  A  liquid 
or  fluid  substance;  often  specifically,  an 
intoxicating  beverage;  drink.- /n  li(pior, 
intoxicated.— v.t.  To  moisten;  to  drench. 
—v.i.  To  drink,  especially  intoxicating  li- 
quor.   [CoUoq.] 

Liquorice,  lik'er-is,  n.  [L.L.  liquiritia,  from 
Pr.  liquerice,  Gr.  glyki/rrhiza  —  glykys. 
sweet,  and  rhiza,  root.]  A  perennial  plant 
of  the  bean  family,  the  roots  of  which 
supply  a  well-known  sweet  juice. 

Lira,  le'ra,  n.  pi.  Lire,  le'ra.  (Prom  L. 
libra,  a  pound,  whence  also  Fr.  livre.]  An 
Italian  silver  coin  equivalent  to  a  franc, 
or  lOd.  nearly. 

Lisk,  lisk,  n.  [Dan.  lyske,  the  groin.]  The 
flank  or  groin.    [Old  and  Provincial.] 

Lisp,  lisp,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  wlisp,  vjlips,  lisping; 
D.  lispen,  Dan.  Icespe,  Sw.  Idspa,  to  lisp; 
G.  lispeln,  to  whisper,  to  lisp.]  To  pro- 
nounce the  sibilant  letters  s  and  z  imper- 
fectly, as  by  giving  the  sound  of  th  or  dh; 
to  speak  imperfectly,  as  a  child.— w.J.  To 
pronounce  with  a  lisp  or  imperfectly. — 
n.  The  habit  or  act  nf  Usping;  the  habitual , 
utterance  of  th  for  s.  —  Llsper,  lis'p6r,  n. 
One  who  Usps.— Lispingly,  lis'ping-li,  ddv. 
In  a  lisping  manner. 

Lissencephalous,  Lissencephalate,  lis-en- 
sef'a-lus,  lis-en-sef'a-lat,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  lissos, 
smooth,  and  encephalos,  brain.]  Having 
the  hemispheres  of  the  brain  smooth  or 
with  few  surface  convolutions:  said  of 
animals  (bats,  rodents,  &c.). 

Lissom,  Lissome,  lis'um,  a.  [For  Uthes07)ie. 
Lithe.]  Supple;  flexible;  lithe;  nimble; 
active.— Iiissomeness,  lis'um-nes, ».  State 
of  being  lissome. 

List,  list,  n.  [A.  Sax.  list,  selvedge— Icel. 
listi,  Sw.  list,  Dan.  liste,  a  fillet,  a  selvedge; 

.  G.  leiste,  a  strip,  a  border;  D.  lijst,  border, 
margin,  catalogue.]  The  edge  or  selvedge 
woven  on  cloth;  a  strip  of  cloth;  a  fillet;  a 
limit  or  boundary;  aline  inclosingafield  of 
combat  or  tournament  ground;  hence,  pi. 
the  ground  or  field  inclosed  for  a  combat 
or  competition;  a  roll  or  catalogue  (a  list 


ch,  cftain;     ch,ScAoehi^   g>Co;     j,;obj^   n,  Pr.  ton;     ng,  sinj;;     ^a,theaith,thia\     w,  tdg;     wh,  wiiig;     zh,  azure. 


LIST 


400 


LITTLE 


of  names).— Oifil  list  Under  Cini.— ».<. 
To  enrol;  to  enlist;  to  fit  or  cover  with  list. 
—v.i.  To  enlist,  as  in  the  army. 

Llat,  list,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  lystan,  to  ■wish  (used 
impers.),  from  lust,  pleasure;  so  Icel.  lyata, 
Dan.  Jygte,  D.  lusten,  from  the  noun.  Lust.] 
To  desire  or  choose ;  -to  be  disposed ;  to 
please.  [Sometimes  impers.  with  .dative 
of  a  pronoun.]— n.  Navt.  an  inclination  to 
one  side  (the  ship  hae  a  list  to  port). 

List  J  list,  v.i.  [Original  form  of  listen, 
which  is  a  lengthened  form  from  A.  Sar. 
hlystan,  to  listen,  from  hlyst,  hearing,  like 
Icel.  hlusta,  to  listen,  from  hlust,  an  ear; 
allied  to  A.  Sax.  hlosnian,  to  hear;  W.  dust, 
an  ear;  L.  duo,  Gr.  kluO,  to  hear;  and  to 
E.  loud.]  To  hearken;  to  attend;  to  listen. 
— v.t.  To  listen  to. — Listen,  lig'n,  v.i.  'io 
attend  closely  with  a  view  to  hear;  to  give 
ear;  to  hearken.  —  Listener,  lis'n-^r,  n. 
One  who  listens;  a  hearkener. 

Listless,  listles,  a.  [0.£.  Ust,  A.  Sax.  lyst, 
desire,  pleasure.  See'Lisi,  to  desire.]  In- 
different to  or  taking  no  pleasure  in  what 
is  passing;  languid  and  indifferent;  unin- 
terested; vacant.  —Listlessly,  list'les-li, 
adv.  In  a  listless  manner.— Listlessness, 
listles-nes,  n.    The  state  of  being  listless. 

Lit,  lit,  pret.  &  pp.  of  light,  to  kindle;  also 
sometimes  of  light,  to  alight,  to  chance. 

Litany,  lit'a-ni,  n.  [Fr.  litanie:  Gr.  Utq,neia, 
from  litanino,  to  pray,  IU6,  a  prayer.]  A 
solemn  supplication  used  in  public  wor- 
ship: a  collection  of  short  supplications  in 
the  .BooJfc  of  Common  Prayer,  uttered  by 
the  priest  and  people  alternately. 

Litcbi,  lich'i,  n.  A  delicious  fruit  yielded 
\)y  a  tree  belonging  to  China  and  the 
Malayan  Archipelago. 

Literal,  lit'er-al,  a.  [L.  literalis,  frpm  lU- 
cra,  a  letter.  Letter.]  According  to  the 
letter  or  verbal  expression;  not  figurative 
or  metaphorical ;  following  the  letter  or 
exact  words;  not  free  (a  literal  transla- 
tion); consisting  of  or  expressed  by  letters. 
— Literalism,  lit'er-al-izm,  n.  The.  act  of 
adhering  to  the  letter ;  a  mode  of  inter- 
preting literally.— Literalist,  lit'6r-al-ist, 
n.   One  who  practises  literalism;  an  inter- 

fireter  according  to  the  letter.— Literality, 
it-6r-al'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  lit- 
eral—Lite  ralization,  lit'6r-al-i-za'shon,n. 
The  act  of  literalizing.— Literalize,  lit'fer- 
al-iz,  v.t.  To  render  literal;  to  interpret 
literally.— Literally,  lit'«r-al-li,  adv.  In  a 
literal  manner  or  sense;  according  to  the 
primary  and  natural  import  of  words;  not 
figuratively.— Literalness,  lit'er-al-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  literal.- 
Literary,  lit'fer-a-ri,  a.  (L.  titerariua.'] 
Pertaining  to  letters  or  literature;  treat- 
ing of  or  dealing  with  learning  or  learned 
men;  engaged  in  literature;  consisting  in 
written  or  printed  compositions  (literary 
property).— Literate,  lit'6r-at,  a.  [L.  liter- 
utus.]  Instructed;  learned;  lettered. — 
n.  One  who  has  received  a  certain  univer- 
sity education,  but  has  not  graduated;  a 
literary  man. — Literatim,  lit-tr-a'tim,aaw. 
[L.]  Letter  for  letter.— Literato,  lit-*r-&'- 
to,  n.  pi.  Literati,  lit-er-a'ti.  [It.  litterato.} 
A  literary  man;  a  litteratc'ur.  [Rare  in 
Eingulifr.J— Literator.t  lit'6r-a-t6r,  n.  fL.] 
A  literary  man;  a  litterateur. — Literature, 
lit'6r-a-t.ur,  n.  [L.  literatura.']  Learning; 
literary  knowledge;  literarj-  productions 
collectively;  the  literary  productions  upon 
a  given  subject,  or  a  particular,  branch  of 
knowledge;  the  collective  writings  of  a 
country  or  period;  the  class  of  writings  in 
which  beauty  of  style  is  a  characteristic 
feature;  belles-lettres;  the  literary  profes- 
sion; the  calling  of  authors  of  books,  Ac. 

Lith,  lith,  n.  [A.  Sax.  Hth=-D.  lid,  Dan. 
led,  Icel.  lithr,  Goth,  lithus,  Umb,  joint.] 
A  limb;  a  joint;  a  symmetric^  part  or 
division;  a  member. 

Litharge,  lith'arj,  n.  [Qr.  hihargyros— 
lithos,  stone,  argyros,  silver.]  An  oxide  of 
lead,  much  used  in  assaying  as  a  flux,  and 
entering  into  the  composition  of  the  glaze 
of  common  earthenware. 

Lithe,  liTH,  a.  [A.  Sax.  lithe,  gentle;  G. 
linde,  gelind,  Dan.  lind,  Icel.  Itnr,  soft, 
mild;  allied  to  L.  lentus,  pliant,  lenis, 
tnild  (whence  lenity).  Hence  lissome.) 
That  may  be  easily  bent;  pliant;  flexible; 
limber.— Litheness,  UiH'nes,  n.    Pliancy; 


flexibility;  Umbemess.— Lithesome,  Uth'- 
sum,  a.    Pliant;  lissome. 

Uthla,  lith'i-a,  n.  [From  Gr.  lithos,  a  stone.] 
The  oxide  of  the  metal  lithium,  of  a  white 
colour,  acrid  and  caustic;  med.  the  fo^-ma- 
tion  of  stone,  gravel,  or  concretions  in  the 
human  body. — Lithic,  lith'ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  consisting  of  stone;  pertaining 
to  stone  in  the  bladder.  —  Lithium,  Uth'i- 
um,  n.  The  metallic  base  of  lithia,  of  a 
silver -white  lustre,  the  lightest  of  all 
known  solids. 

Lithocarp,  Uth'o-kaxp,  n.  [Gr.  lithos,  a 
stone,  and  A:arpo«,_fruit.]    A  fossil  fruit. 

Lithodbme,  lith'o-dom,n.  [Gr.  lithos,  etone, 
and  domos,  a  dwelling.]  One  of  those 
molluscous  animals  which  make  holes  in 
rocks,  shells,  &c.,  in  which  they  lodge.— 
Lithodomoos,  U-thod'o-mus,  a.  Relating 
to  molluscs  which  perforate  stones,  &c. 

Lithofracteur,  lith-o-frak't6r,  n.  [Fr.,from 
Gr.  lithos,  and  Fr.  fracturer,  to  fracture.] 
A  powerful  explosive  compound,compo8ed 
of  nitro-glycerine,  siliceous  earth,  nitrate 
of  soda,  sulphur,  ac. 

Lithogenons,  U-thoj'e-nus,  o.  [Gr.  lithos,  a 
stone,  and  root  gen,  to  produce.]  Stone- 
producing;  pertaining  to  animals  which 
form  coral. 

Lithoglyphlcs,  Lithoglyptics,  lith'o-gKf- 
iks,  lith-o-glip'tiks,  n.  [Gr.  lithos,  a  stone, 
and  glypho,  to  engrave.]  The  art  of  en- 
graving on  precious  stones,  &c.  —  Litho- 
glyphic,  Lith-o-glii'ik,  a.    Relating  to  this 

lithograph,  lith'o-graf,  v.t.  [Gr.  lUhos,  a 
stone,  and  grapho,  to  write.]  To  engrave 
or  trace  on  stone  and  transfer  to  paper, 
&c.,  by  printing.— n.  A  print  from  a  draw- 
ing on  stone.  —  Lithographer,  li-thog'ra- 
f6r,  n.  One  who  practises  lithography.— 
Lithographic,  Lithographical,  lith-o-graf'- 
ik,  lith-o-graf'i-lcal,  o.  Pertaining  to 
lithography;  engraved  upon  or  printed 
from  stone.  —  Lithographic  stone,  litho- 
graphic slate,  a  slaty  compact  limestone, 
of  a  yellowish  coloui:  and  fine  grain,  used 
for  receiving  thedesig^ns  in  lithogrraphj'  — 
Lithographically,  lith-o-graf'i-kal-b,  adv. 
By  the  lithographic  art.— LitSography,  li- 
thog'ra-fi,  71.  The  art  of  writing  or  draw- 
ing with  special  pigments  on  a  peculiar 
kind  of  stone,  and  of  producing  impres- 
sions from  it  on  paper. 

Llthoid,-Lithoidal,  lith'oid,  li-thoi'dal,  a. 
[Gr.  litJws,  a  stone.]  Resembling  a  stone; 
of  a  stony  structure. 

Lithologic,  Llthological,  lith-o-loj'ik,  lith- 
o-loj'i-kal,  o.    [Qr.  lithos,  a  stone,  and 


lithological  manner;  from  a  lithological 
point  of  view.— Lithologist,  li-thol'o-jist, 
n.  A  person  skilled  in  the  science  of 
stones.— Lithology,  li-thol'o-ji,  n.  The 
science  or, natural  history  of  stones;  the 
study  of  the  mineral  structure  of  rocks. 

Lithomarge,  lith'o-mari,  n.  [Gr.  lithos, 
stone,  L.  marga,  marl.]  A  term  applied 
to  varieties  of  clay  of  great  fineness  and 
capable  of  being  fused  into  a  soft  slag. 

Llthontriptor,  lith 'on- trip -t6r,  n.  [Gr. 
lithos,  stone,  and  tribo,  to  grind  down.] 
Same  as  Lithotritor. 

Lithophagous,  li-thof  a-gua,  o.  [Gr.  lithos, 
stone,  and  phago,  to  eat.]  Eating  or  swal- 
lowing stones  or  gravel;  also,  perforating 
stones,  as  certain  mollusca. 

Lithophane,  lith'o-fan,  n.  [Gr.  lithos,  a 
stone,  and  phainO,  to  show.]  A  style  of 
ornamentation  produced  by  impressing 
thin  sheets  of  iwrcelain  in  a  soft  state 
with  figures,  which  become  visible  by 
transmitted  light,  as  in  lamps,  windows, 
&c. 

Lithophotography,  lith'o-fo-tog"ra-fi,  n. 
The  art  of  producing  prints  from  litho- 
graphic stones  by  means  of  photographic 
pictures  developed  on  their  surface. 

Lithophyl,  lith'o-fil,  n.  [Gr.  lithos,  stone, 
phyllon,  a  leaf.]  A  fossil  leaf  or  impres- 
sion of  a  leaf,  or  a  stone  containing  such. 

Llthophyte,  lith'o-fit,  n.  [Gr.  lithos,  stone, 
phyton,  a  plant.]  A  polyp  whose  substance 
IB  stony  or  homy,  as  the  corals.  —  Litho- 
phytlc,  Lithophyions,  lith-o-fit'ik,  li-thof- 
i-tus,  a.    Pertaining  to  lithopuytes. 


Lithotint,  lith'o-tint,  n.  A  tinted  picture 
produced  by  lithography, 
lathotome,  fith'o-tom,  n.  [Gr.  lithos,  stone, 
and  tenmo,  to  cut.]  A  surgical  instrument 
for  cutting  into  the  bladder  in  operations 
for  the  stone.— Lithotomic,  lathotomical, 
lith-o-tom'ik,  lith-o-tom'i-kal,  o.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  performed  by  lithotomy.  —  LI- 
thotomlst,  li-thot'o-mist,,n.  One  who  per- 
forms the  operation  of  lithotomy.— Lithot- 
omy, U-thot'o-mi,  n.  The  operation,  art, 
or  practice  of  cutting  for  the  stone  in  the 
bladder. 

lithotripsy,  lith'o-trip-si,  n.  Same  as  Li- 
thotrity. —IdthotripUst,  lith'o-trip-tist,  n. 
Same  as  iitfwtnttst.— Lithotriptor,  lith'o- 
trip-t6r,  n.  S'ameas  Lithotritor. 
Lithotrity,  U-thot'ri-ti,  n.  (Gr.  lithos,  a 
stone,  and  L.  tero,  tritum,  to  grind.]  The 
operation  of  crushing  to  pieces  a  stone  in 
the  bladder  by  means  of  an  instrument 
called  a  lithotritor.  —  Lithotritic,  lith-o- 
trit'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  lithotrity.— Lith- 
otritist,  lith'o-trit-ist,  n.  One  who  per- 
forms lithotrity.  —  Lithotritor,  lith'o-tn- 
t6r,  n.  An  instrument  for  breaking  to 
pieces  a  stone  in  the  bladder. 
Lithotjrpy,  li-thot'i-pi,  n.  A  peculiar  pro- 
cess of  stereotyping  by  pressing  into  a 
mould,  taken  from  a  form  of  type  a  com- 
position which  hardens  into  a  stony  sub- 
stance.—Lithot3T)e,  lith'o-tip,  n.  A  kind 
<)t  stereotype  plate  produced  by  Uthotypy. 
Litigate,  lit'i-gat,  v.t— litigated,  litigating. 
[L.  litigo,  litigatum — lis,  litis,  strife,  dis- 
pute, and  ago,  tff  carry  on.l  To  make  the 
subject  of- a  lawsuit;  to  bring  before  a 
court  of  law  for  decision. — v.i.  To  carry  on 
a  suit  by  judicial"  process.— Lltigable,  lit'- 
i-ga-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  litigated  or 
defended  at  law. —Litigant,  lit'i-gant,  a. 
Disposed  to  litigate  \  contending  in  law ; 
engaged  in  a  lawsiut.  — n.  A  person  en- 
gaged in  a  lawsuit.— Litigation,  lit-i-ga'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  litigating; 
the  proceedings  in  a  suit  at  law;  a  law- 
suit.- Litigator,  lit'i-ga-ter,  n.  One  who 
litigates.  —  Litigiosity,  li-tij'i-«08"i-ti,  n. 
The  character  of  being  litigious. — Liti- 
gious, li-tij'us,  a.  [L.  litigiosu^,  from  liti- 
ffium,  a  dispute.]  Inclined  to  go  to  law; 
fond  of  litigation;  given  to  bringing  law- 
suits; contcnt'ous.— Litigionsly,  h-tij'us- 
li,ady..  In  a  litigious  manner.— Litigiona- 
ness,  U-tijus-nes, ». 

Litmus,  lit'mus,  n.  [From  G.  lacJcmus,  D. 
Idkmoes — lack,  lacker,  and  mas,  moes,  pulp, 
pap.]  A  colouring  matter  procured  from 
certain  lichens,  used  as  a  test  for  acids, 
paper  tinged  blue  with  it  turning  red 
with  acids,  and  blue  again  with  alkalies. 

Litotes,  li'to-tez,  n.  [Gr.  litotes,  plainness, 
simplicity.]  Rhet.  a  figure  which  expresses 
less  than  what  is  intended  to  be  conveyed. 
Thus, '  a  citizen  of  no  mean  city,*  means, 
'of  an  illustrious  or  important  city.* 

Litre,  le'tr,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  ijtra,  apound.] 
The  French  standard  measure  of  capacity, 
equal  to£I"028  cubic  inches;  the  English 
imperial  gallon  being  fully  4i  litres. 

Litter,  Ut'er,  n.  (Fr.  tttiire,  from  L.L. 
lectaria,  from  L.  leclus,  a  bed;  same  root 
as  lie,  lay.]  A  kind  of  frame  for  support- 
ing a  bed,  in  which  a  person  may  be  borne 
by  men  or  by  a  horse;  straw,  hay,  or  other 
soft  substance,  used  as  a  bed  for  horses 
and  other  animals;  articles  scattered  in  a 
slovenly  manner;  scattered  rubbish;  a 
condition  of  disorder.  —  v.t.  To  furnish 
(animals)  with  litter  or  bedding;  to  spread 
straw,  ic,  for;  to  scatter  in  a  careless  or 
slovenly  manner. — w.t.  To  lie  or  sleep  in 
litter. 

Litter,  lifer,  n.  [Comp.  Icel.  lAtr,  the 
place  where  animals  lay  their  young,  from 
lag,  a  laying;  Sc.  lachter,  the  quantity  of 
eggs  a  hen  lays.)  The  young  produced  at 
a  birth  by  a  quadruped  which  brings  forth 
several  at  a  birth;  a  birth  or  bringing 
forth,  as  of  pigs,  kittens,  rabbits,  puppies, 
kc.—v.t  To  bring  forth  or  give  birth  to: 
said  of  such  quadrupeds  as  the  sow,  cat, 
rabbit.— ».i.  To  bring  forth  a  litter. 

Litterateur,  lit'6r-a-ter,  n.  [Fr.  litterateur. 
Literal.]  A  literary  man;  one  who  adopts 
literature  as  a  profession. 

Little,  lit'l,  a. — comparative  less,  superla- 
tive least  (both  from  a  different  root);  su- 


Fftte,  far,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tube,  tub,  bull ;     oil,  pound;     U,  6c.  abwne— the  Fr.  «. 


LITTORAL 


4C1 


LOATH 


perlativ*  very  rarely  Uttleit.  [A.  Sax.  lyiel, 
1).  luttel,  Icel.  Utill,  Sw.  liten,  Dan.  lulen, 
Hlle,  Goth.  Ieitil8,  little;  sam^  root  as 
lout.]  Small  in  size  or^extent;  not  great 
or  large;  short  in  duration;  small  in  <juan- 
titjr  or  amount;  of  small  dignity,  power, 
or  importance ;  of  small  force  or  weight ; 
slight;  inconsiderable;  small  in  mind; 
petty;  mean;  narrow.—^.  That  which  is 
little;  a  small  quantity,  space,  &c.;  small 
degree  or  scale;  miniature. — A  little,  some- 
what; to  or  in  a  small  degree;  to  a  limited 
extent.  —  By  little  and  little,  by  slow  de- 
grees; gradually adv.  In  a  small  quan- 
tity or  degree.  —  Littleness,  lit'l-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  little. 

Littoral,  Ut'o-ral,  a.  [L.  littoralis,  from 
littus,  littoria,  the  shore.]  Pertaining  to  a 
shore;  inhabiting  ttie  sea-shore. — Littoral 
zone,  the  interval  or  zone  on  a  sea-coast 
between  high  and  low  water  mark. 

Lituate,  Lituiform,  Ut'u-at,  lit'a-i-form,  o. 
[L.  lituus,  a  staff  used  by  the  augurs  in 
taking  omens,  with  a  curled  end.]  Curled 
or  bent  at  one  end  somewhat  similar  to  a 
bishop's  pastoral  staff.— Lituite,  lit'u-!t,n. 
A  fossil  cephalopod  shell  of  a  spiral  form 
at  its  smaller  extremity. 

Litur^,  lit'6r-ji,  n.  [Gr.  leitourgia—leitos, 
public,  from  laoa,  leOa,  the  people,  and 
ergon,  work.]  The  ritual  or  established 
formulas  for  public  worship  in  those 
churches  which  use  prescribed  forms. — 
Liturglc,  Liturgical,  li-tCr'jik,  U-tfer'ji-kal, 
a."  Pertaining  to  a  liturgy  or  to  public 
prayer  and  worship.  —  Liturgies,  li-tftr'- 
jiks,  n.  The  doctrine  or  theory  of  litur- 
gies.—Liturgiology,  lit'6r-ji-oro-ji,  n.  The 
science  or  system  of  public  ecclesiastical 
ceremonifes. — Liturgist,  lit'6r-jist,  n.  One 
who  favours  or  adheres  to  a  liturgy. 

Live,  liv,  v.i.— lived,  living.  [A.  Sax.  lifian, 
to  live  or  dwell;  L.G.  and  D.  leven,  Icel. 
Ufa,  Dan.  leve,  G.  leben,  Goth,  liban,  to 
live;  akin  life;  same  root  as  leave,  the  ori- 
ginal meaning  being  to  be  left,  to  survive.] 
To  have  life;  to  be  capable  of  performing 
the  vital  functions;  to  continue;  to  remain 
still  effective;  not  to  perish;  to  pass  or  spend 
life  in  a  particular  manner;  to  conduct 
one's  self  m  life;  to  regulate  one's  life;  to 
abide,  dwell,  reside;  to  feed,  subsist,  be 
nourished  and  supported  (to  live  on  grass 
or  insects);  to  acquire  a  livelihood;  Scrip. 
to  be  exempt  from  spiritual  death.  —  v.t. 
To  pass  or  spend  (to  live  a  life  of  ease). — 
To  live  dovm,  to  live  so  as  to  subdue  or 
give  the.  lie  to;  to  prove  false  by  the  course 
of  ones  life  (to  live  down  a  calumny). — 
Liver,  liv'er,  n.  One  who  lives ;  one  who  re- 
sides; a  resident;  one  who  lives  in  a  cer- 
tain manner  (the  manner  being  expressed 
by  an  adjective). — Living,  liv'ing,  p.  and  a. 
Having  life;  not  dead;  producing  action, 
animation,  and  vigour;  quickening. — Liv- 
ing force,  in  physics,  the  force  of  a  Dody  in 
motion. — Living  rock,  eock  in.  its  natural 
place  and  condition.  —  The  living,  those 
who  are  alive.— n.  Means  of  subsistence; 
livelihood;  power  of  continuing  life;  man- 
ner of  life;  the  benefice  of  a  clergyman. — 
Livingly,  liv'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  living  state 
or  manner. — Livingness,  liv'ing-nes,  n. 
State  of  being  alive. 

Live,  liv,  a.  [Short  for  alive,  that  is, '  in 
life.']  Having  life;  alive;  not  dead  (a  live 
ox;  a  live  plant);  ignited;  not  extinct  (a 
live  coal);  vivid,  as  colour. — Live  salesman, 
a  person  whose  business  it  is  to  sell  live 
stock. — Live  stock,  the  quadrupeds  and 
other  animals  employed  or  reared  on  a 
farm. — Lived,  livd,  S.  Having  a  life;  ex- 
isting: used  in  composition  (\otxg-lived, 
ehoii -lived).  —  Livelihood,  liv'li-hud,  n. 
[Corrupted  from  O.E.  liflode,  livelode,  A. 
Sax.  llf-ldde,  lit.  life  -  leading,  lead  or 
course  of  life;  from  lif,  life,  and  Idd,  a 
leading,  as  in  lod£,  lodestone  or  toadstone.] 
Means  of  maintaining  life;  support  of  life; 
maintenance.— Liveliiy,  liv'li-li,  adv.  In 
a  lively  manner. — Liveliness,  liv'li-nes,  n. 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  lively  or  ani- 

,  mated. -.-Livelong,  liv'long,  a.  That  en- 
dures long;  lasting;  durable. — Livelong 
day,  day  throughout  its  whole  length;  en- 
tire day.— Lively,  liv'li,  a.  Brisk;  viva- 
cious; active;  animated;  spirited;  living; 
lifelike;  strong,  energetic,  keen  (a  lively 


faith  or  hope);  fresh;  bright:  said  of  col- 
ours.—adw.  In  a  lively  manner.— -Live-oak, 
n.  A  species  of  oak  of  the  United  States 
yielding  very  valuable  timber. 
Liver,  liv'er,  n.  [A.  Sax.  lifer,  D.  and  Dan. 
lever,  Icel.  lifr,  G.  leber;  root  doubtful.] 
The  glandular  organ  which  in  animals 
secretes  the  bile;  in  man  placed  in  the 
right  upper jide  and  towards  the  front  of 
the  abdominal  cavity.— Liver-colour,  Liv- 
er-coloured, a.  Of  the  colour  of  the  liver; 
reddish-brown.— Livered,  liv'erd,  a.  Hav- 
ing a  liver:  used  in  composition  (white- 
livered).  —Liver-fluke,  n.  A  fluke-worm. 
—Liverwort,  liv'6r-w6rt,  n.  [From  the 
appearance  of  the  plants.]  One  of  an 
order  of  cryptogamic  plants,  closely  allied 
to  the  mosses. 

Livery,  liv'6r-i,  n.  [Fr.  livrie,  a  giving  out, 
something  given  out  or  delivered  over, 
from  livre,  pp.  of  livrer,  to  deliver,  from 
L.  Zibfiro,  to  liberate.  Liberal.]  Release^: 
deliverance  (Mil.)X;  an  allowance  of  food 
statedly  given  out,  as  to  a  family,  to  ser- 
vants, to  horses,  &c.i ;  hence,  the  state  of 
a  horse  that  is  kept  and  fed  at  a  certain 
rate  (to  keep  horses  at  livery);  a  distinctive 
dress  in  which  the  male  servants  of  some 
person  of  position  are  clad;  a  distinctive 
garb  worn  by  any  body  or  association  of 
persons;  the  body  or  association  of  persons 
wearing  such  a  garb;  characteristic  cover- 
ing or  outward  appearance  (the  livery  of 
May,  of  grief).— u.t.  To  clothe  in,  or  as  in, 
livery.— Livery-company,  n.  A  company 
of  London  liverymen.— liversrman,  liv'fer- 
i-man,n.  One  who  wears  a  livery;  a  mem- 
ber of  one  of  the  free  guilds  or  companies 
of  the  city  of  London.— Livery-servant,  n. 
A  servant  who  wears  a  livery.  —  Livery- 
atable,  n.  A  stable  where  horses  are  kept 
for  hire. 

Livid,  liv'id,  a.  [L.-  lividus,  from  liveo,  to 
be  black  and  blue.]  Black  and  blue;  of  a 
lead  colour;  discoloured,  as  flesh  by  contu- 
sion.- Livldity,  Lividneas,.  li-vid'i-ti,  liv'- 
id-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  livid. 
Livraison,  le-vra-zon,  n.  [Fr.,  from  livrer, 
to  deliver.  LivBiiy.]  One  of  the  parts  or 
numbers  of  a  book  issued  in  parts. 
Livre,  le-vr,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  libra,  a  pound.] 
An  old  French  money  of  account,  super- 
seded by  the  franc. 

Lizivlal,  Lixivlous,  lik-siv'i-al,  lik-siv'i-us, 
a.  [li.  lixivius,  made  into  lye,  lixivium, 
lye,  from  lix,  ashes.]  Pertaining  to  lye  or 
the  water  impregnated  with  alkaline  salt 
extracted  from  wood-ashes;  of  the  nature 
of  lye;  obtained  by  lixiviation.— Lixiviate, 
lik-siv'i-at,  v.t.  To  subject  to  the  process 
of  lixiviation.  — Uxivlation,  lik-siv '  i-a"- 
shon,  n.  The  process  of  extracting  alka- 
line salts  from  ashes  by  pouring  water  on 
them,  the  water  passing  through  them 
taking  up  the  salts  and  thus  forming  lye. 
— Lixivium,  lik-siv'i-um,  n.  Lye,  that  is, 
water  impregnated  with  alkaline  salts 
taken  up  from  wood-ashes. 
Lizard,  liz'6rd,  n.  (Fr.  lizard,  from  L.  la- 
certa,  a  lizard.]  The  popular  name  of 
many  four-footed,  tailed  reptiles;  naut.  a 
piece  of  rope  with  one  or  more  iron  thim- 
bles in  it  for  ropes  to  lead  through. 
Llama,  la'ma  or  lya'ma,  n.  [A  Peruvian 
word.]  A  hoofed  ruminating  quadruped 
of  South  America,  allied  to  the  camel,  but 
smaller  and  not  having  a  hump. 
Llanos,  lan'oz  or  lya'nOz,  n.  pi.  [Sp.,  from 
L.  planxLS,  level.]  Vast  and  almost  en- 
tirely level  grassy  plains  in  the  northern 
part  of  South  America.  —  Llanero,  lya- 
ner'o,  n.  [Sp.,  from  llano.]  An  inhabitant 
of  the  llanos  of  South  America. 
Lloyd's,  loidz.n.  [Because  the  headquarters 
of  the  underwriters  were  originally  (from 
1716)  Lloyd's  coffee-house.]  A  society  of 
underwriters  and  others  in  London  for 
the  collection  and  diffusion  of  maritime 
intelligence,  the  insurance,  classification, 
and  certification  of  vessels,  and  the  trans- 
action of  business  of  various  kinds  connect- 
ed with  shipping. — Lloyd's  List,  a  London 
daily  publication,  containing  information 
on  shipping  vaattevs.^- Lloyd's  Register,  a 
register  of  British  and  foreign  shipping, 
published  yearly. 

Lo,  13,  exclam.  [A.  Sax.  Id.]  Look;  see; 
behold;  observe. 


Xoach,  Loche,  lOch,  n.  [Fr.  loehe,  a  loach; 
origin  unknown.]  A  small  fish  inhabiting 
clear  streams  in  England,  and  esteemed 
dainty  food. 

Load,  lod,  n.  [O.E.  lode,  a  load,  from  A.  Say. 
hladan,  to  load,  pret.  Mdd.  liADs.]  What 
is  laid  on  or  put  in  anything  for  convey- 
ance; a  burden;  as  much  as  can  be  carried 
at  one  time  by  any  conveyance;  a  grievous 
weight;  an  encumbrance;  something  that 
burdens  or  oppresses  the  mind  or  spirits. 
— v.t.  To  charge  with  a  load;  to  lay  a  bur- 
den on;  to  weigh  down,  oppress,  encum- 
ber; to  bestow  or  confer  in  great  abun- 
dance; to  fill;  to  stuff;  to  make  heavier  for 
some  purpose  by  adding  special  weight;  to 
charge,  as  a  gun  with  powder,  or  with 
powder  and  ball  -or  shot. — To  load  a  cane 
or  a  whip,  to  make  it  serve  as  a  weapon  by 
weighting  it  with  lead  or  iron. — To  load 
dice,  to  make  one  side  heavier  than  the 
other,  80  as  to  cause  the  opposite  to  come 
regularly  up.— To  load  wine,  to  drug  or 
hocus  wine.— Loader,  lo'der,  n.  One  who 
loads. — Load-line,  n.  Naut.  a  line  on  the 
side  of  a  vessel  to  show  the  depth  to  which 
she  sinks  when  not  overloaded. 
Loadstar, Lodestar, lod'star,n.  [Lode,lfiad, 
is  from  A.  Sax.  Idd,  course,  waj'  (the  ter- 
mination of  livelihood),  from  lithan,  to  go 
(akin  to  lead).]  A  star  that  leads  or  serves 
to  gujde;  especiallythe  pole-star. —Load- 
stone, Lodestone,  lod'ston,  n.  An  ore  of 
iron;  the  magnetic  oxide  of  iron,  which 
possesses  the  property  of  attracting  iron, 
and  the  power  of  communicating  this  pro- 
perty to  iron  and  steel,  thus  forming  arti- 
ficial magnets;  hence,  a  magnet. 
Loaf,  lof ,  n.  pi.  Loaves,  lovz.  [A.  Sax.  hUf; 
Icel.  hleifr,  Goth,  hlaibs-,  hlaifs,  O.H.G. 
hUiib,  G.  laib,  leih,  allied  to  Kus.  chljeb, 
Pol.  chleh,  bread,  loaf.  This  word  forms 
part  of  lord,  lady,  and  lammas.]  A  regu- 
larly shaped  or  moulded  mass  of  bread  of 
some  size;  a  conical  lump  of  sugar. — Lca,f- 
sugar,  n.  Sugar  refined  and  formed  into  a 
conical  mass. 

Loaf,  lof,  v.i.  [The  verb  is  from  the  noun 
loafer,  G.  Idufer,  D.  looper,  one  that  runs 
or  gads  about.  Akin-  leap,]  To  lounge; 
to  idle  away  one's  time.— v.t.  To  pass  or 
spend  in  idjeness,  as  time;  to  spend  lazily. 
— Loafer,  lo'f 6r,  n.  A  lazy  or  disreputable 
lounger;  a  lazy  fellow  who  picks  up  a 
living  anyhow. 

Loam,  Kjm,  n..  [A.  Sax.  lam;  D.  leem,  G. 
lehm,  loam,  clay,  allied  to  E.  lime,  nnd 
probably  L.  limus,  slime,  mud.]  A  rich 
soil  compounded  of  sand,  clay,  vegetable 
mould,  &c.;  a  mixture  of  sand,  clay,  &c., 
used  for  moulding  in  iron-founding. — v.t. 
To  cover  with  loam ;  to  clay.  —  Loamy, 
lo'mi,  a.  Consisting  of  loam;  partaking 
of  the  nature  of  loam. 
Loan,  Ion,  n.  [A.  Sax.  Idn  (?),  laen,  a  loan, 
from  lihan,  to  lend ;  Icel.  Idn,  Dan.  laan, 
D.  leen,  a  loan;  same  root  as  L.  linquo,  to 
leave  (whence  relinquish).  Lend.]  The 
act  of  lending  or  condition  of  being  lent; 
a  lending;  that  which  is  lent:  especially,  a 
sum  of  money  lent  at  interest. — v.t.  and  ?'. 
To  lend.— Loanable,  lo'na-bl,  a.  That  may 
be  lent. — Loan-of&ce,  n.  An  ofiice  where 
money  is  lent,  usually  to  be  repfiid  by 
instalments;  a  pawnbroker's  place  of 
business.- Loan-society,  n.  A  society  es- 
tablished for  advancing  money  to  the  in- 
dustrious  classes,  and  receiving  back  the 
same  by  instalments,  with  interest. 
Loath,  loth,  a.  [A.  Sax.  Idth,  hateful, 
odious;  Icel.  leithr,  Dan.  and  Sw.  led, 
O.  H.  G.  leit,  odious.  Often  written  loth.] 
Filled  with  disgustoraversion;  unwilling; 
reluctant;  averse.  —  Loathe,  Ioth,  v.t. — 
loathed, loathing.  [A. Sax. ldthian,to)vd.t&.] 
To  feel  disgust  at;  to  have  an  extreme 
aversion  of  the  appetite  towards;  to  dis- 
like greatly;  to  abhor.— f.i.  To  feel  nausea, 
disgust,  or  abhorrence.— Loather,  loTH'fer, 
n.  One  who  loathes  or  abhors.— Loathful, 
loTH'ful,  a.  Full  of  loathing.— Loathing, 
loTH'ing,  n.  Extreme  disgust,  nausea,  or 
aversion;  abhorrence;  detestation.— Loath- 
Ingly.  loTH'ing-li,  adv.  With  loathing.— 
Loathliness,loTH'li-nes,n.  Loathsomeness. 
—Loathly,  Ioth'II,  a.  Loathsome.— Loath- 
ness,  loTH'nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  loath. 
—Loathsome,  15th 'sum,  a.     Causing  to 


(Jh,  cAaiu;     c/t,  Sq,  looA;     s,go;     j./ob;     »,  Fr.  ton}     ng,  sin^;     th,  tten;  th,  ttinj     w,  idgj    wh,w%;     zh,  figure, 


tOAVES 


'402 


LOGAN 


loathe;  exciting  disgust;  disgusting;  odi- 
ous; detestable. — Loathsomely,  loTH'sum- 
li,  adv.  In  a.  loathsome  manner. — Loath- 
Eomeness,  loiH'sum-nes,  n. 

Loaves,  n.  pi.  of  loaf. 

Lob,  lob,  n.  [W.  Hob,  a  dolt;  allied  to  lub- 
6er.]    A  dolt;  a  lout. 

Lobate,  Lobated.    Under  Lobe. 

Lobby,  lob'i,  n.  [L.L.  lobia,  lohiutn,  4c., 
a  portico,  from  0.  H.G.  latibja,  G.  laube.  an 
arbour,  from  laub,  a  leaf,  foliage.  Leaf. 
Lodge  as  another  form  of  this  word.]  An 
inclosed  space  surrounding  or  communi- 
cating with  one  or  more  apartments;  also, 
a  small  hall  or  waiting-room;  an  entrance- 
hall;  that  part  of  a  hall  of  legislation  not 
appropriated  to  the  official  use  of  the  as- 
sembly. JW 

Lobe,  lob,  n.  [Fr.  lobe,  L.L.  lobits,  from  Gr. 
lobos,  a  lobe.J  A  round  projecting  part  of 
an  organ,  as  of  the  liver,  lungs,  brain,  &c.; 
the  lower  soft  part  of  th  e  ear;  hot.  a  rounded 
projection  or  division  of  a  leaf.  —  Lobate, 
Lobated,  lo '  bat,  lo '  b&-ted,  a.  Consisting 
of  or  having  lobes;  applied  to  the  foot  of 
a  bird  f  umisliud  at  the  side  with  a  broad- 
lobed  membrane. — Lobed,  lobd,  a.  Lobate. 
— Lobe -foot,  n.  A  lobe -footed  bird;  a 
lobiped.  —  Lobe-footed,  n.  Having  the 
toes  lobate  or  bordered  with  membranes, 
as  the  grebes.  —  Lobiped,  lo'bi-ped,  n.  A 
lobe-footed  bird,  such  as  the  coot.— Lobu- 
lar, lob'Q-Ur,  a.  Having  the  character  of 
a  lobule.— Lobulated,  lob'u-l5-ted,  a.  Con- 
sisting of  lobules;  having  small  lobed 
divisions.  —  Lobule,  lob'uT,  n.    [Dim.  of 

ilobe.]    A  small  lobe. 

jLobella,  lo-be'li-a,  n.  [From  Matthew 
Lobel,  physician  and  botanist  to  James  I.] 
A  genus  of  beautiful  plants  belonging  to 
the  bell-flower  family,  a  blue  species  being 
common  in  gardens. 

Iiobscouse,  lob'skous,  n.  [For  lobs-course, 
from  lob  and  course,  that  is,  course  or  dish 
for  lubbers.]  JVaut.  a  hash  of  meat,  bis- 
cuit, &c.,  baked. 

Lobsided,  lob'si-ded,  a.  Same  as  Lopsided. 

Lobster,  lob'stfir,  n.  [A.  Sax.  loppeatere, 
lopystre,  corrupted  from  L.  locusta,  a  lob- 
ster, a  locust.]  The  name  of  certain  long- 
tailed  (macrurous),  ten-footed  crustaceans 
with  large  claws,  allied  to  the  crabs,  and 
used  for  food.  -  -  -^  .^ 

liobular,  Lobnie.    Under  Lobe. 

Lobworm,  lob'w6rm,  n.    The  lugw«y:,"> 

^ocal,  lo'kal,  a.  [L.  loealis,  from  locxis;  -^ 
place,  seen  also  in  lieu,  lieutenant,  allocate, 
collocate,  couch,  allow,  &c.]  Pertaining  to 
a  particular  place;  limited  or  confined  to 
a  spot,  place,  or  definite  district;  med. 
confined  to  a  particular  part  or  organ. — 
n.  A  local  item  of  news;  a  local  railway 
train.  [CoUoq.]- Locale,  lo-kal',  n.  [Fr. 
local,  a  locality.!  A  locality.  —  Localism, 
lOTcal-izm,  n.  The  state  of  being  local;  a 
local  idiom  or  peculiarity  of  speech. — 
Locality,  lO-kal'i-ti,  n.  Position;  situation; 
place;  district;  geopraphical  place  or  situ- 
ation. —  Localization,  lo'kal-i-za"8hon,  n. 
The  act  of  localizinic. — Localize,  lo'kal-iz, 
v.t. — localized, localizing.  To  fix  in  or  assign 
to  a  particular  place;  to  discover  or  detect 
the  pRtce  of.— Locally,  lo'knl-li,  adv.  With 
respect  to  place;  in  place. — Locate,  lO'kat, 
v.t. — located,  locating.  (L.  loco,  locatum.] 
To  set  in  a  particular  spot  or  po.'^ition;  to 
place;  to  settle. — v.i.  To  reside;  to  adopt 
a  fixed  residence.— Location,  lO-ka'shon.n. 
The  act  of  locating;  situation  with  respect 
to  place;  place.  —  Locative,  lo'ka-tiv,  a. 
Gram,  indicating  place  (a  locative  adjec- 
tive; a  locative  case).— n.  The  locative  case; 
a  case  expressing  position. 

Loch,  loch,  n.     (Gael.;  allied  to  lake.]    A 

I  lake;  an  arm  of  the  sea  running  into  the 

'  land,  eRppcially  if  narrow  or  to  some  ex- 
tent land-locked. 

Lochaber-aze,  locA-ab'er,  n.  [From  l,oc}i- 
aber,  in  Invcmesa-shire.]  A  weapon  con- 
sisting of  a  pole  with  an  axe  at  its  upper 
end,  formerly  used  by  the  Highlanders  of 
Scotland. 

Lochia,  lo-ki'a,  n.  [Gr.  locheia.]  The  eva- 
cuations from  the  womb  and  vagina  which 

i  follow  childbirth.  —  Lochial,  lo-ki'al,  o. 
Pertaining  to  the  lochia. 

Lock,  lok,  n.  (A.  Sax.  loca,  loe,  a  lock;  Icel. 
lok,  a  cover,  shutter;  IiiAro,  to  shut;  Dan. 


lukke,  a  lock,  lukke,  to  lock;  D.  luiken,  to 
shut.]  Ati  appliance  used  for  fastening 
doors,  chests,  diawers,  4c.,  its  main  feature 
being  a  bolt  moved  with  a  key;  the  me- 
chanism by  which  a  firearm  is  discharged; 
a  fastening  together;  a  state  of  being 
closely  entangled;  a  grapple  in  wrestling ; 
an  inclosure  in  a  canal,  with  gates  at  each 
end,  used  in  raising  or  lowering  boats  as 
they  pass  from  one  level  to  another. — 
v.t.  To  fasten  with  a  lock  and  key;  to 
fasten  so  as  to  impede  motion  (to  lock  a 
wheel);  to  shut  up  or  confine  with,  or  as 
with,  a  lock,  or  in  an  inclosed  place;  to 
flose  fast;  to  seal;  to  join  or  unite  firmly, 
as  by  intertwining  or  infolding;  to  em- 
brace closely.—  To  lock  out,  to  close  the 
doors  of  an  industrial  establishment 
against  the  operatives;  to  throw  out  of 
employment,  so  as  to  bring  workmen  to 
the  master's  terms. —  To  lock  up,  to  close  or 
fasten  with  a  lock;  to  confine;  to  restrain. 
— v.i.  To  become  fast;  to  unite  closely  by 
mutual  insertion  of  parts. — Lockage,  lok'- 
aj,  n.  Works  which  form  the  locks  on  a 
can^l;  toll  paid  for  passing  the  locks. — 
Locker,  lok'fer,  n.  A  close  receptacle,  as  a 
drawer  or  small  cupboard  in  a  ship,  that 
may  be  closed  with  a  lock.— Locket,  lok'et, 
n.  [Dim.  from  lock.]  A  little  case  worn 
as  an  ornament,  often  pendent  to  a  neck- 
lace or  watch-guard. —Lock-hospital,  n.  A 
hospital  for  the  treatment  of  venereal  dis- 
eases: so  called  because  the  inmates  were 
formerly  kept  in  more  or  less  strict  con- 
finement. —  Lock-jaw,  n.  Med.  a  form  of 
tetanus  consisting  in  spasmodic  rigidity 
of  the  under  jaw,  so  that  the  mouth  can- 
not be  opened,  resulting  from  cold  or  a 
wound.  — Lock-keeper,  n.  One  who  at- 
tends the  locks  of  a  canal.  —  Lock-out,  n. 
The  closing  of  a  place  of  work  against  the 
workmen  on  the  part  of  the  masters,  in 
order  to  bring  the  men  to  their  terms  as 
to  hours,  wages,  &c.  —  Locksmith,  lok'- 
smith,  n.  An  artificer  whose  occupation 
is  to  make  locks. — Lock-stitch,  a.  A  term 
applied  to  a  sewing-machine  which  forms 
its  stitches  by  the  locking  of  two  threads 
together.  —  Lock-up,  n.  A  room  or  place 
in  which  persons  under  arrest  are  tem- 

■  porarily  confined. 

Lock,  lok,  n.    I  A.  Sax.  Zocc=D.  and  Dan. 

.,  lok,  Icel.  lokkr,  G.  locke,  a  curl  or  ringlet.] 

•  A  tuft  of  hair  or  wool;  a  tress;  a  ringlet; 

i  a  tuft  of  hay  or  other  like  substance. 

Locomotion,  lo-ko-mO'shon,  n.  '[L.  locus, 
place,  and  motio,  motion.  Local.]  The 
act  or  power  of  moving  from  place  to 
place.— Locomotive,  lo-ko-mo'tiv,  a.  Per- 
taining to  locomotion;  moving  from  place 
to  place.  —  n.  A  steam-engine  used  for 
drawing  carriages  on  a  railway;  a  steam- 
engine  that  runs  on  a  road.  Also  called 
Locomotive-etigine. 

Loculament,  lok'u-la-ment,  n.  [L.  locula- 
menium,  from  locvius,  a  cell,  dim.  of  locus, 
a  place.  Local.]  £ot.  the  cell  of  a  peri- 
carp in  which  tlie  seed  is  lodged. — Locular, 
lok'Q-Ur,  a.  Bot.  having  one  or  more  cells 
or  loculi.-7-Loculose,  Loculous,  lok'u-lGs, 
lok'Q-lus,  a.  Bot.  divided  by  internal  par- 
titions into  cells.  —  Loculi,  lok'u-li,  n.  pi. 
A  series  of  little  cells  or  compartments. 

Locum-tenens,  lO'kum-te'nenz,  n.  (L.]  One 
who  temporarily  acts  foranother;  a  deputy 
or  substitute. 

Locus, lo'kus, n.  pi.  Loci,  lo'si.  [L.  Local] 
A  place;  specifically,  geovi.  the  line  tra- 
versed by  a  point  ■«  hich  is  constrained  to 
move  in  accordance  with  certain  deter- 
minate conditions.  —  Locus  standi,  recog- 
nized place  or  position;  the  right  of  a 
party  to  appear  and  be  heard  on  the  ques- 
tion before  any  tribunal. 

Locust,  lo'kust,  n.  [L.  locusta  (whence  lob- 
ster).] The  name  of  several  large  insects 
allied  to  the  grasshoppers  and  crickets, 
and  some  of  which  appear  in  immense 
multitudes  and  eat  up  every  green  thing; 
the  locust-tree. —  Locust- bean,  n.  The 
sweet  pod  of  the  carob-tree.— Locust-tree, 
n.  The  carob-tree;  also  a  name  given  to 
certain  beautiful  American  trees,  some  of 
them  now  cultivated  in  Europe. 

Locution,  lo-kn'shon,  n.  [L.  locutio,  locu- 
tionis,  from  Joguor,  to  speak.  Loquaciods.] 
A  mode  of  speech;  a  phrase. 


Lode,  lod,  n.  [A.  Sax.  Idd,  a  way,  a  course, 
same  as  load  in  loadstar,  loadstone.]  An 
open  ditch;  a  straight  water  channel; 
■mining,  a  metallic  vein,  or  any  regular 
mineral  vein. 

Lodestar,  ji.    Same  as  Loadstar. 

Lodestone,  n.    Same  as  Loadstmie.  ^ 

Lodge,  loj,  n.  [Fr.  loge.  It.  loggia,  7rom 
L.C.  lobia.  Lobby.]  A  small  house  in  a 
park,  forest,  or  domain;  a  small  country 
residence;  a  temporary  habitation;  a  hut; 
a  small  house  connected  with  a  larger  (a 
porter's  lodge};  a  place  where  a  society  or 
branch  of  a  society,  as  freemaBonfi,  holds 
its  meetings ;  the  body  of  members  who 
meet  at  such  a  pl&ce.— v.t— lodged,  lodg- 
ing. To  fumi^  with  temporary  house 
accommodation;  to  srovide  with  a  tem- 
porary place  of  abode ;  to  set,  lay,  or  de- 
posit for  keeping  (to  lodge  money  in  a 
bank);  to  plant,  fix,  or  settle  (to  lodge  an 
arrow  in  one's  breast);  to  beat  down  or 
lay  flat  (growing  crops).— v.i.  To  have  a 
temporary  abode ;  to  dwell  at  some  one 
else's  house;  to  be  deposited  or  fixed;  to 
settle;  to  reside;  to  dwell  or  have  a  fixed 

f)osition.  —  Lodger,  loj'fer,  n.  One  who 
odges;  especially,  onewho  lives  in  a  hired 
room  or  rooms  in  the  house  of  another. — 
Lodging,  loj'ing,  n.  A  place  of  temporary 
rest  or  residence;  a  room  or  rooms  hired 
for  residence  by  a  person  in  the  house  of 
another:  often  in  this  sense  spoken  of  as 
plural.  —  Lodging-house,  n.  A  house  in 
which  lodgers  are  accommodated.— Lodg- 
ment, loj'ment,n.  The  act  of  lodging; 
accumulation  of  something  deposited;  de- 
position ;  mint,  the  occupation  of  a  posi- 
tion, as  in  a  siege,  by  the  besieging  party. 

Lodicule,  lo'di-kul,  n.  [L.  lodictda,  a  cover- 
let.] Bot.  one  of  the  scales  which  occur 
at  the  base  of  the  fruit  of  grasses. 

Loess,  I6s,  n.  A  German  geological  term, 
appUed  to  an  alluvial  deposit  in  the  Rhine 
valley,  as  also  in  the  vallej-  of  the  Danube. 

Loft,  loft,  n.  [Dan.  lofl,  a  ceiling,  loft; 
Icel.  lopt  (pron.  loft),  air,  sky,  a  loft:  same 
root  as  the  verb  to  lift;  A.  Sax.  left,  Sc. 
lift,  air,  sky;  hence,  a-loft,  Icel.  d.-lopt.\ 
The  room  or  space  between  a  ceiling  or 
flooring  and  the  roof  immediately  above 
it;  the  space  below  and  between  the  raf- 
ters; also  a  gallery  raised  within  a  larger 
apartment,  as  in  a  church,  hall,  &c. — 
Loftily,  lorti-li,  adv.  In  a  lofty  manner 
or  position. — Loftiness,  lof'ti-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  lofty  or  hip;h.— 
Lofty,  lof'ti,  a.  [From  loft,  aloft.]  Jlucli 
elevated  in  place;  high;  tall;  elevated  iu 
condition  or  character;  dignified;  indica- 
tiveof  pride  or  haughtiness;  proud;  haugh- 
ty; elevated  in  language  or  style;  sublime; 
stately. 

Log,  log,  n.  [Icel.  lag,  a  felled  tree;  D. 
Dan.  and  G.  log,  the  nautical  log;  akin 
lie,  lay.]  A  bulky  piece  of  timber  un- 
hewed;  a  large  lump  or  piece  of  wood  not 
shaped  for  any  purpose;  natjt.  a  contrivance 
for  measuring  the  rate  of  a  ship's  velocity 
through  the  water,  consisting  essentially 
in  a  piece  of  board  in  form  of  a  quadrant 
of  a  circle,  loaded  so  as  to  float  upright, 
which,  being  thrown  from  a  ship,  drags 
bn  the  line  to  which  it  is  attached  and 
causes  it  to  unwind  at  a  rate  correspon- 
ding to  the  ship's  velocity;  the  record  of  a 
ship's  progress;  a  log-book.— Log-book,  »i. 
Naut.  a  book  in  wliich  are  entered  all 
particulars  relating  to  the  weather,  winds, 
courses,  4c.,  with  am-  other  matters  relat- 
ing to  the  vessel's 'oyagc  that  are  con- 
sidered worthy  of  being  registered;  a  book 
for  memoranda  kept  Iiy  a  public  teacher.— 
Log-cabin,  Log-house, Log-hut, n.  A  houM! 
or  hut  whose  walls  are  composed  of  lofs 
laid  on  each  other.— Log-chip,  Log-ship, 
n.  The  log  or  board  attached  to  the  los- 
line.— Log-glass,  n.  Naut.  the  sand-glass 
used  along  with  the  log  to  obtain  the  rate 
of  sailing. —Log-line,  n.  Naut.  the  lino 
fastened  to  the  log,  and  wound  on  a  reel, 
by  means  of  which  the  rate  of  sailing  is 
ascertained,  from  the  knots  into  which  it 
is  divided  (see  Knot). 

Log,  log,  n.  A  Hebrew  measure  of  liquids, 
containing  three-quarters  or  five-sixths  of 
a  innt. 

Logan, Loggan,log'an,n.    A  rocking-stone; 


J'Ate,  fur.  Ittt.  tttli:     me,  met,  hin     ntae,  piu;     uOte,  not,  move;     vQbe  tub  bull*     oil.  pousd;     0,  Sc.  abuue— the  Fr.  v, 


LOGARITHM 


403 


LOO 


a  large  stone  or  rock  so  balanced  as  to  be 
easily  moved. 

Logarithm,  loR'a-rithm,  n.  [Gr.  loffos,  ratio, 
aiid  arithmoti,  number.]  Math,  the  ex- 
ponent of  the  power  to  which  a  given  in- 
variable number  (or  base)  must  be  raised 
in  order  to  produce  another  given  number. 
Thus,  in  the  common  system  of  logarithms, 
in  which  the  base  is  10,  the  logarithm  of 
1000  is  3,  because  10  raised  to  the  third 
power  is  1000.  Many  calculations  are 
greatlyf  acilitated  by  the  use  of  logarithms, 
but  for  this  special  tables  are  required. — 
Logarithmic,  Logarithmical,  lojj-a-rith'- 
mik,  log-a-rith'mi-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
logarithms;  consisting  of  logarithms. — 
Logarithmically,  log-a-rith'mi-kal-li,  adv. 
By  the  use  or  aid  of  logarithms. 

Loggerhead,  log'6r-hed,  n.  [From  log  and 
head;  comp.  blockhead.]  A  blockhead;  a 
dunce;  a  dolt;  a  species  of  turtle  found  in 
the  south  seas. — To  be  at  loggerheads,  tohe 
engaged  in  a  fight;  to  bo  involved  in  a  dis- 
pute.—To  come  to  loggerheads,  to  come  to 
a  quarrel. 

Loggia,  loj'a,  n.  pi.  Lo'ggie,  loj'e.  [It. 
Lodge.]  Italian  arch,  a  term  applied  to  a 
gallery  or  arcade  in  a  building  running 
along  the  front  or  part  of  the  front  and 
open  on  oni,  side  to  the  air,  on  which  side 
are  a  series  of  pillars  or  slender  piers. 

Logic,  loj'ik,  n.  [Fr.  logique;  h.  logica;  Gr. 
logike  {tech)i4,  art,  understood),  from  logos, 
reason.]  The  science  of  reasoning;  the 
science  of  the  operations  of  the  understan- 
ding subservient  to  the  estimation  of  evi- 
dence; the  science  whose  chief  end  is  to 
ascertain  the  principles  on  which  all  valid 
reasoning  depends,  and  which  may  be  ap- 
plied to  test  the  legitimacy  of  every  con- 
clusion that  is  drawn  from  premises;  the 
art  or  practice  of  reasoning. — Logical,  loj'- 
i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  logic;.usec[  in  logic; 
according  to  the  rules  or  principles  of 
logic;  skilled  in  logic;  discriminating. — 
Logicality,  Logicalness,  loj-i-kal'i-ti,  loj'i- 
Icil-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
logical.— Logically,  loj'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a 
logical  manner. — Logician,  lo-'jish'an,  n. 
A  person  skilled  in  logic— Logicise,  loj'i- 
siz,  v.i.  To  exercise  one's  logical  powers. 
—Logistic,  Logistical,  lo-jis'tik,  lO-jis'ti- 
kal,  a.  [Gr.  logistikos,  from  logizomai,  to 
calculate  or  reckon.]  Pertaining  to  judg- 
ing, estimating,  or  calculating. 

Logogram,  15' go-gram,  n.  [Gr.  logos,  a 
word,  and  gramma,  a  letter.]  A  single 
printing  type  that  forms  a  word;  a  phono- 
graphic symbol  that,  for  the  sake  of  brev- 
ity, represents  a  word.— Logographic,  Lo- 
gographical,  lo-go-eraf'ik,  lo-go-graf  i-kal, 
a.  Pertaining  to  logography.— Logogra- 
phy,lo-gog'ra-fi,  n.  A  method  of  printing, 
in  which  a  type  forms  a  word,  instead  of 
forming  a  letter.        -   .. 

Logomachy,  lo-gom'a-ki,  n.  [Gr.  logos,  word, 
and  'Machg,  contest.]  A  contention  about 
words;  a  war  of  words. — Logomachlst,  lo- 
gom'a-kist,  n.  One  who  contends  about 
words.  "■"•^ 

Logomania,  lo-'jS-ma'ni-a,  n.  [Gr.  logos,  a 
word,  and  mania,  madness.]  A  disease 
through  which,  while  ideas  remain  clear, 
the  power  of  associating  these  with  the 
prcjper  words  is  lost. 

Logos,  log'os,  n.  [Gr.,  word,  speech,  rea- 
son, from  lego,  to  speak.]  The  Word;  the 
Divine  Word;  Christ. 

Logot3rpe,  log'o-tip,  n.  [Gr.  logos,  a  word, 
and  typos,  impression.]  A  name  given  to 
two  or  more  letters  cast  in  one  piece,  as#, 
ffl,  ce,  oe,  &c.;  a  type  containing  a  complete 
word. 

Logwood,  log'wfld,  n.  [From  being  im- 
ported in  logs.]  A  dark-red  dyewood  im- 
ported from  Central  America  and  the 
West  Indies,  much  employed  in  dyeing 
and  in  calico-printing  lo  give  a  black  or 
brown  colour. 

Loin,  loid,  n.  [O.Fr.  logne  (Fr.  longe),  from 
L.  lumbus,  the  loin.]  The  part  of  an  ani- 
mal on  either  side  between  the  false  ribs 
and  the  haunch-bone;  the  part  on  either 
side  of  the  trunk  from  the  ribs  to  the 
lower  limbs. 

Loiter,  loi't6r,  v.i.  [Allied  to  D.  leuteren, 
to  waggle  or  waver;  perhaps  to  late,  like 
Icel.  lotra,  to  linger,  from  latr,  late;  comp. 


E.  linger,  from  long.']  To  be  slow  in  mov- 
ing; to  delay;  to  spend  time  idly;  to  hang 
about. — v.t.  To  consume  in  trifles;  to  waste 
carelessly:  used  with  auiay.— Loiterer,  loi'- 
t6r-6r,  n.  One  who  loiters.— Loiterlngly, 
loi't6r-ing-li,  adv.    In  a  loitering  manner. 

Lok,  Loki,  lok,  lo'ki,  n.  [Icel.  loki.]  Scan- 
dinavian myth,  the  evil  deity,  the  author 
of  all  calamities. 

Loll,  lol,  v.i.  [Akin  to  Icel.  lulla,  to  loll, 
lalla,  to  toddle  as  a  child.l  To  lie  at  ease; 
to  lie  in  a  careless  attitude;  to  recline;  to 
hang  extended  from  the  mouth,  as  the 
tongue  of  a  dog  when  heated  with  exer- 
tion. —  v.t.  To  suffer  to  hang  out,  as  the 
tongue.— LolUngly,  lol'ing-h,  adv.  In  a 
lolling  manner. 

Lollard,  lol'ard,  n.  [L.G.  and  D.  lollen,  luU 
len,  to  sing,  from  the  practice  of  the  origi- 
nal Lollards  of  singing  dirges  at  funerals.] 
A  member  of  a  society  for  the  care  of  the 
sick  and  the  burial  of  the  dead,  originat- 
ing at  Antwerp  about  1300,  and  blamed 
for  holding  heretical  opinions;  one  of  the 
followers  of  Wickliffe  in  England.— Lol- 
lardism,  LoUardy,  lol'ard-izm,  lol'ar-di,  n. 
The  principles  of  the  Lollards. 

LolUpop,  lol'i-pop,  n.  [From  loll,  to  pro- 
trude,the  tongue,  and  pop,  probably  same 
as  pap,  infants'  food.]  A  kind  of  sugar 
confectionary  which  dissolves  easily  in  the 
mouth. 

Lombard,  lom'bsrd,  n.  [L.L.  Longobardi, 
lit.  'long  beards,'  being  a  latinized  form 
of  the  German  words  for  long  and  beard.] 
A  native  of  Lombardy  in  Italy;  an  old 
name  for  a  banker  or  money-lender.  Hence 
—Lombard  Street,  in  London,  where  a 
large  number  of  the  principal  bankers, 
money-brokers,  and  bullion-dealers  have 
their  offices. — a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Lom- 
bardy or  the  Lombards.— Lombardic,  lom- 
bar'dik,  a.  Pertaining  to  Lombardy  or 
the  Lombards. 

Loment,  Lomentum,  lo'ment,  lo-men'tum, 
n.  Bot.  an  indehiscent  legume  which 
separates  spontaneously  by  a  transverse 
division  between  every  two  seeds.— Lomen- 
taceou3,  l5-men-ta'shus,  a.  Bearing  lo- 
ments;  pertaining  to  a  loment. 

Londoner,  lun'dun-6r,  n.  A  native  or  citi- 
zen of  London.  —  London-clay,  n.  Geol. 
the  most  considerable  of  the  eocene  ter- 
tiary formations  of  Britain:  so  called  from 
being  found  under  and  around  the  metro- 
polis.—London-pride,  n.  A  pretty  British 
plant,  common  in  cottage  gardens. — Iion- 
don-white,  n.    White-lead.  ■>, 

Lone,  Ion,  a.  [A  contr.  from  alone.]  Soli- 
tary; retired;  unfrequented;  without  any 
companion  or  fellow;  not  having  others 
near;  single;  unmarried,  or  in  widow- 
hood.—Loneliness,  lon'li-nes,  Ji.  The  con- 
dition of  being  lonely.  —  Lonely,  lon'li,  a. 
Unfrequented  by  men;  retired;  seques- 
tered; not  having  others  near;  apart  from 
fellows  or  companions;  sad  from  want  of 
companionship  or  sympathy.  — Loneness, 
lon'nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  lone;  soli- 
tude ;  seclusion.  —  Lonesome,  lon'sum,  a. 
Dreary  from  want  of  company  or  anima- 
tion; lonely  .—Lonesomely,  lon'sum-li ,  adv. 
In  a  lonesome  manner.  —  Lonesomeness, 
lon'sum-nes,  n. 

Long,  long,  a.  [A.  Sax.  lang,  long=X).  Dan. 
and  G.  lang,  Icel.  langr,  Goth,  laggrs 
ilangrs);  same  as  (but  not  borrowed  from) 
L.  longus,  long.  H  ence  verb  to  long,  along, 
belo)ig,  length,  ling,  linger,  &c.]  Drawn 
out  in  a  line  or  in  the  direction  of  length: 
opposed  to  short,  and  contradistinguished 
from  broad  or  wide;  drawn  out  or  ex- 
tended in  time;  lasting  during  a  consider- 
able time;  continued  or  protracted;  ex- 
tended to  any  specifiSd  measure ;  having 
certain  linear  extent.(a  yard  long;  a  mile 
long);  occurring  after  a  protracted  inter- 
val; late;  containing  rnuch  verbal  matter 
(a  long  speech  or  book).— ions'  ftonw,  the 
grave  or  death.  fO.T.]— /n.  the  long  run,  in 
the  ultimate  result. — Long  cloth,  a  kind  of 
fine  cotton  or  calico  fabric. — Long  clothes, 
a  baby'sdress,  which  stretches  much  below 
the  teet.—Long  fii-m,  a  fictitious  or  pre- 
tended firm,  consisting  of  swindlers  who 
order  goods  without  any  intention  of  pay- 
ing.— n.  Something  that  is  long. — The  long 
and  the  short,  or  the  short  and  the  long,  the 


sum  of  a  matter  in  a  few  words;  the  whole. 
— adv.  To  a  great  extent  in  time;  at  a  time 
far  distant,  either  prior  or  posterior  (not 
long  before  or  after);  throughout;  without 
intermission  (in  such  phrases  as  all  my  life 
long,  forty  years  long).  —  Long-ago,  n.  A 
time  long  or  far  past.  (Poet.]— Long-boat, 
n;  The  largest  and  strongest  boat  belong- 
ing to  a  ship.— Long-bow,  n.  The  old  Eng- 
lish archer's  weapon,  measuring  about  6 
feet  long,  the  arrow  being  usually  half  the 
length  of  the  bow. — To  draw  the  long-bow, 
to  exaggerate;  to  tell  improbable  stories. 
— Long-dozen,  n.  Thirteen.  —  Longhand, 
long'hand,  n.  Ordinary  written  charac- 
ters, as  contradistinguished  from  short- 
hand, phonography,  or  stenography. — Long- 
headed, a.  Having  a  long  head;  dolicho- 
cephalic; shrewd;  far-seeing;  discerning. 
—  Long -hundred,  n.  One  hundred  and 
twenty. — Longlsh,  long'ish,  a.  Somewhat 
long;  moderately  long. — Long-lived,  long'- 
livd,  a.  Having  a  long  life  or  existence; 
lasting  long. — Long-measure,  n.  Measure 
of  length ;  lineal  measure.  —  Longness, 
long'nes,  n.  Length.— Long-primer,  n.  A 
printing  type  of  a  size  between  smallpica 
and  bourgeois. — Long-sighted,  a.  Able  to 
see  at  a  great  distance ;  far-seeing ;  saga- 
cious; of  acute  intellect. —Longsome,  long'- 
sum,  a.  Tiresome  on  account  of  length ; 
tedious.  —  Longspun,  long'spun,  a.  Spun 
or  extended  to  a  great  length;  tedious. — 
Long-suffering,  a.  Bearing  injuries  or 
provocation  for  a  long  time;  patient;  not 
easily  provoked. — n.  Long  endurance;  pa- 
tience of  offence.  —  Long-tongued,  a.  Lo- 
quacious; prating;  tallcative. — Longways, 
Longwise,  long'waz,  long'wiz,  adv.  In  the 
direction  of  length;  lengthwise. — Long- 
winded,  a.  Having  the  power  of  Retain- 
ing the  breath  for  a  long  time;  tedious  in 
speaking,  argument,  or  narration. 

Long,  long,  v.i.  [A. Sax.  langian,to  lengthen, 
to  long,  from  lang,  long;  similarly  Icel. 
langa,  6.  verlangen,  to  wish  for.]  To  de- 
sire earnestly  or  eagerly:  usually  followed 
by  the  infinitive,  or  for  or  after;  to  have 
an  eager  appetite;  to  have  a  morbid  crav- 
ing: usually  followed  by  /or. —  Longer, 
long'^r,  n.  One  who  longs.  —  Longing, 
long'ing,  n.  An  eager  desire;  a  craving  or 
morbid  appetite.  —  Longingly,  long'ing-li, 
adv.    With  eager  wishes  or  appetite. 

Longan,  long'gan,  n.  A  delicious  Asiatic 
fruit  akin  to  the  litchi. 

Longeval,  Longevoos,  lon-je'val,  lon-j6'yus, 
a.  [L.  longus,  long,  and  cevum,  age.] 
Long-lived.  —  Longevity,  lon-jev'i-ti,  n. 
[L.  longoevitas.]  Length  or  duration  of 
life;  more  generally,  great  length  of  life. 

Longicom,  lon'ji-korn,  a.  IL.  longus,  long, 
and  comu,  a  horn.]  Long-homed:  applied 
to  certain  insects  of  the  beetle  family, 
from  the  length  of  their  antennas. 

Longlmetry,  lon-jim'et-ri,  n.  [L.  longus, 
long,  and  Gr.  metron,  measure.]  The 
measurement  of  distances  or  lengths. 

Longing,  Longingly.    Under  Long,  w.t. 

Longipennate,  lon-ji-pen'at,  a.  [L.  longus, 
lone,  penna.  a  wing.]  Having  long  wines: 

•  saidespeciallyof  a  family  of  aquatic  birds, 
including  the  albatross,  gulls,  terns,  &c. 

Longirostral,  lon-ji-ros'tral,  a.  [L.  longus, 
long,  rostrum,  a  beak.]  Having  a  long 
bill :  applied  to  wading  birds  with  long, 
slender,  soft  bills,  such  as  the  snipes,  sand- 
pipers, &c. 

Longitude,  lon'ji-tfld,  n.  [L.  longitudo, 
from  longus,  long.  Long.]  Length;  mea- 
sure along  the  longest  line;  geog.  distance 
(in  degrees,  minutes,  and  seconds,  or  in 
miles)  on  the  surface  of  the  globe  mea- 
sured on  an  arc  of  the  equator  or  a  paral- 
lel of  latitude,  the  meridian  of  Greenwich 
being  selected  as  a  starting-point,  and 
called  the  first  meridian,  and  longitude  be- 
ing called  east  or  west  accordingly;  astron. 
distance  measured  on  the  ecliptic  from 
the  first  point  of  Aries.  —  Longitudinal, 
lon-ji-tu'di-nal,  o.  Pertaining  to  longi- 
tude;running  lengthwise,  asdistinguished 
from  transverse  or  across.— Longitudinal- 
ly, lon-ji-tQ'di-nal-li,  adv.  In  a  longitu- 
dinal manner;  lengthwise. 

Loo,  la,  n.  [Originally  called  lanterloo,  Fr. 
lanlurlu,  the  meaningless  refrain  of  a  fa- 
mous song.]    A  game  at  cards,  formerly 


cLjfftain;     c/»,  Sc.  loc/t;     g,  C">;     ji/o^i     n,  Fr,  ton;     »g,  »in|ri    .TH,tteiy  thj^tAinjj  .w,wig;     wh,  wWg^   jh,9X9S&i 


LOOBY 


404 


LOSE 


played  with  five  caxds^ow  commonlywith 
three.— Loo-taWe,  n.  A  round  table  for  a 
sitting-room,  often  used  for  playing  at  loo. 

Looby,  I8'bi,  n.  [Allied  to  Zo6,  Ivlbher;  W. 
llabi,  a  looby;  Uob,  a  blo'ckhead.]  An.  awk- 
ward, clumsjr  fellow;  a  lubber. 

Tuooi.,  Ink,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  Ueian,  to  look ; 
akin  Prov.  Q.  lugen, O.H.G.  luogen,  luoken, 
to  look.  Or.  loch,  a  hole.]  To  direct  the  eye 
toward  an  object;  to  gaze;  to  apply  the 
mind  or  understanding;  to  consider;  to 
have  expectation  or  anticipation;  to  ex- 
pect; to  taJie  heed  or  care;  to  mind;  to 
have  a  particular  direction  or  situation ; 
to  face;  to  front;  to  appear;  to  have  a  par- 
ticular aspect;  to  give  certain  indications; 
to  have  or  assume  any  air  or  manner.— To 
look  aboutj  to  look  on  all  sides  or  in  differ- 
ent directions.— To  look  after,  to  tend;  to 
take  care  of;  to  seek;  to  search  for.—  To 
look  down  on  or  upon,  to  regard  as  an  in- 
ferior; to  regard  with  contempt;  to  de- 
spise.- To  look  for,  to  expect  (to  look  for 
news);  to  seek  or  search  for.— To  look  mto, 
to  inspect  closely;  to  examine.  —  To  look 
oUr  to  regard ;  to  consider ;  to  think  or 
judge.  —  To  look  over,  to  examine  one  by 
one. — To  look  out,  to  be  on  the  watch.-^.To 
look  to,  to  watch ;  to  take  care  of ;  to  de- 
pend on  for  fulfilling  some  expectation. — 
To  look  through,  to  see  through;  to  pene- 
trate with  the  eys  or  with  the  understan- 
ding; to  take  a  view  of  the  contents  of. — 
v.t.  To  express  or  manifest  by  a  look.— To 
look  out,  to  search  for  and  discover.  —  To 

I  look  up,  to  search  for  till  found;  to  pay  a 

Ivisit  to.  [CoUoq..]— n.  Cast  of  countenance; 
lair  of  the  face;  aspect;  the  act  of  looking 
'or  seeing.  —  Looker,  luk'6r,  n.  One  who 
looks.— .4  looker  on,  a  mere  spectator. — 
Looking-for,  n.  Anticipation;  expectation. 
—Looking-glass,  n.  A  glass  silvered  on 
the  back  and  intended  to  sho.w  by  reflec- 

jtion  the  person  looking  on  it;  a  mirror.— 

i  Look-oat,  n.  A  careful  looking  or  watch- 
ing for  any  object  or  event;  a  place  from 
which  such  observation  is  made;  the  per- 
son or  party  watching. 

Loom,  lOm,  n.  10. E.  lorne,  A.  Sax.  Idma, 
tool,  utensil,  vessel;  connections  unknown. 
Hence  heirrloom.']  A  frame  or  machine 
by  meani  of  which  thread  is  worked  into 
cloth,  being  either  driven  by  the  person 
weaving  (a  fiand-loom)  or  driven  and 
worked  by  steam  or  other  motive-power  (a 
powerrloom);  that  part  of  an  oar  which  is 
within  the  boat  when  used  in  rowing. 

Loom,  I8m,  v.i.  [Icel.  Ij&ma,  to  shine,  Ijdmi, 
a  ray;  A.  Sax.  ledmian,  ledma,  a  ray  or 
beam.]  To  appear  larger  than  the  real 
dimensions  and  indistinctly;  to  show  large 
in  darkness  or  fog:  said  of  distant  objects;- 
to  appear  to  the  mind  faintly  or  as  at  a 
distance. — Looming,  lom'ing,  n.  The  in- 
distinct and  magnified  appearance  of  ob- 
jects in  particular  states  of  the  atmosphere. 

Loon,  ion,  n.  [Same  word  as  O.B.  loen,  a 
stupid  man.]  A  sorry  fellow;  a  rogue;  a 
rascal;  a  worthless  fellow.    [Shak.] 

Loon,  lon,  n.  [O.E.  loom,  Dan.  loom,  Icel. 
l&mr,  G.  lohme,  lorhme,  a  loon.]   A  bird, 

-the  great  northern  diver. 

Loop,  lOp, n.  [Ir.  lup,  Gael.  liib,luib,loop, 
noose,  thoBg,  &c.)  The  doubled  part  of  a 
string,  rope,  chain,  &c.;  a  noose;  a  bight; 
anything  resembling  a  loop,  as  the  bend  of 
a  river.- 1».<.  To  form  into  a  loop  or  loops; 
to  fasten  or  furnish  with  a  loop  or  loops. — 
Loop-line,  n.  A  line  of  railway  tunning 
out  of  the  main  line  and  returning  to  it 
again. 

Loop,  lap,  n.  [G.  luppe,  a  loop,  akin  lupp, 
rennet;  same  root  as  E.  leap,  D.  loopen,  to 
run;  comp.  run,  in  sense  of  melting.]  A 
mass  of  half -melted  iron  taken  from  the 
furnace  in  a  pasty  state  for  the  forge  or 
hammer. 

Loophole,  iSpTiol,  n.  [D.  luipen,  to  peep.] 
A  small  aperture  in  the  wall  of  a  fortifica- 
tion through  which  small  arms  are  fired 
at  an  caemy;  a  hole  that  gives  a  passage 
or  the  means  of  escape;  fig.  an  underhand 
or  unfair  method  of  escape  or  evasion. — 
Loopboled,  lop'hold,  a.  Full  of  holes  or 
openings  for  escape.— Loop-light,  n.     A 

;  »mall  narrow  light  or  window;  a  loophole 

[_for  the  admisgion  of  light. 

fcoose,  Viio,  a.    [.V.  Sar.  te::),  T>.  0.^2  O.  7c5, 


Dan.  Sw.  Ida,  Icel.  laug,  loose;  Goth.  Tans, 
empty;  same  as  term.  -less.  Lose,  loss,  are 
closely  allied.]  Not'  attached  together  oe 
to  something  fixed;  untied;  not  fastened 
or  confined;  fig.  free  from  ties;  not  tight 
or  close  (a  loose  garment);  not  dense,  close, 
or  com.pact  (loose  texture);  not  precise  or 
exact;  vague;  indeterminate;  lax;  careless; 
unconnected;  rambling;  having  lax  bowels; 
dissolute;  unchaste. — To  break  loose,  to  es- 
cape from  confinement;  to  gain  liberty  by 
violence;  fig.  to  cast  oif  moral  restraint. — 
To  let  or  set  loose,  to  free  from  restraint  or 
confinement.  Used  substantively  in  the 
phrases— On  the  loose,  escaped  from  re- 
straint; leading  a  loose  life.— To  give  a 
loose,  to  give  free  vent.  [Thack.^v.t. — 
loosed,  loosing,  t  Partly  from  the  adj., 
partly  from  the  allied  A.  Sax.  losian,  to 
set  .free.]  To  untie  or  unbind;  to  free  from 
any  fastening;  to  set  free;  to  liberate;  to 
relax;  to  loosen;  to  free  from  obligation, 
burden,  or  the  like.— Loose-box,  n.  A 
roomy  stall  in  a  stable  for  a  horse  that  is 
not  tied.— Loosely,  los'li,  adv^  In  a  loose 
manner;  laxl,y;  slackly;  carelessly;  negli- 
gently; dissolutely.— Loosen,  los'n,  v.t.  To 
make  loose;  to  untie;  to  unfix  or  unsettle; 
to  free  from  restraint,  tightness,  tension, 
firmness,  or  fixedness.  —  v.i.  To  become 
loose.— Loosener,  los'n-6r,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  loosens.— Looseness,  Ibs'nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  loose  or  relaxed;  slack- 
ness; laxity;  dissoluteness. 

Loot,  lot,  n.  [Hind.  liXt,  plunder.]  Booty; 
plunder:  especially  such  as  is  tf.ken  in  a 
sacked  city. — v.t.  To  plunder,  as  a  sacked 
city ;  to  ransack  in  search  of  plunder.- 
Looter,  I5't6r,  n.    One  who  loots. 

Loover,  lo'vfer,  n.    Lodvke. 

Lop,  lop,  v.t— lopped,  lopping.  [Akin  CD. 
luppen,  to  maim.]  To  cut  off,  as  the  top 
or  extreme  part  of  anything  or  superfluous 
parts;  to  trim  by  cutting.— n..  The  act  of 
lopping;  that  which  is  lopped  off.— Lopper, 
lop'er,  n.    One  that  lops. 

Lop,  lop,  v.i.  [Allied  to  lap.]  To  be  pen- 
dulous, as  the  ears  of  some  varieties  of 

.  rabbits.- Lop-eared,  a.  Having  pendulous 
ears. —  Loppy,  lop'i,  a.  Hanging  loose; 
pendulous.— Lop-sided,  a.  Heavier  at  one 
side  than  the  other;  lying  or  inclining  to 
one  side. 

Lophobranchiate,  lS-f5-brangTd-at,  a.  [Gr. 
Iqphos,  a  crest  or  tuft,  and  branchia,  gills.] 
Having  the  gills  disposed  in  tufts  along 
the  branchial  arches,  as  in  the  pipe-fish- 
and  hippocampus. 

Lophophore,  lo'fo-for,  n.  [Gr.  lophos,  i 
crest,  and  phero,  to  carry.]  Zool.  the  disc 
or  stage  upon  which  the  tentacles  of  the 
Polyzoa  are  borne. 

Lcquacious,  lo-kwa'shus,  a.  [L.  loquax, 
loquads,  from  loqvor,  to  speak;  iSkr.  lap, 
to  speak,  to  talk;  seen  also  in  locution,  col- 
loquy, eloquent,  obloquy,  &c.]  Talkative; 
given  to  continual  talking;  prating.— Lo- 
qaacionsiy,  lo-kwa'shus-li,  adv.  ja  a  lo- 
quacious manner.  —  Loquaciousness,  Lo- 
quacity, lo-kwa'shus-nes,  lo-kwas'i-ti,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  loquacious;  talkative- 
ness. 

Loquat,  lo'kwat,  n.  A  Chinese  and  Japa- 
nese evergreen  tree  of  the  apple  family, 
yielding  a  fruit  the  size  of  a  large  goose- 
ben-y,  with  the  flavour  of  an  apple. 

Lorate,  lo'rat,  o.  [L.  lonim,  a  thong,  a 
strap.]  Bol.  shaped  like  a  thong  or  strap. 

Lorcha,  lor'cha,  n.  A  light  Chinese  sailing 
vessel,  carrying  guns,  and  built  after  the 
European  model,  but  ringed  like  a  junk. 

Lord.  lord,  n.  [O.E.  laverd,  loverd,  &c., 
A.  Sax.  hldford,  a  lord,  from  hldf,  oread, 
a  loaf,  and  weard,  E.  ward,  that  is  bread- 
ward.  Lady  also  has  loaf  9.3  first  element.] 
A  master;  a  person  possessing  supreme 
power  and  authority;  a  lady's  husband;  a 
ruler,  governor,  monarch;  the  proprietor 
of  a  manor;  a  nobleman;  a  title  in  Britain 
given  to  those  who  are  noble  by  birth  or 
creation,  beingthus  applied  to  peers  of  the 
realm  (dukes,  marquises,  earls,  viscounts, 

^and  barons),  and  by  courtesy  to  the  sons  of 
dukes  and  marquises,  and  to  the  eldest 
sons  of  earls;  an  honorary  title  of  certain 
official  personages,  generoliy  as  part  of  a 
designation  {Lord  chancellor ,Lor(Z-mayor, 
Xora-proTcs!-).     /,l'!o,  and  in  thin  usage 


always  with  a  capital  letter ,'a  designation 
of  the  Supreme  Being;  J  ehovah;  or  applied 
to  Christ,  especially  in  the  expression  our 
Lord.— The  Lord's  Supper,  the  sacrament 
of  the  eucharist.— jLords  of  Session,  tlie 
judges  of  the  Court  of  Session  in  Scotland. 
—Lords  temporal,  those  lay  peers  who  have 
seats  in  the  House  of  Lords.— Loj'ds  spiri- 
tual, the  archbishops  and  bishops  who 
have  seats  in  the  House  of  Lords. — House 
of  Lords,  that  branch  of  the  British  legis- 

,  iature  which  consists  of  the  lords  spiritual 
and  temporal  assembled  in  one  house.— v.?'. 
To  domineer;  to  rule  with  arbitraiy  or  des- 
potic sway:  often  followed  by  over  and  an 
indefinite  it  (to  lord  it  over  us).— Lord-lieu- 
tenant, n.  An  official  of  high  rank  repre- 
sentingthe  sovereign,  the  principal  oflicial 
in  a  county.— Lordlike,  lord'lik,  o.  Be- 
corhing  a  lord;  haughty;  proud.— Lordli- 
ness, lord'li-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  lordly.— Lordling,  lordling,  n.  A 
little  or  diminutive  lord.— Lordly,  lord'li, 
a.  Pertaining  to,  befitting,  or  suitable  for 
a  lord;  large;  liberal;  haughty;  imperi- 
ous.—ady.  Proudly;  imperiously;  despoti- 
cally.—Lord's-day,  n.  The  first  day  of  the 
week ;  Sunday.  —  Lordship,  lord'ship,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  a  lord;  (with 
his,  your,  their),  a  title  given  to  a  lord;  a 
title  usep.  in  addressing  judges  and  certain 
other  persons  in  authority  and  office;  do- 
minion; sovereignty;  the  territory  over 
which  a  lord  holds  jurisdiction. 

Lore,  lor,  n.  [A-  Sax.  l&r,  from  stem  of 
laeran,  to  teach;  D.  leer,  Dan.  Icere,  G. 
lehre,  lore.  Learn.]  The  store  of  know- 
ledg'sr  which  exists  regarding  anything; 
lesTning;  erudition;  knowledge. 

Lore,  lor,  n.  [L.  torttjw.  a  strap.]  Ornith. 
the  space  between  the  bill  and  the  eye  of 
a  bird;  entom,.  a  homy  process  observed  in 
the  mouth-of  some  insects. 

Lorgnette,  lor-nyet,  n.  [Fr.,  from  lorgner, 
to  spy  .or  peep.]    An  opera-glass. 

Lorica,  lo-ri'ka,  n.  [L.,  originally  a  corslet 
of  leather  thongs,  from  lorum,  a  thong.] 
An  ancient  Boman  cuirass  or  corslet;  a 
kind  of  lute  or  clay  with  which  vessels  are 
coated  before  they  are  exposed  to  the  fire, 
as  in  chemical  processes;  200I.  the  protec- 
tive case  with  which  certain  infusoria  are 
provided.  —  Loricate,  lor'i-kat,  v.t.-^loi-i- 
cated,  loricating.  To  cover  with  some  pro- 
tective coating  or  crust.— Loricate,  Lori- 
cated,  lor'i-ka-ted,  pp.  Covered  or  plated 
iWrer;  covered  as  with  plates  of  mail. — 

.  frorlcation,  lor-i-ka'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
loricating;  a  protective  crust  or  covering. 

Lorikeet,  lor'i-ket,  n.  [A  dim.  of  lory, 
formed  on  the  type  of  parrakeet.]  The 
name  of  certain  small  Australian  birds 
belonging  to  the  parrot  tribe. 

Loriot,  lor'i-ot,  n.  [Pr.  loriot,  for  loriol, 
I'oriol,  from  L.  aureolus,  golden,  from  ■a1^ 
ruiTk,  gold.]    The  golden  oriole  of  Europe. 

Loris,  lo'ris,  n.  [Native  name.]  A  quadru- 
manous  mammal  allied  to  the  lemurs. 

L6m,  lorn,  a.  [An  old  or  poetic  pp.  of  lose. 
Forlorn.]   Undone;  forsaken;  forlorn. 

Lorrie,  Lorry,  lor'i,  n.  [Comp.  Prov.  E. 
lurry,  to  pull  or  drag.]  A  small  cart  or 
wagon  such  as  is  used  on  tramways  in 
mines;  a  long  wagon  without  sides,  and 
with  four  wheels,  for  carrying  goods. 

Lory,  lo'ri,  n.  [Malay  luri.]  A  name  of 
certain  Oriental  birds  of  the  parrot  fam- 
ily with  brilliant  plumage. 

Lose,  I5z,  v.t.— lost  (pret.  &  pp.),  losing.  [A. 
Sax.  losian,  to  become  loose,  to  lose,  from 
los,  loss,  also  ledsan,  to  lose,  usually  in 
the  compound  form  forledsan,  like  Goth. 
fraliusan,  Dan.  forlise,  D.  verliezen,  G.  vi>r- 
Her  en.  The  old  pp.  was  loren,  hence  E. 
lr-^/i.1  To  cease  to  have  in  possession,  as 
through  accident:  to  become  dispossef  sed 
or  rid  of  unintentionally;  to  cease  to  pos- 
sess; to  forfeit,  as  by  unsuccessful  contest; 
not  to  gain  or  win;  to  wander  from  ana 
not  be  able  to  find ;  to  miss;  to  cease  to 
perceive,  as  from  distance  or  darkness;  to 
cease  or  fail  to  see  or  hear.— To  lose  oiie's 
self,  to  lose  one's  way;  to  be  bewildered. — 
To  lose  one's  temper,  to  become  angi-y. — 
To  lose  sight  of,  to  cease  to  see;  to  over- 
look; to  omit  to  take  into  calculation. — 
v.i.  To  forfeit  anything  in  contest;  to  fail 
in  a  competition;  not  to  win;  to  suffer  by 


^atc,  far,  f9.t,  fs^U;     mS,  tnet,  h^r;     pine,  pin^    note,  not,  tnOve;     ttlbe,  tub,  bnll;     oil,  pound;     II,  £c.  abtene— the  Fr.  «. 


LOT 


406 


LOWER 


fomparison.  —  Loser,  lii'zOr,  n.  One  ■who 
loses,  or  is  deprived  of  anything  by  defeat, 
forfeiture,  or  the  like.— Losing,  Ib'zing.  a. 
Causing  or  incurring  loss.— Losingly,  lo'- 
zing-li,  adv.  la  a  losing  manner.  —  Loss, 
los,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ios,  damage.]  The  act  of 
losing  something;  privation  from  some- 
thing being  lost;  deprivation;  forfeiture; 
failure  to  win  or  gain;  that  which  is  lost; 
quantity  or  amount  lost;  defeat;  over- 
throw; ruin;  misuse;  failure  to  utilize  {loss 
of  time). —  To  bear  a  loss,  to  make  it  good; 
also,  to  sustain  it  without  sinking  under 
it.— 3'o  be  at  a  loss,  to  be  puzzled;  to  be 
unable  to  determine;  to  be  in  a  state  of 
uncertainty. — Lost,  lost,  p.  and  a.  Parted 
with;  not  to  be  found;  no  longer  held  or 
possessed;  missing  (a  lost  book  or  sheep); 
forfeited,  as  in  an  unsuccessful  contest; 
not  gained  (a  lost  prize,  a  lost  battle);  not 

.employed  or  enjoyed;  misspent;  squan- 
dered; wasted;  having  wandered  from  the 
way;  bewildered;  perplexed;  ruined;  quite 
undone;  wrecked  or  drowned  at  sea ;  har- 
dened beyond  sensibility  or  recovery  (lost 
to  shame);  no  longer  perceptible  to  the 
senses;  not  visible  (a  person  lost  in  a 
crowd).— The  lost,  those  who  are  doomed 
to  misery  in  a  future  state. 

Lot,  lot,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hlot,  from  hledtan,  to 
get  by  lot;  D.  lot,  Dan.  lod,  Icel.  hliUr,  G. 
loos,  Goth,  hlauts,  lot.  Hence  allot;  akin 
lottery.]  Something  selected  by  or  falling 
to  a  person  by  chance,  and  adopted  to 
determine  his  fate,  portion,  or  conduct; 
the  part,  fate,  or  fortune  which  falls  to 
one  by  chance;  part  in  life  allotted  to  a 
person;  a  distinct  portion  or  parcel  (a  lot 
of  goods);  a  large  or  considerable  quantity 
or  number  (a  lot  of  people):  often  in  plural 
in  same  sensfe  (he  has  lots  of  money).— To 
cast  in  one's  lot  with,  to  connect  one's  for- 
tunes with.— To  cast  lots,  to  throw  dice  or 
use  similarly  some  other  contrivance  to 
settle  a  matter  as  by  previous  agreement 
determined. — To  draw  lots,  to  determine 
an  event  by  drawing  so  many  lots  from  a 
number  wiiose  marks  are  concealed  from 
the  drawers. — v.t. — lotted,  lotting.  To  allot; 
to  assign;  to  distribute;  to  sort;  to  cata- 
logue; to  portion. 

Loth,  loth,  a.  [See  Loath.]  Unwilling; 
not  inclined;  reluctant;  loath. 

Lothario,  lo-tha'ri-o,  n.  [From  Lothario, 
one  of  the  characters  in  Rowe's  Pair  Peni- 
tent.] A  gay  libertine;  a  seducer  of  female 
virtue;  a  gay  deceiver. 

Lotion,  lo'shon,  n.  [L.  lotto,  from  lavo,  to 
wash.  Lave.]  A  wash  or  fluid  prepara- 
tion for  improving  the  complexion,  Ac;  a 
fluid  applied  externally  in  cutaneous  dis- 
eases to  relieve  pain,  and  the  like. 

Loto,  Lotto,  lo'to,  lot'to,  n.  [It.  lotto,  lot- 
tery.] A  game  of  chance,  played  with  a 
series  of  balls  or  knobs,  numbering  from 
one  to  ninety,  with  a  set  of  cards  or  coun- 
ters having  corresponding  numbers. 

Lottery,  lot'6r-i,  n.  [Fr.  loterie.  Lor.]  Al- 
lotment or  distribution  by  lots  or  chance; 
a  procedure  or  scheme  for  the  distribution 
of  prizes  by  lot;  the  drawing  of  lots. 

Lotus,  Lotos,  lo'tus,  lo'tos,  n.  [Gr.  lotos.] 
A  name  vaguely  applied  to  a  number  of 
diiTereut  plants  famous  in  mythology  and 
tradition;  especially,  a  tree,  the  fruit  of 
which  was  fabled  among  the  ancient 
Greeks  to  have  the  property  of  making 
people  forget  their  country  and  friends 
and  to  remain  idle  in  the  lotus-land;  a 
name  also  applied  to  the  Egyptian  water- 
lily  and  other  plants. — Lotophagi,  lo-tof- 
a-ji,  n.  pi.  [Lit.  lotus-eaters.]  The  name 
of  a  mythological  people  who  lived  on  the 
fruit  of  the  lotus-tree.— Lotus-eater,  Lo- 
tos-eater, n.  One  of  the  Lotophagi. — 
Lotus-land,  Lotos-land,  n.  The  country 
of  the  lotus-eaters. 

Loud,  loud,  a.  [A.  Sax.  MM,  loud;  O.  Sax. 
O.  Fris.  hliid,  t>.  luid,  G.  laut,  loud;  Icel. 
hljdth,  G.  laut,  sound;  akin  listen;  cog.  Gr. 
klyO,  to  hear,  klytos,  famous;  L.  {in)clytiis, 
famous;  laus,  praise,  whence  E.  laud.] 
Strong  or  powerful  in  sound ;  high-soun- 
ding; making  use  of  high  words;  clamor- 
ous; vehement;  flashy;  showy:  colloquially 
applied  to  dress  or  manner.— adw.  Loudly. 
— Loudly,  loud'li,  adv.  In  a  loud  manner; 
with  great  ^sound  or  noise;  noisily;  clam- 


orously; vehementl.v. — Loudness,  ioud'nes, 
w.  The  quality  of  being  loud;  noise; 
clamour. 

Lon^h,  lok,  n.    The  Irish  form  of  Loch. 

Louis -d'or,  lo-e-dor,  n.  [Fr.,  a  Louis  of 
gold.]  A  gold  coin  of  France,  first  struck 
in  1641),  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIII.,  and 
ranging  in  value  from  about  16s.  Id.  to 
183.  9Sa.  sterling. 

Lounge,  lounj,  v.i. — lounged,  lounging.  \0. 
E.  lungis,  an  awkward,  slow-moving  fel- 
low, from  O.Pr.  longis,  longin,  a  lout,  from 
long,  L.  longus,  long.]  To  dawdle  or  loiter; 
to  spend  the  time  in  idly  moving  about; 
to  recline  in  a  lazy  manner;  to  loll. — n.  A 
sauntering  or  strolling;  the  act  of  reclining 
at  ease  or  lolling;  a  place  which  idlers 
frequent;  a  kind  of  couch  or  sofa. —Loun- 
ger, loun'jfer,  n.  One  who  lounges. — 
Lounging,  loun'jing,  «.  Pertaining  to  a 
lounger;  lolling. 

Louasj  lous,  n.  pi.  Lice,  lis.  [A.  Sax.  lAs, 
pi.  Igs—D.  luis,  Dan.  lus,  Icel.  Ms,  G.  laus, 
perhaps  from  root  of  lose.]  The  common 
name  of  various  wingless  insects,  parasitic 
on  man  and  other  animals.— j).<.  (louz)— 
loused,  lousing.  To  clean  from  lice.— 
Lousily,  lou'zi-li,  adv.  In  a  lousy  manner. 
—  Lousiness,  lou'zi-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  lous;^. — Lousy,  lou'zi,  a.  Swarming 
with  lice;  infested  with  lice. 

Lout,  lout,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  liltan,  to  bow  or 
stoop;  Icel.  Mta,  Dan.  lude,  to  stoop;  same 
root  as  little.]  To  bend,  bow,  or  stoop 
down.  —  n.  A  mean  awkward  fellow;  a 
bumpkin;  a  clown.  —  Loutish,  lout'ish,  a. 
Clownish;  rude;  awkward. — Loutishly, 
lout'ieh-li,  adv.  In  a  loutish  manner.— 
Loutlslmess,  lout'ish-nes,  n. 

Louvre,  Loover,  Lover,  I6'v6r,  n.  [Fr.  l'o^t- 
vert,  the  opening,  ouvert  being  pp.  of 
o«mr,  to  open.  Overt.]  A  dome  or  tur- 
ret rising  out  of  the  roof  of  a  hall  or  other 
apartment,  formerly  open  at  the  sides, 
and  intended  to  allow  the  smoke  to  escape. 
— Louvre  window,  a  window  partially 
closed  by  sloping  boards  or  bars  called 
louvre  boards  (corrupted  into  Ivffer  or  lever 
boards),  placed  across  so  as  to  admit  air, 
but  exclude  rain. 

Love,  luv,  v.t— loved,  loving.  [A.  Sax.  luf- 
ian,  from  lu/u,  love;  D.  lieven,  G.  lieben,  to 
love,  liebe,  love;  allied  to  lief,  dear,  leave, 
permission,  believe;  L.  libido,  desire,  liber, 
free  (whence  liberal);  libeo,  lubeo,  to  please; 
Skr.  lubh,  to  desire.]  To  regard  with  a 
strong  feeling  of  affection;  to  have  a  de- 
voted attactiment  to;  to  regard  with  the 
characteristic  feelings  of  one  sex  towards 
the  other;  to  like;  to  be  pleased  with;  to 
delight  in.— t>.i.  To  be  in  love;  to  love  each 
other;  to  be  tenderly  attached.— n.  A  strong 
feeling  of  affection;  devoted  attachment 
to  a  person;  especially,  devoted  attach- 
ment to  a  person  of  the  opposite  sex ; 
courtship  (as  in  the  phrase  to  make  love  to, 
that  is,  to  court,  to  woo);  fondness;  str9ng 
liking  {love  of  home,  of  art,  &c.);  the  object 
beloved;  a  sweetheart;  a  representation  or 
personification  of  love;  a  Cupid. — Love  is 
the  first  element  in  a  great  number  of 
compound  words  of  obvious  signification. 
—Lovable,  Loveable,  luv'a-bi,  a.  Worthy 
of  love;  amiable.  —  Love-apple,  n.  The 
tomato. — Love-bird,  n.  A  name  of  a  dim- 
inutive bird  belonging  to  the  parrot  fam- 
ily, so  called  from  the  great  attachment 
shown  to  each  other  by  the  male  and  fe- 
male.—Love-charm,  n.  A  charm  by  which 
love  was  supposed  to  be  excited;  a  philtre. 
— Love-child,  n.  An  illegitimate  child. — 
Love-feast,  n.  Agape.— Love-in-idleness, 
n.  A  plant,  the  heart's-ease.— Love-knot, 
n.  A  complicated  knot,  or  a  figure  repre- 
senting such :  so  called  from  being  sym- 
bolic of  love.— Loveless,  luv'les,  a.  Void  of 
love.— Love-letter,  n.  A  letter  professing 
love;  a  letter  of  courtship.— Lovelily.t  luv'- 
li-li,  adv.  In  a  lovely  manner.— Loveli- 
ness, luv'li-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  lovely;  great  beauty.— Love-lock,  n. 
A  particular  curl  or  lock  of  hair  hanging 
by  itself  or  so  as  to  appear  prominently.— 
Love-lorn,  a.  Forsaken  by  one's  love; 
pining  or  suffering  from  love.  —  Lovely, 
luv'li,  a.  Fitted  to  attract  or  excite  love; 
exciting  admiration  through  beauty;  ex- 
tremely   beautiful.  —  Love-making,   n. 


Courtship;  paying  onp'a  sddr^sscp  to  a 
lady.— Love-match,  n.  A  marriage  entered 
into  for  love  alone.— Lover,  luv'er,  n.  One 
who  loves  or  is  attached  to  another;  a  per- 
son in  If  ve;  a  man  who  loves  a  woman; 
one  who  likes  or  has  a  fondness  for  any- 
thing (a  lover  of  books).  —  Love-sick,  a. 
Sick  or  languishing  with  love;  expressive 
of  languishing  love.— Loving,  luv'ing,  p. 
and  a.  Fond;  affectionate;  expressing 
love  or  kindness. — Loving-cup,  n.  A  large 
cup  containing  liquor  passed  from  guest 
to  guest  at  banquets,  especially  those  of  a 
ceremonious  character.— Lovingkindne^'j, 
luv'ing-kind-nes, n.  Tenderregar.d;  merc.7; 
favour:  a  scriptural  word.— Lovingly,  !u\  - 
ing-li,  adv.  In  a  loving  manner;  affection- 
ately.—Lovingness,  luv'ing-nes,  n. 
Lover.    Louvre. 

Low,  13,  a.  [O.E.  law,  lagh^c;  not  in  A. 
Sax. = Icel.  Idgr,  Dan.  lav,t).  laag;  akin  ti> 
lie,  and  to  law.]  Not  rising  to  any  great 
elevation;  of  little  height:  the  opposite  of 
high;  not  of  the  usual  height;  much  belov/ 
the  adjacent  ground;  not  much  above  sea- 
level;  below  the  usual  rate  or  amount  {lot'} 
wages;  a  loiwestimate);  not  loud;  grave;  de- 
pressed in  the  scale  of  sounds;  indicative 
of  a  numerical  smallness  (a  low  number); 
nearor  not  very  distant  from  the  equator(a 
low  latitude,  as  opposed  to  a  high  latitude); 
dejected;  depressed;  humble  in  rank;  in  a 
mean  condition;  mean;  vulgar;  grovelling; 
base;,dishonourable;  feeble;  having  little 
vital  energy  (a  low  pulse ;  a  low  sta,te  of 
health);  not  excessive  or  intense;  not  vio- 
lent (a  low  temperature);  plain;  not  rich, 
high-seasoned,  or  nourishing  (a  low  diet). 
— Low  Church,  the  party  in  the  Ch.  of  JSng. 
which  is  opposed  to  theHighChurch  party. 
— Low  Dutch,  Low  German.  Dutch,  Ger- 
n All.— Low  Sunday,  the  Sunday  next  after 
Easter.— Lotw  water,  loto  tide,  the  lowest 
point  of  the  ebb  or  receding  tide.  —  Low 
loine,  a  liquor  produced  by  the  first  distil- 
lation of  alcohol;  the  first  run  of  the  still.-— 
adv.  Notaloftoronhigh;  near  the  ground; 
under  the  usual  price;  m  a  mean  condi- 
tion: in  composition  (a  tow-bom  fellow); 
with  a  depressed  voice;  not  loudly. — Low- 
bom,  a.  Of  mean  or  low  birth.— Lower- 
case, n.  Printing,  the  case  of  boxes  that 
contains  the  small  letters  of  printing-type; 
hence,  small  letters  of  printing-type.— 
Lower-class,  a.  Pertaining  to  persons  of 
the  humbler  ranks.  —  Lowermost,  lo'tr- 
most.a.  [Irregular  superl.  of  tow.]  Low- 
est.—Lowland,  lo'land,  n.  Land  which  is 
low  with  respect  to  the  neighbouring 
country;  a  low  or  level  country.— Tfte  Low- 
lands, the  southern  parts  of  Scotland. — 
Lowlander,  lo'land-6r,  n.  An  inhabitant 
of  the  Lowlands,  especially  of  Scotland. — 
Low-life,  n.  Low  condition  or  social  posi- 
tion; mean  social  position. — Lowlily,  lo'- 
li-li ,  adv.  In  a  lowly  manner. — Lowliness, 
lo'li-nes,  it.  The  state  of  being  lo.wly.— 
Lowly,  lo'li,  a.  Low  or  humble  in  ijosition 
of  life;  not  lofty  or  exalted;  meek;  free 
from  pride.— adv.  In  a  low  manner  or  con- 
dition.—Lowness,  lo'nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  low;  want  of  elevation;  depression; 
dejection ;  meanness.  —  Low-pressure,  a. 
Having  a  low  degree  of  expansive  force, 
and  consequently  exerting  a  low  degree  of 
pressure:  applied  to  steam  or  steam-en- 
gines, but  not  with  very  much  precision. 
Low-spirited,  o.  Cast  down  in  spirit;  de- 
jected; depressed. 

Low,  15,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  hUwan—'D.  loeijen, 
Icel.  hlda,  O.H.G.  hlojan,  to  low.]  To  bel- 
low, as  an  ox  or  cow.— n.  The  sound  ut- 
tered by  a  bovine  animal,  as  a  bull,  ox, 
cow^  a  moo.— Lowing,  lo'ing,  n.  The  bel- 
lowing or  cry  of  cattle. 
Lower,  lo'6r,  v.t.  [From  lower,  compar.  of 
low;  comp.  linger,  from  long,  adj.]  To 
make  lower  in  position;  to  let  down;  to 
take  or  bring  down;  to  reduce  or  humble; 
to  make  less  high  or  haughty;  to  reduce, 
as  value  or  amount. 

Lower,  lou'6r,  v.i.  [Same  word  as  D.  loeren, 
to  frown;  L.6.  luren,  to  look  sullen;  akin 
to  leer.]  To  frown;  to  look  sullen;  to  ap- 
pear dark  or  gloomy;  to  be  clouded j  to 
threaten  a  storm.— Lowering,  lou'er-mg, 
p.  and  a.  Threatening  a  storm;  cloudy; 
overcast.  —  Loweringly,  lou'6r-ing-li,  adv. 


ch,  cftain;     ch,  Sc.  loch;     g,  po;    j.^'obi.Ai'r-  to»it_  «&  ^m^^^^'^y^*''^'  -H»JfiiK«  '  ■"^4 wAiSi-    «bi.a«ire* 


LOWN 


406 


LUMP 


In  a  lowering  manner.— Lowery,  lou'6r-i, 
o.    Cloudy;  gloomy. 

Lown,  loun,  n.  A  low  fellow ;  a  loon. 
[i'/iaAr.] 

Loxodromlc,  lok-so-drom'ik,  a.  [Gr.  loxos, 
oblique,  and  dromos,  a  course.)  Pertain- 
ing to  oblique  sailing,  or  sailing  by  the 
rhumb.  —  Loxodromic  curve,  or  line,  or 
spiral,  the  path  of  a  ship  when  her  course 
is  directed  constantly  towards  the  same 
point  of  the  compass,  in  a  direction  oblique 

'  to  the  equator,  so  as  to  cut  all  the  meridi- 
aus  at  equal  angles. — Lozodromics,  Lozo- 
dromy,  lok-so-drom'iks,  lok-sod'ro-mi,  n. 
The  art  of  oblique  sailing  by  the  loxodro- 
mic curve. 

I.oyai,  loi'al,  o.  [Fr.  loyal,  O.Fr.  loial, 
leial,  leal,  from  L.  legalis,  legal,  from  Ux, 
Zeffis,  alaw.  i/caZ  is  another  form.  Legal.] 
True  or  faithful  in  allegiance;  faithful  to 
the  lawful  government,  to  a  prince  or 
superior;  true  to  plighted  faith,  duty,  or 
love;  not  treacherous;  constant. — Loysiist, 
loi'ai-ist,  n.  A  person  who  adheres  to  his 
sovereign  or  to  constituted  authority. — 
Loyally,  loi'al-li,  adv.  In  a  loyal  manner; 
faithfully.  —  Loyalness,  Loyalism,  loi'al- 
ncs,  loi'al-izm,  n.  Loyalty. — Loyalty,  loi'- 
al-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
loyal;  fidelity;  constancy. 

Lozenge,  loz'enj,  n.  [Fr.  losange,  probably 
from  Sp.  losa,  a  slate  or  flat  stone  for  pav- 
ing.] A  rectilineal  figure  with  four  equal 
sides,  having  two  acute  and  two  obtuse 
angles:  called  also  a  diamond;  a  small 
cake  of  sugar,  &c.,  originally  in  the  form 
of  a  lozenge,  but  now  variously  shaped;  a 
small  diamond-shaped  pane  of  glass  in  a 
window.  ■ 

Lubber,  lub'6r,  n.  [Allied  to  loohy,  lob,  "W. 
Hob,  llabi,  a  lubber.]  A  clumsy  or  awk- 
ward fellow;  a  term  applied  by  sailors  to 
one  who  does  not  know  seamanship. — 
Lubber's  point,  a  black  vertical  mark 
drawn  on  the  inside  of  the  case  of  the 
mariner's  compass  in  a  line  with  the  ship's 
head,  as  a  guide  to  show  the  vessel's  course. 
— Lubber's  hole,  the  hole  in  the  top  or  plat- 
form at  the  head  of  a  lower  mast  through 
which  sailors  may  mount  without  going 
over  the  rim  by  the  f  uttock-shrouds. — Lub- 
berly, lub'6r-li,  a.  Like  a  lubber;  clumsy; 
clownish. 

Lubricate,  IttTiri-kat,  v.t.—ltibrieated,  lu- 
bricatinp.  [L.  Irtbrico,  from  Ivbricus,  slip- 
pery.] To  soften  with  an  emollient  or 
mucilaginous  substance;  to  rub  or  supply 
with  an  oily  or  greasy  substance,  for  di- 
minishing friction.  —  Lubricant,  In'bri- 
kant,  a.  Lubricating.— n.  That  which  lu- 
bricates. —  Lubrication,  la-bri-ka'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  lubricating. —Lubricator,  la'- 
bri-ka-ttr,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  lu- 
bricates; an  oil-cup  attached  to  a  machine. 
—  Lubricity,  la-bris'i-ti.  n.  Smoothness 
or  slipperiness ;  instability;  shiftiness; 
lasciviousness. 

Lucame,  Itt'kiim,  n.  [Fr.  lucaiiu,  L.  Zu- 
cema,  a  lamp,  from  luceo,  to  shine.]  A 
dormer  or  garret  window. 

Luce,  iQs,  n.  [L.  luciua.]  The  fish  called 
the  pike. 

Lucent,  la'sent,  a.  [L.  Iveens.  lucentin,  ppr. 
of  luceo,  to  shine.  Lrc/n.]  Shining; 
bright;  resplendent.  —  Lucency,  la'sen-si, 
n.    The  state  or  quality  of  being  lucent. 

Lucemal,  iQ-str'nal.a.  [L.  i«ren!a,alamp.l 
Pertaining  to  a  lamp  or  other  artificial 
light.— I/WcemaZ  microscope,  a  microscope 
in  which  the  object  is  illuminated  by  arti- 
ficial light. 

Lucerne,  Lucem,  la'sfm,  n.  [Fr.  luseme, 
lusei-ne;  origin  unknown.]  A  leguminous 
plant  valuable  as  fodder,  cultivated  in 
chalky  districts  of  England  and  in  France. 

Lucid,  iQ'sid,  a.    (L.  lucidus,  from  luceo,  to 

.  shine,  from  stem  of  lux,  lucis,  light,  the 

J  root  being  same  as  thatofHp/if.  Connected 

I  are  elucidate,  luminous,  luntinary,  lunar, 
lunatic,  illuminate,  limn,  &?.]  Shining; 
bright;  resplendent;  clear;  transparent; 
bright  with  the  radiance  of  intellect;  not 
darkened  or  confused  by  delirium;  easily 
understood;  clearly  expressed  in  words.— 
Lucidity,  Lncidness,  lo-sid'i-ti,  lo'sid-nes, 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  lucid; 
clearness;  intelligibility. — Lucidly,  la'sid- 

'  li,  adv.    In  a  lucid  manner 


Lucifer,  la'si-fer,  n.  [L.  lux,  lucis,  light, 
and  fero,  to  bring.]  The  morning-star; 
Satan  (from  an  erroneous  interpretation 
of  the  term  as  applied  by  Isaiah);  a  per- 
son of  Satanic  attributes;  a  match  ignit- 
ible  by  friction:  called  also  Lucifer-match. 
— Luciferian,  lu-si-fe'ri-an,  a.  Pertaining 
to  Lucifer;  devilish. 

Luck,  luk,  n.  [O.  Fris.  luk,  D.  luk,  gelvk, 
G.  glUck,  fortune,  prosperity;  aliied  to  D. 
lokken,  Dan.  lokke,  G.  locken,  to  entice.) 
What  is  regarded  as  happening  by  chance; 
what  chance  or  fortune  sends;  fortune; 
chance;  accident;  hap;  good  fortune;  suc- 
cess.—Luckily,  luk'i-li,  adv.  In  a  lucky 
manner.  —  Luckiness,  luk'i-nes,  Ji.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  lucky. — Luckless, 
luk'les,  a.  Without  luck;  ul-fated;  un- 
fortunate.—Lucklessly,  luk'les-li,  c'.dv.  In 
a  luckless  manner.  —  Lucklessness,  luk'- 
les-nes,  n.— Lucky,  luk'i,  a.  Favoured  by 
luck;  fortunate;  meeting  with  good  suc- 
cess ;  sent  by  good  luck ;  favourable ;  aus- 
picious. 

Lucrative,  la'kra-tiv,  a.  [Fr.  lucrati',  from 
L.  lucrativus,  from  lucror,  to  profit,  from 
lucrum,  gain ;  same  root,  as  G.  lohn,  re- 
ward.) Yielding  lucre  or  gain;  gainful; 
profitable.— Lucratively,  lu'kra-tiv-li,  atZu. 
In  a  lucrative  manner.— Lucre,  iQ'ktr,  n. 
[Fr.  lucre,  L.  lucrum.\  Gain  in  monej';  pro- 
fit; pelfi  often  in  sense  of  base  or  unworthy 
gain.— Lucrous,  la'krus,  a.  Pertaining  to 
lucre  or  gain. 

Lucubrate,  In'kO-brat,  v.i.  [L.  Ivcubro,  lu- 
cubratu^.t,  to  study  by  candle-light,  from 
obs.  adj.  lucuber,  bringing  light,  from  lux, 
light.)  To  study  by  candle-light  or  a 
lamp;  to  study  by  night.— 1>.<.  To  elabor- 
ate, as  by  laborious  night-study.  —  Lucu- 
bration, In-ku-bra'shon,  n.  Nocturnal 
study;  what  is  composed,  or  supposed  to 
be  composed,  by  night;  a  literary  compo- 
sition of  any  kind.  —  Lucubrator,  lu'ku- 
bra-tdr,  n.    One  who  makes  lucubrations. 

Luculent,  In'ku-lent,  a.  [L.  luculentus, 
from  luceo,  to  shine.)  Lucid:  bright;  evi- 
dent; unmistakable. —  Luculently,  luTia- 
lent-li,  adv.    In  a  luculent  manner. 

Lucullite,  lu-kul'lit,  n. .  [From  the  Roman 
consul  LiKuUus  ]  A  variety  of  limestone 
used  for  ornamental  purposes. 

Ludicrous,  lu  dik-rus,  a.  [L.  ludicnis,  from 
ludris,  sport  or  game;  seen  also  in  allude, 
delude,  elude,  dhision,  prelude.]  Adapted, 
to  raise  good-humoured  laughter;  very 
ridiculous;  comical;  droll.  —  Ludicrously, 
Ift'dik-rus-li,  adv.  In  a  ludicrous  man- 
ner.—Ludicrotisness,  lu'dik-rus-nes.  n. 

Lues,  lu'ez,  n.  [L.)  A  poison  or  pestilence; 
a  plague. — Lues  venerea,  the  venereal  dis- 
ease. 

Luff,  luf,  n.  [Formerly  loof,  from  D.  loef, 
Dan.  luv,  G.  luf,  weather-gauge;  akin  to 
A.  Sax.  lyft,  the  air,  to  the  verb  to  lift, 
and  to  loft.  Hence  aloof.]  .Ifaut.  the 
weather-gauge;  the  weather  part  of  a 
fore-and-aft  sail,  or  the  side  next  the  mast 
or  stay  to  which  it  is  attached.— w.i.  To 
turn  the  head  of  a  ship  toward  the  wind; 
to  sail  near  the  wind.  —  Luff-tackle,  n. 
Naut.  a  purchase  composed  of  a  double 
and  single  block,  each  fitted  with  a  hook. 

Lug,  lug,  v.t. — lugged,  lugging.  [A.  Sax.  ge- 
luggian,  to  lug;  Sw.  Iv^ga,  to  draw,  to 
haul,  lugg,  N.  lug,  the  forelock  or  hair  of 
the  head;  comp.  A.  Sax.  lyccan,  Dan.  htge, 
to  pluck.)  To  haul;  to  drag;  to  pull  along 
or  carry,  as  something  heavy  and  moved 
with  diflBculty. — n.  The  ear;  a  projecting 
part  of  an  object  resembling  the  human 
ear,  as  the  handle  of  a  vessel.  —  Luggage, 
lug'aj,  n.  Anything  cumbersome  and 
hea\'y  to  be  carried;  a  traveller's  packages 
or  baggage.  —  Luggage-van,  n.  A  wagon 
or  carnage  for  holding  luggage.— Lugger, 
lug'fir,  n.  [A  vessel  having  iuj^-sails;  Dan. 
lugger,  V.  logger.]  A  vessel  carrying  either 
two  or  three  masts  with  lug-sails  and  a 
running  bowsprit.— Lug-sail,  n.  [Perhaps 
from  the  upper  comer  of  the  sail  forming 
a  kind  of  lug.]  A  square  sail  bent  upon  a 
yard  that  hangs  obliquely  to  the  mast  at 
one-third  of  its  length. 

Lugubrious,  la-gfl'bri-us,  a.  [L.  lugubris, 
mournful,  from  lugeo,  to  weep;  akin  Gr. 
fyoroi,  sad.]  Mournful;  indicating  or  ex- 
pressive of  sorrow;  doleful. — Lugubriously, 


la-gQ'bri-us-li,  adv.  In  a  lugubrious  mar  ■ 
ner.  —  Lugubriousness,  Lugubrioslty,  lu- 
ga'bri-us-nes,  la-g11'bri-OB"i-ti,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  lugubrious. 

Lugworm,  lug'wfirm,  n.  [Sw.  lugg,  tuft  of 
hair,  the  forelock;  it  has  tufts  and  bristles 
along  its  sides.]  An  annelid  or  worm  which 
burrows  in  the  muddy  sand  of  the  shore, 
and  is  much  esteemed  for  bait.  Also 
called  Lob-womu 

Lukewarm,  luk'warm,  a.  [O.E.  luke,  luke- 
warm, 1).  leuk,  A.  Sax.  wkec,  lukewarm; 
O.E.  lewe,  G.  lau,  lukewaxm.]  Moderately 
warm;  tepid;  not  ardent;  not  zealous; 
cool;  indifferent.— Lukewarmly.lok'warm- 
li,  adv.  In  a  lukewarm  degree  or  man- 
ner. —  Lukewannness,  lok'warm-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  lukewarm. 

LuU,  lul,  v.t.  [Dan.  bdle,  Sw.  luUa,  6.  lul- 
len,  to  sing  to  sleep,  D.  lollen,  to  sing  badly; 
probably  an  imitation  of  the  sound;  comp. 
L.  lallo,  to  sing  lullaby.]  To  sing  to  m 
oriler  to  induce  to  sleep;  to  cause  to  rest 
by  gentle,  "soothing  means;  to  quiet;  to 
compose.— y.i.  To  subside;  to  cease;  to  be- 
come calm  (the  wind  lulls).— n.  A  sea.son 
of  temporary  quiet  after  storm,  tumult, 
or  confusion.— Lullaby,  luVa-bi,  n.  A  song 
to  lull  or  quiet  babes;  that  which  quiets. 

Lumachel,  Lnmachella,  iQ'ma-kel,  lu'ma- 
kel-la,  n.  [It.  lumachella,  properly  a  little 
snail  or  shell,  from  L.  Umax,  a  snail.)  A 
calcareous  stone  composted  of  shells  and 
i  coral  agglomerated,  and  so  hard  as  to  ad- 
roit of  poUsh. 

Lumbago,  lum-ba'go,  n.  [L.,  from  lumbus, 
loin.)  Rheumatism  or  rheumatic  pains 
afi"ecting  the  lumbar  region.  — Lumbagi- 
nons,  lum-baj'i-nus,  a.  Pertaining  to 
lumbago.  —  Lumbar,  Lumbal,  lum  '  bar, 
lum'bal,  a.  [L.  lumbus,  a  loin.  Loin.I 
Pertaining  to  the  loins.— Z/wmbar  region, 
the  portion  of  the  body  between  the  false 
ribs  and  the  upper  part  of  the  haunch- 
bone;  the  small  of  the  back. 

Lumber,  lum'bfir,  n.  [Originally  a  pawn- 
broking  establishment,  tne  placQ  where 
pawned  goods  were  kept,  hence  such  gooils 
themselves,  from  the  Lombards,  vho  were 
formerly  renowned  as  pawnbrokers  or 
money-lenders.)  Things  bulky  and  thrown 
aside  as  of  no  use;  old  furniture,  discarded 
utensils,  or  the  like;  in  America,  timber 
sawed  or  split  for  use  as  beams,  boards, 
planks,  &c.—v.t.  To  heap  together  in  dis- 
order; to  fill  with  lumber.— tJ.t.  To  ninve 
heavily,  as  a  vehicle;  in  America,  to  cut 
timber  in  the  forest  and  prepare  it  for  the 
market. — Lumberer,  lum'ber-cr,  n.  A  pur- 
son  employed  in  cutting  lumber. 

Lumbrical,  lum'bri-kal,  a.  IL.  lumbiicus, 
a  worm.)  Pertaining  to  or  resemliliug  a 
worm  (the  lumbncal  muscles  of  .the  fingers 
and  toes).— n.  A  worm-like  muscle  of  the 
fingers  and  toes. 

Luminary,  iQ'mi-na-ri,  n.  [Fr.  luminaire^ 
L.  luminare,  from  lumen,  himinis,  light, 
for  lucnun,  from  luceo,  to  shine.  Licid.] 
Any  body  that  gives  light,  but  chiefly  one 
of  the  heavenly  bodies;  a  person  who  is  a 
source  of  intellectual  light;  a  person  that 
enlightens  mankind.  —  Luminant,  Ifi'mi- 
nant,a.  Emitting  light;  shiniug;  luminous. 
— Lumlniferous,  lu-mi-nif'er-us,  a.  Pro- 
ducing light;  yielding  light;  ser»-ing  as  the 
medium  for  conveying  light  (the  lumi- 
niferovs  ether).— Luminosity.  Luminous- 
ness.  Luminance,t  lu-mi-nos'i-ti,  lu'mi- 
nus-nes,  lu'mi-nans,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing luminous;  brightness;  clearness. — 
Luminous,  lu'mi-nus,  a.  [L.  luminoaus.] 
Shining;  emitting  light;  bright;  brilliant; 
giving  mental  light;  clear  (a  luminous 
essay  or  argument).— Luminously,  iQ'mi- 
nus-li,  adv.    In  a  luminous  manner. 

Lump,  lump,  n.  (CD.  lo^npe.  Sw.  lump,  N. 
lump,  piece,  mass;  allied  to  lubber,  lunch.] 
A  small  mass  of  matter,  of  no  definite 
shape;  a  mass  of  things  blended  or  thrown 
together  without  order  or  distinction.- 7)1 
the  lump,t\\e  whole  together;  in  gro.^s.— f  .<. 
To  throw  into  a  mass;  to  take  in  the  gross.— 
Lumper,  lump'er,  n.  A  labourer  employed 
to  load  and  unload  vessels  when  in  hfcr- 
bour.— Lumpfi^,  Lumpsucker,  lump'fish, 
lumi)'suk-6r,  n.  A  fish  of  the  northern  seas, 
h.-iving  the  ventral  fins  modified  into  a 
sucker,  by  means  of  which  it  adheres  to 


^  Fate,  far,  fat,  full;     inC,mct,  h4r;     pine,  pin;     aOte,  not,  mqve;     tube,  tub,  b\ill;     oil,  pound;     u,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr.  u^ 


LUNACY 


407 


LYCAKTKROPE 


bodioB. — Lompiali,  lumpish,  a.  LiJce  a 
lump;  heavy;  aull;  iuactiTe.-XnmplKlUy, 
lamp'igh-li,  adv.  In  a  lumpish  manner. 
-rXiunpinhncss,  Imnp'ish-nes,  n.—liamp- 
Eiigar,  n.  Loai-sugar  in  Bmall  lumps  or 
pieces.— Lumpy,  lump'i,  a.  Full  of  lumps 
or  small  compact  masses. 

Lunacy,'  lo'na-si,'  n.  [Prom  L.  lunatieug, 
Innatic,  moon-struck,  from  ^uJla,  the  moon 
(lunatics  being  at  one  time  supposed  to  be 
affected  by  the  moon),  for  luena,  from  root 
of  luceo,  to  shine.  Lucid.]  The  state,  or 
ruality  of  being  lunatic;  insanity,  pro- 
perly the  kind  of  insanity  which  is  broken 
by  intervals  of  reason;  the  height  of  folly. 
— Lunatic,  iQ'na-tik,  a.  Afiwted  by  lunacy; 
mad ;  insane.— n.  A  person  afi'ected  by  lu- 
nacy; an  insane  person.— iimaiic  asylum, 
a,  house  or  hospital  established  for  the  re- 
ception of  lunatics. 

Lunar,  la'nfer,  a.  [L.  lunaris,  from  lima, 
the  moon.  LuNACir.]  Pertamiug  to  the 
moon;  measured  by  the  revolutions  of  the 
moon(Z"recr  daysor  years).— iMnarMKStio, 
nitrate  of  silver  (silvsr  being  called  Lwia 
by  the  alchemists).  —  Lunar  cycle,  the 
period  required  for  the  new  moons  to  re- 
turn on  the  same  days  of  the  yeax.— Lunar 
distance,  the  distanca  of  the  moon  from 
the  sun  or  a  star,  by  means  of  which  the 
longitude  of  a  ship  at  sea  is  found.— i/unar 
month,  the  period  of  a  complete  revolution 
of  the  moon,  29i  days.— L?/?Mir  theory,  the 
theory  that  analyses  and  explains  the  per- 
turbations to  which  the  rnoon  is  subject 
in  her  revolution. — Lunar  year,  aperiodof 
twelve  lunar  months.— Lunate,  Lunated, 
la'n&t,  lu'na-ted,  a.  Having  a  form  like 
that  of  the  half-mooa;  crescent-shaped. — 
Lunatiou,  lo-aa'shon,  n.  The  time  from 
one  new  moon  to  the  follcving. 

Lunatic.    Under  Lunacy. 

Lunch,  lunsh,  n.  [A  form  of  lump,  as  hunch 
of  hump,  bunch  of  ftttmp.]  A  luncheon. — 
v.i.  To  take  a  lunch.— Luncheon,  lunsh'- 
on,  n.  [A  longer  form  of  lwu:h,  perhaps 
for  lunching.']  A  slight  repast  or  meal  bis- 
tween  breakfast  and  dinner.— v.i.  To  take 
lunch  or  luncheon. — Luncheon-bar,  n.    A 

fiart  of  an  inn  or  publio-houso  where 
uncheon  can  be  had. 

Lnne.lan,  n.  [L.  Zirna,  the  moon.  Lukacy.] 
Anything  in  the  shape  of  a  crescent  or  half- 
moon;  a  geometrical  figui-e  in  shape  of  a 
crescent.— Lunette,  iQ-net',  n.  fFr.  lunette, 
dim.  from  L.  luna.^  Fort,  a  work  in  the 
form  of  a  redan  with  flanks,  used  as  an 
advanced  work;  arch,  an  p.perture  for  the 
admission  of  light  in  a  concave  ceiling; 
arclusol.  a  crescent-shaped  ornament  for 
the  neck.— Lunlform,  la'ni-form,  a.  Re- 
sembling the  moon.. 

Lung,  lung,  n.  [A.  Sax:  lunge,  pi.  Ivngan, 
Icel.  lunga,  D.  long,  Dan.  and  G.  lunge,  a 
lung;  same  root  as  light,  from  their  light- 
ness (comp.  the  name  Ugh(s).]  One  of  the 
two  organs  of  respiration  in  air-breathing 
animals,  light  and  spongy  and  full  of  air- 
cells.- Lunged,  lungd,  a.  Having  lungs: 
chiefly  in  composition.— Lungwort,  lung'- 
w6rt,n.  A  common  garden  flower,  having 
leaves  speckled  like  lungs;  also  a  kind  oi 
lichen  used  in  diseases  of  the  lungs. 

Lange,  lunj,  «.  [Formerly  longe,  allonge, 
from  Ft.  aXUmger,  to  lengthen,  to  thrust — 
L.  ad,  to,  lo^igua,  long.]  A  sudden  thrust 
or  pass,  as  with  a  svrord.  — v.i.— lunged, 
lunging.  To  make  a  thurst  or  pass,  as  with 
a  sword  or  rapier. — v.t.  To  exercise  (a  horse) 
by  making  him  run  round  in  a  ring  while 
held  by  a  long  rein. 

Iiunisolkr,  Ia-ni-s3l6r,  a.  [L.  luna,  moon, 
and  8ol,  sun.]  Comoounded  of  the  revolu- 
tions of  the  sun  and  moon;  resulting  from 
the  united  action  of  the  sun  and  moon. — 
Inanla,  Lunula,  iQ'nQ-la,  lu'nQl,  n.  [Bim. 
of  L.  luna,  the  moon.]  Somethipg  m  the 
shape  of  a  little  moon  or  crescent.  AJso 
Ltmulot,  ICnU-let.— Lunular,  iQ'no-lfer,  o. 
Having  the  form  of  a  small  crescent. — ^Lu- 
niUats,  Lunulated,  iQ'nQ-lat,  lu'na-ls-ted, 
a.    Resembling  a  small  crescent. 

Ziaisercal,  la-pfer'kal  or  lu'p6r-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to- the  Lupercalia,  or  feasts  of  the 
Romans  in  honour  of  Lupercus  or  Pan. 
— -.  pi.  Lupercalia,  Ia-p6r-k5'li-a.  An 
ancient  Roman  feast  in  honour  of  Pan. 

Lupine,  iQ'pin,  a.    [L.  lupus,  a  woif;  cog. 


with  E.  woZ/.]  Like  a  wolf;  wolfish;  rar- 
enous.- Lnpina,  la'pin.  n.  [Fr.  Iwpin;  L. 
lupiKus,  in  allusion  to  its  destroying  or  ex- 
hausting land.]  The  name  of  varioue 
legumiuous  plants,  some  of  which  are 
commonly  cmtivated  in  gardens  for  the 
sake  of  f.heir  gaily-coloured  flowers. 
.  LnpuUn,  Lupuline,  lu'pa-Un,  n.  (L.  lupulug, 
hops.]  The  peculiar  bitter  aromatic  prin- 
ciple of  the  hop;  the  fine  yellow  powder  of 
hops,  which  contains  the  bitter  principle, 
largely  used  in  medicine. 
Lupus,  la'pus,  n.  [L.,  a  wolf.]  A  disease 
v/hich  eats  away  the  flesh,  producing  rag- 
ged ulcerations  of  the  nose,  cheeks,  fore- 
head, eyelids,  and  lips. 
Lxirch,  lerch,  n.  [O.Fr.  lowrche.  It.  Xureio, 
G-.  lurz,  lurtsch,  a  lurch  at  cribbage.]  A 
term  in  the  game  of  cribbage,  denoting 
the  position  of  a  player  who  has  not  made 
his  thirty-first  hole  when  his  opponent  has 
pegged  iiis  sixty-first.  Hence,  to  leave  in 
the  lurch,  to  leave  in  a  difficult  situation 
or  in  embarrassment;  to  leave  in  a  f  orlorq 
state  or  without  help. 
Lurch,  Itrch,  v.i.  [A  torm.ciilurk,KS church 
of  kirk,  birch  of  birk,  &c.  Lurk..]  To  lie 
in  ambush  or  in  secret;  to  lie  close;  to  lurk; 
to  shift  or  to  play  tricks  iShak.);  to  roll  sud- 
denly to  ono  side,  as  a  ship  in  a  heavy  sea; 
to  stagger  to  one  side,  as  a  tipsy  man. — n. 
A  sudden  roll  of  a  ship;  a  roll  or  stagger 
of  a  person.— Lurcher,  Urch'er,  n.  One 
that  lies  in  wait  or  lurks;  a  dog  that  lies 
in  wait  for  game. 

Lnrdaa,  Lnrdane,  Ur'dan,  Ur'dan,  a.  [O.Pr. 
lourdin.  lourdein,  from  Zourd,  heavy,  dull.] 
Blockish;  stupid;  clownish;  lazy  and  use- 
less.   [2'e;m.] 

Lure,  Ittr,  n.  [Fr.  leurre,  from  M.H.G: 
Zttoaar,  a  lure,  G.  luder,  carrion,  a  bait  for 
wild  beasts.]  An  object  somewhat  resem- 
bling a  bird  thrown  into  the  air  to  recall  a 
trained  hawk;  any  enticement;  that  which 
invitee  by  the  prospect  of  advantage  or 
pleasure.— v.t.— iwred,  luring.  To  attract 
oy  a  lure  or  to  a  lure;  to  entice;  to  attract; 
to  invite. 

Lurid,  la'rid,  a.  [L.  luHdui.l  Pale  yellow, 
as  flame ;  ghastly  pale ;  gloomy ;  dismal  j 
bot.  having  a  dirty  brown.colour,  a  little 
clouded. 
Lurk,  I6rk,  v.i.  [Akin  to  N.  luska,  .Dan. 
htske,  to  lurk,  to  skuUc;  Dan.  lur,  G.  lauer, 
an  ambush  or  watching.]  To  he  hid;  to 
lie  in  wait;  to  lie  concealed  or  unperceived. 
— Lurker,  l6rTi4r,  n.  One  that  larks- 
Lurking-place,  n.  A  place  in  which  one 
lurks;  a  hiding-place;  a  den. 
Luscious,  lush'us,  a.  (Perhaps  for  luttious, 
from  lusty.]  Very  sweet;  delicious;  de- 
lightful; sweet  to  excess;  hence,  unctuous; 
fulsome. — Lusciously,  lush'us-li,  adv.  In 
a  luscious  manner. — Lusciousness,  lush'- 
us-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
luscious. 

Lush,  lush,  a.  [Shortened  from  luscious.] 
Fresh,  luxuriant,  and  juIct;  succulent. 
Lust,  lust,  n.  [A.  Sax.  D.  G.  and  Sw.  lust, 
Icel.  and  Dan.  Ij/st,  Goth;  luiitts,  desire. 
Hence  the  verbs  to  lust,  to  list,  and  adj. 
lusii/.  List.]  Longing  desire ;  eagerness 
to  possess  or  enjoy;  depraved  affection  or 
desije ;  more  especially,  sexual  appetite; 
unlawful  desire  of  sexual  pleasure:  con- 
cupiscence. —  v.i.  To  desire  eagerly;  to 
long<  to  have  carnal  desire:  with  after. — 
LuEtful,  lust'ful,  a.  Inspired  by  lust  or 
the  sexual  appetite;  provoking  to  sensu- 
ality.—  Lustfully,- lust'ful-li,  adv.  In  a 
lustful  manner.— LuBtfulness,  lust'ful-nes, 
n.  The  state  of  being  lustful. 
Lustily,  Lustiness.  Under  Li^stt. 
Lustral,  lus'tral,  o.  [L.  lustralis,  from  lus- 
tra, to  purify,  from  lustrum,  a  pttrificatory 
sacrifice,  from  stem  of  luo,  lavo,  to  wash. 
Lave.]  Used  in  purification;  pertaining' 
to  purification.  —  Lustrate,  lus'trat,  v.t. 
'[L.lustro,  lustratum,  to  cleanse.]  To  purify 
za  by  water.— Lustration,  lus-tra'ahoc,  n. 
A  cleansing  or  purifying. — Lustrum,  lus'- 
trum,  n.  pi.  Lustrums  or  Lustra,  lus'- 
trumz,  lus'tra.  [L.]  In  ancient  Rome,  the 
purification  of  the  whole  people  performed 
at  the  end  of  every  five  years;  hence,  a 
period  of  five  years. 

Lustre,  lus'tfer,  n.  [Fr.  lustre,  either  from 
L.  histrum,  a  purificatory  sacrifice  (see 


above),  or  from  stem  of  laceo,  to-sliine  (m3 
Lucie.).]  Eri^htnesB;  splendour;  bril- 
liauce;  sheen;  mineral,  a  variation  in  the 
nature  of  the  reflecting  surface  of  min- 
erals; the  splendour  of  birth,  of  deeds,  or 
of  fame;  renown;  difitinctioa;  a  branched 
chandelier  ornamented  with  drops  or  pen- 
dants of  cut  glass;  a  fabric  for  ladies* 
dresses,  consisting  of  cotton  warp  and 
iTooUen  weft.  —  Lustreless,  lus'ter-les,  o. 
Destitute  of  lustre.  —  LuBtring,  las'tring, 
n,  A  species  of  glossy  silk  cloth.— Lustrous, 
liis'trus.a.  Characterized  by  lustre:  bright; 
shining;  luminous.—  Lustrously,  lus'trus- 
li,  adv.  Brilliantly;  luminously. 
Lusty,  lus'ti,  a.  [From  iM8i=D.  and  G. 
luatig,  D.  lystig,  merry,  jovial.]  Charac- 
terized by  life,  spirit,  vigour,  health,  or 
the  like:  stout;  vigorous;  robust;  health- 
ful; bulky;  large:  lustful;  hot-blooded.— 
Lustlhood,  lus'ti-hud,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  lusty;  vigour  of  body.  [Tenn.]  — 
LustDy,  lus'ti-li,  adv.  In  a  lusty  manner; 
vigorously;  stoutly.— Lustiness,  lus'ti-nes, 
n.  The  state  of  being  lusty. 
Lutarlous,  iQ-ta'ri-us,  a.  [L.  lutarius,  from 
lutum,  mud.]  Pertaining  to,  living  in,  or 
of  the  colour  of  mud 

Lute,  Ittt,  n.  [Ft.  luth,  lui,  Sp.  laud,  from 
Ar.  oZ  md,  the  lute  (al  being  the  definite  ar- 
ticle).] A  stringed  musical  instrument  of 
the  guitar  kind,  formerly  veiy  popular  in 
Europe.— w.t  To  play  on  a  lute.— Lutanist, 
Lutenlst,  Lutist,  la'tsa-ist,  Itt'ten-ist,  lut'- 
ist,  71.  A  performer  en  the  lute. 
Lute,  Luting,  lat,  lat'ing,  n.  yh.  lutum, 
mud,  clay,  from  luo,  to  was.i.]  Chem.  a 
composition  of  clay  or  other  substance 
used  for  stopping  the  juncture  of  vessels 
BO  closely  as  to  prevent  the  escape  or  en- 
trance of  air,  or  applied  as  a  coating  to 
glass  retorts  in  order  that  they  may  sui>- 
port  a  high  temperature.— Lute,w.t.—ZMteS, 
luting.  To  close  or  coat  with  lute.— Lutsk- 
tion,  lo-ta'shon,  n.  The  act  of  luting. 
Lutestring,  la t'string.  n.  [A  corruption  of 
lustring.  Lustke.]  A  stout  glossy  kind  of 
silk  used  for  ladies*  dresses. 
Lutheran,  ln'th6r-an,  n.  Pertaining  to 
Martin  Z/niA«r,  the  reformer. — n.  Adis* 
ciple  or  follower  of  Luther;  one  who  ad- 
heres to  the  doctrines  of  Luther.— Luther- 
onism,  Luthorism,JlQ'th6r-an-i!m,  iQ'thftr- 
izm,  n.  The  doctrines  of  religion  as  taught 
by  Luther. 

Lutose,  la'tos,  a.  [L.  luiosus,  from  Iviwn, 
clay.]  Miry;  covered  with  clay. 
Luxate,  luk'sat,  v.t. — luxated,  luxating.  [L. 
luxo,  Ixijxatum,  from  Ztunta,  dislocated,  Gr. 
loxos,  slanting.]  To  put  out  of  joint,  as  a 
limb:  todislooate.- Luxation.luk-sa'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  luxating;  a  dislocation. 
Luxuriant,  lug-za'ri-ant,  a.  [h.  luxurians, 
from  luxurio,  to  luxtiriate,  from  luxaria, 
luxury,  Vuxus,  excess.]  Exuberant  in 
growth;  rank;  abundant;  growing  to  ex- 
cess; excessive  or  superfluous.  -Luxuri- 
antly, lug-zfl'ri-ant-h,  adv.  In  a  luxuri- 
ant manner  or  degree.  —  Luxuriance, 
Luxuriancy,  lug-za'ri-ans,  lug-zu'ri-an-si, 
n.  The  state  of  being  luxuriant.— Luxuri- 
ate, lug-zu'ri-atj  v.i.— luxuriated,  luxuri- 
ating. [L.  luxurw,  to  be  rank  or  luxurious, 
to  be  wanton.]  To  grow  rankly  or  exuber- 
antly; to  feed  or  live  luxui^ously;  fig.  to 
indulge  or  revel  without  restraint. — Lnx- 
tiriation,  lug-zQ'ri-a"8hon,  n.  The  act  of 
luxuriating.  —  Luxurious,  lug-zQ'ri-us,  a. 
[L.  luxuriosus.]  Characterized  by  indul- 
gence in  luxury:  given  to  luxury;  volup- 
tuous; administenng  to  luxury;  furnished 
with  luxuries.- Luxuriously,  lug-zQ'ri-us- 
li,  adv.  In  a  luxurious  manner. — Luxuri- 
ousnesa,  lug-ztl'ri-us-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  luxurious.  —  Luxurist, 
lug'za-rist,  n.  One  given  to  luxury.— 
Luxury,  lug'za-ri,  n.  [L.  luxwia.\  A  free 
or  extravagant  indulgence  in  the  pleasures 
of  the  table,  or  in  costly  dress  and  equi- 
page; that  which  is  delightful  to  the 
senses,  the  feelings,  &c.;  that  which  grati- 
fies a  nice  and  fastidious  appetite;  any- 
thing not  necessary,  but  used  for  personal 
gratification. 

Lycanthrope,  lilcan-thrSp,  n.  [Gr.  lykos, 
a  wolf,  and  anthrOpos,  a  man.]  Formerly 
a  man  believed  to  be  transformed  into  a 
wolf;  a  werwolf;  now,  a  person  affected 


cb,cAain;    eh,  Sc.  loch;    b>0o;    J,/ob;     n,Fr.  ton;     Jig,iingi    hi,  (Aen;  tb,  (Ain;    yr,iMgi    vh,  tcAlg;    ssh,  aeure, 


LYCEUM 


408 


MACHINE 


■iTith  lycanthropy.— Lycanthropy,  li-kan'- 
thro-pi,  n.  A  kind  of  insanity  in  which  the 
patient  supposes  himself  to  he  a  wolf. 

Lyceum,  H-s6'um,  n.  [L.  Lyceum,  Gr.  Ly- 
keion,  from  a  temple  dedicated  to  Apollo 
lykeios,  Apollo  the  wolf-slayer,  from  lukos, 
a  wolf.]  A  building  at  ancient  Athens 
where  Aristotle  taught;  hence  a  building 
appropriated  to  instruction  by  lectures;  a 
literary  institute;  a  school  preparatory  to 
the  university. 

Lycopod,  li'ko-pod,  n.  \.Gr.  lylcos,  a  wolf, 
and  pouB,  podos,  a  foot.]  A  plant  belong- 
ing to  an  order  intermediate  between 
mosses  ajid  ferns,  and  in  some  respects 
allied  to  the  conifers.  —  Lycopode,  li'ko- 
pOd,  n.  Vegetable  brimstone,  the  highly 
inflammable  powder  contained  in  the 
spore-cases  of  some  species  of  Ljxopodium. 
— Lycopodittja,  U-ko-pO'di-um,  n.  A  genus 
of  lycopods,  some  species  of  which  produce 
vegetable  sulphur  or  lycopode. 

Lydian,  lid'i-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  ancient 
Lydia  in  Asia  Minor;  a  term  applied  to 
one  of  the  ancient  Greek  modes  of  music 
of  a  soft  pleasing  character.  —  Lydian 
stable,  a  jasper-like  siliceous  rock  used  by 
the  ancients  as  a  touchstone. 

Lye,  li,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ledh,  G.  lauge,  D.  Zoo?, 
lye;  allied  to  Icel.  laug,  a  bath,  and  proba- 
bly L.  lavo,  to  wash]  Water  impregnated 
with  alkaline  salt  imbibed  from  the  ashes 
of  wood;  a  solution  of  an  alkali  used  for 
cleaning  purposes.  ' 

Lye,  li,  n.  [Probably  from  lie,  to  rest.]  A 
siding  on  a  railway  in  which  a  train  may 


stand  for  a  time,  wagons  remain  for  load- 
ing, &c. 

Lyencephalotts,  li-en-sef'a-lus,  a.  [Gr.  lyO, 
to  loose,  and  enkephalos,  the  brain.]  Hav- 
ing the  cerebral  hemispheres  without 
folds :  applied  to  a  i)rimary  division  of 
mammals,  including  the  mouotremes  and 
marsupials. 

Lying,  li'ing,  ppr.  of  lie,  to  recline.  Being 
prostrate.— Lying-in,  n.  The  act  of  bear- 
ing a  child;  inlying.— ppr.  or  a.  Being 
in  childbirth;  pertaining  to  childbirth  (a 
lying-ill  hospital). 

Lying,  li'ing,  ppr.  of  lie,  to  utter  falsehood. 
— Lyingly,  li'ing-li,  adv.  lu  a  lying  man- 
ner; falsely;  by  telling  lies. 

Lymph,  limf,  n.  [Fr.  lymphe,  L.  lympha, 
allied  to  limpidtts,  clear,  limpid.]  Water, 
or  a  clear  transparent  Huid  like  water;  a 
fluid  in  animal  bodies  contained  in  certain 
vessels  called  lymphatics,  which  differs 
from  the  blood  in  its  corpuscles  being  all 
of  the  colourless  kind.  —  Vaccine  lymph, 
the  fluid  used  in  vaccination.— Lymphatic, 
lim-fat'ik,  n.  A  vessel  or  duct  in  animal 
bodies  which  contains  or  conveys  lymph 
— Ljrmphy,  limf'i,  a.  Contaming  or  like 
lymph. 

Lynch,  linsh,  v.t.  [Said  to  be  from  a  Vir- 
giniafa  farmer  of  the  name  of  Lynch,  noted 
for  taking  the  law  intj  his  own  hand.] 
To  inflict  punishment  upon,  without  the 
forms  of  law,  as  by  a  mob  or  by  unautho- 
rized persons — Lynch-law,  n  The  prac- 
tice of  punishing  men  by  unauthorized 
persons  without  a  legal  trial. 


Lynx,  lingks.n.  [L.and  G.  hjnx:  same  root 
as  in  L.  lux,  light,  from  its  bright  eyes.J 
A  name  given  to  several  carnivorous  mam- 
mals of  the  cat  family,  long  famed  for 
their  sharp  sight.— Lynx-eyed,  a.  Having 
extremely  acute  sight— Lyncean,  lin'sii- 
an,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  lyn.x. 

Lyon-klng-at-arms,  n.  The  oftcial  in  Scot- 
land who  has  the  chief  supenision  of 
coats  of  arms  and  other  heraldic  matters. 

Lyre,  rir,n.  [Pr.  lyre,  L.  and  Gr.  lyra;  ety- 
mology uncertain.]  One  of  the  most  an- 
cient stringed  instruments  of  music,  used 
by  the  Egyptians,  Assyrians,  and  Greeks. 
— Lyrate,  Lyrated,  li'rat,  li' rated,  a. 
Shaped  like  a  lyre;  hot.  pinnatifid  with 
large  terminal  lobe  and  smaller  ones  to- 
wards the  petiole.  —  Lyre-bird,  n.  An 
Australian  bird  somewhat  smaller  than 
a  pheasant,  having  erect  tail-feathers  in 
form  resembling  an  ancient  lyre — Lyric, 
Lyrical,  lir'ik,  lir'i-kal,  a.  |L  lyricus.\ 
Pertaining  to  a  lyre  or  harp.— ij/ etc  poetry, 
among  the  ancients,  poetry  for  the  lyre; 
m  modern  usage,  songs  and  that  cla.ss  of 
poetry  which  has  reference  to  the  poet's 
own  thoughts  and  feelings  —Lyric,  n.  A 
composer  of  lyric  poems,  a  lyric  poem. — 
Lyricism,  h/i-sizm,  n.  A  lyric  comi)osi- 
tion,  a  lyrical  form  of  language.— Lyrist, 
lir'ist,  n.  A  musician  who  plays  on  the 
lyre 

Lysis,  li  sis,  M,  [Gr.,  a  solution,  from  ly6, 
to  dissolve  ]  Med.  the  solution  or  termi- 
nation of  disease  gradually,  and  without 
critical  symptoms. 


M. 


M  is  the  thirteenth  letter  and  tenth  conso- 
nant of  the  English  alphabet,  represent- 
ing a  labial  and  nasal  articulation. 
Ma,  ma,  n.     A  childish  or  shorter  form  of 
Mama. 

Ma'am,  mam,  n.    A  colloquial  contraction 
for  Madam. 
Mac,  mak.    A  Gaelic  word  signifying  son, 
and  prefixed  to  many  surnames,  as  Mac 
Donald,  Mac  Grigor,  &c. 
Macadamize,  mak-ad'am-iz,  v.t. — macad- 
amized, macadamizing.    [From  Macadam, 
the  inventor.]    To  cover,  as  a  road,  with 
small  broken  stones,  which,  when  con- 
solidated, form  a  firm,  surface. — Macad- 
amization,  mak-ad'am-i-za"shon,  n.    The 
act  or  art  of  macadamizing. 
Macaque,  ma-kak',  n.    [Pr.]   An  Old  World 
monkey  with  short  tail  and  prominent 
eyebrows. 

Macarize,t  mak'a-riz,  v.t.  [Or.  makarizO, 
from  makar,  blessed.]  To  bless;  to  wish 
joy  to;  to  congratulate. 
Macaroni,  mak-a-ro'ni,  n.  pi.  Macaronis  or 
Macaronies,  mak-a-rO'niz.  [Fr.  and  Prov. 
It.  m,acaroni.  It.  maccAtrbnt,  originally  a 
mixture  of  flour,  cheese,  ana  butter.]  A 
dough  of  fine  wheaten  flour  made  into  a 
tubular  or  pipe  form,  a  favourite  food 
.among  the  Italians;  a  medley;  a  sort  of 
droll  or  fool;  a  name  formerly  given  to 
fops  or  dandies.— Macaronic,  mak-a-ro'- 
nik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  food  macaroni: 
pertaining  to  or  like  a  macaroni;  applied 
to  a  species  of  burlesque  verse,  consisting 
of  a  mixture  or  jumble  of  ill-formed  or 
ill-connected,  words,  as  of,  vulgar  words 
Latinized  or  Latin  words  modernized.— 
n.  A  confused  mixture  of  several  things; 
&  macaronic  verse  or  poem.  —  Macaroon, 
mak-a-rOn',  n.  A  small  sweetcake,  with 
almonds  in  it. 

Macassar-oil,  ma-kas'ar,  n.  An  oil  used  for 
promoting  the  growth  of  the  hair,  named 
from  Macassar,  in  Celebes,  from  which  it 
was  originally  procured;  also  a  perfumed 
mixture  of  castor-oil  and  olive-oil. 
Macaw,  ma-ka',  n.  [Native  name  in  the 
Antilles.]  One  of  a  genus  of  beautiful 
birds  of  the  parrot  tribe,  having  cheeks 
destitute  of  feathers,  and  long  tail-fea- 
thers.—Macaw-tree,  n.  A  name  for  several 
Bpecies  of  palm-trees,  natives  of  tropical 
America. 


Maccahean,  mak-ka-be'an,  o.  Pertaining 
to  the  Jewish  princes  called  Maccabees. — 
Maccabees,  mak'ka-bez,n.  pi.  The  name  of 
two  books  treating  of  Jewish  history  un- 
der the  Maccabean  princes,  included  in 
the  Apocrypha. 

Mace,  mas,  n.  [O.Fr.  m,ace,  Fr.  masse.  It. 
mazza,  a  club;  from  L.  matea  (only  found 
in  the  dim.  mateola),a,  kind  of  mallet.]  A 
weapon  of  war  consisting  of  a  staff  with  a 
heavy  metal  head  frequently  in  the  form 
of  a  spiked  ball ;  an  ornamental  staff  of 
metal  borne  before  magistrates  and  other 
persons  in  authority;  the  heavier  rod  used 
in  billiards.  —  Mace-bearer,  n.  A  person 
who  carries  a  mace  before  public  function- 
aries.—Macer,  mas'er,  n.  A  mace-bearer; 
an  officer  attending  on  several  courts  of 
Scotland. 

Mace,  mas,  n.  [Fr.  m,acis.  It.  mace,  L. 
macis,  macir,  Gr.  maker,  an  Indian  spice.] 
A  spice,  the  dried  aril  or  covering  of  the 
seed  of  the  nutmeg,  chiefly  used  in  cook- 
ing or  in  pickles. 

Macerate,  mas'Cr-at,  v.t.  — macerated,  ma- 
cerating. [L.  macero,  viaceratum.  to  make 
soft:  same  root  as  mass,  a  lump.]  To  steep 
almost  to  solution;  to  soften  and  separate 
the  parts  of  by  steeping  in  a  fluid,  or  by 
the  digestive  process;  to  mortifyt;  to  har- 
assj.- Maceration,  ma8-4r-a'8hon,n.  The 
act  of  macerating ;  state  of  being  macer- 
ated. 

Machairodos,  ma-ki'ro-dus,  n.  [Gr.  ma- 
chaira,  a  sabre,  and  odous,  a  tooth.]  An 
extinct  carnivorous  animal  of  considerable 
size,  having  very  formidable  upper  can- 
ines. 

Machiavelian,  mak'i-a-v5"li-an,  «.  Per- 
taining to  Machiavel  (Nicolo  Machiavetli), 
an  Italian  writer,  secretary  and  historio- 
grapher tc  the  Republic  of  Florence  (died 
1527);  in  conformity  with  Machiavel's  prin- 
ciples; cunning  in  political  management; 
crafty. —  n.  One  who  adopts  the  principles 
of  Machiavel.— Machiavelianism,  Machi- 
avellsm,  mak'i-a-v6"li-an-izm,  mak'i-a-vel- 
izm,  n.  The  principles  or  system  of 
statesmanship  of  Machiavel,  who  incul- 
cated the  systematic  subordination  of  right 
to  expediency;  political  cunning  and  arti- 
fice. 

Machicolation,  ma-chik'o-la"shon,  n.  [Fr. 
machicouUs,m<3ichecouli8;  origin  doubtful.] 


Milit.  arch,  a  vertical  opening  in  the  floor 
of  a  projecting  gallery,  parapet,  &c.,  for 
hurling  missiles  or  pouring  boiling  lead, 
pitch,  Ac,  upon  the  enemy;  a  part  thus 
projecting,  as  at  the  top  of  a  tower,  with- 
out any  such  opening. — Machicolate,  ma- 
chik'o-lat,  v.t.  To  form  with  machicola- 
tions.—Machicolated,  ma-chik'o-la-ted,  a. 
Having  machicolations. 
Machinate,  mak'i-nat,  v.t.  and  i.— machi- 
nated, machinating.  [L.  machinor,  vxachi- 
natxi.s,iron\'muchina.  Machine.]  To  plan; 
to  contrive;  to  form,  as  a  plot  or  schfeme.— . 
Machination,  mak-i-na"shoii,  n.  The  act 
of  machinating;  a  plot;  an  artful  design  or 
scheme  formed  with  deliberation. — Machl- 
nator,  mak'i-na-ter,  n.  One  who  machi- 
nates or  plots  with  evil  designs. 
Machine,  ma-shCn',  n.  |Fr.  machine,  L. 
Tinachina,  from  Gr.  mechane,  machine,  de- 
vice, contrivance,  from  mcchoa,  means,  ex- 
pedient; same  root  as  make]  Any  contriv- 
ance or  appliance  which  ser\es  to  increaso 
or  regulate  the  effect  of  a  given  force  or  to 
produce  motion  {simple  machines  or  me- 
chanical powers  being  such  as  the  lever, 
pulley,  &c.);  a  complex  structure,  consist- 
ing of  a  combination  or  peculiar  modifica- 
tion of  the  mechanical  powers;  a  term  of 
contempt  applied  to  a  person  whose  actions 
do  not  appear  to  he  under  his  own  control, 
but  to  be  directed  by  some  external  agency ; 
one  who  is  entirely  under  the  control  of  an- 
other; a  mere  tool  or  creature;  a  term  some- 
times applied  to  a  public 'coach;  in  Scot- 
land, any  sort  of  light  vehicle.— 1/.<.  To  ap- 
ply machinery  to;to  produce  by  machinery. 
— Machiner,  ma-sheu'er,n.  A  machinist. — 
Machinery,  ma-shen'er-i,n.  A  complicated 
apparatus,  or  combination  of  mechanical 
powers,  designed  to  increase,  regulate,  or 
apply  motion  and  force;  machines  in  gen- 
eral; any  complex  system  of  means  and 
appliances  designed  to  carry  on  any  par- 
ticular work  or  effect  a  specific  purpose. — 
Machine-shop,  n.  A  workshop  in  which 
machines  are  made.— Machine-tool.  n.  An 
adjustable  machine  for  cutting  metals  in- 
to any  required  shape.— Machine-work,  n. 
Work  done  by  a  machine,  as  distinguished 
from  that  done  by  manual  labour.— Ma- 
chinist, ma-shen'ist,  n.  A  constructor  of 
machines;  one  who  tends  or  works  a  ma- 
chine. 


Jiito,  fiir,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  b«r;     pine,  pin;     nSte,  not,  mOve;     tftbe,  tub,  bvU ;     oil,  pound;     ii,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr. «. 


IIACKEREL 


^.00 


MAGNANIMOUS 


Mackerel,  mak'6r-el,  n.  [O.Fr.  magnerel, 
Vt.  maquereau,  D.  mah-ael,  G.  makrele, 
Dan.  makrel,  from  L.L.  onacarellus,  from 
L.  macula,  a  spot — in  allusion  to  the  blue 
blotches  on  it.J  An  excellent  table  fish, 
■well  known  by  its  elegant  shape  tod  bril- 
liant coloava.— Mackerel  gale,  a  gale  that 
ripples  the  surface  of  the  sea. — Mackerel 
sky,  a  sky  in  which  the  clouds  have  the 
form  called  cirro-cumulus,  somewhat  re- 
sembling the  blotches  on  a  mackerel. 

Mackintosh,mak'in-tosh,n.  Aterm  applied, 
from  the  name  of  the  inventor,  to  a  gar- 
ment, particularly  an  overcoat,  rendered 
■waterproof  by  a  solution  of  india-rubber. 

Made,  mak'l,  n.  [Fr.;  L.  inacida,  a  spot, 
the  mesh  of  a  net.]  A  mineral,  a  variety 
of  andalusite;  pi.  a  term  applied  to  t^win- 
crystals  united  by  simple  contact,  by  in- 
terpenetration,  or  by  incorporation. 

Macrobiotic,  mak'ro-bi-ot"ik,  a.  [Gr. 
makros,  long,  and  bios,  life.]  LonR-lived. 
—  Macrocephalous,  mak-ro-sef 'a-Ius,  a. 
[Gr.  kephale,  the  head.]  Having  a  long  or 
large  head.— I>Iacrocosm,  mak'ro-kozm,  n. 
[Gr.  kostnos,  world.]  The  great  world;  the 
universe,  regarded  as  analogous  to  the 
microcosm,  or  little  world  constituted  by 
man.  —  Macrodactyl,  mak-ro-dak'til,  n. 
IGr.  daktylos,  a  finger.]  One  of  a  family  of 
grallatorial  birds,  naving  very  long  toes, 
comprising  the  coot,  rail,  ■water-hen,  &c. 
— Maorodiagonal,  mak'ro-di-ag"on-al,  n. 
The  longer  of  the  diagonals  of  a  rhombic 
prism.  — Macrology,  mak-rol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr. 
logos,  discourse.]  Long  and  tedious  talk; 
superfluity  of  words.— Macrometer,  mak- 
rom'et-er,  n.  [Gr.  metron,  measure.]  An 
instrument  for  measuring  inaccessible 
heights.  —  Macropetalous,  mak-ro-pet'a- 
lus,  a.    Bot.  having  large  petals.— Maoro- 

fihyllons,  mak-ro-til'us,  a.  [Gr.  phullon,  a 
eaf.]  Bot.  having  large  leaves.  — Macro- 
pod,  mak'ro-pod,  to.  [Gr.po^i,s,podos,  foot.] 
An  indi^vidual  belonging  to  the  kangaroo 
family.— Macropterous,  mak-rop't6r-us,  a. 
[Gr.  pteron,  a  wing.]  Zool.  having  long 
wings  or  fins. — Macrotous,  mak-ro'tus,  o. 
[Gr.  ous,  6tos,  the  ear.]    Zool.  long-eared. 

Macrura,  Macrorira,  mak-ru'ra,  mak-rou'- 
ra,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  makros,  long,  and  oura,  a 
tail.]  A  famUy  of  stalk -eyed  decapod 
crustaceans,  including  the  lobster,  prawn, 
shrimp,  so  called  in  contrast  to  the  Brachy- 
ura  (crabs),  because  their  flexible  abdomen 
extends  straight  backward,  and  is  used 
in  swimming,  —  Macrural,  Macrurous, 
mak-ni'ral,  mak-ni'rus,  a.  Belonging  to 
the  Macrura.  —  M!acniran,  Macroui-an, 
mak-ru'ran,  mak-rou'ran,  n.  One  of  the 
Macrura.  •■ 

Macula,  mak'a-la,  n.  pi.  Macnls,  mak'Q- 
16.  [L.  macula,  a  spot;  hence,  mackerel, 
Tnail  (armour).]  A  spot,  as  on  the  skin. — 
Maculate,  mak'Q-lat,  v.t.  [L.  m.aculo.') 
To  spot;  to  stain;  to  blur.  — a.  Marked 
■with  spots;  blotted;  hence,  defiled;  im- 
pure.—Maculatlon,  mak-tl-la'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  spotting;  a  spot;  a  stain. — Macula- 
ture,  mak'Q-la-tQr,  n.  A  sheet  blotted  in 
printing.  —  Macule,  mak'al,  to.  A  spot; 
printing,  a  blur  causing  the  impression  of 
a  page  to  appear  double. — Maculose,  mak'- 
tl-los,  a.    Spotted;  maculated. 

Mad,  mad,  a.  (O.E.  maad,  A.  Sax.  mdd, 
gemaed,  mad;  allied  to  Goth,  gammds,  in- 
jured; O.H.G.  gameitf  blunt,  dull;  Icel. 
meitha,  to  hurt.]  Disordered  in  intellect; 
deprived  of  reason;  distracted;  crazy;  in- 
sane ;  beside  one's  self ;  frantic ;  furious ; 
wildly  frolicsome;  infatuated;  furious 
from  disease  or  otherwise:  said  of  ani- 
mals.—I/ifce  mad,  madly;  furiously.  [Col- 
loq.l — v.t. — madded,  madding.  To  make 
mad ;  to  madden.  —  MaU-applo,  n.  The 
fruit  of  the  egg-plant.  —  Madcap,  mad'- 
kap,  n.  A  person  of  wild  or  eccentric  be- 
haviour; a  flighty  or  hare-brained  per- 
son, one  who  indulges  in  frolics.— a.  Per- 
taining to  a  madcap.  —  Madden,  mad'n, 
v.t.  To  make  mad ;  to  craze ;  to  excite 
with  ■violent  passion;  to  enrage. — v.i.  To 
become  mad;  to  act  as  if  mad.— Madding, 
mad'ing,  a.  Raging;  furious;  wild.— Mad- 
house, madlious,  to.  A  house  where  in- 
sane persons  are  confined;  a  lunatic  asy- 
lum.—Madly,  mad'li,  a.  In  a  mad  or 
frenzied  manner;  frantically;  furiously.— 


Madman,  mad'man,  n.  A  lunatic;  a  crazy 
person;  one  inflamed  with  extravagant 
passion,  and  acting  contrary  to  reason. — 
Madness,  mad'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  mad;  lunacy;  insanity;  frenzy; 
extreme  folly. 

Madam,  mad 'am,  n.  [Pr.  ma,  my,  and 
dome,  lady,  from  L.  m£a  domina,  in  same 
sense.]  Lit.  my  lady:  a  term  of  compli- 
ment used  in  address  to  ladies,  chiefly  to 
married  and  elderly  ladies:  sometimes 
used  with  a  slight  shade  of  disrespect  (a 
proud  madam). 

Madder,  mad'6r,  n.  [A.  Sax.  m/sddere, 
madder.]  A  climbing  perennial  plant, 
largely  cultivated  in  Southern  Europe, 
the  root  of  which  furnishes  several  valu- 
able dyes  and  pigments,  such  as  madder- 
red  ^madder-lake,  m,adder-yellovo. — v.t.  and 
t.  To  dye  with  madder. 
Made,  mad,  pret.  and  jyp.  of  make.  The  pp. 
besides  being  used  in  the  senses  of  the 
verb  is  often  equivalent  to  destined,  fitted, 
suitable  ( '  a  place  made  for  murders.'iSAafc. ). 
— Mada-dish,  n.  A  dish  of  meat,  poultry, 
&Cm  recooked;  an  entree. 
Madefaction,  mad-e-fak'shon,  to.  [L.  Tnode- 
factio — madeo,  to  be  wet,  and  facio,  to 
make]  The  act  of  making  wet.— Madefy, 
mad'e-fi,  v.t.  [Fr.  madifler.'i  To  make 
wet  or  moist;  to  moisten. 
Madeira,  ma-de'ra,  to.  A  "rich  ■wine  made 
in  the  island  of  Madeira. 
Mademoiselle,  mad-mwa-zel,  n.  [Fr.  «w(, 
my,  and  demaiselle,  damsel.  Damsel.] 
The  title  given  to  a  young  unmarried  lady 
in  France;  miss. 

Madid,  mad'id,  o.  [L.  madidus,  wet,  from 
madeo,  to  be  wet.]  Wet;  moist. 
Madonna,  ma-don'a,  n.  [It.  Tnadonna, 
from  D.  mea  domina,  my  lady.  Madam.] 
An  Italian  term  of  address  equivalent  to 
Madam;  the  Virgin  Marv,  and  hence  pic- 
tures representing  the  Virgin  are  called 
madonnas. 

Madrepore,  mad'r5-por,  w.  [Fr.  madrd- 
pore,  from  It.  madrepora,  from  madre, 
nfother,  and  Gr.  pdros,  a  kind  of  stone.] 
A  common  variety  of  reef -coral,  of  a  stony 
hardness  and  of  a  spreading  or  branching 
form;  the  coral-building  polyp  itself.— 
Madreporal,  mad-r5-p6'ral,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  consisting  of  madrepore. — Madrepo- 
rlform,  mad-re-po'ri-form,  a.  Perforated 
with  small  holes  like  a  madrepore  coral. 
— Madreporite,  mad'r5-po-rit,  to.  A  va- 
riety of  limestone;  fossil  madrepore. 
Madrier,  mad'ri-6r,  to.  [Fr.]  Milit.  engin. 
a  plank  used  for  supporting  the  earth  in 
a  mine  or  for  other  purposes. 
Madrigal,  mad'ri-gal,  to.  [Fr.  madrigal; 
It.  madrigale,  older  It.  mandriale,  from 
L.  and  Gr.  m,andra,  a  sheepfold;  originally 
a  shepherd's  song.]  A  little  amorous 
poem,  consisting  of  not  less  than  three  or 
lour  stanzas,  and  containing  some  tender 
and  delicate,  though  simple  thought,  suit- 
ably expressed;  a  vocal  composition,  now 
commonly  of  two  or  more  movements,  and 
in  five  or  six  parts.— Madrigalist,  mad'ri- 
gal-ist,  TO.  A  composer  of  madrigals. 
Madrilenian,  mad-ri-le'ni-an,  a.  and  n. 
[Sp.  Madrileflo.]  Of  or  belonging  to  or  a 
native  of  Madrid. 

Msenad,  me'nad,  n.  [Gr.  mmnas,  mainados, 
from  maiiwmai,  to  rave.]  A  votaress  of 
Bacchus;  hence,  a  raving,  frenzied  wo- 
man. 

Maestoso,  ma-es-to'z5.  [It.,  majestic]  A 
direction  in  music  to  play  ■with  grandeur 
and  strength. 

Maestro,  ma-es'trS,  w.  [It.,  from  L.  magis- 
ter,  a  master.]  A  master  of  any  art;  speci- 
fically, a  master  in  mnsic;  a  musical  com- 
poser. 

Magazine,  mag-a-zen',  n.  [Fr.  magasin,  a 
storehouse,  Sp.  magacen,  almagacen,  from 
Ar.  al-maklizen,  a  warehouse,  from  kha- 
zana,  to  store.]  A  receptacle  in  which  any- 
thing is  stored;  a  warehouse;  a  storehouse; 
a  building  or  chamber  constructed  for 
storing  in  security  large  quantities  of  gun- 
powder or  other  explosive  substances;  a 
publication  issued  in  a  series  of  numbers 
or  parts  and  containing  papers  of  an  en- 
tertaining or  instructive  character. — v.t. 
To  store  up  in  a  magazine;  to  accumulate 
for  future  use.— Magaziner,  Magazinlst, 


mag-a-z5n'6r,  ma^-a-zen'ist,  n.    One  ■who 

■writes  in  a  magazine. 

Magdalen,  mag'da-len,  n.  [From  Mary 
Magdalene,  erroneously  supposed  to  be  the 

woman  mentioned  in  St.  Luke  vii.  36-50.1 
A  reformed  prostitute.— JfapdaJen  hospital 
or  asylutn,  a  house  into  which  prostitutes 
are  received  ■with  a  view  to  their  reforma- 
tion. 

Magellanic,  mag-el-lan'ik,  o.  Pertaining 
to  Magellan,  the  celebrated  navigator.— 
Magellanic  clouds,  three  conspicuous 
whitish  nebulaa,  of  a  cloud-like  appear- 
ance, near  the  south  pole. 

Magenta,  ma-jen'ta,  to.  [Discovered  in  1859, 
the  year  of  the  battle  of  Magenta.]  A 
brilbant  blue-red  colour  derived  from  coal- 
tar. 

Maggot,  mag'ot,  w.  [W.  magiad,  a  maggot 
or  grub,  from  mapu,  to  breed.]  The  larva 
of  a  fly  or  other  insect ;  a  grub ;  a  whim ; 
an  odd  fancy;  a  crotchet.- Maggotiness, 
mag'ot-i-nes,  m.  The  state  of  being  mag- 
goty.—Maggoty,  mag'ot-i,  a.  Full  of  or 
infested  with  maggots;  capricious;  whim- 
sical. 

Magi,  ma'ji,  n.  pi.  [L.  magus,  from  Gr. 
magos,  a  Magian,  from  Per.  mag,  a,  priest, 
same  root  as  L.  mapwus,  great.]  The  caste 
of  priests  among  the  ancient  Medos  and 
Persians;  hence  holy  men  or  sages  of  the 
East.- Magian,  ma'ji-an,a.  Pertainingto 
the  Magi.— n.  One  of  the  Magi;  a  priest  of 
the  Zoroastrian  religion.— Magiaaism.ma'- 
ji-an-izm,  to.  The  philosophy  or  doctrines 
of  the  Magi. 

Magic,  maj'ik,  n.  [L.  magicus,  pertaining 
to  sorcery,  from  magia,  Gr.  mageia,  the 
theology  of  the  Magians,  magic.  Magi.] 
The  art  of  producing  effects  by  super- 
human means,  as  by  spiritual  beings  or  the 
occult  powers  of  nature;  sorcery;  enchant- 
ment; necromancy;  power  or  influence 
similar  to  that  of  enchantment.— iVatwraJ 
wiofific,  the  ait  of  applying  natural  causes, 
whose  operation  is  secret,  to  produce  sur- 
prising effects. — a.  Pertaining  to  magic; 
used  in  magic;  working  or  worked  by  or 
as  if  by  magic— ilfafiric  square,  a  square 
figure  formed  by  a  series  of  numbers  dis- 
posed in  parallel  and  equal  ranks.and  such 
that  the  sums  of  each  row  or  line  taken 
perpendicularly,  horizontally,  or  diagon- 
ally are  eqnal.— Magic  lantern,  a  kind  of 
lantern  by  means  of  which  small  pictures 
are  represented  on  the  wall  of  a  dark  room 
or  on  a  white  sheet,  magnified  to  any  size 
at  pleasure. — Magical,  maj'i-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  magic;  proceeding  from  magic; 
having  supernatural  qualities ;  acting  or 
produced  as  if  by  magic. .".  Magical  diners 
from  m,agic,  chiefly  in  the  fact  that  the 
latter  is  not  used  predicatively;  thus  we 
do  not  say  '  the  effect  was  macic.'— Magi- 
cally, maj'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  magical  man. 
ner.— Magician,  ma-jish'an, «.  One  skilled 
in  magic;  an  enchanter;  a  necromancer. 

Magilp,  Magilph,  ma-gilp',  ma-gilf,  n.  _  A 
mixture  of  linseed-oiland  mastic  varnish 
used  by  artists  as  a  vehicle  for  colours. 

Magisterial,  rbaj-is-te'ri-al,  a.  [L.  magis- 
terixts,  from  magister,  a  master.  Master.] 
Belonging  to  a  master  or  ruler;  pertaining 
to  a  magistrate  or  his  office;  authoritative; 
arrogant;  imperious;  domineering.— Mag- 
isterially^, maj-is-t5'ri-al-li,  adv.  In  a 
magisterial  manner.  —  Magisterialness, 
maj-is-te'ri-al-nes,  to.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  magisterial. 

Magistrate,  maj'is-trat,  n.  [L.  magistratus, 
a  magistrate,  from  magister,  a  master.]  A 
public  civil  officer  invested  with  the  ex- 
ecutive government  or  some  branch  of  it; 
a  justice  of  the  peace;  a  person  who  dis- 
penses justice  in  police  courts,  &c.— Magis- 
tratic,  maj-is-trat'ik,  a.-  Pertaining  to  a 
magistrate.— Magistracy,  maj'is-tra-si,  to. 
The  office  or  dignity  of  a  magistrate;  the 
body  of  magistrates. 

Magma,  mag'ma,  to.  [Gr.  ,a  ma88,salve,dreg8, 
from  ■massd,  to  knead.  Mass.)  The  generic 
name  of  any  crude  mixture  of  mineral  or 
organic  matters  in  a  thin  pasty  state;  a 
thick  residuum  separated  from  a  fluid. 

Magnanimous,  mag-nan'i-mus,  a.  [L.  mag- 
nanimus— magnum,  great  fMAGNiTUDE),and 
animus,  mind  (Animal).)  Great  of  mind : 
elevated  in  soul  or  in  sentiment ;  raised 


cb,  c/iain;     eft,  Sc.  locA;     g,  poj    itjoh;-  h,  Pr.  ton;    ng,  sinyj     Tn,  (Aen;  th,  </iin;     •w,«iig>    wh.wftig;    zh.asure. 


MAGNASE 


410 


MAIL 


above  what  18  low.  mean,  or  unpenerous: 
said  of  persons;  exhibiting  noblensss  of 
Boul:  said  of  actions,  &c. — Magnanimously, 
niag-nan'i-mus-li,  adv.  In  a  magnauimous 
manner.— Magnanimity,  mag-na-nim'i-ti, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  magnanimous; 
greatness  of  mind;  elevation  or  dignity  of 
soul. 

Magnase,  mag'nas,  a.  An  excellent  black 
pigment  which  dries  rapidly  mixed  with 
oil. 

Magnate,  mag'nSt,  n.  [L.  magnates  (pi.), 
powerful  persons,  the  great,  from  magnu», 
great.  Magnitude.]  A  person  of  rank;  a 
noble  or  grandee;  a  person  of  note  or  dis- 
tinction in  any  sphere. 

Magnesia,  mag-n6'shi-a,  n.  [From  Mag- 
nesia in  Asia  Minor,  whence  also  ■magnet] 
Oxide  of  magnesium,  a  white  tasteless 
earthy  substance,  possessing  alkaline  pro- 
perties. —  Sulphate  of  magnesia,  Epsom 
salts.— Magnesian,  mag-ne'shi-an,  a.  Per- 
taining to  magnesia;  containing  or  re- 
sembling magnesia. — Magnesian  limestone, 
a  rock  composed  of  carbonates  of  lime  and 
magnesia,  more  or  less  useful  for  building 
or  ornamental  purposes;  dolomite. — Mag- 
nesium, mag-ne'shi-um,  n.  The  metallic 
base  of  magnesia,  a  white  malleable  metal, 
obtained  by  decomposing  chloride  of  mag- 
nesium by  means  of  potassium. — Magne- 
sium light,  a  dazzlingly  bright  light  pro- 
duced by  burning  ipagnesium  wire.     , 

Magnet,  mag'net,  n.  [L.  magnes,  magnetis, 
from  Gr.  magnes,  from  Magnesia  ia  Asia 
Minor,wheuce  the  stone  was  first  brought.] 
The  loadstone;  also  a  bar  or  mass  of  iron 
or  steel  to  which  the  peculiar  properties 
of  the  loadstone  have  been  imparted, 
either  by  contact  or  by  other  means. 
Electko-maonet,  Horse-shoe  magnet. — 
Magnetic,  mag-net'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  magnet  or  magnetism;  possessing  the 
properties  of  the  magnet,  or  correspon- 
ding properties ;  pertaining  to  the  earth's 
magnetism;  attractive,  as  if  magnetic. 
— Magnetic  amplitude,  azimuth,  &c.,navig. 
the  amplitude,  azimuth,  &c.,  indicated 
by  the  compass.  —  Magnetic  battery,  a 
kind  of  battery  formed  of  several  magnets 
(usually  horse-shoe  magnets)  combined 
together  with  all  their  poles  similarly 
disposed. — Magnetic  compensator,  a  contri- 
vance connected  with  a  ship's  compass  for 
compensating  or  neutralizing  tlie  eiFects 
upon  the  needle  of  the  iron  of  the  ship. — 
Magnetic  dip.  Under  Dip.— Magnetic  ele- 
■)nents,  the  magnetic  declination,  inclina- 
tion, and  intensity  for  any  place.— Jtfaj/- 
netic  eqiiator,  a  line  passing  round  the 
globe  near  its  equator,  in  every  part  of 
which  the  dip  of  the  needle  is  nothing.— 
Magnetic  intensity,  the  force  of  attraction 
which  magnets  exert  on  surrounding 
bodies  capable  of  being  influenced  by 
them. — jVagnetie  iron-ore.  Same  as  Mag- 
netite.— Magnetic  meridian,  a  great  circle, 
the  plane  of  which  at  any  place  corres- 
ponds with  the  direction  of  the  magnetic 
needle  at  that  pla.ce.— Magnetic  needle,  any 
small  magnetized  iron  or  steel  rod  turning 
on  a  pivot,  such  as  the  needle  of  the 
mariner's  compass. — Magnetic  north,  that 
point  of  the  horizon  which  is  indicated 
by  the  direction  of  the  magnetic  needle. 
—  Magnetic  oxide  of  iron,  magnetite.  — 
Magnetic  voles,  nearly  opposite  points  on 
the  earth  8  surface  where  the  dip  of  the 
needle  is  90°,  at  some  distance  from  the 
earth's  poles. — Magnetic  storm,  a  violent 
disturbance  in  the  earth's  magnetism;  a 
sudden  alteration  in  the  magnetic  ele- 
ments of  a  place.— Magnetical,  mag-net'- 
i-kal,  a.  Magnetic. — Magnetically,  mag- 
net'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  magnetic  manner; 
by  magnetism.- Magnetics,  mag-net'iks, 
n.  The  science  or  principles  of  magnetism. 
—Magnetism,  mag'net-izm,  n.  A  peculiar 
property  possessed  by  certain  bodies, 
whereby,  under  certain  circumstances, 
they  naturally  attract  or  repel  one  an- 
other according  to  determinate  laws;  that 
branch  of  science  which  treats  of  the  pro- 
perties of  the  magnet,  and  magnetic  phe- 
nomena in  general;  power  of  attraction. — 
.4ntmaJ  magnetism.  Mesmerism. -Terres- 
U-ial  magnetism,  the  magnetic  force  ex- 
erted by  the  earth.— Magnetlcian,  Mag- 


netist,mag-net-ish'an,  mag'net-ist,  n.  One 
versed  in  the  science  of  magnetism.— Mag- 
netite, mag'net-it,  n.  A  black  oxide  of 
iron,  which  sometimes  possesses  polarity, 
and  is  highly  magnetic;  magnetic  iron  ore. 
— Magnetizable,  niag-net-i'za-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  magnetized.— Magnetiza- 
tion, mag'net-i-za"shon,  n.  The  act  of 
magnetizing,  or  state  of  being  magnetized. 
— Magnetize,  mag'net-iz,  v.t. — magnetized, 
magnetizing.  To  communicate  magnetic 
properties  to;  to  attract  as  if  by  a  magnet; 
to  put  under  the  influence  of  animal  mag- 
netism.— v.i.  To  acquire  magnetic  proper- 
ties; to  become  magnetic. — Magnetizer, 
mag'net-i-z6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
communicates  magnetism.  —  Magneto- 
electric,  Magneto-electrical,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  magneto-electricity.— iiaffjieto-eiec- 
tric  iTiduction,  the  communication  of  mag- 
netic properties  to  iron  by  means  of  elec- 
tric currents.  —  Magneto -electricity,  n. 
Electricity  evolved  by  the  action  of  mag- 
nets; the  science  which  treats  of  pheno- 
mena connected  with  both  magnetism  and 
electricity.— Magnetometer,  mag-net-om'- 
et-6r,  n.  An  instrument  for  measuring 
any  of  the  terrestrial  magnetic  elements, 
as  the  dip,  inclination,  and  intensity,  es- 
pecially the  latter.— Msignetometric,  mag'- 
net-o-met"rik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  mag- 
netometer. 

Magnificent,  mag-nif'i-sent,  a.  [L.  mxignifi- 
cens — majwMS,  great,/acio,  to  make.  Mag- 
nitude.] Grand  in  appearance;  splendid; 
fond  of  splendour;  showy;  stately. — Mag- 
nificently, mag-nif'i-sent-li,  adv.  In  a 
magnificent  manner. — Magnifiable,  mag'- 
ni-fi-a-bl,  a.  Capable  or  worthy  of  being 
ihagnified.  —  Magnific,  Magnifical,  mag- 
nif'ik,  mag-nif'i-kal,  a.  [It.  magnifieus, 
noble,  splendid.]  Grand;  splendid;  illus- 
trious.— Magnifically,  mag-nifi-kal-li,adw. 
In  a  magniiicent  manner. — Magnificence, 
mag-nif'i-sens,  ».  [L.  magniiioentia.]  The 
condition  or  quality  of  being  magnificent. 
— Magnifico,  mag-nif'i-ko,  n.  pi.  Magnifi- 
coes.  A  grandee;  a  magnate.— Magnifier, 
mag'ni-fi-6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
magnifies.- Magnify,  mag'ni-fi,  v.t.— mag- 
nified,magnifying.  [Fr.  magnifier,  L.  mag- 
nificare.]  To  make  great  or  ^eater;  to  in- 
crease the  apparent  dimensions  of;  to  en- 
large; to  augment;  to  increase  the  power 
or  glory  of:  to  sound  the  praises  of;  to  ex- 
tol; to  exalt;  to  represent  as  greater  than 
reality;  to  exaggerate.— y.j.  To  possess  the 
quality  of  causing  objects  to  appear  larger 
than  reality;  to  increase  the  apparent 
dimensions  of  ohjects.—Magnifyiiig  glass, 
a  plano-convex  or  double-convex  lens:  bo 
called  because  objects  seen  through  it  have 
their  apparent  dimensions  increased. 
Magniloquence,  mag-nil'o-kwens,  n.  [li. 
magniloquentia-magnus,  great  (Magni- 
tude), and  loquens,  speaking  (Locution). ^ 
A  lofty  manner  of  speaking  or  writing^ 
tumid,  pompous  words  or  style;  grandilo^ 
qucnce;  bombast.  —  Magniloquent,  mag- 
nil'o-kwent,  a.  Big  in  words;  speaking 
loftily  or  pompously;  tumid;  grandilo- 
quent. —  Magniloquently,  mag-nil'o- 
kwent-li,  adv.  In  a  magniloquent  man- 
ner. 

Magnitude,  mag'ni-tod,  n.  [L.  magnitudo, 
from  mugnus,  great;  same  root  as  Gr. 
msgas,  great,  E.  mMy,  might,  much,  more, 
&c.  More  or  less  akin  are  magnate,  wwy- 
esty,  Tnaster,  &c.]  Greatness;  the  com 
parative  extent,  bulk,  size,  quantity,  or 
amount  of  anything  that  can  be  mea- 
sured; any  quantity  that  can  be  expressed 
in  terms  of  a  quantity  of  the  same  kind 
taken  as  a  unit;  gecm.  tftat  which  has  one 
or  more  of  the  three  dimensions,  length, 
breadth,  and  thickness;  importance;  con- 
sequence (an  affair  of  magnitude). 
Magnolia,  mag-n3'li-a,  n.  [After  Pierre 
Magnol,  professor  of  botany  at  Montpel- 
lier.]  A  genus  of  trees  and  shrubs,  chiefly 
natives  of  North  America,  India,  China, 
Japan.  4c. ,  much  admited  for  their  flowers 
and  foliage. 

Magnum,  mag'num,  n.  [Tj-,  a  large  thing. 
M  AONiTCDE.]  A  bottle  holding  two  English 
quarts. — Magnum-bonum,  n.  TL.,Ht.  large- 

food.]  A  kind  of  large  plum;  a  large-sized 
arrel-pen. 


Magot,  mag'ot,  n.  [Fr.]  The  Barbary 
ape. 

Magpie,  mag'pi,  n.  [Mag,  for  Margaret, 
and  pie,  a  magpie,  from  L.  pica,  a  pie  or 
magpie;  comp.  Jenny-vnen,  iJoftin- red- 
breast, &c.]  A  well-known  bird  of  the 
crow  family,  about  18  inches  in  length, 
plumage  black  and  white,  tail  very  long. 

Magyar,  mag'yar;  Hung.  pron.  mod-yor', 
n.  A  Hungarian  of  Asiatic  race,  allied 
to  the  Turks  and  Finns;  the  language  of 
the  Hungarians,  belonging  to  the  Tura- 
nian class  of  tongues. 

Mahaleb,  ma-ha'leb,  n.  [Ar.  mahleh.]  A 
species  of  cherry  of  the  middle  and  south 
of  Europe. 

Maharajah,  ma-ha-ra'ja,  n.  [Skr.  mahd, 
great,  and  rci/a,  a  prince  or  king.]  The 
title  assumed  by  some  Indian  princes 
ruling  over  a  considerable  extent  of  t«iTi- 
tory.  —  Maharani,  Maharanee,  ma-ha'ra- 
ne,  71.  [Skr.,  great  queen  or  princess.]  A 
female  Indian  ruler. 

Mahdi,  ma'de,  n.  [Ar.,  the  director.]  A 
name  assumed  by -some  of  the  successors 
of  Mohammed;  a  descendant  of  Moham- 
med who  is  to  arise  and  at  the  head  of  the 
faithful  spread  Mohammedanism  over  the 
world. 

Mahee,  ma-he',  n.  (Hind.]  The  gall-nut 
of  the  tamarisk-tree,  imported  from  India 
for  dyeing  and  photographic  purposes. 

Mahl-sticK,  mal'stik,  n.    Maul-sticr.    - 

Mahogany,  ma-hog'an-i,  n.  [Mahagoni^ 
native  American  name.]  A  valuable  tim- 
ber-tree, the  wood  of  which  is  of  a  reddish 
colour,  very  hard,  and  susceptible  of  a 
fine  polish;  a  dinner-table  or  table  in  gen- 
eral (over  the  mahogany). 

Mahomedan,  Mahometan,  &c.,  ma-hom'e- 
dan,  ma-hom'e-tan.    Mohammedan,  &c. 

Mahound,  ma-hound',  n.  An  old  corrup- 
tion of  Mohammed;  also  applied  to  the 
devil  or  other  evil  spirit. 

Mahout,  ma-hot',  n.  In  the  East  Indies, 
an  elephant  driver  or  keeper. 

Mahratta,  ma-rat'ta,  n.  One  of  a  racfe  of 
Hindus  inhabiting  Central  India. 

Maid,  mad,  n.  [Short  for  maiden,  A.  Sax. 
mcegden,  dim.  of  tncegeth,  a  maiden,  Goth. 
vnagaths,  G.  magd,  maid;  akin  A.  Sax. 
magu,  Goth,  viagua,  Icel.  yndgr;  a  boy,  a 
son;  allied  to  Gael,  mac,  a  son.]  A  young 
unmarried  woman;  a  virgin;  an  unmar- 
ried woman  who  has  preserved  her  chas- 
•tity;  a  female  servant;  a  female  skate — 
Maid  of  all  work,  a  female  servant  who 
does  house-work  of  every  kind.  —  Maid- 
child,  n.  A  female  child ;  a  girl.  — 
Maiden,  mS-'dn,  n.  A  young  unmarried 
woman;  a  virgin  or  maid;  an  instrument 
of  capital  punishment  formerly  used  in 
Scotland  resembling  the  guillotine.  —  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  maiden  or  virgin;  consis- 
ting of  virgins;  like  a  maiden;  fresh;  un- 
polluted; unused. —  Maiden  assize,  an  as- 
size at  which  there  are  no  criminal  cases. 
—Maiden  speech,  the  first  public  speech 
made  by  a  person,  especially  in  parlia- 
ment.—  Maiden  sword,  a  sword  hitherto 
unused  and  unstained  with  blood.— Maid- 
enhair, ma'dn-har,  n.  An  elegant  fern 
found  growing  on  rocks  and  walls.  — 
Maidennead,  ma'dn-hed,  n..  [Maiden,  and 
term,  -head.)  Virgin  purity;  virginity.- 
Maidenhood,  mad'n-hud,  n.  The  state  of 
being  a  maid  or  maiden;  the  state  of  an 
unmarried  female ;  virginity,  —  Maiden- 
like, ma'dn-lik,  a.  Like  a  maid.— Maiden- 
liness,  ma'dn-li-nes,  n.  Behaviour  that 
becomes  a  maid;  modesty.  —  Maidenly, 
ma'dn-li,  a.  Like  a  maid;  modest.— 
Maidhood,mad'hud,n.  Virginity.— Maid- 
servant, n.  A  female -servant;  a  female 
domestic. 

Maieutlc,  ma-a'tik,  a.  [Gr.  maieutikos, 
l)ertaining  to  midwifery,  from  maia,  a 
midwife.]  Serving  to  assist  or  accelerate 
childbirth;  pertaining  to  the  obstetric 
art;  aiding  in  bringing  forth,  in  a  meta- 
phorical sense. 

Maigre,  ma'gr,  o.  [Fr.,  lean,  spare,  meagre.] 
Cookery,  a  term  applied  to  a  preparation 
cooked    merely   with    butter.  -^  Maigre 

•  dishes,  maigre  food,  dishes  used  by  Roman 
Catholics  on  tne  days  when  their  church 
forbids  flesh-meats. 

Mail,  mal,  n.    [Fr.  maille,  the  mesh  of  a 


E&te,  fur,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  hir;     pine,  pin;     nSte,  not,  mitre;     tabe,  tub,  btill;     oil,  pound;     tt,  Sc.  abuue— the  Fr. «. . 


MAIL 


411 


MAKE 


net,  a  link  of  mail;  from  L.  macula,  a 
epot,  a  mesh.  Macula.]  Armour;  a  de- 
fensive covering  for  warriors,  and  some- 
times their  Bteeds;  any  defensive  covering, 
as  the  shell  of  a,  lobster.— 1/.<.  To  put  on 
mail  or  armour;  to  arm  defensively. — 
Mall-clad,  a.  Clad  with  a  coat  of  mail.— 
Hailed,  maid,  p.  and  a.  Covered  with 
mail  or  armour;  zool.  protected  by  an  ex- 
ternal covering. of  scales  or  hard  sub- 
stance. 

Mail,  mal,  n.  [Fr.  mafle,  O.Pr.  male,  a, 
bag,  a  mail;  either  from  Armor,  mal,  Ir. 
and  Gael.  mala,  a  bag,  or  from  O.H.G. 
malaha,  a  wallet;  Icel.  malr,  a  knapsack.] 
Originally,  a  bag;  hence,  a  bag  for  the 
conveyance  of  letters  and  papers;  the  let- 
ters, papers,  &c.,  coavfeyed  in  such  a  bag; 
the  person  or  conveyance  by  which  the 
mail  is  conveyed.— y.<.  To  put  in  the  mail; 
to  post. — Mailable,  m9.1'a-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  carried  in  the  mail.— Madl-ba^,  m. 
A  bag  in  which  the  public  mail  is  carried. 
Mail-boat,  n.  A  Iscat  which  carries  the 
public  mail.  —  Mail-coach,  n.  A  coach 
that  conveys  the  public  mails.  —  Mall- 
guard,  n.  An  officer  having  charge  of  the 
mail.— Mall-routa,  n.  A  route  by  which 
the  mails  are  conveyed.— Mail-cteamer,  n. 
A  steamer  for  conveying  the  mails. — Mail- 
train,  n.  A  railway  train  that  conveys 
the  mails. 

Mail,  mal,  n.  [Icel.  mAl,  stipulation,  agree- 
ment; m,oela,  to  stipulate.]  A  term  in 
Scots  law  for  a  rent  or  sum  payable  regu- 
larly. 

Maim,  mim,  v.t.  [O.E.  wain,  to  hurt  or 
maim;  from  O.Fr.  mehaigner,  Pr.  jna^ctn- 
har,  it.  magagnare,  to  maim;  origin 
doubtful.]  To  deprive  of  the  use  of  a 
limb;  to  mutilate;  to  cripple;  to  disable. — 
n.' An  injury  by  which  a  person  is  maimed 
or  mutilated. — Maimedneas,  mam'ed-nes, 
«.  A  state  of  being'maimed. 
Main,  man,  a.  (Icel.  megn,  meginn,  main,, 
strong,  mighty;  m£gin,  might,  main, 
main  part;  A.  Sax.  mxxgn,  mcegen,  power, 
strength;  game  root  as  may,  mdght.i  Prin- 
cipal, chief,  or  most  important  among 
otiner  things;  most  to  be  regarded  or  con- 
sidered; first  in  size,  rank,  importance,  &c. 
(the  main  branch  of  a  river,  the  main  tim- 
bers of  an  edifice,  the  main  consideration); 
mighty;  vast  (the  m,ain  ocean) ;  directly 
applied ;  used  with  all  one's  might  {main 
strength).  —  Main  body,  the  corps  of  an 
army  which  marches  between  the  advance 
and  rear  guard. — The  main  chance,  the 
chance  of  making  gain ;  one's  own  inter- 
ests generally. — n.  All  one's  strength;  vio- 
lent efifort  (in  the  phrase  '  with  might  and 
wain');  the  chief  or  main  portion;  the 
gross,  bulk,  greater  part ;  the  ocean,  the 
great  sea,  the  high  sea;  a  principal  gas  or 
water  pipe  in  a  street,  as  distinguished 
from  the  smaller  ones  supplied  by  it. — In 
tfie  main,  for  the  most  part;  speaking 
generally.  —  Main-couple,  n.  Carpentry, 
the  principal  truss  in  a  roof. — Main-hatch, 
n.  Naut.  the  hatch  which  gives  entrance 
to  the  main-hold,  the  central  portion  of 
the  hold.  —  Main-keel,  n.  The  principal 
keel,  as  distinguished  from  the  false  keel. 
— Mainland,  man'land,  n.  The  continent; 
territory  of  great  extent  as  compared  with 
an  island  near  it.  —  Mainly,  man'li,  adv. 
In  the  main;  chiefly;  principally. — Main- 
mast, n.  Navt.  the  principal  mast  in  a 
ship  or  other  vessel;  the  middle  lower  mast 
of  a  ship.— Main-rigging,  n.  The  rigging 
of  the  main-mast.— Main-sail,  n.  Naut. 
the  principal  sail  in  a  ship;  the  chief  sail 
on  trie  main-mast  bent  on  the  main-yard. 
— Main-sheet,  n.  Naut.  a  rope  at  one  or 
both  of  the  lower  comers  of  a  main-sail  to 
keep  it  properly  extended.— Mainspring, 
man'spring,  n.  The  principal  spring  of 
any  piece  of  mechanism,  as  in  a  watch;  fig. 
the  main  cause  of  any  action. — Main-stay, 
n.  Naut.  the  stay  extending  from  the  top 
of  the  main-mast  to  the  deck;  hence, /o'. 
chief  support.— Main-top,  n.  Naut.  a  plat- 
form placed  at  the  head  of  the  main-mast. 
— Main-yard,  n.  iVaut.  the  yard  on  which 
the  main-sail  is  extended. 
Main,  man,  n.  [Fr.  main,  L.  manua,  hand  ] 
A  hand  at  dice;  a  match  at  cock-fighting. 
Mainpernor,  m£n'p6r-n6r,  n.     [Fr.  main. 


the  hand,  and  pernor  tor  preneur,  a  taker, 
from  prendre,  to  take.]  Law,  formerly  a 
Buiety  for  a  prisoner's  appearance  in  court 
on  a  fixed  day.  —  Mainprise,  Mainprize, 
man'priz,  n.  [Fr.  wain,  hand,  prise, 
taken.]  Law,a.  writ  formerly  directed  to  the 
sheriff,  commanding  him  to  take  sureties 
for  a  prisoner's  appearance. 

Maintain,  man-tan',  v.t.  [Fr.  maintenir — 
wain,  L.  wanu«,  the  hand,  and  FT.tenir, 
L.  teneo,  to  hold.]  To  preserve  or  keep  in 
any  particular  state  or  condition;  to  keep 
up  or  in  action  or  operation;  to  support ; 
to  keep  possession  of;  not  to  lose  or  surren- 
der; to  continue  (a  conversation);  to  sup- 
port with  food,  clothing,  &c. ;  to  uphold;  to 
vindicate  or  justify  (one's  right  or  cause); 
to  assert,  as  a  tenet  or  opinion;  to  allege.-r 
Maintainable,  man-ta'na-bl,  a.  Capable' 
of  being  maintained.— Maintainor,  man- 
ta'ner,  n._  One  who  maintains.— Mainten- 
ance, man'ten-ans,  n.  The  act  of  main- 
taining, upholding,  or  keeping  up;  sup- 
iwrt;  vindication;  that  which  maintains 
or  supports;  means  of  support;  lata,  inter- 
meddling in  a  suit  in  which  the  person 
has  no  interest,  by  assisting  either  party 
with  money  or  means  to  prosecute  or  de- 
fend it.  —  Cap  of  maintenance,  a  cap  of 
dignity  carried  before  the  sovereigns  of 
England  at  their  coronation. 

Maize,  maz,  n.  [Sp.  maiz,  from  Haytian 
mahiz,  the  native  name.]  Indian  com,  a 
cereal  plant,  a  native  of  America,  now 
commonly  cultivated  in  the  warmer  parts 
of  the  world.— IVIaizena,  ma-zo'na,  n.  The 
starch  prepared  from  maize;  corn-flour. 

Majesty,  maj'es-ti,  n.  [Ij.  wajestog,  from 
mujut,  compar.  form  of  magnus,  great. 
M  AONiTUDE.J  Grandeur  or  dignity  of  rank, 
character,  or  manner;  imposing  loftiness 
of  person  or  mien;  stateliness;  dignity  or 
elevation  of  literary  style;  sublimity;  a 
title  of  emperors,  kings,  and  queens:  gen- 
erally with  a  possessive  pronoun  (may  it 
please  your  majesty).  —  Majestic,  ma-jes'- 
tik,  a.  Possessing  majesty;  having  dig- 
nity of  appearance;  august;  splendid; 
grand;  sublime;  stately.-^ajeatical,  ma- 
jes'ti-kal,  a.  Majestic— Majestically;  ma- 
jes'ti-kal-li,  adv.    In  a  majestic  manner. 

Majolica,  ma-jol'i-ka,  re.  [It.  Maiolica  or 
Maiorica,  for  Majorca,  whence  the  first 
specimens  came.]  A  kind  of  earth  used 
for  making  dishes,  vases,  &c.;  afterwards 
applied  to  the  ware  itself,  which  resem- 
bles porcelain. 

Major,  ma'jer,  a.    [L.,  compar.  of  magnus, 

freat.  Magnitude.]  The  greater  in  num- 
er,  quantity,  extent,  or  dignity;  the  more 
important;  'music,  applied  to  the  modes  in 
which  the  third  is  four  semitones  above 
the  tonic  or  key-note,  and  to  intervals 
consisting  of  four  semitones. — Major  tone 
or  interval,  an  interval  represented  by  the 
ratio  of  8  to  9,  while  a  minor  tone  is  repre- 
sented by  the  ratio  of  9  to  W.— Major  term 
of  a  syllogism,  in  logic,  the  predicate  of 
the  conclusion;  the  major  premise  is  that 
which  contains  the  major  term.  Major,  n. 
— n.  An  officer  in  the  army  next  in  rank 
above  a  captain  and  below  a  lieutenant- 
colonel;  the  lowest  field-officer;  law,  a 
person  of  full  age  to  manage  his  own  con- 
cerns, which  both  in  male  and  female  is 
twenty -one  years  complete;  logic,  the  first 
proposition  of  a  regular  'syllogism,  con- 
taining the  major  term.— Majorate,  ma'- 
j6r-at,  n.  The  office  or  rank  of  major. — 
Major-domo,  ma-j6r-do'mo,  n.  [It.  mag- 
giordoma — L.  major,  gi-eater,  and  domua,  a 
house.]  A  man  who  takes  charge  of  the 
management  of  a  large  household;  a  stew- 
ard ;  a  chief  minister  or  great  officer  of  a 
palace.  —  Major-general,  n.  A  military 
officer  the  next  in  rank  below  a  lieutenant- 
general.  —  Major  -  generalship,  n.  The 
office  of  a  major-general.— Majority,  ma- 
jqr'i-ti,  n.  [Fr.  majority.]  The  state  of 
being  major  or  greater;  the  greater  num- 
ber; more  than  half;  the  number  by  which 
one  quantity  which  can  be  counted  ex- 
ceeds another;  full  age;  the  age  at  which 
the  law  permits  a  young  person  to  manage 
his  own  affairs;  the  office,  rank,  or  com- 
mission of  a  major.  —  Majorship,  ma'jSr- 
ship,  n.  Office  or  rank  of  major;  majority. 
MaJUBCOle,  ma-jus'kQl,  n.    [L.  majuscula 


{litera,  letter,  understood),  from  Tnajuaeu- 
lus,  somewhat  great,  dim,  from  major. 
majvs,  greater.]  A  capital  letter:  opposed 
to  minuscule. — Majuscule  writing,  writing 
composed  entirely  of  capital  letters,  as  in 
ancient  manuscripts. 

Make,  msk.v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  made;  ppr. mak- 
ing.  [A.  Sax. macian,lj.G. and  D. maken, 
G.  machen,  to  make:  same  root  as  way, 
and  L.  magnus,  great.]  To  cause  to  exist 
as  a  distinct  thing;  to  create,f  rame,f  ashion, 
fabricate;  to  produce  or  effect,  as  agent  or 
cause  (money  makes  friends) ;  to  cause  to 
be  or  to  become:  with  words  expressive  of 
the  result  or  condition  of  the  object  (to 
make  a  matter  public;  to  make  a  man 
king);  to  constrain,  compel,  cause,  occa- 
sion, with  infinitives  after  the  object  jto 
make  a  person  laxigh:  to  the  sign  of  the  in- 
finitive, being  omitted) ;  to  gain,  acquire 
(money,  profit,  &c.);  to  get  or  ascertain,  as 
the  result  of  computation  or  calculation; 
to  pass  over  in  sailing  or  travelling;  to  put 
in  a  desired  or  desirable  position  or  con- 
dition; to  prepare  for  use  (a  bed,  a  fire);  to 
compose,  as  parts  united  in  a  whole;  to 
constitute;  to  serve  or  answer  for  (she 
makes  a  good  wife);  to  complete,  as  by 
being  added  to  a  sum;  naut.  to  arrive  at; 
to  have  within  sight  (to  make  a  port,  land). 
—Make  is  often  used  periphrastically  with 
substantives,  the  two  together  being  thus 
equal  to  a  single  verb;  thus  to  make  com- 
plaint=to  complain;  to  make  aiiswer=to 
answerrto  waAe  haste=to  hasten,  &c. —  To 
make  believe,  to  pretend;  to  make  pretence. 
— To  -make  good,  to  maintain;  to  establish 
(to  make  good  one's  footing);  to  accomplish 
(to  make  good  one's  word) ;  to  supply  an 
equivalent  for  (to  make  good  a  loss). — To 
make  little  of,  to  treat  as  insignifi.cant;  to 
be  able  to  get  little  or  no  meaning  6r  satis- 
faction from. — To  make  love  to,  to  court. — 
To  make  much  of,  to  treat  with  fondness; 
to  consider  as  of  great  value. — To  make 
nothing  for,  to  have  no  effect  in  assisting 
or  supporting. — To  make  nothing  of,  to  re- 
gard or  think  as  nothing;  to  treat  as  of  no 
value;  to  be  unable  to  understand ;  to  get 
no  satisfaction  from  (I  can  make  nothing 
0/ him).— To  make  out,  to  discover;  to  de- 
cipher; to  prove  or  establish  by  evidence 
or  argument;  to  find  to  the  full;  as,  he  was 
not  able  to  make  out  the  whole  sum.- To 
waAre  over,  to  transfer  the  title  of ;  to  con- 
vey; as,  he  wade  over  his  estate  in  trust. — 
To  make  sail  (naut.),  to  increase  the  quan- 
tity of  sail  already  set.— To  make  shift,  to 
contrive  or  manage  with  such  means  or 
appliances  as  are  available.— To  make  up, 
to  make  full  or  complete ;  to  collect  into 
a  sum  or  mass;  to  compose,  as  ingredients 
or  parts;  to  constitute;  to  compensate  for 
or  make  good  (to  make  up  a  loss) ;  to  re- 
concile, settle,  adjust  (quarrels,  &c.);  to 
bring  to  a  definite  conclusion  (to  wafee  up 
one's  mind}. — To  make  vmter,  to  leak,  as  a 
ship;  to  void  the  urine.— To  waAre  way,  to 
make  progress;  to  open  a  passage;  to  clear 
the  way.— y.i.  To  act  or  do:  often  with  ad- 
jectives to  express  the  manner  of  acting 
(to  make  bold,  &c.);  to  interfere;  to  proceed, 
move,  direct  one's  course  (he  wade  toward 
home;  he  made  after  the  boy);  to  rise  or  flow 
toward  land:  said  of  the  tide.— To  make 
against,  to  tend  to  injure;  to  be  adverse  to; 
to  form  an  argument  against;  to  tend  to 
disprove. — To  make  as  if,  to  act  as  if;  to 
pretend  that. — To  make  at,  to  make  a  hos- 
tile movement  against.  —  To  make  away 
with,  to  take  away  and  put  oat  of  reach;  to 
remove  by  killing;  to  murder  secretly.— 
To  make  bold,  to  venture;  to  take  leave  or 
liberty  (to  mate  6oW  to  say).— To  wafee /or, 
to  contribute  towards;  to  be  of  service  to;  to 
favour  (this  makes  for  the  argument). — To 
make  free  wUJi,  to  treat  with  freedom  or 
withoiit  ceremony;  to  make  free  use  of. — 
To  make  light  of,  to  regard  as  trifling  or  of 
no  consequence;  to  belittle.- To  wafee  out, 
to  succeed  and  no  more.— To  make  sure,  to 
ascertain  with  certainty.  —  To  make  sure 
of,  to  consider  as  certain;  to  secure  to  one's 
self.— To  wafee  up,  to  dress,  Ac,  as  an 
actor— To  wafee  up  to,  to  approach;  to 
court.— To  wafee  up  for,  to  serve  as  com- 
pensationfor.—n.  Structure;  construction; 
shape;  form  (a  man  of  slender  wafee).— 


cli,  cAaiBi^  eft,  Sc.  locA;     giffOi    jijob;     n,  Fr.  ton;    ns,  ein^i     sh^  (fteu;  tb,  (Mu;     v,  wig;     ■wh,whisi     zh,  amre. 


UTAKJ 


412 


MALM 


Makable,  malia-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
made.— Make-believe,  n.  ]\([aking  believe 
or  pretending;  pretence;  pretext;  sham. — 
a.  Unreal;  sharo. —Make-peace,  w.  A  peace- 
maker. —  IVIaker,  nia'k6r,  n.  One  who 
makes;  the  Creator;  one  who  composes 
verses;  a  poet.— Make-shift,  n.  Something 
to  serve  a  present  purpose ;  a  temporaiy 
substitute. — Make-up,  n.  The  manner  in 
which  one  is  dressed  for  a  part  in  a  play. 
—Make-weight,  n.  That  which  is  thrown 
in  to  make  up  weight;  what  contributes 
to  something  not  sufficient  of  itself. 

SIaki,ma'ki,n.  [The  name  in  Madagascar.] 
An  animal  akin  to.the  lemurs. 

Malacca,  ma-lak'ka,  a.  Pertaining  to  Ma- 
lacca, in  the  Malay  Peninsula.— !5fatacca 
cane,  a  cane  made  of  the  brown  mettled  or 
clouded  stem  of  a  kind  of  palm. 

^alachite,  mal'a-kit,  n.  [Pr.  malachite, 
[from  Gr.  malacM,  a  mullow,  from  its  colour 
presembling  that  of  the  leaves  of  mallow.] 
'A  mineral;  a  carbonate  of  copper  found  in 
solid  masses  of  a  beautiful  green  colour, 
the  Green  Carbmiate  of  Copper,  used  for 

_many  ornamental  purposes. 

Malacology,  mal-a-kol'o-ji, ».  [6r.  malakos, 
soft,  and  logos,  discourse.]  The  branch  of 
zoology  that  treats  of  the  mollusca  or  soft- 
bqdied  animals.— Malacologist,mal-a-kol'- 
o-jist,  ji.    One  versed  in  malacology. 

Maiaeopterygian,  Mala.copterygious,  mal- 
a-kop't6r-ij"i-an,  mal-a-kop'ter-ij"i-us,  a. 
[Gr.  malakos,  soft,  and  pterygion,  a  fin,  a 
little  wing,  from  pteryx,  a  wing.  A  term 
applied  to  those  osseous  flshes  that  have 
all  the  rays  of  the  fins  soft.— Malaeoptsri, 
Malacopteiygii,  mal-a-kop't6r-i,  mal-a- 
kop'tSr •ij"i-i,  n.  pi.  The  malacopterygious 
fishes.- Maiaeopterygian,  w.  An  individ- 
ual of  the  Malacopterygii.— Malacosteon, 
mal-a-kos'te-on,  n.  [Gr.  osteon,  a  bone.] 
Med.  a  softening  or  atrophy  of  the  bones. — 
Malfi«ofitomous,  mal-a-kos'to-mus,  a.  [Gr. 
stoma,  mouth.]  Having  soft  jaws  without 
teeth,  as  certain  fishes.— Malacostracan, 
mal-a-kostra-kan.M.  [Gr.osiraJton, ashell.] 
An  individual  belonging  to  a  division  of 
crustaceans,  including  the  shrimps,  lob- 
sters, &c.  —  Malacostracan,  Malacostra- 
cous.  mal-a-kos'tra-kus,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Malacostracans. 

Maladjustment,  mal-ad-just'ment,  n.  [Pre- 
fix niaJ,  bad.]  A  bad  or  wrong  adjustment. 

MaladmlTiistration,  mal  -  ad  -  min '  is  -  tra"- 
shon,  n.  [Prefix  mal,  bad.]  Faulty  ad- 
ministration; bad  management  of  public 
affairs. 

Maladi'olt,  mal-a-droit'.  a.  [Prefix  mal, 
bad.]  Not  adroit  or  dexterous;  awkward. 
— Maladroitly,  mal-a-droit'li,  adv.  Clum- 
sily; awkwardly.— Maladroitness,  mal-a- 
droit'nes,  n.    Clumsiness;  awkwardness. 

Malady,  mal'a-di,  n.  [Fr.  maladie,  from 
■tnalade,  O.Pr.  malabde,  ill,  from  L.  male 
habitus,  in  bad  condition.  Habit.]  Any 
disease  of  the  human  body;  an  ailment; 
an  indisposition;  moral  or  mental  disorder. 

Mala  fides,  ma'lafi'dez,  TO.  [L.]  Bad  faith. 
—Mala  fide,  with  bad  faith;  deceitfully: 
opposed  to  bona  fide. 

Malaga,  mara-ga,n.  A  wine  imported  from 
Malaga  in  Spain. 

Malaguf.4ta>pepper,mal-a-gwet'a,M.  Grains 
of  paradise. 

lial&ifie,iual-aj!,n.  [Pr.,  from  maZ,  bad,  and 
aige,  ease.]  State  of  being  ill  at  ease ; 
morbid  and  indefinite  feeling  of  uneasi- 
ness. 

Malanders,  rnai'an-d6rz,  n.  [Fr.  malan- 
dres,  h.  maJ.andria.]  A  dry  scab  or  scurfy 
eruption  on  the  hock  of  a  horse  or  at  the 

.bend  of  the  knee. 

Malapert,  mal'a-pert,  a.  [O.Fr.  malappeii, 
over-ready  ^prefix  mal,  badly,  and  O.Pr. 
appert,  ready,  prompt,  from  L.  apertus, 
open.  P£KT.]  Pert;  saucy;  impudent; 
forward.— n.  A  pert.,  saiicy  person— Mala- 
pertly,  mal'a-pftrt-h,  adv.  Saucily;  with 
impudence.  —  KalapertnesB,  mal'a-pCrt- 
nes,  n.    Sauciness;  impudent  pertness. 

Zi'alapropos,  mal-ap'ro-p6'',  a.  and  adv. 
(Prefix  mat,  badly,  and  apropos.]  The 
opposite  of  apropos;  ill  to  the  jiurpose. 

Malar,  mti,'l6r,  a.  [From  L.  TMila,  the 
cheek-bone,  the  jaw.]  Pertaining  to  the 
cheek  or  cheek-bone.— n.  Anat.  the  cheek- 
bone. 


Malaria,  ma-la'ri-a,  n.  [It.  mala  aria,  bad 
air,  from  L.  malus,  bad,  and  aer,  air.]  Air 
tainted  by  doleterious  emanations  from 
animal  or  vegetable  matter ;  the  exhala- 
ticm  of  marshy  districts  which  produces 
intermittent  fevers;  miasma.  —  MeJiarial, 
Malarian,  Malarioiis,  ma-ls.'ri-al,  ma-la'ri- 
an,ma-la'ri-us,a.  Pertaining  to  or  infected 
bj'  malaria. 

Malasslmilation,  mal'as-sira-i-l9,"8hon,  n. 
[Prefix  trial,  bad.]  Imperfect  or  morbid 
assimilationor  nutrition;  faulty  digestion. 
Malay,  Malayan,  ma-la',  ma-la'yan,  n.  A 
native  of  the  Malay  Peninsula;  the  lan- 
guage of  the  Malays.— a.  Belonging  to  the 
Malays  or  to  their  country. 
Malcoaf ormation,  mal'kon-f or-ma"3hon,  n. 
[Prefix  mal,  bad.]  Imperfect  conforma- 
tion; disproportion  of  parts. 
Malcontent,  mal'kon-tent,  n.  [Prefix  mal, 
ill.]  A  discontented  person;  a  discontented 
subject  of  a  government.  —  Malcontent, 
Malcontented,  mal'kon-ten-ted,  a.  Dis- 
contented with  the  government.— Maloon- 
tentedly,  mal'kon-ten-ted-li,  adv.  In  a 
malcontented  manner.  —  Malcontented- 
ness,  mal'kon-ten-ted-nes,  n. 
Male,  mal,  a.  [Fr.  m&le,  O.Pr.  masle,  from 
L.  masculus,  male,  from  maa,  maris,  a 
male.  Masculine.]  Pertaining  to  the  sex 
that  begets  young,  as  distinguished  from 
the  female;  masculine;  bot  having  fecun- 
dating organs,  but  not  fruit-bearing. — 
Male  rhymes,  rhymes  in  which  only  the 
final  syllables  correspond.  —  Jlfale  screw, 
the  screw  whose  threads  enter  the  grooves 
of  the  female  screw. — n.  One  of  the  sex 
which  begets  young;  bot.  a  plant  which 
bears  stamens. 

Malediction,  mal-e-dik'shon,  n.  [L.  male- 
di:tio,  rixaledictionis—male,  evil,  and  dico, 
to  speak.  Diction.]  Evil  speaking;  a 
curse  or  execration;  an  imprecation. 
Malefactor,  mal-e-fak't6r,  n.  [L;,  evil- 
door— ^iaZe,  Ul,  and  facio,  to  do.]  One  who 
commits  a  crime;  a  criminal. 
Malefic,  ma-lef'ik,  a.  [L.  Tnalejicus,  that 
does  ill— maZe,  ill,  and  fado,  to  do.]  Doing 
mischief .  — Maleficence,  ma-lef'i-sens,  n. 
[L.  maleficentia.']  The  quality  of  being 
maleficent.  —  Maleficent,  ma-lef 'i-sent,  a. , 
Doing  evif ;  harmful. 

Malevolent,  ma-lev'o-lent,  a.  [L.  malevo- 
lens,  malevolentis — male,  ill,  and  volens, 
■  willing  or  disposed.  Volition.]  Having 
an  evu  disposition  towards  another  or 
others;  maUciousj  spiteful.— Malevolent- 
ly, ma-lev'o-lent-li,  adv.  In  a  malevolent 
manner;  with  ill-will. — Malevolence,  ma- 
lev'o-lenSj  n.  [L.  rrialevolentia.']  The  qua-, 
lity  of  being  malevolent;  ill-will;  personal, 
hatred.  .'.Syn.  under  Malice. 
Malexecution,  marek-s6-ka"shon,  n.  [Pre- 
fix mal,  bad.]  Evil  execution;  bad  admin- 
'istration. 

Malfeasance,  mal-fs'zans,  n.  [Fr.  raal- 
faisance — malj  ill,  and  faire,  L.  faeere,  to 
do.]  Laio,  doing  what  a  person  ought  not . 
to  do;  illegal  de6d. 

Malformation,  mal-for-ma'shon,  n.  [Prefix 
mal,  bad.]  Ill  or  wrong  formation;  a  de- 
viation from  the  normal  structure  of  an 
organ. 

Malic,  m&'lik,  a.  [L.  inaZMm,  an  apple.] 
Pertaining  to  apples;  lobtained  from  the 
juice  of  apples.— JfaZic  acid,  an  acid  found 
in  many  tru'.tf,  particularly  in  the  apple. 
Malice,  mal'is,  n.  fPr.  Tnalice,  li.  maliiia, 
fioramalns,  evil;  cog.  Gr. »K«i!o,«,black; Skr. 
«Mitam,fili.h;  Ir.waite,evil.  MalvsiBseen, 
i>laommalacly,malign,malignant,&s.']En- 
mityiof  heart;  a  disposition  to  injiire  others 
from  mere  personal  gratification,  or  from 
a  spirit  of  revenge;  spite;  ill-will;  Ima,  a 
formed  dcsigii  of  doing  mischief  to  an- 
other, called  also  malice  prepense  or  afore- 
thought. .:  Malice  is  a  deeper  and  more- 
abiding  feeling  than  irMlevolence,  malevo- 
lence being  of  a  more  casaal  and  temporary 
character.  J/aIi&?itii/ is  malice  intensified, 

groceeding  from  an  innate  love  of  doing 
arm  to  others.  —  Malicious,  ma-Ush'tis, 
a.  (L.  riialitiosus.]  Influlgiug- malice; 
harbouring  ill-will  without  provocation; 
proceeding  from  Ul-will;  dictated  by  mal- 
ice.—Malicious  mischief,  an  injury  to  pro- 
•  perty  from  sheer  malice,  in  some  instances 
a  felony,  in  others  a  misdemeanour. -ilfa- 


licious  prosecution,  a  prosecution  preferred 
without  reasonable  cause.  —  Maliciously, 
ma-lisii'asli,  adv.  In  a  maUcioue  manner. 
—  Maliciousness,  ma-lish'us-neS,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  malicious. 
Malign,  ma-lin',  a.  [L.  maligmts  for  mali- 
genus,  of  an  evil  nature — malus,  bad,  and 
gemis,  kind  (Malice,  Genus).  Comp.  be- 
nign, with  exactly  the  opposite  sense.]  Of 
an  evil  nattire,  disposition,  or  character; 
malicious;  pernicious;  tending  to  injure  or 
produce  evil  effects. — v.t.  To  speak  evil  of; 
to  traduce,  defame,  vilify. — Malignance, 
Malignancy,  ma-lig'nans,  ma-lig'nan-si,  n. 
■  The  quality  of  being  malignant;  extreme 
malevolence;  bitter  enmity;  med.  viru- 
lence.— Malignant, ma-lig'nant, a.  [Jj.ma- 
lignans,irom  vialigno, ixi  act  maliciously.] 
Having  extreme  malevolence  or  enmity; 
virulently  inimical;  malicious;  exerting 
pernicious  influence;  m£d.  threatening  a 
fatal  issue;  virulent  (amalif/nani  ulcer);  ex- 
tremely heinous. .'.  Syn.  under  Malice. — 
n.  English  history,  one  of  the  adherents 
of  Charles  I.  and  his  son:  so  called  by  the 
Roundheads.— Malignantly,  ma-lig'n&nt- 
li,  ady.  In  a  malignant  manner. — Malign- 
er,  ma-lin'er,  n.  One  who  maligns. — Ma- 
lignity, ma-lig'ni-ti,  n.  [L.  malignitas.] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  malignant; 
evil  disposition  of  heart  toward  another; 
malice  without  provocation;  rancour;  vir- 
ulence.-Malignly,  ma-lin'li,  adv.  In  a 
malign  manner. 

Malinger,  ma-ling'gfer,  v.i.  [Fr.  malingre, 
sickly,  weakly;  from  m,al,  ill,  and"  O.Fr. 
hingre,  heiiigre,  feeble,  nasalized  iorm  of 
L.  ceger,  sick.]  Milit.  to  feign  illness  in 
order  to  avoid  duty.  —  Malingerer,  ma- 
ling'gfer-6r,  n.  A  soldier  who  feigns  him- 
self  ill.— Malingery,  ma-ling'g^r-i,  rt.  A 
feigning  illness  to  avoid  military  duty. 
MaUson,  mal'i-zn,  n.  [O.Pr.  malison,  mor 
leifon,  contr.  from  malediction.  Comp. 
benison,  for  benediction.]  A  malediction; 
curse;  execration. 

MaJkin,  ma'kin,  n.  [Dim.  of  Mal,  Mary; 
comp.  the  name  jack,  an  implement  for 
various  homely  purposes.]  A  wench  em- 
.  ployed  in  a  kitchen  {Shak.);  a  mop  made 
of  clouts;  a  stuffed  figure;  a  scarecrow. 
Mall,  mal,  n.  [Fr.  mail.  It.  maglio, malleo, 
L.  malleiis,  a  hammer.  Malleable.]  A 
heavy  wooden  beetle  or  hammer;  (origi- 
nally an  alley  where  the  game  of  pall-mall 
was  played  with  malls  a.nA  balls)  a  public 
walk;  a  level  shaded  walk. 
Mallard,  mal'ard,  n.  [O.Pr.  malard,  Prov. 
Fr.  viaillard,  from  maUle  {L.  macula),  a 
spot  on  a  bird's  feather,  from  the  iridescent 
spot  on  the  wing.]  The  common  wild 
duck. 

Malleable,  malle-a-bl,  a.  [Fr.  mallddble, 
from  L.L.  malleo,  to  beat  with  a  hammer, 
from  L.  7nalleu3y  a  hammer  (akin  mallet, 
maul}.}  Capable  of  being  shaped  or  ex- 
tended by  beating  with  the  hammer:  said 
of  metals.  —  Malleability,  Malleableness, 
mal'l5-a-bil"i-ti,  mal'le-a-bl-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  beiiig  malleable.  —  Malleate,] 
mal'le-at,  v.t.  To  hammer;  to  beat  out.— 
Malleation,  mal-le-a'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
beating  into  a  plate,  as  a  rnetal;  extension 
by  beating. ' 

Halleolnit,  mal'l6-o-lus,  n.  [L.,  dim.  of 
malleus,  a  hammer.]  One  of  the  two  pro- 
jections of  the  leg-bones  at  .the  ankle.— 
I'alleolar,  mari6-o-l6r,  a.  Anat.  pertain- 
ing to  the  ankle. 

Mallet,  mal'et,  TO.  [Dim.  of  maM.]  A  wooden 
hammer,  used  chiefly  by  stone-cutters, 
joiners,  &c. 

MaUens,  mal'S-us,  n.  [L.,  a  mallet.]  Anat. 
one  of  the  chain  of  small  bones  in  the  ear; 
zool.  a  hammer-shaped  body  forming  part 
of  the  maiiticatory  apparatus  in  some 
microscopic  animals. 

Mallow,  mal'o,  to.  [A.  Sax.  malwe.  6.  malve, 
from  L.  malva,  mallow,  allied  to  Gr.  ^mI- 
acftg,  mallow,  malakos,  sof  i>-from  its  emol- 
lient properties.]  The  common  name  of 
a  number  of  plants,  chiefly  herbaceous  or 
annual,  some  of  them  val-aable  for  medi- 
cinal properties.  Also  called  Mallows,  as 
a  singular. 

Malm,  mam,  n.  [.^.  Sax.  mealm,  Goth. 
malmM,  sand;  akin  to  meal,  from  root 
meaning  to  grind.]   A  soil  in  the  souths 


iFftte  fjir,  fat,  fflU;     naiJ,  met,  hfir;     pine,  pin;     nst«,  not,  mOte;     ,tabe,  tub,  bvill;    vpilfPOund;     11,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr.  w 


MALMSEY 


413 


'MANATEE 


eastern  counties  of  England,  rich  in  lime, 
phosphoric  acid,  and  potash,  and  espe- 
cially suited  for  the  growth  of  hops.— 
a.  Composed  of  the  soil  malm.  —  Malm- 
rock,  n.  A  calcareous  sandstone  in  Surrey 
and  Sussex. 

Malmsey,  mam'zi,  n.  [O.E.  malvesie,  Fr. 
malvoisie;  from  Napoli  di  Malvasia,  in 
the  Morea,  the  white  and  red  wines  pro- 
duced at  which  ^st  received  the  name.] 
A  kind  of  grape;  a  strong  sweet  white 
wine  made  in  Madeira. 
Malodoixr,  mal-o'dfer,  n.  [Prefix  mal,  bad.] 
An  offensive  odour.— Malodorous,  mal-o'- 
der-us.a.  Having  a  bad  or  offensive  odour. 
Malpighian,  mal-pig'i-an,  a.  [After  Mal- 
pighi,  an  eminent  Italian  anatomist  and. 
botanist.]  Anat.  applied  to  certain  small 
round  bodies  in  the  cortical  substance 
of  the  kidney,  and  to  corpuscles  in  the 
spleen.  —  Malpighiacacus,  mal-pig'i-a"- 
shus,  a.  Bot.  applied  to  hairs  which  are 
attached  by  the  middle. 
Malposition,  mal-po-zish'on.  n.  [Prefix 
mal,  bad.]  A  wrong  position. 
Malpractice,  mal-prak'tis,  n.  [Prefix  mal, 
bad.]  Evil  practice;  misbehaviour. 
Malstick,  mal'stik,  n.  Maulstick. 
Malt,  miilt,"n.  [A.  Sax.  tnealt  (Icel.  Sw. 
and  Dan.  malt,  1).  mout,  G.  muU),  from 
w^iltan,  to  melt.  Melt.]  Grain,  usually 
barley,  steeped  in  water  and  made  to  ger- 
aiinate,  the  starch  of  the  grain  being  tnus 
converted  into  saccharine  matter,  after 
wnich  it  is  dried  in  a  kiln,  and  then  used 
in  brewing  and  distilling;  liquor  produced 
from  malt;  beer — v.t.  To  make  into  malt. 
—v.i.  To  be  converted  into  malt. — Malt- 
barn,  n.  A  bam  in  which  malt  is  made 
or  kept.  —  Malt^drink,  Malt-liouor,  n.  A 
beverage  prepared  from  malt.— Malt-dust, 
:i.  The  grains  or  remains  of  malt. — Malt- 
lioor,  n.  A  floor  on  which  malt  is  dried  in 
a  malt-kiln.  —  Malt-touse,  n.  A  house  in 
which  malt  is  made.  — Malt -kiln,  n.  A 
heated  chamber  in  which  malt  is  dried. — 
MaJtman,  Maltster,  malt'man,  malt'stSr, 
n.  A  man  whose  occupation  is  to  make 
rniilt.— Malt-mill,  n.  A  mill  for  grinding 
r.ialt.  —  Malt-vinegar,  n.  Vinegar  made 
fn-ra  an  infusion  of  malt.  —  Maltworm, 
malt'w6rm,  n.  A  person  fond  of  beer  or 
other  liquor;  a  tippler. 
Maltese,  mal'tSz',  n.  sing,  and  pZ.  A  native 
or  natives  of  Malta.  — a.  Belonging  to 
Malta. 
Ilj-Itha,  mal'tha,  n.  [Gr.,  a  mixture  for 
caulking  ships.]  A  variety  of  bitumen 
like  pitch,  intermediate  between  liquid 
petroleum  and  solid  asphalt. 
Malthualan,  mal-thu'zi-an,  a.  Relating  to 
the  theory  of  the  Rev.  T.  &^ Malthus,  that 
population,  when  unchecked,  goes  on  in- 
creasing in  a  higher  ratio  than  the  means 
of  subsistence  can  be  made  to  increase; 
and  hence,  that  early  marriages  should  be 
discouraged. — n.  One  who  holds  the  doc- 
trines of  Malthus.— Malthusianism,  mal- 
th  n'zi-an-izm,  n.  The  doctrines  inculcated 
hy  Jlalthus. 

Maltreat,  mal-tr5t',t;.t.  fPreflx  mal,  badly.] 
To  treat  ill.  —  Maltreatment,  mal-trSt'- 
ment,  n.  The  act  of  maltreating;  ill- 
usage. 

Malvaceons,  mal-va'shus,  o.  [L.  malva, 
mallow.]  Pertaining  to  the  plants  of  the 
mallow  family. 

Malversation,  mal-v6r-sa'shon,  n.  [Fr.  Tnal- 
versation—li.  male,  badly,  and  veraor,  to 
occupy  one's  self,  from  verto,  versum,  to 
turn.  Verse.]  Evil  conduct;  fraudulent 
tricks ;  misbehaviour  in  an  office  or  em- 
ployment, as  fraud,  breach  of  trust,  &c. 
Mama,  Mamma,  ma-ma',  n.  [A  repetition 
of  the  infantile  utterance  ma,  ma.  ] 
Mother:  a  word  of  tenderness  and  famil- 
iarity, used  chiefly  by  young  persons. 
Mamalnke,  Mameluke,  mam'a-luk,  mam'- 
e-luk,  n.  [Ar.  mamliik,  that  which  is  pos- 
sessed, a  slave,  from  malak,  to  possess.] 
One  of  the  former  mounted  soldiery  of 
Egypt,  a  powerful  body  broken  up  and 
ma.ssacred  in  1811.  Written  also  ilfamZowA:. 
Mamelon,  mam'e-lon,  n.  [Fr.,  a  nipple, 
from  L.  mamma,  a  breast.]  A  small  hill 
or  mound  with  a  rounded  top. 
Mamma.  See  Maka. 
Mamma,  mam'ma,  n.  pi.  Mammse,  mam'- 


m5.  [L.,  the  female  breast,  from  root 
meaning  to  swell,  to  swell  with  juice.  J 
The  breast;  the  organ  in  females  that 
secretes  the  milk.— Mammal,  mam'mal,  n. 
An  animal  of  the  class  Mammalia. — 
Mammalia,  mam-ma 'li-a,  n.  pi.  [Lit. 
breast-animals.] .  The  liighest  class  iii  the 
animal  kingdom,  whose  distinctive  char- 
acteristic is  that  the  female  suckles  the 
youn^.  —  Mammalian,  mam-ma'li-an,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  mammals.  —  Mamma- 
liferous,  mam-ma-lif '6r-us,  a.  Oeol.  con- 
taining mammalian  remains. — Mammal- 
oglst,  mam-mal'o-jist,  n.  A  naturalist 
who  treats  of  the  mammalia.— Mammal- 
ogy, mam-mal'o-ji,  n.  Tho  science  of 
mammals.  —  Mammary,  mam'raa-ri,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  female  breasts  or  paps. 
— Mammifer,  mam'mi-fer,  n.  A  mammal. 
— Mammiferous,  mam-niiffer-us,  a.  Hav- 
ing the  distinguishing  characteristics  of  a 
mammifer.— Mammiform,  mam'mi-form, 
a.  Having  the  shape  or  form  of  paps. — 
Mammilla,  mam-mil'la,  n.  [L.  mamilla, 
a  little  breast.]  A  little  breast;  something 
of  this  form.— Mammillary,  mam'mil-a-ri, 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  nipple 
or  pap;  anat.  applied  to  two  small  pro- 
tuberances like  nipples  in  the  brain; 
mineral,  studded  with  mammiform  pro- 
tuberances.—Mammlllate,  Mammillated, 
mam'mil-at,  mam'mil-a-ted,  a.  In  the 
form  of  a  pap  or  nipple;  havii>g  small  pro- 
tuberances like  nipples.  —  Mammillation, 
mam-mi-la'shon,  n.  A  small  mammillate 
prominence. —  Mammilloid,  mam'mil-oid, 
a.    Shaped  like  a  pap  or  nipple. 

Mammee,  mam-me',  n.  An  American  tree 
yielding  a  large  and  nourishing  fruit. — 
Mammee-Sapota,  mam-me 'sa-pO'ta,  n.  A 

.  large  tree  of  the  West  Indies  and  tropical 
America,  yielding  a  fruit  which  is  called 
natural  marmalade. 

MammoUfere,  mam-mel-ySr,  n.  [Fr.  ma- 
mellibre,  from  mamAle,  L.  mamilla,  dim. 
of  mam,ma,  a  breast.]  In  anc.  an>io«r,one 

■  of  two  circular  plates  fastened  to  the  sur- 
coat  right  above  the  breasts  of  a  knight. 
Mammon,  raam'mon,  n.  IL.  viam/inona,  Gr. 
m,amm,onas,  mammon,  riches,  from  Chal. 
mammon,  mdmOn.)  The  Syrian  god  of 
riches,  mentioned  in  the  New  Testament 
as  a  personification  of  worldliness;  hence, 
riches;  wealth.— Mammonism,  mam'mon- 
izm,  n.  Dev.otion  to  the  service  of  Mam- 
mon or  the  pursuit  of  wealth.— Mammon- 
ist,  Mammonite,  mam'mon-ist,  mam'mgn- 
it,  Ji.  A  person  entirely  devoted  to  the  ac- 
quisition of  wealth. 

Mammoth,  mam'moth,  to.  [Rus.  mamant, 
mamont,  from  Tart.  mamm,a,  the  earth, 
because  their  remains  being  found  in  the 
earth  the  natives  believed  that  they  bur- 
rowed like  moles.]  An  extinct  species  of 
elephant  of  enormous  size  and  covered 
with  dense,  shaggy  hair,  the  remains  of 
which  are  found  in  Siberia  and  elsewhere. 
— o.  Resembling  the  mammoth  in  size; 
very  large;  gigantic.  —  Mammoth-tree,  n. 
A  gigantic  coniferous  tree  of  North- 
western America,  some  specimens  of  which 
have  a  height  of  upwards  of  300  feet. 
Man,  man,  to.  pi.  Men,  men.  [A.  Sax.  man, 
manji,  man,  person=D.  O.H.G.  and  Sw. 
man,  G.  mann,  Icel.  ma,thr,  m/xnnr,  Dan. 
m,and,  Goth,  mxtnna;  from  root  man,  to 
think,  seen  in  Skr.  man,  to  think,  manas, 
mind,  mamishya,  man,  and  also  in  E. 
mean,  to  intend,  miiid,  L.  mens,  the  mind 
(whence  •menta2).]A  human  being;a  person; 
particularly,  a  male  adult  of  the  human 
race;  the  human  race;  mankind :  in  this 
sense  without  article  or  plural  {7)um  is 
bem  to  trouble);  a  male  servant;  an  adult 
male  in  some  person's  employment  or 
under  his  direction;  a  piece  with  which  a 
game,  as  chess  or  draughts,  is  played. — 
Man  of  straw,  a  man  of  no  substantial 
character,  influence,  or  means;  in  com- 
mercial language,  a  person  destitute  of 
capital  put  forward  by  way  of  decoy. — 
v.t. — manned,  manning.  To  supply  with 
men;  to  furnish  with  a  sufficient  force  or 
complement  of  men;  to  infuse  courage 
into.  —  Man-at-arms,  «.  A  term  applied 
to  a  fully  equipped  or  heavily  armed  sol- 
dier of  the  middle  ages.  —  Man-eater,  to. 
A  cannibal;  one  of  those  tigers  which  hare 


acquired  a  special  preference  for  human 
flesh.— Man-engine,  n.  A  sort  of  elevator 
for  the  workmen  in  a  mine;  a  vertical  rod 
with  platforms  working  up  and  down  in 
a  shaft.— Manful,  man'ful,  a.  Manly;  bold; 
brave.  —  Manfully,  man'ful-li,  ado.  In  a 
manful  manner.  —  Manftilness,  man'ful- 
nes,  TO.  The  quality  of  being  manful!^- 
Manhole,  man 'hoi,  to.  A  hole  through 
which  a  man  may  creep  into  a  drain,  cess- 
pool, steam-boiler,  &c.,  for  cleaning  or  re- 
pairing. —  Manhood,  man' hud,  to.  The 
state  of  being  a  man;  the  qualities  of  or 
becoming  a  man.— Manikin,  man'i-kin,  to. 
[3/an,and dim.  ending  -ikin.-kin.]  Alittle 
man;  a  dwarf;  a  pigmy. — Mankind,  man- 
kind' or  man'kindj  n:  The  human  race ; 
man  taken  collectively ;  the  males  of  the 
human  race.— Manlike,  man'lik,  a.  Re- 
sembling a  man;  having  the  qualities  pro- 
per to  a  man.  —  Manliness,  mau'li-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  manly.  —  Manly, 
man'b,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  becoming  a 
man;  having  the  nobler  attributes  of  a 
man;  self-reliant;  brave.— Man-mercer,  to. 
One  who  deals  by  retail  in  cloths,  &c. ,  for 
male  attire.  —  Man-midwife,  to.  A  man 
who  practises  obstetrics;  an  accoucheur. 
— Mannish,  man'ish,  a.  Characteristic 
of  or  resembling  a  man;,  as  applied  to  a 
woman,  masculine;  unwomanly.  —  Man- 
nishly,  man'ish-li,  adv.  In  a  mannish 
manner.  —  Mannlshness,  man'ish-nes,  to. 
Tho  state  or  quality  of  being  mannish. 
—  Man-of-war,  n.  A  government  vessel 
employed  for  the  purposes  of  war  — Man- 
of-war'a-man,  to.  A  seaman  belonging 
to  a  ship  of  war.  —  Man-rope,  to.  JVaut. 
one  of  the  ropes  suspended  on  each  side  of 
a  gangway,  hatchway,  &c.— Man-servant, 
TO.  A  male  servant.  —  Man-slaughter,  to. 
The  slaughter  or  killing  of  a  man  or  meiL; 
especially,  the  unlawful  killing  of  a  man 
without  malice.  —  Man -stealer,  to.  Oue 
who  steals  human  beings,  generally  for 
the  purpose  of  selling  them  as  slaves.— 
Man -trap,  to.  An  engine  for  catching 
trespassers. 

Manacle,  man'a-kl,  n.  [Fr.  manicle,  L. 
maniciUa,  dim.  of  manica,  a  manacle, 
from  martMS,  the  hand.  Manage.]  •  An 
instrument  of  iron  for  fastening  the  hands; 
handcuff;  shackle:  generally  in  plural. — 
v.t. — manacled,  vianacling.  To  put  hand- 
cuffs or  othe'r  fastening  upon;  to  shackle. 
Manage,  man'aj,  v.t— managed,  managing. 
[Fr.  vianige,  the  management  of  a  horse, 
management  or  guidance  in  general ;  It. 
maneggiare,  to  handle,  to  manage;  from 
L.  mantis,  the  hand,  whence  also  manade, 
manual,  &c.  AIanual.]  To  have  under 
control  and  direction;  to  conduct,  carry  on, 
guide,  administer;  to  make  tractable,  or 
get  under  due  control ;  to  wield;  to  move 
or  use  in  the  manner  desired  (tools  or  the 
like) ;  to  treat  (a  person)  with  caution  or 
judgment;  to  govern  with  address.— I'.i. 
To  direct  or  conduct  affairs;  to  carry  on 
concerns  or  business.  —  Manageability, 
man'aj-a-bil"i-ti,  n.  State  of  being  man- 
ageable.—Manageable,  man'aj-a-bl,a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  managed;  easily  made  sub- 
servient to  one's  views  or  designs. — Man- 
ageableness,  man'aj-a-bl-nes,  to.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  manageable.  —  Manageably, 
man'aj-a-bli,  adv.  In  a  manageable  mnn- 
ner.— Management,  man'aj-ment,  n.  Tho 
act  of  managing;  the  manner  of  treating, 
directing,  carrying  on,  or  using  for  a  pur- 
pose; conduct;  administration;  cautious 
handling  or  treatment;  the  body  of  direc- 
tors or  managers  of  any  undertaking,  con- 
cern, or  interest  collectivelj'.  —  Manager, 
man'aj-6r,  to.  One  who  manages;  one  who 
has  the  guidance  or  direction  of  anything; 
one  who  is  directly  at  the  head  of  an  un- 
dertaking.—Managerial,  man-a-je'ri-al,  a.  \ 
Of  or  belonging  to  a  manager.— Manager- 
ship, man'aj-6r-ship,  to.  The  office  of  a' 
manager.  '  i 

Hanakin,  man'a-kin,  n.  [Dim.  of  man;  as 
applied  to  birds,  originally  the  name  of  a 
species  with  a  beard-like  tuft  of  feathers 
on  the  chin.]  A  manikin;  a  name  for 
certain  small  tropical  American  birds.  -1 
Manatee,  Manatin,  man-a-te',  man'a-tin.n.^ 
[Haytian.]  The  sea-cow,  an  aquatic  her- 
bivorous mammal  allied  to  the  cetaceans. 


XcIk  cftaiDJL    <'^i  Sc.  IpcAj    f ,  j!o^  .iJp^    6,^F?\  tOTij,    ng,  singi    seh,  then;  th,  <Ain;    w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  &gWKy 


MANCHET 


414 


MANIOC 


and  found  on  the  coasts  of  South  America, 
Africa,  and  Australia. 

Uanchet,  man'shet,  n.  [Comp.  Fr.  Tniche, 
michette,  a  manchet  or  small  loaf.]  A 
sm%ll  loaf  of  fine  bread;  fine  white  bread. 
— a.  Fine  and  whit«:  said  of  bread  or  flour. 

Manchinesl,  man-chi-nel',  n.  [It.  rtianci- 
iwilo,  Fr.  maraanUle,  Sp.  mamanillo,  from 
mamana,  an  apple,  from  L.  maium  Ma- 
tianum,  a  kind  of  apple,  from  Matius,  a 
Roman  name.]  A  tree  of  the  West  Indies 
and  Central  America,  abounding  in  acrid 
axid  highly  poisonous  juice,  the  wood  being 
valuable  for  cabinet  work. 

Manchoo,  Manchn,  Uantcboo,  man-chO',  n. 
A  native  of  M  anchooria,  or  one  of  the  same 
race;  one  of  the  reigning  dynasty  in  China; 
the  language  of  the  Manchoos;  the  court 
language  of  China. 

Manciple,  man'si-pl,  n.  [O.Fr.  mancipe, 
L.  mancepa,  one  who  purchases  anything 
at  a  public  sale — manus,  the  hand,  and 
eapio,  to  take.]  A  steward;  a  pur\'eyor, 
particularly  of  a  college  Dr  inn  of  court. 

Man  dam  ua,  man-da'mus,  n.  [X.,  lit.  we 
command.]  Law,  a  command  or  writ  issu- 
ing from  a  superior  court,  directed  to  any 
person,  corporation,  or  inferior  court,  re- 
quiring them  to  do  some  specified  act. 

Miandarm,  man-da-r5n',  n.  [Pg.  mandarim, 
from  Skr.mantrin,  a  counsellor,  a  minister, 
from  mantra,  counsel,  from  man,  to  think, 

Xo  know.  Man.]  The  general  name  given 
by  Europeans  to  Chinese  magistrates  or 
public  officials,  whether  civil  or  military. 
—Mandarin  duck,  a  beautiful  kind  of  duck, 
a  native  of  China. — Mandarlnic,  man-da- 
ren'ik,  a.  Pertaining  or  appropriate  to  a 
mandarin. 

Mandate,  man'dst,  n.  [L.  mandafum,  an 
order,  firom  ■mando,  to  command  {fix)m 
manus,  the  hand,  and  do,  to  give),  seen  also 
in  comvuxnd,  commend,  demand,  remand, 
reccynimend,  &c.]  A  command;  an  order, 
precept,  or  injunction;  written  authority 
by  one  person  to  another  to  act  for  him. — 
— Maadatory,  Mandatary,  man'da-to-ri, 
mau'da-ta-ri,  n.  [Fr.  mandaiaire.]  One 
to  whom  a  mandate  or  charge  is  given;  one 
who  receives  special  written  authority  to 
act  for  another.— Mandatory,  o.  Contain- 
ing a  command:  directory. 

Mandible,  man'di-bl,  n.  lli.  iinandibuliim, 
the  jaw,  from  inando,  to  chew.)  An  ani- 
mal's jaw,  particularly,  the  under  jaw  of 
a  mammal;  the  upper  or  lower  jaw  of  a 
bird;  one  of  the  upper  or  anterior  pair  of 
jaws  of  an  insect  or  other  articulate  ani- 
mal.—Mandibular,  man-djb'a-lfer,  a.  Be- 
longing to  a  mandible.  —  Mandlbolate, 
Mandibolated,  man-dib'a-lat,  man-dib'a- 
la-ted,  a.  Provided  with  mandibles,  as 
many  insects. 

Mandoline,  MandoUn,  man'do-lin,  n.  [Fr. 
mandoline,  from  It.  mandola,  m^ndora, 
pandora,  a  species  of  lute.  "Bandore.!  A 
musical  instrument  of  the  guitar  kind. 

Mandragora,  man-drag'o-ra,  n.  [L.  and  Gr. 
mandragoras,  the  mandrake.]  The  genus 
of  plants  popularly  called  mandrakes;  a 
medical  preparation  obtained  from  the 
mandrake  iShak.). — Mandrake,  man'drak, 
n.  [From  mandragora.]  A  plant  of  the 
Mediterranean  region,  with  large  thick 
root's,  and  possessing  strong  purgative  and 
narcotic  properties,  formerly  the  subject 
of  various  superstitions. 

Mandrel,  Mandril,  man'drel,  man'dril,  n. 
[Fr.  inandrin,  from  Gr.  mandra,  an  in- 
closed space,  the  bed  in  which  the  stone  of 
a  ring  is  set.]  A  bar  of  iron  on  which  an 
article  is  fitted  to  be  turned  on  a  lathe; 
any  straight  bau:  upon  which  a  tube  or  ring 
is  weided. 

Mandrill,  man'dril,  n.  [Fr.  mandriUe,  from 
the  West  African  name.]  The  great  blue- 
faced  or  rib-nosed  baboon,  the  largest  and 
most  hideous  of  the  baboons. 

Mandncate,  man'da-kat,  v.t.—manducated, 
manducating.  [L.  mandtico,  manducatum, 
from  mando,  to  chew;  akin  mandible,  man- 
ger.] To  masticate;  to  chew. — Mandoc- 
able,  man'dtt-ka-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
chewed.— MaJidacation,  man-dQ-ka  shon, 
n.  The  act  of  chewing.  —  Manducatory, 
man'do-ka-to-ri,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  em- 

Ployed  in  chewing, 
lie,  man,  n.  [Oil),  matte,  D.  maan,  Dan. 


ploy- 
Mane 


man,  Icel.  mon,  O.H.G.  mana.  Or.  mdhne; 
allied  to  W.  mvmg,  a  mane,  mwn,  the  neck.] 
The  long  hair  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
neck  of  some  animals,  as  the  horse,  lion, 
&c.,  usually  hanging  down  on  one  side. — 
Maned,  mand,  a.  Having  a  mane. — Mane- 
less*  man'les,  a.    Not  having  a  mane. 

Manage,  ma-nazh',  n.  [Frr  manage,  from 
It.  maneggio,  management.  Manage.]  /. 
school  for  training  horses  and  teaching 
horsemanship;  the  art  of  breaking,  train- 
ing, and  riding  horses;  the  art  of  horse- 
manship. 

Maneh,  ma'ne,  n.  f  Heb.]  A  Hebrew  weight 
for  gold  and  silver,  believed  to  contain  a 
hundred  shekels  of  the  former  and  sixty 
of  the  latter. 

Manequin,  man'e-kin,  n.  [A  corruption  of 
inanikin.]  An  artist's  moael  fashioned  of 
wood  or  wax. 

Manes,  ma'nSz,  n.  pZ.  [L., from  O.L.  inan«s, 
good,  benevolent.]  Among  the  Romans 
the  ghosts,  shades,  or  souls  of  deceased  per- 
sons; the  deified  shades  of  the  dead. 

Manful,  &c.    Under  Man. 

Manganese,  man'ga-nSz,  n.  [By  metathesis 
from  magnesium,  the  name  first  given  to 
it.]  A  metal  of  a  dusky  white  or  whitish- 
gray  colour,  very  hard  and  diiEcult  to  fuse, 
not  known  native,  on  account  of  its  power- 
ful affinity  for  oxygen,  but  having  ores  of 
considerable  value  intlie  industrial  arts. — 
Manganesian,  man-ga-ne'zi-an,  a.  Per- 
taining to  manganese;  consisting  of  it  or 
Sartaking  of  its  qualities.  —  Manganic, 
[anganegic,  man-gan'ik,  man-ga-n&'zik.a. 
Obtained  from  manganese.— Manganite, 
man'gan-it,  n.  One  of  the  ores  of  manga- 
nese, used  in  the  manufacture  of  glass. 

Mange,  manj,  n.  [0;Fr.  mange^bn,  Fr.  cftf- 
mangeaisoii,  an  itching,  from  manger, 
h. manduco, to ekt.  Manducate.]  Acuta- 
neous  disease  very  similar  to  itch,  and  to 
which  horses,  cattle,  dogs,  and  other  beasts 

.  are  subject. — Mangily,  man'ji-li,  adv.  In 
a  mangy  manner.  —  Manginess,  man'ji- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  or  condition  of  being 
mangy  .—Mangy,  man'ji ,  a.  Infected  with 
the  mange;  scabby;  mean. 

Mangel-wnrzel,  mang'gl-w6r'zl,  n.  [G.,  lit. 
want-root,  but  the  proper  form  ism^mgold- 
ururzel  —  G.  mangold,  beet,  and  vmrzel, 
root=beet-root.]  A  variety  of  beet,  exten- 
sively cultivated  as  food  for  cattle. 

Manger,  man'jfer,  n.  [Fr.  mangeoire,  from 
»non{/er,from  L.mondt«;are,to_eat.  Mandu- 
CATE.l  A  trough  or  box  in  which  fodder 
is  laid  for  horses  or  cattle;  the  receptacle 
from  which  horses  or  cattle  eat  in  a  stable 
or  cow-house. 

Mangle,  mang'gl,  v.t. — mangled,  mangling. 
[Perhaps  from  L.Mia»icu8,maimed,  through 
L.L.  mangiUare,  to  mangle;  comp.  A.  Sax. 
bemancian,  to  maim;  L.G.  mank,  muti- 
lated; D.  mank,  lame;  G.  maiigel,  a  defect; 
mangeln,  to  be  wanting.]  To  cut  by  re- 
peated blows,  making  a  ragged  or  torn 
wound,  or  covering  with  wounds;  to  cut  in 
a  bungling  manner;  to  hack;  to  lacerate: 
applied  chiefly  to  the  cutting  of  flesh;  fig. 
to  destroy  the  symmetry  or  completeness 
of;  to  mutilate.— Mangier,  mang'glfer,  n. 
One  who  mangles;  one  who  mutilates. 

Mangle,  mang'gl  n.  [D.  and  G.  inangel, 
from  O.Fr.  mangonel,  Gr.  manganon,  a 
war  engine,  the  axis  of  a  pulley.]  A  well- 
known  machine  for  smoothing  table- 
cloths, sheets,  and  other  articles  of  linen 
or  cotton.  —  v.t.  To  smooth  cloth  with  a 
mangle.— Mangier,  mang'gl^r,  n.  One  who 
uses  a  mangle. 

Mango,  maug'go,  n.  [Malay.]  The  fruit  of 
the  mango-tree,  a  native  of  tropical  Asia, 
but  widely  cultivated  throughout  the 
tropics;  a  fruit  highly  valued  for  dessert.— 
Mango-fish,  n.  [From  its  beautiful  yellow 
colour  resembling  that  of  a  ripe  mango.] 
A  fish  of  the  Ganges,  about  15  inches  long, 
and  highly  esteemed  for  food. 

Mangola-wnrzel,mang'gold-w£r'zI,n.  Mak- 

OEL-WUKZEL. 

Mangonel,  man'go-nel,  n.  [O.Fr.  mangonel. 

It.  manganeUo,  mangano,  from  Gr.  mcn- 
■  ganon.    Manole,  n.]  An  engine  formerly 

used  for  throwing  stones  and  battering 

walls. 
Mangoiteen,  mang'gS-sten,  n.  [Malay  man- 

gutta.]   A  tree  of  the  East  Indies,  the 


fruit  of  which  is  about  the  size  of  an  orange, 
and  most  delicious. 

Mangrove,  man'grov,  n.  [Malay  manggi- 
manggi.]  A  tropical  tree  growing  on  the 
banks  of  rivers  and  on  the  sea-coast,  re- 
markable for  giving  off  adventitious  roots 
from  the  stem  and  oranches. 

Mangy.    Under  Mange. 

Manhaden,  man-ha'den,  n.    Menhaden. 

Manhood.    Under  Man. 

Mania,  ma'ni-a,  n.  [L.^rom  Gr.;  allied  to 
Gr.  menos,  the  mind;  E.  mind  and  man.' 
Madness;  also  rage  or  eager  desire  for  any- 
thing; insane  or  morbid  craving. — Maniac, 
ma'm-ak,a.  IL.  vianiacus.]  Raving  with 
madness;  proceeding  from  disordered  in- 
tellect; maxi.— n.One  raving  with  madness; 
a  madman.  —  Maniacal,  ma-ni'a-kal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  connscted  with  madness. 

Manicate,  mau'i-kat,  a.  [L.  manicatus, 
sleeved,  from  maniece,  sleeves,  from  manus, 
the  hand.]  JBot.  covered  with  hairs  inter- 
woven into  a  mass  that  can  be  easily  sepa- 
rated from  the  surface. 

Manichean,  Manichee,  Manicheist^  man-i- 
ks'an,  man'i-ke,  man'i-ke-ist,  n.  [From 
the  founder  Manes  or  Manichceus,  who 
lived  in  the  third  century.]  One  of  a  sect 
in  Persia  who  maintained  that  there  are 
two  supreme  principles,  the  one  good,  the 
othei'  evil,  which  produce  all  the  happi- 
ness and  calamities  of  the  world. — Mani- 
chean, a.  Pertaining  to  the  Manicheaus 
or  their  doctrines.— Manicheanism,  Mani- 
cbeism,  man-i-ke'an-izm,  man'i-ke-izm,  n. 
The  doctrines  of  tl;e  Manicheans. 

Manichord,  Manicordon,  man'i-kord,  man'- 
i-kor-don,  n.  [O.Fr.  manicordon, It.  mono- 
cordo;  from  GT.r>ionocho7'don.  Monochord.] 
A  musical  instrument  in  the  form  of  a 
spinet. 

Manifest,  man'i-fest,  o.  [L.  mani/estus, 
lit.  that  may  be  laid  hwld  of  by  the  hand 
—mantis,  the  hand,  and  root  seen  in  obs. 
fendo,  to  dash  against  (as  in  offend).i  Clearly 
,  visible  to  the  eye  or  obvious  to  the  under- 
standing; not  obscure  or  difficult  to  be 
seen  or  understood;  evident;  .plain.— ?i.  A 
document  signed  by  the  master  of  a  vessel 
at  the  place  of  lading,  to  be  exhibited  at 
the  custom-house,  containing  a  descrip^ 
tion  of  the  ship  and  her  cargo,  the  destina- 
tion of  the  ship  and  the  goods,  &c. — v.t. 
To  disclose  to  the  eye  or  to  the  under- 
standing; to  show  plainly;  to  display;  to 
exhibit.  —  Manifestable,  Manifestible, 
man'i-fes-ta-bl, man'i-fes-tibl, a.  Capable 
of  being  manifested.  —  Manifestation, 
man'i-fes-ta"8hon,  n.  The  act  of  manifesto 
ing;  a  making  evident  to  the  eye  or  to  the 
understanding;  the  exhibition  of  anything 
by  clear  evidence;  display;  what  is  th« 
means  of  displaying.— Manifestly,  man'i- 
fest-li,  adt>.  In  a  manifest  manner;  clear- 
ly; evidently;  plainly.  —  Manifestness, 
man'i-fest-nes,  n.  The  condition  or  quality 
of  being  manifest.— Manifesto,  man-i-fes'- 
to,  n.  [It.]  A  public  declaration,  usually 
of  a  sovereign  or  government> 

Manifold,  man'i-fOld,  a.  [Many  and  fold.] 
Numerous  and  various  in  kind  or  quality; 
manj;  in  number;  multiplied  i^nanifold 
mercies);  exhibiting  or  embracing  many 
points,  features,  or  characteristics  (the 
manifold  wisdom  of  God).  —  adv.  Many 
times,  or  by  many  times. — v.t.  To  multi- 
ply impressions  of,  as  of  a  letter,  by  means 
of  a  manifold-writer.— n.  A  copv  made  by 
a_  manifold-writer.  —  Manifoldly,  man'i- 
fold-li,  advi  In  a  manifold  mancer. — 
Manifoldness,  man'i-fold-nes,  n.— Mani- 
fold-writer, n.  A  writing  apparatus  for 
taking  several  copies  of  a  letter  or  docu- 
ment at  once. 

Maniform,  man'i-form,  a.  [L.  manus,  the 
hand.]    Shaped  like  the  hand. 

Manihot,  man'i-hot.    Same  as  Manioc. 

Manikin.    Under  Man. 

Manilla,  ma-nil'la,.  n.  A  kind  of  cheroot 
manufactured  in  Manilla,  the  capital  of 
the  Philippine  Islands.  —  ManiUa-hemp, 
n.  A  fibrous  material  from  a  plant  which 
grows  in  the  Philippine  Isles,  &c. 

Manioc,  man'i-ok,  n.  [Pg.  and  Brazil. 
mandioca.-]  A  plant  cultivated  in  tropical 
America  and  tne  West  Indies,  from  the 
large  fleshy  root  of  which  tapioca  and  caa^ 
sava  are  prepared. 


JE'ato,  fiir,  fat,  f$^Il;     me,  met,  b«r,     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     u,  Sc.  abun«— the  Fr.-u* 


Maniple,  man'i-pl,  n.  [L.  vianipulus, 
»(jumpiw«,a  handful,acompanyof  soldiers 
— manuSj  the  hand,  aud  root  of  plenus, 
full  (as  m  plenary,  &c.).]  Rom.  antiq.  a 
company  of  soldiers  consisting  of  sixty 
common  soldiers,  two  centurions,  and  a 
standard-bearer;  in  the  Latin  Ch.,  origi- 
nally a  handkerchief,  now  only  a  sym- 
bolical ornament  attached  to  the  left  arm 
of  the  celebrant  at  mass.— Manipular,  ma- 
nip'Q-16r,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  maniple.— 
Manipulate,  ma-nip '  a-lat,  v.t.  —  manipu- 
lated, manipulating.  [L.L.  ■manipvZo,^nani- 
pulatum.]  To  handle  or  operate  on  with 
the  hands,  as  in  artistic  or  mechanical 
operations;  to  subject  to  certain  processes; 
to  operate  upon  for  the  purpose  of  giving 
a  false  appearance  to  (to  manipulate  ac- 
counts).—t>.i.  To  use  the  hands,  as  in  artis- 
tic processes,  mechanical  operations,  or  the 
like.— Manipulation,  ma-nip'il-la"shon,  n. 
The  art  or  mode  of  manipulating  or  work- 
ing by  hand;  the  act  of  operating  upon 
skilfully,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  a  false 
appearance  to.— Manipulative,  Manipula- 
tory, ma-nip'a-la-tiv,  ma-nip'a-la-to-ri,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  performed  by  manipula- 
tion.—  Manipulator,  ma-nip 'Q-la.-t6r,  n. 
One  who  manipulates. 
Manis,  ma'nis,  n.  [The  assumed  singular 
of  L.  manes,  ghosts,  from  their  seeking 
their  food  by  night.]  A  genus  of  edentate 
mammals  covered  with  large,  hard  scales; 
the  pangolin  or  scaly  ant-eater. 
Manito,  Manitou,  man'i-to.  man'i-to,  n. 
Among  the  American  Indians,  a  name 
of  any  object  of  religious  awe  or  reverence; 
a  good  or  evil  spirit  or  a  fetish. 
Manltrnnk,  man'i-tnmgk,  n.  [L.  manua, 
the  hand,  and  truncus,  trunk.]  Entom. 
the  anterior  segment  of  the  trunk,  joined 
to  the  head. 

Mankind,  Manly,  &c.  Under  Man. 
Manna,  man'na,  n.  [Generally  derived 
from  the  Heb.  man  hu,  what  is  it?]  •  A 
substance  miraculously  furnished  as  food 
for  the  Israelites  in  thmr  journey  through 
the  wilderness  of  ArabilR  the  sweet  solidi- 
fied juice  which  is  obtained  by  incisions 
made  in  the  stem  of  a  species  of  ash. — 
Mannlte,  man'it,  n.  A  peculiar  variety 
of  sugar  obtained  from  manna. — Manna- 
croup,  man'na-krop,  n.  A  granular  pre- 
paration of  wheat-flour  deprived  of  bran, 
used  for  soups,  puddings,  &c. 
Manner,  man'6r,  n.  [From  Fr.  maniire, 
manner,  O.Fr.  manier.  belonging  to  the 
hand,  from  L.  m,anus,  the  hand— properly, 
the  method  of  handling  a  thing.  Manage, 
Manual.]  The  mode  in  which  anything 
is  done;  the  way  of  performing  or  effecting 
anything;  a  person's  peculiar  or  habitual 
way  or  carriage;  bearing  or  conduct;  de- 
portment; pU  carriage  or  behaviour,  con- 
sidered as  decorous  or  indecorous,  polite 
or  unpolite,  pleasing  or  displeasing;  cere- 
monious behaviour;  polite  or  becoming 
deportment  (he  has  no' manners) ;  sort; 
kind:  in  this  use  having  often  the  sense 
of  a  plural=sorts,  kinds  (all  manner  of 
things).- /n  a  manner,  in  a  certain  degree 
or  measure;  to  a  certain  extent  (it  is  in  a 
vianner  done  already). — Mannered,  man'- 
6rd,  a.  Having  manners  of  this  or  that 
kind;  exhibiting  the  peculiar  style  of  an 
author  or  artist,  more  particularly  in  its 
objectionable  form.  —  Mannerism,  man'- 
6r-izm,  n.  Excessive  adherence  to  a 
characteristic  mode  or  manner  of  action 
or  treatment;  a  personal  and  prominent 
peculiarity  of  style,  as  in  a  writer  or  an 
artist.  —Mannerist,  man'6r-ist,  n.  One 
addicted  to  mannerism.  —  Mannerliness, 
man'6r-li-nes,  71.  The  quality  of  being 
mannerly.— Mannerly,  man'er-li,  a.  Show- 
ing good  manners;  correct  in  deportment; 
polite;  not  rude  or  vulgar.  —  adv.  With 
good  manners;  without  rudeness. 
Mannheim  Qold,  man 'him,  n.  [From 
Mannheim,  in  Baden,  where  it  was  origi- 
nally made.]  A  brass  containing  80  parts 
copper  and  20  parts  zinc,  used  by  jewellers 
to  imitate  gold. 
Mannish,  &'c.  Under  Man. 
Mannite.  Under  Manna. 
MancBUvre,  ma-nO'vfer  or  ma-ntl'v6r,  n.  [Fr. 
manauvre — main,  L.  manu$,  the  hand, 
and  ceuvre,  L.  opera,  work.  Manure  is  the 


same  word.]  A  regulated,  dexterous  move- 
ment, particularly  in  an  army  or  navy ; 
any  movement  of  troops,  ships,  &c.,  for 
attack  on  or  defence  against  an  enemy; 
management  with  address  or  artful  design; 
an  adroit  procedure;  intrigue;  stratagem. 
—^.i.—manauvred,  manaiuvring.  To  per- 
form manoeuvres,  especially  military  or 
naval  manoeuvres;  to  employ  intrigue  or 
stratagem  to  effect  a  purpose. — v.t.  To 
make  to  perform  manoeuvres  or  evolu- 
tions.— MancEuvrer,  ma-nO'v6r-er  or  ma- 
nu'v6r-&i?,  n.    One  who  manoeuvres. 

Man-of-war.    Under  Man. 

Manometer;  Manoscope,  ma-nom'et-ftr, 
man'o-skop,  n.  [Gr.  m^nos,  rare,  not  dense.  J 
An  instrument  to  measure  the  elastic 
force  of  gases  or  vapours.  —  Manometric, 
Manometrical,  man-o-met'rik,  man-o- 
met'ri-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  tne  mano- 
meter. 

Manor,  man'or,  n.  [O.Fr.  manoir,  maneir, 
maner,  L.L.  manerium,  a  dwelling-place, 
a  manson,  from  L.  maneo,  to  stay,  to  dwell. 
Mansion.]  The  land  belonging  to  a  lord 
or  nobleman,  or  so  much  land  as  a  lord 
formerly  kept  in  his  own  hands  for  the 
use  and  subsistence  of  his  family;  a  resi- 
dence with  a  certain  portion  of  land  an- 
nexed to  it.— Manor-house,  n.  The  man- 
sion belonging  to  a  manor. —  Manorial, 
ma-no'ri-al,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  manor. 

Manoscdpe,  n.    Manomicter. 

Mansard-roof,  n.  [From  Fran9ois  Mansard. 
a  French  architect,  the  inventor,  who  died 
in  1666.]    A  curb-roof. 

Manse,  mans,  n.  IL.h.  man8U8,mansum, 
a  residence,  from  L.  maneo,  vianaum,  to 
stay,  to  dwell.  Mansion.]  In  Scotland, 
properly  the  dwelling-house  of  a  parochial 
clergyman;  also  the  dwelling-house  re- 
served for  the  minister  of  any  Presbyterian 
church. 

Man-servant.    U  nder  Man. 

Mansion,  man'shon,  n.  [L.  mansio,  man- 
sionis,  from  Tnaneo,  mansuvi,  to  dwell  (seen 
also  in  manor,  menial,  remain,  remnant, 
&c.).]  A  dwelling  or  residence,  especially 
one  of  considerable  size  and  pretension;  a 
habitation;  an  abode. — Llansion-house,  n. 
A  mansion;  a  manor-house. — The  MansUm- 
houae,  the  official  residence  of  the  Lord- 
mayor  of  London. 

Man-slaughter,  Man-stealer.   Under  Man. 

Mansuete,  man'swet,  a.  [L.  Tnansuetus, 
tame— inanws.the  hand.and  »uesco,»vetum, 
to  become  accustomed.]    Tame;  gentle. 

Mantel,  Mantel-piece,  man'tel,  n.  [O.Fr. 
mantel,  Fr.  manteau  — same  as  mantle.] 
The  ornamental  work  above  a  fireplace; 
a  narrow  shelf  or  slab  there.  —  Mantel- 
shelf, TO.  The  shelf  above  the  Untel  of  a 
fireplace. 

Mantelet,  Mantlet,  man'tel-et,  mantlet,  n. 
[Dim.  of  mantle.]  A  small  cloak  worn  by 
women;  fort,  a  kind  of  movable  parapet 
or  penthouse  set  on  wheels  for  protecting 
sappers  from  musketry  fire. 

Mantlc.t  man'tik,  o.  [Gr.  mantikos,  from 
mantis,  a  prophet.]  Relating  to  prophecy 
or  divination;  prophetic. 

Mantilla,  man-til'la,  n.  [Sp.;  same  origin 
as  mantle.]  A  hood;  a  Spanish  head  cover- 
ing for  women,  which  falls  down  upon  the 
shoulders  and  may  be  used  as  a  veil;  a 
light  cloak  thrown  over  the  dress  of  a  lady. 

Majitis,  man'tis,  n.  [Gr.,  a  prophet,  the 
mantis.]  A  genus  of  orthopterous  insects, 
frequently  resembling  twigs  and  leaves, 
the  praying-mantis  being  so  called  from 
the  position  of  the  anterior  legs  resem- 
bling that  of  a  person's  hands  at  prayer. 

Mantissa,  man-tis'a,  n.  [L.,  addition,  in- 
crease.] The  decimal  part  of  a  logarithm 
following  the  integral  part. 

lilantle,  man'tl,  n.  [O.Fr.  mMntel,  Fr.  man- 
teau.  It.  mantello,  from  L.  m^ntellum, 
mantelum.  a  mantle,  a  napkin.  Hence 
mantel.]  A  kind  of  cloak  or  loose  garment 
to  be  worn  over  other  garments;  a  cover- 
ing; something  that  covers  and  conceals; 
zool.  the  external  fold  of  the  skin  in  most 
molluscs.  Sometimes  used  in  same  sense 
&a  mantel. —  v.t. — mantled,  mantling.  To 
cloak  or  cover.  —  v.t.  To  be  expanded  or 
spread  out  like  a  mantle ;  to  become  cov- 
ered with  a  coating,  as  a  liquid;  to  send  up 
froth  or  scum;  to  cream;  to  display  super- 


ficial changes  of  hue.— Mantling,  mant'- 
ling,  n.  The  cloak  or  mantle  often  repre- 
sented behind  a  heraldic  escutcheon. 
Mantlet,  n.  Mantelet. 
Mantua,  man'ta-a,  n.  [Either  a  corruption 
of  Fr.  manteau,  a  mantle,  or  from  Mantua 
in  Italy  (comp,  milliner,  from  MUan}.]  A 
lady's  gown.  —  Mantua -maker,  n.  One 
who  makes  dresses  for  females;  a  dress- 
maker. 

Manual,  msin'Q-al,  a.  [L.  manuaUa,  per- 
taining to  the  hand,  from  manus,  the  hand 
(root  ma,  to  measure),  seen  also  in  man- 
acle,-manage,  manifest,  manner,  manure, 
maintain,  &c.]  Performed  or  done  by  the 
hand;  such  as  to  require  bodily  exertion 
hnanual  labour);  used  or  made  by  the 
hand. — Manual  alphabet,  the  letters  made 
by  the  fingers  and  hand,  used  by  the  deaf 
and  dvLmh.— Manual  exercise,  the  exercise 
by  which  soldiers  are  taught  to  handle 
their  rifles  and  other  arms.  —  n.  A  small 
book,  such  as  may  be  carried  in  the  hand 
or  conveniently  handled;  the  service-book 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church;  the  key- 
board of  an  organ  or  the  like.— Manually, 
man'a-al-li,  adv.  By  hand. 
Manubi-ium,  ma-na'bri-um,  n.  [L.,  a  han- 
dle, from  manus,  the  hand.]  Anat.  the 
upper  bone  of  the  stemuin. 
Manufactory,  man-a-fak'to-ri,  n.  [L.  man- 
us, the  hand,  and  factwa,  a  making,from 
facio,  to  make.]  A  building  in  which 
goods  are  manufactured ;  a  factory.  — 
Manofactoral,  man-u-fak'tQ-ral,  a.  Per- 
taining to  manufactures.  —  Manufacture, 
man-u-fak'tdr,  n.  The  operation  of  mak- 
ing wares  of  any  kind ;  the  operation  of 
reducing  raw  materials  into  a  form  suit- 
able for  use,  by  more  or  less  complicated 
operations;  something  made  from  raw 
materials. — v.t. — manufactured,  manufac- 
turing. To  make  or  fabricate  from  raw 
materials,  and  work  into  forms  convenient 
for  use,  especially  by  more  or  less  compli- 
cated processes. — v.t.  To  be  occupied  in 
manufactures.  —  Manufacturer,  man-u- 
fak'tu-rfer,  n.  One  who  manufactures;  one 
who  employs  workmen  for  manufactur- 
ing; the  owner  of  a  manufactory. — Manu- 
facturing, man-u-fak'tu-ring,  pp.  and  a. 
Employed  in  making  goods;  pertaining 
to  manufactures. 

Manumit,  man-Q-mit',  v.t.  —  manumitted, 
manum,itling.  [L.  manumitto  —  m,anu8, 
hand,  and  mitto,  to  send.]  To  release  from 
slavery;  to  free,  as  a  slave;  to  emancipate. 
—Manumission,  man-a-mish'on,  n.  [L. 
manumisaio.]  The  act  of  manumitting; 
emancipation. 

Manure,  ma-nar',  v.t.—manured,manuring. 
[Originally  to  work  by  manual  labour  or 
by  the  hand,  the  same  word  asmanauvre.] 
To  cultivate  by  manual  labourj;  to  enrich 
(soils)  with  fertilizing  substances;  to  treat 
with  manure.  —  n.  Any  matter  or  sub- 
stance added  to  the  soil  with  the  view  of 
fertilizing  it,  orof  acceleratingvegetatioa 
and  increasing  the  production  of  the  crops, 
such  as  guano,  dung,  bone-du-st,  the  drain- 
age from  a  dung-heap  (liquid  manure), 
&c.  —  Manurer,  ma-nu'r6r,  n.  One  that 
manures  lands.— Manurial,  ma-nfl'ri-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  manures. 
Manuscript,  man'n-skript,  n.  PL.  manu 
scriptum,  written  with  the  hand — manus, 
the  hand,  and  scribo,  scriptum,  to  write.] 
A  book  or  paper  written  with  the  hand  or 
pen;  a  writing  of  any  kind,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  what  is  printed :  often  con- 
tracted to  MS.,  pi.  MSS.—a.  Written  with 
the  hand;  not  printed. 
Manx,  mangks,  n.  The  native  language  of 
the  inhabitants  of  the  Isle  of  Man;  pi. 
the  natives  of  Man. — a.  Belonging  to  the 
Isle  of  Man  or  its  language. 
Many,  men'i,  a.  [A.  Sax.  manig,  mcenig, 
monig;  D.  menig,  Dan.  mange,  Goth,  mxin- 
ags,  O.H.G.  manae,  G.  manch,  many.) 
Numerous;  forming  or  comprising  a  great 
number  (many  men):  always  followed  by 
an  or  a  before  a  noun  in  the  singular  num- 
ber (many  a  man),  and  then  with  more  of 
a  distributive  force. —  The  many,  the  great 
majority -of  people;  the  crowd;  the  common 
herd. — So  many,  the  same  number  of;  a 
certain  number  indefinitely. —  Too  many, 
too  strong;  too  powerful;  too  able  (colloq.). 


ch,cAain;     oA,  Sc.  locft;     g.flo^    hjobi     it,  Pr.  tojH     iig,8ing}     «h,  i/ier,:  th,  ttin;     w,  wig;     wh,  wWg;     zh.juure, 


MAOEl 


416 


^MARITIME 


[Many  is  prefixed  to  a  great  number  of 
adjectives,  forming  compounds  which  ex- 
plain themselves  (monji-coloured,  mamj- 
cornered,  many-eyed,  &c.  I.]— Many-sided, 
a.  Having  many  sides;  shoxring  mental 
or  moral  activity  in  many  diiFerent  direc- 
tions ;  exhibiting  many  phases.  —  Matny- 
sidednesa,  n. 

Maori,  ma'o-ri,  n.  [A  New  Zealand  word 
signifying  native  or  indigenous.]  One  of 
the  native  inhabitants  of  New  Zealand.— 
a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  native  inhabi- 
tants of  New  Zealand. 
Map,  map,  n.  [L.  mappa,  a  napkin— ?nap- 
po  muruii  (Fr.  mappeTniOnde,  It.  mappa- 
Ttwndo),  a  map  of  the  world;  akin  are 
apron,  napery.]  A  representation  of  the 
surface  of  the  earth  or  of  any  part  of  it. 
or  of  the  whole  or  any  part  of  the  celestial 
sphere,  usually  on  paper  or  other  material. 
— V.  t.r-^ndpped,  mapping.  To  delineate  in 
a  map,  as  the  figure  of  any  portion  of  land. 
Maple,  mS'pl,  ji.  [A.  Sax.  mcepel.'i  The 
name  given  to  a  gonus  of  trees  of  the  syca- 
more kind,  the  wood  of  which  is  valuable. 
— Sugar  maple,  a  maple  of  North  America, 
the  juice  of  which,  obtained  in  early 
spring  by  tapping,  is  converted  into  sugar. 
Mar,'  mar,  v.t.—vuirred,  marring.  [A.  Sax. 
myrran,  merran,  dinyrran,  dmerran,  to 
hinder,  to  spoil;  D.  marren,  to  retard; 
Icel.  merja,  to  crush;  O.H.G.  WMrrjan,  to 
hinder.  Akin  moor  (verb).]  To  injure  in 
any  way;  to  spoil,  impair,  deface,  deform. 
— Marplot,  mar'plot,  n.  One  who,  by  his 
oihcious  interference,  mars  or  defeats  a 
design  or  plot. 

ICaraboa,  mar'a-bo,  n.  The  name  of  two 
largo  storks,  the  delicate  white  feathers 
beneath  the  wing  and  tail  of  which  form 
the  marabou-feathers  imported. 
Marabont,  Maraboot,  mii-ra-bot',  n.  In 
Northern  Africa  one  of  a  kind  of  saints 
who  are  held  in  high  estimation. 
Maranatha,  mar-a-na'tha,  «.  '[Syr,  the 
Lord  comes  or  has  come.]  A  word  used  by 
the  apostle  Paul  in  expressing  a  curse, 
llaraschino,  mar-as-ke'no,  n.  {It.,  from 
marasca,  amarasca,  a  kind  of  sour  cherry, 
from  L.  amarui,  bitter.]  A  kind  of  li- 
queur made  in  Dalmatia  from  cherries. 
Slarasmus,  ma-ras'mus,  n.  [  Gr.  marasvws, 
from  marainO,  to  cause  to  pine  or  waste 
away.]  A  wasting  of  flesh  without  fever 
or  apparent  disease;  atrophy. 
Maraud,  ma-rad',  v.i.  [Fr.  marauder,  to 
beg,  play  the  rogue, from  wiarai«J,  arogue; 
perhaps  from  stem  of  mar.]  To  rove  m 
quest  of  plunder;  to  make  an  excursion 
for  booty. — n.  Spoliation  by  marauders.- 
Marauder,  ma-ra'd6r,  n.  One  who  ma- 
rauds; a  rover  in  quest  of  booty  or  plunder; 
a  plunderer. 

Maravedi,-mar-a-v5'de,  n.  [Sp.,  from  Mar- 
abitin,  an  Arabian  dynasty  which  reigned 
in  Spain.]  A  verjr  small  copper  coin  for- 
merly used  in  Spain. 

Marble,  marT)l,  n.  [Fr.  marhre,  from  L. 
marmor,  marble,  Gr.  marmaroB,  any  stone 
or  rock  which  sparkles  in  the  light,  from 
inarmairO,  to  flash,  to  gleam.]  The  pop- 
ular name  of  any  species  of  calcareous 
etone,  of  a  compact  texture  and  of  a  beau- 
tiful appearance,  susceptible  of  a  good 
polish;  a  column,  tablet,  or  the  like,  of 
marble,  remarkable  for  some  inscription 
or  sculpture;  a  little  ball  of  marble,  of 
other  stone,  or  of  baked  clay,  used  by 
children  in  play.— o.  Composed  of  marble; 
stained  or  veined  like  marble;  ^£7.  hard  or 
insensible  like  marble  (wiarfcie- hearted, 
r,tar6te  -  breasted).  —  o.U  —  marbUd,  raar- 
bling.  To  give  an  appearance  of  marble 
to;  to  stain  or  vein  like  marble.— Marble- 
edged,  a.  Having  the  edges  marbled,  as 
a  book.— Marble-paper,  n.  Paper  marked 
in  imitation  of  variegated  marble. — Mar- 
bling, mar'bling,  n.  Imitation  of  marble: 
any  marking  fesemblia^  that  of  veined 
marble.— Marbly,marl3b,  a.  Resembling 
marble  in  structure  or  appearance. 
Marc,  mark,  n.  [Fr.]  The  refuse  matter 
which  remains  after  the  pressure  of  fruit, 
as  of  grapes,  olives,  &c 
Martasite,  marTca-sit,  n.  [Fr.  marcassiU, 
a  word  of  Arabic  origin.]  Iron  pyrites  or 
bisulphide  of  iron,  nearly  of  the  colour  of 
tin,  used  for  industrial  or  ornamental  pur- 


poses.— Marcasitic,  MarcasiticaX,  m&r-ka- 
sit'ik,  mar-ka-Bit'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
marcasite. 

Marcescent,  mar-ses'ent,  a.  [L.  marcea- 
eens,  7narcescentia,  t>pr.  of  Tnarc&aco,  to 
fade.]  Withering;  fading;  decaying;  spe- 
cifically, bot.  withering,  but  not  falling  ofl' 
till  the  part  bearing  it  is  perf ected.— Mar- 
cescible,  mar-ses'i-bl,  a.  Liable  to  decay. 
MarclL  march,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mearc,  a  mark, 
sign,  boundary;  Icel.  mtvrJ:,  O.H.G.  mar- 
dux  (whence  Fr.  ?narc/ie,boundary ).  Mark..] 
A  frontier  or  boundary  of  a  territory:  most 
common  in  pL,  and  especially  applied  to 
the  "boundaries  or  connnes  of  political  di- 
visions; in  Scotland  the  boundary  line  of 
conterminous  estates  or  lauds,  whether 
large  -or  small.— v.t.  To  be  contiguous;  to 
be  situated  next,  with  a  boundary  line 
between.— March-man,  n.  A  borderer. 
March,  march,  v.i.  [Fr.  rnarcher;  It.  mar- 
ciare;  either  from  Fr.  marche,  a  boundary 
(March,  a  frontier),  through  such  usages 
as  in  '  aller  de  marche  en  marched  to  wan- 
der from  boundary  to  boandary ;  or  from  L. 
marcus,  a  hammer,  through  L.L.  m,arcare, 
to  beat  the  ground  with  the  feet,  to 
march,]  To  move  by  steps  and  in  order, 
as  soldiers;  to  move  in  a  military  manner; 
to  walk  with  a  steady  regular  tread. — 
Marching  regiment,  a  colloquial  term  for 
.an  infantry  regiment  of  the  line.— i).t.  To 
cause  to  march. — n.  The  measured  and 
uniform  walk  of  a  body  of  men,  as  sol- 
diers, movmg  simultaneously  and  in  or- 
der; stately  and  deliberate  walk;  steady 
or  laboured  progression;  an  advance  of 
soldiers  from  one  halting-place  to  another; 
the  distance  passed  over;  progressive  ad- 
vancement; progress  (the  march  of  intel- 
lect); a  musical  composition  designed  to 
accompany  and  regulate  the  movement  of 
troops  or  other  bodies  of  men.  —  March 
past,  a  march  past  the  reviewing  ofiicer 
or  some  high  dignitsjy  on  parade. 
March,  march,  n.  [O.Fr.  march,  from  L. 
Martina,  pertaining  to  Mars,  the  god  of 
war;  Martius  maisia.  Mars'  month.T  The 
third  month  of  the  year.— Jfad  as  a  March 
hare,  quite  mad  or  crasy,  from  March  be- 
ing the  rutting  month  of  hares,  during 
which  they  are  in  an  excited  state. 
Marchioness,  mar'shun-es,  n.  [A  fern, 
from  L.L.  marchio,  a  marquis.  Mak- 
QDis.]  The  wife  or  widow  of  a  raarquis;  a 
female  having  the  rank  of  a  marquis. 
Marchpane,  march'pan,  n.  [O.Fr.  marce- 
nam.  It.  marzapane,  L.  Gr.  maza,  a  bar- 
ley-cake, and  L.  panis,  bread.]  A  kind  of 
sweet  bread  or  biscuit.  [Shak.] 
Marcid,  mar'sid,  o.  [L.  rnarcidtM,  from 
marceo,  to  pine.]  Withered;  feeble;  droop- 
ing. 

Mare,  mar,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mcere,  mere,  a  mare, 
fern,  of  Ttiear,  mearh,  a  horse;  Icel.  mar,  a 
horse,  merr,  a  mare,  G.  mdhre,  a  mare, 
O.H.G.  marah,  march,  a  horse;  allied  to 
Ir.  marc,  W.  march,  a  horse.]  The  female 
of  the  horse. — Mare's  nest,  a  discovery  that 
is  no  discovery,  and  that  a  person  merely 
fancies  he  has  made.— Mare's-tail,  n.  A 
common' marsh  plant  somewhat  resemb- 
ling in  appearance  the  equisetum  or  horse- 
tail, but  quite  distinct. 
Maremma,  ma-rem'ma,  n.  pi.  Marenune, 
ma-rem'rae.  [It.]  Tracts  of  country  in 
middle  Italy,  which,  by  reason  of  the  un- 
healthy exhalations,  cannot  be  inhabited 
in  summer  without  danger. 
Margaric,  mar-gar'ik,  a.  [L,  ma,rgarita, 
Gr.  margarites,  pearl,  from  Per.  mervarid, 
a  pearl.]  Penaiaing  to  iiearl;  having  a 
pearly  appearance. — Margaric  acid,  a  so- 
called  acid,  a  mixture  of  palmitic  and 
stearic  acid  obtained  from  oils  and  fats, 
and  often  in  the  form  of  pearlj'  scales. — 
Margarin,  Margarine,  mar'ga-rin,  n.  A 
peculiar  piearl-like  substance,  a  mixture  of 
palmitin  and  stearin.  —  Margaritaceons, 
mar'ga-ri-ta"Bhus,  a.  Pearly,  or  resem- 
bling pearl.— Margaritic,  mar-ga-rit'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  i-esembling  pearl  or  mar- 
garite.  —  MargaritlferonB,  mar'ga-ri-tif "- 
er-us,  a.  Producing  i)earl8. 
Margay,  mar'ga,  n.  A  Brazilian  carnivor- 
ous animal  about  the  size  of  a  cat. 
Marj^  mar'jin,  n.;  poetically  Marge, 
marj.     [Formerly  margine,  or  margent. 


Fr.  morge.  It.  margine,  from  L.  Tnargo, 
marginis,  a  brink,  a  margin.]  A  border; 
edge;  blink;  verge  (of  a  river,  &c.);  the 
edge  of  the  leaf  or  page  of  a  book,  left 
blank  or  partly  occupied  by  notes;  a  sum 
or  quantity  reserved  to  meet  contingencies 
in  addition  to  what  is  known  to  be  necec- 
sary;  tUe  difference  between  the  cost  of  an 
article  and  its  selling  price;  bot.  the  edge 
or  border  of  a  leaf  or  other  organ  of  a  plant; 
fig.  a  certain  latitude  to  go  and  come 
upon.— Marginal,  mar'ji-nal,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  margin;  written  or  printed  in  the 
margin  of  a  page.— Marginalia,  mar-ji-na'- 
li-a,  n.  pi.  Notes  written  on  the  margin 
of  books.  —  Marglaally,  marji-nal-li,  adv. 
In  the  margin  of  a  book.  —  Marginated, 
Marginate,  mar'ji-na-ted,  mar'ji-nat,  a. 
Having  a  margin. 

Margrave,  mar'grav,)!.  [Fr.  r.iargrave,  from 
D.markgraaf,  (i.markgraf—mark,a.  march 
or  border,  and  graf,  an  earl  or  count.] 
Originally,  like  marquis,  a  lord  or  keeper 
of  the  marches  or  borders;  now,  a  title  of 
nobility  in  Germany,  &c.  —  Margravate, 
Margravlat'e,  mar'gra-vat,  mar-gra'vi-at,- 
n.  The  territory  or  jurisdiction  of  a  mar- 
grave.—Margravine,  mar'gra-vin,  n.  [Fr. 
margravine,  G.  markgrafin.]  The  wife  of 
a  margrave. 

Marigenous,  ma-rij'e-uug,  a.  ■  [L.  maye,  the 
sea,  and  root  gen,  to  produce.]  Produced 
in  or  by  the  sea. 

Marigold,  mar'i-gold,  n.  [ilary,  that  is, 
the  Virgin  Mary,  and  gold.'\  Tiie  popular 
name  applied  to  several  composite  plants 
bearing  bright  yellow  flowers.— Jlfarij/oW 
ivindovj,  arch,  a  rose-window. 

Marinade,  mar-i-nad,  n.  [Fr.,  from  marin, 
marine,  L.  mare,  the  sea.]  A  compound 
liquor,  generally  of  wine  and  vinegar, 
with  herbs  and  spices,  in  which  fish  or 
meats  are  steeped  before  dressing  to  im- 
prove their  flavour.— ».t.  To  salt  or  pickle 
(fish)  and  then  preserve  in  oil  or  vinegar. 

Maxtne,  ma-ren',  a.  [L.  marinus,  from 
mare,  the  sea;  allied  to  W.  mdr,  the  sea, 
A.  Sax.  mere,  a  lake,  and  E.  marsh;  the 
root  being  same  as  in  L.  mws,  death  (dead 
or  stagnant  water).!  Pertaining  to  or  in 
some  way  connected  with  the  sea ;  found 
or  formed  in  the  sea;  inbabiting  the  sea 
{marine  forms  of  life);  used  at  sea;  suited 
for  use  at  sea  (a  marine  engine);  naval; 
maritime  (a  marine o&cer,  raariyie  forces). 
.'.Syn.  under  Maritime. — Marine  engine, 
a  form  of  steam-engine  used  in  sea-going 
steamers.  —  Marine  soap,  a  kind  of  soap 
well  adapted  for  washing  with  sea-water, 
chiefly  made  of  cocoa-nut  oil. — n.One  of  a 
body  of  troops  trained  to  do  military  ser- 
vice on  board  of  ships  and  on  shore  under 
certain  circumstances;  the  whole  navy  of 
a  kingdom  or  state;  the  collective  shipping 
of  a  countrj.— Marine-glue,  n.  A  cement 
made  by  dissolving  shellac,  caoutchouc, 
and  naphtha. — Mariner,  mar'i-n6r,n.  [Fr. 
marinier.  ]  A  seaman  or  sailor;  one  whose 
occupation  is  to  assist  in  navigating  ships. 
— Mariner's  Cmnpass.  Compass. — Marine- 
store,  n.  A  place  where  old  ships'  ma- 
terials are  bought  and  sold,  as  canvas, 
junk,  iron,  &c.  —  Marinorama,  ma-r5n'o- 
ra"ma,  n.  A  representation  of  a  sea-view. 
Mariolatry,  ma-ri-ol'a-tri,  n.  [L.  Maria, 
Mary,  the  Virgin  JIary,  and  Gr.  latreia, 
service,  worship.]  The  adoration  of  the 
Virgin  Mary.— Mariolater,  ma-ri-d'a-ter, 
n.  Oue  who  practises  Mariolatry. 
Marionette,  mayi-o-net",  n.  [Fr. ,  for  Mar- 
iolette,  a  dim.  of  Mariole,  a  little  figure  of 
the  Virgin  Mary.]  A  puppet  moved  by 
strings. 

Marischal,  mar'shal.    Maxshal. 
MariEh,t  mar'ish,  n.     A  fen;  a  marsh. 
[Poet.] 

Marist,  ma'rist.  a.  Pertaining  or  relating 
to  the  Virgin  Mary;  devoted  to  the  service 
of  the  Virgin. 

Marital,  mar'i-tal,  a.  [L.  maT'italis,  from 
maritus,  a  husband,  from  mas,  maris,  a 
male.  Masculine.]  Pertaining  to  a  hus- 
band. 

ilaritime,  mar'i-tim,  a.  [L.  mariiimus, 
from  mare,  the  sea.  Marine.]  Relating 
or  pertainiag  to  navigation  or  commerce 
by  sea;  connected  or  belonging  to  shipping; 
naval ;  having  a  navy  and  commei;ce  by 


Fat«.  ftr.  fat,  fftllj     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mCve;     ttlbe,  tub,  bull  j     oil,  pound:    tu  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr.  »♦. 


MARJORAM 


'417 


ilAES 


sea  (maritime  powers);  bgrdering  on  tha 
sea;  situated  near  the  sea  (a  maritiine 
town). — Marititne  law,  the  law  rfelating  to 
harbours,  ships,  and  seamen.  ■.*.  Maritime 
refers  more  especially  to  the  sea  as  a  field 
of  human  action,  to  some  use  of  the  sea  by 
man,  or  some  human  interest  connected 
with  the  sea,  or  to  position  on  or  near  the 
sea;  manne  refers  rather  to  the  sea  in  its 
merely  physical  aspect. 

Marjoram,  mar'jo-ram,  n.  [G.  marjoran, 
it.-  marjorana,  L.li.  marjoraca,  from  L. 
a^naraciis,  Gr.  amarakoa,  marjoram.]  A 
perennial  plant  of  the  mint  family,  of  sev- 
eral species;  the  sweet  marjoram  is  aro- 
matic and  fragrant,  and  used  in  cookery. 

Mark,  mkrk,  n.  [A.  Sax.  viearo,  ■  mark, 
sign,  limit,  boundary  =  Goth,  marka,  a 
boundary;  Icel.  inark,  mark,  landmark, 
inerki,  a  boundary;  Dan.  tnferke,  mark, 
token,  mark,  a  field;  D.  merk,  a  mark;  G. 
mark,  a  boundary,  a  district.  March  (a 
boundary)  is  anotner  form,  and  hence  also 
rem,ark,  marquis,  m.wrchioties8,  &c.]  A 
visible  sign  or  impression  on  so'tnething, 
as  a  dot,  linei^treak,  stamp,  figure,  or  the 
like;  any  sign  by  which  a  thing  can  be  dis- 
tinguished; a  certain  sign  which  a  mer- 
chant puts  upon  his  goods  in  order  to  dis- 
tinguish them  from  others;  a  trade-mark; 
an  incbcation,  visible  token,  or  evidence; 
pre-eminence,  distinction,  importance, 
eminent  position  (a  man  of  mark);  respect- 
ful attention  or  regard;  heed;  anything  to 
which  a  missile  may  be  directed;  the  point 
to  be  reached; 'the  proper  standard;  the 
extreme  estimate  or  allowance  (below  or 
within  the  mark) ;  a  character,  generally 
in  the  form  of  a  cross,  made  by  a  person 
who  cannot  write  his  name,  and  intended 
as  a  substitute  for  it;  an  old  English  coin 
of  the  value  of  13s.  4d.;  a  German-coin. of 
nearly  the  same  value  as  the  English 
shilling.  —  To  make  one's  mark,  often  to 
make  one's  influence. felt;  to  gain  a  posi- 
tion of  influence  and  distinction ;  also  to 
sign  a  document  by  making  a  cross  with 
the  pen.  —  v.t.  To  make  a  mark  on;  to 
single  out,  point  out,  stamp,  or  character- 
ize; to  denote:  often  with  out;  to  take  par- 

^ticular  observation  of ;  to  take  note  of;  to 
regard,  observe,  heed.  —  To  mark  time, 
mint,  to  lift  and  bring  down  the  feet  al- 
ternately at  the  same  rate  as  in  marching. 
— v.i.  To  note;  to  observe  critically;  to  take 
particular  notice ;  to  remark.  —  Marker, 
mar'ktr,  n.  One  who  marks;  one  who  marks 
the  score  at  games,  as  at  billiards;  a  counter 
used  in  card-playing.— Mar king,mar'king, 
n.  The  act  of  impressing  a  mark;  a  mark 
or  series  of  marks  upon  something ;  char- 
acteristic arrangement  of  natural  colour- 
ing (the  marking)!  on  a  bird  s  egz).— Mark- 
ing-ink, n.  An  indelible  ink  usedf  or  mark- 
ing linen,  &c.  —  Marksman,  miirks'man, 
n.  One  that  is  skilful  to  hit  a  mark ;  one 
who  shoots  well.— Marksmanship,  marks'- 
man-ship,  n.  The  state  of  being  a  marks- 
man; ability  to  shoot  well. 

Markee,  raar-ke'.    Marquee. 

Market,  mar'ket,  n.  [O.Fr.  markiet.  It. 
mercato.  It.  mercatut,  from  mercoi;  to  buy, 
from  merx,  Tnereis,  merchandise.  Mer- 
cantile.] An  occasion  on  which  goods 
are  publicly  exposed  for  sale  and  buyers 
assemble  to  purchase;  a  fair;  a  public  place 
in  a  city  or  town  where  goods  are  exposed 
for  sale,  whether  a  building  or  an  open 
space;  country  or  place  of  sale  (the  British 
-inarket,  the  foreign  market) ;  purchase  or 
sale,  or  rate  of  purchase  and  sale;  demand 
for  commodities. — v.i.  To  deal  in  a  market; 
to  make  bargains  for  provisions  or  goods. 
—v.t.  To  offer  forgale  in  a  market;  to  vend; 
to  sell.— Marketable,  mar'ket-a-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  sold ;  saleable;  fit  for  the 
market;  current  in  the  market.— Market- 
ableuess,  mar'ket-a-bl-nes,  n.  —  Market- 
cross,  n.  A  cross  or  small  architectural 
structure  set  up  where  a  market  is  held, 
sometimes  of  a  very  elaborate  construc- 
tion.—Market-day,  n.  The  fijced  day  on 
which  a  market  is  held  in  towns.— Market- 
parden,  n.  A  garden  in  which  vegetables 
and  fruits  are  raised  for  the  market.— 
Market  -  gardener,  n.  One  who  raises 
vegetables  and  fruits  for  sale.  —  Market- 
price,  Market-rate,,n.    The  price  at  which 


anything  is  currently  sold;  current  value. 
—  Market-town,  n.  A  toVvn  in  v/hich 
markets  are  held,  by  privilege,  at  stated 
times. 

Marking,  Marksman,  &c.    Under  Mare.. 

Marl,  marl,  n.  [O.Pr.  marie,  D.  Dan.  Sw. 
&  G.  mergel,  L.L.  margila,  from  L.  marga, 
marl— 9,  word  of  Celtic  origin.]  .A  mixture 
of  calcareous  and  argillaceous  earth  found 
at  various  deptlis  under  the  soil,  and  ex- 
tensively used  for  the  imjjrovement  of 
land,  there  being  several  varieties  of  it,  as 
clay-marl,  shell-marl,  fee.  —  v.t.  To  over- 
spread or  manure  with  marl.  —  Marla- 
ceous,  mar-la 'shus,  a.  Partaking  of  the 
qualities  of  marl.— Marlite,  mar'lit,  n.  A 
variety  of  marl.  —  Mavlitic,  mar-lit'ik,  a. 
Partaking  ot  the  qualities  of  marlite. — 
Marl-sto&e,  n.  Geul.  the  name  of  certain 
sandy,  calcareous,  and  ferruginous  strata. 
— Blarly,  mar'li,  a.  Kesembling  marl; 
abounding  with  marh 

Mai'line,  mar  'lin,  n.  [D.  marling,  marlijn 
— marren,  to  tie,  to  moor,  and  lijn,  a  line, 
a  cord.  Moor,  Line.]  Navi.  a  small  line 
composed  of  two  strands  little  twisted, 
used  for  winding  round  ropes  to  prevent 
their  being  chafed.  —  v.t.  Naut.  to  wind 
marline  round,  as  a  rope.  Also  Marl,  iia 
this  sense.  —  Marlinespike,  Marlinspike, 
mar'Lin-spik, «.  '  A  sort  of  iron  spike  with 
an  eye  or  hole  on  one  end,  used  to  separate 
the  strands  of  a  rope  in  splicing. 

Marmalade,  mS.r'ma-lOd,  n.  [Fr;  marme- 
lade;  Pg.  marmelada,  from  marmelo,  a 
quince;  from  L.  melimelurn,  Gr.  melimilon, 
lit/ a  sweet  apple — weii,  honey,  and  m,elon, 
an  apple,  peach, orange.]  A  name  applied 
to  preserves  made  from  various  fruits, 
especially  bitter  and  acid  fruits,  such  as 
the  orange,-  lemon,  Ac- Marmalade-tree, 

.  n.    The  Mammee-iiapota. 

Malrmolite,  mar'mo-lit,  n.  [Gr.  marmairo, 
to  shine,  and  lilhos,  a  stone.]  A  mineral 
of  a  pearly  or  metallic  lustre,  a  variety  of 
serpentine. 

Marmorate,  Marmorated,  mar 'mo -rat, 
mar'mo-ra-ted,  a.  [L.  marmuratus,  from 
marmor,  marble.  Marble.)  Covered 
with  marble;  variegated  like  marble. — 
Marmoration,mar-mo-ra'ghon,n.  A  cover- 
ing or  incrusting  with  marble;  variegating 
so  as  to  resemble  marble.— Marmoraceo;^, 
mar-mo-ra'shus,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like 
marble.  —  Marmoratum,  mar-mo-ra'tum, 
re.    [L.J    An  ancient  cement  formed  of 

Eounded  marble  and  lime  mortar  well 
eaten  together.— Marmoreal,  Marmore- 
an,  mar-mo're-al,  mar-mo're-an,  a.  Per- 
taining to  marble;  made  of  marble. 

Marsiose,  mar'mos,  re.  A  small  species  of 
opossum  inhabiting  South  America. 

Marmoset,  mar'mo-zet,  re.  [O.Pr.  marmO' 
set,  Fr.  riiarmouset,  originally  a  small  gro- 
tesque figure,  from  L.L.  marmoretum,  a 
small  marble  figure,  from  L.  marmor, 
marble.]  A  beautiful  American  monkey 
with  long  tail,  long  fur,  and  tufted  ears. 

Marmot,  mar'mot,  re.  [Fr.  m,arm,otte;  It. 
marmotta,  ntarmontana,  from  L.  mus  (mu- 
ris)  montanus,  mountain  mouse.]  A  ro- 
dent quadruped,  an  inhabitant  of  northern 
latitudes,  living  in  colonies,  in  .extensive 
burrows,  and  hibernating  in  winter. 

Marone,  ma-ron',  re.  [Maroon,  a  colour.] 
Any  colour  or  pigment  produced  from 
black  and  red  pigments  mixed. 

Maronite ,  in  a'ron  -it,  re.  fF  rom  Maron,  the 
founder.]  One  of  a  Christian  sect  in  Syria 
in  connection  with  the  Roman  Church. 

Maroon,  ma-r8n',  re.  [Fr.  marrow,  runaway, 
from  Sp.  Cimarron,  wild,  unruly,  from 
cima,  the  top  of  a  hill;  negro  cimarron, 
and  simply  cimarron,  in  Cuba,  a  fugitive 
negro.]  A  name  given  to  fugitive  slaves 
livmg  on  the  moimtains  in  the  West  In- 
dian Islands  and  Guiana.— v.t.  To  put 
ashore  and  leave  on  a  desolate  island,  by 
way  of  punishment,  as  was  done  by  the 
buccaneers,  &c. 

Maroon,  ma-rOn',  a.  [Fr.  marron,  It.  mar- 
rone,  a  chestnut.]  Brownish-crimson;  of 
a  colour  resembling  claret.— re.  A  brown- 
ish-crimson or  claret  colour. 

Maroon,  ma-ron',  re,  A  rocket  having  the 
case  bound  round  with  tarred  twine,  so 
that  it  explodes  with  a  great  noise. 

Marqaa,  mark,  re.  [Fr.  marque,  a  boundary; 


letters  of  marque  originally  empowered 
the  receivers  to  cross  the  boundaries  or 
marches  of  an  enemy.  Mark,  Makch  (a 
frontier).]  A  license  granted  to  a  private 
vessel  to  make  attacks  on  the  shii^s  or  be- 
longings of  a  public  euemor,  usually  in  tha 
phrase  letttrs  uf  marque  or  letters  o/marqv^ 
and  reprisal,  \thich  constitute  a  vessel  a' 
privateer. 

Marquee,  mar-ke*,  n.  [Fr.  marquise,  a 
marchioness,  a  marquee.]  An  oiBcer'a 
field  tent;  a  large  tent  erected  for  a  tem- 
porary purpose. 

Marquess,  re.    Marquis. 

Marquetry,  mar'ket-ri,  n.  [Fr.  marque- 
terie,  from  marqueter,  to  spot,  to  iulay. 
from  marque,  a  mark.  Mark.]  Inlaia 
work,  often  consisting  of  tliin  pieces  of 
fine  woods  of  differeut  colours,  arranged 
on  a  ground  so  as  to  form  various  pat- 
terns. 

Marquis,  Marquess,  mar'kwis,  mar'kwes,  n. 
[Fr.  marquis,It.  marchese,  Jj.h.marclnsue, 
marchensis,  a  prefect  of  the  marclies  or 
border  teiritones.  Mark,  and  March,  a 
boundary.]  A  title  of  dignity  in  Britain 
next  in  rank  to  that  of  duke,  and  hence 
the  second  of  the  five  orders  of  iijiglish 
nobility.  —  Marquisate,  mar'kwis-at,  n. 
The  seigniory,  dignity,  or  lordship  of  a 
marquis.  —  Marquise,  mar-kez,  re.  [Fr.] 
The  wife  of  a  marquis;  a  marchioness. 

Marriage,  mayij,  u.  [Fr.  mariage,  L.L. 
viaritaticum,  marriage,  from  L.  mariiua, 
a  husband,  from  mas,  ')naris,  a-  male. 
Masculine.]  The  kct  of  marrying;  the 
legal  union  of  a  man  and  woman  for  life; 
the  ceremony  by  which  they  are  so  united; 
a  wedding.  —  Marriage  portion,  dower 
given  by  a  father  to  his  daughter  at  her 
marriage.  —  Marriage  settlevient,  an  ar- 
rangement made  before  marriage  whereby 
a  jointure  is  secured  to  the  wife,  and  por- 
tions to  children,  in  the  event  of  the  hus- 
band's death. .'.  Marriage,  the  union,  or 
the  act  of  forming  or  entering  into  the 
union;  wedding,  the  ceremonies  celebrat- 

•  ing  the  union;  nuptials,  a  more  dignified 
■word  for  wedding;  matrimony,  the  mar- 
ked state;  wedlock,  the  vernacular  Eng- 
lish word  for  matrimony.  —  Marriage- 
able, mar'ij-a-bl,  a.  Of  an  age  suitable  for 
marriage.— Marriageableness,  mar'ij-a-bl- 
nes,  re.  State  of  being  marriageable. —  / 
Marriage -license,  re.  A  license  for  dis- 
pensing with  proclamation  of  banns,  gran- 
ted by  such  as  have  episcopal  authority. 

— Married,  mar'id,  p.  and  a.  Formed  or 
constituted  by  marriage;  conjugal;  con- 
nubial (the  man-isdstatej.—Marrier,  mar'- 
i-6r,  n.  One  who  marries.- Marry,  mar'i, 
v.t.  —  married,  marrying.  [  Fr.  marier, 
L.  maritare,  to  marry,  from  maritus,  a 
husband.]  To  unite  in  wedlock  or  matri- 
mony; to  constitute  man  and  wife  (the 
clergyman  marries  a  couple);  to  dispose  of 
in  wedlock  (as  a  father  his  daughter) ;  to 
take  for  husband  or  wife;  to  wed;  fig.  to 
unite  by  some  close  bond  of  connection. — 
v.i.  To  enter  into  the  conjugal  state;  to 
take  a  husband  or  a  wife.  —  Marrying, 
mayi-ing,  a.  Disposed  to  marry  (a  marrn- 
ing  man). 

Marrow,  mar's,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mearh,  mearg 
=J>.  marg,  merg,  Dan.  marv,  Icel.  mergr,' 
G.  mark,  marrow;  comp.  A.  Sax.  mearu, 
D.  murw,  tender,  soft.]  The  fat  contained 
in  ttih  osseous  tubes  and  cells  of  the  bones; 
Jig.  the  essence;  the  best  part;  a  kind  of 
gourd  yielding  an  oblong  fruit  used  as  a 
vegetable,  also  called  vegetable  marrow.— 
Spinal  marrow,  the  spinal  cord  or  cord  of 
nervous  matter  extending  through  the 
spine.— Marrow-bone,  n.  A  bone  contain- 
ing marrow. — To  go  dx>ivnonone's marrow- 
bones, to  assume  a  kneeling  position. 
[Humorous.]— Marrow-fat,  re.  A  kind  of 
rich  pea.— Marrowless,  mar'o-les,  a.  Des- 
titute of  marrow. —  Marrow -squash,  re. 
An  American  name  for  the  vegetable  mar- 
row.—Marrowy,  mar'o-i,  a.  Full  of  mar-^ 
row;  resembling  marrow. 

Marry,  mar'i.  Indeed;  forsooth:  a  term  of 
asseveratJbn  derived  from  the  practice  of 
swearing  by  the  Virgin  Mary. 

Mars,  marz,  re.  A  Latin  deity,  the  god  of 
war,  identified  at  an  •arly  period  '-y  tha 
Latins  themselves  with  the  Gret-i  '^ris; 


ch,  cluin;     ch,Sc.loch;     s,go;     j,;ob;     n,  Fr.  tore;     ng,sing;     tb,  <Aen;  th,  <Mp;     WjWig; 


wh,  M'Wg; 
27 


zb,  a«ure. 


MARSALA 


418 


MASS 


the  planet  which  comes  next  to  the  earth 
in  the  order  of  distance  from  the  sun. 
Iviaxsala,  mar-sa'la,  n.  An  inferior  kind  of 
sherry  from  Marsala  in  Sicily. 
Marseillais,  mar-sa-ya,  n.  mas.,  Marseil- 
laise, mar-sa-yaz,  n.  feni.  A  native  or  in- 
habitant of  MarBeilies.— a.  Belonging  or 
pertaining  to  Marseilles.  —  f/w  Marseil- 
laise, the  national  song  of  the  French  Ke- 
public,  dating  from  the  first  revolution, 
being  written  in  1792,  and  first  sung  in 
Pans  by  revolutionaries  from  Marseilles. 
Marsh,  marsh,  ji.  [A.  Sax.  mersc,  for  meriso 
( -  mere-ish),  a  marsh  or  bog,  an  adj.  form 
from  mere,  a,  mere;  L  G.  niursch,  O.D. 
maersche,  meerscli;  allied  to  L.  mare,  the 
sea  Marine.]  A  tract  of  low  and  very 
wet  land,  a  fen,  swamp,  morass  — a.  Per- 
taining to  marshes  or  swampy  places;  ap- 
plied to  various  plants  [marsh -vaaXlow, 
marsh  mangold  .  —  Marsh-gas.  Same  as 
Fire-iiamp.—i/laxsh  harrier,  n.  A  British 
bird  of  prey  frequenting  marshes,  and 
liv.ng  on  water  buds,  mice, frogs,  fish,  &c. 
—Marshiness,  marsh  1-ne^,  n.  State  of 
being  marshy.  —  Mar&h-mangold,  n.  A 
marsh  plant  of  the  ranunculus  family 
with  a  bright  yellow  flower  —  Marshy, 
marsh  i,  a.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  a 
marsh  or  swamp;  swampy;  fenny,  pro- 
duced in  marshes. 

Marshal,  mar'shal,  n  [0  Pr  mareschal,  Fr. 
viarichal,  L.L  manscalcus,  from  OH  6. 
marahscalc  —  O.G.  marah,  a  horse,  and 
scale  (Mod.  G.  achalk  ,  a  servant  Maki..] 
Formerly  an  othcer  whose  duty  was  to 
regulate  tournaments  or  combats  m  the 
lists,  one  who  regulates  rank  and  order  at 
a  feast  or  any  other  assembly,  directs  the 
order  of  processioii,and  the  like;  m  France, 
the  highest  rank  of  military  officer;  in 
other  countries  of  Europe,  a  military  offi- 
cer of  high  rank,  called  in  full  yield-mar- 
shal; in  America,  a  civil  officer  in  each 
judicial  district,  answering  to  the  sherilf 
of  an  English  county.— jEari  marshal,  an 
officer  of  state  in  England,  an  honorary 
title  hereditary  in  the  family  of  the  Dukes 
of  Norfolk. — Marshal  or  pruvost  marshal 
of  the  army  and  of  the  navy.  Under  Pno- 
vosT.— w.i. — viarshalled,  marshalling.  To 
di.spose  in  due  order  (an  army,  troops);  to 
arrange  in  a  suitable  or  most  effective  or- 
der (arguments,  evidence,  (V;c.).— MarshaJ- 
ler,  mar'shal  6r,  n.  One  who  marshals  — 
Marshalshlp,  mar'shal-ship,  n.  The  office 
or  dignity  of  a  marshal. 
Marsipobranch,  Marsipohranchlate,  mar- 
sip'O-brangk,  niar-sip'o-brang  'ki-at,o.  and 
n.  [Gr.  marsipos,  a  pouch,  and  branchia, 
gills.]  Applied  to  certain  fishes,  as  the 
hag-fishes  and  sea-lampreys,  with  pouch- 
like gills. 

Marsupial,  Marsnplate,  mar-sO'pial,  mar- 
su'pi-at.  a.  fL.  marsupinm,,  Gr.  marsupion, 
a  pouch.]  Having  an  external  abdominal 
pouch;  belonging  to  the  order  of  marsu- 
pials.—Marsupial,  Marsupialian,  mar-su'- 
pi-a"lian,  n.  One  of  an  extensive  group 
of  mammalia  characterized  by  the  absence 
of  a  placenta,  and  the  consequent  prema- 
ture production  of  the  fetus,  which  imme- 
diately on  its  birth  is  placed  by  the  mother 
in  an  external  abdominal  pouch,  in  which 
are  the  teats,  and  there  nurtured  until 
fully  developed. —  Marsupium,  mar-sd'pi- 
um,  n.  The  pouch  of  the  marsupials. 
Mart,  mart,  «.  (Contr.  from  market.}  A 
place  of  sale  or  traffic;  an  emporium. 
Martagon,  mitr'ta-gon,  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp. 
murtagon.']  A  kind  of  lily  the  bulbs  of 
which  are  eaten  by  the  Cossacks. 
Martello-tower,  mar-tel'lo-tou-ir,  n.  [From 
Mortella  in  Corsica,  where  a  tower  of  this 
kind  made  a  strong  resistance  to  an  Eng- 
lish naval  force  in  1794.]  A  small  circular- 
shaped  fort,  with  very  thick  walls,  chiefly 
Viuitt  to  defend  the  seaboard. 
Marten,  mar'ten,  n.  (Older  mortem,  Fr. 
martre,  from  l>.  marter,  G.  marder,  a 
marten. 1  A  carnivorous  quadruped  of  the 
weasel  family,  very  destructive  to  game, 
poultry,  and  eggs. 

Martial,  mar'shal,  o.  [L.  mariialis,  from 
Mars,  Martis,  the  god  of  war.]  Pertain- 
ing to  war;  suited  to  war;  military;  given 
to  war;  warlike. — Martial  law,  an  arbi- 
trary kind  of   law,  proceeding   directly 


from  the  military  power,  and  proclaimed 
in  times  of  war,  insurrection,  rebellion,  or 
other  great  emergency.— Martially,  mar'- 
shal-li,  adv.     In  a  martial  manner. 

Martin,  mar 'tin,  n.  [From  the  proper 
name  Martin;  comp.  ro6i)i-redbreast,  &c.] 
A  general  name  applied  to  various  species 
of  swallows,  the  one  best  known  being  the 
house-martin. 

Martinet,  mar'ti-net,  n.  [Prom  General 
Martinet,  a  very  strict  French  officer  in 
the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.]  A  military  or 
naval  officer  who  is  an  excessively  strict 
disciplinarian;  one  who  lays  stress  on  a 
rigid  adherence  to  the  details  of  discip- 
line, dress,  &c. 

Martingale,  mar'tin-gal,  n.  fPr.  martin- 
gale, Sp,  miirtingala,  a  martingale,  old 
kind  of  breeches;  from  Martigal,  an  in- 
habitant of  Martigues,  in  Provence.]  A 
strap  from  a  horse's  head  to  the  girth 
under  his  belly  and  passing  between  the 
fore-legs,  to  prevent  him  from  rearing; 
naut.  a  short  perpendicular  spar  under  the 
bowsprit. 

Martini -Henry,  mar-te'ne-hen'ri,  n.  A 
rifle  the  breech  of  which  is  the  invention 
of  Martini,  and  the  barrel  that  of  Mr. 
Alex  Henry  of  Edinburgh,  adopted  in  the 
British  army. 

Martinmas,  mar'tin-mas,  n.  [Martin  and 
mass.]  The  feast  of  St.  JSIartin,  the  11th 
of  November,  a  Scotch  term-day,  on  which 
rents  are  paid,  servants  hired,  &c. 

Martlet,  mart'let,  n  [Dim.  of  martin.'] 
The  martin,  a  kind  of  swallow  iShak  ) 

Martyr,  mir'ter,  Ji.  [Or  wiart^^r,  a  martyr, 
a  form  of  martys,  a  witness.]  One  who  by 
his  death  bears  witness  to  the  truth,  one 
who  suffers  death  rather  than  renounce 
his  rtligious  opuuons;  one  who  nuffers 
death  or  persecution  in  defence  of  any 
cause.-^v.t.  To  persecute  as  a  martyr,  to 
torment  or  torture— Martyrdom,  mar'ter- 
dom,  n  The  state  of  being  a  martyr,  the 
death  of  a  martyr.— Martyrize,  mar  t<ir  iz, 
v.t.  To  devote  to  martyrdom  — Martyro. 
logic,  Martyrological,  mar't^ro-loj' ik, 
mdr't6r-o-loj'  i  kal,  a  Pertaining  to  mar- 
tyrology.  —  Martyrologjst,  mar-ter-ol '  o- 
jist,  n.  A  writer  of  a  martyrology  — Mar- 
tyxology,  mar-ter-ol  oji,  n  A  history  or 
account  of  martyrs  with  their  sufferingE, 
a  register  of  martyrs. 

Marvel,  mar'vel,  n.  (Fr.  merveille;  It. 
maraviglia;  from  1j.  ■mi  raiifta,  wonderful 
things,  from  mirabilis,  wonderful,  from 
mtj-or,  to  wonder.  Miracle.)  A  wonder; 
an  object  of  great  astonishment. — v.i.— 
marvelled,  marvelling.  To  be  struck  with 
surprise  or  astonishment ;  to  wonder.  — 
Marvellons,  mar'vel-us,  a.  Exciting  won- 
der; wonderful;  strange;  astonishing;  sur- 
passing credit;  paitaking  of  the  miracu- 
lous or  supernatural.  —  The  marvellous, 
things  almost  beyond  belief;  what  exceeds 
natural  power,  or  is  preternatural. —Mar- 
vellously, mar'vel-us-li,  adv^  In  a  marvel- 
lous manner.  — Marvellousness,  marvel- 
us-nes,  n. 

Mary-bud,  n.  The  flower  of  the  marigold. 
[Shak.] 

Masble,  masTtl, n.  [O.Fr.  mascJe,  Fr.  macln. 
from  L.  macula,  a  spot,  the  mesh  of  a  net  J 
Armovr,  a  lozenge-shaped  plate  or  scale. 
— Mascled,  mas'kld,  a.  Exhibiting  mas- 
cles.—Mascled  armour,  armour  of  small 
lozenge  -  shaped  metallic  plates  on  a 
leathern  or  quilted  undercoat. 

Masculine,  mas'ku-lin,  a.  [L.  masculijiva, 
from  mascidus,  male,  from  mas,  maris,  a 
male;  of  same  origin  are  marry,  marital, 
maZe.]  Of  the  male  sex ;  not  female ; 
strong;  robust;  powerful;  manly;  not  soft 
or  effeminate ;  (said  of  a  woman)  coarse, 
bold,forward,orunwomanly  (her  manners 
are  rou.i;h  and  masculine);  gram,  denoting 
orpertaining  tothegenderof  words  which 
are  especially  applied  to  male  beings  or 
things  regarded  grammatically  as  male. 

— n.  Gram,  the  masculine  gender;  a  word 

of  this  gender.— Masculinely,  mas'kO-lin- 
li,  adv.    In  a  masculine  manner.— Mascu- 

Uneness.   Masculinity,   mas'ku-lin-nes, 

mas-ka-lin'i-ti,  n.    The  quality  or  state  of 

being  masculine. 

Mash,  mash,  n.    [Akin  to  Dan.  mask,  a 

mash,  Sw.  maska,  to  mash,  Sc.  mask,  to 


infuse,  as  tea,  6.  meisch,  mash  (of  malt), 
meischen,  to  mash,  mix;  E.  Vmim,  n  \u\\- 
ture.]  A  mixture  of  ingi-edieuts  beaten  ur 
blended  together  in  a  promiscuous  man- 
ner; especially,  a  mixture  for  feeding 
horses;  brewing,  a  mixture  of  ground  malt 
and  warm  water  yielding  wort. — i  t.  To 
beat  into  a  confused  mass;  to  crusli  by 
beating  or  pressure;  to  mix  (malti  aiiU 
steep  in  warm  water  for  brewing.— Mash- 
er, mash'er,  n.  [From  being  suppoiied  to 
viash  the  hearts  of  the  fair  se.x.J  .\ii 
affected  fop  who  dresses  in  the  extrrni(«.t 
fashion,  and  lounges  about  fashioualiU- 
resorts;  a  weak,  would-be  gallant.  [Slang.] 
— Maah-tub,  Mash-tun,  n.  A  tub  or  vat 
for  containing  the  mash  in  breweries. 
Mask,  mask,  n.  [Fr.  masque,  from  Sp.  and 
Pg.  mascara,  a.  mask, from  Ar.  mask'harat, 
a  buffoon,  jeer,  laugh,  trom  sakhira,  to 
ridicule  ]  A  cover  for  the  face,  often  in- 
tended to  conceal  identity;  a  disgui^■e,  pi  e- 
tence,  or  subterfuge;  a  masquerade;  a  piece 
of  mummery;  a  sort  of  play  or  histrionic 
spectacle,  much  patronized  during  >the 
sixteentli  and  seventeenth  centuries. — v.t. 
To  cover  the  face  with  a  mask;  to  disguise 
for  concealment. — Masked,maskt,>).and  a. 
Having  the  face  covered;  wearing  a  ma.-k; 
concealed;  disguised. —  Masked  batiKry,  .i 
battery  so  situated  and  constructed  as  not 
to  be  perceived  by  the  enemy  till  it  opens 
fire  upon  them.  —  Masked  ball,  a  ball  at 
which  the  company  wear  masks,  or  apjjcar 
in  masquerade. — Masker,  mas'kfir,  n.  One 
that  wears  a  mask;  one  that  plays  in  a 
mask  or  masquerade. 
Maslin,  maz'lin.  Meslin. 
Mason,  ma'sn,  n.  [Fr.  ma^on;  L.L.  viacio, 
machio,  machionis,  from  root  seen  in  L. 
maceriu,  a  wall.]  A  builder  in  'Stone  or 
brick,  one  who  constructs  the  walls  cf 
buildings,  &c.;  a  member  of  the  fraternity 
of  freemasons. — JI  lason  lodge,  a  place  wliei  e 
the  members  of  the  fraternity  of  freema- 
sons hold  their  meetings.— M5.sonic,  ma- 
son'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  craft  or  mys- 
tenes  of  freemasons.— Masonry,  ma'sn-ri, 
n.  [Fr  maconnerie.]  The  art  or  occupa- 
tion of  a  mason;  the  work  produced  by 
a  mason;  the  mysteries,  principles,  and 
practices  of  freemasons. 
Masoola  boat,  ma-s8'la,  n.  A  large  East 
Indian  boat  used  on  the  Coromandel  coast. 
Masque,  mask,  n.  A  kind  of  theatrical 
.spectacle.  Mase.— Masquerade,  masker- 
ad,  n.  [Fr.  masquerade.]  An  assemlily  of 
persons  wearing  masks,andarausingthem- 
selves  with  various  diversions,  as  dancing, 
walking  in  procession,  &c.;  a  di-sguise. — 
v.i—masqueraded,masquerading.  To  wear 
a  mask;  to  take  part  in  a  mas(iucra<le;  to 
go  m  disguise.  —  Masquerader,  mas-kfrr- 
a  d6r,  n.  A  person  taking  part  in  a  mas- 
querade, one  disguised. 
Mass,  mas,  n.  [Fr.  masse,  L.  massa,  a 
lump,  from  Gr.  viaza,  a  barley-cake,  from 
viassO,  to  knead;  akin  macerate.]  A  body 
of  matter  collected  into  a  lump;  a  lump; 
a  collective  body  of  fluid  matter;  a  great 
quantity  collected;  an  assemblage  (a  muss 
of  foliage);  bulk;  magnitude;  the  main 
body  of  things  collectively;  the  generalitj ; 
the  bulk  (the  mass  of  the  jseople);  physia, 
the  quantity  of  matter  in  any  body,  or  tha 
sum  of  all  the  material  particles  of  a  body, 
always  proportional  to  the  weight  what- 
ever the  bulk  or  figure.— y/te  masses,  the 
great  body  of  the  people,  more  especially 
of  the  working-class  and  lower  orders;  the 
populace. — v.t.  To  form  into  a  mass;  to 
collect  into  masses;  to  assemble  in  crowds. 
— Massiness,  mas'i-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  massy.  —  Massive,  mas'iv,  a.  |Fr. 
massif.]  Forming  or  consisting  of  a  largo 
mass;  having  great  size  and  weight;  pon- 
derous; mineral,  have  a  crystalline  struc- 
ture, but  not  a  regular  form  as  a  whole. — 
Massively,  mas'iv-li,  adv.  AVith  massive- 
ness;  ponderously. — Massiveness,  mas'ir- 
nes,n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  mas- 
si  ve.— Mass-meeting,  n.  A  large  or  general 
meeting  called  for  some  specific  puri>08e. 
-Massy,  mas'i,  a.  Possessing  great  mass 
or  bulk;  massive. 

Mass,  mas,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mcesse,  Fr.  mease, 
Dan.  and  G.  metse,  L.L.  viitsa,  mass,  from 
the   proclamation— Ite ;  missa  est :  '  Go ; 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftU;     me.  met,  b6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tobe,  tub,  bvtll ;     oil,  poaud;     U,  Sc.  abwne— the  Pr.  w 


mAssacee 


419 


MATER 


the  assembly  is  dismissed '  (L-  thiBaus,  pp. 
of  mitto,  to  send)— made  in  the  ancient 
churches  when  the  catechumens  were  dis- 
missed after  a  portion  of  the  service,  where- 
uponfollowed  the  communion.  MrssiON.] 
The  service  of  the  Eucharist  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  and  Greek  Churches;  the  Roman 
Catholic  communion  service;  the  elaborate 
musical  setting  of  certain  portions  of  the 
service  of  the  vixa,sB.—High  mass,  a  mass 
performed  on  solemn  occasions',  by  a  priest 
or  prelate,  attended  by  a  deacon  and  sub- 
deacon,  with  choral  music.  —  Low  mass, 
the  ordinary  mass  performed  by  the  priest, 
assisted  by  one  altar-servant  only. 
Massacre,  mas'a-kfir,  n.    [Fr.  massacre, 

Srobably  from  such  a  German  word  as 
i.G.  matskeil',  matschkem,  to  cut  in  pieces, 
or  a.  metzger,  a  butcher,  metzeln,  to  cut  to 
pieces;  O.G.  meizan,  to  cut  down.]  The 
indiscriminate  killing  of  human  beings, 
especially  without  authority  or  necessity, 
and  without  forms  civil  or  military;  a 
great  slaughter. —  y.(. —massacred,  mas- 
sacring. To  kill  with  indiscriminate  vio- 
lence; to  butcher;  to  slaughter:  usually  of 
killing  human  beings.— Massacrer,  mas'- 
a-krfer,  n.    One  who  massacres. 

Masseter,  mas'se-t6r,  n.  [Gr.  masCUr,  mas- 
seter,  lit.  a  chewer,  from  massaffmai,  to 
chew.]  Either  of  the  pair  of  muscles  wliich 
raise  the  under  jaw. 

Massicot,  Mastioot,  mas'i-kot,mas'ti-kot, 
n.  [Fr.  massicot.]  Protoxide  of  lead  or 
yellow  oxide  of  lead  of  a  deep  yellow  colour 
and  used  as  a  pigment. 

Mast,  mast,  m.  [A.  Sax.  moest=D.  G.  Sw. 
and  Dan.  mast,  a  mast.]  A  long,  rovmd 
piece  of  timber  or  a  hojlow  pillar  of  iron 
or  steel  standing  upright'in  a  vessel,  and 
supporting  the  yards,  sails,  and  rigging  in 
general.— v.<.  To  fix  a  mast  or  masts  in;  to 
erect  the  masts  of.— Masted,  mas'ted,  a. 
Having  a  mast  or  masts :  chiefly  in  com- 
position.—Master,^mas't6r,  n.  Having  a 
mast  or  masts:  in  composition  (a'three- 
master). —Mast-head,  v.t.  To  send  to  the 
top  of  a  mast  and  cause  to  remain  there 
for  a  time  by  way  of  punishment. — Mast- 
less,  mast'les,  a.    Having  no  mast. 

Mast,  mast,  n.  (no  pi.).  [A.  Sax.  mcest,  G. 
mast,  mast;  akin  to  meat.]  The  fruit  of 
the  oak  and  beech  or  other  forest  trees; 
nuts;  acorns.  —  Mastful,  mast'ful,  a. 
Abounding  with  mast.— Mastless,  mast'- 
les, a.  Bearing  no  mast.— Mast-tree,  n.  A 
tree  that  produces  mast.— Masty,  mas'ti, 
a.    Abounding  with  mast. 

Master,  mas'tfir,  n.  [O.E.  maister,  maistre, 
O.Fr.  maiatre,  from  L.  magister,  master, 
from  root  mag,  seen  in  L.  magnus,  great 
(Magnitude):  same  root  as  may,  might, 
m,uch.]  One  who  rules,  governs,  or  du'ects; 
one  who  has  others  under  his  immediate 
control;  an  employer;  correlative  to  slave, 
servant,  &c.  (often  in  compounds,  as,  mas- 
ter-printer,  master -bnildei,  &c.);'0ne  who 
has  possession  and  the  power  of  control- 
ling or  usin;^  at  pleasure;  the  owner;  pro- 
prietor; a  chief,  principal,  head,  leader: 
the  person  intrusted  with  the  care  and 
navigation  of  a  merchant  ship:  otherwise 
called  captain;  in  the  royal  navy,  the 
officer  who  navigates  the  ship  under  the 
direction  of  the  captain;  the  bead  of  or  a 
teacher  in  a  school;  a  man  eminently 
skilled  in  any  pursuit,  accomplishment, 
art,  or  science;  a  proficient  or  adept  (a 
master  of  the  violin;  a  master  of  sarcasm); 
a  civil  or  respectful  title  of  address  used 
before  a  person's  name,  and  when  the  per- 
son is  grown  up  always  pronounced  mis'- 
t6r  and  written  Mr.  {Mr.  John  Smith); 
when  applied  to  a  boy  or  young  gentleman, 
however,  written  in  full  and  pronounced 
mas'tSr;  a  title  of  dignity;  a  degree  in  col- 
leges and  universities  (Afast«r  ofArts);  the 
title  of  the  head  of  some  societies  or.cor- 
porations;  the  title  of  certain  high  legal 
or  other  functionaries  (JIf aster  of  the  RoUs; 
a  master  in  chancery).- T/ie  old  masters, 
ancient  painters  of  eminence.^- J/astfr  of 
the  horse,  a  grisat  officer  in  the  British 
court.  — Master  of  the  mint,  formerly  an 
English  government  official  at  the  head  of 
the  nunt.—^Mcuter  of  the,  Rollc,  one  of  the 
judges  of  chancery  in  England,  keeper  of 
ths  roUs  of  patents  and  grants  that  pass 


the  great  seal.— To  be  master  of  one's  self, 
to  have  the  command  or  control  of  one's 
own  passions.— u.t.  To  become  the  master 
of;  to  overpower;  to  subdue;  to  make  onc'-s 
self  master  of;  to  master  or  overcome  the 
difficulties  of  .—a.  Belonging  to  a  master ; 
chief;  principal:  often  used  as  the  first  ele- 
ment in  a  compound  word;  as,  master- 
piece, master-mind,  &c.— Master-builder, 
».  A  chief  builder;  one  who  employs 
workmen  in  building.— Master-chord,  n. 
The  chief  chord;  the  chord  of  the  domi- 
nant.—Masterful,  mas't6r-f ul,  a.  Inclined 
to  exercise  mastery;  imperious;  arbitrary; 
headstrong.  —  Masterfully,  mas'tfir-ful-li, 
adv.  In  a  masterful  manner. — Master- 
fulness, mas'tfer-ful-nes,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  masterf ul.— Master-hand.n.  The 
hand  of  a  person  extremely  skilful;  a  per- 
son eniinently  skilful)*—  Master-Joint,  n. 
Geol.  one  of  the  larger  planes  of  partition 
which  traverse  rock-masses,  running  par- 
allel to  each  other  for  considerable  dis- 
tances. —  Master-key,  n.  The  key  that 
opens  many  locks ;  fig.  a  general  clue  to 
lead  out  of  many  difficulties.- Masterless, 
ma? '  tfer-les,  a.  Destitute  of  a  master  or 
owner;  ungovernable:  beyond  control.- 
Masterliness,  mas't6r-li-nes,n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  masterly;  masterly  skill.— 
Ma8terly,ma8't6r-li,a.  Formed  or  executed 
with  superior  skill ;  suitable  to  a  master; 
most^able  or  skilful  (a  masterly  design 
or  performance).— adw.  With  the  skill  of  a 
master.- Master-jipariner,  n.  The  captain 
of  a  merchant  •.  essel.— Master-mind,  n.  A 
chief  or  superior  mind;  a  predominant  in- 
tellect. —  Magter-passiOB,  n.  A  predomi- 
nant or  ruling  passion.  —  MasfSr-pieee,  n. 
Something  superior  to  any  other  perfor- 
mance of  the  same  person:  anything  done 
or  made  with  superior  skill.- Mastership, 

~  mas't6r-ship,  n.  The  state  or  office  of  a 
master;  pre-eminence;  mastery.— Master- 
singer,  n.  .  One  of  asociety  of  German  poets 
of  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries.— 
■Master-spirit,  n.  A  predominant  mind; 
a  master-mind.  —  Master-stroke,  n.  A 
masterly  achievement.  —  Master- work,  n. 
Principal  performance ;  chef-d'oeuvre.  — 
Mastery,  mas'f6r-i,  n.  The  act  of  master- 
ing; dominion  or  command  over  some- 
thing ;  superiority  in  competition ;  pre- 
eminence; victory  in  war;  eminent  skill. 

Mastic,  Mastich,  mas'tik,  n.  [Fr.  mastic, 
L.  mastiche,  masUchura,  Gr.  mastiche,  from 

;  ma8<aa;,the  jaws:  so  named  because  chewed 
in  the  Bast.]  A  resin  exuding  from  a  tree 
of  Southern  Europe,  &c.,  yielding  a  var- 
nish; the  tree  itself ;  a  kind  of  mortar  or 
cemenftor  plastering  walls. 

Masticate,  mas'  ti-kat,  v.t.  —  masticated, 
masticating.  [L.  mastico,  masticatum,  from 
G.  mastichaO,  to  gnash  the  teeth.  Mas- 
tic] To  grind  with  tlie  teeth  and  prepare 
for  swallowing  arid  digestion;  to  chew. 
— Masticable,  mas'ti-ka-bl,  o.  Capable 
of  being  masticated.- Mastication,  maa- 
ti-ka'shoa,  n.  The  aet  of  masticating. 
— M&sticator,  mas'ti-ka-tfer,  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  masticates ;  a  machine  for 
cutting  up  meat  for  persons  unable' to 
chew  properly,  also  for  kneading  up  raw 
india-rubber  or  gutta-percha.  —  Mastica- 
tory, mas'ti-ka-to-ri,  a.  Adapted  to  per- 
form the  office  of  chewing.— n..  Med.  a  sub- 
stance to  be  chewed  to  increase  the  saliva. 

Maetlcot,  maa'ti-kot.    Massicot. 

Mastiff,  mas'tif ,  n.  [From  a  hypothetical 
Fr.  mastif,  from  G.  m,asten,  io  fatten, 
O.H.G.  wa8!l;an.,  to  feed,  from  mast,  food, 
mast  (acorns,  &c.).]  A  variety  of  dog  of 
old  English  breed,  large  and  very  stoutly 
built,  and  with  deep  and  pendulous  lips. 

Mastitis,  mas-ti'tis,  n.    [Gr.  mastos,  the 

•breast,andtorm.  -itis,  denoting  inflamma- 
tion.] Inflammation  of  the  breast  of  wo- 
men.—Wtastodon,  mas'to-don,  n.  [Gr.  inas- 
tos,  breast,  mEftnmilla,  and  odous,a:  tooth.] 
A  genus  of  extinct  fossil  quadrupeds  re- 
sembling the  elephant,  but  larger,  named 
from  the  mammillary  processes  on  its 
teeth.  ■—  MactodontiC,  mas-to-don'fik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  mastodon. 
— MastocEynia,  mas-to-din'i-a,  n.  [Gi\ma8- 
tes,  and  odyni,  pain.]    Pain  m  the  breast; 

,  a  kind  of  neu^lgia.— Mastoid,  msM'toid,  a. 
Resembling  a  nipple  or  breast;  a  term  ap- 


plied to  a  process  or  projection  of  certain 
bones  and  to  parts  connected  therewith.— 
Mastology.t  mas-tol'o-ji,  n.  The  natural 
history  of  mammals. 

Masula-boat,  ma-sola,  n.    Masoola-boat. 

Mat,  mat,  n.  [A.  Sax.  msatta,  G.  viatti,b. 
mat,  Dan.  matte,  Ir.  mota,  all  from'li. 
matta,  a  mat  made  of  rushes.]  An  article 
of  interwoven  rushes,  straw,  cocoa-nut 
fibre,  twine,  or  other  material  to  be  laid 
down  for  cleaning  the  boots  and  shoes  of 
those  who  enter  a  house,  or  to  keep  the 
feet  from  the  bare  floor^  some  kind^f 
coarse  fabric  used  for  packing,  or  for  covei-- 
ing  floors,  &c.;  an  article  of  various  mate- 
rials, flat  and  of  little  thickness,  put  below 
dishes  on  the  table;  anything  growing 
thickly  or  closely  interwoven  so  as  to  re- 
semble a  mat  in  form  or  texture  (a  mat  of 
hair).— v.t.— matted,  matting.  To  cover  or 
lay  with  mats;  to  interweave  like  a  mat; 
to  entangle.— u.i.  To  grow  thick  together. 
— Mattiilg,  mat'ing,  ?j.  Materials  for  mats; 
mat- work;  naut.  a  texture  made  of  strands 
of  old  rope,  <tc.,  used  to  prevent  chafing. 
— Mat-'work,  n.    Matting;  mats. 

Matador,  mat'a-dor,  n.  [Sjp.,  lit.  a  killer, 
from  matar,  L.  mactare,  io  kill,  to  sacri- 
fice.] The  man' appointed  to  kill  the  bull 
ia  bull-fights. 

Matamata,  ma-ta-ma'ta,  n.  A  South  Am- 
erican tortoise. 

Match,  mach,  n.  [Fr.  wtefte,  a  match,  Pr. 
mecha,  from  L.  and  Gr.  m,yxus,  myxos, 
the  nozzle  of  a  lamp.]  A  small  body  that 
catches  fire  readily,  and  is  use.d  for  con- 
veying and  communicating  fife;  a  small 
slip  of  wood  with  a  composition  on  one 
end  t^t  ignites  with  friction;  a  lucifer.— 
Qrxick'match,  slow  match,  matches  in  a 
rope-Uke  form  made  to  bum  at  a  certain 
rate  and  used  for  military  and  other  pur- 
poses. —  Matchlock,  mach'lok,  n.  Origi- 
nally, the  lock  of  a  musket  containing  a 
match  for  firing;  hence,  a  musket  fired  by 
means  of  a  match. 

Match,  mach,  n.  [O.E.  make,  a  mate,  A.  S. 
moecca,  maca,  a  mate,  a  wife.  Mate.]  A 
person  equal  to  another;  one  who  is  able 
to  mate  or  cope  with  another;  an  equal;  a, 
mate;  the  coming  together  of  two  parties 
suited  to  one  another,  as  for  a  trial  of 
strength  or  skill,  or  the  like;  a  contest; 
union  by  marriage;  one  to  be  married  or 
gained  in  marriage.— v.t;  To  be  a  ihatch 
or  mate  for;  to  be  able  to  compete  'with; 
to  equal ;  to  show  an  ec^ual  to ;  to  place  in 
competition  or  comparison 'with;  to  oppose 
as  equal;  to  suit;  to  make  to  correspond; 
to  marry;  to  give  in  marriage;  to  join  in 
any  way,  combine,  couple.  —  v.i.  To  be 

•  united  in  marriage;  to  be  of  equal  size  or 
quality;  to  tally,  suit,  correspond.- Match- 
able,  mach'a-bl,  a.  That  may  be  matched; 
fit  to  be  joined;  comparable.— Matchless, 
machles,  a.  Having  no  match  or  equal; 
unequalled;  unrivalled.  —  Matchlessly, 
mach'les-li,  adv.  In  a  matchless  manner. 
— MatchIe8sneBS,mach'les-nes,n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  matchless. —Match- 
maker, n.  One  who  contrives  or  effects  a 
union  by  marriage.  —  Match-making,  a. 
and  n.  Working  to  bring  about  marriages. 

Mate,  mat,  n.  [A  form  of  old  make^a  mate, 
and  also  of  match  (an  equal);  O.D.  maet, 
D.  ■moat,  companion,  mate;  same  root  as 
mete,  to  measure.]  One  who  customarily 
associates  with  another;  a  companion;  an 
equdl:  a  match;  an  officer  in  a  ship  whose 
duty  IS  to  assiiit  the  master  or  commander; 
a  husband  or  wife;  one  of  a  pair  of  animals 
which  associate  for  propagaticp  and  th« 
care  of  their  young. — v.t— mated,  mating. 
To  match ;  to  marry ;  to  match  one's  self 
against ;  to  cope  'with ;  to  equal.— Mate- 
Jess,  matles,  a.    Having  no  mate. 

Mate,  mat,  v.t.  fFr.^nMater,  to^enfeeble, 
from  mat?wom  out  or  exhausted,  from  the 
chess  term.  Per.  shdh  mdt=E.  checkmate.] 
To  confouad;  to  stibdue;  to  crush;  chess^to 
checkmate.— n.    Same  as  Checkmate.  i 

Mat^,  ma'ta,  n.  [Properly  the  vessel  in 
which  the  herb  is  infused  for  drinkiiig.l 
Paraguay  tea,  a  shrub  whose  leaves  are 
used  extensively  in  South  AmStica  as  a 
substitute  for  tea.  "  ^ 

Mater,  ma'ter,  n.  CL.,  mother.  Mother.] 
Anat.  the  name  of  the  two  membranes 


ch,cAftiR;     ffft,  So.  IpcA;     g,po;    jjdbi     a,  Fr.  ton;     »g,  bIw;     ih,  tAen;  tb,  «Ain;^    -w.wig;/  wh.wftig;    zh.aeure. 


MATESIAL 


420 


MAUSOLEUM 


that  cover  the  brain,  distintruished  from 
each  other  by  the  epithets  dura  and  pia. 
Dura  Matkr,  Pia  Mateb. 
Material,  ma-te'ri-al,  a.  [L.  maferialis,  ma- 
terial;  from  materia,  matter.  Matter.] 
Pertaining  te  matter;  consisting  of  mat- 
ter; not  spiritual;  not  mental;  pertaining 
to  the  physical  nature  of  man,  or  to  the 
bodily  wants,  interests,  and  comforts;  im- 
portant; weighty;  momentous;  mor^  or 
less  necessary;  logic,  pertaining  to  the  mat- 
ter of  a  thing  and  not  to  the  form. — n. 
What  is  composed  of  matter;  the  substance 
or  matter  of  which  anything  is  made. — 
Raw  material,  unmanufactured  m.aterial; 
material  in  its  natural  state, — Material- 
ism, ma-t8'ri-al-izm,  n.  The  doctrine  which 
denies  the  existence  of  spirit  or  anything 
but  matter;  due  care  of  our  material  na- 
ture.—Materialist,  ma-te^i-al-ist,  n.  One 
who  holds  the  doctrine  of  materialism. — 
Materialistic,  ma-t5'ri-al-is"tik,  a,  Kelat- 
ing  to  or  partaking  oP  materialism. — Ma- 
teriality, ma-t6'ri-al"i-ti,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  material;  material,  as  opposed  to 
spiritual  existence;  importance. — Materl- 
alizatiou,  ma-t5'ri-al-i-z5"8hon,  n.  The  act 
of  materializing;  among  spiritualists,  the 
alleged  assumption  by  a  spirit  of  a  ma- 
terial or  bodily  form.— Materialize,  ma- 
t6'ri-al-iz,  v.t. — materialized,  materializino. 
To  invest  with  matter;  to  make  material; 
to  regard  as  matter;  to  explain  by  the  laws 
appropriate  to  matter.— Materializing .ma 
te'ri-al-iz-ing,  o.  "  Directed  towards  ma- 
terialism.— Materially,  ma-te'ri-al-li,  adv. 
In  a  material  manner;  in  the  state  of  mat- 
ter; substantially;  in  an  important  man 
ner  or  degree;  essentially,— Materlalness, 
ma-te'ri-al-nes,  n.  — Materia  MediCa,  ma- 
te'ri-a  med'i-ka,  TO.  [L.]  That  branch  of 
medical  science  which  treats  of  the  drugs, 
&c.  ,employed  in  medicine;  collectively,  all 
the  curative  substances  employed  in  medi- 
cine.—Mattel,  ma-ta-re-el,  n.  [Fr.]  Ma- 
terials or  instruments  employed,  as  the 
baggage,  &c.,  of  an  army,  in  distinction 
from  the  personnel,  or  the  men;  or  the 
buildings,  &c.,  of  a  college,  in  distinction 
from  its  officers. 

Maternal,  ma-t6r'nai,  o.  [L.  maiertvus, 
from  mater,  mother  (which  is  cog.  with  E. 
mother);  akm  inatrimon]/,  matriculate, ma- 
iron,  &c.]  Pertaining  to  a  mother;  becom- 
ing a  mother ;  motherly.  —  Maternally, 
ma-t6r'nal-li,  adv.  In  a  maternal  manner. 
-Maternity,  ma-tfer'ni-ti,  n.  The  state, 
character,  or  relation  of  a  mother. 
Math,  math,«.  [A.  Sax.  mceth,  from  mavrnn, 
to  mow.  Mow.]  A  mowing,  or  what  is 
gathered  from  mowing:  chiefly  in  com- 
position (after-maiA). 

Mathematics,  math-e-mat'iks,  n.  [L.  ma- 
thematica,  Gr.  mathematike  (techne,  art, 
understood),  from  stem  of  mxinthariO,  ma- 
thesomai,  to  learn.]  The  science  that  treats 
of  the  properties  and  relations  of  quanti- 
ties, comprising  pure  mathematics,  which 
considers  quantity  abstractly,  as  arith- 
metic, geometry,  algebra,  trigonometry; 
and  mixed,  which  treats  of  magnitude  as 
subsisting  in  material  bodies,  and  is  con- 
sequently interwoven  with  physical  con- 
fiiderations  (astronomy,  optics,  &c.). — 
Mathematical,  Mathematic,  math-e-mat'- 
j-kal,math-e-mat'ik,a.  [li.maihematicus.] 
Pertaining  to  mathematics;  according  to 
the  principles  of  mathematics.  —  Mathe- 
matically, math-e-mat'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a 
mathematical  manner.— Mathematician, 
math'e-ma-tish"an,  n.  One  versed  in  ma- 
thematics.- Mathesis,  ma-the'sis,  n.  [Gr. 
mathigis.]  Mental  discipline;  learning  or 
science  in  general.especially  mathematics. 
Matico,  ma-tCko,  n.  [Peruvian.]  A  drug 
from  a  South  American  ;plant  of  the  pep- 
per family,  having  ftyptic  properties. 
Matin,  mat'in,  a.  [i'r.  matin,  from  L.  wa- 
iutintis,  pertaining^ to  the  morning;  same 
root  as  mature.]  Pertaining  to  the  mor- 
ninfc;  usedinthemoming. — n.pl.  Morning 
worship  or  service;  morning  prayers  or 
songs;  time  of  morning  service;  the  first 
canonical  hour  in  the  Roman  Church.— 
Matinal,  mat'in-al,  a.  Relating  to  the 
morning  or  to  matins.  —  Matinee,  mat-i- 
na.n.  [Fr.]  An  entertainment  or  reception 
held  early  in  the  day. 


Matrass,  mat'ras,  n.  [Fr.  matras,  a  mat- 
rass.] A  chemical  vessel  with  a  tapering 
neck  used  for  digestion,  evaporation,  &c. 

Matricide,  mafri-sid,  n.    [L.  matricidium, 

'the  crime,  matricida,  tlie  perpetrator^ 
m.a.ter,  mains,  mother,  and  ccbcIo,  to  slay.] 
The  killing  or  murder  of  one's  mother; 
the  killer  or  murderer  of  one's  mother. — 
Matricidal,  mat'ri-sl-dal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  matricide. 

Matriculate,  ma-trik'ii-lat,  v.t  — matricu- 
lated, matriculating.  [L.  matricula,  a  pub- 
lic register,  dim.  of  matrix,  a  wonib,  a 
parent- stem,  a  register,  from  mater,  a 
mother.  Maternal.]  To  enter  in  a  re- 
gister; to  enrol;  especially,  to  admit  to 
membership  in  a  college  or  university,  by 
enrolling  thename  in  a  register. — v.i.  To 
be  entered  as  a  member  of  a 'society  .— 
a.  Matriculated;  enrolled.— Ji.  One  who  is 
matriculated.-rMatrlcnlatlon,  ma-trik'ti- 
lE"shon,  n.    The  act  of  matriculating. 

Matrimony,  m^t'ri-mo-ni,  n.  [h.  matri- 
monium,  from  mater,  m/xtria,  a  mother. 
Maternal.]  Marriage;  the  nuptial  state. 
.".  Syn.  tinder  Marriage.  —Matrimonial, 
mat-ri-mo'nj-al,  a.  [L.  matrimonialis.] 
Pertaining  to  matrimoiiy  or  marriage; 
connubial.— Matrimonially,  mat-ri-mo'ni- 
al-li,  adv.    In  a  matrimonial  manner. 

Matrix,  mS'triks,  n.  pi.  Matrices,  ma'tri- 
sez.  [h.- matrix,  from  mater,  mother.] 
The  womb;  that  which  incloses  anything 
or  gives'origin  to  anything,  like  a  womb; 
the  form  or  mould  in  whicn  something  is 
shaped;  the  rock  or  main  substance  in 
which  a  crystal,  mineral,  or  fossil  is  em- 
bedded; dyeing,  one  of  the  five  simple 
colours,  black,wnite,  blue,  red,  and  yellow. 

Matron,  ma'tron,  n.  [Fr.  matrone,  L.  m^- 
trona,  from  mater,  mother.  Maternal.] 
A  married  woman,  especially  an  elderly 
married  woman;  themother  of  a  family; 
a  head  nurse  in  a  hospital;  the  female 
head  or  superintendent  of  an  institution. 
-7-Matronage,  ma'tron-aj,  n.  The  state  of 
a  matron;  matrons  collectively.— Matron- 
al, ma'tron-al,  a.  [L.  matronalis.]  Per- 
taining to  a  matron.  —  Matronhood,  ma'- 
tron-h\id,  n.  State  of  a  matron.— Matron- 
ize,  ma'tron-iz,  v.t.  To  render  matronlike; 
to  act  as  a  mother  to;  to  chaperon.— 
Matronly,  ma'tron-li,  a.  Becoming  a  wife 
or  matron ;  resembling  a  matron  or  what 
belongs  to  her ;  sedate. 

Matter,  mat'6r,  n.  [O.Fr.  matere,  Fr.  ma- 
ture, from  L.  materia,  matter,  from  root 
of  mxither.]  That  which  occupies  space 
and  which  becomes  known  to  us  by  our 
senses;  that  of  which  the  whole  sensible 
universe  is  composed;  body;  substance;- 
not  mind;  the  substance  of  any  speech  or 
writing;  the  ideas  or  facts  as  distinct  from 
the  words;  the  meaning;  logic  and  metaph. 
that  which  forms  the  subject  of  any  men- 
tal operation,  as  distinguished  from  the 
form;  good  sense;  substance,  as  opposed 
to  empty  verbosity  oi  frivolous  jesting; 
thing  treated;  that  about  which  we  think, 
write,  or  speak;  aiiair  or  business  (thus 
the  matter  ended);  cause  or  occasion  of 
trouble,  disturbance,  &c.  (as  in  the  phrase, 
what  is  the  matter!);  import;  consequence; 
moment  (as  in  'no  TnaMer  which,');  in- 
definite amount  or  quantity  (a  matter  of 
7  miles) ;  substance  excreted  from  living 
animal  bodies;  that  which  is  discharged 
in  a  tumour,  boil,  or  abscess;  pus. — Matter 
of  fact,  a  reality,  as  distinguished  from 
what  is  fanciful. — v.i.  To  be  of  impor- 
tance; to  signify  (in  such  phrases  as,  it  does- 
not  matter;  what  does  itma«er?).-Matter- 
less,  mat'fir-les,  a.  Void  of  matter,  sub- 
stance, or  good  sense.  —  Matter-of-fact,  a. 
Treating  of  facts  or  realities;  not  fanciful, 
imaginative,  or  ideal :  applied  to  things; 
adhering  to  facts;  not  given  to  wander 
beyond  realities;  prosaic:  applied  to  per- 
sons. —  Mattery,  mat'6r-i,  a.  JPurulent; 
generating  pus. 

Matting.    Under  Mat. 

Mattock,  mat'ok,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mattoe,  from 
W.  matog,  Ir.  maddg,  Gael,  madag,  mat- 
tock.! A  nick-axe  with  one  or  both  of  its 
ends  broad  instead  of  pointed. 

Mattress,  mat'tres,  n.  [O.Fr.  materas,  Pr. 
mntclas.  It.  materasso,  from  Ar.  ma'-tra'fi, 
a  quilted  cushion.]    A  quilted  bed;  a  bed 


stuffed  with  hair,  wool,  or  other  soft  ma- 
terial, and  quilted. 

Matty,  mat'l,  n.  The  trade  name  for  a 
small  herring. 

Maturate,  mat'Q-rSt,  v.t. — maturated,  mat- 
urating. [L.  maturo,  maturatum,  to  make 
ripe,  from  maturus,  ripe,  same  root  as 
mater,  mother.]  To  bring  to  ripeness  or 
maturity ;  to  mature ;  med.  to  promote 
perfect  suppuration  in.— «.i.  To  ripen;  to 
come  to  or  towards  maturity. — Matui'a- 
taon,  mat-u-ra'shon,  n.  [L.  maturatio.] 
The  process  of  maturing  or  ripening;  vied. 
a  beginning  to  suppurate.  —  Maturative, 
ma-tu'ra-tiv,  a.    Ripening;  conducing  to 

,  suppuration.— Ji.  Med.  anything  »that  pro- 
motes suppuration.  Also  Maturant,  ma- 
tu'rant,»i.  in  this  sense.— Mature,  ma-tQr', 
a.  [L.  maturus,  ripe.]  Ripe;  perfected  by 
time  or  natural  growth;  brought  by  natu- 
ral process  to  a  complete  state  of  develop- 
ment; ripe  or  ready  to  be  put  in  action; 
med.  in  a-  state  of  perfect  suppuration; 
com.  become  payable;  having  reached  the 
time  fixed  for  ■pa.yraent.— v.t— matured, 
maturing.  [Jj.  maturo.]  To  make  mature; 
to  ripen;  to  make  ripe  or  ready  for  any 
special  use;  wed.  to  maturate.—- y.i.  To  ad- 
vance toward  ripeness;  to  become  mature 
or  ripe;  com.  to  reach  the  time  fixed  for  pay- 
ment; med.  to  maturate. — Maturely,  ma- 
tur'li,  adv.  In  a  mature  manner;  with 
ripeness;  with  full  deliberation.— Mature- 
ness,  ma-tUr'nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
mature;  maturity.— Maturescent,  mat-a- 
res'ent,  a.  [L.  matureseo,  to  become  ripe.] 
Apiiroaching  to  maturity.— Maturity,  ma- 
ta'ri-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
mature;  ripeness;  a  state  of  perfection  or 
completeness;  com,,  the  time  when  a  note 
or  bill  of  exchange  becomes  due. 

Matutinal,  mat-a-ti'nal,  a.  [D.  matutinus, 
pertaining  to  the  morning.  Matin.]  Per- 
taining to  the  morning;  early  in  the  day. 

Maud,  mad,  n.  A  plaid  of  undyed  brown 
wool;  a  gray  woollen  plaid  worn  by  shep- 
herds in  Scotland. 

Maudlin,  mftdlin,  a.  [From  if awdZin,  Mary 
Magdalen,  who  is  drawn  by  painters  with 
eyesswelledand  red  with  weeping.]  Tear- 
full;  approaching  to  intoxication;  over- 
emotional  ;  sickly  sentimental. 

Maugre,  ma'gfer,  prep.  [0.  Fr.  maugr4,  Fr. 
malgri,  in  spite  of,  from  L.  male,  badly, 
and  gratus,  agreeable.]  In  spite  of;  in  op- 
position to;  notwithstanding. 

M^^,  mal,  n.  [Same  as  Malt]  A  large 
hammer,  generally  made  of  wood.— w.<.  To 
beat  with  a  maul,  or  as  with  a  maul ;  to 
maltreat  severely. 

Maul-stick,  mal'stik,  n.  [G.  mahlen,  to 
paint,  and  stock,  a  stick.]  A  stick  used  by 
painters  to  steady  and  support  the  hand 
in  working. 

Maum,  mam,  n.  A  kind  of  soft  rock. 
Malm. 

Maund,  mfind,  n.  In  the  East  Indies,  a 
measure  of  weight,  differing  according  to 
locality  from  a  quairter  of  a  cwt.  to  about 
thrice  this. 

Maund,  mand,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mand,  mond,  D. 
mand,  a  basket.]  A  handbasket.  [Hhak.  | 
— Maunder,  man'der,  v.i.  [Prom  old  maun- 
der, a  beggar,  one  who  carries  a  maund.] 
To  speak  with  a  beggar's  whine;  to  grum- 
ble; to  wander  in  talking  like  a  drunk  or 
silly  old  person;  to  drivel.  —  Maunderer, 
man'd6r-6r,  n.    One  who  maunders. 

Maimdril,  man'dril,  n.  A  collier's  pick  with 
two  shanks. 

Maundy  -  Thursday,  man'di,  n.  [0,E. 
maundee,  a  command,  Fr.  mandd,  from 
L.  ma'>idaium  —  the  first  word  used  in 
the  Vulgate  to  render  the  words  of  our 
Saviour,  when,  after  supper,  he  washed 
his  apostles'  feet:  *  Mandatum  novum  do 
vobis,'  a  new  commandment  I  give  unto 
you.]  The  Thursday  before  Good  Friday,on 
which  the  sovereign  of  England  distributes 
alms  to  a  certain  number  of  poor  person  k 
at  Whitehall. — Maunduy  money,  small 
silver  coins  (including  twopenny  and 
penny  pieces)  struck  for  this  distribution. 

Mauresque,  ma-resk',  n.    Moresque'. 

Mausoleufu,  tfia-cS^C'um,  n.  [Gr.  mausO- 
leion,  from  Mausolus,  king  of  Caria,  to 
whom  Artemisia  his  widow  erected  a 
stately  monument  so  called.]    A  magnifi- 


Fate.  fjlr,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  h«r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mlh'e;     tflbe,  tub,  b«ll;     oil,  pound;     a,  Sc.  ab«ne— th«  Fr.  w. 


MAUVE 


421 


MEAK 


cont  tomb  or  stately  sepulchral  monu- 
raeut.  —  Mau8i>lean,  ma-so-le'an,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  mausoleum;  monumental. 

Mauve-,  mav,  n.  LFr.,  mallow,  L.  malva, 
a  mallow — its  petals  having  purple  mark- 
ings. J  One  of  the  coal-tar  colours,  a  purple 
dye  obtained  from  aniline. 

Mavis,  ma'vis,  n.  IFr.  inauvis,  Sp.  malvis, 
from  the  Celtic ;  comp.  Armor,  milvid,  a 
mavis.J    The  throstle  or  song-thrush. 

Maw,  ma,  n.  [A.  Sax.  maga=D.  maag, 
Icel.  magi,  O.H.G.  mago,  Ot.  magen,  the 
stomach.]  The  stomach  of  brutes:  applied 
to  the  stomach  of  human  beings  in  con- 
tempt or  humour;  the  crop  of  fowls. — Maw- 
seed, n.  A  name  given  to  poppy -seed  from 
its  being  used  as  food  for  cage-birds,  es- 
pecially when  moulting. — Mawworm,  ma'- 
w6rm,  n.  A  worm  which  infests  the  maw 
or  stomach  and  bowels. 

Mawkish,  mak'ish,  a.  [From  old  mawk, 
mauk,  a  maggot;  Icel.  mathkr,  N.  Tnakk.] 
Apt  to  cause  satiety  or  loathing;  sickly; 
nauseous. — Mawkishly,  mak'ish-li,  adv. 
In  a  mawkish  way. — Mawkighness,  m;ik'- 
ish-nes,  n.    Quality  of  being  mawkish. 

Maxilla,  mak-sil'la,  n.  pi.  Maxillse,  mak- 
sil'le.  [L.,  a  jaw,  dim;  of  mala,  a  jaw,  from 
root  of  WMcerate.]  A  term  applied  to  each 
of  the  bones  supporting  the  teeth  of  either 
jaw:  often  restricted  to  the  upper  jaw  of 
the  inferior  vertebrates.— Maxillar,  Max- 
illary, mak-sil'lar,  mak-sil'la-ri,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  jaw  or  the  maxilla  (the 
maxillary  bones  or  glands). — Maxilliped, 
mak-sil'li-ped,  n.  [L.  maxilla,  and  pes, 
foot.]  A  jaw-foot:  one  of  the  short  foot- 
like appendages  that  cover  the  mouth  in 
.1  crab,  lobster,  &c. 

Maxim,  mak'sim',  n.  [Fr.  rmaxixm,  from  L. 
viaxima  {senientia,  opinion,  understood), 
the  greatest  or  chief  opinion,  maxtmwg, 
superlative  of  mafnus,  great.  Magnitude.) 
An  established  principle:  a  principle  or 
formula  embodying  a  rule  of  conduct.  .". 
Syn.  under  Aphorism:  —  Maxlmlst,  mak'- 
sim-ist,  n.  One  who  deals  in  maxims. — 
Maximize,  mak'sim-iz,  v.t  To  make  as 
great  as  possible;  to  raise  to  the  maximum. 
—Maximum,  mak'si-mum,  n.  [I/,,  from 
maximiis,  the  greatest.)  The  greatest 
(juantity  or  degree  attainable  or  attained 
in  t^ny  given  case,  as  opposed  to  minimum, 
the  smallest. — a.  Greatest  (the  maximum 
velocity).  .    ■ 

May,  ma,  n.  [Fr.  mMi,  Pr.  mai.  May,  from 
L.  Maius,  from  the  goddess  Maia,  a  god- 
dess of  growth  or  increase,  from  root  of  L. 
magnut, great, and  E. •m<ij/,the auxiliary.] 
The  fifth  month  of  the  year;  fig.  the  early 
part  of  life;  hawthorn  blossom,  so  named 
because  the  hawthorn  blooms  in  this 
mqnth.  —  «.t.  To  celebrate  the  festivities 
of  May-day:  used  only  as  a  participial 
noun  in  such  phrases  as  to  go  a  maying, 
<ic.  ■—  May -beetle,  n. '  The  <!ockchaf  er.  — 
May-bloom,  n.  The  hawthorn  flower. — 
May-bug,  n.  Jihe  cockchafer. — May-day, 
n.  The  first  day  of  May,  on  which  various 
festivities  were,  and  in  some  places  still 
are  observed.  —  May-dew,  n.  The  d6w 
gathered  on  the  first  day  of  May,  and  sup- 
posed to  have  virtue  in  preserving  youth- 
ful beauty.  —  May-duke,  n.  [Corruption 
of  Midoc,  in  France,  from  which  these 
cherries  were  introduced.]  A  variety  of  the 
common  cherry. — May-flower,  n.  The  haw- 
thorn, which  blooms  in  May. — May-fly,  w. 
A  neuropterous  insect  that  appears  first 
in  May.— May-game,  »i.  Sport  or  diversion, 
such  as  is  used  on  the  first  of  May.— May- 
lady,  n.  The  queen  oi'  lady  of  May,  in  old 
May-games.— May-mom,  -n.  Morning  of 
May-day.— May-pole,  n.  A  pole  wreatned 
with  flowers  and  set  up  to  be  danced  round 
on  May-day.  —  May-4ueen,  «.  A  young 
■woman  honoured  as  que^n  at  the  games 
held  on  May-day. 

May,  ma,  verb  aiueiUary;  prst.  might.  Used 
similarly  to  can,  could.,  [A.  Sax.  mugan, 
ntagan=li.G.  and  D.  mogen,  Goth,  and 
O.H.G.  magan,  G.  mogen,  Icel.  m^ga,  Dan. 
vnaa,  to  be  able;  from  same  root  are  much, 
•maid,  L.  m^gmu,  6r.  megaa,  Skr.  mahO,, 
great.]  Formerly  often  used  in  sense  of 
can,  implying  personal  power  or  ability; 
now  to  imply  possibility  with  contingency 
(it  may  b«  go,  the  king  may  be  kiUed); 


opportunity;  moral  power;  psnaission 
granted  (you  may  now  go) ;  desire,  as  in 
prayer,  aspiration,  imprecation,  benedic- 
tion, &c.  (map  he  perish  miserably  !);  fre- 
quently used  to  form  the  compound  tenses 
of  the  potential  mood  (you  miglU  have 
gone  had  you  pleased).  —  Maybe,  ma'be, 
adv.  [That  is, '  it  may  be.']  Perhaps;  pos- 
sibly; probably.  [Colloq.]— n.  A  possibil- 
ity; a  probability.— Mayhap,  malia'p,  adv. 
Peradventure;  it  may  happen;  perhaps. 

Mayhem,  ma'hem,n.  Xaw,theactof  maim- 
ing a  man.    Maim. 

Mayonnaise,  Mayonaise,  ma-on-az,  n.  [Fr.] 
A  dish  composed  of  yolks  of  eggs  and  salad- 
oil  beat  together,  used  as  a  sauce  to  lobster, 
salmon,  &c. 

Mayor,  ma'6r,  n.  [Fr.  maire,  Sp.  vnayor, 
from  L.  major,  greater,  compar.  of  magniis, 
great.  Magnitude.]  The  chief  magistrate 
of  an  English  or  other  city  or  borough;  the 
chief  oificer  of  a  municipal  corporation. — 
Mayoralty,  ma'^r-al-ti,  n.  The  office  of  a 
mayor,  and  the  time  of  his  service. —Ma- 
yoress, m5'6r-e8,  n.  The  wifex)f  a  mayor. 
—Mayorship,  ma'fer-ship,  n.  The  office  or 
dignity  of  a  mayor. 

Mazard,  Mazzard,  maz'ard,  n.  [A  form  of 
mazer,the  head  being  compared  to  a  bowl: 
comp.  Fr.  t^ie.-head,  from  L.  te»ta,  a  jar.] 
An  old  name  for  the  head  or  skull  in  con- 
tempt {Shak.);  a  kind  of  black  cherry. 

Mazarine,  maz-a-r6n',  n.    [After  Cardinal 

I  Mazarin.]  A  deep  blue  colour;  a  particular 
way  of  dressing  fowls.— M»,zarlae-gowii,  n. 
A  common  councilman's  gown. 

Mazdean,  maz'de-an,  a.  [From  Ahura- 
Mazdao,  the  chief  deity  of  the  ancient  Per- 
sians, the  Ormuzd  of  English  writers.] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  Mazdeism.  — 
Mazdelsm,  maz'de-izm,  n.  The  religion  of 
the  ancient  Persians;  the  worship  of  Or- 
muzd. 

Maze,  maz,  n.  [Akin  to  Prov.  E.  mazle,  to 
Wander  as  if  stupefied;  Icel.  viasa,  to  chat- 
ter or  prattle:  Dan.  ^naae,  to  have  trouble; 
comp.  also  W.  masu,  to  swoon.  Amaze  is 
from  this.]  A  confusing  net- work  of  paths 
or  passages;  a  winding  and  turning;  an  in- 

.  tricacy;  alabyrinth;  confusion  of  tnought; 
perplexity. — v.t. — mazed,  mazing.  To  con- 
found; to  stupefy;  to  bewilder. — Mazlly, 
ma'zi-li,  adv.  In  a  mazy  manner. — Mad- 
ness, ma'zi-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  mazy. 
—Mazy,  ma'zi,  a.  Having  the  character 
of  a  maze;  intricate;  perplexed. 

Mazer ,J  m&'z6r,  n.  [Originally  a  cup  made 
of  maple  or  spotted  wood,  from  O.  Pr. 
mazre,  spotted  wood,  or  A.  Sax.  maser,  a 
maple  (from  being  spotted);  O.H.G.  mxuar, 
G.  mater,  a  knur,  a  spot  in  wood,  G.  m,ase, 
a  spot;  akin  me.aslea.]  A  cup  or  large  gob- 
let, generally  of  valuable  material. 

Mazl,  ma'zi,  n.  The  Turkish  name  for 
galls. 

Mazurka,  Mazourka,ma-zur1[a,n.  A  lively 
Polish  rovmd  dance  in  3-8  or  3-4  time;  the 
music  written  for  this  dance. 

Mazzard,  n.    Mazard. 

Me,  me, pron.  pert.  [A.  Sax.  mi,  mee  (accu- 
sative), m4  (dat.),  G.  mich  (ace), mir  (dat.j; 
Icel. mik,m4r,  Goth.  mik,mis,  L.  me,m,ihi, 
Gr.  cwi«,  emoi,  Skr.  mdm,  niahyam,  me,  to 
me.]  The  objective  or  accusative,  as  also 
the  dative,  of  /,  the  pronoun  of  the  first 
person.  It  stands  as  a  dative  in  wethinks; 
woe  is  wi«;  give  me  a  drink,  and  the  like. 

Mead,  med,  n.  [A.  Sax.  medu=I>.  viede, 
Icel.  mjothr,  Dan.  midd,  Sw.  rryoi,  W. 
medd,  Ir.  m^adh,  mead;  Gr.  m^thy,  wine; 
Lith.wiedwg,  Rus.  med,  Skr.mad?iu,  honey.  J 
A  fermented  liquor  madfe  from  honey  and 
water  flavoured  with  spices. 

Meadow,  med'o,  n.;  poetical.  Mead,  med. 
[A.  Sax.  maedu,  a  meadow,  shorter  form 
.maed,  a  mead;  allied  to  math  (after-wioi/i) 
land  mow.]  A  low,  level  tract  of  land 
under  grass,  and  generally  mown  annually 
or  oftener  for  hay;  a  piece  of  grass-land  in 
general.— a.  Belonging  to  or  growing  in  a, 
meadow.- Meadowrfoxtail,  n.  A  grass  of 
grreat  agricultural  value  when  cultivated 
on  meadow-land.  —  Meadow-grass,  n.  A 
name  of  S'^veral  British  species  of  grass.i— 
Meadow-ore,  n.  A  variety  of  bog  iron- 
ore.— Meadow-saffron,  n.  A  plant.  Col- 
cHicuM.— Meadow-sweet,  n.  A  common 
British  herbaceous  plant  with  corymbs  of 


white  ar.d  fragrant  flowers;  queen-of-the- 
meadow.— Meadowy,  med'6-i,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  a  meadow. 

Meagre,  m6'g6r,  a.  [Fr.  mxiigre,  from  L. 
macer,  lean;  same  root  as  Gr.  mikros, 
emikroa,  little;  G.  schmahen,  to  despise.) 
Having  little  flesh ;  thin ;  lean;  wanting 
richness,  fertility,  strength,  &c. ;  small ; 
scanty;  mineral,  dry'  and  harsh  to  the 
touph,  as  chalk.  —  Meagrely,  Meagerly, 
me'gftr-li,  adv.  Poorly;  thinly;  sparely; 
feebly.— Meagreness,  Mcagerness,  me'gfer- 
nes,  n.    The  condition  of  being  meagre. 

Meagrim,  me'grim,  n.    Megrim. 

Meal,  mel,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mael,  time,  portion, 
repast;  D.  and  Dan.  maai,  G.  m&l,  mal, 
Icel.  mdl,  part,  repast,  time;,  from  root 
seen  in  measure,  vnete,  moon.  It  is  the 
termination  seen  in  piecent«aZ,  &c.]  A  por- 
tion of  food  taken  at  one  of  the  regular 
times  for  eating;  occasion  of  taking  food; 
a  repast.- Meai-time,  n.  The  usual  time 
of  eating  meals. 

Meal,  mel,  n.  [A.  Sax.  m^lu,  melo  =  Icel. 
Sw.  wyoi,  D.  Dan.  wieeJ,  G.  m^hl,  meal; 
from  the  verbal  stem  seen  in  Icel.  mala, 
Goth,  malan,  G.  mxiMen,  L.  mxilo,  to 
grind.  Mill,  Molar,  Mellow,  Mollify.) 
The  edible  part  of  wheat,  oats,  rye,  bar- 
ley, *c.,  ground  into  flour  or  a  powdery 
state.  —  Mealies,  mClez,  n.  pi.  A  name 
given  in  South  Africa  to  maize  or  Indian 
com.— Mealiness,  mel'i-nes,  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  mealy.  —  Msal-man,  AleaJ- 
moneer,  n.  One  who  deals  in  meal. — 
Meal-tub,  n.  A  lar^e  tub  or  barrel  ifor 
holding  meal.— Mealy,  mel'i,  a.  Having 
the  qualities  of  meal,  or  resembling  meal; 
powdery  like  meal;  overspread  with  some- 
thing that  resembles  meal.  —  Mealy- 
montned,  a.  Unwilling  or  hesitating  to 
tell  the  truth  in  plain  language;  inclined 
to  speak  of  anything  in  softer  terms  than 
the  truth  will  warrant. -Mealy-mouthed- 
ness,  n.  The  quality  of  being  mealy- 
mouthed. 

Mean,  men,  a.  [A.  Sax.  maene,  mean, 
false,  bad,  from  mdn,  evil,  wickedness; 
Icel.  meinn,  mean;  comp.  D.  and  Dan.  ge- 
meen,  Goth.  gam,ains,  G.  gemsin,  common.] 
Low  in  rank  or  birth;  ignoble;  humble; 
low-minded;  base;  spiritless;  of  little  value; 
contemptible;  despicable.— Meanly,  mSn'- 
li,  adv.  In  a  mean  manner;  in  a  low  condi- 
tion; poorly;  sordidly.  —  Meanness,  men'- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
mean;  want  of  dignity  or  rank;  want  of 
spirit  or  honour;  mean  or  base  conduct  or 
action. —  Mean -spirited,  a.  Having  a 
mean  spirit. 

Mean,  men,  a.  fO.Fr.  meien,  moien,  Pr. 
moyen,  Pr.  meian,  from  L.  m^ianug, 
middle,  from  m^diut,  middle.  Medium, 
Mid.]  Occupying  a  middle  position; 
middle;  midway  between  extremes;  inter- 
mediate; math,  having  an  intsrmediate 
value  between  two  extremes  .(wwan  dis- 
tance, wean  motion).— if  ean  proportional, 
the  second  of  any  three  quantities  in  con- 
tinued proportion. — Mean  time,  the  time 
according  to  an  ordinary  clock;  "which 
makes  every  day  of  exactly  the  same 
length,  though  if  days  are  measured  by  the 
sun  they  are  not  so.— ».  What  is  midway  or 
intermediate  between  two  extremes;  the 
middle  or  average  rate  or  degree;  medium; 
math,  a  quantity  having  an  intermediate 
value  between  several  others,  the  simple 
average  formed  by  adding  the  quaatities 
together  and  dividing  by  their  number 
being  called  an  arithmetical  tnean,  while  a 
geometrical  mean  is  the  square  root  of  the 
product  of  the  quantities;  pi.  the  medium 
or  what  is  used  to  effect  an  object;  measure 
or  measures  adopted;  agency;  instrumen- 
tality (though  pi.  in  form  generally  used  as 
sing.;  by  thii  means,  a  tnean«  to  an  end) ; 
income,  revenue,  resources,  estate  (his 
mecms  were  large). — By  all  means,  cer- 
tainly ;  on  every  consideration.  —  By  no 
meant,  not  at  all;  ceri-ainly  not.— MTean- 
tiaae,  men'tim,  adv.  During  the  interval; 
in  the  interval  between  one  specified  period 
and  another. —  n.  The  interval  between 
one  specified  period  and  another.— Mean- 
while, men'whil,  adv.  and  n.    Meantime.. 

Mean,  men,  v.t.—pret.  &  pp.  msant  (rnent). 
[A.  Sax.  maenan,  to  mean,  to  intend;  D. 


ch,  c/'taia;     ch,  tic.  loc/j;     g ,  go;     j,  job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sincr;     sh,  then;  th,  tliia;     w, ;:';;;     wh,  whig;     zh,  a»ure. 


MEANDER 


422 


MEDIATE 


vieetien,  Dan.  mens,  G.  meinen,  to  think, 
to  mean;  same  root  as  nuin,  mini,  menial, 
Skr.  man,  to  think.]  To  have  in  the  mind, 
view,  or  contemplation;  to  intend;  to  pur- 
pose; to  design;  to  signify  or  be  intended 
to  signify  (what  does  the  word  Tnean ) );  to 
import;  to  denote. — v.i.  To  be  minded  or 
disposed;  to  have  such  and  such  inten- 
tions (he  rmana  well).— Meaniag,  men'ing, 
p.  and  a.  Significant;  intended  to  con- 
vey some  idea  (a  meaning  look).  — n.  That 
which  a  person  means;  aim  or  purpose;  in- 
toui;  what  is  to  be  understood,  whether  by 
act  or  language;  the  sense  of  words;  sig- 
nification; import;  force.— Meaningless, 
men'ing-les,  a.  Having  no  meaning.— 
Meaningly,  men'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  met- 
ing manner;  so  as  to  hint  at  something  in- 
directly; significantly; 
Meander,  me-an'der,  n.  fL.  Mceander,  Gr. 
Maixmdros,  a  river  in  Phrygia  proverbial 
for  its  windings.]  The  winding  of  a  river; 
a  winding  course;  a  maze;  a  lab3Tinth;  a 
kind  bf  ornamental  or  decorative  design 
having  a  labyrinthine  character.- y.<.  To 
wind  or  flow  over. — v.i.  To  wind  or  turn; 
to  have  an  intricate  or  winding  course. — 
Meandrlan,  m5-an'dri-an,  o.  Winding; 
having  many  turns. 

Meanly,  Meanness,  &c.  Under  Mkan  (low). 
Meantime.  MeanwUle.  Under  Mean  (in- 
termediate). 1 
Mease,  m6z,  n.  [From  measure.']  The  quan- 
tity of  500  (a  Tnecwe  of  herrings). 
BSeasles,  me'zlz,  n.  [Lit.  the  spots  or 
spotted  sickness;  D.  mazelen,  G.  masem, 
pi.  of  mager  (also  maae,  masel),  O.G.  mdaa, 
Tnasar,  a  spot.  Mazer.]  A  contagious 
disease  of  the  human  body,  usually  char- 
acterized by  a  crimson  rash  upon  the 
skin;  rubeola;  a  disease  of  swine,  charac- 
terized by  reddish  watery  pustules  on  the 
skin.- Measlv,  Measled,  mSz'li,  me'zld,  a. 
Infected  with  measles  or  eruptions  like 
measles. — Measliness,  Measledness,  mSz'- 
li-nes,  m€'zld-ne8,  n.  State  of  being 
measly. 

Measure,  mezh'Or,  n.  [Fr.  mesure,  from 
L.  m,ensura,  from  metior,  mensus,  to  mea- 
sure (seen  also  in  immense,  dimension, 
cmnmenaurate);  from  root  rna,  to  measure, 
whence  also  ■moon,  ?n€ie,&c.]  The  extent  of 
a  thing  in  length,  breadth,  and  thickness, 
in  circumference,  capacity,  or  in  any  other 
respect;  a  standard  of  measurement;  afixed 
unit  of  capacity  or  extent;  the  instrument 
by  which  extent  or  capacity  is  ascer- 
tained; a  measuring  rod  or  line;  a  certain 
definite  quantity  (a  measure  of  wine);  that 
which  is  allotted  or  dealt  out  to  one; 
moderation;  just  degree:  in  such  phrases 
as,  beyond  measure,  within  measure;  inde- 
finite quantity  or  degree  (in  some  measure 
erroneous);  action orproceeding  directed  to 
an  end;  something  done  with  a  vie  w  to  the 
accomplishment  of  purpose;  muMc,  that 
division  by  which  the  time  of  dwelling  on 
each  note  is  regulated;  musical  time; 
tioetry,  the  metrical  arrangement  of  the 
syllables  in  each  line  with  respect  to  quan- 
tity or  accent;  a  grave  solemn  dance  with 
slow  and  measured  steps,  like  the  minuet; 
seol.  beds;  strata:  used  in  the  term  coaJ- 
measxires.— Measure  of  a  nunAer  or  quan- 
tity ^ath.  a  number  or  quantity  contained 
in  the  other  a  certain  number  of  times  ex- 
actly.— Greatest  common  measure  of  num- 
hers,  the  greatest  number  which  divides 
them  all  without  a  remainder. — v.t. — meo- 
»ured,measuring.  To  ascertain  the  extent, 
dimensions,  or  capacity  of;  to  judge  of  the 
greatness  of ;  to  appreciate ;  to  value ;  to 
pass  through  or  over;  to  proportion;  to 
allot  or  distribute  by  measure  (often  with 
out). — To  measure  one's  (own)  length,  to  fall 
or  b«  thro-wn  down.— To  measure  strength, 
to' ascertain  by  trial  which  of  two  parties 
is  the  stronger. — To  rMasure  swords,  to 
fight  with  swords. — v.i.  To  take  a  measure- 
ment or  measurements;  to  result  or  turn 
out  on  being  measured;  to  be  in  extent.— 
Heamirable.  mezh'Or-a-bl,  a.  That  may 
be  measured;  not  beyond  measure;  mode- 
rate.—Meatarableness,  mezh'Qr-a-bl-nes, 
n.  The  quality  of  bein^  measurable. — 
Measurably,  mezh'Or-ar-bli,  a<2v.  In  a  mea- 
surable manner  or  degree ;  moderately. — 
Measured,  mezh'Ord,  p.  and  a.  Deliberate 


and  uniform;  slow  and  steady:  stately;  for- 
mal; restricted;  within  bounds;  moderate. 
—Measureless,  mezh'ar-les,  a.  Without 
measure;  immeasui-able.  —  Measurement, 
mezh'ar-ment,  n.  The  act  of  measuring; 
the  amount  ascertained  by  measuring. — 
Measurer,  mezh'Qr-fer,  n.  One  who  mea- 
sures; one  whose  occupation  or  dutj'  is  to 
measure  work  or  commodities.— Sleasur- 
Ingj  mezh'Qr-ing,  p.  and  a.  Used  in  mea- 
sunng ;  serving  to  measure. 
Meatj  met,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mete='D.  met,  Icel. 
matr,  Dan.  m,ad,  Sw.  wM,  Goth.  m,ats,  food; 
farther  connections  doubtful.]    Food  iri 

feneral:  anything  eaten  as  nourishment; 
he  flesh  of  animals  used  as  food;  the  ed- 
ible portion  of  something  (the  meat  of  an 
egg)-— Meat-biscuit,  n.  A  concentrated 
preparation  of  the  most  nutritious  parts 
of  meat,  made  with  meal  into  a  biscuit.— 
Meatiness,  met'i-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  meaty.— Meat-offerjng,  n.  An  offer- 
ing or  sacrifice  consisting  of  meat  or  food. 
— Meat^ie,  n.  A  pie  made  of  meat  or 
flesh.— Meat-salesman,  n.  An  agent  who 
receives  carcasses  from  cattle-raisers  and 
disposes  of  them  to  butchers.  —  Meaty, 
met'i,  a.-  Abounding  in  meat;  resembling 
meat. 

Meatus,  me-a'tus,  n.  \1j., from iineo,'to  go.l 
A  passage:  applied  to  various  ducts  and 
passages  of  the  body;  Sia,meatu3  auditorium, 
the  passage  of  the  ear. 
Mecnanlc,  me-kan'ik,  n.  [L.  mechanictis, 
Gr.  mechwfiikos,  from  m^chane,  a  machine. 
Machine.]  An  artisan;  an  artificer;  one 
who  follows  a  handicraft  for  his  living: 
sometimes  restricted  to  those  employed  in 
making  and  repairing  machinery. — Me- 
chanics^ institute,  an  institution  for  the  in- 
struction and  recreation  of  persons  of  the 
artisan  classes,  by  means  of  lectures,  a 
library,  museum,  courses  of  lessons,  &c. — 
a.  Same  as  Mechanical,  but  not  so  com- 
mon.—Mechanical,  ms-kan'i-kal,  o.  Per- 
taining to  or  in  accordance  with  the  laws 
of  mechanics;  resembling  a  machine; 
hence,  acting  without  thought  or  inde- 
pendence of  judgment;  done  as  if  by  a  ma- 
chine, that  is,  by  the  mere  force  of  habit 
(a  mechanical  motion  of  the  hand);  pertain- 
ing to  artisans  or  mechanics  or  their  em- 
ployments; acting  by  or  resulting  from 
weiglit  or  momentum  (mechanical  pres- 
sure); physical;  opposed  to  chemical  (a, 
mechanical  mixture,  that  is,  one  in  whicn 
the  ingredients  do  not  lose  their  identity). 
—Mechanical  philosophy,  that  which  ex- 
plains the  phenomena  of  nature  on  the 
principles  of  mechanics.  —  Mechanical 
powers,  the  simple  elements  of  which  every 
machine,  however  complicated,  must  be 
constructed;  they  are  the  lever,  the  wheel 
and  axle,  the  pulley,,  the  inclined  plane, 
the  wedge,  and  the  screw. — Mechanical  so- 
lution of  a  problem,,  a  solution  by  any  art 
or  contrivance  not  strictly  geometrical,  as 
by  means  of  the  ruler  and  compasses  or 
other  instruments.  —  Mechanlcallv,  mS- 
kan'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  mechanical  man- 
ner; without  thought  or  intelligence;  by 
the  mere  force  of  habit.— MechanicaJness, 
me-kan'i-kal-nes,  «.  The  state  of  being 
mechanical.  —  Mechanician,  mek-an-ish'- 
an,  n.  One  ■  skilled  in  mechanics.— Me- 
chanics, me-kan'iks,  n.  The  science  which 
treats  of  motion  and  force;  often  divided 
into  —  statics,  embracing  the  principles 
which  apply  to  bodies  at  rest:  and  dyna- 
mics, the  principles  of  equilibrium  and 
action  of  bodies  in  a  state  of  motion.  See 
also  Dynamics,  Kinematics.  —  Practical 
mechanics,  the  application  of  mechanics 
to  practical  ]purposes,  as  in  the  construc- 
tion of  machines,  &c. — Mechanism,  mek'- 
an-izm,  n.  The  parts  collectively,  or  the 
arrangement  ana  relation  of  the  parts  .of 
a  machine,  contrivance,  or  instrument; 
mechanical  construction;  machinery.— 
Mechanist,  mek'an-ist,  n.  A  majcer  of 
machines,  or  one  skilled  in  machinery.— 
Mechaidze,  mek'an-iz,  v.t.—imeehanvied, 
mechanizing:  To  subject  to  contrivance; 
to  form  mecbanicallv. — Mechanography, 
mek-an-og'ra-fi,  n.  Writing  or  copying  by 
the  use  of  a  machine. — Mechanograprdst, 
mek-an-og'ra-fist,  n.  One  who  uses  mech- 
anography. 


Mechlin,  mek'lin,  n.  A  speciss  of  fine  lace 
made  at  Mechlin  or  Malines  in  Belgium. 
Mechoacan,  me-ch^a-kan,  n.  [From  Mc- 
ehoacan,  in  Mexico.]  The  large  thick 
tuber  of  a  Mexican  plant  which  yields  a 
kind  of  jalap. 

Meconlc,  me-kon'ik,  a.  [Gr.  mSkOn,  a  poppy.] 
A  term  applied  to  the  peculiar  acid  with 
which  morphia  is  combined  in  opium.— 
Meconate,  meTion-at,  n.  A  salt  of  meconic 
^acid.— Meconin,  Meconine,  me'kon-in,  n. 
A  v/hite  neutral  substance  existinz_in 
opium.— Meconium,  me-ko-'ni-um,  n.  The 
inspissated  juice  of  the  poppy;  the  first 
faeces  of  infants. 

Medal,  med'al,  n.  [Fr.  mddaille.  It.  meda- 
glia,  froia'L.metallum,  Qr.meiallon,  metal. 
Metal.]  A  coin,  or  a  piece  of  metal  in  tlic 
form  of  a  coin,  stamped  with  some  figure 
or  device,  often  issued  to  commemorate  a 
noteworthy  event  or  as  a  reward  of  merit. 
— Medalot,  med'al-et,  n.  A  smaller  kind 
of  medal.— Medallic,  me-dal'ik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  med?i,l  or  tb  medals.— Medal- 
lion, me-dal'yun,  n.  [Fr.  midaillon.]  A 
large  antique  medal,  vfcually  of  gold  or 
silver;  anything  resembling  such  a  piece 
t)f  metal,  as  a  circular  or  oval  tablet,  bear- 
-  ing  on  it  objects  represented  in  relief.— 
Medallist,  Medalist,  med'al-ist,  n.  An 
engraver,  stamper,  or  moulder  of  medals; 
a  person  skilled  in  medals;  one  who  has 
gained  a  medal  as  the  reward  of  merit. — 
Medallurgy,  med'al-er-ji,  n:  [Medal,  and 
Gr.  ergon,  work.]  The  art  of  making  and 
striking  medals  and  coins. 
Meddle,  med'l,  v.i.  —  meddled,  meddHng. 
[O.E.  mcdlen,  to  mix,  from  O.Fr.  medUr, 
mesler  (Fr.  meter),  to  mix,  se  mesler  de,  to 
mix  one"8  self  up  with;  from  L.L.  miscu- 
lare,  from  L.misceo,  to  mix.  Medley,  Mix.] 
To  mix  one's  self ;  to  deal,  treat,  tamper 
(followed  hy  with);  to  interfere;  to  take  part 
in  another  person's  affairs  in  an  officious, 
impertinent,  or  offensive  manner  (often 
followed  by  tvith  or  in).— Meddler,  njed'lfir, 
n.  One  that  meddles;  a  busybody.— M«4- 
dleeome,  med'l-sum,  a.  Given  to  med- 
dling; officiously  intrusive.— Meddlesoiue- 
ness,  med'1-sum-nes,  n.— Meddling,  mcd'- 
ling,  p.  and  a.  Given  to  meddle;  officious; 
officiously  interposing  or  interfering  in 
other  men's  affairs.  —  Meddlingly,  med'- 
bng-li,  adv. 

Mede,  med,  n.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Media,  an  ancient  kingdom  of  Asia. 
Media,  n.  pi.  Medium. 
Mediieval,  Medieval,  med-i-€'val,  a.  [L. 
medius,  middle,  and  oevum,  age.]  Kelat- 
ing  to  the  middle  ages  or  the  period 
between  the  eighth  and  the  middle  of 
the  fifteenth  century  a.d.— Mediaevalism, 
Medievalism,  med-1-S'val-izih,  n.  The 
spirit  or  principles  of  the  middle  ages.— 
Medisvaust,  Medievalist,  med-i-e'val-ist, 
n.  One  verseid  in  the  history  of  the  middle 
ages. 

Medial,  ms'dj-al,  a.  [L.  •medialis,  from 
medius,  middle  (akin  to  wid),  seen  also  in 
mediate,  medium,  medteeBOl,  mediocre, 
meridian,  moiety,  &c.]  Mean;  pertaining 
to  a  mean  or  average.— Median,  me'di-an, 
a.  [L.  medianus.]  Situated  in  the  middle; 
passing  through  or  along  the  middle— 
Median  line,  anat.  a  vertical  line,  supposed 
to  divide  the  body  longitudinally  into  two 
equal  parts.— Mediant,  m5'di-ant,  n.  [It. 
mediante.]  Mus.  an  appellation  given  to 
the  third  above  the  key-note.  • 
Mediastinum,  me'di-as-ti"num,  n.  [L.  ine- 
diastinus,  in  the  middle,  from  medius, 
middle.]  The  division  of  the  chest  from 
the  sternum  backwards  between  the  lungs, 
dividing  the  cavity  into  two  parts.— Medi- 
astinal, me-di-as'ti-nal,  a.  Belating  to  the 
mediastinum.    ' 

Mediate,  me'di-at.  a.  [L.  medio,  mediatum, 
to  be  in  the  middle,  from  medius,  middle. 
Medial.]  Being  between  two  extremes; 
middle;  acting  as  a  means  or  medium;  not 
direct  or  immediatej  effected  by  the  in- 
tervention of  a  medium.— w.i.—Tnediated, 
mediating.  To  interpose  between  parties 
as  the  equal  friend  of  each;  to  negotiate 
between  persons  at  variance  with  a  view  to 
reconciliation. — v.t.  To  effect  by  mediation 
or  iilterpoEition  between  parties  (to  medi- 
ate a  peace).— Me<p,tely,  me'di-atJl,  adv. 


£Ufii  i&i,  fat,  fgll;     me,  met,  hir,     pine,  pin;     nSte,  uot,  mOve;     tObe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     U,  Sc.  abuue— the  Fr.  v. 


MEDIC 


423 


MEIZ0SEI8MIC 


111  a  mediate  manner;  indirectly.— Medl- 
atenesB,  me'di-at-aes,  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  beinff  mediate  or  intervening.— Me- 
diation, mC-di-a'shon,  «.  The  act  of  me- 
diating; entreaty  for  another;  interces- 
sion; interposition;  interveution.- Media- 
tive,  me'di-a-tiv,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  a 
mediator;  mediatorial. — Mediatize,  me'di- 
at-iz,  v.t.  —  mediatized,  inediatizin^.  To 
render  mediately  dependent. — Mediatiza- 
tion,  m6'di-at-i-za"8hon,  n.  The  act  of 
mediatizing ;  the  term  applied  to  the  an- 
nexation of  the  smaller  German  sover- 
eignties to  larger  contiguous  states,  when 
they  were  made  mediately,  instead  of 
immediately,  dependent  on  the  empire. — 
Mediator,  m5'di-a-t6r,  n.  One  that  medi- 
ates or  interposes  between  parties  at  vari- 
ance for  the  purpose  of  reconciling  them; 
by  way  of  eminence,  Christ  is  called  The 
JIediator,  being  our  intercessor  with  God. 
—Mediatorial,  m5'di-a-to"ri-al,  a.  Belong- 
ing to  a  mediator— Mediatorially,me'di-a- 
to"ri-al-li,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  media- 
tor. —  Mediatorghip,  me'di-a-tfer-ship,  n. 
The  office  of  a  mediator.— Mediatress,  Me- 
diatrix, m6'di-at-res,  me'di-at-riks,  n.  A 
female  mediator. 

Medic,  Medick,  me'dik,  n.  [Gr.  medike,  lit. 
a  plant  oi'Media.'\  A  name  of  certain  le- 
guminous plants  yieldingfodderandallied 
to  clover;  lucerne. 

Medical,  med'i-kal,  a.  [L.L.  medicalis, 
from  L.  medieus,  medical,  medeor,  to  heal, 
to  cure;  allied  to  meditor,  to  meditate;  Gr. 
■mgdos,  ca.re.]  Pertaining  to  or  connected 
with  medicine  or  the  art  of  healing  dis- 
eases; medicinal;  tending  to  cure;  intended 
or  instituted  to  teach  medical  science. — 
3iedical  jurisprudence.  Under  Jurispru- 
dence.—Medically,  med'i-kal-li,  adv.  In 
a  medical  manner;  according  to  the  rules 
of  the  healing  art. — Medicament,  me-dik'- 
a-meut,n.  [h.medicanientum.]  Anything 
used  for  healing  diseases  or  wounds;  a 
healing  application.  —  Medicamental, 
m«d'i-ka-men"tal,  o.  Relating  to  healing 
applications. — Medicamentally,  med'i-ka- 
men"tal-li,  adv.  After  the  manner  of 
healing  applications.  —  Medicate,  med*i- 
kat,  v.t. — medicated,  medicating.  [L.  medi- 
co, medicatum.]  To  imbue  with  healing 
substances. — Medication, med-i-ka'8hon,n. 
The  act  or  process  of  medicating.— Medi- 
cative, med'i-ka-tiv,  a.  Tending  to  cure 
or  heal.— Medicinal,  me-dis'i-nal,  a.  [L. 
medicinalis.]  Having  the  property  of  heal- 
ing or  of  mitigating  disease;  containing 
healing  ingredients  (medicinal  springs); 
pertaining  to  medicine.— Medicinally,  me- 

dis'i-nal-li,  adv.   In  a  medicinal  manner 

Medicine,  med'sin  or  med'i-8in,n.[Fr.jn^de- 
cine,  L.  viedicina,  from  medieus,  healing.] 
Any  substance  used  as  a  remedy  for  disease; 
a  drug;  physic;  the  science  and  art  of  pre- 
venting, curing,  or  alleviating  the  diseases 
of  the  human  body ;  the  healing  art. — Medi- 
cine-chest, n.  A  portable  chest  for  hold- 
ing medicines  and  medical  appliances.- 
Medicine-man,  n.  Among  the  American 
Indians  and  other  savage  tribes  any  man 
whom  they  suppose  to  possess  mysterious 
or  supernatural  powers. 

Medieval,  &c.    Medijeval,  &c. 

Mediocre,  m6'di-o-k6r,  a.  [Fr.  mediocre, 
from  L.  mediocris,  middling.  Medial.] 
Of  moderate  degree  or  quality;  of  middle 
rate;  middling.— Mediocrity,  'me-di-ok'ri- 
ti,  n.  [L.  mediocritas.l  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  mediocre;  a  middle  stale  or 
degree;  a  person  of  mediocre  talents  or 
abilities  of  any  kind. 

Meditate,  med'i-tat,  v.i. — m^itated,  medi- 
tating.    [L.  meditor,  meditatus,  to  medi- 

jtate.  Medical.]  To  dwell  on  anything 
in  thought;  to  cogitate;  to  turn  or  revolve 
any  subject  in  the  mind.— v.t.  To  plan  by- 
revolving  in  the  mind;  to  intend;  to  think 
on.  —  Meditation,  med-i-ta'shoH,  n.  [L. 
meditatio.]    The  act  of  meditating;  close 

I  or  continued  thought;  the  revolving  of  a 
subject  in  the  mind.— Meditative,  med'i- 

;'ta-tiv,  a.    Addicted  to  meditation;  per- 

'taining  to  meditation.  —  Meditatively, 
med'i-ta-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  meditative  man- 
ner.—Meditativeness,  med'i-ta-tiv-nes,  n. 

Mediterranean,  med'i-te-ra"n6-an,  a.  (li. 
mediterrancus—medius,  middle,  and  terra. 


land.)  Surrounded  by  or  in  the  midst  of 
land;  inl£uid:  now  applied  exclusively  to 
the  Mediterranean  Sea  between  Eurcpe 
and  Africa;  pertaining  to,  situated  on  or 
near  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

Meditullium,  med-i-tul'li-um,n.  [L.  medius, 
middle.]    Diploe. 

Medium,  me'di-um,  n.  pi.  Media  or  Medi- 
ums, m5'di-a,  me'di-nmz.  [L.  msdium,  the 
middle,  midst,  a  means.  Medial.]  Some- 
thing placed  'or  ranked  between  other 
things;  a  mean  between  two  extremes;  a 
state  of  moderation;  something  serving  as 
a  means  of  transmission,  or  communica- 
tion; necessary  means  of  motion  or  action; 
agency  of  transmission;  that  by  or  through 
which  anything  is  accomplished.couveyed, 
or  carried  on;  agency;  instrumentality;  a 
person  through  whom  spiritual  manifesta- 
tions are  claimed  to  be  made  by  believers 
in  spiritualism,  or  who  is  said  to  oe  capable 
.  of  holding  intercourse  with  the  spirits  of 
the  deceased;  the  liquid  vehicle  with  which 
dry  colours  are  ground  and  prepared  for 
painting.  —  Circulating  m,edium,  coin  and 
bank-notes,  or  paper  convertible  into 
money  on  demand.— a.  Middle;  middling. 

Medlar,  med'l6r,  n.  [O.Fr.  ineilier,  m.esler, 
medler,  from  L.  m.espilHs,  <jrr.  mespilon, 
medlar.]  A  tree  found  wild  in  Central 
Europe,  and  cultivated  in  gardens  for  its 
fruit,  which  resembles  a  pear. 

Medley,  med'li,  n.  [O.Fr.  medUe,  mesUe 
(Fr.  miUe),  from  medler,  master,  to  mix. 
Meddle.]  A  mingled  and  confused  mass 
of  ingredients;  a  jumble;  a  hodge-podge; 
a  kind  of  song  made  up  of  scraps  of  dilrer- 
ent  songs. 

Medoc,  me-dok',  n.  An  excellent  red  French 
wine,  from  Midoc,  in  the  department  of 
Gironde. 

Medulla,  me-dul'la,  n.  [L.,  marrow,  from 
medius,  middle.]  Anat.  the  fat  substance 
or  marrow  which  fills  the  cavity  of  the 
bones;  bot.  pith.— Medulla  oblongata,  the 

_  upper  enlarged  portion  of  the  spinal  cord. 

'  —  Medulla  spinalis,  the  spinal  marrow 
or  cord.  —  Medullary,  Medullar,  me-dul'- 
la-ri,  mg-dul'ler,  a.  [L.  medullaris.i 
Consisting  of  or  resembling  marrow;  re- 
lating to  the  pith  of  pla,nts.— Medullary 
sheath,  bot.  a  thin  layer  of  spiral  vessels 
formed  immediately  over  the  piih.— Me- 
dullary rays,  the  vertical  plates  of  cellular 
tissue  which  connect  the  pith  of  exogen- 
ous plants  -Trith  the  \^&r\i.—Medidlaru  sub- 
stance, the  white  substance  composing 
the  greater  part  of  the  brain,  spinal  mar- 
row, and  nerves.— Medullated,  me-dul'la- 
ted,  a.    Having  a  medulla. 

Medusa,  me-du'sa,  n.  [Gr.  Medousa,  ori- 
ginally the  fem.  of  medOn,  a  ruler,]  Myth. 
one  of  the  three  Gorgons  who  had  her  hair 
changed  into  serpents  by  Athene;  zool.  (pi. 
Medusse)  a  member  of  the  order  Medusidaj. 
—  Medusidse,  me-du'si-de,  n.  pi.  [From 
their  tentacles  being  compared  to  Medu- 

'  sa's  snaky  locks.]  The  jelly-fishes  or  sea- 
nettles,  the  latter  name  derived  from  the 
property  which  some  of  them  have  of 
stinging.— Meduaidan,  me-dQ'si-dan,  n.  A 
member  of  the  Medusidse.— Medusiform, 
me-da'si-form,  a.  Resembling  a  medusa 
in  shape.— Medusold,  me-du'soid,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  medusa. 

Meed,  med,  n.  [A.  Sax.  m^cJ,  m£ord=h.G. 
mede,  D.  miede,  G.  miethe,  Goth,  mizdo, 
rewardj  recompense;  allied  to  Gr.  mistfios, 
pay,  hire.]  That  whi6h  is  bestowed  in 
consideration  of  merit;  reward;  recom- 
pense; a  gift.       ' 

Meek,  m5k,  a.  [Same  as  Sw.  miuk,  Icel. 
mjukr,  soft,  meek,  Dan.  myg,  pliant,  sup- 
ple; Goth.  m«fc«,  soft,  meek.]  Mild  of 
temper;  gentle;  submissive;  not  easily  pro- 
voked or  irritated;  marked  by  meekness. 

'  —Meekly,  mek'li,  adv.  In  a  meek  man- 
ner ;  gently ;  suomissively.  —  Meekness, 
mek'nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  meek; 
mildness;  gentleness;  forbearance  under 
injuries  and  provocations.— Meek-eyed,  a. 
Having  eyes  indicating  meekness. 

Meersciiaum,  mgr'shum,  n.  [G.,  Ut.  sea- 
foam — meer,  the  sea,  and  schaum,  foam: 
from  having  been  found  on  the  sea-shore 
in  lumps  resembling  petrified  sea-foam. 
Mere  (n.).  Scum.]  A  silicate  of  magnesium 
occurring  as  a  fine  white  clay,  and  largely 


made  into  tobacco-pipes;  a  tobacco-fiipe 
made  of  meerschaum. 

Meet,  met,  o.    [A.  Sax.  gemet,  fit,  proper, 

'  from  metan,  to  measure;  Icel.  mcelr,  meet, 
worthy.  Mete.]  Fit;  suitable;  proper; 
appropriate.  —  Meetly,  met'li,  adv.  In  a 
meet  manner;  fitly.— Meetnesa,  met'nes,  n. 
Fitness;  suitableness. 

Meet,  met,  v.t.—piet.  &  pp.  met.  [A.  Sax. 
metan,  to  meet,  from  mdt,  a  meeting; 
Dan.  mode,  Sw.  mota,  Icel.  m(eta,  Goth. 
inotjan,  gamoijan,  to  meet;  akin  moot.]  To 
come  face  to  face  with;  to  come  in  con- 
tact with;  to  come  to  be  in  company  with; 
to  come  in  hostile  contact  with;  to  en- 
counter; to  join  battle  with,  to  find;  to 
light  on;  to  get,  gain,  or  receive;  to  satisfy, 
gratify,  answer  (to  meet  a  demand,  one's 
views  or  wishes).  —  To  meet  the  ear,  to 
strike  the  ear;  to  be  heard.— To  meet  the 
eye,  to  come  into  notice;  to  become  visible. 
— v.i.  To  come  together  by  mutual  ap- 
proach; to  come  together  in  hostility;  to 
encounter;  to  assemble;  to  come  together 
by  being  extended;  to  join.— To  meet  with, 
to  light  on;  to  find;  to  suflfer;  to  suffer  un- 
expectedly (to  meet  with  a  loss,  an  acci- 
dent).—n.  A  meeting  as  of  huntsmen. — 
Meeting,  met'ing,  n.  A  coming  together; 
an  interview;  an  assembly;  a  congrega- 
tion; a  collection  of  people;  a  hostile  en- 
counter; a  duel.  —  Meeting-house,  re.  A 
place  of  worship;  specifically,  in  England, 
a  house  of  public  worship  for  Dissenters. 

Megaoephalous,  meg-a-sef'a-lus,  a.  [Gr. 
megas,  great,  and  kephale,  the  head.] 
Large-headed;  having  a  large  head. 

Megiuarad,  meg'a-far-ad,  n.  [Gr.  mefiras, 
great,  and  E./arad.]  Electrometry,  a  mil- 
lion farads. 

Megalesian,  meg-a-l5'si-an,  a.  [L.  megale- 
gius,  from  Gr.  Megale,  the  great,  an  epi- 
thet applied  to  Cybele.]  Of  or  belonging 
to  Cybele,  the  mother  of  the  godiS.— Mega- 
lesian games,  games  celebrated  at  Rome 
in  honour  of  Cybele. 

Megalichthys,  meg-a-lik'this,  n.  [Gr.  rr'«- 
gas,  megale,  great,  and  ichthys,  a  fish.]  A 
fossil  ganoid  fish  of  the  carboniferous 
period,  with  lafge  enamelled  scales,  and 
jaws  with  immense  laniary  teeth. 

Megalithic,  meg-a-lith'ik,  a.  [Gr.  megas. 
great,  and  lithos,  stone.]  Consisting  of 
large  stones;  applied  to  ancient  structures 
or  monuments  consisting  of  large  unhewn 
stones,  including  cromlechs,  dolmens,  the 
Cyclopean  architecture  of  the  Greeks,  &c. 

Megalosaur,  Megalosaurus,  meg'a-lo-sar, 
meg'a-lo-sa"rus,  re.  [Gr.  megas,  megale, 
great,  and'saurog,  abzard.]  A  fossil  car- 
nivorous reptile  found  in  the  oolite  and 
Wealden  strata,  40  to  50  feet  long. 

Megapode,  Megapodius,  meg'a-pod,  meg- 
a-po'di-us,  re.  [Gr.  megas,  great,  and  pous, 
podos,  afoot.]  The  Australian  jungle-fowl, 
remarkable  for  erecting  large  mounds  of 
vegetable  matter  in  which  its  eggs  are  laid 
and  left  to  be  hatched  by  the  heat  of  the 
fermenting  mass.  ^^ 

Megass,  Megasse,  me -gas',  n.  '^  Same  as 
Bagasse.  4   •  - 

Megatherium,  meg-a-the'ri-um,  n.  [Gr. 
megas,  great,  aruLt/ifinon,!,  wild  beast.]  A 
fossil  genus  of  v«fty  large  mammals,  allied 
to  the  sloths,  but  having  feet  adapted  for 
Walking  on  the  ground. 

Megaweber,  meg'a-va-ber,  n.  [Gr.  megasi 
great,  and  E.  weber.'i  EUctrometry,  a  mil- 
lion webers.  -,-     . 

Megilp,  Megilph,  m6-gilp',  me-gilf'.iJiMA- 

GILP. 

Megohm,  meg'Sm,  n.  Electrometry,  &va\.- 
lion  ohms. 

Megrim,  mS'grim,  re.  [Fr.  migraine,  cor- 
rupted from  Gr.  hemicrania,  half  the  head 
—hemi,  half,  and  kranion,.the  head.]  A 
neuralgic  pain  in  the  side  of  the  bead:  pU 
low  spirits;  whims  or  fancies. 

Meiocene,  mi'o-sen,  a.    Miocene. 

Meiosis,  mi-o'sis,  re.  [Gr.,  a  lessenin^Tfroinj 
meiOn,  less.]  A  rhetorical  figure  by  whiclJ 
a  thing  is  represented  as  less  than  it  is.    > 

Meiostemonoos,  Miostemonous,  mi-o-stem'- 
on-us,  a.  [Gr.  meio.i,  less,  and  st6m6n,  a 
thread.]  Bot.  having  stamejis  fewer  in 
number  than  the  petals.  "      >>  -  F  -j 

Meizoseismic, mi-zo-sis'mik.a.  [Gr. meizdn; 
greater,  and  seismos,  an  earthquake.]    A' 


clu.£/iftis;     ch.  Sc^locfe     gt  y;    J.  job;     n,  Fr.  tore;     ng,  eing;     th,  tften;  th,  ihm;     w,  mg;     wh,  w/iig;     zh.  aaior© 


MELACO:aTB 


424 


MEMOm 


term  appbed  to  the  line  or  curve  of  icaxi- 
nmm  disturbance  by  an  earthquake. 

Melaconite,  Helacouise,  me-lak'on-it,  me- 
lak'on-iz,  n.  [Gr.  melas,  black,  and  konis, 
powder.]  A  black  or  grayish-black,  im- 
pure, earthy  oxide  of  copper. 

Melada,  me-la'da,  n.  [Sp.,  pp.  of  melar,  to 
candy,  from  L.  mel,  honey.]  Crude  or  im- 
pure sugar  as  it  comes  from  the  pans. 

Melsena,me-l5'na,  n.  [Gr.  melaa,  melaina, 
black.]  Black  vomit;  a  dark-coloured  eva- 
cuation from  the  bowels. 

Melancholy,  melan-kol-i;  ».  [Gr.  melan- 
cholia, excess  of  black  bile,  melancholy 
madness— ?neto8,  melaina,  black,  and  choU, 
bile.]  A  variety  of  mental  alienation 
characterized  by  excessive  gloom,  mis- 
trust, and  depression;  hypochondria;  de- 
pression of  spirits  induced  by  grief;  dejec- 
tion ;  sadness.  —  a.  Gloomy;  depressed  ill 
spirits;  dejected;  calamitous;  afflictive; 
sombre.  — Melancholia,  mel-an-ko'li-a,  n. 
Itlorbid  melancholy.  —  Melancholic,  mel'- 
an-kol-ik,  a.  Disordered  by  melancholy; 
hypochondriac;  pertaining  to  melancholy; 
gloomy;  mournful.  —  Melaacholily,  mel'- 
an-kol-i-li,  adv.  In  a  melancholy  man- 
ner.—MelancholiaesH,  mel'an-kol-i-nes,  n. 

Mflange,  ma-lanzh,  n.  [Fr.,  from-  mSler, 
to  mix.  MEDDtE.]   A  mixture;  a  medley. 

Melanic,  me-lan'ik,  a.  [Gr.  mplas,  melan, 
black.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  melanism.— 
Hielanism,  mel'an-izm,  n.  An  undue  de- 
velopment of  colouring  ihaterial  in  the 
skin  and  its  appendages;  the  opposite  of 
albinism. — Melanlte,  mel'an-it,  n.  A  min- 
eral, a  variety  of  garnet,  of  a  velvet-black 
or  grayish-black  colour.  —  Melanochroic, 
meran-o-kro"ik,  a.  [Gr.  melas,  and  chroia, 
colour.]  A  term  applied  to  the  dark- 
skinned  -white  races  of  men.— Melanosis, 
mei-a-no'sis,  n.  Pathol,  a  disease  in  which 
the  tissue  is  converted  into  a. black,  hard 
substance,  near  which  ulcers  or  cavities 
may  form. — Melanotic,  mel-a-not'ik,  a. 
Relating  to  melanosis. 

Melaphyre,  mel'a-fir,  ?i.  A  compact  black 
or  blackish-gray  trap-rock,  consisting  of  a 
matrix  f  labradorite  and  augite,  witn  em- 
bedded crystals  of  the  same  minerals.. 

Melasma,  me-Ias'ma,  n.  [Gr.,  from  m£las, 
black.]  A  disease  of  aged  persons,  in 
Yv'hich  black  spots  appear  upon  the  skin, 
sometimes  ulcerous. 

Melchite,  mel'kit,  n.  One  of  an  eastern 
Efct  of  Christians,  who,  while  adhering  to 
the  liturgy  of  the  Greek  Church,  acknow^ 
ledge  ihe  authority  of  the  pope. 

M61ee,  vaSAs,,  n.  [Fr.,  a  participial  sub- 
stantive, from  m£Ur,  to  mix.  Meddle.] 
A  fight  in  which  the  combatants  are 
mingled  in  confused  mass;  an  afiray. 

Mdibean,  Meliboean,  mel-i-be'an,  a.  [After 
Melibceus^  one  of  the  speakers  in  the  first 
eclogue  of  Virgil.]  Proceeding  by  alter- 
nate utterances;  alternately  responsive. 

Melic,  mel'ik,  a.  [Gr.  melikos,  from  melos, 
a  song.]    Relating  to  song;  lyric. 

Melica,  Melio-grass,  mel'i-ka,  mel'ik,  n. 
[It.  melica,  the  great  millet,  from  L.  mel, 
honey.]  A  kind  of  grass,  two  species  of 
which,  much  liked  by  cattle,  are  found  in 
Britain. 

Meliceris,  mel-i-s5'ris,  n.  TGr.  melikSris— 
Tiieli,  honey,  and  keros,  wax.]  Pathol,  an 
encysted  tumour,  the  contents  of  which 
resemble  wax  or  honey  in  consistence. 

Melilot,  mel'i-lot,  n.  [Gr.  melilcton,  meli- 
lotos— meli,  honey,  and  lotos,^  lotus.]  A 
leguminous  annuiu  -ot  biennial  plant  al- 
lied to  the  clovers,  and  cultivated  for  fod- 
der; hart's-clover. 

Meliorate,  mel'yor-at,  v.t.—^neliorated,  me- 
liorating, ill.  melioro,7nelioratum,  from 
melior,  oetter,  compar.  of  bonus,  good;] 
To  majke  better;  to  improve;  to  ameliorate. 
— v.i.  To  grow  better.  —  Meliorater,  Mell- 
crator,  mel'yor-a-tfer,  n.  One  who  melior- 
ates.— Melioratlon,,mel-yor-a'shon,  n.  Im- 
provement; amelif^ration.  —  Meliorism, 
mSl'yor-izm,  n.  TLv.  doctrine  or  opinion 
that  everything  in  nature  is  so  ordered 
as  to  produce  a  progressive  improvement. 

Meliphagous,  me-lif'a-gus,  a.  JGr.  meli, 
honey,  phagein,  to  eat.]  Feeding  upon 
honey. 

Mellay,  Melley,  mells,  n.  A  m§lle;  a  con- 
jElict. 


MeliiferouB,  mel-lif'6r-us,  o.  [L.  meUifer— 
mel,  mcllig,  honey,  and  fero,  to  produce.] 
Producing  honey  .-Mellification,  mel-lif 'i- 
ka"shon,  n.  [L.  mellifico — mel,  and  facio, 
to.  make.]  The  making  or  production  of 
honey. — Mellifluence,  mel-lif 'lu-ens,  n. 
[L.  7nel,  and  Auo,  to  flow.]  The  quality  of 
being  mellinuent;  a  flow  of  sweetness,  or 
a  sweet  smooth  flow. -^  Mellifluent,  Mel- 
lifluous, mel-lif 'lu-ent,  mel-lif'ltl-us,-  a. 
Flowinct  as  with  honey;  sweetly  flowing. — 
Mellifluently,Memfluou8hr,mel-lif'lu-ent- 
U,  mel-lif'ln-us-li,  adv.  In  a  mellifluent 
manner.— Melligenous,  mel-lij'en-us,a.  [L. 
melligenus—mel,a,ndgem(8,  kind.]  Having 
the  qualities  of  honey.  —  Melliloquent,t 
mel-lil'o-kwent,  a.  [L.  mel,  mellis,  honey, 
and  loqitor,  to  speak.]  Speaking  sweetly. — 
MeUiphagouB,  mel-lif'a-gus,  a.  Meliphag- 
ODs.— Mellite,  Mellllite,  mel'it,  mel'i-lit,  n. 
Ih.mel,  mollis,  Gr.meli,  honey,  and  lithoa,  a 
stone.]  Honey-stone,  a  very  rare  mineral 
of  a  honey-yellow  colour,  resinous  lustre, 
and  more  or  less^  transparent.-^Mellitic, 
?nel-lit'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  mellite.— 
MeUivorous,  inel-liv'o-rus,  a.  [L.  msl,  and 
voro,  to  devour.]  Honey-eating;  fond  of 
honey. 

Mellow,  mel'B,  a.  [Allied  to  Prov.  G.  moll, 
soft,ripe,wi67icft,mellow,TO0Hi£r,soft,L.moZ- 
ZtSjGr.maJreAroe,  Skr:mri<ZM,tender,soft,  and 
toE.'»waZ,from  root  mar.to  grind  or  crush.] 
Soft  with  ripeness;  soft  to  the  senses;  rich 
or  delicate  to  the  eye,  ear,  palate,  &c.,  as 
colour,  sound,  flavour,  and  the  Hke;  toned 
down  by  the  lapse  of  time;  softened  or 
matured  by  length  of  years;  rendered 
good-humoured  by  liquor;  half -tipsy.— j;.t. 
Xo  render  mellow;  to  soften  by  ripeness  or 
age;  to  give  richiiess,  flavour,  or  delicacy; 
to  tone  or  smooth  do^vn;  to  soften  in  char- 
acter; to  mature. — v.i.  To  become  mellow; 
to  soften  in  character;  to  become  toned 
down.— Mellowly,  mero-li,  adv.  In  a 
mellow  manner.— Mellowness,  mel'o-nes, 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  mellow. 
Melodeop,  me-lo'db-on,  n.  [From  mslody, 
Gr.TTieWdia.]  A  wind-instrument  furnished 
with  metallic  free  reeds  and  a  key-board;  a 
variety  of  the  harmonium. 
Melodrama,  mel-o-drii'ma,  n.  [Gr.  m^los, 
a  song,  and  drama,  drama.]  A  romantic 
play,  .generally  of  a  serious  character,  in 
which  effect  is  sought  by  startling  inci- 
dents, striking  situations,  and  exaggerated 
sentiment,  aided  by  splendid  decoration 
and  music— Melodramatic;  Mslodramati- 
cal,  mel'o-dra-mat"ik,  mero-dra-mat"i- 
kal,  a.  Pertaining  to,  suitable  for,  or  hav- 
ing the  character  of  a  melodrama.— Melo- 
dramatically, mel'o-dra-mat"i-kal-li,  adv. 
In  a  melodramatic  manner;  in  an  affected 
and  exaggerated  manner.— Melodramat- 
Ist,  mel-o-dram'a-tist,  n.  One  who  acts  in 
melodramas  or  who  writes  them. 
Melody,  mel'o-di,  n.  [Gr.  melodia,  a  tune, 
a  choral  song— metoa,  a  limb,  a  part,  and 
6de,  a  song,  an  ode.]  An  agreeable  succes- 
sion of  sounds;  sweetness  of  sound;  sound 
highly  pleasing  to  the  ear;  mus.  a  succes- 
sion of  tones  produced  by  a  single  voice  or 
instrument,  and  so  arranged  as  to  please 
the  ear  or  to  express  some  kind  of  senti- 
ment;the  particular  air  or  tuncofamusical 
piece.— Melodic,me-lod'ik,(i.  Of  the  nature 
of  melody;  relating  to  melody.— Melodies, 
me-lod'iks,n.  That  branch  of  music  which 
investigates  the  laws  of  melody.— Melo- 
dious, me-lo'di-us,  a.,Containingorcharac- 
terized  by  melody;  musical;  agi'eeable  to 
the  ear  by  a  sweet  succession  of  sounds. — 
Melodiously,  me-lo'di-us-li,  adv.  In  a  me- 
lodious manner.— Melodiousness,  me-lo'- 
di-us-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  melo- 
dious.—  Melodist,  mel'o-dist,  n.  A  com- 
poser or  singer  of  melodies. —Melodize, 
mel'o-diz,  v.t. — melodized,  melodizing.  To 
make  melodious. — v.i.  To  compose  or  sing 
melodies. 

Melon,  mel'on,  n.  [Fr.  vfielon,  L.  ynelo,  an 
apple-shaped  melon,  from  Gr.  mSlon,  an 
apple  or  apple-shaped  fruit.]  A  climbing 
or  trailing  annual  plant  and  its  fruit, 
which  is  large,  fleshy,  and  highly  fla- 
voured. 

Melopiano,  mero-pi-a-nS,  n.  [Gr.  melos.  a 
8ong,  and  E.  viano.']  An  invention  by 
•which  sustained  sounds  can  bo  produced 


.  on  a  pianoforte  by  a  series  of  small  ham- 
mers set  into  rapid  vibration  by  winding 
up  a  spring. 

Melpomene,  mel-pom'e-ne,  n.  [Gr.  Mel- 
poniene,  from  'melpomai,  to  sing.]  The 
muse  of  tragedy;  also  a  small  asteroid. 

Melt,  melt,  v.t.  [A;  Sax",  m^ltan,  allied  to 
malt,  mellow,- &c.;  Gr.  meidd,  to  liquefy; 
probably  also  to  smeK.]  To  reduce  from  a 
EoUd  to  a  liquid  or  flowing  state  by  heat; 
to  liquefy;  to  dissolve;  to  fuse;  flg.  to  sof- 
ten,  as  by  a  warming  and  kindly  influence; 
to  render  gentle  or  susceptible  to  mild  in- 
fluences, as  to  love,  pity,  or  tenderness. — 
v.i.  To  become  liquid;  to  dissolve;  to  pass 
by  imperceptible  degrees;  to  blend;  to 
shade ;  to  become  tender,  mild,  or  gentle; 
to  be  subdued,  as  by  fear.— Meltable,  mel'- 
ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  melted;  fusible. 
— Melter,  mel'tfer.w.  One  who  melts.— Mel- 
ting.mel'ting,  j3.  and  a.  Fusing;  dissolvine; 
affecting;  moving  (a  melting  speech);  feel- 
ing or  showing  tenderness  {melting  chari- 
ty).—Meltingly,  mel'ting-li,  adv.  In  a 
melting  manner.— Meltingness,  mel'ting- 
nes,  n.— Melting-pot,  n.    A  crucible. 

Member,  mem'ber.w.  rL.niem6rw?n,  alimb, 
a  member  of  the  body;  comp.  Skr.  mar- 
man,  a  joint.]  A  part  of  an  animal  body 
capable  of  performing  a  distinct  office;  an 
organ;  a  limb;  part  of 'an  aggregate  or  .a 
whole;  one  of  the  persons  composing  a 
society,  community,  or  the  like;  a  repre- 
sentative in  a  legislative  hod^.— Member 
o/PartiajnenJ,  a  representative  elected  by 
a  city,'  town,  county,  &c.,  to  that  branch 
of  the  British  legislature  called  the  House 
of  Commons  :  contracted  M.P.  —  Mem- 
bered,  mem'bfird,  a.  Having  members: 
used  chiefly  in  composition.  —  Member- 
ship, mem'b6r-ship,  n.  The  state  of  being  a 
member;  the  members  of  a  body  regarded 
collectively. 

Membrane,  memTsran,  n.  [L.  m^mbrana, 
a  thin  skin,  parchment,  from  memb7-um, 
a  limb.]  A  thin  tissue  of  the  animal  body 
which  covers  organs,  lines  the  interior  of 
cavities,  takes  part  in  the  formation  of  the 
walls  of  canals,  kc;  a  similar  texture  in 
vegetables.  —  Membraneous,  Membrana- 
ceous, mem-bra'nS-us,  mem-bra-na'shus, 
a.  Membranous;  bot.  thin,  like  mem- 
brane.and  translucent.— Membraniferous, 
mem-bra-nif'er-us,  a.  Having  or  produc- 
ing membranes. — Membraniform,  mem- 
bran'i-form,  a.  Havingthe  form  of  a  mem- 
brane. — Membraiiology,t  mem-bra-nol'o- 
ji,  n.  The  science  which  relates  to  mem- 
branes.—  Membranous,  mem'bra-nus,  a. 
Belonging  to  a  membrane ;  consisting  of 
membranes;  resembling  a  membrane. 

Memento,  me-men'to,  n.  [L.,  remember, 
be  mindful,  from  memini,  to  remember.] 
A  suggestion,  notice,  or  memorial  to  awa- 
ken memory;  something  that  reminds. 

Memoir,  mem'oir,  mem'war,  n.  [Fr.  me- 
moire,  from  L.  wiernoria,  memory,  from 
m.em0r,  mindful;  same  root  as  Skr.  smar, 
to  remember.]  A  notice  of  something 
remembered  or  deemed  noteworthy;  an 
account  of  transactions  or  events  written 
familiarly;  a  biographical  notice:  recollec- 
tions of  one's  life  (in  this  sense  usually  in 
the  pi.);  a  biography  or  autobiography;  a 
communication  to  a  scientific  society  on 
some  subject  of  scientific  interest.— Mem- 
oirist, mem'oir-ist,  n.  A  WTiter  of  memoirs. 
—Memorabilia,  mem'or-a-bil"i-a,  n.  pi. 
[L.]  Things  remarkable  and  worthy  of  re- 
membrance orrecord.— Memorable,  mem'- 
or-a-bl,  a.  [L.  memorabilis.\  Worthy  to 
be  remembered;  illustrious:  remarkable; 
distinguished.  —  Memorability,  Memor- 
ableness,  mem'or-a-bil  "i-ti,  mem'or-a-bl- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  memorable. 
— Memorably,  mem'or-a-bli,  aOv.  In  a 
manner  worthy  to  be  remembered.— Mem- 
orandum, mem-or-an'dum,  n.  pi.  Memor- 
anda, mem-or-an'da,  less  commonly  now 
Memorandums.  [L.,  something  to  be  re- 
membered.] A  note  to  help  the  memory; 
a  brief  entry  in  a  diary;  diplomacy,  a  sum- 
mary of  the  state  of  a  question,  cr  a  justi- 
fication of  a  decision  adopted.— Memorial, 
me-mo'ri-al,  a.  [h.memorialia.']  Pre.'^erva- 
tive  of  memory;  serving  as  a  memcrinl; 
contained  in  the  memory.— n.  That  which 
serves  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  somp^. 


Fate,  fax,  fat»fftll;  .  me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     nSte,  not,  mOve;     tQbe,  tQb,b\)ll;     oil,  pound:     li.  Sc.  abune— the — Fi 


MEMPHIAN 


425 


JVIERCURY 


thutg;  a  monument;  a  written  represents*- 
tioir*>t  facts  made  to  a  leKJBlative. or  other 
body  05. to  some  person;  a  species  of  infor- 
mal stale  paper  much  used  in  diplomatic 
negotiations.  —  Memorialist,  me-rao'ri-al- 
ist,  n.  One  who  writes  or  presents  a  memori- 
al or  memTirials.— Memorialize,  me-mo'ri- 
a,l-iz,v.t.— ■memorialized,  memorializing.  To 
present  a  mamorial  to;  to  petition  by  me- 
morial. —  Memoriter,  me-mor'itjer,  adv. 
[L.l  From  memory;  by  heart.— Mremorize, 
mem'or-iz,  v.t.— ■memorized,  memorizinff. 
To  cause  to  be  remembered;  tojecord;  to 
hand  down  to  memory  by  writing.— 
Memory,  mem'o-ri,  n.  [L.  merrwria,  mem- 
ory, from  iMmor,  mindful.]  The  power, 
capacity,  or  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which 
it  retains  the  knowledge^of  past  events  or 
ideas;  that  faculty  which  enables  us  to 
treasure  up  and  preserve  for  future  use 
the  knowledge  which  we  acquire;  rrfnem- 
brance;  the  state  of  being  remembered; 
that  which  is  remembered  about  a  person 
or  event ;  the  time  within  which  a  person 
may  remember  what  is  paMt,.. : Memory  ia 
the  faculty  or  capacity  of  retaining  in  the 
mind  and  recalling  what  is  past;  recollec- 
tion and  reme'mbrance  aje  exercisesbf  the 
faculty,  the  former  being  a  calling  to 
mind,  the  latter  a  holding  in  mind;  while 
reminiscence  always,  and  recollection  often, 
are  used  of  the  thing  remembered. 

MempMan,  mem'fi-an,  a.  [Prom  Memphis, 
the  ancient  metropolis  of  Egypt.]  Per- 
taining to  Memphis;  Egyptian  {Memphiari 
darkness). 

Men,  men,  pi.  of  man. 

Menace,  men'as,  v.t. — menaced,  menacing. 
[Fr.  menacer,  from  L.  minax,  threatening, 
mina,  a  threat,  from  root  min,  seeuMn 
mineo,  to  project  (in  prominent,  einineyiti;- 
akin  mien,  dtmean,  amenable,  &c.]  To 
threaten;  to  show  a  disposition  to  inflict 
punishment  or  other  evil  on:  followed  by 
with  before  the  evil  threatened  {threatened 
him  'with  death) ;  to  hold  out  threats  of 
(to  threaten  revenge).  —  n.  A  threat  or 
threatening;  the  indication  of  a  probable 
evil  or  catastrophe  to  come.  —  Menacer, 
men'as-fer,  n.  One  who  menaces.— Menac- 
ing, men'as-ing,  p.  and  a.  Threatening; 
indicating  a  threat,— Menacingly,  men'as- 
ing-li,  adv.    In  a  menacing  manner. 

Menage,  men-azh',  n.  [Fr.  minage,  a  house- 
hold; O.Fr.  mesnage,  L.L.  mansionaticum, 
from  L.  mansia,  a  dwelling.  Mansion.} 
A  household;  housekeeping;  houseBold 
management.— Menagerie,  me-naj'er-i,  n. 
IFr.  rninagerie.'\  A  collection  of  wild  ani- 
mals, especially  of  wild  or  foreign  animals 
kept  for  exhibition. 

Mend,  mend,  w.  <.  [Shorter  form  of  a^mend.] 
To  repair,  as  something  broken,  rent,  de- 
cayed, or  the  like ;  to  restore  to  a  sound 
state;  to  patch  up;  to  alter  for  the  better; 
to  improve  (to  mend  one's  manners);  to 
better;  to  improve  upon  (to  mend  one's 
pace).— y.i.  To  advance  to  a  better  state;  to 
improve;  to  act  or  behave  better. — Men- 
dable,  men'da-hl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
mended.— Mender,  men'dCr,  n.  One  who 
mends. 

Mendacioog,  men-da'shus,  a.  [L.  m£ndax, 
mendacis,  lying,  from  stem  of  mentior,  to 
lie:  same  root  as  mens,  mind  (whence 
mental).]  Lying;  false;  given  to  telling 
untruths.  —  Mendacity,  men-das' i-ti,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  mendacious ;  lying; 
falsehood;  a  lie. 

Mendicant,  men'di-kant,  a.  [L.  mendicans, 
■m^ndicantis,  ppr.  of  mendico,  to  beg,  from 
"vmndicus,  a  beggar  (akin  to  itienda,  a 
fault).]  .Practising  beggary;  poor  to  a 
state  of  beggary;  begging  as  part  of  reli- 
gious discipline  (a  mendicant  friar).— n.  A 
beggar;  a  member  of  a  be'gging  order  or 
fraternity;  a  begging  friar.— Mendicancy, 
men'di-kan-si,  n.  Beggary;  a  state  of 
■begging.  —  Mendication,  men-di-ka'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  begging.— Mendicity,  men- 
dis'i-ti,  n.  [L.  mendieitas.'\  The  state  or 
practice  of  beggiflg;  the  life  of  a  bS&gar. 

Menhaden,  mon-ha'den,  n.  [American 
Indian.]  A  salt-water  fish  of  the  herring 
family,  abounding  on  the  shores  of  New 
England. 

MBlihir,  men'hir,  n.  \yf.  maen,  a  stone, 
and  hir,  long.]    A  name  for  tall,  ruTte,  or 


'  Boulptured  stones  of  unknown  antiquity, 
standing  singly  or  in  groups. 

Menial,  me'ni-al,  a.  lO.E.  ■meyneai,  Ac, 
O.Fr.  meignial,  from  meignee,  maUsgnee,  a 
household,  L.L.  viasrdata:  same  origin  as 
mansion.}  Pertaining  to  household  or 
domestic  servants;  servile.— n.  A  domestic 
servant;  especially,  one  of  a  train  of  ser- 
vants: mostly  as  a  term  of  disparagement. 

Meninges,  me-nin'jez,  n.  pi.  t[6r.  meningx, 
.  ■meningos,  a  membrane.]  Anat.  the  three 
membranes  that  envelop  the  brain,  the 
duramater,piamatcr,Siiidarcu:hnoidmem- 
brane.  — Meningeal,  me-sain'je-al,  a.  Re- 
lating- to  the  meninges. — Meningitis,  men- 
in-ji'tis,n.  Inflammation  of  the  membranes 
of  the  brain  or  spinal  cord. 

Meniscus,  me-nis'kus,  n.  pi.  Menisci,  me- 
nis'si,  or  Meniscuses.  [Gr.  tniniskos,  a 
little  moon,  fronl  men,  menos,  the  moon.] 
A  lens,  convex  on  one  side  and  concave  on 
the  other,  and  in  which  the  two  surfaces 
meet,  or  would  meet  if  continued,  so  that 
it  resembles  a  crescent. — Meniscal,me-nis'- 
kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  meniscus.— Menis- 
coid,  me-nis'koid,  a.  Like  a  meniscus; 
crescent-shaped. 

Meniver,  men'i-v6r,  n.    Miniver. 

Mennonite,  Mennonist,  men'non-ii,  meu'- 
non-ist,  n.  [Prom  Simon  Menno,  the 
founder,  1496-1561.J  One  of  a  sect  of  Ana- 
baptists who  do  not  believe  in  original 
sin,  and  "6bject  to  takingl)aths,  making 
war,  or  going  to  law. 

Menopome,  Menopoma,  men'o-pom,  men- 
o-po'ma,  n.  [Gr.  tuenO,  to  remain,  and 
pOrna,  a  drinking-cup,  because  its  gill- 
openings  are  permanent,  though  it  loses 
its  gills  when  adult.]  A  tailed  amphibian 
of  the  fresh  waters  of  North  America. 

Menorrhagia,  men-or-ra'ji-a,  n.  [Gr.  w5n, 
menos,  a  month,  and  rheO,  to  flow.  1  Med. 
an  immoderate  menstrual  discharge;  hae- 
morrhage from  the  uterus. 

Mensal,  men'sal,  a.  [L.  m^nsis,  a  month ; 
sanie  root  as  Gr.  min,  a  month.  Month.] 
Occurring  once  a  month;  monthly.— Men- 
ses, men'sez,  n.  pi.  The  catamenial  or 
monthly  discharge  of  a -"woman.  —  Men- 
straal,  men'strd-al,  a.  [L.  menstrualis, 
monthly.]  'Monthly;  pertaining  to  the 
menses  of  females;  menstruous. — Men- 
struant,  men'strO-ant,  a.  Subject  to  men- 
struation. —  Menstruate,  men'stro-at,  v.i. 
— menstruated,  menstruati^ng.  To  discharge 
the  menses.  — '  Mensti^ation,  men-stro-a'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  menstruating;  the 
period  of  menstruating.  —  Menstruous, 
men'stro-us,  a.  [L.  ■menstriius.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  monthly  flow  of  femp.les. 

Menstruum,  men'stro-um,  n.  pi.  Menstrua, 
Menstruums.  [From  L.  inenstruus,  month- 
ly, from  mensis,  a  month;  from  some  old 
belief  of  the  alchemists  about  the  influ- 
ence of  the  moon.]  Any  fluid  which  dis- 
solves a  solid;  a  solvent. 

Mensurable,  men'shu-ra-bl,  a.  [L.  men- 
surabilis,  from  7nensiiro,to  measure,  from 
TJienswrft,  measure.  Measure.]  Capable 
of  being  measured;  measurable.— Mensur- 
ability,  Mensurableness,  men'shn-ra-bil"- 
i-tl,  men'shu-ra-bl-nes,  n.  Qualit.v  of  being 
mensurable.  —  Mensural,  men's'hn-ral,  a. 
Pertaining  to  measure.  —  Mensurate,t 
rnen'shu-rat,  v.t.  To  measure.— Mensura- 
tion, men-shn-ra'sbon,  n.  The  act  or  art 
of  measuring  or  taking  the  dimensions  of 

'  anything ;  the  process  of  finding  any  di- 
mension of  a  figure,  or  its  area  or  solid 
content,  by  means  of  the  most  simple 
measurements  possible. 

Mentagra,  men-tag'ra,  n.  [L.,  from  men- 
tum,  the  chin,  and  Gr.  agra,  a  seizing.] 
An  eruption  about  the  chin,  forming  a 
crust. 

Mental,  men'talj  a.  [Fr.  Tnental,  from  L. 
mens,  nrento,  mind.  Mentioji.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  mind  or  intellect;  v/hoUy  d-e- 
pending  on  the  mind;  intellectual.— Men- 
tality, men-tal'i-T;i,  n.  The  state  of  being 
mental;  mental  cast  or  habit.— Mentally, 
•men'tal-li,  adv.  By  or  in  the  mind  of  in- 
tellect; intellectually;  in  thought. 

Mention,  men'shon,  n.  [L.  mentio,  men- 
tionis,  from  same  root  as  ■mens,  mind,  Skr. 
man,  to  think.  Man.]  A  brief  notice  or 
remark  in  regard  to  something;  a  cursory 
sneaking  of  anything:  often  in  the  phrase 


to  "make  mention  of,  to  name  or  say  some- 
thing  in  regard  to.— v.«.  To  make  mention 
of.— Mentionable,  men'shon-a-bl,a.  That 
can  or  may  be  mentioned. 

Mentor,  men 'tor,  n.  [Prom  Mentor,  the 
counsellor  of  Telemachus,  according  to 
Homer.]  A  wise  and  faithful  adviser  or 
monitor.— Mentorial,  men-tO'ri-al,a.  Con- 
taining advice  or  admonition. 

Menu,  me-nU,  n.  [Fr.,  lit.  minute  or  de- 
tailed list,  from  L.  m.in'uUxs,  minute.]  A 
list  of  the  dishes,  &c.,  to  be  served  at  a 
dinner,  supper,  or  the  like;  a  bill  of  fare. 

Mephistophelean,  Mephistophelian,  mef- 
i-stof-i-le  " an,  me-fis'to-fe"li-an,  a.  Ke- 
sembling  the  character  of  Mephistopheles, 
the  diabolic  spirit  of  Goethe  s  Faust  and 
the  Faust  legend  generally;  diabolical; 
sardonic. 

Mephitis,  Mephitism,  me-fi'tis,  mef'it-izm, 
n.  [L. mep/iitis,  a  pestilential  exhalation. j 
Noxious  exhalations  from  decomposing 
substances,  filth,  or  other  source.  —  Me- 
phitic,  Mephitical,  me-fitik,  me-tit'i-kal, 
a.  Pertaining  to  mephitis;  offensive  to 
the  smell;  noxious;  pestilential.— Mephiti- 
cally,  me-fit'i-kal-li,  adv.    With  mephitis. 

Mercantile,  m6r'kau-til,  a.  [Fr.  viercuMil, 
from  L.  mercans,mercantis.  JIkkchant.I 
Pertaining  to  merchants,  or  their  traflic; 
pertaining  to  trade  or  commerce;  com- 
mercial. 

Mercaptan,  m6r-kap'tan,  n.  [From  L. 
msrcurium  captans,  absorbing  mercury.] 
A  liquid,  a  compound  of  hydrogen,  car- 
bon, and  sulphur,  so  called  from  its  ener- 
getic action  on  compounds  of  mercury. 

Mercator's  Chart,  Mercator's  Projection, 
mer-ka'ter.  [Prom  Gerard  Mercator,  a 
Flemish  geograpliter.]  A  projection  of  the 
surface  of  the  earth  upon  a  plane,  with 
the  meridians  and  parallels  of  latitude'all 
straight  lines. 

Mercenary,  m6r'se-na-ri,  a.  [Fr.  merce- 
nair/e  ;■  L.  Trnercenarius,  from  merces,  re- 
ward, wages.  Merchant.]  Hired;  ob- 
tained by  hire  (services,  troops);  that  may 
be  hired;  moved  by  the  love  of  .money; 
greedy  of  gain;  venal;  sordid;  entered  into 
from  motives  of  gain  (a  mercenary  mai-- 

■riage).  —  n.  One  who  is  hired;  a  soldier 
that  is  hired  into  foreign  service. — Mer- 
cenarily, mer'se-na-ri-Ii,  adv.  In  a  mer- 
cenary manner.  —  Mercenaxiness,  mer'se- 
na-ri-nes,  n.  The  quklity  or  character  of 
beii^  mercenary. 

Mertifer,  mCfsii,  „.  [Pr.  merrier,  from  L. 
merx,  Tnercis,  wares,  commodities.  Mer- 
chant.] One  who  has  a  shop  for  silks, 
woollens,  linens,  cottons,  &c.— Mercery, 
m6r'ser-i,  n.  The  commodities  or  goods  in 
which  a  mercer  deals;  the  trade. 

Merchant,  mer'chant,  n.  [O.Fr.  marchnnt,. 
from  L.  mercans,  ■mercantis,ppr.  of  riiercor, 
mercatus,  to  barter,  to  deal,  from  merx, 
merchandise;  akin  m,ercer,  mercenary, 
mercantile,  mercy,  &c.;  same  root  as  ■merit.] 
One  who  carries  on  trade  on  a  large  scale; 
especially,  a  man  who  exports  and  imports 
goods  and  sells  them  by  wholesale.— a.  Re- 
lating to  trade  or  commerce;  commercial. 
— Merchantable,  m6r'chant-a-bl,  a.  Fit  for 
market:  such  as  is  usually  sold  in  market. 
—  Merchantman,  Merchant-ship,  m6r'- 
chant-man,  n.  A  ship  engaged  in  com- 
merce,;3,s  distinguished  from  a  ship  of  war; 
a  trading  vessel.— Merchant-prince,  n.  A 
great  merchant;  a  merchant  of  great 
wealth.— Merohantry,mer'chant-ri,n.  The 
business  of  a  merchant;  merchants  collec- 
tively.—Merchant-seaman,  ■n.  A  seaman 
employed  in  a  merchant-ship.— Merchant- 
service,  n.  The  mercantile  marine  or  trad- 
ing ships  of  a  country.— Merchant-tailor, 
n.  A  tailor  who  furnishes  the  materials 
for  the  garments  which  he  makes.— Mer- 
chandise, mfer'chan-diz,  n.  [Fr.  merchan- 
dise, from  marchand,  a  merchant.]  The 
objects  of  commerce;  wares;  goods;  com- 
modities. 

Merciful,  &c.    Under  Merct.  . 

Mercury,  mferTsft-ri,  n.  [L.  Merdurius,  from 
root  of  merces,  wares.  Merchant.]  The 
name  of  Ti  Roman  divinity,  identified  in 
later  times  with  the  Greek  Hermes;  quick- 
silver, one  of  the  heavier  metals  and  the 
only  metal  that  is  liquid  at  common  tem- 
peratures; asiron.  the  planet  that  revolves 


ch,  cAain;     c/t,  Sc.  locA;     g,go;     j,yob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ne,8ing;     tn,  than;  th,  thiu;     w.  tvig;     wh',  w/iig;     2b,  aeure. 


MERCY 


426 


/3IESMERISM 


round  the  sun  ■within  the  orbit  of  the 
planet  Venus  and  next  to  it;  a  newspaper; 
a  messenger;  an  intelligencer. —Mercurial, 
mer-ka'n-al,  a.  [L.  mercHrialis.]  Like 
the  god  Mercury  or  what  belongs  to  him; 
light-hearted ;  gay;  sprightly;  flighty; 
fickle;  pertaining  to  quicksilver;  contain- 
ing otconsisting  of  quicksilver  or  mercury. 
— n.  A  preparation  of  mercury  used  as  a 
drug.  —  Mercurialize,  m6r-ku'ri-al-iz,  v.t. 
Med.  to  affect  with  mercury,  as  the  bodily 
system;  photog.  to  treat  with  mercury,  as 
by  exposing  to  its  vapour.— Mercurially, 
m6r-kQ'ri-al-li,  adv.  In  a  mercurial  man- 
ner.—  Mercuric,  Mercurons,  mer-kQ'rik, 
mftrTcQ-rus,  a.  Containing  mercury;  terms 
used  as  part  of  the  name  of  certain  chemi- 
cal compounds,  the  former  indicating  that  ■ 
they  contain  a  smaller  proportion  of  mer- 
cury than  the  latter.— Merourification, 
m6r-kQ'ri-fi-ka"shon,  n.  The  act  or  pro- 
cess of  mercurifying.— Mercurify ,  mer-ka'- 
ri-fi,  v.t.  To  obtain  mercury  from  metallic 
minerals;  to  -combine  or  mingle  with  mer- 
cury; to  mercurialize. 

Mercy,  mfer'si,  n.  [Fr.  mem,  from  L.  mer- 
jses,  mercedis,  pay,  recompense,  in  L.L. 
mercy,  from  stem  of  mereo,  to  deserve., 
(whence  merit);  akin  '>nercanlile,  merchant, 
market,  amerce,  &c.]  That  benevolence, 
mildness,  or  tenderness  of  heart  which 
disposes  a  person  to  overlook  injuries;  the 
disposition  that  tempers  justice  and  leads 
to  the  infliction  of  a  lighter  punishment 
than  law  or  justice  will  warrant;  clemency; 
an  act  or  exercise  of  mercy  or  favour;  a 
blessing;  compassion;  pity;  unrestrained 
exercise  of  will  or  authority:  often  in  the 
phrase  at  one's  inerey,  that  is,  completely 
in  one's  power.^To  cry  mercy,  to  beg  par- 
don.— Sisters  of  Mercy,  members  of  female 
religious  communities  founded  for  the  put: 
pose  of  nursing  the  sick  and  the  perfor- 
mance of  similar  works  of  charity  and 
mercy.— Mercy -seat,  n.  The  place  of  mercy 
or  forgiveness;  the  covering  of  the  ark  of 
the  covenant  among  the  Jews.— Merciful, 
m6r'si-ful,  o.  Full  of  mercy;  unwilling  to 
punish  ior  Injuries ;  compassionate ;  ten- 
der; not  cruel.  —  Mercifully,  m6r'si-ful-li, 
adv.  In  a  merciful  manner. — Merciful- 
&9M,  m6r'si-ful-nes,  n.— Merciless,  mfer'si- 
les,  a.  Destitute  of  mercy;  pitiless;  hard- 
hearted. —  Mercilessly,  mer'si-les-li,  adv. 
In  a  merciless  manner.  —  MercUetSness, 
mfer'si-les-nes,  n. 

Mere,  mer,  o.  [O.Fr.  mier,  L.  merus,  pure, 
unmixed.]  This  or  that  and  nothing  else; 
simple;  absolute,  entire,  utter  (7n«re  folly). 
—Merely,  mer'li,  adv.  Solely;  simply;  only; 
fdr  this  and  no  other  purpose. 
Mere,  jner,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mere,  a  mere  or 
lake;  D.  m^r,  Icel.  marr,  Goth,  marei,  G. 
meer,  the  sea,  a  lake;  allied  to  moor,  rtiarsh, 
•morass,  and  L.  mare,  the  sea.  Hence  the 
mer  in  »n«nnaid.]    A  pool  or  small  lake. 

•  Mere,  m5r,  n.  [A.  Sax.  maere,  gemaere, 
O.D.  w^er,  a  boundary;  Icel.  m,cerr,  border- 
land.] A  Doufidary ;  a  boundary -stone. — 
Merestead,  mer'sted,  n.  The  land  within 
the  mere  or  boundary  of  a  farm;  a  farm. 
—Mere-stone, «.  A  stone  to  mark  a  boun- 
dary. •  • 
Merenchyma,  mS-renlci-ma,  n.  [Qr.  msroa, 
part,  and  enchymM,  an  infusion.]  Bot. 
spherical  cellular  tissne. 
MeretrlciooB,  mer-e-trish'us,  a.  [L.  Tnere- 
tricius,  from  m£retrix,  msretrids,  a  prosti- 
tute, from  m«reo,  to  earn.  Merit,Mercy.] 
Pertaining  to  prostitutes;  alluring  by  false 
show;  having  a  gaudy  but  deceitful  ap- 
pearance; showy,  but  in  bad  taste. — Mere- 
triciously', mer-e-trish'us-li,  adv.  In  a 
meretricious  manner. — Meretriciousness, 
mer-8-trish'us-nes,  n. 
Merganser,  m6r-gan's6r,  n.  [L.  mergo,  to 
dive,  and  anser,  a  goose.]  An  arctic  water- 
fowl, a  not  uncommon  visitor  to  Britain; 
a  goosander. 

Merge,  vaitj,  v.t— merged,  merging.  [L. 
nnergo,  to  dip,  to  dive;  seen  also  in  emerge, 
immerge,  immersion,  subm£rge.]  To  cause 
to  be  swallowed  up  or  incorporated;  to 
sink ;  to  bury :  used  only  in  a  figurative 
sense  (the  smaller  grief  was  m^ged  in  the. 
greater).— «.t.  To  be  sunk,  swallowed,  or 
lost. 
Mericarp,  mer'i-karp,  n.  [<Jr.  meros,  a  part. 


and  Icarjpos,  fruit.J  Bot.  one  of  the  halves 
of  the  double  frmts  or  seeds  of  umbellif- 
erous plants. 

Meridian,  me-rid'i-an,  a.  [X.  meridianrw, 
from  mendies,  for  mMidies,  mid-day— 
Tiieditts,  middle,  and  dies,  day.]  Pertain- 
ing to  mid-day  or  noon,  when  the  sun  is 
on  the  meridian.— jtferidian  altitude  of  the 
sun  or  stars,  their  altitude  when  on  the 
meridian  of  the  place  where  they  are  ob- 
served.—n.  Mid-day;  noon;  fig.  the  culmi- 
nation; the  point  of  greatest  splendour; 
one  of  the  innumerable  imaginary  circles 
or  lines  on  the  surface  of  the  earth  passing 
through  both  poles,  and  through  any  other 
given  place',  and  used  in  denoting  the 
longitudes  of  places;  a  similar  imaginary 
line  in  the  heavens  passing  through  the 
poles  of  the  heavens  and  the  zenith  of  any 
place  (often  called  a  celestial  meridian), 
noon  therefore  occurring  at  all  places 
directly  under  this  line  when  the  sun  is  on 
it.— First  meridian,  that  from  which  all 
the  others  are  counted  east-ward  and  west- 
ward, arid  from  which  longitudes  are  reck- 
oned, usually  the  meridian  of  Green- 
wich. —  Meridian  of  a  globe,  the  brazen 
circle  in  which  it  turns,  and  by  which  it  is 
supported.— ilfa£/n«tic  m,eridian,  one  of  the 
great  circles  which  pass  through  tMe  mag- 
netic poles,  —  Meridional,  me-rid'i-on-al, 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  meridian;  hence, 
southern;  having  a  southern  aspect. — Me- 
ridionaZ  distance,  navig.  the  distance  or 
departure  from  the  meridian;  the  easting 
or  westing.— Meridionality,  me-rid'i-on- 
al"i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  meridional. 
— Meridionally,  me-rid'i-on-al-li,  adv.  In 
the  direction  of  the  meridian. 
Merino,  me-r6'no,  a.  [Sp.  merino,  moving 
from  pasture  to  pasture,  from  merirvo,  an 
.  inspector  of  sheep-walks,  from  L.L.  ma- 
jonnus,  from  L.  Dwyor.'greater.]  Belong- 
ing to  a  variety  of  sheep  from  Spain  with 
long  and  fine  wool;  made  of  the  wool  of 
the  merino  sheep. — w.  A  merino  sheep;  a 
stuff,  twilled  on  both  sides,  manufactured 
from  merino  'Wool.  , 

Merismatic,  mer-is-mat'ik,  a.  [Gr.  meris- 
inos,  division,  from  merizO,  to  divide,  r>ift'- 
os,  a  part.]  Zool.  and  iot.  dividing  by  the 
formation  of  internal  partitions;  taking 
place  by  internal  partition  into  cells  or 
segments. 

Merit,  mer'it,  n.  [Fr.  mirite,  L.  m^ritum, 
what  is  deserved,  from  mereo,  to  earn  or 
deserve.  Mercy.]  Desert  of  good  or  evil; 
excellence  entitling  to  honour  or  reward; 
worth;  reward  deserved  or  merited;  pi. 
the  rights  of  a  case  or  question;  the  essen- 
tial points  or  circumstances.- v.t.  To  de- 
serve, in  a  good  sense;  to  have  a  right  to 
claim,  as  a  reward,  regard,  honour;  to  de- 
serve, in  a  bad  sens*;  to  incur.— Merited, 
mer'i-ted,  o.  Deserved.— Meritedly,  mer'- 
i-ted-li,  adv.  Deservedly.  —  Meritorious, 
mer-i-tb'ri-us,  a.  [L.  mfiritoriv.s.'\  Possess- 
ing merit;  deserving  reward  or  praise; 
praisewortny.- Meritoriously,  mer-i-to'ri- 
us-li,  adv.  In  a  meritorious  manner. — 
Meritorionsness,  mer-i-to'ri-us-nes,  n. 
Merk,  mferk,  n.  •  [Mark.)  An  old  Scottish 
silver  coin,  value  thirteen  shillings  and 
fourpence  Scotch,  or  thirteen  pence  and 
one-third  of  a  penny  sterling. 
Merle,  m6rl,  «.  [Fr.  merle.  It.  merla,  L. 
m^rvua,  a  blackbird-.]  The  blackbird.— 
Merlin,  mfer'lin,  n.  [Fr.  imiriUon,  from 
L.  morula,  a  blackbird,  meaning  blackbird 
hawk.]  A  courageous  species  of  hawk 
about  the  size  of  a  blackbird. 
Merlon,  mfer'lon,  n.  [Fr.  merlan;  comp.  L. 
mcKTMS,  forniurwg,  a  wall.]  ii'ort.  the  part 
of  an  embattled  parapet  which  lies  be- 
tween two  embrasures. 
Mermaid,  Mermaiden,  m6r'mad,  takv'- 
ma.-dn,  n.  [Mer  is  same  as  mer^  a  lake.] 
A  fabled  marine  creature,  having  the 
upper  part  like  a  woman  and  the  lower 
like  a  fish.- Merman,  mSr'man,  n.  The 
male  corresponding  to  mermaid;  a  man 
of  the  sea,  'with  the  tail  of  a  fish  instead 
of  legs. 

Meroblast,  mer'o-blast,  n.  [Gr.  meros,  a 
part,  and  hlastos,  a  sprout.]  Biol,  an  ovum 
consisting  both  of  a  protoplasmic  or  ger- 
minal portion  and  an  albuminous  or  nu- 
tritive one,  as  contradistinguished  tcova 


holohlast,  an  ovum  entirely  germinal.— 
Meroblastic,  mer-o-blas'tik,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  meroblast. 

Merosome,  mer'o-som,  n.  [Gr.  meros,  a 
part,  and  sOma,  a  body.]  Zool.  one  of  the 
sections  or  parts  of  which  an  animal  is 
formed. 

Merry,  mer'i,  a.  [O.E.  myrie,  murie,  A. 
Sax.  msrg,  mirig,  perhaps  from  root  of 
mearo,  tender,  soft,  delicate;  or  from  the 
Celtic;  comp.  Ir.  and  Gael,  maer,  Gael. 
mir,  merry.]  Pleasant;  causing  cheerful- 
ness; gay  and  noisy;  in  overflowing  good 
spints:  hilarious;  mirthful;  sportive.— 
To  make  merry,  to  be  jovial;  to  indulge  in 
hilarity;  to  feast  with  mirth— Merrily, 
mer'i-li,  adv.  In  a  merry  manner;  with 
mirth.- Merriment,m§r'i-ment,  n.  Gaiety 
■with  laughter  or  noise;  mirth;  hilarity. 
—  Merriness,  mer'i-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  merry.—  Merry-andrew, 
n.  [From  Andrew  Borde,  a  physician  to 
Henry  VIII.,  who  attracted  attention 
by  his  facetious  speeches.]  One  whose 
"business  is  to  make  sport  for  others;  a 
buffoon.— Merry-go-round,  n.  A  circular 
frame,  made  to  revolve,  and  on  which  chil- 
dren are  treated  to  a  ride.— Merry-making, 
71.  A  convivial  entertainment;  a  festival. 
— Merry-man,  n.  A  merry-andrew;  a  buf- 
foon; a  clown.— Merry-thought,  n.  The 
furcula  OP  forked  bone  of  a  fowl's  breast. 

Mesa,  ma'sa,  n.  [Sp.,  from  L.  mensa,  a 
table.]  A  table-land  of  small  extent  ris- 
ing abruptly  from  a  surrounding  plain. 

M^Uiance,  ma-zal-yaris,  n.  [Fr.]  A  mis- 
alliance; an  unequal  marriage. 

Mesaraic,  mes-a-ra'ik,  a.  [Gr.  mesaraion 
— mesos,  middle,  and  araia,  intestines.] 
Anat.  pertaining  to  the  mesentery;  me- 
senteric. 

Meseems,  mS-semz',  v.  impersonal  —  pret. 
meseemed.  [Not  properly  a  simple  verb, 
being  really  an  impersonal  verb  preceded 
by  a  pronoun  in  the  dative=it  seems  to 
me.    Comp.  mefhinks.']    It  seems  to  me. 

Mesencephalon,  mes-en-sef'a-lon,  n.  [Gr. 
meso's,  middle,  and  enkephalos,  the  brain.] 
The  middle  or  central  portion  of  the 
brain.- 

Mesentery,  mes'en-tfer-i,  n.  [Gr.  mesen- 
terion— mesos,  middle,  and  enteron,  intes- 
tine.] A  membrane  in  the  cavity  of  the 
abdomen,  the  use  of  which  is  to  retain 
the  intestines  and  their  appendages  in  a 
prefer  position. — Mesenteric,  mes-en-t6r'- 
ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  roesentery. — 
Mesenteritls,  mes'en-t6r-i"tis,n.  Inflam- 
mation of  the  mesentery. 

Mesh,  mesh,  n.  [A.  Sax.  masc,  max,  a 
noose,  m^scre,  a  mesh,  a  net ;  D.  maas, 
Dan.  maske,  Icel.  mxiskvi,  G.  masche,  a 
mesh;  W.  masq,  a  mesh,  Lith.  megsti,  to 
knit,  are  allied.]  The  opening  or  space 
between  the  threads  of  a  net.  —  v.t.  To 
catch  in  a  net;  to  insnare.— Mesh-work, 
n.  Net-'rvork.— Meshy,  mesh'i,  a.  Formed 
like  net-work;  reticulated. 

Mesial,  mCzi-al,  a.  [Gr.  mesos,  middle.] 
Middle ;  median.  —  Mesial  line,  mesial 
"plane,  an  imaginary  line  and  plane  divid- 
ing the  body  longitudinally  into  symmet- 
rical halves,  one  towards  the  right  and  the 
other  towards  the  left. 

Meslin,  Maslin,  mez'lin,  mazlin.  n.  [From 
O.Fr.  mestiUon,irova  L.L.  mestiUio,  mixed 
grain  (Fr.  m.eteU),  from  L.  mistuvi,  mixed. 
Mixture.]  A  mixed  crop  of  different  sorts 
of  grain,  as  of  wheat  and  rye. 

Mesmerism,  mez'mfer-izm,  n.  [After  Mea- 
mer,  a  German  physician,  who  propounded 
the  doctrine  in  1778.]  The  doctrine  that 
one  person  can  exerciscJnfluence  over  the 
will  and  nervous  system  of  another  by 
'virtue  of  a  supposed  emanation  proceed- 
ing from  him,  or  simply  by  the  domina- 
tion of  his  will  over  that  of  the  person 
operated  on;  the  influence  itself;  animal 
magnetism.— Mesmeric,  Mesmerical,  mez- 
mer'ik,  mez-mer'i-kal,  a,  Pertaining  to 
mesmerism.— Mesmerist.  mez'mCr-ist,  n. 
One  who  practises  or  believes  in  mesmer- 
ism.—Mesmerizatlon,  mez'mer-i-zfi"shoii, 
n.  The  act  of  inesmerizing.— Mesmerize, 
mez'm6r-iz,  v.t.— mesmerized,  mesmerizing. 
To  bring  into  a  state  of  mesmeric  sleep.- 
Mesmenzer,  mez'mfer-iz-er,  n.  One  who 
mesmerizes. 


F&te,  f&r,  fat,  f ftll;     me,  met,  h£r:     pine,  pin;    ^Cte,  not,  mOTe;     tabe,  tub,  b\jll ;     oil,  pound;     fl,  Sc.  abime^rthe  Fr.  m. 


MESNE 


427 


•METAPHYSICSV 


Menne,  men,  a.  [Norm,  mesne,  middle, 
from  L.  medianus,  middle.  Mean,  a., 
middle.]  Law,  middle;  intervening;  as,  a 
mesne  lord,  i.e.  a  lord  who  holds  land  of  a 
superior  but  grants  a  part  of  it  to  aiiother 
person. 

Mesoblast,  mes'o-blast,  w.  [6r.  mesos, 
middle,  and  blatfos,  a  bud.]  Physiol,  the 
layer  between  the  epiblast  and  hypoblast, 
the  two  primary  layers  of  the  embryo. 
Mesocxcum,  mes'o-s5-kum,  n.  [Gr.  mesos, 
middle,  and  L.  ccecum.]  That  part  of  the 
peritoneum  which  embraces  the  caecum 
and  its  appendages.  . 
Mesocarp,  mes'o-karp,  n.  [6r.  m^sos,  mid- 
dle, and  karpos,  fruit.] '  Bot.  the  middle 
part  or  layer  of  the  pericarp,  immediately 
under  the  epicarp. 

Mesocephalic,  Mesocephalons,  mes'6-se- 
fal"ik,  mes-o-sef'a-lus.  a.  [Gr.  mesos, 
middle,  and  kephaU,  tne  head.]  A  term 
applied  to  the  human  skull  when  it  is  of 
medium  breadth. 

Mesochilium,  mes-o-ki'li-um,M.  [Gr.  mesos, 
middle,  and  cheilos,  a  lip.]  Bot.  the  mid- 
dle portion  of  the  labellum  of  an  orchid. 
Mesocolon,  mes'o-ko-lon,  n.  [Gr.  mesos, 
middle,  and  E.  colon.]  Anat.  that  part 
of  the  mesentery  to  which  the  colon  is 
attached. 

Mesoderm,  mes'o-d6rm,  n.  [Gr.  mesos,  mid- 
dle, and  derma,  skin.]  Zool.  the  middle 
layer  of  tissue  between  the  ectodetm  and 
the  endoderm. 

Mesogastric,  mes-o-gas'trik,  a.  [Gr.  mesos, 
middle,  gaster,  the  belly.]  Anat.  applied 
to  the.  membrane  which  sustains  the  sto- 
mach, and  by  which  it  is  attached  to  the 
abdomen.  —  Mesogasti-ium,  mes-o-gas'tri- 
um,  n.  Anat.  the  umbUical  region  of  the 
abdomen. 

Mesophloeum,  m'es-o-fl6'um,  n.  [Gr.  mesos, 
middle,  phloios,  bark.]  Bot.  the  middle 
cellular  layer  of  the  bark. 
Mesophyllum,  mes-o-fil'lum  or  me-sof  il- 
ium, re.  •  [Gr.  mesos,  middle,  and  phyllon, 
a  leaf.]  Bot.  the  tissue  forming  the  fleshy 
part  of  a  leaf  between  the  upper  and  lower 
integuments. 

Mesosperm,  mes'o-spferm,  n.  [Gr.  mesos, 
middle,  and  sperma,  seed.]  Bot.  a  mem- 
brane of  a  seed,  the  second  from  the  sur- 
face. 

Mesothorax,  mes-o-tho'raks,  w.  [Gr.  mesos, 
middle,  and  thorax,  the  cnest.]  Entom. 
the  middle  ring  of  the  thorax. 
Mesozoic,  mes-o-zo'ik,  a.  [Gr.  tiiesos,  mid- 
dle, and  z6e,  life,]  Geol.  pertaining  to  the 
secondary  agej  between  the  palaeozoic  and 
cainozoic. 

Mess,  mes,  n.  [O.Fr.  mes,  a  dish,  a  course 
of  dishes  at  table;  It.  messo;  properly  that 
which  is  sent,  from  L.  missus,  pp.  of  mitto, 
to  send.  Mission.]  A  dish  or  quantity  of 
food  set  on  a  table  at  one  time;  food  for  a 
person  at  one  meal;  a  number  of  persons 
who  eat  together  at  the  same  table,  espe- 
cially in  the  army  or  n&vy.—v.i.  To  take 
meals  in  common  with  others,  as  one  of  a 
mess;  to  associate  at  the  same  table. — 
Mess-mate,  n.  A  regular  associate  in  tak- 
ing meals;  a  fellow-sailor. 
Mess,  mes,  re.  [Formerly  mesh,  which  is 
same  as  mash,  lit.  a  mixture.]  A  disorderly 
mixture;  a  state  of  dirt  ana  disordef.  Jig. 
a  situation  of  confusion  or  embarrassment; 
a  muddle. 

Message,  mes'aj,  re.  [Fr.  message.  It.  mes- 
saggio,  L.L.  missaticMm,  message,  from  L. 
vtitto,  missum,  to  send.  Mission.]  Any 
communication,  written  or  verbal,  sent 
from  one  person  to  another;  an  official 
communication  delivered  by  a  messenger. 
—Messenger,  mes'en-j6r,  n.'  [O.E.messager, 
Fr.  messager.  The  n  has  intruded  as  in 
passenger.]  One  who  bears  a  message;  one 
who  conveys  despatches  from  one  prince 
or  court  to  another;  one  who  or  that  which 
foreshows;  a  harbinger.— Qtteere's  {ki7ig'.s) 
messenger,  an  officer  in  England  employed 
under  the  secretaries  of  state,  to  carry 
despatches  both  at  home  and  abroad. — 
Messenger-at-arms,  n.  In  Scotland,  an 
officer  who  executes  summonses,  &c.,  con- 
nected with  the  Court  of  Session. 
Messiah,  mes-si'a,  n.  [Heb.  mdshiach,  a- 
nointed,  from  masAacA,  to  anoint.]  Christ, 
,  the  Anointed;  the.  Saviour  of  the  world.— 


Messiahship,  mes-si'a-ship.  w.  The  office 
of  the  Saviour.  —  Messianic,  mes-si-an'ik, 
a.  Relating  to  the  Messiah.  —  Messias, 
mes-si'as,  re.    Same  as  Messiah. 

Messieurs,  mes'yferz,  n.  [Fr.  pi.  of  Mon- 
sieur (which  see).]  Sirs;  gentlemen;  the 
plural  of  Mr.,  employed  in  addressing 
firms  or  companies  of  several  persons,  and 
generally  contracted  into  Messrs. 

Messuage,  mes'waj,  re.  [O.Fr.  messuage, 
mesnage,,  L.L.  messuagium,  mansianati- 
cum,  from  L.  mMnsio,  a  dwelling.  Man- 
sion.] Law,  a  dwelling-house,  with  the 
adjacent  buildings,  &c.,  appropriated  to 
the  use  of  the  household;  a  manor-house. 

Mestee.mes-te'.re.  [Mestizo.]. The  offspring 
of  a  white  and  a  quadroon.  - 

Mestizo,  mes-te'zo,  re.  [Sp.  mestizo,  from 
L.  mixtu^  pp.  of  miseeo,  to  mix.]  The  off- 
spring of  a  Spaniard  or  Crecle  and  an 
American  Indian. 

Met,  met,  pret.  &  pp.  of  meet. 

Metabasls,me-tab'a-sis,-re.  [Gr.,  from  meta, 
beyond,  and  baino,  to  go.]  Rhet-.  a  passing 
from  one  thing  to  another;  transition. 

Metabolic,  met-a-bol'ik,  «.  {Or.  metdboU, 
change.]  Pertaining  to  change  or  meta- 
morphosis (as  of  iAsects). 

Metacarpus,  met-a-kar'pus,  n.  [Gr.  meta, 
beyond,  karpos,  the  wrist.]  Anat.  the  part 
of  the  hand  between  the  wrist  and  the 
fingers.  —  Metacarpal,  met-a-kJlr'pal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  metacarpus. 

Metacentre,  met-a-sen't6r,  re.  [Gr.  meta. 
beyond,  and  kentron,  centre.]  PhysicSjth&i 
point  in  a  floating  body  on  the  position  of 
which  its  stability  depends,  and  which 
must  be  above  the  centre  of  gravity  in 
order  that  the  body  do  not  turn  over. 

Metacbronlsm,  me-tak'ron-izm,  re.  [Gr. 
meta,  beyond,  and  chronos,  time.]  An  error 
committed  in  chronology  by  placing  an 
event  after  its  real  tinie. 

Metacism,  met'a-sizm,  re.  [L.  metacismus, 
Gr.  metakismos.]  A  defect  in  pronouncing 
the  letter  m.  ' 

Metage,  met'aj,  re.  [Prori  mete.]  Measure- 
ment of  coal;  charge  for  measuring. 

Metagenesis,  met-a-jen'e-sis,  n.  [Gr.  meta, 
after,  change,  and  genesis.]  Zool.  the 
changes  of  form  which  the  representative 
of  a  species  undergoes  in  passing,  by.  a 
series  of  successively  generated  indivi- 
duals, from  the  ovum  or  egg  to  the  perfect 
state;  alternation  of  generation.— Meta- 
genetic,  Metagenic,  met'a-je-net"ik,  met- 
a-,ien'ik,  a.    Pertaining  to  metagenesis.    - 

Metagrammatism,  met-a-gram'mat-izm,  re. 
[Gr.  meta,  beyond,  and  gramma,  a  letter.] 
The  transposition  of  the  letters  of  a  name 
into  such  a  connection  as  to  express  some 

'  perfect  sense  applicable  to  the  person 
named;  anagrammatism. 

Metal,  met'al,  n.  [L.  metallum,  from  Gr. 
metallon,  a  mine,  a  metal— nieio,  after,  and 

.  root  meaning  to  go  or  search.]  A  name 
given  to  certain  elementary  substances  of 
which  gold,  silver,  iron,  lead,  are  exam- 
ples, having  a  peculiar  lustre  and  gener- 
ally fusible  by  heat;  the  name  given  by 
workers  in  glass,  pottery,  &c.,  to  the  ma- 
terial on  which  they  operate  when  in  a 
state  of  fusion;  pi.  the  rails  of  a  railway. 
— Road  metal,  stones  broken  small,  used 
in  macadamized  Toa.ds.  —  v.t.  — metalled, 
metalling.  To  put  metal  on;  to  cover,  as 
roads,  with  broken  stones  or  metal. — 
Metal-broker,  re.  One  who  trades  or  deals 

•in  metals. — Metallic,  me-tal'ik,  a.  [L. 
metallicus.]  Pertaining  to  metals;  con- 
sisting of  metal ;  like  a  metal. — Metallic 
oxide;  a  compound  of  metal  and  oxygen. — 
Metallic  paper,  paper  the  surface  of  which 
is  washed  over  with  a  solution  of  whiting, 
lime,  and  size,  and  which  is  written  on 
with  a  pewter  pencil.— Metalliferous,  met- 
al-if^r-us,  a.  Producing  metal;  yielding 
metal.  —  Metalliform,  me-tal'i-form,'  a. 
Having  the  form  of  metal;  like  metal.—- 
MetaUme,  met'al-in,  a.  Consisting  of  or 
containing  metal.-^MetaUing,  met'al-ing, 
re.  Metal  for  roads.— Metallist,  met'al-ist, 
w.  A  worker  in  metals,  or  on,e  skilled  in 
metals.— Metallize,  met'al-iz,  v.t—raetal- 
lized,  metallizing.  To  form  into  metal;  to 
give  its  proper  metallic  properties  to  (an 
ore).  —  Metallography,  met-al-og'ra-fi,  re. 
The  science  or  description  of  metals. — 


Metallographist;  met-al-og'ra,-fist,  n.  A 
writer  on  metallography.  —  Metalloid, 
met'al-oid,-  re.  A  term  applied  to  the  me- 
tallic bases  of  the  fixed  alkalies  and  alka- 
line earths,  and  to  all  the  non-metallic 
elementary  substances.  —  a.  Like  metal ; 
having  the  form  or  appearance  of  a  metal. 
— Metalloidal,  met-al-oi'dal,  a.  Metalloid. 
—Metallurgy,  met'al-6r-ji,  re..  [Gr.  ergori, 
work.]  The  art  of  working  metals;  the 
process  of  separating  -them  from  other 
matters  in  the  ore,  smelting,  refining,  &c 
— MetallurgiCj  Metallurgical,  met-al-fer*- 
jik,  met-al-fir'ji-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  met- 
allurgy. —  Metallurgist,  met'al-er-jist,  ». 
One  engaged  in  metallurgy. 
Metalepsls,  met-a-lep'sis,  n.  [Gr.  metalip- 
sis,  participation— wieta,  with,  and  lam- 
iano,  to  take.]  Rhet.  the  continuation  of 
a  trope  or  figure  in  one  word  through  a 
succession  of  significations,  or  the  union 
of  two  or  more  tropes  of  a  different  kind 
in  one  word.  —  Metaleptic,  Metaleptical, 
met-a-lep'tik,  met-a-lep'ti-kal,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  metalepsis.— Metaleptically,  met- 
a-lep'ti-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  metaleptical  man- 
ner; by  transposition.  ' ' 
Metalloid,  Metallurgy,  &c.  Under  Metal. 
Metalogical,  met-a-loj'i-kal,  a.  [Gr.  prefix 
Tneta,  beyond,  and  E.  logical.]  Beyond  the 
province  of  logic;  transcending  the  sphere 
of  logic. 

Metamere,  met'a-m5r,  re.  [Gr.  meta,  with 
or  among,  and  meros,  a  part.]  Compar. 
anat.  one  of  a  series  of  similar  parts. — 
Metamerism,  me-tam'6r-izm,  re.  Chem.  the 
character  in  certain  compound  bodies, 
differing  in  chemical  properti^s>  of  having 
the  same  elements  combined  m  the  same 
proportion  and  with  the  same  molecular 
weight. 

Metamorphosis,  met-a-mor'fo-sis,  n.  [Gr. 
•  metamorphosis  ~  meta,  denoting  change, 
and  morphe,  form,  shape.]  Change  or 
form,  shape,  or  structure;  transformation; 
20oZ.  the  alterations  which  an  animal  un- 
'  dergoes  after  its  exclusion  from  the  egg, 
anoT  which  alter  extensively  the  general 
form  and  life  of  the  individual;  such 
changes  as  those  from  the  caterpillar  to 
the  perfect  butterfly.— Metamorphlc,  met- 
a-mor'fik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  producing 
metamorphosis.— iSfetomorp/iic  rocks,  geol. 
stratified  rocks  of  any  age  whose  texture 
has  been  rendered  less  or  more  crystalline 
by  subterranean  heat,  pressure,  or  chemi- 
cal agency;  the  lowest  and  non-fossilifer- 
ous  stratified  rocks,  originally  deposited 
from  water  and  crystallized  by  subsequent 
agencierf.  —  Metamorphism,  met-a-mor'- 
flzm,  re.  The  process  of  metamorphosing; 
the  change  undergone  by  stratified  rocks 
under  the  influence  of  heat  and  chemical 
or  mechanical  agents.  —  Metamorphose, 
met-a-mor'fos,  v.t. — metamorphosed,  meta- 
morphosing. To  change  into  a  different 
form;  to  change  the  shape  or  character  of; 
to  transform.  —  Metamorphoser,  met-a- 
mor'fos-6r,  re.  One  that  transforms. 
Metaphor,  met'a-f6r,  re.  [Gr.  metaphora, 
from  metapherO,  to  transfer— nieto,  over, 
and  phero,  to  carry.]  A  figure  of  speech 
founded  on  resemblance,  by  which  a  word 
is  transferred  from  an  object,  to  which  it 
properly  belongs  to  another  in  such  a  man- 
ner that  a  comparison  is  implied,  though 
not  formally  expressed.  Thus,  'that  man 
is  a  fox,'  is  a  metaphor;  but  'that  man  is 
like  a  fox,'  is  a  simile  or  comparison.— 
Metaphoric,  Metaphorical,  met-a-for'ik, 
met-a-f  or'i-kal,a.  Pertaining  to  metaphor; 
comprising  a  metaphor;  not  literal;  figu- 
rative.—Metaphorically  ,met-a-for'i-kal-li, 
adv.  In  a  metaphorical  manner;  not 
iiteraUy.— MetaphoricalnesS,  met-a-for'i- 
kal-nes,  re. 

Metaphrase,  Metaphrasis,  mefa-frSz,  me- 
taf'ra-zis,  re.  [Gr.  metaphrasis— meta,  ac- 
cording to  or  with,  and  phrasis,  phrase.] 
A  verbal  translation  of  one  language  into 
another,  word  for  word:  opposed  to  para- 
phrase.—  Metaphrast,  met'a-frast,  re.  A 
literal  translator.  —  Metaphrastic,  Meta- 
phrastical,  met-.a-fras'tik,  met-a-fras'ti- 
kal,  a.  Close  or  literal  in  translation. 
Metaphysics,  met-a-fiz'iks,  re.  [L.  meta- 
physica,  pi.  neut.  from  Gr.wwia,  after,  and 
physica,  physics,  from  physis,  nature,  the 


ch-cftain:     cA.  Sc.  locft;    _giCo;     J,iob}     n.  Pr.  to»ii    Hg,  sing';     th>  iften;  th,  <ftin;     w,  wig;     wh,  w/iig;     zh,  asure. 


METAPLASM 


428 


MEW 


science  of  natural  bodies  or  physics  beinjr 
regarded  as  properly  first  in  the  order  of 
studies,  and  the  science  of  mind  or  iptel- 
ligence  to  be  the  second.]  That  science 
■which  seeks  to  trace  the  branches  of  human 
knowledge  to  their  first  principles  in  the 
constitution  of  our  nature,  or  to  find  what 
is  the  nature  of  the  human  mind  and  its  > 
relations  to  the  external  world;  the  science 
that  seeks  to  know  the  ultimate  grounds 
of  being  or  what  it  is  that  really  exists.em- 
bracine  both  psychology  and  ontology.— 
Metaphysic,  met-a-fiz'ik,  n,  .Metaphysics. 
— Metaphyslc,  Metaphysical,  met-a-fiz'i- 
kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  metaphysics;  ac- 
cording to  rules  or  principles  of  metaphy- 
sics. —  Metaphysically,  njet-a-fiz'i-kal-li, 
adv.  In  a  metaphysical  manner.— Meta- 
physician, met-a-fi-zish'an,  n.  One  who 
is  versed  in  metaphysics. 

Metaplasm,  met'a-plazm,  n,  [Gr.  vneta- 
plasmos,  transformation— meia,  over,  and 
plassd,  to  form.]  Gram,  a  change  in  a 
word  by  adding,  transposing,  or  retrench- 
ing a  syllable  or  letter. 

Metasome,  met'a-som,  n.  [Ge.  meta,  after, 
and  soma,  the  body.]  The  posterior  por- 
tion of  the  body  of  a  cephalopod. 

Metastasis,  me-tas'ta-sis,  w.  •  [Gr.  -meta- 
stasis —  Tneta,  ovar,  and  stasis,  position.] 
Med.  a  translation  or  removal  of  a  disease 
from  one  part  to  another.  —  Metastatic, 
met-a-stat'ik,  a.    Relating  to  metastasis. 

Metatarsus,  met-a-tar'sus,  n.  [Gr.  meta, 
beyond,  and  tarsos.  tarsus.]  The  middle 
of  the  foot,  or  part  between  the  ankle  and 
the  toes.  —  Metatarsal,  met-a-tar'sal,  a. 
Belonging  to  the  metatarsus. — n.  A  bone 
of  the  metatarsus. 

Metathesis,  me-tath'6-8is,TO.  [Gr.  mMathesia 
-^leta,  over,  and  tithemi,  to  set.]  Gram,. 
t'ftmsposition  of  the  letters,  sounds,  or 
syllables  of  a  word.— Metathetic,  Meta- 
tnetical,  met-a-thet'ik,  m^t-a-thet'i-kal,  o. 
Relating  to  metathesis. 

Metathorax,  met-a-tho'raks,  n.  [Gr.  Tneta, 
aftfer,  and  thorax,  the  chest.]  Entom,.  the 
third  and  last  segment  of  the  thorax. 

Metayer,  me-ta'yer,  n.  [Fr.  mAtayer,  L.L. 
medietarius,  from  L.  medietas,  middle 
state,  from  medius,  middle.]  A  cultivator 
who  tills  the  soil  for  a  landholder  on  con- 
dition of  receiving  a  share,  generally  a 
half,  of  its  produce,  the  owner  furnishing 
the  whole  or  part  of  the  stock,  tools,  &c. 

Mete,  m.H,  v.t. — meted,  meting.  [A.  Sax. 
metan^  D.  meten,  Goth,  mitan,  G.  messen, 
to  measure;  Icel.  meta,  to  value;  from  root 
6f  L.  modus,  a  measure  (whence  mode);  Gr. 
metron,  a  measure;  Skr.  md,  to  measure.] 
To  measure ;  to  ascertain  the  quantity, 
dimensions,  or  capacity  of  by  any  rule  or 
standard.— Mete-wand,  Mete-yard,  n.  A 
measuring  rod. 

Metempirical,  met-em-pir'i-kal,  a.  [Gr. 
■meta,  beyond,  and  empeiria,  experience, 
from  en,  in,  and  peira,  trial,  experiment.] 
Metaph.  beyond  or  outside  of  experience; 
not  based  on  experience;  transcendental; 
a  priori:  opposed  to  empirical  or  expen- 
entiaZ.- Metempiric,  Metempiricist,  met- 
em-pir'ik,  met-em-pir'i-sist,  n.  One  who 
believes  in  the  transcendental  philosophy. 
— Metempiricism,  met-em-pir'i-sizm,  n. 
Metaph.  the  system  of  philosophy  based 
on  a  priori  reasoning;  transcendentalism. 

Metempsychosis,  me-tem'6i-ko"sis,  n.  [Gr. 
m£ta,  denoting  change,  en,  in,  and  psyche, 
soul.]  Transmigration;  the  passing  of  the 
soul  of  a  man  after  death  into  some  other 
animal  body. 

MetensomatosJs,  me-ten'85-ma-to"6is,  n. 
[Gr.— weta,  implying  change,  en,  in,  and 
8(Jma,  somatos,  the  body.]  The  transfer- 
ence of  the  elements  of  one  body  into  an- 
other body  and  their  conversion  into  its 
substance,  as  by  decomposition  and  assi- 
milation. 

Meteor,  me'te-6r,  n.    [From  Gr.  m^teOros, 

'  raised  on  high— mefa,  beyond,  and  aeirO, 
to  raise.]  A  transient  luminous  body  seen 
in  the  atmosphere;  an  aerolite,  a  shooting- 
star;  fig.  something  that  transiently  daz- 
zles or  strikes  with  wonder.  — Meteoric, 
me-tS-or'ik,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  meteor  or 

,  meteors;./i(7.  transiently  or  irregularly  bril- 
liant.—Jkfeteoric  tron,  iron  as  found  in  me- 

'  teorio  stones. — Meteoric  stoTies,  those  aero- 


lites which  fall  from  the  heavens  on  the 
surface  of  the  earth,  and  usually  consist 
of  metallic  iron  and  certain  silicates. — 
Meteoric  showers,  showers  of  shooting-stars 
occurring  periodically. — Meteorite,  m6't5- 
er-it,  n.  A  meteorohte.  —  Meteorograph, 
me't6-6r-o-graf,  n.  An  instrument  or  ap- 
paratus for  registering  meteorological 
phenomena.  —  Meteorolite,  me't6-er-ol-it, 
n.  [Gr.  meteOros,  and  }ithos,  a  stone.]  A 
meteoric  stone;  an  aerolite.— Meteorology, 
me'te-6r-ol"o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  meteor ologia.]  The 
science  which  treats  of  atmospheric  pheno- 
mena, more  especially  as  connected  with 
or  in  relation  to  weather  and  climate. — 
Meteorologic,  Meteorological,  mt'te-er-o- 
loj"ik.  m6't5-6r-o-loj"i-kal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  meteorology  or  to  the  atmosphere  and  its 
phenomena.— Meteorologist,  m0'te-6r-ol"- 
o-jist,  n.  A  person  skilled  in  meteorology. 
— Meteoromancy,  me't5-6r-o-man-si,  n. 
[Gr.  manteia,  divination.]  Divination  by 
riieteoric  phenomena. 

Meter,  m5't6r,  n.  [From  mste.'i  One  who 
or  that  which  measures;  a  gas-meter. 

Meter,  me't^r,  n.    Same  as  Metre. 

Metheglin,  metheg'lin,»i.  [W.  meddyglyn 
— medd',  mead,  and  Uyn,  liquor.]  A  liquor 
made  of  honey  and  water  boiled  and  fer- 
mented, oftei>  enriched  with  spices;  mead. 

Methinks,   me-thingks',  v.  impers.  —  me- 

■  thought.  [A.  Sax.  tn^,  dat.  of  "iirst  pers. 
pronoun,  and  impersonal  verb  thyncan,  to 
seem,  to  appear;  comp.  meseems.]  It  seems 
to  me;  I  think. 

Method,  meth'od,"  n.  [Fr.  mdthode,  L. 
m^thodus,  from  Gr.  methodos—meta,  after, 
and  hodos,  a  wa.V'.]  A  way  or  mode  by 
which  we  proceed  to  the  attainment  of 
some  aim;  mode  or  manner  of  procedure; 
logical  or  scientific  arrangement  or  mode 
of  acting ;  systematic  or  orderly  pro- 
cedure ;  system ;  nat.  hist,  principle  of 
classification  (the  Linnaean  method). — 
Methodic,  Methodical,  meth-od'ik,  meth- 
od'i-kal,  a.  Characterized  by  method; 
systematic;  orderly  .—Methodically,  meth- 
od'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  methodical  manner. 
— Methodlcs,  meth-od'iks,  n.  The  science 
of  method.— Methodism,  meth'od-izm,  n. 
The  doctrines  and  worship  of  the  Method- 
tstg.- Methodist,  meth'od-ist,  n.  One  char- 
acterized by  strict  adherence  to  method; 
one  of  a  ^ectof  Christians  founded  by  John 
Wesley,  so  called  from  the  regularity  of 
their  lives  and  the  strictness  of  their  ob- 

•  servance  of  religious  duties.— Methodlstio, 
Methodistical,  meth-o-dis'tik,  meth-od-is'- 
ti-kal,  a.  Relating  to  method  or  the 
Methodists.  —  Methodistically,  meth-o- 
dis'ti-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  methodistical  man- 
ner.— Methodize,  meth'od-iz,  v.t.— method- 
ized,  methodizing.  To  reduce  to  method;  to 
dispose  in  due  order.— Methodizer,  meth'- 
od-iz-6r,  n.  One  who  methodizes.— Meth- 
odology, meth-od-ol'o-ji,  r».  The  science  of 
method  or  of  cla,ssification. 

Methought,  mS-thftt',  pret.  of  m.ethinks. 

Methyl,  meth'il,  ri.  [Gr.  meta,  after,  with, 
and  hyle,  wood.]  Ohem.  the  hypothetical 
radical  of  wood -spirit  and  its  combina- 
tions.—Methylamiaa,  me-thira-min,  n.  A 
colourless  gas  having  a  strong  ammoniacal 
odour,  and  resembling  ammonia  in  many 
of  its  reactions.— Methylated,  meth'i-la- 
ted.a.  Impregnated  ormixed  with  methyl. 
— Methylated  spirit,  spirit  of  wine  contain- 
ing 10  per  cent,  of  wood  naphtha,  which 
renders  it  unfit  for  drinking,  and  for  this 
reason  it  is  free  of  excise  duty.— Methylic, 
me-thil'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  produced 
from  methyl. 

Methystic,  me-this'tik,  a.  [Gr.  methystikos, 
from  methy,  wine.]  Intoxicating. — n.  An 
intoxicant. 

Metier,  ma-te-a,  n,  [Fr.]  Profession;  spe- 
cialty; role. 

Metonic,  me-ton'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  JMcfon, 
an  ancient  Athenian  astronomer.  —  Me- 
tonic cyole,  metmiic  year,  the  cycle  or  period 
of  nineteen  years,  in  which  the  lunations 
of  the  moon  return  to  the  same  days  of  the 
month:  discovered  by  Meton. 

Matoajrmy,  nie-ton'i-mi,n.  [Gr.  m^lOnymia 
— m«ta,  denoting  change,  and  onoma,  a 
name.]  Rhet.  a  figure  by  which  one  word 
is  put  for  another  on  account  of  some 
actual  relation  between  the  things  signi- 


fied, as  when  we  say,  'We  read  Virgil,' 
that  is,  his  poems  or  writings.  —  Meto- 
nymlc,  Metonymical;  met-o-nim'ik,  met - 
o-nim'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  metonymy. 
— Metonymically,  met-5-nim'i-kal-li,  adv. 
By  metonymy. 

Metope,,  mef  o-p5,  n.  [Gr.  metopi—meta, 
between,  and  ope,  an  aperture.]  Arch,  the 
space  between  the  triglyphs  of  the  Doric 
frieze. 

Metoposcopy,  met-S-po3'l:o-pi,  n.  [Gr. 
metopon,  forehead,  and  skopeO,  to  view.] 
The  study  of  physiognomy. 

Metre,  me'ter,  n.  [Fr.  mitre,  L.  vtetrum, 
metre,  Gr.  metron,  metre, a  measure;  same 
root  as  in  meaaw-e.  mete.]  Rhythmical  ar- 
rangementof  syllablesinto  verses,  stanzas, 
stroplies,  &c.;  rhythm;  n;easure;  verse. — 
Metric,  Metrical,  met'rik,  met'ri-kal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  rhythm  or  metre;  consisting 
of  verse.  —  Metrically,  met'ri-kal-li,  adv. 
In  a  metrical  manner;  according  to  poetic 
measure.  —  Metrist,  me'trist,  n.  A  com- 
poser of  verses. 

Metre,  Metre,  me'ter;  Fr.  pron.  ma-tr,  n. 
[Fr.  mitre,  from  Gr.  Tnetron,  a  measure. 
See  above.]  A  French  measure  of  length, 
equal  to  39'37  English  inches,  the  stan- 
dard of  linear  measure.— Metric,  met'rik, 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  system  of  weights, 
measures,  anoi  moneys,  first  adopted  in 
France — the  decimal  system.  Under  Dk- 
ciMAb.— Metrical,  met'ri-kal,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  employed  in  measuring.— Metro- 
clirome,met'j;o-krom,m[Gr.cAj'(5wia.  colour] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  colours. — 
Metrograph,  met'ro-graf,  n.  An  appara/- 
tus  on  a  railway  engine  which  measures 
and  records  the  rate  of  speed  at  any  mo- 
ment, and  the  time  of  arrival  and  depar- 
ture at  each  station.  —  Metrology,  me- 
trol'o-ji,  n.  An  account  of  weights  and 
measures;  the  art  and  science  of  mensura- 
tion. —  Metronome,  met'ro-nom,  n.  [Gr. 
nomos,  a  law.]  An  instrument,  consisting 
of  a  pendulum  set  in  motion  by  clock-work, 
that  determines  the  quickness  or  slowness 
of  musical  compositions.  —  Metronomy, 
m5-tron'o-mi  ,n.  The  measuring  of  musical 
time  by  the  mo'',ronome. 

Metronymic,  met-ro-nim'ik,  n.  and  a.  [Gr. 
m^tronymikos  —  meter,  mitros,  a  mother, 
and  onoma,  a  name.]  A  term  applied  to 
a  name  derived  from  a  mother,  as  opposed 
to  patronymic. 

Metropolis,  me-trop'o-lis,  n.  [Gr.  metropo- 
lis— miter,  metros,  a  mother,  and  poKs,  a 
city,  properly  a  mother-city  m  relation  to 
its  colonies.]  The  chief  city  or  capital  of 
a  kingdom,  state,  or  country;  the  see  or 
seat  of  a  metropolitan  bishop.- Metropoli- 
tan, met-ro-pol'i-tan,  a.  Belonging  to  a 
metropolis;  eccles.  having  the  authority  of 
a  metropolitan ;  proceeding  from  a  met- 
ropolitan. —  n.  Eccles.  a  bishop  having 
authority  over  the  other  bishops  of  a  pro- 
vince; an  archbishop;  GreeA  Ch.  a  digni- 
tary intermediate  between  patriarchs  and 
arcnbishops.  —  Metropolitanate,  met-ro- 
\;ol'i-tan-at,  n.  The  office  or  see  of  a  met- 
ropolitan bishop.  —  Metropolitlc,  Metro- 
political,  met-ro-pol'i-tik,  met'ro-po-lit"i- 
kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  metropolis;  metro- 
politan. 

Mettle,  metl,  n.  [Merely  an  altered  spell- 
ing of  metal,  which  was  formerly  used  in 
the  same  sense.]  Moral  or  physical  con- 
stitution ;  stuff  or  material  (to  try  what 
mettle  lie  is  made  of);  temper;  spirit;  con- 
stitutional ardour;  courage;  &Te.-—To  put 
a  man  en  or  to  his  mettle,  to  stimulate  a 
man  to  do  his  uttermost;  to  put  him  where 
he  must  do  his  utmost.— Mettled,  met'ld, 
a.  T'uU  of  mettle;  high-spirited:  ardent; 
full  of  fire.  —  Mettlesome,  metl-sum,  o. 
Full  of  mettle  or  spirit;  brisk;  fiery.— 
Mettlesomely,  met'l-suiA-li,  adv.  In  a 
mettlesome  manner.  —  Mettlesomeness, 
met'l-sum-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
mettlesome. 

Mew,  mQ,n.  [A.  Sax.  woetc,  agull  ormew 
=So.  maw,  D.  meeuw,  G.  -Move,  Icel.  mdr, 
a  mew.]    A  sea-mew;  a  gull. 

Hew,  mO,  n.  [Fr.  mue,  a  moulting,  6,  mew 
or  cage,  from  L.L.  muta,  a  mew,  from  "L. 
mt(<are,  to  change.  Mutable.]  The  moult- 
ing of  a  hawk;  a  cage  for  hawks  or  other 
birds  while  moulting;  a  coop  for  fowls;  a 


jFito,  a.',  fat,  ffiU;     mC,  met,  h«r;     pine,  pin;     nOte,  not,  mOre;     tnbe,  tub,  b\»ll ;     oil,  pound;     ti,  Sc.  abimc— the  Fr.  «. 


MEW 


429 


MIDDLE 


place  of  confinement  in  general.— u.t  To 
shed  or  cast;  to  moult;  to  shut  up,  inclose, 
coniine,  as  in  a  cage  or  other  inclosure. — 
v.i.  To  cast  the  feathers;  to  moult.— Mews, 
mOz,  n.  pi.  The  royal  stables  in  London, 
80  called  hecau.se  buUt  where  the  king's 
hawks  were  once  mewed  or  confined;  hence 
(with  verbs,  &c.,  in  sing.),  a  place  where 
carriage-horses  are  kept  in  large  towns; 
a  lane  or  alley  in  which  stables  or  mews 
are  situated. 

Stew,  ma,  v.i.  [Imitative,  and  also  written 
meatv,  niiaw,  &c. ;  comp.  W.  mevrian.G. 
miauen,to  mew.]  To  cry  as  a  cat.— n.  The 
cry  of  a  cat — Mewl,  mul,  I'.i.  [Imitative; 
comp.  miaul,  Pr.  miavler.J  To  cry  or 
cquall,  as  a  child.  [Shak.y-n.  The  cry.of 
ii  child. 

M3zereon,  me-zS'rS-on,  n.  [Fr.  mizereon, 
Sp.  mezereon,  from  Ar.  and  Per.  Tndzari- 
V&n,  the  camellia.]  A  common  garden 
shrub  whose  fragrant  pink  flowers  appear 
in  spring  before  the  leaves  expand. 
Mezzanine,  mez'za-nen,  n.  [It.  mezzanino, 
from  meizo,  middle.  Mezzo.j  Arch,  an 
entresol  or  low  story  between  two  higher 
ones. 

Mezzo,  med'z5  or  met'zo,  a.  [It.,  fromL. 
medim,  middle.  —  ifws.  middle ;  mean.— 
Mezzo  soprano,  a  treble  voice  of  medium 
range,  lower  than  soprano  and  higher  than 
contralto. — Mezzorilievo,  med'zo-re-16-a"- 
vo,  n.  Middle  relief.— Mezzotint,  Mezzo- 
ticta,  med'zS-tlnt,  med-20-tin'to,  n.  fit. 
mezzo,  midote,  tinto,  tint.]  A  manner  of 
engraving  on  copper  or  steel  in  imitation 
of  drawing  in  Indian  ink,  the  lights  being 
scraped  and  burnished  out  of  a  prepared 
dark  ground.  •    ,  .    , 

Ml,  me,  n.  The  third  note  m  the  musical 
scale,  between  ra  and  fa. 
Miasma,  nii-az'ma,  n.  pi.  Miasmata,  mi-aa- 
ma-ta.  [Gr.  mias^na,  miasmatos,  from 
miainO,  to  stain,  sully.]  The  effluvia  or 
fine  particles  of  any  putrefying  bodies, 
rising  and  floating  in  the  atmosphere,  and 
considered  to  be  noxious  to  health ;  noxio  us 
emani^ion ;  malaria.  —  Miasinal,  mi-az'- 
mal,  a.  Contajning  min,sma;  miasmatic. 
— Idiasmatic,  Miasmatical,  mi-az-mat'ik, 
mi-az-mat'i-kal,  a.  Pertaininjj  to  miasma. 
—  Mlaamology,  mi-az-mol'o-ji,  n.  The 
science  or  doetrine  of  miasmata. 
Miaul,  myal,  v.i.  [Mew.]  To  cry  as  a  cat 
or  kitten:  to  mew.  , 

Mica,  mi'ka,  n.  [L.  micg,  to  glitter.]  _  A 
mineral  of  a  foliated  structure,  consisting 
of  thin  flexible  laminae  or  scales,  having  a 
shining  and  almost  metallic  lustre. — Mica 
schist,  mica  slate,  a  metamorphic  rock 
composed  of  mica  and  quartz,  highly  fissile 
and  passing  by  insensible  gradations  into 
clay-slate.— Micaceous,  mi-ka'8hus,o.  Per- 
taining to  or  containing  mica;  resembling 
mica  or  partaking  of  its  properties. — Mica- 
ceous rocks,  rocks  of  which  mica  is  the 
chief  ingredient,  as  inica  slate. — Mica- 
ceous schist,  mica  schist. 
Mice,  mis,  n.  pi.  of  mouse. 
Mich,  mich,  v.i.  [O.Pr.  iMuhier,  mueher, 
to  hide,  to  skulk.]  To  skulk;  to  retire  or 
shrink  from  view.  —  Micher,  mich'6r,  n. 
One  who  skulks.— Miching,  mich'ing.p. 
iand  o.  Skulking;  meaji;  cowardly. 
Michaelmas,  mik'el-mas,  n.  [Michael,  and 
mass,  a  feast.]  The  feast  of  St.  Michael, 
the  archangel,  which  falls  on  the  29th  of 
September,  and.i8  one  of  the  regular  terms 
in  England. 

Mlckle,  mikl,  a.-  FA-  Sax.  micel,  «ij/cel= 
Icel.  milcill.    Much.]    Much;  great. 
Microbe,  miTjrob,  n.    [Gr.  mikms,  small, 
bios,  life.]   A  microscopic  orgaaisin  such 
as  a  bacillus  or  bactefinm. 
Microcephalous,  mi-kro-sef'a-lus,  o.    [Gr. 
mikros,  small,  and  kephale,  the  head.] 
Having  a  very  small  skull. 
Mlcroc&onometer,  nu'kro-kro-nom"et-6r, 
n.  [Gi.mikros,  small,andE. c/iromomfiter.1 
An  instrument  for  registering  very  small 
periods  of  time;  a  kind  of  chronograph. 
Micrococcos,  mi-kro-kok'us,  n.    [Gr.  mik- 
ros, small,  and  koikos,  a  berry .1    Zool.  a 
microscopic  organism  of  a  round  form. 
Microcosm,  ml'kro-kozm,  n.    [Gr.  mikros, 
small,  and  kosmos,  world.]    Lit.  a  little 
world  or  cosmos,  applied  to  fiaan,  as  sup- 
posed to  be  an  epitome  <Jf  the  umverse  or 


great  world  (the  wacrocosw)..— Mlcrocos- 
mlc,  MicrocosmicaL  mi-kro-koz'mik,  nu- 
IcrS-koz'mi-kal,  o.  Pertaining  to  the  mi- 
crocosm or  man. 

Microcoustic,  mi-kr5-kous'tik,'a.  [Gr. 
mikros,  small,  and  akouo,  to  hear.]  Serv- 
ing to  augment  weak  sounds. — «.  An  in- 
strument to  augment  small  sounds,  and 
assist  in  hearing. 

Microfarad,  mi'kro-far-ad,  n.  [Gr.  mikros, 
small,  and  E.  farad.]  The  millionth  part 
of  a  farad. 

Microgeology,  nu'kr5-j5-ol"o-ji,  n.  [From 
microscope  and  geology.'}  That  department 
of  the  science  of  geology  whose  facts  are 
ascertained  by  the  use  of  the  microscope. 
— Microgeological,  mi'kro-j6-o-loj"i-kal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  microgeology. 
Micrography,  mi-krog'ra-ti,  n.  [Gr.  'mlkroi, 
small,  and  grapho,  to  describe.]  The  de- 
scription 01  objects  too  small  to  be  dis- 
cerned without  the  aid  of  a  microscope. — 
IVIicrographer,  mi-krog'ra-tfer,  n.  One 
versed  in  micrography.  —  MlcrograpUc, 
mi-kio-grafik,  a.  Connected  with  or  re- 
lating to  micrography. 
Microhm,  mi'krom,  n.  TGr.  mikros,  small, 
and  £.  ohm.]  The  millionth  part  of  an 
oiim. 

Microlestes,  ml'krS-les-tez,  n.  [Gr.  mikroa, 
small,  and  testes,  a  robber.]  An  -extinct 
marsupial,  the  earliest  knownmammalian 
inhabitant  of  our  planet. 
Microlithic,  mi'kro-lith-ik,  n.  [Gr.  mikros, 
small,  and  lithos,  a  stone.]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to,  or  consisting  of,  small  stones:  op- 
posed to  Tnegalithie. 

Micrology,  mi-krol'o-ji,  -n.  [Gr.  mikros, 
small,  and  logos,  description.]  That  part 
of  science  dependent  on  microscopio  inves- 
tigations; micrography. 
Micrometer,  mi-krom'et-*r,  n.  [Gr.  mikros, 
small,  and  «i««ro»,  a  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment or  appliance  fitted  to  a  telescope  or 
microscope,  for  measuring  very  small  dis- 
tances, or  the  apparent  diameters  of  ob- 
jects which  subtend  very  small  aijgles. — 
Mlcrometric,  Micrometrical,  mi-kro-met'- 
rik,  mi-kro-met'ri-kal,  a.  belonging  to 
the  micrometer.  —  Micrometi-ically,  mi- 
kr5-met'ri-kal-li,  adv.  By  means  of  a  mi- 
crometer.—Miorometryj  mi-krom'et-ri,  h. 
The  art  of  measuring  with  a  micrometer. 
Silicropaiitograph,  mi-kro-pan'to-graf,  n. 
[Gr.  mikros,  small,  and  E.  pantograph.] 
An  instrument  for  executing  extremel.t* 
minute  writing  and  engraving. 
Microphone,  mi'kro-fon,  n.  [Gr.  mikros. 
smaU,  and  phOne,  sound.]  An  instrument 
to  augment  small  sounds  by  means  of 
electricity.— Mlcrophonics.mi-kro-fon'iks, 
?i.  The  science  of  augmenting  small 
sounds.— Mlcrophonous,  mi-krof  o-nus,  a. 
Serving  to  augment  small  or  weak  sounds; 
microcoustic- Mlcrophony,  mi-krof'o-ni, 
n.  Weakness  of  voice. 
Microphotography,  miTtr5-f5-tog"ra-fl,  n. 
[Gr.  mikros,  smaJl,  and  E.  ■photograTphy.] 
A  photographic  representation  01  mioro- 
BCOj>io  size;  tne  photography  of  microscopic 
objects. 

MicrophylloTis,  mi-krof'iI-u9,  a.  [Gr.  mi- 
kros, small,  and  phylUm,  a  leiai.]  Sot.  hav- 
ing small  leaves. 

Microphyte,  mi'kro-fit,  n.  [Gr.  mikros, 
Bmall,  and  phifUm,  a  plant.]  A  micro- 
scopic plant,  especially  one  parasitic  in 
its  habits. 

Microscope,  miTirC-skop,  n.  [Gr.  mikros,- 
small,  and  skopeS,  to  view.]  An  optical 
instrument  consisting  of  a  lens  or  combi- 
nation of  lenses  for  rendering  minute  ob- 
jects distinctly  visible.- Microscopic,  Mi- 
croscopical, mi-kr5-skop'ik,  mi-kro-skop'- 
i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  microscope; 
made  by  the  aid  of  a  microscope  {micro- 
scopic observations);  resembling  a  micro- 
Bcope.;,-<apable  of  seeing  small  objects; 
visible  only  by  the  aid  of  a  microscope. — 
MicioscopicaUy,  mi-kro-skop'i-kai-li,  adv. 
In  a  microscopic  mannei*;  by  the  micro- 
■  scope.  —  MicroESOplst,  miTcro-sko-pist  or 
mi-krosTco-pist,  n.  One  skilled  or  versed 
in  microscopy.  —  Microscopy,  mi-kros'ko- 
pi,  n.  The  wse  of  the  microscope;  inves- 
tigation with  the  microscope. 
Microspectroscope,  mi-kro-spek'trS-skop, 
n.  [Gr.  miitro«,  small,  and  E.«peetro8coi)e.] 


A  spectroscope  placed  in  connection  with 
a  microscope,  in  order  to  more  accurate 
examination  of  the  spectrum. 

Mlcrostylar,  mi-kr5-sti'ier,  a.  [Gr.  mikros, 
small,  and  stylos,  a  column.]  Arch,  having 
a  small  style  or  column. 

Microtome,  miTu-ti-tdm,  n.  [Gr.  mikros, 
small,  and  tomos,  a  cutting.]  An  instru- 
ment for  maJdng  very  mie  sections  or 
slices  of  objects  for  the  microscope. 

Slicrozoa,  Microzoaria,  mi-kro-zo'a,  mi'- 
kro-zo-a"ri-a,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  mikros,  small, 
and  zOa,  animals.]  A  name  ^ven  to  very 
minute  animals,  such  as  the  infusoria. 

Microzyme,  mi'kro-zim,  n.  [Gr.  miki-os, 
small,  and  zyrne.  yeast.]  One  of  a  class  of 
extremely  small  organic  particles,  exist- 
ing in  the  atmosphere,  and  furnishing  the 
germs  from  which  many  epidemic  diseases 

arise;  a  disease  germ. 

Micturition,  mik-tQ-rish'on,  ».  [L.  mic- 
turio,  to  desire  to  make  water.]  The  de- 
sire of  making  water;  a  morbid  frequency 
in  the  passage  of  urine. 

Mid,  mid,  a.}  no  compar.;  superl.  midmasf. 
[A.  Sax.  m,id,  mid,  in  the  middle;  Goth. 
m,idjis,  Icel.  midr  {rMthr);  cog.  L.  m^edius 
(see  Medial)  ;  Gr.  wiesos,  Skr.  madhyas, 
middle.]  Middle;  at  equal  distance  from 
extremes;  intervening.— Mid-air,  n.  The 
middle  of  the  air;  a  lofty  iwsition  in 
the  air.  —  Mid-channel,  n.  The  middle 
of  a  channel.  —  Mid-day,  n.  The  middle 
of  the  day ;  noon.  —  a.  Pertaining  to 
noon;  meridional.  —  Mid-heaven,  li.  The 
middle  of  the  sky  or  heaven  j  astron. 
the  point  of  the  ecliptic  which  is  on  the 
meridian  at  any  given  moment.- Midland, 
nrid'land,  a.  Being  in  the  interior  coun- 
try; distant  from  the  coast  or  sea-shore; 
inland.— ;i.  The  interior  of  a  country. — 
Midleg,  mid'leg,  'n.  The  middle  of  the 
leig.— Slldlent,  mid'lent,  n.  The  middle  of 
Lent.  —  Midmost,  raid'most,  a.  In  the 
very  middle;  middlemost.  —  Midnight, 
mid 'nit,  n.  The  middle  of  the  night; 
twelve  o'clock  at  night. — a.  Being  or  oc- 
curring in  the  middle  of  the  night;  dark 
as  midnight;  very  dark. — Mid-noon,  n. 
The  middle  of  the  dfiy;  noon.  [Tenn.}— 
Midrib,  mid'rib,  n.  Sot.  a  continuation 
of  -the  petiole  extending  from  the  base  to 
the  apex  of  the  lamina  of  a  leaf  .—Midship, 
mid'.ship,  a.  Being  or  belonging  to  the 
middle  of  a  ship.— Slidshipman,  mid'ship- 
man,  n.  [From  his  rank  being  between 
that  of  a  superior  officer  and  a  common 
seaman.]  A  petty  oflicer  in  the  navy,  oc- 
cupying the  highest  rank  among  the  petty 
officers,  and  eligible  for  promotion  to 
higher  rank.  —  Midstream,  mid'strem,  n. 
The  middle  of  the  stream.— Midsiimmer, 
Tnid'snm-6r,  n.  The  middle  of  summer; 
the  summer  solstice,  about  the  2]st  of 
Jane.  —  Midway,  mid'wa,  n.  A  middle 
way  or  the  middle  of  the  way.— a.  Being 
in  the  middle  of  the  way  oj  distance.-r- 
ddv.  In  the  middle  of  the  way  or  distance; 
half-way.— Mld-wlnter,  n.  The  middle  of 
winter,  or  the  winter  solstice,  December 
21. 

Midden,  mid'n,  n.  [A.  Sax.  middini/,  same 
word  as  Dan.  modding,  m^gdynge,  from 
?noj7,  dung,. and  dynge,  a  heap.]  A  dung- 
hill. [Prov.  E.  and  Scot.]  Kitchenrmid- 
den.    Under  Kitchen. 

Middle,  mid'l,  a.;  no  compar.;  superl.  mid- 
dlemost. [Prom  mid:  A.  Sax.  D.  and  Dan. 
middel,  G.  mittel,  middle.  Mid.1  Equally 
distant  from  the  extremes;  forming  a 
mean;  intermediate;  intervening.- Jl/icJ- 
cKe  ages,  the  period  extending  from  the 
decline  of  the  Roman  Empire  till  the  re- 
vival of  letters  in  Europe,  or  from  the 
eighth  to  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tui7  of  the  Christian  era..— Middle  term, 
iogic,  that  term  of  a  categorical  syllogism 
with  which  the  two  extremes  of  the  con- 
clusion are  separately  compared.- ificWte 
voice,  gram,  that  voice  which  has  as  its 
proper  function  to  express  that  the  sub- 
ject does  something  to  or  for  himself.— n. 
The  point  or  part  equally  distant  from  the 

•  extremities;  an  intervening  point  or  part 
in  space,  time,  or  order;  something  inter- 
mediate; a  mean.— Middle-aged,  a.  Being 
about  the  middle  of  the  ordinary  age  of 
man.— Middle-class,  n.  The  class  of  people 


chicAain;     cA,  Sc.  locA;     S,go;     itjob;     xt,Fr.  ton;     ngyting;     79,  (Aes;  th,  (Aia;     w,t(4g;    wh,  icAig;    zh,  asure. 


MIDGE 


430 


MILL 


holding  a  social  position  between  mechan- 
ics and  the  aristocracy.— a.  Of  or  relating 
to  the  middle-classes.  —  Middle-earth,  n. 
The  world,  regarded  as  placed  midway  be- 
tween heaven  and  hell.  —  Middle-ground, 
n.  The  part  of  a  picture  between  the 
foreground  and  the  background. — Middle- 
man, n.  An  agent  or  intermediary  be- 
tween two  parties;  one  who  hires  land  in 
large  tracts,  and  lets  it  again  in  smaller 
portions. — Middlemost,  mid'1-most,  a. 
Being  in  the  middle,  or  nearest  the  middle 
of  a  number  of  things  that  are  near  the 
middle.— Middle-sized,  a.  Being  of  mid- 
dle or  average  size.— Middle-tint,  n.  Paint- 
ing, a  tint  in  which  bright  colours  do  not 
predominate.— Middling,  mid'ling,  a.  Of 
middle  state,  size,  or  quality;  moderate; 
mediocre.  —  Middlingly,  mid'Iing-li,  adv. 
Passably;  indifferently. — Middlings,  mid'- 
lingz,  n.  pi.  The  coarser  part  of  flour,  in- 
terniediate  between  fine  flour  and  bran. 

Midge,  mij,  n.  [A.  Sax.  micge,  a  midga= 
D.  vtug,  Dan.  myg,  G.  miicke;  allied  to  Gr. 
i7iyia,  a  fly.]  The  common  name  of  nu- 
merous minute  species  of  gnats  or  flies. — 

'  Midget,  mij'et,  n.  [Dim.  of  midge.]  A 
very  small  creature. 

Midriff,  mid'rif,n.  [A.  Sax.  midhrif—mid, 
and  hrif,  the  belly.]  The  diaphragm;  the 
respiratory  muscle  dividing  the  cavity  of 
the  thorax  from  that  of  the  abdomen. 

Midst,  midst,  n.  [From  old  iniddes  (with 
t  appended,  as  in  against,  amongst),  the 
genit.of-miii, middle,  afterwards  converted 
into  a  noun.]  The  middle.— /n  the  midst, 
among;  involved  in;  in  the  thickest  part, 
or  in  the  depths  of  (in  the  midst  of  stfflic- 
tions).  —  In  our,  your,  their  midat,_in.  the 
midst  of  us,  &c.;  in  the  country  commu- 
nity, or  society,  in  which  we,  you,  they, 
live. — prep.  Poetically  used  for  Amidst. 

Midwife,  mid'wif,  w.  [From  O.B.  and  A. 
Sax.  mid,  with,  together  with  (6.  mit), 
and  tw/e;  comp.  Sp.  and  Pg.  eomadre,  a 
midwife,  (!0=L.  eum,  with,  and  madre,  a 
mother.J  A  woman  that  assists  other 
women  in  child-birth;  a  female  practition- 
er of  the  obstetric  art.— Midwifery,  mid'- 
wif-ri,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  a  mid- 
wife; obstetrics. — Midwifiah,  mid'wif-ish, 
a.    Pertaining  to  a  midwife. 

Mien,  m6n,  n.  [Fr.  mine,  air,  mien;  It. 
mina,  course,  behaviour,  L.L.  minare,  to 
lead,  conduct,  properly  to  drive  with 
threats,  from  L.  ■min.a,  a  threat.  Menace. 
Or  from  Arm.  min,  face.]  External  air  or 
manner  of  a  person;  look;  bearing;  ap- 
pearance; carriage. 

Miff,  mif,  n.  [Comp.  Prov.  G.  mvff,  sullen- 
ness.]    A  slight  quarrel.    [CoUoq.] 

Ml^ht,  mit,  n.  [A,  Sax.  miht,  also  m^dht, 
might,  from  stem  of  may,  to  be  able;  D. 
Sw.  and  Dan.  magt,  G.  niacht,  might. 
May.]  Strength;  force;  power;  often 
bodily  strength  or  physical  power;  but 
also  mental  power;  power  of  will;  political 
power. —  With  might  and  main,  with  the 
utmost  strength  or  bodily  exertion. — 
Mightfnl,  mit'ful,  a.  Mighty;  powerful. 
[Poet.]  —  Mightily,  mit'i-li,  adv.  Power- 
fully: vehemently;  greatly;  highly. — 
MlgatinesB,  mit'i-nes,  n.  State  or  attri- 
bute of  being  mighty:  also,  with  posses- 
sives,  a  title  of  dignity.— Mighty,  mit'i,  a. 
[A.  Sax.  mifitig.]  Having  great  power  or 
dominion;  strong;  powerful :  often  an  epi- 
thet of  honour  (most  mighty  prince);  very 
great;  vast;  eminent  in  intellect  or  acquire- 
ments; displaying  great  power;  performed 
with  great  power  (mij;fefy  works). — adv.  In 
a  great  degree;  very  (mighty  wise;  mighty 
thoughtful).    [Colloq.] 

Might,  mit,  past  tense  of  may. 

Mignonette,  min'yon-et,  n.  [Fr.  mignon- 
nette,  a  dim.  of  mignon,  darling.  Minion.] 
An  annual  plant,  a  native  of  Egypt,  but 
universally  cultivated  in  gardens  on  ac- 
count of  the  sweet  scent  of  its  flowers. 

Migrate ,mi'gra,t,  v.i. — migrated,  migrating. 
[L.  migro,  migratum,  to  migrate;  seen  also 
in  emigrate,  immigrate,  transmigration.] 
To  remove  from  one  place  of  residence  to 
another  at  a  distance,  especially  from  one 
country  to  another.— Migrant,  mi'gi-ant, 
a.  Migratory. — n.  One  who  migrates;  a 
migratory  bird  or  other  animal.— Migra- 
tion, mi-gr&'sbon,  n.   tl".  migraiio.l    The 


act  of  migrating;  zool.  transit  of  a  species 
of  animals  from  one  locality  or  latitude  to 
another.  —  Migratory,  mi'gra-to-ri,  a. 
Given  to  migration;  migrating  at  certain 
seasons  (as  birds);  roving  or  wandering  in 
one's  mode  of  life;  unsettled. 

Mikado,  mi-ka'do,  n.  [Japanese,  lit.  the 
Venerable.]  The  emperor  of  Japan,  the 
spiritual  as  well  as  temporal  head  of  the 
empire. 

Milanese,  mil-an-ez'.  n.  sing,  and  pi.  A 
citizen  or  citizens  of  Milan.— a.  Of  or  he- 
longing  to  Milan  or  the  people  of  Milan. 

Mllcn,  milsh,  a.  [A.  Sax.  urnlc,  milch,  giv- 
ing milk;  comp.  L.G.  m.ellce,  Icel.  miller, 
G.  Tnelk,  milch,  but  L.G.  m£,lk,  Icel.  mjdlk, 
G.  milch,  milk.  Milk.]  Giving  milk;  ap- 
pliedonly  to  beasts  (a  milch  cow). 

Mild,  mild,  a.  [A.  Sax.  miZde=D.  Dan- 
Sw.  and  G.  mild,  Icel;  mildr,  Goth.  mUds; 
from  a  root  meaning  to  grind  or  crush, 
and  hence  allied  to  msllow,  meal,  mxiuld, 
L.  m^ollis,  soft  (whence  molkfy).]  Tender 
and  gentle  in  temper  or  disposition;  not 
severe  or  cruel;  not  fierce,  rough,  or  angry; 
placid;  not  stem;  not  frowning;  gently  and 
pleasantly  aflTeoting  the  senses;  not  vio- 
lent; soft;  bland;  gentle  (a  mild  tempera- 

.ture);  not  acrid,  pungent,  corrosive,  or 
drastic;  moderately  sweet  or  pleasant  to 
the  taste  (mild  fruit).  —  Milden,  mil'den, 
v.t.  To  render  mild;  to  soften;  to  make 
less  severe,  stringent,  oi:  intense. — v.i.  To 
become  mild:  to  soften. — Mildly,  mild'li, 
adv.  In  a  mild  manner.  —Mildness,  mild'- 
ries,n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  mild; 
gentleness;  softness;  clemency;  blandness. 

Mildew, mirdO,m.  [A. Sax. yniXdedw, mele- 
dedw;  O.H.G.  militou,  G.  mehlthau;  pro- 
bably =' honey-dew; 'comp.  Jj.mel,  honey.] 
Decay  produced  in  living  and  dead  vege- 
table matter,  and  in  some  manufactured 
products  of  vegetable  matter,  by  very 
minute  parasitical  fun^i;  a  sort  of  blight; 
the  minute  fungi  causing  this  condition. 
— v.t.  To  affect  with  nlildew.— /u.i:  To  be- 
come affected  with  mildew.  —  MUdewy, 
mildu-ijffl.  Abounding  in  mildew;  mouldy; 

■  resembling  mildew. 

MUe,  mil,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mil,  like  D.  .mijl, 
Dan.  miil,  G.  m^ile,  a  mile,  from  L.  mille, 
a  thousand,  used  shortly  for  mille  passus 
(or  pasauttm),  a  thousand  paces,  a  Roman 
mile.  Akin  million,  milliard,  &c.]  A  mea- 
sure of  length  or  distance,  used  as  an 
itinerary  measure  in  almost  all  countries 
of  Europe;  the  English  statute  mile  being 
1760  yards  or  5280  feet;  the  ancient  Scottish 
mile,  1984  yards;. the  Irish  mile,  2240  yards; 
the  German  mile,  6'75'i.— Geographical  or 
nautical  mile,  the  sixtieth  part  of  a  degree 
of  latitude,  or  6079  feet  nearly.— Mileage, 
mil'aj,  n.  A  fee  or  allowance  paid  for 
travel  by  the.mile;  the  aggregate  of  iniles 
in  a  railway,  canal,  &c.;  aggregate  of  miles 
gone  over  by  vehicles  such  as  those  of  a 
railway,  tramway,  &c.  —  Milestone,  mil'- 
stSn,  n.  A  stone  or  post  set  up  on  the  side 
of  a  road  or  highway  to  mark  the  miles. 

Milesian,  mi-l6'zhi-an,  n.  A  native  of  Ire- 
land, whose  inhabitants,  according  to 
Irish  legend,  are  descended  from  ililesius, 
a  King  of  Spain.  —  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
ancient  Irish  race. 

Milesian,  mi-l6'zhi-an,  n.  A  native  or  in- 
habitant of  the  ancient  city  of  Miletus,  in 
Asia  Minor.— a.  Pertaining  to  Miletus  or 
the  inhabitants  of  Miletus. 

Milfoil,  mil'foij, ».  [Fr.  mine-feuille,  from 
L.  •  Tnillefolium,  lit.  thousand-lealj  A 
common  plant  in  Britain  with  finely 
divided  leaves,  and  small,  white,  or  some- 
times rose-coloured  flowers;  yarrow. 

Miliary,,  mil'i-a-ri,  a.  [L.  miliarius,  from 
milium,  raillet.]  Resembling  millet-seeds; 
accompanied  with  an  eruption  like  millet- 
seeds  (a  miliary  fever). 

MllloUte,  mil'i-o-lit,  n.  [From  L.  milium, 
millet,  from  resembling  a  millet-seed.] 
The  fossil  shell  of  a  minute  foraminifer 
whose  remains  form  almost  the  sole  con- 
stituent of  the  limestone  of  the  Paris  basin. 
— Mlliolltic,  mil'l-o-lifik,  a.  Composed 
of  or  relating  to  miliolites. 

Militant,  mil'i-tant,  a.  [L.  militans,  miZt- 
tantis,  ppr;  of  wiiZito,  to  fight,  from  miles, 
militis,  a  soldier;  perhaps  connected  with 
iniUe,  a  thousar.d.]    Fighting;  perving  ag 


a  soldier. — Church  militant,  the  Christian 
church  on  earth,  which  is  supposed  to  be 
engaged  in  constant  warfare  and  struggle: 
as  distinguished  from  the  church  trium- 
p/iani.oriuheaven.- Militantly.mil'i-tant- 
ii,  adv.  In  a  militant  or  warlike  manner. 
— MUltancy, mil'i-tan-si,  n.  Warfare;mili- 
tarism.— Militarily,  mil'i-ta-ri-li,  adv.  la 
a  military  or  soldierly  manner.— Milita- 
rizm,  mil'i-ta-rizm,  n.  [Fr.  miliiarisme.i 
The  system  that  leads  a  nation  to  pay  ex- 
cessive attention  to  military  affairs;  the 
keeping  up  of  great,  armies. — Militarist, 
mil'i-ta-rist,  n.  A  military  man;  one  pro- 
ficient in  the  art  of  war  (Shak.j;  one  in 
favour  of  militarism;  one  who  favours  a 
warlilre  policy. — Military,  mil'i-ta-ri,  a. 
[L.  Tnilitaris.]  Pertaining  to  soldiers  or 
the  profession  of  a  soldier;  becoming  the 
profession  of  a  soldier;  pertaining  to  war; 
warlike";  martial.  —  Military  tenure,  a 
tenure  of  land  on  condition  of  performing 
military  service. — Militairy  law,  martial 
law.  Martial. — Military  offences,  matters 
which  are  cognizable  by  the  courts-mar- 
tial. —  TO.  A  collective  name  of  soldiers 
generally;  soldiery;  the  army  .-^Militate, 
mil'i-tat,  v.i.  [L.  m/llito,  militatuin,  to 
fight.]  To  stand  opposed;  to  have  weight 
or  influence  on  the  opposite  side:  said  of 
arguments,  considerations,  &c.,  and  fol- 
lowed by  against  (another  fact  militated 
against  that  theory).- Militia,  mi-lish'a,  to. 
[L.,  military  service,  soldiery.]  A  body  of 
men  enrolled  and  trained  as  military  for 
the  defence  of  a  country,  but  not  per- 
manently organized  in  time  of  peace,  or,  in 
general,  liable  to  sen'e  out  of  the  country 
in  timeof  war.— Mllltla-man.TO.  One  who 

■  belongs  to  the  militia. 

Milk,  milk,  TO.  [A.  Sax.  meolc,  mile,  milk= 
D.  Dan.  and  L.G.  melk,  Icel.  mjdlk,  Sw. 
mjolk,  Goth,  milulcs,  G.  milch,  milk;  also 
Rus.  moloko,  Pol.  and  Bohem.-mZefco,  milk; 
root  also  in  L.  mulgeo,  Gr.  amelgo,  to  raHk.] 
A  whitish  fluid  secreted  by  the. mammary 
glands  of  females  of  the  class  Mammalia, 
including  the  human  species,  and  drawn 
from  the  breasts  for  the  nourishment  of 
their  young;,  the  white  juice  of  certain 
plants;  an  emulsion  of  which  juice  ex- 
pressed from  seeds  is  one  of  the  constit- 
uents (the  milk  of  almonds). — v.t  To  draw 
milk  from  the  breasts  or-  udder  of  by  the 
hand  (to  milk  a  cow).— Milk-and-water,  a^ 
Tasteless;  insipid;  characterless;  wishy- 
washy.  [Colloq.]— Milker,  milk'6r,  TO.  One 
who  or  that  which  milks;  a  cow  or  other 
animal  giving  milk.  —  Milk-fever,  n.  A 
fever  which  sometimes  accompanies  the 
first  secretion  of  milk  in  females  after 
child-birth.— Milkily,  milk'i-li,  adv.  In  a 
milky  manner.— Milklness,  inilk'i-nes,  n. 
State  of  being  milky;  qualities  like  those' 
of  milk. —Milk-livered,  a.  Cowardly; 
timorous.  [S/iaA:.]— Milkmaid,  milk'mad, 
TO.  A  woman  that  milks  or  is  employed  in 
the  dairy.  —  Milkman,  milk'man,  to.  A 
man  that  sells  milk  or  carries  milk  to 
market.— Milk-punch,  n.  A  drink  made 
by  mixing  milk  with  spirits  and  sweeten- 
ing it.— Mllk-quaxtz,TO.  A  variety  of  quartz 
of  a  milk-white  colour. — Milk-sickness,  to. 
A  malignant  disease  which  affects  certain 
kinds  of  farm  stock  in  America. — Milksop, 
milk'sop,  TO.  A  piece  of  bread  sopped  in 
milk;  a  soft,  effeminate,  feeble-minded 
man ;  one  devoid  of  manliness.  —  Mllk- 
eogar,  n.  Lactine.  —  Mllk-thrush,  to. 
Aphthje. — Blilk-tooth,  n.  Onoiof  the  first 
set  of  teeth  in  children  or  young  animals. 
-Milk-tree, «.  The  cow-tree.- Milk-walk, 
TO."  The  district  of  a  city  or  town  served 
by  a  milkman.^Milkwhite,  milk'whit,  a. 
White  as  milk. — Milky,  milk'i,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to,  resembling,  or  containing  milk; 
yielding  milk;  soft;  timorous  (^Aai.). — 
Milky-way,  TO.    Galaxy. 

Mill,  mil,  n.  [L.  mille,  a  thousand.]  .A 
money  of  account  of  the  United  States, 
value  the  thousandth  of  a  dollar,  equal  to 
about  -^-d.  sterling. 

Mill,  mil,  n^  [O.E.  mUn,  A.  Sax.  mylen, 
myln,  from  L.  molina,  a  mill,  from  mota; 
a  mill  or  millstone,  from  m^lo,  to  grinds 
root  same  as  in  meal,  mould,  &c.]  A  ma- 
chine for  grinding  and  reducing  to  fine 
I)p.rticlf-3  grain,  fruit,  or  other  substance; 


HFate,  far,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  bdr,     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tttbe,  tub,  b\ill;     oil,  povind;    Jl,  Sc._abtffl«::;the  Hr jt. 


MILLENARIAN 


431 


MINE 


applied  also  tojnaiiy  machines  for  grind- 
ing or  polishing  by  circular,  motion,  or  to 
complicated  machinery  for  working  up 
raw  material,  &c. ;  the  building  where 
grinding  or  some  process  of  manufactur- 
uig  is  carried  on;  calico-printing,  a  copper 
prmting  cylinder;  a  pugilistic  contest;  a 
fight  with  the  fists  (slang).— v.<.  To  grind 
in  a  mill;  to  pa!^s  through  a  mill;  to  stamp 
in  a  coining-press;  especially  to  stamp  so  as 
to  make  a  transversely  grooved  edge  round; 
to  throw,  as  silk ;  to  full,  as  cloth.— Mill- 
'board,7i.  A  stout  kind  of  pasteboard  made 
in  a  paper-mill.— Mill-dam,  n.  A  dam  cross- 
ing a  water-course  and  raising  the  water  to 
a  height  sufficient  to  turn  a  mill-wheel;  in 
Scotland,  a  mill-pond.— Milled,  mild,  p. 
and  a.  Having  undergone  the  operation 
of  a  mill ;  having  the  edge  transversely 
grooved,  as  a  shilling  or  the  head  of  a 
screw  that  is  to  be  turned  bj  the  fingers; 
fulled,  as  cloth.— Milling,  mil'ing,  n.  The 
process  of  passing  through  a  mill;  the 
grooves  on  the  edge  of  a  coin. — Miller,  mil'- 
6r,  n.  One  who  keeps  or  attends  a  mill,  espe- 
cially a  flour-mill.- Miller's-thumb,  n.  A 
small  fish  found  in  streams;  the  bull-head. 
—Mill-hand,  n.  A  workman  employed  in  a 
mill.— Mill-pond,  Mill-pool,  n.  A  pond  or 
reservoir  of  water  for  driving  a  mill- 
wheel.— Mill-race,  n.  The  stream  of  water 
that  drives  a  mill-wheel,  or  the  channei  in 
which  it  runs.— Mill-spindle,  n.  The  ver- 
tical shaft  by  which  the  revolving  mill- 
stone is  supported.— Millstone,  mil'ston,  n. 
One  of  the  stones  for  grinding  the  grain 
in  a  mill;  -stone  or  rock  from  which  such 
stones  are  vna,de.—Millgl07te  grit,  a  siliceous 
conglomerate  rock  used  for  millstones, 
building,  &c.,  forming  one  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  carboniferous  group  of  strata 
underlying  the  true  coal-measures. —  To 
see  into  or  through  a  millstone.,  to  see  with 
acuteness  or  to  penetrate  into  abstruse 
subjects.  —  Mill-tail,  n.  The  current  of 
water  leaving  a  mill-wheel  after  turning 
it.— Mill-wheel,  n.  A  wheel  used  to  drive 
a  mill:  a  water-wheel.— Mill-work,  n.  The 
machinery  of  mills.  —  Mill-wright,  n.  A 
mechanic  or  wright  whose  occupation  it  is 
to  construct  the  machinery  of  mills. 

Millenarian,  nul-le-na'ri-an,  a.  [L.  mille- 
narius,  containing  a  thousand,  from  mille, 
a  thousand.  Mile.]  Consisting  of  a  thou- 
sand; especially  consisting  of  a  thousand 
Sears;  pertaining  to  the  millennium.— 
[illenarian,  MillennarUn,  mil-le-na'ri- 
an,  n.  One  who  believes  m  the  millen- 
nium. —  Millenarianism,  MlUennialism, 
Millenniarism,  mil-le-na' ri-an-izm,  mil- 
len'i-al-izm,  mil-len'i-ar-izm,  n.  The  doc- 
trine of  millenarians.— Millenary,  mil'le- 
na-ri,  a.  Consisting  of  a  thousand.— n.  The 
space  of  a  thousand  years;  one  who  expects 
the  millennium.— Millennial,  mil-len'i-al, 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  millennium,  or  to  a 
thousand  years.- Millennialist,  mil-len'i- 
al-ist,  n.  A  millenarian.  —  Millennium, 
mil-'len'i-um,n.  Ih.  mille,  a  thousand,  and 
annus,  year.]  An  aggregate  of  a  thousand 
years ;  the  thousand  years  mentioned  in 
Rev.  XX.  1-5,  during  which  millenarians 
believe  Christ  will  reign  ou  earth  with 
his  saints. 

Milleped,  Mllliped,  mil'le-ped,  mil'li-ped, 
n.  [L.  mille,  a  thousand,  and  pes.  pedis,  a 
foot.]  A  name  common  to  worm-like  arti- 
culated animals  from  the  number  of  their 
feet;  a  myriapod. 

MlUepore,  mil'le-por,  n.  [L.  mille,  a  thou- 
sand^ and  porus,  a  pore.}  One  of  the  reef- 
building  corals,  so  named  from  their  nu- 
merous minute  cells  or  pores. 

liUUeglmal,  mil-les'i-mal.a.  [h.millenrmig, 
from  mille,  a  thousand.]    Thousandth. 

Millet,  iniL'et,'  n.  [Fr.  millet,  dim.  of  fnil, 
from  L.  milium,  millet;  from  root  mean- 
ing to  grind  as- in  mill.^  A  common  name 
for  various  species  of  small  grain  culti-- 
vated  largely  in  many  parts  of  Europe, 
Asia,  and  Africa  as  food  for  men ;  an  ele- 
gant British^  woodland  grass.  —  Millet- 
beer,  n.  ^eer  from  millet  seed. 

Milliard,  mil-yard' ,n.  [  Fr.]  A  thousand  mil- 
lions; thus  a  milliard  of  francs=£40,000,000 
sterling.  —  Milller,  mSl-yS,  n.  [Fr.]  A 
weight  eijual  to  a  thousand  kilometres,  or 
2205  lbs.— Milligrainme,mil'i-gram,n.  tFr.] 


The  thousandth  part  of  a  gramme;  equal 
to  a  cubic  millimetre  of  water  or  '0154  of 
an  English  grain.— Millilttre,  mil-i-l5'tr, 
n.  {Fr.]  A  measure  of  capacity  contain- 
ing the  thousandth  part  of  a  litre,  equal 
to  'Oeioa  cubic  inch.  —  Millimetre,  mil-i- 
ma'tr,  n.  [He.]  A  lineal  measure  con- 
taining the  thousandth  part  of  a  metre; 
equal  to  '03937  of  an  inch. 

Miliiary,  mil'i-a-ri,  o.  [L.  milliarivg,  from 
mille,  a  thousand.]  Pertaining  to  the 
ancient  Roman  mile  of  a  thousand  paces 
or  five  thousand  feet;  denoting  a  mile. 

Milliner,  mil'i-ner,  n.  [Supposed  to  be  for 
Milaner,  from  Milan,  in  Italy,  famous  for 
its  silks  and  ribbons.]  A  person,  now 
usually  a  woman,  who  makes  and  sells 
head-dreSses,'  hats,  or  bonnets,  &c.,  for 
females.  —  Millinery,  mil'i-nSr-i,  n.  The 
business  or  occupation  of  a  milliner;  the 
articles  made  or  sold  by  milliners. 

Million,  mil'yon,  n.  [Fr.  million,  from  L. 
mille,  a  thousand.  Mile.]  Tke  number 
of  ten  hundred  thousand,  or  a  thousand 
thousand;  with  the  definite  article,  the 
great  body  of  the  people:  the  multitude; 
the  public;  the  masses.— Millionaire,  Mil- 
lionnaire,miryon-ar,n.  [VT.millionnaire.'i 
A  man  worth  a  million  of  money;  a  man 
of  great  wealth.— Millionary,  mil'yon-a-ri, 
a.  Pertaining  to  millions;  consisting  of 
millions.  —  Millionth,  mil'yonth,  a.  Ten 
hundred  thousandth;  constituting  one  of  a 
million.^^.  One  of  a  million  parts;  a  ten 
hundred  thousandth  part. 

Milreia,  mil'res,  n.  [Pg.  mil,  a  thousand, 
and  reis,  pi.  of  real,  a  small  denomination 
of  money.]  A  Portuguese  coin  worth 
about  48.  4\d.  Called  also  corruptly  Mii- 
rea,  Milree. 

Milt,  milt,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mUte,  Ban.  milt, 
Icel.  milti,  G.  miU,  the  spleen;  1).  milt, 
the  spleen,  the  milt  of  fishes;  same  root  as 
melt;  applied  to  the  milt  of  fishes  from 
the  resemblance  of  the  word  to  milk,  and 
from  the  milky  appearance  pt  the  milt.l 
The  spleen  of  an  animal;  the  soft  roe  of 
fishes,  or  the  spermatic  organ  of  the  males. 
— MUter,  milt'er,  n.  [D.  miUer.'i  A  male 
fish,  or  one  having  a  milt. 

Mlltonic,  mil-ton'ik,  a.  Relating  ia  Milton 
or  his  poetry.       * 

Milvine,  mil'vin,  a.  [L.  milvus,  a  kite.] 
Belonging  to  or  resembling  birds  of  the 
kite  family. 

Mime,  mim,  n.  [L.  mimtia,  from  6r.  mimas, 
an  actor,  a  mime.]  A  species  of  ancient 
dramatic  entertainment  m  which  gestures 
and  mimicry  predominated;  an  actor  in 
such  performances.  —  Mimesis,  mi-me'sis, 
n.  [Gr.]  fiAet.  imitation  of  the  voice  or 
gestures  of  another;  nat:  hist,  same  as 
JtfimicTi/.- Mimetic,  mi-met'ik,  o.  Apt  to 
imitate;  given  to  aping  or  mimicry;  nat. 
hist,  characterized  by  mimicry.  —  Mimet- 
Ism,  mi'met-izm,  n.  Mimicry,  as  among 
certain  insects.— Mimic,  Mimical,  mim'ik, 
mim'i-kal,  a.  [L.  mimicus,  6r.  mimikos.) 
Imitative;  inclined  to  imitate  or  ape;  imi- 
tating j  consisting  of  imitation;  made  in 
imitsAion  [mimic  gestures). — n.  One  who 
imitates  or  immics;  one  who  attempts  to 
excite  laughter  or  derision  by  acting  or 

'  speaking  in  the  manner  of  another.— i;.t. 
-^mimicked,  mimicking.  To  imitate  or  ape, 
especially  for  sport;  to  lidicule  by  imita- 
tion; to  act  or  speak  like  intentionally.— 
Mlmlcally,  mim'i-kal-li,ady.  In  a  mimic 
or  imitative  manner. — Mlmicalness,  mim'- 
i-kal-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  mimical. 
—Mimlcker,  mim'ik-6r,  n.  One  who 
mimics.  —  Mimicry,  mim'ik-ri,  n.  Imita- 
tion,often  ludicrous  imitation  for  sport  or 
ridicule;  nat.  hist,  the  name  given  to  that 
phenomenon  which  consists  in  certain 
plants  and  animals  exhibiting  a  wonder- 
ful resemblance  to  certain  other  plants  or 
animals,  or  to  the  natural  objects  in  the 
midst  of  which  they  live,  this  resemblance 
serving  as  a  means  of  protection. 

Mimination,  mi-m9.'shpn,  n.  Philol.  a  fre- 
quent and  characteristic  use  of  the  letter 
m. 

Mimographer,  mim-og'ra-fSr,  n.  [Gr.  mi- 
mos,  a  mime,  and  graplUi,  to  wnte.J  A 
writer  of  mimes  or  farces. 

Mimosa,  mi-mS'sa,  n.  [From  Gr.  mimas,  a 
mimic,  from  their  sensitive  leaves.]    A 


genus  of  plants,  some  of  which  are  remark- 
able for  the  irritability  of  their  leaves, 
hence  the  name  sensittve-plants. 

Mina,  mi'na,  n.  Among  the  Greeks,  a 
weight  of  100  drachm<E;  also,  a  piece  of 
money  valued  at  100  drachmae. 

Minacious,  mi-na'shus,  a.  [L.  minax,  min- 
acis, threatening.  Menace.]  Threatening; 
menacing.— Minacity.t  m.i-nas'i-ti,n.  Dis- 
position to  threateji. 

Minaret,  min's^ret,  n.  [Fr.  minaret,  Sp. 
minarete,  from  Ar.  menAra,  a  lighthouse, 
a  minaret,  from  ndr,  to  shine.]  A  slender 
lofty  turret  rising  by  different  stages  or 
stories,  surrounded  by  one  or  morei  pro- 
jecting balconies,  commoij  in  mosques  in 
Mohammedan  countries,  and  used  for 
summoning  the  people  to  prayers. 

Minatory,  min'a-to-ri,  a.  [L.  minatoHva, 
from  minator,  a  threaiener,  mina,  a  threat. 
Menace.]  Threatening;  menacing. — Mln- 
atorily,  min'a-to-ri-li,  adv.  In  a  minatory 
manner. 

Mince,  min8,t;.<. — minced,  mincing.  [A.Sax. 
minstan,  from  min;  small;  also  O.Fr.  min- 
cer, from  m,ince,  fine,  small;  root  same  as 
that  of  minor,  m,inister.]  To  cut  or  chop 
into  very  small  pieces  (to  mince  meat);  to 
diminish  in  speaking;  to  extenuate;  to 
palliate  (to  mince  the  matter,  to  mince 
matters) ;  to  pronounce  with  afiected  ele- 
gance; not  to  utter  the  full  sound  of.— 
v.i.  To  walk  with  short  steps;  to  affect 
delicacy  in  manner;  to  speak  with  affected 
elegance.  —  Mince-meat,  Minced-meat,  n. 
Meat  chopped  small.— Mince-ple,  Minced- 
pie,  n.  A  pie  made  with  minced  meat  and 
other  ingredients,  baked  in  paste.  —  Min- 
cer, mins'er,  n.  One  who  minces;  a  de- 
tractor. —  Mincing,  mins'ing,  p.  and  a. 
Speaking  or  walking  affectedly;  affectedly 
elegant.  —  Mincingly,  mins'ing-li,  adv. 
With  a  mincing  manner. 

Mind,  mind,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mynd,  gemynd, 
mind,  thought,  intention;  Dan.  minde, 
Icel.  minni,  memory;  from  root  Tnan,  to 
think,  seen  also  in  mean,  to  intend;  L. 
»i€ns,  mentis,  mind  (whence  mental);  Gr. 
menos,  mind.  Man,  Mean.]  The  intellec- 
tual power  in  man^  the  understanding 
(not  in  one's  right  mtnd);  cast  of  thought 
and  feeling;  opinion  (of  the  same  mind) ; 
intention ;  purpose ;  memor.y ;  remem- 
brance (to  call  to  mind,  to  keep  in  mind). 
— To  he  in  two  minds  about  a  thing,  to  be 

■  in  doubt. — v.t.  To  attend  to ;  to'  fix»the 
thoughts  on;  to  heed;  to  notice;  to  pay 
attention  to;  to  attend  with  submission; 
to  obey.— Minded,  min'ded,  a.  Disposed ; 
inclined;  havingamind,as  in  high-wiinde(i, 
low-minded.— Mlndedness,  min'ded-nes,  n. 
Disposition;  inclination:  in  composition 
(heavenly-windednes*).— Minder,  min'dfer, 
n.  One  who  minds. — Mindful,  miud'ful,  a. 
Attentive;  bearing  ih  mind;  heedful. — 
Mindfully,  mind'ful-li,  adv.  Attentively; 
heedfuUy.— Mindfulness,  mind'f\il-ne8-,  n. 
Attention.— Mindless,  mind'les,  a.  Desti- 
tute of  mind:  stupid;  u'nthiilking;  inat- 
tentive; heedless;  carelesst  with  of. 

Mine,  min,  pronominal  adjective.  [A.  Sax. 
min,  genii,  or  adj.  corresponding  to  we= 
Dan.  and  Sw.  min,  Icel.minn,  Goth,  meina, 
D.  mijn,.(jr.  mein.  My  is  a,  shortened  form. 
Comp.  fhy,  thine.l  My;  belonging  to  me: 
once  regularly  used  before  nouns  begin- 
ning with  a  vowel,  now  generally  used 
Similarly  to  Giine,  hers,  owra,  yours,  theirs, 
as  equivalent  to  my  followed  by  a  noun, 
and  serving  either  for  a  nominative  or  an 
objective.  , 

Mine,  min, ».  [Fr.  mine,  a  mine,  miner,  to 
form  a  mine,  from  L.  minare,  to  drive,  to 
conduct,  originally  to  drive  (animals)  with 
threats,  from  mina,  a  threat.  Menace.] 
A  pit  or  excavation  in  the  earth,  from 
which  coal,  metallic  ores,  or  other  min- 
eral substances  are  taken  by  digging; 
mint,  an  underground  gallery  or  passage 
dug  under  a  fortification,  in  Which  a  quan- 
tity of  powder  or  other  explosive  may  be 
lodged  for  blowing  up  the  works;  JJcr.  a 
rich  source  or  store  of  wealth  or  anjrthing 
highly  valued.— v.i.— min«d,  -mining.  To 
dig  a  mine;  to  burrow.— w.*.  To  dig  away 
thefoundation  from;  to  undermine;  to  sap. 
—Mining,  min'ing,  p.  and  o.  Of  burrow- 
ing habits;  insidious.  —  Miner,  min'er,  n. 


ch,  chain;     cA,  Sc.  locft;     g.yo;     j,;ob;     ii,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  siny;     ra,  «Aen;  th,  <Ain;  jjw,  i«g;^a»J*hj^wMg|,  _^iWur«4. 


MINERAL 


432 


MINUTE 


One  who  mines;  one  who  di^  or  works  in 
a  mine  for  metals  or  other  minerals. 

Mineral,  min'er-al,  n.  [Fr.  viindral,  from 
miner,  to  mine.  AIine.]  Any  ingredient 
in  the  earth's  crust;  an  inorganic  body 
with  a  definite  chemical  composition,  and 
which  naturally  exists  within  the  earth 
or  at  its  surface. — a.  Pertaining  to  min- 
erals; consisting  of  minerals;  impregnated 
with  minerals  or  mineral  matter  {viineral 
waters). — Mineral  acids,  a  name  given  to 
sulphuric,  nitric,  and  hydrochloric  acids. 
— Slineral  caoutchouc,  a  variety  of  bitu- 
men, much  resembling  india-rubber  in  its 
softness  and  elasticity. — Mineral  charcoal, 
a  fibrous  variety  of  non-bituminous  min- 
eral coal.  —  Mineral  green,  carbonate  of 
copper.  —  Mineral  kingdom,  that  grand 
division  of  natural  objects  which  includes 
all  minerals,  and  of  which  mineralogy  is 
the  science. — Mineral  oii.  Petboleum.— 
Mineral  pitch,  a  solid  softish  bitumen. — 
Miiieral  tar,  bitumen  of  a  tarry  consis- 
tence.— Mineral  waters,  a  term  applied  to 
certain  waters,  either  naturally  or  artifi- 
ciality impregnated  with  gases,  carbonates, 
sulpnates,  iron,  &c. — Mineral  wax,  ozocer- 
ite. —  Mineralist,  min'er-al-ist,  n.  One 
skilled  in  or  concerned  about  minerals. — 
Mineralization,  min'er-al-i-za"shon,»i.  The 
act  or  process  of  mineralizing;  the  process 
of  being  converted  into  a  mineral. — Min- 
eralize, min'fer-al-iz,«-<. — mineralized,  min- 
eralizing. To  convert  into  a  mineiul;  to 
impregnate  with  mineral  substance. — 
Elineralizer,  min'6r-al-iz-6r,ji.  A  substance 
or  agent  that  mineralizes.— Mineralogy, 
niin-6r-al'o-ji,  n.  The  science  which 
treats  of  the  properties  of  mineral  sub- 
stances, and  teaches  us  to  characterize, 
distinguish,  and  classify  them  according 
to  their  properties.— Mineralogic,  Miner- 
aloglcal,  min'er-a-loj"ik,  min'6r-a-loj"i-kal, 
a.  Pertaining  to  mineralogy.  —  Minerar- 
logically,  min'er-a-loj"i-kal-li,  adv.  Ac- 
cording to  tho  principles  of  mineralogy. — 
Mineralogist,  min-6r-al'o-jist,  n.  One 
versed  in  the  science  of  minerals.— Minei-- 
alogize,  min'tr-al-o-jiz,  v.i.  To  collect 
mineralogical  specimens;  to  study  miner- 
alogy. 

Minerva,  mi-nfer'va,  n.  [li.,  from  root  of 
mens,  mind.  Mind,  Mental.]  One  of  the 
cliief  diviaities  of  the  Romans,  a  daughter 
of  Jupiter;  in  later  times  identified  with 
the  Greek  goddess  Athene,  the  goddess  of 
wisdom,  of  v/ar,  and  of  the  liberal  arts. 

Minever,  min'e-ver,  n.    Miniver. 

Mingle,  ming'gl,  v.t  —  mingled,  mingling. 
[From  A.  Sax.  mengan,  to  mix,  with  freq. 
term,  -le;  D.  metigen,  mengelen,  G.  mengen, 
mengeln,  Icel.wensra,  to  mingle;  G.menge, 
multitude;  akin  among,  mongrel.]  To  mix 
up  together  so  as  to  form  one  whole;  to 
blend;  to  join  in  mutual  intercourse  or  in 
society;  to  debase  by  mixture.— w.i.  To  be- 
com^mixed;  to  become  united  in  the  same 
whole;  to  join  (to  mingle  with  or  in  a 
crowd).  —  Mlngledly,  ming'gld-li,  adv. 
Confusedly.- Mingler,  ming'gler,  n.  One 
that  mingles.— Mingle-mangle,  n.  [A  re- 
duplication of  mingle.]  Amedley;  a  hotch- 
potch. 

Miniate,  min'i-at,  v.t.  {li.  minio,  miniatum, 
from  minium,  red-lead  or  vermilion.]  To 
paint  with  red-lead  or  vermilion. — a.  Of 
the  colour  of  minium  or  vermilion.— Min- 
iature, min'i-tUr,  n.  [It.  miniatura,  origi- 
nally a  design  such  as  drawn  on  the  mar- 
gins of  old-  manuscripts,  from  viiniare, 
to  write  with  minium  or  red-lead,  this  pig- 
ment being  muchused  in  the  ornamenting 
of  old  manuscripts.]  A  painting  of  very 
small  dimensions,  usually  executed  in 
water-colours,  on  ivory,  vellum,  &c.;  any- 
thing represented  on  a  greatly  reduced 
scale;  a  small  scale  (shown  in  minicUure). 
—a.  On  a  small  scale.— Miniaturist,  min'- 
i-trir-ist,  n.    One  who  paints  miniatures. 

Minify,  min'i-fi,  v.t.    [L.  mimis,  less,  and 

facia,  to  make.]  To  make  little  or  less: 
opposite  of  magnify;  to  lessen;  to  dimin- 
ish"; to  slight;  to  depreciate. 

Miaikin,t  min'i-kin,  n.  [O.D.  minneken, 
darling,  from  minne,  love;  akin  minion.] 
A  darlins;  a  favourite. — a.  Small;  diminu- 
tTve. 

Minim,  min'im,  n.    [Fr.  minime,  L.  mini- 


mus, least,  superlative  corresponding  to 
minor,  small.  Minor.]  A  note  in  music, 
equal  in  time  to  half  a  semibreve  or  two 
crotchets;  the  smallest  liquid  measure, 

generally  regarded  as  about  equal  to  one 
rop,  the  fluid  drachm  being  divided  into 
sixty  minims. — Minimnm,  min'i-mum,  n. 
[L.]  The  smallest  amount  or  degree;  least 
quantity  assignable  in  a  given  paae:  op- 
posed to  maximum.  —  Minimize,  min'i- 
miZyV.t.  To  reduce  to  a  minimum,  or  the 
smallest  possible  proportion  or  part. 
Minion,  min'yon,  n.  [Fr.  mignon,  a  dar- 
ling, from  O.G.  minne,  love,  originally  re- 
membrance; akin  mind.]  A  darling!;  an 
unworthy  favourite;  a  servile  dependant; 
one  who  is  the  creature  of  another;  a 
small  kind  of  printing"  type. — Minionette, 
min-yon-et',  n.    A  small  fancy  type. 

Minish,  min'ish,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  menusier,  menui- 
sier,  to  diminish,  from  L.L.  minutiare, 
from  L.  minutus.  minute.  Hence  dimin- 
ish.   MiNUTE.J    To  lessen;  to  diminish. 

Minister,  min'is-tfer,  n.  [li.  ininister,  from 
stem  of  minor,  minus,  less;  as  Tnagister, 
master,  from  stem  of  magnus,  great. 
Minor.]  One  who  acts  under  the  author- 
ity of  another;  a  servant;  an  attendant; 
one  to'  whom  a  sovereign  intrusts  the  direc- 
tion of  affairs  of  state;  one  engaged  in  the 
administration  of  government;  an  ambas- 
sador; the  pastor  of  a  church".— y.i.  To  give; 
to  supply.  —  v.i.  To  act  as  a  minister  or 
attendant;  to  perform  service;  to  afford 
supplies;  to  give  things  needful;  to  supply 
the  means  of  relief ;  to  furnish  (to  minister 
to  one's  necessities). — Ministerial,  min-is- 
te'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  ministry  or  the 
performance  of  service;  pertaining  to  a 
ministry  or  to  ministers  of  state;  pertain- 
ing to  ministers  of  the  gospel.  —  Minis- 
terialist, min-is-te'ri-al-ist,n.  Politics,  a 
supporter  of  the  ministry  in  office.— Min- 
isterially, min-is-te'ri-al-li,  adv.  In amin- 
isterial  manner  or  character.  —  Minister- 
ing, min'is-ter-ing,  p.  and  a.  Attending 
and  serving  as  a  subordinate  agent.— Min- 
istrant,  min'is-trant,  a.  [L.  ministrans, 
ministrantis.]  Performing  servicfe;  acting 
as  minister  or  attendant;  attendant  on 
service.— Ministration,  min-is-tra'shon,n. 
[L.  ministration]  The  act  of  ministering 
or  performing  service;  service  or  atten- 
dance given ;  ecclesiastical  function. — IVIin- 
istrative,  min'is-tra-tiv,  a.  Affording  ser- 
vice; assisting.  —  Ministry,  min'is-tri,  n. 
[L.  ministerium.]  The  act  of  ministering; 
service;  aid;  instrumentality;  the  office  or 
functions  oi  a  minister  of  the  gospel ;  the 
body  of  ministers  of  state  or  the  chief 
officials  of  the  executive  government;  dur- 
ation of  the  office  of  a  minister,  civil  or 
ecclesiastical. 

Minium,  min'i-um,  n.  [L.  Hence  minia- 
ture.]   Red  oxide  of  lead;  red-lead. 

Miniver,  min'i-ver,  n.  [O.Fr.  menuveir, 
menuvair,  a  grayish  fux—menu  (L.  minu- 
tus), small,  and  vair,  fur.]  The  fur  of  the 
Siberian  squirrel;  a  fine  white  fur. 

Mink,  mingk,  n.  An  American  and  Euro- 
pean quadruped,  allied  to  the  polecat  and 
weasel,  yielding  a  fur  of  some  value. 

Minnesinger,  min'ne-sing'-tr,  n.  [O.G. 
»ninjie,love(MiNioN),and  singer,  asinger.] 
One  of  a  class  of  German  lyric  poets  of  the 
twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries,  so  called 
from  love  being  their  chief  theme. 

Minnow,  min'o,  n.  [A.  Sax.  myne,  a  min- 
now, from  root  min,  small.  Minor.]  A 
very  small  British  mix  iababiting  fresh- 
water streams. 

Minor,  mi'nor,  a.  [L.  minor,  smaller  (with- 
out a  positive),  from  a  root  min,  small, 
seen  also  in  A.  Sax.  min,  small;  Dan.  Sw. 
■mindre,  Icel.  minni,  G.  minder,  less;  Ir. 
and  Gael,  min,  small,  fine.  Akin  minute, 
minister,  miniah,  &c.]  Lesser;  smaller: 
used  relatively,  and  opposed  to  Tnajor; 
absolutely  small;  petty;  miisic,  less  by  a 
lesser  semitone,  as  applied  to  an  interval; 
having  a  tone  and  semitone  between  the 
key-note  and  its  third:  applied  to  a  scale. 
— Minor  term,  logic,  the  subject  of  the  con- 
clusion of  a  categorical  syllogism.— iSfijior 
premiss,  that  which  contains  the  minor 
term.  — «.  A  person  of  either  sex  under 
full  age  (not  yet  twenty-one  years);  one 
under  the  authority  of  his  parents  or 


guardians ;  logic,  the  minor  term  or  pre- 
miss; music,  the  minor  key.  —  Minorite, 
mi'nor-it,  n.  A  Franciscan  friar. — Minor- 
ity, mi-nor'i-ti,  n.  [Fr.  minoriti.j  The 
state  of  being  a  minor  or  not  come  of  age; 
the  period  or  interval  before  one  is  of  full 
age,  generally  the  period  from  birth  until 
twenty-one  years  of  age;  the  smaller  num- 
ber out  of  a  whole  divided  into  two:  op- 
posed to  majority. 

Minster,  min'ster,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mynster, 
(like  G.  miinster,  D.  ■monster),  from  L.  mon- 
asterium,  a.  tnonAStery.  Monastery.]  Origi- 
nally, a  monastery;  afterwards,  the  church 
of  a  monastery;  latterly,  a  cathedral 
church. 

Minstrel,  min'strel,  n.  [O.Fr.  menestrel, 
from  L.L.  ministrellus,  a  harper,  one  who 
ministered  to  the  amusement  of  the  rich 
by  music  or  jesting;  a  dim.  from  L.  viinis- 
ter,  a  servant.]  A  singer  or  musical  per- 
former; in  the  middle  ages,  one  of  a  class 
of  men  who  subsisted  by  the  arts  of  poetry 
and  music,  and  sang  to  the  harp  or  other 
instrument  verses  composed  by  themselves 
or  others.— Minstrelsy,  min'strel-si,  n.  The 
art  or  occupation  of  minstrels;  music; 
song,  especially  song  accompanied  by  in- 
struments; a  body  of  songs  or  ballads. 
Mint,  mint,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mynet,  from  L. 
tnoneta,  the  mint,  money,  from  Moneta,  a 
surname  of  Juno,  in  whose  temple'  at 
Rome  money  was  coined,  from  moneo,  to 
remind  (whence  monition,  monitor).]  The 
place  where  money  is  coined  by  public 
authority;  a  great  supply  or  store  that 
may  be  drawn  on  (a  mint  of  reasons). — v.t. 
To  coin;  to  make  and  stamp  into  money; 
to  invent;  to  fabricate.— Mintage,  mint'aj, 
n.  That  which  is  coined  or  stamped ;  the 
duty  paid  for  coining.  —  Minter,  mint'^r, 
n.  A  coiner.— Mint-mark,  n.  A  private 
mark  put  upon  coins  by  those  that  coin 
them,  for  the  purpose  of  identification. 
Mint,  mint,  n.  [A.  Sax.  m,inte,  from  L. 
mentha,  Gr.  mintha,  minthe,  mint.]  The 
name  of  several  herbaceous  aromatic 
plants  which  partake  largely  of  the  tonic 
properties  found  in  all  labiate  plants. 
Spearmint  and  peppermint  are  the  popular 
names  of  two  well-known  species. — Mint- 
jnlep,  o.  A  drink  made  of  brandy,  or 
other  spirit,  sugar,  and  pounded  ice,  with 
an  infusion  of  mint.  [American.]— Mint- 
sauce,  71.  Mint  chopped  up  with  vinegar 
and  sugar,  used  as  a  sauce  for  lamb. 
Minuend,  min'u-end,  n,  [L.  minuendus,  to 
be  lessened,  minuo,  to  lessen.  Minor.] 
Arith.  the  number  from  which  another 
number  is  to  be  subtracted. 
Minuet,  min'G-et,  n.  [Fr.  menuet,  from 
menu,  small,  from  L.  minutus.  minute — 
on  account  of  the  small  steps-of  the  dance.] 
A  slow  graceful  dance  and  the  tune  or  air 
for  it. 

Minns,  mi'nus,  o.  [Neut.  of  L.  minor,  less. 
Minor.]  Less;  alg.  applied  to  the  nega- 
tive or  STibtractive  sign  -,  which,  when 
placed  between  two -quantities,  signifies 
that  the  latter  is  to  be  taken  from  the 
former.  —  Minuscule,  rai-nus'kul,  n.  [L. 
minnsculzis,  small,  minute.]  A  small  sort 
of  letter  used  in  MSS.  in  the  middle  ages. 
.Minute,  mi-ntit',  a.  [L.  minutus,  pp.  of 
minuo,  to  lessen,  from  root  m,in,  small. 
Minor.]  "Veiy  small;  characterized  by  at- 
tention to  small  things  or  details;  precise; 
attentive  to  the  smallest  particulars. — 
Minutely,  mi-nOt'li,  adv.  With  minute- 
ness; exactly;  nicely.  —  Minuteness,  mi- 
nat'nes,  n.  Extreme  smallness;  critics! 
exactness. 

Minute,  min 'it,  n.  [Ft.  minute,  from  L. 
minuta,  a  minute  portion.  Minute,  a.] 
A  small  portion  of  time,  strictly  the  six- 
tieth part  of  an  hour;  sixty  seconds;  geom. 
tho  sixtieth  part  of  a  degree  of  a  circle:' 
arch,  the  sixtieth  part  of  the  diameter  of 
a  column  at  the  base;  a  short  sketch  of 
any  agreement  or  other  subject,  taken  in 
writing;  a  note  to  preserve  the  memory  of 
anything.  —  v.t.  —  minuted,  minuting.  To 
set  down  in  a  short  sketch  or  note.— Min- 
utely, min 'it-li,  adv.  Every  minute;  with 
very  little  time  intervening.  —  Minute- 
booK,  n.  A  book  in  which  rhinutes  are 
recorded.  —  Minute-glass,  »i.  A  glass,  the 
sand  of  which  measures  a  minute.— MIk- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fsll;     me,  met,  hfer;     pine,  pin;     n5to,  aot,  mOve;     tObe,  tub,  bull;     oii;pouad;     il,  Sc.  abwie— the  Fr.  V. 


MINUTIA 


43£ 


MISERABLE 


nte-gnn,  n.  A  gun  discharged  at  intervals 
of  a  minute  as  a  signal  from  a  vessel  in 
distress.  —Minute-hand,  n.  The  hand  that 
points  to  the  minutes  on  a  clock  or  watch. 

Minutia,  mi-nQ'shi-a,  n. ;  generally  in  pi. 
Minutiae,  mi-nQ'shi-e.  [L.,  from  minutus, 
small.  Minute,  a.]  Small,  minor,  or  un- 
important particulars  or  details.  —  Minu- 
tlose,  mi-nu'slxi-os,  a.  Dealing  with  mi- 
nutiae; 

Minx,  mingks,  n.  [Perhaps  a  sort  of  abbre v. 
form  of  minilcin.]  A  pert,  wanton  girl;  a 
hussy;  a  she-puppy. 

Miocene,  mi'o-s6n,  a.  [Gr.  meiOn,  less,  and 
kainoa,  recent.]  Gfeol.  the  name  given  to 
the  middle  subdivision  of  the  tertiarv 
strata,  being  applied  to  those  strata  which 
overlie  the  eocene  and  are  below  the  plio- 
cene. Spelled  also  Meiocene. — n.  Geol.  th© 
miocene  strata. 

Miostemonotts,  mi-o-stem'on-us,  a,  Bot. 
Meiostemonous. 

Miracle,  mir'a-kl,  n.  [Tr.  miracle,  from  L. 
tniraculum,  something  wonderful,  from 
miror,  to  wonder;  akin  marvel,  mirror, 
mirage,  admire,  &c.]  A  wonder  or  won- 
derful thing ;  ■  something  that  excites 
astonishment;  a  sensible  deviation  from 
the  known  laws  of  nature,  held  to  be 
wrought  by  a  supernatural  being;  a  su- 
pernatural event.— yo  a  miracle,  wonder- 
fully ;  astonishingly.  —  Miracle-play,  n. 
Formerly  a  dramatic  representation  ex- 
hibiting the  lives  of  the  saints,  or  other 
sacred  subjects.  —  Miraculous,  mi-rak'U- 
lus,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  a  miracle;  effected 
by  the  direct  agency  of  "almighty  power; 
exceedingly  surjjrising  or  wonderful. — 
Miraculously,  rai-rak'u-lus-li,  adv.  In  a 
miraculous  manner;  by  miracle;  super- 
naturally;  wonderfully.— Miraculousness, 
ini-rakTi-lus-nes,  n. 

Mirage,  mi-razh',  n.  [Fr.,  from  mirer,  to 
look;  se  mirer,  to  be  reflected.  Miracle, 
MiRROR.l  The  name  given  to  a  natural 
optical  illusion,  consisting  in  an  apparent 
elevation  or  approximation  of  coasts, 
mountains,  ships,  &c.,  accompanied  by 
inverted  images;  in  deserts  often  causing 
a  plain  to  assume  the  appearance  of  a 
lake. 

Mire,  mir,  n.  [Same  as  Icel.  mfrr,  miiri, 
b\v.  myra,  N.  myre,  a  swamp,  fen;  same 
root  as  moor,  marsh.)  Wet,  clayey  soil; 
mud. — v.t. — mired,  miring.  To  fix  or  sink 
in  mire  (as  a  carriage);  to  soil  or  daub 
with  mud.— u.i.  To  sink  in  mud,  so  as  to 
be  unable  to  advance. — Miriness,  mi'ri- 
nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  miry. —  Miry, 
mi'ri,  o.  Full  of  or  covered  with  mire  or 
mud. 

Mlriflc,  Mirlflcal,  mi-rif'ik,  mi-rif'i-kal,  a. 
[L.  mirificus — mirus,  wonderful,  and/acio, 
to  do.  Miracle.]  Wonder-working;  won- 
derful. 

Mirror,  mir'6r,  n.  [Fr.  miroir,  a  mirror, 
from  mirer,  to  look  at,  from  L.  miror,  to 
admire.  Miracle.]  A  looking-glass;  any 
polished  substance  that  forms  images  by 
the  reflection  of  rays  of  light;  a  pattern; 
an  exemplar.— u.*.  To  furnish  with  mir- 
rors; to  reflect  as  in  a  mirror. 

Mirth,  m6rth,  n.  [A.  Sax.  myrgth,  mirhth, 
Ac,  from  m,irig,  merg,  merry.  MERav.] 
The  feeling  of  being  merry;  merriment; 
noisy  gaiety ;  glee ;  hilarity.  —  Mirthful, 
mfirth'ful,  a.  Merry ;  jovial ;  causing  or 
provoking  mirth. — Mirthfully,  mferth'ful- 
\\,adv.  In  a  mirthful  manner.  —  Mirth- 
fulness,  m6rth'ful-nes,  n.  Mirth;  merri- 
ment.—Mirthless,  merth'les,  a.  Without 
mirth;  joyless. 

Mirza,  mfer'za,  n.  [Persian,  for  emirzadeh, 
son  of  the  prince — emir,  prince,  and  zadeh, 
son.]  A  common  title  of  honour  in  Per- 
sia. 

Mfsacceptation,  mis-ak''sep-ta"shon,n.  Act 
of  understanding  in  a  wrong  sense. 

Misadventure,  mis-ad-ven'tur,  n.  A  mis- 
chance; ill  luck;  an  unlucky  accident. 

Misadvertence,  mis-ad-v6r'tens,  n.  Want 
of  proper  care,  heed,  or  attention;  inad- 
vertence. 

Misadvise,  mis-ad-viz',  v.t.  To  give  bad 
advice  to.  —  Misadvised,  mis-ad-vizd',  o. 
IH-advi^d;  ill-direoted. 

Misalliance,  miKiiMi'ans,  n.  Any  impro- 
per alliance  or  ut>buciation;  speciiically,  an 


^^ 


Improper  connection  by  marriage.  Mes- 
alliance.-MissUlied,  mis-al-lid',  a^    Im- 

■)roperly  allied  or  connected, 
isanthrope.  Misanthropist,  mis'an-throp, 
mis-an'thr3p-ist,  n.  [Gr.  misanthrOpos— 
DiiseO,  to  hate,  and  anthrOpos,  man.]  A 
hater  of  mankind,— Misanthropic,  Misan- 
thropical, mis-an-throp'ik,  mis-an-throp'i- 
kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  misanthrope;  hat- 
ing mankind.  —  Misanthropy,  mis-an'- 
thro-pi,  n.  Hatred  or  di.slike  to  mankind. 

Misapply,  mis-ap-pli',  v.t.  To  apply  to  a 
wrong  purpose.— Misapplication,  mis-ap'- 
pU-ka^'shon,  n.    The  act  of  misapplying. 

Misappreciate,  mis-ap-pre'shi-at,  v.t.  Not 
properly  or  fully  to  appreciate.  —  Mlsap- 
preciation,  mis-ap-pr5'shi-a"8hon,  n.  De- 
fective appreciation. 

Misapprehend,  mis-ap'pr6-hend,  v.t.  To 
misunderstand;  to  take  in  a  wrong  sense. 
—Misapprehension,  mis-ap'pr5-hen"8hon, 
n.  A  mistaking;  wrong  apprehension  of 
one's  meaniiffe  or  of  a  fact. 

Misappropriate,  mis-ap-pro'pri-at,  v.t.  To 
appropriate  wrongly;  to  put  to  a  wrong 
purpose.— Misappropriation,  mis-ap-pr5- 
pri-a"6hon,  n.    Wrong  appropriation. 

Misarrange,  mis-a-ranj',  v.t.  •  ■  To  arrange 
in  a  wi'ong  order.- Misarrangement,  mis- 
a-ranj'ment,  n.    Disorderly  arrangement. 

Misbecome,  mis-be-kum',  v.t. — pret.  misbe- 
came, ppr.  misbecoming,  pp.  misbecome  or 
misbecomed.  N  ot  to  become;  to  suit  ill;  not 
to  befit.  —  Misbecoming,  mis-be-kum'ing, 
p.  and  a.  Unbecoming;  unseemly.— Mis- 
becomingly.  iius-be;kum'ing-li,  adv.  In 
an  unbocoming,j»ahner.    • 

Mlsbegot,  Misbegotten,  mis-b6-got',  mis- 

•be-got'n,  p.  and  a.  Unlawfully  or  irregu- 
larly begotten:  used  also  as  a  general  epi- 
thet of  opprobrium. 

Misbehave,  mis-b6-hav',  v.t.  To  behave  ill; 
to  conduct  one's  self  improperly:  often 
used  with  the  reflexive  pronouns. — Mis- 
behaved, mis-be-havd',  a.  Guilty  of  ill 
behaviour;  ill  bred;  rude.— Misbehaviotir,. 
mis-bc-hav'y6r,  n.  Improper,  rude,  or  un- 
civil behaviour. 

Misbelief,  mis-b5-lef,  n.  Erroneous  be- 
lief; false  religion;  unbelief. — Misbeliever, 
mis-b6-l6'v6r,  n.  One  who  holds  a  false 
religion.— Misbelieving,  mis-be-le'ving,  a. 
Believing  erroneously;  irreligious. 

Miscalculate,  mis-kal'ko-lat,  v.t.  To  cal- 
culate erroneously;  to  make  a  wronf?  guess 
or  estimate  of.— Miscalculation,  mis-kal'- 
kn-la"8hon,  n.  Erroneous  calculation  or 
estimate. 

Miscall,  mis-kal',  v.t.  To  call  by  a  wrong 
name;  to  name  improperly;  to  give  a  bad 
name  or  character  tot- 
Miscarriage,  mis-kar'ij,'n.  Unfortunate 
issue  or  result  of  an  undertaking;  failure; 
non-success ;  med.  abortion.  —  Miscarry, 
mis-kar'i,  v.i.  To  fail  to  reach  its  desti- 
nation, as  a  letter;  to  fail  of  the  intended 
effect;  not  to  succeed  (the  project,  scheme, 
design,  &c.,  miscarried);  to  bring  forth 
young  before  the  proper  time. 

Miscegenation,  mis'se-je-na"shon,  n.  [L. 
misceo,  to  mix,  and  genus,  a  race.]  Mix- 
ture or  amalgamation  of  races. 

Miscellaneous,  mis-sel-la'ne-us,  a.  [Tj.  mis- 
cellaneua,  from  m.isceo,  to  mix.  Meddle.] 
Consisting  of  several  kinds  or  things 
mingled;  diversified;  promiscuous;  produ- 
cing written  compositions  of  various  sorts 
(aniisceHaneow*  writer). — Miscellaneously, 
mis-sel-la'ne-us-li,  adv.  In  a  miscellaneous 
manner.  —  Miscellaneousness,  mis-sel-l&'- 
no-us-nes,  n. — Miscellanlst,  Miscellanari- 
an,  mis-sel'la-nist,  mis-sel'a-na"ri-ah,  n. 
A  writer  of  miscellanies.  —  Miscellany, 
mis'sel-la-ni,  n.  [Fr.  viiscellande.]  A  mix- 
ture of  various  kinds;  a  collection  of  writ- 
ten compositions  on  various  subjects;  a 
collection  of  various  kinds  of  compositions, 
treatises,  or  extracts. 

Mischance,  mis-chans',  n.  Ill  luck ;  mis- 
fortune; mishap;  misadventure. 

Mischief,  mis'chif,  n.  [O.Fr.  mescheif.mes- 
chef,  mischief;  from  Fr.  mes,  Sp.  and  Pg. 
inenos^h.  minus,  less,  and  chef=1i.  caput, 
the  head.  Minor,  Chief.]  Harm;  hurt; 
injury;  damage;  evil,  whether  intended  or 
not;  sourco  of  vexation,  trouble,  or  annoy- 
ance; troublesome  or  annoying  conduct; 
conduct  causing  injury;  wrong-doing.— 


Mischief-maker,  i^.  One  who  makes  mis- 
chief; one  who  excites  or  instigates  quarrels 
or  enmity.— Mischief-making,  a.  Causing 
harm;  exciting  enmity  or  quarrels. — Mls- 
chievous,  mis'chi-vus,  a.  Harmful;  inju- 
rious; fond  of  mischief;  annoying  or 
troublesome  in  conduct.— Mischievously, 
mis'chi-vus-li,  adv.  In  a  mischievous  man- 
ner. —  MischievousnesE,  mis'chi-vus-nes, 
n.    The  quality  of  being  mischievous. 

Mlscible,  mis'i-bl,  a.  \¥t.  miecibU,  from  L. 
misceo,  to  mix.  Med»le.J  Capable  of  be- 
ing mixed.— Mlsclbility,  mis-i-bil'i-ti,  n. 
State  of  being  miscible. 

Misconceive,  mis-kon-sev',  v.t.  or  i.  To  re- 
ceive a  false  notion  or  opinion  of  anything; 
to  misjudge;  to  have  an  erroneous  under- 
standing of  anything. — Misconceiver,  mis- 
kon-se'v6r,  n.  One  who  misconceives. — 
Misconception,  mis-kon-sep'shon,  n.  Er- 
roneous conception;  false  opinion;  wrong 
notion  or  understanding  of  a  thing, 

lilisconduct,  mis-kon'dukt,  ».  Wrong  or 
bad  conduct ;  misbehaviour.  —  v.t.  (mis- 
kon-dukt').  To  conduct  amiss;  refl.  to 
misbehave. 

Misconstrue,  mis-kon'strO,  v.t,  To  construe 
or  interpret  erroneously;  to  take  in  a 
wrong  sense;  to  misjudge;  to  misunder- 
stand. —  Misconstruer,  mis-kon'strO-er,  n. 
One  who  misconstrues.- Misconstruction, 
mis-kon-struk'shon,  n.  The  act  of  mis- 
construing. 

Miscount,  mis-kount',  v.t.  To  count  erro- 
neously ;  to  misjudge.  —  v.i.  To  make  a 
wrong  reckoning.— ».  An  erroneous  coun- 
ting or  numbering. 

Miscreant,  mis'kre-ant,  n.  [O.Fr.  mescre- 
ant—mes,  prefix,  from  L.  minus,  less,  and 
crean<, believing,  ffom  L.  credo,io  believe. 
Minor,  Creed.]  An  infidel,  or  one  who 
embraces  a  false  faithj;  a  vile  wretch;  a 
scoundrel;  a  detestable  villain. 

Miscredlt,  mis-kred'it,  v.t.  To  give  no  ere-! 
dit  or  belief  to;  to  disbelieve. '  [Carl.) 

Misdate,  mis-dat',  v.t.  To  date  erroneously. 

Misdeal,  mis-del',  n.  Oard-playing,  a  wrong 
dealj  a  deal  in  which  each  player  does  not 
receive*  his  proper  cards. — v.t.  or  t,  To 
divide  cards  wrongly  or  unfairly. 

Misdeed,  mis-ded',  n.  An  evil  deed-,  a^ 
wicked  action. 

Misdeem,  mis-d5m',  v.t.  To  judge,  erronq.- 
•  ously;  to  misjudge;  to  mistake  in  judging;. 

Mlsdemean,  mis-de-men',  v.t.  To  behavi 
HI :  used  refl.  —  Misdemeanant,  mis-de.-- 
me'nant,  n.  One  who  commits  a  misdo-- 
meanour.— Misdemeanour,  mis-de-me'n^r,, 
n.  Ill  behaviour;  evil  conduct;  a  fault  or' 
transgression;  law,  an  offence  of  a  less: 
atrocious  nature  than  a  crime. 

Misdirect,  mis-di-rekt',  v.t.  To  give  awrong 
direction  to;  to  direct  into  a  wrong  course; 
to  direct  to  a  wrong  person  or  place. — 
Mlsdii-ection,  mis-di-rek'shon,  n.  Awrong 
direction. 

Misdo,  mis-dy,  v.t  or  i.  To  do  wrong;  to 
do  amiss;  to  commit  a  crime  or  fault. — 
Mlsdoer,  mis-do'er,  n.  One  who  does 
wrong;  one  who  commits  a  fault  or  crime. 
—Misdoing,  mis-do'ing,  n.  A  wrong  done; 
a  fault  or  crime;  an  offence. 

Misdoubt,  mis-dout',  n.  Suspicion  of  crime 
or  danger.— v.<.  To  suspect  of  deceit  or 


Misemploy,  mis-em-ploi',  v.t.  To  employ 
to  no  purpose,  or  to  a^had  purpose.— Mis- 
employment,  mis-em-ploi'menl,  n.  The 
act  of  misemploying. 

Miser,  mi'zer,  n.  [L.  miser,  wretched,  akin 
to  mcestus,  sorrowful,  and  Gr.  misos,  ha- 
tred.] One  wretched  or  afflicted  {S!iak.)l; 
a  sordid  wretch;  a  niggard;  one  who  iu 
wealth  makes  himself  miserable  b.v  the 
fear  of  poverty.  —  Miserly,  mi'z6r-li.  a. 
Like  a  miser  in  habits;  pertaining  to  a 
miser;  penurious;  sordid;  niggardly. 

Miserable,  miz'er-a-bl,  a.  [Fr.  misdrdble, 
L.  miserabilis,  from  miser,  wretched.  Mi- 
ser.] Very  unhappy;  suffering  misery; 
wretched;  filled  with  misery;  abounding 
in  misery;  causing  misery;  very  poor  or 
mean;  worthless;  despicable. — Miserable- 
ness,  miz'er-a-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  miserable.-^Mlserably,  miz'- 
er-a-bli,  adv.  In  a  miserable  manner. — 
Miserere,  miz-e-re'r6,  n.  The  name  gi veu 
to  the  50th  Psalm  in  the  Vulgate,  corre- 


ch,  cftain;     clt,  Sc.  lcc.^•, 


j;/ob;     «,  Fr.  toii;     n0,  sinp;     th,  JAen;  th,  (Mn;     w,  t;'ig; 


wh,  ii'V. 
28 


zh,  ajruzo, 


MISFEASAJSrCE 


434 


MISTLETOE 


spending  to  the  Klrt  Psalm  in  the  English 
yersion,  beginning  *  Miserere  mei,  Do- 
Eiine'  ('Pity  me.OliOrd');  apiece  of  music 
composed  to  this  psalm.— Misery,  miz'6r-i, 
n.  [L.  Tniitria',  from  TOiser,  wretched.] 
Great  unhappiness  j  ^  extreme  distress ; 
WTetchedness;  calamity;  misfortune;  cause 
of  miseiy. 

Misfeasance,   mis-fe'zans,  n.    [Fr.   mea, 
wrong  (L.  minrns),  and/aiaonce,  from /aire, 
to  doj    Law,  a  trespass;  a  wrong  done. 
Misfit,  mis-fit',  n.    A  wrong  or  bad  fit ;  a 
bad  match.— v.t.  To  make  (a  garment,  &c.) 
of  a  wrong  size;  to  supply  with  something 
that  does  not  fit,  or  is  not  suitable. 
Misform,  mis-form',  v.t.   To  make  of  an  HI' 
form.— MIsformation,  mis-for-ma'shon,  n. 
An  irregularity  of  formation. 
Iklisfortane,  mis-for'tan,  n.    Ill  fortune; 
ill  luck;  calamity;  some  accident  that  pre- 
judicially affects  one's  condition  in  life. 
Misgive,  mie-giv',  v.t.    To  fill  with  doubt; 
to  deprive  of  confidence;:  to  fail:  usually 
with  'heart'  or  'mind,*  &c.,  as  subject, 
and  a  pronoun  as  object.— Misgiving,  mis- 
giv'ing,  n.  A  failing  of  confidence;  doubt; 
distrust. 

Misgovern,  mis-gnv'fim,  v.f.  To  govern  ill; 
to  administer  unfaithfiilly.  —  Misgoverti- 
ment,  mis-guv'^m-ment,  n.  The  act  of 
misgoverning;  bad  administration  orman- 
agement  of  public  or  private  affairs;  ir- 
re:/ularity  in  conduct. 
Misguide,  mis-gid',  v.t.  To  lead  or  guide 
into  error;  to  direct  ill;  to  direct  to  a 
wrong  purpose  or  end.— Misguidance,  mis- 
^'dans,  n.  Wrong  direction;  guidance 
into  error.— Misgfuided,  mis-gi'ded,  p.  and 
o.  Led  astray  by  evil  counsel  or  wrong 
direction.  —  Misguidingly,  mis-gi'ding-li, 
adv.  In  such  a  way  as  to  mislead. 
Mishap,  mis-hap',  n.  Mischkoce;  evil  ac- 
cident; ill  luck;  misfortune. 
Misincline,  mis-in-klln',  v.t.  To  cause  to 
iucUne  wrongly;  to  give  a  bad  direction  or 
inclination  to. 

Misinform,  mis-in-form',  v.t.  To  give  er- 
roneous information  to;  to  communicate 
an  incorrect  statement  of  facts  to. — Mis- 
lnformatlon,mis'in-for-ma''8hon,n.  Wrong 
information. 

Misinterpret,  mis-in-ter'pret,  v.t.  To  in- 
terpret erroneously;  to  understand  or  ex- 
plain in  a  wrong  sense.  —  Misinterpreta- 
tion, mis-in-t6r'pre-ta"shon,  n.  The  act 
of  interpreting  erroneously.  —  Mlsinter- 
preter,  mis-in-t6r'pre-t6r,  n.  One  who  in- 
terprets erroneously. 

Misindge,  mis-juj',  v.t.  To  mistake  in 
judging  of;  to  judge  erroneously.— w.i.  To 
err  m  judgment;  to  form  false  opinions  or 
notions.  —  Misj'ndgment,  mis-juj'ment,  n. 
A  wrong  or  unjust  determination. 
Mislay,  mis-la'  v.t.  To  lay  in  a  wrong 
place;  to  lay  wrongly;  to  lay  in  a  place 
not  recollected.  • 

Misle.  miz'l,  v.t.  [Mizzle.]  To  rain  In  very 
fine  drops;  to  mizzle. — n.  A  drizzle. 
Mislead,  mis-led',  v.t.  To  lead  astray;  to 
guide  into  error;  to  deceive.  —  Mlileader, 
mis-le'dfir,  n.  One  who  misleads.  —  Mis- 
leading, mis-led'ing,  p.  and  a.  Leading 
astray;  leading  into  error;  causing  mis- 
take. 

Mlsletoe,  mizl-t3,  n.  Mistletoe. 
Mislike,  mis-lik',  v.t.  To  dislike;  to  disax>- 
prove;  to  have  aversion  to. 
Mismanage,  mis-man'aj,  v.t.  To  manage 
ill;  to  administer  improperly.— Mlsnum- 
agement,  mis-man'aj-ment,  n.  Ill  or  im- 
proper management. 

Mismate,  mis-m&t',  v.t.  To  matfe  or  match 
amiss  or  unsuitably,  f  Tenn.] 
Mlameaaure,  mis-mezh'Qx, «.(.  To.  measure 
incorrectly;  to  form  a  wrong  estimate  of. 
— Mismeasurement,  mis-mezh'Qr-ment,  n. 
Wrong  measurement. 
Misname,  mis-nam',  v.t.  To  call  by  the 
wrong  name. 

Misnomer,  mis-nS'mer,  n.  [Prefix  mia,  from 
Pr.  prefix  tnea,  wrong  (L.  minus,  less),  and 
nommer,  to  name,  now,  L.  nom«n,aname.] 
A  mistaken  or  inapplicable  name  or  des- 
ignation; a  misapplied  term, 
liusogamist,  mi-sog'am-ist,  n.,  [GT.miteO, 
to  hate,  and  gamos,  marriage.]  A  hater  of 
marriage.  —  Misogamy,  mi-sog'a-mi,  n. 
Hatred  of  marriage.. 


Misogynist,  mi-soj'i-nist,  n.  [Gr.  miseO.  to 
hate,  and  f^/ne,  woman.]  A  woman-haier. 
—Misogyny,  mi-soj'i-ni,  n.  Hatred  of  the 
female  sex. 

Misotheism.f  mi-soth'e-izin,  n.  [Gr.  mitos, 
hatred,  and  ttteos,  god.]    Hatred  of  God. 

Mispersoade,  mis-per-sw&d',  v.t  To  per- 
suade amiss,  or  to  lead  to  a  wrong  notion. 

Mispickel,  mis'pik-el,  n.  [G.]  Arsenica^ 
pyrites;  an  ore  of  arsenic,  containing  this 
metal  in  combination  with  iron. 

Misplace,  mis-plas',  v.t.  To  put  in  a  wrong 
place;  to  set  on  an  improper  object. — Mis- 
placement, mis-plas'ment,  n.  The  act  of 
misplacing  or  putting  in  the  wrong  place. 

Misprint,  mis-print',  v.t  To  mistake  in 
printing;  to  print  wrong. — n.  A  mistake 
in  printing;  a  deviation  from  the  copy. 

Misprision,  mis-prizh'on,  n.  [Prom  Fr.  pre- 
fix m««(=Ii.  minus,  less),  and  L.  prehensio, 

.a  taking,  from  preftendo,  to  take,]  Mistake; 
misconception;  iato,any  high  offence  under 
the  degree  of  capital,  but  nrnrly  bordering 
thereon.  —  Misprision  of  treason,  a  bare 
knowledge  and  conceaunent  of  treason,- 
without  assenting  to  it. 

'Misprize,  Misprise,  mis-priz',  v.t.  [O.Fr. 
fnespriser  (Fr.  mipriser),  to  despise — prefix 
tnes,  ?ni8=L.  minus,  less,  and  pmer=L. 
pretiare,  to  prize,  from  pretiwm,  price. 
Price.]    To  slight  or  undervalue. 

Mispronounce,  mis-pro-nouns',  v.t.  or  i.  To 
pronounce  erroneously.  —  Mispronimcia- 
tion,  mi3-pro-nun'si-B"abon,  n.  A  wrong 
or  improper  pronunciation. 

Misproportion,  mis-pro-por'shon,  v.t.  To 
err  in  proportioning  one  thing  to  another; 
to  join  without  due  proportion. 

Misquote,  mis-kwot',  v.t.  or  i.  To  quote  er- 
roneously; to  cite  incorrectly.— Misquota- 
tion, mis-kwo-ta'shon,  n.  An  erroneous 
quotation;  the  act  of  quoting  wrong.  . 

Mlsrate,  mis-rat',  v.t.  To  rate  erroneously; 
to  estimate  falsely. 

Misread,  mis-r6d',  v.t.  To  read  amiss;  to 
mistake  the  sense  of. 

Misreckon,  mis-rek'n,  v.t.  To  reckon  or 
compute  wrong. 

Mlareport,  mis-r6-port',  v.t.  To  report  er- 
roneously; to  give  an  incorrect  account  of. 
— n.  Ah  erroneous  report;  a  false  or  incor- 
rect account  given. 

Misrepresent,  mis-rep'r6-zent",  v.t.  To  re- 
present falsely  or  incorrectly ;  to  give  a 
false  or  erroneous  representation  of.— Mis- 
representation, m)s-rep're-zen-ta"shon,  n. 
The  act  of  misrepresenting;  a  false  or  in- 
correct representation.  —  Misrepresenta- 
tlve,  mis-rep'te-zen-ta-tiv,  a.    Tending  to 

.  misrepresent,  — -  Misrepresenter,  mis-rep'- 
re-zen-ter,  n.    One  who  misrepresents. 

Misrulej  mis-r81',  n.  Bad  rule;  disorder; 
confusion.- w.t.  To  rule  amiss;  to  govern 
badly  or  oppressively. 

Miss,  mis,  n.  (Contr.  from  mistress.']  An 
unmarried  female;  a  young  unmarried 
lady;  a  girl;  a  title  or  address  prefixed 
to  the  name  of  an  unmarried  female;  a 
kept  mistress;  a  concubine.— Mlssiah,  mis'- 
ish,  a.  Like  a  miss ;  prim ;  affected.  — 
Missishness,  mis'ish-nes,  n. 

Miss,  mis,  vJt.  [A.  Sax.  missian,  to  miss  = 
D.  and  G.  missen,  Tcel.  missa,  Dan.  mi^, 
to  miss;  closely  akin  to  Teut.  prefix  mis; 
same  root  as  A.  Sax.  mithan,  to  conceal, 
avoid;  G.  meiden,  to  avoid.]  To  fail  in 
hitting,  reaching,  obtaining,  finding',  see- 
ing, and  the  like;  to  discover  the  absence 
of;  to  feel  or  perceive  the  want  of;  to  mourn 
the  loss  of;  to  omit;  to  let  slip;  to  pass 
over.— To  miss  fire,  to  fail  to  go  off  or  ex- 
.plode  from  dampness  or  other  cause  (said 
of  a  gun).— To  miss  stays  inaut.).  Under 
Stay.- v.t.  To  fail  to  hit  or  strike  what  is 
aimed  at.— n.  A  failure  to  hit,  reach,  ob- 
tain, &c.;  loss;  want.— liIlBBlng,  mis'ing,  a. 
Absent  from  the  place  where  it  was  ex- 
pected to  be  found;  not  to  be  found;  want- 
ing; lost. 

Missal,  mis'al,  n.  [L.L.  missale,  liher  mis- 
salts,  from  missa,  the  mass.  Mass.]  The 
Roman  Catholic  mass-book  or  book  con- 
taining the  office  of  the  mass. 

Mbssel,  Missel-thrash,  mis'el,  n.  [Prom  its 
feeding  on  the  mistletoe;  comp.  6.  mistel- 
drossel,  mistletoe  -  thrush.]  A  common 
Britieh  thrush  rather  larger  than  the  com- 
mon thrush. 


Misseltoe,  mis'6l-t5,  n.    The  mistletoe. 

Missend,  mis-send',  v.t.  To  send  amiss  or 
iticorrectly. 

Misshape,  mis-shap',  v.t.  To  shape  ill;  to. 
give  an  ill  form  to;  to  deform. —Misshapen, 
mis-sha'pn,  o.  111  formed;  deformed;  mal- 
formed; distorted.  —  Misshapenness,  mis- 
sha'pn-nes,  n.  The  state  oi  being  mis- 
shapen; deformity. 

Missile,  mis'!!,  a.  [L.  missUis,  from  mitto, 
missum,,  to  send,  to  throw.  Mission.]  Ca- 
pable of  being  thrown  or  projected  from 
the  hand  or  from  any  instrument  or  engine. 
— n.  A  weapon  or  projectile  thrown  or  to 
be  thrown  with  a  hostile  intention,  as  a 
lance,  an  arrow,  a  bullet. 

Mission,  mish'on,  n.  [L.  mis^,  a  sending, 
from  mitto,  missum,  to  send,  which  enters 
into  a  great  many  English  words;  as  ad- 
mit, commit,  permit,  remit,  dismiss,  re- 
miss, promise,  message,  mess,  &c.]  A  send- 
ing or  delegating;  duty  on  which  one  is 
sent;  a  commission;  an  errand;  persons 
sent  by  authority  to  perform  any  service; 
particularly  ,peri.ons  sent  on  some  political 
business  or  to  propagate  religion;  a  station 
of  missionaries;  the  persons  connected 
with  such  a  station.— Missionary,mish'on- 
a-ri,  n.  One  who  is  sent  upon  a  religious 
mission;  one  who  is  sent  to  propagate  re- 
ligion.— a.  Pertaining  to  missions. 

Missish,  Missishness.    Under  Miss  (lady). 

Missive  mis'iv,  n.  [Pr.  missive,  a  letter, 
from  X._  missus,  sent.  Mission.]  That 
which  is"  sent;  a  message;  a  letter  sent. — 
a.  Sent  or  proceeding  from  some  authori- 
tative or  oflicial  source ;  intended  to  be 
thrown,  hurled,  or  ejected;  missile. 

Misspell,  mis-spel',  v.t.  To  spell  wrong. — 
Misspelling,  mis-spel '  ing,  n.  A  wrong 
spelling;  false  orthography. 

Misspend,  mis-spend',  v.t.  To  spend  amiss, 
to  no  purpose,  or  to  a  bad  one;  to  waste. — 
Misspender,  mis-spen'dfer,  n.  One  who 
misspends.— Misspent,  mis-spent',  p.  Ill- 
spent;  wasted. 

Misstate,  mis-stat',  v.t.  To  state  wrongly; 
to  make  an  erroneous  statement  of.— Mis- 
statement, mis-stat'ment,  n.  The  act  of 
misstating;  a  wrong  statement. 

Mist,  mist,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mist,  gloom,  cloud 
=L.G.  D.  and  Sw.  mist,  Icel.  mistr^  mist; 
akin  G.  mist,  dung;  from  root  seen  m  Skr. 
mih,  to  sprinkle.]  Visible  watery  vapour 
suspended  in  the  atmosphere  at  or  near 
the  surface  of  the  earth;  aqueous  vapour 
faHing  in  numerous  but  separately  almost 
imperceptible  drops;  cloudy  matter;  some- 
thing which  dims  or  darkens,  and  obscures 
or  intercepts  vision.  —  v.t. ,  To  cover  with 
mist;  to  cloud.  [Shak.'}-^v.i.  To  be  misty 
or  drizzling.— Mistily,  mis'ti-li,  adv.  In  a 
misty  manner;  vaguely;  obscurely.— Mis- 
tiness, mis'ti-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
misty.— Misty,  mis'ti,  o.  Accompanied  or 
characterized  b.v  mist ;  overspread  with 
mist;  dim;  fig.  obscure;  not  perspicuous. 

Mistake,  mis-tak',  v.t.  — pret.  mistook,  pp. 
mistaken,  ppr.  mistaking.  To  take  in  error; 
to  select  wrongly;  to  conceive  or  under- 
stand erroneously;  to  regard  otherwise 
than  as  the  facts  warrant;  to  misjudge;  to 
take  for  a  certain  other  person  or  thing; 
to  regard  as  one  when  really  another. — v.i. 
To  be  under  a  misapprehension  or  miscon- 
ception; to  be  in  error. — To  be  mistaken, 
to  be  misunderstood  or  misapprehended; 
to  make  or  have  made  a  mistake;  to  be  in 
error. — n.  An  error  in  opinion  or  judgment; 
misapprehension;  misunderstanding;  a 
slip;  a  fault;  a  wrong  act  done  uninten, 
tionally.— Mistakable,  mis-tak'a-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  mistaken  or  misconceived. 
—Mistaken,  mis-ta'kn,  p.  and  a.  Errone- 
ous; incorrect;  having  made,  or  labour- 
ing under,  a  mistake;  wrong. — Mistakenly, 
mis-ta'kn-li,adv.  By  mistake.— Mlstaker, 
mi8-tak'6r,  n.    One  who  mistakes. 

Mlsteach,  mis-tech',  v.t.  To  teach  wrongly; 
to  instruct  erroneously.— Mistaught,  mis- 
tat',  pp.    Wrongly  taught  or  instructed. 

Mister,  mis'ter,  n.    Master. 

Mistime,  mis-tim',  v.t.  To  time  wrongly; 
not  to  adapt  to  the  time. 

Mistitle,  mis-ti'tl,  v.t.  To  call  by  a  wrong 
title  or  name. 

Mistletoe,  mizl-tC,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mUteltdn, 
Icel.  mistel-teinn;  Wn,  teinn  (D.  and  Ban. 


Wte, fir, fat.fftU;     me, met, h«r;     pine, pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tub, bull ;     oil, poupd;     11, Sc.  abune— the  Pr.  «. 


MISTRAL 


435 


MOCK 


teen,  Goth.tains),  meaning  a  twig  or  sprout; 
meaning  of  mistel  doubtful.J  A  European 
evergreen  plant  growing  parasitically  on 
various  trees,  witli  oblonR,  entire  leaves, 
small  yellowish-green  flowers,  and  in  win- 
ter small  white  berries. 

Mistral,  mis'tral,  n.  [Pr.  from  L.  magis- 
tralis,  lit.  the  master- wind.]  A  violent 
cold  north-west  wind  experienced  in 
Southern  France,  especially  in  winter, 
and  forming  a  great  scourge. 

Mistranslate,  mis-trans-lat',  v.t.  To  trans- 
late erroneously.  —  Mistranslation,  mis- 
trans-la'shon,  n.  An  erroneous  translar 
tiou  or  version. 

Mistreat,  mis-trst',  v.t.  To  treat  amiss;  to 
maltreat.— Mistreatment,  mis-tret'ment, 
n.  .Wrong  treatment;  abuse. 

Mistress,  mis'tres,  n.  [O.Pr.  maistrease 
( Fr.  maitresse ),  fem.  corresponding  to 
maistre,  L.  magtster,  a  master.  Master.] 
The  female  appellation  corresponding  to 
master;  a  woman  who  is  chief  or  head  in 
a  certain  sphere;  a  woman  who  has  autho- 
rity, command,  ownership,  &c.;  the  female 
head,  of  some  establishment,  as  a  family, 
school,  &c.;  a  female  who  is  well  skilled 
in  anything,  or  has  mastered  it;  a  female 
sweetheart;  a  woman  filling  the  place  but 
without  the  rights  of  a  wife;  a  concubine; 
a  title  of  address  or  term  of  courtesy  pretty 
nearly  equivalent  to  madam:  now  applied 
only  to  married  or  matronly  women,  and 
written  in  the  abbreviated  form  Mrs., 
which  is  pronounced  mia'is,  and  used  be- 
fore personal  names.  . 

Mistrust,  mis-trust',  n.  Want  of  confi- 
dence or  trust;  suspicion.— v.<.  To  suspect; 
to  doubt;  to  regard  with  jealousy  or  sus- 
picion.—  Mistrustful,  mis-trust 'ful,  a. 
Suspicious;  doubting;  wanting  confidence. 
— mstrastfully,  mis-trust'ful-li,  adv.  In 
a  mistrustful  manner. — Mistrustfulness, 
mis-trust'f ul-nes,  n.  The  stata  or  quality 
of  being  mistrustful.— Mistrtistlngry,mis- 
trust'ing-li,  adv.    With  distrust  or  sus- 

,  picion. 

Misty.    Under  Misr. 

Misunderstand,  mis-un'dSr-stand",  v.t.  To 
misconceive;  to  mistake;  to  take  in  a 
wrong  sense.— Misunderstanding,  mis-un'- 
d6r-stand"ing,  n.  Misconception;  mistake 
of  meaning;  error;  disagreement;  dissen- 
sion. 

Ittisuse,  mis-az',  v.t.  To  treat  or  use  im- 
properly; to  use  to  a  bad  purpose;  to 
abuse;  to  maltreat.— w.  (mis-as').  Impro- 
per use;  employment  in  a  wrong  way  or 
to  a  bail  purpose;  abuse;  ill-treatment. — 
Iklisusage,  mis-a'zaj,  n.  Ill  usage;  abuse. 
—Misuser,  mis-U'zer,  n.  One  who  mis- 
uses.' - 

Mite,  mit,  w.  [A.  Sax.  m<fe=D.  mijt,  L.G. 
mite,  Dan.  mide,  G.  miete— mite;  from  root 
seen  in  Icel.  meita,  Goth,  wiaita,  to  cut.J 
A  name  common  to  numerous  small,  in 
some  cases  microscopic,  animals,  of  the 
class  Arachnida  (cheese-mite,  sugar-wiite, 
itch-mite,  &c.).  — Mity,  mi'ti,  a.  Aboun- 
ding with  mites. 

Mite,  mit,  n.  [D.  mijt,  a  small  coin;  per- 
haps lit.  something  cut  8mall,_the  origin 
being  same  as  mUe,  a  small  insect.]  A 
small  coin  formerly  current.equal  to  about 
one-third  of  a  farthing;  anything  prover- 
bially very  smaJl;  a  very  little  particle  or 
quantity. 

Mithridate,  mith'ri-dat,  n.  [From  Mithn- 
dates,  king  of  Pontus,  who  was  celebrated 
for  his  knowledge  of  poisons  and  anti- 
dotes.]   An  antidote  against  poison. 

Mitigate,  mit'i-gat,  v.t— mitigated,  miti- 
gating. [L.  mitigo,  mitigatum,  to  miti- 
gate, from  mitis,  mild.]  To  alleviate  or 
render  less  painful,  rigorous,  intense,  or 
severe;  to  assuage,  lessen,  abate,  moder- 
ate.— itatl^able,  mit'i-pa-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  mitigated.— Mi tigant,  mit'i-gant, 
a.  Mitigating;  softening;  lenitive;  sooth- 
ing; alleviating.  —  Mitigiation,  mit-i-ga'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  mitigating ;  alleviar 
tion;  abatement;  diminution.  —  Mitiga- 
tive,  mit'i-ga-tiv, a.  Lenitive;  tending  to 
alleviate. — Mitigator,  mit'i-ga-t6r,  re.  One 
,  who  or  that  which  mitigates.  —  Mitiga- 
tory, mit'i-^a-to-ri,  a.  Tending  to  miti- 
gate; softening. 
Mitraillense,  Mitrallleur,  me-tra-yftz,  mS- 


tra-y6r,  n.  A  breach-loading  machine- 
gun  used  in  the  French  army,  having  a 
number  of  barrels  that  can  be  loaded  and 
discharged  together. 

Mitre,  mi'tfer,  n.  IFr.  mitre,  L.  mitra,  from 
Gr.  mitra,  headband,  turban.)  The  head- 
dress anciently  worn  by  the  inhabitants 
of  Asia  Minor;  a  sort  of  cap  pointed  and 
cleft  at  the  top  worn  on  the  head  by 
bishops  and  archbishops  (including  the 
pope),  cardinals,  and  in  some  instances  hy 
abbots,  upon  solemn  occasions,  as  also  by 
a  Jewish  high-priest. — v.t. — mitred,  mit- 
ring. To  adorn  with  a  mitre;  to  raise  to 
a  rank  which  entitles  to  a  mitre;  to  unite 
or  join  bj;  a  mitre-joint.— Mitral,  mi'tral, 
o.  Pertaining  to  a  mitre;  resembling  a 
mitre.— Mitred,  mi'terd,  p.  and  a.  Wear- 
ing a  mitre;  entitled  to  wear  a  mitre. — 
Mitred  abbot,  an  abbot  having  episcopal 
authority  within  his  own  precincts;  cai'p. 
and  wMsonry,  cut  or  joined  at  an  angle  of 
45'.— Mitre-Joint,  n.  Carp,  and  wasorery,  a 
joint  connecting  two  pieces  of  wood,  stone, 
&c.,  at  right  angles,  the  line  of  the  joint 
making  an  acute  angle,  or  an  angle  of  45° 
with  both  pieces.— Mitre-shell,  n.  A  mol- 
lusc abounding  in  the  seas  of  hot  climates. 
—Mitre-sill,  n.  A  clap-sill.— Mitre-wheel, 
n.  One  of  a  pair  of  bevel-wheels  of  equal 
diameterj  working  into  each  other  with 
axes  at  right  angles.  —  Mitriform,  mi'tri- 
form,  a.    ResemDling  a  mitre. 

Mitten,  mit'n,  n.  [Fr.  mitaine,  from  G. 
mitte,  the  middle,  O.H.G.  mittamo,  half, 

•  the  mitten  being  a  kind  of  half  or  half- 
divided  glove  (akin  mid).\  A  covering  for 
the  hand,  generally  of  worsted,  differing 
from  a  glove  in  not  having  a  separate 
cover  for  each  finger,  the. thumb  only  be- 
ing separate.— To  handle  without  mittens, 
to  treat  roughly.— Mitt,  mit,  n.  [Abbrev. 
of  mitten.]  A  mitten;  also,  a  covering  for 
the  hand  and  wrist  only,  and  not  for  the 
fingers. 

Mittimus,  mit'i-mus,  n.  ^[L.,  we  send.] 
Law,  a  warrant  of  commitment  to  prison; 
a  writ  for  removing  records  from  one 
court  to  another. 

Mix,  miks,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  miscan,  which  by 
common  metathesis  would  become  rriixan 
{■=micsan);  O.H.G.  miscan,  misgan,  G. 
misehen,  to  mix ;  cog.  L.  misceo,  mixlum 
(MEnLEY,  Meddle),  Gr.  mignymi,  misgO,  to 
mix.]  To  unite  or  blend  promiscuously, 
as  various  ingredients,  into  one  mass  or 
compound;  to  mingle;  to  blend;  to  join; 
to  associate;  to  unite  with  in  company;  to 
produce  by  blending  different  ingredients. 
—v.i.  To  become  imited  or  blended  pro- 
miscuously in  a  mass  or  compound;  to  be 
joined  or  associated;  to  mingle.— Slixable, 
mik'sa-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  mixed.— 
Mixed,  Mixt,  mikst,  p.  and  a.  United  in  a 
promiscuous  mass  or  compound;  blended; 
mingled;  consisting  of  various  kinds  or 
different  things.— Mixedly,mik'8ed-li,adw. 
In  ^  mixed  manner.— Mixer,  mik'ser,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  mixes  or  mingles. 

Mixen,  mik'sn,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mixen,  from 
m.ix,  m£ox,  dung.]    A  dunghill.    [Tenn.] 

Mixtilineal.  Mixtilineax,  miks-ti-lin'e-al, 
miks-ti-lins-er,  a.  [L.  mixtuB,  mixed,  and 
linea,  a  line.]  Containing  a  mixture  of 
lines,  right,  curved,  &c. 

Mixture,  miks'tor,  re.  [L.  mixtura,  from 
misceo,  to  raix.  Mix.]  The  act  of  mixing, 
or  state  of  being  mixed;  a  mass  or  com- 
pound, consisting  of  dilTerent  ingredients 
blended  without  order;  a  liquid  medicine 
formed  by  mixing  several  ingredients  to- 
gether. 

Mizzen,  Mizen,  miz'n,  n.  [Fr.  misaine, 
from  It.  mezzarM,  mizzen,  from  m^zzano, 
middle,  from  mezzo,  middle:  originally  a 
large  lateen  sail  on  a  middle  mast.  Mezzo, 
Medial.]  Naut.  a  fore-and-aft  sail  on  the 
mast  of  a  ship  or  barque  next  the  stem: 
called  also  Spanker.— a.  Navt.  belonging 
.to  the  mizzen:  applied  to  the  mast  sup- 
porting the  mizzen,  and  the  rigging  and 
shrouds  connected  with  it. 
Mizzle,  miz'l,  v.t.  [Fr.  mistle,  misle,  a 
dim.  and  freq.  from  mist.}  To  rain  in 
very  fine  drops;  to  drizzle. — n.  Small  rain. 
Mnemonics,  nS-mon'iks,  re.  [Gr.  m»i^»norei- 
kos,  pertafiiing  to  memory,  from  mnSmOn, 
mindful,  wwaowiat,  to  remember;  same 


root  as  in  E.  mind.]  The  art  of  memory; 
the  precepts  and  rules  intended  to  teacli 
some  method  of  assisting  the  memory. — 
Mnemonic,  Mnemonical,  ne-mon'ik,  ne- 
mon'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  mnemonics; 
assisting  the  memory.— Mnemonician,  ne- 
mon-ish'an,  re.  One  skilled  in  mnemonics; 
a  teacher  of  mnemonics. 

Moa,  mo'a,  re.  The  native  New  Zealand 
name  for  the  Dinornis. 

Moan,  mon,  v.i.  [O.E.  mone,  maone,  &c.,. 
A.  Sax.  maenxin,  to  moan;  perhaps  an  imi- 
tative word.]  To  utter  a  low  dull  sound 
under  the  influence  of  grief  or  pain;  to 
irake  lamentations;  to  utter  a  prolonged 
groan;  to  give  out  a  low  dull  noise.— n.  A 
low  dull  sound  due  to  grief  or  pain;  a  sound 
resembling  that  made  by  a  person  moau- 
ing.— Moanful,  mon'ful,  a.  Sorrowful. — 
MoanfuUy,  mon'ful-li,  adv.  With  lamen- 
tation. 

Moat,  mot,  re.  [Fr.  mote,  L.L.  mx>ta,  the 
mound  of  earth  dug  from  a  trench,  a  hill 
or  mound  on  which  a  castle  was  built; 
origin  unknown.]  A  ditch  or  deep  trench 
round  the  rampart  of  a  castle  or  other 
fortified  place  to  serve  as  a  defence,  often 
filled  with  water.— 1».(.  To  surround  with 
a  ditch  for  defence.  —  Moated,  mo'ted,  a. 
Furnished  with  a  moat. 

Mob,  mob,  re.  [Abbreviated  from  L.  mobile 
vulgus,  the  fickle  crowd,  from  mobilis, 
movable,  fickle,  from  inoveo,  to  move. 
Move,  Vulgar.]  A  crowd;  a  promiscuous 
multitude' of  people,  rude  and  disorderly; 
arabble;a  riotous  assembly. — v.t— mobbed, 
mobbing.  To  crowd  round  and  annoy.— 
Mobbi^,  mob'ish,'  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
mob;  tumultuous. — Mob-law,  n.  The  rule 
of  the  mob;  the  rough  administration  of 
justice  by  a  mob;  lynch-law.— Mobooracy, 
mob-ok'ra-si,  re.  IMob,  and  Gr.  kratos, 
power.]  The  rule  or  ascendency  of  the  mob. 

Mob,  mob,  re.  [Comp.  D.  mop,  a  pug-dog, 
mopmuts,  a  mob-cap.]  A  mob-cap. — Mob- 
cap,  TO.    A  plain  cap  for  females. 

Mobile,  mo'bil,  a.  [Fr.  mobile,  L.  mobilis, 
fickle,  mobile,  movable,  from  moveo,  to 
move.  Move.]  Capable  of  being  easily 
moved;  readily  liable  to  change  {mobile 
features);  changeable;  fickle.  —  Mobilise, 
mob'il-iz,  v.t— mobilised,  mobilising.  [Fr. 
mobiliser.]  Milit.  to  put  in  a  state  of 
readiness  for  active  service.— Mobilization, 
mob'il-i-za"shon,  re.  Milit.  the  act  of  mobil- 
ising, calling,  or  putting  into  active  ser- 
vice or  readiness  for  active  service;  the  act 
of  placing  upon  a  war  footing. — Mobility, 
mO-bil'i-ti,  re.  [Fr.  mobilite,  L.  mobilitas.] 
The  state  of  being  mobile;  susceptibility 
of  motion;  readiness  to  move  or  change; 
fickleness;  inconstancy. 

Mobocracy.    Under  Mob. 

Moccasin,  mok'a-sin,  re.  [Spelled  WMWcah- 
suns  in  old  glossary  of  North  American 
Indian  words.]  A  kind  of  shoe  made  of 
deer-skin  or  other  soft  leather,  without  a 
stiff  sole,  worn  by  the  North  American 
Indians;  a  venomous  serpent  frequenting 
swamps  in  the  warmer  parts  of  America. 

Mocha -stone,  mok'a,  re.  [From  Mocha, 
whereit  is  plentiful.]  A  variety  of  agate, 
containing  the  appearance  of  vegetable 
filaments  in  it;  moss-agate. 

Mock,  mok,  v.t.  [Fr.  moquer,  in  se  moquer, 
to  mock,  flout;  origin  doubtful;  comp. 
It.  'mocca,  a  grimace;  also  Gr.  m,6kos, 
mockery.]  To  imitate  ormimic,  especially 
in  contempt  or  deri^on;  to  deride  or  flout; 
to  ridicule;  to  fool,*tantalize,  disappoint, 
deceive;  to  set  at  naught;  to  defy. — v.i.  To 
use  ridicule;  to  gibe  or  jeer. — re.  Ridicule; 
derision ;  gibe;  flout ;  sneer.  —  a.  False; 
counterfeit;  assumed:  often  in  compounds. 
—Mocker,  mok'er,  re.  One  that  mocks;  a 
scoffer;  a  derider,  one  that  deceives  or  dis- 
appoints.— Mockery,  mok'6r-i,  re.  The  act 
of  mocking;  derision;  ridicule;  sportive  in- 
sult; sport;  subject  of  laughter;  imitation; 
counterfeit  appearance;  false  show;  vain 
effort.— Mock-heroic,  a.  Burlesquing  the 
heroic  in  poetiy,  action,  character,  &c — 
Mockingly,  mok'ing-li,  adv.  By  \yay  of 
derision;  in  contempt.  —  Mocking-bird,  re. 
An  American  bird  of  the  thrush  family, 
much  sought  for  on  account  of  its  wonder- 
ful faculty  of  imitating  sounds.  —  Mock- 
lead,  re.   An  ore  of  sine.    Blekde.— Mc". 


ch,cftainj     cfc,Sc.  locft;     g.ffo;     j,/ob;     n,  Fr.  tore;     ng,  sin^;;     THjf/tenj  th,  tWn;     w,wig;     wh,  w/iig;     zh.awre. 


MODE 


436 


MOLD  WARP 


orange,  n.  A  common  shrub  ■with  creamy- 
whito  flowers  having  an  odour  which  at  a 
distance  resembles  that  of  orange-flowers; 
the  Syringa.— Mock-sun,  n.  A  parhelion. 
Pauhklion.— Mock-tiirtle,  n.  A  soup  pre- 
pared from  calf's  head,  in  imitation  of 
real  turtle-soup. 

Mode,  mod,  n.  IFr.  mode,  from  L.  modus, 
mode,  manner,  measure,  &c.:  same  root  as 
«!<te.  Akin  are  modify,  modest,  moderate; 
mm>d  (Ingram.)  is  same  word.]  Manner; 
method;  way  (of  speaking,  acting,  &c.); 
fashion;  custom;  the  mode,  {he  prevailing 
fashion  or  style;  gram,  and  logic,  same  as 
Mood;  mus.  a  species  of  scale  of  which 
models  musicians  recognize  only  two,  the 
major  and  the  minor  modes.  Major, 
Minor.— Modal,  mo'dal,  a.  Relating  to  a 
mode  or  mood;  pertaining  to  the  mode, 
manner,  or  form,  not  to  the  essecca. — 
Modal  proposition,  in  logic,  one  which 
affirms  or  denies  with  a  qualification  or 
limitation.— Modality,  mS-dal'i-ti,  n.  _  The 
quality  of  being  modal;  philos.  that  qual- 
ity of  propositions  in  respect  of  which  they 
express  possibility  or  impossibility,  exis- 
tence or  non-existence,  necessity  or  contin- 
gency. —  Modally,  mo'dal-Ii,  adv.  In  a 
manner  or  relation  expressing  or  indicat- 
ing a  mode. 

Model,  mod'el,  n.  [Fr.  modHe,  O.Fr.  mod- 
elle,  from  It.  m4}dello,  a  model,  lit. '  a  little 
measure,'  dim.  from  L.  modus,  measure. 
Mode.]  A  pattern  of.  something  to  bo 
made;  a  form  in  miniature  of  something 
to  be  made  on  a  larger  scale;  a  copy,  in 
miniature,  of  something  already  made  pr 
existing;  an  image,  copy,  facsimile;  stan- 
d,ard:  that  by  which'  a  thing  is  to  be  mea- 
sured; anything  serving  or  worthy  of  serv- 
ing as  a  pattern ;  an  example;  a  person, 
male  or  female,  from  whom  a  painter  or 
sculptor  studies  his  proportions,  details, 
postures,  &c.—v.t.  —  modelled,  modelling. 
To  plan  or  form  after  some  model;  to  form 
in,order  to  serve  as  a  model;  to  mould;  to 
shape.  —  v.i. '  To  make  a  model;  sculp,  to 
form  a  work  of  some  plastic  material,  as 
clay.  —  Modeller,  mod'et-6r,  n.  One  who 
models;  especially,  a  moulder  in  clay,  wax, 
or  plaster. 

Moderate,  mod'6r-at,  v.t.— moderated,  mod- 
erating. [L.  modero  and  moderor,  moder- 
atus,  to  limit,  moderate,  from  modMs,  a 
measure.  Mode.]  To  restrain  from  ex- 
cess of-  any  kind ;  to  reduce  in  intensity 
(rage,  passion,  desire,  joy,  &c.);  to  qualify; 
to  temper;  to  lessen;  to  allay.— w.i.  To  be- 
come less  violent  or  intense;  to  preside  as 
a  moderator.— To  moderate  in  a  call,  in 
Pres,byterian  churches,  to  preside  at  a 
meeting  at  which  a  call  is  addressed  to  a 
minister. — o.  [L.  moderatus.]  Applied  to 
persons,  not  going  to  extremes;  temperate 
in  opinions  or  views;  applied  to  things, 
not  extreme  or  excessive;  not  very  great; 
mediocre. — n.  A  member  of  a  party  in'  the 
Church  of  Scotland  which  claimed  the 
character  of  moderation  in  doctrine,  dis- 
cipline, and  church  government.- Moder- 
ately, mod'fer-at-li,  adv.  In  a  moderate 
manner  or  degree;  not  excessively. — Mod- 
erateness, mod'6r-5t-nes,  n.  State  of 
being  moderate.— Moderation,  mod-6r-a'- 
Bhon,  n.  [L.  moderatio.]  The  act  of  mod- 
erating, tempering,  or  repressing;  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  moderate;  the 
keeping  of  a  due  mean  between  extremes; 
freedom  from  excess;  due  restraint;  the 
act  of  presiding  as  a  moderator.— ^foder- 
ations,  at  Oxford  University,  the  first  pub- 
lic examination  for  doRrees.— Moderatism, 
mod'^r-ftt-izm,  n.  Adnerence  to  moderate 
■views  or  doctrines.— Moderator,  mod'6r-a- 
tir,  >i.  One  yho  or  that  which  moderates 
or  restrains;  the  person  who  presides  at  a 
meeting  or  discussion:  now  chiefiy  applied 
to  the  chairman  of  meetings  or  courts 
in  Presbyterian  churches.  —  Moderator- 
lamp,  n.  A  lamp  for  burning  oil,  in  which 
the  passage  of  the  oil  up  towards  the  wick 
is  regulated,  or  moderated,  by  an  ingeni- 
ous arrangement.— Moderatorahlp,  mod'- 
*r-il-t*r-ship,  n.  The  office  of  a  moderator. 

Modem,  mod'fem,  a.  [Pr.  r/iodenie,  from 
L.L.  modemus,  modem,  belonging  to  the 
piwant  moUo,  Irom  h.  mnvAni,  lc^:\i'^, 
mauner.    Mode.]    Pertaining  to  the  pre- 


sent time,  or  time  not  long  past;  recent; 
not  ancient. — n.  A  person  of  modem  times: 
opposed  to  ancteni.— lilodernism.  mod'fcrn- 
izm,  n.  The  state  of  being  modern;  mod- 
em cast  or  character:  a  deviation  from 
ancient  manner  or  practice;  a  modern 
phrase  or  mode  of  expression. — Modernist, 
mod'fem-ist,  n.  One  who  admires  the  mod- 
ems or  what  is  modem.  — Modernness, 
mod'trn-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
idodem.  —  Modernize,  niod'6r-niz,  v.t. — 

..  wwderntaed,  modernizing.  To  give  a  mod- 
em character  to;  to  adapt  to  modem 
times;  to  cause  to  conform  to  modem 
ideas  or  style.- Modcrnizer,mod'6r-ni-zer, 
n.  One  who  renders  modem  or  moder- 
nizes. -Modernization,  mod'er-ni-za"shon, 
n.  The  act  of  modernizing;  what  is  pro- 
duced by  modernizing. 

Modest,  mo^'est,  a.  IFr.  'modiste,  L.  wio- 
(iesiws,  from  modus,  a  limit.  Mode.]  Re- 
strained by  a  sense  of  propriety;  not  for- 
ward or  bold;  unpretending;  bashful;  diffi- 
dent; free  from  anything  suggestive  of 
sexual  impurity;  pure;  moderate;  not  ex- 
cessive, extreme,  or  extravagant.  —  Mod- 
estly, paod'est^li,  adv.  In  a  modest  man- 
ner; with  modesty;  diffidently;  bashfully; 
not  wantonly;  not  excessiveb'. — Modesty, 
mod'es-ti,  n.  [L.  modestia.]  The  state  Or 
Quality  of  beihg  modest;  absence  of  ten- 
dency to  forwardness,  pretence,  or  pre- 
sumption; bashful  reserve;  absence  of  any- 
thing suggestive  of  sexual  impurity;  chas- 
tity; moderation;  freedom  from  excess. 

Modicum,  mod'i-kum,  n.  [L.,  a  small  or 
moderate  quantity,  from  modicus,  moder- 
ate, from  modus',  measure.  Mode.]  A 
little;  a  small  quantity;  a  scanty  allo^w- 
ance  or  allotment.  , 

Modify,  mod'i-fi,  v.t.—modifled,  m/>difying. 
(Fr.  modifier,  from  L.  modifico — modus, 
limit,  manner,  and/aeio,  to  make.  Mode, 
Factt.]  To  change  the  external  qualities 
of;  to  give  a  new  form  or  external  charac- 
ter to;  to  vary;  to  alter  in  some  respect.— 
Modifier,  mod'i-fi-fer,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  modifies.  —  Modifiable,  modi-fi-a- 
bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  modified. — Modl- 
flabillty,  mod'i-fi-a-bil"i-ti,  n.  Tho  capa- 
bility of  being  modified.  —  Modification, 
mod'i-fi-ka"8hon,  n.  The  act  of  modifying; 
the  state  of  being  modified;  some  alter- 
ation in  form,  appearance,  or  character; 
a  particular  form  or  manner  of  being;  a 
mode.— Modificatory;  mOd'i-fi-ka-to-ri,  a.- 
Tending  to  modify  or  produce  change. 

ModUllon,  mo-dil'yon,  n.  [Fr.  modillon, 
from  L.  modulus,  a  model,  dim.  of  modus, 
ameasure.  Mode.]  .4 rc/i.  a  block  carved 
into  the  form  of  aii  enriched  bracket  used 
in  cornices  of  buildings. 

Modish,  mod'ish,  a.  [From  made.]  Accor- 
ding to  the  mode  or  fashion;  afTectedly 
fashionable.  —  Modlehly,  mod'ish-li,  adv. 
In  a  modish  manner. — ModisIinesB,  mOd'- 
ish-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  modish; 
affectation  of  the  fashion.— Blodist,  mod'- 
ist,  n.  A  follower  of  the  fr,3hion.— Mo- 
diste, mo-dest',  n.  [Fr.  modiste,  a  milliner, 
from  ')node,  fashion.]  A  female  v/ho  deals 
in  articles  of  ladies'  dress;  particularly,  a 
milliner  or  dressmaker. 

Modulate,  mod'a-lftt,  v.t— modulated,  mod- 
ulating. [L.  modulor,  moditlatits,  from 
madus,  limit,  measure,  mode.  Mode.] 
To  proportion;  to  adjust;  to  vary  or  inflect 
the  sound  of  in  such  a  manner  as  to  give 
expressiveness  to  what  is  uttered;  to  vary 
(the  voice)  in  tone;  music,  to  change  the 
key  or  mode  of  in  the  course  of  composi- 
tion; to  transfer  from  one  key  to  another. 
— v.i.  Music,  to  pass  from  one  key  into 
another.  —  Modulation,  mod-Ci-la'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  modulating}  adjustment;  the 

"  act  of  inflecting  the  voice  or  any  instru- 
ment musically;  melodious  sound;  music, 
the  change  from  one  scale  or  modo  to  an- 
other in  tho  course  of  a  composition. — 
Modulator,  mod'u-la-tfer,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  modulates;  in  the  tonic  sol-fa 
system  of  music,  a  sort  of  nap  of  musical 
sounds  representing  the  relative  intervals 
of  the  notes  of  a  scale,  its  chromatics,  and 
its  more  closely  related  scales.  . 

Module,  mod'Ql,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  modulus, 
dim.  of  w?'','.^»,  a  measuro.  Mods.]  Arch. 
a  measure  taken  to  regulats  the  propor- 


tions of  an  order  or  the  disposition  of  tho 
whole  building,  as  the  diameter  or  semi- 
diameter  of  the  column  at  the  bottom  of 
the  shaft.— Modulus,  mod'i>lus,  n.  Math. 
and  physics,  a  term  for  some  constant 
multiplier  or  quantity  required  to  be  used 
in  connection  with  some  variable  quan- 
tity.—Modular,  mod'tt-l6r,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  module  or  modulus. 

Moeso-Gotliic,  me-sO-goth'ik,  n.  and  a.  Tlie 
language  of  the  Moeso-Goths  (or  Goths  of 
McEsia),  in  which  we  have  the  e.irliost 
written  example  of  a  Teutonic  dialect, 
namely,  parts  of  the  Scriptures  translated 
by  Ulfilas  in  the  fourth  century. 

MofiussU,  mo-fus'sil,  n.  [Hmd.  mufassal, 
the  country.]  Any  part  of  India  other 
than -the  three  capitals,  Calcutta,  Madras, 
and  Bombay. 

Mogul,  mo-gul',  n.  [Per.,  a  Mongolian.] 
Lit.  c  Mongolian  or  Mongol.— The  Great 
Mogxd,  the  sovereign  of  the  empire  foun- 
ded in  Hindustan  by  the  Mongols  under 
Ba"Bir  in  the  sixteenth  century,  which 
terminated  in  1806. 

Mohair,  mo'har,  n.  [O.Fc  mxmaire,  mohere, 
Fr.  m,oire.  It.  nxoerre,  from  Ar.  mokhayyar, 
a  kind  of  coarse  camlet  or  haircloth.]  The 
hair  of  the  Angora  goat;  cloth  made  of 
this  hair;  camlet;  a  wool  and  cotton  cloth 
made  in  imitation  of  real  mohair. 

Mohammedan,  mo-ham'med-an,  a.  Per- 
taining to  Mohammed,  or  the  religion 
founded  by  him.— n.  A  follower  of  Mo- 
hammed; one  who  professes  Mohamme- 
danism. —  Mohammedanism,  Mohamme- 
dlsm,  mo-ham'med-an-izm,  mo-ham'med- 
izm,  n.  The  religion  of  Mohammed,  con- 
tained in  the  Koran,  -r-  Mohammedanize, 
mo-ham'med-an-iz,  v.t.  To  make  confor- 
mable to  Mohammedanism. 

Mohawk,  Mohock,  mo'hak,nio'hok,M.  The 
appellation  given  to  certain  ruffians  who 
infested  the  streets  of  London  during  the 
latter  part  of  the  seventeenth  century:  so 
called  from  the  nation  of  Indians  of  that 
name  in  America. 

Mohur,  mo'hfer,  n.  [Per.  m.uhur,  muhr,  a 
gold  "coin.]  A  British  Indian  gold  coin, 
value  fifteen  rupees. 

Moidore,  moi'dor,  n.  [Pg.  moeda  d'ouro, 
lit.  money  of  gold — L.  mo7ieta,  money, 
aurum,  gold.]  A  gold  coin  of  Portugal, 
valued  at  £1,  7s.  sterling. 

Moiety,  moi'e-ti,  n.  [Fr.  moitii,  from  L. 
medietas,  from  medi«3,' middle.  Medial.] 
The  half;  one  of  two  equal  parts;  a  portion 
or  share  in  general. 

Moil,  moil,  v.t.  [From  O.Fr.  moiller,  Fr. 
mouiller,  to  wet,  to  soften,  from  L.  molli.i, 
soft.  Mollify.]  TodaubJ;  to  make  dirty  J; 
to  labour;  to  toil;  to  work  with  painful 
BiTorts. 

Moire,  mwar,  n.  [Mohair.]  A  clouded  or 
watered  appearance  on  metals  or  textile 
fabrics;  v.-atered  silk.  —  Moire-antique,  n. 
Silk  watered  so  as  to  resemble  materials 
worn  in  olden  times.— Mcir^-m^talUque, 
mwa-ra-r.ia-ta-lek,  n.  [Fr.]  Tinplate  the 
surface  jof  which  gives  crystalline  reflec- 
tions from  the  action  of  acids. 

Moist,  moist,  a.  [O.Fr.  moisfe,. from  L. 
imtsietis,  fresh,  henc3  juicy,  from  viusiiia, 
fresh  ( whence musiwm.must  or  new  wine).] 
'Moderately  wet;  damp;  not  dry;  humid. 
—Moisten,  mois'n,  v.t  To  make  moist  or 
damp;  to  wet  in  a  small  degree.— v.i.  To 
become  moist.  —  Moistener,  mois'n-er,  n. 
One  who  or  that  whicli  moistens.— Moist- 
ncss,  moist'nes,  n.  State  of  being  inoi.>-t; 
a  Email  degree  of  wetness.  —  Moisture, 
rnois'tftr,  n.  Diffused  and  sensible  wetness; 
damp. 

Molar,  mClir,  a.  [L.  molaris,  from  mola, 
a  mill;  same  root  as  meaZ.  Mill.J  Serving 
to  bruise  or  grind  the  food  in  eating;  grind- 
ing.—n.  A  grinding  tooth;  a  tooth  having 
a  flattened,  triturating  surface;  a  double 
tooth. 

Molar,  mol6r,  «.  [L.  moles,  a  mass.]  Per- 
taining to  a  mass  or  body  as  a  whole. 

Molasces,  mo-las'ez,  n.  [Also  melasses,  a 
better  spoiling,  being  from  Fr.  metasse, 
Sp.melasa,  li.mellaceus,  resembling  honey, 
from  mel,  mellis,  honey.]  The  uncrystal- 
lized  syrup  produced  from  sugar  in  the 
process  of  making. 

MoldTvarp,  mold'wS,iT5.  »•    The  mole. 


pate,  fftr,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  htr;     pine,  pin;     nSte,  not,  mOre;     tube,  tub,  bflU ;     oil,  pound;  _fl,  Sc.  abtoie— the  Fr.  t«, 


MOLE 


437 


MONEY 


&Io1a,  m3l,  n.  [Same  word  as  mould, 
earth,  being  abbreviated  from  the  fuller 
name  moldwarp,  mouldwarp,  lit.  earth- 
caster,  from  mould,  and  warp,  to  cast;  so 
loel.  moldvarpa,  D.niol,  molworp,  G.mavl- 
wur/.]  An  insectivorous  animal  which 
forms  burrows  or  roads  just  under  the 
qurface  of  the  ground,  throwing  up  the 
excavated  soil  into  little  hills;  a  kind  of 
plough  for  making  drains. — Mole-cast,-  n. 
A  mole-hill.  —  Mole-cricket,  n.  A  name 
given  to  certain  cricket-like  burrowing  in- 
sects.—Mole-eyed,  a.  Having  very  small 
eyes;  having  .  imperfect  sight;  blind. — 
Mole-hill,  n.  A  heap  of  earth  thrown  up 
by  a  mole;  something  insignificant  as  con- 
trasted with  something  important. — Mole- 
skin, mol'skin,  n.  A  strong  twilled  fustian 
or  cotton  cloth,  so  called  from  its  being  soft 
like  the  skin  of  a  mole.  —  Mole-track,  n. 
The  course  di  a  mole  underground. 

Mole,  mol,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mdl,  a  blot,  a  spot— 
O.I),  mael,  Dan.  maal,  G.  mal,  a  spot;  cok. 
li.  macula,  a  spot.]  A  spot,  mark,  pr  small 
discoloured  protuberance  on  the  human 
body. 

Mole,  mol,  n.  [L.  m^la,  a  false  conception.] 
A  mass  of  fleshy  matter  in  the  uterus. 

Hole,  mol,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  molee,  a  mass, 
a  dam,  a  mole;  same  root  as  magnm, 
great.]  A  mound  or  breakwater  formed 
so  as  to  partially  inclose  a  harbour  or  an- 
chorage, and  protect  it  from  the  waves. 

Molecule,-  mol'e-kul,  n.  [I'r.  moUcule,  dim. 
of  L.  moles,  a  mass.  Mole  (a  mound).] 
The  smallest  quantity  of  any  substance 
which  is  capable  of  existing  in  a  separate 
form.  -^  Molecular,  mo-lek'a-16r,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  consisting  of  molecules. — 
J/oZccMiaraiirociioji,  that  attraction  which 
occurs  between  the  molecules  or  particles 
of  a  body,  keeping  them  together  in  one 
mass,  as  distinguished  from  the  attraction 
of  gravitation.  —  Molecularity,  mo-lek'Q- 
lar"i-ti,  n.   The  state  of  beino^  molecular. 

Molest,  mo-lest',  v.t.  [Fr.  molester,  from  L. 
molestus,  troublesome,  from  wioZ««,  trouble, 
a  great  mass.  MoLEtfai.E.]  To  annoy;  to 
disturb;  to  vex. — Molestation,  mol-es-ta'- 
Bhon,  n.  The  axt  of  molesting;  distur- 
bance; annoyance. — Molester,  nio-les't6r, 
n.  One  who  molests.— Molestful,  mo-lest'- 
f  111,  a.    Troublesome;  annoying. 

Mollnist,  mo'lin-ist,  n.  A  follower  of  the 
opinions  of  Molina,  a  Spanish  Jesuit  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  in  respect  to  grace, 
free-will,  and  predestination. 

MoUah,  mol'a,  n.  An  honorary  title  in 
Turkey  for  anjr  one  who  has  acquired  re- 
spect from  purity  of  life,  or  who  exercises 
functions  relating  to  religion. 

Mollify,  mol'i-fi,  v.t— mollified,  mollifying. 
[O.Fr.  mollifi^r,  li.mollificare—^wUia,  soft, 
and  facio,  to  make.  Meal,  Mellow.]  To 
soften;  to  assuage;  as  pain  or  irritation;  to 
pacify  or  make  less  angry;  to  reduce  in 
harshness;  to  tone  down. — Mollifier,  mol'- 
i-fi-6r,  ?i.  One  who  or  that  which  mollifies. 
— MoUi&able,  mol'i-fi-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  mollified  or  softened.  —  Mollifica- 
tion, mori-fi-ka"Bhon,  n.  The  act  of  mol- 
lifying; mitigation;  pacification.— Molli- 
ties,  mol-Iish'i-ez,  n.  [It.,  softness.]  Mad. 
diseased  softening  of  an  organ. 

Mollusc,  MoUusk,  mdl'usk,  n.  [L.  m,ollutcui, 
soft,  from  mollis,  soft.  Mollify.]  One  of  the 
mollusca. — MQllusca,  mol-lus'ka,  n.  pi.  An 
Miimal  sub -kingdom,  comprising  those 
soft-bodied  animals  which  are  usually  pro- 
vided with  a  shell,  as  mussels,  oysters,  land 
and  sea  snails,  and  all  such  animals,  as 
well  as  the  cuttle-fishes.— MoUuscan,  mol- 
lus'kan,  n.  A  mollusc— Molluscous,'mol- 
lus'kus,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  mollusca. — 
MoUuscoid,  mol-lus'koid,  n.  A  member 
of  the  moUuscoida.  —  MoUuscolda,  mol- 
lus-koi'da,  n.  pi.  A  grciup  of  animals 
(Polyzoa,  Tunicata,  and  Brachiopoda)  re- 
garded as  a  class  in  the  sub-kingdom  mol- 
lusca.—MoUuskite,  mol-lus'kit.  n.  A  dark 
coal-like  substance  found  in  ghell-marbles, 
and  originating  in  the  petrifaction  of  the 
bodies  of  molluscs. 

Mollycoddle,  mol'i-kod-l,  n.  [From  Molly, 
as  general  name  for  a  female,  and  coddU.] 
An  effeminate  person.    [Slang.] 

Moloch,  mo'lok,  n.  [Heb.  m,olech,  king.] 
The  chief  god  of  the  Phoenicians  and  of 


the  Ammonites,  whose  worship  consisted 
chiefly  of  human  sacrifices,  ordeals  by  fire, 
mutilation;  «Ssc.;  a  genus  of  lizards  found 
in  Australia  of  repulsive  appearance. — 
Molochize,  mO'lok-iz,  v.t.  To  sacrifice  or 
immolate  as  to  Moloch. 

MolossuB,  mo-los'us,  n.  Greek  and  Latin 
pros,  a  foot  of  three  long  syllables.    . 

Molten,  mol'tn,  p.  and  o.  Melted;  made  of 
melted  metal.    Melt. 

Molto,  mol'to,  adv.  [It.]  Mus.  very,  as 
molto  allegro,  very  gay  and  lively. 

Moly,  mo'li,  n.  [Or.  mOiy.]  A  fabulous 
herb  of  magic  power  spoken  of  by  Homer. . 

Molybdena,  mol-ib-de'na,  n.  [L.  molyb- 
dcena,  from  Gr.  molybdaina,  galena,  from 
Tnolybdos,  lead.]  A  mineral,  a  sulphide  of 
molybdenum,  used  for  preparing  a  blue 
pigment  for  pottery  ware.— MolybdenouB, 
Molybdous,  mo-lib'den-us,  mo-Iib'dus,  a. 
Obtained  from  molybdenum;  containing  a 

Larger  proportion  of  that  metal  than  trie 
Compounds  called  molybdic.  —  Molybde- 
num, mol-ib-de'num,  n.  ■  A  brittle  and 
rare  metal  of  a  white  colour  obtained  from 
the  native  sulphide  of  molybdena.— Mo- 
lybdic, mo-lib' dik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
containing  molybdenum. 

Moment,  mo'ment,  n.  [L.  msm^ntum, 
movement,  impulse,  brief  space  of  time, 
importance,  contr.  for  m,ovime.nium,  from 
vwveo,  to  move.  Move.]  A  ininute  por- 
tion of  time;  an  instant;  momentum;  im- 
pulsive ^ower;  importance;  consequence; 
weight;  gravity  (an  affair  of  movient).— 
Mmnent  o/inertia,  physics,  the  sum  of  the 
products  of  each  parti  cle  of  a  rotating  body, 
by  the  square  of  its  distance  from  the  axis 
of  rotation.— Momentarily,  mo'men-ta-ri- 
li,  ody.'  Every  moment;  from  moment  to 
moment.— Momentariness,  mo'men-ta-ri- 
nss,  ».  The  state  of  being  momentary. — 
Momentary,mo'men-ta-ri,a.  Lasting  but  a 
moment  or  a  very  short  time;  fleeting.— 
Momently,  mo'ment-li,adf.  From  moment 
to  moment;  every  moment. — Momentous, 
mo-meu'tus,  a.  Of  moment  or  importance; 
weighty;  of  great  consequence.— Momen- 
tously, mo-men'tus-li,  adv.  Weightily; 
importantly.  —  Momentousness,  mo-men'- 
tus-nes,  n. — Momentum,  mo-men'tum,  n. 
The  force  possessed  by  a  body  in  motion; 
the  product  of  the  mass  and  velocity  of  a 
body;  impetus. 

Momier,  mo'mi-6r,  n.  [Fr.  momier.  from 
O.Fr.  momer,  to  mumm,  to  mask.]  A  term 
given  by  the  Calvinists  in  Switzerland  to 
dissenters  from  their  body. 

Momus,  mo'mus,  n.  {Gr.  momoa,  derision.] 
Greek  myth,  the  god  of  raillery  and  ridi- 
cule. 

Monachal,  mon'a-kal,  a.  [L.  m^machus,  Gr. 
monacfws,  a  monk,  from  memos,  alone. 
Monk..]  Pertaining  to  monks  or  a  monastic 
life;  monastic— Monachism,  mon'a^-izm, 
n.  [Fr.  monachisviu.]  The  monastjs  life 
or  system;  monkery;  monkishness. 

Monad,  mon'ad,  n.  [Gr.  monas,  monadog, 
unity,  from  monos.  alone.]  An  ultimate 
atom  or  simple  substance  without  parts; 
zool.  a  microscopical  organism  of  an  ex- 
tremely simple  character  developed  in  or- 
ganic infusions;  chem.  a  monatomic  ele- 
ment, such  as  hydrogen,  chlorine,  &c.;  an 
imagmary  entity  in  the  philosophy  of 
Leibnitz.  —Monadic,  Monadical,  mo-nad'- 

'  ik,  mo-nad'i-kal,  a.  Having  the  nature 
or  character  of  a  monad.  • 

Monadelph,  mon'a-delf,  n.  [Gr.  m/)ni8, 
B0I9,  and  adelphos,  brother.]  Bot.  a  plant 
whose  stamens  are  united  in  one  bodv  by 
the  filaments;  zool.  a  mammal  in  which 
the  uterus  is  single.— Monadelphia,  nion- 
a-del'fi-a,  n.  pi.  Bot.  and  zool.  the  moaa- 
delphs.  —  Monadelphlan,  Monadelphoua, 
mon-a-del'fi-an,  mon-a-del'fuB,  a.  Belong- 
ing to  the  monadelphs. 

Monander,  mon-an'd6r,  n.  [Gr.  monot, 
single,  and  aner,  andros,  a  male.]  Bot.a, 
monoclinous  plant  having  one  stamen 
only. — Monandria,  mon-an'dri-a,  n.  pi.  A 
class  of  plants  having  only  one  stamen  or 
male  organ.— Monandrian,  Monandrous, 
mon-an'dri-an,  mon-an'drus,  a.  Bot. 
monoclinous,  and  having  one  stamen  only; 
belonging  to  the  class  monandria.— Mon- 
andry, mon-and'ri,  ».  Marriage  to  one 
husband  only:  as  opposed  to  polyandry. 


MonantiiouB,  mon-an'thus,  a.  [Gr.  monos, 
single,  anthos,  flower.]  Bot.  producing 
but  one  flower. 

Monarch,  mon'ark,  n.  [L.  monarcha,  from 
Gr.  monarches,  a  monarch,  m<marchos,  rid- 
ing aione— monos,  alone,  and  arche,  rule.] 
A  sole  ruler ;  the  supreme  governor  of  a 
state;- a  sovereign,  as  an  emperor,  king, 
queen,  prince,  &C.;  one  who  is  sujierior  to 
others  of  the  same  kind  (an  oak  is  called 
the  monarch  of  the  forest).— Monarchal, 
mon-ar'kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  monarch ; 
suiting  a  monarch;  sovereign. — Monarchic, 
Monarchical,  mon-ar'kik,  mon-ar'ki-kal,a. 
Vested  in  a  monarch  or  single  ruler;  per- 
taining to  monarchy.  —  Monarchicalli' 
mon-a?ki-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  monarcliical 
manner.  —  Mouarchism<  mon'ark-izm,  n. 
The  principles  of  monarchy;  love  or  pre- 
ference of  monarchy.— Monarchist,  mon'- 
ark-ist,  n.  An  advocate  of  monarchy.  — 
Monarchize,  mon'ark-iz,  v.i.  To  play  the 
king;  to  act  the  monarch. — Monarchy, 
mon'ar-ki,  n.  [Gr.  irwnarchia.]  A  stats 
or  country  in  which  the  supreme  power  is 
either  actually  or  nominally  lodged  in  the 
hands  of  a  single,  person ;  the  system  of 
government  according  to  which  the  su- 
preme power  is  vested  in  a  single  person; 
the  territory  ruled  over  by  a  monarch;  a 
kingdom;  an  empire. 

Monastery,  mon'as-t6r-i,  n.  [L.L.  monas- 
tarium,  from  Gr.  manastSrion,  from  monas- 
ter, a  solitary,  monazO,  to  be  alone,  from 
monos,  alone,  aol«.]  A  house  of  religious 
retirement,  or  of  seclusion  from  ordinary 
temporal  concerns,  whether  an  abbey,  a 
priory,  a  nunnery,  or  convent:  usually  ap- 
plied to  the  houses  for  monks. — Monas- 
terial,  mon-as-te'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
monastery. — Monastic,  Monastical,  mon- 
as'tik,  nion-as'ti-kal,  a.  [Gr.  moreasttAros.] 
Pertaining  to  monasteries;  pertaining  to 
religious  or  other  seclusion.— Monastic,  n. 
A  member  of  a  monastery;  a  monk.— 
Monastically,  mon-as'ti-kal-li,  adv.  In  a 
monastic  manner;  reclusely. — Monasti- 
cism,  mon-as'ti-sizm,  n.  Monastic  life; 
the  monastic  system  or  condition.— Mon- 
asticon,  mon-as'tl-kon,  n.  A  book  giving 
an  account  of  monasteries,  convents,  &c. 

Monatomic,  mon-a-tom'ik,  a.  Chem.  said 
of  an  element  one  atom  of  which  will 
never  combine  with  more  than  one  atom 
of  another  element. 

Monday,  mun'da,  n.  fA.  Sax.  mdnandag— 
m&nan,  genit.  of  mdna,  the  moon,  and 
dag,  day.]    The  second  day  of  the  week. 

Monde,  mond,  n.  [Fr.,  the  world,  from  L. 
mundtis,  the  world.]  A  French  word  used 
in  certain  phrases,  as  'beau  monde,'  the 
world  of  fashion. 

Moaembryary,  mon-em'bri-a-ri,  o.  [Gr. 
monos,  single,  and  emhrygn,  an  embryo.] 
Having  a  single  embryo. 

Monetary,  mon'e-ta-ri,  a.  [L.  moneta, 
money.  Money.]  Pertaining  to  money 
or  consisting  in  money.— jJ/one<arj/  unit, 
the  standard  of  currency. — Monetize,mon- 
e-tiz',  v.t.  To  form  into  coin  or  money.— 
Monetizatlon,  mon'et-i-za"shon,  n.  The  act 
of  monetizing. 

Money,  mun'i,  n.  pi.  Moneys  or  Monies, 
mun'iz.  [O.Fr.  m,(meie,  monnoie,  Pr.  mon- 
naie,  from,  L.  maneta,  the  mint,  money, 
originally  a  surname  of  Juno  (lit.  the 
Warner  pr  admonisher,  from  moneo,  to 
admonish),  in  whose  temple  at  Kome 
money  was  coined;  whence  also  mint. 
Monition.]  Coin;  gold,  silver,  or  other 
metal,  stamped  by  public  authority  and 
used  as  the  medium  of  exchange;  in  a 

■  wider  sense,  any  equivalent  for  commodi- 
ties, and  for  which  individuals  readily  ex- 
change their  goods  or  services;  a  circula;- 
ting  medium;  wealth;  affluence  (a  man  of 
money).  The  plural  is  used  in  the  sense 
of  sums  of  money  or  denominations  of 
money. — A  money  0/ account,  a  denomina- 
tion used  merely  for  convenience  in  keep- 
ing accounts,  and  not  represented  by  any 
coin.— To  make  money,  to  gain  money;  to 
be  in  the  way  of  becoming  rich.— Paper 
money,  bank-notes,  bills,  &c.,  representing 
value  and  passing  current  as  so.— Money- 
bill,  n.  A  bill  brought  into  the  House  of 
Commons  for  granting  aids  and  supplies 
to  the  crown.— Moneyed,  mun'id,  a.  Kicb; 


cl^cMisi  ^tft. Sc. locft;^ c^^f yoy-^. ^ob;^;jn, grytonj,^ ^»x,ung-,f^va,jiifiui^h^h^-gg^,w^^  aaur^jf^ 


MONGER 


438 


MONOLITH 


wealthy;  affluent.— Moneyer,  mun'i-ir,  n. 
A  coiner  of  money;  one  who  superintends 
H  mint.— Cowpanu  of  irumeyera,  formerly 
certain  officers  oi  the  English  mint. — 
Money-lender,  n.  One  who  lends  money 
on  interest.— Moneyless,  mun'i-les.a.  Des- 
titute of  money.— Money-making,  n.  The 
process  of  accumulating  money.— a.Lucra- 
tive;  profitable.— Money-market,  n.  The 
market  or  field  for  the  investment  or  em- 
ployment of  money.  —  Money-matter,  n. 
A  matter  or  affair  in  which  money  is  con- 
cerned. —Money-order,  n.  An  order  grant- 
ed upon  payment  of  the  sum  and  a  small 
commission,  by  one  post-ofittce,  and  payable 
at  another.  —  Money's-worth,  n.  Some- 
thips  as  good  as  or  that  will  bring  money; 
full  value  —Money-taker,  n.  A  person  at 
some  public  place  who  receives  the  money 
for  admissions.;  a  cash-clerk  in  a  retail 
establishment. 

Monger,  mung'gfer,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mangere,  a 
dealer,  from  nangian,  to  traflic;  Icel.  man- 
gari,  mang,  traffic,  O.D.  mangher,  O.H.G. 
viangari,  a  merchant;  perhaps  from  L. 
viango,  dealer.]  A  trader;  a  dealer:  now 
only  or  chiefly  in  composition. 

Mongol,  Mongolian,  mon'gol,  mon-go'li-an, 
n.  A  native  of  Mongolia.— a.  Belonging 
to  Mongolia;  an  epithet  sometimesapplied 
to  the  whole  Turanian  tongues. — Mongo- 
lian race,  one  of  the  great  divisions  of  the 
human  family,  named  from  the  Mongols, 
who  are  considered  the  type. 

Mongrel,  mung'grel,  a.  IFrom  A.  Sax. 
)iia')ig,  mixture,  with  dim.  suffix  as  in 
cockerel;  akin  mingle,  among.]  Of  a  mixed 
breed;  of  mingled  origins;  hybrid. —n. 
Any  individual,  especially  an  animal, 
of  a  mixed  breed;  ahybricf.— Mongrelize, 
mung'grel-iz,  v.t.    To  make  a  mongrel  of. 

Monled,  mun '  id,  a.  MoNtvjsn.  —  Monler, 
mun'i-er,  n.    SIoneyeu. 

Moniliform,"  mo-nil'i-form,  o.  IX.  monile, 
a  necklace.]  Like  a  necklace;  Uke  a  series 
or  string  of  beads:  used  especially  in  nat- 
ural history. 

Moning,  mo'ning,  n.    A  fine  black  tea. 

Monism,  mon'izm,  n.  [Or.  viono8,  alone, 
single.]  The  doctrine  which  holds  that  in 
the  universe  there  is  only  a  single  element 
or  principle  from  which  everything  is  de- 
veloped, this  single  principle  being  either 
mind  (idialistic  monism)  or  matter  (?»a- 
terialiatic  monism).— Monistic,  mon-is'tik, 
a.  Pertaining  to  monism;  pertaining  to 
or  derived  from  a  single  source. 

Monition,  mo-nish'on,  n.  [L.  monitio,  mo- 
nitionis,  from  m,oneo,  to  admonish  (hence 
moneta,  E.  money):  root  in  monstrum,  a 
monster,  monstrare,  to  show  [demonstrate); 
mens,  mind  (whence  mental),  E.  mvid.] 
Admonition;  warning;  advice  by  way  of 
caution;  indication;  intimation.  —  Monl- 
ttve,  mon'i-tiv,  a.  Admonitory;  conveying 
admonition.— Moaitor,  mon'i-tfer,  n.  [L.] 
One  who  admonishes  or  warns  of  faults 
and  informs  of  duty;  an  admonisher ;  * 
senior  pupil  in  a  school  appointed  to  in- 
struct and  look  after  juniors;  a  genus  of 
large  lizards,  popularly  believed  to  give 
warning  of  the  presence  of  crocodiles;  a 
name  for  a  class  of  shallow  heavily-armed 
iron-clad  steam-vessels  sunk  deeply  in  the 
water:  so  called  from  the  name  of  the  first 
vessel  of  the  kind. — Monitorial,  mon-i-to'- 
ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  monitor  or  moni- 
tors in  a  school;  conducted  or  carried  on 
by  monitors;  monitory;  admonitory. — 
Monitorlally,  mon-i-to'^ri-al-li,  adv.  By 
monitors.— Monitory,  mon'i-to-ri,  a.  Giv- 
ing admonition:  admonitory.— HIonltreM, 
Monitrix,  mon'i-tres,  mon'i-triks,  n.  A 
female  monitor. 

Monk,  mungk,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mmiec,  munec, 
from  L.L.  monachus,  Gr.  m/)nachos,  one 
who  lives  alone,  from  monos,  alone.]  One 
of  a  community. of  males  inhabiting  a 
monasterjr,  and  bound  by  vows  to  celibacy 
and  religious  exercises.  —  Monk-fish,  n. 
The  angel-fish.— Monkhood,  mungk'h^id, 
n.  Character  or  condition  of  a  monk.— 
Monkish,  mungk'ish,  a.  Like  a  monk,  or 
pertaining  to  monks ;  monastic.  —  Monk- 
islmess,  mungk'ish-nes,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  monkish.  —  Monk-seal,  n.  A 
species  of  seal  found  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean.—Monk's-hood,  n.    Aconite. 


Monkey,  mung'ki,  n.  [O.Fr.  momie,  a 
monkej',  It.  manna,  a  female  ape,  proper- 
ly dame,  mistress,  a  contr.  of  madonna, 
the  term,  -key  being  diminutive,  as  in 
donkey.]  A  name  used  in  its  wider  sense 
to  include  all  the  quadrumana  except 
the  lemurs  and  their  allies;  but  in  a  more 
restricted  sensedesignating  the  long-tailed 
members  of  the  order  as  distinguished 
from  the  apes  and  baboons;  u  term  applied 
to  a  boy  or  girl  either  in  real  or  pretended 
disapproval;  a  pile-driving  apparatus;  a 
sort  of  power-hammer;  a  sum  of  J^500 
(slang).— Monkey-block,  n.  JVaut.  a  small 
single  block  strapped  with  a  swivel. — 
Monkey-bread,  n.  Baobab.— Monkeyism, 
mung'ki-izm,  n.  An  act  or  conduct  like 
that  of  a  monkey.— Monkey-jacket,  n.  A 
close-fitting  jacket,  generally  of  some  stout 
material.— Monkey-pot,  n.  The  fruit  of  a 
gigantic  Brazilian  tree  consisting  of  a  cap- 
sule furnished  with  a  lid,  containing  nuts 
of  which  monkeys  are  fond.  —  Monkey- 

Suzzle,  n.  A  name  for  the  araucaria.— 
lonkey-wrench,  n.  A  screw-key  ^ith  a 
movable  jaw,  which  can  be  adjusted  by  a 
screw. 

Monobasic,  mon-o-bas'ik,  a.  [Gr.  monos, 
single,  and  basis,  a  base.]  Chem.  applied 
to  acids  which  enter  into  combination 
with  one  equivalent  of  a  base. 

Monocarp,  Monocarpon,  mon'o-k'arp,  mon- 
o-kar'pon,  n.  [Gr.  monos,  single,  and  kar- 
pos,  fruit.]  Bot.  a  plant  that  perishes 
after  having  once  borne  fruit ;  an  annual 
plant.— Monocarpcus,Monocarpic,mon-o- 
kar'pus,  mon-5-kar'pik,  a.  Bot.  a  term 
applied  to  annual  plants. 

Monocephalous,  mon-S-sef '  a-lus,  a.  [Gr. 
monos,  single,  kephale,  head.]  Having 
only  one  head;  hot.  applied  to  fruits  that 
have  but  one  organic  head  or  summit,  also 
to  flowers  disposed  in  umbels. 

Monoceros,  mon-os'e-ros,  n.  [Gr.  monos, 
sole,  keras,  a  horn.]  A  one-homed  crea- 
ture; a  unicorn. 

Monochlamydeous,  mon'o-kla-mid"e-us,  a. 
[Gr.  monos,  single,  and  chlamys,  chlamy- 
dos,  a  cloak.]  Bot.  having  a  single  cover- 
ing; never  having  both  calyx  and  co- 
rolla. 

Monochord,  mon'o-kord,  n.  [Gr.  monos, 
sole,  and  chords,  a  chord.]  Jiu*.  a  single 
string  stretched  across  a  sound-board,  and 
having  under  it  a  movable  bridge. that 
can  be  shifted  at  pleasure,  used  to  demon- 
strate the  lengths  of  string  required  to 
produce  the  notes  of  the  musical  scale. 

Monochromatic,  mon'o-kro-mat"ik,  a.  [Gr. 
7M>nos,  sole,  and  chrOma,  colour.]  Con- 
sisting of  one  colour,  or  presenting  rays  of 
lightof  one  colour  only.  —  Monochrome, 
mon'o-krom,  n.  A  painting  in  one  colour, 
but  relieved  by  light  and  shade.— Mono- 
chromy,  mon-ok '  ro-mi,  n.  The  art  of 
painting  in  a  single  colour. 

Monochronlo,  mon-6-kron'ik,  a.  [Gr.  monos, 
single,  and  chronos,  time.]  Existing  or 
happening  at  the  same  time;  contempo- 
raneous. 

MonocUnal,  mon-5-kli'nal,  o.  [Gr.  manoa, 
single,  and  klino,  to  bend.]  Geol.  applied 
to  strata  that  dip  for  an  indefinite  length 
in  one  direction.— Monoclinic,  Monoclino- 
hedric,  mon-o-klln'ik,  mon'o-kli-no-hed"- 
rik,  a.  Mineral,  having  three  unequal  axes, 
two  intersecting  at  an  oblique  angle,  and 
cut  by  the  third  at  right  angles.— Mono- 
clinons,  mon-ok' U-nus,  a.  Bot.  having 
both  stamens  and  pistils  in  the  same 
flower;  geol.  monoclinal. 

Monocotyledon,  mon'5-kot-i-le"don,  n.  A 
plant  with  one  cotyledon  only;  a  mono- 
cotyledonous  plant.— Monocotyledonoua, 
mon'5-kot-i-le"do-nu8,  a.  Bot.  having  only 
one  seed-lobe  or  cotyledon,  as  endogenous 

.  plants  have. 

Monocracy,  mon-ok'ra-si,  n.  [Gr.  monoa, 
sole,  and  kratoa,  rule.]  Government  or 
rule  by  a  single  person;  autocracy  .-Men- 
ocrat,  mon'5-krat,  n.  One  who  governs 
alone. 

Monocular,  Monocnlons,  mon-ok'ti-l6r, 
mon-ok'Q-lus,  a.  [Gr.  monos,  sole,  and  L. 
oculus,  an  eye.]  Having  one  eye  only; 
adapted  to  be  used  with  one  eye  only  (a 
monocular  microscope). 

Monodactyloos,  mon-O-dak'til-us,  a.    [Gr. 


vionos,  single,  and  daktulos,  finger.]  Hr,v. 
ing  one  finger  or  toe  only. 

Monodelphia,  mon-o-del'fi-a,  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
monos,  single,  and  delphys,  womb.]  The 
highest  sub-class  of  the  class  Mammalia, 
including  all  animals  having  a  single 
uterus.  DiDELPHiA,  Oknituodelphia. — 
Monodelph,  Monodelphian,  mon'o-delf, 
mon-o-del'n-an,  n.  A  mammal  of  the 
Monodelphia.  —  Monodelphic,  mon-o-del'- 
fik,  a.    Belonging  to  the  monodelphia. 

Monodrama,  Monodrame,  mon'o-dra-ma, 
mon'o-dram,  n.  [Gr.  monos,  single,  and 
drama,  a  drama.]  A  dramatic  perfor- 
mance by  a  single  person.— Monodramatlc, 
mon'o-ara-mat"ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
moaodrama. 

Monody,  mon'o-di,  n.  [Gr.  monodia — 
monos,  single,  and  Ode,  a  song.]  A  mourn- 
ful kind  of  song,  in  which  a  single  mour- 
ner is  supposed  to  give  vent  to  his  grief.— 
Monodical,  mon-od'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  monody.  —  Monodist,  mon'od-ist,  n. 
OL:e  who  writes  or  sings  a  monody, 

Monodyuamic,  mon'o-di-nam"ik,  a.  [Gr. 
•monos,  single,  and  dynamis,  power.]  Hav- 
ing but  one  power,  capacity,  or  tdent. 

Monoecious,.  Moncecian,  mo-ne'shus,  mo- 
ne'shi-an,  a.  [Gr.  monos,  one,  and  oikos,  a 
house.]  Bot.  having  male  and  female 
flowers  on  the  same  plant;  zool.  having 
male  and  female  organs  of  reproduction 
in  the  same  individual.— Monoscism,  mo- 
ne'siznji  n.  The  state  of  being  monoecious. 

M6nogamic,  mon-o-gam'ik,  o.  [Gr.  monos, 
sole,  and  gamos,  marriage.]  Bot.  having 
flowers  distinct  from  each  other,  and  not 
«ollected  in  a  head;  monogamous.  —  Mo- 
nogamist, mo-nog' a-mist,  n.  One"  who 
practises  or  upholds  monogamy,as  opposed 
to  a  bigamist  or  polygamist.—Hionogaxa- 
ous,  mo-nog'a-mus,  a.  Upholding  «r  prac- 
tising monogamy;  zool.  having  only  one 
mate;  bot.  monogamic— Monogamy,  mo- 
nog'a-mi,  n.  The  practice  or  principle  of 
marrying  only  once;  the  marrying  of  only 
one  at  a  time;  zool.  the  having  only  one 
mate. 

Monogenesis,  mon-o-jen'e-sis,  n.  [Gr.monos, 
single,  and  genesis,  origin.]  Biol,  direct 
development  of  an  embryo  from  a  parent 
similar  to  itself;  descent  of  an  individual 
from  one  parent  form;  development  of  all 
the  beings  in  the  universe  from  a  single 
cell.— Monogenetic,  mon'o-je-net"ik,  a.  Of 
or  relating  to  monogenesis.— Monogenist, 
mo-noj'e-nist,  n.  One  who  maintains  the 
doctrine  of  monogeny.  —  Monogeny,  mo- 
noj'e-ni,  n.  Origin  from  a  single  species; 
the  unity  of  the  human  species. 

Monogram,  mon'o-gram,  n.  [Gr.  monos, 
89le,  and  cramma,  letter.]  A  character  or 
cipher  composed  of  one,  two,  or  more  let- 
ters interwoven,  being  an  abbreviation  of 
a  name,  used  for  instance  on  seals,  letter- 
paper  and  envelopes,  &c.— Monogrammic, 
Monogrammatic,  mon-o-gram'ik,  mon'6- 
gram-mat"ik,  a.  In  the  style  or  manner 
of  a  monogram;  pertaining  to  monograms. 

Monograph,  mon'6-graf,  n.  [Gr.  monoa, 
single,  and  graphs,  description.]  An  ac- 
count or  description  of  a  single  thing  or 
class  of  things.— Monographer,  Monogra- 
phist,  mon-og'ra-f6r,  mon-og'ra-fist,  n.  A 
writer  of  monographs.  —  Monographic, 
Monographical,  mon-o-graf 'ik,  mon-o- 
graf  i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  monograph. 
— Monographically,  mon-o-  graf '  i-kal  -  li, 
adv.  In  the  manner  or  form  of  a  mono-  • 
graph.  —  Moaography,  mon-og'ra-fi,  n. 
The  writing  of  monographs;  delineation 
in  lines  without  colours  being  used. 

Monog3m,  mon'5-jin.  n.  [Gr.  monoa,  sole, 
and  gyne,  a  female.]  Bot.  a  plant  having 
only  one  style  or  stigma.- Monogynian, 
MonogynouB,  mon-5-jin'i-an,  mo-noj'i-nus, 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  Linnaean  order  of 
plants  having  only  one  style  or  stigma.- 
Monogyny,  mo-noj'i-ni,  n.  'Marriage  to 
one  woman  only;  the  state  of  having  but 
one  wife  at  a  time. 

Monolith,  mon'5-lith,  n.  [Gr.  monoa,  single, 
and  liihos,  a  stone.]  A  pillar,  column,  and 
the  like  formed  of  a  single  stone,  generally 
applied  to  such  only  as  are  noted  for  thefr 
magnitude.— Monolithic,  mon-3-lith'ik,  a. 
Formed  of  a  single  stone;  consisting  of 
monoliths. 


F&te,  far, fat,  f aU;     me,  met,  b6r;     pine,  pin:     nSte,  not,  miive;     tube,  tub,  b\iU;     oil,  pound;     fl,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  u. 


JIONOLOGUE 


43d 


MONTEPULCUyO 


Monologue,  mon'o-log,  n.    [Fr.  monologue, 

.from  Gr.  monos,  sole,  and  logos,  speech.] 
[That  which  is  spoken  by  one  person  alone; 
ja  dramatic  soliloquy;  a  long  speech  or 
dissertation  uttered  by  one  person  in  com- 
pany.—Monologist,  mo-nol'o-jist,  n.  One 
who  soliloquizes;  one  who  monopolizes 
conversation.  —  Monology,  mo-nol'o-ji,  n. 
The  act  or  habit  of  indulging  in  mono- 
logues. 

Monomania,  mon-o-ma'ni-a,  n.  [Gr.  monos, 
single,  and  inania,  madness.]  That  form 
of  mania  in  which  the  mind  of  the  patient 
is  absorbed  by  one  idea,  or  is  irrational  on 
one  subject  only.  —  Monomaniac,  Mono- 
mane,  mon-o-ma'ni-ak,  mon'o-man,  n.  A 
person  affected  by  monomania.  —  Mono- 
maniac, Monomaniacal,  mon-o-ma'ni-ak, 
mos'o-ma-ni"a-kal,  a.  Affected  with,  per- 
taining to,  or  resulting  from  monomania. 

Monometallism,  moh-o-met'al-izm,  n.  [Gr. 
monos,  single,  E.  metal.]  The  fact  of  hav- 
ing only  one  metal  as  a  standard  in  the 
coinage  of  a  country;  the  theory  of  a  single 
metallic  standard.— Monometallic,  mon'- 
o-me-tal"ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  monometal- 
lism.—Monometallist,  mon-o-met'al-ist,  n. 
A  supporter  of  monometallism. 

Mohometer,  mo-nom'et-er,  n.  [Gr.  monos, 
single,  and  })i6i)-on,measur6.]  Pcos.arhyth- 
mical  series  consisting  of  a  single  metre. — 
Monometrical,  mon-G-met'ri-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  consisting  of  mouometers. — 
Monometric,  mon-o-met'rik,  a.  Mineral. 
a  term  applied  to  crystals  with  the  axes 
equal  or  of  one  kind. 

Monomial,  mo-nO'mi-al,  n.  [Gr.  monos,  sole, 
and  onoma,  a  name.]  Alg.  an  expression 
or  quantity  consisting  of  a  single  term. — 
a.  Alg.  consisting  of  only  one  term  or 
letter. 

Monomorphic,  Monomorphous,  mon-o- 
mor'fik,  mon-o-mor'fus,  a.  [Gr.  monos, 
single, and  morphe, form.]  Biol,  retaining 
the  same  form  throughout  the  various 
stages  of  developnient. 

Monomyarla,  mon'o-mi-a"ri-a,  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
monos,  single,  and  mys,  myos,  a  muscle.] 
Those  bivalve  molluscs  whose  shell  is 
closed  by  a  single  adductor  muscle,  as  the 
oyster.- Monomyarian,  mon'o-mi-a"ri-an, 
n.  and  a.  One  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Monomyaria. 

Monopathy,  mo-uop'a-thi,  n.  IGr.  monos, 
sole,  and  pathos,  suffering.]  A  disease  or 
affection  in  which  only  one  organ  or  func- 
tion is  disordered.  —  Monopathic,  mon-o- 
path'ik,  a.    Pertaining  to  monopathy, 

Monopersonal,  mon-o-per'son-al,  a.  [Gr. 
monos,  single,  and  E.  person.]  Having 
but  one  person:  used  in  theology. 

Monopetaloua,  mon-o-pet'al-us,  a.  [Gr. 
monos,  single,  and  petalon.]  Hot.  having 
the  petals  united  together  into  one  piece 
by  their  edges;  gamopetalous. 

Monophthong,  mon'of -thong,  n.  [Gr.nionos, 
sole,  and  phthongos,  sound.]  A  simple 
vowel-sound;  two  or  more  written  vowels 
pronounced  as  one.  —  Monophthongal, 
mon-of-thong'gal,  a.  Consisting  of  a  sim- 
ple vowel-sound. 

Vlonophyletlc,  mon'o-fi-let"ik,  a.  [Gr.  mo- 
nos, single,  pkyle,  a  tribe.]  Pertaining  to 
a  single  family  or  tribe. 

Monophyllous,  mo-nof'il-us,  a.  [Gr.  monos, 
sole,  and  phyllon,  leaf.]  Bot.  having  one 
leaf  only,  or  formed  of  one  leaf. 

Monophyodont,  mon-o-fi'o-dont,  n.  and  o. 
[Gr.  monos,  single,  phyo,  to  generate,  and 
oekous,  a  tooth.]  A  term  applied  to  those 
mammals  in  which  only  a  single  set  of 
teeth  is  ever  developed. 

Monophysite,  mo-nof'i-sit,  n.  [Gr.  monos, 
single,  and  physis,  nature.]  One  who  main- 
tains that  Jesus  Christ  had  but  one  na- 
ture.   Used  also  as  adj. 

Monopoly,  mo-nop'o-li,  n.  [Fr.  monopole, 
L.   monopolium,   Gr.  m,onopOlia  — monos, 

'.single,  and  poled,  to  sell.]  An  exclusive 
trading  privilege;  the  sole  right  or  power 
of  selling  something,  or  full  command 
over  the  sale  of  it ;  that  which  is  the  sub- 
ject of  a  monopoly;  the  possession  or  as- 
sumption of  anything  to  the  exclusion  of 
others.  —  Monopolist,  Monopolizer,  mo- 
nop'o-list,  mo-nop'o-li-z6r,  n.  One  that 
monopolizes  or  possesses  a  monopoly.— 
Monopolize,  mo-nop'o-liz,  v.t. — monopol- 


ized, Tiionopolizing.  [Fr.  monopoliser.]  To 
obtain  a  monopoly  of ;  to  have  full  com- 
mand of  for  trade  purposes;  to  oVjtain  or 
engross  the  whole  of;  to  assume  exclusive 
possession  of. 

Monopteron,  Monopteros,  mo-nop't6r-on, 
mo-nop'ter-os,  n.  IGr.  monos,  single,  and 
ptero7i,  a  wing.]  Arch,  a  temple  without 
walls,  composed  of  columns  arranged  in  a 
circle  and  supporting  a  cupola  or  a  conical 
roof.- Monopteral,  mo-nop't6r-al,a.  Arch. 
formed  as  a  riionopteron. 

Monoptote,  mo-nop'tot,  n.  [Gr.  memos, 
only,  and  ptosis,  case.]  Gram,  a  noun  hav- 
ing only  one  oblique  case-ending. 

Monopyrenous,  mon-O-pi-re'nus,  a.  [Gr. 
motios,  single,  pyren,  kernel.]  Bot.  having 
but  one  kernel  or  stone. 

Monorganic,  mon-or-gan'ik,  a.  [Gr.  manos, 
single,  and  orgation.]  Belonging  to  or 
affecting  one  organ,  or  set  of  organs. 

Monorhyme,  mon'o-rim,  n.  [Gr.  m^nos, 
single,  and  E.  rhyme.]  A  composition  in 
verse,  in  which  all  the  lines  end  with  the 
same  rhyme. 

Monosepalous,  mon-o-sep'al-us,  a.  ■  [Gr. 
monos,  one,  and  E.  sepal.]  Bot.  composed 
of  sepals  which  are  united  by  their  edges; 
gamosepalous. 

Mohosperm,  mon'o-sperm,  n.  [Gr.  monos, 
single,  and  sperini,  seed.]  A  plant  of  one 
seed  only.  —  Monospermous,  mon-O-sper'- 
mus,  a.    Bot.  having  one  seed  only. 

Monostachous,  mo-nos'ta-kus,a.  [Gr.monos, 
single,  and  stnchys,  ear  of  com,]  Bot. 
having  one  spike.  , 

Monosticb,  mou'o-stik,  n.  |Gr.  m,onos,  sin- 
gle, and  stichos,  a  verse.]  A  poem  consist- 
ing of  one  verse  only. 

Monostrophe,  mo-nos'tro-f 5,  n.  [Gr.  monos, 
single,  and  strophe,  strophe.]  A  metrical 
composition  having  only  one  strophe.— 
Monostrophic,  mon-o-strof'ik,  a.  -Having 
one  strophe  only;  written  in  unvaried 
measure. 

Monostyle,  nion'o-stil,  a.  [Gr.  monos,  alone, 
single,  and  stylos,  a  pillar.]  Arch,  ajiplied 
to  pillars  when  they  consist  of  a  single 
shaft. 

Monosyllabic,  mon'0-sil-ab"ik,  a.  [Gr.  mo- 
nos, single,  and  syllabe,  a  syllable.]  Con- 
sisting of  one  syllable;  consisting  of  words 
of  one  syllable. — Monosyllabic  languages, 
a  class  of  languages  in  which  each  word  is 
a  simple,  uninflected  root.— Monosyllable, 
mon'o-sil-a-bl,  n.    A  word  of  one  syllable. 

Monotessaron,  mon-o-tes'sa-ron,  n.  jGr. 
monos,  single,  and  tessares,  four.]  A  har- 
mony of  the  four  Gospels. 

Monothalamous,  inon-o-thal'a«mMs,  a.  [Gr. 
monos,  single,  and  thulamos,  a  chamber.] 
Zool.  consisting  of  a  cavity  or  chamber 
undivided  by  partitions;  unilocular. 

Monothecal,  mon-o-the'kal,  a.  [Gr.  monos, 
single,  and  theke,  case.]  Bot.  having  only 
one  Inculament. 

Monotheism,  mon'o-the-izm,  n.  [Gr.  monos, 
single,  and  Theos,  God.]  The  doctrine  or 
belief  of  the  existence  of  one  God  only. — 
Monotheist,  mon'o-the-ist,  n.  One  who 
believes  in  one  God  only. —  Monotheistic, 
mon'o-the-is"tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  mono- 
theism. 

MonotomouB,  mo-not'o-mus,  a.  [Gr.  mo- 
nos, single,  and  tome,  a  cutting,]  Mineral. 
having  its  cleavage  distinct  only  in  a  single 
direction. 

Monotone,  mon'5-ton,  n.  [Gr.  monos,  single, 
and  tonos,  tone,  sound.]  A  sameness  of 
sound,  or  the  utterance  of  successive 
syllables  on  one  unvaried  key,  without  in- 
flection or  cadence;  sameness  of  style  in 
writing  or  speaking.  —  Monotonous,  mo- 
not'o-nus,  a.  Characterized  by  monotony 
or  monotone.  —  Monotonously,  mo-not'o- 
nus-li,  adv.  In  a  monotonous  manner. — 
Monotonousness,  mo-not'o-nus-nes,n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  monotonous. — 
Monotony,  mo-not'o-ni,  n.  (Gr.  monotonia.] 
Uniformity  of  tone  or  sound;  want  of  in- 
flections of  voice  in  speaking  or  reading; 
want  of  cadence  or  modulation;  tiresome 
sameness;  want  of  variety. 

Monotremata,  mon-3-trem'a-ta,  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
monus,  single,  trema,  aperture.]  The  low- 
est sub-class  of  mammals,  oviiiarous,  and 
with  a  single  outlet  for  the  fasces  and 
the  products  of  the  urinary  and  generative 


organs,  comprising  only  the  Omithorhyji' 
chus  and  Echidna.— Monotrematou.'»,mon- 
o-trcm'a-tus,  a.  Belonging  to  or  charac- 
teristic of  the  Monotremata.— Monotreme, 
mon'o-trem,  n.    One  of  the  Monotremata. 

Monotype,  Monotypic,  mon'o-tip,  mon-o- 

^  tip'ik,  a.    [Gr.  monos,  single,  and  typos,  a 

'  type.]  Having  but  one  tj  pe;  consisting  of 
a  single  representative.— Monotype,  n.  A 
single  species  constituting  a  genus,  fam- 
ily, or  class. 

Monovalent,  mo-nov'a-lent,  n.  [Gr.  monos, 
single,  and  h.  vale'its,  valentis,  ppr.  of 
valeo,  to  be  worth.]  Chem.  applied  to  an 
elementary  substance  one  atom  of  which 
enters  into  combination  with  a  single  atom 
of  another  elementary  substance. 

Monoxylon,  mo-nok'si-lon,  n.  [Gr.  monos, 
one,  and  xylon,  wood.]  A  canoe  or  boat 
made  from  one  piece  of  timber.  —  Mo- 
noxylous,  mo-nok'si-Ius,  a.  Formed  of  a 
single  piece  of  wood. 

Monseigneur,  ■  mon-sen-yfer,  n.  pi.  Mes- 
seigneurs,  ma-sen-y6r.  [Fr.  — mon,"  ray, 
and  seigneur,  lord.  Senior.]  A  French 
title  of  honour  given  to  princes,  bishops, 
and  other  high  dignitaries.  —  Monsienr, 
mos'y6,  n.  pi.  Messieurs,  mes'ye.  [Fr., 
contr.  of  monseigneur.]  The  common  title 
of  courtesy  and  respect  in  France,  answer- 
ing to  the  English  Sir  and  Mr.;  abbre- 
viated Mons.,  M.;  plural  Messrs.,  MM. 

Monsoon,  mon-son',  n.  [Fr.  monson,  mous- 
son,  Sp.  momon,  Pg.mausSo,  from  Ar.maw- 
sim,  a  time,  a  season,  the  favourable  sea- 
son for  sailing  to  India.]  The  trade-wind 
of  the  Arabian  and  Indian  seas,  for  six 
months  (November  to  Alarch)  blowing 
from  about  N.E.;  and  for  the  next  six 
months  (April  to  October)  from  about 
S.W.;  an  alternating  wind  in  any  region. 

Monster,  mon'ster,  n.  [Fr.  monstre,  from 
L.  monstrum,  a  marvel,  a  monster,  from 
mon«o,  to  admonish.  Monition.]  A  plant 
or  animal  of  abnormal  structure  or  greatly 
different  from  the  usual  tyj>e;  an  animal 
exhibiting  malformation  in  important 
parts;  a  person  looked  upon  with  horror  on 
account  of  extraordinary  crimes,  defor- 
mity, or  power  to  do  harm;  an  imaginary 
creature,  such  as  the  sphinx,  mermaid, 
&c.—a.  Of  inordinate  size  or  numbers  (a 
monster  meeting}.  —  Monstrosity,  mon- 
stros'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  monstrous: 
that  which  is  monstrous;  an  unnatural 
production.— Monstrous,  mon'strus,  a.  [L. 
monstrosus.]  Unnatural  in  form;  out  of 
the  common  course  of  nature;  enormous; 
huge;  extraordinary;  shocking;  frightful; 
horrible.— adv.  Exceedingly;  very  much 
(now  vulgar  or  colloquial).— Monstrously, 
nion'strus-li,  adv.  In  a  monstrous  man- 
ner.—Monstrousness,  mon'fetrus-nes,  n. 

Monstrance,  mon'strans,  n.  •  [L.L.  mon- 
strantia,  from  L.  nwnsiro,  to  show.]  R. 
Cath.  Ch.  the  transparent  or  glass-faced 
shrine  in  which  the  consecrated  host  is 
presented  for  the  adoration  of  the  people. 

Montanlc,  mon-tan'ik,  a.  [L.  montaiitis, 
from  mons,  mountain.]  Peitaining  to 
mountains;  consisting  in  mountains. 

Montanist,  mon'tan-ist,  n.  A  follower  of 
the  heresiarch  Montanus,  who,  in  the 
second  century,  pretended  he  was  in- 
spired by  the  Holy  Spirit  and  instructed 
in  several  points  not  revealed  to  the  apos- 
tles.— Montanism,  mon'tan-izm,  n.  The 
tenets  of  Montanus  or  his  followers.  — 
Montanistic,  mon-tan-is'tik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  heresy  of  Montanus. 

Montant,  mon'tant,  n.  [Fr.,  from  monter, 
to  mount.]  An  upright  blow  or  thrust  in 
fencing  {Shak.);  an  upright  piece  in  car- 
pentry.   • 

Mont-de-pi«t^,  mon-de-p5-5-t5,  n.  [Ft., 
lit.  mountain  of  piety,  from  It.  monte  di 

fnetd.]  On  the  Continent  a  class  of  estab- 
ishments  for  advancing  money  to  the  poor 
at  a  reasonable  rate  of  interest ;  a  public 
pawn-shop. 

Monte,  mon'ta,  n.  [Sp.,  the  stock  of  cards 
■which  remain  after  each  player  has  re- 
ceived his  share  ,from  L.mo?i8,a  mountain^ 
A  Spanish  gambling  game  played  witfi 
dice  or  cards. 

Montepulciano,  mon'ta-pol-cha"n5,  n.  A 
wine  made  from  grapes  growing  near 
Montepulciano  in  TuBca.ny. 


Ch^cAaip-     '"•  So.  locA;     gi  Co;     Jtjdb;     n,  Fr.  tonj,    ng^imi.    Jb,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;    wh,  wWs;_  zh,  jLgir§» 


MONTERO 


440 


MoiLE 


Montero,  Montero-cap.  mon-te'ro,  n.  [Sp. 
■)non<ero,  a  huntsman,  from  rnonte,  a  moun- 
tain. J  A  kind  of  cap  with  a  flap  round  it. 
Month,  munth,  71.  [A.  Sax.  m6nath,m6nth, 
from  m&na,  the  moon=Icel.wict?iaiAr,  Dan. 
inaaned,  D.  maand,  G.  monath;  allied  to 
li.  menstg,  Gr.  men,  a  month.  Moon.]  One 
of  the  twelve  parts  of  the  calendar  year, 
consisting  unequally  of  30  or  31  days,  ex- 
cept February,  which  has  28,  and  in  leap- 
year  29  days:  called  distinctively  a  calen- 
dar month;  the  period  between  change 
and  change  of  the  moon,  reckoned  as 
twenty-eight  days.— Monthly,  munth'li,a. 
Continued  a  month  or  performed  in  a 
month;  happening  once  a  month,  or  every 
month.  —  adv.  Once  a  month ;  in  every 
month. — n.  A  magazine  or  other  literary 
periodical  published  once  a  month.  — 
Month's -mind,  n.  A  celebration  in  re- 
nicmbrance  of  a  deceased  person  held  a 
month  after  the  death. 
Monticle,  Monticule,  nion'ti-kl,  mon'ti-kul, 
n.  [L.  monticulus,  dim.  of  mona,  montis,  a 
mountain.]  A  little  mount;  a  hillock. 
Monument,  mon'u-ment,  n.  [L.  monu7nen- 
turn,  from  moneo,  to  remind,  to  warn. 
Monition.]  Anything  by  which  the  mem- 
ory of  a  person,  period,  or  event  is  per- 
petuated; a  memorial;  especially  some- 
thing built  or  erected  in  memory  of  events, 
actions,  or  persons;  any  enduring  evidence 
or  example;  a  singular  or  notable  instance. 
— Monumental,  mon-u-rtien'tal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  monument;  serving  as  a 
monument;  memorial;  preserving  mem- 
ory. —  Monumentally,  mon-Q-men'tal-li, 
adv.  By  way  of  monument  or  memorial; 
by  means  of  monuments. 
Moo,  mo,  v.i.  To  low,  as  a  cow:  imitated 
from  the  sound. — n.  The  low  of  a  cow. 
Mood,  mod,n.  |Fr.  mode,  L.wodMs;  merely 
a  different  spelling  of  mode.]  Gram,  a 
special  form  of  verbs  expressivfe  of  cer- 
tainty, contingency,  possibility,  or  the 
like;  logic,  the  determination  of  proposi- 
tions according  to  their  quantity  and  qual- 
ity, that  is,  whether  universal,  affirmative, 
&c. 

Hood,  m6d,  n.  [A.  Sax.  m6d,  mind,  pas- 
sion, disposition  =  D.  moed,  Icel.  mddr 
{mothr),  Dan.  and  Sw.  mod,  Goth,  mods, 
(Jr.  muth,  mood,  spirit,  passion,  courage, 
&c. ;  root  doubtful.]  Temper  of  mind; 
Btate  of  the  mind  in  regard  to  passion  or 
feeling;  temporary  disposition ;  humour; 
a  fit  of  temper  or  sullenness.— Moodily, 
mbd'i-li,  adv.  In  a  moody  manner. — 
Moodiness,  mod'i-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  mood.v.— Moody,  mod'i,  a. 
[A.  Sax.  rnddig,  angry.]  Subject  to  or  in- 
dulging in  moods  or  humours;  fretful;  out 
of  humour;  gloomy;  sullen;  melancholy. 
Moon,  mon,  n.  [A.  Sax.  judna  (masc.)  = 
Icel.  mdni,  Dan.  maane,  D.  maan,  G. 
mond,  Goth,  inena,  Lith.  7nenu,  Gr.  viene, 
Kkr.  vids;  from  root  ma,  to  measure;  the 
moon  being  early  adopted  as  a  measurer 
of  time.  Month  is  a  derivative.]  The 
heavenly  orb  which  revolves  round  the 
earth ;  a  secondary  planet  or  satellite  of 
the  earth;  a  satellite  of  any  planet  (the 
moons  of  Jupiter);  the  period  of  a  revolu- 
tion of  the  moon;  a  month  (poetical); 
something  in  the  shape  of  a  moon  or  cres- 
cent. —  v.i.  To  wander  or  gaze  idly  or 
moodily,  as  if  moon -struck  (coUoq.). — 
Moon-beam,  n.  A  ray  of  light  from  the 
moon. — Moon-blink,  n.  A  temporary  even- 
ing blindness  from  sleeping  in  the  moon- 
shine in  tropical  climates.— Moon-calf,  n. 
A  monster;  a  deformed  creature;  a  dolt; 
a  stupid  fellow.  —  Moon-culminating,  a. 
An  epithet  for  those  stars  which  pass  the 
meridian  soon  before  or  after  the  moon. — 
Mooner,  miin'fer,  n.  One  who  moons. — 
Moonisn,  mon'ish,a.  Variable.as  the  moon; 
fickle. — Moonless,  mon'les,  a.  Destitute  of 
a  moon;  without  moonlight. — Moonlight, 
mon'lit.n.  Thelightaffordedby  themoon. 
— a.  Illuminated  by  the  moon;  occurring 
during  or  by  moonlight —Moon-lit,  a.  Lit 
or  illuminated  by  the  moon.— Moon-raker, 
Moon-sail,  n.  A  sail  rigged  above  a  sky- 
sail. -Moonshine,  mon'shin,  n.  The  light 
of  the  moon;  fig.  show  without  substance 
or  reality;  pretence;  empty  show. — Moon- 
shiny,  mfin'shin-i,  a.    Illumioated  by  the 


moon.  —  Moonstone,  mon'ston,  n.  Adu- 
LARiA.  —  Moonstruck,  mon'struk,  a.  Af- 
fected by  the  influence  of  the  moon;  luna- 
tic—Moony, Mooney,  mon'i,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  moon;  like  a  moon;  moon-shaped; 
bewildered  or  silly,  as  if  moonstruck. 
Moonshee,  mbn'she,  n.  [Arab,  munshi.]  In 
HinduBtan,  an  interpreter;  a  teacher  of 
languages. 

Moor,  mbr,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mdr=  Icel.  m&r,  a 
heath :  D.  r/ioer,  a  morass ;  Dan.  mor,  a 
moor,  a  marsh;  6.  moor,  a  marsh,  a  moor: 
same  root  as  mire;  m.orass  is  a  derivative.] 
A  tract  of  waste  land,  especially  Vhen 
partly  covered  with  heath;  a  tract  of  hilly 
ground  on  which  game  is  strictly  pre- 
served for  sport.— Moor-buzzard,  n.  The 
marsh-harrier.  —  Moor-cock,  Moor-fowl, 
n.  The  red-grouse.  Grouse.- Moor-hen, 
n.  The  gallinule  or  water-hen  ;  also  the 
female  of  the  red-grouse.  —  Moorland, 
mor'land,  n.  A  waste,  barren  district;  a 
moor.— Used  also  adjectively.—  Moorish, 
Moory,  mb'rish,  mo'ri,  a.  Having  the 
character  of  a  moor;  moorland. 
Moor,  mbr,n.  [Fr.  Maure,  from  Tu.Mau'i'us, 
Gr.  Mauros,  a  Moor;  comp.  Gr.  mauros, 
black  or  dark -coloured.]  A  native  of  the 
northern  coast  of  Africa.  —  Moorish,  mo'- 
rish,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Moors  or  Sara- 
cens, ' 

Moor,  mor,  v.t.  [D.  niurren,  maren,  to  tie, 
to  moor;  same  word  as  E.  tnar,  A.  Sax. 
merran,  to  hinder,  to  mar,  O.H.G.  marr- 
jan,  to  stop.]  To  confine  or  secure  (a  ship) 
in  a  particular  station,  as  by  cables  and 
•anchors,  or  by  chains;  to  lix  firmly. — 
Mooring,  mor'iug,  n.  Nuut.  the  act  of 
oue  who  moors;  that  by  which  a  ship  is 
moored ;  pi.  the  place  where  a  ship  is 
moored. 

Moose,  mos,  n.  fAmerican  Indian  name.] 
The  American  variety  of  the  elk. 
Moot,  mot,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  mOtian,  to  meet 
for  deliberation,  to  discuss,  from  mdt,  a 
meeting,  whence  metan,  to  meet.  Meet.] 
To  debate;  to  bring  forward  and  discuss; 
to  argue  for  and  against. — n.  Dispute;  dis- 
cussion; a  debate  on  a  hypothetical  legal 
case  by  way  of  practice. — a.  Debatable; 
subiect  to  discussion;  discussed  or  de- 
bated (a  7noot  subject).— Mootable,  inot'a- 
bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  mooted.  —  Moot- 
hall,  n.  A  hall  of  meeting;  a  hall  of  judg- 
ment.—Moot-point,  n.  A  point  debated 
or  liable  to  be  debated. 
Mop,  mop,  n.  [X  Celtic  word:  W.  mop,  a 
mop;  Gael.  mo6,  a  tuft,  tassel,  mop.  |  A 
piece  of  cloth,  or  a  collection  of  thrums  or 
coarse  yam  fastened  to  a  long  handle  and 
used  for  cleaning  floors,  carriages,  ic. — 
v.t.— mopped,  mopping.  To  rub  or  wipe 
with  a  mop. —  Moppet,  Mopsey,  mop'et, 
mop'si,  n.  [Dim.  of  mop.]  A  rag  baby;  a 
pet  name  of  a  little  girl  or  a  woman;  a 
woolly  variety  of  dog. 
Mop,  mop,  n.  [Comp.  D.  moppen,  to  pout, 
to  make  a  sulky  face.  Mope.]  A  wry 
mouth;  a  grimace. 

Mope,  mop,  v.i.  —  moped,  moping.  [Con- 
nected with  vwp,  a  wry  n;outh;  D.  mop- 
pen,  to  pout.]  To  show  a  dull,  downcast, 
or  listless  air;  to  be  spiritless  or  gloomy. — 
n.  One  who  mopes;  a  low-spirited  person. 
— Mopingly,  mop'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  moping 
manner.  —  Mopish,  mop'ieh,  o.  Dull; 
spiritless;  dejected.  —  Mopishly,  mop'ish- 
li,  adv.  In  a  mopish  manner.  —  Mopish- 
ness,  mop'i.'sh-ues,  n.  Dejection;  dulness. 
Moppet.  Under  Mop. 
Moraine,  mO-ran',  n.  [Fr. ,  akin  to  It.  mora, 
a  heap  of  stones.]  An  accumulation  of 
stones  or  other  debris  on  the  surface  of 
glaciers  or  in  the  valleys  at  their  foot,  a 
regular  feature  in  glacier  phenomena. 
Moral,  mor'al,  a.  [Fr.  moral,  from  L.  via- 
rails,  from  mos,  maris,  manner,  mores, 
manners,  morals  (seen  also  in  deinoralize, 
demure,  morose).]  Kelating  to  right  and 
wrong  as  determined  by  duty;  relating  to 
morality  or  morals;  etliical;  capable  of 
distinguishing  between  right  and  wrong; 
governed  by  the  laws  of  right  and  wrong; 
appealing  to  man  as  engaged  in  the  prac- 
tical concerns  of  life;  sufficient  for  practi- 
cal purposes  (moral  evidence,  certainty). 
— Moral  law,  the  law  prescribing  moral 
duties  and  teaching  right  and  wrong. — 


Moral  philosophy,  ihe  science  which  tri;ats 
of  the  nature  and  grounds  of  moral  obli- 
gation; ethics. — Moral  sense,  the  capacity 
to  perceive  what  is  right  and  wrong,  and 
to  approve  or  disapprove;  conscience.— n. 
The  practical  lesson  iuculcatejj  by  any 
story;  pi.  general  conduct  or  behaviour  as 
right  or  wrong;  principles  and  mode  of 
life ;  also  moral  philosophy  or  ethics.  — 
Morale,  mo-ral',  n.  [An  erroneous  spell- 
ing of  Fr.  m,oral,  used  in  same  sense.] 
Mental  condition  of  soldiers,  &c.,  as  re- 
gards courage,  zeal,  hope,  confidence, 
and  the  like.  —  Moralist,  mor'al-ist,  n. 
One  who  teaches  morals;  a  writer  or  lec- 
turer on  ethics;  one  who  inculcates  or 
practises  moral  duties.  —  Morality,  nio- 
ral'i-ti,  n.  [Fr.  moraliU.']  The  doctrine 
of  moral  duties;  morals;  ethics;  the  prac- 
tice of  the  moral  duties;  virtue;  moral 
character  or  quality;  the  quality  of  an 
action,  as  estimated  by  a  standard  of  right 
and  wrong;  a  kind  of  drama  among  our 
forefathers  in  which  the  personages  were 
abstractions  or  allegorical  representations 
of  virtues,  vices,  «S;c.— Moralise,  mor'al-iz, 
v.t. — moralized,  moralizing.  To  apply  to  a 
moral  purpose;  to  draw  a  moral  from.— 
v.i.  To  make  moral  reflections;  to  draw 
practical  lessons  from  the  facts  of  life. — 
Moralizer,  mor'al-i-z6r,  n.  One  who  mor- 
alizes. —  Morally,  mor'al-li,  adv.  In  a 
moral  manner;  ifrom  a  moral  point  of 
view;  virtuously;  uprightly;  virtually;  to 
all  intents  and  purposes. 

Morass,  mO-ras',  n.  [Equivalent  to  moor, 
with  a  term.;  same  as  D.  moeras,  from 
vwer,  a  moor;  Sw.  moras,  G.  morast. 
AlooR.J  A  tract  of  low,  soft,  wet  ground; 
a  marsh;  a  swamp;  a  fen. — Morass  ore,  bog- 
iron-ore.— Morassy,  mo-ras'i,  a.  Marshy; 
fenny. 

Moravian,  mo-ra'vi-an,  o.  Pertaining  to 
Moravia  or  the  Moravians.— n.  A  native 
of  Moravia;  one  of  a  religious  sect,  also 
called  the  United  Brethren,  tracing  its 
origin  to  John  Huss,  and  holding  evan- 
gelical .principles. — Moravianism,  mo-ri'- 
vi-an-izm,  n.  The  principles  of  the  Mora- 
vians, or  United  Brethren. 

Morbid,  mor'bid,  a.  (L.  morbidns,  from 
morbus,  a  disease;  akin  to  mori^  Skr.  mri, 
to  die.  Mortal.]  Diseased;  sickly;  not 
sound  and  healthful;  relating  to  disease. — 
Morbidity,  Morbidness,  nior-bid'i-ti,  mor'- 
bid-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  morbid; 
diseased  state. — Morbidly,  mor'bid-li,  adv. 
In  a  morbid  manner.— Morbific,  mor-bif- 
ik ,  o.  Causing  disease;  generating  a  sickly 
state. 

Morbillous,  mor-bil'us,  a.  (Fr.  morhilleux, 
from  L.L.  marhilli,  measles,  from  L.  mor- 
bus,  disease.  Morbid.]  Pertaining  to  the 
measles;  measly. 

Morceau,  mor-so,  n.  [Fr.,  from  O.Fr.  7no?'- 
sel.  Morsel.]  A  morsel;  a  small  piece; 
a  short  piece  or  passage  of  literary  or  mu- 
sical composition. 

Mordacious,  mor-dfi'shus,  a.  [L.  mordax, 
mordacis,  from  moj-d«o,  to  bite.  Morsel.) 
Biting;  sarcastic. — Mordacionsly,  mor-da'- 
shas-li,  adv.  In  a  biting  manner;  sarcas- 
tically. —  Mordacity,  mor-das'i-ti,  n.  [L. 
viordacitas.]  Thequality  of  biting;  readi- 
ness to  bite.— Mordant,  mor'dant,  n.  [Fr. 
mordant,  from  L.  mordeo,  to  bite.]  A  sub- 
stance employed  in  the  process  of  dyeing 
which  serves  to  fix  the  colours;  sticky 
matter  by  which  gold-leaf  is  made  to  aa- 
here. —  a.  Biting ;  caustic ;  severe.  —  Mor- 
dantly,  mor'dant-li,  adv.  In  a  mordant 
manner. 

More,  mor,  a.  Serving  as  the  comparative 
of  much  and  many,  the  superlative  being 
most.  [A.  Sax.  mdra;  D.  meer,  Dan.  meer, 
meere,  G.  mehr,  Icel.  meiri,  meirr,  Goth, 
wais,  m^iza,  more;  from  same  root  as  L. 
magnus,  great,  E.  may.]  AVith  singular 
nouns  (as  comparative  of  much):  greater 
in  amount,  extent,  degree,  &c.  (riiore  land, 
mo»e light);  with  plural  nouns  (as  compar- 
ative of  many):  greater  in  number;  in 
greater  numbers  (more  men);  added  to 
some  former  number;  additional  (one  day 
more,  or  one  m,ore  day). — adv.  In  a  greater 
degree,  extent,  or  quantity;  in  addition; 
besides;  again  (once  m.ore,  no  more). — To 
be  no  more,  to  be  destroyed  or  dead;  to 


I  -vc,  tax,  fat,  fi^ll;     mi,  mat,  hix;     ^iun,  piuj     oOt«,  uot,  luuvci     t6l«,  tub,  \i\\\l\     «il,  pound;     tt,  iic.  a,Uia«— the  Fr.  u, 


MOREEK 


411 


MOSAIC 


have  perished.  .'.More  is  used  to  modify  an 
adjective  (or  adverb!  and  form  the  com- 
parative degiree,  having  the  same  force 
and  effect  as  the  termination  er  in  com- 
paratives; as,  more  wise  {=wiser)\  more 
wisely;  more  ill'istrious;  more  illustriously. 
— n.  AV'hat  is  more  or  greater;  something 
further  or  in  addition. 

Moreen,  mo-ren',  a.  (Connected  with  mo- 
hair, Fr.  moire.']  A  watered  woollen,  or 
woollen  and  cotton  fabric  used  for  cur- 
tains, heavy  dresses,  &c. 

Morel,  mor'el,  n.  [Fr.  moreVe,  nightshade, 
from  li.L.  morellus,  dark-coloured,  L. 
morulus,  dark.  ■  So  also  the  morel  cherry 
is  a  dark-coloured  cherry.]  Garden  night- 
shade; a  kind  of  cherry.  Morello.— Mo- 
relle,  mo-rel',  n.    Garden  nightshade. 

Morel,  mor'el,  n.  [Fr.  morille,  from  O.H.6. 
inoriiha,  G.  morchel,  Sw.  murkla.]  A  kind 
of  edible  European  mushroom. 

Morello,  mo-rel'lo,  n.  [It.  marello,  dark- 
coloured.  MoKEL.]  A  kind  of  cherry  with 
a  dark-red  skin. 

Moreover,  mor-o'vfer,  cctu.  [More  and  over.'] 
Beyond  what  has  been  said;  further;  be- 
sides. 

Moresque,  mo-resk',  a.  [Fr.,  from  It.  mo- 
resco,  from  Moro,  L,  Maurua,  a  Moor.] 
jVIoorish;  after  the  manner  of  the  Moors. 
— n.  A  style  of  ornamentation  for  flat  sur- 
faces; same  as  Arabesque. 

]^organatic,  Morganatical,  mor-ga-nat'ik! 
raor-ga-nat'i-kal,  a.  [L.L.  morgariatica,  a 
kind  of  dowry  paid  on  the  morning  before 
or  after  marriage,  a  dowry  accepted  in 
lieu  of  other  claims;  coiTupted  from  G. 
•nwrgen-gabe,  -lit.  morning  gift  (A.  Sax. 
ifiorgen-gifu}.]  A  semi-matrimonial  alli- 
ance between  a  monarch,  or  one  of  the 
highest  nobility,  and  a  lady  of  inferior 
rank:  called  also  a  left-handed  marriage, 
the  offspring  of  which  do  not  inherit  the 
father's  rank  or  possessions,  but  are  con- 
sidered legitimate  in  most  other  respects. 

—  Morganatically,  mor-ga-nat'i-kal-li ,  adv. 
In  the  manner  of  a  morganatic  marriage. 

Morgay,  mor'ga,  n.    [W.  morgi,  dog-fish 

—  mar,  the  sea,  and  ci,  dog.]  The  small 
spotted  dog-fish;  a  small  species  of  shark. 

Morgue,  morg,  n.  [Fr.  Origin  unknown.] 
A  place  where  the  bodies  of  persons  found 
dead  are  exposed,that  they  may  be  claimed 
by  their  friends?  especially  used  of  such 
places  in  France. 

Moribund,  mor'i-bund,  a.  L.  moribundus, 
from  niorior,  to  die.  MoaTAU]  In  a  dying 
state. 

Moril,  mor'il,  n.  A  kind  of  mushroom. 
Morel. 

Moringa,  m5-ring'ga,  n.  [From  muringo, 
the  name  in  Malabar.]  The  tree  which 
yields  the  ben-nut  and  ben-oil. 

Morion,  mor'i-on,  re.  [Fr.  morion,  from  Sp. 
m.orrion,  a  morion :  origin  doubtful.]  A 
kind  of  helmet  of  iron,  steel,  or  brass, 
somewhat  ffke  a  hat  in  shape,  and  with- 
out beaver  or  visor. 

Moiiaco,  mo-ris'ko,  n.  [Sp.  morisco,  Moor- 
ish, ?rom  Moro,  a  Moor.]  A  name  applied 
to  the  ancient  Moorish  population  of 
Spain  and  to  their  language;  a  morris- 
dance. 

Morling,  MortUng,  mor'ling,  mort'ling,  n. 
[Fr.  mort,  dead,  with  dim.  terra.  -Hng.]  A 
sheep  or  other  animal  dead  by  disease. 

Mormon,  mor'mon,  ri.  [From  the'  Book  of 
Mormon,  accepted  by  them  as  of  divine 
origin,  and  said  to  have  been  made  known 
to  Joseph  Smith  by  an  angel.]  A  mem- 
ber of  a  sect  founded  in  the  United  States 
in  1830  by  Joseph  Smith  who  practise  poly- 
gamy, and  have  a  complete  hierarchical 
organization:  they  call  themselves  Latter- 
day  Saints.  —  Mormoniam,  mor*  mon-izm, 
n.  The  religion  or  doctrines  of  the  Mor- 
mons.—  Mormonite,  mor'mon-it,  n.  A 
Mormon;  a  Latter-day  Saint. 

Mom,  morn,  n.  [Contr.  from  O.E.  m/)rwen, 
A.  Sax.mor£/en,  morning,  whence  also  mor- 
row.]  The  first  part  of  the  day;  the  mor- 
ning: used  chiefly  in  poetry.— Morning, 
moaning,  n.  [O.E.  morwening,  from  A.Sax. 
morgeniJ).  Dan.  and  G.  mx>rgen,  Icel.  mor- 
ginn,  Goth,  maurgins)  by  common  change 
of  g  to  w,  with  the  -ing  of  verbal  nouns. 
(Corap.  even,  evening,  daifn,  dawning.)  The 
root  is  seen  in  Lith.  mirgu,  to  glimmer,  to 


gleam.]  The  first  part  of  the  day,  begin- 
ning at  twelve  o'clock  at  night  and  extend- 
ing to  twelve  at  noon;  in  a  more  limited 
sense,  the  time  beginning  at  break  of  day 
and  extending  to  the  hour  of  breakfast 
and  of  beginning  the  labours  of  the  day  or 
considerably  later;  fig.  the  first  or  early 
part  (as  of  life).  It  is  often  used  adjec- 
tively.  —  Morning-land,  n.  The  East :  a 
poetical  name.  —  Morning-star,  n.  The 
planet  Venus  when  it  rises  before  the  sun. 
— Morning-tide,  n.  Morning  time;  mor- 
ning. 

Morocco,  mo-rok'o,  n.  A  fine  kind  of  lea- 
ther made  from  the  skins  of  goats,  first 
imported  from  Morocco,  and  extensively 
used  in  the  binding  of  books,  upholstering 
furniture,  making  ladies'  shoes,  &c. 

Morone,mo-ron',«.  [From  L.morws,  a  mul- 
berry,] A  deep  crimson  colour;  the  colour 
of  the  unripe  mulberry. 

Morose,  mo-ros',  a.  [L.  moroaua,  wayward, 
peevi.sh,  morose,  from  mas,  moria,  a  cus- 
tom, habit.  Moral.]  Of  a- sour  temper; 
severe ;  sullen  and  austere.  —  Morosely, 
mo-ros 'li,  adv..  In  a  morose  manner; 
sourly;  with  sullen  austerity.  —  Morose- 
ness,  mo-ros'nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
morose;  soui'ness  of  temper;  sullenness. 

Morosis,  mo-ro'sis,  n.  [Gr.  mOroa,  foolish.] 
Med.  stupidity;  fatuity;  idiocy. 

Morpheus,  mor'fQs,  n.  (Gr.  from  morphc, 
form,  from  the  forms  he  causes  to  appear 
to  people  in  their  dreams.]  Greek  myth. 
the  god  of  sleep  and  dreams. — Morphean, 
mor'fe-an,  n.  Of  or  belonging  to  Mor- 
pheua. 

Morphia,  Morphine,  mor'fi-a,  mor'fin,  n. 
[Gr.  Morpheua,  the  god  of  sleep.]  The 
narcotic  principle  of  opium,  a  vegetable 
alkaloid  of  a  bitter  taste,  of  medicinal 
value  as  an  anodyne. 

Morphology,  mor-fol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  morphe, 
form,  and  logoa,  descri])tion.l  That  de- 
partment of  science  which  treats  of  the 
form  and  arrangement  of  the  structures  of 
plants  and  animals;  '..hc  science  of  form  in 
the  organic  world.— Morphologic,  Morpho- 
logical, mor-f o-loj '  ik,  mor-fo-loj'i-kal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  morphology. — Morphologi- 
cally, mor-fo-loj'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  mor- 
phological manner.  — JVIorphologist,  mor- 
fol'o-jist,  n.  One  versed  in  morphology. — 
Morphonomy,  mor-fon'o-mi,  n.    [Gr.  mor- 

f>hg,  form,  and  nomos,  law.]  Biol,  the 
aws  of  organic  formation  or  configuration. 

Morris,  Morrice,  mor'is,  n.  [Fr.  m.oresque, 
from  Sp.  morisco,  from  Moro,  a  Moor.]  A 
dance  borrowed  from  the  Moors,  or  in  imi- 
tation of  their  dances;  a  fantastic  dance 
formerly  practised  in  England,  as  in  the 
May  games.  —  Nine  men'a  m,orria,  an  old 
game  played  with  nine  stones,  placed  in 
holes  cut  in  the  turf,  and  moved  alter- 
nately as  at  draughts.— Mcirris-dance,  n. 
A  morris. 

Morrow,  mor'o,  n.  [Morning.]  The  day 
next  after  the  present  or  after  any  day 
specified.— Good  morrow,  good  morning,  a 
term  of  salutation.  —  To-morrow,  on  the 
morrow;  next  day. 

Morse,  mors,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Dan.  mar,  the 
sea,  and  roa,  a  horse.]    The  walrus. 

Morse-alphabet,  mors,  n.  [After  its  in- 
ventor, Professor  Morae,  of  Massachu- 
setts.] A  system  of  symbols,  consisting 
of  dashes  and  dots,  to  be  used  in  telegra- 
phic messages;  any  system  on  the  same 
principle,  as  carried  out  by  long  and  short 
blasts  of  a  steam-whistle,  &c. 

Morsel,  mor'sel,  n.  [O.Fr.  marcel  (Fr.  mor- 
ceau),  from  L.L.  morcellum,  a  dim.  from 
L.  moraua,  a  bite,  from  Tfwrdeo,  morsww, 
to  bite;  allied  to  G.  achmerz,  pain.]  A  bite; 
a  mouthful;  a  small  piece  of  food;  a  frag- 
ment; a  little  piece  in  general. 

Mort,  mort, n.  (Fr.  mort, death.  Mortal.] 
A  flourish  sounded  at  the  death  of  game. 

Mortal,  raor'tal,  a.  [L.  mortalis,  from 
inors,  mortis,  death:  same  root  as  Skr.  mri, 
to  die,  mrita,  dead;  this  root  meaning  to 
crush  or  grind,  and  being  also  that  of 
meal,  mild,  murder,  &c.]  Subject  to  death; 
destined  to  die;  deadly;  destructive  to  life; 
causing  death;  fatal;  incurring  the  pen- 
alty of  death  or  divine  condemnation;  not 
venial  (mortal  sin);  human;  belonging  to 
man  who  is  mortal.    Colloquially  applied 


to  periods  of  time  felt  to  be  long  or  tedi- 
ous (ten  mortal  hours).— »i.  A  being  sub- 
ject to  death;  a  man;  a  human  being.— 
Mortally,  mor'tal-li,  adv.  In  the  manner 
of  a  mortal;  in  a  deadly  manner  or  manner 
that  must  cause  death.— Mortality,  mor- 
tal'i-ti,  n.  [L.  mortalitaa.]  The  state  of 
being  mortal;  death;  frequency  of  death; 
death  of  numbers  in  proportion  to  a  popu- 
lation; humanity;  human  nature;  the  hu- 
man race.  —  Billa  0/  mortaliti/,  abstracts 
showing  the  numbers  that  have  died  dur- 
ing certain  periods  of  time.  —  Tablea  of 
mortaliti/,  tables  showing  how  many  out 
of  a  certain  number  of  persons  of  a  given 
age  will  probably  die  successively  in  each 
year  till  the  whole  are  dead. 

Mortar,  mor'ter,  n.  (From  L.  morlarium, 
a  mortar  in  which  things  are  pounded, 
also  the  matter  pounded,  mortar;  Fr.  m.or- 
tier,  a  mortar,  mortar:  from  root  mar  (as 
in  mortal),  to  grind  or  crush.]  A  vessel, 
usually  in  form  of  an  inverted  bell,  in 
which  substances  are  pulverized  or  poun- 
ded with  a  pestle;  a 'short  piece  of  ord- 
nance, thick  and  wide,  used  for  throwing 
shells,  &c.,  and  named  from  its  resem- 
blance to  the  above  utensi!;  a  mixture  of 
lime  and  sand  with  water,  used  as  a  ce- 
r&ent  for  stones  and  bricks  in  walls. 

Mortgage,  mor'ga],  n.  [Fr.  mort,  dead, 
and  gage,  pledge— the  estate  pledged  be- 
comes dead  or  entirely  lost  by  failure  to 
pay.]  An  assignment  or  conveyance  of 
land  or  house  property  to  a  person  as 
security  for  the  payment  of  a  debt  due  to 
him,  and  on  the  condition  that  if  the 
money  shall  be  paid  according  to  contract 
the  grant  shall  be  void;  thedeed  by  which 
this  conveyance  is  effected.  —  v.t. — mort- 
gaged, mortgaging.  To  grant  or  assign  on 
mortgage;  to  pledge;  to  make  liable  to  the 
paj;ment  of  any  debt.— Mortgagee,  mor- 
ga-je',  n.  The  person  to  whom  an  estate 
is  mortgaged.-^Mortgager,  mor'gaj-6r,  n. 
The  person  who  mortgages. 

Mortice,  mor'tis,  n.    Mortise. 

Mortify,  mor'ti-fi,  v.t.— mortified,  mortify- 
ing. [Fr.  mortifier—h.  mora,  mortis,  death, 
and  facio,  to  make.  Mortal.]  To  affect 
with  gangrene  or  mortification;  to  subdue 
or  bring  into  subjection  by  abstinence  or 
rigorous  severities;  to  humiliate;  to  cha- 

frin;  to  affect  with  vexation;  Scota  law,  to 
ispose  of  by  moctification. — v.i.  To  lose 
vitality  and  organic  structure  while  yet 
a  portion  of  a  living  body;  to.  become  gan- 
grenous.—  Mortifying,  mor'ti-fi-ing,  p. 
and  a.  Humiliating;  causing  chagrin. 
— Mortifsrlngly,  mor'ti-fi-ing-h,  adv.  In 
a  mortifying  manner.  —  Mortification, 
mor'ti-fi-Ka"shon,  n.  The  act  of  morti- 
fying or  the  condition  of  being  mor- 
tified; med.  the  death  of  a  part  of  an 
animal  body  while  the  rest  is  alive;  gan- 
grene; the  subduing  of  the  passions  and 
appetites  by  penance,  abstinence,  &c.;  hu- 
miliation or  slight  vexation;  chagrin;  Scois 
law,  the  disposal  of  lands  fot  religious  or 
charitable  purposes. 

Mortise,  mor'tis,  n.  [Fr.  mortaiae,  a  mor- 
tise; origin  unknown.]  A  hole  cut  in  one 
piece  of  material  to  receive  a  correspon- 
ding projecting  piece  called  a  tenon,  on 
another  piece,  in  order  to  fix  the  two  to- 
gether.— v.t. — mortiaed,  mortising.  To  cut 
a  mortise  in;  to  join  by  tenon  and  mortise. 

Mortling,  n.    Morlino.  ' 

Mortmain,  mort'man,  n.  [Fr.  mort,  dead, 
and  main,  hand.]  Law,  possession  of  lands 
or  tenements  in  dead  hands,  or  hands  that 
cannot  alienate,  as  those  of  a  corporation; 
the  holding  of  property  more  particularly 
by  religious  houses,  which  tias  been  re- 
stricted by  various  statutes. 

Mortnary,  mor'tQ-a-ri,  n.  [L.L.  wort«- 
arium,  from  L.  mortuui,  dead,  from  mori, 
to  die.  Mortal.]  A  place  for  the  tem- 
porary reception  of  the  dead;  a  dead-house. 
— a.  Pertaining  to  the  burial  of  the  dead. 

Mosaic,  Mosalcal,  mo-z&'ik,  mo-za'i-kal,  a. 
Kelating  to  Moaea,  the  Hebrew  lawgiver, 
or  his  writings  and  institutions. -^-Mosa- 
ism,  mo-za.'izm;  n.  The  system  propounded 
by  Mqpes. 

Mosaic,  mo-za'ik,  a.  [Fr.  moaafgue,  from 
It.TOOaaico,  muaaico,  from  li.GT.mouaaikoa, 
belonging  to  the  Muses,  from  Mouaa,  4 


#h,  (haia;     ch,  So.  locA;     g,  go;     j,  job;     n,  Ft.  ton;     afc,  sintr;     sh,  tAeaj  tb,  ifdn;     yf,  wig;     wh,  wAig;     ah,  a«ufe. 


MOSASAIEIS 


4i2 


MOULIN 


TVfuse.)  A  term  applied  to  inlaid  work 
formed  by  little  pieces  of  enamel,  glass, 
marble,  precious  stones,  &c.,  of  various 
colours,  cut,  and  disposed  on  a  ground  of 
cement  in  such  a  manner  as  to  form  de- 
signs, and  to  imitate  the  colours  and 
gradations  of  painting.— >i.  Mosaic  or  in- 
laid work.— Momic  gold,  an  alloy  of  copper 
and  zinc,  called  also  ormolu.  —  Mosaical, 
mu-zai-kal,  a.  Same  as  J/osaic— Mosai- 
cally,  mo-za'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  the  manner 
of  mosaic  work.— MoBaicist,  mo-za'i-sist,  n. 
One  who  makes  mosaics. 

Mosasaurus,Mososaurus,mos-a-sa'rus,  mos- 
o-sa'rus,  n.  [L.  ..Vostt,  the  river  Sleuse  or 
Maas,  and  Gr.  sawos,  a  lizard.]  A  gigantic 
fossile  reptile  of  the  cretaceous  formation, 
and  first  found  in  the  Maestricht  beds. 

Moschatel,  mos'ka-tel,  n.  [Fr.  moscatelle, 
from  L.Ii.  muscatus,  having  the  odour  of 
musk.  Mlsk..]  a  plant  of  the  temperate 
regions,  with  pale  green  flowers  which 
smell  like  musk. 

Moselle,  mo-zcl',  n.  A  species  of  white 
French  and  German  wine,  so  named  from 
the  river  Moselle. 

Moslem,  moz'lem,  n.  [Ar.  moslem,  muslim, 
a  true  believer,  from  salama,  to  resign 
one's  self  to  God. J  A  mussulman  or  Mo- 
hammedan.—a.  Mohammedan.— Mosllm, 
moz'lim,  n.  and  a.    Same  sm'ifoslem, 

Mososaurus.    Mosasaurus. 

Mosque,  mosk,n.  [Yr.moisquee,lt.moschea, 
Up.  mezqutta,  from  Ar.  rnesjid,  the  place  of 
adoration,  from  sajad,  to  adore.]  A  Mo- 
hammedan temple  or  place  of  religions 
worship; 

Mosquito,  mos-ke'to,  n.  [Sp.  and  Pg.  mo$- 
guito,  dim.  from  mosca,  L.  musca,  a  fly.] 
A  name  applied  to  several  species  of  gnat- 
like flies,  common  in  many  regions,  and 
which  are  very  annoying  from  their  severe 
bites.— J/os8«ito  net?  or  curtains,  of  gauze, 
are  often  used  to  ward  off  attacks  by  mos- 
quitoes ujjon  persons  reposing  or  asleep. 

Moss,  mos,  n.  (D.  O.G.  and  Uan.  mos,  Sw. 
7noasa,  Icel.  mosi,  A.  Sax.  weds,  G.  moos, 
moss,  a  bog.  Cog.  L.  viiiscus,  moss;  Gr. 
moschos,  a  sprout  or  tender  shoot.]  A 
name  common  to  many  cryptogamic 
plants  of  small  size  with  simple  branching 
stems  and  numerous,  generally  narrow 
leaves;  also  a  name  of  various  lichens;  a 
bog;  a  place  where  peat  is  found. — v.t.  To 
cover  with  moss. — Mossy,  mos'i,  a.  Over- 
grown with  moss;  abounding  with  moss; 
like  moss. — Mossiness,  mos'i-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  mossy,  or  overgrown  with 
moss.- Moss-agate,  n.  A  kind  of  agate 
having  internally  a  moss-like  appearance. 
—Moss-capped,  a.  Capped  or  covered  with 
moss.- Moss-clad,  a.'  Clad  or  covered  with 
moss.— Moss-grown,  o.  Overgrown  with 
moss.— Moss-land,  n.  Land  abounding  in 
peat-moss.  —  Moss-rose,  n.  A  beautiful 
variety  of  rose,  so  named  from  the  calyx 
being  covered  with  a  moss-like  growth. — 
Moss-trooper,  n.  One  of  the  marauders 
upon  the  borders  of  England  and  Scotland 
previous  to  the  union  of  the  crowns,  from 
the  mosses  so  common  on  the  borders. 

Most,  most,  tt.  superl.  of  more.  [A.  Sax. 
maest,  for  md-eiit,  superl.  of  old  positive 
md,  more;  Goth,  maists,  Icel.  tneatr,  D. 
a.ndT>a.n.  mee8t,G.meist.  More.]  Greatest 
in  any  way:  with  singular  nouns  (most 
wisdom,  need,  &c.);  greatest  in  number; 
amounting  to  a  considerable  majority: 
with  plurals"  imost  men ;  most  sorts  of 
learning).— adu.  In  the  greatest  or  highest, 
or  in  a  very  great  or  high  degree,  quantity, 
or  extent;  mostly;  chiefly:  often  used 
before  adjectives  and  adverbs  to  form 
the  superlative  degree,  as  inore  is  to  form 
the  comparative.  —  The  Most  High,  the 
Almighty:  —  n.  The  greatest  or  greater 
number;  the  majority:  in  this  sense  plu- 
ral; greatest  amount  or  advantage;  utmost 
extent,  degree,  effect,  &c.:  often  with  the, 
and  in  this  sense  singular.— .At  mast  or  at 
ilie  mast,  at  furthest;  at  the  utmost  ex- 
tent.—Mostly,  mSst'li,  adv.  For  the  most 
part;  chiefly;  mainly. 

Mot,  mS,  n.  [Fr.  vwt,  a  word,  a  motto, 
L.L.  muttum,  from  L.  muttio,  to  mutter.] 
A  pithy  or  witty  saying;  a  bon-mot. 

Mote,  mot,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mot,  a  mote;  comp. 
B.  mot,  dust,  sweepings.]    A  small  par- 


ticle; a  mere  atom;  anything  proverbially 
small. 

Motet,  Motett,  mo-tet',  n.  [Fr.  motet,  from 
It.  mottetto,  a  dim.  of  motto.  Motto.] 
Mus.  a  sacred  cantata;  a  choral  composi- 
tion, usually  of  a  sacred  character. 

Moth,  moth,  n.  [A.  Sax.  moththe;  D.  mot, 
Icel.  m.otti,  6.  motte,  Sw.  inutt,  a  moth.] 
The  name  of  numerous  lepidopterous  in- 
sects allied  to  the  butterflies,  but  seldom 
seen  on  the  wing  except  in  the  evening  or 
at  night;  the  clothes-moth,  the  caterpillar 
of  which  is  notoriously  destructive  to 
woollen  materials,  furs,  skins.&c— Mothy, 
moth'i,  a.  Full  of  moths;  eaten  by  moths. 
Moth-eat,  vt.  To  eat  or  prey  uiion,  as  a 
moth  eats  a  garment.  — Moth-eaten,  a. 
Katen  by  moths  or  rather  their  larvae. 

Mother,  muTH'6r,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mddor,  D. 
moeder,  Dan.  and  Sw.  moder,  Icel.  mithir, 
G.  mutter,  Ir.  matair,  Gael,  mathair,  L, 
mater,  Gr.  meter,  Skr.  mdtd,  mdtar.  Per. 
mdder;  from  root  ma.  to  bring  forth,  the 
term.,  as  in  father,  denoting  an  agent.] 
A  female  parent,  especially  one  of  the  hu- 
man race;  a  woman  who  has  borne  a  child; 
that  wbich  has  produced  anything;  source 
of  anythin.Br;  generatrix;  a  familiar  term 
of  address  to  elderly  females;  an  abbess 
or  other  female  holding  an  important 
position  in  religious  or  semi-religious  in- 
stitutions.— Mother  Carey' schicken,a.  name 
given  by  sailors  to  the  storm-petrel.- a. 
Kative;  natural  [mother  wit);  giving  birth 
or  origin;  originating  (mother  country). — 
Mother-church,  n.  An  original  or  oldest 
church;  the  metropolitan  church  of  a 
diocese.  —  Mother-country,  n.  A  country 
which  has  sent  out  colonies,  in  relation  to 
its  colonies;  a  country  as  the  mother  or 
producer  of  anything.  —  Motherhood, 
muTH'6r-hud,  n.  The  state  of  being  a 
mother.— Mother-in-law,  re.  The  mother 
of  one's  husband  or  wife.  —  Motherless, 
muTH'6r-les,  a.  Destitute  of  a  mother; 
having  lost  a  mother.  —  Motherliness, 
muTH'er-li-nes,  n.  Quality  of  being  mo- 
therly. —  Motherly,  muiH'fer-U,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  mother;  becoming  a  mother; 
tender  and  affectionate.  —  Mother-naked, 
a.  [Comp.  G.  mmtter-nackt.']  Stark  naked; 
naked  as  at  birth.  —  Mother-of-pearl,  n. 
The  hard  silvery  brilliant  internal  layer 
of  several  kinds  of  shells  extensively  used 
in  the  arts.  Called  also  Ai'acre.— Mother- 
tongue,  n.  One's  native  language;  a  lan- 
guage to  which  other  languages  owe  their 
origin. — Mother-water,  n.  A  saline  solu- 
tion from  which  crystals  have  been  ob- 
tained by  evaporation.  Termed  also 
Mother-liquor,  AfotAer-?j/e.— Mother-wit,  re. 
Native  wit;  common-seuse. 

Mother,  muTH'fer,  re.  (L.G.  mader,  D.  mad- 
der, Dan.  mudder,  G.  mutter — dregs,  mud, 
slime,  &c.;  allied  to  mud.]  A  thick  slimy 
substance  that  gathers  in  liquors,  particu- 
larly vinegar. — v.i.  To  become  mothery. — 
Mothery,muTH'fer-i,a.  Containing  mother; 
resembling  or  partaking  of  the  nature  of 
mother. 

Motlfic,  mo-tif'ik,  a.  [L.  motus,  motion, 
and  facia,  to  make.]  Producing  motion. 
—  Motile,  mo'til,  a.  Having  inherent 
power  of  motion,  as  certain  organs  of 
plants.— Motility,  mS-til'i-ti,  re.  Capabil- 
ity of  motion. 

Motion,  mo'shon,  n.  [L.  motio,  matianis, 
from  moveo,  motum,  to  move.  Move.] 
The  act  or  process  of  changing  place;  the 
passing  of  a  body  from  one  place  to  an- 
other: opposed  to  rest;  the  power  of  mov- 
ing; a  single  act  of  motion;  a  movement; 
movement  of  the  mind  or  soul;  internal 
impulse;  proposal  made;  a  proposition 
made  in  a  deliberative  assembly;  the  pro- 
posing of  any  matter  for  the  consideration 
of  an  assembly  or  meeting;  med.  evacua- 
tion of  the  intestines;  alvine  discharge. — 
v.t.  and  i.  To  make  a  significant  motion  or 
gesture  for  guidance,  as  with  the  hand  or 
nead.— Motionless,  mo'shon-les,  a.  Want- 
ing motion;  being  at  rest. 

Motive,  mO'tiv,  n.  [Fr.  motif,  a  motive, 
L.L.  motivu^,  moving,  from  L.  moveo,  ma- 
lum, to  move.  Move.]  That  which  incites 
to  action;  that  which  determines  the 
choice  or  moves  the  will;  cause;  object;  in- 
ducement; prevailing  design;  the  theme 


or  loading  s\)biect  in  a,  piece  of  music;  th<5 
prevailing  idea  in  the  mind  of  an  artist, 
to  which  he  endeavours  to  give  expression 
in  his  work.— a.  Causing  motion.— ifotiue 
power  or  force,  the  power  or  force  acting 
upon  any  body  or  quantity  of  matter  to 
move  it.— f.t.  To  supply  a  motive  to  or 
for;  to  prompt.— Motiveless,  mO'tiv-les,  a. 
Having  no  motive  or  aim.  —  Motivity, 
mo-tiv'i-ti,  re.  The  power  of  producing 
motion. 

Motley,  mot'li,  a.  [W.  mudliw,  a  changing 
colour,  a  motley  colour— mw(Z,  change,  and 
lliw,  a  stain,  a  hue;  or  akin  to  mottle.] 
Consisting  of  different  colours;  parti-col- 
oured (a  motley  coat);  exhibiting  a  com- 
bination of  discordant  elements,  hetero- 
geneous (a  motley  style). — re.  A  dress  of 
various  colours;  the  usual  dress  of  a  do- 
mestic fool. 

Motor,  mo'ttr,  »i.  [L.,  a  mover,  from 
moveo,  to  move.]  That  which  imparts 
motion;  a  moving  power,  as  water,  steam, 
&c.  —  a.  Imparting  motion.  —  Motorial, 
Motory,  mo-to'ri-al,  mo'to-ri,  a.  Giving 
motion. 

Mottle,  mot'l,  re.  [O.Fr.  matteU,  clotted, 
curdled;  probably  from  the  German;  comp. 
Prov.  G.  matte,  curds.]  Having  a  blotched 
or  spotted  surface:  applied  to  woods  em- 
ployed in  cabinet  work  when  polished.— 
v.t.  To  mark  with  spots  or  blotches  as  if 
mottled.  —  Mottled,  mot 'Id,  p.  and  a. 
Spotted;  marked  with  blotches  of  colour, 
as  some  kinds  of  cabinet  wood. 

Motto,  mot'to,  re.  [It.  motto,  Fr.  rtiot,  a 
word,  from  L.L.  muttum,  a  word,  from  L. 
muttio,  to  mutter.]  A  short  pithy  sentence 
or  phrase,  or  even  a  single  word,  adopted 
as  expressive  of  one's  guiding  idea  or  prin- 
ciple, appended  to  a  coat  of  arms,  or  other- 
wise put  prominently  forward. 

Moufflon,  Mouflon,  miiflon,  re.  [Fr.  mou- 
Jlon.\  An  animal  of  the  sheep  kind  in- 
habiting Corsica,  Sardinia,  and  Greece. 

Mould,  mold,  re.  [A.  Sax.  molde,  inould, 
earth,  dust;  Icel.  mold,  Dan.  muld,  1>. 
molde,  moude,  mould,  earth  ;  also  ■  Dari. 
mul,  D.  mol,  mul,  mould,  mouldiness,  from 
root  seen  in  Goth,  inalan,  L.  vioto,  to  grind, 
the  root  of  meal  (comp.  gi-ind  and  ground).] 
Fine  soft  earth,  or  earth  easily  pulverized, 
such  as  constitutes  soil;  mustiness  or  mil- 
dew; a  minute  fungoid  or  other  vegetable 
growth  of  a  low  type,  especially  such  as 
appears  on  bodies  which  lie  long  in  warm 
and  damp  air,  animal  and  vegetable  tis- 
sues, &c.;  dust  from  incipient  decay.— n.t. 
To  cause  to  contract  mould;  to  cover  with 
mould  or  soil. — v.i.  To  become  mouldy. — 
Mouldiness,  mol'di-nes,  re.  The  state  of 
being  mouldy.— Mouldy,  mol'di,  o.  Over- 
grown with  mould;  mildewy;  musty; 
fusty;  decaying. 

Mould,  mold,  re.  [Fr.  mottle,  molle  (with  d 
added),  also  modle,  from  L.  modulus,  dim. 
of  modus,  a  measure.  Mode.]  The  matrix 
in  which  anything  is  c^t  and  receives  its 
form;  a  hollow  tool  for  producing  a  form 
by  percussion  or  compression;  cast;  form; 
shape;  character.  —  tJ.t.  To  form  into  a 
particular  shape ;  to  shape ;  to  model ;  to 
fashion.  —  Mouldable.  mol'da-bl,  a.    Ca- 

Sable  of  being  moulded  or  formed.  — 
lould -board,  re.  The  curved  board  or 
metal  plate  in  a  plough,  which  senes  to 
turn  over  the  furrow.  —  Mould -candle, 
re.  A  candle  formed  in  a  mould.  —  Moul- 
der, mol'dfir,  re.  One  who  moulds;  one 
who  is  employed  in  making  castings  in  a 
foundry.— Moulding,  mol'ding,  re.  Some- 
thing cast  in  a  mould;  arch,  a  general 
term  applied  to  the  varieties  of  outline  or 
contour  given  to  cornices,  bases,  door  or 
window  jambs,  lintels,  &c.  —  Moulding- 
plane,  re.  A  plane  used  in  forming  moul- 
dings.—Moulding-sand,  re.  A  mixture  of 
sand  and  loam  for  moulds  in  a  foundry. 

Moulder,  mol'dftr,  v.i.  [From  mould,  earth, 
mustiness;  lit.  to  turn  to  viould.]  To  turn 
to  dust  by  natural  decay:  to  waste  away 
by  a  gradual  separation  of  the  component 
particles;  to  crumble;  to  perish.  — f.t.  To 
turn  to  dust;  to  crumble;  to  waste. 

Moulin,  mct-lan,  re.  [Fr.  moulin,  L.L.  ma- 
linus,  from  L.  mala,  a  mill.]  A  deep  cylin- 
drical hole  in  a  glacier,  formed  m  a  rill 
on  its  surface  draining  into  it.  —  ^oolin- 


f  ftto.  t&t,  fat,  f^U;     me,  met,  hto;     pine,  pin;     iiSte,  not,  mbve;      tabe,  tub,  bv)Ui     oiL  nound;     ti,  Sc.  abune— the  JTr.ji. 


MOULT 


UB 


MUCEDINE 


age,  mo'liu-sj,  n.  [Fr.  mouUnage.]  The 
twistiug  and  doubling  of  raw  eilk. 
Moult,  EctOlt,  v.i.  iO.£.  moute,  mowte  (the 
2  having  intruded  as  in  cotUd),  like  D. 
muiten,  O.L.G.  muton,  from  h.  muto,  mu- 
tare,  to  change.  Mew.J  To  shed  or  cast 
the  feathers,  hair,  skin,  horns,  &c.,  as  birds 
and  other  animals  do;  most  commonly 
used  of  birds,  but  also  of  crabs,  serpents, 
kc—v.t.  To  shed  or  cast,  as  feathers,  hair, 
skin,  &c.— Ji.  The  act  of  moulting;  the 
shedding  or  changing  of  feathery. 
Mound,  mound,  n.  [A.  Sax.  and  G.  mund, 
a  defence;  same  root  as  7nount.]  An  ele- 
vation of  earth,  generally  artificial;  a  ram- 
part; a  hillock  or  knoll.— y.<.  To  fortify  or 
inclose  with  a  mound.  —  Mound-bird,  n. 
Meoapodius. 

Mound,  mound,  n.  [Fr.  monde,  from  L. 
viundus,  the  world.]  The  ball  or  globe 
which  forms  part  of  the  regalia  of  an  em- 
peror or  king.  o 
Mount,  mount,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mimt,  Fr.  mont, 
from  L.  mons,  montis,  a  hill,  from  root 
seen  in  eminent,  prominent.]  A*  hill ;  a 
mountain:  now  chiefly  poetical,  or  used 
in  proper  names,  as'  Mount  Vesuvius, 
Mount  Sinai;  a  bulwark  for  offence  or  de- 
fence (O.T.);  the  cardboard  or  other  ma- 
terial on  which  a  picture  or  drawing  is 
mounted  or  fixed ;  the  setting  of  a  gem  or 
something  similar;  the  opportunity  or 
means  of  riding  on  horseback.  —  v.i.  [Fr. 
monter,  frommoni.a  hill.]  Toriseonhigh; 
to  go  up;  to  ascend;  to  be  built  to  a  great 
altitude;  to  get  on  or  upon  anything,  spe- 
cifically, to  get  on  horseViack;  to  amount; 
to  reach  in  value.  —  v.t.  To  raise  aloft ;  to 
ascend;  to  climb  up  to  or  upon;  to  place 
one's  self  upon  (a  throne  or  the  like);  to 
furnish  with  a  horee  or  horses;  to  put  on 
or  cover  with  something  necessary,  useiul, 
or  ornamental  (to  mount  a  map  on  cloth); 
to  prepare  for  use;  to  carry  or  be  fur- 
nished with  (a  fort  mounts  a  hundred  can- 
non).— To  mount  guard,  to  take  the  station 
and  do  the  duty  of  a  sentinel.  —  Mount- 
able,  moun'ta-bl,  a.'  Capable  of  being 
mounted.  —  Mounter,  moun'ter,  n.  One 
that  mounts.— Mounting,  moun'ting,  n. 
The  act  of  ascending;  that  with  which  an 
article  is  mounted  or  set  off,  or  finished 
for  use,  as  the  setting  of  a  gem,  the  fur- 
nishings of  a  sword,  of  harness,  cardboard 
on  which  a  picture  is  pasted,  &c. 
Mountain,  moun'tin,  n.  [O.Fr.  muntaine, 
montaigne,  Fr.  vwntagne,  from  L.L.  mon- 
taneus,  mountainous,  from  h.  m/yns,  mon- 
tis, a  mountain.  Mount.]  A  huge  mass 
of  earth  and  rock  rising  above  the  common 
level  of  the  earth  or  adjacent  land;  an 
elevated  mass  higher  than  a  hill;  some- 
thing very  large  or  great.— T/ie  Mountain, 
the  extreme  democratic  party  in  the  first 
French  revolution,  who  occupied  the  high- 
est benches  in  the  National  Convention. — 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  mountain;  found  on 
mountains;  growing  or  dwelling  on  a 
mountain.— Mountain-ash,  n.  -A  British 
tree,  with  white-flowered  corymbose  pan- 
icles, fruit  scarlet,  acid,  and  austere;  the 
rowan-tree.-- Mountain-barometer,  n.  A 
barometer  for  measuring  the  heights  of 
mountains. — Mountain-blue,  n.  A  native 
carbonate  of  copper,  liable  to  change  to 

§reen  if  mixed  with  oil. — Mountain-bram- 
le,  n.  The  cloudberry.  —  Mountain-cat, 
n.  The  wild-cat— Mountain-cork,  Moun- 
tain-leather, n.  A  white  or  gray  variety 
of  asbestos.  —  Mountain-dew,  n.  A  name 
for  Scotch,  and  more  especially  Highland 
whisky.  —  Mountaineer,  moun'tin-er,  n. 
An  inhabitant  of  a  mountainous  district; 
a  climber  of  mountains. — v.i.  To  practise 
the  climbing  of  mountains :  used  in  pre- 
sent participle  and  verbal  noun.  —  Moun- 
tain-flax, n.  A  species  of  asbestos ;  ami- 
anthus.—Mountain-green,  TO.  A  carbonate 
of  copper;  malachite.  — Mountain  -  lime- 
stone, n.  Geol.  a  series  of  marine  lime- 
stone strata,  immediately  below  the  coal- 
measures  and  above  the  old  red-sandstone 
in  England;  carboniferous  limestone. — 
Mountain-meaJ,  n.  Berg-melil,nndeT  Bero. 
—Mountainous,  moun'tin-us,  a.  Full  of 
mountains;  diversified  by  many  moun- 
tains; large  as  a  mountain;  huge.— Monn- 
talnononess,  moun'tin-us-nes,  n.— Moun- 


tain-soap, n.  A  m  ineral  of  a  pale  brownish- 
black  colour,  and  having  a  soapy  feel. 

Mountebank,  moun'ti-bangk,-  n.  [It. 
nwniim,hanco,  niwntambanco — montare,  to 
mount.and  banco,  bench.]  One  who  mounts 
a  bench  or  stage  in  the  market  or  other 
public  place,  and  vends  medicines  which 
he  pretends  are  infallible  remedies;  a 
quack  doctor;  any  boastful  and  false  pre- 
tender; a  charlatan.- u.i.  To  gull  {SKak.).— 
Mountebankery,  Mountebankism,  moun'- 
ti-bang-ker-i,  moun'ti-bangk-izm,  n.  The 
practices  of  a  mountebank;  quackery. 

Mourn,  mom,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  murnan^Icel. 
moma,  O.H.G-.  woman,  Goth,  mauman, 
to  grieve;  root  same  as  iu  viurmur.]  To  ex- 
press grief  or  sorrow;  to  grieve;  to  be  sor- 
rowful; to  lament;  to  wear  the  dress  or 
appearance  of  grief.— v.t.  To  grieve  for;  to 
lament;  to  deplore;  to  bewail.— Mourner, 
mor'n^x,  n.  One  that  mourns;  one  that 
follows  a  funeral  in  the  habit  of  mourning. 
— Mournful,  morn'ful,  a.  Expressing  sor- 
row; exhibiting  the  appearance  of  grief; 
doleful ;  causing  sorrow;  sad;  calamitous; 
sorrowful;  feeling  grief.  —  Mournfully, 
morn'ful-li,  adv.  In  a  mournful  manner; 
dolefully;  sorrowfully;  sadly.— Mournful- 
ness,  morn'ful-neSi  n.  The  state  or  charac- 
ter of  being  mournful.- Mourning,  mor'- 
ning,  n.  The  act  of  expressing  grief;  lamen- 
tation; the  dress  or  customary  habit  worn 
by  mourners.  —  a.  Employed  to  express 
grief  (a  mourning  ring). — Mourning-coach, 
n.  A  coach  for  a  funeral,  draped  in  black 
and  drawn  by  black  horses. 

Mouse,  mous,  n.  pi.  Mice,  mis.  [A.  Sax. 
rmls,  pi.  mis  (like  Ms,  2j>«,  louse,  lice);  Icel. 
miis,  Dan.  m,uus,  D.  muis,  G.  maus;  cog. 
L.  mus,  6r.  m,ys.  Per.  mUsh,  Skr.  mUsha, 
mouse.]  A  well-known  small  rodent  quad- 
ruped that  infests  dwelling-houses,  gran- 
aries, fields,  &c.;  a  name  of  various  allied 
animals;  a  term  of  endearment. —y.i. 
(mouz)-^noused,  mousing.  To  hunt  for  or 
catch  mice.— Mouse-buttock,  Mouse-piece, 
n.  Part  of  a  hind  quarter  of  beef  below 
the  round,  or  immediately  above  the  knee- 
joint. —Mouse-ear,  n.  A  name  given  to 
various  plants  whose  leaves  resemble  the 
ear  of  a  mouse  in  shape,  &c.— Mouse-hole, 
n.  The  hole  of  a  mouse;  a  hole  used  by 
mice;  a  very  small  hole  or  entrance. — 
Mouser,  mou'zfer,  n.  One  that  catches 
mice;  a  cat  good  at  catching  mice. — Mouse- 
trap, n.  A  trap  for  catching  mice. — 
Mousing,  mou'zing,  a.  Given  to  or  engaged 
in  catching  mice. 

Mousseline,  mos-l6n,  n.  [Fr.]  Muslin. — 
Mousseline-de-laine.  Muslin-de-laine,  un- 
der M  USLIN. 

Moustache,  mus-tash',  n.  [Fr.  vfiousiache. 
It.  mostacdo,  from  Gr.  mystax,  the  upper 
lip,  the  beard  upon  it.]  The  hair  on  the 
upper  lip  of  men ;  the  unshaven  hE,ir  of 
the  upper  li^:  often  spoken  of  as  plural. — 
Moustached,  mus-tasht',  p.  and  a.    Pro- 

•  vided  with  or  wearing  a  moustache. 

Mouth,  mouth,  n.  pi.  Mouths,  mouTBz. 
[A.  Sax.  miXth  =  Icel.  muthr,  munnr,  Sw. 
m,un,  Dan.  and  G.  m,und,  D.  mond,  Goth. 
munths  —  mouth.  Like  tooth,  sooth,  &c., 
this  word  has  lost  an  n  before  the  th.]  The 
aperture  in  the  head  of  an  animal  through 
which  food  is  received  and  voice  uttered; 
the  aperture  between  the  lips  or  the  T>or- 
tion  of  the  face  formed  by  the  lips;  the 
cavity  within  the  lips;  the  opening  of  any- 
thing hollow,  as  of  a  pitcher  or  other 
vessel;  the  entrance  to  a  cave,  pit,  or  den, 
the  opening  of  a  well,  &c.;  the  part  of  a 
river,  creek,  &c.,  by  which  it  joins  with 
the  ocean  or  any  large  body  of  water. — To 
make  a  mouth  or  to  make  mouths^  to  dis- 
tort the  mouth;  to  make  a  wry  face,  as  in 
derision. — Doivn  in  the  mouth,  chapfallen; 
dejected;  mortified.— To  give  mouth  to,  to 
utter;  to  express.- «.t.  (mouin).  To  utter 
with  a  voice  affectedly  big  or  swelling;  to 
seize  or  shake  with  the  mouth.  —  v.i.  To 
speak  with  a  full,  round,  or  loud,  affected 
voice;  to  vociferate;  to  rant;  to  make  wrv 
faces;  to  grimace  (Tenn.).  —  Mouthed, 
mouTBd,  a.  Having  a  mouth  of  this  or 
that  kind:  used  in  composition  (foul- 
mouihed).  —  Mouther,  mou'THfer,  n.  One 
who  mouths;  an  affected  declaimer. — 
Mouthful,  mouth'f\iI,  n.    As  much  as  the 


mouth  contains  at  once;  a  small  quantity 
—Mouthpiece,  mouth'pes,  n.  The  part  of 
a  musical  instrument  that  is  applied  to 
the  mouth;  a  tube  by  which  a  cigar  is 
held  in  the  mouth  while  being  smoked; 
one  who  speaks  on  behalf  of  others. 
Move,  mov,  v.t.  —  moved,  moving.  [O.Fr. 
mover,  mouver,  Jlod.  Fr.  mouvoir,  from 
1/.  movere,  motum,  to  move;  seen  also  in 
remove,  motion,  emotion,  motive,  moment, 
remote, provtote, mobile,  &c.]  To  carry,  con- 
vey, or  draw  from  one  place  to  another;  to 
cause  to  change  place  or  posture;  to  set  in 
motion;  to  stir;  to  excite  into  action;  to 
influence;' to  prevail  on;  to  rouse  or  excite 
the  feelings  of:  to  make  an  impression  on; 
to  aflfect,  usually  with  tender  feelings;  to 
touch;  to  stir  up;  to  awaken  (laughter, 
teiTor);  to  offer  formally,  as  a  motion  for 
consideration  by  a  deliberative  assembly; 
chess,  draughts,  kc,  to  change  the  position 
of  (a  piece)  in  the  regular  course  of  play. 
— v.i.  To  change  place  or  posture;  to  stir; 
to  pass  or  go;  to  walk;  to  carry  or  bear 
one's  self;  to  change  residence;  to  take 
action;  to  begin  to  act;  chess,  draughts, 
&c.,  to  change  the  position  of  one  of  the 
pieces  in  the  course  of  play. — n.  Proceed- 
ing; action  taken;  the  moving  of  a  piece  in 
playing  chess,  kc.—  To  be  on  the  move,  to 
be  stirring  about.  —  Movable,  Moveable, 
mo'va-bl,  a.  [O.Fr.  tnovable,  vwuvable.] 
Capable  of  being  moved;  changing  from 
one  time  to  another  (a  movable  feast,  that 
is  a  feast  or  festival  like  Easter,  the  time 
for  holding  which  varies  within  certain 
limits).  — n.  Any  part  of  a  man's  goods 
capable  of  being  moved;  pi,  goods,  wares, 
commodities,  furniture.  —  Movableness, 
Moveableness,  Movability,  mo'va-bl-nes, 
mo-va-bil'i-ti,  to.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  movable.  —  Movably,  Moveably, 
mo'va-bli,  adv.  In  a  movable  manner  or 
state.  —  Moveless,  mov'les,  a.  /Incapable 
of  being  moved;  fixed.— Movement,  mov'- 
ment,  to.  Act  of  moving;  course  or  pro- 
cess of  change;  motion;  an  individual  act 
of  motion;  a  gesture;  an  agitation  set  on 
foot  by  one  or  more  persons  for  the  pur- 
pose of  bringing  about  some  result  desired; 
viusic,  motion  or  progression  in  time,  also 
a  detached  and  independent  portion  of  a 
composition;  the  train  of  wheel-work  in  a 
watch  or  clock.— Mover,  md'v^r,  to.  One 
who  or  that  which  gives  motion;  one  who 
or  that  which  is  in  motion;  one  that  offers 
a  motion  in  an  assembly.  —  Moving,  mo'- 
ving,  p.  and  a.  Causing  to  move  or  act; 
impelling;  exciting  the  feelings;  touching; 
pathetic;  affecting.- J/ovi)i£;/orce,  in  mech. 
force  considered  with  reference  to  the 
effect  or  momentum  it  produces. — Moving- 
ly, mO'ving-li,  adv.  In  a  moving  manner; 
in  a  manner  to  excite  the  feelings;  patheti- 
cally.—Movingness,  mo'ving-nes.  n.  • 
Mow,  mo,  v.t.— mowed  (pret.)  mowed  or 
mown  (pp.).  [A.  Sax.  mdwan;  akin  Icel. 
vitigr,  mugi,  a  swathe;  Dan.  m^ie,  D. 
maaijen,  G.  mdhen,  to  mow;  allied  to  L. 
vieto,  Gr.  amao,  to  mow.  Meadow  is  from 
this  root.]  To  cut  down  with  a  scythe  or 
mowing-machine  (to  mow  grass) ;  to  cut 
the  grass  from  (to  mow  a  meadow);  to  cut 
down '(men,  &c.)  indiscriminately,  or  in 
great  numbers  or  quantity.  —  v.i.  To  cut 
grass;  to  use  the  scythe  or  mowing-ma- 
chine.— Mower,  mo'fer,  n.  One  who  mows; 
a  mowing-machine.— Mowing-machine,  n. 
An  agricultural  machine  employed  to  cut 
down  grass,  clover,  grain,  &c. 
Mow,  mo,  n.  [A.  Sax.  muga,  a  heap,  a  mow. 
N.  muga,  mua,  a  heap  of  hay.]  A  pile  of 
hay  or  sheaves  of  grain  deposited  in  a 
barn;  the  part  of  a  bam  where  they  are 
packed.— v.t.  To  put  or  pile  in  a  mow. 
Mow,  mou,  TO.  [From  Fr.  viotie,  a  wry  face; 
comp.  D.  mouwe,  a  mow.]  A  wry  face.— 
v.i.  To  make  mouths. 

Moxa,  mok'sa,  TO.  [Chinese.]  A  soft  downy 
substance  prepared  in  China  and  Japan 
from  the  young  leaves  of  certain  plants, 
used  for  the  goiit;  &c.,  by  burning  it  on 
the  skin;  any  substance  used  in  this  way 
as  a  counter-irritant.  —  Moxlbustion, 
mok-si-bust'yon,  n.  Med.  cauterization 
by  means  of  a  moxa. 

Mncedine,  rnQ'se-din,  n.  [L.  mueedo, 
mould.]  A  sort  of  fungus  forming  moulds 


ch,  chain;    ah,  Sc.  lochia  g,  poj^  j,  Jfobi^  Dj  Fr.  ton;    ng,  sing;     tu,  (ften;  th,  th'm;   ,w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zhi  aaurCj 


MUCH 


444 


MULTANIMOUS 


and.-tnildewa.— Mucedinons,  mft-scd'i-nuB, 
a.  But.  having  the  character  of  mould  or 
mildew. 

Mucli,  much,  a.:  more  and  most  serve  as 
its  comparative  and  superlative.  [Shor- 
tened form  of  old  mochel,  mvchel,  much, 
from  A.  Sax.  my  eel,  inicel,  much,  great, 
many;  akin  Icel.  mjdg,  mjOk,  much,  mik- 
ill,  great;  Goth,  mikils,  O.H.G.  mihil; 
same  root  as  L.  magnus,  great,  E.  viay. 
Magnitude,  May.]  Great  in  quantity  or 
amount;  abundant:  used  with  singular 
nouns  {much  food,  seed,  water,  money, 
&c.).  —  adv.  In  a  great  degree;  to  a  great 
amount  or  extent;  greatly:  used  especially 
with  comparatives  and  past  participles 
{much  better,  larger,  sooner,  surprised, 
&c.);  nearly  {much  as  it  via.s).~Much  about 
the  same,  nearly  equal. — n.  A  great  quan- 
tity; a  great  deal ;  equivalent  to  an  ad- 
jective with  a  noun  omitted,  and  often 
qualified  by  too,  as,  and  so.  —  Muchness, 
much'nes,  n.  State  of  being  much;  quan- 
tity. 

Mucific,  mU-sif' ik.  a.  [L.  mucus,  mucus, 
and  facia,  to  make.l  Generating  mucus. 
— Muciform,  ma'si-form,  n.  Med.  having 
the  character  of  or  resembling  mucus. 

Mucilage,  mu'si-lsj,  n.  [1».  mucilago,  from 
mucus,  slime,  mucus.]  A  gummy  vege- 
table matter  contained  in  gum  traga- 
canth,  many  seeds,  roots,  &c.;  a  solution 
in  water  of  gummy  matter  of  any  kind. — 
Mucilaginous,  mu-si-laj'i-nus,  a  Per- 
taining to  or  secreting  mucilage;  slimy; 
ropy;  soft,  and  slightly  viscid.— Mucilagi- 
nouaness,  mu-si-laj'i-nus-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  mucilaginous. 

Muciparous,  mQ-sip'a-rus,  a.  [L.  mucus, 
slime,  and  pario,  to  produce.]  Secreting 
or  producing  mucus. 

Muck,  muk,  n.  [From  Icel.  myki,  Dan. 
mug,  dung  (whence  modding,  midden).] 
Uung  in  a  moist  state,  or  a  mass  of  dung 
and  rotten  vegetable  matter ;  something 
mean,  vile,  or  filthy.— «.(.  To  manure  with 
muck;  to  remove  muck  from.  —  Muck- 
woiTQ,  n.  A  worm  that  lives  in  muck;  a 
mii-er;  a  mean  sordid  wretch. 

Muck,  muk,  n.  A  blundering  corruption 
of  Amuck. 

Mucous,  Mttcose,  Mucosity.  Under  Mucus. 

Mucronate,  mu'kro-nat,  a.  [h.  'Mucrona- 
tits,  from  mucro,  a  sharp  point.]  £ot.  and 
20ol.  narrowed  to  a  point;  terminating  in 
a  sharp  point.— Mucronately,  mu'kro-nat- 
li,  adv.    In  a  mucronate  manner. 

Mucus,  mu'kus,  n.  (L.,  mucus  from  the 
nuse;  akin  munpo,  to  wipe  the  nose;  muci- 
lage.] A  viscid  flnid  secreted  by  the  mu- 
cous membrane  of  animals,  which  itserves 
to  moisten  and  defend;  bot.  gummy  mat- 
ter soluble  in  water.  —  Mucous,  Mucosa, 
mu'kus,  mQ'kOs,  a.  [L.  mucositn.]  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  mucus;  slimy; 
ropy;  secixtjng  a  slimy  substance. — Mu- 
cous membrane,  a  membrane  that  lines  all 
the  cavities  of  the  body  which  open  exter- 
nally (such  as  the  mouth,  nose,  intestines), 
and  secretes  mucus.— Mucousness.  Mucos- 
ity, mfi'kus-ncs,  mii-kos'i-ti,  n.  The  state 
of  being  mucous;  slimniess. 

Mud,  mud,n.  [Allied  to  L.G.  mod,  mudde, 
!>.  moddcr^  Dan.  viudder,  Sw.  modd,  mud, 
mire;  Icel.  m.od,  dust;  E.  mother,  slimy 
sediment.  Muddle  is  a  derivative.]  Wet 
and  soft  earth  or  earthy  matter  as  in  a 
puddle;  sediment  from  turbid  waters; 
mire— .1/ud  wall,  a  wall  built  of  mud  or 
clay,  rendered  firm  by  drying. — o.t.—mud- 
deil,  muddiny.  To  soil  with  mud;  to 
muddy.  —  Muddily,  mud'i-li,  adv.  In  a 
muddy  manner;  turbidly;  obscurely;  con- 
fusedly. —  Muddiness,  mud'i-nes,  n.  The 
quality  or  condition  of  being  muddy. — 
Muddy,  mud'i,  a.  Abounding  in  mud; 
foul  with  mud;  turbid;  miry;  cloudy  in 
mind;  confused;  stupid;  obscure;  w^anting 
in  perspicuity.— w.i.—'rnuddted,  mwldyin'j. 
Tu  sc:l  with  mud;  to  dirty;  to  mako  tur- 
bid ;  to  cloud  or  make  dull.  —  Muddy- 
brained.  Muddy-headed,  a.  Of  a  dull 
understanding;  stupid.- Mud-eel,  n.  The 
siren,  a  sueiries  of  amphibian  —Mnd-fish, 
11.  The  lepidosiren. —Mud-lark,  n.  One 
who  cleans  scwtrs;  one  who  fishes  up  mat- 
ters from  the  mud  on  the  bank:  .'  tidal 
rivers.— Mud-sill,  n.  The  base  or  lowest  siU 


of  a  structure,  as  of  a  bridge,  at  the  bottom 
of  a  river,  &c.— Mud-turtle,  n.  A  name  of 
the  soft  tortoises  and  terrapins. 

Huddle,  mud'l,  v.t.— muddled,  muddling. 
[Freq.  from  mud.]  To  make  foul,  turbid, 
ormuddy;  to intoxicatepartially;  to  cloud 
or  stupefy,  particularly  with  liquor;  to 
bring  into  a  state  of  confusion;  to  make  a 
mess  of. — v.i.  To  become  muddy;  to  be  in 
a  confused  state. — n.  A  mess;  dirty  con- 
fusion; intellectual  confusion;  bewilder- 
ment.—Muddled,  mud'ld,  p.  and  a.  Made 
turbid  or  muddy;  stupeSed;  confused. — 
Muddle-headed,  a.  Having  the  brains 
muddled;  litupidly  confused  or  dull;-  dol- 
tish. 

Muezzin,  Mneddin,  mu-ed'zin,  mn-ed'in,n. 
[Ar.  muezzin,  from  azdana,  to  inform,  from 
azana,  to  hear.]  A  Mohammedan  crier 
attached  to  a  mosque,  whose  duty  it  is  to 
proclaim  from  the  balcony  of  a  minaret 
the  sumnions  to  prayers  five  times  a  day. 

Mufi,  muf,  n.  [Dan.  muffe,  D.  mof,  L.G. 
muffe,  muff,  G.  muff,  a  muff,  akin  to  O.U.G. 
m,ouwa,  D.  m.ouw,  a  long  sleeve;  comp.  also 
D.  mof,  a  clown,  r)i«/,  musty,  silly,  doting. 
Hence  mwj^e.]  A  cylindrical  cover,  usually 
made  of  fur,  into  which  both  hands  may  be 
thrust  in  order  to  keep  them  warm;  a  soft, 
useless  fellow;  a  mean,  poor  spirited  per- 
son (colloq.). — Mufiettefc,  muf-et-te',  n.  A 
small  muff  worn  over  the  wrist;  a  wrist- 
band of  fur  or  worsted  worn  by  ladies. 

Muffin,  muf 'in,  n.  [Probably  from  inuff,0Vi 
account  of  its  softness.)  A  light  round 
spongy  cake. — Muffin-cap,  n.  A  flat  wool- 
len cap. 

Muffie,  muf'l,  v.t.—^iuffled,  mttffling.  [O.E. 
also  moffle,  akin  to  muff;  comp.  D.  moffel, 
a  muff;  Fr.  moufle,  a  mitten.]  To  enfold 
or  wrap  up  so  as  to  copccal  from  view  or 
protect  from  the  weather;  to  wrap  up  or 
cover  close,  particularly  the  neck  and  face; 
to  deaden  the  sound  of  (to  lauffle  an  oar  or  a 
drum);  to  restrain  from  speaking  by  wrap- 
ping up  the  head;  to  put  to  silence; ^fj;.  to 
wrap  up  or  envelop;  to  mvolve. — n.  [Fr. 
moujle,  a  kind  of  glove,  a  chemical  vessel.] 
An  arched  vessel,  resisting  the  strongest 
fire,  and  made  to  be  placed  over  cupels  in 
the  operation  of  assaying,  to  preserve  them 
from  coming  in  contact  with  fuel,  smoke, 
or  ashes,  a  pulley-block  containing  seve- 
ral sheaves. — Muffied,  muf'ld,  p.  and  a. 
■\Vrapped  up  closely,  especially  about  the 
face;  treated  so  as  to  deaden  the  sound  (as 
when  an  oar  is  wrapped  with  a  mat  at  the 
rowlock);  dulled  or  deadened:  applied  to 
sound.— Muffler,  muf  ler,  n.  A  wrapper  for 
mufSing  or  enveloping  the  neck,  and  often 
also  the  face ;  a  stuffed  glove  for  lunatics. 

Muffle,  muf'l,  n.  [Fr.  miifie,  from  G.  muffel, 
an  animal  with  large  hanging  lips.]  The 
tumid  and  naked  portion  of  the  upper  lip 
and  nose  of  ruminants  and  rodents. 

Mufti,  Muftee,  mufti,  muf'te,  n.  [Ar. 
viufti,  from  dfia,  to  judge,  to  give  a  de- 
cision.] The  chief  of  the  ecclesiastical 
order  among  the  Mohammedans;  a  doctor 
of  Mohammedan  law;  an  Anglo-Indian 
term  for  plain  dress  worn  by  officers  off 
duty;  civilian  dress. 

Mug,  mug,  n.    [N.  mugge,  a  ewer,  a  mug; 

.Sw.  mugg,  an  earthen  cup;  Ir.  mugan,  a 
mup.l  A  familiar  name  for  an  earthen  or 
metal  vessel  for  drinking  from;  a  jug. 

Mug,  mug,  n.  [Perhaps  a  Gypsy  word  = 
Sl;r.  mukha,  the  face.]  The  face  or  mouth; 
a  grimace.    [Slang.] 

ISiifnggy,  Muggish,  mug'i,  mug'ish.ot.  [Prov. 
(K.  mug,  mist;  Icel.  mugga,  mugginess, 
drizzle ;  comp.  Gael,  mugach,  cloudy;  \V. 
inwg,  smoke.]  D»mp  and  close:  said  of 
the  atmosphere  or  weather;  warm  and 
humid;  moist;  mouldy. 

Mugwort,  mug'wert,  n.  [A.  Sai.  mucg- 
■wyri,  lit.  midge- wort.]  A  common  British 
species  of  wormwood. 

Mulatto,  mfl-lat'to,  n.  [Sp.  mulato,  from 
mulo,  a  mule.  Mule.]  A  person  that  is 
the  offspring  of  parents  of  whom  one  is 
white  and  the  other  a  negro— Mulattress, 
mft-lat'res,  n.    A  female  mulatto. 

Iitulberry,  murbe-ri,  n.  [For  m.urberry; 
A.  Sax.  miirberie,  a  mulberrj',  also  miXr, 
vadr,  from  L.  m^rus,  a  mulberry -tree.) 
The  berry  or  fruit  of  a  well-known  tree, 
and  also  the  tree  itself  cultivated  from  a 


remote  period  for  silk-worm  rearing.  — 
Mulberry-faced,  a.  Having  the  face  spot- 
ted as  if  with  mulberry  stains. 

Mulch,  mulsh,  n.  [Akin  to  m.ols  in  A.  Sax. 
molsixian,  to  rot,  G.  mulsch,  molsch,  rotten; 
D.  inolsemen,  to  moulder,]  Strawy  dung 
in  a  somewhat  moist  state,  but  not  rotten, 
used  for  protecting  the  roots  of  newly- 
planted  shrubs  or  trees,  &c. — v.t.  To  cover 
with  mulch. 

Mulct,  mulkt,  n.  [L.  mulcta,  multa,  a  fine.] 
A  fine  or  penalty  imposed-  on  a  person 
guilty  of  some  offence  or  misdemeanour, 
usually  a  pecuniary  fine. — v.t.  To  punish 
by  tine  or  forfeiture;  to  punish  by  depriv- 
ing; to  deprive  (to  mulct  a  person  o/or  in 
£30U).— Mulctuary,  mulk'tu-a-ri,  a.  Con- 
sisting of  a  pecuniary  penalty. 

Mule,  mul,  n.  [A.  Sax.  mill,  Fr.  mule,  from 
Jj.  mulus,  a  mule.  J  A  quadruped  of  a 
mongrel  breed,  the  offspring  of  an  ass  and 
a  mare,  or  a  horse  and  a  she-ass;  also  any 
animal  produced  by  a  mixture  of  different 
species;  a  hybrid;  a  hybrid  plant;  a  spin- 
ning machine  invented  by  Crompton  in 
1775,  so  called  from  being  a  combination 
of  the  drawing-rollers  of  Arkwright  and 
the  jenny  of  Hargreavea.— Mule-driver,  n. 
A  driver  of  mules;  a  muleteer.— Mule- 
spinner,  n.  One  who  spins  on  a  mule. — 
Muleteer,  mU-le-ter',  n.  [Fr.  muletier.]  A 
mule-driver.— MuUsh,  mol'ish,  a.  Like  a 
mule;  sullen;  stubborn.— Mulishly,  mQl'- 
ish-li,  ado.  In  a  mulish  manner.— Mulish- 
ness,  mQl'ish-nes,  n.  Obstinacy  or  stub- 
bornness. 

Muliebrity,  mn-li-eb'ri-ti,  n.  [L.  muliebri- 
tag,  from  muliebrit,  womanly,  womanish, 
from  mulier,  a  woman.]  Womanhood ; 
puberty  in  a  female;  womanishness;  effe- 
minacy; softness. 

Mull,  mul,  v.t.  [From  the  spurious  parti- 
ciple mulled  in  mulled  ale.  equivalent  to 
mould-ale,  that  is  funeral  ale,  from  mould, 
earth,  the  earth  of  .the  grave.]  To  heat, 
sweeten;  and  flavour  with  spices  (to  mull 
wine). — Mulier,  mul'er,  n.  One  who  mulls; 
a  vessel  for  mulling  wine. 

Mull,  mul,  n.  [Icel.  miili,  a  promontory; 
comp.  also  Gael.rnaoZ,  a  promontory,  wiaoi, 
bare  or  bald.]  A  term  for  a  cape  or  pro- 
montory applied  to  various  projecting 
parts  of  Scotland. 

Mull,  mul,  n.  [L.G.  mull,  D.  mul,  dust; 
akin  mould.]  Dust  or  rubbishj;  a  muddle; 
a  mess  (colloq.). 

Mull,  mul,  n.  [Hind,  mul-mul,  muslin.] 
A  thin,  soft  kind  of  muslin. 

Mullagatawny,  Mulligata-wny,  mul'a-ga- 
ta"ni,  muri-ga-ta"ni,  n.  [Tamil  milagu- 
tunni,  lit.  pepper-water.]  An  East  Indian 
curry-soup. 

Mullen,  Mullein,  mul 'en,  n.  [A.  Sax. 
molegn;  comp.  Dan.  rnol,  a  moth:  one  spe- 
cies is  used  to  drive  away  moths.]  The 
common  name  of  a  genus  of  wild  plants 
used  in  domestic  medicine. 

MuUer,  mul'er,  n.  (O.Fr.  moulUur,  from 
moulre,  mouldre  (Fr.  moudre),  L.  molere, 
to  grind,  from  mola,  a  millstone.]  A  sort 
of  flat-bottomed  pestle  used  for  grinding 
pigments,  &c. 

Mullet,  mul'et,  n.  [Fr.  mulct,  from  L. 
mullus,  the  surmullet,]  A  name  common 
to  spiny-rayed  fishes  of  two  somewhat 
widely  separate  families,  the  gray  mullets 
and  the  red  mullets,  or  surmullets. 

MulligataMmy.    Mullagatawny. 

Mullion,  mul'yon,  n.  [For  munnion,  a  word 
equivalent  to  Fr.  moignon,  Sp.  mufU»i,  a 
stump,  the  mullion  of  a  window  being  the 
stump  below  the  tracery.]  Arch,  a  verti- 
cal division  between  the  lights  of  win- 
dows, screens,  &c.,  in  Gothic  architecture; 
also  a  division  between  the  panels  in 
wainscotting.  —  Mullloned,  mul'yond,  o. 
Having  muliions. 

Mnlse,  muls,  n.  [L.  mulsum  {vinum,  wine. 
understood),  sweetened  wine.]  Wine  boiled 
and  mingled  with  honey. 

Mulsh,  mulsh.    Mulch. 

Multangular,  mul-tang'gO-l^r,  a.  [Tj.  mul- 
tus,  many,  and  angulus,  angle.]  Having 
many  angles;  polygonal.- Multangularly, 
mul  -  tang 'ga- ler -li,  adv.  With  many 
angles.  —  Moltangulaaness,  mul-tang'gn- 
I6r-nes,  n. 

Moltanlmous,  mul-tan'i-mus,  a.    [L.  muU 


I'ate,  far,  fat,  fftlli     lue,  met,  beri     pine,  pis;     aute,  not,  miivei     tQbe,  tub,  bviUi     oil,  pound;     tl,  Sc.  abtoie— the  Fr,  «, 


MULTARTICULATE 


445 


MUMP 


tits,  many,  and  animus,  mind.]  Exhibit- 
ing many  phases  of  mental  or  moral  char- 
acter; mauy-Bided. 

Multarticulate,  Multlarticnlate,  mult-ar- 
tik'a-lat,  murti-ar-tik"u-l5t,  a.  [Ii.  mui- 
tus,  many,  and  articwlus,  a  joint.]  Having 
many  jomts  or  articulations,  as  the  legs 
of  crustaceans. 

Multicapsular,  mul-ti-kap'sU-l^r,  a.  [L.. 
muUuB,  maiiy,  E.  capsitle.]  Having  many 
capsules:  used  especially  in  botany. 

Mtuticariaate,  mul-ti-kar'i-nat,  a.  [L.  mul- 
tus,  many,  carina,  a  keel.]  Having  many 
keel-like  ridges. 

Multicavons,  mul-ti-ka'vns,  a.  [L.  ■mwiitts, 
many,  ca  ous,  hollow.]  Having  many.holes 
or  cavities. 

Multlcipital,  mul-ti-sij/i-tal,  a.  [L.  imil- 
ttis,  many,  caput,  capitis,  the  head.]  Hav- 
ing many  heads. 

Multicostate,  mul-tirkos'tat,  a.  'pj.  mul- 
tus,  many,  costa,  a.  rib.]  Having  many 
ribs;  bot.  having  two  or  more  diverging 
ribs:  said  of  leaves. 

MrJtlcuspldate,  mul-ti-kus'pi-dSt,  a.'  [L. 
multus,  many,  and  cuspis,a,  point.]  Hav- 
ing many  cusps  or  points. 

Multidentate,  mul-ti-den'tat,  a.  [L.  muUtts, 
many,  and  deno,  a  tooth.]  Having  many 
teeth  or  teeth-like  processes. 

Multidi^jtftte,  mul-ti-dij'i-tat,  a.  Many- 
Cngered;  having  many  finger-like  pro- 
cssses. 

Multifarious,  mul-ti-fa'ri-us,  a.  [L.  mul- 
tifarius,  manifold — mulius,  many.]  Hav- 
incr,  great  multiplicity;  havmg  great  diver- 
sity or  variety;  made  up  of  many  differing 
parts.  —Multifariously,  mul-ti-fa'ri-us-li, 
Mdu.  In  a  multifarious  way. — Multifari- 
ousness, mul-ti-f  a'ri-us-nes,  n. 

Mvltifid,  Multifidoua,  mul'ti-fid,  mul-tif'i- 
dus,  o.  [Ii.  muUifidus  —  multus,  many, 
and  findo,  to  divide.  1  Cleft  or  cut  by  many 
divisions;  bot.  divided  into  several  parts 
by  clefts  extending  to  about  the  middle  (a 
multifid  leaf). 

KuUiflorous,  mul-ti-flo'rus,  a.  [L.  multus, 
many  ,;?o«,/ioris,  a  flower.]  Many-flowerjed; 
having  many  flowers. 

liSuitlfoil,  mul'ti-foil, a.  [L.  multus,ma,ny, 
and  E.  foil.']  Arch,  having  more  than  five 
foils  or  divisions  (a  muUi/oil  arch). 

Multiform, mul'ti-form,  a.  [L.  multiformis 
—rmUtus,  many,  and  forma,  form.]  Hav- 
:r!!r  many  forms,  shapes,  or  appearances. — 
Multiformity,  mul-ti-for'mi-ti,  n.  The 
state  of  being  multiform. 

Mu'tiju^ous,  Multijugate,  mul-ti-ja'gus, 
ray.l-ti-ja'gat,  a.  ■  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
"Mjr'fm,  ayoke,apair.]  Consisting  of  many 
pairs. 

Multilateral,  mul-ti-lat'6r-al,  a.  fL.  mul- 
tus, many,  and  latus,  side.]  Having  many 
sides;  polygonal. 

Multillaeal,  Multillneaf,  mul-ti-lin'5-al, 
mul-ti-lin'e-6r,.a.  [L.  mtiltus,  many,  ana 
linea,  a  line.]    Having  many  lines. 

Miiltilocular,  mul-ti-lok'Q-ler,  a.  [L.  mul- 
tua,  many,  loculus,  a  cell.]  Having  many 
cells,  loculi,  or  compartments. 

liultiloquence,  mul-til'o-kwens,  n.  [L. 
muUus,  many,  loquor,  to  speak.]  IJse  of 
many  words;  talkativeness.  —  Multilo- 
quent,  Multiloquous,  mul-til'o-kwent, 
mul-til'o-kwus,  o.  Speaking  much;  talk- 
ative. 

Multinomial,  mul-ti-no'mi-al,  n.  [L.  mul- 
tus, manjr,  nomen,  name.]  Alg.  a  quan- 
tity consisting  of  several  terms  or  names, 
in  distinction  from  a  binomial,  trinomial, 
&c. 

Multiparous,  mul-tip'a-rus,  a.  [L.  multus, 
many,  pario,  to  bear.]  Producing  many 
at  a  birth. 

Multipartite,  mul'ti-nSr-tit,  a.  [L.  multus, 
many,  and  partitus,  aivided— pors,  a  part.] 
Divided  into  several  or  many  parts;  bot. 
more  deeply  cleft  than  multiHd. 

Multipede,  Multiped,  mul'ti-ped,  w.  [L. 
multus,  many,  pes,  pedis,  a  foot.]  An  ani- 
mal that  has  many  feet,  such  as  a  centi- 
pede. 

Multiple,  mul'ti-pl,  a.  rFr.  multiple,  from 
L.L.  muUiplua — multus,  many,  and  term. 
aa  in  t7-iple.]  Manifold;  having  many  parts 
or  divisions.  —  n.  A  number  which  con- 
tains another  an  exact  number  of  times 
without  a  remainder;  a  common  multiple 


of  two  or  more  numbers  containing  each 
of  them  a  certain  number  of  times  exactly 
(thus  24  is  a  common  multiple  of  3  and  4); 
the  least  common  multiple  being  the  small- 
est number  that  will  do  this  (thus  12  is  the 
least  common  multiple  of  3  and  4). 

Multiplex,  mul'ti-pleks,  a.  [L.  multiplex— 
m,ultu,s,  many,  and  stem  of  plico,  to  fold. 
Ply.]  Manifold;  complex;  hot.  having 
petals  lying  over  each  other  in  folds.— 
Multiphable,  mul'ti-pli-a-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  multiplied.— Mnltiplicable,  mul'- 
ti-pli-ka-bl,  a.  '  Multipliable.  —  Multipli- 
cand, mul'ti-pli-kand,  n.  •  [Li.  muUiplican- 
dus.]  Arith.  the  number  to  be  multiplied 
by  another,  which  is  called  the  multipKer. 
— MiUtiplicate,  mul'ti-pli-kat.a.  fL.  mul- 
tiplicatus.]  Multiplex.  —  Multiplication, 
mul'ti-pli-ka"ghon,  n.  [L.  muUiplicatio, 
multiplicationis.]  The  act  or  process  of 
multiplying;  the  state  of  being  multiplied; 
arith.  and  alg.  the  operation  by  which 
any  given  number  or  quantity  may  be 
added  to  itself  any  number  of  times  pro- 
posed.—JfttJiipKcaiton  table,  a  table  con- 
taining the  product  of  all  the  simple 
digits  multiplied  into  each  other,  and  on- 
wards, to  gome  assumed  limit,  as  to  12 
times  12.  —  Multiplicative,  muI'ti-pU-ka- 
tir,  a.  Tending  to  multiply;  having  the 
power  to  ^nultiply.— Multiplicator,  mul'- 
ti-pii-ka-t6r,  n.  A  multiplier.— Multipli- 
city, mul-ti-plis'i-ti,  n.  [L.  multiplicitas, 
from  multiplex.]-  The  state  of  being  mul- 
tiplex, numerous,  or  various;  an  extensive 

■  aggregate  of  individuals  of  the  same  kind; 

,  a  great  number.  —  Multiplier,  mul'ti-pli- 
6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  multiplies; 
the  number  in  arithmetic  by  which  an- 
other is  multiplied;  teleg.  an  instrument 
for  increasing  by  repetition  the  intensity 
of  the  force  of  an  electric  current. — Mul- 
tiply, mul'ti-pli,  v.t.—multiplie4, multiply- 
ing. [Fr.  multiplier,  from  L.  muUiplicare, 
from  multip  tea;,  j  To  increase  in  number;  to 
make  more  by  natural  reproduction  or  by 
addition;  to  make  more  numerous;  arith. 
to  add  to  itself  any  given  n^rnber  of  times. 
—v.i.  To  grow  or  increase  in  number,  or . 
to  become  more  numerous  by  reproduc- 
tion; to  extend;  to  spread.— Multiplying- 
glass,  Multiplying-lens,  n.  A  sort  of  lens 
or  glass  with  a  number  of  facets,  causing 
one  object  to  appear  multiplied  many 
times. 

Multipotent,  mnl-tip'5-tent,  a.  [L.  mul- 
tipotena,  multipotentis— multus,  much,  and 
pofen.s,powerful.]  Havingmanifold power, 
or  power  to  do  many  things. 

Multipresence,  mul'ti-prez-ens,  n.  [L.  mul- 
tus, many,  and  E.  presence.]  The  power 
or  act  of  being  present  in  more  places  than 
one  at  the  same  time.— Multipresent,  mul'- 
ti-prez-ent,  a.  Having  power  of  multi- 
presence. 

Multiradlate,  mul-ti-rs'di-at,  a.  [L.  mul- 
tus, many,  radius,  a  ray.]  Having  many 
rays. 

Mmtiramose,  mul'ti-rB-mos,  a.  [L.  muUus, 
many,  x(i-'>nus,  a  branch.]  Having  many 
branches. 

Multisect,  mul'ti-sekt,  a.  [L.  multus,  many, 
and  seeo,  sectum,  to  cut.]  Divided  into 
many  segments. 

Multiserial,  mul'ti-sB-ri-al,  a.  [L.  multus, 
many,  and  series,  a.  row.]  Haying  or  ar- 
ranged in  many  rows. 

Multisiliquous,  mul-ti-sil'i-kwus,  a.  [L. 
multus,  many,  siliqua,  a  pod.]  Having 
many  pods  or  seed-vessels. 

Mnltisonous,  mul-tis'o-nus,  a.  [L.  multua, 
many,  sonus,  sound.]  Having  many 
sounds,  or  sounding  much. 

Mnltispiral,  mul-ti-spi'ral,  a.  [L.  mtiltus, 
many,  spira,  a  coil.]  Having  many  spiral 
coils  or  convolutions. 

Multistriate,  mul-ti-stri'5t,  a.  [L.  multus, 
many,  stria,  a  streak.]  Marked  with  many 
streaks  or  striae. 

Multisulcate,mul-ti-8ul'kat,a.  [L.  multus, 
many,  sulcus,  a  furrow.]  Having  many 
furrows. 

Multisyllable,  mul-ti-silla-bl,  n.  [L.  mul- 
tus, many,  and  E.  syllable.]  A  word  of 
many  syllables;  a  polysyllable. 

Multitubular,  mul-ti-ta'ba-Ur,  a.  [L.  mul- 
tus, many,  and  E.  tubular.]  Having  many 
tubes  (a  multitubtiiar  boiler). 


Multitude,  mul'ti-tad,  n.  [Tj.  multitvdo, 
from  multus,  much,  many.]  The  state  of 
being  many;  a  great  number,  collectively; 
a  great  many,  indefinitely;  a  crowd  or 
throng;  a  gathering  of  people.— 2'Ae  mul- 
titude, the  populace,  or  the  mass  of  men 
without  reference  to  an  assemblage.  — 
Multitudinous,  mul-ti-tU'di-nus,  a.  Per- 
taining or  belonging  to  a  multitude^  con- 
sisting of  a  multitude.— MultitUdinously, 
mul-ti-tu'di-nus-li,  adv.  In  a  multitudi- 
nous manner.  —  MultitudinouBaess,  mul- 
ti-ta'di-aus-nes,  n. 

Multlvalve,  Multivalvular,  mul'ti-valv, 
mul-ti-val'va-ler,  a.  [L.  multus,  many, 
and  E.  valve.]  Having  many  valves  (a 
muliivalve  shell).— Mnltivalve,  n.  An  ani- 
mal which  has  a  shell  of  many  valves  or 
pieces. 

Multocular,  mul-tok'a-16r,  a.  [L.  multus, 
many,  ooulus,  eye.]  Having  many  eyes,  or 
more  eyes  than  two. 

Multum,  mul'tum,  n.  [L.  multum  in  parvo, 
much  in  little.]  An  extract  of  quassja 
and  liquorice,  used  in  brewing  for  the 
purpose  of  economizing  malt  and  hops. 

Multungnlate,  mul-tung'gu-lat,  a.  [L. 
multus,  many,  and  ungula,  a  hoof.]  Hav- 
ing the  hoof  divided  into  more  than  two 
parts,  as  the  elephant,  rhinoceros,  &c. 

Multure,  mul'tQr,n.  fO.ITr.  multure,  from 
Ii.  molitura,  a  grinding,  from  molo,  to 

frind.]  The  grinding  of  grain;  grist;  in 
cotland,  the  fee  given  to  the  proprietor 
of  a  mill  in  return  for  the  grinding  of  com. 

Mum,  mum,  a.  [Imitative  of  a  low  sound 
made  with  the  lips  closed,  like  L.  and  Gr. 
mu;  akia  mumble.]  Silent;  not  speaking. 
Often  used  as  an  exclamation  =  be  silent; 
hush. 

Mum,  mum,  w.  [G.  mumm^,  from  Christian 
Miimme,yiho  first  brewed  it  at  Brunswick 
in  1492.]  A  species  of  malt  liquor  used  in 
Germany,  made  of  wheat  malt. 

Mumble,  mum'bl,r).i. — mumbled,mumbling. 
[Preq.  from  mum;  like  D.  mommelen,  Dan. 
mumle^  Q.  mummeln,  to  mumble.]  To 
mutter;  to  speak  so  as  to  fender  the  sounds 
inarticulate  and  imiserfect;  to  chew  or 
bite  softly ;  to  eat  with  the  lips  close.— 
v.t.  To  utter  with  a  low  inarticulate  voice; 
to  chew  gently,  or  to  eat  with  a  muttering 

'  sound.— Mumb|er,  mum'blfer,  n.  One  that 
mumbles.  —  Mninbllngly,  mum'bling-li, 
adv.    In  a  mumbling  manner. 

Mnmbo-Jumbo,  mum'bo-jum'bS,  n.  A  god 
of  certain  negro  tribes;  any  senseless  ob- 
ject of  popular  idolatry. 

Mumm,  mum,  v.i.  [Of  Dutch  or  German 
origin;  comp.  G.  mummen,  to  mask,  mum- 
VM,  a  mask,  mummel,  a  bugbear;  D.  mcm- 
men,  to  mask,  mom,  a  mask,  whence  O.Pr. 
momer,  to  mask,  momsrie,  mummery; 
originally  perhaps  to  cover  the  face  and 
cry  mum,,  or  similar  sound.]  To  mask;  to 
sport  or  make  diversion  in  a  mask  or  dis- 
guise.— Mummer,  mum'6r,  n.  A  masker; 
a  masked  buifoon.— Mummery,  mum'er-i, 
n.  A  masking  or  masquerade ;  buffoon- 
ery; farcical,  show ;  hypocritical  disguise 
and  parade.— Mumming,  mum'ing,  n.  A 
masking  or  masquerade.  • 

Mummy,  mum'i,  n.  [Fr.  mumie,  vnomie, 
Sp.  Tnomia,  It.  mummia,  from  Ar.  mUmia, 
from  milm,  wax.]  A  dead  human  body 
embalmed  and  dried  after  the  manner  of 
those  taken  from  Egyptian  tombs ;  a 
human  body  dried  up  and  preserved,either 
artificially  or  by  accident;  a  sort^  of  wax 
used  in  grafting  and  planting  trees;,asort 
of  brown  bituminous  pigment. —2'o  beat 
to  a  mummy,  to  beat  soundly,  or  till  sense- 
less.—r.<.  To  embalm.— Mummy -cloth,  n. 
The  cloth  in  which  mummies  are  swathed. 
—Mummify,  mum'i-fi,  v.t.  To  make  into 
a  mummy;  to  embalm  and  dry,  as  a  mum- 
my. —  Mummification,  mum'i-fi-ka"shon, 
n.  The  act  of  mummifying ;  the  process 
of  becoming  a  mummy.  —  Mummifona, 
mum'i-form,  a.    Resembling  a  mummy. 

Mump,  mump,  v.i.  [An  imitative  word, 
allied  to  mumble  and  munch.]  To  mumble 
or  mutter,  as  in  sulkiness;  to  move  the 
lips  with  the  mouth  clossd;  to  nibble;  to 
chew;  to  munch;  to  grin  or  make  mouths; 
to  implore  alms;  to  play  the  beggar.-^ii.t. 
To  munch  or  chew;  to  utter  unintelli- 
gibly.—Mtunper,  mump'6r,  n.    A  beggar. 


(;b,  (/»a)S;     (!7k,  Sc.1q«A;     g,  90;     j«/ob:     n,  Pr.  ton;     ng,  ain^;     th,  <Aen;  th,  ^Ain;     w,  ita^ij     wb,  wAig;     zh,  a«nit>, 


MUNCH 


446 


MUSEUM 


—Mumping,  mump'ing,  n.  Begging  tricks; 

•mockery.— Mumpish,  muinp'ish,a.  Sullen; 
sour.— Mumpishly,  mump'ish-li,  adv.  In 
a  mumpish  manner;  sullenly.— Mnmpish- 
ness,  mump'ish-nes,  n.— Mumps,  mumps, 
n.  pi.  [Prom  mump.]  Siillenness;  a  dis- 
ease consisting  in  an  inflammation  of  the 
salivary  glanas,  with  swelling  along  the 
neck;  pajotitis. 

Munch,  munsh,  v.t.  and  i.  [Imitative  of 
sound;  akin  mumble,  m^rnip.]  To  chew 
audibly;  to  mump;  to  nibble.— Muncher, 
munsh'fer,  n.    One  who  munches. 

Mundane,  mun'dan,  o.  [L.  mundanus, 
from  viundus,  the  world.]  Belonging  to 
this  world;  worldly;  terrestrial;  earthy'.— 
Mundanely,  mun'dan-li,  adv.  In  a  mun- 
dane manner;  with  reference  to  worldly 
things.- 

Mnndic,  mun'dik,n.  AComish napie  for 
iron  pyrites  or  arsenical  pyrites;  marcasite. 

Mundungus,  mun-dung'gus,  n.  [Comp.  Sp. 
mondongo,  paunch,  tripes,  black-pudding.] 
An  old  name  for  tobacco  of  an  ill  smell. 

Munerary,  ma'ne-ra-ri,  a.  [L.  muntis,  mu- 
neris,  a  gift.]  Having  the  nature  of  a  gift. 

Mungo,  mung;'go,  n.  [Perhaps  from  some 
person  of  this  name.]  Artificial  short- 
staple  wool  formed  by  tearing  to  pieces 
and  disintegrating  old  woollen  fabrics; 
akin  to  shoddy. 

Mungoose,  mun'gOs.n.  [East  Indian  name.] 
A  quadruped  about  the  size  of  a  rat,  one 
of  the  ichneumons,  kept  in  houses  in  India 
to  rid  them  of  vermin. 

Municipal,  mu-nis'i-pal, a.  {h.mvnidpalis, 
from  municipium,  a  town  govejmed  by  its 
own  laws  —  munia,  official  duties,  and 
capio,  to  take.]  Pertaining  to  local  self- 
government;  pertaiuiiig  to  the  corporation 
of  a  town  or  city,  or  to  the  citizens  of  a 
state.— Municipal  laiv,  the  law  which  per- 
tains to  the  citizens  of  a  state  in  their 
private  capacity.— MunicipalisEi,  mu-nis'- 
i-pal-izm,  n.  Municipal  state  or  condi- 
tion. —  Municipality,  ma-nis'i-pal"i:^i,  n. 
A  town  or  city  possessed  of  local  self-gov- 
ernment; a  community  under  municipa,! 
jurisdiction.  —  Municipally,  mu-nis'i-pal- 
li,  adv.    In  a  municipal  manner. 

Munificence,  mii-nif'i-sens,  n.  [L.  munifi- 
centia — munua,  a  gift  or  favour,  and  facio, 
to  make.]  The  quality  of  being  munificent; 
a  giving  with  great  liberality;  bounty; 
liberality.  —  Munificent,  mQ-nif'i-sent,  a. 
Liberal  in  giving  or  bestowing;  bounteous; 
generous.— Munificently,  mu-nif'i-sent-li, 
adv.    In  a  munificent  manner;  liberally. 

Muniment,  mu'ni-ment,  n.  [L.  munimen- 
tuni,  a  defence,  from  munio,  to  fortify, 
from  incenia,  walls.]  A  fortification;  a 
stronghold;  support;  defence;  a  writing  by 
which  claims  and  rights  are  defended  or 
maintained;  a  title-deed,  charter,  record, 
&c.~Muniment  house,  Muniment  rodm,  a 
house  or  room  for  keeping  deeds,  charters, 
&c. 

Munition,  ma-nish'on,  n.  [L.  munitio,  mu- 
nitionis,  from  mtmio,  to  fortify;  hence 
ammunition.]  A  fortification  (O.T.iJ;  ma- 
terials used  in  war;  military  stores;  am- 
munition; material  for  any  enterprise. 

Muntz's  Metal,  munts'ez,  w.  [Prom  Mr. 
Muntz  of  Birmingham,  the  inVentor.]  An 
alloy  of  60  parts  copper  and  40  parts  zinc, 
used  for  sheathing  ships. 

Muraena,  mii-rS'na,  n.  [L.]  A  kind  of  eel 
found  in  the  Mediterranean. 

Murage,  mQ'raj,  n.  [Pr.  murage,  from 
L.  viunis,  a  wall.]  Money  paid  for  keep- 
ing the  walls  of  a  town  in  repair. 

Moral,  mQ'ral,  o.  [L.  muralis,froTa  murus, 
a  wall;  same  root  as  munio,  to  fortify.  M  u- 
NinoN.]  Pertaining  to  a  wall;  resembling 
a  wall ;  perpendicular  or  steep.  —  Mural 
circle,  an  astronomical  instrument  for  mea- 
suring angular  distances  in  the  meridian, 
permanently  fixed  exactly  perpendicular 
in  the  plane  of  the  meridian.  —  Mural 
crouni,  a  golden  crown  bestowed  among  the 
■  ancient  Romans  on  him  who  first  mounted 
the  wall  of  a  besieged  place  and  lodged  a 
standard. — Mural  painting,  a  painting  in 
distemper  colours  upon  a  wall. 

Murder,  mfer'dfer,  n.  [A.  Sax.  morthor,  mor- 
fher,irom  morth,  death;  Goth,  maurthr,  D. 
moord,  Dan.  Sw.  and  (i.  mord,  Icel.  morth; 
trom  root  mar,  to  crush,  whence  also  L. 


mors,  death  (E.  mortal);  Skr.  mri,  to  die.] 
The  act  of  unlawfully  killing  a  ht(man 
being  with  premeditated  malice,  the. per- 
son committing  the  act  being  of  sound 
vaind.— The  murder  is  out,  something  is 
disclosed  which  was  wished  to  be  kept 
concealed.  [The  spelling  Murther  is  nearly 
given  Up.]— w.t.  To  kill  (a  human  being) 
with  premeditated  malice;  to  slay  feloni- 
ously; fig.  to  abuse  or  violate  grossly  (to 
murder  the  queen's  English).- Murderer, 
mer'd6r-6r,  n.  A  person  wjio  commits 
murder.  —  Murderess,  m6r'd6r-es,  n.  A 
female  who  commits  murder.  —  Murder- 
ous, m6r'der-us,  a.  Pertaining  to  murder; 
guilty  of  murder;  accompanied  or  marked 
by  murder;  bloody.  —  Murderously,  m6r'- 
der-us-li,  adv.    In  a  murderous  manner. 

Murenger,  ma'ren-j6r,  n.  [Pr.  murager, 
from  murage.  Mdrage.]  An  oflScer  ap- 
pointed to  see  town  walls  kept  in  proper 
repair. 

Murex,  mQ'reks,  n.  pi.  Mnrlces,  mti'ri-sez. 
[L.]  A  mollusc  resembling  the  whelk,  in 
esteem  from  the  earliest  ages  on  account 
of  the  purple  dye  that  some  of  them 
yielded;  the  dye  itself.  —  Murezlde,  ma- 
rek'sid,  n.  A  substance  yielding  a  beauti- 
ful purple  colour. 

Muriate,  ma'ri-at,  n.  [L.  mtiria,  brine.] 
The  old  name  for  Chloride.  —  Muriatic, 
mQri-at'ik,  o.  Pertaining  to  or  obtained 
from  brine  or  sea-salt. — Muriatic  acid,  the 
older  name  of  Hydrochloric  acid.  —  Mnri- 
atiferous,  mu'ri-a-ttf"6r-u8,  a.  Producing 
muriatic  substances  or  salt. 

Muricate,  Murioated,  mU'ri-kat,  mU'ri-ka- 
ted,  a.  [L.  mnrieatus,  from  murex,  the 
point  of  a  rock.]  Pull  of  sharp  points  or 
prickles;  armed  with  prickles. 

Muriform,  mu'ri-form,  a.  [It.  murus,  a 
wall,  and  forma,  form.]  Bot.  resembling 
brickwork:  applied  to  the  cellular  tissue 
of  the  medullajy  rays. 

Murine,  ma'rin,  a.  [L.»ittnn.tt«,frommt«, 
muris,  a  mouse.]  Pertaining  to  a  mouse 
or  to  mice. 

Murk,  mferk,  n.  [A.  Sax.  viurc,  mirce,  dark; 
Icel.  myrkr,  Dan.  and  Sw.  mork,  dark.] 
Darkness  or  gloom.  [SAafc.]— MUrky,m6r'- 
ki,  a.  Dark;  obscure;  gloomy. — Murkily, 
mfer'ki-li,  adv.  In  a  murky  manner;  dark- 
ly. —  Murklness,  mfer'ki-nes,  n.  State  of 
being  murky;  darkness;  gloom. 

Murmur,  m6r'm6r,  n.  [Fr.  murmtcre,  from 
L.  murmur,  a  reduplication  of  an  imita- 
tive syllable  mur,  seen  in  G.  murren,  D. 
wwrren,  Icel.  murra,  Dan.  murre,  to  mur- 
mur.] A  low  sound  continued  or  con- 
tinually repeated,  as  that  of  a  stream;  a 

■  low  indistinct  sound;  a  hum;  a  complaint 
uttered  in  a  low,  muttering  voice;  a, 
grumble  or  mutter.  —  v.i.  To  utter  or  give 
out  a  murmur  or  hum ;  to  grumble ;  to 
utter  complaints ;  to  mutter.  —  v.t.  To 
utter  indistinctly;  to  mutter.— Murmurer, 
m*r'm6r-6r,  n.  One  who  murmurs.— Mur- 
muring, m6r'm5r-ing,  p.  and  a.  Making 
or  consisting  <n  a  low  continued  noise; 
uttering  complaints  in  a  low  voice  or  sul- 
len manner. — n.  A  continued  murmur;  a 
low  confused  noise.— Murmuringly,  mer'- 
m6r-ing-li,  adv.  With  murmurs;  with 
complaints.— Murmurous,  m6r'm6r-us,  a. 
Attended  by  murmurs ;  murmuring.  — 
Murmurously,  mfer'mfer-us-li,  adv. 

Murrain,  mur' an,  n.  [O.Pr.  monne,  from 
L.  m^rior,  to  die.  Mortal.]  A  disease 
that  rages  among  cattle;  a  cattle  plague 
or  epizootic  disease  of  any  kind;  foot-and- 
mouth  disease.  —  Murrain  take  you,  mur- 
rain on  you,  &c.,  plague  take  you,  plague 
upon  you. 

Murrey,  mur'i,  n.  [O.Fr.  wior^,  a  dark- 
red  colour,  from  L.  morum,,  a  mulberry.] 
A  dark-red  or  mulberry  colour. 

Murrhine,  mur'in,  a.  [L.  mwrrhinus,  from 
murrha,  a  material  supposed  to  be  fluor- 
spar.] A  name  given  to  a  delicate  kind  of 
ware  anciently  brought  from  the  East,  and 
much  prized  among  the  Komans.  Called 
also  Myrrhine. 

Murrion,  mur'i-on,  n.    A  morion. 

Murry,  mur'i,  n.    The  mursena. 

'Musaceous,  mO-sa'shuSj  o.  [From  Musa, 
the  typical  genus.]  Pertaining  to  the  or- 
der of  plants  to  which  belong  the  banana 

■  and  plautain. 


MuBcadel,  Muscatel,  Muscadine,  mus^a- 
del,  mus'ka-tel,  mu8',ka-din,  n.  [Pr.  mos- 
cutelle,  from  L.JL.  muscatus,  smelling  like 
musk,  L.  muscus,  musk.  Musk..]  The 
name  of  several  sweet  and  strong  Italian 
and  French  wines,  whether  white  or.red; 
the  grapes  which  produce  these  Wines;  a 
f ragiant  and  delicious  pear. 

MuBCS,  mus'se,  n.  pi.  [L.  tnuaca,  a  fly.] 
Pathol,  specks  like  motes  floating  before 
the  eyes.  -.^ 

MuEcardlne,mus-kar'din,Ti.  .[Fr.]  A  fun- 
gus, the  cause  of  a  very  destructive  disease 
in  silk-wormsithe  disease  itself. 

Muscatel,  n.    Mus.cadel. 

Mu3Chelkalk,mush'el-kalk,n.  [d.mwxheJ, 
shell,  and  kalk,  Ume  or  chalk.]  A  lime- 
stone of  the  new.  red  sandstone  of  Ger- 
many, abounding  in  organic  remains. 

Muficif orm,  mus'si-f  orm ,  o.  [L .  mused,  a  fly, 
and  forma,  form.]  Having  the  character 
of  the  common  fly. 

Mnscite,  laus'it,  n.  [L.  tomscms,  moss.]  A 
fossil  plant  of  the  moss  family. 

MoBCle,  mu^l,  n.  [Pr.  muscle,  from  L. 
m,vjsculus,  a  little  mouse,  a  mussel,  a  mus- 
clCi  dim.  of  mus,  a  mouse— probably  from 
the  appearance  under  the  skin.  Mussel  is 
the  same  word.]  •  A  definite  mass  or  por- 
tion of  an  animal  body,  serving  as  an  in- 
strument of  motion  and  the  exertion  of 
power,  and  consisting  of  fibres  susceptible 
of  contraction  and  relaxation.— Muscled, 
mus'ld,  a.  Furnished  with  muscles  (a 
strong-wwtscZed  man).— Muscular,  mus'kQ- 
I6r,  a.  Pertaining  .  to  or  consisting  of 
muscles  (muscular  fibre  or  tisstte, -that 
which  forms  the  substance  of  muscles) ; 
performed  by  or  dependent  on  muscles 
(7n«8c«2ar  exertion);havingwell-developed 
muscles ;  strong ; ,  brawny.  —  Muscular 
Christianity,  a  phrase  first  used  by  Charles 
Kjngsley  to  denote  a  healthy,  robust,  and 

.  cheerful  religion,  that  leads  a  person  to 
take  an  active  part  in  life,  and  indulge  in 
harmless  enjoyments;  hence.also  the  term 
Muscular  Christian. — Miiscularity,  mus- 
ka-lar'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  muscular 
or  brawny.  —  Muacularly,  mus'ktl-l^r-li, 
adv.    In  a  muscular  manner;  strongly. 

MuECoid,  mus'koid,  a.  [L.  mvscu^,  moss.] 
Bot  moss-Uke;  resembling  moss.— ».  A 
moss-like  plant. — Muscology,  mus-kol'o-ji, 
n.  That  part  of  botany  wmch  investigates 
mosses. 

Muscovado,  mus-ko-v5'do,  n.  or  a.  [Sp. 
mascabado,  from  mas,  more,  and  acabado, 
finished  (further  advanced  than  when  in 
syrup).]  A  term  applied  to  unrefined 
sugar,  the  raw  material  from  which  loaf 
and  lump  sugar  are  procured  by  refining. 

Muscovite,  mus'ko-vit,  n.  A  native  of 
Muscovy,  or  Russia;  Muscow  -  glass. — 
Muscovy-duck,  mus'ko-vi,  n%  The  musk- 
duck.  —  Muscovy-glass,  n.  A  variety  of 
mica  from  Russia. 

Muscular.    Under  Muscle. 

Muse,  muz,  n.  [Fr.  muse,  L.  musa,  from 
Gr.  mousa,  a  muse.  Music,  museum,  mo- 
saic are  derivatives.]  Greek  myth,  one  of 
.the  daughters  of  Zeus  and  Mnemosyne, 
who  presided  over  the  dififerent  kinds  of 
poetry,  and  the  sciences  and  arts,  nine  in 
number,  as  Clio,  the  muse  of  history; 
Thalia,  the  muse  of  comedy;  Melpomene, 
the  muse  of  tragedy;  Calliope,  the  muse 
of  epic  poetry,  &c.;  hence,  poetic  inspira- 
tion; the  inspiring  goddess  of  song.— Muse- 
less,  mflz'les,  a.  Without  a  muse ;  disre- 
garding the  power  of  poetry. 

Muse,  mQz,  v.i.—m,used,  mtising.  [Fr.wwscr, 
to  muse,  dawdle,  loiter,  from  O.H.G. 
muoza,  idleness,  mtiozon,  to  be  idle,  G. 
musze,  inactivity ,leisure.  From  this  comes 
amtise  with  prefix  a.]  To  ponder;  to  think 
or  meditate  in  silence;  to  be  absent  in 
mind.— K.t.  To  think  or  meditate  on.— n.  A 
fit  of  abstraction.  —  Museful,  mQz'fnl,  a. 
Musing*;-  thoughtful.  —  Mnsefully,  mQz'- 
f\il-li,adv.  Thoughtfully.— Muser,  mQ'zfer, 
n'.  One  who  muses.— Musing,  mtl'zing,  a. 
Meditative;  absent-minded.  —  n.  Medita- 

'  tion;  absent-mindedness.— Musingly,  mtl'- 
zing-li,  adv.    In  a  musing  way.  „ 

Museum,  mO-ze'iun,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  mou- 
seion,  originally  a  temple  of  the  Muses. 
Muse.]  A  building  or  apartment  appro- 
priated as  a  repository  of  interesting  ob- 


y6te,f»r,  fat,  fftll:     me.  met,  h«ri    pine,  pinj    »0t«,  not,  n»0ve:     tube.  tub.  b\iU;^   oil,  poundu  tltSCt  abime— tbeJlr.  <«» 


MUSH 


447 


MUTTER 


jeots  connected  with  literature,  art,  or 
science;  a  cabinet  of  curiosities;  a  collec- 
tion of  objects  in  natural  history.   ■ 

Mifsh,  mush,  n.  LCr.  mus,  pap.J  The  meal 
of  maize  boiled  in  water.    [American.] 

Mnsh,  mush,  v.t.  and  i.  [Fr.  moucheter, 
from  mouche,  h.  musca,  a  fly.J  To  nick  or 
notch  dress,  trimmings,  &c.,  round  the 
edf?es  with  a  stamp,  for  ornament.— Mtiah- 
ing,  mush'ing,  n.    Mushed  work. 

Musnroom,  mush'rOm,  n.  [Fr.  mousservn, 
from  mousse,  L.  muscus,  moss.  Moss.] 
The  common  name  of  ij'umerous  fungi, 
especially  such  as  are  edible,  a  common 
species  being  well  known  as  an  ingredient 
in  sauces ;  Tigr.  an  upstart ;  one  that  rises 
suddenly  from  a  low  condition  of  life: 
from  the  rapidity  with  which  mushrooms 
grow.— a.  Pertaining  to  mushrooms;  re- 
sembling mushrooms  in  rapidity  of  growth. 
— Mushroom-ketchup,  n.  Ketchup  made 
from  mushrooms.— Muuhroom-spawn,  n. 
The  reproductive  mattercor  mycelium  of 
mushrooms. 

Music,  ma'zik,  n.  [Fr.  musique,  L.  mwsica, 
from  Gr.  mouaiks  (UchnS,  aVt,  understood), 
music,  art,  culture.  ■  Muse,  n.]  A  succes- 
sion 01  sounds  so  modulated  as  to  please 
the  ear;  melody  or  harmony;  the  science 
of  harmonical  sounds;  the  art  of  -produc- 
ing melody  or  harmony;* the  written  or 
printed  score  of  a  composition.— CAamfter 
music,  compositions-  suitable  for  perfor- 
mance in  a  private  room. — Musical,  mQ'zi- 
kal,  a.  Belonging  to  music;  producing 
music  or  agreeable  sounds;  melodious; 
harmonious;  fond  of  or  skilled  in  music— 
Musical  glasses,  glass  vessels  on  which 
music  may  be  played  by  striking  them.— 
Muaical-box,n.  A  small  instrument,  hav- 
ing a  toothed  barrel  operating  on  vibrating 
tongues,  which  plays  one  or  more  tunes  on 
being  wound  up. — Musical-clock,  n.  A 
clock  which  plays  tunes  at  certain  fixed 
times.— Musically,  mu'zi-kal-li,  adv.  In  a 
musical  manner.— Musicalneas,  mU'zi-kal- 
nes,  n. — Music-book,  n.  A  book  contain- 
ing music  for  the  voice  or  instruments. — 
Musician,  mQ-zish'an,  n.  A  person  skilled 
in  music;  one  that  sings  or  performs  on 
instruments  of  music.  —  Mttsic-master,  n. 
One  who  teaches  music— Music-stand,  n. 
A  light  frame  for  placing  pieces  of  music 
on  while  being  played.  — Music-stool,  n. 
A  stool  for  •ne  who  performs  on  a  piano 
or  similar  instrument. 

Muslmon,  mus'i-mon,  n.  Same  as  Moufflon. 

Musing.    Under  Muse  (verb). 

Musk,  musk,  n.  [Fr.  muse,  It.  and  Sp. 
musco,  from  L.  muscus,  musk,  from  Per. 
mosk,  musk;  allied  to  Skr.  mushka,  a  tes- 
ticle.]" A  substance  obtained  from  a  cyst 
or  bag  near  the  navel  of  the  musk-deer, 
having  a  strong,  peculiar,  and  highly  dif- 
fusible odour,  used  as  a  perfume;  a  musky 
smell;  a  popular  name  for  one  oi;  two 
plants.— Musky,  mus'ki,  a.  Having  the 
odour  of  musk.— Muskiness,  mus'ki-nes,«. 
The  quality  of  being  musky;  the  scent  of 
musk.— Musk-ball,  n.  A  ball  for  the  toilet, 
containing  musk.— Musk-beaver,  n.  The 
musk-rat.— Musk-deer,  n,  A  deer  of  Cen- 
tral Asia,  the  male  of  which  has  long 
tusks  and  yields  the  well-known  perfume 
musk.  —  Musk-duck,  n.  A  duck  with  a 
musky  smell,  often  erroneously  called  the 
Muscovy -duck,  a  native  of  America. — 
Musk-mallow,  n.  A  British  plant,  with  a 
peculiar  musky  odour. — Must-melon,  n. 
A  delicious  and  fragrant  variety  of  melon. 
— Musk-ox,  n.  A  kind  of  small  hardy  ox 
which  inhabits  the  extreme  north  of  North 
America,  and  smells  strongly  of  musk. — 
Musk-pear,  n.  A  fragrant  kind  of  pear. — 
Musk-plum,  n.  A  fragrant  kind  of  plum. 
— Musk-rat,  n.  An  American  rodent  allied 
to  the  beaver,  which  smells  of  musk  in 
summer:  called  also  musquash;  the  name 
is  also  given  to  two  insectivorous  animals 
smellingof  musk.— Musk-rose,n.  A  species 
of  rose,  so  called  from  its  frasjrance. — 
Mnsk-wood,  n.  The  musky-smelling  tim- 
bers of  certain  trees. 

Muskallonge,  mus'kal-lonj,  n.  [Americali 
Indian.]  A  large  variety  of  pike  found  in 
the  lakes  and  rivers  of  Isorth  America. 

Mnskat,  mus'kat,  n.  [Fr.  mriscat,  from 
L.L.  muscatus,  smelling  of  musk.  JIcsK.] 


A  kind  of  grape,  and  the  wine  made  from 

it.      MUSCADEL. 

Musket,  mus'ket,  n.  [Fr.  mousquet,  O.Fr. 
m,ousket,  moschet,  originally  a  sparrow- 
■  hawk,  lit.  fly-hawk,  from  L.  mvsca,  a  fly 
(comp./aZcon,  falconet,  saker,  &c. ,  as  names 
of  fire-arms).]  A  general  term  used  for  any 
hand-gun  employed  for  military  purposes. 
Formerly  spelled  Musquet  —  i/lasketeeT, 
mus-ket-5r',  n.  A  soldier  armed  with  a 
musket.— Musketoca,  mus-ket-dn',  n.  [Fr. 
mousqueton.]  A  short  musket  with  a  wide 
bore.— Musket-proof,  a.  Capable  of  resis- 
ting the  force  of  a  musket-ball.— Musket- 
rest,  n.  A  staff  or  rod  with  a  forked  top, 
formerly  used  to  rest  the  musket  in  firing, 
—Musketry,  mu8'ket-ri,n.  The  fire  of  mus- 
kets; troops  armed  with  muskets;  the  art 
or  science  of  firing  small-arms. 
Muslim,  muz'lim,  n.  Same  as  Moslem. 
Muslin,  muz'lin,  n.  [Fr.  mousscline,  said 
to  be  derived  from  Mosul  or  Moussul,  a 
town  in  Turkish  Asia  where  first  made.] 
A  fine  thin  cotton  fabric,  of  which  there 
are  many  different  kinds. —  a.  Made  of 
muslin  (a  mvslin  gown). — Muslin-de-laine, 
muz'lin-d6-lan,n.  [Fr,  mausseline-de-laine, 
musljn  of  wool.]  A  woollen,  or  cotton  and 
woollen  fabric  of  light  texture,  used  for 
ladies'  dresses,  &c. — Musliuet,  muzlin-et, 
n.  A  Sort  of  coarse  muslin.  . 
Mnsmon,  mus'mon,  n.  The  mou£9on. 
Musquash,  musOcwosh,  n.  A  musk-rat. 
Mttsciuet,  mus'ket,  n.  Mcsret. 
Musquito,  mus-ks'to.  Mosquito. 
Mnsrole,  muz'rol,  n.  [Fr.  muserolle,  from 
museau,  muzzl^.]  The  nose-band  of  a 
horse's  bridle. 

Mussel,  mus'el,  n.  [Same  as  muscle,  with 
different  spelling  and  meaning..]  The 
common  name  of  a  genus  of  bivalve  shell- 
fish, one  species  of  which  is  largely  used 
for  food  and  bait.  —  Mussel-band,  n.  A 
kind  of  ironstone  containing  remains  of 
shells.- Mussel-bed,  n.  A  bed  or  reposi- 
'tory  of  mussels. 

Mussitatlon,  mus-i-ta'shon,  «.  [L.  mitsai- 
tatio,mussitationi8,  from  mM««o,to  mutter.] 
A  mumbling  or  muttering. 
Mussulman,  mus'ul-man,  n.  pi.  Mussul- 
mans, mus'ul-mauz.  [.Corrupted  from 
maslemin,  pi.  of  moslem.]  A  Mohamme- 
dan or  believer  in  Mohammedj  a  Moslem. 
— MosBUImanlsm,  mus'ul-man-izm,  n.  Mo- 
hammedanism. 

Must,  must,  v.i.:  without  inflection  and 
used  as  a  present  or  a  past  tense.  [A.  Sax. 
ic  mdste,  wi  mdston,  I  must,  we  must,  a 
past  tense;  pres.  ic  mdt,  I  may  or  must; 
similar  forms  in  Goth.  D.  Sw.  and  6.]  A 
defective  or  auxiliary  verb  expressing  ob- 
ligation or  necessity,  physical  or  moral; 
or  often  merely  expressing  the  conviction 
of  the  speaker  (you  must  be  wrong). 
Must,  must,  n.  [L.  mustum,  new  wine, 
from  mustus,  new,  fresh.]  Wine  or  juice 
pressed  from  the  grape  but  not  fermented. 
Mus€,  must,  TO.  [Musty.]  Mould  or  moul- 
diness;  fustiness. 

MustachiJ,  Mu8tacMo;mus-tash',  mus-tash'- 
i-o,  n.    Moustache. 

Mustang,  mvis'tang,  n.  FSp.  TnesfeJJo,  be- 
longing to  the  mesta,  or  ijody  of  graziers.] 
The  wud  horse  of  America,  a  descendant 
of  horses  imported. 

Mustard,  mus't6rd,  n.  [O.Fr.  moustarde, 
It.  mostarda,  mustard,  from  L.  mustum, 
must,  because  it  is  made  with  a  little 
must  mixed  in  it.  Must,  Moist.]  An 
annual  cruciferous  plant  extensively  cul- 
tivated for  its  pungent  seeds,  which  when 
ground  and  properly  prepared  form  the 
well-known  condiment  of  same  name. 
Musteline,  mus'tc-lin,  a.  [L.  mustelinus, 
from  mttstela,  a  weasel.]  Pertaining  to 
the  weasel  and  kindred  animals. 
Muster,  mus'tSr,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  moustrer,  mos- 
trer,  monstrer,  to  exhibit,  from  L.  mon- 
strai^e,  to  show,  from  monstrum,  a  mon- 
,  ster.  Monster.]  To  collect,  as  troops  for 
service,  review,  parade,  or  exercise;  to  as- 
semble or  bring  together  generally;  to  col- 
lect for  use  or  exhibition.— To  m2tster  up, 
to  gather,  collect,  or  summon  up:  gener- 
ally fig.  (to  muster  up  courage).— f.i.  To 
'assemble  or  meet  in  one  place,  as  soldiers. 
— TO.  An  assembling  of  troops  for  review  or 
for  service;  the  act  of  assembling;  an  as- 


semblage—To pass  muster,  to  pass  with- 
out censure,  as  one  among  a  number  on 
inspection;  to  be  allowed  to  pass.— Mus- 
ter-roll, TO.  A  roll  or  register  of  the  men 
in  each  company,  troop,  or  regiment;  a 
roll  or  register  of  a  ship's  crew. 

Musty,  mus'ti,  a.  [Probably  connected 
with  moist,  or  with  L.  mucidus,  mouldy: 
comp.  Sp.  mustio,  musty.]  Mouldy;  turned 
sour;  fusty;  stale;  spoiled  by  age;  having 
an  ill  flavour;  vapid.— Mustily,  mus'ti-li, 
adv.  In  a  musty  manner.  —  Mustiness, 
mus'ti-nes,  to.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing musty;  staleness. 

Mutable,  ma'ta-bl,  a.  [L.  mutdbilis,  from 
muto,  to  change;  akin  to  moveo,  to  move; 
mew,  moult,  mutual,  &c.,  are  akin.  J  Ca- 
pable of  being  altered;  subject  to  change; 
changeable;  inconstant  in  mind  or  feel- 
ings; unsettled;  unstable;  variable.— Mu- 
tably, mu'ta-bli,  adv.  In  a  mutable  man- 
ner. —  Mutability,  Mutableness,  mfi-ta- 
bil'i-ti,  mu'ta-bl-nes,  to.  The  state  of  be- 
ing mutable;  changeableness;  inconstancy ; 
instability:  fickleness.— Mutation,  mri-ta'- 
shon,  TO.  [Li  mutatio.i  The  act  or  process 
of  changing;  change ;  alteration ;  modifi- 
cation; philol.  umlaut.— Mutatory,  ma'ta- 
to-ri,  a.    Changing;  mutable.  * 

Mntacism,  ma'ta-sizm,  n.  Inability  to 
enunciate  correctly  or  freely  the  labial 
consonants  (p,  6,  m). 

Mutchkin,  much'kin,  to.  [Comp.  D.  mutsje, 
a  little  cap,  a  quartern;  Sc  mutch,  a  kind 

'  of  cap.]  A  liquid  measure  in  Scotland 
containing  four  gills. 

Mute,  mQt,  a.  [L.  mutus,  silent,  dumb; 
akin  to  mutio,  to  mumble;  Gr.  mu,  a 
sound  with  closed  lips.  Mum,  Mutter.] 
Silent;  not  speaking;  incapable  of  utter- 
ance; not  having  the  power  of  speech; 
dumb;  gram,  ani  philol.  silent,  not' pro- 
nounced, or  having  its  sound  suddenly 
and  completely  checked  by  a  contact  of 
the  vccal  organs:  applied  to  certain  con- 
sonants {as  t,  p). — TO.  A  dumb  person; 
one  unable  to  use  articulate  speech;  a 
hired  attendant  at  a  funeral;  gram,  and 
philol.  a  mute  letter;  mus.  a  utensil  ap- 
plied to  a  musical  instrument  to  .deaden 
or  soften  the  sounds.  —  Mutely,  mQt'li, 
adv.  In  a  mute  manner;  silently;  dumbly. 
-Muteness,  Mutism,  mat'nes,  mut'izm, 
TO.    The  state  of  being  mute. 

Mute,  mtlt,  v.i.  [Fr.  mutir,  irmutir.']  To 
eject  the  contents  of  the  bowels :  said  of 
birds.  • 

Mnticoos.  mti'ti-kus>a.  [L.  muticus,  docked, 
curtailed.]  Bot.  without  any  pointed  pro- 
cess or  awn. 

Mutilate,  ma'ti-lat,  v.t— mutilated,  muti- 
lating. [L.  mulilo,  mutilatum,  to  lop,  from 
TTOMtilwa,  maimed;  akin  Gr.mityi!os,docked.] 
To  cut  off ,a  Umb  or  essential  part  of;  to 
maim;  to  remove  any  material  part  from 
so  as  to  render  the  thing  imperfect.— Mu- 
tilated, mu'ti-la-ted,  p.  and  a.  Deprived 
of  some  part;  hot.  not  producing  a  corolla, 
though  not  regularly  apetalous.— Mutila- 
tion, mU-ti-la'shon,  to.  .The  act  of  mutila- 
ting or  state  of  being  mutilated.— Mutila- 
tor, mtl'ti-la-t6r,  to.    One  who. 

Mutiny,  mO'ti-ni,  to.    [From  Fr.  mutin, 

■  O.Fr.  ineutin,  mutinous,  riotous,  meute,  a 
revolt,  an  em£ute,  from  L.L.  mota,  a  body 
of  men  raised  for  an  expedition,  from  L. 
Tnoveo,  motics,  to  move.  Move.]  A  resis- 
tance to  or  revolt  against  constituted  au- 
thority; specifically  an  insurrection  of 
soldiers  or  seamen  against  the  authority 
of  their  commanders;  open  resistance  to 
officers  or  opposition  to  their  authority. — 
Mutiny  act,  a  series  of  regulations  enacted 
from  year  to  year  by  the  British  legisla- 
ture for  the  government  of  the  military 
and  naval  forces  of  the  country; .'.  Syn. 
under  Insurrection. — v.i. — mutinied,  m,u, 
tinying.  To  engage  in  mutiny;  to  rise 
against  military  or  naval  officers;  to  be 
guilty.of  mutinous  conduct.  —  Mutineer, 
ma-ti-n5r',  to.  One  guilty  of  mutiny.— 
Mutinous,  ma'ti-nuB,  a.  Engaged  in  or 
disposed  to  mutiny.— Mutinously,  mO'ti- 
nus-li,  adv.  In  a  mutinous  manner.— Mn- 
tinousness,  ma'ti-nus-nes,  to. 

Mutism.    Under  Mute. 

Mutter,  mut'6r,  v.i.  [An  imitative  word; 
comp.  G.  muttem,  L.  mvttire,  to  mutter. 


ch,  cftain;     e>%Sc.  locft;     g,  S'o;    ji/cb;     n,  Fr.  ton;     n^,  sin^;     <tB,then\th,thm-f    w.  toig;     vh,  tcAig;    zh,  asure. 


MUTTOX 


448 


HrYTH 


mu,  the  Bouud  produced  by  closing  the 
lips.  Ml'mklk  ]  To  utter  words  ^vith  a 
low  voice  and  compressed  lips;  to  grumble; 
to  murmur;  to  sound  with  a  low  rumbling 
noise.— 1>.<.  To  utter  with  a  low  murmur- 
ing voice. —n.  Murmur;  obscure  utter- 
ance (ifii.).— Mutterer,  mut'^r-6r,  n.  One 
that  mutters.— Muttering,  mut'6r-ing,  n. 
The  sound  made  bjv  one  who  mutters. — 
Mutterlngly,  mut'er-ing-li,  adv. 

Mutton,  mut'n,  n.  [Fr.  mouton.  It.  mot- 
tone,  a  sheep;  supposed  to  be  frum  L.  mn- 
tilus,  mutilated,  through  L.L.  mitlto,  mu- 
tilo,  a  wether,  a  castrated  ram. J  The  flesh 
of  sheep,  raw,  or  dressed  for  food.  — Mutton- 
chop,  n.  A  rib-piece  of  mutton  for  broil- 
ing, having  the  bone  cut,  or  chopped  off  at 
the  small  end. 

Mutual,  mu'tu-al,  o.  fFr.  mutuel,  from  a 
Jj.L.  mtitualis,  from  L.  mututis,  mutual, 
from  nwto,  to  change.  Mutable.]  Ke- 
eiprocally  given  and^jreceivcd;  pertaining 
alike  or  reciprocally  to  both  sides;  iuter- 
changed;  equally  relating  to,  affecting, 
proceeding  from  two  or  more  Idgftht-r: 
common  to  two  or  more  combined;  shnred 
alike.  •-  Mutuality,  mu-tu-ari-ti,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  mutual.  —  Mutu- 
ally, mu'tu-al-li,  adv.  In  a  mutual  man- 
ner; reciprocally;  conjointly;  in  common. 

Hutnle,  mu'tul,  n.  [Jj.  r.iutultis.]  Arch,  a 
projecting  block  under  the  corona  of  the 
Doric  cornice. — Mutuled,  mu'tuld,  a. 
Having  niutules. 

Muzaraibic,  mu-za-rab'ik,  a.  Belonging 
to  the  Muzarabs,  or  Christians  formerly 
living  among  the  Moors  in  Spain. 

Muzzle,  muz'l,  n  lO.Fr.  musel  (Mod.  Fr. 
museau),  dim.  of  O.Kr.  miise,  L.L.  vmaus, 
a  mouth,  from  L.  mor«ws,  a  bite,  from 
mordeo,  morsum,  to  bite.  MoRstL.l  The 
projecting  mouth,  and  nose  of  an  animal, 
at>  of  a  horse,  dog,  &c.;  the  oi)en  end  of  a 
gun  or  pistol,  &c. ;  a  fastening  for  the 
mouth  which  hinders  an  animal  from  bit- 
ing.—v.<. — muzzled,  ■mtiz:lhig.  To  put  a 
muzzle  on;  to  bind  the  mouth  of.  to  pre- 
vent biting  or  eating ;  to  put  to  silence. — 
Muzzle-loader,  n.  A  gun  loaded  by  the 
muzzle-  opposed  to  breech-loader. 

Muzzy,  muz'i,  a.  (Akin  to  muse,  to  be  ab- 
sent-minded.] Absent  in  mind;  bewil- 
dered; tipsy.  —  Muzziness,  muz'i-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  muzzy. 

My,  mi,  pronom,.  adj.  [Contr.  from  mine, 
A.  Sax.  m,in.  Mine.]  Belonging  to  me 
(this  is  m.y  book) :  always  used  before  a 
noun  or  attributively,  m.ine  being  used 
predicatively  (this  book  is  mine).  [For- 
merly mine  was  used  before  a  vowel,  and 
•my  before  a  consonant,  but  my  is  now  used 
before  both.]    Mink. 

Myalgia,  mi-al'ji-a,  n.  [Gr.  mya,  muscle, 
and  algos,  pain.]    Cramp. 

Myall-wood,  mi-al',  n.  The  hard  violet- 
scented  wood  of  an  Australian  tiree  used 
for  making  tobacco-pipes,  &c. 

Mycelium,  mi-s5'li-um,  n.  pi.  Mycelia,  mi- 
se'li-a.  [Gr  myirSs,  a  fungus.]  The  cellu- 
lar filamentous  spawn  of  fungi,  consis- 
ting of  whitish  filaments  spreading  like  a 
net-work.— Myceljoid,  mi-s5'li-oid,  a.  Bot. 
resembling  a  mycelium. 

Mycoderm,  Mycoderma,  mi'ko-dfrm,  mi- 
ko-der'ma,>i..  [Gr.  mykes,  a  mushroom  or 
fungus,  and  derma,  skin.]  The  vegetable 
flocculent  substance  which  forms  in  vari- 
ous infusions  when  they  become  mothery. 
—Mycology,  mi-kol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  mykes 
and  logos.]  That  department  of  botany 
which  investigates  fungi.  —  Mycologic, 
Mycological,  mi-ko-loj'ik,  mi-ko-loj'i-kal, 
a.  Relating  to  mycology.  —  Mycologist, 
mi-kol'o-jist,  n.    One  versed  in  mycology. 

Myelencephalous,  mi'el-en-sef "al-us,  a. 
|Gr.  myelos,  marrow,  and  enkephalon.  the 
brain.]  Exhibiting  a  nervous  system  con- 
centrated in  a  brain  and  spinal  cord,  as 
the  higher  animals. — Myelitis,  mi-e-li'tis, 
n.  [Gr.  myelos,  and  -tft.5,  denoting  inflam- 
mation.] Med.  inflammation  of  the  sub- 
ptance  of  the  brain  or  spinal  marrow.— 
Myeloid,  mi'el-oid,  a.  Resembling  mar- 
row. 

Mylodon,  mi'15-don,  n.  [Gr.  myloa,  a  grin- 
der or  molar,  and  oiou«,atooth.]  A  large 
and  heavy  extinct  animal,  allied  to  the 
sloths;  a  sort  of  ground  sloth. 


Myodynamlcs,  mi'S-di-nam"iks.  n.  [Gr. 
vtyii,  7nyos,  a  muscle,  and  dynamis,  force.] 
That  department  of  science  which  investi- 
gates the  principles  of  muscular  force. 

Myography,  mi-og'ra-fi, n.  [Gr.  mys,  myos, 
a  muscle-,  and  grapho,  to  describe.]  A  de- 
scription of  the  muscles  of  the  body;  my- 
ology.—Myographic,  Myographical,  mi-o- 
grai'ik,  mi-o-graf'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  description  of  the  muscles.  —  Myogra- 
phist,  mi-og'ra-flst, ».  One  who  describes 
the  muscles. 

Myology,  mi-oro-jl,  n.  [Gr.  mys,  myos, 
muscle,  and  logos,  discourse.]  The  scien- 
tific knowledge  or  description  of  the 
muscles  of  the  human  body.  —  Myologlc, 
Myological,  mi-o-loj'ik,  mi-o-!oj'i-kalt  a. 
Pertaining  to  myology.  —  Myologist,  mi- 
ol'o-jist,  n.    One  who  is  versed  in  myology. 

Myonicity,  mi-o-nis'i-ti,  n.  [Gr.  myOn,  a 
muscle.]  The  characteristic  vital  property 
of  the  muscular  tissue. 

Myope,  Myops\  mi 'op,  mi'opsv*-  fGr.  my- 
0ps—m,y6,  to  shut,  and  ops,  the  ej"o.]  A 
short-sighted  person.  —  Myopia,  Myopy, 
mi-u'pi-a,  mi'o-pi,  n.  Short-sightedness; 
near-sightedness.  —Myopic,  mi-op 'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  affected  with  myopia. 

Myosis,  mi-o'sis,  «.  |Gr.  myo,  to  close  tho 
eyes.]  A  disease  of  the  eye  consisting  in 
an  unnatural  contraction  of  the  pupil. 

Myositis,  mi-o-si'tis,  n.  (Gr.  mys,  a  muscle, 
and  term,  -itis.i  Inflammation  of  a 
muscle. 

Myosotis,  mi-o-no'tis,  n.  (Gr.  mys,  myos,  a 
mouse,  and  ou$,  Otot,  an  ear.]  The  plant 
forget-me-not. 

Myotomy,  mi-ot'o-mi,  n.  [From  mys,  a 
muscle,  and  tome,  a  cutting.]  The  anatomy 
of  the  muscles;  the  operation  'of  cutting 
through  muscles  to  remove  deformity. 

Myriad,  mir'i-ad,  n.  (Gr.  myrias,  myria- 
dos,  from  myria,  ten  thousand,  innumer- 
able.) The  number  of  ten  thousand  col- 
lectively; an  immense  number  indefinite- 
ly. —  a.  InnumeVable;  multitudinous; 
manifold.  —  Mjaiad-minded,  o.  Of  vast 
intellect  or  great  versatility  of  mind. 

Myriagramme,  mir'i-a-gram,  n.  (Gr.  my- 
ria, ten  thousand,  and  Fr.  gramme,  a 
gramme.]  A  French  weight  of  10,000 
grammes,  or  22  lbs.  avoirdupois. — Myria- 
Utre,  mir'i-a-le-t6r,n.  A  French  measure 
of  capacity  containing  lO.OOO  litres,  or 
610,280  cubic  inches.— Myriamfetre.mir'i-a- 
ma-t4r,  n.  A  French  measure  of  length 
equal  to  10  kilometres,  or  6'21  English 
miles. 

Myriapod,  mir'i-a-pod,  n.  [Gr.  vnyria,  ten 
thousand,  and  pous,  podos,  a  foot.]  An 
individual  belonging  to  the  class  of  ani- 
mals that  includes  the  centipeds  and  milli- 
peds,  having  bodies  of  a  lengthened  form 
and  in  numerous  segments,  each  segment 
being  provided  with  one  pair  of  feet. 

Myriologue,  mir'i-o-log,  n.  [Fr.  myrio- 
logue,  Slod.  Gr.  iniyriologi.]  In  modem 
Greece,  an  extemporary  funeral-song, 
composed  aild  sung  by  females  on  the 
death  of  some  person.  —  Myrlological, 
mir'i-o-loj"i-k.al,  a.  Relating  to  a  myrio- 
logue.—Myriologist,  mir-i-oro-jist,n.  One 
who  composes  or  sings  a  myriologue. 

Myriophyllous,  mir-i-of'il-us,  a.  [Gr.  my- 
ria, ten  thousand,  phyllon,  a  leaf.]  Hav- 
ing ten  thousand  or  numerous  leaves. 

Myriorama,  mir'i-0-ra"ma,  n.  (Gr.  myrios, 
innumerable,  and  horama,  view.]  A  sort 
of  landscape  kaleidoscope,  forming  an  al- 
most endless  variety  of  scenes  by  means 
of  several  portions  of  landscapes  on  cards. 

Mynnecobius,  m«r-me-ko'bi-us,  n.  [Gr. 
m,yrmex,  myrmikos,  an  ant,  and  bios,  lii.^.l 
The  ant-eater  of  Australia,  a  marsupial 
resembling  a  squirrel. 

Myrmidon,  m*r'mi-don,  n.  One  of  ai^  an- 
cient Greek  race  in  Thessaly,  whom  Achil- 
les ruled,  and  who  accompanied  him  to 
Troy;  hence,  a  soldier  of  a  rough  character; 
one  of  a  ruffianly  band  under  a  daring  or 
unscrupulous  leader;  an  unscrupulous  fol- 
lower. —  Myrmidons  of  the  law,  bailiffs, 
sheriffs'  ofliccrs,  policemen,  and  other  law 
menials.— Myrmldonian,mer-mi-do'ni-an, 
a.    Pertaining  to  myrmidons. 

Myrobalaa,  mi-rob'a-lan,  n.  [L.  myroba- 
lannm,GT.  myrobalanos—myron.nngyxfai, 
and  halaiws,  a  nut.]    A  dried  fruit  of  dif- 


ferent species  of  the  plum  kind,  brought 
from  the  East  Indies,  and  used  by  dyers 
and  tanners. 

Myrrh,  mftr,  n.  [L.  myrrha,  Gr.  myrrha, 
Ar.  m.urr,  bitter.]  The  gummy  resinous 
exudation  of  a  spiny  shrub  of  Arabia  and 
Abyssinia,  long  in  use  as  an  aromatic  and 
medicament;  a  British  plant,  with  fern- 
like foliage  and  large  umbels  of  white 
flowers;  sweet-cicely.  —  Myrrhic,  mfer'rik, 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from  myrrh. 
Myrrhine,  mer'rin,  n.  Murrhine. 
Myrtle,  mer'tl,  n.  [L.  myrius^  Gr.  myrios, 
from  viyron,  perfume.]  An  evergreen 
shrub  of  the  south  of  Europe  having  buds 
and  berries  th.at  yield  a  volatile*  oil,  while 
the  distilled  flowers  yield  a  perfume. — 
M3rrtle-wax,  n.  AVax  from  ttie  candle- 
berry  tree.  —  Myrtaceous,  m6r-ts'shus,  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  myrtles.  —  Myrti- 
fonn,  mer'ti-form,  o.  Resembling  myrtle 
or  myrtle  berries. 

Myself,  mi-self,  pron.  pi.  Ourselves,  our- 
selvz';  As  a  nominative  it  is  used,  gener- 
ally after  I,  to  express  emphasis  and 
mark  distinction;  I,  and  not  another:  in 
the  objective  often  used  reflexively  and 
without  any  emphasis. 
Mystagogue,  Mystagogus,  mis'ta-gSg,  mis- 
ta-go'gus,  n.  [Gr.  mysiagOgos  —  mystis, 
one  initiated  in  mysteries,  and  agOgos,  a 
leader.]  One  who  instructs  in  or  inter- 
prets mysteries.— Mystagogy,  mis'ta-go-ji, 
n.  The  practice  or  doctrines  of  a  mysta- 
gogue; the  interpretation  of  mysteries. — 
Mystagogic,  Mystagoglcal,  mis-ta-goj'ik, 
mis-ta-goj'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  mys- 
tagogue or  mystagogy. 
Mystery,  mis'ter-i,  n.  [L.  mystenum,  from 
Gr.  mysterion,  from  myites,  one  initiated, 
from  myo,  to  close,  to  shut.]  Something 
hidden  from  human  knowledge  and  fitted 
to  inspire  a  sense  of  awe;  something  in- 
comprehensible through  being  above  hu- 
man intelligence;  somethingintentionally 
kept  hidden;  a  secret;  a  species  of  drama- 
tic performance  in  the  middle  ages,  the 
characters  and  events  of  .  which  were 
drawn  from  sacred  history;  a  trade,  craft, 
or  calling  (properly  vxistery,  being  from 
L.  ministerium,  service, ministrj-);  pi.  rites 
and  ceremonies  in  ancient,  chiefly  Greek 
and  Roman,  religions,  only  known  to  and 
practised  by  those  who  had  been  initiated. 
— Mysterlour,  mis-to'ri-us,  a.  Partaking 
of  or  containing  mystery;  not  revealed  or 
explained;  unintelligible;  beyond  human 
comprehension;  occult;  enigmatical. — 
Mystsrionsly,  mis-ts'ri-us-li,  adv.  In  a 
mysterious  manner.  —  Mysteriousness, 
mis-t6'ri-u8-nes,  n. 

Mystic,  Mystical,  mis'tik,  mis'ti-kal,  a. 
(L.  mysticns,  Gr.  mystikos,  from  mystea, 
one  initiated.  Mystery.]  Hidden  from 
or  obscure  to  human  knowledge  or  coin- 
prehension  ;  involving  some  secret  mean- 
ing or  import;  mysterious;  occult;  per- 
taining to  the  ancient  mysteries;  pertain- 
ing to  mystics  or  mysticism.  —  Mystic,  n. 
One  whois  addicted  to  mysticism. —Mysti- 
cally, mis'ti-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  mystic  man- 
lier. —  Mysticalness,  mis'ti-kal-nes,  n.— 
MysticLsm,  inis'ti-sizm,  n.  Views  or  ten- 
dencies in  religion  which  aspire  towards 
a  communication  between  man  and  his 
Maker  through  the  inward  perception  of 
the  mind,  more  direct  than  that  which  is 
afforded  us  through  revelation;  a  seeking 
to  solve  the  mysteries  of  existence  by  in- 
ternal illumination  or  special  revelation; 
adreamy  contemplation  on  ideas  that  have 
no  foundation  in  human  experience. 
Mystify,  mis'ti-fi,  v. t.— mystified,  mystify- 
ing. (Coined  from  myatxc,  and  -fy,  Fr.  -fier, 
Ti.facere,  to  make.]  To  perplex  purposely; 
to  play  on  the  credulity  of;  to  bewilder; 
to  befog.— Mystification,  mis'ti-fi-ka"shon, 
n.  Theactof  mystifying  or  state  of  being 
mystified.  —  Mystificator,  mii'ti-fi-ka-ter, 
n.  One  who  mystifies. 
Mjrth,  mith,  n.  [Gr.  myihos,  a  word,  a 
fable,  a  legend.]  A  fable  or  legend  of 
natural  upgrowth,  embodying  the  convic- 
tions of  a  people  as  to  their  gods  or  other 
divine  personages,  their  own  origin  and 
early  history  and  the  heroes  connected 
with  it,  the  origin  of  the  world,  4c.;  in  a 
looser  seme,  an  invented  itory ;  something 


jPftte, fir.  fat.  fftU;     me,  met,  h«r ;     pine,  pin}     note,  not,  move;     tobe,  tub,  bvll;     oil,  pound;     ti,  Sc.  abwne— -the  Fr.  w, 


MYTILOID 


4-13 


NAIICIS3US 


purely  fabnlous  or  having  no  existence  in 
fact.— Mythic,  Mythical,  mitb'ik,  mith'i- 
kal,  a.  Relatmg  to  wiyths;  described  in 
a  myth;  fabulous;  fabled.  —  Mythically, 
mith'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  mythical  manner. 
— Mythographer,  mi-thog'ra-fer,  n.     A 


from  mythology;  of  the  nature  of  a  myth; 
fabulous.  —  UyuiologlcaUy,  mith-o-loj'i- 


Jcal-li,  adv.  In  a  mythological  manner.—' 
Mythologl«t,  Myt.'tologer,  Mythologlan, 
mi-thol'o-jist,  mi-thol'o-jer,  mith-o-lo'ji- 
aa,  n.  One  versed  in  mythology.— Mytn- 
ologlze,  mith-ol'o-jiz,  v.i.  —  mythologued, 
•  mythologizing.  To  relate  or  explain  myths. 
— Mythology,  mith-oro-ji,  n.  The  science 
or  doctrine  of  myths;  the  myths  of  a 
people  or  nation  collectively. — Compara- 
tive m]/tholofji/,  the  science  which  investi- 
gates myths  with  a  view  to  their  inter- 


pretation, and  to  discover  the  degree  of 
relationsliip  existing  between  the  mytha 
of  different  peoples.— Mythopoeic,  Mytho- 
poetic, mith-5-pe'ik,  mith'o-po-et"ik,  a. 
[Gr.  mythog,  and  poieO,  to  make.]  Myth- 
making;  producing  or  tending  to  produce 
myths;  suggesting  or  giving  rise  to  myths. 

Mjrtllold,  mi '  til-oid,  a.  [Gr.  mytilos,  a 
mussel]    Resembling  the  mussel. 

Myxi&e,  mik'si-n6,  n.  [From  Gr.  myxa, 
slime.]  The  fiah  called  the  bag. 


N. 


N,  the  fourteenth  letter  and  the  eleventh 
consoiiant  of  tua  EngUeh  alphabet. 

Nab,  nab,  v.t.  [Same  as  Dan.  knappe,  Sw. 
knappa,  to  snatch;  comp.  D.  and  Gr.  knap- 
pen,  to  snap.)  To  catch  or  seize  suddenly 
or  unexpectedly.    [CoUoq.] 

Nabob,  na'bob,  n.  [Corruption  of  Hind. 
nawwdb,  from  Ar.  nnwwdb,  pi.  of  n&yib,  a 
deputy,  from  Ar.  n&ba,  to  take  one's  turn.J 
A  governor  of  a  province  or  commander  or 
an  army  in  India  under  the  Mogul  em- 
pire ;  a  t>erson  who  has  acquired  great 
wealth  in.  the  East  and  uses  it  ostenta- 
tiously. 

Nacre,  n2.'k6r,  n.  [Fr.  nacre,  Sp.  nacar. 
from  Per.  nakar,  an  ornament  of  different 
colours.]  Mother-of-pearl.— Nacreous,  na'- 
kre-us,  a.  Consisting  of  or  resembling 
nacil*or  mother-of-pearl.  —  Nacrite,  na'- 
krit,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  greenish-white 
colour  and  pearly  lustre. 

Nadir,  na'der,  n.  [Fr  nadir,  Ar.  and  Per. 
nadir,  nazir,  the  nadir,  from  nazara,  to 
correspond,  to  be  opposite,  j  That  point  of 
the  heavens  or  lower  hemisphere  directly 
opposite  to  the  zenith;  the  point  directly 
under  the  plac,e  where  we  stand;  fig.  the 
lowest  point;  the  point  or  time  of  extreme 
depressibn. 

Nxvus,  ne'vus,  «.  iL.]  A  natural  mark, 
spot,  or  blemish  od  the  skin  of  a  person;  'j, 
birth-mark. 

Nag,  nag,  n.  [Same  as  So.  naig,  D.  negge, 
a  pony;  perhaps  akin  to  neigh.]  A  small 
horse,  or  in  familiar  language  any  horse. 

Nag,  nag,  v.t.  and  i.  [N.  and  Sw.  nagpa,  to 
gnaw,  irritate,  scold  =  G.  nagen,  E.  to 
giiaw.  Nail,  Gnaw.]  To  scold  pertina- 
ciously; to  find  fault  constantly.— Ntggy, 
nag'i,  a.    Given  to  nagging  or  scolding. 

Nagelfluh,  na'gel-flo,  to.  [G.  nagel,  a  nail, 
and  O.G.  and  Swiss  fiuh,  a  rock.]  A  con- 
glomerate rock  of  Switzerland  and  Italy, 
the  pebbles  in  it  resembling  nail-heads. 

Naiad,  nft'yad,  n.  [Gr.  naias,  naiadoa,  a 
naiad,  from  nao,  to  flow.]  A  water  nymph; 
a  female  deity  that  pre^jides  over  rivers 
and  springs.— Haiant,  na'yant.  Natant. 

Nalck.    Naik. 

NaiJf,  na-ef,  a.  [Fr.  See  NA^rvi.]  Ingenu- 
ous; art.less;  having  a  natural  lustre  with- 
out being  cut:  said  of  jewels. 

Naik,  Naick,  na'ik,  n.  In  India,  a  sepoy 
corporal. 

Nail,  nal,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ncegel,  D.  and  G. 
nagel,  the  human  or  a  metallic  nail;  Icel. 
nugl.  Ban.  negl,  a  human  nail,  nagli  and 
nagle,  a  metallic  nail;  cog.  Lith.  nagas,  h. 
unguis,  Skr.  nakha,  a  human  nail ;  allied 
to  nag  (verb).]  The  homy  scale  growing 
at  the  end  of  the  human  fingers  and  toes; 
a  similar  appendage  in  the  lower  animals; 
a  claw;  a  small  pointed  piece  of  metal, 
with  some  sort  of  a  head,  used  for  driving 
through  or  into  timber  or  other  material 
for  tlie  purpose  of  holding  separate  pieces 
tugether,  or  left  projecting  that  things  may 
be  hung  on  it;  a  stud  or  boss;  a  measure  of 
length,  being  SJ  inches, or  l-16th  of  ayard. 
— To  hit  the  nail  ontiiehead,to  hit  or  touch 
the  exact  point,  in  a  figurative  sense. — 
v.t.  To  fasten  with  nails;  to  drive  nails 
into;  to  stud  with  nails.  —  Nail-bruah,  n. 
A  small  brush  for  cleaning  the  nails. — 
Nailer,  nal'^r.  n.  One  that  nails:  one 
whose  occupation  is  to  make  nails. — 
NaileresB,  nal'er-es,  n.  A  female  maker 
of  nail?.  —  Nailery,  nal'er-i,  n.  A  manu- 
factory whera  nails  are  made.— NaU-head, 


n.  Arch,  a  Norman  Gothic  ornament.  See 
below.— Nail-headed,  a.  Shaped  so  as  to 
resemble  the  head  of  a  na.i\.— Nail-headed 
character.  AnROw-asAUEv.—NaU-lteaded 
moulding,  a  moulding  in  Norman  architec- 
ture formed  by  a  series  ol  projections  re- 
sembling heads  of  nails. 

Naive,  na-ev',  a.  [Fr.  naif,  leai.  naive,  from 
L.  nativui,  native,  latterly  also  rustic, 
simple.]  Ingenuous;  artless;  ahowing  can- 
dour or  simplicity ;  unsophisticated.  — 
Naively,  na-ev'li,  adv.  In  a  naive  manner. 
—Naivete  na-ev'te,  n.  [Fr.]  Native  sim- 
plicity of  soul;  unaffected  ingenuousness. 

Naked,  na'ked,  a.  [A.  Sax.  nacod,  naked,  a 
participial  form;  D.  naakt,  Icel.  nakir, 
nakinn,  "Dan.  nogen,  Goth,  naqvitha,  6. 
nackt;  same  root  as  L.  nudua,  nude;  Skr. 
nagna,  naked.]  Not  having  clothes  on; 
bare;  nude;  not  having  a  covering,  especi- 

,  ally  a  customary  covering  {&naked  sword); 
hot.  not  having  a  calyx;  not  inclosed  in  a 
pod,  or  the  like ;  zool.  not  having  a  cal- 
careous shell;  fig.  open  to  view;  not  con- 
cealed; manifest;  mere,  bare,  simple;  un- 
armed; defenceless;  unprovided;  destitute. 
— The  naked  eye,  the  eye  unassisted  by  any 
instrument,  as  spectacles,  telescope,  or 
microscope.— Nakedly,  na'ked-li,  adv.  In 
a  naked  manner;  without  covering. — Na- 
kedness, ua'ked-nf»,  n.  The  state  of  beins 
naked;  nudity;  bareness;  plainness. 

Namable.    Nameable. 

Namaycush,  na-ma'kush, «.  A  large  North 
American  species  of  salmon. 

Namby-pamby,  nam'bi-pam'bi,  a.  [Con- 
temptuously formed  from  the  name  of 
AmbrosB  Phillips,  a  rather  weak  poet  of 
Addison's  time.]  Affectedly  pretty;  weakly 
sentimental;  insipid;  vapid  (naHWy-painty 
sentiment,  rhymes). 

Name,  nam,  n.  [A.  Sax.  nama,  a  name;  D. 
nauyi,  G.  name,  Goth,  namo,  Icel.  nafn, 
Dan.  navn  (for  namn),  Sw.  namn,  all  cog. 
witli  L.  noiiien,  for  gnomen  (whence  E. 
7ioun),Skr.  nAman,ioT  jn&man or gndman, 
a  name;  from  same  root  as  know.]  That 
by  which  a  person  or  thing  is  callea  or  des- 
ignated, in  distinction  from  other  persons 
or  tilings;  appellation;  reputation;  charac- 
ter (one's  good  or  bad  iiame);  renown ;  fame; 
eminence;  the  mere  word  by  which  any- 
thing is  called ;  sound  only ;  not  reality , 
authority;  behalf;  persons  having  a  cer- 
tain' name;  a  family;  gram,  a  nount.— To 
caU  names,  to  apply  opprobrious  names.— 
Christian  na;ne,  a  personal  name  preced- 
ing the  family  name,and  usually  bestowed 
at  baptism:  as  distinguished  from  a  «wr- 
7iame.  —  v.t.  —  named,  naming.  To  give  a 
n,ame  or  distinctive  appellation  to;  to  de- 
nominate; to  mention  by  name;  to  nomi- 
nate; to  designate  for  any  purpose  by 
name;  to  pronounce  to  be;  to  speak  of  or 
mention  as.— 70  name  a  day,  to  fix  a  day 
for  anything;  to  name  the  day,  said  of  a 
lady's  fix  ing  her  marriafre-day.— Namable, 
Nameable,  nSm'a-bl,  a.  Capable  or  worthy 
of  being  named.  —  Nameless,  nam'les,  o. 
Without  aname  or  appellation;  not  known 
to  fame;  obscure;  without  family  or  pedi- 
gree; that  cannot  or  ought  not  to  be 
named;  inoxpressible.-Namolessly,  fiam'- 
les-li,  adv.  In  a  nameless  manner.— Nasne- 
lessness,  nam'les-nes,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing nameless.- Namely,  nam'U,  adv.  To 
mention  by  name;  to  particularize;  that 
is  to  say.— Name-plate,  m.  A  plate  bear- 
ing a  person's  name,  such  as  is  placed  on 


the  door  of  a  dwelling.— Namer,  nam'dr,  n 
One  that  names  or  calls  by  name.— Naaic- 
sake,  nam'sak,  n.  One  that  has  the  samo 
name  as  another;  one  named  after  another 
for  that  other's  sake. 

Nandui  nan'dQ,  n.  fBraz.  nhandu."]  The 
rhea  or  South  American  ostrich. 

Nankeen,  Nankin,  nan-k6n',  to.  A  sort  of 
cotton  cloth,  usually  of  a  yellow  colour, 
originally  manufactured  and  imported 
from  Nankin  in  China;  pi.  trousers  or 
breeches  made  of  this  material. 

Naos.  na'os,  n.  [Gr.  naos,  a  temple.]  Arch. 
the  body  of  an  ancient  temple. 

Nap,  nap,  v.i. — napped,  napping.  [A.  Sax. 
hnappian,  hnceppian,  to  take  a  nap,  to 
doze.]  To  have  a  short  sleep;  to  drowse; 
to  be  in  a  careless,  secure  state.  —  to.  A 
short  sleep  or  slumber. 

Nap,  nan,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hnoppa,  the  nap  ol 
cloth=jL  nop,  noppe,  Dan.  nappe,  L.G. 
nobbe,  nap ;  allied  to  knob  or  knop,  from 
the  little  tufts  on  coarse  cloth.]  The  woolly 
substance  on  the  surface  of  cloth,  &c  ;  the 

fiile,  as  of  a  I'.at;  what  resembles  this,  as 
he  downy  Rubstance  on  some  plants.— vi. 
— napped,  napping.  To  raise  or  put  a  nap 
on. —  Napless,  naples,  a.  Wfthout  nap; 
threadbare.  —  Nappy,  nap'i,  a.  Having 
much  nap.— Napplness,  nap'i-nes,  w. 

Kape,  nfip,  n.  L^ame  as  A.  Sax.  cncep,  a 
top:  akin  nap,  knob,  knop.]  The  back  part 
of"  the  neck ;  the  prominent  part  of  the 
ncc'ic  behind. 

Naperjr,  na'p6r-i,  w.  [Fr.  napperie,  from 
nappe,  a  towel,  from  jL.  mappa,  a  towel, 
■whence  also  TJiap;  sikia  napHn,  apron.]  A 
collective  term  for  linen  cloths  used  for 
domestic  purposes,  especially  for  the  table. 

Napha-water,  na'fa,  to.  A  fragrant  perfume 
distilled  from  orange  flowers. 

Naphtha,  nap'tha  or  naf'tha,  «.  [Gr. 
Chal.  Syr.  and  Ar.  naphtha.  Per.  na/t, 
naphtha.]  A  variety  of  bitumen,  fluid,  m- 
flammable,  emitting  a  strong  odour,  and 
generally  of  a  yellow  colour,  used  as  a 
source  of  light,  as  a  solvent  for  caoutchouc, 
&c. —  Native  naphtha,  petroleum  or  rock- 
oil.— Naphthalene,  nap'tha-len,  to.  A  white 
crystallizable  solid  formed  during  the  dis- 
tillation of  coal  for  gas,  or  obtained  by  re- 
distilUnc  coal-tar.— Naphthaiic,  nap-thal'- 
ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from 
naphtha.  —  Naphthalize,  nap'thal-iz,  v.t. 
To  impregnate  or  saturate  with  naphtha. 

Napiform,  na'pi-form,  a.  [L.  napus,  a  tur- 
nip, and/orma,form.]  Having  the  general 
shape  of  a  turnip  (a  napiform  root). 

Napkin,  nap'kin,  n.  [Dim.  of  Fr.  nappe,  a 
cloth,  a  table-cloth,  from  L.  mappa,  a  nap- 
kin. Napert.]  a  cloth  used  for  wiping 
the  hands;  a  towel;  a  handkerchief  J. — 
Napkin-ring,  to.  A  ring  of  ivory,  metal, 
&o.,  to  inclose  a  table-napkin. 

Naples-yoUow.  A  fine  yellow  pigment  com- 
posed of  the  oxides  of  lead  and  antimony. 

Napoleon,  na-po'l5-on,  to.  [After  Napoleon 
I.]  A  French  gold  coin,  worth  20  francs, 
or  158.  lOid.  starling;  a  game  played  with 
cards,  each  player  receiving  five.— Kapo- 
leonlst,  na-po'lc-on-ist,  to.  A  supporter  of 
the  dynasty  of  the  Napoleons. 

Napplness,  Nappy.    Under  Nap  (of  cloth). 

Narceine,  nar's6-in,  n.  [Gr.  narke,  torpor.] 
An  alkaloid  contained  in  opium. 

Narcissus,  nar-sis'us,  n.  [I/.,  from  Gr.  war- 
fctssos,  from  nar^e,  torpor;  from  the  narco- 
tic properties  of  the  plants.]  An  extensivs 
genus  of  bulbous  plants,  with  gry  a:id 


ca,  j,'jAia;     cA,  So.  lofli;     fi,ao\     j,;ob;     n,  Fr.  ton:     ng,  sinj/;     ih,  ifeen;  th.  rtin;     w,  wig; 


•wh,  n'/iig, 
29 


zb,  a^uve. 


NARCOSIS 


450 


NATUBE 


fragrant  flowers,  inclading  the  daffodil,  the 
joEquil,  &c.— Naxcisgine,  nSx-sis'iii,  n.  Per- 
taining to  or  like  the  narcissus. 

Narcosis,  nar-ko' sis,  n.  [Gr.  See  below.] 
The  effect  of  a  narcotic;  the  state  produced 
by  narcotics. 

Narcotic,  nSr-kofik,  n.  [Gr.  tMrkOtikog, 
from  narkoO,  to  render  torpid,  from  narke, 
torpor.]  A  substance  which  relieves  pain, 
produces  sleep,  and  in  large  doses  brings 
on  stupor,  coma, and  even  death,  asopium, 
hemlock,  alcohol,  &c.  —  Narcotic,  Nar- 
cotical,  nar-kot'i-kal,  a.  Having  the  pro- 
perties of  a  narcotic.-»-Narcotically,  nSx- 
Kot'i-kal-li,  adv.  After  the  manner  of  a 
narcotic.  —  Harcoticalness,  nar-kot'i-kal- 
nes,  n. — Narcotise,  nar'kot-in,  n.  A  crys- 
tallized alkaloid  obtained  from  opium. — 
Narcotism,  nar'kot-izm,  n.  Narcosis. — 
Narcotize,  n&r'kot-iz,  v.t.  To  bring  under 
the  influence  of  a  narcotic;  to  affect  with 
stupor. 

Nard,  nSrd,  n.  [L.  nardus,  from  Gr.  nar- 
dos,  Heb.  and  Per.  nard,  nard.]  A  plant, 
game  as  Spikenard;  an  unguent  prepared 
from  the  plant.— Nardine,  nar'din,  o.  Per- 
taining to  nard  or  spikenard. 

Narghile,  NargileH,  nar'gi-le,  n.  [Persian 
and  Turkish  name.]  A  kind  of  tobacco- 
pipe  or  smoking  apparatus  used  by  the 
Orientals  in  which  the  smoke  is  passed 
through  water.    Spelled  also  Nargile. 

Narlal,  na'ri-al,  a.  [L.  naris,  a  nostril.], 
Pertaining  to  the  nostril;  nasal.— Narl- 
f orm,  nar'i-f orm,  a.  Formed  like  the  nose; 
nose-Ehaped.— Marine,  nar^n,  a.  Belong- 
ing to  the  nostrils.— Narisonant,  nafi-so- 
nant,  o.    Having  a  nasal  sound. 

N  arrate,  nar-rat',  v.t.— narrated,  narrating. 
[L.  na^TO,  yiarratMm,  to  relate,  for  gnarro, 
from  root  givx,  seen  also  in  E.  know;  comp. 
gnarus,  knowing.  Know.]  To  tell  or  re- 
cite, as  a  story;  to  relate  the  particulars 
cf  in  speech  or  writing.— Narration,  nar- 
ra'shon,  n.  The  act  of  narrating';  that 
which  is  related;  a  narrative;  rhet.  that 
part  of  a  discourse  which  recites  the  time, 
manner,  or  consequences  of  an  action. — 
Karrative,  nar'a-tiv,  a.  Pertaining  to 
narration. — n.  That  which  is  narrated  or 
related:  a  relation  or  narration;  a  relation 
in  words  or  writing  of  the  particulars  of 
any  transaction  or  event.  —  Narratively, 
nar'a-tiv-li,  adv.  By  way  of  narration.— 
Narrator,  nax-rft'tfer,  n.  One  who  narrates 
cr  produces  a  narrative. 

1;  arrow,  nar'5,  a.  [A.  Sax.  nearu,  nearo, 
narrow.troublesome  or  painful;  cog.  O.Sas. 
naru,FTiB.naar;  supposed  to  be  connected 
r?ith  snare  {hy  loss  of  initial  s).]  Of  little 
breadth;  having  little  distance  from  side 
to  side;  of  little  extent;  limited  or  con- 
tracted; limited  as  to  means;  straitened; 
contracted  in  mind;  of  confined  views;  big- 
oted; not  liberal  or  bountiful;  niggardly; 
near;  within  but  a  little;  hence,  barely 
sufficient  to  avoid  evil,  &c.  (a  narrow  es- 
cape, majority);  close;  scrutinizing. — ]Var- 
row  gauge,  in  railways,  a  gauge  or  distance 
between  the  rails  of  4  feet  8i  inches,  wnich 
is  considered  the  standard  gauge  and  is 
the  most  common.— n.  A  narrow  channel 
of  water  between  one  sea  or  lake  and  an- 
other; a  strait  or  sound:  usually  in  the 
■nlural.  —v.t.  To  make  narrow  or  contracted, 
literally  or  figuratively.— w.i.  To  become 
narrow  or  narrower. — Narrower,  nar'o-er, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  narrows; — Nar- 
rowly, nar'5-li,  adv.  In  a  narrow  manner; 
contractedly ;  sparingly;  closely;  rigor- 
ously ;  nearly ;  within  a  little.— Narxow- 
minded,  a.  Of  confined  views  or  senti- 
ments; illiberal.- Narrow-mindednesa,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  narrow-minded.  — 
Narrowness,  nar'o-nes,  h.  The  quality  or 
condition  of  being  narrow;  illiberality ; 
want  of  enlarged  views.- Narrow-Bonled, 
a.    Illiberal;  void  of  generosity. 

Narwhal,  Narwal,  nar'whal,  nftr'wal,  n. 
[Dan.  narhval,  Icel.  nd-bvalr,  apparently 
equivalent  to  corpse-whale,  Icel.  nd,  ndr, 
meaning  a  corpse,  from  the  animal's  col- 
our.] A  cetaceous  tnammal  found  in  the 
northern  86aE,with  no  teeth  except  two  can- 
ines in  the  uijper  jaw,  of  which  the  one  on 
the  left  side  is  frequently  developed  into 
en  enormons  projecting  tusk. 

3t  asal,  na'zal,  J.  [Pi.  natal,  fr«m  L.  nxisua. 


the  nose.  Nose.]  Pertaining  to  the  nose; 
uttered  through  the  nose  or  through  both 
the  nose  and  mouth  simultsmeously  (as  m 
in  English,  en  in  French). — A'aaal  fossce, 
anr*.  the  two  cavities  which  constitute 
thv  "itemal  part  of  the  nose. — ji.  An  ele- 
mt  .ary  sound  uttered  through  orT)artly 
thri/Ugh  the  nose;  a  medicine  that  operates 
through  the  nose;  an  errhine;  the  nose- 
gruard  of  an  ancient  helmet.  —  Nasality, 
na-zal'i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
nasal. — Nasalization,  na'zal-i-za"shon,  n. 
The  act  of  nasalizing  or  uttering  with  a 
nasal  sound.— Nasalize,  na'zal-iz,  v.t.—nor 
aalized,  nasalizing.  To  render  nasal,  as 
the  sound  of  a  letter;  to  insert  a  nasal 
letter  in,  especially  n  or  m  (L.  tundo  is  a 
nasalized  form  from  the  root  tvd,  to  strike). 
—Nasally,  nS'zal-li,  adv.  In  a  nasal  man- 
ner; by  or  through  the  nose. 

Nascent,  nas'ent,  a.  [L.  nascena,  nascentis, 
ppr.  of  nascor,  to  be  bom.  Natal,.]  Be- 
ginning to  exist  or  to  grow;  coming  into 
being ;  arising.  —  Nascency,,  nas'en-si,  n. 
The  state  of  being  nascent. 

Nasicom,  na'zi-kom,  a.  [L.  nastta,  nose, 
comu,  horn.]  Having  a  horn  on  the  nose. 
— Nasiform,  na'zi-form,  a.  Shaped  like  a 
cose.  —  Nasolabial,  na-zo-la'bi-al,  a.  .  [li. 
labium,  the  lip.]  Pertaining  to  the  nose 
and  lips.— Nasopalatal,  na-zo-pal'a-tal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  nose  and  palate.  • 

Nasturtium,  nas-t^r'shi-um,  n.  [L.,  from 
Tiasna,  the  nose,  and  torqueo,  tortum,  to 
twist,  from  the  acridity  of  its  smell.].  A 
genus  of  herbs,  including  the  common 
water-cress ;  also  a  name  given  to  the  In- 
dian cress,  an  American  annual  with  pun- 
gent fruit. 

Nasty,  nas'ti,  a.  [O.E.  naaky,  connect«d 
with  L.G.  naak,  Sw.  naskug,  naaket,  un- 
clean, dirty.]  Filthy;  dirty;  indecent;  ob- 
scene; disgusting  to  taste  or  smell;disagree- 
able;  troublesome. — Nastily,  nas'ti-li,adv. 
In  a  nasty  manner;  filthily;  obscenely.— 
Nastiness,  nas'ti-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  nasty,  or  what  is  nasty;  nlthiness; 
filthy  matter;  obscenity. 

Naaute,  nS'sut,  a.  [L.  imsutua,  large-nosed, 
keen-smelling,  from  nasus,  the  nose.  Na- 
sal.] Having  a  quick  or  delicate  percep- 
tion of  smell;  keen-scented;  critical;  cen- 
Borious.- Na8Ut«ness,  nfi'sut-nes.n.  Acate- 
ness  of  smell;  nice  discernment. 

Natal,  na'tal,  a.  [L.  natalis,  from  nascor, 
natus,  to  be  bom  (whence  also  nature,  no- 
tive,naiUyn)\  from  same  root  as  genxia,  kind. 
Nature,  Genus.]  Pertaining  to  one's 
birth;  dating  from  one's  birth.  —  NataU- 
tial,na-tal-ish'al,  a.  IL.  natalitiua.}  Per- 
taining to  one's  birth  or  birth-day. 

Natant,  na'tant,  a.  [L.  natana,  natantia, 
ppr.  of  nato,  to  swim,  freq.  of  no^  natum, 
to  swim ;  same  root  as  navis,  a  ship.  Na- 
tal.] Floating  on  the  surface  of  water; 
swimming,  as  the  leaf  of  an  aquatic  plant. 
— Natantry,  na'tant-li,  adv.  In  a  natant 
manner;  by  swimming. — Natation,  na-ta'- 
shon,  n.  [L.  natatio.]  The  art  or  act  of 
swimming. — Natatores,  nS-ta-to'rez,  n.  pi. 
[Lit.  swimmers.]  The  order  of  swijnming 
birds,  characterized  by  their  toes  being 
webbed,  and  including  ducks,  geese,  swans, 
penguins,  grebes,  &c.  —  Natatorial,  n&-ta- 
to'ri-al,  a.  Swimmingoradapted  to  swim- 
ming; belonging  to  the  Natatores.— Nata- 
tory, na'ta-to-ri,  a.  Enabling  to  swim; 
adapted  for  swimming;  natatorial. 

Natch,  nach,  re.  [Aitchboks.]  The  rump 
of  an  ox. — Natch-hone,  the  aitchbone. 

'Nathless,  Natheless,  nannies,  na'Tee-Ies, 
adv.  [A.  Sax.  nd  thy  Icea,  not  the  less,  lit. 
not  by  that  less.]  Nevertheless;  notwith-' 
standing.    [Archaic] 

Nation,  na'shon,  n.  [L.  natio,  from  nattia, 
born,  nascor,  to  be  bom.  Natal.]  A 
people  inhabiting  a  certain  extent  of  ter- 
ritory, and  united  by  common  political 
institutions;  an  aggregation  of  persons 
speaking  the  same  or  a  cognate  language; 
a  division  of  students  in  seme  universities 
according  to  their  place  of  birth;  a  great 
number;  a  great  deal,  by  way  of  emphasis. 
— Law  of  nations.  Same  as  Interruitional 
iaw.— National,  nash'on-al,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  nation ;  common  to  a  whole  people 
or  race;  public;  general.- iV'ationoJ  air,  a 
popular  tune  peculiar  to  a  particular  na- 


tion; a  tone  by  national  consent  sung  or 
played  on  certain  public  occasions.— Aa- 
tional  Church,  the  established  church  of  a 
country  or  nation. — National  debt,  the  sum 
which  is  owing  by  a  government  to  indi- 
viduals who  have  advanced  money  to  it 
for  public  purposes.- A'aiionai  Guard,  a 
sort  of  militia  formerly  kept  up  in  France. 
— National  aclwols,  schools  organized  and 
supported  to  a  preater  or  less  extent  by 
government.  —  Nationalism,  nash'on-al- 
izm,  n.  Nationality;  a  national  idiom  or 
trait;  in  Ireland  the  political  programme 
of  the  party  that  desires  more  or  less  com- 
plete separation  from  Great  Britain.— Na- 
tionalist, nash'on-al-ist,  n.  A  supporter  of 
nationalism.  —  Nationality,  nash-on-al'i- 
ti,*.  The  qualities  that  distinguish  a  na- 
tion; national  character;  strong  attach- 
ment to  one's  own  nation  or  countrymen; 
the  people  constituting  a  nation;  a  nation; 
a  race  of  people;  separate  existence  as  a  na- 
tion; national  unity  and  integrity.  —  Na- 
tionalize, nash'on-al-iz,  v.t. — nationalized, 
nationalizing.  To  make  national;  to  make 
the  common  property  of  the  nation  as  a 
whole;  to  give  the  character  of  a  distinct 
nation.  — Nationally,  nash '  on-al-li,  adv. 
In  a  national  manner;  as  a  whole  nation. 
— Nationalness,  nash'on-al-nes,  n. 

Native,  na'tiv,  a.  [L.  nativua,  bom,  innate, 
natural,  native,  from  nascor,  natus,  to  be 
bom.  Natal.]  Pertaining  to  the  place 
or  circumstances  of  one's  birth;  being  the 
scene  of  one's  origin  (oni  native  land);  con- 
ferred by  birth;  belonging  to  one's  nature 
or  constitution;  not  artificial  or  acquired; 
occurring  in  nature  pure  or  unmixed  with 
other  substances:  said  of  mineral  bodies 
(as  iron  or  silver  when  found  almost  pure). 
— n.  One  bom  in  a  place  or  country,  and 
not  a  foreigner  or  immigrant;  an  oyster 
raised  in  an  artificial  bed.— Natively,  na'- 
tiv-U,  adv.  By  birth ;  naturally;  origin- 
ally.—Nativeness,  na'tiv-nes,  n.  State  of 
being  native.— Nativity,  na-tiv'i-ti,  n.  [L. 
nativitaa.]'  A  coming  into  life  or  the 
world;  birth;  the  circumstances  attending 
birth;  a  picture  representing  the  birth  of 
Christ;  asiroZ.same  as  Horoscope. — To  cast  a 
naiivity,  to  draw  out  one's  horoscope  and 
calculate  the  future  influence  of  the  pre- 
dominant stars.— TAe  nativity,  the  birth  of 
Our  Saviour. 

Natron,  na'tron,  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  natron, 
frorp  Ar.  natrun,  native  carbonate  of  soda: 
same  word  as  nitre.]  Native  carbonate  of 
soda,  or  mineral  alkali,  found  in  the  ashes 
of  several  marine  plants,  in  some  lakes, 
and  mineral  springs.  —  Natrollte,  na'tro- 
lit,  n.  [Gr.  lithos,  a  stone.]  A  mineral 
substance  occurring  in  trap-rocks,  and  con- 
taining a  great  quantity  of  soda. 

Natterjack,  nat'6r-jak,  n.  [For  arter-jack, 
from  A.  Sax.  dttor,  poison,  from  its  dis- 
gusting smell.]  A  species  of  English  toad 
which  does  not  leap  or  crawl  but  walks  or 
runs,  and  has  a  deep  hollow  voice. 

Natty,  nat'i,  o.  [Akin  K)  wa<.]  -Neat; 
tidy;  spruce.— Nattily,  nat'i-li,  o^v.  In  a 
natty  manner;  sprucely;  tidily.— Natti- 
ness,  nat'i-nes,  n.    State  of  being  natty. 

Nature,  na'tar,  n.  .[Fr.  nature,  from  L.  na- 
tura,  from  natus  (for  gnatus),  bom,  pro- 
duced, from  root  gna  or  gan,  seen  in  E. 
know,  kind,  kin;  Skr.  jan,  to  produce. 
Genus.  Theuniverse;  the  system  of  things 
of  which  ourselves  are  a  part;  the  world  of 
matter,  or  of  matter  and  mind;  the  crea- 
tion, especially  that  part  of  it  bj'*^vhich 
man  is  more  immediately  surrounded; 
often  also  the  agent,  author,  or  producer 
of  things,  or  the  powers  that  carry  on  the 
processes  of  the  creation ;  the  total  of  all 
agencies  and  forces  in  the  creation;  the  in- 
herent qualities  of  sinything;  the  essential 
qualities  which  constitute  it  what  it  is;  dis- 

Sosition  of  mind;  personal  character ;  in- 
ividual  constitution;  quality;  sort;  natu- 
ral affection;  Uf  e  or  reality  as  distinguished 
from  that  which  is  artificial.— To  go  the  way 
of  nature,  to  pay  the  debt  of  nature,  and 
similar  phrases,  to  die.— Xav;«  of  nature, 
those  generalizations  which  express  the 
order  observed  in  the  phenomena  of  nature. 
—In  a  slate  of  nature,  naked  as  when  bom; 
In  a  state  of  sin;  nnregenerated.- Nature- 
printing,  n.    A  process  by  which  plants, 


Fate,  fir,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     nst«,  not,  mOre;     tabe,  tub,  b\Ul ;     oil,  pound;     fi,  Sc.  abwne~the  Fr. «.. 


NAUGHT 


.451, 


NEAT 


&c.,  are  impressed  oa  a  metal  plate  so  as 
to  engrave  themselves,  copies  or  casts  be- 
ing then  taken  for  printing.  —  Natural, 
nat'a-ral,  a.  [L.  naluralia.]  Pertaining 
to  nature;  produced  by  nature;  not  arti- 
ficial, acquired,  or  assumed  {tiatural  col- 
our, strength,  heat);  in  conformity  with 
the  laws  of  nature;  regulated  by  the  laws 
which  govern  events,  actions,  sentiments, 
&c.  (a  natural  enemy,  supposition) ;  hap- 
pening in  the  ordinary  course  of  things 
(the  natural  consequence);  connected  with 
the  existing  physical  system  o^  things,  or 
creation  at  large  {natural  philosophy,  laws, 
Ac);  according  to  life  and  reality;  without 
affectation  or  artificiality  (he  was  always 
naturaiy,  born  out  of  wedlock;  bastard;  in 
a  state  of  nature;  unregenerated ;  mua.  a 
term  applied  to  the  diatonic  or  normal 
scale  of  C. — Natural  history",  originally 
the  study  or  description  of  nature  in  its 
widest  sense,  now  commonly  applied  col- 
lectively to  the  sciences  of  zoology  and 
botany,  or  sometimes  to  zoology  alone, — 
Natural  numbers,  the  numbers  1,  2,  3  and 
upwards.  —  Natural  order,  an  order  of 
plants,  belonging  to  the  natural  system'of 
iclassification,  in  contradistinction  to  the 
(artificial  system  of  Linnaeus.  —  Natural 
■philosophy,  physics.  Physics.  —  Natural 
religion,  religion  such  as  may  be  att.ained 
by  the  light  of  nature  or  reason  alone, 
without  revelation.  —  Natural  science, 
much  the  same  as  natural  history  in  its 
.wide  sense.— Natural  selection.  Selectiok. 
—n.  One  born  without  the  usual  powers 
of  reason  or  understanding; -an  idiot;  a 

fool;  mu,s.  a  character  marked  thus  q,  the 

use  of  which  .is  to  make  a  sharpened  not? 
a  semitone  lower,  and  a  flattened  ou°e  a 
semitone  higher.— Natural-bom,  a..  Na- 
tive; not  alien.— Naturalesque,  nat'a-ral- 
esk.a.  Preserving  pretty  closely  the  charac- 
teristics of  natural  objects:  said  of  orna- 
mental designs,  &c.— Naturallsm,nat'a-ral- 
izm,  n.  Natural  religion ;  the  doctrine  that 
there  is  no  interference  of  any  supernatiiral 
ipower  in  the  universe.— -Naturalist,  nat'- 
(Q-ral-ist,  n.  One  versed  in  natural  science 
lor  natural  history;  one  who  holds  the  doc- 
trine of  naturalism.— Naturalistic,  nat'a- 
Tal-is"tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  naturalism;  in 
laccordance  with  pature;  based  on  natural 
lobjects.  —  Naturaliza^tion,  nat'tl-ral-i-za"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  naturalizing ;  the  act 
of  investing  an  alien  with  the  rights  and 
iprivil^es  of  a  natural  subject.  —  Natu- 
ralize, nat'Q-ral-iz,  v.t.  —  naturalized,  nat- 
uralizing. To  make  natnr6,l;  to  confer  the 
rights  and  privileges  of  a  native  subject 
upon;  to  accustom  to  a  climate;  to  acclima- 
tize ;  to  adopt  as  native  or  vernacular  (to 
ma<«raZiz«foreiga  words).— Naturaliy.nat'- 
a-ral-li,  adv.  In  a  natural  manner;  accor- 
ding to  nature;  not  by  art  or  habit;  with- 
out affectation;  according  to  the  usual 

'  course  of  things;  spontaneously;  without 
cultivation.  —  Naturalness,  nat'a-ral-nes, 
n.  The  state  of  being  natural;  conformity 
to  nature;  absence  of  affectation. 

Naught,  nftt, «.  [A.  Sax.  ndhl,  ndht,  nduriht, 
lit.  no  whit,  not  a  whit  (see  Acght). 
Nought  is  the  same  and  7ict  is  an  abbrevia- 
fted  form.]    Nought;  nothing.  —  To  set  at 

inaught,  to  slight,  disregard,  or  despise.— 
,a.  Worthless;  of  no  value  or  account;  bad; 
Wile.— Naughty,  na'ti,  a.  [From  naught.] 
(Bad;  mischievour,  ill-behaved;  very  wrong 
(a  naughty  child).— Naughtily,  na'ti-li.adw. 
In  a  naughty  manner;  mischievously.— 
Naughtiness,  na'ti-nes,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing naughty;  miisbehaviour,  as  of  children. 

Naumanny,  Namuachia,  na'ma-ki,  na-ma'- 
ki-a,  w.  [Gr.  naumachia—naus,  a  Ship, 
and  machs,  fight.]  Rom.  antiq.  a  show  or 
spectacle  representiiig  a  sea-fight ;  the 
Dlace  where  these  shows  where  exhibited. 

Nauplius,  na'pli-us,  n.  The  earliest  stage 
in  the  development  of  crustaceans. 

Nausea,  na'she-a,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  nausia, 
from  naus,  a  sni^.  Naval.]  Sea-sick- 
ness; any  similar  sickness  of  the  stomach, 
accompanied  with  a  propensity  to  vomit; 
loathing.  —  N&useant,'  na'she-ant,  n.  A. 
substance  which  produces  nausea. — Nau- 
seate, na'she-ftt,  v.i.-r7iauseated,jnauseat- 
ing.    (L.  nauseo.}    To  feel  nausea;  to-tie 


inclined  to  vomit.  —  v.t.  To  loathe;  to  re- 
ject with  disgust;  to  affect  with  disgust. 
— Nauseous,  na'snus,  a.  Exciting  or  fit- 
ted to  e.xcite  nausea;  loathsome;  disgus- 
ting.—Nauseously,  na'shus-li,  adv.  In  a 
nauseous  manner.  —  Nauseousness,  na'- 
shus-nes,  w.  The  quality  of  beingnauseoii's; 
loathsomeness. 

Nautch-girl,  nach,  n.  In  tjie  East  Indies, 
a  native  professional  dancing-girl. 

Nautical,  ni^'ti-kal,  a.  [L.  nauticus,  from 
nauta,  a  seaman,  for  navita,  from  navis,  a 
ship.  Naval.]  Pertaining  to  soamanship 
or  navigation.  —  Nautical  mile.  Mile. — 
Nautically,  na'ti-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  nauti- 
cal manaer. 

Nautilus,  na'ti-lus,  n.  [Gr.  naiitUos,  a 
sailor,  a  nautilus,  from  naus,  a  ship. 
Naval.]  A  genus  of  cephalopods  with 
many-chambered  shells  in  the  form  of  a 
flat  spiral,  the  animal  residing  in  the  ex- 
ternal chamber,  and  the  others  being 
separated  by  partitions;  also  a  name  for 
the, argonaut  or  paper  nautilus;  a  form  of 
diving-bell  which  requires  no  suspension, 
sinking  and  rising  by  means  of  condensed 
air. — Nautilus  propeller,  a  hydraulic  de- 
vice for  propelling  ships.  —  Nautilite,  na'- 

'  ti-liti  n.  Any  fossil  shell  allied  to  the  ex- 
isting nautilus.  —  Nautiloid,  na'ti-loid,  a. 
Resembling  the  nautilus  or  its  shell. 

Naval,  na'val,  a.  [L.  navalis,  from  navis, 
a  ship  (whence  also  nautical,  navigate, 
navy);  cog.  Gr.  naus,  Skr.  na'its;  from  a 
root  nu  for  snu,  meaning  to,float  or  flow.] 
Consisting  Of  ships,  or  of  forces  fighting 
in  ships;  pertaining  to  a  navy  or  to  ships 
of  war;  maritime. — Naval  officer,  one  be- 
longing to  the  navy  of  a  country.— iVatial 
crown,   among  the  ancient  Romans,  a 

■  crown  conferred  for  bravery  at  sea. 

Nave,  nfiv,  n.  [A.  Sax.  nafu,  nafa-Zi. 
nave,  napLj,  Dan.  nav,  Icel.  no/,  G.  nabe,  a 
nava;  cog.  Skr.  ndVhi,  a  nave,  a  navel. 
Navel  -is  a  dim.  from  this,  and  auger  is 
partly  derived  from  it.]  The  thick  piece 
m  the  centre  of  a  wheel  in  which  the  spokes 
are  inserted;  the  hub. 

Nave,  nav,  n.  [Lit.  ship,  from  O.Fr.  nave 
(Mod.  Fr.  nef).  It.  nave,  from  L.  navis,  a 
•ship.  Naval.]  The  middle  part,  length- 
wise, of  a  church;  the  part  between  the 
aisles  and  extending  from  the  entrance. 

Navel,  na^vl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  nafel,  nafol=T>. 
navel,  Dan.  navle,  Icel.  nafls,  G.  nabel— 
navel;  dim.  forms  from  words  signifying 
nave  of  a  wheel.  Nave-.]  A  depression  in 
the  centre  of  the  abdomen,  the  point 
where  the  umbilical  cord  passes-out  of  the 
fetus.  —  Navelled,  na'vld,  a.  Furnished 
with  a  navel.— Navel-string,  n.-  The  um- 
bilical cord.        -» 

Navew,  na'va,  n.  [From  O.Fr.  naveau, 
from  L.L.  napellus,  a  dim.  of  L.  napus, 
turnip.]    The  wild  turnip. 

Navicular,  na-vik'Q-ler,  a.  [L.  navicula,  a 
little  ship,  from  navis,  a  snip.  Naval.] 
Shaped  like  a  boat  (the  navicular  bone  of 
the  vrnst  or  ankle). 

Navigate,  nav'i-gat,  v.t.  —  navigated,  navi- 
gating. [L.  navigo,  navigatum,  from  nams, 
a  ship,  ajfo,  to  do.  Naval.]  To  pass  oa 
water  in  ships;  to  manage  a  ship;  to  sail. 
—v.t.  To  pass  over  in  ships;  to  sail  on;  to 
steer  or  manage  in  sailing.— Navigation, 
nav-i-ga'shon,  n.  [L.  navigatio.]  The  act 
of  navigating;  the  science  cr  art  of  manag- 
ing ships.— .3  em  Z  navigation,  the  sailing 
or  floating  in  the  air  by  means  of  balloons. 
—Inland  navigation,  the  passing  of  boats 
or  vessels  on  rivers,  lakes,  or  canals.— Nav- 
igator, nav'i-ga-t6r,  n.  One  that  navigates; 
one  who  directs  the  course  of  a  ship.  — 
Navigable,  nav'i-ga-bl,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing navigated;  affording  passage  to  ships. 
— Navigableness,  Navigability,  nav'i-ga- 
bl-nes,  nav'i-ga-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  navigable.— Navigably,nav'- 
i-ga-bli,  adv.    In  a  navigable  mariner. 

Navvy,  nav'i,  n.  [Abbrev.  from  navigator 
—the  mame  being  first  given  to  men  en- 
gaged .on  works  connected  with  inland 
navigation.]  A  common  labourer,  engaged 
in  such  works  as  the  making  of  canals  or 
railways. 

Navy,  na'vl,  M.  [O.Fr.  Mcsvie,  from  L.»sawis, 
a  ship.  Naval.]  A  collective  term  for 
all  the  ships,  or  all  of  a  certain  class,  be- 


longing to  a  country  (the  mercantile  navy 
of  Britain);  especially,  the  whole  of  the 
ships  of  war  belonging  to  a  nation;  the 
naval  force  of  any  country  ,including  ships,^ 
men,  stores,  &c. 

Nawab,  na-wftb',  n.  [See  Nabob. J  A  vice- 
roy; a  deputy.  '•«  i 

Nay,  na,  adv.  [Equivalent  to  ne  aye  (A.  Sax. 
ne,  not),  that  is,  not  ever;  from  Icel.  and 
Dan.  nei,  Sw.  nei,  no,  nay;  comp.  nor  for  ne 
or,  not  or;  neither,  for  ne  either,  not  either, 
&c.  No.]  No;  a  word  that  expresses  ne- 
gation or  refusal;  also  used  to  intimate  that 
something  is  to  be  added  to  an  expression; 
not  only  so;  not  this  alone.— To  say  nay, 
to  deny;  to  refusp.-^n.  Denial;  refusal. 

Nazarean,  Nazarene,  naz'a-re-an,  naz-a- 
rEu',  Ji.  An  inhabitant  of  Nazareth;  a 
name  given  to  Christ  and  the  early  coa- 

'  verts  to  Christianity,  in  contempt. 

Nazarite,  naz'a-rit,  n.  [Heb.  nazir,  separa- 
ted.] A  Jew  who  by  certain  vows  and 
acts  devoted  himself  to  the  peculiar  ser- 
vice of  Jehovah  for  a  certain  time  or  for 
life.  Num.  vi.  2-21.  —  Nazaritio,  naz-a- 
rit'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  Nazaritism. — 
Nazaxitism,  naz'a-rit-izm,  n.  The  vows 
or  practice  of  the  Nazarites. 

Neap,  n3p,  a.  [A.  Sax.  nip,  neap;  akin  to 
Dan.  k'(Mp,  Icel.  hneppr,  narrow,  scanty, 
and  probably  to  nip.]  Low,  or  not  rising 
high:  applied  to  the  lowest  tides,  being 
those  that  happen  in  the  middle  of  tha 
second  and  fourth  quarters  of  the  moon, 
taking  place  about  four  or  five  days  be- 
fore the  new  and '  full  moons.  —  Neap, 
Neap-tide,  n.  One  of  the  lowest  tides  or 
the  time  of  one:  opposite  to  spring-tide.- 
Neaped,  ngpt,  a.  Left  aground  by  the 
falling  of  the  tide:  said  of  a  ship. 

Neapolitan,  ne-a-pol'i-tan,  a.  IL.  Neapo- 
lis,  Naples.]  Belonging  tvj  Naples. of  to 
its  inhabitants.- »t.  An  inhabitant  or  na- 
tive of  Naples. 

Near,  ner,  a.  [A.  Sax.  nedr,  compar.  of 
rwdh,  nigh  (nearer  being  thus  a  double 
compar.)  =  Icel.  nar,  nmrri,  Dan.  ncer, 
near,  nearer.  Next,  Nigh.1  Nigh;  not 
far  distant  in  place,  time,  or  degree;  close- 
ly connected  oy  blood  [near  relations) ; 
intimate;  familiar  (a  near  friend);  closely 
affecting  one's  interest  or  feelings;  close 
or  literal;  so  as  barely  to  avoid  injury  or 
danger; -narrow  (a  near  escape);  on  the 
left  of  a  horse:  opposed  to  off,  in  riding  or 
driving  (the  near  fore-leg);  short,  or  not 
circuitous  (a  near  way  home);  close,  nar- 
row, niggardly.  —  prep.  At  no  great  dis- 
tance from;  close  to;  nigh. — adv.  Almost; 
within  a  little;  closely;  naut.  close  to  the 
wind:  opposed  to  off.  —  v.t.  and  i.  To  ap- 
proach; to  come  near.— Nearly,  ner'li,  adv. 
Almost;  within  a  little;  not  remotely; 
closely;  intimately;  in  a  parsimonious  or 
niggardly  manner.— Nearness,  ner'nes,  n.. 
The  state  or  attribute  of  being  near  in 
any  sense;  closeness  in  time  or  place; 
proximity;  parsimony.  —  Near-sighted,  a. 
Short-sighted;  seeing  at  a  small  distance 
only.— Near-sightedness,  n.  The  state  of 
being  near-sighted.     • 

Nearctic,  ne-iirk'tik,  o.  [Gr.  neos,  new,  and 
E.  arctic]  Applied  to  the  region  and  its 
characteristic  fauna  embracing  North 
America  to  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec. 

Neat,  net,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tiedt  (sing,  and  pi.); 
He.  nowt,  Icel.  naut,  Sw.  not,  Dan.  nod, 

,  cattle,  an  ox;  from  verbal  stem  Icel.  njdtUr 
A.  Sax.  neitan,  tO  use,  to  enjoy;  Gcth. 
niutan,  to  take.]  Cattle  of  the  bovine 
genus,  as  oxen  or  cows:  used  either  col- 
lectively or  of  one  individual. — Neafs-foot 
oil,  an  oil  obtained  from  the  feet  of  neat.— 
Neatterd,  net'hSrd,  n.  A  person  who  has 
the  care  of  cattle. 

Neat,  net,  a.  [Er.  net,  nette,  from  li..  niti- 
dus,  shining,  from  niteo,  to  shine.]  Hav- 
ing everything  in  perfect  order;  tidy; 
trim;  expressed  in  few  and  well-chosen 
words;  chaste:  said  of  style;  pure  or  un- 
mixed with  water  (a  glass  of  brandy  neat); 
■with  all  deductions  made  (usually  written 
Net  or  iVeiO.- Neat-handed,  a.  using  the 
hands  with  neatness ;  deft.— Neatly,  net'- 
li,  adv.  In  a  neat  manner;  tidily;  with 
good  taste.  —  Neatness,  net'nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  neat ;  tidiness ; 
simple  elegance. 


enchain;.     cftiSc. locft^    SjJISa    hJ^    B.  Fr.  toni    ns.,fanai    th, <Aen;  tb,  (Ain;     w,  wig;    wh,wUg-^    «h. asure. 


NEB 


452 


^^;GATIOI^ 


Keb,  neb,  n.  [A.  Sax.  neb,  lubb,  face, 
mouth,  beak;  D.  neh,  Dan.  ntsb,  Sw.  nabb, 
beak,  nose;  allied  to  forms  with  initial  s, 
as  D.  sneb,  a  beak;  comp.  E.  snipe,  snap.] 
The  nose;  the  beak  of  a  fowl;  the  bUl. 
Rebris,  neb'ris,  n.  [Gr.]  A  fawn's  skin;  in 
works  of  art,  the  covering  of  Bacchui, 
bacchanals,  fauns,  &c. 
KebiUa,  neb'Q-la,  n.  pi.  Nebnlss,  neb'Q-le. 
[h.  nebula,  a  cloud;  allied  to  Gr.  nephSU, 
a  cloud;  same  root  as  Icel.  nifi,  G.  n^SeZ, 
mist.]  The  name  for  celestial  objects  re- 
sembling wTiite  clouds,  in  many  cases  re- 
solved by  the  telescope  into  clusters  of 
stars,  though  many  nebula  consist  of 
masses  of  incandescent  gas ;  a  white  spot 
or  a  slight  opacity  of  the  cornea  of  the  eye. 
—Nebular,  neb'Q-l6r,  a.  Pertaining  to 
nebulae. — Nebular  hypothesis,  a  hypothesis 
that  the  bodies  comjposing  the  solar  system 
once  existed  in  the  form  of  a  nebula,  from 
which,  when  condensed  by  refrisceration, 
the  planets  were  constituted,  the  main 
"body  forming  the  sun.  —  Nebmlst,  neb'a- 
list,  n.  One  who  upholds  the  nebular  hy- 
pothesis.—Nebulosity,  neb-Q-los'i-ti.w.  The 
state  of  being  nebulous ;  the  faint  misty 
appearances  surrounding  certain  stars. — 
Nebulous,  neb'u-lus,  a.  IL.  nebitlosus.^ 
Cloudy;  hazy:  literally  or  figuratively; 
oitron.  pertaining  to  or  having  the  appear- 
ance of  a  nebula;  nebular.— Nebalousneai, 
neb'Q-lus-nes,  n. 

Kecessa.ry,  nes'es-sa-ri,  a.  [L.  necessariii£, 
from  necesse,  necessary,  unavoidable;  ori- 
gin doubtful.]  Such  as  m'dst  be;  inevi- 
table; unavoidable;  indispensable;  essen- 
tial; that  cannot  be  absent;  acting  from 
necessity :  oppcsed  to  free  ( as  regards 
the  will).— ivecessary  truths,  t^iose  truths 
which  cannot  from  their  very  nature  but 
be  true.  —  n.  Anything  necessary  or  in- 
dispensably requisite. — NecesscO'ian,  nes- 
es-sa'ri-an,  n.  A-  necessitarian.  —  Neces- 
sarily, nes'es-sa-ri-li,  adv.  In  a  necesssiry 
manner;  by  necessity;  indispensably. — 
Neceesariness,  nes '  es-sa-rl-nes,  n.  The 
sta.te  of  being  necessary.— Necessitarian, 
Necessarian,  ne-ses'i-ta"ri-an,  n.  One 
who  maintains  the  doctrine  of  philosophi- 
cal necessity  in  opposition  to  the  freedom 
of  the  will.  —  Necessitarianism,  Neces- 
sarianism,  n5-ses'i-ta''ri-an-izm,  nes-es-sa'- 
ri-an-izm,  n.  The  doctrine  of  philosophi- 
cal necessity.  —  Necessitate,  ne-ses'i-tSt, 
v.t. — necessitated,  neeessitaihig.  To  make 
necessary  or  indispensable;  to  render  ne- 
cessary; to  compel ;  to  force.— Necessitous, 
ne-ses'i-tus,  a.  Exhibiting  indigence; 
pressed  with  poverty;  indigent;  destitute. 
— Necessltously,  ne-ses'i-tus-li,  adv.  In  a 
necessitous  manner. — Necessitousness,  n5- 
ses'i-tus-nes,  n.  Estreme  poverty;  pressing 
want.  —  Necessity,  ne-ses'i-ti,  »i.  [L.  ne- 
eessitas.'l  The  state  of  being  necessary ; 
condition  demanding  that  something 
must  be;  unavoidableness;  indispensable- 
ness;  need;  irresistible  compulsion;  com- 
pulsion of  circumstances;  the  absolute  de- 
termination of  the  will  by  motives;  that 
which  ia  requisite;  a  necessary;  extreme 
indigence;  pinching  poverty. 
Neck,  nek,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hnecca,  the  neck= 
I),  nek,  Dan.  nakke,  Icel.  hnakki,  the  nape; 
G.  nacken,  the  neck;  connections  doubt- 
ful.] The  part  of  an  animal's  body  between 
the  head  and  the  trunk  and  connecting 
them;  part  of  a  thing  corresitonding  to 
the  neck  of  animals;  a  narrow  tract  of 
land  connecting  two  larger  tracts;  an  isth- 
mus ;  the  slender  part  of  a  vessel,  as  a 
bottle;  that  part  of  a  violin  or  similar 
instrument  which  connects  the  scroll  or 
head  and  body.— iVscfc  and  crop.  Under 
Crop. — Keck  or  nothing,  at  every  risk. — 
A.  stiff  neck,  in  Scrip,  obstinacy  in  sin.— 
To  break  the  neck  cf  an  affair,  to  destroy 
the  main  force  of  it;  to  get  over  the  worst 
part  of  it.— To  tread  on  the  neck  of  (Jig.),  to 
subdue  utterly.— Neck-band,  n.  The  band 
of  a  shirt  round  the  neck,  to  which  the 
collar  is  attached.— Neckcloth,  nek'kloth,  - 
n.  A  piece  of  Unen  or  cotton  cloth  worn 
round  the  neck  as  part  of  a  gentleman's 
dress.— Necked,  nekt,  a.  Having  a  neck: 
generally  in  composition.  —  Neckerchief, 
nek'6r-chif,  n.  A  kerchief  for  the  neck. — 
Necklace,  neklas,  n.    A  string  of  beads, 


precious  stones,  or  other  ornamental  ob- 
jects worn  on  the  neck.— Necklaced,  nek'- 
J2st,  a.  Having  a  necklace.  —  Necklet, 
nek'let,  n.  A  small  chain  worn  round  the 
neck  for  suspending  a  locket.— Neck-or- 
nothing,  a.  Involving  great  risk;  desper- 
ate.—Neck-tie,  fi.  A  small  band  of  cloth 
worn  round  the  neck.— Neck-verse,  n.  The 
verse  formerly  read  to  entitle  a  criminal 
to  the  benefit  of  clergy,  the  first  verse  of 
the  fifty-first  Psalm, '  Miserere  mei,'  &c. 

Necrobiosis,  nek'ro-bi-o"si8,  n.  [Gr.  iiekros, 
dead,  and  oto«,  life.]  Med.  the  degenera- 
tion or  wearing  away  of  livins  tissue. — 
Nccroblotic.  nek'ro-bi-ot"ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  necrobiosis. — Necrolatry,  nek-rol'a- 
tri,  n.  [Gr.  latreia,  worship.]  Excessive 
veneration  for  or  worship  of  the  dead.— 
NecroUte,  nek'rol-it,  n.  [Gr.  litlws,  a 
stone.]  A  kind  of  felspar,  which,  when 
struck  or  pounded,  exhales  an  odour  like 
that  of  putrid  flesh.— Necrology,  nek-rol'- 
o-ji,  n.  A  register  of  deaths;  a  collection  of 
obitvtary  notices. — Necrolo^c,  Necrologi- 
cal,  nek-ro-loj'ik,  nek-ro-loj'i-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  necrology. — Necrologist,  nek- 
rol'o-jist,  n.  One  who  writes  obituary 
notices.  —  Necromancy,  nek'ro-man-si,  n. 
IGr.  manteia,  divination.]  Divination 
by  means  of  a  pretended  communication 
with  the  dead;  the  black  art;  the  art  of 
magic  or  sorcery.— Necromancer,  nek'ro- 
man-s$r,  n.  One  who  practises  necro- 
mancy; a  sorcerer;  a  wizard.— Hecroman- 
ctng,  nek'ro-man-sing,  n.  The  art  or  prac- 
tices of  a  necromancer.  —  Necromantic, 
Necromantical,  nek-ro-man'tik,  nek-ro- 
man'ti-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  necromancy. 
— Necromantically,  nek-ro-man'ti-kal-U, 
adv.  By  necromancy.  —  Necrophagous, 
nek-rof'a-gus,  a.  [Gr.  phagein,  to  eat.] 
Feeding  on  the  dead,  or  putrescent  sub- 
stances.-Necrophilism,  nek-rof'il-izm,  n. 
[Gr.  phileO,  to  love.]  An  unnatural  attach- 
ment to  dead  bodies.— Necrophobia,  Nec- 
rophoby,  nek-ro-fo'bi-a,  nsk'rS-fo-bi,  »i. 
IGr.  phobos,  fear.]  A  horror  of  dead  bodies; 
exaggerated  fear  of  death.  —  Necropolis, 
nek-rop'o-lis,  w.  [Gr.  polis,  a  city;  the 
city  of  the  dead.]  A  cemetery,  especially 
one  that  is  extensive  and  ornamentally 
laid  out.  —  Necroscopy,  nek-ros'ko-pi,  n. 
Examination  of  the  dead-,  a  post-mortem 
examination.  —  Neoroscopjc,  Necroscopi- 
cal,  nek-ro-skop'ik,  nek-ro-skop'i-kal,  a. 
Relating  to  i)o^-mortem  examinations. — 
Necrosis^p-kro'sis,  n.  [Gr.  7!.sAr(3sig,dead- 
ness.]  Pathol,  death  of  the  bone  sub- 
stance, a  condition  corresponding  to  what 
gangrene  is  to  the  flesh;  bot.  a  disease  of 
plants  chiefly  found  upon  the  Isaves  and 
soft  parts.— Necrosed,  n5-krGst',  a.  Affec- 
ted by  necrosis. 

Nectar,  nek'tfer,  n.  [Gr.]  Greek  myth,  the 
drink  of  the  gods,  ambrosia  being  their 
solid  food;  hence,  any  delicious  drink; 
bot.  ttie  honey  of  a  flower.  —  Nectareal, 
nek-ta're-al,  o.  Pertaining  to  nectar 
or  a  nectarj'.  —  Nectarean,  nek-ta're-an, 
a.  Resembling  nectar ;  very  delicious.— 
Nectared,  nek'tferd,  a.  Imbued  or  aboun- 
ding with  nectar.— Nectareous,  nek-ta're- 
us,  a.  Nectarean.— Nectareousness,  nek- 
ta're-us-nes,  n.— Nectariferous,  nek-ta-rif- 
fr-us,  a.  Producing  nectar.  — Nectarine, 
nek'ter-in,  a.  Sweat  as  nectar. — n.  A  va- 
riety of  the  common  peach,  having  a 
smoother  rind  and  firmer  pulp.— Nectar- 
ous,  nek'ter-us,  a.  Sweet  as  nectar. — 
Nectary,  nek'te-ri,  n.  The  part  of  a  flower 
that  contains  or  secretes  the  nectar. 

Nectocalyx,  nek'to-ka-Uks,  n.  pi.  Nectoca- 
lyces,  nek-to-ka'li-s5z.  [Gr.  nektos,  swim- 
ming, and  kalyx,  a  cup.]  The  fwimriiing- 
bell  or  disc  of  a  medusa  or  jelly-fish,  by 
the  contractions  of  which  it  is  propelled. 

Nee,  na,  pp.  [Pr.,  from  L.  natus,  bom. 
Natal.1  Bom :  a  term  placed  before  a 
married  woman's  maiden  name  to  indi- 
cate her  parentage:  as,  Madame  de  Sta61, 
nie  Necker,  -that  is,  whose  family  name 
was  Necker. 

Need,  n5d,  n.  [A.' Sax.  n^<f=D.  »iood,  Icel. 
nauih,  Dan.  nod,  G,  noth,  Goth;  nauths, 
need,  necessity.]  A  state  that  requires 
supply  or  reber ;' pressing  occasion  for 

.  something;  urgent  want;  necessity;  want 

'■  of  the  means^of  subsistence;  poverty;  in- 


digence. —  v.t.  To  have  necessity  or  need 
for;  to  want,  lack,  reqviire.  Need  is  often 
used  as  a  sort  of  auxiliary,  especially  in 
negative  and  interrogative  sentences  with- 
out the  personal  termination  of  the  3d 
person  singular,  and  without  the  infini- 
tive sign  to  before  the  f oUowing  verb  (he  or 
they  need  not  go;  need  he  do  it?).— i>.i.  To 
be  wanted;  to  be  necessary:  not  used  ffith 
a  personal  nominative  (there  needs  noth- 
ing more). — Needfire,  ned'fir,  n.  [Lit.  fire 
of  need  or  necessity.]  Fire  produced  by 
friction,  of  old  the  subject  of  superstitions. 
— Needful,n5d'ful,  a.  Needy;  necessitous; 
necessary ;  requisite.  —  The  needful,  any- 
thing neces^^ary;  specifically,  ready-money 
(colloq.).  —  Needfully,  ned'ful-li,  adv.  In 
a  needful  manner.  —  NeedfiUness,  nSd'- 
ful-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  needful. — 
N'eedily,  ne'di'li,  adv.  In  a  needyananner. 
— NeecQiiess,  ne'di-nes,  n.  AVant;  poverty; 
indigence.  —  Needless,  nSd'les,  a.  Kot 
wanted;  unneoessarj' ;  not  requisite. — 
Needlessly,  ned'les-li,  adv.  In  a  needless 
manner.  —  Needlessness,  ned'les-nes,  7i.— 
Needs,  nedz,ady.  [An  adverbial  genitive  of 
need.]  Of  necessity;  necessarily;  indispen- 
sably: generally  with  -niust. — Needy,  n5'di, 
a.  Necessitous;  indigent;  very  poor;  dis- 
tressed by  want  of  the  means  of  living. 
Needle,  nS'dl,  to.  [A.  Sax.  naedl,  a  needle = 
O.Fris.  nedle,  Goth,  nethla,  G.  nadel,  D. 
naald,  Icel.  ndl,  a  needle,  from  root  seen 
in  D.  naad,  a  seam,  G.  nahen,  to  sew,  L. 
mo,  Gr.  neO,  to  spin.]  A  small  instrument 
of  steel  pointed  at  one  end,  and  having 
an  eye  or  hole  through  which  is  passed  a 
thread,  used  for  sewing;  an  instrument  of 
iron  or  steel,  bone,  wood,  &c.,  used  for 
interweaving  or  interlacing  a  thread  or 
twine  in  knitting,  netting,  embroidery, 
&c. ;  a  name  of  sundry  long  and  sharp- 
pointed  surgical  instruments;  a  magne- 
tized bar  of  steel  in  a  mariner's  or  other 
compass,  in  the  needle-telegraph,  &c.;  a 
sharp  pinnacle  of  rock;  a  needle-shaped 
crystal. — Needle-book,  n.  Pieces  of  cloth 
in  the  form  of  the  leaves  of  a  book,  used 
for  sticking  needles  into.  —  Needle-fish, 
H.  The  pipe-fish,  also  tlie  sea-urchin. 
— Needle-gun,  n.  A  breech-loading  rifle 
fired  by  the  striking  of  a  needle  or  small 
spike  on  detonating  powder  in  the  car- 
tridge.— Needle-ore,  n.  Acicular  bismuth 
glance;  native  siilpnide  of  bismuth,  lead 
and  copper,  occurring  in  long,  thin,  steel- 
gray  crystals. — Needle-telegraph,  n.  A 
telegraph  in  which  the  indications  are 
given  by  the  deflections  of  a  magnetic 
needle.— Needle-woman,  n.  A  seamstress. 
-Needle-work,  n.  Work  executed  with  a 
needle;  sewed  work;  embroidery;  the  busi- 
ness of  a  seamstress. — Needle-zeolite,  ji. 
Katrolite. — Needly,  ned'li,  a.  Relating  to 
or  resembling  a  needle. 
Needless,  Needs,  Needjr,  &c.  Under  Keed. 
Ne'er,  nar.  A  contraction  of  Never. 
Neese,  nez,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  niesan,  D.  jiiezen, 
G.  neisen;  a  form  of  s^ieeie.']  To  sneeze. 
Nefarious,  n5-f£'ri-us,  a.  [L.  nefarius,  from 
nefas,  impious,  unlawful,  from  ru,  not, 
and  jfas,  law,  from  for,  fan,  to  utter. 
Fate.]  Wicked  in  the  extreme;  atrociously 
sinful  or  villainous;  detestably  vile.— Ne^ 
fariously,  ne-fa'ri-us-li,  adv.  In  a  nefa- 
rious manner. — Nefarioosness,  nC-f  a'ri-us- 
nes,  n. 

Negation,  nS-ga'shon,  n.  [L.  negatio,  a 
denying,  from  Tiego,  to  d^ny — ne,  not,  and 
verbal  affix  -go,  -igo.  Akin  deny,  rene- 
gade.] Denial ;  a  declaration  that  some- 
thing is  not,  has  not  been,  or  will  not  be: 
opposed  to  affirmation;  contradiction  or 
contradictory  condition. — Negative,  neg'- 
a-tiv,  a.  [Pr.  ndgaiif,  L.  negativus.]  Im- 
plying or  containing  denial  or  negation : 
opposed  to  affirmative;  tending  in  the 
direction  of  denial  without  directly  deny- 
ing or  controverting:  opposed  to  positive 
(a  negative  result);  photog.  applied  to  a 
picture  in  which  the  lights  and  shades 
are  the  opposite  of  those  in  nature. — 
Negative  electricity,  the  opposite  of  posi- 
tive electricity.  See  Positive — Negative 
pole,  the  metal,  or  equivalent,  placed  in 
opposition  to  the  positive,  in  the  voltaic 
battery. — Negative  quantities,  alg.  quanti- 
ties which  have  the  sign  -  (minus)  pre- 


rate,  far,  fat,  fall;     me.  met,  h*r;  •  pine,  pin;     n5te,  not,  mOve;     tobe,  tub,  b\\ll;     oil,  pound;     a,  So.  abMne— the  Fr.  u. 


NEGLECi: 


453 


NEPOTISM 


fixed  to  them.— n.  A  proposition  by  which 
somethiug  is  denied ;  aa  opposite  or  con- 
tradictory term  or  conception;  a  negative 
proposition ;  a  word  that  denies  {not,  no) ; 
that  side  of  a  question  which  denies  or  re- 
fuses ;  a  decision  or  answer  expressive  of 
negation;  plwtog.  a  photographic  picture 
on  glass,  in  which  the  lignts  and  shades 
are  the  opposite  of  those  in  nature,  used 
as  a  i>late  from  which  to  print  positive  im- 
pressions.— v.t. — negatived,  negativing.  To 
disprove;  to  prove  the  contrary;  to  say  no 
to;  to  reject;  to  refuse  to  enact  or  sanction 
{the  lords  negatived  the  bill). —Negatively, 
neg'a-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  negative  manner. — 
Negativeness,  Negativity,  neg'a-tiv-nes, 
neg-a-tiv'i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  negative.— Negatory,t  neg'a-to-ri,  a. 
Expressing  denial;  belonging  to  negation. 

If  eglect,  neg-lekt',  v.t.  [h.  negligo,  neglec- 
Cum,  lit.  not  to  pick  up— n«c,  not,  nor,  and 
lego,  to  pick  up:  Legend.]  To  treat  with 
no  regard  or  attention  or  with  too  little; 
to  slight;  to  set  at  naught;  to  omit  to  do; 
to  leave  undone;  to  forbear:  often  with  an 
infinitive  as  object  (to  neglect  to  pay  a  visit). 
— n.  Omission;  forbearance  to  do  anything 
that  should  be  done;  carelessness;  omis- 
sion of  due  attention  or  civilities ;  negli- 
fence ;  habitual  want  of  regard ;  state  of 
eing  disregarded.  —  Neglectedness,  neg- 
lek'ted-nes,  n.  State  of  being  neglected. — 
Neglecter,  neg-lek'tfer,  n.  One  that  neg- 
lects.—Neglectful,  neg-lekt 'ful,  a.  Apt  to 
neglect;  treating  with  neglect;  negligent; 
careless;  inattentive. — KeglectfuUy,  neg- 
lekt'ful-li,  adv.  In  a  neglectful  manner. 
—  NeglectfoInesB,  neg-lekt 'fvjl-nes,  n. — 
Negleotingly.  neg-lek'ting-li,  adv.  With 
neglert;  carelessly;  heedlessly  [Shak.]. 

Neglige,  neg'16-zha,  n.  [Pr.  negligi,  from 
neyliger,  to  neglect.]  An  easy  or  uncere- 
monious dress;  undress. 

Negligent,  neg'li-jent,  a.  [L.  negligens, 
negligentls,  ppv.  of  negligo,  to  neglect.  -Nto- 
LLcT.j  Characterized  by  neglect;  apt  to 
neglect;  careless;  heedless;  neglectful. — 
Negligently,  neg'!i-jent-li,  adv.  In  a  neg- 
ligent manner.— Negligence,  Negligency, 
neg'li-jens,  neg'li-j en-si,  n.  [L.  negligentia.\ 
The  quality  of  being  negligent ;  neglect; 
remissness;  an  act  of  negligence;  an  in- 
stance of  negligence  or  carelessness. 

Negociate,  &c.    See  Negotiate, 

Negotiate,  nS-go'shi-at,  v.i.  [L.  negotior, 
negotiatus,  from  negotium,  want  of  leisure, 
business — nee,  not,  and  otium,  leisure.] 
To  treat  with  another  respecting  purchase 
and  sale;  to  hold  intercourse  in  bargaining 
or  trade;  to  hold  diplomatic  intercourse 
witlianother.as  respecting  atreaty,league, 
or  other  matter;  to  treat;  to  conduct  com- 
munications in  general. — v.t. — negotiated, 
negotiating.  To  procure  or  bring  about  by 
negotiation  (a  treaty,  a  loan);  to  pass  in 
the  way  of  business;  to  put  into  circula- 
tion (to  negotiate  a  bill  of  exchange). — Ne- 
gotiable, ne-go'shi-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing negotiated;  transferable  by  assign- 
ment from  one  person  to  another,  as  a  bill 
or  promissory  note. — Negotiability,  ne-go'- 
8hi-a-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ne- 
gotiable.— Negotiation,  n5-g(3'shi-a"8hou, 
n.  The  act  of  negotiating;  the  treating 
with  another  respecting  sale  or  purchase; 
the  intercourse  of  governments  by  their 
agents,  in  making  treaties  and  the  like. 
—Negotiator,  Negotiant,!  ne-go'shi-a-t6r, 
n5-go'shi-ant,  n.  One  that  negotiates.— 
Negotiatory,ne-go'shi-a-to-ri, a.  Relating 
to  negotiation. 

Negro,  ne'gro,  n.  pi.  Negroes,  ne'groz.  [It. 
and  Sp.  negro,  black,  from  L.  nifirer, black.] 
A  member  of  that  race  of  mankind  which 
is  characterized  by  the  black  or  very  dark 
colour  of  the  skin  and  the  possession  of 
hair  of  a  woolly  or  crisp  nature. — a.  Re- 
lating to  negroes;  black.— Negro-head,  n. 
A  tobacco  made  up  and  pressed  in  a  certain 
way.— Negroid,  ne'groid,  a.  Resembling 
negroes;  having  negro  characteristics. 
— ^^Negress,  ne'gres,n.  A  female  negro. — Ne- 
grito, Negrillo,  ne-gr6'to,  ne-gril'lo,  n.  and 
a.  [I)im.  of  'negro.]  A  name  given  to  the 
diminutive  ■  negro-like  tribes  inhabiting 
the  Philippine  and  other  islands  of  the 
Eastern  Archipelago. 

Negus,  ne'gus,  n.  [From  the  inventor,  Col. 


Negus,  of  Queen  Anne's  time.]  A  beverage 
made  of  wine,  hot  water,  sugar,  nutmeg, 
and  lemon-juice,  or  only  of  wine,  water, 
and  sugar. 

Neigh,  na,  v.i.  [A.  Sax,  hnaegan,  Icel. 
hneggja,  gneggja,  Sw.  gntigga;  probably  aa 
imitative  word;  comp.  L.  hinnio.]  To  utter 
the  cry  of  a  horse;  to  whinny. — n.  The  cry 
of  a  horse ;  a  whinnying.— Neighing,  na'- 
inj;,  n.    A  whinnying. 

Neighbour,  na'bCr,  n.  [A.  Sax.  nedh-b'iir, 
n4h-biir,  lit.  a  near-dweller,  from  nedft.near 
(Nigh),  abd  biir,  gebdr,  a  dweller,  a  boor 
(Boor).]  One  who  lives  near  another;  one 
who  lives  in  a  neighbourhood;  one  in  close 
proximity;  one  who  lives  on  friendly  terms 
with  another:  often  used  as  a  familiar 
term  of  address. — a.  Being  in  the  vicinity; 
adjoining;  next.— v.t.  To  adjoin;  to  border 
on  or  be  near  to.— Neighbourhood,  na'bfer- 
hud,  n.  A  place  or  district  the  inhabitants 
of  which  may  be  called  neighbours;  vici- 
nity; the  adjoining  district  or  locality; 
neighbours  collectively ;  a  district  or 
locality  in  general  (a  low  neighbourhood). 
— Neighbonring,  na'ber-ing,  a.  Living  as 
neighbours;  being  situated  near.— Neigh- 
bourliness, na'ber-li-nes,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  neighbourly.  —  Neigh- 
bourly, na'b6r-li,o.  Becoming  a  neigh- 
bour; acting  as  a  good  neighbour;  social. 

Neither,  ne'iHA-  or  ni'iHSr,  pron.  and  pro- 
nominal adjective.  [Used  as  negative  of 
either;  earher  forms  nather,  naither,  nou- 
ther,  A.  Sax.  nduther,-  ndhwcether  =  no- 
whether.]  Not  one  of  two:  not  either;  not 
the  one  or  the  other:  used  either  alone  or 
with  a  noun  following.— con/.  Not  either: 
generally  prefixed  to  the  first  of  two  or 
more  co-ordinate  negative  propositions  or 
clauses,  the  others  oeing  introduced  by 
nor:  sometimes  used  instead  of  nor  in  the 
second  of  two  clauses,  the  former  contain- 
ing not. 

Nelumbo,  ne-lumlao,  n.  The  Hindu  and 
Chinese  lotus,  a  beautiful  water-plant 
with  rose-colourod  flowers. 

Nemtean,  ne-me'an,  a.    Nemean. 

Nematocyst,  nem'a-to-sist,  n.  [Gr.  n^ma, 
nimatog,  a  thread,  and  kystis,  a  bag.] 
Physiol,  a  thread-cell  or  stinging  appara- 
tus of  ccelenterate  animals. 

Nematoid,  nem'a-toid,  n.  [Or.  nejjta,  nSma- 
toa,  a  thread,  from  neO,  to  spin.]  One  of  an 
order  of  entozoa  having  a  long  cylindrical, 
and  often  filiform  body;  .a  round-worm. — 
Nematode,  Nematoid,  nem'a-tod,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  the  nematoids. 

Nemean,  n€'m5-an  or  nc-me'an,  a.  Of  or 
belonging  to  Nemea  in  Argolis,  Greece.— 
Nemean  games,  ancient  games  or  festivals 
celebrated  at  Nemea  every  second  year. 

Nemertld,  n5-mSr'tid,  n.  A  name  of  marine 
annelids  remarkable  for  the  length  which 
they  attain,  namely,  30  or  40  feet,  which 
they  can  suddenly  contract  to  3  or  4.— Ne- 
mertine,  Nemertean,  nC-mtr'tin,  ne-mfer'- 
te-an,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  nemertids. 

Nemesis,  nem'e-sis,  n.  [Gr.,  from  nemo,  to 
distribute.]  A  female  Greek  divinity  re- 
garded as  a  pei-souification  of  retributive 
justice. 

Nemoral,tnem'or-al,  a.  HJ.  np.r/wralis,  from 
nemus,  nemoris,  a  wood.]  Pertaining  to  a 
\food  or  grove.  —  Nemorose,  nem'or-os,  o. 
[L.  nemorosus.]  Bot.  growing  in  groves  or 
among  wood.  —  Nemoroua,  nem'or-us,  a. 
Woody;  pertaining  to  a  wood. 

Heoarctic,  ne-o-iirk'tik,  a.    Nearctic. 

Weocomian,n6-o-ko'mi-an,a.  [li.Neocomiem, 
Neufchdtel  in  Switzerland,where  the  strata 
are  largely  developed.]  Geol.  a  term  ap- 
plied to  the  lovi'est  of  the  cretaceous  de- 
posits, being  the  lower  green-sand  and 
wealden. 

Neocosmic,nS-o-koz'mik,  a.  [Qr.  neoa,  new, 
and  kosmog,  the  world.]  Pertaining  to 
the  present  condition  and  laws  of  the  uni- 
verse, or  to  the  r&ces  of  historic  man. 

Neocracy,  ne-ok'ra-si,  n.  [Gr.  neos,  new, 
and  kraios,  power.]  Government  by  new 
or  inexperienced  officials;  upstart  rule  or 
supremacy. 

Neogeue,  n5'o-j5n,  a.  [Gr.  neos,  new,  and 
root  gen,  to  produce.]  Geol.  a  name  for 
the  pliocene  and  miocene  tertiaries  to  dis- 
tinguish them  from  the  eocene  strata. 

Neo-Juatin,  n§'5-lat-in,  a.  and  n.    [Gr.  neos. 


new.]  Applied  to  the  Romance  languages, 
as  having  grown  immediately  out  of  the 
Latin;  Latin  as  writtea  by  authors  of 
modem  times. 

Neolithic,  n5-o-lith'ik,  a.  [Gr.  neos,  new, 
lithos,  a  stone. J  Archaeol.  applied  to  the 
more  recent  of  the  two  periods  into  v/hich 
the  stone  age  has  been  subdivided,  as  op- 
posed to  paXasolithic. 

Neology,  ne-ol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  neos,  new,  and 
logos,  a  word.]  The  introduction  of  a  new 
word  or  of  new  words  into  a  languagu; 
novel  doctrines;  rationalistic  views  in  theo- 
logy  Neologlc;  Neologlcal,  ne-o-loj'ik, 

ne-o-loj'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  neclcgy. 
— Neologically,  ne-o-loj'i-kal-li,  adv.  In 
a  neological  manner.  —  Neologism,  Ne- 
ologianlsm,  nS-ol'o-jizm,  ne-o-l5'ji-aa-izm, 
n.  A  new  word  or  phrase,  or  new  use  of  n 
word;  the  use  of  new  v/ords  or  of  old  words 
in  a  new  sense;  new  doctrines.— Neologist, 
Neologian,  ne-oro-jist,ne-6-13'ji-an,n.  One 
who  introduces  new  words  or  phrases;  an 
innovator  in  doctrines  or  beliefs.— Keolo- 
gistic,  Neoiogistical, ne-oro-jis"tik,  ne-ol- 
o-jis"ti-kal,  a.  Relating  to  neology;  neolo- 
gical.— Naologize,  n?-oro-jiz,  v'.x. — neolo- 
gized, neologizing.  To  introduce  or  uae 
new  words  or  terms;  to  introduce  or  adopt 
new  doctrines. 

Neophyte,  n5'o-fit,  n.  [Gr.  neos,  new,  and 
phyton,  a  plant,  from  phyO,  to  grow.]  A 
new  convert  or  proselyte ;  a  novice ;  one 
newly  admitted  to  the  order  of  priest;  a 
tyro;  a  beginner  in  learning. 

Neoplastic,  n5-o-plas'tik.  a.  [Gr.  neos,  new, 
plassOy  to  form.]  Newly  formed;  specifi- 
cally applied  to  the  matter  which  fills  up 
a  wound. 

Neoteric,  Neoterical,  n5-5-ter'ik,  ne-3-ter'- 
i-kal,a.  [Gr.  neoterikos,  young,  from  neos, 
new.]  New;  recent  in  origin;  modern.— 
Neoterism,  ne-ot'6r-izm,  n.  The  introduc- 
tion of  new  words  or  phrases;  a  new  word 
or  phrase  introducedj  a  neologism.  —  Ne- 
oterize,  ne-ot'er-iz,  v.t.—neoterized,  neoter- 
izing.  To  coin  new  words  or  phrases;  to 
neologize. » 

Neotropical,  ne-o-trop'i-kal,  a.  [Gr.  neos, 
new,  and  E.  tropical.]  Applied  to  a  region 
of  the  earth  in  reference  to  its  character- 
istic fauna,  including  all  America  south 
of  the  isthmus  of  Tehuan tepee. 

Neozoic,  n6-o-25'ik,  a.  [Gr.  txeos,  new,  re- 
cent, and  zoe,  life.]  Geol.  a  name  given  to 
strata  from  the  beginning  of  the  trias  up 
to  the  most  recent  deposits,  including  the 
mcsozoic  and  cainozoic  divisions. 

Nepenthe,  Nepenthes,  n6-peu'th6,  ne-pen'- 
thez,  n.  [Gr.  nepenthes— ne,  not,  and  pen- 
thos,  grief.]  A  kind  of  magic  potion  sup- 
posed to  make  persons  forget  their  sorrows 
and  misfortunes;  any  draught  or  drug 
capable  of  removing  pain  or  care. 

Kephalism,  nef'al-izm,  n.  (.Gr.  nepkaKos, 
sober,  from  nepho,  to  abstain  from  wine.] 
Teetotaiism — Nephalist,  nef'al-ist,  n.  A 
teetotaller. 

Nepheloid,  nef'el-oid,  a.  [Gr.  nephele,  a 
cloud.]    Cloudy,  as  liquors. 

Nephew,  nev'U,  n.    [Fr.  neveu,  from  L.  ne- 

fos.  nepotis,  a  nephew;  cog.  A.  Sax.  'nefa, 
eel.  nefl,  G.  neffe,  Skr.  napat,  a  nephew. 
Akin  niece.]  The  son  of  a  brother  or 
sister. 

Nephralgia,  Nephralgy,  ne-fral 'ji-a,  ne- 
fral'ji,  n.  [dt-nephros,  a  kidney,  and a'pos, 
pain.]  Pain  in  the  kidneys.— Nephrite.nef- 
rit,  n.  [Gr.  nephrites.]  The  mineral  other- 
wise called  jade.— Nephritic,  Nephritical, 
ne-frit'ik,  ne-frit'i-kai,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  kidneys;  relieving  disorders  of  the  kid- 
neys.— Nephritis,  ne-fri'tis,  n.  [Gr.  term. 
-i<is,signifyine  inflammation.]  Inflan.ma- 
tion  of  the  kianeya.  —  Nephroid,  nef  roid, 
a.  Kidney-shaped.— Nephrolithic,  nef-ro- 
lith'ik,  a.  |Gr.  nephros,  and  lithos,  a  stone.] 
Med.  relating  to  the  stone,  or  calculi  in 
the  kidneys.— Nephrology,  ne-frol'o-ji,  n. 
A  description  of  the  kidneys. — Nephroto- 
my, ne-frot'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  tome,  a  cutting.] 
Surg,  the  operation  of  cutting  for  stone  in 
the  kidney. 

Nepotism,  n6'pot-izm,  n.  [Fr.  nipotisme, 
from  L.  nepoa,  nephew.  Nephew.]  Fa- 
vouritism shown  to  nephews  and  other 
relations;  patronage  bestowed  in  consider- 
ation of  family  relationship  and  not  of 


Ch,  cftain;     c«,  Sc.  loc/i;     g,  eo;     j,job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sin^;;     th,  tfteu;  th,  Win;     w,  wig;     wh,  w/tig;     zh,  iuure. 


KEPTUNK 


454 


KfiVfi 


merit.— Nepotic,  NepotioQg,  n5-not':k,  ne- 
p<5'shus,  a.  Belonging  to  nepotism;  prac- 
tising nepotism.— Nepotist,  ne'pot-ist,  n. 
One  who  practises  nepotism. 

Neptune,  nep'tun,  n.  [L.  NeptxtnusJ]  The 
chief  marine  divinity  of  the  Remans,  iden- 
tified by  them  with  the  Greek  Poseidon; 
a  planet  beyond  the  orbit  of  Uranus,  the 
remotest  from  the  sun  yet  known  in  the 
solar  system. — Nepttmian,  nep-tu'ni-an,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  ocean  or  sea;  formed  by 
water  or  aqueous  solution  (as  rocks). — 
Jfeptnnian  theory,  in  gaol,  the  theory  of 
V/erner,  which  refers  the  formation  of  ail 
rocks  and  strata  to  the  agency  of  water: 
opposed  to  the  Pltttonic  theory. 

ifereid,  ne'r6-id,  n.  f6r.  nereis,  nerndos, 
I'rom  Nereus,  a  marine  deity.]  Myth,  one 
of  the  daughters  of  Nereus,  the  constant 
attendants  of  Neptune;  a  sea  nymph;'  a 
marine  annelid;  a  sea-centiped. 

NeroU,  ner'o-li,  n.  [The  name  of  an  Italian 
princess,  its  discoverer.]  The  fragi^ant 
essential  oil  from  the  flowers  of  the  bitter 
orange. 

Nerve,  nferv.n.  [L.n«rvus,  a  sinew,  strength, 
vigour,  from  root  snar  (with  initial  s), 
seen  in  E.  snare.]  A  sinew  or  tendonj;; 
strength;  muscular  power;  self-command 
or  steadiness,  especially  under  trying  cir- 
cumstances; firmness  of  mind;  courage: 
one  of  the  whitish  fibres  which  proceed 
from  the  .brain  and  spinal  cord,  or  from 
the  central  ganglia,  of  aniinals,  and  ram- 
ify through  all  parts  of  the  body,  and 
whose  function  is  to  convey  sensation  and 
originate  motion;  pi.  the  general  tone  of 
one's  system;  bot.  one  of  the  ribs  or  princi- 
pal veins  in  a  leaf. — v.t. — nerved,  nerving. 
To  give  nerve,  strength,  or  vigour  to;  to 
arm  with  force. — Nervation,  uer-va'shon, 
n.  The  arrangement  or  distribution  of 
nerves;  bot.  the  distribution  of  the  veins  of 
leaves;  venation.  —  Nerve-cell,  Nerve-cor- 
poscie,  n.  One  of  the  nucleated  cells  numer- 
ous in  the  gray  portion  of  the  brain  and 
spinal  cord,  «c.— Nerved,  ntrvd,  a.  Having 
nerves;  having  nerves  of  this  or  that  char- 
acter.— Nerve-fibre,  n.  One  of  the  primi- 
tive fibres  of  the  nerves  and  of  the  white 
substance  of  the  brain  and  spinal  cord. — 
Nerveless,  nferv'les,  a.  Without  nerve; 
destitute  of  strength ;  weak.  —  Nervine, 
nfer'vin,  o.  Capable  of  acting  npon  the 
nerves.  — n.  A  medicine  for  nervous  affec- 
tions (as  for  toothache).  —  Nervous,  n6r'- 
vus,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  nerves;  affect- 
ing the  nerves;  having  the  nerves  affected; 
having  weak  or  diseased  nerves;  easily 
agitated;  strong;  vigorous;  sinewy;  charac- 
terized by  force  or  strength  in  sentiment 
or  style.  —  Nervoris  centres,  the  organs 
whence  the  nerves  originate,  as  the  brain 
and  spinal  marrow. — Nervous  cystem,  the 
nerves  and  nervous  centres  collectively. 
— Nervovt  temperament,  that  in  which  the 
predominating  characteristic  is  a  gn^at 
excitability  of  the  nervous  system,  and 
an  undue  predominance  of  the  emotional 
impulses.— Nervously,  nfer'vus-li,  adv.  In 
a  nervous  manner. — Nervousness,  nfer'vus- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  ner- 
vous.— Nervure,  nfei'vur,  n.  Bot.  the  vein 
or  nerve  of  a  leaf;  entom.  one  of  the  cor- 
neous tubes  which  help  to  expand  the 
wing  and  keep  it  tense.- Nervy,  nir'vi.a. 

.  Nervous;  sinewy;  vigorous. 

Nescience,  ne'shi-ens,  n.  pj.  nesdentia, 
from  nescio,  not  to  know— jte,  not,  and 
tcio,  to  know.  ScIE^•CE.]  The  state  of  not 
knowing;  want  of  knowledge;  ignorance. 
— Nescioua,  ne'shi-us,  a.    Ignorant. 

Ness,  nes,  n.  [A.  Sax.  nces.  Ice),  nes,  Dan. 
ncES,  a  ness:  probably  a  form  of  nose.]  A 
promontory;  a  cape;  a  headland. 

Nest,  nest,  n.  [A.  Sax.  L.G.  D.  and  G.  nest; 
allied  to  L.  nidus,  a  nest,  for  nisdus,  from 
root  nas,  to  dwell,  seen  in  Greek  nostos,  re- 
turn.] The  place  or  bed  formed  or  used 
by  a  bird  for  incubrvtion  and  rearing  the 
young;  a  place  where  the  eggs  of  insects, 
turtles,  &c.,  are  produced;  a  place  in  which 
the  young  of  various  small  animals  (as 
mice)  are  reared;  a  number  of  persons  fre- 
quenting the  same  haunt:  generally  in  a 
bad  sense;  a  set  of  articles  of  diminishing 
sizes,  each  enveloping  the  one  next  smaller 
(a  nest  of  boxes);  a  set  of  small  drawers. — 


v.i.  To  build  n.  nest;'  to  nestle.— Nest-egg, 
n.  An  egg  left  in  the  nest  to  prevent  the 
hen  from  forsaking  it;  something  laid  up 
as  a  beginning  or  nucleus. — Nestle,  nes'l, 
v.i. — nestled,  nestling.  [Freq.  from  nest] 
To  make  or  occupy  a  nest;  to  take  shelter; 
to  lie  close  and  snug.  —  v.t.  To  house  or 
shelter,  as  in  a  nest;  to  cherish  and  fondle 
closely.  —  Nestling,  nest'ling,  ji.  [A  dim. 
from  nest]  A  young  bird  in  the  nest,  or 
just  taken  from  the  nest. 

Nestorian,  nes-to'ri-an,  n.  An  adherent  of 
Nestorius,  patriarch  of  Constantinople  in 
the-  fifth  century,  who  maintained  that 
the  two  natures  in  Christ  were  separate; 
one  of  those  modem  Christians  of  Persia 
and  India  who  are  the  remains  of  the 
Nestorian  sect. 

Net,  net,  n.  [A.  Sax.  net  nett,  a  net=Icel. 
Dan.  and  D.  net,  Sw.  ndt,  Goth,  nati,  G. 
netz,  a  net;  cog.  L.  nassa,  a  basket  for 
catching  fish;  from  root  seen  in  Skr.  nada, 
a  stream.]  An  instrument  formed  of 
thread,  twine,  or  other  fibrous  materials, 
wrought  oi:  woven  into  meshes,  used  for 
catching  fish,  birds,  &c.,  and  also  for 
securing  or  containing  articles  of  various 
kinds;  a  fabric  of  fine  open  texture. — v.t — 
netted,  netting.  To  make  into  a  net  or  net- 
work; to  take  in  a  net;  hence,  to  capture 
by  wile  or  stratagem;  to  inclose  in  a  net 
or  net- work.  —  v.i.  To  form  net-work.  — 
Netted,  net'ed,  p.  and  a.  Made  into  a 
net  or  network ;'  reticulated.  —  Netting, 
net'ing,  n.  The  process  of  making  nets; 
a  piece  of  net-work;  a  net  of  small  ropes, 
to  be  stretched  along  the' upper  part  of  a 
ship's  quarter  to  contain  hammocks.  — 
Netting-needle,  n.  A  kind  of  shuttle  used 
in  netting.— Netty,  net'i,  a.  Like  a  net; 
netted. —Net-'work,  n.  'Work  formed  in 
the  same  manner  as  a  net;  any  net-like 
fabric;  an  interlacement. 

Net,  Nett,  net,  a.  IFr.  net.  It.  netto,  neat, 
net.  Neat.]  Free  from  all  deductions 
(net  profits,  net  produce,  net  rent,  net 
weight). — v.t. — netted,  netting.  To  gain  as 
clear  profit. 

Nether,  nejH'^r,  a.  [A.  Sax.  nitker,  nithor, 
neothra,  compar.  of  nithe,  under,  do'wn- 
ward  (whence  neothan,  heneothan,  beneath); 
cog.  L.G.  D.  and  Dan.  neder,  Icel.  netharr, 
G.  nieder;  root  seen  in  Skr.  ni,  do'wnwards.J 
Lower;  lying  or  being  beneath  or  in  the 
lower  part:  opposed  to  upper.  —  Nether- 
most, neTH'fer-most,  a.  [A  double  super- 
lative, like  hindmost]  Lowest.— Nether- 
wards,  neTH'6r-w6rdz,  adv.  In  a  direction 
downwards. 

Nethinim,  neth'in-im,  n.  pL  [Heb.  pi.-  of 
ndthin,  what  is  given,  a  slave  of  the  temple, 
from  ndthan,  to  give.}  Among  the  Jews, 
servants  of  the  priests  and  Levites,  em- 
ployed in  the  -meanest  offices  about  the 
temple. 

Nett,  net,  a.    Net. 

Nettle,  netl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  netele—Xi.  netel, 
Dan.  ncelde,  nelde,  G.  nessel,  a  nettle:  root 
doubtful.  J  A  sort  of ,  plants  consisting 
chiefly  of  neglected  weeds  with  stinging 
hairs. — v.t — nettled,  nettling.  To  irritate 
or  vex;  to  cause  to  feel  displeasure  or  vexa- 
tion not  amounting  to  anger.  —  Nettle- 
cloth,  n.  A  thick  cotton  stuff,  japanned 
Eind  used  for  the  peaks  of  caps,  waist-belts, 
&c.,  in  place  of  leather. — Nattier,  netlir, 
n.  One  that  nettles.— Nettle-rash,  n.  An 
eruption  upon  the  skin  much  resembling 
the  effects  of  the  sting  of  a  nettle;  urti- 
caria. 

Neural,  ntl'ral,  o.  [Gr.  neuron,  a  nerve; 
akin  to  L.  nervus.  Nerve.]  Pertaining 
■to  the  nerve  or  nervous  system. — Neural 
arch,  the  arch  or  projection  posteriorly  in- 
closing and  protecting  the  spinal  cord  of 
the  vertebra.— JV«MraJ  axis,  the  central 
trunk  of  the  nervous  system,  also  called 
the  Cerebrospinal  Axis. — Neuralgia,  nQ- 
ral'ji-a,  n.  [Gr.  aZgos,  pain.]  Pain  in  a 
nerve;  an  ailment  the  chief  symptom  of 
which  is  acute  pain,  apparently  seated  in 
a  nerve  or  nerves.— Neuralgic,  nQ-ral'jik, 
a.  Pertaining  to  neuralgia.— Neuration, 
nO-ra'shpn,  n.  The  arrangement  of  the 
veins  or  nervures  in  the  wings  of  insects; 
nervation.  —  Ne'^rility,  na-ril'i-ti,  n.  The 
properties  or  functions  of  the  nerves  or 
nerve-fibre.  —  Nenrin,  Neurine,  nQ'rin,  tu 


The  nitrogenized  substance  of  nerve-fibre 
and  cells.  —  Neuritis,  na-ri'tis,  n.  Med. 
inflammation  of  a  nerve.  —  Neurography. 
nQ-rog'ra-fi,  n.  That  pari  of  anatomy 
■which  describes  the  nerves.  —  N^ura- 
pophysis,  nQ-ra-pof'i-sis,  m  [Gr.  apophy- 
sis, a  projecting  part.]  Compar.  anat.  a 
posterior  process  or  projection  of  the  verte- 
bral column.  —  Neuro-hypnology,  Neuro- 
'li3rpnotlsm,  n.  [Gr.  hypnos,  sleep.]  The 
doctrine  of  nervous  sleep  or  animal  mag- 
netism; mesmerism. — Neurological,  nu- 
ro-loj'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  neurologj'. — 
Neurologist,  nQ-rol'o-jist,  n.  One  versed 
in  neurology.  — Neurology,  ntt-rol'o-ji,  n. 
That  branch  of  science  which  treats  of  the 
nerves.  —  Neuropathic,  nQ-ro-path'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  affections  of  the  nerves. — 
Neuropathy,  nu-rop'a-thi,  n.  An  affection 
of  the  nervous  system.- Neuropter,  Neu- 
ropteran,  nu-rop't6r,  nu-rop't«r-an,  n.  [Gr. 
pte7-on,  a  wing.]  An  individual  belonging 
to  an  order  of  insects  (Neiiroplera)  having 
four  membranous,  transparent,  naked 
■wings,  reticulated  with  veins  or  ner- 
vures, as  the  dragon-flies.— Neuropteral, 
Neuropterons,  nu-rop'tfer-al,  nu-rop 'ter- 
ns, a.  Belonging  t6  the  Neuropters.  — 
Neurosis,  nQ-ro'sis,  n.  A  name  common 
to  diseases  having,  or  supposed  to  have, 
their  seat  in  the  nen'ous  system. — N euro- 
skeletal,  nu-rS-skel'e-tal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  neuroskeleton.  —  Neuroskeleton, 
nu-ro-skel'C-ton,  n.  The  bones  of  verte- 
brate animals  connected  with  the  nervous 
axis  and  locomotion. — Neurosthenia,  nu- 
roE-the'ni-a,  n.  [Gr.  «Wi.enos,  force.]  Med. 
an  excess  of  nervous  irritation;  an  inflam- 
matory affection  of  the  nerves. — Neurotic, 
na-rot'ik,  a.  Relating  to  the  nerves;  ca- 
pable of  acting  on  the  nerves. — n.  A  di- 
sease having  its  seat  in  the  nerves;  a  med- 
icine for  nervous  affections;  nervine.— 
Neurotomical,  nQ-ro-tom'i-kal,  a.  [Gr. 
tome,  a  cutting.]  Pertaining  to  the  dis- 
section of  nen'es. — Nenrotoxnlst,  nu-rot'- 
om-ist,  n.  One  engaged  in  neurotomy; 
one  who  dissects  the  nerves. — Neurotomy, 
Etl-rot'o-mi,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  dis- 
secting nerves,— Neurotonic,  nQ-ro-t-on'ik, 
n.,  [Gr.  tomfcos,  bracing.]  A  medicine  em- 
ployed-to  strengthen  tne  nervous  system. 
Neuter,  nll'ter,  o.  [L.,  not  either,  not  one 
northe  other— compounded  of  ne  and  uter, 
'Whether  of  two.]  Neutral!;  gram,  of  nei- 
ther gender;  neither  masculine  nor  femi- 
nine (in  Eng.  gram,  applied  to  all  names 
of  things  'Without  life);  neither  active  nor 
passive;  intransitive  (a  neuter  verb);  bot. 
having  neit'her  stamens  nor  pistils;  zool. 
having  no  fully  developed  sex  (neuter  bees). 
— ji.  An  animal  of  neither  sex,  or  incapable 
of  propagation;  one  of  the  imperfectly  de- 
velopedj  females  of  certain  social  insects, 
as  ants  and  bees;  bot.  a  plant  which  has 
neither  stamens  nor  pistils:  gram,  a  noun 
of  the  neuter  gender. — Neutral,  nU'tral,  a. 
[L.  neutralis.]  Not  taking  an  active  part 
'with  one  of  certain  contending  parties; 
not  interested  one  ■way  or  another;  indif- 
ferent.— Neutral  colours,  those  in  which 
the  hue  is  broken  by  partaking  of  the  re- 
flected colours  of  the  objects  which  sur- 
round them.  —  Neutral  salts,  chem.  salts 
which  do  not  exhibit  any  acid  or  alkaline 
properties. — Neutral  tint,  a  dull,  grayish 
hue,  partaking  of  the  character  of  none  of 
the  brilliant  colours.— n.  A  person  or  na- 
tion that  takes  no  part  in  a  contest  be- 
tween others.— Neutrality,  na-tral'i-ti,  ji. 
The  state  of  being  neutral;  the  state  of 
taking  no  part  on  either  side.- Neutrali- 
zation, nQ'tral-i-za"shon,  n.  The  act  of 
neutralizing;  chem.  the  process  by  which 
an  acid  and  an  alkali  are  so  combined  as 
to  disguise  each  other's  properties  or  ren- 
der them  inert.— Neutralize,  nti'tral-iz,t>.t. 
—neutralized,  neutralizing.  To  render  neu- 
.tral ;  to  destroy  the  peculiar  properties  or 
opposite  dispositions  of;  to  render  inoper- 
ative; to  counteract;  chem.  to  destroy  or 
render  inert  or  imperceptible  the  peculiar 
properties  of  by  combination  with  a  differ-' 
ent  substance.- Neutralizer,  na'tral-i-z6r, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  neutralizes.— 
NeutraUy,  nU'tral-li,  adv.  In  a  neutral 
manner. 
Neve,  n&'v&,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  nix,  wmt. 


Fute,  f&r,  fat,  f«^;     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     nSte,  not,  mdve;     tabe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     fl,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr. «. 


NEVER 


45r. 


NIELLO 


enow.]  The  French  name  for  the  coarsely 
CTanular  snow  from  ■which  glaciers  are 
formed. 

never,  nev'er,  adv.  [The  neg.  of  ever;  A. 
Sax.  noe/re,  from  ne,  not,  and  a/re,  ever ; 
comp.  neither,  either,  &c.]  Not  ever;  at 
no  time,  whether  past,  present,  or  future; 
in  no  degree  {never  fear) ;  not  at  all;  none 
(never  the  better) ;  not,  emphatically  (he. 
answered  never  a  word). — Never  so,  to  any 
or  to  whatever  extent  or  degree  {never  so 
much,  little,  well,  &c.:  now  less  common 
than  ever  so). — Never  is  much  used  in  com- 
position, as  in  newer-ending,  newer-failing, 
never-dying,  &c. ;  but  in  all  such  com- 
pounds it  has  its  usual  meaning. —  Never- 
more, nev'6r-mor,  adv.  Never  again;  at 
no  future  time.  —  Nevertheless,  nev'Cr- 
THg-les",  conj.  [The  the  is  the  old  instru- 
mental case  of  the  demonstrative  lised 
before  comparatives ;  A.  Sax.  th^  Ices,  the 
or  by  that  less.]  Not  the  less;  notwith- 
standing; in  spite  of.  or  without  regarding 
that. 

New,  nQ,  a.  [A.  Sax.  niwe,  neowe,  new=D. 
nieuw, Goth.  niujis,Q.  neu;  cog.  W.newydd, 
Ir.  nuadh,  L.  novus,  Gr.  neos,  Skr.  navas 
— new;  connected  T/ithnotf.]  Lately  made, 
invented,  produced,  or  come  into  being; 
recent  in  origin;  novel:  opposed  to  old, 
and  used  of  things;  not  before  known;  re- 
cently discovered;  recently  produced  by- 
change;  different  from  a  former  (to  lead  a 
new  life);  not  habituated;  not  familiar; 
unaccustomed;  fresh  after  any  event; 
never  used  before,  or  recently  brought 
into  use;  not  second-hand  (a  new  copy  of 
a  book) ;  recently  commenced ;  starting 
afresh  (the  new  year,  a  new  week). — New 
Red  Sandstone.  Under  Sandstone.— iVetw 
Testament.  Testament.  —  New  World,  a 
name  frequently  given  to  North  and  South  . 
America;  the  western  hemisphere.— .Vew 
is  much  used  adverbially  in  comnositlon 
for  newly;  as  in  neu>-bom,  netc-ma&e,  netw- 
gi'own,  new-formed,  neto-found.  —  New- 
comer, n.  One  who  has  lately  come. — 
New-fangled,  a.  [Fanoled,  Fang.]  New- 
fashioned;  formed  with  the  affectation  of 
novelty;  fond  of  change;  easily  captivated 
with  what  is  new.— New-fangledly,  adv. 
In  a  new-fangled  manner.— New-fangled- 
ness,  New-fangleness,  n.— Kew-fashloned, 
o.  Made  in  a  new  fashion;  lately  come 
into  fashion.— Newish,  nQ'ish,  a.  Some- 
what new ;  nearly  new.  —  Newly,  nQ'li, 
adv.  Lately;  freshly;  recently;  with  a 
new  form,  different  from  the  former; 
anew;  afresh;  as  before;  in  a  new  and  dif- 
ferent manner.  —  New-made,  a.  Newly 
made  or  formed.  —  Newness,  nQ'nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  new;  novelty. 
—News,  nuz,  n.  [From  new;  probably  the 
old  genit.  of  new,  from  such  phrases  as  A. 
Sax.  hwoBt  niwes  t  what  of  new,  what  news? 
It  is  almost  always  used  as  a  singular.] 
Kecent  intelligence  regarding  any  event; 
fresh  information  of  something  that  has 
lately  taken  place,  or  of  something  before 
unknown;  tidings;  a  newspaper. — News- 
agent, n.  A  person  who  deals  in  news- 
Eapers;  a  news-vender. — News-boy,  n.  A 
oy  who  hawks  or  delivers  newspapers.— 
News-letter,  n.  The  name  given  to  the 
little  sheets  of  news,  issued  weekly,  about 
the  time  of  Charles  II.,  the  news  for 
which  was  collected  from  coffee-house 
gossip.  —  Newsman,  News-vender,  nuz'- 
man,  n.  One  who  sells  or  delivers  news- 
papers. —  Newsmonger,  nQz'mung-ger,  n. 
One  that  deals  in  news;  one  who  employs 
much  time  in  hearing  and  telling  news. — 
Newspaper,  nttz'pa-pfer,  n.  A  sheet  of 
paper  printed  and  distributed  for  convey- 
ing news;  a  public  print  that  circulates 
news,  advertisements,  political  intelli- 
gence, information  regarding  proceedings 
of  parliament,  public  meetings,  and  the 
like. — Newsroom,  nuz'rom,  n.  A  room 
where  newspapers,  and  often  also  maga- 
zines, reviews,  &c.,  are  read.  —  New-year's 
Day,  n.  The  first  day  of  a  new  year;  the 
first  day  of  January.— New-Zealand  flax, 
n.  A  plant  of  New-Zealand,  the  leaves  of 
which  contain  a  strong  fibre  used  by  the 
natives  for  making  cloth,  nets,  &c. 
Newel,  nU'el,  n.  [O.Fr.  nueil,  noiel,  nunl, 
from  L.  nucalis,  like  a  nut,  from  nux, 


nuds.  a  nut;  lit.  the  kernel.]  Arch,  the 
upright  cylinder  or  pillar  round  which  In 
a  winding  staircase  the  steps  turn,  and 
are  supported  from  the  bottom  to  the  top. 
—Open  newel,  where  the  steps  are  pinned 
into  the  wall  and  there  is  no  central 
pilla'-. 

Newfoundland.  Newfoundland  Dog,  na- 
found'land  or  nU'found-land,  n.  A  well- 
known  and  fine  variety  of  the  dog,  sup- 
posed to  be  derived  from  Newfoundland, 
remarkable  for  its  sagacity,  good-nature, 
and  swimming  powers. 

Newt,  nut,  n.  [A  corruption  of  an  ewt,  ewt, 
evet  being  old  forms.  Eft.]  One  of  a  genus 
of  small  tailed  batrachians  of  lizard-like 
appearance,  living  in  ponds,  ditches,  and 
moist  places;  an  eft. 

Newtonian,  nu-to'ni-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Sir  Isaac  Newton,  or  formed  or  discovered 
by  him.— Newtonian  telescope,  a  form  of 
reflecting  telescope. 

Next,  nekst,  a.  superl.  of  nigh.  [A.  Sax. 
nihst,  nihsta,  superl.  of  neh,  nedh,  nigh.] 
Nearest  in  place,  time,  rank,  or  degree. 
[When  next  stands  before  an  object  with- 
out to  after  it  it  may  be  regarded  as  a  pre- 
position. J — Next  door  to,  close  to;  allied  to; 
not  far  removed  from.- adv.  At  the  time 
or  turn  nearest  or  immediately  succeeding 
(who  follows  nextl). 

Nexus,  nek'sus,  n.  (L.]  Tie;  connectiou: 
interdependence  existing. 

Nib,  nib,  n.  [Same  as  ne6.]  The  bill  or 
beak  of  a  fowl;  the  point  of  anything, 
particularly  of  a  pen;  a  small  pen  adapted 
to  be  fitted  into  a  holder. — v.t.— nibbed, 
nibbing.  To  furnish  with  a  nib;  to  mend 
the  nib  of,  as  a  pen. 

Nibble,  nib'l,  v.t— nibbled,  nibbling.  [A 
freq.  from  nib,  or  from  nip.]  To  bite  by 
little  at  a  time;  to  eat  in  small  bits;  to 
bite,  as  a  fish  does  the  bait;  just  to  catch 
by  biting.— w.t.  To  bite  gently;  Jig.  to  carp; 
to  make  a  petty  attack:  with  at.  —  n.  A 
little  hite,  or  the  act  of  seizing  with  the 
mouth  as  if  to  bite.  —  Nibbler,  nib'ler,  n. 
One  that  nibbles.— Nibblingly,  nib'ling-li, 
adv.    In  a  nibbling  manner. 

Nicaragaa-wood,  nik-a-ra'gwa,  n.  A  wood 
from  Nicaragua  similar  to  Brazil-wood, 
exported  for  the  use  of  dyers. 

Nice,  nis, a.  [O.Fr.  nice, nisce,  simple,  from 
L.  nescius,  fronx  ne,  not,  scio,  to  know. 
Nescience.]  Foolish  or  sillyj;  unimpor- 
tantt;  over-scrupulous;  fastidious;  punctil- 
oous;  distinguishing  minutely;  made  with 
scrupulous  exactness ;  precise ;  pleasant 
to  the  senses;  delicious;  dainty;  pleasing 
or  agreeable  in  general:  a  modem  sense. 
— Nicely,  nisli,  adv.  In  a  nice  manner; 
fastidiously;  critically;  with  delicate  per- 
ception; accurately;  exactly;  becomingly; 
pleasantly.— Niceness,  nis'nes,n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  nice;  fastidiousness;  min- 
ute exactness;  agreeablencss ;  pleasant- 
ness.—Nicety,  nis'e-ti,  n.  [O.Fr.  nicetd.] 
State  or  quality  of  being  nice;  excess  of 
delicacy;  fastidiousness;  delicacy  of  per- 
ception; precision;  delicate  management: 
a  minute  difference  or  distinction. 

Nicene,  ni-s5n',  a.  Pertaining  to  Niccea  or 
Nice,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor. — Nicene  creed, 
a  summary  of  Christian  faith  composed  by 
the  Council  of  Nice  against  A  rianism,  a.d. 
325,  altered  and  confirmed  by  the  Council 
of  Constantinople,  a.d.  381. 

Niche,  nich,  n.  [Fr.  niche,  from  It.  nicchia, 
originally  a  shell-shaped  recess,  from  nie- 
ehio,  a  shell-fish,  from  L.  myiilus,  a  mus- 
sel.] A  recess  in  a  wall  for  the  reception 
of  a  statue,  a  vase,  or  some  other  orna- 
ment.—Niched,  nicht.  a.  Having  a  niche 
or  niches;  placed  in  a  niche. 

Nick,  nik,  n.  [A  name  among  the  Teutonic 
nations  for  a  water-goblin;  A.  Sax.  nicor, 
Dan.  niik,  Icel.  nykr,  N.  nykJc,  nok^  G.  nix, 
nixe.]  Originally,  a  goblin  or  spirit  of  the 
waters,  but  now  applied  only  to  the  Evil 
One,  generally  with  the  addition  of  Old. 
Nick,  nik,  n.  [Same  as  D.  knik,  Sw.  nick, 
a  nod,  a  wink;  G.  nicken,  to  nod;  or  con- 
nected w'th  nick,  a  notch.]  The  exact 
pomtof  time  required  by  necessity  or  con- 
venience; the  critical  time.— w.i.  To  strike 
at  the  lucky  time;  to  hit;  to  make  a  hit 
at  by  some  trick  (Shak.). 
Nick,  nik,  n.    [Comp.  G.  knick.  a  flaw;  also 


E.  notch,  O.X).  nocke,  a  notch.]  A  notch; 
a  notch  in  the  shank  of  a  type  to  guide 
the  hand  of  the  compositor  in  setting. — 
v.t.  To  make  a  nick  or  notch  in;  to  cut  in 
nicks  or  notches. 

Nickel,  nik'eU  n.  fSw.  nickel,  nickel;  a 
name  connected  with  nick,  the  evil  spirit, 
and  given  to  this  metal  because  its  copper- 
coloured  ore  deceived  the  miners  by  giving 
no  copper.]  A  metal  of  a  white  colour,  of 
great  hardness,  always  magnetic,  and 
when  perfectly  pure  malleable  and  duc- 
tile; the  popular  name,  in  the  United 
States,  given  to  small  coins  partly  consist- 
ing of  nickel.— Nickel-bloom,  n.  Same  as 
TVicfcei-oc/ire.— Nickel-glance,  n.  A  grayisb- 
white  ore  of  nickel.—  Nickel-green, n.  Same 
as  Nickel-ochre.— Nici.elic,  ni-kel'ik.a.  Per- 
taining to  or  containing  nickel.— Nickel- 
iferons,  nik-el-if 'tr-us,  a.  Containing 
nickel.  —  Nickeline,  nik'el-in,  re.  One  oi 
the  chief  ores  of  nickel,  consisting  princi- 
pally of  nickel  and  ars«nic.— Nlckel-ochre, 
n.  A  mineral  containing  nickel,  of  an 
apple-green  colour.  —  Nickel-plating,  re. 
The  plating  of  metals  with  nickel. — Nick- 
el-silver, n.  An  alloy  composed  of  copper, 
zinc,  and  nickel. 

Nick-nack,  nik'nak,  n.  [Kniok-knack.]  A 
trinket;  a  gimcrack;  a  trifle.  Spelled  also 
Nick-knackj  Knick-knack.— JUicii-na.ciLeTy, 
nik'nak-ftr->,  n.  A  collection  of  nick-nacks; 
a  nick-nack;  a  trifle. 

Nickname,  nik'nam,  n.  [Probably  for  eke- 
name  (Icel.  auk-nefni),  the  initial  n  being 
that  of  an,  the  indef.  art.,  like  newt  for 
ewt.]  A  name  given  to  a  person  in  con- 
tempt or  derision;  a  familiar  or  contemp- 
tuous name  or  appellation.  —  v.t.— nick- 
named, nicknaming.  To  give  a  nickname 
to;  to  call  by  a  contemptuous  name. 

Nicolaitan,  nik-o-la'i-tan,  n.  [From  the 
founder  Nicolas.]  One  of  a  sect  in  the 
early  Christian  Church  who  inclined  to 
licentious  and  pagan  practices. 

Nicotian,  ni-ko'slii-an,  a.  [Fr.  nicotiane, 
the  earliest  name  of  tobacco,  from  SI. 
Nicot,'  who  introduced  the  plant  into 
France  in  1560.]  Pertaining  to  or  derived 
from  tobacco.  —  Nicotlanlse,  ni.ko'shi-a- 
nin,  re.  An  oil  extracted  from  tobacco. — 
Nicotine,  nik'o-tin,  n.  A  volatile  alkaloid 
from  tobacco,  highly  poisonous. 

Nictitate,  Nictate,  nik'ti-tat,  nik'tat,  v.i. 
—nictitated,  nictated;  nictitating,  nictating. 
(From  L.  nicCo,  nictatum,to  wink.]  To  wink 
with  the  eyes. — Nictitating  membrane,  a 
thin  movable  membrane,  most  largely  de- 
veloped in  birds,  which  covers  and  protects 
the  eyes  from  dust  or  too  much  light. — 
Nictitation,  Nictation,  nik-ti-ta'shonoiik- 
ta'shon,  n.    The  act  of  winking. 

Nidamental,  nid-a-men'tal.  o.  [L.  nida- 
mentum,  a  nest,  from  nidus,  a  nest.  Nest.] 
Pertaining  to  the  nests  of  birds  or  other 
animals. 

Nidge,  nfj,  v.t.  [Perhaps  akin  to  nag  (verb), 
gnaw.]  Masonry,  to  dress  with  a  sharp- 
jrointed  hammer. 

Nidificate,  nid'i-fi-kat,  v.i.  [li.nidiiico,  from 
nidns,  a  nest,  facie,  to  make.  Nidulant.J 
To  make  a  nest.— Nidification.  nid'i-fi-ka"- 
shon,  n.    The  act  of  building  a  nest. 

Nid-nod,  nid'nod,  v.t.  [A  reduplication  of 
nod.]    To  nod  frequently. 

Nidor,  ni'dor,  n.  [L.]  Scent:  savour;  smell 
of  cooked  food. 

Nidulant.  nid'Q-lant,  a.  [L.  nidulans.  ppr. 
of  nidulor,  to  nestle,  from  nidus,  a  nest. 
Nest.]  Nestling;  bot.  lying  loose  in  the 
form  of  pulp  or  cottony  matter  within  a 
berry  or  pericarp.— Nidulate,  nid'a-lat,  a. 
Bot.  same  as  Nidulant.  —  v.t.  To  build  a 
nest:  to  nidificate. — Nidulation,  nid-O-la'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  nidulating.  —  Nidus, 
ni'dus,  n.  [L..  ane-^t.  I  Any  p,Trt  of  a  liv- 
ing organism  where  a  parasite  finds  nour- 
ishment; m£d.  the  bodily  seat  of  a  zymotic 
disease;  the  part  of  the  organism  where 
such  a  disease  is  developed. 

Niece,  nes,  n.  [Fr.  niice,  O.Fr.  niepce, from 
L.  neptis,  a  granddaughter ;  allied  to  ne- 
pos,  nepotis,  a  nephew.  Nephew.]  The 
daughter  of  a  brother  or  sister;  also,  tho 
daughter  of  a  brother  or  sister  in  law. 

Niello,  ni-el'lo,  n.  [It.,  from  L.L.  nigellum, 
from  L.  nigellus,  dim.  of  niger,  black.]  A 
method  of  ornamenting  metal  plates  by 


ch,  e/w,in;     cA,  So.  locfc;     g,  fl'o;     j,/ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinj/;     «b,  (Aen;  tb,  (Aiu;     w,  tdg;     wh,w/jig;     zh.  asuie. 


XIG 


45tj 


NITRE 


cutting  lines  in  the  metal  and  filling 
tlism  up  with  a  black  or  coloured  compo- 
sition. 

Ki?,  nig,  v-t   Masonry,  same  as  Nidge. 

Mggard,  nig'Srd,  n.  (From  Icel.  hnoggr, 
Sw.  njugg,  niggardly,  with  term,  -ard.]  A 
miser;  a  person  meanly  covetous;  a  sordid, 
parsimonious  wretch.— Niggard,  Niggard- 
ly, nig'trd-li,  a.  Miserly;  meanly  covetous; 
sordidly  parsimonious.  —  Niggardly,  adv. 
In  a  niggard  manner. — Niggardlines3,nig'- 
^rd-li-nes,  n.  The  quality  pf  being  nig- 
gardly; sordid  parsimony. 

Nigger,  nig'er,  n.  A  familiar  or  contemp- 
tuous name  for  a  negro  or  other  person  of 
coloured  race. 

Nigh,  ni,  a.  compar.  nigher,  superl.  next. 
[A.  Sax.  nedh,  tieK,  nigh,  near;  D.  na,  Icel. 
nd-,  Ct.  nah,  nahe,  near,  prep,  nach,  to, 
Goth,  tiehv-a — nigh.  Near,  Neighbour.] 
Near;  not  distant  or  remote  in  place  or 
time;  cioi'ely  at  hand;  ready  to  aid. — adv. 
Near;  close;  almost;  nearly.— prep.  Near 
to;  at  no  great  distance  from.— Nighness, 
ni'nes,  n.    Nearness;  proximity. 

Night,  nit,  n.  [A.  Sax.  nilit,  neaht '^Icel. 
ruitt,  Sw.  natt,  Dan.  nat,  Goth,  nahts,  D. 
and  G.  nacht;  cog.  Ir.  nochd,  W.  nos. 
Armor.  n6z,  Lith.  naktis,  L.  iwx,  noctis, 
6r.  nyx,  nyktos,  Skr.  nakti,  nakta—nisM; 
from  root  nak,  to  vanish,  to  perish.]  That 
part  of  the  natural  day  when  the  sun  is 
beneath  the  horizon,  or  the  time  from  sun- 
set to  sunrise;  Jig.  a  state  or  time  of  dark- 
ness, depression,  misfortune,  and  the  like; 
a  state  of  ignorance  or  intellectual  dark- 
nesp;  obscurity;  the  darkness  of  death  or 
the  grave;  a  time  of  sadness  or  sorrow. — 
liightless,  nit'les,  a.  Having  no  night.— 
Nightly,  nit'li,  a.  Done  by  night;  happen- 
ing in  the  night;  done  every  night.— ady. 
By  night;  every  night.— Nightward,  nit'- 
werd,  a.  Approaching  toward  night. 
Kighi  is  much  used  as  a  first  element  in 
compounds,  r-any  of  them  self-explana- 
tory.—Night-tell,  n.  A  door-bell,  as  at  the 
house  01  a  phyNician,  to  be  rung  at  night. 
—Night-bird,  n.  A  bird  that  flies  in  the 
E-Jght.— Night-blindness,  n.  A  disease  in 
T  hich  the  eyes  can  see  by  daylight  but  not 
ry  artificial  light.— Night-cap,  n.  A  cap 
■worn  in  bed;  toddy  or  other  potation  taken 
before  going  to  bed— Night-clothes,  n.  pi. 
C'-othes  worn  in  bed.— Night-dress,  n.  A 
dress  worn  at  night  or  in  bed. — Nightfall, 
Eit'fal,  n.  The  fall  of  night;  the  close  of 
tiie  day;  evening.— Night-glass,  n.  A  tele- 
scope so  constructed  as  to  concentrate  as 
ii:uch  light  as  possible,  so  as  to  enable  ob- 
jects to  be  seen  at  night.— Night-gown,  n. 
A  loose  gown  worn  in  bed;  a  night-dress. 
— Night-hag,  n.  A  witch  supposed  to  wan- 
der or  fly  abroad  in  the  night.— Night- 
h&wk,  n.  A  species  of  goat-sucker,  a  bird 
universally  known  in  the  United  States. — 
Night-house,  n.  A  tavern  or  pubUc-house 
permitted  to  be  open  during  the  night. — 
Night-Jar,  n.  [Jar  or  ehurr  is  frora  the 
sound  of  its  voice.]  A  name  of  the  com- 
mon or  British  goat-sucker. — Night-lamp, 
n.  A  lamp  to  be  kept  burning  during  the 
night.— Night-light,  re.  A  candle  or  taper 
for  burning  at  night,  often  placed  in.a  dish 
of  water.— Night-long,  a.  Lasting  a  night. 
— Kight-man,  n.  One  who  removes  filth 
from  privies  in  towns  in  the  night.— Night- 
mare, nit  mar,  n.  [Night,  and  A.  Sax.  and 
Icel.  mara,  G.  mahr,  incubus,  nightmare; 
Pol.  mara,  nightmare,  phantom.]  A  state 
of  oppression  or  feeling  of  suffocation  fGlt 
during  sleep,  and  accompanied  by  a  feel- 
ing of  intense  anxiety,  fear,  or  horror; 
hence,  some  overpov.'ering,  oppressive,  or 
stupefying  influence.— Night-piece,  n.  A 
picture  representing  a  night  scene;  a  writ- 
ten piece  descriptive  of  a  scene  by  night. 
— Night-porter,  n.  A  sen'ant  who  attends 
during  the  night  in  hotels,  infirmaries, 
&c.  —  Nightshade,  nit'shad,  n.  lA.  Sax. 
nihtscada,  lit.  the  shade  or  shadow  of 
night;  so  D.  naehtschade,  G.  naehtsehatten, 
the  nightshade.]  The  English  name  of 
Tarious  plants  of  the  potato  genus  which 
possess  narcotic  or  poisonous  properties; 
also  applied  to  plants  of  different  genera. 
—Deadly  nightshade,  belladonna.— Night- 
Sight.     DAY-BLrN-DNESS.  —  Night -soll,    n. 

[From  :t3  being  generally  removed  in  tiie 


night.]  The  contents 'of  privies,  &c.,  em- 
ployed as -a  manure.— Night-stool,  n.  A 
close-stool  or  portable  water-closet  for  a 
bed-room.  —  Night-walker,  n.  One  that 
walks  in  his  sleep;  a  somnambulist;  one 
'  that  roams  in  the  night  for  evil  pur{K)ses. 
—Night-watch,  n.  A  watch  or  period  of 
the  night;  a  watch  or  guard  in  the  night. 
— Night-watchman,  n.  One  who  acts  as  a 
watchman  during  the  night. 
Nightingale,  nit'in-gal,  n.  [A.  Sax.  nihte- 
paie,  lit.  the  night-smger,  froni  ni/it,  night, 
galan,  to  sing;  so  D.  nachtegaal,  Dan.  nat- 
tergal,  G.  nachtigall.  The  n  medial  is  in- 
trusive, as  in  passenger,  messenger.']  -A 
-well-known  migratory  bird  that  sings  at 
night,  often -called  in  poetry  Philomela  or 
.  Philomel. 

Nigrescent,  m-gres'ent,  a.  [L.  nigresco,  to 
grow  black,  from  niger,  black.]  Growing 
black ;  approaching  to  blackness.— Nigrl- 
fication,  nig^-fi-ka"8hon,  n.  [L.  niger, 
and  facio,  to  make.]  The  act  of  making 
black.— Nigritude,  nig'ri-tad,  n.  [L.  ntgri- 
tvdo.]    Blackness. 

Nihil,  ni'hil, n..  [L.,  from  ne,  not,  and  Jdlum, 
a  little  thing,  a  trifle.]  Nothing,  a  word 
used  in  sundry  law  phrases,  &c. — Nihilism, 
ni'hil-izm,  n.  Nothingness;  metaph.  the 
denial  of  all  existence  or  of  the  knowledge 
of  all  existence;  the  doctrines  or  principles 
of  the  Nihilists.— Nihi!ist,ni'hil-ist,n.  One 
who  holds  the  doctrine  or  principles  of 
nihilism ;  a  member  of  a  Russian  secret 
society,  the  adherents  of  which  maintain 
the  need  for  an  entire  reconstruction  of 
society  and  hc4d  communistic  ideas  gener- 
ally.—Nihilistic,  ni-hil-is'tik,  a.  Kelating 
to  nihilism;  characterized  by  nihilism. — 
Nihility,  ni-hil'i-ti,  n.  A  state  of  being 
nothing;  nothingness. 
Nil,  nil,  n.  [L.  Nihil.]  Nothing;  as,  his 
liabilities  were  over  £iOOO  and  his  assets 
nil. 

Nilghan,  nil'ga,  n.    Ntlghau. 
NUl,^  nil,  v.t.  and  i.  pret.  nUled  or  nould. 
(A.  Sax.  niiJon,that  is,  ne,  not,  and  willan, 
to  will.]    Not  to  will;  to  refuse  or  reject; 
to  be  unwilling. 

Nilometer,  ni-lom'et-fer,  n.  [Gr.  Neilos, 
Nile,  and  metron,  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  rise  of  water  in 
the  Nile  during  its  periodical  floods. — Ni- 
lotic, ni-lof  ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Nile. 
Nimbiferous,  nim-bif'er-us,  a.  (L.  nimbus, 
a  rain-cloud,  and  fero,  to  bring.]  Bringing 
black  clouds,  rain,  or  storms.  . 

Nimble,  nim'bl,  a.  [O.E.  nernel,  capable, 
A.  Sax.  numol,  capable,  catching,  from 
niman,  to  take=Icel.  nema,  D.  nemen,  G. 
nehmen,  Goth,  niman,  to  take;  akin  numb, 
benumb.]  Light  and  quick  in  motion; 
moving  with  ease  and  celerity;  agile; 
prompt;  swift.— Nimble-fingered,  a.  Dex- 
terous :  generally  in  a  bad  sense ;  given  to 
pilfer.— Nimbleness,  nim'bl-nes,  n.  Agil- 
ity; quickness;  celerity. — Nimbly,  nim'bli, 
adv.  In  a  nimble  manner;  with  agility. 
Nimbus,  nira'bu8,n.  [L.,  a  cloud.]  A  cloud; 
a  rain-cloud;  a  kind  of  halo  of  disc  sur- 
rounding the  head  in  representations  of 
divine  or  sacred  personages. 
Nincompoop,  nin'kom-pop,  n.  [A  corrup- 
tion of  L.  non  compos,  not  of  sound  mind.] 
A  fool;  a  blockhead;  a  simpleton. 
Nine,  nin,  a.  [A.  Sax.  nigon='L.G.  and  D. 
negen,  G.  neun,  Goth,  niun,  Icel.  nin,  Sw. 
niu,  Dan.  ni;  cog.  W.  naw,  Ir.  naov,  L. 
novem,  Gr.  ennea,  Skr.nawajii^— nine.  Noon.] 
One  more  than  eight,  or  one  less  than  ten. 
— Nine  days'  wonder,  a  subject  of  astonish- 
ment and  gossip  for  a  short  time.—  The 
nine  worthies,  certain  famous  personages, 
often  alluded  to  by  old  writers,  like  the 
seven  wonders  of  the  world,  &c. — n.  The 
number  composed  of  eight  and  one. — TJie 
Nine,  among  English_  poets,  the  nine 
Muses. — Ninefold,  nin'fold,  a.  Nine  times 
repeated. — Nine-pins,  n.  pi.  A  game  with 
nine  pins  of  wood  set  on  end,  at  which  a 
bowl  is  rolled.— Nineteen,  nin'ten,  a.  and 
n.  [A.  Sax.  nigontyjie,  i.e.  nine,  ten.]  Nipe 
and  ten.  —  Nineteenth,  nin'tenth,  a.  T>|« 
ordinal  of  nineteen. — n.  A  nineteenth 
part.- Ninety,  nin'ti,  a.  and  n.  [A.  Sax. 
]hund)  nigontig — nimm,  nine,  and  tig,  ten.] 
Nine  times  ten.— Ninetieth,  nin'ti-eth,  a. 
The  ordinal  of  ninety. —n.  A  ninetieth 


part.  —  Ninth,  ninth,  a.  The  ordinal  'if 
nine;  the  next  preceding  ten.— n.  A  ninth 
part;  mus.  an  interval  containing  an  oc- 
tave and  a  tone.— Ninthly,  niuth'li,  adv. 
In  the  ninth  place. 

Ninny,  nin'i,  n.  tA  contr.  for  nincompoop, 
or  from  It.  ninno,  Sp.  jiijio,  a  child.]  A 
fool;  a  simpleton.— Ninnyhammer,  nin'i- 
ham-er,  n.    A  simpleton. 

Niobium,  ni-o'bi-um,  n.  [From  JVicbe.]  A 
rare  metal  discovered  inthe  mineral  colum- 
bite  and  called  also  Columbium. 

Nip,  nip,  v.t.  —  nipped  or  nipt,  nipping. 
(Not  found  in  A.  Sax.;  akin  to  Dan.  nippe, 
to  twitch,  knibe,  to  nip,  to  pinch;  D.  knip- 
pen,  to  nip,  nijpen,  to  pinch;  Icel.  k->ieif,  pin- 
cers; G.  kneipun,  kneifan,  to  pinch,  knippen, 
to  fillip;  akin  knife,  neap.]  To  catch  and 
compress  sharply  between  two  surfaces  or 

Eoints,  as  of  the  fingers;  to  pinch;  to  cut, 
ite,  or  pinch  ofi'  the  end  of;  to  blast,  as 
by  frost;  to  benumb;  to  chill.  —  To  nip  in 
the  bud,  to  destroy  in  the  first  stage  of 
growth.  —  n.  A  pinch,  as  with  the  poiirts 
of  the  fingers,  nails,  &c.;  a  blast  by  frost. 
—  Nipper,  nip'-er,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  nips ;  a  foretooth  of  a  horse.— Nip- 
pers, niiVerz,  n.  pi.  Small  pincers.— Nip- 
plngly,  nip'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  nipping  man- 
ner; sarcastically. 

Nip,  nip,  n.  [Dan.  nip,  a  sip,  nippe,  D. 
and  G,  -.lipj-.e-.t,  to  sip;  alcin  nipple.]  A  sip 
or  small  di-aught,  especially  of  some  strong 
spirituous  beverage. 

Nipadites,  ni-pa-di'tez,  n.  [The  nuts  re- 
semble those  of  Nipa,  a  plant  of  the  screw- 
pine  tribe.}  A  fossil  genus  of  palm  nuts. 
Nipple,  nip'l,  n.  [A.  Sax.  nipele;  probably 
connected  with  nip,  a  sip,  L.G.  nippen, 
Dan.  nippe,  to  sip.]  The- spongy  protuber- 
ance by  which  milk  is  drav.'n  from  the 
breasts  of  females;  a  pap;  a  teat;  some- 
thing like  a  nipple,  as  that  part,  oi  a  gun 
over  which  the  cap  is  placed.  —  Slipple- 
shield,  n.  A  defence  for  the  nipple,  worn 
by  women. 

Nirvana,  nir-v'a'na,  n.  [Skr.  nir,  out,  and 
v&na,  blown;  lit.  blown  out.]  The  Buddh- 
istic doctrine  of  the  extinction  of  .the 
thinking  principle,  or  salvation  from  the 
evils  of  existence. 

Nisan,  ni'zan,  n.  A  month  of  the  Jewish 
calendar,  answering  nearly  to  our  March, 
originally  called  Abib. 
Ni8i,'ni'si.  [L.]  Unless.  —  Dec/*e«  nisi,  in 
law,  under  Decree. — Nisi  prius.  [L.]  A 
law  phrase  meaning  'unless  before,' pro- 
minent words  occurring  in  a  certain 
■WTit.—Nisi  prius  court,  an  assize  court  he- 
fore  which  civil  actions  are  tried. 
Nit,  nit,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hnitu;  D.  »iee<,  Icel. 
■nitr,  Dan.  gnid,  &fi.  gnet,  G.  niss,  a  nit; 
cog.  Gr.  konis,  a  nit.]  The  egg  of  a  louse 
or  other  small  insect.  —  Nlttcr,  nit'er,  n. 
An  insect  that  deposits  nits  on  horses.— 
Nitty,  nit'i,  a.  Full  of  nits. 
Nitency,  ni'ten-si,  n.  |L.  niteo,  to  shine.] 
Brightness;  lustre.  —  Nitid,  ni'tid,  a.  (L. 
nitidus.i  Bright;  shining;  gay;  spruce; 
bot.  having  a  smooth  poUshed  surface. 
Nitre,  ni'ter,  n.  [Fr.  nitre,  L.  nitrum,  Gr. 
nitron,  from  some  oriental  source.]  A 
substance  called  also  saltpetre,  and  in  the 
nomenclature  of  chemistiy  nitrate  of  po- 
tassium or  potassic  nitrate,  used  for  mak- 
ing gunpowder,  in  dyeing,  metallurgy, 
medicine,  &C.— Nitrate,  ni'trat,  n.  A  salt 
of  nitric  acid. — Nitrate  of  potash,  nitre.— 
Nitrate  of  silver,  a  caustic  substance  ob- 
tained in  crystals  from  silver  oxidized  and 
dissolved  by  nitric  acid  diluted  with  two 
or  three  times  its  weight  of  water;  lunar 
cxvtKiic.— Nitrate  of  soda,  a  salt  analogous 
to  nitrate  of  potash  or  nitre  imported  from 
South  America  and  used  as  a  manure.— 
Nitriary,  ni'tri-a-ri,  n.  An  artificial  bed 
of  animal  matter  for  the  formation  of 
nitre;  a  place  where  nitre  is  refined.— 
Nitric,  ni'trik,  a.  A  term  in  the  nomen- 
clature of  the  oxygen  compounds  of  nitro- 
gen, indicating  more  oxygen  than  nitrous. 
— Niti-ic  acid,  an  important  acid  prepared 
from  sulphuric  acid  and  nitre,  employed 
in  etching,  in  metallurgy  and  assaying, 
also  in  medicine,  and  popularly  called 
Aqua  /orfis.— Nitmerous,  ni-trif'6r-us,  a. 
Producing  or  containing  nitre  (nitriferout 
strata).— nitrify,  ni'tri-fi,  v.t.    To  convert 


fita,  far, 'at.  fall:     m5,  met Ji4r;     pine,  pin;     nSte,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tub,  bull ;     oil,  pound;     ii,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr.  m. 


KITTER 


457 


.JSOAIEJNCLAI'OR 


into  nitre.— Nitrite,  ni'trit,  n.  A  salt 
of  nitrcTdS  acid.  —  Nitro-benzole,  n.  A 
liquid  prepared  by  adding  benzole  drop 
by  drop  to  fuming  nitric  acid,  important 
as  a  source  of  aniline.— Kitro-calclte,  n. 
Native  nitrate  of  lime,  seen  often  as  an 
efflorescence  on  old  walls.— Nitrogen,  ni'- 
tro-jen,  n.  [From  Gr.  nitron,  nitre,  and 
root  gen,  to  produce.]  That  element  which 
is  the  principal  ingredient  of  atmospheric 
air,  of  v/hich  it  constitutes  about  four- 
fifths,  the  rest  being  prihci  pally  oxygen, 
possessing  neither  taste  nor  smell. — Nitro- 
genize,  ni'tro-jen-iz,  v.t.  To  impregnate 
or  imbue  with  nitrogen.  —  Nitrogenized, 
tii'tro-jen-izd,  a.  Containing  nitrogen. — 
Kitrogenous,  ni-troj'e-nus,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  containing  nitrogep.  —  Nitro-glycer- 
ine,  n.  A  compound  produced  by  the  ac- 
tion of  a  mixture  of  strong  nitric  jind  sul- 
phuric acids  on  glycerine  at  low  tempera- 
tures, a  most  powerful  explosive. — Nitro- 
meter, ni-trom'et-fer,  re.  An  instrument 
for  ascertaining  the  quality  or  value  of 
nitre. — Nitrous,  ni'trus,  a.  Chem.  applied 
to  compounds  containing  less  oxygen  than 
those  called  nitr^.  —  Nitrous  oxide  gas,  a 
combination  of  nitrogen  and  oxygen 
vhich,  when  inhaled,  causes  insensibility, 
and  hence  is  used  as  an  anesthetic  during 
short  surgical  operations:  diluted  v/ith  air 
it  produces  an  exhilarating  or  intoxicating 
eilect;  hence  the  old  name  of  laughing-gas. 
— Nitry,  ni'tri,  o.  Pertaining  to  nitre; 
producing  nitre. 

Nitter,  Nitty.    Under  Nit. 

Kival,  ni'val,  a.  [L.  nivalis,  from  nix,  nivis, 
snow.]  Abounding  with  snow;  snowy; 
growing  among  snow  or  flowering  during 
v.'inter.— Niveous,  ni've-us,  a.  IL.  niveus.l 
Snowy ;  resembling  snow. 

Hlzam,  ni-zam',  n.  [Hind,  and  Ar.,  from 
Ar.  nazanux,  to  govern.]  The  title  of  the 
ruler  of  Hyderabad  in  southern  Hindu- 
stan. 

No,  no,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  nd,  nd,  no,  from  the 
negative  particle  ne,  n-,  and  d,  ever;  this 
negative  particle=Icel.  ne,  Goth,  ni.  Bo- 
hem,  and  Rus.  ne.  Armor,  and  Gael,  na, 
L.  we,  Zend,  na,  Skr.  na;  akin  nor,  not, 
nay,  non.]  A  word  of  denial  or  refusal, 
expressing  a  negative,  and  opposed  to  yes. 
When  repeated  or  when  used  with  another 
negative  it  is  specially  emphatic.  It 
may  be  used  as  the  correlative  of  whether 
(whetlter  or  no),  though  now  less  common 
than  not.—n.  A  negative  vote,  or  a  person 
who  votes  in  the  negative  (the  noes  have 
it).— Noway,  Noways,  Nowise,  no'wa,  no'- 
waz,  no'wiz,  adv.  In  no  way,  manner,  or 
degree.— Nowhere,  no'whar,  adv.  Not  in 
cr  to  any  place.— Kowhither,  no'whiTH-er, 
adv.  Not  in  any  direction  or  to  any  place. 

No,  no,  a.  [From  A.  Sax.  n<i5i,Bone,  by  loss 
of  n ;  it  is  related  to  none  as  my  and  thy  to 
mine  and  thine.]  Not  any;  not  one;  none. 
— No  end,  an  indefinitely  great  number  or 
quantity  (no  end  of  things).  [Colloq.]— odw. 
Not  in  any  degree;  not  at  all;  not:  with 
comparatives  (no  sooner). 

Noachlan,  no-a'ki-an,  a.  Relating  to  Noah, 
the  patriarch,  or  his  time. 

Nob,  nob,  n.  [From  knob'.]  The  head:  in 
humour  or  contempt. 

Nob,  nob,  n.  [An  abbreviation  of  noble- 
man.] A  member  of  the  aristocracy;  a 
swell.  [Slang.]— Nobby,  nob'i,  a.  Showy; 
stylish;  smait.    [Slang.] 

Nobble,  nob'l,  v.t.  [Akin  to  nab.]  To  get 
possession  of  dishonestly.    [Slang.] 

Noble,  no'bl,  a.  [Fr.  noble,  from  L.  nobilis, 
high-bom,  noble;  for  gnobilis,  from  stem 
of  grwsco,  nosco,  to  know,  seen  also  in  E. 
note.]  High  in  excellence  or  worth ;  lofty 
in  character;  magnanimous  (a.noble  mind); 
proceeding  from  or  characteristic  of  great- 
ness of  mind  {noble  sentiments);  of  the 
best  kind;  choice;  pertaining  to  the  no- 
bility or  i)eerage ;  magnificent ;  stately  (a 
7U)ble  edifice).— A'oWe  metals,  those  wiiich 
can  be  separated  from  oxygen  by  heat 
alone:  gold, silver,  platinum,  rhodium,  iri- 
dium, osijfiium,  and  mercury. — n.  A  noble- 
man; ap3er;agoldcoin,  value  6s.  8d.,which 
was  struck  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III. — 
Nobility,  nu-bil'i-ti,  n.  [L.  ■nobilitas.]  The 
quality  of  being  noble;  nobleness;  the 
state  of  being  of  noble  birth  or  rank;  the 


persons  collectively  who  are  of  rank  above 
commoners;  the  peerage.  —  Nobly,  no'bli, 
adv.  In  a  noble  manner;  heroically;  with 
magnanimity;  splendidly;  magnificently. 
Nobleman,  no'bl-man,  n.  One.  of  the  no- 
biUty;  a  noble;  a  peer.— Noble-woman,  n5'- 
bl-wu-man,  n.  A  female  of  noble  rank. 
— Nobleness,  no'bl-nes,  n.  I'he  state  or 
quality  of  being  noble;  nobility;  noble 
rank;  stateliness;  magnificence.  —  No- 
blesse, no-bles',  n.  [Fr.  noblesse,  L.L.  no- 
bilitia,  from  L.  nobilis.]  The  nobility; 
persons  of  noble  rank  collectively.— Noble- 
minded,  a.  Possessed  of  a  noble  mind; 
magnanimous. 

Nobody,  no'bod-i,  n.  [No  and  body.]  No 
person;  no  one;  an  insignificant  or  con- 
temptible person;  a  person  of  no  standing 
or  position. 

Nobstick,  nob'stik,  n.    Knobstick. 

Noctambolation,  Noctambulism,  nok-tam'- 
bu-la"shon,  nok-tam'bu-lizm,  m  [L.  nox, 
tioctis,  night,  and  ambulo,  to  walk.]  Som- 
nambulism ;  sleep-walking.  —  Noctamba- 
list,  nok-tam'bu-Iist,  n.  A  somnambu- 
list—Noctiflorous, nok-ti-flo'rus,  a.  [L. 
nox,  7ioctis,  night,  and  flos,  floris,  a  flower.] 
Bot.  flowering  in  the  night.— Noctilucous, 
nok-ti-lQ  kus,  a.  [h.  luceo,  to  shine.] 
Shining  in  thii  night.— Noctivagant,  nok- 
tiv'a-gant,  a.  [L.  waj/or,  to  wander.]  Wan- 
dering in  the  night.— Noctivagation,  nok'- 
ti-va-ga"6hon,  n.  A  wandering  in  the 
night. —  Noctivagous,  nok-tiv'a-gus,  a. 
Noctivagant.  —  Noctograph,  nok'to-graf, 
n.  '  [L.  nox,  and  Gr.  grapM,  to  write!]  A 
writing  frame  for  the  blind;  an  instru- 
ment which  records  the  presence  of  watch- 
nten  on  their  beats.— Noctuary,t  nok'tu-a- 
ri,  »i.  An  account  of  what  passes  in  the 
night;  the  converse  of  a  diary. — Noctule, 
nok'tiil,  n.  The  largest  British  bat.— Noc- 
turn,nok't6m,n.[L.reocfwnws,  nocturnal.] 
A  religious  service  formerly  used  in  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  at  midnight,  now 
a  part  of  matins. — X^octumal,  nok-t6r'nal, 
a.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  night; 
done  or  occurring  at  night ;  zool.  active 
by  night;  bot.  closing  during  the  day  and 
expanding  during  the  night:  said  of  flow- 
ers.—Noctumally,  nok-tfer'nal-li,  adv.  By 
night;  nightly.— Noctumal-sight,  n.  Day- 
BLiNVNEss.— Nocturne,  nok'tern,  n.  [Fr.] 
A  paintinff  exhibiting  some  of  the  charac- 
teristic eft'ects  of  night-light;  anight-piece; 

muS.  NOTTURNO. 

Nod,  nod,  v.i. — nodded,  nodding.-  [Allied 
to  O.H.G.  nuoton,  hnoton,  to  shake;  Dan.' 
noder,  gestures;  or  perhaps  to  W.  and  Ir. 
nod,  a  mark,  a  notice;  Gael,  nodadh,  a 
wink  or  nod.J  To  incline  the  head  with  a 
quick  motion,  either  forward  or  sidewise; 
to  let  the  head  sink  from  sleep;  to  make 
an  inclination  of  the  head,  as  in  assent  or 
in  beckoning;  to  bend  or  incline  the  top 
with  a  quick  motion  (nodding  pluinesi. — 
v.t.  To  incline,  as  the  head  or  top;  to  sig- 
nify by  a  nod;  to  beckon  by  a  aotl.— n.  A 
quick  downward  motion  of  the  head  as  a 
sig^n  of  assent,  salutation,  from  drowsiness, 
ftc. — Nodder,  nod'6r,  n.  One  who  nods. — 
Nodding,  nod'ing,p.  anda.  Bending  with 
a  quick  motion. 

Noddle,  nod'l,  n.  [A  dim.  corresponding 
to  D.  knod,  knodde,  a  knob,  a  knot;  Dan. 
7<:nude,  a  knot ;  akin  to  knot]  The  head: 
used  humorously. 

Noddy,  nod'i,  n.  [Probably  from  nod,  and 
equivalent  to  sleepy-head;  comp.  noodle.] 
A  simpleton;  a  fool;  a  sea-fowl:  so  called 
from  its  being  easily  taken. 

Node,  nod,  n.  [L.  nodns  (for  gnodvs),  a 
knot;  cog.  knot,  noddle.]  A  knot;  a  knob; 
a  protuberance;  bot.  a  sort  of  knot  on  a 
stem  where  leaves  arise;  w«8.  a  nodal 
point;  astron.  one  of  the  two  points,  in 
which  two  great  circles  of  the  celestial 
sphere  (as  the  ecliptic  and  equator)  inter- 
sect each  other;  one  of  the  points  in  which 
the  orbit  of  a  satellite  intersects  the  plane 
of  the  orbit  of  its  primary.- Ltenar  nodes, 
the  points  at  which  the  orbit  of  the  moon 
cuts  the  ecliptic— Nodal,  uo'dal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  node  or  to  nodes;  nodated. — 
Nodal  points  and  nodal  lines,  the  points 
or  lines  of  a  vibrating  body  which  remain 
at  rest  during  the  vibration.  —  Nodated, 
nu'dated,  a-     [L.  nodatvs.]     Knotted.— 


Nodical,  nod'i-kal,  a.  Astivn.  relating  <n 
nodes. — Nodose,  nS-dos',  a.  [L.  nodositg.] 
Knotted;  jointed.— Nodosity,no-dos'i-ti,  re. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  nodose; 
knottiness;  a  knotty  protuberance. — Nod- 
nlar,  nod'n-Ur,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  in  the 
form  of  a  nodule. — Nodule,  nod'al,  n.  [L. 
nodtdus,  dim.  from  nodus,  a  knot.]  A 
little  knot  or  lump;  bot.  a  small  woody 
body  found  in  bark;  geol.  a  rounded  irre- 
gular-shaped mineral  mass.  —  Nodulose,. 
Nodulous,  nod'u-los,  nod'a-lus,  a.  Having 
little  itnois;  knotty. 

Noetic,  Noetical,  nO-et'ik,  no-et'i-kal,  a. 
[Gr.  noetikos,  from  nous,  the  mind.]  Re- 
lating to  th'j  mind  or  intellect. 

Nog,  nog,  n.  [Same  as  Dan.  knag,  knage,  a 
wooden  peg-;  T).  knog,  a  yard-arm ;  akiu 
knag.]  A  wooden  pin;  a  tree-nail  or  pin 
used  in  ship-building;  abrick-shaped  piece 
of  wood  inserted  in  a  wall;  a  timber-brick; 
a  square  piece  of  wood  used  to  prop  up 
the  roof  of  a  mine. — v.t. — nogged,  nogging. 
To  secure  by  a  nog.;  to  fill  with  nogs. — 
Nogging,  nog'ing,  n.  A  species  of  brick- 
work. —  Nogging  pieces,  horizontal  pieces 
of  timber  in  brickwork. 

Noggin,  nog'in,  n.  [Ir.  noigin,  Gael,  noi- 
gean,  a  noggin.]  A  small  mug  or  wooden 
cup;  a  measure  equivalent  to  a  gill. 

Noise,  noiz,  n.  [Fr.  noise,  strife,  quarrel, 
noisS,  probably  through  a  form  noxia,  for 
L.  noxa,  injury,  hurt.  Noxious.]  A  sound 
of  any  kind  or  proceeding  from  any  cause; 
more  especially  a  din,  a  confused  mixture 
of  sounds;  outcry;  clamour;  frequent  talk; 
much  public  conversation  or  discussion. — 
v.i. — noised,  noising.  To  sound  loud. — v.t. 
— noised,  noising.  To  spread  by  rumour 
or  report;  to  report. — Noiseless,  noiz'les, 
6^  Making  no  noise;  silent. — Noiselessly, 
noiz'les-li,  adv.  In  a  noiseless  manner; 
silently.  —  Noiselessness,  noiz'les-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  noiseless;  silence. — 
Noisy,  noi'zi,  a.  Making  a  loud  noise; 
clamorous ;  full  of  noise.— Noisily,  noi'zi- 
li,  ado.  In  a  noisy  manner;  with  noise. — 
I^oisiness,  noi'zi-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
noisy. 

Noisome,  noi'sum,  a.  |Trom  obsol.  noye, 
annoyance,  to  annoy,  shortened  from  an- 
noy, with  term,  -some.]  Noxious  to  health; 
morally  noxious  or  injurious;  ofTensive  to 
the  smell  or  other  senses;  fetid.— Noisome- 
ly,  noi'sum-li,  adv.  In  a  noisome  man- 
ner.—Nolsomeness,  noi'sum-nes,  n. 

Noli-me-tangere,  no'li-me-tan"jer-e,  n.  [L., 
touch  me  not.]  An  ulcerous  disease; 
lupus. 

Nolle  prosequi,  nol'S  pros'e-kwi,  n.  [L.,  to 
be  unwilling  to  prosecute.]  Law,  the  re- 
fusal of  a  plaintilf  in  an  action  to  proceed 
any  further. 

Nomad,  no'mad,  n.  [Gr.  nomas,  nomados, 
living  on  pasturage,  from  nemO,  to  feed, 
to  pasture.]  One  of  those  people  whose 
chief  occupation  consists  in  feeding  their 
flocks,  and  who  shift  their  residence  ac- 
cording to  the  state  of  the  pasture.  —  a. 
Nomadic.  —  Nomadic,  no-mad'ik,  a.  [Gr. 
nomadikos.]  Pertaining  to  nomads;  sub- 
sisting by  the  tending  of  cattle,  and  wan- 
dering for  the  sake  of  pasturage;  pastoral. 
— Nomadlcally,  no-mad'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a 
■nomadic  manner.  —  Nomadism,  no'mad- 
izm,  n.  The  state  of  being  a  nomad. — 
Nomadize,  no'mad-iz,  v.i.  To  live  a  no- 
madic life. 

Nombles^  nom'blz,  n.    Numbles. 

Nome,  nom,  w.  [Gr.  nomos,  a  district.]  A 
province  or  other. political  division  of  a 
country,  especially  of  modem  Greece. — 
ITomarch,  nom'ark,  n.  [Gr.  archo,  to  rule.] 
The  governor  or  chief ,  magistrate  of  a 
nome.— Nomarchy,  nom'ar-ki,  n.  A  dis- 
trict under  a  nomarch;  the  jurisdiction  of 
a  uomareh. 

Nomenclator,  no'men-kla-t6r,n.  [L.,  from 
nomen,  name,  and  calo,  to  call  (seen  in 
calendar).]  A  person  who  gives  names  to 
things;  one  who  settles  and  adjusts  the 
names  of  things  in  any  art  or  science.—- 
Nomenclatory,  no-men'kla-to-ri,  a.  Per- 
taining to  naming.— Nomenclatural,  no'- 
men-kla-to-ral,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  nomen- 
clature. —  Nomenclature,  no'men-kla-tur, 
n.  A  system  of  names;  the  systematic 
naming  of  things;  the  vocabulary  of  names 


ch,  c^^ain;     ch,  Sc.  locA;     g,  go;     j,  joo;     u,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sins',     ?h,  ihexx;  th,  tli'm;     v,  wig;     wh,  wWg;     zb,  asure. 


NOMINAL 


458 


NOON 


or  technical  terms  which  are  anpropiiated 
to  any  branch  of  science.  /.  As  distin- 
guished from  terminology  it  is  applied  to 
■the  names  for  individual  things,  while  the 
latter  is  generally  applied  to  the  techni- 
cal terms  describing  the  characteristics  of 
things.— Nomenclaturist,  no'men-kla-tar- 
ist,  ti.    One  versed  in  nomenclatuj-es. 

Nominal,  nom'i-nal,  a.  [L.  nominalis,  from 
twvien,  nominis,  a  name.  Name.]  Per- 
taining to  a  name  or  term;  nounal ;  exis- 
ting in  name  only;  not  real;  merely  so 
called.  —  Nominalism,  nom'i-nal-izm,  n. 
The  principles  of  the  nominalists.— Nom- 
inalist, nom'inal-ist,  n.  One  of  a  sect  of 
scholastic  philosophers  who  maintained 
that  general  notions  (such  as  the  notion  of 
a  tree)  have  no  realities  corresponding  to 
them,  and  have  no  existence  but  as  names 
(noDii/ia)  or  words:  opposed  to  realist. — 
Nominalistic,  nom'i-nal-is"tik,  a.  Kelat- 
ing  to  nominalism.  —  Nominally,  nom'i- 
nal-li,  adv.  In  a  nominal  manner;  in  name 
only,  not  really  {nomiifiiU!/  kingl. — Nomi- 
nate, nom'i-nat,  v.t.  —  nominated,  nomi- 
nating. [L.  nomino,  nominatum.]  To 
name;  to  mention  by  name;  to  designate 
by  name  for  an  office  or  place;  to  propose 
by  name,  or  offer  the  natiie  of,  as  a  candi- 
date for  an  office  or  place;  to  set  do^vn  in  ex- 
press terms  (iSAai.).— Nominatcly,  nom'i- 
nat-li,  adv.  By  name;  particularly. — 
Nomination,  nom-i-na'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  nominating;  the  act  of  proposing  by 
name  for  an  office;  the  state  of  being  nom- 
inated; the  power  of  nominating  or  ap- 
pointing to  office.  —  Nominatival,  nom'i- 
na-ti"val,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  nominative 
case.  —  Nominative,  nom'i-na-tiv,  a.  fL. 
nominativus,  naming.]  A  term  applied  to 
that  form  of  a  noun  or  pronoun  which  is 
used  when  the  noun  or  pronoun  is  the 
subject  of  a  sentence. — n.  The  nominative 
case;  a  nominative  word.  —  Nominatively, 
nom'i-na-tiv-li,  adv. '  In  the  manner  of  a 
nominative.— Nominator,  nom'i-na-tfer,  n.. 
One  that  nominates.— Nominee,  nom-i-ne', 
n.  A  person  nominated ;  one  proposed  to 
fill  a  place  or  office. 

Nomography,  no-mog'ra-fi,  n.  [Gr.  nomos, 
a  law,  and  grapho,  to  vf  rite.]  Exposition  of 
the  proper  manner  of  drawing  up  laws. — 
Nomographer,  no-mog'ra-ffer,  n.  A  writer 
on  nomograph}'.— Nomology,  no-molo-ji, 
n.  [Gr.  no?jiog,  and  iopos.)  The  science  or 
knowledge  of  law,  legislation,  and  govern- 
ment. 

Non-acceptance,  n.    A  refusal  to  accept. 

Nonage,  non'aj,  n.  |Ii.  non,  not,  and  E. 
age.  1  The  time  of  life  before  a  person  be- 
comes legally  of  age;  minority;  period  of 
immaturity  in  general. 

Nonagenarian,  non'a-je-n5"ri-an,  n.  fL. 
nonagenarius,  from  nonageni,  ninety  each, 
nonaginta,  ninety,  noveni,  nine.]  A  per- 
son ninety  or  between  ninety  and  a  hun- 
dred years  old. — Nonagesimal,  non-a-jes'i- 
mal,  o.  fL.  nonagesimus.]  Belonging  to 
the  number  90. 

Nonagon,  non'a-gon,  n.  fL.  nonHs,  ninth, 
and  Or.  gOnia,  an  angle.]  A  figure  having 
nine  sides  and  nine  angles. 

Non-appearance,  n.  A  failure  to  appear; 
default  of  appearance. —  Non-arrival,  n. 
Failure  to  arrive.— Non-attendance,  n.  A 
failure  to  attend;  personal  absence.— Non- 
attention,  n.  Inattention.  —  Non-bitu- 
nvinous,  a.    Containing  no  bitumen. 

Nonce,  nons,  n.  [Same  as  once,  with  an 
initial  n  belonging  to  the  old  dative  of  the 
article,  seen  in  the  phrases/or  then  anes,/or 
then  ones,  for  the  nonce,  anes,  ones,  being 
an  adverbial  genitive  from  A.  Sax.  dn,  one, 
used  substantivelf ;  comp.  the  tother,  for 
that  other.]  Present  occasion  or  purpose : 
used  only  in  the  phrase /or  the  nonce. 

Nonchalant,  non'sha-lant  or  non-sha-lan, 
a.  I  Fr.,  from  non,  not,  chaloir,  to  care  for, 
from  L.  calere,  to  be  warm  or  ardent;  akin 
chafe,  caldron.  ]  Indifferent;  careless;  cool. 
—Nonchalantly,  non-sha-lantii,  adv.  In 
a  nonchalant  manner.  —  Nonchalance, 
non'sha-lans  or  non-sha-lans,  n.  Want  of 
earnestness  or  feeling  of  interest;  indiffer- 
ence; coolness. 

Non-combatant,  n.  Any  one  connected  with 
a  military  or  naval  force  whose  duty  it  is 
not  to  fight;  civilisms  in  a  place  occupied 


by  troops.  —  Non-commissioned,  a.  Not 
having  a  commission. — Non-commissioned 
officers,  subordinate  officers  below  the  rank 
of  lieutenant,  as  sergeants  and  corporals 
in  the  army,  and  quartermasters  ana  gun- 
ners'mates  in  the  navy.— Non-compliance, 
n.  Neglect  or  failure  of  compliance.  — 
Non-concurrence,  n.  A  refusal  to  con- 
cur. —  Non-conducting,  a.  Not  conduc- 
ting; not  transmitting.  —  Non-conductor, 
n.  A  substance  which  does  not  conduct, 
that  is,  transmit  such  a  force  as  heat 
or  electricity,  or  which  transmits  it  with 
difficulty.  —  Nonconforming,  non  -  kon  - 
for'ming,  a.  Dissenting  from  the  estab- 
lished religion  of  a  country. — Nonconfor- 
mist, non-kon-for'mist,  n.  One  who  does 
not  conform;  especially,  one  who  refuses 
to  conform  to  an  established  church.-r 
Noncoziformity,  non-kon-for'mi-ti,  n.  Ne- 
glect or  failure  of  conformity;  the  neglect 
or  refusal  to  unite  with  an  established 
church  in  its  rites  and  mode  of  worship. 
— Non-contagious,  a.  Not  contagious. — 
Non-content,  n.  In  the  House  of  Lords, 
one  who  gives  a  negative  vote. —  Non-de- 
livery, n."  A  neglect  or  failure  of  delivery. 

Nondescript,  non'de-skript,  a.  [h.  non,  not, 
and  desciiptus,  described.]  Not  hitherto 
described  or  classed;  not  easily  described; 
abnormal  or  amorphous;  odd;  indescrib- 
able.— n.  Anything  that  has  not  been  de- 
scribed; a  person  or  thing  not  easily 
classed. 

None,  nun,  n.  or  pi'on.  [A.  Sax.  nan — ne, 
not,  and  cin,  one ;  the  loss  of  the  final  n 
produced  the  adjective  no,  to  which  it  now 
stands  in  the  same  relation  as  ■mine  and 
thine  to  my  and  thy.  No,  One.]  Not  one: 
used  of  persons  or  things ;  not  any ;  not  a 
part;  not  the  least  portion. — None  the  more, 
none  the  less,  not  the  more,  not  the  less  on 
that  account.  —  None-so-pretty,  n.  Lon- 
don-pride.—  Nonesuch,  nun 'such,  n.  A 
person  or  thing  such  as  iio  have  no  parallel ; 
a  certain  kind  of  apple. 

Non-effective,  a.  Having  no  power'to  pro- 
duce an  effect;  causing  no  effect. — Non- 
efficient,  a.  Not  efficient;  specifically, 
iiulit.  a  term  applied  to  a  volxuateer  who 
has  not  attended  a  prescribed  number  of 
drills  and  passed  a  certain  standard  in 
shooting.- Ji.  One  who  is  not  efficient. — 
Non-ego.  n.  [h.,  not  I.]-  Metaph.  all  be- 
yond or  outside  of  the  ego  or  conscious 
thinking  subject;  the  object  as  opposed  to 
the  subject.- Non-elastic,  a.  Not  elastic; 
destitute  of  the  property  of  elasticity. — 
Non-elect,  n.  eing.  and  pi.  One  who  is  or 
those  who  are  not  elect;  those  who  are  not 
chosen  to  salvation.—  Non -election,  n. 
Failure  of  election.  —  Non-electric,  Non- 
electrical, a.  Not  electric;  conducting 
electricity. — n.  A  non-electric  substance. 

Nonentity,  non-en'ti-ti,  n.  [L.L.  non-entitas. 
Entity.]  Non-existence;  a  thing  not  exis- 
ting; a  person  utterly  wi  thout  consequence 
Of  importance. 

Nones,  nonz,  n.  f)l.  [L.  nonce,  from  nanus, 
for  novenus,  ninth,  from  novem,  nine. 
Nine.]  In  the  Rom.  calendar,  the  fifth 
day  of  the  months  January,  February, 
April,  June,  August,  September,  Novem- 
ber, and  December,  and  the  seventh  day 
of  March,  May,  July,  and  October:  so 
called  as  falling  on  the  ninth  day  before 
the  ides,  both  days  included;  the  office  for 
the  ninth  hour,  one  of  the  breviary  offices 
of  the  Catholic  Church. 

Non-essential,  a.  Not  essential  or  neces- 
sary; not  absolutely  necessary. — n.  A  thing 
that  is  not  absolutely  necessary.  —  Non- 
existence, n.  Absence  of  existence;  the 
negation  of  being. — Non-existent,  a.  Not 
having  existence. — Non-extensile,  a.  Not 
extensile;  incapable  of  being  stretched.— 
Non-fossiliferons,  a.  Not  producing  or 
containing  fossils. — Non-fttlfllment,  n.  Ab- 
sence of  fulfilment;  neglect  or  failure  to 
fulfil. 

Nonillion,  no-nil'li-on,  n.  [L.  nonus,  nine, 
and  E.  million.']  The  number  produced 
by- involving  a  million  to  the  ninth  power; 
a  unit  with  fifty-four  ciphers  annexed. 

Non-intervention,  n.  Abstention  from  in- 
tervening ;  a  policy  of  not  interfering  in 
foreign  politics  excepting  where  a  coun- 
try's own  interests  are  distinctly  involved. 


Nonius,  no'ni-us,  n.  [From  a  Portugiiesc 
of  the  sixteenth  centurj-,  once  credited 
wi*h  the  invention.]    Same  as  Vernier. 

Nonjuring,  uon-jur'ing,  a.  [L.  non,  not, 
and  jMJo,  to  swear.]  Not  swearing  alle- 
giance :  an  epithet  applied  to  those  who 
would  not  swear  allegiance  to  the  govern- 
ment after  the  Revolution  of  1688.— Non- 
juror, non-ju'ri'r,  7i.  One  who  refused  to 
take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  govern- 
ment of  England  at  the  Revolution  of 
1688. 

Non-luminous,  a.  Not  luminous;  not  giv- 
ing out  light.— Non-metallic,  a.  Not  con- 
sisting of  metal.  —  Non-obedience,  n.  Ne- 
glect of  obedience.  —  Non-observance,  n. 
Neglect  or  failure  to  observe  or  fulfil. 

Nonpareil,  non-pa-rel',  n.  [Fr.  non,  not 
or  no,  and  pareil,  equal,  from  L.  par, 
equal  (whence  pair).]  A  person  or  thing 
of  peerless  excellence;  a  sort  of  small 
printing  type,  two  sizes  larger  than  that 
in  which  this  is  printed. 

Non-payment,  n.  Neglect  of  payment; 
failure  of  payment.  —  Non-performance, 
n.  A  failure  or  neglect  to  perform.— Non- 
placental,  a.    Api.acental. 

Nonplus,  non'plus,  xt.  IL.  non,  not,  and 
phts,  more,  further  (whence  plurall]  A 
state  in  which  one  is  unable  to  proceed  or 
decide;  inability  to  say  or  do  more;  puzzle: 
usually  in  the  phrase  at  a  nonplus.— v.t. — 
nonplussed  .nonplussing.  To  puzzle;  to  con- 
found; to  stop  by  embarrassment. 

Non-preparation,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unprepared;  want  of  preparation.— Non- 
production,  n.  A  failure  to  produce  or  ex- 
hibit.— Non-professional,  a.  Not  belong- 
ing to  a  profession ;  not  done  by  or  pro- 
ceeding from  professional  men.  —  Non- 
proflciency,  n.  Failure  of  proficiency. — 
Non-proficent,  n.  One  who  has  failed  to 
improve  or  make  progress  in  anj'  study  or 
pursuit.  —  Non-residence,  n.  Failure  oi 
neglect  of  residing  where  official  duties  re- 
quire one  to  reside,  or  on  one's  own  lands; 
residence  by  clergymen  away  from  their 
cures. — Non-resident,  a.  Not  residing  in 
a  particular  place,  on  one's  own  estate,  or 
in  one's  proper  place. — ii.  One  who  is  non- 
resident. —  Non-resistance,  n.  The  omis- 
sion of  resistance;  submission  to  authority, 
power,  or  usurpation  without  opposition. 
—Non-resistant,  a.  Making  no  resistance 
to  power  or  oppression.  —  n.  One  who  is 
non-resistant.— Non-resisting,  a.  Making 
no  resistance.  —  Non-ruminant,  a.  Not 
ruminating  or  chewing  the  cud. 

Nonsense,  non 'sens,  n.  li\''on,  not,  and 
sense,  the  two  elements  being  closely 
welded  together.]  No  sense;  that  which 
is  not  sense;  words  or  language  conveying 
no  just  ideas;  absurdity;  things  of  no  im- 
portance.— Nonsensical,  non-sen'si-kal,  o. 
Having  no  sense;  unmeaning;  absurd. — 
Nonsensically,  non-sen'si-kal-U,  adv.  In  a 
nonsensical  manner.  —  Nonsensicalness, 
non-sen'si-kal-nes,  n. 

Non-sensitive,  a.  Not  sensitive;  not  keenly 
alive  to  impressions.- Non-sequitiir,  non- 
sek'wi-tfer,  n.  [L.,  it  does  not  follow.]  An 
inference  or  conclusion  which  does  not 
follow  from  the  premises.— Non-sexual,  a. 
Destitute  of  sex;  sexless;  neuter;  asexual. 
— Non -society,  a.  Not  belonging  to  a 
trades-society  or  trades-union.— Non-sol- 
vency, n.  Inability  to  pay  debts.— Non- 
solvent,  a.  Not  able  to  pay  debts;  insol- 
vent. —  Non-striated,  a.  Not  striated.— 
Non-striated  fibre,  the  fibre  constituting 
the  involuntary  muscles.  —  Non-submis- 
sive, a.  Not  submissive.- Nonsuit,  non'- 
stlt,  n.  A  stoppage  of  a  suit  at  law  ordered 
by  a  judge  when  the  plaintiff  fails  to  make 
out  a  legal  cause  of  action.  —  v.t.  To  sub- 
ject to  a  nonsuit. 

Noodle,  nij'dl,  n.  [A  form  akin  to  noddy.] 
A  simpleton.    [CoUoq.] 

Nook,  nok,  n.  [Comp.  Sc.  neuk,  Jr.  nitie,  a 
nook.]  A  comer;  a  recess;  a  secluded  re- 
treat. 

Noblogy,  no-ol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  noos,  the  mind, 
and  logos,  discourse.]  The  science  of  in- 
tellectual facts  or  phenomena.— Noologi- 
cal,  no-D-loj'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  neolo- 
gy.— Noblogist,  nO-ol'o-jist,  n.  One  versed 
in  noiilogy. 

Noon,  ndn,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ndn,  L.  nona  (hor<0. 


JF&te,  filr,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     ttlbe,  tub,  b\5ll;     oil,  pound;     tt,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr. «. 


NOOSE 


459 


NOTE 


the  ninth-  hour;  ori^nally  3  p.m.,  the 
time  of  eating  the  chief  meal,  out  after- 
•wards  the  term  became  appued  to  the 
mid-day  hour,  the  chief  meal  being  no 
doubt  also  shifted  correspondingly.  I  The 
middle  of  the  day;  the  time  ■when  the  sun 
is  in  the  meridijln;  twelve  o'clock;  the  time 
of  greatest  brilliancy  or  power;  the  prime. 
— Hoonday,  non'da,  n.  Mid-day ;  twelve 
o'clock  in  the  day.— a.  Pertaining  to  mid- 
day; meridional.  —  Noontide,  nOn'tId,  n. 
The  time  of  noon;  mid-day. 

Nooae,  nos  or  noz,  n.  [Probably  from  0.  or 
Prov.  Pr.  novs,  a  knot,  from  L.  nodus,  a 
knot.  Node.]  A'  running  knot,  which 
binds  the  closer  the  more  it  is  drawn.— 
v.U  (uHz)— noosed,  noosing. .  To  catch  in  a 
noose;  to  entrap;  to  ensnare. 

Kopal,  no'pal,  n.  [Mexican  nopalli.'\  A 
name  of  several  cactaceous  plants  culti- 
vated for  the  cochineal  insect. 

Nor,  nor,  conj.  \_0r  with  the  neg.  particle 
we,  m-  prefijced:  old  forms  were  nother, 
nouther.  Ob,  No.]  Aword  used  to  render 
negative  the  second  or  a  subsequent  mem- 
ber of  a  clause  or  sentence:  correlative  to 
neither  or  other  negative;  also  equivalent 
to  and  notj  and  in  this  case  not  always 
corresponding  to  a  foregoing  negative. 

Koria,  no'ri-a,  n.  [Sp.]'  A  hydraulic  ma- 
chine used  in  Spain,  Syria,  Palestine,  &c., 
for  raising  water;  a  Persian  wheel. 

Norm,  norm,  n.  [L.  norma,  a  carpenter's 
square,  a  rule,  for  gnorima,  from  root  gno, 
to  know  (see  Noble);  hence  enormous.]  A 
rule;  a  pattern;  a  model;  an  authoritative 
standard^  a  type.— Normal,  nor'mal,  a.  [L. 
normalis.J  According  to  a  rule,  principle, 
or  norm;  conforming  with  a  certain  type 
or  standard;  not  abnormal;  regular;  geom. 
perpendicular. — Normal  school  (from  Pr. 
dcole  normale,  lit.  a  school  that  serves  as  a 
model),  a  school  in  which  teachers  are  in- 
structed in  the  principles  of  their  profes- 
sion and  trained  in  the  practice  of  itj.a 
training-college. — n.  Geom.  a  straight  Ime 
at  right  angles  to  the  tangent  or  tangent 
plane  at  any  point  of  a  curve  or  curved 
surface.  —  Normalization,  nor'mal-i-za"- 
shon,  n.  Reduction  to  a  standard  or  type. 
— Normalize,  nor'mal-iz,  v.t. — normalized, 
normalizing.  To  make  normal;  to  reduce 
to  a  standard  or  type.  —  Normally,  nor*- 
mal-li,  adv.  In  a  normal  manner  or  state'. 

Norman,  nor'man,  n.  A  native  or  inhabi- 
tant of  Normandy.— a.  Pertaining  to  Nor- 
mandy, or  the  Normans. — Normark,  archi- 
tecture, the  round-arched  sty le«of  architec- 
ture,-a  variety  of  the  Romanesque.— iVdr- 
man-French,  the  language  of  the  Normans 
at  the  English  Conquest,  and  still  to  a 
small  extent  made  use  of  in  several  for- 
mal proceedings  of  state  in  England. 

Norroy,  nor'oi,  n.  [Korih,  and  roy,  king, 
north  king.]  The  tnird  of  the  three  Eng- 
lish kings-at-arms,  whose  jurisdiction  lies 
to  the  north  of  the  Trent. 

Norse,  nors,  n. .  The  language  of  Norway. 
—Old  Norse,  the  ancient  language  of  Scan- 
dinavia, represented  by  the  classical  Ice- 
landic and  stiU  with  wonderful  purity  by 
modem  Icelandic— a.  Belonging  to  an- 
cient Scandinavia  or  its  language.— Norse- 
man, nors'man,  n.  A  native  of  ancient 
Scandinavia. 

North,  north)  n.  [  A.  Sax.  north  —  Icel. 
northr,  G.  8w.  and  Dan.  nord,  north: 
origin  unknown.}  One  of  the  cardinal 
points,  being  thnt  point  of  the  horizon 
which  is  directly  opposite  to  the  sun  in 
the  meridian;  the  opposite  of  south;  a  re- 
gion, tract,-  or  country  lying  opposite  to 
the  south. —  a.  Northern;  being  in  the. 
north.  —  North-east,  n.  The  point  mid- 
way between  the  north  and  east.— a.  Per- 
taining to,  proceeding  from,  or  directed  to- 
wards that  point;  north-eastern.— North- 
easter, n.  A  wind  from  the  north-east. — 
North-easterly,  a.  Towards  or  from  the 
north-east— North-eastern, a.  Pertaining 
to  or  being  in  the  north-east,  or  in  a  direc- 
tion to  the  north-east.  —  North-eastward, 
adv.  Towards  the  north-east.— Northerll- 
ness,  nor'iB  fr-li-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
northerly.— Northerly,  nor'iH^r-li,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  being  in  or  toward  s  thie  north; 
northern;  proceeding  from  the  north.— 
Mortliern,  nor'TH^m,  a.   Pertaining  to  or 


being  in  the  north ;  in  a  direction  toward 
the  north;  proceeding  from  the  north  (the 
Tiorthern  ■wind).— Northern  diver,  a  marine 
swimming  bird.  DivsR.-NortTiem  hemi- 
sphere, that  half  of  the  earth  north  of  the 
equator.  —  Northern  lights,  the  popular 
name  of  the  aurora  borealis.  —  Northern, 
Northerner,  nor'TH6r-n6r,  m.  A  native  or 
inhabitant  of  the  north,  of  a  northern 
country  or  part.- Northern-drift,  n.  Geol. 
a  name  formerly  given  to  boulder-clay  of 
the  pleistocene  period,  when  its  materials 
were  supposed  to  have  been  brought  by 
polar  currents  from  the  north.— Northern- 
most, Northmost,  nor'*H6m-most,  north'- 
most,  a.  Situated  at  the  point  furthest 
north.-^Northlng,  north'ing,  n.  The  dis- 
tance of  a  planet  from  the  equator  north- 
wardj  north  declination;  navig.  and  surv. 
the  difference  of  latitude  northward  from 
the  last  point  of  reckoning:  opposed  to 
southing.  —  Northman,  north'man,  n.  pi. 
Northmon.  A  name  given  to  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  north  of  Europe,  especially 
the  ancient  Scandinavians.— North-polar, 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  north  pole  or  regions 
near  the  north  pole.— North  Pole,  n.  That 
point  of  the  heavens  towards  the  north 
which  is  90°  distant  from  the  equinoctial; 
the  northern  extremity  of  the  earth's  axis. 
—North-star,  n.  The  north  polar  star;  a 
star  of  the  constellation  Ursa  Minor  ( Little 
Bear),  about  1°  20'  from  the  North  Pole. — 
Northward,  north'wferd,  adv.  and  a.  [A.- 
Sax.  northweard.]  Toward  the  north. — n. 
The  northern  part.— Northwards,  north'- 
wferdz,  adv.  Towards  the  north;  north- 
ward.—North-west,  n.  The  point  midway 
between  the  north  and  west.— a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  being  between  the  north  and  west; 
north-westerly;  proceeding  from  the  north- 
west (a  north-west  wind).  —  North-wester, 
n.  A  wind  from  the  north-west.— North- 
westerly, o.  Towards  the  north-west; 
from  the  north-west.  —  North-western,  o. 
Pertaining  to  or  being  in  the  north-west; 
from  the  north-west.  —  North-westward, 
adv.  Towards  the  north-west.  —  North- 
wind,  n.  The  wind  that  blows  from  the 
north. 

Norwegian,  nor^we'ji-an,  o.  Belonging  to 
Norway. — Norwegian  haddock.  Bebgylt, 
— ».  A  native  of  Norway. 

Nose,  noz,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ndsu,  ttdsu— Icel.  nos. 
Pan.  fwese,  Sw.  ndsa,  G.  nase;  cog.  Pol. 
nos.  Bus.  nos,  L.  ndsus,  Skr.  ndsd,  nasd — 
nose.  Ness  is  akin.]  The  part  of  the  face 
subservient  to  the  sense  of  smell,  and 
forming  a  portion  of  the  apparatus  of  res- 

giration  and  voice;  the  power  of  smelling; 
ence,  scent;  sagacity;  something  sup- 
posed to  resemble  a  nose;  a  nozzle. — To 
lead  by  the  nose,  to  lead  blindly  .-=-  To  thnist 
one's  nose  into  the  affairs  of  others,  to  med- 
dle ofiBciously  in  other  people's  matters; 
to  be  a  busybody.— To  turn  up  the  nose,  to 
show  contempt. — Under  one's  nose,  under 
his  immediate  range  of  observation. — v.t. 
—^  nosed,  nosing.  To  Rriiell;  to  twang 
through  the  nose;  to  touch  with  the  nose. 
— v.i.  To  smell ;  to  pry  ofiBciously.— Nose- 
bag, n.  A  bag  which  may  be  fastened  to  a 
horse's  head  while  he  eats  the  provender  in 
it.— Nosed,  nozd,  o.  Having  a  nose  of  a  cer- 
tain kind:  used  in  compounds  (long-nosed). 
— Nosegay,  noz'ga,  n.  A  bunch  of  flowers 
to  carry  for  smelling;  a  bouquet;  a  posy.-:— 
Noseless,  noz'les,  a.  Destitute  of  a  nose. — 
Nose-pieca,  n.  A  nozzle;  a  piece  on  a  hel- 
met coming  down  in  front  of  the  nose. — 
Nose-ring,  n.  A  ring  worn  in  the  nose  as 
an  ornament;  a  rin^  for  the  nose  of  an 
animal,  as  a  bull,  a  pig,  &c.— Nosing,  noz'- 
ing,  n.  Arch,  the  projecting  edge  of  a 
moulding;  a  projecting  moulding. 
Noaograpny.  no-sog'ra-fi,  n..  [Gr.  nosos, 
disease,  and  grapho,  to  write.]  The  science 
of  the  description  of  diseases. — Nosology, 
no-sol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  nosos  and  logos.}  _  A 
systematic  arrangement  or  classification 
of  diseases;  that  branch  of  medical  science 
which  treats  of  the  classification  of  dis- 
eases. —  Nosological,  nos-o-loj'i-kal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  nosology.  —  Nosologlst,  no- 
Bol'o-jist,  n.  One  versed  in  nosology. — 
Nosonomy,  no-son 'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  onoma, 
name.]  The  nomenclature  of  diseases. — 
Nosotaxy,  nos'o-tak-si,  n.    [Gr.  taxis,  ar- 


rangement.] The  classification  of  dis- 
eases. 

Nostalgia,  nos-tal'ji-a,  n.  [Gr.  nosios,  re- 
turn, and  algos,  pain.j  A  vehement  de- 
sire to  revisit  one's  native  country;  home- 
sickness. —  Nostalgic,  nos-tal'jik,  a.  Re- 
lating to  nostalgia;  home-sick. 

Nostoc,  nos'tok,  n.  [G.  nostok,  nostoch.}  A 
sort  of  gelatinous  algae  often  found  after 
wet  weather,  especially  on  sandy  soils. 

Nostril,  nos'tril,  n.  [O.E.  noseViril,  nose- 
thirl,  A.  Sax.  ndsthyrl,  lit.  nose-hole,  ihyrl 
or  thyrel  meaning  a  hole,  whence  thyrlian, 
to  bore  (same  word  as  thrill).]  One  of  thcr 
two  apertures  of  the  nose  which  give  pas- 
sage to  air. 

Nostrum,  nos'trum,  n.  [L.  nostrum,  ours, 
that  is,  a  medicine  belonging  to  us  alone.] 
A  medicine,  the  ingredients  of  which  are 
kept  secret;  a  quack  medicine;  anv  scheme 
or  device  proposed  by  a  quack  or  cnarlatan 
in  any  department. 

Not,  not,  adv.  [Older  not,  contr.  from 
naught,  nought,  and  equivalent  to  ne 
aught.  Naught.]  A  word  that  expresses 
negation,  denial,  refusal,  or  prohibition. 

Notable,  no'ta-bl,  a.  [Fr.  notable,  L.  no- 
tabUis,  from  noto,  to  mark  or  note,  from 
nota,  a  mark,  for  gnota,  from  notus,  gTwtus, 
known.  Note,  Noble.]  Worthy  of  notice; 
remarkable;  memorable;  noted  or  distin- 

fuished;  conspicuous;  manifest;  observa- 
le. — n.  A  person  or  thing  of  note  or  dis- 
tinction; French  hist,  one  of  the  nobles  or 
notable  men  selected  by  the  king  to  form 
a  iparliament.  before  the  revolution.— Not- 
ablencss,  no'ta-bl-nes,  n.  I'he  quality 
of  being  notable.— Notably,  no'ta-bli,  adv. 
In  a  notable  manner;  remarkably;  emi- 
nently; especially.  —  Notabilia,  no-ta-bil'- 
i-a,  n.  pi.  Notable  things;  things  worthy 
of  notice.  —  Notability,  no-ta-bU'i-ti,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  notable;  a  notable 
person  or  thing;  a  person  of  note. 

Notalgia,  no-tal'ji-a,  n.  [Gr.  notos,  the 
back,  algos,  pain.]  ifed.  pain  in  the  back; 
irritation  of  the  spine. 

Notary,  n5'ta-Ti,  n.  [L.  notarius,  from  no- 
ta, a  note.  Note.]  An  oflScer  authorized 
to  attest  written  documents,  to  protest 
bills  of  exchange,  &c.:  called  also  Notary 
PitftZic.- Notarial,  no-ta'ri-al,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  notary;  done  or  taken  by  a  notary. 
—Notarially,  no-ta'ri-al-li,  adv.  In  a  no- 
tarial manner. 

Notation,  no-ta'shon,  n.  [L.  notatio,  from 
noto,  to  mark.  Note.]  The  act  or  practice 
of  noting ;  the  art  of  recording  by  marks 
or  characters;  a  system  of  signs  or  char- 
acters used  for  expressing  briefly  facts 
connected  with  an  art  or  science,  as  in 
arithmetic,  algebra,  music,  &c. 

Notch,  noch,  n.  [Softened  form  of  old  nocfc, 
a  notch=O.D.  nock,  O.Sw.  nocka,  a  notch; 
akin  nick.]  A  hollow  cut  in  anything;  a 
nick;  what  resembles  such  a  cutting;  a 
gap  in  a  mountain  or  hill.— r.f.  To  cut  a 
notch,  or  notches  in;  to  nick;  to  indent;  to 
fit  to  a  string  by  the  notch,  as  an  arrow.-r- 
Notcfalng,  noch'ing,  n.  A  series  of  notches. 

Note,  not,  n.  [Pr.  note,  from  L.  nota,  a 
mark,  sign,  character,  from  tiotus,  known, 
for  gnotus,  from  gnosco,  noseo,  to  know. 
Noble,  Know.]  A  mark  on  the  margin  of 
a  bookj ;  a  mark,  character,  or  symbolt ;  a 
statement  subsidiary  to  the  text  of  a  book 
elucidating  or  adding  something;  an  ex- 
planatory or  critical  comment;  an  annota- 

'  t-ion;  a  memorandum  or  short  writing  in- 
tended to  assist  the  memory  or  for  after 
use  or  reference;  a  list  of  items;  a  reckon- 
ing, bUl,  account;  a  written  or  printed 
paper  acknowledging  a  debt  and  promis- 
ing payment  (a  promissory  note;  a  bank- 
note); a  diplomatic  or  official  communica- 
tion in  writing;  a  short  letter;  a  billet; 
notice;  heed;  observation;  reputation;  con- 
sequence; distinction ;  pi.  a  newspaper  re- 
porter's or  shortiiand  writer's  report;  mus. 
a  character  which  represents  a  sound ;  a 
musical  sourtd;  voice;  harmonious  or  melo- 
dious sound.— -w.t. — noted,  noting.  To  ob- 
serve carefully;  to  heed ;  to  attend  to;  to 
se,t  down  in  writing;  to  make  a  memoran- 
dum of;  to  mark  (a  bill)  as  being  dishon- 
oured—  a  proceeding  done  by  a  notary. 
— Note-book,  n.  A  book  in  which  notes 
or  memoranda  are  written.  —  Noted,  no'- 


ch,cftain;     cfc,  Sc.  locA;     e,go;     j,/ob;     n,  Pr.  ton;     ng,  bItw;.    ra,  tten;  th,  ttin;     w.wig;     wh,«;ftig;     zh.asnre. 


NOTHING 


460 


ifUDE 


tzd,  a.  Being  of  note;  ainch  kpo'wn  by 
reputation  or  report;  celebrated.— Koted- 
ness,  no'ted-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  noted.— Noteleaj,  uot'les,  o.  Not 
attractmgnotice;  not  conspicuous.— Note- 
paper,  n.  P^per  of  a  small  size  for  writing 
notes  or  letters  on.— Noteworthy,  not'- 
■w6r-?Hi,  a.  Worthy  of  note;  worthy  of 
observation  or  notice. 

Nothing,  nu'thing,  n,  [iVo  thing.]  Not 
anything:  opposed  to  anythinff  and  some- 
tning;  non-existence;  nothingness;  a  trifle; 
a  thing  of  no  considerationjsr  importance; 
a7'Uh.  a  cipher. — adv.  In  no  degree;  not  at 
ail.— Nothingness,  nu'thing-nes,  n.  Nihil- 
ity} non-existence;  insignificance. 

Notice,  nS'tis,  n.  [Pr.  notice,  from  L.  nofj- 
iia,  notice,  from  nosco,  noium,  to  know. 
Note.]  The  act  of  noting,  observing,  or 
remarking;  heed;  regard;  Cognizance;  note; 
infonn  ati  on ;  in  telligencs ;  direction ;  order; 
premonition;  ■R'arning;  intimation  before- 
hand; a  ps.per  that  commimicates  infor- 
mation; attention;  respectful  treatment; 
civility;  a  short  statement;  a  brief  critical 
review.  —  v.t.  —  noticed,  noticine-  To  take 
cognizance  or  notice  of;  to  perceive;  to  be- 
come aware  of ;  to  observe ;  to  mentipn  or 
make  observations  on;  to  treat  wita  at- 
tention and  civilities.- Noticeable,  no'tis- 
a-bl,  a.  Worthy  of  being  noticed  or  ob- 
served; observable;  likely  to  attract  atten- 
tion.—Noticeably,  no'tis-a-bU,  adv.  In^ 
noticeable  manner;  evidently;  distinctly. 
— Moticer,  no'tis-fr,  n.    One  who  notices. 

Notify, no'ti-fi,  v.t.—notifled,notifin.Tia.  [Fr. 
notifier,  L.  notificaTe,  from  notuay  known, 
ana.  facio,  to  make.  Note.]  to  make 
known;  to  declare;  to  publish;  to  give 
notice  to ;  to  inform  by  words  or  writing. 
—Notification,  no'ti-fi-k5"8hon,  n.  The 
act  of  notifying  or  giving  notice;  notice 
given  in  words  or  writing,  or  by  signs;  in- 
timation; the  writing  which  communi- 
cates information;  an  advertisement,  cita- 
tion, &c. 

Notion,  no'shon,  n.  [li.  notio,  from  notua, 
known.  Note.]  A  mental  conception; 
mental  apprehension  of  whatever  may  be 
known  or  imagined;  idea;  an  opinion;  a 
belief  or  view  entertained;  a  fancy  article; 
an  article  of  smallware:  chiefly  in  the 
pluyal  (now  only  American).  —  Notional, 
no'shon-al,  n.  Pertaining  to  a  notion  or 
conception;  imaginary;  ideal;  existing  in 
idea  only; .visionary;  whimsical;  fanciful. 
— Noticnal  words,  those  words  which  ex- 
press notions  or  objects  of  the  imderstand- 
mg,  as  verbs  and  nouns,  in  distinction 
from  relcUionctl  words  or  words  ezpresping 
relation,  as  prepositipns.  —  Hotionality, 
n<3-shon-al'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  bsing  no- 
tional or  fancifuL  —  Notionally,  no'shon- 
al-li,  adv.  In  a  notional  manner.  —  No- 
tionlst,  nd'shon-ist,  n.  One  who  holds 
ungrounded  opinions. 

Notochord,  no'to-kord,  n.  [Gr.  notos,  the 
back,  and  chorde,  a  string.]  A  fibro-cel- 
lular  rod  in  the  embryo  of  vertebrates, 
usually  replaced  in  the  adult  by  the  verte- 
bral column. 

Notorhizal,  no'to-ri-zal,  o.  [Gr.  nOtos,  tho 
back,  and  rhiza,  a  root.]  Bat.  having  the 
radicle  in  the  embryonic  plant  at  theback 
of  the  cotyledons. 

Notorions,  no-tyri-us,  a.  [L.L.  notoriug, 
from  It.  notoria,  notorium,  an  indictment, 
notor,  a  voucher,  notare,  to  mark.  Note.] 
Pubhcly  or  generally  known  and  spoken 
of;  manifest  to  the  world;  known  to  dis-' 
advantage;  publicly  known  from  some- 
thing discreditable. — Notoriety,  no-to-ri'- 
e-ti,  n.  The  state  or  attribute  of  being  no- 
torious; the  state  of  being  publicly  known 
to  disadvantage;  disoreoitable  publicity. 
—Notoriously,  no-to'ri-us-li,  adv.  In  a  no- 
torious manner. — NotoriousneM,  n5-to'ri- 
UB-nes,  n.  The  state  of  bsine  notorious; 
notoriety. 

Hotomis,  no-tor 'nis,  n.  [Gr.  notog,  tbe 
south  wind,  the  south,  and  omis,  a  bird.] 
A  genus  of  rare  or  extinct  grallE-torial 
birds  of  New  Zealand,  allied  to  the  coots, 
but  of  larger  size  and  with  rudimentary 
wings. 

Nottnmo,  no-t^r'no,  n.  fL.  noetumus,  noc- 
turnal, from  noa;,_  night.]  •  Originally  a 
serenade;  now  a  piece  of  music  in  which 


the  emotions,  particulaily  those  of  love 
and  tenderness,  are  developed. 

Notwithstanding,  not-with-stan'ding,  a 
participial  compound  passing  into  a  pi-ep. 
and  a  conj.  [Not,  with,  in  the  old  sense  of 
against,  and  standing.']  2n  spite  of;  with- 
out hindrance  or  obstruction  from;  de- 
spite; nevertheless;  however. 

Nougat,  nat,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ndwiht,  i.e.  no 
whit.  Naught.]  Not  anyttiing;  nothing; 
a  cipher. 

IToumenon,  nou'men-on,  n.  pi.  Nonmena, 
nou'men-a.  IGr.,  the  thing  perceived, 
from  noeo,  to  perceive,  from  nous,  the 
mind.]  MetSph.  an  object  conceived  by 
the  understanding  or  thought  oi  by  the 
reason,  as  opposed  to  a  j>henor/ienon. 

Noon,  noun,  n.  [O.Fr.  novn,  non,  nom. 
Mod.  Fr.  nom,  from  L.  nomen,  name. 
Name.]  Gram,  a  word  that  denotes  any 
object  of  which  we  speak,  whether  that 
object  be  animate  or  inanimate,  material 
or  immaterial- Nounal,  noun'al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  noun;  having  the  character  of 
a  noun. 

Nourish,  nur'ish,  v.t.  fO.Fr.  nvrrir,nomi; 
Mod.  Fr.  nourrir,  from  L.  nwtrire,  to 
nourish;  akin  nurse,  nutrUio'Us,  nurture.] 
To  feed  and  cause  to  grow;  to  supply  with 
nutriment;  fig.  to  supply  the  means  of 
support  and  increase  to;  to  encourage;  to 
foster;  to  cherish;  to  comfort.  —  IJourish- 
able,  nur'ish-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
nourished.— Nourisher,  nur'isb-6r,  n,  One 
who  or  that  which  nourishes.- Nourish- 
ing, nur'ish-ing,  o.  Promoting  growth; 
nutritious.— Nourishiagly,  nur'ish-ing-li, 
adv.  In  a  nourishing  manner. — Nourish- 
mo&t,  nur'ish-ment,  n.  The  act  of  nour- 
ishing ;  nutrition ;  food ;  sustenance ;  nu- 
triment; fig.  that  which  promotes  any  kind 
of  growth  or  development. 

Nous,  nous,  n.  [Gr.J  Intellect;  mind;  un- 
derstanding; talent.    (Used  jocularly.] 

Novaculits,  no-vak'u-lit,  n.  [L.  novacula, 
a  razor.]  A  variety  of  p.rgillaceous  slate, 
of  which  bones  are  made  for  sharpening 
edge-tools;,  razor-stone;  Turkey -hone. 

Novargeat,  nov-ar'jent,  ».  (L.  novus,  new, 
and  argenium,  silver.]  A  preparation 
from  silver  for  re-silvering  plated  articles. 

Novel,  nov'el,  o.  [O.Br,  novel,  Fr.  noi:velle, 
novel,  a  novel,  from  L.  novellus,  a  dim.  from 
jioi;us,new.  New.]  Of  recent  origin  or  intro- 
duction ;  new  and  striking ;  of  a  kind  not 
knovrn  before ;  unusual ;  strange.— n.  A 
fictitious  prose  narrative,  involving  some 
plot  of  greater  or  less  intricacy,  and  pro- 
fessing to  give  a  picture  of  real  life. .'.The 
romance  deals  with  what  is  heroic,  mar- 
vellous, mysterious,  and  supernatural; 
while  tbe  novel  professes  to  relate  only 
what  is  credible.  —  Novelette,  nov-el-et', 
n.  A  short  novel.— Novelist,  ncv'el-ist,  n. 
A  writer  of  a  novel  or  of  novels.— Novelize, 
noVel-iz,  v.t.  To  put  into  the  form  of  a 
novel.— Novelty,  noVel-ti,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  novel;  a  noticeable  newness;  re- 
centness  of  origin;  freshness;  something 
new  or  strange. 

November, no-vem'b4r,n.  [L., from norem, 
nine;  the  ninth  month,  according  to  the 
ancient  Roman  year,  which  began  in 
March.]  The  eleventh  month  of  the  year, 
containing  30  days. 

Novenary,  no'v5-na-ri,  a.  CL.  novenarius, 
fTomnovein,rnne.]  Pertaining  to  the  num- 
ber nine.— n.  An  aggregate  of  nine;  nine 
collectively. 

Novennial,  no-ven'i-al,  o.  [From  L.  noven- 
nis,  novennial,  from  Ii.  novem,  nine,  and 
anniis,  a  year.]  Done  or  recurring  every 
ninth  year. 

Novice,  nov'is,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  novitius, 
new,  fresh,  irom  novus,  new.  Novel.] 
One  who  is  new  to  the  circumstances  in 
which  he  cr  she  is  placed;  obe  newly  con- 
verted to  the  Christum  faith;  one  that  has 
entered  a  religious  house,  but  has  not 
taken  the  vow;  a  probationer;  one  who  is 
new  in  any  business;  a  begin.ier.  —  Novi- 
tiate, Noviciate,  no-vish'i-3.t,  n.  The  state 
or  time  of  being  a  novice;  apprenticeship; 
a  year  or  other  time  of  pro?!ation  for  the 
trial  of  a  novice  before  ce  or  she  finally 
take  the  vows  of  a  religious  order. 

Now,  non,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  n?t,  a  word  com- 
mon to  ail  the  Teutonic  tongues;  cog.  L. 


nunc:  Gr.  uun,  now;  perhaps  alHed  to 
new.]  At  the  present  time;  at  a  parti ca'..-ir 
past  time  {he  was  now  king);  at  that  time; 
after  this  had  happened.  It  often  implies 
a  connection  between  a  subsequent  and  a 
preceding  proposition,  or  it  introduces  asi 
inference  or  an  explanation  of  what  pre- 
cedes ('  now  Barabbas  was  a  robber  ').—Biit 
now,  only  a  little  while  ago;  very  lataly. — 
Now  ana,  then,  at  one  time  and  another; 
indefinitely;  occasionally;  at  intervals. — 
Now.  .now,  at  one  time— at  another  time; 
alternately.  SimilaiSy  now  . .  then.  —  n. 
Present  time  or  moment.  ~  Nowadays, 
nou'a-daz,  cd  v.  At  the  present  time ;  in 
these  days. 

Noway,  Noways.    Under  No- 

Nowel,  nou'el,  ra.  [Same  aa  newel.']  In 
founding,  the  inner  portion  of  th^  mould 
for  castings  of  large  hollow  articles,  an- 
swering to  the  core  of  smaller  castings. 

Nowhere,  Nowhither,  Nowise,  adv.  Ifnder 
No. 

Noxious,  nok'shus,  <}.  [Ii.  noxius,  from 
I  noxa,  injury,  from  root  of  vacto,  to  hurt 
(as  in  irjnocent,  intiocuous),  same  as  that 
of  night:  altin  noise,  nuisance.]  Hurtful; 
harmful;  tjemicious;  unwholesome;  in- 
jurious, in  a  moral  sense.  —  JJoxiously, 
nok'shus-li,  adv.  In  a  noxious  manner; 
hurtfully. — Noziousness,  nok'shus-nes,  n. 

Noyade,  nwft-yad,  n.  [Fr.,  from  noyer,  to 
drown.]  A  putting  to  death  by  drowning: 
a  mode  of  executing  victims  during  the 
raign  of  terror  in  France,  practised  by 
Carrier  at  Nantes  in  17£9. 

Noyau,  nwa-yo,  n.  [Fr.  noyau,  a  stone  of 
a  fruit,  from  L.  nucalis,  like  a  nut,  from 
nux,  nucis,  a  not.']  A  cordial  generally 
prepared  from  spirits,  bif-jsr  almonds, 
sugar-candy,  grated  nutmeg,  and  mace. 

Nozzle,  noz'l,  n.  [For  nosJe,  a  dim.  of  nose.] 
The  projecting  spout  of  something;  a  ter- 
minal pipe  or  terminal  part  of  a  pipe  (the 
nozzle  of  a  bellows). 

Nuance,  nil -ana,  n.  [Fr.,  from  nue,  Jt. 
nubes,  a  cloud.]  A  gradation  by  v/hich  a 
colour  passes  from  its  lightest  to  its  dark- 
est shiiae;  shade  of  colour;  delicate  deerea 
in  transitions. 

Nubecula,  nti-bek'Q-la,  n.  [L. ,  a  little  cloud, 
dim.  of  nubes,  a  cloud.]  Cloudv  matter; 
a  cloudy  speck;  one  of  the  Magellanic 
clouds.  —  Nubiferons,  nQ-bif  ^r-us,  a.  [L. 
n«6t/e!— ««&««,  and /aro,  to  bring.]  Bring- 
ing or  producing  clouds. 

Nubile,  ntt'bil,  a,  [L.  nvbUis,  from  nuho, 
to  msirry.  Ncftial.]  Of  an  age  suitable 
for  marriage;  marriageable. 

Kufcilous,  nQ'bil-us,  a.  [L.  nubUua,  from 
nubes,  a  cloud.]    Cloudy. 

Nncament,  nQlca-ment,  n.  [L.  nucamen- 
turn,  a  fir  cone.]  Bot.  a  catkin:  the  blos- 
som of  the  hazel,  pine,  w-illow,  ac— Nnca- 
mentacGOUs,  nQ'ka-men-ta"8huB,  o.  Bot. 
pertaining  to  a  nucament  or  catkin; 

Nuchal,  nQlial,  o.  [L.L.  nucha,  from  Ar.] 
Pertaining  to  the  napd  of  the  neck. 

Nuciferous,  nQ-sif'6r-us,  a.  [L.  nux,  nueia, 
a  nut,  and  fero,  to  bear.  ]  EetCring  or  pro- 
ducing nuts.  —  Nuciform-,  nC'si-form,  a. 
Bot.  resembling  a  nut;  nut-shapsd. 

Nucleus,  nQlde-us,  n.  pi.  Nuclei,  nfl'kle-i. 
[L.,  a  kernel,  from  nux,  nusis,  a  nut.]  A 
kernel  or  something  similar;  a  central 
mass  about  which  matter  is  collected; 
hot.  the  central  succulent  part  of  an  ovule 
in  which  the  embryo  plant  is  generated; 
physiol.  the  solid  or  vesicular  body  found 
in  many  cells;  the  germ  of  a  cell;  ast.-on. 
the  body  of  a  comet,  called  also  its  head.-~ 
Nucleal.  Nuclear,  nQ'kle-al,  nO'klS-ar,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  having  the  character  of  a 
nucleus ;  constituted  by  a  nucleus. — Nu- 
cleate, Nucleated,  nalde-at, ntikle-a-ted, 
a.  Having  a  nucleus:  anplicd  to  cells.— 
Nuelelfonn,  Nucleoid,  nQ-kle'i-form,  nO'- 
Ide-oid,  a.  Formed  like  a  nucleus. — Nu- 
cleolus, nQ-klS'6-luB,  n.  pi.  Nucleoli, 
nQ-kl6'o-li.  [V)vm.oin■llcle^^s.]  The  minute 
solid  particle  in  the  interior  of  the  nu- 
cleus of  some  cells.  Also  called  NueleoU, 
naTds-6l. 

Nucula,  Nucule,  nii'ka-la,nti'kal,n.  [Bim. 
from  L.  nvx,  nueii,  a  nut.]  Bot.  a  hard 
pericarp  of  a  homy  or  bony  texture. 

Nude,  nod,  a.  [L.  nudus,  naked  (seen  also 
in  denude);  same  root  as  noAred.]   Naked; 


Fr.te.fiir,  fat,  f?.ll;     me,  met,  htr;     pine,  pin;    jiOte,  not,  mOTo;     tabe.  tab,b^;     oil,paun&;     ii.  So.  abwae— the  Fr. «. 


NUDGE 


461 


NUTRIENT 


not  covered  with  clothes  or  drapery.— w. 
A  nude  or  naked  figure  or  statue;  gene- 
rally the  nude,  that  'is,  the  undraped  hu- 
man figure.  —  Nudely,  nQd'li,  adv.  In  a 
nude  or  naked  manner;  nakedly. — Nnde- 
uess,  nad'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  nude  or  naked. — ^7udit7,  nii'di-ti,  n. 
The  state  of  being  naked ;  nakedness. 

Kudge,  nuj,  n.  [Allied  to  Prov.  G.  hnilt- 
schen,  Dan.  knuge,  to  squeeze;  E.  to  knock.'] 
A  jog  •with  the  elbow,  or  a  poke  in  the 
ribs.— w.t. — nudged,  nudgina.  To  give  a 
hint  or  signal  by  a  private  touch  with  the 
hand,  elbow,  or  foot. 

Nudlbranchlate,  na-di-brangTd-at,  a.  .  [L. 
nudus,  naked,  and  Gr.  branchia,  gills.] 
Having  naked  gills;  having  no  shell,  and 
the  branchiae  or  gills  exposed :  said  of 
certain  moUuscs.  —  m.  A  nudibranchiate 
mollusc. 

K  adity.    Under  Nude. 

Nngatory,  nft'ga-to-ri,  a.  [L.  migatoriv^, 
from  nugor,mtgatus,  to  trifle,  from  nngcs, 
trifles.^  Trifling;  futile;  worthless;  of  no 
force;  inoperative. 

Kugget,  nug'et,  n.  [Formerly  nigot,  niggot, 
an  ingot;  perhaps  a  corruption  of  ingot 
[ah  ingot,  a  ningot,  a  nigot):^  A  lump;  es- 
pecially, one  of  the  larger  lumps  of  native 
gold  found  in  the  diggings. 

Nuisance,  ntt'sans,  n.  [O.Fr.  nuisance,  noi- 
sance,  from  nuisir,  noi&ir  (Mod.Fr.  nuire), 
L.  nocere,  to  annoy.  Noxjocs.j  Something 
that  annoys  or  gives  trouble;  that  wliich 
is  offensive  or  irritating;  an  annoyance;  a 
plague  or  pest;  a  bore. 

Ntill,  nul,  a.  [L.  nullus,  not  any,  none— 
ne,  not,  and  uUus,  any  (akin  to  unus,  one).] 
Of  no  legal  or  binding  force  or  validity; 
Toid;  invalid;  having  no  character  or  ex- 
pression (as  the  features).— Nullify,  nul'i- 
li,  v.t. — nullified,  nullifying.  [L.  nullua, 
and /acio,  to  make.]  To  annul;  to  render 
Invalid;  to  deprive  of  legal  force  or  efficacy. 
—Nullification,  nul'i-fl-ka"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  nullifying;  a  rendering  void-  and  of 
jato  eifect.— Nalllty,  nnl'i-ti,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  nail;  want  of  validity; 
that  which  is  of  no  force  or  eQcacy. 

Nullah,  nul'lti,  n.  In  Hindustan,  a  bed  of 
a  rivulet;  a  nvulet. 

Numb,  num,  a.  [Lit.  taken,  being  from 
A.  Sax.  numen,  pp.  of  niman,  O.E.  nim, 
Goth,  niman,  to  seize;  hence  also  benumb 
(with  prefix  be) ;  nimble.  The  final  b  is 
excrescent.]    Torpid,  benumbed,  or  dead- 

'  ened;  having  lost  the  power  of  sensation 
and  motion. — v.t.  To  make  numb  or  tor- 
pid. —  Numbness,  num'nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  numb;  torpidity;  torpor. 

Number,  num'ber,  n.  [O.Fr.  numbre,  Pr. 
Tuymbre,  from  L.  numerus,  number  (whence 
also  numeral,  numerous,  enunierate),  same 
root  as  nomad,  Gr.  nemO,  to  distribute. 
(As  to  inserted  b  comp.  humble,  nimble).] 
That  which  may  be  counted;  an  aggregate 
of  units,  or  a  single  unit  considered  as  part 
of  a  series;  an  aggregate  of  several  indi- 
viduals; not  a  few;  many;  one  of  a  num- 
bered series  of  things,  as  a  division  of  a 
book  published  in  parts;  a  part  of  a  i)eri- 
odical;  metrical  arrangement  of  syllables; 
poetical  rhythm  or  measure;  gram,  that 
distinction  in  the  form  which  a  word  as- 
sumes according  as  it  is  spoken  of  or  ex- 
presses one  individual  or  several  individu- 
als; the  form  that  denotes  one  individual 
being  the  singular  nwrnber,  that  set  apart 
for  two  the  dual  number,  that  which  refers 
to  two  or  more  the  plural  number.— Num^ 
ber  one,  self. — v.t.  To  count;  to  reckon;  to 
enumerate;  to  reckon,  rank,  or  consider;  to 
put  a  number  or  numbers  on;  to  amount 
to;  to  reach  the  number  of. — Numberer, 
num'ber-6r,H.  One  that  numbers. — Num- 
berless, num'bfer-les,  a.  That  cannot  be 
counted;  innumerable. — Numbers,  num'- 
b6rz,  n.  The  fourth  book  of  the  Penta- 
teuch. 

Numblea,  nava.'hlz,  n.  pi.  [Fr.  nombles,  from 
L.  lumbvZvs,  a  dim.  of  Iwmbus,  a  loin.] 
The  entrails  of  a  deer. 
Numerable,  na'mer-a-bl,  a.  \li.numercibili8, 
from  numerus,  number.    Number.]    Oa- 

Sable  of  being  numbered  or  counted. — 
lUmeral,  ntl'm6r-al,  a.  [Ii.  numeralis.] 
Pettainiag  to  number;  consisting  of  num- 
ber;  expressing'  number;  representing 


ilumber.— Ji.  A  figure  or  character  used  to 
express  a  number;  gram,  a  word  express- 
ing a  number  (one,  two,  three,  &c.).— N«- 
meraJly,  nu'mer-al-li,  adv.  According  to 
number;  in  number.— Numerary,  nQ'mSr- 
a-ri,  a .  Belonging  to  a  certain  number. — 
Numerate,  nu'mer-at,  v.t.  and  t.  [L.  nu- 
mero,  numeratum.]  To  count.  —  Numer- 
atioEL,  nu-mer-a'shon,  n.  [L.  numeratio.] 
The  act  or  art  of  numbering ;  arith.  the 
art  of  expressing  in  figures  any  number 
proposed  in  words,  or  of  expressing  in 
words  any  number  proposed  in  figures. — 
Numerator,  nft'mer-a-ter,  n.  One  that 
numbers;  arith.  the  number  in  vulgar  frac- 
tions which  shows  how  many  parts  of  a 
unit-  are  taken— the  number  above  the 
line.— Numerical,  nu-mer'i-kal,  a.  Belong- 
ing to  number;  denoting  number;  consist- 
ing in  numbers.  — JSumerically,  nu-mer'i- 
kal-li,  adv.  In  numbers;  with  respect  to 
numerical  quantity  (numerically  greater). 
— Numerous,  nu'm6r-us,  a.  [Jji.numeromJLS.] 
Ctonsisting  of  many  individuals;  great  in 
numl)er;  many. — Numerously,  na'mer-u»- 
li,  ad.v.  In  orwith  great  numbers.— Nu- 
merousness,  nu'm6r-us-nes,  n. 
Nnmiaiaatic,NamiRmatical,nu-mig-mat'ik, 
nu'mis-mat'i-kal,  a.  [L.  numisnia,  coin, 
from  Gr.  nomiswAz,  coin,  lit.  what  is  sanc- 
tioned by  law,  from  nor/dzO,  to  sanction, 
from  ncrtrtog,  law.]  Pertaining  to  coins  or 
medals.— Numismatics,  nu-mis-mat'iks,  n. 
The  science  of  coins  and  medals.— NuBiis- 
matlst,  nU-mis'mat-ist,  n.  One  versed  in 
numismatics.  —  Numisjaatography,  nu- 
mis'ma-tog^'ra-fi,  n.  The  science  which 
treats  of  coins  and  medals  in  their  relation 
to  history.  —  Numismatology,  ntt-mis'ma- 
tol"o-ji,  n.  Same  as  Numismaiographv. 
Nummary, num'a-ri,a.  [h.nummus,  a  coin.] 
Relating  to  money.  —  Nummular,  Num- 
mtilary,  num'a-16r,  num'a-la-ri,  a.  Per- 
taining to  coin  or  money;  having  the  form 
of  a  coin.  —  Nummuline,  num'u-lin,  a. 
Resembling  a  nummulite.  —  Nummulite, 
num'O-lit,  n.  [Gr.  liihos,  a  stone.]  The 
name  of  fossil  organisms  having  external- 
ly somewhat  the  appearance  of  a  piece  of 
money.  —  Nummulitic,  num-Q-lit'ik,  a. 
Containing  nummulites;  composed  of 
nummulites. 

Numskull,  num'skul;^.  [Numb  and  skull.'] 
A  dunce;  a  stupid  fellow. 
Nan,  nun,  n.  [A:  Sax.  nunne,  from  Eccles. 
L.  rumna,  a  nun,  nonnua,  a  monk,  L.Gr. " 
norma,  nonnos,  from  Coptic  or  Egypt,  nane, 
nanu,  good,  beautiful,  monasteries  and 
convents  having  first  arisen  in  Egypt.]  A 
woman  devoted  to  a  religious  life  who 
lives  in  a  convent  or  nimnery,  under  a  vow 
of  iserpetual  chastity;  the  blue  titmouse; 
a  kind  of  pigeon  having  its  head  almost 
covered  with  a  veil  of  feathers.— Nunnery, 
nun'er-i,  n.  A  convent  in  which  nuns  re- 
side. —  Nunnish,  nun'ish,  a.  Like  a-uun; 
pertaining  to  a  nun. 

Nunc  dimlttis,  nungk  di-mit'tis,  n.  [L., 
now  thou  lettest  depart.]  The  canticle  of 
Simeon  (Luke  ii.  29-32).  - 
Nuncio,  nun'shi-o,  n.  [Sp.  nuncio.  It.  nun- 
zio,  from  L.  nuncius,  a  messenger,  for  no- 
ventius,  from  novus,  new;  akin  announce, 
re'iwurxe,  pronounce,  enunciate,  &c.  ]  An 
ambassador  of  the  first  rank  (not  a  car- 
dinal) representing  the  pope  at  the  court 
of  a  sovereign  (an  ambassador  of  the  first 
rank,  who  is  a  cardinal,  being  styled  a  Ze&- 
ofe).— Nunciature,  nun'shi-at-ar,  n.  The 
ofiice  of  a  nuncio. 

Nuncupative,  nun-kQ'pa-tiv,  a.  [Prom  L. 
nuncupo,  to  declare.]  Law,  oral;  not  writ- 
texk.— Nuncupative  will,  one  made  by  the 
verbal  declaration  of  the  testator.— Nun- 
cupatory,  nun-kQ'pa-to-ri,  a.  Nuticupa- 
tive;  oral. 

Nundinal,  nun'di-nal,  a.  \Jj..ntmdinalis, 
from  nundinal,  a  fair  or  market.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  fair  or  to  a  market-day. 
Nunnery.  Under  Nira. 
Nuptial,  nup'shal,  a.  [L.  nupHalis,  from 
nuptiae,  marriage,  from  nubo,  nuptum,  to 
marry;  akin  nubes,  nimbus,  a  cloud  (from 
the  veiling  of  the  bride).]  Pertaining  to 
marriage;  used  or  done  at  a  wedding. — 
Nuptials,  nup'shalz.n.pZ.  {Ii.nuptice  (xth), 
a  wedding.]  A  wedding  or  marriage.-.'. 
Syn.  under  Marriaoe. 


NuTBe,  nfrs,  n.  [Pr.  nourrice,  from  L.  nu- 
trix,  TOMtneig,  anurse,  from  nutriu,  to  uour- 
islL.  Nourish.]  One  who  tends  or  takes 
care  of  the  young,  sick,  or  infirm;  a  female 

'  Who  has  the  care  of  a  child  or  children;  a 
female  attendant  in  a  hospital;  one  who  or 
that  which  nurtures,cherishes,orprotects; 
'hort.  a  shrub  or  tree  which  protects  a  young 
plant.— ■y.t.—n,Mrs«d,  nursing.  To  feed  and 
tend  generally  in  infancy;  to  suckle;  to 
resur;  to  nurture;  to  tend  in  sickness  or 
infirmity;  to  promote  growth  or  vigour  in; 
to  foment;  to  foster;,  to  manage  vrith  care 
and  economy,  with  a  view  to  increase. — 
Nurse-maid,  n.  A  maid-servant  employed 
in  nursing  children.  —  Nrrsery,  ner'.ser-i, 
n.  A  place  or  apartment  in  a  house  set 
apart  for  cliildren;  a  place  where  trees, 
shrubs,  flowering  plaiits,  &c.,  are  raised 
from  seed  or  otherwise  in  order  to  be  trans- 
planted, or  where  they  axe  propagated  in 
order  to  be  sold;  a  place  where  aniiihing 
is  fostered  and  the  growth  promoted. — 
Nursery  gardener,  a  nursery-man.  —  Nur- 
sery-governess, n.  A  governess  for  young 
children.— Nursery-man,  n.  One  who  has 
a  nursery  of  plants,  or  is  employed  in  one. 
—Nursling,  nfers'ling,  n.  [Nurse,  and  dim. 
term,  -ling.]  One  who  or  that  which  is 
nursed;  a  child;  a  fondling. 

Nurture,  ner'tur,  n.  [Pr.  nourriture,  from 
nourrir,  to  nourish.  Nourish,  Nurse.] 
The  act  of  nursing  or  nourishing;  educa- 
tion; that  which  nourishes;  food ;  diet. — 
v.t.— rjurtured,  nurturing.  To  nourish;  to 
educate;  to  bring  or  train  up. 

Nut,  nut,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hnut ^IcA.  knot 
O.H.G.  hnuz,  Dan.  nod,  G.  nuss,  Gael. 
cnudh.]  The  fruit  of  certain  trees  and 
slirubs  which  have  the  seed  inclosed  in  a 
bony,  woody,  or  leathery  coverings  not 
opening  when  ripe;  bot.  a  bony  v)ericarp 
containing  a  single  seed,  to  which  it  is  not 
closely  attached;  a  sm:ill  block  of  metal 
or  wood,  with  an  internal  or  female  screw 
put.  upon  the  end  of  a  screw-bolt  to  keep 
it  firmly  in  its  place. — A  nut  to  crack,  a 
difficult  problem  to  solve;  a  puzzle  to  be 
explained.— ii.i.-^»MWed,nirf<tn$r.Togather 
nuts. —  Nutty,  nut'i,  a.  Abounding  in 
nuts;  having  the  flavour  of  nuts.  —  Nut- 

.  brown,  a.  Brown  as  a  nut  long  kept  and 
dried.  —  Nut-cracker,  n.  An  instrument 
for  cracking  hard-shelled  nuts;  a  bird  rare- 
ly seen  in  Britain,  so  called  from,  feeding 
upon  nuts. — Nut-gall,  n.  An  excrescence 
of  the  oak.  —  Nut-hatch,  n.  [The  hatch  is 
a  softened  form  of  hack.]  A  European 
scansorial  bird  which  eats  the  kernel  of 
the  hazel-nut.— Nut-oil,  n.  An  oil  obtained 
from  walnuts.— Nut-pecker,  n.  The  nut- 
hatch.—Nut-shell,  n.  The  hard  shell  of  a 
nut. — To  be  or  lie  in  a  nut-sh£U,  to  be  in 
small  compass;  to  admit  of  a  very  simple 
explanation  or  statement.  —  Nut-tree,  n. 
The  hazel. 

Nutant,  nQ'tant,  a.-  [L.  nutans,  nutantis, 
ppr.  of  nuto,  to  nod,  freq.  of  nuo,  to  nod. 
Innuendo.]  £o<.  drooping  or  nodding. — 
Nutation,  na-ta'shon,  re.  [L.  nutatio.]  A 
nodding;  asiron.  a  slight  gyratory  move- 
ment of  the  earth's  axis  tending  to  make 
the  pole  describe  a  minute  ellipse,  due  to 
the  attraction  of  the  «un  and  moon  and 
connected  with  precession. 

Nutmeg,  nut'meg,  n.  [From  met,  and  O.Pr. 
muguette,  nutmeg,  from  L.  muscus,  musk; 
lit.  the  scented  iiut.]  The  ksmel  of  the 
fruit  of  a  tree  of  the  Malayan  Archipelago 
agreeably  aromatic,  and  much  used  in 
cookery. —Nutmeg  butter,  a  solid  oil  ex- 
tracted from  the  nutmeg.— Nutmegged, 
nut'megd,  a'  Seasoned  with  nutmeg.      .| 

Nutria,  nu'tri-a,  n.  [Sp.  nutria,  lutria,' 
from  L.  lutra,  an  otter.]  The  commercial 
name  for  the  skins,  or  fur  of  the  coypou. 

Nutrient,  na'tri-ent,  a.  [It.  nutrio,  to 
nourish.  NuRSK.]  Nourishing;  nutritious. 
— n.  Any  substance  which  nourishes.^ 
Nutriment,  nQ'tri-ment,  n.  [L.  nutrimsn^ 
turn.]  That  which  nourishes;  nourishmentj 
food;  aUment.— Nutrimental,  nfl-tri-men'- 

-  tal,a.  Nutritious;  nourishing.— Nutritionj 
ntt-trish'on,  n.  [L.  nutritio,  from  nutrio.j 
The  act  or  process  by  which  organisms 
whether  vegetable  or  animal,  absorb  into 
their  system  their  proper  food;  the  process 
of  assimilating  food;  that  which  nourishes; 


ch,chaini    ch,8e.lochi    g*  $foj^- j,  job}    n,  i^,ton;^    ngidn^i.    «h,  (Aen;  th,  tiiin;    \r,uiig;    vb,  tcMg;    zii.asure, 


NUX-VOMICA 


462 


OBJECT 


nutrimeat.  —  Nutritious,  nu-trish'us,  o. 
Containing  or  serving  as  nutriment;  pro- 
moting the  growth  or  repairing  the  waste 
of  organic  bodies ;  nourishing.  —  Nutri- 
tiously, nO-trish'us-li,  adv.  In  a  nutritious 
manner.— NutritioTisness,  nu-trish'us-nes, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  nutritious.— Nu- 
tritive, na'tri-tiv,  a.  Having  the  quality 
of  nourishing;  nutritious;  pertaining  to 
nutrition. — Nutritively,  nu'tri-tiv-li,  adv. 
In  a  nutritive  manner. — NntritivenesB, 
nQ'tri-tiv-nes,  n. 

Nux-vomica,  nuks-vom'i-ka.n.  [From  L. 
nux,  a  nut,  and  vom^o,  to  vomit.]  The 
fruit  of  an  East  Indian  tree,  containing 
the  virulent  poison  strychnine;  a  drug 
containing  strychnine. 

Nuzzle,  nuzl,  v.t.  —  nuezled,  nuzzling.  [A 
forax  of  nozzle.]  To  puta  ring  into  the  nose 


of;  to  root  up  with  the  nose.— a.i.  To  work 
with  the  nose,  as  a  pig;  to  hide  the  head, 
as  a  child  in  its  mother's  bosom. 

Nyctalopia,  nik-ta-lo'pi-a,  n.  [Gr.  nykta- 
Idpia,  from  nyktalOpe,  seeing  by  night  only 
—nyx,  nyktos,  night,  and  Ops,  the  eye.] 
The  faculty  or  defect  of  seeing  in  darkness 
or  in  a  faint  light,  with  privation  of  sight  in 
daylight;  also  applied  to  night-blindness, 
the  exactly  opposite  defect  of  vision. — 
NyctaJops,  nik'ta-lops,  n.  One  afflicted 
with  nyctalopia. 

Nylgau,  nil'ga,  n.  [Hind.  nil-gav^-nU,  blue, 
and  gau,  a  cow ,  ox.]  A  large  species  of  an- 
telope inhabiting  Northern  India.  Persia, 
&c.,  with  grayish  blue  hair. 

Nymph,  nimf ,  n.  [L.  nympha,  Gr.  nymphe. 
a  nymph.]  One  of  a  numerous  class  of 
inferior  divinities,  imagined  among  the 


Greeks  and  Romans  as  beautiful  maidens, 
not  immortal.but  always  young; those  who 
presided  over  rivers,  brooks,  and  springs 
being  called  Naiads;  over  mountains. 
Oreads;  over  woods  and  trees.  Dryads  and 
Hamadryads;  over  the  sea,iV^eretdg;  hence, 
a  j'oung  and  attractive  woman;  a  maiden; 
a  damsel.  Also  same  as  JVj^np/ia.- Nym- 
pha, nim'fa,  n.  The  pupa  or  chrysalis  of 
an  insect.— Nymphal,  Nymphean,  Nym- 
phic,  nim'fal,  nim-fe'an,  nim'fik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  nymphs.— Nympholepsy,  nim'- 
fS-lep-si,  n.  [Gr.  nymphe,  and  lepsis,  a 
taking.]  A  species  of  ecstasy , or  fascination, 
seizing  any  one  who  looked  on  a  nymph. 
Nymphomania,  nim-fo-ma'ni-a,  n.  [Gr. 
nymphe,  a  bride,  and  mania,  madness.] 
Morbid  and  incoutrollable  sexual  desire 
in  females. 


O. 


0  is  the  fifteenth-  letter  and  the  fourth 
vowel  in  the  English  alphabet. 

0,  inter].  An  exclaination  used  in  earnest 
or  solemn  address,  appeal,  or  invocation, 
and  prefixed  to  the  noun  of  address;  the 
sign  of  the  vocative :  .often  confounded 
with  Oh,  which  is  strictly  a  particle  ex- 
pressive of  emotion  prefixed  to  a  sentence 
or  clause'.  When  O  is  the  word,  the  mark 
of  exclamation,  if  used,  should  follow  the 
noun  of  address  i'  Hear.  O  Israel ! ');  when 
oh  is  the  word,  the  mark  should  follow  it. 
—Oh,  dear .'  Oh,  dear  me  !  exclamations  of 
surprise,  uineasiness,  fear,  pain,  &c.,  re- 
garded as  corruptiDn.«!  of  Pr.  O  Dieu!  It. 
O  Dio  !  O  God !  It.  O  Dio  mia !  O  my  God. 

Oaf,  of,  n.  [From  Icel.  dlfr,  an  elf.  Elf.] 
A  fairy  changeling;  a  dolt;  a  blockhead. — 
Oafish,  of'ish,  a.  Stupid;  dull;  doltish.— 
OaflslmesB,  ofish-nes,  n.  Stupidity;  dul- 
ness. 

Oaik,  ok,  n.  [A.  Sax.  dc=Sc.  aik,  Icel.  eili, 
D.  eik,  li.G.  eeke,  Dan.  eeg,  Sw.  ek,  G.  eiche; 
root  unknown.]  A  well-known  and  valu- 
able timber  tree,  or  its  wood,  which  is 
hard,  tough,  and  strong,  and  was  long  ex- 
tensively used  in  ship-ouilding,  the  bark 
being  used  for  tanning.  —  Oak-apple,  n. 
An  oak-gall —Oaken,  oToi,  a.  Made  of 
oak  or  consisting  of  oak.— Oak-gall,  n.  A 
gall  of  the  oak.— Oakling,  okling,  n.  A 
young  oak— Oak-paper,  n.  Paper-hang- 
ings stained  like  oak. 

Oakum,  o'kum,  n.  [A.  Sax.  Acwnha,  tow, 
oakum,  lit.  matter  combed  out,  from  pre- 
fix A,  away,  out,  and  camh,  a  comb.  Comb.1 
The  substance  of  old  ropes  untwisted  and 
pulled  into  loose  fibres:  used  for  caulking 
the  seams  of  ships,  stopping  leaks,  &c. 

Oar,  or,  n.  [A.  Sax.  dr;  Icel.  dr,  Dan.  aare, 
Sw.  dra;  perhaps  from  root  ar,  seen  in  A. 
Sax.  erian,  Goth,  arjan,  L.  arc,  to  plough; 
or  allied  to  t-udder,  row.]  A  long  piece  of 
timber,  flat  at  one  end  and  round  at  the 
other,  used  to  propel  a  boat,  barge,  or  gal- 
ley through  the  water.  —  To  feather  the 
oars.  Feather,  v.t—To  lie  on  the  oars,  to 
suspend  rowing;  hence,  fig.  to  cease  from 
work;  to  rest.— To  muffle  the  oars,  to  wrap 
some  soft  substance  round  the  part  that 
lies  in  the  rowlock.— To  put  onis  oar  in, 
to  interfere  in  the  business  or  concerns  of 
others. —  v.i.  To  row.  —  v.t.  To  impel  by 
rowing.  —  Oared,  ord,  a.  Furnished  with 
oars  (a  four-oared  boat). — Oar-lock,  n.  A 
rowlock. — Oarsman,  orz'man,  n.  One  who 
rows  with  an  oar:  a  boatman. 

Oasis,  o-a'sis,  n.  pi.  Oases,  d-9.'sSz.  [I/,  and 
Gr.,  from  Coptic  oueh,  to  dwell,  and  aaa, 
to  drink;]  A  fertile  tract  where  there  is 
water,  in  the  midst  of  a  desert  or  waste ; 
a  grreen  spot  in  the  midst  of  barrenness : 
often  used  figuratively. 

Oast,  Sst,  n.  [D.  ast,  eest,  eijst,  a  kiln.]  A 
kiln  to  dry  hops  or  malt.  —  Oasthouse, 
ost'hous,  n.  A  building  for  oasts  or  hop- 
kilas. 

Oat,  ot,  n.  [O.E.  ote,  ate,  oote,  A.  Sax.  dio, 
the  oat;  Icel.  ceti,  an  eatable,  oats;  from 
the  root  of  eat.]  A  cereal  plant  valuable 
for  the  grain  it  produces;  pt.  a  quantity 


of  the  plant  in  cultivation  or  of  the  grain 
(field  of  oats).— Wild  odis,  youthful  ex- 
cesses: generally  in  the  phrase  to  sow  one's 
wild  oats,  to  indulge  in  youthful  excesses, 
dissipations,  or  follies ;  to  have  sown  one's 
wild  oats,  to  have  given  up  youthful  fol- 
lies. —  Oat-cake,  n.  A  cake  made  of  the 
meal  of  oats.— Oaten,  o'tn,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  made  of  oats  or  oatmeal.— Oatm«al, 
ot'mel,  n.    Meal  made  from  oats. 

Oath,  6th,  n.  pi.  Oaths,  othz.  [X.  Sax. 
a<7i=Sc.  aith,  Icel.  eithr,  Dan.  and  Sw.  ed, 
Goth,  aiths,  D.  eed,  G.  eid,  oath.]  A  solemn 
aflirmation  or  declaration,  made  with  an 
appeal  to  God  for  the  truth  of  what  is 
affirmed;  a  solemn  swearing;  a  blasphem- 
ous use  of  the  name  of  the  Divine  Being; 
an  imprecation. 

Obbligato,  ob'li-ga-to,  n.  [It.  Obligate.] 
An  instrumental  part  or  accompaniment 
of  such  importance  that  it  cannot  be  dis- 
pensed with. 

Obcompressed,  ob-kom-prest',  a.  [Prefix  oh, 
implying  inversion,  and  compressed.]  Bot. 
compressed  or  flattened  back  and  front. 
— Obconio,  Obconical,  ob-kon'ik,  ob-kon'- 
i-kal,  a.  [Prefix  ob,  and  conic.]  Bot.  con- 
ical, but  having  the  apex  downward. — 
Obcordate,  ob-kor'dat,  a.  [Prefix  6b,  and 
cordate.]  Bot.  shaped  like  a  heart,  with 
the  apex  downward. 

Obdurate,  ob'du-rat,  a.  [L.  obduratus,  from 
ohduro,  to  harden — ob,  intensive,  duro,  to 
harden,  from  durus,  hard  (seen  in  indurate, 
endure,  duration).]  Hardened  in  heart; 
persisting  obstinately  in  sin;  stubborn; 
inflexible;  inexorable;  harsh  or  roughf. — 
Obduracy,  ob'du-ra-si,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  obdurate;  invincible 
hardness  of  heart;  obstinacy  in  wicked- 
ness. —  Obdurately,  ob'dQ-rat-li,  od*.  In 
an  obdurate  manner;  inflexibly.  —  Obdu- 
rateness,  ob'du-rat-nes,  n.  Obduracy; 
stubbornness. 

Obeah,  o-be'a,  n.  A  species  of  sorcery  or 
witchcraft  among  the  African  negroes. 

Obedience,  o-be'di-ens,  n.  [Fr.  obidience, 
from  L.  ooedientia,  obedience.  Obey.]  The 
act  or  habit  of  obeying;  compliance  with 
a  command,  prohibition,  or  kndwn  law 
and  rule  prescribed;  submission  to  autho- 
rity.—Possiye  obedience,  unqualified  obe- 
dience to  authority,  whether  the  com- 
mands be  reasonable  or  unreasonable, 
lawful  or  unlawful.— Obedient,  o-be'di-ent, 
a.  [L.  obediens,  ppr.  of  obedio.]  Submis- 
sive to  authority;  complying  with  all  com- 
mands ;  yielding  compliance ;  dutiful.  — 
Obediential,  5-be'di-en"shal,  a.  According 
to  the  rule  of  obedience;  in  compliance 
with  commands.- Obediently,  o-be'di-ent- 
li,  adv.  Ip  an  obedient  manner;  dutifully; 
submissively. 

Obeisance,  o-bs'sans,  n.  [Fr.  obiissance, 
from  L.  obedientia.  Obedience.]  A  bow 
or  courtesy;  an  act  of  reverence,  deference, 
or  rftspect. 

Obelisk,  ob'e-lisk,  n.  [Gr.  obeliskos,  dim.  of 
obelos,  a  spit.]  A  column  or  monumental 
structure  of  rectangular  fonn,dimini8hing 
towards  the  top,  and  generally  .finishing 


-with  a  low  pyramid;  a  mark  (thus  t)  refer- 
ring the  reader  to  a  note  in  the  margin  or 
at  the  foot  of  the  page:  called  also  a  dag- 
ger. 

Obelus,  ob'e-lus,  n.  [Gr.  obelos,  a  spit.]  A 
mark  in  ancient  MSS.  or  old  editions  of 
the  classics,  indicating  a  suspected  pass- 
age or  reading. — Obelize,  ob'5-liz,  v.t'  To 
mark  as  spurious  or  suspicious. 

Obese,  o-bes',  a.  [L.  o6esMS,  fat^6,  intens., 
and  edo,  esttm,  to  eat.  Eat.]  Excessively 
corpulent;  fat;  fleshy.— Obeseness,  Obesity, 
o-bes'nes,  o-bes'i-ti,  n.  [L.  obesiias.]  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  obese ;  excessive 
corpulency. 

Obey,  o-ba',  v.t.  [Fr.  obMr,  from  L.  obedio, 
obedire,  to  obey,  O.L.  ofcosdire— prefijc  ob, 
and  audio,  to  hear.  Audible.]  To  give 
ear  to;  to  comply  with  the  commands  of: 
to  be  under  the  government  of;  to  be  ruled 
by;  to'submit  to  the  direction  or  control 
of. — v.i.  To  submit  to  commands  or  autho- 
rity; to  do  as  one  is  bid.— Obeyer,  o-ba'6r, 
n.  One  who  yields  obedience.— Obeyingly, 
6-ba'ing-li,  adv.    Obediently. 

Obfuscate,  ob-fus'kat,  v.t.  —  obfuscated,  ob- 
fuscating. [Ii.  obfusco,  o6/Mscate»i— .pre- 
fix ob,  and  fusco,  to  obscure,  froni  fuseus, 
dark.]  To  darken;  to  obscure ;  to  bewil- 
der; to  confuse;  to  muddle.— Obfuscation, 
ob-fus-ka'shon,  n.  The  act  of  obfuscating; 
confusion  or  bewilderment  of  mind. 

Obi,  oTsi,  Ji.    Same  as  Obeah. 

Obit,  ob'it,  n.  [L.  obilus,  death,  from  obeo, 
obitum,  to  die — ob,  against,  and  eo,  to  go. 
Itinerant.]  A  person's  decease;  an  anniver- 
sary of  one's  death.— Obitual,  o-bit'Q-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  obits.— Obituary,  o-bit'ft-a- 
ri,  n.  [Fr.  obituaire.]  A  list  of  the  dead, 
or  a  register  of  obitual  anniversary  days ; 
an  account  of  a  person  or  persons  deceased, 
—a.  Relating  to  the  decease  of  a  person ; 
written  about  a  person  at  his  death  (an 
obituary  notice). 

Object,  ob'jekt,  n.  [L.  objectum,  lit.  some- 
thing thrown  before  or  against  —  ob, 
against,  and  jacio,  to  throw  (as  in  ddect, 
eject,  reject,  kc).  Jet  (of  water).]  That 
towards  which  the  mind  is  directed  in 
any  of  its  states  or  activities;  what  is 
thought  about,  believed,  or  seen;  some 
visible  and  tangible  thing;  a  concrete 
reality  (objects  of  interest  in  a  museum) ; 
that  to  which  efforts  are  directed ;  aim ; 
end;  ultimate  purpose;  gram,  the  word, 
clause,  or  member  of  a  sentence  expressing 
that  on  which  the  action  expressed  by«i. 
transitive  verb  is  exercised,  or  the  word  or 
member  governed  by  a  preposition.  —  v.t. 
(ob-jekf).  [Fr.  objecter,  L.  objic^o,  objec- 
tum.] To  place  before  or  in  the  way  1 ;  to 
bring  forward  as  a  matter  of  reproach,  or 
as  an  adverse  ground  or  reason;  to  state  or 
urge  in  opposition;  to  state  as  an  objec- 
tion (I  have  nothing  to  object  against  him). 
— v.i.  To  make  opposition  in  words  or  ar- 
guments; to  offer  adverse  reasons.  —  Ob- 
j  ectrglass,  n.  In  a  telescope  or  microscope, 
the  lens  or  combination  of  lenses  directed 
upon  the  object  and  producing  an  image 
of  it,  which  is  viewed  through  the  eye- 


Fftte,  fir,  fat,  fftll;     m6,  met,  hfir;     pine,  pin;     n5te,  not,  mOve;     tQbe,  tub,  bull :     oil,  pound;     il,  8c.  abune— the  Fr.  v 


OBJUEATION 


463 


OBSERVE 


piece.— Objectify,  Objectivate,  ob-jek'ti-fi, 
ob-jek'ti-vat,  v.t.  To  form  into  an  object; 
to  give  the  character  of  an  object  to.— Ob- 
jection, ob-jek'ghon,  n.  The  act  of  objec- 
ting; that  which  is  or  maybe  objected; 
adverse  reason,  argument,  or  charge;  fault 
found.— Objectionable,  ob-jek'shon-a-bl,  a. 
Such  as  might  reasonably  be  objected  to; 
justly  liable  to  objection;  calling  for  disap- 
proval; reprehensible  (as  actions,lansuage, 
ic).  —  Objectionably,  ob-jek'shon-a-bli, 
adv.  In  an  objectionable  manner;  repre- 
hensibly.  —  Objectivation,  ob-jek'ti-v&"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  forming  into  or  caus- 
ing to  assume  the  character  of  an  object. — 
Objective,  ob-jek'tiv,  a.  [Fr.  objectif.]  Be- 
longing to  what  is  external  to  the  mind ; 
hence,  when  used  of  lite7'ature  or  art,  con- 
taining no  trace  of  the  writer's  or  artist's 
own  feelings  or  individuality:  opposed  to 
subjective:  gram,  belonging  to  tne  object 
of  a  transitive  verb  or  a  preposition  (the 
objective  case,  an  objective  clause).— n.  The 
objective  case;  an  object-glass. — Objective- 
ly, ob-jek'tiv-li,  adv.  In  an  objective  man- 
ner.—Objectiveness,  ob-jek'tiv-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  relation  of  being  objective.— Ob- 
jectivity, ob-jek-tiv'i-ti,  n.  The  ciuality 
or  state  of  being  objective. — Objectize,  ob  - 
jek-tiz,  v.t.  To  put  in  the  position  of  an 
object.— Objectless,  ob'jekt-les,  a.  Having 
no  object;  purposeless;  aimless.  —  Object- 
lesson,  n.  A  lesson  to  the  j;oung  by  means 
of  articles  themselves  or  pictures  of  them. 
—Objector,  ob-jek't6r,  n.  One  that  ob- 
jects. 

Objuration,  ob-jQ-ra'shon,  n.  [Prom  L. 
objuro,  to  bind  by  oath  — prefix  ob,  and 
ji*ro/ to  swear.  Jury.]  The  act  of  bind- 
ing by  oath.— Objure,!  ob-jor',  v.i.  To 
swear. 

Objurgate,  ob-j6r'gat,w.<.and  i. — objurgated, 
objurgating.  [L.  objurgo,  objurgatum  — 
prefix  06,  and  jurgo,  to  chide.]  To  chide, 
reprove,  or  reprehend. — Objurgation,  ob- 
j6r-ga'shon,  n.  The  act  of  objurgating;  a 
reproof .  — Objurgatory,  ob-jcr'ga-to-ri,  a. 
Containing  objurgation  or  reproof. 
Oblate,  ob'lat,  a.  [L.  oblatus,  thrust  for- 
ward (i.e.  at  the  equator),  also  offered,  de- 
voted—o&,  against,  before,  and  latus,  car- 
ried, borne.]  Creom,.  flattened  or  depressed 
at  the  poles.— OWate  spheroid,  a  spherical 
body  flattened  at  the  poles,  that  is,  having 
the  shape  of  the  earth. — n.  Ecctes.  a  secu- 
lar person  who  offe'red  or  devoted  himself 
and  his  property  to  some  monastery,  into 
which  he  was  admitted  as  a  kind  of  lay 
brother;  a  member  of  a  congregation  of 
secular  priests  who  live  in  community. — 
Oblateness,  ob'lat-nes,  n.  The  auality  or 
state  of  being  oblate.  —  Oblation,  ob-la'- 
shon,  n.  [L.  oblatiio,  an  oflering.]  Any- 
thing ofiFered  or  presented  in  worship  or 
sacred  service. 

Obligate,  obli-gat,  v.t.  —  obligated,  obliga- 
ting, [li.  obligo,  obligatwm,  to  bind,  to 
bring  under  an  obligation— prefix  06,  and 
ligo,  to  bind.  Ligament.]  To  bring  or 
place  under  some  obligation;  to  hold  to 
some  duty:  a  word  not  much  used  by  good 
writers.  —  Obligant,  ob'li-gant,  n.  One 
who  binds  himself  to  pay  or  perform  s6me- 
thing.  —  Obligation,  ob-li-ga'shon,  n.  [L. 
obligatio,  from  obligo,  to  bind,  oblige.] 
That  which  binds  or  obliges  to  do  some- 
thing; binding  or  constraining  power  or 
effect;  an  external  act  or  duty  imposed  by 
the  relations  of  society;  a  claim  upon  one; 
the  position  in  which  one  is  bound  or  in- 
debted to  another  for  a  favour  received;  a 
favour  bestowed  and  binding  to  gratitude. 
—Obligatorily,  ob'li-ga-to-ri-li,  adv.  In 
an  obligatory  manner.  —  Obligatoriness, 
ob'U-ga-to-ri-nes,  n.  State  of  being  obli- 
gatory.—Obligatory,  ob'li-ga-to-ri,'a.  Im- 
posing obligation  or  duty;  binding  in  law 
or  conscience;  requiring  performance  or 
forbearance  of  some  act  (obligatory  on  a 
person). 

Obligate,  ob-l6-ga'to.  Obblioato. 
Oblige,  5-blij',  v.t.  —  obliged,  obliging.  [Fr. 
obliger,  from  L.  obligo,  to  bind,  to  oblige 
— 06,  and  ligo,  to  bind.  Obligation.]  To 
constrain  by  any  force,  physical,  moral,  or 
legal;  to  compel;  to  bind  by  any  restraint; 
to  Drnd  by  some  favour  done;  to  lay  under 
obligation  of  gratitude.— Obl'gsd,  o-blJjd', 


p.  and  a.  Having;  received  some  oblige- 
ment  or  favour;  laid  under  obligation;  in- 
debted. —  Obligee,  o-bli-j5',  n.  Law,  the 
person  to  whom  another  is  bound.— Oblige- 
ment,  O-blij'ment,  n.  A  favour  conferred; 
obligation.— Obliger,  o-bli'j6r,  n.  One  that 
obliges.  —  Obliging,  o-bli'jing,  a.  Having 
the  disposition  to  do  favours;  conferring 
favours  or  kindnesses;  complaisant;  kind. 
—Obligingly,  o-bli'jine-li,  adv.  In  an  ob- 
liging manner.  —  Obligingness,  o-bli'jing- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  ob- 
liging. —  Obligor,  ob-li-gor',  n.  Law,  the 
person  who  binds  himself  to  another. 

Oblique,  ob-l5k'  or  ob-lik',  a.  [  Fr.  oblique, 
L.  ooliquua  —  prefix  06,  and  liquis,  awiy.j 
Having  a  direction  neither  pei'pendicular 
nor  parallel  to  some  line  or  surface  which 
is  made  the  standard  of  reference;  not 
direct;  aslant;  slanting;  fig.  indirect  or  bv 
allusion;  not  direct  in  descent;  collateral. 
— Oblique  angle,  any  angle  except  a  right 
angle.  —  Obliqtte  arch,  a  skew-arch.  —  Ob- 
lique bridge,  a  skew-bridge. — Oblique  case, 
gram,  any  case  except  the  nominative. — 
Oblique  cone  or  cylinder,  one  whose  axis  is 
oblique  to  the  plane  of  its  ha.se.-^Obliqv.e 
speech,  oblique  narration,  rhet.  that  which 
is  quoted  indirectly,  or  in  a  different  per- 
son from  that  employed  by  the  original 
speaker.  —  Obli«uely,  ob-lek'li  or  ob-lik'li, 
adv.  In  an  obfique  manner  or  direction; 
indirectlj;;  by  a  side  glance;  by  an  allu- 
sion; not  in  the  direct  or  plain  meaning. — 
Obliqueness,  Obliquity,  ob-lek'nes  or  ob- 

■  lik'nes,  ob-lik'wi-ti.w.  [h.  ohli<fiiitas.']  The 
statf  of  being  oblique;  deviation  from 
parallelism  or  a  perpendicular;  deviation 
from  moral  rectitude;  a  mental  or  moral 
twist. — Obliquity  of  the  ecliptic,  the  an^le 
which  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic  makes  with 
that  of  the  equator. 

Obliterate,  ob-lit'er-at,  v.t.  [L.  oblitero,  to 
blot  out,  to  cause  to  be  forgotten — prefix 
06,  and  litera,  a  letter.  Letter.]  To 
efface;  to  erase  or  blot  out;  to  make  unde- 
cipherable; to  cause  to  be  forgotten.— Ob- 
literation, ob-lit'6r-a"shou,  n.  The  act  of 
obliterating  or  effacing.— Obliterative,  ob- 
lit'er-a-tiv,  a.    Tending  to  obliterate. 

Oblivion,  ob-liv'i-on,  n.  [L.  oblivio,  oblivi- 
onis,  from  obliviscor,  to  forget — prefix  06, 
and  liveo,  to  become  black.  Livid.]  The 
state  of  being  blotted  out  from  the  mem- 
ory; a  being  forgotten;  forgetf  ulness;  the 
act  of  forjgetting;  a  forgetting  of  offences, 
or  remission  of  punishment.  —  Oblivious, 
ob-liv'i-us,  a.  fL.  obliviosus.]  Causing 
forgetf  ulness  (Shak.);  forgetful;  mentally 
absent.— Obliviously,  ob-liv'i-.us-li,  adv.  In 
an  oblivious  manner.— Obliviousness,  ob- 
liv'i-us-nes,  n.    State  of  being  oblivious. 

Oblong,  ob'long,  a.  [L.  oblongus,  oblong— 06, 
against,  inversely,  and  longus,  long.]  Rec- 
tangular, and  having  the  length  greater 
than  the  breadth ;  longer  than  broad.— n. 
An  oblong  figure.— Oblongish,  ob'long-ish, 
o.  Somewhat  oblong.— Oblongly,  ob'long- 
11,  adv.  In  an  oblong  form.— Obloiigness, 
ob'long-nes,  n.— Oblong-ovate,  a.  Bot.  be- 
tween oblong  and  ovate. 

Obloquy,  ob'to-kwi,  n.  [L.  obloquium,  from 
obloq%u>r — ob.  against,  and  loquor,  to  speak. 
Loquacious.]  Censorious  speech;  reproach- 
ful language;  language  that  causes  re- 
proach and  odium  to  rest  on  men  or  their 
actions;  odium .  —  DbloquIous,t  ob-lo'kwi- 
us,  a.    Containing  obloquy. 

Obnoxious,  ob-nok'shus,  a.  [L.  obnoxius— 
ob,  and  noxa,  harm,  hurt.  Noxious.] 
Liable  or  exposed  to  harm,  injury,  or 
punishmentX;liableor  exposed  in  generalt; 
reprehensible;  censurable;  odious;  hateful; 
offensive;  unpopular.  —  Obnoxiously,  ob- 
nok'shus-li,  adv.  In  an  obnoxious  man- 
ner.—Obnoxlousness,  ob-nok'shus-nes,  n. 

Oboe,  6'boi,  n.  [It.  oboe,  from  Fr.  hautbois, 
an  oboe.]  A  hautboy.  Hautboy. — Oboist, 
5'b5-ist,  n.    A  player  on  the  oboe. 

Obolus,  ob'o-lus,  n.  [Gr.  obolos.]  A  small 
coin  of  ancient  Greece  equal  to  lid. 

Oboval,  Obovate,  ob-o'val,  ob-o'vat,  a.  [Pre- 
fix 06,  implying  inversion.]  Bot.  inversely 
ovate;  having  the  narrow  end  downward. 
— Obovoid,  ob-o'void,  a.  Bot.  approaching 
the  obovate  form. 

Obscene,  ob-sSn',  a.  [L.  obscenus,  obscamus, 
filthy,  repulsive,  obscene:  etymol.  doubt- 


ful.] Impure  in  language  or  action;  in- 
decent; offensive  to  chastity  and  delicacy; 
inauspicious ;  ill-omened.— Obscenely,  ob- 
sSnli,  adv.  In  an  obscene  manner.  —  Ob- 
sceneness,  Obscenity,  ob-scn'nes,  ob-sen'i- 
ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  obscene; 
impurity;  ribaldry;  lewdness. 
Obscure,  ob-skar',  a.  [Fr.  obscur,  from  L. 
obacurus — prefix  06,  and  root  seen  in  scu- 
tum, a  shield,  Skr.  aku,  to  cover.]  Imper- 
fectly illuminated ;  gloomy;  not  clear  or 
distinct  to  view;  dim;  not  easily  under- 
stood; not  obviously  intelligible;  abstruse; 
indistilict;  not  much  known  or  observed; 
unknown  to  fame;  unnoticed.— w.t. — 06- 
scured,  obscuring.  To  darken;  to  make 
dark  or  dimj  to  make  less  intelligible, 
legible,  or  visible;  to  hide;  to  prevent  from 
being  seen  or  known. — Obscurely,  ob-skor  - 
li,  adv.  In  an  obscure  manner;  darkly: 
dimly:  not  clearly;  in  retirement;  not 
conspicuously.— ODscureness,  ob-skUr'nes, 
n.  State  of  oeing  obscure ;  obscurity. — 
Obscurer,  ob-sku'r6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  obscures.— Obscurity,  ob-ska'ri-ti, 
n.  lit.  obscuritas.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  obscure;  darkness;  dimness;  dark- 
ness of  meaning;  a  state  of 'being  unknown 
to  fame.  —  Obscurant,  Obscurantist,  ob- 
ska'rant,  ob-ska'rant-ist,  n.  One  who  ob- 
scures; one  who  opposes  the  progress  of 
knowledge,  or  labours  to  prevent  enlight- 
enment, inquiry,  or  reform.  —  Obscurant- 
lam,  ob-ska'rant-izm,  n.  The  system  or 
principles  of  an  obscurant.— Obscuration, 
Obscurement,  ob-sku-ra'shon,  ob-skOr'- 
ment,  n.  The  act  of  obscuring  or  darken- 
ing ;  the  state  of  being  darkened  or  ob- 
scured. 

Obsecrate,  ob'se-krat,  v.t.  [L.  obsecro,  to 
entreat  —  Prefix  06,  and  sacer,  sacred. 
Sacred.]  To  beseech;  to  entreat;  to  sup- 
plicate. —  Obsecration,  ob-se-kra'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  obsecrating;  entreaty;  siipplica- 
tion.  —  Obsecratory,  t  ob-sek '  ra-to-ri,  a. 
Supplicatory;  expressing  entreaty. 
Obsequioiu,  ob-s5'kwi-us,  a.  [From  L.  obr 
sequiosus,  obsequious,  from  obsequium, 
compliance,  from  o6s«^or,to  follow — pje- 
fix  ob,  and  sequor,  to  follow.  Sequence.] 
Promptly  obedient  or  submissive  to  the 
will  of  another;  compliant;  officious;  de- 
voted; servilely  condescending;  compliant 
to  excess;  cringing;  fawning. — Obsequious- 
ly, ob-se'kwi-us-h,  adv.  In  an  obsequious 
manner;  servilely;  cringingly. — Obsequi- 
ousness, Obsequience,  ob-se-kwi-us-nes,  ob- 
s6'kwi-ens,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ob- 
sequious. —  Obsequies,  ob'siNkwiz,  n.  [L. 
obsequies,  obsequies.]  Funeral  rites,  cere- 
monies, or  solemnities. 
Observe,  ob-zerv',  v.t.— observed,  observing. 
[L.  observo — 06,  before,  in  front,  and  servo, 
to  keep  or  hold-  Serve.]  To  look  on 
with  attention;  to  regard  attentively;  to 
watch;  to  notice;  to  perceive;  to  detect;  to 
discover;  to  remark  in  words;  to  mention; 
to  keep  with  due  ceremonies;  to  celebrate; 
to  keep  or  adhere  to  in  practice;  to  com- 
ply with;  to  obey.  .'.  Syn.  under  See. — 
v.t.  To  be  attentive;  to  remark;  to  com- 
ment.—Observer,  ob-zer'ver,  n.  One  who 
observes.— Observing,  ob-zer'ving,  a.  Ob- 
servant; attentive.  —  Observingly,  ob-zer'- 
ving-li,  adv.  In  an  observing  manner.— 
Observable,  ob-zer'va-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  observed;  worthy  of  observation. — 
Observableness,  ob-zerva-bl-nes,  n.  —  Ob- 
servably, ob-z6r'va-bli,  adv.— Observance, 
ob-zer'vans,  n.  The  act  of  observing;  per- 
formance; a  rite  or  ceremony;  an  act  of  re- 
spect, worship,  and  the  like;  obedient  re- 
gard or  attention;  respectful  or  servile  at- 
tention; homage.— Observant,  ob-zer'vant, 
a.  Characterized  by  observation;  taking 
notice;  attentively  noticing ;  attentive  to 
duties  or  commands;  obedient;  adhering 
to  in  practice  (observant  of  duties).— Ob- 
servantly, ob-zAr'vant-li,  adv.  In  an  ob- 
servant manner.— Observation,  ob-z6r-va'- 
shon,  n.  [L.  dbservatio.\  The  act,  power, 
or  habit  of  observing;  a  taking  notice  or 
paying  attention;  science,  the  aCt  of  taking 
notice  of  particular  phenomena  as  they 
occur  in  the  course  of  nature;  the  obser- 
ving of  some  phenomenon,  often  by  the 
assistance  of  an  instrument;  information 
gained  by  such  an  act;  a  remark  based  or 


ch,  cAaiu;     «h,  Sc.  \och;     g,  o'o;     j,  job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sin^r;     «h,  <Aen;  th,  thin;     w,  vAsc;     wh,  tvAig;     zh,  azure. 


OBSIDIAN 


464 


OCEAN 


professing  to  be  based  on  what  has  been 
observed;  an  opinion  expressed;  obser-. 
vancet. — Observational,  ob-zfer-va'shon-al, 
a.  Consisting  of  or  relating  to  observa- 
tions.—Observative,  ob-zfer'va-tiv,  a.  Ob- 
serving ;  watchful ;  attentive.  —  Observa- 
tory, 0D-z6r'va-to-ri,  n.  A  place  Or  build- 
ing fitted  with  instruments  for  making 
observations  of  natural  phenomena;  espe- 
cially one  constructed  for  astronomical 
observations;  a  place  of  outlook. 
Obsidian,  ob-sid'i-an,  n.  [L.  Obsidianus 
lapis,  stone  of  Obsidius,  from  its  dis- 
coverer.] Vitreous  lava,  or  volcanic  glass, 
a  glassy  mineral  of  several  varieties. 
Obsidional,  ob-sid '  i-on-al,  a.  [L.  obsidio- 
nalia,  from  obsidio,  a  siege— o&,  before,  and 
eedeo,  to  "sit.]  Pertaining  to  a  siege. — 
Obsidional  coins,  coins  of  various  oase 
metaJs,  struck  in  besieged  places,  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  current  money.  —  Obsidional 
crown,  among  the  Bomans  a  crown  given 
to  him  who  held  out  in  a  siege  or  caused 
one  to  be  raised. 

Obsolete,  ob'so-let,  ■a.  [L.  dbsoletus,  pp.  of 
obsolesco,  to  go  out  of  use — prefix  oo,  and 
aoleo,  to  use,  to  be  wont.]  Gone  into  dis- 
use ;  disused ;  'neglected ;  out  of  fashion ; 
biol.  imperfectly  developed  or  abortive. — 
Obsoletism,  ob'so-let-izm,  n.  A  custom, 
fashion,  word,  or  the  like  which  has  be- 
come obsolete.  —  Obsoleteness,  ob'so-let- 
nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  obsolete.— Ob- 
i:olesce,t  ob-s5-les',  v.i.  To  become  obsoles- 
cent.— Obsolescence,  ob-so-les'ens,  n.  Ths 
state  or  process  of  becoming  obsolete. — 
Obsolescent,  ob-so-les'ent,  a.  [L.  obsoles- 
cens.]  Becoming  obsolete;  going  out  of 
use;  passing  into  desuetude. 
Obstacle,  ob'sta-kl,  n,  [Pr.  obstacle,  from 
Ii.  obstactUum,  from  absto,  to  withstand — 
ok,  against,  and  sto,  to  stand.  State, 
Standx]  Anything  that  stands  in  the  way 
and  hinders  progress;  a  hindrance;  an  ob- 
struction or  impediment,  either  physical 
or  moral.  ■    ' 

Obstetric,  Obstetrical,  ob-stet'rik,  ob-stet'- 
ri-kal,  a.  [L.  obstetrix,  a  midwife— 06,  be- 
fofe,  and  sto,  to  stand.  Obstacle.]  Per- 
taining to  midwifery,  or  the  delivery  of 
women  in  childbed.  —  Obstetrician,  ob- 
stet-rish'an,  n.  One  skilled  in  obstetrics; 
.in  accoucheur.  —  Obstetrics,  ob-stet'riks, 
n.  The  art  of  assisting  women  in  child- 
birth, and  treating  their  diseases  during 
pregnancy  and  after  delivery;  midwifery. 
Obstinate,  ob'stl-n&t,  a.  [L.  obstinatvs,  pp. 
of  obstino,  obstiiuitwn,'^  to  resolve,  from 
•o6»to,  to  stand  against— 06,  against,  and 
ste,  to  stand.  Obstacle.]  Pertinaciously 
adhering  to  an  opinion  or  purpose ;  fixed 
firmly  in  resolution;  not  yielding  to  reason, 
arguments,  or  other  means;  stubborn:  said 
of  persons;  not  jrielding  or  not  easily  sub- 
dued or  removed  (an  obstinate  fever;  an 
obstinate  cough).  .•.  To  be  obstinate  implies 
the  doing  what  we  ourselves  choose;  to  be 
stubborn  denotes,  rather,  determinatioa 
not  to  do  what  others  advise  or' desire. — 
Obstinacy^  Obstinateness,  ob'sti-na-si,  ob'- 
sti-nat-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  obstinate.— Obstinately,  ob'sti-nat- 
li,  adv.  In  an  obstinate  manner. 
Obstipation,  ob-sti-pa'shon,  n.  [L.  06, 
against,  and  stipo,  to  cram.)  Med.  extreme 
constipation,  where  there  is  no  alvine  dis- 
charge. 

Obstreperous,  ob-strep'6r-us,  o.  [L.  oh- 
streperus,  from  obslrepo,  to  roar--o6,  in- 
tens.,  and  strepo,  to  make  a  noise.]  Mak- 
ing a  tumultuous  noise;  clamorous;  voci- 
ferous; noisy;  loud.— Obstreperously,  ob- 
strep'er-us-li,  adv.  In  an  obstreperous 
manner.  —  Obstreperousness,  ob-strep'fir- 
us-nes,  n.  Clamour;  noisy  turbulence. 
Obstriction,t  ob-strik'shon,  n.  [L.  06,  and 
stringo,  to  strain.  Strain.]  The  condition 
of  being  bound  or  constrained. 
Obstruct,  ob-strukt',  v.t.  rL.-  ohitrvo,  6b- 
siructuni—ob,  against,  and  struo,  to  pile 
up.  Structure.]  To  block  up,  stop  pp,  or 
close,  as  a  passage;  to  fill  with  obstacles 
or  impediments  that  prevent  passing;  to 
hiiider  from  passing;  to  impede;  to  stand 
in  the  way  of;  to  retard,  interrupt,  render 
?)ow.  —  Oofrtruoter,  ob-struk'tfer,  n.  One 
that  obstructs  or  hinders.— Obstruction, 
ob-struk'shcn,  n.    The  act  of  obstructing; 


anything  that  stops  or  closes'a  way,  i)a8- 
Ba<;e,  or  channel;  obstacle;  impediment; 
that  which  impedes  progress;  check;  hind- 
rance; the  state  of  ha^-ing  the  vital  func- 
tions obstructedf.- Obstructionist,  ob- 
struk'shon-ist,  r*.  One  who  practises  ob- 
struction ;  an  obstructive.  —  Obstructive, 
ob-struk'tiv,  o.  Obstructing  or  tending  to 
obstruct. — n.  One  who  obstructs;  one  who 
hinders  the  transaction  of  business. — Ob- 
structively, ob-struk'tlv-li,  adv.  In  an 
obstructive  manner.— Obstruent,  ob'stry- 
ent,  a.  [L.  dbstruena,  ppr.  of  obstruo'.'] 
Blocking  up;  obstracting;  hindering.— ». 
Anything  that  obstructs;  something  that 
blocks  up  the  natural  passages  of  the 
body. 

Obtain,  ob-tan',  v.t.  [L.  oMiiieo— prefix  oh, 
and  teneo,  to  bold.  Tenant.]  To  gain  pos- 
session 01;  to  gain,  procure,  receive,  get, 
acquire.- v.i.  To  be  received  in  customary 
or  common  use;  to  be  established  in.prac- 
tice;  to  hold  good;  to  subsist  {the  custom 
still  obtotrw). —Obtainable,  ob-ta'na-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  obtained.— Obtainer,  ob- 
ta'ner,  n.  One  who  obtains.— Obtainment, 
■ob-tin'ment,  n.  The  act  of  obtaining;  at- 
tainment. 

Obtected,  ob-tek't«d,a."[L.  o6fec<««— prefix 
ob,  and  tego,  tfctusi  to  cover.]  Covered; 
zooZ.  covered  with  a  hard  shelly  case.  , 
Obtest,  ob-^st',  v.t.  XL.  obtestor—pre&s.  oh, 
and  testor;  to  witness.  Testament.]  To 
call  upon  earnestly;. to  entreat,  implore, 
conjure ;  to  supplicate.— Obtestation,  ob- 
tes-ta'shon,  si.  The  act  of  obtesting. 
Obtrude,  ob-trikT,  w.-t. — obtruded,  obtruding. 
ill.  ofthi/dorrprefix  ob,  and  trudo;  to  thrust. 
•  Intrude.]  To  thrust  prominently  forward; 
to  force  into  any  place  or  state  unduly  or 
without  solicitation:  often  refi.  (to  obtrude 
one's  self  upon  a  person's  notice);  to  offer, 
with  unreasonable  importunity. — v.i.  To' 
obtrude  one's  self;  to  enter  when  not  in- 
vited.— Obtmder,  ob-tro'd6r,  n.  One  who 
obtrudes.— Obtrusion,  ob-tre'zhon,  a.  The 
actof  obtruding.— Obtrusive,  ob-trS'siT,  a. 
Disposed  to  obtrude;  forward;  intrusive. 
— Obtrusively,  ob-tro'siv-li,  adv.  In  an 
obtrusive  manner.  —  Obtrusiveness,  ob- 
trO'siv-nes,  n. 

Obtuse,  ob-tas',  a.  [L.  o6itMtM— preiis  ob, 
and  tundo,  ivdi  (Sla:.  tud),  to  beat.  Con- 
tuse.] Not  pointed  or  acute;  blunt;  not 
having  acute'  sensibility ;  stupid ;  dull. — 
Obtuse  CTigle,  one  larger  than  a  right  angle 
or  90°.— Obtuse-angled,  Obtuse-angular,  a. 
Having  an  obtuse  angle  or  angles.- Ob- 
tusely, ob-tos'li,  adv.  In  an  obtuse  man- 
ner.—Obtuaeness,  Obtusity,  ob-ttis'nes,  ob- 
ta'si«fci,  n.  The  state  of  .being' obtuse. 
Obverse,  ob'vfirs,  a.  (L.  prefix  ob,  and  t)«v 
8IM,  turned.]  Pertaining  to  the  one  or  two 
possible  sides  or  theories;  nnrrds.  bearing 
the  face  or  head. — n.  The  one  of  two  pos- 
sible ways  of  looking  at  a  thing;  numia. 
that  side  of  a  coin  or  medal  which  has  the 
face  or  head  on  it,  the  other  being  the  re- 
rerse.— Obversely,  ob'vfera-li,  adv.  In  an 
obverse  form  or  manner.— Obversion,  ob- 
v^r'shon,  n.  The  act  of  obverting. — Obvert, 
ob-vferf ,  v.t.  To  turn  towards. 
Obviate,  ob'vi-at,  v.t.— obviated,  obviating. 
[L.  ohvio,  obviatitm,  to  meet— 06,  against, 
and  via,  a  way.  'Votaoe.'Wat.]  To  meet, 
as  difiiculties  or  objections ;  to  overcome; 
to  clear  out  of  the  way.  — '  Obvlatlon,t 
ob-vi-a'shon,  n.  The  act  of  obviating. — 
Obvious,  ob'vi-ns,  a.  [L.  obrnus,  in  the 
way.]  Easily  discovered,  seen,  or  under- 
stood; perfectly  plain,  manifest,or  evident. 
— Obviously,  ob'vi-us-li,  adv.  In  an  ob- 
vious manner. — Obviousness,  ob'vi-us-nes, 
n.  State  of  being  obvious, 
Obvolute,  Obvoluted,  ob'vo-lot,  ob'vo-lQ- 
ted,  a.  [L.  ob,  against,  and  voliUus,  rolled.] 
KoUed  or  turned  in;  bot.  having  the  mar- 

Cs  of  opposite  leaves  alternately  over- 
.  ping. 

Ocarina,  5-ka-re'na,  n.  [It.]  A  small  musi- 
cal instrument  of  terra  cotta  pierced  with 
holes,  there  being  seven  instruments  in  a 
set. 

Occasion,  ok-ka'zhon,  n.  [L.  occasAo,  occa- 
sionis,  from  occido,  occuum,  to  fall — ob, 
and  cado,  to  fall.  Accu>ent.1  Time  of 
an  occurrsnce,  incident,  or  event ;  oppor- 
tunity; favourable  time,  season,  or  cir- 


cumstances; incidental  cause;  a  cause 
acting  on  the  will;  a  motive  or  reason;  in- 
cidental need;  casual  exigency;  require- 
ment {to  have  occasion  or  no  occasion  for  a 
thing) ;  peculiar  position  of  affairs ;  junc- 
ture; exigency.—  t).t.  To  cause  incidentally; 
to  produce ;  to  induce.  —  Occasional,  ok- 
ka'zhon-al,  t.  Incidental;  occurring  at 
times,  but  not  regular  or  sj-stematic;  made 
or  happening  as  opportunity  requires  or 
admits.  —  Occasionally,  ok-ka'zhon-al-li, 
adv.  In  an  occasional  manner;  at  times; 
sometimes  bat  not  often. 
Occident,  ok'§i-dent,  n.  [Fr.  Occident,  L. 
occidena,  oecidentis,  ppr.  of  occido,  to  fall, 
to  set,  as  the  sun.  Occasion.]  The  western 
quarter  of  tne  hemisphere;  the  west:  the 
opposite  of  orient.— Occidental,  ok-si-den'- 
tal,  o.  Pertaining  to  the  Occident  or  west; 
western :  opposed  to  oriental;  having  an 
inferior  degree  of  beauty  and  excellence: 
applied  tc  gems  in  opposition  to  oriental. 
— Occidentally,  ok-si-den '  tal-U,  adv.  In 
the  Occident  or  west;  after  the  sun. 

Occipital,  ok-sip'i-tal,  o.  [From  L.  occiput, 
the  Dack  part  of  the  head — prefix;  06,  and 
caput,  the  head.]  Pertaining  to  the  back 
part  of  the  head.  —  Occiput,  ok'si-put,  n. 
[L.]  The  hinder  part  of  the  head. 

Occlude,  ok-klad',  v.t.— occluded,  occluding. 
[L.  occlude— ob,  and  claudo,  to  shut]  To 
shut  upt;  chem.  to  absorb  or  take  up  with- 
out chemical  combination.  —  Occlnslou, 
ok-klO'zhon,  n.  The  act  of  occluding; 
cltem.  absorption  without  combination. 

Occult,  ok-kult',  a.  [L.  occuUus,  pp.  of  oc- 
culo,  to  cover  over— prefix  06,  and  root  of 
celo,  to  conceal,  and  E.  heU.I  Hidden  from 
the  eye  or  understanding;  invisible  and 
mysterious;  unknown. -^ OeewZt  sciences, 
certain  so-called  sciences  of  the  middle 
ages,  as  alchemy,  necromancy  or  magic, 
astrology. — Occultation,  ok-kul-t&'8hon,n. 
Astron.  the  hiding  of  a  star  or  planet  from 
our  sight  by  passing  behind  some  other 
of  the  heavenly  bodies;  the  time  of  a 
planet  or  star  being  so  hidden;  hence,  fig. 
disappearance  from  view;  withdmwal 
from  public  notice.— Occulted,  ok-k-Al'ted, 
o.  Astron.  concealed  by  occultation. — 
Occultly,  ok-kult 'li,  adv.  In  an  occult 
manner.— Occultness,  ok-kult'nes,  n. 

Occupy,  ok'kn-pi-  v.t— occupied,  occvpying. 
[L.  occupo,  to  take  possession  of,  possess — 
prefix  ob,  and  capio,  to  take.  Catable.] 
To  take  possession  of;  to  possess;  to  hold 
and  v.%e;  to  take  up,  as  room  or  space;  to 
cover  or  fill;  to  employ  or  use  (one's  time); 
to  engage;  to  busy:  often  rejl.—v.i.  To  be 
an  occupant;  to  hold  possession.  —  Occu- 
pancy, ok'ka-pan-si,  n.  The  act  of  oc- 
cupying; a  holding  in  possession;  term 
during  which  one  is  occupsait.— Occ.upaat, 
okTiQ-pant,  n,    [Ii.  occupans,  occupantis, 

gpr.  of  occupo,  to  occupy.]  An  occupier. — 
ccnpation,  ok-kU-pa'shon,  n.  [L.  occu- 
paJio.]  The  act  of  occupying  or  taking 
possession;  possession;  tenure;  state  of  be- 
ing employed  or  occupied  in  any  way; 
that  which  engages  one's  time  and  atten- 
tion; the  principal  business  of  one's  life;  a 
vocation;  calling;  trade.  —  Occupier,  ok'- 
ka-pi-6r,  n.  One  that  occupies;  an  occu- 
pant. 

Occur,  ok-kSr',  v.i. — occurred,  occurring.  [L. 
occurro — 06,  against,  and  curro,  to  run. 
CuRKBNT.]  To  meet  or  come  to  the  mind, 
imagination,  or  memory;  to  befall;  to  hap- 
pen; to  take  place;  to  exist  so  as  to  be 
capable  of  being  found  or  seen;  to  be 
found;  to  be  met  with.— Occurrance.  ok- 
kur'ens,M.  The  act  of  occurring  or  taking 
place;  any  incident  or  accidental  event; 
an  observed  instance. 

Ocean,  o'shan,  r,.  [L.  oeeanua,  from  Gr. 
Okeanos,  the  ocean,  the  deity  of  the  ocean.] 
The  T8.st  body  of  water  which  covers  more 
than  three-nfths  of  tha  surface  of  the 
globe;  the  sekj  also,  one  of  the  great  ba- 
sins or  areas  into  which  it  has  been  di- 
vided; any  immense  expanse  (the  bound- 
less ocean  of  eternity).— a.  Pertaining  to 

■  the  main  or  great  sea  (theoceon  wave). — 
Oceanic,  o-sh&-aii'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
ocean;  occurring  in  or  produced  by  the 
ocean,  as  distinguished  from  smaller  seas; 
pertaining  to  Oceania  (the  islsoids  lying 
between  Asia  and  America)  or  itj  inhabi- 


Fatd,  fax,  fat,  ff^;     me|iaet,b£ri     piae,  pin;     note,  not,  tnOve;     tObe,  tuo,  oi^ll;     ou,  r>ound;     4i,  Sc.  abtme— vue  jc  r.  «, 


OCELLUS 


465 


OEIL-DE-BOaur 


tants.— Oceanology,  o-shan-ol'o-ji,  n.  The 
knowledge  of  the  ocean. 

Ocellus,  o-sel'lus,  n.  pi.  Ocelli,  o-sellU  [L. 
ocellus,  dim.  of  oculus,  an  eye.  Ocular.] 
One  of  the  minute  simple  eyes  of  insects, 
many  spiders,  crustaceans,  molluscs,  &c. 
— Ocellate,  Ocellated,  o-sel'lat,  o-sel'la-ted, 
a.  [L.  ocellatus.]  Resembling  an  eye; 
studded  with  the  figures  of  little  eyes. 

Ocelot,  o'sg-lot,  n.  [Mex.  oceloU.'i  A.  car- 
nivorous animal  of  the  cat  kind,  an  in- 
habitant of  Mexico. 

Ochlocracy,  ok-lok'ra-si,  n.  [Gr.  ochlos,ths 
multitude,  and  kratos,  power.]  The  rule 
or  ascendency  of  the  multitude  or  common 
people;  a  mobocracy.— Ochlocratic,  Ochlo- 
cratical,  ok-lo-krat'ik,  ok-lo-krat'i-kal,  a. 
Kelating  to  ochlocracy.— Ochlocratically, 
ok-lo-krat'i-kal-li,  adv. 

Ochre,  o'k6r,  n.  [L.  ochra.  Gr.  Ochra,  from 
ochros,  pale,  pale  yellow.]  A  name  gene- 
rally applied  to  clays  coloured  with  the 
oxides  oi  iron  in  various  proportions,  and 
varying  in  colour  from  pale  yellow  to 
brownish  red,  much  used  in  painting. — 
Ochreons,  Ochraceous,  Ochrey,  o'kre-us, 
ok-ra'shus,  o'kri,  a.  Pertaining  to  ochre; 
consisting  of  oclire;  resembling  ochre. 

Ochrea,  Ocrea,  o'kre-a,  n.  [L.  oerea,  a greave 
or  legging.]  Bot.  the  union  of  two  stipules 
rounoT  the  stem  in  a  kind  of  sheath. — 
Ochreate,  Ocreate,  o'kre-at,  a.  Bot.  fur- 
nished with  ochreae. 

Octachord,  ok'ta-kord,  n.  [Gr.  oTctO,  eight, 
and  chords,  a  string.]  A  musical  instru- 
ment having  eight  strings. 

Octagon,  ok'ta-gon,  n.  [Gr.  oTctO,  eight,  and 
gOnia,  angld.]  Geom.  a  figure  of  eight 
sides  and  eight  angles.  —  Octagonal,  ok- 
tag'on-al,  a.  Having  eight  sides  and  eight 
angles. 

Octahedron,  ok-ta-h5'dron,  n.  [Gr.  okto, 
eight,  hedra,  a  base.]  Geom.  a  solid  con- 
tained by  eight  faces,  which  take  the  form 
of  equal  and  equilateral  triangles.— Octa- 
hedral, ok-ta-he'dral,  a.  Having  eight 
equal  surfaces. 

Octameter,  ok-tam'et-6r,  n.  [Gr.  oktO,  eight, 
metron,  a  measure.]  A  verse  of  eight  feet. 

Octandrian,  Octandrous,  ok-tan'dri-an,  ok- 
tan'drus,  a.  [Gr.  ofcW,  eight,  and  aner, 
andros,  a  male.]  Applied  to  plants  having 
eight  distinct  stamens. 

Octangular,  ok-tang'ga-l6r,  a.  [L.  octo, 
eight,  and  E.  angular.]  Having  eight 
angles. 

Octant,  ok'tant,  n.  [L.  octans,  an  eighth 
part,  from  octo,  eight.]  The  eighth  part 
of  a  circle;  an  instrunient  resembling  a 
sextant  or  quadrant  in  principle,  but  hav- 
ing an  arc  the  eighth  of  a  circle,  or  45°. 

Octapla,  ok'ta-pla,  n.  [Gr.  oktaploos,  eight- 
fold, from  okto,  eight.]  A  polyglot  Bible 
in  eight  languages. 

Octastyle,  ok'ta-stil,  n.  [Gr.  oktO,  eight, 
and  stylos,  a  column.]  Arch,  a  temple  or 
other  building  having  eight  columns  in 
front. 

Octateuch,  ok'ta-tok,  n.  [Gr.  oJttd,  eight, 
and  teuchos,  a  book.]  The  first  eight  books 
of  the  Old  Testament. 

Octave,  ok'tav,  n.  [L.  octavus,  eighth,  from 
octo,  eight.]  The  eighth  day  after  a  church 
festival,  the  festival  itself  being  counted; 
the  week  immediately  following  a  church 
festival;  the  first  two  stanzas  in  the  sonnet 
of  four  verses  each;  a  stanza  of  eight  lines; 
music,  an  eighth,  or  an  interval  of  seven 
degrees  or  twelve  semitones;  one  sound 
eight  tones  higher  than  another. — Octave 
flute.  Piccolo.— a.  Consisting  of  eight.— 
Octavo,  ok-ta'vo,  n.  The  size  of  one  leaf 
of  a  sheet  of  paper  folded  so  as  to  make 
eight  leaves:  usually  written  8uo;  a  book 
having  eight  leaves  to  each  sheet:  often 
used  as  an  adjective. 

Octennial,  ok-ten'i-al,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight, 
and  annus,  a  year.]  Happening  every 
eighth  year;  lasting  eight  years.— Octen- 
nlally,  ok-ten'i-al-li,  adv.  Once  in  eight 
years.  ,,    . 

Octet,  ok'tet,  n.  [L.  octo,  eight.]  Music,  a 
musical  composition  for  eight  parts. 

Octillion,  ok-til'yon,  n.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and 
term,  of  million.']  The  number  produced 
by  involving  a  million  to  the  eighth  power; 
1  followed  by  48  ciphers.  .  ,  ^ 

October,  ok-to'bir,  n.  [L.,  froxn  octo,  eight; 


the  eighth  month  of  the  primitive  Roman 
year,  which  began  in  March.]  The  tenth 
month  of  the  year;  ale  or  cider  brewed  in 
October. 

Octodecimo,  ok-t-o-des'i-mo,  n.  [L.  oeto- 
decivi,  eighteen— octo,  eight,  and  decern, 
ten,]  The  size  of  one  leaf  of  a  sheet  of 
paper  folded  so  as  to  make  eighteen  leaves; 
a  book  in  which  each  sheet  is  folded  into 
eighteen  leaves :  usually  wiitten  /Sww. 
Also  used  as  an  adjective. 

Octodentate,  ok-to-den'tat,  a.  [L.  octo, 
eight,  deris,  a  tooth.]   Having  eight  teeth. 

Octofid,  ok'to-fid,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and 
findo,fido,  to  cleave.]  Bot.  cleft  or  separ- 
ated into  eight  segments,  as  a  calyx. 

Octogenarian,  ok'to-je-na"ri-an,  n.  [L.  oc- 
togenarius,  from  octogeni,  eighty,  octo, 
eight.]  A  person  eighty  years  of  age;  any 
one  whose  age  is  between  eighty  and 
ninety.  — a.  Of  eighty  years  of  age;  be- 
tween eighty  and  ninety  years  of  age. 

Octogynous,  ok-toj'i-nus,  a.  [Gr.  oktO,  eight, 
and  gyn6,  a  female.]  Bot.  having  eight 
pistils  or  styles. 

Octohedron,  ok-to-he'dron,  n.  Octahe- 
dron. 

Octolocular,  ok-tp-lok'Q-l6r,.  a.    [L.  octo, 

■  eight,  and  loculus,  dim.  of  locus,  a  place.] 
Bot.  having  eight  cells  for  seeds. 

Octopede,  ok'to-ped,  n.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and 
pes,  pedii,  a  foot.]   An  eight-footed  ani- 

tmal. 

Octopetalous,  ok-tS-pet'a-lns,  a.  [Gr.  oMo, 
eight,  and  petalon,  a  petal.]  Bot.  having 
eight  peta3s. 

Cctopod,  okto-pod,  «.  [Gr.  oktO,  eight, 
andpoMg,  podos,  a  foot.]  An  animal  hav- 
ing eight  feet ;  a  cuttle-fish,  having  eight 
arms  or  -tentacles.— Octopus,  ok'to-pus,  n. 
A  genus  of  two-gil!ed  cuttle-fishes,  having 
eight  arms  furnished  with  suckers ;  they 
have  attained  a  notoriety  from  tales  con- 
cerning their  tetocity  and  the  gigantic 
size  of  some. 

Octoroon,  ok-ty-rcin',  n.  [L.  octo,  eight.] 
The  offspring  of  a  quadroon  and  a  white 
person. 

Octostyle,  ok'to-stil.    Octastyle. 

OctqsyUahic,  ok't(}-sil-lab"ik,  a:  [Gr.  octo^ 
eight,  and  syllabe,  a  syllable.]  Consisting 
of  eight  syllables.— n.  A  word  of  eight  syl- 
lables. 

Octroi,  ok-trwa,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  auctor, 
an  author.)  A  duty  levied  at  the  gates  of 
French  cities  on  articles  brought  in. 

Octuple,  ok'tu-pl,  a.  ih.  octuplus—octo, 
eight.]    Eightfold. 

Ocular,  ok'n-lfer,  a.  [L.  ocularis,  from  ocu- 
lus, the  eye,  a  word  cognate  with  E.  eye. 
Eye.]  Pertaining  to  the  eye;  dependiig 
on  the  eye;  received  by  actual  sight. — re. 
The  eyepiece  of  an  optical  instrument.:— 
Ocularly,  ok'0-l6r-li,  adv.    In  an  ocular 

•  manner;  by  the  eye,  sight,  or  actual  view. 
— Oculate,  Oculated,  ok'n-lafc,  ok'Q-la-ted, 
a.  [L.  oculaius.]  Furnished  with  eyes; 
having  spots  resembling  eyes. — Oculiform, 
ok'u-li-form,  a.  In  the  form  of  an  eye. — 
Oculist,  ok'u-list,  n.  One  skilled  in  dis- 
eases or  the  eyes. 

Od,  od,  n.  The  name  invented  by  Reichen- 
bach  for  a  peculiar  force  which  he  fancied 
he  had  discovered  associated  with  magnet- 
ism, and  which  was  said  to  explain  the 
phenomena  of  mesmerism  or  animal  mag- 
netism. Called  also  Odic  force.— OOic,  od'- 
ik,  a.    Pertaining  to  od, 

Odal,  o'dal,  a.  Same  as  ETctaZ.— Odaller,  o'- 
dal-6r,  n.    Same  as  Udaller. 

Odalisk,  Odalisque,  o'da-lisk,  n.  [Er.  oda- 
Usque,  from  Turk,  odalik,  from  oda,  a 
chamber.]  A  female  slave  or  concubine 
in  the  sultan's  seraglio  or  a  harem. 

Odd,  od,  a.  [From  Icel.  oddi,  a  triangle, 
an  odd  number,  odda-mathr,  an  odd  man, 
oddortala,  an  odd  number;  Dan.  od,  a 
point,  odde,  a  tongue  of  land ;  akin  to  A. 
Sax.  ord,  a  point,  G.  ort,  place,  spot,  ori- 
ginally a  point.]    Not  even;  not  exactly 

.  divisible  by  2;  left  over  after  the  pairs 
have  been  reckoned;  additional  to  a  whole 
mentioned  in  round  numbers;  not  inclu- 
ded with  others;  hence,  unheeded;  of 
little  value  or  account  (odd  times,  odd 
trifles);  incidental;  casual;  forming  one 
of  a  pair  of  which  the  other  is  wanting; 

■belonging   to  a  broken  set;    singular; 


strange;  peculiar;  eccentric;  queer.— Odd- 
fellow, od'fel-o,  n.  A  member  of  an  ex- 
tensively ramified  friendly  society,  ori- 
ginally modelled  on  freemasonry.  —  Odd- 
ity, od'i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing odd;  singularity;  something  odd  or 
singular;  a  singular  person.— OdoUy,  od'li, 
adv.  In  an  odd  manner;  not  evenly; 
strangely;  whimsically;  singularly;  uu- 
couthly.  —  Oddness,  od'nes,  re.  The  state 
of  being  odd;  state  of  not  being  even;  sin- 
gularity; strangeness. — Odds,  odz,  rt.  sinff. 
or  pi.  Excess  of  one  amount  or  quantity 
compared  with  another;  difference  in  fa- 
vour of  one  and  against  another ;  in  bet- 
ting, the  amount  or  proportion  by  which 
the  bet  of  one  party  to  a  wager  exceeds 
that  of  the  other  party.— ,4^  odds,  at  vari- 
ance ;  in  controversy  or  quarrel.  —  Odds 
and  ends,  small  miscellaneous  aiiicles. 

Ode,  od,  n.  [L.  ode,  Gr.  Ode,  song  or  poem, 
from  aeido,  to  sing;  seen  in  parody,  pro- 

■  sody'.]  A  short  poem  or  song;  a  poem  to 
be  set  to  music  or  sung;  a  lyric  poem  of  a 
lofty  cast.  ■ 

Odeon,  Odeum,  o-de'on,  o-de'um,  «.  [Gr. 
Odeion,  from  6de,  a  song.]  A  theatre  for 
musical  or  drainatic  penormances. 

Odic.    Under  On. 

Odin,  Woden,  o'din,  wo'den,  n.  [Former 
from  Scandinavian,  latter  Anglo-Saxon 
and  German.]  The  chief  god  of  Northern 
mythology,  after  whom  is  named  Wednes- 
day.—Odmic,o-din'ik,a.BelongingtoOdln. 

Odious,  o'di-us,  a.  \\A..odiosus,  from  odium, 
hatred,  odi,  I  hats;  same  root  as  A.  Sax. 
atol,  hateful,  horrible.  Annoy,  Noisojie.] 
Of  such  a  character  as  to  be  hated  or 
greatly  disliked;  hateful;  causing  disgust 
or  repugnance ;  offensive.— Odiously,  5'di- 
u3-]i,  adv.  In  an  odious  manner;  hatefully. 
— Odiousnesa,  o'di-us-nes,  re.  The  quality 
of  being  odious.— Odium,  o'di-um,  n.  [L.l 
Hatred;  dislike;  the  quality  that  provoke.^ 
hatred.— Odittm  theologicum,  theolOo'icai 
hatred;  the  hatred  of  contending  divines 
towards  each  other. 

Odometer,  o-dom'et-6r,  n.    A  hodometer. 

Odontal^a,  Odontalgy,  o-don-tal'ji-a,  o'- 
don-tal-ji,  n.  [Gr.  odous,  odontos,  tooth, 
algos,  pain.]  Pain  in  the  teeth;  tooth- 
ache.—Odontalgic,  o-don-tal'jik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  tooth.ache.— re.  A  remedy  for 
the  toothache.— Odon to,  o-don'to,  re.  [Gr. 
odous,  odontos.]  A  dentifrice;  a  tooth- 
wash.  —  Odontography,  o-don-tog'ra-fi,  n. 
A  description  of  the  teeth.— Odontoid,  6- 
don'toid,  a.  Tooth-like.  —  Odontoid  pro- 
cess, the  part,  of  the  first  vertebra  of  the 
neck,  forming  a  pivot  for  the  head.— Odon- 
tolite,  o-don'to-lit,  re.  [Gr.  lithos,  a  stone.] 
A  fossil  tooth.— Odontological,  o-don'to- 
loj"i-kal,  a.  Belonging  to  odontolo'^y.— 
Odontology,  o-don-tol'o-ji,  re.  That  branch 
of  anatomical  science  which  weats  of  the 
teeth.— Odontophore,  o-don'to-for,  re.  [Gr. 
phoros,  bearing.]  The  so-called  tongue  oi- 
lingual  ribbon  of  certain  molluscs,  covered 
with  minute  teeth. 

Odour,  o'dfer,  re.  [L.  odor,  a  smell;  allied 
to  Gr.  ozo,  to  smell;  akin  olfactory.]   Anj 

'  scent  or  smell,  whether  pleasant  or  offen- 
sive; when  used  alone  most  commonly  a 
sweet  smell;  fragrance. — In  bad  odour,  in 
bad  repute;  indisfavoar. — Odour  of  sanc- 
tity, the  reputation  of  being  asaint.— Odor- 
iferous, o-der-if'6r-us,  a.  [L.  odoriferus.] 
Giving  odour  or  scent;  diffusing  f  rasrancc; 
fragrant.— Odoriferously,  o-der-ifcr-us-li, 
adv.  In  an  odoriferous  manner. — Odorif- 
erousness,  o-d6r-if'6r-us-nes,  -/i.— Odorous, 
o'der-us,  a.  Having  or  emitting  an. odour; 
sweet  of  scent;  fragrant.— Odorously,  6'- 
d6r-us-li,  adv.  In  an  odorous  manner; 
fragrantly.— Odorousness,  o'd6r-us-nes,  n. 
The  qiiality  of  being  odorous.— Odourless, 
6'd6r-Ies,  a.    Having  no  odour. 

Odyl,  o'dil,^re.    Same  as  Od. 

(Ecumenical.    Ecumenic. 

(Edema,  e-de'ma,  re.  [Gr.  oidema,  a  swell- 
ing, from  oideo,  to  swell.J  Med.  a  puffiness 
or  swelling  of  parts  arising  from  water 
collecting.  —  (Edematous,  OEdematose,  fi- 
de'ma-tus,  e-de'ma-tos,  a.  Relating  to 
oedema. 

Oeil-de-hoeuf,  e-il-de-b6f,  n.  [Fr.,  ox-eye.] 
Arch,  a  round  or  oval  opening  in  a  frieze 
or  roof  to  admit  light. 


cU.cAain;     ch&Q.loch;     g,i/oj    ;i,yob;     n,Fr.  tore;     ng,Bin«     5H,  «ftea;  th,  tAio?     w,toig;    wh.tt'Aijj     zh.aOTi-e. 


CLInANTHIC 


466 


OIL 


CEnanthlc,  g-nan'thlk,  a.  [Gr.  oinos,  wine, 
and  anthos,  a  fio'srer.l  Having  or  impar- 
ting the  characteristic  odour  of  ^vine.— 
CEitaniliic  acid,  an  acid  obtained  from 
oenanthic  ether.— CEiianthic  ether,  an  oily 
liquid  which  gives  to  wine  its  character- 
istic odour.  —  (Enolin,  e'nol-in,  n.  A  col- 
ouring matter  obtained  from  red  wine. — 
(Enology,  e-nol'o-ji,  n.  That  branch  of 
knowledge  which  deals  with  wine.  — 
(Enometer,  e-nom'et-6r,  n.  A  hydrome- 
ter for  determining  thealcohobc  strength 
of  wines.— (Enophiiist,  e-nof'il-ist,  n.  [Ur. 
phiieo,  to  love.]  A  lover  of  wine. 
ver,  or.  A  contraction  (generally  poetical) 
of  over. 

(Esoptaagos,  &-sof'a-gus,  n.  [Gr.  oisopha- 
gos—oisO,  I  wiU  bear,  and  phagO,  to  eat.] 
The  gullet;  the  canal  through  which  food 
and  drink  pass  to  the  stomach.  —  (Eso- 
phageal, e-so-faj'e-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
oesophagus. 

Of,  ov,  prep.  fA.  Sax.  o/=Icel.  Sw.  Dan. 
and  i>.  af,  Goth,  af,  G.  ab;  cog.  L.  ab,  Gr. 
apo,  Skr.  ai:a,  from,  away  from.  0#  is 
the  same  word.]  A  word  used  in  regard  to 
source,  cause,  origin,  motive,  &c. ;  pos- 
session or  ownership;  attribute,  quality, 
or  condition;  the  material  of  anything;  an 
aggregate  or  whole  with  a  partitive  refer- 
ence (all,  some,  c/us);  the  relation  of  ob- 
ject to  a  verbal  notion  (a  desire  o/  fame); 
to  express  concerning,  relating  to,  about; 
distance  or  time  (within  a  mile  of);  iden- 
tity, equivalence,  cr  apposition — the  appo- 
sitive  use  of  of  (the  city  of  London);  on  or 
in:  with  indefinite  expressions  of  time  (I 
often  go  there  of  an  evening;  so  of  late, 
that  is  in  recent  times ;  of  old,  in  olden 
times. 

Off,  of,  adv.  {Of.]  Away;  distant  (a  mile 
of);  from  or  away  by  removal  or  separa- 
tion (to  cut  off);  not  on;  from,  in  the  way 
of  departure,  abatement,  remission  (the 
fever  goes  off);  away;  not  toward.— Oif  and 
on,  on  and  off,  with  interruptions  and  re- 
sumptions; at  intervals.  —  To  come  off,  to 
escape;  to  take  place  (the  marriage  did 
not  come  off).— To  get  off,  to  alight;  to  make 
escape.— To  go  off,  to  depart;  to  explode  (a 
gun);  to  take  place.— To  pass  off,  to  pass 
away;  to  take  place.— To  take  off,  to  take 
away;  to  mimic— VTeH  off,ill  ojf,  as  an  ad- 
jective phrase,  in  good  or  bad  circum- 
stances.- a.  Distant;  as  applied  to  horses, 
right  hand:  opposed  to  near;  in  cricket, 
applied  to  that  part  of  the  field  which  is 
on  the  left  of  the  bowler.— prep.  Not  on ; 
away  from;  from  or  out  of  (a  lane  leading 
off  a  street);  to  seaward  from:  a  nautical 
use  (hence  offing).  —  inter}.  A  command 
ti.  depart;  away!  begone!  —  Offcast,  of- 
kast,  n.  That  which  is  rejected  as  use- 
less.—Offing,  of 'ing,  n.  The  position  of  a 
vessel,  or  of  a  portion  of  the  sea  within 
sight  of  land,  relatively  to  the  coast. — 
Off-colour,  n.  A  defective  colour  in  gems, 
(fee— Off-day,  n.  A  day  on  which  anjr  usual 
occupation  is  discontinued.  —  Off^-hand, 
adv.  Readily;  with  ease.— a.  Done  with- 
out study  or  hesitation;  unpremeditated. 
— Offlet,  of'let,  n.  A  pipe  or  other  appli- 
ance to  let  off  water  .—Oflscourlng,  of'skou- 
ring,  n.  Refuse;  what  is  vile  or  despised: 
often  of  persons.— Offset,  of'set,  n.  A  sum 
or  amount  set  off  against  another  as  an 
equivalent;  surveying,  a  perpendicular 
distance  measured  from  a  main  line  in 
order  to  get  the  area  of  an  irregular  por- 
tion; hori.  a  young  bulb  or  a  scion  used 
to  propagate  a  plant;  also,  an  offshoot. — 
Offshoot,  of'sbot,  n.  A  branch  from  a 
main  stem,  streJim,  mountain  range,  &c. 
—Offspring,  of 'spring,  n.  ging.  or  pi.  What 
is  sprung  from  a  stock  or  parent;  a  child 
or  children;  what  arises  or  is  produced 
from  something. — Off-street,  n.  A  small 
street  leading  from  a  larger  one.— Off-time, 
n.  Time  when  a  person  is  off  duty. 
Offal,  ofal,  n.  [Lit.  off  fall;  so  D.  afval, 
Icel.  affall,  G.  abfall,  with  similar  mean- 
ings.] Waste  meat;  the  parts  of  an  animal 
butchered  which  are  unfit  for  use  or  re- 
jected; carrion;  refuse;  rubbish. 
Offence,  of-fens',  n.  [Fr  offense,  from  L. 
offensa,  an  offence,  from  offendo,  offcnaum. 
to  strike  against— 06,  against,  and  old 
fendo,  to  strike,  seen  in  defend,  also  in 


manifest.]  A  striking  against  or  assailing 
(arms  of  offence);  hurt;  injury;  an  affiront. 
Insult,  or  wrong;  the  state  of  being  of- 
fended; displeasure;  any  transgression  of 
law,  divine  or  human;  a  crime  or  sin; 
a  misdemeanour.  —  To  take  offence,  to  be- 
come angry  or  displeased  at  something 
said  or  done.  —  Offend,  of-fend',  v.t.  [L. 
offendo.]  To  displease;  to  make  angry; 
to  affront;  to  mortify;  to  shock,  annoy,  or 
pain  (the  taste  or  smell);  to  sin  against;  to 
disobey  {Sliak.). — ".i.  To  transgress  the 
moral  or  divine  la^ ;  to  sin;  to  cause  dis- 
like or  anger;  to  take  offence  (N.T.).— Of- 
fender, of-fen'dfer,  n.  One  who  offends;  a 
criminal;  a  transgressor. — Offending,  of- 
fen'ding,  ».  A  transgression;  crime.— Of- 
fense. American  si>elUng  of  offence. — Of- 
fensive, of-fen'siv,  a.  fFr.  offensif]  Caus- 
ing offence;  giving  provocation;  irritating; 
disgusting;  disagreeable  (as  to  the  senses); 
pertaining  to  offence;  used  in  attack:  op- 
posed to  defensive;  consisting  in  attack; 
proceeding  by  a.tta.ck.— Alliance  offensive 
and  defensive,  one  that  requires  the  parties 
to  make  war  together,  and  each  party  to 
defend  the  other  in  case  of  being  attacked. 
— n.  With  the  definite  article:  the  act  of 
attacking  (to  act  on  the  o/eiisive). —Offen- 
sively, of-fen'siv-li,  adv.  In  an  offensive 
manner.— Offensiveness,  of-fen'siv-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  offensive;  unpleasant- 
ness. 

Offer,  offer,  v.t  lA.  Sax.  offrian,  and  Fr. 
offrir  Woffre,  I  offer),  from  L.  offerre,  to 
offer  —  ob,  towards,  and  fero,  to  bring. 
FERTILE.]  To  present  for  acceptance  or 
rejection;  to  tender;  to  present  to  notice; 
to  proffer;  to  present,  as  an  act  of  wor- 
ship ;  to  sacrifice  (often  with  «p) ;  to  at- 
tempt or  do  with  evil  intent  (to  ojTer 
violence,  an  insult);  to  bid,  as  a  price  or 
wages. — v.i.  To  present  itself  (an  oppor- 
tunity offers);  to  declare  a  willingness;  to 
make  anattempt.— n.  The  act  of  offering; 
a  proposal  to  be  accepted  or  rejected;  the 
act  of  bidding  a  pries,  or  the  sum  bid. — 
Offerable,  of  er-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
offered.— Offerer,  of'6r-er,  n.  One  who  of- 
fers.—Offering,  of'6r-ing,  n.  The  act  of  an 
■  offerer;  that  which  is  offered;  a  gift  offered 
or  consecrated  to  a  deity ;  a  sacrifice ;  an 
oblation.— Offertory,  of'6r-to-ri,  n.  [L.L. 
offertorizim,  from  offertor,  an  offerer.]  The 
sentences  in  the  communion  service  of  the 
Church  of  England  read  while  the  alms 
are  being  collected;  the  alms  collected. 
Office,  of'is-,  n.  [Fr.  office,  from  L.  offieium, 
duty,  office,  from  prefix  ob,  and  faeio,  to 
do,  or  from  opem,  aid  (Opulence),  and 
facio  (Fact).]  Employment  or  business; 
duty  or  duties  falling  on  or  intrusted  to 
a  person ;  that  which  is  performed  or  as- 
signed to  be  done  by  a  particular  thing; 
function;  act  of  good  or  ill  voluntarily 
tendered:  usually  in  a  good  sense;  service; 
eccles.  a  formulary  of  devotion,  or  a  ser- 
vice appointed  for  a  particular  occasion; 
a  house  or  apartment  m  which  persons 
transact  business;  a  place  where  ofiBcial 
acts  are  done;  a  body  of  persons  intrus- 
ted with  certain  duties;  persons  who  tran- 
sact business  in  an  office  (often  applied 
to  an  insurance  company);  pi.  kitchens, 
outhouses,  &c.,  of  a  mansion,  dwelling- 
house,  or  iatim.—Uoly  Office,  the  Inquisi- 
tiori,or  the  authorities  at  Rome  who  direct 
it. — Office  hours,  the  hours  during  which 
offices  are  open  for  the  transaction  of  busi- 
ness.— Office-bearer,  n.  One  who  holds  of- 
fice.—Officer,  of'is-6r,  h.  A  person  who 
holds  an  office;  a  person  commissioned  or 
authorized  to  fill  a  public  situation  or  to 
perform  any  public  duty;  one  who  holds  a 
commissioli  in  the  army  or  navj.^-v.t.  To 
furnish  with  officers;  to  appoint  officers 
over.  —  Officered,  of  is-^rd,  a.  Supplied 
with  officers  (as  troops).— Official,  of-fish'al, 
o.  \Jj.  oficialis.]  Pertaining  to  an  office  or 
public  duty;  derived  from  the  proper  office 
or  officer,  or  from  the  proper  authority 
(an  cfficial  permission);  communicated 
by  virtue  of  authority.— n.  One  invested 
with  an  office  of  a  public  nature;  eecUs.  a 
deputy  appointed  by  a  bishop,  chapter, 
archdeacon,  &c.—Officialism,oM8h'al-i2m, 
n  A  system  of  official  government;  a 
system  of  excessive  officiu  routine;  red- 


tapism.— Officially,  of-fish'al-li,  adv.  In 
an  official  manner;  by  virtue  of  the  proper 
authority.— Ofiiciate,  of-fish'i-at,  v.i.— of- 
ficiated, officiating.  To  perform  official 
duties  —Officiator,  of-fish'i-a-t6r,  n.  One 
who  officiates. 

Officinal,  of-fis'i-nal,  a.  [From  L.  offieina, 
a  shop;  same  origin  as  offixie.]  Used  in  a 
shop,  or  belonging  to  it;  phar.  used  in  the 
preparation  of  recognized  medical  recipes 
(an  officirMl  plant).— ».  A  drug  sold  in  an 
apoiliecary's  shop. 

Officious,  of-fish'us,  a.  [L.  officiosus,  dutiful, 
obliging,  from  offieium,  an  office.  OrricE.] 
Obliging^;  doing  kind  officesj;  excessively 
forward  in  kindness;  interposing  services 
not  wanted;  annoyingly  eager  to  oblige 
or  assist;  meddling.— Officiously,  of-fish'- 
us-li,  adv.  In  an  officious  manner;  with 
forward  zeal ;  meddlesomely.  —  Officious- 
ness,  of-fish'us-nes,  n.  Improper  forward- 
ness; meddlesomeness. 

Offtng,  Offlet,  Offscouring,  Offset,  Offshoot, 
Offspring,  &c.    Under  Off. 

Oft,  oft,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  Icel.  and  G.  oft, 
Dan.  ofte,  Sw.  ofla,  Goth,  nfla,  oft,  often; 
often  is  a  later  form;  akin  to  over.]  Often; 
frequently.  [Poet.]  —  Often,  of'n,  adv. 
Frequently;  many  times;  not  seldom.— a. 
Frequent.  —  Oftenness,  ofn-nes,  n.  Fre- 
quency.— Oftentimes,  of'n-timz,  adv.  Fre- 
quently; often ;  many  times.  —  Ofttimes, 
oft'timz,  adv.    Frequently;  often. 

Ogam,  og'am,.«.    Ogham. 

Ogee,  o-je',  n.  [Fr.  ogive,  augive;  etymo- 
logy doubtfuLl  Arch,  a  moulding  con- 
sisting of  two  members,  the  one  concave, 
the  other  convex,  the  outline  thus  resem- 
bling the  letter  S  (sometimes  expressed 
by  O  G). 

O^iam,  og'ham,  n.  A  kind  oi  writing 
practised  by  the  ancient  Irish,  the  char- 
acters of  which  also  were  called  oghams. 

Ogive,  o'iiv,n.  [Fr.  Ogee.]  .drcA.  a  French 
term  for  the  Gothic  or  pointed  arch. — Ogi- 
val,  o-ji'val,  a.  ^rcA.  of  or  pertaining  to  an 
ogive  or  ogee. 

Ogle,  o'gi,  v.t.— ogled, ogling.  [Same  as  L.G. 
oegeln,  to  eye,  G.  dugeln,  to  ogle,  from  auge, 
D.  oog,  the  eye.  Eve.]  To  view  with  side 
glances,  as  m  fondness  or  with  a  design 
to  attract  notice.— w.i.  To  cast  side  glances. 
— n.  A  side  glance  or  look. — Ogler,  o'glir, 
n.    One  that  ogles. 

Ogre,  O'gtr,  n.  [Fr.  ogre,  from  L.  Oreus, 
the  god  of  the  infernal  regions,  heU.1  A 
monster  of  popular  legends  who  lived  on 
human  flesh;  a  person  likened  to  an  ogre. 
— Ogress,  o'gres;  n.  [Fr;  ogresse.]  A  female 
ogre.  —  Ogreish,  o'ger-ish,  a.  Resembling 
or  suggestive  of  an  ogre.  —  Ogreism,  Ogr- 
isni,  o'g6r-izm,  n.  The  character  or  prac- 
tices of  ogres. 

Ogygian,  o-gij'i-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Ogyges, 
a  legendary  aionarch  in  Greece;  hence,  of 
great  and  dark  antiquity. 

Oh,  o,  exclam.    O. 

Ohm,  Ohmad,  Gm,  om'ad,  n.  [From  Ohm, 
the  propounder  of  the  law  known  by  his 
name.]  Elect,  a  term  expressive  of  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  electric  resistance.— Ofem's 
Law,  an  important  law  referring  to  the . 
causes  that  tend  to  impede  the  action  of  a 
voltaic  battery. 

Oiditun,  o-id'i-um,  n.  [Gr.  oideO,  to  swell 
up.]  A  microscopic  fungus  growing  upon 
and  very  destructive  to  vines;  the  disease 

Oil,  oil,  n.  [O.Fr.  oHe,  oiUe,  from  L.  oUvm, 
oil;  akin  olive:]  A  substance  of  anims,! 
and  vegetable  origin,  liquid  at  ordinary 
temperatures,  insoluble  in  water,  and 
burning  with  a  more  or  less  luminous 
flame;  a  substance  of  somewhat  similar 
characterof  mineral  origin  (as  petroleum). 
Oils  are  divided  into  fixed  and  volatile  or 
essential  oils,  the  latter  being  diffusible 
into  vapour  by  heat.— v.i.  To  smear  or  rub 
over  with  oil.  —  Oiled  sUk,  silk  prepared 
with  oil,  &c.,  so  as  to  be  impervious  to 
moisture  and  air.  —  Oiled  paper,  paper 
besmeared  with  oil  so  as  to  render  it  trans- 
parent, used  for  tracing  designs.  —  Oily, 
oi'li,  a.  Consisting  of  or  containing  oil; 
resembling  oil;  fat;  greasy:  fig.  unctuou"; 
8anctimonious;hypocritically  pious.— OiU- 
ness,  oi'li-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
oily;  unctuousness.  —  Oil-bag,  n.    A  bag. 


vale,  fdr,  fat,  fftU,     inS,  met,  hCr;     pjae,piai     note,  not,  mOTej     t&be,  tub,  byll }     oa,j)oundj     u,  Sc.  ab«ne-the  Fr. «, 


OIMTZIZI 


467 


osrxiPOTsi'rcE 


cyst,  or  gland  in  animals  containing  oil. — 
Oil-cake,  ti.  A  cake  or  mass  of  compressed 
linseed,  rape,  or  other  seed  from  which  oil 
has  been  extracted,  linseed-cake  being 
much  used  as  food  for  cattle.  —  OH-cloth, 
n.  Painted  canvas  for  floor-covering,  &c.; 
floor-cloth.  —  Oil-colour,  n.  A  pigment 
made  by  grinding  a  colouring  substance 
in  oil.  —  Oiler,  oil'^r,  n.  One  who  oils. — 
Oilery,  oil'fer-i,  n.  The  commodities  of  an 
oilman.— Oil-gas,  ».  An  inflamma.ie  gas 
obtained  from  oils.  —  OU-mill,  n.  A  mill 
for  expressing  vegetable  oils.— Oil-nut,  n. 
A  name  given  to  various  nuts  and  seeds 
yielding  oil,  and  to  plants  pro  '-icing  them, 
such  as  the  butter-nut.  —  Oil-painting,  n. 
The  art  of  painting  with  oil-colours,  the 
highest  branch  of  the  painter's  art;  a  pic- 
ture painted  in  oil-color-s.  —  OU-palm,  n. 
A  West  African  palm  whose  fruit  yields 
palm-oil.— Oil-press,  n.  A  mill  or  machine 
for  squeezing  out  oil  from  se^s  or  pulp. — 
Oil-skin,  n.  AVaterproof  cloth;  prepared 
linen  for  making  garments  to  keep  out 
the  rain.  —  Oil-spring,  n.  A  spring  which 
yields  mineral  oils,  as  petroleum.  —  Oil- 
stone, n.  A  fine-grained  stone  on  which 
tools  receive  a  fine  edge  by  the  aid  of 
oil.— Oil-well,  n:  A  well  sunk  into  an  oil- 
beariug  mineral  bed. 

Ointment,  oint'ment,  n.  [Prom  Fr.  oindre, 
pp.  oint,  to  anoint,  from  L.  ungere.  Unc- 
tion. 1  Any  soft  unctuou.''  •substance  used 
for  smearing,  particularly  the  body  or  a 
diseai-ed  part;  an  unguent. 

Oke,  ok,  n.  An  Egyptian  and  Turkish 
weight  equal  to  about  2j  lbs. 

Old,  old,  a.  I  A.  Sax.  aid,  eald-;  D.  oud,  G. 
alt,  Goth,  altheis,  old;  Icel.  aldinn,  old, 
aldr,  age;  cog.  with  L.  alo,  to  nourish,  alius, 
lofty  (whence  altitadie),  a,&.-uliu8,  adult.] 
Advanced  far  in  years  or  life  (an  old  man 
or  tree);  not  new  or  fresh;  long  made  or 
produced  (old  clothes,  wine);  not  modern; 
aucipnt;  of  any  duration  whatever  (a  year 
old) ;  former  (old  habits);  long  practised; 
experienced  (old  offender);  having  the  feel- 
ings of  an  old  person;  crafty  or  cunning 
(colloq.);  a  familiar  term  of  affection  or 
cordiality. — Of  old,  long  ago;  from  ancient 
time.— OW  age,  the  portion  of  a  person's 
life  during  which  he  can  be  called  old;  ad- 
vanced years.— OW  bachelor,  an  unmarried 
man  somewhat  advanced  in  years.  —  Old 
Catholicsithe  party  in  the  Church  of  Rome 
who  refuse  to  accept  the  decree  of  the 
Vatican  Council  of  1870,  settling  the  in- 
fallibility of  the  pope.— The  old  country,  a 
name  given  in  the  colonies  to  Britain. — 
Old  maid,  an  unmarried  woman  no  longer 
yoTing.— Old  Nick,  the  devil.  Nwz..—Old 
red  sandstone.  Sandstone.  —  Old  school, 
persons  having  the  chara.cter,  manner,  or 
opinions  of  a  bygone  age. — An  old  song,  a 
term  used  to  signify  a  mere  trifle;  a  nomi- 
nal price.— OW  style.  Style.- OW  Testa- 
ment. Testament.  —  Old  Tom,  a  strong 
variety  of  London  gin.  —  Old  World,  the 
eastern  hemisphere,  or  Europe,  Asia,  and 
Africa.  .".  Syn.  under  Ancient.  —  Old- 
clothesman,  n.  A  man  who  purchases 
cast-off  garments. — Olden,  ol'dn,  a.  Old; 
ancient.  —  v.i.  To  grow  old;  to  age;  to  be- 
come affected  by  age. — v.t.  To  age;  to  cause 
to  appear  old. — Old-fashioned,  a.  Formed 
according  to  obsolete  fashion  or  custom; 
characterized  by  antiquated  fashions  or 
customs;  aping  old  people.  —  Oldish,  old'- 
ish,  a.  Somewhat  old.  —  Old-maidish,  a. 
Like  an  old  maid.  —  Oldness,  old'nes,  n. 
j'he  state  of  being  old;  old  age;  antiquity. 
— Old-world,  o.  Belonging  to  a  far  bygone 
age;  antiquated. 

Oleaginous,  o-l6-aj'i-nus,  a.  [Xi.  oleaginus, 
from  oleum,  oil.  Oil.]  Having  the  quali- 
ties of  oil;  unctuous;  fig.  (applied  to  per- 
sons, manners,  &c.)  smoothly  sanctimoni- 
ous ;  unwholesomely  f avniing.  —  Oleagi- 
nousness,  o-le-aj'i-nus-nes,  n.    Oiliness. 

Oleander,  o-l5-an'd6r,  n.  [Fr.  oleandre, 
from  L.L.  arodandrum,  by  corruption  for 
rhododendron.]  A  beautiful  evergreen 
flowering  shrub. 

Oleaster,  o-le-as't^r,  n.  [L.,  from  olea,  the 
olive-tree.]  The  so-cnlled  wild  olive,  a 
plant  resembling  the  o  ive. 

Olecranon,  o-lek'ra-non,  «.  [6r.  Olecranon.] 
A  process  of  the  ulna,  one  of  the  bones  of 


the  forearm,  forming  part  of  the  elbow- 
joint. 

Olefiant,  0-le'fi-ant,  a.  [L.  oleum,  oil,  and 
/acio,  to  make.]  Fonjiing  or  producing 
oil.  —  OlefiMtU  gas,  a  gas  obtained  from  a 
mixture  of  sulphuric  acid  and  alcohol 
forming  with  chlorine  an  oily  compound. 
—Oleic,  o-le'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  derived 
from  oil.— Oleiferous,  o-le-if6r-us,  a.  Pro- 
ducing oil.— Oleine,  o'le-in,  n.  Elaine.— 
Oleograph,  ij'le-o-graf,  n.  A  picture  pro- 
duced in  oils  by  a  process  analogous  to 
that  of  lithographic  printing.  —  Oleomar- 
garin,  o'le-o-mar"^a-rin,  n.  [L.  oleum, 
and  E.  Tnargarin.]  A  substitute  for  butter 
prepared  from  animal  fat  boiled  and 
churned  with  pure  fresh  milk.- Oleometer, 
o-le-om'et-6r,  n.  An  instrument  to  ascer- 
tain the  weight  and  purity  of  oil.— Oleop- 
tene,  o-l5-op'ten,  n.    Same  as  Elceoptene. 

Oleraceous,  ol-er-a'shus,  a.  [L.  olsraceug, 
from  olus,  oleris,  pot-herbs.]  Applied  to 
vegetables  fit  for  kitchen  use;  having  the 
nature  of  a  pot-herb. 

Olfactory,  ol-fak'to-ri,  a.  [L.  ol/acio,  olfac- 
tum,  to  smell,  oleo,  to  smell,  and  facio,  to 
make.  Odour.]  Pertaining  to  smelling; 
connected  with  the  sense  of  smelling. — n. 
An  organ  of  smelling. 

Olibanum,  o-lib'a-num,  n.  [L.L.  alibannm, 
from  L.  oleum,  oil,  and  libanus,  frankin- 
cense.]   A  kind  of  incense;  frankincense. 

Oligemia,  ol-i-ge'mi-a,  n.  I  Gr.  oligos,  little, 
haima,  blood.  1  Deficiency  of  blood  in  the 
human  system. 

Oligarchy,  ol'i-gar-kj,  n.  [Gr.  oligarchia— 
oligos,  few,  and  arche,  rule.]  A  form  of 
government  in  which  the  supreme  power 
is  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  small  exclusive 
class;  those  who  form  such  a  class  or  body. 
—Oligarch,  ol'i-gark,  n.  A  member  of  an 
oligarchy.— Oligarchic,  Oligarchical,  -ol-i- 
gaPkik,  ol-i-gar'ki-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
oligarchy.  • 

Oligist,  ol'i-jist,  n.  [Fr.  oligiste,  from  Gr. 
oligistog,  least,  from  being  poor  in  metal.] 
A  variety  of  iron  ore. 

Oligccene,  o-li'go-sen,  a.  [Gr.  oligos,  little, 
and  kainos,  recent.]  Geol.  slightly  recent; 
somewhat  more  recent  than  eocene. 

Oligoelase,  o-li'go-klas,  n.  f Gr.  oligos,  small, 
and  klasis,  a  fracture.]  A  kind  of  felspar, 
occurring  in  granite,  porphyry,  and  other 
metamorphic  and  volcanic  rocks. 

Olio,  o'li-o,  n.  [From  Sp.  olla  (pron.  olya), 
a  dish  of  meat,  from  L.  olla,  a  pot.]  A 
dish  of  stewed  meat;  a  mixture;  a  medley; 
a  miscellany  or  collection  of  various  com- 
positions. 

Olitory,  ol'i-to-ri,  a.  [L.  olitorius,  from 
oZms,  pot-herbs.]  Belonging  to  a  kitchen- 
garden. 

01iv3,  cl'iv,  n.  [Fr.  olive,  L.  oliva,  an  olive, 
akin  to  Gr.  elaia,  an  olive;  same  root  as 
oleum,  oil.]  An  evergreen  tree  much  cul- 
tivated in  Southern  Europe,  &c.,  for  the 
valuable  oil  contained  in  its  berries,  for- 
merly sacred  to  Minerva,  furnishing 
wreaths  used  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans 
to  crown  the  brows  of  victors,  and  still 
universally  regarded  as  an  emblem  of 
peace;  the  berry  or  drupe  of  the  olive;  the 
colour  of  the  olive,  a  brownish-green  col- 
our or  one  composed  of  violet  and  green 
mixed  in  nearly  equal  proportions.  —  a. 
Relating  to  the  olive;  of  the  colour  of  the 
olive;  lirown,  tending  to  a  yellowish- 
green.— Olivaceous,  ol-i-va'shus,  a.  Of  the 
colour  of  tha  olive;  having  the  qualities  of 
olives.— Olivary,  ol'i-va-ri,  a.  Resembling 
an  olive.  —  Olive-branch,  »i.  A  branch  of 
the  olive-tree:  the  emblem  of  peace;  fig.  a 
child.  —  Olive-green,  n.  A  colour  resem- 
bling that  of  the  olive. — Olivenite,  ol'iv- 
en-it,  n.  A  mineral  of  an  olive-green  col- 
our, containing  copper  and  arsenic.  Called 
also  Olive-ore.  —  Olive-oil,  n.  An  oil  ob- 
tained from  the  fruit  of  the  olive,  and 
much  used  in  cookery  and  for  medicinal 
and  manufacturing  purposes.  —  Olive - 
yard,  n.  .  A  piece  of  ground  in  which 
olives  are  cultivated.  —  Olivine,  ol'iv-in, 
n.    An  olive-green  variety  of  chrysolite. 

Olla,  ol'la,  n.  -[Sp.  olla,  a  jar  or  pot,  L. 
olla.]  A  jar  or  urn.—  Olla  podrida,  po-dr6'- 
da  [Sp.,  lit.  rotten  or  putrid  pot],  a  fa- 
vourite dish  in  Spain,  consisting  of  a  mix- 
ture of  various  kinds  of  meat  stewed  with 


vegetables;  hence,  a  mixture  or  miscel- 
laneous collection.— Ollite,  ol'lit,  n.  Min- 
eral, potstone. 

Olympiad,  o-lim'pi-ad,  n.  [Gr.  olympian, 
olympiados,  from  Olympia,  where  the 
Olympic  game"  were  held.]  A  period  of 
four  years  rec  ed  from  one  celebration 
of  the  Olympic  games  to  another,  by  which 
the  ancient  Greeks  computed  time,  from 
770  B.C.— Olympian,  Olympic,  o-lim'pi-an, 
o-lim'pik,  a.  Pertaining  to  Olympus  or 
to  Olympia  in  Greece.— 0Z2/mpic  games,  a 
great  national  festival  of  the  ancient 
Greeks,  celebrated  at  intervals  of  four 
years  on  the  plain  of  Olympia  in  Pelopon- 
nesusr 

On),  om,  n.  A  combination  of  letters  in- 
vested with  peculiar  sanctity  in  both  tho 
Hindu  and  Buddhist  religions. 

Omasum,  o-ma'sum,  n.  [L.]  The  third 
stomach  of  ruminating  animals;  the  many- 
plies. 

Ombre,  omTiSr,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Sp.  hombre, 
man,  L.  homo.]  An  old  game  at  cards, 
usually  played  by  three  persons. 

Omega,  o'me-ga,  n.  [Gr.  o,  and  mega, 
great,  lit.  the  great  or  long  o.]  The  name 
of  the  last  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet, 
hence  in  Scripture  Omega  denotes  the  last, 
the  ending. 

Omelet,  Omelette,  om'e-let,  n.  [Fr.  awne- 
lette,  omelette;  origin  unknown.]  A  kind 
of  pancake  made  with  eggs. 

Omen,  o'men,  'n.  [L.  omen,  older  osmen. 
from  OS,  oris,  the  mouth,  or  connected 
with  auris,  the  ear;  hence  abominate.]  A 
casual  event  or  occurrence  thought  to  por- 
tend good  or  evil;  a  prognostic;  an  augury. 
—  v.i.  To  prognosticate  as  an  omen;  to 
augur;  to  betoken — v.t.  To  divine;  to 
predict.— Omened,  o  mend,  a.  Containing 
an  omen  or  prognostic. — Omening,  o[men- 
ing,  n.  An  augury;  a  prognostication. — 
Ominous,  om'i-nus,  a.  [li.  O7ninosus.]  Con- 
taining an  ill  omen ;  f  orebodin  g  or  betoken- 
ing evil;  inauspicious.— Ominously,  om'i- 
nus-li,  adv.  In  an  ominous  manner;  with 
ill  omen.— Ominousness,  om'i-nus-nes,  n. 

Omentum,  d-men'tum,  n.  [L.]  Anat.  the 
caul  or  epiploon.— Omental,  o-men'tal,  a. 
Relating  to  the  omentum. 

Omer,  o'mfer,  n.    [Heb.l    Homer. 

Omit,  6-mit',  v.t. — omitted,  omitting.  [L. 
omitto,  to  neglect,  disregard,  say  nothing 
of — prefix  ob,  and  miito,  to  send.  Mission.  | 
To  pass  over  or  neglect;  to  let  slip;  to  fail 
to  do  or  to  use;  to  leave  out;  not  to  insert. — 
Omission,  o-mish'on,  n.  [L.  omissio.]  The 
act  of  omitting;  a  neglect  or  failure  to  do 
somethingthat  should  have  been  done;  the 
act  of  leaving  out;  something  omitted  or 
left  out.— Omissible,  o-mis'i-bl,  a.  Capabla 
of  being  omitted.— Omissive,  S-mis'iv,  a. 
Leaving  out ;  neglectful.  —  Omissively, 
o-mis'iv-li,  adv.  In  an  omissive  manner. 
— Omitter,  o-mit'6r,  n.    One  who  omits. 

Omnibus,  om'ni-bus,  n.  [L.,  for  all,  pi. 
dat.  from  omnis,  all.]  A  long-bodied  cov- 
ered four-wheeled  vehicle  for  carrying  pas- 
sengers, the  seats  being  arranged. along 
the  sides.  , 

Omnifarious,  om-ni-fa'ri-us,  a.  [L..  omni- 
farius,  from  omnis,  all.]  Of  all  varieties, 
forms,  or  kinds. 

Omniferous,  om-nif'6r-us,  a.  [L.  omni/er— 
omnis,  all,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  All-bearing; 
producing  all  kinds. 

Omnific,  om-nif'ik,  a.  [L.  omnis,  all,  and 
facio,  to  make.]    All-creating. 

Omniform,  om'ni-form,  a.  [L.  omnis,  all, 
and  forma,  form.]  Having  every  form  or 
shape. 

Omnigenous,  om-nij'en-us,  a.  [L.  omni- 
genus — omnis,  all,  every,  and  firenus,  kind. ] 
Consisting  of  all  kinds. 

Omniparity,  om-ni-par'i-ti,  n.  [L.  omnis, 
all,  and  par,  equal.]    General  equality. 

Omniparous,  om-nip'a-rus,  a.  [L.  omnis, 
all,  and  pario,  to  produce.]  All-bearing; 
bringing  forth  all  things. 

Omnipercipient,  om'ni-per-sip"i-ent,  a.  [L. 
omnis,  all,  and  percipiens,  perceiving.] 
Perceiving  everything;  all-seeing.— Omnl- 
percipience,  om'ni-per.sip"i-ens,  n.  Per- 
ception of  everything. 

Omnipotence,  om-nip'o-tens,  t(.  |L.  omni- 
potena,  omnipotent— omnia,  all,  axidpotens, 
powerful.  .Potent.]  Unlimited  or  infinita 


Ch,  cftaia;     ch,  Sc.  loch;     g,  go;     },  job;     n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinpr;     th,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;     wn,  w/iig;     zh,  aiuvp, 


OilNIPEESENCE 


468 


OOZE 


power;  almighty  power:  an  attribute  of 
God;  hence  sometimes  used  for  God  (being 
then  written  with  a  capital).  —  Omnipo- 
tency,  om-nip'o-ten-si,  n.  Omnipotence. — 
Omnipotent,  om-nip'o-tent,  a.  Almighty; 
all-powerful.  —  The  Omnipotent,  the  Al- 
mighty.—Omnipotently,  om-nip'o-tent-U, 
adv.    In  an  omnipotent  manner. 

Omnipresence,  om-ni-prez'ens,  n.  [Tj.  om- 
nis,  all,  and  prasens,  present.]  The  fa- 
culty or  power  of  being  present  in  every 
place  at  tne  same  time,  an  attribute  pecu- 
liar to  God. — Omnipresent,  om-ni-prez'ent, 
a.  Present  in  all  places  at  the  same  time; 
ubiquitous. 

Omniscience,  Omnisciency,  om-nish'i-ens, 
om-nish'i-en-si,  n.  [L.  oranis,  all,  and 
scientia,  knowledge.  Science.]  The  fa- 
culty of  knowing  everything ;  knowledge 
unbounded  or  infinite:  an  attribute  of 
God.— Omniscient,  om-nish'i-ent,  a.  Hav- 
ing knowledge  of  all  things;  iniinitely 
knowing.— Omnisciently,  om-nish'i-ent-li, 
adv.    In  an  omniscient  manner. 

Omnium,  om'ni-um,  n.  [L.,  of  all  (things).] 
A  term  used  on  the  Stock  Exchange  to 
express  the  aggregate  value  of  the  differ- 
ent stocks  in  which  a  loan  is  funded.— 
Omnitim-gatherum,om'ni-um-gaTH"6r-um, 
m.  A  miscellaneous  collection  of  things  or 
persons.    [CoUoq.] 

Omnivorous,  om-niv'o-ms,  a.  .  [L.  omni- 
voruB—omnis,  all,  and  voro,  to  eat.]  All- 
devouring;  eating  food  of  every  kind  in- 
discriminately [omnivorous  animals). 

Omohyoid,  S-mo-hi'oid,  a.  and  n.  [Gr. 
omos,  the  shoulder,  and  E.  hyoid.]  Anat. 
applied  to  a  muscle  situated  at  the  sides 
and  front  of  the  neck,  and  attached  to  the 
hyoid  bone  and  the  shoulder. 

Omoplate,  o' mo-plat,  n.  \_Gt.  .  omoplale— 
omos,  shoulder,  and  plate,  flat  surface.] 
The  shoulder-blade  or  scapula. 

Omphalic,  om-fal'ik,  a.  [Gr.  omphalos,  the 
navel.]  Pertaining  to  the  navel.— Ompha- 
locele, om'fa-lo-sel,  n.  [Gr.  kele,  tumour.] 
A  rupture  at  the  navel. — Omphalode,  Om- 
phalodium,  om'fa-lod,  om-fa-lo'di-um,  n. 
Bot.  the  central  part  of  the  hilum,  through 
which  the  nutrient  vessels  pass. — Ompha- 
lotomy, om-fa-lot'o-mi,  n.  The  operation 
of  dividing  the  navel-string. 

On,  on,  prep.  [A.  Sax.  on,  an,  on,  in;  D. 
aan,  G.  an,  Gtoth.  ana,  Skr.  ana,  in;  akin 
to  in  and  under.]  Above  and  so  as  to  touch; 
not  off;  performing  by  means  of  (to  play 
on  a  harp,  a  violin) ;  m  addition  to  (loss 
on  loss);  at  or  near  (on  the  coast);  express- 
ing reliance,dependence,  basis,  &c.  (a  state- 
ment founded  on  error);  at  or  in  the  time 
of  (we  say  on  the  day,  at  the  hour,  in  the 
week,  month,  year);  at  the  time  of  or  dur- 
ing (on  pubhc  occasions);  immediately 
after  and  as  a  result  (he  retired  on  the 
ratification  of  the  treaty);  in  reference  or' 
relation  to  {on  our  part) ;  toward  or  so  as 
to  affect  (mercy  on  him );  denoting  a  pledge, 
engagement,  or  affirmation  (on  my  word, 
on  his  honour) ;  betting,  in  support  of  the 
chances  of;  among  the  staff  of  or  contribu- 
tors to:  with  names  of  periodicalsj  point- 
ing to  a  state,  condition,  occupation,  &c. 
(on  fire,  on  duty). — On  a  sudden,  suddenly. 
— On  fire,  in  a  state  of  burning;  in  a  pas- 
sion or  eager  state.— On  hand,  in  present 
possession  (goods  on  hand).  —  On  high,  in 
an  elevated  place. —  On  the  way,  on  the 
road,  proceeding,  journeying,  or  making 
progress.— On  the  wing,  in  flight ;  flying ; 
Jig.  departing.- adj;.  Forward,  in  progres- 
sion (move  on);  forward,  in  succession  (and 
so  on) ;  without  interruption  or  ceasing 
(sleep  on,  say  on) ;  attached  to  the  body 
(his. clothes  are  not  on).  Also  used  ellipti- 
cally  as  an  imperative=go  on,  advance. — 
On-coming,  a.  Approaching;  nearing. — 
n.  A  coming  or  drawing  near;  anpiroach. 
—On-going,  n.  A  going  on;  conduct;  be- 
haviour: generally  in  jjJ.  — Onlooker,  on'- 
li.ik-tr,  n.  A  looker  on;  a  spectator. — 
Onro.sh,  on'rush,  n.  A  rush  or  dash  on- 
wards ;  a  rapid  or  violent  onset.  —  Onset, 
on'set,  ».  A  violent  attack ;  an  assault ; 
an  assault  by  an  army  or  body  of  troops. — 
Onslaught,  bn'slat,  n.  [From  on,  and  A. 
Sax.  sleaht,  a  blow,  from  slagan,  sledn,  to 
strike  (to  stay).]  An  attack  or  onset;  an 
assault.  I 


Onager,  on'a-jfer,  n.  [J/.,  from  Gr.  onagros 
—ones,  ass,  and  agrios,  wild.]  The  wild 
ass  of  Central  Asia. 

Once,  wuns,  adv.  [O.E.  ones,  onis,  an  ad- 
verbial genit.  of  one;  comp. .  tioice  and 
thrice.  Nonce.]  Onetime;  on  one  occasion 
only:  at  one  former  time;  formerly;  imm'>- 
diately  after;  as  soon  as.  Used  as  a  noun 
preceded  by  this  or  that  (this  once,  that 
ortce). — At  once,  at  the  same  time;  all  to- 
gether; suddenly;  precipitately;  not  grad- 
ually; immediately ;  forthwith ;  without 
delay. — Once  and  again,  repeatedly. — Once 
in  a  way,  corrupted  from  once  and  away, 
on  one  particular  occasion;  on  rare  occa- 
sions. 

Oncotomy,  ong-kot'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  ongkos,  a 
tumour,  and  tome,  a  cutting.]  Surg,  the 
opening  of  an  abscess,  or  the  excision  of  a 
tumour. 

One,  wun,  a.  fO.E.  oon,  A.  Sax.  dn—D. 
L.  G.  and  Dan.  een,  Sw.  en,  Icel.  einn,  G.ein, 
Goth,  ains;  cog.  L.  unus,  W.  un,  Gael,  oon, 
an.  Armor,  unan — one.  The  indefinite  ar- 
ticle an,  a  is  the  same  word;  once  and  only 
are  derivatives,  and  atone=at  one.]  Being 
but  a  single  thing  or  a  unit;  not  two  or 
more;  indicating  a  contrast  or  opposition 
to  some  other  thing;  closely  united;  for- 
ming a  ^hole ;  undivided;  single  in  kind. 

•  One  occurs  in  many  compound  words  of 
obvious  meaning,  as  one-armed,  one- 
handed,  one-masted,  &c. — One  day,  on  a 
certain  or  particular  day;  at  an  indefinite 

'time,  either  past  or  future. — All  one,  just 
the  same;  of  no  consequence;  no  matter. 
— n.  The  first  of  the  simple  units;  the 
symbol  representing  this  ( =1 );  a  particu- 
lar individual,  whether  thing  or  person  (in 
this  sense  with  a  plural). — At  one,  ra union; 
in  concord  or  agreement. — pron.  Any  sin- 
gle person;  any  man,  any  person  (one  may 
speak  ojie's  mind).  —  One  another,  two  or 
more  persons,  parties,  or  things  taken 
reciprocally.— One-horse,  n.  Drawn  by  a 
single  horse. — Oneness,  wun'nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  one;  singleness; 
individuality;,  unity.— One-sided,  a.  Re- 
lated to,  or  ha^'ing  but  one  side;  partial ; 
unjust;  unfair.  —  One-sidedly,  adv.  In  a 
one-sided  manner.  —  One-sidedness,  n. 
State  of  being  one-sided;  partiality. 

Oneirocritic,  o-ni'r5-krit"ik,n.  [Gr. oneirow, 
a  dream,  kritikos,  discerning.]  An  inter- 
preter of  dreams.  —  Oneirocritic,  Oneiro- 
critical,  o-ni'ro-krit"i-kal,  a.  Having  the 
power  of  interpreting  dreams. — Olieirolo- 
gist,  o-ni-rol'o-jist,  n.  One  versed  in  onei- 
rology. —  Oneirology,  o-ni-rol'o-ji,  n.  The 
doctrine  or  theory  of  dreams.  -^  Oneiro- 
mancy,  o-ni'ro-man-si,  n.  [Gr.  Tuanieia, 
divination.]  Divination  by  dreams. — 
Oneiroscopist,  o-ni-ros'ko-pist,  n.  An  in- 
terpreter of  dreams.  —  Oneiroscopy,  o-ni- 
ros'ko-pi,  n.  The  art  of  interpreting 
dreams. 

Onerary.  on'er-a-ri,  a.  [L.  otierarizcs,  from 
ontjs,  oneris,  aload  (seen  also  in  exonerate).] 
Fitted  or  intended  for  the  carriage  of  bur- 
dens; comprisinga  burden. — Onerate.ton'- 
6r-at,  v.t.  To  load;  to  burden.— Cneration,t 
on-6r-a'shon,  n.  The  act  of  loading.— On- 
erous, on'6r-u8,  a.  [L.  onerosus'.]  Burden- 
some; troublesome  in  the  performance; 
oppressive. 

Onicolo,  o-nik'o-lo,  w.  A  variety  of  onyx 
used  for  camoes. 

Onion,  un'yun,  n.  pPr.  oignon,  ognon,  from 
L.  unio, unionis,  unity ^n  onion  Vvith  one 
bulb,  from  unus,  one.  Unitv.]  A  biennial 
cultivated  plant  of  the  lily  family,  and 
particularly  its  bulbous  root,  much  used 
as  an  article  of  food. 

Onlrocritic,  &c.    ONEiEOCRmc,  &c. 

Onisctis,  o-nisTius,  n.  [Gr.  oniskos,  lit.  a 
little  ass.]   The  wood-louse  or  slater. 

Onlooker.    Under  On. 

Only,  onli,  a.  [One,  with  its  old  pronun- 
ciation, and  term,  -ly;  A.  Sax.  dnlic]  Sin- 
gle; alone  in  its  class;  solitary.— adv.  For 
one  purpose  alone;  simply;  merely;  barely; 
solely ;  singly.  —  Only^  not,  all  out  very 
nearly;  almost. — eonj.  But;  excepting  that. 

Onomancy,  on'o-man-si,  n.  [Gr.  ojioma,  a 
name,  manteia,  divination.]  Divination 
by  the  letters  of  a  name.— Onomantic,  On- 
omantlcal,  on-o-man'tik,  on-o-man'ti-kal, 
a.    Pertaining  to  onomancy. 


Onomaiticon,  on-o-mas'ti-kon,  n.  [Gr.  ono- 
niastikon,  from  onoma,  a  name.]  A  work 
containing  words  or  names  with  their  ex- 
planation; a  sort  of  dictionary  or  vocabu- 
lary.    ' 

Onomatology,  oB'o-ma-tol"o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  ono- 
ma,  onomatos,  a  name,  logos,  a  discourse.] 
The  doctrine  of  names;  the  rules  to  be 
observed  in  forming  names  or  terms. — 
Onomatologist,  on'o-ma-tol"o-jist,  n.  One 
versed  in  onomatology. 

Onomatopoeia,  Onomatopeia,  on'o-ma-to- 
p6"a,  n.  [Gr  onomatopoiia—onuma,  ono- 
matos, a  name,  and  poieo,  to  make,  j  The 
formation  of  words  by  imitation  of  sounds; 
the  expressing  by  sound  of  the  thing  sig- 
nified ;  thus  buzz,  hum,  pewit,  whip-poor- 
will,  &c.,  are  produced  by  onmnatopma. — 
Onomatope,  o-nom'a-top,n.  A  word  formed 
to  resemble  the  sound  made  by  the  thing 
signified.  —  Onomatopoetic,  OnomatopcB- 
ous,  on'o-ma-to-po-et"ik,  on'o-mat-o-p6"us, 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  formed  by  onomato- 
poeia. 

Onset,  Onslaught.    Under  On. 

Ontogenesis,  Ontogeny,  on-to-jen'e-sis,  on- 
toj'e-ni,  n.  [Gr.  on,  ontos,  being,  and  gene- 
sis—root  gen,  to  produce.]  Biol,  the  his- 
tory of  the  individual  development  of  an 
organized  being.  —  Ontogenetic,  on'to-je- 
nef'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  ontogenesis. — 
Ontogenetlcally,  on'to-je-net"i-kal-li,  adv. 
By  way  of  ontogenesis. 

Ontology,  on-tol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  on,  ontos,  be- 
ing, and  logos,  discourse.]  The  doctrine  of 
being;  that  part  of  metaphysics  which 
-investigates  and  explains  the  nature  of 
all  things  or  existences,  treating  of  what- 
ever does  or  can  exist:  sometimes  equiva- 
lent to  metopftystes.— Ontologic,  Ontologi- 
cal,  on-to-loj'ik,  on-to-loj'i-kal,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  ontology,  or  the  science  of  being. — 
Ontologlcally,  on-to-loj'i-kal-li,  adv.  In 
the  manner  of  ontology.— Ontologist,  on- 
tol'o-jist,  n.    One  versed  in  ontology. 

Onus,  o'nus,  n.  [L.]  A  burden:  often  used 
foroKW*  probandi,  the  burden  of  proof;  the 
burden  of  proving  what  has  been  alleged. 

Onward,  on'wferd,  adv.  {On  and  ward,  de- 
noting direction,  similarto  toward;  A.Sax. 
onweard.]  Toward  the  point  before  or  in 
front;  forward;  on;  in  advance.— a.  Ad- 
vanced or  advancing  (an  onward  course); 
carried  so  far  towards  an  end;  forward; 
,  advanced.— Onwards,  on'werdz,ady.  Same 
as  Onward. 

Onycha,  on'i-ka,  n.  [From  Gr.  onyx,  the 
nail,  onyx.]  The  shell  of  a  species  of 
Oriental  mussel  used  in  the  composition 
of  perfume.    [O.T.] 

Onyx,  on'iks,  n.  [Gr.  onyx,  the  nail:  the 
colour  of  the  gem  resembles  that  of  the 
nail.]  A  semi-pellucid  gem  with  variously- 
coloured  zones  or  veins;  an  agate  with 
layers  of  chalcedony,  one  of  which  is  flesh- 
coloured:  used  for  cameos. 

Oocyst,  o'o-sist,  n.  [Gr.  Con,  an  egg,  and 
kysiis,  a  bladder.]  The  chamber  in  certain 
of  the  polyzoa  which  holds  the  eggs;  an 
cvicell. 

Ooid,  Ooidal,  o-oid',  o-oi'dal,  n.  [Gr.  don,  an 
egg,  and  eidos,  a  form,  shape,  appearance.] 
Egg-shaped;  having  albumen. 

Oolite,  o'ol-it,  n.  [Gr.  oon,  an  egg,  and 
lithos,  stone,  from  its  resemblance  to  the 
roes  of  fish.]  Geol.  a  species  of  limestone 
composed  of  globules  clustered  together, 
commonly  without  any  visible  c6nient  or 
base;  the  oolitic  formation  or  system. — 
Oolitic,  o-o-lit'ik,  o.  Pertaining  to  oolite; 
composed  of  oolite ;  resembling  oolite. — 
Oolitic  system,  a  series  of  strata  compre- 
hendinglimestones,calcareous  sandstones, 
marls,  shales,  and  clays  which  underlie 
the  chalk  formation  and  rest  on  the  trias; 
the  Jurassic  system.- Oolitlferous,  O'o-li- 
tif"er-us,  a.    Producing  oolite. 

Oology,  o-ol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  oon,  an  egg,  and 
logos,  a  treatise.]  The  branch  of  know- 
ledge that  deals  with  birds'  eggs.— Oolo- 
glst,  o-ol'o-jist,  n.    One  versed  in  oology. 

Oospore,  O'o-spor,  n.  [Gr.  6on,  an  egg,  and 
E.  spore.]  Bot.  a  spore  that  receives  im- 
pregnation before  germination. 

Ootheca,  o-o-the'ka,  n.  IGr.  6on,  an  egg, 
and  t}i£ca,  a  case.]  An  egg-case,  as  that 
for  the  eggs  of  some  insects. 

Ooze,  ez,  v.i.— oozed,  oozing.    [A.  Sax.  wis. 


Fate,  ftlr,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tttbe,  tub,  b\iU;     oil^poimd;     it,  Sc  ab«ne— the  Pr. «. 


OPACITY 


469 


OPINIOJf 


juice,  liquor,  wAse,  mire,  mad;  Icel.  vds. 
Wetness;  same  root  as  water.]  To  percolate, 
as  a  liquid,  through  the  pores  of  a  sub- 
stance, or  through  small  openings;  to  flow 
in  small  quantities  from  the  pores  of  a 
body:  often  used  figuratively  (the  secret 
oozed  out). — v.t.  To  emit  in  the  shape  of 
moisture. — «.  Soft  mud  or  slime,  as  at  the 
bottom  of  any  sheet  of  water;  tanning,  a 
solution  of  taunin;  the  liquor  of  a  tan-vat. 
—Oozy,  O'zi,  a.  Containins  or  resembling 
ooze;  miry. 

Opacity.  Under  Opaque. 
Opah,  o'pa,  n.  A  large  and  beautiful  sea- 
fish  of  the  Eastern  Seas. 
Opal.  O'pal,  n.  [li.  opahis,  Gr.  opallios,  an 
opdl;  comp.  Skr.  upala,  a  precious  stono.l 
A  precious  stone  of  various  colours  uud 
varieties,  the  finest  characterized  by  its 
iridescent  reflection  of  light,  and  formerly 
believed  to  possess  magical  virtues.  — 
OpaleBce,  o-pal-es',  v.h—opalesced,  opales- 
cing.  To  give  forth  a  play  of  colours  like 
the  opal.— Opalescence,  o-pal-es'ens,  n.  A 
play  of  colours  like  that  of  the  opal;  tho 
reflection  of  amilky  and  iridescent  light. 
— Opalescent,  o-i^al-es'ent,  a.  Resembling 
dpal;  having  the  iridescent  tihta  of  opal. 
— Opaline,  O'pal-in.  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
like  opal. — n.  A  senrirtranslucent  glass, 
whitened  by  the  addition  of  special .  in- 
gredients.—Opalize,0'pal-iz,t<.<.—opoUisetZ, 
opaliiing.  To  make  or  resemble  opal.— 
Opal-Jasper,  n.  A  kind  of  opal  containing 
alarge  amount  of  iron-oxide. 
Opaque,  o-pak',  a.  [Fr.  opaque,  from  L. 
opacua,  shady,  dark,  obscure.]  Impervious 
to  the. rays  of  light;  not  transparent.— n. 
Opacity  ( J^ounj;).- Opaquely,  o-pak'li,  adv. 
In  an  opaque  manner.— Opaqueness,  o- 
pak'nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  opaque. 
—Opacity,  o-pas'i-ti,n.  [li.opacitaa.]  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  opaque;  want  of 
transparency. 

Ope,  op,  v.t.  and  i.—oped,  oping.  To  open : 
used  only  in  poetry. 

Open,  o'pn,  a.  [A.  Sax.  open,  open=D.  open, 
Icel.  opinn,  Dan.  uaben,  G.  offen,  open ; 
akin  to  up.]  Not  shut;  not  closed;  not 
covered;  not  stopped  (as  a  bottle);  un- 
sealed (as  a  letter);  free  to  be  used  or  en/- 
joyed ;  not  restricted ;  affording  free  in- 
gress; accessible;  public;  spread;  expanded; 
not  drawn  together  or  contracted  (an  open 
hand;  opeii  arms);  hence,  free,  liberal, 
bounteous;  free  from  dissimulation;  can- 
did; hot  secret  or  concealed;  clear;  unob- 
structed (an  open  view;  an  open  country); 
not  frosty;  free  from  frost  and  snow  (an 
open  winter);  exposed  to  view;  laid  bare; 
exposed  or  liable  to  be  assailed;  fully  pre- 
pared; attentive;  not  yet  decided  (an  open 
question);  not  settled,  balanced,  or  closed 
(an  open  account);  enunciated  without 
closing  the  mouth,  or  with  a  full  utterance 
(an  open  vowel);  mus:  produced  without 
stopping  by  the  finger  or  without  using  a 
slide,  key,  piston,  &c.—Open  verdict,  a  ver- 
dict upon  an  iuo[uest  finding  that  a  crime 
has  been  committed,  but  without  specify- 
ing the  criminal;  or  which  finds  that  a 
sudden  or  violent  death  has  occurred,  but 
does  not  decide  on  the  cause. — n.  An  open 
or  clear  spstce. — The  opeJi.the  open  country; 
a  place  or  space  clear  of  obstructions. — v.t. 
(A.  Sax.  openian.]  To  make  open;  to  un- 
close; to  remove  any  fastening  or  obstruc- 
tion from,  so  as  to  afford  an  entrance,  pas- 
sage, or  view  of  the  iimer  parts;  to  spread; 
to  expand  (the  fingers,  the  arms);  to  enter 
upon;  to  commence  (to  open  a  negotiation 
or  correspondence);  to  declare  open;  to  set 
in  operation  with  some  ceremony;to  reveal; 
to  disclose  (to  open  one's  mind). — To  open 
fire,  to  begin  to  fire  or  discharge  firearms. 
— v.i.  To  unclose  itself;  to  be  unclosed;  to  be 
parted;  to  begin  to  be  seen  from  a  distance; 
to  commence;  to  begin;  to  begin  to  fire  (as 
a  battery). — Open-breasted,  a.  So  made  as 
to  expose  the  breast;  having  the  breast  or 
bosom  exposed.— Opener,  o'pn-er,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  opens.— Open-eyed,  a. 
Having  the  eyes  open ;  hence,  watchful ; 
vigilant.  —  Open-handed,  a.  Generous; 
liberal;  munificent.- Open-handedness, n. 
Preeness  in  giving;  liberality.  —  Open- 
hearted,  a.  Candid  ;  frank;  sincere;  not 
sly.- Open-heartedly,  adv.  •  In  an  open- 


hearted  manner.  —  Open-heartednesa,  n. 
Frankness;  sincerity.— Opening,  Sp'ning, 
a.  F'rst  in  order;  commencing  (an  opening 
speech). — n.  The  act  of  one  who  or  that 
which  opens;  an  open  place;  a  break  or 
breach  in  something;  a  hole  or  perforation; 
au  aperture;  beginning;  commencement; 
a  vacancy;  au  opportunity  of  commencing 
a  business  or  profession;  a  thinly  wooded 

I    space  withjjut  underwood,  as  in  a  forest. 

I    —Openly,  G'pn-li,  adv.    In  an  open  man- 

I  ner;  puT)Iicly ;  candidly ;  frankly.— Open- 
mouthed,  a.  Having  the  mouth  open;  gap- 
ing, as  with  astonishment.— Openness,  o'- 
pn-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
open.— Open-work,  n.  Ornamental  work, 
so  made  as  to  show  openings  through'its 
substance. 

Opera,  op'e-ra,  n.  [It  opera,  work,  com- 
position as  opposed  to  improvisation,  from 
L.  opera,  work;  akin  to  opus.  Operatk.] 
A  musical  drama;  a  dramatic  composition 
set  to  music  And  sung  and  acted  on  the 
stage,  accompanied  with  musical  instru- 
ments >  the  score  or  words  of  a  musical 
drama.  —  Opera-bouffe,  op'e-ra-bwf ,  n.  pi. 
Operas-boufies  (same  pron.).  An  exagger- 
ated or  farcical  form  of  comic  opera. — 
Opera-cloak,  n.  A  cloalc,  generally  of 
showy  colours,  worn  by  ladies  at  the 
opera,  or  other  evening  meeting.— C^era.- 
glass,  11.  A  small  binocular  telescope  of 
low  magnifying  power,  used  in  theatres, 
Ac;  a  lorgnette.  —  Opera-house,  n.  A 
theatre  for  the  performance  of  operas. — 
Opera-singer,  n.  A  professional  w  ho  sings 
ill  operas.— Operatic,  Operatical,  op-e-rat'- 
ik,  op-e-rat'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
opera.  ^ 

Operameter,  op-e-ram  et-6r,  n.  [L.  opera, 
.work,  and  Gr.  metron,  measure.]  An  ap- 
paratus attached  to  a  machine  to  indicate 
the  revolutions  of  a  shaft,  the  strokes  of  a 
piston,  &c. 

Operate,  op'e-rfit,  v,i. — operated,  operating. 
[ij.  operor,  operaium,  to  work,  from  opus, 
opcris,a,  worK.]  To  exert  power  or  ttrecgi'.h, 
physical  or  mechanical ;  to  work;  to  act; 
to  have  agency ;  to  produce  an  effect ;  to 
issue  in  a  designed  result;  med.  to  take 
appropriate  effect  on  the  human  system ; 
eurg.  to  perform  some  manual  act  in  a 
methodical  manner  upoii  a  human  body. 
— v.t.  To  effect;  to  accomplish;  to  put  into 
operation;  to  work;  to  drive  (a  machine). 
—Operant,  op'e-rant,  a.  Having  power  to 
produce  an  effect;  operative.— n.  One  who  / 
operates;  an  operator. — Operation,  op-e- 
ra'shon,  n.  [L.  operatio.]  The  act  or  pro- 
cess of  operating;  a  working  or  proceeding; 
process;  manipulation;  the  carrying  out 
of  preconcerted  measures  by  regular  move- 
ments (military  or  naval  opei'ations) ;  a 
surgical  proceeding  to  which  the  human 
body  is  subjected  for  curative  ends.— Ope- 
rative, op'e-ra-tiv,  a.  Operating;  exerting 
force ;  active  in  the  production  of  effects; 
eflicacious;  producing  the  effect;  having 
to  do  with  manual  or  other  operations. — 
n.  A  skilled  workman;  an  artisan.— Opera- 
tively,  op'e-ra-tiv-li,  adv.  in  an  operative 
manner.- Operator,op'e-ra-ter,n.  One  who 
operates;  surg.  the  person  who  i)erform3 
an  operation  upon  the  human  body. 

Operculum,  o-per'ka-lum,  n.  fL.,  from 
operio,  to  close  or  shut.]  A  little  lid  or 
cover;  the  cover  or  lid  of  the  spore-cases  of 
mosses;  the  lid  of  a  pitcher-form  leaf;  a 
horny  or  shelly  plate  serving  to  close  the 
aperture  of  the  shell  of  many  molluscs 
when  the  animal  is  retracted  within  it; 
the  bony  apparatus  which  protects  the 
gills  of  fishes.  —  Opercular,  Operculated, 
Operculate,  o-p6r'kQ-l6r,  o-pferTiu-la-ted, 
0-p6r'kO-lat,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having 
an  operculum.— Operculiform,  5-per'kQ-li- 
form,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a4id  or  cover. 

Operetta,  op-e-ret'ta,  n.  [It.  dim.  of  opera.] 
A  short  musical  drama  of  a  light  charac- 
ter. 

Operose,  op'e-rSs,  o.  [L.  operosus,  from 
opera,  work.  Opkka.J  Laborious; attended 
with  labour;  tedious.— Operosely,  cp'e-ros- 
\i,adv.  In  an  operose  manner. — Operose- 
ness,  Operosity,  op'e-ros-nes,  op-e-ros'i-ti, ' 
n.    Laboriousness. 

Ophicleide,  of'i-klid,  n.  [From  Gr.  ophiSfO. 
serpent,  and  kleis,  a  key;  lit.  key-serpent, 


being  made  to  supersede  the  old  serpent.  1 
MvMC,  a  large  and  powerful  brass  wind- 
instrument  having  a  compass  of  three  oc- 
taves. 

Ophidian,  o-fld'i-an,  a.  [Gr.  ophis,  a  ser- 
pent.] Pertaining  to  serpents;  having 
the  characters  of  the  serpents;  serpentine. 
— n.  One  of  an  order  of  reptiles  which  cotn 
prises  all  the  snakes  or  serpents.- Ophid- 
ious,  o-fid'i-us,  a.  Snake-like. 
Ophiolatry,of-i-ora-tri,n.  [Gr. ophis,ophios, 
a  serpent,  and  latreia,  worship.]  Serpen!,- 
worship.— Ophiolite,  of  i-o-lit,  n.  A  variety 
of  serpentine;  ophite.— OphloIoglc.Ophic- 
logiciU, of'i-o-ioj"ik, ofi-o-loj"i-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  ophiology.— Op  biologist,  of-i-ol- 
o-jist,  n.  One  versed  in  ophiology.— Ophl- 
ology,of-i-oro-ji,n.  That  branch  of  zoology 
which  treats  of  serpents;  the  natural  his- 
tory of  serpents.— Ophlomorphous,  of'i-o- 
mor"fus,  a. .  [Gr.  morphi,  form.]  Havinir 
the  form  of  a  serpent.— Ophlophagous,  of- 
i-of'a-gus,  a.  (Gr.  p/iaffO,  to  eat.  |  Eating 
or  feeding  on  serpents. 
Ophlt6,  of 'it,  n.  [Gr.-  ophis,  a  sferpent.] 
Green  porphyry  or  serpentine,  a  metamor- 
phicrock;  also  a  name  for  certain  Gnostics 
of  the  second  century,  who  held  that  the 
serpent  by  which  Eve  was  tempted  wa.s 
Christ,  and  hence  regarded  the  serpent  as 
sacred. 

Ophiuchus,  of-i-alcus,  n.  (Gr.  ophiouchos 
—ophis,  a  serpent,  and  echo,  to  have.]  The 
serpent-bearer;  one  of  the  northern  con- 
stellations. 

Ophthalmia,  of-thal'mi-a,  n.  [Gr.,  from 
ophthalmos,  the  eye,  from  root  op,  to  see, 
as  in  optic.]  Inflammation  of  the  eye 
or  its  appendages.  —  Ophthalmic,  of-thal'- 
mik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  eye.— Ophthal- 
mitis, of -thai -mi 'tis,  n.  Inflammation 
of  the  eye.  —  Ophthalmodynia,  of-thal'- 
mo-din"i-a,  n.  [Gr.  odynS,  pain.]  Pain, 
especially  rheumatic  pain,  of  the  eye.— 
Ophthalmology,  of-thal-mol'o-ji,  n.  That 
branch  of  science  which  deals  with  tho 
eye.— Ophthalmologist,  of-thal-mol'o-jist, 
n.  A  person  versed  in  ophthalmology.— 
Ophthalmoplegia,  of-thal'mo-pl6"ji-a,  n. 
[Gr.  plcge,  a  stroke.]  Paralysis  of  one  or 
more  of  the  muscles  of  the  eye.— Ophthal- 
moscope, of-thal'mO-skOp,  n.  An  instru- 
ment for  viewing  the  interior  of  the  eje 
by  means  of  a  mirror.— Ophthalmoscopy, 
of-thal-mos'ko-pi,  n.  The  art  of  using  the 
ophthalmoscope.  —  Ophthalmotomy,  of- 
thal-mot'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  tome,  a  cutting,) 
The  art  or  practice  of  cutting  into  tho 
eye,  as  in  surgical  operations. 
Opiate,  o'pi-at,  n.  [From  opiMm.l  Any 
medicine  that  contains  opium  and  has  the 
quality  of  inducing  sleep  or  repose;  a  nar- 
cotic; anything  that  dulls  sensation,  men- 
tal or  physical.— a.  Inducing  sleep;  sopo- 
rific; narcotic.  —  Opiated,  o'pi-a-ted,  a. 
Mixed  with  opium;  affected  by  opium. 
Opine,  o-pin',  v.i.  and  t.— opined,  opining. 
[Fr.  opiner,  from  L.  opinor,  to  think. 
Opinmon'.]  To  think;  to  suppose;  to  be  of 
opinion.— Opinable,  o-pi'na-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  opined  or  thought. —  Opiner,  6- 
pi'nSr,  n.  One  who  opines. 
Oplnlatlve,  o-pin'ya-tiv,  a.  Opinionative. 
Opinion,  o-pin'yun,n.  [L.  opinio, opinionis, 
from  opinor,  to  think;  same  root  as  opto, 
to  wish,  op^ijnus,  best.  Optativk.)  A  judg- 
ment or  belief  formed  without  certain 
evidence;  belief  stronger  than  impression, 
less  strong  than  positive  knowledge;  judg- 
ment or  sentiments  on  persons  or  things 
as  regards  tiieir  character  or  qualities; 
settled  judgment  or  persuasion;  belief 
(religious  opinions). — Opinionable,  o-pin'- 
yuu-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  made  mat- 
ter of  opinion;  not  to  be  settled  dogmati- 
cally. —  Oplnionate,  Opinionated,  o-pin'- 
yun-at,  o-pin'yun-a-tecf,  a.  Obstinate  in 
opinion ;  opinionative;  conceited.  —  Opln- 
lonately,  o-pin'yun-at-li,  adv.  —  Opiniona- 
tive, o-pin'yun-a-tiv,  o.  Unduly  attached 
to  one's  own  opinions;  dogmatic;  obstinate 
in  beliefs.  —  Opinlonatively,  o-pin'yun-a- 
tiv-lij  adv.  In  an  opinionative  manner.— 
Opimonativeness,  o-pin 'yun-a-tiv-nes,  n. 
— Opinioned,  o-pin'yund,  a.  Attached  to 
..particular  opinions;  conceited. — Opinlon- 
iat,  o-pin'yun-ist,  n.  One  unduly  att^ched 
to.his  own  opinions. 


cb,  cAaiu}     cA,  Su,  lucA;     g,  yo;     j./ub;     u,  Fr.  tun;     u^^,  lii)^;     lu,  (/ttn^j  jtb,  </iiu;     w,  toig;     wh,  tv/tig;     x)i,tuui-«;. 


OPISTHOBRA.N  CHIATE 


470 


ORANGE 


Opi3thol)rancliiiite,o-pis'th5-brang"lii-at,a. 
[Or.  opisthen,  behind,  and  branchia,  gills. J 
Of  or  pertaining  to  those  gasteropodous 
molluscs  in  which  the  gilla  are  placed  pos- 
terior to  the  heart. 

Oplsthocoslous,  Opisthocoelian,  o-pis'tho- 
sC'lus,  o-pis'tho-sc"li-an,  a.  [Gr.  opisthen, 
behind,  and  koilos,  hollow.]  A  term  ap- 
j)lied  to  vertebrae  the  bodies  of  which  are 
hollow  or  concave  behind,  as  in  some  ex- 
tinct crocodiles. 

Opium,  o'pium,  7i.  (L.  opium,  Gr.  opion, 
from  opos,  vegetable  juice.J  The  inspis- 
sated juice  of  the  white  poppy,  cultivated 
principally  in  Hindustan  aaid  Asiatic 
Turkey;  one  of  the  most  energetic  of  nar- 
cotics, and  most  precious  of  medicines. — 
Opium-eater,  n.  One  who  habitually  uses 
opium  as  a  stimulant. 
Quodeldoc,  op-o-del'dok,  n.  [Probably  an 
arbitrary  name  coined  by  Paracelsus.  J  A 
saponaceous  camphorated  liniment;  a 
solution  of  soap  in  alcohol,  with  the  addi- 
tion of  camphor  and  essential  oils. 
Opopanax,  o-pop'a-naks,  n.  [Gr.,  from  opos, 
juice,  and  panax,  a  plant  (lit.  all-heal).] 
The  inspissated  juice  of  an  umbelliferous 
plant,  a  native  of  Mediterranean  Eiuope, 
used  as  an^ antispasmodic. 
Opossum,  o-pos'um,  n.  [From  opassom, 
its  native  American  name.]  The  name  of 
several  marsupial  mammals  of  America. 
Oppidan,  op'i-dan,  n.  [L.  oppidan^is,  frofii 
oppidMn,  a  city  or  town.]  An  inhabitant 
of  a  townt;  at  Eton  College  a  student  not 
on  the  foundation,  and  who  lives  in  a 
boarding-house. 

Opponent,  op'po'nent,  a.  [L.  opponens,  ofh 
ponentis,  ppr.  of  oppono,  to  oppose  —  ob, 
against,  and  pono,  to  place.  Position.] 
Opposing;  antagonistic;  opposite.— n.  One 
that  opposes;  an  adversary;  an  antagonist; 
one  that  supports  the  opposite  side  in  con- 
troversy, disputation,  or  argument. 
Opportune,  op-or-tun',  d.  [Fr.  opportun, 
from  L.  opportunus,  lit.  offering  a  port  or 
harbour— prefix  op  for  06,  and  partus,  a 
port,  harbour,  haven.  Port.]  Seasonable; 
timely;  well  timed;  convenient.  —  Oppor- 
tunely, op-or-tOn'li,  adv.  In  an  oppor- 
tune manner.  —  Opportuneness,  op-or- 
tun'nes,  n.  Quality  of  being  opportune  or 
seasonable.  —  Opportunism,  op-or-tun'- 
izm,  n.  The  practice  of  seizing  or  turning 
opportunities  to  advantage.  —  Opportun- 
ity, op-or-tu'ni-ti,  n.  [L.  opportunitas.] 
Fit  or  convenient  timeor occasion;  a  time 
favourable  for  the  purpose;  a  suitable 
time,  combined  with  other  favourable  cir- 
cumstances. 

Oppose,  op-poz',  v.t.  —  opposed,  opposing. 
IFr.  opposer— prefix  op,  and  poser,  to  place. 
Pose,  Ccmpose.J  To  place  in  front;  to  set 
opposite;  to  place  as  an  obstacle;  to  put 
with  a  view  to  hinder,  defeat,  destroy,  or 
prevent  effect;  to  act  against;  to  resist, 
either  by  physical  or  other  means;  to  act 
as  an  opponent  to;  to  confront;  to  check; 
to  withstand;  to  resist  effectually.— y.i.  To 
make  objections ;  to  act  obstructively. — 
Cpposability,  op-po'za-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  ca- 
pability of  being  placed  so  as  to  act  in 
opposition.  —  Opposable,  op-po'za-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  opposed  or  resisted;  ca- 
pable of  being  opposed  to  something  else. 
— Opposed,  op-pozd',  p.  and  a.  Placed  over 
pgainst;  opposite;  antagonistic;  hostile; 
being  against  or  adverse.  —  Opposer,  op- 
po'zer,  n.  Onethat  opposes. 
Opposite,  op'po-zit,  a.  [li.  oppositus—oh, 
ibefore,  and  positus,  placed.  Position, 
•Compose.]  Standing  or  situated  in  front; 
facing;  adverse; opposed;  hostile;  different 
in  nature  or  quabty;  mutually  antagon- 
istic; contrary;  inconsistent;  repugnant; 
hot.  growing  in  pairs,  each  pair  crosswise 
to  that  above  or  below  it. — n.  One  who  or 
that  which  oppo.ses;  one  who  or  that  which 
is  opposite  or  adverse. — Oppositely,  op'po- 
zit-li,  adv.  In  an  opposite  or  adverse  man- 
ner.—OppoBiteness,  op'po-zit-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  opposite  or  adverse.— Oppo- 
sition, op-po-zish'on,  n.  [Partly  from  op- 
pose, partly  from  opposite.]  Situation  so 
as  to  front  something;  a  standing  over 
lagainst;  the  state  of  being  opposed  orcon- 
jtrasted;  the  state  of  being  adverse;  the 
lactof  opposing;  attempt  tocheck.restrain, 


r  or  defeat  resistance;  that  which  opposes; 
the  collective  body  of  opposers;  the  party 
in  either  house  of  parliament  (or  similar 
assembly)  opposed  to  the  administration 
for  the  time  being;  astron.  the  situation 
of  two  heavenly  bodies  when  diametri- 
cally opposite  to  each  other,  or  when  their 
longitudes  differ  by  180°.  Also  used  ad- 
jectively  (an  opposition  scheme,  the  oppo- 
sition benches  in  the  House  of  Commons). 
— Oppositive,  op-poz'i-tiv,  a.  Capable  of 
being  put  in  opposition. 
.Oppress,  op-pres',  v.t.  [Ft.  oppresser,  from 
L.  oppressus,  from  opprinio — 06,  and  pre- 
ino,  pressum,  to  press.  Press.]  To  load 
or  burden  with  cruel,  unjust,  orum'easpn- 
ab!e  impositions;  to  treat  with  unjust 
severity,  rigour,  or  hardship;  to  overbur- 
den; to  overwhelm;  to  subdue;  to  sit  or  lie 
heavjr  on  (as  food  in  the  stomach). — Op- 
pression, op-presh'on,  n.  The  act  of  op- 
pressing; excessively  rigorous  govern- 
ment ;  severity ;  hardship ;  calamity ;  de- 
pression; a  sense  of  heaviness  or  weight  in 
the  mind  or  body.— Oppressive,  op-pres'iv, 
a.  Unreayonably  burdensome;  unjustly 
severe ;  given  to  oppression ;  tyrannical ; 
overpowering;  overwhelming.  —  Oppress- 
ively, op-pres'iv-li,  adv.  In  an  oppressive 
manner.  —  Oppressiveness,  op-pres'iv-nes, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  oppressive. — Op- 
pressor, op-pres'6r,  n.  One  that  oppresses 
or  harasses. 

Opprobrium,  op-pro'bri-um,  n.  [L.,  from 
06,  against,  and  prohrum,  a  shameful  or 
disgraceful  act.]  Scurrilous  or  abusive 
language;  contemptuous  reproaches;  scur- 
rilityj  disgrace ;  infamy.  —  Opprobrious, 
op-pro'bri-us,  o.  Containing  or  expressive 
of  opprobrium;  scurrilous;  abusive;  in- 
famous. —  Opprobriously,  op-pro'bri-us-li, 
adv.  Scurrilously.— Opprobriousness,  op- 
pro'bri-us-nes,  n. 

Oppugn,  op-pun',  v.t.  [L.  oppiigno  —  ob, 
against,  and  pugno,  to  fight,  from  pvgnus, 
the  fist.  Pugnacious.]  To  attack  by  ar- 
guments or  the  like,  not  by  weapons;  to 
oppose;  to  resist;  to  exercise  hostile  reason- 
ing against.— Oppugnancy,  op-pug'nan-si, 
n.  Opposition;  resistance;  contention. — 
Oppugnant,  op-pug'nant,  a.  Resisting ; 
opposing;  hostile. — pppugner,  op-pun'er, 
n.  One  who  oppugns. 
Opsiometer,  op-si-om'et-*r,  n.  [Gr.  opsis, 
sight,  and  vietron,  measure.}  An  op- 
tometer. 

Optative,  op'ta-tiv,  a.  [L.  optativus,  from 
opto,  to  desire  or  wish  (as  in  adopt,  option); 
root  same  as  in  opinion,  opulence,  optim- 
ism.] Expressing  desire  or  wish ;  gram. 
applied  to  that  mo»d  of  the  verb  in  which 
wish  or  desire  is  expressed. — n.  Gram,  the 
optative  mood  of  a  verb. — Optatively,  op'- 
ta-tiv-li,  adv.  By  desire;  by  means  of  the 
optative  mood;  in  the  optative  mood.  .. 
Optic,  op'tik,  a.  [Fr.  optique,  from  Gr.  op- 
tikos,  from  root  op,  to  see — L.  oculus,  E. 
eye,  being  from  same  root.]  Relating  or 
pertaining  to  vision  or  sight;  pertaining 
to  the  organ  of  vision;  subservient  to 
vision;  relating  to  the  science  of  optics. — 
Optic  axis,  the  axis  of  the  eye,  or  a  line 
going  through  the  middle  of  the  pupil 
and  the  centre  of  the  eye.  — n.  An  organ 
of  sight;  an  eye.  —  Optical,  op'ti-kal,  a. 
Kelating  to  or  connected  with  the  science 
of  optics;  pertaining  to  vision;  optic. — 
Optically,  op'ti-kal-li,  adv.  By  optics  or 
sight.- Optician,  op-tish'an,  n.  A  person 
skilled  in  the  science  of  optics;  one  who 
makes  or  sells  optic  glasses  and  instru- 
ments. —  Optics,  op'tiks,  n.  That  branch 
of  physical  science  which  treats  of  the 
nature  and  properties  of  light  and  vision, 
optical  instruments,  &c. — Optigraph,  op'- 
ti-graf,  n.  A  telescope  used  in  drawing 
landscapes,  made  to  pass  over  the  outlines 
''of  an  object  while  a  pencil  at  the  eye-end 
leaves  the  delineation  on  paper. 
Optimates,  op-ti-ma'tCz,  n.  pi.  [L.,  aristo- 
crats, from  opMmiM,  bent.  Optimism.]  The 
Roman  aristocracy;  hence,  an  aristocracy 
or  nobility  in  general.— Optime,  op'ti-me, 
n.  In  the  University  of  Cambridge,  a  stu- 
dent in  the  second  rank  of  honours,  next 
to  the  wranglers.  ' 

Optimeter,  op-tim'et-tr,  n.    Optometer. 
Optimism,  op'ti-mizm,n.  [From  L.  optimus. 


best.  Optative.]  Thedoctrine  that  CTerv- 
thing  in  nature  is  ordered  for  the  best;  th" 
tendency  to  always  take  the  most  hopeful 
view  of  matters  social  or  political ;  belief 
in  tlie  world's  improvement.  —  Optimist, 
op'ti-mist,  n.  One  who  believes  in  opti- 
mism. —  Optimistic,  op-ti-mis'tikj  a.  Ke- 
lating to  or  characterized  by  optimism. — 
Optimize,  op'tim-iz,  v.i.  To  hold  the  doc- 
trines of  an  optimist. 

Option,  op'shou,  n.  [L.  optio,  option,  from 
opto,  to  wish  or  desire.  Optative.]  The 
power  or  liberty  of  choosing;  right  of 
choice;  the  power  of  deciding  on  any 
course  of  action;  choice;  election;  prefer- 
ence; stock  exchange,  a  riglit  to  effect  a 
certain  transaction  or  not  at  a  certain 
date,  at  the  de-ire  of  the  person  bargain- 
ing, who  pays  for  the  right.— iocaZ  option, 
the  I'rinciple  by  which  the  people  of  a 
certain  locality  may  decide  as  to  the  ^ale 
of  intoxicating  liquors  there.  —  Optional, 
o,)'shon-al,  a.  Left  to  one's  option  or 
c.'oice;  depending  on  choice  or  prefeven<  e. 
—Optionally,  op'shon-al-li,  adv.  In  an 
optional  manner;  at  pleasure. 
Optometer,  op-tom'et-er,  n.  \Vroi\i  opt- of 
optic,  and  Gr.  metron,  a  measure.  Optic.) 
An  instrument  for  determining  the  fO'  al 
lengths  of  lenses  necessarj-  to  conect  im- 
perfections of  the  eye. 
Opulence,  Opulency,  op'u-leus,  op'ulen-si, 
n.  [L.  opxdcntia,  from  opes,  wealth.  Op- 
tative.] \Vealth;  riches;  afiluence.— Opu- 
lent, op'u-leut,a.  [\j.opuhntus.\  Wealthy; 
rich;  affluent;  having  large  means. — 
Opulently,  op'u-lent-li,  adv. 
Opuntia,  o-pun'shi-a,  n.  A  kind  of  cactus 
largely  cultivated  in  Blexico  for  luaring 
the  cochineal  insect. 

Opuscule,  Opuscle,  o-pus'kul,  o-pus'l,  tx. 
[L.  opu^culum,  dim.  from  opus,  work. 
Operate.]  A  small  work;  a  little  book. 
Or,  or,  conj.  [Contr.  from  the  older  other, 
formerly  used  both  for 'either' and  'or, 
the  same  word  as  either.]  A  particle  that 
marks,  or  seems  to  mark,  an  alternative, 
frequently  corresponding  to  a  preceding 
either,  and  also  to  whether,  with  which 
words  it  is  sometimes  interchangeable  in 
poetry;  it  often  connects  a  series  of  words 
or  propositions,  presenting  a  choice  be- 
tween any  two  of  them  (he  may  stud.v  law 
or  medicme  or  divinity,  or  he  may  enter 
into  trade);  it  also  sometimes  begins  a 
sentence,  in  which  case  it  expresses  an 
alternative  with  the  foregoing  sentence, 
or  a  transition  to  some  fresh  arginnent  or 
illustration. 

Or,  or,  ad y.  [A  form  of  ere.]  Ere;  .before. 
Or,  or,  n.  [Fr.  or,  L.  aui-um,  gold.]  Her. 
gold,  expressed  in  engraving  )>y  numerous 
small  points  or  dots. 

Oracle,  or'a-kl,  n.  [L.  oraculum,  from  oro, 
to  speak,  to  pray, from  os,  oris,  the  mouth; 
akin  oral,  orifice,  orator,  adore,  &c.]  The 
answer  of  a  god  or  the  inspired  priest  or 
priestess  of  a  god,  tj  an  inquiry  made 
respecting  some  affair;  the  deity  who  gave 
or  was  supposed  to  give  answers  to  in- 
quiries; the  place  where  the  answers  were 
given;  the  sanctuary  (O.T.);  a  divine  com- 
munication, revelation,  or  message;  any 
person  reputed  uncommonly  wise,  and 
whose  opinions  have  great  weight.— Oracu- 
lar, o-rak'u-ler,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  oracle 
or  oracles;  uttering  oracles;  res-em bling 
the  utteraivce  of  an  oracle;  authoritative; 
sententious;  ambiguous,  like  tlie  ancient 
oracles.  —  Oracularly,  o-mk'a-ler-li,  adv. 
In  the  manner  of  an  oracle.  —  Oracular- 
ness,  o-rak'fl-16r-nes,  n. 
Oragiotis,o-ra'ju8,a.  [Fr.  oraj/eua;, stormy.] 
Stormy;  tempestuous. 
Oral,  o  ral,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  os,  oris,  the 
mouth.  Oracle.]  Uttered  by  the  mouth 
or  in  words;  spoken,  not  written;  eool.  per- 
taining to  the  mouth  of  animals.— Orally. 
6'ral-li,  adv.  In  an  oral  manner;  by  wor'' 
of  mouth;  verbally. 
Orang,  o-rangf,  n.  ORANO-orTANO. 
Orange,  or'anj,  n.  [Fr.  orange.  It.  arancia, 
arancio,  Sp.  naranja,  from  Ar.  n&ranj,  an 
orange,  the  form  of  the  word  being  in- 
fluenced by  Fr.  or,  gold.]  A  tree  culti- 
vated abundantly  in  the  south  of  Europe, 
the  Azores,  America,  Ac,  and  also  its 
fruit,  which  is  imported  into  other  coun- 


ffitfi^t&r,  fat, ff|ll;^  me,  met,  her;     pine, pmj.^jBOte,  notLBiOveL-  tflbfj  tub,  bflUb   <??'>  po^*!;     "» Sc.  ab«ne~the  Fr.  «. 


ORANGEMAX 


471 


ORDINATE 


I  i'ica  in  great  quantities.— a.  Belor.'ging  to 
an  orange;  coloured  as  an  orange.— Orange- 
ade, or-anj-ad',  n.  Drink  made  f  rora  orange 
juice  or  flavoured  with  orange-peel. — 
Orange-blossom,  Orango-fiower,  n.  The 
blossom  of  the  orange-tree,  a  wreath  of 
which  is  commonlj'  worn  by  a  bride  at 
her  marriage.— Oraiige-lUy,  «.  A  garden 
plant  with  large  orange-coloured  ilowers. 
—Orange-peel,  n.  The  rind  of  an  orange 
separated  from  the  fruit;  the  peel  of  the 
bitter  orange  dried  and  candied,  and  used 
in  flavouring  puddings,  &c.  —  Orangery, 
or'an-j6r-i,  n.  [Fr.  orangerie.']  A  place 
where  oranges  are  cultivated;  a  house  for 
orange-trees.— Orange-ta way ,  n.  A  colour 
between  yellow  and  brown. 

Orangeman,  cr'anj-man,  n.  [From  William 
III.  of  England,  Prince  of  Orange,  a  place 
now  in  France.!  A  member  of  a  secret  so- 
ciety instituted  in  Ireland  in  1795,  to  up- 
hold Prfiiestant  ascendency,  and  to  oppose 
the  Cat'aolic  religion  and  influence.  —  Or- 
anaeism,  or'anj-izm,  n.  The  tenets  or  prin- 
ciples of  the  Orangemen. 

Orang-outang,  Orang-utan,  o-rang'ci-tang, 
o-rang'0-tan,  n.  [Malay  orang-atan,  lit. 
man  of  the  woods.]  One  of  the  largest  of 
the  anthropoid  apes,  a  native  of  Sumatra 
and  Borneo. 

Oration,  o-ra'shon,  re.  [L.  oratio,  from  aro, 
oratum,  to  pray.  Oracle.]  A  speech  or 
discourse  composed  according  to  the  rules 
of  oratory,  and  spolien  in  public;  a  set 
speech;  a  formal  discourse  pronounced  on 
a  special  occasion.  — Orator,-  or'a-tfir,  n. 
[L.J  A  public  speaker;  one  who  delivers 
an-oration;  one  who  is  skilled  as  a  speaker; 
an  eloquent  man.  —  Oratorian,  or-a-to'ri- 
an,  n.  Eccles.  a  priest  of  the  orrtory. — 
Oratorical,  or-a-tor'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  an  orator  or  to  oratory;  rhetorical. — 
Oratorically,  or-a-tor'i-kal-li,  ady.  In  an 
oratorical  manner.— Oratorio,  6r-a-to'ri-o, 
n.  [It.]  A  sacred  musical  composition, 
consisting  of  airs,  recitatives,  duets,  trios, 
choruses,  &c.,  the  subject  of  which  is  gen- 
erally taken  from  Scripture.  —  Oratory, 
or'a,-to-ri,  n.  [Partly  from  orator,  partly 
from  L.  ordtoriwrn,  a  place  of  prayer.]  The 
art  of  public  speaking;  the  art  of  an  orator; 
exercise  of  eloquence;  eloquence;  a  place  for 
prayer;  a  small  apartment  for  private  de- 
votions.— Priests  of  the  Oraiorj/,a  religious 
order,  the  members  of  which  are  not  bound 
by  any  special  vow. 

Orb,  orb,  n.  [Fr.  orhe,  from  L.  orhis,  a 
circle,  a  ring,  a  disc;  seen  also  in  orbit,  ex- 
orbitani.'\  A  spherical  body;  a  sphere  or 
globe;  also  a  circular  body  or  disc;  anc. 
astron.  a  hollow  globe  or  cphere  forming 
part  of  the  solar  or  sidereal  system;  arch. 
a  plain  circular  boss.  Boss. — v.iA  To  ex- 
hibit or  assume  the  appearance  of  an  orb. 
—v.t.  To  encircle;  to  inclose.  —  Orbed, 
orbd,  a.  Having  the  form  of  an  orb; 
round;  circular.  —  Orbicular,  orbik'u-l6r, 
a.  [L.  orbicularis.]  In  the  form  of  an 
orb;  spherical;  circular. — Orbicular  leaf,  a 
circular  leaf  with  the  stalk  attached  to 
the  centre  of  it.  —  Orbicular  muscles, 
muscles  with  circular  fibres  surrounding 
some  natural  opening  of  the  body.  —  Or- 
bicularly, or-bik'u-l6r-li,  adv.  Spheri- 
cally; circularly.  —  Orbiculamesa,  or-bik'- 
tl-ler-nes,  re.— Orbiculate,  Orbiculated,  or- 
bik'a-lat,  or-bik'u-la-ted,  a.  [L.  orbicular 
t««.]  In  the  form  of  an  orb;  orbicular. — 
Orbiculation,  or-bik'a-la"shon,  n.  The 
state  of  being  orbiculate.  —  Orby,  orTii,  a. 
Resembling  an  orb;  spherical. 

Orbit,  or'bit,  re.  [L.  orbita,  a  wheel-track, 
a  circuit,  from  orbis,  an  orb.  Orb.]  The 
path  of  a  planet  or  comet  through  space; 
the  curve-line  which  a  planet  describes  in 
its  periodical  revolution  round  its  central 
body  (the  orbit  of  Jupiter  or  Mercury); 
anat.  the  bony  cavity  in  which  the  eye  is 
situated;  ornith.  the  skin  which  surrounds 
the  eye  of  a  bird.  —  Orbital,  or'bi-tal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  an  orbit.  —  Orbitary,  oi^bi- 
ta-ri,  a.  Connected  with  or  surrounding 
the  orbit  (orHthry  feathers). 

Orcadian,  or-ka'di-an,  a.  Relating  to  the 
Orcades,  or-  Orkney  Islands. — re.  A  native 
or  inhabitant  of  Orkney. 

Orcein,  or's5-in,  re.  The  chief  ingredient  of 
archil,  a  deep  red  powder.    Orcine. 


Orchard,  or'chird,  re.  [A.  Sax.  ortgeard,, 
tcyrigeard,  lit.  a  wort-yard;  so  Dan.  urt' 
guard,  Goth,  aurii-gards, a  garden.  Wort, 
Yard.]  A  gardenj;  an  inclosure  devoted 
to  the  culture  of  fruit-trees.  —  Orchard- 
house,  n.  A  glass-roofed  shed  for  cultiva- 
ting fruits  without  the  aid  of  artificial 
heat.— Ox-cliaj-ding,  or'chferd-ing,  re.  The 
culture  or  pianagement  of  orchards.— Cr- 
chardist,  or'chSrd-ist,  re.  One  that  culti- 
vates orchards. 

Orchella,  Orchella-weed,  or-kel'la,  re.  A 
lichen  yielding  archil. 

Orchestra,  or'kes-tra,  n.  [Gr.  orchestra, 
from  orchemnai,  to  dance.]  The  part  of  a 
theatre  appropriated  to  the  musicians;  in 
the  Grecian  theatres  a  part  of  the  stage 
allotted  to  the  chorus;  the  whole  instru- 
mental band  performing  together  in  pub- 
lic places  of  amusement.— Orchestral,  or- 
kes'tral,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  orchestra. — 
Orchestration,  or-kes-tra'shon,  re.  The  ar- 
rangement of  music  for  an  orchestra;  in- 
strumentation. 

Orchid,  Orchis,  or'kid,  or'kis,  n.  [Gr.  orchis, 
a  testicle,  hence  an  orchid,  from  the  form 
of  the  root.]  The  name  of  an  order  of 
perennial  plants,  with  tuberous  fleshy 
roots,  and  beautiful  flowers  of  remarkable 
form,  found  almost  everywhere  and  prized 
by  florists.  —  Orchidaceous,  Orchideous, 
or-ki-da'shus,  oy-kid'e-us,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  orchids.— Orchidologist,  or-ki-dol'o- 
jist,  re.  One  versed  in  orchids.  —  OrcM- 
dology,  or-ki-dol'o-ji,  n.  The  branch  of 
botany  which  relates  to  orchids. 

Orciae,  Orcln,  oi-'sin,  n.  (Fr.  orcine,  from 
orclifilla.']  A  reddish  colouring  matter  ob- 
tained from  lichens  celebrated  as  dyia- 
weeds  (orchella-weed). 

Ordain,  or-dan',  v.t.  [O.E.  ordeyne,  ordeine, 
O.Fr.  orde'iier  (Fr.  ordonner),  from  L.  or- 
dino,  to  order,  from  ordo,  ordinis,  order. 
Order.]  To  set  in  order  or  arrangej ;  to 
decree,  appoint,  establish,  institute;  to 
set  apart  for  an  ofiice;  to  invest  with  min- 
isterial or  sacerdotal  functions. — Ordain- 
able,  or-da'na-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  or- 
dained.—Ordainer,or-da'ner,  re.  One  who 
ordains. — Ordaimnent,  or-dan 'ment,  re. 
The  act  of  ordaining;  appointment. 

Ordeal,  or'de-al,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ordJl,  ordAl, 
decision,  ordeal,  lit.  out-deal ;  like  D.  oor- 
deel,  G.  urtheil,  a  decision,  from  A.  Sax. 
prefix  or,  Goth,  us,  out,  and  verb  meaning 
to  deal.  Deal.]  Aa  ancient  form  of  triEU 
to  determine  guilt  or  innocence,  as  by 
causing  the  accused  to  handle  red-hot  iron 
or  put  the  hand  into  boiling  water,  escape 
from  injury  being  considered  a  proof  of 
innocence;  hence,  any  severe  trial  or  strict 
test. 

Order,  or'dSr,  re.  [Fr.  ordre,  from  L.  ordo, 
ordinis,  a  row,  a  regular  series,  from  root 
or,  seen  in  orient,  origin;  connected  are  or- 
dain, ordinary,  ordinance,  extraordinary, 
subordinate,  <tc.)  Regular  disposition 
or  methodical  arrangement;  established 
succession;  a  proper  state  or  condition; 
the  established  usage  or  settled  method ; 
regularity;  public  tranquillity;  absence  of 
confusion  or  disturbance;  a  mandate,  pre- 
cept, or  authoritative  direction ;  a  rule  or 
regulation,  oral  or  written;  a  direction, 
demand,  or  commission  to  supply  goods; 
a  written  direction  to  pay  money;  a  free 
pass  for  admission  to  a  theatre  or  other 
place  of  entertainment;  a  rank  or  class  of 
men;  a  body  of  men  of  the  same  rank  or 
profession  constituting  a  separate  class  in 
the  community ;  a  religious  fraternity;  a 
body  of  men  having  had  a  common  hon- 
orary distinction  conferred  on  them;  the 
distinction,  rank,  or  dignity  itself  (the 
order  of  the  Garter);  a  large  division 
in  the  classification  of  natural  objects, 
as  plants  or  animals;  arch,  a  column  en- 
tire, with  a  superincumbent  entablature, 
viewed  as  forming  an  architectural  whole, 
there  being  five  architectural  orders,  viz. 
Doric,  Ionic,  Tuscan,  Corinthian,  and 
Composite. — Close  order,  said  of  the  ranks 
of  soldiers  when  dra^vn  up  at  the  dis- 
tance of  a  pace  between  each  other: 
when  there  are  two  paces  it  is  termed 
open  order.  —  General  orders,  the  com- 
mands or  notices  which  a  military  com- 
mander-in-chief issues  to  the  troops  under 


his  com-snarA.— Holy  orders,  the  clerioa.1 
or  eccilesiastical  character  conferred  on  a 
person  by  ordination  or  consecration  to 
the  ministry  in  the  church:  often  used 
"Without  the  word  '  holy '  (to  be  in  orders, 
to  take  orders).— In  order,  for  the  pur- 
pose; with  a  view;  to  the  end;  as  means 
to  an  end.  —  Religious  orders,  religious 
brotherhoodsorcommunities,as  monastic, 
military,  and  mendicant  orders.  —  Stand- 
ing orders,  in  parliament,  certain  general 
rules  and  instructions  laid  down  for  its 
own  guidance.  —  To  take  order,  to  take 
measures  for  a  purpose.— Ord.-3r  in  council, 
an  order  issued  by  the  British  sovereign, 
by  and  with  the  advice  of  the  privy-coun- 
cil.—Order  of  battle,  the  arrangement  and 
disposition  of  the  difi'erent  parts  of  an 
army  for  the  purpose  of  engaging  an  ene- 
my.— Order  of  the  day,  a  parliamentary 
phrase  denoting  the  business  regularly  set 
down  for  consideration  on  the  minutes  or 
votes;  mint,  specific  directions  issued  by 
a  superior  officer  to  the  troops  under  his 
command.— v.t.  To  put  in  order;  to  dis- 
pose (or  arrange;  to  manage  or  conduct; 
to  command ;  to  give  an  order  to.;  to  give 
an  order  or  commission  for. — v.i.  To  give 
command  or  direction.— Order-book,  re.  A 
book  for  orders;  a  book  in  which  a  mem-- 
ber  of  parliament  must  eiiter  any  motion 
he  intends  to  propose.— Orderer,  or'der-er, 
re.  One  that  gives  orders;  one  that  regu- 
lates.—Orderless,  or'der-les,  a.  Disorderly; 
out  of  rule.  —  Orderliness,  or'd6r-li-nes,  re. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  orderly;  reg- 
ularity.—Orderly,  or'd6r-li,  a.  In  accor- 
dance with  good  order;  well  ordered;  me- 
thodical; regular;  milit.  being  on  duty  (au 
orderly  officer).- re.  A  private  soldier  or 
non-commissioned  oflScer  who  attends  on 
a  superior  officer  to  carry  orders  or  mes- 
sages.—odw.  According  to  due  order. 

Ordinal,  or'di-nal,  a.  Xh.  ordinalis,  from 
ordo,  ordinis,  a  rov/.  Order.]  Applied  to 
a  number  which  expresses  order  or  suc- 
cession (the  ordinal  numbers,  first,  second, 
third,  &c.);  Jtai.  hist,  pertaining  to  an  or- 
der. —  re.  A  number  denoting  order  ( as 
first);  a  book  containing  the  ordination 
service. 

Ordinance,  or'di-nans,  re.  [O.  Fr.  orden- 
ance  (Fr.  ordonnance),  from  ordener,  to. or- 
dain. Ordain.]  A  rule  established  by 
authority;  a  law,  edict,  decree,  or  the 
like;  an  established  rite  or  ceremony. — 
Ordinance  of  parliament,  a  temporary  act 
of  parliament. 

Ordinand,  or'di-nand,  re.  One  about  to  be 
ordained  or  receive  orders. — Ordinant,  or'- 
di-nant,  re,  One  who  ordains;  a  prelate 
conferring  orders. 

Ordinary,  or'di-na-ri,  a.  [L.  ordinarius, 
from  ordo,  ordinis,  Older.  Order.]  Estab- 
lished; regular;  customary;  common; 
usual  J  frequent ;  habitual ;  met  with  at 
any  time;  hence,  somewhat  inferior;  of 
little  merit. — Ordinary  seaman,  a  seaman 
capable  of  the  commoner  duties,  but  not 
considered  fit  to  be  rated  as  an  able  seaman. 
— n.  A  person  who  has  ordinary  or  immedi- 
ate jurisdiction  in  matters  ecclesiastical; 
an  ecclesiastical  judge  (usually  a  bishop);  a 
meal  prepared  for  all  comers,  as  distin- 
guished from  one  specially  ordered;  an  eat- 
ing-house where  there  is  a  fixed  price  for 
the  meal;  one  of  the  common  heraldic  fig- 
ures formed  with  straight  lines  (as  the 
bend,cross,  saltire).— /n  ordinary,  in  actual 
and  constant  service;  statedly  attending 
and  serving  (a  physician  or  chaplain  in  or- 
dinary). An  ambassador  in  ordinary  is  one 
constantly  resident  at  a  foreign  court. — 
A  ship  ire  ordinary  is  one  not  in  actual 
service,  but  laid  up  under  the  direction  of 
a  competent  person.— Ordinarily,  pr'di-na- 
ri-li,  adv.  In  an  ordinary  manner;  usu-; 
ally;  generally;  in  most  cases. 

Ordinate,  or'di-nat,  a.  [L.  ordinatus,  well- 
ordered.  Ordikaby.]  Regular;  methodi- 
cal.— re.  Geom.  one  of  those  lines  of  refer- 
ence which  determine  the  position  of  a 
point;  a  straight  line  drawn  from  a  point 
in  the  abscissa.  The  abscissa  and  ordi- 
nate, when  spoken  of  together,  are  called 
co-ordinates.  Co-ordinate.  —  Ordinately, 
or'di-nat-li,  adv.  Geom.  in  the  manner  of 
an  ordinate. 


DhfChsdn;     chySc.loch;    g,oo;    j,iob;     u,  Fr.  ton;     v^,  anoi  ^  VB,  Hiea;  tb,  thin;     w,  wig;    wh,  w/tig;    zu,  aeure. 


ORDINATIOlf 


472 


0£ix"A2iIENi: 


Ordinatloa,  or-di-na'shon,  n.  [L.  ordina- 
tio,  regumion,  from  ordino,  to  ordain.] 
The  act  of  ordaining;  the  act  of  settling 
or  establishing;  appointment;  settled  or- 
der of  things;  especially  the  act  of  confer- 
ring holy  orders,  as  by  a  bishop  of  the 
English  Church;  the  act  of  settling  a  Pres- 
byterian clergyman  in  a  charge. 

Ordnance,  ord'nans,  n.  [Same  as  ordinance. 
Ft.  crdonnance,  arrangement,  equipment: 
originally  it  had  reference  to  guns  of  a 
rarticular  size  or  equipment.]  Cannon  or 
great  guns,  mortars,  and  howitzers  collec- 
tively; -artillery. — Ordnance  survey,  the 
surrey  of  Britain  by  the  government,  ex- 
ecuted by  select  corps  of  the  Royal  Engi- 
neers and  ci\  ilians,  and  which  has  pro- 
duced an  admirable  series  of  large  maps-, 
and  plans  of  minute  accuracy. 

Ordure,  or'dur,  n.  [Pr.  ordur&,  from  O.Pr. 
ordk  It.  ordo,  filthy,  from  L.  horridus, 
horrid.]  Dung;  excrement;  faeces.— Ordu- 
rons,  or'du-rus,  a.  Pertainftig  to  or"  con- 
sisting of  ordure. 

Ore,  Or,  n.  [A.  Sax.  dr,  brass,  copper= Icel. 
eir,  brass,  O.G.  er,  Goth,  aii,  ore ;  cog.  L. 
(ss,  ceris,  ore,  brass ;  Skr.  g.yas,  iron.]  A 
mineral  consisting  of  a  metal  and  some 
ether  substance,  as  oxygen,  sulphur,  or 
carbon  in  combination,  beiqg  the  source 
from  -which  metals  are  usually  obtained 
by  smelting  (metals  found  free  from  such 
combination  being  called  tiative  vietaUy, 
metal,  sometimes  gold  (poetical). 

Oread,  6're-ad,  n.  [Gr.  oreias,  oreiados, 
from  oros,mountain.]  A  mountain  nymph. 

Orecgraphy,  cr-€-og'ra-fi,  n.  [Gr.  oros, 
oreo8,amountain,andprapAe,todescribe.] 
The  science  of  mountains;  orography. 

Organ,  or'gan,  n.  [L.  orgamim,  from  Gr. 
organon,  an  instrument,  implement,  from 
ergo,  to  work;  same  root  as  E.  utork,]  An 
instrument  or  means;  that  which  penorms 
some  ofBce,  duty,  or  function ;  more  com- 
monly, a  part  of  an  animal  or  vegetable 
by  which  some  function  is  carried  on  (as 
the  heart,  the  eye);  a  means  of  communica- 
tion between  one  person  or  body  of  per- 
sons and  another;  a  medium  of  conveying 
cert-ain  opinions;  specifically,  a  newspaper, 
the  largest  and  most  harmonious  of  wind- 
instruments  of  music,  consisting  of  a  great 
number  of  pipes  and  with  keys  similar  to 
those  of  the  piano.— Organ-blower,  n.  One 
who  blows  the  bellows  of  an  organ;  a 
mechanfcal  api^liance  for  this  purpose. — 
Orsan-biiilder,  n.  One  whose  occupation 
is  to  construct  musical  organs.— Organ- 
loft,  n.  The  loft  where  an  organ  stands 
in  a  church,  &c.— Organ-screen,  n.  An 
ornamental  screen  of  stone  or  timber  on 
which  a  church  organ  is  placed. — Organic, 
or-gan'ik,  a.  [L.  organicus.}  Pertaining 
to  an  organ  or  to  organs  of  animals  and 
plants;  pertaining  to  objects  that  have  or- 
gans, hence  to  the  animal  and  vegetable 
worlds;  exhibiting  animal  or  vegetable 
life  and  functions  (organic  bodies,  tissues, 
&c.);  forming  a  whole  with  ar  systematic 
arrangement  of  parts ;  organized ;  syste- 
matized.— Organic  chemistry.  Chemistbt. 
— Organic  disease,  a  disease  in  which  the 
structure  of  an  organ  is  morbidly  altered: 
opposed  to  /unctional  disease.  —  Organic 
laws,  laws  directly  concerning  the  funda- 
mental parts  of  the  constitution  of  a  state. 
— Organic  remaiTis,  those  organized  bodies, 
whether  animals  or  vegetables,  found  in  a 
f orsil  state.— Organlcai,  or-gan'i-kal,a.  Or- 
ganic.—  Organically,  or-gan'i-kal-li,  adv. 
In  an  ori^anic  manner;  by  or  with  organs. 
— Organlcalness,  or-gan'i-kal-nes,  n.— Or- 
ganism, or'gan-izm,  n.  Organic  structure; 
a  body  exhibiting  organization  and  organic 
life;  a  member  of  the  animal  or  vegetable 
kingdoms. — Orgaaiiit,  or'gan-ist,  n.  One 
who  plays  on  the  organ.---Organlzabllity, 
or'gan-iz-a^bil"i-ti,n.  The  property  of  being 
orgaaizable. — Organlzable,  or-gan-iz'a-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  organized. — Organiza- 
tion, or'gan-i-z5"8hon,  n.  .  The  act  or  pro- 
cess of  organizing;  the  act  of  systematizing 
or  arranging;  a  whole  or  aggregate  that 
is  organized;  organic  structure;  arrange- 
ment of  partsor  organsf  or  the  performance 
of  vital  functions. —  Organize,  or'gan-iz, 
v.t.— -organized,  organizing.  To  give  an 
organic  structure  to;  to  arrange  the  several 


parts  of  for  action  or  work;  to  establish 
and  systematize.— Organizer,  or'gan-iz-6r, 
n.  One  who  organizes,  establishes,  or  sys- 
tematizes. —  Organogenesis,  Organogeny, 
or'gan-o-jen-e-sis,  or-ga-noj'e-ni,  n.  fGr. 
organon,  an  organ,  and  genesis,  birth.]  The 
development  of  an  organ  or  of  organs  in 
plants  or  animals.- Organogenic,  or'gan- 
o-jeu"ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  organogeny. — 
Organographic,  Organographical,  or'gan- 
o-graf"ik,  or'gan-o-graf'i-kaJ.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  organography.  —  Organographist, 
or-gan-og^ra-fist,  n.  One  who  describes  the 
organs  of  animal  or  vegetable  bodies. — 
Organography,  or-gan-og'ra-fi,  n.  A  de- 
scription of  the  organs  of  plants  or  ani- 
mals.  —  Organological,  or'gan-o-loj"i-kal. 


a.     Pertaining  to  organology.  —  Organ- 
ology, or-gan-ol'o-ji,  n.  The  ph; 
the  different  organs  of  animals  or  plaits. 


— Organon,  Organum,pr'ga-non,or'ga-num, 
n.  A  body  of  rules  and  canons  for  the 
direction  of.  the  scientific  faculty.  —  Or- 
ganonomia,  or'gan-o-nom"i-a,  n.  [Gr.  or- 
ganon, and  ngmos,  a  law.]  The  doctrine 
of  the  laws  of  organic  Ufe. 

Organzine,  or'gan-zin,  n.  [Ft.  organsin.  It. 
orgamijio.]  A  silk  thread  of  several  thrtods 
twisted  together;  a  fabric  made  of  such 
thread. 

Orgasm,  or'gazm,  n.  [Gr.  orgasnios,  from 
orgaO,  to  swell.]  Immoderate  excitement 
or  action. 

Orgeat,  or'zhat,  «.  [Fr.,  from  orge,  barley.  I 
A  preparation  extracted  from  barley  and 
almonds,  used  to  mix  in  certain  drinks, 
or  medicinally  as  a  mild  demulcent. 

Orgiastic,  or-ji-as'tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Greek  orgies,  or  mystic  festivals.    Orgy. 

Orgues,  orgz,  n.  pi.  [Pr.]  Milit.  long  thick 
pieces  of  timber,  pointed  and  shod  with 
iron  and  hung  over  a  gateway,  to  be  let 
down  in  case  of  attack. 

Orgy,  or'ji,  n.  [Gr.  orgia,  secret  rites,  from 
orge,  violent  passion,  anger.]  Secret  rites 
or  ceremonies  connected  with  the  worship 
of  some  of  the  pagan  deities,  particularly 
revels  of  the  Greeks  in  honour  of  Dionysus 
or  Bacchus:  properly  only  plural  in  this 
sense;  hence,  a  wild  or  frantic  revel;  drun- 
ken revelry. 

Orichalc,  pr'i-kalk,  n.  [L.  orichalcum,  from 
Gr.  oros,  a  mountain,  and  chalkos,  copper.] 
A  metallic  substance  resembling  gold  in 
colour;  the  brass  of  the  ancients. 

Oriel,  o'ri-el,  n.  [O.Pr.  oriol,  L.L.  oriolum, 
a  porch,  a  hall;  origin  doubtful.]  A  large 
window  projecting  from  a  waU,  and  for- 
ming a  bay  or  recess  inside;  a  bay-window. 

Orient,  o'ri-ent,  a.  [L.  oriens,  rising,  ppr.  of 
wior,  ortus,  to  arise;  whence  also  origin, 
{ab)ortion;  root  also  in  order.]  Rising,  as 
the  sun  or  moon;  eastern;  oriental;  bright: 
shining.  —  The  orient,  the  east ;  oriental 
countries. — v.t.  [Fr.  orienter.'\  Surv.  to 
define  the  position  of ,  in  respect  to  the  east 
or  other  points  of  the  compass. — Oriental, 
o-ri-en'tal,  a.  Eastern;  situated  in  the 
east;  proceeding  from  the  east;  applied  to 
gems  as  a  mark  of  excellence ;  precious : 
opposed  to  occidental.' — n.  A  native  of  some 
eastern  part  of  the  world;  an  Asiatic. — 
Orientalism,  o-ri-en'tal-izm,  n.  An  eastern 
mode  of  thought  or  expression;  erudition 
in  oriental  languages  or  literature.  — 
Orientalist,  o-ri-en'tal-ist,  n.  An  oriental: 
one  versed  in  the  eastern  languages  and 
literature.— Orlentallty,  o'ri-en-tal"i-ti,  n. 
The  state  of  being  oriental.— Orientalize, 
S-ri-en'tai-iz,  v.t.  To  render  oriental  or 
conformed  to  oriental  manners.  —  Orien- 
tate, 6'ri-en-tfit,  v.t.  To  cause  to  assume 
an  easterly  direction.— Orientation,  o'ri- 
en-ta"8hon,  n.  A  tuining  towards  the 
east ;  position  east  and  west ;  as  applied 
to  churches,  such  a  position  as  that  the 
chancel  shall  point  to  the  east;  sui^.  the 
determining  of  the  iwints  of  the  compass 
in  taking  bearings. — Orientator,  o'ri-en- 
ta-t6r,  ji.  An  instrument  used  in  orienta- 
tion. 

Orifice,  or'i-fis,  n.  [Fr.  orifice,  from  li. 
orificium^-os,  oris,  the  mouth,  and  /ado, 
to  make.  Oral.]  The  mouth  or  aperture 
of  a  tube,  pipe,  or  other  similar  object;  a 
perforation;  an  opening;  a  vent. 

Orifiamme,  or'i-fiam,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
aurwm,  gold,  ^amma,  flame.]  The  ancient 


royal  standard  of  France;  a  piece  t  i  nd 
silk  fixed  on  a  gilt  spear  with  the  anterior 
edge  cut  into  points. 

Origin,  or'i-jin,  n.  [Fr.  origine,  from  L. 
origo,  originis,  from  orior,  to  rise.  Orient.] 
The  iirst  existence  or  beginning  of  any- 
thing ;  the  commencement ;  fountain ; 
source;  that  from  which  anything  primar- 
ily proceeds. — Original,  o-rij'i-nal,  a.  [L. 
originalis.\  Pertaining  or  belonging  to 
the  origin  or  early  state  of  something; 
primitive;  pristine;  having  the  power  to 
originate  new  thoughts  or  combinations 
of  thought;  produced  by  an  author;  not 
copied.— Ori^noZ  sin,  theol.  the  first  sin  of 
Adam,  namely  the  eating  of  the  forbidden 
fruit;  hence,  either  the  imputation  of 
Adam's  sin  to  his  posterity,  or  that  cor- 
ruption of  nature  and  tendency  to  sin  in- 
herited from  him.  —  n.  Origin;  source; 
first  copy;  archetype;  that  from  which 
anything  is  copied;  a  work  not  copied  from 
another,  but  the  work  of  an  artist  himself; 
the  language  in  which  any  work  is  com- 
posed as  distinguished  from  a  transla- 
tion; a  person  of  marked  individuality  of 
character;  a  primary  stock  or  type  from 
which  varieties  have  been  developed.  — 
Originality,  o-rij'i-nal"i-ti,n.  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  original;  the  power  of 
originating  new  thoughts,  or  uncommon 
combinations  of  thought.— Originally,  o- 
rij'i-nal-li,  adv.  In  an  original  manner; 
at  the  very  beginning;  from  the  first. — 
Originate,  o-rij'i-nat,  v.t.—origvivated,  ori- 
ginating. To  give  origin  or  beginning  to; 
to  cause  to  be;  to  produce.-'-i'.i.  To  take 
first  existence;  to  nave  origin. — Origina- 
tion, o-rij'i-na"shon,  n.  The  act  or  mode 
of  originating;  production. — Originative, 
o-rij'i-na-tiv,  a.  Having  power  to  origi- 
nate.—Orlginatively,  o-rij'i-na-tiv-li,  adv. 
In  an  originative  manner.  —  Originator, 
o-rij'i-nart6r,  n.  A  person  who  originates. 
Orillon,  o-ril'on,  ».  [Fr.  orillon,  from 
oreiUe,  an  ear,  L.  auricula,  dim.  of  auTia, 
the  ear.]  Fort,  a  rounded  work  of  earth 
on  the  shoulder  of  a  bastion. 
Oriole,  6'ri-ol,  n.  [O.Pr.  oriol;  from  L*.  au- 
reolus,  dim.  of  aureus,  golden,  from  aurum, 
gold.]  The  name  of  certain  birds  of  the 
crow  family  with  plumage  generally  of  a 
golden  colour. 

Cfilon,  o-ri'on,  n.  [A  celebrated  hunter  of 
Greek  mythology.]  A  constellation  of  the 
southern  hemisphere  represented  by  the 
figure  of  a  man  with  a  sword  by  his  side, 
three  stars  on  a  line  forming  his  belt. 
Orison,  or'i-zon,  n.  [O.Fr.  orison;  oreison, 
from  L.  oratio,  a  prayer,  from  oro,  to  pray. 
Oration  is  a  doublet  of  this.]  A  prayer  or 
supplication.  [Poet.] 
Orle,  orl,  n.  [Pr.  orle,  dim.  from  L.  ora,  a 
border.]  Her.  a  figure  on  an  escutcheon 
resembling  a  smaller  escutcheon  -with  the 
interior  cut  out;  arch,  a  fillet  under  the 
ovolo  of  a  capital  (also  called  orlet). 
Orleans,  orle-anz,  n.  A  kind  of  cloth  made 
of  worsted  and  cotton,  used  for  dresses, 
&c. 

Orlop,  orlop,  n.  [D.  overloop—over,  over, 
and  loopen,  to  run.  Over,  Leap.]  JVaut. 
the  lowest  deck  in  a  ship  of  war  or  mer- 
chant vessel  that  has  three  decks;  some- 
times a  temporarj'  deck. 
Ormolu,  or'mo-lu,  n.  [Fr.  or-mottlu — or, 
gold,  and  tjiomZm,  pp.  of  mvudre,  L.  molere, 
to  grind.]  A  variety  of  brass  containing 
25  per  cent  zinc  and  75  per  cent  copper, 
made  to  imitate  gold. 
Ornament,  oi-'na-ment,  «.  [Fr.  omement; 
L.  omamentum,  from  omo,  omatum,  to 
adorn.]  That  which  embellishes  or  adorns; 
something  which,  added  to  another  thing, 
renders  it  more  beautiful  to  the  eye;  decora- 
tion; fair  outward  show;  that  which  adds 
beauty  to  the  mind  or  character.— w.<.  To 
adorn;  to  embellish.— Ornamental,  or-na- 
men'tal,  o.  Serving  to  ornament;  per- 
taining to  ornament. — Ornamentally,  or- 
na-men'tal-li,  adv.  In  an  ornamental 
manner. — Ornamentation,  or'na-men-ta"- 
slion,  n.  The  act  of  ornamenting;  the  or- 
naments or  decorations  produced. — Oma- 
menter,  oi'na-men-tftr,  n.  One  who  orna- 
ments. —  Omamentist,  or'na-men-tist,  n. 
One  employed  in  ornamentation;  a  decor- 
ator. 


c4^;.f^,JLi.i.t»u;     B5C,  met,  tto,",     p*ne,pini    nCte,  not,  mUve;     tabe,  tub,  bvjUi     oil,  pound;     a,  Sc  abime— the  Fr. «. 


OKNATE 


473 


OSCULATE 


Ornate,  or'nat,  a.  [L.  omatua,  pp.  of  oj-wo, 
to  adorn.  Orkamext.1  Adorned;  decora- 
ted; ornamental;  richly  and  artistically 
finished:  much  embellished.  —  Ornately, 
or'nat-li,  adv.  In  an  ornate  manner.— 
Omateness,  or'nat-nes,  n. 
Ornithic,  or-nith'ik,  a.  TGr.  omia,  omithos, 
a  bird.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  birds.  —  Or- 
nlthichnite,  or-nith'ik-nit,  n.  [Gr.  ichiws, 
a  footstep.)  A  fossil  footprint  of  a  bird, 
or  resembling  that  of  a  bird.— Omithodel- 
phia,  or'iU-tho-del"fi-a,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  delphys, 
a  womb.]  The  lowest  sub-class  of  mam- 
mals, comsisting  of  the  Echidna  and  the 
Omithurhynchus,  in  which  the  structure 
of  the  reproductive  organs  recalls  that  in 
birds.  —  Omithodelphic,  or'ni-tho-del"fik, 
rt.  l"ertaining  to  the  Ornithodelphia.-^ 
pmithoidichnlte, Qr'nithoidik"nit,n.  An 
omithichnite.  —  Omitholite,  or-nith'o-lit, 
n.  (6r.  iitAos,  aston9.1  The  fossil  remains 
of  birds.  —  Omithologicalj  or'ni-tlio-loj"i- 
kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  ornithology.  —  Or- 
nithologist, or-ni-thol'o-jist,  n.  A  pesson 
skilled  in  ornithology.  —  Ornithology,  or- 
ni-thol'o-ji,  n.  That  branch  of  zoology 
which  treats  of  the  form,  structure,  classi- 
fication, and  habits  of  birds.  —  Oraltho- 
mancy,  or-nith'o-man-si,ri.  (Gr.  vianteia, 
divination.]  Augury,  a  species  of  di\-ina- 
tion  by  means  of  birds,  their  flight,  &c.— 
OmithorhynchuB,  or'ni-tho-ring"kus,  n. 
[Gr.  rhynchos,  a  beak.]  An  oviparoue  mam- 
mal of  Australia  and  Tasmania, one  of  the 
monotremata,  with  a  body  like  that  of  an 
otter,  a  horny  beak  resembling  that  of  a 
duck,  and  webbed  feet;  the  duck-bill, 
duck-mole,  or  water-mole.— Omithosaur, 
or-nith'0-sar,  n.  [Gr.  sauroa,  a  lizard.]  A 
fossil  reptile  with  bird-like  characters.— 
Omithoscopy,  or-ni-thos'ko-pi,  n.  [Gr. 
skopeo,  to  view.]  The  practice  or  art  of 
observing  birds  and  their  habits. 
Orography,  o-rog'ra-fi,  n.  [Gr.  oroa,  a 
mountain,  and  arapho,  to  describe.)  The 
science  which  describes  or  treats,  of  the 
mountains  and  mountain  systems  of  the 
globe;  orology.  —  Orographic,  Orographi- 
cal,  or-o-graf'ik,  or-5-graf'i-kal,  a.  Re- 
lating to  orography.— Orographist,  o-rog'- 
ra-fist,  n.  One  versed  in  orography  or  the 
science  of  mountains. 
Oroide,  o'roid,  n.  [Fr.  or,  gold,  and  Gr. 
eidos,  resemblance.]  An  alloy  resembling 
gold  in  appearance,  and  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  cheap  watch-cases,  trinkets,  &c. 
Orology,  o-rol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  oroa,  a  moun- 
tain, and  logoa,  discourse.]  A  description 
of  mountains;  orographj;.— Orologlcal,  or- 
o-lo.i'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  orology. — 
Orologist,  o-rol'o-jist,  n.  A  describer  of 
mountains;  one  versed  in  orology. 
Orotund,  o'rO-tund,  a.  [L.  os,  oris,  the 
mouth,  and  rotundua,  round,  rotund.] 
Rhet.  characterized  by  fulness,  richness, 
and  clearness;  rich  and  musical:  applied 
to  the  voice  or  manner  of  utterance. 
Orphan, or'f aai ,n.  [ G r. orphanoa, orphaned; 
allied  to  L.  orbua,  bereaved.]  A  child  be- 
reaved of  one  or  both  parents,  generally 
the  latter.— a.  Being  an  orphan;  bereaved 
of  parents. — v.a.  To  reduce  to  the  state  of 
an  orphan;  to  bereave  of  parents,  children, 
or  friends.— Orphanage,  or'fan-aj,  n.  The 
state  of  an  orphan;  a  home  for  orphans.— 
Orphaned,  or'fand,  pp.  and  a.  Bereft  of 
parents  or  friends.  —  Orphanhood,  or'fan- 
nud,  n.  The  state  of  being  an  orphan. 
Orphean,  or-fe'an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Or- 
pheua,  the  legendary  poet  and  musician  of 
ancient  Greece;  hence  melodious.— Orphe- 
on,  or'fg-on,  n.  A  kind  of  musical  instru- 
ment.—Orphic,  or'fik,  a.  Orphean. 
Orpiment,  or'pi-ment,  n.  [Fr.  orpinient, 
from  L.  auripigmentum — awrMW,  gold,  and 
pigraentum,  a  pigment.]  A  mineral  sub- 
8tance,a  compound  of  sulphur  and  arsenic, 
of  a  brilliant  yellow  colour,  forming  the 
basis  of  the  yellow  paint  called  king' s-y el- 
low.— Red  orpiment.  a  name  of  realgar. 
Orpin,  or'pin,  n.  [Fr.  orpin— or,  gold,  and 
peindre,  to  paint.  Orpiment.]  A  yellow 
pigment  of  various  degrees  of  intensity, 
approaching  also  to  red. 
Orpine,  or'pin,  n.  [Fr.  orpin.]  A  British 
plant,  one  of  the  stone-crops. 
Orrery,  or'e-ri,  n.  A  machine  that  repre- 
sents, by  the  movements  of  its  parts,  the 


motions  and  phases  of  the  planets  in  their 
orbits,  named  after  an  Earl  of  Orrery. 

Orris,  or'is,  n.  [Fr.  or,  gold.]  A-  sort  of 
gold. or  silver  lace;  a  pattern  in  which  gold 
and  silver  laee  is  worked. 

Orris,  or'is,  n.  [Corruption  of  tns.]  A 
plant  from  which  is  obtained  orris-root.- 
Orris-root,  71.  The  root  of  three  species  of 
iris  which,  in  its  dried  state,  is  used  as  a 
pectoral  and  expectorant  medicine. 

Orsedew,  Orsedue,  or'se-du,  n.  [Fr.  or, 
gold,  and  seduire,  to  beguile,  to  seduce.) 
A  sort  of  gold-leaf;  Mannheim  gold;  Dutch 
gold. 

Ort,  ort,  n.  (X.G.  ort,  O.I>.  oorete,  rem- 
nants of  food;  from  or,  as  in  ordeal,  and 
verb  to  eat  (D.  eten).}  A  scrap  of  food  left; 
a  fragment;  a  piece  of  refuse;  commonly  in 
the  plural. 

Orthoceras,  or-thos'j&ras,  n.  [Gr.  ortkos, 
straight,  and  keras,  a  horn.)  A  genus  of 
fossil  shells,  straight  or  slightly  curved, 
of  the  nautilus  family .— Orthoceratite,or- 
tho-ser'a-tit.n.  A  fossil  shell  of  this  genus. 

Orthoclase,  or'tho-klaz,  n.  [Gr.  ortkoa. 
straight,  and  klasia,  fracture.]  A  kind  of 
felspar  with  a  straight  flat  fracture. 

Orthodox,  or'tho-doks,  a.  [Gr.  orthodoxos, 
sound  in  the  faith  —  ortkos,  right,  and 
doxttj  opinion  (akin  dogma).']  Bound  in 
opinion  or  doctrine;  particularly,  sound  iu 
religious  opinions  or  doctrines:  opposed  to 
heterodox^;  in  accordance  with  sound  doc- 
trine; sound;  correct  (an  orthodox  faith  or 
proceeding).— Orthodoxical,  or-tho-dok'si- 
kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  orthodoxy;  ortho- 
dox.—Ortliodosly,  or'tho-doks-li,  adv.  In 
an  orthodox  way;  with  soundness  of  faith. 

,  —Orthodoxy,  or'tho-dok-si,  n.  [Gr.  ortho- 
doxia.]  Soundness  of  faith;  correctness  of 
opinion  or  doctrine,  especially  in  religious 
matters. 

Orthodromy,  or'tho-dro-mi,  n.  [Gr.  orthos, 
right,  and  dromos,  course.]  The  act  or 
art  01  sailing  on  a  great  circle  or  in  a 
straight  course.  —  Orthodromic,  or-tho- 
drom'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  orthodromy.— 
Orthodromics,  or-tho-arom'iks,  n.  The 
art  of  sailing  in  the  arc  of  a  great  circle. 

Orthoepy,  or'tho-e-pi  or  or-tho'e-pi,  n.  [Gr. 
orthoepeia — orthoa,  right,  epoa,  a  word.) 
The  art  of  uttering  words  with  propriety; 
a  correct  pronunciation  of  words.— Ortho- 
epic,  Ortnoepical,  or-tho-ep'ik,  or-tho-ep'- 
i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  orthoepy. — Ortho- 
epically,  or-tho-ep'i-kal-li ,  adv.  AVith  cor- 
rect pronunciation.  —  Orthoepist,  or'tho- 
ep-ist  or  or-tho'ep-ist,  n.  One  who  is 
skilled  iu  orthoepy;  one  who  writes  on  or- 
thoepy. 

Orthogamy,  or-thog'a-mi,  n.  [Gr.  orthoa, 
straight,  and  gamoa,  marriage.]  Bat.  di- 
rect or  immediate  fertilization  without 
the  intervention  of  any  mediate  agency. 
Orthognathic,  Orthognathous,  or-thog- 
nath'ik,  or-thog'na-thus,  a.  [Gr.  orthoa, 
straight,  and  gnathos,  a  jaw.]  Having 
jaws  that  do  not  protrude;  having  a  skull 
in  which  the  forehead  does  not  recede  and 
the  jaws  project.    Pkognathic. 

Orthogon,  or'tho-gon,  n.  [Gr.  orthoa,  right, 
and  gOnia,  an  angle.)  A  rectangular 
figure.  —  Orthogonal,  or-thog'on-al,  a. 
Eight-angled.— Orthogonally,  or-thog'on- 
al-li,  adv.    With  or  at  right  angles. 

Orthography,  or-thog'ra-fi,  n.  [Gr.  ortho- 
graphia— orthoa,' right,  and  graphe,  writ- 
ing.] The  art  of  writing  words  with  the 
proper  letters;  the  way  in  which  words  are 
properly  written;  spelling;  the  part  of 
grammar  which  treats  of  letters  and  spel- 
ling; a  geometrical  representation  of  an 
elevation  or  section  of  a  building.— Ortho- 
grapher,  Orthographist,  or-thog'ra-f6r,  or- 
thog'ra-flst.  n.  One  skilled  in  orthogra- 
phy. —  Orthographic,  Orthographical,  or- 
tho-graf'ik,  or-tho-graf'i-kal,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  orthography;  geom.  pertaining  to 
right  lines  or  angles.  —  Orthographic  pro- 
jection, a  projection  used  in  drawing  maps, 
&c.,  the  eye  being  supposed  to  be  at 
an  infinite  distance  from  the  object.— Or- 
thographically,  or-tho-graf'i-kal-U,  adv. 
According  to  the  rules  of  proper  spelling; 
in  the  manner  of  the  orthographic  projec- 
tion.—Orthographize,t  or-thog'ra-nz,  v.i. 
To  use  true  orthography;  to  spell  cor- 
rectly. 


Orthometry,  or-tham'et-ri,  n.  [Gr.  orthoa, 
right,  and  weiron,  a  measure.)  The  art  or 
practice  of  constructing  verse  correctly; 
the  laws  of  correct  vereification. 

Orthopsedia,  Orthopaedy,  or-thO-pe'di-a,  or'- 
tho-pe-di,w.  [Gr.  orthos,  straight,  and  pais, 
a  child.]  The  act  of  curing  or  remedying 
deformities  in  children,  or  generally  in 
the  human  body.  —  Orthopaedic.  Ortho- 
psedical,  or-tho-p6'dik,  or-tho-po'di-kal,  a. 
Relating  to  orthopaedia.  —  Orthopaedist, 
Orthopedist,  or'tho-ped-ist,  n.  One  who 
practises  orthopaedia. 

Owhophony,  or-thof'o-ni,  n.  [Gr.  orthoa, 
straight,  and  phOnd,  voice.)  The  art  of 
correct  speaking;  systematic  cultivation 
of  the  voice. 

Orthopraxy,  or'tho-prak-si,  n.  [Gr.  orthos, 
straight,  and  praxis,  a  doing.)  The  treat- 
ment of  physical  deformities  by  mechani- 
cal agency. 

Orthopter,  Orthopteran,  or-thop't^r,  or- 
thop't6r-an,  n.  [Gr.  orthos,  straight,  and 
pteron,  a  wing.]  One  of  an  order  of  in- 
sects which  have  four  wings,  the  anterior 
pair  being  semi -coriaceous  or  leathery,  the 
posterior  pair  folding  longitudinally  like 
a  fan ;  such  as  the  cockroaches,  grasshop- 
pers, and  locusts.— Orthopterous,  or-thop'- 
t6r-us,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  orthopterans. 

Orthostyle,  or'thO-stil,  a.  [Gr.  orthos, 
straight,  and  sij/?os,  a  column.)  Arch,  hav- 
ing columns  placed  in  a  straight  line. 

Ortnotomous,  or-thot'o-mus,  a.  [Gr.  orthos, 
straight,  and  temnO,  to  cleave.)  Crystal. 
having  two  cleavages  at  right  angles  with 
one  another. 

Orthotropal,  Orthotropous,  or-thot'ro-pa!. 
or-thot'ro-pus,  a.  [Gr.  orthos,  straight,  ana 
trepO,  to  turn.)  Bot.  having  an  ovule  with, 
the  foramen  opposite  the  hilum,  or  aa 
embryo  with  radicle  next  the  hilum. 

Ortive,  or'tiv,  a.  Tli.  ortivus,  from  ortus. 
risen,  orior,  to  rise.  Oriknt.)  Rising  or 
eastern;  relating  to  the  rising  of  a  star. 

Ortolan,  or'to-lan,  n.  [It.  ortolano,  from  L. 
hortulanua,  from  horhts,  a  garden;  it  fre- 
quents the  hedges  of  gardens.)  A  Euro- 
pean bird  of  the  bunting  family,  much 
esteemed  for  the  delicacy  of  its  flesh. 

oryx,  O'riks,  n.  [L.  and  Gr.]  A  name  for 
a  species  of  antelope,  a  native  of  the  coun- 
tries on  both  sides  of  the  Red  Sea;  also 
the  gemsbok  of  South  Africa. 

Osage-orange,  o'saj,  n.  A  North  Americaii 
tree  of  the  mulberry  family,  producing 
large  yellow  fruits  resembling  an  orange, 
but  not  edible. 

Oscan,  os'kan,  n.  An  ancient  Italian  Ian 
guage,  of  which  a  few  fragments  remain, 
allied  to  the  Latin. 

Oscillate,  os'sil-lat,  v.i.—oacillated,  oscillat- 
ing. [L.  oscillo,  oscillatum,  from  oscillum 
a  little  face  pr  masque  hung  to  a  tree  and 
swaying  with  the  wind,  dim.  of  oa,  the 
mouth,  the  face.  Oracle.)  To  swing;  to 
move  backward  and  forward ;  to  vibrate; 
to  vary  or  fluctuate  between  fixed  limits 
— Oscillancy,  os'sil-lan-si,  n.  State  of  os- 
cillating or  swinging  backwards  and  for- 
wards.—Oscillating,  os'sil-lat-ing,  a.  Mov- 
ing backward  and  forward;  vibrating.— 
Oacillating  cylinder,  an  engine  cylinder 
which  rocks  on  trunnions,  and  the  piston- 
rod  of  which  connects  directly  to  the 
cr?iiiLk.— Oscillating  piston,  an  engine  pis- 
ton which  oscillates  in  a  sector-shaped 
chamber.  —  Oscillation,  os-sil-la'shon,  n. 
[L.  oscillatio.]  The  act  or  state  of  oscillat- 
ing or  swinging  backward  and  forward; 
vibration.  —  Oscillative,  os'sil-la-tiv,  o. 
Having  a  tendency  to  oscillate.  —  Oscil- 
lator, os'sil-la-t6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  oscillates.— Oscillatory,  os'sil-la-to- 
ri,  o.  Moving  backward  ana  forward  like 
a  pendulum. 

Oscitancy,  os' si-tan-si,  n.  [L.  oscito,  to 
yawn,  from  os,  the  mouth.)  The  act  of 
gaping  or  yawning;  sleepiness;  drowsi- 
ness. —  Oscitant,  os'si-tant,  a.  Yawning ; 
gaping;  drowsy;  sluggish.— Oscltantly,  os'- 
si-tant-li,  adv.  In  an  oscitant  manner. — 
Oscitate,  os'si-tat,  v.i.  To  ya^vn;  to  gape 
with  sleepiness.- Oscitation,  os-si-ta'shon, 
n.    The  act  of  yawning. 

Osculate,  os'kfi-lat,  v.t.— osculated,  osculat- 
ing. [L.  osculor,  to  kiss,  from  oscidu^n,  a 
kiss,  dim,  of  os,  the  mouth.  Oracle.)    To 


ch,  c/taiu;     ch,  Sc.  locA; 


,00; 


j.job;     u,  rr.  ton;     ng,  biiiy;     lu,  (Aen;  th,  <Ain;     w,tds;    wb,  wWg;     zh,  tuuic 


OSIER 


474 


OTITIS 


ralute  with  a  kiss;  to  kiss;  pcom.  to  touch, 
as  one  curve  another.  —  v.i.  To  kiss  one 
another;  to  kiss;  geom.  to  touch  at  a  point, 
as  two  curves  coming  in  contact.  —  Oscu- 
lant, os'kQ-lant,  a.  Kissing;  osculating; 
having  features  bordering  on  those  of  two 
groups  of  plants  or  animals.— Osculating, 
os'kQ-la-ting,  p.  and  a.  Kissing ;  geom. 
coming  in  contact  so  as  merely  to  touch. 
— Oscidivtion,  os-kn-la'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
osculating;  a  kissing;  specifically,  geom. 
the  contact  between  any  given  curve  and 
another  cur\'e.  —  Point  of  osculation,  the 
point  where  the  osculation  takes  place, 
and  where  the  two  cmres  have  the  same 
curvature.  —  Osculatory,  os'ka-la-to-ri,  a. 
Pertaining  to  osculation  or  kissing.— Os- 
colum,  os'ka-lum,  n.  pi.  Oscula,  os'kQ-la. 
Lit.  a  little  mouth;  zool.  one  of  the  large 
exhalant  apertures  by  which  a  sponge  is 
perforated;  one  of  the  suckers  of  the  tape- 
worms, &c. 

Osier,  o'zhi-6r,  n.  [Ffi  osier.  Ft.  dial,  oisis. 
Armor,  oiil,  aozU,  an  osier;  comp.  Gr.oisos, 
an  osier.J  The  name  of  various  species  of 
willow,  chiefly  employed  in  basket-mak- 
ing.—«.  Made  of  osier  or  twigs;  like  osier. 
— Osiered,  o'zhi-erd,a._  Covered  or  adorned 
with  osiers  — Oslery,  o'zhi-tr-i,  n.  A  place 
■where  osiers  are  grown. 
Osiris,  o-a'ris,  n.  The  great  Egyptian  deity, 
the  husband  of  Isis,  and  the  personifica- 
tion of  all  physical^  and  moral  good. 
Osmazome,  os'ma-zOm,  n.  [Gr.  osmc,  odour, 
and  lOmos,  juice.]  The  matter  in  muscular 
fibre  which  gives  the  peculiar  smell  to 
boiled  meat  and  flavour  to  soups. 
Osmium,  os'rhium,  n.  [Gr.  oame,  odour.] 
A  bluish-white  metal,  very  hard, and  more 
infusible  than  any  other  metal,  so  called 
from  its  oxide  possessing  an  extremely 
disagreeable  odour.  —  Osmlc,  os'mik,  o. 
Pertaining  to  or' obtained  from  osmium. 
— Osmlous,  os'mi-us,  a.  Belonging  to  os- 
mium. 

Osmose,  os'mos,  n.  [Gr.  Osmos,  an  impulse, 
a  pushing,  from  6the6,  to  push.]  The  im- 
piilse  or  tendency  of  fluids  to  passthrough 
porous  partitions  and  mix  or  become  dif- 
fused through  each  other;  the  phenomena 
attending  the  passage  of  fluids,  whether 
liquids  or  gase"?,  through  a  porous  septum. 
Endosmose,  E,\osmose. — Osmotic,  os-mot'- 
ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
osmose. — Osmometer,  os-mom'et-6r,  re.  An 
instrument  or  apparatus  for  measuring 
the  velocity  of  the  osmotic  force. — Osmome- 
try, os-mom'et-ri,  n.  The  act  or  process 
of  measuring  the  velocity  of  osmotic  force. 
Osmunda,  Osmond-royal,  os-mun'da,  os'- 
mund,  n.  A  fine  British  fern;  the  flower- 
ing-fern. 

Osnaburg,  oz'na-bferg,  n.  A  species  of 
coarse  hnen  cloth,  originally  made  at  and 
imported  from  Osnabiirg,  in  Germany. 
Osprey,  Ospray,  os'pra,  ji.  [CoiTupted  from 
ossifrage,  L.  ossifraga,  lit.  the  bone- 
breaker — o«,  a  bone,  and  frango,  to  break.] 
A  well-known  rapacious  bird  which  feeds 
almost  entirely  on  fish  captured  by  sud- 
denly darting  upon  them  when  near  the 
surface. 

Ossein,  Osseine,  os's5-in,  n.  [From  L.  osseus, 
bony,  from  os,  ossis,  a  bone;  akin  Gr.  ostemi. 
Skr.  aathi,-^  bone.)  Bone  tissue;  the  soft 
glue-like  substance  of  bone  left  after  the 
removal  of  the  earths. — Osselet,  os'8e-let,n. 
[Fr.,  a  little  bone,  dim.  of  L.  os,  ossis,  a 
none.]  A  hard  substance  growing  on  the 
inside  of  a  horse's  knee;  the  internal  bone 
of  some  cuttle-fishes. — Osseous,  os'se-UB,a. 
fL.  osseus.]  Bony;  resembling  bone. — 
Ossicle,  os'i-kl,  n.  [L.  ossiculum,  dim. 
from  OS,  a  bone.]  A  small  bone;  some  of 
the  small  bones  of  the  human  skeleton,  as 
those  of  the  internal  ear;  a  small  hard 
structure  in  star-fishes,  &c. — Ossiculated, 
os-sik'a-la-ted,  a.  Furnished  with  ossicles. 
— Ossiferous,  os-sif'6r-us,  a.  Producing 
or  furnishing  bones.  —  Ossilio,  os-sif'ik,  a. 
Having  power  to  ossify. —  Ossification, 
O8'i-fi-ka"shon,  n.  The  act  of  ossifying; 
the  change  or  process  of  changing  into 
a  bony  substance. — Ossifrage,  os'i-frftj, 
n.  rh..08sifraga.  Osprey.]  A  name  for- 
merly given  to  the  osprey  or  its  young. 
— Ossifragous,f  08-sif'ra-gug,a.  Breaking  or 
fracturing  the  bones.— Ossify,  os'i-fi,  v.t. 


— ossified,  ossifi  ing.  [  L.  os,  ossis,  bon.:, 
and  Jacio,  to  form.]  To  form  into  bone; 
t-o  fthange  fron  a  soft  animal  substance 
into  bone,  or  a  substance  of  the  hardness 
of  bones.-  t».i.  "o  become  bone  or  bony.— 
Ossifying,  os'i-f -ing,  p.  and  a.  Changing 
into  bone;  beef  ming  bone.  —  Ossivorons, 
os-siv'o-rus,  a.  [L.  os,  ossis,  bonCj  and  voro, 
to  eat.]  Feeding  on  bones;  eating  bones. 
—Ossuary,  os's'i-a-ri,  n.  [L.  ossuarium.] 
A  charnel-house;  a  place  where  the  bories 
of  the  dead  are  leposited. 

Osteal,  os'te-al,  a.  [Gr.  osteon,  a  bone. 
Ossein.]  Consisting  of  or  pertaining  to 
bone. 

Osteins,  os't6-in»».    Same  as  Ossein. 

Ostensible,  os-t*  n'si-bl,  a.  [Fr.  ostensible, 
from  L.  ostend?,  ostensum,  to  show-^6, 
towards,  and  tendo,  to  hold  but.  Tend, 
Tent.]  Put  forth  as  having  a  certain 
character,  wh'ther  worthy  of  it  or  not; 
hence,  frequen  ly,  apparent  and  not  real; 
having  something  of  sham  or  pretence; 
pretended ;  professed.  .•.  Syn..  under  Col- 
ourable. —  Ostensibly,  os-ten'si-bli,  adv. 
In  an  'ostensible  maimer;  professedly.— 
Ostensibllity,  os-ten'si-biI"i-ti,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  ostensible.— Os- 
tensive,  os-ten'siv,  a.  [Fr.  ostensif,  from 
L.  ostendo,  to  show.]  Showing;  exhibiting. 
—  Ostensively,  os-ten'siv-li,  adv.  In  an 
ostensive  manner.  —  Ostentation,  os-ten- 
ta'shon,  ji.  [L.  ostentatio,  from  ostenio,  to 
show  ofi',  to  display,  intens.  of  ostendo.] 
Ambitious  digplay;  pretentious  parade; 
display  dictated  by  vanity,  or  to  invite 
praise  or  flattery.— Ostentatious,  os-ten- 
ta'shus,  a.  Characterized  by  ostentation; 
showy;  intended  for  vain  display.— Osten- 
tatiously, os-ten-ta'shus-li,  adv.  In  an 
ostentatious  manner.—  Ostentationsness, 
"os-ten-ta'shus-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  ostentatious. 

Osteocolla,  os'te-o-kol'la,  n.  [Gr.  osteon,  a 
bone,  and  kolla,  glue.]  An  inferior  kind 
of  glue  obtained  from  bone;  bone-glue. — 
Osteodentine,  os't6-o-den"tin,  n.  [L.  dens, 
dentis,  a  tooth.]  A  modification  of  den- 
tine observed  in  the  teeth  of  certain  ani- 
mals. —  Osteoblast,  os'te-o-blast,  n.  [Gr. 
blastos,  a  germ.]  Physiol,  a  cell  or  cor- 
puscle forming  the  germ  from  which  osse- 
ous tissue  is  formed.— Osteogenesis,  Oste- 
ogeny, os't5-6-jen"e-sis,  os-te-oj'e-ni,  n. 
[Gr.  genesis,  origin.]  The  formation  or 
growth  of  bone.— Osteographer,  os-te-og'- 
ra-f6r,  n.  One  who  describes  the  bony 
parts  of  the  body,  or  the  skeleton.— Osteog- 
raphy, os-te-og'ra-fl,  n.  A  description  of 
the  bones;  osteology.  —  Osteolepis,  os-te- 
ol'e-pis,  re.  [Gr.  lepis,  a  scale.]  A  genus 
of  ganoid  fishes  from  the  old  red  sand- 
stone, with  enamelled  bony  scales.— Oste- 
ologic,  Osteological,  os'te-d-loj"ik,  os'tc-o- 
loj"i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  osteology.— 
Osteologically,  os'te-o-loj'i-kal-li,  adv.  Ac- 
cording to  osteology.— Osteologist,  Osteol- 
oger,  os-te-ol'o-jist,  os-te-ol'o-jer,  n.  One 
versed  in  osteologj';  one  who  describes  the 
bones  of  animals.— Osteology,  os-te-ol'o-ji, 
n.  [Gr.  logos,  discourse.]  That  branch  of 
anatomy  which  treats  of  bones  and  bone 
tissue.— Osteoplasty,  os'te-o-plas-ti,n.  [Gr. 
plassO,  to  form.]  An  operation  by  which 
the  total  or  partial  loss  of  a  bone  is  reme- 
died.—Osteosarcoma,  Osteosarcosis,  os'te- 
o-sar-ko"ma,  os'te-o-sar-ko"sis,n.  [Gr.sarx, 
flesh.]  Disease  of  the  bony  tissue  oy  which 
it  is  transformed  into  a  fleshy  substance 
analogous  to  that  of  cancer.— Osteotomy, 
os-t€-ot'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  tome,  a  cutting.]  The 
dissection  of  bones.— Osteozoa,  os'te-6-zo"a, 
n.  pi.  [Gr.  zoon,  an  animal.]  A  term  some- 
times used  as  an  equivalent  to  Verte- 
brata. 

Ostitis,  os-ti'tis,  n.  [Gr.  osteon,  a  bone,  and 
term,  -itw, signifying  inflammation.]  In- 
flammation of  a  bone. 

Ostler,  os'l6r.    Hostler. 

Ostracean,  os-tra'she-an.  n.  [L.  osirea,  an 
oyster.]  A  bivalve  mollusc  of  the  oyster 
family. 

Ostracion,  os-trfi'shi-on,  w.  [Gr.  ostrakon, 
a  shell.]  A  fish  with  an  external  covering 
or  case  composed  of  plates  firmly  united 
to  one  another  at  their  edges. 

Ostracism,  os'tra-sizm,  re.  [Gr.  ostrakismos, 
from  oatrakon,  a  shell,  a  voting  tablet.]  A 


political  measure  among  theancient  Athp- 
nians  by  which  perilous  considered  dan- 
geious  to  the  state  were  banished  by  pub- 
lic vote  for  a  term  of  years:  so  called  be- 
cause the  votes  were  given  on  shells; 
banishment  from  society ;  expulsion.  — 
Ostracize,  Ostracise,  os'tra-siz,  v.t.— ostra- 
cized, ostracizing.  To  exile  by  ostracism; 
to  banish  from  society;  to  exclude  from 
public  or  private  favour. 
Ostreaceous,  os-tr5-5'shus,  a.  [L.  ostrea,  an 
oyster.]  Of  or  belonging  to  the  oyster 
family.  —  Ostreaculture,  os'tre-a-kul"tur, 
n.  The  artificial  culti^'ation'cr  breeding 
of  oysters.— Ostreophagist,  os-trg-of'a-jist, 
n.  [Gr.  phago,  to  eat.]  One  who  feeds 
upon  oysters;  an  oyster-eater.  —  Ostrifer- 
ous,  os-trif'er-us,  a.  Producingor  contain- 
ing oysters. 

Ostrich,  os'trich,  re.  [O.Fr.  ostruche,  os- 
truce,  Fr.  aulruche,  from  L.  avis,  a  bird, 
and  struthio,  Gr.  struthiOn,  an  ostrich.]  A 
large  running  bird  inhabiting  the  sandy 
plains  of  Africa  and  Arabia,  the  largest  of 
all  existing  birds,  and  whose  wing  and 
tail  feathers  form  plumes  of  great  beauty 
and  value;  an  allied  bird  of  S.  America. 
Ostrogoth,  os'tro-goth,  re.  [L.L.  ostro- 
goilius,  from  osti-us,  eastern  (G.  ost,  east), 
and  Gothus,  a  Goth.]  One  of  the  eastern 
Goths,  as  distingmshed  from  the  Visi- 
goths or  western  Goths.— Ostrogothic,  os- 
tro-goth.'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Ostro- 
goths; 

Otacoustic,  o-ta-kous'tik,  a.  [Gr.  ous,  Otos, 
an  ear,  and  akoustikos,  acoustic]  Assist- 
ing the  sense  of  hearing. 
Otalgia,  Otalgy,  o-tal'ji-a,  o'tal-ji,  n.  [Gr. 
oiis,  otos,  the  ear,  and  algos,  pain.J  A  pain 
in  the  ear;  ear-ache. 

Otary,  o'ta-ri,  re.  [Gr.  otaros,  large-eared, 
from  ous,  Otos,  an  ear.]  One  of  those  seals 
that  have  projecting  external  ears,  and 
yield  the  sealskin  of  commerce. 
Other,  uTH'fer,  a.  and  pron.  [A.  Sax.  ither 
=D.  and  G.  ander,  Icel.  annar,  Dan.auciere, 
Goth,  anihar;  cog.  Lith.  antras,  L.  alter, 
Skr.areyatara  (compar.  of  anj/a)— other:  all 
comparative  forms.]  Kot  the  same;  dif- 
ferent; second  of  two;  additional  (get 
other  knowledge  as  well);  not  this;  oppo- 
site (the  other  side  of  the  street! :  often 
nsed  reciprocally  with  each,  and  applicable 
to  any  number  of  individuals  (help  each 
othe7-).  It  is  also  used  substantively,  and 
may  take  the  plural  number  and  the  sign 
of  the  possessive  -case,  and  frequently  is 
opposed  to  some,  one,  /,  or  the  like  (some 
were  right,  others  were  wrong;  the  07i« 
and  the  other).— The  other  day.  on  some 
day  not  long  past;  quite  rtc&at\y.— Every 
other,  every  second  {every  other  day,  eveiy 
other  week).  —  Otherness,  uTH'er-nes,  re. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  other.— 
Otherwhere,  uTH'fer-whar,  re.  In  some 
other  plac^  elsewhere. — Otherwise,  uih'- 
6r-wiz,  adv.  In  a  different  manner;  dif- 
ferently; not  so;  by  other  causes;  in  other 
respects.- .Rat/ier  .  .  .  than  otherwise, 
rather  than  not  (rather  pleased  than  other- 
%nse).—conj.  Else;  but  for  this;  such  not 
being  the  case. 

Otic,  ot'ik,  a.  [Fr.  otigue,  from  Gr.  ous, 
Otos,  the  ear.]  Belonging  or  relating  to 
the  ear. 

Otiose,  6'shi-os,  a.  [L.  otios«8,  from  otitim, 
leisure.]  Idle;  unemployed;  being  at  rest 
or  ease.  —  Otiosity,  o-shi-os'i-ti,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  otiose. 
Otitis,  o-ti'tis,  re.  [Gr.  ous,  Otos,  the  ear,  and 
term,  -itis,  signifying  inflammation.]  In- 
flammation of  the  tympanic  cavity  of  the 
ear,  accompanied  with  intense  pain.  — 
Otocrane,  ot'6-kran,  re.  [Gr.  kraniun,  the 
skull.]  Anat.  that  part  of  the  skull  con- 
taining the  internal  ear.  —  Otography,  o- 
tog'ra-fi,  re.  That  branch  or  anatomy 
which  describes  the  ear.— Otolite,  Otolith, 
6'to-lit,  o'to-lith,  re.  [Gr.  lithos,  a  stone.] 
A  name  of  small  calcareous  bodies  con- 
tained in  the  ear-cavities  of  some  of  the 
lower  animals.— Otology,  6-toro-ji,Ji.  That 
branch  of  anatomy  which  concerns  itself 
with  the- ear.  — Otopathy,  O-top'a-thi,  re. 
[Gr.  pathos,  a  disease.]  A  diseased  condi- 
tion of  the  ear.— Otorrhoea,  S-tor-r6'a,  n. 
[Gr.  r?ied,  to  flow.]  A  purulent  discharge 
from  the  ears.  —  Otoscope,  C'to-skOp,  n. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;  -  me,  met,  htr;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tube,  tub,  b\»Ii;     oil,  pound;     ij,  Sc.  abwne— the  Fr.  ?', 


OTTAE 


475 


OUTLAW 


Surg,  an  instrumeat  lor  examining  the 
interior  of  the  ear.  —  Otosteal,  o-tos'te-al, 
n.  [6r.  osteon,  a  bone.]  A  bone  of  the  ear. 
Ottar,  ot'tar,  ii.  Attar.  "  ■ 
Ottava-rima,  ot-ta'varre-ma,  n.  [It.,  eighth 
or  octuple  rhyme;]  An  Italian  form  of 
versification  consisting  of  eight  lines,  of 
which  the  first  six  rhyme  alternately  and 
the  last  two  form  a  couplet. 

Otter,  offer,  n.  [A.  Sax.  otter  =1).  and  G. 
otter,  Dan.  odder,  Icel.  otr;  cog.  Lith. 
vdra,  Rus.  and  Pol.  wydra,  same  root  as 
water.]  A  digitigrade  carnivorous  mam- 
mal of  amphibious  habits,  there  being 
several  species;  they  feed  on  fish,  and  their 
fur  is  much  prized.  —  Otter-dog,  Otter- 
hound, n.  A  variety  of  dog  employed  in 
the  chase  of  the  otter. 

Otto,  ot'to.    Attar. 

Ottoman,  ot'to-man,  a.  -[From  Othoman 
or  Osman,  the  sultan  who  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  the  Turkish  Empire  in  Asia.] 
Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  the  Turks. 
— n.  A  Turk;  a  kind  of  a  couch  or  sofa  in- 
troduced from  Turkey. 

Oubliettej  o-ble-et,  n.  [Fr.,  from  ouUier, 
L;  obliviscor,  to  forget.  Oblivion.]  A 
drmgeon  with  an  opening  only  at  the  top 

jior  the  admission  of  air,  used  for  persons 
j  condemned  to  perpetual  imprisonment,  or 
to  perish  secretly,  and  existing  in  some  old 
castles  or  other  buildings. 

Ouch,  ouch,  n.  [For  7ioixh,  from  O.Fr. 
nouche,  nosche,  O.H.G-.  nusca,  a  brooch.] 
The  setting  of  a  precious  stone  (O.T.);  a 
jewel;  a  bropch. 

Ought,  at,  V.  auxil.  [Originally  the  pret- 
erite of  the  verb  to  owe.  A".  Sax.  dgan,  to 
possess,  but  now  used  indifferently  as  a 
present  and  a  past:  /  ought,  thou  oughtest, 
he  ought,  we,  ye,  they  ought,  to  do  or  to 
have  done.  Owe.]  To  be  held  or  bound  in 
duty  or  moral  obligation. 

Ought,  at,  n.    Aught;  anything.    Aught. 

Ought,  ftt,  n.  [A  corruption  of  nought.]  A 
vulgar  name  for  a  cipher. 

Ouistiti,  o-is'ti-ti,  n.  [^Imitative  of  its 
whjstUng  cry.]  A  beautiful  little  monkey 
of  tropical  America. 

Ounce,  onus,  n.  [From  L.  unHa,  the  twelfth 
part  of  anything ;  whence  also  inch.]  A 
weight,  the  twelfth  part  of  a  pound  troy, 
an4  the  sixteenth  of  a  pound  avoirdupois. 

Ounce,  ouns.  [Fr.  once,  Sp.  onza.  It.  loma, 
probably  from  Per.  yojtz,  an  ounce.]  A 
carnivorous  animal  resembling  a  small 
panther  inhabiting  the  warmer  parts  of 
Asia;  a  name  sometimes  given  'to  the 
American  jaguar. 

Our,  our,  a.  [A.  Sax.  tire,  our,  contr.  for 
liser,  our,  from  its,  us  =:  Gr.  wiser,  Goth. 
unsar,  our.  Us.]  Pertaining  or  belonging 
to  us  (our  country;  our  rights).  0ur8  is  a 
later  possessive  form  and  is  used  in  place 
of  o«r  and  a  noun  (the  book  is  oiirs).— Our- 
self,  ouir'self ,  pron.  Myself:  used  like  we 
and  MS  in  the  regal  or  formal  style. — Our- 
selves, our'selvz,  pi.  of  ourself.  We  or  us, 
not  others:  often  when  used  as  a  nomina- 
tive added  to  toe  by  way  of  emphasis  or  op- 
position; when  in  the  objective  often  with- 
out emphasis  and -simply  serving  as  the 
reflexive  pronoun  corresponding  to  us. 

Ourang-outang,  o-rang'o-tang",  n.-   Orano- 

OUTANG. 

Ouranography.    TJranographt. 

Ourari,  o'ra-r5,  n.    Cprari. 

Curetic,  ou-ret'ik,  a.  [Gr.  ouron,  urine.] 
Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from  urine. 

Ousel,  Ouzel,  o'zl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  6sle,  an  ousel, 
alcin  .to  O.H.G.  amisala,  G.  annsel,  an 
ousel.]  ■  An  old  or  poetical  name  for  the 
blackbird;  also  applied  with  qualifications 
to  other  birds  of  the  thrush  family  (ring- 
ouzel,  water-ouzel). 

Oust,  oust,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  ouster,  Mod.Fr.  6ter, 
supposed  to  be  from  L.L.  hausto,  haustare, 
to  remove,  a  freq.  froro,  L.  haurio,  to  draw 
out  (as  in  exhaust).]  To  eject;  to  turn  oat; 
to  dispossess.— Ouster,  ous'tfer,  n.  Law, 
dispossession  or  ejection. 

Out,  out,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  O.  Sax.  O.Fris. 
Icel.  and  Goth.  M,  Sw.  ut,  Dan.  yd,  I),  m^ 
G.  aus,  out;  seen  in  hut,  about,  utter,  ut- 
most] On  or  towards  the  outside;  not  in 
or  within;  without:  opposed  to  in,  into,  or 

jwithin;  not  in-doors;  abroad;  bfeyond  usual 

ilimits  (he  was  out  when  I  called);  hence. 


engaged  in  a  duel  (he  has  been  out  several 
times);  to  call  a  person  out=to  challenge 
him;  no  longer  concealed  or  kept  secret; 
not  in  a  state  of  obscurity;  public  (the 
secret  is  out) ;  finished ;  exhausted ;  used 
up;  deficient;  having  expended  (out  of 
money);  extinguished;  no  longer  burning 
(the  candle  or  fire  is  out);  not  in  employ- 
ment; not  in  ofiice;  to  an  end  or  settle- 
ment (hear  me  out);  loudly;  in  an  open  and 
free  manner  (to  laugh  out);  not  in  the 
hands  of  the  owner  (out  on  loan) ;  in  an 
error;  at  a  loss;  in  a  puzzle;  having  taken 
her  place  as  a  woman  in  society  (said  of  a 
young  lady).  —  Out  at  elbow,  out  at  heels, 
having  the  elbow  or  heels  shovdngthrough 
the  clothes;  hence,  in  very  poor  circum- 
stances.—Om<  is  often  used  imperatively 
without  a  verb  in  the  sense  of  begone, 
away;  hence,  as  an  interjection,  expressive 
of  anger,  abhorrence,  &c.:  often  with  on  or 
upon  (out  on  you,  out  upon  you).  Out  forms 
a  prefix  in  many  words,  especially  verbs, 
in  which  it  usually  expresses  a  greater 
measure  or  degree  in  doing  something. — 
n.  One  who  is  out ;  especially  one  out  of 
office,  politically  (chiefly  in  the  plural)  j  a 
nook  or  comer;  a  projecting  angle  (ins 
and  outs) ;  hence,  the  ins  and  outs  of  a 
question,  all  its  details.— Out  of.  (Really 
a  compound  prep,  like  into,  upon.)  Pro- 
ceeding from  as  source  or  origin;  in  conse- 
quence of;  taken,  extracted,  or  quoted 
from;  from  or  proceeding  from  a  place  or 
the  interior  of  a  place ;  beyond  (out  of  the 
power  of  fortune);  not  in;  excluded  from 
(out  of  iavoui;  owl!  0/ use);  denoting  devia- 
tion from  what  is  common,  regular,  or  pro- 
per (oiU  0/ order);  from,  by  way  of  rescue  or 
liberation  (to  be  delivered  ovi  o/afilictions); 
not  within  the  limits  or  scope  of  (out  of 
hearing,  OMio/sight,oufo/reach);denoting 
loss  or  exhaustion  (out  0/ breath).— Ouf  of 
hand,  immediately;  without  delay.— Om<  of 
print  denotes  that  a  book  is  not  on  sale  or 
to  be  purchased,  the  copies  printed  having 
been  all  sold. — Out  of  sorts,  out  of  order; 
unwell.— Om<  of  temper,  in  bad  temper; 
irritated.— OMt  of  trim,  not  in  good  order. 
— Out  of  one's  time,  having  finished  one's 
apprenticeship. — Out  of  tune,  discordant ; 
not  harmonious.— Out-and-out,  adv.  Com- 
pletely; thoroughly;  without  reservation. 
[Colloq.] — a.  Thorough;  thorough-paced; 
absolute;  complete  (an  out-and-out  swin- 
dle). [Colloq. J— Outing,  out'ing,  n.  The 
act  of  going  out;  an  excursion;  an  airing. 
—Outness,  out'nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
out;  externality;  objectivity. 
Outargue,  out-iir'gQ,  v.t.  To  argue  better 
than;  to  surpass  in  arguing.— Outbid,  out- 
bid', v.t.  To  bid  more  than;  to  go  beyond 
in  the  offer  of  a  price.— Outblaze,  out-blaz', 
"V.t.  To  excel  in  blazing;  to  render  com- 
paratively obscure;  to  eclipse.— Outblush, 
out-blush',  v.t.  To  surpass  in  blushing;  to 
exceed  in  rosy  colour.  —  Outboard,  out'- 
bord,  a.  Naut.  applied  to  anything  that 
is  on  the  outside  of  the  ship  (the  outboard 
works,  &c.).— Outbrag,  out-brag',  v.t.  To 
surpass  in  bragging,  bravado,  or  ostenta- 
tion.— Outbrave,  out-brav',  v.  t.  To  surpass 
in  braving;  to  bear  down  by  more  daring 
or  insolent  conduct.  —  Outbrazen,  out- 
bra'zn,  v.t.  To  exceed  in  brazening;  to 
bear  down  with  impudence.  ~  Outbreak, 
oufbrak,  n.  A  breaking  out;  a  bursting 
forth;  a  sudden  and  violent  manifestation 
(as  of  fever,  anger,  disease).  —  v.i.  (out- 
brak').  To  breai  or  burst  forth.  —  Out- 
breaking, out'brak-ing,  n.  The  act  of 
breaking  out;, an  eruption.— Outbreathe, 
out-breTH',  v.t.  To  breathe  out.— Outburst, 
out'berst,  n.  A  breaking  or  bursting  out; 
an  outbreak  (an  outburst  of  wrath).— Out- 
cast, out'kast,  n.  One  who  is  cast  out  or 
expelled;  an  exile;  one  driven  from  home 
or  country.— a.  Cast  out;  thrown  away; 
rejected  us  useless.— Outcome,  out'kum,  n. 
Tliat  which  comes  out  of  or  results  from, 
something;  the  issue;  the  result;  the  con- 
sequence.—Outcrier,  Outcryer,  out'kri-6r, 
n.  One  who  cries  or  proclaims;  a  public 
crier;  an  auctioneer.— Outcrop,  oufkrop, 
v.i.  Geol.  to  crop  out  or  appear  above  the 
surface  of  the  ground:  said  of  strata.— n. 
Qeol.  the  exposure  of  an  inclined  stratum 
at  the  surface  of  the  ground;  the  part  so 


exposed;  the  basset.— Outsry,  out'kri,  n. 
A  vehement  or  loud  cry ;  cry  of  distress , 
clamour;  noisy  opposition;  sale  at  pubnc 
auction.— !;.<.  (out-kri').  To  surpass  or  get 
the  better  of  by  crying;  to  cry  louder  than. 
— Outdare,  out-dar',  v.t.  To  dare  or  ven- 
ture beyond. — Outdazzle,  out-daz'l,  v.t.  To 
8vu:pas8  in  dazzling.  —  Outdistance,  out- 
dis'tans,  v.t.  To  excel  or  leave  far  behind 
in  any  competition  or  career. — Outdo,  out- 
do', v.t.  To  excel;  to  surpass;  to  perform 
beyond  another. — Outdoor,  out' dor,  a. 
Being  without  the  house;  exterior;  in  the 
open  air;  specifically  used  of  paupers  who 
are  not  required  to  reside  in  a  union  or 
poorhouse.  —  Outdoors,  out-dorz',  adv. 
Abroad;  out  of  the  house;  in  the  open 
air. 

Outer,  out'6r,  a.  [Compar.  of  out]  Being 
on  the  outside;  external;  opposed  to  inner; 
farthest  or  farther  removed  from  a  person 
or  fixed  point.— n.  That  part  of  a  target 
beyond  the  circles  surrounding  the  bull's- 
eye,  and  so  nearer  the  outside;  a  shot 
which  strikes  that  part.— Outermost,  out'- 
6r-mo£t,  a.  Being  on  the  extreme  external 
part;  remotest  from  the  midst;  most  dis- 

.  tant  of  a  series. 

Outface,  out-fas',  v.t.  To  brave;  to  bear 
down  with  an  imposing  front  or  with  ef- 
frontery; to  stare  down.— Outfall,  out'fal, 
51.  The  mouth  of  a  river;  the  lower  end  of 
a  water-course;  the  point  of  discharge  for, 
or  the  embouchure  of  a  drain,  culvert,  or 
sewer.— Outfit,  out'fit,  n.  The  act  of  fitting 
out  for  a  voyage,  journey,  or  expedition ; 
articles  for  fitting  out;  the  equipment  of 
one  going  abroad.— Outfitter,  out'fit-6r,  n. 
One  who  furnishes  or  makes  outfits.— Out- 
fitting, out'fit-ing,  n.  Equipment;  outfit. 
— Outflank,  out-flangk',  v.t.  To  go  or  ex- 
tend beyond  tlie  flank  or  wing  of;  hence, 
to  outmanoeuvre ;  to  get  the  better  of. — 
Outflow,  out'flo,  n.  The  act  of  flowing  out; 
efflux.— u.i.  (out-flo').  To  flow  out.— Out- 
fly,  out-fii',  v.t.  To  fly  faster  than.— Out- 
fool,  out-fol',  v.t.  To  exceed  in  folly. — 
Ontfroivn,  out-froun',  v.t.  To  frown  down; 
to  overbear  by  frowning.— Outgaze,  out- 
gaz',  v.t  To  surpass  in  sharpness  of  sight; 
to  see  farther  than ;  to  gaze  longer  than ; 
to  outs  tare. — Outgeneral,  out-jen'6r-al,  v.t. 
To  exceed  in  generalship ;  to  gain  advan- 
tage over  by  superior  military  skill.— Out- 
give,  out-giv',  v.t.  To  surpass  in  giving. 
— Outgo,  out-go',  v.t.  To  advance  before 
in  going ;  to  go  faster  than;  to  surpass;  to 
excel.  —  n.  (but' go).  That  which  goes 
out;  specifically,  expenditure.— Outgoing, 
out'go-ing,  p.  or  a.  Going  out;  removing 
(an  outgoing  tenant). — n.  The  act  of  going 
out;  outlay;  expenditure. — Outgrin,  out- 
grin',  v.t.  To  surpass  in  grinning. — Out- 
grow, out-gro',  v.t.  To  surpass  in  growth; 
to  grow  too  great  or  too  old  for.  —  Out- 
growth, out'groth,  n.  That  which  grows 
out  or  proceeds  from  any  body;  an  ex- 
crescence; Jig.  that  which  grows  out  of  a 
moral  cause;  a  result.— Outgush,  out-gush', 
v.t.  To  gush  out;  to  flow  forth  suddenly. 
— n.  (out'gush).  A  gush  outward;  an  out- 
burst.— Out-herod,  out-her'od,  v.t.  To  ex- 
cel in  resembling  Herod ;  to  go  beyond  in 
any  excess  of  evil  or  enormity. —Out-house, 
oufhous,  n.  A  small  house  or  building 
near  the  main  one.— Outjuggle,  out-jug'l, 
v.  t.    To  surpass  in  j  uggling. 

Outlandish,  out-land'ish,  a.  [A.  Sax.  iU- 
Icendisc,  foreign,  from  dt,  out,  and  land, 
land.]  Belonging  to  or  characteristic  of  a 
foreign  country;  foreign;  not  native;  hence, 
strange;  barbarous,  uncouth;  bizarre.— 
Outlandlshness,  out-land'ish-nes,  n.  State 
of  being  outlandish. 

Outlast,  out-last',  v.t.    To  last  longer  than;  / 
to  exceed  in  duration ;  to  outlive.  —  Out- 
laugh,  oiit-lal',  v.t.    To  surpass  iu  laugh- 
ing; to  laugh  down;  to  discourage  or  put 
out  of  countenance  by  laughing. 

Outlaw,  out'la,  n.  [From  out  and  law:  A. 
Sax.  Mag,  liilaga,  Icel.  •Atldgi.]  A  person 
excluded  from  the  benefit  of  the  law,  or 
deprived  of  its  protection.— w.<.  To  deprive 
of  the  benefit  and  protection  of  iSw;  to 
proscribe.  —  Outlawry,  out'la-ri,  n.  The 
putting  of  a  person  out  of  the  protection 
of  law  by  legal  means,  or  the  process  by 

which  a  man  is  deprived  of  that  protec- 


ch,  c/tain;     c^,  Sc.  locft;  ■' pj  go;   Utiobv  ^jJlr'-to«!»    ,  ng,  sinfi';_5H,  <ften;  th,  tftin;    ^w,  ivig;     wh,  wAig;     zh,  asure. 


Ol/TLAJf 


476 


OVERBRIM 


tion,  being  the  punishment  of  a  man  who.  1 
when  called  into  court,  contemptuously 
refuses  to  appear. 

Outlay,  ou  ,'la,  n.  A  laying  out  or  expen- 
ding; that  which  is  laid  out  or  expended; 
expenditure. — v.t.  (out-la').  To  lay  or 
spread  out;  to  expose;  to  displaj'.— Outlet, 
out'let,  n.  The  place  or  opening  by  which 
anything  is  let  out,  escapes,  or  is  dis- 
charged; a  means  of  egress;  a  place  of  exit; 
a  vent.— I'.i.  To  let  forth;  to  emit.— Outlier, 
out'li-er,  n.  A  part  lying  without,  or  be- 
yond the  main  bodj';  geol.  a  portion  of  a 
rock,  stratum,  or  formation  detached,  and 
at  Fome  distance  from  the  principal  mass. 
—Outline,  out'lin,  n.  The  line  by  which 
a  figure  is  defined;  the  exterior  line;  con- 
tour; a  drawing  in  which  an  object  or 
scene  is  represented  merely  by  lines  of 
contour  without  sliading;  first  general 
sketch  of  any  scheme  or  design.— c.i.  To 
draw  in  outline;  to  delineate.— Outlinear, 
out-liu'O-Cr,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  forming 
an  outline.— Outlive,  out-liv',  v.t.  To  live 
beyond;  to  survive.  —  Outlook,  out'lok,  n. 
A  looking  out  or  watching;  vigilant  watch 
(to  be  ou  the  vuttook  for  something;;  the 
place  of  watch;  what  lies  before  the  eye; 
prospect;  survey.— Outljring,  out-li'ing,  a. 
Ljing  away  from  the  main  body  or  de- 
sign ;  remote;  being  on  tlie  exterior  or 
frontier.  —  Outmanoeuvre,  out-ma-nci'ver 
or  out-ma-iiu'v6r,  v.t.  To  surpass  in  ma- 
noeuvring. —  Outmarch,  out-miirch',  v  t. 
To  march  faster  than ;  to  march  so  as  to 
leave  behind.— Outmeasure,  out-mezh'Ur, 
v.t.    To  exceed  in  meabure  or  extent. 

Outmost,  out'mobt,  a.  (A  superlative  of 
OMi.J  Furthest  outward;  most  remote  frcm 
the  middle;  outermost. 

Outnumber,  out-num'bcr,  v.t.  To  exceed  in 
number.— Out-of-door,  a.  Out  of  the  house; 
open -ail  {uut-of-dooi'  exercise).  —  Out-of- 
doors,  adv..  Out  of  the  house.— Out-of-the- 
way,  a.  Kemote  frotn  populous  districts; 
secluded;  unfrequented;  unusual;  Uncom- 
mon.— Outpace,  out-piis',  v.t.  To  outrun; 
to  leave  behind.  —  Out-patient,  n.  A 
patient  not  residing  in  a  hospital,  but 
who  receives  medical  advice,  &c., from  the 
institution. — Outpost,  out'post,  n.  A  post 
or  station  without  the  limits  of  a  camp, 
or  at  a  distance  from  the  main  body  of  an 
anny;  the  troops  placed  at  such  a  station. 
— Outpour,  out-pOr',  v.t.  To  pour  out;  to 
send  forth  in  a  stream;  to  eifuse.— ;i.  (ouf- 
por).  An  outflow.  —  Outprize,  out-priz', 
v.t.  To  exceed  in  value  or  estimated 
worth.— Output,  out'put,  n.  The  quantity 
of  materi.".!  put  out  or  produced  within  a 
specified  time,  as  coal  from  a  pit  or  iron 
from  a  furnace,  &c.  —  Outquarters,  out'- 
kwar-terz,  n.  pi.  Milit.  quarters  away 
from  the  headquarters. 

Outrage,  out' raj,  n.  [Pr.  outrage,  O.Pr. 
ouUrage,  from  X.L.  uLtragium,,  L.  ultra, 
beyond.  Ultra.]  Rude  or  injurious  vio- 
lence otfered  to  persons  or  things;  exces- 
sive abuse;  an  act  of  wanton  mischief;  an 
audacious  transgression  of  law  or  decency. 
—v.t— outraged, outraging.  [Fr.  outrager.l 
To  treat  with  violence  and  wrong;  to  do 
violence  to;  to  abuse;  to  maltreat;  to  com- 
mit a  r.ipe  or  indecent  ass.%ult  upon. — 
Outrageous,  out-ra'jus,  a.  Characterized 
by  outrage;  violent;  furious;  turbulent; 
excessive;  exceeding  reason  or  decency; 
tnormous;  atrocious.- Outrageously,  out- 
ra'ju8-li,  <idv.  In  an  outrageous  manner. 
— Outrageousness,  out-ra'jus-nes,  ri.  The 
quality  of  being  outrageous. 

Outiance,  <J-traus,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ultra, 
beyond.    OuiiiAGE.]    The  last  extremity. 

Outre,  o-tra,  a.  [Fr.,  from  outrir,  to  exag- 
gerate, from  L.«J<ra.  OuTUANCE.]  Being 
out  of  the  common  course  or  linuts;  ex- 
travagant; exaggerated;  bizaiTe. 

Outride,  out-rid',  v.t.  To  jiass  by  riding;  to 
ride  faster  than.— Outrider,  out'ri-der,  n. 
A  servant  on  horseback  who  precedes  or 
accompanies  a  carriage.— Outrigger,  out'- 
rig-6r,  n.  A  structure  of  spars,  &c.,  rigged 
out  from  the  side  of  a  sailing  boat  to 
steady  it;  an  iron  bracket  on  the  outside 
of  a  boat,  with  the  rowlock  at  the  extrem- 
ity; a  light'boat  provided  with  such  ap- 
paratus. 

Outright,  out-rit',  adt».  Completely;  wholly; 


altogether  (to  kill  him  otrfriffW).  —  Outri- 
val, out-ri'val,  v.t.    To  surpass;  to  excel. 
— Outroot,  out-rot',  v.t.    To  eradicate;  to 
extirpate.  —  Outrun,  out-run',  v.t.    To  ex- 
cel in  running;  to  leave  behind;  to  exceed 
or  go  beyond. — Outrusb,  out-rush',  v.i.   To 
rush  or  issue  out  rapidly  or  forcibly. — n. 
(out'rush).    A  gushing  or  rushing  out;  an 
outflow.  —  Outsail,  out-sal',  v  t.    To  leavs 
behind  in  sailing.  —  Outset,  out'set,  n.    A 
setting  out;  beginning;  start.— Outsettle- 
ment,  out '  set-l-ment,  n.     A  settlement 
away  from  the  main  settlement.  —  Out- 
settler,  out'set-Ur,  n.    One  who  settles  at 
a  distance  from  the  main  body.  —  Out- 
shine, out-shin',  v.t.     To  excel  in-  lustre 
or  excellence.  —  v.i.  To  shine  out  pr  forth. 
Outshoot,  out-shot',  v.t.    To  excel  in  shoot- 
ing; to  shuot  beyond.— Outside,  out'sid,  n. 
The  external  outer  or  exposed  parts  or 
surface;  superficial  appearance;  external 
aspect   or   features;   space   immediately 
without  or  beyond  an  inclosure;  the  far- 
thest limit;  the  utmost;  extreme  estimate 
(with  the). — a.  Being  on  the  outside;  ex- 
ternal; superficial.  —  Outsider,  out'si-d6r,  i 
n.    One  not  belonging  to  a  party,  associa-  \ 
tion,  or  set;  one  Unconnected  or  not  ad-  ; 
mitted.  —  Outsit,  out-sit',  v.t.    To  sit  be-  I 
yond  the  time  of  anything;  to  sit  longer  | 
than.— Outskirt,  out'skert,  n.    Part  near  I 
the  edge  or  ^undary  of  an  area;  border;  I 
purlieu.  \ 

Outspan,  out-span',  v.t.  and  i. — outspanneU, 
outspanning.  [E  ovU,  and  !>.  spannen,  to 
yoke.]  To  urjoke  (a  team  of  oxen)  from 
a  wagon,  correlative  of  inspan.  [South 
Africa.] 

Outspeak,  out-sp€k',j).t.  To  exceed  in  speak- 
ing; to  say  more  than.— !;.i.  To  speak  out  or 

■  aloud.— Outspoken,  out'spO-kn,  o.  Free  or 
bold  of  speech;  candid;  frank.— Outspoken- 
ness, out-spo'kn-nes,  n.  The  character  of 
being  outspoken. — Outspread,  out-spred', 
v.t.  To  spread  out;  to  extend.— Outstand- 
ing, out-staud'ing,  a.  Not  collected;  un- 
paid {outstanding  debts). — Outstare,  out- 
star',  v.t.  To  stare  out  of  countenance;  to 
face  down;  to  outface.— Outstay,  out-sta', 
v.t.  To  stay  longer  than;  to  overstay. — Out- 
step, out- step',  v.t.  To  step  or  go  be3'ond; 
to  exceed;  to  overstep.  —  Outstretch,  out- 
strech',  v.t.  To  extend;  to  stretch  or  spread 
out;  to  expand.  —  Outstrip,  out-strip',  v.t. 
To  outrun;  to  advance  beyond;  to  exceed. 
— Outswear,  out-swar',  v.t.  To  exceed  in 
swearing.- Outtalk,out-tak',D.t.    Toover- 

i lower  by  talking;  to  exceed  in  talking. — 
)ntvalue,  out-val'n,  v.t.  To  exceed  in 
price  or  value.  —  Outvie,  out-vi',  v.t.  To 
exceed  or  excel;  to  Eurpas8...-0ntvote,  out- 
vot',  v.t.  To  exceed  in  the  number  of 
votes  given;  to  defeat  by  plurality  of  votes. 
—Outwalk,  out-wak',  v.L  To  walk  farther, 
longer,  or  faster  than;  to  leave  behind  in 
walking. 

Outward,  out'w6rd,  a.  [A.  Sax.  liteweard 
—iite,  out,  and  tveard,  denoting  direction.] 
Forming  the  superficial  part;  exterior; 
external;  visible;  appearing;  tending  to 
the  exterior;  derived  from  without;  not 
properly  belonging ;  adventitious.  —  adv. 
outwards;  from  a  port  or  country.  —  Out- 
ward-bound, a.  Proceeding  from  a  port 
or  country.— Outwardly,  out'w4rd-li,  adv. 
Externally;  on  the  outside;  in  appearance 
only.— Cuiiwardnes3,out'w6rd-neB,?i.  State 
of  being  outward. — Outwards,  out'werdz, 
adv.    Towards  the  outer  parts. 

Outwatch,  out-woch',  v.t.  To  surpass  in 
w.\tching;  to  watch  longer  th.an.  —  Out- 
wear, out-war',  v.t.  To  .wear  out;  to  last 
longer  than.— Outweigh,  out-wa',  v.t.  To 
exceed  in  weight  or  in  value,  influence,  or 
importance.  —  Outwit,  out-wit',  v.t.— out- 
witted, ouiwitiing.  To  defeat  or  frustrate 
by  superior  ingenuity;  to  prove  too  clever 
for;  to  overreach. — Outwork,  out'wirk,  n. 
Part  of  a  fortification  distant  from  the 
main  fortress  or  citadeL 

Ouzel,  n.    OusEU 

Ova,  o'va,  n.    Plural  of  ovum. 

Oval,  o'val,  a.  |Fr.  ovale,  from  L.  ovum,  an 
egg;  cog.  Gr.  oon,  an  egg.]  Of  the  shape 
of  the  outline  of  an  egg;  resembling  the 
longitudinal  section  of  an  egg;  elliptical. 
— ».  A  figure  in  the  shape  of  the  outline 
of  an  egg ;  an  elliptical  figure.  —  Ovally, 


5'val-U,  adv.  In  an  oval  form;  so  ns  to  be 
oval. 

Ovary,  o'va-ri,  n.  [Mod.  L.  ovarium,  from 
L.  ovum,  an  egg.  Oval.]  The  female  or- 
gan in  which  ova,  reproductive  germs  or 
eggs,  are  formed  and  developed;  bot.  a  case 
inclosing  ovules  or  young  seeds,  and  ulti- 
mately becoming  the  fruit.  —  Ovarian, 
Ovarial,  0-va'ri-an,  o-va'ri-al,a.  Belonging 
to  the  ovary.  —  Ovariotomlst,  o-va'ri-ot"- 
o-mist,  n.  One  who  practises  ovariotomy. 
—Ovariotomy,  o-va'ri-ot"o-mi,  n.  The  ope- 
ration for  removing  a  tumour  in  the  ovary. 

Ovate,  Ovated,  .o'vat,  O'va-ted,  a.  [L. 
ovatus.    Oval.]    Egg-shaped;  oval. 

Ovation,  o-va'shon,n.  [li.ovatio,  from  ovare, 
to  exult.]  A  kind  of  triumph  granted  to 
ancient  Ilom.an  commanders  who  could 
not  claim  the  distinction  of  a  full  trium  ph; 
hence,  any  triumphal  reception  of  a  per- 
son or  marks  of  respect  publicly  shown. 

Oven,  uv'n,  n.  [A.  Sax.  o/en-D.  oven,  Dan. 
ovn,  Icel.  ofn,  G.  ofen,  Sw.  ugn,  Goth. 
auhns.]  A  closely-built  reCess  for  baking, 
heating,  or  dryuig  any  substance;  a  cham- 
ber in  a  stove  or  kitchen-range,  or  a  port- 
able apparatus  of  tinned  iron  used  for 
baking,  &c. 

Over,  G'vfer,  prep.  [A.  Sax.  o/er,  over,  above, 
across  =  L.  G.  1).  and  Dan.  over;  Icel.  o/r, 
yfir,  G.  iiberi  cog.  L.  super,  Gr.  hyper,  Skr. 
wpari,  above;  a  comparative  form  allied  to 
up.]  Above  m  place  or  position;  rising  t<^ 
or  reaching  a  neight  aoove;  across  (im- 
plying motion);  upon  the  surface  of; 
through  the  whole  extent  of;  above  in 
eminence  or  superiority;  above  in  autho- 
rity; with  oversight  or  watchfulness  in 
respect  to  (to  keep  guard  over);  denoting 
motive  or  occasion  (to  rejoice  over) ;  de- 
noting superiority  as  the  result  of  a  strug- 
gle or  contest;  upwards  of;  more  than. — 
adv.  From  side  to  side;  in  width;  across; 
from  one  side  to  the  other  or  to  another 
(to  roll  over);  on  all  the  surface;  above  the 
top,  brim,  or  edge ;  more  than  the  qusia- 
tity  assigned;  in  excess;  throughout;  com- 
pletely; having  come  to  an  end;  past  (till 
this  heat  be  oi'er);  excessively;  in  a  great 
degree.- Oyer  and  over,  repeatedly;  once 
and  again.— Ofer  again,  once  more;  with 
repetition.  —  Over  and  above,  besides ;  be- 
yond what  is  supposed  or  limited. — Over 
against,  opposite;  in  front  of. —  To  give 
over,  to  cease  from;  to  consider  as  in  a 
hopeless  state. — To  run  over,  to  run  out 
over  the  brim;  to  take  a  rapid  survey  of. 
— All  over,  so  as  to  affect  the  whole  of  a 
surface;  in  every  part;  completely. — It  is 
all  over  urJh  a  person  or  thing,  the  person 
or  thing  is  ruined  or  undone.— To  throw 
over,  to  desert;  to  betray. — a.  Upper;  su- 
perior; covering;  outer  (over-shoes).— Orer 
forms  the  first  element  in  many  com- 
pounds. Of  these  we  can  only  give  the 
principal. 

Overact,  o-v6r-akt',  v.t.  To  act  or  perform 
to  excess.  —  v.i.  To  act  more  than  is  ne- 
cessaiy. 

Overalls,  5'v6r-alz,  n.  pi.  Loose  troufers 
worn  over  others  to  protect  them  from 
being  soiled. 

Over-anxious,  a.  Anxious  to  excess.— Over- 
ajudously,  adv.  With  excessive  solici- 
tude. 

Overarch,  5-vdr-arch',  v.t.  and  i:  To  arch 
over;  to  cover  with  an  arch. 

Overawe,  o-v6r-a',  v.t.  To  restrain  by  awe, 
fear,  or  superior  influence. 

Overbalance,  o-v6r-bal'ans,  v.t.  To  more 
than  balance;  to  exceed  in  weight,  value 
&c.;  to  surpass;  to  destroy  the  balance  or 
equilibrium  of  (used  re/l.).  —  n.  Excess; 
something  more  than  an  equivalent. 

Overbear,  o-v6r-bar',  v.t.  To  bear  down;  to 
overpower;  to  overcome  by  argument, 
effrontery,  or  the  like.  —  Overbearing,  0- 
vfr-bfir'ing,  p.  and  a.  Haughty  and  dog- 
matical; given  to  effrontery. 

Overboard,  o'v6r-b0rd,  adv.  Over  the  side 
of  a  ship;  out  of  a  ship  or  from  on  board. 
—Thrown  overboard  {jig.),  discarded;  de- 
serted; betrayed. 

Overbold,  O'vfir-bold,  a.  Unduly  bold;  for- 
ward; impudent. 

Over  bright,  o'v6r-brit,  a.  Bright  to  excess; 
too  bright. 

Overbrim,  o-vtr-brim',-*.i.    To  flow  over 


Fate,  fiir,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;  v^l»,  tub,  li^Ulj     oil,  pound;     fl,  So.  abtme— the  Fr.  t«. 


OVERBUILD 


477 


OVERSLEEP 


the  brim  or  edge:  said  of  the  liquid;  to  be 
so  full  as  to  overflow:  said  of  the  vessel. 

Overbuild,  o-v6r-bild',  v.t.  To  build  over; 
to  build  more  than  the  area  properly  ad- 
mits of,  or  than  the  population  requires. 
—v.i.  To  build  beyond  the  demand. 

Overburden,  Overburthen,  o-v6r-b6r'dn,  o- 
v6r-b6r''*Hn,  v.t.  To  load  with  too  great 
weight;  to  overload. 

Overcanopy,  o-ver-kan'o-pi,  v.t.  To  cover 
as  with  a  canopy. 

Overcast,  o-ver-kast',  v.t.  To  cloud;  to  ob- 
scure with  clouds;  to  cover  with  gloom;  to 
sew  by  running  the  thread  over  a  rough 
edge.— a.  Clouded. 

Overcharge,  o-ver-oharj',  v.t.  To  charge  or 
burden  to  excess;  to  fill  too  numerously; 
to  make  an  excessive  charge  against ;  to 
charge  at  too  .high  a  sum  or  price ;  to 
exaggerate. — n.  (o'vSr-chitrj).  An  excessive 
charge;  a  charge  of  more  than  is- just  in  an 
account. 

OTercloud,  o-v6r-kloud',  v.t.  To  covQf  or 
overspread  with  clouds. 

Overcoat,  o'v6r-kot,  n.  A  coat  worn  over 
all  the  other  dress;  a  top-coat  or  great- 
coat. 

Overcome,  o-ver-kum',  v.t.  To  conquer;  to 
vanquish;  to  surmount;  to  get  the  better 
oi.—v.i.  To  gain  the  superiority;  to  be  vic- 
torious. 

Over -confidence,  n.  Too  great  or  excessive 
confidence— Over-confident,  a.  Confident 
to  e.xcess.— Over-confidently,  adv.  In  an 
over-confident  manner. 

Over-creduloTis,  a.    Credulous  to  excess. 

Ovezcrowd,  o-vfer-kroud',  v.t.  To  till  or 
crowd  to  excess,  especially  with  human 
beings. 

Over  daring,  o-v6r-da'ring,  a.  Imprudently 
bold;  foolhardy. 

Overdo,  o-v^r-do',  y.t.  To  do  to  excess;  to 
overact;  to  surpass  or  exceed  in  perfor- 
mance ;  to  boil,  roast,  or  otherwise  cook 
too  much. 

Overdose,  6'v6r-dos,  ri.  Too  great  a  dose. — 
v.t.  (o-vCr-dos').    To  dose  excessively. 

Overdraw,  o-v6r-dra',  v.t.  To  draw  upon 
for  a  larger  sum  than  is  standing  at  one's 
credit  in  the  books  of  a  bank,  &c.;  to  ex- 
aggerate either  in  writing,  speech,  or  a 
picture. 

OverdresSi  o-v6r-dres',  t>.i.  and  i.  To  dress 
to  excess.  '      .      . 

OvordJive,  5-v6r-driv',  v.t.  To  drive  too 
har'l  or  beyond  strength. 

Overdue,  o'v6r-du,  a.  Not  arrived  at  the 
proper  date  or  assigned  limit  (an  overdue 
shii));  past  the  time  of  payment  (an  over- 
due bill). 

Over -eager,  a.  Too  eager;  too  vehement  in 
desire.. — Over-eagerly,  adv.  With  exces- 
sive eagerness. — Over-eagerness,  n. 

Overeat,  o-v6r-et',  v.t-  To  surfeit  with  eat- 
iug:  used  refl.  (to  overeat  one's  self). 

Over-estimate,  n.  An  estimate  or  calcula- 
tion that  is  top  high.— y.(.  To  estimate  too 
high;  to  overvalue.  -'*' 

Over-excited,  a.  Too  much  excited.— Over- 
excitement,  n.  The  state  of  being  over- 
excited.       -     -t 

Over-fatigue,  n.  Excessive  fatigue.  —  v.t. 
To  fatigue  to  excess. 

Overfeed,  o-v6r-fed',  v.t.  and  i.  To  feed  to 
excess. 

Overflow,  o-v6r-flo',  ■O.t.  (the  pret.  and  pp. 
are  properly  overflowed,  though  the  pp. 
overflown  is  sometimes  used).  To  flow  or 
spread  over;  to  inundate;  to  fill  and  run 
over  the  brim  of;  to  deluge;  to  overwhelm.^ 
—v.i.  To  swell  and  run  over  the  brim  or" 
banks;  to  be  so  f  uU  that  thecontents  run 
over;  to  abound.— n.  (o'vfir-flo).  An  inun- 
dation; a  flowing  over;  superabundance. 
—Overflowing,  o-ver-flo'ing,  a.  Abundant; 
exuberant.  —  Overflowingly,  o-ver-flo'ing- 
li,  adv.  Exuberantly;  in  great  abundance. 

Overgorge,  o-ver-gorj',  v2.  To  gorge  or 
fill  the  stomach  to  excess:  often  refl. 

Overgrow,  o-ver-gro',  v.t.  To  cover  with 
growth  or  herbage :  generally  in  pp.  (a 
ruin  overgrown  with  ivy).  —  v.i.  To  grow 
beyond  the  fit  or  natural  size.  —  Over- 
growth, o'v6r-groth,  ».  ^.Exuberant  or  ex- 
cessive grewth.  "% 

Overhand,  o'ver-hand.'a."  and  adv.^y^Wo. 
the  handover  the  object;  with  the  knuckle 
uywaru. 


Overhang,  o-ver-hang',  v.t.  To  impend  or 
hang  over;  to  jut  or  project  over. 

Overhardy,  o-ver-hiir'di,  a.  Excessively  or 
unduly  hardy  or  daring;  foolhardy! 

Overhaste,  o'v6r-hast,  n.  Too  great  haste. 
— Overhasty,  o-ver-has'ti,  a.  Too  hasty; 
rash;  precipitate. 

Overhaul,  o-vfer-hal',  v.t.  To  turn  over  for 
examination;  to  examine  thoroughly  with 
a  view  to  repairs;  to  re-examine  (as  ac- 
counts) ;  to  gain  upon  or  overtake. —  To 
overhaul  a  ship,  to  gain  upon  her  in  fol- 
lowing; to  search  her  for  contraband 
goods.— Overhaul,  Overhauling,  o'ver-hal, 
o'v6r-hal-ing,  n.  Examination;  inspection; 
repair. 

Overhead,  o-v6r-hed',  adv.  Aloft;  in  the 
zenith ;  in  the  ceiling  or  story  above.— a. 
Applied  to  what  is  above  or  aloft. 

Overhear,  o-v6r-her',  v.t.  To  hear  though 
not  intended  or  expected  to  hear  (as  low 
or  whispered  conversation);  to  hear  by  ac- 
cident or  stratagem. 

Overheat,  o-ver-het',  v.^.   To  heat  to  excess. 

Overhung,  o-v6r-hung',  a.  Hung  or  covered 
overj  adomed.with  hangings. 

Overissue,  o'v6r-ish-u,  re.  An  excessive 
issue;  an  issue  (as  of  coin  or  bank-notes) 
in  excess  of  the  conditions  which  should 
regulate  or  control  it. — v.t.  To  issue  in  ex- 
cess, as  bank-notes  or  bills  of  exchange; 
to  issue  contrary  to  prudence  or  honesty. 

Overjoy,  o-v6r-joi','  v.t.  To  give  great  or 
excessive  joy  to:  generally  in  pp. 

Over-king,  n.  A  king  holding  sway  over 
several  petty  kings  or  princes. 

Overland,  o'ver-land,  a.  Passing  by  land; 
made  upon  or  across  the  lapd  (an  overland 
journey). 

Overlap,  o-v*r-lap',  v.t.  To  lap  or  fold  over; 
to  extend  so  as  to  lie  or  rest  upon. — n.  The 
lapping  of  one  thing  over  another;  geol. 
the  extension  of  a  superior  stratum  over 
an  inferior  so  as  to  cover  and  conceal  it. 

Overlay,  o-ver-la',  t».<.— pret.  &  pp.  overlaid. 
To  lay  too  much  upon;  to  overwhelm;  to 

,  cover  or  spread  over  the  surface  of;  to  coat 

'  or  cover;  to  smother  with  close  covering, 
or  by  lying  upon;  to  obscure  by  covering. 
— Overlasring,  o'vCr-la-ing,  n.  A  superficial 
coating  or  covering. 

Overleap,  o-vfir-lep',  v.t.  To  leap  over;  to 
pass  by  leaping;  refl.  to  leap  too  far. 

Overlie,  o-v6r-li',  v.t. — pret.  overlay,  pp.  over- 
lain. To  lie  over  or  upon;  to  smother  by 
lying  on  (to  overlie  a  child;  comp.  Ovek- 
lay). 

Overlive,  o-v6r-liv',  v.t.  To  outlive;'to  sur- 
vive. 

Overload,  o-v6r-lod',  v.t.  To  load  with  too 
heavy  a  burden  or  cargo;  to  overburden. 

Overlook,  o-v6r-luk',  v.t.  To  view  from  a 
higher  place;  to  irise  or  be  elevated  above; 
to  see  from  behind  or  over  the  shoulder 
of  another;  to  inspect  or  superintend ;  to 
pass  over  indulgently;  to  omit  to  censure 
or  punish  (a  fault);  to  slight.— Overlooker, 
o-v^r-hik'er,  n.  One  that  overlooks;  an 
overseer. 

Overlord,  o-v6r-lord',  n.  One  who  is  lord 
over  another;  a  feudal  superior. 

Overmasted,  o-ver-mas'ted,  a.  Furnished 
with  a  mast  or  masts  that  are  too  long  or 
too  heavy. 

Overmaster,  o-v6r-mas't6r,  v.t.  To  over- 
power; to  subdue;  to  vanquish. 

Overmatch,  o-v6r-mach',  v.t.  To  be  too 
powerful  for.— n.  One  superior  in  power; 
one  able  to  overcome. 

Overmodest,  o-ver-mod'est,  a.  Modest  to 
excess;  bashful. 

Overmuch,  o'ver-much,  a.  Too  much;  ex- 
ceeding what  is  necessary  or  proper.— adw. 
In  too  great  a  degree.— ».  More  than  suf- 
ficient. 

Ovemice,  o-v6r-nis',  a.  Excessively  nice; 
fastidious.  —  Ovemicely,  o-Y6r-nis'li,  adv. 
In  an  overnice  manner;  with  too  great 
fastidiousness  or  scrupulosity. 

Overnight,  o'ver-nit,  adv.  Through  or 
during  the  night;  in  the  course  of  the 
night  or  evening;  in  the  evening  before. 

Overpass,  o-ver-pas',  cat.  To  pass  over;  to 
cross;  to  overlook;  id  pass  without  regard; 
to  omit.— y.i.  To  pass  by  or  away;  to  cease 
by  passing.    [O.T.] 

Overpay,  o-v6r-pa',  v.t.  To  pay  in  excess; 
to  reward  beyond  the  price  or  merit. 


Overpeople,  o-v6r-p5'pl,  v.t.  To  overstock 
with  inhal)itants. 

Overplus,  o'ver-plus,  Ji.  [Over,  and  L.  plus, 
more.]  Surplus;  that  which  remains 
after  a  supply,  or  beyond  a  quantity  pro- 
posed. 

Overpower,  o-v6r-pou'er,  v.t.  To  vanquish 
by  power  or  force;  to  subdue;  to  be  too  in- 
tense or  violent  for  (his  emotions  over- 
powered him).— Overpowering,  o-ver-ijou'- 
er-ing,  p.  and  a.  Bearing  down  by  supe- 
rior power;  irresistible. — Overpoweringly, 
o-vCr-pou'er-ing-li,  adv.  In  an  overpower- 
ing manner. 

Overprize,  o-v6r-priz',  v.t.  To  value  or 
prize  at  too  high  a  rate. 

Over-production,  n.  Production  of  com- 
Uiodities  in  excess  of  demand. 

Overrate,  o-v6r-rat',  v.t.  To  rate  at  too 
m  uch ;  to  regard  as  having  greater  talents, 
abilities,  or  more  valuable  qualities  than 
is  really  the  case. 

Overreach,  o-ver-rEch',  v.t.  To  reach  be- 
yond; to  rise  above;  to  deceive  by  cunning, 
artifice,  or  sagacity;  to  cheat;  to  outv/it. — 
Overreacher,  6-T6r-r6'cher,  n.  One  that 
overreaches. 

Over-refinement,  n.  Excessive  refinement; 
refinement  with  excess  of  subtlety  or  af- 
fectation of  nicety. 
■  Override,  o-v6r-rid',  t'.i.  To  ride  over;  hence, 
to  trample  down;  to  supersede;  to  annul. 
— To  override  one's  comr)iisaion,to  discharge 
one's  office  in  too  arbitrary  a  manner  or 
with  too  high  a  hand. 

Overripe,  o'v6r-rip,  a.  Ripe,or  matured  to 
excess.  —  Overripen,  o-v6r-tt'pn,  v.t.  To 
make  too  ripe. 

Overrule,  o-v6r-ror,  v.t.  To  influence  or 
control  by  predominant  i)ower;  to  set  aside 
(objections)  as  not  sufficiently  weighty  or 
convincing;  law,  to  rule  against  or  reject. 
— v.i.  To  govern;  to  exercise  control. — 
Overruler,  o-v6r-rol'6r,  n.  One  who  over- 
rules.—Overruling,  o-vfer-rol'ing,  p.  and  a. 
Exerting  superior  and  controlling  power; 
having  effective  sway. 

Overrun,  o-v6r-run',  v.t.  To  run  or  spread 
over;  to  grow  over;  to  cover  all  over  (as 
with  weeds);  to  harass  by  hostile  incur- 
sions; to  overcome  and  take  possession  of 
by  an  invasion;  to  outrun;  to  run  faster 

-  and  leave  behind;  printing,  to  carry  over 
parts  of  lines  or  pages  in  correction,  in  the 
contraction  or  extension  of  columns,  or 
when  new  matter  has  to  be  inserted. — 
Overrunner,  o-ver-riui'6r,  n.  One  that 
oveirruns. 

Over-scrupulous,  a.  Scrupulous  to  excess. 
—  Over-scrupulousness,  re. 

Oversea,  o'v6r-s5,  a.  Foreign;  from  beyond 
sea.— Overseas,  o'v6r-sez,  adv.  Beyond  or 
acrqss  the  sea;  abroad. 

Oversee,  o-ver-s5',  v.t.  To  superintend;  to 
overlook;  to  take  charge  of  .—Overseer,  u- 
vfer-ser",  re.  One  who  supervises;  a  super- 
intendent; an  officer  who  has  the  care  or 
superintendence  of  any  matter. — Ovevseers 
of  the  poor,  ofiicers  in  England  who  rate 
the  inhabitants  for  the  poor-rate,  collect 
it,  and  apply  it  towards  the  relief  of  the 
poor. — Overseership,  o-v6r-s5r'ship,  re.  The 
oflice  of  an  overseer. 

Overset,  o-v6r-set',  n.  An  upsetting;  an 
overturn. — v.t.  To  turn  from  the  proper 
position;  to  turn  upon  the  side,  or  to  turn 
bottom  upward  (as  a  vehicle);  to  subvert; 
to  overthrow. — v.i.  To  turn  or  be  turned 
over. 

Overshadow,  o-vfer-shad'o,  v.t.  To  throw  a 
shadow  over;  to  shelter  or  cover  with  pro- 
tecting influence.  ,-       -■  - 

Overshoe,  o'ver-shO,  re.  A  shoe  worn  over 
another;  an  outer  waterproof  shoe. 

Overshoot,  o-ver-shot',  v.t.  To  shoot  over; 
to  shoot  beyond  (a  mark);  to  pass  swiftly 
over. — To  overshoot  one's  self,  to  venture 
too  far.— Overshot,  o-ver-shot',  p.  and  a. 
Shot  over  or  beyond.  —  Overshot  watet' 
wheel,  a  wheel  that  receives  the  water  sfcoi 
over  the  top  on  the  descent:  opposed  to 
undershot. 

Oversight,  o'v6r-sit,  n. '  Superintendence; 
watchful  care;  a  mistake  of  inadvertenoei 
an  overlooking;  omission. 

Oversleep,  o-ver-slep',  v.t.  To  sleep  beyond 
or  too  'tug:  often  refl.  (to  oversleep  ontt'i 
self). 


chjCftdin;     cA.  Sclocft;    SiMi    jijahii  '&J,.Fr.jtQ»i     ng,  siregf;     ip,  <Aeri;  th,  <ftin;     w,  wig;     wh,u'Wg;    zh,  aaure. 


OVERSMAN 


478 


OXYMEl. 


Ovfirsman,  o'v6rz-man,  n.  An  overseer;  a 
superintendent;  in  Scotland,  an  umpire 
appointed  tq  decide  where  two  arbiters 
have  differed  in  opinion. 

Oversoon,  O-v^r-sdn',  adv.    Too  soon. 

Overspan,  6-ver-span',  v.t.  To  reach  or  ex- 
tend over;  to  extend  from  6ide  to  side  of. 

Overspread,  o-ver-spred'  v.t.  To  .spread 
over;  to  cover  completely;  to  scatter  over. 
—v.i.  To  be  spread  or  scattered  over. 

Overstate,  o-vdr-stat',  v.t.  To  exaggerate 
in  statement;  to  state  in  too  strong  terms. 
— Overstatement,  o'ver-stat-nxsnt,  n.  An 
exaggerated  statement. 

Overstay,  o-vfer-sta',  v.t.  To  stay  too  long 
■for;  to  stay  beyond  the  limits  or  duration 
of.     • 

Overstep,  o-v6r-step',v.t.  To  step  over -or 
beyond;  to  exceed^ 

Overstocli,  o-v6r-stok',  v.t.  To  stock  to  too 
great  an  extent;  to  fill  too  full;  to  supply 
with  more  than  is  wanted  (the  market 
with  goods;  a  fartn  with  cattle). 

Overstrain,  o-ver-stran',  v.i.  and  t.  To  strain 
to  excess;  to  stretch  too  far;  to  exert  too 
much.  —  Overstrained,  o'vfer-strs.nd,  a. 
Stretched  or  strained  beyond  the  limit  of 
elasticity;  exaggerated;  overdone. 

Overstrew,  6-v6r-stro',  v.t.  To  spread  or 
scatter  over;  to  cover  by  scattering. — Over- 
strewn,  Oversti'own,  o-vCr-stron',  pp. 
Spread  or  scattered  over. 

Oversupply,  6'v6r-sup-pli,  n.  An  excessive 
supply;  a  supply  in  excess  of  demand.  • 

Overt,  o'vert,  a.  [O.Fr.  overt,"ET.  ouvert, 
O.Fr.  ovrir,  to  open,  from  L.operire,  to 
open.]  Open  to  view;  publ'ic;  apparent; 
law,  not  covert  or  secret;  manifest. — 
Overtly,  o'v6rt-li,  adv.  In  an  overt  man- 
ner; openly;  publicly.  ' 

Overtake,  o-v6r-tak',  v.t.  To  come  np  with 
in  following;  to  follow  and  reach  or  catch; 
to  come  upon;  to  take  by  surprise. 

Overtask,  o-vfer-task',  v.t.  To  impose 'too 
heavy  a  task  or  duty  on. 

Overtax,  o-v^r-taks',  v.t.  To  tax  too  heavily. 

Overthrow,  o-vf r-thro',  v.t.  To  overset;'  to 
turn  upside  down;  to  throw  down;  to  de- 
molish; to  defeat,  conquer,  vanquish;  to 
subvert  or  destroy.— n.  (o'vir-thro).  The 
.act  of  overthrowing;  ruin;  subversion;  de- 
feat.—Overthrower,  6-v6r-thro'6r,  n.  One 
that  overthrows. 

Overthwart,  6-v6r-thwart',  prep.  Across; 
from  side  to  side  of. 

Overtime,  o'ver-tim,n.  Time  during  which 
one  works  beyond  the  regular  hours. 

Overtone,  o'ver-ton,n.  Same  as  Harmonic. 

Overtop,  o-v6r-top',-u.t.  To  rise  above  the 
top  of ;  to  excel;  to  surpass. 

Overtrade,  o-v6r-trad',  v.i.  To  trade  beyond 
capital  or  too  rashly. 

Overture,  6'ver-tur,  n.  [O.Fr.  ovirture, 
Fr.  ouverture,  an  opening,  an  overture. 
Overt.]  A  proposal;  something  offered 
for  consideration;  a  musical  introduction 
to  ijrecede  important  compositions,  as  ora- 
torios, operas,  &c.,  written  for  a  full  or- 
chestra. 

Overturn,  5-v6r-t6m',  v.t.  To  overset  or 
overthrow;  to  turn  or  throw  from  a  foun- 
dation; to  subvert ;  to  riiin.  —  n.  (o'v6r- 
tSm).  State  of  being  overturned;  over- 
throw.—Overtumer,  o-v6r-t6r'ner,  n.  One 
that  overturns. 

Overvalue,  o-vfiv-val'a,  v.t.  To  set  too  great 
value  on;  to  rate  at  too  high  a  price.— 
Overvaluation,  O'v6r-val-a-a"shon,  n.  Too 
high  valuation;  an  over-estimate. 

Overween,  o-v6r-wen',  v.i.  To  think  too 
highly,  arrogantly,  or  conceitedly.— Over- 
weening, o-vfer-wen'ing,  p.  and  a.  Haugh- 
ty; arrogant ;  proud ;  conceited.  —  Over- 
weenlngly,  o-ver-wSnlng-U,  adv. 

Overweigh,  o-v6r-wa',  v.t.  To' exceed  in 
weight;  to  outweigh. 

Overwhelm,  o-v6r-whelm',  v.t.  To  whelm 
entirely;  to  swallow  up;  fig.  to  bear  down; 
to  crush.  —  Overwhelmiiigly,  o-vfir-whel'-' 
ming-U,  adv. 

Overwind,  6-v6r-wind',  v.t.  To  wind  too 
far  (to  overwind  a  watch)- 

Overwlse,  o'vfer-wiz,  a.  Wise  to  aflFectation. 
— Overwiaely,  o-ver-wiz'li,  adv.  In  an  af- 
fectedly wise  manner. 

Overwork,  5-v6r-wCrk',  v.t.  To  work  beyond 
strength;  to  cause  to  labour  too  much; 
often  refi.  (to  ovenoork  one's  seZ/).— n.  (5'- 


vfer-wferk).  Excessive  work  or  labour;  work 
done  beyond  the  amount  required  by 
stipulation. 

Overworn,  o'v6r-wom,  p.  and  a.  Worn  out; 
subdued  by  Ttoil ;  spoiled  by  time ;  trite ; 
threadbare. 

Overwrought,  o-v6r-rat',  p.and  a.  Laboured 
to  excess;  worked  all  over;  affected  or  ex- 
cited to  excess;  tasked  beyond  strength. 

.Over-zealo»is,  o'ver-zel-us,  a.  Too  zealous; 
eager  to  excess. 

Oviccll,  o'vi-sel,  n.  [L.  ovum,  an  egg,  eeUa, 
a  cell.]  Same  as  Oocyst.— Ovicular,  o-vik'- 
Q-l6r,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  egg.— Oviduct, 
6'vi-dukt,  n.  [L.  ductus,  a  duct.]  A  pas- 
sage for  the  ovum  or  egg  from  the  ovary  of 
animals,— Oviferous,  o-vifer-us,  (i.  Carry- 
ing eggs:  applied  to  organs  of  some  crus- 
taceans carrying  the  eggs  after  exclusion. 
—Oviform,  o'vi-form,  a.  Having  the  form 
or  figure  of  an  egg.— Ovigerous,  o-vij'6r-us, 
a.    Bearing  ova  or  ovules;  oviferous. 

Ovine,  o'vin,  o.  .  [L.  ovinua,  from  ovis,  a 

■  sheep.)  Pertaining  to  sheep;  consisting 
of  sheep. 

Oviparous,  o-vip'a-rus,  a.  [X.  ovum,  an  egg, 
pario,  to  produce.]  Producing  eggs,  espe- 
cially eggs  that  are  hatched  afterexclusion 
from  the* body  (as  opposed  to  ovovivipar- 

0U8). 

,  Oviposit,  o-vi-poz'it,  v.i.  [L.  ovum,  an  egg, 
and  E.  posit.]  To  deposit  eggs:  said  of 
insects.  —  Oviposltion,  o'vi-po-zish"on,  n. 
The  depositing  of  eggs  by  insects.— (Dvi- 
positor,  o-vi-poz'it-6r,  n.  An  organ  at  the 
extremity  of  the  abdomen  of  many  insects 
for  depositing  their  eggs. 

Ovisac,  o'vi-sak,  n.  [L.  ovum,  an  egg,  sac- 
cus,  a  sack.]  The  cavity  in  the  ovary 
which  immediately  contains  the  ovum. 

Ovoid,  Ovoidal,o'void,6-voi'dal,(i.  [h.ovum, 
and  Gr.  eidos,  form.  Oval.]  Having  a 
shape  resembling  that  of  an  egg.— Ovolo, 
o'vo'-lo,  n.  [It.,  from  L.  ovuin.]  Arch,  a 
round  moulding  forming  the  quarter  of  a 
circle.  —  Ovology,  o-vol'o-ji,  n.  Ooloffy.— 
Ovovlviparous,  o'vo-vi-vip"a-rus,  a.  {L. 
ovum,  vivo,  to  live,  pario,  to  produce.] 
Producing  e^gs  which  are  hatched  within 
the  body  (as  is  the  case  with  vipers).  Ovi- 
parous.—Ovulary,  o'vu-la-ri,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  ovules.— Ovulation,  o-vfl-la'shon,  n. 
The  formation  and  discharge  of _  ova  or 
an  ovum  from  the  ovary.— Ovule,  o'vul,  n. 
A  small  vesicle;  hot.  a  rudimentary  seed; 
a  small  pellucid  body  borne  by  tlae  pla- 
centa of  a  plant,  and  changing  into  a  seed. 
— Ovuliferous,  o-vu-lif'6r-us,  a.  Producing 
ovules.— Ovulite,  o'vQ-lit,.M.  A  fossil  egg. 
—Ovum,  6'vum,  n.  pi.  Ova,  o'va.  A  small . 
vesicle  within  the  ovary  of  a  female  ani- 
mal, v/hen  impregnated  becoming  the 
embryo;  an  egg. 

Owe,  o,  v.t.— owed,  oMng.  [From  A.  Sax. 
dugan,  to  own,  to  h.ave  (pret.  dhte,  whence 
ought;  pp.  dgen,  whence  own)\  Icel.  eiga, 
Sw.  &ga,  ega,  O.H.G.  eigan,  Goth,  aigan, 
to  possess.]  To  possess  or  own  J;  to  be  in- 
debted in;  to  be  bound  to  pay;  to  be  obliged 
to  ascribe ;  to  be  obliged  for  (he  owes  nis 
safety  to  me);  to  be  due  or  owing.— Owing, 

•  o'ing,  ppr.  [Pres.  part,  used  in  passive 
sense  of  owed,  being  due.]  Required  by 
obligation  to  be  paid;  remaining  as  a  debt; 
ascnbable,  as  to  a  cause;  due;  imputable, 
as  to  an  agent. 

Owl,  oul,  n.  [A.  Sax.  iye=D.  uil,  Iccl.  ugla, 
Dan.  ugle,  Sw.  uggla,  G.  eule,  names  imi- 
tative of  its  cry;  comp.  L.  iilulo.  to  lament, 
E.  howl.)  One  of  the  nocturnal  birds  of 
prey,  well  known  for  their  somewhat  cat- 
like heads  and  their  harsh  and  screeching 
note.  —  Owlery,  ou'l6r-i,  n.  An  abode  or 
haunt  of  owls.- Owlet,  oul'et,  n.  [Dim.  of 
owl.]  An  owl;  a  young. owl.— Owl-eyed,  a. 
Having  eyes  like  an  owl's,  blinking  in 
daylight.— Owlish,  oul'ish,  a.  Resembling 
an  owl. 

Own,  on,  a.  [A.  Sax.  rfffen,  pp.  of  dgan,  to 
possess,  like  Dan.  and  Sw.  egen,  Icel. 
eiginn,  D.  and  6.  eigen,  own.  Owe.]  Be- 
longing to  me.  him,  us,  you,  &c.,  distinc- 
tively and  emphatically:  always  following 
a  possessive  pronoun,  or  a  noun  in  the  pos- 
sessive, as  my  ouin,  his  own,  John's  otvn: 
sometimes  used  to  impart  tenderness  to  an 
expression  (thine  owntrue  knight). —  To 
hold  one's  own,  to  maintain  one's  own  cause; 


not  to  lose  ground.— v.t.  [A.  Sax.  dgnian 
(from  dgen^ovm,  a. ),  Icel.  eipna,  Dan.  egne, 
G.  eigneti,  to  own.]  To  have  the  right  of  pro- 
perty in;  to  hold  or  possess  by  right;  to 
acknowledge  or  avow  (ovmed  him  as  his 
son);  to  concede;  to  admit  to  be  true. — 
Owner,  o'nfer,  n.  One  who  owns;  the  right- 
f  ill  proprietor. — Ownership,  o'ner-ship,  n. 
The  State  of  being  an  owner. 

Ox,  oks,  n.  pi.  Oxen,  ok'sn.  [A.  Sax.  oxa, 
pi.  oa;an=lcel.  oxi,  Sw.  and  Dan.  oxe,  D. 
OS,  G.  ochs,  ochse,  Goth,  auhsa,  auhsu3.,  an 
ox;  cog.  L.  vacca,  a  cow,  Skr.  vJcshd,  an  ox.] 
The  general  name  for  any  animal  of  the 
cow  or  bovine  kind;  especially,  a  male 
castrated,  and  full-grown,  or  nearly  so.— 
Ox-bow,  n.  A  curved  piece  of  wood  en- 
circling an  ox's  neck  when  yoked;  arch,  an 
oval  dormer-v/indow.— Ox-eyed,  a.  Hav- 
ing large,  full  eyes,  like  those  of  ac  ox.— 
Ox-fly,  n.  A  species  of  bott  hatched  under 
the  skin  of  cattle.— Ox-gall,  n.  The  bitter 
fluid  secreted  by  the  liver  of  the  ox,  much 
used  in  t^e  arts.  —  Oxgang,  oks'gang,  »i. 
Anc.  lawtfiJB  much  land  as  an  ox  can  plough 
in  a.  year, 'generally  from  15  to  20  acres;  in 
Scotland,  termed  oxgaie.  —  Oxlip,  oks'lip, 
n.  A  species  of  the  primrose  growing 
wild  in  Britain. 

Oxalate,  ok'sa-l5t,  n.  [Gr.  oxalis,  sorrel, 
from  oxyg,  sharp,  acid.]  Chem.  a  combina- 
tion of  oxalic  acid  with  a  base.  —  Oxalic, 
ok-sal'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  sorrel.  —  Ox- 
alic acid,  an  acid  obtained  from  sorrel, 
rhubarb,  .&c.;  a  violent  poison.  Errone- 
ously called  salt  of  Zemons.— Oxaluria,  ok- 
sa-lu'ri-a,  n.  [  Oxalic,  and  Gr.  ouron,  urine.] 
A  morbid  state  of  ihe  body  in  which  oxalic 
acid  is  contained  in  the  urine. 

Oxford  Clay,  n.  Geol.  a  bed  of  dark-blue 
clay  between  the  lower  and  middle  oolites, 
abounding  in  ammonites  and  belemnites. 
—Oxford  Mixture,  n.  Woollen  cloth  of  a 
very  dark  gray  colour. 

Oxide,  ok'sid,  n.  [Gr.  oxys,  acid,  sharp.] 
Chem.' a,  compound  of  oxygen  with  an- 
other element  (thus'rust  is  oxide  of  iron). 
— Oxidability,  ok'si-da-bil"i-ti,  n.  The 
capability  of  being  converted  into  an 
oxide.— Oxldable,  ok'si-da-bl,  a-.  Capable 
of  being  converted  into  an  oxide.— Oxi- 
date, ok'si-dat,  v.t.— oxidated,  oxidating. 
To  oxidize.  —  v.i.  To  become  oxidized. — 
Oxidation,  ok-ei-da'shon,  n.  The  opera- 
tion or  process  of  converting  into  an  oxide. 
— Oxidator,  ok'si-da-t6r,  n.  A  contrivance 
for  throwing  a  streain  of  oxygen  into.t^e 
flame  of  a  lamp.  —  Oxidize,  ok'si-diz,  v.t. 
To  cause  to  combine  with  oxygen;  to  con- 
vert into  an  oxide  (which  see). — Oxidizer, 
ok'si-di-z6r,  n.  That  which  oxidizes.— 0;c- 
■idizable,  Oxidisable,  ok'si-di-za-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  oxidized.  —  Oxldizement, 
ok'si-diz-ment,  n.  Oxidation.— Oxidulcteci, 
ok-sid'a-la-ted,  a.  Containing  oxygen  as 
an  ingredient. 

Oxonian,  ok-so'ni-an,  n.  A  native  or  in- 
habitant of  Oxford;  a  member  or  a  gradu- 
ate of  the  University  of  Oxford. 

Oxyacid,  ok'si-as-id,  n.  An  acid  containing 
oxygen. 

Oxygen,  ok'si-jen,  n.  [Gr.  oxys,  acid,  and 
root  gen,  to  generate:  so  named  because 
supposed  to  be  present  in  all  acids.]  A 
gaseous  element  which,  along  with  nitro- 

fen,  forms  atmospheric  air,  and  with  hy- 
rogen  forms  water,  and  which  is  essen- 
tial to  respiration  (and  therefore  to  ani- 
mal life)  and  to  combustion.— Oxygenate, 
ok'si-jen-at.  v.t.  To  unite  or  cause  to 
combine  with  oxygen.— Oxygenation,  ok'- 
Bi-jen-a"shon ,  n.  Oiadation.- Oxygenator, 
ok'6i-jen-at-6r,  n.  An  oxidator.  —  Oxy- 
genizable,  ok'si-jen-i-za-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  oxygenized.  —  Oxygenize,  ok'si-jen- 
iz,  v.t.  To  oxygenate  (which  see).— Oxygen- 
ous, ok-sij'en-uB,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  ob- 
tained from  oxygen. 

Oxyhydrogen,  ok-ai-hV'dro-jen,  a.  Formed 
by  a  mixture  or  combination  of  oxygen 
and  hydrogen  {oxyhydrogen  gas);  adapted 
to  the  combustion  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen 
in  combination  (oxyhydrogen  blowpipe, 
\a.m-p).— Oxyhydrogen  light.    Lime-light. 

Oxymel,  ok'si-mel,  n.  [Gr.  oxys,  acid,  and 
meli,  honey.]  A  mixture  of  vinegar  and 
honey:  used  as  an  expectorant  or  demul- 
cent. 


yate.farjfat,  fftll;     me,  met,  htr;     pine,  pin;     uote,  not,  mOve;     ^Qbe,  tub,  b\»ll;     oil, pound;     a,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr, «, 


OXYMORON 


479 


TAlfDY 


Oxymoron,  ok-si-mo'ron,  n.  f Gr.  oxymoron, 
a  smart  saying  ■which  at  first  view  appears 
foolish;  from  oxya,  sharp,  and  mdros,  fool- 
ish.]  Rhet.  a  figure  in  which  an  epithet 

,of  a  quite  contrary  signification  is  added 
to  a  word:  as,  cruel  kindness. 

Oxyopia,  Oxyopy,.ok-si-o'pi-a,  ok'si-o-pi,  n. 
[6r.  oxys,  acute,  and  Ops,  the  eye.]  Acute- 
ness  of  sight  from  increased  sensibility 
of  the  retina. '  v 

Oxyphonia,  Oxjrphony,  ok-si-fo'ni-a,  ok- 
sif'5-ni,  n.  [Gr.  oxys,  acute,  and  phOne, 
voice.]   Acuteness  or  shrillness  of  voice. 

Oxytone,  ok'si-ton,  a.  [Gr.  oxys,  sharp, 
iMios,  tone.]  Having  an  acute  sound; 
Greek  gram,  having  the  acute  accent  on 
the  last  syllable. 

Oyer,  o'ySr,  n.  [Norm,  oyer,  Fr.  ouir,  L. 
av.dire,  to  hear.]  Law,  a  hearing  or  trial 
of  causes.— (7owr<  of  oyer  and  terminet  (to 


hear  and  determine),  a  court  constituted 
to  hear  and  determine  felonies  and  mis- 
demeanours.—Dyes,  Oyez,  o'yes.  ['Hear 
ye.'l  The  introduction  to  a  proclamation 
made  by  a  public  crier,  in  order  to  secure 
silence  and  attention,  and  repeated  three 
times.  If 

Oyster,  ois'tfir,  n.  [O.Fr.  oistre,  from  L;* 
ostrea,  ostreum,  from  Gr.  ostreon,  an  oyster, 
akin  to  osteon,  a  bone.]  .  A  well-known 
edible  mollusc  with  a  shell  composed  of 
two  irregular  valves,  living  in  the  sea  and 
adherin"  to  other  objects.— Oyster-bed,  n. 
A  breeding  place  of  oysters;  a  place 
where  they  are  artificially  or  naturally 
reared.  —  OyBter-catcher,  n.  A  British 
shore  bird  which  feeds  on  small  mollusca. 
— Oyster-dredge,  n.  A  drag-net  for  bring- 
ing up  oysters  from  the  water.— Oyster- 
ling,  ois't6r-ling,  n.  A  young  oyster.— Oys- 


ter-patty, n.  A  patty  or  small  pie  made 
with  oysters. 

Ozsena,  o-ze'na,  n.  [Qr.ozaina,  from  ozO,io 
smell.]    A  fetid  ulcer  in  the  nostril. 

Ozocerite,  Ozokerite,  o-zo-se'rit,  o-zo-k6'rit, 

n._  [Gr.  0Z6,  to  smell,  and'fteros,  wax.]    A 

mineral  wax  or  paraffin  of  a  brown  or 

■ ,  broyiTU8h-yellowcolour,made  into  candles. 

Ozone,  o'zon,  n.  [From  Gr.  ozO,  to  smell.j 
A  modification  of  oxygen  existing  in  the 
atmosphere  to  a  minute  extent,  and  pro- 
duced when  an  electric  machine  is  worked, 
and  in  other  ways.— Ozoniferous,  o-zo-nif- 
6r-us,  a.  Containing  or  furnishing  ozone. 
— Ozonize,  o'zon-iz,  v.t.    To  charge  or  im- 

,  pregnate  with  ozone.  —  Ozonometer,  o-zo- 

™nom'et-6r,  n.  An  apparatus  for  measuring 
the  ozone  in  the  atmosphere.  —  Ozonom- 
etry,o-zo-nom'et-ri,n.  The  determination 
of  ozone  in  the  atmosphere. 


P. 


P,  the  sixteenth  letter  of  the  English  alpha- 
bet.— To  mind  one's  P's  and  Q's,  to  be  very 
careful  in  behaviour— a  colloquial  phrase 
of  unknown  origin. 
Pa,  pa,  n.    A  childish  form  of  Papa. 

Pabular,  pab'a-ler,  a.  [L.  pabulum,  food, 
from  pasco,  to  feed.  Pastok.J  Pertaining 
tq  food  or  pabulum.— Pahulum,pab'u-lum, 
».  Food;  aliment;  Jig.  food  for  the.miud 
or  intellect. 

Paca,  pa'ka,  n.  [Pg.  paca,  from  pak,  the 
native  name.]  A  large  rodent  animal  of 
South  America  and  the  West  Indies,  much 
esteemed  for  food. 

Pacation,t  pa-ka'shon,  n.  {It.  paco,  to  palm 
or  appease.]  The  act  of  pacifying  or  ap- 
peasing. 

Pacchionian,  pak-ki-S'ni-an,  a.  [After Pac- 
chioni,  an  Italian  anatomist.]  A  term  ap- 
plied to  certain  small  bodies  in  the  inves- 
ting members  of  the  brain. 

Pace,  pas,  n.  [Fr.  pas,  from  L.  passus,  a 
step,  from  paieo,  to  lie  open  (v;  hence 
patent),  or  from  pando,  passum,  to  stretch 
out.  Pass  has  the  same  origin.]  A  step, 
or  the  space  bet\7een  the  feet  in  walking 
(about  2i  feet) ;  sometimes  the  distance 
from  the  place  where  either  foot  is  taken 
up  to  that  where  the  same  foot  is  set  down 
(this  being  the  Roman  pace);  manner  of 
walking;  walk;  gait  (heavy,  quick,  or  slow 
pace);  degree  of  celerity;  rate  of  progress 
(events  followed  at  a  great  pace);  a  mode 
of  stepping  among  horses.— To  keep  or  hold 
pace  with,  to  keep  up  with;  to  go  or  move 
as  fast  as:  literally  or  figuratively.- v.i. — 
paced,  pacing.  To  step;  to  walk;  to  step 
slowly  or  with  measured  tread;  to  stride. 
—v.t.  To  measure  by  steps;  to  walk  over 
■with  measured  paces.— Paced,  past,  p.  and 
a.  Having  a  particular  gait  (slow-paced); 
trained  in  paces,  as  a  horse;  broken  in. — 
Thorough-paced  {lit.  thoroughly  trained), 
perfect  in  something  bad;  out-and-out  (a 
thorough-paced  scoundrel,  &c.).  —  Pacer, 
pa's6r,  TO.  One  that  paces;  a  horse  well- 
trained  in  pacing. 

Pacha,  pa-sha',  TO.  [French  spelling]  Pasha. 

Pachyometer,  pak'i-om-et-er,  to.  [GT.pachys, 
thick,  and  metron,  a  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  thickness  of  the 
glass  of  mirrors.— Pachydactyl,pak-i-dak'- 
til,  n.  [Gr.  daktylos,  a  toe.]  A  bird  or 
other  animal  having  thick  toes.— Pachy- 
dactylous,  pak-i-dak'ti-lus,  a.  Thick-toed. 
—Pachyderm,  pak'i-dftrm,  to.  [Gr.  derma, 
skin.]  A  non-ruminant  hoofed  animal;  a 
member  of  an  old  mammalian  order  in- 
cludingtheelephant.hippopotamus.horse, 
hog,  &c.— Pachydermatous,  pak-i-d6r'rna- 
tus,  a.  Belonging  to  the  pachyderms; 
thick-skinned;  hence  fig.  riot  sensitive  to 
ridicule,  sarcasm,  or  the  like.— Pachyop- 
terous,  pak-i-op't6r-us,  a.  [(Jr.  pteron,  a 
wing.]    Thick-winged. 

if acify,  pas'i-fi,  v.t— pacified,  pacifying.  [Fr. 
pacifier,  L.  pacificare.]  To  appeass;  to  cause 
to  give  up  anger  or  excited  feeling;  to  allay 
the  agitation  or  excitement  of;  to  calm;  to 
restore  peace  to;  to  tranquillize.— Pacifia- 


ble,  pas-i-fTa-bl,  n.  Capable  of  being  paci- 
fied.—Pacific,  pa-sif'ik,a.  [L.paei^wSjfrom 


pacifico,  to  make  v&SiCe— pax,  pads,  peace, 
and  facio,  to  make.  Peace.]  ■  Suited  to 
make  or  restore  peace ;  conciliatory ;  ap- 
peasing; pacifying;  calm,  peaceful,  tran- 
quil; not  warlike  (pacific  disposition).— 
Pacific  Ocean,  Pacific,  the  ocean  situated 
between  the  west  coast  of  America  and  the 
shores  of  Asia  and  Australia.— Pacifically, 
pa-sif'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  pacific  manner. — 
Pacification,  pa-sif'i-ka"shon,  n.  The  act 
of  pacifying;  appeasement;  reconciliation. 
Pacificatory,  pa:«Lf'i-ka-to-ri,  a.  Tending 
to  make  peace;  conciliate^.  —  Pacifier, 
pas'i-fi-6r,  to.    One  who  pacifies. 

Pacinian,  pa-sin'i-an,  a.  [After  Pacini,  an 
Italian  anatomist.]  Applied  to  certain 
minute  oval  bodies  at  the  extremities  of 
certain  nerves. 

Pack,  pak,  n.    [Either  from  D.  pak.  Dan. 

fiafc,  pakke,  G.pack,  a  pack  or  bundle;  or' 
rom  Armor.  Ir.  and  Gael,  pac,  a  pack.] 
A  bundle  made  up  to  be  earned;  a  bale  (a 
pack  of  wool  is  a  quantity  equal  to  about 
240  lbs.);  a  budget;  a  collection;  acomplete 
set  of  playing-cavds;  a  number  of  hounds 
or  dogs  hunting  or  kept  together;  a  num- 
ber of  persons  united  in  a  b-ad  design  or 
practice  (a  pack  of  rascals);  pack-ice.— y.t. 
To  put  together  for  transportation  or  stor- 
age; to  make  up  into  a  package,  bundle, 
or  bale;  to  stow;  to  fill  methodically  with 
contents  (to  pack  a  trunk);  to  assemble  or 
bring  together  iniquitously  and  with  a 
view  to  favour  some  particular  side  (to 
pack  a  jury;  to  pack  a  meeting);  to  dismiss 
without  ceremony;  to  make  begone;  to 
make  air-tight  by  stuffing,  as  the  piston 
of  an  engine;  to  stufi^;  to  preserve  in  close 
vessels  (to  pack  meat  or  fish). — v.i.  To  make 
up  bundles  or  packs;  to  put  up  things  for 
transportation;  to  depart  in  haste  (with  off 
or  away);  to  gather  together  into  flocks  or 
bands  (the  grouse  begin  to  pack). — Pack- 
age, pak'aj,  TO.  A  bundle  or  bale;  a  packet; 
a  parcel.— Packer,  pak'6r,  n.  One  that 
packs.— Packet,  pak'et,  n.  [Fr.  paquet.] 
A  small  pack  or  package;  a  little  bundle 
or  parcel;  a  parcel  of  letters;  a  vessel  em- 
ployed in  carrying  mails,  goods,  and  pas- 
sengers on  regular  days  of  starting:  also 
called  packet-boat,  packet-vessel.  —  Pack- 
horse,  TO.  A  horse  employed  in  canying 
packs  or  goods  and  baggage  on  its  back.— 
Pack-ice,  to.  An  assemblage  of  large  float- 
ing pieces  of  ice.— Packing,  pak'ing,  n. 
Any  material  used  for  filling  up  empty 
spaces,  or  for  making  close  or  tight;  stuf- 
fing.— Packing-box,  n.  A  box  in  which 
goods,  &c.,  are  packed;  a  stuffing-box. — 
Packing-case,  n.  A  deal  or  other  box  for 
moving  and  protecting  goods. — Packing- 
needle,  TO.  A  strong  needle  for  sewing 
packages. — Packing-press,  n.  A  powerful 
press,  generally  hydraulic,  for  compress- 
ing goods  into  small  bulk  for  transport. — 
Pacfiman,  pak'man,  to.    One  who  carries  a 

§ack;  a  pedlar.— Pack-saddle,  n.    A  sad- 
le  on  which  burdens  a,rs  laid  for  convey- 


ance.—Packsheet,  pak'shet,  n.  A  strong 
coarse  cloth  for  covering  goods  in  bales.— 
Packthread,  pak'thred, «.  Strong  thread 
or  twine  used  in  tying  up  parcels. 

Fackfong,  Pakf oag,  pak'f  ong,  to.  A  Chinese 
alloy  consisting  of  copper  40"4,  zinc  25"4, 
nickel  31'6,  and  iron  2'6. 

Paco,  pa'ks,  TO.  [Peruv.  name.]  The  al- 
paca. 

Pact,  Paction,  pakt,  pak'shon,  n.  [Fr.  pacte, 
L.  pactum,  a  bargain  (as  in  compact),  from 
paciscor,  pactus,  to  fix,  bargain,  covenant; 
same  root  as  pax,  peace.  Peace.]  A  con- 
tract ;  an  agreement  or  covenant.  —  Pac- 
tional, pakshon-al,  a.  By  way  of  agree- 
ment.—Factitious,  pak-tish'us,  a.  Settled 
by  agreement. 

Factolian,  pak-toli-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Pactolus,  a  river  in  Lydia,  famous  for  its 
golden  sands. 

Facul,  p&'kul,  TO.  One  of  the  plants  yield- 
ing Manilla  hemp. 

Pad,  pad,  n.  [Origin  uncertain;  perhaps 
akin  to  pod.]  A  cushion,  soft  saddle,  bol- 
ster, part  of  a  garment,  &c.,  stuffed  with 
some  soft  material;  a  quantity  of  blotting- 
paper  used  for  blotting  or  writing  upon 
(a  blotting  or  ■writing  pad).— v.t.— padded, 
padding.  To  stuff  so  as  to  make  a  pad;  to 
furnish  with  a  pad.— Padding,  pad'ing,  w. 
The  act  of  stuffing;  the^  materials  used  for 
stufiing  a  saddle,  bolster,  &c. ;  literary 
matter  inserted  in  a  book,  periodical,  &c., 
merely  to  increase  the  bulk. 

Fad,  pad,  to.  [A  form  of  path:  comp;  Prov. 
E.  pad,  Sc.  padd,  a  path.]  A  robber  that 
infests  the  road  on  foot;  af ootpad;  an  easy- 
paced  horse. 

Paddle,  pad'!,  v.i.— paddled,  paddling.  [A 
freq.  and  dim.  f rom  padj  to  go=  L.G.  pad- 
delri,  to  go  with  short  steps,  to  paddle.] 
To  play  in  the  water  with  the  hands  or 
feet  in  swimming  or  sport;  to  use  a  paddle; 
to  row  with  a  paddle.— 1).<.  To  propel  by 
an  oar  or  paddle.— w.  A  sort  of  short  broad 
oar  used  in  propelling  and  steering  canoes 
and  boats  by  a  vertical  motion;  one  of  the 
float-boards  placed  on  the  circumference 
of  the  wheel  of  a  steam-vessel;  zool.  the 
swimming  apparatus  of  the  turtles  and 
certain  other  animals,  —  Paddle-box,  to. 
The  wooden  covering  of  the  paddle-wheel 
of  a  steamer.- Paddler,  pad'l-er,  to.  One 
that  paddles.— Paddle-^wheel,  to.  A  wheel 
with  boards  or  floats  on  its  circumference, 
driven  by  steam  and  propelling  a  steam- 
ship. 

Paddock,  pad'ok,  n.  [A.  Sax.  pada;  a  frog 
or  toad  (with  dim.  suffix  -oci;) =Icel.  and 
Sw.  padda,  Dan.  padde,  D.  pad,  padde,  a 
frog  or  toad.]  A  toad  or  frog.- Paddock- 
stool,  TO.    A  mushroom;  a  toad-stool. 

Paddock,  pad'ok,  to.  [For  parrok,  A.  Sax. 
pea'iiroc.  Parx.]  A  small  field  or  inclo- 
sure,  especially  a  small  inclosure  under 
pasture  immediately  adjoining  a  house. 

Paddy,  pad'i,  TO.  [Malay  padi.]  Kiceinthe 
husk  whether  in  the  field  or  gathered. 
[East  Indies.!— Faddy-bird,  n.  The  rice- 
bird. 


ph,  cftain;     c,V>  Sc.  loc/j;     g,  &-o;     j./ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sifi^;     vh,  i,ten;  th,  i/iin;     w,  twig;     wh,  wAig;     zli,  asure. 


PADELLA 


4S0 


PAL^ARCTIO 


Padella,  pa-della,  n.  [It.,  from  L.  patella. 
dim.  of  patera,  a  cup.  Patella.]  A  metal 
or  earthenware  cup  or  deep  saucer  con- 
taining fatty  matter  in  which  a  wick  is 
inserted,  used  in  public  illuminations,  &c. 

Padishah,  pa'di-sha,  n.  [Per.  pddishah, 
from  pdd,  protector,  master,  and  shOh,  a 
king.]  A  title  of  the  Turkish  sultan  and 
Persian  shah. 

Padlock,  pad'lok,  n.  [Either  from  pad,  a 
path,  lit.  a  lock  for  a  gate  on  a  path,  or 
from  pad  in  the  local  sense  of  a  pannier.] 
A  movable  lock  with  a  bow  or  semicirculaj: 
link  to  be  fastened  through  a  staple.— t>.t. 
To  fasten  or  provide  with  a  padlock  or 
padlocks. 

Paduasoy,  Padesoy,  pad'u-a-soi,  pad'6-8oi, 
n.  [From  Padua,  in  Italy,  ana  Fr.  eoie, 
silk.]    A  particular  kind  of  silk  stufiF. 

Psan,  ps'an,  n.  [6r.]  An  ancient  Greek 
hymn  in  honour  of  Apollo,  who  was  also 
called  Pasan;  a  ■war-song  before  or  after  a 
battle;  hence,  a  song  of  triumph  generally; 
a  loud  and  jotous  song. 

Pedagogics,  Paedagogy,  p5-da-goj'iks,  pe'- 
da-goj-i,  rt.    Pedagogics,  PEDAGOor. 

Psedobaptism,  pe-do-bap'tizm,  n.  [Gr.  pots, 
paidos,  a  child.]  The  baptism  of  infants 
or  children.  —  Pasdohaptist,  p5-d0-bap'- 
tist,  n.  One  who  holds  td  infant  bap- 
tism. 

Pagan,  pa'gan,  n.  [L.  paganus,  a  pedant, 
from  pagus,  a  village  or  country  district; 
comp.  origin  of  heathen.  Akin  peasant.] 
One  who  worships  false  gods;  one  who  is 
neither  a  Christian,  a  Jew,  nor  a  Moham- 
medan; a  heathen;  an  idolater. — a.  Per- 
taining to  pagans  or  heathens;  heathenish; 
idolatrous.— Paganish, pa'gan-ish, a.  Hea- 
thenish.—Paganism,  pa'gan-izrn,  n.  The 
worship  of  false  gods;  the  religious  opin- 
ions and  worship  of  pagans;  heathenism. 
—Paganize,  pa'gan-iz,  v.t.—poiQanized,  pa- 
(/anizitig.  To  render  heathenish;  to  con- 
vert toheathenism. 

Page,  paj,  n.  [Fr.  page.  It.  paggio,  a  page, 
from  L.h.  pagius,  a  rustic,  from  L.  pagvs, 
a  country  district.  Pagan.]  A  young 
male  attendant  on  kings,  nobles,  or  other 
persons  of  distinction;  a  lad  in  the  service 
of  people  of  rank  or  wealth,  whose  duty  it 
is  to  run  errands,  attend  to  the  door,  &c. — 
v.t— paged,  paging.     To  attend  as  a  page. 

Page,  paj,  w.  [Fr.  pajre,  from  li.pagina,A 
page,  from  stem  pag,  seen  in  L.  pango, 
Gr.  pegnymi,  to  fix;  akin  compact  {a.), 
pageant]  One  side  of  a  leaf  of  a  book;  a 
writing  or  record  (the  page  of  history); 
printing,  types  set  up  for  one  side  of  a  lew. 
— v.t. — paged,  pagirtf.  To  mark  or  number 
the  pages  of.— PaglmJ,  paj'i-nal,  a.  '  Con- 
sisting of  pages.— Paginate,  paj'i-nat,  v.t. 
—paginated,  paginating.  To  number  the 
pages  of ;  to  page.— Pagination,  paj-i-na'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  paging;  the  marks  or 
figures  which  indicate  the  number  of 
■pages. 

Pageant,  paj'ant  or  pfi'jant,  n.  [Old  forms 
pagyn,  pagen,  originally  a  scaffold  or  stage, 
from  L.  pagina,  a  slab,  a  page  (of  a  book). 
Page.]  A  spectacle  of  entertainment;  a 
great  display  or  show,  as  at  some  public 
rejoicing;  a  theatrical  exhibition;  any- 
thing showy,  without  stability  or  dura- 
tion.— Pageantry,  paj'ant-ri,  n.  ■  Pageants 
collectively;  a  showy  exhibition  or  spec- 
tacle; splendid  or  ostentatious  show. 

Paginal.  Pagination.    Under  Page. 

Pacoda,  pa-go'da,  n.  [Fr.  pagode,  from 
Per.  and  Hiid.  but-gadah—bvt,  an  idol, 
and  gadah,  a  house.]  A  Hindu  temple  in 
which  idols  are  worshipped;  a  Buddhist 
temple  in  Siam,  Burmah,  or  China;  a  gold 
or  silver  coin  of  Hindustan,  of  value  from 
Ss.  to  9s.  sterling.- Pagoda-stone,  n.  A 
limestone  found. in  China,  inclosing  nu- 
merous fossil  shells  which  present  a  re- 
semblance to  a  pagoda.— Pagodlte,  pa'god- 
it,  n.    Same  as  Agalmatolite. 

Pagurus,  pa-ga'rus,  n.  [Gr.  pagouros— root 
pag,  to  fix,  and  oura,  tail.]  A  genus  of 
crabs  which  includes  the  hermit-crabs, 
Ac— Pagurian,  pa-gU'ri-an,  n.  A  crab  of 
this  genus  or  of  the  same  family. 

Pah,  p'a,  n.  In  New  Zealand,  a  fortified 
native  camp. 

iaja.,  pS,,  inter}'.  An  exclamation  expressing 
contempt  or  disgust. 


Paid,  pad,  pret.  &  pp.  of  pay. 

Paideutics,  pa-da'tiks,  n.  [Gr.  paideutxke 
(techne),  education,  from  paideitO,  to  teach, 
from  pais,  a  boy.]  The  science  of  teaching 
or  of  education. 

Pail,  pai,  n.  [O.Fr.  paile,  paele,  from  L. 
patella,  a  pan,  from  pateo,  to  lie  open. 
Patent.]  A  vessel  of  wood,  or  of  tin  or 
other  metal,  in  which  milk  or  water  is  com- 
monly carried. — Pailful,  pal'ful,  n.  The 
quantity  that  a  pail  will  hold." 

Paillasse,  pal-yasf",  n.  [Fr.,  from  paille, 
straw,  L.  palea,  chaff.]  An  under  bed  of 
straw. 

Pain,  pan, n.  [Fr.  peine,  O.Fr. peine, paine, 
&c.,  from  L.  pcma,  punishment,  aiid 
latterly  pain,  torment;  akin  penal,  peni- 
tence, pine  (verb),  punish,  &c.J  Penalty; 
suffering  annexed  to  the  commission  of 
a  crime  (under  pain  of  death);  an  uneasy 
sensation  in  animal  bodies;  bodily  dis- 
tress; suffering;  the  throes  of  travail  or 
childbirth  (generally  in  plural);  mental 
distress;  careful  labour;  close  application 
in  working;  trouble  (chiefly  in  plural). — 
v.t.  To  give  pain  to;  to  cause  to  endure 
physical  or  mental  suffering;  to  afflict;  to 
distress.- Painful,  pan'fiil,  a.  Full  of  pain; 
giving  or  accompanied  by  pain;  distress- 
ing; requiring  laDovtr  or  toil;  difficult;  ex- 
ecuted with  pains;  attended  with  close 
and  careful  application  or  attention.  — 
Painfully,  pan'ful-li,  adv.  In  a  painful 
manner.— Palnfvdness,pan'ful-ne3,M.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  painful. — Pain- 
less, pan'les,  a.  Free  from  pain.  —  Pain- 
lessness, pan'les-nes,  »i.  The  state  of  be- 
ing painless.— Painstaker,  panz'ta-kfer,  n. 
One  who  takes  pains;  a  laborious  person. 
—  Painstaking,  panz'ta-king,  a.  Taking 
or  given  to  taking  pains;  giving  close  ap- 
plication; laborious  and  careful. — n.  The 
taking  of  pains;  careful  labour. 

Paint,  pant,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  paindre,  pp.  paint 
(Fr.  peindre),  from  L.  pingere,  pictum,  to 
paint.  Picture.]  To  lay  colour  or  colours 
on  with  a  brush  or  otherwise;  to  diversify 
with  hues;  to  colour;  to  produce  (a  repre- 
sentation) in  colours;  to  form  a  likeness  or 
representation  of  in  colours ;  to  represent 
or  exhibit  tcr  the  mind;  to  describe  vivid- 
ly; to  delineate;  to  depict;  to  adorn  or 
beautify  by  laying  artificial  colours  on 
(the  f  ace).— f  .i.  To  practise  painting;  to  lay 
artificial  colour  on  the  face  ■with  the  view 
of  beautifying  it. — n.  A  substance  used  in 
painting;  a  pigment;  colour  laid  on  the 
face;  rouge.- Paint-box,  n.  A  colour-box. 
Under  Colour. — Painter,  pan't6p,  n.  One 
whose  occupation  is  to  paint;  an  artist 
■who  represents  objects  by  means  of  colours 
or  pigments. — Painter's  colic,  a  disease  to 
which  painters  and  others  who  work  ■with 
poisonous  preparations  of  lead  are  liable. 
— Painting,  pan'ting,  n.  The  act,  art,  or 
employment  of  laying  on  colours;  the  art 
of  representing  objects  by  means  of  figures 
and  colours  on  a  plane  surface  so  as  to 
produce  the  appearance  of  relief;  a  painted 
picture. 

Painter,  pRn'tSr,  n.  [Ir.  painteir,  a  snare, 
a  net.]  A  rope  used  to  fasten  a  boat  to 
a  ship  or  other  object. 

Pair,  par,  n.  [Fr.  paire,  from  li.  par,  equal, 
whence  also  parity,  peer,  compeer,  dispar- 
age, &C.1  Two  things  similar  in  form  and 
suited  to  each  other  or  used  together  (a 
pair  of  gloves  or  stockings);  a  single  thing 
composed  of  two  pieces  suiting  each  other 
(a  pair  of  scissors  or  of  trousers);  two  of 
a  sort ;  a  couple ;  a  brace;  distinctively,  a 
man  and  his  wife;  in  parliament,  and  simi- 
lar bodies,  two  memoers  who  would  vote 
on  opposite  sides  and  agree  not  to  vote  for 
a  specified  time.  —  Pair  formerly  often 
meant  a  set  of  things;  hence,  we  speak  of 
a  pair  of  stairs  for  a  flight  of  stairs  pr 
steps.— w.f.  To  join  in  pairs;  to  couple;  to 
mate  (as  birds).  —  To  pair,  to  pair  off,  to 
depart  from  a  company  in  pairs  or  couples; 
to  form  a  pair  in  the  parliamentary  sense. 
— v.t.  To  unite  in  pairs  or  couples;  to  assort 
in  twos.— Pairlng-tlme,  m.  The  time  when 
birds  couple.— Pair-royal,  n.  Three  simi- 
lar things;  three  cards  of  a  sort  at  certain 
fames,  as  three  kings,  three  queens,  &c. — 
airwise,  par'wiz,  adv.    In  pairs. 

Pakfong,  pak'fong,  j*.    Packfoxo. 


Pal,  Pall,  pal,  n.  [Of  Gypsy  origin.]  Mate; 
partner;  accomplice;  chum.    [Slang.] 

Palace,  pal 'as,  n.  [Fr.  palais,  from  L. 
Palatium,  the  house  of  Augustus  on  the 
hill  at  Rome  called  by  this  name.]  The 
house  in  which  an  emperor,  a  king,  or 
other  distinguished  person  resides ;  a 
splendid  place  of  residence;  a  etatelv  man- 
sion.—Palace-car,  n.  An  elegantly  fitted 
up  railway-carriage  provided  with  chairs, 
sofas,  &c.,  and  with  berths,  beds,  or 
couches  for  sleeping. 

Paladin,  pal'a-din,  n.  [Fr.  paladin,  from 
h'.  palatinus,  attached  to  the  palace,  from 
palatiuvi.  Palace.]  A  knight  attached 
to  a  sovereign's  court;  a  knight-errant;  a 
heroic  champion;  an  eminent  hero. 

Faiaearctic,  parle-ark'tik,  a.  [Gr.  palaios, 
ancient,  and  E.  arctic]  One  of  the  regions 
of  the  earth  marked  by  a  characteristic 
fauna,  and  embracing  Europe,  Af^rica 
north  of  the  Atlas,  and  Northern  Asia. — 
Palaeobotany,  pa'le-o-bot"a-ni,  n.  [Gr. 
palaios,  and  E.  botany.]  The  study  of  the 
plants  that  are  found  in  a  fossil  state. — 
Falxocosmic,  pa'l5-o-koz"mik,  n.  ,  [Gr. 
kosmos,  world.]  Pertaining  to  the  earth 
during  former  geological  periods. — Palae- 
ocrystic,  pa'15-o-kris"tik,  a.  [Or.  kryos, 
frost.]  Frozen  from  of  old;  remaining 
frozen  from  antiquity:  applied  to  the  parts 
of  the  Arctic  ana  Antarctic  seas  that  are 
covered  with  ice  of  unknown  ages,  or  to 
such  ice.  —  Palaeo ethnology,  pa'le-o-eth- 
nol"o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  ethnos,  a  peofile.l  The 
ethnology  of  the  earliest  times.- Palseo- 
ethnological,  pa'l6-6-eth-no-loj"i-kal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  science  of  palaeoethnol- 
ogy. — Palxoethnolo^t,  pa'le-o-eth-nol"o- 
jibt,  n.  One  versed  in  palseocthiiology. — 
Palaeogean,  pa'le-o-je"an,  a.  [Gr.  ge,  the 
earth.]  Belonging  to  the  former  condi- 
tions of  the  earth's  surface  as  distinct  from 
the  existing.— Palseography,  pa-le-og'ra-fi, 
n.  [Gr.  grapM,  to  write.]  An  ancient 
manner  of  writing;  ancient  ■»vri tings  col- 
lectively; the  art  of  deciphering  ancient 
documents  or  inscriptions.— Palaeograph, 
pa'le-6-graf ,  n.  An  ancient  manuscript. — 
Palseogi-apher,  PaJxographist,  pa-le-og'ra- 
f6r,pa-le-og'ra-fist,n.  One  skilled  in  palse- 
ography .—Palaeographic,Palaeograpaical, 
pa'le-o-graf"ik,  pa'le-o-graf'i-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  paireography.  —  Palseoichthy- 
ology,  pa'le-o-ik-tni-ol"o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  ickthys, 
a  fish.J  The  science  of  fossil  fishes.— Palaeo- 
lithic, pa'le-o-lith'lk,  a.  [Gr.  litiios,  a  stone.] 
Arch,  belonging  to  the  earlier  stone  period 
of  prehistoric  history.- Palaolith,  pa'le-o- 
lith,  n.  An  unpolished  stone,  implement, 
or  other  object  belonging  to  the  earlier 
stone  age.  —  Palaeology,  pa-Ie-ol'o-ji,  ». 
[Gr.  I  logos,  discourse.]  A  discourse  <« 
treatise  on  antiquities,  or  the  knowledge 
of  ancient  things;  archaeology.— Palseolo- 
gist,  pa-l5-ol'o-jist,  n.  One  conversant 
■with  palaeology.— Palseontography,  pa'le- 
on-tog"ra-fl,  n.  [Gr.  onto,  beings.]  The 
description  of  fossil  remains. — Palaeonto- 
grapblcal,  pa-le-on'to-graf"i-kal,  a.  P^ela- 
ting  to  palseontography.— Palasontology, 
pa'le-on-tol"o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  onta,  beings.) 
The  science  of  the  ancient  life  of  the 
earth;  that  branch  of  biological  science 
which  treats  of  fossil  organic  remains. — 
Pal^ontological,  pa'l6-on-to-loj"i-kal,  a. 
Relating  to  palaeontology —  Palaeontolo- 
gically,  pal5-on-to-loj"i-kal-ls,  adv.  In  a 
palaeontological  sense  or  point  of  view. — 
Palaeontologist,  pa'le-on-tol"o-jist,  n.  One 
who  studies  or  is  versed  in  palseontology. 
— Palaeophsrtology,  pa'lE-o-fi-tol"o-ji,  n. 
[Gr.  phyton,  a  plant.]  That  branch  of  pa- 
Iteontology  which  treats  of  fossil  plants  or 
vegetable  remains.— Palaeotherium,  pa'le- 
o-thC"ri-um,  TO.  [Gr.  therion,  a  wUd  beast.] 
A  sort  of  extinct  pachyderms  found  in  the 
eocene  strata  of  Europe  and  America  and 
holding  a  place  intermediate  between  the 
rhinoceros,  the  horse,  and  t*ie  tapir.— Palae- 
otherlan,pa'l6-o-thB"ri-an,a.  Pertaining  to 
the  palaeotherium.— Palaeozoic,  palg-S-zo"- 
ik,  a.  [Gr.  z6e,  Ufe.]  Geol.  applied  to  the 
lowest  division  of  stratified  groups,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  Mesozoic  and  Cainozo- 
t«.— Palaeozoology,  pa'l6-0-zd-ol"o-ji,  n.  [Gr. 
zdon,  an  animal.]  That  branch  of  biology 
which  concerns  itself  with  the  fossil  ra- 


yate,  far,  fat,  ffilJ;     jne,  jnpt,  h«r;     pine,  pinj     note,  not,  jnOve;     tube,  tub,  bijU-,     oil,  pound;     tt,  8c.  ftbwe— the  Fr. «, 


PAIAKQUIi? 


palm: 


mains  of  animals.— Pal»tlology,  pa-le'shi- 
ol"o-ji,n.  [Gr.rtiiw.acause.]  Thatmodeof 
speculatioa  or  investigation  which  ex- 
plains past  conditions  by  reasoning  from 
present  conditions.— Palsatiological,  pa-l6'- 
8hi-o-loj"i-kal,a.  Belonging  to  palaetiology. 
— Palaetiologist,  pa-l5'shi-ol"o-jist,  n.  As. 
investigator  by  the  method  of  palaatiology. 

Fala&quin,  Palankeen,  pal-an-ken',  n.  [Fr. 
and  Pg.  palanqvdn,  from  Pali,  p&langki.] 
A  covered  conveyance  used  in  India,  China, 
&o.,  borne  by  poles  on  the  shoulders  of 
men,  and  carrying  a  single  person. 

Palate,  pal'at,  n.  IL.  palatum,  the  palate.] 
The  roof  or  upper  part  of  the  mouth;  taste; 
relish;  sometimes  intellectual  taste. — Pal- 
atable, pal'at-a-bl,  a.  Agreeable  to  the 
taste  or  palate;  savoury.  —  Palatableness, 
pal'at-a-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
palatable  to  the  taste. — Palatably,  pal'at- 
a-bli,  adv.  In  a  palatable  manner.— Pal- 
atal, pal'at-al,  a.  Pertaimng  to  the  palate; 
uttered  by  the  aid  of  the  palate,  as  certain 
sounds.  —  n.  A  sound  pronounced  by  the 
aid  of  the  palate;  as  that  of  eh  in  church, 
and  that  of  i. 

Palatial,  pa-la'shal,  a.  [From  L.  palatium, 
palace.  Palace.]  Pertaining  to  a  palace; 
becoming  a  palace;  magnificent.  —  Pala- 
tine, pal'tirtin,  a.  [Fr.  palaiin,  L.  pala- 
tinus,  from  palatium,  palace.]  Pertaining 
to  a  palace;  holding  office  in  the  king's 
palace;  possessing  royal  privileges. — 
CourUy  palatine  is  a  county  over  which  an 
earl,  bishop,  or  duke  had  a  royal  jurisdic- 
tion. —  n.  One  invested  with  royal  privi- 
leges and  rights;  a  count  palatine.  —  Pal- 
atinate, pa-lat'i-nat,  n.  The  province  or 
seignory  of  a  palatine. 

Palaver,  pa-la 'v6r,  n.  [Pg.  palavra,  Sp. 
paldbra,  a  word,  from  L.  parabola,  a  par- 
able, in  late  times  a  word.  Parable.] 
A  talk  or  conference  among  some  barbaric 
races;  a  conversation;  superfluous  or  idle 
talk. — v.t.  To  flatter;  to  humbug  by 
words. — v.i.  To  talk  idly ;  to  indulge  in  a 
palaver  or  palavers.- Palaverer,  pa-la'v6r- 
6r,  n.    One  who  palavers;  a  flatterer. 

Pale,  p5l,  a.  [O.Fr.  pale  (Fr.  pftte),  from 
L.  pallviua,  pale.  Pallid.]  White  or 
whitish;  wan;  not  ruddy  or  fresh  of  colour; 
not  bright ;  of  a  faint  lustre;  dim.— i;.^— 
paled,  paling.  To  make  pale;  to  diminish 
the  brightness  of.  —  v.i.  To  turn  pale. — 
Pale-ale,  n.  A  light-coloured  pleasant 
bitter  ale.— Pale-face,  n.  A  name  among 
the  North  American  Indians  for  a  white 
person.  —  Palely,  pal'li,  adv.  In  a  pale 
manner;  wanly;  not  ruddily.  —  Paleness, 
pal'nes,  n.  The  quality  or  condition  of 
being  pale.^PaUsn,  pill'ish,  a.  Somewhat 
Ijaleor wan.— Paly,  pal'i,  a.  Pale;  wanting 
colour.    [Poet.] 

Pale,  pal,  «.  [A.  Sax.  pal,  Fr.  pal,  from 
L.  palus,  a  stake,  from  root  seen  in  page 
(of  a  book),  pageant,  pact.'\  A  pointed 
stake  used  in  fencing  or  inclosing,  fixed 
upright  in  the  ground,  or  joined  above  and 
below  to  a  rail;  a  picket;  what  surrounds 
and  incloses;  the  space  inclosed;  an  in- 
closure;  an  instrument  for  trying  the  qua- 
lity of  a  cheese. — T/te  Pale,  that  portion 
of  Ireland  within  which  English  rule  was 
for  some  centuries  confined  after  the  con- 
quests of  Henry  11.— v.t.  To  inclose  with 
pales  or  stakes ;  to  encompass.  —  Paling, 
pal'ing,  n.  Pales  in  general,  or  a  fence 
formed  with  pales. 

Palea,  pal6-a,  n.  pi.  Palese,  psls-g.  [L. 
palea,  chaff.]  Bot.  one  of  the  bracts  upon 
the  receptacle  of  composite  plants  between 
the  florets ;  one  of  the  interior  bracts  of 
the  flowers  of  grasses. — Paleaceous,  pa-l5- 
a'shus,  a.  Bot.  consisting  of  chaff-like 
scales  covered  with  palese. 

Paleography,  Paleontology,  &o.  Under 
Pal^-. 

Palestra,  pa-les'tra,  n.  [Gr.  pataistra,  from 
pale!  wrestling.]  A  place  appropriated  to 
the  exercise  of  wrestling  or  other  athletic 
exercises;  exercises  of  wrestUng.— Pales- 
tral,  Palestrian,  Palestric,  pa-les'tral,  pa- 
les'tri-an,  pa-les'trik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
palestra  or  to  wrestling. 

Paletot,  pal'e-to,  n.  [Fr.  paletot,  paletome, 
a  paletot,  an  overcoat,  from  D.  paltsrok,  a 
pilgrim's  coat.]  A  loose  sort  of  man's  coat 
or  woman's  long  jacket;  an  overcoat. 


Palette,  pal'et,  n.  Fr.  palette,  from  L.L. 
palef.a,  aim.  from  L.  pala,  a  spade  or 
shove!.]  A  thin  oval  board  or  tablet  with 
a  thumb-hole  at  one  end  on  which  a  pain- 
ter lays  the  pigments  with  which  he  paints 
his  pictures^  a  pallet.  —  Palette-knife,  w. 
A  sort  of  knife  used  by  paintersfor  mixing 
colours,  and  by  druggists  to  Tf^v  salves. 

Palewise.    Under  Pale. 

Palfrey,  pal'fri,  n.  [O.Fr.  palefrei,  from 
L.L.  parafredus,  li.  par  aver edus,  an  extra 
post-horse,  from  Gr.  para,  beside,  and  L. 
veredus,  a  post-horse  (from  vefio,  to  carry, 
and  rheda,  a  carriage).]  An  ordinary  rid- 
ing-horse, or  a  horse  used  by  noblemen 
and  others  for  state,  distinguished  from  a 
war-horse;  a  small  horse  fit  for  ladies. 

Pali,  pa'li,  n.  The  sacred  language  of  the 
Budahists,  a  descendant  of  the  Sanskrit, 
not  now  spoken,  but  used  only  in  religious 
works. 

Pallchthyology,  pa-lik'thi-ol"o-ji,  n.  Pa- 
l^oichthyolouy. 

Palillogy,  Palilogy,  pa-lil'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  par 
lin,  again,  and  legO,  to  sjieak.]  Rhet.  the 
repetition  of  a  word  or  words  for  the  sake 
of  greater  energy. 

Palimpsest,  pa'ump^sest,  n.  [Gr.  palimp- 
sestos,  rubbed  again — paJin,  again,  and 
psaO,  to  rub.]  A  ijarchment  or  other  piece 
of  writing  material  from  which  one  writ- 
ing has  been  erased  to  make  room  for 
anotker,  often  leavicg  the  first  faintly 
visible,  a  process  to  which  many  ancient 
manuscripts  were  subjected. 

PaUndrome,  pal'in-drom,  «.  [Gr.  paiin- 
dromoa,  running  back-^aKn,  again,  and 
droiiios.  a  running.]  A  word,  verse,  or  sen- 
tence that  is  the  same  when  read  back- 
ward or  forward.  —  Palindromic,  Paliu- 
dromical,  pal-in-drom'ik,  pal-in-drom'i- 
kal,  a.  Belonging  to  or  in  the  manner  of 
a  palindrome. 

Paling.    Under  Pale. 

Palingenesis, pal-in-jen'e-sis, n.  [Gr.palin, 
again,  and  genesis,  birth.]  A  transK>rma- 
tioa  from  one  state  to  anoth.er;  a  meta- 
morphosis as  of  insects;  a  great  geological 
change  on  the  earth.— Paltngenetic,  pal'- 
in-je-net"ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  palingenesis. 

Palinode,  jial'i-nod,  w.  [Gr.  palincdia— 
palin,  again,  and  Ode,  a  song.]  Originally 
a-poetical  recantation;  a  piece  in  which  a 
poet  retracts  the  invectives  contained  in 
a  former  piece;  hence,  a  recantation  in 
general. — Pallaodial,  pal-i-nO'di-al,  a.  Re- 
lating to  a  palinode.  —  Palinodist,  pal-i- 
nod'ist,  n.    A  writer  of  palinodes. 

Palisade,  pal-i-sad',  n.  [Fr.  paKssade,from 
palisser.  to  pale,  from  palis,  a  pale.  Pale 
(a  stake).]  A  fence  or  fortification  consis- 
ting of  a  row  of  strong  stakes  or  posts  set 
firmly  in  the  ground;  also  applied  to  one 
of  the  stakes.— v.t— palisaded,  palisading. 
To  surround,  inclose,  or  fortify  with  pau- 


PaUsander,  pal-i-sp.n'd6r,  n.  [Fr.  palis- 
sandre.]  A  continental  name  for  rosewood. 

Palish.    Under  Pale. 

Palissy-ware,  pal'is-i,  n.  A  variety  of  pot- 
tery remarkable  for  its  beauty:  so  called 
from  its  maker,  Bernard  Palissy,  a  French 
potter  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

Palkee,  pal'ke,  n.    [Hind.]    A  palanquin. 

Pall,  pal,  n.  [A.  Sax.  poell,  from  L.  palliicm, 
a  cloak,  a  pall.]  An  outer  mantle  of  dig- 
nity; eccles.  a  vestment  sent  from  Rome 
to  patriarchs,  primates,  and  metropolitans 
as  an  ensign  of  jurisdiction,  and  some- 
times, as  a  mark  of  honour,  to  bishops ; 
consisting  of  a  short  white  cloak  of  lamb's 
wool,  with  a  red  cross  encircling  the  neck 
and  shoulders,  and  falling  on  the  back; 
also,  a  large  black  cloth  thrown  over  a 
coffin  at  a  funeral,  sometimes  over  atomb. 
— v.t.  To  cover  with  a  pall;  to  cover  or  in- 
vest; to  shroud.  —  Pall-bearer,  n.  One  of 
those  who  attend  the  coffin  at  a  funeral. 

Pall,  pal,  v.i.  [W.  pallu,  to  fail;  pall,  loss 
of  energy,  failure;  the  verb  appal  was 
probably  to  some  extent  aftected  by  .this 
word.]  To  become  vapid ;  to,  become  in- 
sipid ;  to  become  devoid  of  agreeableness 
or  attraction  (pleasures  begin  to  paU).— 
v.t.  To  make  vapid  or  insipid;  to  cloy;  to 
dispirit  or  depressj. 

Palladian.  pal-ia'di-an,  a.  Pertainmg  to 
Andrea  Palladio,  a  celebrated  Italian  ar- 


chitect {1518-SO).— Palladian  architedv.r:, 
a  species  of  Italian  architecture  foundea 
upon  the  Roman  antiaue. 
Pauadliun,  pal-la'di-um,  n.  [From  Pallas 
or  Athene,  equivalent  to  the  Latin  Min- 
erva.] A  sacred  statue  or  image  oi  Pailas, 
the  Greek  goddess,  on  the  preservation 
of  which,  according  to  ancient  legend, 
was  said  to  have  deponded  the  safety  of 
Troy;  hence,  something  that  affords  effec- 
tual defence,  protection,  and  safety;  araro 
metal  of  a  steel-gray  colour,  ductile  and 
malleable,  considerably  harder  and  lighter 
than  platinum. 

Pallah,  pal'la,  n.  A  handsome  species  of 
antelope  in  South  Africa. 

Pallet,  pal'et,  n.  [Fr.  palette,  feom  L.L. 
paleta,  dim.  from  L.  pala,  a  spade  or 
shovel.]  A  palette;  a  wooden  instrument 
used  by  potters,  &c.,  for  fonning  and 
rounding  their  wares ;  an  instrument  io 
take  up  and  apply  gold-leaf ;  pieces  which 
receive  the  impulse  from  a  pendulum  or 
balance-wheel. 

Pallet,  pal'et,  n.  [From  Fr.  paille,  straw; 
L.  palea,  chaff.]  A  small  and  poor  or  rude 
bed. 

Pallial,  jial'i-al,  a.  [L.  pallium,  a  mantle. 
Pall.]  Pertaining  to  a  mantle,  especia!ly 
the  mantle  of  molluscs.— PaZKaZ  imj^rti- 
sion,  the  mark  fonned  in  a  bivalve  shuil 
by  the  pallium  or  mantle. 

Palliate,  pal'i-at,  v.t.— palliated,  palliaiir.^. 
[Fr.  paUier,  to  cloak,  palliate;  from  Ij. 
palliiim,  a  cloak,  whence  also  pall  {«.).] 
To  conceal  the  enormity  of  by  excuses  and 
apologies;  to  extenuate;  to  soften  or  toi;o 
down  by  favourable  representations;  to 
mitigate,  lessen,  or  abate  (to  paUiaie  a 
disease).- Palliation,  pal-i-u'shon,  n.  5'ho 
act  of  palliating;  what  palliates  or  serves 
to  excuse;  extenuation;  mitigation;  alle- 
viation. —  Palliative,  pal'i-a-tiv,  a.  [Fr. 
paMiati/.'}  Serving  to  palUate  or  extenu- 
ate ;  extenuating ;  mitigating.  —  n.  That 
which  palliates.— PalUatory,  pal'i-a-to-ri,  ^ 
a.    Palliative. 

Pallid,  pal'id,  a.  [L.  pallidus,  from  palUo, 
to  become  pale.  Pale,  Fallow.]  Palo; 
wan;  deficient  in  colour;  not  liigh  coloured. 
— Pallidity,  pa-lid'i-ti,  n.  QuaUty  of  be- 
ing pallid;  paleness;  wanness. — Pallidly, 
pal'id-U,  adv.  Palely;  wanly.- Pallidness, 
pal'id-nes,  n.    Paleness. 

Pallium,  pal'li-um,  n.  [L.  pallium,  whence 
pall  (n.).]  A  kind  of  ancient  cloak  .or 
mantle;  the  mantle  of  a  mollusc. 

Pallmall,  pel-mel',  n.  [O.Fr.jiai!e»naiZ,from 
It.  pallamaglio,  from  palla,  a  ball  (akin 
E.  ball),  and  maglio,  L.  malleus,  a  mallet.] 
An  ancient  game  in  which  a  ball  was  with 
a  mallet  or  club  struck  through  a  ring 
elevated  upon  a  pole;  the  alley  or  walk 
where  the  game  was  played  (hence  tho 
street  in  London  called  PaJi  Mall). 

Pallor,  pal'or,  n.    [L.    Pallid.]    Paleness. 

Palm,  pam,  n.  [L.  palma,  the  palm  of  tho 
haad,a  palm-tree  (so  named  from  the  shape 
of  its  branches);  cog.  Gr.  palame,  A.  Sax. 
/oZwijO.H.G. /oZma,  the  palm  of  the  hand.] 
Tho  inner  part  of  the  hand;  a  lineal  mea- 
sure equal  to  3  or  4  inches;  a  broad  iiat 
part,  as  of  an  anchor  fluke;  any  of  the 
plants  of  a  well-known  order  of  arbor- 
escent or  tree-like  endogens,  chiefly  in- 
habiting the  tropics,  of  great  value  to 
man  as  affording  food,  Ac;  a  branch  or 
leaf  of  the  palm-tree  anciently  borne  as  a 
symbol  of  victory  or  triumph;  hence,  su- 
periority, victory,  triumph  (to  carry  off 
the  palm);  a  popular  name  for  the  bloom 
or  a  brancn  of  the  willow,  carried  on  Palm- 
Sunday  as  a  substitute  for  the  Eastern 
palm  oranches.- «.t  —  palmed,  palming. 
To  conceal  in  the  palm  of  the  hand,  as 
jugglers  or  cheaters;  to  impose  by  fraud 
(to  palm  off  trash  upon  the  public). — 
Palma  Chrisli  (pahn  of  Christ),  a  name 
for  the  castor -oil  plant.  —  Palmaceous, 
pal-ma'shus,  a.  Belonging  to  the  palm 
tribe.— Palmar,  pal'mfer,  a.  [Ti.  palmuriF,.^ 
Pertaining  to  the  palm  of  the  hand;  of 
the  breadth  of  the  hand.— Palmary,  pal'- 
raa-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pains  palmar; 
worthy  of  receiving  the  palm.  —  Palmate, 
Palmated,  pal'mat,  pal'mS-ted,  a.  [L.  pal- 
inuius.']  Having  the  shape  of  th..  bi.Tjd 
(palmated  leaves);  having  the  toes  we  jij«  I 


ch,  cAain;     eft,  Sc.  locft;     g,  flo;     j,iob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinfir;     th,  tten;  th,  t/dn;     w,  wig; 


wh,  iMig; 
31 


zh,  asure. 


PALMYUA 


482 


PANE 


(the  palmate  feet  of  aquatic  birds).— 
Falmately,  pal'mat-li,  adv.  In  a  palmate 
manner.— Palmatifld,  pal-mat'i-fid,  o.  [L. 
palmatus,  and  Jindo,  Jidi,  to  split.]  Bot. 
divided  so  as  to  resemble  a  hand.  —  P&l- 
matiform,  Palmiform,  pal-mat'i-form,  pal'- 
mi-form,  a.  Bot.  having  a  palmate  lorm. 
— Palmatilobate,  pal-mat'i-16"bat,  a.  Bot. 
palmate  -with  the  lobes  divided  to  an  un- 
certain depth.— Palmatipartite,  pal-mat'- 
i-par"tit,  a.  Bot.  palmate  with  lobes  deep- 
ly divided,  but  not  to  the  midrib.  —  Pal- 
matiseeted,  pal'mat-i-sek"ted,  a.  [Pal- 
mate, and  L.  sectus,  cut.]  Bot.  palmate 
with  lobes  divided  to  the  midrib.— Pahn- 
bird,  n.  A  beautiful  bird  of  West  Africa, 
with  bright  orange  and  black  plumage. 
—  Palm-buttar,  M.  Palm-oil.  —  Palmer, 
pam'6r,  n.  A  pilgrim  that  returned  from 
the  Holy  Land  with  a  branch  of  palm; 
one  who  palms  or  cheats,  as  at  cards  or 
dice.— Paliner-worm,  n.  A  name  for  cer- 
tain hairy  caterpillars.  —  Palmetto,  pal- 
met'to,  n.  [Sp.  paimito.]  A  name  of  sev- 
eral palms;  the  cabbage-palm  of  the  West 
Indies  and  southern  United  States. — 
Palm-hoiise,  n.  A  glass-house  for  raising 
palms.  —  PalmiferouB,  pal-mif'er-us,  a.. 
Bearing  oruroducingpalms.—Palmigrade, 
pal'mi-grad,  a.  [L.  palina,  the  palm,  and 
gradior,  to  walk.]  Plantigrade.  -^  Palmi- 
ped, pal'mi-ped,  a.  [L.  palma,  the  palm, 
and  pes,  pedis,  a  foot.]  Web -footed. — 
n.  A  bird  that  has  webbed  feet.— Palmls- 
ter,  pal'mis-t6r,  n.  One  who  deals  in  pal- 
mistry. —  Palmistry,  pal'mis-tri,  n.  The 
art  of  telling  fortunes  by  the  lines  and 
marks  in  the  palm  of  the  hand ;  manual 
dexterity  (humorous).— Palmitic,  pai^mit'- 
ik,  a.  JPertaining  to  or  obtained  from 
palm-oil  {palmitic  acid).  —  Palmitin,  Pal- 
mitine,  pal'mi-tin,  n.  The  principal  solid 
ingredient  of  palm-oil.  —  Palm-oil,  n.  A 
fatty  substance  resembling  butter  ob- 
•  tained  from  palms,  chiefly  from  the  fruit 
of  the  African  oil-palm,  employed  in  the 
manufacture  of  soap  and  candles,  for  lu- 
bricating machinery,  &c.— Palm-sugar,  n. 
Saccharine  matter  from  the  juice  of  palms. 
— Palm-Sunday,  n.  The  Sunday  next  before 
Easter,  commemorative  of  our  Saviour's 
triumphal  entry  into  Jerusalem ,  when  the 
multitude  strewed  palm  branches  in  the 
way.— Palm-wine,  n.  A  liquor  obtained 
by  fermenting  the  juice  of  certain  palms. 
— Palmy,  pa'mi,  a.  Abounding  in  palms; 
worthy  of  the  palm;  flourishing;  prosper- 
ous (the  palray  days  of  Rome). 
Palmyra,  Palmyra-palm,  pal-mi'ra,n.  The 
most  common  palm  of  India,  the  wood, 
leaves,  fruit,  and  juice  of  which  are  all  of 
great  value  and  use. 

Palp,  Palpus,  palp,  pal'pus,  n.  (pi. Palpi, 
pal'pi).  [Mod.  L.  palpus,  from  L.  poZ^re, 
to  stroke,  to  feci.]  A  jointed  sensitive 
organ  on  the  head  of  an  insect;  a  feeler. 
— ralpiform,  pal'pi-form,  a.  Having  the 
form  of  palpi  or  feelers.  —  Palpigerous, 
pal-pij'6r-us,  a.  Bearing  palpi. 
Palpable,  pal'pa-bl,  a.  [Fr.  palpahle,  frorn 
L.  palvabilis,  from  palpo,  to  touch;  akin 
palpitate.]  Perceptible  by  the  touch;  ca- 
pable of  being  felt;  easily  perceived  and 
detected ;  plam ;  obvious ;  easily  percep- 
tible.—Palpableness,  Palpability,  pal'pa- 
bl-nes,  pal-pa-bil'i-ti,  n.  Plainness;  ob- 
Tiousness.  —  Palpably,  pal' pa- bli,  adv. 
Plainly;  obviously.  —  Palpation,  pal-j)a'- 
shon,  n.  [L.  palpatio.']  The  act  of  feebng; 
pathol.  manual  examination. 
Palpebral,  pal'pe-bral,  a.  [L.  palpebra,  an 
eyeUd.]  Pertaining  to  the  eyelid  or  eye- 
brow. 

Palpi.    Under  Palp. 

Pali)itate^al'pi-tat,  v.i.— palpitated,  palpi- 
tating. [L.  palpito,  palpUatum,  freq.  of 
palpo,  to  feel.  Palpable.]  To  flutter  or 
move  with  slight  throbs;  to  throb;  to  pul- 
sate violently:  applied  particularly  to  an 
abnormal  movement  of  the  heart,  as  from 
fright  or  disease;  hence,  to  tremble;  to 
quiver.- Palpitation,  pal-pi-ta'shon,  n.  A 
violent  and  unnatural  beating  or  pulsa- 
tion of  the  heart,  as  from  .violent  action, 
fright,  or  disease. 

Palsgrave, r)alz'praT,n.  \Or.pfalzoraJ,ttov^ 
pfoHz  (cohlr.  from  L.  palatium,  palace), 
and  graf,  an  earl.]   A  count  palatine ;  a 


count  with  the  8ui)erint^dence  of  the 
king's  palace.— Palsgrayine,  p^'grsrvin, 
n.    The  consort  of  a  palsgrave. 

Palstave,  pal'stav,  n.  [Icel.  pdlstafr,  a 
po]"  staff.]  An  ancient  axe-shaped  weapon 
us.     by  Celtic  nations. 

Pal'  ,  pal'zi,  n.  [A  contr.  of  paralysis,  Fr. 
pa.-  uly^.]  Paralysis,  especially  in  a  limb 
or  some  of  the  superficial  muscles.— ■«.<. — 
palsied,  palsying.  To  affect  with  palsy  or 
as  with  palsy;  to  paralyse.— Palsied,  pftl'- 
zid,  p.  and  a.    Affected  with  palsy. 

Palter,  pal't6r,  v.i.  [Of  saine  origin  as  pal- 
try,&na  originally  having  reference  to  the 
haggling  of  dealers  in  old  clothes.]  To  act 
insincerely;  to  equivocate;  to  haggle;  to 
shift;  to  dodge;  to  play  tricks.- Palterer, 
pal't6r-f  r,  n.  One  thai  palters;  an  insin- 
cere dealer;  a  shifter. 

Paltry,  pal'tri,  a.  [Same  as  L.G.  paltrig, 
palterig,  fagged,  from  paite,  Pris.  palt,  G. 
paUe,  Sw'.  paMa  (plur.  palter),  Dan.  pialt, 
a  rag;  akin  palter.]  Mean;  vile;  worthless; 
despicable.  .•.  Syn.  under  Contemptible. — 
Paltrily,  pal'tn-li,  adv.  In  a  paltry  man- 
ner.—Paltriness,  pftl'tri-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  paltry,  vile,  or  worthless. 

Paludamentum,  pa-lu'da-men"tum,  n.  [L.] 
The  cloak  worn  by  an  ancient  Roman 
general  commanding  an  army,  and  by  his 
principal  officers  and  personal  attendants. 

Palndine,  Palustral,  Palustrine,  pal'u-dln, 
pa-lus'tral„pa-lus'trin,  a.  [L.  palva,  pain- 
dis,  a  pool,  a  marsh.]    Pertaining  to  mar- 

.  shes;  mkrsby.— Paludose,  pal'u-dos,  a.  [L. 
paludostta.}  Bot.  growing  in  marshy 
places. 

Paly.    Under  Paj<e: 

Pampas,  pam-'pas,  n.  pZ.  [Sp.-Amer.]  The 
grassy  treeleiss  plains  of  South  America, 
resembling  the  'prairies'  of  North  Ame- 
rica; especially  the  immense  plains  in  the 
southern  portion  of  South  America  east  of 
the  Andesi- Pampas-cat,  n.  A  species  of 
leopard  frequenting  the  pampas.— Pam- 
pas-grass, n.  A  variety  of  grass  vith 
flower-stems  10  to  14  feet  high  growing  on 
the  pampas,  introduced  as  an  ornamental 
grass  into  Britain.— Pampean,  pam-p6'an, 
a.    Pertaining  to  the  pampas. 

Pamper,  pam'p6r,  v.t.  [Probably  akin  to 
papiwithm  inserted);  comp.  Q.pampen, 
Bav.  pampfen,  to  stuff,  to  cram  with  food.] 
To  indulge  with  rich  food;  to  feed  luxu- 
riously; to  gratify  to  the  full;  to  indulge 
to  excess.- Pampered,  pam'pSrd,  p.  and  a. 
Fed  luxuriously;  spoiled  by  luxurious 
feeding  or  indulgence. -Pamperedness, 
pam'p6rd-nes,  w.— Pamperer,  pam'p6r-6r, 
n.  One  who  pampers.— Pamperlze,t  pam'- 
p5r-iz,  v.t.    To  pamper. 

Pamphlet,  pam'flet,  n.  [Formerly  paunflet, 
pamfilei,  pamflet:  of  doubtful  origin;  per.i 
haps  from  Sp.  papelete,  a  written  paper 
with  insertion  of  nasal,  as  in  I),  pampier 
(Fr.  papier),  paper.  Paper.]  A  small 
book  consisting  of  a  sheet  of  paper,  or  of  a 
few  sheets  stitched  together  but  not  bdiind; 
a  short  treatise  or  essay  published  by 
itself.— Pamphleteer,  pam-flet-er',  n.  A 
writer  of  pamphlets;  a  scribbler.— w.i.  To 
write  and  issue  pamphlets.^ 

Pampiniform,  pam-pin'i-form,  n.  [L.  pam- 
pinus,  a  tendril.]    Resembling  a  tendril. 

Pampre,  pam'pfer,  n.  [Pr.,  from  L.  pam- 
pinus,  vine  foliage.]  Arch,  an  ornament 
consisting  of  vine  leaves  and  grapes. 

Pan,  i)an,  n.  [A.  Sax.  panne,  D.  pan,  G. 
pfanne,  all  from  L.L.  panna,  for  patna,  L. 

fatina,  a  pan,  from  pateo,  to  be  wide. 
ATENT.]  A  vessel  of  tin,  iron,  or  other 
metal,  often  rather  shallow;  a  vessel  of 
various  kinds  used  for  domestic  purposes; 
an  open  vessel  for  boiling  or  evaporating 
or  other  operations  (a  su^ar-pan.,  salt-paw, 
&c.);  a  pond  for  evaporating  salt  water  to 
make  salt;  the  part  of  a  flint-lock  which 
holds  the  priming;  the  skull  or  cranium 
(the  brain -paji);  ajtri.  Hakd-pan.— Pan- 
-cake,  n.  A  thin  caJce  of  batter  fried  or 
baked  in  a  pan. 

Pan,  pan,  n.  [Hence  panic]  Greek  myth. 
the  chief  god  of  pastures,  forests,  and 
flocks.— Pandean,  pan-de'an,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Pan.— PctJidean  pipes.  Pan's  pipes, 
a  musical  wind-instrument  composed  of 
reeds  of  different  lengths  tied  together;  a 
syrinx. 


Panacea,  pan-a-sS'a,  n.  [L.,  &om  Gr.  pan- 
akeia,  a  universal-  remedy— pan,  aU,  and 
akeomai,  to  cure.]  A  remedy  for  all  dis- 
eases; a  universal  medicine  or  remedy. 

Panada,  Panade,  pa-na'da,  pa-nad',  n.  [Fr. 
panade,  from  L.  panis,  bread.]  A  food 
made  by  boUing  bread  in  water  to  the  con- 
sistence of  pulp.  » 

Pan- Anglican,  pan-ang'gli-kan,  a.  Repre- 
sentative of  all  who  hold  views  similar  to 
those  of  the  Anglican  Church. 

Panary,  pan'a-ri,  a.  [L.  panis,  bread.]  Per- 
taining to  bread  {panary  fermeiitation). 

Pancake.    Under  Pan.  -*  - 

Pancarte,  pan'kart.n.  [Fr.;  It, pancJiarta 
— Gr.  pan,  all,  'and  L.  charta,  a  chart.]  A 
royal  charter  confirming  the  enjoyment  of 
all  his  possessions  to  a  subject. 

Pancratium,  pan-kra'shi-um,  n.  [Gr.panc- 
kration—pan,  all,  and  kratos,' strength.] 
A  gymnastic  contest  of  ancient  Greece 
consisting  of  boxing  and  wrestling.— Pan- 

■  cratiast,  Pancratist,  jian-kra'shi-ast,  pan'- 
krat-ist,  n.  A  competitor  in  the  pancra- 
tium.—Pancratic,  Fancratical,  pan-krat'- 
ik,  pan-krat'i-kal,  o.  Pertaining  to  the 
pancratium.   . 

Pancreas,  pan'krs-as,  n.  [Gr.  pan,  all,  and 
kreas,  flesh.]  A  large  glandor  organ  of  the 
body  between  the  oottcm  of  the  stomach 
and  the  vertebraa  of  the  loins:  in  cattle 
called  the  Sweet-bread.— Pa,nciea.tic,  pan- 
kre-at'ik,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  pancreas. 

Panda,  pan'da,  n.  An  ursine  quadruped  of 
India  of  the  size  of  a  large  cati 

Pandanu8,.pan'da-nus,  n.  [From  pandan, 
the  Malay  name.]   The  screw-pine  genus. 

Pandar,  pan'dfer,  n.    Pakdeb. 

Pandean.    Under  Pan.  ■ 

Pandect,  pan'dekt,  n.  [Gr.  pandekte»-r^an, 
aU,  and  decJwmai,  to  contain.]  A  treatise 
which  contains  the  whole  of  any  science; 
pL  the  digest  or  collection  of  Roman  civil 
law,  made  by  order  of  the  emperor  Jus- 
tinian, and  consisting  of  fifty  books. 

Pandemic,  pan-dem'ik,  a.  [Gr.  pan,  all, 
and  demos,  people.]  Incident  to  a  whole 
people;  epidemic.  ' 

Pandemonium,  Pandsemoninm,  pan-de-mo'- 
ni-um,  n.  [Gr.  pan,  all,  and  daimOn,  a 
demon.]  The  place  of  abode  of  demons  or 
evil  spirits— a  name  invented  by  Milton ; 
hence,  any  lawless,  disorderly  place  or  as- 
semblage. 

Pander,  pan'dfir,  n.  [Prom  Pandarus,  who 
performs  the  part  of  a  pimp  in  the  story 
of  Troilus  and  Cressida.]  A  pimp;  a  pro- 
curer; a  male  bawd;  hence,  one  who  minis- 
ters to  the  gratification  of  any  of  the  baser 
passions.— f.i.  To  act  as  agent  for  the  lusts 
of  others.— Pauderage,  pan'd6r-aj,  n.  The 
act  of  pandering.— Panaeress,  Pandaresa, 
pan'd6r-es,  n.  A  female  pander;  a  pro- 
curess.— Fanderism,  pan'dSr-izm,  n.  The 
employment  of  a  pander;  pimping. 

Pandiculation,  pan-dik'u-la"shon,  n.  [Ei 
pandicvlor,pandiculatum,to  stretch  one's 
self,  from  pando,  to  spread  out.]  The 
stretching  of  one's  self,  as  when  newly 
awaked  from  sleep;  a  morbid  restlessness 
and  stretching.— Pandiculated,  pan-dik'a- 
la-ted,  a.    Stretched  out;  extended. 

Pandit,  pan'dit,  n.    Pundit. 

Pandoor,  Pandour,  pan'dor,  n.  [First  levied 
in  Hungary  near  the  village  of  Pandw.] 
One  of  a  hody  of  Austrian  foot  soldiers, 
formerly  dreaded  for  their  savage  mode  of 

Pandora,  pan-do'ra,  n.  [Gr.,  from  pan,^ll, 
and  doron,  a  gift.]  Class,  myth,  the  name 
of  the  first  woman  on  earth,  on  whom  all 
the  gods  and  goddesses  bestowed  gifts.— 
Pandora's  bo.x,&  box  which  she  received, 
containing  all  human  ills,  upon  opening 
which  all  escaped, and  spread  over  the 
earth,  hope  alone  remaining. 

Pandore,  pan'dor,  n.  A  musical  instru- 
ment of  the  lute  kind;  a  bandore. 

Pandura,  pan-db'ra,  n.  [L.  pandura,  from 
Gr.  pandourd.]  A  Neapolitan  musical  in- 
strument, strung  with  eight  metal  wires, 
and  played  with  a  quill. 

Pandurate,  Panduriionn,  pan'da-rat,pan- 

'  du'ri-f orm ,a.  £o(.  shapealikea pandura; 
flddle-shaped:  applied  to  a  leal. 

Pane,  pSn,  n.  [Fr.  pan,  a  panel  or  definite 
portion  of  a  surface,  from  L.  pannus,  a 
piece  of  cloth,  a  patch  (whence  also  paneZ, 


Fate,  f&r,  fat,  ff^ll;     me,  met,.her;     Pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tobe,  tab.bvpl;     oil,  pound;     11,  So.  abune— the  Fr.  «. 


PANEGYllIC 


483 


PAPEK 


pavm) .]  A  distinct  part  of  a  flat  surface  J; 
a  plate  of  glass  inserted  in  a  vjiudow,  door, 
&c. ;  a  panel  or  di  visibn  of  a  work;  a  sunken 
portion  surrounded  by  a  border.  —  Faned, 
pand,  p.  and  a.  Provided  with  or  com- 
posed of  panes. 

Panegyric,  pan-e-jir'ik,n.  [Gr.  panlgynkoi, 
fit  for  a  public  assembly,  from  panegyrit, 
a  public  assembly  —  pas,  pan,  all,  and 
agyria,  an  assembly.]  A  laudatory  ora- 
tion; a  formal  eulogy;  an  elaborate  enco- 
mium: praise  bestowed;  laudation.  —  Pa- 
negyric, Panegyrical,  pan-e-jir'i-kal,  a. 
Containing  praise  or  eulogy;  encomiastic. 
— Panegyncally,  pan-e-jir'i-kal-li,  adv.  By 
way  of  panegyric— Panegyrist,  pan-e-jir'- 
ist,  n.  One  who  bestows  praise ;  a  Eulo- 
gist.—Panegyrize,  pan'e-ji-riz,  v.t,— pane- 
gyrized, panegyrizing.  To  write  or  pro- 
nounce a  panegyric  or  eulogy  on.—v.i.  To 
indulge  in  panegyric;  to  bestow  praises. 

Panel,  pan'el,  n.  [O.Fr.  panel,  dim.  of  pun, 
a  pane,  a  panel.  Pane.)  A  surface  or 
compartment  of  a  surface  more  or  less 
distinct  from  others ;  an  area  on  a  wall 
sunk  from  the  general  surface;  a  similar 
portion  fixed  in  the  framing  of  a  door, 
shutter,  &c.;  a  piece  of  wdod  upon  which 
a  picture  is  painted;  Zaw),  a  document  con- 
taming  the  names  of  persons  summoned 
to  serve  upon  a  jury;  the  jury;  Scots  law, 
the  accused  person  in  a  criminal  action. — 
v.t.— panelled,  panelling.  To  form  with 
panels.- Fanelung,  pan'el-ing,  n.  Panelled 
work. 

Pang,  pang,  n.  fComp.  W  parte,  a  pang, 
a  convulsion.]  A  sudden  paroxysm  of  ex- 
treme pam;  a  suddon  spasm  or  throe. 

Pangenesis,  pan-jen'e-sis,  n.  [Gr.  pan,  all, 
and  genesis,  birth.]  A  hypothesis  to  ex- 
plain all  the  phenomena  of  growth  and 
development  in  organic  beings.  —  Pange- 
netic,  pan-je-net'ik,  o.  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  pangenesis. 

Pangolin,  pan'go-lin,  n.  [Malay  pdnggu- 
finer.]    The  scaly  ant-eater  or  manis. 

Fanhellenic,  pan-hel-len'ik,  a.  [Gr.  pan, 
all,  and  HelUnikos,  Greek,  from  Hellenes, 
the  Greeks.]  Pertaining  to  all  Greece. — 
7fajiheUenism,  pan-hel'len-izm,  n.  The 
proposed  union  of  all  the  Greeks  into  one 
pohtical  body.  —  PanheUeniat,  pan-hel'- 
len-ist,  n.  One  who  favours  Panhellen>- 
ism. 

Panic,  pan'ik,  n.  [Prom  Gr.  panikos,  of  or 
belonging  to  Pan,  the  god  who  was  be- 
lieved by  the  Greeks  to  inspire  sudden 
fear,  fear  such  as  arose  among  a  number 
of  people  without  any  visible  cause.]  A 
sudden  fright,  particularly  without  real 
cause,  or  terror  inspired  by  a  trifling  cause. 
—  a.  Extreme  or  causeless:  applied  to 
fright.  —  Panic-stricken,  Panic-struck,  a. 
Struck  with  a  panic  or  sudden  fear. 

Panic,  Fanic-grasB,  pan'ik,  n.  [L.  panicum, 
a  kind  of  grass.]  The  name  of  several  spe- 
cies of  grass. 

Panicle,  pan'i-kl,  n.  [L.  panicula,  a  panicle, 
dim.  of  pamis.  thread  on  the  bobbin  in  a 
shuttle.]  A  Dranching  form  of  inflor- 
escence, as  in  the  lilac  or  the  oat.— Pan- 
icled,  pan'i-kld,.  a.  Furnished  with  pan- 
icles.—Paniculate,  Faniculated,  pa-nik'a- 
Ifit,  pa-nik'tl-la-ted,  a.  Bot.  furnished 
with  or  arranged  in  a  panicle;  like  a  pan- 
icle. 

Paniflcation,pan'i-fl-ka"8hon,n.  [li.  panis, 
bread,  and  /acio,  to  make.]  The  process  of 
bread-making. 

Fanislamism,  pan-izlam-izm, ».  [Gr.  pan, 
all,  and  E.  Islamism.']  A  sentiment  or 
movement  in  favour  of  a  union  or  con- 
federacy of  the  Mohammedan  nations. 

Pannage,  pan'aj,  n.  [O.Fr.  panage,  from 
L.  panis,  bread.]  Ah  old  term  for  the 
food  of  swine  in  the  woods,  as  beech-nuts, 
acorns,  &c.;  money  paid  for  this. 

P?,nnel,  pan'el,  n.  (Panel.]  In  Scotland 
the  accused  person  in  a  criminal  trial. 

Pannier,  pan'i-6r,  n.  [Pr.  panier,  from  L. 
panarium,  a  bread-basket,  from  panis, 
bread.  Pantry.]  A  wicker-basket,  prim- 
arily, a  bread-basket,  but  now  one  of  two 
baskets  slung  across  a  beast  of  burden,  in 
which  things  are  carried;  a  part  of  a  lady's 
dress  attached  to  the  back  of  the  skirt; 
o.rch.  a  corbel. 

PannllL'n,  pan'i-kin,  n.    A  small  pan  or 


cnp.  — Pannlng-out,  n.  In  gold  digging, 
the  washing  process  by  which  the  grains 
of  gold  are  separated  from  the  dust. 

Panoply,  pan'o-pli,  n.  [Gr.  panopUa— pon, 
all,  and  hopla,  arms.]  Complete  armour 
of  defence;  a  full  suit  of  armour.  —  Pano- 
plied, pan'o-plid,  a.  Having  a  panoply  or 
full  suit  of  armour.' 

Panopticon,  pa-nop'ti-kon,  n.  [6r.  pan, 
all,  and  root  op,  to  cee.]  Bentham's  name 
for  his  proposed  prison,  in  which  each  of 
the  prisoners  can  oe  seen  at  all  times:  an 
exhibition  of  scientific  or  other  novelties. 

Panorama,  pan-O-ra'ma,  to.  [Gr.  pan,  aU, 
and  horama,  view,  from  horaO,  to  see.]  A 
picture  in  which  all  the  objects  of  nature 
that  are  visible  from  a  single  point  are  re- 
presented on  the  interior  surface  of  a  round 
or  cylindrical  wall ,  the  point  of  view  being 
in  the  axis  of  the  cylinder.  —  Panoramic, 
pan-3-ram'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  a 
panorama,  or  complete  view. 

Pan-presbyterlan,  pan'pres-bi-t«"ri-an,  a. 
Representative  of  those  who  .hold  Presby- 
terian views  from  all  parts  of  the  world 
(pan-Presbyterian  synod). 

Panslavic,  pan-slav'ik,  a.  [Gr.  paw,  all, 
end  E.  Slatnc.']  Pertaining  to  all  the 
Slavic  races. —  Panslavism,  pan-slav'izm, 
n.  The  proposed  amalgamation  of  all  the 
Slavic  races  into  one  confederacy. 

Panspermy,  pan'sp6r-mi,  n.  [Gr.  pan,  all, 
and  sperma,  seed,  germ.]  The  doctrine 
that  organic  germs  are  everywhere  dif- 
fused, and  that  all  cases  of  so-called  spon- 
taneo'us  generation  are  to  be  thus  ex- 
plained. 

Pan's-pipes.    Under  Pan. 

Panstereorama,  pan-ster'S-o-jS,"iKia,  n. 
[Gr.  pan,  all,  stereos,  solid,  and  horaO,  to 
see.]  A  model,  in  rilievo,  of  a  town  or 
country  in  wooa,cork,  pasteboard,  or  other 
substance. 

Pansy,  pan'zi,  n.  [Fr.  pens^e,  thought, 
heart's-ease,  from  penser.  to  think.  Pen- 
sive.1  A  name  applied  to  the  garden  va- 
rieties of  violet;  heart's-ease. 

Pant,  pant,  v.i.  [Prom  or  coimected  with 
O.Fr.  pantoier,  to  pant,  to  gasp,  pantois,  a 
panting;  Pr  panteiar,  to  oe  breathless.] 
To  breathe  quickly,  as  after  exertion  or 
from  excited  eagerness;  to  gasp;  to  throb 
or  heave  with  unusual  violence,  as  the 
heart  or  the  breast  after  hard  labour,  to 
desire  ardently.— t>.t.  To  breathe  forth;  to 
gasp  ou^. — n.  A  quick,  short  respiration; 
a  gasp;  a  throb  or  palpitation.- Pantingly, 
pan'ting-li,  adv.  In  a  pantmg  manner; 
with  gasping  or  rapid  breathing 

Pantagraph,  pan'ta-graf,  n.    Pantograph. 

Pantalets,  pan'ta-lets,  n.  pi.  [From  panto- 
loon.l  Loose  drawers  worn  by  females  and 
children. 

Pantaloon,  pan-ta-l8n',  n.  [Pr.  panfMlon, 
lit.  a  Venetian,  the  Venetians  bemg  called 
Pantalones,  after  their  patron  saint  Pan- 
talone  or  Pantqleon.']  An  old  kind  of  gar- 
ment for  males',  consisting  of  breeches  and 
Etockings  in  onej;  a  character  in  the  It- 
alian comedy:  so  called  from  his  dress;  in 
modem  pantomimes,  a  character  usuaUy 
represented  as  a  very  fatuous  old  man, 
the  butt  of  the  clown;  pi.  a  pair  of  trou- 
sers. 

Panteclmicon,  pan-t^k'ni-kon,  n.  [Gr.  pan, 
all,  and  techne,  art.]  A  place  whejre  all 
kinds  of  manufactured  articles  are  col- 
lected and  exposed  for  sale. 

Pantheism,  pan'ths-izm,  n.  [Gr.  pan,  all, 
and  7*^08,  God.]  The  doctrine  that  the 
universe,  taken  or  conceived  of  as  a  whole, 

•  is  God,  or  that  all  things  arc  simply  modes 
or  manifestations  of  God.— Pantheist,  pan'- 
the-ist,  w.  One  that  believes  in  panthe- 
ism.—Pantheistic,  Pantheistical,  pan-th5- 
is'tik,  pan-the-is'ti-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
pantheism.— Pantheistically,  pan-thC-is'- 
ti-kal-U,  adv.  In  the  manner  or  from  the 
point  of  view  of  a  pantheist.— Pantheol- 
ogy,  pan-the-ol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  pan,  all,  and 
E.  uieology.'\  A  system  of  theology  com- 
prehending all  religions,  and  a  knowledge 
of  all  deities.- Pantheologist,  pan-th6-oi'- 
o-jist,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  pantheol- 
ogy. 

Pantheon,  pan'th5-on  or  pan-th5'on,  n.  [Gr. 
patUheon,  parMieion — pan,  all,  and  theos, 
a  god.]  A  temple  dedicated  to  all  the  gods. 


especially  the  building  so  called  at  Tt^me, 
now  converted  into  a  church:  »ll  tne  divin- 
ities collectively  worsh'Pi«!<i  by  a  people. 
Panther,  pan't.>>6r,  n.  (Ir.  panthera,  Gr. 
panther;  comp.  Skr.  pwndarifca, aleopard.] 
A  carnivorous  animal  of  Asia  and  Africa, 
identical  with  or  a  variety  of  the  leopard. 
— Pantheress,  pan'th6r-es,  w.    A  female 

fianther.— Pantherine,  pan'th4r-in,  a.  Be- 
onging  to  the  panther. 

Pantile,  pan'til,  n.  [Pan  and  tile.]  A  tila 
with  a  cross  section  resembling  the  letter 
S,  overlapping  the  tUe  by  its  side  as  well 
as  the  one  beneath. 

Pantisocracy,  pan-ti-sok'ra-si,  n.  fGr.  pan, 
all,  isos,  equal,  and  kratos,  power.]  A 
utopi^an  community  in  which  all  the  mem- 
bers are  equal  in  rank  and  social  position; 
the  principle  of  such  a  scheme  or  commu- 
nity.—Pantisocratic,  pan-tis'o-krafik,  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  pantisocracy.— Pantl- 
socratlst,  pan-ti-sok'rat-ist,  n.  One  who 
favours  pantisocracy. 

Pantler,  pant'16r,  n.  [Pr.  panetier,  from 
L.  panis,  bread.]  A  servant  who  had  care 
of  the  pantry. 

Pantograph,  pan't5-graf,  n.  [Gr.  pa«, 
pantos,  all,  and  grapho,  to  write.]  An  in- 
strument by  means  of  which  diuwings, 
maps,  plans,  &c.,  can  be  copied  mechani- 
cally on  the  original  scale,  or  on  one  re- 
duced or  enlarged. — Pantographlc,  pan- 
to-graf'ik,  a.   Pertaining  to  a  pantograph. 

Fantology,  pan-tol'o-ji,n.  [Gr.  pas,  pantos, 
all,  and  logos,  discourse.]  tJniversal  know- 
ledge; a  systematic  view  of  all  branches  of 
human  knowledge.— Pantological,  pan-to- 
loj'i-kal,  a.    Relating  to  pantology. 

Fantomime,pan'td-mim,n.  [L.pantomimusl 
Gr.  pantomimot  —  pas,  pantos,  aU,  and 
mimos,  a  mimic]  A  player  who  acted, 
not  by  speaking,  but  wholly  by  gesticu- 
lations; a  theatrical  entertainment  in 
dumb-show;hence,dumb-showgeneraUy;a, 
popular  stage  entertainment  usually  pro- 
duced about  the  Christmas  season,  the  ef- 
fects being  heightened  by  gorgeous  scenei-y 
and  catching  music— Pantomimic,  Panto- 
mimical,  pan-to-mim'ik,  pan-to-mim'i-kal, 
a.  Pertaining  to  pantomime.  —  Panto- 
mimically,  pan-t5-mim'i-kal-li,  adv.  In 
the  mannerof  pantomime.— Pantomimist, 
pan'to-mim-ist,  n.  One  who  acts  in  pan- 
tomime. 

Pantophagons,  nSin-tof  a-gus,  o.  [Gr.  pas. 
pantos,  all,  a.na  phagO,  to  eat.]  Eating  all 
kinds  of  food;  omnivorous. 

Pantry,  pan'tri,  n.  [Fr.  paneterie,  a  pantry, 
from  L.  panis  (Fr.  pain),  bread,  whence 
also  pannier.]  An  apartment  or  closet  in 
whicn  provisions  are  kept,  or  where  plate 
and  knives,  &c.,  are  cleaned. 

Pap,  pap,  n.  [D.  and  Dan.  pap,  G.  pappe, 
probable  from  an  infantile  cry.  Papa.] 
A  kind  of  soft  food  for  infants;  the  pulp 
of  fruit. 

Pap,  pap,  n.  [Of  similar  origin  to  pap, 
food;  comp.  L.  papilla,  the  nipple.T  A 
nipple  of  the  breast;  a  teSjt;  a  roimd  hill 
resembling  a  pap. 

Papa,  pa-pa',  to.  [A  reduplication  of  one  of 
the  earliest  cries  uttered  by  infants— Fr. 
G.  D.  and  Dan.  papa,  Ii;papa,  pappa,  Gr. 
pappa;  comp.  mama,  mamma.]  Father: 
a  word  used  oy  children. 

?apacy,  pa'pa-si,  n.  [L.L.  papafia,  the 
papacy,  from  Ii.papa,  the  pope,lit.  father. 
Papa,  Pope.]  The  oflSce  and  dignity  of 
the  pope;  papal  authority  or  juriBdictiin; 
the  popedom;  the  popes  collectively.— 
Papal,  pa'pal,  a.  Belonging  to  the  popo 
or  to  popedom;  proceeding  from  the  pope. 
— Papallze,  pa'pal-iz,  v.t.—papalieed,  pa- 
palizing.  To  make  papal. — v.i.  To  con- 
form to  popery.— Papally,  pa'pal-li,  adv. 
In  a  papal  manner. 

Papaveraceons,  pa-pa'v6r-a,"8hus,  a,  [L. 
papaver,  a  poppy.]  Pertaining  to  the 
poppy  family. 

Papaw,  pa-pa',  n.  [Sp.  and  Pg.  papaya,  a 
name  brought  from  Malabar.T  A  tree  in- 
digenous to  south  America,  but  now  widely 
cultivated  ia  tropical  countries;  also  its 
fruit;  the  juice  of  both  fruit  and  tree  ren- 
ders tough  meat  tender. 

Paper,  pa'p6r,  n.  [Fr.  popter.  It.  papiro, 
from  h.  papyrus,  Gr.  papyros,  the  papjTnis. 
Papykus.]    a  well-known  substance  ussd 


Gb,cAaiu;    eft,  Sc.  locA;    9,  go; .  i,  ioh;    n,  Fr.  ton;    ng,8inir;    «b,  tften;  th,  «»in;    w,  wig;    wb.wAig;    ah,  a«ure. 


PAPETERIE 


484 


PARALEIPSIS 


for  -nrritingiand  printing  on,  and  for  vari- 
ous other  purposes,  manufactured  prin- 
cipally of  vegetable  fibre  reduced  to  a  pulp; 
a  piece,  leaf,  or  sheet  of  paper;  a  single 
sheet  appearing  periodically;  a  newspaper; 
a  journal;  an  essay  or  article  on  some  sub- 
ject; any  written  or  printed  document; 
collectively,  such  documents  as  promissory 
notes,  bills  of  exchange,  &c.— a.  Made  of 
paper;  a^ipearing  merely  in  certain  docu- 
ments without  really  existing  (a  paper 
army) ;  thin ;  slight.— v.t.  To  cover  with 
paper;  to  furnish  with  paper-hangings;  to 
fold  or  inclose  in  paper.— Papery,  pa'p6r-i, 
a.  Like  paper;  having  the  thinness  and 
consistency  of  paper.— Paper-clip,  n.  A 
clip  or  contrivance  for  holding  paper. — 
Paper-cutter,  n.  A  paper-knife;  a  ma- 
chine for  cutting  paper  in  piles,  or  for 
trimming  the  edges  of  books,  kc. — Paper- 
folder,  n.  An  instrument  for  folding 
paper;  a  paper-knife. —  Paper-hanger,  n. 
One  whose  employment  is  to  line  walls 
■with  paper-hangings.  —  Paper-hangings, 
n.  Tpl.  Paper,  variously  ornamented,  for 
covering  and  adorning  the  walls  of  rooms, 
&c. — Paper-knife,  n.  An  instrument  of 
bone,  ivory,  .tc,  with  an  edge  like  a  blunt 
knife  used  in  cutting  open  the  leaves  of 
books,  &c.,  or  for  folding  paper. — Paper- 
maker,  n.  One  that  manufactures  paper. 
—Paper-making,  n.  The  art  or  process  of 
manufacturing  paper.— Paper-mill,  n.  A 
mill  in  which  paper  is  manufactured. — 
Paper-money,  n.  Bank-notes  or  the  like 
circulated  as  the  representative  of  coin. — 
Paper-muslin,  n.  Glazed  muslin  used  for 
linings,&c.— Paper-nautilus,  n.  The  paper- 
sailor  or  argonaut.— Paper-reed,  n.  The 
papyrus.— Paper-sailor,  11.  Same  as  Paper- 
nauiiJus.— Paper-stainer,  n.  A  maker  of 
paper  -  hangings.  —  ?aper  -  weight,  n.  A 
small  weight  laid  on  loose  papers  to  keep 
them  in  place. 

Papeterle,  pap-tr5,  n.  [Fr.,  slationeiy  or 
writing  materials.]  An  ornamented  case 
or  box  containing  paper  and  other  mate- 
rials for  writing. 

Paphian,  pa'fi-an,  o.  Pertaining  to  Paphos, 
a  city  of  Cyprus  sacred  to  Venus;  hence, 
pertaining  to  Venus  or  her  rites, 

Papier-mkche,  pap-ya-ma-sha, «.  [Pr.,.Iit. 
maeticated  paper.]  A  material  prepared 
by  pulping  difftrent  kinds  of  paper  into  a 
mass",  which  is  moulded  into  various  ar- 
ticles, dried,  and  japanned. 

Papilionaceous,  pa-piri-o-n5"shug,  a.  fL. 
papilio.a.  butterfly.)  Resembling  the  but- 
terfly; hot  having  the  corolla  shaped  like 
a  butterfly,  such  as  the  flower  of  the  pea. 

Papilla,  pa-pil'la,  n.  pi.  Papillae,  pa-pil'l€. 
[L.]  A  small  pap  or  nipple;  a  little  emi- 
nence on  the  surface  of  the  skin,  as  on  the 
tongue.  —  Papillary,  pap'il-la-ri,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  the  nipple;  pap- 
illose. —  Papillate,  pap'il-lat,  v.t.—iyapil- 
lated,  papillating.  To  grow  into  a  nipple. 
—  Papillate,  PapUlated,  pap'il-lR-ted,  a. 
Covered  with  papillaB.— Papillose,  pap'U- 
I5s,  a.  Papillary.  —  Papillote,  pap'il-lot, 
n.    tPr.]    A  curl  paper. 

Papiat,  pa'pist,  n.  [Fr.  papisfe,  from  Pr. 
pape,  L.  papa,  pope.]  A  Roman  Catholic. 
— Panistic,  Papistical,  pa-pis'tik,  pa-pis'- 
ti-kal,  a.  Popish ;  pertaining  to  Popery. 
— Papistically,  pa-pis'ti-kal-li,  adv.  In  a 
papistic  manner.— Papistry,  pa'pist-ri,  n. 
Popery. 

Papoose,  Pappoose,  pa-pas',  pap-DOS',  n. 
Among  the  native  Indians  of  Nortn  Ame- 
rica, a  babe  or  young  child. 

Pappus,  pap'us,  n,  [1".,  from  6r.  pappos, 
the  down  of  plants.]  Bot.  the  feathery 
appendage  that  crownsmany  single-seeded 
seed-vessels;  a  form  of  calyx  in  composite 
plants  of  a  downy  or  hairy  character. — 
—Pappose,  Pappoua,  pap'os,  pap'us,  a. 
Do-.vny;  furnished  with  pappus. 

Papula,  pap'n-la,  n.  pi.  Papulse,  pap'fl-ls. 
1  L.l  A  pimple.— Papular,  Papulose,  pap'- 
fi-ltr,  pap'Q-los,  a.  Covered  with  pimples. 
— Papulpus,  pap'O-lus,  a.    Papular. 

Papyrus,  pa-pi'rus,  n.  fXi.  papyrus.  Or. 
papyros,  probably  of  Egyptian  origin. 
Hence  paTperA  A  cyi)eraceou8  plant 
abundant  in  the  valley  of  the  Nile,  the 
stems  of  which  afforded  the  most  ancient 
material  for  writing;  a  written  scroll 


made  of  the  papyrus  (pi.  Pap3rri,.pa-pi'ri). 
— -Papyraceoas,  Papyrean,  pap-i-ra'shus, 
pa-pir'e-an,  a.  Made  of  or  resemblL-ig  pap- 
yrus or  paper.  —  Papyrine,  pap'i-rin,  n. 
Parchment  paper. 

Par,  par,  n.  [L.  par,  equal,  whence  pair 
and  peer;  seen  also  in  compeer,  disparage, 
v,m.pire,  &c.]  State  of  equality;  equality 
in  circumstances  or  in  value;  the  state  of 
the  shares  of  a  public  undertaking  when 
they  may  be  purchased  at  the  original 
prince,  or  at  par. — Above  par,  above  the 
original  price;  at  a  premium.— PeJoic  par, 
below  the  original  price;  at  a  discount. — 
Par  of  exchange,  the  established  value  of 
the  coiii  or  of  the  standard  value  of  one 
country  expressed  in  the  coin  or  standard 
value  of  another. 

Par,  par,  n.    The  fish  called  Parr. 

Para,  pa'ra,  n.  The  name  of  a  small  Tur- 
kish coin,  equivalent  to  about  I-18th  of  a 
penny  sterling. 

Parable,  par'a-bl,  n.  [Fr.  pardboU,  from 
L.  parabola,  Gr.  paraioU,  from  paraballo, 
to  throw  beside,  to  compare — para,  beside, 
and  6a??0,  to  throw.  Of  same  origin  are  par- 
ky, parlour,  parole."]  Originally,  a  com- 
parison or  similitude ;  now  a  fable  or  al- 
legorical representation  of  something  real 
in  life  or  nature,  from  which  a  moral  is 
drawn  ^or  instruction;  Scrip,  a  proverbial 
or.  notable  saying,  a  thing  darkly  or  figu- 
ratively expressed. — v.t.—parabled,  para^ 
ilitig.  To  represent  by  a  parable.— Pa- 
rabola, pa-rab'o-la,  n.  [Gr.  paraboU,  so 
called  from  its  axis  being  parallel  to  the 
side  of  the  cone.]  A  geometrical  figure, 
one  of  the  conic  sections,  shown  when  a 
cone  is  cut  by  a  plane  parallel  to  one  of  its 
sides;  the  cur\'e  which  a  projectile  theo- 
retically describes.— Parabole,  pa-rab'o-le, 
n.  Rhet.  similitude;  comparison.— Para- 
bolic, par-a-bol'ik,  a.  Having  the  form  of 
a  parabola;  pertaining  to  a  parabola;  per- 
taining to  a  parable. — Parabolical,  par-a- 
bol'i-kal,  a.  Parabolic;  of  the  nature  of 
orhavicg  the  character  of  a  parable. — Pa- 
raboUcally,  par-a-bol'i-kal-li,  adv.  By  way 
of  parable;  in  the  form  of  a  parabola. — 
Parabolifcjm,  par-a-bol'i-f orm,  ot.  Having 
the  form  of  a  parabola.— Paraboloid,  pa- 
rab'ol-oid,  n.  The  solid  generated  hy  the 
revolution  of  a  parabola  about  its  axis;  a 
parabolic  conoid. 

Paracentesis,  par'a-sen-te"si8,  n.  [Gr.  par- 
aJeentesia — para,  through,  and  kenteO,  to 
pierce.]  Surg,  the  perforation  of  a  cavity 
of  the  body  for  the  evacuation  of  any 
effused  fluid.;  the  operation  of  tapping. 

Paracentric,  Paracentrical,  par-a-sen'trik, 
par-a-sen'tri-kal,  a.  [Gr.  para,  beyond, 
and  kentron,  centre.]    Deviating  from  cir- 

'  cularity ;  out  of  the  strict  curve  which 
would  form  a  circle.— Parachordal,  par-a- 
kor'dal,  n.  [Gr.  para,  beside,  and  chords, 
a  chord.]  One  of  the-cartilaginous  plates 
which  form  the  first  appearance  of  the 
skull  in  the  embryo  of  vertebrates. 

Farachronism,  pa-rak'ron-izm,  n.  [Gr. 
para,  beyond,  and  chronoB,  time.]  An 
error  in  chronology  by  which  an  event  is 
placed  later  than  it  should  be. 

Parachute,  par'a-shot,  n.  [Ft.,  from  parer, 
to  ward  off,  and  cAwte,  a  fall.]  Ballooning, 
an  apparatus  of  an  umbrella  shape  ac- 
companying a  balloon,  for  the  purpose  of 
enabling  an  aeronaut,  in  case  of  danger, 
to  drop  to  the  ground  without  sustaining 
injury,  the  umbrella  shape  giving  a  great 
resistance  of  the  air. 

Paraclete,  par'a-klet,  n.  [Gr.  parakietos, 
from  parakaleo — para,  to,  and  kaleO,  to 
call.]  One  called  to  aid  or  support;  hence, 
a  term  applied  to  the  Holy  Spirit. 

Parade,  pa-rad',  n.  [Fr.  parake,  from  Sp. 
parada,  a  parade,  a  place  for  the  exercise 
of  troops,  from  L.  paro,  paratu^,  to  pre- 
pare. Pare,  Prepare.]  Show;  ostenta- 
tion; display;  a  showy  or  pompous  proces- 
sion; a  military  display;  the  collection  of 
troops  for  inspection  or  the  like;  the  place 
where  such  display  is  held;  a  public  walk 
or  promenade. — v.t. — paraded,  parading. 
To  exhibit  in  a  showy  manner;  to  make  a 
show  of;  to  assemble  and  marshal  in  mili- 
tary order. —  v.i.  To  assemble  in  military 
order;  to  go  about  in  military  procession; 
to  walk  about  for  show. 


Paradigm,  par'a-dim,  n.  [Gr.  paraAeigmo, 
—para,  beside,  and  deigma,  example,  from 
deiknumi,  to  show.]  An  example;  a  model) 
gram,  an  example  of  a  word,  as  a  noun, 
adjective,  or  verb,  in  its  various  inflec- 
tions. —  Paradigmatic,  Paradigmatical, 
par'a-dig-mafik,  par'a-dig-mat"i-kal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  paradigm;  suited  for  being 
an  example;  exemplary.— Paradlgmatlcai- 
ly,  par'a-dig-mat"i-kal-li,  adv.  In  the 
way  of  paradigm  or  example. 

Paradise,  par'a-dis,  n.  [L.  paradisus,  from 
Gr.  paradeisos,  a  garden— properly  a  Per- 

•  sianv/ord.]"  The  garden  of  Eden,  in  which 
Adam  and  Eve  were  at  first  placed;  hence, 
a  place  of  bliss;  a  region  of  supreme  feli- 
city; the  abode  of  sanctified  souls  after 
death. — Bird-of-paradise.  Under  Bird.— 
Paradisaic,  Paradisaical,  par'a-di-sa"ik, 
par'a-di-sa"i-kal ,  a.  Pertaining  to  paradi.se. 

Parados,  par'a-dos,  n.  [Fr.,  from  parer,  to 
defend,  and  dos,  L.  dorsum,  the  back.  | 
An  elevation  of  earth  behind  a  fortified 
place  to  protect  it  from  attack. 

Paradox,  par'a-doks,  n.  [Gr.  paradoxon, 
from  para,  beyond,  and  doxa,  opinion. 
Orthopox.]  a  tenet  or  proposition  con- 
trary to  received  opinion;  a  statement 
which  seems  to  be  at  variance  with  com- 
mon sense,  or  to  contradict  some  previous- 
ly ascertained  truth,  though  when  pro- 
perly investigated  it  may  be  perfectly 
■weUtovtnded.— Hydrostatic  paradox.  Hy- 
drostatic— Paradoxical,  par-a-dok'si-kal, 
a.  Having  the  nature  of  a  paradox;  in- 
clined to  paradox.— Paradoxically,  par-a- 
dok'si-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  paradoxical  man- 
ner. —  Paradoxicalness,  par-a-dok'si-kal- 
nes,  n.— Paradoxy,  par'a-dok-si,  n.  The 
state  of  being  paradoxical. 

Paraffin,  Faraffine,  par'a-fin,  n.  [L.  parwm, 
little,  and  afp.nis,  akin,  from  its  resistance 
to  chemical  reagents.]  A  fatty  substance 
obtained  from  the  dry  distillation  of  wood, 
bituminous  coal,  wax,  &c.,  largely  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  candles.— Paraffin-oil, 
n.  The  oily  matter  which  is  given  off  in 
theMestructive  distillation  of  bituminous 
shale,  the  lighter  oils  being  used  for  illu- 
minating, the  heavier  for  lubricating. 

Faragenesis,  par-a-jen'e-sis,  n.  [Gr.  para, 
side  by  side  with,  and  genesis,  generation.  ] 
Origin  of  two  things  side  by  side;  that  ' 
state  of  minerals  when  they  are  made  up 
of  an  aggregate  of  interblended  crystals 
or  crystals  which  have  not  assumed  their 
normal  structure  (as  in  granite,  &c.).— 
Paragenic,  par-a-jen'ik,  a.  Characterized 
by  or  pertaining  to  paragenesis. 

Faragoge,  par'a-go-ji,  n.  [Gr.  parag6ge— 
para,  beside,  and  ago,  to  lead.]  The  addi- 
tion of  a  letter  or  syllable  to  the  end  of  a 
word.— Faragoglc,  Faragogical,  par-a-goj'- 
ik,  par-a-goj  i-kal,  a.  PeVtaining  to  para- 
goge;  lengthening  a  word  by  being  affixed. 

Paragon,  par'a-gon,  n.  [O.Fr.  paragon, 
from  Sp.  paragon,  parangon,  model,  from 
the  prepositions  para  con,  in  comparison 
with.]  A  model  or  pattern,  especially  a 
model  or  pattern  of  superior  excellence  or 
perfection.  —  v.t.  To  compare;  to  rival;  to 
form  a  rival  or  equal  to. 

Paragram,  par'a-gram,  n.  [Gr.  paragram- 
'ma— para,  beside,  and  ffram.ma,  a  writ- 
ing.]   A  play  upon  words,  or  a  pun. 

Paragrapn,  par 'a-graf ,  n .  [Gr.  paragraphs, 
a  marginal  note— j)ara,  besiae,  and  gra- 
pho,  to  write.]  Originally  a  marginal 
note;  hence,  the  character  ^  used  as  a 
reference,  or  to  mark  a  division  in  a 
"written  composition ;  a  distinct  part-of  a 
discourse  or  writing,  consisting  of  one  or 
several  sentences;  a  portion  or  section 
which  relates  to  a  particular  point,  and  is 
generally  distinguished  by  a  break  in  the 
lines;  a  brief  notice,  as  in  a  newspaper. — 
Paragraphic,  Paragraphical,  par-a-graf'ik, 
par-a-graf'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  para- 
graph ;  exhibiting  paragraphs.  —  Para- 
graphically,  par-a-grafi-kal-li,  adv.  By 
or  with  paragraphs.— ParagrapMst,  par- 
a-graf-ist,  n.    One  who  writes  paragraphs. 

Paraguay  Tea,  par'a-gwa,  n.    Mat£. 

Parakeet,  par'a-kot,  n.    Parrakeet. 

Paraleipsis,  par-a-lip'sis,  n.  [Gr.  paraleip- 
sis,  omission — para,  beside,  and  ItipO,-  to 
leave.]  Wiet.  a  pretended  omission;  a 
figure  by  which  a  speaker  pretends  to  pass 


Pate,  fir,  fat,  fj^ll;     xuS,  met,  hir,     pine,  pin;     uote,  not,  miiTe;     tQbe,  tub,  b\)U ;     oil,  pound;     tt,  Sc.  abuae— tbc  Fx.  tb 


PARALLAX 


485 


PARCEL 


hy  what  at  the  same  time  he  really  men- 
tions. —  Paralipomena,  pai'a-U-i)om"e-na, 
n.  [Gr.  paraleipomena,  things  omitted.] 
Matters  omitted  at  their  proper  places  in 
a  book  or  treatise;  a  supplement  contain- 
ing things  omitted:  the  books  of  Chron- 
icles are  sometimes  so  called. 
Parallax,  par'al-laks,  n.  [Gr.  paraUaxis, 
from  paraUassO,  to  vary,  decline,  or  wan- 
der—para, beyond,  and  allassO,  to  change.] 
The  apparent  change  of  position  of  an 
object  relatively  to  other  objects  when 
viewed  from  different  places ;  astron.  the 
difference  between  the  position  of  any 
celestial  object  as  viewed  from  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth,  and  that  which  it  would 
have  when  viewed  from  the  centre  of 
either  <(he  earth  or  the  sun;  optics,  the 
non-coincidence  of  the  cross  fibres  of  a 
telescope  with  the  focus  of  the  eye-glass.-^ 
Parallactic,  Parallactical,  par;al-rak'tik, 
par-al-lak'ti-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  paral- 
lax. 

Parallel,  par'al-lel,  a.  [Gr.  parallelos—para, 
side  by  sije,  and  allelOn,  of  one  another.] 
Extended  in  the  same  direction,  and  in 
all  parts  equally  distant;  being  exactly  at 
an  equal  distance  throughout  their  length 
or  breadth  (said  of  lines  or  surfaces);  hence, 
having  the  same  direction  or  tendency; 
running  in  accordance  with  something; 
equal  in  all  essential  parts,  points,  or  fea- 
tures; exactly  similar  (a  parallel  passage 
or  incident).— Parallel  forces,  forces  which 
act  in  directions  parallel  to  each  other. — 
Parallel  lines,  geom.  straight  lines  which 
are  in  the  same  plane,  and  being  produced 
ever  so  far  both  ways,  do  not  meet.— 
Parallel  'motion,  a  contrivance  invented 
by  Watt  for  converting  a  reciprocating 
circular  motion  into  an  alternating  recti- 
linear motion,  and  applied  in  the  steam- 
engine.  —  Parallel  roads,  a  phenomenon 
observed  in  some  valleys  of  the  Scottish" 
Highlands,  consisting  in  a  series  of  par- 
allel and  nearly  horizontal  lines  running 
along  the  sides  of  the  hills,' supposed  to 
have  been  formed  by  the  action  of  a  lake. 
— Parallel  rod,  in  locomotive  engines,  a 
rod  that  connects  the  crank-pins  of  the 
driving-wheels. — Parallel  ruler,  a  mathe- 
matical instrument  for  drawing  parallel 
lines,  formed  of  two  equal  rulers,  connected 
by  two  cross-bars  or  equal  length  and 
movable  about  joints. — Parallel  sailing, 
sailing  on  a  parallel  of  latitude. — n.  A  line 
which  throughout  its  whole  extent  is 
equidistant  from  another  line;  one  of  the 
circles  on  a  sphere  parallel  to  its  equa- 
tor; a  line  on  a  map  marking  latitude 
(called  also  a  parallel  of  latittiae);  resem- 
blance or  conformity  in  essential  points; 
likeness ;  comparison  (to  draw  a  paral- 
lel between  two  historians);  one  who  cor- 
responds essentially  to  another;  a  coun- 
terpart; mint,  a  trench  cut  before  a  for- 
tress, parallel  to  its  defences,  for  covering 
the  besiegers  from  the  guns  of  the  place: 
printing,  a  mark  of  reference  (thus  1|),  used 
to  durect  attention  to  notes.— v.t. — paral- 
leled, pcfralleling  (also  with  II  in  the  second 
place);  to  make  parallel ;  to  form  or  serve 
as  a  parallel  to;  to  match;  to  correspond 
to;  to  show  or  furnish  an  equal  to;  to  com- 
pare.—Parallelism,  par'a-lel-izmjTi.  State 
of  being  parallel;  resemblance  m  a  num- 
ber of  important  particulars;  correspon- 
dence; a  comparison. — Parallelism  of  the 
earth's  axis,  that  feature  according  to 
which  the  axis  is  always  inclined  at 
exactly  the  same  slope.— Paxallelly,  par'a- 
lel-li,  adv.  In  a  parallel  manner;  with 
parallelism.  —  Parallelogram,  par-a-lel'o- 
gram,  n.  A  four-sided  figure  composed  of 
straight  lines,  and  having  its  opposite  sides 
jiarallel  and  equal;  popularly,  a  quadrila- 
teral figure  of  greater  length  than  breadth. 
—  Parallelogrammatic,  par-a-lel '  o-gram- 
mat"ik,a.  Relating  to  a  parallelogram. 
— Parallelogrammic,par-a-iero-gram''ik,o. 
Having  the  properties  of  a  parallelogram. 
— Parallelopiped,  Parallelopipedon,  par-a- 
lel'o-pi"ped,  par-a-lero-pi"pea-on,  n.  [Gr. 
parallelepipedon — parallelos,  parallel,  and 
epipedos,  plane,  superficial  —  epi,  upon, 
and  pedon,  the  ground.]  A  solid  body 
with  six  sides  forming  parallelograms;  a 
solid  in  the  shape  of  a  brick. 


Paxaloglam,  pa-ral'o-jizm,  n.  fCrr.  paralo- 
gifmos—para,  beyond,  and  loi/iemos,  rea- 
soning. LoQic]  A  fallacious  argument; 
an  instance  of  false  reasoning.  -^  Paxalo- 

-gize,  pa-ral'o-jlz,  v.i.— paralogised,  paralo- 
gizing.   To  reason  falsely. 

Paralysis,  pa-ral'i-sis,  n.  [Gr.  parcUysie, 
from  paralyO,  to  loosen— ^aro,  beside,  and 
lyO,  to  loose.]  A  loss  or  diminution  of  the 
power  of  motion  in  some  part  of  the  body, 
arising  from  disease  of  the  nerves;  a  loss 
of  sensation  in  any  part  of  the  body;  palsy. 
— Paralyse,  pa/a-liz,  v.t.— paralysed,  para- 
lysing. To  aftect  with  par&lysis;  to  destroy 
physical  or  niental  energy  m. — Paral3rtic, 
Paralytical,  par-a-lit'ik,  par-a-lit'i-kal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  paralysis;  affected  with  par- 
alysis; inclined  to  paralysis. — Paral3rtic, 
n.    A  person  affected  with  paralysis. 

Paramagnetic,  par'a-mag-net"ik,  a.  A  term 
proposed  by  Faraday  as  a  substitute  for 
magnetic  in  contradistinction  to  diamag- 
nette.  —  Paramagnetism,  par-a-mag'net- 
izm,  n.  Magnetism  as  opposed  to  dior 
magnetism. 

Paramatta,  par-a-mat'ta,  n.  A  light  twilled 
dress  fabric,  the  weft  of  merino  wool  and 
the  warp  cotton:  said  to  have  been  made 
originally  with  wool  from  Paramatta  In 
AastraUa. 

Parameter,  pa-ram'et-6r,  n.  [Gr.  para,  be- 
side, and  inetron,  measure.]  Geom.  a  con- 
stant straight  line  belonging  to  each  of 
the  thtee  conic  sections;  the  constant 
quantity  which  enters  into  the  equation 
of  a  curve.  • 

Paramo,  pa-ri'mo.  n.  In  South  America  a 
moimtainous  district  covered  with  stunted 
trees,  and  in  which  a  damp  cold  perpetu- 
ally prevails. 

Paramount,  par'a-mount,  a.  [O.Pr.  par  (L. 
per),  through,  completely,  and  amont, 
above.  Amodnt.]  Superior  in  power  or 
jurisdiction  (lord  paramount,  the  supreme 
lord  of  a  fee  or  of  lands,  &c.);  eminent;  of 
the  highest  order;  superior  to  all  others. — 
n.  Chief;  highest  in  rank  or  order. — 
Paramonntcy,  par'a-mount-si,  n.  The  con- 
dition of  being  paramount. 

Faxamonr,  para-mbr,  n.  [Fr.  par  amour, 
with  love — par  =11.  per,  by,  amour,"L. 
arrlor,  love.]  A  lover;;  a  wooerj;  one  who 
takes  the  place  of  a  husband.or  wife  with- 
out possessing  the  rights. 

Paranymph,  par'a-nimf ,  n.  [Gr.  paranym- 
phos—para,  by,  and  nymphe,  a  bride.] 
In  ancient  Greece,  a  bridesman.- 

Parapegm,  par'a-pem,  n.  [Gr.  parapSgma, 
—para,  beside,  and  pegnymi,  to.  fix.]  A 
brazen  tablet  fixed  to  a  pillar,  on  which 
proclamations,  &c.,  were  anciently  en- 
graved. 

Parapet,  par'a-pet,  m.'  [Ft.  parapet.  It  pa- 
rapetto—parare  (Pr.parer,  E.  parry),  to 
ward  off,  to  guard,  and  vetto  (L.  pectus), 
the  breast.]  lAt.  a  wall  or  rampart-breast- 
high;  milit.  a  wall  or  rampart  to  cover  the 
soldiers  from  the  attacks  of  the  enemy  iu 
front;  a  breastwork;  arch,  a  wall  placed 
at  the  edges  of  platforms,  sides  of  bridges, 
Ac,  to  prevent  people  from  falling  over. — 
Patapeted,  par'a-pet-ed,  a.  Furnished 
with  a  parapet. 

Paraph,  par'af,  n.  [Fr.  parafe,para.phe,  an 
abbreviation  of  paragraph.}  The  figure 
formed  by  a  flourish  of  a  pen  at  the  con- 
clusion of  a  signature.— v.t.  To  add  a  par- 
aph to;  to  sign. 

Paraphernalia,  par'a-fW-na'li-a,  n.pZ.  [L.L. 
paraphernalia,  from  Gr.35arap/iem«,what 
a  bride  has  besides  her  dower— para,  be- 
yond, and  Tphei"ne,  a  dowry.]  The  belong- 
ings of  a  wife  over  and  above  her  dower  or 
portion,  as  apparel  and  ornaments;  per- 
sonal attire  of  a  shov/y  or  accessary  de- 
scription; also,fittings  up,  &c.,  of  an  apart- 
ment or  house;  appendages;  ornaments; 
trappings. 

Paraphrase,  par'a-fraz,  n.  [Gr.  paraphra- 
sis—para,  beside,  and  phra^,  phrase.]  A 
restatement  of  a  text,  passage,  or  work, 
giving  the  sense  of  the  original  in  other 
words;  the  setting  forth  in  clearer  and 
ampler  terms  of  the  signification  of  a  pas- 
sage or  work:  a  sacred  song  or  hymn  based 
on  a  selected  portion  of  Scripture. — v.t. — 
paraphrased,  paraphrasing.  To  make  a 
paraphrase  of;  to  explain  or  translate  with 


latitude. —w.i.  To  interpret' or  explaih 
amply. — Paraphrast,  nar'a-frast,  n.    FGr. 

faraphrastSs.}  One  who  paraphrases. — 
araphrastic,  Paraphrastical,  par-a-fras- 
tik,  par-a-fras'ti-kal,  a.  Having  the  char- 
acter of  a  paraphrase;  explaining  in  words 
more  clear  and  ample  than  those  of  the 
author. — Paraphrastically,  par-a-fras'ti- 
kal-li,  adv.    In  a  paraphrastic  manner. 

Paraplegia,  Paraplegy,  par-a-pl5'ji-a,  par*- 
a-ple-ji,  n.  [Gr.  paraplegia,  paralysis — 
para,  beyond,  and  plige,  stroke.]  That 
kind  of  paralysis  which  aiffects  the  lower 
part  of  the  body. 

Parapophysis,  par-a-pofi-sis,  n.  [Gr.  para, 
beside,  and  apophysis,  an  apophysis.]  The 
transverse  process  of  an  ideal  typical  ver- 
tebra; also,  the  name  of  the  vertebral  pro- 
cesses of  fishes  which  extend  outwards. 

Paracang,  par'a-sang,  n.  [Gr.  parasanges, 
from  Per.  farsang,  a  parasang;]  An  an- 
cient Persian  measure  of  length  equal  to 
3ii  English  miles. 

Parasceuastic,  par'a-sa-as"tik,  a.  [Gr.  por 
raskeuastiJcos,  from  prefix  para,  and  skew, 
equipment.]    Preparatory. 

Paraselene,  par'a-8e-l6"ne,  n.  pi.  Parase- 
lense,  par'a-se-l5"ne.  [Gr.  para,  about  or 
near,  and  selerte,  the  moon.]  A  mock  moon; 
a  luniinous  ring  enconapassing  the  moon, 
in  which  sometimes  are  other  bright  spots 
bearing  some  resemblance  to  the  moon. 

Parasite,  par'a-sit,  n.  [Fr.  parasite,  from 
Jj.  paras-Uus,  Gr.  parasitos,  one  who  eats 
at  the  table  of  another,  a  parasite,  a  toady 
—para,  beside,  and  sitos,  food.]  One  that 
frequents  the  tables  of  the  rich  and  earns 
his  welcome  by  flattery;  a  hanger-on;  a 
sycophant;  an  animal  that  lives  ujpon  or 
in,  and  at  the  expense  of,  other  animals; 
a  plant  which  grows  upon  another  plant, 
and  feeds  upon  its  juices.— Parasitic,  Par- 
asitical, par-a-sit'ik,  par-a-sit'i-kal,  a.  Of 
the  nature  of  a  parasite;  meanly  depen- 
dent on  others  for  support;. 6o<.  and  zool. 
growing  or  living  as  a  parasite. — Paraslti- 
cally,  par^a-sit'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  the  man- 
jier  of  a  parasite.— Parasiticide,  par-a-sit'- 
i-sid, «.  [E.  parasite,  and  L.  ccedo,  to  kill.] 
Any  agent  for  destroying  animal  or  vege- 
table parasites.— Parasitism,  par'a^sit-izm, 
n.  The  behaviour  or  manners  of  a  para- 
site; the  state  of  being  a  parasite. 

Parasol,  par'a-sol,  n.  [Fr.  parasol,  ftom 
It.  parasole—parare  (L.  parare,  to  pre- 
pare), to  ward  off,  and  sole  (L.  sol),  the  sun. 
Pahrv.]  a  small  umbrella  used  by  ladies 
to  defend  their  faces  from  the  sun's  rays. 

Parataxis,  par-a-tak'sis,  n.  [Gr.  para,  be- 
side, and  taxis,  arrangement.]  Gram,,  the 
mere  ranging  of  propositions  one  after  an- 
other, without  marking  their  dependence 
on  each  other  by  way  of  consequence  or 
the  like.  —  Paratactic,  par-a-tak'tik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  parataxis. 

Parathermlc,  par-a-th6r'mik,  a.  [Gr.  para, 
beside,  and  fherme,  heat.]  The  name  given 
to  certain  rays  in  the  solar  spectrum, 
which  a]}ound  in  the  red  and  orange  bands. 

Parathesis,  pa-rath 'e-sis,  n.  [Gr.  para, 
beside,  and  thesis,  a  placing.]  Gram,  ap- 
position, or  the  placing  of  two  or  more 
nouns'  in  the  same  case;  philol.  the  ex- 
pression of  grammatical  relations  meroly 
by  the  juxtaposition  of  roots.— Parathetic, 
par-a-thet'ik,  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to 
parathesis. 

Parboil,  pS,r1x»il,  v.t.  [Fr.  parboidllir — 
part,  part,  and  bouUler,  to  boil;  lit.  to 
part-boil.]  To  boil  in  part;  to  boil  in  a 
moderate  degree. 

Parbuckle,  par'buk-l,n.'  A pnrchase formed 
by  a  single  rope  round  a  heavy  object  for 
hoisting  or  lowering,  the  object  itself  act- 
ing as  a  movable  pulley.— w.t.  To  hoist  or 
lower  by  means  of  a  parbuckle. 

Parcel,  paysel,  n.  [Fr.  parceKe,from  a  L.L. 
particella,  equivalent  to  L.  partieula,  dim. 
of  pars,  partis,  a  part.   Part.]   A  portion 

.  of  anything  taken  separately;  a  particle; 
a  collection;  a  group;  a  lot;  a  quantity  or 
number  of  things  put  up  together;  a  bun- 
dle; a  package :  now  the  common  mean- 
ing.—».<.  parcelled,  parcelling.  To  divide 
or  put  up  into  parts  or  portions;  to  make 
up  into  a  mass.  —  Parcel-blind,  a.  Half- 
blind  ;  partially  blind.  —  Parcel-book,  n. 
A  book  in  which  the  despatch  of  parcels 


ch,  cAain;     cftjSc.  locft;     e,go;    j.job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  siny;     th,  <Aenj  th,  iMn;     tt,  wig;     >vh,  w/iig;     zh,  a«ure. 


PAJRCENER 


486 


PARLIAMENT 


is  registered.  —  Parcel-gilt,  a.  Partially 
gilt.  —  Parcelling,  par'sel-ilag.n.  NaiU. 
long  narro-vf  slips  or  canvas  daabed  with 
tar  and  bound  about  a  rope  like  a  bandage. 
— Parcel-office,  n.  A  place 'where  parcels 
are  received  for  delivery. — Parcel-post,  ». 
The  department  of  a  post-ofifice  system  by 
■which  parcels  are  sent.— Parcel-van,  n.  A. 
light  conveyance  for  the  delivery  of  par- 
cels. 

Parcener,  par'sen-6r,  n.  [O.Pr.  par^onnier, 
from  porcoji,  L.  partitiOy  partitionU,  a 
portion.  Paetition.]  A  coheir  or  copar- 
cener. 

Parch,  parch,  v.t.  [Perhaps  from  Pr.  percer. 
Ft.  dial.percMr,to  pierce,  as  if  to  pierce 
or  penetrate  ivith  heat;  or  a  corruption  of 
L.  perareaco,  to  grow  very  dry.]  To  bum 
the  surface  of;  to  scorch;  to  dry  to  ea- 
tremity. — v.i.  To  become  scorched  or  su- 
perficially burned;  to  become  very  dry.— 
Parchedness,  par'ched-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  parched.— Parchlnely.  pSr'ching- 
U,  adv.  In  a  parching  manner;  scorch- 
ingly. 

Parchment,  parch'ment,n.  [FT.parchemin, 
from  L.  pej-gamena,  pergamina  {charta, 
paper,under8tood),  Ut.  paper  of  Pergamus, 
from  PergamiiB  m  Asia  Minor,  where 
parchment  was  first  brought  extensively 
into  use  about  B.C.  200.]  The  skin  of  a  very 
young  calf,  sheep,  or  goat  dressed  or  pre- 
mred  and  rendered  fit  for  writing  on. — 
Parchment  paper  or  vegetable  parchment, 
ordinary  paper  without  size  dipped  in  a 
liquid  that  gives  it  the  appearance  of 
parchment. 

Parclose,  parTdos,  n.  [Pr.  parelose-^ar, 
by,  and  clos,  close.]  A  screen  or  railing, 
such  as  to  inclose  a  tomb,  separate  an 
altar,  or  the  like. 

Pard,  pard,  n.  [L.  pardus,  Gz.  pardos,  the 
leopard.]  The  leopard  or  panther. 
Pardon,  par'dn,  v.t.  [O.Pr.  pardoner  (Pr. 
pardonner),  from  L.L.  perdonare,  to  par- 
don— L.  per,  through,  quite,  and  dono,  to 
give.  Donation.]  To  release  from  liability 
to  sufier  punishment  for  a  crime  or  a  fault; 
to  forgive  (an  oflfender);  to  remit  the  pen- 
alty or  punishment  of;  to  forgive  (the 
offence). — Pardon  me,  forgive  me;  excuse 
me:  a  phrase  often  used  when  a  person 
means  civilly  to  deny  or  contradict  what 
another  afl&rms.  .".  Pardon  means  strictly 
to  remit  the  punishment  or  retaliation  we 
were  entitled  to  inflict;  foroive  implies 
that  the  party  who  has  suffered  injury 
entirely  overlooks  the  offence,  and  cher- 
ishes no  ill-feeling  whatever  against  the 
offender. — n.  Forgiveness  of  an  offender 
or  of  his  offence;  a  passing  over  without, 
or  not  visiting  with,  punishment;  remis- 
sion of  penalty;  forgiveaess;  an  official 
warrant  of  penalty  remitted.  —  Pardon- 
able, par'dn-arbl,  a.  Capable  of  bein^  par- 
doned or  forgiven;  excusable;  veiiial. — 
Pardonableness,  par'dn-a-bl-nes,  n.  .'The 
quality  of  being  pardonable.— Pardonably, 
par'dn-a-bli,  adv.  In  a  manner  admitting 
of  pardon;  excusably.— Pardoner,  par'dn- 
er,  n.  One  who  pardons;  one  licensed  to 
sell  the  pope's  indulgencest. 
Pare,  par,  v.t. — pared,  paring.  4Pr.  parer, 
to  pare,  to  dress,  to  curry,  from  It.parare, 
to  prepare,  seen  in  a  number  of  words,  as 
parade,  parry,  prepare,  repair,  separate, 
&c.]  To  cut  off,  as  the  superficial  substance 
or  extremities  of  a  thing;  to  shave  off  with 
a  sharp  instrument;  to  trim  by  shaving 
the  surface;  to  diminish  by  little  and 
little.— Parer,  par'fif,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  pares.  — Paring,  par'ing,  n.  What 
is  pared  off;  a  piece  clipped  oft^  the  rind. 
Paregoric,  par-e-gor'ik,  a.  [Gr.  paregorikog, 
soothing,  from  paregoreO,  to  exhort,  con- 
sole, soothe— para,  beside,  and  agoreud,  to 
speak  in  an  assembly.]  Med.  mitigating 
or  assuaging  pain.  —  Paregoric  elixir,  a 
camphorated  tincture  of  opium,  flavoured 
by  aromatics. — n.  A  medicine  that  miti- 
gates pain;  an  anodyne. 
Pareira,  pa-ri'ra,  n.  A  Portuguese  name 
in  Brazil  for  the  roots  of  certain  plants 
employed  in  medical  practice,  as  tonics 
and  diuretics. 

Parella,  Porelle,  pa-relTa,  pa-rel',  n.  [Pr. 
IKtrelle.}  The  name  of  licnens  that  pro- 
duce archiL 


Parembole,  ParemptoslB,  pa-remliS-Ie,  par- 
em-tS'sis,  n.  [Gr.  para,  oeside,  em  for  en, 
in,  balls,  to  throw,  ptosis,  a  falling.]  Rhet. 
.  the  insertion  of  something  relating  to  the 
subject  in  the  middle  of  a  period;  an  ex- 
planatory phrase  thrown  into  a  sentence. 

Parement,  par'ment,  n.  [Pr.,  from  parer, 
to  adorn;  L.  parare,  to  prepare.]  Some 
article  of  ornamental  furniture  or  clothes  J;; 
the  outside  ashlar  or  casing  of  a  rubble 
wall  which  is  tied  together  by  through  or 
bond  stones. 

Parenchyma,  pa-renTd-ma,  n.  [Gr.  para, 
beside,  and  enchyma,  an  infusion— en,  in, 
and  dieo,  to  pour.]  Anat.  the  tissue  out- 
side the  blood  vessels,  and  derived  from 
the  blood;  the  cellular  and  fibrous  sub- 
stance of  the  glands  and  other  solid  or- 
gans; hot.  the  pith  or  pulp  of  plants;  the 
spongy  and  cellular  tissue. — Parenchym- 
atous, Pareachymous,  par-en-kim'a-tus, 
pa-ren'ki-mus,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the 
nature  of  parenchyma. 

ParenesiSjt  pa-ren'e-sis,  n.  [Gr.  parainesis 
^paraineOj  to  exhort.]  Persuasion;  ex- 
hortation.—Parenetic,  Parenetical,  par-e- 
net'ik,  par-e-net'i-kal,  a.  Hortatory;  per- 
suasive. 

Parent,  pa^nt,  n.  [L.  parens,  parentis, 
from  hario,  parlre,  to  bring  forth,  to  be- 
get; akin  to  parere,  to  appear  (Appear), 
parare,  to  prepare  (Pare).]  A  father  or 
mother;  he  or  she  that  produces  young: 
used  of  animals  and  plants  as  well  as  of 
man;  one  who  or  that  which  produces; 
cause;  source. — Parentage,  pa'ren-taj,  n. 
Extraction;  birth;  origin;  condition  with 
respect  to  the  rank  or  character  of  pa- 
rents.—Parental,  pa-ren'tal,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  parents;  suited  to  or  characteristic 
of  parents.— Parentally,  pa-ren'tal-li,  adv. 
In  a  fatherly  or  parental  manner.  —  Pa- 
renthood, p5'rent-hud,  n.  The  state  of 
being  a  parent;  the  condition  of  a  parent. 
— Parenticide,  pa-ren'ti-sid,  n.  [L.  parens, 
and  ccedo,  to  kill.]  One  who  kills  a  parent. 
— Parehtless,  pa'rent-les,  a.  Deprived  of 
parents. 

Parenthesis,  pa-ren'the-sis,  n.  pi.  Parenthe- 
ses, pa-ren'the-sez.  [Gr.  pafenthesii-^para, 
beside,  en  in,  and  tlieais,  a  placing,  from 
titheini,  to  place.]  An  explanatoiy  or 
qualifying  sentence,  or  part  of  a  sentence, 
inserted  into  the  midst  of  another  sen- 
tence, without  being  gi-ammatically  cour 
nected  vrfth  it :  generally  marked  off  by 
upright  curves  (  ),  but  frequently  by 
dashes ,  and  even  by  commas;  print- 
ing, the  parenthetical  sign  ( ),  including 
the  words  inserted.— Parenthetic,  Paren- 
thetical, par-en-thet'ik,  par-en-thet'i-kal, 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  parenthesis;  of  the 
"nature  of  a  parenthesis;  exhibiting  par- 
entheses. —  Parenthetically,  par-en-thet'- 
i-kal-U,  adv.  In  the  manner  or  form  of  a 
parenthesis;  by  way  of  parenthesis. 

Parergon,  Parergy,  par-6r'gon,  par'6r-ji, 
n.  [Gr.  para,  beside,  and  ergon,  work.] 
Something  done  incidentally;  something 
subsidiary;  a  superfluity;  a  superflaoos 
detail. 

Paresis,  par'e-sis,  n.  [Gr.,  from  pariemi,  to 
relax.]  Pathol,  a  slight  incomplete  para- 
lysis, affecting  motion  but  not  sensation. 
—Paretic,  pa-ret'ik,  o.  Pertaining  to,  af- 
fected with,  or  of  the  nature  of  paresis. 

Pargaslte,  par'ga-sit,  n.  [From  the  isle 
Pargas,  in  Finland.]  C^stallized  and 
granular  hornblende  of  a  high  lustre  and 
rather  dark  green  colour. 

Parget,  par'jet,  n.  [O.  E.  pariet,  O.  Pr. 
pariette,  from  L.  panes,  parietis,  a  wall.] 
Plaster  laid  on.  roofs  or  walls. —  v.t.  To 
cover  with  plaster  or  parget;  to  ornament 
with  parge  work.— w.i.  To  plaster.- Par- 
geting, Parge-work,  par'jet-ing,  parj'- 
w6rk,  n.  Plaster-work;  plaster-work  with 
patterns  and  ornaments  raisedor  indented 
upon  it,  wheth  er  inside  or  outside  a  house. 

Parhelion,  par-he'li-on,  n.  pi.  Parhelia,  par- 
he'li-a.  [Gr.  para,  near,  and  hilios,  the 
sun.]  A  mock  sun,  having  the  appearance 
of  the  sun  itself,  sometimes  white  and 
sometimes  tinted  with  prismatic  colours. 
— ParheUc,  par-hel'ik,  a.  Relating  to  par- 
helia. 

Paria]^  pa'ri-a,  n.  [A  Tamil  wordj  One 
of  the  lowest  class  of  i>eople  in  Hinda- 


Etan;  hence,  one  despised  and  contemned 
by  society;  an  outcast. 

Pjuian,  p5'ri-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Paros, 
an  isle  in  theEgean  Sea. — Parian  marble, 
a  marble  of  Paros,  chosen  by  the  ancients 
for  their  choicest  works.— n.  A  fine  va- 
riety of  porcelain  or  porcelain  clay,  of 
which  statuettes,  &c.,  are  made,  resem- 
bling Parian  marble. 

Paridigitate,  par-i-dij'i-tat,  o.  [L.  par, 
equal,  and  digitus,  a  finger.]  Having  an 
even  number  of  fingers  and  toes. 

Parietal,  pa-ri'et-al,  a.  [L.  parietalis,  from 
paries,  parietis,  a  wall.]  Pertaining  to  a 
wall;  anat.  pertaining  to  the  walls  of  a 
cavity  of  the  body,  or  to  the  bones  which 
form  the  sides  and  upper  part  Of  the  skuU; 
bot.  growing  from  the  side  of  another  or- 
gan. 

Paring.    Under  Park. 

Paripinnate,  par-i-pin'5t,o.  [L.  par,  equal, 
&na  pinnatus,  frinnate.]  Bot.  equally  pin- 
nate; abruptly  pinnate:  said  of  a  compound 
pinnate  leaf  ending  in  two  leaflets. 

Parish,  par'ish,  n.  [Pr.  paroiase,  Ii.L.  par- 
aeeia,  from  Gr.  paroiHa,  a  parish,  a  neigh- 
bourhood, from  para,  beside,  and  oikos,  a 
house  (v/hence  economy).]  The  district  un- 
der the  charge  of  a  parson  or  other  person 
having  a  cure  of  souls  therein;  a  subdivi- 
sion of  a  county  for  civil  purposes,  espe- 
cially for  local  government  and  taxation, 
^a.  Belonging  to  a  parish;  parochial. — 
Parish-clerk, ».  A  person  whose  duty,  it 
is  to  lead  the  responses  in  the  service  of 
the  Church  of  England.— Parishioner,  pa- 
rish'on-^r,  n.  One  that  belongs  to  a  par- 
ish.—Pariah-priest,  n.  A  parson ;  a  mini- 
ster who  holds  a  parish  as  a  benefice. — 
Parish-register,  n.  A  book  in  which  the 
births,  deaths,  and  marriages  that  occur 
in  a  parish  are  registored. 

Parisian,  pa-riz'i-an,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Paris  or  its  inhabitants.— n.  A  native  or 
resident  of  Paris. —Pariaienae,  pa-r6'ze- 
en",  n.  [Fr.]  A  female,  native  or  resident 
of  Paris. 

Parisyllablc,  Parisyllablcal,  par'i-sil-lab"- 
ik,  par'i-sil-lab"i-kal,  o.  [L.  par.paris, 
equal,  and  syllaba,  a  syllable.]  Having 
equal  or  like  syllables. 

Parity,  par'i-ti,  n.  [Fr.  pariti,  L.  paritas, 
from  par,  equal.  Pair.]  The  condition 
of  being  equal  or  equivalent;  like  state  or 
degree;  equality;  close  correspondence; 
analogy. 

Park,  park,  n.  [Either  from  Fr.  pare,  L.L. 
parous,  a  park  (from  L.  parcere,  to  spare), 
or  from  A.  Sax.  pearruc,  a  park  (whence 
paddock).']  A  large  piece  of  ground  in- 
closed and  set  apart  for  beasts  of  chase; 
a  considerable  extent  of  pasture  and  wood- 
jand  surrounding  or  adjoining  a  mansion- 
house;  a  piece  of  public  ground  in  or  near 
a  large  town,  laid  out  and  kept  for  the 
sole,  purpose  of  pleasure  and  recreation;  in 
Scot,  any  field,  as  on  a  farm.  —  Park 
of  artillery,  the  trttin  of  artillery,  with 
ammunition,  &c.,  which  accompanies  an 
army  to  the  field;  the  space  occupied  by 
such  a  train. — Park-keeper,  n.  One  who 
has  the  custody  of  a  park. 

Parlance,  par'lans,  n.  [O.Fr.,fromj)aWon/, 
ppr.  of  parler,  to  speak.  Paklet.]  Con- 
versation; talk. 

Parley,  parli,  v.i.  [Ft.  parler,  to  speak, 
O.Fr.  paroler,  from  L.L.  parabolare,  to 
speak,  from  ti.  parabola,  a  comparison, 
later  a  word.  Parable.]  To  confer  or 
speak  with  a  person  on  some  point  of  mu- 
tual concern;  especially  to  confer  with  an 
enemy,  as  on  an  exchange  of  prisoners,  a 
cessation  of  arms,  &c.  —  n.  Mutual  dis- 
course or  conversation;  a  conference  with 
an  enemy  in  war. — To  heat  or  sound  a  par- 
ley, to  beat  a  drum  or  sound  a  trumpet,  m 
a  signal  for  holding  a  conference  with  the 
enemy. 

Parliament,  parli-ment,  n.  [Fr.  parlemeTtt 
—parler,  to  speak,  and  term,  -ment,  as  in 
complement,  &c.  Parley.]  A  meeting  or 
assembly  of  persons  for  conference  or  de- 
liberation; a  supreme  national  or  general 
council;  the  grand  assembly  of  the  three 
estates  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  the  lords  spiritual, 
lords  temporal,  and  the  commons;  the 
general  council  of  the  nation  constituting 


P&te.  fiU:,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  hir;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  miive;     tttbe,  tub,  b\ill ;     oil,  pound;     C,  Sc- abune— the  Fr.  «, 


PARLOUR 


PARTAKE 


the  iegislatare,  eummoned  by  the  sove- 
reign's authority  to  consult  on  the  affairs 
of  the  nation,  and  to  enact  and  repeal 
laws. — Act  of  parliament,  a  statute  or  law 
made  by  the  sovereign,  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  lords  temporal  and 
spiritual,  and  the  commons  in  parliament 
assembled. — Pariia«ien</ieeZ,  the  situation 
of  a  ship  when  careened  by  shiftof  ballast, 
&c.  —  Parliamentarian,  par'li-men-ta"ri- 
an,  n.  One  of  those  who  adhered  to  the 
parliament  in  the  time  of  Charles  I. — a. 
Serving  the  parliament  in  opposition  to 
Bang  Charles  I.— Parliamentary,  par-li- 
men'ta-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  parliament; 
enacted  or  done  by  parliament;  according 
■to  the  rules  and  usages  of  parliament,  or 
similarlegislative  bodies.— ParZicwnentary 
committeeya,  committee  of  members  of  the 
House  of  Peers  or  House  of  Commons  ap- 
pointed to  inquire  into  some  special  mat- 
ter.—Parlianientarj/  train,  a  train  which, 
by  enactment  of  parliament,  must  be  run 
by  railway  companies  at  least  once  a  day 
(up  and  down  journeys)  for  the  convey- 
ance of  third-class  passengers  at  a  penny 
a  mile. 

Parlonr,  par'lfer,  n.  [Fr.  parioir,  from 
parler,  to  speak.  Parley.]  The  room  in 
a  house  which  the  family  usually  occupy 
when  they  have  no  company;  an  ordinary 
sitting-room;  a  semi-private  apartment 
in  taverns,  public-houses,  and  the  like. — 
Parlour-boarder,  n.  A  boarder  who  dines 
with  the  family. 

Parmesan,  par-rae-2an',  a.  Pertaining  to 
Parma',  in  Italy;  name  of  a  delicate  sort 
of  cheese  made  there.-    Used  also  as  n. 

Pamassii^,  par-nas'i-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Parnassus,  the  celebrated  mountain  in 
Greece  sacred  to  Apollo  and  the  Muses. 

Parochial,  pa-ro'ki-al,  a.  [h.  parochia,  cor- 
ruption from  paracia,  a  parish.  Parish.] 
Belonging  to  a  parish. — Parochial  board, 
in  Scotland,  a  body,  of  men  in  a  parish 
elected  by  the  payers  of  poor-rates  to  man- 
age the  relief  of  the  poor.— Parbchial  regis- 
ter. Parish-register.— Parochialism,  "pa- 
ro'ki-al-izm,  n.  The  state  of  being  paro- 
chial; narrowness  or  contractedness  of 
mind  resulting  from  confining  one's  atten- 
tion or  interest  to  the  affairs  of  one's  parish 
or  neighbourhood. — Parochialize,  pa-ro'- 
ki-al-iz,  v.  f. — parochialized,parochialinng. 
To  render  parochial  to  form  into  parishes. 
— Parochially,  pa-ro'ki-al-li,  adv.  In  a  par- 
ochial mannerj  in  a  parish;  by  parishes. 

Parody,  par'o-di,  n.  [Fr.  parodie,  from  Gr. 
par6dia—para,  beside,  and  Cde,  an  ode.] 
A  literary  composition  in  which  the  form 
and  expression  of  serious  writings' are 
closely  imitated,  but  adapted  to  a  ridicu- 
lous subject  or  a  humorous  method  of 
treatment;  a  burlesque  imitation  of  a 
serious  poem.— v.«.— parodied,  parodying. 
To  turn  into  a  parody;  to  write  a  parody 
upon.— Parodie,  Parodical,  pa-rod'ik,  pa- 
rod'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  parody;  after 
the  manner  of  parody.— Parodist,  par'o- 
dist,  n.    One  who  writes  a  parody. 

Parole,  pa-rol',  n.  [Fr.  parole,  from  L.L. 
parabola,  a  word,  a  parable.  Parable.] 
Word  of  promise;  word  of  honour:  a  pro- 
mise given  by  a  prisoner  of  war  that  he 
will  not  try  to  escape  if  allowed  to  go  about 
at  liberty,  or  not  to  bear  arms  against  his 
captors  lor  a  certain  period,  or  the  like; 
milit.  a  sort  of  countersign  given  out  every 
day. 

Paronomasia,  Paronomasy,  par'o-no-ma"- 
zi-a,  par-o-nom'a-si,  n.  iGr.—para,  beside, 
and  onomazO,  to  name,  from  onoma,  a 
name.]  Rhet.  a  play  upon  words;  a  pun. 
— Paronomastic,  Paronomastical,  pa-ron'- 
o-mas"tik,  pa-ron'o-mas"ti-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining  to  paronomasy. 

Paronymous,  pa-ron'i-mus,  <?.  [Gr.  parO- 
nyinos—para^  beside,  and  onortia,  a  name, 
a  word.  ]  Having  the  same  or  a  like  sound, 
but  differing  in  orthography  and  significa- 
tion, as  all,  aivl;  ball,  bawl;  having  the 
same  derivation,  as  wise,  wisely,  wisdom. 
— Paronym,  par'o-nim,  n.  A  paronymous 
word.  —  Paronymy,  pa-ron'i-mi,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  paronymous. 

Paroquet,  par'o-ket,  n.    Parraheet. 

Parotid,  pa-rot'id,  n.  [Gr.  par6tis,par6tido» 
—para,  beside,  and  ous,  Ctos,  the  ear.] 


Anat.  a  salivary  gland  on.  either  side  of 
the  face,  in  front  of  the  ear,  and  com- 
municatmg  with  the  mouth  by  a  duct.— 
Parotitis,  par-o-ti'tis,  n.  Inflammation  of 
the  parotid  gland;  mumps.  " 

Parosysm,  par'ok-sizm.  n.  [Gr.  paroxysmos 
— para,  in  excess,  and  oxyno,  to  sharpen, 
from  oxys,  sharp.]  A  fit  or  period  of  great 
intensity  of  a  di^^ease;  a  sudden  and  vio- 
lent access  of  feel'ng  (as  of  rage)j  convul- 
sion; fit;  geul.  ariy  sudden  and  violent  ef- 
fect of  natural  agency.— Paroxysmic,  par- 
ok-siz'mik,  a.  Characterized  or  accom- 
panied by  paroxysm;  spasmodic— Parox- 
ysmal, pir-ok-siz'mal,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
marked  by  a  paroxysm.— Paroxysmally, 
par-ok-siz'mal-li,  adv.  In  a  paroxysmal 
manner;  by  paroxysms. 

Paroxytone,  pa-rok'si-ton,  a.  and  n.  [Gr.] 
Gram,  safd  of  a  word  having  the  acute  ac- 
cent on  the  penultimate  syllable. 

Parquet,  par'ket,  m.  [Fr.  parquet,  dim.  of 
pare,  a  park  or  other  inclosure.]  That 
part  of  the  floor  in  a  theatre  or  music-hall 
between  the  orchestra  and  pit. — v.t. — par- 

?ueted,  parqueting.  To  form  in  parquetry; 
o  ornament  with  parquetry.— Parquetry, 
par'ket-ri,  n.  [Fn  parqueterie.']  A  species 
of  inlaid  wood-work  in  geometric  or  other 
pattems.and  generally  of  different  colours, 
principally  used  for  floors. 

Parr,  par,  n.  A  small  fish  now  known  to 
be  a  young  salmon  at  a  certain  stage. 

Parrakeet,  par'a-ket,  n.  [Fr.  parroquef, 
perrogMei.aparrakeet.  Parrot.]  The  name 
given  to  various  parrots  of  the  eastern 
heniisphere,  generally  of  small  size  and 
having  very  long  tail-feathers. 

Parral,  Parrel,  par'al,  par'eL,  n.  [Abbrev. 
from  apparel.'i  Naiit.  a  band  of  rope,  or 
now,  more  generally,  an  iron  collar  which 
confines  a  yard  to  the  mast  at  the  centre. 

Parricide,  par'ri-sid,  n.  [L.  parricida,  the 
criminal,  parricidium,  the  crime,  from 
pater,  father,  and  ccedo,  to  kill.]  A  person 
who  murders  his  father  or  mother;  the 
murder  of  a  parent. — Parricidal,  par-ri-si'- 
dal,  a.  Pertaining  to  parricide;  commit- 
ting parricide. 

Pan-ot,  par'ot,  n.  [From  Fr.  Perrot  or  Per- 
rette,  bersonal  names  from  Pierre,  Peter 
(like  Fr.  pierrot,  a  sparrow,  from  Pierre) ; 
comp.  Sp.  Perico,  a  dim.  for  Pedro,  Peter, 
also  a  small  parrot,  periquito,  a  small  par- 
rot. Comp.  such  names  as  Magpie,  Jack- 
daw, Robin-redbreast,  &c.)  A  name  com- 
mon to  a  family  of  scansorial  or  climbing 
birds,  including  the  parrakeats,  macaws, 

-  lories,  cockatoos,  &c.,  or  restricted  to  cer- 
tain members  of  the  family,  all  of  which 
have  hooked  and  rounded  bills  and  fleshy 
tongues,  some  of  them  having  the  faculty 
of  imitating  the  human  voice  in  a  high 
degree. — v.t.  To  repeat  as  a  parrot;  to  re- 
peat by  rote.— Parrot-coal,  n.  A  name 
given  in  Scotland  to  cannel-coal.— Parrot- 
fish,  n.  A  fish  of  the  wrass  family,  re- 
markable for  the  beak-like  plates  into 
which  the  teeth  of  either  jaw  are  united, 
and  for  brilliancy  of  colour. 

Parry,  par'i,  v.t— parried,  parrying.  [Fr. 
parer.  It.  parare,  to  ward  off,*from  L. 
parare,  to  prepare,  keep  off.  Pare.]  To 
ward  off  (a  blow,  a  thrust);  to  stop  or  to 
put  or  turn  aside;  to  prevent  taking  effect. 
—v.i.  To  put  aside  thrusts  or  strokes ;  to 
fence. 

Parse,  pars,  v.t.  [L.  pars,  a  part,  pars  ora- 
tionis,  a  part  of  a  speech:  to  parse  a  word 
is  to  tell  what  part  of  speech  it  is.  Part.] 
Gram,  to  analyse  or  describe  grammati- 
cally; to  show  the  several  parts  of  speech 
composing  (a  sentence)  and  their  relation 
to  each  other  by  government  or  agree- 
ment. 

Parsee,  par-s6',  n.  [Per.  and  Hind,  pdrsi, 
a  Persian,  a  fire-worshipper.]  One  of  the 
adherents  of  the  Zoroastrian  or  ancient 
Persian  religion  in  India,  originally  from 
Persia.  —  Parseeism,  par-se'izm,  n.  The 
religion  and  customs  of  the  Parsees. 

Parsimony,  par'si-mo-ni,  n.  [Fr.  parsi- 
mcmie,  from  h.  parsimonia,  parcimonia, 
irojfi  parco,  parsum,  to  spare.]  Closeness 
or  sparingness  in  the  use  or  expenditure 
of  money;  niggardlinessj  miserliness. — 
— Parsimonious,  par-si-mo'ui-us,  a.  Ex- 
hibiting or  characterized  by  parsimony; 


niggardly ;  close-fisted.— Paxsimoniously, 
par-si-mo'ni-us-li,  adv.  In  a  parsimonious 
manner.— Parsimonioasness.par-si-mO'ni- 
us-nes,  n. 

Parsley,  parsli,  n.  [O.E.  persely,  per.fyUe, 
&c.,  Fr.  persil,  from  L.  petroselinum,  Gr, 
petroselinon,  rock-parsley— petra,  a  rock, 
and  selinon  ( i  long ),  parsley.]  A  well- 
known  garden  vegetable,  used  for  com- 
municatmg  an  agreeable  flavour  to  soups, 
&c. 

Parsnip,  Parsnep,  pars 'nip,  pars'nep,  n. 
[Corrupted  from  Fr.  pastinaque,  li.  pas- 
tinaca,  a  parsnip,  from  pastinuni,  a  kind 
of  two-pronged  dibble,  and  nip,  nep,  h. 
napus,  a  turnip.]  An  umbelliferous  plant 
much  cultivated  for  its  esculent  roote. 

Parson,  par'sn,  re.  [O.Fr.  persone,  from 
I/.L.  persona  ecclesicB,  the  person  of  the 
church,  L.  persona,  a  person.]  The  priest 
or  incumbent  of  a  parish;  one  who  has  the 
parochial  charge  or  cure  of  souls;  a  clergy- 
man; a  man  that  is  in  orders  or  has  been 
licensed  to  preach.- Parsonage,  par'sn-aj, 
n.  The  oflScial  dwelling-house  of  a  parson. 
-Parson-bird.    Poe-bird. 

Part,  part.  n.  [L.  pars,  partis,  a  part 
(whence  alao  particle,  parcel,partial,party, 
partner,  participate,  apart,  &c.);  same  root 
as  parare,  to  prepare,  portio,  a  portion. 
Pare.]  Any  portion  of  a  thing  less  than 
the  whole;  a  piece  or  fragment  separated 
from  a  whole  thing;  a  portion  or  quantit.v 
not  separated  in  fact,  but  considered  as  by 
itself;  one  of  a  number  of  equal  portions 
or  quantities  that  make  up  a  whole;  a  con- 
stituent portion  of  a  whole;  a  member  of  a 
whole;  that  which  falls  to  each  in  division; 
share,  portion,  lot;  concern  or  interest; 
side  or  party  (to  take  one's  part);  allotted 
duty;  particular  oflice  or  business  (to  per- 
form one's  part);  character  assigned  to  an 
actor  in  a  play  or  other  like  performance; 
mMS.  one  of  the  different  melodies  of  a 
concerted  composition,  which,  heard  in 
union,  compose  its  harmony  (the  treble, 
tenor,  or  bass  part);  pi.  qualities;  powers; 
faculties;  often  excellent  or  superior  en- 
dowments (a  man  of  parts);  pi.  regions; 
districts;  locality  (well-known  in  these 
parts). — For  my  {his,  her,  &c.)  part,  so  far 
as  concerns  me  (him,  her).— i^'or  the  most 
part,  commonly;  oftener  than  otherwise. 
— In  part,  in  some  degree  or  extent;  partly. 
— In  good  part,  favourably;  acceptably;  in 
a  friendly  manner;  not  in  displeasure. — 
In  ill  part,  unfavourably;  with  displea^ 
sure.— Part  and  parcel,  an  essential  por- 
tion; a  part. — Part  of  speech,  gram,  a  sort 
or  class  of  words  of  a  particular  character 
as  regards  their  meaning  or  relations  to 
other  words  in  a  sentence. — v.t.  [Fr. partir, 
to  part,  separate.]  To  divide;  to  separate 
or  Dreak  into  two  or  more  pieces;  to  dis- 
tribute; to  share;  to  cause  to  sunder  or  go 
apart;  to  intervene  betwixt;  to  interpose 
between;  to  separate,  as  combatants;  naut. 
to  break;  to  suffer  tha  breaking  c*  (the 
ship  parted  her  cables).  —  v.i.  To  become 
separate  or  detached;  to  divide;  to  move 
apart;  to  go  away  from  another  or  others; 
to  quit  each  other;  to  take  leave  (to  part 
with  or  frow,  a  person) ;  to  have  a  share ; 
to  share  (O.T.);  to  break;  to  be  torn  asun- 
der (the  rope  parted).  —  To  part  with,  a 
thing,  to  let  it  leave  us;  to  resign  it.— adv. 
Partly;  in  some  measure.— Partible,  Par- 
table,  par'ti-bl,  par'ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  parted;  divisible.— Partibility,  Par- 
tability,  par-ti-bil'i-ti,  par-ta-bil'i-ti,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  partible.  —  Partsr, 
par'ter,  n.  One  that  parts.— Parted,  par'- 
ted,  p.  and  a.  Divided;  separated;  bot  cleft 
into  divisions.— Parting,  par'ting,  p.  and 
a.  Serving  to  part;  dividing;  separating; 
given  at  separation  (a  parting  kiss). — n. 
The  act  of  dividing  or  separating;  a  divi- 
sion; a  separation;  leave-taking;  geol.  a 
fissure  in  strata.— Partly,  part'li,  adv.  In 
part;  in  some  measure  or  degree;  not 
wholly:  used  in  stating  particulars  that 
make  up  a  whole.  —  Part-song,  n.  A  song 
adapted  to  be  sung  in  two  or  more  distinct 
vocal  parts;  a  harmonized  or  concerted 
song. 

Partake,  par-tak',  v.i.— partook  (pret.),  par- 
taken{pp.),partaking(-ppr.).  [Part  and  take.] 
To  taie  a  part,  portion,  or  share  in  com- 


ch,  c/tain;     eft,  Sc.  locft;     g,  fro;     j,/ob;     n,  Fr.  tow;     ng,  siw;     th,  tten;  th,  tMn;     w.wig;    wh.wftig;    zh,  a«ure. 


P^irvTEERl! 


483 


PASS 


men  Trith  others;  to  have  a  share  or  part; 
to  participate  (to  partafce  of  a  repast,  in 
lesiivitiea) ;  to  have  somethinir  of  the 
character  or  nature  of;  to  have  features  in 
Common  •with :  followed  by  of.  —  v.t.  To 
hare  a  part  in;  to  share.— rartaker,  par- 
ta'k6r,  n.  One  who  partakes;  a  sharer,  a 
participator:  usually  followed  by  0/ or  in. 

Parterre,  par-t&r,  n.  [Fr.,  from  par,  on, 
by,  and  <«rre,  earth,  ground.]  ^ort.  a  sys- 
tem of  flower  beds,  connected  together 
■with  intervening  spaces  of  gravel  or  turf 
for  walking  on;  the  pit  of  a  French  theatre. 

Parthenogenesis,  par'the-no-jen"e-si8,  n. 
[Gr.  parthenos,  a  virgin,  and  geneHs,  pro- 
duction.] Zool.  the  production  of  new  in- 
dividuals from  imperfect  females  without 
the  intervention  of  a  male;  the  propaga- 
tion by  a  plant  or  animal  by  any  other 
method  than  impregnation.  —  Parthono- 
genetic,  par'tbe-no-je-net"ik,  o.  Pertain- 
ing to,  characterized  by,  or  of  the  nature 
of  parthenogenesis;  born  of  a  virgin. 

taxthian,  par'thi-aUj  a.  Pertaining  to 
Parthia  or  its  inhabitants.— Paryiicra  ar- 
row, a  shaft  aimed  at  an  adversary  while 
fiying  from  or  avoiding  him;  a  parting 
shot:-  from  the  habit  of  the  ancient  Par- 
thians  in  war. 

Partial,  par'shal,  a.  [Fr.  par^toZ,  from  L. 
pars,  partis,  a  part.-  Part.]  -  Affecting  a 
part  onl.v;  not.  general  or  universal;  not 
total;  inclined  tx)  favour  one  party  in  a 
cause,  or  one  side  of  a  question  more  than 
the  other;  not  indifferent;  inclined  to  fa- 
vour without  principle  or  reason  (a  fond 
and  partial  parent) ;  having  a  predilec- 
tion; inclined  or  favourable:  with  to;  bot. 
being  one  of  several  subordinates  (a  par- 
tial umbel,  a  partial  peduncle).  —  Fartlal- 
lem,  par'shal-izm,  n.  The  doctrine  of  the 
partiaiists.  —  Partialist,  par'shal-ist,  n. 
One  who  is  partial;  theol.  one.  who  holds 
that  the  atocement  was  made  only  for  a 
part  of  rfiankind,  that  is,  for  the  elect.— 
rartlality,  pilr-ahal'i-ti,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  partial;  tinfair  or  undue 
bias;  undue  favour  shown;  a  special  lik- 
jag  or  fondness.  —  Partially,  pav'shal-li, 
adv.  In  a  partial  manner,  with  undue 
bias;  in  part;  not  totally;  to  some  extent. 

P?jtlble.    Under  Part. 

Participate,  par-tis'i-pat,  v.i. — participated, 
participating.  [1(.  participo,  partidpatum 
—pars,  partig,  a  part-,  and  capio,  to  take. 
Part,  Capable.]  To  partake;  to  take  a 
part;  to  have  a  share  in  common  with 

others :  generally  followed  by  of  or  in 

v.t.  To  partake,  share,  receive  a  part  of. — 
Participation,  Far-ti6'i-pa"6hon,  n.  The 
state  of  participating  or  sharing  in  com- 
mon witn  others.- Participative,  pSr-tis'- 
i-pa-tiv,  a.  Capable  of  participating. — 
Participator,  par-tis'i-pa-t6r,n.  One  who 
participates.  —  Partlcipable,  par-tis'i-pa- 
bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  participated  or 
shared.  —  Participant,  par-tis'i-pant,  a. 
Sharing;  having  a  share  or  part. — n.  One 
participating;  a  partaker. 

Participle,  pai^ti-sitpl,  n.  [L.  participium, 
from  particeps,  partaking— pars,  partis,  a 
part,  and  capio,  to  take;  comp.  principle, 
froraJj. principium.  Participate.]  Gram. 
a  part  01  speech,  so  called  because  it  par- 
takes of  the  character  botlj  of  a  verb  and 
an  adjective,  though  it  differs  from  the 
adjective  chiefly  in  that  it  implies  time, 
and  therefore  applies  to  a  specific  act, 
while  the  adjective  designates  a  habitual 
quality  or  characteristic,  without  regard 
to  time.  —  Participial,  p&r-ti-sip'i-al,  a. 
Having  the  nature  and  use  of  a  participle, 
formed  from  a  participle  (a  participial 
noun).- n.  A  word  formed  from  a  verb, 
and  having  the  nature  of  a  participle. — 
PsrticipiaUy,  par-ti-sip'i-al-li.  adv.  In  the 
Fonsra  or  manner  of  a  participle. 

Particle,  pSlr'ti-kl,  n.  [Fr.  pariiaik,  L. 
particula,  dim.  of  pars,  partis,  part.  Part.] 
A  minute  part  or  portion  of  matter,  the 
agfrregation  of  which  parts,  constitutes 
a  w^hole  mass;  any  very  small  portion  or 
part;  an  atom;  a  jot;  gram,  a  word  that 
is  not  varied  or  inflected,  as  the  preposi- 
tion, conjunction,  Ac. 

Particoloured,  par'ti-kul-6rd,  a.    Party- 

COI.OUKED. 

Pai-weiUar,  p&r-tik'0-l6r,  a.    [St.  partintr 


licT,  L.L.  partievLlaris,  from  L.  xmrtitula. 
Particle.]  Pertaining  to  one  and  not  to 
more;  special;  not  general;  individual; 
considered  separately;  peculiar;  personal; 
private  (our  own  jjorficuZar  wrongs);  not 
ordinary;  notable  (of  no  particular  impor- 
tance); minute;  circumstantial  (a  full 
and  particular  account);  singularly  nice 
in  taste;  precise;  fastidious.— n.  A  single 
instance;  a  single  point;  a  distinct,  sepa- 
rate, or  minute  part;  a  detail.— /n  partir 
eular,  specially;  particularly;  to  particu- 
larize. —  Particularity,  par-tik'a-lar"i-ti, 
n.  The  stat«  or  quality  of  being  par- 
ticular; that  which  is  particular.  —  Par- 
ticularlz&tloii,  par-tik'u-lfer-i-za"shon,  n. 
The  act  of  particularizing.  —  Particular- 
ize, par-tik'a-l6r-iz,  v.t.  —  particularized, 
particularizing.  To  specify  or  mention 
distinctly;  to  give  the  particulars  of;  to 
enumerate  or  specify  in  detail.  —  v.i.  To 
mention  or  be  attentive  to  single  things  or 
to  small  matters;  to  give  full  details.— 
Particularly,  pSr-tik'u-l6r-li,  adv.  In  a 
particular  or  especial  manner.  —  Particu- 
laruess,  piir-tik'a-l6r-nes,  n. 

Parting.    Under  Part. 

Partisan,  par'ti-zan,  n.  [Fr.,  from  parti,  a 
party,  from  L.  pars,  partis,  a  part.]  An 
adherent  of  a  party  or  faction;  one  who  is 
violently  and  passionately  devoted  to  a 
pai-ty  or  interest.— a.  Pertaining  to  a  party 
or  faction;  biassed  in  favour  of  a  party  or 
interest.  —  Partisanship,  piir'ti-zan-ship, 
n.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  a  parti- 
san. 

Partisan,  par'ti-zan,  n.  [Fr.  pertmsane, 
Sp.  partesana.  It  partigiana;  origin 
doubtful.]  A  kind  of  nalbert  or  pike  for- 
merly in  use;' a  baton;  a  truncheon;  a 
quarter-staff. 

Partite,  par'tit,  a.  [L.  pariitus,  pp.  of 
partio,  to  divide.  Part.]  Bot.  divided  to 
the  base  (as  a  leaf).  —  Partition,  par-tish'- 
on,  n.  [L.  partUio.'i  The  act  of  parting, 
dividing,  or  separating  into  portions  ana 
distributing;  division;  separation;  that 
by  which  different  parts  are  separated ;  a 
wall  separating  apartments  in  a  building; 
a  division  between  the  chambers  or  cells 
of  a  thing;  nnusie.  Score.— «.t.  To  divide 
by  walls  or  partitions;  to  divide  into 
shares. — Partitive,  par'ti-tiv,  a.  Gram. 
denoting  a  part:  expressing  the  relation 
of  a  part  to  a  whole  (a  partitive  genitive, 
'  the  mountain's  brow '). — n.  Gram,  a  word 
expressing  partition.— Paxtitively,  par'ti- 
tiv-li,  adv.    In  a  partitive  manner. 

Partiy.    Under  Part. 

Partner,  part 'n6r,n.  [In  part  directly  from 
part,  partly  from  old  parcener,  O.Fr.  par- 
foner,  from  L.  parlitio,  a  sharing.  Parti- 
tion.] One  who  partakes  or  shares  with 
another;  a  partaker;  an  associate;  one 
who  has  a  share  with  another  or  others  in 
some  commercial,  manufacturing,  or  other 
undertaking;  a  member  of  a  partnership; 
one  who  dances  with  another,  either  male 
or  female;  a  husband  or  wife.— Partner- 
ship, p&rt'n6r-Bhip,  ?i.  The  state  or  condi- 
tion of  being  a  partner;  the  association  of 
two  or  more  persons  lor  the  purpose  of 
imdertaking  and  prosecuting  conjointly 
any  business,  occupation,  or  calling.. 

Partridge,  par'trij,  n.  [O.E.  partryke,  par- 
triche,  from  O.Fr.  pertrix,  Fr.  perdrix, 
from  L.  and  Gr. -perdix,  a  partridge.]  A 
genus  of  rasorial  birds  of  the  grouse  fa- 
mily, one  species  of  which  is  plentiful  in 
the  agricultural  districts  of  Britain;  in 
America  the  name  of  a  kind  of  quail. 

Fart-song.    Under  Part. 

Parturient,  par-to'ri-ent,  a.  fli.  parturiens,  ■ 
parturientis,  ppr.  of  parturio,  from  partus, 
birth,  from  pario,  to  bear.  Parent.] 
Bringing  forth  or  about  to  bring  forth 
young.  —  Parturition,  par-tQ-rish'on,  n. 
[L.  parturitio.]  The  act  of  bringing  forth 
or  being  delivered  of  young.— Pai-turitive, 
par-ta'ri-tiv,  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to 
parturition;  obstetric. 

Party,  pgyti,  n.  [Fr.  partie,  a  party,  side, 
faction,  a  suitor  or  litigant,  4c.,  from  Fr. 
partir,  L.  partio,  to  divide,  from  pars, 
partis,  a  part.  Part.]  A  number  of  per- 
sons united  in  opinion  or  desigti,  in  oppo- 
sition to  others  in  the  community;  per- 
sons in  a  state  united  by  certain  political 


views ;  a  faction ;  persons  collected  for  a! 

"  particular  purpose,  often  an  armed  force: 
a  detached  portion  of  a  larger  body  or 
company;  a  detachment;  a  select  company  I 
invited  to  an  entertainment  (a  tta  party,' 
an  evening  party);  one  of  two  litigants; 
one  concemedor  interested  in  an  altuir  (a 
party  to  a  scheme  or  plot):  a  single  person 
distinct  from  or  opposed  to  anotlier;  a 
person  under  special  consideration;  hence, 
a  person  in  general;  an  individual  (in  this 
sense  vulgar).  —  Party-coloured,  a.  Col- 
oured differently  in  different  parts;  of  di- 
vers colours.— Partyism,par'ti-izm,  n.  l)e- 
votion  to  party.  —Party-jury,  n.  A  jury 
consisting  of  half  natives  and  half  foreign- 
ers.—Party-man,  n.  One  of  a  party;  a  man 
of  violent  party. principles;  an  abettor  of 
a  party.— Party-spirit,  n.  The  spirit  that 
supports  a  party.— Party -spirited,  a.  Hav- 
ing the  spirit  of  party  or  of  partisans.— 
Party-wall,  n.  A  wall  between  buildings 
to  separate  them  from  each  other;  a  wall 
separating  adjoining  tenements. 

Parvanimity,t  par-va-nim'i-ti,  n.  ]Jj.  par- 
vus, small,  animus,  mind;  formed  on  type 
of  tnagnammity.]  Littleness  of  mind;, 
meanness. 

Parvenu,  par've-ntl,  n.  [Fr.  parvenu,  lit. 
one  who  has  arrived,  from  parvenir,  L.| 
pervenire,  to  arrive.]  An  upstart,  or  onei 
newly  risen  into  notice.  ' 

Parvis,  Parvise,  par'vis,  n.  [Fr.  parvis, 
from  L.L.  parvisius,  paravisus,  from  L- 
paradisus,  paradise.]  A  name  formerly 
gfiven  to  the  porch  of  a  church,  now  ap- 
plied to  the  area  round  a  church;  also,  a 
room  above  the  church  porch. 

Pas,  pa,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  passus,  a  step,  a 
pace.  Pace.]  A  step;  right  of  going 
foremost;  precedence. 

Pasch,  pask,  n.  [L.  and  Gr.  pascha,  from 
Heb.  pv.scha,  passage,  from  pdsach,  to  pass 
over.]  The  passover;  the  feast  of  E.oster. 
— Paschal,  pas'kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
passover  or  to  Easter. 

Pash.J  pash,  «.<.. [Same  as  Sw.  paska,  Prov. 
G.  paschen,  to  strike.]  To  strike  violently; 
to  dash  or  smash.    IShak.] 

Pasha,  pa-sha'  or  pash'a,  n.  [Pet.  pdshdh, 
contr.  from  pddisK&h,  protector  or  great 
king.  Padishah.]  In  Turkey,  a  title  con- 
ferred upon  military  commanders  of  high 
rank  and  the  governors  of  provinces. — 
Pashalic,  Pachalic,  pa-sha'lik  or  pash'a-lik, 
n.    The  jurisdiction  of  a  pasha. 

PasiOTaphy,  pa-sig'ra-S,  n.  [Gr.  pas,  all, 
ana  graphe,  writing.]  A  svstem  of  uni- 
versal writing;  a  universal  language. — 
Pasi^aphic,  Fasigraphical,  pas-i-graf'ik, 
pas-i-graf'i-kal,  a.  Relating  to  pasigraphy . 

Pasque-flower,  pask,  n.  [O.  JFr.  pasque, 
Easter.  Pasch.]  A  species  of  anemone 
with  large  handsome  purple  flowers,  so 
named  in  consequence  of  its  flowering 
about  Easter. 

Pasquil,  Pasqminade,  pasTswil,  pas'kwi-nad, 
n.  [From  JPasgjtino,  a  witty  and  satirical 
tailor  (or  barber)  of  Rome,  whose  name 
after  his  death  was  bestowed  upon  a  statue 
that  had  been  dug  up  near  his  shop,  and 
to  which  satirical  placards  were  aflixed  at 
night.]  A  lampoon  or  short  satirical  pub- 
lication.— v.t.  and  i.—pasquUled,  pasquil- 
ling;  pasquinaded,  pasquinading.  To  lam- 
poon; t-o  satirize  In  writing. 

Pass,  pas,  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  passed  or  some- 

'  times  past.  [Fr.  passer.  It.  pa«sare,  from 
L.  passus,  a  step,  a  pace.  Pace.]  To  go; 
to  proceed  (to  pass  away,  from,  into,  over, 
under,  &c.);  to  go  past  a  certain'person  or 
place  (we  saw  him  pass);  to  alter  or  change 
condition  or  circumstances;  to  undergo 
transition;  to  vanish,  disappojir,  be  lost; 
hence,  to  depart  from  life;  to  die;  to  elapse; 
to  be  spent;  to  receive  the  sanction  of  a 
legislative  house  or  body  by  a  majority  of 
votes  (the  bill  has  passed);  to  be  current; 
to  gain  reception  or  be  generally  received 
(bank-notes  pass  as  a  substitute  for  coin); 
to  be  regarded,  held,  or  considered;  to 
occur;  to  take  place  (what  passes  within 
our  own  mind);  to  thrust;  to  make  a  push 
in  fencing  or  fighting;  to  go  unheeded  or 
neglected;  to  be  transferred  from  an  owner; 
to  go  successfully  through  an  inspection 
or  examination. —  To  come  to  pass,  to  hap- 
pen; to  occur.  —  To  pass  away,  to  move 


1  ao,  far,  lat,  fftU;     ma,  met,  h6r;     i^ine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tnbe,  tub,  b\ill;     oil,  pound;     U,  Sc.  abwne— the  Fr.  w. 


1»ASSADE 


480 


tASTOB, 


from  sight;  to  vanish;  hence,  to  die;  to- 
be  spent  (as  time,  life). —  To  pasa  bit,  t« 
move  near  and  bcj'ond  a  certain  person  or 
place. — To  pasa  into,  to  unite  and  blend 
gradually. — To  pass  on,  to  continue  to  go 
forward;  to  proceed.— To  pasaoverj,  to  go 
or  move  to  another  side;  to  cross. — To  pass 
through,  to  undergo;  to  experience. — v.t. 
To  move  near  and  go  beyond;  to  move  from 
side  to  side  of;  to  live  through;  to  s^end 
(to  pass  the  summer);  to  let  go  bj  without 
care  or  notice ;  to  talce  no  notice  of ;  to 
transcend,  exceed,  excel,  surpass;  to  trans- 
fer; to  make  to  change  hands;  to  hand 
over;  to  send;  to  circulate;  to  undergo 
successfully,  as  an  examination,  ordeal,  or 
the  like;  toobtain  the  legislative  or  official 
sanction  of;  to  be  enacted  by  (the  bill  has 
passed  the  house);  to  give  legal  or  official 
sanction  to;  to  enact  or  ratify;  to  allow  as 
valid  or  just;  to  give  forth  officially;  to 
pronounce  (to  pass  a  sentence  of  death);  to 
void,  as  faeces  or  other  matter.— To  pass  by, 
to  take  no  notice  of ;  to  overlook ;  to  for- 
give; to  neglect;  to  disregard.— To  pass  the 
eyes  over,  to  glance  over  rapidl.y. — To  pass 
off,  to  impose  by  fraud;  to  palm  off.— To 
pass  over,  to  let  go  by  unnoticed;  to  dis- 
regard.—n.  A  passage;  a  way;  a  difficult 
or  narrow  way;  a  narrow  road  or  defile 
between  two  mountains;  permission  to 
pass,  or  to  go  or  come;  a  ticket  of  free 
transit  or  admission;  a  thrust  or  push  in, 
fencing;  a  movement  of  the  hand  over  or 
along  an.vthing;  a  manipulation  of  a  mes- 
merist; state  or  condition  of  things;  an 
embarrassing  situation;  the  successful  or 
satisfactory  standing  or  going  through  an 
examination.-=-Passable,  pas'a-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  passed,  travelled,  traversed, 
penetrated,  &c.;  capable  of  being  passed 
from  person  to  person;  current;  receivable; 
tolerable;  allowable;  admissible;  medi- 
ocre.—Passably,  pas'a-bli,  adv.  Tolerablj'; 
moderately.  —  Pass-book,,  n.  A  book  in 
which  a  shopkeeper  makes  an  entry  of 
goods  sold  on  credit  to  a  customer,  for  the 
information  of  the  customer;  also,  a  bank- 
book.—Pass-check,  n.  A  ticket  of  admis- 
sion or  re-admission  to  a  place  of  enter- 
tainment. —  Passer,  pas'er,  n.  One  that 
passes;  a  passenger. — Passer-by,  n.  One 
who  goes  by  or  near.— Passing,  pas'ing,  adv. 
Surpassingly;  wonderfully;  exceedingly 
{passing  fair,  passing  Btrange).— prep.  Ex-" 
ceeding;  beyond;  over.— Passing-bell,  n. 
The  bell  rung  in  former  times  at  the  time 
of  a  person's  death,  from  the  belief  that 
bells  had  the  power  to  terrify  evil  spirits, 
or  to  admonish  the  living  and  call  for  their 
prayers  for  the  dying.  —  Passing-note,  n. 
Mnsic,  a  note  introduced  between  two 
others  to  form  a  transition,  but  not  con- 
stituting an  essential  part  of  the  har- 
mony. —  Pass-key,  n.  A  key  for  opening 
several  locks;  a  latch-key.— Pass-word,  n. 
A  secret  parole  or  countersign  by  which  a 
friend  may  be  distinguished  from  a  stran- 
ger, and  allowed  to  pass. 

Fassade,  Passado,  pas-sad',  pas-s5'do,  n. 
(Pr.  passade,  from  passer,  to  pass;]  A 
thrust  or  push  in  fencing. 

Passage,  pas'aj,  n.  [Ft.  passage,  from  pos- 
ser,  to  pass.  Pass.]  The  act  of  passing; 
transit  from  one  place  to  another;  a  going 
by,  through,  o^er,  or  the  like;  transit  by 
means  of  a  conveyance;  a  journey  by  a 
conveyance,  especially  a  ship ;  liberty  of 
passing;  access;  entry  or  exit;  way  by 
which  a  person  or  thing  may  pass;  avenue; 
way  of  entrance  or  ejiit;  a  gallery  or  corridor 
leading  to  the  various  divisions  of  a  build- 
ing; a  part  or  portion  quoted  or  referred  to 
in  a  book,  poem,  &c.;  the  act  of  carrying 
through  all  the  steps  necessary  to  render 
valid  (the  passage  of  a  bill  or  of  a  law); 
an  encovjnter^a  passable  at  arms,  a.passage 
of  love). — Birds  of  passage,  birds  which 
migrate  with  t«he  season  from  a  colder  to 
a  warmer  or  from  a  warmer  to  a  colder 
climate. 

Passant,  pas'ant,  a,  [Ft.  passant,  ppr.  of 
■passer,  to  pass.  Pass.]  Her.  a  term  ap- 
plied to  a  lion  or  other  animal  which  ap- 
pears to  walk. 

Passe,  Pass^e,  pas-a,  a.  [Fr.]  Past;  faded; 
as  applied  to  persons,  past  the  heyday  of 
life. 


Passenger,  pas'en-jfer,  ».  [O.F.  passager, 
one  who  makes  a  passage;  the  ft  Doing  an 
intrusive  element,  as  in  viessenger.]  One 
who  passes  or  is  on  his  way;  a  wayfarer;  a 
traveller;  one  who  travels,  for  payment,  on 
a  railway,  steamboat,  coach,  or  other  con- 
veyance.—Passenger-pigeon,  n.  A  bird  of 
the  pigeon  family,  which  abounds  in  Ame- 
rica to  such  an  extent  that  they  have  to 
migrate  from  place  to  place  in  vast  flocks 

'  to  obtain  their  food.  —  Passenger-ship,  n. 
A  ship  having  accommodation  for  passen- 
gers by  sea.— Passenger-train,  n.  A  rail- 
way train  for  the  conveyance  of  passengers. 

Passeres,  pas'6r-5z,  n.  pi.  [L.,  sparrows,  so 
called  because  the  bulk  of  them  are  small 
birds.]  A  name  given  to  the  extensive 
order  of  birds  also  called  insessores  or 
perchers.  —  Passerine,  pas'er-in,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  order  passeres. — n.  A  pas- 
serine bird. 

Passible,  pas'i-bl,  a.  [L.  paasibilia,  from 
potior,  passua,  to  suffer.  Passion.]  Ca- 
pable of  feeling  or  suffering;' susceptible 
of  impressions  from  external  agents. — 
Fassibility,  Passibleness,  pas-i-bil'i-ti, 
pas'i-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  pas- 
sible. 

Passim,  pas'im,  adv.  [L.]  Here  and  there 
in  some  book;  in  many  different  places  or 


Passion,  pash'on,  n.  [L.  passio,  pasaionia, 
from  patior,  pasaus,  to  bear,  to  suffer; 
allied  to  6r.  pathos,  suffering;  akin  patient, 
passive,  compatible.  &c.]  The  suffering  of 
bodily  pangs;  specifically,  the  last  suffering 
of  the  Saviour;  a  strong  feeling  or  emotion 
by  which  the  mind  is  swayed,  as  ambition, 
avarice,  revenge,  fear,  hope,  joy,  grief, 
love,  hatred,  &c.;  a  strong  deep  feeling; 
violent  agitation  or  excitement  of  mind ; 
violent  anger;  zeal,  ardour,  vehement  de- 
sire (a  passion  for  fame);  love;  ardent 
affection;  amorous  desire;  a  passionate 
display;  an  exhibition  of  deep,  feeling  (a 
passion  of  tears);  a  pursuit  to  which  one  is 
devoted.— Passional,  Passionary,  pash'on- 
al,  pash'on-a-ri,  n.  A  book  in  which  are 
described  the  sufferings  of  saints  and  mar- 
tyrs.—Passionate,  pash'on-at,  a.  Charac- 
terized by  passion;  exhibiting  or  express- 
ing passion;  readily  moved  to  anger;  fiery; 
showing  strong  emotioli;  vehement;  warm 
{passionate  affection).  —  Passionately, 
pash'on-at-li,adt>.  In  a  passionate  manner ; 
ardently;  vehemently;  angrily. — Passion- 
ateness,  pash'on-at-nes,  n.  State  of  being 
passionate.  — Passioned,  pash'ond,  p.  and 
a.  Having  passions;  expressing  passion. — 
Passion-flower,  n.  A  genus  of  plants  with 
showy  flowers,  chiefly  natives  of  tropical 
South  America,  so  called  because  in  the 
anthers,  styles,&c.,  was  seen  a  resemblance 
to  the  symbols  of  our  Lord's  passion. — 
Passionless,  pash'on-les,  a.  Void  of  pas- 
sion. —  Passion-play,  n.  A  mystery  or 
miracle -play  representing  the  different 
scenes  in  the  passion  of  Christ.— Passion- 
Sunday.  The  fifth  Sunday  in  Lent.— 
Passion-week,  n.  Holy  Week,  the  week 
before  Easter. 

Passive,  pas'iv,  a.  [L.  passivua,  from  joatior, 
passns,  to  suffer.  Passion.]  Not  active; 
inert;  not  acting,  receiving,  or  capable  of 
receiving  impressions  from  external  ob- 
jects; unresisting;  not  opposing;  receiving 
or  suffering  without  resistance;  gram,  ex- 
pressive of  suffering  or  being  affected  by 
some  action;  expressing  that  the  nominsi- 
tive  is  the  object  of  some  action  or  feeling 
(the  passive  voice,  a  passive  verb  or  inflec- 
tion).—Passively,  pas'iv-li,  adv.  In  a  pas- 
sive manner;  without  action;  unresisting- 
ly; as  a  passive  verb;  in  the  passive  voice. 
— Pas.siveness,  pas'iv-nes,  n.  Quality  of 
being  passive.  —  Passivity,  pas-iv'i-ti,  n. 
Passiveness;  the  tendency  of  a  body  to 
continue  in  a  given  state  till  disturbed  by 
another  body;  ehem,.  the  condition  of  a 
substance  in  which  it  has  no  disposition 
to  enter  into  chemical  combinations. 

Passover,  pas'o-ver,  n.  A  feast  of  the  Jews, 
instituted  to  commemorate  the  providen- 
tial escape  of  the  Hebrews  in  Egypt,  wh.ep 
God,  smiting  the  first-born  of  the  Egyp- 
tians, passed  over  the  houses  of  the  Israe- 
lites, which  were  marked  with  the  blood 
of  the  paschal  lamb ;  the  sacrifice  offered 


at  the  feast  of  the  passover;  the  pascl-;  1 
lamb., 

Passport,  tias'port,  n.  [Ft,  paaaeport,  », 
safe-conduct,  originally  a  permission  to 
enter  or  leave  a  port.  Pass,  Port.]  A 
warrant  of  protection  and  authority  to 
travel,  granted  to  persons  moving  from 
place  to  place,  by  a  competent  authority; 
especially  granted  to  persons  travelling  in 
a  foreign  country;  something  that  enables 
one  to  pass  with  safety  or  certainty,  or  to 
attain  any  object  <»  reach  any  end  (the 
favour  of  the  great  was  his  passport). 

Past,  past,  p.  and  a.  [A  form  of  passed.] 
Gone  by;  belonging  to  a  time  previous  to 
this;  not  present  nor  future;  spent;  ended; 
over;  existing  no  more.— n.  A  past  or  for- 
mer time  or  state;  a  bygone  time;  a  stato 
of  matters  no  longer  present. — prep.  Be- 
yond in  time;  after;  having  lost;  no  longer 
possessing  (past  sense  of  feeling);  beyond; 
out  of  reach  of;  out  of  the  scope  or  influ- 
ence of  [past  help);  beyond  in  position; 
further  than.— arfy.  By.— Past-master,  n. 
One  who  has  occupied  .the.office  or  dignity 
of  master,  especially  in  such  bodies  as 
Freemasons,  &c.;  Jig.  one  who  has  experi- 

.  ence  in  his  particular  craft  or  business. 

Paste,  past,  n.  [O.Fr.  paste,  Fr.  pdte;  from 
Ii.  pasta,  paste,  from  Gr.  paste,  a  mess  of 
barley-porridge,  from  passo,  to  sprinkle.] 
A  composition  in  which  there  is  just  suf- 
ficient moisture  to  soften  without  liquefy- 
ing the  mass;  a  mixture  of  flour  with 
milk,  water,  &c.,  used  in>cookery,  as  for 
pies,  pastry,  &c.;  a  kind  of  cement  various- 
ly compounded;  a  composition  of  pounded 
rock-crystal  melted  with  alkaline  salts, 
and  coloured  with  metallic  oxides,  used 
for  making  imitation  gems;  mineral,  the 
mineral  substance  in  which  other  minerals 
are  imbedded.— «.<.— pasted,  pasting.  To 
nnite  or  cement  with  paste;  to  fasten  with 
paste. — Pasteboard,  past'bord,  n.  A  species 
of  thick  paper  formed  of  several  single 
sheets  pasted  one  upon  another,  or  by 
macerating  paper  and  casting  it  in  moulds, 
&c.;  cardboard.— a.  Made  of  pasteboard. — 
Pastry,  pas'tri,  n.  Viands  made  of  paste, 
or  of  which  paste  constitutes  the  principal 
ingredient;  the  crust  or  cover  of  a  pie, 
tart,  or  the  like.  —  Pastry-cook,  n..  One 
whose  occupation  is  to  make  and  sell 
pastry.- Pasty,  pas'ti,  a.  Like  paste;  of 
the  consistence  of  paste. — n.  A  meat-pio 
coyered  with  a  paste. 

Pastel,  pas'tel,  n.  [Ft.  pastel,  a  pastel, 
woad,  from  h.pastillua,  a  little  roll.  .Pas- 
til.] A  coloured  crayon;  also  the  plant 
woad  and  the  blue  dye  obtained  from  it. 

Pastern,  pas'tfem,  re.  [O.Fr.  pastnron,  from 
pasture,  a  shackle  for  cattle  at  pasture, 
from  L.  pasco, pastuir.,  to  feed.  Pasture.] 
The  part  of  a  horse's  leg  between  the  joint 
next  the  foot  and  the  coronet  of  the  hoof; 
a  shackle  for  horses  while  pasturing. — 
Pastern-joint,  n.  The  joint  in  a  horse's 
leg  next  the  foot.  , 

Pasticcio,  pas-tich'i-o,  n.  [It.]  A  medley; 
an  olio;  a  picture  painted  by  a  master  in  a 
stylo  dissimilar  to  that  imvhich  he  gen- 
erally paints;  a  direct  copy  of  the  style 
and  manner  of  some  other  artist. 

Pastil,  Pastille,  pas'til,  pas-tel',  n.  [Fr. 
pastille,  L.  pastillus,  a  little 'roll,  from 
vastus,  food,  pasco,  pastum,  to  feed.  Pas- 
tor.] A  small  roll  of  aromatic  paste,  com- 
posed of  gum-benzoin,  sandal-woo^,  spices, 
&c.,  for  burning  as  a  f umigator  or  disin- 
fectant.—v.<.—pasii/i!ed,  pastilling.  Toad- 
minister  or  fumigate  with  pastils. 

Pastime,  pas'tim,  n:  [Pass  and  time.]  That 
which  amuses  and  serves  to  make  time 
pass  agreeably;  sport;  amusement. 

Pastor,  pas'tor,  n.  [L.  pastor,  a  shepherd, 
from  pasco,  pastum,  to  feed;  same  roof  as 
W.  pasg,  a  feeding,  Armor,  paska,  to  feed, 
Skr.  pd,  to  guard.]  A  shepherdt;  a  min- 
ister of  the  gospel  having  the  charge  of  a 
church  and  congregation. — Pastoral,  pas'- 
tor-al,  a.  [li.  pastoralisJ]  Pertaining  to 
shepherds;  rustic;  rural;  aescriptive  of  the 
life  of  shepherds  or  of  a  country  life  (a 
pastoral  poem);  relating  to  the  cure  of 
souls,  or  to  the  pastor  of  a  church. — Pas- 
toral letter,  a  letter  or  circular  addressed 
by  a  bishop  to  the  clergy  and  people  of 
his  diocese.— Pastoral  theology,  that  part 


ch,  cftain;     c/j,  Sc.  loc7«;     g,  £?o;     j,;ob;     6,  Fr,  ton;     ng,  sinfr;     T^,  </ten;  th,  i/iin;     w,wig?    wb,  wAig;     zh.astire. 


PASTRY 


490 


PATRIOT? 


of  theology  which  jtreate  of  the  ohligatioiis 
of  pastors  and  their  relations  towards 
their  flocks.— n.  A  poem  describing  the 
life  and  manners  of  shepherds;  a  bucolic 
I)oem;  a  pastoral  letter  or  address;  mus.  a 
simple  melody  in  six-eight  time  in  a  rustic 
style;  a  symphony  whose  simple  inove- 
ments  are  designed  to  suggest  pastoral 
scenes.— Pastorale,  pas-to-ra'le,  n.  [It.] 
Mvs.  a  pastoral.— Pastoralism,  pas'tor-al- 
izm,  n.  Pastoral  chare  cter.  —  Pastorally. 
pas'tor-al-li,  adv.  In  a  pastoral  or  rural 
manner;  in  the  manner  of  a  pastor.— Pas- 
toral-staff, n.  The  official  staflFof  a  bishop 
or  abbot  with  a  curved  head.  Crozier. — 
Pastorate,  pas'tor-at,  n.  The  office  or 
jurisdiction  of  a  pastor;  a  body  of  pastors. 
— Fastorless,  pas'tor-les,  a.  Having  no 
pastor.— Pastorly,  pas'tor-li,  a.  Becoming 
or  suitable  to  a  pastor.- Pastorship,  pas'- 
tor-ship,  n.    The  office  of  a  pastor. 

Pastry.    Under  Paste. 

Pasture,  pas'tflr,  n.  [O.Fr.  pasture  (Fr. 
p&ture),  from  L.  pasturd,  from  pasco,  to 
feed.  Pastor.]  Grass  for  the  food  of 
cattle  or  other  animals;  ground  covered, 
with  grass  for  the  food  of  animals;  a  graz- 
ing ground. — v.t— pastured, pasturing.  To 
feed  on  growing  grdss,  or  to  supply  pas- 
ture for.— y.i.  To  graze.— Pasturable,  pas'- 
tar-a-bl,  a.  Fit  for  pasture.— iPaaturage, 
pas'tur-aj,  n.  .  [O.Fr.  pasturage.i  The 
business  of  feeding  or  grazing  cattle;  graz- 
ing ground;  growing  grass  on  which  cattle 
feed.— Pasture-land,  n.  Land  appropria- 
ted to  pasture.  —  Pastnreless,  pas'tOr-Ies, 
a.    Destitute  of  pasture. 

Pasty.    Under  Paste. 

Pat,  pat,  v.t— patted,  patting.  [Imitative 
of  the  sound  of  a  slight  sharp  blow;  comp. 
W.  ffat,  a  blow,  and  E.  tap.  Patter  is  a 
frequentative  from  this.]  To  strike  gently 
with  the  fingers  or  hand;  to  tap.  —  n.  A 
light  quick  blow  with  the  finders  or  hand; 
a  small  lump  of  butter  beat  into  shape. — 
a.  Hitting  the  mark;  apt;  fit;  convenient. 
—Pat,  Patlyj  jJatli,  adv.  Fitly;  conveni- 
ently; just  m  the  nick.  —  Painess,  pat'- 
nes,  n.    The  quality  of  being  pat;  fitness. 

Patagium,  pa-ta'ji-um,  n.  [L.,  the  border 
of  a  dress.]  The  flying  appendage  or  ex- 
pansion of  bats,  flymg-squirrels,  «c. 

Patamar,  pat'a-mar,  n.  A  kind  of  native 
vtssel  employed  in  the  coasting  trade  of 
Bombay  and  Ceylon. 

Patch,  pach ,  n.  [Connected  with  Swiss  pat- 
schen,  to  patch,  to  clap  on  a  piece,  batsch, 
a  patch;  also  It.  pezza,&  patch, a  piece.]  A 
piece  of  cloth  sewed  on  a  garment  to  re- 
pair it;  any  similar  piece;  a  small  piece  of 
silk  formerly  stuck  on  the  face  by  way  of 
adornment;  a  small  piece  of  ground;  a 
plot. — v.t.  To  mend  with  patches  or  pieces; 
to  repair  clumEily;  to  adorn  (the  face)  with 
a  patch  6r  with  patches;  to  make  up  of 
pieces  and  shreds;  fig.  to  make  hastily  or 
without  regard  to  firms:  usually  with  up 
(to  patch  up  a  quarrel).— Patcher,  pach'fer, 
n.  One  that  patches.  —  Patchery,  pach'- 
6r-i,  n.  Bungling  work.  —  Patchwork, 
pach'wferk,  n.  Work  composed  of  pieces 
of  various  figures  or  colours  sewed  to- 
gether; anything  formed  of  ill-assorted 
parts.- Patchy,  pach'i,  a.   Full  of  patches. 

Patchouli,  Patchouly,  pa-ch5'li,  n.  [An 
Indian  name.]  A  plant,  of  India  and 
China,  the  leaves  of  which  furnish  an 
odorous  oil;  the  perfume  itself. 

Pate,  pat,  n.  [Perhaps  from  Ir.  pata^  pota, 
Sc.  paty  a  pot,  "thcradical  meaning  being 
the  brain-pan  or  skull.]  The  head  of  a 
person;  the  top  of  the  head.  —  Pated,  pa'- 
ied,  a.  Having  a  pate: -in  composition 
(shallow-paied). 

Patella,  pa-tella,  n.  [L.  dim.  of  patera,  a 
cup,  from  pafeo,  to  lie  open.  Patent.]  A 
small  pan,  vase,  or  dish ;  anat.  the  knee- 
pan.— Patellifonn,  pa-tel'li-f onn,  a.  Like 
the  patella;  of  the  form  of  a  saucer. 

Paten,  pat'en,  n.  [L.  patina,  a  pan,  from 
pateo,  to  lie  open.  Patent.]  A  metallic 
plate  or  flat  dish;  the  round  metallic  plate 
on  which  the  bread  is  placed  in  the  sacri- 
fice of  the  Lord's  supper.  , 

Patent,  pa'tent,  a.  [From  L.  patens,  pa- 
tentis,  ppr.  Of  pateo,  to  lie  open;  same  root 
as  6r.  petannj/wi,  to  spread,  petaZon,  a  leaf; 
$Han pan,  paten,  patella.}  Open;  spreading; 


expanded;  open  to  the  perusal  of  all  (let- 
ters patent);  secured  by  law  or  royal  grant 
as  an  exclusive  privilege;  patented  {patent 
medicines) ;  manifest  to  all ;  evident.— n. 
A  privilege  from  the  crown,  granted  by 
letters  patent  (whence  the  name)  convey- 
ing to  the  individual  or  individuals  speci- 
.  fied  therein  the  sole  right  to  make,  use,  or 
dispose  of  some  new  invention  or  discovery 
for  a  certain  limited  period.— v.*.  To  make 
the  subject  of  a  patent;  to  secure  by  patent- 
right.  —  Patentable,  pa'ten-ta-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  patented.  —  Patentee,  pa- 
ten-te',  n.  One  who  holds  a  patent;  one 
by  whom  a  patent  is  secured.  —  Patent- 
leather,  n.  A  kind  of  leather  to  which  a 
permanent  polish  is  given  by  a  process  of 
japanning.— Patent-right, n.  An  exclusive 
privilege  in  an  invention,  &c.,  granted  by 
patent.— Patent-rolls,  n.  pi.  The  records 
or  registers  of  patents. 

Patera,  pat'e-ra,  n.  [L.,  from  pateo,  to  be 
open.  Patent.]  A  shallow,  circular,  sau- 
cer-like vessel  used  by  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  in  their  sacrifices,  &c.;  an  archi- 
tectural ornament  of  simila'r  appearance. 

Paterfamilias,  pa't6r-fa-mil"i-as,  n.  [L., 
Jrom  pater,  father,  and  familia,  a  family.] 
The  father  or  head  of  a  family; , 

Paternal,  pa-t6r'nal,  a.  [Fr.  patemel,  from 
L.  paternus,  from  pater,  father  (Father); 
akin  parricide,  patriarch,  patrimony,  pa- 
triot, patron,  pattern^]  Pertaining  to  a 
father;  fatherly;  derived  from  the  father; 
hereditaiy.— Paternally,  pa-ter'nal-U,  adv. 
In  a  paternal  manner.  —  Paternity,  pa- 
t6r'ni-ti,  n.  (Pr.  patemiU.^  Fatherhood; 
the  relation  of  a  father  to  his  ofFspring; 
derivation  from  a  father  (the  child's  pa- 
ternity); hence,  origin;  authorship. 

Paternoster,  pa't6r-nos-t6r,  n.  [L.,  our 
Father,  the  two  first  words  of  the  Lord's 
prayer  in  Latin.]  .  The  Lord's  prayer; 
every,  tenth  large  bead  in  a  rosary ;  the 
rosary  itself. 

Path,  path,  n.  pi.  Paths,  paiHZj  [A.  Sax. 
pceth='D.  and  L.G.  pad,  6.  pfad,  a  path; 
perhaps  from  Gr.  patos,  a  trodden  way, 
patein,  to  walk.]  A  way  beaten  or  trcM- 
den  by  the  feet  of  man  or  beast,  or  made 
bard  by  wheels;  a  narrow  or  unimpor- 
tant road;  a  footway;  a  way  or  route 
in  general;  the  way  or  coui-se  which  an 
animal  or  any  object  follows  in  the  air, 
in  water,  or  in  space ;  fig.  course  of  life ; 
course  of  conduct  or  procedure.— Pathless, 
path'les,  o.  Having  no  beaten  way';  un- 
trodden.- Pathway,  path'wa,  n.  A.  path; 
a  narrow  way  to  be  passed  on  foot;  a  way; 
a  course  of  life. 

Pathan,  pat'han,  n.  A  person  of  Afghan 
race  settled  in  Hindustan;  an  Afghan. 

Pathetic.    Undei-  Pathos. 

Pathogeny,  pa-thoj'e-ni,  n.  [Gr.  pathos,  suf- 
fering, and  root  gen,  to  produce.]  The  doC' 
trine  or  science  of  the  generation  and  de- 
velopmentof  disease.— Pathogenetic,Path- 
ogenic,  path'o-je-net"ik,  patn-o-jen'ik,  a. 
Relating  to  pathogeny;  generating  disease. 
—Pathognomonic,'  pa-thog'no-mon"ik,  a. 
[Gr.  pathos,  suffering,  and  gnomon,  one  who 
knows,  from  ginOskO,  to  know.]  ifed.  dis- 
tinctive or  characteristic  of  a  disease:  in- 
dicating a  particular  disease.  —  Pathog- 
nomic, path-og-nom'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
pathognomy.  —  Pa'thognomy,  pa-thog'no- 
mi,  n.  [Gr.  pathos,  passion,  and  gnOmS, 
signification.]  Expression  of  the  passions; 
the  science  of  the  Signs  by  which  human 
passions  are  indicated. 

l^athology,  pa-thol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  pathos,  suf- 
feringj  and  logos,  discourse.]  That  part  of 
medicine  which  explains  the  nature  of 
diseases,  their  causes,  and  symptoms. — 
Pathologic,  Pathological,  path-o-loj'ik, 
path-0-lo.i'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  patho- 
logy. —  Pathologically,  path-o-loj'i-kaJ-li, 
adv.  In  a  pathologic  manner. — Patholo- 
gist, pa-thol'o-jist,  n.  One  versed  in  the 
nature  of  diseases. 

Pathos,  pa'thos,  n.  [Gr.  pathos,  passion, 
suffering,  from  stein  of  pathein,  to  suffer; 
same  root  as  in  patient,  passion.]  That 
quality,  attribute,  or  element  which 
awakens  such  tender  emotions  as  pity, 
compassion,  or  sympathy;  the  quality  that 
touches  the  heart;  expression  of  strong  or 
deep  feeling;  touching  or  affecting  influ- 


ence.—Pathetic,  pa-thH'ik,  a.  FL.  pathe- 
ticus,  Gr.  pathetikos.'i  Full  of  pathos; 
moving  the  feelings;  exciting  pity,  sorrow, 
or  other  tender  emotion ;  affecting. — Pa- 
thetlcal,  pa-thet'i-kal,  a.  Pathetic— Pa- 
thetically, pa-thet'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  pa- 
thetic manner;  affectingly.  — Pathetical- 
ness,  pa-thet'i-kal-ues,  n. 

Patience,  pa'shens,  n.  [Fr.  patiente,  from 
L.  patientia,  from  patiens,  patient.  Pas- 
sion.] The  quality  of  being  patient;  the 
power  or  capacity  of  physical  endurance; 
the  character  or  habit  of  mind  that  enables 
one  to  suffer  afflictions,  provocation,  or 
other  evil,  with  a  calm  unruffled  temper; 
calmness;  composure;  quietness  or  calm- 
ness in  waiting  for  something  to  happen; 
forbearance;  long-suffering;  constancy  in 
labourer  exertion;perseverance. — Patient, 
pa'shent.a.  IL.  patiens,  patieniis.]  Phy- 
sically able  to  support  or  endure;  proof 
against  {patient  of  labour  or  pain,  heat  or 
cold);  bearing  pain  or  trial  without  mur- 
muring; sustaining  afflictions  with  forti- 
tude, calmness,  or  submission;  waiting 
with  calmness;  not  hasty;  long-suffering ; 
persevering;  calmly  diligent. — n.  One  who 
or  that  which  is  passively  affected;  a  suf- 
ferer from  an  ailment;  a  person  who  is 
under  medical  treatment.— Patiently,  pa'- 
shent-li,  adv.  In  a  patient  manner;  with 
patience;  submissively;  uncomplainingly. 

Patin,  pat'in.    Same  as  Paten. 

Patina,  pat'i-na,  n.  [L.  patina,  a  dish,  a 
kind  of  cake,  from  pateo,  to  be  open.  Pa- 
tent,Pan.]  Thefinegreen  rust  with  which 
ancient  bronzes  and  copper  coins  knd 
medals  become  covered  by  lying  in  par-' 
ticular  soils;  a  bowl  of  metal  or  earthen- 
ware.—Patine,  pat'in,  n.  A  paten;  a  me- 
tal plate.    IShak.} 

Patois,  pat-wa,  n.  [Fr.]  A  dialect  pecu- 
liar to  the  peasantry  or  uneducated  classes; 
a  rustic  or  provincial  form  of  speech. 

Patrial,  pa'tri-al,  n.  and  a.  [L.  patrius,  be- 
longing to  a  country,  from  patria.  Pa- 
triot.] Oram,  applied  to  words  derived 
from  the  name  of  a  country. 

Patriarch,  jpa'tri-ark,  n.  [L.  patriarfha, 
from  Gr.  patriarches — patria,  a  family, 
from  pat^r,  father,  and  arche,  rule.  Pa- 
ternal,] The  father  and  ruler  of  a  family; 
generally  applied  to  Abraham,  Isaac,  Ja- 
cob, and  the  sons  of  Jacob,  or  to  the  heads 
of  lamilies  before  the  flood;  hence,  an 
aged  venerable  man;  in  the  Greek  Church, 
a  dignitary  superior  to  an  archbishop. — 
Patriarchal,  Patriarchic,  pa-tri-ar'kal,pa- 
tri-arldk,  a.  Belonging  to  patriarchs; 
subject  to  a  patriarch. — Patriarchate,  pa'- 
tri-ar-kat,  71.  The  office  or  jurisdiction  of 
a  patriarch.  —  Patriarchism,  pS'tri-ark- 
izm,  n.  Government  by  a  patriarch.^ 
l"atriarchshlp,Patriarchy,pa'tri-ark-ship, 
pa'tri-ar-fci,  n.    A  patriarchate. 

Patrician,  pa-trish'an,  a.  [Fr.  patricien, 
from  L.  patrieius,  pertaining  to  the  patres, 
senators  or  patricians,  from  pater,  father. 
Paternal.]  Pertaining  to  the  senatorial 
order  in  ancient  Rome;  hence,  of  noble 
birth ;  not  plebeian.— n.  A  person  of  pa- 
trician or  noble  birth;  a  nobleman.— Pa- 
triciate, pa-trisb'i-at,  n.  The  aristocracy 
collectively.         ^ 

Patricide,  pat'ri-sid,  n.  [L.  pater,  patria, 
father,  and  cosdo,  to  kill.]  The  murder  or 
murderer  of  a  father; parricide.— Patri- 
cidal, pat-ri-si'dal,  o.  Relating  to  patri- 
cide; parricidal. 

Patrimony,  pat'ri-mo-ni,'  n.  [L.  patrimo- 
nium,  from  pater,  patris,  father.  Pater- 
nal.] A  right  or  estate  inherited  from 
one's  father  or  ancestors ;  heritage ;  a 
church  estate  or  revenue.^Patrimomal, 
pat-ri-mo'ni-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  patri- 
mony ;  inherited  from  ancestors.— Patrl- 
monially,  pat-ri-mo'ni-al-li,  adv.  By  way 
of  patrimony  or  inheritance. 

Patriot,  pa'tri-ot,  n.  [Fr.  patriote,  from  L. 
patria,  one's  native  country,  from  pater, 
father.  Paternal.]  A  person  who  loves 
his  country,  and  zealously  supports  and 
defends  it  and  its  interests.— a.  Patriotic. 
—Patriotic,  pa-tri-ot'ik,  a.  Having  the 
feelings  of  a  patriot;  inspired  by  the  love 
of  one^s  country;  directed  by  zeal  for  the 
public  safety  and  welfare.— Patriotically, 
pa-tri-ot'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  patriotic  man- 


F&te,  f&r,.fat,  fftUf    me,  met,  b£r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tQbe,  tnbj  b\|U;  ^  oil,  piTundj  .  tl^Sc.  abune— the  Fr. «. 


PATRIST 


491 


PAY 


ner,— PatriotlBm,  pa'tri-ot-izm,n.  Love  of 
one'B  country ;  the  papsion  Trhioh  leads  a. 
person  ta  serve  his  country  with  zeal. 

Patriat,  pa'trist.n.  [Prom  L.patres.fathers.] 
One  versed  in  the  writings  of  the  fathers 
of  the  Christian  church.— Patristic,  Pa- 
tristlcal,  pa-tris'tik,  pa-tris'ti-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  ancient  f  athevs  of  the  Chris- 
tian church.— Patristically,  pa-tris'ti-kal- 
li,  adv.  In  a  patristic  manner. — Patris- 
tlcs,  pa-tris'tiks,  n.  That  branch  of  his- 
toricsil  theology  which  is. devoted  to  the 
doctrines  of  the  Christian  fathers. 

patrol,  pa-trsr,  n.  [Fr.  patrouille,  from  po- 
trouiller,  to  patrol,  also  to  paddle  with  the 
feet,  from  paKe,  O. Fr.  paie,  a  paw = Gr.  p/o<e, 
D.  poot,  a  paw.]  Milit.  the  marching  round 
of  a  guard  in  the  night  to  secure  the  peace 
and  safety  of  a  camp  or  other  place;  the 
persons  who  go  the  rounds;  a  police  con- 
stable who  goes  round  a  regular  beat. — 
v.i.  —  patrolled,  patrolling.  To.  go  the, 
rounds  as  a  guard  in  a  camper  garrison; 
to  go  the  rounds  in  a  city,  as  is  done  by  a 
body  of  police.  —  v.t.  To  j)ass  through  or 
perambulate  in  the  capacity  of  a  patrol. 

Patron,  pa'tron,  n,  [L.  patronus,  a  pro- 
tector or  patron,  from  pater,  a  father. 
Paternal.]  Among  the  ancient  Romans, 
a  master  who  had  freed  his  slave,  and  still 
retained  some  rights  over  him  ;a  man  of  dis- 
tinction under  whose  protection  another 
placed  himself ;  hence,  one  who  counten- 
ances, supports,  or  protects  either  a  person 
or  a  work;  a  m^n  or  rank  or  standing  who 
assists  a  person  in  an  inferior  position;  a 
patron  saint:  pne  who  has  the  gift  and 
disposition  of  an  ecclesiastical  benefice. — 
Patron  saint,a.ny  saint' under  whose  special 
protection  a  church,  a  society,  or  a  person 
is  regarded  as  placed.— Patronage,  pat'- 
ron-aj,  n.  The  act  of  patronizing;  protec- 
tion; encouragement;  guardianship,  as  of 
a  saint;  the  right  of  presentation  to  a 
church  or  ecclesiastical  benefice.— Patron- 
ess, pa'tfon-es,  n.  A  female  patron. — Pat- 
ronize, pat'ron-iz,  v.t. — patronized,  pat- 
ronizing. To  act  as  patron  towards;  to 
give  support  or  countenance  to;  to  favour; 
to  assist;  to  assume  the  air  of  a  patron  or 
superior  towards. — Patronlzer,  pat'rori-iz- 
6r,  n.  One  who  patronizes. — Patronizing, 
pat'ron-iz-ing,  a.  Assuming  the  airs  of  a 
patron;  having  the  style  of  one  conde- 
scending to  p;itronize  or  favour. — Patron- 
izingly, pat'ron-iz-in^-li,  adv. 

Patronymic,  pat-ro-nim'ik,  n.  [L.  patro- 
ni/micus,  from  Gr.  pater,  patroa,  a  father, 
and  otwma,  a  name.  Paternal.]  A  per- 
sonal name  derived  from  that  of  parent  or 
ancestor  (Tydides,  the  son  of  Tydeus;  Wil- 
liamson, the  son  of  William);  a  family 
name ;  a  surname.  —  Patronymic,  Patro- 
nymical,  pat-ro-nim'i-kal,  a.  Derived,  as 
a  name,  from  an  ancestor. 

Patten,  pat'en,  n.  [Fr.  jsaWn.a  clog,  pat- 
ten, from  patte,  the  foot.  Patrol.]  A 
wooden  shoe  or  sole,  standing  on  an  iron 
ring,  worn  to  keep  theshoes  from  the  dirt 
or  mud;  masonry,  the  base  of  a  column  or 
pillar;  the  sole  for  the  foundation  of  a 
wall.  ' 

Patter,  pat'6r,  v.i.  [Freq.  from  pat,  to  give 
a  slight  blow.  Pat.]    To  strike,  as  falling 

"drops  of  water  or  hail,  with  a  quick  suc- 
cession of  small  sounds;  to  move  with 
quick  steps,  making  a  succession  of  small 
sounds.— n.  A  quick  succession  of  small 
sounds. 

Patter,  pat'6r,  v.t.  [Perhaps  from  the 
Paternoster,  or  Lord's  prayer,  repeated  in 
churches  in  a  low  tone  of  voice.  Comp. 
also  Icel.  pata,  to  prattle,  pati,  a  rumour.] 
To  repeat  in  a  muttering  wav;  to  mutter. 
—v.i.  To  mutter;  to  mumble. — n.  A  low 
dialect  or  patois;  thieves'  slang. 

Pattern,  pat'6m,  n.  [Same  word  as  patron, 
which  has  also  the  sense  of  pattern  in 
French  and  Spanish,  as  has  L.  L.  pa- 
tronus.} An  original  or  model  proposed 
for  imitation;  that  which  is  to  be  copied 
or  imitated;  a  piece  or  part  exhibited  as  a 
specimen  of  the  whole;  a  design  or  figure 
corresponding  in  outline  to  an  object  that 
is  to  be  fabricated,  and  serving  as  a  guide 
for  determining  its  shape  and  dimensions; 
an  ornamental  design  on  some  woven 
fabric;  the  counterpart  in  wood  of  some- 


thing that  in  to  be  cast  in  metal. —Pattern. 
card,  n.  A  set  of  patterns  attached  to  a 
card.— Pattern-drawer,  n.  One  who  de- 
signs patterns. 

Patty,  pat'i,  n.  [Fr.  p&ti,  pie,  pasty.]  A 
little  pie;  a  pasty. — Fatty-pan,  n.  A  pan 
to  bake  patties  in. 

Patnlons,  pat'a-lus,  a.  [L.  patulua,  from 
pateo,  to  be  open.  Patent.]  Spreading 
slightly;  expanded;  opening  widely;  with 
a  spreading  aperture. 

Paucity, "  pa '  si-ti,  n.  '"[L.  paucitas,  from 
paucus,  few;  cog.  with  E.  j£w.]  Fewness; 
smallness  of  number;  smallness  or  scant- 
ness  of  quantity. 

Paol,  pal,  n.    Pawl. 

Paulician,  pa-lish'an,  n.  One  of  a  sect  who 
rejected  most  of  the  Bible  except  St.  Paul's 
epistles. 

PaaUne,  palln,  a.  Pertaining  to  St.  Paul, 
or  to  his  writings. 

Paulo-post-future,  palo-post-fa-tQr,  n.  [L. 
paulo,  a  little,  posit,  after.]  A  tense  of 
Greek  verbs  corresponding  to  the  future 

^perfect.  , 

Paunch,  pansb,  n.  [O.  Fr.  panche  (Fr. 
pause),  from  L.  pantex,  panticis,  the  belly.] 
The  belly  arid  its  contents;  the  abdomen; 
the  first  and  largest  stomach  in  ruminat- 
ing quadrupeds,  into  which  the  food  is 
received  before  rumination.  —  Paunchy, 
pan'shi,  a.  Having  a  prominent  paunch; 
big-beined. 

Pauper,  pa'p6r,  n.  [L.  pauper,  poor  (whence 
poverty,  poor,  impoverish);  akin  paucus, 
lew.  Paucity.]  A  poor  person;  one  in  a 
state  of  indigence;  particularly,  one  who, 
on  account  of  poverty,  becomes  chargeable 
to  a  parish.  —  Pauperism,  pa'pfer-izm,  n. 
The  state  of  being  a  pauper;  a  state  of  in- 
digence in  a  community.— Pauperization, 
pa'p6r-i-za"shon,  n.  The  act  of  pauperiz- 
ing. —  Pauperize,  pa'p6r-iz,  v.t.  —  pauper- 
ized, pauperizing.  To  reduce  to  pauperism. 

Pause,  paz,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  pausa,  Gr. 
pausis,  a  stopping,  from  pauo,  to  stop; 
pose  (seen  in  compose,  impose,  &c.)  is  of 
same  origin.]  A  temporary  cessation;  an 
intermission  of  action,  of  speaking,  sing- 
ing, or  the  like;  a  short  stop;  cessation 
proceeding  from  d;iubt;  suspense;  a  mark 
of  suspension,  of  the  voice ;  a  character 
marking  a  halt  in  music. — v.i. — paused, 
pausing.  To  make  a  pause  or  short  stop; 
to  intermit  speaking  or  action;  to  wait; 
to  forbear  for  a  time;  to  hesitate;  to  hold 
back;  to  be  intermitted  (the  music  pauses). 
— Pauser,  pa'z6r,  n.  One  who  pauses. — 
Patisingly,  pft'zing-U,  adv.  By  breaks  or 
pauses. 

Pave,  pav,  v.t.  —  paved  ( pp.  sometimes 
paven),  paving.  [Fr.  paver,  L.L.  pavare, 
from  L.  pavire,  to  ram,  to  pave.]  To 
make  a  hard  level  surface  upon  by  laying 
with  stones,  bricks,  &c. ;  to  floor  with 

^lirick,  stone,  or  other  material. — To  pave 
a  way  (Jig.),  tfl  prepare  a  way;  to  remove  dif- 

•  ficulties  or  obstacles  beforehand. — Pave- 
ment, pav'ment,  n.  [Ij.  pavimentum.]  A 
paved  path  or  road;  a  floor  or  surface  that 
is  trodden  on,  consisting  of  stones,  bricks, 
&c.;  the  stones  or  other  material  with 
which  anythingispaved.— Paver,  pa'v6r,w. 
One  who  paves;  a  pavior.— Pavier,  pa'vi-6r, 
n.  A  pavior.— Paving,  pav'ing,  n.  Pave- 
ment; the  laying  of  floors,  streets, 'ftc, 
with  pavement.— Pavin^r  stones,  large  pre- 
pared stones  or  slabs  for  paving. — Pavior, 
Pavlour,  pa'vi-6r,  n.  One  whose  occupation 
is  to  pave;  a  slab  or  brick  used  for  paving; 
a  rammer  for  driving  paving  stones. 

Pavid,  pav'id,  a.  [L.  pawidMS,  from  paveo, 
to  fear.]  Timid ;  fearful.  —  Pavidity,  pa- 
vid'i-ti,  n.    Timidity. 

Pavilion,  pa-vil'yon,  n.  [Fr.  pavilion,  L. 
papilio,  papilionis,  a  butterfly,  also  a  tent, 
from  shape  of  latter.]  A  tent;  particularly, 

.  a  large  tent  raised  on  posts ;  a  canopy ; 
arch,  a  small  building  or  a  part  of  a 
building  having  a  tent-formed  roof.— Pa- 
vilion  roof,  a  roof  sloping  or  hipped  equally 
on  all  sides.— w.<.  To  furnish  with  tents; 
to  shelter  with  a  tent.— Pavilioned,  pa- 
vil'yond,  a.  Furnished  with  a  pavilion; 
made  in  the  form  of  a  pavilion. 

Pavise,  pav'is,  n.  [O.Fr.  pavois.]  A  large 
shield  to  rest  on  the  ground  formerly  in 
use. 


Pavonine,  pav'o-nin,  a.  [L.  pavoninus, 
from  pavo,  a  peacock.]  Belonging  to  a 
peacock;  resembling  a  peacock;  exhibit- 
ing the  brilliant  hues  of  the  tail  of  a  pea- 
cock; iridescent:  applied  to  ores,  &c. — n. 
The  iridescent  lustre  found  on  some  ores 
and  metallic  .products. 

Paw,  pa,  n.  [From  the  Celtic :  "W.  pawen. 
Armor,  pav,  pao;  comp.  B.  poot,  G.  pfote, 
a  paw.]  The  foot  of  quadrupeds  having 
claws.  —  v.i.  To  draw  the  fore-foot  along 
the  ground;  to  scrape  with  the  fore-foot 
(as  a  horse  does).— v.t.  To  scrape  or  strike 
with  the  fore-foot;  to  handle  roughly.— 
Pawed,  pad,  a.    Having  paws. 

Pawl,  pal,'n.  [W.  pawl,  akin  to  L.  palus, 
a  stake.  Pole.]  A  short  bar  pivoted  at 
one  end,  so  as  to  catch  in  a  notch  of  a  re- 
volving body  and  stop  its  motion;  a  click 
or  detent  which  falls  into  the  teeth  of  a 
ratchet-wheel.— 1>.<.  To  stop  with  a  pawl. 

Fawn,  ps^n,  n.  [Fr.  pan,  a  piece  of  a  gar- 
ment, formerly  also  a  pawn  or  pledge, 
from  L.  pannus,  a  cloth,  a>rag.  Pane.] 
Some  article  or  chattel  given  or  deposited 
as  security  for  money  borrowed;  a  pledge. 
— In  pawn,  at  pawn,  in  the  state  of  being 
pawned  or  pledged.— v.t.  To  give  or  de- 
posit in  pledge;  to  pledge  with  a  pawn- 
broker; to  pledge  for  the  fulfilment  of  a 
promise. — Pawnable,  pa'na-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  pawned.  —  Pawnbroker,  pan'bro- 
ker,  n.  A  person  licensed  to  lend  money  at 
a  legally  fixed  rate  of  interest  on  goods 
deposited  with  him.— Pawnbroking,  pan'- 
bro-bjng,  n.  The  business  of  a  pawn- 
broker.— Pawnee,  pa-n6',-n.  The  person 
to  whom  a  pawn  is  delivered  as  security. 
— Pawner,  pa'nSr,  n.  One  that  pawns. — 
Pawn-ticket,  n.  A  ticket  given  by  a  pawn- 
broker to  the  pledger  as  an  evidence  of  the 
transaction;  a  dated  receipt  for  the  article 
pledged. 

Pawn,  pan,  n.  [O.Fr.  paon,  poon,  peon, 
properly  a  foot-soldier.  Peon.]  A  piece 
of  the  lowest  rank  at  chess. 

Pax,  paks,  n.  [L.  pax,  peace.]  In  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  Church  a  small  tablet  en- 
graved with  sacred  figures  or  emblems, 
which,  having  beeii  kissed  by  the  priest, 
is  then  kissed  by  others  (the  'kiss  of 
peace '). 

Fax-wax,  paks'waks,  n.  [Also  called  fax- 
wax,  from  A.  Sax.  feax,  hair,  and  weaxan, 
to  wax  or  grow.1  A  strong  tendinous 
ligament  strengthening  the  neck  of  the 
ox,  sheep,  &c. 

Pay,  pa,  w.<.— pret.  &  pp.  paid.  [O.Fr.  paier, 
paer  (Fr.  payer),  to  pay,  originally  to 
please,  being  from  L.  pacare,  to  pacify — 
pax,  pacts,  peace.  Peace.]  To  recompense 
for  goods  received  or  for  service  rendered; 
to  discharge  one's  obligation  to;  to  com- 
pensate, remunerate,  reward,  requite;  to 
discharge  (as  a  debt)  by  giving  or  doing 
that  which  is  due;  to  give;  to  render  or 
offer:  without  any  sense  of  obligation  (to 
pay  attention,  respect,  court,  a  visit); 
naut.  to  cover  or  coat,  as  the  bottom  of  a 
vessel,  a  mast,  &c.,  with  tar  or  pitch,  &c. 
— To  pay  off,  to  recompense  and  discharge. 
T-To  pay  out  {naut.),  to  slacken  or  cause  to 
run  out  (a  rope). — Tc  pay  one  out,  to  pun- 
ish him  thoroughly  or  adequately  .—y.i.  To 
make  payment  or  requital;  to  be  worth 
the  pains  or  efforts  spent;  to  be  remuner- 
ative.— To  pay  for,  to  make  payment  for; 
to  make  amends  for;  to  atone  for;  to  be 
mulcted  on  account  of.  —  To  pay  off,  to 
pay  wages  and  discharge;  to  fall  to  lee- 
ward, as  the  head  of  a  ship.  —  n.  An 
equivalent  given  for  money  due,  goods 
purchased,  or  services  performed.- Pay- 
able, pa'a-bl,  o.  Capable  of  being  paid; 
suitable  to  be  paid;  justly  due.— Pay-bill, 
n.  A  bill  or  statement  specifying  the 
amount  of  money  to  be  paid,  as  to  work- 
men, soldiers,  and  the  like.— Pay-clerk,  n. 
A  clerk  who  pays  wages.  —  Pay-day,  n. 
The  day  when  payment  is  regularly  made; 
the  day  for  paying  wages.  —  Payee,  pa-eV 
n.  The  person  to  whom  money  is  to  be' 
paid. —  Payer,  pa'er,  n.    One  that  pays; 

%ie  person  named  in  a  hill  or  note  who 
has  to  pay  the  holder.— Pay-list,  n.  A 
pay-roll.— Paymaster,  pa'mas-t^r,  n.  One 
from  whom  wages  or  reward  is  received;  an 
officer  in  the  army  or  navy  who  regularly 


ch,  cAain;     ch,  Sc.  loch;     g,go;     j.job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinp;     »h,  tften;  th.  tftin;     w,  wig;     wb,  tc/dg;     ah,  a«ure. 


PEA 


492 


PECTIN  AI/ 


r:i.y8  the  officers  and  men.— Payjnent,  pa'- 
laeut.n.  Theactof  pajing;  the  discharge, 
of  a  debt;  the  thing  given  in  discharge  of 
a  debtj  recoinpense;  requital;  reward.— 
Pay-office,  n.  A  place  or  office  where  pay-, 
ment  is  made  of  public  debts.— Pay-roll, 
n.  A  roll  or  list  of  persons  to  be  paid, 
with  a  iiote  of  the  sums  payable. 

PPea,  p6,  n.  [O.E.  pese,  pees,  a  pea,  pi.  pesen, 

'  peses,  A.  Sax.  joise.-from  L.  pisum,  6r. 
pisos,  a  pea.  Pea  is  a  false  form,  the 
s  of  the  root  being  inistaken  for  the  sign 
of  the  plural.  In  the'  plural  we  always 
■write  peas  for  the  individual  seeds,  but 
often  pease  for  an  indefinite  quantity  (this 
form  being  the  old  singular):  three  or  four 
peas,  a  bushel  of  pease(or  peas).]  A  well- 
known  plant  with  papilionaceous  flowers, 
one  of  the  most  valuable  of  vegetables, 
cultivated  in  the  garden  and  in  the  field; 
one  of  the  seeds  of  the  plant.  —  Pea-nut, 
n.  The  4?round-nut.  Arachis.— Pea-ore, 
n.  An  ore  of  iron  occuoring  in  spherical 
crains  of  the  size  of  a  pea.  —  Pea-pod,  71. 
The  pod  or  shell  of  a  pea.— Pea-ri£e,  n.  A 
riflo  carrying  a  ball  a))out  the  size  of  a  pea. 
•^Pease-meal,  pcz'mel,  n.  Meal  or  flour 
from  peas.— Pease-puttding,  n.  A  pudding 
made  chiefly. of  peas.  —  Pea-soup,  Pease- 
aoup,  M.  Soup  made  from  peas.  —  Pea- 
stone,  n.    Pisolite. 

Peace,  pes,  n.  [From  O.Pr.  pats  (Fr.  paix), 
from  L.  peu:,'pacis,  peace— root  pac,  seen 
in  paciscor,  to  agree  (whence  pact);  of 
same  origin  are  pay,  appease.]  A  state  of 
quiet  or  tranquillity;  calm,  quietness,  re- 
l^ose;  especially  freedom  from  war;  a  ces- 
sation of  hostilities ;  absence  of  strife ; . 
tranquillity  of  mind;  quiet  of  conscience; ' 
harmony;  concord ;  public  tranquillity. — 
At  peace,  in  a  peaceful  state.  —  Breach 
of  the  peace,  a  violation  of  piiblic  tran- 
quillity by  riotous  or  other  conduct.— To 
hold  one's  peace,  to  be  silent;  to  suppress 
one's  thoughts;  not  to  speak. — To  make  a 
person's  peace,  with  another,  to  Veconcile 
the  other  to  him. — Peace  establishment, 
the  reduced  number  of  effective  inen  in 
the  army  during  time  of  peace.— Cwnmis- 
sion  of  tfie  peace,  a  commission  appointing 
justices  01  the  peace,  and  by  virtue  of 
■which  the  judges  sit  upon  circuit.— tTiis- 
tices  of  the  peace.  Justice.  — Peaceable, 
I>5s'a-bl,  o.  Tranquil;  peaceful;  disposed 
to  peace;notquarrelsome.  .•.Peaceable  usu- 
aSly  refers  to  the  character  and  disposi- 
tion of  men;  pacific  to  designs  and  inten- 
tions; while  peaceful  refers  to  the  state  or 
condition  of  men  or  things.— Peaceable- 
ness,  pgs'a-bl-nes",  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  peaceable. — Peaceably,  pes'a-bb, 
adv.  '•  In  a  peaceable  manner.  —  Peace- 
breaker,  n.  One  that  violates  or  disturbs 
public  peace. — Peaceful,  pes'ful,  a.  Full 
of,  pos.sessing,  or  enjoying  peace;  tranquil; 
quiet;  removed  from  noise  or  tumult; 
pacific— Peacefully,  pgs'ful-li,  adv.  In  a 
peaceful  manner;  quietly;  tranquilly. — 
Peacefulness,  pes'ful-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  -being  peaceful.— Peacemaker, 
pgs'ma^kfer,  n.  One  who  reconciles  parties 
at  variance.  —  Peace-ofEering,  n.  Some- 
thing offered  to  an  offended  person  to  pro- 
cure peace;  among  the  Jews,  an  offering 
to  God  /or  atongment  and  reconciliation. 
— Peace-officer,  n.  .A  civil  officer  whose 
duty  is  to  preserve  the  public  peace. 

Peach,  pecn,  n.  [Fr.  peche.  It.  pesca,  per- 
sicja,  from  L.  persica,  Persicum  {malum), 
the  Persian  apple.]  A  fruit-tree  of  many 
varieties,  supposed  to  have  been  intro- 
duced into  Europe  from  Persia;  the  fruit 
of  the  tree,  a  fleshy  fruit  of  some  size  con- 
taining a  stone." — Peach-colour,  n.  The 
pale  red  colour  of  the  peach  blossom. — 
Peach-coloured,  a.  Of  the  colour  of  a 
peach  blossom.— Peach-down,  n.  The  soft 
down  of  a  peach  skin.— Peach-wood,  n.  A 
sort  of  dye-wood  yielding  a  peachy  colour. 
— Peachy,  pech'i,  a.  Resembling  peaches; 
peach.-coloured. 

Peach,  pech,  r.i.'  [Abbrev.  of  impeach.]  To 
betray  one's  accomplice;  to  turn  informer. 
CLow.1 

Peacock,  pSTcok,  n.-  [Pea=A.  Sax.  pawa, 
.from  L.  pawo,  a  peacock,  the  name  oeing 
perhaps  from  the  biid's  cry.]  A  large  and 
beautiful  gallinaceous  bird  remarkable  for 


the  beauty  of  its  plumage,  properly  the 
male  of  the  si)ecies,  the  female  being,  for 
distinction's  sake,  called  a  peaAen.— Pea- 

.  chick,  71.  The  chicken  or  young  of  the 
peacock.  —  Peacock-fish,  n.  A  fish  of  the 
Mediterraneail  and  Indian  Seas,  showing 

•  brilliant  green,  yellow,  and  red  hues.— 
Pea-fowl,  71.  The  peacock  or  peahen. — 
Peahen,  pehen,  n.  The  hen  or  female  of  • 
the  peacock. 

Pea-jacket,  pg'jak-et,  n.  [Pea  is  from  D. 
and  L.G.  ?5ye,  coarse,  thick  cloth,  a  warm 

'jacket;  akin  to  .Goth,  paida,  a  garment.] 
A  thick  loose  woollen  jacket  worn  by  sea- 
men, fishermen,  &c. 

Peak,  pek,  n.  [Fr.  pic,  a  mountain  peak,  a 
pick,  pique,  a  pike,  from  Armor,  pic  W. 
pis,  a  point,  a  pike,  a  beak;  akixi  JxaJc; 
pike,  pick,  peck.]  The  top  of  a  hill  or  moun- 
tain, ending  in  a  point;  a  projecting  point; 
a  projecting  portion  on  a  head-covering 
(the  peak  of  a.  cap);  naut.  the  upper  comer 
of  a  sail  which  is  extended  by  a  gaff  or 
yard ;  also,  the  extremity  of  the  yard  or 
gaff.— Peaked,  pekt,  o.  Pointed ;  ending 
in  apoint.— Peaky,  pek'i.a.  Consisting  of 
peaks;  resembling  a  peak. 

Peak,  pek,  v.i.  [Perhaps  from  peaJc,  n., 
from  the  sharpened  features  of  sickly  per- 
sons.] .  To  look  sickly  or  thin;  to  be  or  be- 
come emaciated.— Peakish,  pek'ish,  a.  Of 
a  thinand  sickly  cast  of  face. 

Peal,  pel,  n.  [A  mutilated  form  of  appeal.] 
A  succession  of  loud  sounds,  as  of  oells, 
thunder,  cannon,  shouts  of  a  multitude, 
&c.;  a  set  of  bells  tuned  to  each  other;  the 
changes  rung  on  such  bells. — p.i.  To  utter 
oi*  give  out  a  peal.— t;;i.  To  cause  to  ring 
or  sound;  to  utter  loudly  and  sonorously. 

Pean.    P.ean. 

Pear,  par,  n.  f A  Sax.  pent,  Fr.  poire,  from 
L.  pirum,  a  pear.]  A  well-known  fruit- 
tree  growing  ■wild  in  many  parts  of  Europe 
and  Asia;  the  fruit  of  the  tree. — Alligator 
pear.  Avocado. — Anchovy  pear.  Axchovt. 
—Prickly  pear.  Prickly.  —  Pearifonn, 
par'i-form,  a.  Pear-shaped.— Pear-shaped, 

-  a.  Shaped  like  a  pear,  or  soipewhat  like 
an  egg. 

Pearl,  p6rl,  n.  [Fr.  perle,  from  L.L.  perula, 
perla,  a  pearl,  either  for  pirula,  from  L. 
pirum,  a  pear,  or  for  pilula,  a  pill,  a  glo- 
Dula]  A  silvery  or  bluish-white,  hard, 
smooth,  lustrous  body,  of  aroundish,  oval, 
or  pear-shaped  form,  produced  by  certain 
molluscs  as  the  result  of  some  abnormal 
or  morbid  process;  poetically,  something 
round  and  clear,  as  a  drop  of  dew;  a  white 
speck  or  film  growing,  on  the  eye;  cataract; 
a  small  printing  type,  the  smallest  except 
diamond  and  brilliant;  anything  very 
■valuable;  what  is  choicest  or  best. — a. 
Relating  to,  made  of  pearl.- y.t.  To  set  or 
adorn  ■with  pearls.  —  Pearlaceous,  p6r-la'- 
shus,  a.  Resembling  pearl  or  mother  of 
pearl ;  of  a  pearly  appearance.— Pearlash, 
pferl'ash,  71.  Commercial  carbonate  of  pot- 
ash.-^Peaxl-barley,  n.  The  seed  of  barley 
ground  into  small  round  grains.  —  Pearl- 
diver,  n.  One  who  dives  for  pearl-oysters. 
—Pearled,  pferld,  a.  Set  or  adorned  with 
pearls.- Pearl-edge,  n.  A  narrow  kind  of 
thread  edging  for  lace.— Eearl-eye,  n.  A 
white  speck  or  film  on  the  eye.— Pearl- 
flshery,  n.  A  place  where  pearl-oysters 
are  caught.— Pearl-flahlng,  n.  The  occu-. 
pation  of  diving  for  or  otherwise  catching 
pearl-oysters.  —  Pearliness,  p6rli-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  pearly.— Pearl-mussel, 
M".  A  fresh -water  mussel  which  yields 
pearls.— Pearl-nautilus,  n.  The  true  nau- 
tilus as  distinguished  from  the  argonaut 
or  paper-nautilus.  —  Pearl-oyster,  n.  A 
mollusc  that  yields  pearls.-^  Pearl-powder, 
n.  A  sort  of  powder  from  bismuth,  used 
as  a  cosmetic.  —  Pearl-sago,  n.  Sago  in 
grains  of  the  size  of  small  pearls.  — 
Pearl-spar,  n.  A  variety  of  dolomite. — 
Pearl-stone,  n.  A  kind  of  vitreous  trach- 
yte ot-  lava.— Pearl-white,  n.  Pearl-pow- 
der.— Pearly,  pfir'lf,  a.  Containing  pearls; 
resembling  pearls;  nacreo'us.- 

Peasant,  pez'ant,  n.     [O.Fr.  patsant  (Fr. 

fmysan),  from  pais,  pays,.  L.  pagus,  a  dis- 
rict  of  country  (with  t  affixed  as  in  ty- 
rant). Paoa>!,  Page  (boy).]  A  rustic  or 
countryman;  one  occupied  in  rural  labour. 
— a.  Rustic;  rural.— Peasantry,  pez'ant-ri, 


n.  Peasants  collectively;  the  body  of 
country  people. 
Pease,  pez,  n.  Under  Pea. 
Peat,  pet,  71.  [For  beat,  bete,  from  old  bete, 
to  mend  a  fire;  A.  Sax.  bitan,  to  make 
better;  akin  better,  boot.]  A  kind  of  turf 
used  as  fuel;  the  natural  accumulation 
of  vegetable  matter,  more  or  less  decom- 
posed, in  hollows  on  land  not  in  a  state  of 
cultivation;  asmall  block  of  peat  cut  and 
dried  for  fuel.  —  Peat-bog,  n.  A  bog  or 
marsh  containing  peat. — Peat^moss,  71.  A 
moss  producing  peat.  —  Peat-soil,  n.  A 
soil  mixed  with  peat.  —  Peaty,  pet'i,  a. 
Resembling  peat;  abounding  in  peat; 
composed  of  peat. 

Peba,  pe'ba,  n.  A  species  of  armadiUo. 
Pebble,  peb'l,  n.  [A.  Sax.  papolstdn,  lit. 
pebble-stone;  etym.  tmknown.]  A  small 
round  stone;  a  stone  worn  and  rounded 
by  the  action  of  water;  a  lapidaiy's  name 
for  agate;  an  optician's  name  for  trans^ 
■parent  colourless  rock-crystal  used  as  a 
substitute  for  glass  in  spectacles.  —  Peb- 
bled, peb'ld,  a.  Abounding  with  pebbles. 
-^Pebbly,  pebli,  a.  Full  of  pebbles. 
Pebrine,  pa-bren,  7t.  [Fr.]  A  very  destruc- 
tive epizootic  disease  among  silkworms. 
Pecan,  Pecan-nut,  pe-kan',  n.  [Fr.  pacane, 
Sp.  paca7Mi.]  A  species  of  hickory  and  its 
fruit. 
Tecary,  pek'a-ri,  71.  Peccart. 
Peccable,  pek'a-bl,  «■.  [L.L.  peccabilis,  pec- 
cable, fro'm  L.  pecco,  to  sin.]  Liable  to 
sin;  subject  to  transgress  the  divine  law. 
—Peccability,  pek-a-bil'i-ti,  n.  State  of 
being  peccable.— Peccadillo, pek-a-dil'o, 71. 
[Sp.  pecadillo,  dim.  of  pecado,  L.  peccatum, 
a  sin,  from  pecco.}  A  slight  trespass  or 
offence;  a  petty  crime  or  fault.— Peccancy, 
pek'an-si,  n.  State  or  quality  of  being 
peccant.— Peccant,  pek'ant,a.  [L.  peccans, 
peccanfis,  ppr.  of  pecco.]  Sinning;  criminal; 
morbid;  corrupt  (peccaTit  humours). — 
Peccantly,  pek'ant-li,  odt». 
Peccary,  pek'a-H,  n.  [  South  ^ American 
name.]  A  pachydermatous  quadruped  of 
America,  representing  the  swine  of  the 
Old  World,  to  which  it  is  allied. 
Pecca'vi,  pek-ka'vi.  [L.,  I  have  sinned, 
from  pecco,  to  sin.]  A  word  used  to  ex^ 
press  confession  or  acknowledgment  of 
an  offence. 

Pechblend,  Pechblende,  pek'blend,  n.  [G. 
pech,  pitch.]  Pitcpblend.  • 
Peck,  pek,  n.  [Perhaps  a  form  of  pack;  but 
comp.  Fr.  picotin,  a  peck;  L.L.  picotus,  a 
liquid  measure.]  The  fourth  part  of  a 
bushel;  a  dry  measure  of  8  quarts. 
Peck,  pek,  v.t.  [A  slightly  different  form 
.  of  pick.]  To  strike  with  the  beak;  to  pick 
up  with  the  beak;  to  make  by  striking 
with  the  beak,  or  a  pointed  instrument 
(to  pecA:  a  hole).— v.i.  To  make  strokes  with 
a  beak,  or  a  pointed  instrument. — To  peck 
at,  to  strike  at  -with  the  beak;  to  attack 
with  petty  criticism.  —  Pecker,  pek'fer,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  pecks.  —  Peckish, 
pek'ish,  a.  Inclined  to  eat;  somewhat 
hungry.    [CoUoq.] 

Pecten,  pek'ten,  n.  [L.  pecten,  a  copib,  a 
kind  of  shell-fish,  from  pecto,  pexvm,  to 
comb;  root  pek,  also  in  6r.  peko,  to  comb.  J 
A  genus  of  marine  bivalves  having  a  shell 
marked  with  diverging  ribs  and  furrows. 
Pectic,  pek'tik,  a.  [Gi.  pektikos,  cnrdMne, 
from  pegnymi,  to  fix.]  Having  the  pro- 
perty of  forming  a  jelly:  said  of  an  acid 
found  in  fruits.— Pectin,  Pectine,  pek'tin, 
71.  A  principle  which  forms  the  basis  of 
vegetable  jelly.— Pectinaceous,  pek-ti-n'i'- 
shus,  a.  Having  the  character  of  pectin. 
— Pectose,  pek'tos,  n.  A  substance  con- 
tained in  fleshy  fruits  which  certain  agents 
change  into  pectin.  —  Pectoua,  pek'tus,  a. 
Pertaining  to  pectin. 

Pectinal,  pek'ti-nal,  a.  [L.  pecten,  a  comb. 
Pecten.]  Pertaining  to  a  comb;  resem- 
bling a  comb.  —  Pectinate,  Pectinated, 
pek'ti-nat,  pek'ti-na-ted,  a.  [L.  peciina- 
tus.]  Having  resemblance  to  the  teeth 
of  a  comb;  toothed  like  a  comb ;  serrated. 
— Pectinately,  pek'ti-nat-li,  a.  Like  the 
teeth  of  a  coynb.- Pectination,  pek-ti-nii'- 
shon,  71.  The  state  of  being  pectinated; 
what  is  pectinated^  —  Pectinibranchiate, 
pek-tin'i^iang"ki-at,  a.  and  n.  Having 
pectinated  gills,  as"  certain  molluscs;  an 


Fate, far,  fat,  f {ill}     m^i  met,  ber;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,. mOvei    tabe#  tub,  b\jlj;     oil, pound;     n,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr. «. 


PECTORAL 


493 


PELARGOMTTW^ 


animal  of  this  kind.  —  Pectlnlform,  pek- 
tia'i-f  orm,  a.    Resembling  a  comb  in  form. 

Pectoral,  pek't5-ral,  a.  [L.  pectoralis,  from 
pectus,  pectoris,  the  breast.]  Pertaining 
to  the  breast. — Pectoral  fins,  the  two  fore 
fins  of  a  fish,  situated  near  the  gills.— ». 
A  covering  or  protection  for  the  breast^  a 
breastplate;  the- breastplate  of  the  Jewish 
high-priest;  a  medicine  for  complaints  of 
the  chest;  a  pectoral  fln.— PeotoriloqulEm, 
pek-to-ril'o-kwizm,n.  [li.pectus,  ajid  loquor, 
to  speak.]  A  speaking  from  the  chest. — Pec- 
toriloquy, pek-to-ril'o-kwi,  n.  A  phase  of 
disease  in  wliich  the  patient's  voice  seems 
to  proceed  irom  the  point  of  the  chest  on 
Y'hich  the  ear  or  a  stethoscope  is  placed, 
as  in  consumptive  persons. 

Pectoae,  Fectoos.    Under  Pectic. 

P>:-culate,  pek'a-lat,  v.i.-^eculated,  vecrda- 
ting.  [Ii.  peculor,  peculatus,  to  steal,  from 
pecvlium,  private  property,  from  pecu, 
cattle,  in  which  wealth  originally  consis- 
ted; cog.  E.  fae.  Peculiar,  Pecuniaky.] 
To  appropriate  public  money,  or  goods  in- 
trusted to  one's  care;  to  embezzle.— Pecu- 
lation, pek-u-la'shon,  n.  The  act  of  pecu- 
lating; embezzlement.— Peculator,  pek'U- 
lartfer,  n.    One  who  peculates. 

Peculiar,  p5-kQ'li-6r,  a.  [L.  pecidiaris, 
one's  own,  pecxiliar,  extraordinary,  from 
peculium,  one's  own  property.  Peculate.] 
One's  own;  of  private,  personal,  or  char- 
acteristic possession  and  use;  specially  he- 
longii)g  (peculiar  to  that  part  of  the 
country);  singular;  striking;  unusual;  ec- 
centric.— n.  A  particular  parish  or  church 
which  has  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction  with- 
in itself.— Peculiarity,  p6-ka'li-ar"i-ti,  w. 
The  quality  of  being  peculiar;  that  which 
is  peculiar  to  a  person  or  thing;  a  special 
characteristic  or  feature.— Peculiarize,  p5- 
ka'li-6r-iz,  v.t.—pecuUarized,  pecuHarizing. 
To  make  peculiar;  to  set  apart;  to  appro- 
priate.—Peculiarly,  p5-kQ'h-6r-U,  adv.  In 
a  peculiar  manner;  especially ;  in  a  manner 
not  common  to  others.— Peciiliarnesa,  pe- 
ka'li-6r-nes,  n. 

Pecuniary,  pe-k-a'ni-a-ri,  a.  [Fr.~  pecuni- 
aire,  L.  pecuniarius,  from  pecunia,  money, 
from  pgcw,  cattle.  Peculate.]  Relating 
to  or  connected  with  money;  consisting  of 
money.  —  Pdcuniarlly,  pe-ka'ni-a-ri-li,  a. 
In  a  pecuniary  manner. 

Pedagogue,  ped'a-gog,  n.  [Gr.  paidagopoa 
—pais,  paidosj  a  child,  and  agO,\o  lead.  J  A 
teacher  of  children;  a  schoolmaster:  now 

fenerally  by  way  of  contempt. — Pedagogic, 
edagogical,  ped-a-goj'ik,  ped-ia-goj'i-kal, 
a.  Resembling  or  belonging  to  a  peda- 
gogue.—Pedagogics,  ped-a-goj'iks,  n.  The 
8.cience  or  art  of  teaching.  —  Pedagoglsm, 
ped'a-gog-izm,  n.  The  business  or  man- 
ners of  a  pedagogue.— Pedagogy,  ped'a-go- 
ji,  n.    The  art  or  office  of  a  pedagogue. 

Pedal,  pe'dal,  a.  [L.  pedalis,  belonging  to 
the  foot,  from  pes,  pedis,  the  foot,  seen 
alsoin pedestal,  pedestrian, biped, quadrvr- 
ped,  centipede,  expedite,  impede,  dispatch, 
«c.  Foot.]  Pertaining  to  a  foot  (pedal 
digits) ;  mua.  relating  to  a  pedal.— n.  A 
lever  to  be  pressed  down  by  the  foot;  a 
sort  of  treadle;  a  part  of  a  musical  instru- 
ment acted  on  by  the  feet,  as  in  the  piano 
for  strengthening  or  softening  the  sound; 
on  the  organ  for  opening  additional  sets 
of  pipes;  on  the  harmonium  for  working 
the  bellows,  &c.  —  Pedal-bass,  n.  Mua. 
Oroan-point.  —  Pedal-note,  n.  Mua.  a 
holding-note,  generally  the  dominant. 

Pedant,  ped'ant,  n.  [Fr.  p4dant.  It.  Sp, 
and  Pg.  pedante,  for  pedagogante,  from  h. 
poedagogans,  pcedagogantia,  ppr.  of  pteda^ 
COfl'o,  to  educate.  Pedagogue.]  Ai^erson 
who  makes  a  vain  display  of  his  learning, 
or  who  prides  himself  on  his  book-lear- 
ning but  is  devoid  of  taste;  one  devoted  to 
a  system  of  rules. — Pedantic,  Pedantical, 
p5-dan'tik,  p5-dan'ti-kal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  pedant  or  to  pedantry.- Pedantically, 
pS-dan'ti-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  pedantic  man- 
ner.—Pedantry,  ped'ant-ri,  n.  The  man- 
ners or  character  of  a  pedant;  ostentation 
or  boastful  display  of  learning;  obstinate 
adherence  to  rdles  or  Established  forms. 

Pedate,  ped'at,  a.  [L.  pedatus,  from-  pes, 
cedis,  the  foot.  Pedal.]  Having  divisions 
like  toes;  dividedJnto  distinct  lobes;  bat. 
applied  to  certain  palmate  leaves.  —  Fe- 


datlfid,  pg-dat'i-fld,  a.  [I/,  findo,  fidi,  to 
divide.]    £ot.  divided  in  a  pedate  manner. 

Peddle,  pedl,  v.i.— peddle,  peddling.  [From 
Prov.  E.  ped  or  pad,  a  wicker  basket,  a 
pannier,  akin  to  pod.  Hence  pedlar.]  To 
travel  about  the  country  and  reta,il  gmall 
wares ;  to  go  about  as  a  pedlar;  to  be  en- 
gaged in  a  small  business;  to  trifle.— «.<. 
To  sell  or  retail  in  small  quantities  while 
travelling  about.  —  Peddler,  ped'lfer,  n. 
One  who  peddles.    Pedlar. 

Pedestal,  ped'es-tal,  n.  [Sp.  pedestal,  Pr. 
piedestal.  It.  piedestallo,{iora.Xi.  pes,  pedis. 
the  foot,  and  d.  and  E.  stall.]  A  oasement 
or  support  for  a  column,  a  statue,  a  vase, 
&c.  ■ 

Pedestrian,  p5-des'tri-an,  a.  [h.  pedesttis, 
from  pes,  pedis, the  ioot.  Pedal.]  Going 
on  foot;  performed  on  foot;  walking. — re. 
One  that  walks  or  journeys  on  foot;  a  re- 
markable walker.— Pedeotrlanism,  pg-des'- 
tri-an-izm,  w.'  The  practice  of  walking; 
the  art  of  a  professional  walker. 

Pedicel,  ped'i-sel,  n.  [From  pedieellus,  a 
form  equivalent  to  L.  pediculus,  dim.  of 
pea,  pe^is,  the  foot.  Pedal.]  Bot.  the^ 
stalk  that  supports  a  single  flower,  leaf, 
&c.;  any  short  small  footstalk;  zool.  a  foot- 
stalk by  which  certain  animals  of  the 
lower  orders,  as  zoophytes,  &c.,  are  at- 
tached.—Pedicellate,  ped'i-sel-at,  o.  Hav- 
ing a  pedicel.— Pedicle,  ped'i-kl,  n.  Pedi- 
cel. 

Pedicular,  Pediculous,  pe-dik'a-lgr,  pe-dik'- 
iX-hi8,  a.  [L.  pediculus,  a  louse.]  Lousy; 
having  the  lousy  distemper. 

Pedigeroua,  pe-dij'6r-us,  a.  [L.  pes,  pedis, 
a  foot,  and  gero,  to  bear.]  Having  feet  or 
legB;  furnished  with  foot-like  organs. 

Pedigree,  ped'i-gre,  n.    [Perhaps  from  Pr. 

■  par  degres,  by  degrees  or  steps.]    A  line  of 

'ancestors;  lineage;  a  genealogy;  a  gene- 
alogical or  family  tree. 

Pedunaiious,  pe-dim'a-nus,  a.  [L.  pes,  pe- 
d,is,  the  foot,  an^manjia,  the  hand.]  Hav- 
ing the  foot  hand-shaped,  as  monkeys. 

Pediment,  ped'i-ment,  n.  [From  L.  pes, 
pedia,  the  foot.]  Arch,  the  low  triangular 
mass  resembling  a  gable  at  the  end  of 
buildings  in  the  Greek  stylo,  sur.-ounded 
with  a  cornice,  and  often  ornamented  with 
sculptures;  a  small  gable  or  trianguljir 
decoration  like  a  gable  over  a  window,  a 
door,  &c.  —  Pedimental,  ged'i-men-tal,  a- 
Relating  to  a  pediment. 

Pedlar,  Pedler,  ped'i6r,  n.    [Properly  ped- 

.  dler,  from  peddle.]  A  petty  dealer  that 
carries  his  wares  with  him;  a  travelling 
chapman.— Pedlary,  Pedlary,  ped'l6r-i,  n. 
Pedlar's  wares;  the  employment  of  a  ped- 
lar. 

Pedobaptism,  pg-do-bap' tizm,  n     PJsdo- 

BAPTISM. 

Pedometer,  pe-dom'et-Sr,  n.  [L.  pes,  pedis, 
the  foot,  and  Gr.  metron,  measure.]  An 
instrument  (often  resembling  a  watch)  by 
which  paces  are  numbered  as  a  person 
walks,  and  the  distance  thus  ascertained. 
_,  Pedometrio,  Pedometrlcal,  pe-do-met'- 
rik,  pe-do-met'rl-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
pedometer. 

Pedomotive,  p5'do-m5-tiv,  a.  [L.  pes,  pedis, 
the  foot,  and  E.  motive.]  Moved  or  worked 
by  the  foot  or  the  feet. 

Peduncle,  p5-diing'kl,  n.  [Prom  L.  pes, 
pedis,  a  foot.]  Bot.  the  stalk  that  sup- 
ports the  fructification  Of  a  plant,  i.e.  the 
flower  and  fruit;  zool.  the  stem  or  stalk 

•by  which  certain ,  brachiopods,  &c.,  are 
attached.— Peduncular,  l>S-dung'ka-ler,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  peduncle;  gro^ving  from 
a  i>eduncle.— Pedunculate,  Pedunculated, 
pg-dung'ka-lat,  pe-dung'ku-la-ted,  a.  Hav- 
ing a  peduncle;  growing  on  a  peduncle. 

Peel,  Peel-tower,  pel,  n.  [W.  pill,  a  tower, 
a  fortress.]  A  name  of  certain  strong 
square  towers  or  strongholds  common  on 
the  Scottish  borders. 

Peel,  pel,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  peilei'  (Ft.  peler),  to 
peel,  from  L.  pellis,  the  skin  (cog.  with  E. 
fell,' a,  skin),  whence  also  pellicle,  peltry, 
pelisse,  &c.]  To  strip  the  skiif,  bark,  or 
rind  from;  to  strip  bj;  drawing  or  tearing 
off  the  skin;  to  decorticate;  to  strip  (bcJrlc) 
from  the  surface.— f.i.  To  lose  the  skin  or 
rind :  to  fall  off  (as  bark  or  skin).— re.  The 
skin  or  rind  of  anything.— Peeler,  pel'fir, 
re.    One  that  peels. 


Peel,  pel,  n.  [Pr.  peUe,  from  L.'  pala,  a 
spade.l  A  wooden  shovel  used  by  bakers 
to  put  their  bread  in  and  take  it  out  of 
the  oven.  .  «g!i 

Peep,  pep,  v.i.^  [Imitative  of  sound,  like 
D.  and  G.  piepen,  Dan.  pippe,  L.  pipio, 
Gr.  pippizo,  to  chirp;  the  other  meaning 
is  supposed  to  have  oeen  suggested  from 
the  chicken's  peep  or  chirp  closely  ac- 
companying its  peeping  from  the  shell.] 
To  cry,  as  chickens;  to  cheep;  to  chirp; 
to  begin  to  appear;  to  look  through  a 
crevice;  to  look  narrowly,  closely,  or  slyly. 
— re.  The  cry  of  a  chicken;  a  sly  look,  or 
a  look  through  a  crevice.  —  Peep  of  day, 
the  dawn  or  daybreak.— Peeper,  pep'6r, 
n.  One  that  peeps.— Peep-hole,  Peeping- 
bole,  n.  A  hole  through  which  one  may 
peep  without  being  discovered.  —  Peep- 
show,  n.  A  show  of  small  pictures  viewed 
through  a  hole  fitted  with  a  magnifying 
lens. 

Peer,  p6r,  n.  [Lit.  an  equal;  O.Fr.  peer, 
pet,- par  (Pr.  pair),  from  L.  par,  equal 
Pair.]  One  of  the  same  rank,  qualities, 
or  the  like ;  an  equal ;  a  match ;  a  com- 
panion; an  associate;  a  member  of  one  of 
the  five  degrees  of  nobility  (duke,  mar- 
quis, earl,  viscount,  baron);  a  nobleman; 
—House  of  Peer  J;  the  House  of  Lords. -~ 
Peerage,  per'AJ,  re.  The  rank  or  dignity 
of  a  peer;  the  body  of  peers.  —  Peeress, 
per'es,  re.  The  consort  of  a  peer;  a  woman 
ennobled  by  descent,  by  creation,  or  by 
marriage.  —  Peerless,  per'les,  a.  Un- 
equalled; having  no  pser  or  equal.— Peer- 
lessly, per'les-li,  adv.  In  a  peerless  man- 
ner.— Feerlessness,  pfir'les-nes,  adv. 

Peer,  per,  v.i.  [O.Fr.  perer,  parHr,  from 
L.  pareo,  to  appear;  same  as  -pear  in  ap- 
pear; or  from  L.G.  piren,  to  pecr.J  To 
come  just  in  sight;  to  appear  (Shak.);  to 
look  narrowly;  to  pry;  to  peep.   • 

Peevish,  pe'vish,  o.  [Comp.  Dan.  piasve,  to 
cry  like  a  child;  Sc.  pevo,  pyow,  a  sound  of 
complaint.]  Apt  to  mutter  and  complain; 
easily  vexed  or  fretted;  fretful;  quenilous; 
seli-wiUed;  froward.  —  Peevishly,  pg'vish- 
li,  adv.  In  a  peevish  manner.  —  Peevish- 
nesB,  pg'vish-nes,  re.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  peevish;  fretfulness. 

Peewit,  pg'wit,  re.  [From  its  cry,]  Tho 
lapwing. 

Peg,  peg,  ru  [Perhaps  from  the  Celtic; 
comp.  W.  pegor,  pegwn,  a  pivot,  pig, 
something  sharp;  allied  probably  to  E. 
peak,  pick.]  A  small  pointed  piece  of 
wood  used  in  fastening  things  together; 
one  of  the  pins  on  a  musical  instrument 
for  stretching  the  strings;  a  pin  on  which 
to  bang  anything.  —  To  take  one  dovm  a 
peg,  to  humiliate  hira.— v.t.— pegged,  peg- 
ging. To  put  pegs  into  for  the  purpose  of 
fastening ;  to  fasten  on  the  sole  of  (a  shoe) 
with  pegs.— v.i.  To  work  diligently:  gene- 
rally followed  by  away  or  ore.  [Colloq.]— 
Pegger,  peg'gr,  re.  One  that  pegs.— Peg- 
top,  re.    A  child's  toy;  a  variety  of  top. 

Pegasus,  peg'a-sus,  re.  The  winged  horse 
of  Greek  mythology,  often  regarded  as  the 
horse  of  the  Muses,  and  hence  connected 
with  poets  and  poetry.— Pegasean,  pe-ga'» 
s5-an,  a.   Pertaining  to  Pegasus;  poetical. 

Peiramster,  pi-ram'et-gr,  re.  [Gr.  peira,  a 
trial,  and  metron,  a  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  ascertaining  the  resistance  which 
the  surfaces  of  roads  offer  to  wheeled  car- 
riages, &c.— Pairastlc,  pi-ras'tik,  o.  [Gr. 
peirasiikos.]    Making  trial;  tentative. 

Pejorative,  po'ior-a-tiv,  re.  [L.  pejor,  worse.] 
Conveying  a  depreciatory  meaning. — re.  A 
word  conveying  such  a  meaning  (poetaster 
is  a  pejorative  of  poet). 

Pekan,  pe'kan,  n.  A  species  of  North  Amer- 
ican marten. 

Pekoe,  pe'ko,  n.  [Chinese,  lit.  white  down.] 
A  fine  black  tea. 

Pelagian,  pe-la'ji-an,  re.  A  follower  of  Pe- 
lagius,  a  British  monk  of  the  fourth  cen- 
tury, who  denied  original  sin,  and  asserted 
the  doctrine  of  free-will  and  the  merit  of 
good  works.— o.  Pertaining  to  Pelagius 
and  his  doctrines.  —  Pelagianism,  'pe-la'ji- 
an-izm,  re.    The  doctrines  of  Pelagius. 

Pelagic,  pe-laj'ik-,  a.  [Gr.  pelagos,  the 
ocean.]  Belonging  to  the  ocean;  inhabit- 
ing the  open  ocean. 

Pelargonium,  pel-ar-go'ni-um,  re.     [From 


ch,  eftain;     eh,  Sc.  loch;  _e,  go;     j,  job;     i.Fi.  Urn;  ^Tig,angi^Ta,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;     wh,  wftig;     zh,  asure.- 


PELASGIAN 


494 


PENICIL 


Gr  pelargoa,  a  stork— from  the  eh&pe  of 
the  capsules.]  Stork's-bill,  an  estensive 
genus  of  highly  ornamental  plants,  usually 
called  Geraniums.    Geranium. 

Pelasglan,  Pelasgic,  pe-las'jl-an,  pe-las'jik, 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  Pelasgians  or  Pelas- 
gi^rehistoric  inhabitants  of  Greece,  &o. 
—Pelasgic  architecture,  Felcisgic  buUding. 
Cyclopeajt. 

Pelecan;  pel'i-kan,  n.    Peucak. 

Pelerine,  pel'6r-in,  n.  [Fr.,  from  pelerin,  a 
pilgrim.  Pilgrim.]  A  lady's  long  cape 
or  fur-tippet. 

Pelf,  pelf,  n.  [O.Fr.  peZ/re,  spoil,  booty, 
from  L.  pUare,  to  rob,  and  facere,  to  make. 
Pilfer.]  Money;  riches;  filthy  lucre:  a 
contemptuous  term. 

Pelican,  pel'i-kan,  n.  [From  L.  pdicanus, 
Gr.  pelekanos,  a  pelican,  from  pelekys,  a 
hatcnet— f  rom  shape  of  bill.]  A  web-footed 
bird,  larger  than  the  swan,  with  a  very 
large  biU,  and  beneath  the  under  man- 
dible a  huge  pouch  for  holding  fish. 

Pelisse,  i)e-les',  n.  [Pr.  pelisse,  from  L. 
pelliceus,  made  of  skins,  from  pellis,  a 
skin.  Peel,  ».i.]  Originally  a  garment 
lined  or  trimmed  with  fur;  now  a  robe  of 
silk  or  other  materjiil  worn  by  ladies- 
Pell,  pel,  n.  •  [L.  pellis,  a  skin.  Peel,  v.f] 
A  skin  or  hide;  a  roll  of  parchment. 

Pellagra,  pe-la'gra,  n.  [Gr.  pella,  skin,  and 
agra,  seizure.]  An  endemic  disease  of  the 
nature  of.  leprosy,  particularly  noticed 
among  the  Milanese.^PeUagrin,  pe-lag'- 
rin,  n.    One  afflicted  with  pellagra. 

Pellet,  pel'et,  n.  [Fr.  pelote,  from  L.L.  pil- 
ota,  peloia,  dim.  of  L.  pita,  a  ball.  Pile 
(heap).]  A  little  ball;  one  of  the  globules 
of  small  shot.-^.fc  To  form  into  pellets. — 
Pelleted;  pel'et-ed,  p.  and  a.  Consisting 
of  pellets;  made  of  pellets. 

Pellicle,  pel'i-kl,  m.  [L.  pelticula,  dim.  of 
pellis,  skin.  Peel,  f.i.]  Atliinskinorfilm 
on  a  surface;  bot.  the  outer  cuticular  cov- 
ering of  plants.  —  Pellicular,  pel-Uk'u-ler, 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  pellicle;  constituted 
by  a  pellicle  or  pellicles. 

PelUtory,  pel'i-to-ri,  n.  f  A  corruption  of  L. 
parietaria,  lit.  the  wall  plant,  from  paries, 
parietis,  a  wall.]  A  name  of  several  Brit- 
ish plants. 

Pell-mell,  pel'mel,  adv.  [Fr.  vele-mile,  from 
pslle  (L.  poia),  a  shovel,  and  rrwler,  to  mix 
(MedliJy)-.]  With  confused  violence;  in  a 
disorderly  body;  in  utter  confusion. 

Pellucid,  pel-lu'sifl,  a.  [L.  pellucidus-^el, 
for  per,  through,  and  lucidus,  bright. 
LociD.]  Transparent;  admitting  the  pas- 
sage of  light:  translucent;  not  opaque. — 
Pellucidity,  Pellucidness,  pel-lu-sid'i-ti, 
pel-lti'sid-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  pellucid.— Pellucidly,  pel-la'sid-li, 
adv.    In  a  pellucid  manner. 

Pelopotmesian,  pero-pon-ne"si-an,  o.  Be- 
longing to  Peloponnesus,  or  the  southern 
peninsula  of  Greece. 

Peloria,  p6-lo'ri-a,  n.  [Gr.  pel6r,  a  monster;] 
Bot.  regularity  of  structure  in  the  flowers 
of  plants  which  normally  bear  irregular 
flowers.— Peloric,  pe-lor'ik,  o.  Character- 
ized by  peloria. 

Pelt,  pelt,  n.  [Shortened  from  peltrpj  from 
L.  pe/Us,  a  skin.  PEEL,w.t]  The  skin  of  a 
beast  with  the  hair  on  it;  a  raw  hide.— 
Pelt-monger,  n.  A  dealer  in  pelts.— Pel- 
try, pel'tri,  n.  [Fr.  pelletrie.]  Pelts  col- 
lectively: usually  applied  to  the  skins  of 
fur-bearing  animals  in  the  raw  state. 

Pelt,  pelt,  v.t.  [O.E.  p«Zten,  probably  from 
L.  puliare,  to  strike  or  knock,  from  pello, 
to  drive.  Pulse.]  To  strike  or  assail 
with  something  thrown  or  driven;  to  drive 
by  throwing  something.— w.i.  To  throw 
missiles. — n.  A  blow  or  stroke  from  some- 
thing thrown.  —  Peltei:,  pel'ter,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  pelts. 

Peltate,  Peltated,  pel'tat,  pel'ta-ted,  a.  [L. 
pelta,  a  target.]  Shield-shaped;  l>ot.  fixed 
to  the  stalk  by  the  centre  or  by  some  point 
distinctly  within  the  margin.— Peltately, 
pel'tat-li,  adv.  In  a  peltate  manner.— 
Peltatifid,  pel-tat 'i-fid,  a.  Bot.  peltate 
and  cut  into  subdivisions.— Peltiform.pel'- 
ti-form,  a.    Shield-shaped. 

leltry,  pel'tri, n.    Under  Pelt, n. 

Pelvis,  pel'vis,  n.  [L.  peZvwrjabasin.]  Anai. 
the  bony  cavity  of  the  body  constituting  a 
framework  for  the  lower  part  of  the  abdo- 


men.—Pelvic,  pel'vik,  o.    Pertaining  to 

the  pelvis. 

Pemmican,  pem'i-kah,  n.  '[North  Alner.. 
Indian.]  A  North  American  Indian  pre- 
paration consisting  of  the  lean  of  venison 
dried,  pounded  into  a  paste,  and  pressed 
into  cakes  sp  that  it  wiU  keep  long;  beef 
dried  and  similarly  preserved. 

Pemphigus,  i>em'fi-gus,  n.  [Gr.  pempMx, 
pemphigos,  a  bubble.]  A  disease  of  the 
skin,  consisting  in  an  eruption  of  vesicles 
or  pustules. 

Pen,  pen,  n.  [O.Fr.  penne,  a  pen,  a  feather, 
from  L.  penna,  a  feather,  for  pesna,  from 
root  seen  in  Gr.  petomai,  to  fly,  aiid  in 
E.  feather:  Feather.]  A  quill  or  large 
feather t;  an  instruinent  used  for  writing 
by  means  of  a  fluid  ink;  formerly  almost 
always  made  of  the  quill  of  «ome  large 
bird,  but  now  commonly  of  metal ;  a  writer; 
a  penman;  style  or  quality  of  writing;  the 
internal  bone  of  some  cuttle-fishes. — v.t. — 
l)enned,  penning.  Tct  write ;  to  compose 
and  commit  to  paper.— Pen-and-ink,  o. 
Literary ;  done  with  a  pen  and  ink,  as  a 
drawing  or  sketch. — Pen-case,  n.  A  case 
or  holder  for  a  pen.— Pen-holder,  n.  The 
stalk  and  attached  appliance  for  holding 
pen-points.— Penknife,  pen'niJ,n.  Asmau 
pocket-knife,  so  called  from  its  former 
use  in  making  and  mending  quill-pens. — 
Penman,  pen'man,  n.  pi.  Penmen,  pen'- 
men.  A  caUigrapher;  an  author;  a  writer. 
— Penmanship;  pen'man-ship,  n.  The  use 
of  the  pen;  the  art  of  writing;  manner  of 
writing. 

Pen,pen,i).t.— i)en«e(forpen<,pe»ini»H;.  [Lit. 
to  fasten  with  a  pin;  O.E.  pinne,  to  bolt; 
A.  Sax.  onpirmian,  to  bolt  in;  L.G.  pinnen, 
pennen,  to  shut,  to  bolt.]  To  shut  in  a 
small  inciosure;  to  coop  up;  to  encage. — 
n.  A  small  inciosure,  as  for  cows,  sheep, 
fowls,  &c.;  a  fold;  a  coop. 

Penal,  pe'nal,  a.  .[Fr.  penal,  from  L.  p&- 
ndZia,  from  pQ?na,pain,  punishment.  Pain.J 
Pertaining  to  punishment;  enacting  pun- 
ishment; inflicting  punishment;  incurring 
or  entailing  punishment.— PenoJ  code,  a 
code  or  ^stem  of  laws  relating  to  the 
punishment  of  crimes. — Penal  laws,  laws 
which  prohibit  an  act  and  impose  a 
penalty  for  the  commission  of  it.— Penal 
servittuie,  a  species  of  punishment  in 
Britain,  consisting  in  imprisonment  for  a 
series  of  years,  with  hard  labour,  at  cer- 
tain penal  establishments.— Penally,  p6'- 
nal'-li,  adv.  In  a  penal  manner.— Penalty, 
pen'al-ti,  n.  The  punishment  annexed  to 
the  commission  of  a  crime,  offence,  or 
trespass;  the  suffering  to  which  a  person 
subjects  himself  by  agreement,  in  case  of 
non-fulfilment  of  stipulations;  the  sum 
forfeited  for  nou- compliance  with-  an' 
agreeinent. 

Penance,  pen'ans,  n. .  [O.Fr.  penance,pene- 
anee,  from  L.  pcenitentia,  repentance,  from 
^poeniiev^,  penitent;  it  is  a  doublet  of.  peni- 
tence. Pain.]  An  ecclesiastical  punish- 
ment imposed  for  sin;  the  suffering  to 
which  a  person  voluntarily  subjects  him- 
self as  an  expression  of  penitence. 

Penannolar,  pen-an'nu-16r,  a.  [L.  pene, 
almost,  and  anntdus,  a  ring.]  Nearly  an- 
nular; having  nearly  the  form  of  a  ring. 

Penates,  p6-na't5z,  n.  pi.  [L.]  The  house- 
hold gods  of  the  ancient  Romans,  includ- 
ing the  lares. 

Pence,  pens,  n.    The  plural  of  penny. 

Penchant,  pSn-shan,  n.  [Fr.,  from  pencher, 
to  incline.]  Strong  inclination;  decidea 
taste;  liking;  bias. 

Pencil,  pen'sil,  n.  [O.Fr.  pincel,  a  hair 
I)eucil,  a  brush;  from  L,  peniceUus,  dim. 
of  penis,  a  tail.]  A  small  delicate  brush 
used  by  painters  for  laying  on  their  pig- 
ments; an  instrument  for  marking,  draw- 
ing, or  writing,  formed  of  graphite, 
coloured  chalk,  or  the  Uke;  often  a  lead- 
pencil;  optics,  an  aggregate  of  rays  of  light 
which  converge  to  or  diverge  from  the 
same  ■point.— v.t— pencilled,  pencilling.  To 
write  or  mark  with  a  pencil. — Pencilled, 
pen'sild,  p.  and  a.  Painted,  drawn,  or 
marked  with  a  pencil;  delicately  marked. 

Pendant,  pen'dant,  n.  [Fr.  pendant,  hang- 
ing, what  hangs,  a  counterpart,  from  per^ 
dre,  L.  pendert,  to  hang,  which,  with  the 
allied  pendo,  to  wej?h.,  appears  in  pensile. 


pendulum,  depend,  impend,  expif^t^'com- 
penaation,  compendium,  &c.]  Anything 
hanging  down  by  way  of  ornament,  as  a 
jewel  at  the  ear,  an  ear-ring,  &c.;  naut.  a 
flag  borne  at  the  mast-head  of  certain 
ships,  of  two  kinds— the  long  pendant  anti 
the  broad  peTidant;  an  apparatus  hanging 
from  a  roof  or  celling  for  giving  light  by 
gas:  one  of  a  pair  of  companion  pictures, 
statues,  -ifec. ;  an  appendix  or  addition ; 
arch,  a  hanging  ornament  used  in  the 
vaults  and  timoer  roofs  of  Gothic  archi- 
tecture.—Pendency,  pen'den-si,  n.  State 
of  being  pendent  or  suspended;  the  state 
of  being  continued  as  not  yet  decided. — 
Pendent,  peu'dent,  a.  [L.  pendens,  pen- 
dentiSf  hanging,  from  pendeo,  to  hang.] 
Eangrng;  suspended;  depending;  over- 
hanging; projecting.— «.  Something  pen- 
dent or  hanging.— Pendentive,  pen-den'- 
tiv,  n.  [Fr.  pendentif.]  Arch,  the  part 
of  a  groined  ceiling  springing  from  one 

SiUar  or  impost.  —  Pendently,  pen'dent- 
,  adv.  In  a  pendent  or'  projecting  man- 
ner. —  Pending,  pen'ding,  p.  and  a.  De- 
pending; remaining  undecided;  not  ter- 
minated.— prep.  [A  participle  converted 
into  a  preposition,  like  during.']  For  the 
time  of  the  continuance  of;  during. 

Fendragon,  peu-drag'on,  n.  [W.  pen,  a 
head,  and  dragon,  a  leader.]  A  chief  leader, 
a  title  among  the  ancient  British. 

Pendulous,  pen'du-lus,  a.  [L.  pendulus, 
from  i>endeo,  to  hang.  Pekdant.]  Hang- 
ing so  as  to  swing  freely;  loosely  pendent; 
swinging.— Pendulousness.pen'dtl-lus-nes, 
n.  The  state  of  being  pendulous. — Pendu- 
lum ,  pen'du-lum  ,n.  [Lit.  what  hangs  down, 
from  L.  pendulus.]  A  body  so  suspended 
from  a  fixed  point  as  to  swing  to  and  fro 
by  the  alternate  action  of  gravity  and 
momentum;  the  swinging  piece  in  a  clock 
serving  as  the  reg^ulating  power,  the  wheel- 
work  being  attached  to  register  the  num- 
ber of  vibrations,  and  the  weight  or  spring 
serving  to  counteract  the  effects  of  friction 
and  resistance  of  the  air. — Compensation 
pendulum.    Compensation.    ' 

Penetrate,  pen'e-trat,  v.t. — penetrated,  pene- 
trating. [L.  penetro,  penetratiim,  to  pene-' 
trate;  root  pen,  denoting,  internality,  and 
tra,  to  go.]  To  enter  or  .pierce ;  to  make 
way  into  the  interior  of;  to  pass  into  or 
affect  the  mind  of;  to  touch;  to  pierce  into 
by  the  intellect;  to  arrive  at  the  inner 
meaning  of;  to  understand. — v.t.  To  enter 
into  or  pierce  anything;  to  pass  or  make 
wat  in.— Penetrating,  pen'e-trat-ing,  p. 
and  a.  Having  the  power  of  entering  or 
piercing;  sharp;  acute;  discerning.— Pene- 
tratingly, pen 'e-trat-irig-li, 'adv.  In  a 
penetrating  manner..— Penetration,  pen-e- 
tra'shon,  n.  The  act  of  penetrating;  a 
seeing  into  something  obscure  or  diflicult; 
discemment;_mentalacutenes8.— PenetrsU 
tive,  pen'e-tra-tiv,  a.  Sharp;  subtle;  acute; 
discerning.  —  Peuetrativenesa,  pen'e-tra- 
ti v-nes,  n. — Penetrable,  pen'e-tra-bl,  a.  [L. 
penetrabilis.]  Capable  of  being  penetrated, 
entered,  or  pierced  b^  another  body;  sus- 
ceptible of  moral  or  intellectual  impres- 
sion.—Penetrableness,Penetrability,pen'i 
e-tra-bl-nes,  pen'e-tra-bil"i-ti,  n.  State  of 
being  penetrable.— Penetrably,  pen'e-tra- 
bli,  adv.  In  a  penetrable  manner;  so  as  to 
lae  penetrable.— Penetralia,  pen'e-tra"li-a, 
n.  pi.  [L.,  from  peneiralis,  internal.]  The 
inner  parts  of  a  building,  as  of  a  temple  or 
palace;  a  sanctuary;  hidden  things.— Pene- 
trance, Penetrancy,  pen'e-trans,  pen'e- 
tran-si,  n.  The  quality  of  being  pene- 
trant.—Penetrant,  pen'e-trant,  a.  Having 
the  power  to  penetrate  or  pierce.- 

Penfold,  pen'fold,  n.    Pinfolt). 

Penguin,  pen'gwin,  n.  [From  prov.  E.  pen- 
uiing  or  pinmng  (the  wing  bearing  the 
pen*  or  quills),  the  outer  joint  of  the  wing 
of  a  fowl,  so  that  the  name  would  mean  a 
bird  with  a  wing  like  this,  or  a  wing  that 
has  the  quillfl  plucked  out.]  A  name  of 
BwimmiBg  birds  allied  to  the  auks  and 
guillemots,  having  mdimentai-y  wings 
useless  for  fliight,  hut  effective  in  swim- 
ming.-Pengninery,  pen-gwin'6r-i,  n.  A 
colony  of  penguins. 

Penicil,  pen'i-sil,  n.  [L.  peniciJZiM,  a  i>encil 
or  small  brush.  Pehciu]  A  tent  or  pled- 
get for  wounds  or  ulcers.  —  PenlciUate, 


Fate,  fu,  fat,  fgU;     mS,  met,  hte;     pine,  pin;     nSte,  not,  mOve;     tQbe,  tub,  bi;^;     oil,  pound;     fl,  Sc.  abime— th^  Fn  «. 


PENINSULA 


495 


PEOPLE 


Fenicillated,  pen-i-sil'at,  pen-i-sll'a-ted,  a. 
Bot.  consisting  of  a  bundle  of  short,  com- 
pact fibres  or  hairs;  eool.  supporting  bun- 
dles of  diverging  hairs. 
Peninsula,  pe-nin'su-la,  n.  [L.,  frora pene, 
almost,  and  insula,  an  island.]  A  portion 
of  land  almost  surrounded  bv  water,  and 
connected  with  the  mainland  by  an  isth- 
mus.—TAe  Peninsula,  Spain  and  Portugal 
together.  —  Peninsular,  pe-nin'sG-ler,  a. 
In  the  form  of  a  peninsula;  pertaining  to 
a  peninsula.  —  Peninsulate,  pe-nin'sQ-lat, 
v.t. — peninaulated,  peninaulating.  To  form 
into  a  peninsula. 

Penis,  penis,  n.    [L.]    The  male  organ  of 
generation. 

Penitence,  pen'i-tens,  n.  [Fr.  p<initence\ 
from  L.  pceniteniia,  repentance.  Penance 
is  the  same  word.  Penal.J  Sorrow  for 
the  commission  of  sin  or  offences;  repen- 
tance; contrition.— Penitency,  pen'i-ten-si, 
n.  •  Penitence.  —  Penitent,  pen'i-tent,  a, 
[L.  pcenitens,  repentant.]  Suffering  sor- 
row of  heart  on  account  of  sins  or  offences; 
contrite;  sorry  for  wrong-doing  and  re- 
solved on  amendment.  —  n.  One  who  is 
penitent;  one  under  church  censure,  but 
admitted  to  penance. -^Penitential,  pen-i- 
ten'shal,  a.  Pertaining  to,  proceeding 
from,  or  expressing  penitence.  —  Peni- 
tential psalms,  the  psalms  numbered  vi., 
xxxii.,  xxxviii.,  li.,  cii.,  cxxx.,  cxliii.  of 
the  authorized  version  of  the  Bible.  —  n. 
In  the  R.  Gath.  Ch.  a  book  containing  the 
rules  which  relate  to  penauce. — Peniten- 
tially,  pen-i-ten'shal-li,  adv.  In  a  peni- 
tential manner.— Penitentiary,  pen-i-ten'- 
sha-ri,  a.  Relating  to  penance.  —  n.  A 
penitent;  an  official  or  office  of  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  Church  connected  with  thfe 
granting  of  dispensations,  &c.;  a  house 
of  correction  in  which  offenders  are  con- 
fined for  punishment  and  reformation, 
and  compelled  to  labour.  —  Penitently, 
pen'i-tent-li,  adv.  In  a  penitent  manner. 
Penknife,  Penman,  &c.  Under  Pen. 
Pennant,  pen'ant,  n.  [From  pennon,  but  in-' 
fluenced  by  pendant.]  A  small  flag;  a  pen- 
non; a  pendant. 

Penuate,  Fennated,  pen'at,  pen'a-ted,  a. 
[L.  pennatus,  winged,  from  penna,  a  fea- 
ther.] Bot.  same  as  Pinnate. — Pennifonn, 
pen'i-form,  o.  Having  the  appearance  of 
the  barbs  of  a  feather.— Peimlgerous,  pe- 
nij'6r-us,  a.  Bearing  feathers  or  quills. 
Pennon,  pen'on,  n.  [Fr.  pennon,  from  L. 
penna,  a  feather,  a  plume.  Pen.]  Asmall 
pointed  flag  or  streamer  formerly  carried 
by  knights  attached  tt)  their  spear  or  lance, 
and  generally  bearing  a  badge  or  device; 
a  pennant.— Pennoncel,  Pennoncelle,  pen'- 
on-sel,n.  A  small  pennon. 
Penny,  pen'i,  n.  pi.  Pennies  or  Pence,  pen'- 
iz,  pens.  Pennies  denotes  the  number  of 
coins;  pence  the  amount  in  value.  [A.  Sax. 
penig,  pening,  pending  =1).  penning, Dsin. 
penge,  Icel.  penningr,  O.H.G.  p/enting,  G. 
pfennig;  perhaps  of  same  origin  as  pavm,  a 
pledge.  Pawn.]  A  bronze  (formerly  cop- 
per) coin,  of  which  there  are  twelve  in  the 
shilling;  an  insignificant  coin  or  value; 
money.— Penniless,  pen'i-les,  a.  Money- 
less; destitute  of  money;  poor.— Penniless- 
ness,  pen'i-les-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
penniless.  —  Penny-a-liner,  n.  A  person 
who  furnishes  matter  for  public  journals 
at  a  penny  a  line,  or  some  such  small 
price;  any  poor  writer  for  hire.— Penny- 
dog,  n.  A  lund  of  small  shark  or  dog-fish. 
Pennyroyal,  pen'i-i'oi-al,  n.  An  aromatic 
British  plant  of  the  mint  family. — Penny- 
wedding,  n.  A  wedding  where  the  guests 
contribute  toward  the  expenses  of  the  en- 
tertainment.—Pennsrweight,  pen'i-wat,  n. 
A  troy  weight  containing  24  grains— an- 
ciently the  weight  of  a  silver  penny.— 
Penny-wise,  a.  Saving  small  sums  at  the 
hazard  of  larger;niggardly  on  unimportant 
occasions:  generally  in  the  phrase  penny- 
wise  and  pound-foolish.'  —  Pennyworth, 
pen'i-w6rth,  n.  As  much  as  is  bought  for 
a  penny;  a  purchase;  a  bargain. 
Penology,,p5-nol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  poine,  ^n- 
ishment,and  Zoffos,  discourse.]  The  science 
which  treats  of  public  purrishments. 
Pensile,  pen'sU,  a.  [L.  pensilis,  from  pen- 
deo,  to  hang.  Pendant.]  Hanging;  sus- 
pended; pendulous. 


Pension,  pen'shon,  n.  [Fr.  pension,  from 
L.  pensio,  pensionis,  a  paying,  from  pendo, 
pensuni,  to  weigh,  to  pay  (wnence  expend, 
&c.).  Pendant.]  A  stated  allowance  to  a 
person  in  consideration  of  past  services;  a 
yearly  sum  granted  by  government  to  re- 
tired public  officers,  to  soldiers  or  sailors 
who  have  served  a  certain  number  of  years 
or  have  been  wounded,  or  others;  a  board- 
ing-house or  boarding-school  on  the  Con- 
tinent (in  thir  sense  pronounced  pan-se- 
on,  being  French).— «.<.  To  grant  a  pen- 
sion to.  —  Pensionary,  pen'shon-arn,  a. 
Keceiving  a  pension;  consistipg  in  a  pen- 
sion:— n.  A  person  who  receives  a  pension; 
a  pensioner.  —  Pensioner,  pen'shon-6r,  n. 
One  in  receipt'  of  a  pension;  a  dependant 
on  the  bounty  of  another;  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Cambridge,  one  who  pays  for  his 
commons  out  of  his  own  income,  the  same 
as  a  commoner  at  Oxford. 

Pensive,  pen'siv,  a.  [Fr.  penaif,  from  peti- 
ser,  to  think  or  reflect,  from  L.  pensare, 
to  weigh,  to  Consider,  a  freq.  from  pendo, 
pensum,  to  weigh.  Pendant.]  Thought- 
iful;  employed  in  serious  thought  or  reflec- 
tion; thoughtful  and  somewhat  melan- 
choly; expressing  though  tfulness  with 
sadness. — Pensively,  pen'siv-li,  adv:\  In  a 
pensive  manner.  —  rensivei^ss,  pen'siy- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  pen- 
sive. 

Penstock,  pen'stok,n.  [Pen,  an  inclosure, 
and  stock.]  A  trough,  tube,  or  conduit  of 
boards  for  conducting  water;  a  sluice 
above  a  water-wheel.  . 

Pent,  pent,  pp.  of  pert,  Pezmea  or  shut  .up; 
closely  confiiied. 

Pentachord,  pen'cs.-l£ord,  n.  [«r.  pente. 
five,  and  chords,  a  string.]  An  an.?ient 
Greek  •  instrument  of  music  with  five 
strings. 

Pentacle,  pen'ta-kl,  n.  [L.L.  pentaculwn, 
from  Gr.  pente,  five.]  A  figure  consisting 
of  five  straight  lines  so  joined  and  inter- 
secting as  to  form  a  five -pointed  star: 
formerly  a  mystic  sign  in  astrology  or 
necromancy. 

Pentacoccons,  pen-ta-kok'us,  a.  [Gr.  pente, 
five,  and  L.  coccus,  a  beiry.l  Bot.  having 
or  containing  five  grains  or  seeds. 

Fentacrinite,  pen-tak'ri-nit,  n.  [Gr.  pente, 
five,  krinon,  a  lily.]  A  five-armed  fossil 
encrinite. 

Pentadactylous,  pen-ta-dak'ti-lus,  o.  [Gr. 
pente,  five,  and  daktylos,  a  finger  or  toe.] 
Having  five  fingers  or  toes. 

Pentadelphons,  pen-ta-del'fus,  a.  [Gr. 
pente,  five,  and  adefphos,  brother.]  Bot. 
having  the  filaments  or  stamens  arranged 
in  groups  or  divisions  of  five. 

Pentaglot,  pen'ta-glot,  n.  [Gr..^ente,  five, 
and  glotta,  a  tongue.]  A  work  in  five  dif- 
ferent languages. 

Pentagon,  pen'ta-gon,  n,  [<Sr.  pente,  five, 
and  gOnia,  an  angle.]  Geom.  a  figure  of 
five  sides  and  five  angles;  if  the  sides  and 
angles  be  equal  it  is  a  regular  pentagon; 
otherwise,  irregular;  fort,  a  fort  with  five 
bastions.  —  Pentagonal,  pen-tag'on-al,  a. 
Having  five  comers  or  angles.— Pentagon- 
ally,  pen-tag 'on-al-U,  adv.  With  five  an- 
gles. 

Pentagram,  p«n.' ia-gram,  n.  [8r.  pente, 
five,  and  gramme,  a  line.]    A  pentacle. 

Pentagyn,  pen'ta-jin,  n.  [Gr.  pente,  five, 
and  gyne,  a  female.]  Bot.  a  plant  having 
five  styles.  —  Pentagynlan,  Pentagsmous, 
pen-ta-jin'i-an,  pen-taj'i-nus,  a.  Bot.  hav- 
ing five  styles. 

Pentahedron,  pen-ta-h§'dron,  n.  [Gr.  pente, 
five,  and  hedra,  a  side  or  base.]  A  solid 
having  five  equal  sides.  —  Pentahedral, 
pen-ta-he'dral,  a.    Having  five  equal  sides: 

Pentamerous,  pen-tam'er-us,  a.  [Gr.  pente, 
five,  and  meros,  a  part.]  Having  or  divi- 
ded into  five  parts;  zool.  having  five  joints 
to  the  tarsus  of  each  leg,  a  term  applied 
to  a  family  (Pentamera)  of  beetles.— Pen- 
tameran,  pen-tam'6r-an,  n.  A  pentamer- 
ous beetle. 

Pentameter,  pen-tam'et-6r,  n.  [Gr.  pente, 
five,  and  tnetron,  measure.]  Pros,  a  verse 
of  five  feet,  belonging  more  especially  to 
Greek  and  Latin  poetry,  the  two  first  feet 
being  either  dactyles  ov  spondees;  the 
third  always  a  spondee,  and  the  two  last 
anapests.— a.  Having  five  metrical  feet. 


Peutauder,  pen-tan'd6r,  n.  [Gr.  peniei-bve, 
and  aner,  a  man  or  maje.]  A  hermaphro- 
dite plant  having  five  stamens  with  dis- 
tinct filaments  not  connected  with  the 
pistil.— Pentandrous,  pen-tan'drus,  a.  Bot. 
having  five  &ta,mens  with  distinct  filaments 
not  connected  with  the  pistil. 
Pentangular,  pen-tang'gU-lfer,  a.  [Gr.  pente, 
five,  and  E.  angular.]  Having  five  angles. 
Pentapetalous,  pen-ta-pet'a-lus,  a.  [Gr. 
pente,  five,  and  petalon,  a  peial.]  Bot, 
having  five  petals. 

Pentaphyllous,  pen-taf'i-lus,  a.  [Gr.  pente, 
five,  phyllon,  a  leaf.]  Bot.  h&ving  five 
leaves. 

Pentarchy,  pen'tar-Jd,  n.  [Gr.  pente,  five, 
arche,  rule.]  A  government  in  the  hands 
of  five  persons. 

Pentasepalous,  pen-ta-sep'a-lus,  ci.'  JGr. 
pente,  five,  and  E.  sepal.]  Bot.  having  five 
sepals. 

Pentaspermona,  pen-ta-sp6rmus,  o.  [Gr, 
•pente,  five,  sperma,  a  seed.]  Bot.  contain- 
ing five  seeds. 

Peuta&tich,  pen'ta-stik,  n.  [Gr.'penie,  five, 
and  stichos,  a  verse.]  A  composition  con- 
sisting of  five  verses. 

Pentaatyle,  pen'ta-stil,  n:  and  a.  [Gr. 
pente,  five,  and  stylos,  a  column.}'  Arch. 
applied  to  an  edifice  haying  five  columns 
in  front. 

Pentateuch,  pen'ta-tuk,  n.  [Gr.  pente,  five, 
and  teuchos,  a  book.]  A  collective  term 
for  the  first  five  books  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment. —  Pentateuchal,  pon-ta-tu'kal,  a. 
Relating  to  the  Pentateuch. 
Pentecost,  pen'te-kost,  n.  \Qt.  pentekoste 
{hSmera),  the  fiftieth  (day),  from  pente- 
konta,  filfty,  from  pente,  five.]  A  solemn 
festival  of  the  Jews,  so  called  because 
celebrated  on  the  fiftieth  day  after  the, 
passover;  Whitsuntide,  which  is  fifty  days 
after  Easter.— Pentecostal,  pen-te-kos'tal, 
o.  Pertaining  to  Pentecost  or  Whitsun- 
tide.— n.  An  oblation  formerly  made  to  a 
pai'ish  priest  at  the  feast  of  Pentecost. 
Pentegraph,  pen'te-graf,  n  Pantograph. 
Penthouse,  pent'hous,  n.  [Formerly  pen- 
tice,  from  Fr.  nppentis,  a  penthouse— Li. 
,ad,  to,  and  jbendeo,  to  hang.  Pendant.I 
A  roof  sloping  up  against  a  wall ;  a  shed 
standing  aslope  from  a  building. 
Pentile,  pen'til, «.  Pantile. 
Pent-roof,  n.  TFrom  pent  in  penthouse.]  A 
roof  formed  like  an  inclined  plane,  the 
slope  being  all  on  one  side. 
Penult,  Penultima,  pe'nult,  pS-nul'ti-ma, 
n.  [li.  penuUimus — pene,  almost,  and  ulti- 
mus,  last.]  The  last  syllable  of  a  word 
except  one.  —  Penultimate,  p6-nul'ti-raat, 
a.  The  last  but  one.— n.  The  last  syllable 
but  one  of  a  word. 

Penumbra,  pe-numT^ra,  n.  [L.  pene,  almost, 
and  umbra,  shade.]  The  partial  shadow 
'  outside  of  the  total  shadow  caused  by  an 
opaque  body  interceptiiig  the  light  from 
a  luminous  body,  as  in  eclipses;  painting, 
the  boundary  of  .shade  and  light,  where 
the  one  blends  with  the  other.  —  Penujn- 
'bral,  pe-num'bral,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
penumbra. 

Penury,  pen'a-rl,  n.  [Fr.  pdmme,  L.  pen- 
uria,  akin  to  Gr.  penia,  poverty.]  Want 
of  pecuniary  means;  indigen^ce;  extreme 
poverty.— Penurious,  pe-nu'n-us,  a.  Per- 
taining to  penury;  niggardly;  parsimoni- 
ous; sordid.  —  Penuriousiy,  pe-nQ'ri-us-li, 
adv.  In  a  penurious  manner.— Fentuious- 
ness,  p6-nQ'ri-us-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  penurioL^. 

Peon,  pe'on,  n.  [Sp.  peon,  a  fodt-soidier,  a 
day-labourer,  from  L.  pes,  pedis,  the  foot. 
Pawn  (at  chess).  Pedal.]  In  Hindustan, 
a  foot-soldier;  a  native  constable;  in  Span- 
ish America,  a  day-labourer;  a  farmer  of 
Spanish  descent;  a  kind  of  serf  .—Peonage, 
Peonism,  pe'on-aj,  pe'on-izm,  n.  The  state 
or  condition  of  a  peon. 
Peony,  pe'o-ni,  n.  [L.  pceania,  from  Gr. 
paionia,  froml'ai<3rt,ApoUo,  who  used  this 
flower  to  cure  the  wounds  of  the  gods.] 
A  ranunculaceous  genus  of  plants  culti- 
vated in  gardei^s  for  their  large  gaudjr 
flowers. 

People,  pe'pl,  n.  [O.E.  peple,  pupJe,  &c., 
O.Fr.  pople,  pueple,  Fr.  peuple,  from  L. 
populua,  people.  Popular.]  The  body  of 
persons  who  compose  a,  community,  race. 


ch,  cAain;     eh,  8c.  loch;  ^  g,  go;     hjoh;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sin^     «h,  tAen;  th,  <Ain;     w,  toig;     wb,  wAig't  \>Eh,jiS!5S,i 


PBPERINE 


496 


PERFECT 


or  nation;  a  commnnity;  a  body  social  (in 
this  sense  it  admits  the  plural,  peoples) ; 
persons  indefinitely;  men  {people  may  say 
■what  they  please);  with  possessives,  those 
■who  are  closely  connected  ■with  a  person, 
as  attendants,  domestics,  relatives,  «&c. — 
Ttie  people,  the  commonalty,  as  dlistinct 
from men  of  rank;  the  populace.— w.<.— 
peopled,  peopling.  To  stock  ■with  people 
or  inhabitants;  to  populate.  • 

Feperiue,  Peperino,  pep'e-rin,  pep-e-re'n5, 
n.  [It.  peperino,  from  L.  piper,  pepper.] 
A  light  iJorous  species  of  volcanic  rock. 

Feplus,  peplus,  n.  [Gr.  peplos.]  A  large 
full  upper  robe  anciently  worn  by  Greek 
women. 

Papo,  pe'po,  n.  [L.,  a  melon.]  Any  fruit  of 
the  type  of  the  melon  or  gourd. 

Pepper,  pep'er,  n.  [A.  Sax.  pipor,  peppor, 
from  L.  piper,  Gr.  piperi,  peperi:  a  word 
of  Oriental  origin.]  A  plant  and  its  fruit, 
which  latter  has  an  aromatic,  extremely 
hot,  pungent  taste,  and  is  used  in  season- 
ing, &c.  —  Jamaica,  pepper.  PiMEjjio. — 
Guinea  pepper,. Cayenne  pepper,  the  pro- 
duce of  different  species  of  capBicum. — 
v.t.  To  sprinkle  with  pepper;  to  pelt  with 
shot  or  missiles;  to  cover  with  numerous 
sores;  to  drub  thoroughly.  —  Pepper-and- 
salt,  a.  Of  a  light  ground  colour  (as  white, 
drab,  gray,  &c.)  dotted  with  black,  brown, 
or  like  dark  colour.  —  Pepper-box,  n.  A 
small  box  with  a  perforated  lid,  for  sprink- 
ling pepper  on  food.— Peppercorn,  pep'6r- 
kom,  n.  The  berry  or  fruit  of  the  pepper 
plant;  hence,  an  insignificant  quantity: 
something  of  inconsiderable  value.— Pep- 
rercom  rent,  a  nominal  rent.  —  Pepper- 
mint, pep'6r-mint,  n.  A  plant  of  the  mint 
genus  having  a  strong  pungent  taste,  glow- 
ing like  pepper,  and  followed  by  a  sense 
of  coolness;  a  liqueur  prepaj-ed  from-the 
plant;a  lozenge  of  sugar  flavoured  with  pep- 
permint.— Pepper-pot,  n.  A  West  Indian, 
dish,  the  principal  ingredient  of  which  is 
cassareep,  with  flesh  or  dried  fish  and 
vegetables;  a  pepper-box;  a  kind  of  capsi- 
cum.—Peppery,  pep'6r-i,  a.  Having  the 
qualities  of  pepper;  choleric;  irritable, 

Pepperldge,  pep'6r-ij,  n.    Pipekidoe. 

PeJ>8in,  Pepsine,  pep'sin,  n.  [Gr.  pepgia, 
digestion,  from  pepM,  to  digest.]  A  pecu- 
liar animal  principle  secreted  by  the  sto- 
mach, the  active  principle  of  gastric  .iuice. 
— Peptic,  pep'tik,  a.  Promoting  digestion; 
relating  to  digestion;  digestive. —n.  A 
medicine  which  promotes  digestion. — 
Peptics,  pep'tiks,  n.  The  doctrine  of  di- 
gestion; as  a  plural,  the  digestive  organs. 
— Pepticity,  pep-tis'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of 
being  peptic;  good  digestion.— Peplons, 
pep'ton,  ri.  The  substance  into  which  the 
nitrogenous  elements  of  the  food  are  con- 
verted by  the  action  of  the  gastric  juice. 

Per,  p6r.  A  Latin  preposition,  denoting 
through,  by,  by  means  of,  &c.,  occurring 
as  a  prefix  in  many  English  words,  and 
also  used  separately  in  certain  phrases.— 
Per  annum,  by  the  year;  in  each  year; 
annually.  So  per  diem,  by  the  day,  each 
day.— Per  centum,  by  the  nundred ;  com- 
monly abbreviated  to  per  cent.  —  Percen- 
tage, p6r-sen'taj,  n.  The  allowance,  duty, 
rate  of  interest,  or  commission  on  a  hun- 
dred. 

Peradventure,  pir-ad-ven'tor,  adv.  [Prefix 
per,  by,  and  adventure,  Pr.  par  aventure.l 
Perchance ;  i)erhaps ;  it  may  be.  Some- 
times used  as  a  noun=doubt;  question. 

Perambulate,  piSr-am'ba-lat,  v.t.  —  peram- 
bulated, perambidatino.  [L.  pera'mbulo — 
per,  and  ambtdo,  to  walk.  Amble.]  To 
walk  through  or  over;  to  survey  the  boun- 
daries of  (to  perambulate  a  parish). — Per- 
ambQlation^  p6r-am'ba-la"8hon,  n.  The 
act  of  perambulating;  a  travelling  survey 
or  inspection;  a  walking  through  or  over 
ground  for  the  purpose  of  settling  boun- 
daries. —  Perambulator,  p6r-am'bu-la-t6r, 
n.  One  who  perambulates;  a  small  car- 
riage for  a  child,  propelled  from  behind. 

Perceive,  pfcr-sev',  v.t— perceived,  perceiv- 
ing. [Pr.  percevoir,  Jj.  percipio,  to  perceive, 
to  comprehend— per,  and  capio,  to  take. 
C/.PABLE.]  To  have  or  obtain  knowledge 
Oi  by  the  senees;  to  apprehend  or  take 
cognizance  of  by  the  organs  of  sense;  to 
apprehend  by  the  mind;  to  discern,  know, 


understand.  .'.Syn.  •under  See.  —  Percei^T" 
able,  pfer-se'va-Dl,  a.  Capable  cf  being 
perceived;  perceptible. — Perceivably,  per- 
se'va-bll,  adv.  In  a  perceivable  manner. 
— Perceiver,  p6r-s5'v6r,  ».  One  who  per- 
ceives.- Percept,  pfir'sept,  n.  That  which 
is  perceived.  —  Perceptibility,  per-sep'ti- 
bU'l-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
perceptible;  perception;  po-.ver  of  perceiv- 
ing.—Perceptible,  p6r-sep'ti-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  perceived. — Perceptibly,  p6r-sep'- 
ti-bli,  adv.  In  a  perceptiole  manner;  so 
as  to  oe  perceived.  —  Perception,  p£r-sep'- 
shou,  n.  [L.  perciptio,  perceptionis.]  The 
act  of  perceiving;  that  act  or  process  of 
the  mind  which  makes  known  an  external 
object;  the  faculty  by  which  man  holds 
communication  ■with  the  external  world 
or  takes  cognizance  of  objects  without 
the  mind.— Perceptive,  p6r-sep'tiv,  a.  Re- 
lating to  the  act  or  power  of  perceiving; 
having  the  faculty  of  perceiving.  —  PSJT- 
ceptivity,  per-sep-tiv'i-ti,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  perceptive;  ipo^Hrer  of  perception. 

Percentage.    Under  Pbk. 

Fercb,  p6rch,  n.  [Fr.  perche,  L.  perca,  from 
Gr.  perke,  the  perch,  from  perkos,  dark- 
coloured.]  The  popular  name  of  acan- 
thopterygious  fishes,  one  species  of  which 
is  found  in  rivers  and  lakes  throughout 
the  temperate  parts  of  Europe. 

Perch,  perch,  n.  fPr.  perche,  from  L.  per- 
tica,  a  pole,  a  staff.]  A  measure  of  length 
containing  5i  yards;  a  pole  or  rod;  a  roost 
for  birds;  anything  on  which  they  light; 
hence,  an  elevated  seat  or  position.— w.i. 
To  sit  or  roost;  to  light  or  settle  as  a  bird. 
— v.t.  To  place  on  a  perch.— PercAed  blocks, 
blocks  of  stone  that  have  been  left  by 
ancient  glaciers  high  up  on  mountains. — 
Percher,  p6rch'6r,  n.  One  that  perches;  a 
bird  belonging  to  the  order  of  insessores. 

Perchance,  pfir-chans',  adv.  [L.  per,  by,  and 
E.  chance.]    Perhaps;  perauvecrture.    - 

Perchloric,  p«r-klo'rik,a.  Applied  to  an 
acid  forming  a  syrupy  liquid  very  explo- 
sive.—Perchlorate,  pfer-klo'rat,  n.  A  salt 
of  perchloric  acid. 

Percipient,  p^r-sip'i-ent,  a.    [Tj.percipiens, 

g pi.  of  percipio.  Perceivb.]  Perceiving; 
aving  the  faculty  of  perception. — n.  One 
who  perceives. — P«rcipience,  Percipiency, 
pfer-sip'i-ens,  p6r-sip'i-en-si,  n.  Act  or 
power  of  perceiving;  perception. 
Perclose,  piir'kloz, ».  [O.Yi.  perclose.]  Pab- 

CLOSE. 

Percoid,  pfer^oid,  a.  [Gr.  perke,  perch,  and 
eidos,  form.]  Resembling  the  x>erch;  be- 
longing to  the  perch  family. 

Percolate,  pfer'ko-lat,  v.t— percolated,  per- 
colating. [L.  percolo—per,  and  cola,  to 
strain,  from  cohim,a,  sieve  (whence  colan- 
der).} To  strain  or  filter.  —  v.i.  To  pass 
through  small  interstices  or  pores;  to  fil- 
ter.^Percolation,  per-ko-la"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  percolating;  filtration. — Percolator, 

S6r'k5-la-t6r,  n.    One  who  or  that  which 
Iters. 
Percurrent,per-kur'enfc,a.  [L.  per,  through, 
and  cwrrens,  running.]  Running  through' 
from  top  to  bottom. 

PerSuss,t  p6r-kus',  v.t.  [L.  pereussus,  from 
percutio,  percusaum — per,  through,  and 
quatio,  to  strike  (as  in  concuss).  Quash.] 
To  strike  against;  to  give  a  shock  to. — 
PercuEBion,  p6r-kush'on,  n.  [L.  percussio.'] 
The  act  of  striking  one  body  against  an- 
other ■with  some  violence;  forcible  colli- 
sion; the  shock  produced  by  the  collision 
of  bodies;  the  impression  or  eff'ect  of  sound 
on  the  eai';  med.  the  method  of  eliciting 
sounds  by  striking  the  surface  of  the  body, 
for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  condi- 
tion of  the  organs  subjacent  (as  the  lungs 
or  heart).  —  PercuBsioa-cap,  n.  A  small 
cppper  cap  or  cup  containing  fulminating 
powder,  used  in  a  percussion-lock  to  ex- 
plode gninpowder.— Percussion-fuse,  n.  A 
fuse  in  a  projectile  set  in  action  by  con- 
cussion when  the  projectile  strikes  the 
object.  —  Percnssdon-gan,  n.  A  gun  dis- 
charged by  a  percussion-lock.— Percussion- 
lock,  n.  A  lock  for  a  gun,  causing  the 
ignition  of  the  charge  by  the  impact  of  a 
hammer  or  striker.— Perciwsive,  pfir-kus'- 
iv,  a.  Acting  by.  percussion ;  striking 
against.  —  Percutieiit,  p6r-kQ'shi-ent,  n. 
[L.  perculiens.}    That  which  strikes.     . 


Perdition,  pfer-dish'on,  n.  fL.L.  perditio, 
from  li.'  perdo,  perditus,  to  destroy,  to 
ruin— jjej',  thoroughly,  do,  a  verb,  cog. 
with  E.  do.]  Entire  ruin;  utter  destruc- 
tion ;  loss  of  final  happiness  in  a  future 
state;  future  misery  or  eternal  death. 
Perdu,  Perdue,  per'da  or  p6r-da',  a.  [Fr. 
perdu,  lost,  from  perdre,io  lose,  L.  perdo.] 
Hid;  in  concealment:  generally  in  the 
phrase  to  lie  or  to  be  perdu. 
Perdurable,  p6r-du'ra-bl,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
perduro—per,  intens.,  and  duro,  to  last. 
Durable.]  Very  durable;  lasting;  con- 
tinuing long.— Perdurably,  pfer-dQ'ra-bli, 
adv.  Ip  a  perdurable  manner;  lasting!^-. 
— -  Perduratipn,  Perdurance,  p6r-da-ra'- 
fihon,  p6r-dQ'rans,  n.  Long  conttnuaacs. 
— Perdure,  per-dOr',  v.i.  To  endure  or  con- 
tinue long. 

Peregrinate,  per'e-gri-nat,  v.i.  —  peregriixr 
ated,  peregrinating.  [L.  peregrinor,  from 
peregrinus,  a  traveller  or  stranger— per, 
through,  and  ager,  land. '  Pilgrim.]  To 
travel  from  place  to  place;  to  wander.— 
Peregrination,  per'e-gri-na"shon,  n.  A 
travelling,  roaming,  or  wandering  about; 
a  journey.— Peregrinator,  per'e-gri-na-tSr, 
n.  A  traveller.— Peregrine,  pei-'cgrin,  a. 
[L.  peregrinus.]  Foreign;  not  native. — 
Peregrine  falcon,  a  handsome  species  of 
European  falcon.— n.  A  peregrine  falcon. 
— Peregrinity.t  per-e-grin'i-ti,  n.  Strange- 
ness; foreignness. 

Peremptory,  per'emp-to-ri,  a.  [L.  peremp- 
tortus,  from  perir,io,peremptU3,  to  destroy 
—per,  thoroughly,  and  emo,  to  take,  to 
buy  (seen  Silsoiuexempt,example,  prffinpt).] 
Precluding  debate  or  expostulation;  de- 
cisive; authoritative;  fully  resolved;  de- 
termined; positive  in  opinion  or  judgment; 
dogmatical:  law,  final;  determinate. — 
Peremptorily,  per'emp-to-ri-li,  adv.  In  a 
peremptory  manner.  —  Peremptoriness, 
per'emp-to-ri-nes,  n. 

Perennial,  per-en'i-al,  a.  [L.  perennis— 
per, through,  and  annus,  a  year.]  Lasting 
•  or  continuing  without  cessation  thrcugh 
the  year;  continuing  without,  s'top  or  in- 
termission; unceasing;  never-fiiiling;  bot. 
continuing  more  than  two  years  (a  pet'en- 
nial  stem  or  root). — n.  A  plant  whose  root 
rema.ms  alive  more  years  than  two,  but 
whose  stems  flower  and  perish  annually. 
—  Pv'jennlally,  per-en'i-al-li,  adv.  Con- 
tinually; without  ceasing.— Perennibran- 
chiate,  per-en'i-brang"ki-ftt,  a.  Havin.-r 
the  branchiae  crgills  permanont,as  eertai;: 
amphibians.  —  n.  An  amphibian  having 
permanent  branchia. 
Perfect,  per'fekt,  a.  [h.  per/ectus,  pp.  of  per- 
.^ciOjto  complete  or  finish— p«r,thorougnly, 
and  /ado,  to  do.  Fact.]  Brought  to  a 
consummation  or  completion;  having  re- 
ceived and  possessing  all  its  part8;finished; 
completed ;  of  the  best,  highest,  or  coru- 
pletest  type ;  without  blemish  or  defect ; 
faultless;  completely  slrilled  (perfect  in 
discipline).— Per/ec<  tense,  gravi.  a  tens  2 
which  expresses  an  act  completed. — v.t. 
To  finish  or  complete  so  as  to  leave  noth- 
ing wanting:  to  make  perfect;  to  instruct 
fully;  to  make  fully  skilful  (often  rejl.).— 
Perfectation,  per-fek-ta'shon, ».  A  bring- 
ing to  perfection.— Perfecter,  p^r'fek-ttr, 
n.  One  that  makes  perfect.  —  Perfecti- 
bility, p6r-fek'ti-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  perfectible;  the  capacity  of  becom- 
ing or  being  made  morally  perfect. — Per- 
fectible, p6r-fek'ti-bl,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
coming or  being  made  perfect.— Perfect- 
ing-presB,  n.  A  press  in  which  the  paper 
is  printed  on  both  sides  during  one  passage 
through  the  machine.  —  Perfection,  p<Sr- 
fek'shon,  n.  [L.  perfectio,  per/ectionis.] 
The  state  of  being  perfect  or  complete ; 
supreme  degree  of  moral  or  other  excel- 
lence ;  a  quality  of  the  highest  worth. — 
Perfectionism,  per-fek'shon-izm,  r».  The 
doctrine  of  the  Perfectionists.  —  Perfec- 
tionist, p6r-fek'shou-ist,  n.  One  who  be- 
lieves that  some  persons  actually  attain  to 
moral  perfection  in  the  present  life;  one 
of  an  American  sect  of  (Christians  founded 
on  socialist  principles.  —  Perfective,  p6r- 
fek'tiv,  Cf.  Conducmg  to  bring  to  perfec- 
tion.—Perfectively,  pfcr-fek'tiv-Ii,  adv.  In 
a  perfective  manner.— Perfectly,  ptr'fekt- 
li,  adv.     In  a  perfect  manner;   so  iy>  u 


Fate,  fiir,  fat,  fftll;     mS,  met,  h^;     pine,  pin;     cCte,  aot,  pjiJvc;     tftbe,  tub,  byll;     oil,  i.cund;     <i,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr.  w. 


PERFERVID 


497 


PERIPHRASIS 


reach  perfection:  completely;  totally;  thor- 
oughly.—PerfectneSs,  pei-'fekt-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  perfect. 

Perfervid,  pSr-fer'vid,  a.  [L.  perfervidus— 
per,  intens.,  and  fervidus,  fervid.]  Very 
fervid;  very  hot  or  ardent. 

Perfidy,  p6r'fi-di,  n.  [L.  perfidia,  from  per- 
fidus,  faithless— prefix  jjer,  a.nd  fidus,  faith- 
ful; per  having  the  same  force  as  in  per- 
jure, pervert.  Faith.]  The  act  of  violat- 
ing faith  or  aUegiauce;  breach  of  faith; 
treachery;  faithlessness.— Perfidious,  p^r- 
fid'i-us,  a.  G-uilty  of  or  involving  perfidy 
OT  treachery ;  treacherous ;  consisting  in 
breach  of  faith;  traitorous.— Perfidiously, 
p6r-fid'i-us-li,  adv.  In  a  perfidious  man- 
ner. —  Perfidiousness,  p6r-fid'i-us-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  perfidious. 

Perfoliate,  p6r-fo'li-at,  n.  [L.  per,  through, 
^ad.  folium,  a  leaf.]  Bot.  applied  to  a  leaf 
that  has  the  base  surrounding  the  stem, 
as  if  the  stem  ran  through  it. 

Perforate,  per'fo-rat,  v.t.— perforated,  per- 
forating. [L.  perforo,  per/orai«8— prefix 
per,  through,  and  foro,  to  bore.  Bore.] 
To  bore  through;  to  pierce  with  a  pointed 
instrument ;  to  make  a  hole  or  holes 
through  by  boring.  —  Perforate,. Perfo- 
rated, p6r'fo-rat,  p6r'fo-ra-ted,  a.  Bored  or 
pierced  through.— Perforation,  per-fo-ra'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  perforating,  boring, 
or  piercing ;  a  hole  bored ;  a  hole  passing 
through  anything.  —  Perforative,  per'fo- 
ra-tiv,  a.  Having  power  to  perforate  or 
pierce.— Perforator,  p6r'for-a-t6r,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  perforates. 

Perforce,  p6r-f ors',aay.  [Prefixper,through, 
by,  a^d  force.]  By  force  or  compulsion;  of 
necessity. 

Perform,  p6r-form',  v.t.  [O.E.  parforme, 
parfoume,  from  O.Fr.  parfoumir,  to  per- 
form—prefix par,  and  foumir,  to  accom- 
plish, to  furnish.  Fuknish.]  To  do ;  to 
execute ;  to  accomplish ;  to  fulfil,  act  up 
to,  discharge  (a  duty);  to  act  or  represent 
as  on  the  stage.— t».i.  To  act  a  part;  to  play 
on  a  musical  instrument,  represent  a 
character  on  the  stage,  or  the  like.— Per- 
formablo,  p6r-for'ma-bl,  a.  Cajjable  of 
being  performed.— Performance,  p6r-for'- 
mans,  n.  The  act  of  performing  or  con- 
dition of  being  performed;  an  action,  deed, 
or  thing  done;  a  literary  work;  a  composi- 
tion; the  acting  or  exhibit! on  of  character 
on  the  stage ;  an  exhibition  of  skill  and 
capacity ;  au  entertainment  provided  at 
any  place  of  amusement.— Performer,  p6r- 
foiPmfer,  n.  One  who  performs;  an  actor, 
mi^sician,  Ac,  who  exhibits  his  skill. — 
Performing,  p6r-for'ming,  p.  and  a.  Ex- 
hibiting performances  or  tricks  (a  perfor- 
ming dog). 

Perfume,  pfer'f am  or  p6r-fum',  n.  [Fr.  par- 
fum,  from  L.  per,  through,  and  fumus, 
smoke;  lit.  smoke  or  vapour  that  dissemi- 
nates itself.]  A  substance  that  emits  a 
scent  or  odour  which  aifects  agi-eeably  the 
organs  of  smelling;  the  scent  or  odour 
emitted  from,  sweet-smelling  substances. 
— v.t.  {piT-t\iva')— perfumed,  perfuming.  To 
fill  or  impregnate  with  a  grateful  odour; 
to  scent.— Perfumatory,  p6r-f  u'pia-to-ri,  a. 
Yielding  perfume;  perfuriiing.— Perfumer, 
pfer-fum'er,  n.  One  who  perfumes;  one 
whose  trade  is  to  sell  perfumes.  ^-  Per- 
fumery, p6r-f Qm'6r-i,  n.  ,  Perfumes  collec- 
tively; the  art  of  preparing  perfumes. 

Perfunctory,  p6r-fungk'to-n,  a.  [L.L.  per- 
functorius—h.  per,  and  fungor,  functus,  to 
perform,  execute.  Function.]  Done  in 
a  half-hearted  or  careless  manner,  and 
merely  for  the  sake  of  getting  rid  of  the 
duty;  careless,  slight,  or  not  thorough; 
negligent.  —  Perfunctorily,  p6r-fungk'to- 
ri-Ii,  adv.  In  a  perfunctory  manner. — 
Perfunctoriness,  per-fungk'to-ri-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  perfunctory. 

Pergameneous,  Pergamentaceous,  p6r-ga- 
mS'nS-us,  p6r'ga-men-ta"shus,  a.  [L.  per- 
garnmui,  parchment.  Parchment.]  Re- 
semibling  parchment. 

Per^unnah,  per-gun'a,  n.  In  Hindustaii, 
a  district  comprising  a  limited  number  of 
villages. 

Perhaps,  pfer-haps',  adv.  [L.  per,  by  (as  in 
perchance),  and  E.  hap.']  Peradveuture ; 
perchance;  it  mr.y  be;  possibly. 

Perl,  p6'ri,  n.    Li^er.  pari,  a  fairy.]   Per. 


myth,  a  sort  of  spiritual  being  or  fairy,  re- 
presented as  a  descendant  of  fallen  angels, 
excluded  from  paradise  till  their  penance 
is  accom.plished. 

Periagua,  per-i-a'gwa,  ri.  A  sort  of  canoe; 
a  pirogue. 

Perianth,  per'i-anth, 'w.  [Gr.  peri,  about, 
and  anthos,  a  flower.]  Bot.  a  term  for  the 
floral  envelope  when  the  calyx  and  corolla 
are  so  combined  that  they  cannot  be  satis- 
factorily distinguished  from  each  other. 

Periastral,  per-i-as'tral,  a.  [Gr.  peri,  about, 
and  astron,  a  star.]-  About  or  among  the 
stars. 

Pericardium,  per-i-kar'di-um,  n.  [Gr.  peri,- 
kardion — peri,  around,  and  kardia,  the 
heart.]  The  membranous  sac  that  incloses 
the  heart.— Pericardial,  Perica,rdlan,  Perl- 
cardic.  Pericardiac,  per-i-kar'di-al,  per-i- 
kar'di-an,  per-i-kar'iiik,  per-i-kar'di-ak,  a. 
Relating  to  the  pericardium.  —  Pericar- 
ditis, per'i-kar-di"tis,  n.  [Term,  -itis, 
signifying  iaflammation.]  Inflammation 
of  the  pericardium. 

Pericarp,  per'i-karp,  n.  [Gr.  peri,  about, 
and  karpoSi  fruit.]  The  seed-vessel  of  a 
plant,  or  the  shell  of  the  seed-vessel;  the 
part  inclosing  the  seed.  — ■'  PericaiT)ial, 
Pericarpic,  per-i-kar'pi-al,per-i-kar'pik,  a. 
Belonging  to  a  pericarp. 

Perichsetium,  per-i-k6'shi-um,  n.  [Gr.  peri, 
around,  and  chaite,  foliage.]  Bot.  minute 
leaves  round  the  stalk  of  the  sporangium 
of  mosses. 

Perichondrium,  per-i-kon'dri-um,  n.  [Gr. 
peri,  around,,  and  chondros,  cartilage.] 
Anat.  a  synovial  membrane  which' covers 
certain  cartilages. 

Pericladium,  per-i-kla'dtum,  n.   [Gr.  peri, 

■  around,  and  k2ad<^s,  a  branch.]  Bot.  a 
petiole  forming  a  sort  of  sheath. 

Periclinal,  per-i-kli'nal,a.  [Gr.jjen,  around, 
and  klinO,  to  bend.]  Dipping  on  all  sides 
from  a  central  point  or  apex:  applied  to 
strata.  —  Periclinium,  per-i-kli'ni-um,  n. 
Bot.  the  involucrum  of  composite  plants. 

Pericranium,  per-i-kra'ni-um,  n.  [Gr.  peri, 
about,  and  kranion,  the  skull.  J  The  mem- ' 
brane  thai  invests  the  skull. 

Peridenn,  per'i-derm,  n.  [Gr.  peri,  around, 
and  derma,  skin.]  A  sort  of  outer  layer 
or  skin;  bot.  the  outer  layer  of  bark. 

Peridot,  pei-'i-dot,  n.  A  variety  of  chiyso- 
lite.  ■ 

Perigastric,  per-i-gas'trik,  a.  [Gr.  peri, 
around,  and  gaster,  the  belly.]  Surroun- 
ding the  belly  or  stomach.  —  Perigastric 
space,  the  visceral  cavity  in  the  Polyzoa, 

Perigee,  perl-js,  n.  [Gr.  peri,  about,'  and 
gg,  the  earth.]  That  point  of  the  moon's 
orbit  which  is  nearest  to  the  earth;  for- 
merly also  this  point  in  the  orbit  of  any 
heavenly  body.  Apogee.— Perigean,  per- 
i-je'an,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  perigee; 

PerJgone,  Perigonium,  per'i-gon,  per-i-go'- 
ni-um,  n.  [Gr.  peri,  and  gone,  generation.] 
Bot.  a  perianth,  especially  one  that  is  her- 
baceous or  not  coloured. 

Perigynous,  pe-rij'i-nus,a.  [Gr.  pen,around, 
and  gyne,  a  female.]  Bot.  having  the  ovary 
free,  but  the  petals  and  stamens  borne  on 
the  calyx. 

Perihelion,  per-i-h5'li-on,n.  [Gr.peri,  about, 
and  helios,  the  sun.]  That  part  of  the 
orbit  of  a  planet  or  comet  in  which  it  is 
at  its  least-nistance  from  the  sun:  opposed 
to  aphelion.    '  , 

Peril,  per'il,  n.  [Fr.  peril,  from  L.  pericu- 
lum,  danger,  from  root  seen  in  perior,  ex- 
perior,  to  tiy  (whence  experiment);  same 
ultimate  root  as  E.  fare,  ferry.]  Danger; 
risk;  hazard;  jeopardy;  exposure  of  person 
or  property  to  injury,  loss,  or  destruction. 
— v.t— perilled,  perilling.  To  hazard;  to 
risk;  to  expose  to  danger. — Perilous,  per'- 
i-lus,  a.  Pull  of  peril;  dangerous;  haz- 
ardous.—Perilously,  per'i-lus-li,  adv.  In 
a  perilous  manner.— Perilousness,  per'ir 
lus-nes,  n. 

Perimeter,  pe-rim'et-6r,  n.  [Gr.  peri,  about, 
and  metron,  measure.]  Geom.  the  boun- 
dary of  a  body  or  figure,  or  the  sum  of  aU 
the  sides.— Perimetricjll,  per-i-met'ri-kal, 
a.    Pertaining  to  the  perimeter. 

Perimorph,  per'i-morf,  n.  "[Gr.  peri,  about, 
and  morphe,  form.]  Mi'Mrral.  a  mineral 
or  crystal  inclosing  other  minerals  or  crys- 
tals.   Endomorph. 


Perfnaeum,  Perineum,  per-i-nCum,  n.  [Gr. 
perinaiOH,  perineon.]  Anat.  the  inferit'r 
surface  of  the  trunk  of  the  body,  from  the 
anus  to  the  external  organ  of  generation. 
—Perineal,  per-i-ne'al,  a.  Anat.  pertaiuiug 
to  the  perinaeum. 

Period,  pe'ri-od,  n.  [L.  periodus,  from  Gr. 
periodos—peri,  about,  and  hollos,  way.1 
Originally  a  circuit;  hence,  the  time  takei 
up  by  the  revolution  of  a  heavenly  bod:-. 
or  the  time  till  it  returns  to  the  point  c  \ 
its  orbit  where  it  began;  any  round  ci 
time  or  series  of  years,  days,  &c.,  in  whici 
a  revolution  is  completed,  and  the  same 
course  is  to  be  begun;  an  indefinite  por- 
tion of  any  continued  state,  existence,  or 
series  of  events  (the  early  period  of  life) ; 
the  time  in  which  anything  is  performed; 
termination  or  point  of  completion  of  any 
cycle  or  series  of  events;  end;  conclusion; 
limit;  a  complete  sentence  from  one  full 
stop  to  another;  the  point  that  marks  the 
end  of  a  complete  sentence,  or  indicates 
an  abbreviation,  &c.;  a  full  stop,  thus  { . ). 
—Periodic,  Periodical,  p5-ri-od'ik,  pe-ri- 
od'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  period  or  to 
periods;  performed  in  a  period  or  regular 
revolution;  happening  or  returning  regu- 
larly in  a  certain  period  of  time;  recur- 
ring; published  at  regular  intervals,  as  a 
newspaper,  magazine,  &c.  (in  this  sense 
periodical  is  the  only  toxva).— Periodical 
diseases,  those  of  which  the  symptoms 
recur  at  stated  intervals.— Periodical,  n. 
A  publication  which  appears  in  successive 
numbers  at  tegular  intervals,  as  a  news- 
paper or  magazine. — Periodically,  pe-ri- 
od'i-kal-li,  ado.  In  a  periodical  manner; 
at  stated  periods.— Periodicity,  Perioli- 
calness,  pe'ri-o-dis"i-ti,  p5-ri-od'i-kal-nes, 
n.  The  slate  or  quality  of  being  periodi- 
cal. 

Perioeci,  per-i-e'si,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  pej-ioikoi— 
peri,  around,  and  oikos,  a  house.]  Suc^ 
inhabitants  of  the  earth  as  have  the  same 
latitudes,  but  whose  longitudes  diifer  by 
180°,  so  that  when  it  is  noon  with  one  it  is 
midiiight  with  the  other. 

Periosteum,  per-i-os'tg-um,  n.  [Gr.  peri, 
about,  and  osteon,  bone.]  Anat:  a  vascu- 
lar membrane  immediately  investing  the 
bones  of  animals,  and  conducting  the  ves- 
sels by  which  the  bone  is  nourished. — 
Periosteal,  Periosteous,  per-i-os'te-al,  per- 
i-os'tS-us,  a.  Belonging  to  the  periosteum. 
—Periostitis,   Periosteitis,  per'i-os-ti"fcis, 

•per'i-os-te-i"tis,  n.  Inflammation  of  the 
periosteum. 

Periostraoum,  per-i-os'tra-kum,  n.  [Gr. 
peri,  around,  and  ostrakon,  a  shell.]  The 
membrane  which  covers  the  shells  of  most 
molluscs. 

Peripatetic,  Feripatetical,  per'i-pa-tet"ik, 
per'i-pa-tet"i-kal,  a.  [Gr.  peripatetikos, 
from  peripateO,  to  walk  about— peri,  about, 

.and  pateO,  to  walk.  Aristotle  taught  his 
system  of  philosophy,  and  his  followers 
disputed  questions,  waiting  in  the  Lyceum 
at  Athens.]  Walking  about;  itinerant; 
pertaining  to  Aristotle's  system  of  philo- 
sophy; Aristotelian.- Peripatetic,  n.  One 
who  walks;  one  who  walks  much;  a  fol- 
lower of  Aristotle.— Peripateticism,  per'i- 
pa-tet"i-sizm,  n.  The  philosophical  sys- 
tem of  the  peripatetics. 

Peripetia,  per'i-pe-ti"a,  n.  [Gr.  peripeteia.] 
That  part  of  a  drama  in  which  the  plot  is 
unravelled;  the  denouement. 

Periphery,  pe-rif'er-i,  n.  [Gr.  peri,  around, 
and  pherO,  to  bear.]  The  outside  or  sur- 
face of  a  body;  geom.  the  boundary  line  of 
a  closed  figure;  the  perimeter;  in  a  circle, 
the  circumference.— Peripheric,  Peripher- 
al, Peripherlcal,  per-ifer'ik,  pe-rif'er-al, 
per-i-fer'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  consti- 
tuting a  periphery. 

Periphrasis,  pe-rif'ra-sis,M.  pi.  Periphrase3, 
pe-rif 'ra-s5z.  [Gr.  periphrasis— peri,  about, 
and  phrazO,  to  speak.l  A  roundabour. 
phrase  or  expression;  circumlocution;  the 
use  of  more  words  than  are  necessary  to 
express  the  idea.— Periphrase,  per'i-fraz, 
n.  A  periphrasis.— v.i.—peripTirosed,  peri,- 
phrazing.  To  express  by  periphrasis  or 
circumlocution.— w.i.  To  use  circumlocu- 
tion.^Periphrastic,  Periphrastic^,!,  pe  •-- 
fras'tik,  per-i-fras'ti-kal,  «.  Having  i>.o 
character  of  or  characterized  by  periiihra-. 


ph,  c'}ai»;     c/j,  Sc,  loc/'tj     g,  ^c;     jj/obj     n,  Fr.  tonj     lij,  sijipj     jh,  ffteu;  tb,  i/tip;     w,  wig; 


wh,  'whig; 
S2 


zn,  aiuie, 


PEILIPLUS 


TERPEND 


Eis.  —  Feiiplirastically,  per-i-fras'ti-kal-li, 
adv.    In  a  periphrastic  manner. 

Periplus,  pert-plus,  n.  [6r.  periplous— 
lieri,  about,  ana  pleO,  to  saiL]  A  circum- 
navigation or  voyage  round.  ' 

Peripneumonia,  Feripneumony,  per'ix>-na- 
mo"ni-a,  per-ip-nu'mo-ni,  n.  pSr.  peri, 
about,  and  %meumCn,  the  lung.]  Same  as 
Pnevmonia. 

J'eripteral,  pe-rip'ter-al,  a.  [Gt.  peripteros, 
from  peri,  around,  and  pteron,  a  wing,  a 
row  of  columns.]  Greek  arch,  surrounded 
by  a  single  row  of  insulated  columns. — 

■Peripteros,  pe-rip'ter-os,  n.  A  peripteral 
edifice.— Periptery,  pe-rip'ter-i,  n. .  A  sur- 
rounding row  of  columns. 

Perisclaa,  pe-rish'i-an,  a.  and  t*.  [Gr.  per- 
iskios—peri,  around,  and  skia,  a  shadow.] 
Having  the  shadow,  of  one  who  has  the 
shadow,  moving  all  round  in  the  course  of 
the  daj;:  applied  to  the  inhabitants  of  the 
I>olar  circles. 

Periscopic,  Periscopical,  per-i-skop'ik,  per- 
i-skop'i-kal,  a.  [Gr.  peri,  artfund,  and 
skopeo,  I  see.]  Viewing  on  all  sides :  ap- 
plied to  spectacles  having  concavo-convex 
lenses  for  increasing  the  distinctness  of 
objects  when  viewed  obliquely;  also  to  a 
kind  of  lens  in  microscopes. 

Perish,  per'ish,  v.i.  [Fr.  pM,r,  ppr.  p4ri»- . 
sard,  to  perish,  from  L.  perio,  to  perish— 
per,  through,  and  eo,  to  go.  Itinerant.] 
To  lose  life  or  vitality  in  any  manner;  to 
die;  to  be  destroyed;  to  pass  away,  come 
to  nothing,  be  ruined  or  lost.— y.  t.  To  cause 
to  perish;  to  destroy.— Perishable,  per'iih- 
a-bl,  a.  Liable  to  perish;  subject  to  decay 
and  destruction.— Perii3Aa6?e  goods,  goods 
which  decay  and  lose  their  value  if  not 
consumed  soon,  such  as  Ssh,  fruit,  and  the 
like.— Perishability,  Perishableness,  per*- 
ish-a-bil"i-ti,  per'ish-a-bl-nes,  n..  The  state 
of  being  perishable.  '  '   . 

Perisome,  peri-som,  n.  [Gr.  peri,  around, 
and  soma,  body.]  The  coriaceous  or  cal- 
careous integuments  of  echiaoderms. 

Perispenn,  per'i-spferm ,  n.  [G  r.  pen,  around, 
and  spet'ma,  seed.]  JBot.  the  part  of  the 
seed  entirely  or  partially  surrounding  the 
embryo;  the  albumen;  the  external  skin 
of  a  seed.— Perispennic,  per-i-spefmik,  a. 
BoU  pertaining  to  the  perisperm. 

Perispore,  per'i-spor,  n.  [Gr.  peri,  around, 
and  E.  spore.'\  Eot.  the  outer  covering  of 
a  spore. 

Perissad,  piB-ris'sad^  a.  [Gr.  perissos,  odd, 
not  even.]  •  Chem.  applied  to  an  element 
which  combines  with  odd  numbers  of 
atoms  only. 

Perissodactyle,  PeriESOdactyloos,  pe-ris'o- 
dak"til,  pe-ri8'oKlak"ti-lus,  o.  [Gr.  peris- 
sos, uneven,  and  daktylos,  a  finger  or  toe.] 
Having  feet  with  toes  odd  in  number;  odd- 
toed:  applied  to  a  section  of  the  ungulate 
or  hoofed  animals,  including  the  rhino- 
ceros, tapir,  horse,  &c. 

Perlssology,t  per-is-sol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  peris- 
sologia  — perissos,  redundant,  logos,  dis- 
course.] Sui)erfiuity  of  words;  macrology. 

Peristaltic,  per-i-stal'tik,  a.  [Gr.  perisUd- 
tikos,  from  peri,  around,  and  stello,  to 
place.]  Contracting  all  roimd  or  in  suc- 
cessive circles:  applied  to  the  peculiar 
■worm-like  motion  of  the  intestines,  by 
which  their  contents  are  gradually  forced 
downwards. — Peristaltically,  per-i-«tal'ti- 
kal-li,  adv.  In  a  peristaltic  manner. 
Peristome,  per'i-stDm,  n.  [Gr.  jjeri,  around, 
andsto7?ia,amouth.l  £o<.  a  ring  or  fringe 
of  bristles  or  teeth  that  close  up  the  ori- 
fice of  the  seed-ves.^el  in  mosses;  zool.  a 
term  used  for  the  similar  parts  in  sea-ur- 
chins, &c.— Peristomial,  per-i-sto'mi-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  peristome. 
Peristrephic,  per-i-stref'ik,  a.  [Gr.  peri, 
around,  and  strepho,  to  turn.]  Taming 
round;  rotatory;  revolving.  ■ 
Peristyle,  per'i-stil,  n.  [Gr.  peri,  about, 
and  stylos,  a,  column.]  Arch,  a  range  of 
surrounding  columns. 
Perisystole,  per-i-sis'to-l6,  n.  [Gr.  peri, 
about,  and  sygtoZg,  contraction.]  The  pause 
or  interval  between  the  systole  or  contrac- 
tion and  the  dilatation  of  the  heart. . 
Perithecium,  per-i-the'si-um,  n.  [Gr.  peri, 
around,  and  theke,  a  theca  or  case.]  Bot. 
the  envelope  surrounding  the  masses  of 
fructification  in  some  fungi  and  lichens. 


PeritomoQS,  pe-rit'5-mus,  a.  [Gf.  pej-i, 
around, 'and  iemnO,  to  cleave.]  Mineral. 
cleaving  in  more  directions  than  one  par- 

.  allel  to  the  axis,  the  faces  being  all  of  one 
quality. 

Peritoneum,  Peritonx'nm,  per'i-to-n5"um, 
n.  [Gr.  periUmaion  —  peri,  about,  and 
teinO.to  stretch.]  A  thin,  smooth,  serous 
membrane  Investing  the  whole  internal 
surface  of  the  abdomen,  and  more  or  less 
all  the  viscera  contained  in  it.— Peritone- 
al, Peritonaeal,  per'i-to-pe"al,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  i)eritoneum.— Peritonitis,  per'- 
i-to-ni"tis,  »i.  Inflammation  of  the  peri- 
toneum. 

Peritropal,  pe-rit'ro-pal,  a.  [Gr.  peri,  about, 
and  trope,  a  turning.]  Rotatory;  circuit- 
ous; bot.  a  term  applied  to  the  axis  of  a 
seed  perpendicular  to  the  axis  of  the  peri- 
carp to  which  it  is  attached. 

Perivisceral,  per-i-vis'er-al,  a.  [Gr.  peri, 
about,  and  L.  viscera.^  Anat.  applied  to, 
the  space  surrounding  the  viscersL  • 

Periwig,  per'i-wig,  n.  [O.B.  perriwig,  pere- 
wake,  pervncke,  &c.,  corrupted  from  Fr. 
perrugue.  (Peruee.)  Wig  is  simply  the 
final  syllable  of  this  word.]   A  small  wig; 

-  a .  peruke.- w.t.— periwigged,  periwigginq. 
To  dress  with  a  periwig.— Periwig-pated, 
a.  Having  the  pate  or  nead  covered  with 
a  periwig. 

Periwinkle,  per-i-wing'kl,  n;  [•From  A. 
Sax.  pinemncle,  from  li.,  pinna,  pina,  a 
mussel,  and  A.  Sax.  mncle,  a  winkle  or 
whelk.]  A  gasteropodous  mollusc  found 
on  British  rocks  in  great  profusion,  and. 
largely  colleSted  for  food.  .  j£ 

Periwinkle,  per-i-wing'kl,  m..[O.E.  permikeA 
pervenke,  Fr.  pervenche,  from  L.  i>ervinca,'^ 
the  periwinkle.]  .The  popular  name  of: 
two  British  species  of  hefbaceous  or  de-^' 
cumbent  under-shrubs,  with  evergreen* 
leaves,  and  white,  blue,  or  purple  flowers. 

Perjure,  pfer'jur,  v.t— perjured,  perjuring. 
[L.  perjuro—per,  and  juro,  to  swear,  psjv 
here  conveying  a  bad  sense  as  in  perjidia^ 
perfidy.]  To  cause  to  be  false  to  oaths  or 
vows;  to  swear  falsely  to  an  oath  in  judi- 
cial proceedings ;  to  forswear :  generally 
used  refl:  (the  witness  perjured  himself.)—. 
Perjured,  pfir'jurd,  p.  and  a.  Having 
swomfalsely;  guilty  of  perjurj-.— Perjurer, 
p6r'jur-6r,  ?i.  One  that  wilfully  talies  a 
false  oath.— Perjurious,  Perjurous,  per-ju'- 
ri-us,  p6r'jQ-ru8,  a.  Guilty  of  perjury; 
containing  perjury.- Perjury,  p^r'ja-ri,  n. 
The  act  of  wilfully  making  a  false  oath; 
knowingly  making  a  false  oath  in  a  ju"- 
dicial  proceeding  in  a  matter  material  to 
the  issue  or  cause  in  question ;  the  act  of 
violating  an  oath  or  solemn  promise.    . 

Perk,  pferk,  a.  [W.  perc,  neat,  trim,  smart; 
comp.  also  pert,  spruce,  dapper.]  Trim; 
smart;  vain;  jiert.- y.i.  To  hold  up  the 
head  pertly;  to  look  narrowly  or  sharply. 
— v.t.  To  make  trim  or  smart;  to  prank;  to 
hold  up  (the  head)  pertly.— Perking,  per'- 
Mng,  a.  Scanning  pertly  and  keenly;  in- 
quisitive. —  Perky,  perTd,  a.  Perk;  trim; 
saucy. 

PerlaceonB,  p6r-la'phus,  a.  [Pearl.]  Re- 
sembling a  pearl;  pearly.- Perlite,p€rTit, 
n.    The  same  as  Pearl-stone. 

Permanent,  p6r'ma-nent,  o.  [L.  permanens, 
permanent,  from  permaneo,  to  continue — 
per,  through,  and  maneo,  to  remain.  Man- 
sion.] Continuing  in  the  same  state,  or 
•without  any  change  that  destroys  the 
form  or  nature  of  the  thing;  remaining 
unaltered  or  unremoved;  durable;  lasting; 
abiding;  &xeA.— Permanent  loay,  rail,  the 
finished  road-bed  and  track,  including 
bridges,  viaducts,  crossings,  and  switches. 
—Permanently,  piir'ma-nent-li,  adv.  In  a 
permanent  manner. —  Permanence,  Per- 
manency, i)er'ma-nen3,  p6r'ma-nen-si,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  permanent; 
continuance;  fixedness. 

Permeate,  p6r'm5-&t,  v.t— permeated,  per- 

■  meating.  [L.  permeo,  permeatilin-per, 
through,  and  meo,  to  now  or  pass.]  To 
pass  through  the  pores  or  interstices  of;  to 
penetrate  and  pass  through  without  rup- 
ture or  displacement  of  parts:  applied 
particularly  to  fluids  which  pass  ttrrough 
substances  of  loose  texture:  also  used  fig. 
—Permeable,  p*r'm5-a-bl,  a.  [L.  permea- 
Mli».]   Capable  of  being  permeated.— Per- 


ineably,  p6r'm6-a-bli,  adv.  In  a  isermoable 
manner.— Permeability,  p^r'm&.a-bii;'i-ti, 
n.  Thequalityorstateof beingpermeable. 
—Permeation,  per-me-a'shon,  n.  flChe.act 
of  permeating. 

Permian,  permi-an,  a.  [From  Perm,  in 
Russia,  or  that  part  of  Russia  which 
formed  the  ancient  kingdom  cf  Permia, 
vr'fyere  the  series  is  largely  developed.] 
Geol.  a  term  applied  to  a  system  of  rocks 
lying  beneath  the  triassic  rocks,  and  im- 
mediately above  the  carboniferous  system, 
and  forming  the  uppermost  of  the  palaeo- 
zoic strata. 

Permission,  &c.  Under  Permit. 
Permit,  per-imt', v.t— permitted,  pem^itting. 
[L.  permitto  —  prefix  per,  and  mitto,  to 
send.  Mission.]  To  allow  by  silent  con- 
sent or  by  nof  prohibiting;  to  suffer  with- 
out giving  express  authority ;  to  grant 
leave  or  li  oertj-  to  by  express  consent ;  to 
allow  expressly;  to  give  leave  to  do  or  be 
done. — v.i.  To  grant  leave  or  permission; 
to  allow  (if  circumstances  permit).  —  n. 
(pfer'mit).  A  permission;  a  written  permis- 
sion given  by  officers  of  customs  ol:  excise, 
or  other  competent  authority,  for  convey- 
ing spirits,  wine,  &c.,  from  one  place  to 
another.  —  Pen^^sibility,  p6r-mis'i-bil"i- 
ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  permissible. — 
Permissible,  per-mis' i-bl,  a.  Proper  to 
being  permitted  or  allowed;  allowable. — 
Permissibly,  p6r-mis'i-bli,  adv.  In  a  per- 
missible manner.— Permission,  p6r-mish'- 
on,  n.  [L.  pertnissio.]  The  act  of  per- 
mitting or  allowing;  authorization;  allow- 
ance; license  or  liberty  granted;  leave. — 
Permissive,  per-mis 'iv,  a.  -  Permitting; 
granting  liberty;  allowing.  —  Permissive 
laws,  laws  that  permit  certain  persons  to 
have  or  enjoy  the  use  of  certain, things,  or 
to  do  certain  acts  without  enforcing  any- 
thing. —  Perinissively,  per-mis'jv-U,  adv. 
By  allowance;  without  prohibition  or  hin- 
drance. —  Permittance,' per-mit'ans,  n. 
Permission.  —  Permittee,  p6r-mit-te',  n. 
One  to  whom  anything  is  permitted;  one 
to  whom  a  permit  is  granted.— Pernutter, 
p6r-mit'6r,  n.  One  who  permits. 
Permute,  pfer-mut',  v.t.-^jei'miUBd,  permur 
ting.  [L.  permuto — prefix  per',  and  muto, 
to  change.  Mutable.]  To  interchange; 
to  change  as  regards  order  or  arrangement. 
— Permntable,  per-mu'ta-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  permuted;  exchangeable. — Per- 
mntablenesjs,  p6r-mtl'ta-bl-nes,  n.— Permu- 
tably,  pfer-mtl'ta-bU,  adv.  In  a  permutable 
manner;  by  interchange. — Permutation, 
per-mu-ta'shon,  w.  [L.permniatio.]  Inter- 
change; change  among  various  things  at 
once;  math,  change  or  combination  in  dif- 
ferent order  of  any  number  of  quantities; 
any  of  the  different  ways  in  which  a  set  of 
quantities  can  be  arranged. 
Penilcions,  ptr-nish'us,  a.  [L.  pemiciosus, 
.  from  pernicie8,destruetion— per  .thorough- 
ly, and.  stem  of  nex,  necis,  death  (as  in  in- 
temeeine).^  Having  the  effect  of  destroy- 
ing or  injuring;  very  injurious  or  mis- 
chievous; destructive;  noxious;  deadly; 
evil-hearted;  wicked  (iTiafc.).- Pernicious- 
ly, p6r-nish'us-li,  adv.  In  a  pernicious 
manner;  with  ruinous  tendency  or  effects. 
— Pemlciousness,  p^r-nish'us-nes,  n. 
Pemoctatlon,  p6r-nok-ta'shon,  n.  [L.  per- 
noctdtio—per,  through,  and  nox,  night.] 
The  act  of  passing  the  night. 
Peroneal,  per-o-ne'al,  a.  [Gr.  peron^,  a 
brooch,  also  a  name  of  the  fibula.]  Per- 
taining to  the  fibula. 

Peroration,  per-o-ra'shon,  n.  ■  [L.  peroratio, 
from  peroro,  to  speak  from  beginning  to 
enii— per,  through,  and  oro,  to  speak,  to 
pray.  Oration.]  The  concluding  part  of 
an  oration,  in  which  the  speaker  recapitu- 
lates the  principal  points  of  his  discourse 
or  argument,  and  urges  them,  with  greater 
earnestness;  a  rhetorical  passage  at  the 
conclusion  of  a  speech.  —  Perorate,  per'O- 
rat,  v.i.  To  make  a  i)eroration;  also,  to 
speechify;  to  spout. 

Peroxide,  pfir-ok'sid,  n.  That  oxide  of  a 
given  base  which-  contains  the  greatest 
quantity  of  oxygen. 

Perpend,  per-pend',  v.t  [L.  perpendo,  to 
weigh  carefully— per,  intens.,  and  pendo, 
to  weigh.  Pendant.]  To  weigh  in  the 
mind;  t«fc( 


fconsider  attentively. 


fate,  ftr,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  paOve;     ttXbe,  tub,  bijU ;     oil,  pound;     U,  Sc.  abwne— the  Fr.  t<. 


PEEPEND 


499 


PERSON 


Perpend,  Perpender,  pfir'pend,  p6r-pen'd6r, 
n.  [Tr.  parpaing,  parpain,  from  par, 
through,  and  pan,  the  side  of  a  wall.]  A 
long  stone  reaching  through  the  thickness 
of  a  wall  80  as  to  be  visible  on  both  sides; 
a  bonder. 

Perpendicular,  per-pen-dik'a-l6r,  a.  [L. 
perpendicularis,  from  perpendicvlum,  a 
plumb-line— per,  iutens.,  and  pendeo,  to 
hang.  Pendant.]  Perfectly  upright  or 
vertical;  extending  in  a  straight  line  from 
any  point  toward  the  centre  of  the  earth, 
or  at  right  angles  with  the  plane  of  the 
horizon;  geom.  falling  directly  on.a  line  or 
su^ace  at  right  angles;  at  right  angles  to 
a  given  line  or  surface  or  making  a  nor- 
mal with  a  curved  surface.— PerpendicM- 
lar  style,  arch,  the  florid  or  Tudor  style  of 
Gothic;  the  latest  style  of  purely  Englieh 
architecture.— «.  A  line  at  right  angles  to 
the  plane  of  the  horizon;  a' vertical  line; 
geom.  a  line  falling  at  right  angles  on  an- 
other line  or  on  .a  plane.— Perpendicular- 
ity, p6r-pen-dik'u-lar"i-ti,  n.  The  state  of 
being  perpendicular.  —  Perpendicularly, 
pftr-pen-dik'a-Ur-li,  adv.  In  a  perpendicu- 
lar manner;  vertically. 

Perpent-stone,  pfer'pent,  n.    Perpend. 

Perpetrate,  per'pe-trat,  v.t— perpetrated, 
perpetrating.  fL.  perpetro—per,  through, 
and  patro,  to  finish  or  perform;  same  root 
as  paier, 'father.  Paternal.]  To  do. 
execute,  or  perform,  generally  in  a  bad 
sense;  to  be  guilty  of;  to  commit;  also  used 
humorously  for  to  produce  something  exe- 
crable or  shocking  (to  perpetrate  a  pun). 
— Porpetr^tipn,  per-pe-'tra'shon,  n.  The 
act  'of  perpetrating;  commission.— Perpe- 
trator, p6r'pe-tra-t6r,  n.  One  that  perpe- 
trates. 

Perpetual,  p6r-pet'a-al,  a.  [Pr.  perpMuel, 
L.  perpetualis,  from  perpetuus,  perpetual 
.—per.  through,  and  peto,  to  seek.  Peti- 
tion.] Continuing  or  lasting  for  ever  in 
future-  time;  destined  to  be  eternal;  con- 
tinuing or  continued  without  intermis- 
sion ;  uninterrupted.  .•.  Syn.  tinder  Con- 
tinuous. —  P£rmtual  curate,  a  perma- 
nent holder  of  a  curacy  in  which  all  the 
tithes  are  appropriated  and  no  vicarage 
endowed. — Perpetual  motion,  motion  that 
once  originated  generates  a  power  of 
continuing  itself  for  ever  or  indefinitely, 
by  means  of  mechanism  or  some  applica- 
tion of  the  force  of  gravity— such  a  motion 
being,  however,  impossible.  —  Perpetual 
screw,  an  fendless  screw.  Under  Endless. 
—Perpetually,  p6r-pet'a-al-li,  adv.  In  a 
perpetual  manner;  constantly:  for  ever. — 
Perpetuable,  p6T-pet'a-a-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  perpetuated.  —  Perpetuate,  per- 
pet'a-at,  v.t.—perpetuated,  perpetuating. 

■[L.  perpetuo,perpetuatum.]  To  make  per- 
petual; to  cause  to  endure  or  to  be  con- 
tinned,  indefinitely;  to  preserve  from  ex- 
tinction or  oblivion.— Perpetuation,  p6r- 
pet'u-a"shon,  n.  The  act  of  perpetuating" 
or-  making  perpetual.  —  Perpetuity,  pfer- 
pe-tu'i-ti,  n.   '[ti.  perpetuitas.]    Tae  state 

'or  quality  of  being  perpetual;  something 
of  which  therfe  will  be  no  end;  duration  to 
all  futurity;  exemption  from  intermission 
or  ceasing. 

Perplex,  p6r-pleks',  v.t.  [Frpm  L;  per- 
plexiis,  entangled,  intricate,  involved  — 
per,  intens.,  and  plecto,  plexum,  to  twist; 
akin  to  Gr.  pleko,  L.  plico,  to  fold.  Ply.] 
To  involve,  entangle,  make  complicated 
or  intricate;  to  puzzle;  to  tease  with  sus- 
pense, anxiety,  or  ambiguity.— Ferplexed- 
ly,  per-plek'sed-li,  adv.  In  a  perplexed  or 
perplexing  manner.  —  Perplexing,  p6r- 
plek'sing,  p.  and  a.  Embarrassing;  diffi- 
cult; intricate.  —  Perplexity,  Peiplexed- 
ness,  p6r-plek'si-ti,  p6r-plek'sed-nes,  ra. 
The  state  of  being  perplexed,  puzzled,  or 
at  a  loss;  the  state  of  being  intricate  or 
involved. 

Perquisite,  p6rTcwi-zit,  n.  [L.  perquisitwm, 
something  sought  out,  iromperQuiro—per, 
intens.,  and  gi«8ro,toseek.  Query.]  Some- 
thing obtained  from  a  place  or  office  over 
and  above  the  settled  wages  or'emolu- 
ments;  something  in  addition  to  regular 
wages  or  salary.  —  Perquisition,  pSr-kwi- 
zish'on,  n^  A  thorough  inquiry  or  search. 

Perron,  per'on,  n.  LFr.,from  L.L.  petronus, 
a  perron,  from  L.  and  Gr.  petra,  a  stone.] 


Arch,  an  external  stair  by  which  access  is 
given  to  the  entrance-door  of  a  building. 

Perroquet,  per-o-ket',  n.    Parrak'eet. 

Perruque,  per-ruk,  n.  [Er.J  A  peruke.— 
Perruquier,  pe-rQ'ki-6r,  m.    A  wig  maker. 

Perry,  per'i,  n.  [Fr.  poiri,  perry,  from 
poire,  L.  pirum,  a. pear.]  A  fermented 
liquor  made  from  the  juice  of  pears  and 
resembling  cider. 

Perscrutation,  pfer-skra-ta'shon,  n.  [L.per^ 
ecrutatio — per,  thoroughly,  and  serutor,  to 
search.]  A  searching  thoroughly;  minute 
search  or  inquiry. 

Persecute,  p6r'se-ktit,  v.t— persecuted,  per- 
secuting. [Fr.  persecuter,  itom  L.  perse- 
quor,per8ecutus,to  persecute— per,  intens., 
and  sequor,  to  foUow.  Sequence.]  To  har- 
ass or  afflict  with  repeated  acts  of  cruelty 
or  annoyance;  to  afilict  persistently;  spe- 
cifically, to  afflict  or  punish  on  account  of 
holding  particular  opinions  or  adhering 
to  a  particular  creed  or  mode  of  worship. 
— Persecuting,  p6r'se-kut-ing,  a.  Given  to 
persecution.- Persecution,p6r-se-ka'shon, 
n.   The  act  or  practice  of  persecuting;  the 

-state. of  being  persecuted.  —  Persecutor, 
pfer'se-kti-ttr,  n.  ■  One  who  persecutes.  — 
Persecutrix,  pSi'se-kat-rika,  n.  A  female 
persecutor. 

Perseides,p6r-s5'i-dez,  n.pt  A  naipe  given 
to  the  August  meteors  because  they  seem 
to  radiate  from  the  constellation  Perseus. 

Persevere,  pfer-se-vSr',  v.i.— persevered,  per- 
severing. [\i.  persevero,  from  perseverus, 
very  severe  or  strict— per,  intens.,'  and 
severus,  severe,  strict.  Severe.]  To  con- 
tinue resoiutely  in  any  business  or  enter- 
prise updfertaken;  to  pursue  steadilyany 
design  or  course  commenced ;  not  to  give 
over  or  abandon  what  is  undertaken.  .*. 
Syn.  u^der  Persist.— Persevering,  p6r-se- 
ve'ringj  p.  and  a.  Steadfast  in  purpose; 
persisting  in  any  business  or  course  begun. 
— Perseveringly,  pfer-se-ve'ring-li,  adv.  In 
a  persevering  manner.  —  Porseverance, 
pfer-se-ve'rans,  n.  [L.  pei'severantia.];  The 
act  or  habit  of  persevering;  persistence  in 
anything  undertaken. 

Persian,  pfer'shi-an,  a.  -  Pertaining  to  Per- 
sia, the  Persians  or  their  language.- «.  A 
native  of  Persia;  the  language  spoken  in 
Persia;  a  thin  silk  formerly  used  for  lining. 
— Persian  berries  J  the  berries  of  a  species 
of  buckthorn,  using  in  dyeing  yellow:— 
fersian  blinds,  jalousies;  Venetian  blinds. 
— Persian  carpet,  a  carpet  made  in  one 
piece,  instead  of  in  breadths  or  -strips  to 
be  joined.— Peraiart  wheel,  a  large  wheel 
fixed  vertically  with  a  series  of  buckets  at 
its  circumference,  by  which  water  is  raised 
from  a  stream,  well,  &c. 

Persiflage,  per-s5-flazh,  «.  [Fr.,  from  per- 
sifier,  to  quiz— L.  per,  and  sibilaire,  to  hiss.] 
Idle  bantering  talk;  a  frivolous  or  jeering 
talk  regarding  any  subject,  serious  or 
otherwise.— Peraifleur,  per-85-fl4r,  n.  One 
who  indulges  ia  persiflage. 

Persimmon,  Persimon,  p6r-sim'on,  n.  {Vir- 
ginia Indian.]  An  Ameri<fan  tree  of  the 
ebony  family,  and  also  its  fruit,  which  is 
about  the  size  of  a  small  plum  and  has  a. 
very  sweet  pulp. 

Persist,  p6r-sist',  v.i.  [Fr.  perstster,  L.  per- 
sisto—rper,  through,  and  sisto,  to  stand. 
State,  Stand.]  To  continue  steadily  and 
firmly  in  the  pursuit  of  any  business  or 
course  commenced;  to  continuft^u  the  face 
of  some ''amount  pf  opposition;  to  perse- 
vere; (of  things)  to  continue  in  a  certain 
state. .•.Persist  is  nearly  synonymous  with 
persevere;  but. persist  frequently  implies 
more  obstinacy  than  persavere^  particu- 
larly in  that  which  is  evil  or  injurious  to 
others.— Persistence,  Persistency,  pfir-sis'- 
tens,  p6r-sis'ten-si,  n.  The  state  of  per- 
sisting, or  of  being  persistent;  steady  c6n- 
tinuance  in  a  course;  perseverance,  often 
in  evil;  physics,  the  continuance  of  an 
eiTect  after  the>caase  which  first  gave  rise 
to  it  is  removed,  as  the  "persistence  of  the 
impression  of  light  on^the  retina  after  the 
luminous  object  is  withdrawn.  —  Persis- 
tent, per-sis'tent,  a.  Inclined  to  persist; 
persevering;  tenacious  of  purpose;  bot. 
continuing  without  withering  or  falling 
off.— Persistently,  pfir-sis'tent-li,  adv.  In 
a  persistent  manner.— Persistive.pfer-sis'- 
tiv,  a.    Persevering;  persistent:  foAofc.] 


Person,  pSr'son,  n.  [L.persowa,  primarily 
a  mask  used  by  actors,  hence,  a  character, 
a  person,  from  persono,  to  sound  through 
—per,  through,  and  sono,  to  sound.  Sound 
(noise).]  An  individual  human  being;  a 
man,  woman,  or  child;  bodily  form;  human 
frame,  with  its  characteristic  appearance 

ito  appear  in  person;  cleanly  in  person);  a 
luman  being,  indefinitely;  one;  a  man  (a 
person  would  think  so);  a  term  applied  to 
each  of  th©  three  beings  of  the  Godhead ; 
gram,  one  of  three  relations  in  which 
nouns  and  pronouns  are  regarded  as  stan- 
ding to  the  act  of  speaking,  a  pronoun  of 
the  first  person,  denoting  the  speaker,  the 
second  person  one  who  is  spoken  to,  and 
the  third  person  one  who  or  that  which  is 
spoken  of  (thus  including  all  nouns);  one 
of  the  three  corresponding  inflections  of 
a  verb  singular  and  plural-.— /n' person, 
by  one's  self,  not  by  representative. — 
Personable,  p6r'son-a-bl,  a.  Having  a 
well-formed  body  or  person;  of  good  ap- 
pearance. —  Personage,  p6r'aon-aj,  n.  A 
person;  a  man  or  woman  of  distinction  (an 
illustrious  personafire);  a- feeing  regarded 
as  having  an  individuality  like  that  of  a 
human  being  (a  divine  or  a  mythological 
personaoe).  —  Personal,  p6r'son-al,  o.  (L. 
petsonodis.}  Pertaining  to  a  person  as 
distinct  fjom  a  thing;  relating  to  or  affec- 
ting some  individual  person;  peculiar  or 
proper  to  him  or  her.  Or  to  private  actions 
or  cnaracter;  applying  to  the  person,  cha- 
racter, or  conduct  of  an  individual,  gene- 
rally in  a  disparaging  manner  (personal 
reflections  or  remarks];  belonging  to  face 
and  figure  ( personal  charms);  done  in  per- 
son, not  by  tepreSentative  (a  personal  in- 
terview) ;  gram,  denoting  or  pointing  to 
the  person  (a  personal  pronoun,  as  /,  we, 
thou,  you,  he,  she,  it,  they) ;  having  the 
modifications  pf  the  three  persons.— Per- 
sonal identity,  metop/i.  sameness  of  being  at 
every  stage  of  life,  of  which  consciousness 
is  the  evidence. — Personal  property,  per- 
sonal estate,  movables;  chattels;  things 
belonging^o  the  person,  as  money,  jewels, 
furniture,  &c.,  as  distinguished  from  reas 
estate  in  land  and  houses.- Personalism, 
p6r'son-al-izm,  n.  State  of  being  personal. 
-^Personality,  pfer-son-al'i-ti,  n.  The  state 
of  being  personal;  what  constitutes  an  in- 
dividual a  distinct  person;  the  state  of  ex- 
isting as  a  thinking  intelligent  being;  ap- 
plication or  applicability  to  a  person ;  an 
application  of  remarks  to  the  conduct, 
character,  or  appearance  of  some  person; 
a  remark  reflecting  in  some  way  on  an  in- 
dividual (to  indulge  in  persotialities);  law, 
personal  estate;  personalty.— Personalize, 
p6r'son-al-iz,  v.t— personalized,  personal- 
laing.  To  make  personal.  —  Personally, 
p6r'son-al-li,  adv.  In  a  personal  manner ; 
in  persJon ;  with  respect  to  an  individual; 
as  regards  one's  personal  existence  or 
individuality.  —  Personalty,  p6rson-«,l-ti, 
n.  Law,  personal  property,  in  distinction 
from  realty  or  real  property.— Personate, 
p6r'son-at,  v.t  — personated,  personating. 
To  assume  the  character  or  appearance  of, 
whether  in  real  life  or  on  the  stage;  to 
represent  by  an  assumed  appearance;  to 
act  the  part  of;  to  assume  or  put  on.— o. 
[L.  personatus,  masked.]  Bot.  a  term  ap- 
plied to  a  gamopetalous  corolla  somewhat 
resembling  an  animal's  mouth,  as  in  the 
snapdragon.  —  Personated,  p^r'son-a-ted, 
p.  and  a.  Counterfeited;  feigned;  pre- 
tended. —  Personation,  per-son-a'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  counterfeiting  the  person  or 
character  of  another. — False  personation, 
the  offence  of  personating  another  for  .the 
purpose  of  fraud.— Personator,  pfer'son-a- 
t*r,  n.  One  who  personates;  one  who  as- 
sumes the  character  of  another. — Persoal- 
flcatiQn,  p6r-son'i-fi-ka"shon,  n.  The  act 
of  personifying;  an  embodiment;  an  im- 
personation; met.  a  species  of  metaphor, 
which  consists  in  representing  inanimate 
objects  or  abstract  notions  as  endued- with 
life  and  action ,  or  possessing  the  attributes 
of  living  beings.— Personify,  per-son'i-fi, 
v.t — personified,  personifying.  [L.  per- 
sona, and  facio,  to  make.]  To  treat  or  re- 
gard as  a  person';  to  treat  for  literary  pur- 
poses as  if  endowed  .with  the  characters 
of  a  rational  being  or  person;  to  imperson- 


ch,cfcain;     ck,  He.  loch;     jf,  yo;     j./ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     a$,angi     ■m,  then;  th,  ihiui     w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;     zh,  a^ure. 


PERSPECTIVB 


500 


PESTER 


ate.— Personnel,  p6r-son-er,  n.  [Fn,  from 
personne,  a  person.]  The  body  of  persons 
employed  in  any  occupation:  often  op- 
posed to  matiriel. 

Perspective,  pfer-spek'tiv,  a.  [Pr.  perspee- 
tif,  from  L.  pe.rspicio,  perspectum — per, 
through,  and  specio,  to  view.  Species.] 
Producing  certain  optical  effects  when 
looked  through;  optical  (a  perspective 
glass);  pertaining  to  the  art  of  perspective. 
— n.  A  telescopet;  the  art  or  science  which 
teaches  how  to  draw  or  paint  objects  or 
scenes  so  that  they  appear  to  have  their 
natural  dimensions,  positions,  and  rela- 
tions —  aerial  perspective  dealing  with 
light,  shade,  and  colour,  Uiiear  perspective 
with  form  and  magnitude;  a  representa- 
tion of  objects  in  perspective;  quality  of  a 
picture  asregards  perspective;  view;  vista. 
— Perspectively,  per-spek'tiv-li,  adv.    Ac- 

.«ording  to  the  rules  of  perspective. 

Perspicacious,  pfer-spi-ka'shus,  a.  [It.  per- 
tpicax,  perspicdcis,  from  perspicio,  to  look 
^trough.  Perspective.].  Quick-sighted; 
quickly  seeing  through  or  understanding 
anything;  of  acute  discernment.— Perspi- 
caciously,  p6r-spi-ka'shus-li,  adv.  In  a 
perspicacious  manner.  —  Perspicacious- 
ness.  Perspicacity,  per-spi-ka'shus-nes, 
pfer-spi-kas'i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  perspicacious;  acuteness  or  discern- 
ment; penetration;  sagacity.— Perspicuity, 
p6r-spi-ku'i-ti,  n.  [L.  yerspicuitas.]  The 
quality  of  being  perspicuous ;  easiness  to 
be  unaerstood;  freedom  from  obscurity  or 
ambiguity.— Perspicuous,  p6r-spik'u-us,  a. 
[L.  perspicuus.]  Clear  to  the  understan- 
ding; not'obscure  or  ambiBUOus ;  lucid. — 
Perspicuously,  per-spik'u-us-li,  adv.  In  a 
perspicuous  manner.  —  Persplcaooaness, 
per-spik '  u-us-nes,  n.    Perspicuity. 

PiBrspire,  per-spir',  v.i. — perspired,  per- 
spiring. [L.  perspiro—per,  through,  and 
apiro.,  to  breathe.  Spirit.]  To  give  out 
•watery  matter  through  the  pores  of  the 
skin;  to  sweat;  to  exude.  —  v.t.  To  emit 
through  the  excretories  of  the  skin;  to 
give  out  through  pores.— Perspirability, 
per-spi'ra-bil'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
perspirable —Perspirable,  per-spi'ra-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  perspired.  —  Perspira- 
tion, per-spi-ra  shon,  n.  The  act  of  per- 
spiring; excretion  of  watery  fluid  (sweat) 
from  the  surface  of  the  body  (whether 
visibly  or  in  the  form  of  invisible  vapour); 
matter  perspired.- Perspirative,  per-spi'- 
ra-tiv,  a.  Performing  the  act  of  perspira- 
tion. —  Perspiratory,  per-spi'ra-to-ri,  a. 
Pertaining  to  perspiration;  causing  jer- 
spiration;  perspirative. 

Perstringe,  pfer-strinj',  v.t.  —  perstringed, 
per  stringing.  [L.  perstringo — per,  and 
siringo.to  graze  or  brush.]  To  touch  upon 
in  words;  to  criticise. 

Persuade,  ■  p6r-swad',  v.t.— persuaded,  per- 
suading. [L.  perstiadeo—per,  effectively, 
and  siiadeo,  to  advise,  urge.  Suasion.] 
To  influence  by  argument,  advice,  or  ex- 
postulation; to  argue  or  reason  into  a  cer- 
tain course  of  action ;  to  advise;  to  try  to 
influence;  to  convince  by  argument  or 
reasons  onereil.— w.i.  To  use  persuasion. — 
Persuadable,  per-swa'da-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  persuaded.— Persuadably,  p6r-sw5'- 
da-bli,  adv.  In  a  persuadable  manner. — 
Persuader,  p6r-swa'der,  n.  One  who  per- 
suades.— Persuaslbility,per-swa'zi-bil"i-ti, 
n.  Capability  of  being  persuaded. — Per- 
guasible,  pfer-sw&'zi-bl,  o.  [L.  pe^'suasUdlis.J 
Capable  of  being  persuaded.-^Persuasible- 
ness,  p6r-sw5'zi-bl-nes,  n.  —  Persuasion, 
p6r-swa'zhon,  n.  [L.  persuasio,  persua- 
sionis.]  The  act  of  persuading;  the  state 
of  being  persuaded  or  convinced;  settled 
opinion  or  conviction;  a  creed  or  belief:  a 
sect  or  party  adhering  to  a  creed  or  sys- 
tem of  opinions: .".  Syn.  under  Coxvictios. 
—Persuasive,  p6r-swa'ziv,  a.  Having  the 
power  of  persuading;  influencing  to  a 
courte  of  action.  —  n.  -That  which  per- 
suades; an  incitement;  an  exhortation. — 
Persuasively,  per-swa'ziv-li,  adv.  In  a 
persuasive  manner.— Persuasiveness,  per- 
swa'ziv-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  per- 
suasive. 

Persulphate,  p6r-8ul'f  at,  n.  That  sulphate 
of  a  metal  which  contains  the  creater 
relative  quantity  of  acid. 


Pert,  p6rt,  a.  [Partly  from  O.Fr.  apert, 
appert  (as  in  'malapert),  from  L.  aperttis, 
open  (Aperienx);  partly  from  yi .y>ert,pere, 
trim,spruce(PERK).]  Lively; brisk;  dapper; 
smart;  forward;  saucy;  indecorously  free. 
—Pertly,  pfert'li,  adv.  In,  a  pert  manner; 
briskly;  smartly;  with  indecorous  bold- 
ness.—Pertaess,  pfert'nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  pert;  smartness;  sauci- 

■^  ness;  forward  boldness.       ' 

Pertain,' p6r-t5n',  v.i.  [L.  pehineo — per,  in- 
tens.,  and  teneo,  to  hold,  whence  also 
tenatit,  contain,  oMain,  retain,  Sec.  Ten- 
ant.] To  belong;  to  be  the  property,  right, 
duty  of;  to  appertain;  to  have  relation  or 
bearing:  always  followed  by  to. 

Pertinacious,  p^r-ti-na'shus,  o.  [L.  perti- 
jmm:- per,  intens.,and<eneo,  tohold.  Pek- 
tais.]  Holding  or  adherinfc  to  any  opin- 
ion, purpose,  or  design  with  obstinacy; 
obstinate;  perversely  persistent;  resolute; 
constant.— Pertinaciously,  pfer-ti-na'shus- 
li,'  adv.  In  a  pertinacious  manner;  per- 
sistently; obstinately.— Pertinacity,  Per- 
tinaciousness,  per-ti-nas'i-ti,  p6r-ti-na'- 
shus-nes,  ft.  jfirmorunyieldingadherence 
to  opinion  or  purpose;  obstinacy;  resolu- 
tion; constancy. 

Pertinent,  per'ti-nent,  a.  {li.  pertinens, 
ppr.  of  periineo,  to  percain.  Pertain.] 
Related  to  the  subject  or  matter  in  hand; 
just  to  the  purpose;  apposite;  not  foreign 
to  the  question.— Pertinence,  Pertinency, 
pfer'ti-nens,  per'ti-nen-si,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  pertinent;  justness  of  relation  to 
the  subject  or  matter  in  hand;  fitness;  ap- 
positeness.  —  Pertinently,  per'ti-nent-ii, 
adv.  In  a  pertinent  maimer;  appositely; 
to  the  purpose.  —  Pertinentness,  pfer'ti- 
nent-nes,  n.    Pertinence. 

Perturb,  per-terb',  v.t.  [L.  perturio—per, 
intens.,  and  turbo,  to  disturb,  from  tiirba, 
a  crowd.  Disti'eb,  Tdrbld.]  To  disturb^ 
to  agitate;  to  disorder;  to  confuse.— Per- 
tnrbability,  per-ter'ba-bil"i-ti,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  perturbable.— Per- 
turbable,  t.er-tfer'ba-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
perturbed  or  agitated.— Perturbance,  pfer- 
ter'bans,  n.  Perturbation.— Perturbation, 
pfer-tfer-ba'shon,  n.  fL.  pertvbatio.'i  The 
act  of  perturbing  or  state  of  being  per- 
turbed; disorder;  especially,  disquiet  of 
mind ;  commotion  of  the  passions;  agita- 
tion; cause  of  dis(imet.— Perturbations  of 
the  planets,  their  orbital  irregularities  or 
deviations  from  their  regular  elliptic  or- 
bits, arising  from  their  attraction  on  one 
another.— Perttirber,  p6r-t6r'b6r,  n.  One 
who  perturbs. 

Pertnse,  Pertused,  j)6r-tas',  p6r-ttisd',  •  c. 
[L.  pertuszcs,  pp.  of^  pertnndo,  to  beat  or 
bore  through— per,  through,  and  tundc,  to 
beat.  Obtuse.]  Pierced  with  hclef -,  hav- 
ing holes  or  slits,  as  a  leaf.— Perfusion, 
per-tu'zhon,  n.  The  act  of  thrusting 
through  with  a  pointed  instrument;  a  hole 
made  oy  punching;  a  perforation. 

Pertussis,  per-tus'is,  n.  [L.  per,  intens., 
and  tussis,  a  cough.]  Med.  the  hooping- 
cough. 

Peruke,  pe-rtlk',  n.  fPr.  perruque,  It.  per- 
ucca.  It.  dial,  pilvcca,  peruke,  from  L. 
pilus,  hair.  Periling  is  a  corruption  of 
perruQue,  and  its  final  syllable  has  be- 
come wig.}  An  artificial  cap  of  hair;  a 
periwig;  a  perruque. 

Ferule,  per'al,  n.  [L.  peinila,  a  little  bag, 
dim.  of  pera,  a  wallet.]  Bot.  the  scaly 
covering  of  a  leaf-bud;  a  sac  formed  in 
some  orchids  by  the  prolonged  and  united 
bases  of  two  of  the  segments  of  their  peri- 
anth; a  perithecium. 

Peruse,  pe-ruz',  _».<. — perused,  perusing. 
[From  prefix  per,  intens.,  and  use.}  To  read 
through ;  to  read  with  attention;  toobserve; 
to  examine  with  careful  survey.— Peruser, 
pe-ru'zer,  n.  One  who  peruses.— Perusral, . 
pe-rn'zal,  n.  The  act  of  perusing  or  read- 
ing. 

Peruvian,  pe-rtt'vi-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Pertt  in  South  America.— re.  A  native  of 
Peru.,— Peruvian -balsam,  ji.  A  thick 
brown  liquid,  of  a  fragrant  odour  and  a 
pungent  and  bitterish  flavour,  yielded  by 
a  tree  of  Peru.— Peravian-bark,  n.  The 
bark  of  several  species  of  Cinchona,  trees 
of  Peru,  yielding  quinine.  Cincboka, 
Quinine. 


Pervade,  pfer-vfid',  v.t— pervaded,  pervad- 
ing. [L.  pervado,  to  go  through  —  per, 
through,  and  vado,  to  go  (as  in  invade); 
cog.  A.  Sax.  wadan,  E.  rvadfi.}  To  pass  or 
flow  through;  to  extend  through;  to  spread 
or  be  diffused  throuph  the  whole  extent 
of.— Pervasion,  per-va'zhon,  n.  The  act  of 
pervading.— Pervasive,  p6r-va'siv,  a.  Ten- 
ding or  having  power  to  pervade. 
Perverse,  p6r-v6rs',  a.  [L.  perversus,  from 
perverto,  to  pervert,  corrupt,  overthrow— 
per,  and  verto,  to  turn.  Verse.]  Turned 
aside  from  the  right;  turned  to  evil;  ob- 
stinate ia  the  wrong;  froward;  stubborn; 
intractable;  cross;  petulant;  untoward. — 
Perversely,  per-vers'li,  adv.  In  a  perverse 
manner;  stubbornly;  obstinately  in  the 
wrong.  —  Perverseness,  ptr-vCrs'nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  perverse;  disposition 
to  thwart  or  cross.— Perversion,  per-ver*- 
shon,  n.  [L.  penersic]  The  act  of  per- 
verting; a  diverting  from  the  true  intent 
or  object;  change  to  something  worse. — 
Perversity,  p6r-ver'si-ti,  n.  [L.  penersi- 
tas.]  State  or  quality  of  being  perverse; 
perverseness. — Perversive,  pfer-vfer'siv,  a. 
Tending  or  having  power  to  pervert.- 
Pervert,  pfer-vert',  v.t.  [L.  perverto.]  To 
turn  from  truth,  proprietj-,  or  from  its 
proper  purpose ;  to  distort  from  its  true 
use  or  end ;  to  misinterpret  wilfully;  to 
turn  from  the  right;  to  corrupt.— Pervert, 
per'vfirt,  re.  One  who  has  been  perverted; 
oiiewho.has  been  turned  from  one  religion 
to  another  that  is  considered  worse.— Per- 
verter,  per-v6r'ter,  n.  One  that  perverts; 
one  that  distorts,  misinterprets,  or  mis- 
applies.—Pervertible,  pfer-ver'ti-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  perverted. 
Pervlcacious,  per-vi-ka'shus,  a.  [L.  per- 
vicax,  headstrong.]  Very  obstinate;  stub- 
bom;  wilfully  contrary  or  refractory. — 
Pervicaciously,  per-vi-ka'snus-li,  adv. 
Stubbornly.  —  Pervlcacity,  per-vi-kas'i-ti, 
re.  The  state  of  being  pervicacious;  stub- 
bornness. 

Pervious,  pgr'vi-us,  a.  [L.  pervius — per, 
through,  and  via,  a  way.  Voyage,  Wat.] 
Capable  of  being  penetrated  by  another 
body  or  substance ;  penetrable ;  allowing 
an  entrance  or  a  passage  through;  capable 
of  being  penetrated  by  the  mental  sight. 
— Perviousnesg,per'vi-us-nes,n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  pervious. 
Pervis,  p^r'vis,  n.  Parvis. 
Pesade,  pe-sad',  n.  [Fr.  pesaie,  from  peser, 
to  weigh.]  A  technical  term  for  the  rear- 
ing of  a  horse. 

Pesnito,  pesh-5'to,  a,  [Syriac,  single  or 
true.]  The  Syrian  translation  of  the  Old 
and  New  Testaments  (incomplete)  made 
by  a  Christian  in  the  second  century. 
Peso,  pg'so,  n.  [Sp.]  A  dollar;  a  term  used 
in  the  Spanish  states  of  South  America. 
Pessary,  pes'a-ri,  n.  [L.  pessariuTn.']  Med. 
an  instrument  made  of  elastic  or  rigid 
materials,  and  introduced  into  the  vagina 
to  bear  up  the  womb  (as  in  prolapsus);  a; 
.  medicine  applied  in  this  way. 
Pessimism,  pes'im-izm,  n.  [L.  pessimus, 
the  worst.]  The  opinion  or  doctrine  that 
takes  the  most  unfavourable  view  of  every- 
thing in  nature,  and  holds  that  the  present 
state  of  things  only  tends  to  evil:  opposed 
to  optimism. — Pessimist,  pes'im-ist,  n. 
One  who  believes  in  pessimism.— Pessimis- 
tic, pes-si-mis'tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  pessim- 
ism. 

Pest,  pest,  n.  [Fr.  peste,  from  L.  pestis,  a 
plague,  a  pest  (whence  pestilent,  pestifer- 
ous); same  root  as  perdo,  to  destroy  (Per- 
dition).] A  plague,  pestilence,  or  deadly 
epidemic  disease;  anything  vers'  noxious, 
mischievous, or  destructive;  a  mischievous 
or  destructive  person. — Pest-house,  n.  A 
hospital  for  persons  infected  with  the 
plague  or  other  pestilential  disease. 
Pestalozzian,  pes-ta-lot'si-an,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  system  of  elementary  education 
instituted  by  a  Swiss  philanth  ropist  named 
Pestalozzi,  which  is  substantially  the  sys- 
tem now  followed. 

Fester,  pes'ter,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  empestrer,  origi- 
nally to  shackle  the  feet  of  a.horse  at  pas- 
ture, from  L.L.  pastoriwm,  foot-shackles, 
from  L^astor,  a  shepherd.  Pastern,  Pas- 
tor.] To  encumber; ;  to  crowd  or  craml ; 
to  trouble;  to  disturb;  to  annoy  with  little 


F«te,  fHr,  fat,  fall;     m5,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     n5t«,  not,  inOve;     tobe,  tub,  b\ill;     oil,  pound;     ti,  Sc.  ab«ne— the  Fr,  w. 


PESTIFEROUS 


501 


:&EWTEll 


vexations.— Pesterer,  pes't6r-6r,  n.  One 
who  pesters. 

Pestiferoos,  pes-tif  6r-n8,  o.  fL.  pestis, 
plague,  and /ero,  to  produce.  Pest.]  ^b- 
tilential;  noxious  to  health;  infectious; 
noxious  m  any  manner;  malignant. — ^Pes- 
tiferoasly,  pes-tif' 6r-us-li,  adv.  In  a  pes- 
tiferous manner;  pestilentially. 

Pestilence,  pes'ti-lens,  n.  IL.  pesHlentia, 
from  pestilcis,  pestilent,  from  pestis, 
plague.    Pbst.]    The  disease  called,  the 

Slague  or  pest ;  any  contagious  and  ma- 
gnant  disease  that  is  epidemic  and  mor- 
tal; what  is  pestilential  or  pestiferous; 
pomething  morally  evil  or  destructive. — 
Pestilent,  pes'ti-lent,  a.  [L.  pestilens.] 
Pestilential;  mischievous;  noxious  to  mor- 
als or  society;  troublesome;  corrupt. — 
Pestilential,  pes-ti-len'shal,  a..  Having 
the  -nature  of  the  plague  or  other  infec- 
tious and  deadly  disease;  producing  or 
tending  to  produce  infectious  disease;  de- 
structive. —Pestilentially,  pes-ti-len'shal- 
li,  adv.  In  a  pestilential  manner. — Pesti-- 
Untialness,  pes-ti-len'shal-nes,  m.— Pesti- 
lently,  pes'ti-lent-li,  adv.  In  a  pestilent 
manner. — Pestilentness,  pes'ti-lent-nes,  n. 
Pestle,  pes'l,  n.  [O.Pr.  pesteil,  from  L. 
vistillum,  a  pestle,  from  pinso,  pistum,  to 
bray,  to  pound;  akin  pistil,  piston.]  An 
instrument  for  pounding  and  breaking 
substances  in  a  mortar.  —  v.t.  —  'pestled, 
pestling.  To  break  or  pulverize  with  a 
pestle. 

Pet,  pet,  n.  [Possibly  an  abbreviated  form 
of  petulant  or  petulance.]  A  slight  fit  of 
peevishness  or  fretful  discontent.  —  Pet- 
tish, pet'ish,  a.  Proceeding  from  or  per- 
taining to  a  pet  or  peevish'  humour.— 
Pettishly,  pet'ish-li,  adv.  In  a  pettish- 
manner.— Pettishness,  pet'i8h-nes,n.  Fret- 
fulness;  peevishness. 

Pet,  pet,  n.  [From  Ir.  and  Crael.  peata,  a 
pet,  or  perhaps  from  petty,  Fr.  peiit,  little.] 
A  fondling;  a  darling;  a  favourite  <jhild; 
an  animal  fondled  and  indulged.- I'.t. — 
petted,  petting.  To  treat  as  a  pet;  to  fondle; 
to  indulge.  —  a.  Petted ;  favourite  (a  pet 
lamb,  a  pet  theory). 

Petal,  pet'al,  n.  [Prom  Gr.  petalon,  a  leaf, 
from  petaios,  spread  out,  expanded;  same 
root  as  in  patent.]  Sot.  a  flower  leaf;  one 
of  the  separate  parts  of  a  corolla.— Petaled, 
pet'ald,  a.  Having  petals.— Petaliform, 
pe-tal'i-form,  a.  Bot.  shaped  like  a  petal; 
petaloid. — Petaline,  pet'al-in,  a.  Bot. 
pertiiining  to  a  petal.— Petr>lite,  pet'al-it, 
n.  A  mineral  having  a  foliated  structure, 
its  colour  being  milk-white  or  shaded  with 
gray,  red,  or  green.— Petaloid,  pet'al-oid, 
a.  Having  the  form  of  a  petal;  resem- 
bling petals.— Petalous,  pet'al-us,  a.  Bot. 
having  petals;  petaled. 
Petard,  pe-tard',  n.  [Fr.  petard,  from  peter, 
to  break  wiiid,  to  bounce,  from  L.  ped,o, 
peditum,  with  same  sense.]  An  engine  of 
war  made  of  metal,  to  be  loaded  with 
powder  and  fixed  on  a  gate,  barricade,  &c., 
in  order  to  break  it  down  by  explosion.— 
ffoist  with  his  ovm  petard,  (fig.)  caught  in 
his  own  trap;  involved  in  the  danger  he 
meaht'  for  others.— Petardler,  pe-tar-der', 
n.  One  who  manages  a  petard. 
Petasns,  pet'a-sus,  n.  [6r.  petasos.]  A 
broad*briinmed  hat;  the  winged  cap  of 
Mercury. 

Petechise,  pe-tek'i-e,  n.  pi.  [L.L.  peteccia. 
It.  petecchia,  from  L.  petigo,  an  eruption.] 
Purple  spots  which  appear  on  the  skin  in 
malignant  fevers.  —  Petechial,  pe-lek'i-al, 
a.  Having  livid  spots  or  petechia.— Pe- 
techial fever,  a  malignant  fever  accom- 
panied with  purple  spots  on  the  skin. 
Peterel,  pet'6r-el,  n.  A  petrel. 
Peter-pence,  Peter's-pence,  n.  pi.  A  tri- 
bute that  used  to  be  regularly  offered  to 
the  popes  (as  the  successors  of  St.  Peter); 
a  similar  contribution  still  voluntarily 
given  by  some  Roman  Catholics. 
Petersham,  p5't6r-stam,  n.  [After  Lord 
Petersham,  who  set  the  fashion  of  wearing 
jt.]  A  style  of  greatcoat  formerly  fa- 
shionable; the  heavy,  rough-napped  wool- 
len cloth  of  which  such  greatcoats  were 
made. 

Petiole,-  pefi-ol,  n.  [Fr. ,  from  L.  petiolus,  a 
dim.  from  pes,  pedis,  a  foot.]  Bot.  a  leaf- 
stalk ;  the  stalK  connecting  the  blade  of 


the  leaf  with  the  branch  or  stem.— Petiolar, 
Petiolary,  pet'i-o-ler,  pet'i-o-la-ri,  a:  Bot. 
pertaining  to  a  petiole,  or  proceeding  from 
it.— Petiolate,  Fetioled,  pet'i-o-lat,  pet'i- 
old,  a.  Having  a  petiole.— Petiolnle,  pet'- 
i-ol-til,  n.  [A  dim.  of  petiole.]  Bot.  a  little 
or  partial  petiole,  such  as  belong  to  the 
leaflets  of  compound  leaves.— Petiolulate, 
pet-i-ol'Q-lat,  o.    Bot.  Having  a  petiolule. 

Petit,  pet'i  or'pMS;  Petite  (feminine  form), 
p6-tet,  a.  [Fr.]  Little;  petty;  small  in 
figure. 

Petition,  pe-tish'on,  n.  [L. jpetttio,  petitionis, 
from  peto,  petitum,  to  seek,  attack  (seen  in 
appeUte,  competent,  competition,  impetus, 
petulant,  repeat).]  .An  entreaty,  supplica- 
tion,or  prayer,  as  one  to  the  Supreme  Being 
or  a  superior  in  rank  or  power;  a  particu- 
lar reijuest  or  article  among  several  in  a 
prayer;  a  formal  written  request;  a  writ- 
ten supplication  from  an  inferior  to  a  su- 
perior soliciting  some  favour,  grant,  right, 
or  mercy;  a  written  application  in  certain 
legal  proceedings.— y.t.  To  make  a  peti- 
tion, request,  or  prayer  to;  to  solicit;  to 
address  a  written  or  printed  petition  or 
supplication  to  (to  petition  ^oyemment). — 
Petitionary,  pe-tish'on-a-n,  a.  Offering 
a  petition;  supplicatory;  containing  a  peti- 
tion or  request. — Petitioner,  pe-tish'on-6r, 
n.  One  that  presents  a  petition,  either 
verbal  or  written.— Petitory,  pet'i-to-ri,  a. 
Petitioning;  soliciting;  begging. 

Petong,  pe-tong',  n.    Same  as  Packfong. 

Petralo^,  pe-tral'o-ji.    Same  as  Petrology. 

Petrel,  pet'rcl,  n.  [Dim.  of  Peter,  in  allu- 
sion to  St.  Peter's  walking  on  the  sea,  as 
the  birds  often  seem  to  do.]  The  name  of 
Veb-footed  oceanic  birds  of  several  species, 
found  at  great  distances  from  land,  and 
generally  in  stormy  weather;  'hence  the 
name  stormy  petrels, 

Fetregcent,  pe-tres'ent,  a.  [L.  petra,  from 
Gr.  petra,  a  stone.]  Changing  into  stony 
hardness. — Petrescence,  pe-tres'ens,n.  The 
process  of  changing  into  stone. 

Petrify,  pet'ri-fi,  v.t.—petrijied,  petrifying. 
111.  petra  (from  Gr.  petra),  a  stone  or  rock 
(seen  also  in  petroleuvi,  pier),  and  facio,  to 
make.]  To  convert  to  stone  or  stony  sub- 
stance, as  by  the  infiltration  and  deposi- 
tion of  mineral  matter;  to  turn  into  afossil; 
flg.  to  make  callous  or  obdurate;  to  para- 
lyse or  stupefy  with  fear-  or  amazement, 
— i).i.  To  become  stone  or  of  a  stony  hard- 
ness.- Petrifaction,  pet-ri-fak'shon,?i.  The 
process  of  changing  into  stone;  an  organ- 
ized body  rendered  hard  by  deposition  of 
a  stony  substance  in  its  ca\'ities;  a  fossil; 
a  state  of  being  paralysed  as  with  aston- 
ishment.—Petrli'active,  pet-ri-fak'tiv,  a. 
Having  power  to  petrify  or  convert  'into 
stone. — Petrlfiahle,  pet'ri-fi-a-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  petrified.— Petrifio,  pe-trif- 
ik,  a.  Having  power  to  petrify;  petrifac- 
tive. 

Petrine,  pe'trin,  a.  Relating  to  St.  Peter 
(the  Petrine  epistles). 

Petroglyphy,  pet-rog'li-fi,  n.  [Ctr.  petros,  a 
stone,  and  glypho,  to  carve.]  The  art  or 
operation  of  carving  inscriptions  and  fig- 
ures on  rocks  or  stones.  —  Petroelyphic, 
pet-ro-glif'ik,  a.    Pertaining  to  this. 

Petrography,  pe-trog'ra-fi,  n.  [Gr.  petros, 
a  stone,  and  grapho,  to  write.]  The  study 
of  rocks;  a  scientific  description  of  rocks; 
petrology.  —  Petrographer,  pe-trog'ra-f er, 
n.  One  who  studies  petrography.^Petro- 
graphic,  Petrograpnioal,  pet-ro-graf'ik, 
pet-ro-graf'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  petro- 
graphy. 

Petroleum,  pe-tro'l5-um, -n.  [From  L. 
petra^  rock,  and  x)leum,  oil.]  A  variety  of 
naphtha,  called  also  rock  or  mineral,  oil,_  a 
liquid  inflammable  substac-ce  found  in 
the  earth,  and  extensively  employed  for 
illuminating  and  other  purposes.  '■ 

Petrology,  pe-trol'o-ji,  n.  >  [Gr.  petros,  a 
rock,  and  logos,  a  treatise.]  The 'study  of 
rocks;  that  branch  ,of  geology  which  de- 
termines the  constitution  of  rocks  by  in- 
vestigating the-  chemical  composition  of 
the  separate  mineral  ingredients  of  which 
they  consist.  Spelled  also  Petrology.— 
Fetrologlcal,  pet-ro-loj'i-kal,  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  petrology.  —  Petrologist,  pe- 
trol'o-jist,  n.    One  versed  in  petrology. 

Petronel,  pet'ro-nel,  n.     [O.Pr.  petrinal. 


voictrinal,  from  L.  pectus,  pectorij^,  the 
Dreast,  being  discharged  with  the  stock 

E laced  against  the  breast.]  Akindofcar- 
ine  or  large  horseman's  pistol. 

Petrosal,  pe-trd'sal,  a.  and  n.  [L.  petrosus.] 
Applied  to  the  petrous  portion  of  the  tem- 

,  poral  bone  or  to  a  homologous  bone.  Pe- 
trous. 

PetrosileXi  pet-rS-sileks,  n.  [L.  petra,  a 
stone,  and  sHex,  flint.]  Bock  stone;  rock 
flint  or  compact  felspar. 

Petrous,  pe'trus,  a.  [L.  petrosus,  from 
petra,  a  stone.]  Like  stone;  hard;  stony; 
anat,  applied  to  that  portion  of  the  tei.  i- 
poral  bone  in  which  the  internal  orgai-s 
Of  hearing  are  situated,  from  its  hardness 
(known  as  the  petrosal  portion). 

Pettichaps,  pet'i-chaps,  ».  Same  as  Pet- 
tychaps. 

Petticoat,  pet'i-kot,  n.  [From  pe«y,  short, 
email,  and  coa^]  A  loose  under  garment 
Worn  by  females;  hence,  a  woman.— Pisi- 
ticoat  government,  female  government, 
either  political  or  domestic. 

Pettifog,  pet'i-fog,  v. i.— pettifogged,  petti- 
fogging. [Petty,  and  Prov.  E.  fog,  to  seek 
gain  by  mean  practices.]  To  act  in  mean 
or  petty  cases,  as  a  lawyer.— Pettifogger, 
pet-i-fog'6r,  n.  An  inferior  attorney  or 
lawyer  who  is  employed  in  mean  Dusi- 
ness.— Pettifoggery,  pet-i-fog'6r-i,  n.  The 
practice  of  a  pettifogger;  tricks;  quibbles. 

Piettiness.    Under  Petty. 

Pettish.    Under  Pet. 

Pettitoes,  pet'i-toz,  n.  pi.  [Petty  and  toes.] 
The  toes  or  feet  of  a  pig:  sometimes  used 
humorously  for  the  human  feet. 

Petto,  pet'to,  n.  [It.,  from  L.  pectus,  the 
breast.]  The  breast;  hence,  in  petto,  in 
secrecy;  in  reserve. 

Petty,  pet'i,  a.  [Fr.  peti^,  little,  small ; 
akin  to  W.  pitw,  small,  pid,  a  point.] 
Small;  little;  trifling;  inconsiderable; hav- 
ing little  power  or  possessions;  having 
little  importance;  inferior  (a  petty  prince). 
—Petty  averages,  the  accustomed  duties  of 
andhorage,  pilotage,  Ac,  which  are  paid 
by  a  \t?,se\.—Petty-cash  book,  a  book  in 
which  small  receipts  and  payments  are 
entered.-Petty  jury,  a  jury  of  twelve  free- 
holders impannelled  to  try  causes  at  the 
bar  of  a  court:  so  called  dn  distinction 
from  the  grand  jury,  which  tries  the  truth 
of  indictments.— Pe«y  officer,  an  officer  in 
the  English  na\Tr  whose  rank  corresponds 
with  that  of  a  non-commissioned  officer  in 
the  army.  —  Pettily,  pet'i-li, 'ad«.  In  a 
petty  manner.  —  Peitmess,  pet'i-nes,  n. 
Smallness;  littleness. 

Pettychaps,  pet'i-chaps,  n.  [From  petty, 
sn^all,  and  chaps,  mandibles.]  A  name 
given  to  several  British  species  of  warblers. 

Petulant,  pet'tl-lant,  a.  [L.  petulans,  petu- 
lantis,  petulant,  -from  peto,  to  attack. 
Petition.]  Manifesting  pique,  perversity, 
or  fretfulness;  saucy;  pert;  capricious. — 
Petulance,  Petulancy,  pet'a-lans,  pet'a- 
lan-si,  n.  [L.  petulantia.]  Freakish  pas- 
sion; peevishness;  pettishness;  sauciness. 
— Petulantly,  pet'a-lant-li,  a4v.  In  a  pet- 
ulant manner;  with  saucy  pertness. 

Petimla,  pe-tfl'ni-a,  n.  [Brazil,  petun,  to- 
bacco.] A  genus  of  American  herbaceous 
plants,  nearly  allied  to  the  tobacco-plant, 
and  much  prized  by  horticulturists  for  the 
beauty  of  their  flowers. 

Petzlte,  pet'zit,  n.  [From  a  chemist  called 
Petz.l    An  ore  of  silver  and  tellurium. 

Few,  pQ,  n.  [O.Fr.  pui,  a  raised  place,  from 
L.  podium,  a  balcony,  a  front  balcony  in 
an  amphitheatre,  from  Gr.  podion,  from 
pons,  podos,  the  .foot.]  A  fixed  seat  in  a 
church,  inclosed  and  separated  from  those 
adjoining  by  partitions;  or  an  inclosure 

■  containing  more  than  one  seat.— w.t.  To 
furnish  with  pews. — Pew-fellow,  n.  One 
who  sits  in  the  same  pew?  a  companion 
(SfeaA:.).— Pew-opener,  n.  Aa  attendant  in 
a  church  who  opens  the  pew  doors  for  the 
congregation. 

Pewit,  pe'wit,  n.    The  peewit  or  lapwing. 
Pevirter,  pa'tfer,  n.    [O.Fr.  peutre,  piautre, 
D.  peauter,  also  speauter;  same  as  spelter.] 

■  An  alloy  of  tin  and  lead,  or  of  tin  witn 
such  proportions  of  lead,  zinc,  bismuth, 
antimony,  or  copper  as  experience  has 
shown  to  be  most  conducive  to  the  im- 
provement of  its  hardness  and  colour;  a 


cb,cftaini     cA,Sc.locA;     g.yo;     j.job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     aB,ang;^iu,theai.th,thiai,yi,vagi:JtJfh,tiihigi    aiumao,J^ 


PFENNIG 


502 


PHIAL 


vfSEcI,  or  vessels  ooHectively,  made  of  poiv- 
ter.— a.  Made  of  pewter.  —  Pewterer,  pa'- 
t  e/-6r,  «.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  make 
articles  of  pev/ter. — Pewtsry,  pU'ter-i,  a. 
Belonging  to  or  resembling  pewter. 

Pfennig,  Pfenning,  pfen'ig,  pfen'ing,  n. 
[Penny.]  A  small  copper  coin  of  various 
values,  current  in  Germany. 

Phacochere,  Phacochc&re,  fak'o-ker,  n.  [Gr. 
phakos,  a  lentil-shaped  wart,  from  pkake, 
a  lentil,  and  choiros,  a  hog.^  The  wart-hog 
of  Africa,  an  animal  akin  to  the  swine, 
with  a  large  wart.-like  excrescence  on  each 
side  of  the  face. 

Phxnogam,  fe'no-gam,  n.  [Gr.  phainO,  to 
appear,  and  gamos,  marriage.]  A  phaner- 
ogamous plant:  opposed  to  cryptogam. — 
Phaenogamous,  f5-nog'a-mus,  a.  Having 
manifest  flowers;  phanerogamous. 

Fhsnomenon,  fe-nom'e-non.  Phenomenon. 

Phaeton,  fa'e-ton,  n.  [From  Gr.  PkaethOn, 
a  mythological  character  who  obtalined 
leave  from  his  father  HelioS  (the  Sun)  to 
drive  the  chariot  of  the  sun,  but  being 
unable  to  restrain  the  horses  Zeus  struck 
him  with  a  thunderbolt  and  hurled  him 
headlong  into  the  river  Po.}  An  open 
four-wheeled  carriage  usually  drawn  by 
two  horses. 

Phagedena,  Phagedsena,  faj-5rde'na,  n.  [Gr. 
phagedaina,  from  phago,  to  eat.]  A  spread- 
ing obstinate  ulcer.— Phagedenic,  Phage- 
daenic,  faj-e-de'nik,  a.  Pertaining  to  phage- 
dena.— n.  Med.  an  application  that  causes 
the  absorption  or  the  death  and  sloughing 
of  fungous  flesh. — Phagedenous,  faj-e-de'- 
nus,  a.    Phagedenic. 

Phalange,  fa-lanj',  n.  [Gr.  .phalaiix,  phor 
tangos,  battle-array,  a  phalanx  of  soldiers, 
a  bone  of  the  fingers  or  toes.J.  Anat.  one 
of  the  small  bones  of  the  fingers  and  toes; 
hot.  a  collection  of  several  stamens  joined 
more  or  less  by  their  filaments. — Phalan- 
gal.  Phalangeal,  fa-lang'gal,  fa-lan'jS-al,  a. 
Belonging  to  the  phalanges  of  the  fingers 
and  toes.— Phalanger,  fa-lan'jcr,  n.  [From 
two  of  the  toes  being  joined  as  far  as  the 
last  phalanges.']  An  Australian  marsupial 
animal  of  several  species,  nocturnal  in 
habits  and  living  in  trees.  —  Phalangial, 
Fhalangian,  fa-lan'ji-al,  fa-lan'ji-an,  a. 
Same  as  Phalangal.  —  Phalangite,  fal'an- 
jit,  n.  [Gr.  phalangites.]  A  soldier  belong- 
ing to  a  phalanx.— Phalanx,  farangks,  n. 
pi.  Phalanges,  fa-lan'j6z,  also,  except  in 
anatomy.  Phalanxes,  fal'angk-sez.  Greek 
antiq.  the  heavy-armed  infantry  of  an 
army,  especially  when  formed  in  ranks 
and  files  close  and  deep;  a  body  of  troops 
or  men  in  close  array;  anat.  one  of  the 
small  bones  of  the  fingers  or  the  toes. 

Phalanstery,  fal'an-ste-ri,  n.  [Fr.  phalan- 
sih-e,  from  Gr.  phalanx,  a  phalanx.]  A 
socialistic  community  living  together  ac- 
cording to  the  system  proposed  by  Fourier; 
the  dwelling  of  such  a  community. 

Fhalarope,  fal'a-rop,  n.  [From  Gr.  phala- 
ros,  white,  and  potis,  podos,  a  foot.]  A 
lobe-footed  grail  atoriaJ  bird,  visiting  Brit- 
ain in  its  migrations. 

Phallus,  fal'lus,  n.  [Gr.  phallos,  the  virile 
organ.]  The  emblem  of  the  generative 
power  in  nature,  carried  in  solemn  pro- 
cession in  the  Bacchic  orgies  of  ancient 
Greece,  and  also  an  object  of  veneration 
or  worship  among  various  Oriental  na- 
tions.—Phallic,  fal'lik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  phallus,  or  to  the  worship  of  the 
generative  principle  in  nature. 

Phanerogam,  fan'er-o-gam,  n.  [Gr.  phan- 
eros,  evident,  and  gamoi,  marriage.]  Bot. 
a  flowering  plant  or  a  plant  with  conspicu- 
ous flowers  containing  stamens  and  pis- 
tils :  opposed  to  a  cryptogam.  —  Phaner- 
ogamic, Phanerxigamous,  fan'tir-o-gam"ik, 
fan-6r-og'a-mus,  a.  Bot.  belonging  to  the 
flowering  plants,  in  contradistinction  to 
cryptogamic,  cryptogamotig. 

Phantasm,  fan'tazm,  n.  [Gr.  phantasma, 
from  phantazO,  to  show,  from  the  stem  of 
phainO,  to  show.  Phenomenon.]  A  cre- 
ation of  the  fancy;  an  imaginary  existence 
which  seems  to  be  real;  an  apparition;  a 
phantom;  an  idea;  a  notion;  a  fancy. — 
Phantasmagoria,  fan-tas'ma-go"ri-a,  n. 
[Gr.  phantasma,  and  agora,  an  assembly.] 
Any  exhibition  of  images  by  means  of 
ehaidows,  as  by  the  magic  laiitem;  the 


apparatus  used  in  such  an  exhibition;  any 
mixed  gathering  of  tigares;  illusive  im- 
cgps.  —  Phantasmagorial,  Phantasma- 
goric, f  an-tas'ma-go"ri-aI,  fan-tas'ma-gor"- 
ik,  a.  Relating  to  a  phantasmagoria. — 
Phantasmal,  fan-taz'mal,  o.  Pertaining 
to  or  resembling  a  phantasm;  spectral; 
illusive. 

Phantasy,  fan'ta-si,  n.    Fantasy. 

Phantom,  fan'tom,  n.  [Fr.  fantdme,  from 
Ii.  phantasma;  same  word  as  phantasm. 
Phantasm.]  An  apparition  or  spectre;  a 
ghost;  a  fancied  vision;  a  phantasm;  some- 
thing unreal. — Phantomatic,  fan-to-mat"- 
ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a 
phantom. 

Pharaoh,  fa'rS,  n.  A  namS  given  by  the 
Hebrews  to  the  ancient  monarchs  of 
Egypt;  a  game  at  cards.  Faro. — Pharaoh's 
chicken,  the  Egyptian  vulture. — Pharaoh's 
rat,  the  ichneumon.  —  Pbaraonic,  fa-ra- 
on'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Pharaohs,  or 
to  the  old  Egyptians. 

Pharisee,  far'i-se,  n.  [Gr.  pharisaios,  from 
Heb.  pArAsh,  separated.]  One  of  a  sect 
among  the  Jews  distinguished  by  their 
strict  observance  of  rites  and  ceremonies 
and  of  the  traditions  of  the  elders,  and 
"who  considered  themselves  as  more  right- 
eous than  other  Jews;  hence,  a  strict  ob- 
server of  the  outward  forms  or  ceremonies 
in  religion,  without  the  spirit  of  it;  a 
hypocrite.  —  Pharisaic,  Pharisaical,  far-i- 
Ba'ik,  far-i-sa'i-kal,  o.  Pertaining  to  the 
Pharisees ;  resembling  the  Pharisees ;  ad- 
dicted to  external  forms  and  ceremonies; 
making  a  show  of  religion  without  the 
spirit  of  it;  hypocritical. -^Pharisaically, 
far-i-6a'i-kal-li,a(fy.  In  a  Pharisaical  man- 
ner; hypocritically. — Pharisaicalness,  far- 
i-sa'i-kal-nes,  ji.— Pharisaism,  far'i-sa-izm, 
n.  The  doctrines  and  conduct  of  the  Phari- 
sees, as  a  sect,  rigid  observance  of  external 
rites  and  forms  of  religion  without  genu-, 
ine  piety;  hypocrisy  in  religion. 

Fharmacentic,  Pharmaceutical,  ft,r--m&-sQ'- 
tik,  far-ma-su'ti-kal,  a.  [Gr.  pharmakezi- 
tikos,  from  pharmakevO,  to  administer 
medicine,  from  pharmakon,  a  drug.]  Per- 
taininjg  to  the  knowledge  or  art  of  phar- 
macy oi  preparing  medicines.— rP/iar-ma- 
cetttical  chemistry,  chemistry  applied  to 
those  substances  which  are  emploj'ed  for 
the  cure  of  diseases.  —  Pharmaceutically, 
far-ma-sti'ti-kal-li,  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
pharmacy.  —  Pharmaceutics,  far-ma-sft'- 
tiks,  n.  The  science  of  preparing  medi- 
cines; pharmacy. — Pharmaceutist,  far-ma- 
sfl'tist,  n.  One  who  prepares  medicines; 
one  who  practises  pharmacy;  an  apothe- 
cary. —  Pharmacist,  far'ma-sist,  n.  One 
skilled  in  pharmacy;  a  druggist.  —  Phar- 
macolite,  far-mak'o-lit,  n.  [Gr.  pharma- 
kon, poison,  and  lithos,  a  stone.]  A  mineral 
containing  lime  and  arsenic,  snow-white 
or  milk-white  in  colour.— Pharmacologist, 
far-ma-kol'o-jist,  n.  One  who  is  skilled  in 
pharmacology.  —  Pharmacology,  far-ma- 
kol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  pharmakon  and  logos.] 
The  science  or  knowledge  of  drugs,  or  the 
art  of  preparing  medicines :  a  branch  of 
materia  medica ;  a  treatise  on  preparing 
medicines.  —  Pharmacopoeia,  fkr'ma-ko- 
pe"a,  n.  [Gr.  pharmakon,  and  poie6,  to 
make.]  A  book  of  directions  for  the  pre- 
paration, &c.,  of  medicines,  generally  pub- 
lished by  authority.  —  Pharmacopolist^ 
far-ma-kop'o-list,  n.  [Gr.  poleo,  to  sell.] 
An  apothecary.  —  Pharmacosiderlte,  f ar"- 
ma-ko-sid"6r-it,  n.  [Gr.  sideros,  iron.] 
Cube-ore. — Pharmacy,  far'ma-si,  n.  [Fr. 
pharmaeie,  from  Gr.  pbarmakeia,  from 
pharmakon.]  The  art  of  preparing  and 
compounding  medicines,  and  of  dispen- 
sing them  according  to  the  prescriptions 
of  medical  practitioners;  the  occupation 
of  an  apothecary. 

Pharo,  f  a'ro,  n.    Faro. 

Pharos,  fa'ros,  n.  A  lighthouse  or  tower 
which  anciently  stood  on  the  isle  of  Pha- 
ros, at  the  entrance  to  the  port  of  Alex- 
andria; hence,  any  lighthouse  for  the 
direction  of  seamen;  a  beacon. 

Pharynx,  far'ingks,  n.  [Gr.  phar-ynx,  pha- 
ryngos:  akin  to  pharanx,  a  chasm.]  The 
muscnlar  sac  which  intervenes  between 
the  cavity  of  the  mouth  and  the  oesopha- 
gus, its.  contraction  aiding  in  swallowing 


the  food.— Pharyngeal,  fa-rin'je-al.  n..  B.;- 
lonpiiig  to  or  affecting  the  phtiiynr:  — 
Pharyngitis,  far-in-ji'tis,fi.  Inflammatiou 
of  the  pharynx.  —  Pharyngotomy.  far-iu- 
got'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  pharynx,  and  tome,  a 
cutting.]  The  operation  of  making  an 
incision  into  the  pharynx  to  remove  any- 
thing that  obstructs  the  passage. 

Phascolotherium,  fas-kor6-the"ri-um,  n. 
[Gr.  phaskolos,  a  pouch,  and  thSrion,  a  wild 
beast.]  A  fossil  marsupial  animal  re- 
mains of  which  have  been  found  in  the 
oolite. 

Phase,  faz,  n.  [Fr.  phase,  from  Gr.  phasis, 
from  phainomai,  to  appear.  Phenomknon.J 
One  of  the  recurring  appearances  or  states 
of  the  moon  or  a  planet  in  respect  to  quan- 
tity of  illumination  or  figure  of  enlight- 
ened disc;  the  particular  state,  at  a  given 
instant,  of  a  continuously  varying  and 
periodic  phenomenon  (the  phases  of  a  tide, 
&c.);  an  aspect  or  appearance  of  that  which 
presents  various  aspects;  one  of  the  various 
ri"pocts  in  which  a  question  presents  itself 
to  the  mind;  a  turn  or  chance. 

Fhasel,  fa'zel,  n.  [Gr.  phaselos,  a  sort  of 
bean.]  The  French  bean  or  kidney-bean. 
— Phaseolite,  fa-ze'o-Jit,  a.  A  fossil  legu- 
minous plant. 

Phasis,  fa'sis,  n.  pi.  Phases,  fa'sez.  Astron. 
a  phase. 

Pheasant,  fez'ant,  n.  [L.  phasianus,  from 
Gr.  phasiayws,  from  Phasis,  a  river  of 
Asia,  near  the  mouth  of  which  these  birds 
are  said  to  have  been  numerous.]  A  well- 
kno'wn  and  beautiful  gallinaceous  bird, 
reared-and  preserved  in  Britain  and  else- 
where for  sport,  and  highly  valued  for  the 
delicacy  of  its  flesh.  The  golden  i)heasant 
and  the  silver  pheasant  are  natives  of 
China.  —  Pheasant-cuckoo,  n.  An  Aus- 
tralian bird  of  the  cuckoo  family. — Pheas- 
antry,  fez'ant-ri,  n.  A  place  for  breeding, 
rearing,  and  keeping  pheasants. 

Phelloplastics,  fel-lo-plas'tiks,  n.  [Gr. 
phellos,  cork,  and  plasso,  to  form  or 
fashion.]    The  art  of  modelling  in  cork. 

Fheuaklstoscope,  fen-a-kis'to-skop;  n.  [Gr. 
phenalcistikos,  deceitful,  skopeC,  I  view.] 
An  instrument  which  produces  the  repre- 
sentation of  actual  motion,  used  for  illus- 
trating the  persistence  of  impressions  on 
the  retina. 

Pheoician,  fe-nfbh'i-an,  n.  and  a.    Fh<e- 

■NICIAN. 

Phenicine,  f en'i-sin,  n.  [Gr.  phoinix,  purple.  ] 
A  brown  colouring  matter  obtained  by  a 
special  treatment  of  carbolic  acid  and 
used  in^dyeing. 

Phenix,  fg'niks, «.    Phcenix. 

Fhenogam,  fe'no-gam,  n.    A  phanerogam. 

Phenol,  fe'nol,  n..  A  name  for  Carbolic 
Acid. 

Phenomenon,  f5-nom'e-non,  n.  pi.  Phenom- 
ena, f e-nom'e-na.  [Gr.  phainor/ienon,  what 
appears,  from  phainomai,  to  appear,  from 
phainO,  to  show ;  akin  to  phaos,  light. 
Phantom.]  A- visible  manifestation  or  aj)- 
pearance;  a  fact  or  occurrence  presented 
to  our  observation  either  in  the  external 
■world  or  in  the  human  mind;  an  appear- 
ance produced  by  the  action  of  the  differ- 
ent forces  upon  matter;  what  strikes  us  as 
strange  and  uncommon;  something  extra- 
ordinary; an  exceedingly  remarkable  tiling 
or  personage. — Phenomenal,  fg-nom'e-nal, 
a.  Connected  with,  relating  to,  or  con- 
stituted by  phenomena;  so  surprising  or 
extraordinary  as  to  arrest  the  attention; 
extremely  remarkable  or  extraordinary; 
astounding.  —  Phenomenalism,  fe-nom  e- 
nal-izm,  n.  That  system  of  philosophy 
which  inquires  only  into  the  causes  of 
existing  phenomena.— Phenomenally,  fe- 
nom'e-nal-li,  adv.  In  the, manner  of  a 
phenomenon.— Phenomenism,  fe-nom 'en  - 
izm,  n.  The  doctrine  or  principles  of  the 
phenomenists.  —  Phenomenist,  fe-nom 'en- 
ist,  n.  One  who  believes  only  in  phenom- 
ena, having  no  regard  to  their  causes  or 
consequences. 

Pheon,  fe'on,  n.  The  barbed  iron  head  of 
a  dart  or  other  weapon;  a  sort  of  barbed 
javelin. 

Phial,  fi'al,  n.  [L.  phiala,  from  Gr.  phialS, 
a  phial.  Vial  is  another  form.]  A  glass 
vessel  or  bottle;  especially,  a  small  glass 
bottle  used  for  'holding  liquors,  and  par- 


FRte,  nir,  fat,  fftll;     mD,  met,  lifir;     pine,  pin;     aote,  not,  miJve;     tabe,  tub,  bvjll;     oil,  pound;     ii,  £c.  a'oMnc— the  Fr.  «. 


PHILABEG 


50:; 


inONOGRAPH 


(.■cui:!  rly  liinxid  raeAicmes.—Leyden-phial, 
a  vessel  used  in  electrical  experiments. 
Leyden-phial. — v.t.  —phialled,  phiaUing. 
To  put  or  keep  in  a  phial,  or  as  in  a  phial. 
Philabeg,  Philibeg,  fll'a-beg,  fil'i-beg,  n. 

FlLLIRKG. 

Philander,  fi-lan'd6r,  v.i.  [From  Philan- 
dfir,  a  virtuous  youth  in  Ariosto's  Orlando 
Farioso,  between  whom  and  a  married 
lady  there  were  certain  tender  passages.] 
To  make  love  sentimentally  to  a  lady;  to 
flirt;  to  pretend  admiration. 

Philanthropy,  fi-lan'thrO-pi,  n.  [Gr.  phil- 
anthropia,  from  philos,  loving,  and  anth7-6- 
lJos,aman.]  Love  towards  mankind;  bene- 
volence toward  the  whole  human  family. 
—Philanthropic,  Fhilauthropical,  fil-an- 
throp'ik,  fil-an-throp'i-kal,  o.  [Gr.  philan- 
thro^ikos.]  Pertaining  to  philanthropy; 
possessing  general  benevolence;  entertain- 
ing good- will  toward  all  men. — Philau- 
thropically,  fil-an-throp'i-kal-li,  adv.  In 
a  philanthropic  manner. — Philanthropist, 
fi-lan'throp-ist,  n.  One  who  evinces  phil- 
anthropy; a  person  of  general  benevolence; 
one  who  exerts  hiinself  in  doing  good  to 
his  fellow-men. 

Philharmonic,  fil-har-mon'ik,  a.  [Gr.  pMlos, 
loving,  and  hannonia,  harmonj'.]  Loving 
harmony;  fond  of  harmony  or  music. 

Fhilhellenlst,  Philhellene,  fil-hel'len-ist, 
fll-hel'len,  n.  [Fr.  philhelUne,  from  Gr. 
philos,  loving,  and  Hellen,  a  Greek.]  A 
friend  of  Greece;  one  who  supports  the 
cause  and  interests  of  the  Greeks  (Hel- 
lenes); one  who  supported  them  in  their 
successful  struggle  with  the  Turks  for  in- 
dependence. —  Philhellenic,  til-hel-len'ik, 
a.  Loving  the  Greeks.  —  Philhellenism, 
fll-hel'len-izm,  n.  The  principles  of  the 
philhellenists. 

Philippian,  fl-lip'i-an,  n.  A  native  or  in- 
habitant of  Philippi,  a  city  of  ancient 
Macedonia  ('the  Epistle  of  Paul  to  the 
Pkilippia/is'}. 

Philippic,  fi-lip'ik,  n.  One  of  a  series  of 
orations  delivered  by  Demosthenes,  the 
Grecian  orator,  against  Philip,  king  of 
Jlacedon;  any  discourse  full  of  acrimoni- 
ous invective;  a  name  given  to  the  four- 
teen orations  of  Cicero  against  Mark  An- 
tony. —  Philippize.t  fll'ip-iz,  v.i.  —  philip- 
pized,  pjiilippizing.  To  write  or  utter  a 
philippic. 

Philistine,  fi-Us'tin  or  fil'is-tin,  n.  An  in- 
habitant of  Philistiai  now  a  portion  of 
Syria;  the  English  form  of  Philister,  a 
term  applied  by  German  students  to  any 
one  who  has  not  been  trained  in  a  Uni- 
versity; hence,  a  matter-of-fact,  common- 
place person  deficient  in  liberal  culture 
and  large  intelligence,  and  so  wanting  in 
sentiment  and  taste;  a  person  of  narrow 
views ;  a  prosaic,  practical  man. — Philis- 
tinism, fll'is-tin-izm,  n.  Manners  or  modes 
of  thinking  of  Philistines. 

Phill-horse,  fil'horg,  n.  A  horse  in  the 
shafts:  a  corruption  of  thill-horse. 

Philocalist,  fi-lok'al-ist,  n.  [Gr.  philos,  lov- 
ing, and  kalos,  beautiful.]  A  lover  of  the 
beautiful. 

Philogyny,  fi-loj'i-ni,  n.  [Gr.  philos,  lov- 
ing, and  gyne,  a  woman.]  Fondness  for 
women;  uxoriousness. 

Philology,  fi-lol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  philologia, 
from  phileO,  to  love,  and  logos,  a  word.] 
The  study  of  language  and  literature;  the 
study  of  languages  in  connection  with  the 
wholie  moral  and  intellectual  action  of 
the  peoples  using  them;  the  study  of  the 
classical  languages,  literature,  and  his- 
tory; but  the  most  common  meaning  now 
is  the  science  of  language ;  linguistic 
science;  linguistics:  often  expressed  by  the 
quaHfled  title  of  comparative  philology. — 
Philologist,  Philologer,  Fhilologian,  fl- 
lol'o-jist,  fi-lol'o-jer,  fil-o-lo'ji-an,  «.  One 
versed  in  philology,  or  the  study  of  lan- 
guage in  a  scientific  manner.— Philologi- 
cal, Philologic,  fil-o-loj'i-kal,  fil-o-loj'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  philology.— Philologically, 
fil-5-loj'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  philological 
manner. 

Philomath,  fll'o-math,  n.  [Gr.-  philoma- 
thes— philos,  a  lover,  and  math,  root  of 
«ian.Wian(5,  to  learn.]  A  lover  of  learning. — 
Philomathic,  Philomathical,  fil-o-math'ik, 
fil-5-math'i-kal,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  love 


of  learning.— Philomathy,  fl-lom'a-thi,  n. 
The  love  of  learning. 

Philomel,  fil'o-mel.-M.  [From  Philomela, 
daughter  of  Pandion,  king  of  Athens,  who 
was  changed  into  a  nightingale.]  The 
poetic  name  of  the  nightingale. 
Philoprogenitiv6nes3,£Lro-pro-jen"i-tiv-nes, 
M.  [Gr.  philos,  fond,  and  E.  progeny.] 
The  love  of  offspring,  a  term  used  chiefly 
by  phrenologists. 

PhUosophe,  fil-o-zof,  w.  [Fr.]  A  petty  or 
puny  philosopher. 

Philosopher,  fi-los'o-f^r,  n.  [Gr.  philoso- 
phos— philos,  loving,  and  sop^os,  wise.]  A 
person  versed  in  or  devoted  to  philosophy; 
one  who  devotes  himself  to  the  study  of 
moral  or  intellectual  science;  one' who 
conforms  his  life  to  the  principles  of 
philosophy;  one  who  lives  according  to 
reason  or  the  rules  of  practical  wisdom. — 
Philosopher's  stone,  a  stone  or  preparation 
which  the  alchemists  formerlj^  sought,  as 
the  instrument  of  converting  the  baser 
metals  into  pure  gold.  —  PhilosophlcaJ, 
Philosophic,  fil-o-sof'i-kal,  fil-o-sof'ik,  a. 
Pertaining,  suitable,  or  according  to  phi- 
losophy; characterized  or  constituted  by 
philosophy;  proceeding  from  philosophy; 
characteristic  of  a  practical  philosopher; 
based  on  the  rules  of  practical  wisdom; 
calm;  cool;  temperate.— Philosophically, 
fil-o-sof'i-kal-li,  adv.  In-  a  philosophical 
manner.  —Philosophicalness,r  fil-o-sof 'i- 
kal-nes,  n.  Quality  of  being  philosophical. 
— PMlosophism,  fl-los'of-izm,  n.  [Fr.  phi- 
losophisme.^  Spurious  or  would-be  phi- 
losophy; the  affectation  of  philosophy. — 
Philosophize,  fi-los'o-fiz,  v.i. — philoso- 
phized, philosophizing.  To  reason  like  a 
philosopher;  to  form  or  attempt  to  form 
a  philosophical  system  or  theory.— Phi- 
losophizer,  fl-los'o-f  i-zer,  n.  One  who  phi- 
losophizes.—Philosophizing,n-los'd-fiz-ing, 
p.  and  a.  Searching  into  the  reasons  of 
things;  reasoning  Eke  a  philosopher. — 
Philosophy,  fi-los'o-fi,n.  [Gr.  philosophia, 
lit.  love  of  wisdom,  from  philos,  love,  and 
Sophia,  wisdom.]  The  science  which  aims 
at  an  explanation  of  all  the  phenomena 
of  the  universe  by  ultimate  causes;  the 
knowledge  of  phenomena  as  explained  by, 
and  resolved  into,  causes  and  reasons, 
powers  and  laws;  a  particular  philosophi- 
cal system  or  theory;  the  calm  and  unex- 
citable  state  of  mind  of  the  wise  man; 
practical  wisdom;  course  of  studies  for 
the  degree  of  'Doctor  of  Philosophy'  in 
Germany  or  elsewhere. — Moral  philosophy. 
Ethics.  —  Mental  philosophy.  Metjlpby- 
sics.— Natural  philosophy.  Physics. 
Philotechnic,  Pbilotechmcal,  fil-o-tek'nik, 
fil-o-tek'ni-kal,  a.  [Gr.  philos,  loving, 
technS,  art.]  Having  an  attachment  to 
.  the  arts. 
Philtre,  Philter,  fll'tfir,  n.    [Fr.  philtre,  L." 

f)hiltrum,  from  Gr.  philtron,  from  philos, 
oving.]  A  potion  supposed  by  the  an- 
cients, E,nd  even  by  the  ignorant  of  the 
present  day,  to  ha"ce  the  power  of  exciting 
love.— v.t.— '^dltreti-  philtered;  philtring, 
philtering.  To  impregnate  with  a  love  po- 
tion; to  administer  a  potion  to. 

Phiz,  fiz,  M.  [A  contr.  of  physiognomy.'] 
The  face  or  visage.    [Humorous.] 

Phlebitis,  fle-bi'tis,  n.  [Gr.  phleps,  pMebos, 
a  vein,  and  -itis,  implying  inflammation.] 
Inflammation  of  the  inner  membrane  of 
a  vein.— Phlebology,  fle-bol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr. 
phleps,  phlebos,  and  logos.]  That  branch 
of  anatomy  which  treats  of  the  veins. — 
Phleborrhage,  Phleborrhagia,  fleb'or-raj, 
fleb-or-ra'ji-a,  n.  [Gr.  rhage,  a  rupture.] 
The  rupture  of  a  vein ;  venous  hemorrhage. 
—Phlebotomy,  fle-bot'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  phle- 
botomia—phleps,  phlebos,  and  tome,  a  cut- 
ting.] ■  The  act  or  practice  of  opening  a 
vein  for  letting  blood.— Phlehotomist,  fls- 
bot'o-mist,  n.  One  that  opens  a  yein  for 
letting  blood;  a  blood-letter.  —  Phleboto- 
mize, fle-bot'o-miz,  v.t.  —  phlebotomized, 
phlebotomizing.  To  let  blooQ  f  rom;  to  bleed 
by  opening  a  Vein. 

Phlegm,  flem,  n.  [Gr.  phlegma,  phlegma- 
tos,  a  slimy  humour,  from  phlegO,  to  bum. 
Flame.J  The  thick  viscid  matter  secreted 
in  the  digestive  and  respiratory  passages, 
and  discharged  by  coughing  or  vomiting; 
bronchial  mucus;  Jig.  coldness;  sluggish- 


ness; indifference.— Phlegmasia,  fleg-ma'- 
iii-a,  n.  [Gr.,  from  phle.no,  to  burn.)  Arv 
inflammation  in  the  thigh  or  leg  of  lyinj:- 
in  women.  —  Phlegmatic,  Phicgmaiical, 
fleg-mat'ik,  fleg-mat'i-kal,  o.  [Gr.  phfeg- 
matikos.]  Abounding  in  phlegm;  generat- 
ing phlegm;  cold  or  sluggish  in  tempera^ 
ment;  not  easily  excited  into  action  or 
passion;  not  mercurial  or  lively.  —  PWeg- 
matically,  fleg-mat'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a 
phlegmatic  manner;  coldly;  heavily. 

Phleme,  flem,  n.    Fleam. 

Phloeum,  flg'um,  n.  [Gr.  phloios,  bark.] 
Bot.  the  cellular  portion  of  bark  lying  im- 
mediately under  the  epidermis. 

Phlogiston,  flo-jis'ton,  n.  [Gr.  phlogistos, 
burnt,  from  phlogizO,  to  bum,  from  phlegO, 
to  burn.]  According  to  an  obsolete  theory, 
the  supposed  principle  of  inflammability; 
a  hypothetical  element  which  was  thought 
to  be  pure  fire  fixed  in  combustible  bodies. 
-Phlogistic,  flo-jis'tik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
phlogiston ;  med.  inflammatory. 

Phlox,  floks,  n.  [Gr.  phlox,  a  flame,  from 
the  appearance  of  the  flowers.]  A  North 
American  genus  of  plants,  with  red,  pur- 
ple, or  white  flowers,  cultivated  in  gar- 
dens. 

Phlyctsena,  Phlyctena,  flik-tCna,  n.   [.Gr. 

fhlyktaina.']  A  kind  of  watery  pustule  on 
he  skin.  —  Phlyctsenula,  flik-ten'0-la,  n. 
[Dim.  of  phlyctana.]  A  small  transparent 
pustule ;  a  phlyctcena.  —  Phlyctenular, 
flik-ten'a-l6r,  a.  .  Pertaining  to  phlyctsen- 
ula. — Phlyctenular  ophthalmia,  inflamma- 
tion of  the  eye,  accompanied  with  phlyc- 
tssna  on  the  cOmea. 

Phocacean,  fo-ka'she-an,  n.  [L.  phoca,  a 
seal.]    A  mammal  belonging  to  the  seal 

fenus.— Phocal,  Phocine,  fo'lial,  fO'sin,  a. 
'ertaining  to  the  seal  tribe. 

Phoebus,  fe'buB,  MS*  [Gr.  Phoihos,  lit.  the 
brilliant  one.]  A  name  of  Apollo,  often 
used  in  the  same  sense  as  Sol,  the  sun. 

Phoenician,  fe-nish'i-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Phojnicia.- re.  A  native  of  ancient  Phoe- 
nicia, the  region  between  Lebanon  and 
the  Mediterranean ;  the  language  of  the 
Phoenicians,  an  extinct  Semitic  tongue, 
akin  to  Hebrew. 

Phoenix,  fe'niks,  re.  [Gr.  phoinix.]  Accor- 
ding to  the  ancient  legend  a  wonderful 
female  bird  which  was  said  to  live  500  or 
600  years,  when  she  built  for  herself  a  fu- 
neral pile  of  wood  and  aromatic  gums, 
lighted  it  with  the  fanning  of  her  wings, 
and  rose  again  from  her  ashes;  hence,  an 
emblem  of  immortality;  a  paragon;  a  per- 
son of  singular  distinction  or  beauty. 

Pholas,  fo'las,  re.  pi.  Pholades,  fo'la-dez. 
[Gr.  pholas,  from  pholeO,  to  lie  concealed.] 
A  genus  of  bivalve  marine  molluscs  which 
pierce  rocks,  wood,  &c..  by  rasping  with 
certain  projections  on  their  shell. 

PhonascetiCB,  fa-nas-set'iks,  re.  [Gr.  phme, 
the  voice,  an-vcts/ceo,  to  practise.]  Syste- 
matic practice  f  o?  strengthening  the  voice. 

Phonautograph,  fo-na'to-graf,  n.  [Gr. 
phone,  sound,  autos,  self,  and  grapho,  to 
write.]  An  instrument  for  automatically 
recording  sounds;  a  phonograph. 

Phonetic,  Phonetical,  fo-net'ik,  fo-net'i-kal, 
o.  [Gr.  phonetikos,  from  phUnS,  voice, 
sound.]  Pertaining  to  the  voice;  pertainx 
ing  to  the  representation  of  sounds;  repre- 
senting sounds. — Phonetic  spelling,  a  sys- 
tem which  aims  at  spelling  words  precisely 
according  to  their  sound,  and  not  in  the 
loose  manner  in  which  English  is  spelled. 
—Phonetically,  fo-nat'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a 
phonetic  manner.— Phonetics,  fo-net'iks, 
n.  The  doctrine  of  sounds;  the  science 
which  treats  of  the  sounds  of  the  human 
voice,  and  the  art  of  representing  them  by 
writing. — Phonic,  fo'nik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
sound.— Phonics,  fo'niks,  re.  The  docirine 
or  science  of  sounds;  phonetics. 

Phonocamptic,  fo-no-kamp'tik,  a.  [Gr. 
phone,  sound,  and  kampto,  to  bend.]  Hav- 
ing the  power  to  inflect  sound,  or  turn  it 
from  its  direction. 

Phonograph,  fo'no-graf,  n.  [Gr.  phOnC, 
sound,  and  graphO,  to  write]  A  type  or 
character  for  expressing  a  sound;  a  char- 
acter used  in  phonography;  an  instrument 
by  means  of  which  sounds  can  be  perma- 
nently registered,  and  afterwards  mechan- 
ically reproduced  almost  in  the  original 


ch,c7taiu;    ch,&c.loch;    g,goi    j.yob;    fijFr.tonj    ng.sijifrj    ra,  tftea;  th,  i/tiaj    •«■,  .*is;    •nli.u'.^is; 


zli,  u^i 


PSONOLITE 


504 


MUENOLOGY 


tones  from  the  register.  —  Phonogram, 
fo'iio-gram,  n.  A  souiid  as  reproduced  by 
tho  phonograph.— Ehonograiiher,  Phonog- 
raphlst,  f o-nog'raf-Or,  fo-nog'raf-ist,ri..  One 
versed  in  phonography;  one  who  uses  or 
is  skilled  in  the  use  of  the  phonograph.— 
Phonographic,  Phonographical,  fo-no- 
graf' ik,  fo-no-graf'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  based  upon  phonography;  pertaining  to 
the  phonograph.  —  Phonographically,  fo- 
no-graf'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  phonographic 
manner.  —  Phonography,  fo-nog'ra-fi,  n. 
The  description  of  sounds;  the  representa- 
tion of  sounds  by  characters,  each  of  which 
represents  one  sound,  and  always  the 
same  sound;  phonetic  shorthand;  the  art 
of  using  the  phonograph.  ' 

Phonolite,  fo'no-lit,  w.  [6r.  phOne,  sound, 
and  lithos,  stone.]    Same. as  Clink-stone. 

Phonology,  f O-nol'o-j  i,  n.  [Gr.  phme,  sound, 
voice,  and  logos,  discourse.]  The  science 
or  docti'ine  of  the  elementaiy  sounds  ut- 
tered by  the  human  voice ;  phonetics. — 
Phonologic,  Phonological,  fo-no-loj'ik,  fo- 
nu-loj'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  phonology. 
— Phonolo^t,  fo-nol'o-jist,  n.  One  versed 
in  phonology. 

Phonometer,  fo-nom'et-6r,  n.  tGr.  phOnS, 
sound,  metron,  a  measure.]  An  mstru- 
ment  for  ascertaining  the  number  of  vibra- 
tions of  a  given  sound  in  a  given  time. 

Phonoscope,  fo'no-skop,  n.  L6r.  phone,  a 
voice,  a  sound,  and  skopeO,  to  view.]  An 
instrument  for  producing  figures  of  light 
from  vibrations  of  sound  by  means  of  an 
electric  current. 

Phonotypy,  fo-not'i-pi,n.  [Gr.pftonef,  sound, 
and  typos,  type.]  A  method  of  represent- 
ing each  of  the  sounds  of  speech  by  a  dis- 
tinct printed  character  or  letter;  phonetic 
printing.  —  Phonotype,  f 6'no-tip,  n.  A 
type  or  character  used  in  phonetic  print- 
ing.—Phonotyplc,  fo-no-tip'ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  phonotypy. 

Phorminx,  for'mingka,  n.  [Gr.]  An  an- 
cient Grecian  lute  or  lyre. 

Phormiimi,  f or'mi-um,  n.  [Tfom  Gr.  pfeor- 
mos,  a  basket— because  it  is  made  into 
baskets.]  The  generic  name  of  New  Zea- 
land flax. 

Phoronomlcs,  f or-o-n6m'ik8,^re.  [Gr.  phoreO, 
to  bear  or  carry,  and  nomos,  a  law.]  A 
name  for  kinematics. 

Phosgene,  fos'jen,  n.  [Gr.  pAOs,'  light,  aind 
root  gen,  to  produce.]  A  gas  with  a  suffo- 
cating odour. generated  by  the  action  Of 
light  on  chlorine  and  carbonic  .oxide. 

Phosphorus,  fos'for-us,  n.  [L.  phosphorus, 
Gr.  pAofip/ioros,the  morning-star,  lit.  light- 
bringer,  from  phos,  light  (same  root  as  in 
phenomenon),  and  phero,  to  bring.]  A  solid 
non-metallic  combustible  elementary  sub- 
stance, at  common  temperatures  a  soft 
solid  which  undergoes  slow  combustion,  an 
important  constituent  in  animal  and  vege- 
table structures,  and  chiefly  obtained  from 
bones. -T  Phosi)hate,  fos'fat,  n.  A  salt  of 
phosphoric  acid.— Phosphatic,  fos-fat'ik,' 
a.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  a  phos- 
phate; containing  a  phosphate.  —  Phos- 
phidS,  fos'fid,  n.  A  combination  of  phos- 
phorus with  a  single  element.— PhospMte, 
fos'fit,  n.  A  salt  of  phosphorous  acid. — 
Phosphorate,  fos'for-at,i>.t.—pfeosf>/iOJ-afed, 
phosphorating.  To  combine  or  impreg- 
nate with  phosphorus.— Phosphor-bronze, 
n.  An  alloy  of  copper, .tin,  and  phos- 
phorus, made  into  bearings  for  machinery, 
guns,  cutlery,  wire,  sheathing  for  vessefe, 
&c.  —  Phosphoresce,  f os-fo-res',  v.i.—phos- 
phoresced,  'phosphorescing.  To  shine,  as 
phosphorus,  by  exhibiting  a  faint  light 
without  sensible  heat;  to  give  outu  phos- 
phoric light. ,— Phcspho;rescence,  fos-fo- 
res'ens,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
phosphorescent;  the  property  which  cer- 
tain bodies  possess  of  becomingluminous 
without  undergoing  combustion,  some- 
times a  chemical,  sometimes,  a  physical 
action. — Phosphorescent,-  f os-f o-res'ent,  a. 
Shining  with  a  faint  light  or  luminosity 
Uke  that  of  phosphorus;  luminous  without 
Bensible  heat.— Phosphoric,  fos-for'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to,  obtained  from,  or  resem- 
bling phosphorus;  phosphorescent. — PAoa- 
ph-jirc  c.cic,,  an  acid  usually  obtained  by 
Duming  phosphuretted  hvdrogen  in  atmo- 
epheric  air  or  oxygen.— Phosphorite,  fo8<- 


for-it,  «.  A  species  of  calcareous- earth; 
an  amorphous  phosphate  of  Ume.— Phos- 
phoritlc,  fos-fo-rit'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
phosphorite. — Phosphorize,fos'for-iz,?>.<.— 
phosphorized,  phosphorizijig.  To  combine 
or  impregnate  with  phosphorus. — Phos- 
phorous, fos'for-us,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
obtained  from  phosphorus.— P/josp/wrows 
acid,  an  acid  produced  by  exposing  sticks 
of  phosphorus  to  moist  a:r,  and  in  several 
other  ways.  —  Phosphuret,  fos'fa-ret,  n. 
The  name  formerly  given  to  phosphide. — 
Phogphuretted,  fos'fu-ret-ed,  a.  Combined 
with  pliosphoins.— Phosphuretted  hydro- 
gen, a,  gas  procured  by  boiling  phosphorus 
m  a  solution  of  a  caustic  alkali. 
Photics,  fo'tiks,  n.  [Gr.  phos,  photos,  light.] 
That  department  of  science  which  treats 
of  light^ 

Photo,  fo'to,  n.  A  contraction  of  Photo- 
graph; a  photographic  picture. 
Photochemistry,  fo-to-kem.'ist-ri,  ^.  [Gr. 
phos,  photos,  light,  and  E.  chemistry.^ 
That  branch  of  chemistry  which  treats  of 
the  chemical  action  of  light,  especially  of 
solar  light.  —  Photochemical,  fo-to-kem'i- 
kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  chemical  action 
of  light. 

Photochromy,  fo-tok'ro-mi,  ji.  [Gr.  phos, 
photos,  light,  and  chroma,  colour.]  The 
art  or  operation  of  reproducing  colours  by 
photography. 

Photo-electrotype,  n.    A  process  in  which 

•  a  photographic  picture  is  produced  in  re- 
lief so  as  to  afibrd,  by  electric  deposition, 
a  matrix  for  a  cast,  from  which  impres- 
sions in  ink  may  be  obtained. 

Photo-engraving,  n.  A  common  name  of 
many  processes  in  which  the  action  of 
light  is  used  foiSibtaining  a  picture  upon 
a  plate  or  block  for  subsequent  engraving. 

Photogene,  fo'to-jen,  n.  [Gr.  phOs,  photos, 
light,  and  root  gen,  to  produce.]  A  more 
or  less  continued  impression  or  picture  on 
the  retina.  —  Photogenic,  fo-to-jen'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  photogenes  or  to  photogeny. 
— Photogeny,  fo-toj'e-ni,  n.   Photography. 

Photoglyphy,  fo-tog'li-fij  n.  [Gr.  phos, 
p/iotos,  light,  and  glypho,  to  engrave.]  A 
method  of  engraving  by  which  photo- 
graphs and  other  transparent  designs  can 
be  etched  into  steel,  copper,  or  zinc  plates 
by  the  action  of  light  and  certain  chemi- 
cals.—Photoglyphic,  fg-to-glif'ik,  a.  Re- 
lating to  photoglyphy. 

Photography,  fo-tog'ra-fi,  n.  iCr.  phos, 
photos,  light,  and  grdpho,  to  describe.]  The 
art  of  obtaining  accurate  representations 
of  scenes  and  objects  by  means  of  the  ac- 
tion of  light  on  substances  treated  with 
certain  chemicals.  —  Photograph,  fo'to- 
graf ,  n.  A  picture  obtained  by  means  of 
photography.— t;.i.  To  produce  a  likeness 
or.  representation  of  by  photographic 
means.  —  Photographer,  Photographist, 
fi5-tog'Taf-6r,  fo-tog'ra-fist,  n.  One  who 
takes  pictures  bj' means  of  photography.— 
Photographic,  Photogi-aphical,  f  o-to-graf - 
ik,  fo-to-graf'i-kal,  a.  JRelating  to  pho- 
tography.— Photographic  printing,  the  pro- 
cess of  obtaining  positives  on  sensitized 
paper  from  transparent  negatives  by  ex- 
posure to  light.— Photographicalljr,  f5-to- 
graf'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  photographic  man- 
ner; by  means  of  photography. 

Photo-lithograph,  n.  A  picture  produced 
by  photo-lithography. —  Photo -lithogra- 
pny,«..  A  mode  of  lithographing  in  which 
a  photograph  is  transferred  to  a  prepared 
lithographic  stone. 

Photology, fo-tol'o-ji, n.  [Gr.  phos.photos, 
light,  and  toj/os,  discourse.]  The  doctrine 
or  science  of  light,  explaining  its  nature 
and  phenoinena.— Photologic,  Photologi- 
cal,  fo-to-loj'ik,  fo-to-loj'i-kal,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  phbtology.  —  Photologist,.  fo-tol'o- 
jist,  n.  One  who  devotes  himself  to  the 
science  of  light. 

Photometer,  fo-tom'et-fir,  n.  [Gr.  phOs, 
photos,  light,  and  metron,  measure.]  An 
instrument  intended  to  measure  the  com- 
parative intensity  of  different  lights.— 
Photometric,Photometrical,fo-to-met'rik, 
fo-to-met'ri-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  made 
by  a  photometer.— Photometry,  fo-toin'et- 

■n,  n.  The  measurement  of  the  relative 
amoimts  of  light  emitted  by  diffetent 
sources. 


Photo-micrography,  n.  [Gr.  phos,  photos, 
light,  m,ihros,  small,  and  graphO,  to  write.], 
The  art  or  process  of  photographing  mi- 
nute ob.iects  when  magnified  by  means  of 
the  microscope. 

Photophobia,  fo-to-fo'bi-a,  n.  [Gr.  phos, 
photos,  light,  and  phobia,  dread.]  An  in- 
tolerance or  dread  of  light. 
Photophone,  fO'to-fon,  n.  [Gr.  phos,  photos, 
light,  and  phonl,  a  voice,  a  sound.]  An 
instrument  for  reproducing  sound  in  dis- 
tant places  by  variations  in  the  intensity 
of  a  beam  of  light.  —  Photophonlc!,  fo-to- 
fon'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  produced  by 
thejphotophone.— Photophonyifo-tofo-m, 
TO.  The  art  or  practice  of  using  the  photo- 
phone. 

Photopsia,  Photopsy,  f6-top'8i-a,fo-top'si,TO. 
[Gr.  phos,  photos,  light,  and  opsis,  sight.] 
A  morbid  affection  of  the  eyes,  in  which 
sparks  of  fire  or  flashes  of  .light  seem  to 
play  before  them. 

Photosphere,  fo'to-sfer,  n.  [Gr.  phOs,  pho- 
tos, light,  and  E.  sphere.]  An  envelope  of 
light;  the  luminous  envelope,  supposed  to 
consist  of  incandescent  matter,  surroun- 
ding the  sun. 

Photot3T)e,  f5'to-tip,  n.  [Gr.  phOs,  photos, 
light,  and  typos,  a  type.]  A  plate  produced 
from  a  photograph  by  a  peculiar  process, 
as  by  photoglyphy  or  photo-lithography, 
and  from  which  copies  can  be  printed. — 
Phototypy,  fo-tot'i-pi,  n.  The  art  or  pro- 
cess of  producing  phototypes. 
Photo-xylography,  n.  [Gr.  phOs,  photos, 
'light,  xylon,  wood,  and  graphO,  to  write.} 
A  mode  of  wood-engraving  where  the  pic- 
ture is  in  the  first  place  photographed  on 
the  block.  —  Photo-zincography,  n.  The 
process  of  printing  from  a  prepared  zinc 
plate  on  which  a  photograph  has  been 
taken. 

PhragmaconSj  frag'ma-kon,  n.  [Gr.  phrag- 
ma,  a  partition,  and  kOnos,  a  cone.]  The 
internal  chambered  cone  of  the  belemnite 
or  other  cuttle-fish. 

Phrase,  fraz,  «.  [QrX.phrasis,  a  phrase 
(seen  also  in  periphrasis,  paraphrase), 
from  phrazO,  to  speak.  J  A  brief  expression; 
two  or  more  words  forming  a  complete 
expression  by  themselves  or  being  a  por- 
tion of  a  sentence;  a  peculiar  or  charac- 
teristic expression;  an  idiom;  the  manner 
or  style  in  which  a  person  expresses  him- 
self ;  diction ;  music,  a  short  part  of  a 
composition  usually  occupying  a  distinct 
rhythmical  period  of  from  two  to  four 
haxa.—v.t.-^hrased,  phrasing.  To  call;  to 
style;  to  express. — Phrase-book,  n.  A  book 
in  which  phrases  or  idioms  of  a  language 
are  collected  and  explained.  —  Phraseo- 
gram,  f ra'ze-o-gram ,  n.  A  combination  of 
shorthand  characters  to  rejiresent  a  phrase 
.  or  sentence.  —  Phraseologic,  Phraseologi- 
cal, fra'ze-orloj"ik,fra'ze-o-loj"i-kal,a.  Per- 
taining to  phraseology;  exhibiting  idio- 
matic phrases.— Phraseologlst,  fra-ze-ol'o- 
jist,  n.  A  stickler  for  a  particular  form  of 
words  or  phraseology;  a  coiner  of  phrases. 
—Phraseology,  fra-ze-ol'o-ji,  n.  Manner 
of  expression;  peculiar  words  or  phrases 
used'in  a  sentence;  diction;  a  collection  of 
phrases  in  a  language.  .•.  Syn.  under  Dic- 
tion. 

Phrenetic,  fre-net'ik,  a.  [L.  phreneticm, 
from  Gr.  phrenitikoe,  suffering  from  phre- 
nitis  or  inflammation  of  the  brain,  from 
phren,  the  mind,  the  midriff.  Frantic] 
Having  the  mind  disordered;  frantic;  fre- 
netic.-^w.  A  frantic  or  frenzied  person;  one 
whose  mind  isdisordered.- Phrenetically, 
fre-net'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  phrenetic  man- 
ner.—Phrenic,  fren'ik,  a.  [Prom  Gr.  phrSn, 
in  sense  of  diaphragm.]  Anat.  belonging 
to  the  diaphragm.  —  Phrenitis,  fre-ni'tis, 
n.  [Gr.,  from  phren,  the  mind,  and  -itis, 
term,  denoting  inflammation.]  Med.  an 
inflammation  of  the  brain ;  delirium , 
phrensy  or  frenzy. 

Phrenology,  fre-nol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  phren, 
phrenos,  the  mind,  and  logos,  discourse.] 
A  doctrine  which  professes  to  found  a 
philosophy  of  the  human  mind  upon  a 
■  presumed  knowledge  of  the  functions  of 
different  portions  of  the  brain  obtained  by 
comparing  their  relative  forms  and  mag-, 
nitudes  in  different  individuals  wi;,a  the 
propensities  and  intellectual  powers  which 


:'vit,i«viii     me,  aist.Uir.   plaOiCiiM    a9tSt.Aot|  mQYei   ,tQbe|tab,b^i    oU,eoiu)Ldi    ti,  Sq,  abu&e— t^o  JcY.  v. 


PHRENSY 


505 


MASTER 


these  individuals  are  found  respectively 
to  possess.  —  Phrenologic,  Phrenological, 
fren-o-loj'ik,  fren-o-loj'i-kal,  a.  Pertaimng 
to  phrenology.  —  Phrenologically,  fren-or 
loj'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  phrenological  man- 
ner; according  to  the  principles  of  phre- 
nology.—  Phrenologist,  fre-nol'o-jist,  m. 
One  versed  in  phrenology. 
Phrensy,  fren'zi,  n.  [Fr.  phrinisie.]  The 
old  spelling  of  Fremy.  —  v.t.— ^/irestsiei, 
phrensying.  To  make  frantic;  to  infuriate. 
[Byron.] 

Phrygian,  frij'i-an,  a.  fFrom  Phrygia,  In 
Asia  Minor.]  Pertaining  to  Phrygia  or  to 
the  'Phrygia.ns. —Phrygian  cap,  the  red 
cap  of  Liberty  worn  by  the  leaders  during 
the  first  French  republic. —.PAryjirian  mode, 
one  of  the  modes  in  ancient  music. 
Phthiriasis,  thi-ri'a-sis,  n.  [Gr.  phtJieiria- 
sis,  from  phtheir,  a  louse.]  The  lousy  dis- 
ease, which  consists  in  the  excessive  mul- 
tiplication of  lice  on  the  human  body  in 
spite  of  cleanliness. 

Phthisis,  thi'sis,  n.  [Gr.  phihisia,  a  wasting, 
from  phthiO^  to  waste  away.]  A  disease 
produced  by  tubercles  in  the  lungs,  and 
commonly  known  by  the  name  of  con- 
sumption ;  pulmonary  consumption.  — 
Phthisic,  tiz'ik,  n.  A  consumption  or 
wasting  away;  a  person  affected-  with 
phthisis.  —Phthisical,  tiz'i-kal,  a.  [Gr. 
phthisikos.]  Belonging  to  phthisis;  af- 
fected by  phthisis. 

Phycography,  fi-kog'ra-fi,  n.  [Gr.  phykoa, 
a  sea-weed,  and  graphs,  description.]  A 
scientific  description  of  algas  or  sea- weeds. 
— PhycoliJgy,  fi-kol^o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  phykos, 
and  logos.]  That  department  of  Dotany 
which  treats  of  the  algae  or  sea-weeds.  . 
Phylactery,  fi-lak'ter-i,  n.  [Gr.  phylakte- 
rion,  from  pjiylasso,  to  defend  or  guard.] 
An  amulet  worn  as  a  preservative  from 
danger  or  disease  among  the  Jews';  a  strip 
of  parchment  inscribed  with  certain  texts 
from  the  Old  Testament,  inclosed  within 
a  small  leather  case,  and  fastened  on  the 
forehead  or  on  the  left  arm  near  the  region 
of  the  heart.— Phylacteric,  Phylacterical, 
fl-lak-ter'ik,  fl-lak-ter'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  phylacteries. 

Phylarch,  fi'iark,  n.  [Gr.  phyle,  a  tribe, 
and  arche,  rule.]  The  chief  or  governorof 
a  tribe.— Phylarchy,  fi'lar-ki,  n.  The  office 
of  a  phylarch;  government  of  a  tribe. 
Phyletic,  fi-let'ik,  o.  [Gr.  pkyle,  a  tribe  or 
race.]'  Pertaining  to  a  race  or  tribe:  ap- 
plied especially  m  connection  with  the 
development  of  animal  tribes. 
Phyllary,  fil'a-ri,  n.  [Gr.  phyllon,  a  leaf.] 
Bat.  one  of  the  leaflets  forming  the  in- 
volucre of  composite  flowers. 
Phyllodlum,  fil-o'di-um,  n.  [Gr.  phyllon, 
a  leaf,  and  eidos,  likeness.]  Bat.  a  leaf- 
stalk developed  into  a  flattened  expansioil 
like  aleaf.  —  Phylloid,  fil'oid,  a.  Leaf- 
like; shaped  like  a  leaf.— Phyllophagan, 
fil-of'a-gan,  n.  [Gr.  phyllon,  and  phago, 
to  eat.]  An  animal  that  feeds  on  the 
leaves  of  trees.  —  Phyllophagous,  fil-of 'a- 
gus,  a.  Leaf-eating.  —  Phyllophore,  fil'- 
o-for,  n.  [Gr.  phyllon,  anApho7-os,  bearing.] 
Bot  the  terminal  bud  or  growias-  point  in 
palms.  —  Phyllophorous,  fll-of'o-rus,  a. 
Leaf -bearing;  producing  leaves.— Phyllo- 
pod,  fil'o-pod,  n..  [Gr.  phyllon,  and  pous, 
podos,  a  foot.]  One  of  those  crustaceans 
that  have  limbs  of  leaf -like  form  for 
swimming.  —  Phyllostome,  fil'o-stijm,  n. 
[Gr.  stoma,  a  mouth,]  One  of  a  family  of 
bats  that  have  a  leaf-like  appendage  ort 
the  nose.  —  Phyllotactic,  fil-o-tak'tik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  phyllotaxis.- Phyllotaxis, 
Phyllotaxy,  fil'o-tak-sis,  fil'o-tak-si,  n. 
[Gr.  taxis,  order.]  Bot  the  arrangement 
of  the  leaves  on  the  axis  or  stem. — Phyl- 
loxera, fil-6k-se'ra,  n.  [Gr.  phyllon,  a  leaf, 
and  xSros,  parched.]  An  insect  which  in- 
fests the  leaves  and  roots  of  the  oak,  vine, 
&c.,  one  species  of  which  has  caused  im- 
mense damage  in  some  wine-producing 
countries.  - 

Phylogenesis,  Phylogeny,  fi-lo-jen'e-sis, 
fi-loj'e-ni,  n. ,  [Gr.  phyle,  a  tribe,  and  gene- 
sis, root  gen,  to  produce.]  Biol,  the  origin 
and  history  of  races  or  types  of  animal 
forms-. — Phylogenetic,  fi'lo-je-net"ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  phylogenesis  or  phylogeny, 
or  the  race  history  of  an  animal. 


Phyma;  fi'ma,  n.  [Gr.  phyma,  from  phyO, 
to  produce.]  An.  imperfectly  suppura- 
ting tumour.forming  an  abscess.- 

Physalia,  fi-sa'li-a,  n.  [Gr.  physalis,  a 
bladder,  from  physao,  to  piiff.]  A  genus 
of  Hydrozoa  that  float  on  the  Surface  of 
the  ocean  and  are  remarkable  for  the 
brilliancy  of  their  hues. 

Physalite,  fi'sa-15t,  n.  [Gr.  physaO,  to  in- 
flate, ana  lithos,  a  stone,  from  intumescing 

^when  heated,]  A  mineral  of  a  greenish- 
white  colour;  a  kind  of  topaz. 

Physic,  fiz'ik,  n.  [Gr.  phy&ikos,  pertaining 
to  nature,  natural,  from  physis,.  nature, 

'  from  pJiyO,  to  bring  forth,  to  spring  up; 
cog.  with  Skr.  bhU,  to  be;  E.  to  be.  Be.] 
The  science  or  knowledge  of  medicine;  the 
art  of  healing;  a  medicine,  popularly  a 
medicine  that  purges;  a  purge;  a  cathartic. 
— Physic  garden,  an  old  name  for  a  botanic 
gardGn.-^v.t.— physicked,  physicking.  To 
treat  with  physic;  to  purge  with  a  cathar- 
tic; to  remedy.— Physical,  flz'i-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  nature;  relating  to  what  is  ma- 
terial and  perceived  by  the  senses;  pertain- 
ing to  the  material  part  or  structure  of  an 
organized  being,  as  opposed  to  what  is 
mental  or  moral  {physical  force);  mate- 
rial (the  physical  world) ;  pertaining  to 
physics  or  natural  philosophy .-^PAj/«c«Z 
geography.  Under  Geogrkphy.— Physical 
science.  Physios.— Physically,  fiz'i-kal-li, 
adv.  In!a  physical  manner;  as  regards  the 
material  world;  as  regards  the  bodily  con- 
stitution.—Physician,  fi-zish'an,  n.  A  per- 
son skilled  in  the  art  of  healing;  one  whose 
profession  is  to  prescribe  remedies  for 
diseases.  —  Physicism,  fiz'i-sizm,  n.  The 
ascription  of  everything  to  merely  physi- 
cal or  material  causes.  —  Physicist,  fiz'i- 
sist,  n.  One  skilled  in  physics;  a  natural 
philosopher.  —  Physico-mathematics,  fiz'- 
i-ko,  TO.  Mixed  mathematics.  —  Physico- 
philosophy,  n.  The  philosophy  of  nature. 
— Physico-theology,  n.  Theology  illustra- 
ted or  enforced  by  physics  or  natural  phi- 
losophy.—Physics,  fiz'iks,  to.  That  branch 
of  .science  which  treats  of  the  laws  and 
properties  of  matter;  the  department  of 
science  that  deals  with  mechanics,  dyna- 
mics, light,  heat,  sound,  electricity,  and 
magnetism;  natural  philosophy. 

Physiognomy,  fiz^i-og'no-mi,  n.  [Properly 
physiognomony,  from  Gr.  physiognOmonia 
—physis,  nature,  and  gnOrtiOn,  one  who 
knows,  from  stem  of  gignOskO,  to  know.] 
The  art  of  discerning  the  character  of  the 
mind  from  the  features  of  the  face ;  the 
face  or  countenance  as  an  index  oi  the 
mind;  particular  cast  or  expression  of 
countenance.  —  Physiognomic,  Physiog- 
nomical, Physiognomonlc,  fiz'i-og-nom"ik, 
fiz'i-og-nom"i-kal,  flz-i-og'no-mon:"ik', «. 
Pertaining  to  physiognomy.— Physiogno- 
mist, fiz-i-og'no-mist,  n.  One  skilled-  in 
physiognomy.  •    - 

Physiogony,  fiz-i-og'o-ni,  n.  [Gr.  physis, 
nature,' and  gong,  generation.]  The  pro- 
duction or  generation  of  nature. 

Physiography,  fiz-i-og'ra-fi,  to.  [Gr.  physis, 
nature,  and  grapho,  to.  describe.]  The 
science  which  treats  of  the  earth's  physical 

.  features,  and  the  causes  by  which  they 
have  been  modified,  as  well  as  of  the  cli- 
mates, life,  &c.,  of  the  globe ;  physical 
geography.— Physiographical,fiz'i-o-"graf"- 
i-kal,  a.    Pertaining  to  physiography. 

Physiolatry,  fiz-i-ol'a-tri,  to.  [Gr.  physis, 
nature,  and  latreia,  wotship.]  The  wor- 
ship of  the  powers  or  agencies  of  nature; 
nature  worship. 

Physiology,  flz-i-ol'o-ji,  n.  [Fr.  physiologie, 
Gr.  physioloria— physis,  nature,  and  logos, 
discourse.]  That  science,  which  has  for 
its  aim  the  study  and  elucidation  of  the 
phenomena  of  life  in  animals  and  plants. 
—Physiologic,  Physiological,  flz'i-o-loj"- 
ik,  fiz'i-o-loj"i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  physi- 
ology.—Physiologically,  fiz'i70-loj"i-kal-li, 
adv.  According  to  the  principles  of  physi- 
ology.— Physiologist,  flz-i-ol'o-jist,  to.  One 
who  is  versed  in  or  who  treats  of  physi- 
ology: 

Physique,  fs-z5k',n.  [Fr.]  A  person's  phy- 
sical or  bodily  structure  or  constitution. 

Phytelephas,  fi-tel'6-fas,  to.  [From  Gr. 
phyton,  a  plant,  and  elephas,  ivory.]  The 
plant  that  yields  the  ivpry-nut. 


Phytoehemistry,  fi-to-kem'is-tri,  n.     [Gr. 

•  »;'iytoTO,  a  plant.]  Vegetable  chemistry.— 
Phytochemioal,  fi-to-kem'i-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  phytoehemistry. 

Phytocfilor,  fi'to-klor,  to.  [Gr.  phyton,  a 
plant,  and  chloros,  green.]    Chlo^ophyli,. 

Phytogenesis,  Phytogeny,  fi-to-jen'e-sis,  fi- 
toj'e-ni,  TO.  [Gr.  phyton,  a  plant,  and  gene- 
sis.] The  doctrme  of  the  generation  of 
plants. 

Phytogeography,  fi'to-j5-og'<ra-fi,  n.  [Gr. 
phyton,  a  plant,  and  E.  geography.]  The 
geography  or  geographical  distribution 
of  plants. 

Phytoglyphy,  fi-togli-fi,  n.  [Gr.  phyton,  a 
plant,  a,nd- glypho,  to  engrave.]  The  art 
of  taking  impressions  from  plants  on  soft 
metal,  from  which  copies  can  be  taken  by 
printing;nature-printing.— Phytoglyphic, 
fi-to-glif' ik,  a.    Relating  to  phytoglyphy. 

Phytography,  fi-tog'ra-fi,  to.  [Gr.  phyton, 
a  plant,  and.  graphe,  description.]  That 
branch  of  botany  which  concerns  itself 
,with  the  rules  to  be  observed  in  describ- 
ing and  naming  plants.— Phytographical, 
f i-to-graf'i-kal,  a.  .  Pertainmg  to  the  de- 
scription of  plants. 

Phytoid,  fi'toid,  a.  [Gr.  'phyton,  a,  plant, 
and  eidos,  likeness.]    Plant-like. 

Phytolithology,  fi'to-li-thol"o-ii,  to.  [Gr. 
phyton,  plant,  lithos,  stone,  logos,  dis- 
course. 1  That  part  of  science  which  treats 
of  fossil  plants.— PhjrtoUthologist,  fi'to-li- 
thol"o-ji8t,  TO.  One  who  is  skilled  m  fossil 
plants. 

Phytology,  fl-tol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  phyton,  a 
plant,  logos,  discourse.]  The  science  of 
plants,  a  name  sometimes  used  as  equiva- 
lent to  botany.— Phytological,  fi-tO-loj'i- 
kal,  a.  Relating  to  phytology .^Phytolo- 
gist,  fi-tol'o-jist,  TO.  One  versed  in  plants 
or  skilled  in  phytology;  a  botanist. 

Phjrton,  fi'ton,  n.  [Or.,  a  plant.]  Bot.  a 
rudimentary  or  embryo  plant. 

Ph3rtonomy,  fi-ton'o-mi,  to.  [Gr.  phyton,  a 
plant,  and  momos,  a  law.]  The  science  of 
the  origin  and  growth  of  plants. 

Phytopathology,  fi'to-pa-thoro-ji,  to.  TGr. 
phyton,  a  plant,  pathos,  disease,  logos,  trea^ 
tise.]  Scientific  knowledge  relating  to 
the  diseases  of  plants. 

Phytophagous,  fi-tof'a-gus,  a.  [Gr.  phyton, 
a  plant,  phago,  to  eat.]  Eating  or  subsis- 
ting on  plants.  —  Phjrtophagy,  fi-tof'a-ji, 
».  Theeatingof  orsubsistingupon  plants. 
— Phytotomy,  fi-tot'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  phyton,  a 
plant,  and  tome,  a  cutting.]  Vegetable 
anatomy.  —  Phytotomist,  n-tot'o-mist,  n. 
One  versed  in  phytotomy. 

Fhytozoa,  fi-to-zo'a,  to.  pi.  [Gr.  phyton,  a 
plant,  and  zoon,  an  animal.]  Same  as 
Zoophytes.— Vbytozoon,  fi-to-zo'on,  n.  One 
of  the  phytozoa;  a  zoophyte." 

Piaba,  pi-a'ba,  to.    A  small  f  re3h--*ater  fish 

.  of  Brazil  much  esteemed  for  food. 

Piacnlar,  pi-ak'a-ler,  a.  [L.  piacularis, 
from  piaculwm,  expiation,  from  pio,  to 
expiate,  from  pius.  pious.]  Expiatory; 
pertaining  to  expiation. 

Pia-mater,  pi'a-ma'ter,  n.  [L.,  lit.  pious 
mother.]  A,nat.  a  vascular  membrane 
investing  the  whole  surface  of  the  brain. 
Dura-mater. 

Piano,  pi-a'no;  a.  [It.,  soft,  smooth,  from 
L.  planus,  plain.]  Mus.  soft ;  a  direction 
to  execute  a  passage  softly  or  with  dimin- 
ished volume  of  tone. — to.  (pi-an'o).  A  pi- 
anoforte.—  Pianoforte,  pi-an'o-for-ta,  to. 
[It.  piano,  soft,  smooth,  and  forte  (L.  for- 
tis),  strong.]  A  musical  metal-stringed  in- 
strument with  a  key-board,  through  which 

.  the  metal  strings  are  stru'ckby  hammers. 
—Pianette,  Pianino,  pi-a-net',  pi-a-ne'no. 

TO.    [Fr.  and  It.  dim.  of  piano.]    A  small 

•  pianoforte.  —  Pianissimo,  pi-a-nis'i-mo. 
[It.  superl.  of  piano,  soft.]  Mus.  very  soft; 
a  direction  to  execute  /a  passage  in  the 
softest  manner.— Pianist,  pi-an'ist, «.  A 
performer  on  the  pianoforte. 

Piarist,  pi'ar-ist,  to.  [L'.  pius,  pious.]  One 
of  a  religious  order  who  d£Vote  themselves 
to  the  gratuitous  instruction  of  youth. 

Fiassava,  pi-as'a-va,  n.  [Pg.  pia(aba.]  The 
fibre  of  a  Brazilian  palm  tree,  extensively 
used  in  making  broost*  and  brushes  for 
street-sweeping. 

Piaster,  Piastre,  pi-as't6r,  n.  [Fr.  piastre. 
It.  aad  Sp.  piastra,  a  tlan  plate  of  metal, 


ch,cAaiu;     cA,  Sc.  locA;     g.^o;    '},idbi    a,  Fr.  ton;     ag,  nnfir;    «a,  tiien;  t}i,  tMu;    w,witi    -whiwMg;    zh,a2ure. 


a  dollar,  from  L.L.  plastra,  L.  emplastrvm, 
Gr.  emplastron,  a  plaster.  PlastbrJ  A 
denomination  of  money  of  various  values; 
the  Italian  piastre  being  about  38.  7d. 
sterling;  Spanish,  about  4s.;  Turkish,  a 
little  over  2d. 

Piazza,  pi-az'za,  n.  [It.  piazza,  open  place, 
square,  market-place.  Place.]  A  rec- 
tangular open  space  surrounded  by  buil- 
dings or  colonnades. 

Pibroch,  pg'brocA,  n.  [Gael,  piobaireachd, 
from  piobair,  a  piper,  piob,  a  pipe.]  A 
wild  irregular  species  of  music  performed 
on  the  bagpipe,  and  peculiar  to  the  High- 
lands of  Scotland. 

Koa,  pi'ka,  n.    [L.  jnx,  picis,  pitch :  pro- 
bably named  from  litera  picata  (pitch- 
black  letter),  a  greal,  black  letter  at  the 
beginning  of  some  new  section  in  the  litur- 
gy.]   A  large  printing  type  of  two  differ- 
ent sizes,  small  pica  and  large  pica. 
Picador,  pik-a-dor',  n.    [Sp.,  from  pica,  a 
pike  or  lance.]     One  of  the  horseinen 
armed  with  a  lance  who  excites  and  irri- 
tates the  bull  in  a  bull-fight. 
Picaninny,  pik'a-nin-i,  n.    Pickaninny. 
Picaroon,  pik-a-ron',  n.    [Sp.  picaron,  aug- 
mentative of  picaro,  a  rogue.J  A  rogue  or 
cheat;  one  that  lives  by  his  wits;  an  ad- 
venturer.—Picaresque,  pik-a-resk',  a.  [Fr.] 
Pertaining  to  rogues  or  picaroons;  describ- 
ing the  fortunes  of  rogues  or  adventurers. 
Picayune,  pik-a-ytin',  n.    [Of  Carib  origin.] 
A  coin  in  Florida,  Louisiana,  &c.,  equal  to 
V,,th  of  a  dollar. 

Piccalilli,  pik'a-lil-li,  n.  An  imitation  In- 
dian pickle  of  various  vegetables,  with 
pungent  spices. 

Piccolo,  pik'ko-lo,-  n.  [It.  piccolo,  small.] 
A  small  flute,  the  tones  of  which  range  an 
octave  higher  than  those  of  the  ordinary 
orchestral  flute;  an  octave  flute. 
Pice,  pis,  n.  sing,  and  pi.  Small  East  In- 
dian coin,  value  about  ^d.  each. 
Piceoos,  pis'e-us,  a.  [L.  piceus,  from  pix, 
picis,  pitch.]  Of' or  belonging  to  pitch; 
black  as  pitch. 

Pick,  pik,  v.t.  [Allied  to  W.  pig,  a  point,  a 
j^ike;  Gael.  pioc,piocaid,  a  pick,  a  pickaxe; 
pike,  peak,  peck,  beak;  same  root  also  in 
spike.]  To  strike  at  with  anything  pointed; 
to  peck  at,  as  a  bird  with  its  bill;  to 
pierce;  to  clean  by  removing  with  the  teeth , 
fingers,  claws,  or  a  small  instrument, 
something  that  adheres  (to  pick  a  bone, 
the  teeth);  to  separate  from  other  things; 
to  select;  to  choose  (to  pick  the  best  men); 
to  pluck;  to  gather,  as  fruit  or  things 
growing;  to  gather  up  here  and  there;  to 
collect  (often  with  tip);  to  snatch  thievishly 
(a  purse);  to  steal  the  contents  of  (to  pick  a 
pocket).— To  pick  o/f,  to  separate  by  the  fin- 
gers or  a  small  instrument;  to  separate  by  a 
sharp  sudden  movement  (to  pick  off  a  leaf); 
to  aim  at  and  kill.— To  pick  out,  to  draw 
out  by  anything  pointed;  to  select  from 
A  number  or  quantity;  to  relieve  with  gg- 
ures  or  lines  of  a  different  colour.— To  pick 
U}),  to  take  up  with  the  fingers,  oi^  other- 
wise to  snatch;  to  obtain  by  repeated 
effort  or  casually  (to  pick  up  a  livelihood). 
— To  pick  a  hole  in  one's  coat,  to  find  fault 
with  one.— To  pick  a  lock,  to  open  it  with 

some  instrument  other  than  the  key. 

To  pick  oakum,  to  make  oakum  by  un- 
twisting old  ropes.— To  pick  a  quarrel,  to 
quarrel  intentionally  with  a  person. — v.i. 
To  eat  slowly  or  by  morsels;  to  nibble;  to 
pilfer.  — T'o  pick  up,  to  acquire  fresh 
strength,  vigour,  or  the  like.  [C!olloq.]— n. 
A  heavy  sharp-pointed  iron  tool,  with  a 
wooden  handle,  used  for  loosening  hard 
earth,  stones,  &c.,  in  digging,  ditching,  &c.; 
a  sharp  hammer  used  in  dressing  stones.— 
Pickaxe,  pik'aks,  n.  [Apparently  from 
pick  and  axe,  but  really  a  corruption  of 
O.Fr.  picquois,  a  pickaxe,  from  picquer,  to 
pierce.]  A  pick  with  a  sharp  point  at  one 
end  and  a  broad  blade  at  the  other;  also, 
simply  a  pick.  —  Picker,  pik'^r,  n.  One 
who  picks,  culls,  collects,  or  gathers  (a 
rag-picker,  a  hop-picker);  a  name  of  tools 
or  apparatus  of  many  various  shapes.- 
Picklng,  pik'ing,  n.  The  act  expressed  by 
the  verb  to  pick;  perquisites  not  over  hon- 
estly obtained;  that  which  is  left  to  be 
picked  or  gleaned;  pi.  the  pulverized  shells 
of  oysters  ussd  in  niakijig  walks.- Pick- 


606 

lock,  pik'lok,  Ji.  An  instrument  for  pick^ 
-jng  or  opening  locks  without  the  key.— 
Pickpocket,  pik'pok-et,  n.  One  who  steals, 
or  makes  a  practice  of  stealing,  from  peo- 
ple 8  pockets.— Pickthank,  pik'thangk,  n. 
One  who  is  officious  for  the  sake  of  gain- 
ing favour;  a  parasite;  a  toady. 
Pickaback,  pik'a-bak,  a.  or  adv.  [From  the 
older  form  pickapack,  a  reduplication  of 
pack.]  On  the  back  or  shoulders  like  a 
pack.    [Colloq.] 

Pickaninny,  pik'a-nln-i,  n.  [Sp.  pequeno 
nxw.  Little  mfant.]  A  negro  or  mulatto 
infant.    [Amer.] 

Pickerel,  pik'er-el,n.  [Frompiie.]  A  name 
applied  to  several  small  fresh-water  fishes 
■  of  the  pikej^amily. 

Picket,  Piquet,  pik'et,  n.  [Fr.  piquet,  a 
dim.  of  pique,  a  pike.  Pick.]  A  stake 
sharpened  or  pointed,  used  in  fortification 
and  encampments;  a  narrow  board  poin- 
ted, used  in  making  fences;  a  pale;  mUit. 
a  detachment  of  troops  in  a  camp  kept 
fully  equipped  to  protect  the  camp  from 
surprise;  a  small  detachment  of  men  sent 
out  from  a  camp  or  garrison  to  bring  in 
..  soldiers  that  have  exceeded  their  leave;  a 
game  at  caxAs.—v.t.-ipicketed,  picketing. 
To  fortify  with  pickets  or  pointed  stakes; 
to  fence  with  narrow  pointed  boards  or 
pales;  to  fasten  to  a  picket  or  stake;  to 
place  or  post  as  a  guard  of  observation.— 
Picket-fence,  n.  A  fence  made  of  pickets 
or  pales.— Picket-guard,  n.  Milit.  a  guard 
always  in  readiness  in  case  of  alarm. 
Pickle,  pik'l,  n.i  [D.  and  L.G.  pekel,  G. 
pokel,  bokel,  brine.]  A  solution  of  salt  and 
water  in  which  flesh,  fish,  or  other  sub- 
stance is  preserved;  brine;  Vinegar,  in 
which  vegetables,  fish,  oysters,  &c.,  are 
preserved;  a  thing  preserved  in  pickle;  a 
state  or  condition  of  difficulty  or  disorder; 
a. plight  (colloq.);  a  troublesome  child 
(colloq.).— To  have  a  rod  in  pickle  for  any 
one,  is  to  have  a  .beating,  flogging,  or 
-Bcoldirig  in  reserve  for  him.  [Colloq.  f-t>.(. 
—pickled,  pickling.  To  preserve  in  brine 
or  pickle;  to  treat  with  pickle.— Pickled, 
pik'ld,  p.  and  a.  Preserved  in  brine  or 
pickle. 

Picnic,  pik'nik,  n.  [Origin  unknown.]  A 
pleasure -party  the  members  of  which 
carry  provisions  along  with  them  on  an 
excursion  to  some  place  in  the  country: 
used  also  adjoctively  (a  picnic  party).— w.i. 
—picnicked,  picnicking.  To  attend  or  take 
part  in  a  picnic  party. 
PIcotee,  pik-o-te',  n.  [Fr."  picotie,  from 
J^icot  de  la  Perousse,  a  French  botanist.] 
A  variety  of  carnation  or  clove-pink,  hav- 
ing the  daJk  colour  only  on  the  edge  of 
the  petals. 

Picquet,  pik'et,  n.    PHukt. 
Picra,  pi'kra,  n.  [L. ,  from  Gr.  pikros,  sharp, 
bitter.]    Powder  of  aloes  with  canella,  a 
cathartic  medicine. 

Picrotoxine,  pik-ro-tok'sin,  n.  [Gr.  pikros 
bitter,  and  tozicon,  poison.]  The  bitter 
poisonous  principle  which  exists  in  the 
seeds  of  Cocculus  iiidicus. 
Kct,  pikt,  n.  [From  Picti,  the  name  given 
them  by  Latin  writers;  of  uncertain  ori- 
gin.] One  of  a  race  of  people  (probably 
Celts)  who  anciently  inhabited  the  north- 
east of  Scotland.  —  Pictiah,  pik'tish,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  Picts. 
Picture,  pik'tor,  n.  [L.  pietura,  from  pingo, 
pictum,  to  paint.  Paint.]  A  painting, 
drawing,  or  engraving  exhibiting  the  re- 
semblance of  anything;  any  resemblance 
or  representation,  either  to  the  eye  or  to 
the  mind;  a  likeness;  an  image;  a  repre- 
sentation or  description  in  words.- ti.t.— 
pictured,  picturing.  To  draw  or  paint  a 
resemblance  of;  to  represent  pictonally;  to 
bring  before  the  mind's  eye;  to  firm  an 
.  ideal  likeness  of;  to  describe  in  a  vi^^d  roan- 
ner.- Picture-book,  n.  A  book  for  children, 
illustrated  with  pictures.— Picture-clean- 
er, Picture-restorer,  n.  One  who  restores 
the  brightness  of  colour  in  old  paintings.— 
Picture-frame,  n.  A  case  or  border,  more 
or  less  ornamented,  which  surrounds  a 
picture  and  sets  it  off  to  advantage.— Pic- 
ture-gallery, n.  A  gallery  or  large  apart- 
ment in  which  pictures  are  hung  up  or  ex- 
hibited. —  Pictorial,  pik-to'ri-al,  o  [L 
pictor,  a  painter.]   Pertaining  to  pictures' 


PIERCE 


illustrated  by  pictures:  constituting  a 
picture.— Pict-orially,  pik-tori-al-K,  adv. 
In  a  pictorial  manner;  with  pictures  or 
engravings.— Picturesque,  pik-ta-resk',  a. 
Forming  or  fiMed  to  form  a  pleasing  pic- 
ture; expressing  that  peculiar  kinAof 
beauty  which  is  agreeable  in  a  picture; 
abounding  with  vivid  and  striking  ima- 
gery; graphic  in  style  of  ^yriting.— The  pic- 
turesque, the  quality  that  renders  a  scene 
suitable  for  making  into  a  good  pictuie 
—Picturesquely,  pik-ta-resk'li,  adv.  In  a 
picturesque  manner.  —  Plcturesquenesa 
pik-ta-resk'nes,  n. 

Picul,  piTcul,  n.  In  China,  a  weight  of 
133i  lbs. 

Piddle,  pidl,  t>.t.  [A -{01x0  of  peddle.]  To 
deal  m'  trifles ;  to  attend  to  trivial  cou- 

Piddock,  pid'ok,  n.  The  phola^. 
Pie,  pi,  M.  [From  the  Celtic;  comp.  Ir. 
pig/ie,  a  pie.]  An  article  of  food  consis- 
ting of  past«  baked  with  something  in  it 
or  under  it;  print,  a  mass  of  types  con- 
fusedly mixed  or  unsorted. 
Pie,  pi,  n.  [Fr.  pie,  from  L.  pica,  a  mag- 
pie.]   The  magpie. 

Piebald,  pilsald,  a.    [From  pie,  a  magpie, 
and  bald,  spotted  with   white.    Bald  J 
Having  spots  or  patches  of  white  and 
black  or  other  colour;  having  patches  of 
various  colours;  pied;  diversified;  mongrel. 
Piece,  pes,  n.    [Fr.  piice,  Pr.  peia.  It.  pezza, 
from  L.L.  petium,  a  piece,  probably  from 
the  Celtic :  W.  peth,  Armor,  pez,  a  piece.] 
A  fragment  or  part  of  anything  separated 
from  the  whole,  in  any  manner  (to  tear  in 
pieces);  a  part  of  anything,  though  not 
.  separated  or  separated  only  in  idea;  a 
portion;  a  definite  quantity  or  portion 
of  certain  things  (a  piece  of  muslin,  a 
piece  of  work);  an  artistic  or  literary  com- 
position {a. piece  of  poetry  or  sculpture);  a 
com  (a  fourpenuy  piece);  a  gun  or  single 
firearm  (a  fowling  piece).— To  work  by  tlie 
ptece,  to  work  by  the  measure  of  quantity, 
and  not  by  the  measure  of  time.— 0/  a 
piece,  of  the  same  sort,  as  if  taken  from 
the  same  whole;  alike.— 4  piece.  0/ one's 
mind,  a  colloquial  phrase  for  blunt  and 
uncomplimentary       statements.  —  v.t.  — 
pUced,  piecinn.    To  mend  by  the  addition 
of  a  piece;  to  patch;  to  unite:  to  join;  to 
cement.  —  To  piece  out,  to  extend  or  en- 
large by  addition  of  a  piece  or  pieces.— 
Piece-goods,  n.  pi.    Goods  generally  sold 
by  the  piece,  as  cottons,  shirtings,  &c.— 
—  Piecemeal,  pgs'mel,  adv.     [Piece,  and 
suflix  -nieal,  A.  Sax.  maelum,  by  parts.] 
In  pieces;  by  pieces;  by  little  and  little 
m  succession.  —  Piecer,  pes'er,  n.     One 
that  pieces;  a  boy  or  girl  employed  in  a 
spinning  factory  to  join  broken  threads.- 
Piecework,  pgs'werk,  n.    Work  done  and 
paid  for  by  the  measure  of  quantity. 
Pied,  pid,  a.    [From  pie,  magpie.]    Party- 
coloured  ;  variegated  with  spots  of  differ- 
ent colours;  spotted  with  larger  spots  than 
if  speckled.  —  Piedness,  pid'nes,  n.    The 
state  of  being  pied. 
,  Piend,  pend,  n.    [Dan.  pind,  a  pin  or  peg ; 
]    G.  pinne,  the  piend  of  a  liammer.]    The 
sharp  point  or  edge  of  a  hammer. 
Pier,  per,  n.  [O.Fr.  pere,  piere,  a  stone  (Fr. 
pierre),  from  Ij.  and  Gr.  petra,  a  stone.] 
Arch,  the  solid  parts  between  openings  in 
a  wall,  as  between   doors  or  windows; 
the  square  or  other  mass  or  post  to  which 
a  gate  is  hung;  the  solid  support  from 
which  an  arch  springs;  a  large  pillar  or 
shaft;  one  of  the  supports  of  the  arches 
of  a  bridge ;  a  mole  or  jetty  carried  out 
into  the  sea,  serving  to  protect  vessels  from 
the  open  sea,  to'  form  a  harbour,  &c.;  a 
projecting  quay,  wharf,  or  landing-place. 
—Pierage,  per'aj,  n.   Toll  paid  for  using  a 
pier.  —  Pier-glass,  n.    A  mirror  or  glass 
hanging  between  windows.— Pier-table,  H. 
A  table  placed  between  windows. 
Pierce,  pers,  v.t— pierced,  piercing.    [Fr. 
percer,  to  pierce;  origin  imcertam.]    To 
.  stab  or  transfix  with  a  pointed  instru- 
f.ment;  to  penetrate;  to  force  a  way  into; 
to  affect  keenljr;  to  move  deeply;  to  pene- 
trate into,  as  into  a  secret  or  purpose.- 
v.i.  To' enter,  as  a  pointed  instrument;  to 
penetrate.— Pierced,  p6rst,  p.  and  a.  Pene- 
trated ;  perforated  with  holes.  —  Piercsr, 


Jftte,  far,  fat,  IftU;  _me, -met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  m«Te;     tfibe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     ti,  Sc.  ab«ne-the  Pr. «. 


I'1eridjj:s 


507 


PILOT 


pcr'sAr,  n.  An  iusti'ument  that  pierces;  a 
person  that  pierces  or  perforates ;  •  .that 
organ  of  an  insect  with  which  it  pierces 
bodies;  the  ovipositor. —Piercingly,  pSr'- 
siag-li,  adv.  In  a  piercing  manner.  — 
Piercingness,  per'sing-nes,  n.  The  power 
of  piercing  or  penetrating. 

Pierides,  pi-er'i-dez,  71.  pj.  (L.l  A  name  of 
the  Muses,  from  Pieria,  where  they  were 
first  worshipped  among  the  Thracians. — 
Pierian,  pi-e'ri-an,  a.  Belonging  to  the 
i'ierides. 

Pietra-dura,  pi-et'ra-de'ra,  «.  [It.,  hard 
stone.]  A  kind  of  fine  Florentine  mosaic 
work  executed  in  coloured  stones. 

Piety,  pi'e-ti,  n.  [L.  pietas,  from  piua, 
pious.  Pity  is  the  same  word.]  Veneration 
or  reverence  of  the  Supreme  Being  and 
love  of  his  character;  the  exercise  of  these 
aflfections  in  obedience  to  his  will  and 
devotion  to  his  service;  filial  reverence; 
reverence  towards  parents  or  friends,  with 
affection  and  devotion  to  them.— Pietism, 
pi'et-izm,  n.  The  principles  or  practice  of 
the  Pietists. — Pietists,  pi'et-ists,  n.  pi.  A 
religious  party  in  Germany  who  proposed 
to  revive  declining  piety  in  the  Reformed 
Churches;  hence,applied  to  one  who  makes 
a  display  of  strong  religious  feelings. — 
Pietistlc,  Pietistical,  pi-et-is'tik,  pi-et-is'- 
ti-kal,  a.    Pertaining  to  Pietists. 

Piezometer,  pi-e-zom'et-er,  n.  [Gr.  piezO, 
to  press,  and  metron,  measure.]  An  in- 
strument for  ascertaining  the  comjiressi- 
bility  of  water,  and  the  degree  of  such 
compressibility  under  any  given  weight. 

Pig,  pig,  n.  [A.  Sax.  pecga,  akin  to  D.  big, 
biggefii.a.  higge,  a  pig.J  A  young  swine, 
male  or  female;  a  swine  in  general;  an 
oblong  mass  of  uuforged  iron,  lead,  or 
other  metal. .".  In  the  process  of  smelting, 
the  principal  channel  along  which  the 
metal  in  a  state  of  fusion  runs,  when  let 
out  of  the  furnace,  is  called  the  sow,  and 
the  lateral  channels  or  moulds  are  deno- 
minated pij7»,  whence  the  iron  in  this  state 
is  called  pig-iron.— v.t.  or  i.— pigged,  pig- 
ging. To  bring  forth  pigs;  to  act  as  pigs; 
to  live  or  huddle  as  pigs.— Piggery,  pig'6r-i, 
n.  A  place  with  sties  and  other  accompani- 
ments allotted  to  pigs.— Piggish,  pig'ish, 
o.  Relating  to  or  like  pigs;  swinish. — Pig- 
headed, a.  Having  a  head  like  a  pig;  stu- 
pidly obstinate.— Pig-headcdnesB,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  pig-headed  or  obstinately 
stupid.— Pig-iron,  n.  Iron  in  pigs.— Pig- 
leaa,  n.  Lead  in  pigs,  as  when  first  ex- 
tracted from  the  ore.  —  Pig-nut,  n.  The 
root  of  a  plant.  Earth-nut. —  Pig-akin, 
71.  The  skin  of  a  pig,  especially  when  pre- 
pared for  saddlery  or  other  purposes. — 
Pig-sty,  n.  A  sty  or  pen  for  pigs.— Pig- 
tail, pig'tS.l,  n.  The  tail  of  a  pig;  the  hair 
of  the  head  tied  behind  in  a  tau ;  tobacco 
twisted  into  a  long  rope. 

Pigeon,  pij'on,  n.  [Fr.  pigeon,  from  L. 
pipio,  pipionis,  a  chirping  bird,  frompipio, 
to  peep,  to  chirp,  an  imitative  verb;  comp. 
E.  pipe,  fife.']  A  well-known  bird  of  many 
varieties;  a  dove,  as  the  stock-dove,  the 
ring-dove,  the  turtle-dove;  a  simpleton;  a 
gull;  a  person  swindled  by  gamblers; 
hence,  to  pUu:k  a  pigeon,  to  strip  a  green- 
horn of  his  money.  —  Pigeon-express,  n. 
Intelligence  conveyed  by  means  of  a  car- 
rier-pigeon. —  Pigeon-hearted,  a.  Timid ; 
easily  frightened.  —  Pigeon-hole,  n.  One 
of  the  holes  in  a  dove-cot  where  the  pigeons 
CO  in  and  out;  a  little  compartment  or 
division  in'  a  case  for  papers.  —  Pigeou- 
hovue,  n.  A  dove-cot.— Plgeon-livered,  a. 
Mild  in  temper;  soft;  gentle.  —  Pigeonry, 
pij'on-ri,  n.  A  place  for  keeping  pigeons; 
a  dove-cot. 

Piggln,  pig'in,  n.  [Gael,  pigean,  Ir.  pigin, 
an  earthen  pitcher.]  A  small  wooden  ves- 
sel with  an  erect  handle. 

Pigmean,  pig-me'an,  «.    Pygmean. 

Pigment,  pig'ment,  w.  [L.  pigmentum,  from 
the  stem  of  pingo,  to  paint.  Paint.]  Paint; 
any  substance  used  by  painters,  dyers,&c., 
to  impart  colours  to  bodies;  the  colouring 
matter  found  in  animal  and  plant  bodies. 
—Pigmental,  pig-raen'tal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  pigments.  —  Pigment-cell,  n.  A  8md.ll 
cell  of  animals  or  plants  containing  col- 
ouring matter. 

Pigmy,  pig'mi,  n.  and  a.  .  Pvomt. 


Plgnon,  pen'yon,  n.  [Fr.  pignon,  from  L. 
pinns,  the  pine.]  An  edible  seed  of  the 
cones  of  certain  pine-trees. 

Pigotite,  pig'ot-it,  n.  [After  the  Rev.  Jlr. 
Pigot.]  A  brownish-yellow  mineral  con- 
taining alumina  and  organic  matter,found 
incrusting  certain  caves. 

Pika,  pi'ka,  n.  The  calling-hare,  an  animal 
allied  to  the  hares  that  has  a  voice  like 
that  of  a  quail. 

Pike,  pik,  n.  [Fr.  pique,  a  pike;  closely 
allied  to  pick,  peck.  Pick.]  A  military 
weapon,  consisting  of  a  long  wooden  shaft 
or  staff  with  a  flat  pointed  steel  head; 
a  pointed  peak,  hill,  or  mountain  summit 
(Langdale  Pikes);  a  fresh-water  fish,  so 
named  from  its  long  shape  or  from  the 
form  of  its  snout;  (a  contraction  of  Turn- 
pike) a  toll-bar  —  Sea-pike,  the  garfish. — 
Piked,  pikt,  a.  Furnished  with  a  pike.— 
Pikeman,  pik'man,  n.  A  soldier  armed 
with  a  pike.  —  Pike-staff,  n.  The  staff  or 
shaft  of  a  pike;  a  long  staff  with  a  sharp 
pike  in  the  lower  end  of.it. 

Pilaster,.  pi-las't6r,  n.  [Fr.  p^ilastre.  It. 
pil astro,  from  L.  pila,  a  pile.)  A  square 
pillar  ijrojecting  from  a  pier  or  from  a 
wall  to  a  small  distance.— PUastered,  pi- 
las'tfird,  a.    Furnished  with  pilasters. 

Pilau,  Pilaw,  pi'la,  n.    Pillau. 

Pilch,  pilch,  n.  [A.  Sax.  pylca,  a  furred 
garment,  from  L.L.  pelticea.  Pelisse.] 
A  fur  coatj;  a  flannel  cloth  for  an  infant. 

Pilchard,  pil'sh&rd,  n.  (Probably  a  Cor- 
nish word;  comp.  Ir.  pilseir,  a  pilchard; 
W.  pilcod,  a  minnow.]  A  fish  resembling 
the  herring,  but  smaller. 

Pile,  pil,  Jt.  [Partly  A.  Sax.  pil,  a  heap,  a 
stake,  partly  from  Fr.  pile,  a  heap,  a  pier, 
a  voltaic  pile;  both  from  L.  pila,  a  pier  or 
mole.]  A  heap;  a  mass  or  collection  of 
things  in  an  elevated  form;  a  collection  of 
combustibles  arranged  for  burning  a  dead 
body;  a  large  building  or  mass  of  buil- 
dings; an  edifice;  elect,  a  series  of  plates  of 
two  dissimilar  metals,  such  as  copper  and 
zinc,  laid  one  above  the  other  alternately, 
with  cloth  between  each  pair,  moistened 
with  an  acid  solution,  for  producing  a 
current  of  electricity;  a  galvanic  or  voltaic 
battery;  a  beam  pointed  at  the  end,  driven 
into  the  soil  for  the  support  of  some  super- 
structure or  to  form  i)art  of  a  wall,  as  of  a 
coffer-dam  or  quay;  a  heraldic  flgure  re- 
sembling a  -wedge.  — v.t.— piled,  piling. 
To  lay  or  throw  into  a  heap;  to  heap  up; 
to  accumulate;  to  drive  piles  into;  to  fur- 
nish or  support  with  piles.— 7*0  pile  arms, 
to  place  three  muskets  so  that  the  butts 
remain  firm  upon  the  ground,  and  the 
muzzles  close  together.— Pile-driver,  n.  A 
workman  whose  occupation  is  to  drive 
piles;  a  machine  or  contrivance  worked  by 
steam  for  driving  in  piles.— Pile-dwelling, 
n.  A  dwelling  built  on  piles;  a  lake  or 
lacustrine  dwelling.  Lacustrine.  —  Pile- 
work,  n.    A  lacustrine  dwelling. 

Pile,  pil,  n.  (O.Fr.  peil,  from  L.  pilus, 
hair.]  A  hair;  a  fibre  of  wool,  cotton,  &c.; 
the  nap  or  fine  hairy  or  woolly  surface  of 
cloth ;  also,  the  shag  or  hair  on  the  skins 
of  animals.— Pileous,  pil'e-us,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  hair ;  covered  by  or  consisting 
of  hair;  pilose. 

Pileate,  Pileated,  pi'le-at,  pi'le-a-ted,  a. 
[Prom  L.  pileus,  a  cap.]  Having  the  form 
of  a  cap  or  cover  for  the  head;  bot.  having 
a  cap  or  lid  like  the  cap  of  a  mushroom. — 
PUeiform,  pi'li-form,  a.  Resembling  a 
cap;  pileated. 

Pileorhlza,  pire-o-ri"za,  n.  [L.  pileus,  a 
cap,  and  Gr.  rhiza,  a  root.]  Bot.  a  cap  or 
hood  found  at  the  end  of  some  roots. 

Pileous,  pile-US,  a.    Under  Pile  (nap). 

Piles,  pilz,  n.  pi.  [L.  pila,  a  ball.]  A  dis- 
ease originating  in  the  morbid  dilatation 
of  the  veins  of  the  lower  part  of  the  rec- 
tum near  the  anus,  the  veins  often  forming 
bleeding  enlargements  and  tumours ;  he- 
morrhoids. 

Pileus,  pi'le-us,  n.  [L.,  a  cap.]  Bot.  the 
cap  or  top  of  a  mus.hroom,  supported  by 

Pilfer,  pil'ffer,  v.i.  [O.Fr.  pelfrer,  to  plun- 
der, from  pelf  re,  goods,  spoil,  booty.  Pelf.] 
To  steal  m  small  quantities;  to  practise 
petty  theft.— v.«.  To  steal  or  gain  by  petty 
theft;  to  filch.- Pilferer,  pil'f6r-6r,  n.  One 


who  pilfers.  —  Pilferingly,  pil'fftr-ing-li, 
adv.  In  a  pilfering  manner. 
Pilgrim,  pil'grim,  n.  [Same  as  U.  pelgrim, 
Dan.  pilegrim,  Icel.  pilagrlmr,  Fr.  pele- 
rin,  from  L.  peregrinus,  a  traveller,  a  for- 
eigner—per, through,  and  ayei;  land  (as  in 
agriculture).]  A  wanderer;  a  traveller; 
one  that  travels  to  a  distance  from  his 
own  country  to  visit  a  shrine  or  holy  place, 
or  to  pay  his  devotion  to  the  remains  of 
dead  saints;  Scrip,  one  who  lives  in  tlie 
world,  but  is  not  of  the  world. -Pilgrim- 
age, pil'gri-maj,  n.  A  journey  undertaken 
by  a  pilgrim :  a  journey  to  some  place 
deemed  sacred  for  a  devotional  purpose; 
the  journey  of  human  life. 
Pili,  pi'li,  n.  pi.  [L.  pilus,  a  hair.]  Bot. 
flue  slender  bodies,  like  hair,  covering 
some  plants.  —  Piliferous,  pi-lif'er-us,  a. 
Bearing  or  producing  hairs,  as  a  leaf.— 
Piliform,  pi'li-form,  a.  Formed  like  or  re- 
sembling down  or  hairs. 
PUl,  pil,  n.  [Abbrev.  of  L.  pilula,  a  dim. 
of  pila,  a  ball  (whence  pile,  a  heap).]  A 
little  ball  or  small  round  mass  of  medi- 
cinal substance  to  be  swallowed  whole; 
something  unpleasant  that  has  to  be  me- 
taphorically swallowed  or  accepted.— y.<. 
To  dose  with  pills;  to  form  into  pills. — 
Pill -box,  n.  A  box  for  holding  pills.— 
Pillworm,  pil'wiyrm,  n.  The  millipede, 
which  can  roll  itself  into  a  ball. 
PiU,+  pil,  v.t.  LFr.  piiZei",  to  pillage,  from  L. 
ptlare,  to  plunder.]  To  rob;  to  plunder;  to 
peel;  to  strip  bare.— Pillage,  pil'aj ,  n.  [Fr. 
pillage,  from  piller,  to  rob.]  Plunder; 
spoil;  that  which  is  taken  by  open  force, 
particularly  from  enemies  in  war;  the  act 
of  plundering. —  v.t.  — pillaged,  pillaging. 
To  strip  of  money  or  goods  by  open  vio- 
lence, and  usually  by  a  number  of  per- 
sons; ;to  plunder;  to  spoil.— Pillager,  pil'- 
aj-fer,  71.  One  that  pillages. 
Pillar,  pil'6r,  ti.  [Fr.  pilier,  a  pillar,  from 
L.L.piZor«,fromL.  pita,  a  column.  Pile.] 
A  column;  a  columnar  mass  or  upright 
body;  fig.  a  supporter;  one  who  or  that 
wliich  sustains  or  upholds. — Pillared,  pil'- 
6rd,  a.  Having  pillars;  supported  by 
pillars;  having  the  form  of  a  pillar.— Pil- 
lar-boz,  n.  A  public  receptacle  in  the 
form  of  a  short  pillar,  for  letters  that  are 
to  be  sent  by  post. 

Pillau,  Pillaw,  pil-liv',  n.  [Per.  and  Turk  ] 
An  oriental  dish  consisting  of  rice  cooked 
with  fat,  butter,  or  meat.  Spelled  also 
Pilau,  Pilaw. 

Pillion,  pil'y on,  n.  [From  the  Celtic;  W. 
pilyn.  It.  pillin,  Gael,  pillean,  a  pillion,  a 
pack-saddle,  from  root  of  L.  pilus,  hair 
(whence  pile,  of  cloth).]  A  cushion  for  a 
woman  to  ride  on  behind  a  person  on 
horseback;  a  pad;  a  low  saddle;  the  pad 
of  a  saddle  that  rests  on  the  horse's  back. 
Pillory,  pil'o-ri,  n.  [Fr.  pilori,  a  pillory, 
Pr.  espitlori,  L.L.  pilortum,  spiloriitm,  a 
pillory;  origin  uncertain.]  A  frame  of 
wood  erected  on  a  post  or  pole,  with  mov- 
"able  boards  resembling  those  in  the  stocks, 
and  holes  through  which  were  put  the 
head  and  hands  of  an  offender,  who  had  to 
stand  there  by  way  of  public  punishment. 
—  v.t. — pilloried,  pillorying.  To  punish 
with  the  pillory; /(i7.  to  expose  to  ridicule, 
contempt,  abuse,  and  the  like. 
Pillow,  pil'S,  n.  [O.E.  pilwe,  pulwe,  from 
L.  pulvinus,  a  cushion.]  A  long  cushion 
to  support  the  head  of  a  person  when  re- 
posing, filled  with  feathers,  down,  or  other 
soft  material ;  a  supporting  piece  for  an 
axle  or  shaft;  a  bearing.— ti.t.  To  rest  or 
lay  on  for  support.— Pillow-case,  Pillow- 
slip, 71.  The  movable  sack  or  case  which 
is  drawn  over  a  pillow. — Pillowed,  pil'od, 
P.  and  a.  Provided  with  a  pillow  or  pil- 
lows. —  Pillow-lace,  n.  Hand-made  lace 
worked  on  a  small  pillow  or  cushion. — 
Pillowy,  pU'6-i,  a.  Like  a  pillow;  soft. 
Pilose,  pilos,  a.  [L.  pilosus,  from  pUus, 
hair  (whence  pile,  of  cloth).]  Covered  with, 
abounding  in,  or  full  of  hairs;  hairy.— 
Plloaity,  pi-los'i-ti,  n.  Hairiness. 
Pilot,  pi'lot,  71.  [From  O.D.  pijloot,  a  pilot, 
from  pijlen,  to  sound  the  depth,  ana  loot, 
the  sounding-lead.]  A  steersman  (Shak.); 
a  person  qualified  to  conduct  ships  into 
and  out  of  particular  harbours,  or  along 
certain  coasts,  channels,  &c.;  a  guide  or 


ch,  cAaln;     cA,  Sc.  locA;     8,ooi    Jijob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sini/;     «h,  tAen;  tb,  <Ain;     w,  wig;     wh,  tvftig;     zb,  azure, 


PILOUS 


608 


pnraTTLA 


director  of  the  course  of  another  person; 
one  who  has  the  conduct  of  any  affair. — 
v.t.  To  act  as  pilot  of;  to  guide  through 
dangers  or  difficulties.  —  Pilotage,  pi'lot- 
Sj,  n.  The  remuneration  of  a  pilot;  the 
guidance  of  a  pilot.— Pilot-balloon,  n.  A 
small  balloon  sent  up  to  ascertain  the 
directionand  strength  of  the  wind.— Pilot- 
boat,  n. '  A  boat  used  by  pilots  for  reach- 
ing ships  near  shore.  —  PUot-cloth,  n.  A 
coarse  stout  blue  cloth  ior  overcoats,  such 
as  are  worn  by  ijilots.  —  Pilot-engine,  n. 
A  locomotive  engine  sent  onhefore  a  train 
to  clear  the  way.— Pilot-fish,  n.  A  fish  re- 
cemblingthe  mackerel  which  attends  ships 
at  sea,  and  is  in  the  habit  of  accompany- 
ing sharks.- Pilot^jacket,  n.  A  pea-jacket, 
such  as  is  worn  by  seamen.— Pilot-star.  n. 
A  guiding-star  (Tenn.). 

Pilous,  pi'lus,  a.    Pilose. 

Pilular,  pil'a-lfrr,  a.   JJj.  pilula,  a  pill.] 

■  Pertaining  to  pills.— Pilule,  pU'Ol,  n.  A 
little  pUl. 

Pimelite,  pirn 'el-it,  n.  [Gr.  pimeU,  fat, 
and  lithoa,  stone.]  A  mineral  of  an  apple- 
green  colour,  fat  and  unctuous  to  the 
touch;  a  variety  of  steatite. 

Pimcnta,  Pimento,  pi-men'ta,  pi-men'to,  n. 
[Pg.  pimenta.  It.  pimento,  from  L.  pig- 
Tnentum,  paint,  juice  of  plants.  Pigment.] 
Allspice,  the  berry  of  a  tree  of  the  West 
Indies;  Jamaica  pepper.    Under  Aul. 

Pimp,  pimp,  n.  [A  nasalized  form  of  pipe 
CPr.  pimpa,  a  pipe),  a  pimp  being  as  it 
■were  one  who  whistles  for  females  like  a 
call-bird.]  One  who  provides  gratifica- 
tions for  the  lust  of  others;  a  procurer;  a 
pander.— y.f.  To  pander;  to  procure  lewd 
women  for  the  gratification  of  others. 

Pimpernel,  pim'p6r-nel,  n.  [Fr.  pimpre- 
nelle.  It.  pimpinella.]  A  little  red-flowered 
prostrate  annual  found  in  cornfields. 

Kmple,  pim'pl,  n.  [A  nasalized  form  of  L. 
papula,  a  pimple;  or  from  W.  pwmp, 
pwmpl,  a  knob.]  A  small  elevation  of  the 
skin,  with  an  inflamed  base,  seldom  con- 
taining a  fluid  or  suppurating,  and  com- 
monly terminating  m  scurf.  —  Pimpled, 
pim'pld,  a.  Having  pimples  on  the  skin; 
full  of  pimples.— Pimply,  pim'pli,  a.  Full 
of  pimples. 

Pin,  pin,  n.  [Same  as  J),  pin,  Daa.  pind, 
G,  pinn,  W.  ^m,  a  pin,  a  peg,  &c.,  from 
L.  penna  or  pinna,  a  feather,  a  pen.  Pen.] 
A  piece  of  metal,  wood,  or  lihe  like,  used 
for  fastening  separate  articles  together,  or 
as  a  support  from  v;hich  a  thing  may  be 
hung;  a  peg;  a  bolt;  a  small  piece  of  wire 
pointed  at  one  end  and  with  a  rounded 
head  at  the  other,  much  used  as  a,  cheap 
and  ready  meam  of  fastening  clothes,  &c.; 
a  peg  in  stringed  musical  instruments  for 
increasing  or  diminishing  the  tension  of 
the  strings;  the  centre  of  a  target;  a  cen- 
tr?,l  paxt.— v.t— pinned, pinning.  To  fasten 
■vrtth  a  pin  or  pins  of  any  kind;  to  clutch; 
to  bold  fast.— j;.J.  To  inclose;  to  confine;- 
to  pen  or  pound.— Pincase,  pin'kas,  n.  A 
casejfor  holdint;  pins.— Pin-cushion,  n.  A 
email  cushion  or  pad  in  which  pins  are 
stuck  for  preservation.- Pinfeather,  pin'- 
feTH-6r,M.  A  small  or  short  feather;  a  fea- 
ther not  fully  grown.- Pinf eathered,  fiin'- 
feiH-6rd,  a.  Having  the  feathers  only 
beginning  to  8hoot.--Pinhole,  pin'hol,  n. 
A  small  hole  made  by  the  .puncture  of  a 
r.in^  a  very  small  aperture.  —  Pin-money, 
n.  An  allowance  made  by  a  husband  to . 
his  wife  for  her  separate  use,  originally 
to  buy  pi«8.  —  Pin-tail,  n.  A  vanety  of 
duck  with  a  sharp-ipointed  tail.  —Pin- 
wheel,  n.  A  wheel  of  which  the  cogs  are 
pins  projecting  outward.     - 

Pina-cloth,  pSn'yaor  pi'na.n.  [Sp.  pina,  the 
pine-apple.j  A  delicate,  soft, transparent 
cloth  made  in  the  Philippine  Islands  from 
the  libres  of  the  pina-apple  leaf. 

pinacotheca,  pin'a-ko-th6"ka,  n.  IQr. 
pinax,  pinakos,  a  picture,  and  thikg,  a  re- 
pository.]   A  pictxire-gallery. 

Pinafore,  pin'a-f or,  n.  [Because  it  is  or  was 
rrinned  on  before.]  A  sort  of  apron  worn 
Dy  children  to  protect  the  front  part  of 
their  dress;  a  child's  apron. 

Plnang,  pi-nang',  n.    The  betel-nuf. 

pinaster,  pi-nas'tfer,  n. .  [L;,  from  pinris, 
pine.]  A  species  of  pine  growing  in  the 
south  of  Europe. 


Pincers,  pm's^rz,  n.pl.  [From  Fr.  joincer, 
to  pinch  (whence  pinee,  pincers).  Pikch.J 
An  instrument  by  which  anything  is 
griped  in  order  to  be  drawn  out,  as  a  nail, 
or  kept  fast  for  some  operation ;  the  nip' 
pers  of  certain  animals;  prehensile  claws. 
Sometimes  called  Pinchers. 

Pinch,  pinsh,  v.t.  [Fr.  pincer.  It.  pizzare, 
Sp.  pizcarfhiiichav,  to  pinch;  of  doubtful 
origin.]  To  press  hard  or  squeeze  be- 
tween the  ends  of  the  fingers,  the  teeth, 
claws,  or  with  an  instrument,  &c. ;  to 
nip;  to  distress;  to  aflUct;  to  nip  with 
frost.  —  ii.'i.  To  act  with  pressing  force ; 
to  press  painfully;  to  be  sparing  or  nig- 
gardly.—To  know  or  feel  where  the  shoe 
pinches,  to  have  practical  and  personal 
experience  as  to  where  the  cause  of  trouble 
in  any  matter  lies. — n.  A  close  compres- 
sion, as  with  the  ends  of  the  fingers;  a  nip; 
a  gripe;  a  pang;  distress  inflicted  or  suf- 
ferea;  straits;  difficulty;  a  strong  iron 
lever;  a  crowbar;  as  much  as  is  taken  by 
the  finger  and  thumb;  a  small  quantity, 
generally  of  snuff. — Pincher,  pinsh'fer,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  pinches.— Pincher|, 
pinsh'6rz,  n.  pi.  Pincers.  —  Plnchingly, 
piDsh'ing-li,  adv.    In  a  pinching  way. 

Mnchbeck,  pinsh'bek,  n.  [From  the  name 
of  the  inventor,  a  London  watchmaker  of 
the  last  century.]  An  alloy  of  copper  and 
zinc,  somewhat  like  gold  in  colour,  and 

"  formerly  much  used  for  cheap  jewelry. 
Hence,  when  used  adjectively,  sham;  not 
genuine.  , 

Pindaric,  pin-dar'ik,  a.  After  the  style 
and  manner  of  Pindar.— n.  An  ode  in  imi- 
tation of  the  odes  of  Pindar  the  Grecian 
lyric  poet;  an  irregular  ode. 

Pme,  pin,  n.  [From  L.  pinus,  a  pine-tree; 
same  root  as  pix,  picis,  pitch.]  The  name 
of  a  valuable  genus  of  evergreen  conifer- 
ous trees,  of  which  about  seventy  species 
stre  known,  furnishing  timber,  turpentine, 
pitch,  and  resin;  the  pine-apple;  also  the 
plant  that  produces  it.  —  Pineal,  pin'5-al, 
a.  [Fr.  piwale,  from  L.  pinea,  the  cone 
of  a  pine,  from  pintts,  a  pine.]  Resembling 
a  pme -cone  in  shape.  —  Pineal  gland, 
an  internal  part  of  the  brain,  about  the 
size  of  a  pea,  considered  by  Descartes  as 
the  seat  of  the  soul.— Pine-apple,  n.  A 
tropical  fniit  so  called  from  its  resem- 
blance to  the  cone  of  the  pine-tree;  the 
plant  itself .  — Pine-a;5p2e  rwni  rum  fla- 
voured with  sliced  pine-apples.  —  Pine- 
barren,  rC  A  tract  of  arid  land  producing 
pines.  [Amer.]— Pine-clad,  a.  Clad  with 
pines. — Pine-cone,  n.  The  cone  or  stro- 
bilus  of  a  pine-tree.  —  Pine-crowned,  a. 
Crowned  or  surmounted  with  pine-trees. 
— Pine-finch,  n.  A  bird  nearly  allied  to 
the  bull-finch.— Pine-house,  n.  A  pinery. 
-PIne-oll,  n.  An  oil  resembling  turpen- 
tine.used  in  ro  aking  colours  and  varnishes., 

.  -^Pinery,  pi'n6r-i,  n.  A  hothouse  in  which' 
pine-apples  are  raised;  a  place  where  pine- 
trees  grow.— Pineti'un,  pi-ne'tum,  n.    [L., 

.  a  pine  plantation.]  A  plantation  or  col- 
lection of  growing  pine-trees  of  different 
Idnds,  especially  for  ornamental  or  scien- 
tific purposes.- Pine-wood,  n.  A  wood  of 
pine-trees;  pine  timber.— Pine-wool,  n.  A 
fibrous  substance  obtained  from  the  buds 
and  leaves  of  pine-trees,  and  used  for  stuf- 
fing mattresses,  for  wadding,  blankets,  &c. 
— Piney,  Piny,  pi'ni,a.  Pertaining  to  pines; 
abounding  with  pines.— Pinic,  pi'nik,-o. 
Pertaining  to  or  derive.d  from  the  pine- 
tree  {pinic  acid). 

Pine,  pin,  v.i.— pined,  pining.  [A.  Sax. 
pinan,  to  pain,  to  pine;  same  word  as 
pain.]  To  lar^uish;  to  lose  flesh  or  grow 
weakly  under  any  distress  or  ansiety  of 
mind;  to  languish  with  desire  (to  pKie  for 
a  thing). —f.<.  To  pain  or  torment;  to 
grieve  for.— Piningly,  pi'ning-li,  adv.  In 
a  pining  manner;  oy  wasting  away.  ,< 

Pimold,  pin'fold,  n.  [A.  Sax.  pyndan,  to 
pound,  to  shut  in.  and  fold.  ■  Pound.]  A 
place  ^n  which  cattle  straying  and  doin" 
damage  are  temporarily  coiiflned;  apound. 

Ping,  ping,  n.  [Imitative.]  The  sound 
made  bya  bullet,  as  from  a  rifle,  in  pass^ 
ing  through  the  air. 

Pinion,  pin'yon,  n.  [Fr.  pignoni  a  pinion 
or  small  wheel;  Sp.  pinon,  a  joint  of  a 
bird's  wing;  firomL.  pinna,  penna,  a  fea-. 


ther.  Pen.]  The  joint  of  a  fowl's  wing 
remotest  from  the  body;  a  wing:  a  sraail 
wheel  which  plays  in  the  teeth  of  a  larger. 
— v.t.  To  confine  by  binding  the  wings;  to 
disable  by  cutting  off  the  first  joint  of  the 
•wing;  to  bind  the  arms  of;  to  shackle;  to 
fetter. 

Pink,  pingk,  n.  [Oomp.  D.  pinken,  to 
twinkle  with  the  eyes,  ro  wink— some  of 
them  are  markqd  with  eye-like  spots.]  A 
name  of  various  garden  flowers,  as  the 
clove-pink  or  carnation  and  garden  pink; 
a  light  red  colour  or  pigment  resembling 
that  of  the  common  garden  -pink ;  any- 
thing supremely  excellent  (the  pink  of 
perfection);  a  fish,  the  minnow:  so  called 
from  the  colour  of  its  abdomen  in  summer. 
— a.  Resembling  in  colour  the  most  fre- 
quent hue  of  the  pink. 

Pink,  pingk,  j;.i.  [D.  ninften,  to  wink.  See 
above.]  To  wink  or  blink.— Pink-eyed,  «. 
Having  small  eyes. 

Pink,  pmgk,  v.t.  [A  nasalized  form  of 
pick.]  To  work  in  eyelet-holes;  to  orna- 
ment with  holes,  Scollops,  &c.;  to  stab;  to 
•wound  with  a  sword  or  rapier.  —  Pinked, 
pingkt;  p.  and  a.  Pierced  or  worked  with 
small  holes.  —  Pink-root,  n.  The  root  of 
the  Indian  pink  used  as  a  vermifuge. 

Pink,  pingk,  n.  [D.  and  Dan.]  A  ship  with 
a  very  narrow  stem,  a  build  now  obsolete. 
— Pink-stemed,  a.  Naut.  having  a  very 
narrow  stem.  ' 

Pinna,  pta'a,  n.  pi.  Pinna,  pin's.  [Jj.  pinna, 
penna,  a  feather,  a  wing,  a  fin.]  Zool.  the 
wing  or  feather  of  a  bird;  the  fin  of  a  fish: 
anat.  the  pavilion  of  the  ear,  that  part 
•which  projects  beyond  the  head;  ict.  a 
leaflet  of  a  pinnate  leaf. 

Pinnace,  pin'as,n.  [Fr.  pinasse,  Sp.  innaza, 
Pg.  pina<;a.  It.  pinaceia,  pinazza,  a  pin- 
nace, from  L.  pinus,  a  pine-tree.]  A  small 
vessel  propelled  by  oars  and  sails,  and  hav- 
ing generally  two  masts  rigged  like  those 
of  a  schooner:  a  boat  usually  rowed  with 
eight  oars. 

Pinnacle,  pin'a-kl,  n.-  [Fr. -pinacfe,  L.L. 
pinnaculum,tiova  L.  pinna,  a  feather. 
Pinion.]  A  rocky  peak;  a  sharp  or  pointed 
Bummitj  arch,  any  lesser  structure,  •what- 
ever be  its  form,  that  rises  above  the  roof 
of  a  building,  or  that  caps  and  terminates 
the  higher  parts  of  other  buildings. — v.t. 
—pinnacled,  pinnacling.  To  put  a  pin- 
nacle or  pinnacles  on;  to  furnish  with  pin- 
Pinnate,  Pinnated,  pin'at,  pin'ft-ted,  a.  [L. 
finnatus,  from  pinna,  a  feather  or  nn. 
'EN.]  Bot.  shaped  or  branching  like  a 
feather;  formed  like  a  feather.— Pinriaie 
leaf,  bot.  a  compound  leaf  wherein  a  single 
petiole  has  several  leaflets  attached  to 
each  side  of  it;  «ooZ.  having  fins  or  pro- 
cesses resembling  fins.— Pinnately,  pin'&t- 
li,  adv.  -In  a  pinnate  manner.— Puinatl- 
fld,  pin-nat'i-tid,  a.  [L.  pinna,  and  flndo, 
to  cleave.]  Bot.  said  of  a  simple  leaf 
divided  transversely  into  irregular  lobes. 
— Pinnatipartite,  pin-nat'i-par"tit,  a.  tU. 

,  partitu3,  divided.]  Bot.  having  the  lobes 
of  the  leaf  separated  beyond  the  middle. — 
Pinnatiped,  pin-nat'i-ped,  a.  ■  [L.  pinna, 
and  pes,  pedis,  a. foot.]  Fin-footed;  hav- 
ing the  toes  bordered  By  membranes,  as 
certain  birds.— w.  A  bird  which^has  the 
toes  bordered  by  membranes.  —  Pinnati- 

'  sect,  pin-nat'i-sekt,  a.  (L.  seco,  seetwm, 
to  cut.]  Bot.  having  the'  lobes  divided 
do^wn  to  the  midrib. 

Pinners,  pin'ferz,  n.  pi.  A  female  head- 
dress, ha^ving  long  flaps  hanging  do'wuthe 
sides  of  the  cheeks,  worn  during  the  early 
part  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

Rnniform,  pin'i-form,  a.  IL.  pinna,  penna, 
a  feather,  and/nrwa,  form.]  Having  the 
form  ora  to  or  feather.— Pinni grade,  pin'- 
i-grad,  a.  [L.  pinna,  a  fin,  grudior,  to  go.] 
An  animal,  such  as  a  seal,  having  limbs 
resembling  paddles.— Pinniped,  pin'i-ped, 
n.  fL.  fimna,  and  pes,  pedis,  a  foot'.]  A  fin- 
footed  animal;  a  pinnigrade.   • 

Pinnula,  pin'tl-la,  n.  [Ij.  pinnula,  dim.  of 
pinna,  a  feather.]  Zool.  one  of  the  lateral 
'  prQcesses  of  the  arms  of  crinoids;  the  barb 
of'-a  featber;  hot.  a  leaflet.  —  Plnnulate, 
pin'Q-lat,  a..  BoL  applied  to  a  leaf  in 
,  which  each  pinna  iffsttb^isided.— PlimnliB, 
pin'Ul,  n.    A  pinnula. 


fate,  far,  fat,  fftll;    joaei  »et,  li6r;  ^  PJne,  pin;  ,.*  note,  not,  move;    tabe,  tub,  bv41;     oil,  pound;    tt,  Sc.  abtme— the  "Ex.  tQ 


PINT 


Pint  pint,  n.  [D.  pint,  Fr.  and.G.  pinfe.  a 
Dint  Sp.  Piwia,  a  marls;,  also  a  pmt  (a 
quantity  markecl), from  L.  pingo^ptnctum, 
to  Daint  Picture.]  A  measure  of  capa- 
city containing  the^eighth  part  of  a  gal- 
lon.—Pint-pot,  n.    A  pot  for  holding  just 

pliftle*'pin'tl,  n.  [Dim.  of  vinA  A  pin  or 
htwa^llery,  a  long  iron  tolt  to  prevent 
the  recoil  of  a  cannon;  naut  an  iron  bolt 
by  which  the  rudder  is  hung  to  the  stern- 
post;  a  pin  passing  through  an  axle  to 
hold  on  a  wheel- 
Piny.  Under  Pine.  .  .  --  „ 
Pioneer,  pi-o-ner',  n.J^i.pumn^r.O.Vr 
neonier,  from  peon.  It.  pedonc^a.  foot-sol- 
der Pkon.]  One  whose  business  is  to 
march  with  or  before  an  army,  to  repa^ 
thfwad  or  clear  it  of  ol^^tructions  work 
at  intrenchments,  &c.;  any  one  that  goes 
before  to  prepare  the  way  for  another 
(pSrs  of  ciyiUzation).-^.  Togo  before 
and  prepare  a  ""^ay^  for.-w.i.  To  i^t  as 
pioneer;  to  clear  the  way. -Pioneering, 
pi-o-ner' ing,  p.  and  a.  Pertaining  to 
pioneers.               _ 

plony,  pi'o-ni,  m.  Peont.  .  j„„„„i. 
Pioui,  pi'us,  a.  [L.  pius,  pious,  devout, 
kind,  wheAce  also  piety,  pity.]  Having 
due  respect  and  aftection  for  parents  or 
other  relatives;  more  commonly,  duly 
reverencing  the  Supreme  Bemg;  godly, 
devout;  dictated  by  reverence  to  God;  pro- 
rppdine  from  piety;  practised  under  the 
p'll&of  ?^li?ion  (^q«8  frauds).-P»o«8 
ielief.  a  Catholic  opinion  not  of  the  im- 
p&ce  of  a  dogma. -Piou^5%pi^usJi, 
adv.  In  a  pious  manner.— Pious-minttett, 
a     Of  a  pious  disposition.  _       .  . 

pli),  pip,  n.  [D.  pip,  L.tt-  ^PP/  ^^V'^' 
froni  L  L.  pipita,  for  L.  pitmta,  phlegm, 
th^  pip  ]  A  disease  of  fowls,  consisting  m 
fse^rltionof  thick  mucus  in  the  mouth 
hv  w^hich  the  nostrils  ai;e  stoppea. 

Kp,  pip?«.  [Pr.  pipin,  a  kernel;  denvatic«i 
uncertoin.]    The  kernel  or  seed  of  fruit; 

Pip'^pip?«;!f  ?An  imitative  word,  slightly 

o7&^ring  'n  form  f^'r  ^'*^ p^.'^P^ip^^I 
Sw.  pipa.  Or.  pipen,  to  pip.    Pebp,  Pipe.] 
To  cry  or  chirp,  as  a  chicken.  _ 
Pipa  pi'pa,  n.  ^he  toad  of  Surinam.    . . 
PiSe  pip,  n.  [A.  Sax.  pipe,  a  pipe;  D,  pi}P, 
I?ei  pTpa^  Dan.  pibe,  (i.pfeife;  of  imita- 
tfve  origin;  comp  li.  pipo,  pipio,  to  cheep, 
cliirp:]    A  wind-instrument  of  music,  con- 
8  stini  of  rtube  of  wood  or  metal;  a  long 
tube  or  hollow  body  made  of  various  ma- 
terials! such  as  are'used  for  the  convey- 
ance  of  water,  gas,  steam,  &c.;  a  tube  oi 
cfay  or  other  material  with  a  bowl  ai  one 
end    used  in  smoking  tobacco,  &c.;  .the 
wimlpipS  the  soundof  the  voice;  avvhistle 
nr  rail  of  a  bird;  a  roU  in  the  exchequer, 
so  nam6d  f roS  resembUng  a  pipe;  a  wine 
measure,  usually  containing  about  105  im- 
nprial  or  126  wine  gallons;  naut.  tiie  ooai 
Kn's  whistle. used  to  caU.  the  men  to 
LTdutTes.--v.i.-wed,PiP^?-.Toso^^^^ 
or  plav  on  a  pipe;  to  have  a  shriU  souno, 
to  whistle -wt    To  play  on  a  pipe  or  other 
wind  tastrument;  to  utter  in  a  sharp  or 
hikh  ^Z^\aut.  'to  call  by  «ie^/_^of  the 
hnfl  tawain's'toipe  or  whistle.— ripe-ciay,  n. 
The™8t  Sid  of  potter's  clav,  manu- 
factured into  tobacco-pipes  anJ  used  by 
soldiers  for  cleaning  belts,  jackets,  trou- 
«prs  &c-it  To  wMfen  with  pipe^clay. 
!!^D?d"^pi  a.    Formed  with  a  pipe  or 
t^ibe- tubular  -Pipe-fish,  n.    A  long  and 
Ser  fishtthe  thickest  part  .of  whose 
bodv  is  only  equal  to  a  swan's  quiU.-Pipe- 
lavern    A  workman  who  lays  gas  mams, 

witer  or  draining  PiPe^B-^P"- P^ >f ' ''a 
One  who  plays  on  a.  P^Pf  5  ^  baCTiper- a 
sea-urchin  common  m  the  northern  seg. 
-To  pay  the  piper,  to  be  at  the  expense, 
to  surfer  or  make  good  the  .lof.-f  P^^e 
T)i-net'  n  [Fr.,  a  small  pipe.]  A  smaii 
^ib"^  terminating  in  a  perforated  p^^^^ 
used  by  chemists  for  t^^^^* ^rrmg  hqmds 

tiv&orfa foinfed'stem  used  for  propa- 


509 

gating  plant8.-Pipliig-crow,  «•.  Abird 
of  New  South  Wales  remarkable  for  its 


of   JNeW  SOUin    «aie»  it;'"'".'^""'"^"-„" 

musical  powers.-Pipy.  pi'pi.  a.  Resem- 
bling a  pipe;  tubular.-  .,_ 
Piperlceous,  pi-p6r-a'shus.  a.  l^-.I>mh 
pepper.]  Belonging  to  the  pepper  tribe  of 
Kts  -  Piperic.  pi-pfer-ik,  a.  .Produced 
from  plants  of  the  pepper  family  or  .from 
niperin  -  Piperin,  >iperine,  pi'P«r-in,  n. 
i"^cry?tallinS  substance  extracted  from 

PiS<i«f Pi^Pfer-y.  "•    [9?^v?*'e'*  ''^  ^' 
t&l  name  berbim.]    The  barberry. 

Pipette.    Under  Pipe.     .  j    „*  „ 

Pipi,  pi'pi,  n.    The  astringent  pods  of  a 
^r'X.ii.^\,=  T^^nTlt.  nsfid  for  tanning. 


Piptt""p'ip'it?»    fprob?bly  imitative  of  its 
c?S   A  name  of  birds  allied.to  the  iMk 
KpMn,  pip'kin,  n.  [Dim.  of  pipe.]  A  small 

plnn^^'iiS  «•  [Perhaps  because  grown 
f  ?^m  i^e  pips  or  seeds.l  The  name  given 
in  Rpveral  kinds  of  apples.  . 

PiqS  pedant,  a.  T&pr.  of  Fr.  piquer,to 
nfSctohe  sharp,  to  pique;  of  sameongin 
fslick  vm,peal&c.]  Making  a  ively, 
his  pleSf  half-painful  impression  on 
the^oSs  of  sense;  sharp;  racy;  lively; 
snarkiine-  interesting;. sharp  or  cutting 
to  the  feelings;  pungent;  8evere.--Piquant. 
ly,*S'kant-ll  adv.  \n  a  pH^^^* 'g^S 
tirQv  —r-iauancy,  p5'kan-si,  n.  a  he  state 
^quaUty  of  being  Piciuant;  sharpness; 

i  /iaSf  Sel"  n  [Fr.  Piquaot.]  An  offence 
tXen-  sIIeM  anger  at  persons;  feehng 
Sg  from  woSnded  pride,  vanity,  or 
^f-love.-v.t-pi««ed,  piquing,  .^.[^'r.  P»- 
ouer  1  To  nettle;  to  irritate;  to  strng  (less 
Stronc  than  exasperate;  to  stimulate;  to 
|.orhVithenV.iealousy,orother^assion^ 
retl  to  pride  or  value  one  s  selt.- v.i-  io 
Sse  irritation.-PiqTiet,  pik'et.n..  [From 
F^  K  a  pike,  a  lance  a  spade  at  cards  1 
mt^  picket;  agam.eat  cards  Played  be- 
tween two  persons  with  thW-two  cams, 
thl'Sce  of  Ipades  being  highest  ^ard.- 
Plane-work,  pe'ka,  n.  A  minute  Kinu.^ 
ffiwOTkf'employed  to  ornament  snuff- 
boxes, card-case^  and  the  ime. 
Piracy.  Under  Fibate. 
Pira^,  pi-ra'gwa.  n.     A  rude  canoe. 

PteSer,  pi-ram'et^r,  n.  [Gr.  peim.  a 
trial  an(i  metron,  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  as^rtaining  the  power  requKed 
to  draw  carriagesOTer  roads. 

Pirate,  pi'rat, ».  [Fr.  P^'-?'^' I^- *  «Hei^T 
^Sr«n«  l'A?obK^'th"eh|«; 
Stat^by  oLn  -violence  takes  tjepro-. 

SdfMro~reSag»"&^^ 
pubhsher  or  compiler  who  aPPropnates 

Having  the  character  of  a  pi^te,  roDoing 
OT  plundering^  bv .  open  ^°^;°<;1Xg  in 

on  the  law  of  copynght.  . 

f^SitSrliif^^teS 

Priror.%is.k\^^tt    [L.*rom^^e8a 

„    ri:  o^eotoms.]  Relating  to  fishermen 
ti  io'ffing?  pertaining  to  anghng. - 


PISTON 

Piscesj  pis'scz,  n.  pi.  '  [L.  pisas,  a  fish.] 
A8tron.the  Irishes,  the  twelfth  sign,  or 
constellation  in  the  zodiac,  next  to  Anes. 
the  vertebrate  animals  of  the  class  fishes. 
_Piscicapture,pls'i-kap-tQr,n..  Thetakmg 
of  fish;  angliAg,  netting,^  Ac-PiscicnT- 
tnral,  pis-i-kul'ta-ral,  a.    Connected  with 
pisciculture. -Pisciculture    pis-i-kul  tto, 
n     [L.  piscig,  a  fish,  and  cMUwra,  culture.  J 
The  breeding,  rearing,  preservation,  feed- 
ing, and  fattening  of  fish  by  artificial 
mSins;  fish  culture.-Pisciculturist,  p.is-i- 
kul'tur-ist,  n.     One  who  practises  pisci- 
culture.—Piscifonn,  pis'i-f orm ,  a\  Having 
the  shape  of  a  fish.-Piscina,  pis-sina,  n. 
[£ ,  a  cistern,  a  fish-pond.]  .A  niche  on 
•the  south  side  of  the  altar  m  churches, 
with  a  small  basin  and  water-drain  con- 
nected, into  which  the  priest  empties  any 
water  used.— Piscine,  pis'sin.a.  Pertammg 
tofishorfishes.-Piscivoroua,pis-siv'o-ru8 
a.    [L.  piscis,  and  voro,  to  eat.]    Feeding 
or  subsisting  on  fishes.     .,      .     .    .        .  ^ 
Pise  p5-za,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  ptso,  ptnso, to 
brayfas  inamortar.]    Stiff  eartfior  clay 
used  to  construct  walls,  being  rammed 
into  moulds  as  it  is  earned  up..     . 
Pish,  pish,ea;cZam.  A  word  expressing  con- 
tempt —II  i.  To  express  contempt  by  pish.! 
Pisiform,  pi'si-form,  a.    [L.  mswn,  a  pea. 
and /oma,  form.]    Having  the  form  of  a 
pea-  having  a  structure  resembling  peas. 
J&niire,  pis'mir,  n.    [E.  piss,  and  mire- 
T>  mier  Sw.  myra,  Icel.  maurr,  an  ant;  it 
SsSes  an  irri'tant  fluid  vulgarly  re- 
carded  as  urine.]   The  ant  or  emmet. 
pfsoUte.  pi'so-Iit,».    [Or.  mson,  a  pea  and 
K'W    a  stone.]     A  carbonate  of  lime 
ShtV  colourei  bv  the  oxide  of  iron  oc- 
curring in  Uttle.  globular  concretions  of 
the  size  of  a  pea  or  larger,  which  usually 
contain  each  a  grain  of  sand  as  a  nucleus. 
_Pi«>Utic,  pi-sO-lit'ik,  a.    .Composed  of. 
containing,  or  resembling  pisolite.     . 
■Pi^  K.t    [Pr-  PW««'''  D.  and  G.  pissen, 
^'  «f«a  ban  pisse,  W.  pisaw,  to  make 
wlte^r  ]    -to  d1"c&e  the  fluid.contained 
ki  the  urinary  bladder ;  .to  nnnate.-».t. 
To  eject,  as  urine.--«.  Urine.  • 

KssMPhalt,  Pissasphaltum,  pis'as-f  alt,  pis- 

tiirnentine,  and  asphaltoSi  asphalt.]  A 
soft  bitumen  of  the  cons  stence  of  tar, 
Mark  and  of  a  strong  smell. 

pS^piVtU,  n.    [L.  piBUllum,  a  pestle,  a 

til  I5t  a  Having  a  pistil.  —  riEii"ii"», 
^i^til-lfd'i-l:«.  pi:  [I'-  pistiUum,z.-ad.  Gr. 
S.  resemblance.]    Bot.  organs  in  cryp- 

stamens,  as  a,  female  flower..      . 
■Watoi  nis'tol  w.    [Fr.  ptstoi6i,irom  it.  pis 
iota  a  pistoh^riginaUy  a  dagger  made  at 
P»  or  PMtoia,  near  Florence.    From 
toiinutive  poniards  the  name  came  to  be 
S^en  to  miniature  Rearms.]    A  small 
grea^m,  the  smallest  «fd,  designed  to  be 
fired  with  one  hand  (,DL\y. -v. t.-pistouea, 
^ItoUina.    To  shoot  with  a  pistol. 
Distol  so  iiamecl  as  being  originally  a  haJf- 
?r1wi,  a  diminutive  ofthe  crown.]    An 
old  gold  coin  in  Spain,  France,  &c.,  valued 

■p1»S»..fromLpin.^^^^^^ 
turn  to  beat,  to  pound.    Pisri.i-.J    -Mof^. 

S>aS^i&rnrca^U^^«l 
driven  Xmltely  in  two  directions.- 
pStoS-rod  n  A  rod  which  connects  a 
p^ton  to  a'pdnt  outside  the  cylinder,  and 
eEmoTCd  by  the  piston  or  movmg  it. 


-^:^i;^r^^;^^^^^^i^r^^  ""♦^' 


'^f^^m^^^xfiy    w,«isi  y^^vim;   »h,awe, 


PIT 


510 


PLACID 


Pit,  pit,  ».  [A.  Sax.  pyt,  pit=D.  put,  Icel. 
pittr,  a  well ;  from  L.  puteus,  a  well.]  A 
hollow  or  cavity  more  or  less  deep,  either 
natural  or  made  by  digging  in  the  earth; 
the  shaft  of  a  mine;  a  vat  in  tanning, 
bleaching,  dyeing,  &c.;  hort.  an  excavation 
in  the  soil  covered  by  a  glazed  frame,  for 
protecting  plants;  a  concealed  hole  in  the 
ground  for  snaring  wild  beasts;  any  hol- 
low, cavity,  or  depression  in  the  flesh  (the 
a.rm-pilg);  a  plaee  or  area  where  cocks  or 
dogs  are  brought  to  fight,  or  where  dogs 
are  trained  to  kill  rats ;  part  of  a  theatre 
on  the  Hoor  of  the  house,  and  somewhat  be- 
low the  level  of  the  stage.—  The  pit  {ScHp. ), 
the  place  of  the  dead  or  the  abode  of  evil 
spirits.— The  bottomless  pit,  hell  (X.T.).— 
v.t— pitted,  pitting.  To  lay  in  a  pit  or  hole; 
to  mark  with  little  hollows,  as  by  the 
small-pox;  to  set  in  competition;  to  set 
against  one  another,  a.s  in  combat  (lit.  like 
cocks  in  a  pi<).— Pitfall,  pit'fal,  n.  A  pit 
slightly  covered  over,  formirig  a  kind  of 
trap.— Pitman,  pit'man.n.  One  who  works 
in  a  pit.— Pit-saw,  n.  A  large  saw  worked 
by  two  men,  one  of  whom  stands  in  a  pit 
below.  —  Pitted,  pit'ed,  a.  Having  little 
pits  or  hollows  on  the  skin. 

Pitapat,  pit'a-pat,  adv.  f  A  reduplication 
of  put,  a  slight  blow.]  In  a  flutter;  with 
palpitation  or  quick  succession  of  beats.^ 
n.  A  light  quick  step.  , 

Pitch,  pich,  n.  [A  softened  form  of  O.E. 
pik.  A.  Sax.  pic,  from  L.  pix,  picis,  pitch, 
akin  to  pinvs,  a  pine  (tree).]  A  thick, 
tenacious  oily  substance,  commonly  ob- 
tained from  tar,  and  extensively  used 
for  closing'up  the  seams  of  ships,  for  pre- 
serving wood  from  the  effects  of  water, 
for  coating  iron- work,  &c. — Jew's  pitch, 
mineral  pitch,  bitumen.— y.<.  To  smear  or 
cover  over  with  pitch.— Pitch-blend,  n.  A 
inineral  which  constitutes  one  of  the  most 
important  sources  of  the  metal  uranium 
and  its  compounds.  —  Pitch-coal,  n.  A 
kindof  bituminouscoal;  also  a  name  given 
to  je<.— Pitch-dark, a.  Dark  as  pitch;  very 
dark. — Pitchineas,  pich'i-nes,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  pitchy.— Pitch-mineral, 
n.  Bitumen  or  asphalt.  —  Pitch-pine,  n. 
A  pine  abounding  in  resinous  matter 
which  yields  pitch.— Pitch-plaster,  n.  A 
plaster  of  Burgundy  pitch.— Pitch-pot,  n. 
A  large  iron  pot  used  for  the  purpose  of 
boiling  pitch.— Pitch-stone,  n.  The  glassjr 
form  of  felstone;  retinite.— Pitchy,  pich'i, 
a.  Partakingof  the  qiir.lities  of  pitch;  like 
pitch;  smeared  with  pitch;  dark;  dismal. 

Pitch,  pich,  v.t.  [O.E.  picche,  to  pierce,  to 
peck,  to  dart  or  throw,  a  softened  form  of 
pick,  pike.  Pick.]  To  fix  or  plant,  as 
stakes  or  pointed  instruments;  to  fix  by 
means  of  such;  hence,  to  set  in  array;  to 
marshal  or  arrange  in  order  (to  pitch  a 
tent,  to  pitch  a  camp);  to  fling  or  throw; 
to  cast  forward;  to  liurl;  to  toss;  to  regu- 
late or  set  the  key-note  of;  to  pave  or  face 
with  stones,  as  an  embankment.— Pi'JfTied 
battle,  one  in  which  the  armies  are  previ- 
ou.sly  drawn  up  in  fonn.with  a  ret'ular 
disposition  of  the  forces.— y.i.  To  light;  to 
settle;  to  come  to  rest  from  flight;  to 
plunge  or  fall  headlong;  to  fix  choice: 
with  on  or  upon;  to  fix  a  tent  or  temporary 
haljitation;  to  encamp;  navt.  to  rise  and 
iall,  as  the  head  and  sternof  a  ship  pass- 
ing over  waves. — n.  A  point  or  degree  of 
elevation  or  depression;  height  or  depth; 
degree;  rate;  highest  rise;  height;  lofti- 
ness; the  degree  of  slope  or  inclination 
|th.e  pitch  of  a  hill  or  roof);  the  rise  of  an 
arch;  a  throw;  a  toss;  a  cast  or  jerk  of 
something  from  the  hand;  mtisic.  the  rela- 
tive height  of  a  sound;  in  certain  technical 
senses,  a  distance  between  two  points  (as 
the  pitch  of  ascrew,  that  is,  the  distance  be- 
tween its  threads.) — Pitch  and  toss,  a  game 
in  which  the  players  determine  the  order  of 
tossing  by  pitching  coins  at  a  mark. — 
Pitch-circle,  Pitch-line,  n.  The  circle  or 
line  which  would  bisect  all  the  teeth  of  two 
toothed  wheels  in  gear. — Pitcher,  pich'fr, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  pitches. — Pitch- 
fork, iiich'f ork,  n.  A  fork  used  in  lifting  or 
throwing  hay  or  sheaves  of  grain;  a  tuning- 
fork.  —  v.t.  To  lift  or  throw  with  a  pitch- 
fork; hence,  to  put  suddenly  or  acciden- 
tally into  any  position.— Pitch-pipe,  n.  A 


small  flute  or  free-reed  pipe  used  in  regu- 
lating the  pitch  or  elevation  of  the  key  or 
leading  note  of  a  tune.  —  Pitch-wheel,  n. 
One  of  two  toothed  wheels  which  work 
together. 

Pitcher,  pich'Sr,  n.  [O.Fr.  picher,  pichier, 
pechier,  O.It.  pecchero,  from  O.  H.G. 
pechar,  behhar,  a  beaker.  Beaker.]  A 
vessel  with  a  spout  for  holding  liquors; 
an  earthen  or  metallic  vessel  for  holding 
watet  for  domestic  purposes;  a  water-pot, 
jug,  or  jar  with  ears.  —  Pitcher-plant,  n. 
A  name  given  to  several  plants  from  their 
pitcher-shaped  leaves. 

Piteous,  &c.    Under  Pity. 

Pitfall.    Under  Pit. 

Pith,  pith,  n.  [A.  Sax.  pitha,  D.  pit,  mar- 
row, pith,  kernel.]  A  soft  cellular  sub- 
stance occupying  the  centre  of  the  root, 
stem,  and  branches  of  exogenous  plants ; 
the  spinal  cord  or  marrow  of  an  animal; 
strength,  vigour,  or  force;  closeness  and 
vigour  of  thougTit  and  style;  cogency;  con- 
densed substance  or  matter;  quintessence. 
—Pithily,  pith'i-li,  adv.  In  a  pithy  man- 
ner.—Pithiness,  pith'i-nes.  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  pithy.— Pithless,  pith'les, 
a.  Destituteofpith.— Pithy,pith'i,a.  Con- 
sisting of  pith  ;  containing  pith ;  aboun- 
ding with  pith;  terse  and  striking;  for- 
cible ;  energetic ;  uttering  energetic  words 
or  expressions. 

Pithecoid,  pi-theTtoid,  a.  [Gr.  pithekos,  an 
ape,  and  eidos,  likeness.]  Pertaining  to 
apes;  resembling  an  ape;  ape-like. 

Pitiable,  Pitiful,  Pitiless,  &c.    Under  Pity. 

Pittance,  pit'ans,  n.  [Fr.  pitaiice.  a  monk's 
mess,  from  L.L.  pietantia,  pitantia,  a 
monk's  allowance,  from  L.  pietas,  piety.] 
An  allowance  of  food  bestowed  in  charity; 
a  charity  gift;  a  very  siilall  portion  allowed 
or  assigned. 

Pituitary  ,pi-tQ'i-ta-ri,a.[L.prtui7a,phlegm, 
rheum.]  Anat.  concerned  in  the  secretion 
of  phlegm  or  mucus  (the  pituitary  mem- 
brane which  lines  the  nostrils,  the  pitui- 
tary  gland  of  thebrain).—Pitmtou8,pi-ta'i- 
tus,o.  [L.  pituitos^is.]  Consisting  of  mucus; 
resembling  mucus. 

Pity,  pit'i,  n.  [Fr.  pitid,  O.Fr.  piU,  from 
L.  pietas,  piety,  from  piiis,  pious.  (Pious.) 
Piety  is  the  same  -s^ord.]  The  suffering  of 
one  person  excited  by  the  distresses  of  an- 
other; commiseration;  compassion;  mercy; 
the  ground  or  subject  of  pity;  cause  of 
grief;  thing  to  be  regretted:  inthissenseit 
has  a  plural  (it  is  a  thousand  pities  he 
should  fail). —  Tohuve  pity  upon,  to  take  pity 
npon,  generally  to  show  one's  pity  towards 
by  some  benevolent  act. — v.t.— pitied,  pity- 
ing. [O.Fr.  pifoj/er,  to  pity.]  To  feel  pity  or 
compassion  towards;  to  feel  pain  or  grief 
for;  to  have  sympathy  for;  to  commiserate; 
to  compassionate.  —  y.i.  —  To  be  compas- 
sionate; to  exercise  pity.— Pityingly,  pit'i- 
ing-li,  adv.  So  as  to  show  pity;  compas- 
sionately.—Piteous,  pit'6-us,  a.  Fitted  to 
excite  pity;  moving  pity  or  compassion; 
mournful ;_  affecting;  lamentable.— Pite- 
onsly,  pit'e-us-li,ady.  In  a  piteous  manner. 
— Piteousness,  pit'6-us-nes,n.  The  state  of 
being  piteous.— Pitiable,  pit'i-a-bl.  a.  De- 
serving or  exciting  pity.  —  Pitiableness, 
pit'i-a-hl-nes,  n.  State  "of  being  pitiable. 
—Pitiably,  pit'i-a-bli,  adv.  In  a  pitiable 
manner.  —  Pitler,  pit'i-er,  n.  One  who 
pities.— Pitiful,  pit'i-ful,  a.  Full  of  pity; 
tender;  compassionate;  miserable;  moving 
compassion;  paltry;  insignificant;  con- 
temptible. .".  Syn.  under  Contemptible.— 
Pitifully,  pit'i-fnl-li,  adv.  In  a  pitiful 
manner.— Pitifnliiess,  pit'i-ful-nes.  n.  The 

"state  or  quality  of  being  pitiful.— Pitiless, 
pit'i -les,  o.  Desti  t ute  of  pity ;  hard-hearted ; 
relentless;  exciting  no  pity.— Pitilessly, 
pit'i-les-li,  adv.  In  a  pitiless  manner. — 
Pltuessness,  pit'i-les-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  pitiless. 

Pityriasis,  pit-i-ri'a-sis,  n.  [Gr.  pityron, 
bran.]  A  cutaneous  disease  consisting  of 
irregular  bran-like  scaly  patches.— Pity- 
roid,  pit'i-roid,  a.  Resembling  bran;  bran- 
like. 

Pivot,  piv'ot,  n.  [Fr.  pivot,  a  pivot,  from 
It.  piwa,  a  pipe  (=Ff.  and  E.  pipe).]  A  pin 
on  which  anything  turns;  a  short  shaft  or 
point  on  which  a  wheel  or  other  body  re- 
volves; mint,  the  officer  or  soldier  upon 


whom  the  diffierent  wheelings  are  made  in 
the  various  evolutions  of  the  drill,  &c.; 
that  on  which  important  results  depend ; 
a  tuming-jioint.- «.<.  To  place  on  a  pivot; 
to  furnish  with  a  pivot.— Pivotal,  piv'ot-al, 
a.  Belonging  to  a  pivot.— Pivot-bridge,  n. 
A  form  of  swing-bridge  moving  on  a  ver- 
tical pivot  underneath  it.— Pivot-gun,  n. 
A  gun  set  so  that  it  can  be  turned  about 
in  any  direction. 

Pix,  piks,  n.    Pvx. 

Pixy,  Pixie,  pik'si.n.  [Perhaps  for  pucksy, 
from  Puck.]  A  sort  of  English  fairy.— 
Pizy-ring,  n.    A  fairy  ring. 

Pizzicato,  pit-si-ka'to,  a.  [It.,  twitched.] 
ilus.  to  be  pinched  or  twitched  by  the 
finger,  and  not  to  be  played  with  the  bow 
of  the  violin. 

Placable,  plak'a-bl  or  pla'ka-bl,  o.  [L.  plac- 
abilis,  from  placo,  to  soothe,  pacify;  akin 
to  p^aceo,  to  please.  Please.]  Capable  of 
being  appeased  or  pacified ;  appeasable. — 
Flacahility,  Flacableness,  plak-a-bil'i-ti  or 
pla-ka-bil'i-ti,  plak  'a-.bl-nes  or  pla'ka-bl- 
nes,  n.    The  quality  of  being  placable. 

Placard,  plak'ard orpla-kard', n.  [Fr.,  from 
plaque,  a  plate,  from  the  Teutonic;  comp. 
D.  plak,  a  flat  piece  of  wood,  a  slice,  plak- 
briefje,  a  placard;  L  G.  plakke,  a  piece  of 
turf.J  A  written  or  printed  paper  posted 
in  a  public  place;  a  bill  posted  up  to  draw 
public  attention;  a  poster.  —  v.t.  To  post 
placards  on;  to  make  known  by  placard. 

Place,  plas,  n.  ( Fr.  place,  a  place,  post, 
position,  an  open  space  in  a  town ;  from 
L.  platea,  a  street,  an  area,  from  Gr.  pla- 
teia,  from  platys,  flat,  broad.  Plate  ]  A 
broad  way  or  open  space  in  a  city,  an  area; 
a  particular  portion  of  space  marked  off  by 
its  use  or  character;  a  locality,  spot,  or  site; 
position;  a  town  or  village;  a  fortified  post; 
a  passage  in  a  book;  point  or  degree  in  or- 
der of  proceeding  (in  the  first  pJace),  rank; 
order  of  priority,  dignity,  or  importance; 
office;  employment;  official  station;  ground 
.or  occasion;  room;  station  in  life;  calling; 
occupation;  condition;  room  or  stead,  with 
the  sense  of  substitution  (to  act  in  place  of 
another);  the  position  in  the  heavens  of  a 
heavenly  body.  —  To  give  place,  to  make 
room  or  wa3';  to  retire  in  favour  of  another; 
to  yield. —  To  have  place,  to  have  a  station, 
room,  or  seat;  to  have  actual  existence. — 
To  take  place,  to  come  to  pass;  to  happen; 

.  to  occur;  to  take  the  precedence  or  priority. 
—».%. — placed,  placing.  To  put  or  set  in  a 
particular  place  or  spot;  to  set  orput  in  a 
certain  relative  position ;  to  locate;  to  ap- 
point, set,  induct,  or  establish  in  an  office; 
to  put  or  set  in  any  particular  rank,  state, 
or  condition;  to  set;  to  fix  (to  place  confi- 
dence in  a  friend):  to  invest;  to  lend  (to 
place  money  in  the  funds).  —  Placeless, 
plas'les,  n.  H;iving  no  place  or  office. — 
Placeman,  plas'man,  n.  One  who  holds  or 
occupies  a  place;  specifically,  one  who  has 
an  office  under  government.— Placement, 
plas'ment,  n.  The  act  of  placing,  or  of 
putting  in  a  certain  spot  or  position.— 
Place-name,  ri.  The  name  of  a  place  or 
locality :  in  contradistinction  to  personal 
name.— Placer,  pla'sfer,  n.  One  who  places. 

Placenta,  pla-sen'ta,  «.  |L.,  a  cake.]  The 
after-birth;  a  temporary  organ  developed 
in  mammals  during  pregnancy,  and  form- 
ing a  connection  between  the  mother  and 
the  fcBtus;  bot.  that  part  of  a  sped-ves.'^el  on 
which  the  ovules  or  seeds  are  placed. — Pla- 
cental, plarsen'tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
placenta;  possessing  a  placenta.— ii.  An 
animal  that  possesses  a  placenta.— Flacen- 
taxy,  pla-sen'ta-ri,  n.  Bot.  a  placenta  bear- 
ing numerous  ovules.— a.  Having  refer- 
ence to  the  placenta.— Placentation,  p!a- 
sen-ta'shon,  n.  The  disposition  of  the 
placenta,  more  especially  in  plants.— Pla- 
centiferouB,  pla-sen-tif6r-us,  a.  I'earing 
or  producing  a  placenta;  having  a  placen- 
ta. —  Placentifonn,  pla-sen'ti-form,  a. 
Shaped  like  a  pl.acenta. 

Placer,  pla-ther',  n.  [Sp.]  A  gravelly  place 
where  gold  occurs;  a  spot  where  gold-dust 
is  found  in  the  soil.    [Amer.]    • 

Placid,  plas'id,  a.  [L.  placidus,  from  placeo, 
to  please.  Please.]  Gentle;  quiet;  undis- 
turbed; equable;  serene;  mild;  unruffled. 
—Placidity,  Placidness,  pla-sid'i-ti,  plas'- 
id-nes,  n.    The  state  or  quality  of  being 


VaU.  f&r  fat.  t^U;     me.  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin; '   aSte,  not,  luUve;     tQt>£,  tub,  bull;     oU,  pound;     ('.,  Sc  abuue— the  Fr.  «, 


PLACK 


511 


PLANK 


placid. —Placidly,  plas'id-li.  adv.  In  a 
placid  maimer;  calmly;  quietly. 

Flack,  plak,  n. .  [Fr.  plaqtie,  from  Fl.  plackCt 
an  ancient  Flemish  coin.'  Placard.]  A 
small  copper  coin  formerly  current  in  Scot- 
land equal  to  the  third  part  of  an  EngU^h 
penny. 

Placket,  plak'et,  n.  [From  the  Pr.  plaquer, 
to  lay  or  clap  on.  Placakd.]  A  petticoat; 
the  opening  or  sUt  in  a  petticoat  or  skirt; 
a  fent;  a  woman's  pocket. 

Placold,  plaTc'oid,  a.     [Gr.  plax,  plakoa, 

■  something  flat.]  Applied  to  a  certain  class 
of  fishes'  scales,  consisting  of  detached 
bony  grains,  tubercles,  or  plat^.  — »,  A 
fish  with  such  scales. 

Plafond,  pla-fond',  n.  [Pr.,  from  plat,  flat, 
and  fond,  bottom,  back.]  Arch,  the  ceil- 
ing of  a  room;  the  under  side  of  a  soflBt. 

Plagal,  pla'gal,  a.  [Gr.  plagios,  oblique.] 
Music,  applied  to  a  cadence  in  which  the 
chord  of  the  aubdcfminant  is  follovred  by 
that  of  the  tonic. 

Plagiary,  pla'ji-a-ri,  n.  -{L.  plagiariua,  a 
plagiary,  a  kidnapper,  iroxa plagium,  man- 
stealing,  kidnapping,  from  plaga,  a  snare.] 
One  that  steals  or  purloins  the  words  or 
ideas  of  another  and  passes  them  oflf  as 
his  own;  a  literary  thief;  plagiarism. — Pla- 
giarism, pla'ji-a-rizm,  n.  The  act  of  plagi- 
arizing; the  crime  of  literary  theft;  that 
which  ia  plagiarized.— Plagiarist,  pla'ji-a- 
rist,  n.  One  who  plagiarizes. — Plagiarize, 
plft'ji-a-riz,  v.t.  and  i.— plagiarized,  plagi- 
arizing. To  steal  or  purloin  the  thoughts 
or  words  of  another  in  literary  composi- 
tion. 

Plat^oclase,  pl5'ji-3-klaz,  n.  [Gr.  plagios, 
oblique,  and  klasis,  fracture.]  A  name  of 
triclinic  felspars,  the  two  prominent  clea- 
vage directions  in  which  are  oblique  toone 
another.  —  Plagioclastic,  pla'ji-Oiklas"tik, 
a.  Of  the  nature  of  or  contaiiiing  plagio- 
clase. 

Plaglostome,  pla'ji-S-stom,  w.  [Gr.  platiios, 
transverse,  and  stoma,  mouth.]  One  of  a 
sub-order  of  cartilaginous  fishes,  including 
the  sharks  and  rays,  which  have  their 
mouth  placed  transversely  beneath  the 
.snout.— rlagiostomousj)la-ji-os'to-mu3,  a. 

■Of  or  belonging  to  the  Plagiostomes. 

Plague,  plag,  to.  [Same  as  D.  plaag,  Dan. 
and  G.  plage,  Icel.  plaga,  Pr.  plaga,  O.Q-p. 
pJa6'a,the  plague;  all  from  'L.plaga,a,  blow, 
stroke,  calamity.  Plaint.]  Abloworcala- 
mitjr;  severe  trouble  or  vexation;  a  pesti- 
lential disease ;  a  malignant  fever  of  the 
East  eminently  contagious,  and  attended 
by  excessive  debility,  as  also  with  car- 
buncles or  buboes.— PZafiTite  on  or  npon,  a 
kind  of  denunciation  expressive  of  weari- 
ness or  petty  a.raioya3icQ.— v.t— plagued, 
plaguing.  To  vex;  to  tease;  to  harass;  to 
trouble;  to  embarrass;  to  scourge  with 
disease,  calamity,  or  natural  evil  of  any 
kind.— Pla.guer,pla'g6r,n.  Onewho  plagues 
or  vexes.- Plague-sore,  n.  A  sorb  resulting 
from  the  plague.— Plague-mark,  Plague- 
root,  n.  A  mark  or  spot  of  plague  or  foul 
disease;  a  deadly  mark  or  sign.— Plaguily, 
pla'gi-U,  adv.  Vexatiously ;  in  a  manner 
to  vex,  harass,  or  embarrass.  [CoUoq.] — 
Plaguy,  pla'gi,  a.  Vexatious;  troublesome; 
tormenting;  annoying;wearisome.[Colloq.J 
—adv.  Vexatiously;  deucedly.    [CoUoq.J 

Plaice,  Plaise,  plas,  to.  [From  L.  platessa, 
a  flat-fish,  from  Gr.  platys,  flat.]  A  well- 
known  species  of  the  flat-fish  family,  more 
flat  and  square  than  the  halibut. 

Plaid,  plad  or  plad, ».  [Gael,  plaide,  from 
peallaid,  a  sheepskin,  from  peall,  a  skin 
or  hide.  Pklt.]  A  large  rectangular  outer 
garment  or  wrap,  frequently  of  tartan, 
worn  by  the  Highlanders  and  others  in 
Scotland.  —  Plaided,  pla'ded,  a.  Of  the 
cloth  of  which  plaids  are  made;  tartan; 
wearing  a  plaid.— Plaidea,  Plaiding,  pla'- 
den,  pla'ding,  n.  ■  A  coarse  woollen  cloth, 
difl^ering  from  flannel  in  being  twilled. 
IScotch.l 

Plain,  pl^n,  a.  [Fr.  plain,  Pr.  plan,  It.piano, 
from  L.  planus,  plain  (same  root  as  plango, 
to  beat).  Plan  and  plane  are  the  same  word.] 
Without  elevations  and  depressions;  level; 
flat;  even;  smooth;  void  of  ornament;  with- 
out embellishment;  simple;  unadorned; 
without  beauty;  homely:  sometimes  used 
as  a  euphemism  for  ugly;  artless;  simple; 


unlearned;  without  disguise,  cunning,  or 
affectation;  without  refinement;  unsophis- 
ticated; honestly  undisguised;  open;  un- 
reserved; mere;  absolute;  unmistakable; 
without  difficulties  or  intricacies;  evident 
to  the  understanding;  clear;  manifest;  not 
obscure;  not  highly  seasoned;  not  rich  or 
luxurious  (a  plain  diet).  —  PZain  dothes, 
the  ordinary  dress  of  society;  non-official 
dress :  opposed  to  uniform.  —  ddv.  In  a 
plain  manner;  plainly;  frankly;  bluntly. 
— TO.   A  piece  of  level  land;  a  piece  of 

ground  with  an  even  surface,  or  a  surface 
ttle  varied  by  inequalities;  geog.  the 
general  term  for  all  those  parts  of  the  dry 
land  which  cannot  properly  be  called 
hilly  or  mountainous.  —  Plain-dealer,  to. 
One  who.  is  frank,  sincere,  honest,  and 
open  in  speaking  and  acting.— Plain-deal- 
ing, a.  Dealing  or  communicating  with 
frankness  and  sincerity. — to.  A  speaking 
or  communicating  with  openness  and  sin- 
cerity.—Plainly,  plan'li,  odii.  In  a' plain 
manner.— Plainneg3,plan'ne8,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  plain;  evenness  of  sur- 
face; openness;  candoui",  intelligibility. — 
Plain-song,  to.  Music,  the  simple,  grave, 
and  unadorned  chant  in  which  the  services 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  have  been 
rendered  from  a  Very  early  age;  the  simple 
notes  of  art  air  without  ornament  or  vari- 
ation; hence,  a  plain  unexaggerated  state- 
ment. —  Plain-gpeaklng,  n.  Plainness  or 
bluntness  of  speech;  candour ;  frankness. 
-Plain-spoken,  a.  Speaking  with  plain 
unreserved  sincerity. 

Plaint,  plafit,  n.  [Fr.  plainte,  a  complaint, 
from  plaindre,  to  complain,  from  L.  plan- 
go,  planctum,  to  beat  the  breast,  to  lament, 
akin  topta^a,  a  blow,  Qr.plesso,  to  strike. 
Plaoce.]  Lamentation;  complaint;  aud- 
ible expression  of  sorrow;  complaint ;  re- 
presentation made  of  injury  or  wrong 
done.  —  Plaintiff,  plan'tif ,  .to.  Latv,  the 
person  who  commences  a  suit  before  a 
tribunal  for  the  recovery  of  a  claim:  op- 
posed to  defendant.  —  Plaintive,  plan'tiv, ' 
a.  Expressive  of  sorrow  or  melancholy; 
mournful;  sad,  —  Plaintively,  plan'tiv-Ii, 
adv.  In  a  plaintive  manner.— Plalntlve- 
ness,  plan'tiv-nes,  to.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  plaintive.— Plaintlero,  plant'lcsj, 
a.    Without  complaint;  unrepining. 

Plait,  plat,  TO.  [O.Fr.  plait,  pleit, 'from  L. 
plicatvs,  folded,,  from  plicare,  to  twist, 
whence  ply.]  A  flattened  gather  or  fold ; 
a  doubling  of  cloth  or  any  similar  tissue 
or  fabric;  a  braid,  as  of  hair,'  straw,  &c. — 
v.t.  To  fold ;  to  double  in  narrow  strips; 
to  braid;  to  interweave  the  locks  or  stranda 
of  (to  plait  the  hair).— Plaited,  pla'ted,  p. 
and  a.  Braided ;  interwoven;  bot.  said  of 
a  leaf  folded  lengthwise  like  the  plaits  of 
a  closed  fan.— Plaltor,pla't6t,  to.  Onewho 
or  that  which  plaits. 

Plan,  plan,  to.  [Fr.  plan,  from  L.  planus, 
plain,  flat,  level.  Plain.]  The  represen- 
tation of  anything  drawn  on  a  plane,  and 
forming  a  map  or  chart  (the  plan  of  a 
town);  the  representation  of  a  horizontal 
section  of  a  building,  showing  the  extent, 
division,  and  distribution  of  its  area  into 
apartments,  passages,  &c.;  a  scheme  de- 
vised; a  project:  disposition  of  parts  ac- 
cording to  a  certain  design;  a  method  or 
process;  a  way;  a  mode. — v.t— planned, 
planning.  To  invent  or  contrive  for  conr 
struction;  to  scheme;  to  devise;  to  form 
in  design.— Planless,  plah'les,  o.  Having 
no  plan.— Planner,  plan'er,  «.  One  who 
plans. 

Pianchct,  plan'shet,  n.  [Fr.  plancheite. 
Plank.]  A  flat  piece  of  metal  intended 
for  a  coin,  with  a  smooth  surface  for  re- 
ceiving the  die  impression. 

Plane,  plan,  a.    [From  L.  planus.    Plaix.J 

■  Without  elevations  or  depressions;  even; 
level;  flat.  —  Plane  angle,  an  angle  con- 
tained between  two  straight  lines  meeting 
in  a  plane.— Ptone  gemnetry,  the  geometry 
of  plane  figures,  in  contradistinction  to 
solid  geometry,  or  the  geometry  of  solids. 
— Plane  sailing,  the  art  of  determining  a 
ship's  place,  on  the  supposition  that  she  is 
moving  on  a  plane,  or  that  the  surface  of 
the  oce.an  is  plane  instead  of  being  spheri- 
cal.—PZane  trigonometry,  that  branch  of 

.trigonometry  wiiich  treats  of  triangles 


described  on  a  plane.— to.  A  smooth  or  i)er- 
fectly  level  surface;  a  part  of  something 
having  a  level  surface;  a  surface  such  that 
if  any  two  points  whatever  in  it  be  joined 
by  a  straight  line,  the  whole  of  the  straight 
Une  will  DO  in  the  surface;  an  ideal  sur- 
face, supposed  to  cut  and  pass  through 
solid  bodies  or  in  various  directions:, fre- 
quently used  in  astronomy  (the  plane  of 
the  ecliptic,  the  plane  of  a  planet's  orbit): 
a  joiner's  tool,  consisting  of  a  smooth-soled 
stock,  through  which  passes  obliquely  a 
piece  of  edged  steel  or  a  chisel,  used  in 
paring  or  smoothing  boards  or  wood  of 
aiaj\ixaA.— v.t— planed,  planing.  To  make 
smooth,  especially  by  the  use  of  a  plane.— 
Planary,  pla'na-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  a' 
plane.— Plane -iron,  n.  The  cutting  iron 
of  a  plane." — Planer,  pla'nfer,  n.  One  who 
planes;  a  wooden  hlock  used  to  smooth  the 
face  of  a  form  of  type  before  printing ;  a 

Elaning-machine.  —  Plane-stock,  to.  The 
ody  of  a  plane  in  which  the  cuttingriron 
is  fitted.— rlaning-machine,  to.  A  machine 
for  planing  wood;  a  machine-tool  for 
planing  metals. 

Plane,  Plane-tree,  plan,  n.  [Fr.  plane,  pla- 
tane,  from  L.  platanus,  the  plane-tree.J  A 
tree  with  a  straight  smooth  branching 
stem  and  palmate  leaves,  used  as  a  shade 
tree  for  lining  avenues,  roads,  &c.;  in  Scot- 
land,  a  name  commonly  given  to  the 

•  ^camore. 

Planet,  plan'et,  n.  [L.  planeta,  a  planet, 
from  Gr.pZane<^s,awanderer,from  planaO, 
to  wander.]    A  celestial  body  (such  as  the 

.  earth)  which  revolves  about  the  sun  or 
other  centre,  whence  it  receives  light. — 
Prirtmry  planets,t\ios6  which  revolve  about 
the  sun  as  their  centxe.— Secondary  plan- 
ets, those  which  revolve  about  other  plan- 
ets as  their  centre,  and  with  them  revolve 
about  the  sun;  satellites  or  moons.— Plan- 
etarium, plan-e-ta'ri-um,  TO.  An  astronomi- 
cal machine  which,  by  the  movement  of  its 
parts,  represents  the  motions  and  orbits 
of  the  planets.— Planetary,  plan'e-ta-ri,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  planets;  having  the 
nature  of  a  pla.net.— Planetary  years,  the 
periods  of  time  in  which,  the  several  plan- 
ets make  their  revolutions  round  the  sun. 
— Planetoid,  plan'et-oid,  to.  One  of  a  nu- 
merous group  of  very  small  planets  re- 
volving round  the  sun  between  the  orbits 
of  Mars  and  Jupiter;  an  asteroid.— Plan- 
etoidal,  plan'et-oi-dal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  planetoids;  relating  to  a  planetoid. — 
Planet-stricken,  Planet-struck,  a.  Af- 
fected by  the  influence  of  planets;  blasted. 
— Planet-wheel, «.  The  exterior  revolving 
wheel  of  the  '  sun-and-planet'  motion. 

Plangent,t  plan'jent.a.  [D.  plangens,plan- 
gentis,  ppr.  of  plango,  to  beat.]  Beating ; 
dashing,  as  a  wave.— Plangency,t  plan'jen- 
si,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  plan- 
gent. 

Planlfollous,  Planlpetalous,  pla-ni-foli-us, 
pla-ni-pet'a-lus,  a.  [L.  planus,  plain,  and 
folium,  petalon,  a  leaf.]  Applied  to  a 
flower  made  up  of  plane  leaves  or  petals, 
set  together  in  circular  rows  round  .the 
centre. 

Planimeter,  pla-nim'et-6r,  n.  [L.  planus, 
plain,  and  Gr.  metron,  a  measure.]  An 
instrument  for  measuring  the  area  of  any 
plane  figure.- Planimetric,  Planlmetrical, 
plan-i-met'rik,  plan-i-met'ri-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  planimetry.— Planimetry,  pla- 
nim'et-ri,  to.     The  mensuration  of  plane 

Planish,  plan'ish,  v.t.  [From  plane.]  To 
make  smooth  or  plain,  as  wood;  to  con- 
dense, smooth,  and  toughen,  as  a  metallic 
plate,  by  light  blows  of  a  hammer ;  to 
polish.— "Planisher,  plan'ish-6r,  «.  A  tool 
used  by  tinners  and  braziers  for  smooth- 
ing tin-plate  and  brass- work ;  a  workman 
who  smooths  or  planes. 

Planisphere,  plan' i-sfer,  n.  [L.  planus, 
plain,  and  E.  sphere.]  A  sphere  projected 
on  a  plane;  a  map  exhibiting  the  circles 
of  the  sphere.— Planispheric,  plan-i-sfer'- 
ik,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  planisphere. 

Plank,  plangk,  to.  [Fr.  dial,  planke,  _Pt. 
planca,  plancha,  Vi.planche,  from  L.  plan- 
ca  (for  planica),  a  board,  slab,  from  L. 
planus,  plain.]  A  broad  piece  of  sawed 
timber,  differing  from  a  board  only  lu 


cb,  cftain;     ch,  He.  loch;     g,  ?o;     j,;'ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     tig,eingi     <sa,thQU,  t>h,thiai     w,«ig;     -wh,  wAig;     ih,  a«ure, 


PLANLESS 


512 


PLATONIC 


being  thicker.— v.t  To  cover  or  lay  with 
planks. 

Planless,  Planner.    Under  Plan. 

Plano-concave,  pla'no,  a.  Plane  on  one 
side  and  concave  on  the  other.  —  Plano- 
convex, a.  Plane  or  flat  on  one  side  and 
convex  on  the  other.— Piano-horizontal,  a. 
Having  a  level  horizontal  surface  or  posi- 
tion. —  Piano-orbicular,  a.  Flat  on  one 
side  and  spherical  on  the  other. — Planom- 
eter,  plarnom'et-6r,  n. '  A  plane,  hard  sur- 
face used  in  machine-making  as  a  gauge 
for  plane.surf  aces. — Planometry,  pla-n'om'- 
et-ri,  n.  The  act  of  measuring  or  gauging 
plane  surfaces;  the  art  or  act  of  using  a 
planometer. 

Plant,  plant,  n.  [Pr.  plante,  a  plant,  from 
L.  planta,  a  plant,  a  twig,  the  sole  of  the 
foot,  from  root  of  planus,  plain.]  One  of 
the  organisms  which  form  the  vegetable 
Mngdom;  a  vegetable;  an  organized  living 
body  deriving  its  sustenance  from  the  in- 
organic world,  generally  adhering  to  an- 
other body,  and  drawing  from  it  some  of 
its  nourishment,  and  having  the  power  of 
propagating  itself  by  seeds  or  similar  re- 
productive" bodies;  popularly  the  word  is 
generally  applied  to  the  smaller  si)ecies 
of  vegetables;  a  collective  term  for  the 
fixtures,  machinery,  tools,  apparatus,  &c., 
necessary  to  carry  on  any  trade  or  mecha- 
nical business.— y.<.  To  put  in  the  ground 
and  cover,  as  seed  for  growth ;  to  set  in  the 
ground  for  growth;  to  furnish  with  plants; 
to  lay  out  and  prepare  with  plants ;  to  set 
upright ;  to  set  firmly ;  to  fix ;  to  set  and 
direct  or  point  (to  plant  cannon  against  a 
fort);  to  furnish  the  first  inhabitants  of ; 
to  settle  (to  plant  a  colony);  to  introduce 
nnd  establish  (to  plant  Christiaiiity). — v.i. 
To  perform  the  act  of  planting. — Plant- 
able,  plan'ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  plan- 
ted. —  Plantation,  plan-ta'shon,  n.  [L. 
plantatio.]  The  act  of  plantingor  setting 
in  the  earth  for  gro\vth;  the  place  plan- 
ted; a  small  wood;  a  grove;  an  estate  cul- 
tivated chiefly  by  negroes  or  other  non- 
European  labourers;  a  first  planting; 
introduction ;  establishment.  —  Planter, 
plan'tfer,  n.  One  that  plants,  sets,  intro- 
duces, or  establishes;  one  who  owns  a 
plantation.— Planticle.t  plan'ti-kl,  n.  A 
young  plant,  or  plant  in  embryo.  [Dar- 
lutra.p-Planting,  plan'ting,  n.  The  art  of 
forming  plantations  of  trees;  the  act  or 
art  of  inserting  plants  in  the  soil;  a  plan- 
tation.— Plantless,  plantles,  a.  Without 
plants;  destitute  of  vegetation. — Plantlet, 
plantlet,  n.  A  little  undeveloped  or  rudi- 
mentary plant. — Plant-louse,  n.  An  aphis. 
— Plantule,  plan'tul,  n.  The  embryo  of  a 
plant. 

Plantain,  plan'tan  n.  [Fr.  plantain,  from 
L.  plantago,  from  planta,  the  sole  of  the 
foot,  from  a  vague  resemblance  of  the 
leaves  to  the  foot.]  A  genus  of  perennial 
or  annual  herbs,  found  in  all  temjjerate 
regions,  and  represented  in  Britain  by 
five  species,  of  which  the  most  common  is 
the  ribwort  plantain,  or  rib-grass.    ■ 

Plantain,  Plantain-tree,  plan'tan,  n.  [Sp. 
planiano,  platano,  from  L.  platanus,  a 
plane-tree.]  A  large  herbaceous  plant.with 
a  soft  succulent  stem,  sometimes  attain- 
ing the  height  of  20  feet,  the  fruit  of  which 
is  of  great  importance  as  an  article  of  food 
in  tropical  climates. — Plantain-eater,  n. 
An  African  scansorial  bird  of  which  plan- 
tains form  the  principal  food. 

Plantar,  plan'tar,  a.  (Ii.  planta,  the  sole  of 
the  foot.]  Anat.  relating  or  belonging  to 
the  sole  of  the  foot. 

Plantigrade,  plan'ti-grad,  a.  [L.  planta, 
the  solo  of  the  foot,  and  gradior,  to  walk,] 
Walking  on  the  sole  of  the  foot  and  not 
on  the  toes  (digitigrade):  applied  to  a  sec- 
tion of  carnivorous  animals,  mcluding  the 
bears. 

Plaque,  plak,  n.  [Fr.]  An  ornamental 
jjlate;  a  orooch;  the  plate  of  aclasp;  a  flat 
plate  of  metal  upon  which  enamels  are 
painted. 

Flash,  plash,  n.  \T>.  plasch,  plas,  a  puddle, 
perhaps  from  sound  of  splashing;  comp. 
D.  plassen,  X}.  platachen,  platschem,  to 
paddle  in  water;  L. G.  plasken.  E.  to 
splash.'\  A  small  collection  of  standing 
water ;  a  puddle ;  a  pond ;  a  splash.— ii.i. 


To  dabble  in  water;  to  fall  with  a  dab- 
bling sound;  to  splash. — PlifiiShy,  plash'i,  a. 
Watery ;  abounding  with  puddles. 

Plash,  plash,  v.t.  [O.  Pr.  plassi^r,  plesaiet, 
from  L.  plexus,  pp.  of  plecto,  to  weave,  to 
twist  (as  in  complex}.  Pleach  is  a  collat- 
eral form.]  To  bend  down  and  interweave 
the  branches  or  twigs  of  (to  plash  a  hedge). 

Plasma,  plaz'ma,  re.  [Gr.  plasma,  some- 
thing formed  or  moulded,  from  plasso,  to 
form,  whence  plastic.'\-  A  siliceous  mineral 
of  a.colour  between  grass-green  and  leek- 
green,  use^  by  the  ancienta/foi:  engraving 
upon;  formless  elementary  matter ;  speci- 
fically, biol.  the  simplest  form  of  organized 
matter  in  the  vegetable  and  animal  body, 
outof  which  the  several  tissues  are  formed; 
the  nearly  colourless  fluid  in  which  the 

■^  corpuscles  of  the  blood  are  suspended. — 
Plasmic,  Plasmatic,  plaz'mik,  plaz-mat'ik, 
a.  Pertaining  to  plasma;  having  the  cha- 
racter of  a  plasma. 

Plaster,  plas't^r,  n.  [O.  Pr.  piastre  (Pr. 
pldtre),  from  L.  emplastrunt,  Gr.  emplas- 
tron,  plaster,  from  emplassO,  to  daub  .over 
— en,  on,  in,  and  plasso,  to  form,  to  shape 
(whence  also  plastic,  plasma).]  A  coinpo- 
sition  of  lime,  water,  and  sand,'  with  or 
without  hair  for  binding,  used  for  coating 
walls  and  partitions  of  houses;  calcined 
•gypsum,  used,  when  mixed  with  water, 
for  finishing  w^lls,  for  casts,  cement,  &c.; 
phar.  an-  external  application  of  a  harder 
consistence  than  an  ointment,  spread  on 
linen,  silk,  &c. — Plaster  of  Paris,  a  conj- 
position  of  several  species  of  gypsum, 
originally  obtained  from  Montmartre  near 
Paris,  used  for  various  purposes. — PZas- 
ter  cast,  a  copy  of  an  object  obtained 
by  pouring  plaster  of  Paris  mixed  with 
watfer  into  a  piould  which  forms  a  copy  of 
the  object  in  reverse. — v.t;  To  overlay  or 
cover  with  plaster;  to  lay  coarsely  on ;  to 
bedaub.— Plasterer,  plas't6r-6r, •  n.  One- 
that  overlays  with  plaster.— Plastering, 
plas't6r-ing,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of 
overlaying  with  plaster ;  plaster- work ;  a 
covering  o'f  plaster.— Plastery,  plas't6r-i,  a. 
Resembling  ijlaster;  containing  plaster. 

Plastic,  plas'tik,  a. .  [Gr.  plastikos,  from 
plassO,  to  form.  Plasteb.]  Having  the 
power  to  give  form  or  fashion  to  a  mass 
of  matter ;  capable  of  being  moulded  into 
vairious  forms;  capable  of  change  or  mo- 
dification; capable  of  receiving  a  new 
bent  or  direction  (as  the  mind) ;  applied 
to  sculpture  and  the  kindred  arts,  as 
distinguished  from  painting  and  the  gra- 
phic &it8.— Plastic  clay,  a  name  given 
to  one  of  the  beds  of  the  eocene  period, 
from  its  being  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
pottery.— Plasticitv,  plas-tis'i-ti,  re.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  plastic. 

Plastron,  plas'.tron,  re.     [Fr.  plastron,  a.- 

.  breastplate,  same  origin  as  plaster.]  A. 
piece  of  leather  stuffed,  used  by  fencers  to 
defend  the  breast  against  pushes;  zool. 
the  lower  or  ventral  portion  of  the  bony 
case  of  tortoises  and  turtles. 

Plat,  plat,  v.t.— platted,  platting.  [Same  as 
plait.]  To  interweave ;  to  plait.— Platter, 
plat'Sr,  re.  One  who  plats  or  forms  by 
weaving.— Platting,  plat'ing,  n.  Slips  of 
cane,  straw,  &c.,  woven  or  plaited,  for 
making  into  hats,  &c. 

Plat,  plat,  re.  [Same  word  as  plot;  but  prob- 
ably affected  by  Pr.  plat,plate,&a.t.  Plate.] 
A  small  piece  of  ground  marked  out  and 
devoted  to  some  special  purpose;  a  plot  of 
ground. 

Platan,  Platane,  plat'an,  plat'an,  re.  [L. 
platanus.]    The  plane-tree. 

Platband,  plat'band,  re.  [Fr.  plate-bande 
—plat,  plate,  flat,  and  bande,  a  band.]  A 
border  of  flowers  in  a  garden;  arch,  any 
flat  rectangular  moulding,  the  projection 
of  which  is  much  less  than  its  width. 

Plate,  plat,  re.  [Prom  Pr.  plate,  a  metal  plate, 
a  piece  of  plate-armour,  and  plat,  &  dish; 
from  plat,  plate,  flat ;  perhaps  (like  place) 
from  Gr.  platys,  broad,  co^.  with  Skr. 
prithu,  broad.]  A  flattened  piece  of  metal 
with  a  uniform  thickness;  armour  com- 
posed of  broad  pieces  or  plates ;  domestic 

vessels  or  utensils  made  of  gold  or  silver;  a 
small  shallow  vessel  of  rbetal,  porcelain,  or 

earthenware,  from  which  food  is  eaten  at 

table;  a  piece  of  timber  laid  horizontally 


in  a  wall  to  receive  the  ends  of  other  tim- 
bers; a  piece  of  metal  on  which  anything 
is  engraved  for  the  purpose  of  being  prin- 
ted off  on  paper ;  a  page  of  stereotype  for 
printing.— ti.t.-pZated,  plating.  To  cover 
with  a  plate  or  plates ;  to  overlay  with  -a 
thin  coating  of  silver  or  other  metal:  used 
particularly  of  .  silver  ( plated  vessels). — 
Plate-annour,  n.  Defensive  armour  con- 
sisting of  plates  of  metal. 
Plateau,  pla-to',  re.  pi.  Plateaux,  Plateaus, 
pla-toz'.  [Pr. ,  from  plat,Qa.t;  akin  to  plate.) 
A  broad,  flat  area  of  laUd  in  an  elevated 
position;  a  table-lajid;  a  large  ornamental 
dish  for  the  centre  of  a  table.— Plate-glass, 
n.  A  superior  kind  of  thick  glass  used  for 
mirrors,  &c.— Plate-iron,  n.  Iron  drawn 
into  flat  plates  by  being  passed  between 
cylindrical  rollers;  rolled  iron. — Plate- 
layer, re.  A  workman  on  railways  whose 
occupation  is  to  lay  down  rails  and  fix 
them  to  the  sleepers.- Plate-mark,  re.  A 
legal  mark  made  on  certain  gold  and  silver 
articles  for  the  purpose  of  indicating  their 
degree  of  purity,  &c.— Plate-paper,  »i.  A 
heavy,  spongy  paper  used  for  taking  im- 
pressions from  engraved  plates^— Plate- 
powder,  re.  A  composition  for  cleaning 
gold  and  silver  plate. — Plater,  pla'tfer,  re. 
One  who  coats  articles  with  gold  or  silver. 
—Plate-rack,  n.  A  frame  in  a  scullery, 
kitchen,  or  pantry  for  plates  and  dishes. 
— Plate-warmer,  re.  A  case  with  shelves 
in  which  plates  are  warmed  before  the 
'  fire.  —  Piatey,  Platy,  pla'ti,  a.  Like  a 
plate;  flat.— Plating,  pla'ting,  re.  The  art 
of  covering  articles  with  a  thin  coating  of 
metal,  especially  of  overlaying  articles 
made  of  the  baser  metals  with  a  thin  coat- 
ing of  gold  or  silver;  a  thin  coating  of  one 
metal  laid  upon  another  metal. 
Platen,  plat'en,  re.  [From  Fr.  plat,  flat.] 
Printing,  the  flat  part  of  a  press  by  which 
the  impression  is  made; 
Platform,  plat'form,  re.  [Pr.  plate-forme— 
plate,&a.t,andforme,a.foTm.  Plate.]  Any 
fiat  or  horizontal  structure,  especially  u 
raised  aboT^  some  particular  level;  the 
flat  roof  of  a  building  on  the  outside;  tho 
place  where  guns  are  mounted  on  a  fortress 
or  battery;  the  raised  walk  at  a  railway 
station  for  landing  passengers  and  goods ; 
a  place  raised  above  the  floor  of  a  hall  set 
apart  for  the  speakers  at  public  meetings; 
the  aggregate  of  principles  adopted  -or 
avowed  by  any  body  of  men,  such  aS;  a 
political  party;  a  declared  system  of  policy 
(a  political  platform). 

Flatina,  plat'i-na,  re.  [Sp.  platina,  fr©m 
Plata,  silver;  akin  to  plate.]  The  old  name 
of  platinum;  twisted  sUver-wirc. 
Platinum,  plat'i-num,  re.  [From  platina.]  A 
nietal  of  a  white  colour  very  much  like 
silver,  but  of  inferior  lustre,  the  heaviest 
of  known  metals,  exceedingly  ductile,  mal- 
leable, tenacious,  and  difficult  of  fusion. 
— Platinic,  pla-tin'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  pla- 
tinum.—Platiniferous,  plat-i-nif'6r-us,  a. 
Producing  platinum  {platiniferous  sand). 
—Platinize,  plat'i-niz,  v.t.  To  combine  or 
cover  with  platinum.  —  Platinoid,  plat'i- 
noid,  re.  A  name  §iven  to  a  family  of  metals 
with  which  platinum  is  invariably  found 
associated.— Platinous,  plat'i-nus,  a.  Con- 
fining or  consisting  of  platinum. — Plati- 
num-steel, re.  Steel  alloyed  with  about 
1-llOth  of  platinum. 

Platitude,  plat'i-tud,  re.  [Fr.  from  plat,  flat.] 
Flatness;  dulness;  insipidity;  a  trite,  dull, 
or  stupid  remark;  a  truism. — Platitudl- 
nlze,  plat-i-tQ'di-niz,  v.i.  To  utter  plati- 
tudes; to  make  stale  or  insipid  remarks. 
Platonic,  Platonical,  pl.a-ton'ik,  pla-ton'i- 
kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  Plato  the  philoso- 
pher, or  to  his  pliilosophy,  his  school,  or 
his  opinions.  —  Platonic  oodies,  the  flvo 
regular  geometrical  solids. — Platonic  love, 
a  pure  spiritual  .aflfection  sub^^isting  be' 
tween  the  sexes,  unmixed  with  -carnal 
desiieB.-w  Platonic  year,  a  period  of  time 
determined  by  the  revolution  of  the  equi- 
noxes, which  is  accomplished  in  about 
26,000  years.  — re.  A  follower  of  Plato.— 
Flatonically,  pla-ton '  i  -  kal  -  li,  adv.  In  a 
Platonic  manner.  —  Platonism,  pla'ton- 
izm,  re.  The  doctrines,  opinions,  or  plii- 
losophy of  Plato.— Platonist,  pla'ton-ist,  re. 
One  who  adheres  to  the  philosophy  of 


si'ftte,  filr,  fat,  fftllj  .  me,  met,  h6r  j  .  pine,  pinj^  jaOte,  not,  mOve-^  tnbe»  tat»j  ^Vi^i  _oy»  ponji^^^fl^Sc.  abKne— the  Fr.  % 


PLATOOIf 


PLEIAD 


Plato.— Platonize,  pla'ton-iz,  w.i.— pteton- 
ized,  platmizing.  To  adopt  the  opinions 
or  philosophy  of  Plato. 

Platoon,  pla-ton',  n.  [Pr.  x>eloton,  a  ball  of 
thread,  a  platoon,  from  pelote,  a  ball  of 
thread,  from  L.L.  pelota,pUota,  froia  L. 
pila,  a  ball.]  Porraferly  a  smail  square 
Dody  of  soldiers;  in  present  usage,  two  files 
forming  a  subdivision  of  a  company. — 
Platoon  firing,  firins;  by  subdivisions. 

Platter,  plat'Sr,  n.  [Prom  O.Pr.  platel,.dim. 
of  plat,  a  plate.  Plate.]  A  plate  ;a  large 
shallow  dish  for  holding  eatables. 

Platter,  Platting,  n.    Under  Plat. 

Platycephalic,  Platycephalous,  plat'i-se- 
f al"ik,  plat-i-sefVlus,  a.  [Gr.  platys,  broad, 
and  kepfialS,.  head.]  Broad-headed ;  flat- 
headed. 

Platycnemlc,  pla-tik-nem'ik,a.  [Qr.  plaij/s, 
broad,  and  kneme,  a  leg.]  Broad-l6gged ; 
having  a  flattened  surface:  said  of  some 
ancient  human  leg-bones. 

Platjrpus,  plat'i-pus,  n.  [Gr.  platys,  broad, 
and  pous,  a  foot.]  The  original  name  of 
the  omithorhynchus. 

Platyrhine,  plat'i-rin,  a.  [Qr.  platys,  broad, 
and  rhis,  rhinos,  a  nostril.]  Having  a 
broad  nose:  applied. to  a  section  of  mon- 
keys in  which  the  nostrils  are  far  apart. 

Platysma,  pla-tis'ma,  n.  [Gr.  platys,  broad.] 
A  broad  thin  muscle  on  the  side  of  the 
neck. 

Plaudit,  pla'dit,  n.  [L.  plavdiie,  do  you 
applaud,  iinper.  of  plaudo,  plausum,  to 
applaud,  seen  in  plausible,  applattse,  ex- 
plode.] Applause;  praise  bestowed:  usually 
in  plural.— Plauditory,  pla'di-to-ri,a.  Ap- 
plauding; commending. 

Plausible,  pla'zl-bl,  a.  [L.  plausibilis,  frpm 
plaudo.  Plaudit.]  Praiseworthy^;  appa- 
rently worthy  of  praise;  apparently  right; 
specious;  using  specious  arguments  or  dis- 
course; fair-spoken.  .•.  Syn.  under  Colour- 
able.—Plausibility,  Plauslbleness,  pla-zi- 
bil'i-ti,  plti'zi-bl-ries,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  plausible ;  speciousuisss ;  superfi- 
cial appearance  of  right.— Plausibly,  pla'- 
zi-bli,  adv.  In  a  plausible  manner ;  spe- 
ciously.— Plausive,  plft'ziv,a.  Applauding; 
manifesting  praise. 

Play,  pla,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  plegidn,  to  play, 
from  plega,x>la,y,  pastime;  connecitions 
doubtful.]  To  do  something  not  as  a  task 
or  for  profit,  but  for  amusement;  to  act 
wantonly  or  thoughtlessly;  to  dally,  trifle, 
toy;  to  move  irregularly;  to  flutter;  to 
contend  in  a  game;  to  gamble;  to  perform 
on  an  instrument  of  music;  to  act  with 
free  motion;  to  work  f  reely(the  lungs  play), 
to  act;  to  behave;  to  act  a  part  on  the  stage; 
to  personate  a  character. — To  play  on  or 
upon,  to  make  sport  of ;  to  trifle  v/ith ;  to 
delude;  to  give  a  humorous  or  fanciful 
turn  to  (to  play  upon  words).— 1>.<.  To  per- 
form in  sport  or  for  sport  or  for  a  prize ; 
to  make  use  of  in  a  game  (to  play.a,  trump 
card);  to  enter  into  a  game  with;  to 
perform  music  on;  to  perform  on  a  musi- 
cal instrument  (a  tune);  to  act  on  the 
stage;  to  act  or  represent  in  general;  to 
act  like;  to  behave  in  the  maimer  of  (to 
play  the  fool);  to  perform;  to  execute  (to 
tflay  a  trick).— w.  Any  exercise  intended 
for  pleasure,  amusement,  or  diversion, 
as  cricket,  quoits,  &c.j  a  game ;  amuse- 
ment; sport;  frolic;  jest;  not  earnest; 
gaming;  practice  in  any  contest  (sword- 
play);  action;  use;  employment;  practice; 
manner  of  acting  or  dealing  {iaiiplay};  a 
dramatic  composition ;  a  comedy  or  tra- 
gedy; a  dramatic  performance;  motion; 
movement,  regular  or  irregular  (the  play 
of  a  wheel);  hence,  power  or  space  for 
motion;  liberty  of  action';  scope;  swing. — 
To  hold  in  play,  to  keep  occupied. — Play 
of  colours,  an  appearance  of  several  pris- 
matic colours  in  rapid  silccession  on  tur- 
ning an  object,  as  a  diamond.— yl  play  on 
words,  the  giving  of  words  a  double  sig- 
nification; apun.— Play-actor,  w.  A  stage- 
player;  an  actor. — Playbill,  pla'bU,  n.  A 
bill  exhibited  as  an  advertisement  of  a 
plaj',  with  the  parts  assigned  to  the  actors. 
— Playbook,  pla'btik,  n.  A  book  of  dra- 
matic composition's.— Playday,  plft'da,  n. 
A  day  given  to  play;  a  holiday.— Player, 
pla'^r,  n.  One  who  plays;  an  actor;  a 
musician. —Playfellow,  pla' fel-o,  n.    A 


companion  in  amusements  or  sports.'— 
Playml,  pla'fiil,  a.  Sportive;  frolicsome; 
frisky;  indulging  iu  gambols;  full  of 
sprightly  humoiir;  pleasantly  jocular  or 
amusing.— PlajrfuUy,  pla'f  ul-fi,  adv.  In  a 
playful  manner;  sportively. — ^Playfolness, 
pla'ful-iies,  n.  The  state  of  being  playful; 
sportiveness.- Playgoer,  pla'go-6r,  n.  CTne 
who  frequents  plays.— Playgolng,  pla'go- 
ing,  a.  lYequenting  the  exhibitiens  of  the 
stage.— Playgroundjpla'ground.n.  A  piece 
of  ground  set  apart  tor  open-air  recreation, 
especially  coimected  with  a  school,  &c.,for 
the  pupils. —  Playhouse,  pla'hous,  n.  A 
theatre.— Playmate,  pla'mat,  n.  A  play- 
fellow; a  companion  in  diversions.— Play- 
thing, pla'thing.  It.  A  toy;  anjrthing  that 
serves  to  amuse.— PlajTvrlght,  pla'rit,  n. 
A  maker  of  plays:  in  contempt. 
Plea,  pie,  n.  [O.  Fr.  plai,  plaid,  plait,  a  suit, 
a  plea;  from  h.placituvi,  an  opinion,  a 
determination,  from  placeo,  to  please. 
Please.]    That  which  is  alleged   by  a 

garty  to  a  legal  action  in  support  of 
is  demand;  the  answer  of  a  defendant 
to  the  plaintiff's  declaration ;  a  suit  or  ac- 
tion; acajuse  in  court;  that  which  is  alleged 
in  support,  justification,  or  defence;  an 
excuse:  a  pleading. 

Pleach,;  plech,  v.t.  [Akin  to  plash,  to  in- 
terweave.] To  plash;  to  interweave. 

Plead,  pled,  r>.t.— pret.  and  pp.  pleaded, 
sometimes  pled.  [Pr.  plaider,  to  plead, 
from  L.L.  placitare,  from  L;  placitum. 
Plea..]  To  argue  in  support  of  a  claim, 
or  in  defejice  again.st  the  claim  of  another: 
to  urge  reasons  for  or  against;  to  attempt 
to  persuade  one  by  argument  or  supplica- 
tion; law,  to  present  a  plea;  to  present  an 
answer  to  the  declaration  of  a  plaintiff;  to 
deny  the  plaintiff''s  declaration  and  de- 
mand.— To  plead  ouilty  or  not  guilty,  to 
admit  or  deny  guut.— t'.t.  To  discuss,  de- 
fend, and  attempt  to  maintain  by  argu- 
ments or  reasons  (to  plead  one's  cause);  to 
allege  or  a,dduce  in  proof,  support,  or  vin- 
dicatio.n ;  to  offer  in  excuse  (to  plead  pov- 
erty); to  allege  and  offer  in  a  legal  plea 
or  defence,  or  for  repelling  a  demand  in 
law.— Pleadable,  pl5'da-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  alleged  in  proof,  defence;  or  vindi- 
cation.—  Pleader,  ple/dfer,  n.    One  who 


The  act  oi  advocating  any  cause;  the  act 
or  practice  of  advocating  clients'  causes  in 
courts  of  law;  one  of  the  written  state- 
ments containing  the  subject-matter  of  a 
litigant's  demand  or  claim,  or  of  his  da- 
fence  or  answer.— Pleadingly,  ple'ding-U,^ 
ado.    By.  pleading.  • 

Pleasant,  '&c.    Under  Please. 

Please,  plez,  v.t.-^leased,  pleasing.  fO.Fr. 
plaisir,  pleisir,  &c..  Mod.  Pr.  plaire,  from 
li.  plaeere,  to  please;  of  similar  origin  are 
plaicid.  Placable,  plea,  plead.]  To  excite 
agreeable  sensations  or  emotions  in;  to  de- 
light; to  gratify;  to  satisfy;  to  content;  to 
seem  good  to:  in  this  sense  used  imper- 
sonally.—To  be  pleased  to  do  a  thing,  to 
take  pleasure  in  doing  it;  to  think  fit  or 
condescend  to  do  it.— v.i.  To  give  pleasure; 
to  gain  approbation;  to  like;  to  choose;  to 
prefer;  to  condescend;  to  be  pleased;  to  be 
kind  enough  (do  it,  if  you  please).— VletJser, 
ple'zir.n.  One  that  pleases;  one  that  courts 
fajour  by  pleasing.— Pleasing,  ple'zing,  a. 
Giving  pleasure  or  satisfaction;  agreeable; 
gratifying;  delightful.— Pleasingly,  pl6'- 
zing-li,  adv.  In  a  pleasing  manner;  in 
such  a  waj^  as  to  give  pleasure.- Pleaslng- 
ness,  ple'zing-nes,  n.— Plesjsant,  plez'ant, 
a.  [Pr.  plaisant,  ppr.  of  plaire^  Plea^ 
sing;  agreeable;  grateful  to  the  mind 
or  to  the  senses;  cheerful;  gay;  lively; 
jocular.  —  Pleasantly,*  plez'ant-li,  adv. 
In  a  plea.sant  manner;  gaily;  merrily; 
cheerfully.— Pleasantness,  plez'ant-nes, «. 
State  or  quality  of  bein^  pleasant  or  agree- 
able; cheerfulness;  gaiety. — Ple&santry, 
plez'ant-ri,  n.  [Pr.  plaisanterie.]  Gtaiety; 
merriment;  a  sprightly  or  humorous  sgly- 
ing;  a  jest;  raillery;  lively  talk ;  a  laugh- 
able trick;  a  frolic. — Pleasance,  plez'ans, 
n.  IFr.  plaisance.l  Pleasure;  delight;  a  part 
of  a  garden  or  pleasure-grounds  secluded 
by  trees  or  hedges.    [Archaic.]— Pleasure, 


plezh'or,n.  lO.'Fr.jp'laisir,  pleisir.  Hod. 
Ft.  plaisir,  from  H  plaeere,  to  please: 
properly  an  infinitive  but  as  in  leisure  tlia 
final  syllable  has  been  assimilated  to  that 
of  nouns  in  -ure,  I^  -^ura.  Please,]  The' 
gratification  of  the  senses  or  of  the  mind ; 
agreeable  sensations  or  emotiouB;  the  feel- 
ing produced  by  enjoyment  ortbe  expec- 
tation of  good;  delight:  opposed  to  pain; 
sensual  or  sexual  gratification;  vicious  in- 
dulgence of  the  appetite;  "what  the  will 
dictates  or  prefers]  choice]  "wish;  desire; 
a  favour;  arbitraiy  wiU  or  choice  ito  g'i  or 
stay  at  pleasure).— To  take  pleasure  in,  to 
have  pleasure  or  enjoyment  in.  —  v.t.  — 
pleasured,  pleasuring.  To  give  or  afford 
pleasure  to;  to  please;  to  gratify. — Pleas- 
urable,  plezh'Or-a-bl,  a.  Pleasing;  giving 
pleasure.— Pleasurableness,  plezh'flr-a-bl- 
nes, «.  The  quality  of  being  pleasurable 
or  of  giving  pletisure. — Pleasmably,  plezh'- 
flr-a-Dli,  adv.  In  a  pleasurable  manner.  ~ 
Pleasureless,  plezh'tir-les,  o.  Devoid  o: 
pleasure;  having  no  pleasure.— Pleasur3- 
gronnd, «.  A  piece  of  ground  laid  out  in 
an  ornamental  manner  and  appropriated 
to  pleasure  or  amusement. 
Pleat.    Plait. 

Plebeian,  pie-be'an,  d,  [Ix.  pWbeius,  from 
plebes,  plebs,  thf  (iommon  people;  sarae 
root  as  in  Plenty.]  Pertaining  to  the 
common  people;  vulgar;  common;  belong- 
ing to  the  lower  ranks.— m.  One  of  tha 
*oiamon  people  or  lower  ranks  of  men: 
originally  applied  to  the  common  people 
of  ancient  Rome,  or  thos^  free  citizens 
who  did  not  come  under  the  class  of  the 
patricians. — PlebeianiBm.ple-be'an-izm,^. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  plebeian; 
Tulgarity.— Plebeianlze,  ple-be'an-iz,  v.t. 
—^lebeianized,  plebeianinng.  .To  itender 
plebeian  or  common. 

Plebiscite,  pleb'i-sit  or  pleb'i-alt,  n.  [Pr., 
from  L.  plebiscUum—pUbis,  the  people, 
and  scitum,  a  decree.]  A  vote  of  a  whole 
people  or  community;  a  decaree  of  a  coun- 
try obtained  by  au  appeal  to  universal 


Plecio^^nathlc,  Flectognafhom,  plek-tog- 
nath'ik,  plek-tog'na-tnus,  o.  [Gr.  pleko, 
to  connect,  and  ipiathoa,  a  jaw.]  Pertain- 
ing to  an  order  of  fisbes  which  have  the 
maxillary  bones  ankylosed  to  the  sides  of 
the  intermaxUlaries,  which  alone  form  the 
jaws. 

Plectrum,  plek'trum,*.  [L- plectrum,  bora 
Gr.  nliktron,  from  plSssd,  to  strike.]  The 
small  instrument  of  ivorjr,  horn,  or  metal 
used  for  striking  the  strings  of  the  lyre, 
or  other  stringed  instrument. 

Red,  pled.    Plead. 

Pledge,  plej,  n.  [Fr.  pleige,  L.L.  plegius, 
plegium.  plxvium,  pluviuin,  pledge;  origin 
uncertain.]  Law,  the  transfer  of  a  chattel 
by  a  debtor  to  a  creditor  in  security  of  a 
debt;  the  thing  pawned  as  security  for  the 
repayment  of  money  borrowed,  or  for  the 
performance  of  some  agreement  or  obli- 
gation ;  a  pawn ;  anything  given  or  con- 
sidered as  a  security  for  the  performance 
of  an  act;  a  guarantee;  a  promise;  a  surety; 
a  hostage:  the  drinking  of  another's 
health;  a  health.  —  To  put  in  pledge,  to 
pawn.— To  hold  in  pledge,  to  keep  in  secu- 
rity.—To  take  the  ptedt/e,  a  popular  method 
of  binding  one's  self  to  observe  princii)le3 
»  of  total  abstinence  from  intoxicating 
■  :  dxmk..— v.t.— pledged,  pledginf].  To  give  as 

'  fl.  pledge  or  pawn;  to  deposit  in  xwseession 
of  a  person  as  a  security;  to  give  as  a  guar- 
antee or  security;  to  gage  (to  pledge  one's 
word  or  honour);  to  engage  solemnly  (to 
pledge  one's  self);  to  drink  a  health  to;  to 
drink  to  one's  welfare. — Pledgee,  plej-5',n. 
The  person  to  whom  anything  is  pledged. 
— Pledger,  plej'tr,  n. .  One  who  pledges  or 
offers  a  pledge;  one  who  drinks  a  health. 

Pledget,  plej'et,  n.  A-  compress  or  small 
flat  mass  of  lint,  laid  over  a  wound  to  im- 
bibe the  matter  discharged  and  keep  it 
clean. 


Pleiad,  pll'ad,  n.  pi.  Pleiads,  Pleiades,  pli'- 
adz,  pli'a-dez.  [Gr.  PleiOides,  the  Pleiads, 
from  jjleo,  to  sail,  as  the  rising  of  the  seven 


stars  indicated  the  time  of  safe  naviga- 
tion.] The  Pleiads  are  a  cluster  of  seven 
stars  iu  the  neck  of  the  couiitellation 
Taurus. 


chj  cftain;     ch,  Sc.  JocA;     g,  go;     j,  job;     n,  Fr.  tow;     ng,  oinp;     ?h,  tAen;  th,  tAin;     w,  wig;     wh,  wAig;     zh,  azure. 


PLEIOCEJfE 


514 


PLOUGH 


Pleiocene,  pli'5-sen.    Pliocene. 

Fleiosaurus,  pli-o-sa'rus,  n.  [Gr.  pleion, 
more,  and  sauros,  a  lizard.]  An  extinct 
marine  saurian  of  gigantic  dimensions, 
vhich  seems  to  have  been  intermediate 
between  the  plesiosaurus  and  the  ichthyo- 
saurus.   Written  also  Pliosaurus. 

Pleistocene,  plis'to-sSn,  n.  [Gr.  pleistos, 
most,  and  kaUios,  recent.]  Geol.  the  most 
recent  or  uppermost  division  of  the  ter- 
tiary formation,  of  which  the  fossil  re- 
mains belong  almost  wholly  to  existing 
species.  Pliocene. — a.  Pertaining  lo  this 
division. 

Plenary,  pl5'na-ri,  a.  [L.L.  pUnarius,  from 
li.  plenus,  tall.  Plenty.]  Full;  entire; 
complete. —  Plenary  inspiration,  in  Oieol. 
that  kind  or  degi-ee  of  inspiration  which 
excludes  all  mixture  of  error. — Plenarily, 
pl5'na-ri-li,  adv.  In  a  plenary  manner. — 
Plenarlness,  ple'na-ri-nes,  j».  The  state  "of 
being  plenary.  —  Plenarty,  pl6'nar-ti,  re. 
The  state  of  an  ecclesiastical  benefice  when 
occupied:  opposed  to  vacancy. 

Plenipotence,  Plenipotency,  ple-nip'o-tens, 
ple-nip'o-ten-si,  n.  [L.  plenus,  full,  and 
poteiitid, power.  Plenty,  Potent.]  Fulness 
or  completeness  of  power. —Plenipotent, 
ple-nip'o-tent,a.  [li.  plenipotens.]  Possess- 
ing full  power.— Plenipotentiary,  plen'i- 
poten"shi-a-ri,  n.  A  person  invested  with' 
full  power  to  transact  any  business;  par- 
ticularly, an  ambassador  or  envoy  to  a 
foreign  court,  furnished  with  full  power 
to  negotiate  a  treaty  or  to  transact  other 
business. — a.  Invested  with  or  containing 
fall  power. 

Plenish,  plen'ish,  v.t.  JX.  plenus,  fulL  Re- 
plenish.]   To  replenish. 

Plenitude,  plen'i-tud,  n.  [L.  plenitudo, 
from  plenus,  full.]  The  state  of  being  full 
orcomplete;  plenty;  abundance;repletion. 

Plenty,  plen'ti,  n.  [O.Fr,  plenU,  from  L.L. 
pltnilas,  fulness,  abundance,  from  L.  ple- 
nus, full,  from  root  of  pleo,  to  fill,  which  is 
seen  also  in  Gr.  plerSs,  pleos,  full,  and  also 
in  E.  full,  Jill.]  Abundance;  copiousness; 
a  full  or  adequate  supply;  sufficiency; 
abundance  of  things  necessary  for  man 
(a  time  of  plenty). — a.  Plentiful;  being  in 
abundance.  [Colloq.]— Plenteous,  plen'te- 
us,  «.  Abundant;  copious;  sufficient  for 
every  purpose;yie!dingabundance;  having 
an  abundance. — Plenteously,  plen't5-us-li, 
adv.  In  a  plenteous  manner;  plentifully. 
— Plenteousness,  plen'te-us-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  plenteous.— Plentiful,  plen'- 
ti-f  ul,  a.  Existing  in  great  plenty ;  copious; 
abundant;  ample;yieldingafcundant  crops; 
fruitful.— Plentifnlly,  plen'ti-ful-li,  adv. 
In  a  plentiful  manner.  —  Plentifulness, 
plen'ti-ful-nes.  n. 

Plenum,  ple'num,n.  fL.pZen«s,full.]  That 
state  of  things  in  which  every  part  of  space 
is  supposed  to  be  full  of  matter :  in  oppo- 
sition te  a  vacuum. 

Pleonasm,  pl5'o-nazm,  n.  [Gr.  pleonasmos, 
from  pleon,  pleion,  more.  Plenty.]  Re- 
dundancy of  words  in  speaking  or  writing; 
the  use  of  more  words  to  express  ideas 
than  are  necessary.— Pleonast,  ple'o-nast, 
■■I.  One  guilty  of  plfeonasm.  —Pleonastic, 
Pleonastical,pl5-o-nastik,ple-o-nas'ti-kal, 
a.  ±"ertaining  to  pleonasm;  redundant. — 
Pleonastically,  ple-o-nas'ti-kal-li,  adv.  In 
a  pleonastic  manner. 

P!esiomorphism,  ple'8i-o-mor"fizm,  n.  [Gr. 
■fjlesios.  near,  and  morphe.  form.]  A  term 
rpplied  to  crystallized  substances  the 
forms  of  which  closely  resemble  each  other, 
l.ut  are  not  absolutely  identical.— Plesio- 
morphons,  pl6'8i-o-mor"fus,  a.  Nearly 
i'Jike  in  form. 

Pjesiosaur,  Plesiosannu,  ple'si-o-sar,  ple'si- 
o-sa"rus,  n.  [Gr.  pleaios,  near,  and  sauros, 
a  lizard.]  An  extinct  marine  saurian, 
chiefly  remarkable  for  its  length  of  neck, 
nearly  allied  to  the  ichthyosaurus. 

Plethora,  pleth'O-ra,  n.  [Gr.  plHhOra,  from 
pletho,  to  be  full,  from  pleos,  full.  Plenty.] 
Med.  over-fulness  of  blood;  a  redundant 
fulness  of"  the  blood-vessels;  hence,  over- 
fulness  in  any  respect;  a  superabundance. 
-Plethoric,  Plethorical.  pie-thor'ik,  ple- 
thor'i-kal,  a.  Characterized  by  plethora; 
having  a  full  habit  of  body.— Plethorically, 
pl6-thor'i-kal-ll,  adv.  In  a  plethoric 
nianner. 


Pleura,  pln'ra,  n.  [Gr.  plenron,  a  rib,  pi. 
pleura,  the  side.]  Anat.  a  thin  membrane 
which  covers  the  inside  of  the  thorax,  and 
also  invests  the  lungs.— Pleural,  plQ'ral,  a. 
Per'aining  to  the  pleura.— Pleurisy,  Plea- 
rlt-  plQ'ri-si,  plu-ri'tis,  ?i.  An  inflamma- 
tio.  if  the  pleura.— Pleuritic,  Pleuritlcal, 
pluiit'ik,  plu-rit'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
pleurisj-;  diseased  with  pleurisy.— Pleu- 
rocarpous,  plu-ro-kar'pus.a.  [Gr.  pleuron, 
a  rib,  and  karpos,  fruit.]  J3oi.  having  the 
fructification  proceeding  laterally  from 
the  axils  of  the  leaves,  as  in  some  mosses. 
—Pleurodynia,  pla-ro-din'i-a,  rf.  [Gr. 
pleura,  and  odyne,  pain.]  A  spasmodic 
or  rheumatic  affection  of  the  chest;  pleu- 
ralgia.  —  Plenro  -  pneumonia,  plu '  ro-nu- 
mo"ni-a,  n.  [Gr.  pleura,  and  prieumon,  the 
lungs.]  An  inflammation  of  the  pleura 
and  substance  of  the  lungs;  a  combination 
of  pleurisy  and  pneumonia. -Plenrothot- 
onos,  plu-ro-thot'on-os,  n.  [Gr.  pleurothen, 
from  one  side,  and  tein.0,  to  stretch.]  Med. 
tetanus  of  the  lateral  muscles.  —  Pleu- 
ralgia,  pla-ral'ji-a,  n.  [Gr.  pleura,  and 
algos,  pain.]  Pain  of  the  side;  pleurodynia. 
—  Pleurapophysis,  plu-ra-pof'i-sis,  n.  pi. 
Pleurapophyses,  plu-ra-pof'i-sgz.  [Gr. 
pleuron,  a  rib,  and  apophysis,  a  process.'] 
One  of  the  processes  of  a  typical  vertebra 
projecting  from  the  side. 
Plexlform,  plek'si-form,  a.  [L.  pUxus,  a 
fold,  and  forvia,  form.]  In  the  form  of 
network;  complicated. 
Pleximeter,  Piezometer,  plek-sim'et-6r, 
plek-som'et-er,  n.  [Gr.  plexis,  percussion, 
and  metron,  a  measure.]  Med.  a  small  cir- 
cular or  ovoid  plate,  composed  of  ivory, 
india-rubber,  or  the  like,  placed  in  contact 
Vith  the  body  in  diagnosis  of  disease  by 
percussion. 

Plexure,  plek'sOr,  n.  [L.  plexus,  an  inter- 
weaving, from  plecto,  plexum,  to  inter- 
weave.] An  interweaving;  a  texture;  that 
■which  is  woven  together.— Plexus,  plek'- 
8U8,  n.  [L.]  Anat.  a  network  of  vessels, 
nerves,  or  fibres. 

Pliable,  plfa-bl,  a.  [Fr.  pliable,  from  plier, 
to  bend,  to  fold,  from  L.  plico,  to  fold,  to 
bend.]  Easy  to  be  bent;  flexible;  pliant; 
flexible  in  disposition ;  easy  to  be  per- 
suaded. —  Pliability,  Pliableness,  pli-a- 
bil'i-ti,  pli'a-bl-nes,n.  The  quality  of  being 
pliable;  flexibility;  a  yielding  to  force  or 
ito  moral  influence.— Pliably,  pli'a-bU, ad y. 
In  a  pliable  manner.  —  Pliant,  pli'ant,  a. 
[Ft.,  ppr.  of  plier,  to  bend.  Ply.]  Capable 
of  being  easily  bent;  readily  yielding  te 
force  or  pressure  without  breaking;  flex- 
ible; lithe;  limber;  plastic;  easily  yielding 
to  moral  influence;  easy  to  be  persuaded. 
— Pliantly,  pli'ant-li,  adv.  In  a  pliant 
manner.— Pliancy,  pli'an-si,  re.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  pliant ;  easiness  to  be 
bent;  readiness  to  be  influenced. 
Plica,  pli'ka.  re.  [L.,ii>tfold.  Ply.]  Med.a. 
disease  of  the  hair,  peculiar  to  Poland  and 
the  neighbouring  countries,  in  which  the 
hair  is  vascularly  thickened,  matted,  or 
clotted;  bot.  a  diseased  state  in  plants  in 
■which  the  buds,  instead  of  developing  true 
branches,  become  short  twigs,  the  whole 
forming  an  entangled  mass.— Plicate,  Pli- 
cated, pli'kat,  pli'ka-ted,  a.  [L.  pHcatus, 
from  phco,  to  fold,  plica,  a  fold.]  Jiot. 
plaited;  folded  like  a  fan.— Plicately,  pli'- 
kat-ll,  adv.  In  a.plicate  or  folded  manner. 
—Plication,  pli-ka'shon,  n.  A  folding  or 
fold;  geol.  a  bending  back  of  strata  on 
themselves.— Plicature,  pli-ka'tOr,  re.  [L. 
plicaUtra.]  A  plication;  a  folding. 
Pliers,  pli'erz,  n.  pi.  [Fr.  plier,  to  bend. 
Ply.]  a  small  pair  of  pincers  adapted  tp 
handle  small  articles,  and  also  for  bending 
and  shaping  wire. 

Plight,  plit,t».t.  [A.  Sax.  plihtan,  to  pledge, 
to  expose  to  danger,  from  plikt,  a  pledge, 
danger;  D.  verpligten.  Ban.  forpligte,  G. 
verpjlichten,  to  bind,  oblige,  or  engage. 
See  the  i)oun.]  To  pledge,  as  one's  word, 
hand,  faith,  honour;  to  give  as  a  security 
for  the  performance  of  some  act:  never 
applied  to  property  or  goods,  and  therefore 
differing  from  pledge,  which  is  applied  to 
property  as  well  as  te  word,  honour,  &c. — 
n.  [A.  Sax.  pliht,  a  pledge,  obligation, 
danger;  D.  and  Dan.  pligt,  Sw.  pligt,  plikt, 
O,  pjiicht,  duty.]    A  pledge  or  securityj; 


condition;  state;  predicament;  generally, 
a  risky  or  dangerous  state;  a  distressed 
condition  (to  be  in  a  wretched  plight).— 
Plighter,  pli'ter,  re.    One  who  plights. 

Plim,  plim,  v.i.—plimmed,  plimvxing.  .  [Al- 
lied to  phmip.\  To  swell;  to  grow  plum- 
per.—u.t.  To  make  to  swell  out. 

Plinth,  plinth,  n.  [Gr.  plinthos,  a  brick  or 
tile;  L.  piinthus.]  Arch,  a  flat  square  mem- 
ber, in  form  of  a  slab,  which  serves  as  the 
foundation  of  a  column;  the  flat  square 
table  under  the  moulding  of  the  base  and 
pedestal,  at  the  bottom  of  the  order. 

Pliocene,  pli'o-sen,  a.  and  n.  [Gr.  pleiOn, 
more,  and  kainos,  recent.]  A  geological 
term  applied  to  the  most  modem  of  the 
divisions  of  the  tertiary  epoch,  the  others 
being  the  eocene  and  miocene.  The  newer 
or  more  recent  portion  of  the  pliocene  is 
sometimes  called  pleistocene. 

Pliohippus,  pli-o-hip'us,  re.  [From  plio, 
for  pliocene,  and  Gr.  hippos,  a  horse."]  A 
fossil  animal  of  the  hor.'se  family. 

Pliosanrus,  pli-0-sa'rus,  re.    Pleiosaurus. 

Plod,  plod,  v. i.— plodded;  plodding.  [Akin 
to  Prov.  E.  plowd,  to  wade,  plodge,  to  walk 
through  mud  or  water;  Ir.  and  Gael,  plod, 
plodach,  a  puddle:  the  primary  sense  be- 
ing to  walk  laboriously,  as  through  mire.] 
To  travel  or  work  slowly,  or  with  steady 
laborious  diligence;  te  study  dully  but 
with  steady  diligence;  to  teil;  to  trudge; 
to  moil.— v.t.  To  go  or  walk  over  in  a  heavy 
labouring  manner;  to  accomplish  by  toil- 
some exertion. — Plodder,  plod'6r,  re.  A 
dull,  heavy,  laborious  person.- Plodding, 
plod'ing,  p.  and  a.  Given  to  plod  or  ■work 
with  slow  and  patient  diligence;  patiently 
laborious.  —  Ploddingly,  plod'ing-li,  adv. 
In  a  plodding  manner. 

Plot,  plot,  re.  [A .  Sax.  plot,  a  spot  of  ground, 
a  spot;  Goth,  plats^  a  patch.  Plat  is  an- 
other form.  Plot  m  sense  of  scheme  is 
related  to  plot,  piece  of  ground,  as  plan,  a 
scheme,  to  plan,  a  design  on  a  flat  surface, 
only  plot  has  generally  the  sense  of  ill  de- 
sign.] A  plat  or  small  extent  of  ground 
of  a  well-defined  shape;  surv.  a  plan  or 
draught  of  a  field,  farm,  estate,  &c.,  on 
paper;  a  scheme,  stratagem,  or  plan,  usu- 
ally a  mischievous  one;  an  intrigue;  a  con- 
spiracy; the  stoi-y  of  a  play,  poem,  novel, 
or  romance,  comprising  a  complication  of 
incidentsf  the  intrigue. — v.t.— plotted,  plot- 
ting. To  make  a  plan  of ;  to  plan;  to  devise; 
to  contrive.— v.t.  To  form  a  scheme  of  mis- 
chief against  another,  or  against  a  govern- 
ment or  those  who  administer  it;  to  con- 
spire; to  contrive  a  plan.— Plotter,  plot'er, 
n.  One  who  plots;  aconspirator. — Flotting- 
scale,  n.    A  scale  used  in  setting  off  the 

.  lengths  of  lines  in  surveying. 

Plough,  plou,  re.  [Same  as  Icel.  pldgr.  Pan. 
ploug,  plov,  O.FriS.  plOch,  D.  ploeg,  G.  pfiug, 
a  plough.]  An  implement  drawn  by  ani- 
mal or  steam  power,  by  which  the  surface 
of  the  grouna  is  broken  up  to  render  the 
soil  fit  for  receiving  seed,  or  for  other  oper- 
ations of  agriculture;  also,  a  name  of  va- 
rious tools,  as  a  joiner's  instrument  for 
grooving,  an  instrument  for  cutting  and 
smoothingthe  edges  of  books. — Ice-plough. 
Under  IcE. — The  Plovgh.  Charles's  Wain. 
—To  put  one's  hand  to  the  plough,  ijig.)  to 
begin  a  task;  to  commence  an  undertaking. 
-v.t.  To  till  and  turn  up  with  a  plough; 
to  make  furrows,  grooves,  or  ridges  in;  to 
run  through,  as  in  sailing.- To  plough  in, 
to  cover  by  ploughing.— f.i.  To  turn  up  the 
soil  with  a  plough.— Ploughable,  plou'a-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  ploughed ;  arable. — 
Ploughboy,  plou'boi,  re.  A  boy  who  drives 
or  guides  a  team  in  ploughing;  a  rustic 
boy.  —  Plougher,  plou'tr,  n.  One  who 
ploughs  land;  a  cultivator.— Plough-gang, 
Plough-gate,  re.  In  Scotland,  as  much  land 
as  can  be  properly  tilled  by  one  plough, 
which,  according  to  some,  is  13  acres 
Scotch,  but  it  is  variously  estimated. — 
Plough-iron,  re.  The  coulter  of  a  plough. 
—Plough-land,  re.  Land  that  is  suitable 
for  tillage ;  as  much  land  as  a  team  of 
horses  can  plough  in  a  year;  a  hide  of 
land.— Ploughman,  plou'man,re.   One  that 

Ploughs  or  holds  a  plough;  a  farm  la- 
ourer  who  is  or  may  be  engaged  in 
Sloughing.— Plough-Monday,  re.  The  >lon- 
ay  aft'-T  Tv.elftii-uay.    On  this  Monday 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  hfer;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  miive:     tabe,  tub,  b\»ll ;     oil,  poUnd;     tl,  Sc.  abwne— the  Fr.  «. 


PLOVEE, 


615 


PLUTONIC 


rioughmen  were  -wont  to  draw  a  plough 
from  door  to  door,  and  beg  money  to  drink. 
— Plonglishare,  plou'shSr,  n.  The  share  or 
part  of  a  plough  which  cuts  the  ground  at 
the  bottom  of  the  furrow.— Plough-tail,  n. 
That  part  of  a  plough  which  the  plough- 
man holds.— Plough-wright,  n.  A  trades- 
man who  makes  and  repairs  ploughs. 

Plover,  pluv'er,  n.  fO.Fr.  plovier,  Fr.  plu- 
vier,  lit.  the  rain  bird,  from  L.  pluvia, 
rain,  from  pluo,  to  rain.]  The  common 
name  of  several  species  of  grallatorial 
birds  generally  seen  in  meadows,  on  the 
banks  of  rivers,  or  on  the  sea-shore,  in- 
cluding the  golden  plover,  the  dotterel, 
and  the  ring-plover. 

Plow,  plou,  n,    A  plough. 

Pluck,  pluk,  if.*.  [A.  Sax.  pluedan,  to 
pluck=D.  and  L.G.  pliikken,  uaxi.pliikke, 
Icel.  plokka,  plukka,  G-.  pfiiicken.]  To  ga- 
ther; to  pick;  to  cull,  as  berries  or  flowers; 
to  pull  with  sudden,  force  or  effort;  to 
twitch;  to  pull  or  draw,  literally  or  figu- 
ratively ;  to  strip  by  plucking ;  to  strip 
feathers  from  (to  pliick  a  fowl);  to  reject, 
after  a  university  or  other  examination, 
from  not  coming  up  to  the  required  stan- 
dard.— To  pluck  up  courage  or  spirit,  to 
Tissume  or  resume  courage.  —  Plncker, 
pluk'6r,  n.    Ope  who  plucks. 

Pluck,  pluk,  n.  [Comp.  Gael,  and  Ir.  pluf, 
a  lump,  a  knot,  a  bunch;  as  to  the  figura- 
tive sense  compare  a  bold  Mart,  a  lily- 
livered  rascal,  a  man  of  another  kidyiey, 
bowels  of  compassion,  &c.]  The  heart,  liver, 
and  lights  of  a  sheep,  ox,  or  other  animal 
of  the  butcher's  market;  courage  or  spirit 
(coUoq.).— Pluckily,  pluk'i-li,  adv.  In  a 
plucky  manner;  spiritedly.  [Colloq.j— 
Pluckless,  pluk'iea,  a.  Without  pluck; 
faint-hearted.  [CoUoq.]— Plucky,  pluk'i, 
a.    Spirited;  courageous.   [CoUoq.] 

Plag,plug,n.  [Same 'is  D.plui;,l..Qt.  pluck, 
plugge,  piiigge,  a,  bung,  a  peg;  G.  pflock, 
plug,  peg:  comp.  W.  ploc,  Gael,  ploc,  a 
plug,  a  Dlock.J  Any  piece  of  wood  or 
other  substance  used  to  stop  a  hole;  a 
stopple;  a  quid  of  tobacco. — v.t. — plugged, 
plugging.  To  stop  with  a  plug;  to  make 
tight  by  stopping  ahoIe.—Plugger,  plug'er, 
n.  One  who  plugs;  a  dentist's  instrument 
for  filling  a  tooth. 

Plum,  plum,  n.  [A.  Sax.  plume,  L.  G. 
plumme,  G.  p/lau/me,  from  L.L.  pruna  (Fr. 
prune),  from  L.  prunum,  a  plum,  from 
prunus=Gr.  prounos,  the  plum-tree.]  A 
well-known  fleshy  fruit  containing  a  stone 
or  kernel,  and  v/nen  dried  being  called  a 
prune;  also,  the  tree  producing  it;  a  grape 
dried  in  the  sun;  a  raisin;  colloquially 
the  sum  of  £100,000  sterling ;  hence,  any 
handsome  sum  or  fortune  generally. — 
Plum-cake,  n.  Cake  containingraisins,  cur- 
rants, or  other  fruits.— Plum-pudding,  n. 
Pudding  containing  raisins  or  currants. 
— Plum-pudding-stojie,  n.  Pudding-stone. 

Plumage.    Under  Plume. 

Pliunb,  plum,  n.  [Fr. aplomb,  from  L. 
plumbum,  lead.]  A  plummet.^a.  Stan- 
ding according  to  a  plumb-line;  perpen- 
dicular.—adf.  In  a  perpendicular  direc- 
tion.—v.t  To  adjust  by  a  plumb-line ;  to 
set  in  a  perpendicular  direction;  to  sound 
with  a  plummet ;  hence,  to  ascertain  the 
capacity  of ;  to  test.  —  Plumbago,  plum- 
ba'go,  n.  [L.,  from  pluiribum,  leadj  An- 
other name  for  Graphite.— 'Plnm'ba.giiioxia, 
plum-baj'i-nus,  a.  Kesembling  or  consis- 
ting of  plumbago.— Plumbean.Plnmbeons, 
plum-be'an,  plum-b5'us,  a.  [L.  plumburfi, 
lead.]  Consistingof  lead;  leaden.— Plumb- 
er, plum'fer,  ji.  One  who  plumbs;  one  who 
works  in  lead.-^Plumber-block,  71.  A  metal 
box  or  case  for  supporting  the  end  of  a 
revolving  shaft  or  journal.  —  Plumbery, 
Plummery,  plum'6r-i,  n.  Works  or  manu- 
factures of  lead ;  the  place  where  plumb- 
ing is  carried  on;  the  business  of  a 
plumber.— Plumbic,  plumTsik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  lead ;  derived  from  lead.— Plumblf- 
erous,  plum-bif'6r-us,  a.  Producing  lead. 
-Plumbing,  plum'ing,  n.  The  art  of  cas- 
ting and  working  in  lead.  —  Plumbism, 
plum'bizm,  n.  Poisoning  by  lead  taken 
mto  the  system.— Plumb-line,  n.  .  A  line 
having  a  metal  weight  attached  to  one  end, 
Vi.!;-ja  to  determine  a  perpondicuiar;  a  line 
tXToenilicular  to  the- plane  of  the  horizon. 


—Plumb-rule,  n.  A  narrow  board'  with  a 
plumb-line  attached,  used  by  masons, 
bricklayers,  &c.,  for  determining  a  per- 
pendicular. 

Pluiiie<  pl«m,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  phima,  the 
downy  part  of  a  feather,  a  small  soft  fea- 
ther; cog.  W.  pluf,  plumage;  Skr.  plu,  to 
swim,  to  fly.]  The  feather  of  a  bird,  par- 
ticularly a  large  or  conspicuous  feather; 
a  feather  or  collection  of  feathers  worn  as- 
an  ornament;  token  of  honour;  prii:e  of 
contest.— v.t.— plumed,  pluming.  To  pick 
and  adjust  the  feathers  of ;  to  strip  of  fea- 
thers) to  adorn  with  feathers  or  plumes; 
to  pride ;  to  boast :  in  this  sense  used  re- 
flexively.— Plumage,  plo'maj,n.  [Fr.,from 
phtms,  a  feather.]  The  feathers  that  cover 
a  bird.— Plumassier,  plu-mas'ser,  n.  One 
who  prepares  or  deals  in  ornamental 
plumes  or  feathers.- Plmneless,  plom'les, 
a.  Without  feathers  or  plumes.— Plume- 
let, plam'let,  n.  A  small  plume.  —  Plumfe- 
maker,  ri.  A  feaiher-dresser;  a  manufac- 
turer of  funeral  plumes.— Plumery,  plS'- 
mfer-i,  n.  'Plumes  collectively;  a  mass  of 
plumes.  —  Piumlped,  plo'mi-ped,  n.  [  L. 
pluma,  and  pa,  pedis,  a  foot.]  A  bird  that 
has  its  feet  covered  with  feathers. — Plu- 
mose, Plumous,  plO'mos,  plo'mus,  a.  [L. 
plumosus.]  Feathery;  resembling  fea- 
thers ;  bot.  consisting  of  long  hairs  which 
are  themselves  hairy  {plumose  bristle).— 
Plumoalty,  pld-mos'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of 
being  plumose.— Plumy,  plS'mi,  a.  Fea- 
thered; feathery;  adorned  with  plumes. 

Plummer,  plum'6r,  n.    Plumber. 

Plummet,  plum'et,  n.  [For  plumbet,  from 
plumb;  O.Fr.  plomm^t,  Fr.  plmnet.  Plumb.] 
A  piece  of  lead  or  other  metal  attached  to 
a  line,  used  in  sounding  the  depth  of 
water;  a  plumb-rule  or  plumb -line.— 
Plumming,  plum'ing,  n.  Mining,  the  oper- 
ation of  finding  by  means  of  a  mine  dial 
the  place  where  to  sink  an  air-shaft. 

Flump,  plump,  a.  [Allied  to  D.  plomp,  un- 
wieldy, bulky;  G.  Dan.  and  Sw.  plump, 
clumsy,'  massive,  coarse ;  from  a  verbal 
root  seen  in  E.  plim,  to  swell.]  Swelled 
with  fat  or  flesh  to  the  full  size ;  fat  or 
stout  in  person;  fleshy;  having  a  full  skin; 
distended.— ».  A  knot  or  cluster  of  indi- 
viduals.—v.t.  To  make  plump:  to  dilate; 
to  fatten;  to  cause  to  fall  suddenly  and 
heavily. — v.i.  [Perhap^an  imitative  word 
in  first  sense;  as  also  in  last  sense  above.] 
To  plunge  or  fall  like  a  heavy  mass  or 
lump  of  dead  matter;  to  fall  suddenly  or 
at  once;  to  grow  plump;  to  give  only  one 
vote  when  more  than  one  candidate  are 
to  be  elected.  —  adv.  At  once  or  with  a 
sudden  heavy  fall;  suddenly;  heavily. — 
Plumper,  plump'6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  plumps;  in  parliamentary  and  other 
elections,  a  vote  given  to  one  candidate 
when  more  than  one  are  to  be  elected, 
which  might  have  been  divided  among  the 
number  to  be  elected;  a  person  who  gives 
such  a  vote.  —  Plumply,  plump'li,  adv. 
Fully;  roundly;  without  reserve.— Plump- 
ness, plump'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  plump;  fulness  of  skin.— Plumpy, 
plump'i,  a.    Plump;  fat;  jolly. 

Plumule,  plo'mul,  n.  [L.  plumula,  dim  of 
pluma.^  a  feather.  Plume.]  Bot.  the  grow- 
ing point  of  the  embryo,  situated  at  the 
apex  of  the  radicle,  and  at  the  base  of  the 
cotyledons,  by  which  it  is  protected  when 
young;  the  rudiment  of  the  future  stem 
of  a  plant. 

Plunder,  plun'd6r,  v.t.  [G.  piandem  (from 
plunder,  Daggage)=D.  plunderen,  Sw.  plon- 
ara,  Dan.  plyndre,  to  plunder.  The  word 
entered  the  English  and  other  toigues 
about  the  time  of  the  Thirty  Teai-s'  war.] 
To  take  goods  or  valuables  forcibly  froih; 
to  pillage;  to  spoil;  to  rob  in  a  hostue  way; 
to  take  by  pillage  or  open  force. — n.  The 
act  of  plundering;  robbery;  that  which  is 
taken  from  an  enemy  by  force ;  pillage ; 
spoil;  that  which  is  taken  by  theft,  rob- 
bery, or  fraud.— Plunderer,  pluii'd6r-6r,  n. 
One  who  plunders. 

Plunge,plunj,w.<.— pZw7wed,pI«Ji(;i«{?.[From 
Fi.plonger,  from  hypothetical  LatinpZwrn- 
fticare,  from  plurribum,  lead:  lit.  to  fall  like 
lead  or  to  fall  plumb.]  To  thrust  into 
water  or  other  fluid  substance,  or  into  any 
substance  easily  .penetrable;  to  immerse; 


to  thrust;  to  thrust  or  drive  into  any  state 
or  condition  (to  plunge  a  nation  into  war); 
to  baptize  by  immersion. — v.i.  To  thrust 

.  or  drive  .one's  self  into  water  or  other  fluid ; 
to  dive  or  to  rush  in ;  to  fall  or  ru?h  into 
distress  or  any  state  or  circumstances  in 
which  the  person  or  thing  is  enveloped, 
inclosed,  or  overwhelmed  (to  plunge  into 
war);  to  throw  the  body  forward  and  the 
hind-legs  up,  as  an  unruly  horse.— n.  A 
dive,  rush,  or  leap  into  something;  the  act 
of  pitching  or  throwing  the  body  forward 
and  the  hind-legs  up,  as  an  unruly  horse. 
—Plunge-bath,  n.  A  large  bath  in  which 
persons  can  put  themselves  wholly  under 
water.— Plunger,  plun'jSr,  n.  Ong  that 
plunges;  a  cylinder  sometimes  used  in 
force-pumps  instead  of  the  ordinarypistons 
or  hvLckets.T-Plunger-pump,  a  force-pump. 

Pluperfect,  pl8'p6r-fekt,  a.  and  n.  [L.  plus 
quam  perfectum,,nioTB  than  perfect.]  Gram. 
applied  to  that  tense  of  a  verb  which 
denotes  that  an  action  was  finished  at  a 
certain  period,  to  which  the  speaker  refers 
(he  had  done  it). 

Plural,  plO'ral,  a.  [L.  pluralis,  from  plus, 
pluris,  more.]  Containing  more  than  one; 
consisting  of  two  or  more,  or  designating 
two  or  more ;  gram,  the  plural  number  is 
that  number  or  form  of  a  word  which 
designates  more  than  one. — n.  A  form  6t  a 
word  expressing  more  than  one;  the  plural 
number.— Pluralism,  pl(l'ral-izm,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  plural;  the  system  or  aot  of 
holding  more  than  one  living  or  benefice; 
plurality.— Pluralist,  plo'ral-ist,n.  A  clerk 
or  clergyman  who  holds  more  ecclesiastical 
benefices  than  one.— Plurality,  plO-ral'i-ti, 
n.  The  state  of  being  plural;  an  aggregate 
of  two  or  more  of  the  same  kind;  the 
greater  number ;  the  majority;  eccles.  the 
holding  of  two  or  more  benefices  together; 
one  of  two  or  more  benefices  held  by  the 
same  clergyman.— Pluralization,  plo'ral-i- 
za"shon,  n.  The  act  of  pluralizing;  the 
attributing  of  plurality  to  a  person  by  the 
use  of  a  plural  pronoun. — Plurallze,  plS'- 
ral-iz,  v.t. — pluralized,  pluralizing.  To 
make  plural  Dy  using  the  termination  of 
the  plural  number.  —  Plurally,  pl6'ral-li, 
adv.  In  a  plural  manner;  in  a  sense  im- 
plying more  than  one. 

Plurillteral,  ple-ri-lit'6r-al,  a.  [L.  plus, 
pluris,  more,  and  litera,  a  letter.]  Con- 
taining more  letters  than  three. 

Plurllocular,  plO-ri-lok'O-Ur,  a.  [L.  plus, 
pluris,  more,  and  loculus,  a  cell.]  Bot. 
multilocular. 

Pluriparous,  pl»-rip'a-rus,a.  VL.plus,  pluris, 
more,  and  pario,  to  produce.]  Producing 
several  young  ones  at  a  birth. 

Pluri^artite,  plo-ri-par'tit,  a.  [L.  plus, 
pluris,  more,  and  partitus,  divided.]  Bot. 
applied  to  an  organ  which  is  deeply  di- 
vided into  several  nearly  distinct  portions. 

Plus,  plus.  [li.,  more.]  Alg.  or  arith.  the 
name  of  a  character  marked  thus  -f,which 
being  placed  between  two  numbers  or 
quantities,  signifies  that  they  are  to  be 
added  together;  frequently  used  preposi- 
tionally,  -with  the  signification  of  in  addi- 
tion to  (ability  piws  impudence). 

Plush,  plush,  n.  [Fr.  plucfie,  peluche.  It. 
peluzzo,  from  L.  pilus,  hair.  Pile.]  A 
textile  fabric  with  a  sort  of  velvet  nap  or 
shag  on  one  side  resembling  short  hairs. 

Pluteus,  plo'te-us,  n.  [L.]  A  balustrade; 
a  parapet;  among  the  Romans  a  «ort  of 
wheeled  shed  covered  with  raw  hides  in 
which  a  besieging  party  made  their  ap- 
proaches. 

Plutocracy,  Plutarchy,  pl8-tok'ra-si,  plo'- 
tar-ki,  n.  [Gr.  Ploutos,  the  god  of  wealth, 
and  kratos,  ra.le,jarche,  power.]  The  power 
or  rule  of  wealth.— Plutocrat,  plo'to-krat, 
n.  A  person  possessing  power  or  infiuence 
solely  or  mainly  owing  to  his  riches. — 
Plutocratic,  pl6-to-krat'ik,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  characteristic  of  a  plutocracy  or  a 
plutocrat. 

Plutonic,  Plutonian,  pla-toii'ik,  pl3-to'ni- 
an,  'a.  [From  Pluto,  the  king  of  the  infer- 
nal regions  among  the  ancient  Greeks.] 
Of  or  relating  to  Pluto  or  to  the  regions 
of  fire;  subterranean;  daxTa..— Plutonic  nc- 
tuTii,  the  influence  of  volcanic  heat  and 
other  subterranean  causes  under  pressure. 
—Plutonic  rocks,  unstratified  crystalline 


ch  abain.'     c&  Sc>  locft;,    e^-oo:.    iiJdbi    siiSi.  tow;,  mg,,ai»»fir;<    th,  tften;  th,  ttin;,    -w,  tofg;     wh,  whig;     zh,  aeure. 


PLUVIAL 


516 


POEM 


rocks  formed  at  great  depth  beneath  the 
earth's  surface  by  igneous  fusion,  or  rocks 
once  stratified  now  altered  by  chemical 
action  with  or  without  heat.  —  Plutonic 
ilieory,  that  which  ascribes  the  changes 
on  the  earth's  surface  to  the  agency  of  fire. 
IvEPTUNiAN.  —  Plutonist,  Plutonian,  plo'- 
ton-ist,  plo-to'ni-an,  n.  One  who  adopts 
the  plutonic  theory. 
Pluvial,  plO'vi-al,  a.  (Xi.  pluvialis,  from 
pluvia,  rain,  from  pluo,  to  rain;  same  root 
as  in  flow.]  Kainy;  humid;  relating  to 
rain;  geol.  applied  to  -results  and  opera- 
tions which  depend  on  or  arise  from  the 
action  of  rain.— PlnviouSj  plo'vi-u's,  a.  IL. 
pluviosxis.]  Rainy;  pluvial. 
Pluviameter,  Pluviometer,  plO-vi-anfet-fir, 
pld-vi-om'et-er,  n.  [L.  pluvia,  rain,  and 
Gr.  metron,  meastire.l  A  rain-gauge.  — 
Pluvlametrical,  Pluvlometrlcal,  pl6'vi-a- 
met"ii-kal,  pIo'vi-o-met"ri-kal,  a.  Per? 
taining  to  a  pluviameter. 
Ply,  pli,  v.t.— plied,  plying.  [From  Pr.  plier 
(also  ployer),  to  fold,  to  bend,  from  L. 
plicfire,  to  fold,  coil,  plait ;  same  root  as 
Gr.  pleko,  to  plait.  More  or  less  closely 
akin  are  apply,  comply,  imply,  reply,  de- 
ploy, employ,  display, complicate,  implicate, 
implicit j  complex,&c.  j  To  employ  with  dili- 
Kence  (to  ply  a  needle  or  an  oar);  to  keep 
busy;  to  practise  or  perform  with  diligence; 
to  bugy  one's  self  in;  to  press  hard  with 
blows  or  missiles;  to  assail  briskly;  to 
beset;  to  urge;  to  solicit,  as  for  a  favour. — 
To  ply  with,  to  present  or  offer  to  urgently 
and  repeatedly;  to  press  upon,  especially 
with  some  ulterior  object  (to  ply  one  with 
flattery). — v.i. — To  be  steadily  employed; 
to  work  steadily;  to  offer  service;  to  run 
regularly  between  any  two  ports  or  places, 
as  a  vessel  or  vehicle;  naut.  to  endeavour  to 
make  way  against  the  wind. — n.  A  fold;  a 
plait ;  a  twist :  often  used  in  composition 
to  designate  the  number  of  twists,  &c.  (a 
three-pitf  carpet);  bent;  turn;  direction; 
bias. — Plyer,  pli'fer,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  plies;  pi.  same  as  Pliers. 
Pljrmouth  Brethren,  Plymouthites,  plim'- 
uth,  plim'uth-its.n.  pi,  A  sect  of  Christians 
who  first  appeared  at  Plymouth  in  1830, 
who  recognize  all  as  brethren  who  believe 
in  Christ  and  the  Holy  Spirit,  and  acknow- 
ledge no  form  of  church  government  nor 
any  office  of  the  ministry.— Plymouthism, 
plim'uth-izm,  n.  -The  doctrines  of  the 
Plymouth  Brethren. 

Pneumatic,  Pneumatical,  nO-mat'ik,  nQ- 
mat'i-kal,  a.  [Gr.  pneumatikoa,  from 
pneuma,  pneutnatos,  breath,  spirit,  from 
jmeo,  to  breathe  or  blow.)  Consisting  of  or 
resembling  air;  having  the  propertiesof 
an  elastic  fluid;  pertaining  to  air,  or  to 
clastic  fluids  or  their  properties;  moved  or 
played  by  means  of  air;  filled  with  or  fitted 
to  contain  air;  applied  to  numerous  instru- 
ments, machines,  apparatus,  &c.,  for  ex- 
perimenting on  elastic  fluids,  or  for  work- 
ing by  means  of  the  compression  or  exhaus- 
tion of  air  (a  pneumatic  car;  a  pneumatic 
despatch-tube).— Pn««ma2ic  philosophy,  a 
name  formerly  applied  to  the  science  of 
metaphysicsor  psychology  ;pneumatology, 
—Pneumatics,  nQ-mat'iks,  n.  That  branch 
of  physics  which  treats  of  the  mechanical 
properties  of  elastic  fluids.andparticularly 
of  atmospheric  air. —  Pneumatology,  nu- 
ma-tol'o-ji,  n.  The  branch  of  philo.sophy 
which  treats  of  the  nature  and  operations 
of  mind  or  spirit;  psychology.— Pneuma- 
tological,  na'ma-to-loj"i-kal,a.  Pertaining 
to  pneumatology.  —  Pneumatologist,  nn- 
ma-tol'o-jist,  n.  One  versed  in  pneuma- 
tology. —  Pneumatometer,  Pneumometer, 
nvl-ma-tom'et-6r,  nQ-mom'et-6r,  n.  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  quantity  of 
air  inhaled  into  the  lungs  at  each  inspira- 
tion and  given  out  at  each  respiration;  a 
spirometer. 

Pneumogastric,  nQ-mo-gas'trik,  o.  [Gr. 
pneiimon,  a  lung,  and  paster,  the  belly.] 
^nai.pertaining  to  the  lungs  and  stomach. 
— Pneumogastric  nerves,  a  pair  of  nerves 
extending  over  the  viscera  of  the  chest  and 
abdomen. 

Pneumometer.    Pneumatometek. 
Pneumonia,  na-m5'ni-a.  n.    [Gr.  pniumon, 
a  lung,  from  pneO,  to  breathe.]    Med.  an 
inflammation  of  the  lungs.— Puenmonic, 


nQ-mon'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  lungs; 
pulmonic— Pneumonitic,  nfi-mo-nit'ik,'a. 
Pertaining  to  pneumonitis.  —  Pneumon- 
itis, na-mO-ni'tis,  n.  Inflammation  of  the 
■  lungs;  pneumonia. 

Pnettmoskeleton,  na-mo-skel'5-ton,  n.  [Gr. 
pneumOn,  a  lung,  and  E.  skeleton.]  ■  A  hard 
structure  connected  with  the  breathing 
organs  of  certain  animals,  as  the  shell  of 
a  mollusc. 

Poach,  pOch,  v.t.  [From  Fr.  pocher,  to  poach 
eggs,  from  poche,  a  pouch  or  pocket,  the 
white  of  the  egg  forming  a  sort  of  pocket 
for  the  yolk.  "Polxh.J  To  cook  (eggs) 
by  breaking  and  pouring  among  boiling 
water;  to  cook  with  butter  after  breaking 
in  a  vessel. 
Poach,  pocb,  ».t.  [Either  from  the  above 
word,  nieaning  originally  to  pquch  or 
pocket  thievishly,  or.  a  softened  form  of 
poke,  to  push,  to  intrude.)  To  intrude  or 
encroach  on  the  property  of  another  to 
steal  or  plunder;  to  steal  game  or  carry  it 
awa/ pri»ately ;  to  kill  or  destroy  game 
contrsjy  to  law  —  Fcacher,  pOch'er, 
One  who  poaches  or  steals  game;  one  who 
kills  game  unlawfully. 
Poach,  poch,  v.t.  (A  later  and  softened  form 
of  poke,  to  thrust.  Poke.)  To  stab;  to 
piprce;  to  spear  (to  poach  fish);  to  force  or 
drive  mto  so  as  to  penetrate;  to  tread,  as 
snow  or  soft  ground,  so  as  to  render  it 
broken  and  slushy. — v.i.  To  become  soft 
and  slushy  or  miry;  to  be  swampy. — Poach- 
tness,  po'chi-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
poachy. — Poachy,  p5'chi,  a.  Wet  and  soft; 
easily  penet'rated,  as  by  the  feet  of  cattle: 
applied  to  land. 

Poachard,  Pochard,  poch'ard,  n.  [Lit.  the 
jDoac/ier,  one  that  poaches  or  pokes.)  The 
name  of  a  genus  of  oceanic  ducks  natives 
of  the  Arctic  Seas. 

Pock,  pok,  n.  [A.  Sax.  poc  or  pocc,  D.  pot, 
G.  pocke,  a  vesicle  or  pustule ;  perhaps 
akin  to  poke,  a  bag.  Pox^pocks.]  A  pus- 
tule raised  on  the  surface  of  the  body  in 
an  eruptive  disease,  as  the  small-pox. — 
Pockiness,  pok'i-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
pocky.— Pockmark,  pok'mark,  n.  JIark  or 
scar  made  by  the  small-pox. — Pock-pitted, 
Pock-pitten,  a.  Pitted  or  marked  with 
small-pox.— Pocky,  pok'i,  a.  Having  pocks 
or  pustules. 

Pocket,  pok'et,  n.  [A  dim.  of  poke,  a  pouch 
or  bag.)  A  small  bag  inserted  in  a  gar- 
ment for  carrying  small  articles;  a  small 
bag  or  net  to  receive  the  balls  in  billiards; 
a  certain  quantity,  from  li  to  2  cwt.  (a 
pocket  of  hops);  viineral.  a  small  cavity  in 
a  rock,  or  on  its  surface,  containing  gold ; 
a  mass  of  rich  ore.^-  To  be  in  pocket,  to  have 
gain  or  profit  from  some  transaction. — To 
be  out  of  pocket,  to  expend  or  lose  money. 
— v.t.  To  put  or  conceal  in  the  pocket;  to 
take  clandestinely. —  To  pocket  an  insuU, 
affront,  wrong,  or  the  like,  to  receive  it 
without  resenting  it.  or  at  least  without 
seeking  redress.— Focket-hook,  n.  A  small 
book  or  case,  used  for  carrying  papers  in 
the  pocket.— Pocket-borough,  n.  A  bor- 
ough, the  power  of  electing  a  member  of 
parliament  for  which  is  in  the  hands  of  one 
or  a  few  persons.— Pocketful,  pok'et-ful,n. 
Enough  to  fill  a  pocket;  as  much  as  a 
pocket  will  hold.  —  Pocket-handkerchief, 
n.  A  handkerchief  carried  in  the  pocket 
for  use.— Pocket-knife,  n.  A  knife  suited 
for  carrying  in  the  pocket  with  one  or 
more  blades  which  fold  into  the  handle. — 
Pocket-money,  n.  Money  for  the  pocket 
or  for  occasional  expenses.— Pocket-pick- 
ing, n.  Act  or  practice  of  picking  pockets; 
the  trade  of  a  pickpocket  -^Pocket-pistol, 
n.  A  pistol  to  be  carried  in  the  pocket; 
a  small  flask  of  liquor  for  the  pocket 
(coUoq.). — Pocket- volume,  n.  A  volume 
which  can  be  carried  in  the  pocket. 
Pockmark,_ Pocky,  &c.  Under  Pock. 
Poco,  pO'ko.  [It.)  Music,  a  little;  a  word 
frequently  prefixed  to  another  to  lessen 
the  strength  of  its  signification  Ipoco  largo, 
a  little  slow). — Pococurante,po'k6-k(}-ran"- 
ta,  n.  [It.  poco,  little,  and  euro,  to  care.) 
One  who  cares  little;  an  apathetic,  careless, 
indifferent  person.— Pococurantism,  po'- 
ko-k(5-rant"izm,  n.  The  character,  disposi- 
tion, or  habits  of  a  pococurante;  extreme 
indifference,  apathy,  or  carelessness. 


I  Pocnllform,  pok'Q-H-form,  o.  [L.  poculwm, 
j  a  cup,  and /onma,  form. ]  Cup-shaped. 
Pod,  pod,  «.  [Probably  connected  with 
Dan.  pude,  Sw.  puta,  a  pillow  or  cushion, 
as  also  with  E.  pad,  a  cushion.)  A  term 
applied  to  a  number  of  different  pericarps 
or  seed-vessels  of  plants,  such  as  the  leg- 
ume, the  loment,  the  siliqua,  the  silicle, 
the  follicle,  &c. — v.i.— podded, podding.  To 
swell  and  assume  the  appearance  of  a  pod; 
to  produce  pods. 

Podagra,  pod'a-gra,  n.  [Gr.,  from  pons:, 
podos,  the  foot,  and  agra,  a  taking  or 
seizure.)  Gout  in  the  foot.  — Todagral, 
Podagric,  pod'a-gral,  po-dag'rik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  gout;  goutj-;  afflicted  w;t!i 
the  gout. 

Podesta,  po-des'ta,  n.  [It.  podestd,  a  gov- 
ernor, from  L.  potestas,  power.)  A  chit  f 
magistrate  of  the  Italian  republics  of  tii>; 
middle  ages. 

Podgy,  poj'i,  a.    Pudgy;  fat  and  short. 
Ppdinm,  p5'ai-um,  n.  [L.)  .4 rcA.  a  continu- 
ous pedestal  or  low  wall  on  which  columns 
rest. 

Podocarp,  pod'o-karp,  n.  [Gr.  pot/8,  podos, 
a  foot,  and  karpos,  fruit.)  Bot.  a  stalk 
supporting  the  fruit. 

PodocephalouB,  pod-o-sef'a-lus,  a.  [Gr. 
pous,  podos,  a  foot,  kephale,  the  head.) 
Pot.  having  a  head  of  flowers  elevated  on 
a  long  peduncle. 

Podophthalmic,  pod-of-thal'mik,  a.  [Gr. 
pous,  podos,  a  foot,  and  ophthalmos,  an 
eye.)  Having  the  ejjes  borne  at  the  end  of 
long  foot-stalks,  as  in  certain  Crustacea. 
Podophyllin,  pod-o-fil'in,  n.  [Gr.  pous, 
podos,  a  foot,  and  phyllon,  a  leaf.)  A  resin 
obtained  frorii  the  root-stock  of  the  may- 
spple,  used  in  medicine  as  a  purgative. — 
PodophyUous,  pod-o-fil'us,  a.  Enlom. 
having  the  feet  or  locomotive  organs  some- 
'  what  in  the  form  of  leaves. 
Podosperm,  Podospermum,  pod'o-sp6nn, 
pod-o-sper'mum,  n.  [Gr.  pous,  podos,  a 
foot,  and  sperma,  a  seed.)  Bot.  the  um- 
bilical cord  of  an  ovule. 
Poe-bird,  po'e-berd,  ».  A  JTew  Zealand 
bird  of  the  honey-eater  family,  greatly 
valued  for  the  fineness  of  its  notes  and  its 
capability  of  speaking;  the  parson-bird. 
Poem,  pO'em,  n.  [Fr.  poeme,  from  L.  poetna, 
from  (ir.poiema,  lit.  the  thing  made,  from 
potea,  to  make.  Poet.)  A  metrical  com- 
position ;  a  composition  in  which  the 
verses  consist  of  certain  measures,  whether 
in  blank  verse  or  in  rhyme;  a  composition 
in  which  the  language  is  that  of  excited 
imagination.  —  Pocmatic,  po-e-mat'ik,  a. 
Relating  to  a  poem ;  poetical.  —  Poesy, 
po'e-si,  n.  [Fr.  poesie,  L.  poesis,  from  Gr. 
poiesis,  the  art  of  writing  poems.)  The 
art  of  or  skill  in  composing  poems;  jjoetry ; 
metrical  composition;  a  short  conceit  en- 
graved on  a  ring  or  other  thing  iHhak.). 
Posy. — Poet,  pO'et,  n.  [Fr.  pocie,  from  L. 
poeta,  Gr.  poietes,  lit.  a  maker,  from  poieo, 
to  make.  So  in  England  poets  were  for- 
merly often  called  '  makers.')  The  author 
of  a  poem;  the  composer  of  a  metrical  com- 
position; one  skilled  in  making  poetrj',  or 
who  has  a  particular  genius  for  metrical 
composition;  one  distinguished  for  jioetic 
talents.— Poetaster,  pO'et-as-ter,  n.  [From 
poet,  and  the  pejorative  -aster;  comp.  CfUi- 
caster,&c.)  A  petty  poet;  a  pitiful  rhy  merer 
writer  of  verses.^— Poetess,  po'et-es,  n.  A 
female  poet.— Poetic, Poetical,  po-et'ik,po- 
et'i-kal,a.  [L.  poeticus,  Gr.  poiCtikos.]  Per- 
taining to  poetry;  suitable  to  poetry;  ex- 
pressed in  poetry;  having  a  metrical  form; 
possessing  the  peculiar  beauties  of  poetry. 
—Poetical  justice,  a  distribution  of  rew  u  ril  s 
and  punishments  such  as  is  common  iu 
poetry  and  works  of  fiction,  but  hardly  in 
accordance  with  the  realities  of  life.  — 
Poetic  license,  a  liberty  or  license  takrii  by 
a  jioet  with  regard  to  matters  of  fact  or 
language  in  order  to  produce  a  desired 
effect.— Poetically,  po-et'i-kal-li,  adv.  In 
a  poetical  manner.— Poetics,  po-et'iks,  n. 
That  branch  of  criticism  which  treats  of 
the  nature  and  laws  of  poetry.— Poeticule, 
po-et'i-kQl,  n.  [A  dim.  of  poet]  A  poet- 
aster.—Poetize,  pO'et-iz,  t).i.  [Ft.  po^tiser.} 
To  write  as  a  poet;  to  compose  verse. — 
Poet  -  laureate,  n.  Under  Laure.^te. — 
Poetry,  po'et-ri,  n.    [0.  Pr.  poeterie,  from 


Fate,  fSr,  fat,  fall;  -  me,  met,  hir; '  pine,  pin;.„  note,  not,  mOve; .    tube,  tub,  b\»ll ;     oil,  pound;     il.  So.  abtrae— the  Fr  ti 


rCEifOLOaY 


517 


torn 


pneie,  a  poet.]  That  one  of  the  fine  arts 
which  exhibits  its  special  character  and 
powers  by  means  of  language;  the  art 
Which  has  for  its  object  the  creation  of 
intellectual  pleasure  by  means  of  imagi- 
native and  passionate  language,  geuerafly 
in  verse;  the  language  of  the  imagination 
or  emotions  rhythmically  expressed,  or 
such  language  expressed  in  an  elevated 
style  of  prose;  in  a  wide  sense  whatever 
appeals  to  the  finer  emotions  or  the  sense  of 
ideal  beauty;  metrical  composition;  verse; 
poems. 

Poenology,  pe-nol'o-ji,  n.    Peholoot. 
Poephagcns,  pg-ef'a-gus,  o.  [6r.  poe,  grass, 
and  phagO,  to  eat.]    Subsisting  on  grass: 
applied  to  a  group  of  marsupials  including 
the  kangaroos. 

Poh,  po,  intery.  Exclamation  of  contempt. 
Poignant,  poi'nant,  a.  [Pr.  poignanU  part, 
of  poindre,  from  L.  pungere,  pungo,  to 
prick.  Point.]  Stimulating  the  organs 
of  taste;  piquant;  pointed;  keen;  bitter; 
irritating;  satirical;  severe;  piercing;  very 
painful  or  acute.— Poignantly,  poi'nant-h, 
adv.  In  a  poignant  manner.— Poigiiancy. 
poi'nan-si,  n.  The  state  or  quality  oi 
being  poignant. 

Poikifltic,  poi-ki-li'tik,  a.  [Gr.  poikilos, 
variegated.]  Of  a  ranegated  colour:  said 
of  certain  rocks. 

Poind,  poind,  v.t.  [A.  Sa.x.pyndan,  to  shut 
up.  Pound  (for  cattle).]  To  inclose  in  a 
pound  or  pen;  to  distrain;  to  seize  and  sell 
a  debtor's  goods  under  proper  warrant. 
[Scotch.] 

Point,  point,  n.  |Tr.  point,  a  point,  a  si)ot, 
a  matter,  moment,  &c.,  pointe,  something 
sharp  or  pointed,  wit  or  pungency,  &c., 
the  former  from  L.  puTtctum,  a  puncture, 
from  pungo,  puncttmi,,  to  puncture,  the 
latter  the  fern,  part  of  Fr.  poindre,  to 
prick,  from  same;  akin  pounce,  punch,  &c.] 
The  mark  made  by  the  end  of  a  sharp 
piercing  instrument,  such  as  a.  pin,  a 
needle,  or  the  like;  hence,  an  indefinitely 
small  space;  geo'tn.  that  which  has  neither 
length,  breadth,  nor  thickness— that  by 
the  motion  of  which  a  line  is  considered  / 
to  Tje  produced ;  a  mark  of  punctuation; 
a  dot  placed  before  a  decimal  fraction  to 
show  that  it  is  a  decimal;  a  division  of 
the  card  of  the  mariner's  compass,  the 
card  of  which  has  its  circumference  di- 
vided into  32  equal  spaces;  north,  south, 
east,  and  west,  or  any  intermediate  direc- 
tion; any  place  marked  in  the  heavens  of 
impo;rtance  in  astronomical  calculations; 
that  which  pricks,  pierces,  or  punctures; 
particularly  the  sharp  end  of  a  thorn,  pin. 
needle,  knife,  sword,  and  the  like ;  a  tool 
or  instrument  which  pricks  or  pierces ;  a 
small  cape  or  promontory;  a  lace,  string, 
or  the  like,  %vith  a  tag,  formerly  used  for 
fastening  articles  of  dress;  lace  worked 
by  the  needle;  a  lively  turn  of  thought  or 
expression  which  strikes  with  force  or 
agreeable  surprise;  the  sting  of  an  epigram; 
hence,  force  or  expression  generally  (his 
action  gave  point  to  his  words);  a  salient 
trait  of  character;  a  peculiarity;  a  charac- 
teristic (the  good  or  bad  points  of  a  man); 
a  certain  external  peculiarity  of  an  ani- 
mal (the  points  of  a  horse  or  a  dog);  single 
thing  or  subject;  matter  (right  m  every 
point);  particular  thing  desired  or  re- 
quired; aim;  purpose  (to  gain  one's  point); 
a  single  part  of  a  complicated  question, 
or  of  a  yhole ;  an  indivisible  part  of  time 
or  space :  the  eve  or  verge  (at  the  point  oi 
death);  pi.  the  switclies  or  movable  guid- 
ing rails  at  junctions  or  stations  on  rail- 
ways; a  fielder  in  the  game  of  cricket 
who  stands  a  little  to  the  ofif  side  of  the 
batter's  wicket,  or  the  spot  where  he 
stands;  a  mark  to  denote  the  degree  of 
success  or  progress  one  has  attained  in 
certain  trials  of  skill  and  games,  as  in  rifle- 
shooting,  billiards,  cards,  and  the  like,  a 
single  point  counting  one. — Acting  point, 
in  physics,  the  exact  point  at  which  any 
impulse  is  given. — Physical  point,  the 
smallest  or  least  sensible  object  of  sight. — 
Point  of  incidence,  that  point  upon  the 
surface  of  a  medium  at  which  a  ray  of  light 
falls.— Point  of  reflection,  the  pomt  from 
which  a  ray  is  reflected. — Point  of  sight, 
that  point  of  apicture  which  is  determined 


by  a  line  from  the  eye  of  the  artist  per- 
pendicular to  the  perspective  pliae. — 
vowel  points,  in  Hebrew,  &c.,  certain 
marks  representing  the  vowels,  which  pre- 
cede or  follow  the  consonant  sounds. — To 
stand  upon  points,  to  be  punctilious;  to  be 
nice  or  over-scrupulous. — v.t.  To  give  a 
point  to ;  to  cut,  forge,  grind,  or  file  to  a 
point;  to  add, to  the  force  or  expression 
of;  to  direct  toward  aii  object  or  place; 
to  aim;  to  direct  the  eye  or  notice  of;  to  in- 
dicate the  purpose  or  point  o*';  to  punctu- 
ate ;  masonry,  to  fiU  the  joints  of  with 
mortar,  and  smooth  them  with  the  point 
of  a  trowel.— To  point  out,  to  show  by  the 
finger  or  by  other  means.— t>.i.  To  direct 
the  finger  for  designating  an  object  and 
exciting  attention  to  it :  with  at;  to  indi- 
cate the  presence  of  game  by  standing  and 
turning  the  nose  in  its  direction,  as  dogs 
do  to  sportsmen ;  to  show  distinctly  by 
any  means.— Point-blank,  a.  [This  phrase 
has  its  origin  in  the  directness  with  which 
an  arrow  is  aimed  at  the  white  mark  or 
blank  in  the  centre  of  a  butt.]  In  gun. 
having  a  horizontal  direction;^?,  direct; 
plain;  explicit;  express.  As  an  adverb,  hori- 
zontally; directly.— Polnt-d'appul,  pwan- 
da-pw6,  n.  [Fr.]  Point  of  support;  a  fixed 
point  at  which  troops  form,  and  on  which 
operations  are  based.  —  Point  -  device,  t 
Point-devls»,t  a.  [Prom  point,  condition, 
and  devise,  to  imagine.;  "Tit.  in  as  fine  a 
condition  as  could  be  imagined.]  Precise, 
nice,  or  finical  to  excess.  [SImIc.  ]--Polnted, 
poin'ted,.p.  aiid  a.  Having  a  sharp  point; 
aimed  at  or  ejujressly  referring  to  some 
particular  perfion  (a  pointed  remark);  epi- 

grammatical ;  abounding  in  conceits  or 
vely  turns. —Pointed  style,  in  arch,  a 
name  applied  to  several  styles  -  usually 
called  wtAic— Pointedly,  pom'ted-li,  adv. 
In  a  pointed  manner.  —  Pointedncss, 
poin'tea-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  pointed. — Pointer,  ppin'ter,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  points;  a  variety  of  dog 
remarjcable  for  its  habit  of  pointing  at 
game.— Pointing,  poin'ting,  n.  Punctua- 
tion; marks  or  points  made;  the  raking 
out  of  the  mortar  from  between  the  joints 
of  a  stone  cr  brick  wall,  acd  replacing 
the  same  with  new  mortar.— Point-lace, 
M.  A  fine  kind  of  lace  wrought  with  a 
needle,— Pointless,  pointles,  a.  Having 
no  point;  blunt;  obtuse;  having  no  smart- 
ness or  keenness.- Pointsmaji,  points'man, 
n.  A  man  who  has  charge  of  the  points  or 
switches  on  a  railway. 

Poise,  poiz,  v.t— poised,  poising.  [0.  Fr. 
poiser,  peiser,  Fr.  peser,  from  L.  penso,  to 
weigh  out,  from  pejisus,  -weighed,  pp.  of 
pendo,  to  weigh.  Pendant.]  To  balance  ■ 
m  weight ;  to  make  of  eeiual  weight ;  to 
hold  or  place  in  equilibrium  or  equipon- 
derance ;  to  load  with  weight  for  balanc- 
ing.— v.i.  To  be  balanced  or  suspended; 
fig.  to  hang  in  suspense ;  to  depend.— n. 
Weight;  gravity,  a  thing  suspended  or 
attached  as  a  connterweight ;  a  counter- 
poise; hence,  regulating  power;  that  which 
balances;  the  weight  used  in  weighing 
with  steelyards,  to  balance  the  substance 
weighed;  equipoise;  balance;  equilibrium. 
—Poiser,  poi'zer,  n.  One  who  or  thdt  which 
poises;  entom.  a  balancer. 

Poison,  poi'zn,  n.  [Fr.  poison,  from  L.  pa- 
tio, potionis,  a  drink,  a  draught,  from  poto, 
to  drink.   Potioit.]    Any  agent  capsCble  of 

•producing  a  morbid,  noxious,  dangerous, 
or  deadly  effect  upon  the  animal  econom v, 
when  introduced  either  by  cutaneous  ab- 
sorption, respiration,  or  the  digestive 
canal;  that  which  taints  or  destroys  moral 
purity  or  health.— y.t.  To  infect  with  poi- 
son; to  put  poison  in  or  on;  to  add  poison 
toj  to  attack,  injure,  or  kill  by  poison;  to 
taint;  to  mar,  impair,  vitiate,  corrupt. — 
Poisonable,  poi'zn-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing poisoned.— Poisoner,  poi'zn-er,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  poisons, or  corrupts. — 
Poison-fang,  jt.  One  of  the  upper  teeth  of 
certain  serpents,  having  a  channel  in  it 
through  which  a  poisonous  fluid  is  con- 
veyed into  the  wound  when  they  bite. — 
Poison-gland,  n.  A  gland  in  animaxj  and 
plants  which  secretes  and  contains  poison. 
— Poison-nut,  n.  Nux-vomica.— Poisonous, 
poi'zn-us,  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  poi- 


son; containing  poison;  venomous;  cor- 
rupting. —  Poisononaly,  poi'zn-us-11,  adv. 
In  a  poisonous  manner.- PoisOnonaness, 
poi'zn-us-nes,  n. 
Poltrel,  PoitraL  poi'trel,  poi'tral,  n.    fPr. 

goiiraiZ, from  'L.pectorale,fTom.pectti8,the 
reast.l  Armour  for  the  breast  of  a  horse. 
— Poitrlne,  poi'tren,  ti."  The  breast-plate 
of  a  knight. 

Poize,  poiz.    PoiSB.  . 

Poke,  pok,  n.  [O.D.  polce,  a  sacK^or  bag ; 
loel.  poki,  a  sack,  a  bag;  pouch  is  a  softened 
form  of  this,  ana  pocket  a  diminutive.]  A 
pocket;  a  pouch;  a  bag;  a  sack.  —  Poke- 
bonnet,  n.  A  long,  straight,  projecting 
bonnet  formerly  worn  by  women.— Ppke- 
sleeve,  n.    A  kind  of  wide  sleeve. 

Poke,  piok,  v.t— poked,  poking.  .  [D.  and 
L.G-.  poken,  to  poke;  Sw.  pdk,  a  stick; 
comp.  Ir.  poc,  a  blow;  Gael,  puc,  to  push.] 
To  thrust  something  long  or  pointed 
against,  as  the  hand  or  a  stick;  hence,  to 
feel  or  search,  as  in  the  dark  or  in  a  hole. 
—T6  poke  fun,  to  joke;  to  make  fun.— To 
poke  fun  at,  to  ridicule.— u.i.  To  grope ; 
to  search;  to  feel  or  push  one's  way,  as  in 
the  dark;  to  busy  one's  self  without  a 
definite  ODject :  followed  by  abcrut.—n.  A 
gentle  thrust;  a  j6g;  a  sudden  push.- 
Poker,  po'k'er,  n.  One  who  pokes;  an  iron 
or  steel  bar  or  rod  used  ifx  poking  or  stir- 
ring, the  fire  when  coal  is  used  for  fuel.— 
Poker-picture,  n.  A  picture  executed  by 
singeing  the  surface  of  white  wood  with  a 
heated  poker.— Poklng-stick.Tt.  An  instru- 
ment formerly  used  in  adjusting  the  plaits 
of  ruifs.— Poky,  po'ki,  a.  Narrow  or  con- 
fined as  to  space;  close  and  musty. 

Poker,  po'ker.n.  A  favourite  game  at  cards 
in  the  United  States. 

Polacca,  Polacre,  Polaque,po-lak'a,i)5-lak'- 
6r,  po-lak',  n.  [It.  polacca.]  A  vessel  with 
three  masts  used  in  the  Mediterranean." 

Polder,  pol'der,  n.  [D.l  In  the  Nether- 
lands, a  tract  of  land  below  the  level  of 
the  sea  or  nearest  river,  which,  being  ori- 
ginally a  morass  or  lake,  has  been  diuiued 
and  brought  under  cultivation. 

Pole,  pol,  n.  [A.  Sax.  pol,  pal,  a  stake,  col- 
lateral form  of  pale,  L.G.  and  D.  paal, 
from  L.  palus,  a  staie.  Pale.]'  A  long 
slender  piece  of  wood:  a  tall  piece  of  tim- 
ber: frequently  used  in  composition  (a 
carriage-pote,  a  May-poZe);  a  perch  or  rod, 
a  measure  of  length  containmg  5^  yards. 
— Under  bare  poles,  said  of  a  ship  when 
her  sails  are  all  furled.— «.(. — poled,  poling. 
To  furnish  with  poles  for  support;  to  bear 
or  convey  on  poles;  to  impel  by  poles;  to 
push  forward  by  the  use  of  poles.— Pole- 
mast,  n.  A  mast  composed  of  one  single 
piece. 

Pole,  p5l,  n.  [Fr.  pote,  L.  polu^,  the  pole  of 
the  heavens,  the  heavens,  from  Gr.  polos, 
the  axis  of  the  sphere,  the  firmament, 
from  pelO,  to  turn  or  move.]  One  of  the 
two  points  in  which  the  axis  of  the  earth 
is  supposed  to  meet  the  sphere  of  the 
heavens;  the  fixed  point  about  which  the 
stars  appear  to  revolve ;  one  of  the  ex- 
tremities of  the  earth's  axis;  a  point  on 
the  surface  of  any  sphere  equally  distant 
from  every  part  of  the  circumference  of  a 
great  circle  of  the  sphere;  the  pole-star; 
one  of  the  points  of  a  body  at  which  its 
attractive  or  repulsive  energy  is  concen- 
trated, or  in  which  a  polar  force  is  exerted. 
— Magnetic  pole,  one  of  the  points  on  the 
earth  at  wmch  the  dipping-needle  is  ver- 
tical, or  the  magnetic  intensity  greatest. 
—Poles  of  a  voltaic  pile  or  battery,  the 
plates  at  the  extremities  of  a  galvanic 
battery,  or  the  wires  which  joiii  them,  the 
end  which  is  chemically  passive  being 
called  the  positive  pole,  and  that  which  i^ 
chemically  active  the  negative  pole. — Pole- 
star,  n.  A  star  of  the  second  magnitude, 
situated  about  1°  20'  frbra  the  North  Pole, 
round  which  it  describes  a  small  circle; 
fig.  that  which  serves  as  a  guide  or  director; 
a  lode-star. — Polar,  p3'16r, «.  [L.L.  polaris, 

.from  li.  polus,  a  pole.]  Pertaining  to  a 
pole  or  the  poles  of  a  sphere ;  pertaining 
to  onoof  the  poles  of  the  earth  or  of  the 
heavens;  proceeding  from  the  poles  of  the 

■earth ;  pertaining  to  a  magnetic  pole  or 
l)oles;  pertaining  to  the  points  of  a  body 
at  which  its  attractive  or  repulsive  energy 


ch,  cAain;    cfc,  SclocA;    g.fro;    j./ob;    n,  Pr.  ton;    ng,  sinjr;  .  ih,  <Aen;  th,  «Ain;   jw,  trig; ,  wb,  wAig;    ah.aaure. 


POLE 


518 


POLLEN 


i»  concentrated.— Pnlor  nncU,  the  angle 
at  a  pole  formed  by  two  meridians.— PoZar 
axia,  that  axis  of  an  equatorial  which  is 
parallel  to  the  earth's  axis.— PoJar  bear. 
L'uder  Bear.— Potarardes,  the  arctic  and 
antarctic  circles. — Polar  clock,  an  appar- 
;itus  whereby  the  hour  of  the  dky  is  foiind 
by  means  of  the  polarization  of  the  scat- 
tered sunlight  from  the  polar  reBioa.=.— 
I'ular  distance,  the  angular  distance  of  a 
he.ivealy  body  from  the  elevated  pole  of 
the  heavens.— Po^ar/orces,  physical  forces 
that  are  developed  and  act  in  pairs,  with 
opposite  tendencies,  as  in  m.agnetism,  elec- 
tricity, kc— Polar  lights,  the  aurora  bore- 
alis  or  australis.— Poiar  star,  the  pole-star. 
— ?olarimeter,Polariscop8,po-lar-im'et-6r, 
yo-lar'i-skop,  n.  An  optical  instrument, 
various  kinds  of  which  have  been  con- 
trived, for  exhibiting  the  polarization  of 
light. —  Polarimetry,  po-lar-im'et-ri,  n. 
The  art  of  measuring  or  analysing  the 
polarization  of  light.  —  PolarUtic,  po-la- 
ris'tik,  o.  Pertaining  to  or  exhibiting 
poles  or  polar  characteristics;  having  a 
polar  arrangement  or  disposition.— Polar- 
ity, pG-lar'i-ti,  Ji.  That  quality  of  a  body 
in  virtue  of  which  peculiar  properties  re- 
side in  certain  points  called  poles. —  Po- 
)arizable,  pO'ler-i-za-bl,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing polarized.— Polarization,  po'l6r-i-za"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  polarizing  or  giving 
polarity  to  a  body;  the  state  of  being  po- 
larized or  of  having  polarity.— PoZoTusa- 
iion  of  light,  a  change  produced  upon  li^ht 
by  the  action  of  certain  media,  by  which 
it  exhibits  the  appearance  of  having  po- 
larity or"  poles  possessing  different  proper- 
ties. —  Polarize,  pO'ler-iz,  v.t. — polarized, 
polarizing.  To  develop  polarity  in. — Po- 
larized, po'ler-izd,  p.  and  a.  Having 
polarity;  affected  by  polarization. — Polar- 
izer, po-l6r-i'z6r,  n.  That  part  of  a  polari- 
Bcope  by  which  light  is  polarized. 

Pole,  pol,  Ji.    A  native  of  Poland. 

Pole-axe,  n.  IPoie  may  here  be  the  long 
stick;  but  perhaps  it  is  for  poll,  the  head.] 
A  kind  of  aXe  or  hatchet. 

Polecat,  pol'kat,  n.  [Supposed  to  be  for 
pouU-cat,  that  is,  chicken  or  poultry  cat, 
or  abbrev.  from  Polish-cat.']  An  animal  of 
the  weasel  family,  about  17  inches  in 
length  excluding  the  tail,  very  destructive 
to  poultry,  rabbits,  pheasants,  &c. 

^olemarch,  pol'e-mark,  n.  [Gr.  polemarcTios 
— polemos,  war,  and  arche,  rule.]  A  title 
of  several  officials  In  ancient  Greek  states. 

Polemic,  Polemical,  po-lem'ik,  i>o-lem'i-kal, 
o.  [  Gr.  polemikos,  from  pole'inos,  war.] 
Pertaining  to  polemics;  given  to  contro- 
versy; engaged  in  supporting  an  opinion 
or  system  by  controversy. — Polemic,  n.  A 
disputant;  one  who  carries  on  a  contro- 
versy; one  who  writes  in  support  of  an 
opinion  or  system  in  opposition  to  another. 
—  Polemics,  p5-lem'iks,  n.  The  art  or 
practice  of  disputation;  controversy;  con- 
troversial writings. 

Polemoscope,  po-lem'5-skop,  n.  [Gr.  po- 
lemos, war,  and  sTcopeO,  to  view — it  was 
intended  to  be  used  in  war.]  A  perspective 
glass  fitted  with  a  mirror  at  an  angle  of 
45°,  designed  for  seeing  objects  that  do  not 
lie  directly  before  the  eye. 

Polenta,  po-len'ta,  n.  [It.  Sp.  Pg.  and  Fr. 
polenta,  from  L.  polenta,  peeled  barley.] 
A  kind  of  pudding  made  in  Italy  from 
semolina,  Indian  com,  or  maize  meal;  a 
thick  porridge  of  chestnut-meal  boiled  in 
milk,  used  as'an  article  of  diet  in  France. 

Police,  po-les',  n.  [Fr.  police,  from  L.  po- 
litia,  from  Gr.  politeia,  government,  ad- 
ministration, from  polis,  a  city.]  The 
means  institr  ted  by  a  government  or  com- 
munity to  ir  aintain  jiublic  order,  liberty, 
property,  and  individual  security;  the 
body  of  men  by  whom  the  municipal  laws 
and  regulations  are  enforced  and  public 
order  maintained. — Policecominiseionei;m 
Scotland,  one  of  a  body  elected  by  the  rate- 
payers to  manage  police  affairs  m  burghs. 
— Police  constable,  police  officer.  A  member 
of  a  police  force;  a  policeman.— PoKce 
court,  a  court  for  the  trial  of  offenders 
brought  up  on  charges  jireferred  by  the 
police.  —  Police  magistrate,  a  judge  who 
presides  at  a  police  court. — Police  oflce, 
police  station,  the   headquarters  of  the 


IKiiice,  or  oi  a  soction  of  them;  the  house 
to  which  offenders  are  taken  in  the  first 
instance.— Policeman,  po-l6s'man,  n.  One 
of  the  ordinary  police,  whose  duty  it  is  to 
perambulate  on  a  certain  beat  for  a  fixed 
period,  for  the  protection  of  property,  and 
to  see  that  the  peace  is  kept. 

Policy,  pol'i-si,  n.  [L.  politia,  Gr.  politeia, 
polity.  Police.]  The  art  or  manner  of 
governing  a  nation;  the  line  of  conduct 
which  the  rulers  of  a  nation  adopt  on  par- 
ticular questions,  especially  with  regard 
to  foreign  countries;  the  principles  on 
■which  any  measure  or  course  of  action  is 
based;  prudence  or  wisdom  of  govern- 
ments or  individuals  in  the  mantigement 
of  their  affairs  public  or  private;  dexterity 
of  management;  in  Scotland,  the  pleasure- 
grounds  around  a  gentleman's  country 
residence.  .'.Policy  is  the  course  of  conduct 
pursued,  or  the  management  of  an  affair, 
in  certain  circumstances ;  polity,  the  gen- 
eral principles  on  which  such  course  of 
conduct  is  based. 

PoUcy,  pol'i-si,  n.  [Fr.  police,  from  L.L.  po- 
leticum,  a  register,  from  L.  polyptychwn, 
Gr.  polyptychon,  an  account-book— po?(/s, 
many,  -and  ptyche,  a  fold.]  A  written  con- 
tract by  which  a  corporation  or  other  per- 
sons engage  to  pay  a  cei-tain  sum  on  cer- 
tain contingencies,  as  in  the  case  of  fire  or 
shipwreck,  in  the  event  of  death,  &c.,  on 
the  condition  of  receiving  a  fixed  sum  or 
percentage  on  the  amount  of  the  risk,  or 
certain  periodical  payments. — Insurance 
policy.  Under  Insure.— Policy-holder,  n. 
One  who  holds  a  policy  or  contract  of  in- 
surance, 

Polish,  polish,  a.  Pertaining  to  Poland  or 
to  its  inhabitants.  —  n.  The  language  of 
the  Poles. 

Polish,  pol'ish,  v.t.  [Fr.  polir,  polissant, 
from  L.  polio,  to  smooth,  whence  also 
polite.]  To  make  smooth  and  glossy,  usu- 
ally by  friction;  to  burnish;  to  deprive  of 
rudeness,  rusticity,  or  coarseness;  to  make 
elegant  and  polite  (to  polish  life  or  man- 
ners).—u.i.  To  become  smooth;  to  take  a 
smooth  and  glossy  surface ;  to  become  re- 
fined.—n.  A  substance  used  to  impart  a 
gloss;  a  smooth  glossy  surface  produced 
by  friction;  ar(5ficial  gloss;  refinement; 
elegance  of  manners.— rolishable,  pol'ish- 
a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  polished. — 
Polished,  pol'isht,  p.  and  a.  Made  smooth, 
and  glossy;  refined. — Polisher,  pol'ish-er, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  polishes. — 
Folishing-paste,  n.  A  kind  of  paste  for 
polishing;  blacking  for  harness  and  leai- 
ther;  a  compound  of  oil,  bees'-wax,  and 
spirit  varnish  for  imparting  a  gloss  to  fur- 
niture.— Polislung-powder,  n.  A  prepar- 
ation of  plumbago  for  polishing  iron  ar- 
ticles.—Polishing-slate,  n.  A  kind  of  gray 
or  yellow  slate,  composed  of  microscopic 
infusoria,  and  used  for  polishing  glass, 
marble,  &c. 

Polite,  po-lit',  a.  [L.  politus,  from  polio,  to 
polish.  Polish.]  Polished  or  elegant  in 
manners;  refined  in  behaviour;  well-bred; 
courteous ;  complaisant. — Politely,  po-lit'- 
li,  adv.  In  a  polite  manner.— Politeness, 
po-lit'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  bo- 
rne polite;  courtesy. 

Politic,  pol'i-tik,  a.  [L.  poUtieus,  Gr.  poli- 
tikos,  from  polis,  a  city.  Police.]  Consis'- 
tingof  citizens;  constituting  the  state  (the 
body  politic);  prudent  and  sagacious  in 
devising  and  pursuing  measures  adapted 
to  promote  the  public  welfare ;  well  de- 
vised and  adapted  to  the  public  prosperity; 
ingenious  in  devising  and  pursuing  any 
scheme  of  personal  or  national  aggrandize- 
ment; cunning;  artful;  sagacious  in  adap- 
ting means  to  the  end;  well  devised; 
adapted  to  its  end,  right  or  wrong. — Polit- 
ical, pO-lit'i-kal,  a.  Having  a  fixed  or 
regular  system  or  administration  of  gov- 
ernment; relating  to  civil  government  and 
its  administration;  concerned  in  state 
affairs  or  national  nieasures;  pertaining  to 
a  nation  or  state,  or  to  nations  or  states, 
as  distinguished  from  civil  or  municipal; 
treating  of  politics  or  government.— PoUt- 
ical  economy,  the  science  of  the  laws  which 
regulate  the  production,  distribution,  and 
consumption  of  the  products,  necessary, 
useful,  or  agreeable  to  man,  which  it  re- 


quires some  portion  of  voluntary  l.ilionr 
to  produce,  procure,  or  preserve. — Polittml. 
geography.  Under  Geography.— Politi- 
cally, po-lit'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  political 
manner. — Politician,  pol-i-tish'an,  n.  One 
versed  in  the  science  of  government  and 
the  art  of  govemiugj  one  skilled  in  politics; 
one  who  occupies  himself  with  politics.  — 
Politicly,  pol'i-tik-li,  adv.  In  a  politic 
manner.- Politics,  pol'i-tiks,  n.  [Ft.  poli- 
tique, Gr.  politike.]  The  science  of  govem- 
iHont;  that  part  of  ethics  which  relates  to 
the  regulation  and  government  of  a  nation 
or  state  for  the  preservation  of  its  s^.fety, 
peace,  and  prosperity;  political  affairs,  or 
the  conduct  and  contests  of  political  pr.r- 
ties.  —  Polity,  pol'i-ti,  n.  [Gr.  poiiteia. 
Policy.]  The  form  or  constitution  of  civil 
government  of  a  nation  or  state;  the  con- 
stitution or  fundamental  principles  of 
government  of  any  body  of  citizens;  the 
recognized  principles  on  which  any  insti- 
tution is  based.  .*.  Syn.  under  Policy. 

Polka,  porka,  n,  A  species  of  dance  of 
Bohemian  origin,  the  music  to  which  is  in 
2-4  time,  with  the  third  quaver  accented; 
an  air  appropriate  to  the  dance. — Polk, 
pOlk,  v.i.  To  dance  a  polka.— Polka-jacket, 
n.    A  knitted  jacket  worn  by  women. 

Poll,  pol,  n.  [O.D.  pol,  bol,  a.  ball,  the  head; 
L.G.  poKe,  the  head,  the  top  of  a  tree; 
allied  to  hall,  bowl:  pollard  is  a  derivative.) 
The  head  of  a  person,  or  the  back  part  of 
the  head;  a  catalogue  or  register  of  heads, 
that  is,  of  persons ;  the  voting  or  register- 
ing of  votes  for  candidates  in  elections  (the 
close  of  the  poll);  the  fish  called  a  chub; 
the  blunt  end  of  a  hammer,  or  the  butt  of 
iin  axe. — v.t.  To  remove  the  top  or  head 
of;  to  lop,  clip,  shear;  to  cut  closely;  to 
mow;  to  register  or  give  a  vote;  to  bring 
to  the  poll;  to  receive  or  elicit,  as  a  number 
of  votes  or  voters. — v.i.  To  vote  at  a  poll; 
to  record  a  vote,  as  an  elector. — Poll-aze, 
n.  A  pole-axe ;  an  axe  with  a  hammer  or 
stud  for  felling  oxen. — Poll-book;  n.  A 
register  of  persons  entitled  to  vote  at  an 
election. —  Poll -clerk,  n.  A  clerk  who 
assists  the  presiding  oficer  at  an  election. 
— Polled,  pold,  p.  and  a.  Deprived  of  the 
poll;  lopped,  as  a  tree  having  the  top  cut; 
having  the  hair  cut;  cropped;  bald;  having 
cast  the  horns,  as  a  stag;  hence,  wanting 
horns  (polle<l  cattle).  —  Poll-evil,  n.  A 
swelling  or  aposteme  on  a  horse's  h^d,  or 
on  the  nape  of  the  neck  between  the  ears. 
— PolUng-bootli,  n.  A  temporary  erection 
in  which  to  record  votes  at  an  election. — 
Polling-place,  Polling-station,  n.  A  place 
for  recording  votes  in  at  an  election. — 
Polling-sheriff,  n.  In  Scotland,  the  pre- 
siding ofiicer  at  a  polling-station. — Poll- 
tax,  n.  A  tax  levied  per  nead  in  propor- 
tion to  the  rank  or  fortune  of  the  indi- 
vidual; a  capitation  tax. 

Poll,  pol,  n.  [Gr.  hoi  polloi,  the  many,  the 
rabble.]  At  Cambridge  University,  one 
who  receives  no  honours,  but  merely  takes 
a  degree. 

Poll,  pol,  n.  [A  contr.  of  PoUy  for  Maj-y.] 
A  familiar  name  often  applied  to  a  parrot. 

Pollack,  pol'ak,  n.  [D.  and  G.  pollack.] 
A  species  of  marine  fish  belonging  to  the 
cod  family. 

Bollan,  pol'an,  n.  [Ir.pullog,  Gael,  pollag. 
Akin  Uy  pollack.]  An  Irish  species  of  fresh- 
water herring. 

Pollarchy,  pol'ar-ki,  »u  [Gr.  polloi,  many, 
and  arche,  rule.]  The  rule  of  the  many; 
government  by  the  mob  or  masses. 

Pollard,  pol'ard,  n.  [From  voll,  the  head, 
and  affix  -ard.]  A  tree  with  the  head  cut 
off  at  some  height  from  the  ground,  for 
the  purpose  of  inducing  it  to  throw  out 
branches  all  round  the  section  where  am- 
putation has  taken  place;  a  stag  that  has 
cast  his  horns;  also,  a  hornless  ox;  a  coarse 
product  of  wheat,  but  finer  than  bran.— 
v.t.  To  make  a  pollard  of;  to  convert  into 
a  pollard  by  cutting  off  the  head. 

FoUen,  pol'en,  n.  [L.  pollen  and  pollis,  fine 
flour  or  dust.]  The  male  element  in  flower- 
ing plants;  the  fine  dust  or  powder  which 
by  contact  with  the  stigma  effect.^  the 
fecundation  of  the  seeds.— Pollenarious, 
pol-e-nft'ri-us,  a.  Consii-ting  of  meal  or 
pollen.— Polleniferons,  PoUiniferous,  ]>iil- 
e-nifer-us,  jwl-i-nifer-us,  o.    Producing 


Pate,  fiir,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  hSr;      pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;      tnbe,  tub,  b\ill;     oil,  pound;     ti,  Sc.  .abtme — the  Fr.  t(. 


POLLEX 


519 


polypaeoTjs 


pollen.— Pollenize,  pol'en-iz,  v.t.  To  supply 
with  pollen;  to  impregnate  with  pollen. — 
Fonen-tnhe,  n.  One  of  the  tubular  pro- 
cesses emitted  by  the  ^)ollen  when  it  comes 
in  contact  with  the  stigma  of  a  plant,  and 
which  are  supposed  to  conduct  the  im- 
pregnating matter  down  the  style  into 
the  ovules  through  the  foramen.— Polli- 
nate, pol'i-nat,  v.t.  Bot.  to  convey  pollen 
from  the  anther  to  the  stigma  of.— Polli- 
nation, pol-i-na'shon,  n.  Bot.  the  convey- 
ance of  the  pollen  from  the  anther  to  the 
stigma. 

Pollex,  poHeks,  «.  [L.]  The  thumb  in 
man;  a  corresponding  digit  of  other  ani- 
mals. 

Pollicitatioii,  pol-lis'i-ta"shon,  n.  [L.  po^ 
licitaiio,  from  pollicitari,  to  promise.]  A 
promise;  a  voluntary  engagement. 
Follute,  pol-lut',  v.t— polluted,  polluting. 
[L.  polliw,  pollutum,  from  prep,  pol,  por, 
used  in  composition,  and  I'ud,  to  wash. 
Lave.]'  To  make  foul  or  unclean;  to 
render  impure;  to  defile;  to  soil;  to  taint; 
to  corrupt  or  defile  in  a  moral  sense;  to 
impair;  to  profane.— PoUutedly,  pol-la'- 
ted-li,  adv.  With  pollution.  —  Polluted- 
ness,  pol-la'ted-ues,  n.  The  state  of  being 
polluted.— Polluter,  pol-lu't6r,  h.  One  that 
pollutes  or  profanes.— Pollution,  pol-la'- 
Bhon,  n.  [L.  pollutio.'i  The  act  of  pollu- 
ting; the  state  of  being  polluted;  defile- 
ment; uncleanness;  impurity. 
Polo,  po'lo,  n.  A  game  at  ball  resembling 
hockey,  only  that  it  is  played  on  horse- 
back. ''^ 

Polonaise,  pol-o-naz',  ».  [Pr.]  A  robe  or 
dress  worn  by  ladies  and  adopted  from  the 
fashion  of  the  Poles;  a  melody  written  in 
imitation  of  Polish  dance  tunes. 
Polony,  po-lo'ni,  n'.  [Probably  corrupted 
from  Bologna  sausage.]  A  kuSd  of  high- 
dried  sausage  made  of  partly-cooked  pork. 
Poltroon,  pol-tron',  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  pcltron, 
from  It.  poltrone,  from  poltro,  lazy.ydaa- 
tardly,  from  O.H.G.  polatar,  a  pillow. 
Bolster.]  An  arrant  coward;  a  dastard; 
a  wretch  without*  spirit  or  courage. — a. 
Base;  vile;  contemptible. — Poltroonery, 
poI-tr5n'6r-i,  n.  Cowardice;  want  of  spirit. 
— Poltroonish,  pol-trSn'ish.a.  Resembling 
a  poltroon;  cowardly.  ' 
Polyerin,  Polverilie,  poFv5-rin,  pol'vo-rin, 
n.  [It.  polverino,  fiom  L.  pidvis,  dust.] 
The  calcined  ashes  of  a  plant,  broujght 
from  the  Levant  and  Syria,  and  useain 
the  manufacture  of  glass. 
Polyacoustic,  pori-a-kous"tik,  a.  [6r.  polys, 
many,  dkouO,  to  hear.]  Capable  of  multi- 
plying or  magnifying  sound. 
Polyadelph,  pol'i-a-delf",  n.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  adelphos,  brother.]  Bot.  a  plant 
having  its  stamens  united  in  three  or 
more  bodies  or  bundles  by  the  filaments. 
— Polyadelphian,  Polyadelphous,  pol'i-a- 
del"fi-an,  pol'i-a-del"fus,  a.  jBoi..  having 
stamens  united  in  three  or  more  bundles. 
Polyandrian,  Polyandrous,  pol-i-an'dri-an, 
pol-i-an'drus,  o."  fGr.  polys,  many,  aner, 
({■ndros,  a  male.]  Bot.  having  many  sta- 
mens, that  is,  any  number  above  twenty, 
inserted  in  the  receptacle.  . 
Polyandry,  pol-i-an'dri,  n.  [Gr.  polye,  many, 
aner,.anaros,  a  man.]  The  practice  of  fe- 
males having  more  husbands  than  one  at 
the  same  time;  plurality  of  husbands. 
Polyanthus,  pol-i-an'thus,  n.  [Or.  polys, 
many,  anthos,  a  flower.]  A  garden  variety 
of  the  oxlip  primrose"  wmch  has  long- 
been  a  favourite. 

Polyarchy,  pol'i-ar-ki,  n.  [Gr.  polys,  many, 
and  arche,  rule.]  The  government  of  many; 
whether  ia.  privileged  class  (aristocracy)  or 
the  people  at  large  (democracy). 
Polyatomic,  pori-a-tom"ik,  a.  [Gr.  polps, 
many,  P.  atomic]  Ohem.  a  tenn  applied 
to  elements  or  radicals  which  have  an 
equivalency  greater  than  one;  polybasic. 
Polyhasie,  pol-i-ba'sik,  a.  [Gr.  polys,  many, 
and  E.  basic]  Ohem.  having  or  combined 
with  several  bases. 

Polycarpic,  Polycarpous,  pol-i-kiix'pik,  pol- 
i-kkr'jpus,  a.    [Gr.  polys,  many,  ahd  kar- 


pos,  fruit.]  Bot.  having  the  carpels  dis- 
tinct and  numerous,  each  flower  bearing 
several  fruits;  also  applied  to  a  plant 
which  bears  fruit. many  times  without 
perishing. 


PoiyoephalouB,  pol-i-sef 'a-lus.  a.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  kepfiali,  head.]  Bot.  having  a  com- 
mon support,  capped  "by  many  like  parts. 

Polychromy,  pori-kro-mi,  n.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  and  chrOmu,  colour.]  The  practice 
of  coiouring  statues  and  the  exteriors  and 
interiors  of  buildings;  architectural  orna- 
mentation in  colours.  —  Polychromatic, 
Polychromic,  pol'i-kro-mat"ik,  pol'i-kro- 
rhik,  a.  Exhibiting  a  play  of  colours. — 
Polychrome,  iKjl'i-krom,  a.  Having  several 
or  many  colours;  executed  in  the  manner 
of  polychromy.— PoZj/cfcroTJie  printing,  the 
art  of  printing  in  one  or  more  colours  at 
the  same  time. 

Polyodtyledon,  pol'i-kot-i-l5"don,  n.  [Gr. 
polys,  many,  kotyledon^]  Bot.  a  plant  that 
has  many  or  more  than  two  cotyledons  or 
lobes  to  the  seed.— Polycotyledonous,  pol'i- 
kot-i-l5"do-nus,  a.  Having  more  thaii  two 
cotyledons. 

Polyci-acy,  po-lik'ra-si,  n.  [Gr.j)oZy«,many, 
and  kratos,  power.]  Gtovemment  by  many 
rulers;  polyarchy. 

Folydactyliim,  pol-i-dak'til-i^,  n.  [Gr.' 
polys,  many,  daktylos,  a  finger.]  The  con- 
dition of  having  several  or  many  fingers 
or  digits.— Polydactylous,  pol-i-dak'ti-lus, 
a. .  Having  many  fingers  or  toes. 

Polyembryony,  pol-i-em'bri-o-ni,  n.  [Gr. 
polys,  many,  embryon,  an  embiyo.J  Bot. 
a  phenomenon  consisting  in  the  existence  ■ 
of  two  or  more  embryos  in  the  same  seed 
of  flowering  plants.  ^  Polyembryonate, 
Polyembryonlc,  pol-i-em'bri-on-at,  pol-i- 
em'bri-on"ik,  a.  Bot.  consisting  of  or  hav- 
ing several  embryos. 

Polyfoil,  pori-foil,  n.  [Gr.  polys,  and  L. 
/oJiMwi,  a  leaf.]  uirrft.  a  leaf  ornament  of 
more  than  five  divisions. 

Polygamy,  po-lig'a-mi,  n.  [Gr.  polys,  many, 
and  gamos,  marriage.]  A  plurality  of  wives 
or  husbands  at  the  same  time,  or  the  hav- 
ing of  such  plurality.- Polygamous,  po- 
lig'a-mus,  a.  llelating  to  or  characterized 
by  polygamy  {polygamous  marriages);  hav^ 
ing  a  plurality  of  wives;  bot.  same  asPoly- 
camiare.— Polygamist,  po-lig'a-mist,  n.  A 
person  who  practises  polygamy  or  who 
maintains  its  lawfulness. — Polygam,  pol'i- 
gam,  n.  A  polygamian  plant.  —  Polyga- 
mlan,  pol-i-ga'mi.-an,a.  JBo^  pertaining  to 
a  class  of  plants  producing  hermaphrodite 
flowers,  with  male  or  female  flowers,  or 
both. 

Polygastrlc,  pol-i-gas'trik,  a.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  gastSr,  a  stomach.]  Having  or  sup- 
posed to  have  many  stomachs. — n.  An 
animal  having  or  appearing  to  have  many 
stomachs. 

Polygenesls,  pol-i-jen'e-sis,  ».  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  and  genesis.}  The  doctrine  that  be- 
ings nave  their  origin  in  many  cells  or 
embryos  pf  different  kinds:-  opposed  to 
monogenesis. — Polygene  tic,  pori-je-net"ik, 
a.  Relating  to  polygenesis.  Monooenetic. 
— Polygenist,  po-lij'e-nist,  n.  One  who  be- 
lieves in  polygenesis. 

Polygenons,  po-lij'einus,  a.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  and  genos,  kind.]  Consisting  of 
many  kinds. 

Polyglot,  pol'i-glot,  n.  [Gr.  pvlys,  many, 
glotta,  a  language.]  A  book  containing 
many  languages,  particularly  a  Bible  that 
presents  the  Scnptures  in  several  lan- 
guages.   Also  used  as  an  adjective. 

Polygon,  pol'i-gon,  n.  [Gr.  polys,  many, 
gOnia,  an  angle.]  Geom,.  a  plane  figure 
of  many  angles  and  sides,  or  at  least  of 
more  than  four  sides.  Similar  polygons 
have  their  several  angles  equal  each  to 
each,  and  the  sides  about  their  equal 
angles  proportionals.  —  Polygonal,  Poly- 
gonons,  po-lig'o-nal,  po-lig'o-nus,  a.  Hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  polygon;  having  many 
angles. — Polygonal  numbers,the  successive 
sums  of  a  series  of  numbers  in  arithmetical 
progression.  —  Polygonometry,.  pol'i-go- 
nam"et-ri,  n.  The  doctrine  of  polygons, 
as  trigonometryis  the  doctrine  of  triangles. 

Polygram,  pol'i-gram,  n.  [Gr.  polys,  many, 
gramma,  a  line.]  A  figure  consisting  of 
many  lines. 

Polygraph,  pol'i-graf ,  n.  [Gr.  polys,  many, 
graphe,  a  writing.]  An  instrument  foi: 
multiplying  copies  of  a  writing.— Poly- 
graphic,  Polygraphical,  pol-i-graf 'ik,  pol-i- 
graf'i-kal,  o.    Pertaining  to  polygraphy; 


done  with  a  polygraph.  —  Polygraj^hy, 
po-lig'ra-fl,  n.  The  art  of  writing  in  various 
ciphers,  and  of  deciphering  the  same;  the 
multiplication  of  copies  of  a  writing. 
Polygyn,  poVi-jin,  n.  [Gr.  polys,  many, 
and  gyne,  a  female.]  Bot.  a  plant  having 
flowers  with  many  pistils,  more  than 
twelve.  —  Polygynian,  Polygynous,  pol-i- 
jin'i-an,  po-lij'i-nus,  a.  Having  many  pis- 
tils or  styles;  polygynic— Polygynic,  pol-i- 
Jin'ik.d..  Practising  polygyny;  polygynous. 
—  Polygyniat,  po-lij'i-mst,  n.  One  who 
'practises  polygyny.— Polygyny,  po-Uj'i-ni, 
n.  The  practice  of  having  more  wives  than 
one  at  tne  same  time. 
Polyhalite,  pol-i-hallt,  n.  [Gr.  polys,  many, 
hals,  salt.)  A  mineral  occurring  m  masses 
of  a  fibrous  structure,  of  a  brick-red  colour. 
Polyhedron,  pol-i-he'dron,  n.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,Aedra,aside.]  (?6om.  a  soUd bounded 
by  many  faces  or  planes,  and  when  all  the 
faces  are  regular  polygons  the  solid  be- 
comes a  regular  body;  a  multiplying  glass 
with  several  plane  surfaces;  a  polyscope. 
-^Polyhedrons,  Polyhedral,  pol-i-he'drus, 
pol-i-he'dral,  a.  Forming  a  polyhedron; 
having  many  sides. 

Polymath;  pol'i-math,  n.  [Gr.  polps;  many, 
and  mathein,  to  learn.]  A  man  of  various 
learning. 

Polymeric,  pol-i-mer'ik,~a.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,.meros,  a  part.]  Pertaining  to  or 
characterized  by  polymerism. — Polymer- 
ide,  po-lim'er-id,  w.  A  compound  that  ex- 
hibits polymerism. — Polymerism,  po-lim'- 
6r-izm,  n. .  Chem.  the  character  in  certain 
■  compound  bodies,  differing  in  chemical 
properties,  of  having  the  same  chemical 
elements  combined  in  the  same  propor- 
tions but  with  different  molecularweights. 
Isomerism,  .  Metajierism.  —  Polymerous, 
po-lim'6r-uS,  a.  Composed  of  many  parts, 
pertaining  to  polymerism. 
Tolyvaigniie,  pol-i-mig'nit,  «.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  and  mignymi,  to  mix.]  A  mineral 
which  occurs  m  small  prismatic  crystals 
of  a  metallic  lu8tre,namedfrom  the  variety 
of  its  constituent  parts. 
Polymorphiam,  pol-i-mor'fizm,  n.  [Gr. 
polySf  many,  morphe,  form.]  Jh^  property 
of  existing  in  different  forms;  the  property 
of  crystallizing  in  two  or  more  funda- 
mental forms.— Polymorphous,  Polyriior- 
phic,  pol-i-mor'f us,  pol-i-mor'flk,a.  Having 
many  forms;  assuming  many  forms. 
Polynesian,  pol-i-ne'zhi-an,  a.  [Gr.  polys, 
matiy,  ngsos,  an  island.]  Pertaining  to 
Tolynesia,  the  region  of  many  islands  in 
the  Pacific. — n.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Polynesia. 

Polynomial,  poI-i-n5'mi-aI,n,  and  a.  Multi- 
nomial. 

Polyonymons,  pol-i-on'i-muSia.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  onoma,  a  name.]  Having  many 
names  or  titles. 

Polyoptrum,  Polyoptron,  pol-i-op'trum, 
po-li-op'tron,  w,  [Gr.  polys,  many,  and  root 
opt,  to  gee.]  A  glass  through  which,  from 
.  the  formation  m  its  lens,  objects  appear 
multiplied  but  diminished. 
Polyorama,  pol'i-o-ra."ma,  .n.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  horama,  a  view.]  A  view  of  many 
objects;  an  optical  apparatus  presenting 
many  views. 

Polyp,  Poljrpe,  pol'ip,  n.  [L.  polypus,  a 
polyp,  a  growth  or  tumour,  from  Gr.  poly- 
pous—polys, many,  pous,  a  foot.]  A  name 
loosely  applied  to  what  were  once  known 
as  radiate  animals,  having  the  mouth 
surrounded  by  more  or  less  numerous 
arms  or  tentacles,  now  commonly  ap- 
plied to  the  hydra  or  the  sea-anemone ;  a 
zoophyte.— Polypary,  pol'i-pa-ri,  n.  The 
homy  envelope  or  case  of  polyps  (Hydro- 
zoa,  Polyzoa,  &c.).— Polypean,  pol-i-pe'an, 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  polyp  or  a  polypus. — 
Polypidom,  po-lip'i-dom,  h.  [L.-  polypus, 
and  domus,  a  house.]  A  stem  or  permanent 
fabric  in  which  are  the  cells  constituting 
the  abodes  of  the  polyps  which  fabricate 
it.  —  Polypiferous,  poli-pif'er-us,  a.  Pro- 
ducing -polyps.  —  PoUpier,  po-lep-e-a,  n. 
[Pr.]  A  polypary.— Polypite,  pol'i-pit,  n. 
The  fundamental  portion  of  a  nydrozoon. 
— Pol3?poid,  pol'i-poid,  a.  Like  a  polyp. 
Polyparous,  po-lip'a-rus,  a.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  and  L.  pario,  to  produce.]  Produc- 
ing many;  bringing  forth  a  great  number. 


chjC7»ain:     c7t,  Sc,  loiSJ} "  g,  90;    j.^ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng.Bin^;     th,  tften;  th,  tftin;     -VtVAg;    wh,  wAig;     zh.asure. 


PCfLYPETALOUS 


520 


K)NTOON 


Polypetalons,  pol-i-pet'a-lus,  a.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  petcUon,  a  petal.]  £ot.  having  or 
consisting  of  many  i>«tais  ( a  "polypetcUous 
corolla). 

Folyphagon^,  po-lif argue,  a.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  phagein,  to  eat.]  Eating  or  subsis- 
ting on  many  things  or  kinds  of  food. 

Folyphonic,  pol-i-ion'ik,  a.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  ph6ne,  sound.]  Having  or  consis- 
ting of  many  voices  or  sounds;  music,  con- 
sisting of  several  parts  progressing  simul- 
t-aneously  according  to  the  rules  of  coun- 
terpoint ;  contrapuntal.  —  Polyphonism, 
Polyphony,  po-lijfon-izm,  pO-lif'o-ni,  n. 
Multiplicity  of  sounds  or  voices. — Poly- 
phonist,  po-lifon-ist,  n.  One  who  can 
epeak  in  dilFerent  voices ;  a  ventriloquist; 
a  contrapuntist. 

Polyphore,  pol'i-for,  n.  [Gr.  x>olys,  many, 
and  phoros,  carrying.]  £ot:  a  fleshy  recep- 
tacle with  numerous  ovaries. 

Polyphyllous,  po-lifi-lus,  a.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  phyllon,  a  leaf.]  Bot.  many -leaved. 

Poljrpl.      PoLYPCS. 

Polypier,  Polyplte,  &c.    Und^  Polyp. 

Polyplastic,  pol-i-plas'tik,  a.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  and  plastikos,  plastic]  Having  or 
assuming  many  forms. 

Polypode,  pol'i-pod,  n.  [Gr.  polys,  many, 
pons,  podos,  a  foot.^  Ah  animal  having 
many  feet;  the  milhped  or  wood-louse. 

Polyporons,  pol-i-po'rus,  a.  [Gr.  iKilys, 
many,  and  poros,  a  pore.]  Having  many 
pores. 

Polypous.    Under  Poltpcs. 

PoIyprismAtic,  pol'i-priz-maf'ik,  a.  [Gr. 
polys,  many,  E.  prismatic}  Mineral,  hav 
ing  crystaJs  presenting  numerous  prisms 
in  a  single  form. 

Polypus,  pol'i-pus,  n.  pi.  Polypi,  pol'i-pi. 
[Polyp.]  A  polyp;  paihol.  a  pedunculated 
tumour  in  the  mucous  membrane,  especi- 
ally that  of  the  nostrils  and  uterus.  — 
Polypous,  pol'i-pus,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
polypus. 

Polyrhizous,  jwl-i-ri'zus,  a.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  rhiza,  a  root.]  Bot.  possessing  nu- 
merous rootlets  independently  of  those  by 
which  the  attachment  is  effected. 

Polyscope,  pol'i-skop,  n.  [Gr.  polys,  many, 
and  skopeO,  to  view.]  A  lens  so  constructed 
that  an  object  seen  through  it^i^pears 
multiplied. 

Polysepalons,  pol-i-sep'a-lus,  o.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  and  E.  sepal.}  Bot.  a  term  applied 
to  a  calyx  which  has  its  sepals  separate 
from  each  other. 

Polyspermal,  Polsrspermons,  pol-i-8p6r'- 
mal,  pol-i-sp6r'mu8,  a.  [Gr.  polys,  many, 
gperma,  seed.]     Containing  many  seeds. 

Polysporous,  pol-i-gpo'rus,  a.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  and  if.  spore.]  Bot  having  many 
spores. 

Polystyle;  pol'i-stil,  n.  [Gr.  polys,  many, 
and  stylos,  a  column.]  Arch,  an  edifice  in 
which  there  are  many  columns.  Also  used 
as  adj. 

Polysyllable,  pol'i-sil-la-bl,  n.  [Gr.  polys. 
many,  eyllabe,  a  syllable.]  A-  word  of 
many  syllables,  that  is,  consisting  of  four 
or  more  syllables.— Polysyllabic,  Polysyl- 
labical,  pol'i-8il-lab"ik,  pol'i-siHab"i-kal, 
a.  Ck)nsisting  of  many  syllables  or  of  more 
than  three. 

Polysyndeton,  pol-i-sin'de-ton,  n.  [Gr.  ,from 
polys,  many,  syn,  together,  deO,  to  bind.] 
A  figure  of  rhetoric  by  which  the  copu- 
lative conjunction  is  often  repeated. 

Polysynthesis,  pol-i-ein'the-sis,  n.  [Gr; 
polys,  many,  and  synthesis,  a  putting  to- 
gether. Stnthksis.]  a  compounding  of 
several  elements;  a  polysynthetic  struc- 
ture. —  Polysynthetic,  Polysynthetical, 
pol'i-Bin-thet"ik,  pori-sin-tbet"i-kal,  a. 
PhUol.  compounded  of  several  elements, 
each-retaining  a  kind  of  independence  (a 
polysynthetic  word);  characterized  by  such 
compounds  (a  polysynthetic  language). 
Also  called  Agglutinate. 

Polytechnic,  pol-i-tek'nik,  a.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  and  iechni,  art.]  Denoting  or  com- 
j>rehendingmany  arts:  specifically.applied 
to  an  educational  institution  m  which 
instruction  is  given  in  many  arts. — n.  A 
school  of  instruction  in  arts;  an  exhibition 
of  objects  belonging  to  the  industrial  arts. 
— Polytechnics,  pol-i-tek'niks,  n.  The 
science  of  the  mechanical  arts. 


Polythalamous, pol-i-thal'a-mus, a.  [Gr. 
polys,  many,  thalamos,  a  chamber.]  Hav- 
ing many  cells  oi  chaiahers{i>olythalamous 
shells). 

Polytheism^  pol-i-the'izm,  n.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  theos,  god.]  The  doctrine  of  a  plu- 
rality of  gods.— Polytheist,  pol-i-the'ist,  n. 
A  person  who  believes  in  a  plurality  of 
gods. — Polytheistic,  Polytheistical,  pol'i- 
the-is"tik,  pori-the-is"ti-kal,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  polytheism;  holding  a  plurality  of 
gods. 

Polytomoos,  po-btVmus,  a.  [Gr.  polys, 
many,  tome,  a  cuttiijg.]  Bot.  a  term  ap- 
plied to  leaves  subdivided  into  many  dis- 
tinct subordinate  parts,  which,  however, 
are  not  jointed  to  the  petiole. 

Polyzoa,  pol-i-zo'a,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  polys,  many, 
zOon.  an  animal.]  A  class  of  animals, 
chiefly  marine,  forming  compound  groups 
or  colonies,  being  the  lowest  members  of 
the  Mollusca,  and  generally  known  by  the 
popular  names  of  '  sea-mosses '  aud  '  sea- 
mats.' — Polyzoarinm,  Poljrzoary,  pol'i-zo- 
a"ri-um,  pol-i-zo'a-ri,  n.  The  dermal  sys- 
tem of  the  colony  of  a  polyzoon;  a  polypi- 
dom.— Polyzoon,  pol-i-zo'on,  n.  One  of  the 
polyzoa. 

Polyzonal,  pol-i-zo'nal,  a.  [Gr.  polys,  many, 
^one,  a  zone.]  Composed  of  many  zones  or 
belts;  a  term  applied  to  burning  lenses 
composed  of  pieces  united  in  rings. 

Pomace,  pom'as,  n.  [From  L.  pomtim,  an 
apple.]  The  substance  of  apples  or  of 
similar  fruit  cnjshed  by  grinding.— Poma- 
ceoos,  p3-ma'shus,  a.  Like  pomace ;  per-, 
taining  tothe  apple  family  of  trees. 

Pomade,  po-mad',  n.  [Fr.  pommade.  It. 
pomada,  pmnata,  from  L.  pomum,  an  ap- 
ple. Originally  it  was  prepared  from 
apples.]  Perfumed  ointment,  especially 
ointment  for  the  hair;  pomatum. 

Pomander,  pO'man-dfer,  n.  [Ft.-  pomme 
d'ambre,  apple  or  ball  of  amber.]  A  per- 
fume beiU,  or  a  mixture  of  perfumes,  for- 
merly carried  in  the  pocket  or  suspended 
from  the  neck  or  the  girdle. 

Pomatum,  po-ma'tum, ».  [From  L.  pomum, 
an  apple.  Pomade.]  A  perfumed* unguent 
used  in  dressing  the  hair;  pomade. 

Pome,  poni,  n.  (L.  poviton,  an  apple.]  Bot. 
a  fleshy  or  pulpy  peijcarp  without  valves, 
containing  a  capsule  or  capsules,  as  the 
apple,  pear,  <fcc. 

Pomegranate,  pom'gra-nat,  n.  [L.  pomicm, 
an  apple,  and  granatwn,  grained,  having 
many  grains  or  seeds.  Graik,  Garnet.] 
A  fruit  as  large  as  an  orange,  having  a 
hard  rind  filled  with  a  soft  pulp  and  nu- 
merous grains  or  seeds;  the  tree  that  pro- 
duces pomegiunates,  supposed  to  be  a 
native  of  Persia;  an  ornament  on  the  robe 
and  ephod  of  the  Jewish  high-priest. 

Pomeroy,  Pomeroyal,  pom'roi,  pom'roi-al, 
n.  [Ft.  pomine,  an  apple,  roi,  king,  royal, 
royal.]  Koyal  apple ;  a  particular  sort  of 
apple. 

PoL.Jferons,  po-mif'6r-u8,  a.  [L.  pomum, 
an  apple,  and  fero,  to  produce.]  Apple- 
bearing;  an  epithet  applied  to  plants 
which  Dear  the  larger  fruits  (as- melons, 
gourds,  cucumbers,  &c.). 

Pommage,  pom'aj,  n.    Same  as  Pomace. 

Pommel,  pum'mel,  n.  [O.Fr.  pommel,  from 
L.  pomum,  an  apple  or  similar  fruit.]  A 
knob  or  ball ;  the  knob  on  the  hilt  of  a 
Bworf;  the  protuberant  part  of  a  saddle- 
bow; a  round  knob  on  the  frame  of  a  chair. 
—v.t.— pommelled,  pommelling.  To  beat; 
to  bruise.    Spelled  also  Pummel. 

Pomology,  po-mol'o-ji,  n.  [L.  pomum,  an 
apple,  Gr.  logos,  discourse.]  The  branch 
of  knowledge  that  deals  with  fruits;  the 
cultivation  of  fruit-trees.  —  Pomological, 
po-mo-loj'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  pomo- 
logy.—Pomologist,  po-mol'o-jist,  n.  One 
who  is  versed  in  pomology. 

Pomp,  pomp,  n.  [Fr.  pompe,  L.  pompa, 
from  Gr.  pompe,  a  procession,  from  pempo, 
to  send.]  A  procession  distinguished  by 
splendour  or  magnificence ;  a  pageant ; 
magnificence;  parade;  splendour;  display. 
—Pompous,  iwm'pus,  a.  [Fr.  pompeux.) 
Displaying  pomp;  splendid;  showing  self- 
importance;  exhibiting  an  exaggerated 
sense  of  dignity;  ostentatious.  —  Pom- 
ponsly,  pom'pus-li,  adv.  In  a  pomiwus 
manner;  ostentatiously.  —  Pompousness, 


Pomposity,  pom'pus-nee,  pom-pos'i-ti,  n. 
The  state  of  being  pompous;  great  display 
of  show;  ostentation, 

Pompelmoose,  pom'pel-mos,  n.  [Probably 
of  Eastern  origin.]    An  East  Indian  fruit 

■  akin  to  the  shaddock,  and  in  taste  resem- 
bling the  best  oranges. 

Pompholyx,  ixim'fo-liks,  n.  [Gr.  pompho- 
lyx,  a  bubble.]  A  Vesicular  eruption  upon 
the  skin. 

Pompion,  pum'pi-on,  n.  fO.Fr.  pompon; 
akin  pumpkin.l    A  pumpkin. 

Pompon,  pon-pon,  n.  [Fr.]  AJi  ornament, 
as  a  feather,  artificial  flower,  &c.,  for  a 
bonnet  or  hat ;  a  ball  on  a  soldier's  shako. 

Pompous,  Pompously,  he.    Under  Pomp. 

Poncho,  pon'cho,  n.  iSp.J  A  garment  much 
worn  in  South  America,  resembling  a  nar- 
row blanket  with  a  slit  in  the  middle  for 
the  head  to  pass  through. 

Pond,  pond,  re.  [A  slightly  different  form 
of  pound,  A.  Sax.  puMd,  an  inclosure.]  A 
body  of  still  water  of  less  extent  than  a 
lake,  either  artificial  or  natural.- Pond- 
lily,  n.  The  water-Uly.— Pond-weed,  n. 
A  name  of  several  British  weeds  growing 
in  ponds  and  streams. 

Ponder,  pon'der,  v.t.  [Fr.  ponderer,  from 
li.  pondero,  to  weigh,  from  pondus,  pon- 
deris,  weight.]  To  weigh  carefuUy  iu  the 
mind^,  to  think  about;  to  reflect  upon;  to 
examinecarefully.—v.i.  To  think;  to  muse; 
to  deliberate:  with  on  or  over. — Ponder- 
able, pon'd6r-a-bl,  a.  [L.  ponder abilis.] 
Capable  of  being  weighed;  having  weight. 
—Ponderability,  Ponderableness,  pon'dfer- 
a-bil"i-ti,  pon'der-a-bl-nes,  n.  That  pro- 
perty of  bodies  by  which  they  possess 
sensible  weight. — Ponderer,  pon'd6r-6r,  n. 
One  that  ponders.— Ponderingly,  pon'dfer- 
ing-li,  ady.  In  a  jxmdering  manner.— 
Ponderous,  pon'der-us,  a.  [L.  pOnd^rosus.] 
Very  heavy ;  of  great  weight ;  massive ; 
weighty;  forcible.— Ponderously,  pou'der- 
UB-li,  adv.  In  a  ponderous  manner. — Pon- 
derousness.  Ponderosity,  pon'der-us-nes, 
pon-d6r-os'i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  oi 
being  ponderous;  gravity;  hea,viness. 

Pongo,  pong'go,  p.  A  Hame  given  to  some 
of  the  large  apes. 

Poniard,  pon'yard,  n.  [Fr.  poignard,  from 
poing,  L.  ptignus,  the  fist.]  A  small  dagger; 
a  pointed  weapon  for  stabbing.— v.t.  To 
pierce  with  a  poniard;  to  stab. 

Pontage, pon'taj, n.  [h.li.pontagitem.troTn 
L.  po7i«,  pontis,  a  bridge.]    A  toll  or  tax 

'  for  the  maintenance  or  repair  of  bridges. 

Pontifex,  pon'ti-feks,  n.  pi.  Pontifices,  pon- 
tif  i-s5z.  [E.  pontifex,  pontifids,  a  high- 
priest,  from  j>ons,  poniis,  a  bridge,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  The  name  by  which  the 
Romans  designated  the  highest  members 
of  their  great  colleges  of  priests,  the  chief 
being  termed  Pontifex  if  oximtts.— Pontiff, 
pon'.tif,  n.  A  high-priest:  a  designation 
of  the  pope.  —  Pontific,  Pontifical,  poo- 
tif ik,  pon-tif'i-kal,  a.  Relating  to  pontiffs 
or  priests;  relating  to  a. pope;  belonging 
to  the  pope.— Pontifical,  pon-tif'i-kal,  ji.  A 
book  containing  rites  and  ceremonies  ec- 
clesiastical ;  pi.  the  dress  and  ornaments 
of  a  pope,  priest,  or  bishop.- PontificaUy, 
pon-tif'1-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  pontifical  man- 
ner. —  Pontificate,  pon-tif 'i-kat,  n.  (L. 
pontifxatus.}  The  state  or  dignity  of  a 
nigh-priest;  the  office  or  dignity  of  the 
pope;  the  papacy;  the  reign  of  a  pope. 

Pontoon,  Ponton,  pon-ton',  pon-ton',  n.  [Fr. 
ponton,  from  E.  pons,  p07itis,  a  bridge.]  A 
flat-bottomed  boat,  or  any  light  frame- 
wdrk  or  floating  body  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  a  temporary  military  bridge  over 
a  river;  a  lighter,  a  low  flat  vessel  resem- 
bling a  barge,  used  in  careening  ships;  a 
water-tight  structure  placed  beneath  a 
submerged  vessel  and  then  filled  with  air, 
to  assist  in  refloating  the  vessel.— Pon- 
tonier,  Pontonnier,  pon-to-n5r',  n.  [Fr.] 
A  soldier  having  the  charge  of  pontoons; 
one  who  constructs  pontoon -bridges. — 
Pontoon-bridge,  n.  A  temporary  military 
bridge  supported  on  pontoons.— Pen  toon- 
train,  n.  The  carriages  or  wagons  and  ma- 
terials carried  with  an  army  to  construct 
bridges.— Pont-volant,pont-vo'lant.n.  (Fr. 
pont,  bridge,  and  volant,  flying.]  MiliL  a 
flying  bridge,  a  kind  of  oridge  used  in 
sieges. 


Fat«,  far,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  her;  "  pine,  pin;     note,  not,  miJve;     ttkbe,.tab,  bijU ;     oil,  pound; '  tl,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr.  «. 


tONY 


521 


PORK 


Pony,  po'ni,  n.  [Gael,  panaidh.  It.  poni,  a 
pony.J  A  Btnall  variety  of  horse;  a  betting 
term  for  the  sum  of  £2S,  probably  from 
that  being  about  the  price  of  a  pony. 

?ood,  pod,  n.  A  Russian  weight,  equal  to 
38  English  lbs. 

Foodie,  po'dl,  n.    [Same  as  G.  and  ~>an. 

,  pudel,  D.  poedel,  L.6.  budel,  a  poodle;  akin 
to  L.  G.  ptideln,  to  waddle.  ]  A  small 
variety  of  dog  cvered  witl  long  curling 
hair. 

Pooh,  pa,  intery.  Pshaw!  pish!  an  expres- 
sion  of  dislike;  scorn,  or  contemit.  — 
Pooh-pooh,  v.t.  To  turn  aside  with  a  pooh; 
to  express  scorn  or  contempt  for;  to  sneer 
at. 

Pool,  pbl,  n.  [A.  S?jc.  p6l--li.G.  pohl,  pool, 
Icel.  pollr,  D.  pffU,  G.  p/uhl,  pool,  fen;  the 
word  is  also  Celtic;  AV.  pwU,  a  pool,  a  pit; 
I)erhaps  akin  to  L.  palus,  a  marsh.J   A 

j  small  collection  of  water  or  other  liquid 

'  in  a  hollow  place;  a  small  pice  of  stagnant 

'  water;  a  hole  in  the  course  of  a  stream 
deeper  th.an  the  ordinary  bed. 

Pool,  1 01,  n.  •  [Fr.  poule,  9,  hen.]  The  re- 
ceptacle for  the  stakes  at  certain  games  of 
cards,  billiards,  &c.;  the  stakes  themselves; 
a  variety  of  play  at  billia  ds  in  which  each 
of  the  players  stakes  an  equal  sum,  the 
winnercarryingofFthewhole;ri^e  practice, 
firing  for  prizes  on  the  principle  that  every 
competitor  pays  a  certain  sum  for  every 

1  shoi,  and  the  whole  is  divided  among  the 
successful  competitors. 

Poop,  pop,  n.  [Fr.  poupe,  from  I/,  puppia, 
the  poop.]  The  highest  and  aftermost  part 
of  a  ship's  deck  above  the  complete  deck 
of  the  vessel.— v.t.  Naut.  to  break  heavily 
over  the  stem  or  quarter  of;  to  drive  in 
the  stem  of. " 

Poor,  pijr,  a.  [O.E.  poure,  O.Fr.  poure, 
povre,  Mod.  Fr.  pauvre,  from  L.  pai^per, 
poor,  from  pauctts,  few,  and  pario,  to  pro- 
duce.] Destitute  of  riches;  not  having 
property  sufficient  for  a  comfortable  awh- 
sistence;  needy;  wanting  good  or  desirable 
qualities;  having  little  value  or  impor- 
tance; trifling;  insignificant;  paltry;  mean; 
destitute  of  fertility;  barren;  destitute  of 
intellectual  or  artistic  merit  (a  poor  dis- 
course); wanting  in  spirit  or  vigour;  weak; 
impotent;  worthy  of  pity;  ill-fated;  a  word 

.  of  tenderness  or  endearment  {poor  thing); 
a  word  of  slight  contempt;  wretched.-w 
The  poor,  collectively,  the  indigent;  the 
needy:  opposed  to  the  rich:  those  unable 
to  support  themselves,  and  who  have  to 
depend  for  support  on  the  contributions 
of  others. — Poor  in  spirit,  humbler  con- 
trite. [N.T.]— Poor-box,n.  A  box  to  receive 
money  for  the  poor. — Poorhouse,  por'hous, 
n.  A  residence  for  persons  receiving  public 
charity.— Poor-John,  n.  A  fish  of  the  cod 
family,  formerly  a  cheap  kind  of  food. 
[S/iaA;.}— Poor-law,  n.  A  law  or  the  laws 
collectively  established  for  the  manage- 
ment of  the  funds  for  the  maintenance  of 
the  poor.— Poorly,  porli,  adv.  In  a  poor 
manner  or  condition;  in  indigence;  with 
little  or  no  success;  in  an  inferior  manner; 
insufficiently;  defectively.— a.  Somewhat 
ill;  indisposed;  not  in  health.  [Colloci.>— 
Poorness,  pbr'nes,  n.  The  State  or  qujUity 
of  being  poor;  poverty. — Poor-rate,  n.  An 
assessment  or  tax  imposed  for  the  relief  or 
support  of  the  poor.— Poor-spirited,  a.  Of 
a  mean  spirit;  cowardly.— Poor-spirited- 
nes3,  n.— Poor's  Roll,  n.  A  roll  or  list  of 
paupers,  or  persons  entitled  to  or  who 
nave  received  parochial  relief. 

Pop,  pop,  n.  [From  the  sound.]  A  small 
smart  sound  or  report.  —  v.i.  —  popped, 
popping.  To  appear  to  the  eye  suddenly; 
to  enter  or  issue  forth  with  a  quick,  sud- 
den motion;  to  dart;  to  start  from  a 
place  suddenly.— v.t.  To  thrust  forward, 
or  offer  suddenly;  to  thrust  or  pvish  sud- 
denly wiih  a  quick  motion. — To  pop  com, 
to  parch  or  roast  Indian  corn  until  it 
expands  and  'jwps'  open.   [Amer.]— To 

'  pop  the  question,  in  familiar  language,  to 
make  an  offer  of  marriage  to  a  lady. — adv. 
Suddenly ;  unexpectedly.  —  Pop-corn,  n. 

;  Corn  or  maize  for  parchingrparchedmaize; 

(popped-corn.  [Amer.]— Fop-gun,  n.  A 
small  gun  or  tube  used  by  children  for 
shooting  pellets,  which  makes  a  'pop' 

iwhea  the  pellet  is  expelled. 


Pope,  pop,  n.  [A.  Pax.  pdpa,  from  Ij.t. 
pe,  lit.  father,  same  word  as 
dish  name  for  father.   Papa.] 


papa,  the  pope,  lit.  father,  same  word  as 

papa,  the  childish  name  for  father.  Papa.] 
The  Bishop  of  Rome,  the  head  of  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  Church;  in  the  Greek  Church, 
a  priest  or  chaplain;  the  riiffe,  a  small  fish 
closely  allied  to  the  perch. — Pope'  ■  eye,  the 
gland  surrounded  with  fat  in  the  middle 
of  the  thigh  of  an  ox  or  sheep,  much  prized 
for  its  delicacy. — Popedom,  pop'dum,  n. 
The  place,  ofhce,  dignity,  or  jurisdiction 
of  the  pope. — Pope-Joan,  n.  A  game  of 
cards.- Popery,  po'p4r-i,  n.  The  religion 
of  the  Church  of  Rome,  comprehending 
doctrines  and  practice:  a  term  offensive  to 
Catholics.  —  Popish,  po'pish,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  pope  or  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church:  used  with  a  shade  of  contempt. 
— Popishly,  po'pish-li,  adv.  In  a  popish 
manner;  with  a  tendency  to  popery. 

Popinjay,  pop'in-ja,  n.  [O.E.  popingay,  Fr. 
papegai,  Sp.  and  Pg.  papagayo,  L.  Gr. 
papagas,  from  Ar.  babaghd,  hahhagd,  a 
parrakeeit .  ]  A  parrot  t ;  a  gay  .trifling  young 
man;  a  fop  or  coxcomb. 

Poplar,  pop'lar,  n.  [O.Fr.  poplier,  Mod.Fr. 
peuplier,  from  L.  pOpulus,  a  poplar.]  A 
common  name  of  sundry  well-known  trees, 
of  which  there  arc  numerous  species,  as 
the  white  poplar,  gray  poplar,  trembling 
poplar  or  aspen,  black  poplar,  &c. — Pop- 
lared,  pop'lard,  a.  Covered  with  or  con- 
taining poplars. 

Poplin,  pop'lin,  n.  [Fr.  popdine;  origin 
doubtful.]  A  stuff  made  of  silk  and  wor- 
sted, of  many  varieties,  watered,  figured, 
brocaded,  &c. 

Poppet,  pop'et,  n.  [In  first  sense  same"  as 
puppet;  comp.  Fr.  poupie,  a  head  of  a 
lathe.]  A  terra  of  endearment;  a  shore  to 
support  a  ship  in  launching;  one  of  the 
heads  of  a  lathe. 

Popple,  pop'l,  v.i.  [Dim.  and  freq.  of  pop.l 
To  move  quickly  up  and  down,  as  a  cork 
dropped  on  water. 

Poppy,  pop'i,  n.  [A.  Sax.  papig,  popig,  from 
L.  papaver,  a  poppy.]  A  gay  flowering 
plant  of  many  species,  from  one  of  which, 
the  white  poppy,  is  collected  opium. — 
Poppied,  pop'ia,  a.  Grown  over  with 
poppies;  mingled  with  poppies;  made 
drowsy  as  with  opium. —  Poppy -head, 
n.  A  carved  ornament  on  the  end  of  a 
pew,  desk,  Ac.  —  Poppy-oil,  n.  A  bland, 
drying  oil  obtained  from  the  seeds  of  the 
poppy,  used  in  painting. 

Populace,  pop'a-las,  n.  [Fr.  populace.  It. 
popolazzo,  from  L.  popuius,  the  people 
(whence  »«opZe);  probably  of  same- root  as 
folk.}'  The  common  people;  the  vulgar; 
the  multitude,  comprehending  all  persons 
not  distinguished  by  rank,  education, 
office,  or  profession:  usually  with  the 
definite  article.  —  Pojmlar,  pop'a-l6r,  a. 
[L.  popvXaris.]  Pertaining  to  the  com- 
mon people;  constituted  by  or  depending 
on  the  people;  suitable  to  common  people; 
easy  to«be  comprehended;  plain;  familiar; 
beloved  by  the  people;  pleasing  to  people 
in  general. — Popularity,  pop-u-lar'i-ti,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  popular,  or 
esteemed  by  the  people  at  large;  good-will 
or  favour  proceeding  from  the  people. — 
Popularization,  pop'u-ler-i-za"shon,TO.  The 
act  of  making  popular.— Popularize,  pop'- 
ti-l6r-iz,  v.t.  —  popularized,  popularizir</g. 
To  make  popular;  to  treat  in  a  popular 
manner,  or  so  as  to.be  generally  intelli- 

gible;  to  spread  among  the  people. — Popu- 
irly,  pop'Q-lir-li,  adv.  In  a  popular  man- 
ner; so  as  to  please  the  populace;  among 
the  people  at  large;  currently;  commonly. 
— Populamess.t  pop'u-lfer-nes,  n.  —  Popn- 
late,  pop'u-lat,  v.t.—populated,  populating. 
To  furnish  with  inhabitants ;  to  people.— 
Population,  pop-fi-la'shon,  n.  The  act  or 
process  of  populating  or  peopling;  the 
whole  number  of  people  in  a  country, 
town,  &c.;  populousness. — Populator,  pop'- 
a-la-ter,  n.  One  who  populates  or  peoples. 
— Populous,  pop'u-lus,  a.  [L.  popul'.>su8.] 
Full  of  inhabitants;  thickly  peopled. — 
Populously,  pop'u-lus-li,  adv.  With  many 
inhabitants  in  proportion  to  extent. — 
Populousness,  pop'u-lua-nes.'n.  The  state 
of  being  populous. 

Porbeagle,  por'be-gl, n.  [Lit.  hog-beagle— 
Ft.  pore,  a  hog,  and  E.  beagle,  the  latter 


term,  like  doc  and  %ownd, being  applied  io 
several  sharks;  comp.  jxyrpoise.}  A  species 
of  shark. 

Porcate,  Porcated,  porTsat,  porTtarted,  a. 
[L.  porca,  a  ridge.]  Ridged;  formed  in 
ridges. 

Porcelain,  por'sS-lan,  n.  [Fr.  porcelaine, 
from  It.  porceUana,  first  a  certain  shell, 
then  the  nacre  of  the  shell,  and  last  porce- 
lain, from  L.  porous,  a  hog,  from  some 
fancied  resemblanee  in  the  shell  to  a  hog. 
Pork.]  The  finest  species  of  pottery  ware, 
originally  manufactured  in  China  and 
Japan  J  formed  from  the  finest  clays  united 
with  siliceous  earths,  which  communjcate 
a  certain  degree  of  translucency  by  means 
of  their  vitrification. — a.  Belonging  to  or 
consisting  of  porcelain.  —  Porcelain-clay, 
n.  Kaolin. — Porcelainized,  por'sE-lan-izd, 
a.  Baked  like  potters'  clay;  geol.  hardened 
and  altered  to  resemble  in  texture  porce- 
lain.—  Porcellaneous,  por-sel-la'ne-us,  o. 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  porcelain. — 
Porcellaneous  shells  are  those  which  have 
a  compact  texture,  an  enamelled  surface, 
and  are  generally  beautifully  variegated. 
— PorceUanite,i)or'sel-lan-it,n.  A  siliceous 
mineral,  a  specious  of  jasper,  of  various 
coloiirs. 

Porch,  poroh,  to.  [Fr.  porche.  It.  portiet), 
from  1.  porticus.a.  porch,  from  porta,  a 
° gate,  entrance.  Port.)  .4 rc?i. anexterior 
appendage  to  a  building  forming  a  covered 
approach  or  vestibule  to  a  doorway;  a 
covered  walk  or  portico.  —  The  Porch,  a 
public  portico  in  Athens,  where  Zeno,  the 
philosopher,  taught  his  disciples;  hence, 
the  Porch  is  equivalent  to  the  school  of  the 
Stoics. 

Porcine,  por'sin,  a.  [L.  porcinus,  from  por- 
CK5,  a  hog.  Pork.]  Pertaining  to  swine; 
like  a  swine;  hog-like. 
Porcupine,  por'ku-pin,  n.  [O.Tr. porc-espin, 
lit.  spine-hog ;  from  L.  porcus,  a  pig,  and 
spina,  a  spine  or  thorn.  Pork,  Spine.]  A 
rodent  quadruped  covered  with  long  spines 
mixed  with  bristly  hairs,  which  the  ani- 
mal can  erect  at  pleasure^nd"  which  serve 
for  his  defence.— Porcupine-fish,  n.  A  fish 
covered  with  spines  or  prickles,  and  found 
in  the  tropical  seas.- Porcupine-wood,  n. 
The  wood  of  the  cocoa-nut  palin,  which 
when  cut  horizontally  has  markings  like 
those  of  porcupine  spines. 
Pore,  p6r,  n.  [Fr.  pore,  from  li.  ponm,  Gr. 
poros,  a  passage,  a  pore.  Port  (a  gate).]  A 
small  opening  in  a  solid  body,  especially 
one  of  the  minute  openings  on  the  surface 
of  organized  bodies  through  which  fluids 
and  minute  substances  are  excreted  or 
exhaled^ or  by  which  they  are  absorbed; 
one  of  the  small  interstices  between  the 
moleculesof  matter  v/hich^ompose  bodies. 
— Porous,  Pory,  po'rus,  po'ri,  a.  Having 
many  pores  or  minute  openings  or  in- 
terstices; having  the  molecules  separated 
by  intervals  or  pores.- Porously,  po'rus-li, 
adv.  In  a  porous  manner. — Foronaaess, 
Porosity,  po'rus-nes,  i)o-ros'i-ti,n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  porous  or  of 
having  pores. 
.Pore,  por,  v.i.—pored,  poring.  [O.E. poure; 
origin  uncertain;  possibly  same  as  pour.) 
To  look  with  steady  continued  attention 
or  application;  to  read  or  examine  any- 
thing with  steady  perseverance:  generally 
followed  by  on  {upon)  or  over.  — Porer, 
po'rfir,  n.  One  who  pores. 
Porgee,  por'je,  n.  A  coarse  kind  of  India 
silk. 

Porifera,  po-rif'6r-a,  n.  pi.  [L.  poms,  a  pore, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  An  order  of  the  ftoto- 
zoa,  including  the  marine  and  fresh-water 
sponges. 

Porifonn,  po'ri-form,  a.  [Tj.  porus,  a  pore, 
and  forma,  a  shape.]  Resembling  a  pore. 
Porism,  poi^izm,  n.  [Or.  ■porisihoa,  acqui- 
sition, from  porizO,  to  gain.]  Geom.  a  co-. 
rollary;  a  proposition  affirming  the  possi- 
bility of  finding  such  conditions  as  will 
render  a  certain  problem  indeterminate 
or  capable  of  innumerable  solutions. — 
Poristic,  Poristical,  po-iis'tik,  po-ris'ti- 
kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  porism. 
Porite,  po'rit,  n.  [L.  ponts,  a  pore.]  A  coral 
of  certain  species  having  the  surface  cov- 
ered with  minute  shallow  pores  or  cells. 
Pork,  pork,  n.    [Fr.  pore,  from  L.  porous. 


ich,  c^adn;  .  eh,  Sc.  loch;  ^  g,  go; »  j,  job; ._  n,  Fr.  ton;  ^  ng,  ang;  y.  ra,  then;  th,  thia;  ,  w,  trig;  _ wb,  whigi  ,  zh.  a«ure. 


POROSITY 


622 


POSE 


a  i-wine,  a  pig  (seen  also  in  porcupine,  por- 
poise, porbeagle).  Fabrow.J  The  flesh  of 
swine,  fresh  or  salted,  used  for  food.— 
Porker,  por'ker,  n.  A  hog;  a  pig;  espe- 
cially one  fed  for  pork.— Pork-butcher,  n. 
One  wuo  kills  pigs  or  who  deals  in  pork. 
— Pork-chop,  n.  A  slice  from  the  rib  of  a 
pig.  —  Pork-pie,  n.  A  pie  made  of  pastry 
and  minced  pork.  —  Fork-sausage,  n.  A 
sausage  made  of  minced  pork  with  various 
flavouring  ingredients. 

Porosity,  Porous,  &c.    Under  Pore. 

Porphyrogenitus,  por'fi-ru-jen"i-t<is,  n.  [L.' 
po;7p/^i/)■a,purple,andg^eni<MS,begot,bom.J 
A  fitlo  given,  especially  by  the  Romans 
of  the  Eastern  Empire,  to  such  of  the 
sovereign's  sons  as  were  Dom  after  his  ac- 
cession to  the  throne. 

Porphyry,  por'fl-ri,  n.  [Tr.  porphyre,  Pr. 
jDor/iri,  from  Qt.  porphyrites,  lit.  a  purple- 
coloured  rock,  from  porphyra,  purple. 
■PuKPLE.]  Originally,  the  name  given  to 
a  very  hard  Kgyptian  stone  containing 
crystals  of  rose-coloured  felspar,  partaking 
of  the  nature  of  granite<  susceptible  of  a 
fine  polish,  and,  consequently  much  used 
for  sculpture;  also  applied  generally  to  any 
unstratified  or  igneous  rock  in  which  de- 
tached crystals  of  felspar  or  some  other 
mineral  are  diffused  thrpugh  a  compact 
base.  —  Porphyritic,  PorphyriticaJ,  Por- 
phyraceous,  por-fi-rit'ik,  por-fi-rit'i-kal, 
por-ti-ra'shus,  a.  Coinposed  of,  resembling, 
or  containing  porphyry. — Porphyrization, 
por'li-ri-za"shou,  n.  The  act  of  porphy- 
rizing.  —  Porphsrrize,  por'fi-riz,  v.t.—por- 
phynzed,  purphyrizing.  To  cause  to  re- 
semble porphyry. 

Porpoise,  por'pois,  n.  fO.E.  porcpisce,  por- 
pesse,  ic,  lit.  swine-fish,  from  L.  porcua, 
a  swine,  and  piscis,  a  fish.  Pork..]  A  ce- 
taceous mammal,  rarely  exceeding  5  feet 
in  length,  frequenting,  the  Northern  Seas, 
and  frequently  seen  off  the  shores  pursu- 
ing shoals  of  herring,  mackerel,  <fcc.  Some- 
times written  Porpus. 

Porraceous,  por-a'shus,  a.  [L.  porrwn,  a 
leek.l   Of  a  leek-green  colour. 

Porridge,  por'ij,  n.  [Perhaps  from  L.  por- 
rum,  porrus,  a  leek,  and  meaning  origi- 
nally leek  soup  or  broth;  ora  corruption  of 
pottage.]  A  kind  of  food  made  by  slowly 
stirring  oatmeal,  or  other  similar  sub- 
stance, amongst  water  or  milk  while  boil- 
ing till  a  thickened  mass  is  formed.— 
Porringer,  por'in-jfer,  n.  [From  porridge. 
The  n  has  intruded  as  in  messenger.]  A 
porridge-dish;  a  small  earthenware  or  tin 
vessel  out  of  which  children  eat  their 
food. 

Porrigo,  po-ri'go,  n.  [L.]  Scald-head;  scurf 
or  soall  iu  the  head. 

Port,  port,  n.  [A.  Sax.  port,  a  port,  haven, 
harbour,  from  L.  port-us,  a  haven;  akintto 
porta,  a  gate;  same  root  as  fare.  It  en- 
ters into  many  place-names,  as  Porfland, 
Portemouth,  Bridport.]  A  natural  or  ar- 
tificial harbour;  a  haven;  any  bay,  cove, 
inlet,  or  recess  of  the  sea,  or  of  a  lake,  or 
the  mouth  of  a  river,  which  vessels  can 
enter,  and  where  they  can  lie  safe  from 
injury  by  storms.— Port-bar,  n.  A  boom 
moored  transversely  across  a  port  to  pre- 
vent entrance  or  egress;  an  accumulated 
bank  of  sand,  &c.,  at  the  mouth  of  a  port 
oi'  harbour.  — Port-charges,  Port-dues,  n. 
pi.  Charges  or  dues  to  which  a  ship  or  its 
cargo  is  sub.iected  in  a  port  or  harbour. — 
Portreeve,  Pcrtgrave,  port'rev,  port'grav, 
n.  The  chief  magistrate  of  a  port  or  mari- 
time town. — Port-town,  n.  A  town  having 
or  situated  near  a  port. 

fort,  port,  n.  [Fr.  porte,  L.  porta,  a  gate, 
from  same  root  as  Gr.  poros,  a  passage, 
and  E.  to  fare.  Poe  above.]  A  ^ate;  an 
entrance;  a  passa§e-way  in  the  side  of  a 
ship;  an  opening  in  the  side  of  a  ship  of 
war,through  which  cannon  are  discharged: 
called  also  a  port-hole;  an  aperture  for  the 
passage  of  steam  or  a  fluid. — Portal,  por'- 
tal,  n.  [O.Fr.  portal,  L.L.  portate,  from  L. 
porta.,  a  gate.]  A  door  or  gate :  a  poetical 
or  dignified  term ;  arch,  the  lesser  gate 
when  there  are  two  of  different  dimen- 
sions at  the  entrance  of  a  building;  a  kind 
of  arch  over  a  door  or  gate,  or  the  frame- 
work of  the  gate.— a.  Anat.  belonging  to 
a  vein  forming  a  sort  of  entrance  (j)o."i)  to 


the  liver.  —  Portal  circulation,  a  sijecial 
circulation  of  venous  blood  from  the  in- 
testines, &c.,  through  the  liver.  —  Porter, 
por'ter,  n.  [Fr.  portier.]  One  who  has 
charge  of  a  door  or  gate ;  a  doorkeeper;  a 
waiter  in  a  hall.  —  Porteress,  Portress, 

•  por't6r-es,  por'tres,  n.  A  female  porter. — 
Port-hole,  n.    The  port  of  a  ship. 

Port,  port,  v.i.  [Fr.  porter,  from  L.  porto, 
to  carry  (seen  in  export,  import,  repoH, 
trarisport,  sport,  &c.);  same  root  as  partus, 
a  harbour,  a  port.]  To  carry  in  military 
fashion;  to  carry  a  weapon,  such  as  a  rifle, 
in  a  slanting  direction,  upwards  towards 
the  left,  and  across  the  body  in  front,  as 
in  the  military  command  '  to  port  arms.' 
— n.  [Fr.  port,  carriage,  demeanour,  from 
porter,  L.  porto,  to  carry.]  Carriage;  air; 
mien;  manner  of  movement  or  walk;  de- 
meanour; external  appearance  (the  port 
of  a  gentleman).  —  Portability,  Portable- 
nes8,  por-ta-bil'i-ti,  por'ta-bl-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  portable.— Portable,  por'ta- 
bl,  a.  [L,  portabilis.]  Capable  of  being 
carried  by^the  hand  or  about  the  person; 
capable  of  being  carried  or  transported 
from  place  to  place;  easily  carried;  not 
bulky  or  heavy  .-7-Portage,  por'taj,  n.  The 
act  of  Carrying;  the  price  of  carriage^  a 
break  in  a  chain  of  water  communication 
over  which  goods,  boats,  &c.,  have  to  be 
carried,  as  from  one  lake,  river,  or  canal  to 

'  another,  or  along  the  banks  of  rivers 
round  waterfalls,  rapids,  &c.— Porter,  por"- 
t6r,  n.  [Fr.  porteur,  from  porter,  to  carry.] 
A  carrier;  a  person  who  carries  or  conveys 
burdens,  parcels,  or  messages  for  hire ;  a 
dark-coloured  mtdt  liquor  made  wholly  or 
partially  with  high-dried  malt:  so  called 
from  its  having  been  originally  the  favour- 
ite beverage  of  po'ters.- Porterage,  por'- 
tfer-aj,  n.  Money  charged  or  paid  for  the 
carriage  of  burdens  or  parcels  by  a  porter. 

Port,  port,  n.    [Etym.  uncertain.)    Naut. 

■  the  larboard  or  left  side  of  a  ship.— ii.i. 
and  i.  Naut.  to  turn  or  put  to  the  left  or 
larboard  side  of  a  ship:  said  of  the  helm. 

Port,  Port-wine,  port,  n.  [From  Opoi-to, 
whence -it  is  shipped;  Oporto  means  the 
port.]    A  kind  of  wine  made  in  Portugal. 

Portage.    Under  Port  (to  carry). 

PortaL,    Under  Port  (gate). 

Portamento,  por-ta-men'to,  n.  [It.]  Mus. 
the  gliding  from  one  note  to  another  with- 
out a  breaik. 

Port-crayon,  n.  [From  port,  to  carry.]  A 
holder  for  chalks  or  crayons;  a  pencil- 
case. 

Portcullis,  port-kul'is,  n.  [Fr.  porte,  a  gate, 
and  coulisse,  groove,  from  couler,  to  slip 
or  slide.]  Fort,  a  strong  grating  of  timber 
or  iron,  resembling  a  narrow,  made  to 
slide  in  vertical  grooves  in  the  jambs  of 
the  entrance-gate  of  a  fortified  place,  to 
protect  the  gate  in  case  of  assault. 

Porte,  port,  n.  [The  chief  office  of  the 
Ottoman  Empire  is  styled  Babi  AH,  lit. 
the  High  Gate,  from  the  gate  (bah)  of  the 
palace  at  which  justice  was  administered; 
and  the  French  translation  of  this  term 
being  Sublime  Porte,  hence  the  use  of  this 
wont.)  The  Ottoman  court;  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Turkish  Empire. 

Porte -feuille,  pGrt-fu-y&,  n.  [Portfolio.] 
A  portfolio ;  a  pocket-book. — Porte-mon- 
naie,  port-mon-na,  n.  [Fr.,  -from  porter, 
to  carry,  and  monnaie,  money.)  A  small 
pocket-Dook  for  carrying  money;  a  kind 
of  purse. 

Portend,  por-tend',  v.t.  [L.  portendo,  to 
stretch  forth,  point  out,  portend— po»%  pro, 
forth  or  forward,  and  tendo,  to  stretch. 
Tend.]  To  foreshow  ominousl.y;  to  fore- 
token; to  indicate  something  future  by 
previous  signs.— Portent,  por'tent  or  por- 
tent', n.  [L.  porteiitmn.]  That  which  por- 
tends or  foretokens;  especially,  an  omen 
of  ill,— Portentous,  por-ten'tus,  a.  Of  the 
nature  of  a  portent;  ominous;  foreshowing 
ill;  monstrous;  prodigious;  \vbnderfui. — 
Portentoxisly,  por-ten'tus-li,  adv.  In  a 
portentous  manner. — Portentouisness,  por- 
ten'tus-nes,  n. 

Porter.  Under  Port,  a  gate,  and  Pout,  to 
carry. 

Port-fire,  n.  [Port,  to  carry.]  A  strong 
paper  or  cloth  case,  firmly  packed  with  a 
composition  6t  nitre,  sulphur,  and  mealed 


l)owder,  used  as  a  match  for  firing  mines, 
&c. 

Portfolio,  port-fo'li-o,  n.  [In  imitation  of 
Fr.  porte-feuille,  a  portfolio,  the  office  of  a 
minister— piirJer,  to  carry  (L.  porture),  a.nd 
feuille,  a  leaf,  L.  folium.]  A  portable  case 
of  the  form  of  a  large  book,  for  holding 
loose  drawings,  prints,  papers,  Ac;  the 
office  and  functions  of  a  minister  of  state. 

Portico,  por'ti-ko,  n.  pi.  Porticoes,  pOr'ti- 
koz.  Lit.  and  Sp.  portico,  from  L.  porttcjis. 
Pouch.]  Arch,  a  kind  of  porch  before  the 
entrance  of  a  building  fronted  with  col- 
umns.—Porticoed,  pOr'ti-kod,  a.  Having 
a  portico  or  porticoes. 

P<^ion,  piir'shon,  n.  [L.  portio,  portionis, 
a  portion;  akin  to  pars,  partis^  a  part. 
Part.)  A  part  of  anything  separated  from 
it;  that  which  is  divided  off,  as  a  part 
from  a  whole;  a  part,  though  not  actually 
divided,  but  considered  by  itself ;  a  part 
assigned;  an  allotment;  fate;  final  state 
(N.T.).  —  v.t.  To  divide  or  distribute  into 
portions  or  shares;  to  parcel  out;  to  allot 
in  shares;  to  endow  with  a  portion  or  an 
inheritance.  —  Portioner,  jpor'shon-6r,  n. 
One  who  divides  or  assigns  in  shares;  Scots 
law,  the  proprietor  of  a  small  feu  or  por- 
tion of  land;  the  sub-tenauit  of  a  feu;  an 
under-feuar.— Portionless,  por'shou-les,  a. 
Having  no  portion. 

Portland,  port'land,^a.  Belonging  to  the 
Isle  of  Portland,  in  Dorsetshire.— i'oj-J- 
lound  bedi,  geol.  a  division  of  the  upper 
oolites,  consisting  of  beds  of  hard  oolitic 
limestone  and  freestone  interstratified 
with  clays  and  resting  on  light-coloured 
sands  which  contain  fossils.  —  Portland 
cement,  a  cement  made  from  common 
limestone,  mixed  with  great  care,  in  defi- 
nite proportions,with  the  muddy  deposits 
of  rivers  running  over  clay  and  chalk. — 
Portland  stone,  a  compact  sandstone  from 
the  Isle  of  Portland,  m  Dorsetshire. 

Portly,  port'U,  a.  [From  port,  carriage, 
mien,  demeanour.]  Grand  or  dignified  in 
mien;  stately;  of  a  noble  appearance  and 
carriage;  rather  tall,  and  inclining  to 
stoutness.— PortUness,  port'li-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  portly. 

Portmanteau,  port-man'to,  n.  [Fr.  porte- 
manteau,  from  porter,  to  carry,  and  man- 
teau,  a  cloak  or  mantle.)  A  case  or  trunk, 
usually  made  of  leather,  for  carrjdng  ap- 
parel, &c.,  on  journeys;  a  leather  case  at- 
tached to  a  saddle  behind  the  rider. 

Portrait,  por'trat,  n.  [Fr.  portrait,  pp.  of 
portraire,  to  portray.  Portray.]  A  painted 
picture  or  representation  of  a  person,  and 
especially  of  a  face  drawn  from  the  life: 
also  used  generally  for  engravings,  photo- 
graphs, crayon  drawings,  «c.,  of  this  char- 
acter; a  virid  description  or  delineation 
in  Words.— Portrait-painter,  n.  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  paint  portraits.  —  Por- 
traiture"* por'tra-tur,  n.  [Fr.]  A  portrait; 
the  art  or  practice  of  drawing  portraits, 
or  of  vividly  describing  in  words. 

Portray,  por-tra',  v.t.  [Fr.  portraire,  to 
portray,  to  depict,  from  L.  poriraho,  to 
draw  forth— L.  por,  pro,  forward,  and  ti-a- 
here,  to  draw,  whence  traction,  abstract, 
&c.) .  To  paint  or  draw  the  likeness  of ;  to 
depict;  to  describe  in  words.— Portrayal, 
por-tra'al,  n.  The  act  of  portraying ;  de- 
lineation ;  representation.  —  Portrayer, 
por-tra'6r,  n.    One  who  portrays. 

Portreeve,  port'rev,  n.  [Port  and  reeve.] 
The  chief  magistrate  of  a  port  or  mari- 
time town. 

Portuguese,  por'ta-gez,  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Portugal.— ,/^orfM9««se  man-of-toar, 
a  species  of  Physalia.— n.  The  language  of 
Portugal;  the  people  of  Portugal. 

Pory.    Under  Pore. 

Pose,  poz,  v.t.— posed,  posing.  [Fr.  poser,  to 
l^lace,  to  put  a  question,  from  L.  pauso,  to 
halt,  to  stop,  from  pausa,  a  pause;  but 
the  meaning,  as  well  as  that  of  the  com- 
pounds, has  been  influenced  by  pono,  po- 
situm,  to  put,  place,  set,  which  gi^■es  poai- 
tion,  &c.  This  word  is  seen  in  com/jose, 
depose,  dispose,  repose,  &c.  Pause.)  To 
embarrass  by  a  difficult  question;  to  cause 
to  be  at  a  loss;  to  puzzle.— Poser,  pn'z^r,  n. 
One  that  poses  or  puzzles  by  asking  diffi- 
cult questions;  something  that  puzzles,  as 
a  difficult  question. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  Wr;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tabe,_tub,  b\iU;     oU,  poiuid;  ^tl,  Sc.  abime— the  Fr. «. 


POSE 


'623 


POSTHUMOUS 


Pose,  i)6z,  n.  [Fr.  pose,  an  attitude,  from 
I/,  pausa.  See  above.]  Attitude  or  posi- 
tion taken  naturally,  or  assumed  for  effect; 
an  artistic  posture  or  attitude.  —  v.i. — 
posed,  posing.  [Fr.  poser.]  To  attitudinize; 
to  assume  characteristic  stirs.  —  v.t.  To 
cause  to  assume  a  certain  posture;  to  place 
so  as  to  have  a  striking  effect. 

Posit,  poz'it,  v.t.  [L.  pono,  positum,  to 
place.  Position.]  To  lay  doWn  as  a  posi- 
tion or  principle;  to  present  to  the  con- 
sciousness as  an  absolute  fact. 

Position,  po-zish'on,  n.  [Fr.  position,  L. 
posilio,  from  poiw,  positum,  to  place,  set, 
which  appears  as  -pound  in  compoMnd,&c., 
as  -pone  in  postpone,  and  is  seen  also  in 
deposit,  opposite,  positive,  post,  posture, 
&c.]  State  of  being  placed;  situation: 
generally  with  reference  to  other  objects, 
or  to  different  parts  of  the  same  object; 
relation  with  regard  to  other  persons, 
or  to  some  subject;  manner  of  standing  or 
being  placed;  attitude;  that  on  which  one 
takes  one's  stand;  hence,  i)rinciple  laid 
down;  predication;  affirmation;  place  or 
standing  in  society;  social  rank;  state; 
condition  of  affairs;  arith.  a  mode  of  sol- 
ving a  question  by  one  or  two  suppositions! 

Positive,  poz'i-tiv,a.  [Fr.  positif;  L.L.  posi- 
tivus,  from  L.  pono,  positum.  Position.] 
Definitely  laid  down  or  expressed;  direct; 
explicit:  opposed  to  implied;  not  admit- 
ting any  condition  or  discretion;  express; 
absolute;  real;  existing  in  fact:  not  neg- 
ative; direct  (positive  proof) ;  confident; 
fully  assured;  dogmatic;  over-confident 
in  opinion  or  assertion;  demonstrable; 
distinctly  ascertained-  or  ascertainable; 
photog.  having  the  lights  and  shades  ren- 
dered as  they  are  in  nature:  opposed  to 
negative.  —  Positive  degree,  gram,  is  the . 
form  of  an  adjective  which  denotes  simple 
or  absolute  quality,  without  comi)arison 
or  relation  to  increase  or  diminution,  as 
wise,  noble.— Postiwe  electricity,  electri- 
city produced  .by  rubbing  glass;  vitreous 
electricity;  as  distinguished  from  negative 
or  resinous  electricity;  also  the  electricity 
which  a  body  contains  above  its  natural 
quantity.  —  Positive  philosophy,  a  philos- 
ophical system  founded  by  Auguste  Comte 
(1798-1857),  which  limits  itself  strictly  to 
human  experience,  denies  all  metaphysics 
and  all  search  for  first  or  for  final  causes. — 
Positive  pole  of  a  voltaic  pile  or  battery. 
Under  Pole. — Positive  quantity,  in  alg.  an 
affirmative  or  additive  quantity,  which 
character  is  indicated  by  the  sign  +  (plus) 
prefixed  to  the  quantity,  called  in  conse- 
quence the  positive  sign.  —  n.  Gram,  the 
positive  degree;  photog.  a  picture  in  which 
the  lights  and  shades  are  rendered  as  they 
are  in  nature :  opposed  to  nefraiiye.— Posi- 
tively, poz'i-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  positive 
manner;absolutely;  really;  not  negatively; 
expressly;  with  full  conviction. — rosltive- 
ness.  poz'i-tiv-ues,  n.  The  state  of  being 
positive. — Positivism,  poz'i-tiv-izm,n.  The 
positive  philosophy.— Ilositivitt,  poz'i-tiv- 
ist,  n.  One  who  maintains  the  doctrines 
of  positive  philosophy. 

Posology,  po-sol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  -posos,  how 
much,  and  logos,  discourse.]  The  doctrine 
of  proportions;  the  science  of  quantity. — 
Posologic,  Fosolo^cal,  pos-o-loj'ik,  poso- 
loj'i-kal,  a._  Pertaicing  to  posology. 

Posse,  pos'se.  [L.,  to  be  able.]  A  number 
of  people;  a  small  body  of  men. — Posse 
comitatus,  lit.  the  power  of  a  countyj  law, 
the  body  of  men  which  the  sheriff  is  em- 
powered to  raise  in  case  of  riot,  &c. 

Possess,  poz-zes',  v.t.  [L.  possideo,  posses- 
sum,  to  occupy,  to  possess— pos  for  por, 
before,  near,  and  sedeo,  to  sit  (as  in  reside, 
preside,  &c.).]  To  occupy  in  person;  to  have 
and  hold;  to  have  as  a  piece  of  property  or 
as  a  personal  belonging;  to  be  owner  of; 
to  own;  to  affect  strongly  (fear  possessed 
them);  to  pers'ade;  to  fill  or  take  up 
entirely ;  to  have  full  power  or  mastery 
oyer;  as,  an  evil  spirit,  evil  influence, 
violent  passion,  &c.  {possessed  with  a 
fury);  to  put  in  possession;  to  make 
master  or  owner:  with  o/before  the  thing, 
and  now  generally  in  the  passive  or  with 
reflexive  pronouns  (to  be  possessed  of  a 
large  fortune;  to  possess  one's  self  of  an- 
other's property);  to  furnish  or  fill;  to 


imbue  or  instil  into:  with  with  before  tho 
thing.— Possession,  poz-zesh'on,  n.  The 
having  or  holding  of  property;  the  state 
of  owning  or  having  in  one  s  hands  or 
power;  the  thing  possessed;  land,  estate, 
or  goods  owned;  the  state  of  being  mas- 
tered by  some  evil  spirit  or  influence.— To 
take  possession,  to  enter  on  the  possession 
of  property;  to  assume  ownership. — To  give 
possession,  to  put  in  another's  power  or 
occupancy.  —  Posses.sionary,  poz-zesh'on- 
a-ri,  a.  Relating  to  or  implying  possession. 
— Possessive,  poz-zes'iv,a.  LL.  possessivus.] 
Pertaining  to  possession;  expressing  pos- 
session.—-Possessive  case,  the  genitive  c«ise, 
or  case  of  nouns  and  pronouns  which  ex- 
presses pos3ession,ownership(  JbAji's  book), 
or  some  relation  of  one  thing  to  another 
(Homer's  admirers). — Possessive  pronoun, 
a  pronoun  denoting  possession  or  property, 
as  my,  thy,  &c. — n.  A  pronoun  or  other 
word  denoting  possession. — Possessively, 
poz-zes'iv-li,  adv.  In  a  manner  denoting 
possession. — Possessor,  poz-zes'6r,  n.  One 
who  possesses.— Possessory,  poz-zes'o-ri,  a. 
Pertaining  to  possession. 

Posset,  pos'et,  n.  [Comp.  W.  posel,  curdled 
milk,  a  posset,  from  posiaw,  to  gather.]  A 
drink  composed  of  hot  milk  curdled  by 
some  infusion,  as  wine  or  other  liquor.— 
v.t.  To  curdle;  to  coagulate.    [Shak.] 

Possible,  pos'i-bl,  a.  [L.  piossibilis,  from 
posse,  to  be  able,  from  potis,  able,  and  esse, 
to  be;  akin  power.]  That  may  be  or  exist; 
that  may  be  now,  or  may  happen  or  come 
to  pass ;  that  may  be  done ;  not  contrary 
to  the  nature  of  things;  capable  of  coming 
to  pass,  but  improbable.— Possibly,  pos'i- 
bli,  adv.  In  a  possible  manner;  perhaps; 
perchance.  —  Possibility,  pos-i-bil'i-ti,  n. 
The  state  or  condition  of  being  possible;  a 
chance  of  happening;  a  thing  possible;  that 
which  may  take  place  or  come  into  being. 

Post,  post,  n.  [A.  Sax.  post,  from  L.  postis, 
post,  a  door-post,  from  pono,  positum,  to 
place,  set.  Position.]  A  piece  of  timber, 
metal,  or  other  solid  substance  set  upright, 
and  often  intended  to  support  something 
else. 

Post,  post,  n.  [From  Fr.  poste  (masc),  a 
military  post  or  station,  an  office ,  and  poste 
(fern.),  a  letter-carrier,  a  post-house,  a  post- 
office,  Ac,  both  from  L.L.  posta,  torposita, 
from  L.  positum,  placed.  Post,  above.] 
The  place  at  which  some  person  or  thing 
is  stationed  or  ^xed;  a  station  or  position 
occupied,  especially  a  military  station;  the 
place  where  a  single  soldier  or  a  body  of 
troops  is  stationed;  an  oflice  or  employ- 
ment; an  appointment;  a  berth;  a  mes- 
senger or  a  carrier  of  letters  and  papers; 
one  that  goes  at  stated  times  to  convey  the 
mail  or  despatch^;  a  postman;  an  estab- 
lished system  for  the  public  conveyance  of 
letters;  the  mail;  a  post-oflice;  a  size  of 
writing  and  printing  paper,  measuring 
about  18i  inches  by  15^. — To  ride  post, 
to  be  employed  to  carry  despatches  and 

Eapers;  and  as  such  carriers  rode  in  haste, 
ence  the  phrase  signifies  to  ride  in  haste, 
to  pass  with  expedition.  Post  is  thus  used 
adverbially  ifor  swiftly,  expeditiously,  or 
expressly  (to  travel  post). — v.i.  [Fr.  poster, 

-to  post.]  To  travel  with  post-horses;  to 
travel  with  speed;  to  rise  and  sink  on  the 
saddle  in  accordance  with  the  motion  of 
the  horse,  especially  when  trotting. — v.t. 
To  fix  up  in  a  public  place,  as  a  notice  or 
advertisement;  to  expose  to  public  re- 
proach; to  expose  to  opprobrium  by  some 
public  action;  to  place;  to  station  (to  post 
troops  on  a  hill) ;  book-keeping,  to  carry 
(accounts  or  items)  from  the  journal  to  the 
ledger;  to  make  the  requisite  entries  in, 
for  showing  a  true  state  of  affaii-s;  to  place 
in  the  post-office ;  to  transmit  by  post  (to 
post  letters). — To  post  up,  in  booic-keeping,to 

.  make  the  requisite  entries  in  up  to  date; 
hence,  to  make  one  master  of  all  the  de- 
tails of  a  subject.— Postage,  pos'taj ,  n.  The 
charge  levied  on  letters  or  other  articles 
conveyed  by  post.— Postage-stamp,  n.  An 
adhesive  stamp  of  various  values  issued 
by  the  post-office  department  for  affixing  to 
letters,  packets,  &c.,  as  payment  of  cost  of 
transmission. — Postal,  pos'tal,  a.  Relating 
to  a  post-office  or  the  carrying  of  mails. — 
Postboy,  post'boi,  n.  A  boy  that  carries  let- 


ters; a  boy  or  man  that  dri  ves  a  post-chaise. 
— Ppst-captain,  n.  Formerly  the  captain 
of  a  ship-of-war  of  three  years'  standing. 
—Post-card,  n.  A  card  impressed  with  a 
halfpenny  (or  other)  stamp  issued  by  the 
postal  authorities  as  a  means  of  corres- 
pondence.—Post-chaise,  n.  •  A  chaise  for 
conveying  travellers  from  one  station  to 
another,  and  let  for  hire;— Poster,  pds'ter, 
n.  One  who  posts;  a  courier;  a  post-horse; 
a  large  printed  bill  or  placard  posted  for 
advertising.  —  Poste  -  restante,  post-res- 
taiit,  n.  [Fr.]  A  department  in  a,  post- 
office  where  letters  so  addressed  are  kept 
till  the  owners  call  for  them.— Post-free,  a. 
Franked;  paying  no  postage.— Post-haste, 
n.  Haste  or  speed  in  travelling,  like  that 
of  a  post  or  courier.'— adv.  With  speed  or 
expedition.— Post-horn,  n.  A  horn  blown 
by  drivers  or  guards  of  mail-coaches,  &c. 

■  —Post-horse,  n.  A  horse  for  conveying 
travellers  rapidly  from  one  station  to 
another,  and  let  for  hire.  —  Post-house, 

.  Posting-house,  n.  A  house  where  relays 
of  post-horses  are  kept  for  the  convenience 
of  ^  travellers. — Postman,  post'man,  n.  ,A 
post  or  courier ;  a  letter-carrier.  —  Post- 
mark, posfmiirk,  n.  The  mark  or  stamp 
of  a  post-office  on  a  letter. — Postmaster, 

gost'mas-ter,  n.  One  who  provides  post- 
orses;  the  officer  Who  has  the  superinten- 
dence and  'direction  of  a  post-office.— Post- 
master firenera^,  the  chief  executive  head 
of  a  postal  system.— Post-office,  n.  An 
office  or  house  where  letters  are  received 
for  transmission  to  various  parts,  and  f roqi 
which  letters  are  delivered  that  have  been 
received  from  places  at  home  and  abtoad: 
a  department  of  the  government  charged 
■Wfith  the  conveyance  of  letters,  .tc.,  by 
post. — General  post-office.  Under  Geneual. 
—  Post-office  order.  Money  order,  under 
Money.- Post-paid.a.  Having  the  postage 
prepaid.— Post-road,  Post-route,  n.  A  road 
along  which  the  mail  is  carried.  —  Post- 
town,  n.  A  town  in  which  a  post-office  is 
established. 

Postdate,  pOst'dat,  v.t.  —  postdated,  post- 
jdating.  [Prefix  post,  after,  and  dajte.]  To 
■^ffix  a  date  to  later  thaii  or  in  advance  of 
,the  real  time;  to  date  so  as  to  make  appear 
earlier  than  the  fact. 

Postdiluvial,  Postdiluvian,  post-di-lu'vi-al, 
post-di-lu'vi-an,  a.  [L.  post,  after,  and 
diluviuntr  the  deluge.]  Being  or  happen- 
ing posterior  to  the  flood  in  Noah's  days. — 
Postdiluvian,  n.  A  person  who  lived  or 
has  lived  since  the  flood. 

Posterior,  pos-te'ri-er,  a.  [L.  posterior, 
compar.  of  posterns,  from  post,  after.] 
Later  or  subsequent  in  time:  opposed  to 
vrior;  later  in  order;  coming  after;  situated 
behind;  hinder  (the  postei-ior  portion  of 
the  skull):  opposed  to  anterior.— -A  pos- 
teriori.'  A  priori. — Posteriority,  pos-te'- 
ri-or'Ji-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  la(;er  or 
subsequent.  —  Posteriorly,  pos-te'ri-er-li, 
adv.  Subsequently  in  time;  behind.  — 
Posteriors,  pos-tg'ri-6rz,  n.  pi.  The  hinder 
parts  of  an  animal's  body.— Posterity,  pos- 
tei-'i-ti,  n.  [L.  posteriias,  from  posterus, 
later.]  Descendants;,  the  race  that  pro- 
ceeds from  a  progenitor;  succeeding  gen- 
erations. 

Postern,  pos'tem,'M.  [O.Fr.  posteme,  from 
L.L.  postema,  posterula,  a  secret  means  of 
exit,  from  L.  posterus,  behind,  posterior, 
from  post,  behind.]  Primarilj',  a  back 
door  or  gate;  a  private  entrance;  hence, 
any  small  door  or  gate;  fori,  a  covered 
passage  leading  under  a  rampart  to  the 
ditch  in  front. 

Post-existence,  post-eg-zis'tens,  n.  Sub- 
sequentor  future  existence. — Post-exis- 
tent,! post-eg-zis'tent,  a.  Existent  or  liv- 
ing after.    . 

Post-fix,  post'fix,  n.  [Prefix  post,  after,  and 
fix.]  Gram,  an  affix  or  suffix. — v.t.  To  add 
or  annex  to  the  end  of  a  word. 

Post-glacial,  post-gla'shi-al,  a.  Oeol.  be- 
longing to  a  section  of  the  post-tertiary 
deposits.    Glacial. 

Fbsthumons,  pos'tu-mus,  a.  [IJ.  postumus, 
last,  superl.  of  posterus,  cqming  after,  from 
post,  behind.]  Born  after  the  death  of  the 
father;  published  after  the. death  of  tiie 
author  (posthumous  works) ;  being  or  con- 
tinuing after  one's  decease  (posthumous 


'^,  cAain;     ch,  fie.  loch;     e,  ffo;     j,/ob;     d,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sijij;     th,  <Aen;  th,  </iiii;     w,  wig;     Wli,  w/iig;     zh,  asurp. 


I'OSTILION 


624 


POTION 


iarae).— Posthumously,  pos'tQ-mus-li,  adv. 
After  one's  decease. 

Postilion,  Postillion,  p58-til'yon,  n.  [Fr. 
postilion,  from  paste,  a  post.]  The  rider 
on  the  near  leader  of  a  travelling  or  other 
carriage;  one  who  rides  the  near  horse 
■when  one  pair  only  is  used. 
Postliminium,  Postliminy  .post-U-min'i-um. 
post-lim'i-ni,  n.  [L.,  from  post,  after,  and 
tiTtien,  end,  limit.]  That  right  by  virtue  of 
which  persons  and  things  taken  by  an 
enemy  in  war  are  restored  to  their  former 
state  when  coming  again  under  the  power 
of  the  nation  to  which  they  belonged. — 
Postliminiary,  pOst-U-min'i-a-ri,  o.  Per- 
taining to  the  right  of  postliminium. 
Postmeridian,  p6st-me-rid'i-an,  a.  [L.  post- 
meridianas.  JIeridiah.]  Coming  after 
the  sun  has  passed  the  meridian;  being  or 
belonging  to  the  afternoon. — n.  The  after- 
noon. 

Post-mortem,  i>5st-mor'tem,  a.  [L.  post, 
after,  mors,  death.]  After  death. — Post- 
mortem  examination,  aa  examination  of  a 
body  made  after  death. 
Post-natal,  post-na'tal,  a'.  Subsequent  to 
birth. 

Post-nuptial,  post-nup'shal,  a.  Being  or 
happening  after  marriage. 
Post-obit,  post-ob'it,  n.  [L.  pust  obittnn, 
after  death.]  A  bond  given  for  the  pur- 
pose of  securing  to  a  lender  a  sum  of 
money  oil  the  death  of  some  specified  in- 
dividual from  whom  the  borrower  has  ex- 
pectations. 

Post-pleiocene,  Post-pliocene,  post-pli'6- 
sen,  n.  and  a.  Geol.  Pleistocene. 
Postpone,  post-pon',  vJ.— postponed,  j^st- 
poning.  [L.  postpone  —  post,  after,  and 
pono,  to  put.  Position.]  To  put  ofiF;  to 
defer  to  a  future  or  later  time.— Post- 
ponement, post-pon'ment,  n.  The  act  of 
postponing  or  deferring  to  a  future  time. 
— Postponer,po8t-p6'n6r,;i,  Que  who  post- 
pones. 

Post-position,  post-po-zish'on,  n.  The  act 
of  placing  sifter;  the  state  of  being  put 
behind;  gram,  a  word  or  particle  placed 
after  or  at  the  end  of  a  word.— Post-posi- 
tional, i»ost-po-zish'on-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  post-position. —Post-positive,  post- 
poz'i-tiv,  o.  Placed  after  something  else, 
as  a  word. 

Post-prandial,  p<5st-pran'di-al,  o.  [h.  post, 
after,  and  prandiwn,  a  dinner.]  Happen- 
ing after  dinner. 

Postscenium,  post-85'ni-um,  n.  [L.,  from 
post,  behind,  and  scena,  a  scene.]  Arch. 
the  back  part  of  a  theatre  behind  the 
scenes. 

Postscript,  posfskript,  ».  [L.  post,  after, 
and  scriptrim,  written.]  A  paragraph 
added  to  a  letter  after  it  is  concluded  and 
signed  by  the  writer ;  any  addition  made 
to  a  book  or  composition  after  it  had  been 
supposed  to  be  finished;  something  ai>- 
pended. 

Port-tertiary,  post-tSi'shi-a-ri,  a.  Geol. 
coming  after  the  tertiary;  a  term  applied 
to  the  various  superficial  deposits  in  which 
all  the  moUusca  are  of  still  living  species. 
Postulate,  pos'tu-lat,  n.  [L.  postulaium,  a 
demand,  from  postul6,to  demand,  from 
posco,  to  ask.]  A  position  or  supposition 
of  which  the  truth  is  demanded  br  as- 
sumed for  the  purpose  of  future  reasoning; 
a  necessary  assumption;  geom.  something 
of  the  nature  of  a  problem  assumed  or 
taken  for  granted ;  the  enunciation  of  a 
self  -  evident  problem.  —  v.t.  —  postulated, 
postulating.  To  beg  or  assume  without 
proof ;  to  regard  as  self-evident,  or  as  too 
obvious  to  require  further  proof. — ^Postu- 
lant, pos'ta-lant,  n.  One  who  demands  or 
requests ;  a  candidate.— Postulation,  pos- 
ta-l5.'sbon,  re.  The  act  of  postulating  or 
supposing  without  proof;  supplication;  in- 
tercession.—Portulatory,  pos'tu-la-to-ri,  a. 
Postulating;  assuming  or  assumed  without 
proof. 

Posture,  jKJs'tar,  n.  [Fr.  posture,  from  L. 
poaitura,  a  placing,  from  pona,  positum, 
to  place.  Position.]  The  disposition  of 
the  several  parts  of  the  body  with  respect 
to  each  other,  or  with  respect  to  a  parti- 
cular purpose;  attitude;  situation;  condi- 
tion; particular  state  with  regard  to  some- 
thing else  (the  posture  of  affairs).— u.t. — 


postured,  posturing.    To  place  in  a  parti- 
cular posture. — v.i.  To  dispose  the  body  in 
particular  postures ;  to  contort  the  body 
into  artificial  attitudes,  as  is  done  by  tum- 
blers or  acrobats.— Posture-maker,  n.  One 
who  makes  postures  or  contortions. — PoB- 
tnre-making,  n.    The  art  or  practice  of 
posturing,  or  of  making  contortions  of  the 
body,  as  an  acrobat.— Posture-master,  n. 
One  that  teaches  or  practises  artificial 
postures  of  the  body .— Posturer,  Posturist, 
pos'tflr-er,  pos'tur-ist,  n.    One  who  pos- 
tures; an  acrobat. — Postural,  pos'tu-ral,  a. 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  posture. 
Posy,  po'zi,  n.    [Corrupted  from  poesy,  be- 
ing originally  a  piece  of  poetry.]    A  poet- 
ical quotation  or  motto  attached  to  or 
inscribed  on  something,  as  on  a  ring;  a 
motto  or  verse  sent  with  a  nosegay;  hence, 
a  bunch  of  flowers;  sometimes  a  single 
flower,  as  for  a  button-hole. 
Pot,  pot,  n.    [A  widely  spread  word,  the 
origin  of  which  is  not  clear=Fr.  pot,  D. 
pot,  Dan.  potte,  Icel.  pottr,  W.  pot,  Ir. 
pota,  a  pot.]   A  hollow  vessel  more  deep 
than  broad,  used  for  various  domestic  and 
other  purposes  (an  iron  pot  for  boiling 
meat  or  vegetables;  an  earthen  pot  for 
plants,  called  a  flotoer-pot,  &c.);  a  mug; 
a  jug  containing  a  specified  quantity  of 
liquor;  the  quantity  contained  in  a  pot; 
definitely,  a  quart  {a:  pot  of  porter);  a  size 
of  paper,  12*  inches  by  15  incnes  the  sheet: 
paid  to  have'  had  originally  a  pot  as  water- 
mark, the  metal  or  earthenware  top  of  a 
chimney. — To  go  to  pot,  to  be  destroyed  or 
ruined;  to  come  to  an  ill  end;  the  pot  being 
here  probably  that  in  which  old  metal  is 
melted  down.   [Colloq.] — v.t. — potted,  pot- . 
ting.  To  put  into  pots;  to  preserve  seasoned 
in  pots  {potted  fowl  and  fish  I;  to  plant  or 
cover  in  pots  of  earth.— Pot-ale,  n.   The  re- 
fuse from  a  grain  distillery,  used  to  fatten 
swine.- Pot-bellied,  a.    Having  a  promi-. 
nent  belly.- Pot-belly,  n.    A  protuberant 
belly.— Potboy,  pot'boi,  n.    A  boy  or  man 
who  carries  pots  of  ale  or  beer  for  sale ;  a 
menial  in  a  public-house. — Pot-herb,  n.  A 
herb  for  the  pot  or  for  cookery;  a  culinary 
plant.  —  Pot-hole,  re.  'A  circular  cavity 
in  the  rocky  beds  of  rivers  formed  by 
stones  Toeing  whirled  round  by  the  action 
of  the  current.— Pot-hook,  n.    A  hook  on 
which  pots  and  kettles  are  hung  over  the 
fire;  a  letter  or  character  like  a  pot-hook, 
written  by  children  in  learning  to  write. 
— Pot-house,  n.  An  ale-house;  a  tavern. — 
Pot-hunter,  n.  A  sportsman  who  has  more 
regard  to  filling  his  bag  than  to  mere  sport.' 
— Pot-lid,n.  TheUdorcoverof apot.— Pot- 
.luck,  re.  What  may  chance  to  be  in  the  pot 
or  provided  for  a  meal.— iTo  take  pot-luck, 
is  for  an  unexpected  visitor  to  partake  of 
the  family  meal,  whatever  it  may  chance 
to  be.  [Colloq.]— Pot-metal,  n.  An  inferior 
kind  of  brass;  a  species  of  stained  glass,  the 
colours  of  which  are  incorporated  within 
the  glass  when  in  the  melting-pot  in  a 
state  of  fusion;  a  kind  of  cast-iron  suitable 
for  making  hollow-ware.- Pot-pourri,  po- 
IKi-re,  re.    rPr.  pot,  pot,  and  pourrir,  to 
putrefy,  to  DoU  very  much;  from  L.  ptUere, 
to  rot.]    A  digh  of  difiierent  kinds  of  meat 
and  vegetables  cooked  together;  hence,  a 
miscellaneous  collection;  a  medley.— Pot- 
sherd,  pot'shferd,   71.    [JPot,  and   sherd= 
shard,  shred,  a  fragment.]    A  piece  or 
fragment  of  an  earthenware  pot.— Pot- 
stone,  pot'ston,  n.    A  coarsely  granular' 
variety  of  steatite  or  soapstone,  sometimes 
manufactured  into  kitchen  vessels  (hence 
the  name).— Potter,  pot'er,  n.  [From  pot.] 
One  whose  occupation  is  to  make  eartnen- 
ware  vessels  or  crockery  of  any  kind;  one 
who  pots  viands.— Pciferg'  clay,  a  variety 
of  clay  of  a  reddish  or  gray  colour  which 
becomes  red  when  heated.— Potors'  wheel, 
an  apparatus  consisting  of  a  vertical  iron 
axis,  on  which  is  a  horizontal  disc  made 
to  revolve  by  treadles,  the  clay  being  placed 
on  the  disc— Potteiy,  pot'er-i,  n.     The 
ware  or  vessels  made  by  potters ;  earthen- 
ware glazed  and  baked ;  the  place  where 
earthen  vessels  are   mauiif actun^ ;   the 
business  of  a  potter.  —  Pot -valiant,  a. 
Courageous  over  drink ;  heated  to  valour 
by  strong  drink.— Pot-walloper,  Pot-wal- 
ler, pot-wollop-6r,  pot'wol-16r,  re.    [Pot, 


and  wallop,  to  boil;  akin  to  gallop.]  A 
parliamentary  votra:  in  some  Englisli 
boroughs  before  183a,  who  was  admitted 
to  vote  on  proof  that  he  had  boiled  a  pot 
within  the  borough  bounds  diiring  the  six 
months  preceding  the  election.  ,   , 

Potable,  po'ta-bl,  a.  [L.L.  poiabilis,  from 
L.  poto.  to  drink,  whence  potion,  poison.] 
Drinkable;  suitable  for  drinking ;  capable 
of  being  drunk. — n.  Something  that  may  be 
drunk.— Potableness,  po'ta-bl-nes,  re.  The 
quality  of  being  drinkable.- Potation,  po- 
ta'shon,  re.  The  act  of  drinking ;  a  drink- 
ing bout;  a  draught ;  a  drink.— Potatory, 
po'ta-to-ri,  a.    Relating  to  drinking. 

.  Potamography,  pot-a-mog'ra-fi,  re.  [Gr. 
potamos,  a  river,  and  graphs,  to  describe.] 
A  description  of  rivers.— Potamology,  pot- 
a-mol'o-ji,  n.  The  science  of  rivers. 
Potash,  pot'ash,  re.  [Pot,  and  ash^  from 
being  prepared  by  evaporating  the  lixivi- 
um of  wood-ashes  in  iron  pots.]  Alkali  in 
an  impure  state,  procured  from  the  ashes 
of  plants  by  lixiviation  and  evaporation, 
largely  employed  in  the  manufacture  of 
flint-glass  and  soap,  bleaching,  making 
alum,  kc— Potash  water,  an  aerated  bever- 
age consisting  of  carbonic  acid  water,  to 
which  is  added  bicarbonate  of  potash. 
Fotassa,  po-tas'sa,  n.  The  older  name  for 
Potash. 

Potassium,  po-tas'si-um,  n.  [A  latinized 
term  from  potash.]  The  metallic  basis  of 
potash,  a  soft  white  metal  resembling 
polished  silver  which  '  rapidly  oxidizes 
when  exposed  to  the  air. — Potassic, '  po- 
tas'ik,  a.  Relating  to  potassium;  contain- 
ing potassium. 
Potation.  Under  Potable. 
Potato,  po-ta'to,  re.  pi.  Potatoes,  po-ta'toz. 
[Sp.  patata,  batata;  said  to  be  a  Haytian 
word.]  Originally  the  plant  called  sweet- 
potato,  but  now  tiansferred  to  the  well- 
known  esculent  plant  whose  tubers  con- 
stitute such  cheap  and  nourishing  food;  a 
tuber  of  this  plant.— Potato  beetle,  potato 
bug.  Colorado  Beetle.— Potato  disease, 
potato  blight,  potato  murrain,  .&  disease 
caused  by  a  microscopic  fungus  which  af- 
fects potatoes. 

Poteen,  Potteen,  Potheen,  po-t6n',  n.  [From 
It.  poiaim,  to  drink.]  Whisky  illicitly 
distiUed  by  the  Irish  peas^itry;  whisky 
generally.    [Irish.] 

Potent,  po'tent,  a.  ■  [L.  potens,  powerful, 
pres.  part  of  posse,  to  be  able,  from  potis, 
able  (same  root  as  'Ei.  father,  L.  pater),  and 
esse,  to  be.  Poteret  is  seen  in  impotent,  onirei- 
potent.  Power.]  Powerful,  in  a  physical  or 
moral  sense ;  efficacious  j  having  great  au- 
thority, interest,  or  the  hke.— Potency,  Po- 
tentness,  po'ten-si,  po'tent-nes,  re.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  potent. — Poten- 
tate, po'ten-tat,  re.  [Fr.  potentat.]  A  per- 
son who  possesses  great  power  or  sway;  a 
prince;  a  sovereign;  an  emperor,  king,  or 
monarch. — Potential,  po-ten'shaljO.  [L.  po- 
tentia,  power.]  Being  in  possibility,  not 
in  actuality;  latent;  that  may  be  mani- 
fested.—Potentiat  m.ood,  that  form  of  the 
verb  which  is  used  to  express  the  power, 
possibility,  liberty,  or  necessity  of  an  ac- 
tion or  of  being  (I  may  go;  he  can  write). 
— re.  Anything  that  may  be  possible;  a 
possibility. — Potentiality,  po-ten  shi-al"- 
i-ti,  n.  State  of  being  potential ;  possibility, 
but  not  actuality;  inherent  power  or 
quality  not  actually  exhibited.— Poten- 
tially, po-ten'shal-li,  adv.  In  a  potential 
manner;  in  possibility,  not  in  act.— Poten- 
tiary,  po-ten'shi-a-ri,  re.  One  having  or 
assuming  power,  authority,  or  influence. 
— Potentiate,!  po-ten'shi-at,  v.t.  To  give 
power  to.— Potently,  po'tent-li,  adv.  In  a 
potent  manner;  powerfully. 

Potentilla,po-ten-til'la,».  [From  L.  peten*, 
powerful,  from  the  supposed  medical 
qualities  of  some  of  the  species.]  An  ex- 
tensive genus  of  herbaceous  perennials,  of 
which  one  species  is  used  in  Lapland  and 
the  Orkney  Islands  to  tan  and  dye  leather. 

Pother,  poTH'6r,  n.  [A  difierent  form  of 
bother  or  of  potter.]  Bustle;  confusion; 
tumult;  flutter.— w.t.  To  make  a  pother 
or  bustle;  to  make  a  stir. — v.t.  To  bother; 
to  puzzlej  to  teaze. 

Potion,  pO'shon,  n.  [L.  potto,  a  drinking, 
adraugnt,  from  poto,  to  drink.    Poison  is 


rate,  far,  fat,  fftll;     mS,  met,  hCr;     pins,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     ttibe,  tub,  bvill;     oil,  pound;     U,  So.  abtaio— the  Fr.  «. 


POTOROO 


525 


PRACTICABLE 


the  same  word.]    A  draught;  a  liimid 
medicine;  a  dose  to  be  drunk. 
Potoroo,  pot'o-ro,  n.    The  native  name  of 
the  bettong  or  kangaroo-rat. 
Pot-pourri,  Potsherd.    Under  Pot. 
Pott,  pot,  n.    A  size  of  paper.    Under  Pot. 
Pottage,  pot'aj,  n.    [Pr.  potage,  lit.  what 
one  puts  in  the  pot]    A  species  of  food 
made  of  tneat  boiled  to  softness  in  water, 
usually  with  some  vegetables;  also,  oat- 
meal or  other  porridge. 
Potteen,  n.    Poteen. 
Potter,  Pottery,  &c.    Under  Pot. 
Potter,  pot'6r,  v.i.    [Comp.  Sw.  pota,  T>. 
poteren,  peuteren,  to  poke  or  search  with 
the  finger  or  a  stick;  W.  pwtio,  to  poke  or 
thrust.    Pdt.]    To  busy  or  perplex  one's 
self  about  trifles;  to  work  with  little  energy 
or  effect;  to  triiie. 

Pottle,  pot'l,  ».  [Fr.  potel,  a  dim.  of  pot] 
Originally  a  liquid  measure  of  two  quarts; 
hence,  any  large  tankard;  a  .vessel  or 
small  basket  for  holding  fruit. 
Potto,  pot't5,  n.  The  kinkajou. 
Poach,  pouch,  n.  [A  softened  form  of  poke, 
a  bag,  a  pouch.]  A  small  bag;  a  pocket; 
a  bag  or  sac  belonging  to  or  forming  an 
appendage  of  certain"  animals,  as  that  'of 
a  marsupial  animal.— w.t.  To  put  into  a 
pouch  or  pocket.  —  Pouched,  poucht,  o. 
Having  a  pouch;  furnished  with  a  pouch 
for  carrying  the  young,  .as  the  marsupials. 
Potilp,.PoulpeLpOlp,  n.  [Pr.  poulpe,  from 
L.  polypus.  Polypus.]  An  eight-footed 
cuttle-fish;  an  octopus. 
Poult,  polt,  n.  [Pr.  poulet,  a  dim.  ~of  pottle, 
a  hen.  Pod'ltry.3  A  young  chicken,  par- 
tridge, grous^,  &c. 

Poultice,  pol'tis,  n.  TProm  L.  puis,  pvlfis, 
pottage,  gruel,  pap.]  A  soft  composition 
of  meal,  bread,  or  the  like  mollifying  sub- 
stance, to  be  applied  to  sores,  inflamed 
parts  of  the  body,  &c.;  a  cataplasm. — v.t. 
-poulticed,  pauUicing.  To  cover  with  a 
poultice;  to  apply  a  poultice  to. 
Poultry,  pcl'tri,  n.  [A  collective. from  poult, 
pullet,  from  Pr.  poiilet,  a  chicken,  Jrom 
poule,  a  hen,  L.  pullus,  a  young  animal,  a 
chicken;  akin  to  Gr.  pOlos,  E.  foal,']  Do- 
mestic fowls  which  are  reared  for  their 
flesh  as  an  article  of  food,  for  their  eggs, 
feathers,  <Stc.,  such  as  cocks  and  hens,  tur^ 
keys,  ducks,  and  .geese. — Poultry-yard,  n. 
A  yard  or  place  where  fowls  are  reared.— 
Poulterer,  pol'tfir-fer,  n.  One  who  makes 
it  his  business  to  sell  fowls  for  the  table. 
Pounce,  pouns,  n.  [Fr.  ponce.  It.  pomice; 
from  L.  pumex,  pumicis,  a  pumice-stone.] 
A  fine  powder)  such  as  pulverized  cuttle- 
fish bone,  used  to  prevent  ink  frdm  spread- 
ing on  paper,  but  now  almost  entirely 
supersedea  by  blotting-paper.  —  v.t  — 
pounced,  pouncing.  To  sprinkle  or  rub  with 
pounce.— Pounce-box,  Pouncet-hox,  n.  A 
small  box  with  a  perforated  lid,  uSed  for 
sprinkling  pounce  on  paper,  or-  to  hold 
perfume  for  smelling.  . 
Poimce,  pouns,  n.  [Ultimately  from  L. 
pungo,  ptinctum,  to  prick  or  pierce;  comp. 
Pr.  poinfon,  a  bodkin;  Sp.  pumar,  to  prick, 
to  pierce.  Pcnctube,  Punch,  Point.]  The 
claw  or  talon  of  a  bird  of  prey.— w.t. — 
pounced,  pouncing.  To  seize  or  strike  sud- 
denly with  the  claws  or  talons :  said  of 
birds  of  prey.— y.i.  To  fall  on  and  seize 
with  the  claws  or  talons;  to  dart  or  dash 
on:  with  on  or  upon. — Pounced,  pouust,  a. 
Furnished  with  claws  or  talons. 
Pound,  pound,  n.  [A.  Sax.  Dan.Sw.  leel. 
and  Goth,  pund;  G.  p/und;  from  L.  pondo, 
a  pound,  akin  to  L.  pondus,  a  weight. 
Ponderous,  Pendant.]  A  standard  weight 
consisting  of  12  ounces  troy,  or  16  ounces 
avoird  upois;  a  money  of  account  consisting 
of  20  shillings,  originally  equivalent  to  a 
pound  weight  of  silver.  The  pound  Scots 
was  only  equal  to  a  twelfth  or  the  pound 
sterling,  that  is  la.  8d. — Poundage,  poun'- 
daj,  n.  A  sum  deducted  from  a  pound,  or 
a  certain  sum  or  rate  per  pound;  payment 
rated  by  the  weight  of  a  commodity.— . 
Pounder,  poun'd6r,  n.  A  person  or  thing 
denominated  from  a  certain  number  of 
j)ound8:  often  applied  to  pieces  of  ord- 
nance along  with  a  number  to  express  the 
weight  of  the  shot  they  fire  (a  &irpounder, 
a  cannon  firing  balls  weighing  64  lbs.). 
Pound,  pound,  n.    [A.  Sax.  pund,  an  inclo- 


sure;  a  different  form  of  pond.]  An  in- 
cK>8ure  in  which  cattle  are  confined  when 
taken  in  trespassing,  or  going  at  large  in 
violation  of  law;  a  penfold  or  pinfold. — 
v.t  To  shut  Up  as  in  a  pound;  to  confine 
in  a  public  penfold;  to  impound. — Poun- 
dage, poun'daj,  n.  Confinement  of  cattle 
in  a  pouna;  a  mulct  levied  upon  the 
owners  of  cattle  impounded. 
Pound,  pound,  v.t  [A.  Sax.  punian,  to  beat, 
bray;  the  d  has  become  attached,  as  in 
sound,  compound.  Hence  pun.]  To  beat; 
to  strike  repeatedly  wlith  some  heavy  in- 
strument; to  comminute  and  pulverize  by 
beating;  to  bruise  pr  break  into  fine  parts 
by  a  heavy  instrument.— Pounder,  poun'- 
der,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  pounds. 
PoTir,  por,  v.t  [Perhaps  from  W.  bwrw,  to 
cast,  to  shed,  as  in  bwrw  dagrau,  to  shed 
tears;  bwrw  gwlaw^  to  rain.]  To  cause  to 
flow,  as  a  liquid,  either  out  of  a  vessel  or 
into  it;  to  send  forth  in  a  stream  or  con- 
tinued succession;  to  emit;  to  give  vent 
to,  as  under  the  influence  of  strong  feel- 
ing; to  throw  in  profusion. — v.i.  To  flow; 
to  issue  forth  in  a  stream;  to  gush;  to  rush 
in  continued  procession. — Pourer,  p5'r6r, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  pours. 
Pourparler,  piJr-piir-la,  n.  [Pr.  from  pour, 
for,  and  parler,  to  speak.]  A  preliminary 
conference  tending  to  pave  the  way  to 
subsequent  negotiation. 
PoursuiVant.  Pursitvant. 
Pourtray,  por-tra',  v.t  Portray. 
Poussette,  pO-set',  n.  [Comp.  Fr.  pouasetU, 
a  child's  game  with  pins,  from  pousser,  to 
push.]  A  figure  executed  by  a  couple  who 
swing  tQg«ther  in  a  country-dance.— y.i. — 
poiuigeiied,  poussetting.  To  swing  round  in 
couples,  as  in  a  country-dance. 
Pout,  pout,  v.i.  [Prom  W.  pwtiaw,  to  push, 
or  from  dial.  Fr.  pout,  potte,  Pr.  pot,, the 
lip.]  To  thrust  out  the  lips,  as  in  sullen- 
ness,  contempt,  or  displeasure;  hence,  to 
look  sullen;  to  swell  out,  as  the  lips;  to  be 
prominent. — n.  A  protrusion  of  the  lips  as 
in  sullenness;  a  fit  of  suUenness. — Pouter, 
pout'6r,  «.  One  who  ^outs;  a  variety  of 
pigeon,  80  called  from  its  inflated  breast. 
— Poutlngly,  pout'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  pout- 
ing or  sullen  manner. 
Poverty,  pov'ferti,  n.  [Fr.  pauvretd,  L.  pau- 
pertas,  from  pauper,  poor.  Poor.]  The 
state  of  being  poor  or  indigent;  indigence; 
a  deficiency  of  necessary  or  desirable  ele- 
ments; barrenness  {poverty  of  soU);  poor- 
ness; want  of  ideas  or  information;  want 
or  defect  of  words  (poverty  of  laiiguage). — 
Poverty-struck,  a.  Iteduced  to  a  state  of 
poverty;  indigent. 

Powan,  pou'an,  n.  [A  form  of  pollan.]  The 
Iresh-water  herring  of  Loch  Lompna. 
Powder,  pou'dfer,  n.  [  Fr.  voudre,  O.  Pr. 
pouldre.  It.  polvere,  from  L.  pulvis,  pwl- 
veris,- dust,  powder.]  Any  dry  substance 
composed  of  minute  particles;  a  substance 
comminuted  or  triturated  to  fine  particles; 
gunpowder;  hair-po'vder.— w.<.  To  reduce 
to  fine  particles;  to  pulverize;  to  sprinkle 
with  powder,  or  as  with  powder;  to  sprin- 
kle with  salt;  to  com,  as  meat.— v.t.  To 
fall  to  dust;  to  become  like  powder;  to 
wear  powder  on  the  hair.  —  Powder-box, 
n.  A  box  in  which  hair-powder  is  kept. 
—  Powdered,  pou'd^rd,  p.  and  a.  Re- 
duced to  powder;  sprinkled  with  pow- 
der; sprinkled  or  mixed  with  salt;  salted 
[powdered  butter).  —  Powder-flask,  n.  A 
flask  in  which  gunpowder  is  carried. — 
Powder-horn,  n.  A  horn  in  which  gun- 
powder used  to  be  carried  by  sportsmen 
before  the  introduction  of  cartridges. — 
Powder-magazine,  n.  A  place  .where  pow- 
der is  stored;  a  bomb-proof  building  in 
fortified  places.  —  Powder-mill,  ri.  A  mill 
in  which  gunpowder  is  made. — Powder- 
monkey,  ».  A  boy  in  former  times  em- 
ployed on  ships  for  bringing  powder  to 
the  guns.— Powder-room,  n.  The  apart- 
ment in  a  ship  where  gunpowder  is  kept. 
— Powdery,  pou'd6r-i,  a.  Sprinkled  or 
covered  with  powder;  resembling  powder; 
hot  having  a  suriace  coated  with  fine 
powder. 

Power,  pou'6r,  n.  [O.Pr.  pooir  (Mod.  Pr. 
pouvoir),  from  old  infinitive  podir,  from 
L.L.  potere,  to  be  able,  used  for  L.  poaae, 
to  be  able,  from  pofi«,  able,  and  esse,  to  be; 


ai^ possible,  potest,  Sec.  Potekt.]  Ability 
to  act;  the  faculty  of  doing  or  performing 
something;  that  in  virtue  of  which  one 
can;  capability  of  producing  an  effect; 
strength,  force,  or  energy  manifested  in  ac- 
tion; capacity;  susceptibility  (great  power 
of  resistance);  natural  strength;  animal 
strength ;  influence ;  predominance  (as  of 
the  n^ind,  imagination);  faculty  of  the 
mind  as  m  anif  ested  by  a  particular  mode  of 
operation  (the  power  of  thinking);  ability; 
capability;  the  employment  of  strength 
or  influence  among  men ;  command ;  the 
right  of  governing  or  actual  government; 
dominion ;.  rule ;  authority;  one  who  or 
that  which  exercises  authority  or  control 
(the  powers  that  be) ;  a  sovereign,  or  the 
sovereign  authority  of  a  state;  a  state 
(the  great  powers  of  Europe);  a  spirit 
or  superhuman  agent  having  a  certain 
sway  (celestial  powers) ;  legal  authority; 
warrant;  mech.  that  which  produces  mo- 
tion or  force,  or  that  which  may  be  ap- 
plied to  produce  it ;  a  mechanical  agent ; 
the  moving  force  applied  to  produce  the 
required  effect ;  mechanical  advantage  or 
effect;  force  or  effect  considered  as  resul- 
ting from  the  ^gtion.of  a  machine;  arith. 
ana  afer.  the  pr&duct  arising  from  the 
multiplication  of  a  numb^  or  quantity 
into  itself;  optics,  the  degrefe  to  which  an 
optical  instrument  me, 'jniiSes  the  apparent 
dimensions  of  an  object.— Power  of  attor- 
ney, authority  given  to  a  person  to  act 
for  another.  Attorney. — Great  pciwers  of 
Europe,  a  term  in  modem  diplomacy ,by 
which  is  usually  meant  Great  Britain, 
France,  Austria,  Germany,  Russia,  and 
Italy.— Powerful,  pou'6r-ful,  a.  Having 
great  power;  able  to  produce  great  effects; 
strong;,  potent;  energetic;  efficacious. — 
Powerfully,  pou'6r-f  ul-li,  adv.  In  a  power- 
ful manner;  with  great  effect;  forcibly. — 
PowerfulnesB,  pou'er-f  ul-nes,  n.  The  qua- 
li)ty  of  being  powerf  ul.-^Powerless,  pou'fer- 
les,  a.    Destitute  of  power;  weak;  im- 

?otent.  —  Powerlegsly,  pou'&r-les-U,  adv. 
n  a  powerless  manner. — Powerlessness, 
pou'6r-le8-nes,  «.— Power-loom,  n.  A  loom 
worked  by  water,  steam,  or  some  mechani- 
cal power. 

Powter,  Tpout'^r,  n.  Pouter. 
Pow-wow,  pou'wou,»i.  A  priest  or  conjuror 
among  the  North  American  Indians;  also, 
a  public  feast  or  festival. 
Pox,  poks,  n.  [A  peculiar  spelling  of  poekSr 
pi.  of  pock — used  as  a  sing.  J  Eruptive  pus- 
tules on  the  body;  a  disease  characterized 
by  pustules,  the  term  being  restricted  to 
three  or  four  diseases,  as  the  small-pox, 
chicken-pox,  4c. 

Pozzola.na,  Pozzuolana,  pot-zo-la'na,  pot'- 
zu-o-lS."na,  n.  A  volcanic  product  occur- 
ring near  Pozzuoli,  on  the  G\x\'i  of  Naples, 
largely  employed  in  the  manufacture  of 
Roman  or  hydraulic  oement. 
Praa^,  pram;  n.  [D.]  Pram. 
Practicable,  prak'ti-ka-bl,  o.  [Prom  L.L. 
practicare,  to  transact,  from  L,  jyrcKticus, 
active;  Gr.  praktikos,  active,  practical, 
from  prassO,  to  do,  to  work.]  Capable  of 
-being  effected  or  perforined  by  human 
means,  or  by  powers  that  can  be  applied; 
feasible;  capaole  of  being  passed  or  tra- 
velled over;  passable;  assailable. — Practi- 
cability, Practicableness,  prak'ti-ka-bil"i- 
ti,  prak'ti-ka-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  practicable ;  feasibility.  —  Practi- 
,  cably,  prak'ti-ka-bli,  adv.  In  a  practicable 
manner.  —  Practical,  prak'ti-kal,  a.  [L. 
practicus.]  Relating  to  practice,  use,  or 
employment:  opposed  to  epeculative,  ideal, 
or  theoretical;  that  may  be  turned  to  use; 
reducible  to  use  in  the  conduct  of  life; 
given  to  or  concerned  with  action  or  prac- 
tice; capable  of  reducing  knowledge  or 
theories  to  actual  use;  educated  by  prac- 
tice or  experience;  skilled  in  actual  work 
(a,  practical  gardcnei);  derived  fromprac- 
tice  or  experience.— Practical  j'oie.  Under 
Joke.— Practically,  prak'ti-kal-U,  adv.  In 
a  practical  manner;  not  merely  theoreti- 
cally; so  far  as  actual  results  or  effects  are 
concerned;  in  effect.— Practicality,  Prac- 
ticalness, prak-ti-kal'i-ti,  prak'ti-kal-nes, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  practical.-.-Prac- 
tlce,  prak'ti8,n.  [Formerly practicke,prae- 
tike,  from  O.Fr.  practique,  from  Gr.  prak- 


cb,  cAain;     ch,  Sc.  loch;     g,  po;     j,  job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     pg,  ang;     tp,  ihen;  tb,  (Ajji;     w,  wig;    wb,  whig;    zh,  aeure. 


PEiECIPE 


526 


PREAD AMITE 


tike,  practical  knowledge.]  A  piece  of. con- 
duct; a  proceeding;  a  caitomaiy  action; 
custom  or  habit ;  use  or  usage ;  state  of 
being  used;  customary  use;  method  or  art 
of  doing  anything;  actual  performance  (as 
opposed  to  theory);  exercise  of  any  profes- 
sion (the  practice  of  law);  application  of 
remedies;  medical  treatment  of  diseases; 
drill;  exercise  for  instruction  or  discipline; 
skilful  or  artful  management;  stratagem; 
artifice :  usually  in  a  bad  sense ;  a  rule 
iu  arithmetic  for  expeditiously  multiply- 
ing quantities  expressed  in  different  de- 
nominations.—  Practise,  prak'tis,  v.t. — 
practised,  practising.  [From  the  noun.] 
To  do  or  perform  frequently,  customarily, 
or  habitually;  to  use  for  instruction  or 
discipline,  or  as  a  profession  or  art  (to 
practise  law  or  medicine) ;  to  put  into  prac- 
tice; to  perform;  to  do;  to  teach  by  prac- 
tice; to  accustom;  totraia.— w.i.— practised, 
practising.  To  perform  certain  acts  fre- 
quently or  customarily,  for  instruction, 
profit,  or  amusement;  to  form  a  habit  of 
acting  in  any  manner,  to  use  artifices  or 
stratagems;  to  exercise  some  profession, 
as  that  of  medicine  or  of  law. — Practised, 
prak'tist,  p.  and  a.  Skilled  through  prac- 
tice.—Practiser,  prak'tis-6r,  n.  One  that 
practises.  —  Practising,  prak'tis-ing,  a. 
Engaged  in  the  use  or  exercise  of  any  pro- 
fession.— Practitioner,  prak-tish'on-6r,  n. 
One  who  is  engaged  in  the  exercise  qf  any 
art  or  profession,  particularly  in  law  or 
medicino.  —  A  general  practuioner,  one 
who  practises  both  medicine  and  surgery. 

Praecipe,  pre'si-pe,  n.  [L.,  imper.  of  pra- 
cipio,  to  give  precepts.  Precept.]  Laie,  a 
writ  commanding  something  to  be  done 
or  requiring  a  reason  for  neglecting  it. 

Prsecordia,  pre-kor'di-a,  n.  pi.  [L.,  from 
proe,  before,  and  cor,  cordis,  the  heart.] 
Anat.  the  forepart  of  the  region  of  the 
chest;  the  thoracic  viscera.— Prsecordial, 
pre-kor'di-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  pra;- 
cordia. 

Prsdial,  pre'di-al,  a.    Predial. 

Prae-molar.    Pai:-MOi.AR. 

Pramunxre,  pre-ma-ni're,  n.  [A  corruption 
of  L.  pramionere,  to  pre-admonish,  from 
the  words  of  the  writ.]  ioio,  a  name  given 
to  a  species  of  writ,  to  the  offence  for 
which  it  is  granted,  and  also  to  the  pen- 
alty it  incurs,  this  penalty  being  forfeit- 
ure of  goods  and  imprisonment,  and  being 
attached  in  former  times  to  the  offences 
of  asserting  the  jurisdiction  of  the  pope, 
denying  the  sovereign's  supremacy,  &c. 

Pratexta,  pre-teks'ta,  n.  [Ii.,  from  prce, 
before,  on  the  edge,  and  textus,  woven.] 
Among  the  ancient  Romans,  a  whit«  robe 
with  a  narrow  scarlet  border  worn  by  a 
youth;  the  white  outer  garment  bordered 
with  purple  of  the  higher  magistrates. 

Prsetor,  prg'tor,  n.  [L.,  from  prm,  before, 
and  eo,  to  go.]  In  ancient  Kome,  a  title 
originally  of  the  consuls,  in  later  times  of 
two  important  magistrates  of  the  city, 
and  lastly  of  a  number  of  magistrates  who 
administered  justice  in  the  state. — Prse- 
tori&l,  PrsEtonan,  pr5-to'ri-al,  pr6-to'ri-an, 
a.  Belonging  to  a  praetor.  —  Praetorian 
bands  or  guards,  bodies  of  troops  origi- 
nally formed  by  the  emperor  Augustus  to 
protect  his  person  and  his  power,  and 
afterwards  long  maintained  by  successive 
Roman  emperors;  the  household  troops  or 
body-guards  of  the  emperors.  —  n.  A  sol- 
dier of  the  Praetorian  guard. — Prsetoriom, 
pr6-tO'ri-um,  n.  [L.]  The  official  residence 
of  a  provincial  governor  among  the  ancient 
Romans;  a  hall  of  justice.— Praetorship, 
pre'tor-ship,  n.    The  dignity  of  a  praetor. 

Pragmatic,Pragmatical,  prag-mat'ik,  prag- 
mat'i-kal,  a.  [L.  pragmaticus,  Gr.  prag- 
■matikos,  from  pragma,  business,  from 
prasso,  to  do. -Practice.]  Skilled  in  busi- 
nessj;  active  or  diligentt;  fonvard  to  in- 
termeddle; impertinently  busy  or  officious 
in  the  concerns  of  others. — The  pragmatic 
sanction,  the  instrument  by  which  the  Ger- 
man emperor  Charles  VI.,  being  without 
male  issue,  endeavoured  to  secure  the  suc- 
cession to  his  female  descendants,  settling 
his  dominions  on  his  daughter  Maria 
Theresa,  —  Pragmatically,  prag-mat'i-kal- 
li,  adv.  In  a  pragmatic  manner;  im- 
1  (ertinently .— Pragmatiialness,  prag-mat'- 


i-kal-nes,  n.— Pragmatlzer,  prag-ma-ti'z6r, 
n.  One  who  takes  a  low,  gross,  or  material 
view  of  things. 

Frahn,  pra'hu,  >».    Proa. 

Prairie,  pra'ri,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.L.  pratafria, 
from  Li.pratum,  a  meadow.]  The  name 
in  North  America  for  extensive  tracts  of 
land  mostly  level  or  nearly  so,  generally 
destitute  of  trees,  and  covered  with  tall 
coarse  grass  and  flowering  plants.  — 
Prairie-dog,  n.  A  small  bnrro\Ting  rodent 
allied  to  the  marmot  and  squirrel,  found 
on*the  American  prairies.— Prairie-hen,  n. 
A  species  of  grouse  of  the  United  States, 
much  prized  for  the  table.— Prairie-sqTiir- 
rel,  n.  -4.  squirrel  inhabiting  the  prairies 
of  America,  and  living  on  the  ground; 
also  called  Gon/ier.— Prairie-wolf ,  n.  The 
small  v/olf  of  the  prairies;  the  coyote. 

Praise,  praz,  n.  [Formerly  pret«,  preys, 
praise,  price,  value,  from  O.Fr.  pris/preis, 
price,  honour  (Mod.Fr.  prix),  from  JL.  pre- 
tium,  price,  value,  reward;  the  same  as 
price  and  to  prize.]  Commendation  be- 
stowed on  a  person;  approbation;  eulogy; 
laud;  a  joyful  tribute  of  gratitude  or  hom- 
age paid  to  the  Divine  Being,  often  ex- 
pressed ia  song;  the  ground  or  reason  of 
praise;  what  makes  a  person  worthy  of 
praise. — v.t.— praised,  praising.  To  com- 
mend; to  applaud;  to  express  approbation 
of ;  to  extol  in  words  or  song;  to  laud  or 
magnify,  especially  applied  to  the  Divine 
Being.— Prs^eless,  praz'les,  a.  Without 
praise  or  commendation.  —  Praiser,  pra'- 
z6r,  n.  One  who  praises;  a  commender. — 
Friuseworthy,  praz'wer-THi,  a.  Worthy 
or  deserving  of  praise;  commendable. — 
PralsewortMly,  praz'w6r-THi-li,  adv.  In 
a  manner  deserving  of  commendation. — 
FraisemrortliiBess,  praz'wer-THi-ncs,n.  The 
quality  of  being  praiseworthy. 

Prakrit,  praToit,  n.  [Skr.  prdkriti,  nature, 
hence  that  which  is  natural  or  vulgar.] 
A  Hindu  language  or  dialect  based  on  the 
Sanskrit,  and  wUch  has  been  the  mother 
of  various  modem  dialects. 

Fram,  pram,  n.  [D.^praam,  Ban.  pram, 
Icel.  prdmr.]  A  flat-bottomed  boat  or 
lighter,  used  in  Holland  and  the  Baltic 
iwrts  for  loading  and  unloading  merchant 
vessels.    Written  also  Praain. 

Prance,  prans,  v.i.— pranced,  prancing,  IA 
slightly  different  form  of  prarJc.]  To 
spring  or  bound,  as  a  horse  in  high  mettle; 
to  ride  ostentatiously;  to  strut  about  in  a 
showy  manner  or  with  warlike  parade. — 
Prancer,  prans'fer,  n.  A  prancing  horse. — 
Prancing,  prans'ing,  p.  and  a.  Springing; 
bounding;  riding  with  gallant  show. 

Prandial,  pran'di-al,  a.  [L.  prandium,  din- 
ner.] Relating  to  a  dinner,  or  meal  in 
general. 

Prank,  prangk,  v.t.  [Allied  to  D.  pronk, 
finery,  pi-onken,  to  strut;  Dan.  prange,  G. 
prangen,  prtinken,  to  make  a  show;  comp. 
also  G.  pracht,  D.  and  Dan.  pragt,  pomp.] 
To  adorn  in  a  showy  manner;  to  dress  up. 
— v.i.  To  have  a  showy  or  gaudy  appear^ 
ance. — n.  A  gambol  or  caper;  a  playful  or 
sportive  action;  a  merry  trick;  a  mischiev- 
ous act,  generally  rather  for  sport  than 
injury.— Prankish,  prangk'ish,  a.  Full  of 
pranks. 

Prase,  pr&z,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  prason,  a 
leek.]  A  species  of  quartz  of  a  leek-green 
colour.  —  Prasinous,  Prasine,  praz'i-nus, 
prazln,  a.  f  L.  prasinug.]  Of  a  light-green 
colour,  inclining  to  yellow. 

Prate,  i)r&t,  v.i.— prated,  prating.  [Same 
as  L.Cf.  prate-n,  Dan.  prate,  D.  proaten, 
Icel.  prata,  to  prate;  probably  of  imitative 
origin.]  To  talk  much  and  without  weight; 
to  chattor,  to  babble.— d.<.  To  utter  fool- 
ishly. —  n.  Continued  talk  to  little  pur- 
pose; unmeaning  loquacity.— Prater,  pra'- 
t6r,  n.  One  that  prates.  —  Prating,  prs'- 
ting,  p.  and  a.  Given  to  prate;  loquacious. 
— Pratingly,  prfi'ting-li,  adv.  In  a  prat- 
ing manner. 

Pratincole,  prat'in-kol,  n.  fL.  pratieola— 
pratum,  a  meadow,  &nd  coto,  to  inhabit.] 
A  graceful  bird  of  a  genus  akin  to  the 
plovers,  inhabiting  the  temperate  and 
warmer  parts  of  Europe,  Africa,  and  Asia. 

Pratique,  prat'sk,  n.  [Fr.  pratiaye,  prac- 
tice, intercourse.  Practice.]  A  license  to 
a  ship  to  hold  intercourse  and  trade  with 


the  inhabitants  of  a  place,  after  having 
performed  quarantine:  a  term  used  par- 
ticularly in  the  European  ports  of  the 
Mediterranean. 

Prattle,  pratO,  v.i.  —  prattled,  pratGing. 
[Freq.  and  dim.  of  prate.]  To  talk  much 
and  idly;  to  be  loquacious  on  trifling  sub- 
jects; to  talk  like  a  child.— n.  Puerile  or 
trifling  talk.  -—  Prattler,  prat'lfer,  n.  One 
who  prattles. 

Pravity,  prav'i-ti,  n.  [L.  pravitas,  from 
pravus,  crooked,  evil.]  Deviation  from 
right;  moral  perversity;  depravity. 

Prawn,  pran,  n.  [Etym.  unknown.]  A 
small  crustaceous  animal  of  the  shrimp 
family,  highly  prized  for  food. 

PraziB,  prak'sis,  n.  [Gr.,  from  pras«0,  to  do. 
Pi?ACTicE.]  Use;  practice;  especially,  prac- 
tice or  discipline  for  a  specific  purpose,  as 
to  acquire  a  specific  art;  an  example  or 
form  to  teach  practice.       ->- 

Pray,  pra,  v.i.  [O.Fr.  preicr '(Fr.  prier).  It. 
pregare,  to  pray,  from  L.  precari,  to  pray 
(as  in  deprecate,  imprecate),  from  prex,  a 
prayer  (whence  alsq  precarioi/s);  same  root 
as  Skr.  prach,  to  demand,  A.  Sax./rignan, 
G.  /ragen,  to  inquire.]  To  ask  something 
with  eamestncss  or  zeal;  to  supplicate;  to 
beg  (to  pray  for  mercy);  to  make  petition 
to  the  Supreme  Being;  to  address  the 
Supreme  Being  with  confession  of  sins  and 
supplication  for  benefits. — Pray,  ellipti- 
cally  for  /  pray  you  tell  me,  is  a  common 
mode  of  introducing  a  question. — v.t.  To 
make  earnest  request  to;  to  entreat;  to 
address  with  a  prayer  for  something  such 
as  God  may  grant;  to  ask  earnestly  tor;  to 
beseech;  to  petition.  —  Prayer,  pra'6r,  n. 
One  who  prays. 

Prayer,  pra'er  or  prSr,  n.  [Not  directly  from 
pray,  but  from  O.Fr.  proiere,  Fr.  priire,  a 

grayer,  from  L.L.  precaria,  a  prayer  jfrom 
I.  precarius,  obtained  by  begging.  Prat, 
Precarious.]  The  act  ef  asking  for  a  fa- 
vour with  earnestness;  a  petition,  suppli- 
cation, entreaty;  a  solemn  petition  for 
benefits  addressed  to  the  Supreme  Being; 
the  words  of  a  supplication;  a  formula  of 
church  service  or  of  worship,  public  or  pri- 
vate; that  part  of  a  petition  to  a  public 
body  which  specifies  the  thing  desired  to  be 
done  or  granted. — Prayer-book,  n.  A  book 
containing  prayers. — The  prayer-book,  the 
Book  of  Common  Prayer  used  by  the 
Church  of  England  and  certain  other 
churches.  —  Prayerful,  pra'6r-ful  or  prar*- 
ful,  a.  Devotional;  given  to  prayer. — 
I*rayerfully,  pra'6r-fiil-li  or  prar'ftil-li, 
adv.  In  a  prayerful  nianner.- Prayeffttl- 
ness,  pra'6r-fid-ne8  or  prflr'ful-nes,  n.  — 
Prayerless,  pfa'fir-les  or  prfir'les,  o.  Ha- 
bitually neglecting  the  duty  of  prayer. — 
Prayerlessly,  pr&'er-les-U  or  prar'les-li, 
adv.  In  a  prayerless  manner.  —  Prayer- 
lessness,  pra'6r-les-nes  or  prax'les-nes,  n. — 
Prayer-meeting,  n.  A  meeting  for  prayer. 
-Praying-machine,  Praying-mill,  Pray- 
Jng-wheel,  n.  An  apparatus  used  in  Asia; 
one  of  the  commoner  forms  consisting  of 
a  wheel  to  which  a  written  prayer  is  at- 
tached, and  each  revolution  of  the  wheel 
made  by  the  devotee  counting  as  an  utter- 
ance of  the  prayer. 

Preach,  precti,  v.i.  fO.Fr.  precher  (Fr.  pri- 
eher),  from  L.  prcedicare,  to  declare  in 
public— pr<E,  before,  and  dico,  dicainm,  to 
proclaim;  closely  akin  to  dico,  dictum,  to 
say.  Diction.]  To  pronounce  a  public 
discourse  on  a  religious  subject,  or  from  a 
text  of  Scripture;  to  deliver  a  sermon; 
to  give  earnest  advice;  to  discourse  in  the 
manner  of  a  preacher. — v.t.  To  proclaim; 
to  publish  in  religious  discourses;  to  in- 
culcate in  puUic  discourse;  to  deliver  (a 
sermon).— Preacher,  prech'er,  n.  One  who 
preaches.— Preachership.  prSch'fer-ship,  n. 
The  office  of  a  preacher.— Preachif",pr5ch'- 
i-fi,  v.i.  To  give  a  long-winded  moral  ad- 
vice. —  Preaching -cross,  n.  A  structure 
formerly  erected  in  a  public  place,at  which 
the  monks  and  others  were  wont  to  preach. 
—Preachment,  prech'ment,  n.  A  discourse 
affectedly  solemn :  in  contempt. 

Preadunite,  pre-ad'am-it,  n.  [Pre,  before, 
and  Adam.]  One  of  those  inhabitants  of 
the  earth  who  are  presumed  by  some  to 
have  lived  before  the  time  of  Adam.— a. 
Prior  to  Adam;  pertaining  to  the  Pre- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  ttiW;     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tabe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     0,  Sc.  abtine— the  Fr.  ti. 


PREAMBLE 


527 


PEEDECESSOB 


adamites.— Preadamitlc,  Preadamic,  pre- 
ad'am-it"ik,  pre-a-dam '  ik,  ct.  Existing 
before  Adam;  pertaining  to  the  world  be- 
fore Adam. 

Preamble,  pr6'am-bl,  n.  (Fr.  priambule, 
from  L.  prcB,  before,  and  ambalo,  to  go 
about.  .  Amble.]  An  introduction,  as  to 
a  discourse,  piece  of  music,  and  the  like ; 
the  introductory  part  of  a  statute  or  act 
of  parliament  which  states  the  reasons 
and  intent  of  the  la,-w.—v.t.— preambled, 
preambling.  -To  preface;  to  introduce  with 
previous  remarks.  ■  •»\, 

Preaudience,  ijre-a'di-ens,  n.  Right  of  pre- 
vious audience  or  of  being  heard  before 
another;  precedence  or  rank  at  the  bar 
among  sergeants  and  barristers. 

Prebend,  pre'bend.  n.  |  Fr.  pribeTide,  from 
L.L.  prcebenda,  things  toSbe  supplied, 
from  L.  prcebeo,  to  give,  grant,  furnish — 
prce,  and  habeo,  to  have.  Habit.  ]  The 
stipend  granted  to. a  canoni  of  a  cathedral 
or  collegiate  church  out  of  its  estate. — 
Prebendal,  pr5-ben'dal,  a.  Pertaining  to. 
a  prebend.— Prebendary,  pre'ben-da-ri,  n. 
An  ecclesiastic  who  enjoys  a  prebend;  a 
canon.  —  Prebendary  ship,  pr6'ben-da-ri- 
ship,  n.  The  office  of  a  prebendary;  a 
canonry. 

Precariooa,  pr5-ka'ri-us,  a.  [L.  precariua, 
primarily,  depending  on  request,  or  on  the 
will  of  another,  from  precor,  to  pray. 
Prat,  Prayer.]  Depending  on  oi;  held  at 
the  will  or  pleasure  of  another;  hence, 
held  by  a  doubtful  tenure;  depending  on 
unknown  or  unforeseen  causes  or  events. 
—Precariously,  pr5-ka'ri-us-li,  adv.  In  a 
precarious  manner. — Precariousuess,  pre- 
ka'ri-»lS-neB,  n.^The  state  of  being  pre- 
carious. -"*W 

Precative,  Precatory,  pre'ka-tiv,  pr5'ka-to- 
rl,  a.  [From  L.  precor,  to  pray.  Pray.] 
Suppliant;  beseeching. 

Precaution,  prS-ka'shon,  n. .  [L.  prcecatitio, 
from  prcecautus—prce,  before,  and  caveo, 
couJmot,  to  take  care.  Caution.]  Previous 
caution  or  care;  a  measure  taken  before- 
hand to  ward  off  evil  or  secure  good.—v.t. 
To  warn  or  advise  beforehand,  for  preven- 
ting mischief.  —  Precautionary,  pre-k^'- 
shon-a-ri,  a.  Containing  previous  caution; 
proceeding  from  precaution.      'tstr----- 

Precede,  pre-s5d',  v.t.— preceded,  preceding. 
[L.  prcecedo — prce,  before,  ana  eedo,  to 
move.  Cede.]  To  go  before  in  the  order 
6f  time;  to  be  previous  to;  to  go  before  in 
place,  rank,  or  importance. — Precedence, 
Precedency,  pre'se'dens,  pre-s5'den-si,  n. 
The  act  or  state  of  preceding  or  going  be- 
fore ;  priority  in  time ;  the  state  of  being 
before  in  rank  or  dignity;  the  right  to  a 
more  honourable  place;  order  or  adjust- 
ment of  place  according  to  rank;  the  fore- 
most place  in  a  ceremony;  superior  im- 
portance or  influence. — Precedent,  prS-sS'- 
dent,  a.  Going  before  in  time;  anterior; 
antecedent — Precedent,  pres'e-dent,  n. 
Something  done  or  said  that  may  serve  or 
be  adduced  as  an  example  or  rule  to  be 
followed  in  a  subsequent  act  of  the  like 
kind;  law,  a  judicial  decision,  which  serves 
as  a  rule  tor  future  decisions  in  similar  or 
analogous  cases. — Precedented,  pres'e-den- 
ted,  a.  Having  a  precedent ;  authorized 
by  an  example  of  a  like  kind.— Precedent- 
ly,  pr6-se'dent-li,  adv.  Beforehand,  ante- 
cedently. 

Precentor,  prS-sen'tSr,  n.  '  [L.L.  proecentor 

' — li.  proe,  before,  and  cantor,  a  singer,  from 
eano,  cantum,  to  sing.  Chant.]  The  leader 
of  the  choir  in  a  cathedral,  usually  a  minor 
canon;  a  person  whose  duty  it  is  to  lead 
the  psalmody  of  a  Presbyterian  or  other 
congregation.  —  Precentorship,  pr5-sen'- 
ter-ship,  n.    The  office  of  a  precentor. 

Precept,  pre'sept,  n.  [^r.  precepte,  L.  prae- 
ceptum,  from  prcecipio,  to  teach,  instruct 
—prce,  before,  and  capio,  to  take.  Cap- 
able.] A  commandment  intended  as  an 
authoritative  rule  of  action;  a  command 
respecting  moral  conduct ;  an  injunction; 
law,  a  mandate  in  writing  sent  by  a  jus- 
tice of  the  peace,  &c.,  for  bringing  a  per- 
son, record,  &c.,  before  him.— Preceptive, 
pre-sep'tiv,  a.  [L.  proeceptimis.'i  Giving 
or  containing  precepts  for  the  reg^ulation 
of  conduct;  admonitive;  instructive. — 
Preceptor,  pre-sep't6r,  n.    [L.  prtxceptor.} 


A  teacher;  an  instructor;  the  head  of  a 
preceptory  among  the  Knights  Templars. 
—Preceptorial,  pre-sep-to'ri-al, a.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  preceptor.— Preceptory,  pre'sep- 
to-ri,  a.  Giving  precepts. — n.  A  subordi- 
nate religious  house  where  instruction  was 
given;  an  establishment  of  the  Knights 
Templars,  the  superior  of  which  was  called 
knight  preceptor.- Preceptress,  pre-sep'- 
tres,  n.    A'female  teacher  or  .preceptor. 

Precession,  pre-sesh'On,  n.  [Fr.  precession, 
fropi  L.  prwcedo,  prcecessum,  to  precede. 
Puecede.]  The  act  of  going  before  or  for- 
ward.— Precession  of  the  equinoxes,  an  as- 
tronomical phenomenon  consisting  in  a 
slow  movement  of  the  equinoctial  points 
(which  see)  from  east  to  west,  or  contrary 
to  the  order  of  the  zodiacal  signs,  thus 
causing  the  equinoxes  to  succeed  each 
other  in  less  time  than  they  would  other- 
wise do. 

Precinct,  pre'singt,  n.  [From  L.  prcecingo, 
prcecinctum,  to  encompass— prfB,  before, 
and  cingo,  to  gird.  Cincture.]  The  boun- 
dary line  encompassing  a  place;  a  limit;  a 
part  near  a  border;  a  district  within  cer- 
tain boundaries;  a  minor  territorialidivi- 
sion. 

Precio.as,  presh'us,  a:  [Fr.  pricieux,  fr,om 
L.  pretiosus,  from  pretium,,  price.  PrjUse.J 
Of  great  price;  costly;  of  great  value  or 
worth;  very  valuable;  mvicb  esteemed; 
highlv  cherished;  ironically,  very  great; 
rascally  ( a  precious  villain ).  —  Precious 
metals,  gold  and  silver. — Precious  stones, 
jewels,  gems.— Preciously,  presh'us-li,  adv. 
In  a  precious  manner;  at  a  great  cost. — 
Preciousness,  pi;esh'u8-nes,  n. 

Precipice,  pres'i-pis,  re.  (Fr.  prdcipice,  from 
L.  prcecipitium,  a  falling  headlong,  a  pre- 
cipice, from  prceceps,  headlong — prce,  for- 
ward, and  caput,  head.  Chief.]  Ahead- 
long  declivity;  a  bank  or  cliff  extremely 
steep,  or  quite  perpendicular  or  overhang- 
ing.—Precipitate,  pre-sip'i-tat,  v.t.— pre- 
cipitated, precipitating.  [L.  prcecipito,  from 
prceceps,  headlong.]  To  throw  headlong; 
to  cast  down  from  a  precipice  or  height; 
to  urge  or  press  with  eagerness  or  violence; 
to  hasten  (to  precipitate  one's  flight);  to 
hun'y  blindly  or  rashly;  to  throw  or  cause 
to  sink  to  the  bottom  of  a  vessel,  as  a  sub- 
stance in  solution. —f.i.  To  fal\  to  the, 
bottom  of,  a  vessel,  as  sediment  or  any 
substance  in  solution.- </.  Falling,  flow- 
ing, or  rushing  with  steep  descent;  head- 
long; overhasty;  rashly  hasty;  adotited 
with  haste  or  without  due  deliberation; 
hasty;  hurried  j  headlong. — n.  Chem.axxy 
matter,  which,  having  been  dissolved  in 
a  fluid,  falls  to  the  bottom  of  the  vessel  on 
the  addition  of  some  other  substance  ca- 
pable, of  producing  a  decomposition  of  the 
compound..'.  Substances  which  fall  or  set- 
tle down,  as  earthy  matter  in  water,  are 
called  sediments,  the  operating  cause  being 
ipechanical  and  not  chemical.  —  Precipi- 
tately, prE-sip'i-tat-li ,  adv.  In  a  headlong 
or  precipitate  manner;  too  hastily.— Pre- 
cipitable,  pre-sip'i-ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing precipitated.  —  Precipitability,  ,pr6- 
sip'i-ta-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  pre- 
cipitable.  —  Precipitance,   Precipitancy, 

Sre-sip'i-tans,  prS-sip'i -tan-si,  n.  The  qua- 
_  ty  of  being  precipitate;  rash  haste;  haste 
in  resolving.forming  an  opiuion.orexecut- 
ing  a  purpose. — Precipitant,  pre-sip'i-t,ant, 
a.  [L.  prcecipitans,  prcecipitantis,  ppr.  of 
prmcipito.]  Falling  or  rushing  headlong; 
precipitate.— ».  Chem.  a  substance  which, 
when  added  to  a  solution,  separates  what 
is  dissolved  and  makes  it  fall  to  the  bot- 
tom in  a  concrete  state.— Precipitantly, 
pre-sip'i-tant-li,  adv.  In  a  precipitant 
manner.— Precipitation,  pr5-sip'i-ta"shon, 
n.  The  act  of  precipitating,  or  state  of 
being  precipitated;  a  falling  or  rushing 
down  with  violence  and  rapidity;  rash, 
tumultuous  haste ;  chem.  the  process  by 
which  any  substance  is  made  to  separate 
from  another  or  others  in  a  solution,  and 
fall  to  the  bottom. — Precipitous,  pre-sip'i- 
tus,  a.  (L.  prceceps,  proecipitis,  headlong.] 
Very  steeps  like  or  forming  a  precipice; 
headlong  in  descent.— Precipitously,  pre- 
sip'i-tus-li,adw.  In  a  precipitous  manner. — 
Precipitonsness,  pre-sip'i-tus-ne8,n.  Steep- 
ness of  descent. 


Precis,  pra-se,  n.  [Fr.  prieis,  precise,  also 
an  abstract.  Precise.]  A  concise  or  ab- 
ridged statement;  a  summary;  an  ab- 
stract. 

Precise,  prS-sis^a.  [L.  prcecistt8,ftOTa  prte- 
eido,  to  cut  on— prae,  before,  and  ctedo,  to 
cut  (as  in  concise,  excision).1  Sharply  or 
exactly  limited  or  defined  as  to  meaning; 
exact;  definite,  not  loose,  vague,  or  equivo- 
cal; exact  in  conduct;  strict;  formal;  nice; 
punctilious.— Precisely,  prg-si8'li,a(iy.  In  a 
precise  manner;  exactly;  accurately;  with 
excess  of  formality.— Preciseness,  pr5-sis'- 
nes,  n.  Exactness;  rigid  nicety;  excessive 
regard  to  forms  or  rules;  rigid  formality. 
— Precisian,  pr5-sizh'an,  n.  An  over-pre- 
cise person;  one  ceremoniously  exact' in 
the  observance  of  rules.  —  Precisianism, 
pr6-sizh'an-izm,  n.  The  conduct  of  a  pre- 
cisian ;  excessive  exactness.  —  Precision, 
pre-sizh'on,  n.  The  state  of  being  precise 
as  to  meaning;  preciseness;  exactness; 
accuracy. 

Preclude,  pre-klQd',  v.t.— precluded,  pre- 
cluding. [L.  prcecltido—prce,  before,  and 
cludo,  claudo, 'to  shut.  Close,  v.t.]  To 
shut  up;  to  stop;  to  impede;  to  hinder;  to 
hinder  or  render  inoperative  by  anticipa- 
tive  action.  —  Preclusion,  pre-klu'zhon,  n. 
The  act  of  precluding.— Preclusive,  pre- 
klu'siv,  a.  Tending  to  preclude;  hindering 
by  previous  obstacles.— Preclusively,  pre- 
klo'siv-ll,  adv.    In  a  preclusive  manner. 

Precocious,  pr5-k6'shus,a.  [Fr.  pr^coce.f rom 
L.  prcecox,  prcecocis,  ripe  early,  precocious 
— prce,  before,  and  coqud,  to  cook,  to  ripen. 
Cook. J  Ripe  before  the  proper  or  natural 
timej:  ripe  in  understanding  at  a,n  early 
period;  developed  or  matured;  early  in  life. 
—Precociously,  prC-ko'shus-li,  adv.  In  a 
precocious  manner. — Frecociousness,  Pre- 
cocity, pre-ko'shus-nes,  pr5-kos'i-ti,n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  precocious;  early 
development  of  th6  mental  powers. 

Precognition,  pre-kog-nish'on,  n.  [L.  prce, 
before,  and  coffmtio,  knowledge.]  Previous 
knowledge  or  cognition ;  Scots  law,  a  pre- 
liminary examination  of  a  witness  or 
witnesses  to  a  criminal  act,  in  order  to 
know  whether  there  is  ground  of  trial. — 
Precognosce,  pre'kog-nos,  v.t.  Scots  law, 
'to  take  the  precognition  of. 

Preconceive,pre-kon-sev',«.t.-^preco»iceived, 
preconceiving.  To  form  a  conception  or 
opinion  of  beforehand;  to  form  a  previous 
notion  or  idea  of. —Preconception,  pre-kon- 
sep'shon,  n.  The  act  of  preconceiving; 
conception  or  opinion  previously  formed. 

Preconcert,  pre-kon-sSri;',  v.t.:  1o  concert 
beforehand;  to  settle  by  previous  agree- 
ment.—ji.  (pr?-kon's6rt).  A  previous  agree- 
ment.—Preconcertedly,pre-kon-8er'tea-li, 
adv.  In  a  preconcerted  manner;  by  pre- 
vious agreement  or  arrangement. 

Preconscious,  pre-kon'shus,  a.  Pertaining 
to  o'r .  involving  a  state  anterior  to  con- 
sciousness. 

Preconsent,  pre-kon-sent',  n.  A  previous 
consent. 

Precontract,  prB-kon'trakt,  n.  A  contract 
or  agreement  previous  to  another.— 'w.t. 
arid  i.  ( pre-kon-trakt').  To  contracO  or 
stipulate  previously. 

Precordia,  pre-kor'di-a,  a.    Pr«cordia. 

Prectirsor,  pre-k6r's6r,.n.  {L.  praecursor— 
prce,  before,  and  cursor,  a  runner,  from 
curro,  cursum,  to  run.  Current.]  A  fore- 
runner; a  harbinger;  one  who  or  that 
which  precedes  an  event  and  indicates  its 
approach.  —  Precursory,  pre-k6r'so-ri,  a. 
Preceding  as  the  harbinger;  forerunning. 
— Precuralve,  pre^kfer'siv,  a.    Precursory. 

Predaceous,  prS-da'shus,  ef;  [L.  prcedaceus, 
from  prcBda,  prey,  spoil.  Prey.]  Living 
by  prey;  given  to  prey  on  other  animals. 
— Predacean,  prS-da'shan.n.  A  carnivorous 
animal.— Predatory,  pred'a-to-ri,  a.  [L. 
prcedatorius.]  Plundering;  pillaging;  prac- 
tising rapinei 

Predate,  pr6-dat',  v.t.-^redated,  predating. 
To  date  by  anticipation;  to  antedate. 

Predecease,  pre-dg-ses',  v.t.— predeceased, 
predeceasing.  To  die  before.— n.  The  de- 
cease of  one  before  another. 

Predecessor,  pre-de-ses'er,  ft.  [L.  proedeees- 
sor — prce,  before,  and  decessor,  one  who 
retires,  from  decedo,  deeessum,  to  depart — 
de,  from,  and  cedo,  to  go.  Cede.]  One  who 


^^ftailli ..  cAa_^,  locA;     £•</<>;     Itjob;     it,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sin;';     th,  (/sen;  tb,  lAin;,    v,  ioig;    wb,  tcAig;^  zb,  a«ure. 


PREDECLARE" 


628' 


PREJUDGE 


precedes  or  goes  before  another  in  some 
poiiitiou;  one  who  has  preceded  jinother 
in  any  state,  position,  office,  or  the  like. 

Predeclare,  pre-de-klar',  v.t. — predeclared, 
predeclaring.  To  declare  beforehand  or 
previously. 

Predestinate,  pr5-des'ti-nat,  v.t— predesti- 
nated, predestinating.  [L.  prcedestino,  proe- 
destinatum—prce,  before,  and  destino,  to 
determine.  Destine.J  To  predetermine 
or  foreordajn;  to  appoint  or  ordain  before- 
hand by  an  unchangeable  purpose.  —  a. 
Predestinated;  foreordained.— Predestina- 
rlan,  pre-des'ti-na"ri-an,  a.  Belonging  to 
predestination. — n.  One  whobelievesiu  the 
doctrine  of  predestination.— Predestinari- 
anlsm,  pre-des'ti-na"ri-an-izm,  n.  The  sys- 
tem or  doctrines  of  the  predestinarians. — 
Predestination,  pre-des'ti-na"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  decreeing  or  foreordaining  events; 
especially,  titeol.  the  doctrine  that  God  has 
fi'om  eternity  unchangeably  appointed  or 
determined  whatever  comes  to  pass;  par- 
ticularly that  he  has  preordained  men  to 
everlasting  happiness  or  misery. — Predes- 
tlnator,  pre-des'ti-n5-t6r,  n.  One  that 
predestinates;  a  predestinarian.  —  Pre- 
destine, pre-des'tin,  v.t.— predestined,  pre- 
destining. To  decree  beforehand;  to  fore- 
ordain. 

Predetermine,  pre-de-tfir'min,  v.t— prede- 
termined, predetermining.  To  determine 
beforehand;  to  doom  by  previoiis  decree. 
■ — v.i.  To  make  a  determination  bef ore- 
hand. -^Predeterminate,pre-dG-ter'mi-nat, 
a.  Determined  beforehand.  —  Predeter- 
mination, pre-de-t6r'mi-na"shon,  n.  Pre- 
vious determination;  purpose  formed  be- 
forehand. 

Predial,  prS'di-al,  o.  [Fr.  prddial,  from  L. 
p7-(edium,  a  farm  or  estate.]  Consisting  of 
land  or  farms;  landed;  attached  to  land; 
derived  from  land  (predial  tithes). 

Predicable,  pred'i-ka-bl,  a.  [L.  prcedicahilis, 
irom  prcedico.  Piiedicate.]  Capableof  be- 
ing affirmed  of  something;  that  may  be  at- 
tributed to  something. — n.  Anything  that 
may  be  predicated  or  affirmed  of  another; 
logic,  one  of  the  five  things  which  can  be 
affirmatively  predicated  of  several  others, 
viz.  genus,  species,  difference,  property, 
and  accident.  —  Predlcability,  pred'i-ka- 
bil"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  predicable. 
—Predicament,  pre-dik'a-ment,  n.  [L.L. 
prcedicamentum.]  Logic,  one  of  those  gen- 
eral heads  or  most  comprehensive  terms 
under  one  or  other  of  which  every  other 
term  may  be  arranged,  ten  in  number, 
according  to  Aristotle,  viz.  substance, 
quantity,quality,  relation,  action,  passion, 
time,  place,  situation,  and  habit;  hence, 
class  or  kind  described  by  definite  marks; 
condition;  especially,adangerous  or  trying 
condition  or  state.— PrediCameatal,  prc- 
dik'a-men"tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  predica- 
ment. —  Predicant,  pred '  i-Kant,  n.  [L. 
prmdicans,  ppr.  or  prcedico.]     One  that 

-affirms  anything;  a  preaching  friar;  a  Do- 
minican.— a.  Predicating;  preaching. 

Predicate,  pred'i-kat.u.t.— predicated, pred- 
icating. [L.  prcedico,  prcedicatum,  to  affinn, 
to  declare— pr<B,  bef  ore,and  dico.to  declare. 
Preach.]  To  affirm  as  an  attribute  of 
something  (to  predicate  whiteness  of  snow) ; 
to  declare  one  thing  of  another. — v.i.  To 
make  an  affirmation. — n.  Z,o£iic,thatwhich, 
in  a  proposition,  is  affirmed  or  denied  of 
the  subject;  gram,  the  word  or  words  in 
a  proposition  which  express  what  is  af- 
firmed or  denied  of  the  subject.— Predi- 
cation, pred-i-ka'8hon,n.  The  act  of  predi- 
cating; affirmation;  assertion.  —  Predica- 
tive, pre-dik'a-tiv,  a.  Expressing  affirma- 
tion or  predication. — Predlcatory,  pred'i- 
ka-to-ri,  a.    Affirmative;  positive. 

Predict,  pre-dikt',  v.t.  [L.  prcedico,  prce- 
dictum  —  pra,  before,  and  dico,  to  tell. 
Diction.]  To  foretell;  to  prophesy;  to 
declare  to  be  to  happen  in  the  future. — 
Prediction,  pre-dik'shon,  n.    The  act  of 

§redictinK;  a  foretelling;  a  prophecy. — 
redictive,  pr6-dik'tiv,  a.     Foretelling; 
projihetic. 

Predilection,  prB-di-lek'shon,  n.  [Fr.  prd- 
dilection—lt.  prce,  before,  and  diUctxo,  a 
rlioii'e,  from  diligo,  to  love.  Dri.ioENT.] 
A  previous  liking;  a  prepossession  of 
mind  in  favour  of  something. 


Predisco'^er,  pre-di8-kuv'6r,i;.<.  To  discover 
jireviously  or  beforehand. — Predlscoveryj 
pr0-di8-kuv'6r-i,  n.  A  discovery  made  pre- 
viously. 

Predispose,  pre-dis-poZj  v.t — predisposed, 
predisposing.  To  incbne  beforehand;  to 
give  a  previous  disposition  or  tendency  to; 
to  fit  or  adapt  previously.— Predisposing, 
pr5-dis-po'zing,  p.  and  a.  Inclining  or 
disposing  beforehand;  making  liable  or 
susceptible.  —  Predisposition,  pre-dis'po- 
zish-'on,  n.  The  state  of  being  previously 
disposed  towards  something;  previous  in- 
clination or  tendency;  previous  fitness  or 
adaptation  to  any  change,  impression,  or 
purpose.  -  r 

Predominate,  prS-dom'i-n&t,  v.i.— predomi- 
nated, predominating.  [Fr.  pridominer — 
L.  prce,  before,  and  dominor,  to  rule,  from 
dondnus,  lord.  Dominate,  Dame.j  To 
have  surpassing  power,  influence,or  autho- 
rity; to  have  controlling  influence  among 
others.  — i).t.  To  rule  over;  to  master^.— 
Predominance,  Predominancy,  pre-dom'- 
i-nans,  pr5-dom'i-nan-8i,  n.  Prevalence 
over  others;  superiorityin  power  .influence, 
or  authority;  ascendency. — Predominant, 
pre-dom'i-nant,  a.  Prevalent  over  others; 
superior  in  strength,  influence,  or  autho- 
rity; ruling;  controlling. — Predominant- 
ly, prC-dom'i-nant-li,  adv.  In  a  predomi- 
nant manner. 

Predoom,  pre-dsm',  v.t  To  doom  or  judge 
beforehand. 

Pre-elect,  pr6-e-lekt',  v.t  To  choose  or 
elect  beforehand. — Pre-election,  pre-e-lek'- 
shon,  n.    Choice  or  election  beforehand. 

Pre-eminence,  pre-em'i-nens,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  notably  eminent  among 
others;  superior  or  surpassing  eminence; 
undoubted  superiority,  especially  superi- 
ority in  excellence. — Pre-eminent,  pre-em'- 
i-nent,  a.  Eminent  above  others;  surpass- 
ing or  highly  distinguished  in  excellence, 
sometimes  also  in  evil. — Pre-eminently, 
prC-em'i-nent-U,  adv.  In  a  pre-eminent 
manner  or  degree. 

Pre-emption,  pre-em'shon,  n.  [L.  prce, 
before,  and  emptio,  a  buying,  from  emo,  to 
buy.  Exempt.]  The  act  or  right  of  pur- 
chasing before  others;  the  right  of  a 
settler  to  the  first  chance  of  buying  land 
in  or  near  which  he  has  settled;  the  privi- 
lege formerly  enjoyed  by  English  kings  of 
buying  provisions  in  preference  to  others. 
—Pre-emptive,  prg-em'tiv,  a.  Pertaiining 
to  pjce-emption. 

Preen,  pren,  v.t.  [O.E.  proine,  proigne,  to 
prune,  to  preen.  Prune.]  To  trim  with 
the  beak;  to  clean  and  dress:  said  of  birds 
dressing  their  feathers. 

Pre-engage,  prC-en-gaj',  v.t— pre-engaged, 
pre-engagin{j.  To  engage  by  previous 
agreement;toengageor  attach  by  pre  viou  s 
influence;  to  preoccupy.  —  Pre-engage- 
ment,  pre-en-gjj'ment,  n.  Prior  engage- 
ment or  attachment. 

Pre-estabUsh,  pre-es-tab'lish,  v.t  To  es- 
tablish or  settle  beforehand. — Pre-estab- 
lishment,  pre-es-tab'lish-ment,  n.  Settle- 
ment beforehand. 

Pre-exist,  pre-eg-zist',  v.t.  To  exist  before- 
hand or  before  something  else.  —  Pre- 
existence,  pre-eg-zis'tens,  n.  Existence 
prertous  to  something  else;  existence  in  a 
previous  state;  existence  of  the  soul  before 
itS'  union  with  the  body.— Pre-exlstent, 
prO-eg-zis'tent,  a.  Existing  beforehand; 
preceding  in  existenpe. 

Preface,  pref'as,  n.  [Fr.  prdface,  from  L. 
prce/atio — prce,  before,  and  fari,  fatum,  to 
speak  (whence  also/ate, /ame).]  Something 
spoken  as  introductory  to  a  discourse,  or 
written  as  introductory  to  a  book  or  other 
composition.  —  v.t  —  prefaced,  prefacing. 
To  introduce  by  preliminary  remarks.  — 
Prefatory,  pref 'a-to-ri,  a.  Having  the 
character  of  a  preface;  pertaining'  to  a 
preface.— Prefatorily,  pref'a-to-ri-li,  adv. 
by  way  of  preface. 

Prefect,  pre'fekt,  ».  [L.  prcefecttis,  from 
prceficio—prce,  before,  and  facio,  to  make. 
Fact.]  A  governor,  commander,  chief 
magistrate,  or  the  like;  a  name  common 
to  several  officers,  military  and  civil,  in 
ancient  Rome;  an  important  functionary 
in  France;  a  prtfet,  that  is,  an  official  who 
presides  over  and  has  extensive  pov.'crs  in 


a  department.— Prefectshlp,  Prefecture, 

pre'fekt-ship,  pre'fek-tur,  n.  The  .office  or 
jurisdiction  of  a  prefect;  prefecture  is  also 
the  official  residence  of  a  prefect. 

Prefer,  pre-fer',  v.t— preferred,  preferring. 
[It.  proefero,  to  carry  before,  to  present,  to 
esteem  more  highly  —  prae,  before,  and 
fero,  tobear  or  carry.  Fertile.]  To  offer 
for  one's  consideration  or  decision;  to 
present;  said  especially  of  petitions, 
prayers,  &c.;  to  advance,  as.  to  an  office  or 
dignity;  to  raise;  to  exalt;  to  set  above 
something  else  in  estimation;  to  hold 
in  greater  favour  or  esteem;  to  choose 
rather  (to  prefer  one  to  another).— Prefer- 
able, prefer-a-bl,  a.  Worthy  to  be  pre- 
ferred; more  eligible;  more  desirable.— 
Preferableness,  Preferability.  pref 'er-a-bl- 
nes,  pref '6r-a-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  preferable.— Preferably, 
pref'Cr-a-bli,  adv.  In  or  by  prefurence. — 
Preference,  pref'6r-eus,  n.  "The  preferring 
of  one  thing  before  another;  choice  of  ono 
thing  rather  than  another;  higher  place 
in  esteem ;  the  object  of  choice ;  choice. — 
Preference  shares  or  preference  stock, 
shares  or  stock  on  which  dividends  are 
payable  before  those  on  the  original  shares 
or  stock.— Preferential,  pref-fer-en'shul,  a. 
In  a  position  to  which  some  preference  is 
attached.— Preferment,  pre-fer'ment,  n. 
Advancement  to  a  higher  office,  dignity, 
or  station;  promotion;  a  superior  or  valu- 
able place  or  office,  especially  in  the  church. 
— Preferrer,  pr6-f6r'6r,  n.  One  who  prefers. 

Prdfet,  pra-fa,  n.    [Fr.]    Prefect. 

Prefigure,  pre-fig'ur,  v.t— prefigured,  pre- 
figuring. To  exhibit  by  antecedent  repre- 
sentation or  by  types  and  similitudes. — 
Prefignration,  pre-fig'a-ra"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  prefiguring;  an  antecedent  simili- 
tude.—Prefigurative,  pre-fig'u-ra-tiv,  a. 
Showing  by  previous  figures,  types,  or 
similitudes. 

Prefix,  pr6-fiis',  v.t  [Ff.  prdf-xer;  L.  pros- 
f.go,  progfixus — prce, before,  and  j?£7o,t(.  fix. 
Fix.]  To  put  or  fix  before  or  at  the  begin- 
ning of  another  thing  (to prefix  a  sylliLl>ie- 
to  a  word,  an  advertisement  to  a  book);  to 
settle,  fix,  or  appoint  beforehand  (to  prefix 
the  hour  of  meeting).— n.  (prS'fiks.)  A  let- 
ter, syllable,  or  word  put  to  the  beginning 
of  a  word,  usually  to  vary  its  signification. 
— Prefixlon,  pre-fik'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
prefixing. 

Preformative,  pre-for'ma-tiv,  n.  A  forma- 
tive letter  at  the  beginning  of  a  word-,  a 
prefix. 

Preglacial,  pr5-gla'shi-al,  a.  Geol.  prior  to 
the  glacial  or  boulder-drift  period. 

Pregnable,!  preg'na-bl,  a.  [Fr.  prenaWe 
(with  inserted  g),  from  prendre,  to  take, 
L.  prehendo,  prehensum.  Prehensile.] 
Capable  of  being  taken  or  won  by  force; 
expugnable. 

Pregnant,  preg'nant,  a.  .  [L.  prcegnans, 
prcegnantis—prce,  before,  and  gnans,  ppr. 
corresponding-  to  gnatus,  natus,  born. 
Natal,  Nature.]  Being  with  yountr; 
great  with  child;  gravid;  full  of  important 
matter;  abounding  with  results;  full  of 
consequence  or  significance  (r,  pregnant 
argument).  —  Pregnancy,  preg'nan-si,  n. 
The  state  of  being  pregnant;  time  of  going 
with  child;  the  quality  of  being  full  of 
significance,  or  the  like.  —  Pregnantly, 
preg'nant-li,  adv.    In  a  pregnant  manner. 

Prehensile,  Prehensory,  prf-hen'sil,  prc- 
hen'so-ri,  a.  [L.  prehendo,  prehensus,  to 
lay  hold  of— prce,  before,  and  kendo,  to 
seize, as apprehend,compreheiid,&c.  Prize, 
Prison.]  Capable  of  or  adapted  to  seize 
or  grasp  (a  monkey's  prehensile  tail). — 
Prenensible,  pre-hen'si-ol,  a.  Capable  of 
being  seized.  —  Prehension,  prC-hen'shon, 
n.  A  taking  hold  of;  a  seizing.— Prehensor, 
pre-hen'sCr,  n.    One  who  lays  hold. 

Prehistoric,  pre-his-tor'ik,  a.  Relating  to 
a  period  antecedent  to  that  at  which  his- 
tory begins.  _,    .     .       . 

Preinstruct,  prC-in-strukt',  v.t  To  instruct 
previously  or  beforehand: 

Prelntimatlon,  prC'in-ti-ma"8hon,  n.    Pre- 

,  vious  intimation;  a  suggestion  before-, 
hand. 

Prejudge,  pre-juj',  v.t— prejudged,  premdg- 
ing.  [Fv.prejuger.]  To  judge  before  hear- 
ing, or  before  the  arguments  and  facts  am 


Eftte,  far,  fat,  fftU^     md,  met,  htr^,  pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOvc;     tube,  tub,  bull ;     oil,  pound;"    ii,  Sc.  abwne— the  Fr.  «■ 


PREJUDICATE 


529 


PREPOSSESS 


fully  known;  to  decide  by  anticipation;  to 
coudemn  beforehand  or  unheard.  —  Pre- 
judgment, pre-juj'ment,  n.  The  act  of 
prejudging;  judgment  without  a  hearing 
or  full  examination. 

Prejudicate,  pr5-ju'di-ks,t,  v.t.—prejudicat- 
ed,  prejudicating.  [L.  prcB,  before,  and 
judico,  to  judge.  Akin  prejudice.]  To 
prejudge;  to  determine  beforehand,  espe- 
cially to  disadvantage.  —  Prejudication, 
prfe-ja'di-k&"shon,  n.  The  act  of  prejudi- 
cating. 

Prejudice,  prej'a-dis,  n.  [Fr.  prdjtuiice, 
from  L.  prcejudicium,  from  prce,  before, 
and  judicium,  a  judgment,  from  judex,  ju- 
dicis,  a  judge.  Judge.]  A  bias  ot  leaning, 
favourable  or  unfavourable,  without  rea- 
son, or  for  some  reason  other  than  justice; 
a  prepossession  (when  used  absolutely 
generally  with  the  unfavourable  meaning 
of  wrong  or  ignorant  bias  or  view) ;  mis- 
chief; damage;  injury  (without  prejudice 
to  one's  interests).  — v. t— prejudiced,  prejti- 
dicing.  To  implant  a  prejudice  in  the  mind 
of;  to  bias  by  hasty  and  incorrect  notions; 
to  injure  by  prejudices;  to  hurt,  damage, 
impair;  to  injure  in  general  {to prejtidiee 
one's  cause).— Prejudicial,  prej-u-dish'al, 
a.  Hurtful;  mischievous;  injurious;  detri?' 
mental.  —  Prejudicially,  prej-U-dish'al-li, 
adv.  In  a  prejudicial  manner. — Prejudi- 
cialness, prej-Q-dish'al-nes,  n. 

Preknowledge,  pre-nol'ej,  n.  Prior  kncw- 
ledge;  foreknowledge. 

Prelate,  prel'at,  to.  LFr.  prilat,  from  L.L. 
prcelatus,  from  L.  prcelatu8,pp.  of  prrgfero, 
prcelatum — prm,  before,  and  iaius,  boms.] 
An  ecclesiastic  of  the  higher  order  having 
authority  over  the  lower  clergy,  as  an  arch- 
bishop, bishop,  or  patriarch ;  a  dignitary 
of  the  church.— Prelacy,  prel'a-si,  n.  Epis- 
copacy; the  system  of  church  government 
by  prelates;  prelates  collectively, — Prel- 
ateship,  prel'at-ship,  n.  The  oitice  of  a 
prelate.— Prelatic,  Prelatioal,  Prelatial, 
pre-lat'ik,  pre-lat'i-kal,  pre-la'shi-aL,  a. 
Pertaining  to  prelates  or  prelacy.— Pte- 
latically,  pre-lat'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  pro- 
latical  manner.— Prelatist,  prel'at-ist,  n. 
An  advocate  for  prelacy. 

Prelect,  pre-lekt',  v.i.  and  t.  [1,.  prmlego, 
prcelectus — prce,  before,  and  lego,  to  read. 
jLeoend.J  To  read  a  lecture  or  discourse 
in  public.  —  Prelection,  pre-lek'shon,  n. 
A  lecture  or  discourse  read  in  public  or  to 
a  select  company. — Prelector,  pr6-lek'tor, 
n.  A  reader  of  discourses;  a  lecturer. 

trelibation,  pr6-li-ba'shon,  n.  [L.  prm,  be- 
fore, and  libo,  to  taste.  Libation.J  Fore- 
taste; a  tasting  beforehand;  an  effusion 
or  libation  previous  to  tasting. 

Preliminary,  pr6-lim'i-na-ri,  a.  [Fr.  pri- 
Hminaire  —  L.  prce,  before,  and  limen, 
threshold.  Limit.]  Introductory;  preced- 
ing the  main  discourse  or  business;  prefa- 
tory.— TO.  Something  introductory  or  pre- 
paratory; something  to  be  examined  and 

'determined  before  anaifair  can  be  treated 
of  on  its  own  merits;  a  preparatory  act. — 
Preliminarily,  pre-lim'i-na-ri-li,  adv.  In 
a  preliminary  manner. 

Prelude,.pre'lud  or  prel'Qd,  to.  [Fr.  prSlude, 
from  h.  prce, before, and  ludus,  play.  Ludi- 
cHons.J  Something  preparatory  or  leading 
up  to  what  follows;  an  introductory  per- 
formance; music,  a  short  introductory 
strain  preceding  the  principal  movement. 
— v.t.  (pre-lQd') — preluded,  preluding.  To 
introduce  with  a  prelude;  to  serve  as  pre- 
lude to.  —  v.i.  To  serve  as  a  prelude. — 
Preludlal,  pr6-lQ'di-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  prelude;  introductory.— Prelusive,  Pre- 
lusory,  pr5-la'siv,  pre-lu'so-ri,  a.  Having 
the  character  of  a  prelude ;  introductory. 
— Prelusively,  Prelusorily,  pre-lu'siv-li, 
pr5-la'so  ri-li,  adv.    By  way  of  prelude. 

Prelumbar,  pr5-lum'bar,  a.  [L.  prce,  before, 
and  lumbus,a,  loin.]  Anat.  placed  before 
the  loins. 

Premature,  prB'ma-tQr,  a.  '  [L.  prmmaturus 
—prce,  before,  and  maiurus,  ripe.]  Hap- 
pening, arriving,  existing;  performed,  or 
adopted  before  the  proper  time;  done,  paid, 
or  believed  too  soon;  too  early;  untimely. 
— Prematurely,  pre-ma-tQr'li,  adv.  Ivv  a 
premature  manner.— Prematureness,  l-.ra- 
maturity,  pre-m:vl  ru'nes,  pre-ma-tu'ri-ti, 
TO.    The  state  ot  ueing  premature. 


Premaxillary,pr5-mak'sil-la-ri,n.  Anat.  a 
bone,  of  the  upper  jaw  on  either  side  ante- 
rior to  the  true  maxillary  bone. 

Premeditate,  pre-med'i-tat,  v.t.— premedi- 
tated; premiditating.  li'T.  prerndditer,  L. 
prcemeditor—prce,  before,  and  meditor,  to 
meditate.]  To  think  on  and  revolve  in 
the  mind  beforehand ;  to  contrive  and  de- 
sign previously.—D.i.  To  meditate  before- 
hand. —  Promeditately,  pre-med'i-tat-Ii, 
adv.  With  premeditation.  —  Premedita- 
tion, pre-mea'i-ta"shon,  to.  The  act  of  pre- 
meditating; i>reviou8  deliberation;  fore- 
thought; previous  contrivance  or  design. . 
PremetalUc,  pr5-me-tal'ik,  a.  Pertaining 
to  that  period  during  which  men  were 
ignorant  of  the  art  of  working  metals. 

Premier,  pr6'mi-6r,  a.  [Fr.  premier,  from 
L.  primariua,  of  the  first  rank,  from  pri- 
mug,  first.  Primk.J  First;  chief;  princi- 
pal; holding  the  most  ancient  title  in  any 
rank  of  the  peerage  (the  premier  earl). — 
TO.  The  first  or  chief  minister  of  state;  the 
prime  or  premier  minister. — Premiership, 
pr6'mi-6r-ship,  to.    The  office  of  premier. 

Premise,  prS-miz',  v.t— premised,  premis- 
ing. [From  L.  prcemitto,  prcemiasum — 
prce,  before,  and  mitto,  to  send.  Mission.] 
To  set  forth  or  make  known  beforehand^ 
as  introductory  to  the  main  subject;  to 
lay  down  as  an  antecedent  proposition. — 
v.i.  To  make  an  antecedent  statement. — 
n,  (prem'is).  [Fr.  pr^misse,  a  premise  (ia 
logic),  L.  prcemisium,  what  is  sent  or  put 
before.]  A  proposition  laid  down  as  a  base 
of  argument :  logic,  the  name  applied  to 
each  of  the  two  first  propositions  of  a.  syl- 
logism, from  which  the  inference  or  con- 
clusion is  drawn;  pi.  the  beginning  or 
early  portion  of  a  legal  deed  or  document 
where  the  subject-matter  is  stated  or  de- 
scribed in  full  (lit.  'the  things  before 
mentioned');  hence,  lands  and  houses  or 
tenements;  a  house  and  the  outhouses, 
Ac,  belonginjf  to  it.— Premiss,  prem'is,  n. 
Logic,  a  y^'smise. 

Premium,  pr€'mi-um,  n.  [L.  praemium,  a 
rowfvrd — vroe,  before,  and  emo,  to  take. 
Pke-emptios.]  a  reward  or  prize  offered 
for  some  specific  thing;  a  bonus;  an  extra 
eum  paid  as  an  incentive;  a  bounty;  a  fee 
paid  for  the  privilege  of  being  taught  a 
trade  or  prof  ession;  a  sum  paid  periodically 
to  an  office  for  insurance,  as  against  fire 
or  loss  of  life  or  property. — At  a  premium, 
above  par,  opposed  to  at  a  discount:  said  of 
shares  or  stock;  hence,  in  high  esteem. 

Premolar,  pre-mo'l6r,  n.  Anat.  a  tooth 
between  the  canine  and  the  molars. 

Premonish,  pre-mon'ish,  v.t.  [Prefix  pre, 
and  -monish,  as  in  udnwnish.']  To  fore- 
warn; to  admonish  beforehand. — Premo- 
nition, pre-mo-nish'on,  to.  Previous  warn- 
ing, notice,  or  information.— Premonitor, 
pre-mon'i-t6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
gives  premonition.  —  Premonttorily,  pr5- 
mon'i-to-ri-li,  adv.  By  way  of  premonition. 
—Premonitory,  Premonitive,  pre-mon'i- 
to-ri,  pre-mon'i-tiv,  a.  Giving  previous 
warniiig  or  notice. 

Premorse,  pr5-mors',  a.  •  [L.  proemorims— 
prce,  before,  and  mordeo,  to  gnaw.  Mor- 
dant.] Bitten  off:  arplied  in  h^t.  to  &, 
root  or  leaf  terminating  abruptly,  as  if 
bitten  off. 

Premosaic,  pre-mo-za'ik,  a.  Relating  to 
the  time  before  that  of  Moses. 

Premotion,  pre-mo'shon,  to.  Previous  mo- 
tion or  excitement  to  action. 

Premunlre,  pre-mO-ni'rS,  to.    Praemunire. 

Prenominato,  pre-nom'i-nat,  v.t.—prenom- 
inated,  prenominating.  To  nominate,  or 
name  previously  or  beforehand.— a.  Fore- 
named.  —  Prenomlnation,  prC-nom'i-na"- 
shon,  TO.  The  privilege  of  naming  or  being 
named  first. 

Prenotion,  pr5-no'shon,  n.  A  notion  which 
precedes  something  else  in  time;  previous 
notion  or  thought. 

Prentice,  pren'tis.  A  colloquial  contrac- 
tion of  Apjyrentice. — Prentlceshlp,  pren'- 
tis-ship.  A  contraction  of  Apprenticeship. 

Preoccupy,  pre-ok'kfl-pi,  v.t.—preocciipied, 
preoccupying.  To  occupy  or  take  posses- 
sion of  before  another;  to  engage  or  occupy 
the  attention  of  befbrehand;  to  engross 
beforehand.  —  Preoccupancy,  pr5-ok'ktt- 
pan-si,  TO.    The  act  or  right  of  taking  pos- 


eession  before  another. — Preoccupaat,  t!t5- 
ok'ka-pant,  to.  One  who  preoccupies. — 
Preoccupation,  pre-ok'kft-pa"shon,  n.  An 
occupation  or  taking  possession  before 
anotnor.— Preoccupied,  pre-ok'lcQ-pid,  p. 
and  a.  Having  the  attention  taken  up 
previously;  absorbed. 

Preoperculum,  prS-o-pferTcQ-lum.TO.  A  part 
of  the  gill-cover  or  operculum  of  a  fish. 

Preordain,  prO-or-dan',  v.t.  To  ordai-o.  or 
appoint  beforehand;  to  predetermine. — 
Preordination,  prs-or'di-na"8hon,  to.  The 
act  of  foreordaining. 

Prepaid.    Prbpav. 

'PreTpa,ie,-pT&-pS,r',v.t.— prepared,  preparinc/. 
[Fr.  preparer,  L.  prceparo,  prcevaraium — 
prce,  before,  and  paro,  to  get  ready.  Par2,] 
To  fit,  adapt,  or  qualify  for  a  particular 
purpose;  to  put  into  such  a  state  as  to  bs 
fit  for  use  or  application;  to  make  ready; 
often,  with  a  personal  object,  to  mr-ka 
ready  for  something  that  is  to  happen;  to 
give  notice  to  (to  prepare  a  person  for  ill 
news  or  calamity);  to  provide ;  to  procure 
as  suitable  (to  prepare  arms,  ammunition, 
&c.,  for  troops).  —  v.i.  To  make  ready;  to 
put  things  in  suitable  order;  to  take  the 
necessary  previous  measures;  to  make 
one's  self  ready.— Preparation,  pre-pa-rS'- 
shoa,  ft.  [L.  prceparatio.]  The  act  of  pre- 
paring; that  which  is  prepared  for  a  par- 
ticular purpose;  a  substance  compounded 
or  made  up  for  a  certain  use;  the  state  of 
being  prepared  or  in  readiness.— Prepai-- 
ative,  pre-par'a-tiv,  a.  [Fr.  priparatif.^ 
Tending  or  serving  to  prenare  or  make 
readyj  preparatory. — n.  Thai  which  is  pre- 
parative or  preparatory;  that  which  is 
done.to  prepare.— Preparatively,  pra-pai'- 
a-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  preparative  manner; 
by  way  of  preparation.— Preparatory,  pr5- 
par'a-to-ri,  a.  Serving  to  prepare  the  way 
for  some  proceeding  to  follow;  introduc- 
tory;preparative.— Preparedly  ,pr6-pRrd'li, 
adv.  With  suitable  previous  measures. — 
Preparedness,  pr6-pard'neg,  to.  The  ttate 
of  being  prepared.— Preparer,  pr5-pa'r6r, 
TO.    One  who  or  that  which  prepares. 

Prepay,  pre-pa',  v.t. — prepaid,  prepaying. 
To  pay  before  obtaiiiing  possession  of;  to 
pay  in  advance;  to  pay  oefore  the  pay- 
ment falls  due.  —  Prepayment,  pre-pa'- 
ment, ».  Act  of  paying  beforehand;  pay- 
ment in  advance. 

Prepense,  pr6-pens',  a.  [L.  praipensus-^ 
pree,  before,  and  pendo,  pensum,  to  weigh. 
Poi.SK.]  Deliberated  or  devised  before- 
hand; premeditated;  aforethought:  noir 
scarcely  used  except  in  the  phrase  'malice 
prepense.' — Prepensely.  pr5-pens'li,  adv. 

Preponderate,  pre-pon'dfer-ftt,  v.t— prepon- 
derated, preponderating.  [L.  prceponaero, 
pra!ponderatum—pra!,\)etoTe,a.ndpo7idero, 
to  weigh,  from  pondus,  ponderit,  a  weight. 
Ponder.]  To  outweigh;  to  have  moro 
weight  or  influence  than.— y.i.  To  exceed 
in  weight,  influence,  or  power;  to  have  the 
greater  weight  or  influence;  to  have  sway 
or  power  superior  to  others. — Preponder- 
ance,Preponderancy,  pr6-pon'der-ans,  prS- 
pon'dir-an-si,  to.  The  state  or  quality  of 
preponderating  or  being  preponderant. — 
Preponderant,  pre-pon '  d^r-ant,  a.  Out- 
weighing; superior  in  power,  influence,  or 
the  like.  —  Prepondera-ntly,  Preponder- 
atingly,  prG-pon'd6r-ant-li,  pr5-pon'd6r-a- 
ting-li,  adv.  In  a  preponderant  manner, 
— fteponderation,  pre-pon'der-a"shon,  n. 
The  state  of  preponderating;  prepondsr- 
•ance. 

Preposition,  pr5-po-zish'on,  n.  [L.  praepo- 
sitio.  Position.]  Gram,  a  part  of  speech 
which  is  used  to  show  the  relation  of  cji3 
noun  or  pronoun  to  another  in  a  senteuop, 
and  is  usually  pi  aced  before  the  word  whjoh 
expresses  the  object  of  the  relation.  — 
Prepositional,  pre-po-zish'on-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  nature  or  f  unctlo  u 
of  a  preposition.— Prepositionally,  pr6-pii- 
zish'on-al-li,  adv.  In  a  prepositional  man- 
ner. —  Prepositive,  pre-poz'i-tiv,  a.  Put 
before.— n.  A  word  or  particle  put  before 
another  word. 

Prepossess,  pr6-poz-zes',  v.t.  To  tsike  pre- 
vious possession  of;  to  preoccupy  the  rnind 
or  heart  of;  to  fill  or  imbue  beforehand 
with  some  opinion  or  estimate;  to  preju- 
dice. .•.Prey>08s«8s  is  more  frequently  used 


ch,  cftain;     ch.Sc.lock;     g,  lio;     j>job;      ii,  Fr.  tor^;     nj:,  cini?;     tii,  </,cp;  th,  i?ijn;     yr.wi 


34 


?0STEI10US 


530 


PRESIGXIFY 


in  a  good  Bense  than  prejudice.— Prepos- 
sessinfi,  pre-poz-zes'ing,  a.  Creating  an 
impression  favourable  to  the  owner;  en-' 
gaging :  said  especially  of  the  external 
ciiaracteristics  of  a  person.  —  Preposies- 
sion,  pr9-poz-zesh'on,  n.  Prior  possession; 
a  preconceived  opinion;  an  impression  on 
the  mind  in  favour  or  against  any  person 
or  thing,  especially  in  favour. 

Preposterous,  pre-pos'tfer-us,  a.    [L.  pra- 

ponterut—pra,  before,  and  poiterua,  com-, 
ing  after.  Posterior.]  Contrary  to  nature, 
reason,  or  common  sense;  utterly  and 
glaringly  foolish ;  totally  opposed  to  the 
fitness  of  things;  manifestly  absurd.— 
Preposterously,  pre-pos'tfer-us-li,  adv.  In 
a  preposterous  manner.  —  Preposterous- 
neBS,  pr6-pos'tftr-us-neg,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  preposterous;  utter  ab- 
surdity. 

Prepotent,  pre-pS'tent,  a.  [L.  prcepotens— 
pr(e,  before,  and  po<«?is,  powerful.  Potent.] 
very  powerful;  having  a  superiority  of 
power  or  influence.— Prepotency,  pre-po'- 
ten-si,  n.    Superior  power;  predominance. 

Prepuce,  pre'uus,  n.  (L.  proeputium,  the 
foreskin.]  The  foreskin.— Preputial,  pre- 
ph'shal,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  prepuce. 

Pre-Bapnaellte,  pre-raf'a-el-it,  n.  One  who 
practises  or  favours  the  system  or  style  of 
painting  practised  by  the  early  painters 
before  Raphael,  or  the  modem  revival  of 
their  style  or  system,  said  to  be  a  rigidly 
faithful  representation  of  natural  forms 
and  effects.  —  Pre-Raphaelitism,  Pre-K.a- 
phaeltsm,  pre-raf'a-el-it-izm,  pre-raf'a-el- 
izm,  n.  The  style  or  practice  of  the  pre- 
Raphaelites. 

Prerequisite,  pr5-rek'wi-zit,  a.  Previously 
requisite;  necessary  to  something  subse- 
quent.— n.  Something  that  is  prerequisite. 

Prerogative,  pre-rog'a-tiv,  n.  [L.  proero- 
gativa,  from  prcerogo,  to  ask  before — prae, 
before,  and  rogo,  to  ask  (as  in  interrogate, 
arrogate,  derogate,  &c.).]  An  exclusive  or 
peculiar  privilege;  a  privilege  belonging 
to  one  in  virtue  of  his  character  or  posi- 
tion; an  official  and  hereditary  right  wnich 
may  be  asserted  without  question;  a  spe- 
cial right  or  privilege  of  a  sovereign  or 
other  executive  of  a  government.  —  Pre- 
rogatived,  pre-i-og'a-tivd,  a.  Having  pre- 
rogative.- Prerogatively,  pre-rog'a-tiv-li, 
adv.    By  privilege  or  prerogative. 

^esage,  pre'saj  or  pres'aj,  n.  [Fr.  pritage, 
L.  prcesagium — prm,  before,  and  sagio,  to 
perceive  by  the  senses;  allied  to  sagacioua.} 
Something  which  portends  or  foreshows  a 
future  event;  a  prognostic;  an  omen;  a 
foreboding  or  presentiment;  a  feeling  that 
something  is  to  happen;  a  prophecy;  fore- 
knowledge.—w.<.  (prC-saj')- pre«a(7ed,  pre- 
saging. To  forebode;  to  foreshow;  to  fore- 
tell, predict,  prophesy. —  w.t.  To  form  or 
utter  a  prediction.— PreBageful,pre-saj'ful, 
a.  Full  of  presages;  ominous. — Presage- 
ment,  pre-saj'ment,  n.  A  foreboding;  a 
foretelling.— Presager,  pre-sa'j6r,  n.  One 
who  presages. 

Presbyopia,  pres-bi-ii'pi-a,  n.  [Gr.  presbys, 
old,  and  Ops,  the  eye.]  An  imperfection 
of  vision  in  which  near  objects  are  seen 
less  distinctly  than  those  at  a  distance, 
common  in  old  age.— Preabyope,  pres'bi- 
op,  n.  One  affected  with  presbyopia. — 
Presbyopic,  pres-bi-op'ik,  a.  Pertaining 
to  presbyopia. 

Presbyter,  pre8T3i-t«r,n.  [L.pr«»5y<er,from 
Gr.  preahyteros,  compar.  of  presbya,  old. 
Priest  is  the  same  word.]  An  elder  or  a 
person  somewhat  advanced  in  age,  who 
had  authority  in  the  early  Christian 
church;  a  priest;  a  parson.— Presbyterian, 
pres-bi-te'ri-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pres- 
byter; pertaining  to  ecclesiastical  govern- 
ment by  presbyteries,  or  to  those  who  up- 
hold such  government.— n.  A  member  of 
that  section  of  the  Christian  church  who 
vest  church  government  in  presbyteries  or 
associations  of  ministers  and  elders,  and 
have  no  bishops.  —  Presbyterial,  pres-bi- 
te'ri-al,  a.  Presbj-terian.— Presbyterian- 
Ism,  pres-bi-t6'ri-an-izm,n.  The  doctrines, 
principles,  and  discipline  or  government  of 
Presbyterians.  —  Presbytery,  pres'bi-te-ri, 
n.  Presbj-terianism ;  a  judicatory  consis- 
ting of  Presbyterian  pastors  of  all  the 
churches  of  any  particular  denomination 


within  a  given  district,  along  with  one 
ruling  elder  from  each  church-session. 

Prescient,  pre'shi-ent,  a.  [L.  prceaciens, 
prcescientis,  ppr.  of  prcescio,  to  foreknow — 
prce,  before,  jcto,  toknow.  Science.]  Fore- 
knowing; having  knowledge  of  events  be- 
fore they  take  place.— Prescience,  pre'shi- 
ens,  n.  [L.  preacientia.]  Foreknowledge; 
knowledge  of  events  before  they  take 
place;  foresight. 

Prescienti£c,  pre'si-en-tif"ik,  a.  Anterior 
to  the  era  of  science. 

Prescribe,  pre-skrib',  v.t — prescribed,  pre- 
scribing. IL.  prcescribo — prce,  before,  and 
scribo,  to  write.  Scribe.]  To  lay  down 
authoritatively  for  direction;  to  give  as  a 
rule  of  conduct;  nied.  to  direct  to  be  used 
as  a  remedy. —  v.i.  To  lay  down  rules  or 
directions;  to  dictate;  to  write  or  give  med- 
ical directions;  to  direct  what  remedies  are 
to  be  used;  law,  to  become  extinguished  or 
of  no  validity  through  lapse  of  time,  as  a 
right,  debt,  obligation,  and  the  like.— Pre- 
8criber,pre-skri'b6r,n.  One  that  prescribes. 
—  Prescript,  pre'skript,  a.  Directed;  set 
down  as  a  rule;  prescribed. — n.  Direction; 
precept;  model  prescribed.— Prescriptibil- 
ity,  pre-skrip'ti-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  prescriptible.  —  Prescriptible;  pre- 
skrip'ti-bl,a.  Suitable  for  being  prescribed; 
depending  or  derived  from  prescription. — 
Prescription,  pr6-skrip'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  prescribing;  what  is  prescribed;  a  direc- 
tion; prescript;  med.  a  written  statement 
of  the  medicines  or  remedies  to  be  used 
by  a  patient;  a  claim,  right,  or  title  based 
on  long  use  or  custom;  the  loss  of  a  legal 
right  by  lapse  of  time  and  neglect.— fte- 
•criptive,  pr5-skrip'tiv,  a.  Consisting  in 
or  acquired  by  prescription. 

Preseuce.    Under  Present. 

Present,  prez'ent,  a.  IL.  prceaena,  prcesen- 
tig;  from  pra,  before,  and  sens,  esena,  be- 
ing, an  old  participle  of  sum.l  am;  comp. 
absent.]  Being  in  a  certain  place:  opposed 
to  absent;  being  before  the  face  or  near; 
being  in  company;  done  on  the  spot;  in- 
stant; immediate  (present  death);  being 
now  in  view  or  under  consideration;  now 
existing,  or  being  at  this  time;  not  past 
or  future;  ready  at  hand;  quick  in  emer- 
gency.—IT/ie  present,  an  elliptical  expres- 
BionioTthe  preaeni  time.— At  present, ellip- 
tically  for  at  the  present  time. — Present 
tense,  gram,  the  tense  or  modification  of  a 
verb  which  expresses  action  or  being  in 
the  present  time.  —  v.t.  (pre-zent'i.  [Fr. 
prisenter,  L.  prcc«entare,  to  present,  lit. 
to  make  present.]  To  place  or  introduce 
into  the  presence  or  before  the  face  of, 
especially  of  a  superior;  to  make  known; 
to  offer  for  acquaintance ;  to  exhibit  or 
offerto  view  ornotice  (presented  a  wretched 
appearance);  to  bestow;  to  make  a  gift  or 
donation  of:  generally  to  give  formally 
and  ceremoniously;  to  bestow  a  gift  upon; 
to  favour  with  a  donation  (to  present  a 
person  with  a  thing);  to  nominate  to  an 
ecclesiastical  benefice;  to  lay  before  a  pub- 
lic body  for  consideration,  as  before  a 
legislature,  court,  Ac.  (to  present  a  memo- 
rial or  the  like);  to  point,  level,  aim,  as  a 
weapon,  particularly  some  species  of  fire- 
arms.— To  present  arms  (int/t<.),toput  the 
arms  or  guns  in  a  perpendicular  position 
in  front  of  the  body,  as  in  saluting  a  su- 
perior ofiicer.  or  in  token  of  respect. — »i. 
(prez'ent).  That  which  is  presented  or 
given;  a  gift;  pi.  (from  the  adj.),  a  term 
used  in  a  legal  deed  to  signify  the  docu- 
ment itself.  —  Presence,  prez'ens,  n.  [L. 
prcesentia.]  The  state  of  being  present; 
the  ezistence  of  a  person  or  thing  in  a  cer- 
tain place:  opposed  to  abgaice;  the  being 
in  company  with;  personal  attendance;  the 
state  of  being  within  sightorcall;  the  state 
of  being  in  view  of  a  superiorj  the  person 
of  a  superior,  as  a  sovereign;  mien;  air;  per- 
sonal appearance;  demeanour.— Presence 
of  mind,  coolness  and  readiness  of  inven- 
tion or  resource  in  occasions  of  difficulty; 
quickness  in  devising  expedients  on  press- 
ing occasions.- Presence-chamber,  n.  The 
room  in  which  a  great  personage  receives 
company.  —  Presentable,  prC-zen'ta-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  presented;  in  such  trim 
as  to  be  able  to  present  one's  self  without 
embarrassment;  suitable  to  be  exhibited 


or  oflffred.- Presentation,  prez-en-tfi'shnn, 
n.  The  act  of  presenting,  or  state  of  being 
presentsd;  the  act  or  right  of  presenting 
a,  clergyman  or  nominating  a  minister  to 
a  vacant  parish, —  Presentative,  pre-zen'- 
ta-tiv,  a.  Serving  to  present;  presenting; 
metaph.  applied  to  what  may  be  appre- 
hended directly,  or  to  the  faculty  capable 
of  apprehending  directly,  —  Presentee, 
prez-eu-t6',  n.  One  presented  to  a  benefice. 
—Presenter,  pre-zen'tfer,  n.  One  who  pre- 
sents; one  who  leads  or  introduces.— Pre- 
sentive,  prf-zen'tiv,  a.  Gram,  applied  to 
words  which  present  a  definite  conception 
of  an  object  to  the  mind:  opposed  to  sym- 
bolic.— n.  A  presentive  word. — Presentive- 
ness,  pre-zen'tiv-nes,  Ji.— Presently,  prez'- 
ent-li,  adv.  In  a  little  time;  soon;  forth- 
with ;  immediately.  —  Presentment,  prs- 
zent'ment,  n.  The  act  of  presenting  or 
state  of  being  presented ;  representation 
or  portrait  (SAnfc.).— Presentness.prez'ent- 
nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  present ;  pre- 
sence. 

Presentiment,  pre-sen'ti-ment,  n.  [Pre,  be- 
fore, and  sentiment;  O.Fr.  presentiment, 
foreboding.]  Previous  conception,  senti- 
ment, or  opinion;  previous  apprehension 
of  something  future;  anticipation  of  im- 
pending evil;  foreboding. 

Preserve,  pr(}-z6i;v',  v.t— preserved,  preser- 
ving. [Fr.  preserver,  L.L.  proeservo — L. 
proe,  before,  and  servo,  to  save.  Serve.] 
To  keep  or  save  from  injury  or  destruction; 
to  defend  from  evil;  to  save;  to  keep  in 
the  same  state;  to  uphold,  sustain,  guard; 
to  save  from  decay;  to  cause  to  remain 
good  and  wholesome  for  food  by  treating 
with  salt,  sugar,  or  otherwise  (preserved 
meats  or  fruits);  to  prevent  "being  hunted 
and  killed,  except  at  certain  seasons  or  by 
certain  persons,  as  game,  salmon,  &c.— y.i. 
To  practise  the  art  of  seasoning  fruits,  &c., 
for  preservation;  to  protect  game  for  pur- 
poses of  sport.— n. That  which  is  preserved; 
fruit,  &c.,  suitably  seasoned,  to  keep  from 
decay;  a  place  set  apart  for  the  shelter  and 
protection  of  game  intended  for  sport.— 
Preserver,  pre-zir'ver,n.  A  person  or  thing 
that  preserves.  —  Preservable,  prG-zf  r'va- 
bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  preserved. -Preser- 
vation, prez-fer-va'shon,  ?i.  The  act  of  pre- 
serving; the  state  of  being  preserved ;  es- 
cape from  danger;  safety.— Preservative, 
pre-zSr'va-tiv,  a.  Having  the  power  of 
keeping  safe  from  injury,  destruction,  or 
decay ;  tending  to  preserve.  —  n.  That 
which  preserves  or  has  the  power  of  pre- 
serving; something  that  is  preventive  of 
injury  or  decay.  —  Preservatory,  pre-ztr'- 
va-to-ri,  a.  Having  a  tendency  or  power 
to  preserve. 

Preses,  pre'ses,  n.  [L.  prases,  from  proi, 
before,  and  sedeo,to  sit.]  A  president;  the 
chairman  of  a  meeting.    [Scotch.] 

Preside,  pr6-zid',  v.i.— presided,  presiding. 
[Fr.  prisider,  from  L.  prmaideo-^rcB,  be- 
fore, and  sedeo,  to  sit.  Sit.]  To  be  set  over 
others;  to  have  the  place  of  authority  over 
others,  as  a  chairman  or  director:  usually 
denoting  temporary  superintendence  anil 
government,  as  at  a  public  meeting;  to 
exercise  superintendence;  to  watch  over 
as  inspector.  —  Presidence,  pres'i-dens, 
n.  Presidency.  —  Presidency,  pres'i-den- 
si,  n.  Superintendence;  in.'^pection  and 
care;  the  office  of  president;  the  term 
during  which  a  president  holds  his  office; 
one  of  the  three  great  divisions  of  Brit- 
ish India,  the  presidencies  of  Calcutta, 
Madras,  and  Bombay.— President,  pres'i- 
dent,  n.  [L.  praesidens,  ppr.  of  prcEsideo.] 
One  who  presides ;  an  officer  elected  or 
appointed  to  preside  over  and  control  the 
proceedings  of  a  number  of  persons;  the 
chief  officer  of  a  corporation,  company, 
society,  &c.;  the  chief  officer  of  some  col- 
leges or  universities;  the  highest  officer  of 
state  in  a  republic— Presidential,  pres-i- 
den'shal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  president.— 
Presidentship,  pres'i-dent-ship,  n.  The 
office  of  president.— Presider,  pre-zi'der,n. 
One  who  presides. 

Presignify,  pre-sig'ni-fi,  v.t.—prengnxfitd, 
presignifying.  To  intimate  or  signify  bo- 
lorehand;  to  show  previously.— Presieni- 
flcatlon,  pre-sig'ni-fi-ka"shon,  n.  The  act 
of  signifying  or  showing  beforehand. 


rate,  far,  ftit.frU;     «««,  riiet,  Uir;     tine,  pin;     note,  not,  mSve;     tnbe,  tub,  bii'? ;     oil,  pour;!;     fl,  8c.  abtme— the  Ft 


PKESS 


531 


IT.EVENT 


Press,  pres,  v.t.  [Fr.  pregser,  from  L.  pres- 
so,  a  freq.  of  preuio,  pressum,  to  press; 
seen  also  in  compress,  Ueprtss,  express, 
itnpress,  repress,  &c.  J  To  act  on  with  force 
or  weight;  to  squeeze;  to  crush;  to  extract 
the  juice  of  by  squeezing;  to  squeeze  for 
the  purpose  of  making  smooth  (to  press 
cloth  or  paper);  to  embrace  closely;  to 
constrain  or  compel;  to  urge  by  authority 
or  necessity;  to  impose  importunately  (to 
fjCB.is  a  gift  on  one);  to  straiten  or  distress 
(to  be  pressed  with  want);  to  urge  or  so- 
licit with  earuestuess;  to  importune;  to 
inculcate  with  earneetness;  to  enforce;  to 
bear  hard  upon ;  to  ply  hard.— t».t.  To 
exert  pressure;  to  act  with  compulsive 
force;  to  bear  heavily;  to  strain  or  strive 
eagerly;  to  go  forward  with  impulsive 
eagerness  or  energetic  efforts;  to  crowd;  to 
throng;  to  force  ones  way;  to  urge.— jTo 
press  upon,  to  urge  with  force;  to  attack 
closely.— n.  (Fr.  presse,  a  press,  a  crowd,  a 
throng.]  An  instrument  or  machine  by 
which  any  body  is  squeezed,  crushed,  or 
forced  into  a  more  compact  form;  a  ma- 
chine for  printing;  a  priuting-press;  (with 
the)  printed  literature  in  general,  often 
restricted  to  the  literature  of  newspapers; 
acrowd;  a  throng;  multitude  of  individuals 
crowded  together;  a  wine-vat  or  cistern 
(O.T.);  an  upright  cupboard  in  which 
clothes  or  other  articles  are  kept;  urgency; 
urgent  demands  cf  affairs.— /"ress  of  sail 
inaiit.),  as  much  sail  as  the  state  of  the 
wind,  &c.,  will  permit.  —  Liberty  of  the 
press.  Under  Libkriy.— Presser,  pres'er. 
n.  One  who  presses.— Pressing,  pres'ing, 
p.  and  a.  Urgent;  importunate;  distress- 
ing. —  Pressingly,  pres'ing-li,  adv.  In  a 
pressing  manner.  —  PresEman,  pres'man, 
n.  One  who  works  or  attends  to  a  prin- 
ting-press; also,  a  journalist  or  writer  for 
the  press.— Press-room, n.  Print,  the  room 
wiiere  the  printing-presses  are  worked,  as 
distinguished  from  a  composing-room, 
ic.— Pressure,  presh'ur.n.  lO.Fr.  pressiire, 
.  h.  press^ira.]  The  act  of  pressing;  the 
state  of  being  squeezed  or  crushvjd;  the 
force  of  one  body  acting  on  another  by 
weight  or  the  continued  application  of 
power;  a  constraining  force  or  impulse 
acting  on  the  mind;  severity  or  grievous- 
ness,  as  of  personal  circumstances;  dis- 
tress, strait,  ordifficulty;urgency;  demand 
on  one's  time  or  energies  (the  pressure  of 
business).— Press-work,  n.  The  operation 
of  taking  impressions  from  types,  Ac,  by 
means  of  the  press. 
Press,  pres,  v.t.  [Originally  to  impress  or 
imprest.  See  Impress  (in  this  sense).]  To 
force  into  service,  especially  into  naval 
service ;  to  impress.  —  Press-gang,  n.  A 
detachment  of  seamen  empowered  to  im- 
press men  into  the  naval  service. 
Pressirostral,  pres-i-ros'tral,  a.  (L.  pressus, 
pressed,  flattened,  and  rostrum,  beak.] 
llaving  a  compressed  or  flattened  beak: 
applii-d  to  certain  birds,  as  the  plovers,  ix. 
Prestidigitation,  pres'ti-dij'i-ta"shon,n.  ( L. 
prtFStd,  at  hand,  ready,  and  digitus,  a  fin- 
ger.] Skill  in  legerdemain;  sleight  of 
li:in<l;  juggling.— Prestidigitator,  pres-ti- 
(ii.i  i-tfi-tor,  n.  One  who  practises  presti- 
digitation; a  juggler. 

Prestige,  pres'tij  or  pres-tczh', n.  [Fr.,from 
li.  prcfstigium,  a  delusion,  a  juggler's 
trii'k,  from  prcestingno,  to  obscure— prir, 
bi'fivre,andstuipi(0,toextinK>iJsh.  Stioma.J 
Weight  or  influence  derived  from  previous 
ch.ir.acter,  achievements,  or  associations, 
e-^pecially  weight  or  influence  derived  from 
(iM-'t  success,  on  which  a  confident  belief 
i-  founded  of  future  triumphs. 
Presto,  presto,  adv.  [It.  presto,  quick, 
<liikkhj,  from  L.  prcesto,  at  hand,  ready— 
line,  before,  and  sto,  to  stand.]  Music,  a 
direction  for  a  quick  lively  movement  or 
(lerforniance ;  also  used  interjectionally 
for  quickly,  immediately,  in  haste. 
Presume,  prP-zfim',  v.t.—ijresumed,  presum- 
inij.  I  Fr.  presumer.  from  L.  prcesumo,  to 
presume— pcftf,  before,  and  siono,  to  take, 
as  111  assume,  consume,  resume,  &c.  Sump- 
Ti-oLs.)  To  take  for  granted;  to  suppose 
on  reasonable  grounds.— w.i.  To  suppose 
or.  believe  without  examination;  to  infer; 
to  venture  without  permission  or  beyond 
what  is  justifiable;  to  take  the  liberty;  to 


make  bold ;  to  act  on  over-confident  con-  ; 
elusions;  to  make  unwarranted  advances  i 
(to  presume  upon  one's  good  nature);  to  | 
act  in  a  forward  way;  to  go  beyond  the 
boundaries  laid  down  by  reverence,  re- 
spect, or  politeness.— Presumable,  prO-zQ'- 
ma-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  presumed. — 
Presumably,  pre-zfl'ma-bli,  adv.  As  may 
be  presumed  or  reasonably  supposed. — 
Presiimer,  prS-za'mir.  n.  One  that  pre- 
sumes.- Presumingly,  pre-zQ'ming-Ii,  adv. 
With  presumption.  —  Presumption,  pre- 
zum'shon,  n.  [L.  prcesumptio.)  A  Suppo- 
sition; a  ground  for  presuming;  a  strong 
probability;  that  which  is  supposed  to  be 
true  without  direct  proof;  blind  or  head- 
strong Confidence;  unreasonable  adven- 
turousness;  presumptuousness;  arrogance; 
assurance;  law,  that  which  comes  near  to 
the  proof  of  a  fact,  in  greater  or  less  de- 
gree.—Presumptive,  pre-zum'tiv,  a.  Based 
on  presumption  or  probability;  proving 
circumstantially,  not  directly  [presump- 
tive evidence).  —  Presumptive  heir,  one 
whose  right  of  inheritance  may  bo  de- 
feated by  any  contingency,  as  by  the  birth 
of  a  nearer  relative.- Presumptively,  pre- 
zuin'tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  presumptive  manner. 
—Presumptuous,  pre-zum'ta-us,  a.  Im- 
bued with  or  characterized  by  presump- 
tion; taking  undue  liberties;  given  to  pre- 
sume or  act  in  a  forward  manner;  arrogant; 
over -confident.  —  Presumptuously,  pr6- 
zum'tQ-us-li,adu.  In  a  presumptuous  man- 
ner. —  Presumptuousness,  pre-zum'tQ-us- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  presumptu- 
ous. 

Presuppose,  pi-e-sup-pOz',  v.t.  To  suppose 
or  imagine  as  previous;  to  cause  to  be 
taken  for  granted;  to  imply  as  antecedent; 
to  require  to  exist  previously. — Presuppo- 
sition, Presupposal,  pre-sup'po-zish"on, 
pre-sup-po'zal,  n.  The  act  of  presupposing; 
that  which  is  presupposed. 
Presurmise,  pre-sfer-miz',  n.  A  surmise  pre- 
viously formed. 

Pretend,  prfi-tend',  v.t.  [L.  prcetendo,  to 
hold  out,  pretend — prce,  before,  and  tendo, 
to  reach  or  stretch.  Tkkd]  To  hold  out 
falsely;  to  allege  falsely;  to  use  as  a  pre- 
text; to  make  false  appearance  or  repre- 
sentation of;  to  feign  or  affect  (to  pretend 
zeal);  to  claim  or  put  in  a  claim  for.— v.i. 
To  feign,  make  believe,  or  sham;  to  put 
in  a  claim,  truly  or  falsely:  usually  with 
to.  —  Pretender,  pre-ten'dfer,  n.  One  who 
pretends;  one  who  laysclaim  to  anything; 
Eng.  hist,  a  name  applied  to  the  son  and 
grandson  of  James  II.,  the  heirs  to  the 
house  of  Stuart,  who  laid  claim  to  the 
British  crown,  from  which  their  house 
had  been  excluded,  by  enactment  of  par- 
liament.— Pretence,  pr5-tens',  n.  [Prom 
L.  pra:tentum,  later  prcetensum,  pp.  of  prce- 
tendo.] The  act  of  pretending;  the  presen- 
ting to  others,  cither  in  words  or  actions, 
of  a  false  or  hypocritical  appearance;  false 
show  intended  to  mislead;  a  pretext;  a 
claim,  true  or  false.  Pretense  is  the  com- 
mon American  spelling.- Pretension, pre- 
ten'shon,  71.  [Fr.  prdtention.]  Claim  true 
or  false ;  a  holding  out  the  appearance  of 
possessing  a  certain  character;  an  alleged 
or  assumed  right.  —  Pretentious,  prC-ten'- 
shus,  a.  Full  of  pretension;  attempting 
to  pass  for  more  than  one  is  worth;  pre- 
tending to  a  superiority  notreal.— Preten- 
tiously, pre-ten'shus-li,  a  Jy.  In  a  preten- 
tious manner. — Pretentiousness,  pre-ten'- 
shus-nes,  n.  Tlie  quality  of  being  preten- 
tious. 

Preter- imperfect,  pr5't4r-im-p6r"fekt,  a. 
and  n.  [L.  prieter,  beyond,  and  E.  imper- 
fect.] Gram,  a  term  applied  to  a  tense 
with  time  not  perfectly  past  (he  was  go- 
ing): generally  called  simply  Imperfect. 
Preterit,  Preterite,  pret'6r-it,  a.  [L.  prce- 
teritus,  gone  by,  pp.  of  prcctereo — prceter, 
beyond,  and  eo,  itum,  to  go.  Itinerant.] 
Oram,  expressing  past  time;  applied  to 
the  tense  expressing  action  or- existence 
perfectly  past  or  finished;  past  (he  struck); 
also  used  as  equivalent  to  perfect.  —  n. 
Gram,  the  preterit  tense.  —  Preterition, 
pr0-t6r-)sh'ou,n.  IL.  pra-teritio,  from  prce- 
tei-eo.]  Rhet.  a  figure  by  which,  in  pre- 
tending to  pass  over  anything,  we  make  a 
summary  mention  of  it.— Preterltive,  pre- 


ter'i-tiv,  a.  Gram,  an  epithet  applied  to 
verbs  used  only  or  chiefly  in  the  preterit 
or  past  tenses. 

Pretermit,  pre-ttr-mit',  v.t. — pretermitted, 
pretermitting.  (L.  pnetermitlo  —  pnetcr, 
beyond,  and  mitto,  to  send.]  To  pas^  by; 
to  omit.  —  Pretermission, pre-tCr-mishou, 
n.    A  passing  by;  omission. 

Preternatural,  prC-trer-nat '  Q-ral,  a.  (  L. 
prceter,  beyond,  and  E.  natural.]  Beyond 
what  is  natural,  or  different  from  what  is 
natural,  as  distinguished  from  supemata- 
raJ,  above  nature;  and  MnnaiuraZ,  contrary 
to  nature.— Preternaturally,  pre-ter-iiat- 
O-ral-li,  adv.  In  a  preternatural  manner. 
—  Pretematuralness,  Preternaturalism, 
pr6-tCr-uat'u-ral-nes,  pr5-ter-natu-ial-izm, 
n.    A  state  of  being  preternaturaU 

Preterperfect,  pre-ter-pfer'fekt,  a.  and  n. 
[L.  prceter,  beyond,  and  E.  perfect.]  Gram. 
a  term  equivalent  to  perfect.  —  Preler- 
pluperfect,  pre-ttr-plO'per-fekt,  «.  and  n. 
Same  as  Pluperfect. 

Pretext,  pre'tekst  or  pr€-tekst',  n.  (  Fr. 
pritexte,irom  h. prcelextum,  from  proeiexo 
—prce,  before,  and  texo,  to  weave.  Tex- 
ture.] An  ostensible  reason  or  motive 
assigned  or  assumed  as  a  colour  or  cover 
for  the  real  reason  or  motive;  a  pretence. 

Pretor,  pre'tor.    fa^iOK. 

Pretty,  prit'i, a.  [O.E.  pretie,praty, comely, 
clever ;  A.  Sax.  prcetig,  crafty,  from  priet, 
a  trick;  Icel.  prettugr,  tricky,  pretir,  a 
trick.]  Having  diminutive  beauty;  of  a 
pleasing  and  attractive  form  without  the 
strong  Tines  of  beauty,  or  without  grace- 
fulness and  dignity ;  pleasing;  neatly  ar- 
ranged; affectedly  nice;  foppish;  ironically, 
nice;  fine;  excellent:  meaning  the  oi>posite. 
—adv.  In  some  degree ;  moderately ;  ex- 
pressing a  degree  less  than  very  {pretty 
well,  large,  silre,  &c.).— Prettily,  prit'i-li, 
adv.  In  a  pretty  manner;  with  prettiness; 
pleasingly.— Prettiness,  prit'i-nes, n.  State 
or  quality  of  being  pretty;  diminutive 
beauty;  beauty  without  stateliness  or  dig- 
nity ;  neatness  and  tante  exhibited  on 
small  objects;  affected  niceness;  foppish- 
ness.- Prettyish,  prit'i-ish,  o.  Somewhat 
pretty. 

Pretypify,  pre-tip'i-fi,  v.t.  To  prefigure;  to 
exhibit  previously  in  a  type. 

Prevail,  prC-val',  v.i.  [Fr.  privaloir,  from 
L.  prcBvuleo — pra,  before,  and  valeo,  to  bo 
strong.  Valid.]  To  overcome;  to  gain  the 
victory  or  superiority:  often  with  over  or 
against;  to  be  in  force;  to  have  extensive 
power  or  influence  (a  disease,  a  custom  pre- 
vails in  a  place);  to  have  predominant  influ- 
ence; to  succeed;  to  overcome  or  gain  over 
by  i)ersuasion:  with  on  or  upon  (they  pre- 
vailed on  him  to  go).— Prevailing,  pre-va'- 
ling,  p.  and  a.  Predominant;  having  su- 
perior influence;  prevalent;  most  common 
or  general.  —  Prevailingly,  prC-val'ing-li, 
adv.  So  as  to  prevail.— Prevalence,  Preya- 
lency,  prev'a-lens,  prev'a-len-si,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  prevalent;  supe- 
riority; general  reception  or  practice;  gen- 
eral existence  or  extension  (the  prevalence 
of  vice  orof  a  fash  ion).— Prevalent,  preva- 
lent,  a.  Prevailing;  predominant;  most 
generally  received  or  current;  extensively 
existing.— Prevalently,  prev'a-leut-li,  adv. 
In  a  prevalent  manner. 

Prevaricate,  pr(!-var'i-kat,  v.i.— prevari- 
cated, prevaricating  [L.  prtvaricor,  prut- 
varicatus,  to  straddle,  to  shuffle -pne.  be- 
fore, and'  varus,  straddling.]  To  act  or 
speak  evasively;  to  evade  or  swerve  from 
the  truth;  to  shuffle;  to  quibble  in  giv- 
ing answers.  —  Prevarication,  prC-var'i- 
ka"shon,  n.  The  act  of  prevaricating ;  :i 
shuffling  or  quibbling  to  ev.ade  the  trutli 
or  the  disclosure  of  truth;  /aw,  acollusioii 
between  an  informer  and  a  defendant,  in 
order  to  a  feigned  prosecution;  the  wiliul 
concealment  or  misrepreseiitatiim  of  truth 
by  giving  evasive  evidence.— Prevaricator, 
pre-var'i-ka-t6r,  n.  One  who  prevaricates; 
a  shufller;  a  quibbler. 

Prevenient,  pre-ve'ni-ent,  a.  [li-  pra^ve- 
niens.  Prevent.]  Going  before;  preced- 
ing; preventing;  preventive. 

Prevent,  pre-vent',  v.t.  I L.  prcevento,  prce- 
ventum,  to  anticipate,  to  prevent -- pre/, 
before,  and  i;e>uo,  to  come  (seen  aUo  ni 
advent,  cunrent,  circumvent,  intervenlo  • 


J,  c/iftin;     eft,  Sc.  loch;     g,  go; 


j,  joh;     u,  Fr.  ton;     nj{,  &\ng;  _  th,  t/tenj  th,  thin;     w,  loig;     wh,  M'Aig:     zh,  azure. 


PKEnOUS 


532 


PRIilE 


ifcc.).1  To  anticipatej;  to  forestallt;  to  hin- 
der by  soQiething  done  before ;  to  stop  or 
intercept;  to  impede;  t6  thwart. — Preven- 
table, pr6-ven'ta-bl,  a.    Capable  of  being 
prevented  or  hindered.— Preventer,  pre- 
ven'ter,  n.    One  who  or  that  which  pre- 
vents.—Prevention,  pre-ven'shon,  n.    The 
act  of  preventing;  the  act  of  hindering  by 
something  done  before. — Preventive,  pre- 
ven'tiv,  a.    Tending  to  prevent  or  hinder. 
—  Preventive   tervice.    Coast- ocard. —  n. 
That  which  prevents ;  that  which  inter- 
cepts the  access  or  approach  of  something; 
an  antidote  previously  taken  to  prevent 
an  attaclc  of  disease.— Preventively,  pre- 
ven'tiv-li,  adv.    By  way  of  prevention. 
?revlous,  pre'vi-us,  o.    [h.prcevi-ut—proe, 
before,  and  iria,  a  wav.     Voyage,  Wat.] 
<jroing  before  in  time;  being  or  happening 
before  something  else ;  antecedent;  prior. 
— Previotis  question.    Under  Question. — 
Previously,  prS'vi-us-li,  adv.  In  time  pre- 
ceding; beforehand;  antecedently.  .'.  Syn. 
,  under  Fokmerly.— Previousness,  prE'vi- 
u»-nes,  n.    Priority  in  time. 
Previse,  pr5-viz',  v.t. — prevised,  prevising. 
\ [L.  profvisus, pp. otprceuideo—prcB, before, 
and  video,  to  see.   Vision.]    To  foresee;  to 
forewarn.- Prevision,  pre-vizh'on,n.  Fore- 
sight; foreknowledge;  prescience. 
Prey,  pra,  n.  10. E.  preie,  praie,  O.Fr.  preie, 
prate  (Fr.  proie),  from  L.  prceda,  plunder, 
whence  predator]/,  depredation.]     Spoil; 
booty;  goods  taken  from  an  enerny  in  war; 
anything  taken  by  violence  and  injustice; 
a  victim;  that  which  is  seized  by  carniv- 
orous animals  to  be  devoured. — Biast  of 
prey,  a  carnivorous  animal,  or  one  that 
feeds  on  the  flesh  of  other  animals. — v.i. 
To  take  prey  or  booty;  to  feed  by  violence: 
with  an  or  upon  before  the  object  of  ra- 
pine; to  rest  heavily,  as  on  the  mind;  to 
waste  gradually  [gxiti  preyed  on  him). 
Priapean,  pri-a'pe-an,  o.  Pertaining  to  the 
Roman  deity  Friapus,  a  god  of  procrea- 
tion; grossly  sensual;  obscene. 
Price,  prxs,  n.    [O.Fr.  pris,  preis,  Fr.  prix. 
from  L.  pretivm,  a  price;  the  same  word 
as  praise,  and  prize,  to  value.]    The  sum 
of  money  or  the  value  which  a  seller  sets 
on  his  goods  in  market;  the  current  value 
of  a  commodity;  the  equivalent  for  which 
something  is  bought  or«old;  cost;  value; 
worth  (a  pearl  of  great  price);  estimation. 
^Price  of  money,  in  com.  the  pricQ  of 
credit;  the  rate  of  discount  at  which  capi- 
tal may  be  lent  or  borrowed.— Price-cur- 
rent, n.    A  periodical  account  of  the  cur- 
rent value  of  merchandise,  stocks,  &c. 
Called  also  Price-list.— v.t.— priced,  prie- 
ing.  To  set  a  price  on;  to  value;  to  ask  the 
price  of  .—Priced,  prist,  a.   Set  at  a  value; 
having  a  price:  mostly  in  cbm position 
{high-priced,  low-prtced).— Priceless,  pris'- 
ies,  a.    Invaluable;  inestimable;  too  valu- 
able to  admit  of  a  price  being  fixed. 
Prick,  prik,  n.  [A.  Sax.  prica,pi'icu,  a  point, 
a  dot  =  D.  prik,  Dan.  prik,  Sw.  prick,  dot, 
prick;  comp.  W.  pric,  a  skewer;  Ir.  pricadh, 
a  goad.]    A  slender  pointed  thing  hard 
enough  to  pierce  the  skin;  a  thorn;  a 
skewer;  a  puncture  or  wound  by  a  pnck 
or  prickle;   a  sting;  Jig.  a  stinging   or 
tormenting  thought;  remorse ;  a' dot  or 
small  mark  {Shak.).—v.t.  To  pierce  with 
something  sharp  pointed;  to  puncture;  to 
erect  (said  of  the  ears,  hence,  to  prick  up 
tlie  ears,  to  listen  with  eager  attention);  to 
fix  by  a  sharp  point;  to  designate  or  set 
apart  by  a  puncture  or  mark  {pricked  off 
for  duty);  to  spur;  to  goad;  to  incite:  often 
with  on;  to  sting;  to  trace  by  puncturing; 
to  render  acid  or  pungent  to  tlie  taste  (the 
wine  iapricked). — v.i.  To  suffer  or  feel  pene- 
tration by  a  point  or  sh  arp  pain;  to  be  punc- 
tured; to  become  acid;  to  spur  on;  to  ride 
rapidly. — Prick-eared,  a.  Having  pointed 
ears;  having  ears  standing  up  prominent- 
ly.— Pricker,  prik'6r,n.  That  which  pricks; 
a  sharp- pointed   instrument;   one  who 
pricks ;  a  light  horseman;  one  who  tested 
whether  women  were  witches  bj;  sticking 
pins  into  them.  —  Pricking,  prik'ing,  n. 
The  act  of  piercing  with  a  sharp  point;  the 
act  of  driving  a  nail  into  a  horse's  foot  so 
as  to  cause  lameness;  a  feeling  as  from 
something  sharp  penetrating  the  flt«h. — 
Prickle,  prik'l,  n.  [Dim.  of  prick.]  A  little 


prick;  a  small  sharp  point;  hot.  a  small 
pointed  shoot  or  sharp  process  growing 
from  the  bark,  and  thus  distinguished 
from  the  thorn,  which  grows  from  the 
wood  of  a  plant;  a  sharp-pointed  process 
or  projection,  as  from  the  skin  of  an  ani- 
mail;  a  spine;  a  kind  of  basket. — v.t. — 
prickled,  prickling.  To  prick  slightly; 
to  pierce  with  fine  sharp  points.— Priqkle- 
back,  n.  The  stickleback.— Prickly,  piik'- 
li,  a.  Full  of  sharp  points  or  prickles; 
armed  with  prickles;  stinging  in  feeling. 
— Prickliness,  prik'li-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  prickly.  —  Prickly  -  heat,  n.    The 

Sopular  name  for  a  severe  form  of  skin- 
isease  known  as  ZicAen.— Prickly-pear,  n. 
A  variety  of  cactus  covered  with  clusters 
of  spines,  and  producing  an  edible  fruit. 
•— Prickmadam,  prik'mad-am;  n.  A  spe- 
cies of  stonecrop. — Prick-post,  n.  Same  as 
yueen-):;o««.— Prick-punch,  prik'punsh,  w. 
A  pointed  piece  of  steel  used  to  prick 
marks  on  cold  iron  or  other  metal. 
Pride,  prid,  n.  [A.  Sax.  pryte,  pride,  from 
prat,  proud.  Proud.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  proud;  inordinate  self- 
esteem;  an  unreasonable  conceit  of  one's 
own  superiority  over  others;  generous 
elation  of  heart;  a  noble  self-esteem 
springins  from  a  consciousness  of  worth; 
proud  behaviour;  insolence;  that  which 
IS  or  may  be  a  cause  of  pride;  that  of 
which  men  are  proud;  one  who  or  that 
which  gives  rise  to  pride  or  glorification; 
highest  pitch;  splendid  show;  ostentation. 
—  v.t. — prided,  priding.  To  indulge  in 
pride;  to  value  one's  self:  used  reflexively. 
— Prideful,  prid'ful,  a.  Full  of  pride;  in- 
solent; scornful.  —  Prldefully,  prid'ful-li, 
adv.  In  a  prideful  manner.— Pridefuliiess, 
prid'fftl-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  prideful.  —  Prideless,  prid'les,  a. 
Destitute  of  pride. 

Prie-dieu,  predyfi,  n.    [Fr.,  pray  God.]    A 
kneeling  desk  for  prayers. 
Prler.    Under  Par. 

Priest,  prSst,  n.  [A.  Sax.  preost,  contr. 
from  L.  presbyter.  Presbyter.]  A  man 
who  officiates  in  sacred  offices;  a  minister 
of  public  worship;  especially  a  minister  of 
sacrifice  or  other  mediatorial  offices;  a 
person  who  is  set  apart  or  consecrated  to 
the  ministry  of  the  gospel;  an  Episcopalian 
minister;  a  clergyman  above  a  deacon  and 
below  a  bishop. — Priestess,  prfis'tes,  n.  A 
woman  who  officiated  in  sacred  rites. — 
Priestly,  prest'li,  o.  Pertaining  to  a  priest 
or  to  priests;  sacerdotal:  becoming  a 
priest.— Priestliness,  prSstli-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  priestly.  —  Priestlike, 
prest'lik,  a.  Resembling  a  priest  or  that 
■which  belongs  to  priests.  —  Priestcraft, 
prfist'kraft,  n.  Priestly  policy  or  system 
of  management  based  on  temporal  or  ma- 
terial interest:  policy  of  clergy  to  advance 
their  ovni  order.— Priesthood,  prest'hOd, 
n.  The  office  or  character  of  a  priest;  the 
order  composed  of  priests;  priests  collec- 
tively. —  Priest-ridden,  a.  Governed  or 
entirely  swayed  by  priests. 
Prig,  prig,  n.  [From  prick,  in  old  sense  of 
to  trim  or  dress  up.]  A  pert,  conceited, 
pragmatical  fellow.— Priggery,  Priggism, 
prig'er-i,  prig'izm,  n.  The  qualities  of  a 
prig;  pertness;  conceit.— Pi'lggish,  prig'ish, 
a'.  ■  Conceited;  aflfected.— Priggishly,  prig"- 
ish-li.adw.  In  a  priggish  manner;  pertly. 
— Priggishness,  prig'ish-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  priggish. 
Prig,  prig,  n.  [0.  Fr.  briguer,  to  steal,  to 
act  the  highwayman ;  akin  fcrifirand.J  A 
thief;  a  low  or  mean  thief. — v.t.— prigged, 
prigging.  To  filch;  to  steal.  [A  low 
word.] 

Prim,  prim,  a.  [O.Fr.  prim,  prime,  first, 
also  thin,  slender,  rveat;  from  L.  primus, 
first.  Prime.)  Neat;  formal;  precise; 
affectedly  nice;  demure.— Primly,  prim'li, 
adv.  In  a  prim  or  precise  manner;  with 
primness.— Primness,  prim'nes,  n.  Afibc- 
ted  formality;  stiffness;  preciseness. 
Primacy.  Under  Primate. 
Prima  Donna,  prC'ma  don'na.  [It.,  first 
lady.]  The  first  or  chief  female  singer  in. 
an  opera.— Prima  Facie,  pri-ma  fa'shi-e. 
[L.  primus,  first,  and  fades,  face.]  At  first 
view  or  appearance.— Prima/acie  evidence, 
law,  evidence  bavfng  such  a  degree  of 


probability  that  it  must  prevail  unless  the 
contrary  be  proved. 

Primage,  pri'mij,  n.  [From  verb  to  prime.  1 
A  charge  paid  by  the  shipper  or  consigner 
of  goods  to  the  master  and  sailors  for  load- 
ing the  same. 

Primal,  pri'mal,  a.  [From  L.  primus,  first. 
Prime.]  Primary;  tii'st  in  time,  order,  or 
importance;  original. — Primary,  pri'nia-ri, 
o.  [L.  primarius.]  First  in  order  of  time; 
original;  primitive;  first;  first  in  dignity 
or  importance;  chief;  principal;  elemen- 
tary i  preparatory,  or  lowest  in  order 
^prana)"!/  schools);  first  in  intention;  rad- 
ical; original;  as,  the  primary  sense  of  a 
word.— Pnmarv  colours.  Colovv..— Pri- 
mary planets.  Planet.— Pniuar;/  quills, 
the  largest  feathers  of  the  wings  of  a  bird; 
primaries.— Priniarj/  r.ooks,  geol.  rocks  of 
a  crystalline  structure  supposed  to  owu 
their  present  state  to  igneous  agency,  auij 
in  which  no  distinct  fossils  have  as  yet 
been  discovered :  the  term  is  not  now 
much  used. — n.  That  which  stands  highest 
in  rank  or  importance,  as  opposed  to  secon- 
dary; any  of  the  large  feathers  (quills) 
on  the  outermost  joint  of  a  bird's  wing. 

—  Primarily,  pri'ma-ri-li,  adv.  In  a  pri- 
mary manner;  originally;  in  the  first  in- 
tention.—  Primariness,  pri'ma-ri-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  primary. 

Primate,  pri'mat,  n.  [Fr.  priinat;  L.L. 
primas,  priruutts,  from  L.  priniu*,  first. 
Prime.]  The  chief  ecclesiastic  in  certain 
churches,  as  the  Anglican;  an  archbishop. 
The  Archbishop  of  York  is  entitled  pri- 
mate of  England;  the  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury .priuiafe  of  aJJ  England.— Primate- 
ship,  Primacy,  pri'mftt-ship,  pri'ma-si,  ii. 
The  office  or  dignity  of  primate  or  arch- 
bishop.- Prima4ial,  pri-niS'shi-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  primate;  primatical.-Prlmat- 
ical,  pri-mat'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
primate. 

Prime,  prim,  a.  [L.  primus,  first ;  superl. 
of  prior,  former;  same  root  as  bkr.  pra, 
Gr.  and  li.  pro,  before ;  E.  fore,  first,  ic. 
Prince,  Prim,  Primitive,  &c.J  First  in 
order  of  time;  primitive;  original  {prime 
cost);  first  in  rank,  degree,  or  dignity 
(prime  minister);  first  in  excellence,  value, 
or  importance;  first-rate;  capital;  early; 
in  the  first  stage. — Prime  conductor,  elect. 
the  metallic  conductor  opposed  to  the  glass 
plate  or  cylinder  of  an  electrical  machine. 

—  Prime  cost,  first  or  original  cost ;  the 
sum  or  expenditure  for  which  an  article 
can  be  made  or  produced. — Prime  minister, 
in  Great  Britain,  the  first  minister  of  state; 
the  premier.  —  Prime  mover,  the  initial 
force  which  puts  a  machine  in  motion;  a 
machine  which  receives  and  modifies  force 
as  supplied  by  some  natural  source,  as  a 
water-wheel,  a  steam-engine,  &.c.— Prime 
nwm6er,ariiA.  a  number  not  divisible  with- 
out remainder  by  any  less  number  than 
itself  except  unity. — Prime  vertical,  in  as- 
tron.acelestialgreat  circle  passing  through 
the  east  and  west  points  and  the  zenith. — n. 
The  earliest  stage  oj  beginning  of  any- 
tliing;  the  dawn;  the  morning;  the  spring  of 
the  year;  the  spring  of  life;  youth;  full 
health,  strength,  or  beauty;  the  highest  or 
most  perfect  or  mostflourishing  condition; 
the  best  part;  that  which  is  best  in  quality; 
iniv.  Catli.  CA.  the  first  canonical  hour,suc- 
ceeding  to  lauds.— w.<. — primed,  priming. 
[Lit.  to  perform  a  prime  or  first  operation 
with,  to  prepare.]  To  put  into  a  condition 
for  being  fired:  said  of  a  gun,  mine,  &c.;  to 
supply  with  powder  for  communicating 
fire  to  a  charge ;  painting,  to  cover  with  a 
ground  or  firct  colour;  to  instruct  or  pre- 
pare a  person  beforehand  what  he  is  to 
say  or  do;  to  post  up  (to  prime  a  witness). 
— t^lmely,  prim'li,  adv.  In  a  prime  man- 
ner or  degree;  most  excellently.— Prlme- 
ness,  prim'nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
prime:supreme  excellence.— Primer  ,prim'- 
erorpri'mSr.n.  (Fr. pj-imaire,elementar.y, 
from  h.  primarius,  from  primus,  first.] 
A  smail  elementary  book  for  religious  in- 
struction or  for  teaching  children  to  read; 
printing,  a  name  given  to  two  sizes  of  type, 
grsat-primer  being  the  largest  size  used  in 
printing  books.  —  Priming,  pri'ming,  n. 
Gun.  and  blasting,  the  powder  used  to 
ignite  the  charge;  painting,  the  first  layer 


fate, far,  fat,  fall;     mS,  met,  bfir;     pine,  pin;     iiOt«,  not,  inOve;     tftbe,  tub,  bull ;     nil,  ;iouiiii;     ii.  Nc  iih«ne— the  Fr.  «, 


PHIMERO 


533 


PRISON 


:if  iiaint  or  size  laid  on  a  surface  which  is 
to  be  painted ;  ttiani-engine,  the  carrying 
over  of  hot  water  with  the  steam  from  the 
boiler  into  the  cylinder. — Priming- valve, 
n.  A  valve  for  tlie  discharge  of  water 
carried  into  the  cylinderof  a  steam-engine 
with  the  steam. 

Primero,  pri-me'ro,  n.  An  old  game  at 
cards. 

Primeval,  pri-me'val,  a.  [L.  primoevus — 
primus,  first,  and  ceuum,  age.  Prime, 
Age. J  Original;  primitive;  belonging  to 
the  first  ages. — Primevaily,  pri-mc'val-li, 
udv.  In  a  primeval  manner;  in  the  earliest 
times.  , 

Primigenial,  pri-mi-je'ni-al,  a.  [L.  primi- 
genius— primus,  first,  and  root  gen,  to  be- 
pet.)  First-born;  original;  primary.  Also 
Frimigenlous,  Prlmigenous,  pri-uii-je'- 
ni-us,  pri-mij'e-nus,  a. 

Primine,  pri'miu,  n.  [h.  primus,  first.]  Bot. 
the  outermost  sac  or  covering  of  an  ovule, 
the  inner  being  termed  secundine. 

Pilmiparous,  pri-mip'a-rus.  a.  IL.  primus, 
first,  and  pario,  to  bring  forth.]  Bearing 
young  for  the  first  time. 

Primitiae,  pri-mish'S-e,  w.  pi.  [L.]  First- 
fruits. 

Primitive,  prim'i-tlv,  a.  (L.  primitivug, 
earliest  of  its  kind,  from  primus,  first. 
I'ltiME.]  Pertaining  to  the  beginning  or 
origin;  original;  first;  old-fashioned;  char- 
acterized by  the  simplicity  of  old  times; 
gram,  applied  to  a  word  in  its  simplest 
etymological  form  J  not  derived;  radical; 
primary;  bot.  original,  in  o^jposition  to 
forms  resulting  from  hybridization.  — 
Primitive  colours.  Colour.  —  Primitive 
rocks.  Primary.— »i.  An  original  orprimary 
word;  a  word  not  dcrivea  from  another: 
opposed  to  derivative. — Primitively,  prim'- 
i-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  primitive  manner; 
originally;  primarily;  in  the  ancient  or 
antique  style.— Prlmitiveness,  prim'i-tiv- 
nes,  n.    State  of  being  primitive. 

Primly,  Primness.    Under  Prim. 

Primogenial,  pri-mO-je'ni-al,  a.    Primi- 

OKNIAL. 

Primogeniture,  pri-mo-jen'i-tQr,  n.  [Fr. 
primogeniture,  from  L.  primits,  first,  and 
genitura,  a  begetting,  from  gigno,  genitum, 
to  beget.  Genber,  Genus.]  The  state  of 
being  bom  first  of  the  same  parents;  senior- 
itjr  by  birth  among  children ;  the  right  or 
principle  under  which  the  eldest  son  of  a 
family  succeeds  to  the  father's  real.estate, 
in  preference  to,  and  in  absolute  exclusion 
of  the  younger  sons  and  daughters.— Pri- 
mogenitpxy,  pri-mo-jen'i-ta-ri,o.  Pertain- 
ing to  primogeniture.  —  Primogenitive, 
f  pri-mo-jen'i-tiv,  a.  Relating  to  primo- 
geniture—Primogenitor, pri-mo-jen'i-t6r, 
n.  [L.  primus,  and  genitor,  father.]  The 
first  father  or  forefather;  an  ancestor. 
Primordial,  pri-mor'di-al,  a.  [li.  primor- 
dialis,  from  primordium,  beginning,origin 
—primus,  first,  and  ordium,  commence- 
ment. Order.]  First  in  order;  original; 
existing  from  the  beginning;  bot.  and 
zool.  earliest  formed. — n.  A  first  principle 
or  element.— Primordially,  pri-mor'di-al- 
li,  adv.  Under  the  first  order  of  things; 
at  the  beginning. 

Primp,  primp,  v.t.  [Prom  prim,  or  perhaps 
a  form  of  prink.]  To  deck  one's  self  in  a 
stiff  and  affected  manner. 
Primrose,  prim'roz,  n.  [O.E.  primerole, 
Fr.  primerole,  from  L.  L.  primula,  the 
primrose,  from  primus,  first  (as  the  first 
flower  of  spring),  the  last  syllable  was 
changed  to  rose  to  givB  the  word  an  English 
appearance  and  a  sort  of  meaning ;  comp. 
barberry,  &c.  ]  The  common  name  for 
certain  beautiful  herbaceous  perennial 
plants,  some  species  of  which  grow  wild  in 
Britain.  —  a.  Resembling  a  primrose  in 
colour;  abounding  with  primroses;  flowery. 
Primus,  pri'mus,  n.  [L.,  first.]  The  first  in 
dignity  among  the  bishops  of  the  Scottish 
Episcopal  Church. 

Prince,  prins,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  princeps, 
principis,  a  prince,  a  chief— primus,  first, 
and  capiOj  to  take.  Puime,  Capable.]  A 
man  holding  the  first  or  highest  rank;  a 
sovereign;  a  sovereign  who  has  the  govern- 
ment of  a  particular  territory,  but  owes 
certain  services  to  a  superior;  the  son  of  a 
sovereign;  a  male  member  of  a  royal  family. 


the  chief  of  any  body  of  men;  a  man  at  the 
head  of  any  class,  i)rofe88ion,  &c.  (a  mer- 
chant pjince).- Princess,  prin'ses,n.  Afe- 
niale  of  the  same  rank  as  a  prince;  a  female 
sovereign;  the  consort  of  a  prince. — Prince- 
dom, prins 'dum,  n.  The  jurisdiction, 
rank,  or  state  of  a  prince.  —  Princelike, 
prins'lik,  a.  Becoming  a  prince;  like  a 
prince.— Princely,  prins'li,  o.  Pertaining 
to  a  prince;  resembling  a  prince;  noble; 
grand;  august;  magnificent. — adv.  In  a 
Ijrincelike  manner. — PrinceUness,  prins'li- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  princely. — 
Prince-royal,  n.  The  eldest  son  of  a  sov- 
ereign. —  Princess-royal,  n.  The  eldest 
daughter  of  a  sovereign. — Prince's-f  eather, 
n.  An  annual  plant  of  the  amaranth  kind. 
— Princes-metal,  n.  A  mixture  of  copper 
and  zinc  imitating  gold;  said  to  have  been 
invented  by  Prince  Rupert. 
Principal,  prin'si-pal,  a.  [L.  priiidpailit, 
from  princeps,  first  in  time  or  order,  a 
chief.  Prince.]  Chief ;  highest  in  rank, 
character,  authority,  or  importance;  first; 
main;  efisential;  most  considerable. — n.  A 
chief  or  head;  one  who  takes  a  leading 
part;  one  primarily  engaged;  one  chief 
in  authority;  the  head  of  a  college  or  uni- 
versity in  Scotland,  and  of  severad  colleges 
in  English  universities,  or  other  institu- 
tions; law,  the  actor  or  absolute  perpetra- 
tor of  a  crime,  or  anabettor;  com.  a.capi- 
tal  sum  lent  on  interest,  due  as  a  debt  or 
used  as  a  fund:  so  called  in  distinction  to 
interest;  carp,  a  main  timber  in  an  assem- 
blage of  pieces. — Principality,  prin-si-pal'- 
j-ti,  n.  [Fr.  principalM.]  Sovereignty; 
supreme  power;  a  prince,  or  one  invested 
with  sovereignty;  the  territory  of  a  prince, 
or   the  country  which   gives   title  to  a 

frince.  —  Principally,  prin'si-pal-li,  adv. 
n  the  chief  place;  chiefly;  above  all.— 
Principalness,  prin'si-pal-nes,  n. 

Principia,prin-sip'i-a,  n.  pi.  lli.,pl.  of  prin- 
eipiwn.  Principus.]  First  principles; 
elements. 

Principle,  prin'si-pl,  n.  [Fr.  principe,  from 
L.  principium,  a  beginning,  origin,  ele- 
ment, from  princeps,  principis.  Prince. 
As  to  the  insertion  of  the  2  comp.  parti- 
ciple, si/llable.]  Beginning! ;  commence- 
mentt;  a  source  of  origin;  the  primary 
source  from  which  anything  proceeds;  ele- 
ment; primordial  substance;. a  general 
truth;  a  law  comprehending  many  sub- 
ordinate truths;  a  law  on  which  others 
are  founded  or  from  which  others  are  de- 
rived; an  axion);  a  maxim;  a  tenet;  a 
governing  law  of  conduct;  a  settled  rule 
of  action ;  a  right  rule  of  conduct ;  up- 
rightness (a  man  of  principle);  ground  of 
conduct;  a  motive;  chem.  a  component  part; 
an  element;  a  suostance  on  the  presence 
of  which  certain  qualities  common  to  a 
number  of  bodies  depend.  —  Principled, 
prin'si-pld,  a.  Holding  certain  principles; 
fixed  in  certain  principles. 

Prink,  pringk,  v.i.  [A  slightly  modified 
form  of  prank.]  To  prank;  to  dress  for 
show;  to  strut;  to  put  on  stately  airs. — 
v.t.  To  deck;  to  adorn  fantastically. 

Print,  print,  v.t.  [Shortened  from  emprint, 
im,print;  Fr.  einpreinte,  impression,  stamp, 
from  empreindre,  to  print,  imprint,  from 
Ij.tr>ipriTOO,iinpre«sjtm,to impress.  Press.] 
To  impress;  to  imprint;  to  mark  by  press- 
ing one  thing  on  another;  to  take  an  im- 
pression of;  to  form  by  impression;  to 
stamp;  tofix  deeply,as  in  the  mind  or  mem- 
ory; to  form  or  copy  by  pressure,  as  from  a 
stereotype  plate,  a  form  of  movable  types, 
engraved  copper  or  steel  plates,  stone,  &c.; 
to  stamp  or  impress  with  coloured  figures, 
as  cotton  cloth;  photog.  to  take  a  positive 
picture  of  from  a  negative.— u.i.  To  use  or 
practise  the  art  of  printing.— Ji.  A  mark 
made  by  impression;  a  stamp;  printed 
letters;  the  impression  of  types  in  general; 
that  which  is  produced  by  printing,  espe- 
cially an  engraving;  a  newspaper  or  otlier 
periodical;  printed  cloth.— /n  print,  in  a 
printed  form;  issued  from  the  press;  pub- 
lished. -:-  Out  of  print,  said  of  a  book  of 
which  there  are  no  copies  for  sale,  or  none 
for  sale  by  the  publisher.— Printer,  print'- 
ir,  n.  One  who  prints  books,  pamphlets, 
newspapers,  &c.;  one  who  prints  cloth,  or 
one  who  takes  impressions  from  engraved 


plates,  from  stone,  &c.— Printer's  devil, 
the  newest  apprentice  lad  in  a  printing- 
office. — Print-field,  n.  An  establishment 
for  printing  and  bleaching  calicoes. — 
Printing,  print'ing,  n.  The  art  or  practice 
of  impressing  letters,  characters,  or  figures 
on  paper,  cloth,  or  cfther  material ;  the 
business  of  a  printer;  typography.  By  the 
term  printing  what  is  called  letterpress 
printing  is  commonly  understood,  that  is, 
the  method  of  taking  impressions  from 
letters  and  other  characters  cast  or  cut  in 
relief,  and  whether  directly  from  the  type 
surface  or  from  stereotype  plates.  In 
photog.  the  act  or  art  of  obtaining  a  positiv  u 
photographic  picture  from  a  negative.— 
Printing-frame,  n  A  stand  to  support  tin: 
cases  containing  types  at  which  a  composi- 
tor works.— Printing-ink,  n.  Ink  used  by 
letterpress  printers.  —  Printing-machiae, 
n.  A  machine fortakingimpressions, used 
by  printers,  and  of  a  great  variety  of 
forms.— Printing-office,  Printing-house,  n. 
A  house  or  oflioe  where  letterpress  printing 
is  executed.  —  Printing-paper,  n.  Paper 
to  be  used  in  printing  books,  pamphlets, 
&c.,  as  distinguished  from  writing-paper, 
&c.  —  Printing-press,  n.  A  press  for  the 
printing  o.C  books,  &c.— Printing-type,  re. 
Letterpress  type  used  by  printers  for 
books,  newspapers,  &o.  — Print-room,  n. 
An  apartment  containing  a  collection  of 
engravings. — Print-seUor,n.  One  who  sells 
prints  or  engravings.  —  Print-shop,  n.  A 
shop  where  prints  or  engravings  are  sold. 
—  Print-work,  n.  A  place  for  printing 
calicoes. 

Prior,  pri'or,  a.  [L.  prior,  a  compar.  to 
which  primus,  first,  is  the  superl.  Prime.] 
Preceding,  especially  in  the  orderof  time; 
earlier;  antecedent;  anterior. — adv.  Pre- 
viously; antecedently  (he  had  never  been 
there  prior  to  that  time).  —  n.  The  su- 
perior of  a  priory  or  a  monastery  of 
lower  than  abbatial  rank;  a  monk  nest 
in  dignity  to  an  abbot. — Grra)ul  prior,  a 
title  given  to  the  -commandants  of  the 
priories  of  the  military  orders  of  St.  John 
of  Jerusalem,  of  Malta,  and  of  the  Tem- 
plars.—Priorate,  Priorsnip,  pri'or-at,  pri'- 
or-ship,  n.  The  dignity  or  office  of  a  prior. 
— Prioress,  pri'or-es,  n.  The  female  head 
in  a  convent  of  nuns,  next  in  rank  to  an 
abbess.— Priority,  pri-or'i-ti,  n.  The  state 
of  being  prior  or  antecedent  in  time,  or  of 
preceding  something  else;  precedence  in 
place  or  rank.  —  Priorly,  pri'or-li,  adv. 
Antecedently.— Priory,  pri'o-ri,  n.  A  re- 
ligious house  of  which  a  prior  or  prioress 
is  the  superior,  indignity  below  an  abbey. 
Prise,  Prize,  priz,  n.  [From  Fr.  prise,  a 
grasp,  a  taking,  from  prendri,  L.  preherv- 
dere.  Prison.]  A  lever.— v.t.  To  raise  as 
by  means  of  a  lever;  to  force  up. 
Prism,  prizm,  n.  (L.  and  Gr.  prisma,  lit. 
a  sawn  piece,  from  priiO,  to  saw.]  A  solid 
whose  bases  or  ends  are  any  similar,  equal 
and  parallel  plane  figures,  and  whose 
sides  are  parallelograms;  a  bar  of  glass 
with  a  triangular  section,  used  for  decom- 
posing light,  as  in  spectrum  analysis.— 
Prismatic,  Prismatical,  priz-mat'ik,  priz- 
mat'i-kal,  a.  Resembling  or  pertaining  to 
a  prism;  formed  or  exhibited  by  a  prism. 
— Prismatic  colours,  the  colours  into  which 
a  ray  of  light  is  decomposed  in  passing 
through  a  prism,  red,yellow,  blue,  orange, 
green,  indigo,  violet. — PrismatlcaUy,  priz- 
mat'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  the  form  or  manner 
of  a  prism;  by  means  of  a  prism.  —  Pris- 
matoidal,  priz-ma-toi'dal,  a.  Having  a 
prism-like  form.— Prismold,  priz'moid,  n. 
A  body  that  approaches  to  the  form  of  a 
prism. — Prismoidal,  priz-moi'dal,  a.  Hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  prismoid. 
Friion,  priz'on  or  priz'n,  n.  [Fr.  prison, 
from  L.  prehensio,  prehensionis,  a  capture, 
from  prehendo,  to  seize  (whence  prehen- 
»ile,  &c.).  Aj-prehend.]  A  place  of  con- 
finement or  involuntary  restraint;  espe- 
cially, a  public  building  for  the  confine- 
ment or  safe  custody  of  criminals  and 
others  committed  by  process  of  law;  a  jail. 
— v.t.  To  shut  up  in  a  prison ;  to  confine ; 
to  imprison.— Prisoner,  priz'on-4r,  n.  One 
who  is  confined  in  a  prison;  a  person  under 
arrest,  whether  in  prison  or  not;  a  captive; 
one  taken  by  an  enemy  in  war;  one  whose 


ch.cAaia;    cA.Sc- locAj    g.jroi    Ji/ob;    n,  Fr.  toii^  "a.  Bi»WL_'?Mi ''^J  th.  <^i";  _  w,  wig;    wb,  wftig;    8bi  ***"■*• 


PRISTINE 


634 


PROCESS 


liberty  is  rfEtr?ir.ed,  as  a  bird  in  a  cage.— 
Frison-base,  Prisoner's-base,  n.  A  gaxne 
consisting  cMefly  of  running  and  being 

gursued  from  goals  or  bases.  —  Piison- 
onse,  n.  A-house  in  which  prisoners  are 
kept;  a  jail.— Prison-ship,  n.  A  ship  fitted 
up  for  receiving  and  detaining  prisoners. 
— Prison-van,  n.  A  close  carriage  for  con- 
veying prisoners. 

Pristine,  pris'tin,  a.  [L.  'pristintis;  same 
root  as  prior,  prime,  &c.]  Belonging  to  a 
primitive  or  early  state  or  period;  original; 
primitive. 

Pritch,  prich,  n.  FA  softened  form  of  prick.2 
A  sharp-pointed  instnunent;  an  instru- 
ment for  making  holes. 

Prithee,  priiH'e,  a  corruption  of  pray  thee, 
I  pray  thee. 

Private,  pri'vat,  a.  [L.  privatus,  from  privo, 
to  separate,  from  privus,  separate,  pe- 
culiar (seen  also  in  deprive,  pHvilege).]. 
Peculiar  to  one's  self;  belonging  to  or  con- 
cerning an  individual  only;  personal:  op- 
posed to  public  or  national;  not  known, 
open,  or  accessible  to  people  in  general; 
secret;  not  invested  with  public  oflSce  or 
employment;  not  haying  a  public  or  official 
character;  unconnected  with  others;  soli- 
tary; participating  in  knowledge;  privy; 
viilit.  said  of  a  common  soldier. — Private 
bills  or  acts  of  jxtrliai^iejit,  those  brought 
into  parliament  and  passed  on  the  petition 
of  parties  interested,  and  on  payment  of 
fees. — In  private,  not  publicly  or  openly; 
secretly. — n.  A  common  soldier;  one  of  the 
lowest  rank  in  the  army. — Privacy,  priv'- 
a-si,  n.  A  state  of  being  private  or  in 
retirement;  seclusion;  secrecy;  solitude; 
retirement.  —  Privately,  pii'vat-li,  adv. 
In  a  private  or  secret  manner;  not  openly 
or  publicly;  in  a  manner  affecting  an 
individual;  personally.— Piivateness;  pri'- 
vat-nes,  ji.  The  state  of  being  private; 
— Privateer,  pri-va-ter',  n.  A  vessel  of 
war  owned  and  equipped  by  one  or  more 
private  persons,  and  licensed  by  a  govern- 
ment to  seize  or  plunder  the  shii^s  of  an 
ene  my  in  war. — v.i.  To  cruise  in  a  privateer. 
— Frivateersman,  pii-va-t6rz'man,  n.  An 
officer  or  seaman  of  a  privateer.— Privation, 
pri-va'shon,  n.  [L.  privatio,  from  prii'o, 
to  bereave.]  The  state  of  being  deprived; 
deprivation  of  what  is  necessary  for  com- 
fort; destitution;  want;  the  act  of  remov- 
ing something  possessed.— Privative,  priv'- 
a-tiv,  a.  Causing  deprivation;  gram. 
changing  the  sense  from  positive  to  nega- 
tive.—n.  5^  prefix  to  a  word  which  gives 
it  a  contrary  sense,  as  «n  and  in  in  unwise, 
tn^KTOan.- Privatively,  priv'a-tiv-li,  adv. 
In  a  privative  manner. 

Privet,  priv'et,  n.  [Etym.  unknown.]  A 
shrub  frequently  planted  to  form  orna- 
mental hedges  in  gardens. 

Privilege,  priv'i-lej,  n.  [L.  privilegiiem,  an 
exceptional  law,  from  privus,  separate, 

£eculiar,  and  lex,  legis,  a  law.  Private, 
EGAL.]  A  right  or  advantage  enjoyed  by 
a  person  or  body  of  persons  bej^ond  the 
common  advantages  of  other  individuals; 
a  private  or  personal  favour  enjoyed  j  a 
peculiar  advantage.  —  Question  of  privi- 
lege, in  parHamerd,  a  question  affecting 
ttie  privileges  appertaining  to  the  mem- 
bers.— v.t.  To  grant  some  privilege,  right, 
or  exemption  to;  to  invest  with  a  peculiar 
right  or  immunity;  to  authorize;  to  license. 
—Privileged,  priv'i-lejd,  p.and  a.  Invested 
with  a  privilege  or  privileges;  enjoying 
some  peculiar  right,  favour,  or  immunity. 

Privy,  priv'i,  a.  [Tr.  prive,  from  L.  priva- 
tus. Private.]  Private;  assigned  to  private 
uses;  not  public;  secret;  not  seen  openly; 
appropriated  to  retirement;  sequestered 
(O.T.);  privately  knowing;  admitted  to 
the  participation  of  knowledge  with  an- 
other of  a  secret  transaction  (privy  to  a 

'thing). — n.  A  la,trine  or  necessary-house. 
—Gentlenmen  of  the  privy  chamber,  officers 
of  the  royal  household  of  Britain  who 
attend  on  the  sovereign  at  court,  in  pro- 
gresses, &c.— Privily,  priv'i-li,  adv.  In  a 
privy  manner;  privately;  secretly.— Priv- 
ity, priv'i-ti,  n.  Privacy  t;  private  know- 
ledge ;  joint  knowledge  with  another  of  a 
private  concern;  pi.  secret  parts;  the  gen- 
ital organs.— Prlvy-cotmcil,  n.  The  prin- 
cipal council  of  the  English  sovereign,  the 


niembers  of  which  ari  diosen  at  his  or  her 
pleasure.— Privy-councillor,  n.  A  member 
of  theprivy-council.- Privy-purse.n.  The 
income  set  apart  for  the  sovereign's  per- 
sonal use.— Privy-seal,  n.  In  England, 
the  seal  appended  to  grants  which  are 
afterwards  to  pass  the  great  seal,  and  to 
documents  of  minor  importance :  the  se- 
cretary of  state  who  is  intrusted  with  the 
privy-seal  is  called  lord  privy-seal. 

Prize,  priz,  n.  [Fr.  prise,  a  taking,  capture, 
prize,  from  prendre,  to  take,  from  L.  pre- 
Kendo,  to  seize.  Prison.]  That  which  is 
taken  from  an  enemy  in  war,  particularly 
a  ship,  with  the  property  taken  in  it;  that 
which  is  deemed  a  valuable  acquisition; 
any  gain  or  advantage;  that  which  is 
obtained  or  offered  as  the  reward  of  exer- 
tion or  contest;  that  which  is  v,-on  in  a 
lottery,  or  in  any  similar  way. — Prize- 
court,  n.  A  court  which  adjudicates  on 
captures  made  at  sea. — Prize-fight,  to.  A 
pugilistic  encounter  or  boxing-match  for 
a  prize. — Prize-fighter,  n.  A  professional 
pugUist  or  boxer.— Prize-fighting,  n.  Box- 
ing in  public  for  a  reward.— Prize-list,  n. 
A  list  of  prizes  gained  in  any  competition, 
as  a  cattle-show  or  a  school  examination. 
— Prizeman,  priz 'man,  n.  The  winner 
of  a  prize.— Prize-money,  n.  Money  dis- 
tributed among  the  captors  of  a  ship  or 
place  where  booty  has  been  obtained,  in 
certain  proportions  according  to  rank,  the 
money  being  realized  from  the  sale  of  the 
prize  or  booty. — Prize-ring,  n.  A  ring  or 
inclosed  place  foi;  prize-fighting;  prize- 
fighters collectively  (a  member  of  the 
prize-ring). 

Irize,  priz,  v.t. — prized,  prizing.  [Fr.  priser, 
to  value,  to  set  a  price  on,  from  L.  pretiutn, 
a  price.  Price,  Precious.]  To  set  or 
estimate  the  value  of;  to  rate;  to  value 
highly;  to  consider  of  great  worth;  to 
esteem. — Prizeable,  pri'za-bl,  a.  AVorthy 
of  being  prized  or  highly  valued;  estimable. 

Prize,  w.t    To  force  up.    See  Prise. 

PrOa,  pro'a,  n.  [Malay  prau,  prahu.l  A 
kind  of  Malay  vessel  with  one  side  flat, 
and  an  outrigger  adjusted  sometimes  to 
the  leeward  side  and  sometim««  to  both 
sides,  remarkable  for  swiftneas. 

Probable,  prob'a-bl,  a.  [Fr.  probable,  from 
L.  prnbabilis,  that  may  be  proved,  pro- 
bable, from  pro6o.  to  prove.  Prove.]  Sup- 
ported by;.or  based  on  evidence  which  in- 
clines the  mind  to  belief,  but  leaves  some 
room  for  doubt;  likely;  rendering  some- 
thing probable  (hrobable  evidence). — Prob- 
abilism,  prob'a-oil-izm,  n.  R.  Cath.  theol. 
a  theory,  according  to  which  it  is  lawful 
to  follow  that  which  is  inculcated  by 
teachers  of  authority,  although  other  opi- 
nions may  seem  to  the  inquirer  more  prob- 
able.— Probabilist,  prob'a-bil-ist,  n.  One 
who  maintains  the  theory  of  probabilism. 
— Probability,  prob-a-bil'i-ti,  n.  [Fr.  pro- 
bability, L.  probabilitat.'l  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  probable;  likelihood;  a.p- 
pearance  of  truth;  anything  that  has  the 
ajDpearanceof  reality  ortruth  (intbissense 
with  a  plural);  math,  the  ratio  of  the  num- 
ber of  chances  by  which  an  event  may 
happen,  to  the  number  by  which  it  may 
both  happen  and  fail. — Probably,  prob'a- 
bli,  adv.  In  a  probable  manner;  in  all 
likelihood;  as  is  probable;  likely. 

Probang,  pro 'bang,  n.  [Probably  from 
probe.]  Surg,  a  lon^  slender  elastic  rod  of 
whalebone,  with  a  piece  of  sponge  securely 
attached  to  one  end,  intended  to  push 
down  anj'thing  stuck  in  the  gullet. 

Probate,  prS'bat,  n.  [L.  probatiis,  from 
probo,  to  prove.]  A  proceeding  before 
proper  authorities  by  which  a  person's  will 
or  testament  is  established  as  such  and 
registered;  official  proof  of  a  will. — Pl-o- 
bate-duty,  n.  A  tax  on  property  passing 
by  will. 

Probation,  pr5-b5'shon,  n.  [L.  probatio, 
probationis,  an  approving.  Probable.] 
The  act  of  proving;  proof;  any  proceeding 
designed  to  ascertain  character,  qualifi- 
cations, or  the  like;  a  preliminary  or  pre- 
paratory trial  or  examination;  the  period 
of  trial.  — Probational,  pro-ba'shon-al,  a. 
Serving  for  trial  or  probation.—  Probation- 
ary, pr5-bS.'8hon-a-ri,  a.  Pertainir.g  to 
probation;  serving  for  trial  or  probation. 


— Probationer,  pr3-ba'shon-Ar,  n.  One  who 
is  on  probation  or  trial;  in  Scotland,  a 
student  in  divinity,  who  is  admitted  to 
several  trials  by  a  presbytery,  on  pass- 
ing which  satisfactorily  he  is  licensed  to 
preach. — Probative,  proTja-tiv,  a.  Serving 
for  trial  or  proof. — Probator,  prO-ba'tor,  n. 
An  examiner. — Probatory,  pi'o'ba-to-ri.  a. 
Serving  for  trial;  pertaining  to  or  serving 
for  proof. 

Probe,  prob,  n.  [From  L.  probo,  to  test,  to 
try,  to  prove.  Prove.]  A  surgeon's  in- 
strument for  examining  the  depth  or  other 
circumstances  of  a  wound,  iilcer,  or  cavity. 
— v.t.— probed,  probing.  To  apply  a  probe 
to;  to  examine  by  a  probe;  jig.  to  search 
to  the  bottom';  to  examine  thoroughly 
into. 

Probity,  prob'i-ti,  n.  [L.  probitas,  from 
probris,  worthy,  honest,  good. )  Tried 
virtue  or  integrity;  strict  honesty;  recti- 
tude; uprightness;  high  principle. 

Problem,  problem,  n.  [Fr.  problime,  L. 
problema,  from  Gr.  probl&ma — ^pro,  before, 
and  ballo,  to  throw.]  A  question  proposed 
for  solution,  decision,  or  determination; 
a  knotty  point  requiring  to  be  cleared  up; 
geom.  a  proposition  requiring  some  oper- 
ation to  be  performed,  differing  from  a 
theorem  in  that  tlie  latter  requires  some- 
thing to  be  proved.— Problematic,  Prob- 
lematical, prob-le-mat'ik,  prob-le-Eiat'i- 
kal,  a.  Questionable;  uncertain;  disput- 
able; doubtful. — Problematically,  prob-le- 
mat'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  problematical 
manner. — Problematiat.t  prob'lem-a-tist, 
n.  One  who  proposes  problems.— Proble-  ' 
matize,  prob'lem-a-tiz,  v.t.  To  propose 
problem?. 

ftroboscis,  prS-bos'sis,  n.  pi.  Proboscldes, 

■pro-bos'si-dsz.  [L.  proboscis,  from  Gr. 
proboskis—pro,  before,  and  bosks,  to  feed.] 
The  snout  or  trunk  projecting  from  the 
head  of  an  elephant  and  other  animals; 
the  homy  tube  formed  by  the  modified 
jaws  of  insects,  used  for  sucking  blood 
from  animals  or  juice  from  plants;  the 
nose:  used  humorously  or  in  ridicule. — 
Proboscidate,  Proboscidial,  Proboscidisjt, 
pro-bos'si-dat,  pro-bos-sid'i-al,  prO-bos-sid'- 
i-an,  a.  Furnished  with  a  proboscis;  pro- 
boscidean. —  Proboscidean,  pro-bos-sid'e- 
an,  a.  and  n.  Pertaining  to,  or  one  of,  those 
mammals  which  have  the  nose  prolonged 
into  a  prehensile  trunk,  as  the  elephant, 
&c.— Proboscidiform,  pro-bos-sid'i-form,  a. 
Having  the  form  of  a  proboscis. 

Pro-cathedral,  pr5-ka-the'dral,n.  A  church 
that  serves  temporarily  as  a  cathedral. 

Proceed,  prS-sed',  v.i.  [Fr.  proceder;  L.  pi-o- 
cedo—pro,  before,  and  cedo,  to  go.  Cede.] 
To  move,  pass,  or  go  onward;  to  continue 
or  renew  motion  or  progress;  to  advance; 
to  go  on;  to  pass  from  one  point,  stage, 
or-  topic  to  another ;  to  issue  or  come,  as 

•  from  an  origin,  source,  or  fountain;  to  set 
to  work  and  go  on  in  a  certain  way;  to  act 
according  to  some  method;  to  begin  and 
carry  on  a  legal  action.— Procedure,  pro- 
se'dor,  n.  [Fr.  procedure.]  Planner  of 
proceeding  or  acting;  a  course  or  mode  of 
action;  conduct;  a  step  taken;  a  proceed- 
ing.— Proceeder,  pro-85'd6r,  n.  One  who 
proceeds.— Proceeding,  pr(5-se'ding,n.  The 
act  of  one  who  proceeds;  a  measure  or 
step  taken;  a  transaction;  a  mode  of  con- 
duct ;  pi.  the  course  of  steps  in  the  prose- 
cution of  actions  at  law;  the  record  or 
account  of  the  transactions  of  a  society.— 
Proceeds,  pr5's6dz,  n.  pi.  The  amoinit 
accruing  from  some  transaction;  the  value 
of  goods  sold  or  converted  into  money. 

Proceleusmatic,  pro-sel'fls-mat"ik,  a.  [Gr. 
prokeleiismatikos—pro,  before,  and  keleus- 
ma,  mandate,  keleud,  to  incite.]  Inciting, 
animating,  or  cncouragingf;  pro*,  consis- 
ting of  four  short  syllables :  applied  to  a 
particular  metrical  foot. 

K-ocere,  prt5-s5r',  a.  [L.  procerus,  tall.] 
Tall.— Procerity,  prO-ser'i-ti,  n^  Tallness; 
height  of  staturo. 

Process,  prO'ses,  n.  [L.  processus,  from  pro- 
cedo,  processum,  to  proceed.  Proceed.] 
A  proceeding  or  movin|;  forward;  progres- 
sive course;  way  in  which  something  goes 
on;  gradual  progress;  course;  series  of 
actions  or  experiments  (a  chemical  pro- 
cess]; series  of  motions  or  ch^rj^s  going 


gate,  far,  lat,  fftU;     me,  met,  b6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;      tobe,  tub,  bvill;     oil,  pound;     «,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  v. 


tROCES-VERBAL 


53! 


PROFESS 


■:a,  ad  iii  growth,  decay,  &o.,  in  pliysical 
bodies;  course;  lapse;  a  passing  or  elapsing 
(the  process  of  time);  law,  the  whole  course 
of  proceedings  in  a  cause;  a  projecting 
portion  of  something;  especially,  in  anat. 
any  protuberance  or  projecting  part  of  a 
bone  or  other  body.— Procession,  pro-sesh»- 
on,  n.  [h.  processio.]  The  act  of  proceed- 
ing or  issuing  forth ;  a  train  of  persons 
walking,  or  riding  on  horseback  or  in 
vehicles,  in  a  formal  march,  or  moving 
with  ceremonious  solemnity.  —  Proces- 
sional, pro-sesh'on-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
procession;  consisting  in  a  procession. — 
n.  R.  (Jath.  Oh.  a  service-book  containing 
prayers  and  hymns  for  religious  proces- 
sions. — Procesaionalist,  pro-sesh'on-al-ist, 
n.  One  who  walks  in  a  procession. — Pro- 
cessive,  pro-ses'iv,  a.  Going  forward ;  ad- 
vancing.—Process-server,  n.  A  bailiff  or 
sheriff's  officer. 

Procfes-verbal,  prS-sft-verbal,  n.  In  French 
law,  a  detailed  authentic  account  of  an 
official  proceeding;  a  statement  of  facts. 
Prochroniam,  pro'kron-izm,  n.  [Gr.  pro, 
before,  and  chronos,  time.]  The  dating  of 
an  event  before  the  time  when  it  happ;sned, 
or  representing  something  as  existing 
before  it  really  did. 

Procidence,  pro'si-dens,  n.  [L.  procidentia, 
from  pro,  forward,  and  cado,  to  fall.]  Med. 
a  falling  down;  a  prolapsus.— Prociduous, 
prO-sid'u-us,  a.  Falling  from  its  proper 
place. 

Proclaim,  pr5-kl5m',  v.t.  [L.  proclamo— 
pro,  before,  and  claDxo,  to  cry  out.  Claim.] 
To  make  known  by  public  announcement: 
to  promulgate;  to  announce;  to  publish 
to  outlaw  l)y  public  denunciation. — Pro 
claimer,  Proclaimant,  pro-kla'mer,  pro 
kla'mant,  n.  One  who  proclaims.— Pro 
clamation  prok-la-ma'shon,  n.  [L.  pro- 
clamatio.]  The  act  of  proclaiming;  an  offi 
cial  public  announcement  or  declaration 
a  published  ordinance. 
ProcUtic,  pr5-klit'ik,  n.  [From  Gr.  pro, 
forward,  and  klini,  to  lean.]  Greek  gram. 
a  monosyllabic  word  so  closely  attached 
to  a  following  word  as  to  have  no  inde^ 
pendent  existence  and  therefore  no  accent 
Proclivity,  pr5-kliv'i-ti,  n.  [L.  procHvitas, 
from  pro,  before,  and  clivus,  a  slope.  Ac 
cLiviTY.l  Inclination;  propensity;  prone- 
ness ;  tendency ;  readiness.  —  Proclivous, 
prO-kli'vus,  a.  [L.  proclivua.]  Inclined 
prone;  tending  by  nature. 
Procoelous,  Procoelian,  pro-selus,  pro-seli- 
an,  a.  [Gr.  pro,  before,  and  A'oiios,  hollow.] 
A  term  applied  to  the  vertebrae  of  certain 
animals,  as  the  existing  saurians,  which 
have  a  cavity  in  front  and  a  ball  at  the 
back  part;  having  such  vertebrae. 
Proconsul,  pr5-kon'sul,n.  [L.,from  pro,for, 
and  consul.]  In  ancient  Home  an  officer 
who  discharged  the  duties  of  a  consul 
without  being  himself  consul;  generally 
one  who  had  been  consul.— Proconsular, 
Proconsulary,  pro-kon'sul-er,  pro-kon'sul- 
a-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  proconsul.— Pro- 
consulate, Proconsulship,  pro-kon'sul-at, 
pro-kon'sul-sUip,  n.  The  office  of  a  pro- 
consul. 

Procrastinate,  pro-kras'ti-nat,  v.t. — pro- 
crastinated, procrastinating.  |L.  procras- 
tinor,  procrastinates— pro,  forward,  and 
crastinus,  belonging  to  the  morrow,  from 
eras,  to-morrow.]  To  put  off  from  day 
to  day;  to  delay;  to  defer  to  a  future 
time.  —  v.i.  To  delay ;  to  be  dilatory.  — 
Procrastination,  pro-kra8'ti-na"shon,  n. 
The  act  or  habit  of  putting  off  to  a  future 
time;  dilatoriness.— Procrastinator,  pro- 
kras'ti-na-tfer,  n.  One  who  procrastinates. 
— Procrastinatory,  pro-kras'ti-ua-to-ri,  a. 
Pertainingto  or  implying  procrastination. 
Procreate,  pro'kre-at,  v.t. — procreated,  pro- 
creating. [L.  procreo — pro,  before,  and 
creo,  to  create.  Create.]  To  beget;  to 
generate  and  produce;  to  engender.— Pro- 
creation, pro-kr6-a'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
procreating  or  begetting.  —  Procreative, 
prO'kre-a-tiv,  a.  Having  the  power  or 
function  of  procreating. — Procreativeness, 
prO'krC-a-tiv-nes,  n.— Procreator,  pro'kre- 
a-t6r,  n.  One  that  begets;  a  father  or 
sire.— Procreant,  pr3'kre-ant,  a.  [L.  pro- 
creans,  procreantis,  ppr.  of  proereo.]  Pro- 
creating; producing  young;  assisting  in 


producing  young). —n.  One  who  or  that 
which  procreates. 

Procrustean,  pro-krus't3-an.  a.  Pertaining: 
to  or  resembling  Procrustes,  a  robber  of 
ancient  Greece,  who  tortured  his  victims 
by  placing  them  on  a  bed,  and  stretching 
or  lopping  off  their  legs  to  adapt  the  body 
to-its  length,  hence,  acting  similarly;  pro- 
ducing uniformity  by  deforming  or  muti- 
lating. 

Proctor,  prok'tir,  n.  [Contr.  from  procu- 
rator; comp  proxy.]  A  procurator,  a  per- 
son employed  to  manage  another's  cause 
in  a  court  of  civil  or  ecclesiastical  law;  an 
official  in  a  university  whose  function  is 
to  see  that  good  order  is  kept  (as  at  Ox- 
ford and  Cambridge).- Proctorage,  prok'- 
ter-aj,  n.  Management  by  a  proctor. — 
Proctorial,  prok-to'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  proctor.— Proctorship,  prok'tfer-ship,  n. 
The  office  of  a  proctor. 

Procumbent,  pro-kum'bent,  a.  [L.  pro- 
cumbens—pro,  forward,  and  cumho,  to  lie.] 
Lying  down;  prone;  bat.  trailing;  prostrate; 
lying  on  the  ground,  but  without  putting 
forth  roots  (a  procumbent  stem). 

Procurator,  prok'Q-ra-ter,  n.  [L.,  one  who 
manages,  an  agent,  from  procuro.  Pro- 
CL'Rj..]  The  manager  of  another's  afikirs; 
one  who  undertakes  the  care  of  legal 
proceedings  for  another ;  a  governor  of  a 
province  under  the  Boman  emperors. — 
Procurator-fiscal,  n^  The  title  of  public 
officials  in  Scotland  at  wiiose  instance 
criminal  proceedings  are  instituted  and 
carried  on  in  inferior  courts.  —  Procura- 
torial,  pro-kQ'ra-to"ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  procurator  or  proctor. — Procuratorship, 
prok'a-i;a-t6r-8hip,  n.  The  office  of  a  pro- 
curator.—Procuracy,  prokn-ra-si,  n.  The 
office  or  service  of  a  procurator;  the  man- 
agement of  an  affa  ir  for  another. — Procu- 
ration, pro-ka-ra'shon,  n.  Management  of 
anothei^s  affairs;  the  document  by  which 
a  person  is  empowered  to  transact  the 

.  affairs  of  another. 

Procure,  pro-kur',  v.t— procured,  procur- 
ing. fFr.  procurer,  from  L.  procuro,  to 
take  care  of,  "to  attend  to— pro,  for,  and 
cura,  cars.  Cure.]  To  obtain,  as  by  re- 
quest, loan,  effort,  labour,  or  purchase; 
to  get,  gain,  come  into  possession  of;  to 
bring  on;  to  attract  (mode.sty  pcocwrea 
respect);  to  cause,  bring  about,  effect,  con- 
trive.— v.i.  To  pimp.  —  Procurable,  pro- 
ku'ra-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  procured; 
obtainable.— Procurement,  pro-kflr'ment, 
n.  The  act  of  procuring  or  obtaining.— 
Procurer,  pro-ku'rfr,  n.  One  that  pro- 
cures; a  pimp;  a  pander. — Procuress,  prok'- 
O-res,  n.    A  female  pimp;  a  bawd. 

Procurvation,  pro-kfer-va'shon,  n..  [li.pro, 
forward,  and  curvatio,  a  curving.]  A 
bending  forward. 

Prod,  prod,  n.  [A  form  of  brad,  brad.]  A 
pointed  instrument,  as  a  goad  or  an  awl; 
a  stab. — v.t.— prodded,  prodding.  To  prick 
with  a  pointed  instrument;  to  goad. 

Prodigal,  prod'i-gal,  o.  fli.L.  prodigalis, 
from  L.  prodigus,  prodigal,  from  pro, 
forth,  and  ago,  to  drive.  Act.]  Given  to 
extravagant  expenditure  v  expending 
wastef uily ;  profuse ;  lavish ;  wasteful; 
lavishly  bountiful. — n.  One  that  expends 
money  extravagantly;  one  that  is  profuse 
or  lavish;  a  waster;  a  spendthrift. — Prodi- 
gality, prod-i-gal'i-ti,  n.  Eirtravagance  in 
expenditure;  profusion;  waste;  excessive 
or  profuse  liberality. — Prodigally,  prod'i- 
gal-li,  adv.  In  a  prodigal  manner;  extra- 
vagantly; lavishly;  wastefuUy;  profusely. 

Prodigious,  pro-dij'us,  a.  [Fr.  prodigieux; 
L.  prodigiosus,  strange,  wonderful,  from 
prodigium,  a  prodigy.]  Of  the  nature  of  a 
prodigy  I;  extraordinary;  very  great;  huge; 
enormous;  excessive ;  in  ten  se. — Prodigious- 
ly, pro-dij'us-li,  adw.  Enormously;  aston- 
ishingly ;  excessively.  —  Prodlgiousness, 
pro-dij'us-nes,  n.— Prodigy,  prod'i-ji,  n.  [L. 
prodigium.  ]  Something  extraordinary 
from  which  omens  are  drawn ;  a  portent ; 
anything  very  extraordinary;  a  wonder  or 
miracle  (he  is  a  prodigy  of  learning);  some- 
thing out  of  the  ordinary  course  of  nature. 

Produce,  pro-dns',  v.t.  —  produced,  pro- 
ducing. [L.  produco—pro,  before,  forward, 
and  duco,  to  lead,  bring.  Duse.]  To  bring 
forward;  to  bring  or  offer  to  view  or  notice; 


to  exhibit;  to  bring  forth;" to  give  birth  i.y, 
to  bear,  furnish,  yield;  to  cause,  offect, 
bring  about;  to  make;  to  bring  into  being 
or  form;  to  make  accrue  (money  produces 
interest) ;  geom.  to  diaw  out  in  length;  to 
extend  (to  produce  a  line  for  a  certain  dis- 
tance).— v.i.  To  bring  forth  or  yield  ap- 
propriate offspring,  products,  or  conse- 
quences.— n.  (pro'dtts).  A  total  produced, 
brought  forth,  or  yielded;  the  outcome 
yielded  by  labour  and  natural  growth; 
yield  or  production  (the  produce  of  a  farm 
or  of  a  country).  — Produce-broker,  Pro- 
duce-merchant, n.  A  dealer  in  foreign  or 
colonial  produce,  as  grain,  groceries,  dye- 
stuffs,  (fcc.-^Producer,  pro-du'ser,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  produces. — Prodncibil- 
ity,  pro-da'si-bil 'i-ti,  n.  The  capability 
of  being  produced  —Producible,  pro-da'- 
si-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  produced.— Pro- 
ducibleness,  prS-du'si-bl-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  producible. — Product, 
prod'ukt,  n.  [L.  productum.]  A  thing 
which  is  produced  by  nature,  as  fruits  or 
grain  crops;  what  is  yielded  by  the  soil ; 
that  which  is  produced  by  labour  or  men- 
tal application;  a  production;  something 
resulting  as  a  consequence;  result;  math. 
the  result  of,  or  quantity  produced'  by, 
the  multiplication  of  two  or  more  num- 
bers or  quantities  together.  —  Produc- 
tlle,  pro-cfuk'til,  a.  [\j.  productilis.]  Ca/- 
pable  of  being  extended  in  length. — Pro- 
duction, pro-duk'shon,  n.  [L.  productio, 
productionis.]  The  act  or  process  of  pro- 
ducing; pol.  econ.  the  producing  of  articles 
having  an  exchangeable  value;  that  which 
is  produced  or  made  (the  productions  of 
the  earth,  of  art  or  manufactures,  of  the 
human  intellect).— Productive,  pro-duk'- 
tiv,  a.  Having  the  power  of  producing; 
fertile;  producing  good  crops;  bringing 
into  being;  causing  to  exist  (an  age  pro- 
ductive of  ^rent  men);  pol.  econ.  producing 
commodities  of  value ;  adding  to  the 
wealth  of  the  world.— Productively,  pro- 
duk'tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  productive  manner. 
—Productiveness,  pro-duk'tiv-nes,  n.  The 
Quality  of  being  productive.— Productiv- 
ity! pro-duk-tiv'i-ti.  n.  Power  of  pro- 
ducing. 

Proem,  pro'em,  n.  IFr.  proime,  from  L. 
procemium,  Gr.  prooimion — pro,  before, 
and  oimoB,  way.]  Preface;  introduction; 
preliminary  observations  to  a  book  or 
writing.— Proemial,  pro-em'i-al,  a.  Hav- 
ing the  character  of  a  proem. 

Profane,  pro-fan',  a.  [Fr.  profane,  from  L. 
profanus,  profane,  unholy  —  pro,  forth 
from,  and /anrtm,  a  temple.  Fane.]  Not 
sacred  or  devoted  to  sacred  purposes;  not 
possessing  any  peculiar  sanctity;  secular; 
irreverent  towards  God  or  holy  things; 
speaking  or  spoken,  acting  or  acted  in  con- 
tempt of  sacred  things  or  implying  it; 
blasphemous;  polluted. — Profane  kistoiT/, 
all  history  other  than  biblical.— w.t.—pro- 
faned,  profaning.  To  treat  as  if  not  sacred 
or  deserving  reverence;  to  treat  with  ir- 
reverence, impiety,  or  sacrilege;  to  dese- 
crate (to  profane  the  name  of  God,  or  the 
Sabbath);  to  put  to  a  wrong  use;  to  em- 
ploy basely  or  unworthily. — Profanation, 
prof-a-na'shon,  n.  The  act  of  profaning; 
the  violating  of  sacred  things,  or  the  treat- 
ing of  them  with  contempt  or  irreverence; 
desecration;  the  act  of  treating  with  too 
little  delicacy.— Profanely,  pro-fan'li,  adv. 
In  a  profane  manner;  impiously;  blasphe- 
mously.—  Profaneness,  pro-fan'nes,  n. — 
Profanerj  pro-f a^n^r,  n.  One  who  profanes. 
— Profamty,  pro-fan'i-ti,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  profane;  that  which  is  profane; 
profane  language  or  conduct. 

Profess,  pro-fes',  v.t.  [L.  profiteor,  profes- 
sus,  to  declare,  acknowledge,  profess— p?'o, 
before,  and  fateor,  to  avow;  same  root  as 
fame,  fable,  fate.]  To  make  open  declar- 
ation of;  to  avow,  acknowledge,  own;  to 
acknowledge  or  own  publicly  to  be;  to  lay 
claim  openly  to  the  character  of:  used  refl. 
(to  'profess  one's  self  a.  Christian);  to  make 
a  show  of;  to  make  protestations  or  a  pre- 
tence of;  to  pretend  (to  profess  great 
friendship  for  a  person);  to  declare  one's 
self  versed  in  (he  professes  surgery).— y.t. 
To  declare  openly;  to  make  any  declara- 
tion or  assertion.- Professedly,  pro-fes'ed- 


ch,  c/iain;     ch,ScAoch;     g,oo;     j.j'ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  si»v;    sb,  then;  th,  thia;     w,  twg;     -Rrh,  wAisi     zh,  asure. 


PROFFER 


636 


PHOLEGOMENO]!! 


li,  adv.  By  profession;  avowedly.  —  Pro- 
fession, pro-fesh'on,  n.  [L.  pro/essio.'l  The 
act  of  professing;  a  public  avowal  or  ac- 
knowledgment of  one's  sentiipents  or  be- 
lief; a  declaration;  a  representation  or 
protestation  (professions  of  friendship  or 
sincerity);  a  calling  superior  to  a  mere 
trade  or  handicraft,  as  that  of  medicine, 
law, architecture, &c.;  avocation;  thecol- 
lectivo  body  of  persons  engaged  in  such- 
calling. —Professional,  pro-fesh'on-al,  o. 
Pertaining  to  a  profession ;  engaged  in  a 
profession. — n.  A  member  of  any  profes- 
sion, but  more  often  applied,  in  opposi- 
tion to  amatettr,  to  persons  who  make 
their  living  by  arts,  &c.,  in  which  non- 
professionals are  accustomed  to  engage. 
—Professionally,  pro-fesh'on-al-li,  adv. 
In  a  professional  manner;  in  the  way 
of  one's  profession  or  calling.  —  Pirofes- 
sor,  prS-fes'er,  n.  [L.  ]  One  who  pro- 
feises;  one  who  publicly  unites  himself  to 
th«  visible  church;  one  who  is  visibly  or 
ostensibly  religious;  one  that  publicly 
teaches  any  art.  science,  or  branch  of 
learning;  particularly,  an  official  in  a  uni- 
versity, college,  or  other  seminary,  whose 
business  is  to  deliver  lectures  or  instruct 
students. — Professoriai,  pro-fes-so'ri-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  professor  in  a  college,  &c. 
— Professoriate,  pro-f  es-so'ri-5t,  n.  A  body 
of  professors ;  the  teaching  staflf  of  prof es- 
sors.— Professorship,  pro -fes'ir- snip,  ». 
The  office  of  a  professor. 
Proffer,  prefer,  v.t.  [Pr.  profdrer,  from  L. 
profefre,  to  bring  forward — pro,  before, 
and  fero,  to  bring.  Fertile,  Bear.]  To 
hold  out-  that  a  person  may  take;  to  offer 
for  acceptance.— n.  An  offisr  made;  some- 
thing proposed  for  acceptance  by  another. 
— Proiierer,  prof '6r-^r,  n.  One  who  proffers. 
Proficient,  pr5-fish'ent,  n.  [L.  profieiens, 
from  proficio,  to  advance,  make  progress, 
improve — pro.forward,  and /acio,  to  make. 
JPact.]  One  who  has  made  considerable 
advances  in  any  business,  art,  science,  or 
branch  of  learning;  an  adept;  an  expert. 
— o.  Well  versed  in  any  business  or  branch 
of  learning;  well  qualified;  competent. — 
Proficiently,  pro-fish'ent-li,  adv.  In  a  pro- 
ficient manner.— Proficiency,  pro-flsh'en- 
si,  n.  The  state  of  being  proficient;  skill 
and  knowledge. 

Profile,  prO'fil,  n.  [Pr.  profil,  from  It.  pro- 
filo;  from  L.  pro,  before,  and  filfm,  a 
thread,  Une.]  An  outline  or  contour;  es- 
pecially an  outline  of  the  human  face  seen 
sideways;  the  side  face  or  half  face;  the 
outline  or  contour  of  anything,  such  as  a 
toilding,  portion  of  country,  £c.,as  shown 
by  a  section.  Used  also  as  adj.— 1».<. — pro- 
filed, profiling-  To  draw  in  profile;  to  give 
a  profile  of.— Profiiist,  pr5'nl-ist,  n.  One 
who  takes  profiles. 

Profit,  profit,  n.  [Fr.  profit,  from  L.  pro- 
fectv.8,  progress,  increase,  from  profixiio,  to 
advance,  to  improve.  Proficient.]  Any 
advantage;  an  accession  of  good  from  la- 
bour or  exertion;  especially,  the  advantage 
or  gain  resulting  to  the  owner  of  capital 
from  its  employment  in  any  undertaking; 
the  diiTerence  between  the  origrinal  cost 
and  selling  price  of  anything;  pecuniary 
gain;  emolument. —iic*«  "o/ pro./it,  the 
proportion  which  the  amount  of  profit 
bears  to  the  capital  employed.  —  «.{.  To 
benefit;  to  advantage;  to  be  of  service  to; 
to  advance. — v.i.  To  derive  profit;  to  im- 
prove; to  make  progress  intellectually  or 
morally;  to  gain  pecuniarily;  to  become 
richer;  to  be  of  use  or  advantage;  to  bring 
good.— Profitable,  prof'i-ta-bl,  a.  Yield- 
ing or  bringing  profit  or  gain ;  gainful ; 
lucrative;  useful;  advantageous.— Profit- 
ableness, prof'i-ta-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  profitable.— Profitably,  prof'i-ta- 
Wi.  adv.  In  a  profitable  mnnner;  gain- 
fully; advantageously.— Profitless,  prof  it- 
les,  a.  Void  of  profit,  gain,  or  advantage. 
— ProfltisESly,  prof  it-les-li,  adv. 
Profligate,  profli-g5t,  a.  [L.  profiigatut, 
pp.  of  profiigo,  to  rout,  to  rum — pro,  in- 
tens.,  and  fiigo,  to  strike  down.;  seen  also 
in  conflict,  inflict,  d'c]  Ruined  in  morals; 
abandoned  to  vice;  lost  to  virtue  or  de- 
cency; vicious;  shameless  in  wickedness. — 
n.  An  abandoned  person;  one  who  has  lost 
all  rps^ard  to  good  principles,  virtue,  or 


decency.— Profligately,  profli-gSt-U,  adv. 
In  a  profligate  manner.— Profligacy,  Pro- 
fligateness,  profli-ga-si,  profli-gat-nes,  n. 
The  quality  or  condition  of  being  profli- 
gate; a  profligate  or  very  vicious  course  of 
life;  abandoned  conduct. 

Profound,  pro-found',  a.  [Fr.  profond.li. 
profundus— pro,  forward,  far,  and  fundus, 
bottom.  Found,  Fund.]  Deep;  descend- 
ing or  being  far  below  the  surface,  or  far 
below  the  adjacent  places;  having  great 

.  depth;  intellectually  deep;  deep,  in  know- 

'  ledge  or  skill  (a  profound  scholar);  charac- 
terized by  intensity;. far-reaching;  deeply' 
felt  (profound  grief);  touching;  bending 
low;  humble;  exhibiting  or  expressing 
humility  (apro/owjid  bow,  profound  rever- 
ence).— n.  The  deep;  the  sea;  the  ocean 
(with  the);  an  abyss;  a  deep  immeasurable 
space.— Profoundly,  pro-found'li,  adv.  In 
a  profound  manner.  —  Proroimdness,  pr3- 
found'nes,  n.  Profundity;  depth.  —  Pro- 
fundity, pro-f  un'di-ti,  n.  The  quality  or 
condition  of  being  profound;  depth  of 
place,  of  knowledge,  &c. 

nofuse,  pro-f Os'.a.  [L.  pro/t««s,  from  pro- 
fundo — pro,  forth,  and  ftindo,  to  pour. 
Fuse.]  Pouring  forth  lavishly;  extrava- 
gant; lavish;  liberal  to  excess;  prodigal ; 
poured  forth  lavishly;  exuberant.  —  Pro- 
fusely, pro-fos'li,  adv.  In  a  profuse  man- 
poc;  lavishly;  prodigally.  —  Profuseness, 
prS-ftls'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  prof use.-Profusion,  pro-fQ'zhon,  n. 
[L.  profusio.]  Profuse  or  lavish  expendi- 
ture; rich  abundance;  lavish  supply;  exu- 
berant plenty.   . 

Progepy,  proj'e-nl,n.  [Ft.  proginie,  Ii.  pro- 
genies, from  pro,  forth,  and  root  gen,  to 
bring  forth;  seen  also  in  getider,  generation, 
genus,  &c.  Gekus.3  Offspring  collectively; 
children;  descendants  of  the  human  kind, 
or  offspring  of  other  animals.— Progenitor, 
pro-jen'i-ter,  ji.  An  ancestor  in  the  direct 
line;  a  forefather;  a  parent. 

Proglottis,  pro-glot'tis,  n.  pi.  Proglottides, 
pro-glot'ti-dez.  [Gr.,thetipof  the  tongue.] 
Zool.  the  generative  segment  or  joint  of  a 
tapeworm. 

Prognathic,  .Prognathous,  prog-nath'ik, 
prog-na'thus,  a.  [Gr.  pro,  oefore,  and 
gnathoB,  the  cheek  or  jaw-bone.]  Charac- 
terized by  projecting  jaws;  applied  to 
human  skulls  when  the  jaw  slants  for- 
wards, making  the  lower  part  of  the  face 
very  prominent.- Pro^athizm,  prog-na'- 
thizm,  n.  The  condition  of  being  prog- 
nathic. 

Prognostic,  prog-nos'tik,  a.  [Gr.  progrUis- 
tikqs — pro,  before,  and  gifjn6sk6,  to  know. 
Know.]  Foreshowing;  indicating  some- 
thing future  by  signs  or  symptoms.— ?». 
A  sign  by  which  a  futiu-e  event  may  be 
known  or  foretold;  an  omen;  a  token;  a 
symptom;  a  foretelling;  prediction.— Prog- 
nosticable,  prog-nos'ti-ka-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  prognosticated. — Prognosticate, 
prog-nos'ti-kat,  v.t.—progtioslicated,  prog- 
nosticating. To  foretell  by  means  cf  present 
signs:  to  predict;  to  foreshow  or  foretoken; 
to  indicate  as  to  happen  in  the  future. — 
v.i.  To  judge  or  pronounce  from  pro^os- 
tics.  —  Prognostication,  prog-nos'ti-ka"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  prognosticating;  that 
which  foreshows;  a  foretoken;  previous 
sign. — Prognosticative,  prog-nos'ti-ka-tiv, 
a.  Having  the  character  of  a  prognostic. 
— Prognosticator ,  prog  -  nos '  ti  -  ka  -  t6r ,  n. 
One  who  prognosticates. 

Programme,  pro'gram,  n.  [Fr.  programrM, 
from  Gr.  programma — pro,  before,  and 
grapho,  to  write.]  A  plan  of  proceed- 
ings sketched  out  beforehand ;  an  out- 
line or  detailed  sketch  or  advertisement 
of  the  order  of  proceedings  or  subjects 
embraced  in  any  entertainment,  perfor- 
mance, or  public  ceremony. 

Progress,  pro'gres,  n.  [L.  progresttui,  from 
progredior,  to  advance — pro,  before,  and 
gradior,  to  go,  whence  also  grade,  gradual, 
&c.  Grade.]  Amoving  or  going  lorward; 
a  proceeding  onward;  a  moving  forward 
in  growth ;  increase ;  advance  in  matters 
of  any  kind;  course;  intellectual  or  moral 
improvement;  a  passage  from  place  to 
place;  a  journey. — v.i.  (pro-gres').  To  move 
forward  or  onward;  to  cidvance;  to  proceed 
in  any  course;  to  advance  towards  some- 


thing better;  to  make  improvement.— Pro- 
gression, pro-gresh'on,  n.  [L.  progrtssio.] 
The  act  of  progressing,  advancing,  or  mov- 
ing f or.vard ;  progress ;  advance ;  course ; 
passage;  math,  regular  or  proportional  ad- 
vance in  increase  or  decrease  of  numbers ; 
continued  proportion,  arithmetical  or  geo- 
metrical (thus  2,  4,  6,  8, 10  are  numbei-s  in 
ai-ithmetical  progression;  2,  4,  8, 16,  &c.,  in 
geonnetrical  progression.  —  Progressional, 
pro-gresh'on-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  progres- 
sion.— Progressionist,  pro-gresh'on-ist,  n. 
One  who  maintains  -that  society  is  in  a 
state  of  progress  towards  perfection.— 
Progressive,  pro-gres'iv,  a.  Moving  for- 
ward; proceeding  onward;  advancing;  im- 
proving. —  Progressively,  pro-gres'iv-!i, 
adv.  In  a  progressive  manner. — Progres- 
siveness,  pro-gres'iv-nes,  n.  The  state  cr 
quality  of  being  progressive.— Rcogressor, 
pri5-gre8'er,_n.    One  who  progresses. 

Prohibit,  pro-hib'it,  v.t.  fli.  prohibeo,  pro- 
kibiius—pro,  before,  and  habeo,  to  have,  to 
hold.'  Habit.]  To  forbid  authoritatively; 
to  interdict  by  authority  (to  prohibit  a 
person  from  doing  a  thing;  to  prohibit  the 
thing  being  done);  toprevent;  to  preclude. 
— Prohibiter,  pro-hib'i-t&r,n.  One  who  pro- 
hibits.—Prohibition,  pro-hi-bish'on.n.  The 
act  of  prohibiting;  a  declaration  to  hinder 
some  action ;  interdict.  —  Prohibitionist, 
pro-hi-bish'on-ist,  n.  One  who  favours 
prohibition ;  one  who  would  prohibit  the 
import  of  certain  goods  unless  with  heavy 
customs  duties;  a  protectionist.— Prohibi- 
tive, Prohibitory,  pro-hib'i-tiv,  pr5-hib'i- 
to-ri,  a.  Serving  to  prohibit;  forbidding; 
implying  prohibition. 

Project,  pro-jekt',  t).t.  [L.  projido,  projec- 
turn,  to  cast  forth,  to  cause  to  jut  out— pro, 
forward,  and  jacio,  to  throw  (as  in  eject, 
reject,  &c.).  ■  Jut.]  To  throw  out  or  forth; 
to  cast  or  shoot  forward;. to  scheme;  to 
contrive;  to  devise ;  to  exhibit  or  give  a 
delineation  of  on  a  surface;  to  delineate. 
— v.i.  To  shoot  forward;,  to  extend  beyond 
something  else;  to  jut;  to  be  prominent. 
— n.  (pro'jekt):  [O.  Pr.  project.  Mod.  Fr. 
projet.']  That  which  is  projected  or  de- 
vised ;  a  plan ;  a  scheme ;  a  design. — Pro- 
jectile, pro-jek'til,  a.  IropelUng  forward 
(a  projectile  force);  caused  by  impvilse  (vro- 
j^ectile  motion).— n.  A  body  projected  or 
impelled  through  the  air,  as  a  stone  thrown 
from  the  hand  or  a  sling,  a  bullet  dis- 
charged from  a  cannon.— Projection,  pro- 
jek'shon,  n.  [L.  prvjectio.]  The  act  of 
projecting,  throwing,  or  shooting  foi-ward; 

'the  state  of  projecting  or  jutting  out;  a 
part  projecting  or  jutting  out;  a  promi- 
nence; the  act  of  projecting  or  scheming; 
the  representation  of  sometning  by  means 
of  lines,  &c.,  drawn  on  a  surface;  especially 
the  representation  of  any  object  on  a  per- 
spective plane;  the  delineation  of  the 
earth's  surface  or  a  portion  of  it  by  a  map. 
Gnojionic.Orthoqraphic,  Stereographic. 
-'Rejector,  pro-jek't6r,  n.  One  who  pro- 
jects;, one  who  forms  a  scheme  .or  design. 
— Projectnre,  pro-jek'ttlr,n.  A  jutting  out; 
projection. 

Prolapse,  Prolapsus,  pr5-laps',  pro-lap'sus, 
n.  [u.  prolapsus— pro,  forward,  and  labor, 
lapsus,  to  slip,  fall.  Lapse.]  Med.  a  fall- 
ing down  of  some  internal  or^an  from  its 
proper  position;  a  falling  down  of  the 
womb. — v.i. — prolapsed,  prolapsing.  To 
fall  down  or  out;  to  suffe.-  a  prolapse. 

Prolate,  pro'l&t,a.  \li.prolatiis—pro,  forth, 
and  tat««,  carried.]  Extended  beyond  the 
line  of  an  exact  sphere.— Prolate  spheroid, 
a  spheroid  produced  by  the  revolution  of 
a  semi-eUipse  about  its  larger  diameter;  a 
sphere  that  projects  too  much  at  the  poles. 

Proleg,  proleg,  n.  [L.  pro,  for,  and  E.  Ug.] 
One  of  the  leg-like  organs  of  certain  larvae, 
used  in  walking,  but  which  disappear  in 
the  perfect  insect. 

Prolegomenon,  pri>-le-gom'e-non,  n.  pi.  Pro- 
legomena, pr6-le-gom'e-na.  f Gr. ,  from  pro, 
before,  and  leg6,  to  speak.]  A  preliminary 
observation;  chiefly  used  in  plural,  and 
applied  to  an  introductory  discussion  or 
discourse  prefixed  to  a  book  or  treatise.- 
Prolegomenary,  Prolegomenons,  pro-le- 

fom'e-na-ri,  prb-le-gom'e-nus,  o.   "Intro- 
uctory. 


jk ..u',  fat,  fftil:     me,  met,h^,'^jpla«,piai    nOt«,  BOt,  mOTe;    tub«,  tub,  bull;    Qil,(K)ttAcLi    <!,  Sc.  ftbt(a«— the  Fr. «, 


moiEPsis 


537 


:IPRONOUNCE 


Prolepsis,  pr5-lep'sis,  n.  [Gr.  proUpns,  pre-t 
conception — pro,  before,  and  lambanO,  to 
take.]  Something  of  the  nature  of  an  an- 
ticipation; rhet  a  figure  by.  which  a  thing 
is  represented  as  already  done,  though  in 
reality  it  is  to  follow  as  a  consequence  of 
the  action  which  is  described  ('  he  washed 
himself  clean ');  a  figure  by  which  objec- 
tions are  anticipated;  an  anachronism. — 
Proleptic,Proleptical,pro-lep'tik,pro-lep'- 
ti-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  prolepsis;  antici- 
patory. —  Proleptically,  pro-lep'ti-kal-li, 
adv.    In  a  proleptic  manner. 

Proletarian,  pro-le-ta'ri-an,  a.  [h.  prole- 
tarius,  a  citizen  of  the  lowest  class,  one 
useful  to  the  state  only  by  producing 
children,  |rom  proles,  ofiFspring,  from  pro, 
before,  and  ol,  root  of  adolesce.  Adult.] 
Belonging  to  the  lowest  or  poorest  class  of 
the  community;  hence,  mean;  vulgar. — 
n.  A  member  of  the  poorest  classf ;  one  of 
ithe  rabble.— Proletaria,nism,Proletairism, 
Ipro-le-ta'ri-an-izm,  pro-le-tar'izm,  n.  The 
condition  or  political  influence  of  the 
lower  orders  of  the  community.— Prole- 
tariat, pro-le-ta'ri-at,  n.  Proletarians  col- 
lectively; the  lower  classes.— Proletary, 
prol'e-ta-ri,  n._  One  of  the  lower  orders. 

Proliferous,  pro-lif'6r-u8,  a.  IL.  proUa,  pro- 
Us,  offspring,  and  fero,  to  bear.T  Bot.  bear- 
ing or  producing  something  abnormal  or 
adventitious  (as  a  flower  within  another 
flower).  —  Proliferation,  pro-lif'er-a"shon, 
n.  The  production  of  proliferous  growths. 

PlroUfic,  pro-lifik,  a.  [Fr.  prolifiqw;  L. 
prolificus—i>roles,  offspring,  and  fado,  to 
make.  Proletarian.]  Producing  young 
or  fruit,  especially  in  abundance;  fruitful; 

g reductive ;  serving  to  give  rise  or  origin ; 
aving  the  quality  of  generating  abuD> 
dantly,  (a  topic  prolific  of  controversy).— 
Prolifically,  pro-lif'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  pro- 
lific manner.  —  Proliflcness,  pro-lif'ik- 
nes,  n. 

Proligerous,  pr5-lij'er-us,  a.  fL.  proles, 
offspring,  and  gero,  to  produce.  'Prole- 
tarian.] Productive  of  offspring. — Pro-, 
ligerous  disc,  the  germ  in  an  egg. 

Froll^,  pro'liks,  a.  [L.  vrolixus,  extended, 
prolix — pro,  forth,  and  root  of  liquco,  to 
flow.  Liquid.]  Long  and  wordy;  extend- 
ing to  a  great  length;  diffuse;  indulging 
in  lengthy  discourse ;  discussing  at  great 
length;  tedious.  —  Prolixity,  Prolixness, 
pr5-lik'si-ti,  pro-liks'nes,  n.  The  state  or 
(;^uality  of  being  prolix.— Prolixly,  pro- 
liks'li,  adv.    In  a  prolix  manner. 

Prolocutor,  pro-lok'Q-t6r,  n.  [L.,  from  pro- 
loquor—pro,  for,  and  loquor,  locutus,  to 
speak.  Loquacious.]  One  who  speaks  for 
another];  the  speaker  or  chairman  of  a 
convocation.  —  Prolocutorship,  pro-lok'U- 
t6r-ship,  n.    The  office  of  a  prolocutor. 

Prologue,  pr3'log,n.  \YT.,proloque,  Tu.pro- 
logus,  from  Gr.  prologoa—pro,  oefore,  and 
lego,  to  speak.J  A  preface  or  introduction; 
the  discourse  or  poem  spoken  before  a  dira- 
matic  performance  or  play  begins;  the 
speaker  of  a  prologue.— f.^.—protopMed. 
prologuing.  To  introduce  with  aformal 
prologue;  to  preface. — ^Prologize,pro'log-iz, 
v.i.—prologiied,  pzologiaing.  To  deliver  a 
prologue. 

Prolong,  pro-long',  v.t.  [Tr.  prolonger—L. 
pro,  forth,  SLudlongus.  Long.]  To  lengthen 
in  time;  to  extend  the  duration  of;  to 
lengthen  out;  to  put  off  to  a  distant  time; 
to  extend  in  space  or  length  (to  prolong  a 
line).— w.i.  To  put  off  to  a  distant  time. — 
Prolongation,  pro-long-ga'shon,  n.  The' 
act  of  prolonging;  a  part  prolonged;  an 
extension.- Prolonger,  pro-Iong'fer,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  prolongs.  —  Prolong- 
ment,  pro-long'ment,  n.    The  act  of. 

Prolusion,  pro-lu'zhon,  n.  [L.  prolusio,  a 
prelude— pro,  before,  and  ludo,  lusum,  to 
play.  Ludicrous.]  A  prelude  or  prelimi- 
nary; a  preliminary  trial. 

Promenade,  prom-e-nad',  n.  [Pr.,  from  pro- 
mener,  from  L.  pro,  forward,  a,nd  mindre, 
to  drive,  from  tnina,  a  threat.  Menace.) 
A  walk  for  pleasurei  and  show  or  exercise; 
aplace  forwalkingln  public— v.i.—prome- 
naded,  promenading.  To  walk  for  amuse- 
mentt  show,  or  exercise.  —  Promenader, 
prom-e-na'd6r,  n.  One  who  promenades. 
Promethean,  pr5-me'the-an,  a.  [From  Pro- 
methetia  of  Greek  mythology,  lit.  the  fore- 


thinker,  who  stole  fire  from  heaven  and 
imparted  it  to  mortals.]  Pertaining  to 
Prometheus ;  pertaining  to  fire  or  heat ; 
hence,  possessing  life-giving  qualities. 

Prominence,  Prominency,  prom'i-nens, 
prom'i-nen-si,  n.  [L.  prominentia,  from 
promineo — pro,  forward,  and  mineo,  to  pro- 
ject. Eminent.]  A  standing  out  from  the 
surface  of  something;  that  which  juts  out ; 
protuberance;  state  of  being  distinguished 
among  men;  conspicuousness;  distinction. 
— Prominent,  prom'i-nent,  a.  IL.  promt- 
nena.]  Standing  out  beyoiid  the  line  or 
surface  of  something;  jutting;  protuber- 
ant; distinguished  above  others  {a,  promi- 
nent character);  likely  to  attract  special 
attention  from  size,  position,  &c.;  striking; 
conspicuous.  —  Prominently,  prom'i-nent- 
li,  adv.    In  a  prominent  manner. 

I^omiscuouB,  pro-mis'kQ-us,  a.  [L.  promis- 
CMws,  from  promisceo—pro,  and  miiceo,  to 
mix.  Mix.]  Consisting  of  individuals 
united  in  a  body  or  mass  without  order; 
mingled  indiscriminately;  forming  part 
of  a  confused  crowd  or  mass;  random;  in- 
discriminate;  not  restricted  to  an  indi- 
vidual.—Promiscuously,  pro-mis'ka-us-li, 
adv.  In  a  promiscuous  manner. — Promis- 
cuouBness.Promiscuity.pro-mis'kfi-us-nes, 
pro-mis-ku'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  pro- 
miscuous. 

Promise,  prom'is,  n.  [Ft.  promesse,  from 
L.  promiesus,  put  forward— pro,  before, 
and  mitto,  to  send.  Mission.]  A  declara- 
tion, written  or  verbal,  made  by  one  per- 
son to  another,  which  binds  the  person 
who  makes  it  to  do  or  forbear  a  certain 
act  specified;  a  declaration  that  something 
will  be  done  or  given  for  the  benefit  of 
another ;  ground  or  basis  of  expectation ; 
earnest;  pledge;  that  which  affords  a 
ground  for  expectation  of  future  distinc- 
tion (a  youth  of  great  promise).— v.t— pro- 
mised, promising.  To  make  a  promise  of; 
to  engage  to  do,  give,  grant,  or  procure 
for  some  one;  to  aftbrd  reason  to  expect 
(the  year  proriises  a  good  harvest). — v.i. 
— T©  make  a  promise;  to  assure  one  by  a 
promise;  to  atford  hopes  or  expectations. 
— /  promise  you,  I  declare  to  you;  I  assure 
you.— Promisee,  prom-is-e',  n.  The  person 
to  whom  a  promise  is  made. — Promisor, 
prom'is-6r,  n.  One  who  promises.— Prom- 
ising, prom'is-ing,  a.  Giving  promise ;  af- 
fording reasonable  ground  of  hope  for  the 
future;  looking  as  if  likely  to  turn  out  well. 
— Promisingly,  prom'is-ing-li,  adv.  In  a 
promising  manner.  —  Promi8sive,t  pro- 
mis'iv,  a.  Making  or  implying  a  promise. 
— Promissorily,  prom '  is-o-ri-li,  adv.  By 
way  of  promise.— Promissory,  prom'is-o-ri, 
a..  Containing  a  promise  or  binding  de- 
claration of  something  to  be  done  or  fofe- 
bome.— Promissory/  note,  a  writing  which 
contains  a  promise  of  the  payment  of 
money  to  a  certain  person  a£  a  specified 
date. 

Promontory,  prom'on-to-ri,n.  [L.  promon- 
torium—^ro,  forward,  and  mons,  mdntis,  a 
mountain.  Mount.]  A  high  point  of  land 
or  rock  projecting  into  the  sea  beyond  the 
line  of  coast;  a  headland. 

Promote,  pro-mot',  v.t.— promoted,  promot- 
ing. [L,  promotus,  pp.  of  v'romoveo,  to 
move  forward— pro,  forwara,  and  moveo, 
to  move.  Move.]  To  contribute  to  the 
growth,  enlargement,  increase,  or  power 
of;  to  forwara;  to  advance;  to  help  on- 
ward ;  to  excite ;  to  stir  up  (as  strife) ;  to 
exalt  or  raise  to  a  higher  post  or  iwsition; 
to  elevate.— Promoter,  pro-mo't6r,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  promotes;  an  encour- 
ager;  one  that  aids  in  promoting  some 
financial  xmdertaking;  one  engaged  in 
getting  up  a  joint-stock  company.— Pro- 
motion, pro-mo'shon,  n.  The  act  of  pro- 
moting; advancement;  encouragement; 
exaltation  in  rank  orhonour;  preferment. 
—Promotive,  pro-mo'tiv,  a.  .  Tending  to 
advance  or  promote. 

Prompt,  promt,  a.  [Fr.  prompt,  from  L. 
promptus,  brought  out.ready,  quick,  from 
promo,  promptuin,  to  bring  forth— pro, 
forth,  and  emo,  to  take.  Exempt.]  Ready 
and  quick  to  act  as'  occasion  demands ; 
acting  with  cheerful  alacrity ;  ready  and 
willing;  performed  without  delay;  quick; 
ready;  not  delayed.--u.t.  To  move  or  excite 


to  action  or  exertion;  to  incite;  to  insti- 
gate; to  assist  a  speaker  when  at  a  loss  by 
pronouncing  the  words  forgotten  or  next 
in  order  (to  prompt  an  actor) ;  to  dictate ; 
to  suggest  to  the  mind.— ».  Com.  an  agree- 
ment m  which  one  party  engagesto  seU 
certain  goods,  at  a  given  price,  and  the 
other  party  to  take  them  up  and  pay  at  a 
specified  date.— Prompt-book,  n.  The  book 
used  by  a  prompter  of  a  theatre.— Prompt- 
er, prom't6r,  n.  One  that  prompts ;  speci- 
fically, one  placed  behind  the  scenes  in  a 
theatre,  whose  business  is  to  assist  the  ac- 
tors when  at  a  loss  by  uttering  the  first 
words  of  a  sentence  or  words  forgotten. — 
Promptitude,  ptom'ti-tud,  n.  Readiness; 
quickness  of  decision  and  action  when  oc- 
casion demands;  readiness  of  will;  cheerful 
alacrity.— Promptly,  promt'li,  adv.  In  a 
prompt  manner.- Promptness,  promt'nes, 
M.  The  state  or  quality  of  bemg  prompt; 
promptitude.— Promptuary,  prom'ta-a-ri. 
It.  [L.  prom,ptuarium.1  A  storehouse;  a 
magazine;  a  repository. 
Promulgate,  pro-mul'gat,  v.t.— promul- 
gated, promulgating.  [L.  promulgo,  pro- 
mulgatus;  origin  unknown.]  To  make 
kno\«n  by  open  declaratioti,  as  laws,  de- 
crees, timngs,  &c.;  to  publish  abroad;  to 
announce;  to  proclaim. — Promulgation, 
prO-mul-ga'shon,  n.    The  act  of  promul- 

fating;  publication;  open  declaration. — 
romulgator,  Promulger,  pro'mul-ga-t6r, 
or  pro-mul'ga-ter,  pro-murj6r,  n.  One  who 
promulgates  or  publishes  abroad.— Pro- 
mulge,  pro-mulj',  v.t.  —  promulged,  pro- 
mulging.  To  promulgate. 
Fronaos,  pro-na'os,  n.  [Gr.  pro,  before,  and 
naos,  a  temple.]  Arch,  the  space  in  front 
of  the  naos  of  a  temple;  a  vestibule  or 
portico. 

Pronation,  pro-na'shon,  n.  [From  L.  pro- 
mts, prone,  having  the  face  downward. 
Prone.]  That  motion  of  the  arm  wherebv 
the  palm  of  the  hand  is  turned  downward.; 
position  of  the  hand  with  the  thumb  to- 
ward the  body  and  the  palm  downward. 
—Pronator,  pro-na'ter,  n.  A  muscle  of  the 
forearm  which  turns  the  palm  downward. 
Prone,  pron,  a.  [L.  pronus,  hanging  or 
leaning  forwards,  prone,  from  pro,  before, 
forward;  cog.  Gr.  prengs,  Skr.  pravana, 
prone.]  Bending  forward;  lying  with  the 
face  downward;  rusliing  or  falling  head- 
long or  downward;  sloping  downward; 
inclined;  inclined  by  disposition  or  natu- 
ral tendency;  propeiise;  disposed:  usually 
in  a  bad  sense  (men  prone  to  evil,  prone  to 
strife).- Pronely,  pron'li,  adv.  In  a  prone 
manner  or  position. — Proneness,  pron'nes, 
n.  The  state  of  being  prone;  inclination; 
propensity;  readiness. 
Prong,  prong,  n.  [A  nasalized  form  of 
prov.  E.  prog,  to  prod;  W.  procio,  to  thrust, 
to  poke.]  A  sharp-pointed  instrument; 
the  spike  of  a  fork  or  of  a  similar  instru- 
ment; a  pointed  projection  (the  prongs  of 
a  deer's  antlers).— «.t.  To  stab,  as  with  a 
fork. —  Prong -buck,  Prong -horn,  n.  A 
species  of  hollow-homed  antelope  which 
inhabits  the  western  parts  of  North 
America.— Pronged,  prongd,  o.  Having 
prongs. 

Pronominal,  pro-nom'i-nal,  a.  [L.  prono- 
men,  a  pronoun.  Pronoun.]  Belonging  to 
or  of  the  nature  of  a  pronoun.— Pronomi- 
nally,  pro-nom'i-nal-li,  adv.  With  the 
effect  of  a  pronoun. 

Prononc^,  pro-non-sa,  a.  [Fr.]  Lit.  pro- 
nounced; hence,  strongly  marked  or  de- 
fined; decided,  as  in  manners  or  character. 
Pronoun,  pro'noun,  n.  [From  pro,  for,  and 
notm;  L.  pronomen,  a  pronoun— pro,  for, 
and  women,  a  name,  a  noun.]  Gram,  one 
of  a  certain  class  of  words  or  generalized 
terms  often  used  instead  of  a  noun  or 
name,  to  prevent  the  repetition  of  it: 
classified  under  the  heads  of  personal, 
relative,  interrogative,  possessive,  demons 
strative,  distributive,  and  indefinite  pro- 
nouns, the  last  four  classes  being  com- 
monly called  adjective  pronouns  or  pro- 
nominal adjectives. 

Pronounce,  pro-nouns',  v.t.  —  prono«jtced!, 
pronouncing.  [Fr.  prorumcer,  from  L.  pro- 
nuntio,  pronurUiatus  —  pro,  before,  and 
nuntio,  to  declare.  Nuncio.]  To  form  or 
articulate  by  the  organs  of  speech ;  to 


.6b,cAaini     cA,  Select;     g,  i/o;    j.iob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     iig,  sintr;     su,  tAeu;  th,  t/uuj    w,tngi    vrb,wMgi    zh,u2ure. 


t»KO(EiMION 


638 


tROPORTION 


utter;  to  speak:  to  uttor  formally,  offici- 
ally, or  solemnly  (the  court  pronounced 
sentence  of  death);  to  declare  or  affirm 
(he  pronounced  it  a  forgery). — v.i.  To  speak 
with  confidence  or  authority ;  to  utter  an 
opinion ;  to  use  a  certain  pronunciation. 
— Fronoonceable,  pro-nouns'a-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  pronounced.— Pronounced, 
pro-nounst',  a.  [Fr.  prononc^,  pronounced.] 
Strongly  marked  or  defined;  decided  (a 
man  of  proTunmced  views).— Pronounce- 
ment, pro-nouns'raent,  n.  The  act  of  pro- 
nouncing; a  formal  announcement.— rro- 
nouncer,  pro-nouns'6r,  to.  One  who  pro- 
nounces.—Pronouncing,  pro-nouns'ing,  a. 
Pertaining  to,  indicating,  or  teaching 
pronunciation.  —  Pronunciamiento,  pro- 
nun'the-a-me-en"to,  n.  [Sp.]  A  manifesto 
or  proclamation;  a  formal  announcement 
or  declaration.— Pronunciation,  pro-nun'- 
si-a"shon,  to.  [L.  pronnnciatio.]  The  act 
of  pronouncing  or  uttering  with  articula- 
tion; the  mode  of  uttering  wo^dsor  letters; 
utterance.  —  Pronunciative,  Pronuncia- 
tory,  pro-nun'si-a-tiv,  prO-nun'si-a-to-ri,  a. 
Serving  to  pronounce  or  declare;  declara- 
tory. 

Procemion,  pro-e'mi-on,  n.  [6r.  prooimion. 
Proem.]    Proem. 

Proof,  prof,  TO.  [O.E.  profeff-Vr.  preuve, 
L.L.  proba.  Prove.]  Any  eifort,  process, 
or  operation  that  ascertains  truth  or  fact; 
a  test;  a  trial;  what  serves  as  evidence; 
what  proves  or  establishes;  that  which 
convinces  the  mind  and  produces  belief ; 
a  test  applied  to  certain  manufactured 
or  other  articles;  the  act  of  testing  the 
strength  of  alcoholic  spirits;  hence,  also 
the  degree  of  strength  in  spirit ;  printing, 
a  rough  impression  of  a  piece  of  matter, 
taken  for  correction;  engr.  an  impres- 
sion taken  from  an  engraving  to  prove  the 
state  of  it  during  the  progress  of  execut- 
ing; an  early  impression,  or  one  of  a 
limited  number  taken  before  the  letters 
to  be  inserted  are  engraven  on  the  plate ; 
called  a  proof-impression,  and  considered 
the  best,  because  taken  before  the  plate  is 
•worn. —  a.  Impenetrable;  able  to  resist, 
physically  or  morally  (proof  against  shot, 
against  temptation).— Proof-house,  n.  A 
house  fitted  up  for  proving  the  barrels  of 
fire-arms.  —  Proof-sneet,  n.  Priiiting,  a 
rough  impression  of  a  sheet,  taken  to  see 
if  any  errors  remain  for  correction.— Proof- 
Bpirit,  TO.  Spirit  of  a  certain  alcoholic 
strength  (49°24  per  cent  of  alcohol  by 
weight). 

Prop,  prop,  TO.  [Same  as  Ir.  propa,  Gael. 
prop,  a  prop.]  That  which  sustains  an  in- 
cumbent weight;  a  fulcrum;  a  support;  a 
stay. — v.t. — propped,  propping.  To  support 
by  placing  something  under  or  against;  to 
support  by  standing  under  or  against;  to 
support  or  sustain,  m  a  general  sense. 

Propaedeutics,  pro-pe-du'tiks,  n.  [Gr.  pro- 
paideuO,  to  instruct  beforehand,  from  pro, 
before,  and  paideuo,  to  educate,  from  pais, 
Tpaidos,  a  child.]  The  preliminary  learn- 
ing connected  with  an.v  art  or  science. — 
Propsdeutic,  Propaedeutical,  pro-pg-da'- 
tik,  pro-pe-da'ti-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  pro- 
psedeutics ;  instructing  beforehand. 

Propaganda,  prop-a-gan'da,  to.  [From  the 
congregatio  de  propaganda  fide,  at  Rome. 
Propagate.]  An  institution  by  means  of 
which  Christianity  is  propagated  in  hea- 
then countries,  especian.y  the  congregation 
de  propaganda  fyle  (for  propagating  the 
faith),  established  at  Rome  by  Gregory 
XV..  in  1622,  and  now  charged  with  the 
management  of  the  Roman  Catholic  mis- 
sions; hence,  any  kind  of  institution  or 
system  for  proselytizing  or  for  propagat- 
ing a  peculiar  set  of  doctrines. — Propa- 
gandism,  prop-a-gan'dizinj  to.  The  system 
or  practice  of  propagating  tenets  or  prin- 
ciples.—Propagandist,  prop-a-gan'dist,  to. 
One  who  devotes  himself  to  the  spread  of 
any  system  of  principles. 

Propagate,  prop'a-gat,  v.t.— propagated, 
propagating.  [L.  propago,  propagalui,  to 
peg  down,  to  propagate— pro,  oefore,  and 
pag,  root  of  pango,  to  fasten,  fix,  set,  plant 
(seen  in  paction,  compact,  impinge,  &c.).] 
To  continue  or  multiply  by  generation  or 
successive  reproduction;  to  cause  to  repro- 
duce itseif :  applied  to  animals  and  plants; 


to  spread  from  person  to  person  or  from 
place  to  place;  to  diffuse;  to  generate, 
beget,  produce,  originate. — v.i.  To  have 
young  or  issue;  to  be  reproduced  or  multi- 
plied by  generation,  or  by  new  shoots  or 
plants. — Propagation,  prop-a-ga'shon,  to. 
The  act  of  propagating;  the  multiplication 
of  the  kind  or  species  by  generation  or  re- 
production: the  spreading  or  extension  of 
anything;  oiffusion.— Propagative,  prop'a- 
ga-tiv,  a.  Having  the  power  of  propaga- 
tion; propagating.  —  Propagator,  prop'a- 
ga-ter,  TO.  One  who  piopagates.  —  Propa- 
gable,  prop'a-ga-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
propagated ;  capable  of  being  spread,  as 
doctrines  or  principles.  —  Propagulum, 
pro-pag'u-lum,  to.  Bot.  an  offshoot  or  ger- 
minating bud  attached  by  a  thickish  stalk 
to  the  parent  plant. 

Proped,  pro'ped,  n.  [L.  pro,  for,  and  pes, 
pedis,  a  foot.]  Entotn.  one  of  the  false 
feet  of  certain  larvae. 

Propel,  pro-pel',  v.t.— propelled,  pivpeUing. 
[L.  propello—pro,  forward,  and  pello,  to 
drive,  as  in  compel,  dispel,  impel,  &c. 
Pulsate.]  To  drive  forward;  to  urge  or 
press  onward  by  force.  —  Propellent,  pro- 
pel'ent,  a.  ■  Driving  forward;  propelling. 
— Propeller,  pro-pel'er, «.  One  who  or  that 
■which  propels;  specifically,  a  contrivance 
for  propelling  a  steam-vessel,  consisting 
of  a  screw  with  large  blades  placed  in  the 
stern,  and  moved  by  steam.    Screw. 

Propendent,  pro-pen'dent,  a.  [Propense.] 
Bot.  hanging  forward  and  downward. 

Prepense,  pro-pens', a.  [L.  propensus,  hang- 
ing forwards,  projecting,  from  propendeo 
—pro,  forward,  and  pendeo,  to  hang.  Pen- 
dant.] Leaning  toward,  in  a  moral  sense; 
inclined;  disposed,  either  to  good  or  evil; 
prone.  —  Fropenseness,  Propension,  pro- 
pens'nes,  pro-pen'shon,  to.  The  state  of 
being  propense;  propensitj^.— Propensity, 
pro-pen'si-ti,  to.  Bent  of  mind,  natural  or 
acquired;  inclination;  natural  tendency  or 
disposition,  particularly  to  evil. 

Proper,  prop'fer,  a.    [Fr.  propre,  from  L. 

fwoprixis,  one's  own,  peculiar,  proper;  al- 
ied  to  props,  near.  Propinquity.]  Pecu- 
liar; naturally  or  essentially  belonging  to 
a  particular  individual  or  state;  natural; 
particularly  suited  to  or  befitting;  belong- 
ing to  as  one's  own;  gram,  applied  to  a 
noun  when  it  is  the  name  of  a  particular 
person  or  thing:  opposed  to  cominon  (as 
Shakspere,  London);  fit;  suitable;  adapted; 
appropriate;  correct;  just;  according  to 
right  usage;  hence,  properly  so  called;  real; 
actual  (the  garden  proper):  hot.  single, 
or  connected  with  something  single. — 
Proper  -motion  (astrrm.),  the  real  motion  of 
the  sun,  planets,  &c.,  as  opposed  to  their 
apparent  motions.  —  Properly,  prop'6r-li, 
adv.  In  a  proper  manner;  fitly;  suit- 
ably; rightly;  in  a  strict  sense;  strictly. — 
Propemess,  prop'6r-nes,  to.  The  quality 
of  being  proper. — Property,  prop'er-ti,  to. 
[Fr.  propridte,  li.proprietas,  from  propritis, 
one's  own.]  A  peculiar  qualit.y  of  anything; 
that  which  is  inherent  in  a  thing,  ornatu- 
rally  essential  to  it;  an  attribute;  the  ex- 
clusive right  of  possessing,  enjoying,  and 
disposing  of  a  thing;  ownership;  the  sub- 
ject of  such  a  right;  the  thing  owned;  an 
estate,  whether  m  lands,  buildings,  goods, 
money,  <fcc.;  in  theatres,  a  stage  requisite; 
any  article  necessary  to  be  produced  in 
some  scene.  —  Propertied,  prop'6r-tid,  a. 
Possessed  of  property.— Property-man,  «. 
The  man  in  charge  of  the  properties  or 
stage  requisites  of  a  theatre.  —  Property- 
room,  TO.  The  room  in  which  stage  pro- 
perties are  kept.  —  Property-tax,  n.  A 
direct  tax  imposed  on  property. 
Prophecy,  prof'e-si.TO.  [O.Fr.  propheeie,  pro- 
phetie,  L.  prophetia,  from  Gr.  propMteia, 
from  prophites,  a  prophet— pro,  before, 
and  phSmi,  to  tell:  same  rocit  as  fame.} 
A  foretelling;  a  declaration  of  something 
to  come;  especially,  a  f9retelling  inspired 
by  God ;  a  book  of  prophecies;  Scrip,  in- 
terpretation of  Scripture;  exhortation  or 
instruction  (O.T.).  —  Prophesier.  prof'e-si- 
6r,TO.  One  who  predicts  events.— Prophesy, 
prof'e-si,  v.t. — prophesied,  prophesying.  To 
foretell ;  to  predict.— y.t.  To  utter  predic- 
tions; to  make  declaration  of  events  to 
come;  Scrip,  to  interpret  or  explain  Scrip- 


ture or  religious  subjects.— Prophet,  prof '• 
et,  TO.  [L.  propheta,  from  Gr.  pr-:pheiea.] 
One  that  foretells  future  events;  a  pre- 
dictor; a  foreteller:  a  person  inspired  or 
instructed  by  God  to  announce  future 
events ;  Scrip,  an  interpreter.  —  Minor 
prophets,  the  authors  of  the  twelve  last 
Dooks  of  the  Old  Testament,  as  opposed  to 
Isaiah,  Jeremiah,  and  Ezekiel.- Prophet- 
ess, prof 'et-es,  n.  A  female  prophet. — 
Prophetic,  Prophetical,  pro-f  et'ik,  pro-fet'- 
i-kaJ,  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a 
prophet  or  prophecy;  having  the  charac- 
ter of  prophecy;  containing  prophecy.— 
Prophetically,  pro-fet'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a 
prophetic  manner;  by  way  of  prediction. 
Prophylactic,  pro-fi-lak'tik,  a.  [Gr.  pro- 
phylaJctikos—pro,  before,  and  phylasso,  to 
guard.]  J/ed.  preventive;  defending  from 
or  warding  on  disease. — to.  A  medicine 
which  preserves  or  defends  against  disease; 
a  preventive.— Prophylaxis,  pro-fi-lak'sis, 
TO.  [Gr.]  Preventive  or  preservative  treat- 
ment. 

Propinquity,  pro-pin'kwi-ti,  n.  [L.  pro- 
pinquitas,  from  propinqttvs,  near,  from 
prope,  near;  whence  also  (ap)prooc/».  Prox- 
imity.] Nearness  in  place;  neighbourhood; 
nearness  in  time;  nearness  of  blood;  kin- 
dred. 

Propitiate,  prC-pish'i-5t,  v.t— propitiated, 
propitiating.  [L.  propitio,  propitiatuvi, 
to  propitiate,  from  propitius,  propitious, 
from  tiro,  forward,  and  peto,  to  seek, 
primarily  referring  to  a  bird  whose  flight 
IS  of  happy  augury.  Petition.]  To  appease 
and  render  favourable;  to  make  propi- 
tious; to  conciliate.  —  Propitiation,  pro- 
pish'i-a"shon,  n.  The  act  of  jiropitiating; 
theol.  the  atonement  or  atoning  sacrifice 
offered  to  God  to  "assuage  his  wrath  and 
render  him  propitious  to  sinners. — Pro- 
pitiator, pro-pisn'i-a-tfer,  n.  One  who  pro- 
pitiates. —  Propitlatorily,  pro-pish'i-a-to- 
ri-li,  adv.  By  way  of  propitiation.- Pro- 
pitiatory, pro-pish'i-a-to-ri.a.  Having  the 
power  to  make  propitious;  serving  to  pro- 
pitiate.-*n.  Jewish  antiq.  the  mercy-seat; 
the  lid  or  cover  of  the  ark  of  the  covenant. 
— Propitiable,  pro-pish'i-a-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  propitiated.  —  Propitious,  pro- 
pish'us,  a.  Favourably  disposed  towards 
a  person;  disposed  to  be  p'acious  or  mer- 
ciful ;  ready  to  forgive  sins  •  and  bestow 
blessings;  affording  favourable  conditions 
or  circumstances  (a  propitious  season). — 
Propitiously,  pro-pisn'us-li,  adv.  In  a  pro- 
pitious manner.  —  Propitiousness,  pro- 
pish'us-nes,  to. 

Roplasm,  pro'plazm,  n.  [Gr.  proplasTna— 
pro,  before,  and  plassO,  to  mould.]  A 
mould;  a  matrisf .  —  Proplastic,  pro-plae'- 
tik,  a..  Forming  a  mould  or  cast.  —  Pro- 
plastics,  prc-plas'tiks,  to.  The  art  of  mak- 
ing moulds  for  castings,  &o. 
Propodlum,  pro-po'di-um,  to.  [Gr.  pro,  be- 
fore, and  pous,  podos,  a  foot.]  Zool.  tho 
anterior  part  of  the  foot  in  molluscs. 
Propolis,  pro'po-lis,  w.  [Gr.  pro,  before, 
and  polis,  city.]  A  substance  having  some 
resemblance  to  wax,  used  by  bees  to  stop 
the  holes  and  crevices  in  their  hives. 
Propone,  pro-pon',  v.t.  [L.  propo7io—pro, 
before,  and  pono,  to  place.  Position.]  To 
propose;  to  propound.  —  Proponent,  pro- 
po'nent,  to.  One  that  makes  a  proposal,  or 
lays  down  a  proposition. 
Proportion,  pro-por'shon,  «.  [L.  proportio 
— pro,  before,  and  portio,  part  or  shaire. 
Portion.]  The  comparative  relation  of 
one  thing  to  another  in  respect  to  size, 
quantity,  or  degree;  suitable  or  correspon- 
ding degree;  the  relation  of  one  part  to 
another  or  to  the  whole,  with  respect  to 
magnitude ;  relative  size  and  arrange- 
ment of  parts;  symmetrical  arrangement; 
•  the  proper  relation  of  parts  in  a  whole; 
symmetry;  that  which  falls  to  one's  lot 
when  a  whole  is  divided  according  to  rule; 
just  or  equal  share;  lot;  Tnath.  the  equality 
or  similarity  of  ratios;  arith.  the  rule  of 
three,  that  rule  which  enables  us  to  find  a 
fourth  proportional  to  three  given  num- 
hera.— Simple  proportion,  the  equalit.y  of 
the  ratio  ol  two  quantities  to  that  of  two 
other  quantities.— Cowipownd  proportion, 
the  equality  of  the  ratio  of  two  quantities 
to  another  ratio,  the  antecedent  and  coo- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     nSte,  not,  mOye;     tttbe,  tub,  b;ill;     oil,  pound;     U,  So.  abime— the  Fr.  «. 


WlOPOSE 


539 


PEOSPEE 


scquout  of  which  are  respectively  the  pro- 
ducts of  the  antecedents  and  consequents 
of  two  or  more  raiioB.— Continued  propor- 
tion, a  succession  of  several  equal  ratios, 
as  2,  4,  8, 16,  &c. — Hai-vionical  or  musical 
proportion.  Harmonical. — Reciprocal  or 
inverse  proportion.  Reciprocal,  Inverse. 
— v.t.  To  adjust  in  a  smtable  proportion; 
to  harmoniously  adjust  to  something  else 
as  regard^  dimensions  or  extent:  to  form 
■with  symmetry.  —  Proportionable,  pro- 
p5r'shon-a-bl,  a.  Cap;vble  of  being  pro- 
portioned; being  in  proportion;  having  a 
due  comparative  relation;  corresponding; 
well  proportioned;  symmetrical.— Propor- 
tionableuess,  pro-por'shon-a-bl-nes,  n. — 
Proportionably,  pro-por'shon-a-bli,  adv. 
In  a  proportionable  manner;  proportion- 
ally; correspondingly.— Proportional,  pro- 
por'shon-al,  a.  Having  a  due  proportion; 
being  in  suitable  proportion  or  degree; 
math,  having  the  same  or  a  constant  ratio 
{proportional  quantities).  —  Pr»poriional 
parts,  parts  of  magnitude  such  that  the 
corresponding  ones,  taken  in  their  order, 
are  proportional. — n.  A  quantity  in  pro- 
portion; math,  one  of  the  terms  of  a  pro- 
portion. —  Mean  proportional.  Mean. — 
Proportionality,  pro-p6r'shon-al"i-ti,  n. 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  in  proportion. 
—Proportionally,  pro-{)or'shon-aMi,  adv. 
In  proportion ;  in  duo  degree ;  with  suit- 
able comparative  relation.  —  Proportion- 
ate, pro-por'shon-at,  a.  Having  due  pro- 
portion or  relation;  proportional.— «.<. — 
proportionated,  proportionatiiig.  To  make 
proportional;  to  adjust  in  due  relation.— 
Proportionately,  pro-por'shon-S,t-li,  adv. 
With  due  proportion.  —  Proportionless, 
pro-por'shon-les,  a.  "Without  proportion; 
without  symmetry  of  parts. 
Propose,  pr<5-po2^,  v.t— proposed,  proposing. 
[Fr.  proposer,  to  purpose,  to  propose,  from 
pro  and  poser.  Pose,  Compose.  Purpose 
18  the  same  word.]  To  bring  for\vard  or 
offer  for  consideration  or  acceptance ;  to 
bring  fonvard  as  something  to  be  done, 
attained,  or  striven  after:  often  governing 
an  infinitive. — v.i.  To  form  or  declare  an 
intention  or  design ;  to  offer  one's  self  in 
marriage  (to  propose  to  a  lady).— Proposal, 
pro-po'aal,  n.  That  which  is  proposed  or  of- 
fered for  consideration;  a  schem  ■?  or  design , 
terms  or  conditions  proposed  (proposals  of 
peace,  of  marriage).— Proposer,  pro-po'z6r, 
n.'  One  that  proposes.— Proposition,  pro- 
po-zish'on,  n.  [Partly  from  pj-opose,  partly 
from  L.  propositio,  from  pro,  before,  and 
positio,  a  placing.  Position.]  That  which 
is  proposed  or  offered  for  consideration, 
acceptance,  or  adoption;  a  proposal;  term 
or  offer  advanced;  gram,,  and  logic,  a  form 
of  speech  in  which  something  is  affirmed 
or  denied  of  a  subject;  math,  a  statement 
of  either  a  truth  to  be  demonstrated,  or 
an  operation  to  be  performed. -^Preposi- 
tional, pro-po-zish'on-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  proposition;  considered  as  a  proposition. 
Propound,  pro-pound',  v.t.  [O.E.  propoune, 
from  L.  propono,  to  put  forth— /jro,  before, 
and  pono,  to  place;  as  to  form,  comp.  comr 
pound,  expound.  Posiuqn  1  .To  offer  for 
consideration;  to  propose;  to  put  or  set, 
as  a  question. — Propounder,  pro-poun'd6r, 
n.  One  who  propounds. 
Propraetor,  pro-pre'to.r,  n.  [L.  propraetor 
— pro,  for,  and  prator.]!  A  Koman  magis- 
trate who,  having  discharged  the  office  of 
prcetor  at  home,  was  sent  into  a  province 
to  command  there. 

Proprietary,  pro-pri'e-ta-ri,  n.  [Pr.  pro- 
prietaire,  a  proprietor,  from  propriiti, 
property,  Property.]  A  proprietor;  more 
commonly  a  body  of  proprietors  collec- 
tively.—a.  Belonging  to  a  proprietor  or 
owner;  belonging  to  ownership.— Proprie- 
tor, pro-pri'e-t6r,  n.  An  owner;  the  person 
who  has  the  legal  right  or  exclusive  title  to 
anything.— Proprietorial,  pro-pri'e-to"ri- 
al,  a.  Proprietary.— Proprietorship,  prS- 
pri'e-tfer-ship,  n.  The  state  or  right  of  a  pro- 
prietor.—Proprietress,  pro-pri'e-tres,  n.  A 
proprietrix. — Proprietrix,  pro-pri'e-triks, 
n.  A  female  proprietor.— Propriety,  pro- 
pn'e-ti,  n.  [L.  proprietas,  from  proprius, 
one's  own.]  Property t;  possessiont;  suit- 
ableness to  an  acknowledged  or  correct 
standard;  colisonance  with  established 


principles,  rules,  or  customs;  fitness;  just- 
ness.--pi.  r/ie  proprieties,  conformity  with 
established  customs  in  social  life. 
Propulsion,  pro-pul'shon,  n.  [From  L.  pro- 
pello,  propulsum.  Propel.]  The  act  of 
driving  forward.— Propulsive,  pro-pul'siv, 
a.  Tending  or  having  power  to  propel; 
driving  or  urging  on. — Propulsory,  prO- 
pul'so-ri,  a.  Propulsive. 
Propylaeum,  pro-pi-le'um,  n.  pi.  PrOpylsea, 
pro-pi-l6'a.  [6r.  propylalon,  from  pro,  be- 
fore, and  pyle,  a  gate.]  The  porch,  vesti- 
bule, or  entrance  of  an  edifice.— Propylon, 
prop'i-lon,  n^  A  gateway  before  the  en- 
trance of  an  Egyptian  temple. 
Prorogue,  pro-rog',  v.t. — prorogued,  pro- 
roguing. [Fr.  proroger,  from  L.  prorogare, 
to  prolong,  continue  —  pro,  before,  and 
rogo,  to  ask.  Rogation.]  To  protract  or 
prolongi;  to  defer,  put  off,  delay;  to  con- 
tinue from  one  session  to  another ;  to  ad- 
journ to  an  indefinite  period  by  royal 
authority;  as  the  British  parliament.  [An 
adjournment  is  ^rom  day  to  day.]— Proro- 
gate, pro'ro-gat,  v.t.— prorogated,  proro- 
gating. iTo  prorogue.— Prorogation,  pro- 
ro-ga'shon,  n.  [L.  prorogatio.]  The  act  of 
proroguing;  the  interruption  of  a  session 
and  the  continuance  of  parliament  to 
another  session. 
Prosaic.  Under  Prose. 
Proscenium,  pro-se'ni-nm,  w.  [L.  pro- 
scenirim,  ivorh  Gr.  proskenion—pro,  before, 
and  Skene,  a  scene.  Scene.]  Arch,  the  part 
in  a  theatre  from  the  curtain  or  drop-scene 
to  the  orchestra;  the  curtain  and  the  oma: 
mental  framework  from- which  it  hangs. 
In  the  ancient  theatre  the  proscenium 
comprised  the  whole  stage. 
Proscribe,  pro-skrib',  v.t— proscribed,  pro- 
tcribinq.  [L.  proscnbo— pro,  before,  in  pub- 
lic, and  scriho,  to  write.  Scribe.]  Among 
the  Romans,  to  publish  the  name  of, 
as  doomed  to  destruction  and  seizure  of 
property;  hence,  to  put  out  of  the  protec- 
tion of  the  law ;  to  outlaw;  to  reject  ut- 
terly; to  interdict,  exclude,  prohibit.— 
Proscriber,  pro-skri '  b^r,  n.  One  who 
proscribes.— Proscription,  pro-skrip'shon, 
n.  [li.  proscriplio.]  The  act  of  proscribing; 
outlawry;  exclusion;  the  dooming  or  de- 
nouncing of  citizens  to  death  and  confis- 
cation of  goods  as  public  enemies.— Pro- 
scriptive,  pro-skrip'tiv,  a:  Pertaining  to 
or  consisting  in  proscription;  proscribing. 
— Proscriptively,  pro-skrip'tiv-U,  adv.  In 
a  prescriptive  manner. 
Prose,  proz,  n.  [Fr.  prose,  from  I/,  prosa 
for  prorsa  {oratio,  speech,  understood), 
from  prorsus,  forward,  straight  on— pro, 
forward,  and  versus,  turned.  Verse.] 
The  ordmary  written  or  spoken  language 
of  man;  language  unconfined  to  poetical 
measure,  as  opposed  to  verse  or  metrical 
composition;  hence,  dull  and  commonplace 
language  or  discourse. — a.  Relating  to  or 
consisting  of  prose;  prosaic. — v.i.— prosed, 
prosing.  To  write  in  prose;  to  write  or 
speak  tediously.— Prosaic,  Prosaical,  pro- 
za'ik,  pro-za'i-kal ,a.  In  the  form  of  prose-, 
dull;  uninteresting;  commonplace.— Pro- 
Baically,  pro-za'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  prosaic 
manner.— Prozalst,  pro-za'ist,  n.  A  writer 
of  prose. — Prozer,  pro'zfer,  n.  One  who 
proses. — Prosy,  pro'zi,  a.  Like  prose;  dull; 
tedious.  —  Prosily,  pro'zi-li,  adv.  In  a 
prosy  manner;  tediously.— Prosiness,  pro'- 
zi-nes,  n.  State  or  quality  of  being  prosy. 
—Prosing,  pro'zing,  n.  Dull  and  tedious 
minuteness  in  speech  or  writing.— Pro- 
singly,  pro'zing-li,  adv.  In  a  prosing  man- 
ner. 

Prosecute,  pros'e-knt,  v.t— prosecuted,  pro- 
secuting. [L.  prosequor,  prosecutus—pro, 
before,  and  sequor,  to  follow.  Sequence. 
jPnrstts  is  the  same  word.]  To  pursue 
with  a  view  to  attain,  execute,  or  accom- 
plish; to  apply  to  with  continued  purpose; 
to  carry  an;  to  continue;  law,  to  seek  to 
obtain  by  legal  process;  to  pursue  for 
redress  or  punishment  before  a  legal  tri- 
bunal.—w.i.  To  carry  on  a  legal  prosecu- 
tion; to  act  as  a  prosecutor. — Prosecutable, 
■  pros-e-ktl'ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  prose- 
cuted; liable  to  prosecution.— Prosecution, 
pros-e-ktJ'shon,  n.    The  act  or  process  of 

Iirosecuting ;  the  proceeding  with  or  fol- 
owing  up  any  matter  in  hand  (the  prose- 


culion  of  a  design,  an  inquiry,  &c,);  thg 
carrying  on  of  a  suit  in  a  court  of  law;  the 
process  of  exhibiting  formal  charges 
against  an  offender  before  a  legal  tri- 
bunal ;  the  party  by  whom  criminal  pro- 
ceedings are  instituted.  —  Prosecutor, 
pros'e-kO-tfer,  n.  One  who  prosecutes;  the 
person  who  institutes  and  carries  on  pro- 
ceedings in  a  court  of  justice. — Prosecut- 
rix, pros'e-kat-riks,  n.  A  female  prose- 
cutor. 

Proselyte,  pros'5-lit,  n.  [Fr.  prosihjte,  from 
Gr.  prosSlytos,  one  newly  come— pros,  to- 
w^ards,  and  root  of  elthein,  to  come.]  A  new 
convert  to  some  religion  or  religious  sect, 
or  to  some  particular  opinion,  system,  or 
party.— Proselytism,  pros'e-lit-izm,  n.  The 
act  or  system  of  making  proselytes ;  con- 
version to  a  system  or  creed.— Proselytize, 
pros'e-lit-iz,  v.t  —  proselytized,  proselytiz- 
ing. To  make  a  proselyte  or  convert  of.— 
v.i.  To  engage  in  making  proselytes.— Pro- 
selytizer,  pros'6-lit-i-z6r,  n.  One  who  pro- 
selytizes. 

Prosemlnary,  pr3-sem'i-na-ri,  n.  [Prefix 
pro,  before,  and  seminary.]  A  seminary 
which  prepares  students  to  enter  a  higher. 
ProBencn3rma,  pros-en'ki-ma,  n.  [Gr.  pros, 
near,  and  enchyma,  an  infusion.]  £ot. 
tissue  of  fusiform  or  flbriform  cells,  as  of 
woody  tissue. 

Prosily,  Prosiness.  Under  Prose. 
Prosobranchlate,  pro-so-brang'ki-at,  a. 
[Gr.  prosO,  in  advance  of,  and  branchia, 
gills.]  Having  the  gills  anterior  to  the 
heart:  said  of  au  order  of  gasteropodous 
moUuscs. 

Prosody,  pros'o-di,  n.  [L.  prosodia,  from 
Gr.  prosSdia,  a  song  sung  to  music,  pros- 
ody—pros, to,  and  od€,  a  song,  an  ode.] 
That  part  of  grammar  which  treats  of  the 
quantity  of  syllables,  of  accent,  and  of  the 
laws  of  versification;  the  rules  of  rhythm 
or  versification.— ProBodiacal,  pros-o-di'a- 
kal, a.  Pertainingto prosody— Prbsodial, 
FroBodical,  pro-so'di-al,  pro-sod'i-kal,  a. 
Pertaining^'to  prosody;  according  to  the 
rules  of  prosody.— Prosodian,  Prosodist, 
pro-so'di-an,  pros'o-dist,  n.  One  skilled  in 
prosody.  —  PT osodically,  pro-eod '  i-kal-U, 
adv.  In  a  prosodical  manner. 
Prosoma,  pro-so'ma,  n.  [Gr.  pro,  before, 
and  s6ma,  the  body.]  Zool.  the  anterior 
portion  of  the  body  in  cephalopoda,  com- 
prising the  head. 

Prosopopeia,Prosopopoeia,pros'o-po-pe"ya, 
n.  [Gr.  prosopopoiia  —  prosOpon,  person, 
and  poieO,  to  make.]  A  figure  in  rhetoric 
by  which  things  inanimate  are  spoken  of 
as  animated  beings;  personification. 
Prospect,  pros'pekt,  n.  [L.  prospectus,  from 
prospicio,  to  look  forward-^ro,  forward, 
and  specio,  to  see.  Species.]  View  of 
things  within  the  reach  of  the  eye;  sight; 
that  which  is  presented  to  the  eye;  the 
place  and  the  objects  seen;  a  looking  for- 
ward; anticipation;  expectation  or  ground 
of  expectation  (little  prospect  of  success). 
—v.i.  and  t  (pros-pekt'i.  Mining,  to  make  a 
search;  to  search  for  metal.— Prospective, 
pros-pek'tiv,  a.  Looking  forward;  being  in 
prospect  or  expectation;  looked  forward  to 
{prospectiw  advantages).—  Prospectively, 
pros-pek'tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  prospective 
manner.  —  Prospectiveness,  pros-pek'tiv- 
nes,  n.  State  of  being  prospective.  — 
Prospector,  pros' pek-t6r,  nl  One  who 
searches  for  precious  stones  or  metals 
as  preliminary  to  settled  or  continuous 
operations. — Prospectus,  pros-pek'tus,  n. 
[L.,  prospect,  sight,  view.]  A  brief  sketch 
issued  for  the  purpose  of  making  known 
the  chief  features  of  some  commercial  en- 
terprise proposed,  as  the  plan  of  a  literary 
work,  or  the  proposals  of  a  new  company 
or  joint-stock  association. 
Prosper,  pros'pfer,  v.i.  [Pr.  prosperer,  L. 
prosperare,  from  prosperus,  favourable, 
fortunate,  from  pro,  before,  and  spes, 
hope.]  To  be  successful ;  to  succeed ;  to 
advance  in  wealth  or  any  good:  said  of 
persons;  to  be  in  a  successful  state;  to  turn 
out  successfully:  said  of  affairs;  to  be  in  a 
healthy  growing  state ;  to  thrive :  said  of 
plants  and  animals.— w.t.  To  make  pros- 
perous ;  to  render  successful.— Prosperity, 
pros-per'i-ti,  n.  [L.pro«p«rita«.]  The  state 
of  being  prosperous;  good  progress  in  any 


chtfZieini    eft,  SclocA;     g,Co;.  j,;obj     n,  Fr.  tonj     ng,  sinyj     wu,  then;  th,  thin;     w,«ag;     wh,  w/iig;     zh,  a^^ie. 


PROSPiCIEKCE 


540 


PEOXOZOA 


basiness.  or  enterprise;  success;  attain' 
ment  of  the  object  desired;  good  fortune 
—  Prosperous,  pros'p6r-uS,  o.  [L.  pros- 
perus.]  iMaking  good  progress  in  the 
pursuit  of  anything  desirable;  thriving: 
Buccessful;  favourable;  favouring  success, 
.•.Syn.  under  roRTUNATE.— Prosperously, 
pros'p6r-u8-li,  adv.  In  a  prosperous  man- 
ner ;  successfully.— Prosperousnesa,  pros'- 
per-us-nes,  n.    Prosperity. 

nospicience,  pros-pish'ens,  n.  [X.  pros- 
picio.  Prosfbct.]  The  act  of  looKinf  for- 
ward. 

Prostate,  Prostatic,  pros'tat,  pros-tat'ik,  o. 
[dr.  prostaUe,  standing  before— pro.bef  ore, 
and  stem  sta,  to  stand. ]  Applied  to  a  gland 
situated  just  before  the  neck  of  the  olad- 
der  in  males. 

Prosthesis,  pro8'the-E'3,n.  [Gr.  pros,  to,  and 
thesis,  a  placing,  from  tithevii,  to  place.] 
Surg,  the  addition  of  an  artificial  part  to 
supply  a  defect  of  the  body;  phUol.  the 
adding  of  one  or  more  letters  to  the  6om- 
mencement  of  a  word  ( beloved  ).— Pros- 
thetic, proB-tbet'ik,  o.  Pertaining  to  pros- 
thesis. 

Prostitute,  pros 'ti- tat,  v.t.  —  prostituted, 
prostituting.  [L.  proiiituo,  prostitutus— 
pro,  before,  and  statuo,  to  place.  State.] 
To  offer  freely  to  a  lewd  use,  or  to  indis- 
criminate lewdness  for  hire;  to  give  up  to 
any  vile  or  infamous  purpose ;  to  sell  to 
wickedness ;  to  offer  or  expose  upon  vile 
terms  or  to  unworthy  persons. — a.  Openly 
devoted  to  lewdness. — n.  A  female  given 
to  indiscriminate  lewdness ;  a  8trum^>et ; 
a  harlot;  a  base  hireling.- Prostitution, 
pros-ti-tQ'shon,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of 
yielding  the  body  to  indiscriminate  inter- 
course with  men  for  "hire ;  the  act  of  offer- 
ing to  an  infamous  employment. — Prostl- 
tutor,  proa'ti-ta-tfir,  n.  One  who  prosti- 
tutes. 

Prostrate,  pros'trat,  a.  [L.  prostrattta,  pp. 
of  pros^emo,  prostratttm,  to  lay  flat — pro, 
before,  and  sterna,  to  strew.  Stratum.] 
Lying  at  length,  or  with  the  body  ex- 
tended on  the  ground;  lying  at  mere}',  as 
a  suppliant;  lying  in  the  posture  of  hu- 
mility or  adoration;  bot.  lying  flat  and 
spreading  on  the  ground  without  taking 
root. — v.t. — prostrated,  prostrating.  To  lay 
flat  or  prostrate ;  r^.  to  throw  one's  self 
down  as  in  humility  or  adoration;  fig.  to 
throw  down ;  to  overthrow ;  to  ruin ;  to 
reduce  to  '  nothing  ( to  prostrate  one's 
strength).— Prostration,  pros-tra'shon,  n. 
The  act  of.  prostrating  or  laying  flat ;  the 
act  of  falling  down,  or  of  bowing  in  hu- 
mility or  adoration ;  great  depression  or 
reduction  (as  of  strength  or  spirits). 

Prostyle,  pros'til,  o.  [Gr.  pro,  m  front,  and 
stijlos,  a  column.]  Arch,  having  columns 
standing  out  quite  free  from  the  wall  of 
the  buUding;  having  pillars  in  front  only. 

Prosy.    Under  Prose. 

Protactlc,  pro-tak'tik,  a.  [Gr.  protaktikot 
—pro.  before,  and  tassO,  to  arrange.]  Be- 
ing placed  at  the  beginning. 

Protagonist,  pro-tag'o-nist,  n.  [Gr.  prO- 
tagOnistes—prOtoa,  first,  and  ag6niti€a,  an 
actor.l  The  leading  character  or  actor  in 
a  Greek  play;  hence,  a  leading  character 
generally. 

Protandry,  pro-tan'dri,  n.  [Gr.  prOtoi,  first, 
.and  anir,  andros,  a  man,  a  male.  J  Bot. 
the  development  of  the  stunens  before  the 
pistils. 

PMtasis,  pro'ta-sis,  n.  [Qr.  pntasi»—pro, 
before,  .and  teinO,  to  stretch.]  The  first 
clause  of  a  conditional  sentence,  be- 
ing the  condition  on  which  the  ajwdoai* 
depends,  as,  if  we  run  ( profaHs)  we-  shall 
be  in  time  (apodosts).— Protatlc,pr5-tat'ik, 
a.    Pertaining  to  a  protasis. 

Protean.    Under  Proteus. 

Protect,  pr6-t«kt',t;.{.  [Prom  L.protec^tu.pp. 
of  prr>/effo, to  protect — pro,  before,  and  tepo, 
to  cover,  from  root  seen  also  in  E.  thatck.] 
To  cover  or  shield  from  danger  or  injury; 
to  serve  as  a  cover  or  shelter  to;  to  defend; 
to  guard. —Protectlngly,  pro-tek'ting-li, 
adv.  In  a  protecting  manner.- Protec- 
tion, pro-tek'shon,  n.  The  act  of  protec- 
ting, or  state  of  being  protected;  defence; 
shelter  from  evil ;_  that  which  protects  or 
preserves  from  injury;  a  passport  or  other 
writing  which  secures  from  mclestation ; 


exemption,  as  from  arrest  in  civil  suits ; 
an  artificial  advantage  conferred  by  a 
legislature  on  articles  of  home  production, 
usually  by  duties  imposed  on  the  same 
articles  introduced  from  abroad. — Protec- 

■•  tionism,  prO-tek'shon-izm,  n.  The  system 
of  protection  to  commodities  of  home  pro- 
duction. —  Protectionist,  pro-tek'shon-ist, 
n.  One  who  favours  the  protection  of  some 
branch  of  industry  by  legal  enactments; 
one  opposed  to  free  trade;  a  prohibitionist. 
— Protective,  pro-tek'tiv,  a.  Affording  pro- 
tection; sheltering;  defensive. — Protector, 
pro-tek't*r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  pro- 

.  tects;  a  defender;  a  guardian. — Eng.  hist. 
one  who  had  the  care  of  the  kingdom  dur- 
ing the  king's  minority;  a  regent ;  a  title 
specifically  applied  to  Oliver  Cromwell, 
who  assumed  the  title  of  Lord  Protector 
in  1653.  —  Protectorate,  pro-tek't6r-6t,  n. 
Government  by  a  protector;  the  period  in 
English  history  during  which  Cromwell 
was  protector;  the  protection  of  a  weaker 
country  by  a  stronger.- Protectorial,  pro- 
tek-to'ri-aJ,  a.  Relating  to  a  protector. — 
Protectorship,  pro  -  tek '  tfer  -  ship,  n.  The 
office  of  a  protector.— Protectress,  pr5-tek'- 
tres,  n.    A  female  who  protects. 

Prot«g6,  pro-ta-zha,  fem.  Prottfg^o,  pro-ta- 
Eha,'n.  [Fr.,  one  protected.]  One  under 
the  care  and  protection  of  another. 

Protein,  Proteine,  pro'te-in,  n.  [From  Gr. 
prOtos,  first.]  A  supposed  or  hypothetical 
principle  of  animal  or  vegetable  albumen, 
fibrin,  or  caspin.- Proteinaceous,  Protein- 
ous,  pro't6-i-na"shus,  pro't5-i-nus,  o.  Con- 
taining or  consisting  of  protein. — Proteic, 
pro'te-ik,  o.  Pertaining  to  protein.— Pro- 
teld,  pro't6-id»n.    An  albuminoid. 

.Proterandrous,  prot-6r-an'dru8,  o.  [Gr.  pro- 
teros,  before,  and  aner,  andros,  a  man,  a 
male.]  Bot.  maturing  the  pollen  before 
the  female  flowers  on  thp  plant  are  ready 
for  fertilization.— Proteranthous,  prot-6r- 
an'thus,  a.  [Gr.  proferos,  and  anihos,  a 
flower.]  Bot,  having  flowers  appearing 
before  the  leaves;  having  the  anthers 
matured  before  the  stigma.— Proterogy- 
nons,  prot-er-oj'i-nus,  a.  [Gr.  gj/ne,  a  fe- 
male.] Bot.  having  the  stigmas  matured 
before  the  pollen. 

Protest,  pro-test',  v.i.  [L.  protestor — pro, 
before,  and  testor,  to  afflrm,  from  testis,  a 
witness.  Test.]  To  affirm  with  solemnity; 
to  asseverate;  to  make  a  solemn  or  formal 
declaration  (often in  writing)  expressive  of 
opposition  to  something. — v.t.  To  make  a 
solemn  declaration  or  aflirmation  of;  to 
assert. — To  protest  a  bill  of  exchange,  to 
mark  or  note  it,  through  a  notary  public, 
for_ non-payment  or  non-acceptance. — n. 
(pro'test).  A  solemn  declaration  of  opinion, 
commonly  against  some  act;  a  formal 
statement  (usually  in  writing),  by  which 
"a  person  declares  that  he  dissents  from 
an  act  to  which  he  might  othenvise  be 
deemed  to  have  yielded  assent;  law,  a 
formal  declaration  that  acceptance  or  pay- 
ment of  a  bill  or  promissory  note  has  been 
refused.— Protestant,  prot'es-tant,  n.  Lit. 
one  who  protests;  a  name  given  to  the 
party  who  adhered  to  Luther  at  the  Kefor- 
mation  in  1529,  and  protested  against  a 
decree  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.  and  the 
diet  of  Spires;  now  applied  to  all  those 
Chiistian  denominations  that  differ  from 
the  Church  of  Rome,  and  that  sprang  from 
the  Reformation.— o.  Belonging  to  the  re- 
ligion of  the  Protestants.— Protestantism, 
prot'es-tant-izm,  ii.  The  principles  or  re- 
ligion of  Protestants.  —  Protestantize, 
prot'es-tan-tiz,  v.t.  To  render  Protestant; 
to  convert  to  Protestantism.  —  Protesla- 
tiO!i,  prot-es-ta'shon,  n.  [  L.  protestatio.  ] 
A  solemn  declaration;  an  asseveration;  a 
solemn  declaration  of  dissent;  a  protest. 
— Protester,  pro-tes't^r,  n.  One  who  pro- 
tests; one  who  protests  a  bill  of  e?^change. 

Proteus,  pro't5-us,  n.  A  marine  deity  of  the 
ancient  Greeks  who  had  the  faculty  of  as- 
suming different  shapes ;  hence,  one  who 
easily  changes  his  form  or  principles;  zcol. 
a  small  amphibious  animal  with  both 
lungs  and  gills,  living  in  'certain  subter- 
ranean lakes,  and  having  rudimentary 
eyes.- Protean,  'prO-te'an,  a.  Readily  as- 
suming different  shapes;  exceedingly  vari- 
able. 


Prothallns,  ProthaUinm,  prO-thal'us,  pro- 
thai 'i-um,  n.  [Prefix  pro,  before,  and 
ihallus.]  The  first  result  of  the  germina- 
tion of  the  spore  in  the  higher  crypto- 
gams, as  ferns,  horse-tails,  4c. 

Prothesis,  pro'the-sis,  n.  [Gr.  prothesis— 
pro,  forth,  and  thesis,  a  placing.]  The 
place  in  a  church  on  which  the  elements 
for  the  eucharist  are  put  previous  to  their 
being  placed  on  the  altar ;  a  credence. 

Prothonotary,  pro-thon'o-ta-ri,  n.  [L.L. 
protonotarius—CrT.  protos,  first,  and  L.  no- 
tonus,  a  scribe.  Notary.  The  insertion  of 
7i  is  a  mistake.]  A  chief  notary  or  clerk ; 
m  the  R.  Cath.  Ch.  a  sort  of  registrar; 
one  of  twelve,  constituting  a  college,  who 
receive  the  "last  wills  of  cardinals,  Ac;  in 
the  Eastern  Church,  the  chief  secretarj-  of 
the  patriarch  of  Constantinople.  —  Pro- 
thonotarysMp,  pro-thon'o-ta-ri-ship,  n. 
The  office  of  a  prothonotary.— Prothono- 
tarlat,  pr5-thon'o-ta"ri-at,  n.  The  college 
constituted  by  the  twelve  prothonotaries. 

Prothoraz,  pro-tho'raks,  n.  [Gr.  pro,  be- 
fore, and  thorax.]  Entom.  the  first  or  an- 
terior segment  of  the  thorax  in  insects. 

Protococcus,  pro-to-kok'us,  n.  [Gr.  prOtos, 
first,  and  kokkos,  a  berry.]  A  minute  alga 
which  produces  the  phenomenon  of  red 
snow. 

Protocol,  pro'to-kol,  n.  [Fr.  protoeole,  L.L. 
protocollum,  the  first  leaf,  the  first  sheet 
of  a  legal  instrument  glued  to  the  cylin- 
der round  which  the  document  was  rolled 
— Gr.  prOtos,  first,  kolla,  glue.J  The  min- 
utes or  rough  draft  of  some  diplomatic 
document  or  instrument;  a  document 
serving  as  a  preliminary  to,  or  for  the 
opening  of,  any  diplomatic  transaction ; 
a  record  or  registry.— ti.t.—protocoHed, p/o- 
tocoUing.  To  make  a  protocol  of. 

Protogene,  pr6'to-j5n,  n.  [Gr.  prOtos,  first, 
and  root  gen,  to  produce.]  A  species  of 
granite  composed  of  felspar,  quarta,  and 
talc  or  chlorite;  so  called  because  it  was 
supposed  to  have  been  the  fij-st  formed 
granite.  —  Protogenic.  pro-to-jen' ik,  a. 
Geol.  applied  to  ciystalline- rocks. 

Protogjmy,  pr6-toj'i-ni,  n.  [Gr.  pr6tos,  first, 
gi/nc,  a  female.]  Bot.  the  development  of 
the  pistils  before  the  stamens. 

Protomartyr,  proto-mar-t6r,  ji.  [Gr.  prO- 
ios,  first,  and  martifr,  martyr.]  The  first 
martyr:  a  term  applied  to  Stephen,  the 
first  Christian  martyr ;  the  fij:st  who  suf- 
fers or  is  sacrificed  in  any  c£use. 

Protomorphic,  pro-to-mor'fik,  a.  [Gr.  prO- 
tos, first,  and  morphe,  shape.]  In  the 
earliest  form  or  shape. 

Protonotary,  pro-ton'o-ta-ri,  n.  Prothono- 
tary. 

Protoph3rte,  pro'to-fit,  n.  [Gr.  pr<3fo«,  first, 
and  phyton,  a  plant.]  A  name  given  to  the 
lowest  organisms  in  the  vegetable  king- 
dom. 

I'rotoplasm,  prS'to-plazm,  w.  [Gr.  prOtos, 
first,  and  plasma,  anything  formed  or 
moulded,  irom  plassO,  to  mould.]  A 
transparent  substance,  apparently  struc- 
tureless, nearly  identical  with  the  white 
of  an  egg,  and  constituting  the  basis  of 
living  matter  in  animal  and  plant  struc- 
tures.—  Protoplasmic,  pro-to-plaz'mik,  a. 
Pertaining  to,  resembling,  or  consisting  of 
protoplasm.  —  Protoplast,  pro'to-plast,  n. 
An  original;  a  thing  first  formed,  as  a 
copy  to  be  imitated.  —  Protoplastic,  pro- 
to-plas'tik,  a.    First  formed. 

Prototype,  pro'to-tip,  n.  [Gr.  prfifoft/pos— 
protos,  first,  and  t^pos,  type.]  An  original 
or  model  after  which  anything  is  formed; 
a  pattern;  archetype. 

Protovertebra,  pro-to-v6r'tS-bra,  n.  [Gr. 
prOtos,  first,  and  L.  vertebra.]  Biol,  a 
structure  in  an  embryo,  afterwards  de- 
veloped into  a  vertebra. 

Protoxide,  prS-tok'sid,  n.  [Gr.  prOios,  first, 
and  E.  oxide.]  That  member  of  a  series  of 
oxides  which  contains  the  least  amount 
of  metal,  or  non-metal  other  than  oxygen. 

Protozoa,  pr5-t6-so'a,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  prOtos, 
fii'8t,and  sOon,  an  animal.]  A  sub-kingdom 
including  the  most  lowly  organized  mem- 
Taers  oftne  animal  kingdom,  and  which 
may  be  defined  to  be  animals  composed  of 
a  nearly  structureless  jelly-like  substance 
without  a  definite  body  cavity  or  trace  of 
a  nervous  system. — Protozoon,  Protozoan, 


fate,  far,  fat,  fgU;    me,  met,  berj     pine,  piaj     note,  not;  mtfvei    t&be,tab^b-^i    oil,  pound;    fi,  Sc  abune— the^Fr.  «^ 


iPEOTKACT 


541 


PROVOST 


pro-t5-zo'on,  pro-to-z3'an,  n.  A  member  of 
the  Protozoa. — Protozoic,  pro-to-zo'ik,  a. 
Belonging  to  the  Protozoa;  geol.  applied 
to  the  rocks  in  which  the  earliest  traces 
of  organic  life  have  been  found. 

Protract,  pro-trakt',  v.t.  [From  L.  protrac- 
tus,  from  protraho—pro,  forward,  and  tra- 
ho,  todraw  (whence  trace,  traction,  extract, 
&c.).]  To  draw  out  or  lengthen  in  time;  to 
prolong;  to  lengthen  out  in  space;  to  delay, 
defer,  put  olf ;  surv.  to  draw  to  a  scale. — 
Protracted,  pro-trak'ted,  p.  and  a.  Pro- 
longed; extending  over  a  long  time.— Pro- 
tractedly, pro-trak'ted-li,  adv.  In  a  pro- 
longedorprotracted  manner. — Protracter, 
pro-trak't6r,  n.  One  who  protracts. — Pro- 
tractile, pro-trak'til,  a.  Capable  of  being 
protracted,  or  thrust  forward. — Protrac- 
tion, pro-trak'shon,  n.  The  act  of  protrac- 
ting; surv.  the  act  of  laying  down  on  paper 
the  dimensions  of  afield,&c.— Protractive, 
pro-trak'tiv,  a.  Prolonging ;  continuing; 
delaying.  —  Protractor,  pro-trak'tfcr,  n. 
One  who  protracts;  s^<rv.  an  instrument 
for  laying  down  and  measuring  angles  on 
paper;  anat.  a  muscle  which  draws  for- 
ward a^part. 

Protrude,  pro-trSd',  v.t— protruded,  pro- 
trudinff.  IL.  protrude  —  pro,  forth,  for- 
wards, and  trudo,  to  thrust  (seen  in  ob- 
trude, intrude).]  To  thrust  forward;  to 
shoot  forth  or  project,  or  cause  to  project. 
—v.i.  To  shoot  forward;  to  stand  put  pro- 
minently.—Protrudable,  pro-tro'da-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  protruded. — Protrusile, 
pro-tro'sil,  a.  Capable  of  being  protruded 
and  withdrawn.  —  Protrusion,  pro-tr3'- 
zhon,  n^  The  act  of  protruding.— Protru- 
sive, pro-trO'ziv,  a.  Thrusting  or  impelling 
forward.— Protrusively,  pvo-tro'ziv-li,  adv. 

Frotuberate,  pro-ta'b6r-at,  v.t.—protuher- 
ated,  protuberating.  [L.L.  protuoero,  pro- 
fuberatus — L.  pro,  before,  and  tuber,  a 
liump,  a  swelling,  akin  to  tumeo,  to  swell. 
Tumid.]  To  swell  or  be  prominent  beyond 
the  adjacent  surface;  to  bulge  out. — Pro- 
tn'jeration,  pro-tft'b6r-a"shon,  n.  The  act 
of  trotuberating.— Protuberance,  pro-ttt'- 
b6i-an8,  n.  A  swelling  or  tumour;  a  pro- 
minence; a  bunch  or  knob;  anything 
stralled  or  pushed  beyond  the  surrounding 
or  adjacent  surface.  —  Protuberant,  pro- 
ta'b(ir-ant,a.  Swelling;  prominent  beyond 
the  surrounding  surface.— Protuberantly, 
pro-tQ'b6r-ant-li,  adv. 

Proud,  proud,  a.  [A.  Sax.  prAt,  proud, 
whence  prijte,  pride;  cog.  Dan.  prud, 
stately,  magnificent.]  Possessing  a  high 
and  often  an  unreasonable  opinion  of  one's 
own  excellence;  filled  with  or  showing  In- 
ordinate self-esteem;  possessing  a  praise- 
worthy self-esteem  that  deters  from  any- 
thing mean  or  base;  haughty;  arrogant; 
ready  to  boast;  elated;  priding  one's  self 
(proud  of  one's  country);  arising  from 
pride;  presumptuous;  of  fearless  or  un- 
tamable character;  suggesting  or  exciting 
pride;  ostentatious;  grand;  magnificent. — ' 
Proud  flesh,  an  excessive  development  of 

franulations  in  wounds  and  ulcers.  — 
roudly,  proud'li,  adv.  In  a  proud  man- 
ner; haughtily;  with  lofty  airs  or  mien. — 
Proudness,  proud'nes,  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  proud.— Proud-stomached,  o. 
Of  a  haughty  spirit;  haughty. 
Prove,  prov,  v.t.— proved,  proving.  [O.Pr. 
prover,  pruver,  Fr.  prouver,  from  L.  pro- 
bare,  to  try,  test,  prove, 'lit.  to  test  the 
good  quality  of,  f rom  probws,  goodjwhence 
probit!/).  Proo/ is  a  derivative.]  To  try  or 
ascertaiM  by  an  experiment ;  to  test ;  to 
make  trial  of  (to  prove  gunpowder) ;  to 
establish  the  truth  or  jeality  of  by  reason- 
ing, induction,  or  evidence;  to  dernon- 
strate ;  to  establish  the  .  authenticity  or 
validity  of;  toobtain  probate  of  (to  prove 
a  will);  to  gain  personal  experience  of ; 
arith.  to  show  or  ascertain  the  correctness 
of  by  a  farther  calculation.— Tfte  exception 
proves  the  rule,  lit.  the  exception  tests  or 
tries  the  rule.  —  v.i.  To  be  found  or  as- 
certained by  experience  or  trial ;  to  turn 
out  to  be  (tne  report  »rofed  to  be  false); 
to  attain  certainty  .^Provable,  pro'va-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  proved.  —  Provable- 
ness, pro'va-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  provable.— Provably,pr8'va-bli, 
cdv.     In  s.  manner  "capable  of  proof. — 


Woven,  prO'vn,  pp.  [A  strong  form  for 
proved,  the  proper  pp.  Its  usage  in  Eng- 
lish is  rare.]  Proved.— iVb<  proven,  Scots 
law,  a  verdict  given  by  a  jury  m  a  criminal 
case  when,  although  there  is  a  deficiency 
of  evidence  to  convict  the  prisoner,  there 
is  sufficient  to  warrant  grave  suspicion  of 
his  suilt.— Prover,  pro'v^r,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  proves. 

Proveditor,  pro-ved'i-t6r,  n.  [It.  provedi- 
tore,  from  provedere,  to  provide.  Provide.] 
A  purveyor;  one  employed  to  procure  sup- 
plies, as  for  an  army. 

Provencal,  pro-viin-sal,  n.  A  native  of  Pro- 
vence, or  Southern  France;  "the  Romance 
language  formerly  spoken  in  Provencei — 
Provence-oil,  prov'ens,  n.  Olive-oil  ob- 
tained by  cold  pressure  from  the  freshly- 
gathered  fruits.— Provence-rose,  n.  The 
cabbage-rose. 

Provender,  prov'en-d6r,  n.  [From  Fr.  pro- 
vende  (with  r  somewhat  unaccountably 
added),  from  L.  prabenda,  things  to  be 
supplied.  Prebend.]  Dry  food  for  beasts, 
as  hay,  straw,  and  com;  provisions;  food. 

Proverb,  prov'ferb,  n.  [Fr.  proverbe,  L. 
proverbium—pro,  before,  in  public,  and 
verbum,  a  word.]  A  short  pithy  sentence 
expressing  a  truth  ascertained  by  experi- 
ence or  observation;  a  sentence  which 
briefly  and  forcibly  expresses  some  practi- 
cal truth;  a  wise  saw;  an  adage;  a  maxim; 
a  short  dramatic  composition  in  which 
some  proverb  or  popular  saying  is  taken 
as  the  foundation  of  the  plot;  a  by-word; 
a  reproach  or  object  of  contempt;  Scrip. 
a  dark  saying  of  the  wise  that  requires 
interpretation.— Proverbial,  pro-vfer'bi-al, 
a.  Comprised  in  a  proverb;  used  or  cur- 
rent as  a  proverb;  resembling  a  proverb. — 
Proverblallam,  pro-ver'bi-al-izm ,  n.  A  pro- 
verbial phrase  or  saying.— Pro verbialist, 
pro-vferlsi-al-ist,  n.  A  composer,  collector, 
or  user  of  proverbs.— Proverbialize,  pro- 
\kT''b\-2i,\-iz,v.t.—^proverbiaUzed,proverbial- 
izing.  To  make  or  turn  into  a  proverb. 
—Proverbially,  pro-vfir'bi-al-U,  adv.  In 
a  proverbial  manner  or  style;  by  way  of 
proverb. 

Provide,  pro-vid',  v.t— provided,  providing. 
[L.  provideo,lit.  to  see  before— pro,  before, 
and  mdeo,  visum,  to. see  (whence  vision, 
visible,  revise,&c.}.i  To  procure  beforehand; 
to  prepare  (to  provide  warm  clothing);  to 
furnish;  to  supply  (well  provided  with 
com);  to  lay  down  as  a  previous  arrange- 
ment; to  make  a  previous  condition 
or  understanding.  —  v.i.  To  make  pro- 
vision; to  take  measures  beforehand  (we 
must  provide  for  our  wants,  against  mis- 
haps). —  Provided,  pro-vi'ded,  conj.  [A 
conjunction  only  by  ellipsis=it  being  pro- 
vided that.]  On  condition;  on  these  terms, 
this  being  conceded.— Providence,  prov'i- 
dens,  n.  [L.  providentia.]  ForesightJ ; 
timely  care  or  preparationt;  prudence;  the 
care  of  God  over  nis  creatures;  divine  su- 
perintendence ;  hence  (with  a  capital  let- 
ter), God,  regarded  as  exercising  forecast, 
care,  and  direction  for  and  over  his  crea^ 
tures;  the  divine  being  or  power;  some- 
thing due  to  an  act  of  providential  inter- 
vention; a  providential  circumstance.— 
Provident,  prov'i-dent,  a.  [L.  providens, 
ppr.  of  provideo,  to  provide;  the  same  word 
a.aprudent,  a.aprovidence— prudence.]  Fore- 
seeing wants  and  making  provision  to 
supply  them;  prudent  in  preparing  for 
future  exigencies;  frugal;  economical.— 
Providential,  prov-i-den'shal,  a.  Effected 
by  the  providence  of  God;  referrible  to 
divine  providence.- Providentially,  prov- 
i-den'shal -li,  adv.  In  a  providential 
manner. — Providently,  prov'i-dent-li,  adv. 
In  a  provident  manner;  with  prudent 
foresight.  —  Provider,  pro-vi'd6r,  n.  One 
who  provides. 

Province,  prov'ins,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  pro- 
vincia,  a,  province— pro,  before,  and  mnco. 
to  conqiuer.]  Originally,  a  region  reduced 
under  Koman  dominion  and  subjected  to 
the  command  of  a  governor  sent  from 
Rome:  hence,  a  territory  at  some  distance 
from  the  metropolis  {the  provinces  being 
often  thus  used  in  contradistinction  to  the 
metropolis);  a  large  territorial  or  political 
division  of  a  state;  in  England,  a  division 
for  ecclesiastical  purposes  under  the  juris- 


diction of  an  archbishop,  there  being  two 
provinces,  that  of  Canterbury  and  that  of 
York;  Jig.  the  proper  duty,  office,  or  busi- 
ness of  a  person;  sphere  of  action;  a  di- 
vision in  any  department  of  knowledge  or 
speculation;  a  department.— Provincial, 
pro-vin'shal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  province; 
forming  a  province ;  exhibiting  the  man- 
ners of  a  province;  characteristic  of  the  in- 
habitants of  aprovince;rustic;not  polished; 
rude;  pertaining  to  an  ecclesiastical  prov- 
ince or  to  the  j  urisdiction  of  an  archbishop. 
— n.  A  person  belonging  to  a  province  as 
distinguished  from  the  metropolis;  in  some 
religious  orders,  a  monastic  superior  in  a 
given  district.  —  Provincialism,  pro-vin'- 
shal-izm,  n.  A  peculiar  word  or  manner 
of  speaking  in  a  district  of  country  remote 
from  the  principal  country  or  from  the 
metropolis.  —  Provlncialist,  pro-vin'shal- 
ist,  n.  A  provincial ;  one  who  uses  pro- 
vincialisms. —  Provinciality,  pro-vin'shi- 
al"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  provincial. 
— Provinoially,  pro-vin'shal-li,  adv.  In  a 
provincial  manner. 

KroviBlon,  pro-vizh'on,  n.  [L .  provisio,  pro- 
msionis,  a  foreseeing,  foresight,  purveying, 
irotn  provideo,  provisum,  to  foresee.  Pro- 
vide.] The  act  of  providing  or  making 
previous  preparation;  a  measure  taken 
beforehand;  provident  care;  accumulation 
of,  stores  or  materials  beforehand;  a  store 
or  stock;  a  stock  of  food  provided;  hence, 
victuals;  food:  usually  in  the  plural;  a 
stipulation  or  measure  proposed  in  an 
enactment  or  the  like;  a  proviso.— v.t.  To 
provide  with  things  necessary,  especially 
victuals  or  food.— Provisional,  pro-viih'- 
on-al,  a.  Provided  for  present  need  or  for 
the  occasion;  temporarily  established; 
temporary.  —  Provisionally,  pro-vizh'on- 
al-li,  adv.  In  a  provisional  manner;  for 
the  present  exigency;  temporarily.— Pro- 
visionary,  pro-vizh'on-a-ri,  a.  Provisional; 
provident. 

Proviso,  pro-vi'zo,  n.  [L.  provisus,  pp.  of 
provideo,  ablative  proviso,  it  being  pro- 
vided. Provide.]  An  article  or  clause  In 
any  statute,  agreement,  contract,  grant, 
or  other  writing,  by  which  a  condition  is 
introduced;  a  conditional  stipulation. — 
Provisor,  pro-vi'zor,  Ji.  [Vr.  proviseur.]  A 
person  appointed  by  the  pope  to  a  benefice 
before  the  death  of  the  incumbent,  and  to 
the  prejudice  of  the  rightful  patron.— 
Provisory,  pro-vi'zo-ri,  a.  Temporary;  pro^ 
visional;  conditional.  —  Provlsorlly,  pro- 
vi'zo-ri-li,  adv.  In  a  provisory  manner;  con- 
ditionally. 

Provoke,  T^ro-\ok', v.t— provoked,  provoking. 
[Fr.  provoquer,  from  L.  provoco,  to  call 
forth,  challenge,  excite — pro,  forth,  and 
vcico,  to  call.  Voice.]  To  challenget ;  to 
summonj;  to  stimulate  to  action;  to  in- 
duce by  motive ;  to  excite  or  arouse  (as 
hunger);  to  call  forth;  to  instigate;  to  excite 
to  anger  or  passion;  to  irritate;  to  enrage. 
— v.i.  To  produce  anger.— Provoker^  pro- 
vo'k6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  pro- 
vokes.— Provoking,  pro-vo'king,  p.  and  a. 
Having  the  power  of  exciting  resentment; 
annoying;  vexatious;  exasperating.— Pro- 
vokingly,  pro-vo'king-li,  adv.  In  a  provok- 
ing manner;  annoy mgly. — Provocation, 
prov-o-ka'shon,  n.  The  act  of  provoking ; 
anything  that  excites  anger;  cause  of 
resentment;  incitement;  stimulus.— Pro- 
vocative, pro-vo'ka-tiv,  a.  Serving  to 
provoke;  exciting;  apt  to  incense  or  en- 
rage.—rW.  Anything  that  tends  to  excite 
appetite  or  passion;  a  stimulant. 

Provost,  prov'ost,  n.  [O.  Fr.  provost  (Fr. 
privdt),  from  L.  prcepositus,  one  who  is 
placed  over  others,  from  pvcepono — prce, 
before,  and  pono,  to  place.  Position.]  The 
chief  or  head  of  certain  bodies,  as  of  sev- 
eral of  the  colleges  in  the  Universities  of 
Oxford  and  Cambridge;  the  chief  digni- 
tary of  a  cathedral  or  collegiate  church; 
the  chief  magistrate  of  a  Scotch  burgh, 
corresponding  to  the  English  mayor. — 
Provost  -  marshal,  n.  MUit.  an  officer 
whose  duty  it  is  to  attend  to  offences 
committed  against  military  discipline: 
navy,  an  officer  who  has  the  custody  of 
prisoners  at  a  court-marshal.— Provost- 
ship,  prov'ost-ship,  n.  The  office  of  a 
provost. 


pb,  cAain;     cA,  Sc.  locA;     g,eo;     j,;ob;     p,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinj;;     vh,  then;  ih,  thin;     w,wig;    wh.wWg;    zh,  a»urej 


PROW 


542 


PSILOMELANE 


Prow,  prou,  n.  [Pr.  proue,  Sp.  and  Pg. 
proa,  from  L.  prora,  from  Gr.  prOra,  a 
prow;  akin  to  pre,  before.)  The  forepart 
of  a  ship;  the  bow;  the  beak. 

Prowess,  prou'es, n.  [Fr.  prouesse,  prowess, 
from  O.Fr.  prou  (Fr.  preux),  brave:  origin 
doubtful.]  Bravery;  valour;  military  bra- 
very combined  with  skill;  intrepidity  and 
dexterity  in  war. 

Prowl,  proul,  v.i.  [Origin  doubtful ;  older 
forms  were  proide,  prolle.]  To  rove  or 
wander  stealthily,  as  a  beast  in  search  of 
^ey. — v.t.  To  wander  stealthily  over. — 
Prowler,  prou'lfer,  n.  One  who  prowls. — 
Prowlingly,  prou'liag-li,  adv.  In  a  prowl- 
ing manner. 

Proximal,  prok'si-mal,  a.  [L.  proximus, 
nearest.]  J4  earest;  applied  to  the  extremity 
of  a  bone,  limb,  or  organ  of  animals  and 
plants  nearest  the  point  of  attachment  or 
insertion:  opposed  to  distal. 

Proximate,  prok'si-mat,  a.  [L.  proximatus, 
pp.  of  proxivu),  to  come  near,  Jrom  proxi- 
Tnus,  nearest,  superl.  of  prpp«,  near.  Pko- 
PiNQuiTT.]  Nearest;  next.  —  Proximate 
cause,  that  which  immediately  precedes 
and  produces  the  effect,  as  distinguished 
from  the  revwte,  mediate,  or  predisposing 
cause.  —  Proximate  principles,  organic 
conjpounds  which  are  the  constituents  of 
more  complex  organizations,. and  which 
exist  ready  formed  in  animals  and  vege- 
tables, such  as  albumen,  gelatine,  gam, 
starch,  &c.— Proximately,  prok'si-mat-li, 
adv.  In  a  proximate  manner  or  position; 
immediately.  —  Proximity,  prokrsim'i-ti, 
n.  [L.  proximitas.'\  The  state  of  being 
proximate  or  next ;  immediate  nearness, 
either  in  place,  blood,  or  alliance.— Prox- 
imo, prok'si-mo,  o.  IL.,  on  the  next.]  A 
Latin  adjective  used  to  mean  in  or  of  the 
next  month  (the  Sth  proximo).  Often  con- 
tracted Prox. 

Proxy,  prok'si,  n.  [Contr.  from  procuracy 
=  L.L.  procuratia.  Procurator.]  The 
agency  of  a  person  who  acts  as  a  substi- 
tute for  a  principal ;  authority  to  act  for 
another;  the  person  deputed  to  act  for 
another;  a  deputy;  a  writing  by  which 
one  person  authorizes  another  to  vote  in 
his  place.  —  v.i.  —  proxied,  proxying.  To 
act  by  proxy.— ProsyfiMp,  prok'si-ship,  n. 
The  office  or  agency  of  a  proxy. 

Prude,  prod,  n.  [Fr.  prude;  probably  from 
L.  prudeyis,  prudent.]  A  woman  affecting 
great  reserve,  coyness,  and  excessive  vir- 
tue or  delicacy  of  feeling,  or  who  nretends 
to  great  preciseness  of  conduct.— Prudery, 
Prudishness,  prb'dfer-i,  pro'dish-nes,  n. 
The  conduct  of  a  prude;  affected  delicacy 
of  feeling;  coyness.  —  Prudish,  pro'dish, 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  prude;  affecting  exces- 
sive modesty  or  virtue ;  coy  or  reserved. — 
Prudlzhly,  pro'dish-U,  adv.  In  a  prudish 
manner. 

Prudent,  prd'dent,  a.  [Fr.  pnident,  from 
L.  prud^ns,prudenlig,  prudent,  from  provi- 
dens,  providentis,  ppr.  of  provideo,  to  fore- 
see. Provide.]  Cautious  or  circumspect' 
in  determining  on  any  action  or  line  of 
conduct;  careful  of  the  consequences  of 
enterprises,  measures,  or  actions;  dictated 
or  directed  by  prudence  {prudent  behav- 
iour); frugal;  economical;  correct  and  de- 
corous in  manner.— Prudsnce,  pro'dens,  n. 
[L.  prudentia=prorndentia.]  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  prudent.— Pmdential.pra- 
deh'shal.a.  Proceeding  from  prudence;  dic- 
tated or  prescribed  by  prudence;  exercising 
prudence.  — Pnidentiallst.  pro-den 'shal- 
ist,  n.  One  who  is  governed  by  prudential 
motives.  —  Prudentiality,  prO-den'shi-al"- 
j-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  prudential. 
— Prudentially,  pra-den'shai-li,  adv.  In 
conformity  with  prudence;  prudently. — 
Prudently,  prO'dent-li,  adv.  In  a  prudent 
manner;  discreetly;  cautiously;  circum- 
spectly. 

Prnd'honune,  prti-dom,  n.  [Fr.,  from  prude, 
grave,  sober,  and  Jwmme,  man.]  In 
Prance,  the  name  of  members  of  tribunals 
composed  of  masters  and  workmen  whose 
principal  office  was  to  arbitrate  in  trade 
disputes. 

Pnunate,  Prulnoae,  Prulnou»,  prO'i-nat, 
prii-in'os,  pro'i-nus,  a.  [From  L.  pruina, 
hoar-frost.]  Hoary;  appearing  as  if  fros- 
ted, from  a  covering  ot  minute  dust. 


Prune,  pron,  v.t— pruned,  pruning.  [For- 
merly proine,  proyne,  from  Fr.  provigTier, 
dial.  Fr.  preugner,  progner,  from  L.  pro- 
pago,  propaginis,  a  slip  or  sucker.  Propa- 
OATK.]  To  lop  or  cut  off,  as  the  superfluous 
branches  of  trees;  to  lop  superfluous  twigs 
or  branches  from;  to  trim  with  the  knife; 
to  clear  from  anything  superfluous;  to 
preen  or  trim,  as  the  plumage  of  a  bird. — 
Pnmer,  prii'nfer,  ».  One  who  pruftes.  — 
Pruning-hook,  n.  An  instrument  for  pru- 
ning trees,  shrubs,  &c.,  with  a  hooked 
blade.— Prunmg-knlfe,  n.  A  kind  of  knife 
with  a  curved  blade  for  pruning.  —  Pru- 
ning-shears,  n.  pi.  Shears  for  pruning 
shrubs,  &c. 

Prone,  pron,  n.  [Fr.  prune,  from  L.  pru- 
?iM?ij,aplum.  Plum.]  Aplmn; specifically, 
a  dried  plum.— Pnme-tires,  n.  A  tree  that 
bears  prunes  or  plums. — Pmniferous,  pro- 
nif'er-us,  o.    Bearing  plums. 

Prunella,  pro-nel'a,  n.  [From  Ft.  prutielle, 
brunelle,  from  G.  h-dune,  a  disorder  of  the 
throat,  which  the  plant  was  supposed  to 
cure.]  A  European  plant  formerly  used 
in  popular  medicine;  a  preparation  of 
purified  nitre  in  cakes  or  balls  used  to 
cure  sore  throats.  Called  also  Prunella 
Salt  and  Sal  Prunella. 

Prunella,  Prunello,  prO-nel'a,  priJ-nel'o,  n. 
[Fr.  prunelle,  prunella,  from  its  colour  re- 
sembling that  ofprMn«».  Prune.}  A  kind 
of  woollen  stuff  of  which  clergymen's 
gowns  were  once  made:  still  used  .for  the 
uppers  of  ladies'  boots  and  shoes. 

Prurient,  pro'ri-ent,  a.  [L.  pru7-iens,  from 
prvrio,  to  itch  or  lon^  for  a  thing,  to  be 
lechorcus.]  Itching  after  something;  ea- 
gerly desirous;  inclined  or  inclining  to 
lascivious  thoughts;  having  lecherous  im- 
aginations.— Pruriently,  prci'ri-ent-li,  adv. 
In  a  prurient  manner;  with  a  longing 
desire.- Prurience,  Pruriency,  pro'ri-ens, 
pro'ri-en-si,  n.  The  state  of  being  prurient; 
lascivious  suggestiveness. 

Prurigo,  pro-ri'go,  n.  [L.,  an  itching,  the 
itch.J  An  eruption  of  the  skin  in  which 
the  papules  are  diffuse  and  intolerably 
itchy.— Pruriginous,  prS-rij'i-nus,  a.  Af- 
fected by  prurigo;  caused  by  prurigo. 

Prussian,  prush'an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Prussia. — Prussian  blue,  a  cyanide  of  iron 
possessed  of  a  deep -blue  colour,  much 
used  as  a'  pigment.  —  Prussiate,  prus'i-at 
or  pnis'i-at,  n.  A  compound  consisting 
of  cyanogen  united  to  iron  and  potassium. 
—  Prussic-acid,  prus'ik  or  pnis'ik,  a. 
[Originally  obtained  from  Prussian  blue.] 
The.  common  name  for  Hydrocyanic  Acid. 
— Pfussine,  pnis'in,  n.    Cyanooen. 

Pry,  pri,  v.i.—vrisd,  prying.  [A  modifica- 
tion of  O.E.  pi7-e,  to  peer.  Peer.]  To  peep 
nan-owly;  to  look  closely;  to  attempt  to 
discover  something  with  scrutinizing  cu- 
riosity.— n.  Narro-.r  inspection;  imperti- 
nent peeping.  —  Pryer,  Prier,  pri'fer,  n. 
One  who  pries.— Pr^g,  pri'ing,  p.  and  a. 
Inquisitive;  curious.— Pryingly,  pri'ing-li, 
adv.    In  a  prying  manner. 

Prythee,  pri'rne.    Same  as  Prithee. 

Psalm,  sam,  n.  [L.  psalmm,  a  psalm',  from 
Or.  psalnws,  a  twitching  or  twanging  with 
the  fingers,  from  psall6.  to  play  a  stringed 
instrument,  to  sing  to  the  harp.]  A  sacred 
song  or  hymn;  especially, "one  of  the 
hymns  composed  by  King  David  and 
other  Jewish  writers,  ^  collection  of  150 
of  which  constitutes  a  book  of  the  Old 
Testament;  also  applied  to  versifications 
of  the  scriptural  psalms  composed  for  the 
use  of  churches.- Psalmist,  sam'ist  or  sal'- 
mist,  »i.  A  writer  or  composer  of  psalms. 
— Psalmodlc,  Psalmodical,  sal-mod'ik,  sal- 
mod'i-kal,  a.  Relating  to  psalmody.  — 
Psalmodlst,  sam'od-ist  or  sal'mod-ist,  n. 
One  who  writes  psalms.— Psalmody,  sam'- 
o-di  or  sal'mo-di,  n.  The  singing  or  writ- 
ing of  psalms;  pea'.ms  collectively.— Pssil- 
mogtaphy,  sa-mog'ra-fi  or  sal-mog'ra-fi,  n. 
The  act  or  practice  of  writing  psalms. — 
Psalmograpuer,  Psalmographist,  sa-mog'- 
ra-ffer  or  sal-mog'ra-ffer,  sa-mog'ra-fist  or 
sal-mog'ra-fist,  n.    A  writer  of  psalms. 

Psalter,  sal'tir,  n.  [L.  psalterizim,  Gr. 
psalterion,  a  kind  of  harp,  from  psallo. 
Psalm. J  The  Book  of  Psalms;  a  book 
containing  the  Pealms  separately  printed; 
the  version  of  the  Psalms  in  the  Book 


of  Common  Prayer.— Psalteritun.  sal-te'- 
ri-um,  n.  A  psalter;  the  third  stomach 
of  ruminants,  called  also  the  Omasum  or 
J/anypZw*.  —  Psaltery,  sal'tfer-i,  n.  An 
iustrument  of  music  used  by  the  Hebrews, 
the  form  of  which  is  not  known;  a  name 
given  to  a  form  of  dulcimer. 

Paammite,  sam' mi t,  n.  [Gr.  psammos, 
sand.]  Geol.  a  term  used  for  fine-grained, 
fissile,  clayey  sandstones,  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  those  which  are  more  siliceous  and 
gritty.— Psammitic,  sam-mit'ik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  containing  psammite. 

Pselljsmus,  sel-iz'mus,  n.  [Gr.  psellizO,  to 
stammer.]  A  defect  in  enunciation;  a  lis- 
ping, stammering,  or  similar  defect.    ■ 

Pseudssthesia,    su-des-the'si-a,   n.      [Gr. 

fseudes,  false,  and  aisthesis,  perception.] 
maginary  feeling;  imaginary  sense  of 
touch  in  parts  that  have  been  long  re- 
moved (as  a  leg  that  has  been  amputated). 

Pseudo-,  sfi'do.  [Gr.  pseudos,  falsehood.] 
A  Greek  prefix  signifjring  false,  counter- 
feit, or  spurious,  used  in  many  compound 
words,  often  self-explanatory,  and  oc- 
casionally as  an  independent  English 
word.— Pseudo-branchia,  n.  Zool.  a  sup- 
plementary gill  found  in  certain  fishes.- 
Pseudo-bulb,  n.  Bot.  an  enlarged  above- 
ground  stem  resembling  a  tuber,  as  in 
many  orchids.  —  Pseudograph,  Pseudo- 
grapny,  sa'do-graf,  sU-dog'ra-fi,  n.  |Gr. 
araphe,  -writing.]  False  -writing.— Pseudo- 
nsamal,  a.  [Gr.  Actinia,  blood.]  A  term 
applied  to  the  vascular  or  circulatory  sys- 
tem of  annelids.— Pseudo-membrane,  n.  A 
false  membrane  resulting  from  inflamma- 
tion.—Pseudo-metallic,  a.  Falsely  or  im- 
perfectly metallic :  applied  to  a  kind  of 
lustre  in  minerals.- Pseudo-monocotyle- 
donous,  a.  Bot.  having  two  or  more  cotyle- 
dons consolidated  into  a  single  mass. — 
Pseudomorph,  su'do-morf ,  n.  Hir.moi~phc, 
shape.]  A  deceptive  or  irregular  form;  a 
mineral  havinga  form  belonging,not  to  the 
substance  of  wnich  it  consists,  but  to  some 
other  substance  which  has  wholly  or  par- 
tially disappeared.- Pseudomorphism,  sft- 
dd-mor'fizm ,  n.  The  state  of  beinga  pseudo- 
morph.—Pseudomorphous,  su-do-mor'fus, 
a.  Not  having  the  true  form;  baring  the 
characterofapseudomorph.— Pseudonym, 
sa'do-nim,  n.  [Gr.  onoma,  a  name.]  A 
false  or  feigned  name;  a  name  assumed  by 
a  writer.— Pseudonymity,  su-dO-nim'i-ti, 
n.  The  state  of  being  pseudonymous; 
•writing  under  an  assumed  name.— Pseu- 
donymous, sQ-don'i-mus,  a.  [Gr.  pseudOny- 
mjus— pseudos,  and onovia,  name.  I  Bearing 
a  false  name  or  signature;  applied  to  an  au- 
thor who  publishes  a  book  under  a  feigned 
name;  also  to  the  book  itself  .-Ps^udopcd, 
sQ'do-pod,7i.  [Gr.poi(s,podo3,foot.]  Anani- 
mal  with  pseudopodia. — Pseudopodia,  su- 
do-po'di-a,  n.  pi.  Zool.  the  organs  of  loco- 
motion characteristic  of  the  lower  Proto- 
zoa, consisting  of  threads  or  processes  pro- 
jected from  any  part  of  the  body.— Pseudo- 
podlal,  su-do-po'di-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
pseudopodia.— PseudoBCope,  sfl'do-skOp,  n. 
[Gr.  pseudos,  and  skopeO,  to  view.]  An 
optical  instrument  somewhat  on  the  prin- 
ciple of  the  stereoscope,  but  producing 
effects  directly  opposite,  namely,  revers- 
ing the  reliefs.- Pseudo-volcanic,  o.  Per- 
tsuiiing  to  a  pseudo-volcano. — Pseudo-vol- 
cano, n.  A  volcano  that  emits  smoke  and 
sometimes  flame,  but  no  lava.  —  Pseudo- 
vxaa,  sO-do'vum,  n.  pi.  Pseudova,  su-do'va. 
[L.  ovum,  an  egg.]  Zool.  one  of  the  egg- 
like bodies  from  which  the  young  of  the 
viviparous  aphis  are  produced. 

Pshaw,  sha,  exclam.  An  expression  of  con- 
tempt, disdain,  or  dislike.— w.i.  To  utter 
the  interjection  pshaw. 

Psilanthropist,  sMan'throp-ist,  n.  [Gr. 
psilos,  bare,  mere,  and  anthrOpos,  man.] 
One  who  believes  that  Christ  was  a  mere 
man;  a  humanitarian. — Psilanthropic,  si- 
lan-throp'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  psilan- 
thropy.  —  PsiTanthropism,  Fsllanthropy, 
Ei-lan'throp-izm,  si-lan '  thro-pi,  n.  The 
doctrine  or  belief  of  the  mere  human 
existence  of  Christ. 

Psilomelane,  si-lom'e-lan,  n.  [Gr.  psilos, 
smooth,  and  malas,  mekin,  black.]  An  ore 
of  manganese  haying  a  colour  nearly  steel- 
gray. 


t'tito.  (ar,  f'at.  f  ■-il:      u.e.  raet.  bfer;      pine,  pin:     noto.  uot,  miJVfc;     tubj,  tub,  bull ;     «il,  ;x>u,ud;     U,  Sc.  abime— the  Fr.  w. 


PSITTACEOUS 


543' 


PUDDLE 


Psittaceous,  sit-ta'shus,  a.  [L.  psiitacus, 
!  from  Gr.  psittakos,  a  parrot.]  Belonging 
'  to  the  parrot  tribe.  '■    " 

Psoas,  so'as,  n.  [From  Gr.  psoa,  a  muscle 
of  the  loin.]  'Che  name  of  two  inside 
muscles  of  the  loins.— Psoadic,  so-ad'ik,  a. 
Anat.  connected  with  the  psoas. 
Psora,  so'ra,  n.  [Gr.]  The  itch.— Psoriasis, 
so-ri'a-sis,  n.  [Gr.J  A  cutaneous  affection, 
consisting  of  patches  of  rough,  amorphous 
scales,  generally  accompanied  by  chaps 
and  fissures;  also,  the  itch.— Psoric,  so'rik, 
a.  Relating  to  or  connected  with  psora  or 
the  itch.— 11.  A  medicine  for  th.e  itch. 
Psyche,  si'ke,  n.  [Gr.  psyche,  the  soul.] 
The  soul;  a  sort  of  mythical  or  allegorical 
personification  of  the  human  soul,  as  a 
peautiful  maiden,  beloved  by  Cupid.— 
Psychiater, si'ki-a-ter.n.  [Gr. psyche,>ioul, 
iatros,  a  physician.]  One  who  treats 
disease.^  of  the  mind.  —  Psychiatr3%  si'- 
ki-at-ri,  n.  Medical  treatment  of  dis- 
eases of  the  mind.— Psychic,  Psychical, 
Psychal,  si'kik,  si'ki-kal,  si'kal,  a.  [Gr. 
psychikos.]  Belonging  to  the  human  soiil, 
spirit,  or  mind;  psychological;  applied  to 
that  force  by  which  spiritualists  aver  they 
produce  'spiritual'  phenomena.  —  Psy- 
chics,! si'kiks,  n.  Psychology.— Psychism, 
sl'kizm,  n.  The  doctrine  which  maintains 
the  existence  and  efficacy  of  psychic  force. 
— Psychist,  si'kist,  n.  Abeliever  in  psychic 
force;  a  spiritualist.— Psychogenesis,  si-ko- 
jen'e-sis,  n.  [Gr.  psyche,  and  qenesis,  ori- 
gin.] The  origin  or  generation  of  the 
mind  as  manifested  by  consciousaess.— 
Psychologic,  Psychological,  si-ko-loj'ik,  si- 
ko-loj'i-kal,  a.    Pertaining  to  psychology. 

—  Psychologically,  si-ko-loj'i-kal-li,  adv. 
In  a  psychological  manner.— Psychologist, 
si-kol'o-jist,  n.  One  who  studies,  writes 
on,or  is  versed  in  psychology.— Psychology, 
si-kol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  psyche  and  logos.]  That 
branch  of  knowledge  which  deals  with 
the  human  soul;  that  knowledge  of  the 
mind  which  we  derive  from  a  careful 
examination  of  the  facts  of  conscious- 
ness; the  natural  history  of  the  mind. 

—  Psychomachy,  si-kom'a-ki,  n.  [Gr. 
viache,  combat.]  A  conflict  of  the  soul 
with  the  body.— Psychomancy,  si'kij-man- 
81, n.  IGr.  manteia,  prophecy.]  Divination 
by  consultirigthe  souls  of  the  dead;  necro- 
mancy.—Psychonosology,si'ko-no-sol"o-ji, 
n.  [Gr.  nosos,  disease.]  That  branch  of 
medical  science  which  treats  of  the  nature 
and  classification  of  mental  disease.  — 
Psychopathy,  si-kop'a-thi ,  n.  [Gr.  pathos, 
suffering.]  Mental  disease.— Psychophysi- 
cal, si-ko-fiz'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  psycho- 
physics. — Psychophysics,  si-ko-Sz'iks,  n. 
That  branch  of  science  which  treats  of 
the  connection  between  nerve-action  and 
consciousness;  the  doctrine  or  science 
of  the  physical  basis  of  consciousness.— 
Psychosis,  si-ko'sis,  n.  Mental  constitu- 
tion or  condition. 

Psychrometer,  si-krom'et-6r,  n.    [Gr.  psy- 

•  chros,  cool,  and  metron,  measure.]  An 
instrument  for  measuring  the  tension  of 
the  aqueous  vapour  in  the  atmosphere; 
a  form  of  hygrometer.— Psychrometric, 
Psychrometrical,  si-kro-met'rik,   si-kro- 

I  met'ri--kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  psychrom- 
eter; hygrometrical.— Psychrometry,  si- 
krom'et-ri,  n.  The  use  of  the  psychrometer; 
hygrometry. 

Ptarmic,  tar'mik,  n.  [Gr.  ptairO,  to  sneeze.] 
A  sternutatory,  or  medicine  which  excites 
sneezing. 

Ptarmigan,  tar'mi-gan,  n.  [Gael,  ta-nna- 
chan,  Ir.  iarmochun,  ptarmigan.]  A  bird 
of  the  grouse  family,  of  a  white  colour  in 
winter,  frequenting  the  summits  of  Euro- 
pean mountains. 

Pterichthys,  te-rik'this,  n.    [Gr.  pteron;a. 

'  wiug,  and  ichthys,  a  fish.]  A  fossil  fish  of 
the  old  red  sandstone,  protected  anteriorly 
by  large  bony  plates  and  having  wing-like 
pectoral  fins. . 

Pteridologist,  ter-i-dol'o-jist,  n.  [Gr.pteris, 
pteridos,  a  fern,  logos,  discourse.]  One 
versed  in  the  botany  of  the  ferns.— Pteri- 
dology,  ter-i-dol'o-ji,  n.  The  science  of 
fems. 

Pterodactyl,  Pterodactyle,  ter-o-dak'til,  n. 
[Gr.  pteron,  a  wing,  and  daktylos,  a.  digit.] 

.  An  extinct  species  of  tlying  reptile  belong- 


ing to  the  mesozoic  period,  and  exhibiting 
affinities  to  mammals,  reptiles,  and  birds. 
— Pterodactylous,  ter-6-dak'ti-lus,  a.  Per- 
taining to  orresembling  the  pterodactyls. 

Pteiropod,  ter'o-pod,n.  [Gr.  piero7i,  a  wing, 
and  pous,  podos,  a  foot.]  One  of  a  class  of 
molluscs  which  have  a  swimming  expan- 
sion on  each  side  of  the  head.— Pteropo- 
dous,  te-rop'o-dus,  a.  Belonging  to  the 
pteropods;  wing-footed. 

Pterosaur,  ter'o-sar,  n.  [Gr.pteron,  a  wing, 
soMroSt  a  lizard.]  An  extinct  flying  rep- 
tile, such  as  the  pterodactyl. 

Pterygoid,  ter'i-goid,  a.  [Gr.  pteryx,  ptery- 
ffos,  awing.]  Wing-shaped;  ana^.  applied 
to  processes  of  the  sphenoid  bone  which 
complete  the  osseous  palate  behind. 

Pterylography,  tei-i-log;'ia.-&,n.  [Gr.  pteron, 
a  feather,  hyle,  a  wood,  and  graphe,  a 
writing.]  A  description  of  the  feathers  of 
birds,  more  especially  as  regards  the  man- 
ner in  which  they  are  arranged  in  special 
tractson  their  bodies.  —  Pterylographic, 
ter-il'o-graf'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  ptery- 
lography. 

Ptisan,  ti'san,  n.  [L.  ptisana,  from  Gr. 
ptisani,  peeled  barley,  barley-water,  from 
ptissO,  to  peel.]  A  decoction  of  barley  with 
other  ingredients ;  tned.  a  drink  contain- 
ing little  or  no  medicinal  agent. 

Ptolejnaic,  tol-6-ma'ik,  a.  [Vxotn  Ptolemy, 
thegeographer  and  astronomer.]  Pertain- 
ing to  Ptolemy.— PtoZemaic  system,  that 
maintained  by  Ptolemy,  who  supposed 
the  earth  to  be  fixed  in  the  centre  of  the 
universe,  and  that  the  sun  and  stars  re- 
volved around  it.- Ptolemaist,tol-e-ma'ist, 
71.    A  believer  in  the  Ptolemaic  system. 

Ptomaine,  to'man,  n.  [Gr.  ptoma,  a  fall,  a 
corpse,  from  pipio,  to  fall.]  One  of  a  class 
of  alkaloids  or  organic  bases  which  are 
generated  in  the  body  during  putrefac- 
tion, and  during  morbid  conditions  prior 
to  death,  some  of  them  highly  poisonous. 

Ptyalism,  ti'al-izm,  n.  [Gr.  ptyalismos, 
from  ptyalizO,  to  spit.]  Salivation;  a  mor- 
bid and  copious  excretion  of  saliva.— 
Ptyalogogue,  Ptysmagogue,  ti-al'o-gog, 
tiz'ma-gog,  n.  [Gr.  ptyalon,  ptysma,  saliva, 
and  agogps,  leading,  from  ago,  to  induce.] 
A,  medicine  which  causes  salivation  or  a 
flow  of  saliva. 

Ptychode,  ti'kSd,  n.  [Gr.  piyche,  a  fold.] 
Physiol,  a  coating  of  protoplasm  lining 
the  inside  of  the  membrane  of  a  cell. 

Ptysmagogue.    Under  Ptyalogogue. 

Puberty,  pu'ber-ti,  n.  [L.  pyMrtas,  from 
puber  or  pubes,  puberis,  of  ripe  age,  adult, 
same  root  as  puer,  a  boy,  pullus,  a  chick- 
en.] The  period  in  both  male  and  female 
marked  by  the  functional  development  of 
the  generative  system;  the  age  at  which 
persons  are  capable  of  begetting  or  bearing 
children.— Puberal,  pO'ber-al,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  puberty.  —  Puberulent,  pu-ber'u- 
lent,  a.  Bot.  covered  with  fine  down.— 
Pubes,  pu'bez,  lu  [L.,  the  hair  which  ap- 
pears on  the  body  at  puberty.]  Anat.  the 
middle  part  of  the  hypogastric  region,  so 
called  because  covered  with  hair  at  pu- 
berty; hot.  the  down  or  downy  substance 
on  plants;  pubescence.  —  Pubescence,  Pu- 
bescency,  pu-bes'ens,  pu-bes'en-si,  n.  The 
state  of  one  who  has  arrived  at  puberty; 
puberty;  bot.  the  downy  substance  on 
plants.— Pubescent,  pu-bes'ent,  a.  Arriv- 
ing at  puberty;  hot.  covered  with  pubes- 
cence; zool.  covered  with  very  fine  short 
hairs.  —  Pubic,  pu'bik,  o.  Pertaining  to 
the  pubes. 

Public,  pub'lik,  a.  [Fr.  piiblic  (masc),  puh- 
lique  (fem.),  from  L.  puhlicus,  for  popu- 
ZtCMS,  from  popwZMS,  people.  People.]  Not 
private;  pertaining  to  the  whole  people; 
relating  tQ,  regarding,  or  affecting  a  state, 
nation,  or  community  (the  public  service); 
proceeding  from  many  or  the  many;  be- 
longing to  people  in  general  (a  public  sub- 
scription); open  to  the  knowledge  of  all; 
general;  common;  notorious  (public  re- 
port); regarding  not  private  interest,- but 
the  good  of  the  community  ( public  spirit); 

■  open  to  common  use  (?ipvhlic  road,  a  pwblic- 
liouse). — Public  prosectitor,  one  who  ori- 
ginates and  conducts  prosecutions  in  the 
interests  of  the  public— ?i.  The  general 
body  of  mankind  or  of  a  nation,  state,  or 
community;  thepeor'le,indcfmitelj':  with. 


the;  the  people  who  read  an  author's  works ; 
apublic-hou8e(colloq.).— /M.j)ubJic,inopen 
view;  before  the  people  at  large;  not  in  pri- 
vate or  secrecy.— Publican,  pub'li-kan,  n! 
[L.  publicaniis.]  Among  the  ancient  Ko- 
mans,  a  farmer  of  the  public  revenues; 
any  collector  of  public  dues  or  revenues 
iShak.);  the  keeper  of  a  public -house  or 
other  like  place  of  entertainment.— Pub- 
lication, pub-li-kS-'shon,?!.  [h.  publication 
from  publico,  to  make  public.]  The  act  of 
publishing  or  offering  to  public  notice; 
notification  to  people  at  large;  promulga- 
tion; the  act  of  offering  a  book,  map,  print, 
or  the  like,  to  the  public  by  sale  or  gra- 
tuitous distribution ;  a  work  printed  and 
published.— Public-house,  n.  A  shop  fi.r 
the  retail  of  liquors,  as  beer,  spirits,  wines, 
c&c  — Publicist,  pub'li-sist.n.  A  writer 
on  the  laws  of  nature  and  nations;  a 
writer  on  the  current  political  topics  of 
the  time.— Publicity,  pub-lis'i-ti,  n.  [Fr. 
publicite.]  The  state  of  being  public  or 
open  to  the  knowledge  of  a  community; 
notoriety.— Publicly,  pub'lik-li,  adv.  In 
a  public  manner;  openly;  without  conceal- 
ment.—Public-minded,a.  Disposed  to  pro- 
mote the  public  interest.  —  Publicness, 
iJub'Lik-nes,7i.  The  state  of  being  public— 
Public-spirited,  a.  Having  or  exercising 
a  disposition  to  advance  the  interest  of  the 
community;  dictated  by  a  regard  to  pub- 
lic good.— PubUc-spiritedness,7i.  The  qua- 
lity or  character  of  being  pulilic-spirited. 
—Publish,  pub'lish,  t).<.  [Pr.  pttbtte?-.]  To 
make  public;  to  makeknownto  people  in 
general;  to  promulgate;  to  cause  to  be 
printed  and  offered  forsale;  to  issue  from 
tne  jjiess  to  the  public;  tomakeloiown  by 
posting,  or  by,  reading  in  a  church  (to  pub- 
lish  banns  of 'matrimony).  — Publishable, 
pub'lish-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  pub- 
lished; fit  for  publication.  —  Publisher, 
pub'lish-er,  n.  One  who  publishes;  espe- 
cially, one  who,  as  the  first  source  of  sup-, 
ply,  issues  books  and  other  literary  works,^ 
maps,  engravings,  &c.,  for  sale.  ' 

Puce,  pus,  a.  [Fr.  puce,  from  L.  pulex,  pw-; 
ilids,  aflea.]  Dark-brown;  reddish-brown; 
of  a  fl,ea-colour,  —  Puceron,  pu'se-ron,  n: 
[Fr.,  from  puce;  a  flea.]  The  aphis,  vine- 
fretter,  or  plant-louse. 

Pucka,  puk'a,  a.  [Hind,  pakka,  ripe.] 
Solid;  substantial;  permanent:  an  Anglo- 
Indian  term.   Cutcha.  j 

Pucker,  puk'er,  v.t.  [From  poke,  a  bag  or 
pocket;  comp.  to  purse  the  lips.]  To 
gather  into  small  folds  or  wrinkles;  to 
contract  into  ridges  and  furrows ;  to 
wrinkle. — v.i.  To  become  wrinkled;  to 
gather  into  folds.— n.  A  fold  or  -ivrinkle, 
or  a  collection  of  folds.— To  be  in  a  pucker, 
to  be  in  a  state  of  flutter  or  agitation 
(colloq.). — Puckery,  puk'er-i,  a.  Full  of 
puckers  of  wrinkles. 

Puckish,  puk'ish,  a.  [The  name  Puck  is 
from  W.  pwca,  Ir.  puca,  a  goblin.]  Re- 
sembling the  fairy  PmcA:;  elvish;  freakish. 

Pudding,  piid'ing,  n.  [From  the  Celtic; 
same  as  "Wlpoten,  Ir.  putag,  Gael,  puiog, 
a  pudding;  of  same  root  as  pod.]  An  in- 
testine; a  gut  of  an  animal;  an  intestine 
stuffed  with  meat,  &c.;  a  sausage;  a  com- 
pound of  flour  or  other  farinaceous  sub- 
stance, with  milk  and  eggs,  sometimes 
enriched  with  raisins.  —  Pudding-bag,  n. 
A  bag  in  which  a  pudding  is  boiled.— 
Pudding-faced,  a.  Having  a  round  mean- 
ingless face.  —  Pudding-headed,  a.  Dul I ; 
stupid.- Pudding-pie,  n.  A  pudding  with 
meat  baked  in  it. —  Pudding-stone,  n.  A 
term  now  considered  synonymous  with 
conglomerate,  but  originally  applied  to  a 
mass  of  flint  pebbles  cemented  by  a  sili- 
ceous paste.- Puddingy,  pnd'ing-i,  a.  Re- 
sembling or  suggestive  of  ii  pudding. 

Puddle,  pud'l.n.  [Akin  to  L.G.  pudel,  pool; 
D.poedeto,  to  puddle;  comp.  Ir.  and  Gael. 
plod,  a  pool.]  A  small  collection  of  dirty 
water;  a  small  muddy  pool;  clay  or  earth 
tempered  with  water  and  thoroughly 
wrought  so  as  to  be  impervious  to  water; 
XtvAAMn^.  —  v.t.—puddled,  puddling.  To 
make  turbid  or  muddy;  to  stir  up  the 
mud  or  sediment  in;  Jig.  to  befoul;  to  ren- 
der water-tight  by  means  of  puddle ;  to 
convert  into  wronght-iron  by  the  process 
of  puddling.— u.i.  To  make  atlirty  stir. — 


<;h,c/iaiu;     c,'(,  S-..  luc/c;     i£,go;  ^j.joh;^  u,  Fr.  to?t;     u^,sing.;..     Cd,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;  .  .wh,  wWg;  _zh,a3ure,'^ 


PUDENCY 


544 


PULSATE 


Puddle-ball,  n.  The  lump  of  red-hot  iron 
taken  from  the  puddling-furaace  to  be 
hammered  or  rolled. — Fnddler,  pudler,  n. 
One  who  puddle^;  one  who  is  employed 
at  the  process  of  turning  cast-iron  into 
wrought-iron.— Puddling,  pud'Lihg,  n.  The 
operation  of  working  plaetic  clay  behind 
piling  in  a  coffer-dam,  or  in  other  situa- 
tions, to  resist  the  penetration  of  water; 
the  clay  thus  used;  the  process  by  which 
cast-iron  is  converted  into  malleable  iron, 
consisting  in  working  it  in  a  special  fur- 
nace, hammering  and  rolling. — I^uddling 
/umaee,  a  kind  of  reverberatory  furnace 
for  puddling  iron.  —  Puddly,  pud'li,  a. 
JIuddy;  dirty. 

Pudency ,t  pu'den-si,  n.  [L.  pttdens,  pitden- 
iii;  ppr.  01  pudeo,  to  be  ashamed  (seen  also 
in  impiidenDi.  Modesty;  shamefacedness. 
— i-udenda,  pu-den'da, n.  pi.  [h.,  lit.  things 
to  be  ashamed  of.]  The  parts  of  generation. 
—Pudendal,  pu-den'dal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  pudenda.— Pudendous.t pfl-dendus, o. 
IL.  pudendus,  sha.Taefal.1  Shameful;  dis- 
graceful.—Pudic,  Pudical,  pu'dik,  pu-di'- 
kal,  a.  [L.  pitdicus  (i  long),  modest.J  Per- 
taining to  the  pudenda.— Pudicity,  pu-dis'- 
i-ti,  n.  [h.  pudicitia.]  Modesty;  chastity. 

Pudgy,  Pudsy,  puj'i,  pud'si,  a.  I  Also  podgy, 
probably  akin  to  poU,  pad.}  fat  and  short; 
thick;  fleshy.    [CoUoq.] 

Puerile,  pQ'6r-il,  a.  [L.  pnerilig,  from  puer, 
a  boy;  same  root  as  pupua,  a  boy,  pullus,  a 
chicken.  Pupil,  Pcllet.]  Boyish;  child- 
ish; trifling.  —  Puerilely,  pu'6r-il-li,  adv. 
In  a  puerile  manner.— PuerUeness,  pu'er- 
il-nes,  n.  Puerility.— Puerility,  pu-er-il'i- 
ti,  n.  IL.  puerilUas.]  The  state  of  being 
puerOe;  boyishness;  that  which  is  puerile; 
a  childish  or  siUy  act,  thought,  or  expres- 
sion; civil  law,  the  period  of  life  from  the 
age  of  seven  years  to  that  of  fourteen. 

PuerperaJ,  Puerperous,  pu-<>r'p6r-al,  pu-*r'- 
per-us,a.  IL.  pverpera,  a  lying-in-womain 
—puer,  a  boy,  and  pario,  to  Bear.]  Per- 
taining to  childbirth. 

Puff,  puf,  n.  [From  the  sound;  comp.  G. 
puff,  a  puff,  a  thump ;  Dan.  vuff,  W.  pwf, 
a  puff.]  A  sudden  and  single  emission  of 
breath  from  the  mouth;  a  sudden  and 
short  blast  of  wind ;  a  fungous  ball  filled 
with  dust;  a  puff-ball;  a  substance  of  loose 
texture,  used  to  sprinkle  powder  on  the 
hair  or  skin;  an  exaggerated  or  empty 
statement  of  commendation,  as  of  a  book, 
of  a  shopkeeper's  goods,  &.{:.— v.\  To  blow 
with  single  and  quick  blasts;  to  blow,  as 
an  expression  of  scorn  or  contempt;  to 
breathe  with  vehemence,  as  after  violent 
exertion;  to  be  dilated  or  inflated;  to  as- 
sume importance. — v.t  To  drive  with  a 
Mast  of  wind  or  air;  to  inflate  or  dilate 
with  air;  to  swell  or  inflate,  as  with  pride 
or  vanity;  often  with  up;  to  praise  with 
exaggeration.  —  Pull-adaer,  n.  A  South 
African  snake,  one  of  the  most  deadly  in 
the  world:  so  called  from  inflating  the 
upper  part  of  its  body. — Puff-ball,  n.  A 
fungas  in  the  form  of  a  ball  which  bursts 
when  ripe,  and  discharges  its  spofes  in  the 
form  of  fine  powder. —  Pufl-bird,  n."  A 
barbet:  so  called  from  puffing  out  the 
feathers.- Puffer,puf'er,n.  One  that  puffs. 
—Puffery,  jMf'er-i,  n.  Act  of  puffing ;  ex- 
travagant praise.— Puffin,  puf 'in,  n.  [In 
allusion  to  its  puffed-out  beak.]  The  com- 
mon name  for  a  genvis  of  marine  Uiving 
bints  of  the  auk.  family,  characterized  by 
a  bill  resembling  that  of  a  parrot.— Pufll- 
ness,  puf'i-nes,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  puffy.— Puffing,  puf'ing,  o.  Given 
to  puff  or  praise  in  exaggerated  terms.— 
Ptiffingly,  puf'ing-U,  adw.  —  Puff-paste,  n. 
A  rich  dough  for  making  the  light  friable 
covers  of  tart8,&c.— Puffy,puf'i,a.  Swelled 
with  air  or  any  soft  matter;  tiunid;  turgid; 
bombastic  (a  p'uffu  style). 

Pug,  pug,  n.  [A  form  or  Puck,  the  fairy 
or  hobgoblin  (see  Puckish);  applied  to 
a  dog  or  monkey  it  means  literally  a 
goblin-like  creature.]  A  monkey;  a  dwarf 
variety  of  dog;  a  pug-dog.— Pug-dog,  n.  A 
small  dog  which  bears  a  miniature  resem- 
blance to  the  bull-dog.  —  Pug-faced,  a. 
Having  a  monkey -like  face.— Pug-nose,  n. 
A  snub-nose.— Pug-noBed,  n.   Snub-nosed. 

Pugaree,  pug'ar-e,  ruggerle,  Puggery,  pug'- 
er-i,  Pugree,  pug'rfi,  n.    [Hind,  pasrri,  a 


turban.]  A  piece  of  muslin  cloth  wound 
round  a  hat  or  helmet  to  ward  off  the  rays 
of  the  sun.    [Anglo-Indian.] 

Pugh,  po,  exclam.  A  word  used  in  con- 
tempt or  disdain. 

Pugilism,  pu'jil-izm.n.  IT Tom  li.  pugil,  a. 
pugilist;  same  stem  a.Bpugmis,a.  fist,  pugna, 
a  fight.  Pugnacious.]  The  practice  of 
boxing  or  fighting  with  the  fists. — Pugilist, 
pQ'jil-ist,  n.  A  boxer.— Pugilistic,  pu-jil- 
is'tik,  a.    Pertaining  to  boxing. 

Pug-mill,  pug,  n.  [Akin  to  Dan.  pvJcke,  to 
stamp  or  beat  ore.]  A  machine  for  mixing 
and  tempering  clay  for  bricks  or  pottery. — 
Pugging,  pug'ing,  n.  The  process  of  mix- 
ing and  working  clay  for  bricks,  lic;  a 
composition  to  prevent  the  transmission 
of  sound  through  a  floor  or  partition. 

Pugnacious,  pug-na'shus,  a.  [L.  pagnax, 
pugnads,  from  pugna,  a  fight,  from  stem 
of  pugnus,  a  fist;  akin  imirugn,  oppugn, 
repvgrumt,  <kc.]  Disposed  or  inclined  to 
fighting;  quarrelsome.  —  Pugnaciously, 
pug-na'shus-li,  adv.  In  a  pugnacious  man- 
ner. —  Pugnaciousness,  Pugnacity,  pug- 
na'shus-nes,  pug-nas'i-ti,n.  Inclination  to 
fight;  quarrelsomeness. 

Puisne,  pa'ne,  a.  [O.Fr.  jmisni,  from  pxds, 
li.  post,  after,  and  1x4,  L.  nains,  bom. 
(Natal.)  Puny  is  the  same  word.]  Law, 
younger  or  intepor  in  rank:  applied  to 
certain  English  judges. 

Puissant,  pu'is-ant  or  ptl-is'ant,  a.  [Pr. 
puissant,  powerful :  formed  as  if  from  a 
participle  poasenz,  poaaentis,  fromL.  poase, 
to  be  able.  Potekt,]  Powerful;  strong; 
mighty;  forcible.- Pulasantly,  pO'is-ant-li, 
adv.'  In  a  puissant  manner;  powerfully. 
— Puissjince,  pa'is-ans.w.  Power;  strength; 
might. 

Puke,  pQk,  v.i.— puked,  puTcing.  [Akin  G. 
apucken,  to  spit,  E.  spew.}  To  vomit;  to 
retch ;  to  be  disgusted.— v.t.  To  vomit  or 
eject  from  the  stomach. 

Pulchritude,  pul'kri-tud,  -n.  VL.  pulchri- 
tudo,  from  puXcher,  beautiful.]  Beauty; 
grace;  com'eliness. 

Pule,  pal,  v.i.— puled,  puling.  [Fr.  piauler, 
to  make  the  cry  represented  by  the  syl- 
lable piau,  to  pule;  an  imitative  word; 
comp.  Fr.  miatder,  to  mewl,  to  mew.]  To 
cry  like  a  chicken;  to  cry  as  a  complaining 
child;  to  whimper.— Pnler,  pQ'ler,  n.  One 
that  pules.  —  Puling,  pu'ling,  p.  and  a. 
Crying  like  a  chicken;  whining;  infantine; 
childish. — n.  A  cry  as  of  a  chicken;  a 
whining.— Pulingly,  pu'ling-li,  adv.  In  a 
puling  or  whining  manner. 

Pulkha,  pul'ka,  n.  A  Laplander's  travelling 
sledge. 

Pull,  pul,  v.t.  [A.Sax.  puTlian,  to  pull;  L.G. 
puleniio  pick  ,to  pluck,to  pull;  connections 
doubtful.]  To  draw ;  to  draw  toward  one 
or  make  an  effort  to  draw;  to  tug;  to  haul: 
opposed  to  push;  to  pluck;  to  gather  bv 
the  hand  (to  pull  fruit);  to  tear,  rend, 
draw  apart:  in  this  sense  followed  by  some 
qualifying  word  or  phrase  (to  ^ull  inpiecea, 
to  pull  asunder  or  apart);  to  impress  by  a 
printing-press;  to  move  by  drawing  or 
pulling  (to  pull  a  bell,  to  ptUl  a  boat). — To 
pull  down,  to  take  down  by  pulling;  to 
demolish  (to  pull  down  a  house);  to  subvert. 
— To  pull  off,  to  separate  by  pulling;  to 
pluck;  also,  to  take  oft"  without  force  (to 
pull  off  a.  coat  or  hat).— To  pull  on,  to  draw 
on  (to  pull  on  boots).  —  To  pull  out,  to 
draw  out;  to  extract. — To  pull  up,  to  pluck 
up;  to  tear  up  by  the  roots;  to  apprehend 
or  cause  to  be  apprehended  and  taken 
before  a  court  of  justice  (colloq.);  to  stop 
by  means  of  the  reins  (to  pull  up  a  horse); 
hence,  to  stop  in  any  course  of  conduct. 
—  To  pull  the  long  bow,  to  exaggerate; 
to  lie  Doastingly. — To  pull  one  through,  to 
help  through  a  difiiculty.— v.i.  To  give  a 
pull;  to  tug;  to  exert  strength  in  drawing. 
— To  pull  through,  to  get  through^any  un- 
dertaking with  difficulty.- 7'o  pull  up,  to 
draw  the  reins;  to  stop  in  riding  or  driving; 
to  halt.— n.  The  act  of  pulling ;  an  effort 
to  move  by  drawing  toward  one;  a  pluck; 
a  shake;  a  twitch;  the  act  of  rowing  a 
boat.— Pullback,  pul'bak,  n.  That  which 
keeps  back  or  testrains;  a  drawback.— 
Puller,  pul'fer,  n.    One  who  pulls. 

Pullet,  piil'et,  n.  [Fr.  poulette,  dim.  of 
poule,  a  hen,  L.L.  pulla,  from  L.  ptdlua,  a 


young  animal.  Of  same  origin  are  poult, 
■poultry.]    A  ^'ouug  hen  or  chicTcen. 

Pulley,  puli,  n.  pi.  Pulleys,  pijliz.  [O.E. 
poleyne,  a  pullej-,  from  Fr.  poutain,  a  foal 
or  colt,  a  slide  for  letting  down  casks  into 
a  cellar,  a  puUey  rope,  from  L.L.  puXlanus, 
from  h.  pullus,  the  young  of  an  animal. 
(Pullet.)  The  names  of  the  horse,  ass, 
goat,  and  other  animals  are  given  in  dif- 
ferent languages  to  various  mechanical 
contrivances.]  One  of  the  simple  machines 
or  mechanical  powers,  used  for  raising 
weights,  and  consisting  of  a  small  wheel 
movable  about  an  axle,  and  having  a 
groove  cut  in  its  circumference  over  which 
a  cord  passes:  used  either  singly  or  several 
in  conibination ;  a  wheel  placed  upon  a 
shaft  and  transmitting  power  to  or  from 
the  different  parts  of  machinery,  or  chang- 
ing the  direction  of  motion  by  means  of  a 
belt  or  baud  which  runs  over  it. 

Pulinobranclilate,Pulmonibranchiate,pul'- 
mo-brang"ki-5t,  purmon-i-brang"ki-at,  n. 
and  a.  [L.  pulmo,  a  lung,  and  Gr.  branchia, 
a  gill.]  One  of  or  pertaining  to  an  order 
of  gasteropod  molluscs  in  which  .the  res- 
piratory organ  is  adapted  for  aerial  res- 
piration, including  the  land-snails,  &c. 

Pulmonary,  Pulmonic,  pul'mon-a-ri,  pul- 
mon'ik,  a.  [L.  pubnonarius,  from  pulmo, 
pulmonis,  a  lung;  akin  to  Gr.. pleumOn, 
p7i€M/ji(3>i,  a  lung.  ]  Pertaining  to  the 
lungs;  affecting  the  lungs.— Pulmonary, 
n.  Lungwort.— Pulmonate,  pul'mon-at,  a. 
Possessing  lungs;  having  organs  that  act 
as  lungs.- Pulmonic,  n.  A  medicine  for 
the  lungs ;  a  person  affected  with  disease 
of  the  lungs.- Pulmoniferous,  pul-mo-nif - 
er-us,  a.    Possessing  lungs. 

Pulp,  pulp,  n.  [Fr.  pulpe,  from  L.  pulpa, 
fleshy  substance,  pulp.]  Soft  undissolved 
animal  or  vegetable  matter;  the  soft,  suc- 
culent part  of  fruit;  material  for  making 
paper  reduced  to  a  soft  uniform  mass;  the 
soft  vascularsubstance  in  the  interiorof  a 
tooth. — v.t.  To  make  into  pulp;  to  deprive 
of  the  pulp.— Pulpiness,  pul'pi-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  pulpy. — Fulpous,  pul'pus,a. 
Pulpy.  —  Pulpouanesa^  pul '  pus-nes,  n. — 
F'llpyt  pul'pi,  a.    Like  pulp;  soft;  fleshy. 

Pulpit,  pul'pit,  n.  [L.  pulpitum,  a  scaffold, 
stage,  desk.]  An  elevated  place  or  inclosed 
stage  in  a  church,  in  which  the  preacher 
stands ;  frequently  used  adjectively,  and 
signifying  belonging,  pertaining,  or  suit- 
able to  the  pulpit  {pulpit  eloquence,  pulpit 
OTAtory).— The ptdpit,  preachers  generally; 
the  pulpit  teaching  in  churches  (the  in- 
fluence of  the  pulpit).  —  Pulpiteer,  pul-pi- 
ter",  n.  A  preacher,  in  contempt.— Pulpit- 
ish,  pul'pit-ish,  a.  Smacking  of  the  pul- 
pit; like  a  pulpit  performance. 

Pulque,  pul'ka,  n.  [Sp.]  A  vinous  beverage 
obtained  by  fermenting  the  juice  of  vari- 
ous species  of  the  agave  or  American  aloe. 

Pulsate,  pul'sat,  v.i. — pulsated,  pulsating. 
[L.  pulao,  pulaatum,  to  beat,  from  pelto, 
piUsum,  to  drive  (seen  also  in  expel,  com- 
pel, impel,  impulse,  repel,  &c.).]  To  beat  or 
throb.— Pulsatile,  pul'sa-til,  a.  [L.  pulaa- 
tilis.]  Played  on  by  beating;  intended  to 
be  played  on  by  beating;  mcd.  beating 
like  the  pulse;  throbbiug.—Pulsation,  pul- 
sa'shon,  n.  The  beating  or  throbbing  of 
the  heart  or  of  an  arterj';  -a  beat  of  the 
pulse;  a  throb;  a  beat  or  stroke  by  which 
some  medium  is  affected,  as  in  the  propa- 
gation of  sound. — Pulsatlve,  pul'sa-tiv,  a. 
Beating;  throbbing.- Pulsator,  pul'sa-ter, 
n.  A  beater;  a  striker.— Pulsatory,  pul'- 
sa-to-ri,  o.  Capable  of  pulsating  or  beat- 
ing; throbbing,  as  the  heart  and  arteries. 
—Pulse,  puis,  n.  [Fr.  ponla,  L.  pulsus,  a 
beating,  from  pello,pulsum. ,  The  beating 
or  throbbing  of  the  heart  or  blood-vessels, 
especially  of  the  arteries ;  the  pulsation 
of  the  radial  artery  at  the  wrist;  pul- 
sation; vibration.- To/eeJ  oiie's  pulse  (fig.), 
to  sound  one's  opinion ;  to  try  or  to  know 
one's  mind. — v.i. — pidsed,  pulsing.  To  beat, 
as  the  arteries  or  heart.- Pulseless,  puls'- 
les,  a.  Having  no  pulsation.— Pulseless- 
neBs,  puls'les-nes,  n.— Pnlsific,t  pul-sifik, 
a.  [L.  pulsus,  and  facio.  to  make.]  Ex- 
citing the  pulse;  causing  pulsation. — 
Pulgimeter,  pul-sim'et-6r,  n.  [L.  pulaua, 
and  Gr.  m.etron,  a  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  strength  or  quick- 


fftte,  filr,  fat,  fftll;  _me,  met,  h«r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mdve;     tQbe,  tub,  b\Ulj     oil, pound;     a,  8c.  ab«ne— the  Fr.  % 


PULSE 


645 


HJPIIi 


ness  of  the  pulse.— Pulsometer,  pul-som'- 
et-6r,  m.  A  sort  of  pump  which  acts  by 
the  coTideBJation  of  steam  sent  into  a  re- 
servoir,  the  water  rushing  up  into  the 
vacuum  formed  by  the  condensation. 
Pulse,  puis,  n.  ■[From  L.  puis,  pottage  made 
of  meal,  pulse,  &c.J  Leguminous  plants 
or  their  seeds;  the  plants  whose  pericarp 
is  a  legume,  as  beans,  j)eas,  &c. 
Pulu,  pa'ln,  n.  The  silky  fibres  of  tree- 
fern  from'the  Sand-ivich  Islands,  used  for 
stuffing  mattresses,  as  a  styptic,  &c. 
Pulverize,  pul'v6r-iz,  v.t— pulverized,  pul- 
verizing. [ Fr.  pulveriser,  from  L.  pulvis, 
pulveris,  powder  (whence  poivder).]  To 
reduce  to  fine  powder,  as  by  beating, 
grinding,  &c. — v.i.  To  become  reduced  to 
fine  powder;  to  fall  to  dust.  —  Pnlveriz- 
able,  pul-vfer-i'sa-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
pulverized.  —  Pulverizer,  pul'vCr-i-zf r,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  pulverizes.— Pul- 
verizr.tion,  pvil'v^r-i-ziV'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  pulverizing.— Pulveraceous,  pul-v6r-a'- 
fihus,  a.  Bot.  having  a  powderv  surface. 
— Pulverate,t  pul'vfcr-at,  v.t.  To  pulver- 
ize.—Pulverous,  pufver-us,  a.  Consisting 
of  dust  or  powder.  —  Pulvemlence,  pul- 
Ttv'Q-lens,  n.  Dustiness;  abundance  of 
dust  or  powder.  —  Pulverulent,  pul-ver'a- 
lent,  a.  Dusty;  consisting  of  fine  ponder; 
powdery. 

Pulvllll,  pul-vill,  n.  yl.  [li.,  little  cushions, 
from  pulvinus,  a  cushion.]  A  name  for 
cushion-like  masses  on  the  feet  of  certain 
insects.  —  Pnlvinate,  Pulvinlfonn,  pul'vl- 
nat,  pul-vin'i-form,  a.  Bot.  cushion- 
ahaped.  —  Pulvinated,  pul'vi-nB-ted,  a. 
Arch,  a  term  used  to  express  a  swelling 
in  any  portion  of  an  order. 
Siima,  pfl'ma,  n.  [Peruv.]  The  cougax  or 
American  lion.  Cougar. 
iTimice,  pa'mis,  ii.  [L.  pumex,  pumicis, 
original]^  8pumex,from  spuvia,  foam,  from 
fpuo,  to  spit.  Pounce  (powder)  is  the  same 
word.]  A  sort  of  porous  stony  substance 
frequently  ejected  from  volcanoes.  Lighter 
than  water,  used  for  polishing  ivory, 
wood,  marble,  metals,  glass,  &c.— Pumice- 
oua,  pa-mish'us,  «.  Pertaining  to  pumice; 
consisting  of  or  resembling  it. — ^Pumice- 
istone,  n.  Pumice.— Pumiciiorm,  pn-mis'- 
i-form,  a.  Eesembling  or  having  the  cha- 
racter of  pumice. 
Pummace,  pum'as,  n.  Pouace. 
Pummel,  pum'el.  Pommel. 
Pump,  pump,  n.  [Ft.  pompe,  a  pump,  from 
D.  and  L.G.  pomp,  G.  pumpe,  a  pump; 
origin  unknown.]  An  instrument  or  ma- 
chine, consisting  of  a  peculiar  arrange- 
ment of  a  piston,  cylinder,  and  valves, 
employed  for  raising  water  or  other  liquid 
to  a  higher  level,  or  for  exhausting  or 
compressing  air  or  other  gases.  Air- 
pump.  —  v.i.  To  work  a  pump ;  to  raise 
water  with  a  pump.— v.t.  To  raise  with  a 
pump;  to  free  from  water  or  other  fluid 
by  a  pump  (to  pump  a  ship);  to  put  artful 
questions  to  for  the  purpose  of  extracting 
information  (coUoq.).  —  Pump-barrel,  to. 
The  cylinder  which  forms  tho  body  of  a 
pump.— Pump-box,  n.  The  piston  of  the 
common  pump.  —  Pump-chain,  n.  The 
chain  of  the  chain-pump.— Pumper,pump'- 
6r,  n.  One  who  pumps.— Pump-handle, 
n.  The  handle  for  moving  the  piston  up 
and  down.— Pumplng-eagine,  n.  A  pump 
worked  by  steam,  water,  or  wind.— Pump- 
room,  n.  A  room  connected  with  a  mineral 
spring;  in  which  the  waters  are  drunk. — 
Pump-stock,  n.  The  solid  body  of  a  pump. 
— Pump-well,  n.  A  compartment  round  a 
ship's  pumps. 

Pump,  pump,  n.  [Probably  from  being 
worn  for  pomp  or  ornament  by  persons  in 
full  dres8.]  A  low  shoe  or  slipper  without 
a  heel,  chiefly  used  in  dancing. 
Pumpernickel,  pum'p6r-nik-el,  n.  [G.] 
A  species  of  coarse  bread  mado  irom  un- 
bolted rye,  used  in  Germany. 
Fumpion,  pum'pi-on,  n.  [Pompion.]  A 
pumpkin. 

PumpMn,  pump'kin,  n.  [Prom  Fr.  pompon, 
from  L.  pepo,  peponis,  a  pumpkin,  from 
Gr.  pepin,  a  melon,  Ut.  one  thoroughly 
ripened,  from  root  of  pepto  (akin  to  L. 
coquo),  to  cook.  Cook.]  A  climbing  plant 
and  its  fruit  (which  is  large,  and  is  eaten 
when  cooked),  originally  from  India.   . 


Pua,  pun,  n.  [Prom  A.  Bax.  punian,  to 
pound,  to  beat,  the  meaning  of  to  pun 
being  lit.  to  pound  words,  to  beat  them 
into  new  senses.  Pound,  v.t.)  A  play  on 
if  ords  that  agree  or  resemble  in  sound  but 
differ  in  meaning;  an  expression  in  which 
two  different  applications  of  a  word  pre- 
sent an  odd  or  ludicrous  idea.  —  v.i. — 
punned,  punning.  To  play  on  words  so  as 
to  make  puns.- Punning,  pun'ing,  j):  and 
a.  Given  to  making  puns.  —  Puimingly, 
pun'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  punning  manner.— 
Punster,  pun'stfer,  n.  One  skilled  in  or 
given  to  punning. 

Punch,  punsh,  n.  [Shortened  from  old 
punchon,  a  dagj^er,  from  O.Fr.  poinson,  a 
Dodliin,  from  L.  punctio,  a  punctunng, 
from  pungo,  punctum,  to  prick  (whence 
point,  puncture,  pungent,  etc.).]  A  tool  em- 
ployed for  making  apertures,  as  in  plates 
of  metal,  in  impressing  dies,  &c.,  usually 
made  of  steel,  and  operated  by  hammer- 
ing; a  blow,  as  with  the  fist,  elbow,  or 
knee.— v.t.  To  perforate  with  a  punch;  to 
give  a  blow  or  stunning  knock  to.— Puach- 
er,  punsh'fer,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
punches. 

Punch,  punsh,  n.  [Connected  with  paunch 
or  with  bunch.]  A  short-legged,  barrel- 
bodied  horse,  an  English  draught-breed 
(a  Suffolk  punch) ;  a  short  fat  fellow.— 
Punchy,  punsh'i,  a.    Short  and  fat. 

Punch,  punsh,  n.  [Contr.  from  Punchinello 
(which  see).]  The  chief  character  in  a 
popular  comic  exhibition  of  puppets,  who 
beats  to  death  Judy  his  wife,  belabours 
a  police-officer,  &c. 

Punch,  punsh,  n.  [From  Hind,  panch,  Skr. 
panchan,  five.]  A  beverage  introduced 
from  India,  and  so  called  from  its  being 
composed  oi  the  five  ingredients,  arrack, 
tea,  sugar,  water,  and  lemon-juice;  in  this 
country,  a  beverage  made  from  spirits  and 
water,  and  sweetened  and  flavoured  with 
sugar  and  lemon-juice.  —  Punch-bowl,  n. 
A  bowl  in  which  punch  is  made,  or  from 
which  it  is  served  to  be  drunk. 

Puncheon,  Punchlon,  punsh'on,  w.     [Fr. 

fioinQon,  a  bodkin,  a  punch  (see  Punch, 
he  tool);  also  O.Fr.  poinson,  Fr.  puinQon, 
a  wine-vessel— perhaps  one  stamped  with 
a  punch  as  of  a  certain  capacity.]  A  per- 
forating or  stamping  tool;  a  punch;  carp. 
a  short  upright  piece  of  timber  in  fram- 
ing; a  measure  of  liquids,  or  a  cask  con- 
taining from  84  to  ISO  gallons. 

Punchinello,  puush-i-nel'lo,  »i.  [Corrupted 
from  It.  pulciTtello,  from  L.  pullus,  a 
chicken=my  chicken.]  A  punch;  a  buf- 
foon. 

Punctate,  Punctated,  pungk'tat,  pungk'- 

•ta-ted,  o.  [From  L.  punctumj  a  pomt. 
Point.]  Ending  in  a  point;  pomted;  bot. 
having  dots  scattered  over  the  surface. 

Punctilio,  pungk-til'i-o,  n.  [From  Sp.  pun- 
tillo  or  It.  puntigiio,  a  small  point,  a  punc- 
tilio, from  L.  pundum,,  a  point.  Point.] 
A  nice  point  in  conduct,  ceremony,  or 
proceeding;  particularity  or  exactness  in 
forms.  —  Punctilious,  pungk-til'i-us,  a. 
Attentive  to  punctilios;  very  nice  or  exact 
in  the  forms  of  behaviour;  sometimes, 
exact  to  excess.  —  Punctiliously,  pungk- 
til'i-us-li,  adv.  In  a  punctilious  manner. 
— FunctiUousuess,  pungk-til'i-us-ne34  n. 

Punctual,  pungk'tu-al,  n.  [Fr.  ponctuel, 
from  L.  punctum,  a  point,  from  pungo, 
punctum,  to  prick.  Point,  Puncture,  &c.] 
Observant  of  nice  points^;  exactj;  exact  in 
keepingan  appointment;  exact  to  the  time 
agreed  on ;  made  at  the  exact  time  (punc- 
tual payment).  —  Punctuality,  pungk-to- 
al'i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
punctual ;  adherence  to  the  exact  time  of 
attendance  or  appointment.— Punctually, 
pnngk'tn-al-li,  adv.  In  a  punctual  man- 
ner; with  scrupulous  regard  to  time,  ap- 
pointments, promises,  &c.— Pnnctualness, 
pungk'tQ-al-nes,  n.    Punctuality. 

Puncttiate,  pungk'tQ-at,  v.t— punctuated, 
punctuating.  [Fr.  ponctuer,  from  L.  punc- 
tum, a  point.  PtJNCTUAL,  Puncture.]  To 
mark  with  the  points  or  stops  necessary  in 
written  or  printed  compositions;  to  sepa- 
rate into  sentences,  clauses,  or  other  divi- 
sions by  points.— Punctuation,  pungk-ta- 
a'shon,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  punctuating  gr 
pointing  a  writing  or  discourse.—  Punctu- 


ator, pungk'ta-a-t6r,  ct.  One  who  punc- 
tuates; a  punctuist.- Pianctuist,  pungk'- 
tQ-ist,  n.  One  who  understands  the  art  of 
punctuation. 

Puncture,  pungk'tftr,n.  [L.  rmncfiira,  from 
pungo,  punctum,  to  priclt  (whence  pungent, 
point,  and  a  punch).]  The  act  of  perfor- 
ating with  a  pointed  instrument,  or  a 
small  hole  thus  made ;  a  small  wound,  as 
by  a  needle,  prickle,  or  sting. — v.t. — punc- 
tured, puncturing.  To  make  a,  puncture  in; 
to  prick. 

Pandit,  pun'dit,  n.  [Skr.  pandUa,  a  learned 
man.]  A  learned  Brahmin ;  one  versed  in 
the  Sanskrit  language,  and  in  the  .science, 
laws,  and  religion  of  India. 

Pungent,  pun'jent,  a.  [L.  pungens,  ppr.  of 
pungo,  punctum,  to  prick,  whence  also 
point,  puiwture,  compunction,  expunge,  Ac] 
Affecting,  the  tongue  lilce  small  sharp 
points ;  biting ;  acrid ;  sharply  affectinc; 
the  sense  of  smell;  aifecting  the  mitid 
similarly;  caustic;  racy;  biting.  —  Pun- 
gently,  pun'jent-li,  adv.  In  a  punaenl; 
manner;  sharply.— Pungency,  Pungence, 
pun'jen-si,  pun'jens,  «.  The  state  or  iiua- 
lity  of  being  pungent;  tartness;  causticit  y. 

Punic,  pQ'nik,  a.  [L.  punicas,  Carthafria- 
ian,from  Puni,  Pwni,  the  Carthaginians.] 
Pertaining  to  the  Cartliaginians;  mithless; 
deceitful.— n.  The  language  of  the  Cartha- 
giijians;  Phoenician. 

Punish,  pun'ish,  v.t.  [Fr.  punir,  punissdnt, 
from  L.  punire,  to  punish,  from  pcena, 
punishment,  penalty.  Pain.]  To  inflict 
a  penalty  on;  to'visit  judicially  with  a  pen- 
alty; to  castigate;  to  chastise;  to  visit  with' 
pain  or  suffering  inflicted  on  the  offender 
(to  punish  murder  or  theft);  io  inflict  pain 
on  in  a  loose  sense  (coUoq.).— Punishable, 

Sun'ish-a-bi,  a.  Deserving  punishment ; 
able  to  punishment;  capable  of  being 
punished.  —  Punishableness,  pun'ish-a-bl- 
nes,  n.— Punisher,  pun'ish-^r,  n.  One  that 
punishes. — Punlslmient,  pun'ish -ment,  n. 
The  act  of  punishing;  pain  or  penalty  iullic- 
ted  on  a  person  for  a  crime  or  offence;  a  pen- 
alty imposed  in  the  enforcement  of  law. — 
Punitive,  pu'ni-tiv,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
involving  punishment;  awarding  or  in- 
flicting pimishment.  —  Punitory,  pQ'ni- 
to-ri,  a.  Punishing  or  tending  to  punish- 
ment. 

Punk,  pungk,  n.  [Contr.  from  spunk.] 
Tinder  made  from  a  fungus;  touchwood; 
spunk. 

Punka,  Punkah,  pung'ka,  n.  A  large  fan 
slung  from  the  ceUings  of  rooms  in  India 
to  produce  an  artificial  current  of  air. 

Punster.    Under  Pun. 

Punt,  punt,  v.i.  [Fr.  punter.  It.  puntare, 
from  L.  punctum,  a  point.  Pungent.]  To 
play  at  basset  or  ombre,  or  as  a  professional 
gambler.— Punter,  punt'6r,  n.  One  that 
punts;  one  that  plays  in  games  of  chance 
against  the  banker  or  dealer.   . 

Punt,  punt,  TO.  [A.  Sax.  punt,  from  L.  potito, 
a  punt,  a  pontoon,  from  pons,  pontis,  a 
bridge.  Pontoon.]  A  square  flat-bottomed 
vessel  without  masts,  used  as  a  lighter  for 
couveving  goods,  <fcc. ;  a  small  flat -bot- 
tomed, boat  used  in  fishing  and  wild-fowl 
shooting,  &c.—v.t.  To  propel  by  pushing 
with  a  pole  against  the  bed  of  the  water;  to 
convey  in  a  punt. -^Punter,  punt'6r,  n. 
One  who  punts  a  boat ;  one  who  uses  a 
punt. 

PuAy,  pa'ni,  a.  [From  Fr.  puisnS.  Puisne.Ij 
Puisne;  imperfectly  developed  in  size 
and  vigour;  small  and  weak;  petty;  insig- 
nificant.— Puniness,ptl'ni-nes,TO.  Thestate 
or  quaUty  of  being  pvmy. 

Pup,  pup,  TO.  [Abbrev.  of  puppy.]  A  puppy; 
a  young  seal. — v.i.— pupped,  pupping.  To 
bring  forth  whelps. 

Pupa,  pa'pa,  to.  pi.  Pupse,  pQ'pS.  [L.  pupa, 
a  girl,  a  doll,  fem.  of  pupus,  a  boy.]  The 
chrysalis  form  of  an  insect.  —  Pupal,  Pu- 
panal,  pu'pal,  pa-pa'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  pupa. 

Pupil,  pa'pU,  n.  [Fr.  pupille,  li.-pupilla,  a 
little  girl,  the  apple  of  the  eye,  dim.  oi: 
pupa,  a  girl ;  also  pupillus,  an  orphan  boy, 
dim.  of  p«pt«,aboy.  Puspet.]  The  apple 
of  the  eye;  the  round  aperture  in  the 
middle  of  the  iris  through  which  the  rays 
of  light  pass  to  reach  the  retina;  a  young 
person  of  either  sex  under  the  cuiu  of  an. 


ch,  cAain;     cA,  Sc.  \och;     s,  go;     j,  job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  «mg\     th,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  tdg 


wh,  w/iig; 
35 


zh,  a«ure, 


PUPIPAR0U5 


646 


PURSE 


instructor  or  tutor;  a  disciple;  a  ward;  a 
young  person  under  the  care  of  a  guardian. 
— PnpUage,  pO'pil-aj,  n.  The  state  of  teing 
a  pupil;  the  state  or  period  of  being  a  ward 
under  the  care  of  a  guardian.— Pupilary, 
pa'pil-a-ri,  o.  (L.  pupillaris.i  Pertaining 
to  a  pupil  or  ward;  pertaining  to  the  pupil 
of  the  eye.— Pupil-teacher,  n.  One  who  is 
both  a  pupil  and  a  teacher;  one  in  appren- 
ticeship as  a  teacher  under  a  schoolmaster. 
Pupiparous,  pQ-pi'pa-rus.  a.  [L.  pupa,  and 
pario,  to  produce.)  Producing  pupae  from 
the  eggs  before  they  are  excluded:  said  of 
certain  insects. 

Puppet,  pup'et,  n.  [O.E.  popet,  O.Fr.  pou- 
pette,  dim.  from  L.  pupa,  a  doll,  a  puppet. 
Pupa,  Pl'pil.]  A  small  figure  in  the  human 
fonn,  moved  by  cords  or  wires,  in  a  mock 
drama;  a  marionette;  one  actuated  by  the 
will  of  another;  a  person  who  is  a  mere 
tool.  —  Puppet-show,  n.  A  mock  drama 
performed  by  puppets. 
Pnppy,  pup'i,  n.  [Fr.  poupie,  a  doll,  a 
puppet,  L.  pupa.  Plpa,Pupi%t.]  A  whelp; 
a  young  dog  not  grown  up;  a  conceited 
and  insignificant  fellow;  a. silly  fop  or 
coxcomb.— Puppyism,  pup'i-izm,n.  Empty 
conceit  or  affectation;  silly  foppery  or  cox- 
combry, 
PurSna,  pO-ra'na,  n..  [Lit.  ancient,  from  Skr. 
purd,  before,  past.]  One  of  a  class  of  sacred 
poetical  writings  in  Sanskrit*  Avhich  t;-eat 
chiefly  of  the  creation,  the  gods,  heroes,Ac. 
— Puranic,  pfl-ran'ik,  a.-  Pertaining  to  the 
Puraiias. 
Purbeck,  pferTaek,  a.  Belonging  to  the  pen- 
insula of  Purbeck  in  Dorsetshire. -Pio*- 
heck  beds,  geol.  the  uppermost  members  of 
the  oolite  proper,  typically  displayed  at 
Purbeck.  —  Purbeck  marble,  an  impure 
fresh-water  limestone  obtained  from  the 
Purbeck  beds. 
Purblind,  pSr'blind,  a.  [From  pure  in  sense 
of  altogether,  quite,  and  blind.  ]  Near- 
sighted or  dim-sighted ;  seeing  obscurely. 
— Purblindly,  per'blind-li,  adv.  In  a  pur- 
blind manner.— Purblindness,  pfer'blind- 
nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  purblind;  dim- 
ness of  vision. 

Fiirchase,  pfir'chas,  v.t— purchased,  pur- 
chasing. [Fr.  pourchasser,  O.Fr.  purchacer, 
to  pursue,  to  get— pour,  pur,  for,  and  chas- 
ser,  tochase.  Chase.]  To  gain  or  acquii'ej; 
to  obtain  by  payment  of  money  or  its 
equivalent;  to  buy;  to  obtain  by  labour, 
danger,  or  other  means.— n.  Acquisition  in 
general  J;  the  acquisition  of  anything  by 
rendering  an  equivalent  in  money;  buy- 
ing; that  which  is  purchased;  any  mechan- 
ical advantage  (as  is  gained  by  a  lever) 
used  in  the  raising  or  removing  of  heavy 
bodies. — To  be  worth  so  many  years'  pur- 
chase, said  of  property  that  would  bring 
in,  in  the  specified  time,  an  amount  equal 
to  the  sum  paid.— Purchasable,  pfer'chas- 
a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  purchased. — 
Purchase-money,  n.  The  money  paid  or 
contracted  to  be  paid  for  anything  bought. 
—Purchaser,  pSr'chSs-^r,  n.  One  who  pur- 
chases; a  buyer. 

Pure,  pQr,  a.  [Fr.  pitr,  from  L.  p«ru«,  pure 
(whence  zmrffo.E.  topur^e);  from  root  seen 
also  in  Skr.  pd,  to  purify;  and  in  fire.] 
Free  from  all  heterogeneous  or  extraneous 
matter,  especially  from  anything  that  im- 
pairs or  pollutes;  free  from  that  which  de- 
files or  contaminates ;  innocent;  spotless; 
chaste;  stainless;  genuine;  ceremonially 
clean;  unpolluted;  mere;  sheer;  absolute 
{pure  shame,  hatred!.— Pure  mathematics. 
^Iathe-matics.- Purely,  par*]!,  ady.  In  a 
pure  manner;  innocently;  stainlessly; 
chastely;  merely;  absolutely.— Purenesg, 
pui-'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
pure;  purity.— Purify,  pn'ri-fi,  v.t.— puri- 
fied, purifying.  [Fr.  purifier,  from  li.puri- 
ficare-purus,  and  facia,  to  make.]  To 
make  pure  or  clear;  to  free  from  extrane- 
ous admixture;  to  free  from  pollution 
ceremonially;  to  cleanse  from  whatever 
renders  unclean  and  unfit  for  sacred  ser- 
vices; to  free  from  guilt  or  the  defilement 
of  sin.- w.i.  To  grow  or  become  pure  or 
clear.  —  Purification,  -pQ'ri-fi-ka"8hon,  n. 
fL.  purificatio.}  The  act  of  purifying  or 
making  pure;  the  act  of  cleansing  cere- 
monially by  removing  any  pollution  or 
defilement ;  lustration ;  a  cleansing  from 


guilt  or  the  pollution  of  ain. — Purificative. 
Purificr.tcry,  ptt-rif'i-ka-tiv,  pu-rif'i-ka- 
to-ri,  a.  Having  power  to  purify;  tending 
to  cleanse.— Purifier,  pQ'ri-fi-6r,  n.  One 
wh"  or  that  which  purifies.— Purist,  pa'- 
ris'  i.  (Fr.  pwriste,  from  pur,  pure.]  One 
wh  scruj.  ilously  aims  at  purity,  par- 
ticularly in  the  choice  oi  language;  one 
who  is  a  rigorous  critic  of  purity  in 
literary  style.  —  Puristic,  Puristical,  pu- 
ris'tik,  pu-ris'ti-kal,  a.  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  purism.  — Purism,  pu'rizm,  n. 
Affectation  of  rigid  purity ;  excessive 
nicety  as  lo  the  choice  of  words.— Purity, 
pQ'ri-ti,  n.  [L.  puritas.]  The  condition  of 
being  pure;  freedom  from  foreign  matter; 
cleanness;  innocence;  chastity;  freedom 
from  anything  sinister  or  underhand; 
freedom  from  improper  words  or  phrases. 
Purtfe,  pii'ra,  n.  [Fr.  purde,  from  L.  porriim, 
a  leek.]  Sleat,  fish,  or  vegetables  boiled 
into  a  pulp  and  passed  through  a  sieve. 
Purfle,  pfir'fl,  v.t.—purfied,  purfiing.  [O.Fr. 
pourfiler—pour,  L.  pro,  for,  before,  and  fil, 
L..rtiuj)v,  a  thread.  Profile.)  To  decorate 
with  a  wrought  or  flowered  border;  to 
border;  to  brofder;  to  decorate  richly. 
Purge,  p6ij,  v.t.  —  purged,  purging.  [L. 
purgo,  to  cleanse,  from  purus,  clean,  and 
ago,  to  do.  Pure.]  To  cleanse  or  purify 
by  carrying  off  whateveris  impure,  foreign, 
or  superfluous;  to  clear  from  moral  defile- 
ment; to  clear  from  accusation  or  the 
charge  of  a  crime;  to  evacuate  the  bowels; 
to  operate  on  by  means  of  a  cathartic. — 
v.i.  To  produce  evacuations  by  a  cathartic. 
— n.  The  act  of  purging;  anything  that 
purees;  a  cathartic  medicine. —Purger, 
per'jfer,  n.  A  person  or  thing  that  purges. 
—  Purging,  pfir'jing,  n.  A  diarrhoea  or 
dysentery ;  looseness  of  the  bowels.— Pur- 
gation, per-ga'shon,  n.  Wj.  purgatio.']  The 
act  of  purging;  the  act  of  carrying  away 
impurities;  purification;  the  act  of  clean- 
sing from  the  imputation  of  guilt.— Pur- 
gative, pCr'ga-tiv,a.  {Pr.purgatif.}  Having 
the  power  of  cleansing;  having  the  power 
of  evacuating  the  intestines;  cathartic. — 
n.  A  medicine  that  evacuates  the  intes- 
tines; a  cathartic.  —  Purgatively,  per'ga- 
tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  purgative  manner.  — 
Purgatorial,  Purgatorian,  p6r-ga-to'ri-al, 
pfer-ga-to'ri-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  purga- 
tory.—Purgatory,  per'ga-to-ri,  a.  [L.  pur- 
gatorius.]  Tending  to  cleanse;  cleansing; 
expiatory. — »i.  According  to  the  belief  of 
Roman  Catholics  and  others,  a  place  of 
purgation  in  which  souls  after  death  are 
purified  from  venial  sins;  colloquially,  any 
place  or  state  of  irritating  temporary 
suffering. 

Purify.  Under  Pure. 
Purlm,  pa'rim,  n.  [Heb.  purim,  lots.]  An 
aimual  festival  among  the  Jews  instituted 
to  commemorate  their  preservation  from 
the  massacre  with  which  they  were  threat- 
ened by  the  machinations  of  Haman. 
Purist.  Bnder  Pure. 
IPuritan,  pfl'ri-tan,  n.  [From  L.  puritas, 
purity.]  The  name  by  which  the  dissenters 
from  the  Churchof  England  were  generally 
known  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  and  the 
first  two  Stuarts;  given  (probably  in  deri- 
sion) on  account  of  the  superior  purity  of 
doctrine  or  discipline  which  they  claimed 
as  their  own.— a.  Pertaining  to  the  Puri- 
tans.—Puritanic, Pttritanical,pu-ri-tan'ik, 
pfl-ri-tan'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Puri- 
tans or  their  doctrines  and  practice;  pre- 
cise in  religious  matters;  exact;  rigid. — 
— Priritanically,  pa-ri-tan'i-kal-li,  adv.  In 
a  puritanical  manner.— Puritanism,  pa'- 
ri-tan-izm,  n.  The  doctrines  or  practices 
of  Puritans. 
Purity.  Under  Pure. 
Purl,  perl,  n.  [Contractea  form  of  purfle-1 
An  embroidered  border;  an  inversion  of 
the  stitches  in  knitting,  giving  a  distinc- 
tive appearance. 

Purl,  perl,  v.i.  [Akin  to  Sw.  porla,  to  purl; 
probably  from  the  sound;  comp.  purr.]  To 
murmur,  as  a  shallow  stream  flowing 
among  stones ;  to  flow  with  a  gentle  mur- 
mur; to  ripple.— n.  A  ripple;  a  murmuring 
sound,  as  of  a  shallow  stream  among 
stones;  malt  liquor  flavoured  with  worm- 
wood or  aromatic  herbs;  now  a  name  for 
beer  flavoured  with  gin,  sugar,  and  ginger. 


Purllen,  per'lQ,  n.  [From  Norm,  purlieu, 
puraille,  O.  Fr.  puraUe,  perambulation, 
from  pur,  L.  per,  through,  ah^,  a  going. 
(Allev.)  Both  form  and  sense  have  been 
influenced  by  Fr.  lieu,  place.]  A  piece  of 
land  set  apart  from  an  ancient  royal 
,  forest  by  perambulation  of  its  boundaries; 
a  part  lying  adjacent;  the  outer  portion 
of  any  area;  the  environs. 
Purloin,  p6r'loin,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  porloignier, 
■purloignier,  from  L.  prolongare,  to  pro- 
long. Prolo.no.)  To  steal;  to  filch;  to 
take  by  plagiarism.— v.i.  To  practise  theft. 
— Purloiner,  per-loi'nfer,  n.  One  who  pur- 
loins; a  thief;  a  plagiary. 
Purple,  per"?],  a.  [Old  form  purpre,  from 
Ii.  purpura,  purple,  from  Gr.  porphyra,  a 
kind  of  shell-fish  that  yielded  a  purple 
dye.  Akin  porphyry.]  Of  a  colour  com- 
posed of  red  and  blue  blended;  imperial; 
regal— a  sense  derived  from  purple  robes 
being  formerly  distinctive  of  great  per- 
sonages ;  bloody ;  dyed  with  blood.— n.  A 
colour  compounded  by  the  union  of  blue 
and  red;  a  purple  robe'  or  dress;  hence, 
from  a  purple  robe  having  been  the  dis- 
tinguishing dress  of  emperors,  &c.,  used 
typically  of  imperial  or  regal  power. — T/ie 
purple,  the  imperial*  dignity ;  also  the 
dignity  of  a  cardinal.— PurpJe  of  Cassius, 
a  pigment  used  in  painting  on  glass  and 
porcelain.— y.i. — purpled,  purpling.  To 
dye  or  colour  purple;  to  clothe  with 
purple.— Purple-fish,  n.  A  kind  of  mollusc 
that  yields  a  pVirple  dye.— Purples,  per'plz, 
n.  pi.  Med.  spots  of  a  livid  red  on  the 
body,  which  appear  in  certain  malignant 
diseases;  a  disease  affecting  the  ears  of 
wheat.  Ear-cockle.— Purple-heart,  Pur- 
ple-wood, n.  A  handsome  wood  of  a  rich 
plum  colour  imported  from  Brazil. — Pur- 
plish, per'plish,  a.    Somewhat  purple. 

Purport,  pfer'port,  n.  [O.Fr.  purport,  from 
pur,  Fr.  pour,  for,  and  porter,  to  bear. 
Port  (demeanour).]  Meaning;  tenor;  im- 
port.—i».t.  To  convey,  as  a  certain  mean- 
ing; to  import;  to  signify.— y.i.  To  have  a 
certain  purport  or  tenor. 

Purpose,  per'pos,  n.  (O.  Fr.  pourpos,  Fr. 
propos,  from  L.  propositum,  from  propotw 
— pro,  before,  and  pono,  positum,  to  place. 
Position.]  That  which  a  person  sets  be- 
fore himself  as  an  object  to  be  reached  or 
accomplished;  end  or  aim;  that  which  a 

.  person  intends  to  do;  design;  plan;  inten- 
tion.—0/  purpose,  on  purpose,  with  pre- 
vious design ;  designedly ;  intentionally. 
— To  the  purpose,  to  the  matter  in  question 
(to  speak  to  the  purpose).— v.t.— purposed, 
purposing.  To  intend;  to  resolve;  to  mean ; 
to  wish.— v.i.  To  have  intention  or  design; 
to  intend.  —  Purposeless,  per'pos-les,  a. 
Having  no  object  or  purpose.— Purposely, 
p6r'pos-li,  adv.  By  purpose  or  design; 
intentionally.  —  Piirposer,  pfer'pos-er,  n. 
One  who  purposes  or  intends. 

Purpresture,  pfer-pres'tdr,  n.  [From  Fr. 
pour,  for,  and  prendre,  pris,  to  take,  L. 
prehendere.]  Law,  an  encroachment  on 
something  that  belongs  to  another  man,  or 
to  the  public.    Written  also  Pouipresture. 

Purpura,  pfer'pQ-ra,  n.  [Purple.]  A  disease 
characterized  bv  purple  spots  on  the  skin; 
the  purples.- tiirpureal,  per-pQ're-al,  a. 
Purple.— Pxirp'ir'i.  p*r'pu-rin,  n.  A  red 
colouring  matter  extracted  from  madder. 

Purr,  p6r,  v.i.  [Imitative  of  sound.]  To 
utter  a  soft  murmuring  sound,  as  a  cat 
when  pleased.— v.t.  To  signify  by  purring. 
—  n.  The  sound  uttered  by  a  cat  when 


PtUT,  Purre,  pfer,  n.    Dunlix. 

Purse,  pfirs,  n.  (From  Fr.  bourse,  L.L. 
bursa,  bursa,  a  purse,  from  Gr.  byrsa,  a 
skin,  a  hide.]  A  small  bag  or  case  in 
which  money  is  contained  or  carried  in 
the  pocket;  a  sum  of  money  co'lected  as  a 
present;  a  specific  sum  of  money,  namely 
m  Turkey,  500  piastres,  or  £4, 10s.  sterling; 

fig.  a  treasury ;  finances.— To  have  a  long 
or  heavy  purse,  to  have  plenty  of  money ; 
to  have  a  short  or  light  one,  to  have  little. — 
v.t.— pursed, pursing.  To  put  in  apurse;  to 
contract  into  folds  or  wrinkles ;  to  pucker. 
— Purse-bwurer,  n.  One  who  carries  the 
purse  of  another.— Purseful,  ptw'ful,  n. 
As  much  as  a  purse  will  hold.— Purse-net, 
n.    A  net,  the  mouth  of  which  may  be 


Fate,  far.  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  hir;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mdve;     tabe,  tub,  bull ;     oil,  pound;     ii,  Sc.  abune-^the  Fr  u 


PUKSINESS 


647 


PUTTOCK, 


drawn  together  like  a  purse.  —  Pnrse- 
prond,  a.  Proud  of  -wealth;  puffed  up  with 
the  possession  of  riches.— Purser,  p4r's6r, 
n.  A  naval  officer  who  kept  the  accounts 
of  the  ship,  had  charge  of  the  provisions, 
clothing,  pay,  &c.;  now  called  a  pay- 
master. 

Pursiness,  pSr'si-nes,  n.    Pubst. 

Purslain,  Purslane,  p^rs'lan,  »i.  [0.  Pr. 
porcelaine.  It.  porceUana,  from  L.  por- 
cilaca,  purslane.]  An  annual  plant  with 
fleshy  succulent  leaves,  used  in  salads,  as 
a  pot-herb,  in  pickles,  &c. 

Pursue,  p6r-sa',  v.t.—purstied,  pursuing. 
[O.Fr.  pourauir,  porsuir  (Fr.  poursuivre) 
—pour='L.  pro,  forward,  and  suir,  suivre, 
to  follow,  L.  segwor.  Sequence.]  To  follow 
with  a  view  to  overtake;  to  chase;  to  at- 
tend on  (misfortune  pursues  him);  to  seek; 
to  use  measures  to  obtain ;  to  prosecute, 
continue,  or  propeed  in;  to  carry  on;  to 
follow  up;  to  proceed  along,  with  a,  view  to 
some  end  or  object ;  to  follow  (to  pursue  a 
course).— t'.i.— To  go  in  pursuit;  to  proceed; 
law,  to  act  as  a  prosecutor.— Pursuer,  per- 
sa'er,  n.  One  who  pursues;  Scots  law,  the 
party  who  institutes  an  ordinary  action; 
the  plaintiff.— Pursuit,  p6r-sut'»  n.    [Fr. 

'poursuite.]  The  act  of  pursuing  or  follow- 
ing with  a  view  to  overtake ;  a  following 
with  a  view  to  reach  or  obtain^  endeavour 
to  attain;  course  of  business  or-  occupation; 
.  employment  (mercantile  pursuits}.— 'Pnc- 
suable,  p6r-su'a-bl,a.  Capable  of  being  pur- 
sued.—  rursuance,  per-su'ans,  »,  A  pur- 
suing or  carrying  out  (of  a  design);  prose- 
cution.—/re  oursMance  of,  in  fulfilment  or 
execution  of;  in  carrying  out.— Pursuant, 
p6r-sa'ant,a.  [O.Fi.porsuiant, poursuiant.] 
Done  in  consequence  of  anytning;  agree- 
able; conformable:  with  to.— (tdw.  Confor- 
mably: with  to.— Pursnantly,  per-sil'ant- 
li,  adv.  Pursuant;  agreeably;  conformably. 

Pursuivant,  pfir'swi-vant,  re.  [Fr.  pour- 
suivant,  from  poursuivre.  Pursue.]  A 
state  messenger;  an  attendant  on  heralds ; 
one  of  the  third  and  lowest  order  of  heral- 
dic officers,  of  whom  there  are  four  in  Eng- 
land, named  Rouge  Croix,  Blue  Mantle, 
Rouge  Dragon,  and  Portcullis. 

Pursy,p6r'si,  a.  [O.Fr.  pourciftalBopoulsif, 
from  pourcer,  poulser  (Mod.Pr.  pOusSer), 
to  push,  also  to  breathe  or  pant,  from  L. 
puhare,  to  beat.  Pulse,  Push.]  Short- 
winded;  fat  and  short-winded.— Pursiness, 
pfir'si-nes,  n.  A  state  of  being  pursy; 
shortness  of  breath. 

Purtenance,  p6r'te-nans,  re.  [Shortened 
from  appurtenance.]  Appurtenance;  that 
which  pertains  or  belongs  to  anything. 

Purulent,  pu'rii-leht,  a.  [L.  purulentus, 
from  pus,  puris,  matter.  Same  root  as  in 
putrid.}  Consisting  of  pus  or  matter;  full 
of  or  resembling  pus.— Purulently,  ptt'ru- 
lent-U,  adv.  In  a  purulent  manner.— Pu- 
rulence,  Purulency,  pQ'nx-lens,  pu'ru-len- 
si,  re.    The  state  of  being  purulent;  pus. 

Purvey,  per-va',  v.t.  [Fr.  pourvoir,  O.Fr. 
proveoir,  porveoir,  from  li'.  provideo,  to 
foresee,  to  provide.  Provide.]  To  provide, 
especially  to  provide  provisions  or  other 
necessaries  for  a  number  of  persons. — v.i. 
To  purchase  provisions,  especially  for  a 
number.— Purveyance,  p6r-va'ans,n.  Act 
of  purveying;  the  former  royal  prerogative 
of  pre-emption  of  provisions"  and  neces- 
saries for  the  use  of  the  royal  household. — 
Purveyor,  piSr-va'fir,  re.  One  who  pui-veys; 
one  who  supplies  eatables  for  a  number  of 
persons;  a  caterer;  an  officer  who  formerly 
exacted  provision  for  the  king's  household. 

Purview,  p6r'va,»i.  lO.'Er.pourveu,purvieii, 
Fr.  pourvu,  provided,  from  pourvoir,  to 
provide.  Purvey.]  iaw,  the  body  of  a  sta- 
tute as  distinguished  from  the  preamble; 
the  limit  or  scope  of  a  statute ;  limit  of 
sphere  of  authority ;  scope. 

Pus,  pus,  re.  [L.  pus,  puris,  matter,  from 
same  root  as  in  pzitrid,  putrefy.}  The  white 
or  yellowish  matter  found  in  abscesses; 
matter  produced  in  a  festering  sore. 

Puseyism;  pti'zi-izm,  n.  The  name  given 
collectively  to  certain  doctrines  promul- 
gated by  Dr.  Pusey,  in  conjunction  with 
other  divines  of   Oxford,  in  a  series  of 

jiamphlets  entitled '  Tracts  for  the  Times;' 

tractarianism.— Pnseyite,  pa'zi-zt,  n.    An 

aJhurent  of  Puseyism;  a  Tractarian'. 


Pnsh,  p-vish,  «.*.  LO.E.  iniase,  from  Fr. 
vousser,  O.Fr.  poulser,  from  L.  pulsare^  to 
beat,  a  freq.  from  pello,  pulsum,  to  drive, 
whence  eapeZ,  and  other  verbs  in -peZ.  Pul- 
sate.] To  press  against* with  force;  to 
impel  by  pressure;  to  drive  by  steady  pres- 
sure, without  striking :  opposed  to  draw; 
to  press  or  urge  forward;  to  advance  by 
exertions  (to  push  one's  fortune);  to  en- 
force, as  in  argument;  to  press  or  ply  hard 
(as  an  opponent  in  argument);  to  urge; 
to  importune;  to  prosecute  energetically 
(to  push  a  trade).— ».i.  To  make  a  thrust; 
to  make  an  effort;  to  press  one's  self  on- 
ward; to  force  one's  way.— To  push  on,  to 
drive  or  urge  one's  course  forward:  to 
hasten.— re.  The  act  of  pushing;  a  short 
pressure  of  force  applied;  a  thrust;  a  vigor- 
ous effort;  an  emergency;  an  extremity  (to 
come  to  the  push);  persevering  energy; 
enterprise.— Pusher,  push'er,  re.  One  who 
pushes.— Pushing,  pusli'ing,  a.  Pressing 
forward  in  business;  enterprising;  ener- 
getic—Pushingly,  push'ing-li,  adv.  In  a 
pushing,  energetic  manner. 

Pushto,  Pushtoo,  push'to,  push'ts,  n.  The 
language  of  the  Afghans. 

Pucillauimous,  pu-sil-lan'i-mus,  a.  [L. 
puiillaytimis,  from  pusillus,  very  little, 
from  pzisus,  little  (same  root  as  in  puerile), 
and  animus,  the  mind.  Puerile,  Ani- 
mate.] Destitute  of  strength  and  firmness 
of  mind;  being  of  weak  courage;  faint- 
hearted; cowardly.— Pusillanimity,  pa'sil- 
la-nim"i-ti,  n.  AVeakuess  of  spirit;  cow- 
ardliness; timidity.— Pusillanimously,  pa- 
sil-lan'i-mus-li,  adv.  In  a  pusillanimous 
manner.— Pusillanlmousness,  pQ-sil-lan'i- 
mus-nes,  re.   Pusillanimity. 

Puss,  pus,  n.  [Same  as  D.  poes,  L.G.  puus, 
Gael,  and  Ir.  pus,  a  cat;  perhaps  imitative 
of  the  spitting  of  a  cat.  The  hare  is  so 
called  from  resembling  a  cat.]  A  name 
for  the  cat  and  also  for  the  hare;  a  sort  of 
pet  name  sometimes  applied  to  a  child  or- 
yoimg  woman.— Pussy,  pus'i,  re.  Diminu- 
tive of  Puss. 

Pustule,  pus'tQl,  re.  [Fr.  pustule,  L.  pus- 
tula,  a  form  of  pusula,  a  blister  or  pimple.] 
Med.  an  elevation  of  the  cuticle,  with  an 
inflamed  base,  containing  pus;  bot.  a  pim- 
ple or  little  bUster.— Pustular,  Pustulous, 
pus'ta-l6r;  pus'tQ-lus,  a.  Havingthe  char- 
acter of  or  proceeding  from  a  pustule  or 
pustules.— Pustulate,  pus'ta-lat,  v.t— pus- 
tulated, pusttdating.  To  form  into  pus- 
tules or  blisters.  —  a.  Bot.  covered  with 
glandular  excrescences  like  pustules. 

Put,  put,  v.t.- pret.and  pp.  pwj,  ppr.  putting. 
[Of  Celtic  origin:  W.  pwtio.  Armor,  pouta, 
Gael,  put,  to  poke  or  thrust.]  To  place,  set, 
or  4ay  in  any  position  or  situation;  to  place 
in  any  state  or  condition  (to  put  to  shame, 
to  death);  to  apply  (to  put  one's  hand, 
ones  mind  to  a  thing);  to  set  before  one 
for  consideration;  to  propose  (to  put  a 
case,  a  question).— To  put  about,  to  change 
the  course  of  (a  ship);  to  put  to  inconveni- 
ence.— To  put  an  end  to,  to  stop;  to  bring 
to  a  conclusion. — To  pwt  away,  to  renounce 
or  discard ;  to-  divorce.— To  put  back,  to 
hinder;  to  delay;  to  restore  to  the  original 
place.— To  put  by,  to  turn  away;  to  thrust 
aside ;  to  place  in  safe-keeping. —  To  put 
dovm,  to  repress;  to  crush;  to  confute;  to 
silence;  to  write  down;  to  subscribe.— To 
put  forth,  to  propose;  to  offer  to  notice;  to 
stretch  out;  to  shoot  out,  as  leaves;  to 
exert;  to  bring  into  action ;  to  make  known , 
as  opinions;  to  publish,  as  in  a  book. — To 
put  in,  to  introduce  among  others;  to  in- 
sert.— To  put  in  mind,  to  remind. — To  put 
in  practice,  to  apply;  to  make  use  of.— To 
piit  off,  to  take  from  one's  person;  to  lay 
aside;  to  turn  aside  from  a  purpose  or  de- 
mana;  to  delay;  to  postpone;  to  push  from 
land. — To  put  on,  to  invest  with,  as  clothes 
or  covering;  to  impute;  to  charge  with  (to 
put  blame  mi);  to  assume  (to  put  on  a.  grave 
lace);  to  impose;  to  inflict;  to  turn  or  let 
on;  to  set  to  work.— To  put  out,  to  eject;  to 
drive  out;  to  place  (money)  at  interest;  to 
extinguish;  to  shoot  forth  (to  put  out 
leaves);  to  extend;  to  reach  out;  to  pub- 
lish; to  make  public;  to  confuse;  to  discon- 
cert; to  dislocate.— To  put  over,  to  place  in 
authority  over;  to  defer;  to  postpone. — To 
put  to,  to  add;  to  unite;  to  expose;  to  kill 


by;  to  punish  by  (to  put  to  the  sword).— To 
put  to  it,  to  press  hard;  to  give  difficult,- 
to.— To  put  the  hand  to,  to  take  hold;  to 
begin;  to  undertake.— 7'o  ptU  thisand  that 
together,  to  draw  a  conclusion  from  certain 
circumstances;  to  infer  from  given  preui- 
ises.-i- To  put  to  rights,  to  arrange  in  an  or- 
derly condition;  to  set  in  properorder.—  To 
put  to  trial  or  on  trial,  to  bring  before  a 
court  for  examination  and  decision;  to 
bring  to  a  test ;  to  try.  —  To  put  up,  to 
offer  publicly  for  sale;  to  hoard;  to  pack; 
to  hide  or  lay  aside;  to  put  into  its  ordi- 
nary place  when  not  in  use;  to  give  enter- 
tainment to;  to  accommodate  with  lodg- 
ing.—r.i.  Used  only  in  certain  phrases.— 
To  put  in,  to  enter  a  harbour;  to  offer  a 
claim.— To. pwi  in  for,  to  put  in  a  claim 
for;  to  stand  as  a  candidate  for.— To  put 
off,  to  sail  from  land.— To  put  to  sea,  to  set 
sail;  to  begin  a  voyage.— To  put  up,  to 
take  lodgings;  to  lodge.— To  put  up  with, 
to  overlook  or  suffer  without  punishment 
or  resentment;  to  pocket  or  swallow  (an 
affi-ont);  to  endure  without  murmuring  or 
grumbling;  to  tolerate.— Putter,  put'6r,  re. 
One  who  puts. 

Put,  put;  v.t.—putted,  putting.  [Same  word 
as  above;  directly  from  Gael.]  To  throw 
(as  a  heavy  stone)  upwards  and  forwards 
from  the  shoulder.— Putting-stone,  ri.  In 
Scotland,  a  heavy  stone  to  be  thro-\vn  with 
the  hand  raised  and  thrust  forward  fi-om 
the  shoulder,  as  a  trial  of  strength  and 
skill. 

Put,  Putt,  put,  n.  [AV.  x>wt,  a  short,  thick 
person.]  A  rustic;  a  clown;  a  silly  fellow; 
an  oddity; 

Putamen,  pO-ta'men,  re.  [L.,  a  shell.]  Bot. 
the  inner  coat  or  shell  of  a  fruit;  the  en- 
docarp. 

Putative,  pu'ta-tiv,  a.  [Fr.  putatif,  L.  pu- 
tativus,  from  L.  puto,  to  suppose  (as  in 
covipute,  impute,  dispute,  repute,  &c.,from 
putus,  clean;  akin  to  purus,  pure.]  Sup- 
posed; reputed  (the  putative  father  of  a 
child). 

Pnteal,  pa'te-al,  n.  [L.  puteal,  from  puteus, 
a  well.]  An  inclosure  suiTounding  a  well 
to  prevent  .persons  falling  into  it;  aa' 
ancient  Koman  well-curb. 

Putid,  pQ'tid,  a.  [L.  putidus,  from  puteo, 
to  have  an  ill  smell;  root  pu,  as  in  putrid, 
pus.}  Disgusting;  vile;  nasty;  low  or 
worthless. 

Putlog,  putlog,  re.  [From  put  and  log.} 
Carp,  one  of  the  short  pieces  of  timber 
used  in  building  to  carry  the  floor  of  a 
scaffold,  having  one  end  inserted  in  holes 
in  the  wall. 

Putredinous,  pQ-tred'i-nus, «.  [L.  putredo, 
rottenness.  Putrid.]  Having  an  offensive  i 
smell;  rotten. 

Putrefy,  pa'tre-fi,  v.t.— putrefied,  putrefy- 

■  ing.  [Fr.  putrefier,  L.  putrefaeio—putris, 
putrid,  facio,  to  make.  Putrid.]  To  ren- 
der putrid;  to  cause  to  rot  with  an  offen- 
sive smell;  to  make  carious  or  gangrenous. 
—v.i.  To  become  putrid;  to  rot.— Putrefac- 
tion, pQ-tre-fak'shon,  n.  The  act  or  pro- 
cess of  putrefying;  the  decomposition  of 
animal  and  vegetable  substances,  attended 
by  the  evolution  of  foetid  gases;  that 
which  is  putrefied.- Putrefactive,  pn-tre- 
fak'tiv,  a.  Pertaining  to  putrefaction; 
tending  to  cause  or  causing  putrefaction. 
— Putrefactiveness,  pa-tre-fak'tiv-nes,  re. 

Putrescent,  pu-tres'ent,  a.  [L.  putrescens, 
ppr.  of  ptUresco,  to  rot.  Putrid.]  Be- 
coming putrid;  growing  rotten;  pertaining 
to  the  process  of  putrefact;ion.— Putres- 
cence, pQ-tres'ens,  re.  The  state  of  being 
putrescent;  a  putrid  state. — Putrescible, 
pu-tres'i-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  putre- 
fied: liable  to  become  putrid. 

Putrid,  pa'trid,  a.  ['Ei.putride,  L.  putridus, 
from  putris,  rotten,  putreo,  to  rot,  from 

puteo,  to  stink,  from  a  root  seen  also  in  L. 

pus,  Gr.  pyon,  matter;  the  same  root  pro- 
ducing also  E.  fovZ.  Pus,  Foul.  ]  In  a 
state  of  decay  or  putrefaction;  corrupt; 
rotten;  proceeding  from  putrefaction  or 
pertaining  to  it. — Putrid  fever,  typhus  or 
spotted  fever.— Putridity,  Putridness,  pti- 
trid'i-ti,  pti'trid-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
putrid;  corruption;  rottenness. 

Putt,  put,  n.    An  odd  person;  a  put. 

Puttock,  put'tok,  re.    [From  pout,  pv.O.l,  a 


ch,  c&ain;     eft,  Sc.  locft;  ^  g,  go;  ^  j,  job;^  n,  Fr.  ton;^  J^tii^lj*.  *?»  thea;  th,  tMa;  ^  w,  wig;  j^  wh,  whig;     zh,  a^ure. 


PUTTY 


648! 


PYEOTECHKIC 


chicken,  and  AaicA.]   The  common  kite ; 
the  glead  or  gled. 

Putty,  put'i,  n.  £Fr.  xioiit,  calcined  tin, 
brass,  «c.,  putty  jxjwder,  from  poi,  a  pot, 
originally  perhaps  applied  to  a  solder  for 
pots.l  A  powder  of  calcined  tin,  used  in 
polishing  glass  and  steel ;  a  kind  of  paste 
or  cement  compounded  of  whiting  or  soft 
carbonate  of  lime  and  linseed-oil,  used  by 
glaziers  for  fixing  in  the  panes  of  glass 
in  window  frames,  &c.;  a  fine  cement  made 
of  lime  and  stone  dust;  the  mixture  of 
ground  materials  in  which  earthenware 
is  dipped  for  glazing. — v.t.— pitttiwi,  pittty- 
ing.  To  cement  mth  putty;  toflUupwith 
putty.— Putty-faced,  a.  Having  a  face  re- 
sembling the  colour  of  putty.  —  Pntty- 
knife,  n.  A  knife  u»ed  by  glaziers  for  lay- 
ing on  putty. 

Puzzle,  puz'l,  v.t.—puziUd,  pttzHing.  [Freq. 
from  pose,  to  perplex  with  a  question; 
or  a  form  of  jniMle;  comp.  rrmddle,  to 
make  stupid.]  cfTo  perplex;  to  nonplus;  to 
put  to  a  stand ;  to  gravel ;  to  make  intri- 
cate; to  entangle;  with  out,  to  discover  or 
resolve  by  long  cogitation. — v.i.  To  be  be- 
wildered; to  be  awkward. — n.  Perplexity; 
embarrassment;  a  kind  of  riddle;  a  toy  or 
contrivance  which  tries  the  ingenuilg^. — 
Puzzle-headed,  a.  Having  the  head  full 
of  confused  notions.— Pnmement,  puz'l- 
ment,  n.  The  state  of  being  puzzled;  be- 
wilderment. —  Puzzler,  puz'l6r,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  puzzles.  —  Puzzling, 
puz'ling,  p.  and  a.  Such  as  to  puzzle; 
perplexing;  embarrassing;  bewildering.— 
Pu^e-monkey,  n.  A  popular  name  of  the 
araucaria. 

Pnzzolana,  Fnzznolana,  PuzzoUte,  puz'za- 
la-na,  puz'zQ-o-la"na,  puz'zo-lit.     Pozzo- 

Pyemia-,  pi-«'mi-a,  n.  [Qr.  pyon,  pus  (Pn- 
Tain),  and  Aaiw^,  blood.]  Blood-poisoning, 
a  dajigerouB  disease  resulting  from  the 
introduction  of  decaying  animal  matter, 
piis,  &c.,  into  the  system.— Pyemic,  pi-6'- 
mik,  a.  Pertaining  to  pyamia ;  charac- 
terized by  or  of  the  nature  of  pysemia. 

Pycnostyle,  pik'no-stil,  n.  [Gr.  pyJcnos, 
thick,  and  stylos,  a  column.]  Arch,  a 
colonnade  where  the  columns  stand  very 
close  to  each  other. 

Pyebald,  pi'b?^ld,  a.    Pebbauo. 

Pygarg,  pi'garg,  n.  [Gr.  pygargos,  lit. 
white-rump — p^^,  a  rump,  and  argot, 
white.]  A  species  of  antelope  mentioned 
in  the  Bible,  probably  theaddaz;  also,  the 
sea-eagle  or  osprey. 

Jygidliim,  pi-jid'i-um,  n.  [Gr.  pygl,  the 
posteriors.]    The  terminal  division  of  the 

_bcdy  of  a  trUobite,  also  of  a  flea. 

Pygmy,  pig'mi,  n.  [Fr.  pygmde;  L.  pyg- 
7r.<xus,  from  Gr.  pygmaios,  from  pygme, 
the  flit,  the  distance  from  the  elbow  to 
the  knuckles,  about  13i  inc'ies.]  One  of  a 
fabulous  race  of  dwarfs,  .first  mentioned 
by  Homer ;  a  UtUe  or  dwarfish  person ;  a 
dwarf;  also,  anytnicg  little. — a.  Pygnjean; 
dwarfish ;  little. — I^ysmean,  pig-me'an,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a.  pigmy;  dwarfish. 

Pylon,  pi'lon,  n.  [Qr.  pylon,  from  pyli,  & 
gate.]  Areh.  the  mass  of  buildmg  on 
either  side  of  the  entrance  to  an  Egyptian 
temple. 

Pylorus,  pi-lo'rus,  n.  [Qr.  pyloros,  from 
iyli,  a  gate,  and  ouros,  a  guard.]  The 
lower  and  right  orifice  of  the  stomach, 
through  which  the  food  passes  to  the  in- 
testines.—Pyloric,  pi-lor'ilc,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  pylorus. 

Pyogenesls,  Pyogenia,  pi-o-jen'e-sis,  pi-3- 
.le'ni-a,  n.  [Gr.  pyon,  pus,  and  genesis, 
generation;  root  gen,  to  produce.  Pus.] 
The  generation  or  formation  of  pus. — 
Pyogenic,  pi-5-jen'ik,  —  Having  relation 
to  the  formation  of  pus. — l^old,  pi'oid,  a. 
Partaking  of  the  nature  of,  or  resembling 
pus. 

ryz'acantb,  pir'a-kanth,  n.  [Gr.  pyrakantha, 
iiary  thorn  —  pur,  6re,  and  akantha,  a 
thorn.]  A  kind  of  thotn  found  in  the 
south  of  Europe. 

Pyracld,  pi-ras'id,  n.    PrKO-Aom. 

I'yral.     u  nder  Pyr«. 

lyramld,  pir'a-mid,  n.  [Fr.  pyramtdt;  L. 
pyramis,  from  Gr.  pyramis,  pvnKnidos.a. 
vyramid ;  probably  an  Egyptian  word.] 
A  aoUd  structure  whos«  base  is  a  t*cti- 


lineal  figure,  and  whose  sides  are  trian- 
gular and  meet  at  a  point;  one  of  the 
ancient  structures  of  this  form  erected  in 
different  parts  of  the  world,  the  most 
noted  being  those  of  Egypt,  to  which  the 
name  was  originally  applied;  geom.  strictly 
a  solid  contained  by  a  plane  trlangulaii, 
square,  or  polygonal  base,  and  by  other 
planes  meeting  in  a  point;  pi.  a  game  at 
billiards  played  with  fifteen  red  balls  and 
one  white,  the  red  balls  being  placed  to- 
gether in  the  form  of  a  triangle  or  pyra- 
mid, and  the  players  tr.ving  who  will  poc- 
ket the  greatest  number  of  balls. — Pyra- 
midal, iTTamidlc,  P3rramldlcal,  pi-ram'i- 
dal,  _pir-a-mid'ik,  pir-a-mid'i-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  pyramid;  having  the  form  of 
a  pyramid. —Pyramidally,  Pyramidically, 
pi-ram'i-dal-li,  pir-a-mid'i-kal-li,'  adv.  In 
the  form  of  a  pyramid.— Pyramidicalness, 
pir-a-mid'i-kal-nes,  ji, — Pyramidlon,  pir-a- 
mid'i-on,  n.  Arch,  the  small  pyramid 
which  terminates  the  top  of  an  obelisk. — 

.  P3rramldoid,  ^ramoid,  pi-ram'i-doid,  pir'- 
a-moid,  n.  A  figure  or  solid  resembling  a 
pyramid. 

Pj^-argyrite,  pir-ayji-rit,  n.  [Gr.  pyr,  lire, 
and  argyros,  silver.]  An  important  ore  of 
silver,  chiefly  sulphide  of  silver  and  anti- 
mony, with  hexagonal  crystallization. 

Pyre,  pir,  n.  [L.  pyra,  from  Gr.  pyr  a,  a 
pyre,  from  pyr,  fire.  Fike.]  A  heap  of 
combustible  materials  on  which  a  dead 
body  was  laid  to  be  burned;  a  funeral  pUe. 
— Pyral,  pi'ral,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  pyre. 

Pyrene,  pi-ren',  n.  [Gr.  pyren.}  Bot.  the 
stone  found  in  the  interior  of  fruits. 

Fyrenean,  pir-e-ne'an,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Pyrenees.  —  Pyreneite,  pir-e-ne'it,  n.  A. 
mineral  of  a  grayish-black  colour,  found 
in  the  Pyrenees ;  a  variety  of  garnet. 

Pyretic,  pi-ret'ik,  n.  [Gr.  pyntos,  burning 
heat,  fever,  from  pyr,  fire.  Pvre.  ]  A 
medicine  for  the  cure  of  fever. — ryr^. 
tology,  pir-5-tol'o-ji,  n.  The  branch  of 
medical  science  that  treats  of  fevers.- 

^  Pyrexia,  Pjrrezy,  pi-rek'si-a,  pi-rek'si,  n. 

■  {Fr.  pyrexie,  from  Gr.  pyresso,  to  be  fever- 
ish.] Fever.— Pyrexial,  Pyrexical,  pi-rek'- 
si-al,  pi-rek'si-lwl,  a.  Pertaining  to  fever; 
feverish. 

Pyrheliometer,  pir-he'li-om"et-6r,  n.  [Gr. 
pj/r,  fire,  helios,  the  sun,  Dietron,  a  mea- 
sure.] An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
intensity  of  the  heat  of  the  sun. 

Pyriform,  pir'i-form,  a.  [L.  pyrumi,  aT)ear, 
and  forma,  shape.]  Having  the  form  of  a 
pear. 

iTTltes,  pi-ri'tCz,  n.  [Gr.  pyrites,  from  pyr, 
fire.  Pyre.]  A  term  applied  to  yellow  sul- 
phide-of  iron,  because  it  struck  fire  with 
steel ;  also  applied  to  minerals  in  which 
sulphur  exists  in  combination  with  cop- 

Ser,  cobalt,  nickel,  &c. — Arsenical  pyrites. 
lispiEEL.  — White  ir(m  pyrites.  Maijca- 
8ITB. —  Yellow  or  copper  pyrites,  the  sul- 
phuret  of  copper  and  iron,  the  most  com- 
mon ore  of  copper. —Pyritlc,  Pyritical, 
Pyritous,  Pyritaceous,  pi-rit'ik,  pi-rit'i- 
kal,  pir'i-tus,  pir-i-t.Vshus,  a.  Pertaining  to 
pyrites;  consisting  of  or  resembling  pyr- 
ites.—Pyrltiferous,  pir-i-tif'er-us,  a.  Con- 
taining or  producing  pyrites.— Pyritize, 
pii'i-tlz,  v.t.—pyriiized,pyritizing.  To  con- 
vert into  pyrites. 

Pyroacetic,  pir'o-a-set"ik,a.  [Gr.  pyr,  pyroa, 
fire,  and  E.  acetic.]  -Pertaining  to  or  ob- 
tained from  acetic  acid  when  subjected 
to  the  action  ot  heat.— Pyro-acld,  n.  A 
product  obtained  by  subjecting  certain 
organic  acids  to  heat. 

Pjrro-electric,  Pyro-electricity,  pir'5-e-lek"- 
trik,  pir'o-e-lek-tris"i-ti.  [Gr.  pyr,  pyros, 
fire,  and  B.  electric.]  Thermo-electric,  &c. 

Pjrrogenic,  pir-5-jen'ik,  a.  and  n.  [Gr.  pyr, 
pyros,  fire,  and  root  gen,  to  produce.]  Pro- 
ducing or  that  which  tends  to  produce 
feverishness.- Pyrogenous,  pi-roj'e-nus,  a. 
Produced  by  fire;  igneous. 

Pyrognomic,  pir-og-nom'ik,  a.  [Gr.  pyr, 
pyros,  fire,  and  gnOm6n,  an  index.]  Ap- 
plied to  certain  minerals  which,  when 
heated  to  a  certain  degree,  exhibit  a  glow 
of  incandescence. 

Pjrrognostic,  pir-og-nos'tik,  o.  [Gr.  jn/r, 
pyros,  fire,  and  gignOskO,  to  know.]  Mm- 
eraL  pfcrta.ining  to  the  phenomena  exhib- 
ited on  the  application  of  the  blow-pipe. 


Pyro-heliometer,  pir'5-h6-li-om"et-6r,  n. 

Pyrheliometer. 

Pyrolatry,  pi-rora-tri,  n.  [Gr.  pyr,  fire,  and 
latreia,  worship.]  Tl>e  worship  of  fire.— 
Pyrolater,  pi-rol'a-t6r,  n.  A  fire-wor- 
shipper. 

Pyrcleter,  pi-rol'e-t6r,  n.  [Gr.  pyr,  pyros, 
fire,  and  oUymi,  to  destroy.]  An  apparatus 
for  the  extinction  of  fire. 
Pyroligneous,  Pyrollgnic,  Pyrollgnous,  pir- 
o-Iig'n5-us,  pir-o-lig'nik,  pir-o-lig'nus,  a. 
[Gr.  pur,  flre,  and  L.  lignwn,  wood.]  Gen- 
erated or  procured  by  the  distillation  of 
yrood.— Pyroligneous  acid,  impure  acetic 
acid  obtained  by  the  distillation  of  wood. 
Pyrology,  pi-rol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  pyi;  fire,  and 
logos,  discourse.]  The  sqjence  of  heat.— 
Pyrologist,  pi-rdl'o-jist,  n.  One  versed  in 
the  science  of  heat. 

Pjnrolusite,  pir-O-lQ'sit,  n.  [Gr.  pyr,  fire,  and 
lyO,  to  wash.]  A  black  ore  of  manganese, 
much  used  in  chemical  processes. 
Pyromagnetlc,  pir'0-mag-net"ik,  a.  [Gr. 
pyr,  pyros,  fire,  and  E.  magnetic.']  Having 
the  property  of  becoming  magnetic  when 
-  heated. 

^romancy,  pir'5-man-si,  n.  [Gr.  pyr,  pyros, 
fire,  and  inanteia,  divination.]  Divination 
by  fire.  —  PjTTomantic,  pir-5-man'tik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  pyromancy.— n.  One  who 
pretends  to  divine  by  fire. 
I^rometer,  pi-rom'et-6r,  n.  [Gr.  pyr,  pyros, 
fire,  and  metron,  a  measure.]  A  term  ap- 
plied to  any  instrumentthe  object  of  which 
•  is  to  measure  all  gradations  of  temperature 
above  those  that  can  be  indicated  by  the 
mercurial  thermometer.— Pyrometric,  Py- 
rometrical,  pir-5-met'rik,  pir-o-met'ri-kal, 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  pyrometer  or  its  use. 
— Pyroiaetry,  pi-rom'et-ri,  n.  The  use  of 
the  pyrometer ;  the  act  or  art  of  measur- 
ing high  degrees  of  heat. 
Pyromorphous,  pir-o-mor'fus,  a.  [Gr.  pyr, 
pyros,  &e,  and  morphe,  form.]  Mineral. 
having  the  property  of  crystallization  by 
fire. 

Pyronomlcs,  pir-C-nom'iks,  n.  [  Gr.  pyr, 
pyroa,  fire,  and  nomos,  a  rule,  a  law.]  The 
science  of  heat. 

Pjrrope,  pir'op,  n.  [Gr.  pyr,  pyros,  fire,  and 
6ps,  the  face.]  Fire-gamet  or  Bohemian 
garnet,  a  dark-red  variety  of  garnet. 
Pyrophanous,  pi-rof'a-nus,  a.  [Gr.  pyr, 
pyros,  fire,  and  phainO,  to  show.]  Ken- 
dered  transparent  by  heat. 
Pyrophone,  pir'o-f5n,  n.  [Gr.  pyr,  pyros, 
fire,  and  phone,  sound.]  A  musical  instru- 
ment in  which  the  ncies  are  produced  by 
the  burning  of  hydrogen  gas  within  glass 
tubes  of  various  sizes  and  lengths. 
^rophorus,  pi-rof'o-rus,  n.  [Qr.pyr,  pyi-os, 
flre,  and  pharos,  bearing.]  Any  siibstance 
which  takes  fire  on  exposure  to  air.— Pyro- 
phoric,  ftrrophorous,  pir-o-for  ik,  pi-rof- 
o-ruB,  a.  Pertaining toorresembUng pyro- 
phorus. 

PVrophyllite,  pir-5-flllit,  n.  [Gr.  pyr,  pyros, 
fire,  and  phyllon,  a  leaf.]  A  mineral  of  a  foli- 
ated structure,  resembling  talc,  and  hav- 
ing a  white,  green,  or  yellow  colour  and 
pearly  lustre. 

ftax)scope,  pir'o-skOp,  n.  [Gr.  pyr,  pyros, 
fire,  and  skopeo,  to  view.]  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  intensity  of  heat  radi- 
ating from  a  hot  body. 
PyrosiB,  pi-ro'sis,  n.  [Gr.  pyrosis,  a  burn- 
ing, from  pyr,  fire.]  Med.  a  disease  of  the 
stomach  attended  with  a  burning  sensa- 
tion, accompanied  with  an  eructation  of 
watery  fluid.  Water-brash. 
Pyrosome,  pir'o-som,  n.  [Gr.  pyr,  pyros, 
fire,  and  soma,  a  body.]  A  molluscous 
animal  forming  compound  organisms, 
composed  of  innumerable  individuals,  ru- 
markable  for  their  brUliant  phosphores- 
cent luminosity. 

PyroteBhnic,  Pyrotechnical,  pir-3-tek'nik, 
pir-o-tek'ni-kal,  a.  [Gr.  pyr,  pyros,  fire, 
and  techno,  art.]  Pertaining^  to  fireworks 
or  the  art  of  form  ing  them. —  Pyrotechnics, 
Pyrotechny,  pir-o-tek'niks,  pii^o-tek'ni,  n. 
The  art  of  making  fireworks;  the  use  of 
artificial  fireworks;  the  management  and 
application  of  fire  in  various  operations. 
—  ^rrotechnist,  Pyrotechnician,  pir-o- 
tek'nist,  pir'5-tek-nish"an,  n.  One  skilled 
in  pyrotechny;  a  manufacturer  of  firo- 
workk 


F&te,  f)ir,  fat,  f All;  .  ne,  met,  bto;     pine,  pin^     nSte,  not,  mOve;     tQbe,  tub,  b\(U;     oil,  pound;     il,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr.  i«. 


I'YROTIC 


549 


QUADEIPARTin? 


Pyrotic,  pi-rot'ik,  o.    [Qr.  pyrotikos,  Irom 

jjyr,  flrio.]    Caustic— n.  A  caustic. 

Pyroxene,  pir'ok-sea,  n.  [Gr.  pyr,  pyros, 
fire,  and  xenos,  a  stranger.]  Another  name 
for  the  mineral  augite,  from  its  occurring 
usually  in  igneous  rocks. — Pyroxenic,  pir- 
ok-sen'ik,  a.    Pertaining  to  pyroxene. 

Pyxoxylic,  pir-ok-sil'ik,  a.  LGr.  pi/r,  pyros, 
lire,  and  xylon,  wood.]  "Applied  to  the 
crude  liquid  obtained  by  distilling  wood 
in  closed  vessels.— Pyroxyle,  Pyro:^li3ie, 
pi-rok'sU,  pi-rok'si-lin,  n.  Gun-cotton  and 
other  explosive  substances  obtained  by 
immersing  vegetable  fibre  in  nitric  or 
nitro-sulpnuric  acid. 

Pyrrhic,  pir'ik,  n.  [6r.  pyrrkichc,  a  war- 
fike  dance.]  An  ancient  Grecian  warlike 
danc'e;  a  metrical  foot  consisting  of  two 
short  syllables.  —  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Greek  martial  dance;  pros,  consisting  of 
two  short  syllables,  or  of  feet  of  two  short 
syllables. 

Pyrrhonism,  pir'on-izm,  n.  [From  Pyrrho, 
the  founder  of  the  Sceptics.]  Scepticism; 
universal  doubt.— Pyrrlionean,i3i-r5'a5-an, 
a.  Pyrrhonic.  —  Pyrrhonic,  pi-ron'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  pyrrhonism.  —  PyrrhonJst, 
Pyrrhonian,  pir'on-ist,  pi-r5'ni-au,  n.  A 
sceptic;  one  who  doubts  of  everything. 


Pythagorean,  Pythagorlc,  PytAagorical, 
pi-thag'o-r8"an,  pith-a-gor'ik,  pith-a-gor'i- 
fcal,  a.  Pertaining  to  Pythagoras  or  his 
system  of  piiilosophy,  which  taught  the 
doctrine  of  the  transmigration  of  souls, 
and  resolved  all  philosophy  into  the  rela- 
tions of  numbers, — Pythagorean  system, 
attron.  the  system  taught  by  Pjfthagoras, 
afterwards  revived  by  Copernicus.— Py- 
thagorean, Pythagoric,  n.  A  follower  of 
Pythagoras.  —  Pythagoreanism, .  VytTa&g- 
orism,  pi-thag'o-r6"an-izm,  pi-thag'or-izm, 
n.  The  doctrines  or  'philosophy  of  -Py- 
thagoras. 

Pythian,  pith'i-an,  a.  [L.  Pythius,  Gr. 
Pythios,  from  PytJiO,  the  older  name  of 
Belphi.]  Pertaining  to  Delphi  or  to  the 
priestess  of  Apollo  at  Delphi.  —Pythian 
games,  one  of  the  four  great  national  fes- 
tivals of  Greece,  celebrated  every  fifth  year 
in  honour  of  Apollo  near  Delphi.— Pyth- 
iad,  pith'i-ad,  n.  The  period  between  the 
celebrations  of  the  Pythian  games. 

Pythogenio,  pi-th5-jen'ik,  a.  Idt.  pythomai, 
to  rot,  and  root  gen,  to  produce.J  Engen- 
dered from  filth:  applied  to  diseases,  as 
typhus,  produced  by  filth  or  by  a  vitiated 
atmosphere. —Pythogenesis,  pi-tbo-jen'e- 
sis,  n.    Generation  by  means  of  filth. 


yytbon,  pi'thon,  n.  [Gr.  python,  a  great 
serpent  slain  by  Apollo.]  A  genus  of  largo 
non-venomous  serpents,  natives  of  the 
East  Indies  and  elsewhere. 

Pythoness,  pi'thon-es,  n.  [Fr.  pythonisse, 
from  Gr.  Pytho,  old  name  of  Delphi. 
Pythian.]  The  priestess  of  Apollo  at 
Delphi,  who  gave  oracular  answers;  hence, 
any  woman  supposed  to  have  a  spirit  of 
divination.— Pythonio,  pi-thon'ik,  a.  Or- 
acular; prophetic.  —  Pjrthonism,  pi'thon- 
izm,  n.    The  foretelUng  of  future  events. 

Pyx,  piks,  n.  [Gt.  pyxis,  a  box,  especially 
of  box-wood,  from  pyxos,  the  box-tree.] 
A  covered  vessel  used  in  the  Roman  Ca- 
tholic Chutch  for  holding  the  consecrated 
host;  a  box  or  chest  in  which  specimen 
coins  are  deposited  at  the  British  Mint.— 
Trial  of  the  pyx,  the  trial  by  weight  and 
assay  of  the  gold  and  silver  coins  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  prior  to  their  hsno  from 
the  Mint;  the  assay  of  gold  &iid  silver 
plate  at  an  assay  oflice.  Written  also  Pix. 
— v.t.  To  test  by  weight  and  assay. 

Pyzidlum,  pik-sid'i-um,  n.  [Gr.  pyxis,  a 
Dox,  and  emos,  resemblanco.j  Bot.  a  cap- 
sule with  a  lid,  as  seen  in  the  case  of  cer- 
tain fniits;  a  teriA  also  applied  to  the 
tbeca  of  mosses. 


Q. 


Q,  the  seventeenth  letter  of  the  English 
alphabet,  a  consonant  having  the  same 
sound  as  k  or  hard  c. 

Qua,  kwa,  adv.  fL.]  In  the  quality  or 
character  of;  as  being;  as. 

Quack,  kwak,f  .i.  [Formed  from  the  sound, 
like  D.  kwaaken,  kwakken,  G.  qtiaken,  Dan. 
qvdkke,  to  croak,  to  quack;  comp.  Gr. 
koax,  the  croak  of  a  frog.]  •  To  cry  like  the 
common  domestic  duck;  to  make  vain  and 
loud  pretensions;  to  talk  noisily  and  os- 
tentatiously; to  play  the  quack.— n.  The 
cry  of  a  duck;  one  who  pretends  to  skill 
or  knowledge  which  he  does  not  possess; 
an  empty  pretender;  a  charlatan;  espe- 
cially, a  pretender  to  medical  skill.— a. 
Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  quack- 
ery {quack  medicines,  a  quack  doctor). — 
Quackery,  kwak'er-i,  n.  Tne  boastful  pre- 
tensions or  mean  practice  of  a  quack,  par- 
ticularly in  medicine;  humbug;  impos- 
ture. —  Quackish,  kwak'ish,  a.  Like  a 
quack  or  charlatan.— Quacksalver,  kwak'- 
Bal-v6r,  n.  [D.  kwaksalver,  L.G.  kuaksal- 
yer,  G.  quacksalber,  lit.  a  quack  that  deals 
in  salves.]   A  charlatan;  a  quack. 

Quad,  kwod,  n.  [Contr.  for  quadrangle.'] 
The  quadrangle  or  court,  as  of  a  college  or 
jaU;  hence,  a  jail;  quod. 

Quadra,  kwod'ra,  ji.pl.  Quadra,  kwod're. 
[L.,  a  square  or  plinth,  a  fillet.]  Arch,  a 
square  frarne  or  border  inclosing  a  bas- 
relief;  any  frame  or  border. 

Quadragenarian,  Quaoragenarious,  kwod'- 
xa-je-ua"ri-an,  kwod'ra-je-na"ri-us,  a.  [L. 
quadragenarius,  from  quadragcni,  forty 
each, from  qv.adraginta,iovty.]  Consisting 
of  forty;  forty  years  old.  —  Quj.dragene, 
kwod'ra-jen,  n.  A  papal  indulgence  for 
forty  days. 

Quadragesima,  kwod-ra-jes'i-ma,  n.  [L. 
quadragesimus,  fortieth,  from  quadragin- 
ta,  forty,  from  quatuor,  four.]  Lent:  so 
called  because  it  consists  of  forty  days. — 
<iuadragesima  Sunday,  the  first  Sunday 
in  Lent.  —  Quadragesimal,  kwod-ra-jes'i- 
mal,  a.  Connected  with  the  number 
forty;  belonging  to  Lent. 

Quadirangle,  kwod-rang'gl,  n.  [L.  quadrus 
-qitatuor,  four,  and  angulus,  an  angle.] 
A  quadrilateral  figure;  a  plain  figure  hav- 
ing four  sides,  and  consequently  four 
angles;  a  square  or  quadrangular  court 
surrounded  by  buildings.— Quadrangular, 
kwod-rang'gu-ler,  a.  Of  a  square  shape; 
having  four  sides  and  four  angles.— Quad- 
rangularly,  kwod-rang'gu-l6r-li,  adv.  In 
the  form  of  a  quadrangle. 

Quadrant,  kwod'rant,  n.  [L.  quadrans, 
quadrantis,  a  fourth.]  The  quarter  of  a 
circl?;  the  arc  of  a  circle  containing  90°; 


the  space  included  between  this  arc  and 
two  ikdii  drawn  from  the  centre  to  each 
extremity;  an  instrument  for  measuring 
angular  altitudes,  in  principle  and  appli- 
cation the  same  as  the  sextant,  by  which 
it  is  superseded.— Quadrantai,  kwod-ran'- 
tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  quadrant. 
Quadrat,  kwod'rat,  n.  [L.  quadratum,  a 
square,  from  quadrus,  square.]  Printing, 
a  piece  of  type-metal  cast  lower  than  a 
.  type,  used  for  filling  out  spaces  between 
letters,  words,  lines,  &c.,  so  as  to  leave  a 
blank  on  the  paper  at  the  place. 
Quadrate,  kwod'rat,  a.  [L.  qvadratus, 
squared,  pp.  of  quadro,  quadratum,  to 
make  square,  from  quadrus,  square.] 
Square  in  form;  square,  by  being  the  pro- 
duct of  a  number  multiplied  into  itself. — 
.  n.  A  square  surface  or  figure.— Quadratic, 
kwod-rat'ik,  a.  [Fr.  quadratiqtie.]  Pertain- 
ing to,  denoting,  or  containing  a  square; 
dig.  involving  the  square  or  second  power 
of  an  unknown  quantity  (a  q^tadratic 
equation).— w.  A  quadratic  equation;  pi. 
that  branch  of  algebra  which  treats  of 
quadratic  equations.— Quadratrix,'  kwod- 
rat'riks,  n.  f  L.  quadro,  to  square.]  Geom. 
a  curve  employed  for  finding  the  quadra- 
ture of  other  curves. — Quadrature,  kwod'- 
ra-ttlr,  n.  [L.  q'Audratura.]  Geom.  the  act 
of  squaring;  the  reducing  of  a  figure  to  a 
square;  thus,  the  finding  of  a  square  which 
shall  contain  just  as  much  area  as  a  cer- 
tain circle  or  triangle,  is  the  quadrature 
of  that  circle  or  triangle;  astron.  the  posi- 
tion of  one  hearenly  body  in  respect  to 
another  when  distant  from  it  90°. 
Quadrel,  kwod'rel,  n.  [L.L.  quadrellus, 
dim.  of  L.  quadrug,  a  square.]  A  square 
stone,  brick,  or  tile;  sometimes  restricted 
to  a  kind  of  artificial  stone  formed  of  a 
chalky  earth  moulded  to  a  square  form. 
Quadreimiai,  kwod-ren'i-al,  a.  [From  L. 
quadriennium,  a  space  of  four  years — quad- 
rus =  quatuor,  four,  and  annus,  year.] 
Comprising  four  years;  occurring  once  in 
four  years.  —  Quadrennially,  kwod-ren'i- 
al-li,  adv.  Once  in  four  years. 
Quadricapsular,  kwod-ri-kap'sa-16r,  a.  [L. 
quadrus  =  quatuor,  four,  and  capsula,  a 
capsule.]  Bot.  having  four  capsules. 
Quadrlcomous,  kwod-ri-kor'nus,  a.  [L. 
quadrus= quatuor,  four,  and  coraw,  a  horn.] 
Zool.  having  four  horns  or  antennae. 
Quadricostate,  kwod-ri-kos'tat,  a.  [L. 
quadr^is— quatuor,  four,  and  costa,  a  rib.] 
Having  four  ribs. 

Quadridentate,  kwod-ri-den'tat,  a.  [L. 
quadrus— quatuor,  four,  and  dens,  dentis, 
a  tooth.j  Bot.  having  four  teeth  on  the 
edge. 


Qaadri£arlon8,kwod-ri-f&'ri-u8,a.  IL.gwtd- 

rifarius,  fourfold,  from  quadrus^Quatuor, 
four.]  Bot.  arranged  in  four  rows  or  ranks. 

Quadnfid,  kwod'ri-fid,  a.  [L.  quadrus  = 
quatuor,  four,  and  findo,  fidi,  to  cleave.] 
Split  or  deeply  cleft  into  four  parts. 

Quadrifoil,  Quadrifoliate,  kwod 'ri- foil, 
kwod-ri-fO'li-at,  a.  [L.  quadrus =qvMtuor, 
four,  and  folium,  a  leaf*]  Bot.  having  four 
leaves  attached  laterally  to  a  common 
stalk. 

Quadrifurcate,  kwod-ri-f er'kat,  a.  [L.  guadr 
rus— quatuor,  four,  and  furca,  a  fork.] 
Having  four  forks  or  branches. 

Quadriga,  kwod-ri'ga,  n.  pi.  Quadriga, 
kwod-ri'je.  [L.,  contr.  from  quadrijuga — 
prefix  qtuxdrtis,  fourfold,  and  jugum,  a 
yoke.]  An  ancient  two-wheeled  car  or 
chariot  drawn  by  four  horses,  harnessed 
all  abreast. 

Quad'rigeminons,  kwod-ri-jem'i-nus,  a.  [L. 
quadrigeminus—quadrus  =  quatuor,  four, 
and!  geminus,  double.]  Fourfold ;  having 
four  similar  parts., 

Quadrljugate,  kwod-rij'Q-gat,  a.  [L.  quad- 
rus=quatuor,  four,  and  jugum,  a  yoke.] 
Bot.  pinnate,  with  four  pairs  of  leaflets. 

Quadrilateral,  kwod-ri-lat'6r-al,  a.  [L. 
quadrus= quatuor,  four,  and  latus,  lateris, 
side.]  Having  four  sides  and  consequently 
four  angles.  —  ra.  A  figure  having  four 
sides  and  four  angles:  the  space  inclosed 
between  and  defended  by  four  fortresses, 
or^the  four  fortresses  collectively. — Quad- 
rilateralness,  kwod-ri-lat'6r-al-nes, «. 

Quadrille,  ka-dril',  n.  [Fr.  quadrille,  Sp. 
cxMdrilla,'a,  group  of  four  per8ons,ct«wiriZto, 
a  small  square,  from  L.  quadra,  quadrum, 
a  square,  from  quatttor,  four.]  A  game 
played  by  four  persons  with  forty  cards;  a 
dance  consisting  generally  of  five  figures 
or  movements  executed  by  four  couples 
each  forming  the  side  of  a  square;  the 
music  for  such  a  dance. 

Quadrillion,  kwod-ril'yon,  n.  [L.  quadrvs 
=  quatuor,  four,  and  E.  million.]  Tb? 
fourth  power  of  a  million,  or  the  numbe"- 
represented  by  a  unit  with  twenty-foui 
ciphers  annexed. 

Quadrilocular,  kwod-ri-lok'tt-l^r,  «.  [Ij. 
quadrus^quatuor,  f  our,and  loculus,  a  cell.] 
Bot.  having  four  cells  or  compartments ; 
four-celled. 

Quadrinomial,  kwod-ri-n5'mi-al,  a.  [L. 
quadrus  •=  quatuor,  four,  and  nomtn,  a 
name.]  Alg.  consisting  of  four  denomi- 
nations or  terms.— n.  Alg.  a  quantity  con- 
sisting of  four  terms. 

Quadripartite,  kwod-ri-pHr'tit.a.  [L.  quad- 
rus—quatuor,  four,  and  partitus,  divided.] 
Divided  into  four  parts;  bot.  divided  to  the 


cb,  cAain;     ch,  &c.loo/ii  e,  go;    3,joh;     &.rr.  ton:     nx.tdna:     ^b,  then;  ih.  thin:     w,  wig;     wh,  whig;     cb,a«ure. 


QTJADKIPENNATl!: 


550 


QUARANTINE 


base  into  four  parts  (a  quadripartite  leaf). 
— Quadripartitely,  kwod-ri-par'tit-li,  adv. 
In  a  quadripartit*  manner. — Quadripar- 
tition,  kwod'ri-par-tish"on,  n.  A  division 
by  four  or  into  four  parts. 

Quadripennate,  kwod-ri-pen'at,  a.  [L. 
gMac/i-jts=g«a/i<or,four,andpeTina,awing.] 
Having  four  wings :  said  of  insects. 

Qnadripbyllous,  kwod-ri-fil'lus,  a.  [L. 
quadrus=quaiiior,  and  Gr.  phpUon,  a  leaf.] 
Bot.  having  four  leaves;  four-leaved. 

Quadriplicated,  Quadriplicate,  kwod-rip'- 
ii-ka-ted,  kwod-rip'li-kat,  a.  IL.  quadrus 
^quatvor,  four,  and  plica,  a  fold.]  Having 
four  plaits  or  folds. 

iuadnreme,  kwod'ri-r5m,  n.  [L.  quad- 
nremis—qv.adrus=quatuor,  four,  and  re- 
wius,  an  oar.]  A  galley  with  four  benches 
of  oare,  in  use  among  the  ancient  Greeks 
and  Romans. 

Quadrlsection,  kwod-ri-sek'shon,  n.  [L. 
quad,rus=qtuttuor,  four,  and  seetio,  a  cut- 
ting.] A  subdivision  into  four  parts. 

Quadrisolcate,  kwod-ri-sul'kat,  a.  [L. 
quad')~us=quaiuor,  four,  and  suJcM«,  a  fur- 
row.] Having  tour  furrows  or  clefts; 
2001.  having  the  hoof  divided  into  four. 

Quadrisyllable,  kwod-ri-sU'la-bl,  n.  [L. 
quadrus =quatuor,  four,  and  E.  syllable.^ 
A  word  consisting  of  four  syllables.  — 
QuadrisyUabic,  kwod'ri-sil,-lab  ik,  o.  Con- 
sisting of  four  syllables. 

Quadrivalent,  kwod-riv'a-lent,  o.  [From 
L.  quadrus  =  qvMtuor,  four,  and  valens", 
valentis,  ppr.  of  valeo,  to  be  worth.]  Chem. 
applied  to  an  element  one  atom  of  which 
is  equivalent,  in  combination  to  four 
atoms  of  hydrogen;  tetratomic. 

Quadrivalve,Quadrivalvular,  kwod'ri-valv, 
kwod-ri-val'va-lSr,  a.  [L.  quadrus=qua- 
tuor,  four,  and  valva,  a  valve.]  Bot.  having 
four  valves;  four-valved. 

Qnadrivlal,  kwod-riv'i-al,  a.  [L.  qvadri- 
uium — prefix  qwidrtia—quatuor,  four,  and 
ma,  a  way.]  Having  four  roatts  meeting 
in  a  point. — QoadriTltun,  kwod-riv'i-um, 
n.  [L.L.]  A  collective  term  in  the  middle 
ages  for  the  four  lesser  arts— arithmetic, 
music,  geometry,  and  astronomy. 

Quadroon,  kwod-ron',  n.  [Sp.  cucnsierom, 
from  L.  qiuxrtus,  fourth.  Quarter.]  The 
offspring  of  a  mulatto  by  a  white  person; 
a  persoi/  who  is  one-fourth  white. 

Quadrumana,  kwod-ru'ma-na,n.  pi.'  [Prom 
L.  quadrus  =  qiuitrior,  four,  and  manus, 
the  nand.]  An  order  of  mammals  com- 
prising the  apes,  monkeys,  baboons,  le- 
murs, &c.,  usually  characterized  by  all  the 
four  limbs  terminating  in  prehensile 
hands.  —  Quadrumane,  kwod'ru-man,  n. 
One  of  the  Quadrumana. — QuadrumanouB, 
kwod-ru'ma-nus,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
order  Quadrumana ;  four-handed. 

Quadruped,  kwod'ni-ped,  n.  i^.  quadnt- 
pes,  quadrupedis — quadi~u8=qwituor,  four, 
and  p««,  pedis,  afoot.]  An  animal  having 
toMX  legs,  usually  restricted  to  four-footed 
mammals,  though  many  reptiles  have  also 
four  legs.— Quadrupedal,  kwod-ru'pe-dal, 
a.  Belonging  to  a  quadruped;  having  or 
walking  on  four  feet. 

Quadruple,  kwod'rn-pl,  a.  [L.  quadrur 
plus — guadrus=qnaiuor,  four,  and  term. 
-plus,  Gr.  plaos.  Double.]  Fourfold;  four 
times  told.  —  n.  Four  times  the  sum  or 
number. — v.i. — quadrupled,  quadrupling. 
To  make  four  times  as  much  or  as  many; 
to  multiply  by  four. — v.i.  To  become  fotir 
times  as  mucn  or  as  many.— Quadruply, 
kwmi'rn-pli,  adv.  In  a  quadruple  or  four- 
fold vJegree;  to  a  fourfold  quantity. 
Quadruplicate,  k^od  -  ni '  pU  -  kat,  v.t.  [L. 
quadruplico,  quadrupUcatum — quadrut= 
quatuor,  four,  and  pZico,  to  fold.]  To  make 
fourfold ;  to  double  twice.— a.  Fourfold ; 
four  times  repeated  (a  quadruplicate  ratio 
or  proportion). — Quadruplication,  kwod- 
rii'pli-ka"shon,  n.  The  act  of  meiking  four- 
fold or  four  times  as  great. 

.Quaestor,  kwSs'tor.    Questor. 

iQuafC,  kwaf ,  v.t.  [From  Ir.  and  Gael,  euaeh, 
Sc.  quaich,  queff,  a  drinking -cup.]  To 
drink;  to  swallow  in  large  draughts;  to 
drink  copiously.— t>.i.  To  drink  largely. — 
Quaffer,  kwaf'fer,  n.  One  who  quaffs. 
Quagga,  kwag'a,  n.  [Hottentcrt;  name  de- 
_^ — jr  t ;i 1    ^^  animal  of  South 


rived  from  its  cry.]    An  ai 
Africa  closely  albed  to  the 


zebra. 


Quagmire,  kwag'mir,  »i.  [Quag  for  <juake, 
and  mire;  lit.  a  mire  or  boz  that  quakes 
or  shakes.]  A  piece  of  soft  boggy  land 
that  trembles  under  the  foot;  a  bog;  a  fen. 
— Quaggy,  kwag'i,  a.  Trembling  under  the 
foot,  as  soft  wet  earth;  boggy;  spongy. 

Quail,  kwal,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  cwelan,  to  die»= 
li.  Quelen,  to  pine  away;  O.H.G.  qiielan, 
to  suffer  torment.  Quell.]  To  have  the 
spirits  sink  or  give  way,  as  before  danger 
or  difficulty;  to  shrink;  to  lose  heart;  to 
cower. 

Quail,  kwal,  n.  [O.Fr.  quaiUe,  Pr.  cailU, 
it.  quaglia,  a  quail— names  derived  from 
its  crj'.  Comp.  D.  kwakJcel,  G.  wachtel,  and 
Armor,  coaill,  a  quail.]  A  common  name 
of  certain  birds  nearly  allied  to  the  part- 
ridges, from  which  they  diifer  chiefly  in 
being  smaller. 

Quaint,  kwant,  a.  [O.E.  queini,  eoint,  from 
O.Fr.  coint,  neat,  fine,  dainty;  from  L. 
cognitus,  knowia,  the  meaning  having  pro- 
bably been  influenced  by  L.  arinptiis, 
trimmed,  adorned.  Cogkition,  Acquaist.] 
Odd  and  antique;  singular;  whimsical; 
curious ;  fanciful.  —  Quaintly,  kwant'li, 
adv.  In  a  quaint  manner;  oddly ;  fanci- 
fully; singularly;  whimsically. — Quaint- 
ness,  kwant'nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
quaint;  oddity  and  -antiqueness. 

Quake,  kwak,i».i.—gt«ifceci,()rMaWnj7.  [A. Sax. 
ewaxian;  same  root  as  quick;  comp.  Prov. 
G.  quacken,  to  waggle,  to  shake.  Quick.] 
To  shake;  to  tremble;  to  shudder  (to  quake 
with  fear);  to  be  shaken  with  more  or  less 
violent  convulsions  (the  earth  quakes);  to 
shake  or  tremble,  as  the  earth  under  the 
feet,  through  want  of  solidity  or  firmness. 
— n.  A  shake;  a  trembling;  a  tremulous 
agitation. — Quaker,  kwalier,  n.  One  that 
quakes;  one  of  the  religious  sect  called  the 
Society  of  Friends  (see  under  Friend). — 
Quakeress,  kwa'kfer^es,  n.  A  female 
Quaker.— Quakerish,  kwa'ker-ish,  a.  Re- 
lating to  or  resembling  Quakers. — Quak- 
erism, kwa'ker-izm,  n.  The  peculiar  man- 
ners, tenets,  or  worship  of  the  Quakers. — 
Quakerly,  kwa'k6r-li,  a.  Resembling  or 
characteristic  of  Quakers.  —  Quakiness, 
kwa'ki-nes,  n.  The  state  of  quaking  or 
shaking.— Quaking-grass,  n.  A  genus  of 
grasses  of  which  the  spikelets  are  always 
in  tremulous  motion,  from  the  weakness 
of  their  footstalks.— Quakingly,  kwa'king- 
li,  adv.  In  a  quaking  or  trembling  man- 
ner.—Quaky,  kwa'ki,  a.  Characterized  by 
or  prone  to  quaking;  shaky. 
Qualify,  kwori-fi,».t. — qualified,  qualifying. 
[Fr.  qualifier,  from  L.L.  qualificare,  from 
L.  qualis,  such,  of  such  sort,  and /a<n'o,  to 
m^e.]  To  make  such  as  is  required ;  to 
fit  for  any  place,  oflice,  or  occupation;  to 
furnish  with  knowledge,  skill,  &c.,  neces- 
sary for  a  purpose ;  to  furnish  with  legal 
power  or  capacity  (to  qualify  persons  for 
the'  franchise);  to  limit  or  modify;  to  re- 
strict; to  limit  by  exceptions  (to  qualify 
a  statement);  to  moderate,  abate,  soften; 
to  modify  the  quality  or  strength  of;  to 
dilute  or  otherwise  fit  for  taste  (to  qualify 
spirits  with  water). — v.i.  To  take  the  neces- 
sary steps  for  rendering  one's  self  capable 
of  holding  any  office  or  enjoying  any  privi- 
lege; to  establish  a  right  to  exercise  any 
funcrtion:  followed  by  /or.— Qualifiable, 
fcwori-fi-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  quali- 
Ued.— Qualification,  kwori-fi-ka"shon,  n. 
The  act  of  qualifying,  or  the  state  of  being 
qualified;  that  which  qualifies  or  fits  a 
person  or  thing  for  any  use  or  purpose,  as 
for  a  place,  anwffice,  an  employment;  legal 
power;  ability;  a  qualifying  or  extenuar 
ting  circumstance;  modification;  restric- 
tion; limitation;  an  abatement;  a  dimi- 
nution.—Quallficative,  kwol'i-fi-ka-tiv,  a. 
Serving  or  having  the  power  to  qualify  or 
modify.— n.  That  which  serves  to  qualify; 
a  qualifying  term,  clause,  or  statement. — 
Qualified,  kwol'i-fid,  p.  and  a.  Earing  a 
qualification ;  furnished  with  legal  power 
or  capacity;  accompanied  with  some  limi- 
tation or  modification;  modified;  limited  (a 
qualified  statement). — Qualiiedly,  kwol'i- 
fid-li,  adv.  "With  qualification  or  limita- 
tion. —  QuaUfiedness,  kwol'i-fid-nes,  n.— 
Qualifier,  kwori-fi-6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  qualifies. 
Quality,  kwol'i-ti,  n.    [Fr.  qualiti,  from  L. 


««a7iJa8.a  quality  or  property,fromo'(fi?/s 
such.  Qualify.]  That  which  makes  or 
helps  to  make  anything  such  as  it  is ;  v 
distinguisliing  property,  characteristic,  or 
attribute;  a  property;  a  trait;  moral  char- 
acteristic, good  or  bad;  comparative  rank; 
condition  in  relation  to  others;  superior 
or  high  rank  ( ladies  of  quality)..  —  The 
quality,  persons  of  high  rank  collectively. 
—Qualitative,  kwol'i-ta-tiv,  a.  Pertaining 
to  quality;  estimable  according  to.  quality. 
— Qualitative  analysis,  chem.  the  process  of 
decomposing  a  compound  substance  with 
a  view  to  determine  what  elements  it 
contains.— Qualitatively^  kwol'i-ta-tiv-li, 
adv.  In  a  qualitative  manner;  as  regards 
quality. 

Qualm,  kwam,  ».  [A.  Sax.  eweahn,  pesti- 
lence, death  =  D.  kwalm,  Dan.  qvalm, 
qualm,  vapour;  O.H.G.  qualm,  death;  from 
root  of  quell,  quail.']  A  throe  or  throb  of 
pain;  a  sudden  feeling  of  sickness  at  the 
stomach;  a  sensation  of  nausea;  a  scruple 
or  twinge  of  conscience;  compunction.— 
Qualmish,  kwam'ish,  a.  Sick  at  the 
stomach;  inclined  to  vomit:  affected  v/ith 
nausea.  —  Qualmishly,  kwam'ish-li,  adv. 
In  a  qualmish  manner.— Qualmishness, 
kwam'ish-neg,  n.  The  state  of  being 
qualmish. 

Qnamash,  kwa'mash,  n.  An  American 
bulbous  plant  akin  to  the  hyacinth,  with 
roots  that  are  much  eaten  by  the  Indians. 

Quandary,  kwon-da'ri  or  kwon'da-ri,  n. 
[Probably  from  Fr.  Qu'en  dirai-je  i  what 
shaU  I  say  of  it?]  A  state  of  difficulty, 
perplexity,  uncertainty,  or  hesitation;  a 
pickle;  a  predicament. — v.t.  quandaried, 
quandarying.    To  put  into  a  quandary. 

Quantity,  kwon'ti-ti,  n.  [Fr.  quaniite,  L. 
ouantitas,  quantity,  extent,  from  quuntus, 
opw  great,  from  quam,  to  what  a  degree.] 
That  property  in  virtue  of  which  a  thing 
is  measurable;  greatness;  extent;  measure; 
size;  any  amount,  bulk,  or  aggregate  (a 
quantity  of  earth,  a  qaantUy  of  water); 
often  a  large  or  consideraole  amount 
(wheat  shipped  in  quantUies);,  matn.  any- 
thing which  can  be  multiplied,  divided, 
or  measured ;  anything  to  which  mathe- 
matical processes  are  applicable;  gram. 
the  measure  of  a  syllable  or  the  time  in 
which  it  is  pronounced;  the  metrical  value 
of  syllables  as  regards  length  or  weight  in 
pronunciation;  logic,  the  extent  in  which 
the  subject  of  a  proposition  is  taken.— 
Quantification,  kwon'ti-fi-ka"shon,  n.  The 
act  or  process  of  quantifying;  the  act  of 
determining  the  quantity  or  amount.— 
Quantify,  kwon'ti-fi,  v.t. — quantified, quan- 
tifying. [L.  quantus,  how  much,  and  facio, 
to  maJte.]  To  determine  the  quantity  of; 
to  modify  or  qualify  with  regard  to  quan- 
tity: more  especially  a  term  in  logic  (to 
quantify  the  predicate,  as  by  inserting 
ail'  in  some  men  are  (all)  logicians.')— 
Quantitative,  kwon'ti-tft-tiv,  a.  Estimable 
according  to  quantity;  relating  or  having 
Teg&idto(ina.ntity.--Quantitative  analysis, 
chem.  the  process  of  decomposing  a  com- 
pound substance  with  a  view  to  detennine 
now  much  of  each  element  it  contains. — 
Quantitatively,  kwon'ti-ta-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a 
quantitative  manner. — Quantitive,  kwon'- 
ti-tiv,  a.  Estimable  according  to  quantity; 
(quantitative.— Quantitively,  kwoij'ti-tiv- 
li,  cuiv.  So  as  to  be  measured  by  quantity; 
quantitatively.  —  Quantivalence,  kwon- 
tiv'a-lens,  n.  [L.  quantus,  how  much,  and 
valeo,  to  have  power.]  Chem.  the  combin- 
ation of  elements  in  certain  proportions. 
—Quantum,  kwan'tum,  n.  [L. ,  how  much, 
as  much  as.]  A  quantity;  an  amount;  a 
sufficient  amount. 

Quaquaversal,  kwa-kwa-vfer'sal,  a.  [L. 
quaqud,  on  every  side,  and  versus,  turned, 
from  vei-to,  to  turn.]  Inclined  towards 
every  side;  geol.  a  term  used  of  strata  in- 
clined so  as  to  face  all  sides. 
Quarantine,  kwor'an-tin,  n.  [O.Fr.  miar- 
antaine.  It.  quarantana,  a  space  of  forty 
days, from  quaranta, from  L.  quadraginta, 
forty,  from  quatuor,  four.]  The  period, 
originally  of  f  ortv  days,but  now  of  undeter- 
mined length,  cfliring  which  a  ship  arriv- 
ing in  port  and  suspected  of  being  infected 
with  a  malignant  contagious  disease,  is 
obliged  to  forbear  all  intercourse  with  the 


£^te,  t&r,  fat,  f ftll;  ^  me,  met,  hir;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOre:     tube-  tub.  bull:     oil,  pound:     fi.  Sc.  abtcoe— the  Fr.  u. 


QUARREL 


,  place  where  she  arrives;  restraint  of  inter- 
course to  which  a  ship  is  subjected,  on  the 

I  presumption  that  she  may  be  infected. — 
v.t— quarantined,  quarantining.  To  put 
under  quarantine. 

Quarrel,  kwor'el,  n.  [O.Fr.  querele,  Fr. 
querelle,  a  quarrel,  frpm  L.  qtterela^  a 
complaint,  from  queror,  to  complain; 
akin  querulotu,  also  cry.]  A  brawl;  an 
angry  dispute ;  a  wrangle ;  an  alter- 
cation; a  breach  of  friendship  or  con- 
cord; open  variance  between  parties;  the 
basis  or  ground  of  being  sA  variance  with 
another;  ill-will,  or  reason  to  complain; 
ground   of  objection.  —  v.i.  —  quarrelled, 

?'uarrelling.  To  dispute  violently  or  with 
oud  'and  angry  words ;  to  wrangle ;  to 
squabble;  to  fall  out;  to  pick  a  quarrel;  to 
get  into  hostilities;  to  find  fault;  to  cavil. — 
Quarreller,  kv.^or'el-fer,  n.  One  who  quar- 
rels.—QuarrelIous,t  kwoi-'el-u'8,a.  Quarrel- 
some. [SAafe.]— Quarrelsome,  kwor'el-sum, 
a.  Apt  to  quarrel;  easily  irritated  or  pro- 
voked to  contest;  irascible;  choleric. — 
Quarrelsomely,  kwor'el-sum-li,  adv.  In  a 
quarrelsome  manner.— Quarrelsomeness, 
kwor'el-sum-nes,  n. 

Quarrel,  kwor'el,  n.  [O.Fr.  quarrel  (Fr. 
carreau),  dim.  of  L.  quadrum,  something 
square,  from  quatvor,  four.]  A  bolt  to  be 
shot  from  a  cross-bow,  especially  with  a 
somewhat  square-shaped  head;  a  lozenge- 
shaped  pane  of  glass  in  a  window;  a  small 
paving-stone  or  tile  of  the  square  or  lozenge 
form;  a  glazier's  diamond;  a  kind  of  graver. 

Quarry,  kwor'i,  n.  [O.Fr.  quarriere  (Fr. 
earriere),  lit.  a  place  where  stones  are 
squared,  from  L.  quadro,  to  squ^are. 
Quadrat,  &c.]  A  place  where  stones  are 
dug  from  the  earth,  or  separated,  as  by 
blasting  with  gunpowder,  from  a  large 
mass  of  rocks. — v.t.—quartied,  quarrying. 
To  dig  or  take  from  a  quarry  (t6  quarry 
marble).- Quarriable,  kwor'i-a-bl,  a.'  Ca- 
pable of  being  quajjjied.- Quarrier,  Qnar- 
ryman,  kwo?i-6r,  kwor'i-man,  n.  One 
who  works  in  a  quarry.  .   . 

Quarry,  kwor'i,  n.  [Fr.  curie,  the  portion 
given  to  the  dogs,  wrapped  in  the  skin  of 
the  beast  killed,  from  L.  eorium,  a  hide, 
leather.]  A  part  of  the  entrails  of  a  beast 
of  chase  given  to  the  dog^;  a  heap  of  game 
killed;  any  animal  pursued  for  j)rey;  the 
};ame  which  a  hawk  or  hound  pursues;  ob- 
ject of  chase  or  purstiit  in  general. 

Quart,  kwart,  n.  [Fr.  quarte;  lit.  a  fourth 
jiart,  from  L.  quartus,  fourth,  from  qita- 
taor,  four.]  The  fourth  part  of  an  impe- 
rial gallon;  two  pints,  equal  to  69 '3185  cu- 
bic inches;  a  vessel  containing  the  fourth 
of  a  gallon.— Quartan,  k>var'tan,  a.  IL. 
qiiartanu^,  fourth.]  Intermitting  so  as  to 
occur  every  fourth  day  (a  quartan  fever). — 
Quart-bottle,  n.  A  bottle  containing,  or 
nominally  containing  the  fourth  ps^rt  of 
a  gallon.— Quart-pot,  n.  A  pot  or  drink- 
ing \:essel  containing  a  quart.— Quarte, 
kart,  n.  One  of  the  four  guards  in  fencing; 
a  corresponding  position  of  the  body. 

Quarter,  kwar'ter,  n.  [O.Fr.  quarter,  quar- 
tier  (Fr.  qudrtier),  a  quarter,  from  L.  quar- . 
tarius,  a  fourth  part,  from  quartus,  fourth, 
from  quatuor,  four.l  One  of  four  parts 
into  which  anything  is  divided;  a  fourth 
part  or  portion;  the  fourth  part  of'  a  hun- 
dredweight, that  is,  28  lbs. ;  the  fourth 
of  a  ton  in  weight,  or  8  bushels  of  ^rain; 
the  fourth  part  of  the  moon's  period  or 
monthly  revolution;  one  of  the  four  car- 
dinal points;  more  widely,  any  region  or 
point  of  the  compass  (from  what  quarter 
does  the  wind  blow?);  a  particular  region 
of  a  town,  city,  or  country;  a  district;  a 
locality  (thi  Latin  quarter  of  Paris;  the 
Jews'  gitarter  in  Florence);  the  fourth  part 
of  the  year;  in  schools,  the  fourth  part  of 
the  teaching  period  of  the  year;  the  fourth 
part  of  the  carcass  of  a  quadruped,  includ- 
ing a  limb;  her.  one  of  the  divisions  of  a 
shield  when  it  is  divided  into  four  portions 
by  horizontal  and  perpendicular  lines 
meeting  in  the  fesse-point;  the  piece  of 
leather  in  a  shoe  which  forms  the  side 
from  the  heel  to  the  vamp;  the  part  of  a 
vessel's  side  which  lies  towards  the  st«rn; 
proper  position;  specific  place;  assigned 
or  allotted  position;  the  sparing  of  the  life 
of  a  vanquished  enemy;  mercy  shown  by 


661 


a  conqueror  (to  give  or  show  quarter  to  a 
person— perhaps  originally  to  assign  a 
lodging  to,  or  to  give  a  share  of  one's  own 
quarters);  pi.  (in  each  of  the  following 
senses),  temporary  residence;  shelter  (to 
find  quarters  somewhere);  a  station  or  en- 
campment occupied  by  troops  (winter 
quarters);  place  of  lodgment  for  officers  and 
men;  naut.  the  post  allotted  to  the  officers 
and  men  at  the  commencement  bf  an  en- 
gagement.— On  the  quarter  {naut.),  in  a  di- 
rection oblique  to  the  ship's  quarter.— 1*.(. 
To  divide  into  four  equal  parts;  to  separate 
into  parts;  to  cut  to  pieces;  to  furnish 
with  lodgings  or  shelter,  to  find  lodgings 
and  food  for  (to  quarter  soldiers  on  the 
inhabitants);  hsr.  to  add  to  other  arms  on 
the  shield  by  dividing  it  into  four  or  more 
compartments. — v.i.  To  be  stationed;  to 
lodge;  to  have  a  temporary  residence. — 
Quarter-day,  n.  One  of  th$  four  term 
days  on  which  payment  of  rent,  interest, 
<tc.,is  made.— Quarter-deck,>i.  A'aui.  that 
part  of  the  uwer  deck  which  is  abaft  the 
mainmast.  —  (Juarter-face,  n.  A  coiinte- 
nance  thtee  parts  averted. — Quarter-foil, 
n.  QuATREFoiL.  — Quartering,  kwa.r'tfir- 
ing,  n.  Her.  the  conjoining  of  coats  of 
arms  in  one  shield  to  denote  the  alli- 
ances of  one  family  with  the  heiresses 
of  others;  one  of  the  compartments  on 
such  a  shield.— Quarterly,  kwar'ter-li,  a. 
Recurring  at  the  end  of  each  quarter  of 
the  year  {quarttrly  payments  of  rent). — 
adv.  Once  in  a  quarter  of  a  year. — ii.  A 
literaryperiodical  issued  once  every  three 
months.  —  Quarter-master,  n.  Milit.  an 
officer  who  has  charge  of  the  quarters, 
barracks,  tents,  &c.,  of  a  regiment,  and 
keeps  the  regimental  stores;  naut.  a  petty 
officer  who  has  charge  of  the  stowage  of 
ballast  and  provisions,  and  attends  to  the 
steering  of  the  ship,  &c.— Quartermaster- 
general,  n.  Milit.  a  staff  officer  of  high 
rank,  whose  department  is  charged  with 
all  orders  relating  to  the  marching,  em- 
barking, and  quartering  of  troops.— Quar- 
termaster-sergeant, n.  Milit.  a  non-com- 
missioned officer  whose  duty  it  is  to  assist 
the-quartermaster.— Quartern,  kwar'tfem, 
n.  [O.Fr.  quarteron,  L.L.  quartero,  quarter- 
onia,  from  L.  quartus,  fourth.]  The  fourth 
part  of  certain  British  measures,,  as  of  a 
pint,  of  a  peckj  or  of  a  stone.-=-Quartem- 
loaf,  n.  A  loaf  of  the  weight  of  4  lbs.— Quar- 
ter-sessions, n.  pi.  In  Englaiid,  a  general 
court  of  criminal  jurispnidence  held  quar- 
terly by  the  justices  of  the  peace  in  coun- 
ties, and  by  the  recorder  in  boroughs ;  in 
Scotland,  a  court  held  by  the  justices  of 
the  peace  four  times  a  year ^t  the  county 
towns.  —  Qufl.rter- staff,  n.  pi.  Quarter- 
staves.  An  old  English  weapon  formed  of 
a  stout  pole  about  6i  feet  long,  grasped  by 
one  hand  in  the  middle,  and  by  the  other 
between  the  middle  and  the  end. 
Quartette,  Quartet,  kwftr-tet',  n.  fit, 
quartetto,  from  L.  quartus,  fourth.]  A 
piece  of  music  arranged  for  four  voices  or 
loiir  instruments;  the  persons  who  execute 
a  quartette;  a  stanza  of  four  lines. 
Quarto,  kwar'to,  n.  [L.  quartus,  fourth.] 
A  book  of  the  size  of  the  fourth  of  a  sheet; 
a  size  mad^e  by  tjvice  folding  a  sheet,which 
then  makes  four  leaves:  abbreviated  thus, 
4to.  —  o.  Denoting  the  size  of  a  book  in' 
which  a  sheet  makes  four  leaves. 
Quartraln,  kwgr'tran,  n.  Same  as  Quat- 
rain. 

Quartz,  kwftrts,  n.  [From  G.  quari,  quartz, 
quartz,  a'' word  of  unknown  origin.]  A 
name  given  to  varieties  of  the  native  oxide 
of  silicon  occurring  both  crystallized  and 
massive,  and  an  important  constituent  of 
granite  and  the  older  rocks,  varieties  of  it 
being  known  as  rook -crystal,  flint,  agate, 
amethyst,  &c.— Quartziferous,  kw^rt-sif- 
*r-us,  n.  [Quartz,  and  L.  fero,  to  bear.] 
Consisting  of  quartz,  or  chiefly  of  quartz; 
yielding  quartz. — Quartzite,  kwe^rt'sit,  n. 
A  rock  formed  of  granular  .quartz;  quartz- 
rock. — Quartzoid,  kwart'sbid,  n.  Crystal,  a 
double  six-sided  pyramid,  represented  by 
uniting  two  six-sided  single  pyramids  base 
tobase.— Quartzose,  Quartzous,  kwart'sos, 
kwart'sus,  a.  Containing  quartz;  com- 
posed of  quartz ;  resembling  quartz.  — 
Quartz-rock,  n.  A  stratified  metamorphio 


QUEEN 


rock  consisting  entirely,  or  almost  en- 
tirely, of  qu.xrtz.— Quartzy,  kwiirt'si,  a. 
Containing  or  abounding  in  quartz ;  par- 
taking>of  the  qualities  of  quartz. 

Quash,  kwosh,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  quasser,  Fr.  cos- 
ser,  from  L.  quassare,  to  shake,  shatter, 
shiver;  intens.  from  quatio,  quassiim,  to 
shake;  seen  also  in  concussion,  percussion,, 
discuss.]  To  subdue,  put  down,  or  quell ; 
to  extinguish;  to  put  an  end  to  (to  quash 
a  rebellion);  law,  to  make  void  from  insuf- 
ficiency, or  for  other  cause. 

Quasi,  kwa'si.  [L.]  As  if ;  in  a  manner; 
sometimes  forming  compounds  with  Kug- 
lish  words,  and  generally  implying  that 
what  it  qualifies  is  in  some  degree  ficti- 
tious or  unreal,  or  only  has  certain  features 
of  what  it_professes  to  be  (a  quasi<irgv.' 
inent,  a  <}uasi-kistorical  account). — Quasi- 
modo, kwas-i-mo'do.  [L.  quasi  modo,  as 
if  only,  the  words  beginning  the  introit 
of  the  day.]  A  term  applied  to  the  first 
Sunday  after  Easter  among  Roman  Cath- 
olics. 

Quassia,  kwas'i-a,  n.  [From  Quassy,  a 
negro  who  first  made  known  the  medicinal 
virtues  of  one  species.]  A  genus  of  South 
American  tropical  trees  containing  an  ex- 
trernely  bitter  principle,  having  marked 
tonic  properties,  and  used  medicinally. — 
Quassin,  Quassite,kwas'in,kwas'it,».  The 
bitter  principle  of  quassia. 

Qiiaterfoil,  kwa't(5r-foil.    Quatrkfoil. 

Quatem,  kwat'ern,  a.  [L.  quatemi,  four 
each,  from  qiiatuor,  four.]  Consisting  of 
four;  growing  by  fours  (quatem  leaves).— 
Quaternary,  kwa-t6r'na-ri,  a.  [L.  quater- 
narius.]  Consisting  of  four;  arranged  in 
fours;  geol.  a  term  applied  to  the  strata 
above  the  tertiary;  post-tertiary  (which 
see);  chem.  applied  to  compounds  which 
contain  four  elements.— Quatemate,  kwa- 
ter'nat,  a.  Consisting  of  ioxii.—Quaiernats 
leaf,  one  that  consists  of  four  .leaflets. 

Quaternion,  kwa-tSr'ni-on,  n.  [L.  qtiater- 
nio,  a  group  of  four,  from  quatuor,  four.] 
A  set  or  group  of  four;  a  term  for  a  quan- 
tity employed  in  a  method  of  mathemati- 
cal investigiition  discovered  by  Sir  W.  R. 
Hamilton,  and  hence  called  quaternions. 

Quatrain,  kwot'ran,  n'.  [Fr.,  from  quatre, 
L.  quatuor.  four.]  A  stanza  of  four  lines 
rhyming  alternately. 

Quatrefoll,  ka't6r-foil  or  kwft'ttr-foil,  n. 
[FT.quatre-feuille—quatre{li.quatu/)r),ioui, 
and  feuille  (L.  folium,),  a  leaf.]  Arch,  an 
aperture  or  ornament  somewhat  resem- 
bling four  leaves  about  a  common  centre; 
an  opening  sho'win^  four  radiating  cusps. 

Quaver,  kwa'vfer,  v.x.  [From  older  quavz, 
to  shake,  akin  to  quiver,  and  to  L.G.  quab- 
heln,  to  quiver;  perhaps  also  to  quake.]  To 
have  a  tremulous  motion;  to  vibrate;  to 
shake  in  vocal  utterance;  to  sing  with 
tremulous  modulations  of  voice;  to  pro- 
duce a  shake  on  a  musical  instrument. — 
v.t.  To  utter  with  a  tremulous  sound. — n. 
A  shake  or  rapid  vibration  of  the  voice,  or 
a  shake  on  an  instrument  of  inusic;  a  note 
equal  to  half  a  crotchet  or  the  eighth  of  a 
semibreve.- Quaverer,  kw&'v6r-er, ».  One 
that  quavers,  i 

Quay,  ke,  n.  [From  Fr.  miai,  a  quay,  a 
Celtic  word = Bret,  cae,  W.  cae,  an  inclo- 
Bure.]  A  built  landing-place  along  a  line 
of  coast  ,or  a  river  bank,  or  forming  the 
side  of  a  harbour,  at  which  vessels  are 
loaded  and  unloaded ;  a  wharf.— w.<.  To 
furnish  with  quays.— Quayage,  ke'J^j,  n. 
Quay  dues;  wharfage. 

Quean,  kwen,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cwin,  a  woman ; 
same  word  as  queen.]  A  worthless  woman; 
a  slut;  a  strumpet. 

Queasy,  kwe'zi,  a.  [Allied  to  Icel.  Jcveisa, 
pain  in  the  stomach;  N.fcueis,  sickness  after 
a  debauch.]  Sick  at  the  stomach;  affected 
with  nausea;  qualmish;  apt  to  cause 
nausea.  —  QueasUy,  kwe'zi-li,  adv.  In  a 
queasy  manner.— Queasiness,  kw5'zi-nes, 
n.  The  state  of  being  queasy ;  qualmish- 
ness; disgust. 

Queen,  kw6n,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ew4n,  a.woman 
(whence  also  OM«a»)=Goth.  qvens,  qveins, 
a  woman;  Icel.  kvdn,  a  wife,  kona,  a  wo- 
man; Dan.  qvinde,  a  woman,  kone,  a  wife; 
O.H.G-.  quena,  a  woman;  Ir.  and  Gael. 
coinnfi,  Gr.  gyne,  Skr.  j'ani,  a  woman.  From 
root  gan  Gr.  and  L.  (gen),  to  produce.  Km, 


cli,  cAain;    cA,  Sc.IocA;    g,  jro;    j,/ob;    n,  Fr.  ton;    Dg.sin^;    IH,  <ften;  th,  tAin;    w,  wig;    wh.wWg;    zh,  a^ure. 


QUEER 


552 


QtJIEt 


Genl's.I  The  consort  of  a  king;  a  woman 
who  is  the  sovereign  of  akingdom;  afemale 
sovereign;  a  female  pre-eminent  among 
others ;  the  sovereign  of  a  swarm  of  bees, 
or  the  female  of  the  hive;  a  playing-card 
on  which  a  queen  is  depicted;  the  most 
powerful  of  all  the  pieces  in  a  set  of  chess- 
men.— Queen  consort,  the  wife  of  a  king. — 
Queen  dowager,  the  widow  of  a  deceased 
kiug.  —  Queen  mothar,  a  queen  dowager 
who  is  also  mother  of  the  reigning  sov- 
ereign. —  Queen's  evidence.  Evide>-ce.  — 
Queen's  messenger.  Messengek.  —  Queen 
of  the  meadows,  meadow-sweet.  Meadow- 
sweet.—f.i.  To  play  the  queen':  with  it— 
Queen-bee,  n.  The  only  fully-developed 
and  prolific  female  insect  in  a  hive  of  bees. 
—Queenhood,  kwen'hud;  n.  The  state  or 
r?,iik  of  a  queen ;  the  quality  or  character 
becoming  a  queen.— Queenly,  Queenlike, 
kwSn'li,  kwgn'llk,  a.  Like  a  queen;  be- 
coming a  queen.— Queenliness,kwen'li-nes, 
n.  The  state  of  being  queenly ;  queenly 
quality.— Queen-post,  n.  Carp,  one  of  the 
two  upright  posts  which  cpnnect  two 
opposite  rafters  of  a  roof  with  the  hori- 
zontal beam  between  them.  (When  there 
is  only  one  it  is  called  a  king-post) — 
Queen-regent,  Queen-regnant,  n.  A  queen 
who  holds  tlie  crown  in  her  own  right. — 
Queen'8-bench.  Bench. — Queen's-counsel, 
n.  Counsel. — Queensbip,  kwen'ship.n.  The 
state  of  a  queen. — Queen's-metal,  n.  An 
alloy;  largely  composed  of  tin,  used  fbr 
making  teapots,  spoons,  &c.  —  Queen's - 
ware,  n.  Glazed  earthenware  of  a  cream, 
colour. — Queen's-yellow,  n.  A  yellow  pig- 
n^.ent  used  by  artists  and  consisting  of  a 
Bub-sulphate  of  mercury. 
Queer,  kwer,  a.  [From  L.Gr.  quer.  queer, 
across=G.  queer,  qtter,  oblique,  athwart, 
whence  querkopf,  a  queer  fellow.]  Behav- 
ing or  appearing  otherwise  than  is  usual ; 
odd;  singular;  quaint.  —  Queerish,  kwer*- 
jsh,  a.  Somewhat  queer;  rather  odd. — 
Queerly,  kwer'li,  adv.  In  a  queer  manner. 
— Queerness,  kwer'nes,  m.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  queer;  singularity. 
Queest,  kwSst,  n.  The  ringdove  or  wood- 
pigeon;  the  cushat. 

Quell,  kwel,  v.t  f A.  Sax.  eweUan,  to  kill= 
Dan.  qvoele,  to  stifle,  torment;  Icel.  kvelja, 
Sw.  qvalja,  G.  qudlen,  to  torment;  same 
root  as  to  quail.]  To  subdue ;  to  cause  to 
cease  by  using  force ;  to  crush  (an  insur- 
rection or  the  like);  to  quiet;  to  allay. — 
Queller,  kwel'er,  n.  One  that  quells  or 
crashes. 

Quench,  kwensh,  v.t  [A.  Sax.  cwencan, 
to  quench,  to  extinguish;  akin  to  ctvinan, 
to  dwindle;  O.  Pns.  kwinka,  to  vanish.] 
To  extinguish ;  to  put  out  (fire);  to  allay ; 
to  slake  (thirsth  to  suppress,  stifle,  check, 
repress.  —  v.i.  To  be  extinguished ;  to  go 
out;  to  lose  zeal  (Shak.).  —  Qnenchable, 
kwensh'a-bl,a.  Capable  of  being  quenched. 
— Quencher,  kwensh'^r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  quenches.  —  Quenchless,  kwensh'- 
les,  a.  That  cannot  be  quenched;  in- 
extinguishable. —  Quenchlessly,  kwensh'- 
les-li,  adv.  In  a  quenchless  manner. — 
Quenchlessness,  kwensh'les-nes,  n. 
Quercitron,  kw6r'sit-ron,  n.  [L.  grtercMS, 
an  oak,  and  citrus,  the  citron-tree.]  The 
black  or  dyer's  oak,  a  large  forest-tree  of 
K.  America;  the  bark  of  this  tree  yielding 
a  yellow  dye;  the  dye-stuff  itself. — Quer- 
cltrin,  kwfer'sit-rin,  Ji.  The  oolouring 
principle  of  quercitron  bark. 
QnerimoniouB,  kwer-i-mo'ni-us,  a.  [L.  que- 
rimonia,  complaint,  from  queror,  to  com- 
plain. Quarrel.]  Complaining;  apt  to 
complain ;  querulous.  —  Querimoniously, 
kwer-i-mo'ni-ua-li,  adv.  Querulously. — 
Querimoniou.?ness,  kwer-i-mO'ni-us-nes,  n. 
Querist.  Under  Query. 
Quern,  kwSm,  n.  [A.  Sax.  cvoyrn,  cweom= 
D.  kioeern,  Icel.  kvem,  Dan.  qvcem,  Goth. 
qvairnus,  a  millstone,  a  quern ;  from  root 
meaning  to  grind,  same  as  in  com.]  A 
stone  hand-mill  for  grinding  grain,  still 
used  to  some  extent  by  the  Highlanders 
of  Scotland. 

Querulous,  kwer'a-lus,  a.  VL.  querulv.s,irQvx 
queror,  to  complain.  Quarrel.]  Com- 
plaining or  habitually  complaining;  apt 
to  murmur;  peevish;  expressing  com- 
plaint.—Qnemlonsly,  kwer'a-iu3-li,  adv. 


In  a  querulous  manner. — Quemlousness, 
kwer'u-lus-nes,n.  Disposition  to  complain; 
peevishness. 

Query,  kwe'ri,  n^  [A  modified  form  of  L. 
quoere,  imper.  of  quuero,  to  ask,  to  inquire, 
to  seek.  Quest.]  A  question;  an  inquiry 
to  be  answered  or  resolved ;  the  mark  or 
sign  of  interrogation  (  ? ).  —  v.i. — queried, 
querying.  To  ask  a  question  or  questions. 
—v.t.  To  seek  by  questioning;  to  examine 
by  questions ;  to  doubt  of;  to  mark  with 
a  query.  —  Querist,  kwe'rist,  n.  One  who 
puts  a  query;  one  who  asks  questions. 

Quest,  kwest,  n.  [O.Fr.  queste,  Fr.  qrtete, 
from  L.  qvxssitus,  pp.  of  quoero,  to  seek, 
seen  also  in  question,  query,  inquest,  re- 
quest, inquire,  require,  conquer,  «c.J  The 
act  of  seeking;  search;  pursuit^  searchers 
colleotivclj'  {Shak.);  Inquiry;  examination. 
— ti.i.t  To  make  search  or  Inquiry. — v.t.i 
To  search  or  seek  for. 

Question,  kwes'tyun,  n.  [Pr.  question;  L. 
qucBstio,  an  inquiry,  an  investigation. 
Quest.]  An  interrogation;  something 
asked;  an  inquiry;  a  query;  disquisition; 
discussion;  the  subject  or  matter  of  inves- 
tigation or  discussion;  the  theme  of  in- 
quiry (foreign  to  the  question);  subject  of 
debate;  a  point  of  doubt  or  difficulty; 
doubt;  controversy  (true  beyond  question); 
judicial  trial  (Shak.);  the  question,  exa- 
mination by  torture. — Question!  an  excla- 
mation used  to  recall  a  speaker  to  the 
subject  ujider  discussion:  also  used  to  ex- 
press doubt  as  to  the  correctness  of  what 
a  speaker  is  saying. — Begging  the  question, 
assuming  something  without  proof;  tak- 
ing for  granted  what  has  to  be  proved.— 
In  question,  in  debate;  being  at  present 
dealt  with  (the  point  in  question}. — To  call 
in  question,  to  doubt;  to  challenge  the 
truth  or  reality  of. — Out  of  question,  doubt- 
less; undoubtedly.— Oui  o/tJu:  question,  not 
worthy  of  consideration;  not  to  be  thou.^ht 
of. — Leading  question.  Under  Leading. — 
Previous  question,  in  parliamentary  prac- 
tice, the  question  whether  a  vote  shall  be 
come  to  on  the  main  issue  or  not,  brought 
forward  before  the  main  or  real  question 
Is  put,  and  for  the  purpose  of  avoiding,  if 
the  resolution  is  in  the  negative,  the  put- 
ting of  this  question.  The  motion  is  in 
the  form,  that  the  question  be  now  put,' 
and  the  mover  and  seconder  vote  against 
it. — v.i.  To  ask  a  question  or  questions;  to 
debate;  to  doubt. — v.t.  To  inquire  of  by 
asking  questions;  to  examine  by  interro- 

tatories;  to  doubt  of;  to  have  no  confl- 
ence  in;  to  call  in  question;  to  challenge. 
—Questionable,  kwes'tyun-a-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  questioned  or  inquired  of ; 
liable  to  question;  suspicious;  doubtful; 
uncertain;  disputable.  —  Questionable- 
ness,  kwes'tyun-a-bl-nes,  n.  —  Question- 
ably, kwes'ty  un-a-bU,  adv.  In  a  question- 
able manner;  doubtfully.  —  Questionary, 
kwes'tyun-a-ri,  a.  Inquiring;  asking  ques- 
tions.—Questioner,  kwes'ty un-er,  n.  One 
that  questions;  an  inquirer.— Questionist, 
kwes'tyun-ist,  n.  A  questioner;  a  candi- 
date for  honours  or  degrees  at  the  English 
universities. 

Questor,  kwes'tor,  n.  [L.  quaestor.  Quest.] 
The  name  of  certain  magistrates  of  ancient 
Rome  whose  chief  office  was  the  manage- 
ment of  the  public  treasure;  a  receiver.of 
taxes,  tribute,  &c.  Also  written  Qumstor. 
— Questorship,  kwes'tor-sliip,».  The  ofiice 
of  questor. 

Queue,  ka,  n.  rFr.,  tail,  from  L.  cauda,  a 
tail.  Cue.]  The  tail  of  a  wig;  a  tail 
formed  with  a  person's  hair  behind;  a 
pigtail. 

Quey,  kw5,  n.  [Same  as  Icel.  kviga,  Sw. 
quiga,  a  quey.]  A  young  cow  or  heifer ;  a 
cow  that  has  not  yet  had  a  calf. 
Quib,  kwib,  n.  [W.  gwib,  a  quick  turn;  a 
form  of  qmp.]  A  sarcasm;  a  taunt;  a  quip. 
Quibble,  liwib'l,  n.  [A  freq.  of  quib,  quip.} 
A  turn  of  langud^^e  to  evade  the  point  in 
question ;  an  evasion ;  a  prevarication ;  a 
pun ;  a  low  conceit. — v.i:— quibbled,  quib- 
bling. To  evade  the  point  in  question  by 
artifice,  play  upon  words,  or  any  conceit;  to 
prevaricate;  to  p^p. — Qulbbler,  kwib'ltr,n. 
One  who  quibbles;  a  punster.— Qulbbling- 
ly,  kwib'iing-li,  adv.  Evasively. 
Quick,  kwik,  a.  [A.  Bax.  ewic,  living,  lively 


=D.  kwik,  Icel.  kvikr,  Dan.  qvik,  Sw,  qvick, 
L.G.  quick,  Goth,  qvitis;  same  root  as  L. 
tnvus,  living,  Gr.  bios,  life,  Skr.  jtv,  to  live.  J 
Alive ;  living  (the  quick  and"  the  dead) ; 
characterized  by  liveliness  or  sprightli- 
ness;  nimble;  brisk;  speedy;  rapid;  swift; 
perceptive  in  a  high  degree  {quick  sight); 
sensitive;  hasty;  precipitate;  irritable 
{quick  of  temper);  pregnant  {Shak.).— adv. 
In  a  quick  manner;  quickly.— n.  A  grow- 
ing plant,  usually  hawthorn,  for  hedges; 
with  Vie,  the  living  flesh;  sensible  parts ; 
hence.  Jig.  that  which  is  susceptible  of  or 
causes  keen  feeling  (stung  to  the  qidck).- 
Quicken,  kwik'n,  v.t  To  make  alive;  to 
revive  or  resuscitate;  to  cheer  or  refresh; 
to  make  quicker;  to  accelerate;  to  shar- 
pen; to  give  keener  perception  to;  to  stim- 
ulate. —  v.i.  To  become  alive;  to  become 
quicker;  to  be  in  that  state  of  pregnancy 
in  which  the  child  gives  indications  of 
life;  to  begin  to  give  signs  of  life  in  the 
womb.— Quickener,  kwik'n-6r,  a.  One  who 
or  that  which  quickens.— Quickens,  Quick- 
grass,  kwik'enz,  n.  .  Same  as  Couch-grass. 
CoucH-GUASs.  —  Quick-hedge,  n.  A  fence 
or  hedge  of  growing  plants.— Quicklime, 
kwik'lim,  n.  [So  called  because  of  its  ac- 
tive, burning  properties.]  Lime  burned 
and  net  yet  slaked  with  water.— Quickly, 
kwik'li,  adv.  .  Speedily;  rapidly;  nimbly; 
soon;  without  delay.  —  Quick -match,  n. 
Match.— Quickness,  kwik'nes,  n.  State  of 
being  quick  or  alive;  speed;  celerity;  ac- 
tivity; briskness;  acuteness  of  perception; 
keenness;  sharpness.  —  Quicksand,  kwik'- 
sand,  n.  A  movable  sandbank  in  the  sea, 
a  lake,  or  river,  dangerous  to  vessels  or  to 
persons  who  trust  themselves  to  it;  fig. 
something  deceptive  or  treacherous. — 
Quick-scented,  a.  Having  an  acute  per- 
ception of  smell.  —  Quickset,  kwik'set,  n. 
A  living  plant  set  to  grow,  particularly 
for  a  hedge;  hawthorn  planted  for  a 
hedge.— a.  Made  of  quickset. — v.t.  To  plant 
with  living  shrubs  for  a  hedge.  —  Quick- 
sighted,  a.  Of  quick  sight  or  acute  dis- 
cernment; quick  to  see  or  discern.— Quick- 
Bightedness,n.  Sharpness  of  sight.— Qmck- 
silver,  kwik'sil-v6r,  n.  [Living  silver,  so 
called  from  its  fluidity.]  Mercury,  a  metal 
liquid  at  all,  ordinary  temperatures.  Seo 
Mercury.  —  Quicksilvered,  kwik'sil-verd, 
a.  Overlaid  with  quicksilver,  or  an  amal- 
gam of  quicksilver  and  tinfoil.  —  Quick- 
step, n.  A  lively,  spirited  style  of  dancing. 
—Quick-witted,  a.  Having  ready  wit. 
Quid,  kwid,  n.  [A  form  of  cud.}  A  piece 
of  tobacco  chewed  and  rolled  about  in  the 
mouth. 

Quiddity,  kwid'i-ti,  n.  [Fr.  quidditi,  from 
L.L.  quidditas,  from  L.  quid,  what.]  An 
old  philosophical  term  equivalent  to  es- 
sence, and  comprehending  both  the  sub- 
stance and  qualities;  a  trifling  nicety;  a 
quirk  or  quibble. 

Quiddle,  kwid'l,  v.i.—qyiddled,  quiddling. 
[From  L.  guid,  what.  QuiDDirv.]  To  spend 
or  waste  time  in  trifling  employments. — 
Quiddle,  Quiddler,  kwid'ler,  n.  One  who 
quiddks  or  busies  himself  about  trifles. 
Quidnunc,  kwid'nungk, «.  [L.,  what  now?] 
One  cunous  to  know  everything  that 
passes;  one  who  pretends  to  know  ail  that 
goes  on. 

Quiescent;  kwi-es'ent,  a.  [L.  quiescens, 
quiescentis,  ppr.  of  quiesco,  to  keep  quiet. 
QuiET.J  Being  in  a  state  of  repose;  stiJl; 
not  moving;  quiet;  not  excited;  tranquil; 
gram,,  silent;  not  sounded  (a  quiescent  let- 
ter).—Quiescence,  Quiescency,  kwi-es'ens, 
kwi-es'en-si,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
teing  quiescent;  rest;  repose.- Quiescent- 
ly, kwi-es'ent-li,  adv.  In  a  quiescent 
manner. 

Quiet,  kwi'et,  a.  [Fr.  quiet,  L.  quietus,  from 
quiesco,  to  keep  quiet,  from  quies,  qidetis, 
rest.  Coy,  quit,  quite,  have  the  same  origin.] 
Isot  in  action  or  motion;  still;  in  a  state 
of  rest;  free  from  alarm  or  disturbance; 
left  at  rest;  tranquil;  peaceable;  not  tur- 
bulent; free  from  emotion;  calm;  patient; 
retired;  secluded;  free  from  fuss  or  bustle; 
not  glaring  or  showy  {quiet  colours). —n. 
Rest;  stillness;  tranquillity;  repose;  free- 
dom from  emotion  of  the  mind;  calmness. 
— v.t  To  make  or  cause  to  be  quiet;  to  cairn; 
to  pacify;  to  allay;  to  tranquillize;  to 


.U,  iur,  liii,.  ifiil;     k:-,  met.  h»r:     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOTc;     tQbe,  tub,  b-ftll;     oil,  pound;     tl,  Sc.  abune—the  Fr.  m. 


QUILL 


553 


QUIT 


bring  to  a  state  of  rest.  —  v.i.  To  become 
quiet  or  still  t;  to  abate.—Quieten,  kwi'ta, 
v.t.  and  i.  To  quiet;  to  pacify;  to  become 
quiet.  — Quieter,  kwi'et-6r,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  quiets.— Quietism,  kwi'et-izm, 
n.  Tiie  absorption  of  the  feelings  or  fa- 
culties in  religious  contemplation ;  the 
practice  of  a  class  of  mystics  who  resigned 
themselves  to  mental  inactivity  in  order 
to  bring  the  soul  into  direct  union  with 
the  Godhead.— Quietist,  kwi'et-ist,  n.  One 
who  believes  in  or  pi-actises  quietism;  es- 
pecially applied  to  one  of  a  sect  of  mystics 
originated  by  Molinos,  a  Spanish  priest, 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. —  Quletistic,  kwi-et-is'tik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  quietist  or  to  quietism. — 
Quietly,  kwi'et-li.adw.  In  a  quiet  state  or 
manner;  peaceably;  calmly;  patiently;  in 
a  manner  to  attract  little  or  no  observa- 
tion.—Quietness,  kwi'et-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  quiet;  tratojuillity;  .calmness.— 
Quietude, kwi'e-trid,n.  {h.quietiido.]  Rest; 
quiet;  tranquillitir.  —  Quietus,  )cwi-e'tus, 
n.  IL.  quietus,  quiet.'  Ijuietus  or  guietus 
eat  was  a  formula  used  in  discharging  ac- 
counts, equivalent  to  quit,  discharged.] 
A  final  discharge  of  an  account;  a  final 
settlement;  a  quittance. 
Quill,  kwil,  n.  10. E.  quj/lle,  a  cane  or.  reed; 
from  Fr.  quille,  a  pin,  a  skittle,  from  G. 
Jiiel,  a  quill,  a  stalk,  a  pin,  O.G.  kil,  a 
stalk.]  One  of  the  large,  strong  feathers 
of  geese,  swans,  turkeys,  crows,  &c.,  used 
for  pens,  &c.;  one  of  these  made  into  an 
instrument  of  writing;  the  spine  of  a  por- 
cupine ;  a  piece  of  small  reed  on  which 
weavers  wind  the  thread  of  the  woof;  a 
piece  of  quill  attached  to  a  slip  of  wood, 
by  means  of  which  certain  stringed  musi- 
cal instruments  were  played;  the  fold  of  a 
plaited  rufT  or  ruffle,  about  the  size  and 
shape  of  a  goose-quill.— t>.t.  To  plait  with 
email  ridges  like  quills.— Quill-driver,  n. 
A  contemptuous  term  for  one  who  works 
with  a  quill  or  pen ;  a  clerk.  —  Quilled, 
k\vild,a.  Furnished  with  quills.— Quilling, 
kwil'irig,  n.  A  narrow  bordering  on  a  gar- 
ment resembling  a  row  of  quills. 
Quillet,  kwil'et,  n.  [h.  quidlibet,  what  you 
ple:iso.]  A  nicety  or  subtlety;  a  quibble. 
Quilt,  kwilt,  n.  iO.Fr.  ciiilte,  coulre,cotillre, 
from  li.  culcitra,  culcita,  a  mattress,  a  pil- 
low, a  quilt.  Tliis  word  by  corruption  or 
confusion  gave  the  counter-  of  counter- 
pane.] A  cover  or  coverlet  made  by  stitch- 
ing one  cloth  over  another,  with  some  soft 
substance  between ;  any  thick  or  warm 
coverlet.— u.t.  To  stitch  together,  as  two 
pieces  of  cloth,  with  some  soft  substance 
between;  to  stuff  in  the  manner  of  a  quilt. 
—Quilted,  kwilt'ed,  p.  and  a.  Stitched  in 
the  manner  of  a  quilt.— Quilter,  kwilt'6r, 
n.  One  v/ho  quilts.- Quilting,  kwilt'ing, 
n.  The  act  or  operation  of  forming  aquilt; 
the  material  used  for  making  quilts; 
quilted  work. 

Quinary,  kwi'na-ri,  a.  [L.  quinariu.%  from 
quini,  five  each,  from  qxdnque,  five.]  Con- 
sisting of  five  or  of  a  multiple  of  five;  ar- 
ranged by  fives.— Quinate,  kwi'nat,  a.  Bot. 
apijlied  to  five  similar  parts  arranged  to- 
gether, as  five  leaflets. 
Quince,  kwins,  n.  LFrom  Fr.  eoignasse,  a 
kind  of  quince,  from  h.  cotoniuni,  cydoni- 
um,  Gr.  kydonion  {melon),  a  quince,  lit. 
Cydonian  fruit,  from  Cydonia,  a  town  in 
Crete.]  A  fruit  and  the  tree  that  bears  it, 
now  widely  cultivated,  the  fruit  being 
golden  yellow  and  much  used  in  making 
preserves.  —  Quince-wine,  n.  A  beverage 
made  of  the  fermented  juice  of  the  quince. 
Quincunx,  kwin'kungks,  n.  [L.,  from 
qiiinque,  five,  and  uncia,  ounce — a  five- 
ounce  weight  being  marked  with  five 
spots.]  An  arrangement  of  five  objects  in 
a  square,  one  at  each  comer  and  one  in 
the  middle;  an  arrangement,  as  of  trees, 
in  such  squares  continuously.— Qulncun- 
cial,  kwin-kun'shal,  a.  Having  the  form 
of  a  quincunx.— Quincuncially,kwin-kuu'- 
sliaHi,  adv.  In  a  quincuncial  manner: 
Qulndecagon,  kwin-dek'a-gon,  n.  lli.  qiiin- 
que, five,  Gr.  deka,  ten,  and  gOnia,  angle.] 
Geom.  a  plane  figure  with  fifteen  sides 
and  fifteen  angles. 

Quindecemvir,    kwin-de-sem'v6r,   n.  pi. 
Quindecemviri,  kwin-de-sem'vi-ri.  [L., 


from  qninque,  five,  decern,  ten,  and  vU; 
man.]  Rom.  antiq.  one  of  a  body  of  fifteen 
magistrates  who  nad  charge  of  the  Sibvl- 
line  books.—  Quindecemvir  ate,  kwin-de- 
gem'v6r-at,  n.  The  body  or  ofBce  of  the 
Quindecemviri. 

Quinine,  kwin'in,  n.  [Peruvian  -  Indian 
kina,  quina,  bark.]  A  most  important 
vegetable  alkali,  obtained  from  the  bark 
of  several  trees  of  the  cinchona  genus,  ex- 
tensively used  in  medicine  as  a  febrifuge 
and  tonic.  —  Quininismr-kwin'in-izm,  n. 
C1NCHONIS.W.— Qulnia,  Quinina,  kwin'i-a, 
kwi-ni'na,  n.  Older  names  for  Quinine. — 
Quinic,  kwin'ik,  a.  Belonging  to  quinine: 
applied  to  a  certain  acid.  —  Qulnicine, 
kwin'i-sin,  n.  An  alkaloid  possessing  febri- 
fugal properties.  —  Quicidiue,  kwiu'i-din, 
n.  A  substance  in  some  cinchona  barks, 
with  acids  forming  salts  having  febrifugal 
properties. 

Quinoa,  kwi-no'a,  n.  A  South  American 
cultivated  plant  the  seeds  of  which  are 
largely  used  as  food. 

Quinqu9,gesima,  kwin-kwa-jes'i-ma,  n.  [L.I 
Fiftieth.  —  Quinquagesiina  Sunday,  so 
called  as  being  about  the  fiftieth  day  be- 
fore Easter;  Shrove  Sunday. 
Quinquangular,  kwin-kwang'gfl-lfir,  a.  [L. 
OMingMe,  five,  and anffuijM,  angle.]  Having 
five  angles  or  comers. 
Quinquarticular,  kwin-kwar-tik'a-lftr,  a. 
IL.  guinque,  five,  and  articulus,  "joint, 
article.]  Consisting  of  five  articles,  points, 
or  statements. 

Quinquecapsular,  kwin-fcwe-kap'sQ-Ur,  a. 
lli.quinque',  five,  and  capsuto,  a  little  chest.] 
Bot.  having  five  capsules.— Quinquecos- 
tate,  kwin-kwe-kos't&t,  a.  [L.  costa,  a  rib.] 
JBot.  five-ribbed.- Quinquedentate,  kwin- 
kwe-den'tat,  a.  IL.  dentatus,  toothed, 
from  dens,  dentis,  a  tooth.  ]  Zool.  or 
hot.  having  five  teeth  or  indentations. 
—  Quinquefarious,  kwin-kwe-fa'ri-us,  a. 
[From  L.  quinqye,  five.]  Bot.  opening  mto 
five  parts.  —  Quinquefid,  kwin'kw6-fid, 
a.  [L.  findo,  fidi,  to  split.]  Bot.  five-cleft, 
as  a  leaf.— QuinquefoUate,  kwin-kwc-fo'li- 
fit,  a.  [L.  folium,  leaf.]  Having  five 
leaves.  —  Qttinquelobate,  Quinquelobed, 
kwin-kwe-lo'bat,  kwin'kwe-lobd,  a.  [L. 
lobus,  lobe.]  Bot.  five-lobed.  —  Qulnque- 
locular,  kv.'in-kwe-lok'a-ler,  a.  [L.  locu,- 
lus,  a  cell.]  Bot.  five-celled. 
Quinquennial,  kwin-kwen'i-al,  a.  [L.  guin- 
(^iiennium,  a  period  of  five  yea.ics—quinqtie, 
five,  and  annus,  year.]  Occurring  once  in 
five  years,  or  lasting  five  years.— Quinquen- 
nium, kwin-kwen'i-um,  n.  [L.]  The  space 
of  five  years.  Also  Qumquenniad,t  kwin- 
kwen'i-ad.    [Venn.] 

Qulnquepartite;  kwin-kw5-p'ar'tit,  a.  [L. 
quinque,  five,  and  partitus,  divided.]  Con- 
sisting of  five  parts ;  bot.  divided  into  five 
parts  almost  to  the  base. 
^uinquereme,  kwin'kwe-rem,  n.  [L.  quin- 
queremis,  from  quinque,  five,  and  remus, 
oar.]  An  ancient  galley  having  five  ranks 
of  rowers. 

Quinquevalent,  Qtdnqnivalent,  kwin- 
kwev'a-lent,  kwin-kwiv'a-lent,  a.  [L. 
quinque,  five,  and  valens,  valentis,  ppr.  of 
valeo,  to  be  worth.]  Chem.  capable  of 
being  combined  with  or  exchanged  for  five 
atoms  of  hydrogen. 

Quinquevalvular,  kwin-'kwe-val'va-ldr,  a. 
IL.  quinque,  five,  and  valva,  valve.]  Bot. 
having  five  valves,  as  a  pericarp. 
Quinquina,  kwin-kwi'na,  n.  [Sp.  quina 
quina,  from  Indian  quina,  bark.]  Peru- 
vian bark. 

Quinsy,  kwin'zi,  n.  [From  Fr.  esquinancie, 
squinancie,  from  L.  cynanche,  Gr.  kynang- 
che,  a  kind  of  sore  throat,  from  kyOn,  a 
dog,  and  angcho,  to  throttle — '  dog '  having 
a  pejorative  effect.  Cv?fio.]  Med.  an  in- 
flammation of  the  tonsils;  any  inflamma- 
tion of  the  throat  or  parts  adjacent. 
Quint,  kwint,  n.  [L.  qtuntus,  fifth.]  A  set 
or  sequence  of  five,  as  in  piquet. 
Quintain,  kwin'tau,  n.  [Fr.  quintaine,  L.L. 
quintana,  a  quintain,  from  L.  quintana,  a 
street  or  broad  way  in  a  camp  (from  miin- 
tus,  fifth),  hence  a  public  place,  and  the 
exercise  practised  m  such  a  place.]  A 
figure  or  other  object  to  be  tilted  at,  often 
an  upright  post,  on  the  top  of  which  was 
a  horizontal  bar  turning  on  a  pivot,  with 


a  sand-bag  attached  to  one  end,  on  fli'- 
other  a  broad  board,  it  being  a  trial  of 
skill  to  tilt  at  the  broad  end  with  a  lancf:, 
and  pass  on  before  the  bag  of  sand  could 
whirl  round  and  strike  the  tilter. 

Quintal,  kwin'tal,  n.  [Fr.  quintal,  from 
L.  centum,  a  hundred,  through  the  Sp. 
quintal,  Ar.  kintdr,  a  weight  of  100  lbs.] 
A  weight  of  lOo  lbs. 

Quintan,  kwin'tan,  a.  [L.  quintanus,  from 
quintus,  fifth,  from  quinque,  five.)  Occur- 
ring or  recurring  e\  ery  fifth  day. — n.  An 
intermittent  fever  the  paroxysms  of  which 
recur  every  fifth  day. 

Quintessence,  kwin-tes'ens,  n.  [L.  qiiinta 
essentia,  fifth  essence.]  According  to  old 
notions  the  fifth  or  highest  essence  or 
most  ethereal  element  of  natural  bodies; 
hence,  an  extract  from  anything,  contain- 
ing its  virtues  or  most  essential  part  in  a 
small  quantity;  the  best  and  purest  part 
of  a  thing.— Quintessential,  kwiu-tes-seu'- 
shal,  a.    Consisting  of  the  quintessence. 

Quintette,  Quintet,  kwin-tet',n.  IFr.  quin- 
tette, from  It.  quintelto,  from  quinto,  L. 
quintus,  fifth.]  Music,  a  vocal  or  instru- 
mental composition  in  five  parts. 

Quintillion,  kwin-til'yon,  n.  [L.  quintus, 
S-ii-n,  and  term,  of  E.  million.]  A  number 
produced  by  involving  ia.  million  to  the 
fifth  power. 

Quintuple,  kwin'ta-pl,  o.  [L.  quintuplus, 
fivefold  —  quintus,  fifth,  and  term,  -plus, 
Gr.  jdoos.  Double.]  Fivefold;  arranged 
in  five  or  in  fives;  music,  containing  five 
notes  of  equal  value  in  a  bar. — v.t. — quin- 
tupled, quintupling.  To  make  fivefold. 

Quinzaine,  kwin'zan,  n.  (Fr.,  from  quime, 
fifteen,  from  L.  quindecim,  fifteen.]  The 
fifteenth  day  after  a  feast-day  if  the  day 
of  the  feast  be  included;  a  stanza  consis- 
ting of  fifteen  lines. 

Qmp,  kwip,  n.  [From  W.  chivip,  a  quick 
flirt  or  turn;  ckwipiaw,  to  move  briskly,  to 
whip  (to  whip  round  a  corner).}  A  smart 
sarcastic  turn;  a  sharp  or  cutting  jest;  a 
jibe.— v.t.~  quipped,  quipping.  To  utter 
quips  on;  to  sneer  at. — v.i.  To  use  quips; 
to  jibe. 

Quire,  kwir,  n.  [A  different  spelling  of 
choir.  Cuom.]  A  body  of  singers;  a 
chorus;  the  choir  of  a  church.— «.i.  To 
sing  in  concert  or  chorus;  to  chant  or  sing 
harmoniously.    [Shak.i 

Quii-e,  kwir,  n.  [O.Fr.  quayer;  Fr.  cahier, 
from  L.L.  quaiernum,  a  book  of  four 
leaves,  from  L.  qaatuor,  four.]  A  collec- 
tion of  paper  consisting  of  twenty-four 
sheets  of  equal  size,  and  generally  folded 
once.— Quirister,J  kwir'is-tCr,  n.  A  chor- 
i.ster. 

Qmirk,  kwferk,  n.  [Prov.  E.  quirk  to  turn 
sharply;  comp.  W.  ehwired,  a  sudcien  start, 
craft,  deceit.]  An  artful  turn  for  evasion 
or  subterfuge;  a  shift;  a  quibble;  a  quip; 
arch,  an  acute  channel  or  recess;  also, 
the  hollow  under  the  abacus.— Quirked, 
kwirkt,  a.  Having  a  quirk  or  quirks.— 
Quirky,  Quirkish,  kwtr'ki,  kwer'kish,  a. 
Consisting  of  quirks;  full  of  quirks;  shifty; 
quibbling. 

Quish,  kwish,  n.    A  cuish. 

Quit,  kwit,  a.  [From  O.Fr.  quite,  Mod.  Fr. 
quitte,  discharged,  freed,  quit,  from  L. 
quietus,  quiet.  Quiet  is  thus  the  same 
word,  as  is  also  quite.']  Discharged  or  re- 
leased from  a  debt,  penal  ty ,  or  ol  jK^^ation ; 
absolved;  free;  clear  (with  0/ before  an  ob- 
ject). It  is  often  used  in  the  form  quits, 
as  a  kind  of  noun,  to  be  quits  with  one, 
being  to  be  on  even  terms,  to  have  got 
even,  with  him,  hence,  as  an  exclamation, 
quits!  equivalent  to,  we  are  evea.—v.t— 
quilted,  quitting.  [O.Fr.  quiter,  Fr.  quitter, 
to  leave,  to  abandon.]  To  discharge,  as  an 
obligation  or  duty;  to  meet  and  satisfy ; 
to  repay;  to  set  free,  absolve,  acquit;  to 
relieve;  to  rid;  to  discharge  from;  to 
meet  expectations  entertained  of;  to  ac- 
quit: used  refl.  (to  quit  one's  self  like  a 
man);  to  depart  from;  to  leave;  to  ro-ipn; 
to  give  up;  to  abandon.— To  quit  <ost,  to 
pay  expenses.  —  To  quit  scores,  to  make 
even.— Quit-rent,  n.  A  small  rent  paid  by 
the  f  leeholdera  and  copy  holdei-s  of  a  manor 
in  discharge  of  other  services.— Qulttable, 
kwit'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  quitted  or 
vacated.  —  Quittance,  kwit'ans,  n.     Dis- 


ch,  c/iain;     ch,  Sc.  loch;   g,  go;     j,  fob*  -^  u,  Fr.  to»,     ng,  aing;     th,  then;  th,  thiu;     w^wig;     wh,  tf Aig;     zh,  asure. 


QUITCH 


554 


RACE 


charge  from  a  debt  or  obligation;  an  ac- 
quittance; recompense;  repayment. — Quit- 
ter, kwit'er,  n.  One  who  quits ;  an  ulcer 
between  the  hair  and  hoof  of  a  horse's  foot 
(for  old  quitture,  a  discharge  of  matter). — 
Q-oitter-bone,  n.  A  hard  round  swelling 
on  a  horse's  coronet. 

Quitch,  Quitch-grass,  kwich,  n.  [A  form  of 
quick-grass— na.medL  from  its  vitality  and 
vigorous  growth.]  A  species  of  worthless 
grass;  couch-grass. 

Quite,  kwit,  adv.  [Old  form  of  quit,  that  is, 
primarily,  free  or  clear  bv  complete  xtei- 
formance.  Quit.]  Completely;  wholly;, 
entirely;  totally;  altogether;  to  a  jfreai 
extent  or  degree;  very  (quite  waxm). 

Qnitter-bone.    Under  Quit. 

Quiver,  kwiv'fir,  v»».  [Same  as  D.  qtdveren, 
to  tremble,  closely  connected  with  quaver, 
and  with  old  quiver,  active,  nimble,  A. 
Sax.  cwifer,  perhaps  also  with  quick.]  .To 
shake  or  tremble;  tq  quake;  to  shiver;  to 
show  a  slight  tremulous  motion;  to  be  agi- 
tated.—n.  The  act  or  8t2te  of  quivering;  a 
tremulous  motion;  a  shiver.— Quiveringly, 
kwiv'6r-iag-li,  adv.  In  a  quivering  man- 
ner; with  quivering. 

Quiver,  kwiv'fer,  n.  [O.Fr.  quivrx,  cuivre, 
from  O.H.<T.  kohhar,  kochar,  G.  kocher,  a 
quiver;  cog.  Dan.  kog^r,  D.  koker,  A.  Sax. 
cocer—a  case,  a  quiver.]  A  case  or  sheath 
for  arrows.- Quivered,  kwiv'ferd,  a.  Fur- 
nished with  a  quiver;  sheathed  in  a  quiver. 

Qui  Vive,  ke  vev,  n.  [Fr.,  Ut.  who  lives?] 
The  challenge  of  the  French  sentries; 
equivalent  to  the  English,  'Who  goes 
there?'  Hence,  tobeonthe  qui  irive,  is  to 
be  on  the  alert. 

Quixotic,  kwlk-sot'ik,  a.  [From  Don  Quix- 
ote, the  hero  of  Cervantes'  celebrated  ror 
mance,  who  js  painted  as  a  half-crazy 
reformer  and  champion,  and  is  a  carica- 
ture of  the  ancient  knights  of  chivalry.] 
Komantib  to  extravagance;  aiming  at 
visionary  ends;  ideal;  high-flown. — Quixo- 
tically, kwik-sot'i-kaT-li,  adv.  In  a 
quixotic  or  absurdly  .romantic  manner. 
—  QuixotiSIn,  Quixotry,  kwik'sot-izm, 
kwik'so|-,ri,  n.  Romantic  and  absurd 
notions. 

Quiz,  kwiz,  n.  [Said  to  have  been  origina- 
ted simply  to  puzzle  people,  by  Daly,  the 


manager  of  a  Dublin  play-house,  who  had 
the  letters  quig  put  on  all  the  walls  of 
Dublin.]  .  Something  desired  to  puzzle; 
a  hoax;  a  jest;  one  who  quizzes;  one  liable 
to  be  quizzed;  an  odd  teUo-w.—v.t.— quizzed, 
quizzing.  To  puzzle;  to  banter;  to  make 
sport  pf  by  means  of  obscure  questions;  to 
look  at  through  an  eye-glass;  to  look  at  tn- 
•quisitively.- Quizzer,  kwiz'fir,  n.  One  who 
quizzes.— Quizzical,  kwiz'i-kal,  a.  Partak- 
ing of  the  nature  of  a  quiz ;  addicted  to 
quizzing.— Quizzing-glsisB,  n.  A  small  eye- 


Quod,  kwod,  n.    [A  form  of  quad,  a  contr. 
of  quadrangle.']    A  jail.    [Slang.]       '   . 
Qnodlibet,  kwod'li-bet,  n.     fit.,  what  yon 

£  lease.]  A  nice  point:  a  subtlety.— Quod- 
betic,  Quodlibetical,  kwod -li- bet 'ik, 
kwod-li-bet'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  g.uod- 
libets;  discussed  or  debated  for  curiosity 
or  entertainment.— QuodUbetically  Jiwod- 
li-bet'.i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  quodlibetical 
manner.         ^ 

Qupif,  koif.    Coxr. 

Quoin,  toin,  n.  [A  slightly  different  sjiell- 
ing  of  coin;  Fr.  coin,  a  comer,  a  wedge,  a 
quoin,  a  coin.  Corn.]  An  external  solid 
angle;  the  external  angle  of  a  building;  a 
wedge-like  piece  of  stone,  wood,  metal,  or 
other  material;  printing,  a  wedge  to  wedge 
the  types  up  within  a  chase;  <tun.,  a  wedge 
to  raise  a  cannon  to  the  desired  elevation. 

Quoit,,  koit,  n.  [Origin  doubtful;  comp. 
Prov.  E.  and  Sc.  eoit,  quoit,  to  throw;  also 
O.D.  koot,  a  die.]  A  flattish  ring  of  iron, 
8  or  9  inches  in  diameter  and  of  some 
weight,  convex  on.  the  upper  side  and 
slightly  concave  on  the  untfer  side,  to  be 
thrown  at  a  fixed  mark  on  the  ground  at 
play;  pi.  the  game  played  with  such  rings. 
—vX  and  i.  To  throw  quoits;  to  play  at 
quoits. 

Quondiun,  kwon'dam,  a.  [L.,  formerly.] 
Having  been  formerly j  former  (one's  quon- 
dam fnend). 

Quorum,  kwo'ruifi,  n.  [Lit.  'of  whom,' 
being  the  genit.  pi.  of  L.  qui,  who— from 
the  phraseology  of  commissions,  &c.,  writ- 
ten m  Latin,  certain  persons  being  therein 
named  genei-idly, '  of  whom '  certain  were 
specially  designated  as  in  all  cases  neces- 
sary and  therefore  constituted  a  quorum.] 


A  collective  term  for  those  justices  of  the 
peace  whose  presence  is  necessary  to  con- 
stitute a  bench:  such  a  number  of  the 
members  of  any  body  (a  board  of  directors 
for  instance)  as  is  competent  to  transact 
business. 

Quota,  kwo'ta,  n.-  [From  L.  quotus,  which 
number  in  the  series?  Quote.]  A  pro- 
portional part  or  share ;  share  or  propor- 
tion assigned  to  each  or  which  each  of  a 
number  has  to  contribute. 

Quote,  kwot,  v.t.— quoted,  quoting.  [O.Fr. 
qwter,  Fr.  coter,  from  L.L.  quotare,  to  give 
chapter  and  verse  for,  from  L.  quotug, 
which  number  in  the  series  i"  from  quot, 
how  many  ?]  To  adduce  from  so'ine  author 
or  speaker;  to  adduce  by  way  of  authority 
or  illustration;  to  cite  or  cite  the  words 
of  (to  quote  a  passage,  an  author);  com.  to 
name,  as  the  price  of  an  article.— Quoter, 
kwo'ter,  n.  One  that  quotes.— Quotable, 
kwo'ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  or  suitable  for 
being  quoted  or  cited.— Quotability,  kwo- 
ta-bii'i-ti,  n.  Fitness  for  being  quoted.— 
Quotation,  kwo-ta'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
quoting;  the  passage  quoted  or  cited;  com. 
the  current  price  of  commodities  or  stocks 
published  in  prices-current,  &c. 

Quoth,  kwoth,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  quoeth,  pret.  of 
cwethan,  to  speak,  to  say  (whence,  with 
prefix  he,  the  verb  hequeath)=\ce\.  kvetha 
(pret.  kvaih),  O.  H.  G.  quelhan,  Goth,  qttith- 
an,  tp  speai.l  Said;  spoke:  used  gen- 
erally in  the  first  and  third  persons  pre- 
terit tense,  and  followed  instead  of  prece- 
ded by  its  nominative.— Quotha,  kwoth'a, 
inter}.  [For  quoth  I oi  quoth  he.]  Forsooth! 
indeed. 

Quotidian,  kwo-tid'i-an,  a.  [L.  qmtidianus, 
from  quotidie,  daily — quot,  how  many? 
every,  and  dies,  a  day.]  Daily;  occurring 
or  returning  daily.  —  n.  Anything  that 
returns  every  day;  a  fever  whose  parox- 
ysms return  every  day. 

Quotient,  kwo'shent,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
quoties,  how  often?  Quote.]  Arith.  the 
number  resulting  from  the  division  of  one 
number  by  another,  and  showing  how 
often  a  less  number  is  contained  in  a 
greater. 

Quotum,t  kwo'tiim,  n.  [Tfeut.  of  L.  quotus, 
how  much?]   A  quota;  a  share. 


B. 


B,  the  eighteehth  letter  of  the  English 
alphabet. — The  three  Rs,  a  humorous  and 
familiar  designation  for  J?eadtn!7,  Writin{i, 
and  Arithmetic. 

Rabbet,  rab'et,  v.t.  [From  Fr.  ralmier, 
to  plane--prefix  re,  again,  and  d6otrfer= 
E.  abut]  To  cut  the  edge  of  (as  of  a  board) 
in  a  sloping  manner,  so  that  it  may  join 
by  lapping  with  another  piece  cut  in  a 
similar  manner;  also,  to  cut  a  rectangular 
groove  along  the  edge  of  to  receive  a  cor- 
responding projection.  —  n.  The  cut  or 
groove  so  made.  Sometimes  written  Rk- 
BATE. — Rabbet-Joint,  n.  A  joint  formed 
by  rabbetting:— Rabbet-plane,  n.  A  plane 
for  ploughing  a  groove  along  the  edge  of 
a  board. 

Rabbi,  rabTji,  n.  pi.  Rabbis,  Rabbles,  rab'- 
biz.  [Heb.  rabl,  my  master,  from  rah, 
master.]  A  title  of  respect  given  to  Jewish 
doctors  or  expounders  of  the  law.— Rabbin, 
rab'bin,  n.  [A  French  form.]  Same  as 
iJa6W.— Rabbinic,  Rabbinical,  rab-bin'ik, 
rab-bin'i-kal  ,a.  P.ertaining  to  the  rabbins, 
or  to  their  opinions,  learning,  and  lan- 
guage ;  pertaining  to  the  later  and  non- 
canonical  Hebrew  writings.  —  Rabbinic, 
rab-bin'ik,  n.  The  language  or  dialect  of 
the  rabbins;  the  later  Hebrew.— Rabbin- 
ism,  rab'bin-izm,  n. .  A  rabbinic  expression 
or  phraseology.  —  Rabbinist,  Rabbinite, 
rab  bin-ist,  rab'bin-it,  n.  Among  the  Jews, 
one  who  adhered  to  the  Talmud  and  the 
traditions  of  the  rabbins. 

Rabbit,  rab 'it,  n.  [O.E.  robbet,  akin  to 
O.D.  ro66e,ro66eien,  a  rabbit;  connections 
doubtful.]  A  well-known  rodent  mammal 
which  feeds  on  grass  or  other  herbage,  and 


burrows  in  the  earth.— Welsh  rdbbit.cheeBe 
toasted  and  laid  in  thin  layers  on  slices  of 
bread  which  have  been  toasted  and  but- 
tered; popularly  but  erroneously  supposed 
to  be  a  corruption  of  Weliih  rarebit. — Rab- 
bit-fish, n.  The  fish  also  called  chimsera. 
CHiM.a:RA.— Rabbit-hutch,  n.  A  box  for 
keeping  tame  rabbits  in.— Rabbit-warren, 
n..  A  piece  of  ground  fenced,  in  for  the 
preservation  and  breeding  of  rabbits. 

Rabble,  rabl,  n.  [Comp.  D.  rabhelen,  to 
gabble;  G.  rabhehi,  robbeln.  to  chatter; 
perhafis  imitative  of  noise.]  A  tumultuous 
crowQ  of  vulgar,  noisy  people;  a  mob:  with 
the;  the  lower  class  of  people;  the  dregs  of 
the  xieo'ple.  —  v.t.—raVbUd,  rabbling.  To 
assault  m  a  disorderly  crowd;  to  mob. 

Rabdoidal,  Rabdomancy,  rab-doi'dal,  rab'- 
do-man-si,  n.  Same  as  Rhdbdoidal,  Rhalh 
domancy. 

Rabid,  rab'id,  a.  [L.  rciiidus,  from  rabies, 
madness,  from  rabo,  to  rave.  Rage.]  Fu- 
rious; raging;  mad;  affected  with  the  dis- 
temper called  rabies;  excessively  or  fool- 
ishly enthusiastic;  rampant;  intolerant 
(a  rabid  Tory,  a  rabid  teetotaller).— Rabid- 
ity, ra-bid'i-ti,n.  Thestate  of  being  rabid. 
—Rabidly,  rab'id-li,  adv.  In  a  rabid  man- 
ner; furiously.- Rabldness,  rab'id-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  rabid.— Rabies,  rsTji-ez, 
n.  ■  [L.]  a  disease  affecting  certain  ani- 
mals, especially  those  of  the  dog  tribe, 
from  which  hy'drophobia  is  communicated. 

S&ca,  ra'ks,  a.  A  Syriac  word  signifying 
worthless,  dissolute,  empty,  beggarly,  fool- 
ish; a  term  of  extreme  contempt.    [N.T.] 

Raccahout,  rak'ka-hbt,  n.  [Fr.  racahout, 
from  Ar.  rdqaut]  A  starch  or  meal  pre- 


pared from  the  edible  acorn  of  the  £ar- 
bary  oak. 

Raccoon,  ra-ken',  n.  [Corruption  of  the 
American  Indian  name,  arrathkune,arath- 
corw,  formerly  in  use.]  An  American  plan- 
tigrade carmvorouB  mammal  about  the 
size  of  a  small  fox,  whose  skin  is  valuable 
as  a  fur. 

Race,  r5s,  n.  [Fr.  Yace,  It.  razza,  race, 
lineage,  family;  from  O.H.G.  reiza,  a  Une; 
same  root  as  write  (comp.  Fr.  ligne,  E.  line, 
lineage  as  well  as  a  line).]  A  class  of  in- 
dividuals sprung  from  a  common  stock;  a 
famil}',  tribe,  people,  or  nation  believed  or 
presumed  to  belong  to  the  same  stock ;  h 
breed  or  stock ;  a  perpetuated  variety  of 
animals  or  plants. —  Racial,' ra'si-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  race  or  Lineage ;  pertaining 
to  the  races  of  mankind. 

Race,  ras,  n.  [O.Fr.  rais,  from  L.  radix, 
radicis,  a  root.]  A  root,  as  a  race  of  gin- 
ger {ShaJc.y,  race-ginger,  ginger  in  the  root. 

Race,  ras,  n.  [A.  Sax.  raes.a,  rush,  a  rapid 
course,  a  stream;  same  as  Icel.  rds,  a  race.  1 
A  rapid  course;  career  in  life;  a  contest  of 
speed,  especially  in  running,  but  also  in 
nding,  ariving,  sailing,  rowing,  ic,  in 
competition;  pi.  horse-races  (to  go  to  the 
races,  Doncaster  races);  a  strong  or  rapid 
current  of  water;  a  powerful  current  or 
heavy  sea  sometimes  produced  by  the 
meeting  of  two  tides ;  a  canal  or  water- 
course to  and  from  a  mill  or  water-wheeK 
— v.i. — raced,  racing.  To  run  swiftly;  to 
nin  or  contend  in  running. — v.t  To  cause 
to  run;  to  cause  to  contend  in  running;  to 
drive  quickly  in  a  trial  of  speed.- Race- 
conne,  n.    The  ground  or  path  on  which 


Fute,  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tube,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     ti,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  lb 


RACEME 


555 


RADIUS 


t-aces,  especially  hoi'se-races,  are  run.  — 
Race-ground,  n.  Grrbund  appropriated  to 
races.— Race-horse,  rt.  A  horse  bred  or 
kept  for  racing;  a  horse  that  runs  in  com- 
petition.— Racer,  rS'sfer,  re.  One  who  races; 
a  race-horse. 

Raceme,  ras'Sm,  n.  [li.  racemus,  a  cluster 
of  grapes.]  Bo(.  a  species  of  inflorescence, 
in  which  a  number  of  flowers  with  short 
and  equal  pedicels  stand  on  a  common 
slender  axis,  as  in  the  currant. — Racemed, 
ras'emd,  a.  Having  a  raceme.  —  Race- 
miferous,  ras-e-mif '6r-us,  a.  Bearing 
racemes.— Racemose,  Racemous,ras'e-mOs, 
ras'e-mus,  a.  [L.  racemosus.]  Bot.  resem- 
bling a  raceme ;  in  the  form  of  a  raceme ; 
bearing  flowers  in  racemes.- Racemule, 
ras'e-mttl,  re.  Bot.  a  small  raceme.— Race- 
mulose,  ra-sem'a-los,  a.  Bot.  bearing  race- 
mules. 

Rachis,  raTcis,  re.  [Gr.  rachis,  the  spine.] 
The  vertebral  column  of  mammals  and 
birds;  something  similar  to  this,  as  the 
shaft  of  a  feather,  the  stalk  of  the  frond 
in  ferns,  the  common  stalk  bearing  the 
alternate  spikelets  in  some  grasses. — Ra- 
chidian,  ra-kid'i-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
rachis;  spinal;  vertebral. —Rachitic,  ra- 
kit'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  rachitis;  rickety. — 
Rachitis,  ra-ki'tis,  n.  IGr.rachis,  and  term. 
-itis,  signifying  inflammation.]  Properly 
inflammation  of  the  spine,  but  also  ap- 
plied to  rickets^  a  disease  of  plants  which 
produces  abortion  of  the  fruit. 

Racial.     Under  Race  (family). 

Racily,  Raciness.    Under  Racy. 

Rack,  rak,  v.t.  [Closely  allied  to  reach,  Sc. 
rax,  to  reach;  D.  rekken,  Dan.  roekke,  to 
stretch;  G.  recken,  racken,  to  strefith,  tfl 
torture,  reek-bank,  a  rack.  See  also  noun.] 
To  stretch  unduly ;  to  strain  vehemently 
(as  in  '  to'  rack  one's  brains,'  to  strain  or 
exercise  his  thoughts  to  the  utmost);  to 
twist ;  to  wrest ;  to  distort ;  to  put  a  false 
meaning  on;  to  punish  on  the. rack;  to 
torment;  to  torture;  to  affect  with  ex- 
trteme  pain  or  anguish;  to  harass  by  exac- 
ting excessive  rents;  to  heighten;. to  ex- 
aggerate {Shak.);  to  place  on  or  in  a  raek 
or  frame  (to  rack  bottles).— re.  [Comp.  D. 
rak,  schotelrak,  a  cupboard  for  dishes; 
G.  rack,  a  rail,  recke,  a  trestle,  a  frame,  a 
rack  for  supporting  things.]  An  appliance 
for  straining  or  stretching;  an  instrument 
for  the  judicial  torture  of  criminals  and 
suspected  persons,  consisting  of  a  frame- 
work on  which  the  victim's  limbs  were 
etrained  by  cords  and  levers ;  hence,  tor- 
ture; extreme  pain;  anguish;  an  open 
wooden  framework  above  a  manger  con- 
taining hay,  grass,  straw,  &c.,  as  fodder 
for  horses  and  cattle ;  a  framework  on  or 
in  which  articles  are  arranged  and  de- 
posited: much  used  in  composition  (a 
bottle-racfc,  a  hat-racA:,  a  letter-racfc,  &c. ); 
mach.  a  straight  or  very  slightly  curved 
bar,  with  teeth  on  one  of  its  edges,  adap- 
ted to  work  into  the  teeth  of  a  wheel  or 
pinion.— Racker,  rak'fer,  n.  One  who  racks. 
—Rack-bar,  Rack-i>in,  Rack-stick,  re.  A 
wooden  lever  used  in  racking  or  tighten- 
ing ropes. — Rack-rent,  n.  A  rent  raised 
to  the  uttermost,  or  greater  than  any  ten- 
ant can  be  reasonably  expected  to  pay.— 
v.t.  To  subject  to  the  payment  of  rack- 
rent.  —  Rack-renter,  re.  One  who  rack- 
rents  his  tenants. 

Rack,  rak,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hracca,  O.E.  and  Sc. 
crag,  the  neck.]  The  neck  of  a  carcass  of 
veal  or  mutton. 

Rack,  rak,  re.  [Icel.  rek,  sk^-rek,  drift,  cloud 
motion ;  reka,  to  drive.]  Thin  flying  bro- 
ken clouds,  or  any  portion  of  floating  va- 
pour in  the  sky.— y.i.  To  fly,  as  vapour  or 
broken  clouds. 

Rack,  rak,  v.t.  [From  Fr.  raqne,  mud, 
dregs.]  To  draw  off  from  the  lees;  to  draw 
off,  as  pure  liquor  from  its  sediments  (to 
rack  cider  or  wine). 

Rack,  rak,  n.  [Form  of  wreck.^  Wreck; 
ruin ;  destruction :  in  the  phrase  to  go  to 
rack  and  ruin. 

Rack,  rak,  re.    Same  as  Arrack. 

Racket,  rak'et,  re.  [Probably  onomatopo- 
ctic ;  comp.  Gael,  racaid,  noise.]  A  con- 
fused, clattering  noise ;  noisy  talk ;  clam- 
our; din. — v.i.  To  make  a  racket;  to  frolic; 
to  move  about  in  scenes  of  tumultuous 


pleasure.— Racketer,  rak'et-6r ,  re.  A  person 
given  to  racketing.— Rackety,  rak'et-ij  a. 
Making  a  racket  or  tumultuous  noise. 

Racket,  rak'et,  re.  [Fr.  raqicette,  a  racket; 
O.Fr.  rachete,  rasquete,  the  palm  of  the 
hand,  from  L.L.  racha,  the  wrist,  from  an 
Arabic  word.]  The  battledore  with  which 
players  at  tennis  or  rackets  strike  the  ball; 
pi.  a  modern  variety  of  the  old  game  of 
tennis. — v.t.  To  strike  as  with  a  racket;  to 
toss.— Racket  -  court,  Racket -ground,  a. 
An  area  or  court  iii  which  the  game  of 
rackets  is  played;  a  tennis-court. 

Racoon,  ra-kon'.    Raccoon. 

Racquet,  rak'et,  re.    Racket. 

Racy,  rS'si,  a.  [Probably  from  race,  line- 
age, lit.  partaking  strongly  of  its  race; 
but  comp.  O.H.G.  rdzer,  racy,  rdzer  ivin, 
racy  wine;  Swiss  rdss,  sharp,  astringent.] 
Strong  and  flavorous  {racy  wine) ;  having 
a  strong  distinctive  character  of  thought 
or  language ;  spirited ;  pungent ;  piquant 
(a  racy  style,  a  racy  anecdote).— Racily, 
ra'si-U,  adv.  In  a  racy  manner.— Raciness, 
ra'si-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  racy; 
peculiar  and  piquant  flavour. 

Rad,  rad,  re.  A  contraction  for  Radical 
(reformer).    [CoUoq.J 

Raddle,  rad'l,  v.t.— raddled,  raddling.  [Per- 
haps a  corruption  from  hurdle  or  riddle.\ 
To  interweave;  to  twist  or  wind  together, 
—re.  A  liedge  formed  by  interweaving  the 
shoots  and  branches  of  trees  or  shrubs; 
weaving,  a  wooden  bar  with  a  row  of  up- 
right pegs,  employed  to  keep  the  warp 
threads  in  trim. 

Raddle,  rad'l,  re.  [Reddl'e.]  A  red  pigment, 
chiefly  used  for  marking  sheep ;  reddle  or 
ruddle. — v.t.— raddled,  raddling.  To  paint, 
as  with  ruddle. 

Radeau,  ra-do,  re.  [Fr., from  L.  ratis,  a  raft.] 
A  number  of  beams  bound  together  so  as 
to  form  a  float;  a  sort  of  raft  for  trans- 
porting goods  or  men. 

Radial,  ra'di-al.  a.  [From  L.  radius,  a  ray, 
a  spoke.  Hadius-,  Ray.]  Having  the  char- 
acteor  of  a  radius;  grouped  or  appearing 
like  radii  or  rays ;  shooting  out  as  from  a 
centre ;  pertaining  to  the  radius,  one  of 
the  bones  of  the  human  forearm  (the 
radial  artery  or  nerve).— Radially,  ra'di- 
al-li,  adv.  In  a  radial  manner;  in  the 
manner  of  radii.  —  Radiance,  Radiancy, 
ra'di-ans,  ra'di-an-si,  re.  [From  radiant.] 
Brightness  shooting  in  rays  or  beams; 
hence  in  general,  brilliant  or  sparkling 
lustre;  vivid  brightness;  brilliance;  splen- 
dour.—Radiant,  ra'di-ant,  a.  [L.  radians, 
radiantia,  ppr.  of  radio,  to  beam  or  shoot 
rays,  from  radius,  a  ray.  ]  Radiating ; 
giving  out  rays;  darting,  shooting,  or 
emitting  rays  of  light  or  heat;  shining; 
beaming  with  brightness;  emitting  a  vivid 
light  or  splendour. — Radiant  energy,  en- 
ergy in  the  form  of  light  or  radiant  heat. 
— Radiant  heat,  heat  proceeding  directly 
from  a  heated  body,  after  the  manner  of 
light,  and  conveyed  without  the  interven- 
tion of  any  sensible  medium. — n.  Optics, 
the  luminous  point  or  object  from  which 
light  radiates;  asiron.  the  point  in  the 
heavens  from  which  a  star-shower  seems 
to  proceed ;  geom.  a  straight  line  proceed- 
ing from  a  given  point,  about  which  it  is 
conceived  to  revolve. — Radiantly,  ra'di- 
ant-li,  adv.  In  a  radiant  manner. — Radi- 
ata,  ra-di-a'ta,  n.  pi.  [Lit.  rayed  animals, 
from^  L.  radi'us,  a  ray.]  Cuvier's  lowest 
division  of  the  animal  kingdom,  including 
those  animals  whbse  parts  are  arranged 
radially:  now  divided  into  the  Protozoa, 
Coelenterata,  and  AnnUloida  or  Echinozoa. 
— Radiate,  ra'ii-at,  v.i.—radiated,  radiat- 
ing. [li.radio,radiatum.]  To  issue  and  pro- 
ceed in  rays  or  straight  lines  from  a  point 
or  surface,  as  heat  or  light;  to  beam  forth; 
to  emit  rays ;  to  be  radiant ;  to  proceed  as 
from  a  centre. — v.t.  To  emit  or  send  out 
in  direct  lines  from  a  point  or  surface  (a 
bod.y  radiates  heat);  to  enlighten ;  to  illu- 
minatet.— a.  Having  rays;  having  lines 
proceeding  as  from  a  centre  like  radii; 
zool.  belonging  to  the  division  Radiata; 
bot.  having  a  ray  distinct  from  the  disc. — 
Radiately,  ra'di-ftt-li,  adv.  In  a  radiate 
manner. — Radiation,  ra-di-a'shon,  re.  [L. 
radiatio,  radiationis.]  The  act  of  radiating 
or  state  of  being  radiated;  the  divergence 


or  shooting  forth  of  anything  from  a  point 
or  surface,  like  the  diverging  ray?  of  light 
(the  radiation  of  heat,  of.  sound,  Ac.).- 
Solar  radiation,  the  heat  which  the  earth 
receives  from  the  sun. — Terrestrial  radia- 
tion, the  heat  which  escapes  from  the 
earth  into  the  regions  of  space.— Radia- 
tive, ra'di-a-tiv,  a.  Having  a  tendency  to 
radiate.  —  Radiator,  ra'di-a-tfer,  n.  That 
which  radiates;  that  part  of  a  heating 
apparatus  the  use  of  which  is  to  radiate 
heat. 

Radical,  rad'i-kal,  a.  [Fr.  radical,  L.  radi- 
calis,  from  radix,  radicis,  a  root  (wiience 
radish,  eradicate);  from  root  v7-ad,  seen  in 
E.  wort;  also  in  li.  radius,  a  ray,  ramus,  a 
branch.]  Pertaining  to  the  root  or  origin; 
original;  reaching  to  th-e  principles;  fun- 
damental; thorough-going;  extreme  (a 
radical  error,  a  radical  cure  or  reform); 
implanted  by  nature ;  innate ;  native ; 
philol.  belonging  to  or  proceeding  directly 
from  a  root ;  primitive ;  original ;  unde- 
rived  (the  radical  signification  of  a  word); 
bot.  proceeding  immediately  from  the  root 
or  from  a  stem  and  close  to  the  root  (a 
radical  leaf  or  peduncle). — Radical  quan- 
tities, dig.  quantities  whose  roots  may  be 
accurately  expressed  in  numbers.— iiadi- 
cal  sign,  the  sign  '\/  (a  modified  form  of 
the  letter  r)  placed  before  any  quantity, 
denoting  that  its  root  is  to  be  extracted, 
the  particular  root  being  denoted  by  a 
number  (as  2  for  the  square  root)  written 
over  the  sign. — n.  Philol.  a  primitive  word: 
a  root  or  simple  underived  uncompounded 
word;  a  letter  that  belongs  to  the  root 
politics,  an  advanced  liberal,  or  one  who 
desires  radical  reforms;  chem.  a  compound 
of  two  or  more  elements,  which  has  itself 
an  elementoid  nature,  and  performs  ele- 
mental functions  in  other  compounds 
(in  this  sense  also  written  radicie).— Radi- 
calism, rad'i-kal-izm,  re.  The  doctrine  or 
principle  of  the  radicals  or  advanced  liber- 
alsi — Radlcality,  rad-i-kal'i-ti,  re.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  radical. — Radicalljr, 
rad'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  radical,  manner;  lu 
root  or  origin ;  fundamentally.— Radical- 
ness,  rad'i-kal-nes,  re.  The  state  of  being 
radical  or  fundamental. — Radicarian,  rad- 
i-ka'ri-an,  a.  Philol.  pertaining  to  roots, 
or  to  the  theory  that  roots  are  the  basis 
of  language.  — Radicate,  rad'i-kat,  v.t. — 
radicated,  radicating.  [L.  radicor,  radi- 
catus.]  To  cause  to  take  root;  to  plant 
deeply.— Radicate,Radicated,rad'i-ka-ted, 
p.  and  a.  Deeply  rooted ;  bot.  rooted, 
or  having  taken  root.— Radication,  rad-i- 
ka'shon,  re.  The  process  of  taking  root 
deeply;  bot.  the  disposition  or  character 
of  the  root  of  a  plant.— Radiciform,  ra- 
dis'i-form,  a.  Bot.  being  of  the  nature 
of  a  root.— Radicle,  rad'i-kl,  re.  [L.  radi- 
cuJa,  dim.  of  radix,  a  root.]  JBot.  that  part 
of  the  embryo  or  seed  of  a  plant  which, 
upon  vegetating,  becomes  the  root;  the 
fibrous  parts  of  a  root;  chem.  same  as 
Radical. -Radicose,  rad'i-kos,  a.  Bot. 
having  a  large  root. — Radicular,  ra-dik'u- 
l^r,  re.    Bot.  pertaining  to  the  radicle. 

Radlolarian,  ra'di-o-la"ri-an,  re.  [L.  radi- 
olns,  dim.  of  radius,  a  ray.]  An  animal  of 
an  order  (Radiolaria)  of  Protozoa  provided 
with  pseudopodia  standing  out  like  radi- 
ating filaments. 

Radiometer,  ra-di-om'et-6r,  re.  [L.  radius, 
a  rod,  a  ray,  and  Gr.  metron,  measure.]  An 
instrument  designed  for  measuring  the 
mechanical  effect  of  radiant  energy,  or  for 
showing  repulsion  by  radiation. 

Radish,  rad'ish,  re.  [Fr.  radts,  a  radish, 
from  L.  radix,  a  root.  Radical.]  The 
popular  name  of  a  genus  of  cruciferous 
plants  with  lyre-shaped  leaves,  the  young 
roots  of  which  are  used  as  an  article  of  food. 
— Horse-radish.  Under  Horse.  —  Water- 
radish,  a  species  of  water-cress. 

Radius,  ra'di-us,  re.  pi.  Radii,  Radiuses, 
ra'di-i,  ra'di-us-ez.  [L.,  a  ray,  a  rod,  a 
beam,  a  spoke.  Radical,  Ray.]  Geom.  a 
straight  line  extending  from  the  centre  of 
a  circle  to  the  circumference,  or  from  the 
centre  of  a  sphere  to  its  surface,  and  hence 
the  semi-diameter  of  the  circle  or  sphere; 
trigon.  the  sine  of  90°;  anat.  the  smaller 
of  the  two  bones  of  the  forelimb  of  verte- 
brate animals ;  bot.  a  ray;  the  outer  part 


ch,  cAain;     ch,  Sc.  loc7i;     g,  go;     j,  job;     n,  Fr.  tow;     ng,  sinfir;     ju,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;     wh,  tvhig;     zh,  asure. 


RADIX 


556 


KAISE 


or  circuraference  of  a  compound  flower, 
having  a  character  distinct  from  the  cen- 
tral disc> — Radius  vector,  pL  radii  veetores 
(vek-to'r6z).  Astron.  an  imaginary  straight 
line  joining  the  centre  of  a  planet  or 
satellite  to  the  sun  or  primary;  geom.  a 
straight  line  connecting  any  point  with  a 
fixed  point  round  which  it  revolves.  — 
Radius  bars,  radius  rods,  the  guide-bars 
of  the  parallel  motion  of  a  steam-engine. 

Badix,  ra'diks,  n.  fL.,  a  root.]  A  root  (of 
a  plant,  of  a  word);  nrnth.  any  number 
which  is  arbitrarily  made  the  funda- 
mental number  or  base  of  any  sj'stem,  as 
10  iu  decimals. 

Raduliform,  ra-dali-form,  n.  [L.  radula, 
a  scraper  (from  rado,  to  scrape),  and  for- 
7/ja, shape.]  Basp-shaped;  specifically,  said 
of  the  teeth  of  certain  fishes. 

Raff,  raf,  n.  [O.E.  .raff,  to  sweep;  Fr.  raffer, 
from  6^ra#en,  to  sweep,  to  snatch;  akin 
raffle.']  Sweepings,  refuse;  a  person  of 
worthless  character ;  the  scum  of  society: 
the  rabble:  used  chiefly  in  the  reduplicated 
form  rijf-rcyf.— Eaffish,  raf'ish,  o.  Villain- 
ous; scampish;  worthless. 

Baffle,  rail,  n.  [Fi-.  rafle,  O.Pr.  raffle,  a 
kind  of  game  at  dice,  from  G.  raffen,  raf- 
feln,  to  sweep  or  snatch.  Kaff.J'A  lottery 
in  which  several  persons  deposit  a  j)art  of 
the  value  of  the  thing,on  the  chance  of  bfe- 
comiug  sole  possessor  by  casting  dice  or 
otherwise.— y.i.—raj^ed,  raffling.  To  try 
the  chance  of  a  raffle;  to  engage  in  a  raffle. 
—v.t.  To  dispose  of  by  means  of  a  raffle. 

Bafflesia,  raf-le'si-a,  n.  [After  Sir  Stamford 
JiafflfS,  the  discoverer  of  the  first  known 
species.]  A  genus  of  parasitical  plants, 
natives  of  Sumatra  and  Java,  one  of 
which  is  remarkable  for  its  gigantic 
flower,  about  3  feet  in  diameter. 

Baft,  raft,  n.  [Properly  a  float  made  of 
beams  or  rafters;  Icel.  raptr  (pron.  raftr), 
Dan.  raft,  a  rafter.  Rafter.)  A  float  of 
logs,  phinks,  or  other  pieccis  of  timber 
fastened  together,  for  the  convenience  of 
transporting  them  by  water;  a  floating 
structure  used  in  cases  of  shipwreck,  often 
roughly  formed  of  barrels,  planks,  spars, 
Ac,  hun-iedly  lashed  together;  a  floating 
mass  of  trees,  branches,  ^c.—w.t.  To  trans- 
port on  a  raft.— Eaftsman,  rafts'man,  n. 
A  man  who  manages  a  raft. 

Bafter,  raf'tfer,  n.  [A.  Sax.  r«s/ter=Icel. 
raptr  (pron.  raftr),  Dan.  raft,  a  rafter,  a 
beam;  akin  to  O.G.  rdfo,  rCLvo,  a  beam.] 
One  of  the  pieces  of  timber  which  follows 
the  slope  of  a  roof,  and  which  supports  the 
covering  matter.  —  w.t.  To  furnish  with 
rafters. 

Bag,  rag,  n.  [Originally  a  tuft  of  rough 
hair;  comp.  Sw.  and  Dan.dial.  rafirp, rough 
hair;  Icel.  rogg,  shagginess,  a  tuft;  allied 
to  rttfir.]  Any  piece  of  cloth  torn  from  the 
rest;  a  tattered  cloth,  torn  or  worn;  a 
fragment  of  dress;  a  shred:  a  tatter;  pi.  t».i- 
tered  garments  or  mean  dress;  a  term  for 
rook  deposits  consisting  of  hard  irregular 
masses  (coral-7-ai7,  Kentish-rac,  &c.);  rag- 
stone.— Ragamuffin,  rag-a-muf'lli,  n.  [Rag- 
amofin  was  the  name  of  a  derrtnn  in  some 
old  mystery-plays,  perhaps  from  rag,  and 
old  nwf,  muff,  a  long  sleeve,  or  from  rag, 
and  D.  muf  musty.]  A  paltry  fellow;  a 
mean  wretch.— Rag-bolt,  n.  An  iron  pin 
with  barbs  on  its  shank  to  retain  it  in  its 
place.  —  Rag-carpet,  n.  A  carpet  with  a 
cotton  or  hempen  warp  and  a  weft  of 
strips  of  rags  or  cloth.— Ragged,  rag'ed,  a. 
Rent  or  worn  into  rags  or  tatters;  tattered; 
havmg  broken  or  rough  edges;  jagged; 
rough  with  sharp  or  irregular  points;  wear- 
ing tattered  clothes;  shabby.  —  ii£a(7j7«d 
school,  a  school  which  provides  free  edu- 
cation, and  in  many  cases  food,  lodging, 
and  clothing,  for  destitute  children.— Rag- 
gedly, rag'ed-li,  adv.  In  a  ragged  condi- 
tion. —  Raggedness,  rag'ed-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  ragged.— Ragman,  rag'man, 
n.  A' man  who  collects  or  deals  in  rags  — 
Rag-picker,  n.  A  collector  of  rags,  bones, 
&c.,  from  streets,  ash-pits,  Ac— Rag-shop, 
n.  A  shop  where  rags,  bones,  and  other 
refuse  articles  are  purchased  in  small 
quantities,— Rag-stone,  n.  A  stone  of  the 
hiliceous  kind,  so  named  from  its  rough 
fracture.— Rag-wheel,  n.  A  wheel  having 
a  notched  or  serrated  margin.— Ragwort, 


rag'w^rt,  ■».  The  common  name  of  several 
British  weeds  of  the  same  genus  as  the 
groundsel. 

Rage,  raj,  n.  [Fr.  rage,  from  L.  rabies,  rage, 
madness  (by  a  change  similar  to  that  seen 
in.  abridge);  from  rabo,  to  rave,  to  be  mad; 
cog.  Skr.  rabh,  to  desire  eagerly.  Rabid.] 
Violent  anger  accompanied  with  furious 
words,  gestures,  or  agitation;  anger  ex- 
cited to  fury;  vehemence  or  violent  exa- 
cerbation (the  rage  of  a  fever,  of  hunger 
or  thirst);  fury;  extreme  violence  (the 
rage  of  a  .tempi^) ;  violent  desire.  —  The 
rage,  the  object  of  popular  and  eager  de- 
sire; the  fashion.  [Colloq.]. .'.  Syn.  under 
Anger. — v.i. — raged,  raging.  To  be  furi- 
ous with  anger;  to  be  exasperated  to  f  ur^; 
to  be  in  a  passion;  to  act  or  move  furi- 
ously, or  with  mischievous  impetuosity 
(the  sea  rages);  to  ravage;  to  prevail  with 
fatal  effect  (the  plague  raffes).— Rageful, 
raj'ful,  a.  Full  of  rage;  violent;  furious. 
— Eftgingly,  ra'jing-li,  adv.  In  a  raging 
manner;  yrith  fury. 

Ragg,  rag,  n.    Rag-stone  (which  see).    ' 

Ragman-rcll,  w.  [Icel.  rafif-Mienni,  a  coward. 
Fi'om  this  comes  rigmarole.]  The  collec- 
tion of  documents  by  which  the  nobility 
and  gentry  of  Scotland  subscribed  alle- 
giance to  Edward  I.  of  England  in  1296. 

-Ragout,  ra-gO',  n.  [Fr.  ragoUt,  from  D.  re, 
again,  ad,  to,  and  gustv^,  a  tasting.]  A  dish 

,  of  stewed  and  highly  seasoned  meat. 

Raid,  rad,  n.  [From  stem  of  ride;  same  as 
Icel.  reith,  a  riding,  a  raid;  akin  to  road.] 
A  hostile  or  predatory  incursion;  espe- 
cially, an  inroad  or  incursion  of  mounted 
men;  a  foray;  an  attack  by  violence. — 
Raider,  ra'dfer,  n.    One  who  makes  a  raid. 

Rail,  ral,  n.  [Same  as  L.G.  and  Sw.  regel, 
G.  riegel,  a  bar,  a  rail ;  akin  G.  reihe,  a 
row.]  A  bar  of  wood  or  metal  extending 
from  one  upright  post  to  another,  as  in 
fences;  a  horizontal  timber  in  any  piece 
of  framing  or  panelling;  the  upper  pieees 
into  which  the  balusters  of  a  stair  are 
mortised;  a  series  of  posts  or  balusters 
connected  by  cross-beams,  bars,  or  rods, 
for  inclosure;  a  railing;  one  of  the  parallel 
iron  or  steel  bars  forming  a  smooth  track 
for  the  wheels  of  a  locomotive  and  its 
associated  carriages,  wagons,  Slc,  or  for  a 
tramway  car;  a  railway  (to  travel  or  send 
goods  by  rail).— v.t.  To  inclose  with  rails; 
to  send  by  rail,  as  goods,  &c. — v.i.  To  ride 
or  travel  on  a  railway.  —  Railer,  ral6r,  n. 
One  who  makes  or  furnishes  with  rails.— 
Bail-fence,  n.  A  fence  made  of  wooden 
rails.  —  Railing,  ra'ling,  n.  A  fence  or 
barrier  of  wood  or  iron,  constructed  of 
posts  and  rails;  rails  in  general,  or  the 
materials  for  rails.— Railroad,  ral'rod,  n. 
A  i-ailway.  —  Railway,  ral'wa,  n.  A  road 
or  way  consisting  of  one  or  more  series  of 
tiairs  of  iron  or  steel  rails  laid  parallel  to 
each  other  and  several  feet  apart,  on  which 
the  wheels  of  carriages  are  made  to  run  in 
order  to  lessen  friction;  in  an  extended 
sense,  all  the  land,  works,  buildings,  and 
machinery  required  for  the  support  and 
use  of  the  road  or  way,  with  its  rails.— 
Atmospheric  railway.  XJnder  Atmosphere. 
— Electric  railway.  Under  Electric — 
Elevated  railway,  a  railway  the  track  of 
which  is  supported  aloft  so  as  not  to  ma- 
terially interfere  with  the  street  traffic  of 
a  citv.— Underground  railway,  a  railway 
wholly  or  in  large  part  beneath  the  street 
surface  of  a  city.— Railway -carriage,  n.  A 
passenger  carriage  on  a  railway.  —  Bail- 
way-crossing,  n.  The  place  where  a  road 
crosses  a  railway.— Railway-whistle,  n.  A 
whistle  on  a  locomotive  engine,  which  is 

.  made  to  sound  by  steam. 

Rail,  ral,  n.  [O.Fr.  rasle,  raale,  a  rail;  same 
origin  as  rattle,  being  so  called  from  its 
noisy  cry.]  The  popular  name  of  several 
grallatorial  birds,  inhabiting  sedgy  places, 
moist  herbage,  &c.,  and  comprising  the 
land-rail  or  corn-crake  and  the  water-rail. 

Rail,  ral,  v.i.  [Fr.  ratller,  to  banter;  from 
^.L.  radiculare,troxa  li. radere,  to  scrape. 
Rase,  Razor.]  To  utter  reproaches;  to 
use  insolent  and  reproachful  language;  to 
«:o'a— Railer,  raa^r,  n.  One  who  rails.— 
Railing,  ra'ling,  a.  Expressing  reproach; 
insulting.— Railinglyraling-li,  adv.  In 
a  railing  manner.  —  Raillery,  ra'l6r-i,  n. 


[Fr.  raHhrie.]  Good-humoured  pleasantry 
or  slight  satire;  satirical  merriment;  jes-t- 
ing  language;  banter.— BaiUeur,  ra-yer,  7i. 
[Fr.]  One  who  turns  what  is  serious  into 
ridicule;  a  banterer;  a- mocker. 

Baiment,  ra'ment,  n.  [Contracted  from 
obsolete  arrayment.  Array.]  Clothing 
in  general;  vestments;  vesture;  garments: 
now  always  in  the  sing. 

Bain,  ran,n.  [A.  Sax.  regn,  r^n=Icel.  Dan. 
and  Sw.  regn,  D.  and  G.  regen,  Goth,  ritrn; 
tame  root  as  L.  rigare,  to  wet,  whence 
irrigate.  As  to  the  disappearance  of  g 
compare  7w.il  and  flail.]  The  descent  of 
water  in  drops  frota  the  clouds;  the  water 
thus  falling;  the  moisture  of  the  atmo- 
sphere condensed  and  deposited  in  drops; 
a  shower  or  pouring  down  of  anything.- 
v.i.  To  fall  m  drops  from  the  clouds,  as 
water:  used  mostlv  with  it  for  a  nomina- 
tive (it  rains,  it  will  rain);  to  fall  or  drop 
like  rain  (tears  rained  from  their  eyes). — 
v.t.  To  pour  or  shower  down,  like  rain 
from  the  clouds;  to  pour  or  send  down 
abundantly. — Rain-band,  n.  A  dark  line 
or  band  of  atmospheric  origin  in  the  solar 
spectrum,  caused  by  aqueous  vapour,  and 
of  some  importance  as  a  weather  predic- 
tor.— Rainbow,  ran'bo,  n.  A  bow  or  arc  of 
a  circle,  consisting  of  all  the  prismatic 
colours,  formed  by  the  refraction  and  re- 
flection c(f  rays  of  light  from  drops  of  rain, 
api>earing  in  the  part  of  the  heavens  op- 
posite to  the  sun.  A  lunar  rainbow,  or  one 
produced  by  the  moon's  rays,  fainter  than 
that  formed  by  the  sun,  is  sometimes  seen. 
— Rain-cloud,  n.  A  ragged  and  hanging 
cloud  which  resolves  itself  into  rain. — 
Bain-drop,  n.  A  drop  of  rain.— Rainfall, 
ran'fal,  n.  A  fall  of  rain;  the  amount  of 
water  that  falls  as  rain.— Rain-gauge,  n. 
An  instrument  for  measuring  or  gauging 
the  quantity  of  rain  which  falls  at  a  given 
place. — Raininess,  ra'ni-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  rainy. — Rainless,  ran'les,a.  With- 
out rain  (a  rainless  region).— Rain-print, 
n.  Oeol.  the  name  given  to  marks  found 
in  aqueous  rocks,  and  resulting  from  the 
action  of  rain-drops  falling  on  the  deposit 
when  in  a  soft  state.  —  Rain-water,  n. 
Water  that  has  fallen  from  the  clouds  in 
rain.- Rainy,  ra'ni,  a.  Abounding  with 
rain;  wet;  showery. — A  rainy  day  (Jig.), 
evil  or  less  fortunate  times. 

Raise,  raz,  b.t.— raised,  raising.  [A  cans, 
of  rise,  but  coming  directly  from  a  Scandi- 
navian source;  Icel.  reisa,  to  raise,  caus. 
of  visa,  to  rise.  Rise,  Rear.)  To  cause 
to  rise;  to  put,  place,  or  remove  higher;  to 
lift  upward ;  to  elevate;  to  heave;  to  ele- 
vate in  social  position,  rank,  dignity,  and 
the  like ;  to  increase  the  value  or  estima- 
tion of;  to  exalt,  enhance,  promote,  ad- 
vance; to  increase  the  energy,  strength, 
power,  or  vigour  of;  to  excite;  to  heighten 
(to  raise  the  courage,  to  raise  the  tempera- 
ture of  a  room);  to  cause  to  appear  from 
the  world  of  spirits ;  to  recall  from  death 
(to  raise  the  dead) ;  to  cause  to  assume  an 
erect  position  or  posture ;  to  set  upright ; 
to  awaken;  to  rouse  to  action;  to  incite; 
to  stir  up  (to  raise  the  country,  to  raise  a 
mutiny);  to  set  into  commotion  (to  raise 
the  sea);  to  cause  to  arise  or  come  into 
being;  to  build  up;  to  erect;  to  construct; 
"to  bring  or  get  together;  to  gather,  collect, 
to  levy  (to  raise  mcney,  to  raise  an  army); 
to  cause  to  be  produced;  to  breed;  to  rear; 
to  grow  (to  raise  wheat,  to  raise  cattle, 
sheep,  Ac);  to  give  rise  to;  to  originate  (to 
raise  a  false  report);  to  give  vent  or  utter- 
ance to  (to  raise  a  crj') ;  to  strike  up  (to  raise 
the  song  of  victory);  to  cause  to  appear;  to 
call  up  (to  raise  a  smile  or  a  blush);  to 
heighten  or  elevate  in  pitch  (ashai-p  raises 
a  note  half  a  tone);  to  increase  the  loud- 
ness of  (to  raise  the  voice) ;  latv,  to  insti- 
tute or  originate  (to  raise  an  action); 
to  cause  to  swell,  as  dough.  —  To  raise 
steam,  to  produce  steam  enough  to  drive 
an  engine. — To  raise  a  blockade,  to  termi- 
nate or  break  it  up.— To  raise  a  siege,  to 
relinquish  the  attempt  to  take  ,i  place  by 
besieging  it,  or  to  cause  the  attempt  to  be 
relinquished. — To  raise  the  wind  (Jig.),  to 
ol)tain  ready  money  by  some  shift  orother. 
— iJaised  beocftes.Under  Beach. —Raisable, 
ra'za-bl,  a.     Capable  of  being  raised.— 


JFatc. fur.  fat.  fall;     me.met.h*r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tQbe.  tub.  bull;     oil.  pound;     tl.  So.  abrme-the  Fr. «. 


RAISIN 


557 


RANDOM 


Raiser,  ra'zfer,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
raises. 

Raisin,  ra'zn,  n.  [Fr.  raisin,  a  grape,  from 
1,.  racenma,  a  cluster  of  grapes.  K/.cemk.J 
A  dried  grape;  a  dried  fruit  of  various 
species  of  vines. 

Raisonn^,  ra-zo-na,  a.  [Pr.]  Supported 
by  proofs,  arguments,  or  ilhistrations;  ar- 
ranged and  digested  systematically. 

Rajah,  ra'ja  or  ra'ja,  n.  [Skr.  and  Hind. 
rdjA,  a  rajah ;  root  in  Skr.  rdj,  to  rule ; 
cog.  L.  rex  (for  regs),  a  king,  rego,  to  rule; 
Gael,  and  Ir.  righ,  a  king;  A.  Sax.  rice, 
dominion.  Regal,  Rich.J  In  India, 
originally  a  title  virhich  belonged  to  princes 
of  Hindu  race  who  governed  a  territory; 
subsequently,  a  title  given  to  Hindus  of 
rank;  a  Hindu  chief.— Kajahship,  ra'ji- 
ship  or  ra'.ja-ship,  n.  The  dignity  or  prin- 
cipality of  a  rajah. 

Rake,  rak,  n.  [A.  Sax.  raca,  a  rake;  cog. 
Icel.  reka,  a  shovel  or  spade;  Sw.  raka,  an 
oven-rake;  G.  rechen,  a  rake;  from  root 
meaning  to  stretch.  Reach.]  An  imple- 
ment furnished  with  wooden  or  iron  teetli, 
used  for  collecting  hay  or  straw  after 
mowing  or  reaping;  and  in  gardening 
for  smot-thing  the  soil,  covering  the  seed, 
&c.;  a  small  implement  like  a  hoe  used 
for  collecting  the  stakes  on  a  gambling- 
table.— w.<.—raA;e(i,  raking.  To  apply  a 
rake  to,  or  something  that  serves  the  same 
.purpose;  to  gather  with  a  rake;  to  smooth 
with  a  rake;  to  gather  with  labour  or 
difficulty  (to  rake  together  wealth);  to  ran- 
.  sack;  to  pass  swiftly  over;  to  scour;  niilit. 
to  enfilade;  to  cannonade  so  that  the  balls 
range  the  whole  length. — To  rake  up  ifig.), 
to  bring  up  or  revive,  as  quarrels,  griev- 
ances, &c. — v.i.  To  use  a  rake;  to  seek  by 
raking;  to  search  with  minute  inspection 
into  every  part.— Raker,  ra'k^r,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  rakes;  an  implement 
for  raking. —Raking,  ra'king,  p.  and  a. 
Enfilading;  scouring  from  end  to  end. 

Rake,  rak,  n.  [Shortened  from  O.E.  rakel, 
rakil,  rash  (afterwards  corrupted  intorate- 
hell),  properly  vagahond,wandering;comp. 
Prov.  rake,  to  rove  or  ratable  idly;  Sw. 
raka,  Icel.  reika,  to  wander;  Dan.  rcekel,  a 
lout.]  A  loose,  disorderly,  vicious  per- 
son; one  addicted  to  lewdness;  a  liber- 
tine; a  rouo. — v,i.  To  play  the  part  of  a 
rake;  to  lead  a  dissolute  debauched  life;  to 
fly  wide  of  game:  said  of  a  hawk.— Rakish, 
ra'kish,  a.  Given  to  the  practices  of  a 
rake ;  dissolute ;  debauched.  —  Rakishly, 
ra'kish-li,  adv.  In  a  rakish  or  dissolute 
manner.— Raklshness,  ra'kish-nes,  n.  Dis- 
solute practices. 

Rake,  rak,  v.i.  [Same  as  Sw.  raka,  Dan. 
rage,  to  project,  a  Scandinavian  verb=E. 
reach.\  To  incline;  to  slope;  naut.  to  in- 
cline from  a  perpendicular  direction  (a 
mast  rakes  aft).— n.  Naut.  a  slope  or  in- 
clination; the  projection  of  the  stem  or 
stem  beyond  the  extremities  of  the  keel; 
the  inclination  of  a  mast,  funnel,  &c.,  from 
a  perpendicular  direction.— Rake-veln,  n. 
iliningj  a  fissure,  generally  vertical  or 
highly  molined,  cutting  through  strata.— 
Raking,  ra'king,  p.  and  a.-  Inclining  from 
the  horizontal.— Rakish,  ra'kish,  a.  Naut. 
having  a  rake  or  inclination  of  the  masts 
forward  or  aft. 

Rakehell,  rak'hel,  n.  [This  word  should 
properly  be  rakel.  See  Rakc,  a  dissolute 
person.]  A  lewd  dissolute  fellow;  a  de- 
bauchee ;  a  rake.  —  Rakehell,  Rakehelly, 
rak'liel-i,  a.     Dissolute;  profligate. 

Rale,  ral,  n.  [Fr.,  O.Fr.  rasle,  a  rattling 
sound.  Rattle.]  Pathol,  a  noise  or  crepi- 
tation caused  by  the  air  passing  through 
mucus  in  the  bronchial  tubes  or  lungs. 

Rallentando,  ral-len-tau'do,  [It.]  Music, 
a  term  indicating  that  the  time  of  the 
passage  over  which  it  is  written  is  to  be 
gradually  decreased. 

Ralline,  ralln,  a.  [Mod.  L.  rallui,  a  rail.] 
Omith.  pertaining  to  the  rails. 

Rally,  ral'i,  v.t.— rallied,  rallying.  [Fr. 
rallier,  to  rally— prefix  re,  and  allier,  E. 
ally,  from  Ij.  alligo,  to  bind  to— ad,  to, 
and  ligo,  to  bind.  Ally,  Ligament.1  To 
collect  and  reduce  to  order,  as  troops 
dispersed  or  thrown  into  confusion;  to 
bring  together  as  for  a  fresh  effort;  to 
reunite.— v.i.  To  come  back  quickly  to 


order;  to  reform  themselves  into  an  or- 
derly body  for  a  fresh  effort;  to  resume  or 
recover  vigour  or  strength  (the  patient 
begins  to  rally).  —  ji.  The  act  of  one  who 
rallies;  a  stand  made  by  retreating  troops; 
return  of  disordered  troops  to  their  ranks; 
the  act  of  recovering  strength. 

Bally,  ral'i,  v.t.— rallied,  rallying.  [Pr. 
railler,  to  banter.  Rail  (to  banter).]  To 
attack  with  raillery;  to  treat  with  good- 
humour  and  pleasantry,  or  with  slight 
contempt  or  satire;  to  tease. — v.i.  To  use 
pleasantry  or  satirical  merriment.— Ralll- 
ance,  ral'i-ans,  n.  The  act  of  rallying.— 
Rallier,  ral'i-er,  J^.    One  who  rallies. 

Ram,  ram,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ram,  ramm,  D.  ram, 
G.  ramtn,  a  ram.  Root  uncertain.!  The 
male  of  the  sheep  or  ovine  genus;  a  batter- 
ing-ram (under  Batter);  a  steam  iron- 
clad ship-of-war,  armed  at  the  prow  below 
the  water-line  with  a.  heavy  iron  or  steel 
beak  intended  to  destroy  an  enemy's  ships 
by  the  force  with  which  it  is  driven  against 
them;  the  loose  hammer  of  a  pile-driving 
machine;  the  piston  of  a  hydraulic  press. 
— Hydraulic  ram,  or  water  ram,  an  auto- 
matic apparatus  by  which  a  descending 
stream  of  water  is  made  to  raise  by  its  own 
momentum  a  portion  of  its  mass  to  -a 
required  height.— TAe  Ram,  Aries,  one  of 
the  signs  of  the  zodiac— v.t— rammed, 
ramming.  [Prom  the  noun,  like  G.  rain- 
men,  Dan.  ramme,  to  strike,  to  hit.]  To 
strike  with  a  ram;  to  drive  a  ram  or  similar 
object  against ;  to  batter ;  to  force  in ;  to 
drive  down;  tofiU  or  compact  by  pounding 
or  driving;  to  stuff;  to  cram.— w.i.  To  use 
a  battering-ram  or  similar  object.  —  a. 
Strong-scented;  stinking  {ram  as  a  fox).-— 
Rammer,  ram'er,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  rams  or  drives;  a  ramrod. — Ram- 
mish, ram'ish,  n.  Ram-like;  hence,  las- 
civious; rank;  strong-scsnted.- Rammlsh- 
ness,  ram'ish^nes,  n. — Ramrod,  ram'rod,  n. 
A  rod  for  ramming  down  the  charge  of  a 
gun  or  other  firearm;  a  rammer. 

Ramadan,  Ramadhau,  ra'ma-dan,  n.  [Ar., 
the  hot  mouth,  from  ramida,  ramiza,  to 
be  hot.]  The  ninth  month  of  the  Moham- 
medan year;  the  great  annual  Mohamme- 
dan fast,  kept  throughout  the  entire 
month  from  sunrise  to  sunset. 

Ramal,  ra'mal,  a.  [L.  ramus,  a  branch.] 
Bot.  rameous. 

Ramble,  ram'hl,  v.i.— rambled,  rambling. 
[A  dim.  and  freq.  from  roam ;  the  b  has 
crept  in,  as  in  grumble,  nimble,  number, 
&C.1  To  ro\'o;  to  wander;  to  go  from  place 
to  place  wittiout  any  determinate  object 
in  view;  to  think  or  talk  in  an  incoherent 
manner;  to  grow  without  constraint.— n. 
A  roving;  an  excursion  or  trip  in  which 
a  person  wanders  from  place  to  place; 
an  irregular  excursion.— Rambler,  ram'- 
bl6r,  n.  One  who  rambles;  a  rover;  a 
wanderer.— Rambling,  ram'bling,  p.  and 
a.  Roving;  wandering;  straggling;  with- 
out method ;  confused  in  ideas  or  lan- 
guage.—71.  A  roving,  irregular  excursion. 
—  Ramblingly,  ram'bliug-li,  adv.  In  a 
rambling  manner. 

Ramee,  ra-m5',  n.  [Malay.]  Same  as  Rhea- 
Mre. 

Ramenta,  ra-men'ta,  n.  pi.  [L.  ramentum, 
a  chip,  shaving,scale,  from  rado,  to  scrape.] 
Sot.  thin  brown  foliaceous  scales  on  young 
shoots,  and  numerous  on  the  backs  of  the 
fronds  of  ferns.— Ramentaceous,  ram-en- 
ta'shus,  a.    Covered  with  ramenta. 

Rameous,  Rameal,  ra'mc-us,  ra'mS-al,  a. 
[From  L.  ramus,  a  branch.  Radius.]  Bot. 
belonging  to  a  branch;  growing  on  or 
shooting  from  a  branch.  —  Ramification, 
ram'i-fi-ka"8hon,  n.  The  act  of  ramifying; 
the  process  of  branching  out;  a  small 
branch  or  offshoot  from  a  main  stock  or 
channel;  a  subordinate  branch;  a  division 
or  subdivision  in  a  classification, "or  the 
like.— Ramiform,  ram'i-form,  a.  Bot.  re- 
sembling a  branch.— Ramify,  ram'i-fi,  v.t. 
— ramified,  ramifying.  I  Fr.  ramifier—h. 
ramus,  a. branch,  and  facia,  to  make.]  To 
divide  into  branches  or  parts.  —  v.i.  To 
shoot  into  branches,  as  the  stem  of  a  plant; 
to  branch  out;  to  be  divided  or  subdivided; 
to  branch  out,  as  a  main  subject  or  scheme. 
— Ramiparoos,  ra-mip'a-rus,  a.  (L.  ramus, 
and  pario,  to  bring  forth.]     Producing 


branches.  — Ramose,  Ramous,  ra'mSs,  ra'- 
mus,  a.  [Ij.  ramosus.]  Branchy;  full  of 
branches;  bot.  branched,  as  astern  or  root. 

Rammer,  Rammish.     Under  Ram. 

RamoUescence,  ram-o-les '  ens,  n.  [Prom 
Pr.  ramollir,  to  make  soft — L.  re,  again, 
ad,  to,  and  mollio,  to  soften.J  A  pofteniug 
or  mollifying.  —  RamolUssement,  ra-mo- 
les-mon,  n.  [Fr.]  JPathol.  a  softening,  as 
of  the  brain. 

Ramose.    Under  Rameous. 

Ramp,  ramp,  v.i.  [Fr.  ramper,  to  creep,  to 
climb  =  It.  rampare,  to  clamber,  from  the 
German;  comp.  Bav.  rampfen,  to  snatch; 
a  nasalized  form  corresponding  to  L.ii. 
rappen,  Sw.  rappa,  to  snatch.  Romp  is 
the  same  word.]  To  climb,  as  a  plantf;  to 
rear  on  the  hind-legs;  to  assume  a  ram- 
pant attitude;  to  spring  or  move  with  vio- 
lence; to  rage;  to  bound;  to  romp. — Ram- 
page, ram'paj,  v.i.  [From  ramp.]  To  romii 
or  prance  about  with  unrestrained  spirits; 
to  rage  and  storm;  to  prance-about  with 
fury.  [CoUoq.]  — n.  A  state  of  passion  or 
excitement;  violent  conduct.  [Collo(^.]— 
Rampageous,  Rampacious,  ram -'-pa 'jus, 
ram-pa'shus,  a.  Boisterous;  unruly. 
[t'oUoq.]— Rampant, ram'pant,  a.  [Fr.rm/i- 
■pant,  ppr.  of  ramper,  to  clamber.]  Spring- 
ing or  climbing  unchecked;  rank  in 
growth;  exuberant  (rampant  weeds);  over- 
leaping restraint  or  usual  limits;  exces- 
sively and  obtrusively  prevalent;  predomi- 
nant (rampant  vice);  her.  standing  u|i- 
right  upon  his  hind-legs  (properly  on  one 
fopt)  as  if  attacking :  said  of  a  beast  <jf 
prey,  as  the  lion.  —  Rampancy,  ram'puii- 
si,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  ram- 
pant.—Rampantly,  ram'pant-li,  ado.  In 
a  rampant  manner. 

Rampart,  ram'part,  n.  fPr.  rempart,  a  ram- 
part, from  remparer,  to  fortify  a  place- 
re,  again,  em  for  L.  i?i,  in,  and  pUrer,  to 
defend,  from  L.  parare, to  prepare.  Par.'., 
Pkepare.]  a  bulwark;  a  defence: /ort.  an 
elevation  or  mound  of  earth  round  a  place, 
•  capable  of  resisting  cannon  shot,  and  oa 
which  the  parapet  is  raised ;  it  alfo  may 
include  the  parapet.— 1).<.  To  fortify  with 
ramparts. 

Rampion,  ram'pi-on,  n.  [A  nasalized  form 
from  L.  rapuin,  a  turnip,  rape.)  A  peren- 
nial plant  of  the  bell-flower  order,  the  root 
•and  leaves  of  which  are  used  in  salads. 

Rampire.I  ram'pir,  n.    A  rampart. 

Ramrod.    Under  Ram. 

Eamson,  Ramsons,  ram'zon,  ram'zonz,  n. 
(A.  Sax.  hramsa,  hramae,  ramsons  (pi. 
hramsan,  so  that  ramsons  is  a  double  pi.); 
G.  rams,  ramsel,  ramsen,  Sw.  rams,  rain- 
sons;  allied  to  Gr.  kromyon,  an  onion.]  A 
species  of  garlic  found  wild  in  many  parts 
of  Britain,  and  formerly  cultivated  in 
gardens. 

Eamuli,  rara'0-li,  n.  pi.  fL.  ramulus,  a 
little  branch,  from  ramus,  a  branch.  1  Bot. 
twigs  or  small  branches.  —  Ramulose, 
Ramulous,  ram'Q-lOs,  ram'O-lus,  a.  Bot. 
having  many  small  branches. 

Ran,  ran,  pret.    Ruk. 

Ranch,  Ranche,  Rancho,  ranch,  ran'cho,  n. 
[Sp.  rancho,  a  mess,  a  set  of  persons  who 
eat  and  drink  together,  a  mess-room.]  A 
rude  hut  where  herdsmen  and  farm- 
labourers  live  or  only  lodge;  hence,  a  fann- 
ing establishment  for  rearing  cattle  and 
horses.    (Amer.j 

Rancid,  ran'sid,  a.  fL.  rancidns,  from  ran- 
ceo,  to  be  rank  (whence  also  rattcovr).] 
Having  arank  smell;  strong  scented,  from 
turning  bad  with  keeping:  said  of  oils  and 
fats,  butter,&c.;  musty.— Rancidity,  Ran- 
cidness, ran-sid'i-ti,  ran'sid-nes,  it.  The 
quality  of  being  rancid.— Rancidly,  ran'- 
sid-li,  adv.  With  a  rancid  unpleasant 
odour;  mustily. 

Rancour,  rang'k^r,  n.  [L.  rancor,  an  ill 
smell,  rancour,  from  ranceo,  to  be  rank  or 
rancid  (whence  rancid).]  The  deepest 
malignity,  enmity,  or  spite;  deep-seated 
and  implacable  malice;  inveterate  enmity; 
malignity.  —  Rancorous,  rang'kfir-us,  a. 
Full  of  rancour;  deeply  malignant;  in- 
tensely virulent.— Rancorously,  rang'kCr- 
us-li,  adv.    In  a  rancorous  manner. 

Random,  ran'dum,  n.  [O.Fr.  randnn,  an 
impetuous  course  or  efflux;  vivacity,  vin- 
lence;  d  randon,  at  random;  ranilontr. 


ch,  chSiin;     ch,  He.  loch;     8,go;     jijob;     n,  Fr.  ton:     ne.  ^ng;     fu,  Uwn;  tii,  thia;     \i,wisi     \ih,v/hie;     zh,  a^uie. 


EA]!fG 


558 


EAPTORES 


randir,  to  ran  rapidly;  from  G.  rand,  adg«, 
brim,  the  word  originally  having  ref  erenc* 
to  the  violence  of  a  stream  flowing  full  to 
the  brim.]  A  roving  motion  or  course 
without  direction;  want  of  rule  or  method; 
chance:  used  only  in  the  phrase,  at  ran- 
dom, that  iB,  in  a  haphazard  or  turtuitous 
manner;  mining,  the  depth  below  a  given 
plane.  —  a.  Done  at  hazard  or  without 
settled  aim  or  purpose;  left  to  chance;  for- 
tuitous. -^  Random  courses,  masonry  and 
pavitig,  courses  of  stones  of  unequal  thick- 
ness.— Random  shot,  a  shot  not  directed 
to  a  point.  —  Randomly,  ran'dum-li,  adx. 
In  a  random  manner;  at  hazard. 
Bang,  rdng,  pret. oiring. 
Kange,  rfinj,  v.t.—rangid,  ranging.  [From 
Fr.  ranger,  to  ran^,  from  rang.O.Yv. 
reng,  a  rank;  from  the  German.  Kane..] 
To  set  in  a  row  or  In  rows;  to  place  in 
regular  lines  or  ranks;  to  rank;  to  arrange 
systematically;  to  classify;  to  class;  to  rove 
tnrough  or  over;  to  pass  over. — v.i.  To  be 
placed  in  order;  to  be  ranked;  to  rank;  to 
rove  at  large;  to  wander  without  restraint; 
to  pass  from  one  point  to  another;  to  fluc- 
tuate (the  price  ranges  between  50s.  and 
60s.);  gun.  to  have  range  or  horizontal  di- 
rection.— n.  A  series  of  things  in  a  line;  a 
row;  a  rank  (a  range  of  mountains);  space 
or  room  for  excursion;  the  extent  of  coun- 
try over  which  a  plant  or  ^nimal  is  natu- 
rally spread ;  compass  or  extent;  discur- 
sive power;  scope  (a  ■«'ide  range  of  thought); 
the  series  of  sounds  belonging  to  a  voiqe 
or  a  musical  instrument;  a  kitchen  grate 
and  cooking  apx>aratus;  gun.  the  horizon- 
tal distance  to  which  a  shot  or  other  pro- 
jectile is  carried;  a  place  where  gun  or 
rifle  practice  is  carried  on.— Kanger,  ran'- 
j6r,  n.  One  who  ranges;  a  government  offi- 
cial connected  with  a  royal  forest  01*  park; 
the  keeper  of  or  an  official  superintending  a 
public  park.— Kangership,  ran'j6r-ship,  n. 
The  office  of  ranger. 
Kantne,  rfi'nin,  o.  fli.  rana,  a  frog.]  Ke- 
lating  to  a  frog  or  to  frogs. — Ranine  ar- 
tery, an  artery  of  the  tongue. 
Bank,  rangk,  n.  [O.E.  ranc,  renk,  from 
Fr,  rang,  O.Fr.  rejig,  renc,  a  rank,  row, 
range  (whence  also  range),  originally  a 
circular  row,  from  O.H.G.  hring,  hrinc, 
a  ring,  a  circle.  Ring.]  A  row;  a  line;  a 
tier,  a  range ;  milit.  a  line  of  soldiers;  a 
line  of  men  standing  abreast  or  side  by 
side:  often  used  along  with  file  (which  see); 
hence  in  pi.  the  order  of  common  soldiers 
(to  reduce  an  officer  to  the  ranks);  an  ag- 
gregate of 'individuals  together;  a  social 
class;  an  order;  a  division;  d,egree  of  dig- 
nity, eminence,  or  excellence;  comparative 
station;  relative  place  (a  writer  of  the  first 
rank);  high  social  position;  distinction: 
eminence  (a  man  of  rank).— To  fiU  the 
ranks,  to  complete  the  whole  number.— 
To  take  rank  of,  to  enjoy  ptecedenoe  over. 
— v.t.  To  place  abreast  in  a  rank  or  line; 
to  place  m  a  particular  class,  order,  or 
division;  to  class  or  classify;  to  range. — 
y.i.  To  l)e  ranged,  classed,  or  included,  as 
in  a  particular  class,  order,  or  division;  to 
have  a  certain  rank;  to  -occupy  a  certain 
position  as  compared  with  others ;  to  put 
m  a  claim  against  the  estate  of  a  bankrupt. 
Bank,  rangk,  a.  [A.  Sax.  ranc,  fruitful, 
rank,  proud=IceL  rakkr,  straight,  bold; 
Dan.  rank,  erect ;  D.  rank,  slender;  Prov. 
Cr.  rank,  slender,  upright— all  nasalized 
forms  from  same  root  as  racit,  rigJU,  reach.] 
Luxuriant  in  growth;  causing  vigorous 
growth;  fertile;  strong-scented;  rancid; 
strong  to  the  taste;  high-tasted;  raised  to 
a  high  degree;  excessive;  utter  [rank  non- 
sense); ^oss;  coarse;  disgusting.- Eankly, 
rangkli,  adv.  With  vigorous  growth;  ran- 
cidly; coarsely;gros8ly.— RaJiknegs,rangk'- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  rank; 
vigorous  growth;  luxuriance;  strength 
and  coarseness  in  smell  or  taste. — Kaak- 
scented,  a.  Having  a  coarse  powerful 
odour. 
Bankle,  rangTd,  v.i.  —  rankled,  rankling. 
[A  freq.  from  rank,  luxuriant,  but  the 
meaaing  has  been  influenced  by  rancour.'] 
To  fester,  as  a  sore  or  wound;  to  produce 
a  painful  sensation;  fig.  to  produce  bitter- 
ness or  rancour  in  the  mind;  to  continue 
to  irritate.— i>.t.  To  irritate;  to  inflame. 


Bannee,  ran-nl',  n.  [Hind.]  The  wife  of 
a  rajah;  a  queen  or  princess. 

Banny,  ran'i,  n.  [L.  araneut  imus),  the 
shrew-mouse,-  lit.  spider -mouse,  from 
aranea,  a  spider.]    The  shrew-mouse. 

Buis&ck,  ran'sak,  v.<.  [AScand.  word:Icel.. 
rannsaka,  Sw.  ransaka,  to  search,  as  for 
stolen  goods — Icel.  rann  (Goth.  rqz7i»),a. 
house,  and  scekja,  to  seek.  Seek..]  To 
search  thoroughly;  to  enter  and  search 
every  place  or  part  of;  to  rummage;  to 
plunder;  to  strip  by  plundering. 

Bansom,  ran'sum.'n.  [Fr.  ran(on,  O.Fr. 
raenson,  raanton,  &c.,  from  L.  rcdemptio, 
redemptionis,  redemption,  from  redimo — 
'«,  back,  and  emo,  to  buy.  (Redeem.)  The 
word  is  therefore  redemption  in  another 
form.]  Release  from  captivity,  bondage, 
or  the  possession  of  an  enemy  by  payment; 
the  price  paid   for  such  release,  or  for 

f;oods  captured  by- an  enemy;  price"  paid 
or  the  pardon  of  sins;  redemj^tion  of  sin- 
ners.— v.t.  To  pay  a  ransom  for;  to  redeem 
from  captivity,  bondage,  forfeit,  or. pun- 
ishment; to  deliver.— Rans.omer,  ran'sum- 
6r,  n.  One  who  ransoms  or  redeems. — 
Bansomable,  ran'sum-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  ransomed.  —  Bansomless,  rau'sum- 
les,  a.  Free  from  ransom. 
Bant,  rant,  v.L  JSame  as  O.D.  ranfen,to 
be  enraged,  G.  ranten,  ramen,  to  move 
noisily,  Trov.  G.  rant,  noisy  mirth.]  To 
rave  in  violent  or  extravagant  language; 
to  be  noisy  and  boisterous  in  words  or  de- 
clamation. —  n.  Boisterous,  empty  decla- 
mation ;  bombast.  —  Banter,  ran'tfir,  «. 
•One  who  rants;  a  noisy  talker;  a  boisterous 
preacher;  a  name  given  by  way  of  reproach 
to  members  of  a  denomination  of  Chris- 
tians which  sprang  up  in  1645 ;  also  vul- 
garly applied  to  the  Primitive  Methodists. 
Bantipole,  ran'ti-pol,  a.  [From  rant,  and 
pole,  poU,  the  head.]  Wild ;  boisterous ; 
rakish.— «.  A  rude,  romping  boy  or  girl. 
[CoUoq.] 

Eammculna,  ra-nunTca-lua,  n.  [h.,  dim. 
of  rana,  a  frog— a  name  nrst  given  to  the 
aquatic  ranunculus  because  it  floats  in 
marshes,-  ditches,  &c.]  The  crow-foot  ge- 
nus, a  genus  of  flowering  plants  almost 
exclusively  inhabiting  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere, possessing  acrid  properties,  and 
various  of  them  growing  vnli  in  Bntain. 
— BanimculaceoQS,  ra-nun'ku-la"shu8,  a. 
Belonging  to  the  ranunculus  family. 
Eanz-des-vaches,  i^nz-da-vash,  n.  [Fr.,  lit. 
the  ranks  or  rows  of  the  cows,  bfecause  on 
hearing  it  they  move  onwards  in  a  row.] 
The  name  of  certain  simple  melodies  of 
the  Swiss  mountaineers,  commonly  played 
on  a  long  trumpet  called  the  alpenhom. 
Bap,  rap,  n.  [Same  as  Sw.  rapp,  a  blow, 
a  stroke;  Dail.  rap,  a  rap;  imitative  of 
sound  made  by  a  blow;  comp.  pat,  tap.] 
A  quick  smart  blow;  a  knock.  — d.i.- 
rapped,  rapping.  To  strike  -with  a  quick 
sharp  blow;  to  knock.— t>.t.  To  strike  with 
a  quick  blow;  to  give  a  knock  (to  rap  one's 
knuckles).— ro  rap  out,  to  utt«r  with  sud- 
den violence  (to  rapoiitan  oath). — Bapper, 
rap'^r,  n.  One  who  raps  or  knocks;  the 
knocker  of  a  door. 

Bap,  rap,  v.t— rapped,  rapping.  [A  Scan- 
dinavian word;  Sw.  rappa,  Dan.  rappe,  to 
snatch;  comp.  Dan.  rap,  Sw.  rapp,  quick, 
brisk.  Rape  is  closely  allied;  see  also 
Rapt.]  To  affect  -with  ecstasy  or  rapture; 
to  snatch  or  hurry  away;  to  seize  by  vio- 
lence. 

Rap,  rap,  n.  [A  contr.  for  rapparee,  an 
Irish  plunderer.]  A  counterfeit  Irish  coin 
of  the  time  of  George  I.,  which,  from  the 
scarcity  of  small  coin  in  Ireland,  passed 
current  for  a  halfpenny,  although  not 
worth  more  than  half  a  farthing.-— Hence 
the  phrase,  not  worth  a  rap,  of  no  value, 
worthless;  also,  having  no  money. 
Bapacioiu,  ra-pa'shus,  a.  [L.  rapax,  ra- 
.  pcu^,  from  i-apio,  to  seize  (whence  also 
rapine,  rapture);  same  root  as  rapid.] 
Given  to  plunder;  accustomed  to  seize  or 
take  possession  of  property  by  violence; 
subsisting  on  prey  or  animals  seized  by 
violence;  avaricious;  grasping.  —  Rapa- 
ciously, ra-pa'shus-U,  adv.  In  a  rapacious 
manner; "by  rapine.— Bapftdotuuess,  ra- 
pa'shus-nes,  n.  Disposition  to  plunder  or 
to  exact  by  oppression.- E*pjiofty,  ra-pas'- 


i-ti,  n.  [D.  rapaeitat.]  The  quality  of 
being  rapacious;  raTenousness;  the  act  or 
practice  of  extorting  or  exacting  by  op- 
pressive injustice. 

Bape,  rap,  n.  [l^om  rap,  to  seize,  to  snatch, 
the  meaning beinginfluenced  by  L.  ropio, 
raptum,  to  seize.  Bap,  to  seize,  Rapturz.] 
The  act  of  snatching  by  force;  a  seizing 
and  carrying  away  by  force  or  violence 
(the  rape  of  Proserpine);  law,  the  carnal 
knowledge  of  a  woman  forcibly  and 
against  her  will ;  something  seized  and 
carried  away. 

Bape,  rap,  n.  [Fr.  rdpe.]  Refuse  stalks 
and  skins  of  raisins  used  by  vinegar  makers 
after  the  fruit  has  been  employed  in  mak- 
ing British  wines. 

Bape,  rap,  n.  ficel.  Areppr,  a  district,  from 
hreppa,  to  obtain.]  A  division  of  the 
county  of  Sussex;  a  division  containing 
three  or  four  hundreds. 
Bape,  rap,  n.  [From  L.  rapa,  rapum,  a 
turnip  (whence  also  rampion).]  A  plant 
of  the  cabbag6  family,  cultivated  for  its 
seeds,  from  which  oil  is  extracted  by- 
grinding  and  pressure.— Bape-cake,  n.  A 
cake  formed  of  the  seed  and  husks  of  rape 
after  the  oil  has  been  expressed,  used 
for  feeding  oxen  and  sheep,  and  also  as  a 
manure.— Bape-oU,  rt,  A  thick  yellow  oil 
expressed  from  rape-seeds. 
Babnaelite,  raf'a-el-it,  n.  An  artist  who 
adopts  the  principles  of  Raphael.  . 
Baphe,  ra'fg,  n.  [Gr.  raphe,  a  seam  or  su- 
ture.] Bot.  and  zool.  a  term  applied  to 
parts  which  look  as  if  they  had  been 
sewed  or  joined  together;  a  suture  or 
line  of  junction.— Baphides,  raJfi-dez,  n. 
pi.  [PI.  of  Gr.  raphis,  a  needle.]  Bot. 
crystals  of  an  acicular  or  needle-like  form 
occurring  in  plant-cells. 
Bapid,  rap'id,  a.  [Fr.  rapide,  from  L.  rap- 
idus,  rapid,  from  rapio,  to  seize;  Eame  root 
as  Gr.  ftarpazO,  to  seize.  (Harpy.)  B^piw, 
rapacious,  ravish,  rapture,  &c.,  are  from 
the  same  L.  stem.]  Very  swift  or  quick; 
moving  with  celerity;  advancing  -with 
speed;  speedy  in  progression  (rapid 
growth) ;  quick  or  swifj  in*  performance. 
— n.  A  swift  current  in  a  river,  where 
the  channel  is  descending.  —  Bapidity, 
Bapidness,  ra-pid'i-ti,  rap'id-nes,  n.  [L. 
rapiditas.}  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
rapid;  swiftness;  celerity;  velocity;  haste 
in  utterance;  quickness.- Eapidly,  rap'id- 
li,  adv.  In  a  rapid  manner;  witn  great 
speed. 

Bapier,  ra'pi-6r,  n.  [Fr.  rapiire,  lit.  a 
rasper,  from  Sp.  raspar,  to  rasp.  Rasp.] 
A  sword  used  only  in  thrusting,  and  usu- 
ally having  a  four-sided  blade.— Bapier- 
fish,  n.  The  sword-fish. 
Bapll,  Bapillo,  rap'il,  ra-pills,  n.  [It. 
rapiilo.]  Pulverized  volcanic  substances. 
Bapine,  rapln,  n.  [Pr^  from  L.  rapina. 
■  from  rapio,  to  seize.  Rapid.]  The  act  of 
plundering;  the  seizing  and  carrying  away 
of  things  by  force. 

Rapparee,  rap-a-re',  ti.  [Ir.  rapaire,  a  noisy 
fellow,  rapach,  noisy,  slovenly.]  A  wild- 
Irish  plunderer;  a  worthless  feUow. 
[Irish.]  Spelled  also  Raparee. 
Bappee,  rap-pe',  n.  [Fr.  rdpe,  ppr.  of  rdper, 
to  rasp,  lit.  rasped  or  powdered  tobacco.] 
A  strong  kind  of  snuff  made  from  the 
darker  and  ranker  kinds  of  tobacco. 
Eappel,  rap-el,  n.  [Fr.,  recall,  from  L.  re, 
back,  and  appello,  to  call.  Appeal.]  The 
roll  or  beat  of  the  drum  to  call  soldiers  to 
arms. 

Bapper.    Under  Rap. 
Bapport,  rap-port',  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  re, 
again,  ad,  to,  and  portare,  to  cany.    Por- 
ter.]   A  resemblance;  a  correspondence; 
harmony;  -affinity. 

Bapscalhon,  rap-skal'yun,  n.  A  modified 
form  of  rascallion. 

Bapt,  rapt,  p.  and  a.  [From  rap^  to  snatch, 
but  influenced  ^>y  L.  raptus,  seized,  from 
rapio.  Rapture.]  Snatched  away;  trans- 
ported; enraptured;  in  an  ecstasy;  entirely 
absorbed. 

Baptores,  rap-t5'rez,  n.  pi.  [PI.  of  L.  rap- 
tor, a  robber,  from  rapio,  to  seize.]  The 
order  of  birds  of  prey.— Baptorlal,  rap-tC- 
ri-al,  o.  Pertaining  to  the  Raptores  or 
birds  of  prey;  lining  by  rapine  or  prey; 
adapted  to  the  seizing  of  prey. 


Fate  ftr,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  h&r;     pine,  pia;     note,  not,  move;     tabe,  tub,  b«ll;     oil,  poui)d;     U,  Sc.  abune-the  Fr.  «. 


RAPTUSE 


559 


RATIONAL 


Xaptora,  rap'tOr,  n.  [From  L.  rapio,  rap- 
turn,  to  seize  and  carry  awaj;;  whence  also 
rapine,  4c.  RapidJ  A  seizing  by  vio- 
lencet;_a  transport  of  delight;  ecstasy:  ex- 
treme joy  or  pleasure;  enthusiasm.— Rap- 
tured, rap'tard,  a.  Inspired  with  rapture; 
transported.  —  Bapturous,  rap'ta-rus,  a. 
Ecstatic; "transporting;  ravishing. — Kap- 
tilPon«ly,rap'ta-rus-li,  oci».  With  rapture; 
ecstatically. 

bare,  rar,  o.  [Fr.  rare,  from  Ii.  rarus,  thin, 
rare.]  Thinly  scattered;  sparse;  thin; 
porous;  not  dense  or  compact;  uncom- 
mon; not  frequent;  possessing  qualities 
seldom  to  be  met  with;  excellent  or  valu-- 
able  to  a  degree  seldom  found.  —  Earely, 
rSr'li,  adv.  In  a  rare  degree  or  manner; 
seldom.— Bareness,  rar'nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  rare;  uncommonness;  thinn^s; 
tenuity;  value  arising  from  scarcity. — 
Karity,  ra'ri-ti,  n.  [L.  rariiag.]  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  rare;  a  thing 
valued  for  its  scarcity  or  excellence.  — 
Bareblt,  rar'bit,  n.  [A  word  made  to  ac- 
count for  the  expression  'Welsh  rahbit.' 
Rabbit.]  A  dainty  morsel ;  a  Welsh  rab- 
bit.—  Rareeshow,  ra're-sho,  n.  A  peep- 
show;  a  show  carried  about  in  a  box.  Such 
shows  used  to  be  chiefly  exhibited  by 
foreigners,  and  raree  wa*  the  mode  in 
which  they  pronounced  the  word  rare. 

Barefy,  ra'r6-fi,  v.t.— rarefied,  rarefying. 
[Fr.  rarifier;  L.  rarefacio — rai-us,  rare, 
and/acio,  to  make.]  To  make  rare,  porous, 
or  less  dense ;  to  expand  or  enlarge  with- 
out adding  any  new  portion  of  matter*: 
opposed  to  condense. — v.i,  To  become  rare, 
that  is.not  dense  or  less  dense.— Rare&able, 
ra-r5-fi'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  rarefied. 
—Rarefaction,  ra-re-fak'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  expanding  or  distending  matter  by  sep- 
arating the  constituent  particles :  chiefly 
used  in  speaking  of  the  aeriform  fluids, 
the  terms  dilatation  and  expansion  being 
applied  iA  speaking  of  solids  and  liquids; 
opposed  to  condensation. 

Barely,  Bareness,  Rarity.    Under  Rare. 

Bascal,  ras'kal,  n.  [Lit.  scrapings  .or  re- 
-fuse; O.E.  raseall,  rascayle,  the  rabble, 
also  a  worthless  deer;  from  a  L.L.  j-asi- 
care,  from  L.  rado,  raaum,  to  shave  or 
scrape.  Rase.]  A  lean  beast,  especially 
alean  deer,  not  fit  to  hunt  or  kilh  a  moan 
fellow;  a  tnckish  dishonest  fellow;  a  rogue 
'or  scoundrel. — a.  Worth  le8s;'mean;  paltry; 
Ibase.  —  Rascaldom,  ras'kal-dum,  n.  The 
state  of  being  a  rascal;  raocala  coUective- 
[ly.— Bascalism,  ras'kal-izm,  n.  Rascality. 
'— Bascality,  ras-kal'i-ti,  n.  Such  qualities 
^s  make  a  rascal ;  mean  trickishness  or 
^dishonesty.  —  Rascallior,  rai-kal'yun,  n. 
jfFrom  rascal.]  A  low  mean  wretch.— 
BascaJly,  ras'kal-li,  a.  Like  a  rascal;  dis- 
'honest;  vile;  base;  worthless. 

Base,  raz,  v.t.— rased,  rasing.  [Fr.  raser, 
from  L.L.  ratare,  freq.  of  Ii.  rado,  rasitm, 
,to  scrape,  seen  also  in  erase,  razor,  rascal, 
ahrade,  rally,  to  rail.]  To  touch  super- 
ficially in  passing;  to  graze;  to  erase;  to 
•level  with  the  CTound;  to  overthrow;  to 
'raze  (Raze).  —  Basure,  ra'zhni:,  n.  The 
act  of  scraping  or  erasing;  an  erasure. 

Bash,  rash,  a.  [Same  as  L.6.  Dan.  and  Sw. 
rask,  Icel.  roskr,  T).  and  G.  rasch,  rash; 
perhaps  from  same  root  as  G.  rad,  a  wheel, 
Skr.  ratha,  -a  chariot.]  Hasty  in  counsel 
or  action;  precipitate;  resoMcg  or  enter*' 
ing  on  a  jjroject  without  due  deliberation 
and  caution;  uttered,  formed,  or  under- 
take ^  with  too  little  reflection.  .*.  A  rash 
man  is  one  who  undergoes  risk  from  natu- 
ral impulsiveness;  a  foolhardy  man  fool- 
ishly incurs  danger  in  dafiance  of  and  not 
ibelieving  in  evil  consequences;  a  reckless 
man  sees  but  disregards  consequences. — 
Rashly,  rash'li,  adv.  In  a  rash  manner; 
(precipitately;  inconsiderately. — Rashness, 
'rash'nes,  n.  P*recipitation;  inconsiderate 
[readiness  to  decide  or  act;  a  rash  act. 

Bash,  rash,  n.  [O.Fr.  rasche,  rash,  scurf, 
itch;  same  origin  aM  rascal.]  An  eruption 
ten  the  skin,  usually  in  the  form  of  red 
^spots  or  patches. 

Basher,  rash'fer,  n.  -  [Probably  a  piece  has- 
tily cooked,  from  rash,  a.]  Cookery,  a  slice 
of  bacon  for  frying  or  broiling. 

Basores,  ra-so'r8z,  n.  pJ.  [Lit.  scrapei's  or 
'  ■cratchers,  from  L.  rodo,  rasum,  to  scrape. 


Base.]  Gallinaceous  birds  or  scratchers, 
an  order  of  birds  of  which  the  common 
domestic  fowl  may  be  regarded  as  the 
tjrpe.— Rasoiial,  ra-sffri-al,  o.  Pertaining 
to  the  Rasores. 

Rasp,  rasp,  «.<.-  [O.Fr.  rasper,  Fr.  rdper,  to 
scrape  or  rasp,  from  O.H.G.  raspCn,  to 
scrape  together  (D.  raspen,  Dan.  raspe, 
Sw.  raspa);  akin  to  G,  rafen,  to  sweep,  E. 
raff,  raffle,  rapier.]  To  rub  against  with 
some  roughimplement;  to  file  with  a  rasp; 
to  grate;  hence,  .^p.  to  grate  harshly  upon. 
— v.i.  To  rub  or  grate. — n.  A  coarse  species 
of  file  with  numerous separateprojections 
or  teeth;  a  raspberry.— Rasper,  ras'per,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  rasps;  a  scraper. — 
Basplng,  ras'pin^,  a.  Characterized  by 
grating  or  scraping.  —  Baspy,  ras'pi,  a. 
Grating;  harsh;  rough. 

Baspberry,  raz'be-ri,  n.  [Rasp  and  herry; 
so  named  from  the  roughness  of  the  fruit. 
Comp.  G.  kratzbeere—kratzen,  to  scratch, 
and  beere,  berry.]  The  well-known  fruit 
of  a  plant  native  to  Britain,  extensively 
used  both  by  the  cook  and  the  confection- 
er, and  also  in  the  preparation  of  cordials; 
also  the  plant  itself.— Raspberry-vinegar, 
n.  A  pleasant  acidulous  drink  made  from 
the  juice  of  raspberries. 

Basso,  ras,  n.  A  carnivorous  animal  closely 
allied  to  the  civet,  a  native  of  Asia. 

Basure.    Under  Rase. 

Bat,  rat,  n.  [A.  Sax.  rcet,  a  rat— D.  rat,  6. 
ratte  (whence  Fr.  r  it),  L.G.  and  Dan.  rotte, 
Gael,  radan.  Armor,  raz,  rat;  root  pro- 
bably in  L.  rodo,  to  gnaw.]  A  rodent 
mammal  familiar  to  every  one;  one  who 
deserts  his  political  party  from  bome  in- 
terested motive  (as  rats  desert  a  sinking 
ship);  in  trade  slang,  a  workman  who 
takes  employment  where  the  regular  work- 
men have  struck  work  or  who  works  under 
the' regular  wages. —  To  s-mell  a  rat,  to  be 
suspicious  that  all  is  not  right. — v.i.—rdt- 
ted,rattinp.  Tocatch  or  kill  rats;  to  forsake 
one's  associates;  to  desert  a  party  from 
selfish  or  dishonourable  motives;  in  trade 
slang,  to  act  the  rat  in  regard  to  one's 
work. — Rat-catcher,  n.  One  who  makes  it 
his  business  to  catch  rats.- Rat-pit,  n.  An 
inclosure  into  which  rats  are  thrown,  to 
ascertain  how  many  a  dog  can  kill  in 
a  given  time,  or  to  see. which  of  two  or 
more  dogs  will  kill  the  most.  —  Rats- 
bane, rats'ban,  n. .  [Rat  and  bane.]  Poison 
for  rats;  arsenions  acid.— Rat-tail,  Bafs- 
tall,  n.  A  disease  in  horses  in  which  the 
hair  of  the  tail  is  permanently  lost.— Bat- 
ter, rat'6r,  n.  One  who  rats ;  one  whose 
business  it  is  to  catch  rats;  a  teirier  which 
kills  rats. — Rat-trap,  n.  A  trap  for  catch- 
ing rats. 

Ratafia,  rat-a-fe'a,  n.  '  [Sp.,  from  Malay 
arak,  arrack,  and  tafia,  a,  spirit  distilled 
from  molasses.]  A  spirituous  liquor  fla- 
voured With  the  kernels  of  cherries,  apri- 
cots, peaches,  &c.;  a  kind  of  liqueur. 

Bataa,  ra-tan',  n.    Rattait. 

Batany,  rat'a-ni,  n.  [Peruv.  ratana.)  A 
shnibby  plant  found  in  Peru  and  Bolivia, 
having  an  excessively  astringent  root, 
sometimes  used  as  an  astringent  medicine. 

Batch,  rach,  n.  [A  softened  form  of  rack.] 
Mach.  a  bar  having  angular  teeth  into 
which  a  pawl  drops,  to  prevent  machines 
from  being  reversed  ii .  motion;  a  rack  or 
rack-bar.  —  Ratchet,  rach'et,  n.  [Dim.  of 
ratch]  A  piece  one  extremity  of  which 
abuts  against  the  teeth  of  a  ratchet-wheel; 
a  click,  pawl,  or  detent. — Ratchet-wheel, 
n.  A  wheel  with  pointed  and  angular 
teeth  against  which  a  ratchet  abuts,  used 
either  for  converting  a  reciprocating  into 
a  rotatory  motion  or  for  admitting  of  its 
motion  in  one  direction  only. 

Bate,  rat.n.  [O.Fr.  rate,  from-L.  rata  {pars, 
part,  understood),  from  ratus,  reckoned, 
ppr.  of  rear,  to  reckon,  to  calculate;  akin 
ratio,  reason,  ratify.]  The  proportion  or 
standard  by  which  quantity  or  value  is 
adjusted;  price  or  amount  fixed  on  any- 
•thing  with  relation  to  a  standard;  a  settled 
proportion;  comparative  value  or  estimate; 
degree  as  regards  speed;  a  tax  or  sum 
assessed  on  property  for  public  use  accor- 
ding to  its  income  or  value;  a  local  tax ; 
navy,  the  order  or  class  of  a  ship  according 
to  its  magnitude  or  force;  the  daily  gain 


or  lossof  a  chronometer  or  other  timepiece. 
— v.t.— rated,  rating.  To  settle  or  fix  the 
value,  rank,  or  degree  ot;  to  value  or 
estimate;  to  fix  the  relative  scale,  rank,  or 
position  of  (to  rate  a  ship).— j;.t.  To  be  set 
or  considered  in  a  class.— Rateable,  ra'ta- 
bl,  a.  Ratable.  —  Ratable,'  ra'ta-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  rated;  reckoned  accor- 
ding to  a  certain  rate;  liable  by  law  to 
taxation. — Ratability,  Ratableuess,  ra-ta- 
bil'i-ti,  ra'ta-bl-nes,  n.  Quality  of  being 
ratable.— Ratably,  ra'ta-bU,  oct».  By  rate 
or  proportion.  — Rate-book,  n.  A  book  in 
which  the  account  of  the  rates  is  kept. — 
Bate-payer,  n.  One  who  is  assessed  and 
pays  a  rate  or  tax.— Eater,  ra'tfir,  n.  One 
who  rates.— Bating,  ra'ting,  n.  The  act 
of  estimating;  a  fixing  in  rank  or  place; 
rank,  as  the  rating  of  men  and  the  rating 
of  ships  in  the  navy. 

Rats,  rat,  t/.<. — ratea,  rating.  [Same  worl 
as  Sw.  rata,  to  blame;  N.  rata,  to  reject.] 
To  chide  with  vehemence;  to  reprove;  to 
scold;  to  censure  violently. 

Batel,  ra-tel',  n,  [Fr.  ratel,  from  rat,  a 
rat.]  A  carnivorous  quadruped  of  the 
badger  family,  a  native  of  Inaia  and  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Bath,  rath,  n.  [Ir.]  A  kind  of  prehistoric 
fortification  in  Ireland,  consistii  g  of  a 
fircular  rampart  of  earth  with  a  mound 
.n  the  centre. 

Bath,  Bathe,  rath,' rath,  a.  [A.  Sax.ArcBtA, 
hrce  I,  quick,  hasty,  hrathe,  quickly;  Icel. 
hrathr,  O.H.G.  nr  id,  quick.]  Early;.com- 
ing  before  others,  or  before  the  usui»l  time. 
— adv.  Soon;  betimes;  early;  -peedily. — 
Rath  ripe,  early  ripe.  —  Bather,  ra'THfer, 
adv.  [Compar.  of  rath,  quickly;  A.  kjax. 
hrathor.  oo  we  use  sooner  in  a  n  equivalent 
sense.]  More  readily  or  willingly;  with 
preference  or  choice;  with  better  reason; 
more  properly;  more  correctly  speaking; 
to  the  contrary  of  what  has  been  just 
stated  (no  better  but  rather  worse);  some- 
what {rather  pretty).- T/te  rather,  eaj>&- 
cially;  for  this  particular  cause. 

Batifia,  rat-i-f5'a,  n.    Ratacia.  ' 

Ratify,  Ta,t'i-fi,  v.t.— ratijied,ratifyin(i.  [Fr. 
ratifier — ratus,  fixed  by  calculation,  valid, 
firm  (Rate),  and  facio,  to  make.]  To  con- 
,  firm;  to  settle  authoritatively;  to  approve 
and  sanction;  to  make  valid,  as  something 
done  by  a  representative,  agent,  or  ser- 
vant. —  Ratifier,  rat'i-fi-6r^  n.  One  who 
ratifies. — Ratification,  rat'i-fi-k&"shon,  n. 
The  act  of  ratifying  or  confirming;  cozifir- 
mation;  authorization. 

Bating,  n.    Under  Rate. 

Ratio,  ra'shi-o,  n.  [L.  ratio,  raiionia,  reck- 
oning, calculation,  from  reor,  ratus,  to 
think  or  suppose.  (Rate.)  ReoAson,  ration 
are  from  same  word.]  Relation  or  propor- 
tion which  one  thing  has  to  another  in 
respect  of  magnitude  or  quantity;  in  a 
narrower  sense,  the  numerical  measure 
which  one  quantity  bears  to  another  of 
the  same  kind,  expressed  by  the  numljer 
-  found  by  dividing  the  one- by  the  other; 
thus  the  ratio  of  3  to  4  U  the  same  as  of 
6  to  8,  each  being  equivalent  to  i ;  some- 

•tiines  called  geometrical  ratio,  -in  opposi- 
tion to  arithmetical  ratio  or  the  difTerence 
between  two  quantities.     . 

Ratiocinate,  jash-i-os '  i-nat,  v.t.  —  ratioci- 
nated, ratiocinating.  [L.  raticcinor,  ratio- 
cinatus,  from  ratio,  reason.  Ratio.]  To 
reason;  to  argue.  —  Batiocination,  rash-i- 
os'i-na"8hon,n.  \\i.ratiociiuitio.]  The  act 
or  process  of  reasoning,  especially  of  rea- 
soning deductively. — Batiocinatlve,Batio- 
cinatory,  rash-i-os'i-nft-tiv,  raeh-i-os'i-na- 
to-ri,  a.  Characterized  by  ratiocination; 
argumentative. 

Bation,  ra'shon,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ratio,  ru- 
iionis,  proportion.  Ratio.]  A  daily  allow- 
ance of  provisions  given  to  soldiers  and 
sailor^;  any  fixed  amount  or  quantity 
dealt  out;  allowance.— i».t.  To  supply  with 
rations. 

BatloniUl,  rash'on-al,  a.  [Pr.  rationnel,  L. 
rationalis,  from  ratio,  rationis,  proportion. 

.  Ratio,  Reason.]  Having  reason  or  the 
faculty  of  reasoning;  endo'wed  with  reason: 
opposed  to  irrational;  agreeable.to  reason; 
not  absurd,  foolish,  preposterous,  or  the 
like;  acting  in  conformity  to  reason;  judi- 
cious; ariw.  and  alg.  a  term  applied  to  an 


chieftain;     eft,  Sc.  loch;     g, (o;     j,yob;     u,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinp^.   ih,  tftes;  th, <ftin;     yi,vAg;    wh. ivftig;'  zh, arure.; 


RATITATB 


66'J 


liSACT 


expression  in  finite  termi,  the  opposite  of 
a  gtird  or  irrational  quantity. — KationAle, 
rash-o-nale,  n.  tFrom  L.  rationalis,  from 
ratU),  rationis,  in  sense  of  reason,  account, 
plan.]  A  statement  of  reasons;  an  account 
or  exposition  of  the  principles  of  some 
process,  phenomenon,  &c.  —  RationaUaxn, 
ra»h'on-al-izm,  n.  Theol.  a  system  of 
opinions  deduced  from  reason  as  distinct. 
from  inspiration  or  revelation,  or  opposed 
to  it;  the  interpretation  of  Scripture 
statement?  upon  the  principles  of  human 

.  reason  to  the  disregard  of  revelation 
or  anything  supernatural.  —  Ratioaailst, 
rash'on-al-ist,  n.  An  adherent  of  ration- 
alism; one  who  rejects  the  supernatural 
element  in  dealing  with  the  Old  and  J»ew 
Testaments,  and  disbelieves  in  revelation. 
— Ealionalistic,  rash'on-al-i8"tik,  a.  Re- 
lating to  or  accordant,  with  rationalism. 
— Sationalistically,  rash'on-al-is"ti-kal-li, 
adv.  In  a  rationalistic  manner. — Eation- 
aUty,  rash-o-nal'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  rational ;  powgr  of  rea'joning ;  pos- 
session of  reason;  reasonableness.— Ration- 
alize, rash'on-al-iz,  v. t.— rationalized,  ror 
timialieing.  To  interpret  as  a  rationalist; 
to  bring  to  the  test  of  pure  reason;  to  per- 
ceive or  understand  the  raason  of .— t'.i.  To 
act  or  interpret  as  a  rationalist.— Ration- 
ally, rash'on-al-U,  adv.  In  a  rational 
manner;  in  consistency  with  reason;  rea- 
sonably; sensibly. 

Ratitate,  rat'i-tftt,  o.  [From  1i.  rates,  a 
raft.]  Having  no  ridge  or  keel  on  the 
sternum:  said  of.  birds  such  as  the  ostrich. 

Ratline,  Ratlin,  rat'lin,  rt.  [Probably  from 
rat  and  line,  perhaps  because  of  the  thick- 
ness of  a  rat's  tail.]  Naiit.  one  of  a  series 
of  small  ropes  or  lines  which  traverse  the 
shrouds  horizontally  forming  ladders  for 
going  aloft;  also  called  Ratling: 

Ratooii,  ra-tan',  n.  [Sp.  reUMo,  a  sprout  or 
shoot.]  A  sprout  from  the  root  of  the 
sugar-cane  which  has  been  cut. 

Ratsbane.    Under  Kat. 

Hattan,  rat-tan',  n.  [Imitative.]  The  con- 
tinuous beat  or  reverberattbn  of  a  drum. 

Uattan,  rat'an  or  rat-tan',  n.  [Malay  rotan.l 
The  commercial  name  for  the  long  trailing 
stems  of  certain  species  of  palm  from  In- 
dia and  the  Eastern  Arcnipelago,  em- 
ployed for  walking-sticks,  &c.;  a  cane  or 
walking-stick  made  of  rattan. 

R»ttany,,rat'a-ni.    Ratant. 

Ratteen,  ra-ten',  n.  [Fr.  ratine,  ratteen.] 
A.  thick  woollen  stuff  quilled  or  twilled. 

Rt^tten,  rat'n,  v.t.  [Lit.  to  play  a  rat's  trick 
upon,  from  prov.  ratten,  a  rat.]  To  destroy 
or  take  away  the  tools  or  machinery  of,  a 
mischievous  trick  perpetrated,npon  those 
who  work  in  defiance  of  trades-unions. 

Ratter.    Under  Rat. 

Rattle,  rat'l,  v.i.— rattled,  rattliny.  [From 
an  A.  Sax.  verb  seen  in  hroetele,  rattlewort 
=L.G.  ratteln,  1).  ratelen,  G.  rasiein,  Dan. 
rasle,  to  rattle;  all  from  a  root  probably 
onomatopoetic.)  To  make  a  quick  sharp- 
noise  rapidly  repeated,  as  by  tne  collision 
of  bodies  not  very  sonorous;  to  clatter;  to 
speak  eagerly  and  noisily;  to  chatter  flu- 
ently.—u.t.  To  cause  to  make  a  ranid  iSuc- 
ce.ssion  of  sharp  sounds. — n.  A  rapid  succes- 
pyj'i  of  sharp  clittering  sounds;  loud  rapid 
TSrk;  an  instrument  with  which  a  clatter- 
ing sound  is  made,  formerly  used  by  watch- 
men; also,  a  (Child's  toy  constructed  to  pro- 
duce a  rattling  sound;  one  who  talks  rapid- 
ly and  without  constraint;  a  jabberer;  the 
homy  organ  at  the  extremity  of  the  tail  of 
the  rattlesnake;  the  peculiar  sound  heard 
in  the  throat  which  immediately  precedes 
and  prognosticates  death;  the  death-rattle. 
—Battler,  rat'lfer,  n.  One  who  rattles  or 
talks  away  without  thought;  a  giddy 
noisy  person.— Rattling,  rat'ling,  p.  and  a. 
Makinga  quick  succession  of  sharp  sounds; 
lively.— Eattla-brainedj  a.  Giddy ;  wild ; 
rattle-headed.— Rattle-nead,  n.  A  giddy 
person;  a  rattle-pate. — Rattle-headed, 
Rattle-pated,  o.  Noisy;  giddy;  unsteady. 
—Rattle-pate,  Rattle-gkull,  n.  A  noisy- 
empty  fellow.— Rattlesnake,  ratl-snSk,  n. 
A  venomous  American  snake  baying  the 
tail  terminating  in  a  series  of  articulated 
homy  pieces,  which  the  animal  moves  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  make  a  rattling 
bound.  —  Rattleanake-root,  Rattlesnake- 


weed,  n.  Plants  so  named  from  being 
used  as  a  cure  for  the  bite  of  the  rattle- 
snake.—Rattle-trap,  w.  A  shaky  rickety 
object.  [CoUoq.]— Rattlewort,  rat'1-wort, 
n.  A  name  of  cert?.in  plants  the  seeds  of 
which  rattle  in  the  oods  when  shaken. 

Raucous,  ra'kus,  a.  [L.  rations,  hoarse.] 
Hoarse;  harsh,  as  the  voice. — Eaiicity,  rti'- 
si-ti,  n.  H  arshness  of  sound;  rough  utter- 
ance; hoarseness. 

Ravage,  rav'S-ij  n.  [Tr.  ravage,  from  ravir, 
to  carry  oiF,  to  ravish  (which  sec).]  Deso- 
lation or.  destruction  by  violence,  either 
by  men,  beasts,  or  physical  causes;  devasr 
tation; T-ain.— v.t.— ravaged,  ravaging.  [Fr. 
ravager.]  To  lay  waste  by  force;  to  devas- 
tate; to  pillage.— Ravager,  rav'a-jer.n.  One 
who  ravages;  a  plunderer;  a  spoiler. 

Rave,  rav,  v.i.— raved,  raving.  [O.Fr.  raver, 
to  be  delirious,  from  L.  rabies,  madness. 
RABin.l  To  wander  in  mind  or  intellect; 
to  be  delirious,  wild,  furious,  or  raging,  as 
a  madman;  to  talk  with  false  enthusiasm; 
to  speak  enthusiastioaUy.- «.i.  To  utter 
wildly  and  excitedly.— Raver,  ra'v6r,  ». 
One  that  raves  or  is  furious.— Raving,  ra'- 
ving,  ji.  and  a.  Furions  with  delirium: 
mad.— n.  Furious  exclamation;  irrational 
incoherenttalk.— Ravlngly.ra'ving-U.ady. 
In  a  raving  manner;  with  distraction. 

Ravel,  rav 'el,  v.t. —  xavelled;  ravelling. 
[Same  as  O.D.  ravelen,  D.  rafeUn,  to  dis- 
entangle; connections  uncertain.]  To  un- 
twist; to  luiweave;  to  disentangle;  to  en- 
tangle; to  make  intricate;  to  involve.— 
v.i.  To  become  entangled;  to  fall  into  per- 
plexity and  confusion.— Ravelling,  rav'el- 
ing.n.  Anything,  as  a'  thread,  detached 
in  the  process  of  untwisting. 

Ravelin,  rav'lin,  n.  [Fr.  ravelin,  from  It. 
ravellino,  reveUino;  probably  from  L.  re, 
back,  and  vaUum,  a  rampart.]  A  detached 
triangular  work  in  fortification,»with  two 
embankments  which  form  a  projecting 
angle. 

Raven,  ra'vn,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hrcsfn  =  Icel. 
hrafn,  D.  raaf,  Dan.  ravn,  O.H.G.  hraban, 
G.  robe.  Like  erow,  ultimately  from  its 
cry.]  A  large  bird  of  a  black  colour,  of  the 
crow  family,  noted  for  its  hoarse  cry  and 
plundering  habits;  found  in  every  part  of 
the  globe. — a.  Resembling  a  raven,  espe- 
cially in  colour;  black  (raven  locks). 

Raven,  Ravin,  rav'en,  rav'in,  n.  [O.Fr. 
ravine,  from  L.  rapina,  rapine.  Rapine.] 
Prey;plunder.— y.i.  To  prey  with  rapacity; 
to  show  rapacity. — v.t.  To  devour;  to  eat 
with  voracity.  [O.T.]— Ravener,  rav'en-6r, 
n.  One  who  ravens  or  plunders.- Raven- 
ous, rav'on-us,  a.  Furiously  voracious; 
hungry  even  to  rage;  eager  for  gratification 
(a  ravenous  appetite). — Ravenously,  rav'- 
en-us-li,  adv.  In  a  ravenous  manner.  — 
Raveuoosness,  rav'en-us-nes,  n. 

Ravine,  ra-ven',n.  [Fr.raOTn«,aravine,from 
L.  rapina,  rapine,  violence,  from  rapio,  to 
seize  or  carry  away.  Rapid.]  A  long  deep 
hoUow  worn  by  a  stream  or  torrent  of 
water:  any  deep  narrow  gorge  in  a  moun- 
tain, «c.;  a  guUy.  s 

Ravish,  rav'ish,  v.t.  [Fr.  ravir,  ravissant, 
^  from  L.  rapio,  rapere,  to  seize,  to  snatch. 
Rapid.]  To  seize  and  carry  away  by  vio- 
lence; to  have  carnal  knowledge  of  a 
woman  by  force  and  against  her  consent; 
to  commit  a  rape  upon;  to  deflower  or 
violate;  to  transport  with  joy  or  delight; 
to  enrapture ;  to  enchant.  —  Ravlsher, 
rav'ish-6r,  n.  One  that  ravishes.- Ravish- 
ing, rav'ish-ing,  p.  and  a.  Such  as  to 
ravish;  delighting  to  rapture;  trangport- 
ing.— Ravishingly,  rav'ish-ing-li,  adv.  In 
a  ravishing  manner.— Ravisninent,  k^v'- 
ish-ment,  n.    Ecstasy. 

Raw,  ra,  o.  [A.  Sax.  bredw,  hraew^V. 
raauw,  Dan.  raa,  Icel.  hrdr,  O.H.G.  rdo, 
G.  roh,  raw;  same  root  as  L.  cr«dw«,  raw. 
erttor,  blood;  Gr.  kreas,  flesh.]  Not  altered 
from  its  natural  state  by  cooking;  not 
roasted,  boiled,  or  the  like;  not  subjected 
to  some  industrial  or  manufacturing  pro- 
cess; not  manufactured  (raw  silk,  raw 
bides);  not  mixed  or  diluted  {raw  spirits); 
not  covered  with  the  natural  covering; 
having  the  flesh  exposed,  sore,  as  if  galled; 
sensitive;  immature;  inexperienced;  un- 
ripe in  skill  (raw  soldiers);  bleak;  chill}'; 
cold  and  damp  (a  raw  day).-- n.  A  raw. 


galled,  or  sore  place,  as  on  a  horse.— Raw- 
Doned,  a.  Having  little  flesh  on  the  bones; 
gaunt;  lean  and  large-boned.— Rawhead, 
ra'hed,  n.  A  spectre  mentioned  to  frighten 
children.— Bawish,  ra'ish,  a.  Somewhat 
raw.— Rawly,  ra'li,  adv.  In  a  raw  manner ; 
especially,  in  an  ignorant  or  inexperienced 
manner. — Rawness,  ra'nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  raw;  want  of  cooking; 
state  of  Deing  inexperienced;  chilliness 
with  dampness;  bleakness. 
Bay,  ra,'  n.  [O.Fr.  ray,  a  sunbeam,  from 
L.  radius,  a  ray  (whence  radiant).  Radi- 
us.] A  line  of  light,  one  of  the  lines  that 
make  up  a  beam;  Jig.  a  beam  of.intellectual 
light;  a  gleam;  one  of  a  number  of  diver- 

fing  radii;  bot.  the  radiating, part  of  a 
ower;  the  outer  part  or  circumference  of 
a  compound  radiate  floweit;  ich.  one  of  the 
radiating  bony  spines  in  the  fins  of  fishes. 
— v.t.  To  radiate;  to  shoot  forth  or  emit; 
to  cause  to  shine  xint. — v.i.  To  shine  forth 
or  out,  as  in  rays.— Rayed,  rad,  a.  Having 
rays;  adorned  with  rays;  radiated.— Ray- 
less,  ra'les,  o.  Destitute  of  light;  dark; 
not  illuminated. 

Bay,  ra,  n.'  [Fr.  raie,  from  L.  raia,  a  ray.] 
One  of  a  genus  of  cartilaginous  fishes,  of 
which  the  skate  is  a  well-£iown  example, 
having  a  flattened  body,  with  the  pectoral 
fins  extremely  broad  and  fleshy. 

Rayah,  ra'ya,  n.  In  Turkey,  a  person  not 
a  Mohammedan  who  pays  the  capitation 
tax. 

Raze,  rSz,  w.t.— ra«ed,  razing.    [Same  word 

•as  rase,  Fr.  raser,  to  raze,  to  snave,  to  de- 
molish, from  L.  rado,  raaum,  to  scrape. 
Rase.]  To  glance  along  the  surface  of;  to 
graze;  to  subvert  from  the  foundation;  to 
overthrow;  to  demolish;  to  erase;  to  efface; 
to  extirpate;  to  destroy.— Razee,  ra-26',  n. 
A  ship  of  war  cut  down  to  a  smaller  size, 
as  a  seventy-four  to  a  frigate,  &c. 

Razor,  ra'zor,  n.  [Fr.  rasoir,  from  raser,  to 
shave.  Raze,  Rase.]  A  kind  of  keen- 
edged  knife  used  for  shaving.  —  Bazor- 
back,  n.  One  of  the  largest  species  of  the 
whale  tribe;  the  rorqual.  Rofqcal.— 
Bazor-blll,  n.  An  aquatic  bird,  the  com- 
mon auk.  Aua.. — Razor-stone, ».  Novacu- 
LiTE. — Razor-strop,  n.  A  strop  for  shar- 
peningrazors.— Raznre,ra'zhtir,M.RAsuR"E. 

Bazzia,  raz'i-a,  n.  [At.  ragazia.]  An  in- 
cursion made  by  military  into  an  enemy's 
country  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  off 
cattle  and  destroying  the  standing  crops. 

Re,  ra,  n.  Music,  the  name  given  to  tne 
second  of  the  syllables  used  in  solmization. 

Be-absorb,  r5-ab-sorb',  v.t.  To  absorb  or 
imbibe  again.— Re-absorptlonj  re-ab-sorp'- 
shon,  n.    The  act  of  re-absorbing. 

Beadi,  rech,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  raecan,  O.Fris. 
rSka,  G.  reichen,  to  reach,  to  extend,  to 
hold  out;  from  same  root  as  rich,  right, 
rack,  rake,  &c.;  L.  rego,  to  govern,  rex,  a 
king,  E.  regal.]  To  extend  or  stretch  out;  to 
hold  or  put  forth;  to  spread  abroad:  often 
followed  by  otU  and  forth;  to  touch  by 
extending  the  arm  or  something  in  the 
hand:  to  extend  to;  to  stretch  out  as  far, 
ar  as  nigh  as;  to  give  with  the  hand  (reach 
me  a  chair);  to  arrive  at;  to  come  to;  to 

f;et  as  far  sis  (the  ship  reached  her  port) ; 
o  attain  to  by  effort,  labour,  or  study;  to 
gain  or  obtain;  to  extend  in  action  or  in- 
fluence to.— y.i.  To  extend  in  space  (to 
reaxh  to  heaven);  to  extend  in  scope  or 
power;  to  stretch  out  the  hand  in  order  to 
touch;  to  make  efforts  at  attainment.— To 
reach  after,  to  make  efforts  to  attain  to  or 
obtain. — n.  The  act  or  power  of  reaching; 
distance  to  which  one  can  reach;  the  sphere 
to  which  an  agency  or  a  power  is  limited; 
often  the  extent  or  limit  of  human  facul- 
ties or  attainments;  scope;  a  stretch  of 
water;  a  straight  portion  of  a  river  between 
anytwobendings.— Beachable,rech'a-bl,a. 
Capable  of  being  reached;  within  reach.— 
Reacher,  rCch'fer,  n.  One  who  reaches.— 
Reaohless,  rech'les,  a.  Beyond  reach;  un- 
attainable; lofty.. 

React,  re-akt',  v.t.  To  act  or  perform  anew. 
—v.i.  To  return  an  impulse  or  impression; 
to  resist  the  action  of  another  body  by  an 
opposite  force;  to  act  in  opposition;  to  act 
mutually  or  reciprocally  upon  each  other, 
as  two  or  more  chemical  agents.  —  Re- 
action, ra-ak'shon,  nC    The  reciprocal  ac- 


Fste,  far,  fat,  f^ll;     me,  met,  bir,     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move-,     tabe,  tub,  b^ll;     oil,  poundi     a,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  u. 


READ 


561 


REAR 


tion  ■which  two  bodies  or  two  minds  exert 
on  each  other;  action  or  tendency  to  revert 
from  a  present  to  a  previous  cnudition;  in 
politics,  a  tendency  to  revert  from  a  mofe 
to  a  less  advanced  policy;  physics,  the  re- 
sistance made  by  a  body  to  anything  ten- 
ding to  change  its  state;  chem.  the  mutual 
or  reciprocal  action  of  chemic!il  agents 
upon  each  other;  patkol.  a  vital  pheno- 
menon arising  from  the  application  of  an 
external  influence;  depression  or  exhaus- 
tion consequent  on  excessive  excitement 
or  stimulation,  or  increase  of  activity  suc- 
ceeding depression. — Reaction  wheel,  a  tur- 
bine wheel.— Reactionary,  r6-ak'shon-a-ri, 
a.  Pertaining  to,  proceeding  from,  or 
favouring  reaction.  —  Reactionary,  Reac- 
tlouist,  re-ak'shon-ist,  n.  A  favourer  of 
reaction;  one  who  attempts  to  check  or 
reverse  political  progress. — Reactive,  r5- 
ak'tiv,  a.  Having  power  to  react;  tend- 
ing to  reaction.— -Beactively,  re-ak'tiv-li, 
adv.  By  reaction. —Reactiveness,  re-ak'- 
tiv-nes,  n.  o 

Read,  red,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  read  (red).  [A. 
Sax.  raedan,  to  discern,  to  advise,  to  read; 
cog.  Icel.  rdUia,  to  advise,  to 'read;  Or. 
rathen,  to  advise,  reden,  to  speak;  Goth. 
rodjan,  to  speak;  sfime  root  as  L.  reor, 
ratus,  to  suppose  (Rate).  Akin  riddle.  It 
■would  have  been  belter  to  have  retained 
the  old  spelling  red  for  the  pret.  &  pp.; 
comp.  lead  and  led.]  To  peruse;  to  go  over 
and  gather  the  meaning  of  (to  r^ad  abook, 
an  author);  to  utter  alo'id,  folio-wing  some- 
thing written  or  printed;  to  reproduce  in 
sound;  to  see  through;  to  understand  from 
superficial  indications  (to  read  ewe's  face); 
to  discover  by  marks;  to  stud^  by  reading 
(to  read  law);  to  explain;  to  interpret  (to 
read  a  riddle).  —  To  read  up,  to  make  a 
special  study  of. — v.i.  To  perform  the  act 
of  perusing;  to  read  many  books;  to  study 
for  a  specific  object;  to  stand  written  or 
printed  (the  passage  reads  thus);  to  have 
a  certain  effect  when  read;  to  be  coherent; 
to  make  sense:  said  of  a  sentence. —  To  read 
hetiueen  the  lines,to  perceive  and  appreciate 
the  real  motive  or  meaning  of  a  writing 
or  work,  as  diatinguished  from  what  is 
openly  professed  or  patent. — n.  A  reading 
over ;  perusal.  —  a.  (red).  Instructed  or 
knowing  by  reading:  hardly  used  except 
with  the  adverb  well  {well  read  in  history). 
— Readable,  rC'da-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
read;  leKibIe;worth  reading. — Readability, 
Readableness,  re-da-bil'i-ti,  r5'da-bl-nes, 
n.  The  state  of  being  readable.— Reada- 
bly, re'da-bli,  adv.  In  a  readable  manner. 
—Reader,  re'dfer,  n.  One  who  reads  or 
peruses;  one  who  studies;  one  whose  office 
it  is  to  read  prayers,  lessons,  lectures,  and 
the  like  to  others;  a  reading-book;  one 
who  corrects  the  errors  in  proof-sheets;  a 
corrector  of  the  press.  —  Readership,  r5'- 
dcr-ship,  n.  The  office  of  a  reader.-^Bead- 
ing,  re'ding,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  reads; 
perusal;  study  of  books  (a  man  of  exten- 
sive reading);  a  public  recital  or  delivery 
of  something  written;  a  particular  version 
of  a  passage;  a  lection;  view  or  interpre- 
tation of  an  author's  meaning  or  intention; 
reproduction  in  accordance  with  such  in- 
terpretation; rendering;  legislation,  the 
formal  recital  of  a  bill  by  the  proper  offi- 
cer before  the  house  which  is  to  consider 
it  (the  bill  passed  the  second  reading). — 
Thought  reading.  Under  Thought. —  a. 
Addicted  to  the  reading  or  study  of  books. 
— Reading -book,  n.  A  school-book  con- 
taining selections  to  be  used  as  exercises 
in  reading.— Reading-desk,  n.  "A  desk  at 
which  reading  is  performed.  —  Reading- 
room,  n.  A  room  furnished  with  hooks, 
newspapers,  &c.,  to  which  persons  resort 
for  reading. 

Readily,  Readiness.  Under  Rkadv. 
Read.joum,  re-ad-j6m',  v.t.  To  adjourn 
again  or  anew.  —  Readjoumment,  re-ad- 
jern'ment,  n.  Adjournment  anew. 
Readjust,  re-ad -just',  v.t.  To  adjust  or 
settle  again;  to  put  in  order  again.  —  Re- 
adjustment, r5-ad-just'ment,  n.  The  act 
of  readjusting. 

Readmis3ion,Keadnilttance,re-ad-mish'on, 
re-ad-mit'ans,  n.  The  act  of  admitting 
ag*in.  —  Readmit,  r5-ad-mit',  v.t.  To  ad- 
mit again. 


Readers,  r5-a-dom',  v.t.  To  adorn  anew; 
to  decorate  a  second  time. 

Readvance,  rc-ad-vaus',  v.i.  To  advance 
again  or  afresh. 

Ready,  red'i,  a.  [O.E.  redi,  readi,  A.  Sax. 
raede,  ready=Dan.  rede,  Sw.  reda,  Icel. 
reithr,  G.  (6e)rei<,  ready;  perhaps  from  root 
of  ride.  Array  is  from  this  stem  through 
the  French.]  Prepared  at  the  moment; 
fit  for  immedi.ite  use;  causing  no  delay 
from  want  of  preparation;  not  slow,  back- 
ward, dull,  or  hesitating  (a  ready  appre- 
hension); prompt;  dexterous;  not  back- 
ward or  reluctant;  willing;  inclined;  of- 
fering itself  at  once ;  at  hand ;  opportune, 
near,  easy,  convenient;  on  the  point,  eve, 
or  brink:  with  to.— Ready  money,  means 
of  immediate  payment;  cash. —  To  make 
ready,  to  make  preparation ;  to  get  things 
in  readiness.— Readily,  red'i-li,  adv.  In  a 
ready  manner;  quickly;  promptly;  cheer- 
fully.—Readiness,  red'i-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  ready;  due  preparation; 
aptitude;  quickness;  cheerfulness;  alac- 
rity.—Ready-made,  a.  Made  or  prepared 
beforehand;  kept  in  stock  ready  for  use  or 
sale  {ready-made,  clothes).  —  Ready-reck- 
oner, n.  A  book  of  tabulated  calcula- 
tions, or  tables  to  facilitate  calculations. 
—Ready-witted,  a.    Having  ready  wit. 

Reafttrm,  re-af-ferm',  v.t.  To  affirm  again. 
— Realfirmance,  r5-af-f6r'mans,  n.  •  A  sec- 
ond affirmation  or  confirmation. 

Reafforest,  re-af-for'est;  v.t.  To  afforest 
again;  to  convert  anew  into  a  forest. 

Reagent,  ro-a'jent,  n.  Generally,  anything 
that  produces  reaction;  chem,  a  substance 
employed  to  detect  the  presence  of  other 
bodies  in  a  compound. 

Reagree,  re-a-gr6',  v.i.  To  agree  again;  to 
become  reconciled. 

Real,  rCal,  a.  lO.Fr.  real  {Ft.  riel),  L.L. 
realia,  from  L.res,  a  thing  (whence  rebus, 
re-  of  republic).']  Actually  being  or  exist- 
ing; not  fictitious  or  imaginary  {real  life); 
genuine ;  not  artificial,  counterfeit,  or  fic- 
titious; not  affected;  not  assumed  (his 
real  character);  law,  pertaining  to  things 
fixed,  permanent,  or  immovable,  as  to 
lands  an^l  tenements  {real  estate):  opposed 
to  personal  or  movable  (property).— iZeaZ 
presence,  the  alleged  actual  presence  of 
the  body  and  blood  of  Christ  in  the  eu- 
charist,  or  the  conversion  of  the  substance 
of  the  bread  and  wine  into  the  real  body 
and  blood  of  Christ.  —  Realism,  re'al-izm, 
n.  The  doctrines  or  principles  of  a  realist. 
— Realist,  re'al-ist,  n.  Metaph.  as  opposed 
to  idealist,  one  who  holds  the  doctrine 
that  there  is  an  immediate  or  intuitive 
cognition  of  external  objects,  that  exter- 
nal objects  exist  independently  of  our  sen- 
sations or  conceptions;  scholastic  philos. 
one  who  maintains  that  things,  and  not 
■words,  are  the  objects  of  dialectics:  op- 
posed to  nominalist;  fine  arts  and  litera- 
ture, one  who  endeavours  to  reproduce 
nature  orjiescribes  real  life  just  as  it  ap- 
pears to  mm.  —  Realistic,  r5-al-is'tik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  the 
realists ;  relating  to  realism.  —  Realisti- 
cally, re-al-is'ti-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  realistic 
manner.— Reality,  re-al'i-ti,n.  [Fr.  rMM.'l 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  real;  actual 
being  or  existence;  actuality;  truth;  fact: 
that  which  is  real  as  opposed  to  that  which 
is  imagination  or  pretence.  —  Realizable, 
re'al-i-za-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  realized. 
—Realization,  r5'al-i-za"shon,n.  The  act  of 
realizing.— Realize,  iS/a.\-iz,  v.t.— -realized, 
realizing.  fFr.  rMiser.]  To  make  real; 
to  bring  into  being  or  act  (to  realize  a 
scheme  or  project);  to  feel  as  vividly  or 
strongly  as  if  real;  to  bring  home  to  one's 
own  case  or  experience;  to  acquire  as  the 
result  of  labour  or  pains;  to  gain  (to  realize 
profit  from  trade);  to  sell  for  or  convert 
into  money  (to  realize  one's  stock  in  a  rail- 
way).—v.i.  To  turn  any  kind  of  property 
into  money.— Realizer,  re'al-i-z6r,  n.  One 
who  realizes.  —  Really,  re'al-li,  adv.  In 
a  real  manner;  in  truth;  actually;  in- 
deed; to  tell  the  truth:  often  used  fami- 
liarly as  a  slight  corroboration  of  an  opi- 
nion or  declaration  (well,  really,  I  cannot 
say).— Realness,  re'al-nes,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  real;  reality.— Realty,  re'al-ti,  H. 
(A  contr.  of  reality.]    Law,  the  fixed  or 


permanent  nature  of  that  kind  of  proiierty 
termed  real;  real  property. 

Real,ra-ar,  n.  (Sp.,  lit.  royal  coin.)  An  old 
Spanish  silver  coin  differing  in  value  from 
2irf.  to  5rf.  sterling. 

Realgar,  rC-al'gar,  n.  [Fr.  rialgar,  from 
Sp.  rejalgar,  from  Ar.  rahj,  powder,  al, 
the,  and  ghdr,  a  mine.]  A  mineral  consis- 
ting of  sulphur  and  arsenic  in  equal  equi- 
valents; red  sulphuret  of  arsenic,  a  bril- 
liant red  pigment.    Orpiment. 

Realm,  relm,  n.  LO.Fr.  realme  (Fr.  roy- 
aume),  from  L.  regalis,  from  rex,  regis,  a 
king.  Regal.]  A  kingdom;  a  king's  do- 
minions; hence,  generally,  region,  s])here, 
domain.  —  Realmless,  relm'les,  a.  Desti- 
tute or  deprived  of  a  realm. 

Ream,  rem,  n.  [O.Fr.  raims,  from  Si>. 
reama,  a  ream,  from  Ar.  rizinat,  a  bale,  a 
packet,  a  ream.]  A  bundle  or  package  of 
paper,  consisting  generally  of  20  quires  of 
24  sheets  each;  the  pnnters  ream  contains 
21i  quires  or  516  sheets. 

Ream,  rem,  v.t.  [  A.Sax.  r^man,  to  increase, 
to  enlarge,  from  rtlm,  space.  Room.]  To 
bevel  out,  as  a  hole  in  metal;  to  enlarge, 
as  the  bore  of  a  cannon.— Reamer,  ro'mer, 
n.    An  instrument  for  enlarging  a  hole. 

Reanimate,  re-an'i-mat,  v.t.  To  revivej  to 
resuscitate;  to  restore  to  life  or  animation; 
to  infuse  new  life  or  courage  into.— Re- 
anlmatlon,  re-an'i-ma"shon,  n.  The  act 
of  reanimating. 

Reannex,  ro-an-neks',  v.t.  To  annex  again; 
to  reunite.— Reannexation,  re-an'nek-sa"- 
shon,  n.    The  afit  of  annexmg  again. 

Reap,  r6p,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  ripan,  to  reap; 
closely  allied  to  Goth,  raupjan,  to  pluck ; 
D.  rapen,  to  gat'aer;  L.G.  rapen,to  pluck. 
Ripe  is  from  same  stem.]  To  cut  with  a 
sickle,  scythe,  &c.,  as  a  grain  crop ;  to  cut 
down  and  gather;  to  gather  when  ripe  or 
ready;  to  cut  down  the  crop  on;  to  clear 
of  a  grain  crop  (to  reap  a  field):  hence,  to 
shave  (Shah.);  to  receive  as  a  reward,  or  as 
the  fruit  of  labour  or  of  works:  in  a  good 
or  bad  sense.— y.i.  To  perform  the  act  or 
operation  of  reaping ;  to  receive  the  fruit 
or  labour  or  works. — Reaper,  re'per,  n. 
One  who  reaps;  a  machine  for  cutting 
grain;  areaping-machine.— Reaping-hook, 
n.  A  curved  cutting  instrument  used  lu 
reaping;  a  sickle.— Reaping-machine,  n. 
A  machine  for  cutting  down  standing 
corn,  &c.;  and  in  many  cases  also  for 
forming  it  into  sheaves,  moved  by  horses 
through  the  field. 

Reappear,  rc-ap-per',  v.i.  To  appear  again 
or  anew.— Reappearance,  r6-ap-pe'rans,  n. 
A  second  or  new  appearance. 

Reapply,  re-ap-pli',  v.t.  ori.  To  apply  again. 
— Reapplication,  re-ap'pli-ka"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  applying  again. 

Reappoint,  re-appoint',  v.t.  To  appoint 
again.  —  Reappointment,  r6  -  ap  -  point  '- 
ment,  n.  A  renewed  or  second  appoint- 
ment. ,^ 

Reapportion,  r6-ap-p5r'shon,  v.t.  To  appor- 
tion again.— Reapportionment,  re-ap-pOr- 
shon-ment,  n.  A  renewed  or  second  appor- 
tionment. > 

Reapproach,  re-ap-pr5ch',  v.i.  or  t.  To  ap- 
proach again  or  anew.  •         v 

Rear,  rer,  n.  [O.Fr.  riere,  Pr.  reire,  from 
L.  retro,  behind — re,  back,  and  suffix  tro, 
denoting  direction,  from  root  correspon- 
ding to  Skr.  tar,  to  move.  So  arreur,  from 
1/.  ad,  to,  and  retro.}  The  part  behind  or 
at  the  back;  the  hind  part;  the  back- 
ground: generally  with  the  definite  ar- 
ticle; specifically,  the 'part  of  an  army  or 
a  fleet  which  is  behind  the  rest.— a.  Per- 
taining to  or  in  the  rear;  hindermost;  last. 
—Rear-admiral,  n.  The  third  degree  of 
the  rank  of  admiral.  Admiral.— Rear- 
guard, n.  The  part  of  an  army  that 
marches  in  the  rear  of  the  main  body  to 
protect  it  and  bring  up  stragglers.— Rear- 
most, rer'mOst,  a.  Farthest  in  the  rear; 
last  of  aU.— Rear-rank,  n.  The  rank  of  a 
body  of  troops  which  is  in  the  rear. — 
Rearward,  rer'ward,  n.  The  rear-guard; 
the  latter  part  6i  anything.— a.  At  or  to- 
wards the  rear.  "■  » 

Rear,  rer,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  raeran,  for  raesan, 
to  raise,  caus.  of  rlsan,  to  rise.  Raise, 
Rise.]  To  lift  or  set  up;  to  erect;  to  raise; 
to  bring  up  or  to  maturity,  as  young ;  to 


(ih^clmin;     fA,  Sc,  locftj     g,  foj     j,/ob;     n,  Fr.  to«j     n^,  sinj;;     th,  tten;  th,  iWn;     w»wig; 


wh,  whig; 

3<? 


zh.  asy 


REARGUE 


662 


RECEIVE 


foster;  to  educate;  to  breed,  as  cattle;  to 
build  up;  to  coAstruct  (to  rear  an  edifice). 
—v.i.  To.rise  on  the  hind-legs,  a8  a  horse; 
to  assume  an  erect  posture. 

Keargue,  r6rar/.gu,  v.t.  To  argae  over 
again.  "^ 

Kearrange,T5'^ranj,'  f  .<.  "To  arrange  again; 
to  put  in  proper  order  again.— Kearranste- 
ment,  re-a-ranj'ment,  n.  A  second  or  re- 
peated arrangement. 

Eeason,  re'zn,  n.  [Fr.  raison,  O.Fr.  reson, 
from  L.  ratio,  rationia,  reason,  plan,  ac- 
count, from  rear,  ratiis,  to  think,  to  cal- 
culate. Rate,  Ratify,  R.atio.]  A  motive, 
ground,  or  cause  acting  on  the  mind;  the 
basis  for  any  opinion,  conclusion,  or  deter- 
niination ;  a  ground  Of  a  principle ;  what 
accounts  for  or  explains  a  fact  or  pheno- 
menon; final  cause;  explanation;  afaculty 
of  the  mind  by  which  nt  distinguishes 
truth  from  falsehood,  and  which  enables 
the  possessor- to  deduce  inferences  from 
facts  or  from  propositions,  and  to  combine 
means  for  the  attainment  of  particular 
ends;  the  act  of  deducing  consequences 
from  premises;  ratiocination;  justice: 
equity;  faimesfr;  that  which  is  dictated 
or  supported  by  reason;  moderate  de- 
mands ;  claims  which  reason  and  justice 
admit  or  prescribe  (to  bring  one  to  reasmi). 
— In  reason,  in  all  reason,  in  justice;  with 
rational  ground.- — v.i.  To  exercise  the 
faculty  of  reason;  to  deduce  inferences 
justly  from  premises ;  to  argue ;  to  ratio- 
cinate; to  discuss,  in  order  to  make  some- 
thing understood.— u.t.  To  examine  or  dis- 
cuss by  arguments;  to  debate  or  discuss 
(to  reason  the  point);  to  persuade  Jby  rea- 
soning or  argument.— Reasonable,  re'zn- 
9rhl,  a.  Having  the  faculty  of  resison; 
rational ;  governed  by  reason ;  not  given 
to  extravagant  notions  or  expectations 
conformable  or  agreeable  to  reason;  not 
extravagant,  excessive,  or  immoderate; 
fair;  equitable  (any  reasonable  demands); 
being  in  mediocrity;  moderate;  tolerable. 
— Keasonableness,  re'zn-a-bl-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  reasonable.— Reasonably, 
r6'zn-a-bli,  adv.  In  a  reasonable  manner; 
in  consistency  with  reason;  moderately; 
tolerably. — Reasoner,  re'zn-6r,  n.  One  who 
reasons  or  argues. — Reasoning,  r6'zn-ing, 
n.  The  act  or  process  of  exercising  the 
faculty  of  reason;  ratiocination;  the  argu- 
ments employed;  the  prpofs  or  reasons 
when  arranged  and  developed. — Beason- 
less,  re'zn-les,  a.  Destitute  of  reason ;  irra- 
tional; unreasonable. 

Reassemble,  re-as-sem'bl,  v.t.  To  collect  or 
assemble  again.— D.i.  To  assemble  or  meet 
together  agaia.  —  Reassemblage,  r6-as- 
sem'blaj,  n.    A  renewed  assemblage.    " 

Reassert,  re-as-s6rt',  v.t.  To  assert  again. — 

'Reassertion,  re-as-s6r'shon,  n.  A  repeated 
assertion ;  the  act  of  asserting  anew. 

Reassign,  re-as-sin',  v.t.  To  assign  again. — 
Reasugnment,  rS-as-sin'ment,  n.  A  re- 
newed or  repeated  assignment. 

Ke assimilate,  re-as-sim'i-lat,  v.t.  To  assim- 
ilate anew. — Reassimilation,  r6-a&^im'i- 
la"shon,  n.   A  renewed  assimilation. 

Reassume,  re-as-sum',  v.t.  To  resume ;  to 
take  again.  —  Reassumption,  rS-as-sum'- 
shon,  n.    A  resuming. 

Reassure,  r6-a-shor',  v.t.  To  assure  anew; 
to  restore  courage  to ;  to  free  from  fear  or 
terror;  also,  to  reinsure. —Reassurer,  re-a- 
shO'rer,  n.  One  who  reassures.- Reassur- 
ance, r5-a-sho'rans,  n.  Assurance  or  con- 
firmstion  repeated;  also  reinsurance. 

Reattach,  re-at-tach',  v.t.  To  attach  again. 
— Reattachment,  re-at-tach '  ment,  n.  A 
second  or  repeated  attachment. 

Reattain,  rS-at-tan',  v.t.    To  attain  again. 

Reattempt,  re-at-temt',  v.t.  To  attempt 
again. 

Reave,  rev,  ».<.— pret.  &  pp.  reaved  or  reft; 
ppir.  reaving.  [A.  Sax.  reafian,  to  seize,  to 
rob,  from  red/,  clothing,  spoil;  akin  to 
Icel.  raufa,  G-.  rauben,  E.  to  rob.  Rob.] 
To  take  away  by  stealth  or  science ;  to 
bereave;  to  deprive  (with  o/).— Reaver, 
re'vtr,  n.    One  who  reaves ;  a  robber. 

Retkyitw,  re-a^vou',  v.t.    To  avow  again. 

Reaw&ke,  re-a-wak',  v.i.    To  awake  again. 

Rebaptize,  re-bap-tiz',  v.t.  To  baptize  a 
second  time.— Bebaptlsm,  r5-bap'tisan,  n. 
A  second  baptism. 


Sebarbarize,  rS-b^r^ilr-iz,  v.t  To  reduce 
again  to  a  state  of  barbarism. 

Rebate,  re -bat',  v.t  — rebated,  rebating. 
[O.Fr.  rebatre— re,  ha,ck,  and  batre,  L.  ba- 
tuere,  to  beat;  akin  battle,  batter,  abate,  &c.] 
To  blunt;  to  diminish,  reduce,  abate;  to 
deduct  or  make  a  discount  from. — Rebate, 
Rebatement,  re-bat'ment,  n.  Diminution; 
com.  abatement  in  price;  deduction. 

Rebate,  re-bat',  n.    Rabbet. 

Rebec,  Rebeck,  ve'bek,  n.  [Pr.  rebec,  rebebe, 
from  Ar.  rahCLb,  a  kind  of  musical  instru- 
ment.] A  stringed  instrument  introduced 
by  the  Moors  into  Spain,  somewhat  simi- 
lar to  the  violin,  and  played  with  a  bow. 

Rebeccalte,  re-bek'a-it,  n.  A  member  of  an 
anti-turnpike  conspiracy  commenced  in 
Wales,  in  1839,  so  called  from  a  strange 
application  of  a  passage  in  Gen.  xxiv.  60. 

Rebel,  reb'el,  »."  [Fr.  rebelle,  from  L.  rebel- 
lis,  making  war  again— ^e,  again,  and  beU 
lum,  war.  Doel.]  One  who  revolts  from 
the  government  to  which  he  owes  allegi- 
ance ;  one  who  defies  and  seeks  to  over- 
throw the  authority  to  which  he  is  right- 
fully subject.  .•.  Syn.  under  Iksurgent. 
—a.  Rebellious:  acting  in  revolt. — v.i. 
(re-bel')— re&eZJea,  rebelling.  To  revolt ;  to 
take  up  arms  against  the  government  of 
constituted  authorities ;  to  refuse  to  obey 
a  superior;  to  shake  off  subjection;  to  turn 
■with  disgust  or  nausea;  to  conceive  a 
loathing  (his  stomach  rebelled  at  such 
food).— Rebeller,  re-bel'Sr,  n.  One  that  re- 
bels: a  rebel.— Rebellion,  rg-bel'yon,  n.  [L. 
TiDellio,  rM>eUioni8.]  The  act  of  rebelling; 

'  an  arsved  rising  against  a  government; 
the  taking  of  arms  traitorously  to  resist 
the  authority  of  lawful  government;  open 
resistance  to,  or  refusal  to  obey,  lawful 
authority.  .*.  Syn.  under  Insurrection. — 
Rebellious,  re-bel'yua,  a.  Engaged  in,  or 
characterized  by,  rebellion;  mutinous.^ 
Rebelliously,  re-bel'yus-li,  adv.  In  a  re- 
bellious manner.— Rebelliousness,  re-bel'- 
yus-nes,  n. 

Rebiting,  rg-bit'ing,  n.  Engr.  the  act  or 
process  of  deepening  or  restoring  worn 
lines  in  an  engravea  plate  by  .the  action 
of  acid.     ^»- 

Rebloom,  r5-bli)m',».i.  To  bloom  or  blos- 
som again. 

RebloBSom,  re-blos'om,  •v.i.  To  blossom 
again ;  to  rebloom. 

Rebound,  re-bound',  v.i.  [Prefix  re,  and 
bound  i  JEjy  rebondir,  to  rebound.  ]  To 
spring' or  bound  back;  to  fly  bad£  by 
elastic  force  after  impact  on  another  body. 
— v.t.  To  drive  back;  to  cause  to  echo ;  to 
reverberate.— «.  The  act  of  flying  back  on- 
collision  with  another  body;  resilience. 

Rebuff,  re-buf',  n.  [Prefix  re,  .back,  and 
old  buff,  a  blow,  from  O.Fr.  ouffe,  bufe,  a 
blow.  BurFET.  ]  A  beating,  forcing,  or 
driving  back;  sudden  check;  a  repulse;  re- 
fusal: rejection  of  solicitation.  —  v.t.  To 
beat  back ;  to  offer  sudden  resistance  to; 
to  repel  the  advances  of. 

Rebuild,  rg-bild',  v.t.  To  build  again;  to 
build  after  having  been  demolished.  — 
Rebuilder,  re-bil'dfer,  n.  One  who  rebuilds. 
—Rebuilt,  r6-bilt',j3p.  Built  again;  recon- 
structed. 

Rebuke,  re-bok',  v.t. — rebulced,  rebuking. 
[0.  Pr.  reboiiquer,  to  dull,  to  blunt,  to 
rebuff— re  and  bo^ujue.  an  old  and  dialectic 
form  of  Fr.  bouche,  the  mouth,  from  L. 
bucca,  the  mouth.)  To  check  with  reproof; 
to  reprehend  sharply  and  summarily;  to 
reprimand}  to  reprove. — »i.  A  direct  and 
severe  reprimand ;  reproof;  reprehension; 
a  chiding.  —  Rebukable,  r5-ba'ka-bl,  o. 
Worthy  of  rebuke  or  reprehension.— Re- 
bnkefm,  rS-buk'ful,  a.  Containing  or 
abounding  in  rebukes.— Rebuker,  re-bu'- 
k6r,  w.  One  that  rebukes.— Bebukingly, 
re-bulcing-li,  adv.  In  a  rebuking  manner; 
by  way  of  rebuke. 

Rebxis,  re'bns,  n.  [L.,  ablative  plural  of 
res,  a  thing— lit.  by  things,  because  the 
meaning  is  indicated  by  things.]  A  set  of 
words  written  by  figures  or  pictures  of 
objects  whose  names  resemble  in  sound 
those  words  or  the  syllables  of  which  they 
are  composed;  thus, '  I  can  see  you'  might 
be  expressed  by  figures  of  an  eye,  a  can, 
the  sea,  and  a  ewe;  hence,  a  kind  of  puzzle 
made  up  of  such  figures  or  pictures. 


Rebut,  r5-but',  v.t.  —  rebutted,  rebutting. 
[Fr.  rebuter,  rebouter,  to  put  or  thrust 
back — re,  back,  and  bovier,  to  put,  to 
thrust.  BcfTT.]  To  repel,  as  by  counter 
evidence;  to  refute;  law,  to  oppose  by  argu- 
ment, plea,  or  countervailing  proof.  — 
Rebuttal,  re-but'al,  n.  The  act  of  rebut- 
ting; refutation;  confutation.— Rebutter, 
re-but'6r,  n.  Law,  the  answer  of  a  defen- 
dant to  a  plaintiff^s  surrejoinder. 
Recalcitrate,  re-kal'si-trat,  v.i.  —  recalei/- 
trated,  recalcitrating.  [It.  recalcitro,  to 
kick  back— re,  back,  and  caldtro,  to  kick, 
from,  calx,  calcis,  the  heel.]  To  show  re- 
pugnance or  resistance  to  something;  to 
be_  refractory.  —  Recalcitration,  re-kal'si- 
tra"shon,  n.  Act  of  recalcitrating;  opposi- 
tion; repugnance. — Recalcitrant,  re-kal'- 
si-trant,  a.  ■  Exhibiting .  repugnance  or 
opposition^  not  submissive;  refractory.' 

Recall,  re-kal',  v.t.    To  call  or  bring  back; 

,  to  take  back ;  to  revoke ;  to  annul  by  a 

V  subsequent  act;  to  revive  in  memory;  to 

«  order  to  come  back  from  a  place  or  mission 
(to  recaH  a  minister  from  a  foreign  court). 
—n.  A  calling  back;  revocation;  the  power 
of  caUing  back  or  revoking.- Recallable, 
re-kal'a-bl,  a. .  Capable  of  being  recalled. 

Recant,  re-kant',  v.t.  and  i.  [L.  recanto,  to 
recant,  to  recall— re,  back,  and  canto,  freq. 

I  of  cono,  to  sing.  Chant.]  To  retract;  to 
unsay;  to  make  formal  contradiction  of 
something  which  one  had  previously  as- 
serted. —Recantation, ,  re-kan-ta'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  recanting;  retraction;  a  declar- 
ation that  contradicts  a  former  one.— 
Recanter,  r6-kan'ter,  n.  One  who  recants. 

Recapitulate,  re-ka-pit'a-lat,  v.t. — recapitu- 
lated,  recapitulating.  [Fr.  recapituler, 
L.L.  recapitulo,  recapitnlatum—pre^  re, 
and  camtulum,  a  head  or  heading.  Capit- 
ulate.] To  repeat  or  summarize,  as  the 
principal  things  mentioned  in  a  precediag 
discourse;  to  give  a  summary  of  the  prin- 
cipal facts,  points,  or  arguments  of. — v.i. 
To  repeat  in  brief  what  has  been  said 
before.  —  Recapitulation,  re-ka-pit'a-la"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  recapitulating;  a  con- 
cise statement  of  the  principal  points  in  a 
preceding  discourse,  axCTment,  or  essay. 
— Becapitulator,  re-ka-pii'u-lartfer.n.  One 
who.— RecapitulatoiTr,  re-ka-pit'u-la-to-ri, 
a.  Containing  recapitulation. 

Recapture,  re-kap'tur,  n.  The  act  of  retak- 
ing ;  the  retaking  of  goods  from  a  captor; 
a  prize  retaken.- v.t    To  capture  back; 

Recast,  r5-kast',  v.t  To  cast  or  found 
again;  to  throw  again;  to  mould  anew;  to 
throw  into  a  new  form. 

Recede,  re-sed',  v.i.— receded,  receding.  [L. 
recede— re,  back,  and  eedo,  to  walk.  Cede.] 
To  move  back;  to  retreat;  to  withdraw;  to 
withdraw  from  a  claim  or  pretension ;  to 
relinquish  what  had  been  proposed  or 
asserted  (to  recede  from  a  demand,  from 
propositions).^^.t  (re'sed).  To  cede  back; 
to  grant  or  yield  to  a  former  possessor. 

Receipt,  rg-set',  n.  [O.  Fr.  recete,  recepte 
(Fr.  recette),  from  L.  recepius,  pp.  of  recipio, 
to  receive.  Receive.]  The  act  of  receiv- 
ing (the  receipt  of  a  letter);  that  which  is 
received;  pi.  money  drawn  or  received; 
cbawings  (nis  receipts  were  £20  a  day);  a 
recipe;  a  prescription  of  ingredients  for 
any  composition,  as  of  medicines,  &c.; 
hence.  Jig.  plan  or  scheme  by  which  any- 
thing may  oe  effected ;  a  written  acknow- 
ledgmpnt  of  something  received^as  money, 

foods,  &c.— v.t  To  give  a  receipt  for;  to 
ischarge,  as  an  account.— Receiptable, 
re-sSt'a-bl,  o.  Capable  of  being  receipted. 
—  Receipt-book,  n.  A  book  containing 
receipts.  —  Receiptor,  re-s6t'or,  ».  One 
who  receipts;  one  who  gives  a  receipt. 
Receive,  re-sev',  v.t  —  received,  receimng. 
[O.Fr.  recever,  receveir,  Fr.  recevoir,  from 
L.  recipio^re,  again,  and  capio,  to  take. 
CAPABLE.]  To  get  or  obtain;  to  take,  as  a 
thing  given ,sent,  paid,communicated,&c.; 
to  accept;  to  take  into  the  mind ;  to  em- 
brace; to  allow  or  Ijold,  as  a  belief,  custom, 
traditioa,  <£c.;  to  give  acceptance  to  (a  re- 
ieived  belief );  to  allow  to  enter  in  an  official 
capacity;  to  welcome  as  a  raekt;  to  enter- 
tain; to  take  in  or  on;  t<r^hold,  admit, 
contain,  have  capacity  for  (a  box  to  receive 
contributions);  to  be  the  object  of;  to 


fate,  far,  fat,  fftU;     mS,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tube,  tub,  bi+Ji ;     oil,  pou^dj     U,  Sc.  ab~ue— t^e  Fr-  W> 


RECELEEKATE 


563 


ilECLAIM 


suffer  (to  receive  an  injury);  to  take  from 
a  thief,  knowing  the  thing  to  be  stolen. — 
Receivedness,  rs-syved-nes,  n.  State  of 
being  received;  general  allowance  or  belief. 
— Receivability,re-36'va-bil"i-ti,»i.  Quality 
of  being  receivable.  —  Receivable,  re-sC- 
va-bl,  a.  Such  as  may  be  received.— Re- 
ceivableness,  re-B5'va-bl-ries,  n.  Capability 
of  being  received. — Receiver,  re-se'ver;  n. 
One  who  receives;  a  person  appointed  by 
a  court  to  receive  the  rents  and  profits  of 
land  or  other  property,  which  is  in  dis- 
pute; a  person  appointed  in  some  business 
for  the  purpose,  of  winding  up  the  concern; 
one  who  takes  stolen  goods  from  a, thief, 
knowing  them  to  be  stolen;  chevi.  a  vessel 
for  receiving  and  containing  the  product 
of  distillation;  a  vessel  for  receiving  and 
containing  gases;  the  glass  vessel  from 
which  air  is  exhausted  by  an  air-pump. — 
Receivers  of  wreck,  English  officials  ap- 
pointed by  the  board  of  trade  for  the 
preservation  of  wreck,  &c.  —  Receiving, 
re-s5'ving,  p.  and  a.  Adapted  to  receive, 
take,  hold,  or  contain. — Receiving  box,  a 
box  for  receiving  letters.— Receiving  office, 
a  branch  post-office  where  letters,  papers, 
parcels,  &c.,  may  be  posted,  but  from 
which  none  are  delivered. 

Recelebrate,  re-sel'e-brat,  v.t.  To  celebrate 
again.  —  Recelebration,  r5-8ere-bra"shon, 
n.    The  act  of  recelebrating. 

Recense,^  re-sens',  v.t. — recensed,  recensing. 
[L.  recenseo,  to  review  or  examine— re, 
again,  and  censeo,  to  reckon.  Ckns6r.]  To 
review;  to  revise. — Recension, rc-sen'shon, 
n.  An  examination;  enumeration;  a  revi- 
sion of  the  text  of  an  author  by  a  critical 
editor;  an  edited  version. — Recensionist, 
re-sea,shon-ist,  n.    One  who  revises. 

Recent,  re'sent,  a.  (Fr.  ricent,  from  L.  re- 
eens,  recentis,  recent;  etym.  unknown.]  Of 
late  origin,  occun-ence,  or  existence;  new; 
not  of  remote  date,  antiquated  style,  and 
the  like:  modem;  only  made  known  or 
spoken  of  lately;  fresh  {recent  intelligence); 
geol.  applied  to  all  accumulations  and 
deposits  whose  remains  belong  exclusively 
to  species  still  existing;  occurring  or 
formed  since  the  glaci?.l  period. — Recently, 
re'seut-li,  adv.  Newly;  lately;  freshly;  not 
long  since.— Recentness,  Recency,  re'sent- 
nes,  re'sen-si,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  recent. 

Receptacle,  r6-sep'ta-kl  or  res'ep-ta-kl,  n. 
[L.  receptaciduw.,  from  recipio,  receptum, 
to  receive.  Receive.]  That  which  re- 
ceives, admits,  or  contains  things;  a  place 
or  vessel  in  which  anything  is  received  and 
contained;  s.  repository;  bot.  a  general 
term  given  to  a  part  which  receives  or 
bears  other  parts;  as,  that  part  of  a  flower 
upon  whic'a  the  carpels  are  situated;  that 
part  of  the  axis  of  a  plant  which  forms  a 
sort  of  disc,  bearing  the  flowers.— Recep- 
tacular,  r5-sep-tak'u-l6r,  ct.  Pertaining  to 
a  r.edeptacle. 

Reception,  re-sep'shon,  n.  [L.  receptio, 
from  recipio,  to  receive.  Receive.]  A  re- 
ceiving or  manner  of  receiving ;  receipt ; 
treatment  at  first  coming;  welcome;  enter- 
tainment; a  formal  occasion  or  ceVemony 
of  receiving  guests,  official  personages,  Ac; 
admission  or  credence,  as  of  an  opinion  or 
doctrine;  acceptance  or  allowance.  —  Re- 
ceptible,  re-sep'ti-bl,  a.  [L.  receptibilis.] 
Capable  of  or  suited  for  being  received ; 
receivable.— Receptibility,  rg-sep '  ti-bil"i- 
ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  receptible;  re- 
ceivableness.  —  Receptive,  rE-sep'tiv,  a. 
Such  as  to  receive  readily  ( receptive  of 
teaching);  taking  in;  able  to  take  in,  hold, 
or  contain.  —  Receptivity,  Receptivenesa, 
rG-sep-tiv'i-ti,  re-sep'tiv-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  receptive. 

Recess,  re-ses',  n.  [L.  recessua,  from  re- 
cede, recessMm.  Recede.]  A  withdrawing 
or  retiring;  a  moving  back,  (the  recess  of 
the  tides);  place  of  retirement  or  secrecy; 
private  abode;  the  time  or  period  during 
which  public  or  other  business  is  sus- 
pended (the  Christmas  recess  of  a  school); 
a  cavity,  niche,  or  sunken  space  formed  in 
a  wall;  an  alcove  or  similar  portion  of  a 
room.— v.t.  To  make  a  recess  in;  to  put  in 
a  recess.- Recessed,  r6-sest',  a.  Having  a 
recess  or  recesses. — Recessed  arch,  one  arch 
within  another.— Recession,  re-sesh'on,  n. 


[L.  recessio,  recessionis,  from  recedo;  in  last 
sense  directly  from  re  and  cession.]  The 
act  of  receding;  withdrawal;  position  rela- 
tively withdrawn;  a  cession  or  grantinjj 
back;  retrocession. — Recession  of  the  equi- 
noxes, the  same  as  Precession  of  the  equi- 
noies.— Recessive,t  re-ses'iv,  a.  Receding; 
going  back. 

Rechabite,  reTca-bit,  n.  Among  the  an- 
cient Jews,  one  of  a  family  whom  Jonadab, 
son  of  Rechab,  bound  to  abstain  from 
wine,  from  planting  vines,  &c.;  one  of  a 
benefit  society  of  total  abstainers. 

Recharter,  r6-char'ttr,  v.t.  To  charter 
again;  to  grant  another  charter  to. ' 

Rechauffe,  ra-sho-fa,  n.  IFr.,  from  prefix 
re,  and  chauffer,  to  warm.  Chafe.]  Lit. 
a  warmed-up  dish ;  hence,  a.  concoction  of 
old  materials;  old  literary  matter  worked 
uj)  into  a  new  form. — Rechanfiage,  ra-sho- 
f  aj,  n.    A  working  up  of  what  is  old. 

Recueat,  r5-chet',  ji.  [Fr.  requite,  older 
requesle,  a  fresh  quest,  a  note  to  recall  the 
dogs.  Request.]  A  call  which  a  huntsman 
winds  on  the  horn  when  the  hounds  have 
lost  the  game,  to  call  them  back. 

Recberchi,  r6-sher-sha,  a.  [Fr.]  Much 
sought  after;  out  of  the  common;  rare; 
exquisite. 

Recipe,  res'i-pe,  n.  [L.  recipe,  take,  re- 
ceive, imper.  of  recipio,  to  take  or  receive. 
Receive.]  The  first  word  of  a  physician's 
prescription;  hence,  the  prescription  itself, 
abbreviated  R  or  9;  now  applied  to  a 
receipt  for  making  almost  any  mixture  or 
preparation. 

Recipient,  rS-sip'i-ent,  n.  [L.  recipiens,  re- 
cipientis,  ppr.  of  recipio.  Receive.]  A 
person  or  thing  that  receives;  one  to  whom 
anything  is  com  municated.—  a.  Receiving. 
•^Recipience,  Recipiency,  re-sip'i-ens,  re- 
sip'i-en-si,  n.  A  receiving;  act  or  capacity 
of  receiving;  reception. — Recipio-motor, 
re-sip'i-o-mo-t6r,  a.  Receptive  of  a  nervous 
stimulus,  and  giving  rise  to  motion. 

Reciprocal,  rC-sip'ro-kal,  a.  [L.  reciprocus, 
Fr.  riciproque,  alternating,  reciprocal, 
probably  connected  with  re,  back,  and 
pro,  forward.]  Acting  with  a  backward 
and  forward  motion;  moving  backwards 
and  forwards;  reciprocating;  done  by  each 
to  the  other;  mutual;  mutually  inter- 
changeable; gram,  reflexive. — Reciprocul 
or  inverse  proportion.  Under  Inverse. — 
Reciprocal  quantities,  math,  quantities 
which,  multiplied  together,  produce  unity. 
—Reciprocal  ratio  is  the  ratio  betweeri  the 
reciprocals  of  two  quantities:  thus  the 
recip7-ocal  ratio  of  4  to  9  is  that  of  l-4th 
to  l-9th.  —  n.  That  which  is  reciprocal  to 
another  thing.— Reciprocal  of  a  quantity, 
in  math,  the  quotient  resulting  from 
the  division  of  unity  by  the  quantity; 
thus,  the  reciprocal  of  4  is  f,  and  con- 
versely the  reciprocal  of  i  is  4.— Recipro- 
cally, re-sip'ro-kal-Ii,  adv.  In  a  reciprocal 
manner;  mutually;  interchangeably;  in- 
versely. —  Reciprocalness,  Reclprocality, 
re-sip'ro-kal-nes,  re-sip'ro-kal"i-ti,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  reciprocal. — Re- 
ciprocate, r5-8ip'ro-kat,  v.i. — reciprocated, 
reciprocating.  To  move  backwards  and 
forwards;  to  have  an  alternate  movement; 
to  alternate. — v.t.  To  interchange;  to  give 
and  return  mutually;  to  give  in  requital 
(to  reciprocate  favours). — Reciprocating, 
re-sip'ro-kat-ing,  p.  and  a.  Alternating; 
moving  backwards  and  forwards  alter- 
nately.— Reciprocating  engine,  that  form 
of  engine  in  which  the  pistop  and  piston- 
rod  move  back  and  forth  in  a  straight 
line,  absolutely,  or  relativelyto  the  cylin- 
der.—Reciproeaition,  re-sip'ro-ka"shon,  n. 
The  act  of  reciprocating;  interchange  of 
acts;  a  mutual  giving  and  returning;  alter- 
nation. —  Reciprocity,  res-i-pi'os'i-ti,  n. 
The  state  or  character  of  being  reciprocal; 
reciprocal  obligation  or  rightj  equal  rights 
or  benefits  to  be  mutually  yielded  or  en- 
joyed; especially  equal  commercial  rights 
or  privileges  enjoyed  mutually  by  two 
countries  trading  together. 

Recision, re-sizh'on, 71.  [L.  recisio— re, back, 
and  cccdo,  to  cut.  Excision.]  The  act  oi 
cutting  off. 

Recite,  re-sit',  v.t— recited,  reciting.  [Fr. 
reciter,  from  L.  recito — re,  again,  and  cito, 
tocite.  Cite,]  To  repeat,  as  something  pre- 


pared,written  down,  or  committed  to  mem- 
ory beforehand;  to  rehearse,  with  appro- 
priate gestures,  before  an  audience;  to  tell 
over;  to  relate  or  narrate;  to  go  over  in  par- 
ticulars; to  recapitulate. — v.i.  To  rehearse 
before  an  audience  compositions  commit- 
ted to  memory;  to  rehearse  a  lesson.— Re- 
citer, re-si'tfer,  n.  One  that  recites  or 
rehearses;  a  narrator.— Recital,  re-si'tal,  n. 
The  act  of  reciting;  the  repetition  of  the 
words  of  another ;  narration ;  a  telling  of 
the  particulars  of  an  adventure  or  event ; 
that  which  is  recited;  a  story;  a  narrative; 
a  musical  entertainment  given  by  a  single 
performer  (an  organ  recitaO.-Recitation, 
res-i-ta'shon,  »t.  The  act  of  reciting ;  tlie 
delivery  aloud,  with  appropriate  gestures, 
before  an  audience,  of  a  composition  com- 
mitted to  memory,  as  an  elocutionary 
exhibition;  the  rehearsal  of  a  lesson  by 
pupils  before  their  instructor.— Recita- 
tive, res'i-ta-t6v",  n.  [It. recitutivo.]  Music, 
a  species  of  vocal  ccfmposition  which  dif- 
fers from  an  air  in  having  no  definite 
rhythmical  arrangement,  and  no  strictly 
constructed  melody;  musical  recitation  or 
declamation ;  a  piece  of  music  to  be  sung 
recitati vely .— Recltatively,  r«s'i-ta-tev"li , 
adv.  In  the  manner  of  recitative.— Reci- 
tativo,  re8'i-ta-t6"vo,  n.    [It.]    Recitative. 

Reck,  rek,  y.i.*  [A.  Sax.  reccan,  rican,  to 
reck,  regard ;  cog.  O.  Sax.  rOkiaiii  Icel. 
rcekja,  O.H.G.  rdhhian,  geruochen,  to  reck 
or  care;  perhaps  same  root  as  reckon.]  To 
care;  to  mind;  to  heed;  to  regard:  often 
followed  by  of. — v.t.]  To.  heed,  regard,  care 
for. — It  recks  (impersonal),  it  concerns  [it 
recks  me  not). — Reckless,  rek'les,  a.  Not 
recking;  careless;  heedless  of  consequences; 
mindless:  with  o/ before  an  object.  .'.  Syn. 
under  Rash.— Recklessly,  rek'les-li,  adv. 
In  a  reckless  manner. — Recklessness,  rejc'- 
les-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  befng 
reckless. 

Reckling,  rek'ling,  n.  [Probably  from  reck, 
lit.  one  that  requires  to  be  cared  for.]  The 
smallest  and  weakest  in  a  brood  of  ani- 
mals; hence,  a  helpless  babe.  [Tcnn.J— a. 
Small;  weak;  helpless. 

Reckon,  rek'n,  v.t.  (O.E.  reknen,  rekenen, 
A.  Sax.  gerecnian,  recenian—D.  rekenen, 
Dan.  regne,  Icel.  reikna,  S  w.  rcikna,  G.  rech- 
nen,  to  reckon,  number,  esteem;  perhaps 
from  same  root  as  reck  or  right.]  To 
count;  to  number;  to  tell  one  by  one;  to 
calculate;  to  estimate  by  rank  or  quality; 
to  esteem,  account,  repute,  hold.— y.t.  To 
make  computation;  to  compute;  to  calcu- 
late; to  make  up  or  render  an  account;  to 
adjust  relations  of  desert  and  penalty;  to 
thinkj  suppose,  imagine  (in  this  sense 
American  rather  than  English).  —  To 
reckon  on  or  upon,  to  count  or  depend 
upon.— To  reckon  with,  to  call  to  account; 
to  exact  penalty  of.— Reckoner,  rek'n-6r, 
n.  One  who  reckons;  something  that  as- 
sists a  person  to  reckon.  Readv-reckoneu. 
—  Reckoning,  rek'n-ing,  n.  The  act  of 
computing;  calculation;  a  statement  and 
comparison  of  accounts  for  adjustment; 
the  charges  made  by  a  host  in  a  hotel, 
tavern,  &c.  (to  pay  the  reckoning);  natit. 
the  calculation  of  the  position  of  a  ship 
from  the  rate  found  by  the  log,  and  the 
course  as  determined  b.y  the  compass. 

Reclaim,  r5-klam',  v.t.  [Re  and  claim;  Fr. 
reclamer,  to  claim  back,  to  reclaim  a 
hawk,  to  protest;  L.  reclamo — re,  back,  and 
clamo,  to  call.  Claim.]  To  claim  back; 
to  demand  to  have  returned;  to  call  back; 
to  bring  a  hawk  to  the  wrist  by  a  certain 
call;  to  reduce  from  a  wild  to  a  tame  or 
domestic  state;  to  tame";  to  rescue  from 
being  wild,  desert,  or  waste;  tp  bring  under 
cultivation;  to  bring  back  from  eiTor;  to 
reform. — v.i.  To  cry  out;  to  exclaim  against 
anything;  Scots  law,  to  appeal  to  the  inner 
house  of  the  Court  of  Session.— n.  The  act 
of  reclaiming;  reformation. — Reclaimable, 

•  r5-kla'ma-bl,  a.    Capable  of  being  re- 

■  claimed.— Reclalmably,  re-kla'ma-bli,  adv. 
So  as  to  be  capable  of  being  reclaimed. — 
Reclaimer,  re-kla'm6r,  n.  One  that  re- 
claims.— Reclaimless,  re-klam'les,  a.  In- 
capable of  being  reclaimed;  not  to  be  re- 
claimed.—Reclamation,  rek-la-ma'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  reclaiming;  the  act  of  brihging 
into  cultivation ;  the  bringing  back  of  a 


cb-'cAain;     c/t,  Sc.  locA;   n,  go;     },joh;     n,  Fr,  ton;     ng,  8i»(?;     f  h,  yten;  th,  iftinj     w,  wig;     wh,  w/»ig;     zh,  a^urs, 


RECLINE 


564 


RECOUNT 


person  from  evil  courses;  a  demand;  claim 
made;  a  remonstrance  or  representation. 
Recline,  re-klin',  v.t— reclitied,  reclining. 
[L.  reclino,  to  bend  back— re,  back,  and 
elino,  to  bend  (■whence  also  i/Kcline,  decline); 
root  same  as  tbat  of  E.  to  lean.]  To  lean 
to  one  side  or  sidewise;  to  lay  down  to 
rest  (to  reclins  the  head).— i>.t.  To  rest  or 
repo3e;  to  take  a  recumbent  position. — 
Eecliner,  re-kli'afer,  n.  One  who  reclines. 
— EecUning,  re-kli'ning,  p.  and  a.  Lean- 
ing back  or  sidewise;  lying  in  repose. — 
Reclining  dial,  a  dial  whose  planQ  reclines 
from  the  perpendicular.— Koclinate,  re- 
kli'nat,  a.  [L.  reclinatiia.]  Bot.  reclined, 
as  a  leaf;  bent  downward,  so  that,  the 
I>oint  is  lower  than  the  base.— Recllnation, 
rek-li-na'shon,  n.  The  act  of  leaning  or 
reclining;  gurg.  one  of  the  operations  used 
for  the  cure  of  cataract. 
Reclose,  r6-kloz',  vd.  To  close  or  shut 
again. 

Bcclothe,  r5-klo?H',  v.t.  To  clothe  again. 
Eeclnse,  re-klSs',  a.  [Fr.  rechis,  fem.  re- 
cluse, from  L.  reelusus,  pp.  of  recludo,  re- 
clusum,  to  lay  open,  but  in  L.L.  signifying 
to  shut— I'e,-  again,  back,  and  claudo,  to 
shut.  Close.]  Iiiving  shut  up  or  apart 
from  the  world;  retired:  sequestered;  soU.- 
tary.— n.  A  person  who  lives  in  retirement 
or  seclusion;  a  hermit;  a  religioiis  devotee 
who  lives  in  an  isolated  ceil.— Eeciuseiy,' 
re-klos'li,  adv.  In  a  recluse  manner.— Re- 
cluseness,  re-klOs'nes,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing recluse. — Eeclnsion,  r5-kl8'zhon,  n.  A 
state  of  retirement  from  the  world;  sedu- 
sion.- Eeclusive,  rS-klo'siv,  a.  Affording 
retirement  from  society ;  recluse.— Reclti- 
sory,  r6-kl(J'so-ri,  n.  The  abode  of  a  recluse; 
a  hermitage. 

Recognize,  Eecognise,  rek'og-niz,  v.t  — 
recognized,  recognised;  recognising,  recog- 
nising. [From  recogniscmce  (which  is  older 
in  English),  O.Fr.  recognoissance,  from  L. 
recognosco — re  and  cognosco.  Cognition, 
Know.]  To  recall  or  recover  the  know- 
ledge of;  to  perceive  the  identity  of,.with 
a  person  or  thine  formerly  known;  to 
know  again;  to  avow  or  admit  a  knowledge 
of;  to  acknowledge  formally;  to  indicate 
one's  notice  by  a  bow  or  nod;  to  indicate 
appreciation  of  (to  recognize  services  by  a 
reward).— v.i.  Law,  to  enter  into  recogni- 
zances.—Eecognizer,  Eecogiiiser,  rek'og- 
ni-zftr,  n.  One  who  recognizes. — Recogni- 
tion, rek-og-ni8h'oa,«.  VL.recogrdiio.']  The 
act  of  recognizing- or  state  oi  being  re- 
cognized; a  perceiving  as  being  known.; 
avowal;  notice  taken;  acknowledgment. 
— Recognitory,  rs-kog^-to-ri,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  recognition. — Eecogclzable,  Eecog- 
nisable,  rek'og-ni"za-bl,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing recognized. — Eecognlzance,  Recogni- 
sance, re-kog'ni-zans  or  re-kon'i-zans,  n. 
[Fr.  reconnaissance,  O.Fr.  recognoissance.] 
Act  of  recognizing ;  recognition ;  mark  or 
badge  of  recognition;  token;  law,  an  obli- 
gation which  a  man  enters  into  before  a 
proper  tribunal,  with  condition  to  do  some 
particular  act,  as  to  appear  at  the  assizes, 
to  keep  the  peace,  &c. 
Recoil,  re-koil',  vi.  [Fr.  reculer,  from  L. 
re,  back,  and  cuius,  the  posteriors;  same 
root  as  in  Gael,  eul,  W.  nl,  the  back.]  To 
rebound;  to  fall  back;  to  take  a  sudden 
backward  motion  after  an  advance;  to  be 
forced  to  retreat;  to  return  after  a  certain 
strain  or  impetus  (the  gun  recoils);  to  start 
or  draw  back  as  from  anything  repulsive, 
alarming,  or  the  like;  to  shrink. — n.  A 
starting  or  falling  back;  rebound;  the  re- 
bound or  resilience  of  a  firearm  when  dis- 
charged.- Escoller.re-koi'lfir,  n.  One  who 
recoils. 

Recoin,  re-koin',  v.t.  To  coin  again.— Re- 
coinage,  rC-koi'naj,  n.  The  act  of  coining 
anew. 
Recollect,  rek'ol-lekt,  v.t  [Lit.  to  collect 
or  gather  again.]  To  recover  or  yecall  the 
knowledge  of ;  to  bring  back  to  the  mind 
or  mernoiy;  to  remember;  refl.  to  recover 
resolution  or  composure  cf  mind;  to  col- 
lect one's  self.  .•.  Hya.  under  Remember. — 
Recollection,  rek-ol-lek'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  recollecting  or  recalling  to  the  mem- 
ory; a  bringmg  back  to  mind;  remem- 
brance; the  power  of  recalling  ideas  to  the 
mind,  or  th^   perio-i  orcr  v,-!'.ich  anrh 


power  extends;  that  which  is  recollected; 
something  recalled  to -mind. .'.  Syn.  under 
Memory. —Xecolleptive,  i-ek'ol-lek-tiv,  a. 
Having  the  power  of  recollecting. 

RecoUect,  rg-kol-lekt',  v.t.  To  collect  or 
gather  again;  to  collect  what  has  been 
scattered. 

RecoUet,  rek'o-l5,  n.  [Fr.  rdcoUet,  L.  re- 
collectus,  so  called  because  they  recollected 
and  strictly  observed  all  the  rules  of  their 
order.]  A  monk  of  a  reformed  order  of 
Franciscans. 

Recolonize,  rS-kol'on-iz,  v.t.  To  colonize  a 
second  time.  —  Recolonizaticn,  re-kol'o- 
ni-z5''shon, ».    A  second  colonization. 

Eecombine,  r6-kom-bin',  v.t.  To  cottibine 
again.  —  Recombination,  re-kom'bi-na"- 
shon,  n.    Combination  a  second  time. 

Recommence,  rS-kom-mens',  v.t.  and  i.  To 
commence  again;  to  begin  anew.— Recom- 
mencement, re-kom-mens'ment,n.  A  com- 
mencement anew. 

Recommend,  rek-om-mend',  v.t.  [Re,  and 
commend;  Fr.  reeomrmander,  to  recom- 
mend, to  commend,  to  intrust.]  To  com- 
mend to  another's  notice;  to  put  in  a 
favourable  lig'i^t  before  another;  to  com- 
mend or  give  favourable  representations 
of;  to  make  acceptatWe;  to.  attract  favour 
to;  hence,  to  recommier^  itself,  to  make 
itself  approved;  to  advisfe,  as  to  an  action, 
practice,  measnre,  remedy,  &c.;  to  set  for- 
ward as  advisable.— ReeommendaWe,  rek- 
om-men'da-bl,  a.  Worthy  of  recommen- 
dation. —  Recommendation,  rek'om-men- 
da"8bon,  n.  The  act  of  recommending;  a 
favonrable  representation;  that  which 
procures  favour  or  a  favourabJe  reception. 
— Eecoimnendatory,  rek-om-men'da-to-ri, 
a.  Serving  to  recommend. — Reconunender, 
rek-om-men'dfer,  n.  One  who  recommends. 

Recommiaaion,  re-kom-mish'on,  v.t.  To 
commission  again. 

Recommit,  re-kom-mit',  v.t.  To  commit 
again  (as  persons  to  prison);  to  refer  again 
to  a  committee.— Recommitment,  Recom- 
mittal, re-kom-mit'ment,  re-kom-mit'al, 
n.  A  second  or  renewed  commitment;  a 
renewed  reference  to  a  committee. 

Recompense,  rek'om-pens,  v.t.  —  recom/' 
sensed,  rccomj^nsing.  [Fr.  riconipenser, 
L.L.  reco-nipenMO — L.  re,  again,  and  cowi- 
penso,  compensatum,  to  compensate.  Com- 
pensate;.] To  give  or  render  an  equivalent 
to,  as  for  services,  loss,  &c.;  to  reward;  to 
requite";  to  compensate;  to  return  an  equi- 
valent for;  to  make  aimends  for  by  any- 
thing equivalent ;  to  make  compensation 
for. — n.  An  equivalent  returned  for  any- 
thing given,  done,  or  suffered;  compensa- 
tion ;  rew-ard ;  amends.  —  Recompenser, 
rek'om-pen-s6r,  n.   One  who  recompenses. 

Recompile,  rS-kom-pil',  v.t.  To  compile 
again  or  anew. — Recompilation,  r5-kom'- 
pi-la"8hon,  n.    A  compiling  anew. 

Reconcile,  rek'on-^il,  v.ti-reconciled,  recon- 
ciling, f Fr.  riconcilier,  from  L.  reccmdlio 
— re,  again,  and  concilio,  to  conciliate. 
Conciliate.;]  To  concUiate  anew;  to  re- 
store to  union  and  friendship  after  es- 
trangement; to  adjust  or  settle  (diifer- 
ences,  quarrels);  to  bring  to  acquiescence 
or  quiet  submission  (to  reconcile  ox\e*s  self 
to  afllictions);  to  make  consistent  or  con- 
gruous: followed  by  mith  or  to;  to  remove 
apparent  discrepancies  from;  to  harmon- 
ize.—v.t.  To  become  reconciled.  —  Reooa- 
cller,  rek'on-sil-6r,n.  One  who  reconciles.— 
Reconcilement,  rek'on-sil-ment,  n.  Reoon- 
ciliation;  renewal  of  friendship. — Recon- 
ciliation, rek'on-sil-i-5"shon,  n.  [L.  vecon- 
eUiatio.]  The  act  of  reconciling  parties  at 
variance;  renewal  of  friendship  after  dis- 
agreement or  enmity;  Scrip,  atonement; 
expiation;  the  act  of  harmonizing  or  mak- 
ing consistent;  agreement  of  things  seem- 
ingly opposite  or  inconsistent.  —  Rocoii- 
ciliatory,  rek-on-sil'i-a-to-ri,  a.  Able  or 
tending  to  reconcile.— Reconcilable,  rek- 
on-si'la-bl,  a.  Capable  of  bsing  again 
brought  to  friendly  feelings;  capable  of 
being  made  to  agree  or  be  consistent;  ca- 
pable of  being  harmonized.— Reconcilable- 
ness,  rek-on-si'la-bl-nes,  n.— Reconcilably, 
rek-on-si'la-bli,  adv. 

Recondense,  re-kon-dens',  v.t.  To  condense 
again.  —  Reconden^tion,  r5-kon'den-sa"- 
shon,  n.    The  act  of  recondensing. 


Recondite,  rek'on-dit  or  re-kbn'dit,  d.  [L. 
ree'onditus,  pp.  of  recoTtdo— re,  back,  and 
condo,  to  conceal  (as  in  abscond).]  Hid- 
den from  the  mental  perception;  abstruse; 
profound;  dealing  with  thuigs  abstruse. 
Reconduct,  re-kon-dukt',.  v.t  To  conduct 
back  or  again. 

Recocurm,  re-kon-f 6rm',  V.t "  To  confirm 
anew.  ,  .  \  ;. ': 

Reconnaissance,  re-kon'nSrSans,  n. .  [Fr. 
BEcoNuoiTas.]  The  act  or  operation  of 
reconnoitring;  preliminary  eyamination 
or  survey  of  a  territory  or  of  an  enemy's 
position,  for  the  purpose  of  directing  mili- 
tary operations.— i£«cowriaissance  in  force, 
a  demonstration  by  a  considerable  body 
of  men  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  the 
position  or  strength  of  an  enemy. 
Reconnoitre,  rek-on-noi'ter,  v.t— reconnoi- 
tred, reconnoitring.  [O.  Fr.  reconnoitre,  Fr. 
reconttattr^  from  L.  recognosco-^e,  again, 
and  cognosco.  The  elements  of  the  word 
are  same  as  in  recognize  (which  see).]  To 
make  a  preliminary  survey  of;  to  examine 
or  survey,  as  a  tract  or  region,  for  inilitary 
purposes.— «.  A  preliminaiy  survey:  a  re- 
connaissance. 

Reconquer,  rS-kongTs^r,  v.t  To  conquer 
again;  to  recover  by  conquest;  to  recover; 
to  regain.— Reconquest,  re-kongTiwest,  n. 
A  conquest  again  or  anew. 
Reconsecrate,  re-kon'se-kr5t,  v.t  To  con- 
secrate anew.— Reconsecratton,  re-kon's^ 
kra"8hon,  n.  A  renewed  consecration. 
Reconsider,  r6-kon-sid'6r,  v.t  To  consider 
again;  to  turn  over  in  the  mind  again;  to 
take  into  consideration  a  second  time, 
generally  with  the  view  of  rescinding. — 
Reconsideration,  r6'kon-aid-6r-a"shon,  n. 
The  act  of  reconsidering. 
Reconstruct,  r5-kon-.strukt',  v.t  To  con- 
struct again;  to  rebuild.— Reconstruction, 
re-kon-struk'shon,  n.  Act  of  constructing 
again.— Reconstructive,  r6-kon-struk'tiv, 
a.  Able  or  tending  to  reconstruct. 
Reconvene,  re-kon-ven',  v.t  To  convene  or 
call  together  again. — v.i.  To  assemble  or 
como  together  again. 

Reconvert,  re-kon-v6rt',  v.t  To  convert 
again.— Reconversion,  re-kon-vfir'shon,  n. 
A  second  or  renewed  conversion. 
Eeconvey,  r5-kon-va',  v.t  To  convey  ba^k 
or  to  its  former  place;  to  transfer  back  to 
a  former  owner.  —  Reconveyance,  re-kon- 
va'ans,  n.  The  act  of  reconveying;  the  act 
of  irajisf erring  back  to  a  former  proprietor. 
Record,  r5-kord',  v.t  [Fr.  recorder,  to.  get 
by  heart,  formerly  also  to  record,  from  L. 
recordor,  to  remember— re,  again,  and  cor, 
cordis,  the  heart  (whence  also  cordtaZ,  con- 
cord, discord,  courage,  &c.).J  To  preserve 
the  memory  of  by  written  or  other  charac- 
ters; to  register;  to  note;  to  write  down 
or  enter  for  the  purpose  of  preserving  evi- 
dence of;  to  imprint  deeply  on  the  mind 
or  memory;  to  attestj.—n.  (rek'ord).  Some- 
thing set  down  in  writing  for  the  purpose 
of  preserving  the  knowledge  of  it;  a  regis- 
ter; an  authentic  or  official  account  of  facts 
or  proceedings,  entered  in  a  book  for  pre- 
servation ;  the  Dook  or  document  contain- 
ing such;  a  public  document;  memory; 
remembrance;  testimony;  witness  (to  bear 
record);  the  known  facts  in  a  person's  life, 
especially  in  that  of  a  public  man;  one's 
personal  history.— /n  record,  tipon  record, 
set  down;  registered. — Court  of  record  (ri5- 
kord' ),  one  of  the  higher  courts  in  whi  ch  the 
records  of  the  suits  ere  preserved.— Recor- 
der, re-kor'der,n.  One  w^ho  records;  a  person 
whose  official  duty  i.^  to  register  writings 
or  transactions;  in  England,  the  chief  ju- 
dicial officer  of  a  borough  or  city,  exercis- 
ing within  it,  in  criminal  matters,  the 
jurisdiction  of  a  court  of  record  (whence 
his  title) ;  an  old  musical  instrument, 
somewhat  like  a  flageolet;  a  registering 
apparatus. ' —  Recordership,  r6-kor'd6r- 
ship,  A.  The  office  of  a  recorder.— Recor- 
diag,  r5-kor'ding,  p.  and  a.  Registering.— 
Recording  telegraph,  a  telegraph  provided 
with  an  apparatus  which  makes  a  record 
of  the  message  transmitted.  —  Record- 
office,  rek'ord,  n.  A  place  for  keeping  pub- 
lic records. 

Recount,  re-kount',  v.t  [Except  in  last 
sense  from  Fr.  reconter—^re,  and  conter,  to 
tell,  from  L.  computo,  to  compute.    Com- 


F&te,  far,  fat,  f^Il;     me,  met,  hto;    pine,  pin;     nste,  not,  mOTe;    tabe,  tub,  h^U:     oil,  pound;    tt,  Sc.  alnai«— the  Fr.  v. 


RECOUP 


565 


RED 


PUTE,  CoiiNT.J  To  relate  in  detail;  to  tell 
or  narrate  the  particulars  of;  ,to  rehearse; 
to  count  again. 

Recoup,  rC-kOp',  n.  [From  Fr.  recoupe, 
cloth  remaining  over  cutting  out  clothes, 
from  }•«,  back,  and  couper,  to  cut.]  Law, 
a  sum  kept  back;  a  deduction;  discount. — 
v.t.  Law,  to  keep  back  as  a  set-off  or  dis- 
count; hence,  refi.  to  indemnify  one's  self 
for  a  loss  or  damage  by  a  corresponding 
advantage.— Kecoupment,  re-kop'ment,  n. 
The  act  of  recouping. 

Recourse,  re-kors',  n.  [Fr.  recours,  from 
L.  recursus,  a  running  back,  a  return,  from 
recurro,  to  run  back — re,  back,  and  curro, 
to  run.  Course.]  A  going  to,  as  for  help 
or  protection;  a  recurrence  in  difficulty, 
perplexity,  need,  or  the  like. 

Recover,  re-kuv'er,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  recovrer  (Fr. 
recouvrer),  from  L.  recuperare,  to  recover; 
of  doubtful  origin.],^  To  regain;  to  get  or 
obtain  after  being  lost;  to  get  back;  to 
restore  from  sickness,  faintness,  or  the 
like;  to  revive;  to  cure;  to  heal;  to  retrieve; 
to  make  up  for;  to  rescue;  taw,  to  gain  as 
a  compensation;  to  obtain  in  return  for 
injury  or  debt;  to  obtain  title  to  by  judg- 
ment in  a  court  of  law.  —  v.i.  To  regain 
health  after  sickness;  to  grow  well  again; 
to  regain  a  former  state  or  condition,  as 
after  misfortune  or  disturbance  of  mind; 
to  succeed  in  a  lawsuit. — Recoverable,  rS- 
kuv'6r-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  regained 
or  recovered;  obtainable  from  a  debtor  or 
possessor.  —  Recoverableness,  re-kuv'6r-a- 
bl-nea,  n.  The  state  of  being  recoverable. 
— Recoverer,  r5-kuv'6r-6r,  n.  One  who  re- 
covers.—Recovery,  re-kuv'er-i,  n.  The  act 
or  power  of  regaining  or  getting  again ; 
restoration  from  sickness  or  faintness; 
restoration  from  low  condition  or  misfor- 
tune; law,  the  obtaining  of  right  to  some- 
thing by  a  verdict  and  judgment  of  court 
from  an  opposing  party  in  a  suit. 

Recreant,  rek're-ant,  a.  [O.Fr.  recreant, 
ppr.  of  recroire,  L.L.  recredere,  to  give  in, 
to  confess  defeat— L.  re,  again,  and  credo, 
to  believe.  Creed.]  Craven;  yielding  to 
an  enemy;  cowardly;  mean-spirited;  apos- 
tate; false.— 11.  One  who  basely  yields;  one 
who  begs  for  mercy;,  a  mean-spirited, 
cowardly  wretch.— Recreantly,  rek're-ant- 
li,  adv.  In  a  recreant  manner;  basely; 
falsely.— Recreancy,  rek're-an-si,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  recreant;  cowardice. 

Recreate,  rek'r6-at,  v.t.— recreated,  recreat- 
ing. [L.  recreo,  recreatum—re,  again,  and 
cj-eo,  to  create.  Create.]  To  revive  or  re- 
fresh after  toil  or  exertion;  to  reanimate, 
as  languid  spirits  or  exhausted  strength; 
to  amuse;  to  divert;  to  gratify.— v.i.  To 
take  recreation.— D.t.  (r5-kr5-at').  [Directly 
from  re  and  create.]  To  create  or  form 
anew.— Recreation,  rek-re-a'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  recreating  or  the  state  of  being 
recreated;  refreshment  of  the  strength  and 
spirits  after  toil;  amusement;  entertain- 
ment. —  Recreative,  rek're-a-tiv,  a.  Ten- 
ding to  recreate;  refreshing;  diverting.— 
Recreatively,  rek'r5-a-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a 
recreative  manner.— Recreativeilbss,  rek'- 
re-a-tiv-nes,  n. 

Recrement,  rek're-inent,  n.  [L.  recremen- 
turn,  from  recemo—re,  back,  and  cemo,  to 
separate.  Secret.]  Superfluous  matter 
separated  from  that  which  is  useful;  dross; 
scoria;  spume.— Recremental,  Recremen- 
titial,  Recrementitlous,  rek-r5-men'tal, 
rek're-men-tish"al,  rek're-men-tish"us,  a. 
Drossy;  consisting  of  superfluous  matter 
separated  from  that  which  is  valuable. 

Recriminate,  re-krim 'i-nat,  v.i. — recrimi- 
nated, recriminathig.  [L.  re,  again,  and 
criminor,  to  accuse.  Crime.]  To  return 
one  accusation  with  another;  to  charge 
an  accuser  with  the  like.  —  v.t.  To  accuse 
in  return.— Recrimination,  re-krim'i-na"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  recriminating;  the 
return  of  one  accusation  with  another; 
laiv,  an  accusation  brought  by  the  accused 
against  the  accuser  upon  the  same  fact;  a 
counter-accusation.  —  Recriminative,  Re- 
criminatory, re-krim '  i-na-tiv,  r5-krim'i- 
na-to-ri,  a.  Recriminating  or  retorting  ac- 
cusation.—ReiTlmlnator.re-krim'i-na-tfer, 
n.    One  who  recriminates.  ... 

Recross,  rG-kros',  v.t.    To  cross  again.  '  •  - 

ttecrudescent,  r6-kr8-des'ent,  a.    [L.  re^rii- 


deseo—r^,,  again,  an(^  frudeaeo,  to  become 
raw,  from  crudus,  rdw.  Crude.]  Grow- 
ing raw,  sore,  or  painful  again.— Recru- 
descence, Recrudescency,  rS-krd-des'ens, 
rS-kro-des'en-si,  n.  The  state  of  being  re- 
crudescent;  med.  increased  severity  of  a 
disease  after  temporary  remission. 

Recruit,  re-krot',  v.t.  [Fr.  recruter,  from 
recrute,  a  participial  noun  from  O.Fr.  re- 
croistre,  pp.  recrU,  from  L.  recresco—re, 
again,  and  cresco,  to  grow  (seen  in  crescent, 
increase,  &c.).  Crescent.]  To  repair  by 
fresh  supplies;  to  restore  the  wasted  vigour 
of;  to  renew  the  health,  spirits,  or  strength 
of ;  to  refresh ;  to  supply  witn  new  men ; 
to  make  up  by  enlistment  (to  recruit  an 
army).— v.i.  To  gain  new  supplies  of  any- 
thing wasted;  to  gain  flesh,  health,  spirits, 
&c.;  to  raise  new  soldiers. — n.  A  soldier 
newly  enlisted. — Recruiter,  re-krbt'*r,  n. 
Ona  who  recruits.— Recruiting-sergeant, 
n.  A  sergeant  deputed  to  enlist  recruits. 
—Recruitment,  re-krOt'ment,  n.  The  act 
of  recruiting. 

Recrystallize,  re-kris'tal-iz,  v.t.  To  crys- 
tallize a  second  time.— Recrystalllzation, 
re-kris'tal-i-za"shon,  n.  The  process  of  re- 
crystallizing. 

Rectal.    Under  Rectum, 

Rectangle,  rek'tang-gl,  n.  [L.  rectanguluB 
■^rectus,  right,  and  angulua,  an  angle.]  A 
right-angled  parallelogram;  a  quadrila- 
teral figure  having  all  its  angles  right 
angles. —  Rectangular,  rek-taug'ga-ler,  a. 
Kight  angled;  having  an  angle  or  angles 
of  ninety  degreos.  —Rectangularly,  rek- 
tang'ga-l(ir-li,  adv.  In  a  rectangular 
manper;  with  or  at  right  angles. 

Rectify,  rek'ti-fi,  v.t.— rectified,  rectifying. 
[Fr.  rectifier,  from  L.  rectus,  right,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  To  make  or  put  right; 
to  correct  when  wrong,  erroneous,  or  false; 
to  amend;  to  refine  by  repeated  distillation 
or  sublimation;  to  convert  (alcohol)  into 
gin,  &c.,  by  flavouring  specially.— Rectifl- 
able,  rek'ti-fi-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of.  being 
rectified  or  set  right.— Rectification,  rek'- 
ti-fl-ka"shdn,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of 
rectifying;  the  act  of  setting  right  that 
which  is  wrong ;  the  process  of  refining  or 
purifying  by  repeated  distillation.— Jifecii- 
Jication  of  a  globe,  the  adjustm^t  of  it 
preparatory  to  the  solution  of  a  proposed 
problem.- Rectifier,  rek'ti-fi-fer,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  rectifies;  one  who  refines 
by  repeated  distillations. 

Rectilinear,  Rectilineal,  rek-ti-lin'6-6r,  rek- 
ti-lin'e-al,  a.  [L.  rectus,  right,  and  linea, 
a  line.]  Bounded  by  straight  lines ;  con- 
sisting of  a  straight  line  or  of  straight 
lines;  straight.— Rectilinearity,  rek'ti- 
lin-5-ar"i-ti,  n.  State  of  being  rectilinear. 
— Rectllineally,  Rectilinearly,  rek-ti-Un'e- 
al-li,  rek-ti-lin'5-^r-li,  adv.  In  a  rectilinear 
manner;  in  a  right  line. 

Rection,t  rek'shon,  n.  [h.  rectio,rectionis, 
from  rego,  rectum,  to  rule  or  govern.) 
Gram,  same  as  Government.   ■■■•■. 

Rectirostral,  rek-ti-ros'tral,  a. '  [L.  rectus, 
straight,  and  rostrum,  a  beak.]  Having 
a  straight  beak. 

Rectiserial,  rek-ti-s5'ri-al,  a.  [L.  rectus, 
straight,  and  series,  a  row.]  Disposed  in 
a  straight  line  or  row. 

Rectitude,  rek'ti-tud,  n.  [L.  rectitude,  from 
rectus,  pp.  of  rego,  rectum,,  to  keep  or  lead 
straight.  Regent.]  Rightness  of  principle 
or  practice ;  uprightness ;  integrity;  hon- 
esty; probity;  correctness.  • 

Rector,  rek't<ir,  n.  [L.  rector,  a  ruler,  from 
rego,  rectum,  to  rule,  to  keep  right.  Rec- 
titude. ]  A  clergyman  of  the  English 
Church  who  has  the  charge  of  a  parish, 
and  to  whom  belong  the  parsonage  and 
tithes ;  the  head  of  Exeter  and  Lincoln 
colleges,  Oxford ;  the  chief  elective  officer 
of  some  universities,  as  in  France  and 
Scotland;  in  Scotland  also  the  title  of  the 
head-master  of  an  academy  or  important 
public  -schooLT-Rectoral,  Rectorial,  rek'- 
t6r-al,  rek-to'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  rec- 
tor or  to  a  rectory. — Rectorial  tithes,  great 
or  predial  tithes.  —  Rectorship,  rek'ter- 
ship,  n.  The  office  or  rank  of  a  rector. — 
Rectory,  rek'to-ri,  n.  A  parish  church  or 
pajriah  held  by  a  rector;  a  rector's  man- 
sion or  parsonage-house. 

Rectrlx,  rek'triks,  n.   pi.  Retrlces,  rek-tri'- 


85?.  [L.  vectrix,  a  female  governor.  Kec- 
TOR.]  One  of  the  long  quill  f eathers.in  tne 
tail  of  a  bird,  which  hke  a  rudder  direct 
its  flight.  • 

Rectum,  rek'tum,  n.  [L.  rectum,  straight, 
because  once  thought  to  be  straight.] 
Anat.  the  third  and  last  part  of  the  large 
intestine  opening  at  the  anus.— Rectal, 
rek'tal,  a.    Relating  to  the  rectum. 

Recttltivate,  re-kul'ti-vat,  v.t.  To  cultivata 
anew.  —  Recultivation,  re-kul'ti-va"8hon, 
n.    The  act  of  cultivating  anew. 

Recumbent,  re-kum'bent,  a.  [L.  recumbenn^ 
recumbentis,  ppr.  of  recumho — re,  back,  and 
cv.mho,  to  lie.  Incumbent.]  Leaning ;  re- 
clining; lying  down;  reposing;  inactivr: ; 
zool.  and  hot.  applied  to  a  part  that  lean;; 
or  reposes  upon  anything.— Recumbency, 
Recumbence,  re-kum'ben-si,  re-kum'ben.i, 
n.  The  state  of  being  recumbent;  the 
posture  of  reclining,  or  lying;  rest;  re- 
pose; idle  state.— Recumbently,  re-kum  ■ 
bent-li,  adv.    In  a  recumbent  posture. 

Recuperate,  r5-ka'p6r-at,  v.t.— recuperated, 
recuperating.  [L.  recupero,  recuperatufii. 
Recover.]  To  recover;  to  regain.— w.i.  To 
recover;  to  regain  health.— Recuperation, 
r6-kli'p6r-a"8hon,  n.  [h.  recuperatio.]  Re- 
covery.—Recuperative,  Recuperatory,  re- 
k<l'p6r-a,-tiv,  re-ka'p6r-a-to-ri,  a.  Tendinj 
to  recovery;  pertaining  to  recovery. 

Recur,  re-k6r',  v.i. — recurred,  recurring.  [L. 
recurro— re,  and  curro,  to  run.  Current.] 
To  return;  to  return  to  the  thought  or 
mind;  to  have  recourse ;  to  turn  for  aidj 
to  occur  again  or  be  repeated  at  a  stated 
interval  -,  or  according  to  some  regular  rule. 
— Recurrence,  Recurrency,  r5-k6r'ens,  re- 
kfir'en-si,  n.  The  act  of  recurring,  or  state 
of  being  recurrent;  return;  resort;  re- 
course-Recurrent, re-ker'ent,  a.  Retur- 
ning from  time  to  time;  turned  back  in  its 
course.— Recurring,  re-k6r'ing,  a.  Retur- 
ning a,g&\n.— Recurring  or  circulating  deci- 
mals.   Circulating. 

Recurvate,  Recurved,  re-kfir'vat,  rS-kfervd', 
a.  [L.  re,  back,  and  curvus,  bent.]  JBot. 
bent,  bowed,  or  curved  backward  or  out- 
ward (a  recun'(>te  leaf,  &c.).  —  Recur- 
vation, Recurvature,  rg-kfer-va'shon,  re- 
kfer'va-tQr,  n.  A  bending  or  flexure  back- 
ward. —  Recurve,  iS-kirv',  v.t— recurved, 
recurving.  To  bend  back.— Recurvlrostral, 
re-k6r'vi-ros"tral,  a.  [L.  rostrum,  a  beak.J 
Omith.  having  the  beak  recurved  or  bent 
■upwards,  as  an  avoset.  —  Recurvity,  r<i- 
k6r'vi-ti,  n.  Recurvation. —Recurvoua, 
r6-k6r'vus,  a.  Bent  backward. 

Recusant,  rek'tt-zant,  a.  [Fr.  rdcusant,  L. 
recusans,  recusantis,  ppr.  of  recuso,  to  re- 
fuse, to  reject— re,  back,  and  causa,  cause.] 
Obstinate  in  refusal ;  refusing  to  acknow- 
ledge the  supremacy  of  a  sovereign,  or 
to  conform  to  the  established  rites  of  a 
church. — n.  One  obstinate  in  refusing; 
one  who  will  not  conform  to  general  opin- 
ion or  practice ;  specifically — Eng.  hist,  a 
nonconformist.— Recusancy,  rek'a-zan-si, 
n.  The  state  of  being  a  recusant;  the 
tenets  of  a  recusant ;  nonconformity. 

Red,  red,  a.  [A.  Sax.  redd,  red ;  cog.  Dan. 
and  Sw.  rod,  Icel.  rauthr  (raudr),  D.  rood, 
a.  roth,  Goth,  rauds;  same  root  as  in  L. 
fufus,  ruber,  Gr.  erylhros,  W.  rhwdd,  Ir. 
and  Gael,  ruadh,  red;  Skr.  rudhira,  blood. 
Akin  are  ruddy,  russet,  ruby,  rubric,  &c.] 
Of  a  bright  warm  colour  resembling  blood; 
a  general  term  applied  to  many  different 
"hades  or  hues,  as  crimson,  scarlet,  ver- 
milion, &c.;  often  used  in  forming  com- 
pound words  which  are  self-explapatory 

?  {red-backed,  red-breasted,  red-cheeked,  &c.). 
—  Red  admiral,  a,  beautiful  species  of 
British  butterfly. — Red  cedar,  a  species  of 
Korth  American  and  West  Indian  juni- 
per, of  which  the  heart-wood  is  in  much 
request  for  the  outsides  of  black-lead 
pencils. — Red  chalk.  Reddle. — Red  cross, 
the  rectangular  cross  of  St.  George,  the 
national  saint  of  England.— Ued  deer,  the 
common  stag,  a  native  of  the  forests  of 
Europe  and  Asia;  still  plentiful  in  the 
Highlands  of  Scotland.  —  Red  gum,  an 
eruptive  skin  disease  to  which  infants  are 
subject. — Red  herring,  the  common  her- 
ring highly  salted,  dried,  and  smoked,  so 
as  to  keep  for  a  long  time. — Red  Indian, 
or  Red  man,  one  of  the  copper-coloured 


ch,  cftain;     c/t,  Sc,  locA;     g.  coi     j.yob; ,  n,  Fr.  tow;     ng,  sinir^    sh,  iAen;  th,  ttin;     w,  wig;     wh,  wAigj^    i^,  ajure»> 


REDACT 


566 


EEDUCB 


aborigines  of  America.— iRed  ochre,  a  name 
common  to  a  variety  of  pigments. — Bed 
orpiment.  RzAhaKk. — Red  pine,  a  species 
of  .pine,  the  Scotch  or  Norway  Pine.— Red 
rerw6iican,  an  extreme  republican,  so 
called  because  in  the  first  French  revolu- 
tion the  extreme  republicans  were  in  the 
habit  of  wearing  a  red  cap:  often  con- 
tracted into  red  (he  is  one  of  the  reds). — 
Red  snow.  Pbotococcus. — n.  A  red  colour^ 
a  colour  resembling  that  of  arterial  blood; 
one  of  the  simple  or  primary  colours;  a  red 
pigment;  a  red  republican.— Red-booli,  n. 
A  book  containing  the  names  of  all  the 
persons  in  the  service  of  the  state. — jSed- 
Dreast,  red'brest,  ,n. .  A  singing-bird  so 
called  from  the  colour  of  its  breast,  also 
known  as  the  Robin-redbreast,  or  simply 
as  the  Robin.  —  Redcoat,  red'kot,  n.  A 
familiar  name  given  to  a  soldier,  because 
in  most  British  regiments  red  coats  are 
worn. — Ked-cross,  a.  Weaiing  or  bearing 
the  cross  of  St.  George,  the  national  em- 
blem of  England  (a  red-cross  knight). 
—  Eed-deer,  n.  See  above.  —  Kedden, 
.red'n,  v.t.  To  make  red.— i».i.  To  grow  or 
hecome  red.— Keddish,  red'ish,  o.  Some- 
what red ;  moderately  red.— KeddishneBS, 
red'ish-nes,  n. '  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  reddish.— Ked-hand,  Red-nanded,  a. 
With  red  or  bloody  hands ;  hence,  in  the 
very  act,  as  if  with  red  or  bloody  hands: 
said  of  a  person  caught  in  the  perpe- 
tration of  any  crime. — Red-hot,  a.  Bed 
with  hea^;  heated  to  redness. — Red-lattice, 
n.  A  lattice-window  painted  red,  formerly 
the  customary  badge  of  an  inn  or  ale- 
house. —  Red-lattice  phrases,  pot-house 
talk. — Red-lead,  n.  An  oxide  of  lead  much 
used  as  a  pigment,  and  commonly  known 
by  the  name  of  Minitun. — Red-letter,  a. 
Having  red  letters;  marked  by  red  letters. 
— Red-letter  day,  a  fortunate  or  auspicious 
day,  so  called  because  the  holidays  or- 
saints'  days  were  marked  in  the  old  calen- 
dars with  red  letters.— Redly,  red'li,  adv. 
With,rednes3. — Redness,  red'nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  red;  red  colour.— Red- 
pola,  Red-poU,  red'pSl,  n.  [From  the  red 
colour  on  the  poll  or  head.]  A  name  given 
to  several  species  of  linnets.- Redshank, 
red'shangk,  n.  A  grallatorial  bird  allied 
to  the  smpes,  so  called  from  its  red  legs. — 
Red-skin,,  n.  A  red  Indian;  a  North 
American  Indian.  —  Redstart,  Redtail, 
red'sfart,  red'tal,  n.  [Start  is  from  A.Sax. 
steort,  a  tail.]  A  singing-bird  nearly  allied 
to  the  redbreast,  widely  diffused  over 
Europe,  Asia,  and  North  Africa. — Red- 
streak,  red'strek,  n.  A  sort  of  apple  so 
called  from  its  red  streaked  skin. — Red- 
tape,  n.  A  sarcastic  name  for  excessive 
regard  to  formality  and  routine  without 
corresponding  attention  to  essential  du- 
ties :  so  named  from  the  ted  tape  used  in 
tying  up  papers  in  government  offices. — 
Red-tapery^  Red-tapism,  n.  Excessive 
official  routine;  strict  and  pedantic  ad- 
herence to  official  formalities.  —  Redr 
tapist,  n.  A  person  who  adheres  pedan- 
tically to  the  forms  and  routine  of  office. 
— Red-water,  n..  A  disease  of  cattle,  and 
occasionally  of  "sheep,  in  which  the  urine 
becomes  reddened  with  blood:  called  also 
Hmraaiuria.  —  Redwing,  red'wing,  n.  A 
species  of  thrush  well  known  in  Britain 
as  a  winter  bird  of  passage.  —  Red-wood, 
n.  The  name  of  various  sorts  of  wood  of 
a  red  colour;  an  Indian  dye-wood  and  a 
coniferous  tree  of  California. 
Redact,  re-dakt',  v.t.  [L.  redigo,  redactum, 
to  reduce  to  order — re,  again,  and  apo,  to 
bring.]  To  give  a  presentable  literaiy  form 
to ;  to  act  as  redactor  or  editor  of. — Re- 
dactenr.  Redactor,  re-dak't6r,  n.  [Fr. 
redacieur.]  One  who  redacts;  an  editor. 
—Redaction,  r6-dak'shon,  n.  [Fr.j  The 
act  of  preparing  for  publication;  the  work 
thus  prepared;  the  members  of  an  editorial 
staff. 

Redan,  r5-dan',  n.  [Tr.  redan,  O.Pr.  redent, 
from  re,  back,  and  dent,  L.  dens,  dentis,  a 
tooth :  from  its  shape.] '  Field  fort,  the 
simplest  kind  of  work  employed,  consis- 
ting of  two  parapets  of  earth  raised  so  as 
to  form  a  salient  angle,  with  the  apex 
towards  the  enemy. 
Redargue,  red'ar-gQ,  v.t.  [L;  redargw),  to 


refute— redt,  re,  back,  and  argiiv,  to  argue.] 
To  put  down  by  argument;  to  refute. 
Redd,  red,  n.    A  place  where  fish  deposit 
.  their  spawn. 

Reddition,  red-dish 'on,  n.  [L.  redditiOf 
reddiiionis,  from  reddo,  to  give  hack— red, 
back,  and  do,  to  give.]  A  returning  or 
giving  back  of  anything;  restitution;  ex- 
planation.— Redditive,  red'i-tiv,  o.  Gram. 
answering  to  an  interrogative;  conveying 
a  reply. 

Reddle,  red'l,  n.  [From  red;  comp.  G. 
rothel,  from  rpthi  red.]  Red.  chalk;  a 
species  of  argillalceous  ironstone  ore  used 
as  a  pigment  and  to  mark  sheep.  Spelled 
also  Raddle,  RvMdle. 

Rede,  red,  v.t.    [A.  Sax.  raedan,  to  advise, 
to  read.]    To  advise;  to  interpret. 
Redecorate,  r6-dek'o-rat,  v.t.    To  decorate 
or  adorn  again. 

Eededicate,  re  ded'i-kat,  v.t.  To  dedicate 
again  or  anew. 

Redeem,  re-d6m',  v.t.  [Fr,  redimer,  L. 
redimo,  to  buy  back,  to  ransom— red,  re, 
back,  and  emo,  to  obtain  or  purchase.  Ex- 
ample, Exempt.]  To  buy  back;  to  release 
from  captivity,  or  bondage,  or  from  any 
obligation  or  liability  to  suffer  or  be  for- 
feited, by  paying  an  equivalent;  to  pay 
ransom  or  equivalent  for;'  to  ransom;  to 
rescue;  to  perform,  as  a  promise;  to  make 
good  by  performance;  to  niake  amends  for; 
to  atone  for;  to  improve  or  employ  to  the 
best  advantage  {'redeeming  the  time'). — 
Redeemability,^deemablenes8,re-de'ma- 
bir'i-Xi,  rS-d5'ma-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  redeemable.  —  Redeemable,  re-de'- 
ma-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  redeepied. — 
Redeemer,  re-de'mer,  n.  One  who  redeems 
or  ransoms ;  the  Saviour  of  the  world, 
Jescs  Christ.- Redemption,  r5-dem'shon, 
n.  fL.  redemptio:  a  doublet  of  ransom.\ 
The  act  of  redeeming ;  the  state  of  being 
redeemed  j  ransom;  theoV.  the  deliverance 
of  sinners  from  the  penalty  of'  God's  vio- 
lated law  by  the  sufFeriijgs  and  death  of 
Christ.— Redemptive,  re-dem'tiVi  a.  Be- 
deeming ;  serving  to  redeem.  —  Redemp- 
torist,  re-dem'tor-ist,  n.  One  of  a  religious 
congregation  who  devote  themselves  to 
the  education  of  youth  and  the  spread  of 
Catholicism. — Redemptory,  re-dem'to-ri, 
a.    Paid  for  ransom. 

Bedeliberate,  re-d6-lib'er-at,  v.i.  and  t.    To 
deliberate  again;  to  reconsider. 
Redeliver,  re-de-Uv'fer,  v.t.  To  deliver  back: 
to  return  to  the  sender;  to  liberate  a  second 
time.— Redeliverance,  re-de-liv'6r-ans,  n. 
A  second  deliverance. 
Redemand,  r5-de-mand',  v.t.    To  demand 
back;  to  demand  again. 
Redemise,  re-de-miz',  v.t.    To  demise  back; 
to  convey  or  transfer  back,  as  an  estate. — 
m.  Beconveyance  of  an  estate. 
Redemonstrate,  rs-ds-mon'strat,  v.t.     To 
demonstrate  again  or  afresh. 
Redemption.    Under  Bedeeu. 
Redented,  rg-den'ted,  a.    [L.  re,  back,  and 
dens,  a  tooth.]    Formed  like  the  teeth  of 
a  saw;  indented. 

Redeposit,  re-ds-poz'it,  v.t.    To  deposit 
again  or  anew. 
Radescend,  r5-d5-send',  v.i.    To  descend 
again. — Redescent,  re-de-sent',  n.    A  de- 
scending or  falling  again, 
i  Redigest,  re-di-jest',v.«.  To  digest  or  reduce 
to  form  a  second  time. 
Redintegrate,  r6-dih't6-grat,  v.t.—redinte- 
grated,  redintegrating.  [L.  red,  again,  and 
integer,  whole.   Entire.]    To  make  whole 
again ;  to  restore  to  a  perfect  state. — Re- 
dintegration, re-din'te-gr5,"shon,  n.    The 
act  of  redintegrating;  lenovation;  restor- 
ation to  a  whole  or  sound  state. 
Redisbnrse,  re-dis-b^rs',  v.t.    To  repay  or 
refund. 

Rediscover,  rfi-dis-kuv'Sr,  v.t.  To  discover 
again  or  airesh. 

Redispose,  re-di8-x>Sz',  v.i.  To  dispose  or 
adjust  again. 

RedlBtribute,  re-dis-trib'Ot,  v.t.  To  dis- 
tribute again;  to  apportion  afresh.— Re- 
dlstribation,  r6-dis'tn-ba"8hon;  n.  A  sec- 
ond or  new  distribution. 
Redivide,  re-di-vid',  v.t.  To  divide  again. 
Redolent,  red'6-lent,  a.  [li.  redolens,  redxh 
lentis,  ppr.  of  redoleo,  to  emit  a  scent— red, 
back,  and  oleo,  to  smeU.    Onona.]    Hav- 


ing or  diffusing  a  sweet  scent;  giving  o\it 
an  odour;  odorous;  fragrant:  often  with  o/. 
— Redolently,  red'o-lent-li,  adv.  In  a 
redolent  manner;  fragrantly.— Redolence, 
Redolency,  red '5- lens,  red'o-len-si,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  redolent;  fragrance. 

Redondilla,  red-on-del'ya,  n.  [Sp.J  A  spe- 
cies of  versification  in  Spanish  poetry. 

Redouble,  re-dubl,  v.t.  [Prefix  re,  and 
double.]  To  multiply;  to  repeat  often;  to 
increase  by  repeated  or  continued  addi- 
tions.— v.i.  To  become  twice  as  muchf  to 
become  greatly  or  repeatedly  increased. 

Redoubt,  r6-dout',.n.    Bedout. 

Redoubtable,  re-dout'a-bl,  a.  [O.Fr.  re- 
doubtable, from  redovbter,  to  fear — L.  j-e, 
again,  and  dubito,  to  doubt.  Doubt.] 
Fo'rmidable;  to  be  dreaded;  terrible  to 
foes;  hence,  valiant:  often  used  in  irony. 
—Redoubted,  rS-dout'ed,  p.  and  a.  Be- 
doubtable;  formidable;  valiant. 

Redound,  re-dound',  v.i.  [Fr.  redo^ider,  L. 
redundo,  to  overflow — red,  back,  and  undo, 
to  surge,  from  tinda,  a  wave  (seen  also  in 
undulate,  redundant,  abound).]  To  roll  or 
flow  back,  as  a  wave;  to  conduce;  to  con- 
tribute; to  result  (this  will  redound  to 
your  benefit).— n.  The  coming  back,  as  a 
consequence  or  effect;  result. 

.Redout,  Redoubt,  re-dout',  n.  [Fr.  redoute, 
reduif,  from  L.L.  reductus,  a  retired  spot, 
from  Ij.  reductxis,  retired  —  re,  back,  and 
duco,  to  leaji.  Uuke.I  Fort,  a  general 
name  for  nearly  every  class  of  works  wholly 
inclosed  and  undefended  by  re-entering  or 
flanking  angles;  a  small  inclosed  tempos 
rary  field-work. 

Redraft,  re-draft',  v.t.  To  draw  or  draft 
Sinew. — n.  A  second  draft  or  copy;  a  second 
draft  or  order  drawn  for  money. 

Redraw,  re-dra',  v.t.  To  draw  again,  as  a 
second  draft  or  copy.— ».i.  Com.  to  draw  a 
new  bill  of  exchange. 

Redress,  r6-dres',  v.t.  [Fr.  redresser,  to 
straighten  again,  to  put  right.  Dress.] 
To  remedy  or  put  right,  as  a  wrong;  to  re- 
pair, as  an  injury;  to  relieve  of  anything 
imjust  or  opprsssive;  to  compensate;  to 
maike  amends  to.-^-n.  Deliverance  from 
.wrong,  injury,  or  oppression;  undoing  of 
wrong;  reparation;  indemnification.— Re- 
dresser, rS-dres'er,  n'.  One  who  gives  re- 
dress. —  Redressible,  re-dr-esl-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  redressed.— Redresaive,  re- 
dres'iv,  a.  Affording  redress;  giviug  re- 
lief.—Redressless,  r6-dres'les,  a.  Without 
redress  or  amendment;  without  relief. 

Reduce,  re-dQs',  v.t.  —  reduced,  reducing. 
[L.  reduco — re,  back,  and  duco,  to  lead. 
Du^e.]  Ta bring  to  any  state  or  condition, 
good  or  bad ;  to  bring  (to  power,  to  pov- 
erty, to  order,  &c.);  to  diminish  in  size, 
quantity,  or  value;  to  make  less  or  lower; 
to  bring  to  an  inferior  condition;  to  sub- 
due; to  bring  into  subjection;  to  bring 
under  rules  or  within  certain  limits  of 
description;  to  bring  from  a  form  less  fit 
to  one  more  fit  for  operation;,  arith.  to 
change  from  one  denomination  into  an- 
other without  altering  the  value ;  alg.  to 
bring  to  the  simplest  form  with  the  un- 
known quantity  by  itself  on  one  side,  and 
all  the  known  quantities  on  the  other 
side;  metal,  to  separate,  as  a  pure  metal 

■  from  a  metallic  ore;  surg.  to  restore  to  its 
proper  place  or  state,  as  a  dislocated  or 
fractured  bone;— To  reduce  a  design,  to 
make  a  copy  of  it  smaller  than  the  origi- 
nal.— To  reduce  to  the  ranks,  to  degrade 
for  misconduct  to  the  position  of  a  private 
soldier. — Reducent,  re-dQ'sent,  a.  [L.  re- 
ducens.]  Tending  to  reduce.  —  n.  That 
which  reduces.  —  Reducer,  re-du's6r,  n. 
One  that  reduces.— Reducible,  rc-da'si-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  reduced;  convertible. 
— Reducibleness,  re-du'si-bl-nes,  n.— Redu- 
cibly,  re-dti'si-bli,  a'dv.  —  Reduction,  re- 
duk'shon,n.  [L.  reductio.]  The  act  of  re- 
ducing ;  conversion  into  another  state  br 
form;  diminution;  conquest;  subjugation; 
arith.  the  bringing  of  numbers  of  one  de- 
nomination into  another;  the  arithmetical 
rule  by  which  this  is  done;  alg.  the  .pro- 
cess or  bringing  equations  to  their  sim- 
plest forms  with  the  unknown  quantity 
alone  on  one  side,  and  the  known  ones  on 
the  otherj  the  act  of  making  a  copy  of  a 
map,  design,  &c.,  on  a  smaller  scale,  pre- 


J'ftte.iar,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  b^r;     pine,  pin;     not«,  not,  miive;     tube,  tub,  b\|Ui     oil,  pound}     U,  6c.  abtme— tbe  Fr.  «, 


HEDUCTIO 


567 


REFINK 


Borving  the  proper  proportions;  anrg.  the 
operation  of  restoring  a  dislocated  or  frac- 
tured bone  to  its  former  place;  metal,  the 
opuration  of  obtaining  pui'e  metals  from 
metallic  ores. —  Reductive,  rc-duk'tiv,  a. 
Having  the  power  of  reducing;  tending  to 
reduce. 

Reductio  ad  absurdam,  r5-duk'shi-o  ad  ab- 
s(?r'dum,n.  [L.]  A  reduction  to  Mn  absur- 
dity, a  species  of  argument  which  proves 
not  the  thing  asserted,  but  the  atsurditv 
of  everything  which  contradicts  it. 

Reduit,  red-w6,  n.    [Fr.J    A  redoubt. 

Redundant,  rS-dun'dant,  a.  I L.  redundans, 
redmdantis,  ppr.  of  redvndo.  Kedound.J 
Superfluous;  exceeding  what  is  natural  or 
necessary;  superabundant;  using  more 
words  than  are  necessary.— Redundance, 
Redundancy,  re-dun'dans,  re-dun'dan-8i,n. 
Tiie  quality  of  being  redundant ;  super- 
fluity; superabundance;  that  which  is  re- 
dundant or  huperfluous.—Redundantly,re- 
dundant-li,  adv.    In  a  redundant  manner. 

Reduplicate,  r5-du'pli-kat,  v.t.  —  redupli- 
cated, reduplicating.  (L.  reduplico,  redu- 
plicutum—re,  and  duplico,  to  double.  Du- 
plicate.] To  double  again;  to  multiply; 
to  repeat;  philol.  to  repeat,  as  the  initial 
syllaljle  or  the  root  of  a  word,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  marking  past  time. — v.i.  Philol. 
to  be  doubled  or  repeated;  to  undergo  re- 
duplication.— a.  Redoubled;  repeated;  bot. 
applied  to  a  form  of  aestivation  in  whicfi 
the  edgesof  the  sepals  or  petals  are  turned 
outwards.  —  Reduplication,  re-du'pli-ka"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  doubling  or  redupli- 
cating ;  philol.  the  repetition  of  a  root  or 
of  the  initial  syllable  (more  or  less  modi- 
fied), as  in  Gr.  pheugd,  to  flee,  perfect  pe- 
pheuga;  did,  the  reduplicated  past  of  do; 
the  new  syllable  formed  by  reduplication. 

Ree,  re,  n.  [From  Pg.  rei8,  pi.  of  real. 
MiLREis.]  A  small  Portuguese  denomi- 
nation of  money  about  one -fifth  of  an 
Englisli  farthmg.    Spelled  also  Rei. 

Re-echo,  re-ek'o,  v.t.  and  t.  To  echo  back; 
to  reverberate  again.— n.  The  echo  of  an 
echo;  a  second  or  repeated  echo. 

Reechy,  rech'i,  a.  [A  form  of  reeky,  from 
rcefr.J    Smoky;  sooty;  foul.    [Shak.] 

Reed,red,ii.  lO.E.rede,A.fia.x.hre6d=-0.SsiX. 
ried,  D.  riet, ried, O.H.G.  ;»!o/,Mod.G.  riet, 
ried;  also  Ir.  readan,  Gael,  ribhid,  a  reed.] 
A  name  applied  to  tall  broad-leaved  grasses 
growing  in  marshy  places,  or  to  their  hol- 
low stems;  a  musical  instrument  made 
from  a  reed;  a  rustic  or  pastoral  pipe;  a 
little  tube  through  whrch  a  hautboy,  bas- 
soon, or  clarinet  is  blown;  one  of  the  thin 
plates  of  metal  whose  vibrations  produce 
the  notes  of  an  accordion,  harmonium, 
&c.;  weaving,  a  frame  of  parallel  flat  strips 
of  wood  or  metal  for  separating  the  threads 
of  the  warp,  and  for  beating  the  weft  up 
to  the  web.— Reed-bird.  R  ice-bi  rd.— Reed- 
bunting,  Reed-sparrow,  n.  One  of  the 
British  buntings,  a  bird  that  frequents 
reeds,  fens,  &c. — Reeded,  red'ed,  a.  Cov- 
ered with  reeds;  abounding  in  reeds. — 
Reedeu,  red'n,  a.  Consisting  of  a  reed  or 
reeds;  made  of  reeds.— Reed-grass,  n.  A 
name  given  to  vaviDus  large  grasses. — 
Reed-mace,  n.  A  British  plant,  tall,  stout, 
and  erect,  with  leaves  used  for  making 
mats,  &c. — Reed-pipe,  n.  A  musical  pipe 
inade  of  reed;  a  pipe  in  an  organ  sounding 
by  means  of  a  reed.  —  Reedy,  red'i,  a. 
Abounding  with  reeds;  resembling  a  reed; 
aiiplied  to  a  voice  or  musical  instrument 
having  a  thin,  harsh  tone. 

Xeef,  rOf,  n.  [Sanle  as  U.  ri/,  a  reef;  Icel. 
rif,  Dan.  rev,  riv,  Sw.  rev,  G.  riff,  reef;  from 
root  of  rive.]  A  mass  of  rocks  in  the  ocean 
lying  at  or  near  the  surface  of  the  water; 
among  gold  miners,  a  gold-beaiMng  quartz 
Vfin.— Reefy,  ref'i.a.  Full  of  reefs  or  rocks. 

Reef,  ref,  n.  [From  D.  reef,  a  reef;  L.G. 
reff,  riff,  Icel.  rif,  Dan.  rev,  reb,  Sw.  ref, 
reef;  akin  A.  Sax.  redf,  a  garment.  Robe.] 
Naut.  that  part  of  a  sail  which  can  be 
drawn  together  by  small  cords,  so  as  to 
contract  the  canvas  in  proportion  to  the 
increase  of  the  wind.— v.t.  Naut.  to  take 
in  a  reef  or  reefs  in;  to  reduce  the  extent 
of  a  sail  by  folding  a  certain  portion  of  it 
and  making  it  fast  to  the  yard.  —  Reef- 
band,  n.  A  strong  horizontal  strip  of  can- 
vas extending  across;  a  sail' to  strengthen 


it  where  the  eyelet-holes  are  formed  for 
the  reef-points.  —  Reefer,  refer,  n.  One 
who  reefs;  a  reefing -jacket. — Reeftng- 
jacket,  n.  A  close-fitting  jacket  of  strong 
cloth.  —  Reef-point,  n.  One  of  the  small 
pieces  of  line  for  tying  up  a  sail  to  the 
yard  when  reefing  it. 

Reek,  rek,  n.  (A.  Sax.  ric,  smoke,  vapour; 
cog.  O.Fris.  rck,  Icel.  reykr,  M.  and  L.G. 
rook,  Dan.  viig,  Sw.  rok,  G.  ranch,  Lith. 
ruiis, smoke.]  Vapour;  steam; exhalation; 
fume;  smoke.- t».i.  To  smoke;  to  steam; 
to  exhale;  to  emit  vapour.— Reeky,  rek'i, 
a.    Giving  out  reek  or  fumes.    \iihak.\ 

Reel,  rel,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hreol,  reol,  a  reel; 
icel.  hrcell,  a  weaver's  rod  or  sley.j  A  rol- 
ler or  .bobbin  of  wood,  &c.,  for  thread  used 
in  sewing;  a  machine  on  which  yarn  is 
wound  to  form  it  into  hanks,  skeins,  Ac; 
a  revolving  frame  on  which  the  log-line  is 
wound ;  a  revolving  appliance  attached  to 
the  butt  of  a  fishing-rod,  and  around  which 
the  line  ia  wound.— u.t.  To  wind  upon  a 
reel.— Reel-stand,  n.  A  holder  for  reels  for 
ladies'  use. 

Reel,  rd,  n.  [Gael,  it'ff/it?,  a  reel.]  A  lively 
dance  peculiar  to  Scotland;  the  music  for 
this  dance,  generally  written  in  common 
time  of  four  crotchets  in  a  bar,  but  some- 
times in  jig  time  of  six  quavers.— u.i.  To 
perform  the  dance  called  a  real. 

Reel,  rel,  v.i.  [O.E.  reile,  rele,  to. roll,  to 
reel;  perhaps  from  reel,  the  implement.] 
To  stagger  or  sway  in  walking  ;  to  whirl ; 
to  have  a  whirling  or  giddy  sensation  (my 
brain  reeled). — n.  A  staggering  motion,  as 
that  of  a  drunk  man. 

Re-elect,  re-e-lekt',  v.t.  To  elect  again.— 
Re-election,  re-e-lek'shon,  n.  Election  a 
second  time",  or  repeated  election. 

Reem,  r6m,w.f.  [A.  Sax.  r j/man,  to  enlarge, 
from  riim,  room.  Room.]  JVatU.  to  widen 
the  seams  between  a  vessel's  planks  for 
the  purpose  of  caulking  them.. 

Re-embark,  re-em-bark',  v.t.  and  i.  To  em- 
bark or  put  on  board  again.  —  Re-embar- 
kation, rC-em  bar-ka"8hon,  si.  A  putting 
on  board  or  a  going  on  board  again. 

Re-embody,  re-em-bod'i,  v.t.  To  embody 
again. 

Re-emerge,  re-6-merj',  v.i.  To  emerge  after 
being  plunged,  obscured,  or  overwhelmed. 
—Re-emergence,  re-e-mfer'jens,  n.  The  act 
of  emerging  again. 

Re-enact,  re-e-nakt',  v.t.  To  enact  again. — 
Re-enactment,  re-e-nakt'meut,n.  The  en- 
acting or  passing  of  a  law  a  second  time. 

Re-encourage,  re-en-kur'aj,  v.t.  To  encour- 
age again.— Re-encouragement,  re-en-kur'- 
aj-ment,  n.  Renewed  or  repeated  en- 
couragement. 

Re-enforce,  re-en-f  ors',  v.t.  To  enforce  anew; 
to  reinforce. 

Re-engage,  re-en-gai',  v.t.  and  i.  To  engage 
a  second  time.  —  Ke-engagement,  re-en- 
gaj'ment,  n.    Renewed  engagement. 

Re-enlist,  re-en-list',  v.t.  and  i.  To  enlist  a 
second  time.  —  Re-enlistment,  re-en-list'- 
ment,  n.    The  act  of  re-enlisting. 

Re-enter,  re-en'tfer,  v.t.  To  enter  again  or 
anew;  engr.  to  cut  deeper,  as  the  incisions 
of  a  plate  which  are  tuo  famt.— Re-enter- 
ing, re-en '  ter-ing,  p.  and  a.  Entering 
anew.— Re-entering  angle,  an  angle  point- 
ing inwards;  fori,  the  angle  of  a  work 
whose  point  turns  inwards  towards  the 
defended  place.— Re-entrance,  re-en'trans, 
n.  The  act  of  entering  again.— Re-entry, 
re-en ti'i,  n.  A  new  or  second  entry;  law, 
the  resuming  or  retaking  possession  of 
lands  lately  lost. 

Re-erect,  re-e-rekt',  v.t.  To  erect  again  or 
anew. 

Re-establish,  re-es-tablish,  v.t.  To  estab- 
lish anew.— Re-establlsher,  re-es-tab'lish- 
er,  n.  One  who  re-establishes.- Re-estab- 
lishment, re-es-tab'lish-ment,  n.  The  act 
of  establishing  again. 

Reeve,  rev,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gerdfa,  a  steward, 
a  person  in  authority;  origin  doubtful: 
sheriff=shire-reeve.'i  A  bailiff;  a  steward; 
a  peace  officer:  now  used  only  in  such 
words  as  borough-reeve,  port-reeve,  &c. 

Reeve,  rev,  n.  A  bird,  the  female  of  the 
ruff. 

Reeve,  r6v,  v.t.  and  i.— reeved  or  rove,  reev- 
ing. LFrom  reef,  the  nautical  term.]  Naut. 
to  pass  the  end  of  a  rope  through  any  hole 


in  a  block,  thimble,  ring-bolt,  &c.;  to  run 
or  pass  through  such  hole. 

Re-examine,  reeg-zam'in,  v.t.  To  examine 
anew.  —  Re-examination,  rfi-eg-zam'i-na"- 
Bhon,  n.  A  renewed  or  repeated  examina- 
tion. 

Re-exhibit,  re-egs-hib'it,  v.t.  To  exhibit 
again  or  anew. 

Re-experience,  re-eks-pe'ri-ens,  n.  A  re- 
newed or  repeated  experience.  — v.i.  To 
experience  again. 

Re-export.re-eks-port',  v.t.  To  export  again ; 
to  export  after  having  been  imported.— n. 
(re-eks'port).  Any  commodity  re-exported. 
— Re-exportation,  r6-ek8'por-ta"bhon,  n. 
The  act  of  re-exporting. 

Refashion,  re-fash'on,  v.t.  To  fashion  or 
form  into  shape  a  second  time. 

Refasten,  re-fas'n,  v.t.    To  fasten  again. 

Refection,  re-fek'shon,  n.  [h.  refcctio,  re- 
fectionis,  from  reficio,  to  restore,  to  refresh 
—re,  again,  and /ado,  to  make.]  Refresh- 
ment after  hunger  or  fatigue;  a  repast. — 
Refective,  re-fek'tiv,  a.  Refreshing;  re- 
storing. —  Refectoryj  re-fekto-ri,  n.  An 
eating-room ;  an  apartment  in  convents 
where  meals  are  taken. 

Refer,  re-fer*,  v.t. — referred,  referring.  [L. 
refero,  referre.  to  bring  back,  to  refer,  «c. 
— re,  back,  and  fero,  to  carry.  Fektile.] 
To  trace  back;  to  impute;  to  assign;  to 
attribute  to,  as  the  cause,  motive,  or 
ground;  to  hand  over,  as  to  another  person 
or  tribunal  for  treatment,  decision,  &c.  (to 
refer  a  matter  to  a  third  partj);  to  appeal; 
to  assign,  as  to  an  order,  genus,  or  class: 
in  all  senses  followed  by  to. — v.i.  To  re- 
spect; to  have  relation;  to  appeal;  to  have 
recourse;  to  apply;  to  consult  (to  refer  to 
one's  notes);  to  allude;  to  make  allusion; 
to  direct  the  attention.  .■.  Syn.  under  Ad- 
vert.—Referee,  ref-er-e',  n.  One  to  whom 
a  matter  in  dispute  has  been  referred  for 
settlement  or  decision;  an  arbitrator.— 
Reference,  ref'er-ens,  n.  The  act  of  refer- 
ring; the  act  of  alluding;  direct  allusion; 
relation,  respect,  or  regard  (generally  in 
the  phrase  in  or  with  reference  to);  one  of 
whom  inquiries  may  be  made  in  regard  to 
a  person's  character,  abilities,  &c.;  a  pas- 
sage or  note  in  a  work  by  which  a  person 
is  referred  to  another  passage.- u.  Aflbrd- 
ing  information  when  consulted.— iJe/er- 
ence  Bible,  a  Bible  having  brief  explana- 
tions and  references  to  parallel  passages 
printed  on  the  margin.— iJe/erence  books, 
books,  such  as  dictionaries,  &c.,  intended 
to  be  consulted  as  occasion  requires.— 
Reference  library, ^  a  library  containing 
books  which  can  be  consulted  on.  the  spot. 
—Referential,  ref-er-en'shal,  a.  Relating 
to  or  having  reference.  —  Referentially, 
ref-er-en'shal-li,  adv.  By  way  of  reference. 
— Referment,r6-fer'ment,n.  Reference  for 
decision.- Referrer,  re-fer'er,  n.  One  Who 
refers.— Referrible,  Referable,  re-fer'i-bl, 
ref'er-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  referred, 
assigned,  or  considered  as  belonging. 

Referment,  re-fer-ment',  v.i.  and  t.  To  fer- 
ment again. 

Refill,  re-fil',  v.t.    To  fill  again. 

Refine,  re-fin',  v.t.— refined,  refining.  [Fr. 
raffiner,  to  refine— re,  and  affiner—af  (for 
L.  ad),  to,  and  ^n.  fine.  Fine.]  To  reduce 
to  a  pure  state;  to  free  from  impurities; 
to  purify;  to  reduce  from  the  ore;  to  sepa- 
rate from  other  metals  or  from  dross  or 
alloy;  to  purify  from  what  is  coarse,  in- 
elegant, rude,  and  the  like;  to' make  ele- 
gant; to  raise  or  educate,  as  the  taste;  to 
give  culture  to;  to  polish  (to  refine  the 
manners,  &c.).  —  v.i.  To  become  pure  or 
purer;  to  affect  nicety  or  subtlety  in 
thought  or  language.— Refined,  re-find',  p. 

■  and  a.  Polished  or  elegant  in  character; 
free  from  anything  coarse  or  vulgar.— 
Reflnedly,  re-fi'ned-11,  adv.  In  a  refined 
manner.  —  Refinedness,  re-fi'ned-nes,  n. 
State  of  being  refined.  —  Refinement,  r6- 
fin'ment,  n.  The  act  of  refining  or  puri- 
fying, or  state  of  being  refined;  the  state 
of  being  free  from  what  is  coarse,  rude,' 
inelegant,  or  the  like ;  elegance  oif  man- 
ners, language,  &c.;  culture;  a. result  of 
excessive  elaboration,  polish,  or  nicety; 
ovemicety;  an  affected  subtlety.— Refiner, 
re-fi'ner,  n.  One  that  refines  liquors, 
sugar,  metals,  or  other  things;  an  im- 


ch,  cftain;  _cA.Sc.  locA;    F-OS>'    j.^lpb*  _  n,  Fr.  tc>t:     ng,  aiw;     5H,  tAen;  tb,  <Ain;     w,  wig;     wh,  te/iig;     zh,  aaare, 


REFIT 


66$ 


ItEI^^aiGEEATIl 


proTer  in  purity  and  elegance ;  one  who 
is  OTemice  in  discrimination,  argument, 
reasoning,  &c. — Refinery,  re-fi'n6r-i,  n.  A 
place  and  apparatus  for  refining  sugar, 
metals,  or  the  like. 

Eeflt,  fe-flt',  v.t— refitted,  refMing.  To  re- 
store after  damage  or  decay;  to  repair; 
to  fit  out  anew.— w.i.  To  repair  damages, 
esoecially  to  ships.— «.  A  repairing;  the 
repair  of  a  ship.— Refitment,  rS-flt'ment,  n. 
The  act  of  refitting! 

Ksflx,  rs-fiks',  v.t.  To  fix  again;  to  re- 
establish.- 

Roflsct;  r5-flekt',  v.t.  OJ.  reflecti*-^e,  back, 
a,nd  flecto,  flexwm,  to  bend,  seeii  in /fewtre, 
c'ejlact,  inflect,  inflection,  &c.  Flex.]  To 
bend  back;  to  turn,  cast,  or  direct  back; 
to  throw  off  after  striking  or  falling  on  any 
eurface,  and  in  accordance  with  certain 
physical  laws  (to  re^ci  light,  heat,  or 
sound);  to  give  back  an  image  or  likeness 
of ;  to  mirror.— v.i.  To  throw  back  light, 
heat,  souDfl,  or  the  like;  to  return  rays  or 
beams;  fcoThrpw  or  turn  back  the  thoughts 
upon  anything ;  to  think  or  consider  seri- 
ously; to  revolve  matters  in  the  mind ;  tQ 
bring  reproach;  to  cast  censm'e  or  blame 
(do  not  reflect  on  his  errors).— Reflected, 
re-flek'ted,  pp.  Cast  or  thrown  back  {re- 
flected light);  curved  or  turned  round.  See 
ri.ECTkD.-.Reflectible,  re-flek'ti-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  reflected.  —Reflecting,  re- 
flek'ting,  p.  and  a.  Throwing  back  light, 
heat,  &c.,  as  a  mirror  or  other  polished 
surface  does;  given  to  reflection;  thought- 
ful; meditative  (a  reflecting  mind).— ii«^ec- 
ting  circle,  an  instrument  for  measuring 
altitudes  and  angular  distances,  on  the 
principle  of  the  sexta^nt.— Reflecting  tele- 
scope, a  form  of  telescope  in  which  the 
image  of  the  object  to  be  viewed  is  pro- 
duced by  a  concave  reflector  instead  of  a 
converging  lens  as  in  the  refracting  tele- 
scope. —  Refieelingly,  rS-flek'ting-li,  adv. 
With  reflection;  censoriously. — ^Reflection, 
r5-flek'shon,  n.  The  act  of  reflecting,  or 
the  state  of  being  reflected ;  i)hy8ics,  the 
change  of  direction  which  ligtit,  heat,  or' 
sound  experiences  when  it  strikes  upon  a 
surface  and  is  thrown  back  into  the  same 
medium  from  which  it  approached ;  that 
which  is  produced  by  being  reflected ;  an 
image  given  back  from  a  reflecting  sur- 
face; attentive  or  continued  consideration; 
meditation,  contemplation,  deliberation ; 
a  censorious  remark  or  one  attaching 
blame;  reproach  cast;  anat.  the  folding  of 
a  membrane  upon  itsell— Reflective,  r5- 
fiek'i^v,  a.  Throwing  back  rays;  reflecting; 
exercising .  reflection ;  gram,  reflexive.  — 
Reflectively,  re-flek'tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  reflec- 
tive manner.  —  Reflectiveness,  re-flek'tiv- 
nes,  n. — Reflector,  r5-flek't6r, «.  One  who 
reflects;  that  which  reflects;  a  polished 
surface  of  metal  or  pther  suitable  material 
for  reflecting  light,  heat,  or  sound  in  any 
required  direction;  a' reflecting  telescope. 

Reflex,  re'fleks,  a.  [L.  reflsxug,  ppr.  of  re- 
flecto.  Reflect.]  Turned  backwards; 
having  a  backward  direction;  reflective; 
introspective. — ^Bej?Kractiows,those  actions 
of  the  nervous  system  which  are  performed 
involuntarily,  and  often  unconsciously,  as 
the  contraction  of  the  pupil  of  the  eye 
%vhen  exposed  to  strong  light.— n.  Reflec- 
tion ;  image  produced  oy  reflection. — Re- 
flexed,  rS-flekst',  a.  Turned  or  bent  back; 
— R»fl9sibility,  r5-flek'si-bil"i-ti,n.  The 
quality  of  being  reflexible.  —  Reflexlble, 
r6-flek'si-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  reflected. 
— Reflexion,  re-flek'shon.  Reflection. — 
—Reflexive,  re-flek'siv,  a.  Reflective;  ben- 
ding or  turning  backward;  having  respect 
to  something  past;  gram,  having  for  its 
direct  o':)ject  a  pronoun  which  stands  for 
the  agent  or  subject,  said  of  certain  verbs 
(I  bethought  myself,  the  witness  forswore 
himself):  also  applied  to  pronouns  of  this 
class.— Reflexively,  re-flefc'siv-li,  adv.  In 
a  reflexive  manner;  after  the  manner  of 
a  reflexive  verb  or  pronoun.— Reflexly, 
re-fleks'li,  adv.    In  a  reflex  manner. 

Refluent,  reflu-ent,  a.  [L.  refluens,  refl.u- 
entis—re,  baci;,  and^MO,  to  flow.  Fluent.] 
Flowing,  surging,  or  rushing  back ;  ebb- 
ing. —  Refluence,  Refluency,  ref 'lij-ens, 
ref  I\i-en-si,  n.    A  flowing  back. 

Reflux,  re'flnks,  n.  [Prefix  re,  back,  aad. 


fitue.]  A  flowing  back  (the  flux  and  reflux 
of  the  tides).— a.  Betumins  or  flowing 

Refold,  re-fold',  v.t.    To  fold  again. 

Befoment,  r&-td-ment',  v.t.  To  foment 
anew;  to  excite  anew. 

Reforgs,  r5-f5rj',  v.t.  To  forge  again  or 
anew;  to  fabricate  anew. 

Reform,  iB- form',  v.t.  [Fr.  reformer,  to 
reform  or  amend,  from  JL.  reformare — re, 
again,  and  formo,  to  form,  from  forma,- 

.  form.  Form.]  To  change  from  worse  to 
better;  to  introduce  improvement  in;  to 
amend;  to  bring  from  a  bad  to  a  good 
state ;  to  remove  or  abolish  for  something 
better. — v.i.  To  abandon  evil  and  return 
to  good;  to  amend  one's  behaviour.— n. 
A  rearrangement  which  eithei:  brings 
back  a  better  order  of  things  or  recon- 
structs the  present  order  in  an  entirely 
new  form;  reformation;  amendment  of 
what  is  defective,  vicious,  corrupt,  or  de- 
PKiVed;  specifically,  a  change  in  the  regu- 
lations of  parliamentary  representation: 
often  used  adjectively  (a  reform  hill  or 
act).— Reformable.  re-for'ma-bl,a.  Capable 
of  being  reformed.— Reformation,  ref-or- 
ma'shon,  n.  The  act  of  reforming  or  state 
of  being  reformed;  correction  or  amend- 
ment of  life,  manners,  or  of  anything  ob- 
jectional  or  bad;  the  redress  of  grievances 
or  abuses.  —  The  Reformation,  the  name 
usually  given  to  the  religious  revolution 
of  the  sixteenth  century  which  divided  the 
Western  Church  into  the  two  sections 
known  as  Protestant  and  Roman  Catholic. 
—Reformatory,  re-for'ma-to-ri,  a.  Tend- 
ing to  produce  reformation. — Reformatory 
school,  a  reformatory.— n.  An  institution 
for  the  reception  and  reformation  of  ju- 
veniles who  have  already  begun,  a  career 
of  criminality,  and  have  been  convicted. — 
Reformed,  re-formd',  p.  and  o.  Corrected; 
amended;  restored  to  a  good  state;  having 
turned  from  evil -courses  (a  reformed  prof- 
ligate); having  accepted  the  principles  of 
the  Reformation  and  separated  from  the 
Church  of  Rome  (the  Reformed  Churches). 
—Reformer,  re-for'mer.n.  Onewhoefiects 
a  reformation  or  amendment;  one  of  those 
who  commenced  or  assisted  in  the  refor- 
mation of  religion  in  the  sixteenth  cen-"- 
tury;  one  who  promotes  or  urges  political 
reform. 

Re-form,  r5-form',  v.t.  [Directly  from  re  and 
form.]  To  form  again  or  anew;;  to  give  the 
same  or  another  disposition  or  arrange- 
ment to  (to  re-form  troops  that  have  been 
scattered).— Re-formation,  r5-for-ma'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  forming  anew;  a  second 
forming  in  order. 

Refortlfy,  re-for'ti-fi,  v.t.  To  fortit?  anew. 
—  Refortiflcation,  rg-for'ti-fi-ka"shon,  n. 
A  fortifying  anew  or  a  second  time. 

Refonnd,  re-found',  v.t.  To  found^or  cast 
anew;  to  found  or  establish  again;  to  re- 
establish.—Refounder,  re-f oun'dfer,  n.  One 
who  refounds.   • 

Refract,  re-frakt',  v.t.  [Pr.  refracter,  from 
L.  refringo,  re/ractM7n,to  break  up — re,  and 

{rango,  fractum,  to  break.  Fraction.]  To 
end  back  sharply  or  abruptly;  especially, 
optica,  to  deflect  (a  ray  of  light)  at  a  certain 
angle  on  passing  from  one  medium  into  an- 
other of  a  different  density.— Refractable, 
re-frak'ta-bl,a.  Capable  of  being  refracted; 
refrangible.— Refracted,  r5-frak'ted,p.and 
a.  Turned  from  a  direct  course,  as  rays 
of  light;  hot.  and  conch,  bent  back  at  an 
acute  angle.— Refracting,  r6-frak'ting,  p. 
and  a.  Serving  or  tending  to  refract; 
turning  from  a  direct  conxsB.— Refracting 
telescope,  a  telescope  in  which  the  rays  are 
refracted  ny  an  object-glass,  at  the  focus 
of  which  they  are  viewed  by  an  eye-piece. 
—Refraction,  r5-frak'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
refracting  or  state  of  being  refracted ;  a 
deflection  or  change  of  direction  impressed 
upon  rays  of  light  or  heat  passing  from 
one  transparent  medium  into  another  of 
different  density,  as  from  air  into  water 
or  vice  versa,  —  or  upon  rays  traversing 
a  medium  the  density  of  which  is"  not 
uniform,  as  the  atmosphere. —-4  sfroMo- 
mical  or  atmospheric  refraction,  the  ap- 
parent angular  elevation  of  the  heavenly 
bodies  above  their  true  places,  caused  by 
the  refraction  of  the  lays  of  light  ia  their 


passage  through  the  earth's  atKonphere. 
—Dovble  refraction,  the  separation  of  a  ray 
of  light  into  two  separate  parts  by  pass- 
ing through  certain  transparent  mediums, 
as  Iceland-spar,  causing  objects  to  appear 
double.— Refractive,  re-frak'tiv,  o.  Per- 
taining to  refraction ;  serving  or  having 
powerto  refract.— Refractiveness,re-frak'- 
tiv-nes,  n. — Eefractometer,  re-frak-tom'- 
et-6r,  ri.  An  instrument  for  exhibiting 
and  measuring  tfee  refraction  of  light.— 
Refractor,  re-frak't6r,  n.'  A  refracting 
telescope.    Under  Befractino. 

Refractory,  r6-frak'to-ri,  a.  [Fr.  refrae- 
taire;  from  L.  refractarius,  stubborn,  irom 
refringo,  refractum.  Refract.]  Sullen  or 
perverse  in  oppositipn  or  disobedience; 
obstinate  in  non-compliance;  stubborn 
and  unmanageable  (a  refractory  child); 
resisting  ordinary  treatment,  as  laetals 
that  are  diflicult  of  fusion.— w.  A  refrac- 
tory person.— Refractorily ,  re-frak'to-ri-li, 
adv.  In  a  refractory  manner ;  perversely; 
obstinately.— Refractoriness,  r6-frak'to-ri- 
nes,  n.    The  quality  of  being  refractory. 

Refragable,  ref'ra-ga-bl,  a.  [L.L.  refraga- 
MHs,  from  L.  refragor,  to  oppose,  to  resist 
— re,  back,  and  root  of  frango,  to  break. 
Refract.]  Capable  of  being  opposed  or 
resisted ;  refutable.  —  Refragability,  Re- 
fragableness.t  ref'ra-ga-bil"i-ti,  ref'ra-ga- 
bl-nes,  n.  -The  state  of  bein^  refragable. 

Refrain,  re-fran',n..  [Pr.  re/raiH,from  O.Pr. 
refraindre,  L.  refringo  — re,  again,  and 
frango,  to  break.  (Refract.)  The  refrain, 
therefore,  is  literally  the  break  or  inter- 
miption  to  the  course  of  the  piece.)  The 
burden  of  a  song ;  part  of  a  poetic  com- 
position repeated  at  the  end  of  every 
stanza;  a  kind  of  musical  repetition. 

Refrain,  re-fr5n',  v.t.  [Pr.  refrener,  to  bridle 
in,  to  repress,  from  L.  refrceno—re,  back, 
and  frmnum,  a  rein.]  To  hold  back ;  to 
restrain ;  to  curb ;  to  keep  from  action : 
often  refl.—v.i.  To  forbear ;  to  abstain ;  to- 
keep  one's  self  from  action  or  interference: 
followed  by  /row.- Refrainer,  r6-fra'ner, 
n.  One  who  refrains.  —  Refrainment,  re- 
fran'ment,  n.    The  act  of  refraining. 

Refraine,  re-fr5m',  v.t.  To  frame  or  put  to- 
gether again. 

Refrangible,  rS-fran'ji-bl,  a.    [L.  re,  and 

{rango,  tb  break.  Refract.]  Capable  of 
leing  refracted;  subject  to  refraction,  as 
rays  of  light.— Refrangibility,  Refrangi- 
bleness,  re-fran'ji-bil"i-ti,  rS-fran'ji-bl-nes, 
n.  The  state  or  (juality  of  being  refran- 
gible; susceptibility  of  refraction. 

Refresh,  re-freshi  v.t.  [O.Pr.  refreschir, 
rafraischir  (Fr.  rafraichir),  to  refresh. 
Fresh.]  To  make  fresh  or  vigorous  again; 
to  restore  vigour  or  energy  to;  to  give  new 
strength  to;  to  reinvigosate ;  to  recreate 
or  revive  after  fatigue,  want,  pain,  or 
the  like;  to  reanimate;  to  freshen. — Re- 
ftresher,  r6-fresh'6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  refreshes;  among  lawyers,  an  ad- 
ditional fee  paid  to  counsel  when  the  case 
is  adjourned  from  one  term  or  sittings  tb 
another.— Refreshful,  r6-fresh'ful,  a.  Pull 
of  refreshment;  refreshing.— Refreshing, 
re-fresh'ing,  p.  and  a.  Acting  or  operating 
so  as  to  refresh;  invigorating;  reviving; 
reanimating.- n.  Refreshment.— Refresh- 
ingly, re-f resh'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  refreshing 
manner;  so  as  to  refresh. — Refreshingness, 
rS-fresh'ing-nes,  to.  —  Refreshment,  re- 
fresh'ment,  n.  The  act  of  refreshing;  that 
which  refreshes;  that  which  gives  fresh 
strength  or  vigour,  as  food,  drink,  or  rest: 
in  the  plural  almost  exclusively  applied 
to  food  and  drink. 

Refrigerate,  r5-frij'6r-at,  v.t— refrigerated, 
refrigerating.  [L.  refrigero,  refrigeratum, 
to  refrigerate— rfi,  again,  and  frigus,  frig- 
oris,  cold.  Frigid.]  To  cool;  to  allay  the 
heat  of;  to  refresh.— Refrigerant,  Refriger- 
ative,  re-frij'er-ant,re-frij'Cr-a-tiv,  o.  Cool- 
ing; allaying  heat.— n.  Med.  a  medicine 
wlTich  abates  heat  or  cools ;  fig.  anything 
which  cools,  allays,  or  extinguishes.- Re- 
frigeration, r5-frij'Cr-a"8hon,  n.  The  act 
of  refrigerating;  abatement  of  heat;  the 
operation  of  cooling  worts  and  other  hot 
fluids  without  exposing  them  to  evapora- 
tion.—B  efrtgerator  .Refrigeratory,  re-f  ri  j'- 
6r-a-ter,  r5-frij'fer-a-to-ri,  n.  That  which 
refirigeratcs,  cools,  or  keeps  cool;  an  ap- 


^  wv«!,  W,  tdl,  f«flU     EuC,  Kit  I,  hAr,     iiiae,piiti     nOt«,  not,  move;     tube,  tub,  bv\ll;     oil,  poundj     <l,  SCiabtme— ihePr.  Wv.    ., 


feEFRlNGEN'r 


669 


REGISTER 


paratus  for  cooling  wort,  beer,  Ac;  a  chest 
or  chamber  holding  a  supply  of  ice  to  cool 
provisions  in  -warm  weather;  a  machine 
or  apparatus  for  the  manufacture  of  arti- 
ficial ice,  or  used  in  making  ice-cream; 
a  refrigerating  medicine:  a  refrigerant. 
—Refrigeratory,  a.  Coobng;  niitigating 
heat. 

Kefringent,  r5-frin'jent,  a.  [L.  refringo— 
re,  back,  and  frango,  to  brettl';.  Refjbact.J 
Possessing  the  quality  of  refracting;  re- 
fractive. —  ReCringency,  re-frin'J6ij?T,  n. 
Refringent  or  refractive  power. 

Reft,  reft,  pret.  &  pp.  of  reave.    Bereft. 

Refuge,  ref'Qj,  n.  [Fr.,  frofii  L.  refugium, 
from  refugio—re.  again,  and  /ujrio,  to  flee 
(whence  fugiUvej.'i  Shelter  or  protection 
from  danger  or  distress ;  that  which  shel- 
ters or  protects  from  danger,  distress,  or 
calamity;  any  place  where  one  is  out  of 
the  way  of  any  evil  or  danger;  an  institu- 
tion where  the  destitute  or  homeless  find 
temporary  shelter ;  a  house  of  refuge;  an 
expedient  to  secure  protection  or  defence; 
a  device,  contrivance,  shift. — Cities  of  re- 
fuge, among  the  Israelites,  certain  cities 
appointed  to  secure  the  safety  of  such 
persons  as  might  unintentionally  commit 
homicide. — Harbours  of  refuge,  harbours 
which  aiford  shelter  to  vassels  in  stress  of 
weather.— floMse  of  refuge,  an  institution 
for  the  shelter  of  the  homeless  or  destitute. 
— v.t  To  shelter;  to  protect. — v.i4  To  take 
shelter.— Refugee,  ref-Q-je',  n.  [Fr.  rSfi^.] 
One  who  flees  for  refuge;  one  who  in  times 
of  persecution  or  political  commotion  flees 
to  a  foreigncountry  for  safety. 

Refulgent,  re-fui'jent,  a.  [L.  refulgens,  re- 
fulgentis,  ppr.  of  refalgeo—re,  again,  and 
fulgeo,  to  shine.  Fdlgent.]  Casting  a 
bright  light;  shining;  splendid.— Relul- 
gently,  r5-f  ul'jent-li,  adv.  In  a  refulgent 
manner.— Refulgence,  Refulgency,  re-ful'- 
jens,  re-ful'jen-si,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  refulgent;  splendour;  brilliancy. 

Refund,  r6-fund',  v.t.  [L.  refundo,  to  pour 
back,  to  restore — re,  back,  and  ftindo,  to 
pour.  Fuse.]  To  return  in  payment  or 
compensation  for  what  has  been  taken;  to 
pay  back ;  to  restore ;  to  reimburse. — ^Ra- 
lunder,  r5-fun'd6r,  n.    One  who  refunds. 

Refurbish,  re.-^r'bish,  v.t.  To  furbish  a 
second  time  or  anew. 

Refurnish,  re-f6r'nish,u.f.  To  furnish  anew; 
to  resupply  ■with  furniture. 

Refuse,  re-faz',  v.t— refused,  refusing.  [Fr. 
refuser,  to  refuse;  Pr.  refusar,  Sp.  rehusar; 
supposed  to  owe  its  origin  partly  to  ]j.  re- 
cusare,  to  refuse,  partly  to  refutare,  to  re- 
fute.] To  deny,  as  a  request,  demand,  in- 
vitation, or  command ;  to  decline  to  do  or 
grant :  often  with  an  infinitive  as  object 
(he  refused  to  give  me  the  book);  to  decline 
to  accept;  to  reject  (to  refuse  an  office);  to 
deny  the  request  of ;  to  say  no  to  (I  could 
not  refuse  him).  —  v.i.  To  decline  a  re- 
quest"; not  to  comply.— a.  (ref'tlz).  B,ejected; 
worthless;  left  as  of  no  value.— »i.  That 
which  is  rejected  as  useless;  waste  matter. 
— Refusable,  re-f  u'za-bl,a.  Capable  of  being 
refused. — Refusal,  re-fu'zal,  n.  The  act  of 
refusing;. denial  of  anything  demanded, 
solicited,  or  offered  for  acceptance;  option 
of  taking  or  buying;  pre-emption.— Re- 
fuser, r5-fa'z6r,  n.    One  who  refuses. 

Re-fuse,  r6-fuz',  v.t.'  To  fuse  or  melt  again. 
—Re-fusion,  r5-f a'zhon,  n.  A  renewed  or 
repeated  melting  or  fusion.    . 

Refute,  r5-fut',  v.t— refuted,  refuting.  [Pr. 
rdfuter,  L.  refutare— re,  back,  and  ojd  futo, 
to  pour,  from  root  otfundo,  to  pour.  Con- 
fute, Futile,  Fuse.]  To  disprove'  and 
overthrow  by  argument, evidence,  or  coun- 
tervailing proof;  to  prove  to  be  false  or 
erroneous;  to  coniute;  to  prove  to  be  in 
error.  —  Refuter,  re-fu't6r,  n.  One  who 
refutes.— Refutability,  r5-fu'ta-bil"i-ti  or 
ref  u-ta-bil"i-ti,  n.  Capability  of  being  re- 
futed.—Refutable,  r5-fu'ta-bl  or  ref'u-ta- 
bl,  a.  '  Capable  of  being  refuted.— Refuta- 
tion, ref-u-ta'shon,  n.  The  act  of  refuting 
or  proving  to  be  false  or  erroneous ;  over- 
throw by  argument,  or  countervailing 
proof .—Refutatory,  rS-f Q'ta-to-Ti,  a.  Ten- 
ding to  refute;  containing  refutation. 

3legain,-r5-gan',  v.t  To  gain  anew;  to  re- 
cover what  has  been  lost;  to  reach  again 
(they  regained  the  shore). 


Regal,  re'gal,  a.  [L.  regalis,  from  rex,  regis, 
a  king,  from  stem  of  rego,  to  rule,  the 
same  root  being  also  seen  in  E.  right. 
Royal  is  the  same  word;  andrei^ti,  regent, 
&c.,  have  the  same  origin,  as  also  -red 
in  correct,  direct,  &c.]  Pertaining  to  a 
king;  kingly;  royal.  .'.Syn.  under  Rotai.. 
—Regalia,  re-ga'li-a,  n.  pi.  [L.  regalia, 
royal  or  regal  things,  nom.  pi.  neut.  of 
regalis,  regal.]  The  ensigns  or  symbols  of 
royalty;  the  apparatus  of  a  coronation,  as 
the  crown,  sceptre,  &c.;  the  insignia  or 
decorations  of  some  society,  as  the  Free- 
masons. —  Regality,  rg-gal'i-ti,  n.  Roy- 
alty; sovereignty;  kingship ;  in  Scotland, 
a  territorial  jurisdiction  formerly  con- 
ferred by  the  king.— Regally,  re'gal-U, 
adv.  In  a  regal  or  royal  manner ;  royally. 

Regale,  r6-gar,  v.t.— regaled,  regaling.  [Fr. 
rigaler.  to  regale  — re,  and  an  old  verb 
galer,  to  rejoice,  :probably  from  root  of 
Goth,  gailjan,  to  rejoice.  Gala.]  To  enter- 
tain sumptuously,  or  with  something  tliat 
gives  great  pleasure;  to  gratify,  as  the 
senses;  to  delight ;  to  feast.— w.l  To  feast; 
to  fare  sumptuouslv. — n.  A  splendid  re- 
past; a  treat. — Eegalementj  re-gal'  ment,  n. 
Entertainment ;  gratification.-  —  Regaler, 
r6-ga'l6r,  n.    One  who  regales. 

Regalia.    Under  Reoal. 

Regard,  r5-gard',  v.t.  [Fr.  regarder,  to  re- 
gard, to  observe — re,  back,  and  garder,  to 
guard.  Guard.]  To  look  upon;  to  observe;' 
to  notice  with  some  care;  to  pay  attention 
to;  to  observe  a  certain  respect  towards; 
to  respect,  reverence,  honour,  esteem ;  to 
mind ;  to  care  for ;  to  have  or  to  show  cer- 
tain feelings  towards ;  to  view  in  the  light 
of ;  to  put  on  the  same  footing  as. — As  re- 
£rards(imper8.),  with  regard  to;  as  respects; 
as  concerns  {as  regards  that  matter  I  am 
of  yoiir  opinion).— w.  Look  or  gaze;  aspect' 
directed  to  another  (Shak.);  attention  or 
care;  heed;  consideration;  that  feeliiig 
which  springs  from  estimable  qualities  in 
the  object;  respect,  esteem,  reverence;  re- 
lation; respect;  reference;  view:  often  in 
the  phrases,  in  regard  io,  with  regard  to;  pi. 
respects;  good  wishes;  compliments  (give 
my  regards  to  the  family).— Regardaole, 
re-gar'da-bl,  a.  Worthy  of  notice ;  notice- 
able—Regardant, rS-gar'dant,  a.  Regard- 
ing ;  watching ;  h&r.  applied  to  an  animal 
whose  face  is  turned  backwards  in  an  atti- 
tude of  vigilance.— Regarder,  r6-gar'd6r,  n. 
One  that  regards.— Regardful,  r5-gard'ful, 
a.  Having  or  paying  regard.— KegardflUly, 
r5-gard'ful-li,  adv.  In  a  regardful  man- 
ner.—Regarding,  re-gar'ding,  prep.  [Like 
concerning,  during,  a  participle,  now  es- 
tablished as  a  preposition.]  Respecting ; 
concerning;  in  reference  to  (to  be  at  a  loss 
regarding  something). —Regardless,  rc- 
gftrd'les,  a.  Not  having  regard  or  heed ; 
heedless:  careles*.- Regardlessly ,  r5-gard'- 
i'es-li,  adv.  In  a  regardless  manner;  heed- 
lessly ;  carelessly.  —  Regardleasness,  tZ- 
gardles-nes,  n.  Heedlessness;  negligence. 

Regather,  r8-gaTH'6r,  v.t  To  gather  or  col- 
lect again. 

Regatta,  rg-gat'a,  n.  [  It.  ]  Originally  a 
gondola  race  ini  Venice;  now  any  sailing 
or  rowing  race  in  which  a  number  of  yachts 
or  boats  contend  for  prizes. 

Regelation,  fe-je-la'shon,  n.  [L.  re,  again, 
and  gelatw,  gelationis,  a  freezing.  Con- 
geal.] The  phenomenon  presented  by 
pieces  of  moist  ice  which  when  placed  in 
contact  with  one  another  freeze  together 
even  in  a  warm  atmosphere. 

Regency.    Under  Regent. 

Regenerate,  re-jen'6r-at,  v.t— regenerated, 
regenerating.  [L .  regenero,.  regeneratum — 
re,  again,  and  genero,  to  generate.  Gene- 
rate.] To  generate  or  produce  anew;  to 
reproduce;  theol.  to  cause  to  be  bom 
again;  to  change,  as  the  heart  and  affec- 
tions, from  enmity  or  indifference  to  love 
of  God.— a.  Reproduced;  theol.  changed 
from  a  natural  to  a  spiritual  state.— Re- 
gerierateness,  Regeneracy,  r5-jcn'6r-a^ 
nes,  r6-jen'6r-a-si,  n.  The  state  of  being 
regenerated.  —'Regeneration,  re-jen'er-a"- 
shon,  M.  The  act  of  regenerating  or  pro- 
ducing anew;  theol.  that  change  by  which 
love  to  God  and  his  law  is  implanted  in 
the  heart.— Regenerative,  r5-jen'6r-artiv, 
o.    Producing  regeneration;  renewing. — 


Rege^ieratively,  r5-jen'6r-artiv-li,  adv.— 
Regeneratory,  r5-jen'6r-a-to-ri,  a.  Regen- 
erative.—Regenesls,  re-jen'e-sis, ».  [Prefix 
re,  again,  and  genesis.}  The  state  of  being 
reproduced. 

Regent,  re'jent, «.  [L.  regens,  regentis,  ppr. 
of  rego,  to  rule;  cog.  Skr.  rdj,  to  rule;  from 
same  rost  also  E.  right.  Regal.]  Ruling; 
governing;  exercising  vicarious  authority. 
— n.  A  governor;  a  ruler;  one  who  gov- 
erns a  kingdom  in  the  minority,  absence, 
or  disability  of  the  sovereign;  one  of  a 
certain  standing  who  taught  in  universi- 
ties: the  word  formerly  in  use  for  a  profes- 
sor; in  the  English  universities,  one  who 
has  certain  peculiar  duties  of  instruction 
or  government. — Regentship,  re'jent-ship, 
n.  The  ofiice  or  di^ty  of  a  regent;  re- 
gency.—Regency,  r6'jeri-si,  n.  Rule;  gov- 
ernment; the  office,  br  jurisdiction  of  a  re- 
gent ;  a  body  of  men  intrusted  with  the 
power  of  a  regent. 

Re^erminate,  re-jfer'mi-nftt,  v.i.  To  ger- 
minate again. 

Regct,  re-get',  v.t.    To  get  or  obtain  again. 

Regicide,  rej'i-sid,  n.  [Fr.  rigidde,  from  L. 
rex,  regis,  a  king,  and  cmdo,  to  slay.]  A 
king-killer;  one  who  murders  a  king;  the 
killing  or  murder  of  a  king.— Regicidal, 
rej-i-si'dal,  a.    Pertaining  to  regicide. 

Regild,  re-gild',  v.t.    To  gild  anew. 

Regime,  ra-zhem',  n.  [Fr.  regime,  from  L. 
regimen,  guidance,  from  rego,  to  govern.] 

,  Mode  or  system  of  management;  govern- 
ment, especially  as  connected  with  certain 
social  features;  administration;  rule.— r/ie 
ancient  regime,  the  political  system  which 
prevailed  in  Prance  before  the  revolution 
of  1789.— Keglmea,  rej'i-men,  n.  Orderly 
government;  the  regulation  of  diet,  exer- 
cisBj  Ac;  gram,  government  of  jwords. — 
Regiminal,  re-jim'i-nal,  a.  .  Pertaining  to 
regimen. 

Regiment,  rej^i-ment,  n.  [Fr.  rdffiment, 
from  L.L.  regimenturii,  from  L.  regimen, 
rule, from rego,to  rule.  Regime,  Regent.] 
A  body  of  soldiers  consisting  of  one  or 
more  battalions  of  infantry  or  of  several 
squadrons  of  cavalry,  commanded  by  a 
colonel.  —  Reglmeatal,  rej-i-men'tal,  a. 
Belonging  to  a  regiment.— Regimentals, 
rej-i-men'talz,  n.  pi.  Articles  of  military 
dressj  the  uniform  worn  by  the  troops  of 
a  regiment. 

Region,  re'jun,  n.  [J'r.  rigion,  from  L. 
regio,  regumis^  from  rego,  to  rule.  REGAt.] 
A  large  division  of  any  space  or  surfiice 
considered  asapartfrom  others;  especially, 
a  tract  of  land,  sea,  &c.,  of  considerable 
but  indefinite  extent;  a  country;  a  district; 
a  part  or  division  of  the  body  (the  region  of 
the  heart).— Regional,  re'jun-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  particular  region;,s6ctional. 

Register,  rej'is-tfer,  n.  [Fr.  registre,  L.L. 
registrum,  regestrum,  a  book  of  records 
—re,  back,  and  gero,  gestum,  to  carry. 
Gestation.]  An  official  written  account 
or  entry  in  a  book  regularly  kept  for  pre- 
servation or  for  reference;  a  record;  a  list; 
the  book  in  which  records  are  kept ;  a 
document  issued  by  the  customs  authori- 
ties as  evidence  of  a  ship's  nationality;  a 
contrivance  for  regulating  the  i)a8sage  of 
heat  or  -air  in  heating  or  ventilation;  a 
device  for  automatically  indicating  the 
number  of  revolutions  made  or  amount  of 

.  work  done  by  machinery,  recording  pres- 
sure, &c.; printing,  the  agreement  of  two 
printed  forms  to  be  applied  to  the  same 
sheetj  either  on  the  same  side,  as  in  colour 
printing,  or  on  both  sides  as  in  a  book  or 
newspaper;  music,  the  compass  of  a  voice 
or  instrument,  or  a  portion  of  the  com- 
pass; a  stop  or  set  of  pipes  in  an  organ.— 
%loyd^s  register.  Under  Lloyd's.— iord 
register,  or  lord  clerk  register,  a  Scottish 
officer  of  state  who  has  the  custody  of  the 
archives. — v.t.  To  record;  to  enter  in  a 
register,  —  v.i.  Printing,  to  correspond 
exactly,  as  columns  or  lines  of  printed 
matter  on  opposite  sheets.— Registered, 
rej'is-terd,  p.  and  a.  Recorded  in  a  regis- 
ter; enrolled,— iJegisisred  company,  a  joint- 
stock  company  entered  in  an  official  regis- 
ter, but  not  incorporated.— iJe£/istered  let- 
ter, a  letter  the  addresS  of  which  is  regis- 
tered E^t  a  post-office,  for  which  a  special 
fee  Is  paid  in  order  .to  secure  its  safe  trans- 


ch,cAaini'    cA,So.locA:      e.ffoj    j.job;     n,rr.ton;     ng.sirw;     th, flien;  th. «Aiii;    T7,teig;    •wh.wAig;    za,s.srix<i. 


KEGIUM 


670 


HEINFORM 


mission.-  Register- grate,  n.  A  grate  with 
an  ajpparatus  for  regulating  the  admission 
of  air  and  the-heat  of  the  fire.— Register- 
ing, rej'is-t6r-ing,  p.  and  a.  Recording;  in- 
dicating automatically.  —  Reglq£er-«4ace, 
n.  An  office  where  registers  or  reeords  are 
kept;  a  record-office.— Kegistrar.rej'is-trar, 
n^  (L.L.  registrarius.']  One  whose  business 
it  is  to  write  or  keep  a  register;  a  keeper  of 
i-ecords.— Registrar-general,  jt.  An  officer 
who  superintends  a  system  of  registration; 
in  Britain  an  official  who  ha,s  the  general 
superintendence  of  the  S3'8tem  of  regis- 
tration of  births,  deaths,  and  marriages. 
—  Registrarsbip,  rej'is-trar-ship,  n.  The 
office  of  a  registrar.— Registration,  rej-is- 
tra'shon,  n.  Xhe'act  of  inserting  in  a  regis- 
ter.—Registry,  rej'is-tri,  n.  The  act  of  en- 
tering in  a  register,  the  place  where  a  regis- 
ter is  kept;  facts  recorded;  an  entry. 

Regium,  Regius,  re'ji-um,  r5'ji-us,  a.  [Neut. 
apd  masc.  form  of  L.  regius,  royal.  Regal. J 
Kojvd.— Regium  donwn  (royal  grant),  an 
annual  grant  of  public  money  formerly 
given  in  aid  of  the  income  of  the  Presby- 
terian clergy  in  Ireland. — Regiu8  profes- 
sors, professors  in  the  English  universities 
whose  chaii-s  were  founded  by  Henry 
VIII.;  in  the  Scotch  universities,  whose 
professorships  were  founded  by  the  crown. 

Reglet,  reglet,  n.  CFr.  riglei,  from  regtk, 
rule,  L.  regula.  Regulate.]  Printing,  a 
strip  of  wood  or  metal  used  for  separating 
pages  in  the  chase,  &c.;  arch,  a  flat  narrov? 
moulding  between  panels,  &c. 

Regnal,  reg'nal,  a.  [From  L.  reffnum,  a 
kingdom.  Reign.]  Pertaining  to.  the 
reign  of  a  monarch.  —  Regnal  year,  the 
year  of  a  sovereign's  reign  (as  given  m  an 
act  of  parliament). 

Regnant,  reg'uant,  a.  [L.  regnana,  rtgnwnr 
tis,  ppr.  of  regno,  to  reign,  from  regnum,  a 
kingdom.]  Reigning  as  sovereign;  pre- 
dominant; prevalent. 

Regorge,  re-gorj',  v.t.  [Prefix  re,  andjyorae.] 
To  vomit  up;  to  swallow  again. 

Regraft,  re-graft',  v.t.    To  graft  again. 

Regrant,  re-grant',  v.t.  To  grant  back.— 
n.  The  act  of  granting  back;  a  new  or 
fresh  grant. 

Regrate,  re-grat',  v.t:^r6grated,  regrating. 
[0.  Fr.  regrater,  to  scrape  or  scour  old 
things  for  sale  again,  to  regrate— re,  and 
grater,  to  grate.  Grate.]  To  buy  (as  com, 
provisions,  Ac.)  and  sell  again  in  or  near 
the  same  market:  a  practice  which,  by 
raising  the  price,  was  formerly  a  public 
offence  .and  punishable,  being  often  classed 
along  with  engrossing  and  forestalling. 
—Regrater,  Regrator,  r5-gra't6r,  n.  One 
who  buys  provisions  and  sells  them  in  the 
same  market. 

Regreet,  r6-gret',  v.t.  To  greet  or  salute 
again. 

Regress,  rS'gres,  n,  [L.  regressvs,  from  re- 
gredior,  to  go  back— re,  back,  and  gradior, 
to  go.  Grade.]  Passage  back;  return; 
power  or  liberty  of  returning  or  passing 
back.— v.t.  (rs-gres').  To  go  back;  to  return 
to  a  former  place  or  state.- Regression, 
re-gresh'on,  r».  [li.  reirressio.]  The  act  of 
passing  back  or  returning;  retrogression . — 
'Regressive,  re-gres'iv,  a.  Passing  back; 
returning. 

Regret,  re-gret',  n.  [Fr.  regret,  regret,  re- 
gretter,  O.Fr.  regreter,  to 'regret;  from  re, 
again,  and  the  Teutonic  verb  seen  in  Icel. 
grdta,  A.Sax.  graetan,  Sc.  greet,  to  weep.] 
Grief  or  trouble  caused  by  the  want  or 
loss  of  something  formerly  possessed;  sor- 
rowf  ullouging;  pain  of  mind  at  something 
done  or  left  undone;  remorse.— w.<.—re- 
gretted,  reqretting.  To  lament  the  loss  of, 
or  separation  from;  to  Jook  back  at  with 
sorrowful  longing;  to  grieve  at;  to  be 
sorry -for.— Regretful,  r5-gret'ful,  a.  Full 
of  regret.— Regretfully,  re-gret'ful-li,  ad». 
With  regret.— Regrettable,  re-gret'a-bl,  o. 
Admitting  of  or  calling  for  regret.     • 

Regrowth,  r6-groth',  n.  A  growing  again ; 
a  new  or  second  growth. 

Rsgola,  reg'a-la,  n.  [L.,aixile.]  Arch.  a. 
fillet  or  bstel;  a  reglet.    - 

Regular,  reg'a-l*r,  a.  [L.  regularis,  from 
regtil»\&  rule,  from  rego,  to  rule.-  Rk- 
OKNT,  Keoal.]  Conformed  to  axule;  agree- 
able to  a  prescribed  mode  or  customaiy 
form;  normal;  acting  or  going  on  by  rule 


or  rules;  steady  or  uniform;  orderly; 
methodical ;  unvarying ;  geom.  applied  to 
a  figure  or  body  whose  sides  and  angles 
are  equal,  as  a  square,  a  cube,  aU"  equi- 
lateral triaj^gle,  an  equilateral  pentagon, 
&c.;  £^raw;  adhering  to  the  common  form 
in  respect  to  inflectional  terminations; 
eccles.  belonging  to  a  monastic  order,  and 
bound  to  ceitain  rules ;  bot.  symmetrical 
as  regards  figure  and  size  and  proportion 
of  pairts;  colloquially,  thorough,  out-and- 
out,  complete.  —  Regular  troops  or  regu- 
lars, troops  of  a  permanent  army:  op- 
posed to  militia  or  volunteers.  —  Regular 
verb,  in  English,  one  that  forms  the  pre- 
terite and  past  participle  in  d  or  ed. — n. 
A  monk  who  has  taken  the  vows  of  some 
monastic  order;  a  soldier  belonging  to  a 
I)ermauent  army.— Regularity,  reg-a-lar'i- 
ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  regu- 
lar; agreeableness  to  rule  or  established 
order;  conformity  to  the  customary  type; 
steadiness  or  uniior.mity  in  a  course.— Reg- 
ularly, reg'a-lfer-li,  adv.  In  a  regular  man- 
ner ;  in  uniform  order ;  at  fixed  intervals 
or  periods;  methodically;  in  due  order.- 
Regulate,  reg'u-lat,  v.t. — regulated,  regu- 
lating. [Ij.  regulo,  regvlaium,  from  regula, 
a  rule.]  To  adjust  by  rule  or  established 
mode;  to  govern  by  oi  subject  to  certain 
rules  or  restrictions;  to  direct;  to  put 
or  keep  in  good  order  ?  to  control  and 
cause  to  act  properly.— Regulation,  reg- 
G-la'shon,  n.  The  act  of  regulating; 
a  rule  prescribed  bv  a  superior  as  to  the 
actions  of  those  under  his  control;  a  gov- 
erning direction  ;  a  precept.— Regulative, 
reg-u-la'tiv,  a.  Regulating ;  tending  to 
regulate.- Regulator,  reg'a-la-t6r,  »i.  One 
who  or  that  which  regulates;  a  device  or 
contrivance  of  which  the  object  is  to  pro- 
duce uniformity  of  motion  or  action;  the 
governor  of  a  steam-engine. 

Regulus,  reg'a-lus,  n.  [L.,  a  petty  king  or 
sovereign,  a  dim.  of  rex,  regis,  a  king. 
Regal.]  A  name  originally  applied  by 
the  alchemists  to  antimony,  from  the  facil- 
ity with  which  it  alloyed  with  gold  (the 
lang  of  metals),  now  applied  to  met&ls 
which  still  retain  to  a  greater  or  less 
extent  the  impurities  they  contained  in 
the.  state  of  ore;  a  fixed  star  of  the  first 
magnitude  in  the  constellation  Leo. 

Regur,  re'ger,  n.  The  native  name  for  the 
'  black  cotton-soil '  of  Southern  India,  a 
soil  of  paarveUous  fertility. 

Regurgitate,  Ti-gkT'ix-iht,v.t.—regurffiiated, 
regurgitating.  [L.L.  regurgito,  regurgitor 
twin  —  L.  re,  back,  and  gurges,  gurgitis, 
a  whirlpool.  Gorge.]  To  pour  or  cause 
to  rush  or  surge  back;  to  pour  or  throw 
back  in  great  quantity.— w.i.  To  be  poured 
back ;  to  rush  or  surge  back.— Regurgita- 
tion, r5-ger'ji-ta"6hon,  n.  The  act  of  re- 
gurgitatmg;  med,  the  rising  of  some  of  the 
contents  of  the  stomach  4nto  the  mouth. 

Rehabilitate,  r6-ha-bil'i-tat,  v.t.—re?iabili- 
tated,  rehci2)iUtating.  [Pr.  rihabilUer — re, 
and  hdbiliter,  to  qualify,  from  habile, 
qualified,  able.  Able.]  To  restore  to  a 
former  capacity  or  position;  to  reinstate; 
to  re-establish  in  the  esteem  of  others. — 
Rehabilitation,  r5-ha-bil'i-tai'shon,n..  The 
act  of  rehabilitating. 

Rehash,  re-hash',  v.t.  To  hash  anew;  to 
work  up  old  material  in  a  new  form. — n. 
Something  made  up  of  materials  formerly 
used. 

Rehear,  re-hsr',  v.t.  To  hear  again;  latp,  to 
try  a  second  time. 

Rehearse,  re-hfirs',  v.t.—reTiearsed,  rehear- 
sing. [O.  E.  reherce,  reherse,  from  O.  Fr. 
rehercer,  reherser,  to  repeat  over  again— 
re,  again,  and  hercer,  herser,  to  harrow, 
from  heree,  herse,  a  harrow.  Hearse.] 
To  repeat,  as  what  has  already  been  said 
or  wnttefl;  to  recite;  to  narrate,  recount; 
relate ;  to.  recite  or  repeat  in  private  for 
experiment  and  improvement,  oefore  giv- 
ing a  public  representation  (to  rehearse  a 
tragedy).— w.i.  To  go  through  some  per- 
formance in  private  preparatory  to  public 
representation.— Reneargal,  r5-h6r^l,  n. 
The  act  of  rehearsing;  narration;  a  telling 
or  recounting;  a  tridl  performance  (as  of  a 
play)  made  before  exhioiting  to  the  public. 
—Rehearser,  r6-h6r's6r,  n.  ©ne  who  re- 
hearses. 


Rehypothecate,  rB-hi-poth'e-kftt,  v.t.  To 
hypothecate  again ;  to  give  as  security  al- 
though sdready  hypothecated  as  such. 

Rel,  re,  n.    Ree. 

Reichsrath,  ric7is'r4t,  n.-'tG.— T-eicA,  emtire, 
and  rath,  a  council.]  X'he  imperial  par- 
liament of  the  Austrian  Empire. 

Reichstag,  ric/i'st&g,  n.  [G.— j-eicTi.  a  king- 
dom, and  tag,  a  day,  a  diet.]  The  imperial 
parliament  of  Germany,  which  asseniblea 
at  Berlin;  the  Germafi'diet. 

Reign,  ran,  v.i.  [O.  Fr.  reigner,  Fr.  rigner, 
from  L.  regnare,  to  rule,  from  rSgnum,  a 
kingdom,  from  rego,  to  rule.  Regal.]  To 
possess  or  exercise  sovereign  power  or  au- 
thority; to  hold  the  supreme  power;  to 
rule ;  to  be  predominant ;  to  prevail :  to 
have  superior  or  uncontrcdled  dominion. 
— n.  rO.Pr.  reigne,  Fr.  rigne,  L.  regnum,  a 
kingdom.]  Royal  authority;  sovereignty; 
the  time  during  which  a  king,  queen,  or 
emperor  reigrns;  empire;  kingdom;  power; 
sway. 

Reillumlnate,  r6-il-la'mi-nat,  v.t.  To  illu- 
minate or  enlighten  again.— Reillumlne, 
r6-il-lQ'rnin,  v.t.  To  illumine  again ;  to  rer 

•illuminate.  ~. 

Reimbark,  re-im-bSrk'.    Re-embark. 

Reimburse,  re-im-btos',  v.t.  —  reimbursed; 
reimbursinf).  [Fr.  remoourser- re,  again, 
en,  in,  and  bourse.,  a  purse.  Purse.)  To 
replace  in  a  treasury ;  to  pay  back ;  to  re- 
fund; to  pay  back  to;  to  render  an  equi- 
valent to  for  money  or  other  expenditure. 
— Reimbursement,  re-im-bers'ment,  n.  The 
act  of  reimbursing;  repaiyment.  —  Reim- 
burser,  re-im-ber'ser,  n.  One  who  reim- 
burses. 

Reimmerge,  re-im-merj',  v.t.  To  immerge 
again;  to  plunge  sifresh. 

Reimplant,  re-im-plant',  v.t.  To  implant 
again. 

Reimport,  r5-im-port',».t.  To  import  again; 
to  carry  back  to  the  country  of  exporta- 
tion.—n.  (re-im'port).  Something  reimpor- 
ted.  —  Reimportation,  re-im'por-ta"shon, 
n.  The  act  of  reimporting ;  that  which  is 
reim  ported. 

Reimpose,  re-im-poz',  v.t.  To  imposs  or  levy 
anew.— Reimposition,  r6-im'po-zish"on,  n. 
Act  of  reimposing. 

Reimpress,   re-im-pres',  v.t.     To  impress 

.anew.— Reimpression,  r^ka^resh'on,  n. 
A  second  impression;  a  reprint. 

Reimprint,  re-im-print',  v.t.  To  imprint  or 
print  agam. 

Reimprison,  r6-im-priz'on,  v.t.  To  imprison 
again.  —  Reimprlsonment,  re-im-priz'on- 
ment,  n.  The  act  of  confining  in  prison  a 
second  tim^  for  the  same  cause,  or  after 
a  release  from  prison. 

Rein,  ran,  n.  [Fr.  rSne,  O.Fr.  resne.  It.  re- 
dina;  from  L.  retineo,  to  retain.  Retaim.] 
The  strap  of  a  bridle,  by  which  the  rider 
or  driver  restrains  sind  governs  the  horse, 
&c.;  any  thong  otcord  for  the  same  pur- 
pose;/igr.  a  means  of  curbing,  restrajnmg, 
or  governing;  restraint.-  To  give  this  rein,or 
the  reins,  to^ve  license;  to  leave  without 
restraint.— To  take  the  reins,  to  take  the 
guidance  or  government.— yi.  To  govern, 
guide,  or  restrain  by  a  bridle;  to  restrain; 
to  control. — v.i.  To  obey  the  reins. 

Reincorporate,  re-in-kor'po-rat,  v.t.  To 
incorporate  anew. 

Reindeer,  ran'der,  n.  [Icel.  hrein-diri,  Sw. 
rendjur,  Dan.  rensdyr^  a  reindeer;  said  to 
be  of  Finnish  or  Lappish  origin.)  A  deer 
of  northern  Europe  and  Asia,  with  broad 
branched  antlers;  used  as  a  domestic  ani- 
mal among  the  Laplanders,  to  whom  it 
furnishes  food,  clothing,  and  the  means  of 
conveyance.— Reindeer-moss,  n.  A  lichen 
which  constitutes  almost  the  sole  winter 
food  for  reindeer. 

Reinduce,  re-in-das',  v.t.    To  induce  again. 

Relnfiame,  re-in-fi&m',  v.t.  To  inflame 
anew;  to  rekindle. 

Reinforce,  re-in-fors',  v.t.  To  strengthen;  to 
strengthen  with  more  troops,  ships,  &c.— 
n.  An  additional  thickness  given  to  any 

•portion  of  an  object  in  order  to' strengthen 
it:  the  part  of  a  cannon  nearest  the  breech. 
— Keinforcement,  re-in-fors'ment,  n.  The 
act  of  reinforcing;  additional  troops  or 
forces  to  augment  an  army  or  fleet. 

Reinform,  re -in -form',  v.t.  To  inform 
agaiut. 


,F&te,f&r,  fat,  f<(U;     me,  Eaet,h£r;     pine,  pin:     nCte,  not,  mOre;     ttkbe,  tub,  boU :     oil.  "pound:     ti.  Sc.  abvne— th«  Fr.  k, 


HEINFUSE 


671 


HELIC 


Reinfuse,  re-in-faz',  v.t.    To  infuse  again. 

Reinliabit,  r6-in-hab'it,  v.t.  To  inhabit 
again. 

Keinquire,  re-in-kwir',  v.t.  To  inquire  a 
second  time. 

Beins,  ranz,  w.  pi.  [Fr.  rein,  alcidney,  reins, 
the  loins,  from  L.  ren,  renis,  the  kidney.] 
The  kidneys;  the  region  of  the  kidneys; 
the  lower  parts  of  the  back;  the  seat  of  the 
affections  and  passions,  formerly  supposed 
to  be  situated  in  that  part  of  the  body. 

Reinsert,  re-in-s6rt',  v.t.  To  insert  a  sec- 
ond time.— Reinsertion,  re-in-sfer'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  reinserting,  or  what  is  reinser- 
ted. 

Reingpect,  rS-in-spekt',  v.t.  To  inspect 
again.— Reinspection,  re-in-spek'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  inspecting  a  second  time. 

Reinspire,  r6-in-spir',  v.t.  To  inspire  anew. 

Reinspirit,  re-in-spir'it,  v.t.  To  inspirit 
anew. 

Reinstall,  rS-In-stftl',  v.t.  To  install  again. 
— Reinstalment,  re-iri-stftl'ment,  n.  The 
act  of  reinstalling. 

Reinstate,  rC-in-stat',  o./.  To  instate  again; 
to  place  again  in  possession  or  in  a  former 
state.— Reinstatement,  re-in-stat'ment,  n. 
The  act  of  reinstating;  re-establishment. 

Relnstruct,  re-in-strukt',  v.t.  To  instruct 
anew. 

Reinsurance,  rS-in-shS'rans,  n.  A  renewed 
or  second  insurance;  a  contract  c^  which 
the  first  insurer  relieves  himself  from  the  ■ 
risks  he  had  undertaken,  and  devolves 
them  upon  other  insurers,  called  rein- 
surers.— Reinsure,  re-in-shbr',  v.t.  To  in- 
sure again. — Reinsurer,  re-in-sh5'r6r,  n. 
One  who  reinsures. 

Reinter,  rS-in-t6r',  v.t.    To  iatex  again. 

Reinterrogate,  re-in-ter'o-gat,  v.t.  To  in- 
terrogate again;  to  question  repeatedly. 

Reintroduce,  rS'ln'tro-dus",  v.t.  To  intro- 
duce again.  —  Reintroduction,  r5-in'tr5- 
duk"shon,  n.    A  second  introduction. 

Re-invest,  rg-in-vest',  v.t.    To  invest  anew. 

Reinvestigate,  re-in-ves'ti-gat,  v.t.  To  in- 
vestigate agaiii.- Reinvestigation,  rS-in- 
ves'ti-ga"8hon,«;.<.  A  second  investigation. 

Reinvigorate,  re-in-vig'o-rat,  v.t.  To  revive 
vigour  in;  to  reanimate. 

Reis,  res,  n.  [Ar.J  A  head;  &  chief;  a  cap- 
tain.—Beis  effendi,  one  of  the  chief  Turkish 
officers  of  state. 

Reissue,  r5-ish'a,  v.i.  To  issue  or  go  forth 
again.  —  v.t.  To  issue,  send  out,  or  put 
forth  a  second  time  (to  reissite  bank-notes). 
— n.  A  second  or  renewed  issue. 

Reiterate,  rS-it'6r-at,  v.t.  —  reiterated,  re- 
iterating. [L.  re,  again,  and  itero,  iteratum, 
to  repeat,  from  iterum,  again.  Iterate.] 
To  repeat  again  and  again;  to  do  or  say 
(especially  to  say)  repeatedly.— a.  Reiter- 
ated.—Reiteratedly,  re-it'er-a-ted-li,  ado. 
By  reiteration;  repeatedly. — Reiteration, 
r6-it'6r-a"8hon,  n.  The  act  of  reiterating; 
repetition.— Reiterative,  r6-it'i5r-a-tiv,  n. 
A  word  or  part  of  a  word  repeated  so  as  to 
form  a  reduplicated  word ;  gram,  a  word 
signifying  repeated  or  intense  action. 

Reject,  r5-jekt',  v.t.  [L.  rejicio,  rejecium, 
to  reject — re,  again,  and  jacio,  to  throw 
(whence  also  eject,  inject,  project,&c.).  Jet.] 
To  throw  away  as  useless  or  vile ;  to  cast 
off;  to  discard;  to  refuse  to  receive;  to 
decline  haughtily  or  harshly;  to  refuse  to 
grant.— Rejecter,  re-jek't6r,  n.  One  that 
rejects  or  refuses.— Rejection,  r5-jek'shon, 
n.  [L.  rejeetio.]  The  act  of  rejecting;  re- 
fusal to  accept  or  grant. —Rejective^  re- 
jek'tiv,  a.    Rejecting  or  tending  to  reject. 

Rejoice,  rS-jois',  v.i.  —  rejoiced,  rejoicing. 
[O.B.  rejoisse,  rejoyse,  from  O.Fr.  rejotr, 
rejoisaant,  Fr.  rijouir,  rejouissant;  prefix 
re,  and  djouir,  older  e^oi'r—L.  ex,  intens., 
and  g^udeo,.  to  rejoice.  Joy.]  To  experi- 
ence joy  and  gladness  in  a  high  degree;  to 
be  joyful;  tO  exult :  often  with  at,  in,  on 
account  of,  &c.,  or  a  subordinate  clause.— 
v.t.  To  make  joyful;  to  gladden.— Rejoicer, 
re-jois'fer,  w.  One  that  rejoices;  one  that 
causes  to  rejoice.— Rejoicing,  rC-jois'ing,  n. 
The  act  of  expressing  joy ;  jprocedure  ex- 
pressive of  joy ;  festivitj-.  —  Rejoicingly, 
re-jois'ing:-li,  adv.  With  joy  or  exultation. 

Rejoin,  re-join',  v.t.  To  join  again;  to  unite 
after  separation;  to  join  the  company  of 
again;  to  answer;  to  say  In  answer;  to 
reply:  with  a  clause  as  object. — v.i.  To 


answer  to  a  reply.— Rejoinder,  re-join'der, 
n.  [An  infinitive  form :  Fr.  r^oindre,  to 
rejoin.  Attainder,  remainder  are  similar 
forms.]  An  answer  to  a  reply;  ZaMi,.the 
fourth  stage  in  the  pleadings  in  an  action,, 
being  thedefendant'sanswer  to  the  plain- 
tiffs replication. 

Rejudge,  r5-juj',  v.t.    To  judge  again. 

Rejuvenate,  re-ja'ven-St,  v.t. — rejuvenated, 
rejuvenating.  [L.  re,  again,  and  juvenis, 
young.  Juvenile.]  To  restore  to  youth; 
to  make  young  again.— Rejuvenation,  re- 
ja'ven-a"shon,  n.  The  act  of  rejuvenating. 

Rejuvenescence,  r5-jri'ven-es"ens,  n.  [li.  re, 
a.nd  juvenesco,  to  grow  young.]  A  renewing 
of  youth;  the  state  of  being  young  again. 
— Rejuvenescent,  r5-ju'ven-e8"ent,  a.  Be- 
coming or  become  young  again.  —  Beju- 
venize,  re-ja've-niz,  v.t.  To.  render  young 
again. 

Rekindle,  r5-kin'dl,  v.t  To  kmdle  agaiii; 
to  inflame  again;  to  rouse  anew.  ^ 

Reland,  re-land',  v.t.  To  land  again;  to  put 
on  land  after  having  been  shipped  or  em- 
barked.—y.i.  To  go  on  shore  after  having 
embarked. 

Relapse,  re-laps',  v.i. — relapsed,. relapsing. 
[L.  relabor,  relapsus,  to  slide  back— re, 
back,  and  labor,  lapsus,  to  slide.  Lapse.] 
To  slip  or  slide  back;  to  return  to  a  former 
bad  state  or  practice;  to  backslide;  to  fall 
back  or  return  from  recovery  oir  a  conva- 
lescent, state.  —  M.  A  falling'  back  into  a 
former  bad  state,  either  of  health  or  of 
morals.  — Belapsable,  re-lap'sa-bl,  a.  Car 
T>able  of  relapsing  or  liable  to  relapse. — 
Belapsed,  re-lapst',  a.  R.  Cdth.  Ch.'a,  term 
applied  to  a  heretic  who  having  abjured 
his  errors  has  fallen  back  into  them  again. 

'  — ^Relapser,  re-lap '  sir,  n.  One  that  re- 
lapses. —  Relapsing,  re-lap'sing,  p.  pud  a. 
Sliding  or  falling  back;  piarked  by  a  re- 
lapse or  return  to  a  former  worse  state. 

Relate,  re-laf ,  v.t— related,  relating.  [Fr. 
relaier,  to  state,  to'  mention;  L.  re/ero,  re- 
laium,  to  "refer,  to  bring  back^re,  back, 
and  latus,  brought  (as  in  elate,  oblate, 
translate).]  To  tell;  to  recite;  to  recount; 
to  narrate  the  particulars  of;  to  ally  by 
connection  or  kindred. — v.i.  To  have  refer- 
ence or  respect;  to  regard;  to  stand  in 
some  relation:  with  tQ  following.  —  Re- 
lated, re-la'ted,  p.  and  a.  Allied;  con- 
nected by  blood  or  alliance,  particularly 
by  blood;  standing  in  some  relation  or 
connection.— Relater,  r5-la'ter,n.  One  who 
relates.— Relation,  re-la'shon,  n.  [L.  rela- 
tio,  relationis.]  The  act  of  relating;  that 
which  is  related  or  told ;  narrative;  ref er- 
ence,respeot,or  regard:  often  in  the  phrase 
in  relation  to;  connection  perceived  or  im- 
agined between  things;  a  certain  position 
of  one  thing  with  regard  to  another;  the 
condition  of  being  such  or  such  in  respect 
to  something  else;  due  conformity  or  har- 
mony of  parts;  kinship;  a  kinsman  or  kins- 
woman; math,  ratio;  proportion;  logic, 
one  of  the  ten  predicaments. — Relational, 
re-la'shon-al,  a.  Indicating  or  specifying 
.some  relation:  used  in  contradistinction 
to  notional  (a  relational  part  of  speech,  as 
the  pronoun,  preposition,  and  conjunc- 
tion). —  Relatlonsnip,  re-la'shon-ship,  n. 
The  state  of  being  related  by  kindred,  af- 
finity, or  other  alliance;  kinship.  -^  Rela- 
tive, rel'a-tiv,  a.  [L.  relativus.)  Having 
relation  to  or  bearing  on  something;  close 
in  connection ;  pertinent ;  relevant ;  not 
absolute  or  existing  by  itself;  depending 
on  or  incident  to  something  else;  gram,. 
applied  to  a  word  which  relates  to  another 
word,  sentence,  or  part  of  a  sentence  called 
the  antecedent,  applied  especially  to  cer- 
tain pronouns,  as  who,  which,  and  that. — 
Relative  motion,  the  change  of  the  place  of 
a  moving  body  with  respect  to  some  other 
body  also  in  motion. — Relative  terms,  terms 
which  imply  some  relation,  as  guardian 
and  ward,  master  and  servant,  &c. — n. 
Something  considered  in  its  relation  to 
something  else;  a  person  connected  by 
blood  or  affinity,  especially  one  allied  by 
blood;  a  kinsman  or  kinswoman;  gram. 
a  word  which  relates  to  or  represents  an- 
other word,  called  its  antecedent,  or  refers 
back  to  a  statement;  a  relative  pronoun. — 
Relatively,  rel'a-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  relative 
manner;  in  relation  to  something  else; 


not  absolutely;  comparatively:  often  fol- 
owed  by  to  (an  expenditure  lorge  rela- 
ively  to  his  income).—  Relativeness,  Rela- 
tivity, rel'a-tiv-nes,  rel-a-tiv'i-ti,  n.  The 
state  of  being  relative.— Relator,  re-la't6r, 
n.    One  who  relates. 

Relax,  re-laks',  v.t.  [L'.  relaxo,  to  relax — 
re,  back,  and  laxo,  to  loosen,  from  laxus, 
loose.  Lax.]  To  slacken;  to  make  less 
tense  or  rigid;  to  make  less  severe  or  rig- 
orous; to  remit  in  strictness;  to  remit  or 
abate  in  respect  to  attention,  effort,  oV 
labour;  to  relieve  from  constipation.— ti.i. 
To  become  loose*  feeble,  or  languid;  to 
abate  in  severity;  to  become  more  mild  or 
less  rigorous;  to  remit  in  close  attention; 
to  unbend.  —  Relaxation,  rerlak-sa'shon, 
n.  [L.  relaxatio.]  The  act  of  relaxing  or 
state  of  being  relaxed ;  a  diminution  of 
tension  or  firmness ;  a  diminution  of  the 
natural  and  healthy  tone  of  parts  of  the 
human  body;  remission  of  attention  or 
application;  recreation;  an  occupation  in- 
tended to  give  mental  or  bodily  relief  after 
effort. — Relaxative,  r6-lak'sa-tiv,  a.  Hav- 
ing the  quality  of  relaxing;  laxative.— 
n.  A  laxative  medicine;  what  gives  relax- 
ation. 

Relay,  re-la',  n.  [Fr.  relais,  a  relay  of 
horses;  orfginally,  relief  or- release,  from 
L.  re,  aiid  laxus,  loose.  Relax,  Release.] 
A  supply  of  anything  stored  up  for  afford- 
ing relief  from  time  to  time,  or  at  succes- 
sive stages;  a  supply  of  horses  placed  on 
the  road  to  be  in  readiness  to  relieve  others; 
a  squad  of  men  to  take  a  spell  or  turn 
of  work  at  stated  intervals;  a  telegraphic 
apparatus  which,'  on  receiving  a  feeble 
•  electric  current;  sends  on  a  much  stronger 

current  from  a  battery  on  the  spot. 
Relay,  r5-la',  v.t.    To  lay  again;  to  lay  a 
second  time. 

Release,  re-les',  v.t. — released,  releasing. 
[From  O.Fr.  releaser,  relaisser,  to  release, 
to  relinquish  —  prefix  re,  and  laisser,  to 
leave,  from  L.  Ixucare,  to  loosen,  from  iaa> 
us,  loose, .  lax.  Release,  relax  are  thus 
doublets.  Lax.]  To  let  loose  again;  to 
set  free  from  restraint  or  confinement;  to 
liberate;  to  free  from  pain,  grief,  or  any 
other  evil;  to  free  from  obligation  or  pen- 
alty; law,  to  give  up  or  let  go,  as  a  claim. 
— n.  Liberation  from  restraint  of  any 
kind,  as  from  confinement  or  bondage ; 
liberation  from  care,  pain,  or  burden;  dis- 
charge from  obligation  orresixjnsibility. — 
Releasable,  re-les'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing released. — Releasement,  re-l6s'ment, 
n.  The  act  of  releasing.— Releaser,  re-les'- 
6r,  n.  One  who  releases. 
Re-lease,  re-l6s',  v.t.  [Prefix  re,  and  lease.l 
To  lease  again  or  anew. 
Relegate,  rel'e-gat,  v.t.— relegated,  relegat- 
ing. [L.  relego,  relegatum,  to  banish— re, 
back,  and  lego,  to  send.  Legate.]  To  send 
away  or  out  of  the  wa.y;  to  consign  to  some 
obscure  or  remote  destination;  to  banish. 
—Relegation,  rel-e-ga'shon,  n.  [L.  relega- 
iio.]  The  act  of  relegating ;  banishment; 
in  ancient  Roman  law,  banishment  to  a 
certain  place  for  a  certain  time. 
Relent,  re-lent',  v.i.  [Fr.  ralentir.  to  slack- 
en, to  abate — prefix  re,  back,  o,  to,  and 
lent,  L.  lenttis,  pliant,  slow.  Lenient.]  To 
become  less  harsh,  cruel,  or  dbdurate;  to 
soften  in  temper;  to  become  more  mild; 
to  yield;  to  comply. — Relentless,  re-lent'- 
les,  a.  Incapable  of  relenting;  insensible 
to  the  distresses  of  others;  merciless;  im- 
placable; pitiless.— Relentlessly,  re-leut'- 
les-li,  adv.  In  a  relentless  manner;  ■with- 
out pity.  — Relentlessness,  re-lent'les-nes, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  relentless. 
Relet,  re-let',  v.t.  To  let  anew,  as  a  house. 
Relevant,  rel'6-vant,  a.  [Fr.  relevant,  ppr. 
of  relever,  to  relieve,  to  help  or  aid.  Re- 
lieve.] Lending  aid  or  supportj;  to  the 
purpose;  pertinent;  applicable;  bearing 
on  the  matter  in  hand  (arguments  not 
relevant  to  the  case).  —  Relevantly,  rel'e- 
vant-li,  adv.  In  a  relevant  manner.- 
Relevance,Relevancy,  rel'6-vans,  rel'e-van- 
si,  n.  The  quality  of  being  relevant;  per- 
tinence. 

Reliable,  Reliance,  Reliant,  &c.  Under 
Relt. 

Belie,  rel'ik,  n.  [Fr.  relique,  from  L.  re- 
liquim,  remains— re,  back,  and  liwpio,  to 


ch,  cAain;     ch.  So.  loe/i;     g,  ^o;     j,  job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinir;     »h,  tAen;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;     wh,  wAig;     zh,  a«ure. 


RELICT 


672 


REMEDY 


leave  (as  in  delinquent,  relwiquish) ;  game 
root  as  license,  Gr.  leipO,  to  leave.]  That 
Tvhich  is  left  after  the  loss  or  decay  of  the 
rest;  a  remaining  fragment;  the  body  of  a 
deceased  person:  usually  in  pi.;  something 
preserved  in  remembrance;  a  memento, 
souvenir,  or  keepsake;  a  bone  or  other 
part  of  saints  or  martyrs,  or  some  part  of 
thoir  garments,  &c.,  preservedi  and  re- 
garded a;8  of  extraordinary  sanctity  and 
often  as  possessing  miraculous  powers. 
Kelict,  rel'ikt,  n.  [O.Pr.  relicie,  a  widow, 
li.  relicta,  fem.  of  relicttigj  pp.  of- relinguo, 
to  leave.  Relic]  A  widow;  a  woman 
whose  husband  is  dead- 
Kelief,  re-l6f ,  n.  [Pr.  relief,  relief,  a  re- 
lieving, alleviation,  also  (like  It.  rUievo) 
artistic  raised"  work,  from  relever.  Re- 
lieve.] The  removal  of  anything  painful 
or  burdensome  by  which  some  ease  is 
obtained;  ease  from  cessation  of  pain; 
alleviation;  succour;  what  mitigates  or 
removes  pain,  grief,  or  other  evil;  assis- 
tance given  under  the  poor-laws  to  a  pau- 
per; release  from  duty  by  a  substitute  or 
substitutes;  sculp.,  arch.,  &c,  the  projec- 
tion or  prominence  of  a  figure  above  or 
beyond  the  ground  or  plane  on  which  it 
is  formed,  being  of  three  kinds :  high  re- 
lief {cUto-rilievoJ,  low  relief  (baaso-rilievo], 
and  middle  or  half  relief  (■)mzzo-rilievo), 
according  to  the  degree  of  projection; 
hence,  a  piece  of  artistic  work  in  one  or 
other  of  these  styles ;  j)ainting,  the  ap- 
pearance of  projection  and  solidity  in  re- 
presented objects;  hence,  prominence  or 
distinctness  given  to  anything  by  some- 
thing presenting  a  contrast  to  it;  phys. 
geog.  the  undulations  or  surface  elevations 
of  a  country;  fort,  the  height  of  a  parapet 
from  the  bottom  of  the  ditch;  feudal  law, 
a  payment  by  the  heir  of  a  tenant  made  to 
his  lord  for  the  privilege  of  taking  up  the 
estate.— Eelievaole,  re-16'va-bl,  o.  Capable 
of  being  relieved ;  fitted  to  receive  relief. 
»— Relieve,  re-lSv',  v.t. — relieved,  relieviAg. 
[O.E  fvleve,  from  Pr.  relever,  to  set  up 
again,  Ao  release,  to  assist,  from  L.  rete- 
vare,  to  lift  up  again — re,  again,  and  levare, 
to  raise,  from  Levis,  light.  Levitt.]  To 
remove  or  lessen,  as  anything  that  pains 
or  distresses;  to  mitigate,  alleviate  (pain, 
misery,  wants);  to  free,  wholly  or  par- 
tially, from  pain,  grief,  anxiety,  or  any- 
thing considered  to  be  an  evil;  to  help,  aid, 
or  succour  (the  poor,  the  sick,  &c.);  to  re- 
lease frem  a  post  or  duty  by  substituting 
another  person  or  party  (to  relieve  a  sen- 
tinel); to  obviate  the '  monotony  of  by 
the  introduction  of  someyariety;  to  make 
conspicuous;  to  set  off  by  contrast;  to  give 
the  apijearance  of  projection  to.  —Reliever, 
re-lS'vGr,  n.  One  that  relieves.— Relieving, 
re-l5'ving,  p.  and  a.  Serving  or  tending 
to  relieve.— ileJieum(7  arch,  an  arch  in  the 
substance  of  a  wall  to  relieve  the  part 
beloT7  it  from  a  superincumbent  weight. 
— Relieving  officer,  an  official  of  an  English 
poor-law  union  who  superintends  the  re- 
lief of  the  poor. 

Relievo,  ,r6-tE'v5  or  rel-5-a'vo,  n.  A  form 
of  RUievo. 

Ealight,  re-lit',  v.t.  To  light  anew;  to  re- 
kindle. 

Religienx,  r6-l5zh-€-6,  n.  ring,  and  pi.  fPr.] 
A  member  of  a  monastic  order;  a  monk. 
— Rellgleuae,  r6-lezh-e-6z, ».  [Pr.J  Afemalo 
religieux ;  a  nun. 

Ksli^iOn,  re-lij'on,  n.  [Fr.  religion,  L.  re- 
ligio,  religionig,  probably  from  prefix  re, 
and  stem  meaning  to  care  for,  to  respect, 
allied  to  Gr.  aleg6,  to  heei.]  The  feeling 
of  reverence  which  men  entertain  towards 
a  Supreme  Being ;  the  recognition  of  God 
as  an  object  of  worship,  love,  and  obedi- 
ence; piety;  any  system  of  faith  and  wor- 
ship (the  religion  of  the  Greeks,  Jews,  Hin- 
dus, Mohammedans,  &c.).—EstaMished  re- 
ligion, that  form  of  religion  in  a  country 
which  is  recognized  and  supported  by  the 
state. — Natural  religion,  the  knowledge  of 
God  and  of  our  duty  which  is  derived  from 
the  light  of  na.t\iTe.— Revealed  religion,  the 
knowledge  of  God  and  of  our  duty  from 
positive  revelation.— Religionism,  r5-lij'- 
on-izm,  n.  The  outward  practice  of  re- 
ligion; affected  or  false  religion.— Religi- 
onist, r5-lij'on-ist,  n.    A  religious  bigot; 


one  wha  deals  much  in  religious  discourse; 
a  partisan  of  a  religion. — KeUglonlras,  x^- 
lij'on-les,  a.  Without  I'eligion;  ijot  having 
a  religion.— Religiosity,  rfr-lij'i-os"i-ti,  n. 
A  natural  tendency  of  mind  towards  re- 
,  ligion. — ^Religious,  re-lij'us,  a.  [L.  reliffi- 
I  osus.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  religion ; 
concerned  with  religion;  set  apart  for 
purposes  connected  with  religion;  imbued 
with  religion ;  pious ;  devout ;  devoted  by 
Vows  to  the  practice  of  religion  or  to  a 
monastic  life  (a  religious  order)}  bound  by 
some  solemn  obligation;  scrupulously 
faithful. — n.  A  religieux  or  religieuse.— 
Religloosly,  re-lij'us-li,  adv.  In  a  religious 
manner;  piously;  reverently;  strictly;  con- 
scientiously,— Religiousness,  re-lij'us-nes, 
n.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  religious. 

RelincLuish,  re-bngTiwish,  v.t.  [O.Pr.  re- 
linguir,  relinquissant,  from  L.  relinqw),  to 
leave.  ReliC]  To  give  up  the  possession 
or  occupancy  of;  to  withdraw  from;  to 
leave;  to  abandon;  to  give  up  the  pursuit 
or  practice  of;  to  desist  from;  to  reno'^nce 
a  claim  to.— RelinquiHlier,r6-ling'kwish-^r, 
n.  One  who  relinquishes.  —  Roliaquisli- 
ment,  re-linaTiwish-ment,  «.  The  act  of 
relinquishing;  the  renouriing  a; -claim  to. 

Reliquary,  rel'i-kwa-ri,  n.  [Pr.  relvpiaire, 
from  L.  reliquice,  relics.  Relic]  A  de- 
positary for  relics;  a  casket  in  which 
reUcs  are  kept;  a  shrine.— Reliqne,  re-lek' 
or  rel'ik,  n.    A  relic. 

Reliquiae,  re-lik'wi-€,  n.  pi.  [L.",  remnantc, 
remains.  Relic]  Belies;  remains;  fossil 
remains. 

Relish,  ifil'i^,  v.t.  IdrPr.  reUcher,  lit.  to 
re-lick— /a,  agaiag^d  UcJier,  from  O.H.G. 
lecehon,  to  lick.  JLrcK.]  To  like  the  tast« 
or  flavour  of ;  to  be  pleased  with  or  grati- 
fied by ;  to  have  a  bking  for :  to  give  an 
agreeable  taste  or  flavour  to;  to  savour  or 
smack  of. — v.t.  To  have  a  pleasing  taste; 
to  have  a  flavour. — n.  The  sensation  pro- 
duced by  anything  on  the  palate ;  savour; 
taste,  commonly  a  pleasing  teiste;  inclina- 
tion; liking  (a  relish  for  something);  de- 
light given  by  anything;  characteristic 
quality;  savour  or  flavour;  smack;  a  small 
quantity  just  peroeptible;  tincture;  some- 
thing taken  with  food  to  increase  the  plea- 
sure of  eating. — Relishable,  r^l'ish-a-bl, 
a.    Capable  of  being  relished. 

Relisten,  re-lis'n,  v.i.  To  listen  again  or 
anew. 

Relive,  r6-liv',  v.i.  To  live  again;  to  revive. 

Reload,  re-lod',  r.t    To  load  again. 

Relncent,  r5-la'sent,  a.  [L.  re,  back,  and 
liuxo,  to  shine.  Luccd.]  Throwing  back 
light;  luminous;  shining;  eminent. 

Reluctant,  re-luk'tant,  a.  [Ji.  reluctans, 
rehictantis,  ppr.  of  reluctor,  to  struggle — 
re,  back,  and  iwtor,  to  struggle,  lucta,  a 
struggle.]  Striving  against  aoing  some-' 
thing;  unwilling  to  do  what  one  feels 
called  on  to  do ;  acting  with  repugnance ; 
averse ;  loth ;  granted  with  unwimngness 
{reluctant  obedience).  —  Reluctantly,  re- 
luk'tant-li,  adv.  In  a  reluctant  manner ; 
unwillingly.  —  Reluctance,  Reluctaney, 
r8-luk'tans,  re-luk'tan-si,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  reluctant ;  aversion ;  un- 
•willingness. , 

Relnme,  Reliimiae,  rB-lum',  r5-ltl'min,  v.t. 
[Ii.  '/•«,  again,  and  lumen,  light.  LDitiKABT.] 
To  light  anew;  to  illuminate  again. 

Rely,  rii-li',  v.t. — relied,  relying.  [Prom  re, 
back,  and  lie;  or  equivalent  to  ralVj,  from 
re  and  ally.  (Rally.)  It  was  formerly 
often  used  with  reflexive  pronouns  (to  reljf 
one's  self  upon).']  To  rest  with  confidence, 
as  when  we  are  satisfied  of  the  veracity, 
integrity,  or  ability  of  persons,  or  of  the 
certainty  of  facts  or  of  evidence ;  to  have 
confidence;  to  trust:  with-on  or  upon.— 
Reliable,  riS-li'a-bl,  a. .  [This  word  (intro- 
duced about  1800)  has  often  been  objected 
to  as  irregular  in-formation  or  for  other 
reasons:  but  it  has  latterly  come  into  good 
use.]  Such  as  may  be  relied  on;  worthy 
of  being  relied  on;, to  be  depended  on  for 
support.— Reliableness,  RsUablhty,  re-li''- 
a-bl-nes,  re-li'a-bil"i-ti,  w.    The  quality  of 

_  being  reliable— Relia'aly,  re-li'a-bli,  adv. 

'  In  a  reliable  manner;  so  as  to  be  relied  on. 
—Reliance,  re-li'ans,  n.  The  act  of  rely- 
ing: dependence;  confidence;  trust;  ground 
of  trust.  —  Reliant,  r&-li'ant,  a.    Having 


reliance;  confident;  self-reliant.— Reller, 
r6-li'6r,  n.    One  whd' relies. 

Remade,  r^mad',  pret.  &  pp.  of  remoute. 

Remain,  re-mto',  ».t.  [O.Pr.  rvmaindre,  to 
remain,  from  L.  remaneo-—re,  back,  and 
nian«o,mansi,  to  stay.  Mansion.]  To  ci5n- 
tinue  iii  a  place;  to  abide ;  to  continue  in 
an  unchanged  form  or  condition;  to  en- 
dure; to  last;  to  stay  behind  after  others 
have  gone;  to  be  left;  to  be  left,  as  not 
included  or  com  prised  j  to  be  still  to  deal 
with. — jt.  That  which  is  left;  remainder; 
relic:chieflvuBedintheplural;3peoifically, 
pi.,  that  which  is  left  of  a  human  being 
after  life  is  gone,  that  is  the  dead  body»  pi. 
the  productions,'  especially  the  literary 
works,  of  one  wno  is  dead.^Reicainder, 
r6-man'd6r,  n.  [An  infinitive  form;  comp. 
rejoinder.]  That  which  remains;  anythipg 
left  after  the  removal  of  the  rest;  anth,. 
■  ic,  the  sum  or  quantity  that  is  left  after 
subtraction  or  deduction;  law,  an  estate 
limited  so  as  to  be  enjoyed  after  the  death 
of  the  present  possessor  or  otherwise.— a. 
Remaining;  left  over.  '  " 

Remake,  re-msk',  v.i.— remade,  remaJcing. 
To  make  anew;  to  make  over  again. 

Remand,  re-mand',  v.t.  [Pr.  remands,  from 
L.  re,  and  mawU),  to  commit  to  one's 
'  charge.  Makdate.]  To  send,  call,  or  order 
back:  law,  to  send  back  to  jail,  as  an  ac- 
cused party,  in  order  to  give  time  to  col- 
lect more  evidence.— n.  Tne  state  of  being 
remanded;  the  act  of  remanding. 

Remanent,  rem'a-nent,  a.  [L.  remanens, 
remanentis,  ppr.  of  remaneo.  Remain.  J 
Remaining.  —  Eem&aence,  Remanency, 
rem'a-nens,  rem'a-nen-si,  n.    The  state  of 

•  remaining;  continuance;  permanence. 

Remark,  re-mark', ».  VFT.remarqtie — re  and 
marque.  Mark.]  The  ast  of  observing  or 
taking  notice;  notice  or  observation;  a 
brief  statement  taking  notice  of  some- 
thing; an  observation;  a  comment. — v.i. 
To  observe;  to  note  in  the  mind;  to  ex- 
press, as  a  thought  that  has  occurred  to 
the  speaker;  to  utter  'by  way  of  comment 
or  observation. — Remarkaole,  rs-mar'- 
ka-bl,  a.  Observable ;  worthy  of  notics ; 
extraordinary;  unu^sual;  striking;  note- 
worthy ;  conspicuous ;  distinguished.  — 
Remarkableness,  re-mar'ka-bl-nes,  n.  — 
Remarkably,  rs-mar'ka-bli,  adv.  In  a  re- 
markable manner;  singularly;  surpris- 
ingly- —  Remarker,  re-marTter,  n.  Ono 
who  remarks. 

Re-mark,  re-m&rk',  v.t.  To  mark  anew  or 
a  second  time. 

Remarry,  i5-mar'i,  v.t.  To  marry  again  or 
a  second  time.— i».i.  To  be  marriea  again 
or  a  second  time.— Remarriage,  r6-mar'ij, 
n.  Any  marriage  after  the  first;  a  re- 
peated marriage. 

Remast,  re-mast',  v.t.  To  furnish  with  a 
second  mast  or  set  of  masts. 

Remasticate,  re-mas'ti-kat,  v.t.  To  chew 
or  masticate  again.— Remastication,  r6- 
mas'ti-ka"shon,  n.  The  act  of  remasti- 
cating. 

Remblai,  ran-bla,  n.  [Pr.]  Fort  the  earth 
used  to  form^the  whole  mass  of  nucnpart 
and  parapet. 

Remead,  Remede,  re-med',  n.  Remedy; 
help,  'written  also  Remacd,  Bem^eid.  [Old 
English  or  Scotch.J 

Remeasnre,  re-mezn-ttr,  v.t  To  measure 
anew. 

Remedy,  rem'e-di,  n.  [L.  remidium,  from " 
re,  ag'ain,  and  medeor,  to  heal.  Medical.]' 
That  which  cures  a  disease;  any  medicine 
or  application  which  puts  an  end  to  dis- , 
ease  and  restores  health  (a  remedy  for  the! 
gout);  that  which  corrects  or  counteracts^ 
an  evil  of  any  kind ;  relief ;  redress ;  legal 
means  for  recovery  of  a  right.— y.t. — reme-  ^ 
died,  remedying.  To  cure ;  to  heal ;  to  ro- ' 
pair  or  remove,  aa  some  evil ;  to  redress ; 
to  counteract.— Ssmediable,  re-m6'di-a-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  remedied. — Remedl- 
ableneas,  re-me'di-a-bl-nes,  n.  —  Remedi- 
ably,  re-mo'di-a-bli,  ody.  — Remedial,  re-. 
m5'di-al,  a.  [L.  remedialis.]  Affording  &| 
remedy;  intended  to  remedy  or  cure  some-j 
thing,  or  for  the  removal  of  an  evil  {re- 
medial meagures).— Remedlally,  re-mS'di- 
al-li,  adv..  In  a  remedial  manner. — Re- 
medUeas,  rem'e-di-les,  a.  Not  admitting 
a  remedy;  incurable;  irreparable. — Reme- 


^  Fate,  far,  fat,  f »llj     me,  met,  hte;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tube,  tub,  b\jir;     oQ,  pound;     11, Ja  abtme— the  Fr.  u^ 


REMELT 


573 


RENAL 


cSTeSBl?,  rem'e-di-les-li,  a<2v.— EemedUesB- 
ness,  rem'e-di-les-nes,  w. 

Remelt,  re-uiBlt',  v.t.    To  mBlt  again. 

Eemember,  re-mem'bfer,  v.t.  [0.  Fr.  re- 
viembrer,  se  rememhrer,  from  L.L.  rermm^ 
orare  —  L.  re,  again,  and  memorare,  to 
bring  to  mind,  from  mamor,  mindful. 
Memoir.]  To  have  in  the  mind  and  ca- 
pable of  being  brought  back  from  the  past; 
to  bear  or  keep  in  mind;  to  be  capable  of 
recalling;  not  to  forget;  to  put  in  mind; 
to  remind;  to  think  of;  to  keep  in  mind 
with  gratitude,  favour,  affection,  or  other 
emotion. — v.i.  To  have  something  in  re- 
membrance; to  recollect. .'.  Remember  iva- 
pliea  that  a  thing  exists  in  the  memory, 
but  not  tbat  it  is  actually  present  in  the 
thoughts  at  the  moment.  Recollect  joeans 
that  a  fact,  forgotten  or  partially  lost  to 
memory,  is  after  some  effort  recalled.  See 
also.MEMOBY.— Remembsrer,  re-memTDfir- 
6r,  n.  One  that  remembers.  —  Remem- 
brance, r5-mem'brans,  n.  [O.Fr.  remem- 
brance.] The  keeping  of  a  thing  in  mind; 
power  or  faculty  of  remembering;  limit  of 
time  over  which  the  memory  extends; 
what  is  remembered;  a  memorial;  a  keep- 
sake; state  of  being  mindful;  regard.  .•. 
Syn.  under  Memory.  —  Remembrancer, 
rs-mem'bran-s6r,  n.  One  who  reminds; 
an  officer  in  the  exchequer  of  England 
whose  business  is  to  record  certain  papers 
and  proceedings,  make  out  processes,  &c.; 
a  recorder;  the  name  is  also  given  to  an 
officer  of  some  corporations  (as  London). 

Eemerge,  re-m6rj',  v.i.    To  merge  again. 

Kemiform,  re'mi-form,  a.  [L.  remits,  an 
oar.]    Shaped  like  an  oar. 

Remlges.re'mi-jez.ji.pZ.  [h.remex,remigis, 
a  rower,  from  remits,  an  oar.l  The  quill 
feathers  of  the  wings  of  a  bird. 

Hemigrate,  re-mi 'grat,  v.i.  To  migrate 
again;  to  return.— Remigration,r6-mi-gra'- 
shon,  n.    A  migration  to  a  former  jdace. 

Remind,  re-mind',  v.t.  To  put  in  ihind;  to 
cause  to  recollect  or  remember  (to  remind 
a  person  of  his  promise). — Reminder,  r5- 
luin'dCr,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  re- 
minds; a  hint  that  servestoawakenremem- 
hrance.— Remindful,  r5-mlnd'ful,  a.  Ten- 
ding or  adapted  to  remind. 

Reminiscence,  rem-i-nis'ens,  n.  [Fr.  ri- 
viiniscence,  L.  reminiscentia,  from  remi- 
niscor,  to  recall  to  mind— re,  again,  and 
miniscor,  from  root  men,  whence  mens, 
the  mind.  Mental.]  BecoUection;  that 
Y/hich  is  recollected  or  recalled  to  mind; 
a  relation -of  what  is  recollected;  a  narra- 
tion of  past  incidents  within  one's  per- 
sonal knowledge.  .'.Syn.  under  Memory. — 
Reminiscent,  rem-i-nis'ent,  a.  Having 
i-Binemuranca  cailing  to  mind. — n.  One 
who  calls  to  m'hid.— Reminiscential,  rqm'- 
i-nis-en''shal,  a.  Pertaining  to  reminis- 
cence. —  Reminiscentlally,  rem'i-nia-en"- 
shal-li,  adv. 

Remiped,  rem'i-ped,  n.  [L.  remus,  an  oar, 
and  pes.  pedis,  a  foot.]  An  aquatic  animal 
whose  feet  serve  as  oars. 

Remise,  re-mSz',  n.  fFr.,  from  remettre,  L. 
remiito.  Remiss.]  Law,  a  granting  back; 
a  surrender;  release,  as  of  a  claim. 

Remiss,  re-mis',  a.  [L.  remissus,  relaxed, 
languid,  not  strict,  pp.  of  remitto—re,  back, 
and  mitto,  to  send.  Mission.]  Not  ener- 
getic or  diligent  in  performance;  careless 
in  performing  duty  or  business;  negligent; 
dilatory;  slack;  wanting  earnestness  or 
activity.  —Remissibility,  re-mis'i-bil"i-ti, 
n.  Capability  of  being  remitted.  —  Re- 
missible ,  re-mis'i-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  re- 
mitted or  forgiven.— Remission,  re-mish'- 
on,  n.  The  act  of  remitting;  diminution 
or  cessation  of  intensity;  abatement;  mod- 
eration; a  giving  up;  the  act  of  forgiving; 
forgiveness ;  pardon ;  a  temporary  subsi- 
dence of  the  force  or  violence  of  a  disease 
or  of  pain. — Remissive,  rS-mis'iv,  a.  Slack- 
ening; relaxing;  foi:giving;  pardoning. — 
Remissly,  re-mis'U,  adv.  Iii  a  remiss  or 
negligent  manner;  carelessly;  slowly; 
slackly;  not  vigorously.— Remissness,  re- 
mis'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
remiss.— Remissory,  re-mis'o-ri,  a.  Per- 
taining to  remission;  serving  or  tending 
to  femit. — Remit,  re-mit',  v.t. — remitted, 
remitting.  [  L.  remitto,  to  send  back, 
slacken,  relax.]    To  relax  in  intensity;  to 


make  less  intense  or  violent;  to  abate;  to 
refrain  from  exacting;  to  give  up  iii  whole 
or  in  part  (to  7'emit  punishment);  to  pardon; 
to  forgive;  to  refrain  from  exacting  i>un- 
ishment  for  (sins);  to  surrender;  to  resign; 
to  send  back;  to  put  again  into  custody; 
Scots  law,  to  transfer  from  one  tribunal 
or  judge  to  another;  com.  to  transmit  or 
send,  as  money,  bills,  or  other  things  in 
payment  for  goods  received.  —  v.i.  To 
slacken;  to  become  less  intense  orrigorous; 
Tned.  to  abate  in  violence  for  a  time  (a 
fever  remits  at  a  certain  hour  every  day); 
com.  to  transmit  money,  &c. — n.  Scots  law, 
the  transferring  of  a  cause  from  one  tri- 
bunal or  judge  to  another.- Remittal,  re- 
mit'al,  n.  A  remitting;  a  sending  money 
to  a  distant  place. — Remittance,  re-mit'- 
ans,  n.  The  act  of  transmitting  money, 
bills,  or  the  like,  to  a  distant  place,  m 
return  or  payment  for  goods  purchased; 
the  sum  remitted. — Remittee,  re-mit'e,  n. 
A  person  to  whom  a  remittance  is  sent. — 
Remittent,  "re-mi t'ent,  a.  [L.  remittens, 
remittentis,  ppr.  of  remitto.]  Temporarily 
ceasing;  having  remissions  from  time  to 
time. — ReTniitent  fever,  any  fover  which 
suffers  a  decided  remission  of  its  violence 
during  the  twenty-four  hours,  but  with- 
out entirely  leavmg  the  patient. — n.  A 
remittent  fever. — Remitter,  r5-aut'6r,  n. 
One  who  remits. 

Bemix,  re-miks',  v.t.  and  i.    To  mix  again. 

Kemnant,  rem'nant,  n.  [Contr.  from  re- 
manent. Bemanent.]  What  remains  after 
the  removal  of  the  rest  of  a  thing;  the  re- 
maining piece  of  a  web  of  cloth  after  the 
rest  is  sold;  that  which  remains  after  a 

Sart  is  done  or  past;  a  scrap,  fragment, 
ttle  bit.— a.  Bemaining;  yet  left. 

Remodel,  re-mod'el,  v.t.  —  re^nodelled,  r$- 
rMtdelling.    To  model  or  fashion  anew. 

Remodif y,  r6-mod'i-fi ,  v.  t.  To  modify  again; 
to  shape  anew.— RemotUficatlon,  re-mod'i- 
fi-ka"shon,  n.  The  act  of  modifying  again; 
a  repeated  modification  or  change. 

Bemolllent.t  re-mol'li-ent,  a.  [L.  remollio, 
to  soften— re,  and  mollis,  Botb.  Mollify.] 
Mollifying;  eoftening. 

Remonetize,  re-mon'e-tiz,  v.t. — remonetiied, 
remonetizing.  [L.  re,  again,  atid  moneta, 
money.  Money.]  To  restore  to  circulation 
in  the  shape  of  money;  to  make  again  the 
legal  or  standard  money  of  account.  — 
Remonetizatiou,  re-mon'et-i-za"flhon,  n. 
The  act  of  remonetizing.. 

Remonstrate,  re-  m  on'8trat,i;.  i.— remonstra- 
ted, remonstrating.  [O.Fr.  rewiojwtrer  (Pr. 
rem^ntrer);  L.L.  re'inonstro — L.  re,  again; 
and  wonsiro,  to  show.  Monster.]  To  ex- 
hibit or  present  strong'  reasons  against  {in 
act,  measure,  or  any  course  of  proceedings; 
to  expostulate.— Remonatrance,  re-mon'- 
strans,  n.  [O.Fr.  remonsii-ance.]  The  act 
of  remonstrating  or  expostulating;  an  ex- 
postulation; a  strong  statement  of  reasons, 
against  something;  a  paper  containing 
such  a  statement.— Remonstrant,  Remon- 
strative,  Remonstratory,  re-mon'strant, 
re-mon'stra-tiv,  re-mon'stra-to-ri,  a.  Ex- 
postulatory;  remonstrating.  —  Remon- 
strant, Remonstrator,  re-mon'strant,  re- 
mon'stra-ter,  n.    One  who  remonstrates. 

Remora,  rem'o-ra,  n.  fL.,  from  re,  back, 
and  mora,  delay.]  The  sucking-fish,  a 
fish  with  flattened,  adhesive  disc  on  the 
top  of  the  head,  by  which  it  attaches 
itself  firmly  to  other  fishes  or  to  the  bot- 
toms of  vessels:  fabled  by  the  ancients  to 
have  miraculous  powers  of  delaying  ships. 

Remorse,  re-mors',  n.  [L.L.  remorsvs,  a 
biting  again,  from  L.  remordeo,  remorsum 
—re,  again,  and  mordeo,  to  bite.  Morsel.] 
The  keen  pain  or  anguish  excited  by  a 
sense  of  guilt;  compunction  of  conscience 
for  a  crime  committed;  painful  memory 
of  wrong -doing,— Remorseful,  rc-mors'ful, 
a.  Full  of  remorse;  irnpressed  with  a  sense 
of  guilt.— Remorsefully,re^mor8'f\iI-li,acJy. 
In  a  remorseful  manner.  —  Reniorseful- 
ness,  re-mora'ful-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  remorseful'.— Remorseless,  re-mors'- 
les,  a.  Without  remorse;  unpitying;  cihiel; 
insensible;  pitUess.  —  Remorselessly,  re- 
mors'les-li,  adv.  In  a  remorseless  manner; 
pitilessly.— Remorgelessaess,  re-morsles- 
nes,  n. 

Remote,  rS-mSt',  a.    [L.  remotus,  from  re- 


moveo,  to  remove— re,  and  moveo,  motum, 
to  move.  Remove.]  Distant  in  place;  far 
off;  not  near;  distant  in  time,  past  or 
future;  not  directly  producing  an  efifect; 
not  proximate  (the  remoJe  causes  of  a 
disease);  distant  in  consanguinity  or  affin- 
ity (a  remote  kinsman);  slight;  inconsider- 
able (a  remote  resemblance).- Remotely, 
re-mot'li,  adv.  In  a  remote  manner;  at  a 
distance;  slightly;  not  closely. — Remote- 
ness, re-mot'nes, »,  State  of  being  remote; 
distance;  famess. 

Remould,  re-m51d',  v.t.  To  mould  or  shape 
anew. 

Remount,  re-mount',  v.t.  and  i  To  mount 
again. — n.  A  fresh  horse  to  movint.' 

Remove,  re-mOv',  v.t.— removed,  removing. 
[O.  Pr.  remouvoir,  from  L.  removeo,  to  re- 
move— re,  and  m^veo,  to  move.  '  IvIove.] 
To  shift  from  the  position  occupied;  to 
put  from  its  place  in  any  manner;  to  dis- 
place from  an  office,  post,  or  position;  to 
take  av>-ay  by  causing  to  cease;  to  cause  to 
leave  a  person  or  thing;  to  put  an  end  to; 
to  banish  (to  remove  a  disease  or  grievance); 
to  make  away  with;  to  cut  off  (to  remove 
a  person  by  poison).— w.i.. To  change  place 
in  any  manner;  to  move  from  one  place 
to  another;  to  change  the  place  of  resi- 
dence. .•.  Move  is  a  generic  term,  including 
the  sense  of  remove,  but  the  latter  is  never 
applied  to  a  mere  change  of  posture  with- 
out a  change  of  place  or  position. — n.  The 
act  of  removing ;  a  removal ;  change  of 
place;  the  distance  or  space  through  which 
anything  is  removed;  an  interval;  stage;  a 
step  in  any  scale  of  gradation;  a  dish  re- 
movedfrom  table  to  make  room  for  some- 
thing else.— Removability,  re-m8'va-bil"- 
i-ti,  n.  The  capacity  of  being  removable. 
—Removable,  re-mo'va-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  removed.— Removal,  re-me'val,»i.  A 
moving  from  one  place  to  another;  change 
of  place  or  site;  the  act  of  displacing  from 
an  office  or  post;  the  act  of  putting  an  end 
to  (the  removal  of  a  grievance).— Removed, 
r6-m0vd',.p.  and  a.  Changed  in  place; 
displaced  from  office;  remot«;  separate 
from  others.  —  Removedness,  r6-md'ved- 
nes,  n.  State  of  being  removed. — Remo- 
ver, re-mO'Ver,  n.    One  that  removes. 

Bemngient,  re-ma'ji-ent,  a.  [L.  re,  again, 
and  mugio,  to  bellow.]    Rebellowing. 

Remunerate,  re-mQ'ner-at,  v.t. — remuner- 
ated, rem/unerating.  [L.  remunero,  remii- 
neratum — re,  back,  and  mvnus,  muneris,  a 
present,  gift.]  To  reward ;  to  recompense; 
to  requite,  in  a  good  sense;  to  pay  an 
equivalent  to  for  any  service,  loss,  or  sacri- 
fice. —  Remunerability,  re-mu'ner-a-bil"- 
i-ti,  n.  The  capacity  of  being  remunerated 
or  rewarded. — Remunerable,  re-mu'nftr- 
a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  remunerated. — 
Remuneration,  r6-ma'n6r-a"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  remunerating ;  what  is  given  to  re- 
munerate. —  Remunerative,  re-mii'nfir-a- 
tiv,  o.  Affording  remuneration;  yielding 
a  sufficient  return.- Remuneratory,  r5- 
mft'ner-a-to-ri,  a.    Rewarding;  requiting. 

Remurmnr,  re-mfer'mer,  v.t.  &  i.  [L.  remur- 
muro.]  To  murmur  back;  to  return  in 
murmurs;  to  repeat  in  low  hoarse  sounds. 

Renaissance,  r5-nas'sans,  n.  [Fr.,  regener- 
ation or  new  birth— re,  again,  ana  nais- 
eance,  birth,  L.  nascentia,  from  nascor, 
natus,  to  be  bom.  Natal.]  The  revival 
of  anything  which  has  long  been  in  decay 
or  extinct ;  the  transitional  movement  in 
Europe  from  the  middle  ages  to  the  mod- 
em world ;  specially  applied  to  the  time 
of  the  revival  of  letters  and  arts  in  the 
fifteenth  century.— iienaissance  style,  the 
style  of  building  and  decoration  which 
succeeded  the  Gothic,  and  sought  to  re- 
produce the  forms  of  classical  ornamenta- 
tion. —  Renaissant,  re-nas'sant,  a,  -Per- 
taining to  the  renaissance.- Renascence, 
re-nas'ens,».  The  state  of  being  renascent; 
also  same  as  Renaismince.  —  Renascency, 
re-nas'en-si,  n.  Renascence;  new  birth. — 
Renascent,  re-nas'ent,  a.  [L.  renascens.] 
Springing  or  rising  into  being  again;  re- 
appearing; rejuvenated. 

Renal,  re'nal,  a.  [L.  renalis,  from  ren,  pi. 
renes,  the  kidneys.  Beins.]  Pertaining  to 
the  kidneys  or  reins. — Renal  glands,  two 
flat  triangular  bodies  which  cover  the 
upper  part  of  the  kidneys. 


Ch,  cAaift;     cA,  5q.  IwA;     g,go;    j.job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  siwy;     »p,  tten;  tb,  «Ain;     v,  wig;     wh.wAier.    ih,  a»«w, 


RENAME 


574 


REPAY 


Rename',  rs-n&m',  v.t.  To  give  a  new 
name  to. 

Benard,  ren'ard,  n.  [Fr.,  from  O.G.  Rein- 
hard,  Reginhart,  lit.  strong  in  counsel, 
cvmning— the  name  of  a  fox  in  a  cele- 
brated German  epic  poem.]  A  fox:  a  name 
T3sed  in  fables,  poetry,  &c.,  also  written 
Reynard.  ■ 

Renavigate,  re-naVi-gat,  v.t.  To  navigate 
again. 

Rencounter,  Rencontre,  ren-koun't^r,  ren- 
kon't^r,  n.  fFr.  rencor.tre^re-encounter.l 
An  abrupt  or  chance  ineeting  of  per- 
sons; a  meeting  in  opposition  or  contest; 
a  casual  combat  or  action,  as  between  in- 
dividuals or  small  parties;  a  slight  engage- 
ment between  armies  or  fleets.— v.t.t  To 
meet  unexpectedly.  —  v.i.  To  meet  an 
enemy  unexpectedly;  to  come  in  collision; 
to  fight  hand  to  hand. 

Rend,  rend,-4;.t.— pret.  and  pp.  rent.  rA.Sax. 
rendan,  ftrendan,  to  tear,  to  rend=O.Fris. 
rendu,  randa,  N.  Fris.  ■iKnne,  to  .cut,  to 
rend ;  comp.  \V.  rharm,  Ir.  rann,  a  part. 
Armor,  ranna,  to  part,  to  separate.]  To 
separate  into  parts  with  force  or  sudden 
violence;  to  tear  asunder;  to  split;  to  take 
away  with  violence;  to  tear  away. — To 
rend  the  heart,  to  affect  with  deep  anguish 
or  repentant  sorrow.— y.i.  To  be  or  to  be- 
come rentor  torn;  to  split;  to  part  asunder. 
— Render,  ren'dSr,  »i.  One  who" rends  or 
tears  by  violence.— Eendible,  ren'di-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  rent  or  torn  asunder. 

Render,  ren'der,  v.t.  [Fr.  rendre,  from  L. 
reddo,  to  restore:  by  the  insertion'  of '  n 
before  d—re,  back,  and  do,  to  give.]  To 
give  in  return^  to  give  or  pay  back ;  to 
giro  often  officially,  or  in  compliance  with 
a  request  or  duty ;  to  furnish ;  to  report 
(to,  render  an  account);  to  afford;  to  give 
tor  use  or  benefit  <to  render  services);  to 
ma^ke  or  cause  to  be  so  or  so;  to  invest  with 
qualities  (to  render  a  fortress  more  secure); 
to  translate  from  one  language  into  an- 
other; to  interpret  or  bring  into  full  ex- 
pression to  others;  to  reproduce  (to  render 
a  piece  of  music);  to  "boil  down  and  clarify 
(to  render  tallow).— v.i.  Naut.  to  yield  or 
give  way  to  force  applied ;  to  pass  freely 
through  a  block:  said  of  a  rope.— »i.  A  re- 
turn; a  payment,  especially  a  payment  of 
rent.— Renderable,ren'd6r-a-bl,a.  Capable 
of  being  rendered.— Eenderer,  ren'dfer-6r, 
n.  One  who  renders.— Rendering,  ren'd6r- 
ing, »..  The  act  of  one  who  renders;  a  ver- 
sion; a  translation;  fine  arts  and  dravia, 
interpretation;  representation;exhibition.- 

Rendezvous,  ren'de-vS,  n.  pi.  Rendezvouses, 
ren'de-vo-zez.  [Fr.  rendez-vous,  1st.  render 
yodrselyes,  repair  to  a  place.  Render.] 
A  placo  appointed  for  the  assembling  of 
troops;  the  port  or  place  where  ships  are 
ordered  to  join  company;  a  place  of  meet- 
ing ;  a  place  at  which  persons  commonly 
meet.— v.i. — rendezvoused  (ren'de-vOd),  ren- 
dezvousing (ren'de-vo-ing).  To  assemble  at 
a  particular  place,  as  troops. 

Rendition,  ren-dish'on,  n.  [li.  redditio. 
Rendeu.]  a  rendering  or  giving  tbe  mean- 
ing of  a  word  or  passage;  translation;  the 
act  of  reproducing  or  exhibiting  artisti- 
cally ;  the  act  of  rendering  up  or  yielding 
possession;  surrender.    ■ 

Renegade,  Renegado,  ren'e-gad,  ren-5-ga'do, 
n.  LSp.  renegado,  Fr.  reivigat,  L.L.  rene- 
gatns,  one  who  denies  his  religion — li.  re, 
back,  and  nego,  negatum,  to  deny.  Nega- 
tion, Runagate.]  An  apostate  from  a  re- 
ligious faith;  one  who  deserts  to  an  enemy 
or  who  deserts  oneparty  and  joins  another; 
a  deserter. 

Renege,tr5-n5g',».<.&i.  [L.L. renejro.  Rene- 
gade.] To  deny;  to  renounce.  [Shak.'i— 
Renegation,  ren-e-ga'shon,  n. .  Denial. 

Renerve,  r6-n6rv',  v.t.  To  nerve  again;  to 
give  new  vigour  to. 

E?new,  r6-nu',  v.t.  So  make  new  again;  to 
restore  to  former  n-eshness,  completeness, 
or  perfection;  to  restore  to  a  former  state, 
or  to  a  good  state,  after  decay  or  impair- 
ment ;  to  make  again  (to  renew  a  treaty) ; 
to  begin  again;  to  recommence  {renew  a 
fight);  to  grant  or  furnish  again,  as  a  new 
loan  or  a  new  note  for  the  ainounf  of  a 
former  one  (to  renew  a,  bill).— v.i.  To  be- 
come new;  to  grow  afresh;  to  begin  again; 
not  to  desist.— RenewaWllty,  re-nO'a-bil"- 


i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  renewable. — ■ 
Renewable,  re-na'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing renewed.— Renewal,  r6-nu'al,  n.  The 
act  of  renewing  or  of  forming  anew. — 
Renewedly,  re-nu'ed-li,  adv.  Again;  anew; 
once  more.— Renewedness,  re-nti'ed-nes,  n. 
State  of  being  renewed.  —  Renewer,  re- 
nu'6r,  n.    One  who  renews. 

Renifonn,  re'rd-form,  a.  [L.  ren,  a  kidney.] 
Having  the  form  or  shape  of  the  kidneys. 

ilenitent,  r5-ni'tent,  a.  [L.  reiiitens,  reni- 
ientis,  ppr.  oirenitor — re,  back,  andiuior, 
to  struggle.]  Resisting  pressure;  acting 
against  impulse;  persistently  opposed. — 
Renitence,  Renitency,  r5-ni'tens,  r5-ni'- 
ten-si,  n.   The  state  of  being  renitent. 

Rennet,  ren'et,  n.  [Also  written  runnet, 
and  formed  from  the  verb' to ^.rwn.,  O.E. 
renne;  A.  Sax.  rinnan,  to  run,  gennnan, 
to  curdle  or  coagulate;  comp.  6.  rennen, 
to  run,  to  curdle,  rennse,  rennet;  D.  rin- 
nen,  to  curdle.]  The  prepared  inner  mem- 
brane of  the  calf  s  gtomach,  which  has  the 
property  of  coagulating  milk. — Renneted, 
ren'et-ed,  a.    Treated  with  rennet. 

Rennet,  Rejuieticg,  ren'et,  ren'et-in'g,  n. 
[Fr.  reinette,  dim.  of  reiTie,  L.  regina,  a 
c[ueen.]  A  kind  of  apple  said  to  have  been 
introduced  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII. 

Renounce,  re-nouns',  v.t.--- renounced,  re- 
nowicing.  [Fr.  renoncer,  from  L.  retiuncio 
— re,  back,  and  nuncio,  nuntio,  to  tell. 
Nuncio.]  To  disown,  disclaifu,  abjure, 
forswear;  to  refuse  to  own  or  acknowledge 
as  belonging;  to  cast  off  or  reject.  —  v.i. 
Gardrplaying,  not  to  follow  suit  when  one 
has  a  card  of  the  same  sort;  to  revoke.— 
Renouncement,  re-nouns' ment,  n.  The 
act  of  disclaiming  or  rejecting ;  renuncia- 
tion.—Renouncer,  re-noun's6r,?i.  One  who 
renounces.  —  Renunciation,  re-nun 'si-a"- 
shon, «.  The  act  of  renouncing;  a  dis- 
owning or  disclaiming;  rejection. 

Renovate,  len'ii-'va.t,  v.t— renovated  reno- 
vating. [L.  renovo,  renovatum—re,  again, 
and  novo,  to  make  new,  from  novus,  new. 
Novel.]  'To  renew;  to  repair  and  render 
as  good  as  iiew ;  to  restore  to  freshness  or 

-  to  a  good  condition.— Renovater,  Renova- 
tor, ren'o-va-tfer,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
renovates.— Renovation,  ren-o-va'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  renovating;  renewal;  repair; 
restoration. 

Renown,  re-noun',  w.  [O.E.  renotone,  from 
Fr.  renorn,  from  ti.  re,  and  nomen,  a  name. 
Noun.]  The  state  of  having  a  great  or 
exalted  name:  exalted  reputation  derived 
from  the  widely  spread  praise  of  great 
achievements  or  accomplishments. — v.t. 
To  make  famous. — Renowned,  re-nound', 
a.  Famous;  celebrated  for  great  and  heroic 
achievements,  for  distinguished  qualities, 
or  for  grandeur;  eminent.— Renownedly, 
re-noun'ed-li,  adv.  In  a  renowned  manner; 
with  fame  or  celebrity. 

Rensselaerite,  rens'sel'^r-it,  n.  [After  Van 
Rensselaer.]  A  steatitic  mineral  with  a 
fine  compact  texture,  worked  into  ink- 
stands and  other  articles. 

Rent,  rent,  pret.  &  pp.  of  rend. 

Rent,  rent,  n.  [From  pp.  of  rend.]  An 
opening  made  by  rending  or  tearing;  a 
break  or  breach;  a  hole  torn;  schisrh. 

Rent,  rent,  n.  [Fr.  rente.  It.  rendita,  that 
which  is  rendered  or  given  up,  from  L.L. 
rendo,  for  L.  reddo,  to  give  up.  Render.] 
A  sum  of  money,  or  a  certam  amount  of 
anything  valuable,  payable  yearly  for  the 
use  or  occupation  of  lands  or  tenements ; 
a  compensation  made  to  the  owner  by  the 
user  or  occupier  as  a  return  for  his  occu- 
pancy.—v.t  To  grant  the  possession  and 
enjoyment  of  for  a  certain  rent ;  to  let  on 

•  lease;  to  take  and  hold  on  the  payment  of 
rent.— v.i.  To  be  leased  or  let  for  rent. — 
Rentable,  rent'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
rented.- Rental,  rent'al,  n.  A  schedule 
or  account  of  rents ;  rent-roll ;  the  gross 
amount  of  rents  drawn  from  an  estate.— 
Rent-day,  n.  The  day  for  paying  rent.— 
Renter,  rent'er,  n.  The  lessee  or  tenant 
who  pays  rent.— Rent-roll,  n.  A  rental ;  a 
list  or  account  of  rents  or  income. 

Rente,  rant,  n.  [Fr.]  A  public  fund  or 
stock  bearing  interest;  French  govern- 
ment stock.- Rentier,  ran-te-a,  n.  [Fr.] 
One  who  has  a  fixed  income,  as  from  lands, 
stocks,  iio.;  a  fund-holder. 


Renter,  rent'6r,  v.t.  [Fr.  reniraire-^e,  back, 
en,  in,  and  traire,  from  L.  trahere,  to  draw. 
Tract.]  To  finedraw;  to  sew  together,  as 
the  edges  of  two  pieces  of  cloth. 

Rennent,  ren'Q-ent,  a.  [L.  renuens,  renu- 
entis,  ppr.  of  renuo—re,  back,  and  nuo,  to 
nod.]  Throwing  back  the  head:  applied 
to  two  muscles. 

Renumerate,  r5-nQ'm6r-5t,  v.fc  [L.  rewu- 
mero,renuineratum.  Numerate.]  To  count 
or  number  again. 

Renunciation.    Under  Renounce; 

Reoccupy,  re-ok'ku-pi,  v.t  To  occupy  anew. 

Reoineter,  re-om'et-er,  n.    RHEosjEteR. 

Reopen,  re-o'pen,  v.t.  To  open  again.— v.i. 
To  be  opened  again ;  to  open  anew.  • 

Reordain,  re-or-dan',  v.t.  To  ordain  agJiin, 
as  when  the  first  ordination  is  defective. 
— Reordlnation,  re-or'di-na"8hon,  n.  A 
second  or  repeated  ordination. 

Reorganize,  re-or'gan-iz,  v.t.  To  organize 
anew;  to  reduce  again  to  an  organized 
condition.  —  Reorganization,  re-or'gan-i- 
z5"shon,  n.    The  act  of  organizing  anew. 

Reotrope,  re'o-trop,  »t.    Rheotrope. 

Reoxygenattf,  Reoxygenize,  re^ok'si-jen-at, 
re-ok'si-je-niz,  v.t.  To  unite  or  cause  to 
combine  with  oxygen  again  or  a  second 
time. 

Rep,  Repp,  rep,  n.  [Perhaps  from  lih.]  A 
dress  fabric  having  a  ribbe'd  or  cordea  ap- 
pearance, the  ribs  being  transverse. 

Repaid,  re-pad'^  pp.  of  repay. 

Repaint,  re-^&nt',  v.t.    To  paint  anew. 

Repair,  re-par',  v.t  [Fr.  riparer,  from  L. 
repaj'o— re,  again,  and  paro,  to  get  or  make 
ready.  Pake,]  To  execute  restoration  or 
renovation  on;  to  restore  to  a  sound  or 
good  state  after  decay,  injury,  dilapida- 
tion, or  partial  destruction;  to  make 
amends  for,  as  for  an  injury,  by  an  equiv- 
alent; to  give  indemnity  for.— n.  Restor- 
ation to  a  sound  or  good  state;  supply  of 
loss;  reparation;  state  as  regards  repairing 
(a  building  in  good  or  bad  revair).  —  Re- 
pairable, re-pa'ra-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
repaired;  reparable.— Repairer,  re-pa'r6r, 
n.  One  who  repairs.- Repairment,  re-p_ar'- 
ment,  n.  Act  of  repairing. — Reparability, 
rep'a-ra-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  reparable.  —  Reparable,  rep'a-ra- 
bl,  a.  [L.  reparabilis.']  Capable  of  being 
repaired,  restored  to  a  sound  state,  or  made 
good.— Reparably,  rep'a-ra-bli,  adv.  In  a 
reparable  manner.— Reparation,  rep-a-ra'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  repairing;  repair; 
what  is  done  to  repair  a  wrong;  indemni- 

■  fication  for  loss  or  damage;  satisfaction 
for  injury;  amends.— Reparative,  re-par'a- 
tiv,  a.  Capable  of  effecting  repair;  tending 
to  amend  defect  or  make  good.— n.  That 
which  restores  to  a  good  state;  that  which 
makes  amends. 

Repair,  re-par',  v.i.  [O.Pr.  repairer,  from 
L.L.  repatriare—re,  back,  and  pafrio,  one's 
native  country.  Patriot.]    To  go  to  some 

Slace;  to  betake  one's  self ;  to  resort.— ii. 
be  act  of  betaking  one's  self  to  any  place; 
a  resorting;  haunt;  resort. 

Repand,  r5-pand',  a.  [L.  repandus,  bent 
backward^ -turned  up.]  Rot.  having  an 
uneven,  slightly  sinuous  margin,  as  a  leaf. 

Reparable,  Reparation.    Under  Repair. 

Repartee,  rep-iir-te',  n.  [Fr.  repurtie—re, 
back,  and  pariir,  from  L.  partire,  to  share, 
part,  from  »ars,  partis,  apart.  Part.]  A 
smart,  ready,  and  witty  reply. 

Repartition,  re-par-tish'on,  n.  A  fresh  par- 
tition or  division. 

Repass,  re-pas',  v.t.  To  pass  again;  to  pass 
or  travel  back  over;  to  recross. — v.i.  To 
pass  or  go  back;  to  move  back. 

Repast,  re-past',  n.  [O.Fr.  repast,  Fr.  re- 
pas,  from  L.  re,  again,  aixA  pasco,pastum, 
to  feed.  Pastor.]  The  act  of  taking  food; 
a  meal;  food;  victuals  {Shak.).—v.t.  To 
feed;,  to  feast.— r.i.  To  take  food;  to  feast. 

Repatriate,  re-pa'tri-at,  v.t. — repatriated, 
repatriating.  [L.  repatrio,  repatriatum— 
re,  again,  and  patria,  one's  country.  Pa- 
triot.] To  restore  to  one's  own  country.— 
Repatriation,  re-pa'tri-a"8hon,  n.  Return 
or  restoration  to  one's  own  country. 

Repay,  re-pa',  v.t.  To  pay  back;  to  refund; 
to  make  return  or  requital  for.  —  v.i.  To 
requite  either  good  or  evil.  —  Repayable, 
r6-p5'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  repaid; 
liable  to  be  repaid  or  refunded.— Repay- 


Pate,  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  h(:r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tQbe,  tub,  b\ill;     oil,  pomi' 


V'r 


REPEAL 


575 


EEPOSIT 


ment,  r6-pa'ment,  n.  The  act  of  repaying 
or  paying  back;  the  money  repaid. 

Repeal,  re-p6l',  v.t.  IFr.  rappeier— re,  back, 
and  appeler.ii.  appello, to  call  upon, speak 
to.  Appeal.]  To  recall,  as  a  law  or  statute; 
to  revoke;  to  abrogate  by  an  authoritative 
act,  or  by  the  same  power  that  made  or 
enacted. — n.  The  act  of  repealing;  revoca- 
tion; abrogation.— Kepealability,  Repeal- 
ableness,  re-pera-bil"i-ti,  re-pel'a-bl-nes,  n. 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  repealablo. 
— Repealable,  re-pel'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  repealed.  —  llepealer,  re-pel'fir,  n. 
One  that  repeals;  one  who  desires  repeal. 

Kepeat,  re-p6t',  v.t.  [Fr.  repiter,  from  L. 
repeto,  to  seek  again,  to  repeat— re,  aeain, 
and  peto,  to  seek.  Petition.]  To  do  or 
perform  again  (to  repeat  an  attempt) ;  to 
go  over,  say,  make,  &c.,  again;  to  iterate; 
to  recite;  to  rehearse;  to  say  over  (to  repeat 
a  lesson). — n.  The  act  of  repeating;  repe- 
tition; music,  a  sign  that  a  movement  or 
part  of  a  movement  is  to  be  twice  per- 
formed.— v.i.  To  strike  the  hours  (arepeat- 
ing  watch).— Repeatedly,  r6-p5t'ed-li,  ndv. 
With  repetition;  more  than  once;  again 
and  again.  —  Repeater,  r5-p5t'6r,  n.  One 
that  repeats;  one  that  recites  or  rehearses; 
a  watch  that  strikes  the  hours,  &c.,  on  the 
compression  of  a  spring;  arith.  an  inter- 
minate  decimal  in  Which  the  same  figure 
continually  recurs.— Repeating,re-pet'ing, 
p.  and  a.  Doing  over  again;  producing  a 
like  result  several  times  in  succession  (a 
repeating  pistol,  that  Is,  a  revolver). — 
Repetend,  rep-6-tend',  n.  [L.  repetendum, 
a  thing  to  be  repeated.)  Arith.  that  part 
of  a  repeating  decimal  which  recurs  con- 
tinually ad  infinitum.  —Repetition,  rep-e- 
tish'on,  n.  The  act  of  doing  or  uttering 
a  second  time;  the  act  of  repeating  or  say- 
ing over;  a  reciting  or  rehearsing;  what  is 
repeated;  something  said  or  done  a  second 
time. — Repetitious,  rep-e-tish'us,  a.  Con- 
taining repetitionsor  statements  repeated. 
—Repetitive,  re-pet 'i-tiv,  o.  Containing 
repetitions. 

Repel,  re-pel',  v.t— repelled,  repelling.  [Ii. 
repello — re,  back,  and  pello,  to  drive,  as  in 
expel,  compel,  expulsion,  &c.  Pulsk.]  To 
drive  back;  to  force  to  return;  to  check 
the  advance  of;  to  repulse  (to  repel  an 
enemy) ;  to  encounter  with  effectual  re- 
sistance; to  resist  or  oppose  successfully 
(to  repel  an  encroachment,  an  argument). 
— v.i.  To  cause  repugnance;  to  shock;  to 
act  with  force  in  opposition  (electricity 
sometimes  repels).  —  Repellence,  Repel- 
lency,  re-pel'ens,  re-pel'en-si,  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  repellent;  repulsion. — Repel- 
lent, re-pel'ent,  a.  Having  the  effect  of 
repelling;  able  or  tending  to  repel;  repul- 
sive; detfcTing.— n.  That  which  repels. — 
Repeller,  re-pel'er,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  repels. 

Repent,  re'pent,  a.  fL.  repens,  repentis,  ppr. 
of  repo,  to  creep.]  Creeping  {a,  repent  root, 
a  repent  animal). 

Repent,  re-pent%  v.i.  [Fr.  repentir,  se  re- 
pentir,  to  repent-rL.  re,  and  poenitere,  to 
repent,  from  pcena,  pain.  Penitent,  Pain.] 
To  feel  pain,  sorrow,  or  regret  for  some- 
thing done  or  left  undone  by  one's  self;  to 
experience  such  sorrow  for  sin  as  produces 
amendment  of  life;  to  be  penitent. — 
v.t.  To  remember  with  compunction  or 
self-reproach;  to  feel  self -accusing  pain  or 
grief  on  account  of  (to  repent  rash  words): 
frequently  used  in  such  phrases  as  I  repent 
me,  it  repented  him  (impersonally).— 
Repentance,  re-pen'tans,  n.  The  act  of 
repenting;  the  state  of  being  penitent; 
contrition  for  sin ;  such  sorrow  for  past 
conduct  as  produces  a  new  life.  —  Repen- 
tant, re-pen'tant,  a.  Experiencing  repen- 
tance; sorrowful  for  sin;  expressing  or 
showing  soiTow  for  sin  {repentant  tears). — 
Repentantly,  re-pen'tant-li,  adv.  In  a  re- 
pentant manner.— Repenter,  re-pen'ter,  n. 
One  that  repents.— Repentingly,  re-pen'- 
ting-li,  adv.  With  repentance.— Repent- 
less,  re-pent'les,  a.  Without  repentance; 
unrepenting. 

Repeople,  re-pe'pl,  v.t.  To  people  anew;  to 
furnish  again  with  a  stock  of  people. 

RepercusE,  re-per-kus',  v.t.  [L.  repercutio, 
reperctisaum.  Percuss.]  To  beat  or  drive 
back  (as  sound  or  air) ;  to  make  rebound. 


— Ret)ercn33lon,re-per-ku8h'on,n.  The  act 
of  driving  back ;  reverberation.  —  Reper- 
cussive,  re-per-kus'iv,a.  Having  the  power 
of  repercussion;  causing  to  reverberate. 

Repertoire,  rep'er-twar,  n.  [Fr.  ripertoire. 
ftEPERTORif.]  ^  A  list  of  dramas,  operas,  or 
the  like,  whfch  can  be  performed  by  a 
dramatic  or  operatic  company;  those  parts, 
songs,  &c.,  that  are  usually  performed  by 
an  actor,  vocalist,  &c. 

Repertory,  rep'6r-to-ri,  n.  [L.  reper-torium, 
from  reperio,  to  find  again — re,  again,  ana 
pario,  to  produce.  Parent.]  What  con- 
tains a  store  or  collection  of  things;  a  trea- 
sury; a  magazine;  a  repository. 

Reperuse,  re-per-Oz',  v.t.  To  peruse  again. 
— Reperusal,  re-p6r-a'zal,  n.  A.  second  ov- 
another  perusal. 

Repetition,  &c.    Under  Repeat. 

Repine,  re -pin',  v.i. —  repined,  repining. 
[O.E.  repoyne,  Fr.  repoindre,  to  prick 
again— L.  re,  again,  and  pungo,  to  prick 
(Puncture),  influenced  by  verb  to  pine.\ 
To  fret  one's  self ;  to  feel  inward  discon- 
tent which  preys  on  the  spirits;  to  indulge 
in  complaint;  to  murmur:  with  at  or 
apainst.- Replner,  re-pi'nfer,  n.  One  that 
repines.  —  Repiningly,  re-pi 'ning-li,  adv. 
With  murmuring  or  complaint. 

Replace,  re-plas',  v.t.  To  put  again  in  the 
former  place;  to  repay;  to  refund;  to  fill 
the  place  of;  to  be  a  substitute  for;  to  ful- 
fil the  end  or  office  of.— Replacement,  te- 
plas'ment,  n.    The  act  of  replacing. 

Replait,  re-plat',  v.t.    To  plait  again. 

Replant,  re-plant',  v.t.  To  plant  again;  to 
reinstate.  —  Replantable,  re-plan'ta-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  planted  again.— Replan- 
tation, re-plan-ta'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
planting  again. 

Replead,  re-pled',  v.t.  or  i.  To  plead  again. 
—Repleader,  re-pleder,  n.  Law,  a  second' 
pleading  or  course  of  pleadings. 

Repledge,  re-plej',  v.t.    To  ple^e  again. 

Replenish,  re-plen'ish,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  replenir, 
replenissant,  f rom  L.  re,  again,  and  plenus, 
full,  from  pleo,  to  fill.  Plenary,  Com- 
plete.] To  fill  again  after  having  been 
emptied  or  diminished;  hence,  to  fill  com- 
pletely; to  stock  with  numbers  or  abun- 
dance. —  Replenlsher,  re-plen'ish-er,  n. 
One  who  replenishes.— Replenishment,  re- 
•plen'ish-ment,  n.  The  act  of  replenishing. 

Replete,  re-plet',  a.  [L-.  7-epletiis,  pp.  of  re- 
pleo,  to  fill  again— re,  again,  and  pleo,  to 
fill.  Replenish.]  Completely  filled;  full; 
abounding;  thoroughly  imbued. — v.t.  To 
fill  to  repletion  or  satiety.  —  Repleteness, 
Repletion,  re-plet'nes,  re-ple'shon,  n.  The 
state  of  being  replete  or  completely  filled; 
superabundant  fulness;  surf eit.  —  Reple- 
tive,  re-pl6'tiv,  a.  Tending  to  replete; 
causing  repletion.  —  Repletively,  re-ple'- 
tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  repleti  ve  manner. — Rep]«- 
tory,  re-ple'to-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  reple- 
tion; tending  to  repletion. 

Replevy,  re-plev'i,  v.t.— replevied,  replevy- 
ing. [O.Fr.  repZewr.]  iaio,  to  recover  pos- 
session of  (as  goods  wrongfully  seized) 
upon  giving  surety  to  try  the  right  to  them 
in  court;  to  take  back  by  writ  of  replevin. 
— Repleviable,  Replevlsable,  re-plev'i-a-bl, 
re-plev'i-za-bl,  a.  Law,  capable  of  being 
replevied.  —Replevin,  Replevy,  r5-plev'in, 
n.  Law,  a  personal  action  which  lies  to  re- 
cover possession  of  goods  or  chattels  wrong- 
fully taken  or  detained.— Replevisor,  re- 
plev'i-sor,  n.    One  who  replevies. 

Replica,  rep'li-ka,  n.  [It.  replica,  a  reply, 
a  repetition— L.  re,back,and  plica,  a  fold. 
Reply.]  A  copy  of  a  picture  or  piece  of 
sculpture  made  by  the  hand  that  executed 
the  original. 

Replicant,  repli-kant,  n.  [Ji.  replicans, 
replicantis,  ppr.  of  replico,  reply.  Reply.] 
One  who  makes  a  reply.  —  Replication, 
rep-li-ka'shon,  n.  An  answer;  a  reply;  a 
repetition;  a  copy;  a  replica. 

Replicate,  rep'li-kat,  o.  [L.  re,  back,  and 
plico,  to  fold.  Reply.]  Bot.  folded  or  bent 
back. 

Replum,  re'plum,  n.  [Ii.,  the  panel  of  a 
door.]  Bot.  the  framework  formed  by  the 
separation  of  the  two  sutures  of  a  legume 
or  silicule  from  its  valves. 

Replunge,  re-plunj',  v.t.  To  plunge  again; 
to  immerse  anew. 

Reply, re-pli', v.i.—replied,repliiing.  [O.Fr. 


repZier  (Mod.  Fr.  riptiquer),  to  reply, 
from  L.  replico,  to  fold  back,  to  reply— re, 
back,  and  plico,  to  fold.  Ply,  Apply,  Em- 
ploy.] To  make  answer  in  words  or  writ- 
ing, as  to  something  said  or  written  by 
another;  to  answer;  to  respond;  to  do  or 
give  something  in  return  for  something 
else;  to  answer  by  deeds;  to  meet  an  at- 
tack by  fitting  action.— v.f.  To  return  for 
an  answer:  often  with  a  clause  as  object. 
— n.  That  which  is  said  or  written  in  an- 
swer to  what  is  said  or  written  by  another; 
an  answer;  that  which  is  done  in  conse- 
quence of  something  else ;  an  answer  by 
deeds;  a  counter  attack.— RepUer,Replyer, 
re-pli'er,  n.  One  who  replies;  an  answerer; 
a  respondent;  a  replicant. 
Repolish,  re-p_orish,  v.t.  To  polish  again. 
Repone,  re-pon',  v.t— reponed,  reponing. 
[L.  repono,  to  replace — re,  again,  and  pono, 
to  place.  Position.]  To  replace;  Scots 
law,  to  restore  to  a  position  or  a  situation 
formerly  held. 

Repoit,  re-port',  v.t.  [Fr.  reporter,  to  carry 
back;  rapporter,  to  carry  back,  relate,  re- 
port; the  former  from  L.  reporto—re,  and 
porto,  to  carry,  the  latter  from  re,  ad,  and 
■porto.  Port  (carriage).]  To  bear  or  bring 
back,  as  an  answer;  to  relate,  as  what  has 
been  discovered  by  a  person  sent  to  exam- 
ine or  investigate;  to  give  an  account  of; 
to  relate;  to  tell;  to  circulate  publicly,  as 
a  story  (as  in  the  common  phrase,  it  is  re- 
ported,  that  is,  it  is  said  in  public);  to  give 
an  official  or  formal  account  or  statement 
of;  to  give  an  account  of  for  public  read- 
ing; to  write  out  or  take  down  from  tho 
lips  of  the  speaker  (the  debate  was  fully 
reported);  to  lay  a  charge  or  make  a  dis- 
closure against  (I  will  report  you).— To  be 
reported  of,  to  be  well  or  ill  spoken  of. — 
To  report  one's  self,  to  make  known  one's 
whereabouts  or  movements  to  the  proper 
quarter.  —  v.i.  To  make  a  statement  of 
facts;  to  take  down  in  writing  speeches 
from  a  speaker's  lips;  to  discharge  the  office 
of  a  reporter.  —  n.  An  account  brought 
back;  a  statement  of  facts  given  in  reply 
to  inquiry;  a  story  circulated;  hence,  ru- 
mour; common  fame;  repute;  public  char- 
acter (a  man  of  good  report);  an  account 
of  a  judicial  decision,  or  of  a  case  argued 
and  determined  in  a  court  of  law,  &c.;  an 
official  statement  of  facts ;  an  account  of 
the  proceedings,  debates,  &c.,  of  a  legis- 
lative assembly  or  other  meeting,  intended 
for  publication;  an  epitome  or  fully  writ- 
ten account  of  a  sprech;  sound  of  an  ex- 
plosion; loud  noise  (the  report  of  a  gun). — 
Reportable,  r6-por'ta-bl,  a.  Fit  to  be  re- 
ported. —  Reported,  re-por'ted,  p.  and  o. 
Told  or  made  known  by  report.— Repor- 
ter, re-por'ter,  n.  One  who  reports ;  a 
member  of  a  newspaper  staff  whose  duty 
it  is  to  give  an  account  of  the  proceedings 
of  public  meetings  and  entertainments, 
collect  information  respecting  interesting 
or  important  events,  and  the  like.— Re- 
porting, re-por'ting,  p.  and  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  reporter  or  reports.— n.  The  act  or  sys- 
tem of  drawing  up  reports.— Reportorial, 
re-por-to'ri-al,  o.  Relating  to  a  reporter 
or  reporters. 

Repose,  re-poz',  v.t— reposed,  reposing.  [Fr. 
reposer,  to  place  again,  to  settle,  to  rest — 
re,  again,  and  poser.  Pose.]  To  lay  at 
rest;  to  lay  for  the  purpose  of  taking  rest; 
to  refresh  by  rest:  frequentl.y  used  reflex 
ively;  to  lay,  place,  or  rest  in  full  reliance 
(to  repose  trust  or  confidence  in  a  person). 
—v.i.  To  lie  at  rest;  to  sleep;  to  rest  in 
confidence;  to  rely:  followed  by  on. — n. 
[Fr.  repos.]  The  act  or  state  of  reposing; 
a  lying  at  rest;  sleep;  rest;  quiet;  rest  of 
mind;  tranquillity;  settled  composure;  ab- 
sence of  all  show  of  feeling;  painting, 
an  avoidance  of  obtrusive  tints  or  of  strik- 
ing action  in  figures.— Reposal,  re-po'zal, 
n.  The  act  of  reposins  or  resting  with  re- 
liance.—Reposed,  re-pozd',  p.  anda.  Ex- 
hibitingrepose;  calm;  settled. -Reposedly, 
re-po'zed-li,  adv.  Quietly;  composedly.— 
Reposedness,  re-po'zed-nes,  n.— Reposeful, 
re-pOz'ful,  a.  Full  of  repose;  affording 
repose  or  rest ;  trustful.  —  Reposer,  re- 
po'zer,  n.  One  who  reposes. 
Repoait,  r6-poz'it,  v.t.  (L.  repono, repo-titum 
—re,  back,  and  pono,  to  place.    Positkin.  J 


Vh,  c/iain;     ch,  Sc.  lochf     S,go;     j.job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinj;;     vu,  t/ien^  tb,  (/tin;     w,  wig;     wh,  w/iig;     zh,  a?ure, 


REPOSSESS 


576 


KEPUDIATE 


To  lay  up;  to  lod^e,  as  for  8af ety  or  preser- 
vation.—Keposition,  re-po-zish'on,  n.  Act 
of  repositing  or  laying  up  in  safety.— Re- 
pository, r6-po2'i-to-ri,  n.  [L.  repositori- 
t«n.]  A  place  where  things  are  or  may  be 
depositea  for  safety  or  preservation;  a  de- 
pository; a  storehouse;  a  magazine;  a  ware- 
house; a  shop. 

Bepossess,  re-poz-zes',  v.t.  To  possess  again. 
— Repossession,  re-poz-zesh'on,  n.  The  act 
or  state  of  possessing  again. 

Eepouss6,  re-pbs-sa,  p.  and  a.  [Fr.,  pp.  of 
reportsser — re,  back,  cud  pousser,  to  push, 
to  thrust.  Push.]  A  term  applied  to  a 
style  of  ornamentation  in  metal,  effected 
by  strokes  of  the  hammer  from  behind 
until  a  rough  image  of  the  desired  figure  is 
produced,  which  is  finished  by  chasing. 

Eeprehend,  rep-r5-hend',  v.t.  [L.  repre- 
hendo — re,  back,  and  prehendo,  to  lay  hold 
of;  seen  silso  in  co»npreAeTtd,  apprehend, 
prehensile,  &C.J  To  charge  with  a  fault; 
to  chide  sharply;  to  reprove;  to  take  ex- 
ception to;  to  speak  of  as  a  fault;  to  cen- 
sure. —  Keprehender,  rep-r5-heu'd^,  n. 
One  that  reprehends;  one  that  blames  or 
reproves. — Reprehensible, rep-r?-hen'6i-bl, 
a.  Peservirtg  to  be  reprehended  or  cen- 
rured;  blameworthy;  censurable;de8erving 
reproof. — Reprehensibleness,  rep-r5-hen'- 
si-bl-nes,  n.  .The  quality  of  being  repre- 
hensible. —  Reprehensibly,  rep-rC-hen'si- 
bli,  adv.  In  a  reprehensible  manner;  cul- 
pably.— Reprehension,  rep-re-hen'shon,  n. 
ill.  reprehensio.]  The  act  of  reprehending; 
reproof;  censure;  blame. — Reprehensive, 
Zeprehensory,  rep-r6-hen'siv,  rep-r6-hen'- 
B0-ri»  o.  Containing  reprehension  or  re- 
proof. — Reprehensively,  rep-re-hen'siv-li, 
adv.    "With  reprehension. 

R3present,  rep-r5-zent',  v.t.  [Fr.  reprisen- 
ter,  from  L.  repreeaento — re,  again,  and 
vrasenlo,  to  present.  Preskkt.]  To  ex- 
hibit the  image  or  counterpart  of;  to  typify; 
to  portray  by  pictorial  or  plastic  art;  to 
act  the  part  of;  to  personate;  to  exhibit  to 
the  mind  in  language;  to  bring  before  the  I 
mind;  to  give  an  account  of;  to  describe; 
to  supply  the  place  of;  to  speak  and  act 
with  authority  on  behalf  of;  to  be  a  sub- 
Dtitnte  or  agent  for;  to  serve  as  a  sign  or 
cymbol  of  (words  represent  ideas  or  thin.Ts). 
— Representable,  rep-r5-zen'ta-bl,  o.  Ca- 
pable of  being  represented.  —  Eeprsssa- 
rant,rep-rC-zen'tant,a.  Representing;  hav- 
ing vicarious  power.-r^.  A  representative. 
-Representation,  rep'r5-zen-ta"Ehon,  n. 
'x'he  act  of  representing,  describing,  ex- 
hibiting, portraying,  &c. ;  that  which 
represents;  an  image  or  likeness;  a  picture 
or  statue;  exhibition  of  a.  play  on  the 
stage,  or  of  a  character  in  a  play;  a  dra- 
matic performance;  a  statement  of  argu- 
ments or  facts,  &c.;  sometimes  a  written 
expostulation;  a  remonstrance;  the  repre- 
senting of  a  constituency  in  a  legislative 
rxsembly  (the  representation  of  a  county 
in  parliament}';  delegates  or  representa- 
v^vescollectiveiy.- Rewresentatlonal.rep'- 
r  e-zen-ta"shon-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  repre- 
K2nt2.tion. — Representative,  rep-r5-zcn'ta- 
ti\,  a.  Fitted  to  represent,  portray,  or 
tj'pify;  acting  as  a  substitute  for  another  or 
oihers;  performing  the  functions  of  others 
(a  representative  body);  conducted  by  the 
r  prency  of  delegates  chosen  by  the  people ]a 
representative  government);  nat.  hist,  pre- 
eoutingthefull  characteristics  of  the  type 
cj'agroup (arepresentattuegenus).— n.  One 
V. ho  or  that  which  represents;  that  by 
T?!iich  anything  is  represented;  something 
standing  for  something  else;  an  agent, 
deputy,  or  substitute -who  supplies  the 
place  of  another  or  others,  being  invested 
with  his  or  their  authority;  Jaw,  one  that 
stands  in  the  place  of  another  as  heir. — 
House  of  Representatives,  the  lower  house 
of  the  supreme  legislative  body  (Congress) 
ia  the  United  States.  — Representatively, 
rep-re-zen'ta-tiv-li,  a/iv.  In  a  representa- 
tive manner.— Representativeness,  rep-rC- 
zpn'ta-tiv-ne^.n.— Rsprescnter.rep-re-zen'- 
tir,  n.    One  who  represents. 

Be-prescnt,  rC--pr5-zent',  v.t.  [Prefix  re, 
and  present.']  To  present  anew.— Ro-pre- 
Eentatlon,  r5'prez-en-tS,"shon,  n.  The  act 
of  presenting  to  the  mind  v/hat  was  for- 
merly present  but  is  now  absent. 


Repress,  rS-pres',  v.t.  [Prefix  re,  and  press, 
L.  reprimp,  repressum.  Press.]  To  press 
back  or  down  eflTectually;  to  crush,  quell, 
put  down,  subdue  (sedition,  a  rising);  to 
check;  to  restrain. — Represser,  re-pres'6r, 
n.  One  who  represses;  one  that  crushes  or 
subdues. — Repressible,  re-pres'i-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  repressed.  —  Repressibly, 

'  r5-pres'i-bli,  adv.  In  a  repressible  man- 
ner.—Repression,  re-presh'on,  n:  The  act 
of  repressing,  restraining;  or  subduing; 
check;  restraint. — Repressive,  re-pres'iv, 
a.-  Having  power  to  repress;  tending  to 
subdue  or  restrain.  —  Repreasjvely,  r*- 
pres'iv-li,  adv.    In  a  repressive  manner. 

Reprieve,   re-prev*,   n.     [From  O.Fr.  re- 

£  rover,  repruver,  to  blame,  condemn,  from 
L  reprobare,  to  reject,  condemn,  meaning 
originally  the  rejection  of  a  sentence 
already  passed.  Reprobate.]  The  sus- 
pension of  the -execution  of  a  criminal's 
sentence;  respite;  interval  of  ease  of  relief. 
— v.t.— reprieved,  reprieving.  To  grant  a 
reprieve  or  respite  to;  to  suspend  or  delay 
the  execution  of  for  a  time. 

Reprimand,  rep'ri-mand,  ji.  [Fr.  ripri- 
Tnande,  from  L.  reprimenda,  a  thing  to  be 
checked  or  repressed,  from  reprimo,  re- 
pressum, to  repress.  Kkpress.]  A  severe 
reproof  for  a  fault;  a  sharp  rebuke;  repre- 
hension.—  v.t:  (rep-ri-mand').  To  reprove 
severely;  to  reprehend;  to  reprove  pHbiicly 
and  officially,  in  execution  of  a  sentence. 

Reprint,  rS-print',  v.t.  To  print  again;  to 
print  a  second  or  any  new  edition  of;  to 
renew  the  impression  of. — n.  (re'print).  A 
second  or  new  impression  of  any  printed 
work. 

Keprieal,  re-pri'zal,  n.  [Fr.  reprisaUU, 
from  It.  ripresaglia,  from  L.L.  reprisalice, 
from  L.  reprehendo,  to  take  again;  comp. 
prize,  a  capture,  which  is  also  from  L. 
prehzndo.l  The  seizure  or  taking  of  any- 
thing from  an  enemy  by  way  of  retaliation 
or  indemnification;  also,  that  which  is  so 
taken;  any  taking  by  way  of  retaliation; 
an  act  of  severity  done  in  retaliation. — 
Letters  of  marqw  arid  reprisal.    Marque. 

Keproaco,  re-proch',  v.t.  [Fr.  reprocher, 
O.Fr.  reprochier,  Pr.  repropchar,  to  re- 
proach, from  li.L.  repropiare,  from  h.  re, 
Dack,  and  prope,  near;  lit.  to  bring  near 
or'set  before.  Approach,  Propikquity.] 
To  charge  with  a  fault  in  severe  language; 
to  censiire  with  severity,  opprobrium,  or 
contempt,  or  as  having  suffered  wrong  per- 
sonally; to  upbraid. — n.  A  severe  or  cutting 
expression  of  censure  or  blame;  blame 
for  something  considered  outrageous  or 
vile;  contumely;  source  of  blame;  shame, 
infamy,  or  disgrace;  object  of  contempt, 
scorn,  or  derision.  —  Reproachable,  re- 
pro'cha-bl,  a.  Deserving  reproach.— Ke- 
proachableness,  re-pro'cha-bl-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  reproachable. — Reproach, 
ably,  r6-pro'cna-bli,  adv.  In  a  reproach- 
able  manner.— Reproacher,  r5-pro'cher,  n. 
One  who  reproaches.  —  Reproachful,  rs- 
proch'ful,  a.  Containing  or  expressing 
reproacVi  or  censure;  upbraiding;  scurri- 
lous; opprobrious;  worthy  of  reproach; 
shameful;  infamous.— Reproachfully,  r5- 
pi^ch'ful-li,  adv.  In  a  reproachful  man- 
ner. —  IleproachfnhieHS,  re-proch'f ul-nes, 
n.  Quality  of  "being  reproachful.  —  R«- 
proachless,  re-prochles,  o.  Witkout  re-- 
proach. 

Reprobate,  rep'ro-bst,  o.  [h-  reprobatus, 
disapproved,  rejected,  pp.  of  reprobo — re, 
denoting  reverse,  and  probo,  to  approve. 
Probable,  Reprieve.  Reprove.]  Aban- 
doned in  sin;  morally  abandoned;  de- 
praved; profligate;  lost  to  virtue  or  grace. 
— n.  One  who  is  very  profligato  or  aban- 
doned; a  person  abandoned  to  sin;  one  lost 
to  virtue;  a  wicked,  depraved  wretch. — 
v.t. — reprobated,  reprobating.  [L.  reprobo, 
reprobatum,.]  To  disapprove  with  detes- 
tation or  marks  of  extreme  dislike;  to  con- 
temn strongly;  to  condemn;  to  reject. — 
ReprobatenesB,Reprobacy,T«p'ro-bJit-ne8, 
rep'ro-ba-si,  n.  The  state  of  being  repro- 
bate.—Reprobater,  rep'ro-ba-ter,  n.  One 
who  reprobates.- Reprobation,  rep-ro-'oa'- 
sbon,  n.  The  act  of  reprobating;  condem- 
nation; censure;  rejection. — Reprobatlve, 
Eeprobatory,  rep'ro-b£-tiv,  rep'ro-ba-to-ri, 
a.    Conveying  reprobation. 


Keprodnee,  re-pro-dns',  v.t.  —  reproduced, 
reproducing.  To  produce  again  or  anew; 
to  renew  the  production  of;  to  generats, 
as  offspring;  to  portray  or  represent;  to 
bring  to  the  memory  or  imagination.— 
Reproducer,  re-pro-du'str,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  reproduces.  —  Reproduction, 
re-pro-duk'shon,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
reproducing;  the  process  whereby  new  in- 
dividuals are  generated  and  the  perpetua- 
tion of  the  species  ensured;  that  which  is 
produced  or  presented  anew. — Reproduc- 
tive, Eeproductory,  re-pro-duk'tiv,  rg-pro- 
duk'to-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  reproduction; 
tending  to  reproduce.  ____ 

Reprove,  re-prov',  v.t. — reprove<I,'reproving, 
[Fr.  r^prouver,  to  blame, to  censure;  O.Fr. 
■  reprover,  from  L.  reprobare.  Repp.obate.] 
To  charge  with  a  fault  to  the  face;  to  chide: 
to  reprehend;  to  express  disapproval  of 
(to  reprove  sins);  to  serve  to  admonish. — 
Reproof,  re-prof,  n.  The  expression  of 
blame  or  censure  addressed  to  a  person; 
blame  expressed  to  the  face;  censure  for  a 
fault;  reprehension;  rebuke;  reprimand. 
— Keprovable,  re-prO'va-bl,  a.  "Worthy  of 
being  reproved;  deserving  reproof  or  cen- 
sure: blamable.— Reprovableness,  r«-pro% 
va-bl-nes,  n. —  ReprovaWy,  r6-pro'va-bli, 
adv.  In  areprovablemanner.— Keproval, 
re-pro'val^.Actof  reproving;  admonition; 
i^proof.— Reprover,  re-pr(>'v6r,n.  One  that 
reproves.  —  Keprovingly,  rg-prO'ving-li,' 
adv.  ■  In  a  reproving  manner. 
Eepnme,  xe-pron',  v.t.  To  prune  or  trim 
again. 

Eeptatlon,  tep-t&'shon,  n.  [L.  veptatio, 
reptationis,  from  repto,  freq.  of  repo,  to 
creep.  Beptile.]  The  act  of  creeping  or 
crawling.— Eeptant,  Reptatory,  rep'tant,; 
rep'ta-to-ri,  a.  Creeping;  crawling. 
Reptile,  rep'til,  a.  (Fr.  reptile,  from  L.i 
repdlis,  creeping,  from  repo,  reptum,  to 
creep;  akin  to  serpo,  to  creep.  Serpekt.], 
Creeping;  moving  on  the  belly,  or  with 
small,  snort  legs;  grovelling;  low;  mean; 
vile.  —  n.  In  a  general  sense,  an  animal 
that  moves  on  its  belly,  or  by  means  of 
small,  short  legs;  a  crawling  creature; 
specificallv,  20-r>!.  an  animal  belonging  to 
the  cla.SE  Keptilia;  a  grovelling,  abject,  or 
mean  person. — ReptiUa,  rep-ti'li-a,  n.  pi. 
A  class  of  vertebrate  animals  intermediate 
between  fishes  and  birds,  comprising  the 
snakes,  lizards,. crocodiles,  tortoises,  &c., 
breath  ing  by  lungs  and  having  cold  blood. 
— Reptilian,  rep-til'i-an,  a.  Belonging  to 
tlic  ciass  of  reptiles. — n.  An  animal  of  the 
class  ReptUia;  a  reptile. 
Republic,  r5-pub'lik,  n.  [Fr.  ripvblvfue, 
L.  reipublica — res,  an  affair,  interest,  ana 
piiblicx,  fem.  of  piibKciiS,  public.  Real,. 
■  Pdbli  ;.]  A  commonwealth;  a  political' 
community  in  which  the  supreme  power; 
in  the  state  is  vested  either  in  certain^ 
privileged  members  of  the  commimity  or" 
in  the  whole  community,  and  thus  vary- 
ing from  the  most  exclusive  oligarchy  to 
a  pure  democracy. — Federal  republics,  of 
which  the  United  States  and  Switzerland 
are  examples,  consist  of  a  number  of  sep- 
arate states  bound  together  by  treaty,  so 
as  to  present  the  aspect  of  a  single  state 
with  a  central  govemment.without  wholly 
renouncing  their  individual  powers  of 
internal  self-government.  —  Republic  of 
letters^  the  collective  body  of  litemiy  and 
learned  men.— Republican,  re-pub'ii-kan, 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  character 
of  a  republic;  consonant  to  the  principles 
of  a  republic.  —  n.  One  who  favours  or 
prefers  a  republican  form  of  government. 
—J^ed  Republican.  Red.— Republicanism, 
rs-pub'lf-kan-izm,  n.  The  republicjin 
system  of  government;  attachment  to  a 
republican  form  of  government;  republi- 
can principles^ 

Republication,  r6-pub'li-ka"Bhon,  n.  The 
act  of  republishing:  a  new  publication  of 
something  before  published. 
Republish,  re-pub'lish,  v.t:  To  publish 
anew;  to  r  ubligh  again ,  as  in  a  new  edition.- 
— Repnblisher,  re-publish-fir,  n.  One  who 
republishes. 

Repudiate,  re-pQ'di-&t,  v.t— repudiated,  re- 
pudiating. [L.  repudio,  repudiatum,  to 
divorce,  to  cast  off,  from  repudium,  a  cast- 
ing off,  a  divorce.]  To  cast  away;  to  reject; 


F&te,  f&r.  fat,  f»ll:     me,  met,  b«r;     pine,  pin;     nOt«,  not,  m9re;     tlU>e,  tub.b^;     oil.  pound;     a,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr. «. 


REPUONANCB 


577 


RESERVE 


to  discard;  to  disavow;  tod-'vorce;  to  refuse 
to  acknowledge  or  to  pay,  as  debt.— Re- 
pudiable, r6-pu'di-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  repudiated.— Repudiation,  re-pll'di- 
ft"8hon,  n.  [L.  repudiatio.]  The  act  of 
repudiating;  rejection;  disavowal;  divorce; 
refusal  on  the  part  of  a  government  to 
pay  debts  contracted  by  a  former  govern- 
ment.—Repudiator,  re-pa'di-a-t6r,  n.  One 
who  repudiates. . 

Repugnance,  Repugnancy,  rS-pug'nans,  re- 
pug'nan-si,  n.  [Fr.  repugnance;  L.  repug- 
nantia,  from  repugno,  to  resist— r«,against, 
and  piigno,  to  fight.  Pdgnacious.J  The 
state  of  being  opposed  in  mind;  feeling  of 
dislike  to  some  action;  reluctance;  un- 
willingness; opposition  in  nature  or  qual- 
ities; contrariety. — Repugnant,  rC-pug'- 
nant,  o.  [L.  repugnans,  repugnantis,  ppr. 
of  repugno.]  Standing  or  being  in  oppo-/ 
sition;  contrary;  at  variance:  usually  fol- 
lowed by  to  (a  statement  repugnant  to 
common  sense);  highly  distasteful;  offen- 
sive (a  course  repugnaiii  to  him).— Repug- 
nantly, rE-pug'nant-li,  adv. 

Repulse,  re-puls',  n.  [L.  repulsa,  from  r«- 
peV.o,  repidsum — re,  back,  and  pello,  to 
drive.  Repel.]  The  condition  of  being 
repelled  or  driven  back  by  force;  the  act- 
of  driving  back;  a  check  or  defeat;  refusal; 
denial.— v.t.— repulsed,  repulsing.  To  re- 
pel; to  drive  back;  to  refuse;  to  reject.— 
Repulser,  r5-puls'6r,  n.  One  that  repulses. 
—Repulsion,  re-pul'shon,  n.  [L.  repulsio.] 
The  act  of  repelling;  physics,  a  term  often 
applied  to  the  action  which  two  bodies 
exert  upon  one  another  when  they  tend 
to  increase  their  mutual  distance.— Re- 
pulsive, re-pul'siv,  a.  Acting  so  as  to 
repel;exerci8ing  repulsion;tending  to  deter 
or  forbid  approach  or  familiarity;  repel- 
lent ;  forbidding.  —  Repulsively,  r5-pul'- 
siv-li,  adv.  In  a  repulsive  manner.— Re- 
pulsivenesB,  re-pul'siv-nes,  n. 

Repurchase,  rg-pfer'chas,  v.t.  To  buy  back; 
to  regain  by  purchase.— n.  The  act  of  buy- 
ing again;  a  new  purchase. 

Repute,  re-put',  v.t.— reputed,  reputing.  [Fr. 
r^puter,  from  L.  reputo,  to  count  over — re, 
and  puto,  to  reckon,  to  estimate  (as  in 
compute,  tmpute,&<:.).  Putative.]  To  hold 
in  thought;  to  reckon,  account,  or  con- 
sider as  such  or  such;  to  deem. — n.  Repu- 
tation; character,  attributed  by  public  re- 
port, especially  good  character;  honour- 
able name.— Reputed,  re-pu'ted,  p.  and  a. 
Generally  considered;  commonly  believed, 
regarded,  or  accounted.— Reputedly,  re- 
pQ'ted-li,  adv.  In  common  opinion  or 
estimation.  —  Reputable,  rep'Q-ta-bl,  a. 
Being  in  good  repute;  held  in  esteem;  not 
mean  or  disgraceful. — Reputableness,  rep'- 
n-ta-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  jrep- 
utable.— Reputably,  rep'u-ta-bli,  adv.  In 
a  reputable  manner.— Reputation,  rep-u- 
ta'shon,  n.  [L.  reputatio.]  Character  by 
report;  opinion  of  character  generally  en- 
tertained; character  attributed;  repute: 
in  a  good  or  bad  sense;  often  favourable 
or  honourable  regard;  good  name. — Re- 
puteless,  re-pat'les,  a.  Not  having  good 
repute;  inglorious.    [Shah.] 

Request,  rg-kwept',  n.  [O.  Pr.  requeste  (Fr. 
requete),  from  L.  requisita,  a  thing  re- 
quired, a  want,  from  require,  requisitum — 
re,  again,  and  qtuero,  qumsitum,  to  seek. 
QaEST.l  The  expression  of  desire  to  some 
person  tor  something  to  be  granted  or  done; 
an  asking;  a  petition,  prayer,  entreaty; 
the  thing  asked  for  or  requested;  a  statfe 
of  being  esteemed  and  sought  after,  or 
asked  for  (an  article  in  much  request)..: 
Request  expresses  less  earnestness  than 
entreaty  and  supplication;  and  supposes  a 
right  in  tho  person  requested  to  deny  or 
refuse  to  grant,  in  this  differing  from  de- 
mand.—v.t.  To  make  a  request  for ;  to  sor 
licit  or  express  desire  for;  to  express  a 
request  to;  to  ask.— Request-note,  n.  An 
application  to  obtain  a  permit  for  remov- 
ing excisable  articles. 

Requicken,  re-kwik'n,  v.t.  To  reanimate; 
to  give  new  life  to. 

Requiem,  r6'kwi-em,  n.  [Ace.  caise  of  _L. 
requies,  rest,  respite,  relaxation — r«,  again, 
and  quies,  rest,  repose.]  A  funeral  dirge 
or  service  containing  the  words  '  Requiem 
setemam,'  Ac,  sung  for  the  rest  of  a  per- 


son's soul;  a  grand  musical  composition 
performed  in  honour  of  some  deceased 
person. 

Reqy.ire,  re-kwir',  v.t.—reqUAred,  requiring. 
[O.  Fr.  requerre,  requierre,  requirre  (Fr. 
requirir),  from  L.  requiro,  requirere,  to  ask 
for.  Request.]  To  demand;  to  ask  as  of 
right  and  by  authority;  to  insist  on  hav- 
ing; to  ask  as  a  favour;  to  call  upon  to 
act;  to  request;  to  have  need  or  necessity 
for;  to  need  or  want  (the  matter  requires 
great  care,  we  require  food);  to  fiid  it 
necessary;  to  have  to:  with  infinitives  (you 
will  require  to  go).— Requirable,  re-kwi'- 
ra-bl,  a.  Fit  or  proper  to  be  demanded. — 
Requirement,  re-kv/ir'ment,  n.  The  act 
of  requiring;  demand;  that  which  requires 
the  doing  of  something;  an  essential  con- 
dition; something  required  or  necessary. 
— Requirer,  re-kwi'r6r,  n.  One  who  re- 
quires.—Reqiiisite,  rek'wi-zit,  a.  [L.  requi- 
situs,  from  requiro.}  Kequired  by  the 
nature  of  things  or  by  circumstances; 
necessary.  —  n.  That  which  is  necessary; 
something  indispensable.  —  Requisitely, 
rek'wi-zit-11,  adv.  In  a  requisite  manner; 
necessarily.  —  Requisiteness,  rek'wi-zit- 
nes,  n.  —  Requisition,  rek-wi-zish'on,  n.  ■ 
[L.  requisitio.i  An  application  made  as  of 
a  right;  a  demand;  a  demand  for  or  a  levy- 
ing of  necessaries  by  hostile  tro.ops  from 
the'  people  in  whose  country  they  are;  a 
written  call  or  invitation  (a  reqvAsition  for 
a  public  meeting);  state  of  being  required 
or  much  sought  after;  request.— v.i.  To 
make  a  requisition  or  demand  upon. — 
Requisitionist,  rek-wi-zish'on-ist,  n.  One 
who  makes  requisition.  —  Requisltor,  re- 
kwiz'i-ter,  n.  One  empowered  by  a  requi- 
sition to  investigate  facts. 
Requite,  r6-kwit',  v.t. — requited,  requiting. 
[From  re,  back,  and  quit.  Quir.l  To  repay 
either  good  or  evil:  in  a  good  sense,  to 
recompense  or  reward:  in  a  bad  sense,  to 
retaliate  on.— Requiter,r5-kwi't6r,n.  One 
who  requites.— Requitable,  re-kwi'ta-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  requited. — Requital,  re- 
kwi'tal,  n.  Return  for  any  office,  good  or 
bad;  recompense;  reward. 
Re-read, re-r5d',  v.t.  Toreada^ainoranew. 
Reredos,  rSr'dos,  n.  [Fr.  arrUre  dos—ar- 
riire,  behind,  and  dos,  L.  dx>rsum,,  the 
back.  Reab,  Dorsal.]  The  back  of  a  fire- 
place ;  the  decorated  portion  of  the  wall 
Dehind  and  rising  above  the  altar  in  a 
church. 

Re-refine,  r6're-fin,  v.t.  To  refine  anew  or 
afresh. 

Rere-mouse,  rer'mous,  n..  [A.  Sax.  hrire- 
miis,  from  hriran,  to  raise,  to  move,  and 
vii'is,  a  mouse.]    A  bat.    [Shak.} 
Re-re«olve,  re're-zolv,  v.t.    To  resolve  a; 
second  time. 

Rere-ward,  rer'ward,  n.    [Rear  and  ward= 
guard.]  The  part  of  an  army  that  marches 
m  the  rear ;  the  rear-guard.    [O.T.] 
Resail,  r5-sai',  v.t.  or  i.    To  sail  back. 
Resale,  rS'sSl,  n.    A  sale  at  second  band; 

Resalute,  re-sa-lat',  v.t.  To  salute  or  greet 
anew. 

Rescind,  r5-sind',  v.t.  [Fr.  reseinder,  from 
L.  rescindo,  rescissum^-re,  again,  and  scin- 
do,  to  cut  (as  in  concise,  precise,  &c.).]  To 
cut  shortt;  to  abrogate;  to  revoke  or  annul 
by  competent  authority  (to  rescind  a  law, 
a  judgment).— Rescindment,  re-sind'ment, 
n.  The  act  of  rescinding.— Rescission,  r5- 
sizh'on,  n.  [L.  rescissio,  7-escissionis.]  The 
act  of  rescinding;  the  act  of  abrogating  or 
annulling.— Rescissory,  rg-sis'o-ri,  a.  [li. 
rescissorius.]  Having  power  to  rescind, 
abrogate,  or  annul. 

Rescript,  re'skript,  n.  [L.  rescriptum,  from 
rescrwo,  rescriptum,  to  write  back— re,  and 
scribe,  to  write.  Scribe.]  The  answer  or 
decision  of  a  Roman  emperor  to  some 
matter  set  before  him;  the  decision  by  a 
pope  of  a  Question  officially  propounded ; 
an  edict  or  decree.— Rescriptive,  r5-skrip'- 
tiv,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  char- 
acter of  k  rescript.  . 

Rescue,  ies'kii,v.t.—rescued,rescutng.  [O.Fr. 
rescoure,  rescourre,  to  rescue,  from  L.  re, 
again,  and  excute7-e,  to  shake  off— ex,  away, 
and  quatio,  quassum,  to  shake.  Quash.] 
To  free  from  confinement,  danger,  or  evil; 
to  withdraw  from  a  state  of  exposure  to 


evil;  law,  to  take  by  forcible  or  illegal 
means  from  lawful  custody.— n.  The  act 
of  rescuing;  deliverance  from  restraint  or 
danger ;  law,  a  forcible  taking  out  of  the 
custody  of  the  law.— Rescuer,  res'ktt-er,  n. 
One  that  rescues.- Rescuable,  res'ku-a-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  rescued. 
Research,  r6-s6rch',  n.  [Prefix  re,  and  search; 
Fr.  recherclie.]  Diligent  inquirjr  or  exami- 
nation in  seeking  facts  or  principles:  labo- 
rious or  continued  search  after  truth ;  in- 
vestigation.— v.t  To  search  again;  to  exa- 
mine anew. —Researcher,  re-s6r'ch6r,  n. 
One  engaged  in  research. 
Reseat,  re-set',  v.t.  To  seat  or  set  again;  to 
furnish  with  a  new  seat  or  seats. 
Resect,  re-sekt',  v.t.  [L.  reseco,  resectum, 
to  cut  off— re,  back,  and  seco,.  to  cut.]  To 
cut  or  pare  off.— Resection,  re-sek'shon,  n. 
[L.  resectio.l  Surg,  the  removal  of  the  ar- 
ticular extremity  of  a  bone,  or  of  the  ends 
of  the  bones  in  a  false  articulation. 
Reseek,  re-sfik',  v.t.  &  i.  To  seek  again. 
Reseize,  r6-sez',  w.t.  To  seize  again;  law,  to 
reinstate  (in  such  phrases  as  to  be  resei^ed 
of  or  in).— Resflzer,  re-s5'z6r,  n.  One  who 
seizes  again.— Reseizure,  r5-se'ztlr,  n.  A 
second  seizure.  , 

Resell,  re-sel',  v.t.  To  sell  again. 
Resemble,  re-zem'bl,  v.t— resembled,  resem- 
bling. [Fr.  resembter—re,  and  sembler,  to 
seem,  from  L.  similare,  from  aimilis,  like. 
Similar.]  To  be  like  to;  to  have  similarity 
to  in  form,  figure,  or  qualities;  to  Uken; 
to  compare.- Resemblance,  r6-zem'blans, 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  resemblini? : 
likeness;  similarity  either  of  exterutvl 
form  or  of  qualities ;  something  simila;' , 
a  similitude.— Resemblant,-  re-zem'blan:, 
a.    Resembling. 

Resend,  rc-send',  v.t.  To  send  again. 
Resent,  re-zent',  v.t.  [Fr.  ressenti7\  from 
L.  re,  and  sentio,  to  feel.  Sense.]  To  con- 
sider as  an  injury  or  affront;  to  be  in  some 
degree  angry  or  provoked  at ;  to  take  ill ; 
to  show  such  feeling  by  words  or  acts.— 
v.i.  To  be  indignant ;  to  feel  resentment. 
— Resenter,  re-z^t'6r,  n.  One  who  resent;'. 
—Resentful,  r6-zent'ful,  a.  Inclined  or  api 
to  resent;  full  of  resentment.— Resent- 
fully, rS-zent'ful-li,  adv.  In  a  resentful 
manner.— Reseiitingly,  r5-zent'ing-li,  adv. 
With  resentment.- Resentment,  re-zent'- 
ment,  n.  The  act  of  resenting;  the  feeling 
with  which  one  who  resents  is  impressed; 
a  deep  sense  of  injury;  anger  arising  from 
a  sense  of  wrong;  strong  displea?ure. 
Reserve,  re-zerv',  v.t— reserved,  reserving. 
[Fr.  reserver,  from  L.  reservo—re,  back, 
and  servo,  to  keep.  Serve.]  To  keep  in 
store  for  future  or  other  use ;  to  withhold 
from  present  use  for  another  purpose ;  to 
keep  back  for  a  time;  to  withdraw.— «.  The 
act  "of  reserving  or  keeping  back;  that 
which  is  reserved  or  retained  from  present 
use  or  disposal;  a  store  of  something  still 
kept  or  remaining;  something  in  the  mind 
withheld  from  disclosure ;  a  reservation ; 
the  habit  of  keeping  back  or  restraining 
the  feelings;  a  certain  closeness  or  cold- 
iless  towards  others;  caution  in  personal 
behaviour.— San/.-inc,  that  portion  of  capi- 
tal which  is  retained  in  order  to  meet 
average  liabilities.  —  Milit.  the  body  of 
troops  in  an  -army  drawn  up  for  battle, 
reserved  to  sustain  the  other  lines  as  oc- 
casion may  require;  a  body  of  troops  kept 
for  an  exigency.  —  In  reserve,  in  store; 
in  keeping  for  Other  or  future  use.— Re- 
servation, rez-6r-va'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
reserving  or  keeping  back;  concealment 
or  withholding  from  disclosure;  something 
not  expressed,  disclosed,  or  brought  for- 
ward; in  the  United  States,  a  tract  of 
the  public  land  reserved  for  some  special 
use,  as  for  schools,  the  use  of  Indians,  &c.; 
a  reserve. — Afental  reservation,  an  inten- 
tional reserving  or  holding  back  of  some 
word  or  clause,  the  speaker  thus  intending 
to  set  his  conscience  at  rest  while  being 
guilty  of  deceit,  or  to  keep  his  real  senti- 
ments secret.— Reserved,  re-z6rvd',  p.  and 
a.  Kept  for  another  or  future  use;  show- 
ing reserve  in  behaviour;  not  open  or 
frank;  distant;  cold.— Reserved  list,  in  the 
British  navy,  a  list  of  officers  put  on  half- 

S ay, and  removed  from  active  servce,  duu 
able  to  be  called  to  serve  if  required.— 


ch.cheiai     ch.Sc.loch;     s,go;_    j,;ob;     n,  Fr.  twi;     ng,8i»ij?;     v!i,tlKin;th,thin;     w.wig; 


wh,  whisi 

m 


ih,  aeure. 


RESERVOIR 


578 


RESOURCE 


Eeservedly,  r6-z6r'ved-!i,  adv.  In  a  re- 
served manner ;  with  reserve. — Reserved- 
ness,  r5-zer'ved-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing reserved ;  want  of  frankness.— BLeser- 
ver,  re-z^r'v6r,  n.    One  who  reserves. 

Reservoir,  rez'6r-vwar,  n.  [Fr.  Reserve.} 
A  place  where  anything  is  kept  in  store, 
particularly  a  place  where  water  is  col- 
lected and  kept  for  use ;  an  artificial  lake 
or  pond  from  which  pipes  convey  water  to 
a  town. 

Reset,  re-set',  n.  fO.Fr.  recepte,  recette,  a 
receiving.  Receipt.]  Scots  law,  the  re- 
ceiving and  harbouring  of  an  outlaw  or  a 
criminal.— iieset  of  theft,  the  offence  of  re- 
ceiving and  keeping  gooids  knowing  them 
to  be  stolen. — Resetter,  re-set'er,  n.  Scots 
Jaw,  a  receiver  of  stolen  goods. 

Reset,  re-set',  v.t.  To  set  again  (to  reset  a 
diamond);  printing,  to  set  over  again,  as  a 
page  of  matter. — n.  The  act  of  resetting ; 
printing,  matter  set  over  again. 

Resettle,  re-set'l,  v.t.  andt.  To  settle  again. 
—Resettlement,  re-set'1-ment,  n.  The  act 
of  »esettling. 

Reshape,  rS-shap',  v.t.    To  shape  again. 

Reship,  re-ship',  v.t.  To  ship  again;  to  ship 
again  what  has  been  imported.— Reahip- 
ment,  re-ship'ment,  n.  The  act  of  reship- 
ping. 

Reside,  rS-zid',  v.i.— resided,  residing.  [Fr. 
risider,  from  L.  resideo — re,  and  aedeo,  to 
sit,  to  settle  down.  Sedate.]  To  dwell 
permanently  or  for  a  length  of  time;  tq 
have  one's  dwelling  or  home;  to  abide  con- 
tinuously; to  abide  or  be  inherent,  as  a 
quality;  to  inhere. — Residence,  rez'i-dens, 
n.  The  act  of  residing  or  abiding;  period  01 
abode;  the  place  where  a  person  resides; 
a  dwelling ;  a  habitation ;  a  mansion  or 
dwelling-house ;  the  continuing  of  a  par- 
son or  incumbent  on  his  benefice:  opposed 
to  no7i-reei(i«jice.— Residency,  rez'i-den-si, 
n.  Residence;  the  official  residence  of  a 
British  resident  at  the  court  of  a  native 
prince  in  India.— Resident,  rez'i-dent,  a. 
[L.  residens,  residentis.]  Dwelling  or  hav- 
ing an  abode  in  a  place  for  a  continuance 
of  time  J  residing. — n.  One  who  resides  or 
dwells  m  a  place  for  some  time;  one  re- 
siding; a  public  minister  who  resides  at 
a  foreign  court:  a  kind  of  ambassador. — 
Residenter,  rez'i-den-t6r,  n.  A  resident.— 
Eesldentiai,  rez-i-den'shal,  a.  Relating  or 
pertaining  to  residence  or  to  residents. — 
Residentiary,  rez-i-den'shSr-i^  a.  Having 
residence. — n.  One  who  is  resjdent ;  an  ec- 
clesiastic who  keeps  a  certain  residence 
(a  canon  residentiary). 

Residue,  rez''-da,  n.  [Fr.  risidu,  from  L. 
residuum,  what  is  left  behind,  from  rest- 
duus,  remaining,  from  resideo.  Reside.] 
That  which  remains  after  a  part  is  taken, 
separated,  or  dealt  with  in  some  way;  that 
which  is  still  over;  remainder;  the  rest; 
law,  the  remainder  of  a  testator's  estate 
after  payment  of  debts  and  legacies. — 
Residual,  re-zid'Q-al,  a.  Having  the  char- 
acter of  a  residue  or  residuum;  remaining 
after  a  part  is  taken  or  dealt  with.— ii«- 
sidual  air,  the  air  which  remains  in  the 
chest  and  cannot  be  expelled,  variously 
eetimated  at  from  80  to  120  cubic  inches. 
— Eealdu&ry,  re-zid'fl-a-ri,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  residue  or  part  remaining;  forming  a 
residue  or  portion  not  dealt  with.— Uegiaw- 
ary  legatee,  the  legatee  to  wiom  is  be- 
riueathed  all  that  remains  after  deducting 
t  he  debts  and  specific  legacies. — Residuum, 
rs-zid'Q-nm,  n.  .  [L.]  That  which  is  left 
after  any  process  of  separation  or  purifi- 
cation; a  residue;  the  dregs  or  refuse;  law, 
the  part  of  an  estate  remsiining  after  the 
]iayment  of  debts  and  legacies. 

Redgn,  re-zin',  v.t.  [Fr.  risigner,  L.  resig- 
vo,  to  resign — re,  and  signo,  to  mark,  from 
Hgnum,  a  sign.  Sign.]  To  assign  or  give 
back ;  to  give  up,  as  an  office  or  post, 
to  the  person  or  authority  that  conferred 
it ;  hence,  to  surrender  or  relinquish ;  to 
f^ve  over;  to  withdraw,  as  a  claim;  to  sub- 
mit, particularly  to  Providence.  —  Resig- 
nation, rez-ig-n&'shon,  n.  The  act  at  re- 
signing or  giving  up*  £is  a.  claim,  Ac;  the 
state  of   being   resigned  or  BubmisBive : 

?atience;  quiet  submission  to  the  will  of 
'rovidencci  submission  without  discon- 
tont  or  repining.  —  Roiigned,  re-sund',  p. 


and  a.  Surrendered;  given  up;  feeling 
resignation ;  submissive ;  patient.  —  Re- 
signedly, re-zi'ned-li,  adv.  With  resigna- 
tion; submissively.— Resigner,  r6-zi'n6r,  »i. 
Onr  who  resigns. 

Res'  \,  r6-sin',  v.t.  To  sign  again. 
Res;  •,  re-zil',  v.i.— resiled,  resUing.  [L.  re- 
silio,  to  leap  or  spring  back— re,  back,  and 
salio,  to  leap.  Salient.]  To  recede  or 
withdraw  from  a  purpose.  —  Resilience, 
Resiliency,  re-sil'i -ens,  re-sil'i-en-si.n.  The 
act  of  resiling;  the  act  of  rebounding;  re- 
bound from  being  elastic- Resilient,  re- 
siri-ent,  a.  Inclined  to  resile;  rebounding. 
Eesin,  rez'in,  Ji.  [Fr.  r^ine,  from  L.  resinu, 
resin.  RoUn  is  the  same  word.]  An  in- 
flammable substance  of  sundry  varieties 
found  in  most  plants,  and  often  obtained 
by  spontaneous  exudation,  in  some  cases 
solid  and  brittle  at  ordinary  temperatures, 
in  others  viscous  or  semi-fluid  (in  which 
case  they  are  called  balsams),  valuable  as 
ingredients  in  varnishes,  -and  several  of 
them  used  in  medicine.  Rosin  is  resin  from 
coniferous  trees. — Fossil  or  mineral  resins, 
amber,  petroleum,  asphalt,  bitumen,  and 
other  mineral  hydrocarbons.— Resiiilfer- 
ons,  rez-i-nif'er-us,  a.  Yielding  resin. — 
Resiniform,  rez'in-i-form,  a.  Having  the 
form  of  resin.  —  Resino-electric,  a.  Con- 
taining or  exhibiting  negative  electricity. 
—Resinous,  rez'i-nus,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
obtained  from  resin;  partaking  of  the 
qualities  of  resin ;  like  resin.  —  Resinmis 
electricity,  negative  electricity,-  that  kind 
of  electricity  which  is  excited  by  rubbing 
resinous  bodies  with  a  woollen  cloth,  in 
distinction  from  that  excited  by  rubbing 
glass,&c.,  which  is  termed  vitreous  or  posi- 
tive electricity.  —  Resinously,  rez'vnus-li, 
adv.  in  the  manner  of  a  resinous  body. 
— Resinousness,  rez'i-nus-hes,  w.— Resiny, 
rez'i-ni,  a.  Like  resin,  or  partaking  of  its 
qualities. 

Resist,  re-zist'j  v.t.  [Fr.  risister,  from  L. 
resisto,  to  withstand— re,  and  sisto,  to 
place,  to  stand,  from  sto,  to  stand.  State, 
Stand.]  To  withstand  so  as  not  to  be  im- 
pressed by;  to  form  an  impediment  to;  to 
oppose,  passively  (certain  bodies  resist 
acids  or  a  cutting  tool);  to  act  in  opposi- 
tion to;  to  strive  or  struggle  against,  ac- 
tively.— v.i.  To  make  opposition.  —  n.  A 
sort  of  paste  applied  to  calico  goods  to 
prevent  colour  or  mordant  from  fixing  on 
those  parts  not  intended  to  be  coloured. — 
Resistance,  re-zis'tans,  n.  The  act  of  re- 
sisting, whether  actively  or  passively;  a 
being  or  acting  in  opposition;  the  quality 
or  property  in  matter  of  not  yielcung  to 
force  or  external  impression;  a  force  act- 
ing in  opposition  to  another  force  so  as  to 
destroy  it,  or  diminish  its  effect. — Elec- 
trical resistance,  the  comparative  resis- 
tance which  a  body  offers  to  the  passage  of 
a  current. — Unit  of  resistance,  the  stan- 
dard of  measurement  of  electric  resistance; 
an  ohm. —Resistant,  re-zis'tant,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  resists.  —  Resistant, 
Resistent,  re-zis'tent,  a.  Making  resis- 
tance ;  resisting.  —  Resister,  re-zis't-^r,  n. 
One  who  resists.  —  Resistible,  re-zis'ti-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  resisted.— Resistible- 
ness,  Resistibility,  re-zis'ti-bl-nes,  re-zis'- 
ti-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  resis- 
tible.—Resistibly,  rg-zis'ti-bli,  adv.  In  a 
resistible  manner.— Resistless,  re-zlstles, 
a.  Incapable  of  being  resisted  or  with- 
stood; irresistible;  powerless  to  resist 
{Keats).  —  Resistlessly,  rS-zist'les-U,  adv. 
In  a  resistless  manner;  irresistibly.— Re- 
sistleamess,  re-zist'les-nes,  n. 
Resmooth,  re-smora',  v.t.  To  make  smooth 
again. 

Resolder,  rS-sol'dir,  v.t.    To  solder  again. 
Resoluble,  rez'o-la-bl,  a.     [Fr.  risoluble. 
Resolve.]    Capable  of  being  melted  or 
d^solved. 

Resolute,  rez'o-lQt,  a.  [Fr.  rdsolu,  pp.  of 
risoudre,  li.resolvere,  to  resolve.  Resolve.] 
Having  a  fixed  purpose;  determined; 
steadfast;  bold;  firm. -^Resolutely,  rez'o- 
lat-li,  adv.  In  a  resolute  manner;  with 
fl^ed  purpose;  determinedly;  boldly. — 
Eesolineaess,  rez'o-ltit-nes,  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  resolute;  unshaken  firm- 
ness.— SeMlntion,  rez-o-la'shon,  n.  [Fr. 
r^solvtion,  L.  resoUttio.']  The  character  of 


being  resolute;  a  resolve  taken:  a  fixed 
purpose  or  determination  of  mind;  the 
character  of  acting  with  .fixed  purpose ; 
firmness;  determination;  aformal  decision 
of  a  legislative  or  other  body;  the  opera- 
tion of  resolving  or  separating  the  com- 
ponent parts  of  a  body;  the  act  of  unravel- 
ling a  perplexing  question  or  problem; 
solution;  miisic,  the  succession  of  a  con- 
cord immediately  after  a  discord;  med. 
a  removal  or  disappearance,  as  the  dis- 
appearing of  a  tumour.  —  Resolution  oj 
an  equation,  in  alg.  the  bringing  of  the 
unknown  quantity  by  itself  on  one  side, 
and  all  the  known  quantities  on  the  other. 
— Resolution  of  forces,  in  dyn.the  dividing 
of  any  single  force  into  two  or  more  others, 
whica  shall  produce  the  same  effect. — 
Resolutioner,  rez-o-la'8hon-6r,  n.  One 
who  joins  in  a  resolution  or  declaration. 
— Resolutive,  rez'o-lu-tiv,  o.  Having  the 
power  to  dissolve  or  break  up. 

Resolve,  re-zolv',  v.t. — rescflved,  resolving. 
[L.  resolvo,  to  unloose,  break  up,  dissolve, 
to  do  away  with  (hence,  to  detennine,  that 
is,  to  do  away  with  doubts  or  disputes)— 
re,  back  or  again,  and  solvo,  to  loose. 
Solve.]  To  separate  the  component  parts 
of ;  to  reduce  to  constituent  elements;  to 
reduce  to  simple  parts;  to  analyse;  to  dis- 
entangle of  perplexities;  to  clear  of  diffi- 
culties (to  resoJye  doubts) ;  to  explain;  to 
fix  in  determination  or  purpose;  to  deter- 
mine (usually  in  pp.);  to  melt;  to  dissolve; 
to  form  or  constitute  by  resolution  (the 
house  resolved  itself  into  a  committee);  to 
determine  on;  to  express  by  resolution  and 
vote;  med.  to  disperse  or  remove,  as  an  in- 
flammation or  a  tumour;  math,  to  solve. — 
w.t.  To  form  an  opinion  or  purpose;  to 
determine;  to  determine  by  vote;  to  melt; 
to  become  fluid;  to  become  separated  into 
its  component  parts  or  into  distinct  prin- 
ciples.—n.  ^hat  which  has  been  resolved 
on;  fixed  purpose  of  mind;  a  settled  deter- 
mination ;  a  resolution.  —  Resolved,  re- 
zolvd',  p.  and  a.  Having  the  mind  made 
up;  determined. — Resolvedly,  re-zol'ved-li, 
adv.  In  a  resolved  manner;  resolutely. — 
Resolvedness,  re-zol'ved-nes,  n.  Fixedness 
of  purpose.  —  Resolvent,  re-zol'vent,  a. 
Having  the  power  to  resolve;  causing  so- 
lution.—n.  That  which  has  the  power  of 
causing   solution;    Tned.  a  discutient. — 

.  Resolver,  re-zol'vfer,  n.  One  who  or  that 
■which  resolves;  one  who  determines. — 
ResolvabiUty,  Resolvableness,  re-zol'va- 
bil"i-ti,  re-zol'va-bl-nes,  n.  The  property 
of  being  resolvable.  —  Resolvable,  re-zol'- 
va-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  resolved  or  sepa- 
rated into  constituent  parts ;  capable  of 
being  solved. 

Resonant,  rez'o-nant,  a.  [L.  resonans,  re- 
sonantis,  ppr.  of  resono — re,  again,  and 
sono,  to  sound.  Sound.]  Capable  of  re- 
turning sound;  resounding;  full  of  sounds; 
echoing  back.  —  Resonantly,  rez'o-nant- 
li,  adv.  In  a  resonant  manner.— Reson- 
ance, Resonancy,  rez'o-nans,  rez'o-nan-si, 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  resonant; 
the  act  of  resounding.- Resonator,  rez'o- 
na-t6r,  n.  An  instrument  for  facilitating 
the  analysis  of  compound  sounds. 

Resorb,  re-sorb',  v.t.  [L.  resorbeo—re,  and 
sorbeo,  to  drink  in.]  To  swallow  up.— Re- 
sorbent,  re-sorl)ent,  a.    Swallowing  up. 

Resort,  re-zort',  v.i.  [O.Fr.  resortir,  Fr. 
ressortir,  to  go  out  again,  to  resort,  from 
prefix  re,  and  sortir,  to  go  out,  from  L. 
sortiri,  to  obtain,  to  ha?ve  recourse  to, 
from  sors,  sortis,  lot.  Sort.]  To  have  re- 
course; to  betake  one's  self  (to  resort  to 
force);  to  go  (to  resort  to  a  place);  to  repair 
frequently.— n.  A  betaking  one's  self ;  re- 

-  course ;  tne  act  of  visiting  or  frequenting; 
a  place  frequented  ;  a  haunt. — Resorter, 

-  re-zor'ter,  n.    One  who  resorts. 
Resound,   re-zound',  v.t.     [O.E.    resoune, 

from  L.  resono,  to  resound— re,  again,  and 
sono,  to  sound.  Sound.]  To  sound  again; 
to  echo :  to  extol.— y.i.  To  be  filled  with 
sound ;  to  echo ;  to  reverberate ;  to  sound 
loudly;  to  be  echoed:  to  be  much  men- 
tioned.—n.    Return  of  sound ;  echo. 

Resound,  .reT8oiuul't.i!iL-and  i.  To  ^und 
again.  _  _ 

Eeionrce,  rS-sSSTTC.  rFfXVissource,  from 
O.Fr.  ressmurdre,  to  arise  anevr-re.  again. 


F&te,  f&r,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  hir;     pine,  pin;     nSte,  not,  mOve;     tube,  tub,  bi;4U     oil,  pound;     0, 8c.  al^tme— the  £r.  «. 


RESOW 


579 


RESUBJECT 


and  sourdre,  L.  Burgere,  to  rise.  Source.] 
Any  source  of  aid  or  support;  an  expedi- 
ent; means  yet  untried;  resort;  pi.  pecu- 
niary means;  funds;  available  means  or 
capabilities  of  any  kind.— Resourcelesa, 
r5-sors'les,  a.  Destitute  of  resources. 
Resow,  re-so',  v.t.  To  sow  again. 
Respect,  re-spekt',  v.t.  [Fr.  respecter,  from 
L.  respicio,  respectum — re,  back,  and  obs. 
8pecio,  to  look.  Species.]  To  regard,  heed, 
or  consider;  to  have  reference  or  regard 
to;  to  relate  to;  to  view  with  some  degree 
of  reverence. — To  respect  persons,  to  show 
undue  bias  towards  them ;  to  be  more 
favourable  to  one  than  to  another.  — 
n.  [L.  respectus.]  A  respecting  or  notic- 
ing with  attention;  regard;  attention;  a 
holding  in  high  estimation  or  honour;  the 
deportment  which  proceeds  from  esteem, 
regard,  or  reverence;  partial  or  undue  re- 
gard; bias  {respect  of  persons);  pi.  an  ex- 
pression of  regard,  esteem,  or  deference 
(give  him  my  respects);  a  point  or  par- 
ticular (wrong  in  many  respects);  relation; 
reference :  especially  m  the  phrase  in  or 
with  resjaect. to. —Respectability,  r5-spek'- 
ta-bil"i-ti,  n.  State  or  quality  of  being 
respectable.  —  Respectable,  r6-spek'ta-bl, 
«.  Worthy  of  respect;  having  an  honest 
or  good  reputation ;  belonging  to  a  fairly 
good  position  in  society;  mediocre ;  not 
despicable  (a  respectable  number  of  citi- 
zens). —  Respectably,  r5-spek'ta-bli,  culv. 
In  a  respectable  manner;  moderately; 
pretty  well. — Respecter,  re-spek't6r,  re. 
One  that  tespects. — Resjjectful,  re-spekt'- 
ful,  o.  Marked  by  respect;  showing  re- 
spect or  outward  regard;  ceremonious. — 
Respectfully,  re-spekt'ful-li,  adv.  In  a 
respectful  manner;  with  respect. -Re- 
spectfulness, re-spekt'ful-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  respectful.-^Respecting, 
re-spek'ting,  ppr.  used  as  a  prep.  Regard- 
ing; in  regard  to;  concerning.— Respective, 
re-spek'ti  V,  a.  Relating  or  pertaining  seve- 
rally each  to  each ;  severally  connected  or 
belonging;  several  (our  respective  places  of 
abode) ;  relative ;  not  absolute.  —  Resi>ec- 
tively,  re-spek'tiv-li,  adv.  In  their  respec- 
tive relations ;  as  each  belongs  to  each. 
Respire,  rS-spir',  v. i.— respired,  respiring. 
[Fr.  respirer,  from  L.  tespiro — re,  ami 
spiro,  to  breathe.  Spirit.]  To  breathe; 
to  inhale  air  into  the  lungs  and  exhale  it, 
for  the  purpose  of  maintaining  animal 
life;  to  recover  breath;  to  rest,  as  after  toil 
or  sufferinfj.— 1».<.  To  breathe  in  and  out, 
as  air;  to  inhale  and  exhale;  to  breathe 
out;  to  send  out  in  exhalations.— Respir- 
able,  res'pi-ra-bl  or  re-spi'ra-bl,  a.     Ca- 

Eable  of  or  fit  for  being  respired  or 
reathed.— RespirabUity,Respirableness, 
rC-spi'ra-biF'i-ti,  re-spi'ra-bl-nes,  n.  The 
qualityof  being  respirable.— Respiration, 
res-pi-ra'shon,  n.  [L.  respiratio.']  The 
act  of  respiring  or  breathing,  in  the  higher 
animals  performed  by  lungs  and  including 
inspiration  or  inhalation  of  air,  and  ex- 
piration or  exhalation;  in  fishes  performed 
by  gills.— Respirational,  res-pi-ra'shon-al, 
a.  Relating  to  respiration. — Respirator, 
res'pi-ra-t6r,  re.  An  appliance  for  breath- 
ing through,  fitted  to  cover  the  mouth,  or 
the  nose  and  mouth,  and  used  to  exclude 
cold  air,  smoke,  dust,  &c. —  Respiratory, 
r5-spi'ra-to-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  serving 
for  respiration. 

Respite,  res'pit,  n.  [O.Fr.  respit,  from  L. 
respectus,  respect.  Respect.]  A  tempo- 
rary intermission  of  labour  or  suffering ; 
prolongation  of  time  for  the  payment  of  a 
debt ;  law,  a  reprieve;  temporary  suspen- 
sion of  the  execution  of  an  offender.— 1>.<. 
— respited,  respiting.  To  give  or  grant  a 
respite  to;  to  reprieve. 

Resplendent,  re-splen'dent,  a.  [L.  resplen- 
dens,  resplendentis,  ppr.  of  resplendeo — re, 
and  spleiideo,  to  shine.  Splendib.]  Very 
bright;  shining  with  brilliant  lustre.— 
Resplendent  felspar.  Adularia. — Resplen- 
dently,  re-splen'dent-li,  adv.  In  a  resplen- 
dent manner.  —  Resplendence,  Resplen- 
dency, r5-splen'dens,  r5-splen'den-si,  n. 
Brilliant  lustre;  splendour. 

Respond,  re-spond',  v.i.  [O.Fr.  respondre 
(Fr.  nlpoTtdre),  L.  respondeo — re, back,  and 
spondeo,  to  promise  solemnly.  Sponsor, 
hPoosK.]   To  make  answer;  to  give  a  reply 


in  words;  to  answer  or  reply  in  any  way; 
to  answer  by  action;  to  correspond;  to 
suit.— n.  In  religious  services,  a  short  an- 
them or  versicle  chanted-  at  intervals ;  a 
response^— Responder.ee,  Respondency,  re- 
spon'dens,  re-spon'deu-si,  n.  The  state  of 
being  respondent;  an  answering. — Re- 
spondent, r6-spon'dent,a.  [L.  respondens, 
respondentis.]  Answering;  conformable; 
corresponding. — re.  One  who  responds;  one 
who  answers  in  a  lawsuit;  one  who  main- 
tains a  thesis  in  reply.— Respondentia,  re- 
spon-den'shi-a,  re.  [L.]  A  loan  advanced 
upon  the  careo  of  a  ship.— Response,  re- 
spons',  n.  [L.  responsum.^  The  act  of 
responding  or  replying ;  reply ;  answer ; 
an  oracular  answer;  the  answer  of  the 
congregation  to  the  priest  in  the  litany 
and  other  parts  of  divine  service;  a  reply 
to  an  objection  in  formal  disputation.— 
Responsibility,  re-spon'si-bil"i-ti,  re.  The 
state  of  being  responsible;  that  for  which 
one  is  responsible;  a  trust,  or  the  like,  rest- 
ing on  a  person;  ability  to  answer  in  pay- 
ment.—Responsible,  re-spon'si-bl,  a.  Ac- 
countable; answerable;  able  to  respond  to 
any  claim ;  involving  responsibility. — Re- 
sponsibly, re-spon'si-bli,  adv.  In  a  respon- 
sible manner. — Responsions  re-spqn'shonz, 
n.  [L.  responio,  an  answering.]  The  first 
examination  which  the  students  at  Oxford 
are  obliged  to  pass  before  they  can  take 
any  degree:  also  called  the  Little  Go. — 
Responsive,  re-siion'siv,  a.  Answering;  re- 
sponding; correspondent;  suited  to  some- 
thing else.  —  Responsively,  re-spon'siv-li, 
adv.  In  a  responsive  manner.  —  Respon- 
siveness, re-spon'siv-nes,  «.— Responsory, 
re-spon'so-ri,  a.  Containing  answer.— re. 
A  response;  an  antiphonary. 

Rest,  rest,  re.  [A.  Saxi  rest,  rcest,  rest,  re- 
poso=Dan.  Sw.  and  G.  rasi,  D.  rust,  rest, 
Goth,  rasto,  a  stage  or  place  of  rest  on  the 
road;  root  seen  in  Goth,  razn,  a  house.]  A 
state  of  quiet  or  repose;  cessation  of  motion, 
labour,  or  action  of  any  kind;  freedom 
from  everything  that  disquiets;  peace; 
tranquillity;  sleep;  figuratively,  the  last 

'  sleep ;  death ;  a  place  of  quiet ;  that  on  which 
anything  leans  for  support;  an  article  or 
appliance  for  support ;  music,  an  interval 
of  silence  between  one  sound  and  another, 
or  the  mark  or  character  denoting  the  in- 
terval.—w.i.  [A.  Sax.  restan,  to  rest.]  To 
cease  from  action,  motion,  or  work  of  any 
kind;  to  stop;  to  be  free  from  whatever 
harasses  or  disturbs;  to  be  quiet  or  still ; 
to  lie  for  repose;  to  sleep;- to  sleep  the  final 
sleep ;  to  die ;  to  stand  for  suppqrt ;  to  be 
supported ;  to  be  fixed  in  any  state  or 
opinion  (to  rest  content);  to  rely  (to  rest 
on  a  man's  promise);  to  be  in  a  certain 
state  or  position,  as  an  affair. — To  rest 
with,  to  be  in  the  power  of;  to  depend 
upon  (it  rests  with  time  to  decide).— v.*.  To 
lay  at  rest ;  to  give  rest  or  repose  to ;  to 
quiet;  to  lay  or  place,  as  on  a  support. — 
To  rest  one's  self,  to  take  rest.— Restful, 
rest'ful,  o.  Full  of  rest;  giving  rest:  quiet; 
being  at  rest. — Restfully,  rest'ful-li,  adv. 
In  a  state  of  rest  or  quiet. — Restfulness, 
rest'ful-nes,  n.  State  of  being  restful. — 
Rest-house,  rest'hous,  re.  In  India,  an 
empty  house  for  the  accommodation  of 
travellers.— Resting-place,  re.  A  place  for 
rest;  used  poetically  for  the  grave.— Rest- 
less, rest'les,  a.  Unresting;  unquiet;  con- 
tinually moving;  being  without  rest;  un- 
able to  sleep ;  passed  in  unquietness ;  not 
satisfied  to  be  at  rest;  unsettled;  turbu- 
lent. —  Restlessly,  rest'les-li,  adv.  In  a 
restless  manner ;  unquietly.  —  Restless- 
ness, rest'les-nes,  re.  Agitation;  a  state  of 
disturbance  or  agitation,  either  of  body  or 
mind ;  inability  to  sleep  or  rest. 

Rest,  rest, «.  [Fr.  reste,  from  rester,  to  rest, 
to  remain,  from  L.  resto — re,  back,  and  sto, 
to  stand.  State.]  That  which  is  left  after 
the  separation  of  a  part,  either  in  fact  or 
in  contemplation :  used  withthe ;  the  re- 
mainder ;  the  others ;  those  not  before  in- 
cluded (in  this  sense  plural);  a  surplus 
fdnd  held  in  reserve  by  a  bank,  or  other 
such'  company,  to  fall  back  upon  in  any 
peat  emergency.— v.i.  [Fr.  resler.]  To  be 
left;  to  remain;  to  continue  to  be.— Res- 
taut,  res'tant,  a.  Bot.  remaining;  not 
falling  off. 


Restate,  r6-stat',  v.t.  To  state  again. 
Restaurant,  res'to-rant,  re.  [Fr.]  A  com- 
mercial establishment  for  the  sale  of  re- 
freshments; an  eating-house.— Restaura- 
teur, res-to'ra-ter,  re.  [Fr.]  The  keeper  of 
a  restaurant. 

Restem,  re-stem',  v.t.  To  stem  again;  to 
force  back  against  the  current. 
Restharrow,  rest'har-o,  re.  [For  arrest-har- 
row.] A  British  leguminous  plant,  with 
a  woody,  tough,  and  strong  root  that  ar- 
rests the  harrow's  prongs. 
Restiform,  res'ti-form,  a.  [L.  restis,  a  cord, 
and  forma,  form.]  In  the  form  of  a  cord. 
Restipulate,  r6-stip'a-lat,  v.i.  To  stipulate 
anew.  — .Restipulation,  r5-stip'u-la"shon, 
re.  The  act  of  restipulating. 
Restitution^  res-ti-ta'shon,  n.  [L.  restitutio, 
restitutiomsrirova  restitiio,  to  set  up  again 
— re,  and  statuo,  to  set.  Statute.]  The 
restoring  of 'what  is  lost  or  taken  away, 
especially  taken  away  unjustly;  amends; 
indemnification. 

Restive,  res'tiv,  a.  [O.Fr.  restif,  drawing 
backward,  refusing  to  go  forward,  from 
Tester,  L.  restare,  to  stay  back,  to  remain. 
'  Akst  (to  remain).]  Unwilling  to- go  for- 
ward!; refusing  to  rest  or  stand  still;  con- 
stantly fidgeting  or  moving  about :  said 
of  horses;  hence,  impatient  under  restraint 
or  opposition :  'applied  to  persons.- Res- 
tively, res'tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  restive  man- 
•ner.— Restiveness,  res'tiv-nes,  re. 
Restore,  re-stor',  v.t.  —  restored,  restoring. 
[O.Fr.  restorer  (Fr.  restottrer),  to  restce, 
repair,  reinstall,  from  L.  restauro,  to  re- 
store, to  repair— re,  again,  and  stauro,  to 
■  make  strous.  Store.]  To  bring  back  to 
a  former  and  better  state;  to  repair;  to 
rebuild;  to  heal;  to  cure;  to  revive;  to 
re-establish  after  interruption  (to  restore 
peace);  to  give  back ;  to  return  after  hav- 
ing been  taken  away;  to  bring  or  put  back 
to  a  former  position ;  to  recover  or  renew, 
as  passages  of  an  author  defecMve  or  cor- 
rupted;  fine  arts,  to  bring  back  from  a 
state  of  injury  or  decay  (to  restore  a  paint- 
ing); to  complete  by  adding  the  defective 
parts.— Restorable,  re-sto'ra-bl  ,o.  Capable 
of  being  restored.  —  Restorableness,  re- 
sto'ra-bl-nes,  re.  —  Restoration,  res-to-ra'- 
shon,  re.  The  act  of  restoring;  replace- 
ment ;  renewal ;  re-establishment ;  the  re- 
pairing of  injuries  suffered  by  works  of 
art,  buildings,  &c.;  recovery  of  health.— 
The  Bestoriatitore,- the  return  of  KingCharles 
II.  in  1660,  and  the  re -establishment  of 
the  EngUsn  monarchy.— Restorative,  r5- 
sto'ra-tiv,a.  Capable  of  restoring  strength , 
vigour,  &c.— re.  A  medicine  efficacious  in 
restoring  strength  and  vigour.  ^Restora- 
tively,  re-sto'ra-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  restorative 
manner.— Restorer,  re-sto'r6r,  w.  One  who 
restores. 

Re-store,  re'stor,  v.t.  To  store  anew. 
Restrain,  re-stran',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  restraindre 
(Fr.  restreindre),  from  L.  restringo  —  re, 
back,  and  stringo,  to  draw  tight.  Strain.] 
To  hold  back;  to  liold  in;  to  check;  to  holcl 
from  action ;  to  repress ;  to  restrict.— R«- 
strainable,  rC-stra'na-bl,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ingrestrained.— RestrainGdly,re-stra'ned- 
li,  adv.  With  restraint ;  with  limitation. 
— Restrainer,  re-stra'nfer,  re.  One  who  or 
that  which  restrains.— Itestrainmeut,  re- 
stran'ment,  re.  Act  of  restraining.  —  Re- 
straint, r5-strant',  re.  The  act  of  restrain- 
ing; a  holding  back  or  hindering  from 
motion  in  any  manner;  hindrance  of  the 
will;  a  check  to  any  tendency;  abridgment 
of  liberty ;  confinement ;  detention ;  that 
which  restrains  or  hinders;  a  limitation. 
Restrict,  re-strikt',  v.t.  [L.  restringo,  re- 
siriciMm— re,- back,  and  stringo.  Restrain.] 
To  limit;  to  confine;  to  restrain  within 
bounds.  —  Restriction,  re-strik'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  restricting,  or  state  of  being  re- 
stricted; that  which  restricts;  a  restraint; 
reservation.— Restrictive,  r5-strik'tiv,  a., 
Having  the  quality  of  limiting  or  expres-' 
sing  limitation ;  imposing  restraint. — Re- 
^tnctively,  re-strik'tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  re- 
strictive manner;  with  limitation.  —  Re- 
strictivaness,  re-strik'tiv-nes,  re.  The  state 
or  ouality  of  being  restrictive. 
Resubject,  r-3-sub-jekt',  v.t.  To  subject 
again.  —  Resubjection,  rS-sub-ek'shon,  n. 
A  second  subjection. 


ch,  cAai©:     ch,Sc.  lo$ft;    \g,(lOi  \},}6b;    Vn,  Fr.  ton;   '  ng,  Mrey;  \ih,  |fften;Jh,ttin;   '  jf,jw^  ^«h,jgJig;    ^,  aejire 


RESULT 


580 


RETORT 


Result,  re-zult',  v.i.  [Pr.  ristilter,  to  result, 
originally  to  rebound,  from  L.  resulio,  to 
rebound,  from  resUio—re,  back,  and  salio, 
to  leap.  Resile.]  To  proceed,  spring,  or 
rise,  as  a  consequence,  from  facts,  argu- 
ments, premises,  combination'  of  circum- 
stances, &c.;  to  ensue;  to  accrue;  to  have 
an  issue ;  to  terminate :  followed  by  in 
(this  measure  will  result  in  good  or  evil). 
— ReeuUing  force.  Resultant. — n.  Conse- 
quence; conclusion;  outcome;  issue;  effect; 
product;  that  which  proceeds  natui-aUy  or 
logically  from  facts,  premises,  or  the  state 
of  things. — Eesultance,  rS-zult'ans,  n.  The 
act  of  resulting ;  a  result.— Retultant,  re- 
zult'ant,  a.  Following  as  a  result  or  con- 
sequence; resulting  from  the  combination 
of  two  or  more  agents;  physica,  the  force 
which  results  from  the  compositiMi  of 
two  or  more  forces  acting  upon  a  body;  a 
single  force  exactly  equivalent  to  two  or 
more.— Resultful,  re-zulffyl,  a.  Having 
results ;  effectual.— Eesultless,  rS-zultles, 
d.  Without  result. 

K^snmd,  ra'zii-ma,  n.  fFr.  Resume.]  A 
summing  up;  a  recapitulation;  a  condensed 
statement;  a  suinmary. 

Eesome,  re-zOm',  v.t. — resumed,  resuming. 
[Ft.  risumer,  from  L.  rssumo — re,  and 
sumo,  to  take  (as  in  assvTiie, consume.&c). 
Sumptuous.]  To  take  again;  to  take  back; 
to  take  up  again  after  interruption;  to 
begin  again.— Resumable,  r5-zQ'ma-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  resumed. — Kesumptlon, 
r6-zum'6hon,  -w.  The  act  of  resuming, 
taking  back,  or  taking  again.— 'Eesuinp- 
tive,  r6-zum'tiv,  a.  Taking  back  or  again. 

Resonunon,  rS-sum'on,  v.t.  To  summon  or 
call  again;  to  recall;  to  recover. 

Resapmate,.  Resut>:.uatod,  re-sa'pi-nS.t,  rS- 
8fl'pi-n5-ted,  a.  ILi.  resupinatus—re,  and 
svpinus,  lying  on  the  back,  supine.]  In- 
verted; reversed;  appearing  as  if  tamed 
upside  down.— Resuplnation,  rS-sQ'pi-na"- 
shon,  n.  The  state  of  being  resupinate  or 
reversed.— Resupine,  re-sii-pin',  a.  Lying 
on  the  back.         .       •      ' 

Resupply,  re-sup-pli';  v.t.  To  supply  again. 

Re8urge,t  re-s6ri',  v.i.  [L.  reswrgo  —  re, 
again,  and  swgo,  to  rise.]  To  rise  again; 
to  reappear,  as  from  the  dead.  —  Resur- 
gence, re-s^r'jens,  n.  The  act  of  rising 
again;  resurrection.- Resurgent,  re^ser- 
jent,  a. '  Rising  again  or  from  the  dead. 

Refforrectioa,  rez-fer-rek'shon,  n.  [L.  reaur- 
rectw,t£orsxre3urgo,resurrectu'nv—^e,Sig.ain, 
and  aurgo,  to  arise.  Source.]'  A  rising 
again:  a  springing  again  into  life;  a  rising 
from  ihe  dead;  the  revival  of  the  dead  of 
the  human  race  at  the  general  judgment. 
— Remrirectionist,  rez-fir-rek'sbon-ist,  n. 
One  whose  business  it  is  to  steal  bodies 
from  the  grave  for  dissection. 

Resnrvey,  r5-s6r-va',  v.t.  To  survey  again 
or  anew;  to  review.— n.  (r5-86r'va).  A  new 
survey. 

Resuscitate,  re-sus'i-tat,  v.t.— resuscitated, 
resuscitating.  [L.  resusciio,  resuscitatum — 
re,  again,  and  suscito,  to  rouse  np — sub, 
and  cito,  to  rouse,to  summon,  to  cite.  Cite. J 
To  stir  up  anew;  to  revivijfy;  to  revive; 
particularly,  to  recover  from  apparent 
death.  —  v.i.  To  revive;  to  come  to  life 
again.— Resu^citable,  re-sus'i-ta-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  resuscitated.— Resuscitant, 
re-sus'i-tant,  a.  Resuscitating. — n.  One 
who  or  that  which  resuscitates. — Resusci- 
tation, r5-su8'i-ta"shon,  n.  The  act  of  re- 
suscitating; revivification;  the  restoring 
to  animation  of  persons  apparently  dead. 
— Regnscitatlve,  re-sus'i-ta-tiv,  a.  Tending 
to  resuscitate.  — Eesuscitator,  re-sus'i-ta- 
t6~,  n.    One  who  resuscitates. 

Ret,  ret,  v.t.— retted,  retting.  (T).  reten,  to 
ret  flax;  allied  to  rot.]  To  steep  or  macer- 
ate flax  in  water,  in  order  to  separate  the. 
fibre  by  incipient  rotting.— Rettery,  ret'- 
er-i,  n.  A  place  where  flax  is  retted. — 
Retting,  retlng.n.  The  process  of  soaking 
flax  in  water. 

Ratable,  re-taT)!,  n.  [For  rear-table.]  Arch. 
a  shelf  or  ledge  behind  an  altar  for  hold- 
ing csindles  or  rases. 

Retail,  rS-tal',  v.t.  [Fr.  retail,  a  piece  cut 
off— re,  again,  and  taiUer,  to  cut,  ir«m  L.L. 
talea.  talia,  a  tally,  L.  taZea,  a  stick  (hence 
also  tailor,  tall]/).  Retail  is  thus  to  sell  by 
pieces  cut  off.]  To  sell  in.8maU  quantities: 


opposed  to  selling  by  wholesale ;  to  deal 
out  in  small  quantities ;  to  tell  to  many 
(to  retail  slander  or  idle  reports).- n.  (r5'- 
tal).  The  sale  of  commodities  in  small 
quantities;  a  dealing  out  in  small  portions. 
—a.  (re-tal').  Applied  to  the  sale  of  any- 
thing in  small  quantities  (a  retail  trade). 
—Retailer,  re-ta'ler,  n.  One  who  retails. — 
Retailment,  re-tal'ment,  n.  Act  of  retail- 
ing. 

Retain,  re-tan',  v.t.  [Fr.  rctenir,  L.  retineo 
—re,  back,  and  teneo,  to  hold.  Tenant.] 
To  hold  or  keep  in  possession;  to  keep  from 
departure  or  .escape;  to  detain;  to  keep; 
not  to  lose  or  part  with;  to  engage  by  the 
payment  of  a  preliminary  fee  (to  retain 
counsel).— Retainable,  r5-ta'na-bl,  a.    Ca- 

.  pable  of  being  retained.— Retainer,  r5-ta'- 
n6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  whicli  retains;  one 
who  is  kept  in  serrice;  a  dependant^  a  ser- 
vant, not  a  domestic;  law,  a  preliminary 
fee  given  to  oouiisel  to  secure  their  ser- 
vices or  prevent  their  being  secured  by 
others;  a  retaining  fee.— Retaining,  r5-ta'- 
ninjj,  p.  and  a.  Keeping  in  possession; 
serving  to  retain. — Retaining  fee,  aretai- 
ner. — Retaining  wall,  a  wall  that  is  built  to 
retain  a  bank  of  earth  from  slipping  down; 

"a  .revetment. — Retainment,  r5-tan'ment, 
n.'  The  act  of  retaining;  retention. 

Retake,  re-tak',  v.t.  To  take  again;  to  re- 
capture. 

Retaliate,  r5-tal'i-at,  v.t— retaliated,  retali- 
ating. [IT.  retaliOtTetaliatum,  to  retaliate 
—re,  in  return,  and  noun  talio,  like  for 
like,  retaliation,  from  talis,  such.]  To 
return  the  like  for  (to  retaliate  injuries  or 
wrongs);  to  repay  or  requite  by  an  act  of 
the  sama  kind  as  has  been  received,  in  a 
bad  sense;  that  is,  to  return  evil  for  evil. 

•  — v.i.  To  return  like  for  Uke;  to  doinjuries 
in  return  for  injuries.— Eetaliater,  r5-tal'i- 
"a-t6r,n.  One  who  retaliates.— Retaliation, 
r6-tari-a"8hon,  n.  The  act  of  retaliating; 
the  return  of  like  for  like;  requital  of  evil 
by  evil;  reprisal;  irevenge.- Retaliative, 
Retaliatorjr,  re-tal'i-a-tiv,  r5-tal'i-a-to-ri, 
a.  Returning  like  for  like;  consisting  in 
retaliation. 

Retard,  re-tard',  v.t.  [Fr.  retarder,  from 
L.  r6tardo—re,  and  tardo,  to  delay,  from 
tardMS,  slow.  Tardy.]  To  obstruct  in 
swiftness  of  course;  to  keep  delaying;  to 
impede;  to  clog;  to  hinder.— n.  Retarda- 
tion.—Retardation,  r6-tar-da'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  retarding  or  delaying;  physics,  the 
act  of  hindering  the  free  progress  or  velo- 
city of  a  body:  that- which' retards.;  an 
obstruction.  —  Retardative,  re-tar'da-tiv, 
a.  Tending  or  having  power  to  retard. — 
Retarder,  re-tar'dfer,  rt  One  that  retards. 
—Retardment,  rS-tard'ment,  n.  The  act 
of  retarding. 

Retch,  rech,  v.i.  [A.Sax.  hraecan,  to  retch, 
to  hawk;  allied  to  hraca,  the  throat;  a 
cough;  Icel.  hrmkja,  to  spit,  hrdki,  spittle.] 
To  make  an  effort  to  vomit;  to  strain,  as 
in  vomiting.    . 

Rete,  r5'te,  n.  [L.,  a  net.]  Anat.  a  vas- 
cular net- work  or  fjlexus  of  vessels. 

Retell,  rC-tel',  v.t.    To  tell  again. 

Retention,  r5-ten'shon,  n.  [L.  retentio,  re- 
tentionis,  from  retineo,  retentum.  Retain.] 
The  act  of  retaining  or  power  of  retaining; 
the  faculty  of  remembering;  power  of 
memorj;;  med.  a  morbid  accumulation  of 
matter  in  the  body  that  should  be  evacu- 
ated. —  Retentive,  re-ten'tiv,  a.  Charac- 
terized by  retention;  having'strong  power 
of  recollecting.— Retentively,  re-ten'tiv-li, 
adv.  In  a  retentive  manner.— Retentive- 
ness,  re-ten 'tiv-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  retentive. 

Retlary,  re'shi-a-ri,  a.  [Prom  L.  rete,  a  net.] 
Netlike;  constructing  or' using  a  net  or 
web  to  cat-ch  prey  {retiary  spiders). 

Reticence,  Reticeitcy,  ret'i-sens,  ret'i-sen-si, 
n.    [Fr.  reticence,  from  L.  reticentia,  from 

.  reticeo,  to  be  silent  again— re,  and  tacea,  to- 
be  silent.  Tacit.]  The  quality  of  obser- 
ving studied  and  continued  silence;  a  re- 
fraining from  talking;  the  keeping  of  one's 
counsel.— Reticent,  ret'i-sent,  a.  Having 
a  disposition  to  be  silent ;  reserved ;  not 
apt  to  speak  about  or  reveal  any  matters. 

Reticular,  re-tik'al6r,  a.  {L.  reticxdum, 
dim.  of  rete,  a  net.]  Having  the  form  of 
a  net  or  of  net-work;  formed  with  inter- 


stices. —  Retlcularly,  re-tik'fl-l*r-li,  adv. 
In  a  reticular  manner. — Reticulate,  Re- 
ticulated, re-tik'Q-Iat,  re-tik'a-la-ted,  a. 
[L.  relicu^cttus,  from  reticulum.]  Netted ; 
resembling  net-work;  having  distiMt  lines 
or  veins  crossing  like  net-work.— aieticu- 
lation,  re-tik'Q-la"shon,  n.  That  which  is 
reticulated;  net-work;  organization  of  sub- 
stances resembling  a  net.— Reticule,  ret'i- 
ttll,  n.  [Pr.  rdUcule,  L.  reticulum,  dim.  of 
rete,  a  net.]  A  kind  of  bag,  formerly  of 
net-work,  but  now  of  every  description  of 
materials,  used  by  ladies  for  carrying  in 
the  hand;  a  micrometer  attached  to  a 
telescope,  having  a  net-work  of  fine  fibres 
crossing  at  right  angles.— Reticulum,  re- 
tik'u-lum,  TO.  [L.]  The  honey-comb  bag, 
or  second  cavity  of  the  complex  stomach 
of  ruminants.  .  •  . 

Retiform,  re'ti-form,  a.  '  [L.  retiformis— 
■rete,  a  net,  and  forma,  form.]  Having  the 
form  of  a  net  in  texture;  composed  of  cross- 
ing lines  and  interstices. 

Retina,  ret'i-na,  n.  [From  L.  rete,  a  net.] 
A  membrane  lining  the  interior  of  the  eye 
behind,  being  a  reticular  expansion  of  the 
optic  nerve , which  receivestheimpressions 
from  external  objects. — ^Retinal,ret'i-nal,a. 

,  Pertaining  to  the  retina.— Retinitis,  ret-i- 
hi'tis,  n.  Inflammation  of  the  retina. — 
Retincscopy,  ret-i-nos'ko-pi,  n.  Examina- 
tion of  the  retina. 

Retinervis,  re-ti-nfer'vis,  n.  [L.  rete,  a  net, 
and  Tiervus,  a  nerve.]  Sot.  having  veins 
with  the  appearance  of  net-work. 

Retinlte,  ret'i-nit,  n.  [Pr.  ritinite,  from 
Gr.  retine,  resin.]  A  translucent  fossil 
resin;  pitch-stone.— Retinoid,  ret'i-noid,  a. 
Resin-like;  resembliiig  a  resin. 

Retinue,  ret'i-nfl,  n.  [O.Pr.  retenue,  from 
retenir,  to  retain.  Re.tain.]  'The  atten- 
dants of  a  prince  or  other  distinguished 
personagCi  chiefly  on  a  journey  or  an  ex- 
cursion; a  train  of  persons;  a  suite;  a 
cortege. 

Retire,  re-tir',  v.i.— retired,  retiring.  [Pr. 
retirer — re,  back,  and  tirer,  to  draw,  a  word 
of  Tejitonic  origin=Goth.  tairan,  E.  to 
tear.]  To  withdraw;  to  go  back;  to  draw 
back;  to  go  from  company  or  from  a  pjibiio 
place  into  privacy;  to  retreat  frojtn  action 

.  or  danger  (to  retire  from  battle);  to  with- 
draw from  business  or  active  life;  to  re- 
cede; to  be  bent  or  turned  back  (the  shore 
retires  to  form  a  bay). — v.t.  To  designate 
as  being  no  longer  qualified  for  active 
service  (to  retire  a  military  officer);  to  with- 
draw from  circulation  by  taking  up  and 
paying  (to  retire  a  bill).— Retiral,  re-ti'ral, 
n.  The  act  of  retiring  or  withdrawing; 
the  act  of  taking  up  and  paying  a  bill 
when  due. — Retired,  re-tird',  p.  and  a. 
Secluded  from  much  society  or  from  public 
notice;  apart  from  public  view  (a  retired 
life,  a  retired  locality);  private;  secret; 
withdrawn  from  business  or  active  life; 
having  given  up  business  (a  retired  mer- 
chant); given  to  seclusion;  inclining  to 
retirement.— iJeWred  list,  a  list  ou.  which 
superannuated  and  deserving  naval  or 
mflitary  oflicers  are  placed.— Retiredly, 
re-ti'red-li,  adv.  In  a  retired  manner ;  in 
solitude  or.  privacy.  —  Retiredness.  re-ti'- 
red-nes,  n.  A  state  of  retirement.— Retire- 
ment, re-tir'ment,  n.  The  act  of  retiring; 
state  of  living  a  retired  life;  seclusion; 
privacy;  retired  or  private  abode. — Retires, 
re-ti'r6r,  n.  One  who  retires.  —  Retiring, 
re-ti'ring,  p.  and  a.  Withdrawing;  retreat- 
ing ;  reserved ;  not  fonvard  or  obtrusive ; 
granted  to  or  suitable  for  one  who  retires, 
as  from  public  employment  or  service  (a 
retiring  allowance). 

Retold,  re-told',  pret.  and  pp.  of  retell. 

Retort,  rC-tort',  v.t.  [L.  retorqueo,  retortmn, 
to  fling  or  cast  back,  to  retort— re,  back, 
and  torgueo,  tortum,  to  twist.  Torture.] 
To  return,  as  an  argument,  accusation, 
censure,  or  incivility  (to  retort  the  charge 
of  vanity);  ito  bend  or  curve  back  (a  re- 
torted line).— t».i.  To  return  an  argument 
or  charge;  to  make  a  severe  reply;  to  curl 
or  curve  back,  as  a  line.— n.  [The  vessel  is 
named  from  the  neck  being  bent  back  or 
retorted.]  A  censure  or  incivility  returned: 
a  severe  reply;  a  repartee;  a  flask-shaped 
vessel,  to  which  a  long  neck  is  attached, 
emploved  for  the  purpose  of  distilling  or 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     nSt^,  Qot, ^ttTe;     tub?,  tub,  b\ill;     oU,pouaui     u,  uu.  ,vvM>e— the  Fr. «(. 


HEXOUCH 


681 


UEVENDICATE 


pfFecting  decomposition  by  the  aid  of  heat; 
also  applied  to  almost  any  apparatus  in 
which  solid  substances,  such  as  coal.wood, 
bones,  &c.,  are  submitted  to  destructive 
distillation  (as  retorts  for  producing  coal- 
gas).  —  Retorted,  re-tor 'ted,  p.  and  a. 
Thrown  back;  bent  back.— Retorter,  re- 
tor't6r,  n.  One  that  retorts.— Retortive, 
re-tor'tiv,  a.    Containing  retort. 

Retouch,  re-tuch',  v.t.  To  touch  or  touch 
,up  again;  to  improve  by  new  touches;  to 
revise.— n.  A  repeated  touch;  a  revisal. 

Hetrace,  re-tras',  v.t.  [Prefix  re,  back,  and 
trace;  Fr.  retracet.]  To  trace  or  track  back; 
to  go  over  again  in  the  reverse  direction. 
— Retraceable,  re-tra'sa-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  retraced. 

Retract,  re-trakt',  v.t.  [Fr.  rdtracter,  from 
L.  retracto,  freq.  of  retraho,  retractum — re, 
back,  and  traho,  to  draw.  TkACT.]  To 
draw  back ;  to  draw  in  (to  retract  the 
claws)j  to  rescind;  to  withdraw,  as  a  de- 
claration, words,  or  saying;  to  disavow;  to 
recant.— y.i.  To  tjtke  back  statements;  to 
unsay  one's  words.— Retractable,  re-trak'- 
ta-bl,  a. '  Capable  of  being  retracted. — 
Retractation,  Retraction,  r6-trak-ta'shon, 
re-trak'shon,  n.  The  act  of  retracting  or 
drawing  back;  the  act  of  recalling  what 
has  been  said;  recantation. — RetractiWe, 
Retractile,  re-trak'ti-bl,  rg-trak'til,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  drawn  back.— Retractive, 
re-trak'tiv,  a.  Tending  or  serving  to  re- 
tract. —  Retraotively,  re-trak'tiv-li,  adv. 
By  retraction  or  withdrawing.  —  Retrac- 
tor, re-trak'ter,  n.  One  who  retracts;  that 
which  retracts  or  draws  back;  a  muscle 
that  draws  back  some  part. 

Retransform,  r6-trans-form',  v.t.  To  trans- 
form anew;  to  change  back  again.— Re- 
transformation,  re'trans-for-ma"shon,  n. 
A  second  or  repeated  transformation. 

Retranslate,  re-trans-lat',  v.f.  To  translate 
again. 

Retreat,  r6-tr5t',  n.  [Fr.  retraite,  from  k- 
traire,  to  withdraw,  from  L.  retrahere. 
Retbact.1  The  act  of  retiring;  a 'with- 
drawing from  any  place;  state  of  privacy 
or  seclusion;  place  of  retirement  or  priv- 
acy; a  refuge;  a  place  of  safety  or  security; 
a  military  operation,  either  forced  or 
strategical,  by  which  troops  retire  before 
an  enemy;  a  period  of  retirement  with 
a  view  to  self-examination,  meditation, 
and  special  prayer.  —  v.i.  To  make  a  re- 
treat; to  retire  from  any  position  or  place; 
to  withdraw;  to  take  shelter;  to  retire  be- 
fore an  enemy. 

Retrench,  r5-trensh',  v.t.  [O.Fr.  retrencher 
(Fr.  retrancher) — re,  and  trencher,  to  cut. 
Trench.]  To  cut  off,  abridge,  or  curtail;  to 
limit  or  restrict;  milit.  to  furnish  with  a 
retrenchment.— «.i.  To  live  at  less  expense; 
CO  praetise  economy. — Retrenchment,  re- 
treush'ment,  n.  The  removing  of  what  is 
superfluous;  the  act  of  curtailing  or  les- 
sening; mint,  an  interior  rampart  cutting 
oiF  a  portion  of  a  fortress  from  the  rest 
and  to  which  a  garrison  may  retreat. 

Retribute,!  rS-trib'Qt,  v.t.-^etributed,  re- 
tributing. [L.  retribuo,  retributum—re, 
back,  and  tribuo,  to  assign,  bestow.  Trib- 
ute.] To  pay  back;  to  requite;  to  com- 
pensate.—Ketributer,  r6-trib'u-t6r,  n.  One 
that  makes  retribution.  —  Retribution, 
ret-ri-ba'shon,  n.  The  act  of  requiting 
actions,  whether  good  or  bad;  a  reward, 
recompense,  or  requital;  especially,  a  re- 
quital or  punishment  for  wrong  or  evil 
done;  evil  justly  befalling  the  perpetrator 
of  evil ;  thei  distribution  of  rewards  and 
punishments  in  a  future  life.— Retribu- 
tive, Retributory,  rfi-trib'u-tiv,  re-trib'u- 
to-ri,  a.    Making  retribution;  rewarding 

for  good  deeds  and  punishing  for  offences. 

Retrieve,  re-trSv',  v.t. — retrieved,  retrieving. 
[Fr.  retrowver,  O.  Fr.  retreuver,  to  find 
again,  to  recover — re,  again,  and  trouver, 
to  find.  Trover.]  To  get  again;  to  regain; 
to  recover;  to  restore  from  loss  or  injury, 
(to  retrieve  the  credit  of  a  nation);  to  make 
amends  for;  to  repair.  —  Retrievable,  rS- 
tr6'va-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  retrieved  or 
recovered. — Retrievableness,  rg-tr5'va-bl- 
nes,  n.  State  of  being  retrievable. — Re- 
trievably,  re-tre'va-bli,  adv.  In  a  retrie- 
vable manner.  —  Retrieval,  re-tre'val,  n. 
Act  of  retrieving.— Retrievement,  re-trev'- 


ment,  n.  Act  of  retrieving;  retrieval.- 
Retriever,  re-tr6'v6r,  n.  One  who  retrieves; 
a  dog  that  goes  in  quest  of  game  which 
a  sportsman  has  shot. 

Retriment,  ret'ri-ment,  n.  ['L.retriment'um.'} 
Refuse;  dregs.  . 

Retroact,  re-tro-akt'  or  ret'ro-akt,  v.i.  To 
act  backward ;  to  act  in  opposition  or  in 
return.  —  Retroaction,  re-tro-ak'shon  or 
ret-,  n.  Action  returned ;  reverse  action; 
operation  on  something  past  or  preceding. 
— Retroactive,  rS-tro-ak'tiv  or  ret-,  o.  De- 
signed to  retroact;  affecting  what  is  past; 
retrospective. —Retroactively,  r5-tro-ak'- 
tiv-li  or  ret-,  adv. 

Retrocede,  rS-tro-sed'  or  ret'ro-s5d,  t>.t.  [L. 
retr^,  back,  and  cedo,  to  go.  Cede.]  To  go 
back;^  to  give  place;  to  retire. — v.t.  -To 
yield  or  cede  back.  —  Retrocedent,,r6-tro- 
se'dent  or  ret-,  a.  Going  back:  applied  to 
certain  diseases  which  move  from  one  part 
of  the  body  to  another.— Retrocession,  re- 
trij-sesh'on  or  ret-,  n.  The  act  of  retroced- 
ing.  —  Retrocessional,  re-tro-sesh'on-al  or 
ret-,  a.    Belonging  to  retrocession. 

Retroduction,  r6-tr5-duk'shon  or  ret-,  n. 
[L..rei?-o,  back,  and  duco,  ducium,  to  lead.] 
A  leading  or  bringing  back. 

RetroHex,  Retroflected,  re'tro-fleks,  r5-tro- 
flek'tcd  or  ret',  a.  [L.  retro,  back,  and 
Jlexus,  bent,  Jlecto,  to  bend.]  Bent  back- 
wards. 

Retrofract,  Retrofracted,  re'tro-frakt,  re- 
tro-frak'ted  or  ret',  a.  [L.  retro,  back,  and 
fractus,  pp.  of  frango,  to  break.]  Bot. 
bent  backward  as  it  were  by  force. 

Retrograde,  re'tro-grad  or  ret',  n.  [L.  retro, 
backwjvrd,  and  gradior,  gressua,  to  go. 
Grade.]  Going  or  moving  backward; 
specifically,  astron.  appearing  to  move 
from  east  to  west  in  the  sky :  opposed  to 
direct;  declining  from  a  better  to  a  worse 
state. — v.i. — retrograded,  retrograding.  To 
go  or  move  backward.  —  Retrogradation, 
r6'tro-gra-da"shon  or  ret',  n.  The  act  of 
retrograding;  the  act  of  moving  from  east 
to  west  in  the  heavens;  a  decline  in  ex- 
cellence. —  Retrogression,  r6-tr5-gresh'on 
or  ret-,  n.  [L.  retrogradior,  retrogressus.] 
The  act  of  going  backward;  a  backward 
movement;  astron.retrogTa.dation;physiol. 
development  backward  or  to  a  less  perfect 
form. — Retrogressive,  re-tro-gres'iv  or  ret-, 
a.  Moving  backward;  declining  from  a 
more  to  a  less  perfect  state.'— Retrogrea- 
sively,  re-tro-gres'iv-li  or  ret-,  adv.  In  a 
retrogressive  manner.    ' 

Ketropharjmgeal,  r6'tro-fa-rin"j5-al  or  ret', 
a.  [L.  retro,  backwards,  and  pharynx.) 
Relating  to  parts  behind  the  pharynx  or 
upper  part  of  the  throat. 

Retrorse,  rg-trors',  a.  [L.  rotrorsus,  from 
retro,  backward,  and  versus,  turned.]  Bot. 
turned  backwards.— Retrorsely,  re-trors'- 
li,  adv.    In  a  baokwa,rd  direction. 

Retrospect,  re'tro-spekt  or  ret',  n.  [L.  retro, 
back,  and  specio,  to  look.  Species.]  A 
looking  back  on  things  past;  a  review  of 
past  events. — Retrospection,  r5-trG-spek'- 
shon  or  ret-,  re.  The  act  or  faculty  of  look- 
ing back  on  things  past.— Retrospective, 
re-tro-spek'tiv  or  ret-,  a.  Looking  back  on 
past  events ;  having  reference  to  what  is 
past ;  affecting  things  past.  —  Retrospec- 
tively, r6-tro-spek'tiv-li  or  ret-,  adv.  In  a 
retrospective  manner. 

Retroversion,  re-tro-vdr'shon  or  ret-,  n.  [L. 
retro,  backward,  and  verto,  versum,  to 
turn.]  A  turning  or  falling  backward. — 
Retrovert,  re'tro-vert  or  ret',  v.t.  To  turn 
back. 

Retmde,  r5-tr8d',  v.t. — retruded,  refruding. 
[L.  retnido — re,  back,  and  trudo,  to  thrust. 
Intrude.]  To  thrust  back.  —  Retrusion, 
re-tro'zhon,  n.  The  act  of  retruding,  or 
state  of  being  retruded. 

Rettery,  Retting.    Under  Ret. 

Retund,  re-tund',  v.t.  [I/,  retundo—re,  back, 
and  tundo,  to  beat.l  To  blunt  or  turn,  as 
the  edge  of  a  weapon;  to  dull. 

Return,.  re-t6rn',  v.i.  [  Fr.  retoumer—re, 
back,  and  ioumer,  to  turn.  Turn.]  To 
come  back;  to  come  or  go  back  to  the  same 
place  or  state;  to  pass  back;  to  come  again; 
to  reappear;  to  recur;  to  answer;  to  retort. 
—v.t.  To  bring,  carry,  or  send  back ;.  to 
give  back;  to  repay;  to  give  in  recompense 
or  requital  (to  return  good  for  evil) ;  to 


give  back  in  reply  (to  return  an  answrr!- 
to  cast,  throw,  or  hurl  back;  to  render,  i 
an  account  to  a  superior;  to  report  oiii- 
cially;  to  transmit;  to  elect  as  a  member 
of  parliament. — n.  The  act  of  returning ; 
the  act  of  coming  or  going  back  (the  retw  x 
of  a  traveller,  of  the  seasons);  the  act  of 
giving  or  sending  back;  repaj^ment;  re- 
compense; requital;  restitution;  that 
which  is  returned;  the  profit  on  labour,  ou 
an  investment,  undertaking,  adventure, 
or  the  like;  an  account  or  official  or  formal 
report;  pi.  tabulated  statistics  for  general 
information;  also,  a  name  for  a  liglit- 
coloured  mild-flavoured  kind  of  tobacco. 
—Returnable,  rg-t6r'na-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  returned ;  law,  legally  required  to 
be  returned  or  delivered.  —  Returner,  re- 
ter'nfer,  n.  One  who  returns;  one  who  re- 
pays or  remits  money. — Returning-officer, 
n.  The  officer  whose  duty  it  is  to  make 
returns  of  writs,  &c.;  the  presiding  officer 
at  an  election  who  returns  the  persons 
duly  elected.— Return-match,  n.  A  second 
match  or  trial  played  by  the  same  two 
sets  of  players.— Rettim-ticket,n.  A  ticket 
issued  by  railway  and  steamboat  com- 
panies, &c.,  for  the  journey  out  and  back, 
generally  at  a  reduced  charge. 

Re-turn,  r6't6rn,  v.t.  and  i.   To  turn  again. 

Retose,  r6-tus',  a.  [L.  retusus,  pp.  of  re- 
tundo—re, back,  and  tundo,  to  hammer.] 
Bot.  terminating  in  a  rounded  end,  the 
centre  of  which  is  somewhat  depressed. 

Reunion,  re-Un'yon,  n.  A  second  union; 
ufiion  after  separation  or  discord;  an  as- 
sembly or  festive  gathering,_as  of  friends, 
associateSj  &c. — Reunite,  re-u-nit',  v.t.  To 
unite  again ;  to  join  after  separation;  to 
reconcile  after  variance.— w.i.  To  be  united 
again;  to  join  and  cohere  again. 

Reurge,  re-erj',  v.t.    To  urge  again. 

Reussin,  Reussite,  rois'in,  rois'it,  n.  [After 
Jteuss,  an  Austrian  mineralogist.]  A  salt 
occurring  as  an  efflorescence  in  white  aci- 
cular  crystals  at  Seidlitz,  in  Bohemia. 

Revaccinate,  re-vak'si-nat,  v.t.  '  To  vacci- 
nate again.— Revaccination,  re-vak'si-na"- 
shon,  M.    A  repeated  vaccination. 

Revaluation,  r5-val'Q-a"8hon,  n.  A  second 
valuation.  —  Revalue,  r6-val'a,  v.t.  To 
value  again. 

Revamp,  re- vamp',  v.t.  To  vamp  or  patch 
up  again ;  to  rehabilitate. 

Reveal,  re-vel',  v.t.  [Fr.  rdviler,  from  L. 
revelare,  to  unveil— re,  back,  and  velo,  to 
veil.  Veil.]  To  make  known,  as  some- 
thing secret  or  concealed ;  to  disclose ;  to 
divulge ;  to  lajr  open ;  to  betray ;  to  make 
known  by  divine  means;  to  communicate 
by  supernatural  revelation. — Revealable, 
re-v6'la-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  revealed. — 
Revealableness,  r5-v5'la-bl-nes,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  revealable.  —  Revealer, 
r5-v5'l6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  reveals. 
— Revealment.t  re-vel'ment,  n.  The  act  of 
revealing. — Revelation,  rev-6-la'shon,  n. 
[L.  revelatio.]  The  act  of  revealing;  that 
which  is  revealed  or  made  known;  the 
Apocalypse;  the  last  book  of  the  New  Tes- 
tament, containing  the  prophecies  of  St. 
John.  —  Revelator.t  rev'6-la-t6r,  n.  One 
who  makes  a  revelation;  a  revealer. — 
Revelatory,  rev'e-la-to-ri,  a.  Having  the 
nature  or  character  of  a  revelation. 

Reveille,  re-vel'ya,  n.  [From  Fr.  reveiller, 
to  awake — L.  re',  ex,  and  vigilo,  to  watch. 
Vigil.]  Milit.  the  beat  of  drum,  bugle 
sound,  or  other  signal  given  about  break 
of  day  to  awaken  soldiers. 

Revel,  rev'el,  n.  [O.Fr.  revel,  revelry,  dis- 
order, rebellion,  from  reveler,  to  rebel, 
from  L.  rebeUare,  to  rebel.  Rebel.]  A 
feast  with  loose  and  noisy  jollity;  a  fes- 
tivity; a  merry-making.— t/.i.-rei'eJJed,  re- 
velling. To  feast  with  boisterous  merri- 
ment; to  carouse;  to  indulge  one's  incli- 
nation or  caprice;  to  wanton;  to  take  one's 
fill  of  pleasure.  —  Reveller,  rev'el-^r,  n. 
One  who  revels. — Revelry,  rev'el-ri,  n.  The 
act  of  engaging  in  a  revel;  noisy  festivity; 
clamorous  jollity. 

Revelation.    Under  Reveal. 

Revendicate,  r6-ven'di-kat,  v.t.  [Fr.  reven- 
diquer,  from  L.  re,  and  vindicare,  to  vindi- 
cate. Revenge.]  To  reclaim;  to  demand 
the  surrender  of,  as  of  goods  taken  away 
or  detained  illegally. 


ch.chsxu;     ch,Sc.loch;     g,go;     j,Jobi     u,  Fr.  ton;     ng,aing;     ta,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;     wh,  tvAig;     zh,  asure. 


REVENGE 


'582 


REVOKE 


B«venge,  r6-venj',  v.t.— revenged.,  reitenging. 
(O.Fr.  revenger,  revengier  (Fr.  revancher)— 
re,  in  return,  and  vengier,  venger,  toavenRe, 
from  L.  vindicare  to  vindicate.  Vindicate.) 
To  take  vengeance  for  or  on  account  of; 
to  exact  satisfaction  for,  under  a  sense  of 
wrong  or  injury;  to  exact  retribution  for 
or  for  the  sake  ol ;  to  avenge ;  to  inflict 
injury  for  or  on  account  of,  in  a  spiteful, 
wrong,  or  malignant  spirit,  and  in  order 
to  gratify  one's  bitter  feelings.  [From 
the  use  of  the  verb  with  reflexive  pro- 
nouns .the  expression  to  be  revenged  often 
has  the  sense  of  to  revenge  one's  self,  to 
take  vengeance.]— u.i.  To  take  vengeance. 
— n.  The  act  of  revenging;  the  executing 
of  vengeance ;  retaliation ;  the  deliberate 
infliction  of  pain  or  injury  in  return  for 
an  injury  received;  the  desire  of  inflicting 
pain  on  one  who  has  done  an  injury.— To 
give  one  his  revenge,  to  offer  one  a  return- 
match  after  he  has  been  defeated,  as  at 
chess  or  billiards. .".  Revenge  is  the  carry- 
ing into  effect  of  a  bitter  desft-e  to  injure 
an  enei-iy  for  a  wrong  done  to  one's  self, 
or  those  closely  connected  with  one's  self, 
and  is  a  purely  personal  feeling.-  Ven- 
geance involves  the.idea  of  wrathful  retri- 
bution, more  or  less  just,  and  may  arise 
from  no  personal  .feeling,  but  may  be 
taken  solely  for  another's  wrong.  —  Re- 
vengeful, re-venj'ful,  a.  Full  "of  revenge; 
harbouring  revenge;vindictive. — Revenge- 
fully, re-venj'ful-li,  adw.  ■  In  a  revengeful 
manner;  by  way  of  revenge;-  vindictively. 
—  Revengefttlncss,  re-venj'ful-nes,  n.— 
Revenger,  re-ven'j6r,  n.  One  who  revenges. 
Revenue,  rev'e-nu,  n.  [  Fr.  revenu,  lit.  what 
comes  back,  from  revenir,  to  return,  L. 
revenio — re,  back,  and  venio,  to  come  (as 
in  advene,  convent,  &c.).]  The  annual  rents 
or  profits  of  any  species  of  property;  in- 
come ;  the  annual  income  of  a  state. — Re- 
venued,  rev'e-nQd,  a.    Endowed  with  an 


Bhal,  a.  Proceeding  from  reverence,  or  ex- 
pressing it.  —  Reverentially,  rev-er-en'- 
shal-li,  adv.  In  a  reverential  manner.— 
Reverently,  rev'er-ent-li,  ado.  In  a  rev- 
erent manner.— Reverer,  re-ve'r6r,  n.  One 
who  reveres.  _ 

Reverie,  rev'6"r-i,  n.  [Fr.  reverie,  from  rever, 
to  dream ;  akin  to  rave.']  A  waking  dream; 
a  brown  study ;  a  loose  or  irregular  train 
of  thoughts  occurring  in  musing  or  medi- 
tation.—Reverist,  rev'er-ist,  n.  One  who 
indulges  in  or  gives  way  to  reverie. 

Reverse.  re-v6rs',  v.t. — reversed,  reversing. 
[L.  revertor,  reversus—re,  back,  and  verto, 
to  turn.  ViiKSE.]  To  turn  or  put  in  an 
opposite  or  contrary  direction  or  position; 
to  turn  upside  down;  to  alter  to  the  op- 
posite; to  make  quite  the  conti-ary,  or 
have  contrary  bearings'  or  relations;  to 
make  void;  to  annul,  repeal,  revoke  (to 
reverse  a  judgment  or  decree);  much,  to 
cause  to  revolve  in  a  contrary  direction ; 
to  change  the  motion  of.  —  n.  The  side 
presented  wTnen  anything  is  turned  in  a 
direction  opposite  to  its  natural  position; 
a  complete  chauge  or  turn  of  affairs:  gen- 
erally in  a  bad*  sense ;  a  change  for  the 
worse;  a  inisfortune;  a  cessation  of  success; 
a  check;a  defeat;  a  back-handed  stroke 
in  fencing  {Shak.};  that  which  is  directly 
opposite  or  contrary;  the  contrary;  the 
opposite  (with  the);  the  back  or  under- 
surface,  as  of  a  leaf  or  of  a  coin  (  Ob- 
VEKSE).— a.  Opposite;  turned  backward; 
having  a  contrary  or  opposite  direction. -- 
Reverse  mrve,  t,  double  curve  formed  of 
two  curves  in  opposite  directions,  like  the 
letter  S.— Reversal,  •re-vfer'sal,  n.  The  act 
of  reversing. — Reversed,  re-verst',  p.  and  a. 
Turned  or  changed  to  the  contrary;  made 
void  or  annulled,  as  a  judgment,  decree, 
&c.— Reversedly,  rS-v6r'sed-li,  adv.  In  a 
reversed  manner.— Reverseless,  re-vers'les, 
a.    Not  to  be  reversed;  irreversible. — Re- 


income  or  revenue.— Revenue-cutter,  m.       versely,  re-vers'li,a(fw.   In  a  reverse  maa 
A«  ««»v.«rj  ,t.^oc.a1  f^^y  ♦;,o  ,-viiy.r.r.co  f\f  r^T-o.       npr*  fin  hVip  nnnoRi tfi. — Reverser.  re-v6r's6r 


An  armed  vessel  for  tiie  purpose  of  pre- 
venting smuggling  and  enforcing  the  cus- 
tom-house regulations.  — Revenue-officer, 
n.  An  officer  of  the  customs  or  excise. 
Reverberate,  re-v6r'b6r-at,  v.t.  —  reverber- 
ated, reverberating.  [L.L.  reverbero,  rever- 
beratJt^i—li.  re,  back,  and  verbero,  to  beat, 
from  verber,  a  lash,  a  whip.]  To  return, 
as  sound;  to  send  back;  to  echo;  to  reflect, 
as  heat  or  light;  to  repel  from  side  to  side 
(flame  reverberated  in  a  furnace).— y.i.  To 
rebound  ;to  be  reflected,  as  rays  of  light; 
to  echo;  to  resound.— Reverberant,  r5-v6r'- 
b^r-ant,  a.  Reverberating;  returning 
Bound;  resounding.  —  Reverberation,  re- 
v6r'b6r-a"shon,  n.  The  act  of  reverbera- 
ting; particulrrly,  the  act  of  reflecting  or 
returning  sound ;  a  sound  reverberated  or 
echoed.  —  Reverberative,  re-vfei-'ber-a-tiv, 
a.  Reverberant.  —  Reverberator,  re-vfer'- 
ber-a-ttr,  ?i.  That  which  reverberates.— 
Reverberatory,  re-v6r'ber-a-to-ri,  a.  Pro- 
ducing reverberation;  acting  by  reverber- 
ation; reverberating.— iJeverfteratorj/  fiir- 
nace,  a  furnace  with  alow  roof,  so  that  the 
flame  in  passing  to  the  chimney  is  re- 
flected down  on  the  hearth,  where  the 
material  (ores,  metals,  &c.)  to  be  operated 
on  can  be  heated  without  coming  in  direct 
'  contact  with  the  fuel. 
Revere,  re-vCr*,  v.t.—revered,  revering,  [Fr. 
'  rivirer,  L.  revereor—re,  and  vereor,  to  feel 
awe  of,  to  fear;  same  root  as  in  E.  wary.] 
To  regard  with  awe  mingled  with  respect 
and  affection ;  to  venerate ;  to  reverence.— 
Reverence,  rev'er-ens,)i.  A  feeling  of  deep 
respect  and  esteem  mingled  with  affection; 
awe  combined  with  respect;  veneration; 
an  obeisance;  reverend  character;  a  rever- 
end personage;  a  common  title  of  the 
clergy,  used  with  the  pronouns  hiSjj/our, 
lie— v.t.— reverenced,  reverencing.  To  re- 
gard with  reverence.— Reverencer,  rev'er- 
en-s6r,  n.  One  that  reverences.  —  Rever- 
end, rev'er-end,  a.  [L.  reverendus.  to  be 
revered.]  Worthy  of  reverence ;  a  title  of 
respecrt  given  to  clergyraen-or  ecclesiastics, 
and  sometimes  to  Jewish  rabbis.  In  Eng- 
land deans  are  very  reverend,  bishops  right 
reverend,  and  archbishops  most  reverend.— 
Reverent,  rev'er-ent,  o.  Expressing  rever- 
ence or  veneration;  humble;  impressed 
■with  reverence.  —  Reverential,  rev-er-en'- 


ner;  on  the  opposite.— Reverser,  re-v6r's6r, 
n.  One  who  reverses.— Reversibility,  re- 
V6r'si-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  re- 
versible; the  capability  of  being  reversed. 
—Reversible,  re-vfer'si-bl,  n.  Capable  of 
being  reversed;  capable  of  being  turned 
outside  in.— Reversibly,  re-ver'si-bli,  adv. 
In  a  reversible  manner.  —  Reversion,  re- 
vfer'shon,  n.  [L.  reversio.]  A  reverting 
or  returning ;  succession  to  a  post  or  office 
after  the  present  holder's  term ;  biol.  a  re- 
turn towards  some  ancestral  type  or  char- 
acter; atavism;  laiv,  the  returning  of  an 
estate  to  the  grantor  or  his  heirs ;  a  re- 
mainder.—Reversionary,  re-ver'shon-a-ri, 
a.  Involving  or  pertaining  to  a  reversion. 
—Reversioner,  r£-ver'shon-(r,  n.  One  who 
has  a  reversion.— Revert,  re-vtrt',  v.t.  (L. 
reverto—re,  back,  and  verto,  to  turn.]  To 
turn  or  direct  back;  to  reverse;  to  repel.— 
v.i.  To  return  or  come  back  to  a  former 
position:  to  turn  back;  to  turn  to  some- 
thing spbken  of  before;  to  go  back  to  a 
former  condition;  law,  to  return  to  the 
possession  of  the  donor,  or  of  the  former 
proprietor.— Reverted,  re-vfer'ted,  p.  and 
a.  Reversed;  turned  back.  —  Reverter, 
re-vtr'ter,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  re- 
verts.—Revertible,  re-v6r'ti-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  reverted  or  returned.— Revertive, 
re-ver'tiv,  o.  Tending  to  revert;  reversing. 
— Revertively,  re-vfer'tiv-li,  adv.  .Byway 
of  reversion. 

Revest,  re-vest',  v.t.  To  reinvest;  to  vest 
again  with  possession  or  ofhse.—v.i.   To 
revert  or  return  to  a  former  owner. 
Revet,  re-vet',  v.t.— revetted,  revetting.   [Fr. 
revetir,  to  reclothe;  L.L.  revestio—li.  re, 
again,  and  vestio,  to  clothe.]    Fort,  and 
civil  engin.  to  face,  as  an  embankment, 
with  mason-work   or  other  material.— 
Revetment,  r6-vet'ment,  n.  Fort,  a  facing 
to  a  wall  or  bank,  as  of  a  scarp  or  parapet; 
civil  engin.  a  retaining  or  breast  wall. 
Revibrate;  re-vi'br.^t,  v.i.    To  vibrate  in 
return  or  again.— Revibratioa,  rC-vi-bra'- 
sbon,  n.    The  act  of  revibrating. 
Revictual,  re-vit'I,  v.t.    To  victual  again; 
to  furnish  again  with  provisions. 
Review,  r5-vQ',  v.t.    [Prefix  re,  again,  and 
view.]    To  view  or  behold  again;  to  revise: 
to  notice  critically;  to  write  a  critical 
notice  of,  after  an  examination  in  order  to 


discover  excellences  or  defects  (to  review  a 
newly  publishod  book);  to  inspect;  to  make 
a  formal  or  oflicial  examination  of  the 
state  of,  as  of  troops  (to  review  a  regiment): 
to  look  back  on.— n.  A  second  or  repeated 
view;  a  re-examination;  a  critical  exam- 
ination of  a  new  publication,  with  re- 
marks ;  a  criticism ;  a  critique ;  the  name 
given  to  certain  periodical  publications, 
consisting  of  essays,  with  critical  exami- 
nations of  new  publications;  an  oflicial  in- 
spection of  military  or  naval  forces,  which 
may  be  accompanied  by  manoeuvres  and 
evolutions.— v.i.  To  make  reviews;  to  be 
a  reviewer  (he  reviews  for  the  Times).— 
Reviewable,  rS-vil'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing reviewed.— Reviewer,  r5-vu'6r,  n.  One 
that  reviews;  a  writer  in  a  review;  one 
who  critically  examines  anew  publication. 
Revile,  rc-vil',  v.t— reviled,  reviling.  [Re 
and  vile.]  To  assail  with  opprobrious  and 
contemptuous  language;  to  vilify ;  to  speak 
t=vil  of.— Revilement,  re-vil'ment,  n.  The 
act  of  reviling.— Reviler,  re-vi'ler,  m.  One 
who  reviles. 

Revindicate,  r5-vin'di-kat,  v.t.  To  vindicate 
again;  to  reclaim. 

Revise,  re-viz',  v.t.— revised,  revising.  '[Fr. 
reviser;  L.  reviso—re,  again,  and  viso,  to 
look  at  attentively,  intens.  of  video,  visum, 
to  see.  Vision.]  To  examine  of  re-exa- 
mine and  make  corrections  on;  to  look 
over  with  care  for  correction ;  to  review 
and  amend.— n.  A  revision;  a  re-examina- 
tion and  correction;  printing,  a  second  or 
further  proof-sheet  corrected.— Reviser, 
re-vi'zfer,  n.  One  that  revises.— Revisal, 
re-vi'zal,  n.  The  act  of  revising;  a  revision. 
—Revision,  re-vizh'on,  n.  The  act  of  re- 
vising; a  re-examination  for  correction; 
that  which  is  revised. — Revisional,  Re- 
visionary,  re-vizh'on-al,  re-vizh'on-a-ri,  a. 
Pertaining  to  revision.  —  Revisoi  y,  re- 
vi'zo-ri,  a.  Having  power  to  revise;  effect- 
ing revision. 

Revisit,  re-viz'it,  v.t.    To  visit  again;  to 
come  to  see  again.— Revisitation,  re-viz'i- 
ta"shon,  n.    The  act  of  revisiting. 
Revitalize,  re-vi'tal-iz,  v.t.     To  restore  vi- 
tality to;  to  bring  back  to  life. 
Revive,  re-viv',  v.i.— revived,  reviving.  [Fr. 
revivre;  L.  re,  again,  and  vivo,  to  live. 
Vital.]    To  return  to  life;  to  recover  life; 
to  recover  new  life  or  vigour;  to  be  reani- 
mated after  depression;  to  recover  from  a 
state  of  neglect,  oblivion,  obscurity,  or 
depression.- y.t.  To  bring  again  to  life;  to 
reanimate;  to  raise  from  depression  or 
discouragement;  to  quicken;  to  refresh; 
to  bring  again  into  notice  or  vogue  (to 
revive  a  scheme);  to  renew  in  the  mind  or 
memory.- Reviver,  re-vi'ver,  n.    *)ne  who 
or  that  which  revives.— Revivification,  rfi- 
viv'i-fi-ka"shon,  n.  The  act  of  recalling  to 
life. —Revivify,  re-vivi-fi,  v.t.— revivified, 
revivifying.    (Fr.  revivifier—Ii.  re,  again, 
mvus,  living, /cicio,  to  make.]  To  recall  to 
life;  to  give  new  life  or  vigour  to.— Revi- 
viscence,  Reviviscency,  rev-i-vis'ens,  rev-i- 
vis'en-si,  n.  The  state  of  reviving;  renewal 
of  life.— RevivlBcent  rev-i-vis'ent,  a.    [L. 
reviviscens,  ppr.  of  revivisco,  to  come  to  life 
again.]    Reviving;  regaining  or  restoring 
life  or  action.— Revivable,  re-vi'va-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  revived.-Revival,  rP-vi'- 
val,  n.    The  act  of  reviving,.or  the  st:ite 
of  being  revived;  recovery  from  apparent 
death;  return  to  activity  from  a  state  of 
languor  or  depression ;  recovery  from  a 
state  of  neglect;  a  renewed  and  more  ac- 
tive attention  to  religion;  an  awakening 
among  large  numbers  of  men  to  their 
spiritual  concerns.- Revivalism,  re-vi'val- 
izm,  n.    The  spirit  of  religious  revivals; 
excited  feeling  with  respect  to  religion.— 
Revivalist,  r6-vi'val-ist,  n.    One  who  pro- 
motes revivals  of  religion. 
Revoke,   re-vOk',   v.t.  — revoked,  revoking. 
[Fr.  revoquev,  from  L.  revocare—re,  back, 
and  voco,  to  call.    Voice.]    To  call  back*; 
to  annul,  by  recalling  or  taking  back;  to 
make  void;  to  cancel;  to  repeal;  to  reverse. 
—v.i.    Card  playing,  to  neglect  to  follow 
suit   when  the   player  can   follow.  —  n. 
Card  playing,  the  act  of  renouncing  or 
failing  to  follow  suit.- Revokement.  rP- 
vok'ment,  n.    Revocation;  reversal.— Rev- 
ocable,  rev'o-ka-bl,   a.     [L.  revocabilis.) 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  hw;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tube,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     ti,  Sc.  ab«ne-the  Fr.  «. 


REVOLT 


683 


RHIZOID 


Capable  of  being  revoked.— Revocableneas, 
KevocabiUty,rev'o-ka-bl-nes,rev'o-ka-bil"- 
i-ti,  re.  The  quality  of  being  revocable.— 
Revocably,  rev'o-ka-bli,  adv.  In  a  revo- 
cable manner.— Revocation,  rev-o-ka'shon, 
n.  [L.  revocatio.]  The  act  of  recalling, 
revoking,  or  annulling;  reversal;  repeal.— 
Revocatory,  r5-vo'ka-to-ri,  a.  Tending  to 
revoke. 

Revolt,  rS-volt',  v.i.  [Fr.  rcvolter,  from  It. 
rivoltare,  revoltare,  to  revolt — re,  aiid  volte, 
volta,  a  volt,  bounding,  turn,  from  L. 
volvo,  volutum,  to  roll.  Revolve,  Volt.] 
To  desert  or  go  over  to  the  opposite  side; 
to  renounce  allegiance  and  subjection;  to 
rise  against  a  government  in  rebellion;  to 
rebel;  to  be  grossly  offended  or  disgusted : 
with  at.—v.t.  To  repel;  to  shock.— n.  TJie 
act  of  revolting;  change  of  sides;  a  renun- 
ciation of  allegiance  and  subjection  to 
one's  prince  or  government ;  rebellion.  .•. 
Syn.  under  Insurrection. — Revolter,  rS- 
vol'tfer,  n.  One  who  revolts.  —  Revolting, 
re-vol'ting,  a.  Causing  abhorrence  or  ex- 
treme disgust.— Revoltingly,  re-vol'ting-U, 
adv.  In  a  revolting  manner. 

Revolute,  Revolutive,  rev'o-lut,  re-vol'fl- 
tiv,  a.  [L.  revoluius,  from  revolvo.  Re- 
volve.] Rolled  or  curled  backwards  or 
downwards:  hot.  rolled  spirally  back  or 
toward  the  lower  surface. 

Revolution,  rev-o-lu'shon,  n.  [L.  revolutio, 
revolutionis,  a  revolving,  from  revolvo,  re- 
voluticm,  to  revolve.  Revolve.]  The  act 
of  revolving  or  rotating;  rotatiob;  the  cir- 
cular motion  of  a  body  on  its  axis;  the 
course  or  motion  of  a  body  round  a  centre; 
one  complete  circuit  made  by  a  heavenly 
body  round  a  centre;  a  cycle  of  time: 
a  radical  change  of  circumstances  or  of 
system;  a  sudden  and  violent  change  of 
government,  or  in  the  political  constitu- 
tion of  a  country,  mainly  brought  about 
by  internal  causes;  in  Eng.  hist,  applied 
distinctively  to  the  convulsion  by  which 
James  II.  was  driven  from.the  throne  in 
1688;  French  revolution,  a  term  usually  ap- 
plied to  the  violent  reaction  against  ab- 
solutism, which  began  in  1789;  the  Ameri- '[ 
can  war  of  independence  is  often  called  a 
revolution.— Revolutionary.rev-o-la'shon- 
a-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  revolution  in 
government ;  tending  to  produce  a  revo- 
lution, —re.  A  person  disposed  towai-ds  a 
revolution.— Revolutionism,  rev-o-lo'shon- 
izm,  re.  Revolutionary  principles.— Revo- 
lutionist, rev-o-lu'shon-ist,  Ji.  The  favourer 
of  a  revolution.— Revolutionize,  rev-o-la'- 
Bhon-iz,  v.t.  —  revolutionized,  revolutioni- 
zing. To  bring  about  a  revolution  in;  to 
effect  a  complete  change  in. 

Revolve,  re-volv',  v.i.— revolved,  revolving. 
[L.  revolvo— re,  again,  and  volvo,  to  roll 
(as  in  convolve,. devolve,  evolve,  &c.).  Wal- 
low.] To  turn  or  roll  round  an  axis;  to 
rotate;  to  move  round  a  centre;  to  circle; 
to  move  in  an  orbit;  to  pass  away  in  cycles 
or  periods  (the  years  revolve).— v.t.  To  cause 
to  turn  round;  to  turn  over  and  over  in 
the  mind;  to  meditate  on. — Revolver,  re- 
vol'vfer,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  re- 
volves; a  firearm"  (generally  a  pistol) 
having  a  revolving  barrel  or  breech  cylin- 
der so  constructed  as  to  discharge  several 
shots  in  quick  succession  without  being 
reloaded.— Revolving,  re-vol'ving,  p.  and 
a.  Turning;  moving  round. —  Revolving 
light,  in  lighthouses,  an  arrangement  such 
that  there  is  exhibited  once  in  one  or 
two  minutes  a  light  gradually  increasing 
to  full  strength,  and  then  decreasing  to 
total  darkness;  or  a  red  and  a  white  light 
may  be  exhibited  alternately.— iJewJjnrei; 
storm,  a  cyclone. 

Revomit,  re-vom'it,  v.t.  To  vomit  or  pour 
forth  again;  to  reject  from  the  stomach. 
Revulsion,  rs-vul'shon,  n.,  [L.  rewuZsio,  from 
revMo,  revulsum—re,  again,  and  vello,  to 
pull.]  A  violent  separation;  a  sudden  and 
violent  change  of  feeling;  med.  the  divert- 
ing of  a  disease  from  an  organ  in  which 
it  seems  to  have  taken  its  seat.  —  Revul- 
sive, rS-vul'siv,  a.  Having  the  power  of 
revulsion. — n.  A  medicine  used  for  the 
purpose  of  revulsion. 

Rewaken,  re-wa'kn,  v.t.  and  i.    To  waken 
again. 
Reward,  re- ward',  v.t.     [O.  Fr.  rewarder, 


from  re  and  the  Teutonic  word  ward= 
gitard.  So  that  reward— regard.  Ward.] 
To  give  something  to  in  return,  either' 
good  or  evil ;  to  requite:  commonly  in'  a 
good  sense;  to  bestow  a  recompense,  re- 
muneration ,  or  token  of  favour  upon:  when 
evil  is  returned  for  injury  reward  signi- 
fies to  punish.— re.  That  which  is  given  in 
return  for  good  or  evil  done  or  received, 
especially  that  which  is  in  return  for 
good;  recompense;  in-a  bad  sense,  punish- 
ment or  requital  of  evil;  the  fruit  of  men's 
labour  or  works;  a  sum  of  money  offered 
for  taking  or  detecting  a  criminal,  or  for 
the  recovery  of  anything  lost.— Rewar- 
dable,  r6-war'da-bl,  a.  Worthy  of  recom- 
pense.—Rewarder,  re-war'dfir,  re.  One  who 
rewards.— Rewardless,  re-wftrd'les,a.  Hav- 
ing no  reward. 

Rewin,  rS-win',  v.t.    To  win  again. 

Rewrite,  r5-rit',  v.t.  To  write  a  second 
time;  to  write  over  again. 

Rejmard,  ra'nard.    Renard. 

Rhabdoidal,  rab-doi'dal,  a.  [6r.  rhabdos, 
a  rod,  eidos,  resemblance.]  KodUke;  in 
the  shape  of  a  rod. 

Rhabdomancy,  rab'do-man-si,  n.  fGr. 
rhabdos,  a  rod,  and  manteia,  divination.] 
Divination  by  a  rod'  or  wand;  the  dis- 
covery of  things  concealed  in  the  earth,  as 
ores  of  metals  and  springs  of  water  by  a 
divining-rod. 

Rhaf  hitis,  ra-ki'tis,  re.    The  rickets. 

Rhadamanthine,  Rhadamantine,  rad-a- 
man'thin,  rad-a-man'tin,a.  [From  Rhada- 
manthus,  one  of  the  three  judges  of  the 
lower  world  among  the  Greeks.]  Severely 
or  rigorously  just. 

Rhsetian,  re'shi-an,  a.  and  n.  Pertaining 
to  the  ancient  Rhseti,  or  their  country 
Rhaetia  (Tyrol,  Grisons);  a  native  or  in- 
habitant of  Rhaetia.- R.haetic,  re'tik,  a.' 
Belonging  to  the  Rhsetian  Alps;  the  name 
of  strata  extensively  developed  in  the 
Alps,  and  lying  between  the  trias  and  lias. 
— Rhxto-Romanic,  re.  A  Romance  tongue 
spoken  in  South  Switzerland. 

Rhamadan,  ram'a-dan,  n.    Rauadan. 

Rhapne,  ra'fs,  re.    Bot.  same  as  Raphe. 

Rhaphides.    Raphides. 

Rhapsody,  rap'so-di,  w.  [Gr.  rhapsOdior- 
rhapto,  rhapso,  to  sew,- and  Od^,  a  song. 
Ode.]  Originally,  a  short  epic  poem,  or 
portion  of  a  longer  epic  such  as  would  be 
recited  by  a  rhapsodist  at  one  tinie;  a  con- 
fused series  of  sentences  or  statements 
such  as  would  be  composed  under  excite- 
ment, and  having  no  dependence  or  natu- 
ral connection;  a  rambling  composition. 
— Rhapsodic,  Rhapsodical,  rap-sod'ik,  rap- 
sod'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting 
of  rhapsody.  —  Rhapsodically,  rap-sod'i- 
kal-li,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  rhapsody. 
—Rhapsodist,  rap'sod-ist,  re.  Among  the 
ancient  Greeks  one  who  composed,  recited, 
or  sang  poems;  one  whose  profession  was 
to  recite  or  sing  the  verses  of  Homer  and 
other  poets ;  one  who  utters  disconnected 
discourse. —Rhapsodize,  raj)'so-diz,  v.i. — 
rhapsodized,  rhapsodizing.  To  recite  rhap- 
sodies ;  to  act  as  a  rhapsodist. 
Rhatany,  rat'a-ni.  Ratany. 
Rhea,  re'a,  re.  The  three-toed  ostrich  of  S. 
America. 

Rhea,  Rhea-fibre,  re'a,  n.  [Name  in  Assam.] 
A  valuable  East  Indian  fibre,  the  produce 
of  a  species  of  nettle,  used  for  textile  pur- 
poses. Called  also  Ramee,  China  Grass. 
Rhematlc,  re-mat'ik,  a.  [Gr.  rhema,  a  word, 
a  verb,  from  rheO,  to  speak.j  Pertaining  to 
verbs;  verbal. 

Rhenish,  ren'ish,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
river  Rhine  {RJienish  wine).— re.  Rhenish 
wine  or  Rhine  wine. 

Rheochord,  re'o-kord,  n.  [Gr.  rhed,  to  flow, 
and  chorde,  a  chord.]  A  metallic  wire 
used  in  measuring  the  resistance,  or  vary- 
ing the  strength  of  an  electric  current. — 
— Rheometer,  re-om'et-fer,  re.  [Gr.  rheO,  to 
flow,  andmeij-ore,  measure.]  Another  name 
for  the  electrometer  or  galvanometer. — 
Rheometric,  re-o-met'rik,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  rheometer  or  its  use. — Rheometry, 
re-om'et-ri,  re.  The  use  of  the  rheometer. 
— Rheometer,  re'o-mo-ter,  re.  [Gr.  rheO, 
and  L.  motor,  a  mover.]  Any  apparatus 
by  which  an  electric  current  is  origirfated. 
— Rheoscope,  rS'o-skop,  re.  [Gr.  rheO,  and 


skopeO,  to  view.]  An  instrument  by  which! 
the  existence  of  an  electric  current  may  be 
ascertained.- Rheostat,  r6'o-stat,  re.  [Gr. 
fheo,  and  statos,  standing.]  An  electric  in- 
strument for  regulating  a  circuit  so  that 
any  required  degree  of  force  may  be  main- 
tained.—Rheotome,  re'o-tom,-re.  [Gr.  rJieO, 
and  iomos,  cutting.]  An  instrument  for 
periodically  interrupting  an  electric  cur- 
rent.—Rheotrope,  re'o-trop,  re.  [Gr.  rheO, 
and  tropos,  a  turn.]  An  instrument  for 
periodically  changing  the  direction  of  an 
electric  current. 

Rhetoric,  ret'o-rik,  re.  [Fr.  rhdtoriqve,  li. 
rhetori<;a,  from  Gr.  herhetorike  {techno,  art, 
understood),  from  rhetOr,  a  public  speaker, 
from  rhe6,  to  speak.]  The  art  or  branch 
of  knowledge  which  treats  of  the  rules  or 
principles  underlying  all  eiFective  com- 
position whether  in  prose  or  verse;  the 
art  which  teaches  oratory;  the  rules  that 
govern  the  art  of  speaking  with  propriety, 
elegance,  and  force;  rhetoric  exhibited  m 
language ;  eloquence,  especially  artificial 
eloquence;  flashy  oratory;  declamation. — 
Rhetorical,  re-tor'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
exhibiting,  or  involving  rhetoric— Rhe- 
torically, re-tor'i-kalrli,  adv.  In  a  rhetor- 
ical manner;  according  to  the  rules  of 
rhetoric.  —  Rhetorician,  ret-o-rish'an,  re. 
One  who  teaches  the  art  of  rhetoric ;  one 
well  versed  in  the  rules  and  principles  of 
rhetoric;  a  declaimer. — Rhetorize,  re'tor- 
\z,  v.i.  To  play  the  orator. 
Rheum,  ram,  re.  [Gr.  rheuma,  a  flowing, 
rheum,  from  rheO,  to  flow.]  A  thin  serous 
fluid  secreted  by  the  mucous  glands,  &c., 
as  in  catarrh;  humid  matter  which  collects 
in  the  eyes,  nose,  or  mouth.— Rheumy, 
rU'mi,  a.  Full  of  rheum  or  watery  matter; 
causing  rheum.  —  Rheumatism,  rtt'ma- 
tizm,  n.  [Gr.  rheuTuatismos,  from  rheuma 
—  the  ancients  supposing  the  disease  to 
proceed  from  a  denuxion  of  humours.]  A 
painful  inflammation  afiecting  muscles 
and  joints  of  the  human  body,  attended 
by  swelling  and  stifftiess.  —  Rheumatic, 
Rheumatical,  rQ-mat'ikj  ra-mat'i-kal,  a. 
[L.  rheumaticus.^  Pertaining  to  rheuma- 
tism or  partaking  of  its  nature;  affected 
with  rheumatism. 
Rhime,  rim.  Rhyme. 
Rhinal,  ri'nal,  o.  [Gr.  rhie,  rhinoa,  the 
nose.]  Pertaining  to  the  nose.— Rmnen- 
cephalic,  ri-nen'se-far'ik,  n.  [Gr.  rhis, 
rhinoB,  and  enkephalos,  the  brain.]  Per- 
taining to  the  nose  and  brain  or  to  the 
portion  of  the  brain  from  which  rise  the 
olfactory  nerves. 

Rhinoceros,  ri-nos'e-ros,  w.  [li.  rhinoceros; 
Gr.  rhinokerOs,  nose-horn— rftis,  rhinos,  the 
nose,  and  keras,  a  horn.]  A  large  ungainly 
hoofed  animal  nearly  allied  to  the  hippo- 
potamus.the  tapir,  &c.,having  a  very  thick 
skin  which  is  usually  thrown  into  deep 
folds,  and  deriving  its  name  from  the  nasal 
bones  usually  supporting  one  or  two  horns, 
composed  of  matter  somewhat  analogous 
tothatofhair.— Rhinocerlal,ri-no-s5'-ri-al, 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  rhinoceros. 
Rhinoplastic,  ri-no-plas'tik,  a.  [Gr.  rhis, 
rhinos,  the  nose,  and  plaisO,  to  form.] 
Forming  a  nose. — Rhinoplastic  operation, 
a  surgical  operation  for  forming  an  arti- 
ficial nose,  or  restoring  a  nose  partly  lost. 
Rhinoscope,  ri'no-skop,  re.  [Gr.  rhis,  rhinos, 
the  nose,  and  skopeO,  to  view.]  A  small 
mirror  for  inspecting  the  passages  of  the 
nose.— Rhlnoscopic,  ri-no-skop'ifc,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  rhinoscope. — Rhinoscopy, 
ri-nos'ko-pi,  re.  Use  of  the  rhinoscope. 
Rhizanth,  ri'zanth,  re.  [Gr.  rhiza,  a  root, 
and  antJws,  a  flower.]  A  plant  of  a  class 
destitute  of  true  leaves,  but  with  short 
amorphous  stems,  parasitical  on  roots. 
Rhizocarpous,  ri-zo-kiir'pus,  a.  [Gr.  rhiza, 
a  root,  and  karpos,  fruit.]  Bot.  having 
roots  that  endure  many  years,  though  the 
stems  perish  annually. 
Rhizodont,  ri'zo-dont,  re.  [Gr.  rhiza,  a  root, 
and  odoug,  odontos,  a  tooth.]  A  term  ap- 
plied to  reptiles  whose  teeth,  like  those  of 
the  crocodiles,  are  planted  in  sockets. 
Rhizogen,  ri'zo-gen,  re.  [Gr.  rhiza,  a  root, 
root  gen,  to  produce.]  A  parasitic  plant 
growing  on  the  roots  of  others. 
Rnizoid,  ri'zoid,  a.  [Gr.  rhiza,  a  root,  and 
eidos,  likeness.]   Bot.  resembling  a  root. 


cb,  cAain;     cA,  Sc.  loc/i;     g<oo;    ,j,iob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     nB,eing;     sh,  tAen;  tb,  (Aiu;     w,  trag;    wb,  tcAig;    zh,  asuie. 


RHIZOME 


684 


&ICK. 


BlUzome,  Bhizoma,  ri'zom  or  riz'om,  ri-zo'- 

•  ma,  n.  [Gr.  rhisoma,  a  root,  from  rhiza,  a 
root.]  Bot.  a  stem  rvuming  along  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground,  or  partially  subter- 
ranean, sending  forth  shoots  at  its  upper 
end  and  decaying  at  the  other,  as  in  the 
fei*n8,  iris,  &c. 

Ehlzomorphou8,ri-z5-mor'fus,a.  [Gr.  rhiza, 
a  root,  morpW,  shape.]  Rootlike  in  form. 

Bhlzophagous,  ri-zofa-gus,  a.  [Gi.  rhiza,  a 
root,  and  phago,  to  eat.]  Feedmg  on  roots. 

Ehizophoroits,  ri-zof'o-rus,  a.  [Gr.  rhiza,  a 
root,  and  pherO,  to  bear.]  JBot.  root-bear- 
ing. 

Eluzopoda,ri-zop'o-da,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  rhiza,  a 
root,  and  poM«,  podos,  a  foot.]  The  lowest 
class  of  the  Protozoa;  minute  animals  des- 
titute of  a  mouth  and  capable  of  protrud- 
ing rootlike  or  finger-shaped  masses  from 
any-part  of  their  substance. 

Bhizotaxls,  li-zo-tak'sis,  n.  [Gr.  rhiza,  a 
root,  and  taxis,  an-angement.]  Bot.  the 
arrangement  of  the  foots. 

Rhodes-wood,  rodz,  n.  The  wood  of  a 
West  Indian  tree.  Called  also  Caruilewood. 

Khodium,  ro'di-um,  w.'  [From  Gr.  rhodon,  a 
rose,  on  account  of  the  red  colour  of  some 
of  its  salts  when  dissolved  in  water.]  A 
rare  metal  found  associated  with  palla- 
dium in  the  ore  of  platinum,  whioh  it 
resembles  in  its  general  and  chemical 
properties. 

Rhododendron^  ro-do-den'dron,  n.  [Gr.  rho- 
dockndron,  lit.  rose-tree— r/iodon.  a  rose, 
a.j^d^dendron,  a  tree.]  A  genus  of  highly- 
prized  evergreen  shrubs,  with  beautiful 
flowers  disposed  in  corymbs,  occurring' 
both  in  the  New  and  Old  Worlds,  especi- 
ally in  the  Himalavas. 

Rhodomontade,  rod'o-mon-tsd,  n.    Box>o- 

M0>TAD£. 

Rhomb,  Rhombus,  rom,  rom'bus,  n.  [Fr. 
rhombe,  L.  rhombus,  from  Gr.  rhombos.] 
A  quadrilateral  figure  whose,  sides  are 
equal  and  the  opposite  sides  parallel, 
but  the  angles  not  right  angles ;  a  figure 
of  a  diamond  or  lozenge  form ;  a  solid 
bounded  by  six  equal  and  similar  rhombic 
planes;  a  rhombohedron. — Rhombic,  rom'- 
bik,  a.  Having  the  -figure  of  a  rhomb- — 
Rhombohedral,  rom-bo-h5'dral,  a.  Re- 
lating to  a  rhombohedron.  —  Rhombohe- 
dron, rom-b5-hS'dron,  n.  [Gr.  rlunnbos, 
and  hedra,  a  side.]  A  solid  bounded  by 
six  rhombic  planes.  —  Rhomboid,  rom'- 
boid,  n.  A  quadrilateral  figure  whose  op- 
posite sides  aiid  angles  are  equal,  but 
which  is  neither  equilateral  nor  equi- 
angular; a  solid  having  a  rhomboidal 
form.  —  a.  In  the  form  of  a  rhomboid ; 
rhomboidal ;  diamond  -  shaped.  —  Rhom- 
boidal, rom-boi'dal,  a.  Having  the  shape 
of  a  rhomboid.— Rhomb-spajj  n.  A  mineral 
of  a  grayish  white,  occurring  in  rhomboids, 
imbedded  in  chlorite  slate,  limestone,  &c. 

Khonchus,  rong'kus,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  rhon- 
chos,  a  snoring  sound.]  Med.  the  deep 
snoring  which  accompanies  inspiration  in 
some  diseases,  particularly  in  apoplexy; 
stertor.- Rhoncnal,  rongTtal,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  rhonchus. 

ihopaloceroos,  ro-pa-los'6r-us,  a.  iGT.jrho- 
palon,  a  club,  and  keraa,  a  horn.]  Having 
antennae  terminating  with  a  small  club, 
?aid  of  certain  insects. 

•Rhubarb,  rO'barb,  n.  [Fr.  rhubarbe;  L.L. 
rhevbarbarum:  Gr.  rheon'barbaron,fTOTa 
Rha,  a  name  of  the  river  Volga  (where  the 
plant  is  native),  and  barbaron,  barbarian.] 
The  common  name  of  a  large  herbaceous 
plant  which  yields  leaf -stalks  used  for  mak- 
ing tarts,  &c.,  and  some  species  of  which 
have  roots  used  in  rhedicine.being  aperient, 
r.nd  at  the  same  time  tonic  and  astringent. 

Rhumb,  rum,  n.  IVrom  rhomb.]  Xavig.  a, 
line  which  makes  any  given  angle  with 
the  meridian;  one  of  the  thirty-two  points 
of  the  compass;  a. rhumb-line.— Rnamb- 
line,  11.  yltvig.  a  line  described  by  the 
course  of  a  ship  sailing  steadily  in  any 
one  direction  except  towards  any  of  the 
cardinal  points;  a  loxodromic  curve. 

Rhurma,  rus'ma,  n.  A  mixture  of  caustic 
lime  and  orpiment,  used  in  removing  hair 
from  hides. 

Rhyme,  rim,  n.  [O.E.  rume,  rime,  from 
A.  Sax.  rim,  number,  rhytne^Icel.  rim, 
D.  rijm,  Dan.  riim,  G.  reim,  rhyme.    The 


proper  spelling  is  rime:  the  h  has  been 
inserted  by  influence  of  L.  rhythmus,  Gr. 
rhythmos,  rhythm.]  A  correspondence  of 
sound  in  the  final  portions  of  two  or  more 
syllables,  more  especially  the  correspon- 
dence in  sound  of  the  terminating' word 
or  syllable  of  one  line  of  poetry  .with  the 
terminating  word  or  syllable  of  another ; 
poetry ;  metre  r^  composition  in  verse ;  a 
poem,  especially  a  short  one^  a  verse,  word, 
or  termination  rhyming  with  another.— 
Male  or  nuMculine  rhymes,  rhymes  in  which 
only  the  .fiinal  syUables  agree,  as  strain, 
complain.  —  Female  or  feminine  rhymes, 
rhymes  in  wliich  the  two  final  syllables 
agree,  the  first  being  accented,  as  motion, 
potion. — The  words  rhyme  and  reason  are 
often  used  in  combination  as  implying 
coriimon  sense  or  rational  conduct;  as  to  act 
without  rhyme  or  reason,  to  act  recklessly, 
or  without  due  thought  and  consideration. 
— v.i.— rhymed,  rhyming.  To  accord  in  the 
teraiinational  sounds ;  to  form  a  rhyme ; 
to  make  verses. — y.t.-To  put  into  rhyme. — 
Rhymeless,  rim'les,  a.  Destitute  of  rhyme. 
.—  Rhymer,  ri'mfir,  n.  One  who  makes 
rhymes;  a  poor  poet.— Rhymster^rim'stfer, 
n.    A  rhymer ;  a  poor-or  mean  poiet. 

Ehynchonella,  rin-ko-nel'la,  n.  [  A  dim. 
from  Gr.  rhynchos,  a  beak.]   An  extensive 

.  genus  of  brachiopods,  of  which  many  are 
fossil,  with  an  acutely  beaked  shell. 

Rhysimeter,  ri-sim'e-t6r,  n.  [Gr.  rhysis,  a 
flowing,  and  matron,  a  measure;]  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  velocity  of 
fluids  or  the  speed  of  ships. 

Rhythm,  Rhytimius,  rithm,  rith'mus,  n. 
[L.  rhythmus,  from  Gr.  rhythmos,  any  re- 
gularly recurring  vibratory  motion,  from 
root  oirheQ,  to  flow.]  The  measure  of  time 
or  movement  by  regularly  recurring  im- 
pulses, sounds,  Ac,  as  in  poetry,  prose 
composition,  and  music,  and  by  analogy, 
dancing;  periodical  emphasis;  numerical 
proportion  or  harmony;  rhyme;  metre; 
verse;  number.— Rhythmic,  Rhythmical, 

.  rith'mik,  rith'mi-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
rhythm ;  having  rhythm.— Rhythmically, 
rich'mi-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  rhythmical  man- 
ner. —  Rhythmics,  rith'miks,  n.  That 
branch  of  music  which  treats  of  the  length 
of  sounds  and  of  emphasis.— Rhythmless, 
rithm'les,  a.  Destitute  pf  rhythm.  — 
Rhythmometer,  rith-mom'et-Sr^  n.  An 
instrument  for  marking  time  to  move- 
ments in  music.    Metronome. 

Rial,  ri'al,  n.  [An  old  form  of  royal.]  A 
gold  coin  of  varying  value,  formerly  cur- 
rent in  Britain.    Spelled  also  Ryal. 

Riant,  rc-an,  a.  [Fr.  ppr.  of  rire,  to  laugh.] 
Laughing;  gay;  smiling.— Riancy,  re'an-si, 
n.  Character  of  being  riant;  cheerfulness; 
gaiety. 

Rib,  nb,  n.  [A.  Sax.  rib,  ribb='D.  rib,  Tibbe, 
L.G.  ribbe,  Dan.  rib,  G.  rippe,  Icel.  rif,  a 
rib.]  One  of  the  curved  bones  springing 
from  the  vertebral  column  and  inclosing 
a  certain  number  of  the  important  organs 
and  viscera  in  man  and  other  vertebrate 
animals;  something  resembling  a  rib  in 
form,  use,  position,  4c.,  as  one  of  the  bent 
timber  or  metallic  bars  which  spring  fi:om 
the  keel,  and  form  or  strengthen  the  side 
of  a  ship;  a  piece  of  timber  or  iron  suppor- 
ting an  arched  roof,  as  in  domes,  vaults, 
&c.;  one  of  the  principal  veins  or  nerves 
in  leaves  of  plants;  one  of  the  rods  on 
which  the  cover  of  an  umbrellais  stretched; 
a  prominent  line  or  rising  on  cloth,  as 
in  corduroy.  —  v.t.  —  ribbed,  riijbing.  To 
furnish  with  ribs;  to  plough  so  as  to  leave 
riblike  ridges  somewhat  apart. — Ribbed, 
ribd,  p.  and  a.  Furnished  with  ribs;  in- 
closed as  with  ribs;  marked  with  rising 
lines  and  channels. —Ribbing,  rib'ing,  n. 
An  assemblage  or  arrangement  of  ribs,  as 
of  a  vaulted  ceiling,  on  clotB,  Ac;  akind  of 
imperfect  ploughing,  every  sutemate  strip 
only  being  moved.— Rib-grass,  n.  A  com- 
mon British  plant  belonging  to  the  plan- 
tain genus.— Ribless,  rib'les,  a.  Having 
no  ribs. 

Ribald,  rib'ald,  n.  [O.Fr.  ribauld,  ribault, 
riband,  lecherous;  It.  ribaZdo.  a  ribald  per- 
son, from  O.H.G.  hrtbd,  hrtpa,  a  prosti- 
tute. ]  A  low,  vulgar,  brutal  wretch ;  a 
lewd,  coarse  fellow;  a  foul-mouthed  fellow, 
—a.  Low;  mean;  vile ;  obsceue.— Kibald- 


rous,  rih'ald-rus,  a.  Containing  ribald  rv. 
—Ribaldry,  rib'ald-ri,  n.  The  talk  of  a 
ribald;  obscene  language;  indecency 

Riband,  rib'and,  n.    Ribbon. 

Ribbon,  Riband,  rib'on,  rib'and,  n.  [O.E. 
ribajie,  riban,  ribant,  &c.,  from.O.  and 
Prov.  Fr.  riban.  Mod.  Fr.  rtiban,  perhaps 
from  the  Celtic;  comp.  Gael,  ribean,  a 
ribbon,  a  fillet  for  the  hair;  rib,  ribe,  a 
hair;  Ir.  ribon,  a  ribbon.]  A  fillet  of  silk, 
satin,  &c.;  a  naiTow  web  of  silk,  satin,  or 
other  material,  generally  used  for  an  orna- 
ment, or  for  fastening  some  part  of  female 
dress.;  what  resembles  a  ribbon  in  some 
respects;  a  narrow,  thin  strip  of  anything; 
a  shred  (sails  torn  toribbons). — Bluerxbbon 
and  red  ribbon,  often  used  to  designate  the 
orders  of  the  Garter  and  Bath  respectively, 
the  badge  of  the  former  being  supported 
by  a  blue  ribbon,  and  that  of  the  latter  by 
a  red  ribbon.  Blpe-ribbon. —  Ribbon, 
rib'on,  v.t.  To  adorn  or  furnish  with  rib- 
bons.—Rihbon-flBh, ».  A  fish  with  a  leng- 
thened body  much  flattened  on  the  sides. — 
Ribbon-grass,  n.  Canary-grass.— Ribbon- 
ism.rib'on-iztn  ,n.  The  principles  of  a  secret 
association  of  Irishmen,  which  had  its 
origin  about  1808,  and  wais  antagonistic  to 

.  the  Orangemen;  so  named  from  the  piece 
of  ribbon  the  members  wore  as  a  badge. — 
Ribbon-jasper,  n.  Jasper  in  which  the 
colours  are  arranged  in  parallel  layers  or 
stripes,  like  ribbons.— Ribbonman,  rib'on- 
man,  n.  An  adherent  of  Ribbonism.  — 
Ribbon-S4w,ji.  Band-sa*.— Ribbon-worm , 
n.    A  nemertid. 

Rice,  ris,  n.  [Pr.  rit,  from  L.  wyza,  from 
Gr.  oryza,  rice;  of  oriental  origin.]  A  well- 
known  cereal  plant  and  its  seed,  probably 
a  native  of  India,  but  now  cultivated  in 
all  warm  climates,  the  grain  forming  a 
large  portion  of  the  food  of  the  inhabi- 
tants.—Rice-bird,  n.  A  bird  of  the  United 
States,  allied  to  the  bvmtings,  so  named 
from  its  feeding  on  rice.  Called  a9so  bobo- 
link, and  n'ee-btmftn^.- Rice-dust,  n.  The 
refuse  of  rice  which  remains  when  it  i? 
cleaned  for  the  market;  rice-meal,  a  valu- 
able food  for  cattle.— Rlce-flonr,  71.  Ground 
rice  for  making  puddangs,.&c.— Rice-milk, 
n.  Milk  boiled  and  thickened  with  rice. — 
Rice-paper,  n.  Paper  made  from  rice  straw, 
used  in  Japan  and  elsewhere ;  also,  a  sub- 
stance prepared  from  the  pith  of  a  certain 
plant,  brought  from  China,  where  it  is  used 
for  painting  upon  and  for  the  manufacture 
of  fancy  and  ornamental  articles. — Rice- 
padding,  n.  A  pudding  made  of  milk  and 

■  rice,  with  eggs  and  sugar. 

Rich,  rich,  a.  [Partly  from  A.  Sax. 'r^ce, 
rich,  powerful,  partly  from  Fr.  riche,  rich, 
the  latter  being  from  O.H.G.  rJcft«,  rich, 
which  again  is  cog.  with  A.  Sax.  rice,  Icel. 
rikr,  Goth,  reiks,  rich,  the  root  being  that 
of  E.  right.]    Having  abundant  material 

gossessions;  wealthy:  opposed  to  poor; 
ence,  generally,  well  supplied ;  abound- 
ing; proaucing  ample  supplies:  productive; 
fertile;  composed  ot  valuable  or  costly 
materials  or  ingredients;  sumptuous; 
highly  valued;  costly;  abounding  in  nu- 
tritive or  agreeable  qualities ;  especially, 
as  applied  to  articles  of  food  and  drink, 
sweet,luscious,br  highly  flavoured;  largely 
gratifj-ing  the  sense  of  sight;  vivid;  bright; 
agreeable  to  the  sense  of  hearing;  sweet; 
mellow;  abounding  in  humour;  highly 
provocative  of  amusement  (a  rich  jokel. — 
The  rich,  as  a  noun,  a  rich  man  or  rich 
men. — Riches,  rich'ez,  n.  [Formerly  rich- 
esse,  from  Fr.  richesse  (singular  noun), 
from  riche,  rich.]  That  which  makes  rich; 
abundant  possessions ;  wealth ;  afHuence. 
This  word  is  really  in  the  singular  number, 
but  is  very  rarely  so  used,  the  apparently 
plural  termination  having  cansea  it  to  be 
regarded  as  a  plural.— Blcnly,  richli,  adv. 
In  a  rich  manner;  .with  riches;  opulently; 
abundantly;  splendidly;  magnificently; 
highly.— Richness,  rich'nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  rich;  opulence;  pro- 
ductiveness; fertility;  magnificence;  cost- 
liness; lusciousness;  Drilliancy;  sweetness. 

Rlcinine,ris'i-nin.n.  [From  L.  ricinus,  the 
castor-oil  plant.]  An  alkaloid  contained 
in  the  seeds  of  the  castor-oil  plant. 

Rick,  rik,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hrede,  a  rick;  cog. 
IceL  Jiravkr,  a  pile,  Vf.  erug,  Ir.  cruach,  a 


Fate,  f^r,  fat,  fftU;     mS,  met,ber,     piae,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tub,  buU;^    oil,jK)Qsd:     tU  Bo.  abuae— the  Fr 


RICKETS 


585 


RIGHT 


heap,  rick.]  A  stack  or  nile  of  coru  or  h;iy, 
the  lower  part  geuemlly  of  a  cylindrical 
form,  and  the  top  part  rounded  or  conical, 
and  often  thatched  so  as  to  protect  the 
pile  from  rain.— «.<.  To  pile  up  in  ricks. — 
Rick-stand,  n.  A  frame  of  timber  or  iron 
on  which  ricks  or  stacks  are  built. 

Rickets,  rik'ets,  n.  [From  old  uirick,  wrik- 
ken,  to  twist;  allied  to  wring,  tvriggte.]  A 
disease  of  children  in  which  there  is  usually 
some  distortion  of  the  bones,  considered 
by  many  as  one  of  the  forms  of  scrofula. — 
Rickety,  rik'et-i,  a.  Affected  with  rickets; 
feeble  or  imperfect  in  general;  threaten- 
ing to  fall;  shaky. 

Ricochet,  rik'o-shet,  n.  [Fr.;  etym.  un- 
known.] A  rebounding  from  a  tlat  surface, 
as  of  a  stoue  from  water  or  of  a  cannon- 
ball  from  the  ground.— Ricochet  fire,  the 
firing  of  guns  or  mortars  so  as  to  cause 
balls  or  shells  to  roll  and  bound  along. — 
Ricochet  battery,  a  battery  for  firing  in  this 
manner.— y.t.  (rik-o-a\iet')  —  ricochetted,  ric- 
ochetting.  To  operate  ui)on  by  ricochet  fir- 
ing.—v.i.  To  skim,  as  a  stone,  along  the 
surface  of  water;  to  strike  and  fly  onward, 
as  a  cannon-ball. 

Rid,  rid,  v.t.—rid  or  ridded  (pret.  and  pp.); 
ridding.  [A.  Sax.  hreddan,  to  take  or 
snatch;  akin  to  Icel.  rydja  {ryllija),  Dan. 
rydde,  to  clear,  to  remove;  D.  redden,  G. 
retten,  to  rescue.]  To  free;  to  deliver;  to 
clear;  to  disencumber  (to  rid  a  pferson  of 
pain,  of  a  burden);  to  make  away  with;; 
to  remove  by  violence  {Shak.)i. — pp.  or  a. 
Free;  clear  (to  be  rid  of  trouble).- 'fo  get 
rid  of,  to  free  one's  self  from.— Riddance, 
rid'ans,  n.  The  act  of  ridding ;  a  clearing 
away;  a  getting  rid  of  something.  —  A 
good  riddance,  fortunate  relief  from  some- 
thing disagreeable. 

Ridden,  rid'n,  pp.  of  ride. 

Riddle,  rid'l,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hridder,  a  fan  for 
winnowing;  cog.  U.H.G.  hrttard,  a  sieve; 
from  samje  root  as  L.  cemo,  Gr.  krinO,  to 
separate,  judge.  Critic]  A  kind  of  large 
sieve  with  coarse  meshes,  employed  for 
separating  coarser  materials  from  finer. — 
v.t. — riddled,  riddling.  To  pass  through 
or  separate  with  a  riddle;  to  perforate  with 
balls,  so  as  to  make  like  a  riddle  (a  house 
riddled  with  shot). 

Riddle,  rid'l,  n.  [A.  Sax.  raedels,  a  riddle, 
from  raedan,  to  read,  discern,  gue88=I). 
raadsel,  d.  rclthsel,  a  riddle.  Read.]  A 
proposition  put  in  obscure  or  ambiguous 
terms  to  puzzle  or  exercise  the  ingenuity 
in  discovering  its  meaning;  something  to 
be  solved  by  conjecture;  a  puzzling  ques- 
tion; an  enigma ;  anything  ambiguous  or 
TDuzzliag.— v.t.— riddled,nddling.  To  solve; 
to  explain;  to  unriddle. —  v.i.  To  speak 
ambiguously,  obscurely,  or  enigmatically. 

Bide,  rid,  v.i.— rode,  pret.,  ridden,  pp.,  rid- 
ing, ppr.  [A.  Sax.  rldan,  to  ride=L.G. 
riden,  D.  rijden,  Icel.  rida,  Dan.  ride,  G. 
reiten,  O.G.  ritan — to  ride.  Raid  and  road, 
as  well  as  ready,  are  from  this  stem.]  To 
travel  or  be  carried  on  the  back  of  an 
animal,  as  on  a  horse ;  to  travel  or  be  car- 
ried in  a  vehicle,  as  in  a  carriage  or  wagon; 
to  be  borne  on  or  in  a  fluid  (a  ship  rides  at 
anchor);  to  have  ability  as  an  equestrian. 
—To  ride  at  anchor  {naut),  to  lie  at  an- 
chor; to  be  anchored. — To  ride  to  hounds, 
to  ride  after  hounds  in  fox-hunting.— «.<. 
to  sit  or  be  supported  on,  so  as  to  be  car- 
ried (to  ricle  a  horse);  to  go  over  in  riding 
(he  rode  three  miles);  to  tyrannize  or  domi- 
neer over  (as  in  priest-riddeji). — To  ride 
down,  to  trample  on,  or  drive  over  in  rid- 
ing, to  treat  with  extreme  roughness  or 
insolence. — To  ride  out,  to  continue  afloat 
during,  and  withstand  the  fury  of,  as  a 
vessel  does  a  gale. — n.  An  excursion  en 
horseback  or  in  a  vehicle;  a  road  cut  in  a 
wood  or  through  pleasure-ground,  for  the 
amusement  of  riding;  a  certain  district 
established  for  excise  purposes. — Rideable, 
ri'da-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  ridden;  pass- 
able on  horseback. — Rider,  ri'd6r,  n.  One 
who  rides;  one  who  breaks  or  manages  a 
horse;  formerly,  a  commercial  traveller; 
any  addition  to  a  manuscript,  roU,  record. 
or  other  document,  inserted  after  its  first 
completion;  8,n  additional  clause,  as  to 
a  bill  in  parliament;  a  supplement  or 
amendment  affixed  to  an  original  motion; 


a  Kubnidiary  problem  in  mathematics.— 
Riderless,  ri'dfer-Ies,  a.  Having  no  rider. 
—Riding,  ri'ding,  p.  and  a.  Employed  for 
riding  on  (a  riding  horse).- Riding-habit, 
n.  A  garment  worn  by  females  when  they 
ride  on  horseback.  —  Riding-hood,  n.  A 
hood  formerly  used  by  females  when  they 
rode ;  a  kind  of  cloak  with  a  hood.— Rid- 
ing-master, n.  A  teacher  of  the  art  of 
riding.- Riding-school,  n.  A  place  where 
the  art  of  riding  is  taught.— Riding-whip, 
n.    A  whip  used  when  riding. 

Ridge,  rij,».  (Softened  form  of  older  ryg'fl'e, 
rig,  from  A.  Sax.  hrycg,  hrick,  a  ridge,  the 
back=Sc.  rig,  rigg,  a  ridge  of  land,  Icel. 
hryggr,  Dan.  ryg,  Sw.  rygg,  G.  riXcken,  the 
back.]  A  long  and  narrow  elevation  on 
the  earth's  surface  from  which  the  ground 
slopes  on  either  side;  a  long  crest  or  sum- 
mit (the  ridge  of  a  mountain,  the  ridge  of 
a  wave);  a  strip  of  ground  thrown  up  by  a 
plough  or  left  between  furrows;  a  strip  of 
tilled  land  with  a  furrow  on  either  side; 
the  highest  part  of  the  roof  of  a  building 
at  the  meeting  of  the  upper  end  of  the 
rafters —w.i.—ritisred,  ridging.  To  form  or 
make  into  a  ridge;  to  furnish  with  a  ridge 
or  riflges.— y.i.  To  rise  in  ridges.- Ridge- 
piece,  Ridge-plate,  n.  A  piece  of  timber 
at  the  ridge  of  a  roof  against  which  the 
rafters  abut.— Ridge-roof,  n.  A  raised  or 
peaked  roof.— Ridge-tile,  n.  A  convex  tile 
made  for  covering  the  ridge  of  a  roof.— 
Ridged,  Ridgy,  rijd,  rij'i,  a.  Having  a 
ridge  or  ridges ;  rising  in  a  ridge. 

Ridicule,  rid'i-kQl,  n.    (Fr.  ridicule,  from 
L.  ridiodua,  laughable,  from  riden,  risum, 
to  laugh  (seen  iilso  in  deride,  risible). i  Ex- 
pression or   action   intended   to  convey 
contempt  and  excite  laughter;  contemp- 
tuous mockery  or  jesting;  wit  of  that  spe- 
cies which  provokes  contemptuous  laugh- 
ter; that  species  of  writing  which  excites  1 
contempt  with  \a.nghter.— v.t— ridiculed,  i 
ridiculing.     To   treat    with  ridicule;  to  ; 
mock;  to  make  sport  or  game  of;  to  de- 
ride.—Ridiculer,  rid'i-ku-l6r,  n.    One  tiut  I 
ridicules.  —  Ridiculoua,  ri-dik'a-lus,  a. 
fL.  ridicuUis,  ridiculosus.]    Worthy  of  or 
fitted  to  excite  ridicule;  laughable  and 
contemptible.— Ridiculously,  ri-dik'Q-lus. 
li,  adv.     In  a  ridiculous  manner.— Ridi- 
culousness, ri-dik'a-lus-nes,  n. 

Riding,  ri'dlng,  n.  [A.  Sax.  thrithing,  a 
third  part,  from  thri,  three.]  One  of  the 
three  districts  ( North  ,East,  and  West  Rid- 
ings) into  which  the  county  -of  York,  in 
England,  is  divided. 

Ridotto,  ri-dot'to,  n.  [It.,  from  L.  reductus, 
a  retreat.  Redoubt.]  In  Italy,  an  enter- 
tainment consisting  of  singing  and  danc- 
ing. 

Rifacimento,  r5-fa'che-men"to,  n.  [It.,  from 
L.  re,  again,  /acio,  to  make.  ]  A  remaking 
or  re-establishment:  a  term  most  com- 
monly applied  to  the  process  of  recasting 
literaiy  works. 

Rife,  rif,  a.  [A.  Sax.  ryr,  rife,  prevalent = 
Icel.  ri/r  (allied  to  rei^a,  to  enrich),  O.0. 
ryf,  rijf,  plenteous.]  Prevailing;  preva-  i 
lent;  abundant;  common;  supplied  or  filled  j 
with  in  large  numbers  or  great  quantity; 
abounding  in;  replete.— Rifely,  rif'li,  adv. 
In  a  rife  manner;  prevalently;  frequently. 
— Rifeness,  rif'nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
rife;  frequency;  prevalence. 

Rlfiraff,  rif'raf,  n.  [A  reduplication  of  raff, 
refuse.]  Sweepings;  refuse  of  anything; 
the  rabble. 

Rifle,  ri'fl,  v.t.— rifled,  rifling.  [O.Fr.  rifl.er, 
riffler,  to  sweep  away,  a  word  of  Germanic 
origin,  the  same  stem  being  seen  in  raff, 
raffle.]  To  seize  and  bear  away  by  force; 
to  snatch  away;  to  strip;  to  rob;  to  pill- 
age; to  plunder.— v.i.  To  rob;  to  pillage.— 
Rifler,  ri'fl-6r,  ft.  One  that  rifles;  one  that 
pillages;  a  robber. 

Rifle,  ri'fl,  n.  [Lit.  a  grooved  musket,  being 
connected  with  Dan.  rifle,  a  groove  or 
fluting,  ride,  to  rifle  a  ^un,  riffel,  a  rifle; 
G.  riefeln,  to  channel,  riefe,  a  groove.]  A 
gun  the  inside  of  whose  barrel  is  grooved, 
or  formed  with  spiral  channels;  pi.  a  body 
of  troops  armed  with  rifles. — v.t. — rifled, 
rifling.  To  groove;  to  channel. — Rifled 
arms,  firearms  in  which  spiral  grooves, 
taking  much  less  than  one  complete  turn, 
are  cut' in  the  surface  of  the  bore,  thus 


giving  the  projectile  greater  accurac.v  :ii..l 
longer  range.— RiflebaU,  n.  A  bal! ,  gi'n" 
rally  cylindrical  with  a  conoidal  head, 
for  firing  wit'n  a  rifle. — Rille-corps,  n.  A 
body  of  soldiers  armed  with  rifles.- Rifle- 
man, ri'fl-man,  n.  A  soldier  armed  with 
a  rifle;  a  sharpshooter.- Rifle-pit,  n.  A  pit 
in  front  of  an  army,  fort,  &c.,  to  afford 
cover  to  a  single  skirmisher. 

Rift,  rift,  n.  [From  rive;  so  Dan.  ri/t,  a 
rift,  a  rent.]  A  cleft;  a  fissure;  an  opening 
made  by  riving  or  splitting.  —  v.t.  To 
cleave ;  to  rive;  to  split.  —  v.i.  To  burst 
open;  to  split. 

Rig,  rig,  v.t.— rigged,  rigging.  [Same  as  Dan. 
rigge,  to  rig;  origin  doubtful.]  To  dress: 
to  clothe:  generally  with  out,  andusea 
only  colloquially;  to  furnish  with  appa- 
ratus or  tackling;  naut.  to  fit  with  shrouds, 
stays,  &c.— n.  Dress,  usually  gay  or  fanci- 
ful dress ;  naut.  the  peculiar  style  of  the 
masts,  sails,  and  rigging  of  any  vessel.— 
Rigger,  ne'er,  n.  One  who  rigs;  one  whose 
occupation  is  to  fit  the  rigging  of  a  ship. — 
Rigging,  rig'inig,  n.  The  ropes  which  sup- 
port the  masts,  extend  and  contract  the 
sails,  &c.,  of  a  ship. 

Rig,  rig,  n.  (Origin  doubtful;  comp.  Manx 
reagh,  ruttish,  wanton,  riggan,  to  rut.J 
A  wantonj;  a  strumpetj;  a  frolic;  a  trick. 
—To  run  a  rig,  to  play  a  sportive  or  wan- 
ton trick.— To  rig  the  market,  to  raise  or 
lower  prices  artificially  in  order  to  one's 
private  advantage.  —  Riggish,  rig'ish,  a. 
Wantont;  lewdl;  frolicsome. 

Rigadoon,  rig-a-don',  n.  [Fr.  rigadon,  rig- 
audon,  from  Rigaud,  the  inventor  of  the 
dance.]  A  gay  brisk  dance  performed  by 
one  couple. 

Riga-fir,  ri'ga,  n.  A  variety  of  the  red  or 
Scotch  pine  or  fir,  from  Riga. 

Rigescent,  ri-jes'ent,  a.  IL.  rigescens,  ppr. 
of  riyeBco,  from  rigeo,  to  be  stifl'.  Rigid.] 
Becoming  stifif  or  rigid. 

Right,  rit,  a.  [A.Sax.  riht,  right,  true, just, 
8traight=D.  regt,  G.  recht,  O.G.  reht,  Goth. 
railits,  Icel.  rittr,  Dan.  ret;  participial 
forms  cognate  with  L.  rectus,  straight,  pp. 
of  rego,  rectum,  to  rule,  direct  (Regent,  Re- 
gal). Reach  and  rich  are  ultimately  from 
same  root.]  In  conformity  with  the  rules 
which  ought  to  regulate  human  action;  in 
accordance  with  duty,  truth,  and  justice, 
or  the  will  of  God;  not  wrong;  just:  equi- 
table; fit;  suitable;  proper  (the  right  man 
in  the  right  place);  real;  true;  not  spuri- 
ous (the  right  heir);  not  erroneous;  accor- 
ding to  fact  or  reality;  not  mistaken  or 
wrong;  not  in  error;  not  left,  but  its  oppo- 
site; originally,  no  doubt,  most  useful  or 
dexterous  (the  right  hand);  hence,  being 
on  the  same  side  as  the  right  hand  (the 
right  ear  or  eyel;  most  favourable  or  con- 
venient; opportune;  properl.v  done,  made, 
placed,  disposed,  or  adjusted;  correct;  to 
be  placed  or  worn  outward  (the  right  side 
of  cloth);  straight;  not  crooked  (a  right 
line);  hence,  math,  rising  perpendicularly; 
having  a  perpendicular  axis  (a  right  cone); 
formed  by  one  line  or  direction  perpen- 
dicular to  another  (a  right  angle). — At 
right  angles,  so  as  to  form  a  right  angle  or 
right  angles;  placed  or  standing  perpen- 
dicularly. —  Right  ascension.  Under  As- 
cension.—/Jig^W  bank  of  a  river,  the  bank 
on  the  right  hand  of  a  person  whose  face 
is  turned  in  the  direction  in  which  the 
water  runs.— ady.  [A.  Sax.  rihte,  rightly.] 
In  a  right  manner;  justly;  properly;  cor- 
rectly; in  a  great  degree;  very  (right  well; 
used  especially  in  titles,  as  right  honour- 
able, right  reverend ;  right  noble) ;  in  a 
straight  line;  directly. — Right  and  left,  to 
the  right  and  to  the  left;  in  all  directions. 
— n.  What  is  right;  the  opposite  of  wrong; 
rectitude;  a  just  claim  (a  rifrfti  to  fair  play); 
legal  or  other  claim  or  title;  a  prerogative; 
privilege  belonging  to  one  as  member  of  a 
state,  80ciety,or  community  (natural,  poli- 
tical, public  rights);  that  which  justly  be- 
longs to  one;  power  of  action;  authority; 
legal  power  (a  right  to  arrest  malefactors); 
the  side  opposite  to  the  left  (on  the  right). — 
Sill  of  rights,  the  declaration  delivered  by 
the  two  houses  of  parliament  to  the  Prince 
of  Orange,  Feb.  13,  1688,  in  which  the 
rights  and  privileges  of  the  people  were 
asserted.— .Bi/  right,  by  rights,  rightfully; 


cb,  c/taiu;     c/i,  Sc.  loc/t;     giffo;     j,  job;  •   n,  Fr.  ton;     q£,  8in(r;     ^n,  then;  th,  thin;    w,  t;ig;    wh,  wMg;     zh,  juure. 


RIGHTEOUS 


686 


RIPARIAN 


in  accordance  with  right;  properly. — To 
he  in  the  right,  to  be  not  wrong  or  in 
error;  to  have  justice  on  one's  side.  — To 
set  to  rights  or  to  put  to  rights,  to  put  into 
good  order. — In  one's  own  right,  by  abso- 
lute right  ( peeresses  in  their  own  right,  that 
is,  as  opposed  to  peeresses  by  marriage).— 
v.t.  To  put  right;  to  restore  to  the  natural 
or  proper  condition;  to  make  correct  from 
being  wrong;  to  do  justice  to;  to  relieve 
from  wrong.  — a.i.  To  resume  a  vertical 
position,  as  a  ship  in  the  water  after  hav- 
ing been  listed  over.  —  Right-abont,  adv. 
In  an  opposite  direction:  used  substan- 
tively in  the  phrase  to  send  to  the  right- 
about, to  pack  off;  to  dismiss;  to  cause  to 
retreat.— Right-angled,  a.  Containing  a 
right  angle  or  right  angles.— Rlghter,  rit'- 
er,  n.  One  who  sets  rifht;  one  who  does 
justice  or  redresses  wrong.— Rightful,  fit'- 
ful,  a.  Having  a  right  or  just  claim  ac- 
cording to  established  laws  (the  rightful 
heir);  being  by  right  or  by  just  claim  (one's 
rightful  property);  just;  consonant  to  jus- 
tice la  rightful  cause).  —Rightfully,  rit'- 
ful-li,  adv.  In  a  rightful  manner. — Right- 
fulness, rit'ful-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
rightful.— Right-hand,  a.  Situated  on  the 
ri^ht  hand,  or  in  a  direction  from  the 
right  side;  applied  to  one  who  is  essential 
to  another  (our  right-hand  man).— Right- 
handed,  a.  Using  the  right  hand  more 
easily  and  readily  than  the  left.— Right- 
hajidedness,  n.  The  quality  of  bein^  right- 
handed;  hence,  skill;  dexterity.— Rightly, 
fit'li,  adv.  According  to  right  or  justice; 
properly;  fitly;  suitably;  according  to  truth 
or  fact;  not  erroneously;  correctly.— Right- 
minded,  a.  Having  a  right  or  honest  mind; 
well-disposed.— Right-mindedness,  n.  The 
state  of  being  right-minded.— Rightness, 
rit'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
right;  correctness;  rectitude.  —  Right- 
whale,  n.  [That  is,  the  proper  one  to  be 
caught.]  The  common  or  Greenland  whale, 
from  whose  mouth  whalebone  is  obtained. 

Righteous,  rit'yus,  a.  [A.  Sax.  rihtwis, 
righteous — riht,  right,  and  wis,  wise,  pru- 
dent; similarly  Icel.  rett-viss,  righteous.] 
Upright;  virtuous;  acting  in  accordance 
with  the  dictates  of  religion  or  morality; 
free  from  guilt  or  sin;  agreeing  with  right; 
just;  equitable.  —  Righteously,  rit'yus-li, 
adv.  In  a  righteous  manner;  uprightly; 
justly.— Righteousness,  rit'yus-nes,n.  The 
quality  of  being  righteous;  theol.  the  state 
of  being  right  with  God;  justification. 

Rigid,  rij'id,  a.  [Fr.  rigide,  L.  rigidus,  from 
rigeo,  to  be  stiff  or  numb;  allied  to  Gr. 
rhigeO.  to  shiver,  rhigos,  cold;  Skr.  rij,  to 
be  stiif.]  Stiff;  stiffened;  not  pliant;  not 
easily  bent;  physics,  theoretically  such  as 
to  resist  change  of  form  when  acted  on  by 
any  force;  strict  in  opinion,  practice,  or 
discipline;  severe  in  temper:  opposed  to 
lax  or  indulgent;  inflexible;  unmitigated; 
severely  just  (a  rigid  law  or  rule).— Kirid- 
ity,  Rigidness,  ri-jid'i-ti,  rij'id-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  rigid.- Rigidly,  rij'id-li, 
adv.  In  a  rigid  manner;  stiffly;  inflexibly; 
severely;  strictly  .—Rigidulous,  ri-jid'tt-lus, 
n.    Bot.  rather  stiff. 

Rigmarole,  rig'ma-rol,  n.  FA  corruption  of 
rttgman-roll.]  A  succession  of  confused  or 
disjointed  statements;  an  incoherent  ha- 
rangue; balderdash. 

Rigour,  rig'or,  n.  fL.  rigor,  froip  rigeo,  to 
be  stiff.  Rigid.]  Rigidity;  severity  of  Ufe; 
austerity;  strictness;  exactness  without 
allowance,  latitude,  or  indulgence  (to  en- 
force moral  duties  with  rigour);  sternness; 
harshness;  intensity  of  atmospheric  cold 
(the  rimur  of  winter);  med.  same  as  Rigor. 
—Rigorous,  rig'or-us,  a.  Characterized  by 
rigour;  severe;  stringent;  scrupulously  ac- 
curate; very  cold  (rigorous  weather).— Rig- 
orously, rig'or-us-li,  adv.  In  a  rigorous 
manner.— Rigoronsness,  rig'or-us-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  rigorous.— 
Rigor,  rig'or,  n.  Med.  a  sudden  coldness, 
attended  by  a  shivering  more  or  less  per- 
fect: a  symptom  which  ushers  in  many 
diseases. —  Rigor  mortis,  the  stiffening  of 
the  body  after  death,— Rigorism,  Rigonr- 
Ism,  rig'or-izm,  n.  Rigidity  in  principles 
or  practice.— Rlgorl8t,Rlgourist,  rig'or-ist, 
n.  A  person  of  severe  or  rigjd  principle  or 
manners ;  a  purist  in  style. 


I  Rile,  111.  v.t.    [A  form  of  roil.]   To  stir  to 

I    anger;  to  irritate.    (Colloq.] 

1  Rilievo,  re-l6'vo  or  re-le-a'vo.   [It.]  Under 

I    Rklief. 

I  Rill,  ril,  n.  [Same  as  L.G.  rille,  a  brook, 
a  furrow.]  A  small  brook;  a  rivulet;  a 
streamlet.— «.i.  To  run  in  a  small  stream 
or  in  streamlets.- Rillet,  ril'et,  n.    IDiva. 

1    of  rill.]    A  small  stream;  a  rivulet. 

I  Rim,  rim,  n.    [A.  Sa$.  rima,  rim,  edge,  lip; 

j    perhaps  a  Celtic  word;  comp.  W.  rhim,  ■ 

I    Armor,  rim,  a  rim,  a  border.]  The  border,  I 

I    edge,  or  margin  of  a  thing;  a  brim;  the  ! 
lower  part  of  the  belly  or  abdomen  iShak.).  j 

I  —v.t.—rimined,rim,ming.  To  be  or  to  form 
a  rim  round.  j 

Rime,  rim,  n.  The  more  correct  spelling  of  I 
Rhyme.  I 

Rime,  rim,  n.    [A.  Sax.  hrim,  rlme=Tcel.  . 
hrlm,  D.  rijm,  Dan.  riim,  Sw.  rim — hoar-  j 
frost.]    White  or  hoar  frost;   congealed 
dew  or  vapour.— j>.t.—ri7n€d,  rimuig.  To  ! 
freeze  or  congeal  into  hoar-frost.— Rimy,  I 

I    ri'mi,  a.    Abounding  with  rime;  frosty. 

I  Rimose,  Rimous,  ri'mos,  ri'mus,  a.  [!<• 
rimosus,  from  rima,  a  fissure  or  crack.]  t 
FuU  of  chinks  or  fissures.  —  Rimosity,  ri- 
mos'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  rimose. 
Rimple,  rim'pl,  n.  [A  Sax.  hrympelle,  a 
fold,  a  rumple;  D.  rinipel,  a  wrinkle. 
Rumple.]  A  fold  or  wrinkle.— 1».(.  and  i. 
—  rimpted,  rimpling.  To  rumple;  to 
wrinkle. 

Rind,  nnd,  n  [A.  Sax.  rind,  hrind,  bark, 
crust=G.  rinde,  rind;  same  root  as  nw.] 
The  outward  coat  or  covering  of  trees, 
fruits,  animals,  &c.;  bark;  peel;  husk;  skin. 
—v.t.  To  take  the  rind  from. 
Rinderpest,  rin'dor-pest,  n.  fG.  rinder,  pi. 
of  rind,  a  homed  beast,  and  pest,  a  plague.] 
A  most  virulent  and  eminently  contagious 
disease  or  plague,  affecting  ruminant  ani- 
mals, especially  cattle. 
Rinforzando,  rin-for-tsan'do.  [It.,  streng- 
thening.] Music,  a  direction  to  strengthen 
the  power  and  emphasis. 
Ring,  ring,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hring=lce\.  hringr, 
G.  j).  and  Sw.  ring,  a  ring.  Akin  are 
range,  rank,  rink,  harangue,  &c.j  Any- 
thing in  the  form  of  a  circular  line  or 
hoop;  a  circle  of  gold  or  other  material 
worn  on  the  fingers ;  a  hoop  of  metal  or 
other  material  used  for  a  great  variety  of 
purposes;  an  area  in  which  games  or  sports 
are  performed;  the  arena  of  a  hippodrome 
or  circus;  the  inclosure  in  which  pugilists 
fight;  a  space  in  which  horses  are  exhibited 
or  exercised;  a  circular  group  of  persons; 
a  combination  of  persons  for  a  selfish  end, 
as  for  controlling  the  market  in  stocks.^ 
The  ring,  the  prize  ring,  a  term  given  to 
pugilism  or  those  connected  with  pugil- 
ism.—/''airy  ring.  XSndetF AiRV.— Saturn's 
rings,  rings  surrounding  and  nearly  in  the 
planet's  equatorial  plane,  probably  com- 
posed of  swarms  of  meteorites  or  minute 
satellites. — v.t.  To  encircle;  to  surround 
with  a  ring  or  as  vrith  a  ring;  to  make 
a  cutting  circularly  round  (a  tree  or 
branch). —Ring -armour,  ».  Armour  of 
ring-mail. —Ring-bolt,  n.  An  iron  bolt 
with  an  eye,  to  which  is  fitted  a  ring  of 
iron,  used  in  ships.— Ring-bone,  n.  A  cal- 
lus growing  on  the  pastern  of  a  horse. — 
Ring-course,  n.  The  outer  course  of  stone 
or  brick  in  an  arch.— Ring-dove,  n.  A 
species  of  pigeon  (the  cushat  or  wood- 
pigeon),  80  called  from  a  circular  marking 
on  the  neck.— Ring-dropping,  n.  A  trick 
practised  by  rogues  who  pret«nd  they  have 
just  found  a  valuable  ring  and  offer  to  sell  it 
for  little,  the  article  they  offer  being  really 
worthless.— Ringed, ringd,pp.  Surrounded 
with,  or  as  with,  a  ring;  ha«ng  a  ring  or 
rings;  encircled.  —  Ringed  -  snake,  n.  A 
harmless  British  snake. — I^lng-f ence,  n.  A 
fence  continuously  encircling  an  estate  or 
some  considerable  extent  of  ground.  — 
Ring-finger,  n.  The  third  finger  of  the  left 
hand,  on  which  the  ring  is  placed  in  mar- 
riage.—Ring-gauge,^  n.  A  gauge  in  the 
form  of  a  ring;  a  conickl  gauge,  used  by 
jewellers  for  measuring  finger  rings.  — 
Ringleader,  ring'15-der,  n.  One  who  leads 
a  ring,  as  of  dancersj;  the  leader  of  any 
association  of  men  engaged  in  violation  of 
law,  or  an  illegal  enMtprise.  —  Ringlet, 
ringlet,  n.  [Dim.of  rir^.j  A  curl;  particu- 


larly.a  curl  of  hair.— Ringleted,  ring'leted , 
a.  Adorned  with  ringlets;  wearing  lingletR. 
— Ring-mail,  n.  Defensive  armour  made 
by  sewing  strong  rings  of  steel  edgewise 
upon  leather  or  strong  quilted  cloth. — 
Ring-master,  n.  One  who  has  charge  of 
the  performances  in  a  circus  ring.-rRing- 
money,  n.  Money  consisting  of  rings,  in 
use  at  an  early  stage  of  society.— Riugj 
ousel.  Ring-ouzel,  n.  A  British  bird  o. 
the  thrush  kind,  resembling  the  black 
bird,  but  having  a  white  ring  or  bar  on 
the  breast.— Ring-sail,  n.  JVaut.  same  as 
RiNO-TAiL.— Rtng-tall,  n.  The  female  of 
the  hen-harrier;  a  sort  of  studding-sail 
set  outside  a  sjiankerora  sloop's  mainsail; 
a  ring-sail.— Ring-tailed,  a.  Having  a  ta.il 
marked  by  rings  or  ringlike  markings. — 
Ringworm,  riiig'werm,  n.  A  contagious 
skin-disease  appearing  in  the  form  of  rings 
or  patches  on  different  parts  of  the  body, 
but  most  frequently  on  tlie  scalp. 

Ring,  ring,  v.t.—pret.  rang  or  rung,  pp.rung. 
[A.  Sax.  hringan,  to  ring=D;in.  ringe,  Sw. 
ringa,  Icel.  hringja,  O.D.  ringhen,  to  ring.] 
To  cause  to  sound,  as  a  sonorous  metallic 
body  (to  ring  a  bell);  to  repeat  often,  loud- 
ly, or  earnestly;  to  sound  (to  ring  one's 
praises);  to  attend  on  or  celebrate  by  ring- 
ing.—iJiiiyini/  thechanges,  a  trick  by  which, 
in  paying  or  receiving  money,  a  rascal 
tries  to  confuse  the  person  with  whom  he 
is  dealing  so  that  he  may  cheat  him.— u.i. 
To  sound,  as  a  bell  or  other  sonorous  body; 
to  resound;  to  have  the  sensation  of  sound 
continued;  to  tingle;  to  be  filled  with  re- 
port or  talk  (the  whole  town  rings  with  his 
fame).  —  n.  The  sound  of  a  bell  or  other 
sonorous  body;  any  loud  sound  continued, 
repeated,  or  reverberated;  characteristic 
sound;  a  chime.— Ringer,  ring'er,  n.  One 
who  rings;  one  who  rings  chimes  on  bells. 

Ringent,  rin'jent,  a.  [L.  ringens,  ringentis, 
from  ringor,  to  make  wry  faces,  to  gape.] 
Bot  labiated,  with  a  space  between  the 
two  lips  like  an  open  mouth. 

Rink,  ringk,  n.  [A  form  of  ring,  an  area, 
or  of  rank,  a  row.]  That  portion  of  a  sheet 
of  ice  on  which  the  game  of  curling  is 
played;  a  smooth  flooring,  generally  under 
cover,  on  which  people  skate  with  roUer- 
slfates  — f.i.  To  skate  on  a  rink. 

Rinse,  rins,  v.t  — rinsed,  rinsing.  [O.Fr. 
rinser,  reinser,  Fr.  rincer,  to  rinse,  to  wash, 
from  Icel.  hreinsa,  Dan.  rense,  from  Icel. 
hreinn,  Dan.  reen  (A.  Sax.  D.  and  G.  rein, 
Goth,  hrains),  clean.]  To  wash  lightly;  to 
wash  by  laving  water  over;  to  cleanse  the 
inner  surface  of  by  the  introduction  of 
water  or  other  liquid. — Rinser,  rin'sfer,  ji. 
One  who  or  that  which  rinses. 

Riot,  ri'ot,  n.  [O.  Fr.  riote,  disturbance, 
combat,  Fr.  rioter,  to  make  a  disturbance; 
origin  doubtful.]  An  uproar;  a  tumult; 
excessive  and  expensive  feasting;  wild  and 
loose  festiviti";  revelry;  law,  a  tumultuous 
disturbance  of  the  peace.— To  run  not,  to 
act  or  move  without  control  or  restraint ; 
to  grow  wildly  or  in  rank  abundance. 
— Riot  act,  an  act  of  parliament  for  the 
prevention  of  tumultuous  disturbances, 
aft^r  the  reading  of  which  by  a  magis- 
trate to  a  mob,  those  who  do  not  dis- 
perse may  be  treated  as  felons.— u.i.  To 
revel;  to  act  in  an  unrestrained  or  want<5n 
manner;  to  raise  a  riot,  uproar,  or  sedi- 
tion. —  v.t.i  To  pass  or  spend  in  riot. 
[Tenn.]— Rioter,  ri'ot-6r,  n.  On§  who  riots 
or  engages  in  a  riot. — Riotous,  ri'ot-us,  a. 
Indulging  in  riot  or  revelry;  tumultuous; 

fuilty  of  riot. — Riotously,  ri'ot-us-li,  adv. 
n  a  riotous  manner;  with  revelry;  tumul- 
tuously;  seditiously. — Riotousness,  ri'ot- 
us-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
riotous. 

Rip,  rip,  v.t— ripped,  ripping.  [Same  as 
Dan.  rippe,  to  rip,  to  tear;  allied  probably 

.  to  rive.]  To  separate  or  divide  the  parts  of 
by  cutting  or  tearing;  to  tear  or  cut  open; 
to  take  out  by  catting  or  tearing.— n.  A 
rent.  —  Ripping  «aw.  Rip-saw,  »i.  A  saw 
used  for  cutting  wood  in  the  direction  of 
the  fibre.  ^ 

Rip,  rip,  n.  [Comp.  D.  rap,  scab;  Dan. 
npsraps,  riffraff.]  A  base  or  worthless 
person;  a  contemptible  creature;  a  scamp. 

Riparian,  ri-p&'ri-an,  a.  [L.  ripa,  a  bank.] 
Pertaining  to  the  bank  of  a  river. 


F&te,  f&r,  fat,  ffill;     me,  met,  hit;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tub,  bvill ;     oil,  pound;     tt,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr. «. 


■RIPE 


687 


EOAD 


Sipo,  rip,  a.  [A.  Sax.,  ripe,  ripe  =  L.G. 
ripe,  D.  rijp,  G.  reif,  ripe ;  allied  to  reap.] 
Ready  for  reaping;  brought  to  perfectiou 
in  growth  or  to  the  best  state;  mature; 
advanced  to  the  state  of  being  fit  for  use ; 
fully  developed;  maturated;  complete; 
finished;  consummate  (a  ripe  scholar); 
ready  for  action  or  effect  {ripe  for  a  war). 
—  v.t.  and  I.  To  mature;  to  ripen. — 
Ripely,  rip'li,  adv.  In  a  ripe  manner; 
maturely;  at  the  fit  time.— Ripen,  ri'pn, 
v.i.  To  grow  ripe;  to  be  matured,  as  grain 
or  fruit;  to  approach  or  come  to  perfec- 
tion.—v.t.  To  mature;  to  make  ripe.— 
Ripeness,  rlp'nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
ripe;  maturity;  perfection. 

Riposte,  re-post,  n.  [Fr.,  from  It.  riposta.} 
Fencing,  the  thrust  or  blow  with  which 
one  follows  up  a  successful  parry;  hence, 
a  ■smart  reply  or  repartee. 

Ripple,  rip'l,  v.i.— rippled,  rippling.  [A 
non-nasalized  form  corresponding  to  rim- 
pie,  rumple.l  To  assumePor  wear-  a  ruf- 
fled surface,  as  water  when  agitated  or 
running  over  a  rough  bottom ;  to  make  a 
sound  as  of  water  running  over  a  rough 
bottom. — v.t.  To  fret  or  dimple  as  the  sur- 
face of  water. — n.  The  fretting  or  ruff- 
ling of  the  surface  of  water;  little  curling 
waves.  —  Ripple-mark,  n.  The  wavy  or 
ridgy  mark  left  on  a  beach"  by  the  ripples; 
geol.  such  marks  preserved  when  the  sand 
becomes  hardened  into  rock.  —  Ripple- 
marked,  a.  H  aving  ripple  marks. — Rippl- 
ingly,  rip'1-ing-li,  adv.  In  a  rippling  man- 
ner.— Ripply,  rip'l-i,  a.  Rippling;  charac- 
terized by  ripples. 

Ripple,  rip'l,  v.t.  [Dim.  from  rip;  like  L.G. 
repeln,  G.  riffeln,  to  ripple.  1  To  clean  or 
remove  the  seeds  or  capsules  from,  espe- 
cially from  the  stalks  of  flax.— n.  A  large 
comb  or  hatchel  for  separating  the  seeds 
or  capsules  from  flax. 

Riprap,  rip'rap,  n.  [Same  as  riffraff.  Ban. 
rips-raps.]  A  foundation  of  stones  thrown 
together  without  order,  as  in  deep  water 
or  on  a  soft  bottom. 

Ript,  ript,  pp.  for  ripped. 

Rise,  i;iz,  v.i.— rose,  pret.,  risen,  pp.,  rising, 
ppr.  [A.  Sax.  risan,  to  rise,  pret.  rds^  rose, 
pp.  me)i=Icel.  risa,  Goth,  reisanimur- 
reisan),  to  rise.  This  is  the  intransitivp 
form  of  which  raise  is  the  causal  or  trafi- 
sitive,  as  also  rear.]  To  move  or  pass  from 
a  lower  position  to  a  higher ;  to  move  up- 
wards; to  ascend;  to  mount  up;  to  change 
from  a  sitting,  lying,  or  kneeling  posture 
to  a  standing  one;  to  become  erect;  to 
bring  a  sitting  or  a  session  to  an  end  (the 
house  rose  at  11  p.m.);  to  get  out  of  bed; 
to  arise ;  to  attain  a  height ;  to  stand  in 
height  (a  tree  rises  to  60  feet);  to  reach  a 
higher  level  by  increase  of  bulk  or  quan- 
tity (the  tide  rises);  to  swell  or  puff  up  in 
the  process  of  fermentation,  as  dough  and 
th»  like ;  to  slope  upwards ;  to  have  an 
upward  direction ;  to  seem  to  mount  up ; 
frequently,  to  appear  above  the  horizon, 
as  the  sun,  moon,  stars,  &c. ;  to  become 
apparent ;  to  come  forth ;  to  appear  (an 
eruption  rises  on  the  skin);  to  become 
audible  (Uiere  .rose  a  shout) ;  to  come  into 
existence ;  to  be  produced ;  to  spring ;  to 
increase  in  force,  value,  intensity,  degree, 
&c.  (the  wind  rises,  a  price  rises);  to  take 
up  arms ;  to  go  to  war ;  to  rebel  or  revolt ; 
to  attain  a  higher  social  position  or  rank; 
to  increase  in  power  or  interest:  said  of 
style,  thought,  or  discourse — n.  The  act  of 
rising;  ascent;  the  distance  through  which 
anything  rises  (a  rise  of  6  feet);  elevation, 
or  degree  of  ascent  (a  gradual  rise  in  the 
land);  spring;  source;  origin;  beginning; 
Appearance  above  the  horizon  (the  rise  of 
the  sun  or  a  star);  increase;  advance  (a  rise 
in  the  price  of  wheat);  advance  in  rank, 
honour,  property,  or  fame. — Rise  of  strata, 
geol.  opposite  of  dip  o/ strata.  Dip.- Riser, 
ri'zfer,  n.  One  that  rises;  the  vertical  face 
of  a  step  of  a  stair.— Rlsing.ri'zing,  p.and  a. 
Increasing  in  wealth,  power,  or  distinc- 
tion (a  rising  man) ;  advancing  to  adult 
years  (the  rising  generation). — n.  The  act 
of  one  who  or  that  which  rises;  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  sun  or  a  star  above  the 
horizon;  the  act  of  reviving  from  the  dead; 

, resurrection;  an  insurrection;  a  mutiny; 

iian  eminence  or  prominence. 


Risible,  riz'i-bl,  a.  [Fr.  risible,  from  L. 
risibilis,  from  rideo,  risum,  to  laugh. 
Ridiculous.]  Having  the  faculty  or  power 
of  laughing;  capable  of  exciting  laugh- 
ter; laughable;  belonging  to  the  phenome- 
non of  laughter.— Risibility,  Risibleness, 
riz-i-bil'i-ti,  riz'i-bl-nes,  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  risible;  proneness  to  laugh. — 
Risibly,  riz'i-bli,  adv.  In  a  risible  manner; 
laughably. 

Risk,  risk,  n.  [Fr.  risque,  from  Sp.  risco,  a 
steep  rock,  from  L.  reseco,  to  cut  off— re, 
and  seeo,  to  cut.  Section.]  Hazard;  dan- 
ger; peril;  exposure  to  harm;  com.  the 
hazard  of  loss,  either  of  ship,  goods,  or 
other  property.— To  run  a  risk,  to  incur 
hazard;  to  encounter  danger.— n.i.  To  haz- 
ard; to  expose  to  injury  or  loss;  to  ven- 
ture; to  dare  to  undertake. — Risker.  ris'kfer, 
n.  One  who  risks.— Rlskful,  Risky,  risk'- 
ful,  ris'ki,  a.  Dangerous;  hazardous;  full 
of  risk. 

Risorial,  ri-zo'ri-al,  a.  [From  L.  risus, 
laughter,  from  rideo,  risum,  to  laugh. 
Risible.]  Pertaining  to  laughter;  causing 
laughter  (tbe  risorial  muscle). 
Rissole,  ris'ol,  n.  [Fr.]  A  dish  consisting 
of  meat  or  fish  mixed  with  bread-crumbs 
and  yolks  of  eggs  wrapped  in  fine  puff- 
paste,  so  as  to  resemble  a  sausage,  and 
fried. 

Risus,  ri'sus,  n.  [L.  See  Risible.]  Laughter. 
—Risus  sardonicu's,  sardonic  laugh,  a  kind 
of  convuLsive  grin,  observed  chiefly  in 
cases  of  tetanus  and  inflammation  of  the 
diaphragm. 

Ritardando,  re-tar-dan'do,  a.  [It.]  Music, 
retarding:  a  direction  to  sing  or  play 
slower  and  slower. 

Rite,  rit,  n.  [Fr.  rite,  from  L.  ritus,  a 
rite.]  A  formal  act  of  religion  or  other 
solemn  duty;  a  religious  ceremony  or 
usage;  ceremonial. — Ritual,  rit'u-al,a.  [L. 
ntualis.]  Pertaining  to  rites;  consisting 
.of  rites;  prescribing  rites  (the  ritual  lawj. 
—n.  A  book  containing  the  rites  or  ordi- 
nances of  a  church  or  of  any  special  ser- 
vice; the  manner  of  performing  divine 
service;  ceremonial.  —  Ritualism,  rit'u-al- 
izm,  n.  The  system  of  rituals  or  prescribed 
forms  of  religious  worship ;  observance  of 
prescribed  forms  in  religion;  an  excessive 
use  of  external  forms  in  religion.— Ritual- 
ist, rit'a-al-ist,n.  One  skilled  in  ritual;  one 
of  the  party  in  favour  of  an  elaborate 
ritual  in  the  Church  of  England.— Ritual- 
istic, rit'u-al-i8"tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  rit- 
ualism ;  characterized  by  the  practices  of 
the  ritualists  in  the  Church  of  England. 
— Ritually,  rit'a-al-11,  <tdv.  By  ritual ;  by 
a  particular  rite. 

Ritomelle,  Ritomello,  ri-tor-nel',  ri-tor- 
nel'lo,  n.  [Fr.  ritomelle,  It.  vitornello,  dim. 
of  ritomo,  return,  riiornare,  to  return.] 
Music,  a  short  rejietition,  such  as  of  the 
concluding  phrases  of  an  air,  especially 
if  pUyed  whilst  the  principal  voice  pauses. 
Rivage,t  riv'aj,  n.  [Fr.,  from  rive,  L.  ripa, 
a  bank.]  A  bank,  shore,  or  coast. 
Rival,  ri'val,  n.  [Fr.  rival,  from  L.  rivalis, 
pertaining  to  a  brook,  rivales,  those  who 
use  the  same  brook,  hence  competitors, 
rivals;  from  rivtis,  a  brook;  whence  ^nvu- 
let]  One  who  is  in  pursuit  of  the  same 
object  as  another;  one  striving  to  reach  or 
obtain  something  which  another  is  at- 
tempting to  obtain  ,and  which'  one  only  can 
possess;  a  competitor;  one  who  emulates 
or  strives  to  equal  or  exceed  another  in 
excellence. — a.  Having  the  same  preten- 
sions or  claims ;  standing  in  competition 
for  snperioTity.— v.t— rivalled,  rivalling. 
To  stand  in  competition  with;  to  strive 
to  equal  or  excel ;  to  emulate.^Rivalry, 
ri'val-ri,  n.  The  act  of  rivalling;  competi- 
tion; a  strife  or  effort  to  obtain  an  object 
which  another  is  pursuing;  emulation.  .'. 
Syn.  under  Competition.— Rivalship,  ri'- 
val-ship.  n.  The  state  or  character  of  a 
rival;  emulation;  rivalry. 
Rive,  riv,tJ.t.— pret.  rived;  pp.  rived  or  riven; 
ppr.  riving.  [A  Scandinavian  word=Icel. 
rifa,  Dan.  rive,  to  rive,  to  tear ;  akin  per- 
haps to  rip.]  To  split;  to  cleave;  to  rend 
asunder  by  force.— v.t.  To  be  split  or  rent 
asunder. — Riven,  riv'n,  pp.  of  rive.  Split; 
rent  or  burst  asunder. 
Rivel,  riv'l,  v.t.—rivelled,  riveUing.  [A.Sax. 


{ge)rifiian,  to  wrinkle;  connections  doubt- 
ful.] To  contract  into  wrinkles;  to  corru- 
gate; to  shrink. 

River,  riv'fer,  n.  [Fr.  riviere,  from  L.L.  ri- 
paria,  a  river,  from  L.  riparius,  pertaining 
to  the  banks  of  a  river,  from  ripa,  a  bank.] 
A  large  stream  of  water  flowing  through  a 
certain  portion  of  the  earth's  surface  and 
discharging  itself  into  the  sea,  a  lake, 
a  marsh,  or  into  another  such  stream.— 
River-basin,  n.  The  region  drained  by  all 
the  rills,  rivulets,  streams,  or  rivers  which 
ultimately  gather  to  form  one  river. — 
River-bed,  n.  The  bed  or  bottom  of  a 
river.— River-craft,  n.  Small  vessels  or 
boats  which  ply  on  rivers  and  do  not  put 
to  ■sea. — River-god,  n.    A  deity  supposed 

■  to  preside  over  a  river.  —  River-hog,  n. 
The  water-hog  or  capybara.— River-horse, 
n.  The  hippopotamus.— Riverine,  ri  v'6r-in, 
a.  Belonging  to  a  river;  situated  on  a 
river.— River-meadow,  n.  A  meadow  on 
the  bank  of  a  river.— River-side,  n.  The 
bank  of  a  river.— River-wall,  n.  A  wall 
made  to  confitne  a  river  within  definite 
bounds.— River- water,  n.  The  water  of  a 
river  as  distinguished  from  rain-water, 
spring -water,  &c.  —  Rivery,t  riv'6r-i,  a. 
Pertaining  to  rivers;  abounding  in  rivers. 

Rivet,  riv'et,  n.  [Fr.  rivet,  a  clinch,  a  rivet; 
river,  to  rivet ;  origin  doubtful,  probably 
from  the  Teutonic;  comp.  Icel.  rifa,  to  tack 
together,  to  sew  together.]  A  short  me- 
tallic pin  or  bolt  passing  through  a  hole 
and  keeping  two  pieces  of  metal  (or  some- 
times other  substances)  together;  espe- 
cially, a  short  bolt  or  pin  of  wrought  iron 
formed  with  a  head  and  inserted  into  a 
hole  at  the  junction  of  two  pieces  of  metal, 
the  point  after  insertion  being  hammered 
broad  so  as  to  keep  the  pieces  closely  bound 
together. — v.t.  To  fasten  with  a  rivet  or 
with  rivets;  to  clinch;  ^4;.  to  fasten  firmly; 
to  make  firm,  strong,  or  immovable. — 
Riveted,  riv'et-ed,  p.  and  a.  Fastened 
with  rivets.— Riveter,  riv'et-6r,  n.  One 
who  rivets.- Riveting,  riv'et-ing,  p.  and 
a.  Serving  to  rivet;  used  in  clinching 
rivets.- n.  The  act  of  joining  with  rivets; 
a  set  of  rivets  taken  collectively. 

Rlvose,ri'vos,a.  [L.7"ivu8,abrook.]  Marked 
with  sinuous  or  wavy  furrows. 

Rivulet,  riv'a-let,  ji.  [L.  rimdus,  dim.  of 
rivus,  a  river  (seen  also  in  derive,  rival).] 
A  small  stream  or  brook;  a  streamlet. 

Rlx-dollar,  riks-dol'er,  n.  [Sw.  riksdaler, 
Dan.  rigsdaler,  G.  reichsthaler,  lit.  the 
dollar  of  the  realm.]  A  silver  coin  of  Ger- 
many, Denmark,  Sweden,  <fec.,  ranging  in 
value  between  28. 6d.  and  48. 6d.  sterling. 

Roach,  roch,  n.  [A.  Sax.  reohhe;  akin  to 
D.  roch,  a  skate,  G.  roche,  a  roach  or  ray.] 
A  fish  of  the  carp  family,  inhabiting  lakes, 
ponds,  and  slow-running  rivers. 

Roach,  roch,  n.  The  curve  in  the  foot  of  a 
sail. 

Road,  rod,  n.  [A.  Sax.  rdd,  a  riding,  a 
journey  on  horseback,  a  road,  from  ridan, 
to  ride>  (Ride.)  Raid  is  a  collateral  form.] 
An  open  way  or  public  passage;  a  piece  of 
ground  appropriated  for  travel,  forming  a 
line  of  communication  between  one  city, 
town,  or  place  and  another  for  foot-pas- 
sengers, cattle,  vehicles,  &c. ;  generally 
applied  to  highways,  and  as  a  generic  term 
it  includes  highway,  street,  lane,  &c.;  a 
means  or  way  of  approach  or  access;  a 
path;  a  place  where  shjps  may  ride  at 
anchor  at  some  distance  from  the  shore;  a 
roadstead:  usually  in  the  plural. — On  the 
road,  passing ;  travelling.  —  To  take  the 
road,  set  out  on  a  journey.— To  take  to  the 
road,  to  go  robbing  travellers  on  the  high- 
way.—Road-book,  n.  A  traveller's  guide- 
book of  towns,  distances,  &c. — Road-loco- 
motive, Road-steamer,  n.  A  locomotive 
adapted  to  run  on  common  roads. —Road- 
metal,  n.  Broken  stones  used  for  macada- 
mizing roads.  —  Road-roller,  n.  A  heavy 
cylinder  used  for  compacting  the  surfaces 
of  roads. — Road-scraper,  n.  A  machine  for 
scraping  or  cleaning  roads.  —  Roadstead, 
rod'sted,  n.  A  place  where  ships  may  ride 
at  anchor  off  the  shore. — Roadster,  rod'- 
stfer,  n.  A  horse  weU  fitted  for  travelling, 
or  usually  employed  in  travelling. — Road- 
way, rod'wa,  n.  A  highway;  the  part  of  a 
road  used  by  horses,  carriages,  &c. 


ch,  cAain;     ch,  He.  loch;     e,goi     },ioh;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,sing;     th,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  udg;     wb,  ivAig;     zh,  asure. 


ROAM 


588 


RODOMONT 


Boaitt,rom,D.t.  [O.E.rome,aIsororne,toroam 
or  rove;  of  doubtful  connections;  comp. 
O.H.G.  rdmeii,  to  aim,  to  strive.  Ramble 
is  from  this  verb.]  To  wander;  to  ramble; 
to  rove;  to  walk  or  move  about  from  place 
to  place  without  any  certain  purpose  or 
direction.— u.t.  To  range;  to  wander  over. 
— -n.  Act  of  wandering;  a  ramble.— Eoamer, 
ro'mfer,  n.  One  who  roams;  a  vagrant. 
Eoan,  ron,  a.  [O.Fr.  roan,  Mod.Fr.  rouan. 
It.  roano,  rovano,  Sp.  ruano,  roano;  origin 
unknown.]  •  Applied  formerly  to  a  horse 
of  a  bay,  sorrel,  or'  dark  colour,  with 
numerous  spots  of  gray  or  white;  now 
generally  applied  to  a  colour  having  a 
decided  shade  of  red.  —  »i.  A  leather  used 
largely  in  bookbinding  to  imitate  mor- 
occo, prepared  from  sheep-skin;  a  horse  of 
a  roan  colour;  a  roan  colour. 
Eoan-tree,  ron,  n.  [Rowan.]  The  moun- 
tain ash  or  rowan-tree. 
Eoar,  ror,  v.i.  f  A.  Sax.  rdrian,  L.G.  rdren, 
D.  reeren,  Prov.  G.  reren,  roren,  to  roar; 
akin  perhaps  to  Dan.  rost,  Icel.  raust,  the 
voice.]  To  cry  with  a  full,  loud,  continued 
sound;  to  bellow,  as  a  beast;  to  cry  aloud, 
as  in  distress  or  anger;  to  make  a  loud, 
continued,  confused  sound,  as  winds, 
waves,  a  multitude  of  people  shouting 
together,  and  the  like;  to  laugh  out  loudly 
and  continuously.— y.<.  To  cry  out  aloud; 
to  shout.— «.  Af  ull  loud  sound  of  some  con- 
tinuance ;  the  strong  loud  cry  of  a  beast ; 
the  loud  cry  of  a  person  in  distress,  pain, 
anger;  a  loud,  continued,  confused  sound; 
outcry  of  joy  or  mirth.  —  Roarer,  ro'rfer, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  roars;  a  broken- 
winded  horse»— Roaring,  ro'ring,  n.  A 
loud  cry,  as  of  a  beast;  a  continuous  roar: 
loud  continued  sound,  as  of  the  billows  of 
the  sea;  a  disease  of  the  bronchial  tubes 
in  horses.  — p.  and  a.  Characterized  by 
roars  or  noise;  disorderly;  riotous. 
Boast,  rost,  v.t.  [O.Pr.  rostir  (Fr.  r6Ur),  to 
roast,  from  O.H.G..rosyan,  to  roast  (D. 
roosten,  Sw.  7'osia,  Dan.  riste),  or  from  the 
Celtic:  Armor.  rostcC,  W.  rhostiaw,  Gael. 
roist,  to  roast.]  To  cook  or  prepare  for  the 
table  by  exposure  to  the  direct  action  of 
heat,  on  a  spit,  in  an  oven,  or  the  like;  to 
heat  to  excess;  to  dry  and  parch  by  ex- 
posure to  beat;  metal,  to  bum  in  a  heap, 
as  broken  ore,  in  order  to  free  it  from 
foreign  matters;  colloquially,  £o  banter 
severely.  —  v.i.  To  become  roasted  or  fit 
for  eating"  by  exposure  to  fire.— w.  That 
which  is  roasted,  as  a  piece  of  beef;  part 
of  a  slaughtered  animal  selected  for  roast- 
ing.—o.  Boasted  {roa«<  beef).  — Roaster, 
ros'tfir,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  roasts; 
an  animal  for  roasting.— Roasting-jack,  n. 
An  apparatus  for  turning  meat  roasting 
before  an  open  fire. 

Eob,  rob,  n.  IFr.  rob,  from  Sp.  rob,  from 
At.  robb,  a  jelly  of  fruit.]  The  inspissated 
juice  of  ripe  fruit,  mixed  with  boney  or 
sugar  to  the  consistence  of  a  conserve. 
Eob,  rob,  v.t.— robbed,  robbing.  fO.  Fr.  rober, 
to  steal,  from  O.H.G.  roubdn,  Goth,  rau- 
ban,  to  rob,  a  verb  akin  to  A-Sax.  redjian, 
E.  to  reave,  D.  rooven,  G.  rauben— to  seize; 
the  origin  being  O.G.  ravb  (A.  Sax.  red/), 
a  garment,  clothing,  spoil.  Robe.]  To 
plunder  or  strip  by  force  or  violence;  to 
deprive  o^  something  by  stealing;  to  de- 
prive unlawfully;  to  deprive  (to  rob  a  per- 
son o/his  peace  of  mind).— Eobber,  rob'6r, 
n.  One  who  robs;  one  who  commits  a  rob- 
bery. —  Robbery,  rob'6r-i,  n.  The  act  or 
practice  of  robbing;  a  taking  away  by 
violence  or  wrong;  the  forcible  and  feloni- 
ous taking  of  something  from  the  person 
of  another. 

Eoband,  rob'aijd,  n.     Ifaut.  a  robbin  or 
rope-band.    Robbin. 

Bobbin,  rob'in,  n.  [From  rope  and  band.'] 
Naxit.  a  short  flat  plaited  piece  of  rope, 
with  an  eye  in  one  end,  used  in  pairs  to 
tie  square  sails  to  their  yards. 
Eobe,  rob,  n.  fFr.  robe,  from  L.L.  rauba, 
spoil,  the  taking  of  a  man's  garments, 
from  O.G.  raub,  a  garment,  spoil  (which  in 
primitive  time.")  consisted  chiefly  of  articles 
; 5 dress).  Bob.]  A  kind  of  gown  or  long 
loose  garment  worn  over  other  dress;  a 
gown  or  dress  of  a  rich,  flowing,  or  ele- 
gant style  or  make;  a  dressed  buffalo  (or 
bison)  skin  with  the  hair  on.— 2Vie  robe,  or 


the  long  robe,  the  legal  profession  (gentle- 
men of  the  long  robe).— Master  of  the  robes, 
an  officer  in  the  royal  household  in  Eng- 
land, whose  duty  consists  in  ordering  the 

.  sovereign's  robes ;  under  a  queen  this 
office  is  performed  by  a  lady,  designated 
Mistress  of  the  robes. — v.t. — robed,  robing. 
To  clothe  in  a  robe;  to  attire;  to  invest. — 
Eobe-maker,  n.  A  maker  of  official  robes 
for  clergymen,  barristers,  &c. — Eobing- 
room,  n.  A  room  where  robes  of  ceremony 
are  put  on  and  off. 

Bobin,  rob'in,  n.  [A  familiar  form  of 
Robert;  comp.  the  personal  names  Mag 
and  Jach  in  magpie,  jackdaw.]  The  well- 
known  European  bird  called  also  Red- 
breast and  Robin-redbreast:  in  America  a 
species  of  thrush  with  a  red  breast. 

Boborant,  rob'o-rant,  a.  [L.  roborans,  rb- 
borantis,  ppr.  of  roooro,  to  make  strong, 
from  robur,  strength.,]  Strengthening. — 
rt.  A  medicine  that  strengthens;  a  tonic. 

Eobust,  ro-bust',  a.  [,L.  robustus^  from 
robus,  robur.  Strength.  Labour.]  Pos- 
sessed of  or  indicating  great  strength; 
strong;  lusty;  sinewy;  muscular;  vigorous. 
— Robustly,  ro-bust'li,  adv.  la  a  robust 
manner;  vigorously,  —  Robustness,  ro- 
bust'nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  robust; 
strength;  vigour. 

Eoc,  rok,  n.  [Ar.  mkh.']  The  well-known 
monstrous  bird  of  Arabian  rnythology. 

Rocambole,  lok'am-bol,  n.  [Fr,,  from  G.' 
rockenboUen  —  rocken,  rye,  and  bollen,  a 
bulb,  because  it  grows  amongst  rye.J'  A 
kind  of  garlic  cultivated  on  the  continent 
of  Europe. 

Eoccella,  rok-sella,  n.  [From  Pg,  roccha, 
a  rock,  in  allusion  to  its  place  of  growth.] 
A  genus  of  lichens  used  in  dyeiiig;  archil. 

Eoche-alom,  roch,  n.  [Fr.  roche,  a  rock, 
and  E.  alum.    Rock-aldm. 

Bochelle-salt,  ro-shel',  n.  [From  being  first  ■ 

grepared  at  Rochelle  in   France.]    The 
ouble  tartrate  of  so^a  and  potash,  used 
as  a  mild  cathartic. 

Eoche-moutonn6e,'i'osh-mc>-ton-a,  n.  [Fr. 
— roche,  a  rock,  and  moulon,  a  sheep.]  The 
name  given  to  rounded'  and  smoothed 
humps  of  rock  occurring  in  beds  of  ancient 
glaciers  from  their  fancied  resemblance 
to  the  backs  of  sheep.  '  \ 

Eochet,  roch'et,  n.  [Fr.  rochet,  a  blouse,  a 
little  jacket,  from  G.  rock,  O.H.G.  hroch, 
O.  E.  rock,  a  coat.]  A  sort  of  short  surplice, 
with  tight  sleeves,  and  open  at  the  sides, 
worn  by  bishops. 

Eock,  rok,  n.  [Same  as  Icel.  rokkr,  Dan. 
rok,  Sw.  rock,  a  distaff;  akin  to  D.  rokken, 
G.  rocken.}  A  distaff  used  in  spinning. 
Eock,  rok,  v.t.  [Same  as  Dan.  rokke,  to 
move,  to  shake;  comp.  G.  rUcken,  to  move.] 
To  move  backwards  and  forwards,  as  a 
body  resting  on  a  support  beneath;  to 
cause  to  reel  or  totter;  to  make  to  sway;  to 
move  backwards  and  forwards  in  a  cradle, 
chair,  &c.;  to  lull ;  to  gniet,  as  if  by  rock- 
ing in  a  cradle.— -v.i.  To  be  moved  back- 
wards and  forwards ;  to  reel.  —  Rocker, 
rok'er,  n.  One  who  rocks  anything,  as  a 
cradle;  the  curving  piece  of  wood  on 
which  a  cradle  or  rocking-chair  rocks ;  a 
rocking-horse;  a  cradle  or  trough  for 
washing  ore  by  agitation.— Rocking,  rok'- 
Ing,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  or  that  which 
rocks.- Eocklng-chalr,  n.  An  arm-chair 
mounted'  on  rockers.  —  Rocking-horse,  n. 
A  wooden  horse  mounted  on  rockers ;  a 
hobby-horse.— Eocking-stone,  n.  A  largo 
block  of  stone  poised  (usually  by  natural 
causes)  so  nicely  upon  the  point  of  a  rock 
that  a  moderate  force  applied  to  it  causes 
it  to  rock  or  oscillate.  —  Rock-shaft,  n. 
Steam-engines,  a  shaft  that  oscillates  or 
rocks  on  its  journals  instead  of  revolving. 
Eock,  rok,  n.  [Fr.  roc,  either  from  a  form 
rupicus,  from  L.  rupes,  a  rock;  or  of  Celtic 
origin.]  A  large  mass  of  stouv  matter ;  a 
large  fl.xed  stone  or  crag ;  the  stony  matter 
constituting  the  earth's  crust,  as  distia- 
gnished  from  soil,  mud,  sand,  gravel,  clay, 
peat ;  geol.  any  natural  deposit  or  portion 
of  the  earth's  crust,  whatever  be  its  hard- 
ness or  softness;  fig.  defence,  means  of 
safety;  asylum ;  a  cause  or  source  of  pefil 
or  disaster;  a  name  for  a  kind  of  solid 
sweetmeat.- Rocky,rok'i,a.  Full  of  rocks; 
hard ;  stony;  obdurate.— Rocklness,  rok'i- 


nes,  n.  State  of  bein^  jx)cky.— Eockery, 
rok'6r-i,  n.  An  artificial  mound  formed 
of  fragments  of  rock,  eartih,  &c.,  for  plants, 
as  ferns.— Eockless,  rok'les,  a.  Being  with- 
out rocks.— Rock-alum,  n.  A  reddish  va- 
riety of  native  alum  found  in  Italy. — 
Bock-basin,  n.  A  basin  or  hollow  of  con- 
siderable size,  surrounded  by  rocky  walls, 
and  often  containing  a  lak«;  a  basin-shaped 
cavity  occurring  in  some  rocks.  —  Rock- 
bound,  a.  Surrounded  or  hemmed  in.  by 
rocks.- Rock-butter,  n.  A  soft,  yellowish, 
somejvhat  unctuous  mineral  substance  ooz- 
ing out  of  rocks  containing  alum.  — ^Rock- 
coa,'n.  A  cod  taken  on  rocky  s€fa-bottoms. 
—Rock-cork,  n.  Mountain-cork,a  wh  ite  or 
-  grray-coloured  variety  of  asbestos.— Rock- 
crowned,  a.  Ctowned  or  surmounted  with 
rocks.  —  Rodt -crystal,  n.  Crystallized 
quartz,  found  both  colourless,  and  of  vari- 
ous gradations  of  colour,  as  yellowish 
white,  amber,  purple,  &c.— Eock-leather, 
».  Rock-cork.  —  Eock-znilk,  n.  Agaric 
Mineral.  —  Eock-moss,  w.  The  lichen 
which,  yields  cudbear.  —  Bock^oU,  n.  Pe- 
troleum.—  Rock-pigeon,' n.  A  species  of 
pigeon  that  builds  its  nest  in  rocks. — Rock- 
rabbit-,  n.  The  hyrfex  or  '  coney '  of  Scrip- 
ture.—Rock-rose,  n.  The  plant  cistus.— 
Bock-ruby,  n.  Garnet  when  of  a  strong  but 
not  deep  red,  with  a  cast  of  blue.— Rock- 
salt,  M;  IVIineral  salt;,  common  salt  found 
in  masses  or  beds  in  the  new  red  sandstohe, 
as  in  Cheshire  and  elsewhere.— Bock-soap, 
n.  A  toineral  of  a  pitch-black  or  bluish- 
black  colour  having  a  somewhat  greasy 
feel,  used  for  crayons  and  for  washing 
cloth.— Eock-wood,  n.  Ligniform  asbestos; 
a  mineral  of  a  brown  colour,  greatly  re- 
sembling fossil  wood.  —  Rook -work,  n. 
Stones  fixed  in  mortar  in  imitation  of  the 
asperitii^s  of  rocks,  forming  a  mound;  a 
rockery. 

Bocket,  rok'et,  n.  [It.  rocchetta,  from  rocca, 
a  distaff,  a  rock;  from  the  Gei?man.]  A 
cylindrical  tube  of  pasteboard  or  metal 
filled  with  a  mixtiu-e  of  nitre,  sulphur, 
chatcoal,  &c.,  which  oil  being  ignited  at 
the  base,  propels  it  forward  by  the  action 
of  the  liberated  gases  against  the  atmo- 
sphere. 

Bocket,  rok'et,  n.  [Fr.  roquette.  It.  ruchetta, 
from  It.  ruca,  L.  eruca,  rocket.]  A  name 
applied  to  various  plants,  one  of  which  is 
the  common  garden  rocketi 
Eococo,  ro-ko^o,  n.  [Fr.,  from  roc,  rock, 
from  rockwork  being  a  character  of  the 
style.]  A  debased  variety  of  ornament  of 
the  time  of  Louis  XIV-.  and  X'V.,  chaJ-ac- 
terized  by  meaningless  scrolls  ilhd  conven- 
tional shell-work:  sometimes  applied  ip. 
contempt  to  anything  bad  or  tasteless  in 
decorative  art. 

Bod,  rod,  n.  (A.  Sax.  rdd,  a  rod  or  beam, 
a  rood  or  cross=D.  roede,  L.  G.  rood,  rode, 
G.  ruthe,  rod ;  allied  to  L.  rvdis,  a  wand, 
from  same  root  as  Skr.  ridh,  to  grow. 
Rood  is  a  form  of  this  word.]  ■  A  shoot  or 
slender  stem  of  any  woody  plant;  a  wand; 
a  straigh'u  slender  stick;  nence,  an  instru- 
ment of  punishment  or  correction;  a  means 
of  chastisemont;  a  kind  of  sceptre  or  badge 
bf  office ;  a  fishing-rod ;  ap.  instrument  for 
measuring;  an  enchanters  wand;  a  mea- 
sure of  length  containing  5J  yardis,  or  16J 
feet,  often  termed  a  Pole  or  Pereh. 
Rode,  rod,  pret.  of  ride. 
Ebdent,  rS'dent,  a.  [L.  rodens,  rodentis, 
ppr.  of  rodo,  to  gnaw  (seen  also  in  $Tode, 
corrode).  Same  .root  as  rodo,  to  shave  or 
scrape.  Rase.]  Gnawing;  belonging  or 
pertaining  to  the  order  of  gnawing  animals 
(Rodentia). — n.  An  animal  that  gnatrs,  as 
the  squirrel,  rat,  mouse,  &c.  —  Bodentia, 
rc;den'shi-a,  n.  pi.' Ka.  order qf  mammals, 
including  the  squirrel,  rat,  mouse,  hare, 
rabbit,  beaver,  &c..  characterieed  by  a  sin- 
gle pair  of  chisel-like  cutting  teeth  m  each 
jaw,  between  which  and  the  grinding  teeth 
there  is  a  wide  gap. 

Eodomel,  rod'o-mel,  n.  [Gr.  rodofJ^^AFOsQ, 
and  m^li,  honey.]  The  juice  b£  rosefjrlnixed 
with  honey. 

Eodomont,  rod'5-mont,  n.  [Fr.  rodMnmi, 
from  It.  rodomoni/e,  a  bully,  from  Rodo- 
monte,  the  name  of  the  brave  but  some- 
what boastful  leader  of  the  Saracens 
against  Charlemagne  in  Ariosto's  Orlando 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fgll;     ms,  met,  h6n     pine,  pin;     n5te,  nflt,  mUve;     tabe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     U,  Sc.  ahuue— the  Fr.  «c 


ROE 


589 


ROXION 


<Fwio80.1  A  vain  boaster;  a  bully. — Rodo- 
montade, rod'O-mon-tad",  n.  [E^r-]  Vaia 
boasting;  empty  bluster  or  vaunting; 
rant. 

Eoe,  rS,  n.  [A.  Sax.  rd,  rdh^lcel.  rd,  Dan. 
raa,  D.  ree,  Gt.  reh,  roe,  roebuck.]  A  roe- 
buck; the  female  of  the  hart.— Koebiiek, 
ro'buk,  Eoe-deer,  n.  A  species  of  Euro- 
pean deer  with  erect  cylindrical  branched 
horns,  of  elegant  shape  and  remarkably 
Jiimble. 

Koe,  rg,  n.  [Akin  to  Dan.  rogn,  Icel.  hrogn, 
G.  rogen,  roe,  spawn;  Sc.  ran,  rawn,  the 
female  roe.  ]  The  sperm  or  spawn  of  fishes; 
the  roe  of  the  male  being  called  so/t^roe  or 
milt,  tliat  of  the  female  hard  roe  or  spaum. 
— Rtfed,  r5d,  p.  and  a.  Tilled  or  impreg- 
nated with  roe. -;- Roe-stone,  n.  A  name 
given  to  oolite,  from  its  being  composed  of 
small  rounded  particles. 

Rogation,  ro-g&'shon,  n.  [L.  rogatio,  ro- 
gationis,  an  asking,  from  rogro,  rogatum,  to 
ask,  seeil  also  in  abrogate,  derogate,  inter- 
rogate, prercgativef  &o.]  A  supplication ; 
a  litany.  —  Kogatxxm  days,  the  Monday, 
Tuesday.and  Wednesday  before  Ascension- 
day,  the  week  in  which  they  occur  being 
called  Rogation  week,  and  the  Sunday  pre- 
ceding Rogation  Sunday:  so  called  prob- 
ably from  the  use  of  special  litanies. 

Rogue,  rog,  n.  [Probably  a  Celtic  word; 
comp.  Ir.  roguire,  a  rogue ;  Fr.  rogue, 
arrogantj  from    Armor,    rog,    arrogant, 

Sroud.]  A  vagrant;  a  vagabond ;  a  wan- 
ering  knave;  a  dishonest  person;' a  ras- 
cal: applied  generally  to  males ;  a  name 
of  slight  tenderness  and  endearment;  a 
■wag;  a  sly  iellow.— Rogue's  maivh,  a  tune 
played  when  a  bad  character  is  discharged 
with  disgrace  from  a  regiment  or  from  a 
ship  of  war.— ilo{7ue'a  yarn  {nautX  a  rope- 
yam  of  special  twist  or  a  coloured  thread 
placed  in  cordage  made  for  the  British  navy 
to  distinguish  it  from  other  cordage.— Ro- 
guery, ro'gfer-i,  n.  Knavish  tricks;  dis- 
honest practices;  waggery;  arch  tricks; 
mischievousness. — Roguish,  ro'gish,  a. 
Knavish;  fraudulent;  dishonest;  waggish; 
wanton;  slightly  mischievous.— Roguishly, 
ro'gish-li,  adv.  In  a  roguish  manner;  like 
a  rogue ;  mischievously.  —  Roguishness, 
rS'gish-nes,  n.  The  character  of  being 
roguish;  knavery;  archness. 

Roil,  roil,  v.t.  [From O.Pr.  roille (Fr. rouiXle), 
rust,  mildew,  from  L.  robigo,  rust.  Rile  is  a 
slightly  different  form.]  To  render  turbid 
by  stirring  up  the  dregs  or  sediment. 

Roister,  rois't^r,  v.i.  [From  Fr.rvstre,a,hooT, 
from  L.  rusticus,  rustic;  or  connected  with 
Be.  roust,  to  roar,  Icel.  rosta,  a  brawl,  a 
riot.]  To  bluster;  to  swagger;  to  be  noisy, 
vaunting,  or  turbulent.- Roisterer,  rois'- 
t6r-6r,  n.  One  who  roisters;  a  blustering 
or  turbulent  fellow. 

Eokambole,  rok'am-bol,- n.  Same  as  Roc- 
ambole. 

B6Ie,  r3l,  n.  [Fr.,  a  roll,  scroll,  character  in 
a  play,  from  L.  rotulus,  a  wheel.  Roll.] 
A  part  or  character  represented  by  a  stage- 
player;  any  conspicuous  part  or  function 
performed  by  any  one,  as  a  leading  public 
character. 

Roll,  rol,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  rosier,  roler  (Fr.  rouler), 
to  roll;  Pr.  rolar,  rotlar;  from  L.L.  rotxt- 
lare,  from  L.  rotulus,  roJwZa,  a  little  wheel, 
from  rota,  a  wheel  (whence  also  rotary,  ro- 
tate).] To  cause  to  revolve  by  turning  over 
and  over;  to  drive  onward  by  turning  oil 
itself ;  to  move  in  a  circular  direction;  to 
whirl  or  wheel  (to  roll  the  eyes);  to  turn 
about,  as  in  one's  mind;  to  revolve;  to  wrap 
round  on  itself  by  turning;  to  bind  or  in- 
volve in  a  bandage  or  the  like;  to  ihwrap; 
to  press  or  level  with  a  roller. — To  roll  a 
drum;  to  beat  it  with  rapid  continuous 
strokes.- v.i.  To  move  along  a  surface  by 
revolving;  to  turn  over  and  over;  to  rotate; 
to  run  on  wheels;  to  move  circularly;  to  be 
tossed  about;  to  move,  as  waves  or  billows, 
■with  alternate  swells  and  depressions ;  to 
tumble  or  fall  over  and  over ;  to  wallow; 
to  sound  with  a  deep  prolonged  sound. — 
n.  The  act  of  rolling;  something  made  or 
formed  by  rolling;  that  which  is  rolled  up; 
a  scroll;  an  official  document;  a  list  of  the 
names  of  persons,  as  of  students  or  soldiers; 
a  register;  a  catalogue;  a  quantity  of  cloth 
or  paper  wound  up  in  a  cylindrical  form;  a 


email  piece  of  dough  rolled  up  into  a  cake 
before  baking;  the  beating  of  a  drum  with 
strokes  so  rai^id  as  to  produce  a  continiied 
sound ;  a  prolonged  deep  sound.— Rolls  of 
court,  of  parliament,  Ac,  the  parchments 
on  which  are  engrossed  its  >acts  and  pro- 
ceedings and  which  constitute  its  records. 
—Master  of  the  rolls.  Master.— RoU-call, 
n.  The  act  of  calling  over  a  list  of  names, 
as  of  men  who  compose  a  military  body. 
—Roller,  rol'tir,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
rolls;  a  cylinder  which  turns  on  its  axis, 
used  for  various  purposes,  as  smoothing, 
crushing,  spreading  out,  and  the  like,  in 
agriculture,  gardening,  road-making,  &c.; 
that  upon  which  something  may  be  rolled 

•up;  that  upon  which  a  body  can  be  rolled 
or  moved  along ;  a  bandage;  a  long  broad 
bandage  used  in  surgery;  a  long,  heavy, 
swelling  wave,  such  as  is  seen  setting  in 
upon  a  coast  after  the  subsiding  of  a 
storm. — Roller-skate,  n.  A  skate  mounted 
on  small  wheels  or  rollers,  and  used  for 
skating  upon  asphalt  or  other  smooth 
flooring.  —  Rolling,  rol'ing,  p.  and  a.  Re- 
volving; making  a  continuous  noise;  un- 
dulating; rising  and  falling  in  gentle 
slopes  (the  rolling  land  of  the  prairies). — 
Rolling-mill,  n.  A  combination  of  machin- 
ery consisting  of  one  or  more  sets  of  rollers, 
between  which  heated  metal  is  passed 
and  thereby  subjected  to  a  strong  pressure, 
to  be  reduced  to  plates,  bolts,  bars,  &c. — 
Rolling-pin,  n.  A  round  piece  of  wood 
with  which  dough  or  paste  is  reduced  to  a 
proper  thickness.  —  Rolling-press,  n.  A 
machine  consisting  of  two  or  more  cylin- 
ders, used  by  calenderers,  bookbinders,  &c. 
—  Rolling-stock,  n.  The  carriages;  vans, 
locomotive-engines,  &c.,  of  a  railway. 

RoUey,  rol'i,  n.  [From  roll.]  A  truck  or 
wagon  used  in  mines. — RoUey-way,  n.  A 
tramway  for  rolleys  in  a  min6. 

Rollick,  rol'ik,  v.i.  [A  sort  of  dim.  from 
roll.]  To  move  in  a  careless,  swaggering 
manner;  to  be  jovial  in  behaviour. 

RoUock,  rol'ok,  «.  [For  row-lock.}  Same 
as  Row-lock. 

Roily- poly.  Roly-poly,  ro'li-p5-li,  n.  [A 
jingling  name  derived  from  roll.]  A  game 
in  which  a  ball  rolling  into  a  certain  place, 
wins;  a  sheet  of  paste  spread  with  jam  anq 
rolled  into  a  pudding. 
-Romaic,  ro-ma'ik,  n.  [Mod.  Gr.  RomaikS, 
from  L.  Roma,  Rome.]  The  vernacular 
language  of  modern  Greece;  the  language 
of  the  uneducated  or  peasantry,  a  corrup- 
ted form  of  ancient  Greek.— a.  Relating 
to  the  modern  Greek  vernacular. 

Roman,  ro'man,  a.  .  [L.  Romanus,  from 
Roma,  Rome,  the  principal  city  of  the 
Romans  in  Italy.]  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling Rome  or  the  Roman  people; 
pertaining  to  or  professing  the  Roman 
Catholic  religion;  applied  to  the  common 
upright  letter  in  printing,  as  distinguished 
from  italic,  and  to  numerals  expressed  by 
letters,  and  not  in  the  Arabic  characters. 
— Roman  candle,  a  kind  of  firework,  con- 
sisting of  a  tube  which  discharges  upwards 
a  stream  of  white  or  coloured  stars.  — 
Roman  Catholic,  of  or  pertaining  to  that 
branch  of  the  Christian  Church  of  which 
the  pope  or  bishop  of  Rome  is  the  head; 
hence,  a  Ror)ian  Catholic  is  a  member  of 
this  church;  and  Rmnan  Catholicism,  is 
a  collective  term  for  the  principles,  doc- 
trines, rules,  &c.,  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church. — Roman  cement,  a  dark-coloured 
hydraulic  cement,  which  hardens  very 
quickly,  and  is  very  durable. — Roraan  latv, 
the  civil  law;  the  system  of  jurisprudence 
finally  elaborated  in  the  ancient  Roman 
Empire.  —  Roman  order  of  architecture. 
Same  as  Composite  Order. — n.  A  native  or 
citizen  of  Rome;  one  enjoying  the  privi- 
leges of  a  Roman  citizen.— Romanism,  ro'- 
man-izm,n..  The  tenets  of  the  Church  of 
Rome.— Romanist,  r5'man-ist,  n.  A  Ro- 
man Catholic. — Romanize,  ro'man-iz,  v.t. 
— romanized,  romanizing.  To  latinize;  to 
convert  to  the  Roman  Catholic  religion. — 
v.i.  To  use  Latin  words  or  idioms;  to  con- 
form to  Roman  Catholic  opinions,  cus- 
toms, or  modes  of  speech. — Romanizer,  r5'- 
man-i-zfir,  n.    One  who  romanizes. 

Romance,  ro-mans',  n.  [Fr.  romance,  from 
L.L.  Romanice  {adv.),  '  ia  the   Roman 


tongue'  (that  is  in  the  provincial  as  op- 
posed to  the  classical  Latin),  the  adverb 
becoming  a  noun  signifying  a  composition 
in  thistongue.]  Originally,  a  tale  in  verse, 
written  in  one  of  the  Romance  dialects; 
hence,  any  popular  epic  or  any  fictitious 
and  wonderful  tale  in  prose  or  verse;  a  kind 
of  novel  dealing  with  extraordinary  and 
often  extravagant  adventures,  or  picturing 
an  almost  purely  imaginary  state  or  soci- 
ety; tendency  of  mind  towards  the  wonder- 
ful and  mysterious;  romantic  notions; 
something  belonging  rather  to  fiction  than 
to  everyday  life;  a  fiction.  .'.  Syn.  under 
NovKL. — a.  A  term- applied  to  the  lan- 
guages which  arose  in  tpe  south  and  west 
of  Europe,  based  on  the  Latin  as'' spoken 
in  the  provinces,  and  including  Italian, 
French,  Proven9al,  Spanish,  Portugues-e, 
and-  Roumanian  (which  are  therefore 
known  as  the  Romance  languages).—?).!. — 
romanced,  romancing.  To  forge  and  tell 
fictitious  stories;  to  deal  in  extravagant 
stories.  -^  Romancer,  Romancist,  ro-mau'- 
s6r,  ro-man'sist,  n.  One  who  romances;  a 
writer  of  romance. 

Romanesque,  ro-man-esk'.  n.  [Fr.,  from 
.  L'.  Romanus,  Roman.]  Tne  debased  style 
of  architecture  and  ornament  that  pre- 
vailed in  the  later  Roman  Empire.  — a. 
Belonging  to  this  style  —  Romanic,  rO- 
man'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Romance 
languages  or  to  the  races  speaking  any  of 
them;  Romance. 
Romanism,  &c.  Under  Roman. 
Roman.<sch,  Roumansch,  ro-mansh',  r5- 
mansh',  n.  [Lit.  Romanish,  or  derived  from 
Rome.]  A  dialect  based  on  the  Latin, 
spoken  in  the  Grisons  of  Switzerland. 
Romantic,  ro-man'tik,  a.  [Fr.  romantique. 
Romance.]  Pertaining  to  romance  or  ro- 
mances; partaking  of  romance  or  the  mar- 
vellous; fanciful,  imaginative,  or  ideal; 
extravagant;  chimerical;  not  belonging  to 
real  life;  wildly  picturesque;  having  strik- 
ing natural  features;  full  of  wild  or  fan- 
tastic scenery. .".  Romantic  is  used  in  rela- 
tion to  the  imagination  mainly,  sentimen- 
tal to  the  feelings.  A  sentimental  person 
is  given  to  displays  of  exaggerated  feeling; 
a  romantic  person  indulges  his  imagina- 
tion in  the  creation  and  contemplation 
of  scenes  of  an  ideal  life  very  different 
from  the  actual. — Romantic  school,  a  term 
applied  in  literature  and  art  to  writers 
and  critics  who  brought  about  a  reaction 
from  false  classicalism,  and  strove  to  re- 
present life  in  its  actuality.— Romanti- 
cally, ro-man'ti-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  roman- 
tic manner,  —  Romanticism,  ro-man'ti- 
sizm,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  ro- 
mantic; a  reaction  in  literature  or  art  from 
classical  to  mediaeval  or  modem  forms; 
romantic  feeling.— Romanticist,  ro-man'- 
ti-sist,  n.  One  imbued  with  romanticism. 
— Romanticness,  ro-man'tik-nes,  n. 
Romany,  Rommany,  rom'a-ni,  n.  A  gypsy; 
the  language  spoken  by  the  gypsies,  a  dia- 
lect brought  from  Hindustan  and  allied  to 
the  Hindustani. 

Romannt,  ro-mant',  n.  [O.Fr.]  _  A  roman- 
tic ballad;  a  romance.  [Archaic]  t 
Romepenny,  Romescot,  rom'pen-i,  rom'- 
skot,  n.  Peter-pence.  I 
Romish,  rom'ish,  a.  [From  Rome.]  Be- 
longing to  the  Roman  Catholic  Church: 
used  with  a  slightly  contemptuous  force, 
hence  not  by  Catholics  themselves. 
Romp,  romp,  n.  [A  slightly  different  form 
of  ramp.  Ramp.]  A  rude  girl  who  in- 
dulges in  boisterous  play ;  rude  play  or 
frolic— ■».!.  To  play  rudely  and  boister- 
ously; to  leap  and  frisk  about  in  play.— - 
Rompingly,  rom'ping-li,  adv.  In  a  rom- 
ping manner.  —  Rompish,  rom'pish,  a. 
Given  to  romp.— Rompishly,  rom'pish-U, 
«dv.— Rompishness,  rom'pish-nes,  n. 
Rondeau,  ron'do,  n.  [Fr.  rondeau,  from 
rond,  round.]  A  poem,  commonly  consis- 
ting of  thirteen  lines,  of  which  eight  have 
one  rhyme  and  five  another,  and  divided 
into  three  strophes.at  the  end  of  the  second 
and  third  the  beginning  of  the  rondeau 
being  repeated ;  a  piece  of  music  of  three 
strains.  .  Called  also  Rondo. 
Rondo,  ron'do.  Rondeau. 
Ronlon,  Ronyon,  run'yun  Or  ron'yon,  n. 
[From  Fr.  rogne,  itch,  mange,  from  L.  ro- 


cb,cftaip;.    ch.&c.loch;__g,  goi  '^jjs^i     c,  Fr.  ton;     ng.sing;     ta,  thsa;  th,  thiai    yr,viigi     •wh.wAigt    ih,jusuxej 


ROOD 


590 


JiOSE 


bigo,  rxMginia,  rust.]  A' mangy,  scabby 
animal;  a  scufvy  person;  a  drab. 
Bood,  rod,  n.  (The  same  word  as  rod,  A. 
Sax.  rod,  a  cross,  a  rod  or  pole;  comp.  D. 
roed«,-6.  rvthe,  a  rod  or  switch  and  a  mea- 
sure of  length.]  A  square  measure,  the 
fourth  part  of  a  statute  acre,  equal  to  1210 
square  yards;  a  measure  of  ih  yards  in 
length;  a  rod,  pole,  or  perch;  also,  a  square 
pole,  or  27ai  square  feet,  used  in  estimat- 
inif  mason  work;  a  cross  or  crucifix;  a 
large .  crucifix  placed  at  the  entrance  to 
the  chancel,  often  supported  on  the  rood- 
beam  or  rood-screen.— Kood-arch,  n.  The 
arch  in  a  church  between  the  nave  and 
chancel,  so  called  from  the  rood  being 
placed  here.  —  Bood-beam,  n.  A  beam 
across  the  entrance  to  the  chancel  of  a 
church  for  supporting  the  rood.  —  Rood- 
loft,  n.  A  gallery  over  the  rood-screen  in 
a  church  where  the  rood  was  placed. — 
Bood-8creen,  n.  A  screen  or  ornamental 
partition  separating  the  choir  of  a  church 
from  the  nave. 

Roof,  rof,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hrdf,  a  roof;  cog. 
Icel.  hr6f,  a  shed  under  which  ships  are 
built;  rdf,  a  roof;  D.  roef,  a  cover,  a  cabin.] 
The  cover  of  any  house  or  building  irre- 
spective of  the  materials  of  which  it  is 
composed ;  that  which  corresponds  with 
or  resembles  the  covering  of  a  house,  as 
the  arch  or  top  of  a  vault,  a  furnace,  the 
topof  a  carriage,  &c.;  a  canopy;  the  pala^; 
a  house.— y.t.  To  cover  with  a  roof;  to  m- 
close  in  a  house;  to  shelter.— Roofer,  rof- 
6r,  n.  One  wlfo  roofs.— Roofing,  rof'ing, ». 
The  act  of  covering  with  a  roof;  the  ma- 
terials of  which  a  roof  is  composed ;  the 
roof  itself.  —  Roofless,  rOf les,  o.  Having 
no  roof ;  having  no  house  or  home ;  un- 
sheltered. —  Roof-tree,  n.  A  main  beam 
in  a  roof. 

Rook,  nik,  n.  {A.  Sax.  hrdc,  T>.  roek,  L.G. 
r6k,  Icel;  hrdkr,  Sw.  roka,  O.H.G.  hruoh, 
probably  from  the  cry  which  the  bird  ut- 
ters; comp.  Gael,  roc,  to  croak,  L.  raucus, 
hoarse.]  A  bird  resembling  the  crow,  but 
differing  from  it  in  not  feeding  on  carrion 
but  on  insects  and  grain,  also  in  having 
the  root  of  the  bill  bare  of  feathers ;  a 
cheat;  a  trickish  rapacious  fellow. — v.i.  and 
t.  To  cheat;  to  defraud.— Rookery.ruk'6r-i, 
n.  A  wood  used  for  nesting-places  by  rooks; 
the  rooks  belonging  to  a  rookery;  a  breed- 
ing-place of  sea-birds;  a  close  assemblage 
of  poor  mean  dwellings  inhabited  by  the 
lowest  class;  a  resort  of  thieves,  sharpers, 
ic— Rooky,  ruk'i,  a.  Inhabited  by  rooks. 
Rook,  nik,  n.  [JFt.  roe.  It.  rocco,  Sp.  roqtie, 
from  Per.  and  Ar.  rokh,  the  rook  or  castle 
at  chess.]  Chess,  one  of  the  four  pieces 
placed  on  the  comer  squares  of  the  board; 
also  called  a  Castle. 

Room,  riim,  n.  [A.  Sax.  7*Um=Ice].  riim, 
1).  ntim,  O.Sax.  O.  Fris.  L.G.  Sw.  and  Dan. 
rvm,  G.  raum,  room,  space;  Goth,  rtim-s, 
place,  space;  same  root  as  L.  rus,  country. 
Rummage  is  a  derivative.]  Space;  com- 
pass; extent  of  place,  great  or  small;  space 
or  place  unoccupied  or  unobstrMcted ;  fit 
occasion;  opportunity;  place  or  station 
once  occupied  by  another;  stead;  an  apart- 
ment ia  a  house;  any  division  separated 
from  the  rest  by  fe  partition ;  particular 
place  or  station  (N.T.),— To  make  room,  to 
open  a  way  or  passage;  to  i-emove  obstruc- 
tions; to  open  a  space  or  place  for  any- 
thing. —  To  give  room,  to  withdraw;  to 
make  way  for  another.— Roomful,  rOm'ful, 
n.  As  much  or  as  many  as  a  room  will 
hold.  —  Roomy,'  rOm'i,  a.  Having  ample 
room;. spacious.  —  Roomily,  r8m'i-li,  adv. 
Spaciously.  —  Roominess,  rom'i-nes,  n. 
State  of  being  roomy;  spaciousness. 
Roost,  rost,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hrdst^  D.  roest,  a 
roost;  connections  doubtful.]  The  pole  or 
other  support  on  which  fowls  rest  at  night; 
a  collection  of  fowls  roosting  together. — 
At  roost,  in  a  state  of  rest  and  sleep.— 
i).i.  To  occupy  a  roost;  to  lodge;  to  settle. 
—Rooster,  rOs'tfir,  n.  The  male  of  the 
domestic  fowl;  a  cock.  [American.] 
Root,  rot,  n.  [From  Icel.  rOt,  Sw.  rot,  Dan. 
rod;  connected  with  L.  radix  (whence 
radical),  Gr.  rhiza,  a  root,  E.  wort]  That 
part  of  a  plant  which  fixes  itself  in  the 
earth,  and  by  means  of  its  radicles  im- 
bibes nutriment ;  a  bulb;  tuber,  or  simi- 


lar part  of  a  plant ;  that  whidi  resem- 
bles a  root  in  position  or  function ;  the 
part  of  anything  that  resembles  the  root 
of  a  plant  (the  root  of  a  tooth);  founda- 
tion or  base;  the  origin  or  cause  of  any- 
thing; that  part  of  a  word  which  conveys 
its  es5:;nti.al  meaning,  as  distinguished 
from  the  formative  parts  by  which  this 
meaning  is  modified;  an  ultimate  form  or 
element  from  which  words  are  derived,  or 
regarded  as  having  arisen;  matli.  the  root 
of  any  quantity  is  such  a  quantity  as, 
when  multiplied  into  itself  a  certain  num- 
ber of  times,  will  exactly  produce  that 
quantity. — To  take  root,  or  to  strike  root, 
to  become  planted  or  fixed,  or  to  be  es- 
tabli.shed.  —  v.i.  To  fix  the  root;  to  be 
firmly  fixed;  to  be  established.— t).t.  To 
fix  by  the  root;  to  plant  and  fix  deep 
in  the  earth;  to  plant  deeply;  to  im- 
press deeply  and  durably  (principles rooted 
in  the  mind).  — Root-cyop,  n.  A  crop  of 
plants  with  esculent  roots,  as  turnips, 
beets,  &c.— Rooted,  rot'ed,  p.  and  a.  Hav- 
ing roots;  firmly  fixed;  fixed  in  the  heart 
(a  rooted  antipathy).— Rootedly,  rot'ed-li, 
adv.  In  a  rooted  manner ;  deeply;  from 
the  heart.— Rootedness,  rot'ed-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  condition  of  being  rooted.— Root- 
ery,  rot'6r-i,  n.  A  pile  of  roots  used  as  an 
ornamental  objectfrin  gardening. — Root- 
house,  n.  A  house  for  storing  .potatoes, 
turnips,  or  other  roots.— Root-leaf,  n. '  A 
leaf  growing  immediately  from  the  root. — 
Rootless,  rot'les,  a.  Having  no  root., — 
Rootlet,  rot'let,n.  A  radicle;  a  little  root. 
— Root-stock,  71.  Bat.  a  prostrate  rooting 
stem;  a  rhizome.— Rooty,  rot'i,  o.  Full  of 
roots. 

Root,  rat,  v.t.  [Formerly  wrote,  from  A. 
Sax.  vordtan,  to  root  up,  from  writ,  Fris. 
wrote;  a  snout;  D.  wroeten,  Icel.  r6ta,  Dan. 
rode,  to  root  up  as  with  the  snout;  akin 
G.  riissel,  a  snout.]  To  dig  or  burrow  in 
■with  the  snout;  to  turn  up  with  the  snout, 
as  a  swine;  to  tear  up  or  out  as  if  by  root- 
ing; to  rentove  or  destroy  utterly;  to  ex- 
terminate :  generally  with  up,  out,  away, 
&c.—v.i.  To  turn  up  the  earth  with  the 
snout,  as  swine. 

Ropalic,  ro-pal'ik, a.  [Gr.  rhopalon,a,  club.] 
Club-formed;  swelUngout  toward  the  end. 
Rope,  rop,  n.  [A.  Sax.  rap,  a  rope=IceL 
reipr  D.  reep,  rooi),  G.  reif,  Goth,  raipa.] 
A  cord  of  some  thickness;  a  general  name 
applied  to  cordage  over  1  inch  in  circum- 
ference ;  a  row  or  string  consisting  of  a 
number  of  things  united  (a  rope  of  onions), 
— Rope's  end,  a  short  piece  of  rope,  often 
used  as  an  instrument  of  punishment. — 
Rope  of  sand,  proverbially,  a  feeble  union 
or  tie ;  a  band  easily  broken.— To  give  a 
person  rope,  to  let  him  go  on  without 
check.— v.i.— roped,  roping.  To  be  formed 
into  filaments  from  any  glutinous  or  ad- 
hesive quality. — v.t  To  fasten  or  tie  with 
a  rope  or  ropes;  to  pull  by  a  rope.— Rope- 
dancer,  n.  One  who  dances  or  performs 
acrobatic  feats  on  a  rope  extended  at  a 
greater  or  less  height  above  the  ground. — 
Rope-ladder,  n.  '  A  ladder  made  of  ropes. 
—Rope-maker,  n.  One  whose  occupation 
is  to  make  ropes  or  cordage.— Rope-mak- 
ing, n.  The  art  or  business  of  manufac- 
turing ropes  or  cordage. — Roper,  ro'p6r,n. 
A  rope-maker;  one  who  ropes  goods.— 
Ropery,  ro'p6r-i,  n.  A  place  where  ropes 
are  made;  a  rope-walk.— Rope-spinner,  n. 
One  that  spins  or  makes  ropes.  —  Rope- 
walk,  n.  A  long-covered  walk  or  a  long 
building  where  ropes  are  manufactured! 
— Rope -yam,  n.  Yam  for  ropes,  consis- 
ting of  a  single  thread  which  is  twisted 
into  strands.- Ropy,  ro'pi,  a.  [Lit.  like  a 
rope,  forming  ropes.]  Having  such  con- 
sistence that  it  may  be  drawn  into  viscous 
filaments;  stringy;  glutinous.— ilopj>  wine, 
wine  showing  a  flaky  sediment  and  oily 
appearance.— RopUy,  ro'pi-li,  adv.  In  a 
ropy  or  viscous  manner.  —  Ropiness,  ro'pi- 
nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  ropy. 
Roqnelaure,  ro'ke-lor,  n.  [From  the  Duke 
de  RaqMelawe.^  A  kind  of  short  cloak 
used  in  the  eighteenth  century.  • 
Roric,  r3'rik_,  a.  [L.  ros,  roris,  dew.]  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  dew ;  dewy.  — 
Roriferous,  ro-rif'6r^u8,  a.  Generating  or 
producing  dew. 


Rorqual,  ror'kwal,  n.  A  large  whale  of 
several  species,  not  an  object  of  capture, 
as  it  yields  little  oil  or  whalebone. 

Rosace,  ro-zas',  n.  [Fr.,  from  rose,  a  rose.] 
An  ornamental,  piece  of  plaster-work  in 
the  centre  of  a  ceiling. 

Rosaceous,  Rssary.    Under  Rose. 

Rose,  roz,  n.  [A.  Sax.  rose,  Fr.  7-ose,  from 
L.  rosa,  a  rose;  allied  to  Gr.  rhodon,  a  rose; 
probably  from  an  Eastern  source.]  A  well- 
known  and  universally  cultivated  plant 
and  flower  of  many  species  and  varieties, 
found  in  almost  every  country  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  both  in  the  Old  and 
the  New  World ;  a  knot  of  ribbon  in  the 
form  of  a  rose,  used  as  an  ornament;  a 
perforated  nozzle  of  a  pipe,  spout,  &c.,  to  ' 
distribute  water  in  fine  shower-like  jets; 
a  popular  name  of  the  disease  enrsipelas: 
from  its  colour;  a  circular  card  or  disc,  or 
diagram  with  radiating  lines,  as  the  com- 
pass-card. —  Wars  of  the  Roses,  the  civil 
contest  between  the  houses  of  York  and 
Lancaster,  the  badge  of  the  former  house 
being  a  white,  of  the  latter  a  red  rose. — 
Under  the  rose,  in  secret;  privately;  in  a 
Ekanner  that  forbids  disclosure. — v.t.  To 
rlnder  rose-coloured;  to  cause  to  flush  or 
blush.  [Poet.]— Rosaceous,  ro-za'shus,  d. 
[L.  rosoceits. ]  Rose-like;  copiposed  of 
petals  in  a  circular  form  (a  rosaceous  co- 
rolla); pertaining  to  the  rose  family  of 
plants.— Rosaniline,  ro-zan'i-lin,  n.  [That 
is,rose-aniline.^  A  substance  obtained  from 
aniline  yielding  a  beautiful  red  dye.— Ro- 
sary, ro'za-ri,  n.  [Lit.  a  chapiet  or  garland 
of  roses.]  A  chapiet;  a  garland;  formerly 
often  adopted  as  a  title  of  books,  consis- 
ting of  piece*  culled  from  various  authors; 
a  string  of  beads  used  by  Boman  Cath- 
olics, on  which  they  count  their  prayers, 
there  being  so  many  small  beads  each 
for  an  Ave  Maria,  and  so  many  large  ones 
each  for  a  Paternoster.— Roseal,  ro'ze-al, 
a.  Like  a  rose  in  smell  or  colour;  roseate}. 
—Rose-apple,  n.  An  Eastem.tree  and  its 
fruit,  the  latter  scented  like  the  rose  and 
flavoured  like  an  apricot.— Roseate,  ro'- 
ze-at,  a.  [L.  roseus,  rosy.]  Full  of  roses; 
of  a  rose  colour ;  blooding.  —  Rosebud, 
roz'bud,  n.  The  bud  of  a  rose;  the  flower  of 
the  rose  just  appearing. — Rose-carnation, 
n.  A  carnation  the  ground  colour  of  whose 
petals  is  striped  with  rose  colour.— Rose- 
colour,  n.  The  colour  of  the  rose;  fig. 
beauty;  often  fancied  beauty  or  attractive- 
ness. —  Rose-coloured,  a.  Having  the 
colour  of  a  rose;  highly  alluring.— -Rose- 
diamond,  n.  A  diamond  nearly  hemi- 
spherical, cut  with  twenty-four  triangular 
faces  round  a  hexagonal  centre.— Rose- 
engine,  n.  An  appendage  to  the  turning- 
lathe,  by  which  a  surface,  such  as  a  watch- 
case,  is  engraved  with  a  variety  of  curved 
lines'.— Rose-gall,  n.  An  excrescence  on 
the  dog-rose. — Rose-hued,  a.  Of  the  hue 
or  colour  of  the  rose;  rosy.— Rose-Up,  n. 
A  lip  of  a  rosy  colour.  [  Tejin.]— Rosellate, 
ro-zel'at,  a.  J5ot.  applied  to  leaves  when 
they  are  disposed  like  the  petals  of  a  rose. 
—Rose-madder,  Rose-lake,  n.  A  pigment 
of  a  rich  red  or  rose  colour.— Rorfe-mallow, 
n.  Same  as  Hollyhock.  —  Rose-noble,  n. 
An  ancient  English  gold  coin,  stamped 
with  the  figure  of  a  rose,  current  at  6s.  8d. 
— Rose-pink,  n.  A  pigment  having  a  rosy 
pink  colour  or  hue. — a.  Roseate;  having 
a"  delicate  bloom.  — "Rose-quartz,  n.  A 
variety  of  quartz  which  is  rose-red.  — 
Rose-red,  a.  Red  as  a  rose.— Rosery,  rO'- 
z6r-i,  n.  A  place  where  roses  grow;  a  nur- 
sery of  rose  bushes.— Rosette,  ro-zet',  n. 
[Fr.,  a  dim.  of  rose.]  An  imitation  of  a 
rose,  as  by  ribboh,  used  as  an  ornament  or 
badge;  arch,  a  flower  ornament  of  frequent 
use  in  decorations  and  in  all  st3'les.— 
RosBEum,  ro-ze'tum,  n.  [L.,  from  rosa,  a 
rosw  A.,  place  devoted  to  the  cultiva"^ 
tioB  of  roses. — Rose-water,  n.  Water 
tinctured  with  roses  by  distillation.  — 
Rose-window,  n.  .4  rc^.  a  circular  window 
divided  into  compartments  by  muUions 
or  tracery  radiating  or  branching  from  a 
centre :  called  also  Catherine-wheel  and 
Marigold  IFindotc.— Rose-wood,  n.  The 
wood  of  South  American  trees,  so  named 
.because  when  freshly  cut  it  has  a  faint 
agreeable  smell  of  roses;  in  the  highest 


Fllte,  fir,  fat,  f«U;     me,  met,  hftr;  _  pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tnbe,  tub,  b\ill;     oil,  pound;  ^U,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr.  '<. 


HOSE 


591 


ROULADE 


esteem  for  cabinet-work.— Rosiness,  ro'zi- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  rosy  or  of  re- 
sembling the  colour  of  the  rose.  — Rosy, 
ro'zi,  a.  Resembling  a  rose  in  colour;  blush- 
ing; blooming;  fig.  very  alluring  or  hopeful 
{rosj/  prospects). 

Rose,  rOz,  pret.  of  rise. 

Rosemary,  rSz'ma-ri,  n.  [O.E.  rosnidrine, 
from  L.  rosmarmus,  rosemary^-ros,  dew-, 
and  marinus,  marine,  from  marei  the  sea,] 
An  evergreen  shrub  having  a  fragrant 
smell  and  a  warm,  pungent,  bitterish 
taste,  and  yielding  by  distillation  a  light, 
pale,  essential.oil  of  great  fragrance. 

Roseola,  ro-z5'o-la,  n.  [From  L.  rosa,  a  rose.] 
Med.  a  kind  of  rash  or  rose-coloured  efflor- 
escence, occurring  in  connection  with  dif- 
ferent febrile  complaints. 

Rosetta-wood,  ro-zet'a,  n.  A  furniture  wood 
of  an  orange -red  colour  with  very  dark 
veins,  imported  from  the  East  Indies 

Rosette.    Under  Rose. 

Rosicrucian,  roz-i-krO'shi-an,  n.  [li.  rosa, 
a  rose,  and  cmx,  crucis,  a  cross,  the  name 
originating  from  that  of  the  alleged 
founder  Rosenkreuz  (rosy  cross).]  One  of 
a  secret  sect  or  society  said  to  have  origina- 
ted in  the  fourteenth  century,  but  brought 
into  notice  much  more  recently,  whose 
members  made  great  pretensions  to  a 
knowledge  of  the  secrets  of  nature,  and  es- 
pecially as  to  the  transmutation  of  metals, 
the  prolongation  of  life,  &c.,  and  were 
often  known  as  Brothers  of  the  Rosy  Cross. 
—  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Rosicrucians  or 
their  arts. — Rosicrucianism,  roz-i-kro'shi- 
an-izm,  re.  The  arts,  practices,  or  doc- 
trines of  the  Rosicrucians. 

Rosin,  roz'in,  re.  [Corruption  of  resin.]  The 
name  given  to  resin  when  it  is  employed 
in  a  solid  state  for  ordinary  purposes; 
obtained  from  turpentine  by  distillation, 
the  volatile  oil  coming  over  and  the  rosin 
remaining  behind. — v.t.  To  rub  or  cover 
over  with  rosin. — Rosiny,  roz'i-ni,  a.  Re- . 
sembling  rOsin;  abounding  with  rosin.— 
Rosin-oil,  re.  An  oil  manufactured  from 
pine-resin,  used  for  machinery,  &c. 

Rosoglio,  Rosolio,  ro-zol'i-o,  n.  [It.  rosolio.'i 
A  red  wine  of  Malta;  a  species  of  liqueur. 

Rosset,  ros'et,  re.  The  kalon^  or  flying-fox. 

RoEso-antico,  ros'3-an-te"ko,  re.  [It.  rosso, 
red,  and  antico,  ancient.]  A  technical 
name  for  the  red  porphyry  of  Egypt,  used 
by  the  ancients  for  statuary  purposes. 
Rostel,  ros'tel,  n.  [L.  rostellum,  dim.  of 
rostrum,  a  beak.  Rostrum.]  Bot.  any 
small  beak-shaped  process,as  in  the  stigma 
of  many  violets. — Rostellate,  ros'tel-at,  a. 
Having  a  rostel. — Rostelliform,  ros-tel'i- 
form,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a  rostel. 
Roster,  ros'tfer,  re.  [D.  rooster,  a  thing  for 
roasting,  a.  gridiron,  a  table  or  list,  a  roster 
—the  last  meaning  probably  from  perpen- 
dicular and  horizontal  lines  of  tabular 
statements  giving  a  grated  appearance. 
Roast.]  A  list  showing  the  rotation  of 
those  who  relieve  or  succeed  each  other;  a 
military  list  showing  the  rotation  in  which 
individuals,  companies,  regiments,  &c.,  are 
called  on  to  serve. 

Rostrum,  ros'trum,  n.  fL.,  the  beak  of  a 
bird  or  other  animal,  the  beak  of  a  ship, 
from  rodo,  to  gnaw.  Rohent.]  The  beak 
or  bill  of  a  bird  or  other  animal;  the  beak 
of  a  ship,  especially  of  an  ancient  war 
galley;  an  elevated  place  in  the  forum  at 
Rome  where  orations,  funeral  harangues, 
itc,  were  delivered  (so  called  because 
adorned  with  the  rostra  of  captured  ships); 
hence,  a  platform  from  which  any  speaker 
addresses  his  audience. — Rostral,  ros'tral, 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  rostrum;  pertaining  to 
the  beak  of  a  bird  or  other  animal. — Ros- 
trate, ros'trat,  a.  Furnished  or  adorned 
with  beaks;  beak-shaped;  having  a  process 
resembling  the  beak  of  a  bird.  —  Kostri- 
form,  ros'tri-form,  a.  Having  the  form  of 
a  beak. 

Rosula,  roz'a-la,  re.  [Diin.  of  Ii.  rosa,  a  rose.] 
A  small  rose;  a  rosette. — Roaulate,  roz'u- 
lat,  a.  Bot.  having  the  leaves  arranged  in 
little  rose-like  clusters. " 
Rosy.    Under  Rose. 

Rot,  rot,  v.i.^rotted,  rotting.  [A.  Sax.  rotian, 
to  rot;  D.  rotten,  Icel.  rotna,  to  rot,  rotinn, 
rotten  (whence  E.  rotten,  which  is  not  used 
as  the  pp.  of  rot).]    To  decompose ;  to  be- 


come putrid;  to  go  to  decay.— «.<.  To  make 
putrid;  to  cause  to  decompose;  to  bring  to 
corruption;  to  expose  to  a  process  of  partial 
rotting,  as  flax;  to  ret;  used  in  the  im- 
perative as  a  sort  of  imprecation  (rot  it). — 
re.  Putrefaction ;  a  fatal  distemper  inci- 
dent to  sheep,  caused  by  the  liver-fluke;  a 
disease  very  injurious  to  the  potato;  the 
potato  disease. 

Rota,  ro'ta,  re.  [L.  rota,  a  wheel.]  An  ec- 
clesiastical court  of  Rome,  composed  of 
twelve  prelates;  a  school  roll  or  list:  a 
roster. 

Rotacism,  ro'ta-sizm,  re.  [Gr.  rotakismos.] 
Faulty  pronunciation  of  the  letter  R;  burr. 
Rotary,  ro'ta-ri,  a.  [From  L.  rota,  a  wheel; 
allied  to  G.  rad,  a  wheel;  W.  rhod,  a  wheel, 
rhedu,  to  turn ;  Skr.  rathas,  a  chariot.  Ul- 
timately from  L.  rota  are  E.  round,  roll, 
fowel,  &c.]  Turning,  as  a  wheel  on  its 
axis;  pertaining  to  rotation;  rotatory. — 
Rotary  engine.  Rotatokv. — Rotate,  ro'tsi, 
v.i. — rotated,  rotating.  [L.  roto,  rotatum, 
to  turn  round,  from  rota,  a  wheel.]  To 
revolve  or  move  round  a  centre ;  to  turn 
round  as  a  wheel;  to  act  in  turn  or  rotation. 
—v.t.  To  cause  to  turn  round  like  a  wheel. 
—  a.  Bot.  wheel -shaped^  monopetalous, 
spreading  nearly  flat  without  any  tuba. 
— Rotation,  ro-ta'shon,  re.  [L.  rotatio,  rota- 
tirniis.]  The  act  of  rotating  or  turning; 
the  motion  of  a  s^lid  body,  as  a  wheel  or 
sphere,  about  an  axis;  a  return  or  suc- 
cession in  a  Series;  established  succession; 
the  course  in  which  persons  leave  their 
places  or  duties  at  certain  times,  and  are 
succeeded  by  others;  a  recurring  series  of 
differerit  crops  grown  on  the  same  ground; 
the  order  of  recurrence  in  cropping. — Ro- 
tational, ro-ta'shon-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
rotation. — Rotator,  ro'ta-t6r,  n.  That 
which  rotates  or  causes  rotation;  a  muscle 
producing  a  rolling  motion,  as  at  the 
upper  part  of  the  thigh-bone. — Rotatory, 
ro'ta-to-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting 
in  rotation;  exhibiting  rotation;  rotary. 
— Rotatory  or  rotary  steam-engine,  an  en- 
gine in  which  a  rotatory  motion  is  pro- 
duced by  the  direct  action  of  the  steam 
without  the  intervention  of  reciprocating 
parts.— jRotatori/  muscle,  a  rotator. 
Rotatoria,  r5-ta-t5'ri-a,  n.  pi.  Same  as 
Rotifera. 

Rotche,  roch,  n.  [D.  rotje,  a  petrel;  com  p. 
Prov.  G.  rdtsche,  a  duck.]  A  bird  of  the 
auk  family;  the  little  auk. 
Rote,  rot,  re.  [O.Fr.  rote,  a  way,  a  route. 
Route.]  Repetition  of  words  or  sounds 
without  attending  to  the  signification; 
mere  effort  of  memory:  in  the  phrase  by 
rote,  by  memory  merely  without  intelli- 
gence. 

Rotifers,  Rotifera,  ro'ti-f6rz,  r5-tif'6r-a,  n, 
pi.  [L.  rota,  awheel,  and /ero,  to  carry.]  A 
.class  of  animalcules,  which,  through  the 
microscope,  appear  like  revolving  wheels, 
whence  ttiey  have  been  called  wheel  ani- 
malcules.—'Rotitoxm,  ro'ti-form,  a.  Shaped 
like  a  wheel. 
'Rotten,  rot'n.a.  [A  S'-andinavian  word= 
Icel.  rotinn,  Sw.  rutten,  rotten,  a  participle 
of  an  old  verb  akin  to  rot.\  Putrid;  de- 
caying; decomposed  by  the  natural  pro- 
cess of  decay;  imsound;  defective  in  prin- 
ciple; corrupt;  fetid;  ill-smelling. — Rotten 
borough,  a  name  given  to  certain  boroughs 
in  England  before  the  reform  of  1832, 
which  had  fallen  into  decay  and  had  a 
mere  handful  of  voters,  but  which  still 
retained  the  privilege  of  sending  members 
to  parliament.  —  Rottenly,  rot'n-li,  adv. 
In  a  rotten  manner;  putridly;  unsoundly. 
—Rottenness,  rot'n-nes,  re.  State  of  being 
rotten;  putrefaction;  unsoundness.— Rot- 
ten-stone, re.  A  soft  stone  much  used  for 
polishing  household  articles  of  brass  or 
other  metal,  derived  from  the  decomposi- 
tion of  siliceous  limestones. 
Rotund,  ro-tund',  a.  [L.  rotundus,  formed 
from  rota,  a  wheel.  Round  is  a  form  of 
the  same  word.  Rotarv,  Rocnh.]  Round; 
spherical;  globular;  bot.  circumscribed  by 
one  unbroken  cun'e,  or  without  angles. — 
Rotunda,  Rotundo,  ro-tun'da,  ro-tun'do, 
re.  fit.  rotonda.  See  above.]  A  round 
building;  any  building  that  is  round  both 
on  the  Qutside  and, inside.  —  Rotnndate, 
ro-tun'dat,  a.    Rounded  ofl'.  —Rotundity, 


RotundnosBj  r5-tun'di-ti,  r5-tnnd'nes,  n. 

Sphericity;  oircularity. 

Roturier,  ro-tti-re-a,  re.  [Pr.,  a  plebeian.]  A 
plebeian ;  a  man  of  mean  extraction. 

Rouble,  riJ'bl,  re.  [Rus.]  The  unit  of  the 
Russian  money  system,  equal  to  about 
28.  lOd.,  and  divided  into  100  kopecks. 
Written  also  Ruble. ' 

Rouche,  rOsh,  re.    Ruche. 

Roui(,  ra-a,  re.  [Fr.,  ppr.  of  rauer,  to  break 
on  the  wheel,  from  roue,  L.  rota,  a  wheel; 
lit.  one  worthy  of  suffering  on  the  wheel. 
Rotary.]  A  person  devoted  to  a  life  of 
pleasure  and  sensuality;  a  rake. 

Rouge,  rOZh,  re.  [Fr.  rouge,  from  L.  nibeus, 
red.]  A  cosmetic  prepared  from  the  dried 
flowers  of  the  safllower,  used  to  impart  an 
artificial  bloom  to  the  cheeks  or  lips;  a 
powder  of  a  scarlet  colour  used  for  polish- 
ing gold,  silver,  &c.— v.i.— rouged,  rouging. 
To  paint  the  face,  or  rather  the  cheeks, 
with  rouge.— K.t.  To  paint  or  tinge  with 
rouge.  —  Rouge-croix,  krwa,  re.  ■  [Fr.,  red- 
cross.]  Rouge-dragon,  re.  [Pr.,  red-dragon.] 
Names  of  two  pursuivants  of  the  Herald's 
College.  —  Rouge-et-noir,  rozh-e-nwiir,  n. 
[Fr.,  red  and  black.]  A  game  at. cards 
played  between  a  'banker'  and  an  un- 
limited number  of  persons,  at  a  table 
marked  with  four  spots  of  a  diamond 
shape,  two  coloured  black  and  two  red. 

Rough,  ruf,  a.  [A.  Sax.  hredg,  hredh,  rough, 
fierce,  stormy;  also  r4h,  rough,  shaggy; 
cog.  D.  ruig,  G.  rauh,  rauck,  rough,  shag- 
gy.] Having  prominences  or  inequalities; 
not  smooth ;  having  ridges  or  other  irregu- 
larities of  surface;  harsh  to  the  feel;  un- 
finished; unpolished;  shaggy;  ragged; 
coarse;  swelling  into  billows  or  breakers; 
stormy,  as  the  sea  or  weather;  not  mild 
or  gentle  in  character;  boisterous;  un- 
tamed; not  mild  or  courteous;  rude  and 
brusque;  harsh;  severe;  cruel;  not  refined 
or  delicate;  astringent;  sour;  harsh  to  the 
'  ear;  grating;  unharmonious;  vague;  crude 
(a  rough  guess). — Rough  diamond,  a  dia- 
mond uncut;  hence,  fig.  a  person  of  genu- 
ine worth  but  rude  and  unpolished  man- 
ners.—iioMcA  and  ready,  of  a  hasty  and 
unfinished  sort;  unpolished;  unceremoni- 
ous in  manner,  but  reliable  and  always 
prepared  for  emergencies.— f.t.  To  give  a 
rough  appearance  to;  to  make  rough;  to 
break  in,  as  a  horse;  to  shape  out  roughly, 
as  a  stone;  to  rough-hew.— To  rough  it,  to 
submit  to  hardships;  to  put  up  for  a  time 
with  rough  accommodation.— n.  The  state 
of  being  coarse  or  in  the  original  material: 
with  the  (inaterials  or  work  in  the  rough); 
a  rowdy;  a  rude  coarse  fellow;  a  bUlly. — 
Rough-cast,  v.t.  To  form  in  its  first  rudi- 
ments; to  mould  without  nicety  or  ele- 
f;ance;  to  cover  with  a  coarse  sort  of  plas- 
er  composed  of  lime  and  gravel  (to  rough- 
cast a  building).— n.  The  form  of  a  thing 
in  its  first  rudiments;  a  coarse  kind  of 
plastering  for  an  external  wall.  —  Rough- 
draft,  Rough-draught,  v.t.  To  draft  or 
draw  roughly;  to  make  a  rough  sketch  of. 
— re.  A  rough  or  rude  sketch.  —  Rough- 
draw,  v.t.  To  draw  or  delineate  coarsely. 
— Roiighen,  ruf'n,  v.t.  To  make  rough. — 
v.i.  To  grow  or  become  rough.  — Rough- 
footed,  a.  Feather-footed.  —  Rough-hew, 
v.t.  To  hew  coarsely  without  smoothing; 
to  give  the  first  form  or  shape  to. — Rougn- 
hewn,  p.  and  a.  Hewn  coarsely  without 
smoothing;  rugged;  unpolished;  of  coarse 
manners. — Roughith,  ruf'ish,  a.  In  some 
degree  rough.— Rough-legged,  a.  Having 
legs  covered  with  feathers:  said  of  birds. 
—Roughly,  ruf'li,  adv.  In  a  rough  man- 
ner; with  uneven  surface;  harshly;  severe- 
ly; uncivilly;  rudely;  violently;  not  gently; 
boisterously;  tempestuously.— Roughness, 
ruf'nes,  re.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
rough;  harshness  to  the  taste  or  ear;  un- 
evenness  of  surface;  ruggedness;  asperity  of 
temper;  coarseness  of  behaviour  or  address; 
tempestuousness;  violence. — Rough-rider, 
re.  One  who  breaks  horses.  —  Rough-shod, 
a.  Shod  with  shoes  armed  with  points. — 
To  ride  rough-shod,  fig.  to  pursue  a  violent 
or  selfish  course,  regardless  of  the  pain  it 
may  cause  others. 

Roulade,  ro-lad,  re.  [Pr.,  from  rouler,  to 
roll.]  Music,  a  rapid  run  of  notes,  gener- 
ally introduced  as  an  embellishment 


cb,  cftain;     ch,  ^c.  loch;^   g,  (/o;     j,;ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinjr;^  *h,  <Aen;  th,  <Ain;^^  w,  wigjiV  wh,  wftig;     zh,  asure,. 


EOULEAU 


592 


HOYAL 


Roulean,  rb-l5',  n.  pi.  English  Rooleans, 
rd-loz,  French  Rotueanx,  rO-lo.  IFr.,  lit. 
a  roll.  KoLL.]  A  little  roll;  a  roll  of  coin 
made  up  in  paper. 

Roulette,  rO-let',  n.  [Fr.,  properly  a.  little 
wheel,  a  castor,  from  ?'oi(to%  to  roU.  Roll.] 
A  game  of  chance,  played  with  a  ball  at 
a  table,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  a  cavity 
surmounted  by  a  revolving  disc  having  its 
ciicumfei'ence  divided  into  compartments 
coloured  black  and  red  alternately,  into 
anyone  of  which  the  ball  may  drop;  a  tool 
furnished  with  a  little  toothed  wheel,  used 
by  engravers  for  producing  dotted  work. 

Roumansch,  n.    Romaxscu. 

Rounce,  rouns,  n.    [Comp.  D.  rond8,  wheel 
of  a  printiugrpress,  from  rond,  round.] 
The  handle  of  a  printing-press  that  is  , 
worked  by  hand. 

Round,  round,  a.  [O.  Fr.  roond,  round, 
Mod.  Fr.  rond,  round,  from  L.  rotundua, 
round,  rotund,  from  rota,  a  wheel.  Ro- 
TAKV.  iJotwmi  is  a  doublet  of  this.]  Hav- 
ing every  part  of  tlie  surface  at  an  equal 
distance  from  the  centre;  spherical;  glob- 
ular; circular;  cylindrical;  having  a  curved 
form;  swelling;  plump;  not  given  as  ex- 
tremely accurate  (in  round  numbers); 
large;  considerable  (a  good  round  sum); 
full  iu  utterance ;  candid ;  free  or  plain 
in  speech;  without  delicacy  or  reserve; 
without  circumlocution;  positive  (a  round 
assertion);  smart  or  rapid  (a,round  trot). — 
Round  dance,  a  dance,  as  a  polka,  waltz, 
&c.,  in  which  the  couples  wheel  round 
the  room.  —  Round  garni,  a  game,  as  at 
cards,  in  which  an  indefinite  number  of 
players  can  take  part,  each  on  his  own 
account. —  iJound  7'a6ie,  the  table  round 
which  sat  King  Arthur  and  his  knights. 
— Round  number,  a  number  th.at  ends  with 
a  cipher,  and  may  be  divided  by  10  with- 
out a  remainder;  a  number  not  e.xact,  but 
near  enough  the  truth  to*  serve  the  pur- 
pose.—)i.  That  which  is  round,  as  a  circle, 
a  sphere,  a  globe;  a  series  coming  back  to 
where  it  began  (a  round  of  toasts);  a  series 
of  events  or  duties  which  come  back  to  the 
point  of  commencement;  the  step  of  a 
ladder;  a  walk  or  circuit  performed  by  a 
guard  or  an  officer  among  sentinels;  a 
short  musical  composition  in  which  three 
or  more  voices  starting  at  the  beginning 
of  stated  successive  phrases,  sing  the  same 
music  (in  unison  or  octave)  the  combina- 
tion of  all  the  parts  producing  correct 
harmony ;  a  dance  in  a  ring ;  a  general 
discharge  of  firearms  by  a  body  of  troops, 
in  which  each  soldier  fires  once;  ammuni- 
tion for  firing  once.  —  A  round  of  beef,  a 
cut  of  the  thigh  through  and  across  the 
bone.—  adv.  On  all  sides;  circularly;  not  in 
a  direct  line;  through  a  circle,  as  of  friends 
or  houses.  —  All  round,  over  the  whole 
place;  in  every  direction.— I'd  bring  one 
round,  to  restore  one  to  health,  composure, 
or  the  Uke;  to  cause  one  to  alter  his  opin- 
ions. —  To  come  round,  to  change  one's 
opinions;  to  be  restored  to  health,  or  the 
like. — To  turn  round,  to  turn  one's  self 
about;  to  change  one's  side;  to  desert  one's 
party.— prep.  On  every  side  of;  around; 
about,  in  a  circular  course.— To  come  or 
get  rutind  one,  to  §ain  advantage  over  one 
by  flattery  or  deception.— M.t.  To  make 
round ;  to  make  full  or  complete;  to  make 
full,  smooth ,  and  flowing. — v.i.  To  grow  or 
become  round;  to  become  complete  or  full; 
to  develop  into  the  full  type. — To  round  to 
inaut.),  to  turn  the  head  of  the  ship  toward 
the  wind.— Roundabout,  round'a-hout,  a. 
Indirect;  going  round;  not  straightfor- 
ward. —  n.  A  Targe  horizontal  wlieel  on 
which  children  ride;  a  merry-go-round; 
an  arm-chair  with  a  rounded  back; 
a  short  close-fitting  jacket;  a-  circular 
dance.  —  Round  -  backed.  Round-shoul- 
dered, a.  Having  a  round  or  slightly 
raised  back  or  shoulders.— Rounder,  roun  - 
der,  n.  One  who  rounds.— p/.  A  game  like 
fives,  but  played  with  a  football;  a  game 
played  with  a  short  bat  and  a  ball  by  two 
parties  or  sides,  on  a  piece  of  ground 
marked  off.— Round-hand,  n.  A  style  of 
penmanship  in  which  the  letters  are  round 
and  full ;  a  style  of  bowling  in  cricket  in 
which  the  arm  is  brought  round  horizon- 
tally.—Roundhead,  round'hed,  n.  A  name 


given  by  the  CavaUers  or  adherents  of 
Charles  I.  to  members  of  the  Puritan  or  ] 
parliamentary  party,  from  the  latter  hav- 
ing their  hair  closely  cut,  while  the  Cav- 
aliers wore  theirs  long.  —  Roimdheaded, 
round'hed-ed,  a.  Having  around  head  or 
top  {roundheaded  arches  and  windows). — 
Round-house,  n.  A  lock-up  t;  a  watch- 
house;;  a  cabin  on  the  after-part  of  the 
quarter-deck  of  a  ship,  having  the  poop 
for  its  roof. — Roundish,  round'ish,a.  Some- 
what round'.— Roundly,  round'li,  arfw.  In 
a  round  form;  openly;  plainly;  without 
reserve;  briskly;  with  speed;  to  the  pur- 
pose; vigorously.— Roundness,  rouud'nes, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  round;  circularity; 
sphericity ;  cylindrical  fonn ;  fulness ; 
smoothness  of  flow ;  plainness  of  speech ; 
positiveness.— Round-robin,  n.  [Fr.  rond, 
round,  and  ruban,a  ribbon.)  A  written 
petitiou,memorial,or remonstrance  signed 
by  names  in  a  ring  or  circle  that  it  may 
be  impossible  to  ascertain  who  headed  the 
list.  —  Round-shot,  n.  A  spherical  solid 
shot  «f  cast-iron  or  steel. — Round-tower, 
TO.  A  kind  of  tall,  slender  tower  tapeiing 
from  the  base  upwards,  generally  with  a 
conical  top,  often  met  with  in  Ireland. 

Roundel,  roun'del,  n.  [Fr.  rondelle,  from 
rottd,  round.  Round.]  Anything  having 
a  round  form  ;  a  round  figure;  a  circle;  a 
roundela.v  (which  see). 

Roundelay,  roun'de-la,  n.  fCFr.  roundelet, 
from  Fr.ronci.rourid.  (Round.;  Thespelling 
has  been  influenced  by  toy,  a  song.]  A  sort 
of  ancient  poem,  consisting  of  thirteen 
verses,  of  which  eight  are  in  one  kind  of 
rhyme  and  five  in  another;  a  song  or  tune 
in  which  the  first  strain  is  repeated;  a 
dance  in  a  circle. 

Roup,  roup,  n.  [O.  and  Prov.  E.  rojp,  rope, 
to  cry,  a  cry,  hoarseness;  A.  Sax.  Ardpan, 
Icel.  hr&pa,  to  cry.]  In  Scotland,  a  sale 
of  goods  by  auction  or  outcry. 

Roup,  rop,  n.    A  disease  of  poultry. 

Rouse,  rouz,  v.t.  —  roused,  rousing,  fC'on- 
nected  with  L.G.  rwse,  noise,  disturbance; 
A.  Sax.  hredsan,  to  rush,  to  fall;  O.H.G. 
ruozjan,  to  rouse,  to  move.]  To  wake  from 
sleep;  to  excite  to  tliought  or  action  from 
a  state  of  idleness,  languor,  or  inattention; 
to  put  into  commotion;  to  agitate;  to 
startle;  to  surprise ;  to  drive  from  a  lurk- 
ing-place or  cover:  a  hunting  term.— t».t. 
To  awake  from  sleep  or  repose ;  to  be  ex- 
cited to  thought  or  action. — n.  IComp.  D. 
roes,  a  bumper;  G.  rausch,  drunkenness.] 
A  carousal :  a  drinking  frolic  or  festival. 
[Tenn.]  —  Rousing,  rou'zing,  p.  and  a. 
Having  power  to  awaken,  or  excite;  stir- 
ring.—-Kouslngly,  rou'zing-li,  adv.  In  a 
rousing  manner;  excitingly. 

Roussette, ro-set', n.  [Fr.,  from  rousse,  red, 
from  its  colour.]  A  kind  of  bat  of  a  rusty 
red  colour. 

Rout,  rout,  n.  [O.  Fr.  route,  a  company,  a 
band,  a  division ;  lit.  a  portion  broken  ofi' 
or  separated;  from  L.L.  rupta,  from  L. 
ruptus,  broken,  pp.  of  rumpo,  to  break. 
Rupture.]  A  company  of  persons;  a  rab- 
ble or  multitude;  a  fashionable  assembly 
or  large  evening  party;  an  uproar;  a  brawl; 
the  breaking  or  defeat  of  troops;  the  dis- 
order and  confusion  of  troops  thus  de- 
feated.—w.t.  To  break  the  ranks  of  and  put 
to  flight  in  disorder;  to  defeat  and  throw 
into  confusion;  to  drive  or  chase  away;  to 
dispel.— Routish,  rout'ish,  a.  Clamorous; 
disorderly. 

Rout,  rst,  v.t.  [Form  of  to  root.']  To  turn 
up  with  the  snout  (as  hogs);  to  root. 
I  Route,  rOt,  TO.  [Fr.  route,  O.Fr.  rote,  a  rut, 
way,  path,  from  L.L.  rupta,  a  path,  prop- 
erly rupta  via,  a  path  broken  through 
forests,  &c.,  from  L.  rnptus,  broken,  pp. 
of  rumpo,  to  break.  Rout,  a  company, 
Rupture.]  The  course  or  way  which  is 
travelled  or  passed,  or  to  be  passed;  a  pass- 
ing; a  course;  a  march. —To  get  the  route 
(mint.),  to  receive  orders  to  quit  one  station 
for  another. 

Routine,  rd-ten',  n.  [Fr.,  from  route,  a 
way:  properly  the  way  which  one  invari- 
ably takes  through  custom.  Route.]  A 
round  of  business,  amusements,  or  plea- 
sure, daily  or  frequently  pursued;  a  course 
of  business  or  duties  regularly  returning; 
habit  or  practice  adhered  to  by  force  of 


habit.— Routinlst,  rS-ten'ist,  n.  Oas  ad- 
dicted to  routine. 

Rove,  rov,  v.i.— roved,  roving.  fOriginally 
to  wander  for  plunder,  a  collateral  form 
of  reave,  directly  from  the  L.G.  or  1).; 
L.G.  roven,  I),  rooven,  Dan.  rdne,  Sw. 
ro/va,  to  rob;  Icel.  rd/a,  rdpa,  to  wander.] 
To  wander;  to  ramble;  to  range;  to  go, 
move,  or  pass  without  certain  direction  in 
any  mauner.—y.<.  To  wander  over.— Rover, 
ro'v6r,n.  One  who  roves;  one  who  rambles 
about ;  a  fickle  or  inconstant  person ;  a 
pirate.  —  Raving,  ro'ving,  to.  The  act  of 
rambling  or  wandering.  —  Rovingly,  ro'- 
ving-li,  adv.  In  a  roving  or  wandering 
manner. 

Rove,  rov,  v.t.  —  roved,  roving.  JAkin  to 
reeve  or  to  ravel.]  To  draw  through  an 
eye  or  aperture;  to  bring  (wool  or  cotton) 
into  that  form  which  it  receives  before 
being  spun  into  thread;  to  card  into  flakes, 
as  wool,  kc.—n.  A  roll  of  wool,  cotton,  &c., 
drawn  out  and  slightly  twisted. 

Row,  ro,  n.  [A.  Sax.  raw,  a  row;  perhaps 
from  same  root  as  room,  and  meaning 
originally  the  space  or  interval  between 
rows.]  A  series  of  persons  or  things 
arranged  in  a  continued  line;  a  line;  a 
rank;  a  file. 

Row,  ro,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  r&wun,  to  row=Icel. 
r6a,  Dan.  roe,  Sw.  ro,  D.  roeijen.  to  row. 
Rudder  is  from  same  stem.)  To  impel 
along  the  surface  of  water  by  oars;  to 
transport  by  rowing.— w.i.  To  labour  with 
the  oar;  to  be  moved  by  means  of  oars. — 
11.  An  excursion  taken  in  a  boat  with 
oars.— Rower,  ro'fer,  to.  One  that  rows  or 
manages  an  oar  in  rowing.— Rowlock,  r5'- 
lok,  TO.  A  contrivance  oh  a  boat's  gunwale 
on  which  the  oar  rests  in  rowing,  formed 
with  two  upright  pegs,  or  of  a  single  peg 
or  otherwise. 

Row,  rou,  n.  [Perhaps  short  for rowdydow, 
a  word  used  as  imitative  of  noise  or  dis- 
turbance; or  from  rouse,  to.]  A  riotous 
noise;  a  turbulent,  noisy  disturbance:  a 
riot.    [CoUoq.]— D.<.  To  scold.    [Colloq.] 

Rowan,  rou'an,  to.  [Same  as  Dan.  ron, 
ronne-trce,  Sw.  ronn,  the  rowan;  akin  per- 
haps to  old  roun,  round,  to  whisijer,  rune, 
A.  Sax.  rtn,  raysterj',  there  being  sundry 
superstitions  connected  with  it.]    JIoun- 

TAIN-ASH. 

Rowdy,  rou'di,  to.  [From  rowdydow.  See 
Row,  a  disturbance.]  A  riotous  turbulent 
fellow;  a  rough.  [Colloq.]— a.  Disrepu- 
table; blackguard.  [Colloq.]— Rowdyish, 
rou'di-ish,  a.  Belonging  to  a  rowdy. — 
Rowdyism,  rou'di-izm,  to.  The  conduct  of 
a  rowdy;  turbulent  blackguardism. 

Rowel,  rou'el,  n.  [O.Fr.  rouelle,  dim.  of 
roue,  L.  rota,  a  wheel.  Rotary.]  The 
little  wheel  of  a  spur  with  sharp  points 
for  pricking  the  horse;  a  little  flat  ring  or 
wheel  on  horses'  bits;  a  roll  of  hair  or  silk 
passed  through  the  flesh  of  horses,  answer- 
ing to  a  seton  in  surgery.— Rowel-head,  to. 
The  axis  on  which  a  rowel  turns. 

Rowen,  rou'en,  n.  [From  O.E.  row,  rowe, 
a  form  of  rorigh.]   The  aftermath. 

Royal,  roi'al,  a.  [Fr.  royal,  from  L.  regalia, 
from  rex,  regis,  a  king.  Regal.]  Pertain- 
ing or  belonging  to  a  king;  pertaining 
to  the  crown;  regal;  becoming  a  king; 
kingly;  princely;  noble;  generou!<;  foun- 
ded or  originated  by,  in  the  service  of, 
under  the  patronage  of,  or  receiving  sup- 
port from  royalty  (royal  navy);  a  term  for 
a  large  size  of  paper. — Royal  Academy,  an 
incorporated  society  in  London  established 
for  the  promotion  of  the  fine  arts  and 
having  forty-two  memheis.— Royal  assent. 
,  AssETtr.— Royal  grant,  a  grant  by  letters 
patent  from  the  crown.— iioi/a/  Society,  a 
society  incorporated  by  Charles  II.  in 
1660  for  the  study  of  physical  science,  and 
which  still  flourishes  ih  London.  .'.  Royal 
denotes  what  pertains  to  the  king  as  an 
individual,  or  is  associattd  with  his  per- 
son (the  royal  family).  Regal  is  applied 
primarily  t  what  pertains  to  a  king  in 
virtue  of  h;.-  office;  hence,  to  what  becomes 
a  king,  and  is  nearly  synonymous  with 
princely,  magnificent  Iregal  state).  Kingly 
signifies  literally,  like  a  king,  hence,  pro- 
per to  or  becoming  a  king,  and  it  has 
often,  like  roj/a?,refcrence  to  personal  qua- 
lities.—to.  JVont.  asquare  sail  spread  irame- 


Ffite,  far,  fat,  fall;     m6,  met,  her;     pine,  pin^     note,  not.  miJve;     tube,  tub,  bnli;     oil,  pound;     a,  So.  abwne— the  Fr.  K. 


ROYSTERER 


593 


RUFFLE 


diately  above  the  top-gallant-sail;  a  gold 
coin  formerly  current  in  England.  — 
Royalism,  roi'al-izm,  n.  Attachment  to  a 
royal  government.— Royalist,  roi'al-ist,  n. 
An  adlierent  of  a  king,  or  one  attached  to 
a  kingly  government;  Eng.  hist,  an  ad- 
herent of  Charles  I.  and  Charles  II.,  op- 
posed to  Boundhead,  (which  see).— Royal- 
ize,  roi'al-iz,  v.t.—royalized, royalieing.  To 
make  royal.— Royally,  roi'al-li,  adv.  In  a 
royal  or  kingly  manner;  like  a  king;  as 
becomes  a  king.  —  Royalty,  roi'al-ti,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  royal ;  con- 
dition or  status  of  a  person  of  royal  rank; 
the  person  of  a  king;  majesty  (to  stand  in 
the  presence  of  royalty);  a  right  or  pre- 
rogative of  a  king;  a  tax  paid  to  the  crown 
or  to  a  superior  on  the  produce  of  a  mine, 
or  to  an  inventor  for  the  use  of  his  patent. 
—Royal -yard,  n.  Naut.  the  yard  on  which 
the  sail  /3alled  royal  is  set. 
Roysterer,  roi'st6r-6r,  n.  R.oistereb. 
Royston-prow,  roi'ston,  n.  The  coinmon 
English  name  for  whaPis  otherwise  called 
the  hooded  crow.  • 

Rub,  rub,  v.t. — rubbed,  rubbing.  [Same  word 
as  Dan.  rubbe,  to  rub,  to  scrub ;  akin  also 
to  W.  rhwb,  a  rub,  rhwbiad,  a  rubbing; 
Gael.  rub,rubadh,  Ir.rv.bha,  a  hurt,  rubadh, 
attrition.  Rubbish,  rubble  are  derivatives.] 
To  move  along  the  surface  of,  lor  back- 
wards and  forwards  u^on,  with  friction; 
to  apply  friction  to;  to  wipe;  to  clean;  to 
scour;  to  smear  all  over;  to  gall  or  chafe; 
to  gibe.— To  rub  down,  to  reduce  to  smaller 
dimensions  by  friction ;  to  clean  by  rub- 
bing, as  a  horse.— To  rub  off;  to  separate 
by  friction.- To  rub  out,  to  erase;  to  oblit- 
erate.- To  rub  up,  to  burnish;  to  polish; 
to  rouse  to  action. — v.i.—To  move  along  the 
surface  of  a  body  with  pressure;  to  grate; 
to  fret ;  to  chafe ;  to  get  on  or  along  with 
diflSculty :  usually  with  on,along,or  through 
(to  rM6  through  the  world).— w.  An  act  of 
rubbing;  something  that  renders  motion 
or  progress  diflficult;  a  diiSculty  or  obstruci 
tion;  a  sarcasm;  a  gibe;  something  grating 
to  the  feelings;  bowling,  inequality  of 
ground  thsit  hinders  the  motion  of  a  bowl. 
-Rubber,  rub'Sr,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  rubs;  an  instrument  for  rubbing ; 
a  coarse  file;  a  whetstone ;  at  whist,  two 
games  out  of  three,  or  a  contest  consisting 
of  three  games;  inequality  of  ground 
in  bowling;  a  rub;  unpleasant  collision  in 
the  business  of  life ;  caoutchouc,  usually 
iri  this  sense  called  India-i-ubber. — Rub- 
bing-post, n.  A  post  set  up  for  cattle  to 
rub  themselves  on.— Rubbing-stone,  n.  A 
grit-stone  for  erasing  the  tool  marks  on  a 
hewn  stone. 
Rt(b-a-dub,  rub'a-dub,  ,n.  [Imitative  of 
noise.]  The  sound  of  a  dxum  when  beat; 
a  clatter. 

Rubasse,  ru-bas',  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  rubeus, 
red;  akin  ruby.]  A  lapidaries'  name  for  a 
beautiful  variety  of  rock-crystal,  speckled 
iu  the  interior  with  minute  spangles  of 
specular  iron,  which  reflect  a  colour  re- 
sembling tha,t  of  the  ruby. 
Rubbish,  rub'ish,  n.  [Induenced  by  rub, 
but  frdm  O.E.  robow3,  robeux,  robrish,  a 
word  of  doubtful  origin.]  Refuse  frag- 
ments of  building  materials;  debris;  waste 
or  rejected  matter;  trash.— Rubbishy,  rub'- 
ish-i,  a.  Characterized  by  rubbith;  trashy; 
worthless.    [CoUoq.] 

Rubble,  Rubble-stone,  rubl,  n.  [Akin  to 
rubbish.]  The  upper  fragmentary  and 
decomposed  portioii  of  a  mass  of  stone; 
stones  of  irregular  shapes  and  dimensions, 
brpken  bricks,  (fcc.,usea  in  coarse  masonry, 
or  to  fill  up  between  the  facing  courses  of 
walls.— Rubble-work,  n.  Walls  or  masonry 
built  of  rubble-stones.— Rubbly,  rub'l-i,  a. 
Abounding  in  rubble. 
Rubefacient,  ro-be-fa'shi-ent,  a.  [Ii.  rube- 
faciens,  rube/acientis  —  rubeo,  to  be  red, 
and  facio,  to  make.]  Making  red;  pro- 
ducing redness  on  the  skin.- n.  Med.  a 
substance  for  external  application  which 
produces  redness  of  the  skin,  not  followed 
by  a  blister. 

Rubellite,  ro'bel-it,  n.    fL.  rubellus,  dim. 
of  ruber,  red.]    Red  tourmaline,  a  sili- 
ceous mineral  of  a  red  colour. 
Rubeola,  rb-be'o-la,  n.     [From  L.  ruber, 
red.]  A  name  of  measles.- Rubooloid,  rO- 


be'o-loid,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
rubeola. 

Rubescent,  rO-bes'ent,  a.  [L.  rubesceni, 
rubesceniis,  ppr.  of  rubesco,  from  rubeo,  to 
be  red,  from  ruber,  red.]  Growing  or  be- 
coming red;  tending  to  a  red  colour. 

Rubicel,  Rubicelle,  rO'bi-sel,  n.  [L.  rubeo, 
to  be  red.]  A  variety  of  ruby  of  a  reddish 
colour,  from  Brazil. 

Rubicund,  ro'bi-kund,  a.  [L.  rubicundus, 
from  rubeo,  to  be  red.]  Inclining  to  red- 
ness; ruddy;  blood-red:  said  especially  of 
the  face.- Rubicundity,  rO-bi-kun'di-ti,  n. 
The  state  of  bein^  rubicund;  redness. 

Rubidium,  rO-bid'i-um,  n.  [From  L.  ru- 
bidus,  red — fiom  the  nature  of  its  spec- 
trum.] A  metal  belonging  to  the  group  of 
elements  which  likewise  includes  lithium, 
sodium,  potassium,  and  cassium,  found  in 
mineral  waters. 

Rubific,  rO-bif'ik,  a.  [L.  ruber,  red,  and 
/ado,  to  make.]  Making  red;  colouriag 
with  red. 

Rubigo,  ro-bl'go,  n.  [L.  rubigo,  robigo,  rust 
of  metals.]  A  kind  of  rust  on  plants,  con- 
sisting of  a  parasitic  fungus  or  mushroom; 
mildew.«-Rublginous,  ro-bij'i-nus,  a.  Ex- 
hibiting or  affected  by  rubigo;  mildewed. 

Ruble,  ro'bl,  n.    Same  as  Rouble. 

Rubric,  rS'brik,  n.  '  [Fr.  rubrique,  from  L. 
rubrica  {tei'ra),  red  earth,  the  title  of  a  law 
in  red,  a  law,  from  ruber,  red.  Ruby.] 
Some  part  of  a  manuscript  or  printed 
matter  that  isi  or  in  former  times  usually 
was,  coloured  red,  to  distinguish  it  from 
other  portions;  in  law  books,  the  title  of  a 
statute,  formerly  written  in  red  letters; 
in  prayer-books,  the  directions  and  rules 
for  the  conduct  of  service,  often  printed 
in  red;  hence,  an  ecclesiastical  or  episcopal 
rule  or  injunction;  any  formulated,  fixed, 
or  authoritative  injunction  of  duty. — Ru- 
bric, Rubrical,  ro'bri-kal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  rubric.  —  Rubricate,  Rubricated,  ro'- 
bri-kat,  rS'bri-ka-ted,  a.  Marked  with  red. 
—Rubrician,  Rubricist,  rO-brish'an,  rO'- 
bri-sist,  n.  One  versed  in  rubrics;  an  ad- 
herent or  advocate  for  the  rubric. 

Ruby,  rO'bi,  n.  [Fr.  rvlis,  Sp.  rubi,  rubin, 
from  L.L.  rubinus,  a  carbuncle,  from  L. 
rubeus,  red,  reddisn,  ruber,  red  (akin  j-u- 
bric,  rouge).]  A  gem  next  to  the  diamond 
in  hardness  and  value,  of  various  shades 
of  -red,  the  most  highly  prized  varieties 
being  the  crimson  and  carmine  red;  red- 
ness; red  colour;  something  resembling  a 
ruby;  a  blotch  on  the  face;  a  carbuncle; 
printing,  a  type  smaller  than  nonpareil 
and  larger  than  pearl.— iiocA:  ruby,  the 
most  valued  species  of  garnet.— v.t.— ru- 
bied, rubying.  To  make  red.— a.  Of  the 
colour  of  the  ruby;  red.  —  Rubied,  rcJ'bid, 
a.    Red  as  a  ruby. 

Ruche,  Rucheing,  riish,  rSsh'ing,  n.  [Fr. 
ruche,  a  beehive.  The  stuff  has  its  name 
from  the  quillings  resembling  honeycomb 
cells.]  Quilled  or  goffered  net,  lace,  silk, 
atid  the  like,  used  as  trimming  for  ladies 
dress  and  bonnets.    Spelled  also  Rouche. 

Ruck,  ruk,  v.t.  [Icel.  hrukka,  a  wrinkle,  a 
fold,  rykkja,  to  draw  into  folds;  comp. 
Gael,  roc,  a  wrinkle,  to  become  wrinkled.] 
To  wrinkle;  to  crease. — n.  A  wrinkle;  a 
crease. 

Ruck,  ruk,  n.  [Akin  to  riclc,  O.Sw.  ruka,  a 
heap.]    An  undistinguished  crowd. 

Rud,  Rudd,  rud,  n.  [A.  Sax.  rudu,  redness.] 
Red  ochre. 

Rudd,  rud,  n.  [From  the  ruddy  colouring.] 

'  A  European  fresh -water  fish,  with  sides 
and  belly  yellow,  marked  with  red ;  ven- 
tral and  anal  fins  and  tail  deep  red. 

Rudder,  rud'fer,  n.  [A.  Sax.  rdthere,  lit. 
rowing  implement  (the  rudder  being  ori- 

finally  a  kind  of  oar),  from  r&ivan,  to  row; 
K  roeder,  Sw.  roder,  G.  ruder,  rudder. 
Bow,  v.t]  The  instrument  by  which'  a 
ship  is  steered;  that  part  of  the  helm 
.which  consists  of  a  piece  of  timber,  broad 

"  at  the  bottom  and  attached  to  the  stem- 
post  by  hinges,  on  which  it  tnms;  fig.  that 
which  guides  or  governs  a  course. — Rud- 
der-bands, n.  pi.  The  hinges  of  the  rudder. 

.  — Rudder-chains,  n.  pi.  Chains  attached 
to  the  hinder  part  of  the  rudder  to  work 
it  when  the  tiller  is  damaged. 

Ruddle,  rud'l,  n.  [Akin  to  ruddy,  red.]  A 
species  of  red  earth  coloured  by  iron,  used 


for  marking  sheep. —  v.  <.  To  mark  with 
ruddle. 

Ruddoc,  Ruddock,  rud'ok,  n.  [A.  Sax.  rud- 
due,  a  dim.  akin  to  ruddy.]  A  bird,  the 
robin-redbreast. 

Ruddy,  rud'i,  a.  [From  A.  Sax.  rud,  red, 
rudu,  redness.  Rep.]  Of  a  red  colour,  or 
of  a  colour  approaching  redness;  of  a  lively 
flesh-colour,  or  the  colour  of  the  human 
skin  in  high  health;  of  a  reddish  shining 
colour  (ruddy  gold).— v.t.— ruddied,  ruddy- 
ing. To  make  red  or  ruddv.  —  RuddUy, 
rud'i-li,  adv.  With  a  ruddy  or  reddish 
appearance.— Ruddiness,  rud'i-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  ruddy;  that  degree  of  red- 
ness which  characterizes  high  health. 
Rude,  rod,  a.  [Fr.  rude,  from  L.  rudis,  in 
'  a  natural  state,  rough,  wild.]  Unformed 
by  art,  taste.or  skill;  rough;  rugged;  coarse; 
of  coarse  manners;  ignorant;  untaught; 
clownish ;  uncivil ;  uncourteous ;  violent ; 
boisterous.— Rudely,  rod'li,  adv.  In  a  rude 
manner;  roughly;  unskilfully;  coarsely; 
uncivilly;  violently;  boisterously.— Rude- 
ness, rod'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  rude. 

Rndenture,  r8'den-tar,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
rudens,  rudentis,  a  rope.]  Arch,  the  figure 
of  a  rope  with  which  the  flutings  of  col- 
umns are  sometimes  filled. 
Rudesheimer,  ro'des-hi-mfir,  n.  One  of  tho 
white  Rhine  wines,  mad.e  from  grapes 
produced  near  Rudesheim. 
Rudiment,  rO'di-ment,  n.  [L.  rudimentum, 
from  rudis,  rude.  Rude.]  That  which  is 
in  an  undeveloped  state;  an  unformed  or 
uilfinished  beginning;  an  element  or  first 
principle  of  any  art  or  science;  especially 
m  plural,  the  introduction  to  any  branch 
of  knowledge;  the  elements  or  elementary 
notions. —Rudimentary,  Rudimental,  ro- 
di-men'ta-ri,  ro-di-men'tal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  rudiments;  elementary;  initial;  in  an 
undeveloped  state;  imperfectly  developed; 
in  the  first  stage  of  existence;  embryonic. 
Rue,  rO, v.t. — rued,  ruing.  [A.  Sax.  hreiwan, 
to  rue=D.  rouwen,  G.  reuen,  to  repent; 
same  root  as  crude,  L.  crtulus,  raw,  cruel, 
L.  crudelis.  Hence  ruth.]  To  regret;  to 
grieve  for;  to  repent;  to  repent  of  and 
withdraw,  or  try  to  withdraw,  from  (to 
rue  a  bargain).-st'.i.  To  have  compassion; 
to  become  sorrowful,  grieved,or  repentant. 
— Rueful,  riJ'ful,  a.  Causing  to  rue  or  la- 
ment; mournful;  sorrowful;  expressing 
sorrow;  suggesting  sorrov/  or  melancholy; 
pitiful.— Ruefully,  rci'ful-li,  adv.  In  a  rue- 
ful manner.  —  Ruefulness,  rO'f ul-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  rueful. 
Rue,  rO,  n.  [Fr.  rue,  from  L.  rata,  from 
Gr.  rute,  rue.]  A  plant  with  evergreen 
leaves  and  greenish-yellow  flowers,  used 
as  a  sudorific  and  a  vermifuge. 
Rufescent,  r8-fes'ent,  n.  [L.ru/escens,from 
rufus,  red.]  Reddish;  tinged  with  red. 
Ruff,  ruf,  n.  [Connected  with  Prov.  Fr. 
rufo,  a  crease  or  wrinkle.  Armor,  roufen,  a 
wrinkle,  a  fold;  Sp.  rufo,  frizzled,  curled; 
comp.  also  D.  ruif,  a  fold.]  A  large  mus- 
lin or  linen  collar  plaited,  crimped,  or 
fluted,  formerly  an  important  ornament 
of  dress  among  both  sexes ;  a  species  of 
pigeon  having  feathers  disposed  round  its 
neck  in  the  form  of  a  ruff;  a  male  bird 
of  the  sandpiper  family,  having  the  fea- 
thers of  the  neck  standing  out  like  a  ruff, 
the  female  being  called  reeve;  a  low  vibra- 
ting beat  of  a  drum;  a  ruffle. 
Ruff,  ruf,  n.  [Pg.  rufa,  a  game  with  dice.l 
An  old  game  at  cards,  the  predecessor  of 
whist;  the  act  of  trumping  when  you  have 
no  cards  of  the  suit  led. — v.t.  Card-play- 
ing, to  trump  instead  of  following  suit. 
Ruffe,  ruf,  n.  [Origin  unknown.]  A  small 
British  fish  of  the  perch  family. 
Ruf&an,  ruf'i-an,  n.  [O.Fr.  rufien,  ruffien, 
a  rufiian;  Sp.  rufian,  a  rufiian,  a  pimp; 
It.  ruffiano,  a  pimp;  probably  of  German 
origin.]  A  boisterous  brutal  fellow;  a  fel- 
low ready  for  any  desperate  crime.— a.Like 
or  belonging  to  a  ruffian;  brutal.— Ruffian- 
Ish,  ruf'i-an-ish,  a.  Having  the  qualities 
of  a  ruffian.— Ruffianism,  ruf'i-an-izm,  n. 
The  character  or  manners  of  ruffians. — 
Ruffianly,  ruf'i-an-li,  a.  Like  a  ruffian; 
bold  in  crimes;  violent. 
Rnffie,  ruf'l,  v.t.— ruffled,  ruffling.  {A  freq. 
of  ruff^T).  ruyffeln,  to  wrinkle.]   To  dis- 


fh,  pAaiji;     vft,  S«,  loch;     g,  go;     ),  jobj     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sm(/;     in,  <Aeu;  th,  thin;     "w,  wig; 


wh,  whig; 
?8 


zh,  ajure, 


EUFOUS 


594 


RUy 


Older;  to  rumple;  to  derange;  to  disar- 
range; to  disturb  the  surface  of;  to  cause 
to  ripple  or  rise  in  waves ;  to  agitate  ;  to 
disturb  (to  ruffle  the  mind);  to  lumisn  or 
adorn  with  rtmes;  to  contr<act  into  plaits 
or  folds.— To  ruffle  one'8  feathers,  to  irritate 
one;  to  make  one  angry. — v.i.  To  grow 
rough  or  turbulent;  to  put  on  airs;  to 
fewagger:  often  with  an  indefinite  ii. — n. 
A  strip  of  plaited  cambric  or  other  fine 
cloth  attached  to  some  border  of  a  gar- 
meat,  as  to  the  wristband  or  bosom ;  a 
frill;  a  state  of  being  disturbed  or  a«;itated; 
a  low  vibrating  beat  of  the  <&uin. — 
Rnffler,  rufl-er,  n.   A  bully;  a  swaggerer. 

EufouB,  ro'fus,  a.  [L.  rufus,  red;  aUied  to 
ruber,  red  (whence  T^hric).'\  Baddish;  of 
a  yellowish  or  brownish  red. 

Bug,  rug,  n. .  [Akin  to  Icel.  roggr,  a  tuft, 
Bhajgginess;  Sw.  ruga,  ragg,  rough  hair. 
Bugged  and  rag  are  allied.]  A  heavy  wool- 
len fabric  used  for  various  purposes,  as  to 
cover  a  bed,  for  protecting  the  carpet  be- 
fore a  fireplace,  for  protecting  the  legs 
dgainst  the  cold  on  a  journey  by  rail,  &c. 

Eugate,  ro'gat,  o.  IL.  ruga,  a  wrinkle.] 
■\Vrinkled;  rugose. 

Ktigged,  rug'ed,  a.  [CJlosely  akia  to  rug.'\ 
Full  of  rough  projections  on  the  surface; 
broken  into  irregular  points  or  promi- 
nences (a  rMp(;ed  mountain,  a  rugged  road); 
rough;  shaggy;  rough  in  temper;  hard; 
crabbed;  austere;  rough  to  the  ear;  harsh; 
grating  (rugged  prose). — Ruggedly,  rug'ed- 
u,  adv.  In  a  rugged  manner.— Rugged- 
nesa,  mg'ed-nes,  n.  The  quaUty  or  stata  of 
being  rugged. 

Rugose,  Ragous,  ro'gos,  ro'gus,  a.  [L-  tu- 
goaua,  from  mga,  a  wrinkle.]  Wrinkled; 
full  of  wrinkles.— Rugosity,  ra-gos'i-ti,  n. 
A  state  of  being  rugosej  a  wrinkle;  a 
pucker,  a  slight  ridge.— Rugulose,  ro'gu- 
los,  a~    Bot.  -finely  wrinkled. 

Ruin,  rO'in,  n.  [Fr.  ruine,  from  L.  ruina,  a 
falling  down,  downfall,  ruin,  from  ruo, 
rutuvi,  to  fall,  to  rush  ^own.]  That  change 
of  anything  which  destroys  it  or  entirely 
unfits  it  for  use ;  destruction ;  overthrow; 
downfall;  what  promotes  injury,  decay, 
or  destruction j  bane;  perdition;  a  buil- 
ding or  anythmg  in  a  state  of  qecay  or 
dilapidation;  pi.  the  remains  of  a  de- 
cayed or  demolished  city,  house,  fortress, 
&c.;  the  state  of  being  destroyed  or-  ren- 
dered worthless  (to  go  to  ruin).—v.t.  To 
bring  to  ruin  or  destruction;  to  damage 
essentially;  to  destroy,  defeat,  demolish. — 
v.i.  To  fall  into  ruins;  to  run  to  ruin. — 
Ruinable,  rO'in-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
ruined. — Ruinate,  rO'i-nat,  v.t^riiinaied, 
ruinatinp.  To  ruin. — a.  Brought  to  ruin; 
ruined;  in  ruins. — Buinatlon,  rO-i-na'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  ruinating;  subversion; 
overthrow ;  demolition.— Ruiner,  ro'in-er, 
n.  One  that  ruins.— Roinoua,  ro'i-niis,  a. 
[L.  ruino8-us.'\  Fallen  to  ruin;  dilapidated; 
.composed  of  ruins;  bringing  or  tending  to 
bring  ruin.  —  Ruinously,  rO'i-nus-li,  adv. 
In  a  ruinous  manner;  destructively.' — 
Ruinousness,  ro'i-nus-nes,  n. 

Knkh,  ruk,  rt.    The  roc. 

Bale,  rol,  n.  fO.E.  reule,  rewle,  from  O.Fr. 
reule,  riule  (Fr.  figle),  froaj  L.  regula,  a 
straight  piece  of  wood,  a  i-uler,  a  rule  or 
pattern  (whence  regular),  from  rego,  to 
keep  straight,  to  govern.  Reo41.,  Right.] 
Government;  sway;  control;  supreme  com- 
mand or  authority;  an  established  prin- 
ciple, standard,  or  guide  for  action;  some- 
thing settled  hy  authority  or  custom  for 
guidance  and  direction;  a  maxim,  canon, 
or  precept  to  be  observed;  the  body  of  laws 
or  regulations  observed  by  a  religious 
society  and  its  members  (the  rule  at  St. 
Benedict);  a  point  of  law  settled  by  au- 
thority; an  instrument  by  which  straight 
lines  are  drawn ;  an  instrument  for  mea- 
suring short  lengths,  and  performing  vari- 
ous operations  in  mensuration;  arith.  a  de- 
terminate mode  prescribed  for  performing 
any  operation  and  producing  a  certain 
result;  gram,  an  estaolished  form  of  con- 
struction in  a  particular  class  of  words,  or 
the  expression  of  that  form  in  words.  — 
Rule  of  thumb,  a  rule  suggested  by  a  prac- 
tical rather  than  a  scientific  knowledge. 
—v.t.-^-rvled,ruling.  To  govern;  toexerdse 
authority- or  dominion  over;  to  control. 


conduct,  guide ;  to  mark  with  lines  by  a 
ruler;  law,  to  establish  by  rule;  to  deter- 
mine; to  decide. — v.i.  To  have  power  or  com- 
mand; to  exercise  supreme  authority :  often 
followed  by  over;  com.  to  stand  or  maintain 
a  level  (prices  ntZeJower  than  formerly). — 
Billable.  r0ra-bl,a.  Capable  of  being  ruled; 
governable. — Ruleless,  rol'les,  a.  Being 
without  rule;  lawless.— Ruler ,rol'6r,rt.  One 
that  rules  or  governs;  one  that  assists  in 
carrying  on  a  government;  an  instrument 
made  of  wood,  brass,  ivory,  &c.,  with 
straight  edges  or  sides,  by  which  straight 
lines  may  be  drawn  on  paper  or  other 
substance,  by  guiding  a  pen  or  pencil  along 
the  edge.— Eming,  rOl'ing,  p.  and  a.  Go- 
verning; reigning;  chief;  prevalent;  pre- 
dominant.— n.  A  rule  or  point  settled  by 
a  judge  or  court  of  law. — Rulingly,  rol'- 
ing-U,  adv. 

Bum,  rum,  n,  [Perhaps  of  West  Indian 
origin;  or  from  an  old  cant  word  rurrir 
booze,  good  drink.  See  Rcm-,  a.]  Spirit 
distilled  from  cane  juice,  or  from  treacle 
or  molasses.— Bummy.rum'i,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  rum. — Rum-snmb,  n.  A  liquor 
composed  of  rum,  sugar,  and  lime  or  lemon 
juice. 

Bum,  rum,  a.  [From  an  old  cant  word  rum, 
rovig,  great,  good,  used  in  a  contemptuous 
sense,  from  Rom,  applied  by  themselves  ta 
the  gypsies.]  Old-fashioned;  Odd;  queer. 
[Slang.] 

Bumble,  rumlsl,  v.i. — rurribled,  rumbling. 
[Same  as  D.  rommelen,  Dan.  rurrde,  G. 
rummeln,  mtrnpeln,  probably  imitative  of 
sound;  comp.  L.  rumor,  whence  E.  r-u- 
mour.]  To  make  a  low,  heavy,  hoarse,  con- 
tinued sound.— n.  A  low,  heavy,  continu- 
ous sound;  a  rumbling;  a  seat  for  servants 
behind  a  carriage.  —  Eumbler,  rum'bler, 
n.  The  person  or  thing  that  rumbles. — 
Bumbling,  rumlDling,  p.  and  a.  Making 
a  low.  heavy,  continued  sound  (a  rutribling 
noise).— n.  A  low,  heavy,  continued  sound; 
•a  rumble.— Eumblingly.rum'bling-li,  adv. 
In  a  rumbling  manner. 

Bnmen,  ro'men,  n.  [Jj.]  The  upper  or  first 
stomach  of  animals  which  chew  the  cud. 

Buininate,  ro'mi-nat^  v.i. — ruminated,  ru- 
minating. [L.  rumino,  ruminatum,  from 
rumen,  the  throat,  the  gullet.]  To  chew 
the  cud;  to  chew  again  what  has  been 
slightly  chewed  and  swallowed;  to  muse; 
to  meditate;  to  think  again  and  again; 
to  ponder.  —  v.t.  To  chew  over  again; 
to  muse  or  meditate  on.— Bnminant,  rO'- 
mi-nant,  a.  [L.  ruminans,  ruminantis, 
ppr.  of  rumino.]  Chewing  the  cud;  char- 
acterized by  chewing  again  what  has  been 
swallowed  {rumina^it  animals).  —  n.  A 
member  of  an  order  of  herbivorous  hoofed 
mammals  that  chew  the  cud,  as  the  camel, 
deer,  goat,  ox,  &c.  —  Rnminantly,  ro'mi- 
nant-li,  adv.  In  a  ruminant  manner;  by 
chewing.— Rumination,  ro-mi-na'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  ruminating;  the  act  of  medi- 
tating ;  a  musing  or  continued  thinking. 
— Bnminator,  ra'mi-na-t6r,  n.  One  that 
ruminates.. 

Bummage,  rum'sj,  v.t— rummaged,  rum- 
maging. [Same  as  if  roomage;  originally 
a  sea  term  signifiring  to  stow  goods  in  a 
ship's  hold,  or  to  remove  them  from  the 
hold,  from  rome,  an  old  form  of  room,  or 
from  D.  ruim,  the  hold  of  a  ship,  a  form 
of  the  same  word.  Room.]  To  search 
narrowly  every  place  Or  part  of,  by  look- 
ing into  every  comer  and  turning  over 
goods  or  other  things;  to  explore;  to  ran- 
sack.— v.i.  To  search  a  place  narrowly  by 
looking  among  things.  —  n.  A  searching 
carefully  by  looking  into  every  comer  and 
by  tumbling  over  things.  —  Bummager, 
rum'aj-6r,  n.    One  who  rummages. 

Bummer,  rum'6r,  n.  [D.  roomer,  Sw.  rem- 
mer,  G.  romer,  a  large  drinking-glass;  per- 
haps lit.,  a  Roman  glass.]  A  glass  or 
drinking-cup. 

Rummy.    Under  Rum.. 

Rumour,  rO'mfer,  n.  [Fr.  rumewr,  from  L. 
rumor,  rumour,  common  talk.  JRumble.] 
Flying  or  popalar  report;  the  common 
voice;  a  current  story  passing  from  one 
Ijerson  to  another^  without  any  known 
authority  for  the  truth  of  it;  a  mere  re- 
port.—w.t.  To  tell  or  circulate  by  report ; 
tv'  spread  abroad;  to  reirart. 


Rmnp,  rump,  n.  [A  Scandinatian  word= 
Ict.'.  rurt.pr.  Sw.  rtimpa,  1).  ro^npe,  G. 
rumpf,  a  tail.]  The  end  of  the  backbone 
of  an  animal,  with  the  parts  adjacent;  the 
buttocks;  fig.  the  fag-end  of  something 
which  las**  longer  than  the  original  body; 
Eng.  hist,  the  fag-end  of  the  Long  Parlia- 
ment, after  the  expulsion  of  the  majority 
of  its  members  by  Cromwell  in  1648.— 
Rump-steak,  n.  A  beef-steak  of  choice 
quality  cut  from  the  thigh  near  the  rump. 

Rumple,  rum'pl,  v.t.— rumpled,  rumpling. 
[Same  as  D.  rompelen,  to  rumple;  akin  to 
O.L.G.  rumpele,  a  wrinkle;  G.  rumpfen, 
riimpfen,  to  crimp,  to  wrinkle.  Rimple 
is  another  form ;  comp.  also  rippZe.J  To 
wrinkle;  to  make  uneven;  to  ruffle;  to 

dishevel.— n.  A  fold  or  plait Rumply, 

rum'pU.'a.    Rumpled.    [CoUbq.] 

Rumpus,  rum'pus,  n.  [Perhaps  imitative 
of  a  noise,  like  rumble;  or  alUed  to  ro7)!p.] 
A  riot;  a  great  noise;  disturbance.  [CoUoq.] 

Btm,  run,  v.i.  pret.  ran  (run  is  now  incor- 
rect); pp.  run;  ppr.  running.  [A.  Sax.  ri»i- 
nan  (pret.  ran,  pi.  runnon,  pp.  rumien); 
O.  Sax.  Goth,  and  0.  H.  G.  rinfian,  D.  ren- 
neh,  rinnen,  Icel.  renna,  G.  rennen,  to  run; 
same  root  as  in  Skr.  ri,  to  go.]  To  pass 
over  the  ground  by  using  the  legs  more 
quickly  than  in  walking ;  to  contend  in  a 
race;  hence,  to  enter  into  a  contest;  to  flee 
for  escape ;  to  retreat  hurriedly ;  to  steal 
away ;  to  extend  quickly ;  to  spread  (the 
fire  runs  over  a  field);  to  rush  or  be  car- 
ried along  with  violence  (a  ship  runs 
against  a  rock ) ;  to  move  on  wheels  or 
runnfers,  as  a  locomotive  or  sledge;  to  sail, 
as  a  ship ;  to  pass  or  go  back  and  forth 
from  place  to  place;  to  ply  (ships,  railway 
trains,  stage-coaches,  &c.  .between  different 
places);  to  move  or  pass,  as  a  fluid,  the  sand 
in  an  hour-glass,  or  the  like;  to  be  wet 
with  a  flowing  liquid;  to  become  fluid;  to 
fuse;  to  melt;  to  spread  on  a  surface;  to 
spread  and  blend  (coloursnm  in  washing; 
ink  runs  on  porous  paper) ;  to  discharge 
pus  or  other  matter  (an  ulcer  r^ais);  to  re- 
volve on  an  axis  or  pivot;  to  turn,  as  a 
wheel;  to  continue  going  or  in  operation 
(an  engine  runs,  the  mills  are  running); 
to  pass  or  proceed  in  thought  or  speech 
(to  run  from  one  topic  to  another);  to 
pass  from  one  state  or  condition  to  an- 
other (to  run  into  error  or  into  debt);  to 
proceed  or  pass,  as  time;  to  have  a  cer- 
tain course,  track,  or  direction;  to  extend, 
stretch,  lie  (the  street  runs  east  and  west); 
to  have  a  certain  written  form;  to  read  so 
or  so  to  the  ear  (the  lines  run  smoothly);  to 
have  a  continued  tenor  or  purport  (the 
conversation  ran  as  follows);  to  be  popu- 
larly spread  or  received;  to  continue  or  be 
repeated  for  a  certain  time  (the  nlay  ran  for 
a  hundred  nights);  to  be  carried  to  a  pitch; 
to  rise  (debates  rw/ihigh);  to  grow  exuber- 
antly; to  proceed  or  tend  in  growing;  to 
continue  in  time  before  it  becomes  due  and 
payable  (a  bill  has  ninety  days  to  run).  — 
To  run  after,  to  pursue  or  follow;  to  endea- 
vour to  obtain. — To  run  against,  to  come 
into  collision  with.— To  run  at,  to  attack 
with  sudden  violence;  to  rush  upon. — To 
run  away,  to  flee;  to  escape;  to  elope. — To 
run  away  with,  to  convey  away  in  a  hur- 
ried or  clandestine  manner;  to  join  in 
eloping  with;  to  bolt  with;  to  start  off 
with  at  a  great  pace  (the  horse  ran  away 
with  the  carriage).  —  To  run  foul  of,  to 
come  into  collision  with.  —  To  run  m  or 
into,  to  enter  by  running ;  to  step  in ;  to 
come  or  get  into  (to  run  into  danger). — 
To  run  on,  to  be  continued;  to  talk  in- 
cessantly ;  to  continue  a  course ;  printing, 
to  be  continued  without  a  break  or  new 
paragraph.- To  run  on  aU  fours,  to  run  on 
hands  and  feet;  to  be  coincident  or  con- 
current; to  be  exactly  analogous  or  simi- 
lar to  something  else;  to,  agree.— To  run 
out,  to  stop  after  running  to  the  end  of  its 
time,  as  a  watch  or  sand-glass;  to  come  to 
an  end;  to  expire  (a  lease  runs  out  at  Mi- 
chaelmas).— To  run  over,  to  overflow;  to 
go  over,  examine,  or  recount  cursorily  (to 
run  over  all  the  particulars);  to  ride  or 
drive  over  (to  run  over  a  child). — To  run 
through,  to  spend  quickly;  to  dissipate  (he 
ran  through  his  fortune). — To  run  to  aeeU, 
saad  of  herbaceous  plants,  which,  instead 


I'&te.  f^,  fat,  f{^;     me,  met,  her;     pme,pji;     note,  not,  mOve;     tabe,tub,bviU;     oil,  pound;     tt,  be.  tibuu^-tbe  Fr.  t(. 


RUN 


595 


EXISTIC 


of  developing  the  produce  for  which  they 
are  valued,  in  a  juicy  state,  shoot  up,  and 
yield,  instead,  flowers,  and  ultimately 
seed;  hence,  to  become  useless ;  to  go  to 
waste. — To  run  up,  to  rise;  to  grow;  to  in- 
crease (accounts  run  up  very  fast);  to  pass 
rapidly  from  bottom  to  top  of  (to  run  up 
a  column  of  figures).— d.<.  To  cause  to  run 
or  go  quickly;  to  cause  to  be  carried  in  a 
certain  course  (to  run  a  ship  aground);  to 
cause  to  ply;  to  maintain  in  running  (to 
run  a  stage-coach);  to  accomplish  by  run- 
ning; to  pursue,  as  a  course;  to  incur;  to 
encounter  (to  run  the  risk  of  being  killed); 
to  break  through  or  evade  (to  run  a  bloc- 
kade); hence,  to  smuggle;  to  import  or 
export  without  paying  duties ;  to  push ; 
to  thrust ;  to  pierce ;  to  stab  (to  run  a  per- 
son through  with  a  rapier);  to  pour  forth 
in  a  stream ;  to  melt;  to  melt  and  clarify; 
to  form  in  a  mould  by  melting;  to  carry  on 
or  conduct,  as  a  hotel  or  other  enterprise; 
to  sew  by  passmg  the  needle  through  and 
through  in  a  continuous  line.—  To  run 
down,  to  chase  to  weariness  (to  run  down 
a  stag);  to  run  against  and  sink,  as  a  ves- 
sel; to  pui-sue  with  scandal  or  opposition. 
— To  run  hard,  to  press  hard  in  a  race  or 
other  competition ;  to  come  very  near 
beating;  to  pr^ss  with  jokes,  sarcasm,  or 
ridicule.- To  run  in,  to  take  into  custody, 
as  by  a  policeman;  to  lock  up.  [Slang.]— 
To  run  on,  printing,  to  carry  on  or  con- 
tinue, as  a  line,  without  break  or  a  new 
paragraph.  —  To  run  riot.  Under  Riot. 
—  To  run  up,  to  increase ;  to  enlarge  by 
additions  (to  run  up  a  large  account):  to 
thrust  up,  as  anything  long  and  slender ; 
to  erect ;  especially,  to  erect  hastily  (to 
rM)i  MP  a  block  of  buildings).— To  run  the 
gantlet.  Gantlet. — n.  The  act  of  run- 
ning; a  course  run  (a  long  run,  a  quick 
rtin);  a  trip;  a  pleasure  trip  or  excursion 
(colloq.);  particular  or  distinctive  course, 
progress,  tenor,  &c.;  continued  course  (a 
run:  of  ill  luck);  a  general  or  uncommon 
pressure  or  demand,  as  on  a  bank  or  trea- 
sury for  payment  of  its  notes;  the  distance 
sailed  by  a  ship;  a  voyage;  a  passage  from 
one  place  to  another;  a  pair  of  millstones; 
criCKet,  one  complete  act  of  running  from 
one  wicket  to  the  other  by  the  batsman; 
a  place  where  animals  run  or  may  run ;  es- 
pecially, a  large  extent  of  grazing  ground, 
called  variously  a  Cattle-run,  a  Sheep-run, 
&c.,  according  to  the  animals  pastured ; 
music,  a  successionof  notes,  either  ascend- 
ing or  descending,  played  or  sung  rapidly. 
—The  cominon  run  (or  simply  the  run),  that 
which  passes  under  observation  as  usual  or 
most  general;  the  generality.— By  tlie  run, 
suddenly;  quickly;  at  once:  said  of  afall  or 
sudden  descent. — In  the  long  run,  in  the 
final  result ;  in  the  conclusion  or  end.— a. 
Liquefied;  melted;  clarified  (run  butter); 
run  or  conveyed  ashore  secretly;  contra- 
band (run  brandy).— Runaway,  run'a-w5, 
n.  One  that  flies  from  danger  or  restraint; 
one  that  deserts  lawful  service;  a  fugitive, 
-r-a.  Acting  the  part  of  a  runaway;  escap- 
ing or  breaking  from  rest-aint;  accom- 
plished or  effected  by  running  away  or 
eloping  (a  runaway  match).  —  Runnel, 
run'l,  n.  A  rivulet  or  small  brook. — Run- 
ner, ran'6r,  n.  One  who  runs;  a  racerl  a 
messenger;  an  old  name  for  a  criminal  de- 
tective; a  slender  prostrate  stem  sending 
out  leaves  and  roots,  as  in  the  strawberry; 
any  bird  of  the  order  Cursores;  that  on 
which  a  thing  runs  or  slides  (the  runner 
or  keel  of  a  "sleigh  or  skate).— Running, 
run'ing,  p.  and  a.  Kept  for  racing  (a 
running  horse);  in  succession;  without 
any  intervening  day,  year,  &c.:  a  semi- 
adverbial  usage  (to  visit  two  days  running, 
to  sow  land  two  years  running);  discharg- 
ing pus  or  tnsitteT.-Running  .fight,  a  fight 
kept  up  by  the  party  pursuing  and  the 
party  pvLraxieA.— Running  fire,  a  constant 
fire  of  musketry  or  artillery.- -iJwnninjr 
hand,  the  style  of  handwriting  in  which 
the  letters  are  formed  without  the  nen 
bein.,'  lifted  from  the  paper.— iJunmnff 
rigging,  the  ropes  used  for  hoisting  a  ship's 
sails,  moving  the  yards,  and  the  like:  in 
distinction  from  standing  rigging.— n.  The 
act  of  one  who  runs;  a  quantity  run  (the 
first  rr.nning  of  a  still). 


Bunagate,  run'a-gat,  n.  [Corruption  of  Fr. 
ren4gat.  Renegade.]  A  fugitive;  a  vaga- 
bond; an  apostate;  a  renegade. 

Runclnate,  run'si-nat,  a.  [L.  runcina,  a 
plane.]  In  bot.  having  curved  indentations 
and  lateral  lobes  turned  backwards,  as  in 
the  dandelion  leaf. 

Bundle,  run'dl,  n.  [For  roundle,  ftom 
round.']    A  round;  a  step  of  a  ladder. 

Bune,  ron,  n.  [A.  Sax.  run,  a  rune,  a  mys- 
terious or  magical  character,  a  mystery, 
a  whisper;  from  root  meaning  to  whisper, 
as  in  L.  rumor,  a  rumour.]  One  of  a  par-' 
ticular  set  of  alphabetic  characters  pecu- 
liar to  the  ancient  northern  nations  of  Eu- 
rope, all  the  runes  being  formed  almost 
entirely  of  straight  lines,  either  single  or 
in  composition. — Runecraft,  ron'kraft,  n. 
Knowledge  of  runes.  —  Runic,  rOn'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  runes. — Runic  wand,  runic 
staff,  a  willow  wand  inscribed  with  runes, 
used  for  purposes  of  divination.  —  Runo- 
logist,  rfj-noFo-jist,  n.  One  versed  in  runo- 
logy;  a  student  of  runic  remains. — Bnno- 
logy,  ro-nol'o-ji,  n.    The  study  of  runes. 

Btmg,  rung,  pp.  of  Hng. 

Bung,  rung,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hrung,  a  pole,  a 
beam;  Icel.  rong,  a  rib  in  a  ship;  O.D. 
ronghe,  a  prop;  G.  runge,  a  short  piece.]  A 
heavy  staSf;  tne  round  or  step  of  a  ladder. 

Bunlet,  Bundlet,  run'let,  rund'let,  n.  [For 
roundlet,  from  round.]  A  small  barrel  of 
no  certain  dimensions. 

Runnel.    Under  Run. 

Runnet,  run'et,.  n.    Same  as  Rennet. 

Bunt,  runt,  n.  [Origin  doubtful.]  Any 
animal  below  the  usual  size  of  the  breed; 
a  variety  of  pigeon. 

Bupee,  rO-pe',  n.  [Hind.  rUpiyu,  a  rupee, 
from  Skr.  rfijjyci,  silver.]  A  silver  coin  the 
unitof  value  in  British  India:  nearly  equi- 
valent to  28. 

Bupture,  rup'tar,  n.  [Fr.  rupture,  from 
L.L.  ruptura,  a  breaking,  from  L.  rumpo, 
ruptum,  to  break  (seen  also  in  abrupt,  cor- 
rupt, eruption,  interrupt,  &c.,  and  giving 

.origin  also  to j-oute,  rout.  &c.).]  The  act  of 
breaking  or  bursting;  the  state  of  being 
broken  or  violently  parted;  med.  same  as 
hernia,  especially  hernia  of  the  abdomen; 
a  breach  of  concord  either  between  indi- 
viduals or  nations;  open  hostility  or  war; 
a  quarrel.— i».t. — ruptured,  rupturing.  To 
make  a  rupture  in;  to  burst;  to  part  by 
violence;  to  affect  with  or  cause  to  suffer 
from  rupture. — v.i.  To  suffer  a  breach  or 
disruption. 

Bnral,  ro'ral,  o.  [L.  ruralis,  from  rus, 
ruris,  the  country  (whence  also  rustic) ; 
same  root  as  room).)  Pertaining  to  the 
country,  as  distinguished  from  a  city  or 
town;  suiting  the  country  or  resembling 
it ;  pertaining  to  agriculture  or  farming. 
— Rural  dean,  an  ecclesiastic  under  the 
bishop  and  the  archdeacon,  who  has  the 
peculiar  care  and  inspection  of  the  clergy 
and  laity  of  a  district.— Burallsm,  rS'ral- 
izm,  n.  The  state  of  being  rural;  an  idiom 
peculiar  to  the  country  as  opposed  to  the 
town.  —  Rurallst,  rb'ral-ist,  n.  One  that 
leads  a  rural  life.— Ruralize,  r8'ral-iz,  v.i. 
— ruralized,  ruralizing.  To  go  into  the 
country;  to  go  to  dwell  in  the  country;  to 
rusticate.— v.i.  To  render  rural;  to  give  a 
rural  character  to.— Burally,  rb'ral-li,  adv. 
In  a  rural  manner.— Buralness,  Rurality, 
rO'ral-nes,  ra-ral'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  rural.— Ruridecanal,  ro-ri-dc'kan-al, 
a.  [L.  rus,  ruris,  the  country,  and  deca.n- 
us,  a  dean.]    Belonging  to  a  rural  dean. 

Bttsa,  rS'za,  n.  [Malay  riissa,  a  stag.]  A 
name  of  several  species  of  Asiatic  deex*. 

Buee,  rOz,  n.  [Fr.  TKSe,  from  ruser,  to  dodge; 
O.Fr.  reiiser,  to  get  out  of  the  way,  from 
L.  recusare,  to  refuse.  'Recusant.]  An 
artifice,  trick,  or  stratagem;  a  wile. 

Bush,  rush,  n.  [O.E.  rishe,  rusche,  from 
A.  Sax.  risce,  ricse,  a  rush;  D.  rusch,  G. 
rausch;  probably  from  L.  ruscum,  butch- 
er's-broom.]  The  common  name  of  her- 
baceous plants,  usually  growing  in  damp 
meadows  and  swamps,  having  round  erect 
stems -which  are  sometimes  used  for  plait- 

■  ing  into  mats,  chair-bottoms,  &c.,  and 
which  contain  a  large  pith;  used  typically 
of  anything  weak  or  of  trivial  value;  the 
merost  trifle;  a  stiuw.  —  Bush-bottomed, 
a.    Having  a  bottom  or  seat  made  with 


rushes  (a  rush -bottomed  chair).  —  Bush- 
candle,  n.  A  small  taper  made  by  the 
pith  of  a  rush  in  tallow.— Bushed,  rusht, 
a.  Abounding  with  rushes;  covered  with 
rushes. — Bush-light,  n.  A  rush-candle  or 
its  Ught;  hence,  any  weak  flickering  light. 
— Bush-mat,  n.  A  mat  comiwsed  of  ruslie^. 
— Bush-nut,  w.  A  plant,  a  kind  of  cyperus, 
with  edible  tubers.  —  Bushy,  rush'i,  a. 
Abounding  with  rushes;  made  of  rushes. 

Bush,  rush,  v.i.  [Akin  to  Dan.  ruske,  Sw. 
rttska,  to  shake;  D.  ruisclien,  G.  rausclien, 
to  rustle;  O.G.  rUschun,  to  rush,  to  roar; 
comp,  also  A.Sax.  hreisan,  to  fall,  to  rush.  J 
To  move  or  drive  forward  with  impetu- 
osity, violence,  and  tumultuous  rapidity; 
to  enter  with  undue  eagerhess,  or  without 
due  deliberation  (to  rush  into  a  scheme). — 
n.  A  driving  forward  with  eagerness  and 
haste;  aviolent  motion  or  course;  an  eager 
demand;  a  run.— Busher,  rush'6r,  n.  One 
who  rushes. 

Busk,  rusk,  n.  [Perhaps  akin  to  L.G.  rus- 
ken,  to  crackle,  as  we  have  cracknel,  a  bis- 

.  cuit,  from  crack.]    A  kind  of  Ught  hard 

"  cake  browned  in  a  moderately  cool  oven, 
and  used  as  food  for  infants. 

Buss,  rus,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Russians.— 
n.  The  language  of  the  Russians;  ging. 
and  pi.  a  native  or  the  natives  of  Russia. 
— Bussia,  Buasia'- leather,  rush 'y a,  n.  A 
strong,  pliant,  and  waterproof  leather, 
having  a  peculiar  penetrating  odour,  duo 
.to  the  oil  of  birch  used  in  its  preparation, 
specially  useful  in  binding  books,  tiie  oil 
repelling  insects. — Busslan,  rush'yau,  a. 
Pertaining  to  Russia,  —  n.  A  native  of 
Russia ;  the  language  of  Russia ;  Russ. — 
Russophile,  Russophilist,  rus'o-fil,  rus-of- 
il-ist,  n.  \Ru.ss,  and  Gr.  philos,  a  friend.] 
One  whose  sympathies  lie  towards  Russia 
or  her  policy. — Russophobia,  rus-o-fo'bi-a, 
n.    [Russ,  and  Gr.  phohos,  fear.]  A  fear  of 

■  Russia  or  the  Russians.  —  Russophobist, 
rus-of'ob-ist,  n.  One  who  fears  or  disUkes 
Russia. 

Busset,  rus'et,  a.  [O.Fr.  rousset,  from  L. 
russus,  red,  akin  to  ruber,  red.]  Of  a  red- 
dish-brown colour;  coarse;  homespun; 
rustic:  from  the  general  colour  of  home- 
spun cloth.— n.  A  kind  of  apple  of  a  russet 
colour  and  rough  skin;  a  pigment  of  a 
rich  transparent  brown  colour  obtained 
from  madder.— W.J.  To  give  a  russet  hue 
to;  to  change  into  russet. 

Bust,  rust,  n.  [A.  Sax.  rust,  rust=D.  roest, 
Ban.rwsi.Sw.and  G.rost,rust;so  called  from 
its  red  colour,  the  root  being  that  of  red, 
ruddy,  L.  ruber,red  (Rubric);  russus,  red- 
dish (Rdsset).]  The  red  or  orange-yellow 
coating  (an  oxide  of  iron)  which  is  formed 
on  the  surface  of  iron  when  exposed  to  air 
and  moisture;  a  composition  of  iron-filings 
and  sal-ammoniac,  with  sometimes  a  little 
sulphur,  moistened  with  water  and  used 
for  filling  fast  joints ;  a  parasitic  fungus 
which,  attacks  the  leaves,  glumes,  stalks, 
&c.,  of  cereals  and  grasses;  any  foul  ex- 
traneous matter;  corrosive  or  injurious 
accretion  or  influence.— i».i.  To  contract  or 
gather  rust;  to  be  oxidizedj  to  assume  an 

.  appearance  as  if  coated  with  rust;  to  de- 
generate in  idleness  or  inaction.— v.i.  To 
cause  to  contract  rust;  to  impair  by  time 
and  inactivity.— Rustily,  rus'ti-li,  adv.  In 
a  rusty  state:  in  a  manner  to  suggest  rus- 
tiness.— Rustiness,  rus'ti-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  rusty.- Busty,  rus'ti,  a.  Covered 
or  affected  with  rust ;  having  the  colour 
of  rust;  appearing  as  if  covered  with  rust; 
impaired  oy  inaction  or  neglect  of  use. 

Bustle,  rus'tik,  a.  [Ij.  r-ustoifs,  from  rus, 
the  country.  Ruhal,]  Pertaining  to  the 
country;  living  in  or  found  in  the  country; 
rural;. plain;  simple;, not  elegant,  refined, 
or  costly.— i^^(si^o  work,  masonry  worked 
with  grooves  between  the  courses,  to  look 
like  open  joints;  summer-houses,  garden- 
seats,  &c.,  made  from  rough  limbs  or 
branches  of  trees. — n.  An  inhabitant  of 
the  country;  a  clown;  a  swain.  —  Rusti- 
cally, rus'ti-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  rustic  man- 
ner. —  Rusticaluess,  ru8'ti-kal-nes,  n.— 
Bustlcate,  rus'ti-kat,  v.i.— rusticated,  rus- 
ticating, [li.  ruslicor,rusticatuaJ  To  dwell 
or  reside  in  the  country.- u.t.  To  suspend 

from  studies  at  a  college  or  university  and 
send  away  for  a  time  by  way  of  punis?  • 


ch,  cftain;     ch,Sc.\och:     g,po;     j.iob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     np,  sin^;     tH,  </ten;  th,  <Mn;     w,  wig;     wh.  toWg;     zh,  a«ure, 


KUSTIL\ 


596 


SACRA]MENT 


ment.— Rustication, nis-ti-ka'8hon,  n.  The 
act  of  rusticating  or  state  of  being  rusti- 
cited.— Rusticity,  rus-tis'i-ti,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  rustic. 

Rustily,  RustinesB,  Rusty.    Under  Rust. 

Rustle,  raa'l,  v.i.— rustled,  rusilinff.  [A.Sax. 
hristlan,  to  rustle,  a  dirii.  and  freq.  form 
corresponding  to  Icel.  hrista,  Dan.  rj/ste, 
Sw.  rysta,  to  shake,  to  tremble.]  To  make 
a  quick  succession  of  small  sounds  like 
the  rubbing  of  silk  cloth  or  dry  leaves;  to 
give  out  a  sUghtly  sibilant  sound  when 
shaken.— u.f.  To  cause  to  rustJe.— n.  The 
noise  made  by  one  who  or  that  which 
rustles;  a  slight  crackling  sound  as  of  dry 
leaves  or  silk  clothes.— Rustler,  rusl-6r,  n. 
One  who  rustles. 

Rut,  rut,  n.  [Fr.  rut,  O.Fr.  not,  the  noise 
which  deer  make  when  they  desire  to  come 
together,  from  L.  rugitits,  a  roaring,  from 
rugio,  to  roar,  to  bellow.]  The  time  during 
which  deer  and  some  other  animals  are 
under  the  sexual  excitement.— ».i.—7T<l- 


ted,  rvtthvg.  To  desire  to  come  together 
for  copulation:  said  of  deer. — v.t.  To  cover 
in  copulation. — Eutter,  rut'er,  n.  One  that 
ruts.— RuttisU,  rut'ish,  a.  Lustful;  libidi- 
nous.—Ruttishness,  rut'ish-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  nittish. 

Rut,  rut,  n.  [Same  word  as  rovte,  rote.\ 
The  track  of  a  wheel,  a  line  cut  on  the 
soil  with  a  spade.— w.t.-ruiterf,  rutting.  To 
make  ruts  in  or  on  with  cart-wheels;  to 
cut  a  line  on,  as  on  the  soil,  with  a  spade. 
-*Rutty,  rut'i,  a.  Full  of  ruts;  cut  by 
wheels,  as  a  road. 

Ruth,  roth, n.  [From rite;  comp.  trtUh  from' 
tnte.]  Mercy;  pity;  tenderness;  sorrow  for 
the  misery  of  another;  sorrowful  or  ten- 
der regret.  [Mainly  poet.]  —  Ruthless, 
roth'les,  a.  Hartng  no  ruth  or  pity;  cruel; 
pitiless;  barbarous.— Ruthlessly,  roth'les- 
li,  adv.  In  a  ruthless  manner.— Ruthlesa- 
ness,  rOth'les-nes,  n.   Pitilessness. 

Ruthenium,  ro-thS'ni-um,  n.  [From  Ru-- 
thenia,  a  Latin  name  for  Russia,  having 


'been  first  obtained  in  ore  from  the  Ural.] 
A  hard  rare  metal  of  a  gray  colour  occur- 
ring in  platinum  ore. 

Rntlle,  RutiUte,  ro'til,  rO'til-it,  n.  [L.  ru- 
tilxts,  red,  inclining  to  yellow,]  Native 
titanic  oxide,  an  ore  of  titanium  of  a  red- 
dish-brown colour. 

Ryal,  ri'al,  n.    Kial. 

Rye,  ri,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ryge,  Icel.  rdgr,  Dan. 
rug,  Sw.  rog,  D.  roqge,  G.  roggen,  roeken; 
cog.  6r.  oryza,  rice.j  A  cereal  plant  which 
bears  naked  seeds  furnished  with  awns 
like  barley,  much  cultivated  for  food  in 
Germany  and  Russia,  in  Britain  mostly 
sown  as  a  green-crop  for  food  to  sheep  and 
cattle  in  spring.— Rye-grass,  ji.  The  com- 
mon name  of  a  genus  of  esteemed  fodder- 
grasses,  of  which  there  are  several  varie- 
ties, some  annual,  others  perennial. 

Ryot,  ri'ot,  n.  (Ar.  ra'iyat,  a  peasant.]  A 
Hindu  cultivator  of  the  soU. 

Rjnpeck,  ri'pek.  n.  A  pole  used  to  moor  a 
punt  while  fishing  or  the  like. 


S. 


S,  the  nineteenth  letter  of  the  English 
alphabet,  a  consonant  representing  a  hiss- 
ing sound. 

Sabadilla,  sab-a-dil'a,    Cebadilla. 

Sabalsm,  sa-ba'izm,n.  [Comp.Heb.t«eM<3<A, 
the  heavenly  host.  Sabaoth.]  The  wor- 
ship of  the  heavenly  bodies,  anciently 
practised  in  Western  Asia, 

Bahaoth,  sa-ba'oth,  n.  [Heb.  tsebaoth, 
armies,  from  tsAbd,  to  assemble,  to  fight.] 
ScHp.  armies;  hosts. 

Sabbath,  sab'bath,  n.  [Heb.  fhahhath,  rest, 
the  day  of  rest.]  The  day  which  God  ap- 
pointed to  be  observed  as  a  day  of  rest; 
originally  the  seventh  day  of  the  week, 
but  in  the  Christian  church  the  first  day 
of  the  week  is  held  sacred,  in  commemor- 
ation of  the  resurroction  of  Christ  on  that 
day;  the  Lord's-day;  Sunday;  intermission 
of  pain  or  sorrow;  time  of  rest;  the  sab- 
batical year  among  the  Israelites  (O.T.). 
— >Sa(;6atA-dai/'s  journey  ,the  distance  which 
the  Jews  were  permitted  to  travel  on  the 
Sabbath-day,  probably  about  an  English 
mile.. '.Sabbath  is  not  strictly  synonymous 
with  Swiday.  Sunday  is  the  mere  name 
of  the  day.  Sabbath  is  the  name  of  the  in- 
stitution. Sunday  is  the  Sabbath  of  Chris- 
tians, Saturday  is  the  Sabbath  of  the  Jews. 
But  in  the  mouths  of  many  it  is  equivalent 
to  5und«j/.— Sabbatarian,  sab-ba-ta'ri-an, 
n.  One  who  observes  the  Sabbath  with 
extraordinary  or  unreasonable  rigour;  one 
careful  to  abstain  from  work  or  relaxation 
on  Sundaj'.  Used  also  adjech'yeZy.— Sabba- 
tarianism, sab-ba-ta'ri-an-izm,  n.  The  ten- 
ets of  Sabbatarians.  —  Sabbath-breaker, 
n.  One  who  profanes  the  Sabbath.— Sab- 
bath-breaking, n.  The  act  of  breaking  or 
profaning  the  Sabbath.  —  Sabbathless, 
sab'bath-les,  a.  Having  no  Sabbath;  with- 
out intermission  of  labour.  —  Sabbatic, 
Sabbatical,  sab-bat 'ik,  sab-bat 'i-kal,  a. 
(L.  sabbaticu3.]  Pertaining  to  the  Sab- 
bath.—Saftfeafi'eaZ  yertr,every  seventh  year, 
in  which  the  Israelites  were  commanded 
to  suffer  their  fields  and  vineyards  to  rest 
or  lie  without  tillage  and  to  release  debtors 
from  their  obligations. 

Sabellian,  sa-bel'i-an,  n.  A  follower  of 
Sabellius,  a  philosopher  of  Egypt  in  the 
third  century  a.d.,  who  taught  thatthere 
is  one  person  only  in  the  Godhead. 

Sabicn,  sab-i-kb',  n.  [Native  name.J  A  tree 
cf  Cuba  yielding  timber  used  in  ship- 
building, &c.  . 

Sabine,  sa'bin,  n.  [Fr.  sabine,  from  L. 
aabina  {fierba),  the  Sabine  herb,  savin.]  A 
plant.    Savin. 

Sable,  sa'bl,  n.  [O.  Fr.  table,  from  Pol. 
eabol,  Russ.  sohol,  a  Slavonic  word.]  A 
digitigrade  carnivorous  animal  nearly 
allied  to  the  marten,  found  chiefly  in  the 
northern  regions  of  Asia,  and  hunted  for 
its  black  lustrous  fur;  the  fur  of  the  sable; 
a  black  or  mourning  suit  or  garment;  the 
-heraldic  name  fov  black. — a.  Of  the  colour 


•of  the  sable;  black;  dark.— v.t— sabZed, 
sablirw.  To  ipake  sable  or  dark  in  colour. 
— Sable-Tested,  a.  Clothed  in  sable  gar- 
ments'. 

Sabot,  sa-bo,  n.  [Fr.  Origin  unknown.]  A 
wooden  shoe  worn  by  the  peasantry  in 
France,  Belgium,  ifec. 

Sabre,  sa'ber,  n.  [Fr.  sabre,  from  P.  Dan. 
and  Sw.  sabel,  6.  sdbel,  a  sabre;  ultimate 
origin  unknown.]  A  sword  with  a  broad 
and  heavy  blade,  thick  at  the  back  and  a 
little  curved  towards  the  point,  specially 
adapted  for  cutting;  a  cavalry  sword. — 
v.t— sabred,  sabring.  To  strike,  cut,  or 
kill  with  a  sabre.  —  Sabretache,  Sabre- 
tasche,  sa'b6r-tash,n.  [G.tasc?ie,  a  pocket.] 
A  leathern  case  or  outside  pocket  worn  by 
cavalry  at  the  left  side,  suspended  from 
the  sword-belt. 

Sabulous,  sab'u-lus,  a.  [L.  sabulostis,  from 
sabulum,  sand.]  Sandy;  gritty.  —  Sabu- 
loslty,  sab-u-los'i-ti,  n.     The  quality  of 

.  being  sabulous;  sandiness;  grittiness. 

Sac,  sak,  n.  [L.  sacnts,  a  bag.  Sack.]  A 
bag  or  cyst  of  an  animal  or  plant;  a  pouch; 
a  receptacle  for  a  liquid  (the  lacrymal  sac). 
—Saccate,  sak'kat,  a.  Bot.  furnished  with 
or  having  the  form  of  a  sac  or  pouch. — 
Sacciferous,  sak-sif'tr-us,  o.  [L.  saccus, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  Bot.  bearing  a  sac- 
Sacciform,  sak'si-form,  a.  Having  the 
general  form  of  a  sac. — Saccular,  sak'ko- 
ler,  a.  Like  a  sac;  sacciform.— Sacculated, 
sak'ku-la-ted,  a.  Furnished  with  little 
sacs.— Saccule,  sakTcul,  ;i.  [L.  saccvlus.J 
A  little  sac  or  sack;  a  cyst;  a  cell. 

Sacbut,  sak'but.    Sackbut. 

Saccade,  sa-kad',  n.  [Fr.]  A  sudden 
violent  check  of  a  horse  by  drawing,  or 
twitching  the  reins. 

Saccate.    Under  Sac. 

Saccharic,  sak-kar'ik,  a.  fL.  saccnamm, 
sugar,  from  Gr.  sakchar,  sakcharon,  sugar, 
a  word  of  oriental  origin.  Sugar.]  Per- 
taining to  or  obtained  from  sugaror  allied 
substances. —  Sacchariferous,  sak-ka-rif- 
6r-us,  a.  [L.  sacchariim,  and  fero,  to  jjro- 
duce.]  Producing  sugar.  —  Saccharify, 
sak-kar'i-fi,  v.t.  —  saccharified,  saccharify- 
ing. [Fr.  sacchari^r.]  To  convert  into 
sugar.  —  Saccharine,  sak'ka-rin,  a.  Per- 
taining to  sugar;  having  the  qualities  of 
sugar;  sugary,  —  Saccharine  fermentation, 
the  fermentation  by  which  starch  is  con- 
verted into  sugar,  as  in  the  process  of 
malting.  —  Saccharite,  sak'ka-rit.  n.  A 
finely -grained  variety  of  felspar,  of  a 
vitreous  lustre  and  white  or  creenifh- 
white  colour.— Saccharoid,  Saccharoidal, 
sak'ka-roid,  sak'ka-roi-dal,  a.  Having  a 
»  texture  resembling  that  of  loaf-sugar. — 
Saccharometer,  Saccharimeter.  sak-ka- 
rom'et-fer,  sak-ka-rim'et-C-r,  n.  An  instru- 
ment for  determining  the  quantity  of  sac- 
charine matter  in  any  solution.— Sacch»- 
rometry,  Saccharlmetry,  sak-ka-rom'et-ri, 
sak-ka-rim'et-ri,  n.    The  operation  of  de- 


termining the  quantity  of  sugar  in  any 

solution. 

Sacciferous,  Saccule,  &c.    Under  Sac. 

Sacellum,  sa-sel'um,  n.  [L.,  dim.  from 
sacrum,  a  sacred  place.  ]  A  -sanctuary 
consecrated  to  a  dei_ty;  a  small  chapel. 

Sacerdotal,  sas-6r-do'tal,  a.  [L.  sacerdo- 
talis,  from  sacerdos,  a  priest.  Sacred.] 
Pertaining  to  priests  or  the  priesthood; 
priestly.  —  Sacerdotally,  sas-er-do'tal-li. 
adv.  In  a  sacerdotal 'manner.— Sacerdo- 
talism, sas-er-do'tal-izm,  n.  Sacerdotal 
system  or  spirit ;  a  tendency  to  attribute 
a  lofty  and  sacred  character  to  the  priest- 
hood; priestcraft. 

Sachem,  sa'chem.n. .  In  America,  a  chief 
among  some  of  the  native  Indian  tribes. 

Sachet,  sa-sha,  n.  [Fr.]  A  small  bag  for 
containing  odorous  substances. 

Sack,  sak,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sacc,  Dan.  sdk,  D. 
zak,  G.  sack,  Goth,  sakkus,  from  L.  saccus, 
Gr.  sakkos,  probably  of  Eastern  origin, 
similar  forms  being  also  found  in  Hebrew 
and  Coptic]  A  bag,  usually  a  large  cloth 
bag,  used  for  holding  and  conveying  com, 
wool,  cotton,  hops,  and  the  like;  a  measure 
or  weight  which  varies  according  to  the 
article  and  country;  a  kind  of  loose  gown 
or  mantle  formerly  worn;  a  sacque.- y.t. 
To  put  in  a  sack  or  in  bags.— Sackcloth, 
sak'kloth,  n.  Cloth  of  which  sacks  are 
made;  coarse,  cloth  worn  in  mourning, 
distress,  or  penance. — Sackful,  sak'ful,  n. 
As  much  as  a  sack  will  hold. — Sacking, 
sak'ing,  n.  A  coarse  fabric  of  which  sacks 
are  made. 

Sack,  sak,  v.t.  [Fr.  sac,  Sp.  and  Pg.  saco. 
It.  sacco,  plunder;  pillage;  from  the  use 
of  a  sack  in  removing  plunder.  Sack,  a 
bag.]  To  storm;  to  pillage;  to  devastate: 
usually  said  of  a  town.— n.  The  act  of  one 
who  sacks;  the  storm  and  plunder  of  a  town 
or  city;  also  booty;  spoil.— Sackage,  sak'aj, 
11.  The  act  of  sacking.— Sacker,  saJt'^r,  n. 
One  who  sacks. 

Sack,  sak,  n.  [Fr.  sec,  dry,  from  L.  siccus, 
dry.]  Formerly,  a  general  name  for  dif- 
ferent sorts  of  dry  wines,  more  especially 
the  Spanish,  which  were  first  extensively 
used  in  England  in  the  sixt-eenth  century. 

Sackbut,  sak'but,  n.  [Fr.  saqueb^tte,  from 
Sp.  sacabuche,  a  kind  of  trumpet,  from 
sacar,  to  draw,  and  buche,  the  stomach.] 
A  musical  instrument  of  the  trumpet 
kind,  so  contrived  that  it  can  be  leng- 
thened or  shortened  according  to  the  tone 
required,  like  the  trombone;  Scrip,  a 
musical  stringed  instrument  mentioned 
in  Dan.  iii.,  perhaps  a  kind  of  guitar. 

Sacqne,  sak,  n.  [A  form  of  sack,  Fr.  sac,  a 
bag.  Sack.]  A  kind  of  loose  gown  or 
upper  robe  worn  by  ladies  in  the  seven- 
teenth and  eighteenth  centuries. 

SacrsJ.    Under  SACKUii.     ," 

Sacrament,  sak'ra-ment,  n.  fli.  saeramen- 
turn,  a  military  oath  of  allegiance,  an 
oath,  from  sacer,  sacred  (seen  in  saeri- 


fftte,  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  b6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tobe,  tub,  bvjU;     oil,  pound;     U,  So.  abun^the  Fr.  % 


SACRARIUM 


597 


SAGACIOUS 


/«,  &c.).  Sacred.]  Theol.  an  outward 
and  visible  sign  of  inward  and  epiritual 
grace:  a  solemn  religious  ceremony  en- 
joined by  Christ,  to  be  observed  by  his 
followers,  by  which  their  siDecial  relation 
to  him  is  created,  or  their  obligations  to 
him  renewed  andratified.  In  the  R.  Cath. 
Ch.  and  the  Greek  Ch.  there  are  seven  sac- 
raments, viz.  baptism,  confirmation,  the 
eucharist,  penance,  extreme  unction,  holy 
orders,  and  matrimonv;  but  Protestants  in 
general  acknowledge  but  two  sacraments, 
baptism  and  the  Lord's  supper.  When  used 
without  any  qualifying  word  by  sacrament 
is  meant  the  eux;harist  or  Lord's  supper. 
—Sacramental,  sak-ra-men'tal,  a.  Consti- 
cuting  a  sacrament  or  pertaining  to  it ; 
having  the  character  of  a  sacrament.  — 
Sacramontally,  sak-ra-men'tal-li,  adv. 
After  the  manner  of  a  sacrament. — Sac- 
ramentarian,  sak'ra-men-ta"ri-an,  n.  '  A 
person  holding  somespeoial  view  in  regard 
to  the  sacraments.  —  Sacramentary,  sak- 
ra-men'ta-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  sacrament 
or  to  sacraments. 

Sacrarium,  sa-kra'ri-um,  n.  fL.jfromgoce?", 
sacred.J  A  chapel  in  the  houses  of  ancient 
Romans  devoted  to  some  particular  divin- 
ity; the  adytum  of  a  temple;  that  part  of 
a  church  where  the  altar  is  situated. 

Bacre,  sa'kfer.    Saker. 

Sacred,  sa'kred,  a.  [Pp.  of  old  sacre,  to  set 
apart,  to  consecrate ;  Pr.  sacrer,  from  L. 
sacrare,  from  sacer,  sacred  (seen  also  in 
sacrilege,  sacrifice,  consecrate,  desecrate, 
&c.);  same  root  as  in  sanction,  sanctify.] 
Set  apart  by  solemn  religious  ceremony; 
dedicated  to  religious  use;  holy;  not 
profane  or  common;  relating  to  religion 
or  the  services  of  religion;  not  secular; 
consecrated;  dedicated;  devoted:  with  to 
{sacred  to  one's  memory);  entitled  to  the 
highest  respect  ou  reverence;  venerable;  not 
to  be  profaned  or  violated;  inviolable; 
inviolate  (a  secret  kept  sacred).  — /Sacrea 
College,  the  college  of  cardinals  at  Rome. 
—Sacred  Majesty,  a  title  once  applied  to 
the  kings  of  England.— Sacredly,  sa'kred- 
li,  adv.  In  a  sacred  manner ;  religiously; 
inviolably;  strictly.— Sacredness,  sa'kred- 
nes,n.  The  state  of  being  sacred;  holiness; 
sanctity;  inviolableness. 

Sacrifice,  sak'ri-fis,  n.  [St.  sacrifice,  from 
h.sacrificium,  from  sacer,  sacred,  and/acio, 
to  make.  Sacred;]  The  offering  of  any- 
thing to  God,  or  to  a  god;  a  consecratory 
site ;  anything  consecrated  arid  offered  to 
God  or  to  a  divinity ;  an  immolated  vic- 
tim on  an  altar;  surrender  or  loss  made 
for  gaining  something  else ;  a  giving  up 
of  some  desirable  object  in  behalf  of  a 
higher  object;  the  thing  so  devoted  or 
given  up ;  the  selling  of  goods  under  cost 
price.  —  v.i.  —  sacrificed,  sacrificing.  To 
make  an  offering  or  sacrifice  of ;  to  conse- 
crate or  present  to  some  divinity;  to  im- 
molate on  the  altar  of  God  either  as  an 
atonement  for  sin  or  to  express  gratitude; 
to  destroy,  surrender,  or  suffer  to  be  lost 
for  the  sake  of  obtaining  something  else ; 
to  devote  or  give  up  with  loss  or  suffering; 
to  destroy;  to  kill.— w.t.  To  offer  up  a  sacri- 
fice; to  make  offerings  to  God  or  to  a  deity 
by  the  slaughter  and  burning  of  victims, 
or  some  part  of  them,  on  an  altar.— Sacrl- 
ficer,  sak'ri-fis-6r,  n.  One  that  sacrifices. — 
Sacrificial,  sak-ri-fish'al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
sacrifice;  performing  sacrifices;  consisting 
in  sacrifice.— Sacriftc,  Sacriflcat,  sa-krif 'ik, 
sa-krif'i-kal,  a.  [L.  sacriflciis.]  Employed 
in  sacrifice.— Sacriflcant,  sa-krif'i-kant,  n.- 
[L.  sacrificaiis,  ppr.  of  sacrWco.l  One  that' 
offers  a  sacrifice. 

Sacrilege,  sak'ri-lej,  n.  [Fr.  sacrUdge,  from 
L.  sacrilegiHm— sacer,  sacred,  and  lego,  to 
gather,  to  pick  up.]  The  violation  or  pro- 
faning of  sacred  things;  the  alienating  to 
common  purposes  what  has  been  appro- 
priated to  religious  uses;  the  stealing  of 
goods  out  of  any  church  or  chapel. — Sacri- 
legiolis,  sak-ri-le'jus,  a.  Guilty  of  or  in- 
volving sacrilege;  violating  sacred  things; 
profane;  impious.— Sacrilegiously,  sak-ri- 
I6'jus-li,  adv.  In  a  sacrilegious  manner. 
— Sacrilegiousness,  sak-ri-le'jus-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  sacrilegious. 

Bacring,  sa'kring,  n.  [Fr.  sacrer,  to  make 
sacred.]   Consecration.    [ITenTi.]- Sacring- 


bell,  Sanctus-beU,  n.  R.  Cath.  Ch.  the 
small  bell  rung  at  the  sanctus  and  at  the 
elevation  of  the  host  in  high-mass. 

Sacrist,  sa'krist,  n.  [L.L.  sacrista,  from  L. 
sacer,  sacred.  Sacred.]  A  sacristan;  a 
person  retained  in  a  cathedral  to  copy  out 
music  for  the  choir  and  take  care  of  the 
books.  —  Sacristan,  sak'ris-tan,  w.  [L.L. 
sac^-istanus.  Sexton  is  a  contr.  of  this 
word.]  An  offiwre  of  the  church  who  has 
the  charge  of  thb&aoristy  and  its  contents. 
-Sacristy,  sak'ris-ti,  n.  [Pr.  sacrisiie.]  An 
apartment  in  a  church  where  the  sacred 
utensils  and  the  clerical  vestments  are 
deposited;  the  vestry. 

Sacrum,  sa'krum,  n.  [L.  as  sacrum,  the 
sacred  bone.]  Anat.  the  bone  which  forms 
the  basis  or  inferior  extremity  of  the  ver- 
tebral folumn,  said  to  derive  its  name 
from  its  having  been  offered  in  sacrifice, 
and  hence  considered  sacred. — Sacral,  sa'- 
kral,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  sacrum. 

Sad,  sad,  a.  [A.  Sax.  seed,  satisfied,  sated, 
weary,  sick;  Icel.  saddr,  sated,  full;  Goth. 
saths,  satiated,  full;  cog.  with  L.  satur, 
full,  satis,  enough.  Sate,  Satisfy.]  Seri- 
ous!; sedate  or  gravel;  sorrowful ;  melan- 

■  choly;  mournful;  affected  with  grief: 
downcast ;  gloomy ;  having  the  external 
appearance  of  sorrow;  afflictive;  calami- 
tous; causing  sorrow;  bad;  naughty; 
wicked.— Sadden,  sad'n,  v.t.  To  make  sad 
or  sorrowful;  to  render  melancholy  or 
gloomy. — v.i.  To  become  sad  or  sorrowful. 
— Sadly,  sad'li,  adv.    In  a  sad  manner; 

■  sorrowfully ;  grievously ;  calamitously. — 
Sadness,  sad'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  sad;  sorrowfulness;  dejection. 

Saddle,  sad'l,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sadel,  sadol=0&n. 
saddel,  Icel.  sothuU,  G.  sattel,  a  saddle; 
perhaps  from  L.  sedile,  a  seat,  from  eedeo, 
to  sit.  Same  root  as  seat,  set,  sit]  A  seat 
to  be  placed  on  an  animal's  back  for  the 
rider  to  sit  on;  a  padded  piece  of  har- 
ness on  an  animal's  back  supporting  the 
shafts  of  a  vehicle;  something  like  a  saddle 
in  shape  or  use,  as  a  rise  and  fall  on  the 
ridge  of  a  hill;  a  technical  name  of  various 
appliances.  —  Saddle  of  'mutt07i,  venison, 
&c.,  two  loinsof  mutton,  &c.,  cut  together. 
— To  put  the  saddle  on  the  right  horse,  to 
impute  blame  where  it  is  really  deserved. 
— v.t. — saddled,  saddling.  To  put  a  saddle 
on ;  to  load;  to  burden  (to  saddle  a  person 
with  expense).— Saddle-back,  n.  A  hill  or 
its  summit  when  somev/hat  saddle-shaped; 
geol.  a  familiar  name  for  anticlinal  strata. 
— Saddle-bag,  n.  One  of  a  pair  of  bags 
united  Ijy  straps  for  carriage  on  horse- 
back, one  bag  on  each  side.— Saddle-bow, 
n.  The  upper  front  part  of  a  saddle, 
formed  of  two  curved  pieces  united  in  an 
arch ;  a  pommel.  —  Saddle-cloth,  n..  A 
cloth  attached  to  a  saddle,  and  extending 
over  the  loins  of  the  horse;  a  housing. — ■ 
Saddle-girth,  n.  The  band  or  strap  which 
passes  under  the  horse's  belly  and  serves 
to  fasten  the  saddle.— Saddle-horse,  n..  A 
horse  used  for  riding  with  a  saddle.  — 
Saddler,  sad'lSr,  n.  One  whose  occupation 
is  to  make  saddles  or  harness  generally.— 
Saddlery,  sad'l6r-i,  n.  The  manufactures 
of  a  saddler ;  trade  of  a  saddler.— Saddle- 
tree, M.    The  wooden  frame  of  a  saddle. 

Sadducee,  sad'du-se,  n.  [Gr.  saddoukaios, 
Heb.  tsadHkim,  probably  from  Zadok,  a 
distinguished  priest  in  the  time  of  David.] 
One  of  a  sect  or  party  among  the  ancient 
Jews,  who  denied  the  existence  of  any 
spiritual  beings  except  God,  believed  that 
the  soul  died  with  the  body,  and  there- 
fore that  there  was  no  resurrection,  and 
adhered  to  the  written  law  alone.— Sad- 
duceeism,  Sadducism,  sad'du-se-izm,  sad'- 
du-sizm,  n.  The  tenets  of  the  Sadducees. — 
Sadducaic,  Sadducean,  sad-du-ka'ik,  sad- 
dn-s6'an,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characteris- 
tic of  the  Sadducees. 

Safe,  saf,  a.  [O.B.  sauf,  from  Fr.  sauf,  safe, 
from  L.  salvus,  safe  (whence  also  salva^ 
tUm);  akin' to  servus,  a  slave,- serrdre,  to 
preserve,  solidus,  solid,  Gr.  holos,  Skr. 
sarva,  whole.]'  Free  from  or  not  liable  to 
danger  of  any  kind ;  free  from  or  having 
escaped  hurt,  injury,  or  damage;  not  ex- 
posing to  danger;  securing  from  harm; 
no  longer  dangerqus;  placed  beyond  the 
power  of  doing  harm;  sound;  whole  (a 


safe  conscience).  —  n.  A  box  or  chauilier 
of  great  strength  for  preserving  money, 
jewels,  account-books,  and  other  valuable 
articles  from  thieves  or  against  the  action 
of  fire ;  a  ventilated  or  refrigerated  recep- 
tacle in  which  meat  is  kept. — SaJe-conduoS, 
n.  A  convoy  or  guard  for  a  person  travel- 
ling in  a  foreign  or  hostile  country;  a  writ- 
ing serving  as  a  pass  or  warrant  of  security 
to  a  traveller. — Safeguard,  saf' gard.  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  defends  or  protects ;  a 
defence ;  protection ;  a  convoy  or  guard  t  > 
protect  a  traveller;  a  passport ;  a  warrant 
of  protection  to  a  traveller. — v.t.  To  guard ; 
to  protect.— Safe-keeping,  n.  The  act  nf 
keeping  in  safety  from  injury  or  from 
escape  ;  secure  guardianship.  —  Safely, 
gaf'li,  adv.  In  a  safe  manner;  without 
incurring  danger;  without  hurt  or  injury; 
in  safety;  securely;  carefully. — Safenest, 
saf'nes,  n.  The  condition  or  quality  of  be- 
ing safe ;  freedom  from  danger.— Safety, 
saf'ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
safe ;  exemption  from  injury  or  loss ;  the 
state  of  not  being  liable  to  danger  or  in- 
jury; freedom  from  danger;  preservation; 

■  the  state  or  quality  of  not  causing  danger; 
close  custody.  —  Safety  -  belt,  n.  A  belt 
made  of  buoyant  material  or  inflated  to 
sustain  a  person  in  water;  a  life-belt. — 
Sa,iety-buoy,  M.  A  safety-belt;  a  life-buoy. 

:  — Safety-fuse,  n.  A  fuse  used  in  blasting 
operations,  carefully  made  so  as  to  bum 
at  a  certain  known  rate  per  minute. — 
Bafety-lamp,  n.  A  lamp  for  lighting  coal- 
mines without  exposing  workmen  to  the 
explosion  of  fire-damp,  the  flame  being 
enveloped  in  a  cylinder  of  wire-gauze,  and 
thus  prevented  from  igniting  the  inflam- 
mable gas.— Safety-match,  n.  A  match 
which  will  light  only  on  being  rubbed  on 
a  specially  prepared  friction  substance.— 
Safety-pin,  n.  A  pin  for  articles  of  dress 
having  its  point  fitting  into  a  kind  of 
sheath,  so  that  it  may  not  be  readily 
withdrawn  or  prick  ,the  wearer  or  others. 
—  Safety -plug,  n.  A  plug  in  a  steam- 
boiler  partly  of  fusible  metal,  which  melts 
when  the  infernal  temperature  becomes 
too  high ;  a  plug  to  prevent  barrels  from 
bursting  with  gases  generated  internally. 
— Safety-valve,  n.  A  contrivance  for  ob- 
viating or  diminishing  the  risk  of  explo- 
sions in  steam-boilers,  the  principle  of 
which  consists  in  opposing  the  pressure 
within  the  boiler  by  such  a  force  as  will 
yield  before  it  reaches  the  point  of  danger, 
and  permit  the  steam  to  escape. 

Safflower,  saf'flou-6rj  n.  [Prom  saffron  and 
flower.]  Bastard  saffron,  a  plant  cultivated 
in  the  south  of  Europe,  Egypt,  &c.,  on 
account  of  its  flowers,  which  in  their  dried 
state  foMn  the  salHower  of  commerce,  and 
afford  two  colouring  matters  (also  called 
safflower),  a  yellow  and  a  red. 

Saffron,  saf'ron,  n.  [Fr.  safran,  from  8p. 
Ar.  and  Per.  zaferdn,  saffron.]  A  plant  of 
the  crocus  genus  with  flowers  of  a  purple 
colour,  the  dried  stigmata  of  which  form 
the  saffron  of  the  shops,  a  substance  of  a 
rich  orange  colour,  used  as  a  colouring 
and  flavouring  ingredient  in  culinary  pre- 
parations, liqueurs,  &c.,  and  yielding  an 
orange-red  extract  used  in  dyeing  and 
painting.— a.  Having  the  colour  of  saffron 
flowers ;  yellow.  —  v.t.  To  tinge  with  saf- 
ron ;  to  make  yellow;  to  gild.  ^ 

Sag,  sag,  v.i.— sagged,  sagging.  [Alhed  to 
L.  G.  sacken,  D.  z&kken,  to  Sink ;  also  per- 
haps to  sink.]  To  incline  or  hang  away 
owing  to  insufficiently  supported  weight ; 
to  sink  in  the  middle;  to  hang  off  the  per- 
pendicular; to  yield  under  the  pressure  of 
care,. difficulties,  oc  the  like;  to  waver; 
naut.  to  incline  to  the  leeward ;  to  make 
leeway. —  w.t.  To  cause  to  bend  or  give 
way.— m.  The  state  or  act  of  sagging. 

Saga,  sa'ga,  n.  [Icel.  saga,  a  tale,  a  history; 
from  segja,  B.  to  say.  Say.]  An  ancient 
Scandinavian  legend  or  tradition  of  con- 
siderable length  relating  either  mythical 
or  historical  events;  a  tale. 

Sagacious,  sa-ga'shus,  a.  [L.  sagax,  sagaeis, 
from  sagio,  to  perceive  keenly,  from  a  root 
signifying  to  be  sharp,  seen  in  Gr.  sagaris, 
a  battle-axe,  Sl?r.  saghnorm,  to  kill.]\  In- 
tellectually keen  or  quick;  acute  in  dis- 
cernment;   discerning    and    juclicious; 


di.^ai&i.  vfiAtSc.lo«fti  fygsi.  tjtiQk:.  \n.£i.Jfia>.  SRijiiHZi,  vS8,iftfiaLtbtiMau  OiviJdsi.  ctrbuvAi^  .ah.  mam 


SAGAMORE 


598 


SAIEP 


fi>irewd;fuirofv/isdom;  sage;  showing  intcl- 
liseuce  resembling  that  of  man:  said  of  the 
l'3wer  animals;  quick  of  scent  {Milton).— 
Sagaciously,  sa-gft'shus-li,  adv.  lu  a  saga- 
cious manner.— Sagaciousness,  sa-ga'shus- 
nes,  It.  The  quality  of  being  sagacious. — 
Sagacity,  sa-gas'i-ti,  n.  [  L.  sagacitas.] 
The  quality  of  being  sagacious;  quickness 
of  discernment;  readiness  of  apprehension 
with  soundness  of  judgment ;  shrewdness 
anu  common  sense;  intelligence  resem- 
Iding  that  of  mankind  (the  sagacity  of  a 
dog). 

Sagamore,  sag'a-mor,  n.  Among  some 
tribes  of  American  Indians,  a  long  or 
chief;  a  sachem. 

Sagapen,  Sagapenum,  sag'a-pen,  sag-a-pe'- 
num,  n.  [Gr.  sagapenon.]  A  fetid  gum- 
resin  brought  from  Persia  and  Alexandria, 
occasionally  used  in  medicine. 

Sagathy,  sag'a-thi,  n.  [Fr.  sagaiis,  from  L. 
&agum,  a  blanket  or  mantle.]  A  mixed 
woven  fabric  of  silk  and  cotton. 

Sagbut,t  sag'but,  n.    Same  as  Sackbut. 

Sage,  saj,  n.  [Fr.  sauge,  from  L.  salvia, 
sage,  from  salvus,  safe,  sound;  on  account 
of  the  reputed  virtues  of  the  plant.  Safe.] 
A  garden  plant  much  used  in  cookery,  and 
formerly  also  in  great  repute  for  its  medi- 
cinal qualities.— ^'npe  apple,a.n  excrescence 
upon  a  species  of  sage  caused  by  the  punc- 
ture of  an  insect. — Sage  briish,  an  Ameri- 
can shrub  of  the  wormwood  family.— Saffe 
citeese,  a  kind  of  cheese  flavoured  and 
coloured  green  with  the  juice  of  sage.  — 
Kioge  cock,  a  species  of  grouse  of  the  Kocky 
Mountain  region, which  feedson  the  leaves 
of  the  sage  brush.— Sagy,  sa'ji,  a.  Full  of 
sage ;  seasoned  with  sage. 

Sage,  saj,  a.  [Fr.  sage,  from  1j.  sapius,  wise, 
from  sapio,  to  be  wise  (whence  sapient).] 
Wise;  sagacious;  proceeding  from  wisdom; 
well-judged;  grave;  serious. — n.  A  wise 
man;  a  man  venerable  for  years,  and  of 
sound  judgment  and  prudence;  a  grave 
philosopher.  —Sagely,  saj'li,  adv.  In  a  sage 
manner;  wisely.  —  Sageness,  saj'nes,  n. 
Wisdom;  sagacity. 

Sagenite,  saj'en-it,  n.  [Fr.  saginite,  from 
L.  sagena,  dr.  sagend,  a  large  net.]  Acicu- 
lar  rutile,  or  red  oxide  of  titanium;  the 
crystals  cross  each  other,  giving  a  reti- 
culated appearance,  hence  the  name. 

Sagg,  sag,  v.i.    Same  as  Sag. 

Sagger,  sag'fer,  n.    A  seggar.    Segoa.r. 

Saglnate,t  saj'i-nSt,  v.t.  [I>.  sagino,  sagi- 
natwn,  to  fatten.]    To  fatten. 

Sagittal,  saj'i-tal,  o.  [L.  BagiUalis,  from 
sagitta,  an  arrow.]  Pertaining  to  an  arrow; 
resembling  an  arrow;  anat.  applied  to  the 
suture  which  unites  the  parietal  bones  of 
the  skull.  —  Sagittarius,  saj-i-ta'ri-ug,  n. 
[L.,  an  archer.]  One  of  the  zodiacal  con- 
stellations, which  the  sun  enters  Nov.  22; 
represented  by  the  figure  of  a  centaur  in 
the  act  of  shooting  an  arrow  from  his  bow. 
— Saglttary,  saj'i-ta-ri,  n.  An  old  same 
for  a  centaur.— a.  Pertaining  to  an  arrow. 
—  Sagittate,  saj'i-tat,  a.  Shaped  like  the 
head  of  an  arrow:  used  especially  in  bot. 

Sago,  sa'go,  n.  [Malay  and  Javanese  sagu, 
sago,  from  Papuan  sagu,  bread.]  A  kind  of 
starch  produced  from  the  stem  of  several 
palms  of  the  East  Indies,  forming  light, 
wholesome,  nutritious  food. 

Sagum,sa'gum.n.  [L.]  The  military  cloak 
worn  by  tne  Roman  soldiers  and  inferior 
officers  in  war. 

Sahib,  sa'ib,  n.  [Hind.,  from  Ar.  sahib, 
lord,  master.]  A  term  of  respect  used  by 
the  natives  of  India  or  Persia  in  address- 
ing or  speaking  of  Europeans. 

Bai,  sa'i,  n.  A  species  of  South  American 
niimkej. 

Saic,  sa'ik.M.  [Fr.  8afg^<e,  from  Turk  «7i<i)*a, 
a  sale]  A  variety  of  vessel  common  in  the 
I/cvant. 

Said,  sed,  pret.  and  pp.  of  «ay;  so  written 
for  sayed.  Declared;  uttered;  aforesaid; 
before  mentioned. 

Saiga,  sa'ga,  n.  A  species  of  antelope 
found  on  the  steppes  of  Russia  in  Asia. 

Sail,sSJ,n.  [A.  Sax.  tegal,segl, a, sa.i\=Icel. 
segl,  G.  and  Sw.  segel,  Dan.  seil,  D.  ieil; 
probably  from  an  Indo-European  root 
(sagh)  meaning  to  check,  to  resist  (the 
wind.).]  A  piece  of  cloth,  &c.,  spread  to 
the  wind  to  cause  a  vessel  to  move  through 


the  water ,UfuaUy  made  of  can  vas;  that  por- 
tion of  the  arm  of  a  windmill  which  catches 
the  wind;  a  ship  or  other  vessel:  used 
as  a  plural  with  the  singular  form  (a  fleet 
of  twenty  sail);  an  excursion  upqn  water; 
a  passage  in  a  vessel. — Full  sail,  with  all 
sails  set. — To  loose  sails,  to  unfurl  them. — 
To  make  sail,  to  extend  an  additional  quan- 
tity of  sail. —  7*0  set  soiZ,toexpaad  or  spread 
the  sails;  and  hence,  to  begin  a  voyage. — To 
shorten  sail,  to  reduce  the  extent  of  sail  or 
take  in  a  part.—  To  strike  sail,  to  lower  the 
sails  suddenly,  as  in  saluting  or  in  sudden 
gusts  of  wind.  -—  Under  sail,  having  the 
sails  spread. — v.i.  To  be  impelled  by  the 
action  of  wind  upon  sails,  as  a  ship,  or 
by  steam,  oars,  &c.;  to  be  conveyed  in  a 
vessel  on  water;  to  pass  by  water;  to  set 
sail;  to  begin  a  voyage;  to  glide  through 
the  air;  to  pass  smoothly  along;  to  glide; 
to  float  (the  clouds  sail).— v.t.  To  pass  over 
by  means  of  sails ;  to  move  upon  or  pass 
over,  as  in  a  ship  (to  sail  the  seas);  to  fly 
or  glide  through;  to  navigate;  to  direct  or 
manage  the  motion  of. — Sail-boat,n.  Aboat 
propelled  by  or  fitted  for  a  sail  or  sails. — 
Sailbome,  sal'boru,  a.  Borne  or  conveyed 
by  sails.— Sail-broad,  a.  Spreading  like  a 
sail. —  Sail-cloth,  n.  Canvas  or  duck  used 
in  making  sails  for  ahips,  &c.  —  Sailer, 
saler,  n.  One  that  sails;  a  sailort;  a  ship 
or  other  vessel  with  reference  to  her  man- 
ner of  sailing  (a  fast  sailer). — Sailing,  sa'- 
ling,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  or  that  which 
sails ;  the  art  of  navigation.  —  Sailless, 
sal'les,  a.  Destitute  of  sails. ->Sail-loft,  n. 
A  loft  where  sails  are  cut  out  and  made. 
— Sail-maker,  n.  One  whose  occupation 
is  to  make,  alter,  or  repair  sails.— Sailor, 
sa'lfir,  n.  [Another  spelling  of  saiiei-.]  A 
mariner;  a  seaman.  —  Sail-room,  n.  Au 
apartment  in  a  vessel  where  spare  sails 
are  stowed  away. — Sail-yard,  n.  The  yard 
or  spar  on  which  a  sail  is  extended. 

Sainfoin,  Saintfoin,  san'foin,  sant'foin,  n. 
[Fr.  sainfoin,  from  sain,  wholesome,  and 
jfinn,  hay,  or  from  saint,  holy,  and  foin.] 
A  leguminous  plant  cultivated  for  supply- 
ing fodder  for  cattle  either  in  the  green 
state  or  when  converted  into  hay. 

Saint,  8ant,ji.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sanctus,  sacred, 
holy,  pp.  of  suncio,  to  render  sacred. 
Sacrkd.]  a  person  sanctified;  one  eminent 
for  piety  and  virtue;  particularly  applied 
to  the  apostles  and  other  holy  persons  of 
early  Christian  times;  one  of  the  blessed 
in  heaven;  an  angel  (O.  and  N.  T.);  a  per- 
son canonized  by  the  Church  of  Rome: 
often  contracted  St.  when  corning  before 
a  personal  name. — St.  Andrew's  cross,  a 
cross  shaped  like  the  letter  X.  —  St.  An- 
tluyny's  fire,  erysipelas.  —  St.  Cutkbert's 
beads,  the  detached  and  perforated  joints 
of  the  fossil  stems  of  encrinites.  —  St. 
Mlnio's  light,  corposant. — St.  Weorge's  en- 
sign, the  distinguishing  badge  of  ships  «f 
the  British  navy,  consisting  of  a  red  cross 
on  a  white  field,  with  the  union-flag  in 
the  upper  quarter  next  the  mast.  —  St. 
Ignatius'  bean,  the  seed  of  a  large  climbing 
shrub  nearly  allied  to  that  which  produces 
nux-vumica.— <S<.  John's  bread,  the  carob- 
tree  or  its  fruit. — St.  Vitus' dance.  Chorea 
—  Saint's  bell.  Sacrino-beli,.  —  w.i.t  To 
enrol  among  the  saints ;  to  canonize. — v.i. 
To  act  piously  or  with  a  show  of  piety. 
[iS'/iafe.]  —  Saintdom,  sant'dum,  n.  The 
state  or  condition  of  being  a  saint.  — 
Sainted,  san'ted,  p.  and  a.  Canonized; 
holy;  pious;  entered  into  bliss;  gone  to 
heaven:  often  used  asaeuphuism  for  dead. 
— Sainthoodf,  sant'hod,  n.  The  character, 
rank,  or  position  of  a  saint. — Saintlike, 
Saintly,  sant'lik,  santli,  a.  Resembling 
a  saint;  becoming  a  saint.— Saintliness, 
sant'li-nes,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  saintly.  —  Saintship,  sant'ship,  n. 
The  character  or  qualities  of  a  saint; 

gaint-Simonian,  saut-si-mo'ni-an,  n,  A 
partisan  of  the  Count  de  St.  Simon,  who 
advocated  a  system  of  socialism.— SfUint- 
SimoniaJiism,  sant-si-mo'ni-an-izm,  n.  The 
doctrines  of  the  Saint-Simonians. 

Sake,  sak,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sactt,'  contention,  a 
cause  or  suit  at  law;  Icel.  sok,  L.6.  sake, 
G.  sache,  suit,  affair,  thing;  akin  to  A.  Sax. 
sacan,  Icel.  saka,  to  contend,  accuse,  (tcj 
Final  cause:  pm-pose;  account;  regard  to 


any  person  or  thing:  always  with  for  {fur 
his  saJce). 

Saker,  sa'k*r,  n.  [Fr.  sacre,  a  falcon,  then 
a  piece  of  ordnance;  Sp.  and  Pg.  sacre, 
fromAr.  saqr,9.  sparrow-hawk.]  A  hawk: 
a  species  of  falcon;  formerly  also  a  small 
piece  of  artillery.  —  Sakeret,  sa'kfer-et,  n. 
The  male  of  the  saker. 

Saki,  sa'ki,  n.  A  name  of  American  mon- 
keys with  non-prehensile  bushy  tails. 

Sakieh,  Sakia,  sak'i-e,  sak'i-a,  n.  A  modi- 
fication of  the  Persian  wheel  used  in 
Egypt  for  raising  water. 

Sal,  sal,  n.  [L.  Salt.]  Salt:  a  word  much 
used  by  the  older  chemists  and  in  phar- 
macy. —  Sal  aeratus.  Saleratus.  —  Sal 
ammoniac  { am  -  mo '  ni  -  ak ),  hydrochlor- 
ate  of  ammonia,  a  salt  much  used  in  the 
arts  and  in  pharmacy;  a  name  derived 
from  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Ammun,  in 
Egypt,  where  it  was  originally  made  by 
burning  camels'  dung.— S'aJ  prunella,  ni- 
trate of  potash  fused  into  cakes  or  balls 
ard  used  for  chemical  purposes.— Sal  vola- 
tile (vo-lat'i-le),  carbonate  of  ammonia;  a 
spirituous  solution -of  carbonate  of  am- 
monia flavoured  with  aromatics. 

Sal,  sal,  n.  [Native  name.]  One  of  the 
most  valuable  timber  trees  of  India. 

Salaam,  sa-lam',  n.  [Per.  and  Ar.  sulnin, 
Heb.  ^alom,  peace.]  A  ceremonious  salu- 
tation or  obeisance  among  orientals,— 
v.t.  and  i.  To  perform  the  salaam;  to  salute 
with  a  salaam. 

Salable,  sa'la-bl,  a.    Saleablk. 

Salacious,  sa-la'shus,  a.  [L.  salax,  salads, 
salacious,  from  salio,  to  leap.]  Lustful; 
lecherous.— SsJacioualy,  sa-la'shus-li,  adv. 
Lustfully.  —  Salaclousness,  Salacity,  sa- 
la'shus-nes,  sa-las'i-tl,  Ji.  The  quality  of 
being  salacious;  lecherousness. 

Salad,  sal'ad,  n.  [Fr.  salade.  It.  salata.a, 
salted  dish,  from  salare,  to  salt,  from  L. 
sal,  salt.]  A  general  name  for  certain 
vegetables  prepared  and  served  so  as  to  be 
eaten  raw;  chiefly  lettuce,  endive,  radishes, 
green  mustard,  cresses,  celery,  and  young 
onions. — Salad  days,  green,  unripe  age; 
days  of  youthful  inexperience. — Salad  oil, 
olive-oil  used  in  dressing  salads.— Salad- 
ing,  sal'ad-ing,  n.    Vegetables  for  salads. 

Sal-aeratus,  8ara-6r-a"tus.    Saleratus. 

Salam,  sa-lam',  n.    Salaam. 

Salamander,  sal-a-man'd6r,  n.  [L.  and  Gr. 
salamandra.]  The  name  of  harmless  am- 
phibian reptiles  closely  allied  to  the  newts, 
formerly  believed  to  be  capable  of  livhig 
in  fire;  a  kind  of  fise  spirit  or  being  sup- 
posed to  live  in  fire;  a  large  iron  poker. — 
Salamander's  wool  or  hair,  fibrous  asbes- 
tos.—Salamandrine,  Salamandroid,  sal-a- 
man'drin,  sal-a-man'droid,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  resembling  a  salamander. 

Salamstoue,  sa-lam'stOn,  n.  A  variety  Of 
sapphire  brought  from  Ceylon. 

Salary,  sal'a-ri,  n.  [L.  salarium,  from  sal, 
salt,  originally  salt-money,  money  given 
to  buy  salt,  as  part  of  the  pay  of  Roman 
soldiers;  hence,  stipend,  pay.  Salt.]  The 
recompense  or  consideration  stipulated  to 
be  paid  to  a  person  periodically  for  ser- 
vices, usually  a  fixed  sum  to  be  paid  by 
the  year,  half-year,  or  quarter;  stipend; 
yrages.-v.t.-rsalaried,  salarying.  To  pay 
or  attach  a  salary  or  stipend  to. 

Sale,  sal,  n.  [Icel.  sal,  sala,  sale,  bargain; 
this  word  stands  in  same  relation  to  sell 
as  tale  to  tell.]  The  act.  of  selling;  the  ex- 
change or  transfer  of  a  commodity  for  an 
agreed  on  price  in  money;  opportunity  of 
selling;  demand;  market;  public  transfer 
to  the  highest  bidder;  exposure  of  goods  in 
a  market  or  shop;  auction. —  On  sale,  for 
sale,  to  be  bought  or  sold;  offered  to  pur- 
chasers.—Saleable,  sa'la-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  sold;  finding  a  ready  tnarket;  in  de- 
mand.—Saleableness,  Saleability,  sa'la- 
bl-nes,  sa-la-bil'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being 
saleable— Saleably,  sala-bli,  adv.  In  a 
saleable  manner. — Sale-room,  n.  A  room 
in  which  goods  are  sold;  an  auction-room. 
— Salesman,  salz'man,  n.  One  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  sell  goods  or  merchandise; 
a  wholesale  dealer,  as,  a  cattle,  butter,  hay, 
fish,  or  other  salesman. 

Salep,  Salop,  sal'ep,  sal'op,  n.  [Ar.  sahleb, 
salep.]  The  dried  tuberous  roots  of  diner- 
ent  species  of  orchis,  much  valued  in  the 


Fate,  f^r,  fat,  f aU;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     nCte,  not,  mOve;     tQbe,  tub,  b\)U:     oil,  pound;     fl,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr.  «. 


SALE.RATUS 


699 


SALVATION 


East  for  its  supposed  stimulant  properties 
and  esteemed  as  a  nutritious  food. 

Saleratus,  sal-e-ra'tus,  n;  [For  sal  aercUtis, 
lit.  aerated  salt.]  The  prepared  carbonate 
of  soda  and  salt  used  for  mixing  with  the 
flour  in  baking.    [Anierican.] 

Salic,  sal'ik,  a.  [Pr.  saligue,  from  the  Salian 
Franks,  or  Franks  settled  on  the  river 
Sala.Jl  A  term  applied  to  a  law  by  which 
.in  France  females  were  excluded  from  the 
throne. 

Salicaceous,  sal-i-ka'shus,  a.  [L.  salix,  a 
willow.]  Of  or  relating  to  the  willow 
familj'  of  plants.— Salicin,  Salicine,  sal'i- 
sin,  n.  A  bitter  crystallizable  substance 
extracted  from  willow  bark  and  from  that 
of  the  poplar,  a  valuable  tonic— Salicylic, 
sal-i-sil'ik,  a.  [L.  salix,  and  Gr.  ht/U,  mat- 
ter.] A  term  for  an  acid  used  as  an  anti- 
septic and  for  other  purposes. 

Salient,  sa'li«nt,  a.  [L.  saliens,  salientis, 
ppr.  of  salio,  to  leap  (seen  also  in  sally, 
assail, assault,  insult,  result,  &c.).]  Spring- 
ing; shooting  up  or  out;  projecting  out- 
wardly (a  salient  angle);  forcing  itself  on 
the  notice  or  attention;  conspicuous;  pro- 
minent. —  Saliently,  sa'li-ent-li,  adv.  In 
a  salient  manner.  —  Salience,  aa'li-ens,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  salient;  projection; 
protrusion. 

Saliferous,  sa-lif'6r-us,  a.  [L.  sCil,  salt,  and 
fero,  to  produce.]  Producing  or  bearing 
sa.lt.— Saliferous  system,  an  old  geological 
term  for  the  new  red  sandstone  system, 
from  salt  being  a  characteristic  of  it. 

Salify,  sal'i-fi,  v.t. — sati/led,  salifying.  [L. 
sal,  salt,  iind  facio,  to  make.]  To  form 
into  a  salt  by  combining  an  acid  with  a 
base.— Salifiable,  sal'i-fi-a-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  combining  with  an  acid  to  form  a  salt. 
-Salification,  sal'i-li-ka"8hon,  n.  The  act 
of  salifying.' 

Salimeter,  sa-lim'et-6r,  n.  [L.  sal,  salis, 
salt,  and  Gr.  metrojt,  a  measure.]  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  amount  of 
salt  present  in  any  given  solution. ' 

Salina,  sa-li'na,  n.  [Sp.,from  L.  sal,  salt. 
Salt.]  A  salt  marsh;  a  salt  pond  inclosed 
from  the  sea;  a  place  where  salt  is  made 
from  salt  water;  a  salt-work. — Salination, 
sal-i-na'shon,  n.  The  act  of  washing  with 
or  soaking  in  salt  liquor. — Saline,  sa-lin', 
a.  [Ft.  salin,  from  li.  sal,  salt.]  Consisting 
of  salt;  partaking  of  the  qualities  of  salt; 
salt.— n.  [Fr.  saline.]  A  salt  spring,  or  a 
place  where  salt  water  is  collected  in  the 
earth.— Salineness,  sa-lin'nes,  n.  State  of 
being  saline.— Sallniferou?,  sal-i-nif'fer-us, 
a.  -Producing  salt.  —  Saliniform,  sa-lin'i- 
form,  a.  Having  the  form  of  salt. — Salin- 
ity, sa-lin'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  salt; 
salineness.  —  Salinometer,  sal-i-nom'et-fir, 
n.  An  apparatus  for  indicating  the  density 
of  brine  in  the  boilers  of  marine  steam- 
engines,  and-  thus  showing  when  they 
should  be  cleansed. 

Salique,  sal'ik  or  sa-l6k',  a.    Salic. 

Saliva,  sa-li'va,  n.  [L.,  akin  to  Gr.  sialon, 
saliva;  and  to  Gael,  and  Ir.  seile,  saliva, 
E.  slime.]  The  fluid  which  is  secreted  by- 
certain  glands  of  the  mouth  and  which  I 
serves  to  moisten  the  mouth  and  tongue 
and  to  make  the  food  more  fitted  for  diges- 
tion: when  discharged  from  the  mouth  it 
is  called  spi^Je.— Salival,  sa-li'val,  a.  Sa- 
livary.—Salivant,  sal'i-vant,  o.  Exciting 
salivation.— n.  That  which  produces  sali- 
vation.—Salivary,  sal'i-va-ri,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  saliva ;  secreting  or  conveying 
saliva  (the  salivary  glands  or  ducts).— 
Salivate,  sal'i-vat,  v.t. — salivated,  salivor 
ting.  [L.  salivare.]  To  cause  to  have  an 
unusual  secretion  and  discharge  of  saliva, 
usually  by  mercurj^. — Salivation,  sal-i-vS.'- 
shon,  n.  An  excessive  flow  of  saliva,  often 
caused  by  mercury;  ptyalism. 

Sallow,  sal'o,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sea  ft =Sc.  saugh, 
Icel.  selja,  Dan.  scelje,  G.  sahl;  allied  toL. 
salix,  Gael,  seileach,  Ir.  sail,  a  willow.]  A 
shrub  of  the  willow  kind. 

Sallow,  sal'o,  a,  [A.  Sax.  salu,  sealwe,  sal- 
low, dark=Icel.  solr,  D.  saluwe,  O.H.G. 
salo,  pale.]  Of  a  pale,  sickly  colour,  tinged 
with  a  dark  yellow:  said  especially  of  the 
skin  or  complexion.— f.i.  To  tinge  with  a 
sallow  Colour.  —  Sallo-wness,  sal'o-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  sallow. 

Sally,  sal'i,  n.    [Fr.  saillie,  from  saillir,  to 


leap,  from  L.  salire,  to  leap.  Salient.]  A 
leaping  forth ;  a  rush  of  troops  from  a 
besieged  place  to  attack  the  besiegers;  a 
spring  or  flight  of  intellect,  fancy  or  im- 
agination (a  salty  of  wit);  an  act  of  levity 
or  extravagance;  a  piece  of  wild  gaiety;  a 
frolic. — v.i. — sallied,  sallying.  To  make  a 
sally;  to  leap  or  rush  out;  to  issue  sud- 
denly from  a  fortified  place,  to  attack 
besiegers.— Sally-port,  n.  Fort,  a  postern 
or  passage  to  aflbrd  egress  to  troops  in 
making  a  sally. 

Sally-Jim,  Sally-lunn,  sal'i-lun,  n.  [From 
Sally  Lunn,  who  sold  it  in  Bath.]  A  kind 
of  sweet  bun  or  tea-cake. 

Salmagundi,  Salmagundy,  sal-ma-gun'di, 
n.  [Fr.  salmigondis.]  A  dish  of  chopped 
meat,  eggs,  anchovies,  red  pickled  cab- 
bage, &c.;  a  mixture  of  various  ingredi- 
ents; a  miscellany. 

Salmi,  Salmis,  sal'me,  n.  [Fr.]  A  ragout 
of  woodcocks,  larks,  thrushes,  &c. 

Salmiac,  sal'mi-ak,  n.  A  contraction  of 
Sal  Ammoniac. . 

Salmon,  sam'un,  n.  [L.  salmo,  salmonis, 
probably  from  salio,  to  leap.]  A  large  fish 
found  in  the  north  of  Europe,  America, 
and  Asia,  and  both  in  the  se'a  and  in  fresh 
water;  in  autumn  ascending  the  rivers  to 
deposit  its  spawn;  with  excellent  flesh  of  a 
pinkish-orange  colour. — Salmon-colour,  n. 
The  colour  of  the  flesh  of  the  salmon. — 
Salmonet,  sam'un-et.  n.  A  little  fialmon; 
a  samlet.— Salmonoid,  sam'un-oid,  a.  Be- 
longing to  the  family  of  which  the  salmon 
is  the  type-  —Salmon-fry,  n.  The  salmon 
when  recently  batched.— Salmon-peel,  n. 
A  grilse  under  2  Djs.- Salmon-trout,  n. 

•  Called  also  the  sea-trout,  a  fish  resembling 
the  salmon  in  form  and  colour,  and,  like 
it,  ascending  rivers  to  deposit  its  spawn. 

Salon,  sa-lon,  n.  [Fr.]  An  apartment  for 
the  reception  of  company;  a  saloon. 

Saloon,  sa-lon',  n.  [Fr.  salon.  It.  ealone, 
from  O.H.G.  sal,  a  house=A.  Sax.  seel,  a 
hall.]  Any  spacious  apartment  for  the 
reception  of  company  or  for  works  of 
art; -a  large  public  room;  an  apartment 
for  specific  public  use  (the  saloon  of  a 
steamer). 

Saloop,  sa-l8p'.    Salop. 

Salsaly,  sal'sa-fi.    Salsify. 

Salse,  sals,  n.  [Fr.  salse,  from  L.  salsus. 
Salt.]  An  eruption  of  hot  acidulated  mud 
from  a  small  orifice,  observed  in  volcanic 
regions. 

Salsify,  sal'si-fi,  n.  [Fr.  salsijis,  goat's- 
beard.]  A  plant,  called  also  purple  goat's- 
beard.    Goat's-beard. 

Salt,  salt,  n.  (A.  Sax.  sealt  (properly  an 
adJ.)=Fris.  Dan.  Sw.  Icpl.  and  Goth,  salt, 
D.  zout,  G.  aalz;  cog.  W.  halen,  Gael,  and 
Ir.  salann,  L.  sal  (Fr.  sel),  Gr.  hals  (  = 
sals),  salt.]  A  well-known  substance  in 
common  use  for  seasoning  and  preserving 
food  from  the  earliest  ages,  its  chemical 
name  being  chloride  of  sodium,  obtained 
from  salt  mines  in  the  form  of  rock-salt, 
or  from  sea-water  by  simple  evaporation ; 
chem,.  a  compound  produced  by  the  com- 
bination of  a  base  (commonly  a  metallic 
oxide)  with  an  acid;  taste;  smack;  savour; 
wit;  piquancy;  pungency;  sarcasm  (Attic 
salt);  a  salt-cellar;  an  old  sailor  (colloq.). — 
Salt  of  lemons,  a  substance  prepared  from 
oxalic  acid  and  potassium  carbonate,  used 
to  remove  ink-stains,  &c.;  also  oxalic  acid. 
Salt  of  Saturn,  acetate  of  lead;  sugar  of 
lead.— iSaZi  of  soda,  carbonate  of  soda.— 
Salt  of  sorrel,  oxalic  acid;  salt  of  lemons. 
—Salt  of  tartar,  carbonate  of  potash.— Sailt 
of  tin,  protochloride  of  tin,  extensively 
used  as  a  mordant  in  dyeing.  —  Salt  of 
vitriol,  sulphate  of  zinc— Spirit  of,  salt, 
muriatic  or  hydrochloric  acid.  —  to  be 
worth  one's  salt,  to  he  worthy  of  one's  hire. 
— a.  Impregnated  with  salt;  abounding  in 
or  containing  salt ;  prepared  with  or  tast- 
ing of  salt ;  sharp ;  pungent.  —  v.t.  To 
sprinkle,  impregnate,  or  season  with  salt. 
—To  salt  a  mine,  to  sprinkle  it  with  a 
little  of  the  precious  metal  in  order  [to 
obtain  a  high  price  for  the  claim  from  an 
inexperienced  person.  —  Salt -butter,  n. 
Butter  seasoned  with  salt  to  make  it  keep. 
— Salt-cellar,  n.  [A  tautological  term,  lit. 
a  salt-salt-dish,  cellar  being=Fr.  saliere,  a 
salt-cellar,  from  L.  sal,  salt.]    A  small 


vessel  used  for  holding  salt  on  the  table. 
Salter,  sftl'tfer,  n.  One  who  salts;  one  that 
sells  salt;  a  drysalter —Saltern,  sai'ttm, 
n.  A  salt-work ;  a  building  in  which  salt 
is  made  by  boiling  or  evaporation.— Sal- 
tish, sal'tish,  a.  Somewhat  salt.— Saltisb- 
ly,  sal'tish-li,  adv.  With  a  moderate  degree 
of  saltness.  —  Saltishness,  sal'tish-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  saltish.— Salt-junk,  n. 
Dry  salt  beef  for  use  at  sea.— Saltless, 
salt'les,  o.  Destitute  of  salt ;  insipid  — 
Salt-lick,  n.  A  salt  spring.  [United  States.] 
— Saltly,  salt'li,  adv.  In  a  salt  manner; 
with  the  taste  of  salt.  —  Salt-marsh,  n. 
Land  under  'pasture-grasses  subject  to  be 
overflowed  by  sea-water.— Salt-mine,  n.  A 
mine  where  rock-salt  is  obtained.— Salt- 
ness, salt'nes,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  salt  or  impregnated  with  salt.— 
Salt-pan,  n.  A  large  shallow  pan  or  a 
shallow  pond  in  which  salt  water  or  brine 
is  evaporated  to  obtain  salt.— Saltpetre, 
salt'pe-t6r,  M.  [Salt  and  L.  pe<m,  a  stone.] 
A  salt,  called  also  JVitre  (which  see).— 
Salts,  salts,  n.  pi.  Epsom  salt  or  other 
salt  used  as  a  medicine. — Salt-spring,  n. 
A  spring  of  salt-water ;  a  brine-spring.— 
Salt-water,  n.  Water  impregnated  with 
salt;  sea-water.  —  Salt-work,  n.  A  place 
where  salt  is  made.— Saltwort,  salt'wSrt, 
n.  A  name  applied  to  several  plants  yield- 
ing kelp. 

Saltant,  sal'tant,  a.  [L.  saltans,  saltantis, 
ppr.  of  aalto,  to  leap,  from  salio.  Salient.] 
Leaping;  jumping;  dancing.— Saltation, 
sal-ta'shon,  n.  [L.  saltatio.]  A  leaping  or 
jumping ;  beating  or  palpitation.— SaJta- 
tory,  sal'ta-to-ri,  a.  Leaping  or  dancing ; 
adapted  for  leaping. 

Saltarello,  sal-ta-rel'lo,  n.  [It.]  A  brisk 
Neapolitan  dance. 

Saltigrade,  sal'ti-grad,  a.  [L.  «aZ<M8,  a  leap, 
gradior,  to  go.]  Leaping;  formed  for  leap- 
ing. 

Saltlre,  Saltier,  sal'tSr,  n.  rO.Fr.  saultoir. 
Mod.  Fr.  sautoir,  originally  a  kind  of 
stirrup,  from  sauter,  L.  saltare,  to  leap. 
Saltant.]  Her.  an  ordinary  in  the  form  of 
a  St.  Andrew's  cross,  formed  by  two  bends 
crossing  each  other. 

Salubrious,  sa-la'bri-us,  a.  [L.  salubris, 
from  salus,  salutis,  health,  safety;  akin  to 
gc'.lvus,  safe.  Safe,  Salutary.)  Favour- 
able to  health;  healthful;  healthy.— Salu- 
briously, sa-laTDri-us-li,  adt>.— Salubrious- 
ness.  Salubrity,  sa-lii'bri-us-nes,  sa-la'bri- 
ti,  n.  The  state  ov  quality  of  being  salu- 
brious; healthfulness. 

Salutary,  sal'u-ta-ri,  a.  [Fr.  salutaire,  L. 
salutaris,  from  saltis,  salutis,  health. 
Salubrious.]  Wholesome;  healthful;  pro- 
moting health;  contributing  to  some  bene- 
ficial purpose;  advantageous;  profitable. 
—Salutarily,  sal'a-ta-ri-li,  adv.  In  a  salu- 
tary manner.  —  Salutariness,  sal'tt-ta-ri- 
nes,  n.    The  quality  of  being  salutary. 

Salute,  sa-lat',  v.t.— saluted,  saluting.  [L. 
satuto,  from  L.  saZus,  salutis,  health.  Salu- 
brious, Safe.]  To  address  with  expres- 
sions of  kind  w.'shes,  or  in  order  to  show 
homage  or  courtesy ;  to  greet ;  to  hail ;  to 
greet  by  some  act,  as  by  uncovering  the 
head,  a  bow,  &c.;  in  the  army  or  navy,  to 
honour  by  a  salute  (see  the  noun).— v.i.  To 
perform  a  salutation;  to  greet  each  other. 
— n.  A  salutation;  a  greeting;  a  kiss,  a  bow, 
or  the  like ;  in  an  army  or  navy,  a  compli- 
ment paid  to  a  royal  or  other  distinguislied 
personage  when  squadrons  or  other  bodies 
meet,  and  on  various  ceremonial  occasions, 
by  firing  cannon  or  small-arms,  dipping 
colours  or  topsails,  presenting  arms,  man- 
ning the  yards,  &c.— Saluter,  sa-lu'ter,  n. 
One  who  salutes.  —  Salutation,  sal-O-ta'- 
shon,  n.  [L.  salutatio.]  The  act  of  salut- 
ing; that  which  is  done  or  uttered  in  salut- 
ing; a  greeting  or  salute.  —  Salutatory, 
sa-lu'ta-to-ri,  a.    Saluting ;  greeting. 

Salvage.    Under  Salve,  v.t. 

Salvation,  sal-va'shon,  n.  [O.Fr.  salvation, 
from  L.  salvo,  salvatum,  to  save,  from  aal- 
vus,  safe,  same  root  as  salus,  salutis,  safety 
(whence  salute).  Safe,  Salubrious.]  The 
act  of  saving ;  preservation  from  destruc- 
tion, danger,  or  great  calamity;  the  re- 
demption of  man  from  the  bondage  of  sin 
and  liability  to  eternal  death  and  the  con- 
ferring on  him  of  everlasting  happiness; 


cb.  cAain;     eh,  Sc.  loch;     g,i?o;     J./ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ag,sing;     fH,  then;  (h,  thin;     -w,  wig;     wh,  wWg;     zh,  anire. 


SAXVE 


600 


5Am> 


that  which  saves;  the  cause  of  saring. — 
Salvation  Army,  a  society  organized  for 
the  religious  revival  of  the  masses,  having 
its  proceedings  conducted  by  generals, 
majors,  captains,  <fcc.,  of  either  sex,  and 
by  military  forms.— Salvationist,  sal-va'- 
shon-ist,  n.  One  of  the  Salvation  Army. 
Salve,  salv,  v.t.  [From  L.  scdvo,  salvatum, 
to  save,  from  salmis,  safe.  Salvation.] 
To  save  &  ship  or  goods  from  destruction, 
as  by  shipwreck  or  fire.— Salvable,  sal'va- 
bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  salved;  admitting 
of  salvation.  —  Salvability,  sal-va-bU'i-ti, 
n.  The  state  of  being  salvable.— Salvage, 
sal'vaj,  n.  [L.  L.  aalvaffiv.m,  from  L;  sal- 
vics.]  The  act  of  saving  a  ship  or  goods 
from  extraordinary  danger,  as  from  the 
sea,  fire,  an  enemy,  or  the  like;  an  allow- 
ance towhich  persons  are  entitled  by  whose 
voluntary  exertions  ships  6r  goods  have 
been  saved;  property  thus  saved. — Salvor, 
sal'vor,  n.  One  who  saves  a  ship  or  goods 
from  wreck  or  destruction. 
Sal ve ,  sav  or  salv,  n.  [  A .  Sax.  seaZf,  a  sal ve, 
an  ointment=D.  zalve,  Dan.  salve,(i.  salbe, 
O.H.G.  5a26a, .salve,  allied  to  Skr.  sarpia, 
ghee  or  clarified  butter.]  An  adhesive 
substance  to  be  applied  to  wounds  or  sores; 
a  healing  ointment;  help;  remedy.— 1».(. — 
salved,  salving.  To  apply  salve'  to ;  to  re- 
medy. —  Salver,  sa'v6r  or  sal'vor,  n.  One 
who  salves  or  ctres. 

Balver,  sal'vfer,  n.  [Sp.  salva,  a  salver,  also 
the  previous  tasting  of  a  great  man's  food 
by  a  servant  to  see  that  it  is  wholesome, 
from  li.  salvus,  safe.  Salvation.!  A  kind 
of  tray  or  waiter  for  table  service,  or  on 
which  any  thin.'?'  is  presented  to  a  person. 
Salvo,  sal'vo,  n.  [From  L.  salvo  jure,  'the 
right  bein§  intact,'  an  expression  used  in 
reserving  rights.  Salvation.]  An  excep- 
.  tion  or  reservation;  an  excuse. 
Salvo,  sal'vo,  n.  [Fr.  salve.  It.  and  Sp. 
saloa,  a  salvo,  a  saJute,  from  L.  salve,  hail, 
from  salvus,  safe.  Salvation.]  A  general 
discharge  of  guns  intended  for  a  salute;  a 
shouting  or  cheering. 
Sal-volatile.  Under  Sal. 
Salvor,  sal'vor,  n.  Under  Salve,  to  save. 
Samara,  sam'a-ra,n.  [L.  samara,  the  seed 
of  the  elm.]  Bot.  a  fruit  with  wing-like 
expansions,  as  in  the  fruit  or  key  of  the 
ash-tree,  elm,  maple. — Samaroio,  sam'a- 
roid,  a.  Resembling  a  samara. 
Samairitan,  sa-mar'i-tan,  a.  Pertaining 
to  Saynaria,  the  principal  city  of  the  ten 
tribes  of  Israel ;  pertaining  to  the  charac- 
ters of  a  kind  of  ancient  Hebrew  writing 
probably  in  use  before,  and  partly  after, 
the  Babylonish  exile.— n,  A  native  or  in- 
habitant of  Samaria;  the  language  of  Sa- 
maria; a  Chaldean  dialect;  a  charitable  or 
benevolent  person:  in  allusion  to  the '  good 
Samaritan '  in  the  parable. 
EajEbo,  sam'bS,  n.  The  ofispring  of  a  black 
person  and  a  mulatto. 
Sam'cur,  sam'bur,  n.  A  kind  of  large  deer 
of  Northern  India- 
Same,  sam,  a.  [A.  Sax.  same;  Icel.  samr, 
Dan.  and  Sw.  samme,  0.  Sax.  and  Goth. 
satna;  allied  to  L.  simUis  (whence  similar, 
simulate),  like,  simul,  together;  Gr.  hama, 
together,  homos,  same;  Skr.  sam^,  like.] 
Identical;  not  different  or  other  (the  same 
man);  of  the  identical  kind,  species,  or 
degree ;  exactly  similar,  though  not  the 
specific  thing  (the  same  error);  just  men- 
tioned or  denoted:  always  preceded  by 
*Ae  or  this,  that,  &C.—AII  the  same,  never- 
theless; notwithstanding.  —  Sameness, 
sSm'nes,  n.  The  state  of  Ibeing  the  same; 
identity;  similarity;  want  of  variety. 
BamJan,  sa'mi-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
isle  of  Sa^nos. — Samian  earth,  an  argilla- 
ceous earth  found  in  Samos,  and  formerly 
used  in  medicine  as  an  astringent.  —  Sa- 
mian ware,  an  ancient  kind  of  potteiy 
made  of  Samian  or  other  fine  earth. — »i. 
A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Samos. 
Somite,  s&'mit,  n.  [O.Fr.  samit,  from  L.L. 
saynitUTn,  from  Gr.  hexamiicm, — hex,  six, 
and  7ni<os,  a  thread.!  An  old  rich  silk  stuif 
interwoven  with  gold  or  embroidered. 
Samlet,  sam'let,  n.  [Dim.  of  salmon.']  A 
name  for  the  parr. 

Eamp,  samp,  n.  In  the  United  States,  food 
composed  of  maize,  broken  or  bruised, 
boiled,  and  mixed  with  milk. 


Sampan,  Eam'pan,n.  [Malay  and  Javanese.] 
A  name  applied  to  boats  of  various  builds 
on  the  Chinese  rivers,  at  Singapore,  4c. 
Samphire,  sam'fir,  n.  [Corruption  of  Fr. 
(herbe  de)  Saint  Pierre  (St.  Peter's  herb).] 
Sea-fennel,  a  genus  of  plants  whose  leaves 
are  used  in  pickles  and  salads. 
Sample,  sam'pl,  n.  [0.  Pr.  essamvle,  ex- 
ample, an  example.  Example.]  A  pattern  J; 
an  example!;  a  small  part  or  quantity  of 
anything  intended  to  be  shown  ase^adence 
of  the  quality  of  the  "whole.  .".  Syn.  under 
SPEciiiJiN. — v.t. — sam'pled,  sampling.  To 
take  a  sample  of;  to  take  a  quantity  from 
to  serve  as  a  sample  (to  sample  sugar,  Ac). 
— Sampler,  sam'pl-6r,n.  One  who  samples. 
Sampler,  sam'plfer,  n.  [From  L.  exemplar, 
a  pattern,  from  exempbim,  an  example. 
Sample,  Example.  ]  A  piece  of  fancy 
sewed  or  embroidered  work  done  by  girls 
for  practice. 

Samson's-post,  sam'sonz-post,  n.  A  strong 
pillar  or  a  movable  post  used  in  a  ship  for 
various  purposes. 

Sanable,  san'a-bl,  a.  [L.  sandbilis,  from 
saxo,  to  heal,  from  sanus,  sound.  Sane.] 
Capable  of  being  healed  or  cured;  curable. 
—  Sanability,  Sanableness,  san-a-bU'i-ti, 
ean'a-bl-nes,  n.  State  of  being  sanable;  cur- 
ableness. — Sanatarinm,  san-a-ta'ri-um,  n. 
Same  as  Sanatorium. — Sanative,  san'a-tiv, 
a.  Healing.- Sanativeness,  san'a-tiv-nes, 
71. — Sanatorium,  san-a-to'ri-um,  n.  [Neut. 
oiJi.li.sanatorius.]  A  place  to  which  people 
go  for  the  sake  of  health;  a  military  station 
on  the  mountains  or  table-lands  of  tropical 
countries;  with  climates  suited  to  the 
health  of  Europeans.— Sanatorium  and 
Sanitarium  are  less  correct  forms.— Sana- 
tory, san'a-to-ri,  a.  [L.L.  sanatortug,  from 
L.  «a7to,  to  heal. J  Conducive  to  health; 
healing ;  curing :  sometimes  used  as  if  the 
same  as  sanitary.  See  under  Sanitary. 
San-benlto,  san-be-n6'to,  n.  [It.  sanbenito, 
Sp.  sambenito.  ]  An  upper  garment  painted 
with  flames,  figures  or  devils,  Ac,  worn  by 
.  persons  going  to  the  stake  on  the  occasion 
of  an  auto  de  fe. 

Sanctify,  sangk'ti-fi,  v.t.—saTnctified,  sancti- 
fying. [Fr.  sanctifier,  L.  sanctifieo,  from 
sanctTts,  holy  (whence  saint),  and  /ado,  to 
make.]  To  make  holy  or  sacred;  to  set 
apart  to  a  holy  or  religious  use;  to  hallow; 
to  purify  from  sin  or  sinful  affections;  to 
make  the  means  of  holiness ;  to  celebrate 
or  confess  as  holy.— Sanctification,  sangk'- 
ti-fi-ka"shon,  n.  Tlie  act  of  sanctifying  or 
state  of  being  sanctified ;  the  act  of  God's 
grace  by  which  the  affections  of  men  are 
purified  from  sin;  conformity  to  the  will 
of  God ;  consecration. — Sanctifier,  sangk'- 
ti-fi-«r,  n.  One  who  sanctifies. 
Sanctimony,  sangk'ti-mo-ni,  n.  [L.  sane- 
timonia,tTOiasanctus,hd\j.  Saint.]  Piety  J, 
sanctityt;  the  external  appearance  of  de- 
voutness;  affected  or  hypocritical  devout- 
ness.  —  Sanctimonious,  sangk-ti-mo'ni-us, 
a.  Making  a  show  of  sanctity;  affecting 
the  appearance  of  sanctity. — Sanctimonl- 
ously,  sangk-ti-mo'ni-us-li,  adv.  In  a  sanc- 
timonious manner.  —  Sanctimoniousness, 
sangk-ti-mo'ni-us-nes,  n. 
Sanction,  sangk'shon,  n.  [L.  sanctio,  from 
sancio,  eaneire,  to  render  sacred  or  inviol- 
•  able,  whence  sanctus,  holy.  Saint.]  An 
official  act  of  a  superior  by  which  he 
ratifies  and  gives  vjilidity  to  the  act  of 
some  other  person  or  body;  ratification  or 
confirmation;  authority;  penalty  incurred 
by  the  infringoment  of  a  command.  — 
Pragmatic  sanction.  Pragmatic— f.t.  To 
give  sanction  to;  to  ratify;  to  give  counte- 
nance to. 

Sanctity,  sangk'ti-ti,  n.  [L.  sanctitas,  from 
sanctus,  holy.  Sanction.  Saint.]  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  sacred  or  holy;  holi- 
ness; saintliness;  sacredpess;  inviolability. 
Sanctuary,  sangk'ta-a-n,  n.  [L.  sanctucu- 
rium,  from  sanetits,  aacted.  Sanctity.]  A 
sacred  or  consecrated  place;  the  temple  at 
Jerusalem,  particularly  the  most  retired 
part  of  it,  called  the  Holy  of  Holies;  a  house 
consecrated  to  theworship  of  God;a  church; 
in  the  R.  Cath.  Ch.  that  part  of  a  church 
where  the  altar  is  placed ;  the  cella  of  an 
Egyptian,  Greek,  or  Roman  temple;  a 
place  of  protection;  a  sacred  asylum;  right 
of  affording  such  protection,  a  privilege 


attached  to  certain  places  in  virtue  of 
which  criminals  are  protected  from  the 
law;  refuge  in  a  sacred  place;  shelter.  — 
Sanctum,  sangk'tum,  n.  A  sacred  place; 
a  private  retreat  or  room  (an  editor's 
sanctum). — Sanctum,  sanctorum, '  the  holy 
of  holies;'  the  innermost  or  holiest  place 
of  the  Jewish  temple.— Sanctus,  sangk'tus, 
n.  An  anthem  beginning  with  the  Latin 
word  sanrtMS,  holy.— Sanctus-bell.n.  Same 
as  SacHng-bell. 

Sand,  sand,  n.  [A.  Sax.  8ajid=Dan.  Sw. 
and  G.  sand,  Icel.  satuir,  D.  eand;  probably 
from  same  root  as  L.  sabulum,  gravel.] 
Fine  particles  of  stone,  particularly  of 
siliceous  stone  in  a  loose  state,  but  not  re- 
duced to  powder  or  dust,  generally  arising 
from  disintegrated  rock;  pi.  a  tract  of 
land  consisting  of  sandy  soil,  like  the 
deserts  of  Arabia;  tracts  of  sand  exposed 
by  the  ebb  of  the  tide.— t;.t.  To  sprinkle 
with  sand;  to  drive  upoaa  sand-bank. — 
Sand-bag,  n.  A  bag'fiUed  with  sand  or 
earth,  and  used  in  a  fortification  or  for 
other  purposes.  -^  Sand-bank,  n.  A  bank 
of  sand ;  a  bank  of  sand  fonned  by  tides 
or  currents. — Sand-bath,  n.  A  bath  of  hot 
sand  for  the  body;  hot  sand  used  as  an 
equable  heater  for  retorts,  &c.,  in  chemical 
processes.  —  Sand-blast,  n.  A  method  of 
engraving  and  cutting  glass  and  other 
hard  materials  by  the  force  of  particles  of 
sand  driven  by  a  steam'  or  air  blast. — Sand- 
blind,  a.  [Corrupted  from  samrolind,  from 
A.  Sax.  sdm,  (akin  to  L.  semil,  half.]  Hav- 
ing imperfect  sight.— Sand-box,  n.  A  box 
with  a  perforated  top  for  spiinkling  sand. 
—Sand-boy,  n.  A  boy  employed  in  carry- 
ing or  carting  sand.  —  Sand-crack,  n.  A 
crack  in  the  hoof  of  a  horse.— Sand-drift, 
n.  Drifting  or  drifted  sand ;  a  mound  of 
drifted  sand. — Sanded,  san'ded,  p.  and  a. 
Sprinkled  with  sand;  covered  with  drifted 
'Sand;  of  a  sandy  colour  (Sftafc.).— Sand-eel, 
n.  A  name  of  certain  British  fishes  that 
buty  themselves  in  the  sand,  and  are  also 
knoivn  by  the  name  of  launce.  —  Sajider- 
ling,  san'dfer-ling,  n.  [So  called  because  it 
feeds  among  the  moist  sands  of  the  shore.] 
A  small  wading  bird  which  frequents  the 
shores  and  feeds  on  small  marine  tn'Sects. — 
Sand-flea,  n.  A  small  leaping  crustacean  of 
the  sea-shore. — Sand-fly,  n.  A  minute  dip- 
terous insect  whose  bite  is  painful.— Sand- 
gall,  n.  Same  as  Sand-pipe. — Saqd-glass, 
n.  A  glass  that  measures  time  by  the  run- 
ning of  sand  from  one  di^^sion  of  it  to  the 
other.— Sand-grass,  n.  Grass  that  grows 
on  sandy  soil.  —  Sand-grouse,  n.  A  genus 
of  birds  closely  allied  to  the  grouse,  in- 
habiting arid  sandy  plains.— Sand-hill,  n. 
A  hill  or"  sand;  a  dune.  —  Sand-hopper,  n. 
The  sand-flea.  —  Sandiness,-  san'di-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  sandy.— Sand-launce,  n. 
The  sand-eel. — Sand-lizard,  n.  A  lizard 
found  on  sandy  heaths  in  Great  Britain. — 
Sand-martin,  n.  The  smallest  of  the  Brit- 
ish swallows;  named  from  digging  a  hole 
for  its  nest  in  sandy  banks,  gravel  pits,  &c. 
— Sand-mole,  n.  A  burrowing  animal  of 
Cape  Colony. — Sand-paper,  n.  Paper  cov- 
ered on  one  side  with  a  fine  gritty  sub- 
stance for  polishing  wood-work.  —  Sand- 
pipe,  n.  Geol.  a  long  cylindrical  hollow 
penetrating  chalk  rocks,  and  filled  with 
sand,  gravel,  or  clay.  —  Sandpiper,  sand'- 
pi-p6r,  n.  A  name  of  several  grallatorial 
birds  allied  to  the  snipe,  plover,  &C. — 
Sandstone,  sand'ston,  n.  Stone  composed 
of  agglutinated  grains  of  sand,  which  may 
be  calcareous,  siliceous,  or  of  any  other 
mineral  nature,  often  known  by  the  naine 
of  freestone.  —  New  red  saTidstone,  geol.  a 
series  of  brick-red  strata  lying  immediate- 
ly above  the  Permian  strata,  and  com- 
prising the  triassic  strata.— OW  red  Sand- 
stone, a  group  of  strata,  chiefly  sandstones 
and  conglomerates,  whose  universally  red 
colour  suggested  their  name,  above  thte 
Silurian  and  below  the  carboniferous 
strata.  —  Sand-storm,  n.  A  violent  com- 
motion of  sand  caused  by  wind.  —  Sand- 
'wasp,  n.  An  insect  resembling  a  wasp, 
the  females  of  which  'burrow  in  sandy 
banks.— Sand-wort,,  sand'w6rt,n.  A  name 
of  several  British  plants  growing  in  sandy 
situations.- Sandy,  san'di,  a.  Consisting 
of  or  abounding  with  sand;  vresenibUng 


Jite,  fir,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met.hCr;     piae,  pinj     aOte,  not,  mOvei     ttibe,  tub,  bijUj     oil.pouid;     «,  Sc  abune— tha  Fr.  K 


SANDAL 


601 


SArROPHAGOUS 


sand ;  of  the  colour  of  sand;  of  a  yellowish- 
red  colour. 

Saadal,  san'dal,  n.  [Fr.  sandale,  Jj.  san- 
daliwm,  from  Gr.  sandalion.]    A  kind  of 

I  shoe,  consisting  of  a  sole  fastened  to  the 

■  foot,  generally  by  means  of  straps  crossed 
over  and  worn  round  the  ankle;  a  tie  &r 
strap  for  a  shoe  resembling  that  of  a  san- 
dal. —  Sandaiiform,  san '  dal- i  -  form,  a. 
Shaped  like  a  sandal  or  slipper.  —  San- 

Idalled,  san'dald,  p.  and  a.    Wearing  san- 

'dals;  shaped  like  a  sandal. 

(Sandal-wood,  n.  [Ar.  gandal,  sandal-wood.] 

\The  wood  of  several  trees  of  the  East  In- 
dies and  islands  of  the  Pacific,  with  a 
strong  scent  which  is  very  fatal  to  insects, 
and  hence  it  is  used  for  jpaaking  cabinets, 
'boxes,  &c. — Red  sandal-wood;  the  wood  of 
a  tree  of  India,  used  as  a  dye-wood. 

Sandarach,  san'da-rak,  n.  [L.  sandaracha, 
from  Gr.  aandarache,  a  word  of  Oriental 

■  origin.]  A  reoin  ^vhich  exudes  from  the 
;  bark  of  a  valuable  timber  tree  of  Morocco, 

used  as  incense  and  for  making  varnish. 

Sanders,  Sanders-wood,  san'dSrz.  Same  as 

!  Sandal-wood. 

Bandera -blue,  san'dferz-blQ,  n.  Same  as 
Saunders-hlue. 

Sandiver,  Sandever,  san'di-v6r,  n.  [A  cor- 
ruption of  Fr.'sei  de  verre,  salt  of  glass.] 
The  scvim  which  is  cast  up  from  the  ma- 
terials of  glass  in  fusion,  and  is  used,  when 
pulverized,  as  a  polishing  substance. 

Bandix,  San.dyx,  san'diks,  n.  [Gr.  sandyx, 
a  bright  red  colour.]  Red-lead  prepared 
by  calcining  carbonate  of  lead. 

Sandwich,  sand'wich,  n.  [After  an  Earl  of 
Sandwich,  who  brought  it  into  fashion.] 
Two  thin' slices  of  bread  with  meat,  fish, 
or  the  like,  between.  —  Sandwich-man,  n. 
A  mail  carrying  two  advertising  boards, 
one  before  and  one  behind. 

Sandyx.    Sandix.    - 

Sane,  s&n,  a.  [It.  samis,  sound,  whole, 
healthy  (whence  sanatory,  sanitary);  same 
root  as  Gtt  s6s,  safe.]  Mentally  sound;  not, 
deranged;  having  the  regular  exercise  of 
reason  and  the  other  mental  faculties.—* 
Saneness,  Sanity,  san'nes,  san'i-ti,-M.  The 
state  of  being  sane  or  of  sound  mind. 

Sang,  sang,  pret.  of  sing. 

Sangaree,  sang'ga-r5,  n.  Wine  and  water 
sweetened  and  spiced,  and  sometimes  iced; 
used  as  a  refreshing  drink. 

Sang-froid,  sang'frv/a,  n.  [Tr.,  cold-blood 
—sang,  blood,  and  froid,  cold.]  Freedom 
from  agitation  or  excitement  of  mind; 
coolness;  calmness  in  trying  circum-i 
stances. 

Sangiac,  san'ji-ak.    Sakjak. 

Sangreal,  sang-ra'al,  n.  [The  mn  is  &om 
L.  sanctus,  holy,  and  greal=grail.]   The 

frail  or  holy  vessel  of  medieval  legends, 
ee  Gkail. 
Sangniferong,  sang-gwif'6r-us,  a.  [L.  san- 
OMts,  blood,  and /6)-o,  to  carry.]  Conveying 
blood,  as  the  arteries  and  veins. 
Sangmfy,  sang'gwi-fi,  v.i.—sanguified,  san- 
guifying.  [L.  sanguis,  blood,  and  facio,  to 
make.]  To  produce  blood.  —  Sanguifica- 
tion, sang'^vi-fi-ka"shon,  n;  The  produc- 
tion of  blood.— Sanjpuigenous,  sang-gwij'- 
en-us,  a.  [L.  sanguis,  blood,  and  root  gen, 
'  to  produce.]  Producing  blood. 
Sanguinary,  sang'gwi-na-ri,  a.  [L.  sangai- 
narius,  from  sangfds,  blood;  same  root  as 
8UCUS  or  succus,  j  nice,  sicgo,  to  suck.]  Con- 
sisting of  blood; 'bloody;  attended  with 
much  bloodshed;  murderous;  bloodthirsty.' 
—Sanguinarily,  sang'gwi-na-ri-li,  adv.  In 
a  sanguinary  manner.  —  Sanguinariness, 
sang'gwi-na-ri-nes,  n. 

Sangume,  sang'gwin,  a.  [Fr.  sanguin,  from 
L.  sanguineus,  from  sanguis,  blood.  San- 
guinary.] Having  the  colour  of  blood; 
red;  characterized  by  fulness  of  habit, 
vigour,  activity  of  circulation;  &c.;  cheer- 
ful in  temper;  anticipating  the  best;  not 
desponding;  confident.- n.  Blood  colour; 
bloodstone.  —  Sanguinely,  sang' gwin-li, 
adv.  In  a  sanguine  manner.— Sanguine- 
iness,  sang'gwin-nes,  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
jlity  of  being  sanguine.  —  SanguineouBj 
;Bang-gwin'e-us,  a.  [L.  sanguineus.'\  Ap- 
pertaining to  the  blood ;  of  the  colour  of 
olood;  sanguine;  confident.— Sangulnivo- 
rous.  Sanguivorous,  sang-gwi-niv'o-rus, 
sang-gwiv'o-rus,  a.    [L.  sanguis,  and  voro. 


to  eat.]  Eating  or  subsisting  on  blood. — 
Sanguinolent,  sang-gwin'o-lent,  a.  .  [L. 
sanguinolentus.l  Tinged  or  mingled  with 
blood;  bloody. 

Sanhedrim,  san'he-drim,  n.  [Heb.  sanhe- 
drtn,  from  Gr.  sumdrion — sun  (or  syn), 
with,  together,  and  hedra,  seat.l  The  great 
council  among  the  Jews  of  Maocabean 
and  later  times,  consisting  of  a  president 
(generally  the  nigh -priest)  and  seventy 
other  members. 

Sanicle,  san'i-kl,  n.  [Fr.  sanicle,  from  L. 
sano,  to  heal— from  its  supposed  heaUng 
virtues.]  An  umbelliferous  plant  of  sev- 
eral species,  also  called  Self-heal. 

Sanies,  sa'ni-6z,  n.  [L.,  bloody  matter.]  A 
•thin  reddish  discharge  from  wounds  or 
sores.— Sanious,  sa'ni-us,  a.  [L.  saniosus.] 
Pertaining  to  sanies,  or  partaking  of  its 
nature  and  appearance. 

Sanitary, san'i-ta-ri, a.  [Fr.  sanitaire,froTa 
li.  sanitas,  -health,  from  sanus,  sound. 
Sane.]  'Pertaining  to  or  designed  to  secure 
health  ;•  relating  to  the  preservation  of 
health;  hygienic:  Sanitary  and  sanatory 
arenotunfrequently  confounded.  Sanitary 
[from  L.  sanitas,  health]  has  the  general 
meaning  of  perta  iniug  to  health,  hygienic; 
sanatory  [directly  from.L.  sano,  sanatum, 
to  make  healthy]  means  pertaining  to 
healing  or  curing;  tending  to  cure. — Sani- 
tarian, san-i-ta'ri-an,  n.  A  promoter  of,  or 
one  versed  in.sanitary  measures.  —  Sani- 
tarium, 8an-i-ta'ri-um,?i.  A  health  retreat; 
a  sanatorium.— Sanitation,  san-i-ta'shon, 
n.  Theadoption  of  sanitary  measures  for 
the  health  of  a  community;  hygiene. 

Sanity,  san'i-ti,  n.    Under  Sane. 

Sanjak,  san'jak,  n.  [Turk.,  a  standard.]  A 
minor  province  of  Turkey.  —  Sanjakate, 
san'jak-at,  n.    A  sanjak. 

Sank,  sangk,  pret.  of  sink. 

Sanpan,  san'piin,  n.    Same  as  Sampan. 

Sana,  sanz,  prep.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sine,  with- 
out.] Without;  deprived  of.— Sans-culotte, 
sanz-ku-lot'j  n.    [Fr.,  without  breeches.] 

'  A  fellow  without. breeches,  a  name  origi- 
nally given  in  derision  to  the  popular 
purty  by  the  aristocratical  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  French  revolution  of  1789; 
hence,  a  fierce  republican  of  any  country. 
— Sans-culottic,  sanz-ku-lot'ik,  a.  Revolu- 
tionary; republican.  —  Sans  -  culottism, 
siinz-ku-lot'izra,  n.  Extreme  republican- 
ism.—Sans-culottiat,  sanz-ku-lot'ist,  n.  A 
sans-culotte;  a  rabid  republican. 

SaMkrit,  Sanscrit,  san'skrit,  n.  [Skr.  san- 
slcrita,  perfectly  formed— sam  (=Gr.  syn), 
with,  and  krita,  made,  perfected,  from  kri, 
to  make.]    The  ancient  language  of  the 

.  Hindus,  being  that  in  which  most  of  their 
vast  literature  is  written,  one  of  the  Aryan 
or  Indo-European  family  of  tongues.  Also 
used  as  an  adjective.  —  Sanskritist,  San- 
scritist,san'skrit-ist,w.  A  Sanskrit  scholar. 

Santaline,  san'ta-Un,  n.  [From  sandal.] 
The  colouring  matter  of  red  sandal  or 
Banders  wood. 

Santon,  Santoon,  san'ton,  san'tSn.  n.  An 
Oriental  priest  regarded  as  a  saint. 

Santonin,  Santonme,  san'to-uin,  n.  [Gr. 
santonion,  a  kind  of  wormwood.]  A  sub- 
stance obtained  from  the  seeds  of  pouthem- 
wood,  a  most  eflBcacious  vermifuge. 

Santorin,  san'to-rin,  n.  An  argillaceous 
mineral  occurring  on  the  island  «f  Santo- 
rin, yielding  an  excellent  cement.  ' 

Saouari,  Souari-wood,  sou-a're,  n.  An  ex- 
cellent timber  for  ship-building,  obtained 
from  trees  of  tropical  America,  which  yield 
also  delicious  nuts. 

Sap,  sap,  n.  [A.  Sax.  scep—t>.  sap,  L.G. 
aapp,  juice;  akin  Ban.  and  G.  sa/i,  juice, 
sap.]  The  juice  or  fluid  which  circulates 
In  all  plants,  being  as  indispensable  to 
vegetable  life  as  the  blood  to  animal  life; 
vitaljuice;blood;  sap-wood.— Sapless,  sap'- 
les,  a.  Destitute  of  sap;  dry;  withered; 
destitute  of  healthy  vital  juice.— SapUng, 
sap'ling,  n.  A  young  tree  fuU  of  sap. — 
Sappy,  sap'i,  a.  Abounding  with  sap ; 
juicyi  succulent;  young;  weak.  —  Sappi- 
ness,  sap'i-nes,  n.  The  state  or  auality  of 
being^  sappy;  succulence;  juiciness.— Sap- 
colour,  n.  Vegetable  juice  inspissated 
and  forming  a  pigment.— Sap-green,  n.  A 
pigment  prepared  from  the  juice  of  the 
berries  of  the  buckthorn.— Sap-sucker,  n. 


An  American  name  of  several  small  wood- 
peckers.—Sap-wood,  n.    Albuknum. 

Sap,  s?p,  v.t. — sapped,  sapping.  [Fr.  saper, 
from  sape,  L.L.  sapa,  a  mattock.]  To 
cause  to  fall,  or  to  render  unstable,  by  dig- 
ging or  wearing  away  the  foundation;  to 
undermine;  to  subvert;  to  destroy,  as  if 
by  some  secret,  hidden,  or  invisible  pro- 
cesa.—v.i.  To  proceed  by  secretly  under- 
mining.— n..  Mint,  a  ditch  or.  trench  by 
which  approach  is  made  to  a  fortress  or 
besieged  place  within  range  of  fire.  — 
Sapper,  sap'Cr,  n.  One  who  saps;  a  soldier 
of  an  engineer  corps,  of-  who  is  trained  in 
fortification  or  siege  works. 

Sapadillo,  sap-a-dil'o,  n.    Sapodilla. 

Sapajou,  Sajou,  sap'a-jo,  sa'jo,  n.  [Fr.] 
A  name  of  certain  South  American  pre- 
hensile-tailed monkeys,  of  small  size. 

Sapan-wood,  sa-pan',  n.   SArPAN-woon. 

Saphena,sa-f5'na,ii.  [Gr.sapAencs,  visible.] 
One  of  two  sub-cutaneous  veijis  of  the 
lower  limb  and  foot. 

Sapid,  sap'id,  a.  [L.  sapidu^,  from  sapto, 
to  taste.  Sapient.]  Possessing  savour  or 
relish;  savoury.— Sapidity,  Sapiduess,  sa- 
pid'i-ti,  sap'id-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
sapid;  savour;  relish. 

Sapient,  sa'pi-ent,  a.  [li.  sapiens,  sapien- 
tis,  wise,  discreet,  pp.  of  sapio,  to  taste,  to 
know,  to  be  wise;  sapid,  insipid,  savour, 
sage,  are  of  similar  origin.]  Wise;  sage; 
knowing;  discerning;  proceeding  from  a 

■  wiseacre.  [Now  generally  ironical,  or  used 
of  affected  wisdom.]— Sapience,  sa'pi-ens, 
n.  [L.  sapientia,  wisdom.]  The  quality  of 
being  sapient;  wisdom;  sageness.- Sapi- 
ently,  sa'pi-ent-U,  adv.  In  a  sapfent  man- 
ner; sagely. 

Sapless,  Sapling.    Under  Sap. 

Sapodilla,  sap-o-dil'a,  n.  [Sp.  sapotilla, 
from  Mexican  zapotl.]  A  large  tree  of  the 
West  Indies,  yielding  a  fine  fruit. 

Saponaceous,  sap-0-na'shus,  a.  [From  L. 
sapo,  saponis,  soap.]  Soapy;  resembling 
soap;  having  the  qualities  of  soap.— Sapo- 
naciiy,  sap-o-nas'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being 
saponaceous.— Saponify,  sa-pon'i-fi,  v.t— 
saponified,  sapmiifying.  [L.  sapo,  saponis, 
and  facio,  to  make.]  To  convert  into  soap 
t)y -combination  with  an  alkali.— Saponi- 
fia.ble,  sa-pon'i-fi-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
saponified.  —  Saponification,  sa-pon'i-fi- 
ka"shon,  n.  Conversion  into  soap;  the 
process  in  which  fatty  substances,  through 
combination  with  an  alkali,  form  soap. — 
Saponine,  sap'o-nin,  n.  A  vegetable  prin- 
ciple found  in  the  root  of  soap-wort  and 
many  other  plants,  causing  water  to  froth 
like  soap  on  being  agitated.  —  Saponite, 
sap'o-nit,  n.  A  silicate  of  magnesia  and 
alumina,  occurring  in  soft,  soapy,  amor- 
phous masses. 

Sapor,  sa'por,  n.  [L.  Sapid.]  Taste;  sa- 
vour.—Saporiflc,  sap-o-rif  ik,a.  Producing 
taste  or  relish.— Saporoslty,  sap-o-ros'i-ti, 
n.  Savouriness. — Saporous,  sap'or-us,  a. 
Having  flavour  or  taste. 

Sappadillo,  sap-a-dil'o.    Sapodilla. 

Sappan-wood,  sap'an  or  sa-pan',  n.  A  dye- 
wood  produced  by  a  tree  of  Southern 
Asia,  which  yields  a  red  colour. 

Sappare,  sap'par,  n.  A  mineral^  cabled  also 
Kyanite. 

Sapper.    Under  Sap. 

Sapphic,  saf'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  Sappho, 
a  Grecian  poetess;  pros,  ajiplied  to  a  kind 
of  verse  said  to  have  been  invented  by 
Sappho. — n.  A  Sapphic  verse. 

Sapphire,  saf'fir,  re.  [L.  sapphirus,Gr.  sap- 

■pheiros,  ot  Eastern  origih=Heb.  sapplr, 
Ar.  safir.]  A  precious  stone,  next  in  hard- 
ness to  the  diamond,  belonging  to  the 
corundum  class,  and  of  various,  Shades  of 
blue  colour;  hence,  a  rich  bjue  colour; 
blue.— (rreen.  sapphire,  the  emerald.— jBed 
sapphire,  the  oriental  ruby. —  Violet  sap- 
phire, the  oriental  amethyst.— WAite  or 
Umpvd  sapphire,  a  colourless  or  grayish 
transparent  or  translucent  variety,  some- 
times sold  as  diamond,  -r-  Vellow  sap- 
phire, the  oriental  topaz. — a.  ■  Resembling 
sapphire ;  blue.— Sapphlrlne,  saf'fi-rin,  a. 
Resembling  sapphire;  made  of  sapphire; 
of  a  rich  blue.' —  n.  A  blue. variety  of 
spinel. 

Sappy.    Under  Sap. 

Saprophagoiu,sa-prof'a-£;us,a.  [Ott.  saproi. 


oh,  elma-f    eh,  Sc.  loch:     g,  go;    j,  yob;     n,  Fr.  ton;-    ng,  sing;     th,  tftenj  th,  <ftin;     w,  tgigj    -wh,  whig,;     ah,  asuic. 


SAPSAQO 


602 


SATIRE 


rotten,  put.rid,  and  phaoO,  to  eat.]  Feed- 
ing on  substances  iu  a  state  of  decompo- 
sition. —  Saprophyte,  sap'r5-fit,  n.  [Gr. 
saproa,  and  pkyton, ,  a  platnt.]  A  plant 
that  grows  on  decaying  vegetable  matter. 
— Saprophytic,  sap^ro-fit'ikj  a.  Pertaining 
to  saprophytes. 

Sapsago,  sap'sa-gS,  n;  [Corruption  of  G. 
schabziegerl]  A  kind  of  hard  cheese  made 
in  Switzerland. 
Saqne,  sak,  n.  Sacqub. 
Saraband,  Sarabande,  sar'a-band,  n.  [Fr. 
sarabande,  Sp.  zarabanda.]  A  dakce  used 
in  Spain,  derived  from  the  Saracens;  a 
piece  of  music  adapted  to  the  dance. 
Saracen,  sar'a-sen,  n.  [L.  Saracenus,  from 
Gr.  Sarakinoa,  Ar.  Sharkiin,  orientals, 
easterns.]  An  Arabian  or  other  Mussul- 
man of  the  early  and  proselytizing  period; 
by  medieval  writers  employed  to  designate 
the  Arabs  generally,  and  at  a  later  time 
applied  to  any  infidel  nation  against  which 
crusades  were  preached.— Saracenic,  Sara- 
cenical,  sar-a-sen'ik,  sar-a^sen'i-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  Saracens. 
Sarcasm,  sarTiazm,  n.  [Ii.  sarcasmus,  from 
Gr.  aarkasmoi,-  a  bitter  laugh,  frorn  sar- 
kazO,  to  tear  flesh  like  dogs,  to  speak  bit- 
terly, from  sarx,  sarkos,  flesh.]  A  bitter 
cutting  expression ;  a  satirical  remark ;  a 
bitter  gibe;  a  taunt.— Sarcastic,  Sarcastl- 
cal,  sar-kas'tik,  sar-kas'ti-kal,  a.  Charac- 
terized by  sarcasm:  bitterly  cutting. — Sar- 
XiasticaUy,  sar-kas  ti-kal-li,  adv.  in  a  8ar> 
castic  manner. 

Sarcenet,  sars'net,  n.  {O.Fr.  sareenet;  L.L. 
saracenicvm,  lit.  cloth  made  by  Saracens.] 
A  species  of  fine  thin  woven  silk  used  for 
linings,  kc. 

Sarcocarp,  sarTio-karp,  n.  [Gr.  sarx,  sarkos, 
flesh,  ana  karpos,  fruit.]  Bot.  the  fleshy 
part  of  certain  fruits,  being  the  part  which 
IS  usually  eaten. 

Sarcocol,  SarcocoUa,  sar'ko-kol,  sar-ko- 
kol'la,  n.  [Fr.  sarx,  sarkos,  flesh,  and 
kolla,  glue.]  A  medicinal  gum-resin  im- 
iwrted  into  India  from  Arabia,  supposed 
to  facilitate  the  consolidation  of  flesh. 
Sarcode,  sar^kod,  n.  [Gr.  sarx,  sarkos,  flesh, 
and  eidos,  form.]  Structureless  gelatinous 
matter  forming  the  bodies  of  .animals  bc- 
loiiging  to  the  Protozoa. 
Sarcoderm,  sarTio-derm,  n.  [Gr.  sarx,  sar- 
/cos.flesh, and dernia,  skin.]  So^themiddle 
covering  of  the  seed  when  it  becomes  suc- 
culent, placed  between  the  episperm  and 
the  endosperm. 

Sai-coid,  sar'koid,  a.  [Gr.  sarx,  sarAros,  flesh, 
and  eidos,  form.]  Resembling  flesh. 
S&rcolemma,  sar-ko-lera'ma,  n.  [Gr.  sarx, 
sarkos,  flesh,  lemma,  a  sheath.]  Anat.  the 
tubular  sheath  enveloping  the  fibrils  of 
muscle. 

Sarcoline,  s&rOco-lin,  a.    [Gr.  sarx,  sarkos, 
flesh.]    Flesh-coloured. 
EarcoUte,  sar'ko-Ut,  n.    [Gr.  sane,  sarkos, 
flesh,  and  lilhoa,  a  stone.]    A  variety  of 
analcimeof  rose-flesh  colour.  . 
Sarcolobe,  sarTio-lob,  n.    [Gr.  sarx,  sarkos, 
flesh,  and  lobos,  a  lobe>]  Bot.  a  thick  fleshy 
cotyledon,  as  that  of  the  bean  or  pea. 
Sarcology,  sar-kol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  sarx,  sarkos, 
flesh,  and  logos,  discourse.]    That  part  of 
anatomy  which  treats  of  the  soft  parts  of 
the  body.— Sarcologlc,  Sarcological,  sar- 
ko-loj'ik,  stlr-ko-loj'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  tj) 
sarcology. 

Sarcoma,  silr-kS'ma,  n.  [Gr.  sarkoma,  from 
sarx,  sarkos,  flesh.]  A  fleshy  growth;  bot. 
a  fleshy  disc— Sarcomatous,  sar-ko'ma- 
tus,  a.  Relating  to  sarcoma, 
gatrcophagous,  sar-kof  a-gus,  a.  [Gr.  sarx, 
sarkos,  flesh,  phagein,  to  eat.]  Feeding  on 
flesh;  flesh-eating.— Sarcophagus,  sar-kof- 
a-gus,  n.  pi.  Sarcophagi,  sar-kof  a-ji,  also 
Sarcopbaguses.  [Gr.  sarkophagos;  it  was 
originally  the^name  of  a  species  of  stone 
used  for  making  coffins,  and  believed  to 
have  the  property  of  consuming  the  dead 
bodies.]  A  coffin  or  tomb  of  stone;  a  kind 
of  stone  chest,  generally  more  or  less  orna- 
mented, for  receiving  a  dead  body. 
Barcophile,  sarTco-fil,  n.  [Gr.  sarx,  sarkos, 
flesh,  and  phileO,  to  love.]  A  flesh-eating 
animal. 

Sarcosis,  s&r-kS'sis,  n.  [Gr.  tarkosis,  from 
sarx,  sarkos,  flesh.]  The  formation  of  flesh 
in  a  wound;  a  fleshy  tumour,  sarcoma. 


BaTcous,sa,r'kas,a.  [Gr.  8ara;,sa»'io«,flesl».] 
Belonging  to  flesh  or  mugcl». 

Sard,  sard,  ru  [Pr.  sarde,  from  Sardes,  the 
ancient  capital  of  Lydia.]  A  variety  of 
camelian  of  a  deep  blood-red  when  held 
between  the  eye  and  the  light. — S&rda- 
chate,  sar'da-kat,  n.  A  kind  of  agate  con- 
taining layers  of  sard. 

Sardine,  sar'din,  n.  [Fr.  sardine,  from  L. 
aardina,  so  called  because  caught  near 
Sardinia.]  A  small  fish  allied  to  the  her- 
ring and  pilchard,  large  quantities  of 
which  are  preserved,  salted,  and  hermeti- 
cally sealed  in  tin  boxes  with  olive-oiL 

Sardins,  sar'di-us,  n.  A  sort  of  precious 
stone,  probably  sard  or  carnelian.  [O.T.] 

Sardoin,  sar'doin,  n.    Same  as  Sard. 

Sardonic,  sar-don'ik,  a.  [Fr.  sardorUque, 
from  L.  Sardonica  herba,  the  Sardinian 
herb,  an  herb  said  to  cause  a  peculiar 
twitching  of  the  face  when  eaten.]  Not 
really  proceeding  from  gaiety;  forced:  said 
of  a  laugh  or  smile;  bitterly  ironical;  sar- 
castic; derisive  and  malignant:  now  the 
usual  meaning. — Sardonic  smile  or  laugh, 
an  antiquated  medical  term  applied  to  a 
spasmodic  twitching  of  the  muscles  of  the 
face. 

Sardonyx,  sar'do-niks,  n.  [Gr.  sardonyx. 
Sard,  Onyx.]  A  precious  stone,  a  beauti- 
ful variety  of  onyx,  consisting  of  alternate 
layers  of  sard  and  white  chalcedony. 

Sargasso,  Sargassnm,  sar-gas'o,  sar-gas'um, 
n.  [Sp.  sargazo,  sea -weed.]  Gulf- weed, 
floating  on  the  surface  of  the  sea,  giving 
to  part  of  the  Atlantic  the  name  Sargasso 
Sea. 

Sark,  sark,  n.  [A.  Sax.  seree,  «yrce=Icel. 
serkr,  Dan.  saerk,  a  shirt.]  A  shirt.  [Scotch.] 
— Sarking,  sar'king,  n:  Thin  boards  for 
lining,  &c.;  in  Scotland,  the  boarding  on 
which  slates  are  laid. 

Sarmatian,  Sarmatic,  s^-m5,'sbi-an,  sar- 
mat'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  Sarmatia  and  its 
inhabitants,  supposed  to  be  the  ancestors 

■  of  the  Russians  and  Poles. 

Sarment,  sar'ment,  n.  Same  as  Sarmentum. 

Sarmentiun,  sar-men'tum,  n.  pi.  Earmenta, 
sar-men'ta.  [L.,  for  sarpimentuvi,  from 
sarpo,  to  trim.]  Bot.  a  runner;  a  running 
stem  giving  off  leaves  or  roots  at  intervals. 
— Sarmentose,  Sarmentous,  sar-men'toz, 
sar-men'tus,  a.  Bot.  having  sai-menta  or 
runners;  having  the  character  of  a  runner. 

Sarong,  sa'rong,  n.  A  garment  used  in  the 
Indian  Archipelago,  consisting  of  a  cloth 
wrapped  roupd  the  lower  part  of  the  body. 

Sarplar,  sar'plfer,  n.  [Fr.  serpilliere,  sack- 
cloth.] A  sack  or  bale  of  wool  containing 
80  tods  or  160  stones.— SarpUer,  sar'pler,  n. 
Canvas;  packing-cloth. 

Sarrasine,  sar'a-sin,  n.    Sarasin. 

Sarsaparilla,  sSr'sa-pa-ril"la,  n.  [Sp.  zar- 
zaparrilla.]  The  rhizome  of  several  plants 
of  tropical  America  and'  the  East  Indies, 
yielding  a  medicine  valued  on  account  of 
its  mucilaginous  and  demulcent  qualities. 

Sarsen,  Sarsen-stone,  sar'sen,  n.  One  of  the 
large  flat  blocks  of  sandstone  found  on 
the  chalk  flats  or  downs  of  Wiltshire,  Ac 

Sarsenet,'  sars'net,  n.    Same  as  Sarcenet. 

Sartorins,  sar-to'ri-us,  n.  [From  L.  sartor, 
a  tailor.]  A  muscle  of  the  thigh,  so  called 
because  used  in  crossing  the  legs  in  sitting 
as  tailors  do.  —  Sartorial,  sar-to'ri-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  tailor. 

Sarza,  sar'za,  n.    Sarsaparilla. 

Sash,  sash,  n.  [Per.  shash,  a  sash,  scarf,  or 
shawl.]  A  band  or  scarf  worn  over  the 
shoulder  or  round  the  waist  for  ornament, 
usually  of  silk,  variously  made  and  orna- 
mented.—v.  f.  To  dress  with  a  sash. 

Sash,  sash,  n.  [Fr.  chAsse,  a  frame,  a  sash, 
from  L.  eapsa,  a  box,  from  eapio,  to  take. 
Capable.]  The  framed  part  of  a  window 
in  which  the  glass  is  fixed ;  a  similar  part 
of  a  green;house,  &c.;  the  frame  in  which 
a  saw  is  fixed  to  prevent  its  bending  when 

.  worked.— ».t.  To  furnish  with,  sash  win- 
dows  Sash-bar,  n.    One  of  the  vertical 

and  transverse  pieces  in  a  window-frame. 
— Sash-door,  n.  A  door  with  panes  of  glass 
in  it.— Sash-Une,  n.  The  rojje  by  which  a 
window-sash  is  suspended  in  its  frame. 
Sasin,  sa'sin,  n.  An  antelope,  remarkable 
for  its  swiftness  and  beauty,  abnndant  in 
the  plains  of  India. 
Sasine,  sa'sin,  rt.  [Fr.«oi«in«.  Seizin.]  Scots 


law,  the  act  of  giving  leg&l  Possession  of 
feudal  property,  or  the  instrument  by 
which  the  fact  is  proved. 

Sassaby,  sas'a-bi,  n.  A  handsome  South 
African  antelope. 

Sassafras,  8a8'a-fras,n.  [Fr.  sassa/ras,  from 
L.  saxifraga—saxuni,  a  stone,  and  frangu, 
to  break.  Saxifrage.]  A  kind  of  laurel, 
well-known  on  account  of  the  medicinal 
virtues  of  its  root ;  so  named  because  for- 
merly used  to  break  or  dissolve  stone  in 
the  bladder. 

Sassenach,  sas'en-acA,  n.  A  name  applied 
by  the  Celts.of  the  British  Isles  to  persons 
of  Saxon  race^;  a  Saxon ;  an  Englishman. 

Sassoline,  sas'o-lin,  n.  Native  boracic  acid, 
first  discovered  near  SasSo,  in  North  Italy, 
where  it  is  deposited  by  hot  springs. 

Sat,  sat,  pret.  of  sit 

Satan,  sa'tan,  n.  [Heb.,  an  adversary.]  The 
devil  or  prince  'of  darkness ;  the  chief  of 
the  fallen  angels;  the  archfiend.— Satanic, 
Satanical,  sa-tan'ik,  sa-tan'i-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  Satan;  resembling  Satan;  ex- 
tremely malicious  or  wicked;  devilish; 
infernal.— Satanically,  sa-tan'i-kal-li,  adv. 
In  a  Satanic  manner;  diabolically. — Sa- 
tanism, sa'tan-izm,  n.  The  evil  and  mali- 
cious disposition  of  Satan. 

Satchel,  sach'el,  n.  [Also  written  sachet,  a 
dim.  'of  sack,  the  k  sound  having  unden 
gone  the  common  softening  to  c^.)  A  little 
sack  or  bag;  a  bag  in  which  school-boys 
carry  their  books  to  and  from  school. 

Sate,  sat  or  sat,  a  pret.  of  sit. 

Sat«,  sat,  v.t~-8ated,  sating.  [Perhaps  from 
A.  Sax.  saed,  satisfied,  satiated,  the  form 
having  been  influenced  by  satisfy,  satiate. 
Satiate,  Sad.]  •  To  satisfy  the  appetite  or 
desire  of ;  to  feed  beyond  natural  desire ; 
to  glut;  to  satiate. — Sateless,  sat'les,  a. 
Insatiable;  not  capable  of  being  sated. 

Sateen,  sa-ten',  n.  [Frcfm  satin.]  A  kind 
of  glossy  fabric  resembling  satin,  but  hav- 
ing a  wooUen  or  cotton  instead  of  a  silken 
face. 

Satellite,  sat'el-lit,  n.  [Fr.  satellite,  from 
Ii.  sateltes,  sateUUis,  one  who  guards  the 
person  of  a  prince.]  An  obsequious  de- 
pendant ;  a  subservient  follower;  a  secon- 
dary planet  or  moon;  a  small  planet  re-' 
volving  round  a  larger  one. 

Satiate,  sa'shi-at,  v.t.— satiated,  satiating. 
[L.  satio,  satidtum,  to  satisfy,  to  satiate, 
from  satis,  enough;  akin  to  satur,  full; 
akin  satisfy,  saturate,  satire.]  To  satisfy 
the  appetite  or  desire  of;  to  feed  or  nour- 
ish to  the  full ;  to  sate ;  to  surfeit ;  to  fill 
to  repletion. — a.  Filled  to  satiety;  glutted; 
satiatedt.  —  Satiation,  sa  -  shi  -  a '  shon,  n. 
The  state  of  being  satiated  or  filled. — 
Satiable,  sa'shi-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
satiated  or  satisfied.  —  Satiability,  Sati- 
ableness,  8a'shi-a-bil"i-ti,  sa'shi-a-bl-nes, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  satiable  or  satis- 
fied.—Satiety,  sa-ti'e-ti,  n.  [L.  satietas.] 
The  state  of  being  satiated ;  an  excess  of 
gratification  which  excites  wearisomeness 
or  loathing ;  a  being  surfeited. 

Satin,  sat'in,  n.  [Fr.  satin.  It.  setino,  pro- 
bably of  Oriental  origin.]  A  species  of 
glossy  silk  cloth  of  a  thick,  close  texture 
with  an  overshot  woof. — a.  Belonging  to 
or  made  of  satin. — Satin-bird,  n.  An  Aus- 
tralian bird,  so  called  from  the  glossy 
dark-purple  plumage  of  the  male. — Satin- 
de-laine,  sat'in-de-lan",  n.  [Fr.,  satin  of 
wool.]  A  black  cassiraere  manufactured 
in  Silesia  from  wool. — Satinet,  sat'i-net.  n. 
[A  dim.  of  satin.]  A  thin  species  of  satin; 
a  particular  kind  of  twilled  cloth,  made 
of  woollen  weft  and  cotton  warp,  pressed 
and  dressed  to  produce  a  glossy  surface  in 
imitation  of  satin.  —  Satin-paper,  n.  A 
fine  kind  of  writing-paper  with  a  satiny 
gloss.— Satin-spar,  n.  A  fine  fibrous  va- 
riety of  carbonate  of  lime,  assuming  a 
silky  or  pearly  lustre  when  ppUshed. — 
Satin-wood,  n.  The  wood  of  an  Indian 
tree  of  a  deep  yellow  colour,  heavy,  and 
durable.— Satiny,  sat'i-ni,  o.  Resembling 
satin;  having  a  surface  or  texture  like 
satin. 

Satire,  satlr  or  sat'ir,  n.  [L.  satira  (t  short), 
or  satura,  a  satire,  a  medley,  an  olioilit.  a 
fuU  dish,  from  satur,  full  (whence  satu- 
rate).] A  poetical  composition  holding  up 
vice  or  folly  to  reprobation ;  an  invective 


Site,  tax,  fat,  f ^11;  ^jue,  met,  her;     pine,  piu;     not«,  not,  miiye;     tabe,  tub,  b\)U;     oil,  pound;     il,  Sc  abune— the  Fr.  k. 


SATISFY 


603 


SAVOJSTETTE 


poem ;  any  literary  production  in  which 
persons,  manners,  or  actions  are  attacked 
with  irony,  sarcasm,  or  similar  weapons; 
sarcastic  ridicule;  trenchant  invective. — 
Satiric,  Satirical,  sa-tir'ik,  sa-tir'i-kal,  a. 
Belonging  to  satire;  Conveying  or  contain- 
ing satire ;  given  to  satire ;  severe  in  lan- 
guage.—Satirically,  sa-tir'1-kal-li,  adv.  In 
a  satirical  manner.— Satiricainess,  sa-tir*- 
i-kal-nes,  n.  Quality  of  being  satirical. — 
Satirist,  sat'ir-ist,  n.  One  who  satirizes; 
one  who  writes  satire.— Satirize,  sat'ir-iz, 
v.t. — satirized,  satirizing.  To  assail  with 
satire;  to  make  the  object  of  satire. 

Satisfy,  sat'is-fi,  v.t. — satisfied,  satisfying. 
[Fr.  satisfaire,  0.  Fr.  satisfler  —  Ij.  satis, 
enough,  and /mo,  to  make.  Satiate.]  To 
gratify  fully  the  wants,  wishes,  or  desires 
of ;  to  supply  to  the  full  extelit  with  what 
is  wished  for;  to  make  content ;  to  comply 
with  the  rightful  demands  of ;  to  give  what 
is  due  to;  to  pay,  liquidate,  requite;  to 
fulfil  the  conditions  of;  to  answer;  to  free 
from  doubt,  suspense,  or  uncertainty;  to 
set  at  rest  the  mind  of. — v.t.  To  give  satis- 
faction or  content.  —  Satisfying,  sat'is-fi- 
ing,  p.  and  a.  Giving  satisfaction ;  setting 
doubts  at  rest.— Satisfyingly,  sat'is-fi-ing- 
li,  adv.  In  a  manner  tending  to  satisfy. — 
Satisfler,  sat'is-fi-er,  n.  A  person  or  thing 
that  gives  satisfaction. — Satisfiable,  sat-is- 
fi'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  satisfied.  — 
Satisfaction,  sat-is-fak'shon,  n.  [L.  satis- 
factio.]  The  act  of  satisfying,  or  state  of 
being  satisfied;  gratification  of  appetite  or 
desire;  contentment  in  possession  and  en- 
joyment; settlement  of  a  claim  due;  x>a^- 
meut;  that  which  satisfies;  compensation; 
atonement;  the  opportunity  of  satisfying 
one's  honour  by  a  duel.  .*.  Syn.  under  Con- 
tentment. — Satisfactory,  sat-is-fak'to-ri, 
»i.  Giving  or  producing  satisfaction;  yield- 
ing content;  relieving  the  mind  from 
doubt  or  uncertainty ;  making  amends  or 
recompense;  atoning. — Satisfactorily,  sat- 
is-fak'to-ri-li,  adv.  In  a  satisfactory  man- 
ner ;  so  as  to  give  satisfaction.  —  Satis- 
factoriness,  sat-is-fak'to-ri-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  satisfactory. 

Satrap,  sa'trap,  n.  [Gr.  satrapes;  borrowed 
from  the  Persian.]  A  governor  of  a  pro- 
vince under  the  ancient  Persian  mon- 
archyj  a  prince;  a  petty  despot.— Satra- 
pal,  sa'trap-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  satrap 
or  a  satrapy. — Satrapy,  sa'trap-i,  n.  The 
government  or  jurisdiction  of  a  satrap ;  a 
principality. 

Saturate,  sat'u-rat,  v.t.— saturated,  saturor 
ting.  EL.  safuro,  saturatum,  from  satur, 
filled  (whence  satire);  from  root  of  satis, 
enough.  Sate,  Satiate.]  To  cause  to  be- 
come completely  penetrated,impregnated, 
or  soaked;  to  fill  fully;  to  imbue  thorough- 
ly; to  impregnate  or  unite  with  till  nck 
moire  can  be  received  (air  saturated  with 
moisture).  —  a.  Being  full ;  saturated. — 
Saturable,  sat'u-ra-bl,  a.  Admitting  of 
being  saturated. — Saturant,  sat'u-rant,  a. 
Salturating;  impregnating  to  the  full. — 
n.  A  substance  which  neutralizes  acid  in 
the  stomach. — Saturation,  sat-u-ra'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  saturating  or  state  of  being 
saturated;  the  combination  of  one  body 
with  another  in  such  proportions  as  that 
they  neutralize  each  other ;  solution  con- 
tinued till  the  solventcan  contain  no  more. 

Saturday,  sat'6r-da,  n,  [A.  Sax.  Sceterdceg, 
Smtemdmg,  lit.  Saturn's  day.]  The  seventh 
01  last  day  of  the  week. 

Saturn,  sat'6m,n.  [L.  Satumus,  connected 
with  sero,  satmn,  to  sow.  ]  An  ancient 
Italian  deity,  said  to  have  instructed  the 
people  in  agriculture,  gardening,  &c.,  and 
elevated  them  from  barbarism  to  social 
order  and  civilization ;  one  of  the  planets 
smaller  than  Jupiter,  and  more  remote 
from  the  sun;  old  chevi.  an  appellation 
given-  to  lead.— Saturnalia,  sat-6r-na'li-a, 
n.  pi.  [L.]  In  ancient  Rome  the  festival 
of  Saturn,  celebrated  as  a  period  of  unre-  _ 
strained  license  and  merriment;  hence, 
any  period  of  noisy  license  and  revelry; 
unconstrained,  licentious  revelling. — Sat- 
umalian,  sat-fer-na'li-an,  a.  Pertaining 
to  saturnalia  or  revels ;  loose ;  dissolute. 
—  Satumian,  sa-t^r'ni-an,  a.  Pertaining 
to  Saturn,  whose  age  or  reign  was  called 
'the  golden  age;'  hence,  happy;  distin- 


guished by  happiness  and  simplicity.— 

.  SatM-nian  verse,  an  ancient  and  peculiar 
metre  used  by  the  Komans,  in  which  the 
oldest  Latin  poems  were  written.— Satur- 
nine, sat'6r-mn,  a.  Supposed  to  be  under 
the  influence  of  the  planet  Saturn,  which 
tended  to  make  people  morose;  morose;  of 
a  gloomy  temper;  heavy;  grave;  iihleg- 
matic. 

Satyr,  sat'Sr,  n.    [L.  satyrus,  from  Gr.  sa- 

.  tyros.]  A  sylvan  deity  or  demi-god  of  the 
Greeks  and  Romans,  half  man  and  half 
goat,  the  satyrs  being  common  attendants 
on  Bacchus,  and  distinguished  for  lascivi- 
ousness.  —  Satyriasis,  sat-er-i'a-sis,  n.  A 
diseased  venereal  appetite  in  males..— 
Satyric,  sa-tir'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  satyrs 
(a  satyric  drama). 

Sauce,  sas,  n.  [Fr.  sauce,  O.Pr.  saulse,  from 
L.L.  salsa,  sauce,  from  L.  salstis,  salted. 
Salt.]  A  condiment  or  composition  (usu- 
ally liquid)  to  be  eaten  with  food  for 
improving  its  relish,  for  whetting  the 
appetite,  or  aiding  digestion;  pertness; 
insolence;  saucy  language.— v.<. — sauced, 
aaiccing.  To  add  a  sauce  to;  to  season;  to 
treat  with  pert  language;  to  be  saucy  to; 
to  make  to  pay  or  suifer  (S/iofc.).— Sauce- 
1}oat,  n.  A  dish  for  holding  sauce  at  table. 
—Sauce-box,  n.  A  saucy,  impudent  fel- 
low. [Colloq.]-;-Sauce-pan,  n.  Originally, 
a  pa,n  for  cooking  sauces;  now,  a  metallic 
vessel  for  boiling  or  stewing  generally. — 
Sauce-tureen,  n.  A  tureen  from  which 
sauce  is  served  at  table. 

Saucer,  sa's6r,  n.  [Originally,  a  small  pan 
or  other  vessel  for  sauce.  Sauce.]  A  piece 
of  china  or  other  ware  in  which  a  tea-cup 
or  coilee-cup  is  set;  something  resembling 
a  saucer;  a  kind  of  flat  caisson  used  in 
raising  sunken  vessels. 

Saucisse,  Saucisson,  sa'sis,  sa'sis-son,  n.  [Fr. 
sauciese,  a  sausage,  ifrom  sauce.  Sauce.] 
A  long  bag  filled  with  powder  to  commu- 
nicate fire  to  mines,  &c.,  in  wax;  a  long 
bundle  of  fascines  for  raising  batteries 
and  other  purposes. 

■Saucy,  sa'si,  a.  [From  satice,  in  the  sense 
of  pertness  or  impudence.  Sauce.]  Show- 
ing impertinent  boldness  or  impudent 
flippancy;  treating  superiors  with  imper- 
tinence; impudent; -rude;  expressive  of 
impudence  (a  sav^y  eye).  —  Saucily,  sa'si- 
li,  adv.  In  a  saucy  manner;  pertly;  im- 
pudently. —  Sauoiness,  sa'si-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  saucy;  impertinent  bold- 
ness. 

Sauer-kraut,  sour'krout,  n.  [G.  sauer,  sour, 
and  A;raM<,  herb,  cabbage.]  A  German  dish 
consisting  of  cabbage  cut  fine,  pressed  into 
a  cask,  with  alternate  layers  of  salt,  and 
suffered  to  ferment. 

Saul,  sal,  n.    Same  as  Sal. 

Saunders-blue,  san'd6rz,  n.  [Fr.  cendres 
hleues,  blue  aShes.]  An  artificial  blue  pre- 
pared from  carbonate  of  copper. 

Saunter,  san'tfer,  v.i.  [Origin'  unknown.] 
To  wander  idly;  to  walk  leisurely  along; 
to  loiter;  to  linger;  to  dawdle. — n.  A  saun- 
tering or  place  for  sauntering.— Saunterer, 
san'ter-6r,  n.    One  that  saunters. 

Sauria,  sa'ri-a,  n.  pi.  [From  Gr.  satires,  a 
lizard.]  The  term  by  which  the  great  or- 
der of  lizards  is  sometimes  designated. — 
Saurian,  sa'ri-an,  a^  Pertaining  to  the 
lizards;  having  lizard-like  characters.— 
n.  One  of  the  order  of  scaly  reptiles  of 
which  the  lizard  is  a  type.  —  Sauroid,  sa'- 
roid,  a.  [Gr.  sauros,  a  lizard,  and  eidos, 
form.]  Resembling  the  lizards;  having 
characters  belonging  to  the  lizards. — w. 
One  of  a  group  of  fishes  which  present  cer- 
tain characters  of  reptiles,  having  teeth 
resembling  those  of  crocodiles.— Sauroid- 
ichnite,  sa'roid-ik-nit,  n.  The  footprint  or 
ichnite  of  a  saurian.— Sauropslda,  sa-rop'- 
si-da,,  n..  pi.  [Gr.  sauros,  a  lizard,  opsis, 
appearance.]  A  name  for  that  section  of 
vertebrates  which  comprises  birds  and 
reptiles  together.  —  Sauropterygian,  sa'- 
rop-t6r  aj'^-an,  n.  [Gr.  sauros,  and  pteryx, 
pterygos,  a  wing,  a  fin.]  An  extinct  rep- 
tile having  paddles,  such  as  the  plesio- 
sauros.    • 

Saury-pike,  sa'ri-pik,  n.  A  fish  having  a 
gi'eatly  elongated  body  covered  with  min- 
ute scales,  while  the  jaws  are  prolonged 
into  a  long  sharp  beak. 


Sausage,  sa's3j,  n.  [O.Fr.  aausisse,  Fr.  saw- 
cisse;  from  L.L.  salsa,  sauce  (which  see).] 
An  article  of  food,  consisting  of  chopped 
or  minced  meat,  variously  seasoned  with 
sage,  and  stuffed  into  properly  cleaned 
entrails  of  the  ox,  sheep,  or  pig.— Sausage- 
roll,  n.  Meat  minced  and  seasoned  as  for 
sausages,  enveloped  in  paste, 

Sauteme,  so-tern',  n.  [Fr.]  A  white  Bor- 
deaux wine  made  near  Sautemes,  depart- 
ment of  Gironde. 

Savable.    Under  Save. 

Savage,  sav'aj,  o.  [O.E.  and  O.Pr.  salvage 
(Mod.  Fr.  sauvage],  L.L.  salvatictas,  L.  sil- 
vatiais,"wild.  from  silva,  a  wood.  Silvan.] 
Pertaining  to'  tiie  forest  or  wilderness; 
wild;  uncultivated;  untamed;  violent; 
brutal;  uncivilized;  untaught;  rude;  cruel; 
barbarous;  inhuman.— »i.  A  human  being 
in  his  native  state  of  rudeness;  one  who  is 
untaught  or  uncivilized;  a  man  of  brutal 
cruelty;  a  barbarian.— Savagely,  sav'aj-li, 
adv.  In  a  savage  manner;  cruelly;  in- 
humanly.— Savageness,  sav'aj-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  savage;  barbarismj  cruel- 
ty; barbarousness.- Savagery,  sav'aj-ri,  n. 
The  state  of  being  savage;  a  wild,  uncul- 
tivated condition ;  cruelty ;  barbarity.  — 
Savagism,  sav'aj-izm,  n.  The  state  of 
savages;  savagery;  barbarism. 

Savanna,  Savannah,  sa-van'na,  n.  [Sp.  sa- 
bana,  properly  a  sheet  for  a  bed,  a  plain, 
from  L.  sabanum,  Gr.  sabanon,  a  linen 
cloth.]  An  extensive  open  grassy  plain 
Or  meadow  in  a  tropical  region :  a  word 
chiefly  used  in  tropical  America,  though 
sometimes  applied  to  any  very  large  grassy 
plain  or  natural  meadow. 

Savant,  sa-van,  n.  [Fr.,  ppr.  of  savoir,  L. 
sapere,  to  know.]  A  man  of  learning;  a 
man  of  science;  a  man  eminent  for  his  ac- 
quirements. 

Save,  sav,  v.t— saved,  saving.  [Fr.  sauver, 
from  L.  salvare,  to  save,  from  salvtis,  safe. 
Safe,  Salvation.]  To  preserve  ixfiva  de- 
struction or  evil  of  any  kind;  to  snatch, 
keep,  or  rescue  from  impending  danger; 
to  rescue  from  sin  and  eternal  death;  to 
deliver;  to  keep  clear;  to  rescue  from  the 
power  or  influence  of;  to  spare;  to  keep 
from  doing  or  suffering:  with  a  double 
object  (to  save  a  person  trouble);  to  hinder 
from  being  spent  or  lost  (to  save  time);  to 
hinder  f  roin  being  used;  to  reserve  or  lay 
by;  to  lay  up  or  hoard. — To  save  appear- 
ances, to  preserve  a  good  outside;  to  do 
something  to  avoid  exposure  or  embarrass- 
ment.— v.i.  To  be  economical ;  to  hinder 
expense. — prep.  [Originally  an  impera- 
tive.] Except;  not  including.  —  Savable, 
sa'va-bl,  n.  Capable  of  being  saved.— 
Savableness,  sa'va-bl-nes, «.  Capability  of 
being  saved.— Saveall,  sav'jvl,  n.  [Save  and 
all.]  A  subordinate  contrivance  intended 
to  save  anything  from  being  wasted. — 
Saver,  sa'v^r,  n.  One  that  saves.— Saving, 
sa'ving,  p.  and  a.  Preserving  from  evil  or 
a«struction;  frugal;  not  lavish;  avoiding 
unnecessary  expenses;  incurring  no  loss, 
though  not  gainful  (a  saving  voyage) ;  re- 
serving, as  some  title  or  right  (a  saving 
clause).— n.  Something  hoarded  up;  that 
which  is  saved:  generally  in  plural.— prep. 
With  exception ;  excepting.  —  Savingly, 
sa'ving-li,  adv.  In  a  saving  manner;  with 
frugality  or  parsimony.— Savingness,  sa'- 
ving-nes,  n.— Savings-bank,  to.  A  bank  spe- 
cially established  for  receiving  and  secure- 
ly investing  small  savings,  and  for  their 
accumulation  at  interest. 

Saveloy,  sav'e-loi,  n.  [Fr.  cervelas,  from 
cervelle,  the  brains,  from  L.  cerebellv/m. 
Cerebellum.]  A  highly  seasoned  dried 
sausage,  originally  made  of  brains,  nOw 
made  of  young  salted  pork. 

Savin,  Savine,  sav'in,  n.  [Fr.  savinier,  sa- 
bine,  from  L.  Sabina  iherba),  the  Sabine 
herb,  savin.]  A  coniferous  tree  or  shrub 
of  the  juniper  kind. 

Saviour,  sav'yer,«.  [O.Fr.  salveor  (Fr.  sau- 
veur),  from  L.  salvator,  from  salvare,  to 

•  save,  salvus,  safe.  Save.]  One  who  saves, 
preserves,  or  delivers  from  destruction  or 
danger;  Jesus  Christ,  the  Redeemer,  who 
is  called  the  Saviour  by  way  of  distinction. 

Savonette,  sav-o-net', to.  [Fr.,dim.  of  sauoTO, 
soap.]  A  wash-ball  for  use  at  the  toilet, 
composed  of  soap  of  fine  quality. 


ch,  cftain;     ch,&t.lQch;    e,oo;    j,job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,eing;     'su,thtn;th,thia;    w,  wig;     wb,  wAig;     zh,  asure. 


SAVOR 


604 


SCALL 


Savor,  sa'Tor,  n.  Same  as  Samur. 
Savory,  sa'ver-i,  n.  [Fr.  savm-ee,  L.  saivreia, 
savory.]  A  labiate  plant  used  as  a  culi- 
nary vegetable  to  flavour  sauces  and  dishes. 
Savour,  sa'ver,  n.  [O.Fr.  savor.  Mod.  Fr. 
taveur,  from  L.  sapor,  from  sapio,  to  taste. 
Samkitt.]  Flavour;  taste;  power  or  quality 
that  aSfects  the  palate;  odour  (S/wi.); 
characteristic  property;  distinctive  qua- 
lity. —  v.i.  To  have  a  particular  taste  or 
flavour;  to  partake  of  the  quality,  nature; 
or  appearance  of  something  else;  to  smack: 
followed  by  of  (his  conduct  savours  of 
pride).— v.t.  To  like;  to  relish;  to  have  the 
flavour  or  quality  of. — Savourily,  sa'viSr-i- 
li,  adv.  la  a  savoury  manner;  with  a 
l)leasing  relish. — Savouriness,  sa'v6r-i-nes, 
n.  The  condition  or  quality  of  being  sa- 
voury; pleasing  taste  or  smell.— Savour- 
less, sa'ver-les,  a.  Destitute  of  savour; 
insipid.  —  Savoury,  sa'v^r-i,  a.  Having 
s.ivour  or  relish;  pleasing  to  taste;  i>ala- 
table;  hence,  agreeable  in  general. 
Savoury,  sa'ver-i,  n.  Savory. 
Savoy,  sav'oi,  n.  [Because  brought  from 
Havoy.'i  A  variety  of  cabbage  much  culti- 
vated for  winter  use.— Savoyard,  sa-voi'- 
Urd,  n.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Savoy. 
Saw,  sa,  pret.  of  see. 

Saw.  sa,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sagu,  vige,  a  saw= 
Dan.  sav,  Icel.  sog,  D.  zaag,  U.  sdge;  same 
root  as  L.  seco,to  cut(SKcriON).]  A  cutting 
instrument  consisting  of  a  blade,  band,  or 
disc  of  thin  iron  or  steel,  with  a  dentated 
or  toothed  edge.  —  v.t. — pret.  sawed,  pp. 
sawed  or  saten.  To  cut  with  a  saw;  to 
form  by  cutting  with  a  saw ;  to  move 
through,  as  in  the  act  of  sawing  (to  saw 
the  air. — v.i.  To  use  a  saw;  to  cut  with  a 
saw.- Saw-dust,  n.  The  small  fragments 
of  wood  or  other  material  produced  by  the 
cutting  of  a  saw.  —  Sawer,  sa'^r,  n.  One 
that  saws;  a  sawyer. — Saw-file,  n.  A  file 
for  sharpening  saws. — Saw-fish,  n.  A  fish 
allied  to  the  sharks  and  rays;  so  called 
from  the  spines  growitig  like  teeth  on  both 
edges  of  its  long  bony  snout.— Saw-fly,  n. 
A  hymenopterous  insect,  so  called  because 
the  ovipositor  of  the  females  has  serrated 
or  toothed  edges.  —  Saw-frame,  »i.  The 
frame  in  which  a  saw  is  set  or  fixed  for 
work.  —  Saw-mill,  n.  A  mill  for  sawing 
timber,  and  driven  by  water  or  steam. — 
Saw-pit,  n.  A  pit  over  which  timber  is 
sawed.  —  Saw-toothed,  a.  Having  teeth 
like  a  saw;  serrated.  —  Saw-wort,  n.  An 
English  plant,  so  named  from  its  serrated 
leaves;  used  for  dyeing  cloth  yellow. — 
Sawyer,  sa'yfir,  n.  [Formed  like  lawyer, 
bmcyer.]  One  whose  occupation  is  to  saw 
limber  into  planks  or  boards,  or  to  saw 
wood  for  fuel. 

Saw,  sa,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sagu,  a  saying,  a  saw, 
from  stem  of  to  say.  Sav.]  A  saying;  pro- 
verb; roaxim.  ■ 

Eaxatile,  sak'sa-til,  a.  fL.  saxatilis,  from 
saxum,  a  rock.]  Pertaming  to  rocks ;  liv- 
ing among  rocks. 

Eax-hom,  saks'hom,  n.  [After  M.  Sax,  of 
Paris,  the  inventor.]  A  brass  wind-instru- 
ment with  a  wide  mouthpiece,  and  three, 
four,  or  five  cylinders,  much  employed  in 
military  bands.  Called  also  Sax-comet. 
Saxicavous,  sak-sik'a-vus,  a.  [L.  saxnni,  a 
rock,  and  cm>o,  to  hollow.]  A  term  applied 
to  certain  molluscs  which  make  holes  in 
the  rocks. 

Saslcolous,  sak-sik'o-lus,  a.  [L.  sazum,  a 
lock,  and  colo,  to  inhabit.]  Bot.  growing 
on  rocks. 

E.-vxifrage,  sak'si-fraj,  n.  [L.  saxifraga— 
eaxuvi,  a  stone,  and  frango,  to  break.  The 
name  was  originally  given  to  a  planv  sup- 
posed to  be  beneficisil  in  removing  stone 
in  the  bladder;  but  the  saxifrages  seem  to 
have  got  the  name  rather  from  growing 
among  rocks.  Sassafras.]  A  popular 
name  of  various  plants,  which  mostly  in- 
habit the  colder  and  temperate  parts  of 
the  northern  zone,  and  are  mostly  rock 
plants.  —  Saxifragous,  sak-sif 'ra-gus,  a. 
DissoMng  stone,  especially  in  bhe  bladder. 
S&xon,  sak'son,  n.  [L.  Saxo,  pi.  Saxones, 
A.  Sax.  Seaxa,  pi.  Seaxe,  Seaxan,  usually 
derived  from  seax,  O.H.G.  sahs,  a  short 
sword;  G.  Sachse,  a  Saxon.]  One  of  the 
people  who  formerly  dwelt  in  the  nor- 
thern part  of  Germany,  and  who  invaded 


and  con-iucred  England  in  the  fifth  and 
sixth  centuries;  a  Saxou  of  England  ao 
opposed  to  an  Angle  or  Anglian;  an 
Anglo-Saxon;  one  of  English  race;  the 
language  of  the  Saxons;  Anglo-Saxon;  a 
native  or  inhabitant  of  modem  Saxony. — 
a.  Pertainingto  the  Saxons,  their  country, 
or  their  language;  Anglo-Saxon ;  pertain- 
ing to  modern  Saxony.  —  Saxon  blue,  a 
solution  of  indigo  in  concentrated  sul- 
phuric acid,  much  used  as  a  dye-stuif. — 
Saxon  green,  a  colour  produced  by  dyeing 
yellow  upon  a  Saxon-blue  ground.— Sax- 
onism,  sak'son-izm,  n.  An  idiom  of  the 
Saxon  or  early  English  language.— Saxon- 
ist,  sak'son-ist,  n.  One  versed  in  the  Saxou 
language. 

Say,  sa,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  said,  ppr.  saying. 
[A.  Sax.  secgan,  to  8ay=Icel.  segja,  D.  zeg- 
gen,  Dan.  sige,  G.  sagen,  to  say.J  To  utter 
or  express  in  words ;  to  speak ;  to  argue ; 
to  allege  by  way  of  argument ;  to  give  as 
an  opinion ;  to  repeat,  rehearse,  recite;  to 
recite  without  singing;  to  answer;  to  utter 
by  way  of  reply;  to  tell;  to  suppose;  to  as- 
sume ;  to  take  for  granted :  in  this  sense 
often  elliptically  [say  3U00  men). — Itis  said, 
they  say,  it  is  commonly  reported;  people 
assert  or  maintain. — 2'o  say  nay,  to  saj-  no; 
to  refuse. — That  is  to  say,  that  is;  in  other 
words;  otherwise.  .*.  Say  is  especially  com- 
mon with  a  clause  or  words  directly  quoted 
after  it,  or  with  such  objectives  as  some- 
thing, nothing,  this,  that,  &c. — n.  What  one 
has  to  say  (he  said  his  say);  something 
said ;  a  statement. — Sayer,  sa'tr,  n.  One 
■who  says.— Sajring,  sa'ing,  n.  That  which 
is  said;  a  sentence  uttered;  a  proverbial 
expression;  a  maxim;  an  adage. 
'Sblood,  zblud,  inter.  An  imprecation  ab- 
breviated from  God's  Hood.' 
Scab,  skab,  n.  [A. Sax.  scceb,  from  L.  scabi^, 
scab,  itch,  from  scabo,  to  scratch.  Hence, 
BhaN)y.]  A  sort  of  crust  formed  over  a 
sore  in  healing;  the  mange  in  horses;  a 
disease  of  sheep.— Scabby, Scabbsd,  skab'i, 
skabd,  a.  Aboundinjr  with  scabs;  diseased 
with  scabs;  mean;  vile;  worthless. — Scab- 
bedness,  Scabbiness,  skab'ed-nes,  skab'i- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
scabbed  or  scabby. 

Scabbard,  skab'ard,  n.  [Formerly  scaubert, 
scaberke,  seo6«rffe,&c.;  perhaps  from  A.S.ax. 
sceatha,  scathe,  and  beorgan,  O.H.G.  ber- 
gan,  to  protect  (comp.  hatiberk),  the  scab- 
bard being  what  prevents  the  weapon 
from  doing  harm  when  not  in  use.]  The 
sheath  of  a  sword  o»  other  similar  weapon. 
— v.t.  To  put  in  a  scabbard  or  sheath. 
Bcabble,  skab'i,  v.t.  In  masonry,  to  dress 
with  a  rough  slightly  furrowed  surface. 
Scabies,  ska'bi-ez,  n.  [L.]  Scab;  mange; 
itch.— Scabious,  skaTji-us,  a.  [L.  scabio- 
««8.]  Consisting  of  scabs;  rough;  itchy; 
leprous. —  n.  The  plant  devil's-bit  and 
allied  species,  named  from  being  formerly 
deemed  of  eflicacy  against  scaoby  erup- 
tions of  the  skin. 

Scabrous,  skab'rus,  a.  [li.  scabrosus,  from 
scaber,  rough,  from  sccMes,  scab.]  Rough; 
having  sharp  points  or  little  asperities: 
applied  chiefly  in  tool,  and  bot.  to  sur- 
faces.—Scabrousness,  skab'rus-nes,  n. 
Scaftold,  8kaf'oId,n.  [0._Fr.  esca/awt,  e«cAa- 
fault  (Fr.  dcha/aud);  Jb. L.  scadafaltum, 
from  prep,  ex,  and  cadafaU-um,  a  scaifold, 
a  catafalque.  Catafalque.]  A  temporary 
stage  or  platform ;  an  elevated  platform 
for  the  execution  of  a  criminal;  a  tem- 
jwrary  structure  of  timber  for  the  work- 
men engaged  in  building  or  repairing 
houses,  &c. — v.i.  To  fumish-with  a  scal- 
fold.— Scaffolding,  skaf  old-ing,  n.  A  tem- 
porary combination  of  timber-work  for 
supporting  workmen  engaged  on  some 
building.  * 

Scaglia,skal'yi-a,n.  [It.]  An  Italian  chalky 
rock  of  a  red  colour,  and  having  a  fissile 
structure.— Scagliola,  skal-yi-o'la,  n.  [It.] 
A  composition  of  gypsum,  splinters  of 
marble,  &c.,  imitative  of  marble,  and  used 
for  enriching  columns  and  internal  walls 
of  buildings. 

Scalade,  ska-lad',  n.    [Fr.  scaXade,  from  L. 
scala,  a  ladder.]    An  escalade. 
Scalarlforin,ska-la'ri-form,a.  [L.  scalaria, 
a  ladder,  and /omia,  form.]^   Shaped  like 
a  ladder;  resembling  a  ladder.— <Scaiari- 


forw  vessels,  certain  tubes  met  with  in 
plants. 

Scald,  skald,  v.t  [0.  Fr.  eschalder  (Fr. 
ichauder).  It.  scaldare,  to  scald,  from  L. 
ex,  intens.,  and  caldus,  calidus,  hot.  Calid, 
Caldrox.]  To  bum  and  injure  with  or  as 
with  hot  liquor;  to  expose  to  a  strong 
heat  over  a  fire  or  in  water  or  other  liquor 
(to  scald  milk). — n.  A  bum  or  injur"'  from 
scalding.— Scalding,  skal'ding,  a.  So  hot 
as  to  scald  the  skia. 

Scald,  skald,  o.  [That  is,  scalled,  or  affected 
with  scall.  ScALL.]  Covered  with  scurf  or 
scab;  scabby;  scurvy;  paltrj';  poor.- Scald- 
head,  n.  A  disease  of  the  hairy  scalp; 
favus. 

Scald,  Skald,  skald,  n.  [Icel.  skald,  Sw. 
skald.]  An  ancient  Scandinavian  poet, 
whose  occupation  was  to  compose  poems 
in  honour  of  distinguished  men,  and  to 
recite  and  sing  them  on  public  occasions. 
— Scaldic,  skai'dik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
scalds  or  Norse  poets;  composed  by  scalds. 
Scale,  skal,  n.  [A.  Sax.  scdJe.scdZu,  the  diMi 
of  a  balance  =  Icel.  skdl,  Dan.  skaal,  I). 
school,  G.  schale,  a  dish,  a  balance.  Scale, 
a  thin  lamina,  is  allied.  See  next  art.] 
The  dish  of  a  balance ;  also  the  balance 
itself,  or  whole  instrument:  in  this  sense 
generally  in  the  plural.— y.t.  To  weigh,  as 
inscale8.lS/tafc.]—Scale-beain,n.  The  beam 
or  lever  of  a  balance. 

Scale,  skal,  n.  [A. Sax.  scale,  a  shell,  a  husk 
=Dan.  skc^l,  a  scale;  skal,  rind,  shell;  Icel. 
skel,  a  shell ;  akin  shale,  shell,  skill,  semi, 
skull,  and  see  above.]  One  of  the  overlap- 
ping plates  on  the  exterior  of  ctrtain  ani- 
mals; one  of  the  thin,  small  plates  which 
protect  the  skin  of  many  fishes;  one  of  the 
SQmewhat  similar  laminae  of  reptiles;  any- 
thing resembling  the  scale  of  a  fish  or 
other  animal;  a  thin  flake  or  lamina  (a 
»:ale  of  bone,  iron,  and  the  like);  bot.  a 
rudimentary  leaf  on  the  exterior  of  a  leaf- 
bud. — v.t. — sealed,  scaling.  To  strip  or  clear 
of  scales;  to  takeoff  in  thin  laminae  or 
scales;  {fwn..  to  clean  the  inside  of  a  cannon 
by  exploding  a  little  powder.-^ v.i.  To 
come  off  in  scales  or  thin  layers. — Scale- 
armonr,  n.  Armour  consisting  of  small 
plates  of  steel  partly  overlapping  each 
other  like  the  scales  of  a  fish. — Scale-fern, 
n.  A  fern,  so  called  from  the  imbricated 
tawny  scales  at  the  back  of  the  fronds. — 
Scale-insect,  n.  An  insect,  scale -like  in 
form,  injurious  to  plants. — Scaleless.skal'- 
le's,  a.  Destitute  of  scales. -Scale-mosa, 
n.  The  popular  name  given  to  plants  re- 
sembling moss,  which  grow  on  the  trunks 
of  trees,  &c.,  and  have  small  scale -like 
leaves.— ScalineBS,  ska'li-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  scaly. — Scaly,  ska'li,  a.  Covered 
or  abounding  with  scales;  having  the  form 
of  scales  or  thin  laminae.  —  Scaling-ham- 
meir,  n.  A  hammer  for  removing  incrus- 
tations from  boilers,  &c. 
Scale,  skal,  n.  [L.  scala,  a  ladder,  from 
stem  of  scando,  to  mount;  akin  to  Skr. 
skand,  to  ascend.]  A  ladder  (Milton);  any- 
thing graduated,  especially  when  applied 
as  a  measure  or  rule ;  a  mathematical  in- 
strument consisting  of  a' slip  of  wood, 
ivory,  &c.,  with  spaces  graduated  and 
numbered  on  its  surface,  for  measuring  or 
laying  off  distances;  any  Succession  of  as- 
cending or  descending  steps  or  degrees; 
series  of  vanks;  relative  dimensions  with- 
out difference  in  proportion  of  parts;  a 
basis  for  a  numerical  system!  (the  decimal 
scale);  viusic,  a  succession  of  notes  ar- 
ranged in  the  order  of  pitch,  and  compris- 
ing the  sounds  that  may  occur  in  a  piece 
of  music  written  in  a  gjven  key;  the  dia- 
tonic  scale  having  its  eight  notes  ascend- 
ing by  five  tones  and  two  semitones ;  also 
the  series  of  notes  producible  by  voices  or 
instruments  (the  scale  of  a  violin).— u.t. — 
scaled,  scaling.  To  climb,  as  by  a  ladder; 
to  ascend  by  strps;  to  clamber  up. — 
Scalar,  ska'lfir,  n.  One  who  scales.— Scal- 
ing-laader,  n.  A  ladder  made  for  the  use 
of  soldiers  in  scaling  walls. 
Scalene,  ska-len',  a.  IGr.  skaleiu>s,  limping, 
uneven.]  A  term  applied  to  a-  triangle  of 
wliich  the  three  sides  are  unequaL— n.  A 
scalene  triangle. 

Scaliola,  skal-yi-ola.    Scagliola. 
Scall,  sk^,  n.    [Same  as  Dan.  skal,  peel. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftll;     m6,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tabe,  tub,  b^ill;     oil,  pound;     tt,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  «, 


SCALLION 


605 


SCARLATINA 


husk,  whence  skaldet,  bald ;  Icel.  skalli,  a 
bald  head;  akin  to  scaie.]  Scab;  scurf; 
scabbiness.  [0.'V.]—Dr!j  scall,  psoriasis  or 
itch.— Muist  scaH, eczema.— Scalled,  skftld, 
a.  Scurfy;  scabby;  scald. 

Scallion,  skal'yun,  n.  [O.Fr.  escalogne,  It. 
scalogno,  from  L.  (ccepa)  Ascalonia,  the 
onion  of  Ascalon.]  A  kind  of  onion.  Shal- 
lot. 

Scallop,  skal'op  or  skol'op,  n.  [O.  Fr.  esca- 
lope, from  D.  schelp,  schelpe,  shell,  cockle- 
shell; akin  scalp,  scale,  &c.]  A  marine, 
bivalve  of  the  oyster  family,  used  for  food, 
one  species  of  which  occurs  in  abundance 
on  the  coast  of  Palestine,  and  was  for- 
merly worn  by  pilgrims  as  a  mark  that 
they  had  been  to  the  Holy  Land ;  a  kind 
of  dish  for  baking  oysters  in;  a  curving  on 
the  edge  of  anything,  like  the  segment  of 
a  circle.  AVritten  also  Scollop. — v.t.  To  cut 
the  edge  or  border  of  into  scallops  or  seg- 
ments of  circles.  —  Scalloped,  skal'opt  or 
skoropt,  p.  and  a.  Cut  at  the  edge  or 
border  into  scallops.— ScaZZopad  or  scoJ- 
loped  oysters,  oysters  cooked  (originally  in 
shells)  with  bread-crumbs,  cream,  &c. 

Scalp,  skalp,  n.  [Akin  to  scale,  shell,  skill, 
scallop;  comp.  D.  schelp,  schulp,  a  shell; 
Icel.  skdlpr,  a  sheath.]  The  skull  {Shak.); 
the  outer  covering  of  the  skull ;  the  skin 
of  the  head,  or  part. of  it,  with  the  hair  on 
it,  torn  off  by  the  American  Indians  as  ^ 
mark  of  victory  over  an  enemy ;  a  bed  of 
mussels  or  oysters. — v.t.  To  deprive  of  the 
fcalp.- Scalping-kaife,  n.  A  knife  used 
by  the  Indians  of  America  in  scalping 
their  prisoners. 

Scalpel,  skal'pel,  n.  [L.  scalpellum,  dim.  of 
scaiprum,  a  knife,  from  scalpo,  to  cut,  to 
ccrape.]  A  knife  used  in  anatomical  dis- 
sections and  surgical  operations.  —  Scal- 
pelUform,  skal-pel'i-form,  a.  Having  the 
form  of  a  scalpel.— Scalper,  Scalpiug-iron, 
i>kal'p6r,  skarping,  n.  An  instrument 
of  surgery  used  in  scraping  foul  and  cari- 
ous bones.— Scalpriform,  skalp'ri-form,  n. 
[L.  ecalpi-um,  and  forma,  form.]  Chisel- 
shaped;  applied  to  the  incisor  teeth  of 
rodent  animals. 

Scamble,  skam'bl,  v.i.  —  scambled,  scam- 
cling.  [Comp.  O.D.  scfcampei!«»,  to  deviate, 
to  slip ;  D.  schommelen,  to  stir,  to  shake.] 
To  Biruggle ;  to  be  bold  or  turbulent ;  to 
shamble. 

SoariDiony,  skam'o-ni,  n.  [L.  scammonia, 
iro.a  Gr.  skammOitia,  from  the  Persian.] 
A  gum-resin  of  a  bitter  and  acrid  taste, 
obtained  from  a  species  of  convolvulus, 
used  in  medicine  as  a  drastic  purge. 

Scamp,  skamp,  n.  [Originally  one  who  de- 
camps or  runs  off  without  paying  debts. 
See  .Scamper.]  Aworthlessfellow;aknave; 
a  swindler;  a  mean  villain;  a  rogue.— 1».4. 
To  execute,  as  a  piece  of  work,  in  a  slim, 
dishonest,  or  perfunctory  manner. — Scam- 
per, 3kara'p6r,  n.  One  who  scamps  work. 
— Ccaiapish,  skam'pish,  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  liico  a  scamp;  knavish; 

Scamper,  skam'p6r,  v.i.  [From  O.F.  escani- 
pcr,  I'r.  escampar.  It.  scampare,  to  save 
oiie's  life,  to  escape ;  lit.  to  decamp,  from 
1j.  ex,  out  of,  and  campus,  a  field.  Hence 
scamp.  Camp.]  To  run  with '  speed ;  to 
hasten  away. — n.  A  hasty  flight;  a  hurried 
run. 

Scan,  skan,  v.t. — scanned,  scanning.  [For- 
merly scand,  from  Fr.  scander',  to  scan 
\erse,  from  L.  scando,  to  climb,  to  scan 
(soeii  in  ascend,  descend);  Sk'r.  skand,  to 
climb.]  To  exattiine  by  cotinting  the  met- 
i-ical  feet  or  syllables;  to  read  so  as  to  in- 
dicate the  metrical  structure;  to  examine 
minutely  or  nicely;  to  scrutinize.— Scan- 
sion, skan'shon,  n.  The  act  of  scanning; 
the  metrical  structure  of  verse. 

Scandal,  skan'dal,  n.  [Fr.  scandale,  from 
Ij.  scandalwn,  Gr.  skandalon,  a  snare,  a 
sc.indal.  Slander  is  a  different  form  of  this 
word.]  Offence  given,  by  the  faults  or  mis- 
deeds of  another;  public  reproach  or  repro- 
bation; opprobrium;  shame;  something 
uttered  which  is  false  and  injurious  to  repu- 
tation; defamatory  talk;  slander. — v.t.  To 
throw  scandal  on;  to  slander.— Scandalize, 
skau'dal-iz,  v.t. — scandalized,  scandalizing. 
To  offend  by  some  action  considered  very 

,  wrons  or  outrageous;  to  shock;  to  give  of- 
fence CO,  to  disgrace;  to  slander.— Scandal- 


L 


monger,  n.  One  who  deals  in  or  retails 
scandal. —  Scandalous,  skan'dal -us,  a. 
Causing  scandal  or  offence;  shameful;  dis- 
graceful to  reputation;  libellous;  slander- 
ous. —  Scandalously,  skan'dal-us-li,  adv. 
In  a  scandalous  manner;  disgracefully; 
shamefully.- ScandalouBnes3,skan'dal-us- 
nes,  rs.  —  Scandalum  magnatum,  skan'da- 
lum  mag-na'tum.  The  offence  of  speaking 
evil  of  the  great  (magnates). 

Scandent,  skan'dent,  a.  [L.  scandens,  scan- 
dentis,  ppr.  of  scando,  to  climb.]  £ot. 
climbing. 

Scandinavian,  skan-di-na'vi-an,  a.  Rela- 
ting to  Scandinavia.  —  Scandinavian 
tongues,  Icelandic,  Norwegian,  Danish, 
Swedish.  « 

Scansion.    Under  Scan. 

Sca^sores,  skan-so'rez,  n.  pX.  [Lit.  the 
cliinbers,  from  L.  scando,  to  climb.]  The 
order  of  climbing  birds,  such  as  the 
cuckoos,  woodpeckers,  parrots,  &c.,  having 
feet  with  two  toes  turned  backwards  ana 
two  forwards. — Scausorial,  8kan-so'ri-al,a. 
Climbing  or  adapted  to  climbing;  belong- 
ing to  the  Scansores. 

Scant,  skant,  a.  [Same  as  Icel.  skamt, 
short,  brief;  akin  to  Norse  skanta,  exactly 
measured;  comp.  Prov.  E.  and  Sc.  skimp 
or  skem,p,  to  give  sliort  measure.]  Scarcely 
sufficient;  rather  less  than  is  wanted  for 
the  purpose;  not  enough;  having  a  limited 
supply;  scarce;  short  (with  of). — v.t.  To 
limit;  to  stint;  to  keep  on  short  allowance; 
to  afford  or  give  out  sparingly;  to  be  nig- 
gard of;  to  grudge.— adw.  Scarcely;  hardly; 
not  quite.  —  Scantily,  Scantly,  skan'ti-Ii, 
skantli,  adv.  In  a  scant  or  scanty  man- 
ner. —  Scantiness,  Scantness,  skan'ti-nes, 
Skant'nes^  n.  The  state  or  condition  of 
being  scant  or  scanty.-Scanty,  skan'ti,  a. 
AV anting  amplitude  or  extent;  narrow; 
small;  scant;  not  ample;  hardly  sufficient 
(a  scant!/  supply). 

Scantling,  skant'ling.w.  [O.Fr.  eschaniillon, 
Fr.  ichantillon,  a  specimen,  a  pattern, 
from  prefix  ex,  and  cantel,  a  cautle.]  A 
quantity  cut  for  a  particular  purpose ;  .a 
sample;  a  pattern;  a  small  quantity;  the 
dimensions  of  timber,stone3,iS£c.,  in  length, 
breadth,  and  thickness;  timber  less  than 
five  inches  square;  a  kind  of  trestle  for 
supporting  a  cask. 

Scape,  skap,  n.  [L.  scapus,  a  stalkj  Bot. 
a  radical  stem  bearing  the  fructification 
without  leaves,  as  in  the  narcissus  and 
hyacinth.— Scapiform,  ska'pi-f orm,a.  Bot. 
In  the  form  of  a  scap6. 

Scape,  skap,  v.t.  and  i.  Short  form  of 
escape.-^Scapegoat,  skap'got,  Ji.  Among 
the  ancient  Jews,  a  goat  which  was  sent 
into  the  wilderness  bearing  the  iniquities 
of  the  people,  which  were  laid  on  him  by 
the  hands  of  the  high-priest;  hence,  one 
made  to  bear  the  blame  of  others.— Scape- 
grace, skap'gras,  n.  A  graceless  fellow;  a 
careless,  idle,  hare-brained  f ellow.— Scape- 
ment,  skap'ment,  «,.    Escapement. 

Scaphite,  skaf'it,  n.  [L.  scapha,  Gr.  sk(m^S, 
a  skiff.]  A  fossil  cephalopod,  of  a  ooat- 
shaped  form,  belonging  to  the  family  of 
ammonites. — Scaphium,ska'fi-um,n.  Bot. 
the  carina  or  keel  of  papilionaceous  flow- 
ers.— Scaphoid,  skaf'oid,  a.  Boat-shaped; 
resembling  a  boat;  navicular. 

Scapolite,  skap'o-lit,  n.  [Gr.  skapos,  a  rod, 
and  lithos,  a  stone.]  A  mineral,  a  silicate 
of  alumina  and  lime,  occurring  often  in 
long  crystals. 

Scapple,  skap'l,  v.t.    To  scabble. 

Scapula,  skap'n-la,  n. '  [L.]  The  shoulder- 
blade.— Scapular,  skap'Q-Ifer,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  scapula  or  the  shoulder.— Scap- 
ular, Scapulary,  skapTi-ler,  skap'a-la-ri, 
n.  A  kind  of  ecclesiastical  garment  con- 
sisting of  two  bands  of  woollen  stuff  going 
over  the  shoulders,  one  in  front  the  other 
behind;  surg.  a  bandage  for  the  shoulder- 
blade;  orniViol.  a  feather  on  the  shoulder 
of  a  bird. 

Scapus,  ska'pus,  n.  [L.,u  stalk.]  Omith. 
the  stem  of  a  feather;  arch,  the  shaft  of  a 
column. 

Scar,  skar,  n.  [Pr.  escarre,  eschari-e,  L. 
eschar  a,  from  Gr.  eschara,  a  scar  or  scab  on  a 
wound  caused  by  burning.]  The  mark  of 
a  wound  or  an  ulcer  remaining  after  heal- 
ing; a  cicatrix;  a  hurt;  a  wound;  bot.  a 


mark  left  after  the  fall  of  a  leaf,  or  on  a 
seed  after  the  separation  of  its  stem. — v.t. 
— scarred,  scarring.  To  mark  with  a  scar 
or  scars;  to  wound;  to  hurt.— v.i.  To  be 
covered  with  a  scar;  to  form  a  scar. — 
Scarry,  ska'ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  scars;  hav- 
ing scars  or  marks  of  old  wounds. 
Scar,  skar,  n.  [Same  as  Icel.  skor,  a  rift  in 
a  precipice,  sko;  a  rooky  islet;  Dan.  skjcer, 
a  cliff;  root  seen  in  shear,  short.]  A  cliff; 
a  naked  detached  rock;  a  bare  and  broken 
place  on  the  side  of  a  hill  or  mountain;  a 
scaur. 

Scar,  skar,  n.  [L.  scarus.]  The  parrot-fish. 
Under  Parrot. 

Scarab,  Scarabee,  skar'ab,  skar'a-b5,  n.  [L. 
scarabceus,  a  beetle.]  One  of  a  group  of 
beetles  of  which  the  sacred  beetle  of  the 
Egyptians,  so  frequently  figured  on  their 
monuments,  is  the  best-known  species; 
the  figur«  of  a  beetle  cut  in  hard  stone, 
many  of  which  are  found  in  Egypt. 
Scaramouch,  skar'a-mouch,  n.  [Fr.  scaj'o- 
moudie.  It.  scaramuccia,  scaratnuccio.]  A 
buffoon  in  motley  dress;  a  personage,  in 
Italian  comedy;  whose  character  was  com- 
pounded of  .traits  of  vaunting  and  pol- 
troonerj';  any  poltroon  or  braggadocio. 
Scarce,  skars,  a.  [From  O.  Fr.  escars, 
eichars.  It.  scarso,  D.  achaars,  scarce,  from 
L.L.  excarpsus,  scarpsus,  for excerptus,  pp. 
of  Ij.ea;cerpo,to  pluck  or  cull  out.  Excerpt.] 
Not  plentiful  or  abundant;  being  in  small 
quantity  in  proportion  to  the  demand; 
deficient;  seldom  met  with;  rare;  uncom- 
mon; unfrequent;  scantily  supplied;  not 
having  much:  with  of. — To  make  one's  self 
scarce,  to  disappear  voluntarily;  to  get  out 
of  the  way.— Scarce,  Scarcely,  skars'li,  adv. 
Hardly;  barely;  scantly;  but  just;  with 
difficulty.  —  Scarceness,  Scarcity,  skars'- 
nes,  skar'si-ti,  n.  The  state  or  condition 
of  being  scarce;  dearth;  want;  famine. 
Scare,  skar,  v.t. — scared,  scaring.  [Akin  to 
Icel.skjarr,  apt  to  flee,  shy,  skirra,  to  drive 
away,  G.  scheren,  to  drive  away;  same  root 
as  shear.]  To  fright;  to  terrify  suddenly; 
to  strike  with  sudden  terror. — n.  A  sudden 
fright  or  panic;  a  sudden  terror  inspired 
by  a  trifling  cause;  a  causeless  alarm. — 
Scarecrow,  skar'kro,  n.  Anything  set  up 
to  frighten  crows  or  other  birds  from  crops; 
anything  terrifying  without  danger;  a 
person  so  meanly  clad  as  to  resemble  a 
scarecrow. 

Scarf,  skarf,  n.  [Same  as  L.  G.  scherf,  Dan. 
skjoerf,  skier/,  G.  schdrpe,  O.H.G.  scherbe, 
originally  a  pocket,  hence  the  band  sus- 
pending the  pocket,  a  scarf.]  A  sort  of 
light  shawl;  an  article  of  dress  of  a  light 
and  decorative  character  worn  round  the 
neck  or  loosely  round  the  shoulders,  or 
otherwise.— Scarfed,  skarft,  a.  Wearing  a 
scarf.— Scarf-skin,  n.  [Perhaps  for  scurf-: 
skim.]  The  cuticle  or  epidermis;  the'outer 
thin  integument  of  the  body. 
Scarf,  skarf,  n.  [Same  as  Sw.  skarf,  a  joint; 
akin  Dan.  akarre,  to  scarf;  Sc.  skare,  a 
scarf,  to  scarf.]  Carp,  the  joint  by  which 
the  ends  of  two  pieces  of  timber  are  united 
so  as  to  overlap  and  form  a  continuous 
piece.— 1).<.  To  cut  a  scarf  on;  to  unite  by 
means  of  a  scarf. — Scarf-joint,  n.  A  joint 
formed  by  scarfing. 

Scarify,  skar'i-fi,  v.t.—scari.Aed,  scarifying. 
[Fr.  scarifier,  L.  scarifico,  from  Gr.  sfcan- 
phaomai,  to  scratch  open,  from  skariphos, 
a  sharp  -  pointed  instrument.]  ■ /Sj^rgr.  to 
make  small  cuts  or  incisions  in  the  skin 
by  means  of  a  lancet  or  special  instrument 
so  as  to  draw  blood  without  opening  a 
large  vein;  to  remove  the  flesh  about  a 
tooth  in  order  to  get  a  better  hold  of  it;  to 
stir  the  soil,  as  with  a  scarifier.— Scarifica- 
tion, skar'i-fi-ka"shon,  n.  Se/rp.  the  act  of 
scarifying.  —  Scarificator,  skar^i-fi-ka"t^r, 
n.  An  instrument  used  in  scarification  or 
cupping.  —  Scarifier,  skar'i-fi-er,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  scarifies;  agri.  an  imple- 
ment with  prongs  employed  for  stirring 
the  soil  without  reversing  its  surface  or 
altering  its  form.  ' 

Scarlatina,  skar-la-t6'na,  n.  {From,  scarlet] 
Afebrile  maladj',  which  more  especially: 
attacks  young  people,  characterized  by 
fever  and  an  eruption  of  crimson  red 
patches;  scarlet  fever.— Scarlatinous,  skar- 
la-te'nus,  a.    Pertaining  to  scarlatina.      ( 


Igh,  cftain;  .,  (h,  fie.  loch;     g,go;     j,job;     vi,  Fv.  ton;     ng,  sinj/;     fu,  then;  th,  thin;     w.  wig;     wh,  u'ftig;  _  zh,  aaure, 


SCARLET 


606 


SCHOOL 


Scarlet,  skarlet,  n.  [O.Pr.  esearlate.  Mod. 
Fr.  ecarlate.  It.  scariatto;  a  word  of  Per- 
sian origin.]  A  beautiful  bright-red  colour, 
brighter  than  crimson;  cloth  of  a  scarlet 
colour;  scarlet  robe  or  dress. — a.  Of  the 
colour  scarlet;  of  a  bright- red  colour; 
dressed  in  scarlet  {Shak.}. —  Scarlet  bean. 
Scarlet  Runner,  the  kidney-bean.— 5carki 
fever.  Scarlatina-  —  Scarlet-lake,  n.  A 
red  pigment  prepared  from  cochineal. 
Scarp,  skarp,  n.  [From  Fr.  escarpe,  from 
It.  Scarpa,  a  scarp,  a  slope,  from  O.H.G. 
scarp.  Mod.  G.  scharf,  E,  sharp— the  scarp 
being  cut  sharp  or  steep.  ]  Fort,  the 
interior  slope  of  the  ditch  next  the  place, 
at  the  foot  of  the  rampart.  Also  written 
Escarp.— v.t.  To  cut  down  like  a  scarp. — 
Scarped,  skiirpt,  p.  and  a.  Cut  down  like 
the  scai-p  of  a  fortification;  precipitous. 
Scarry,  a.  Under  Scar. 
Scat,  Ssatt,  skat,  n.  [A.  Sax.  teeat,  a  tax, 
a  coin;  Icel.  skattr,  l>an.  skat.]  Tax;  tri- 
bute; damage;  loss. 

Scathe,  Scaith,  skath,n.  o[A.  Sax.  tceathan 
=  Icel.  skatka,  D.  andG.  scftaden,  to  injure; 
Icel.  skathi,Goth.  skat/iis,p.  and  G.  schade, 
injury.]  Damage;  injury;  harm. — v.t. — 
scathed,  scathing.  To  injure;  to  do  damage 
to;  to  harm.  —  Scatheful,  skath'ful,  a. 
Causing  scathe;  harmful.— Scathefulhess, 
skath'ful-nes.Ji.  Injuriousness.— Scathing, 
ska'thing,  p.  and  a.  Injuring;  damag.'ng; 
harming;  blasting. — Scatheless,  skath  les, 
a.  Without  scatheor  harm;  unharmed. 
Scatter,  skat'er,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  scateran,  to 
scatter;  same  word  as  shatter;  Gr.  sked- 
annymi,  to  scatter,  is  of  kindred  origin.] 
To  throw  loosely  about;  to  sprinkle;  to 
strew;  to  besprinkle  or  cover  with  some- 
thing loosely  spread;  to  disperse;  to  dissi- 
pate ;  to  separate  or  remove  to  a  distance 
from  each  other;  to  disunite;  to  frustrate, 
disappoint,and  overthrow  (to  scatter  hopes, 
&c.). .•.S3'n.  under  Uispersk.— w.i.  To  dis- 
perse; to  separate  from  each  other;  to 
straggle  apart.  —  Scatter  -  brain,  n.  A 
thoughtless  person ;  one  incapable  of  con- 
centration. [CoUoq.]— Scatter-brained,  a. 
Giddy;  heedless;  thoughtless.  [CoUoq.] — 
Scattered,  skat'ferd,  pp.  Sprinkled  or 
thinly  spread ;  loose  and  irregular  in  dis- 
tribution.—Scatteredly,t  skat'erd-li,  adv. 
In  a  dispei-sed  manner;  separately.— Scat- 
terer.  skat'er-6r,  n.  One  who  scatters. 
Scaup,  skap,  n.  [A  form  of  scalp.]  A  bed 
of  shell-fish  (an  oyster-scavp,  a  mussel- 
scatip);  a  ."pecies  of  duck  which  feeds  on 
molluscs,  &c. 

Scanr,  skar,  n.    [Scar.]    A  scar  or  precipi- 
tous bank;  a  cliff. 

Scavenger,  skav'en-j&r,  n.  [From  seavage, 
L.L.scavagiuni,a.n  old  law  term  equiva- 
lent to  showage,  a  duty  on  goods  shown, 
from  A.  Sax.  sceawian,  to  show.  The  scav- 
enger was  originally  one  who  looked  after 
the  seavage.  As  to  the  ■  insertion  of  n 
comp."  messenger,  passenger.]  A  person 
whose  employment  is  to  clean  the  streets 
of  a  city;  a  person  similarly  engaged. 
Scena.  Under  Sceke. 
Scene.  s5n,  n.  [Fr.  scbie;  L.  scena,  from 
Gr.  Skene,  a  covered  place,  a  tent,  a  stage, 
from  root  of  Skr.  sku,  to  cover,  E.  shade.] 
A  stage;  that  part  of  a  theatre  in  which 
the  acting  is  done;  the  imaginary  place  in 
which  the  action  of  a  play  is  supposed  to 
occur;  the  surroundings  amid  which  any- 
thing is  transacted;  a  whole  series  of 
actions  and  eve  its  connected  and  e.xhibi- 
ted;  an  assemblage  of  objects  displayed  at 
one  view;  a  place  and  objects  seen  together; 
a  landscape;  a  view;  one  of  the  painted 
slides,  hangings,  or  other  devices  used  to 
give  an  appearance  of  reality  to  the  action 
of  a  play;  a  part  of  a  play,  being  a  division 
of  an  act;  an  exhibition  of  strong  feeling 
t)etween  two  or  more  persons;  a  theatrical 
display  of  emotion;  an  artificial  or  affected 
action  or  course  of  action.  —  Behin/l  the 
scenes,  behind  the  scenery  of  a  theatre,  at 
the  back  of  the  stage;  hence,  si>ecia!ly  ac- 
quainted with  the  motives  influencing  the 
actions  of  a  party  or  an  individual.— Scena, 
sha'na,  n.  lit.]  Mus.  a  scene  or  portion 
of  an  opera;  a  solo  for  a  single  voice,  in 
which  various  dram,  tic  emotion.'!  are  dis- 
played. —  Scene-painter,  n.  One  who 
paints  scenery  for  theatres.  —  Scenery, 


s6'n6r-i,  n.  The  paintings  representing  the 
scenes  of  a  play;  the  geneiul  appearance 
or  natural  features  of  a  place.  —  Scene- 
shifter,  n.  One  who  arranges  the  movable 
scenes  in  a  theatre. — Scenic,  Scenical,  se'- 
nik  or  sen'ik,  se'ni-kal  or  seu'i-kal,  n.  Per- 
taining to  the  stage;  dramatic;  theatrical. 
— Scenographic,  Scenographical,  se-nO- 
graf'ik,  se-no-graf'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
scenography;  drawn  in  perspective.  — 
Scenographically,  se-no-graf'i-kal-li,  adv. 
In  a  scenographic  rhanner;  in  perspective. 
-^Scenography,  se-nog'ra-fl,  n.  Represen- 
tation or  drawing  according  to  the  rules 
of  perspective. 

Scent,  sent,  n.  [For  sent,  from  Fr.  sentir, 
to  perceive,  to  smell,  from  L.  sentire,  to 
perceive  by  the  senses.  Sense.]  That 
which,  issuing  from  a  body,  affects  the 
Olfactory  nerves  of  animals;  odour;  smell; 
the  power  of  smelling;  odour  left  on  the 
ground  enabling  an  animal's  track  to  be 
followed;  hence,  course  of  pursuit;  track. — 
v.t.  To  perceive  by  the  olfactory  organs;  to 
•  smell;  to  perfume. — Scentful,  sent'ful,  o. 
Odorous;  having  much  scent. — Scentless, 
sent'les,  a.'  Inodorous;  destitute  of  smell. 
Scepsis,  sep'sis  or  skep'sis,  n.  [Gr.  skepsis, 
doubt.  ]  Scepticism;  doubt. 
Scepter,  sep'ter,  rt.  Same  as  Sceptre. 
Sceptic,  skep'tik,  n.  [Fr.  sceptiqiie,  from 
Gr.  skeptikos,  thoughtful,  sceptic,  from 
skepsis,  speculation,  doubt,  from  skepto- 
inai,  to  examine  critically;  same  root  as 
L.  species.]  One  who  doubts  the  truth  of 
any  principle  or  system  of  principles  or 
doctrines;  one  who  disbelieves  or  hesitates 
to  believe;  a  disbeliever;  a  person  who 
doubts  the  existence  of  God  or  the  truth 
of  revelation ;  one  who  disbelieves  in  the 
divine  origin  of  Christianity.— Sceptical, 
skep'ti-kal,  a.  Belonging  to  or  character- 
istic of  a  sceptic  or  scepticism;  holding  the 
opinions  of  a  sceptic. — Sceptic,  skcp  tik,  a. 
Sceptical.— Sceptically,  skep'ti-ka!-li,  adv. 
.  In  a  sceptical  manner.  —  Scepticalness, 
skep'ti-kal-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  sceptical.— Scepticism,  skep'ti-sizm, 
n.  The  doctrines  or  opinions  of  a  sceptic; 
disbelief  or  inability  to  believe;  doubt;  in- 
credulity; a  doubting  of  the  truth  of  rev- 
elation, or  of  the  Christian  religion.  — 
Scepticize,  skep'ti-siz,  v.i.  —  scepiicized, 
sceptitizing.  To  act  the  sceptic;  to  doubt. 
Sceptre,  sep't6r,n.  [Fr.  sceptre,  L.  sceptmm, 
from  Gr.  skeptron,  a  staff,  from  skepto,  to 
prop  or  lean.]  A  staff  or  baton  borne  by 
a  monarch  or  other  ruler  as  a  symbol  of 
authority.  —  The  sceptre,  royal  power  or 
authority.— Sceptred,  sep't6rd,  a.  Bearing 
asceptre;  invested  with  royal  power;  regal. 
— 'Sceptreless,  sep'ter-les,  a.  Having  no 
sceptre. 

Schedule,  shed'fil,  sed'cl,  also  sked'nl,  n. 
[O.  Fr.  schedule,  from  L.  schedulu,  dim.  of 
scheda,  a  scroll,  from  Gr.  schede,  a  leaf, 
fronn  root  of  sckizo,  L.  scindo,  to  split.]  A 
sheer  of  paper  or  parchment  containing  a 
WTitten  or  printed  list ;  a  list  annexed  to 
a  larger  document,  as  to  a  will,  lease,  &c. 
—v.t.— scheduled,  scheduling.  To  place  in 
a  schedule  or  catalogue. 
Scheele'g-green,  shelz,  n.  A  green  pigment 
containing  arsenic  and  cojjper,  first  pre- 
pared by  Scheele,  a  Swedish  chemist.— 
Scheeletine,  shel'e-tin,  n.  A  mineral  of  a 
green,  yellow,  brown,  or  red  .colour,  con- 
sisting of  tungstic  acid  and  lead. 
Scheik,  shek,  n.  Same  as  Sheik. 
Scheme,  skem,  n.  [Fr.  schhne,  L.  schema, 
from  Gr.  schema,  from  schein,  to  hold,  to 
keep.]  A  com.bination  of  things  connected 
and  adjusted  by  design;  a  system:  a  plan 
of  something  to  be  done;  a  project;  the 
representation  of  any  design  or  geometrical 
figure;  a  diagnxm.— v.t.— schemed,  schem- 
ing. To  plan,  contrive,  plot,  project,  de- 
sign.— v.i.  To  form  a  plan ;  to  contrive. — 
Schematic,  ske-mat'ik,a.  Pertaining  to  a 
schjme.  —  Schematist,  ske'mat-ist,  n.  A 
projector;  one  given  to  forming  schemes; 
a  schemer.— Schematize,  ske'ma-tiz,  v.t.— 
schematized,  schematizing.  To  form  into 
a  scheme  or  schemes.— Schemeful,  skem'- 
f  ul,  a.  Full  of  schemes  or  plans.— Schemer, 
Schemist,  ske'mer,  ske'mist,  n.  One  who 
schemes;  a  contriver;  a  plotter.  —  Sche- 
ming, ske'ming,  p.  and  a.    Given  to  for- 


ming schemes;  artful;  intriguing.— Sche- 
mingly,  ske'ming-li,  adv.  By  scheming  or 
contriving. 

Scheme-arch,  n.  [It.  arco  scemo,  an  in- 
complete arch.]  An  arch  which  forms  a 
portion  of  a  circle  less  than  a  semicircle. 
Scherif,  she-rif,  n.  Shereef. 
Scherzando,  skert-san'do,  adv.  [It.]  Mns. 
in  a  playful  or  sportive  manner. — Scherzo, 
skert'sO,  II.  [It.]  A  passage  of  a  sportive 
character  in  musical  pieces  of  some  length, 
as  in  sj'mphonies. 

Schiedam,  ske-dam',  n.  A  name  for  Hol- 
lands gin,  from  Schiedam,  in  Holland, 
where  it  is  largely  manufactured. 
ScMller-spar,  shil'er-spiir,  n.  [G.  schiUej-n, 
to  change  colour.]  A  mineral,  a  silicate  of 
magnesia,  comprising  several  varieties,  of 
a  pearly  lustre  and  changeable  hues. 
Schism,  sizm,  n.  [L.  schisma;  from  Gr. 
schisvia,  from  schizo,  to  divide;  same  root 
as  L.  scindo,  to  cut,  A.  Sax.  sceadan,  G. 
scheiden,  to  separate.  Schedule,  Shed.] 
A  split  or  division  in  a  community;  com- 
monly, a  division  or  separation  in  a  church 
or  denomination  of  Christians,  occasioned 
by  diversity  of  opinions ;  breach  of  unity 
among  people  of  the  same  religious  faith. 
—  SclUsmatic,  Schismatical,  siz-mat'ik, 
siz-mat'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  schizm; 
partaking  of  the  nature  of  schism;  tending 
to  schism.— Schismatic,  n.  One  jvho  takes 
partinaschism.- ScMsmaticaUy,siz-mat'- 
i-kal-li.  adv.  In  a  schismatical  manner. 
— Schismaticalness,  siz-mat'i-kal-nes,  n: 
Schist,  shist,  n.  [  Gr.  schistos,  divided, 
divisible,  from  schizO,  to  split.  Schism.] 
A  geological  term  applied  to  rocks  which 
have  a  foliated  structure  and  split  in  thin 
irregular  plates;  properly  confined  to  meta- 
niorphic  rocks  (as  gneiss)  consisting  of 
layers  of  different  minerals.  —  Schistic, 
Schistose,  Schistous,  shis'tik,  shis'toz, 
shis'tus,  a.  Having  the  structure  or  char- 
acter of  schist. 

Schnapps,  Schnaps,  shnaps,  n.  [G.schnupps, 
D.  snaps,  a  dram.]  A  dram  of  Hollands 
gin  or  other  ardent  spirits. 
Schneiderian,  shni-de'ri-an,  a.  [From 
Schneider,  who  first  described  it.]  A  term 
applied  to  the  lining  membrane  of  the 
nostrils. 

Scholar,  skol'Sr,  n.  [O.  Fr.  escolier  (Fr. 
ecolier),  from  L.  L.  seholaris,  from  L. 
schola,  a  school.  School.]  One  who  at- 
tends a  school;  one  who  learns  of  a 
teacher;  a  pupil;  a  disciple;  a  man  of 
letters;  a  learned  person;  a  person  of  high 
attainments  in  learning;  one  that  learns 
anything;  a  pedantt;  an  undergraduate  in 
an  English  university  who  receives  a  por- 
tion of  its  revenues  to  furnish  him  with 
the  means  of  prosecuting  his  studies. — 
Scholarly,  skol'er-li,  a.  Like  a  scholar; 
becoming  a  scholar  or  man  of  learning. — 
Scholarship,  skol'6r-ship,  n.  The  character 
of  a  scholar;  attainments  in  science  or 
literature;  erudition;  learning;  an  ex- 
hibition or  regularly  settled  allowance  of 
money  for  a  scholar  at  some  educational 
institution ;  a  foundation  for  the  support 
of  a  student.— Scholastic,  sko-las'tik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  suiting  a  scholar,  school, 
or  schools;  characteristic  of  a  scholar; 
pertaining  to  the  schoolmen  of  the  middle 
ages,  or  those  philosophers  and  divines 
who  adopted  the  system  of  Aristotle,  and 
spent  much  time  on  jioints  of  nice  specu- 
lation ;  hence,  pedantic ;  formal. — n.  One 
who  adheres  to  the  scholastic  method;  one 
of  the  schoolmen  of  the  middle  ages.— 
Scholastically,  sko-las'ti-kal-li,  adv.  In  a 
scholastic  manner.  —  Scholasticism,  sko- 
las'ti-sizm,  .t.  The  philosophy  of  the 
schoolmen  of  the  middle  ages. 
Scholium,  sko'li-um,  n.  pi.  Scholiums  or 
Scholia.  [Gr.  scholion,  from  schole,  leisure, 
lucubration.  School.]  A  marginal  note, 
annotation,  or  remark ;  an  explanatory 
comment,  such  as  those  annexed  to  the 
Latin  and  Greek  authors  by  the  early 
grammarians.  —  Scholiast,  skO'li-ast,  n. 
[Gr.scAoKasi^s.]  One  who  makes  scholiums; 
an  ancient  grammarian  who  annotated 
the  classics.- Scholiastic,  sko-li-as'tik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  scholiast. 
School,  skoi,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sc6l,  O.  Fr.  escole, 
from  L.  schola,  from  Gr.  schoU,  leisure. 


Fate,  far, fat,  fftll}     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  uot,  move;     tube,  tub.  bi^ll;     oil,  povr/.T. 


SCHOOL 


607 


SCOLIOSIS 


disQussionjphilosophy,  a  school.]  A  place  in 
wfii(A  persons  are  instructed  in  any  species 
of  learning;  an  educational  establishment; 
a  place  in  v/hieh  instruction  is  imparted 
to  the  youn^;  one  of  the  seminaries  of 
the  scholastic  philosophy  of  the  middle 
ages;  a  b9dy  of  pupils;  the  disciples  or 
followers  of  a  teacher ;  those  who  hold  a 
common  doctrine  or  accept  the  same 
teachings  or  principles  (the  Socratic  school, 
painters  of  the  Italian  school);  a  system  or 
state  of  matters  prevalent  at  a  certain 
time  (the  old  school,  the  new  school);  any 
place  of  discipline  or  training.  — High 
School,  a  school  in  which  a  superior  edu- 
cation can  be  obtained ;  sometimes  the 
chief  public  school  in  a  town. — Normal 
school.  'Normal.— a.  Relating  to  a  school 
or  to  education ;  pertaining  to  the  school- 
men; scholastic— j>.t.  To  instruct;  to  edu- 
cate; to  discipline;  to  chide  and  admonish; 
to  reprove.— School-board,  n.  A  bodj  of 
managers  elected  by  the  ratepayers  in  a 
town  or  parish  to  provide  adequate  means 
of  instruction  for  the  district.— School- 
book,  n.  A  book  used  in  schools. — School- 
boy, n.  A  boy  attending  school.— School- 
days, n.  pi.  The  time  of  life  dXiring  which 
children  attend  school. — School-divine,  n. 
A  divine  who  espouses  the  scholastic  theo- 
logy.— School-fellow,  Schoolmate,  n.  An 
associate  in  school.— School-girl,  n.  A  girl 
belonging  to  a  school.- School-house,  n. 
A  house  appropriated  for  use  as  a  school ; 
a  schoolmaster's  or  schoolmistress's  dwel- 
ling-house. —  Schooling,  skol'ing,  n.  In- 
struction in  school;  tuition;  reproof;  rep- 
rimand. —  Schoolman,  skiJl'man,  n.  A 
man  versed  in  the  niceties  of  the  school 
divinity  of  the  middle  ages ;  a  scholastic. 
—Schoolmaster,  skal'mas-tfer,  ?i.  A  man 
who  presides  over  and  teaches  a  school; 
a  teacher,  instructor,  or  preceptor  of  a 
school;  one  who  or  that  which  disciplines 
and  instructs.— Schoolmistress,  skol'rais- 
tres.n.  The  mistress  of  a  school;  a  female 
who  governs  and  teaches  a  school.— School- 
room, n.  A  room  for  teaching.— School- 
teacher, n.  One  who  gives  regular  instruc- 
tion in  a  school. 

School,  skdl,  n.  [Same  word  as  shoal.']  A 
shoal  or  compact  body  (a  school  of  fishes). 

Schooner,  skon'fer,  h.  tProperly  scooner, 
from  a  New  England  word  scoon,  to  skim 
or  skip  upon  the  water,  to  make  ducks 
and  drakes,  the  first  vessel  of  the  kind 
having  been  built  at  Gloucester,  Mass., 
about  1713.  Scoon  is  the  A.  Sax.  scHnian, 
E.  to  shun.  Shu>-.]  A  vessel  with  two 
masts,  and  her  chief  sails  fore-and-aft 
sails,  her  mainsail  and  foresail  being  both 
extended  by  a  gaflf  and  a  boom. 

Schorl,  Shorl, short, n.  [G.  schorl,  Sw.  shorl, 
Dan.  skjorl;  comp.  Dan.  skjor,  brittle.]  A. 
mineral  of  a  pitchy  lustre  and  colour, 
brittle  texture,  and  capable  of  being  ren- 
dered electric  by  heat  or  friction,  usually 
occurring  in  granitic  rocks,  and  often  em- 
bedded in  felspar  and  quartz;  tourmaline. 
— Schorlaceous,  Schorloas,  Schorly,  shor- 
la'shus,  shor'lus,  shor'li,  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  containing  schorU  resembUng  schorl. 

Bchottische,  shot-tish',  n.  [G.  acliottische, 
Scottish,  lit.  a  Scottish  "dance.]  A  dance 
performed  by  a  lady  and  gentleman,  re- 
sembling a  polka;  the  music  suited  for 
such  a  dance  in  2-4  time. 

Schweinf  urth-green,  shwin'fnrt, ».  A  beau- 
tiful but  highly  poisonous  pigment,  pre- 
pared by  boiling  together  solutions  of  ar- 
senious  acid  and  acetate  of  copper:  so 
called  from  Schweinfurthia  Bavaria.where 
it  was  first  made. 

Sciagraphy,  si-ag'ra-fi,  n.  [Gr.  skiagraphia 
—skia,  a  shadow,  and  grapho,  to  describe.] 
The  act  or  art  of  correctly  delineatinjr 
shadows;  the  art  of  sketching  objects  witU 
correct  shading.— Sciagrapli,  si'a-graf,  n. 
The  section  of  a  building  to  show  its  in- 
side. —  SciagrapMc,  Eslasi'^Phical,  si-a- 
graf'ik,  si-a-graf'i-kal,  «.  Pertaining  to 
sciagraphy.  —  Sciagraphlcally,  si-a-graf'i- 
kal-Ii,  adv.    In  a  sciagraphical  manner. 

Bciamachy,  si-am'a-ki,  n.    ScroxACKY. 

Sciatheric,  si-a-thB'rik,  a.  [Gr.  skiathSras, 
a  Sun-dial,  from  skia,  a  shadow,  and  thera, 
a  catching.].  Belonging  to  a  sun-dial. 

Bdatlca,  si-at'i-ka,  js.    [L.L.  sciatica,  from 


Gr.  ischiadikos,  from  ischias,  a  pain  in  the 
hip,  from  ischion,  the  hip.]  Neuralgia  of 
the  sciatic  nerve.— Sciauc,  Sciatica!,  si- 
at'ik,  si-at'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  hip 
(the  sciatic  artery  or  nerve). — Sciatically, 
si-at'i-kal-li,  adv.    With  sciatica. 

Science,  si'ens,  n.  [Fr.  science,  from  L. 
scientia,  knowledge,  from  scio,  to  know 
(seen  also  in  conscious,  conscience,  nescience, 
sciolist).]  Knowledge;  comprehension  or 
understanding ;  knowledge jco-ordinated, 
arranged,  and  systematized;  hence,  the 
knowledge  regarding  any  one  department 
of  mind  or  matter  co-ordinated,  arranged, 
and  systematized  (the  science  of  botany,  of 
astronomy,  &c.;  mental  science);  art  de- 
rived from  precepts  or  built  on  principles; 
skill  resulting  from  training;  special  skill. 
— Applied  science,  a  science  when  its  laws 
are  employed  and  exempliasd  in  dealing 
with  concrete  phenomena,  as  opposed  to  a 
pure  science,  asm  ?  thematic8,when  it  treats 
of  laws  or  general  statements  apart  from 
particular  instances.  —  Natural  science. 
Under  Natural.— PAi/eicaZ  science.  PHv- 
sica.— Moral  science,  moral  philosophy  or 
ethics.  —  The  seven  sciences  of  antiquity, 
grammar,  logic,  rhetoric,  arithmetic,  geo- 
metry, music,  and  astronomy.  —  Scient, 
si'entja.  [L.  sciens,  scientis,  ppr.  of  scio, 
to  know.]  Skilful ;  knowing.— Sciential, 
si-en'shal,  a.  Pertaining  to  science.— -Sci- 
entific, si-en-tif'ik,  a.  [L.  scientia,  know- 
ledge, and /acio,  to  make.]  Pertaining  to 
science;  evincingor  endowed  with  a  know- 
ledge of  science ;  treating  of  science;  well 
versed  in  scieijce ;  according  to  the  rules 
or  principles  of  science.  —  Scientifically, 
si-en-tif  i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  scientific  man- 
ner; according  to  the  rules  or  princijples 
of  science.— Scientism.t  si'ent-izm,  n.  The 
views  or  practices  of  scientists.— Scientist, 
si'ent-ist,  n.  A  person  versed  in  or  devoted 
to  science ;  a  scientific  man ;  a  savant. 

Scilicet,  si'li-set.  fL.]  To  wit;  videlicet; 
namely:  abbreviated  to  Scil.  or  Sc. 

Sdmitar,  Scimlter,  sim'i-ter,  n.  [O.  Pr.  cimir 
terre.  It.  scimitarra,  from  Per.  shemshir, 
shirrishir.]  An  oriental  sword,  the  blade 
of  which  is  single-ed^ed,  short,  curved, 
and  broadest  at  the  point-end. 

Scincoid,  sin'koid,  a.    Pertaining  to  the 

'  skink  and  allied  animals. 

Scintilla,  sin-til'la,  n.    [L.]    A  spark;  a 

flimmer;  the  least  particle;  a  trace.— 
cintillant,  sin'til-lant,  a.  Sparkling.— 
Scintillate,  sin'til-lat,  v.i.  —  scintillated, 
scintillating.  [L.  scintilla,  scintillattim.] 
To  emit  sparks ;  to  sparkle  or  twinkle,  as 
the  stars.- Scintillation,  sin-til-la'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  scintillating  or  sparkling ;  the 
twinkling  of  the  stars. 

Sclography,  si-og'ra-fi,  n.    Sciagraphy. 

Sciolist,  si'ol-ist,  n.  [L.  sciolus,  a  smatterer, 
dim.  of  scius,  knowing,  from  scio,  to  know. 
Science.]  One  who  knows  things  super- 
ficially; a  smatterer.  —  Sciollstic,  si-ol-is'- 
tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  sciolism  or  a  sciolist; 
superficial  as  to  knowledge.  —  Scfolons, 
si'ol-us,  a.  Superficially  or  imperfectly 
knowing. — Sciolism,  si'ol-izm,  n.  Super- 
ficial knowledge. 

Sclomachyt,  Sciamachyt,  si-om'ak-i,  si-am'- 
ak-i,  n.  [Gr.  skia,  a  shadow,  and  mache,  a 
battle.]  A  fighting  with  a  shadow;  an 
imaginary  or  futile  combat. 

Sciomancy,  si'o-man-si,  n.  [Gr.  skia,  a  sha- 
dow, and  manteia,  divination.]  Divination 
by  shadows. 

Scion,  si'on,  n.  [Fr.  scion,  from  L.  sectio, 
sectionis,  a  cutting,  from  seco,  to  cut.  Sec- 
TidN.]  A  shoot"  or  twig  cut  for  the  pur- 
posa  of  being  grafted  upon  some  other 
tree,  or  for  planting; .^ff.  a  descendant; 
an  heir. 

Scioptlc,  Soioptric,  si-op'tik,  si-op'trik,  a. 
[Gr.  s7rta,  a  shadow,  and  optomai,  to  see.] 
Pertaining  to  the  camera  obscura,  or  to 
the  art  of  exhibiting  lumindus  images  in 
a  darkened  room. 

Sciotherlc,  si-o  ther'ik,  a.    Sciatheric. 

Scirocco,  si-rok'ko,  n.    Sirocco. 

Sclrrlius,  Scirrhosis,  skir'rus,  skir-ro'sis,  n. 
[L.  scim^s,  irom  Gr.  skirrhos,  a  hardened 
swelling  or  tumour.l  Med.  a  hard  tumour 
usually  proceeding  from  the  induration  of 
a  gland,  and  often  terminating  \n  a  cancer. 
— Scirrhoid,  skir'roid,  a.  ResembUng  scir- 


rhus.— Seirrho8ity,ScIrrosity,  skir-ros'it , , 
n.  The  state  of  being  scirrhous ;  also,  a 
scirrhus  or  induration. —  Scirrhous,  skir'- 
rus, a.  Proceeding  from  or  of  the  nature 
of  scirrhus ;  indurated ;  knotty. 
Scissel,  Scissil,  sis'sel,  sis'sil,  n.  [From  L. 
scindo,  scissum,  to  cut.]  Clippings  "of  va- 
rious metals;  the  remainder  of  a  plate 
of  metal  after  the  planchets  or  circular 
blanks  have  been  cut  out  for  the  purpose 
of  coinage.  —  Scisslble,  Scissile,  siS'si-bl, 
sis'sil,  a.  Capable  of  being  cut.— Scission, 
sizh'on.  n.  [L.  scissio,  from  scindo,  to  cut.) 
The  act  of  cutting  or  dividing  by  an  edged 
Instrument;  the  state  of  bemg  cut;' divi- 
sion. 

Scissor?,  «iz'6rz,  n.  pi.  [From  O.Fr.  cisoires, 
ciseaux,  from  L.  ccedo,  to  cut  (Chisel);  but 
influenced  by  scissor,  one  who  cuts,  from 
scindo,  scissum,  to  cut.]  A  cutting  instru- 
ment consisting  of  two  blades  movable  on 
a  pin  in  the  "centre,  and  which  cut  from 
opposite  sides  against  an  object  placed  be- 
tween them :  often  spoken  of  as  a  pair  of 
scissors.- Sclssor-bill,  n.  A  sea;bird  also 
called  skimmer. 

Sciurine,  si-Q'rin,  a.  [L.  sciurus,  a  squirrel. 
ScitriRREL.]  Ha'ving  the  characters  of  the 
squirrel  tribe. 
Sclav,  sklav,  n.  Sla  . . 
.Scleretinite,  skle-ret'i-nit,  n.  [Gr.  skleros, 
hard,  and  retine,  resin.]  A  black,  hard, 
brittle  mineral  (or  fossil)  resin,  nearly 
allied  to  amber.  —  Sclerobasic,  skl5-ro-ba'- 
8ik,a.  [Qr.skUros,  hard,  and  6asis,  a  base.] 
Applied  to  a  coral  which  forms  a  solid 
axis  invested  by  the  soft  parts  of  the  coral 
animals.  —  Sclerodermic,  skle-ro-d6r'mik, 
a.  [Gr.  skleros,  and  derma,  skin.]  Hav- 
ing the  skin  covered  with  hard  scales, 
ascertain  fishes;  having  the  solid  matter 
deposited  between' the  tissues  and  each 
polyp  with  a  skeleton  of  its  own:  said  of 
coralaniirialcules.— Sclerogen,skle'ro-jen, 
n.  [Gf.  skleros,  and  root  gen,  to  produce.] 
Bot.  the  ligneous  matter  deposited  on  the 
inner  surface  of  the  cells;  lignin. — Scle- 
roid,  skle'roid,  a.  Bot.  having  a  hard  tex- 
ture. —  Scleroma,  Sclerosis,  skl5-ro'ma, 
skle-ro'sis,  n.  Med.  induration  of  the  cel- 
lular tissue.- Sclerophthahnia,  skl5-rof- 
thal'mi-a,  n.  [Gr.  skleros,  and  ophthalmos, 
the  eye.]  A  disease  of  the  eye. — Sclerotic, 
skl6-rot'ik,  a.  [Gr.  sklerotes,  hardness.] 
Hard;  firm  (the  sclerotic  coat  of  the  eye). — 
n.  .The  firm  white  membrane  which  covers! 
the  posterior  part  of  the  eye,  the  fronti 
being  covered  by  the  transparent  come«. 
-Sclerotitis,  skl5-ro-ti'tis,  n.  Inflamma- 
tion of  the  sclerotic. 

Scobs,  skobz,  n.  [L.  scobs,  saw-dust,  scra- 
pings, from  scdbo,  to  scrape.]  Raspings  of 
hard  substances;  saw-dust.— Scobiform, 
skob'i-form,  a.  Having  the  form  of  saw- 
dust or  raspings. 

Scoff,  skof ,  n.  [Same  as  0.  Fris.  schof,  sport; 
Icel.  skop,  skaup,  mockery,  ridicule; 
O.H.G.  scoph,  sport.]  An  expression  of 
derision,  mockery,  scorn,  or  contempt;  a 
gibe;  a  flout;  an  object  of  derision.— «.t.  To 
show  insolent  ridicule  or  mockery;  to  utter 
contemptuous  language;  to  mock:  ■with  at 
before  the  object.— w.<.  To  mock  at;  to 
ridicule.  —  Scoffer,  skof'^r,  n.  One  who 
scoffs;  a  mocker  or  scomer.- Scofltagly, 
skof'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  scofBng  manner; 
by  way  of  derision.  .  i 

Scold,  skold,  v.i.  [Akin  to  Sc.  scald,  L.G.i 
and  D.  sckelden,  Dan.  skielde,  G.  schelten,, 
to  scold;  Icel.  skjalla^  to  clash;  skellr,  a, 
crash:  G.  schelle,  a  bell.]  To  find  fault  in 
rude  language;  to  utter  harsh  or  rude  re- 
buke; to  make  use  of  abuse  or  vituperation. 
—v.t.  To  chide  with  rudeness  and  ill-tem- 
per; to  vituperate.— ».  One  who  scolds;  a 
noisy,  foul-mouthed  woman:  a  railing  vir- 
ago; a  scolding ;  a  brawl.— Scolder,  skol'- 
,  d6r,  n.  One  that  scolds.- Scolding,  skol'- 
ding,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  scolds;  a  ■vitu- 
perative harangue;  a  rating. 
Scolecida,  sko-le'si-da,  n.jH.  [Prom  Gr. 
skolex,  an  earthworm,  a  tape-worm.]  The 
tape-worms  and  allied  animals.— Scolex, 
sko'leks,w.  pi.  Scolices,  sko'li-sSz.  The  larva 
of  a  tape- worm;  a  tape- worm  embryo. 
Scoliosis,  sko-li-o'sis,  n.  [Gr.  skolios, 
crooked.]  A  distortion  or  curvature  of  the 
spine  to  one  side. 


«IitCMai> '  cA- Sc.  locA;   gt  fifo;     j./ob;     Q,Fr.ton;     Dg,8!n(;;     tb,  (7ien;  tb,  tftiu;  .  w^  wig;    jrb.w/ii^;^  zh,a«a]:e„ 


SCOLITE 


608 


SCOUT 


Scolite,  skolit,  n.  [Gr.  skolios,  tortuous.] 
Geol.  one  of  the  tortuous  tubes  found  in 
rocks  and  supposed  to  be  the  burrows  of 
annelids. 

Scollop,  skol'op,  n.  [Scallop.]  A  kind  of 
shell-fish;  a  scallop;  a  curving  indenta- 
tion.— v.t.  To  form  or  cut  with  scollops. 

Scolopendra,  skol-o-pen'dra,  n.  [Gr.  skolo- 
pendra,  a  milliped.J  A  venomous  animal 
of  the  centiped  or  myriapod  family. 

Scomberoid,  skom'bfer-oid,  n.  [Gr.  skom- 
bros,  a  mackerel.]  Any  fish  of  the  mack- 
erel family. 

Sconce,  skons,  n.  [O.Fr. "esconce,  a  shelter, 
a  sconce;  from  L.L.  absconsa  (for  absconsa 
candela,  a  hidden  candle),  a  sconce,  from 
L.  abscondo,  absconsum,  to  hide.  Abscomd.J 
A  cover  or  screen;  a  cover  or  protection  for 
a  light;  a  case  for  a  candle;  the  tube  inacan- 
dlestick  in  which  the  candle  is  inserted;  a 
fixed  candlestick  on  a  wall;  a  work  for  de- 
fence; a  bulwark;  a  fort,  as  at  a  pass  or 
river;  a  covering  for  the  head;  a  helmet;  a 
head-piece;  the  head  itself;  the  skull.— v.t. 
To  shelter;  to  ensconce. 

Scoop,  sksp,  n.  [Same  as  D.  scTiop,  schtip, 
spade,  shovel;  Sw.  skopa,  a  scoop;  al:in  to 
Dan.  skuffe,  a  -shovel.]  A  thin  metallic 
shovel  with  capacious  sides  for  lifting 
grain;  a  similar  but  smaller  utensil  for 
lifting  sugar,  flour,  &c.;  a  lar^e  ladle  with 
a  long  handle  for  dipping  in  fluids;  a, 
spoon-shaped  surgical  instrument;  a  sort 
of  pan  for  holding  coals. — v.t.  To  take  out 
with  a  scoop  or  as  with  a  scoop;  to  lade 
out;  to  empty  as  with  a  scoop;  to  hollow 
out;  to  excavate-.  —  Scooper,  skop'fer,  n. 
One  who  or  or  that  which  scoops;  a  wading 
bird,  the  avocet,  so  named  from  its  bill 
being  curved  upwards  at  the  extremity. — 
Scoop-net,  n.  A  net  so  formed  as  to  sweep 
the  bottom  of  a  river. 

Scope,  skop,  n.  [It.  scopo,  mark,  view,  aim, 
L.  seopus,  Gr.  skopos,  a  mark,  aim,  from 
Gr.  skeptomai,  to  view.]  A  mark  shot  atj; 
an  aim  or  end  kept  in  view;  ultimate 
design  or  purpose;  intention;  free  or  wide 
outlook  or  aim;  amplitude  of  intellectual 
range;  sjiace;  liberty;  sweep. 

Scoplferous,  sko-pif'6r-u8,  a.  [L.  scopa,  a 
brush,  and  /ero,  to  bear.]  Furnished  rvith 
one  or  more  dense  brushes  of  hair.— Scopl- 
form,  sko'pi-form,  o.  Having  the  form  of 
a  broom  or  besom. 

Scorbutic,  Scorbutica!,  skor-bQ'tik,  skor- 
bfi'ti-kal,  o.  [Fr.  scorbutique,  from  scorbut, 
the  scurvy,  from  D.  gclieurbuik,  G.  schar- 
bock,  scurvy.]  Pertaining  to  or  affected 
with  scurvy.  —  Scorbntically,  skor-bu'ti- 
kal-li,  adv.  In  a  scorbutic  manner;  with 
the  scurvy. 

Scorch,  skorch,  v.t.  [O.  Fr.  escorcher,  es- 
corctr  (Fr.  icorcher),  to  strip  off  the  skin; 
from  L.  excoriicare—ex,  and  cortex,  corticis, 
bark  (whence corA:).]  To  bum  superficially; 
to  subject  to  a  degree  of  heat  that  injures 
the  surface;  to  parch.— ».(.  To  be  burnt  on 
the  surface;. to  be  parched.— Scorching, 
skorch'ing,  a.    Such  as  to  scorch. 

Score,  skor,  n.  [A.  Sax.  scor,  a  score,  a 
notch,  from  sceran,  to  shear  (see  Shear); 
Icel.  skor,  an  incision,  a  tally,  the  number 
twenty;  skora,  to  number  by  notches;  akin 
scar  or  F.caur,  share,  sheer,  shire,  shore, 
shm-t.]  A  notch;  a  cut  made  on  a  tally  for 
the  purpose  of  keeping  account  of  ."ome- 
thing;  the  number  twenty,  as  being 
marked  off  by  a  special  or  larger  score; 
among  archers,  twenty  yards;  an  account 
or  reckoning  kept  by  notches,  marks,  or 
otherwise;  an  accountof  dues;  hence,  what 
is  due;  a  debt;  the  number  of  points  made 
by  plaj'ers  in  certain  games;  account,  rea- 
son, ground  (he  declined  on  the  sco7-e  of 
illness);  a  line  drawn;  a  long  superficial 
scratch;  mrisic,  the  original  drautjht,  or  its 
transcript,  of  a  musical  composition  with 
the  parts  for  all  the  different  voices  or  in- 
struments.- TV)  £70  off  at  score,  to  start,  as 
a  pedestrian,  from  the  score  or  scratch? 
hence,  to  start  off,  generally. —  To  quit 
scores,  to  pay  fully;  to  make  even  by  giving 
an  equivalent. —  v.t. — scored,  scoring.  To 
make  scores  or  scratches  on;  to  furrow;  to 
Sit  down,  as  in  an  account;  to  record;  to 
mark;  to  note;  to  enter  or.  register;  to 
make  a  score  of;  to  get  for  one's  self,  as 
points,  hits,  runs,  &c.,ia  certain  games; 


music,  to  write  down  in  score;  to  write 
out,  as  the  different  parts  of  a  compo- 
sition, in  proper  order  and  arrangement. 
— Scorer,  sko'r^r,  n.  One  who  scores ;  one 
who  keeps  the  score  or  taUy  at  cricket, 
rifle  matches,  &c.;  an  instrument  used  by 
woodmen  in  marking  numbers,  &c.,  on 
trees. 

Scoria,  sko'ri-a,  n.  pi.  Scorls,  sko'ri-e.  [L. 
scoria,  from  Gr.  skOria,  from  skOr,  ordure.] 
The  recrement  of  metals  in  fusion;  the 
slag  rejected  after  the  reduction  of  metal- 
lic ores;  dross;  pi.  the  cinders  of  volcanic 
eruptions. — Scoriaceoos,  Scorious,  sko-ri- 
a'shus,  sko'ri-us,  a.  Pertaining  to  scoria; 
partaking  of  the  nature  of  scoria.— Scori- 
fication,  sko'ri-fi-ka"shon,  n.  The  act  or 
operation  of  scorifying. — Scorifier,  sko'ri- 
fi-er,  n.  A  vessel  used  for  the  process  of 
scorification  in  assaying  silver.  —  Scori- 
foro,  sko'ri-form,  a.  Like  scoria;  in  the 
form  of  dross. — Scorify,  sko'ri-fi,  v.t.  To 
reduce  to  scoria  or  drossy  matter;  to  sepa- 
rate the  dross  from  the  valuable  metal. 

Scorn,  skom,  n.  [O.  Fr(  escome,  affront, 
disgrace;  escomer.  It.  scoi-nare,  to  break 
off  the  horns,  to  aflront,  from  L.  ex,  and 
cornu,  a  horn.]  Extreme  and  passionate 
contempt;  disdain  springing  from  a  per- 
son's opinion  of  the  meanness  and  un- 
worthiness  of  an  object;  the  expression  of 
this  feeling;  a  scoff;  asubject  of  extreme 
contempt  or  disdain. — To  think  scorn,  to 
disdain;  to  despise. — To  laugh  to  scorn,  to 
deride;  to  make  a  mock  ot.—v.t.  To  hold  in 

.  scorn;  to  despise;  to  disdain;  to  treat  with 
scorn;  to  make  a  mock  of. — v.i.  To  feel  scorn 
or  disdain;  to  show  scorn.— Scomer,  skor*- 
n6r,  n.  One  that  scorns;  a  despi-ser;  a  scof- 
fer; a  derider;  one  who  scoffs  at  religion. 
—  Scornful,  skom'ful,  a.  Full  of  scorn; 
contemptuous;  disdainful. —  Scornfully, 
skorn'ful-li,  adv.  In  a  scornful  manner; 
contemptuously.  —  Scomfnlness,  skom'- 
fiUnes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  scornful. 

Scorodite,  skor'o-dit,  n.  [Gr.  skorodon, 
garlic;  from  its  smell  under  the  blowpipe.] 
A  mineral  consisting  of  arsenic  acid  and 
oxide  of  iron,  having  a  leek-green  or 
brownish  colour. 

Scorpio,  skor'pi-o,  n.  [L.]  A  constellation 
of  the  zodiac;  the  Scorpion. 

Scorpion,  skor'pi-on,  n.  [Ii.  scorjm,  scor- 
pionis,  from  Gr.  skorpion,  a  scorpion.]  An 
animal  belonging  to  the  Arachnida  (spi- 
ders, &c.)  having  a  pair  of  large  nipping 
claws  and  a  long  jointed  tail  terminating 
with  a  venomous  sting;  a  kind  of  painful 
scourge  or  whip  (O.T.);  the  eighth  sign  of 
the  zodiac,  which  the  sun  enters  about 
Oct.  23 ;  an  ancient  military  engine.  — 
Scorploid,  Scorpioidal,  skor'pi-oid,  skor- 
pi-oi'dal,  a.  Scorpion-like;  bot.  said  of  a 
peculiar  twisted  inflorescence,  curved  or 
circinate  8t  the  end.— Scorpion-fly,  n.  An 
insect  having  a  tail  which  resembles  that 
of  a  scorpion. -Scorpion-grass,  n.  The 
old  name  of  the  well-known  plant  forget- 
me-not.  —  Scorpion-shell,  n.  A  gastero- 
podous  shell  with  projecting  spines.  — 
Scorpion's-tail,  n.  A  plant  having  trailing 
stalks  and  long  jointed  pods. 

Scot,  skot,  n.  [A.  Sax.  scot,  Icel.  skot,  T). 
and  L.6  schot,  G.  schoss;  from  verb  signi- 
fying to  slioot,  being  a  tax  or  contribution 
shot  on  along  with  others.]  Formerly  a 
payment  of  money;  a  tax  or  contribution; 
a  mulct;  a  reckoning;  a  shot. — Scot  and 
lot,  parish  payments  imposed  according  to 
ability.— Scot-free,  a.  Free  from  payment 
or  scot;  untaxed;  unhurt;  safe. 

Scot,  skot,  n.  [A.  Sax.  Scotta,  a  Scot, 
Scottas,  the  Scots,  originally  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Ireland;  origin  quite  unknown.] 
A  native  of  Scotland  or  North  Britain. — 
Scotch,  skoch,  a.  Pertaining  to  Scotland 
or  its  inhabitants;  Scottish.— 5co<cft  ^r, 
the  typical  pine  of  Europe,  especially  of 
the  northern  and  central  parts,  furnishing 
excellent  timber,  and  turpentine,  tar, 
resin,  &c. — Scotch  mist,  a' colloquial  t§rm 
for  a  wetting  mist,  like  fine  rain;  or  for  a 
fine  rain. — Scotch  pebble,  a  name  for  varie- 
ties of  agate,  camelian,  &c.— Scotch  thistle, 
a  kind  of  thistle,  so  called,  because  regar- 
ded as  the  national  emblem  of  Scotland. 
— n.  The  dialect  or  dialects  of  English 
spoken  in  Scotland;  collectively  jthe  people 


of  Scotland.  —  Scotchman,  Bkoch'man^ 
n.  A  native  of  Scotland;  a  Scot.— Scots, 
skots,  a.  Scotch  (-Scots  law), — Scotsman; 
skots'man,  n.  Scotchman.  —  Scottice, 
skot'i-s6,  cdv.  [L.I  In  the  Scotch  man- 
ner; in  the  Scotch  langu.age. — Scotticism, 
skot'i-sizm,  n.  An  idiom  or  peculiar  ex- 
pression of  the  natives  of  Scotland.— Scot- 
tish, skot'ish,  a.  Pertaining  to  Scotl£nd« 
its  language,  or  its  natives;  Scotch. 

Scotch,  skoch,  v.t.  [Perhaps  Celtic;  comp. 
Gael,  sgoch,  a  cut;  or  Fr.  coche,  a  notch, 
might  have  given  a  verb  escocker,  whence 
this  word.]  To  cut  with  shallow  incisions; 
to  notch;  to  chop.— n.  A  slight  cut  or  shal- 
low incision;  a  line  drawn  on  the  ground, 
as  in  hop-scotch.— Scotch-collops,  n.  pi.  A 
dish  consisting  of  slices  of  beef  Deaten  and 
done  in  a  stew-pan.— Scotch-hop,  n.  Same 
as  Hop-scotch. —  ScoCching,  skoch'ing,  n. 
A  method  of  dressing  stone  by  pick-shaped 
chisels. 

Scoter,  sko'tfer,  n.  [Comp.  Icel.  skoti,  a 
shooter:  the  name  inay  mean  diver  or 
darter.]  A  kind  of  sea  duck  abundant  on 
some  of  the  British  coasts  in  winter. 

Scotia,  sko'ti-a,  n.  [Gr.  skotia.  lit.  darkness.] 
A  hollow  moulding  in  the  base  of  a 
column,  so  named  from  its  surface  being 
in  shadow. 

Scotist,  skot'ist,  n.  One  of  the  followers  of 
Duns  Scotus,  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
scholastics  of  the  fourteenth  century. 

Scotodinia,  skot-o-di'ni-a,  n.  [Gr.  skotos, 
darkness,  and  dinos,  giddiness.]  Med. 
giddiness,  with  imperfect  vision.— Scoto- 
graph,  skot'o-graf,  n.  [Gr.  skotos,  and 
graphOj  to  write.]  An  instrument  by 
which  one  may  write  in  the  dark,  or 
for  enabling  the  blind  to  write.  —  Sco- 
toma, Scotomy,  sko-to'ma,  skot'o-mi,  n. 
[Gr.  skoUmia,  from  skotos,  darkness.]  Diz- 
ziness with  dimness  of  sight. 

Scotticism,  Scottish.    Under  Scot. 

Scoundrel,  skoun'drel,  to.  [Probably  for 
ecoiinerel  or  scunerel,  one  to  be  shunned  or 
avoided,  from  A.  Sax.  sciinian,  to  shun,  an 
intermediate  step  being  seen  in  Sc.  scun- 
ner, sconner,  to  loathe,  or  as  a  noun,  loath- 
ing; with  d  inserted  as  in  thunder,  tender.] 
A  Base,  mean,  worthless  fellow;  a  rascal: 
a  man  without  honour  or  virtue. — a.  Be- 
longing to  a  scoundrel;  base;  unprincipled 
— Scoundrelism,  skoun'drel-izm,  n.  The 
prqictices  of  a  Ecoundrel;  baseness;  rascal 
ity.— Scoundrelly,  skoun'drel-li,  o.  Char- 
acteristic of  a  scoundrel;  base;  villainous. 

Scour,  skour,  v.t.  [Same  as  Dan.  skure,  Sw. 
skura,  G.  scheuem,  to  scour;  perhaps  from 
O.Fr.  escurer,  from  a  L.  cxcurare — ex,  in- 
tens.,  and  curare,  to  clean,  to  care  for. 
Cure.]  To  rub  hard  with  something  for 
the  purpose  of  cleaning;  to  make  clean  or 
bright  on  the  surface;  to  take  gi-ease  or 
dirt  out  of  the  fabric  of,  by  washing  or 
chemical  appliances;  to  cleanse  away;  to 
efface;  to  pass  swiftly  over;  to  brush  along; 
to  pass  swiftly  over  in  search  of .  some- 
thing or  to  drive  away  something;  to  over- 
run; to  sweep  clear.— w.i.  To  clean  by  rub- 
bing; to  take  dirt  or  grease  out  of  cloth; 
to  rove  or  range;  to  run  with  cci^ity ;  to 
scamper.- n.  A  kind  of  diarrhoea  or  dysen- 
tery among  cattle.  —  Scourer,  •skour'tr,  n. 
One  who  or  that  whioh  scours.— Scouring- 
ball,  n.  A  ball  such  as  may  be  made  of 
a  combination  of  soap,  ox-gall,  and  absor- 
bent earth,  used  for  removing  tetains  of 
grease,  paint,  &c.,  from  cloth.— Scouring- 
drops,  n.  pi.  A  mixture  used  to  remove 
stains  from  cloth. 

Scourge,  skferj.'n.  [Fr.  escowra^«,  a  scourge; 
L.L.  excorrigiata,  from  L.  ex,  intens-.and 
corrigia,  a  rein,  a  shoe-tie.]  An  instrument 
of  the  whip  kind  for  the  infliction  of  pain 
or  punishment;  a  lash;  a  whip;  hence,  a 
punishment;  a  vindictive  affiiotion;  one 
•who  greatly  afflicts,  harasses,  or  destroys; 
a  whip  for  a  tov—v-t.— scourged,  scourg- 
ing. To  whip  with  a  scourge :  to  whip 
severely;  to  lash;  to  chastise  for  correction; 
to  afflict  greatly;  to  harass.  —  Sconrger, 
skfer'jfer,  n.    One  who  scourges, 

Scout,  skout,  n.  [O.Fr.  escoute,  a  stout, 
from  escouter,  escoltcr,  esculicr,  to  hear, 
from  L.  auscuJto.  to  listen.  Acscultation.] 
One  sent  out  to  gain  and  bring  in  infor- 
mation, especially  to  observe  the  motions 


fate,  far,  fat,  fp.ll;     jne,  met,  h6r;     yine,  pin;     note,  not,  mi)Te;     tube,  tub,  byll;     oil,  pound-,     a,  S«,  ftbup*— tbe  JV.  V, 


SCOUT 


€09 


SOfilLBLE 


and  obtain  intelligence  regarding  an  ene- 
my; a  term  at  Oxford  for  a  college  servant 
»r  waiter;  cricket,  a  fielder.— y.i.  To  act  as 
a  scout.— w.i.  To  watch  closely;  to  observe 
the  actions  of.  • 

Scout,  skout,  v.t.  [Icel.  sMta,  a  taunt;  per- 
haps from  root  of  shoot]  To  treat  with 
disdain  and  contempt;  to  reject  with 
scorn. 

Scow,skou,  w.  [D.  sehouw,  a  ferry-boat.] 
A  kind  of  large  flat-bottomed  boat  used 
chiefly  as  a  lighter  or  a  ferry-boat. 

Scowl,  skoul,  v.i.  [Same  as  Dan.  sJrule,  to 
scowl;  comp.  Icel.  skcela,  to  make  a  wry 
face.]  To  wrinkle  the  brows,  as  in  frovm- 
ing  or  displeasure;  to  let  the  brows  droop; 
to  look  sullen  or  angry;  to  look  gloomy, 
dark,  or  tempestuous.  —  n.  A  deep  angry 
frown  by  depressing  the  brows;  dark-  or 
tempestuous  aspect,  as  of  the  heavens; 
gloom.— Scowling,  skoul'ing,  a.  Charac- 
terized by  a  ecowl;  frowning  siiUenly. — 
Soowlingly,  skouring-li,ac;v.  In  a  scowl- 
ing manner;  with  a  sullen  look. 

Scrabble,  skrab'l,  v.i.  —  scrabbled,  scrab- 
bling. [A  dim.  of  scrape;  allied  to  scribble 
and  scramble.]  To  make  irregular,crooked 
marks;  to  scrawl;  to  scribble. — v.t.  To 
mark  with  irregular  lines  or  letters.— n.  A 
scribble;  a  scrawl. 

Scrag,  skrag,  n.  [Comp.  Gael,  screag, 
parched,shrivelled;Icel.sA;rofirfiisKfirr,  scrag- 
gy, gaunt;  Sc.  scrog,  a  st\intea  bush.] 
Something  thin  or  lean,  with  roughness. 
—Scrag  of  mutton,  the  bony  part  of  the 
neck  of  a  sheep's  carcass.  —  Scragged, 
skrag'ed,  a.  Rough  with  irregular  points; 
lean  with  roughness.  —  Scraggedness, 
skrag'ed-nes, «..— Scraggily,  skrag'i-lj.odv. 
Inascraggy  manner— Scragginess.skrag'- 
i-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
scragg:y;  leanness;  roughness.  —  Scraggy, 
skrag'i,  a.  Having  an  irregular  broken 
surface;  scragged;  lean;  bony. 

Scramble,  skram'bl,  v.i.— scrambled,  scram- 
bling.  [Akin  to  D.  scrammtn,  to  scratch; 
Ban.  skramle,  to  ramble;  Sw.  skramla,  to 
clatter;  also  to  scrabble,  scrape.]  To  move 
or  climb  by  the  aid  of  the  hands;  to  move 
on  all  fours;  to  snatch  eagerly  at  any- 
thing; to  struggle  to  get  before  others. — 
n.  The  act  of  scrambling;  an  eager  contest 
for  something,  in  which  one  endeavours 
to  get  the  thing  before  another.— Scram- 
bler, skram'bler,  n.  One  who  scrambles. 
—Scrambling,  skram'bling,  p.  and  a.  Ir- 
regular; straggling;  rambling.  —  Scram- 
blingly,  skram'bling-li,  adv.  In  a  scram- 
bling manner;  hurriedly. . 

Scrannel,  skran'el,a.  [Allied  to  Icel.  skran, 
refuse.]  Slight;  thin;  slender;  miserable 
C  scrannel  pipes  of  wretched  straw.'  Mil.). 

Scrap,  skrap,  n.  [Lit.  what  is  scraped; 
sameas  Icel.  skrap,  scraps,  trifles.  Scrape.] 
A  small  piece;  a  detached,  incomplete 
portion;  a  fragment;  a  fragment  of  some- 
thing written  or-  printed;  a  short  or  un- 
connected extract;  a  little  picture  suited 
to  go  along  with  others  for  ornamenting 
screens,  boxes,  &c.— Scrap-book,  n.  A  book 
for  the  preservation  of  prints,  engravings, 
i&c,  or  of  short  pieces  of  poetry  or  other 
extracts  from  books;  an  album.— Scrap- 
iron,  n.  Fragments  of  iron  accumulated 
for  remelting  or  working  up  together. — 
Scrap-metal,7t.  Fragments  of  metal  which 
are  only  of  use  for  remelting.  —  Scrappy, 
skrap'i,  a.    Consisting  of  scraps. 

Scrape,  skrap,  v.  t.  —  scraped,  scraping. 
I  Same  as  Icel.  skrapa,  scrape,  to  scratch; 
L.G.  and  D.  schrapen,  Dan.  skrabe,  to 
scrape;  akin  scrap.  Scramble,  perhaps 
sharp.]  To  rub  the  surface  of  with  a  sharp 
or  rough  instrument,  or  with  something 
hard;  to  deprive  of  the  surface  coating  by 
a  sharp  instrument;  to  grate  harshly  over; 
to  clean  with  something  sharp;  to  erase; 
to  collect  by  laborious  effort;  to  acquire, 
save,  or  gather  penuriously:  usually  with 
togetlier. — To  scrape  acauaintance  with  a 
person,  to  make  one's  self  acquainted,  lit. 
by  bowing  or  scraping;  to  insinuate  one's 
self  into  a  person's  acquaintiince.- v.i.  To 
roughen  or  remove  a  surface  by  rubbing; 
to  make  a  harsh  noise  by  rubbing;  to  play 
awkwardly  on  a  violin  or  such  like  instru- 
ment; to  rub  the  feet  on  the  ground;  to 
make  an  awkward  bow,  with  a  drawing 


back  of  the  foot.— n.  A  rubbing  with  some- 
thing hard  on  a  surface;  an  awkward  bow 
accompanied  with  a  scraping  of  the  foot; 
a  disagreeable  predicament;  a  difliculty; 
perplexity;  distress.— Scraper,  skra'p6r,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  scrapes;  an  instru- 
ment with  which  anything  is  scraped;  a 
metal  instrument  placed  at  or  near  the 
door  of  a  house,  upon  which  to  scrape  or 
clean  th6  shoes.  —  Scraping,  stoa'ping,  n. 
What  is  scraped  from  a  substance,  or  is 
collected  by  scraping. 

Scratch,  skrach.w.t.  [O.E.  cratch,to  scratch; 
same  as  O.D.  kratsen,  Sw.  kratsa,  Dan. 
kradse,  G.  kratzen,  to  scratch,  the  s  having 
been  prefixed  through  the  influence  of 
scrape,  &c.]  To  rub,  tear,  or  mark  the 
surface  of  with  something  sharp;  to  wound 
slightly  by  a  point  or  points;  to  scrape 
with  the  nails  so  as  not  to  wound;  to  write 

■  or  draw  awkwardly ;  to  dig  or  excavate 
with  the  .claws;  to  erase  or  blot  out;  to  ex- 
punge; hoi-se-racing,  to  erase  from  the  list 
of  horses  that  are  to  compete  in  the  race. 
— To  scratch  out,  to  erase;  to  obliterate. — 
v.i.  To  use  the  nails,  claws,  or  the  like,  in 
tearing  a  surface,  or  in  digging. — n.  A 
break  in  a  surface  mside  by  scratching ;  a 
slight  furrow;  a  score;  a  slight  wound ;  a 
superficial  laceration;  a  line  up  i,o  which 
boxers  are  brought  when  they  join  fight; 
hence  the  vulgar  phrase,  to  come  up  to  the 
scmtch,  meaning  to  stand  to  the  conse- 
quences, or  appear  when  expected. — a. 
Taken  at  random  or  haphazard;  heteroge- 
neous: hastily  collected  (a  scratch  company 

,,of  actors  or  of  cricketers).  —  Scratcher, 

'  skrach'6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
scratches ;  a  bird  which  scratches  for 
food,  as  the  common  fowl. — Scratchingly, 
skrach'ing-li,  adv.  With^  the  action  of 
scratching.  —  Scratch-weed,  n.  A  rough 
common  weed,  also  called  Goose-grass. — 
Scratch-wig,  n.  A  kind  of  wig  that  covers 
only  a  portion  of  the  head.  —  Scratch- 
work,  n.  A  species  of  fresco  consisting  of 
a  coloured  plaster  covered  with  a  white 
one,  through  which  a  design  is  scratched. 

Scrawl,  skri^l,  v.t.  [A  contracted  form  of 
scrabble;  comp.  D.  schravelen,  to  scratch.] 
To  draw  or  mark  awkwardly  and  irregu- 

.  larly;  to  write  awkwardly  or  imperfectly; 
to  scribble;  to  make'irregular  lines  or  bad 
writing  on. — v.i.  To  write  unskilfully  and 
inelegantly.  —  w.  A  piece  of  unskilful, 
hasty,  or  bad  writing.— Scrawler,  skra'lSr, 
n.    One  who  scrawls. 

Scray,  skra,  n.  [W.  yscraen,  the  scray.] 
The  sea-swallow;  the  common  tern. 

Screak,  skrek,  v.i.  [A  form  of  screech, 
sh^Hek  =  Sw.  skrika,  Icel.  skroekja,  to 
screak.]    To  scream  or  screech;  to  creak. 

Scream,  skrem,  v.i.  IComp.  Icel.  skramsa, 
to  scream;  probably  imitative,  like  screech, 
shriek,  &c.]  To  cry  out  with  a  shrill  voice; 
to  utter  a  sudden,  sharp  outcry,  as  in  a 
fright  or  in  extreme  pain ;  to  shriek ;  to 
give  out  a  shrill  sound. — n.  A  shriek,  or 
sharp  shrill  cry ;  a  sharp,  harsh  sound. — 
Screamer,  skre'mSr,  n.  One  that  screams; 
a  South  American  grallatorial  bird,  re- 
markable for  its  harsh  discordant  voice. 
— Screaming,  skre'ming,  p.  and  a.  Crying 
or  sounding  shrilly ;  causing  screams  of 
laughter  (a  screaming  farce). 

Screech,  skrech,  v.i.  [A  softened  form  of 
screak,  Icel.  skroekja,  Sw.  skrika,  Dan. 
skrige,  to  screech:  an  imitative  word; 
comp.  Bc.scraich,  Gael.  sgreach,to  screech.] 
To  cry  out  with  a  sharp,  shrill  voice ;  to 
shriek.— n.  A  sharp,  shrill  cry;  a  harsh 
scream;  a  sharp,  shrill  noise.— Screech- 
owl,  n.  An  owl  that  screeches,  in  opposi- 
tion to  one  that  hoots.— Screechy,  skrech'i, 
a.    Shrill  and  harsh;  like  a  screech. 

Screen,  skren,  n.  [O.  Fr.  escren,  escrein, 
escran,  Fr.  icran,  a  screen,  perhaps  from 
O.H.G.  skranna,  a  table.]  An  appliance 
or  article  that  shelters  from  the  sun,  rain, 
cold,  &c.,  or  from  sight;  a  kind  of  upright 
movable  framework  used  in  a  room  for 
excluding  cold,  or  intercepting  the  heat 
of  a  fire;  that  which  shelters,  protects,  or 
conceals;  a  kind  of  riddle  or  sieve;  a  sieve 
used  for  sifting  earth  or  seeds;  a  wire 
sieve  for  sifting  sand,  lime,  &c.;  arch,  an 
ornamental  partition  of  v;ood,  stone,  or 
metal  in  a  church.— n.i.  To  shelter  or  pro- 


tect from  inconvenience,  injury,  or  dau.gef; 
to  cover;  to  conceal;  to  sift  by  passing 
through  a  screen.  —  Screenings,  skrcn'- 
ingz,  n.  pi.  The  refuse  matter  left  after 
sifting  coal,  &c. 

Screes,  skrez,  n.  p^l.  [Comp.  Icel.  skritlm, 
a  landslip  on  a  hill-side.]  Debris  of  rocks; 
shingle;  loose  stones. 

Screw,  skrO,  n.  [Same  as  Dan.  skrue,  Sw. 
skruf,  Icel.  skrtlfa,  D.'  sehroef,  O.  D. 
schroeve,  L.  G.  schruwe,  G.  schravJbe,  a 
screw.]  A  cylinder  of  wood  or  me  :al  hav- 
ing a  spiral  ridge  (the  thread)  winding 
round  it  in  a  uniform  manner,  so  that  the 
successive  turns  are  all  exactly  the  same 
distance  from  each  other,  and  a  correspon- 
ding spiral  groove  is  produced:  it  fyrms 
one  of  the  six  mechanical  powers,  and  is 
simply  a  modification  of  the  inclin^id 
plane,  the  energy  being  transmitted  by 

.  means  of  a  hollow  cylinder  (the  feniule 
screw)  of  equal  diameter  with  the  solid 
one  (male  screw),  having  a  spiral  channel 
cut  on  its  inner  surface  so  as  to  correspoal 
exactly  to  the  spiral  ridge  raised  upon  the 
solid  cylinder;  also,  a  screw-propeller  or  a 
screw-steamer;  one  who  makes  a  sharp 
baa-gain ;  a  skin-flint;  a  small  quantity  of 
tobacco  twisted  up  in  a  piece  of  paper. — 
Archimedean  screw.  Archimedean.— jE-nt?- 
less  screw.  Ei^BLESs.-Right  and  left  screw, 
a.  screw  of  which  the  threads  upon  the  op- 
posite ends  run  in  diflferent  directions. — 
Screw  propeller,  an  apparatus  which,  be- 
ing fitted  to  ships  and  driven  by  steam, 
propels  them  through  the  water,  and 
which,  in  all  its  various  forms,  is  a  modi- 
fication of  the  common  screw. — A  screw 
loose,  something  defective  or  wrong  v/ith 
a  scheme  or.  individual.  —  To  put  on  the 
screw,  to  bring  pressure  to  bear  on  a  per- 
son, often  for  the  purpose  of  getting 
money. — To  put  under  the  screiv,  to  influ- 
ence by  strong  pressure;  to  coerce.— t'.t. 
To  apply  a  screw  to;  to  press,  fasten,  or 
make  firm  by  a  screw ;  to  forca  as  l>y  a 
screw ;  to  wrench ;  to  twist ;  to  raclc;  to 
oppress  by  exactions ;  to  distort.  —  T:> 
screw  down,  to  fasten  do%vn  by  means  of 
screws.— J'o  screw  in,  to  force  in  by  screw- 
ing or  twisting  round.— 7'o  screw  out,  to 
force  out  by  turning;  fig.  to  extort.— To 
screw  up,  to  fix  up  by  screws ;  fig.  to  raise 
extortionately.— Screw-bolt,  n.  A  piece  of 
iron,  with  a  knob  or  flat  head  at  one  end 
and- a  screw  at  the  other,  used  to  join  tOr 
gether  pieces  of  timber,  &c.— Screw-driver, 
n.  An'instrument  resembling  a  blunt 
chisel  for  driving  in  or  drawing  out  sere v/- 
nails.— Screwer,  skro'6r,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  screws.  —  Screw-jack,  n.  .  A 
portable  machine  for  raising  great  weights 
bj'  the  agency  of  a  screw.  Jack.— Screw- 
key,  n.  An  implement  for  iurning  screws 
or  nuts  by  catching  them  in  its  jaws. — 
Screw-nail,  n.  A  nail  the  lower  part  of 
which  forms  a  screw,  and  which  has  a 
notch  across  its  head.  —  Screw -pine,  n. 
The  common  name  for  useful  trees  whicii 
are  natives  of  the  East  Indies,  New  (Gui- 
nea, &c.,  and  are  remarkable  for  being 
supported  above  the  ground  by  their 
aerial  or  adventitious  roots.— Screw-press, 
n.  A  machine  for  communicating  pressure 
by  means  of  a  screw  or  screws.— Screw- 
propeller,  n.  A  ship's  screw.  —  Screw- 
steamer,  n.  A  steamship  driven  by  a  screw- 
propeller.  —  Screw-yalve,  n.  A  stop-cock 
with  a  valve  opened  and  shut  by  a  screvi'. 
—  Screw-wrench,  n.  An  implement  for 
turning  large  screws;  a  screw-key. 

Scribble,  skrib'l,  v.t.— scribbled,  scribbling. 
[Based  partly  on  scrabble,  partly  on  L. 
scrifto,  to  write;  comp.  O.H.Q.  skribetn,to 
scribble.  1  To  write  with  haste,  or  without 
care;  to  fill  with  careless  or  worthless  writ- 
ing.— v.i.  To  scrawl;  to  write  without  care 
or  beauty. — n.  Hasty  or  careless  writing ; 
a  scrawl.- Scribbler,  skrib'ler,Ji.  One  who 
scribbles  or  writes  carelessly  or  badly ;  a 
petty  author;  a  writer  of  no  reputation. — 
Scribbling,  skrib'ling,  a.  Fitted  or  adap- 
ted for  being  scribbled  on.— w.  The  act  of 
writing  hastily  and  carelessly. 

Scribble,  skrib'l,  v.t.  [Sw.  skruhbla,  G. 
sehrabbeln,  to  card,  to  scribble.]  To  <:-:\r'\ 
or  tease  coarsely;  to  submit,  as  r'o'r'.>  ■ 
wool,  to  a  first  rough  teasing  or  cjni;  . 


f  h,  c/taic;     ch,  Sc,  locft;     g,  go;    j,  ;ob;     n,  Fr.  tow;     ng,  sing;     th,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig 


wh,  wJdg; 


zh,  asnre, 


SCKIBE 


610 


SCURF 


—  Scribbler,  skrib'Ur,  n.  The  machine 
which  scribbles  or  teases  cotton  or  wool. 

Boribe,  skrib,  n.  [Fr.  scribe,  from  L.  scriba,' 
a  clerk,  a  secretary,  from  scribo,  scriptum, 
to  writij;  seen  also  in  ascribe,  describe,  in- 
scribe, subscribe,  scripture,  postscript,  &c.  | 
One  who  writes;  a  penman;  one  skilled  in 
penmanship;  a  secretary;  an  amanuensis; 
a  notary ;  a  copyist ;  a  writer  and  doctor 
of  the  law  among  the  ancient  Jews;  one 
who  read  and  explained  the  law  to  the 
people. — v.t.— scribed,  scribing.  ,Carp.  to 
mark  by  a  rule  or  compasses;  to  mark  for 
fitting  accurately. —  Scriber,  skrib'6r,  Ji. 
A  tool  used  by  joiners  for  marking  lines  on 
wood. — Scribing-iron,  n.  An  iron-pointed 
instrument  for  marking  casks  or  timlier. 

Scrimmage,  Scrummage,  skrim'aj,  skrum'- 
aj,  n.  [Corruption  of  skirmish.]  A  skir- 
mish ;  a  confused  contest ;  a  tussle ;  in 
football,  a  confused,  close  struggle  round 
the  ball. 

Scrimp,  gkrimp,  v.t.  [Dan.  skruaipe,  Sw.- 
skrumpna,  L.G.  schrumpen,  to  shrink,  to 
shrivel;  akin  to  A.  Sax.  scrimman,  to 
wither  or  shrivel.]  To  make  too  small  or 
short;  to  scant;  to  limit  or  straiten. — a. 
Scanty;  deficient;  contracted.  —  Scrimi>- 
ness,  skrimp'nes,  n.    Scantiness. 

Scrip,  skrip,  n.  [Same  as  Icel.  skreppa,  Dan. 
skreppe,  L.G.  schrap,  Fris.  skrap;a,  bag,  a 
wallet;  akin  scrap.}  A  small  bag;  a  wallet; 
a  satchel. 

Scrip,  skrip,  n.  [For  script,  L.  scriptum, 
something  written,  from  scribo,  to  write. 
ScniBE.)  A  small  writing;  a  certificate  or 
schedule ;  com.  a  certificate  of  stock  sub- 
scribed to  a  bank- or  other  company;  an 
interim  writing  entitlinga  party  to  a  share 
or  shares  in  any  company,  exchanged  after 
registration  for  a  formal  certificate.  — 
Scrip-holder,  n.  One  who  holds  shares  or 
stock  by  a  written  certificate  or  scrip-. 

Script,  skript,  n.  [L.  scriptum,  something 
written.  Scrip.]  Printing,  type  resem- 
bling or  in  imitation  of  handwriting; 
I'.itD,  the  original  or  principal  document  — 
Scriptorium,  skrip-to'ri-um,  n.  [L.,  from 
icriptor,  a  writer.]  A  room  set  apart  for 
the  writing  or  copying  of  manuscripts;  a 
writing-room.  —  Scriptory,  skrip'to-ri,-  a. 
[  L.  scriptorius.]  Expressed  in  writing;  not 
verbal;  written. 

Scripture,  skrip 'tor,  n.  [L.  seriptura,  a 
writing,  from  scribo,  scriptum,  to  write. 
ScitiBE.]  The  books  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments;  the  Bible:  used  by  way  of 
eminence  and  distinction,  and  often  in 
the  plural  preceded  by  the  definite  article 
(the  Scriptures);  what  is  contained  in  the 
Scriptures;  a  passage  or  quotation  from 
the  Scriptures;  a  Bible  text.— a.  Relating 
to  the  Bible  or  the  Scriptures;  scriptural 
[Scripture  history).— Scriptural,  sknp'tur- 
al,  a.  Contained  in  or  according  to  the 
Scriptures;  biblical.— Scripturally,  skrip'- 
tur-al-li,  adv.  In  a  scriptural  manner. — 
Scriptnralism,  skrip'tur-al-izm,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  scriptural;  literal  adher- 
ence to  Scripture.— Scripturalness,  skrip'- 
tOr-al-nes,  n.   Quality  of  being  scriptural. 

—  Scripturalist,  skrip'tflr-al-ist,  n.  One 
who  adheres  literally  to  the  Scriptures.— 
Scripture -reader,  n.  One  employed  to 
read  the  Bible  in  private  houses  among 
the  poor  and  ignorant.  —  Scripturist, 
fkrip'tur-ist,  n.  One  well  versed  in  the 
Scriptures. 

Scrivener,  skriv'nSr,  n.  [O.  Fr.  eserivain 
(with  E.  term,  -er  added).  It.  scrivano, 
from  L.L.  scribanus,  from  L.  scribo,  to 
write.  Scribe.]  Formerly,  a  notary;  a 
money-broker;  a  financial  agent. 

Bcrobiculate,  skro-bik'Q-lat,  o.  [L.  sero- 
hicitlus,  a  little  furrow,  from  scrobs,  a  fur- 
row.]   Bot.  furrowed  or  pitted. 

Scrofula,  skrofa-la,  n.  [L.  scro/uZce,  a  swell- 
ing of  the  glands  of  the  neck,  scrofula.] 
A  disease,  a  variety  of  consumption,  due 
to  a  deposit  of  tubercle  in  the  glandular 
and  bony  tissues,  and  generally  showing 
jtfelf  by  hard  indolent  tumours  of  the 
glands,  particularly  in  the  neck,  which 
after  a  time  suppurate  and  degenerate 
into  ulcers.  —  Scrofulous,  skrofa-lus,  a. 
Pertaining  to  scrofula;  diseased  or  affected 
■with  scrofula.- Scrofulously,  skrofa-lus- 
1i,  adv.— Scrofnlonsness,  skrof'a-lus-nes,  n. 


Scroll,  skrol,  n.  [O.Fr.  eskrol,  escrou  (Fr. 
ecrmi),  a  scrolh  a  register;  probably  from 
the  Teutonic;  comp.  Icel.  skrd,  a  scroll, 
Sw.  skra,a.  short  writing.]  A  roll  of  paper 
or  j'archnieut;  a  writing  formed  into  a 
roll  a  list  or  schedule;  an  ornament  of  a 
son  -.vhat  spiral  form ;  the  volute  of  the 
lonio  and  Corinthian  capitals;  the  curved 
head  of  instruments  of  the  violin  family; 
a  kind  of  volute  at  a  ship's  bow;  a  flourish 
added  to  a  person's  name  in  signing. — 
Scrolled,  skrold,  a.  Inclosed  in  a  scroll 
or  roll;  formed  into  a  scroll ;  omatoented 
with  scrolls.  —  Scroll-head,  n.  An  orna- 
ment at  the  bow  of  a  ship. 
Scrotum,  skro'tum,  n.  [L.]  The  bag  which 
contains  the  testicles.— Scrotal,  skro'tal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  scrotum.  —  Scrotiform, 
skro'ti-form,  a.  Bot.  formed  like  a  double 
bag.— Scrotocele,  skro'to-sel,  n.  [Scrotum, 
and  Gr.  kele,  a  tumour.]  A  scrotal  hernia. 
Scrub,  skrub,  v.  t.  —  scrubbed,  scrubbing. 
[Same  as  Sw.  skrubba,  Dan.  skruhbe,  D. 
sehrobben,  L.G.  schrubben,  to  scrub;  allied 
to  scrape,  scrabble,  or  from  rub,  with  in- 
itial ac,  sk,  iutens.i  To  rub  hard,  as  with 
a  brush  or  With  something  rough,  for  the 
purpose  of  cleaning,  scouring,  or  making 
bright;  to  scour  by  rubbing.— y.i.  To  be 
diligent  and  penurious.  —  n.  A  worn-out 
brush;  a  mean  fellow;  one  that  labou*« 
hard  and  lives  meanly;  something  small 
and  mean. — a.  Mean;  scrubby.— Scrubbed, 
skrub'ed,a.  Scrubby.— Scrubber,  skrub'^r, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  scrubs;  a  hard 
broom  or  brush.  —  Scrubby,  skrub'i,  a. 
Small  and  mean;  insignificant;  stunted  in 
growth. 

Scrub,  skrub,  n.  [Same  word  as  ahrnh, 
A.  Sax.  scrob,  Dan.  dial,  skrub,  a  shrub.] 
Close,  low,  or  stunted  trees  or  brushwood; 
low  underwood.— Scrub-oak,  n.  A  stunted 
species  of  oak  in  America. 
Scrummage.  Scrimmage. 
Scrunsh,  skrunsh,  v.t.  [From  crvnch,  with 
8  intens.]  To  crunch;  to  grind  down. 
Scruple,  skro'pl,  n.  [Fr.  «cn<p«Ze,  a  scruple, 
from  L.  serup^dus,  lit.  a  little  sharp  stone 
(dim.  of  serupus,  a  sharp  stone),  the 
twenty-fourth  part  of  anything,  a  trifling 
matter  causing  doubt  or  anxiety,  doubt, 
uneasiness.]  A  weight  of  20  grains;  the 
third  part  of  a  dram,  or  the  twenty -fourth 
part  of  an  ounce  in  the  old  apothecaries* 
measure;  any  small  quantity  (Shak.); 
hesitation  as  to  action  from  perplexity; 
doubt,  hesitation,  or  perplexity  arising 
from  motives  of  conscience;  a  point  cau- 
sing hesitation;  dubiety.— v.i.— scrupled, 
scrupling.  To  have  scruples;  to  hesitate; 
to  doubt:  often  followed  by  an  infinitive. 
— Scrupler,  skro'plfer,  n.  One  who  scru- 
ples. —  Scrupulosity,  'skro-pu-los'i-ti,  n. 
[L.  scr^ipulositas.']  Scrupulousness;  nice 
regard  to  exactness  and  propriety;  hesi- 
tation from  fear  of  acting  wrongly.  — 
Scrupulous^  skrO'pu-lus,  a.  [L.  scrupvlo- 
8KS.]  Full  of  scruples;  hesitating  to  de- 
termine or  to  act;  cautious  in  decision; 
careful;  exact  in  regarding  facts;  precise; 
punctilious.— Scrupulously,  skro'pu-lus-li, 
adv.  In  a  scrupulous  manner;  carefully; 
precisely.  —  Scrupulousness,  skro'pO-lus- 
nea,  n.  The  state  or  qul&lity  of  being  scru- 
pulous; scrupulosity;  exactness;  precise- 
ness. 

Scrutiny,  skr6'ti-ni,n.  [L.  scruiiniuml  from 
scrutor,  to  search  carefully,  to  rummage, 
from  sciitta,  trash,  frippery.]  Close  inves- 
tigation or  examination;  a  minute  in- 
quiry; a  critical  examination;  an  exami- 
nation by  a  competent  authority  of  the 
votes  given  at  an  election, for  the  purpose 
of  correcting  the  poll.  —  Scrutineer,  sKr8- 
ti-ner',  n.  One  who  scrutinizes;  one  who 
acts  as  an  examiner  of  votes,  as  at  an  elec- 
tion. &c.  —  Scrutinize,  skra'ti-niz,  v.t.— 
scrutinized,  scrutinizing.  To  subject  to 
scrutiny;  to  investigate  closely ;  to  examine 
or  inquire  into  criticallj'.  —  v.i.  To  make 
scrutiny.  —  Scrutinizer,  skrd'ti-ni-z^r,  n. ' 
One  who  scrutinizes.  —  Scrutinous,  skrft'- 
tin-us,  a.  Closely  inquiring  or  examining. 
— Scrutinously,  skro'tin-us-li.adv.  Search- 
ingly. 

Scrutoire,  skrvj-twar',  n.    An  escritoire. 
Scud,  aknd,v.i.—seudded,  scudding.  [Comp. 
Sw.  skutta,  to  run  quickly;  akin  perhaps 


to  sfwot.]  To  run  quickly  or  with  precipi- 
tation; to  4y  with  haste;  naut.  to  run  be- 
fore a  tempest  with  little  or  no  sail  spread. 
— n.  The  act  of  scudding;  loose  vapoury 
clouds  driven  swiftly  by  the  wind. — Scud- 
der,  skud'er,  n.    One  who  scuds. 

Scudo,  sko'do.  n.  pi.  Scudi,  fko'de.  [It., 
lit.  a  coin  marked  with  a  shield,  a  crown- 
piece,  from  Ij.scuium,  a  shield.]  An  Italian 
silver  coin  of  different  value  in  the  differ- 
ent states  in  which  it  was  issued;  the  mod- 
ernpiece  of  5  lire  (about  4s.). 

Scuffle,  skuf'l,  v.i.—scvffied,  scuffling.  [Freq. 
akin  to  A.  Sax.  sciifan,  Sw.  skuffa,  to 
shove;  same  word  as  shuffle.  Shove.]  To 
struggle  or  contend  with  close  grapple;  to 
fight  tuniultuously  or  confusedly. —  n.  A 
struggle  in  which  the  combatants  grapple 
clos«lj';  any  confused  quarrel  or  contest; 
a  tumultuous  fight.— Scuffler,  skuf'ler,  n. 
One  who  scuflles. 

Sculk,  skulk,  v.i.    Same  as  Skulk. 

Scull,  skul,  n.    Same  as  Skull. 

Scull,  skul,  n.  [Origin  uncertain;  perhaps 
akin  to  sliell.]  An  oar  so  short  that  one 
man  can  manage  two,  one  on  each  side; 
an  oar  when  used  to  propel  a  boat  by  being 
placed  over  the  stem  and  worked  from 
side  to  side. — v.t.  To  propel  by  sculls,  or 
by  moving  and  turning  an  oar  over  the 
stern.- Sculler,  skul'6r,n.  One  who  sculls; 
a  boat  rowed  by  sculls. 
i  Scullery,  skul'er-i,  n.  [Perhaps  from  O.Fr. 
escuelle,  escuele,  a,  bowl,  from  L.  scutella, 
dim.  of  scutra,  a  dish.]    A  place  where 

'  culinary  utensils  are  cleaned  and  kept ;  a 
back  kitchen. 

Scullion,  skul'yon,  n.  [O.Fr.  escouillon,  a 
dish-clout,  from  L.  scopce,  a  broom.]  A 
servant  that  does  menial  services  in  the 
kitchen  or  scullery;  a  low,  mean,  worth- 
less fellow.  —  SculUonly,  skul'yon-U,  a. 
Base;  low;  mean. 

Sculpm,  skul'pin,  n.  A  kind  of  small  sea- 
fish. 

Sculpture,  skulp'tar,n.  [Fr.  sculpture,  from 
L.  sculptura,  from  sculpo,  sculptuni  (also 
scalpo),  to  grave  or  carve,  same  root  as 
ficrioo,  to  write;  Gr.  graphJO,  to  write;  E. 
to  j;rai»e.]  The  art  of  carving,  cutting,  or 
hewing  stone  or  other  materials  into 
images  ot  men,  beasts,  Ac;  carved  work; 
a  figure  cut  in  stone  op  other  solid  sub- 
stance, representing  some  real  or  imagi- 
nary object. — v.t. — sculptured,  sculpturing. 
To  represent  in  sculpture ;  to  carve.  — 
Sculptor,  skulp'tor,  n.  One  who  sculp- 
tures; one  who  carves  or  hews  figures.— 
Sculptural,  skulp'tu-ral,  a.  Pertaining  to 
sculpture.  —  Sculpturally,  skulptn-ral-li, 
adv.  By  means  of  sculpture.  —  Sculptur- 
esque, skulp'tO-resk,  a.  Possessing  the 
character  of  sculpture;  after  the  manner 
of  sculpture. 

Scum,  skum,  n.  [Same  as  Sw.  and  Dan. 
skum,  G.  schaum,  D.  schuim,  O.H.6.  sdm, 
scum,  from  a  root  meaning  to  cover  (seen 
in  sky,  Ac).  Skim  is  a  derivative  verb.] 
The  extraneous  matter  which  rises  to  the 
surface  of  liquors  in  boiling  or  fermenta- 
tion; the  scoria  of  molten  metals;  refuse; 
recrement. — v.t. — scummed,  scumming.  To 
take  the  scum  from;  to  clear  off  the  im- 
pure matter  from  the  surface.  —  v.i.  To 
throw  up  scum;  to  be  covered  with  scum. 
— Scummer,  skum'fer,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  scums.— Scummings,  skum'ingz,  n. 
pi.  The  matter  skimmed  from  boiling 
liquors.  —  Skummy,  skum'i,  a.  Covered 
with  scum. 

Scumble,  skumTil,  v.t.  —  scumbled,  scum- 
bling. [Freq.  of  scum.]  Painting,  to  cover 
thinly  with  semi-opaque  colours  to  modify 
the  effect.  —  Scumbling,  skumTiling,  n. 
The  toning  down  of  a  picture  by  semi- 
transparent  colours. 

Scupper,  skup'er,  n.  [Connected  with  scoop, 
or  from  O.Fr.  and  Sp.  iscupir,  to  spit; 
Armor,  skopa,  to  spit.]  A  channel  cut 
through  the  side  of  a  ship  for  carrying  off 
the  water  from  the  deck.  —  Scupper -hole, 
n.  A  scupper.  —  Scupper-hose,  n.  A  lea- 
thern pipe  attached  to  the  mouth  of  the 
scuppers  to  prevent  water  from  entering. 

Semi,  sktrf,  n.  (A.  Sax.  scurf,  scurf;  Icel. 
skurfur  (pi.),  Dan.  akurv,   Sw.  skorf,  G. 

scJwrf,  scurf;  allied  to  scrape.]    Matter 

composed  of  minute  portions  of  the  dry 


^'ite,  far,  fat,  f«ll;     me,  met,  hfer;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tObe,  tuh>  bull ;     oil,  pound;     a,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  «. 


SCURRILE 


Gil 


SEA 


external  scales  of  the  cuticle,  which  Is 
continually  being  detached  from  the  sur- 
face of  the  body;  a  layer  of  matter  adher- 
ing to  a  surface;  bot.  the  loose  scaly  mat- 
ter that  is  found  on  some  leaves,  &c. — 
Scurflness,  sk6r'fi-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  scurfy.— Scurfy,  sker'fi,  a.  Covered 
■with  scurf;  resembling  scurf. 

Scurrile,  skur'ril,  a.  [  L.  scurrilis,  from 
scurra,  a  buffoon,  a  jester.]  Such  as  befits 
a  buffoon  or  vulgar  jester;  low;  scurrilous. 
—Scurrility,  skur-ril'i-ti,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  scurrilous;  that  which  is  skurn- 
lous;  low,  vulgar,  abusive  language;  gross- 
ness  of  abuse  or  invective;  obscene  jests, 
&c.— Scurrilous,  skur'ri-lus,  a.  .Using  low 
and  indecent  language;  containing  low 
abuse;  foul;  vile;  obscenely  jocular;  oppro- 
brious ;  abusive.  —  Sci^rrilously,  skuPri- 
lus-li,  adv.  In  a  scurrilous  manner;  with 
gross  abuse.  —  Scurrilousness,  skur'ri-lus- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  scurrilous; 
scurrility. 

Scurry,  skur'ri,  v. i.— scurried,  scurrying, 
[Comp.  scour.^  To  run  rapidly;  to  hurry. 
—n.  Hurry;  haste. 

Scurvy.,^k6r'vi,  n.  [From  scurf.]  A  disease 
characterized  by  livid  spots  and  general 
bodily  exliaustioa,  affecting  persons  who 
are  deprived  of  fresh  provisions  and  a  due 
quantity  of  vegetable  food,  and  which  is 
successfully  treated,  both  as  a  preventive 
and  as  a  curative  agent,  by  lime  or  lemou 
juice. — a.  Vile-,  mean;  low;  mischievous; 
malicious.— Sourvily,  sk6r'vi-li,adi).  Base- 
ly; meanly;  with  coarse  and  vulgar  in- 
civility.—Scurvlnesg,  skfer'vi-nes,  ji.  Mean- 
ness ;  vileness.- Scurvy-grass,  n.  [A  cor- 
ruption of  scurvy-cress,  being  used  as  a 
cure  for  scurvy.  ]  The  common  name 
of  several  British  species  of  cruciferous 
plants,  with  leaves  that  are  eaten  as  a 
salad,  and  are  anti-scorbutic. 

Scut,  skut,  n.  [Comp.  W.  cut,  a  tail.]  A 
short  tail  such  as  that  of  a  hare  or  deer. 

Scutage,  skQ'taj,  n.  (L.L.  scutagium,  from 
L.  scutum,  a  shield.]  A  tax  on  feudal 
tenants  holding  lands  by  knight's  service: 
escuage.— Scutate,  ska'tat,  a.  Bot.  formed 
like  an  ancient  round  buckler ;  zool.  pro- 
tected or  covered  by  large  scales. 

Scutch,  skuch.v.t:  [Perhaps  same  as  scotch, 
to  cut,  to  strike.]  To  dress  by  beating;  to 
separate  the  woody  parts  of  the  stalks  of 
flax  by  beating.— Scutch,  Scutcher,  skuch, 
skuch'fer,  n.  An  implement  or  machine 
for  scutching. 

Scutcheon,  skuch'on,  n,    [A  contr.  of  es- 

■  cutcheon.]  A  shield  for  armorial  bearings; 
an  escutcheon;  the  ornamental  cover  or 
frame  to  a  key-hole. 

Scute,  skat,  n.  [L.  scutum,  a  buckler.]  A 
scale,  as  of  a  reptile,  especially  a  large 
scale.  —  Scutel,  skQ'tel,  n.  Same  as  Scu- 
tellum.—Scutellsk,  skQ-tel'la,  n.  pi.  Scutel- 
lae,  ska-tel'l5.  [L.J  One  of  the  plates  on 
the  feet  of  birds.— Scutellate,  ska'tel-lat, 
o.  Formed  like  a  plate;  covered  with  scu- 
tellae.  —  ScutelUform,  skn-tel'li-form,  a. 
Scutellate;  saucer -shaped.  —  Scutellum, 
ska-tel'lum,n.  pi.  Scutella,  skQ-tel'la.  [L., 
dim.  of  scwtum,  a  shield.]  Bot.  the  smaller 
cotyledon  of  wheat;  the  little  cup  or -disc 
in  lichens,  containing  tubes  filled  with 
sporulesj  entom.  a  part  of  the  thorax  of 
insects.— Scutiform,  sku'ti-ferm,  a.  Hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  buckler  or  shield. 

Sctttter,  skut'fer,  v.i.  [Allied  to  scud;  comp. 
scuttle,  to  run.]  To  run  or  scuttle  away 
with  short  quick  steps.    [Colloq.] 

Scuttle,  skut'l,  n.  [A.  Sax.  scutel,  from  L. 
scutalla,  dim.  of  scutra,  a  dish  or  platter.j 
A  broad  shallow  basket;  a  wide-mouthed 
metal  pan  or  pail  for  holding  coals. 

Scuttle,  skut'l,  n.  [Probably  for  shuttle,  a 
dim.  from  the  verb  to  shut.]  A  square  hole 
in  the  wall  or  roof  of  a  house,  with  a  lid ; 
the  lid  itself;  naut.  a  small  hatchway  with 
a  lid  for  covering  it;  a  hole  in  the  side  of 
a  BhiD.—^.t.—scuttled,  scuttling.  Naut.  to 
sink  by  making  holes  through  the  bottom. 
—Scuttle-butt,  Scuttle-cask,  n.  A  cask 
with  a  hole  in  it,  covered  by  a  lid,  for  hold- 
ing fresh  water  for  daily  use  in  a  ship. 

Scuttle,  skut'l,  v.i.— scuttled,  scuttling.  [For 
scuddle,  a  freq.  of  scud.]  To  run  with  af- 
fected precipitation;  to  hurry  .—n.  A  quick 
pace;  a  short  run. 


Scutum,  ska'tum,7t.  [L.,  a  shield.]  A  shield- 
shaped  plate;  a  scute. 

Scye,  si,  n.  The  curve  in  a  piece  of  a  gar- 
ment to  receive  the  sleeve. 

Scymetar,  Scymitar,  sim'i-t6r,  n.  A  scimi- 

Sc3rphug,  ski'fus,  n.  [Or.  skyphos,  a  cup  or 
goblet.]  Bot.  the  coronet  or  cup  of  such 
plants  as  narcissus. 

Scythe,  sIth,  n.  [Better  written  sithe:  A. 
Sax.  sithe  for  sigthe,  the  older  form=Icel. 
sigth;  from  root  of  sickle.]  An  instrument 
used  in  mowing  or  reaping,  consisting  of 
a  long  curving  blade  fixed  to  a  handle, 
which  is  swung  by  both  arms.- r. t. — 
scythed,  scything,  'i'o  mow ;  to  cut  with  a 
scythe.— Scythed.siTHd,  a.  Having  scythes 
attached  to  the  wheels,  as  ancient  war 
chariots.— Scytheman,  siTH'man,  n.  One 
who  uses  a  scythe.— Scythe-stone,  n.  A 
whetstone  for  sharpening  scythes. 

Scythian,  sith'i-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Scy- 
</iia,  the  ancient  name  given  to  a  vast 
territory  north  and  east  of  the  Black  Sea, 
the  Caspian,  and  the  Sea  of  Aral.— «.  A 
native  of  Scythia. 

Sea,  s5,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sae,  sea  or  lake  =  D.  see, 
zee,  Dan.  86,  Icel.  S(er,  Q.  see,  Goth,  saivs.] 
The  continuous  mass  of  salt  water  which 
covers  great  part  of  the  earth;  the  ocean; 
some  special  portion  of  this  (the  Polar  Sea, 
the  Black  Sea);  a  name  of  certain  lakes, 
especially  when  large  (the  Caspian  Sea, 
the  Sea  of  Galileeh  a  large  wave ;  a  surge 
(the  vessel  shipped  a  sea);  the  swell  of  the 
ocean ;  set  of  the  waves ;  any  large  quan- 
tity (a  sea  of  difficulties);  a  flood. — ^t  sea, 
on  the  open  sea;  out  of  sight  of  land;  in  a 
vague  uncertain  condition;  wide  of  the 
mark.— At  full  sea,  at  high  water;  hence, 
at  the  height.— Beyond  the  sea  or  sects,  out 
of  the  realm  or  country.— Cross  sea,  chop- 
ping sea,  waves  moving  in  different  direc- 
tions.—TAe  four  seas,  the  seas  bounding 
Britain  on  the  north,  south,  east,  and 
west.— To  go.  to  sea,  to  follow  the  sea, -to 
follow  the. occupation  of  a  eailot.—Half. 
seas  over,  half  drunk.— T/ie  high  seas  or 
main  sea,  the  open  ocean.— Sea-acorn,  n. 
A  cirriped,  called  also  barnacle. — Sea-ane- 
mone, w.    The  popular  name  given  to  the 

■  actiniae.- Sea-bear,  n.  The  white  or  Polar 
bear;  a  species  of  seal  whose  fur  is  of  high 
value.— Sea-beat,  Sea-beaten,  a.  Beaten 
by  the  sea;  lashed  by  the  waves.— Sea- 
bird,  n.  One  of  those  birds  that  frequent 
the  sea.— Sea-blubber,  n.  A  jelly-fish.- 
Sea-board,  n.  [Sea,  and  board,  Fr.  bord, 
side.]  The  sea-coast;  the  country  border- 
ing on  the  sea— a.  Bordering  on  the  sea. 
—Sea-boat,  n.  A  vessel  considered  as  re- 
gards her  capacity  of  withstanding  a  storm 
or  the  force  of  the  sea.— Sea-bom,  a.  Bom 
of  the  sea;  produced  by  the  sea.— Sea- 
bream,  n.  Bkeam.  —  Sea-cabbage,  Sea- 
kale,  n.  A  kind  of  cabbage  found  on  sandy 
shores  of  the  sea. — Sea-calf,  n.  The  com- 
mon seal.— Sea-captain,  n.  The  captain 
of  a  ship.- Sea-cat,  n.  The  wolf-fish. — 
Sea-coal,  n.  Coal  brought  by  sea,  a  name 
formerly  used  for  mineral  coal  in  distinc- 
tion from  charcoal.  -^  Sea-coast,  n.  The 
land  immediately  adjacent  to  the  sea;  the 
coast. — Sea-cow,  n.  A  namo  given  to  the 
dugong  and  the  manatee.— -Sea-cucumber, 
n.  A  name  given  to  several  of  the  holo- 
thurians;  the  trepang  or  beche-de-mer. 
—Sea-devil,  n.  The  fishing-frog  or  toad- 
fish.— Sea-dog,  n.  The  doK-fish ;  the  com- 
mon seal;  a  sailor  who  has  been  long  afloat 
(colloq.).  —  Sea-dragon,  n.  A  name  given 
to  the  dragonets,  fishes  of  the  goby 
family. — Sea-dnck,  n.  One  of  the  ducks 
that  frequent  the  sea. — Sea-eagle,  re.  The 
white-tailed  eagle  of  Europe;  the  bald- 
eagle  of  America,  found  generally  on  the 
sea-coast,  as  it  is  a  fish-loving  bird;  the 
eagle  ray,  a  fish  of  the  Mediterranean  and 
warmer  seas. — Sea-ear,  n.  The  ear-shell. 
—Sea-eel,  n.  A  conger  or  other  eel  of  the 
sea.  —  Sea-egg.  n.  A  sea-urchin.  —  Sea- 
elephant,  re.  A  huge  seal  of  the  southern 
hemisphere  that  has  the  nose  prolonged 
into  a  sort  of  proboscis. — Seaf  arer,se'f  ar-6r, 
n.  A  traveller  by  sea;  a  mariner. — Seafar- 
ing, s5'f  ar-ing,  a.  Following  the  business  of 
a  seaman. — Sea-fennel,  w.  Samphire.— Sea- 
figl)t,  re.    An'  engagement  between  ships 


at  sea.— Sea-fir.  re.  A  popular  name  ap- 
plied to  those  hydrozoathat  have  a  branch- 
ing polypite  somewhat  resembling  the  fir. 
•^Sea-fish,  re.  Any  fish  that  lives  usually 
in  salt  water. — Sea-fowl,  re.  Any  bird  that 
lives  by  the  sea  and  procures  its  food  from 
it.— Sea-fox,  re.  A  kind  of  shark,  12  to  15 
feet  in  length,  and  having  the  upper  lobe 
of  the  tail  remarkably  long;  called  also 
thresher,  because  of  lashing  other  animals 
with  its  tail,  —Sea-gage,  Sea-gauge,  re.  The 
<lepth  that  a  vessel  sinks  in  the  water;  an 
instrument  for  ascertaining  the  depth  of 
the  sea.— Sea-gillifiower,  re.  The  sea-pink. 
—  kiea-glrt,  a.  Surrounded  by  the  sea; 
forming  an  island.— Sea-god,  re.  A  marine 
deity;  a  divinity  supposed  to  preside  over 
the  ocean.— Sea-goddess,  re.  A  female  deity 
of  the  ocean.— Sea-going,  a.  '  Applied  to  a 
vessel  which  makes  foreign  voyages,  as 
opposed  to  a  coasting  or  river  vessel.  — 
Sea-grass,  n,  Grasswrack.- Sea-green,  a. 
Having  the  green  colour  of  sea- water;  be- 
ing of  a  faint  green  colour.— Sea-gudgeon, 
re.  The  rock-fish  or  black  goby.— Sea-gull, 
re.  A  gull  or  bird  of  the  gull  kind.— Sea- 
hare,  re.  A  marine  molluscous  animal 
having  a  fancied  resemblance  to  a  hare. 
— Sea-nedgehog,  n.  The  sea-urchin.— Sea- 
hen,  re.  The  guillemot.— Sea-hog,  re'.  The 
porpoise. — Sea-holly,  re.  The  plant  eryngo. 
— Sea-horse,  re.  The  morse  or  walrus;  a 
fabulous  animal  depicted  with  fore  parts 
like  those  of  a  horse,  and  with  hinder 
parts  like  those  of  a  fish.— Sea-island,  a. 
Applied  to  a,  fine  long- stapled  variety  of 
cotton  grown'on  the  islands  off  the  coasts 
of  South  Carolins.  and  Georgia.— Sea-king, 
re.  A  king  of  the  sea;  one  of  the  piratical 
Northmen  who  invested  the  coasts  of 
■Western  Europe  in  the  eighth;  ninth,  and 
tenth  centuries;  a  viking.— Sea-legs,  re.  pi. 
The  ability  to  walk  on  a  ship's  deck  when 
pitching  or  rolling.  —  Sea-lemon,  v.  A 
nudibrancliiate  gasteropodous  mollusc  of 
a  lemon  colour.— Sea-leopard,  re.  A  species 
of  seal.— Sea-level,  n.  The  level  of  the  sur- 
face of  the  sea,  usually  taken  as  the  point 
from  which  to  measure  heights  or  depres- 
sions of  the  land.— Sea-lion,  re.  A  name 
of  several  large  seals,  the  best  known  xst 
•which  has  a  mane  on  the  neck,  is  10  to  15 
feet  long,  and  is  found  in  the  Pacific. — 
Sea-louse,  re.  A  name  common  to  various 
small  Crustacea.— Seaman,  sC'man,  re.  A 
man  whose  occuiiation  is  to  assist-  in  the 
navigation  of  ships ;  a  mariner ;  a  sailor. 

•  — Able  seaman,  a  sailor  who  is  well  skilled 
in  seamanship,  and  classed  in  the  ship's 
books  as  such.  —  Ordinary  seaman,  one 
less  skilled  than  an  able  seaman.— Sea- 
manship, se' man -ship,  n.  The  skill  of 
a  good  seaman.— Sea-mark,  re.  Any  ele- 
vated object  on  land  which  serves  for  a 
direction  to  mariners;  a  beacon.  —  Sea- 
mew,  re.  A  gull ;  a  sea-gull.— Sea-mile,  re. 
A  nautical  mile,  the  sixtieth  part  of  a, 

.  degree  of  latitude.  Milje.- Sea-monster, 
re.  A  huge,  hideous,  or  terrible  marine 
animal.— Sea-mouse,  n.  A  marine  dorsi- 
branchiate  annelid  found  on  the  sea-coast, 
splendidly  coloured.— Sea-needle,  re.  Gar- 
fish.— Sea-nettle,  re.  A  kind  of  stinging 
medusa  or  jelly-fish.— Sea-nymph,  re.  A 
nymph  or  goddess  of  the  sea. — Sea-onion,i 
re.  A  plant.  Squill.  —  Sea-otter,  n.  A 
marine  mammal  closely  allied  to  the  com- 
mon otter,  and  yielding  a  valuable  fur.— 
Sea-parrot,  re.  The  puffin,  so  called  from 
its  bill.— Sea-perch,  re.  A  marine  fish  close- 
ly allied  to  the  perch,  called  also  6ass. 
— Sea-pie,  re.  A  name  of  the  oyster-catcher; 
a  dish  of  paste  and  meat  boiled  together 
often  used  at  sea. — Sea-piece,  re.  A  picture 
representing  a  scene  at  sea.— Sea-pike,  re. 
Another  name  for  the  garfish.— Sea- pink, 
re.    A  common  British  plant  with  pink 

.  flowers,  growing  on  or  near  the  sea-shore; 
called  also  i/iri/i!.— Sea-porcupine,  re.  A 
fish,  the  body  of  which  is  covered  with 
spines.— Seaport,  se'port,  re.  A  port,  or  a 
town  with  a  port,  on  or  near  the  sea. — 

■Sea-reed,  n.  A  British  grass  found  on 
sandy  sea-shores,  where  its  roots  assist  in 
binding  the  shifting  soil.  —  Sea-risk,'  re. 
Hazard  or  risk  at  sea;  danger  of  injury 
by  the  sea.— Sea-robber,  re.  A  pirate.— 
Sea-rocket,  n.  A  British  cruciferous  plarlt 


ch,  cAaia;     cA,  Sc.IocA;     e,go;    j,;ob;     6,  fr.  ton;     »g,  sijvj     ra,  <Aen;  th,  <Ain;     w,  wig;     wh,  wAig;     zh,  azure. 


SEAL 


612 


SECERN 


gTOTTing  on  the  sea-shore  in  sand. — Sea- 
room,  n.  Sufficient  room  at  sea  for  a  vessel 
to  make  any  required  movement.— Sea- 
salt,  n.  Common  salt  obtained  by  evapo- 
ration of  sea-water.— Seascape,  se'skap,  n. 
[Formed  on  the  model  of  larulscape.]  A 
picture  representing  a  scene  at  sea;  a  sea- 
piece. — Sea-serpent,  n.  A  name  common 
to  a  family  of  snakes  which  frequent  the 
seas  of  warm  latitudes ;  an  enormous  ani- 
mal of  serpentine  form,  said  to  have  been 
repeatedly  seen  at  sea,  but  as  to  the  real 
existence  of  which  naturalists  are  gener- 
ally sceptical. — Sea-sliark,  iu  The  whits 
shark. — Sea-shell,  n.  The  shell  of  a  mol- 
lusc inhabiting  the  sea,  — jSea-shore,  n. 
The  shore  of  the  sea;  law,  tne  ground  be- 
tween the  ordinary  high-water  mark  and 
low-water  mark.  —  Sea-sick,  a.  Aifected 
T/ith  sickness  or  nausea  from  the  pitching 
or  rolling  of  a  vessel.— Sea-sickness,  n.  A 
nervous  affection  attended  with  nausea 
and  vomiting,  produced  by  the  rolling  cr 
pitching  of  a  vessel  at  sea. — Sea-side,  n. 
The  land  or  country  bordering  on  the  sea. 
—Sea-slug,  n.  A  marine  mollusc  destitute 
of  a  shell;  also  the  trepang.— Sea-snake, 
n.  A  serpent  that  inhaoits  the  sea.— Sea- 
snipe,  n.  The  bellows-fish ;  also  a  bird, 
the  dunlin. — Sea-sqnirt,  n.  An  ascidian. 
— Sea-swallow,  n.  The  common  tern. — 
Sea -tangle,  n.  The  name  of  several 
species  of  sea -weeds.  —  Sea-term,  n.  A 
term  used  by  seamen  or  peculiar  to  the 
art  of  navigation. — Sea-toad,  n.    The  an- 

fler or  fishiDg-frog. — Sea-tossed, a.  Tossed 
y  the  billows  of  the  sea.— *e»-nnicom,  n. 
The  narwhal. — Sea-urchin,  n.  A  roundish 
spiny  echinoderm;  an  echinus. — Sea-wall, 
n.  A  strong  wall  on  the  shore  to  prevent 
encroachments  of  the  sea. — Seaward,  b6'- 
w6rd,  a.  Directed  toward  the  sea."— aiy. 
Toward  the  sea.— Sea-ware,  n.  The  algae 
thrown  up  by  the  sea,  and  made  use  of  as 
manure,  iSic. — Sea-water,  n.  The  salt  water 
of  thesea.— Sea-wax,».  Maltha. — Sea-way, 
n.  Naut.  progress  mjide by  a'/essel  through 
the  waves.— Sea-weed,  n.    A  name  given 

fenerally  to  any  plant  growing  in  the  sea, 
ut  more  particularly  to  members  of  the 
nat.  order  Algae.— Sea-wolf,  n.  The  wolf- 
fsh. — Sea-wom,  a.  Worn  or  abraded  by 
the  sea.— Sea-worthiness,  n.  The  state  of 
being  sea-worthy.. —  Sea-worthy,  a.  Ap- 
plied to  a  ship  in  good  condition  and  fit 
tor  a  voyage.  —  Sea- wrack,  n.  Grass- 
wrack.. 

Seal,  sfl,  n.  [A-  Sax,  seoh  seolh,  Sc.  selch, 
gilch,  Icel.  selr,  Dan.  seel.  O.H.6.  selach: 
origin  doubtful.)  A  marine  carnivorous 
mammal  of  numerous  species,  having  both 
fore  and  hind  feet  forming  a  sort  of  swim- 
ming organs,  largely  hunted  for  their  fur 
and  Dlubber;  the  rur,  which  forms  the 
valued  'seal-skin'  of  commerce,  being  ob- 
tained from  some  of  the  '  eared '  species, 
or  those  that  have  external  ears. — Sealer, 
gel'^r,  n.  A  seaman  or  a  ship  engaged  in 
the  seal-fishery.  —  Sealing,  Ssal-fishery, 
Seal-fisMng,  n.  The  operation  or  occupa- 
tion of  catching  seals. --Seal-skin,  n.  The 
skin  of  the  fur-seal,  which,  with  the  fur 
on,  is  made  into  articles  of  clothing. 

Seal,  851,  n.  fO.  Fr.  seel,  from  L.  sigUlum, 
a  sell,  dim.  of  signum,  a  sign.  Sign.]  A 
jiiece  of  stone,  metal,  or  other  hard  sub- 
stance on  which  is  engraved  some  figure 
cr  inscription,  used  for  making  an  impres- 
sion on  some  soft  substance,  as  on  the  wax 
that  makes  fatst  a  letter,  or  is  affixed  to 
documents  in  token  of  authenticity;  the 
wax  or  other  substance  so  impressed;  the 
wax,  wafer,  or  similar  fastening  of  a  letter 
or  other  paper;  that  which  authenticates, 
confirms,  or  ratifies:  assurance;  pledge; 
that  which  effectually  shuts  or  secures; 
that  which  makes  fast. — Great  seal,  a  seal 
used  for  the  United  Kingdom  in  sealing 
public  papers  of  great  moment. — Privy- 
fal,  lord  privy-seal.  See  under  Privy. — 
To  -let  ones  seal  to,  to  give  one's  authority 
to;  to  give  one's  assurance  of. — v.t.  To  affix 
ft  seal  to,  as  a  mark  of  authenticity;  hence, 
to  confirm  or  ratify;  to  establish;  to  settle; 
to  fasten  and  mark  with  a  seal ;  to  fasten 
securely,  as  with  a  wafer  or  with  wax;  to 
close  hermetically;  to  shut  or  keep  close 
{to  seal  one's  lips) ;  to  inclose;  to  confine 


securely. — Sealer,  sel'Sr,  n."  One  who  seals; 
an  ofiicer  m  chancery  who  seals  writs,  &c. 
— Sealing-wax,  n.  A  composition  of  resin- 
ous materials  used  for  fastening  folded 
papers  pjid  envelopes,  and  capable  of  re- 
ceiving impressions  of  seals. 

Seam,  sem,  n.  [A.  Sax.  seAm,  a  seam;  Icel. 
sawmr,  Dan.  and  Sw.  som,  D.  zoom,  G. 
saum,  all  from  verb  to  sew.  Sew.)  A  join- 
ing line  formed  by  the  sewing  of  two  dif- 
ferent pieces  of  cloth,  &c.,  together;  a  su- 
ture ;  a  scar  or  cicatrix ;  the  line  or  space 
between  planks  joined  together;  geol.  the 
line  of  separation  between  two  strata ;  a 
thin  lay«r  or  stratum,  as  of  ore,  coal,  and 
the  like,  between  two  thicker  strata.- u.t. 
To  form  a  seam  on;  to  unite  with  a  seam; 
to  mark  with  a  cicatrix;  to  scar.- Seamer, 
sem'Sr,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  seams. 
—Seamless,  sem'les,  a.  Having  no  seam. 
— Seamstress,  sem'stres,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sedm- 
estre,  with  term,  -ess  added.]  A  woman 
whose  occupation  is  sewing;  a  sempstress. 
— Seamy, jsem'i,  a.  Having  a  seam;  con- 
taining seams  or  showing  them,  as  the 
underside  of  a  garment. 

Seam,  sem,  n.  [A.  Sax.  seam,  from  L.L. 
sauma,  salma,  forX.  sagrtia,  Gr.  sagma,  a 
pack-saddle.)  A  measure  of  8  bushels'  of 
com,  or  the  vessel  that  contains  it. 

Sean,  sefl,  ».    A  net.    Seike. 

Seance,  sa'ans,  n.  [Fr.  siance,  from  siant, 
sitting, X,.  sedens,  sedentis,  ppr. of  sedeo,to 
sit.  Sedate.)  A  session,  as  of  some  public 
body;  among  spiritualists,  a  sitting  with 
the  view  of  evoking  spiritual  manifesta- 
tions or  holding  intercourse  with  spirits. 

Sear,  ser,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  sedrian,  to  parch, 
from  sedr,  dry;  akin  to  L.6.  soar,  O.D. 
sore,  soore,  D.  zoor,  dry.)  To  wither;  to 
dry;  to  bum  to  dryness  and  hardness  the 
BTijrface  of ;  to  cauterize;  to  bum;  to  scorch; 
to  make  callous  or  insensible  (a  seared  con- 
science); to  brand. — a.' [A.  Sax.  sedr.]  Dry; 
withered;  no  longer  green  and  fresh  (a  sear 
leaf).  Spelled  also  Ser«.— Searedness,  s5rd'- 
nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  seared ;  hard- 
ness; hence,  insensibility. 

Sear,  ser,  n.  f  Fr.  .lerre,  a  lock,  a  bar,  from 
L.  sera,  a  bolt  or  bar.)  The  pivoted  piece 
in  a  gun-lock  which  enters  the  notches  of 
the  tumbler  and  holds  the  hammer  at  full 
or  half  cock. 

8earc«,  sfers,  n.  [Also  sarss,  from  Fr.  sas, 
O.Fr.  saas,  from  L.  seiaceiis,  bristly,  from 
seta,  a  bristle.)    A  kind  of  sieve  or  bolter. 

Search,  s6rch,  v.t.  [O.E.  serche,  cerche, 
O.Fr.  eereher,  cerchier  (Fr.  eHereher),  to 
search,  from  L.L.  cercare,  circare,to  search, 
to  run  about,  from  L.  circus,  a  circle. 
Circle.)  To  look  over  or  through,  for  the 
purpose  of  finding  somethinfO  to  examine; 
to  explore;  to  probe  (to  search  a  wound);  to 
put  to  the  test. — v.i.  To  make  search ;  to 

'make  inquiry;  to  inquire.— n.  The  act  of 
seeking  oi  looking  for  something;  inquiry; 
quest.— Right  of  search,  the  right  of  a  bel- 
ligerent to  enter  merchant  vessels  of  neu- 
tral nations  on  the  high  seas,  to  search  for 
enemy's  property,  articles  contraband  of 
war,  &c.— Searchable,  s6rch'a-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  searched. — Searchahleness, 
6*rch'a-bl-nes,.n.  The  state  of  being 
searchable. —  Searcher,  sferch'er,  n.  One 
who  searches;  an  examiner;  an  investiga- 
tor; a  seeker;  a  prison  oflicial  who  searches 
the  clothing  of  newly  arrested  persons. — 
Searching,  s^rch'ing,  p.  and  a.  Exploring; 
examining;  investigating;  penetrating; 
close;  keen. —  Searchless,  sfirch'les,  a. 
Eluding  search ;  inscrutable.  —  Search- 
warrant,  n.  A  warrant  granted  by  a 
judge  or  magistrate  to  a  constable  to  enter 
premises  in  search  of  stolen  goods  or 
articles  kept  contrary  to  law. 

Season,  s5'zn,  n.  [O.E.  seson,  sesoun,  O.Fr. 
seson,  seison.  Mod.  Fr.  saison,  lit.  time 
of  sowing,  from  L.  satio,  saiionis,  a  sow- 
ing, from  sero,  satum,  to  sow.)  One  of  the 
periods  into  which  the  year  is  naturally 
divided,  as  marked  by  its  temperature, 
moisture,  &c.  (as  spring,  summer,  autumn, 
and  winter;  the  wet  and  the  dry  season  of 
tropical  countries);  a  convenient  or  suit- 
able time;  a  proper  conjuncture;  the  right 
time;  a  period  of  time  not  very  long;  a 
while;  a  time;  that  time  of  the  year  when 
a  particular  locality  is  most  frequented  by 


visitcra  (the  London  seoson);  that  part  of 
the  year  when  a  particular  trade,  profes- 
sion, or  business  is  in  its  greatest  activity 
(the  theatrical  season);  that  which  gives  a 
relish  to  foodj;  seasoningt.— r.t.  To  render 
suitable;  to  fit;  to  fit  for  any  use  by  time 
or  habit;  to  accustom;  to  inure;  to  accli- 
matize; to  bring  to  the  best  state  for  use 
by  any  process  (to  season  timber  by  dry- 
ing or  hardenins);  to  render  palatable;  to 
flavour;  to  give  a  relish  or  zest  to;  to  tem- 
per; to  qualify  by  admixture.— ti.i.  To  be- 
come suitable  by  time;  to  grow  fit  for  use. 
—Seasonable,  se'zn-a-bl,  a.-  Suitable  as  to 
time  or  season;  opportune;  happening  or 
being  done  in  due  season. — Seasonable- 
ness,  s6'zn-a-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  or  qua; 
lity  of  being  s'easonable.  —  Seasonably, 
se'zn-a-bli,  adv.  In  due  time;  sufficiently 
early.— Seasonal,  se'zn-al,  a.  Pertaining 
totheseasons.— Seasoner,  se'zn-*r,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  seasons.— Seasoning, 
se'in-ing,  n.  That  which  is  added  to  any 
species  of  food  to  give  it  a  higher  relish; 
something  added  to  enhance  enjoyment. 
— Seasonless,  se'zn-les,  a.  Without  suc- 
cession of  seasons. — Season-ticket,  n.  A 
ticket  which  entitles  its  holder  to  certain 
privileges  during  a  specified  period  of 
time,  as  a  pass  for  travelling  by  railway, 
&c.,  issued  at  a  cheap  rate. 
Seat,  -set,  n.  [Same  as  Icel.  soeti,  set,  Sw. 
sate,  a  seat,  from  root  of  sit;  so  L.6.  sitt, 
a.  sUz.  Sit.]  The  place  or  thing  on  which 
one  sits;  something  made  to  be  fat  ih  or 
on,  as  a  chair,  throne,  bench,  stool,  or  the 
like;  a  regular  place  of  sitting;  hence,  a 
right  to  sit;  a  sitting  (a  seat  in  a  church); 
place  of  abode;  residence;  a  mansion  in 
the  country;  theplace  where  anything  is 
situated,  fixed,  settled,  or  established; 
station;  abode  (a  seat  of  learning,  the  seat 
of  war). — v.t.  To  place  on  a  seat;  to  cause  to 
Bit  down;  to  place  in  a  poSt  of  authority  or 
a  place  of  distinction;  to  settle;  to  fi.t  in  a 
particular  place  or  country;  to  situate;  to 
locate;  to  fix;  to  set  firm;  to  assign  seats  to; 
to  accommodate  with  room  to  sit;  to  fit  np 
with  seats. 

Sebaceons,  sS-ba'shus,  a.  {L.L.  sehaceus. 
from  L.  sebum,  tallow.)  Pertaining  to 
tallow  or  fat;  made  of,  containing,  or  se- 
creting fattj'  matter;  fatty;  bot.  having 
the  appearance  of  grease  or  wax.— Sebacic, 
se-bas'ik,  a.  Chem.  pertaining  to  fat;  ob- 
tained from  faHsebacic  acid).— Sebate,  se'- 
bat,  n.  Chem.  a  salt  formed  by  sebacic 
acid  and  a  base.— Sebiferous,  se-bif'6r-us, 
a.  fL.  gebuTO,  and /e,o,  to  produce.)  Pro- 
ducing fat  or  fatty  matter. 
Secant,  seTtant,  a.  [L.  secans,  seraptis,  ppr. 
of seco, tocut.  Section.)  Cutting; dividing 
into  two  parts.— iSecaiii  plane,  a  plane  cut- 
ting a  surface  or  solid.— n.  Geom.  a  line 
that  cuts  another  or  divides  it  into  parts; 
more  especially,  a  straight  line  cutting  a 
curve  in  two  or  more  points;  a  straight 
line  from  the  centre  of  a  circle  cutting  the 
circumference  and  proceeding  till  it  meets 
a  tangent  to  the  same  circle. 
Secco,  sekTco,  n.  [It.,  from  L.  sicctts,  dry.) 
A  kind  of  fresco  painting  in  which  the 
colours  have  a  dry  appearance,  owing  to 
their  being  absorbed  into  the  plaster. 
Secede,  se-s5d',  v.i.— seceded,  seceding.  fL. 
seeedo—se,  apart,  and  cedo,  to  go.  Cede.] 
To  withdraw  from  fellowship  or  associa- 
tion; to  separate  one's  self;  especially,  to 
withdraw  from  a  political  or  religious  or- 
ganization.— Seceder,  se-s6'dfer,  n.  One  who 
secedes;  one  of  those  Presbyterians  who 
seceded  from  the  Established  Church  of 
Scotland  in  1733;  any  Scotch  Presbyterian 
outside  the  Scottish  Church.— Secession, 
sO-sesh'on,  n.-"  [L.  secessio.)  The  act  of 
seceding;  the  act  of  withdrawing  from  a 
political  or  religious  organization;  the 
body  of  secedei-s  from  the  Established 
Church  of  Scotland.  —  Secessionism,  s6- 
sesh'on-izm,  n.  The  principles  of  seces- 
sionists. —  Secessionist,  se-sesh'on-ist,  w. 
One  who  advocates  or  engages  in  a  seces- 
sion: one  who  supported  the  secession  of 
the  Southern  States  of  America  in  their 
struggle  to  break  away  from  the  Northern 
States. 

Secern,  sf-sfim',  v.t.    [L.  secerho,  secretum 
(whence  secret)— se,  apart,  and  cemo,  to 


Fate,  ftr,  fat,  fftUj     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     not*,  not,  mOve;     tnbe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     il,  Sc.  abwne— the  Fr.  w. 


SECESSION 


613 


SECURE 


separate.]  To  separate;  to  distinguiBh;  to 
secrete.— Secernent,  sS-sfer'oent,  n.  That 
which  promotes  Becretion;  anat.  a  secre- 
ting vessel.— a.  Having  the  power  of  se- 
creting; secretory.— Seccnunent,  s5-s6m'- 
ment,  rt.    The  process  of  secreting. 

Secession.    Under  Secede. 

Seclnde,  se-klod',  v.t.— secluded,  seclvding. 
[L.  secttido-^se,  apart,  and  claudo,  to  shut. 
Clause,  Close.]  To  shut  up  apart  from 
company  or  society,  and  usually  to  keep 
apart  for  some  time;  reft,  to  withdraw  into 
solitutte.  — Secluded,  se-kltS'ded,  p.  and  a. 
Separated  from  others;  living  in  retire- 
ment; unfrequented;  retired.— Secludedly, 
se-klo'ded-li,  adv.  In  a  secluded  manner. 
—Seclusion,  s5-kl8'zhon,  n.  The  act  of 
secluding;  the  state  of  being  secluded;  re- 
tirement; privacy;  solitude.  —  SecluBive, 
se-klo'siv,  a.    Tending  to  seclude. 

Second,  sek'und,  a.  [Fr.  second,  from  L. 
seeundus,  second,  from  sequor,  secutus,  to 
follow.  Sequence.]  Immediately  follow- 
ing the  first;  next  the  flrpt  in  order  of 
place  or  time;  repeated  agam;  other;  next 
to  the  firat  in  value,  power,  excellence,  or 
rank;  inferior;  secondary. — n.  One  next  to 
the  first;  one  who  assists  and  supports 
another;  one  who  attends  another  (his 
principal)  in  a  duel  and  sees  that  his 
friend  gets  fair-play;  the  sixtieth  part  of 
a  minute  of  time  or  of  that  of  a  degree, 
that  is,  the  second  division  next  to  the 
hour  or  degree;  Tnusic,  the  difference  be- 
tween any  sound  and  the  next  nearest 
sound  above  or  below  it,  also  a  lower  part 
added  to  a  melody  when  arranged  for  two 
voices  or  instruments;  pi.  a  coarse  kind  of 
flour.— w.i.  To  follow  in  the  next  place  to; 
to  follow  up  and  support;  to  lend  aid  to;  to 
assist;  to  promote;  to  encourage;  to  back; 
to  support  by  one's  voice  or  vote,  as  a 
motion  or  proposal  brought  forward  in  an 
assembly;  to  unite  with  in  proposing  some 
measure  or  motion.— Secondarily,  sek'un- 
da-ri-li,  adv.  In  a  secondary  manner; 
secondly;  in  the  second  place. — Secondari- 
ness,  sek'un-da-ri-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  secondary. — Secondary,  sek'un-da- 
ri,  «.  [L.  secundaritm.]  Of  second  place, 
origin,  rank,  or  importance;  not  primary; 
subordinate. — Secondary  circle,  in  geom. 
and  astron.  a  great  circle  passing  through 
the  poles  of  another  great  circle  perpen- 
dicular to  its  plane.— (S'BCondar!/  colours, 
colours  produced  by  the  mixture  of  any 
two  primary  colours  in  equal  proportions. 
— Secondary  fever,  a  fever  which  arises 
after  the  crisis  of  some  disease.— Secondary 
planet,  a  moon  or  satellite.— Secondarij/ 
strata.  Secondary  rocks.  Secondary  forma- 
tion, geol.  the  mesozoic  strata.  —  Secon- 
dary tints,  painting,  those  of  a  subdued 
kind,  such  as  grays,  &c.— n.  One  who  acts 
in  subordination  to  another;  a  term  for 
the  feathers  growing  on  the  second  bone 
of  a  bird's  wing;  a  secondary  circle;  a 
secondary  planet.— Second-best,  a.  Next 
to  the  best;  of  second  kind  or  quality. — To 
come  off  second-best,  to  be  defeated;  to  get 
the  worst  of  it.— Second-cousin,  n.  The 
son  or  daughter  of  a  cousin-german. — 
Seconder,  sek'un-d6r,  n.  One  that  seconds; 
one  that  supports  what  another  attempts, 
or  what  he  affirms,  or  what  he  moves  or 
proposes.  —  Second-flour,  n.  Flour  of  a 
coarser  quality;  seconds. — Second-hand,  n. 
Possession  received  from  the  first  posses- 
sor or  by-transfer  from  a  previous,  owner. 
— At  second  hand,  not  from  the  first  source 
or  owner;  by  transmission  (a  report  re- 
ceived at  second  hand).— a.  Not  original  or 
primary;  received  from  another;  not  new; 
having  been  used  or  worn;  dealing  in 
second-hand  goods  (k  second-hand  book- 
seller).- Secondly,  sek'uud-li,  adv.  In  the 
second  place.— Second-rate,  n.  The  second 
order  in  size,  quality,  dignity,  or  value. 
— a.  Of  the  second  size,  rank,  quality,  or 
value.  —  Seconds-hand,  n.  The  nand  of  a 
watch  that  indicates  seconds.  —  Second- 
sight,  n.  The  power  of  seeing  things  future 
or  distant;  prophetic  vision:  a  well-known 
Highland  superstition. 
Secrecy.  Under  Secret. 
Secret,  se'kret,  a.  [Pr.  secret,  from  L.  secre- 
tus,  pp.  of  secemo,  secretum,  to  set  apart 
—se,  apart,  and  cemo,  to  sift,  distinguish. 


Concern,  Discern.]  Apart  from  the  know- 
ledge of  others;  private;  known  only  to  one 
or  to  few;  kept  from  general  knowledge; 
not  made  public;  affording  privacy;  re- 
tired; secluded  (a  secret  spot);  secretive;  not 
inclined  to  betray  confidence;  occult;  mys- 
terious; not  apparent;  privy;  not  proper  to 
be  seen.  —  n.  Something  studiously  con- 
cealed ;  a  thing  kept  from  general  know- 
ledge; what  is  not  or  should  not  be  revealed; 
a  thing  not  discovered  or  explained;  a  mys- 
tery.— In  secret,  in  privacy  or  secrecy;  pri- 
vately.—Secrecy,  sC'kre-si,  n.  A  state  of  be- 
ing secret  or  hidden;  concealment  from  the 
observation  of  others;  secret  mode  of  pro- 
ceeding; retirement;  privacy;  the  quality 
of  being  secret;  fidelity  to  a  secret;  tWe  act 
or  habit  of  keeping  secrets.— Secretaiy, 
sek'rG-ta-ri,  w.  [L.L.  aecretarius,  from  L. 
secretus,  secret;  originally  a  confidant,  one 
intrusted  with  secrets.]  A  person  em- 
ployed to  write  letters,  draw  up  reports, 
records,  and  the  like;  one  ■vrho  carries  on 
another's  business  correspondence  or  other 
matters  requiring  writing;  a  piece  of  fur- 
niture with  conveniences  for  writing  and 
for  the  arrangement  of  papers;  an  escri- 
toire; an  officer  whose  business  is  to  super- 
intend and  manage  the  affairs  of  a  par- 
ticular department  of  government;  a  sec- 
retary of  state.— Secretary-bird,  n.  An 
African  bird  of  prey  which  renders  valu- 
able services  by  killing  and  eating  ser- 
pents and  other  reptiles,  so  called  from  its 
long  occipital  plumes  suggesting  a  secre- 
tary's quill  behind  his  ear.— Secretarial, 
sek-re-ta'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  secre- 
taiy.— Secretariate,  sek-r5-ta'ri-at,  n.  The 
office  of  a  secretary;  the  place  where  a 
secretary  transacts  business. — Secretary- 
ship, sek're-ta-ri-ship,  n.  The  office  or 
post  of  a  secretary.— Secrete,  se-krCt',  v.t. 
— secreted,  secreting.  [L.  secerno,  secretum, 
to  set  apart.]  To  hide;  to  deposit  in  some 
secret  place;  phusiol.  to  separate  from  the 
circulating  fluid,  as  from  the  blood,  sap. 
&c.,and  elaborate  into  a  new  product. — 
Secretion,  s5-kr6'shon,  n.  The  act  or  pro- 
cess of  secreting;  the  physiological  process 
by  which  there  are  separated  from  the 
blood  substances  differing  from  the  blood 
itself  or  from  any  of  its  constituents,  as 
bile,  saliva,  mucus,  urine,  &c.;  the  process 
by  -which  substances  are  separated  from 
the  sap  of  vegetables;  the  matter  so  secre- 
ted.—Secretitious,  se-kr5  lish'us,  a.  Sepa- 
rated by  secretion.— Secretive,  s6-krS'tiv, 
a.  Causing  or  promoting  secretion;  given 
to  secrecy  or  to  keep  secrets.— Secretive- 
ness,  s6-kre'tiv-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  secretive;  tendency  or  disposition 
towards  secrecy  or  concealment.— Secret- 
ly, s5'kret-li,  adv.  In  a  secret  manner; 
privately;  privily; '  not  openly;  without 
the  knowledge  of  others.— Secretness,  se'- 
krfet-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
secret.  —  Secretory,  se-kre'to-ri,  o.  Per- 
forming the  office  of  secretion. 
Sect,  sekt,  n.  [Fr.  secte,  from  Ii.  secta,  from 
eeco,  sectum,  to  cut;  or  from  sequor,  secutus, 
to  follow.]  A  body  or  number  of  persons 
•who  follow  some  teacher  or  leader,  or  are 
united  in  some  settled  tenets,  chiefly  in 
philosophy  or  religion;  a  school;  a  denomi- 
nation. —  Sectarian,  sek-ta'ri-an,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  sect  or  sects;  strongly  or 
bigotedly  attached  to  a  sect  or  religious 
denomination.— n.  One  of  a  sect;  a  strict 
member  or  adherent  of  a  special  denomi- 
nation or  party.— Sectarianism,  sek-ta'ri- 
an-izm,  n.  The  principles  of  sectarians;  a 
narrow-minded  devotion  to  the  interests 
of  a  party.— Sectarianize,  sek-ta'ri-an-iz, 
v.t.  To  imbue  with  sectarian  principles 
or  feelings.  —  Sectary,  sek'ta-i-i,  n.  One 
that  belongs  to  a  sect;  a  schismatic;  a 
sectarian. 

Sectile,  sek'til,  a.  [L.  sectilis,  from  seco, 
sectum,  to  cut  (seen  in  bisect,  dissect,  inter- 
sect, &c.):,  same  root  as  scythe,  saw.]  Ca- 
pable of  being  cut,  as  -with  a  knife.— Sec- 
tion, sek'shon,  rt.  [L.  sectio,  from  seco^ 
sectum,  to  cut.)  The  act  of  cutting;  sepa- 
ration by  cutting;  a  part  cut  or  separated 
from  the  rest;  a  division;  a  portion;  a  dis- 
tinct part  or  portion  of  a  book  or  writing; 
the  subdivision  of  a  chapter;  a  paragraph; 
hence,  the  character  §,  often^used  to  de- 


note such  a  division;  a  distinct  part  "f  a 
country  or  people,  community,  class,  &c. ,  a 
representation  of  a  building  or  other  object 
as  it  would  appear  if  cut  through  by  any 
intersecting  plane,  showing  the  internal 
structure.- Conic  sectio^is.  Under  Cone. — 
Sectional,  sek'shon-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
section;  composed  of  or-made  up  in  several 
independent  sections.— Sectlonally,  sek'- 
shon-al-U,  adv.  In  a  sectional  manner. — 
Sectlonize.t  sek'shon-iz,  v.t.  To  form  into 
sections.— Sectlve,  sek'iiv,  a.  Sectilb. — 
Sector,  sek'tor,  n.  [L.,  acutter.l  Geom. 
a  nearly  triangular  figure  formed  by  t-wo 
radii  and  the  arc  of  a  circle;  a  mathemati- 
cal instrument  so  marked  with  lines  of 
sines,  tangents,  chords,  &c.,  as  to  fit  all 
radii  and  scales,  and  useful. in  making 
diagrams,  laying  down  plans,  &c.— Dip 
sector,  an  instrument  used  for  measuring 
the  dip  of  the  horizon.  —  Zenith  sector. 
Zenith.— Sectoral,  sek'to-ral,  a.  Belong- 
ing to  a  sector.— Sectorial,  sek-to'ri-al,  a. 
Adapted  or  intended  for  cutting,  as  the 
cuttmg  teeth  of  certain  animals. 
Secular,  sek'il-l6r,  a.  [L.  soecularis,  from 
soeculum,  an  age  or  generation,  a  century, 
the  times,  the  worldT]  Coming  or  observed 
at  long  intervals;  extending  over,  taking 
place  in,  or  accomplished  during  a  very 
long  period  of  time  (the  secidar  refrigera- 
tion of  the  earth);  pertaining  to  this  pre- 
sent world  or  to  things  not  spiritual  or 
sacred;  disassociated  with  religious  teach- 
ing or  principles;  not  devoted  to  sacred  or 
reugious  use;  temporal;  profane;  worldly 
{secular  education,  secular  music) ;  not 
bound  hy  monastic  vows  or  rules  (a  secular 
priest  as  opposed  to  a  regular).— ii.  An 
ecclesiastic  not  bound  by  monastic  rules; 
a  secular  priest.  —  Secularism,  sek'tt-ierr 
izm;  n.  Supreme  or  exclusive  attention  to 
the  afiairs  of  this  life;  the  opinions  or  doc- 
trines of  the  secularists.— Secularist,  sek'- 
Q-ler-ist,  n.  One  who  theoretically  rejects 
every  form  of  religious  faith  and  every 
kind  of  religious  worship;  also,  one  who 
believes  that  education  and  other  matters 
should  be  conducted-  without  the  intro- 
duction of  a  religious  element.— Seculari- 
zation, sek'u-ler-i-za''shon,  n.  The  act  of 
secularizing  or  the  state  of  being  secular- 
ized, —  Secularize,  sek'd-lfer-iz,  v.t.—secur 
larized,  secularising.  To  make  secular;  to 
convert  from  religious  or  ecclesiastical  to 
secular  or  common  use.— Secularly,  sek'- 
tl-l6r-li,  adv.  In  a  secular  or  worldly  man- 
ner. —  Seculamess,  Secularity,  sek'a-16r- 
nes,  sek-u-lax'i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  secular. 

Secund,  sS'kund,  a.  [L.  secundus,  second. 
Second.]  Bot.  applied  to  leaves  or  flowers 
which  grow  on  one  side  of  the  stem;  uni- 
lateral. —  Secimdine,  se'kun-din,  n.  Bot. 
the  outermost  but  one  of  the  inclosing  sacs 
of  the  ovulum;  zool.  all  that  remains  in 
the  womb  after  the  birth  'of  the  offspring; 
the  after-birth:  generally  in  the  plural. 
Secure,  se-kar',  a.  [L.  securus,  without 
care,  unconcerned,  free  from  danger,  safe 
— se,  apart,  and  cura,  care,  cure.  Sure  is 
this  word  in  a  more  modified  form.]  Free 
from  fear  or  apprehension;  confident  of 
safety;  careless;  unsuspecting;  free  from 
or  not  exposed  to  danger ;  in  a  state  of 
safety;  safe:  often  followed  by  against  or 
from;  such  as  to  be  depended  on;  capable 
of  resisting  assault  or  attack^  stable;  cer- 
tain, sure,  or  confident :  with  of;  in  safe 
custody.— v.t. — secured,  securing.  To  make 
secure;  to  guard  effectually  from  danger; 
to  protect;  to  make  certajn;  to  put  beyond 
hazard;  to  assure;  to  inclose  or  confine  ef- 
fectually; to  guard  effectually  from  escape; 
to  seize  and  confine  (to  secure  a  prisoner); 
to  make  certain  of  payment;  to  warrant 
against  loss;  to  make  f  r.st  or  firm  (to  secure 
a  door);  to  get  possessionof ;  to  make  one's 
self  master  of  (to  secure  an  estate).— Secur- 
able,  sg-ku'ra-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  se- 
cured.—Securely.  si5-krtr'li,adv.  In  a  secure 
manner;  in  security;  safely.— Secureness, 
s5-kQr'nes,  n.  The  feeling  of  security;  the 
state  of  being  secure;  safety;  security. — 
Securer,  se-ka'rer,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  secures.  —  Security,  se-ka'ri-ti,  n. 
[Fr.  s^curiie,  L.  securitas.]  The  state  of 
being  secure;  freedom  from  apprehension; 


ch,  chaia;     cA,  Sc.  locA;     g,  go;    ijob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ug,  sing;     ib,  then;  th,  tMn;  __  w,  wig;     wh,  whig;    zb,  asure. 


BECURirOSM 


614 


SEGMENT 


confidence  of  safety;  sonjetimi's,  over-con- 
tidence;  freedom  itova  danger  or  risk ; 
safety;  that  which  secures  or  makes  safe; 
something  that  secures  against  pecuniary 
Jrss;  8<irety;  a  person  who  engages  himself 
for  the  performance  of  another's  obliga- 
tions; an  evidence  of  projperty,  as  a,  bond, 
a  certificate  of  stock,  or  the  like  (goveia- 
rnent  securiivis). 

Secuxifonn,  se-kii'ri-form,  a.  [Ii.  securis, 
an  axe  or  hatchet,  and /orma,  form.]  Hav- 
in.^  ihe  form  of  an  axe  or  hatchet. 

Ssfcdan,  Sedan-chair,  se-dan',  n.  [From  Se- 
dan, in  France,  where  it  is  said  to  have 
be.^a  first  used.]  A  covered  chair  or  kind 
oi  ornamental  box  for  carrying  one  perr 
son,  borne  on  poles  by  two  men. 

Sedate,  se-dat',  a,  [L.  sedaius,  from  eedo, 
to  calm  or  appease,  to  cause  to  subside, 
caus.  of  sedeo,  to  sit  (seen  also  in  sedentary, 
sediment,  session,  preside,  reside,-  super- 
cede, assiduous,  &c. );  same  root  as  »U.  Sit.] 
Calm  or  tranquil  in  feelings  and  manner; 
serene;  unruffled  by  passion;  staid;  un- 
moved.—Sedately,  se-dat'li,  adv.  In  a  se- 
date manner;,  calmly.  —  Sedateness,  s6- 
dat'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
sedate;  composure  of  mind  or  manner; 
serenity ;  tranquillity.  —  Sedative,  sed'a- 
tiv,  a.  Tending  to  calm  or  tran^uiUize; 
med.  allajring  irritability  and  irritation; 
assuaging  pain.  — w.  A  medicine  which, 
allays  ■irritability_  and  irritation,  and 
which  assuages  pain. 

Sedentary,  sed'en-ta-ri,  a.  [L.  sedentarius, 
from  aedens,  sedentis,  ppr.  of  sedeo,  to  sit. 
Seoatk.]  Accustomed  to  sit  much;  requir- 
ing much  sitting  (a  sedentary  occupation); 
pa'ssed  for  the  most  part  in  sitting.— Sed- 
ent&iily,  sed'en-ta-n-li,  adv.  In  a  seden- 
tary manner.  — Sedentariness,  sed'eu-ta- 
ri-nes,  n.    The  state  of  bein^  sedentary. 

Ssdemnt,  se-de'runt,  n.  [Third  pejs.  pi. 
perf.  indie,  of  sedeo,  to  sit;  lit.  tfiey  ssit.] 
A  sitting  or  meeting  of  a  court  or  other 
body  of  men;  a  more  or  less  formal  meet- 
ing of  any  association  or  company. 

Be<?ge,  sej, n.  [A. Sax.  eecg=&C: segg,li.Q.- 
sepge,  areed,  sedge;  same  root  as  in  L.  seco, 
to  cut,  being  a  plant  with  sivord-like 
leaves.]  The  popular  name  of  an  extensive 
genus  of  grass-like  plants  growing  mostly 
in  marshes  and  swamps  and  on  the  banks 
of  rivers,  distinguished  from  the  .passes 
by  having  the  stem  destitute  of  jomts. — 
Sedge-bird,  Sedge-warbler,  n.  A  sijecies 
of  warhjler,  a  summer  visitor  to  Britain, 
frequenting  the  sedgy  banks  of  streams. — 
Sedgy,  sejl,  a.    Overgrown  with  sedge. 

BediUa,  se-dil'i-a.  n.  pi.  [L.  sedUe,  a  seat.] 
Arch,  stone  seats  in  the  south  wall  of  the 
chancel  of  many  churches  and  cathedrals. 

Sediment,  sed'i-ment,  n.  [L.  sediinentuw,, 
from  sedeo,  to  settle.  Sedate.]  The  mat- 
ter which  subsides  to  the  bottom  of  water 
or  any  other  liquid:  settlings;  lees;  dregs. 
—Sedimentary,  sed-i-men'ta-ri,  a.  Con- 
sisting of  sediment;  formed  by  sediment 
or  matter  that  has  subsided.— (Sediwewtej-y 
rocks,  rocks  which  have  been  formed,  by 
materials  deposited  by  water,  and  as  a 
rule  are  stratified.— Sedimentation,  sed'i- 
men-ta"shon,  n.  The  deposition  or  accu- 
m  ..lation  of  sediment. 

Sedition,  E5-dish'on,  ri.  [L.  sediti/y,  sedir 
tionis,  discord,  sedition— sed,  apart,  and 
itio,  itiords,  a  going,  from  eo,  itwn,  to  go. 
Itinerant.]  A  factious  commotion  in  a 
state,  not  amounting  to  an  insuiTection; 
the  stirring  up  of  such  a  commotion;  such 
offences  against  the  state  as  have  the  like 
tendency  with,  but  do  not  amount  to  trea- 
son.—Seditioaary,  s5-dish'ori-a-ri,  n.  An 
inciter  or  promoter  of  sedition.— Seditious, 
se-dish'us,  a.  [L.  sedUiosus.}  Pertaining 
to  sedition;  exciting  or  aiding  in  seditipn; 
guilty  of  sedition.— Seditiously,  s5-dish'- 
ns-li,  adv.  In  a  seditious  manner.  —  Se- 
ditionsness,  se-dish'us-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  seditious. 

Seduce,  s5-d0s',  v.t— seduced,  aedvcino.  [L. 
seclMCo- s«,  apart,and  duco,  to  lead.  Duke.] 
To  draw  aside  or  entice  from  the  path  of 
rectitude  and  duty;  to  lead  astray;  to  cor- 
rupt; specifically,  to  entice  to  a  surrender 
of  chastity.— Seducement,  sG-dOs'ment,  n. 
The  act  of  seducing;  seduction;  the  means 
•    employed  to  seduce.  —  Seducer,  se-da'sfer, 


n.  One  that  seduces;  one  who  by  deception 
or  the  like  persuades  a  female  to  surrender 
her  chastity.  —  Seduclble,  s5-dQ'si-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  seduced.  —  Seduiingly, 
se-dO'sing-li,  adv.  In  a  seducing  manner. 
— Seduction,  se-duk'shon,  to.  (L.  seductio, 
sedi'ctionis.]  The  act  of  seducingi  the  act 
or  Clime  of  persuading  a  female,^  by  flat- 
tery or  deception,  to  siurender  her  chas- 
tity.—Seductive,  S€ducive,t  se-dukftiv,  se- 
dQ'siv,  a.  Tending  to  seducS;  apt  to  mis- 
lead by  flattering  appearances;  alluring; 
enticing.— Seductively,  sg-duk'tiv-U,  adv. 
In  a  seductive  manner. 

Sednlou£,  sed'Q-lus',  a.  [L.  sednlus,  from 
sedeo,  to  tit;  as  assiduous,  from  assideo. 
Sedate.]  Assiduous;  diligent  in  applica- 
tion; steady  and  persevering  in  endea- 
vours to  effflct  an  object;  steadily  Indus-  | 
trious.— Sedulously,  sed'u-lus-li,  ado.  In 
a  sedulous  manner;  assiduously.  —  Sedu- 
lousnesa.  Sedulity,  sed'ti-lus-nes,  se-dali- 
ti;  n.  The  s':a,te  or  quality  of  being  sedu- 
lous; assiduity. 

See,  sC,  v.t. — pret.  saw,  pp.  seen,  ppr.  seebig. 
[A.  Sax.  »eon,  to  8ee=Icel.  sjd,  Dan.  see, 
D.  zien,  Gotn.  saihwan,  G.  sehen,— to  see; 
same  root  as  L.  sequor,  to  follow.]  To  per- 
ceive by  the  eye;  to  behold;  to  perceive 

.mentally;  to  form  a  conception  or  idea  of; 
to  understand;  to  comprehend;  to  give  at- 
tention ton  to  examine;  to  attend  or  es- 
cort (to  see  a  lady  home) ;  to  have  com- 
munication with;  to  meet  or  associate 
With;  to  viait  (to  go  to  see  a  friend);  to  ex- 
perience; to  Irnow  by  personal  experience 
(to  see  death).  .".  Simply  to  see  is  often  an 
involuntary,  Snd  always  a  mechanical  act; 
to  perceive  implies  generally  or  always  the 
intelligence  of  a  prepared  mind;  to  oosen'e 
implies  to  look  for  the  purpose  of  noticing. 
—v.t.  To  have  the  power  or  sense  of  sight; 

~to  perceive  meiitally;  to  discern;  to  under- 
stand :  often  with  through  or  into;  to  ex- 
amine or  inquire;  to  consider;  to  be  atten- 
tive; to  take  heed;  to  take  care.— To  see  to, 
to  be  atteiitive  to;  to  look  after;  to  take 
care  of. — To  see  about  a  thing,  to  pay  some 
attention  to  it;  to  consider  it.— See  to  iff 
look  well  to  it;  attend;  consider;  take  care. 
— Let  me' see,  let  us  see,  phrases  used  to  in- 
troduce the  particular  consideration  of  a 
subject. — interj,  Lo!  look!  observe!  be- 
hold !— Seeing,  sS'ing,  cofi}.  Because;  inas- 
much as;  since;  considering;  taking  into 

-  account  that, —Seer,  s6'er  or  ser,  n.  One 
who  sees;  one  who  foresees  future  events; 
a  prophet.— Seership,  s5'6r-ship  orser'ship, 
w.    The  oiEce  or  quality  of  a  seer. 

Bee,  85,  ».  fProm  O.Fr.  se,  sed,  from.  L. 
sedes,  a  seat,  from  stem  of  sedeo,  to  sit. 

.Sedate.]  The  seat  of  episcopal  power;  the. 
diocese  or  jurisdiction  of  a  bishop  or  arch- 
bishop. 

Ssed,  sed,  n.  f A.  Sax.  saed,  from!  sdwan,  to 
sow;  Icel.  scethi,  Dan.  saed,  D.  zaat,  G.  Sfixit. 
Sow.]  The  impregnated  and  matured  ovule 
of  a  plant,  containing  ah  embryo,  which 
may  be  developed,  and  converted  into  an 
individual  similar  to  that  from  which  it 
derives  its  origin;  one  of  the  grains  or 
fruits  of  wlieat  and  many  other  plants, 
though  sometimes  the  seed  is  contained 
in  the  fruit;  the  fecundating  fluid  of  male 
animals;  the  semen;  that  from  which  any- 
thing springs;  first  principle;  progeny; 
offspring;  children;  descendants. — Torun 
to  seed.  Under  Run.— v.i.  To  produce  seed; 
to  shed  the  seed.— I'.i.  To  sow ;  to  supply 
with  seed;  to  ornament  with  seed-like  de- 
corations.— Seed-bed,  n.  A  piece  of  ground 
prepared  for  receiving  seed.— Seed-cake,  n. 
A  sweet  cake  containing  aromatic  seal?.— 
Seed-corn,  rt.  Corn  or  grain  focseed. — 
Seed-cmsner.ri..  An  instrument  for  crush- 
ing seed  and  expressing  oil.  —  Seeded, 
se'ded,  p.  and  a.  Beasing  seed;  sown; 
sprinkled  with  seed.  —  Seed-field,  n.  A 
field  for  raising  seed. — Seedlness,  se'di-nes, 
n.  State  of  being  seedy ;  shabbiness.  — 
Seed-leaf,  n.  Bot.  tiio  primary  l^af  de- 
veloped from  a  cotyledon.— Seedling,  scd'- 
ling,  n.  A  plant  reared  from  the  seed, 
and  not  from  a  layer,  bud,  &c.— o."  Pro- 
duced froig  the  seed  (a  seedling  pansy). — 
Seed-lobe,  n.  Bot.  a  seed-leaf ;  a  cotyledon. 

■  —Seed-oil,  n.  Oil  expressed  from  seeds. — 
Seed-pearl,  n.    A  small  i)earl  resembling 


a  giain  or  seed  in  size  or  form.-^es'i"^3n, 
sedz'nian,  n.  A  person  who  deais  lu  ^^ nis; 
one  who  scatters  seed  (iS^ioifc.).— Seed-tlm«, 
n.  The  season  proper  for  sowing.— Seed- 
vessel,  re,  Bot.  the  pericarp  whidi  contains 
the  seeds.  —  Seedy,  se'di,  a.  Aboundiiu,^' 
with  seeds;  running  to  seed;  worn-out; 
shabby;  poor  and  miserable-looking;  feel- 
ing or  appearing  wretched,  as  after  a  de- 
bauch (coUoq.). 

Seeing,  conj.    tJnder  See. 

Seek,  £6k,  u.l- pret.  &  pp.  sought.  [O.E.  stA-e,- 
A.  Sax.  iecan,  to  seek,  pret.  sOhte,  pp.  eoki; 
Icel.  scekja,  Dan.  eoge,  Sw.  aiika,  D.  zoeken, 
a.  suchen,  Goth,  solcjan;  akin  to  sahe.  Be- 
seech is  from  sect,  witli  prefix  5«-.]  To  go 
in  search  or  quest  of ;  to  look  for ;  to  search 
for ;  to  take  pains  to  find :  often  followed 
by  ovt;  to  ask  for;  to  solicit;  to  try  to  gain; 
to  go  to;  to  resort  to;  to  ha.ve  recourse  to;  to 

.  aim  at;  to  attempt;  to  strive  after  (to  seek 
a  person's  life  or  his  ruin);  to  search.— v.  i. 
To  malie  search  or  inquiry;  to  endeavour; 
to  make  an  effort  or  attempt ;  to  try ;  to 
use  solicitation.  —  To  seek  after,  to  make 
pursuit  of;  to  attempt  to  find  or  take.— 
To  seek  for,  to  endeavour  to  find. — To  be  to 
seel;,  to  require  'to  be  sought  for ;  to  be 
wanting  br  desiderated  (the  work  is  still 
to  seek).— Seeker,  sek'fer,  n.  One  that  seeks; 
an  inquirer.  ^ 

Seel,  sel,  v.t.  [Ft.  euler,  siller,  frova  cil,  L. 
ciliiim,  an  eyelash.]  To  close  the  eyes  of  a 
hawk  with  a  thread :  a  term  of  falconry ; 
■to  blind;  to  hoodwink  {Shak.). 

Seem,  sem,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  sdman,  to  concili- 
ate, to  adjust,  to  seem,  from  root  of  sa7ne.~i 
To  appear;  to  present  the  appearance  of 
being ;  to  be  only  in  appearance  and  not 
really;  to  show  one's  self  or  itself;  hence, 
to  assume  an  air ;  to  pretend ;  to  appear 
to  one's  opinion  or  judgment;  to  be  thought: 
to  appear  to  one's  self;  to  imagine;  to  feel 
as  if  (r  still  seem  to  hear  his  voice).  —  It 
»eems4t  would  appear;  it  appears."— /<  seems 
to  me=I  think;  I  am  inclined  to  believe  .•. 
Formerly  seem  was  often  used  imperson- 
ally in  such  phrases  as  me  seems,  him 
seeined;  hence,  meseenns  as  a  single  word. 
— Seemer,  sem'er,  n.  One  who  seems ;  one 
who  carries  an  appearance  -or  semblance. 
—  Seeming,  sBm'ing,  p.'  and  a.  Appear- 
ing; having  the  appearance  or  semblance, 
whether  real  or  not;  specious  or  plausible 
in  appearance.  —  ii.  Appearance;  show; 
semblance,  especially  a  false  Appearance. 
—Seemingly,  sem'ing-li,  adv.  As  it  would 
seem;  apparently;  ostensibly;  in  appear- 
ance.—Seemliness,  sem'li-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  .quality  of  l>eing  seemly. —Seemly,  sem'- 
li,  a.  [Same  as  Icel.  smmiligr,  from  ecemr, 
fit,  seemly.]  Becoming;  fitting;  suitable; 
decent;  right;  proper.— adf..  In  a  becom- 
ing or  suitable  manner. 

Se.en,  sen,  pp.  of  see. 

Seer,  under  See. 

See-saw,  sS'sa,  n.  [A  reduplitated  form  of 
saw,  t;he  motion  resembling  the  act  of 
sawmg.]  A  game  in  which  two  children, 
one  on  each  end  of  a  long  piece  of  timber 
balanced  on  a  support,  move  alternately 
up  and  down;  a  motion  or  action  resem- 

■  bling  that  in  see-saw.— a.  Moving  up  and 
down  or  to  and  fro.— t>.t.  and  t.  To  move  as 
in  the  game  see-saw,  or  upward  and  down- 
ward. 

Seethe,  bSth,  v.t.^piet.  seethed,  pp.  seethed 

.or  sodden,  ppr.  seething.  (A.  Sax.  sedthan, 
to  seethe;  Icel.  sjdtha,  G.  sieden,  to  boil.] 
To  boD ;  to  prepare  for  food  in  boiling 
liquor ;  to  soak ;  to  'steep  arid  soften  in 
liquor.- v.i.  To  be  in  a  state  of  ebullition; 
to  boil ;  to  be  hot.— Seether,  sc'in^r,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  seethes;  a  pot  for 
boiling  tbines. 

Seggar,  seg'ar,  n.  [Prov.  E.  saggard,  sag- 
gar, contr.  for  safeguard.]  The  case  of 
fire-clay  in  which  fine  stoneware. is  in- 
closed while  being  baked  in  the  kiln. 

Segment,  seg'ment,«.  [L.scfi'men<«w,from 
seco,  to  cut.  Sectile.1  A  part  cut  off  or 
marked  as  separate  from  others;  one  of 
the  parts  into  which  a  body  naturally 
divides  itself ;  a  section ;  geom.  a  part  cut 
cff  from  any  figure  by  a  line  or  plane;  the 
segment  of  a  circle,  being  the  part  coii- 

'  tained  by  an  arc  and  its  chord.— «.t.  (seg- 
ment'). To  divide  or  become  divided  up 


Fate,  fir,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  h6r;     pico,  pin;     nOte,  not,  mOve;     tlibe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     ti,  Sc.  abwne— the  Fr.  w 


SEGREGATE 


615 


SELF 


into  segments.— Segmental,  seg-men'tal, 
a.  Pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  6r  like  a 
segment.  —  Se^eutation,  seg  -  men  -  ta'- 
shon,  n.  A  division  into  segments.— Seg- 
ment-saw, n.  A  veneer  saw  whose  active 
perimeter  consists  of  segments  attached 
to  a  disc;  mrg.  a  nearly  circular  saw  used 
in  operations  on  the  bones  of  the  cranium, 
&c. — Segment-wheel,  n.  A  wheel  a  part 
of  whose  periphery  only  is  utilized. 

Segregate,  seg're-gat,  v.t— segregated,  seg- 
regatinf.  [li.se^rego,  gegregatum—se,  apart, 
and  grex,  gregis,  a  flock.  Gregarious.]  To 
separate  from  others;  to  set  apart. — v.i. 
To  separate  or  go  apart. — a.  Separate; 
select.  —  Segregation,  seg-re-ga'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  segregating ;  separation  from 
others;  dispersion. 

Beguidilla,  seg-i-del'ya,  n.  A  merry  Span- 
ish tune  and  dauce. 

Seidlitz-water,  Seidlltz,  sid'lits,  «..  The 
aperient  mineral  water  of  Seidlitz,  a  village 
of  Bohemia.  —  Seidlitz  -  powder,  n.  Au 
aperient  medicine  cdmposed  of  Kochelle- 
s^lt,  bicarbonate  of  soda,  and  tartaric  acid, 
taken,  while  effervescing  in  water. 

Seignior,  Seigneur,  sen'y6r,  n.  [Fr.  sei- 
gneur. It.  signore,  Sp.  seTtor,  Pg.  senhor, 
titles  or  words  of  respectful  address,  equi- 
valent to  Sir,  Mr.,  gentleman;  from  L. 
senior,  elder.]  Feudal  law,  the  lord  of  a 
fee  or  manor.  —  Grand  Seignior,  a  title 
sometimes  given  to  the  SultS.u  of  Turkey. 
—  Seignenrlal,  Seigniorial,  sen-yd'ri-al, 
sSn-yo'ri-al,  a.  Pertainini^  to  the  lord  of  a 
manor;  manorial. — Seigniorage,  Seignor- 
age,  sen'y6r-aj,  n.  Something  claimed  by 
the  sovereign  or  by  a  superior  as  a  ore- 
rogative ;  the  profit  derived  from  issiang 
coins  at  a  rate  above  their  intrinsic  value, 
or  by  giving  back  rather  less  in  coin  than 
is  received  in  bullion ;  a  royalty  or  share 
of  profit;  the  money  received  by  an  author 
from  his  publisher  for  copyright  of  his 
works.— Seigniory,  Seignory,  sen'yer-i,  n. 
A  lordship;  power  or  authority  as  sove- 

^■eign  lord.  , 

Stoine,  Sein,  sen,  n.  [Fr.  seine,  from  L. 
sagena,  Gr.  sagene,  a  seine.]  A  large  net 
for  catching  fish.— Seine-boat,  n.  A  fish- 
ing-boat of  about  15  tons,  used  on  the  west 
coast  of  England  to  carry  the  large  seiue. 
—Seine-fisher,  Seiner,  sen'6r,  n.  A  fisher 
with  a  seine  or  net. 

Seise,  sBz,  v.t.  Law,  see  Seize. —  Seisin, 
se'zin,  n.    Seizin. 

Seismic,  Seismal,  sis'mik,  sis'mal,  a.  [Gr. 
seisnws,  an  earthquake,  from  seio,  to 
shake.]  Pertaining  to  earthquakes.— Seis- 
mograph, sis'mo-graf,  n.  An  electro-mag- 
netic instrument  for  registering  the  shocks ' 
and  concussions  of  earthquakes. — Seismo- 
gtaphlc,  sis-mo-graf'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
seismogvaphy  or  the  seismograph.— Seis- 
mography,  sis-mog'ra-fi,  n.  A  description 
or  account  of  [earthquakes. — Seismologic, 
sis-mo-lo,i'ik,  fl.  Pertaining  to  seismology. 
— Seismologist,  Seismologue,sis-moro-jist, 
sis'mo-log,  n.  A  student  of,  or  one  versed 
in,  seismology— Seismology,  sis-moro-ji,n. 
Thfe  science  of  earthquakes;  that  depart- 
ment of  science  which  treats  of  volcanoes 
and  earthquakes.— Seismometer,  Seismo- 
scope,  sis-mom'et-6r,  sis'mo-skop,  n.  Ab  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  direction  and 
force  of  earthquakes  and  similar  concus- 
sions.—Seismometry,  sis-mom'et-ri,n.  The 
measurement  of  the  force  and  direction  of 
earthquakes,  &c. ;  the  art  or  practice  of 
using  the  seismometer. 

Seize,  s5z,  v.t— seized,  seizing.  [Fr.  saisir, 
to  seize,  from  O.H.G.  sezzan,  sazjan,  Goth. 
satjan,  to  set.  Set.  ]  T6  suddenly  lay 
hold  of;  to  gripe  or  grasp  suddenly;  to 
take  possession  by  force,  or  by  virtue  of 
legal  authority;  to  have  a  sudden  and 
powerful  effect  on;  to  attack  (a  fever  seizes 
a  patient);  to  lay  hold  of  by  the  mind;  to 
comprehend;  naut.  to  fastentwo  ropes,  or 
different  parts  of  one  rope,  together  with 
a  cord ;  law,  to  make  possessed ;  to  put  in 
possession  of:  with  of  before  the  thing 
possessed.— w.i.  With  on  or  tipon,  to  fall  on 
and  grasp;  to  take  hold  of;  to  take  pos- 
session of. — Seizable,  s5'za-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  seized;  liable  to  be  taken.— Seizer, 
se'zer,  »i.  One  who  or  that  which  seizes. — 
Seizin,  se'zin, ,».  [Fr.  saisine,  seizin,  from 


saisir,  to  seize.]  Law,  possession;  the  act 
of  taking  possession;  the  thing  possessed. 
—Seizing,  se'zing,  n.  Naut.  the  cord  or 
cords  used  for  fastening  ropes  together.— 
Seizor,  se'zorj  n.  Law,  one  who  seizes  or 
takes  possession.— Seizure,  se'zur,  n.  The 
act  of  seizing  or  taking  sudden  hold;  a 
taking  into  possession;  the  thing  seized  or 
taken  possession  of ;  a  sudden  attack  of 
some  disease. 

Sejant,  Sejeant,  se'jant,  a.  [O.Pr.,  from 
L.  sedere,  to  sit.]  Sitting,  a  heraldic  term 
applied  to  an  animal  in  the  position  of  a 
sitting  cat. 

Sejoin,  s6-join',  v.t.    [Prefix  se,  apart,  and 

Join.]    To  separate. 

Selachian,  se-la'shi-an,  n.  [Gr.  selachos,  a 
shark.]  Any  fish  of  the  shark  or  dog-fish 
family. 

Seldom,  sel'dom,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  seldan,  sel- 
dwm=Icel.  sjatdan,  Dan.  sielden,  D.  zel- 
den,  G.  selten;  from  A.  Sax.  se W,  Goth,  sild, 
rare.]  Rarely;  not  often;  not  frequently, 
—a.  Rare;  unfrequent.— Seldomnesg,  ser- 
dom-nes,  n.    Rareness;  infrequency. 

Select,  se-lekt',  v.t.  [L.  seligo,  selectum — 
se,  from,  and  lego,  to  pick,  cull,  or  gather. 
Legend.]  To  choose  and  take  from  a 
number;  to  take  by  preference  from  among 
others;  to  pick  cut;  to  cull.— a.  Taken 
from  a  numoer  by  preference;  picked  out 
by  reason  of  excellence;  choice;  picked. — 
Selection,  s5-lek'shon,  n.  [h.  selectio,  se- 
lectionis.]  The  act  of  selecting;  a  taking 
by  preference  from  a  number;  a  thing  or 
things  selected  from  others.  —  Natural 
selection,  that  process  in  nature  by  which 
plants  and  animals  best  fitted  for  the  con- 
ditions in  which  they  are  placed  survive, 
propagate,  and  spread,  while  the  less  fitted 
die  out  and  disappear;  survival  of  the  fit- 
test.—Selective,  8(j-lek'tiv,  a.  Selecting; 
tending  to  select.— Selectness,  se-lekt'nes, 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  select. — 
Selector,  se-lek't6r,  n.    One  that  selects. 

Selenium,  se-le'ni-um,  n.  [  From  Gr.  selme, 
the  moon;  so  named  from  its  being  asso- 
ciated with  tellurium,  from  L.  tellus,  the 
earth.]  A  non-metallic  element,  in  gen- 
eral chemical  analogies  related  to  sulphur 
and  tellurium,  often  occurring  in  iron 
pyrites,  and  when  precipitated  forming  a 
red  powder.  —  Selenate,  sel'en-at,  n.  A 
co'mpound  of  seleuic  acid  with  a  base. — 
Selenic,  Selenious,  se-len'ik,  se-le'ni-us,  o. 
Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from  selenium. — 
Selenlde,  sel'en-id,  n.  A  compound  of  sele- 
nium with  one  other  element  or  radical. — 
Seleniferous,  sel-e-nif '6r-us,  a.  Containing 
selenium;  yielding  selenium.  —  Selenlte, 
sel'en-it,  n.  Foliated  or  crystallized  siil- 
phate  of  lime.-*-Selemtic,  sel-e-nit'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  selenite.— Seleniuretted,  se- 
le'nQ-ret-ed,a.  Containing  selenium;com- 
bined  with  selenium. 

Selenography,  sel-e-nog'ra-fi,  n.  [Gr.  seUne, 
the  moon,  and  grapho,  to  describe.]  A 
description  of  the  moon  and  its  pheno- 
mena; the  art  of  picturing  the  face  of  the 
moon.— Selanograph,  se-Ie'no-graf,  n.  A 
picture  of  the  surface  of  the  moon  or  part 
of  it.  —  Selenographer,  SelenograpMst, 
8el-e-nog'ra-f6r,  sel-e-nog'ra-fist,  n.  One 
versed  in  selenography^— Selenographic, 
Selenographical,  se-le'no-graf"ik,  se-le'no- 
graf'i-kal,  a.  Belonging  to  selenography. 
— Selenology,  sel-g-nol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  selene, 
and  logos,  description.]  That  branch  of 
astronomical  science  which  treats  of  the 
moon.— Selenoldgical,  8e-le'no-loj"i-kal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  selenology. 

Self,  self;  pi.  Selves,  selvz.  [A.  Sax.  self,  selfa 
=  D.  zelf,  Dan.  selv,  Icel.  sjdlfr,  G.  selb, 
Goth,  silba.l  A  word  aflSxed  to  certain 
personal  pronouns  to  express  emphasis  or 
distinction;  also  when  the  pronoun  is  used 
reflexively.  Thus  for  emphasis,  I  myself 
will  write;  I  will  examine  for  myself;  thou 
thyself  %\\A\t  go;  thou  shalt  see  for  thyself. 
Reflexively,  I  abhor  myself;  he  loves  Atm- 
self;  we  value  ourselves.  Sometimes  self 
is  separated  from  my,  thy,  &c.,  as,  my 
wretched  self;  and  this  leads  to  the  similar 
use  of  self  as  a  noun.-^m.  The  individual 
as  an  object  to  his  own  reflective  conscious- 
ness; one's  individual  person;  personal  in- 
terest; one's  own  private  interest  (he  is 
always  for  self);  a  flower  or  blossom  of  a 


uniform  colour  (with  pi.  Selfs).- Se?/is  the 
first  element  in  innumerable  compounds, 
generally  of  obvious  meaning.— o.J  Same; 
very  same:  still  used  in  this  sense  in  the 
compound  seJ/-«aryie.— Self-abasement,  n. 
Degradation  of  one's  self  by  one's  own  act. — 
Seli-acting,«.  Acting  of  itself:  aiiplied  to  au- 
tomatiq  contrivances  for  superseding  the 
manipulation  which  .would  otherwise  be 
required  in  the  management  of  machines. 
— Self-actiOR,  n.  Action  by  or  originating 
in  one's  self  or  itself.— Self-adjusting,  a. 
Adjusting  itself  by  special  mechanism. 
—Self-aggrandizement,  n.  The  aggrandize- 
ment or  exaltation  of  one's  self. — Self- 
asserting,  Self-assertive,  a.  Forward  in 
asserting  one's  self,  or  one's  rights  and 
claims.- Self-assertion,  n.  The  act  of  as- 
serting one's  self  or  one's  own  rights  or 
claims;  a  putting  one's  self  forward  in.  an 
assummg  manner.— Self-assiuned,  a.  As- 
sumed by  one's  own  act  or  by  one's  own 
authority.— Self-begotten,  a.  Begotten  by 
one's  self  or  one's  own  powers.  —  Self- 
blinded,  a.  Blinded  by  one's  one  actions 
or  qualities.— Seif-closing,  a.  Closing  of 
itself;  closing  or  shutting  automatically. 

•  —Self-coloured,  a.  All  of  one  colour,  as  a 
blossom  or  piece  of  cloth.— Self-command, 
a.  Command  or  control  of  one's  powers 
or  feelings;  presence  of  mind;  coolness. — 
Self-complacency,  n.  Satisfaction  with 
one's  self  or  one's  own  doings.— Self-com- 
placent, a.  Pleased  with  one  s  self  or  one's 
own  doings;  self-satisfied.  —  Self-conceit, 
n.  A  high  opinion  of  one's  self;  vanity. .". 
Syn.  under  Egotism.— Self-conceited,  o. 
Having  self-conceit;  vain;  having  an  over- 
weening opinion  of  one's  own  merits. — 
Self-conceitedness,  Jt.  The  quality  of  being 
self -conceited.  —  Self-condemnation,  n. 
Condemnation  by  one's  own  conscience. — 
Self-confidence,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  self-confident.  —  Self-confident,  a. 
Confident 'of  one's  own  strength  or  powers; 
relying  on  the  correctness  of  one's  own 
judgment,  or  the  competence  of  one's  own 

■  powers,without  other  aid.— Self-conscious, 
a.  Conscious  of  one's  states  or  acts  as  be- 
longing to  one's  self;  conscious  of  one's 
self  as  an  object  of  observation  to  others; 
apt  to  think  of  how  one's  self  appears. — 
Self-consciousnesa,  n.  State  of  being  self- 
conscious. —  Self-contained,  a.  Wrapped 
up  in  one's  self;  reserved;  not  communi- 
cative; a  term  applied  (especially  in  Scot- 
land) to  a  house  having  an  entrance  |or  it- 
self, and  not  approached  by  an  entrance 
or  stair  common  to  others. — Self -contempt, 
n.  Contempt  for  one's  self. — Self-contra- 
dictory, a.  Contradicting  itself.  —  Self- 
control,  n.  Control  exercised  over  one's 
self;  self-restraint;  self-command. — Self- 
convicted,  a.  Convicted  by  one's  own  con- 
sciousness, knowledge,  or  avowal. — Self- 
culture,  n.  Culture,  training,  or  education 
of  one's  self  without  the  aid  of  teachers. — 
Self-deceived,  a.  Deceived  or  misled  re- 
specting ocfe's  self  by  one's  own  mistake  or 
en-or.- Self-deceit,  Self-deception,  n.  De- 
ception concerning  one's  self,  proceeding 
from  one's  own  mistake.— Self-defence,  n. 
Defence  of  one's  own  person,  property,  or 
reputation. —Self-delusion,  n.  The  delu- 
sion of  one's  self;  a  delusion  respecting 
one's  self  .—Self-denial,  n.  The  act  of  being 
self-denying. — Self-denjnng,  a.  Denjang 
one's  self;  forbearing  to  indulge  one's  own 
appetites  or  desires.  —  Self-destroyer,  n. 
One  who  destroys' himself. —Self-destruc- 
tion, n.  The  destruction  of  one's  self.— 
Self-destructive,  a.  Tending  to  the  de- 
struction of  one's  self.— Self-devotion,  n. 
Sacrifice  of  one's  own  interests  or  happi- 
ness for  the  sake  of  others;  self-sacrifice. — 
Self -distrust,  n.  Distrust  of  one's  self  cr 
one's  own  powers.- Self-educated,  a.  Edu- 
cated by  one's  own  efforts  or  without  the 
aid  of  teachers.— Self-elective,  a.  Having 
the  right  to  elect  one's  self,  or,  as  a  body, 
of  electing  its  own  members. — Self-esteem, 
n.  The  esteem  or  good  opinion  of  one's 
self.— Self-evident,  a.  Evident  without 
proof  or  reasoning;  producing  certainty  or 
clear  conviction  uison  a  bare  presentation 
to  the  mind.  —  Self-evidently,  adv.  By 
mei>.iis  of  self -evidence.— Self -existence,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  self-existent.— Self- 


ch,  cAain;     c^.  So.  loc.^.;     £,  0o;     j,iob;     u,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinfr;     th,  (Aeu;  tb,  tAin;     w,  wig;     wb,  wAig;     zh,  asure. 


SELF 


616 


SEMIllAL 


existent,  a.  Existing  by  one's  or  its  own 
nature  or  essence,  independent  of  any 
other  cause.  —  Self-explanatory,  n.  CV 
pable  of  explaining  itself;  bearing  its 
meaning  on  its  own  face;  obvious.— Self- 
feeding,  a.  Capable  of  feeding  one's  ;self 
or  itself;  keeping  up  automatically  a  sup- 
ply of  anything  of  which  there  is  a  con- 
stant consumption  (a  self-feeding  boiler, 
furnace,  printing-press,  &c.). — Self-ferti- 
lization, n.  Bot.  the  fertilization  of  a 
flower  by  pollen  from  the  same  flower. — 
Self-fertilized,  p.  and  a.  Bot.  fertilized  by 
its  own  pollen. — Self-governed,  a.  Gov- 
erned by  one's  self  or  itself.— Self-govern- 
ment, n.  The  government  of  one's  self; 
self-control;  a  system  of  government  by 
■which  the  mass  of  a  nation  or  people  ap- 
ptjiat  the  rulers.- Self-help,  n.  Assistance 
of  or  by  one's  self;  the  use  of  one's  own 
powers  to  attain  one's  ends. — Self-impor- 
tance, n.  High  opinion  of  one's  self; 
pride.— Self-important,  o.  Important  in 
one's  own  esteem ;  pompous.  —  Self-im- 
posed, a.  Imposed  or  voluntarily  taken 
on  one's  self  (a  Kelf-imposed  task). — Self- 
indulgence,  n.  Free  indulgence  of  one's 
passions  or  appetites.— Self -indiUgent,  a. 
Indulging  one's  self;  gratifying  one's  own 
passions,  desires,  or  the  like.— Self-inflic- 
ted, a.  Inflicted' by  or  on  one's  self. — 
Self-interest,  n.  Interest  or  concern  for 
one's  self;  one's  own  advantage.  —  Self- 
interested,  a.  Particularly  concerned  for 
one's  self;  selfish.— Self-inirited,  tt.  Come 
without  being  asked.— Self -involved,  o. 
AV rapped  up  in  one's  self  or  in  one's 
thoughts.  —  Selfish,  selfish,  o.  Caring 
only  or  'chiefly  for  self;  regarding  one's 
own  interest  chiefly  or  solely;  proceeding 
from  love  of  self;  infhienced  solely  by  pri- 
vate advantage.— Selfishly,  self  ish-li,  adv. 
In  a  selfish  manner.— Selfishness,  self'ish- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  selfish;  devo- 
tion to  one's  own  interests  with  careless- 
ness of  others.  —  Self-knowledge,  n.  The 
knowledge  of  one's  own  real  character, 
abilities,  worth,  or  demerit. — Self-love,  n. 
Tiie  love  of  one's  own  person  or  happiness; 
the  natural  feeling  which  impels  every 
rational  creature  to  preserve  his  life  and 
promote  his  own  happiness.  —  Self-lumi- 
uotis.  o.  Luminous  of  itself;  possessing  in 
jt^^elf  the  property  of  emitting  light. — 
Self-made,  a.  Made  by  one's  self;  having 
risen  in  the  world  by  one's  own  exertions 
(a  self-made  man).— Self-mvirder,  n.  The 
murder  of  one's  self;  suicide.— Self-mur- 
derer, n.  A  suicide.  —  Self-opinion,  n. 
Exalted  opinion  of  one's  self;  self-conceit. 
— Self-opinioned,  <i.  Valuing  one's  own 
opinion  highly.— Self-possessed,  a.  Com- 
posed; not  excited  orflu!<tered;  cool;  not 
disturbed.  —  Self-possession,  n.  The  pos- 
session of  one's  powers;  presence  of  mind; 
calmness;  self-command.— Self-praise,  n. 
The  praise  of  one's  self;  self-applause. — 
Self-preservation,  n.  The  preser\-ation  of 
one's  self  from  destruction  or  in'ury. — 
Self  -  registering,  a.  Registering  auto- 
matically; an  epithet  applied  to  any  in- ' 
etrument  so  contrived  as  to  record  its  own 
indications  of  phenomena  (a  self-register- 
ing barometer,  thermometer,  or  the  like). 
—Self-regulated,  a.  Regulated  by  one's 
eelf  or  itself.— Self-regnlative,  a.  Tending 
or  serving  to  regulate  one's  self  or  itself. — 
Self-reliance,  n.  Reliance  on  one's  own 
powers.— Self-reliant,  a.  Relying  on  one's 
self ;  trusting  to  one's  own  powers.-Self-re- 
lying,  a.  Depending  on  one's  self.— Self- 
renunciation,  n.  The  act  of  renouncing 
one's  own  rights  or  claims;  self-abnega- 
tion.—Self-reproach,  n.  The  reproach  or 
censure  of  one's  own  conscience. — Self-re- 
spect, n.  Respect  for  one's  self  or  one's 
on-n  character.— Self-restrained,  a.  Re- 
sti'ained  by  itself  or  by  one's  own  power  of 
will.— Self-restraint,  n.  Restraint  or  con- 
trol imposed  on  one's  self;  self-command; 
self-control.— Self-righteous, a.  Righteous 
in  one's  own  esteem;  deeming  one's  self 
righteous  above  others.  —  Selif-righteous- 
ness,  n.  Reliance  on  one's  own  supposed 
righteousness;  false  or  Pharisaical  right- 
eousness. —  Self-sacrifice,  n.  Sacrifice  of 
one's  self  or  of  self-interest. — Self-sacrific- 
ing, rt.    Yielding  up  one's  own  interest. 


feelings,  &C4  sacrificing  one's  self.— Self- 
same, a.  The  very  same;  identical.— Eelf- 
gatisficd,  a.  Satisfied  with  one's  self. — 
Self-seeker,  n.  One  who  seeks  only  his 
own  interest.  —  Self-seeking,  a.  Seeking 
one's  own  interest  or  happiness;  selfish. — 
Self-styled,  a.  Called  or  styled  by  one's 
self;  called  by  a  title  assumed  without 
warrant. — Self-sufficiency,  Self -sttfficience, 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  self-suf- 
ficient. —  Self-sufficient,  a.  Independent 
of  the  aid  of  others;  having  undue  confi- 
dence in  one's  own  strength,  ability,  or 
endowments;  conceited;  overbearing. — 
Self-taught,  d.  Taught  by  one's  self;  edu- 
cated without  a  teacher  (a  self-taught 
genius). — Self-will,,  n.  Determination  to 
have  one's  own  way;  wilfulness;  obstinacy. 
— Self-'wllled,  o.  Governed  by  one's  own 
will;  wilful;  not  accommodating  or  com- 
pliant; obstinate. 

Sell,+  sel,  n.  (Fr.  selle,  L.  $ella,  a  seat;  a 
saddle.]    A  saddle. 

Sell,  sel,  y.t— pret.  &  pp.  sold.  fA.Sax.  sellan, 
st/llan,  to  give,  to  deliver  up;  L.G.  sellen, 
Icel.  selja,  to  sell,  to  deliver;  Goth,  saijan, 
to  offer;  akin  sale.]  To  transfer  to  another 
for  an  equivalent;  to  give  up  for  a  con- 
sidei-ation;  to  disiwse  of  for  something 
else,  especially  for  money;  correlative  to 
huy;  to  make  a  matsterof  bargain  and  sale 
of;  to  take  a"  bribe  for;  to  betray.— To  sell 
one's  life  dearly,  to  cause  great  loss  to  those 
who  take  one's  life. — To  sell  a  person  vp, 
to  sell  his  goods  to  pay  his  crediiiors. — 
v.i.  To  practise  selling;  to  be  sold;  to  fetch 
a  price. —  2'o  sell  out,  to  sell  one's  com- 
mission in  the  army  and  retjre  from  the 
service;  to  dispose  of  all  one's  shares  in  a 
company.— Seller,  serer,n.  One  who  sells; 
a  vender. 

Sellanders,  Sellenders,  sel'an-dSrz,  sel'en- 
derz,  n.  [Fr.  solandres.]  A  skin  disease  in 

'  a  horse's  hough  or  pastern  owing  to  a  want 
of  cleanliness. 

Selters  -  water.,  sel'tferz  or  zel'terz,  n.  A 
medicinal  mineral  water  found  at  Nieder- 
Selters  in  the  valley  of  the  Lahn,  I^assau, 
Germany;  called  incorrectly  Seltzer-water. 
— Seltzogene,  selt'zo-jen,  n.    A  gazogene. 

Selvas,  Silvas,  sel'vaz,  sil'vaz,  n.  pi.  [L. 
silva,  a  wood.J  The  great  forest  plains  of 
the  Amazon. 

Selvedge,  Selvage,  sel'vej,  sel'vaj,».  [From 
self  and  edge:  lit.  an  edge  formed  of  the 
stuff  itself;  com  p.  D.  zelfkant.  zelfegge,  G. 
selbende,  lit.  self-edge,  self-end.]  A  woven 
border,  or  border  of  close  work,  on  a  fabric 
made  of  the  threads  of  the  fabric;  a  list. 
— Selvedged,  Selvaged,  sel'vejd;  sel'vajd, 
a.    Having  a  selvedge. 

Selves,  selvz,  pL  of  self. 

Semaphore,  sem'a-for,  n.  [Gr.  sema,  a  sign, 
and  pherU,  to  bear.]  A  kind  of  telegraph 
or  apparatus  for  conveying  information 
by  signals  visible  at  a  distance.  —  Sema- 
pnoric,  Semaphorical,  sem-a-for'ik,  sem- 
a-for'i-kal,  a.  Relating  to  semaphores; 
telegraphic— Semaphorically,  sem-a-for*- 
i-kal-H,  adv.  By  means  of  a  semaphore. — 
Semaphorist,  se-maf'or-ist,  n.  One  who 
has  charge  of  a  semaphore. 

Sematology,  se-ma-tol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  gerna, 
sematos,  a  sign,  and  logos,  discourse.]  The 
doctrine  of  signs;  the  science  of  lang^uage 
as  expressed  by  signs. 

Semblance,  semTjlans,  71.  [Fr.  semhlanfe, 
from  semhler,  to  seem,  to  appear,  from  L. 
aimilare,  simvlare,  to  make  like,  from 
simiXis,  like.  Similar.]  Similarity;  re- 
semblance ;  external  figure  or  appearance; 
form;  a  form  or  figure  representing  some- 
thiiig;  likeness;  image. 

Semeiography,  sE-mi-og'ra-fi,  n.  [Gr.  semei- 
on,  a  sign,  and  grapko,  to  ■write.]  The 
doctrine  of  signs;  pathol.  a  description  of 
the  marks  or  symptoms  of  diseases. — 
Semeiographic,  s5'mi-o-graf"ik.  a.  Per- 
taining to  semeiography. — Semeiological, 
se'mi-0-loj"i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  semei- 
ology.— Semeiology,  sC-mi-ol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr. 
temeion,  and  logos,  discourse.]  The  doc- 
trine of  signs;  semeiotics. — Semeiotic,  86- 
mi-ot'ik,  a.  Relating  to  semeiotics. — 
Semeiotics,  se-mi-ot'iks,  n.  The  science 
of  signs ;  the  language  of  signs ;  pathol. 
that  branch  'ivhich  teaches  how  to  judge 
of  symptoms  in  the  human  body. 


Semen;  se'men,  n.  [L.,  from  wot  of  sero,  to 
sow.]  The  seed  or  fecundating  fluid  of 
male  animals;  sperm. 
Semese,t  sem-es',  o.  [L.  semesus—semi, 
half,  and  esus,  eaten,  from  edo,  eswn,  to 
eat.]    Half-eaten. 

Semester,  se-mes'ter,  n.  [L.  semestris,  half- 
yearly— sez,  six,  and  niensis,  month.]  A 
period  or  term  of  six  months. 
Semi,  sem'i.  [L.  se?ni,  Gr.  Ae?ni.]  A  prefix 
signifying  half;  half  of;  in  part;  pau^ially. 
The  compounds  are  generally  of  very  ob- 
■vious  meaning  if  the  latter  parts  be  known, 
and  we  give  only  a  certain  number  of  them 
below. 

Semi-Arian,  sem-i-a'ri-an,  n.  One  of  an 
ecclesiastical  sect  who  acquiesced  in  some 
of  the  tenets  of  the  Arians,  but  rejected 
others. 

Semi-attached,sem'i-at-tacht",  a.  Partially 
attached  or  united. — Semi-attached  hoiiae, 
one  of  two  houses  joined  together,  but 
both  standing  apart  from  others. 
Semibreve,  sem'i-brev,  n.  [From  semi  and 
breve.]  Music,  a  note  of  half  the  duration 
or  time  of  the  breve,  equivalent  to  two 
minims,  four  crotchets,  or  eight  quavers. 

Semicircle,  semi-ser-kl,  n.  [L.  semicircu- 
lus.]  The  half  of  a  circle;  the  part  of  a 
circle  comprehended  between  its  diameter 
and  half  of  its  circumference;  any  body  iu 
the  form  of  a  half  circle.— Semicircular. 
sem-i-E6r'ka-l6r,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a 
half  circle. 

Semi-circumference,  8em'i-s6r-kum"f6r-en8, 
n.    Half  the  circumference. 

Semicolon,  sem'i-ko-lon,  n.  [Semi  and  co- 
lon.] The  punctuation  mark  or  point  ( ;  V, 
marking  a  pause  of  less  duration  than  the 
colon,  and  more  than  the  comma:  used  to 
distinguish  the  conjunct  members  of  a 
sentence. 

Semi-oolumiiar,  8em'i-lco-lum"n6r,  a.  Like 
a  half  column;  flat  on  cue  side  and  ro'uikd 
on  the  other. 

Semi-conscious,  sem-i-kon'shus,  a.  Imi)cr' 
fectl3'  conscious. 

Semi-cylinder,  sem-i-sil'in-d6r,  n.  Half  of 
a  cylinder  that  is  cut  longitudinally  by  a 
plane.— Semi-cylindric,  Semi-cylindrical, 
sem'i-si-lin"drik,  Bem'i-si-lin"dri-kal,a.  In 
the  form  of  a  semi-cylinder. 

Semi-detached,  sem'i-de-tacht",  n.  Partly 
separated:  applied  to  one  of  two  houses 
which  are  detached  from  other  buildings, 
but  joined  together. 

Semi-diameter,  sem'i-di-am"et-6r,  n.  Half 
a  diameter;  a  radius. 

Semi-diurnal,  sem'i-di-6r"nal,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  accomplished  in  half  a  day;  con- 
tinuing half  a  day. 

Semi-double,  sem-i-dubl,  a.  Bot.  ha'ving 
the  outermost  stamens  converted  into  pe- 
tals while  the  inner  ones  remain  perfect. 

Semi-fioscular,  Seml-fiosculous,  Semi-flos- 
culose,  a.  [Semi,  and  Tj.jtpsctilus,  a  little 
flower.]  Bot.  hawng  the  corolla  sjjlit  and 
turned  to  one  side,  as  in  the  lignle  of 
composites. 

Semi-fluid,  sem-i-flo'id,  a.  Imperfectly 
fluid. 

Semi-ligneous,  sem-i-lig'ne-us,  o.  Partially 
ligneous  or  woody;  bot.  woody  at  the  base 
and  herbaceous  at  the  top. 

Semilor,  sem'i-lor,  n.  [Prefix  semi,  half, 
and  Fr.  Vor,  gold.]  An  alloy,  consisting 
of  five  parts  of  copper  and  one  of  zinc, 
UFed  for  manufacturing  cheap  jewelry,  i  c. 

Semi-lunar,  sem-i-la'nfer,  a.  [L.  semi,  half, 
and  luna,  the  moon.]  Riesembling  in  form 
a  half  -  moon.  —  Se'iniltmar  valves,  anat. 
three  valves  at  the  beginning  of  the  pul- 
monary artery  and  aorta, 

Bemi-metallic,  8em'i-me-tal"ik,a.  Partially 
metallic  in  character. 

Bemi-mnte,  sem'i-mat,  a.  Applied  to  a  per- 
son who,  owing  to  losing  the  sense  of  hear- 
ing, has  lost  also  to  a  great  extent  the 
faculty  of  speech. 

Seminal,  sem'i-nal,  a.  [L.  seminalis,  from 
semen,  seed,  from  stem  of  sero,  to  sow. 
Sow.]  Pertaining  to  seed  or  semen,  or  to 
the  elements  of  reproduction;  contained 
in  seed;  germinal;  rudimentary.  —  Semi- 
narian, Seminarist,  sem-i-na'ri-an,  sem'- 
i-na-rist,  n.  A  member  of  a  seminary; 
an  English  Roman  Catholic  priest  edu- 
cated in  a  foreign  seminary.  —  Seminary, 


fate,  f^,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     utStg,  not,  miiye;     tabe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     tt,  Sc  abtcne— the  Fr. «. 


semi-nyaiph 


617 


SENSE 


sem'i-narri,  n.  [Jj.seminarium,  from  semen, 
aeminis,  seed.]  A  seed  plot* ;  a  nurseryj ; 
a  place  of  education ;  any  school,  college, 
or  university  in  which  persons  are  instruc- 
ted.— «.  Seminal;  belonging  to  seed; 
trained  or  educated  in  a  f orei^  seminary: 
said  of  a  Roman  Catholic  priest.  —  Semi- 
nation, sem-i-na'shon,  n.  [L.  seminatio.] 
Bot.  the  natural  dispersion  of  seeds;  the 
process  of  seeding.  —  Seminiferous,  sem-i- 
nif'6r-u3,  a.  [li.  semen,  and  fero,  to  pro- 
duce.] Seed-bearing;  producing  seed. — 
Seminific,  Seminlfical,  sem-i-nifik,  sem-i- 
nif'i-kal,a.  [L.  stmen,  and /acio,  to  make.] 
Forming  or  producing  seed  or  semen. 

Semi-nymph,  sem'i-nimf,  n.  Eniom.  the 
nymph  of  insects  which  undergo  a  slight 
change  only  in  passing  to  a  perfect  state. 

Semiography,  se-mi-og'ra-fi,  n.  Semeiogra- 
FHy.— Semiology,  s5-mi-ol'o-ji,  n.  Semei- 
OLOGY.— Semiotics,  se-mi-ot'iks, ».  Semei- 

OTICS.  ° 

Bemi-palmate,  Seml-palmated,  sem-i-pal'- 
mat,  sem-i-pal'ma-ted,  a.  Zool.  having  the 
feet  webbed  only  partly  down  the  toes. 
Semiped,  sem'i-ped,  n.  \Semi,  and  L.  pes, 
pedis,  a  foot.]  Pros,  a  half-foot.  —  Semi- 
pedal,  sem-i-pe'dal,  o.  Pros,  coiitaining 
a  half-foot. 

Semi-Pelagian,  sem'i-pe-la"ji-an,  n.  Eccles. 
hist,  a  follower  of  John  Cassianus,  a  monk 
who,  about  the  year  430,  modified  the  doc- 
trines of  Pelagiu's.  —  Semi-Pelagianism, 
sem'i-p6-la"ji-ari-izm,  n.  The  tenets  of  the 
Semi- Pelagians. 

Semi  -  plantigrade,  sem-i-plan'ti-grad,  a. 
Zool.  applied  to  certain  families  of  mam- 
mals, as  the  civets  and  weasels,  in  which 
'  a  portion  of  the  sole  of  the  hind-feet  at 
least  is  applied  to  the  ground  in  walking. 
Semiquaver,  sem'i  -  kwa-v6r,  n.  Music,  a 
note  of  half  the  duration  of  the  quaver; 
the  sixteenth  of  the  semibireve. 
Semite,  sem'it,  n.  [From  Sem  or  Shem,  el- 
dest son  of  Noah.]  A  descendant  of  Shem; 
one  of  the  Semitic  race;  a  Shemite.— a. 
Belonging  to  Shem  or  his  descendants. — 
Semitic,  se-mit'ik,  a.  Kelating  to  Shem 
or  his  descendants;  pertaining  to  the  He- 
brew race  or  any  of  those  kindred  to  it. — 
Semitic  or  Shemitic  languages,  an  impor- 
tant group  or  family  of  languages,  com- 
prising the  Hebrew,  Phoenician,  Arabic, 
Abyssinian,  Chaldean,  Assyrian,  Babylo- 
nian.— Semitlsm,  sem'it-izm,n.  A  Semitic 
idiom  or  word;  the  adoption  of  what  is 
peculiarly  Semitic. 

Bemitertian,  sem-i-ter'shi-an,  a.  Med.  ap- 
plied to  a  fever  possessing  both  the  char- 
acters of  the  tertian  and  quotidian  inter- 
mittent.—n.  A  semitertian  fever. 
Semitone,  sem'i-ton,  n.  Music,  half  a  tone; 
an  interval  of  sound,  as  between  mi  and 
/a  in  the  diatonic  scale,  which  is  only  half 
the  distance  of  the  interval  bctv/een  ut  {do) 
and  re,  or  sol  and  la.  —  Semitonic,  sem-i- 
ton'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  semitone. 
Semi-transparent,  sem'i-trans-pa"rent,  cj. 

Half  or  imperfectly  transparent. 
Semi-vocal,  sem'i-vo-kal,  o.    Pertaining  to 
a  semi-vowel;  imperfectly  vocal. 
Semi-vowel,  sem'i-vou-el,  n.   A  half-vowel; 
a  sound  partaking  of  the  nature  of  both  a 
vowel  and  a  consonant,_as  I,  m,  r. 
Semolina,  Semol£.,  sena-o-li'na,  sem'o-la,  n. 
[It.  semolino.]    The  large  hard  grains  re- 
tained in  the  bolting-machine  after  the 
fine  flour  has  been  passed  through  it,  or 
made  separately,  used  for  puddings. 
Sempervirent,  sem-p6r-vi'rent,  a.    \Ij.  sem- 
per, always,  and  virens,  virentis,  flourish- 
ing.]   Always  fresh;  evergreen. 
Sempiternal,  sem-pi-t6r'nal,  a.  [Fr.  sempi- 
teriiel,  L.  sempitemus  —  semper,  ahraya, 
and  etemus,  eternal.]  Eternal  in  futurity; 
everlasting;  having  beginning,  but  no  end; 
also,  without  beginning  or  end.  —  Sempi- 
ternity,  som-pi-t^r'ni-ti,  n.    Future  dura- 
tion without  end;  eternity. 
Sempstress,  semp'stres,  ii.    [A.  Sax.  sedm^ 
estre,  a  sempstress,  with  term,  -ess  and  in- 
serted p.    Seam.]    A  woman  who  lives  by 
needle-work. 

Senary,  sC'na-ri,  a.  VL.  senarixis,  from  seni, 
six  each,  from  sex,  six.]  Of  six;  belonging 
to  six;  containing  six. 
Senate,  sen'at,  n.    fFr.  senat,  from  L.  senu- 
\  tus,  from  senex,  old,  aged;  cog.  with  Goth. 


sineigs,  Gr;  henos,  Skr,  sanas,  old.  Senior, 
Sir.]  Originally,  in  ancient  Rome,  a  body 
of  elderly  citizens  elected  from  among  the 
nobles,  and  having  supreme  legislative 
power;  hence,  the  upper  branch  of  a  legis- 
lature in  various  countries,  as  in  Prance, 
the  United  States,  &c.;  in  general,  a  legis- 
lative body;  the  legislative  department  of 
a  government ;  the  governing  body  of  a 
university.— Senate-house,  n.  A  house  in. 
which  a  senate  meets,  or  a  place  of  public 
council.  —  Senator,  sen'a-tor,  n.  A  mem- 
ber of  a  senate. — Senatorial,  sen-a-to'ri-al, 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  senator  or  senators; 
belonging  to  senators;  in  the  United 
States,  entitled  to  elect  a  senator.— Sena- 
toi^Uy,  sen-a-to'ri-al-li,  adv.  In  a  sena- 
torial manner.  —  Senatorship,  sen '  a-tor- 
ship,  n.  The  office  or  dignity  of  a  senator. 

Seuatus,  se-na'tus,  n.  [L.]  A  senate;  a, 
govermng  body  in  certain  universities. — 
i^enattis  ucfidemicv^,  one  of  the  governing 
bodies  in  Scotch  universities,  consisting 
of  the  principal  and  professors. 

Send,  send,  «.<.— pret.  and  pp.  sent.  [A.  Sax. 
sendan=lce:\.senda,  Dan.  sende,  D.  zenden, 
G.  senden,  Goth,  sandjan,  to  send;  caus.  of 
an  old  verb  meaning  to  go.]    To  cause  to 

fo  or  pass  from  one  place'  to  another;  to 
espatch;  to  cause  to  be  conveyed  or  trans- 
mitted; to  impel;  to  propel;  to  throw;  to 
■cast;  to  commission,  authorize,  or  direct  to 
go  and  act;  to  cause  to  befall;  to  inflict  (to 
send  destruction);  before  certain  verbs  of 
motion,  to  cause  to.  do  the  act  indicated 
by  the  respective  verb  (to  send  the  enemy 
flying  in  all  directions).- To  send  forth  or 
out,  to  put  or  bring  forth;  to  emit.— w.i. 
To  despatch  a  message  or  a  messenger  for 
some  purpose.— To  send  for,  to  request  by 
message  to  come  or  be  brought  (to  send 
for  a  physician).— Sender,  sen'der,  n.  One 
that  sends. 

Sendal,  sen'dali  n.  [O.Fr.  cendal,  sendal; 
Ji.L.  cendalum,  from  Gr.  sindon,  a  fine  In- 
dian cloth,  from  Sindhu,  the  river  Indus.] 
A  light  thin  stuff  of  silk  or  thread. 
Seneca-oU,  n.  A  local  name  in  America  for 
petroleum,  from  its  having  originally  been 
collected  by  the  Seneca  Indians. 
Seueka,  Senega,  sen'e-ka,  sen'e-ga,  n.  A 
drug  consisting  of  the  root  of  a  plant  of 
the  United  States,  used  in  cough  mixtures; 
the  plant  itself. 

Senescence,  s5-nes'ens,  n.  [L.  s«n««co,  from 
senex,  old.  Senate.]  The  state  of  growing 
old.— Senescent,  s5-nes'ent,  a.  Beginning 
to  grow  old. 

Seneschal,  sen'es-shal.n.  fO.Pr.  seneschal, 
L.L.  senescallns,  senescalcus,  from  O.G. 
setiescalh—sene,  old,  cognate  with  L.  senex 
(seen  in  senate),  and  scale,  scalh,  a  servant 
(seen  also  in  marshal).]  An  officer  in  thq 
houses  of  princes  and  dignitaries,  who  has 
the  superintendence  of  feasts  and  domestic 
ceremonies ;  a  steward.  —  Seneschalship, 
sen'es-shal-ship,  n.  The  office  of  seneschal. 
Seagreen,  sen'grSn.n.  [G.smpriii!,  aplant- 
sm,  signifying  duration,  and  firrun,  green.] 
The  house-leek. 

Senile,  se'nil,  a.  [L.  senilis,  from  senex, 
old.  Senate.]  Pertaining  to  old  age;  pro- 
ceeding from  age;  characterized  by  the 
weakness  of  old  age.— Senility,  sC-nil'i-ti, 
n.  The  state  of  being  senile;  old  ages,; 
dotage. 

Senior,  se'ni-6r,  a.  [L.  senior,  compar.  of 
senex,  old_  (Senate.)  Sir  is  from  senior.] 
More  advanced  in  age;  older;  elder;  being 
the  elder  of  two  persons  of  the  same  name 
(John  Smith,  senior);  higher  or  more  ad- 
vanced in  rank,  office,  or  the  like.  —  n.  A 
person  who  is  older  than  another  (my 
senior  by  ten  years);  one  that  is  older  in 
office  than  another;  one  prior  or  superior, 
in  rank  or  office;  an  aged  person.  —  Ceni- 
ority,  se-ni-or'i-ti,  n.  State  of  being  senior; 
superior  age;  priority  of  birth;  priority  or 
superiority  in  rank  or  office. 
Seima,  sen'na,  n.  [Ar.  seyid,  senna.]  The 
leaves  of  various  species  of  Cassia,  used  as 
a  laxative  medicine  in  constipation,  dys- 
pepsia. &c. 

Se'nnignt,  sen'nit,  n.    [Contr.  from  seven- 
night,  as  fortnight  from  fourteennight.] 
The  space  of  seven  nights  and  days;  a 
week. 
Sennit,  sen'it,  w.    [Prom  seven  and  knit] 


Saut.  a  sort  of  flat  braided  cordage  for:i>  -d 
by  plaiting  rope -yams  or  spun-yarn  to- 
gether. 

Seuor,  sen-yor',  n.    [L.  senior.]    A  Spanish 
title  or  form  of  address,  corresponding  to 
the  English  Mr.  or  sir ;  a  gentleman. — 
SeSora,  sen-yo'ra,  n.     The  feminine  of 
Seilor;  madameorMrs.;  a  lady. 
Sensation,  sen-sa'shon,  n.    [Pr.  sensation, 
L.L.  se}isatio,  from  L.  senMo,  sensum,  to 
feel,  to  perceive.    Sense.)    An  impression 
made  upon  the  mind  through  the  medium 
of  one  of  the  organs  of  sense;  feeling  pro- 
duced by  external  objects,  or  by  some 
change  in  the  internal  state  of  the  body; 
a  feeling;  the  power  of  feelirig  or  receiving 
impressions;  feeling  occasioned  by  causes 
that  do  not  act  on  the  senses;  a  purely 
spiritual  or  psychical  aSection  (a  sensation 
of  awe,  novelty,  &c.);  a  state  of  some  ex- 
citement (to  create  a  sensation);  what  pro- 
duces excited  interest  or  feeling :  often 
used  as  an  adjective  in  the  sense  of  causing 
excited  interest  or  feeling  {^'nsation  nov- 
els, &c.).  —  Sensation  novelSr  novels  that 
produce  their  efifect  mainly  by  exciting 
and  often  improbable  situations,  as  scenes 
of  extreme  peril,  high-wrought  passion, 
&c.,  depending  but  Bttle  on  the  delinea- 
tion of  character.  —  Sensational,  sen-sa'- 
shon-al,  a.    Relating  to  or  implying  sen- 
sation or  perception  by  the  senses;  pro- 
ducing sensation  or  excited  interest  or 
emotion  (a  sensational  novel,  a  writei:  of 
the  sensational  school);  pertaining  to  sen- 
sationalism.— Sensationalism.sen-sa'shon- 
al-izm,  n.    Metaph.  the  theory  or  doctrine 
that  all  our  ideas  are  solely  derived  through 
our  senses;  sensualism.  —  Sensationalist, 
sen-sa'shon-al-ist,  n.    Metaph.  a  believer 
in  or  upholder  of  the  doctrine  of  sensa- 
tionalism. —  Sensationary,  sen-sa'shon-a- 
ri,  n.    Relating  to  sensation;  sensational. 
Sense,  sens,  n.     [L.  sensus,  sensation,  a 
sense,  from  sentio,  sensum,,  to  perceive  by 
the  senses  (seen  in  scent,  sensual,  consent, 
dissent,  assent,  resent,  sentence,  sentiment, 
&c.).]     One  of  the  faculties  by  which 
man  and  the  higher  animals  perceive  ex- 
ternal objects  by  means  of  impressions 
made  on  certain  organs  of  the  body,  the 
senses  being  usually  spoken  of  as  five, 
namely,  sight,  hearing,  taste,  smell,  and 
touch;  perception  by  the  senses;  sensation; 
feeling;  apprehension  through  the  intel- 
lect; discernment;  appreciation  (no  sense 
of  beauty);  moral  perception;  conscious- 
ness (a  sense  of  shame);  faculty  of  think- 
ing and  feeling;  sound  perception  and 
reasoning;  good  judgment;  understand- 
ing (a  man  of  sense);  rationality;  view  or 
opmion  held  in  common  (to  s^eak  the  gense 
of  a  public  meeting);  meaning;  import; 
signification  of  language.— Common  sense. 
Common.— To  he  in  our  senses,  to  be  in  a 
sound  state  of  mind;  to  have  possession  of 
our  mental  faculties:  the  contrary  being 
to  be  out  of  our  senses. — Senseless,  sens'les, 
o.   Destitute  of  sense;  having  no  power  of 
sensation  or  perception;  insensible;  want- 
ing feeling  or  sympathy;  without  sensi- 
bility; contrary  to  reason  or  sound  judg- 
ment; unwise;  foolish;  nonsensical;  want- 
ing understanding;  acting  without  judg- 
ment; stupid.— Senselessly,  sens'les-li,adw. 
In  a  senseless  manner;  foolishly;  stupidly. 
— Senselessness,  sens'les-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  senseless;  want  of  good 
sense;  folly;  stupidity. —  Sensibility,  sen- 
si-bil'i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
sensible;  capability  of  sensation;  capacity 
to  experience  emotion  or  feeling;  the  ca- 
pacity of  being  impressed  with  such  senti- 
ments as  those  of  sublimity,  awe,  won- 
der, &c.;  delicacy  or  keenness  of  feeling; 
quick  emotion  or  sympathy;  that  quality 
of  an  instrument  which  makes  it  indi- 
cate very  slight   changes  of  condition; 
sensitiveness  (the  sensibility  of  a  thermo- 
meter).—Sensible,  sen'si-bl,  a.    [Fr.  sen- 
•sible,  L.  sensibilis,  from  sensus.]    Capable 
of  being  perceived  by  the  senses;  capable 
of  exciting  sensation ;  perceptible ;  felt ; 
capable  Of  sensation  or  impression  (the  eye 
is  sensible  to  light);  capable  of  emotional 
influences;  liable  to  impression  oremotion; 
easily  affected;  perceiving  or  having  per- 
ception either  by  the  senses  or  the  intellect; 


ch,  Crtain;     eft,  Sc,  lo«A;   g,  go;     hjoh;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  biwi/;     ib,  thea;  th,  thuii     w,  wig;     wh,  w/tig;     zh,  asure. 


BENSOiHUM 


618 


SEPTIC 


lOffiiizant;  persuaded;  capable  of  indica- 
ting slight  changes  of  condition;  sensitive 
(a  sensible  thermometer);  possessing  or  con- 
taining sense,  judgment,  or  reason  (a  sen- 
sible remark);  having  good  or  sound  sense; 
intelligent;  reasonable;  judicious.  —  Sen- 
sibleness,  sen'si-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
tiualit}'  of  being  sensible ;  sensibility.—' 
Sensibly,  sen'si-bli,  adv.  In  a  sensible 
manner;  perceptibly  to  the  senses;  with 
intelligence  or  good  sense;  judiciously. — 
Sensific,  Sensifacient,  ■sen-sif'ik,  sen-si- 
fa 'shi-ent,  a.  (L.  sensus,  and  facio,  to 
make.]  Producing  sensation. — Sensifica- 
tory,  sen-Eif'i-ka-to-ri,-a.  Sensifacient. — 
Sensigenoos,  sen-sij'e-nus,  a.  [L.  sensus, 
and  root  gen,  to  be;,'et.]  Originating  or 
causing  sensation. — Sensitive,  sen'si-tiv,  a. 
[Ft.  sensitif,  L.L.  !>ensitimis.'\  Having  the 
capacity  of  receiving  impressions  from 
external  objects;  having  feelings  easily 
excited;  readily  and  acutely  affected;  of 
keen  sensibilit.v;  physics,  easily  affected, 
moved,  or  exhibiting  change  from  some 
influence  (a  sensitive  balance);  c/iein.  read- 
ily affected  by  the  action  of  appropriate 
agents. — Sensitively,  sen'si-tiv-li,  adv.  In 
a  sensitive  manner.  —Sensitiveness,  sen'si- 
tiv-nes,  ji.  The  state  of  being  sensitive. — 
Sensitive-plant,  n.  A  name  given  to  sev- 
eral plants  which  display  movements  of 
their  leaves  in  a  remarkable  degree  under 
the  influence  of  light  and  darkness,  as  also 
under  mechanical  and  other  stimuli. — 
Sensitivity,  sen-si-tiv'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of 
being  sensitive  or  readily  affected  by  the 
action  of  appropriate  chemical  or  other 
agents;  readiness  of  muscles  or  nerves  to 
respond  to  stimuli.  —  Sensitize,  sen'si-tiz, 
v.t.-^sensitized,  sensitizing.  To  render  ca- 
pable of  being  acted  on  by  the  actinic  rays 
of  the  sun  or  other  means:  a  term  in  pho- 
tography, &c. 

Sensorium,  sen-»o'ri-um,  n.  [From  L. 
senstis,  sense.]  The  brain  or  any  part  of 
it  considered  as  the  general  receptacle 
of  impressions  derived  from  the  exter- 
nal world;  the  central  seat  of  conscious- 
ness ;  a  nerve  centre.  —  Sensorial,  sen-so'- 
ri-al,  a.  -  Sensory. —Sensory,'  sen'so-ri,  a. 
Relating  to  the  sensorium;  conveying  sen- 
sation (sgjwory  nerves).  —  ti.  The  senso- 
rium. 

Sensual,  sen'sfl-al,a.  [L.  «e»is«aif«,from  sen- 
s«s,  sense.  Sense.]  Pertaining  to  the  body, 
in  distinction  from  the  spirit;  carnal;  flesh- 
ly; pertaining  to  the  gratification  uf  the 
appetites;  grossly  luxurious;  indulging  in 
lust;  voluptuous;  pertaining  to  sensualism 
as  a  philosophical  doctrine.— Sensualism, 
sen '  sQ-al-izm,  n.  ifetaph.  that  theory 
which  bases  all  our  mental  acts  and  in- 
tellectual powers  upon  sensation;  sensa- 
tionalism, opposed  to  infellectuaiism ;  a 
state  of  subjection  to  the  appetites;  sen- 
suality. —  Sensualist,  sen'su-al-ist,  n.  A 
person  given  to  the  indulgence  of  his  ap- 
petites: a  sensationalist  in  philosophy. — 
Sensualistic,  sen'su-a-lis"tik,  a.  Uphold- 
ing the  doctrine  of  sensualism. — Sensual- 
ity, sen-8u-al'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
sensual;  devotedness  to  the  gratification 
of  the  bodily  appetites;  indulgence  in  lust; 
carnality;  fleshliness. — Sensualize,  sen'su- 
al-iz,  v.t.  —  sensiuxlized,  sensualizing.  To 
m£.ke  sensual;  to  debase  by  carnal  gratifi- 
cations.— Sensually,  sen'su-al-li.adj'.  In  a 
sensual  manner.  —  Sensualness,  sen'sa-al- 
nes,n.  Sensuality. — Sensuism,  sen'sn-izm, 
n.  Sensualism.  —  Sensuous,  sen'su-us,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  senses;  appealing  to  the 
senses;  readily  affected  through  the  senses; 
alive  to  the  pleasure  to  be  received  through 
the  senses. — Sensuously,  sen'su-us-li,  adv. 
In  a  sensuous  manner.  —  Sensuoosness, 
>en'su-us-nes,  n. 

Sent,  sent,  pret.  and  pp.  of  send. 

Sentence,  sen 'tens,  n.  [L.  aententia,  an 
opinion,  a  judgment,  amaxim,  a  sentence, 
from  sentio,  to  perceive.  Sense.]  A  judg- 
ment; a  decision;  a  judgment  pronounced 
by  a  court  or  judge  upon  a  criminal;  a 
maxim  (Shak.);  gram,  a  number  of  words 
containing  complete  sense  or  a  complete 
thought  and  followed  by  a  full  point.— 
v.t— sentenced,  sentencing.  To  pronounce 
sentence  or  judgment  on;  to  condemp;  to 
doom  to  punisnment.— Sentencer,  sen'- 


ten-ser,  «.  One  who  pronounces  a  sen- 
tence.— Sentential,  sen-ten'shal,  a.  Com- 
prising sentences;  pertaining  to  a  sentence 
or  full  period.  —  Seutentially,  sen  -  ten'- 
shal-li,  adv.  In  a  sentential  manner; 
by  means  of  sentences.— Sententious,  sen- 
ten'shus,  a.  [L.  sententiosus,  Fr.  senten- 
tieux.]  Abounding  in  axioms  or  maxims; 
rich  in  judicious  observations ;  having 
brevity  and  weight  of  meaning;  pithy; 
terse.-— Sententiously,  seu-ten'shus-li,  adv. 
In  a  sententious  manner.—  Sententiotts- 
ness,  sen-ten'shus-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  sententious;  brevity  of  expression 
combined  with  strength. 

Sentient,  sen'shi-eut,  a.  [L.  sentiens,  sen- 
tientis,  ppr.  of  sentio,  to  perceive.  Sense.] 
Capable  of  perceiving  or  feeling;  having 
the  faculty  of  perception;  physiol.  a  term 
applied  to  those  parts  which  are  more 
susceptible  of  feeling  than  others.— Sen- 
tiently,  sen'shi-ent-li,  adv.  In  a  sentient 
or  perceptive  manner. — Sentience,.  Sen- 
tiency,  sen'shi-ens,  sen'Shi-en-si,  n.  The 
state  of  being  sentient;  feeling. 

Sentiment,  ^en'ti-ment,  n.  [Fr.  sentiment, 
L.L.  senttmentum,  from  L.  setitio,  to  per- 
ceive. Sense.]  A  thought  prompted  by 
feeling;  a  feeling  respecting  some  person 
or  thing;  a  particular  disposition  of  mind 
in  view  of  some  subject;  tendencj'  to  be 
swayed  by  feeling;  emotion;  sensibility;  a" 
thought  or  opinion;  the  thought  or  opinion 
contained  in  words,  but  considered  as  dis- 
tinct from  them;  a  thought  expressed  in 
striking  words. — Sentimental,  sen-ti-men'- 
tal,  a.  Having  sentiment;  apt  to  \je 
swayed  by  sentiment;  manifesting  an  ex- 
cess of  sentiment;  artificially  or  mawkish- 
ly tender;  appealing  to  sentiment  rather 
thaH  to  reason.  .".  Syn.  under  Roma>tic. 
— Sentimentalism,  sen-ti-men'tal-izm,  n. 
Sentimentality.  —  Sentimentalist,  sen-ti- 
men'tal-ist,  n.  One  who  affects  sentiment; 
the  character  of  being  sentimental  or 
swayed  by  sentiment.  —  Sentimentality, 
sen'ti-men-tal"i-ti,  n.  Affectation  of  fine 
feeling  or  exquisite  sensibility;  proneness 
to  sentiment.  —  Sentimentalize,  sen-ti- 
nien'tal-iz,  v.i.  To  affect  exquisite  sensi- 
bility. —  Sentimentally,  sen-ti-men'tal-li, 
adv.    In  a  sentimental  manner.  •*«< 

Sentinel,  sen'ti-nel,  n.  [Fr.  sentinelle;  It. 
sentinella;  origin  -doubtful.]  One  who 
watches  or  keeps  guard  to  prevent  sur- 
prise; especially,  a  soldier  set  to  guard  any 
place  from  surprise;  a  sentry. — v.t. — setUv- 
nelled,  sentvielling.  To  watch  over  as  a 
sentinel;  to  furnish  with  a  sentinel  or  sen- 
tinels.—Sentry,  sen'tri,  n.  ICorruption  of 
sentinel.]  A  soldier  placed  on  guard;  a 
sentinel;  guard;  watch;  duty  of  a  sentinel. 
— Sentry-box,  n.  A  small  shed  to  cover  and 
shelter  a  sentinel  at  his  post. 

SepaM,  sep'a-hi,  n.    A  sepoy. 

Sepal,  se'pal,  n.  [Fr.  sipale,  an  invented 
term  to  correspond  to  petale,  a  petal.]  Bot. 
one  of  the  separate  divisions  of  a  calyx 
when  that  organ  is  made  up  of  various 
leaves. — Sepaline,  sep'al-in,  a.  Bot.  rela- 
ting to  a  sepal  or  sepals;  having  the  nature 
of  a  sepal. — Sepaloid,  sep'al-oid,  a.  Like  a 
sepal.- Sepalons,  sep'al-us,  a.  Relating  to 
or  having  sepals. 

Separate,  sep'a-rat,  v.t— separated,  separa- 
ting. [L.  separo,  separatum — se,  apart, 
and  paro,  to  put  or  place.  Pare.]  To 
disunite;  to  divide;  to  part,  in  almost  any 
manner,  either  things  naturally  or  casu- 
ally joined;  to  set  apart  from  a  number; 
to  make  a  space  between ;  to  sever,  as  by 
an  intervening  space;  to  lie  between. — v.i. 
To  go  apart;  to  withdraw  from  each  other; 
to  cleave  or  split;  to  come  apart. — a.  [L. 
separatus,  pp.  of  separo.]  Divided  from 
the  rest:  parted  from  another  or  others; 
disjoined;  unconnected;  not  united;  dis- 
tinct; withdrawn;  alone;  without  com- 
pany.—Separability,  Separableness,  sep'a- 
ra-bil"i-ti,  sep'a-ra-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  separable;  divisibility. — Sepa- 
rable, sep'a-ra-bl,  a.  [L.  separabilis.]  Ca- 
pable of  being  separated  or  disjoined;  di- 
visible.— Separably,  sep'a-ra-bli,  adv.  In 
a_  separable  manner. — Separately,  sep'a- 
rat-li,  adv.  In  a  separate  or  unconnected 
state;  apart;  distinctly;  singly.— Separate- 
nesB,  sep'a-rat-nes,  n.    The  state  of  being 


separate.  —  Separation,  sep-a-r&'shon,  »i. 
[L.  separatio.j  The  act  of  seiiarating; 
the  state  of  being  separate;  disjunction; 
disunion;  disconnection;  disunion  of  mar- 
ried persons;  a  cessation  of  conjugal  co- 
habitation of  man  and  wife.  —  ./udtciai 
separation,  the  separation  of  a  husband 
and  wife  by  decree  of  a  court. — Separat- 
ism, sep'a-rat-izm,  n.  The  state  of  being 
a  separatist;  dissent. — Separatist,  sep'a- 
rat-ist,  n.  One  who  advocates  separation; 
one  who  withdraws  or  separates  himself 
from  an  established  church;  a  dissenter.— 
Sepaxatistic,  gep'a-ra-tis"tik,  a.  Relating 
to  or  characterized  by  separatism;  schis- 
matical.— Separator,  sep'a-ra-tfer,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  separates;  a  name  of 
several  mechanical  contrivances.— Sepa- 
ratory,  Separative,  sep'a-ra-to-ri,  sep'a-ra- 
tiv,  a.  Causing  or  used  in  separation.— 
Separatory,  n.  A  chemical  vessel  for  sepa- 
rating liquors ;  a  kind  of  surgical  instru- 
ment.       -   ,  t4-.  • 

Sepawn,  se-pan',  n.  'An  American  dish 
consisting  of  meal  of  maize  boiled  in 
water.         •   ",        -^^-^  ■»     . 

Sepia,  se'pi-a,  n.  [6r.  sepia,  the  cuttle-fish 
or  squid.]  The  cuttle-fish;  a  species  of 
brown  pigment  prepared  from  a  black 
juice  secreted  by  certaip  glands  of  the 
cuttle-fish,  and  used  in  drawing.— Sepic, 
se'pik,  a.  Pertaining  to  sepia;  done  in  se- 
pia, as  a  drawing.       ,  t. ; 

Seplment,  sep'i-ment,  n. '  [L.  sepimenium, 
from  sepio,  to  inclose.]  «A  hedge;  a  fence; 
something  that  separates. 

Sepiostaire,  s6-pi-os'tar,  n.  [Gr.  septa,  a 
cuttle-fish,  and  osteon,  a  bone.]  The 
cuttle-bone  or  internal  snell  of  the  ciittle- 

Sepo'n,  se-pon',  n.'  So^awtT*?^!^'  **^  "^^^^ 

Sepoy,  65'poi,  n.  (Per.  sipahi,  a  soldier.]  A 
name  given  in  Hindustan  to  the  native 
soldiers  in  the  British  service. 

Sept,  sept,  n.  [Probably  a  corruption  of 
sect.]  A  clan;  a  branch  of  a  race  or  family; 
used  particularly  of  the  race"  '"r  families 
in  Ireland.  -^si..  >■  ^  ^ 

Septa,  sep'ta,  pi.  of  septunu 

Septsemia,  n.    SepticjEmia.1 

Septal.    Under  Septum.      V 

Septangle,  sep'tang-gl.  n.  [L.  sepfem,  seven, 
and  aiigulus,  an  angle.]  Geom.  a  hepta- 
gon. 

Septarium.,  sep-ta'rl-um,  n.  pi.  Septaria, 
sepTta'ri-aj  [From  L.  septum,  an  inclosure, 
from  sepio,  to  inclose.]  A  name  given  to 
spheroidal  masses  o^  calcareous  marl, 
ironstone,  or  other  matter,  whose  interior 
presents  numerous  fissures  of  some  crys- 
tallized substance  which  divide  the  mass. 

Septate.    Under  Septum.       ' 

September,  sep-tem'b6r,  n.  [L.,  from  sep- 
tevi,  seven.]  The  ninth  month  of  the  year, 
80  called  from  being  originally  the  seventh 
month  from  March,  which  was  formerly 
the  first  month  of  the  year. 

Septempartite,  sep-tem'par-tit,  a.  Divided 
nearly  to  the  base  into  seveil  parts. 

Septenary,  sep'ten-a-ri,  a.  [L.  septenarius, 
from  septeni,  seven  each,  from  septem, 
seven.]  Consisting  of  or  relating  to  seven; 
lasting  seven  years;  occurring  once  in 
seven  years.-Septenate,  sep'ten-fit,  a.  Bet. 
having  seven  parts,  as  a  compound  leaf 
with  seven  leaflets  from  one  point. 

Septennial,  sep-ten'ni-al,  a.  [t.  septennis- 
septem,  seven,  and  annus,  a  year.]  Lasting 
or  continuing  seven  years;  happeniijg 
once  in  every  seven  years. — Septenniall3^^ 
sep-ten'ni-al-li,  adv.    Once  in  seven  years. 

Septentrion,  sep-ten'tri-on,  n.  [L.  septen- 
trio,  septentrionis.  from  septentriones,  the 
seven  stars  of  the  Great  Bear— septem, 
seven,  and  triones,  ploughing  oxen.]  The 
north  or  northern  regions.-Septentnonal, 
sep-ten'tri-on-al,  a.    Northern. 

Septet,  Septette,  sep-tet',  n.  [L.  septem, 
seven.]  inisic,  a  composition  for  seven 
voices  or  instruments. 

Sept-foU,  sept'foil,  n.  [L.  septem,  seven, 
and  folium,  a  leaf.]  A  figure  of  seven 
equal  segments  of  a  circle  circularly  dis- 
■posed. 

Septic,  Septical,  sep'tik,  sep'ti-kal,  a.  [Gr. 
septikos,  from  sep<5,  to  putrefy.]  Having 
power  to  promote  putrefaction;  causing 
putrefaction.  —  n.    A  substance  causing 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met.  her;      pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mbve;      tQbe,  tub,  bijll;     oil,  pound;     a.  So.  abune— the  Fr.  v. 


SEPTICEMIA 


619 


SERIES 


putrefaction.  —  Septically,  sep '  ti  -  kal  -  li, 
adv.  In  a  septic  manner;  by  means  or 
septics.  —  Septicity,  sep-tis'i-ti,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  septic. 

Septicaemia,  Septaemia,  sep-ti-sS'mi-a,  sep- 
te'mi-a,  n.  [Gr.  septikos,  sSpios,  putrefying, 
from  sepO,  to  putrefy,  and  /latma,  blood.] 
Blood-poisoning  by  absorption  into  the  cir- 
culation of  poisonous  or  putrid  matter. 

Septlcidal,  sep-ti-si'dal,  a.  [L.  septum,  a 
partition,  and  ccedo,  to  cut  or  divide.  Sep- 
tum.] £ot.  dividing  or  dehiscing  at  the 
septa  or  partitions.— Septiferous,  sep-tif'- 
er-u8,  a.  [L.  septum,  an  inclosure,  and  /ero, 
to  bear.)  JBot.  bearing  septa.— Septiform, 
sep'ti-form,  a.  Resembling  a  septum  or 
partition.  —  Septifragal,  sep-tif'ra-gal,  a. 
(L.  septum,  a  partition,  and  frango,  to 
break.]  Bot.  literally  breaking  from  the 
partitions:  applied  toaVnode  of  dehiscing 
m  which  the  backs  of  the  carpels  separate 
from  the  dissepiments. 

Septilateral,  sep-ti-lat'6r-al,  a.  Jli.  septem, 
seven,  and  lotus,  lateria,  a  side.J  Having 
seven  sides. 

SeptilUon,  sep-til'yon,  n.  [From  L.  sep- 
tem, seven,  with  termination  of  E.  million.] 
A  million  raised  to  the  seventh  power;  a 
number  consisting  of  a  unit  followed  by 
forty-two  ciphers. 

Septisyllable,  sep'ti-sil-a-bl,  n.  [L.  septem, 
seven,  and  E.  sullable.].  A  word  of  seven 
syllables. 

Septuagenarian,  pep'tQ-a-je-na"ri-an,  n.  [li. 

' septuagenarius,'coiisi&tiag  of  seventy,  sep- 

:tiiageni,  seventy  each,  from  septem,  seven.] - 

f  A  person  seventy  years  of  age.^-Septua- 
genary,  sep-tQ-aj'e-na-ri,  a.  Consisting  of 
seventy  Or  of  seventy  years;  pertaining  to 
a  person  seventy  years  old.— ».•  A  septua- 
genarian. 

Septuagesima,  sep'ta-a-jes"i-ma,  n.  [L. 
septuagesimus,  seventieth.]  The  third  Sun- 
day before  Lent,  so  called  because  it  is 
about  seventy  days  before  Easter.— Sep- 
tuagesimal,  sep'ttl-a-jes"i-mal,  a.  Consis- 
ting of  seventy  or  of  seventy  years. 

Septuagiat,sep'ttt-a-jint,n.  [L.  septuaginta, 
seventy,  from  septem,  seven.]  A  Greek 
version  of  the  Old  Testament  (usually  de- 
noted by  the  symbol  LXX.)  executed  for 
the  Jews  of  Alexandria  and  said  to  have 
been  the  work  of  seventy  translators  who 
were  employed  bv  Ptolemy  Phila>delphus, 
king  of  Egypt,  about  280  b.c. 

Septum,  sep'tum,  n.  pi.  Septa,  sep'ta.  [L., 
a  partition,  from  sepio,  to  hedge  in,  to 
fence.]  A  partition;  a  wall  separating 
cavities  in  animals  or  plants,  as  the  carti- 
lage between  the  nostrils;  one  of  the  par- 
titions of  an  ovary  or  fruit.— Septulate, 
s«p'tu-lat,  a.  Bot.  applied  to  fruits  having 
imperfect  or  false  septa.— Septal,  sep'tal, 
a.  Belonging  to  or  forming  a  septum.— 
Septate,  sep'tat,  o.  Partitioned  off  into 
compartments  by  septa.— Septile,  sep'til, 
a.    Belonging  to  septa  or  dissepiments. 

Eeptuor,  sep'tu-or,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  septem, 
seven.]    A  septet. 

Septuple,  sep'tu-pl,  a.  [L.  septuplus,  from 
septem,  seven.]  Sevenfold.— !).<.  To  make 
sevenfold. 

Sepulchre,  sep'ul-kftr,  n.  [L.  seputchrum., 
from  sepelio,  sepultum,  to  bury.]  A  tomb; 
a  building,  cave,  &c.,  for  interment;  a 
burial  vault ;  eccles.  arch,  a  recess  for  the 
reception  of  the  holy  elements  consecrated 
on  Maunday  Thursday  till  hig'vmass  on 
ila.steT-da,y.—v.t.— sepulchred,  st/)ulchring. 
To  bury;  to  inten  to  entomb.— Sepulchral, 
se-pul'kral,  a.  [L.  sepulchralis.]  Pertain- 
ing to  burial,  to  the  grave,  or  to  tombs; 
suggestive  of  a  sepulchre;  hence,  deep, 
hollow  in  tone  (a  sepulchral  tone  of  voice). 
—  Sepulchral  mound,  a  barrow  or  gravfe 
mound.  —  Sepulture,  sep'ul-tur,  n.  [L. 
sepultura,  from  sepelio,  sepultum,  to  bury.] 
Burial ;  interment ;  a  sepulchre. 

Sequacious,  se-kwa'shus,  a.  [L.  aequax, 
sequacis,  from  seguor, to  follow.  Sequence,] 
Following;  disposed  to  follow  a  leader; 
logically  consistent;  consecutive  in  devel- 
opment or  transition  of  thought.— Sequa- 
cloushegs,  Sequacity,  se-kwa'shus-nes,  se- 
kwas'i-ti,  n.    State  of  being  sequacious. 

Sequel,  sB'kwel,  n.  [L.  sequela,  sequel,  re- 
sult, consequence,  from  seqaor,  to  follow. 
Sequence.]  That  which  follows  and- forms 


a  continuation;  a  succeeding  part ;  conse- 
quence; result;  event. — Sequela,  se-kwe'la, 

.71.  pi.  Sequelae,  sS-kwe'le.  [L.,  from  seqvor.] 
An  adherent  or  band  of  adherents;  a  body 
of  followers ;  pathol.  the  consequent  of  a 
disease ;  a  morbid  affection  which  foUows 
another. 

Sequence,  seTiwens,  n.  [Fr.  siquence,  L.L. 
sequentia,  from  L.  sequens,  sequentis,  ppr. 
of  sequor,  secutus,  to  follow  (seen  also  in 
sequel,  second,  prosecute,  execute,  conse- 
quent, ensue,  &c.);  root  perhaps  same  as 
in  to  see.]  A  following  or  coming  after; 
succession;  a  particular  order  or  arrange- 
ment of  succession;  invariable  order  of 
succession;  an  observed  instance  of  uni- 
formity in  following;  a  series  of '  things 
following  in  a  certain  order;  a  set  of  play- 
ing cards  immediately  following  each 
other,  as  king,  queen,  knave,  &c.;  music, 
the  recurrence  of  a  melodic  figure  in  a 
different  key  to  that  in  whicii  it  was  first 
given;  R.  Cath.  Oh.  a  hymn  introduced 
into  the  mass  on  certain  festival  days,  and 
coming  immediately  before  the  gospel. — 
Sequent,  Sequential,  s5'kwent,  se-kwen'- 
shal,  a.  J.L.  sequens,  sequentis.]  Following; 
succeeding;  following  by  logical  conse- 
quence. —  Sequentially,  se-kwen'shal-li, 
udv.    By  sequence  or  succession. 

Sequester,  se-kwes'ter,  v.t.  [L.  sequestro,  to 
put  into  the  hands  of  an  indifferent  per- 
son, from  sequester,  a  depositary  or  trus- 
tee.] To  set  apart  or  separate  from  other 
things ;  refl.  to  retire  or  withdraw  into  ob- 
scurity; to  seclude  one's  self;  law,  to  sepa- 
rate from  the  owner  for  a  time;  to  set 
apart,  as  the  property  of  a  debtor,  until  the 
claims  of  creditors  oe  satisfied.— Seques- 
tered, se-kwes'tferd,  p.  and  a.  Secluded;" 
private;  retired;  separated  from  others; 
law,  seized  and  detained  for  a  time  to 
satisfy  a  demand. — Sequestrable,  se-kwes'- 
tra-bl,  a.  Liable  to  sequestration.  —  Se- 
questrate, s6-kwes'trat,  v.t.— sequestrated, 
sequestrating.  .Law,  to  sequester;  to  take 
possession  of  for  behoof  of  creditors,  as  of 
the  estate  of  a  bankrupt,  with  the  view  of 
realizing  it  and  distributing  it  equitably. 
—Sequestration,  sek-wes-tra'shon,  m.  Re- 
tirement; seclusion  from  society;  law,  the 
separation  of  a  thing  in  controversy  from 
the  possession  of  those  who  contend  for  it; 
the  act  of  taking  property  from  the  owner 
for  a  time  till  the  profits  from  it  satisfy  a 
demand;  Scots  law,  the  seizing  of  a  bank- 
rupt's estate,  by  decree  of  a  competent 
court,  for  behoof  of  the  creditors.— Seques- 
tratpr,  sek'wes-tra-tfer,n.  One  who  seques- 
ters or  sequestrates. 

Sequestrum,  se-kwes'trum,  n.  [From  L. 
sequestro,  to  sever.]  Pathol,  the  portion 
of  Done  which  is  detached  in  necrosis. 

Sequin,  sS'kwin,  n.  [Fr.  seqmn,  from  It. 
eecchino,  from'  zecca,  the  mint,  from  Ar. 
sikkah,  sekkah,  a  stamp,  a  die.]  A  gold 
coin  first  struck  at  Venidt  about  the  end 
of  the  thirteenth  century,  in  value  about 
9s.  4d.  sterling. 

Sequoia,  se-kwoi'a,  n.  [From  Sequoyah,  the 
inventor  of  the  Cherokee  alphabet.]  The 
•Wellingtonia  genus  of  trees. 

Seraglio,  se-rai'yo,  n.  [It.  serraglio,  partly 
from  Turk,  serai.  Per.  sarai,  a  palace, 
parti;'  from  It.  serrare,  to  shut  up,  from 
L.  sera,  a  bar.]  The  palace  of  the  Sultan 
of  Turkey  at  Constantinople ;  a  harem ;  a 
place  for  keeping  wives  or  concubines. 

Serai,  se-ri',  n.  [Per.  serai,  a  palace.]  In 
Eastern  countries,  a  place  for  the  accom- 
modation of  travellers ;  a  caravansary. 

Serape,  se-ra'pa,  n.  A  blanket  or  shawl 
worn  as  an  outer  garment  by  the  Mexi- 
cans, &c. 

Seraph,  ser'af ,  n.  pi.  Seraphs,  or  Seraphim, 
ser'a-fim.  [From  Heb.  seraph,  to  burn,  to 
be  eminent  or  noble.]  An  angel  of  the 
highest  order.— Seraphic,  Seraphical,  se- 
raf'ik,  se-raf'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  ser- 
aph; angelic;  inflamed  with  holy  loye  or 
zeal.— Seraphlcally,  se-raf'i-kal-li,(xd!w.  In 
the  manner  of  a  seraph;  angelically. — 
Seraphina,  ser-a-fi'na,  n.  A  keyed  wind- 
instrument,  the  precursor  of  the  harmo- 
nium. 

Serapis,  se-ra'pis,  n.  The  Greek  name  of 
an  Egyptian  deity  considered  as  a  com- 
bination, of  Osiris  and  Apis. 


Eeraskier,  se-ras'ker,  iiT  [Per.  serasker  — 
ser,  seri,  head,  chief,  and  asker,  an  army.) 

,A  Turkish  general  or  commander  of  land 
forces,  especially  a  commander-in-chief 
and  minister  at  war.  —  Seraskierate,  se- 
ras'ker-at,  n.  ;The  ofldce  of  a  seraskier. 

"Serb,  sferb,  n.  [Native  form.]  A  native  or 
inhabitant  of  Servia. 

Berbonian,  sfer-ho'ni-an,  a.  An  epithet  ap- 
plied to  a  celebrated  morass  of  ancient 
Egypt,  fabled  to  have  swallowed  up  whole 
armies;  hence,  Serhonian  bog  proverbially 
signifies  a  difficult  or  complicated  state  of 
matters;  an  inextricable  mess. 

Sere,  ser,  a.    Same  as  Sear.  ■ 

Serenade,  ser-e-nad',  n.  [Fr.  sirinade,  from 
It.  serenata,  a  serenade,  clear  fine  weather 
at  night,  from  L.  serenus,'  serene.]  An 
entertainment  of  music  given  at  night  by 
a  lover  to  his  mistress  under  her  window, 
or  performed  as  a  mark  of  esteem  and 
good-will  towards  distinguished  persons ; 
also  a  piece  of  music  characterized  by  soft 
repose  in  harmony  with  the  stillness  of 
u\f(h\,.— v.t. —  serenaded,  serenading.  To 
entertain  with  a  serene.de. — v.i.  To  per- 
form serenades  or  nocturnal  music.  — 
Serenader,  8er-6-na'd6r,  n.  One  who  sere- 
nades. 

Serene,  se-r5n',a.  [L.  serenus,  serene;  allied 
to  L.  sol,  the  sun^  Gr.  seirinos,  hot, 
scorching,  Seirios,  Sirius,  Skr.  surya,  the 
sun.]  Clear  or  fair,  and  calm;  placid; 
quiet;  calm;  unruffled;  undisturbed;  an 
epithet  or  form  of  address  restricted  to 

*the  sovereign  princes  of  Germany,  and  the 
members  of  their  families.— y.{. — serened, 
serening.  To  make  serene. — Serenely,  s8- 
ren'U,  adv.  Calmly ;  quietly ;  with  un- 
ruffled temper;  deliberately.— Siereneness, 
s6-r6n'nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  serene ; 
sereuity.— Serenity,  s5-ren'i-ti,  n.  [L.  se- 
renitas.]  The  quality  or  condition  of  beipg 
serene;  clearness;  calmness;  quietness; 
stillness;  peace. 

Serf,  sferf,  n.  [Fr.  serf,  from  L.  sei-vtis,  a 
slave.  Serve.]  A  villein;  one  of  those 
who  in  the  middle  ages  were  attached  to 
the  land  and  transferred  with  it,  and  liable 
to  the  lowest  services:  a  forced  labourer 
attached  to  an  estate,  as  formerly  in 
Russia;  a  slave.— Serfage,  Serfdom,  Serf- 
hood,  Serfism,  sferf'aj,  serfdom,  s6rf'hud, 
sferf'izm,  n.  The  state  or  condition  of  a 
serf. 

Serge,  sferj,  n.  [Fr.  serge;  origin  doubtful, 
perhaps  L.  serica,  a  silken  fabric.  Silk.) 
A  kind  of  twilled  worsted  cloth  of  inferior 
quality. 

Serge,  serj,  n.  [Fr.  cierge,  a  wax  taper,  L. 
cereus,  waxy,  cera,  wax.]  A  large  wax 
candle  burned  before  an  altar. 

Sergeant,  sar'jant,  n.  [Also  written  Ser- 
jeant; from  Fr.  sergent,  O.Fr.  serjent,  ori- 
ginally a  servant,  from  L.  serviens,  servi- 
entis,  ppr.  of  servio,  to  serve.  Serve.]  A 
non-commissioned  officer  in  the  armjr  of 
the  grade  next  above  corporal ;  a  police- 
officer  of  superior  rank;  a  lawyer  of  the 
highest  rank  in  England ;  a  title  given  to 
certain  of  the  sovereign's  servants.  Skr- 
JEANT.  [The  two  orthographies  sergeant 
and  Serjeant  are  both  well  authorized,  but 
in  the  last  two  meanings  the  latter  spell- 
ing is  the  one  usually  adopted.]— Ser- 
geancy,  sar-jan-si,  n.  The  office  of  a  ser- 
geant-at-Iaw.  —  Sergeant-major,  n.  The 
hiighest  non-commissioned  officer  in  a 
regiment.  —  Sergeantry,  Sergeanty,  sar- 
jant-ri,  sar'jan-ti,  n.  Serjeantry.  —  Ser- 
geantcy,   Sergeantship,   sar'jant-si,  sar'- 

jant-ship,  w.    The  office  of  a  sergeant. 

Sericeous,  s5-rish'us,  a.  [L.  sericeu's,  from 
sericum,  silk.  Silk.]  Pertaining  to  silk ; 
consisting  of  silk;  silky;  bot.  covered  with 
very  soft  hairs  pressed  close  to  the  surface. 
—Sericulture,  8e'ri-kul-tQr,n.  [L.  sericum, 
silk,  and  cuUtira,  cultivation.]  The  breed- 
ing and  treatment  of  silkworms.  —  Seri- 
cuiturist,  s6-ri-kul'tQ-rist,  ii.  A  cultivator 
of  silkworms. 

Series,  se'ri-ez,  n.  sing,  and  pi.  [L.  series, 
same  root  as  sero^  to  join,  to  weave  to- 
gether (seen  also  m  assert,  insert,  exert, 
desert);  Gr.  seira,  a  cord;  Skr.  sarit,  a 
thread.]  A  continued  succession  of  similar 
things,  or  of  things  bearing  a  similar  re- 
lation to  each  other;  an  extended  rank, 


ohi  chain;     eh,  Sc.  loch;     g,  go;     j,  /ob;     n,  Fr.  ton:     ng,  sing;     th,  thea:  tb.  ihin-^    w,  wig;     wh.  whis:     ih,  a«ure. 


SERIOUS 


620 


SERVE. 


line,  or  course ;  a  sequence  j  a  succession; 
geol.  a  set  of  strata  ijossessmg  some  com- 
inon  mineral  or  fossil  characteristic;  chem. 
a  group  of  compounds,  each  containing 
the  same  radical;  arith.  and  alg.  a  num- 
ber of  terms  or  quantities  in  succes- 
sion, each  of  which  is  related  to  the  one 
before  it  according  to  a  certain  law. — 
Serial,  s6'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  series; 
consisting  of  or  constituted  by  a  series. — , 
n.  A  tale  or  other  composition  running 
through  successive  numbers  of.  a  periodi- 
cal work ;  a  publication  issued  in  succes- 
sive numbers ;  a  periodical.  —  Seriality, 
se-ri-al'i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  condition  of 
following  in  successive  order.  —  Serially, 
se'ri-al-li,  adv.  In  a  series  or  in  regular 
order. — Seriate,  se'ri-at,  o.  Arranged  in 
aseries;  pertaining  to  a  series.— Seriately, 
se'ri-at-li,  adv.  In  a  regular  series. — Seri- 
atim, se-ri-a'tim,  adv.  [L.]  In  regular 
order;  one  after  the  ether.-'     . 

Serious,  s6'ri-u8,  a.  [Fi.-serieitx,  from  L. 
senris,  serious,  earnest.]  Grave  in  manner 
or  disposition ;  solemn ;  not  light,  gay,  or 
volatile ;  really  intending  what  is  said ; 
being  in  earnest;  not  jesting;  important; 
weighty;  not  trifling;  attended  with  dan- 
ger ;  giving'  rise  to  apprehension ;  deeply 
impressed  wth  the  importance  of  reli- 
gion. —  Seriously,  s6'ri-ns-li',  adv.  In  a 
serious  manner;  earnestly;  gravely;  sol- 
emnly.— Seriousness,  se'ri-us-nes,  n.  The 
condition  or  quality  of  being  serious; 
gravity;  solemnity;  earnest  attention  W 
religious  concerns.  —  Serio-comic,  SericT 
comical,  se'ri-o-kom"ik,  s5'ri-o-kom"i-kal , 
a.  Having  a  mixture  of  seriousness  and 
comicality. 

Serjeant,  sar'jant,  n.  [Fr.  serpent.  See  Ser- 
GiiANT.J  A  sei'geant  m.  the  army;  in  Eng- 
land, a  lawyer  of  the  highest  rank:  called 
seijeant-at-law  or  Serjeant  of  the  coif — 
Serjeants  of  the  household,  officers  who  exe-' 
cute  several  functions  within  the  British 
royal  liousehold,  as  the  ser.»«ajrf-surgeon, 
<kc. — Common  Serjeant,  a  judicial  officer 
connected  with  the  corporation  pf  London. 
— Serjeant's  imi,  a  society  or  corporation- 
consisting  of  the  entire  body  of  sei-jeants- 
at-law.  —  Serjeant-at-arms,  n.  A-title  of 
officers  who  attend  the  lord-chancellor, 
the  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
and  the  Lord-mayor  of  London.— Serjeant- 
Bhip,  sar'jant-ship,  n.  The  office  of  a  ser- 
jeant-at-law.— Serjeantiy,  Serjeanty,  sai'- 
jant-ri,  sar'jan-ti,  iu  An  honorary  kind  of 
English  tenure,  on  condition  of  service  due 
to  the  sovereign. 

Sermon,  sSr'mon,  n.  [L.  senHo,  sermonis, 
■a  sjjeech  or  connected  discouije,  from  sero, 
to  join  together.  Series.]  "A  discourse 
delivered  in  public,  especially  by  a  clergy- 
man or  preacher,  for  the  purpose  of  reli- 
gious instruction  or  the  inculcation  of  mor- 
ality,and  grounded  on  some  text  or  passage 
of  Scripture;  a  similar  discourse  written 
or  printed,  whether  delivered  or  not;  a 
homily.— «.<.  To  tutor;  to  lesson:  to  lecture. 
— Sermonist,  sfer'mon-ist,  n.  A  writer  of 
sermons.  —  Sermonize,  ser'mon-iz,  v.i.  — 
sermonized,  sermoniziiig.  To  preach;  to 
discourse. — v.t.  To  preach  a  sermon  to. — 
Sermonizer,  sfer'mon-i-zfer,  n.  One  who 
sermonizes;  apreacher.v  ■ 

Seroon,  Seron,  se-ron',  se-ron',  n.  [Sp. 
aeron,  a  frail  or  basket.]  A  weight  vary- 
ing with  the  substance  which  it  measures; 
a  seroon  of  almonds  being 87i  lbs.;  a  bale  or 
package  for  holding  drugs,  &c.;  a  ceroon. 

Serosity.    Under  Serum. 

Serotinons,  se-rot'i-nus,  o.  [L.  serotinus, 
from  serus,  late.]  £ot.  appearing  late  in 
a  season. 

Serous.    Under  Seri;m. 

Serpent,  sfer'pent, «.  [L.  serpens,  serpentis, 
from  serpo,  to  creep;  cog.  Gr.  herp6,  to 
creep;  Skr.  sarpa,  a  serpent,  from  srip,  to 
creep.]  A  reptile  of  an  extremely  elongated 
form,  without  feet,  and  moving  by  mus- 
cular contractions  of  the  body;  a  snake; 
a  powerful  bass  musical  instrument,  con- 
sisting of  a  conical  tube  of  ■ft'ood  bent  in  a 
seri'entine  form;  fig.  a  subtle  or  malicious 
person. — Serpent  stones  or  snake  stones,pop- 
ular  names  sometimes  applied  to  the  am- 
monites.—Serpent-charmer,  n.  One  who 
charms  or  professes  to  charm  serpents;  one 


who  makes  serpents  obey  his  wiU.— Ser- 
pent-eater, n.  The  secretary-bird.— Ser- 
pent-fence, n. .  A  zigzag  fence  made  by 
placing  the  ends  of  the  rails  upon  each 
other.  —  Serpent-fish,  n.  Band-fish. — 
Seri)entiform,  eer-pen'ti-form,  a.  Having 
the  form  of  aserpent;  serpentine. — Serpen- 
tigenous,  s6r-pen-tij'e-nus,  a.  Bred  of  a 
serpent. — Serpentine,  s6r'pen-tin,  ((.  [L. 
serpentinus.]  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
a  serpentj  having  the  qualities  of  a  serpent; 
subtle;  winding  or  turning  one  way  and  the 
other  likeainovingserpent;spiral;crooked; 
— Serpentine  verse,  a  verse  which  begins 
and  ends  with  the  same  word.— m.  A  rock, 
usually  dark-coloured  green,  red,  brown, 
or  gray,  with  shades  and  spots  resembling 
a  serpent's  skin;  much  vised  for  the  manu- 
facture of  various  ornamental  articles. — 
v.i.— serpentined,  serpentining.  To  wind 
like  a  serpent;  to  meander. — Serpeatinely, 
s6r'pen-tin-li,  adv.  In.  a  serpentine  man- 
ner.—Serpentihous,  sferfpen-ti-nus,  a.  Of 
the  nature  of,  or  resembling  serpentine. — 
SerpenVs-tongue,  n.  A  species  of  fern,  so 
called  from  the  form  of  its  fronds;  adder's- 
tongue. 

Serpigo,  s$r-pi'go,  n.  [L.L.,  from  L.  serpo, 
to  creep.}  A  name  for  ringworm  or  simi- 
lar skin-disease.  —  Serpiginous,  sfer-pij'i- 
nus,  a.  'Med.  applied  to  certain  affisctions 
which  creep,  as  it  were,  from  one  part  to 
another. 

Serpolet,  sfei-'po-let,  n.    [Fr.]  "Wild  thyme. 

Serpula,  ser'pfl-la,  n.  pi.  Serpulae,  ser'pu-ls. 
[A  dim.  from  L.  serpo,  to  creep.]  A  genus 
of  annelidans  inhabiting  tortuous  cal- 
careous tubes  attached  to  rocks,  shells,  &c. , 
in  the  sea.— Serpulite,  sfer'pa-lit,  n.  Fossil 
remains  of  Serpula. 

Serrate,  Serrated,  ser'rat,  ser'ra-ted,a.  [L. 
sen-atus,  from  serra,  a  saw.]  Notched  on 
the  edge  like  a  saw;  toothed.— Serration, 
ser-ra'shon,  n.  Formation  in  the  shape  of 
a  saw.— Serrature,  ser'ra-tur,  n.  A  notch- 
ing in  the  edge  of  anything,  like  a  saw. 

Serricorn,  ser'ri-korn,  n.  £L.  serra,  a  saw, 
and  cornu,  a  horn.]  One  of  a  family  of 
coleopterous  insects,  which  have  serrated 
or  saw-shaped  antennas. 

Serrulate,  Serrulated,  ser'ru-lat,  ser'rO- 
Ift'ted,  a.     [L.  sentila,  dim.  of  serra,  a 

•  saw.]  Fineb'  serrate;  having  very  minute 
notches.  —  Serrulation,  ser-ru-la'shon,  n. 
A  email  notching;  an  indentation. 

Serry,t  ser'i,  v.t.  [Fs.  server,  to  press, 
from  L.  sero,  to  lock,  sera,  a  bolt  or  bar.] 
To  crowd;  to  press  together.  —  Serried, 
ser'id,  p.  and  o.  Crowded;  compacted;  in 
close  order  (serried  ranks  of  soldiers). 

Sertularia,  ser-tu-la'ri-a,  n.  [L.  sertum,  a 
garland.]  The  genus  of  Hydrozoa  com- 
monly called  sea-firs.  —  Sertularian,  s^r- 
tu-la'ri-an,  n.  A  member  of  the  sea-fir 
order. 

Serum,  se'rum,  n.  [L.  serum,  whey,  the 
watery  portion  of  anything;  akin  to  Gr. 
oros,  whey,  serum;  Skr.  sHra,  water.]  The 
thin  transparent  part  of  the  blood,  a  liquid 
of  a  pale  straw-coloured  or  greenish-yellow 
colour;  the  lymph-like  fluid  secreted  by 
certain  membranes  in  the  human  body, 
such  as  the  pericardium,  pleura,  perito- 
neum, &c.,  thence  denominated  serous 
membranes;  the  thin  part  of  milk  separ- 
ated from  the  curd;  whey. — Serous,  se'rus, 
a.  Pertaining  to  serum;  having  the  char- 
acter of.  serum. — Serosity,  se-ros'i-ti,  n. 
The  state  of  being  serous. 

Serval,  s^r'val,  n.  A  South  African  car- 
nivorous animal,  a  kind  of  small  leopard 
with  a  bushy  tail. 

Serve,  sen',  v.t.  —  served,  serving.  [Fr. 
servir,  from  L.  servio,  servire,  to  serve, 
from  servus,  a  servant,  a  slave;  closely 
akjin'  to  servo,  to  preserve  (as  in  conserve, 
preserve,  reserve,  &c.);  same  root  in  solid, 
safe.]  To  perform  regular  or  continuous 
duties  in  behalf  of;  to  be  in  the  employ- 
ment of,  as  a  domestA;,  riave,  hired  assis- 
tant, &c.;  to  work  for;  to  render  spiritual 
obedience  and  worship  to;  to  minister  to; 
to  wait  on  at  table  or  at  meals;  to  set  or 
arrange  on  a  table  for  a  meal :  generally 
with  up;  to  conduce  to;  to  be  sufficient 
for;  to  promote;  to  be  of  use  to  (to  serve 
one's  ends);  to  help  by  good-  offices;  to 
administer  to  the  wants  of;  to  be  in  the 


place  or  instead  of  anything  t-o;  to  be  in 
lieu  of  (a  sofa  served  him  for  a  'bed!,  in 
regulate  one's  conduct  in  accordance  witli 
the  fashion,  spirit,  or  demands  of  (to  serve 
the  timfe  or  the  hour);  to  treat;  to  requite 
(he  served  me  ill);  to  satisfy;  to  content 
(nothing  would  serve  them  but  war) ;  to 
.  handle,  manage,  or  work  (the  gnns  were 
well  served);  naut.  to  protect  from  friction 
by  -winding  something  round;  laiv,  to  de- 
liver or  transmit  to;  to  present  in  due  form. 
— To  serve  out,  to  deal  out  or  distribute  in 
portions. —  To  serve  one  out,  tp  treat  one 
according  to  his  deserts;  to  taike  revenge 
on. — To  serve  one  right,  to  treat  one  as  he 
deserves. — To  serve  the  turn,  to^meet  the 
emergency;  to  answer  the  purpose.  —  To 
serve  a  wa'rrant,  to  read  it,  and  to  seize  the 
person  against  whom  it  is  issued.  —  To 
serve  a  writ,  to  read  it  to  the  defendant, 
or  to  leave  an  attested  copy  at  his  usual 
place  of  abode.— To  serve  an  office,  to  dis- 
charge the  duties  incident  to  it.— ti.i.  To 
be  or  act  as  a  servant;  to  perform  domestic 
offices;  to  discharge  the  requirements  of 
an  office;  to  act  as  a  soldier,  seaman,  &c.; 
to  answer  a  purpose;  to  be  sufficient;  to 
be  of  use;  to  suit  (when  occasion  serves); 
to  be  convenient.— Server,  sfer'vfer,  n.  One 
who  serves;  a  salver  or  small  tray. — Ser- 
vable,  s6r'va-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
served. — Servant,  sfer'vant,  n.  [Fr.  servant, 
from  servir,  L.  servire,  to  serve;  servant  is 
a  doublet  of  sergeant]  One  who  serves  or 
does  service^  a  person  who  is  employed 
by  another  for  menial  offices  or  other 
labour,  and  is  subject  to  his  command;  a 
subordinate  assistant  or  helper:  often  ap- 
plied distinctively  to  domestics  or  domestic 
servants,  those  who  for  the  time  being 
form  part  of  a  household  (Mrs.  Smith  has 
four  servants). — Servants'  hall,  the  room 
in  a  house  set  apart  for  the  use  of  the 
servants  in  common,  in  which  they  take 
their  meals,  &c. —  I''owr  humble  servant, 
your  obedient  servant,  phrases  of  civility 
used  more  esj^ecially  in  closing  a  letter. — 
Servant  of  servants,  one  debased  to  the 
lowest  condition  of  sen'itude;  a  title(serj«<s 
sej-yont?)i)assumed  by  the  popes. — Servant- 
girl,  Servant-maid,  a.  A  female  or  maid 
servant.  —  Servant-man,  n.  A  male  or 
man  servant.  —  Service,  sSr'vis,  n.  [Fr. 
service,  from  L.  servifium.]  The  act  of 
sening;  the  performance  of  labour  or 
offices  for  another;  menial  duties;  employ- 
ment as  a  servant;  menial  employ  or 
capacity  (to  be  taken  into  a  person's  ser- 
vice); assistance  or  kindness  rendered  to 
another;  kind  office  (has  done  me  many 
services);  duty  performed;  official  func- 
tion ;  especially  military  «r  naval  duty; 
performance  of  the  duties  of  a  soldier  or 
sailor  (to  see  much  service  abroad);  useful- 
ness; benefit  caused;  profession  of  respect 
uttered  or  sent  (my  service  to  you);  public 
religious  worship  or  ceremony;  religious 
rites  appropriate  to  any  event  or  cere- 
monial (a  maniage  semice);  a  set  of  dishes 
or  vessels  for  the  table  (a  tea  service,  a 
service  of  plate);  the  duty  which  a  tenant 
owes  to  a  lord  for  his  fee.— Service  of  a 
wnt,  process,  &c.,  the  reading  of  it  or  due 
delivery  of  it  to  the  person  to  whom  notice 
is  intended  to  be  given. — Serviceable,  ser'- 
vis-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  rendering  useful 
service;  fitforusing;  useful;  doing  service; 
active;  diligent.— Senriceableness,  ser'vis- 
a(-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  serviceable. 
— Serviceably,  ser'vis-a-bli,  adv.  Iu  a  ser- 
viceable manner.  —  Service-book,  n.  A 
book  used  in  church  service;  a  prayer- 
book;  a  missal.— Service-pipe,  n.  A  pipe 
for  the  supply  of  water,  gas,  and'  the  like 
from  the  main  to  a  building.— Servile, 
ser'vil,  a.  [L.  servUis.]  Pertaining  to  or 
befitting  a  servant  or  slave;  slavish  {servile 
fear);  held  in  subjection;  dependent;  cring- 
ing; fawning;  meanly  submissive.  —  Ser- 
vilely, s6r'vil-li,  adv.  In  a  servile  manner; 
slavishly.- ServilenesB,  Servility,  sfer'vil- 
nes,  s6r-vil'i-ti,  n.  The  stat«  or  quality  of 
being  serrile;  mean  submission;  slavish- 
ness;  slavish  deference.— Serving-maid,  n. 
A  female  servant.— Serving-majL,  n.  A 
male  servant;  a  menial.— Servitor,  8*r'- 
vi-t6r,  n.  [L.L.,  from  L.  servio,  to  serve.] 
A  male  servant;  an  attendant;  a  retaiiner; 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;     m6,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     nste,  not,  mOve;  .<i'abe,  tub.  bftll;     oil,  pound;     ix,  So.  abwne— the  Ft  «. 


SEE.VICE-TEBE 


621 


SETA 


iB  Oxford  University,  an  tindergracluate 
who  is  partly  supported  by  the  college 
funds.  —  Servltorship,  s^r'vi-ter-ship,  n. 
The  oflSce  of  a  servitor.  —  Servitude,  sfer'- 
vi-tQd,  n.  [L.  servitudo.]  The  conditfou 
of  a  menial,  underling,  or  slave;  involun- 
tary subjection  to  a  master;  bondage; 
compulsory  labour,  such  as  a  criminal  has 
to  undergo  as  a  pvinishment  (penal  servi- 
tudeVf  a  state  of  slavish  dependence.  .•. 
Serntvde  implies  either  the  state  of  a  vol- 
untary servant  or  that  of  a  slave;  slaveiry 
is  a  stronger  term,  implying  involuiitary 
and  compulsory  servitude. 

Service-tree,  sfer'vis,  n.  [A  corruption  of 
L.  sorbus,  the  sorb  or  service  tree.]-  A 
British  and  European  tree  of  the  pear 
family  .yielding  a  hard-grained  timber  and 
a  small  fruit,  which  is  only  pleasant  in  an 
over-ripe  condition. 

Serviette,  s6r-vi-et',  n.  [Pr.]  A  table- 
napkin. 

Servile,  Servitude,  &c.    Under  Serve.  . 

Sesame,  ses'a-m6,  n.  [Gr.  sesame,  sSsa- 
nion,  L.  sesamum.'l  An  annual  herbaceous 
plant,  the  seeds  of  v/hich  yield  a  bland  oil 
of  a  fine  quality,  which  wi}l  keep  many 
years  without  becoming  rancid.  —  Open 
Sesame,  the  charm  'by  which  the  door  of 
the  robbers'  dungeon  in  the  tale  of  AU 
Bdba  and  the  Forty  Thieves  flew  o^en; 
hence,  a  specific  for  gaining  entrance  into 
any  place,  or  means  of  ftcit  from  it. — 
Sesamoid,  Besamoidal,  sS'sa-moid,  se'sa- 
moi-dal,  a.  Resembling  the  seeds  of  se- 
same in  form.  —  Sesamoid  bones,  certain 
small  bones  formed  at  the  articulations 
of  the  great  toes,  and  occasionally  at  the 
joints  of  the  thumbs  and  in  other  parts. 

Sesquialteral,  Sesquialterate,  ses-kwi-al'- 
t6r-al,  ses-k wi-al't6r-at,a.  [L.  prefix  sesqui, 
one  and  a  half,  and  alter,  other.]  Math,  a 
term  applied  to  a  ratio  where  one  quantity 
or  number  contfiins  another  once  and  half 
as.  much  more;  thus  the  ratio  9  to  6  is  se«- 
qjtiaiteraL— Sesquibasic,.ses'kwi-ba-sik,  a. 
Ih.sesgui,  and  6asi.9, abase.]  Chem.  a  term 
applied  to  a  salt  containing  one  and  a  half 
equivalents  of  the  base  for  each  equivalent 
of  acid.— SeaquidupUcate,  ses-kwi-da'pli- 
kfit,  a.  [L.  prefix  sesqui,  and  duplicatus, 
double.]  Designating  the  ratio  of ~  two 
and  a  half  to  one.— Sesquloxlde,  ses-kwi- 
ok'sid,-  n.  A  compound  of  oxygen  and 
another  element  in  the  proportion  uf  three 
equivalents  of  oxygen  to  two  of  the  other. 
—Sesquipedalian,  Sesqulpedal,  ses.'kwi- 
p5-da"li-an,  ses-kwip'e-dal,  a.  [L.  sesqui- 
pedalis  —  sesqui,  and  pes,  pedis,  a  foot.] 
Containing  or  measuring  a  foot  and  a  half: 
often  humorously  applied  to  long  words, 
as  translation  oi  Horace's  'sesquipedalia 
verba.'—  Sesquipedality,  Sesqulpedallan- 
Ism,  8es'kwi-pe-dal"i-ti,  ses'kwi-pe-da'li- 
an-izm,  n.  The  quality  or  condition  of 
being  sesquipedalian;  the  practice  of  using 
long  words.  —  Sesquiplicate,  ses-kwip'U- 
kat,  a.  [Pre&x  sesqui,and  plicate.]  Desig- 
nating the  ratio  of  one  and  a  half  to  one. — 
Sesqttisalt,  ses-kwi-salt',  n.  A  salt  consis- 
ting of  three  equivalents  of  one  element  to 
two  of  another.— Sesquitertialj  Sosquiter- 
tian,  ses-kwi-t6r'shi-al,  ses-kwi-tfer'shi-an, 
a.  [L.  sesqui,  and  tertius,  third.]  Desig- 
nating the  ratio  of  one  and  one-third  to 
one^. 

Sessile,  sesll,  a.  [L.  tessilis,  from  sedeo, 
sessum,,  to  sit.  Sedate.]  Zool.  and  bot. 
attached  without  any  sensible  projecting 
support,  a  sessile  leaf  being  one  without  a 

Eetiole  or  footstalk ;  a  sessile  flower,  one 
aving  no  peduncle;  a  sessile  gland,  one 
not  elevated  on  a  stalk. 
Session,  sesh'on,  n.  [Fr.  session,  from  L. 
sessio,  sessionis,  from  sedeOj  sessum,  to  sit. 
Sedate.]  A  sitting;  the  sitting  of  a  court, 
academic  body,  council,  legislature,  4c., 
for  the  transaction  of  business;  the  time 
or  term  during  which  such  body  transacts 
business  regularly  without  breaking  up; 
in  Scotland,  a  kirk-session;  ?ajp,  generally 
in  pi.  a  sitting  of  justices  in  court  upon 
commission. — Sessions  of  the  peace,  the  ses- 
sions held  by  justices  of  the  pea.ce.— Petty 
sessions,  the  meeting  of  two  or  more  jus- 
tices for  trying  offences  in  a  summary  way. 
—Quarter  sessions.  Under  Quarter. — 
Court  of  Session,  the  supreme  civil  court 


of  Scotland,  having  jurisdiction  in  all 
civil  questions  of  whatever  nature.— Ses- 
sional, sesh'on-al,  a.  Relating  or  be- 
longing to  a  session  or  sessions.— Session- 
clerk,  n.  In  Scotland,  one  who  oflicially 
kee^s  the  books  and  documents  of  a  kirk- 
session. 

Sess-pool,  n.    Cess-pool. 

Sesterce,  Sestertius,  ses'tfirs,  ses-i^r'she-us, 
n.  [Fr.  sesterce,  L.  sestertius,  lit.  what 
contains  two  and  a  half— semis,  a  half,  and 
tertius,  a  third.]  A  Roman  coin  or  deno- 
mination of  money,  originally  containing 
two  asses  and  a  half,  valued  at_about  2d. 
sterling. 

Sestet,  Sestette,  ges'tet,  ses-tet',  n.  [It. 
sestetto,  from  L.  sextus,  sixth,  from  sex, 
six.]  Music,  a  composition  for  six  voices 
or  six  instruments;  the  two  concluding 
stanzas  of  a  sonnet,  consisting  of  three 
verses  each;  the  last  six  lines  of  a  sonnet. 
— Sestetto,  ses-tet'to.  Music,  same  as  Ses- 
tet—Seattcd,  ses'tin,  n.  Pros,  a  stanza  of 
six  lines;  a  sextain. 

Set,  set,  v.t.— pret.  and  pp.  set,  ppr.  setting. 
[Causative  or  factitive  of  sit;  A.  Sax.  settdn, 
to  set,  place,  appoint, &c.;  Icel.  setja,T)&n. 
sette,  Goth,  satjan,  G.  sefzen,  to  set.]  To 
make  or  cause  to  sit;  to-place  in  a  sitting, 
standing,  or  any  natural  posture;  to  place, 
upright  (to  set  a  box  on  its  end  or  a  table 
on  its  feet);  to  put,  place,  or  6x;  to  put  in 
a  certain  place,  position,  or  station;  to 
make  or  cause  to  be,  do,  or  act;  to  put  from 
one  state  into  another  (to  set  a  person 
right,  to  set  things  in  order);  to  fix  as  re- 
cards  amount  or  value  (to  set  a  price  on  a 
house);  to  fix  or  settle  authoritatively  or  by 
arrangement;  to  appoint;  to  assign  (to  set 
an  hour  for  a  journey);  to  estimate  or  rate 
(to  set  advice  at  naught);  to  regulate  or 
adjust  (to  set  a  timepiece);  to  fit  to  music; 
to  plant,  as  distinguished  from  sowing;  to 
fix  for  omaiment,  as  in  metal  (a  diamond 
set  in  a  ring);  to  adorn,  as  with  precious 
stones;  to  intersperse;  to  stud;  to  reduce 
from  a  dislocated  or  fractured  state  (to  set 
ajoint);  tofixmentally;  to  fix  with  settled 
purpose  (to  set  the  heart  or  afTections);  to 
stake  at  play  {Shxik.);  to  embarrass;  to  per- 
plex; to  pose  (to  be  hard  set);  to  put  in 
trim  for  use  (to  set_  a  razor  or  a  saw);  to 
apply  or  use  in  action;  to  employ:  with  to 
(to  set  spurs  to  one's  horse);  to  incite;  to 
instigate;  to  spur:  often  with  on;  to  let  to 
a  tenant;  printing,  to  place  in  proper  or- 
der, as  types;  to  compose;  to  put  into  type 
(to  set  alls.:  often  with  %tp);  to  make  stiff 
or  solid;  to  convert  into  curd  (to  set  milk 
for  cheese). — To  set  against,  to  oppose;  to 
set  in  comparison.— To  set  aside,  to  omit 
for  the  present;  to  lay  out  of  the  question; 
to  disregard;  to  abrogate  (to  set  aside  a 
verdict).— To  set  at  defiance,  to  defy;  to 
dare  to  combat.— To  set  at  ease,  to  quiet; 
to  tranquillize. — To  set  at  naught,  to  re- 
gard as  of  no  vahie  or  consideration;  to 
aespjse. — To  set  a  trap  or  snare,  to  prepare 
and  place  it  so  as  to  catch  prey;  to  lay  a 
plan  to  inveigle  a  person. — To  set  at  work, 
to  cause,  to  enter  on  work  or  action  — To 
set  doum,  to  place  upon  the  ground  or  floor; 
to  enter  in  writing;  to  register.— To  set 
eyes  on,  to  fix  the  eyes  in  looking  on;  to 
behold. — To  set  fire  to,  to  apply  fire  to;  to 
set  on  fire. —  To  set  forth,  to  present  to  view 
or  consideration;  to  make  known  fully;  to 
show;  to  promulgate;  to  publish.— To  set 
in  order,  to  adjust  or  arrange;  to  reduce 
to  method. — To  set  much  (little.  Ice.)  by,  to 
regard  much;  to  esteem  greatly.— To  set 
off,  to  adorn;  to  decorate;  to  embellish;  to 
snow  to  the  best  advantage. — To  set  a  per- 
son on,  to  instigate  him;  to  prompt  him 
to  action. — To  set  one's  cap  at.  Under  Cap. 
— To  set  one's  self  against,  to  resist  or  op- 
pose stubbornly;  to  be  resolute  against. 
— To  set  one's  teeth,  to  press  them  close  to- 
gether.— To  set  on'fire,  to  kindle;  to  in- 
flame.—To  set  on  foot,  to  start;  to  set  ago- 
ing.—To  set  over,, to  appoint  or  constitute 
as  supervisor,  inspector,  governor ,or direc- 
tor.-To  set  right,  to  correct;  to  put  in 
order. — To  set  sail.  Under  Sail. — To  set 
tJie  teeth  on  edge.  Under  Edge. — To  set  the 
fashion,  to  establish  the  mode;  to  deter- 
mine what  shall  be  the  fashion.— To  set 
up,  to  erect;  to  institute;  to  establish;  to 


enable  to  commence  a  new  business;  to 
utter  loudly  (to  set  up  a  loud  cry);  to  pro- 
pose (to  set  up  a  doctrine);  to  raise  from 
depression  or  to  a  sufficieiat  fortune. — v.i. 
To  pass  below  the  horizon;  to  sink;  to  de- 
cline; to  congeal  or  concrete;  to  solidify; 
to  have  a  certain  direction  in  motion;  to 
flow;  to  tend  (the  current  sets  westward); 
to  point  out  game,  as  a  sportsman's  dog ; 
to  undertake  eamestlyj  to  apply  one's  self; 
to  face  one's  partner  in  dancing.- To  set 
about,  to  begin;  to  take  the  first  steps  in. 
— To  set  forth  or  forward,  to  move  or 
m.arch;  to  begin  to.  march;  to  advance.— 
To  set  in,  to  begin  (winter  sets  in  about 
December);  to-fiow  towards  the  shore  (the 
tide  sets  in). — To  set  off,  to  start;  to  enter 
on  a  journey;  printing,  to  deface  or  soil 
thfe  next  sheet:  said  of  the  ink  on  a  newly- 
printed  sheet,  when  another  sheet  comes 
in  contact  with  it  before  it  has  had  time 
to  dry. — To  set  on  or  upon,  to  assault;  to 
make  an  attack  on.— To  set  out,  to  begin 
a  journey  or  course;  to  start. —  To  Set  up, 
to  begin  business  or  a  scheme  of  life ;  to 
profess  openly;  to  make  pretensions  (he 
sets  up  for  a  man  of  wit),  —p.  and  a. 
Placed,  put,  fixed,  &c.;  regular;  in  due 
form;  well  arranged  or  put  together  (a  set 
speech  or  phrase);  fixed  in  opinion;  deter- 
mined; firm;  obstinate;  established;  set- 
tled; appointed  (set  forms  of  prayer);  pre- 
determined; fixed  beforehand  (a  set  pur- 
pose); fixed;  immovable. —<Set  scene,  in 
theatres,  a  scene  where  there  is  a  good 
deal  of  arrangement  for  .the  pose.— «.  A 
collection  of  things  of  the  same  kind  or  to 
be  used  together,  of  which  each  is  a  com- 
plement of  all  the  rest;  a  complete  suit  or 
assortment  (a  set  of  chairs,  a  set  of  tea 
dishes);  a  number  of  persons  customarily 
or  officially  associatedj  a  number  of  par- 
ticular things  united  in  the  formation  of 
a  whole  (a  set  of  features);  the  five  figures 
of  a  quadrille;  the  music  for  a  quadrille; 
also,  the  number  of  couples  required  to 
execute  the  dance;  the  descent  of  the  sun 
or  other  luminary  below  the  horizon;  an 
attitude,  position.or  posture;  a  permanent 
change  of  figure  caused  by  pressure  or 
being  retained  long  in  one  position;  a  turn 
or  bent;  a  direction  or  course  (the  set  of  a 
current). — To  make  a  dead  set,  to  make  a 
determined  onset,  or  an  importunate  ap- 
plication. —  Set-down,  n.  A  rebuff;  an 
unexpected  and  overwhelming  answer.- 
&stness,t  set'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  set.— Set-off,  n.  That  which  is 
used  to  set  oft"  the  appearance  of  anything; 
an  ornament;  a  counter  claim  or  demand; 
a  cross  debt;  an  equivalent;  printing,  the 
transferred  impression  from  a  printed 
page,  the  ink  on  which  is  not  dry,  to  an 
opposite  page.  —  Set-screw,  n.  A  screw 
screwed  through  one  part  tightly  upon 
another  to  bring  pieces  into  close  contact. 
— Setter,  set'er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
sets;  a  kind  of  sportsman's  do^,  named 
from  its  habit  of  setting  or  crouching  when 
it  perceives  the  scent  of  game,  and  which 
is  also  trained  to  mark  game  by  standing. 
— Setter-forth,  n.  One  who  sets  forth;  a 
proclaimer.  —  Setter-off,  n.  One  who;  or 
that  which  sets  off  or  adorns. — Setter-on, 
n.  One  who  sets  on;  an  instigator. — 
Setter-up,  n.  One  who  sets  up,  establishes, 
makes,  or  appoints.  —  Setting,  set'ing,  n. 
The  act  of  one  who  or  that  which  sets;  a 
sinking  below  the  horizon;  that  in  which 
something,  as  a  jewel,  is  set  (a  diamond 
in  a  gold  setting). — Set-to,  n.  A  sharp  con- 
test; a  fight  at  fisticuffs;  a  boxing-match; 
any  similar  contest,  as  with  foils.  [Colloq.] 
Seta,  se'ta,  n.  pi.  Setae,  se'te.  [L.,  a  bristle.] 
A  bristle  or  sharphair;  especially  a  bristle 
or  stiff  hair-like  appendage  of  plants  and 
animals;  the  stalk  that  supports  the  theca, 
capsule,  or  sporangium  of  mosses. — Seta- 
ceous, 86-ta'shu8,  a.  Bristly;  set  with, 
bristles;  having  the  character  of  setae. — 
Setiferous,  se-tif'er-us,  a.  Producing  or 
having  bristles.  —  Setlfonn,  se'ti-form,  o. 
Having  the  form  of  a  bristle.— Setigerous, 
s5-tij'er-u8,  a.  Covered  with  bristles;  se- 
tiferous.-Setlreme,  s5'ti-r5m,  n.  [L.  seta, 
and  remus,  an  oar.]  An  insect's  leg  that 
has  a  dense  fringe  of  hairs,  enabling  the 
animal  to  move  on  the  water. 


cb^cAaia;     cA,  Sc.  locA;     Ktpo;    i,iobi     n,  Fr.  ton;     ag,^nf>i     TP>  tAep;  th,  t^in;     w,  wig;     vb,  tvAig;     ;h.  a«ui«. 


BETON 


C22 


SGRAFFITO 


Seton.  86'ton,  n.  [Fr.  sdton,  from  L.  seta,  a 
bristle— hair  or  bristles  having  been  origi- 
nally used  for  the  purpose.]  Surg,  a  skein 
of  silk  or  cotton,  or  similar  material, 
passed  under  the  skin  in  order  to  main- 
tain an  artificial  issue. 
Setose,  Setous,  85'tos,  se'tus,  a.  [L.  aetosus, 
from  seia,a.  bristle.]  Bot.  bristly;  having 
the  surface  set  with  bristles. 
Settee,  set-?',  n.  [From  seW]  A  long  seat 
with  a  back  to  it;  a  large  sofa-shaped  seat 
for  several  persons  to  sit  in  at  one  time. 
Settee,  set-S',  n.  TPr.  scitie,  setie.l  A  vessel 
with  a  long  sharp  prow,  carrying  two  or 
three  masts  with  lateen  sails;  used  in  the 
Mediterranean. 
Setter,  &c.  Under  Set. 
Settle,  set'l,  n.  [A.  Sax.  eed,  a  seat,  a  stool, 
a  settle;  from  set.  Comp.  L.  sella,  a  seat,  for 
.s«dia,fromsed«o,tosit.  Set,  Sit.]  A  bench 
to  sit  on;  a  stool. — v.t. — settled,' settling. 
[From  set:  afreq.  in  fonn=A.Sax.se<?a}i,to 
seat,  to  place.]  To  place  in  a  fixed  or  per- 
manent position;  to  establish  or  fix  in  any 
line  of  life,  in  an  office,  business,  situation, 
&c. ;  to  change  from  a  disturbed  or  troubled 
condition  to  one  of  tranquillity;  to  quiet, 
still,  calm,  compose  (to  settle  the  mind 
when  agitated);  to  clear  of  dregs  or  sedi- 
ment by  causing  them  to  sink;  to  cause 
to  sink  to  the  bottom;  to  determine,  as 
something  which  is  exposed  to  doubt  or 
g,uestion;  to  free  from  uncertainty  or  wa- 
vering; to  confirm:  to  adjust,  as  something 
in  controversy;  to  bring  to  a  conclusion;  to 
finish  (to  settle  a  dispute);  to  make  secure 
formally  or  legally  (to  settle  an  annuity  on 
a  person);  to  liquidate;  to  pay;  to  square  or 
adjust  (to  settle  an  account,  claim);  to  plant 
with  inhabitants;  to  people;  to  colonize. — 
v.i.  To  become  fixed  or  permanent;  tq  as- 
sume a  lasting  form  or  condition;  to  estab- 
lish a  residence;  to  take  up  a  permanent 
abode;  to  quit  an  irregular  and  desultory 
for  a  methodical  life;  to  enter  the  married 
stat«;  to  change  from  a  disturbed  or  tur- 
bid state  to  the  opposite;  to  become  free 
from  dregs  by^  their  sinking  to  the  bottom; 
to  sink  or  lall  gradually;  to  subside,  as 
dregs  from  a  liquid;  to  become  lowered,  as 
a  building,  by  the  sinking  of  its  foimda- 
tion;  to  become  calm;  to  cease  from  agita- 
tion; to  adjust  differences;  to  come  toan 
agreement.— Settled,  sgt'ld.  p.  and  a.  Es- 
tablished ;  stable ;  deep-rooted ;  unchang- 
ing [settled  gloom,  a  settled  conviction);  or- 
derly; methodical  (a  settled  life).— Settled- 
ness.setld-nes, ».— Settlement,  set'1-ment, 
n.  The  act  of  settling  or  state  of  being 
settled;  establishment  in  life;  the  act  of 
colonizing  or  peopling;  colonization;  a 
tract  of  country  colonized ;  a-  colony  in 
its  earlier  condition ;  the  liquidation  of  a 
claim  or  account;  adjustment;  arrange- 
ment ;  a  legal  deed  by  which  property  is 
settled;  right  from  a  certain  connection 
with  a  particular  parish,  town,  or  locality 
to  maintenance  there  if  a  pauper.— Settler, 
set'ler,  n.  One  who  settles;  cne  who  fixes 
his  residence  in  a  new  colony;  a  colonist; 
that  which  settles  or  decides  anything 
definitely  (colloq.).  —  Settling,  set'ling,  n. 
The  .act  of  one  w-iio  settles;  pi.  dregs;  sedi- 
ment.—Settling-day,  n.  A  day  set  apart 
for  the  settling  of  accounts. 

Setula,  set'u-la,  n.  pi.  Setula,  set'a-le.  [L. 
dim.  oif  seta,  a  bristle.]  Bot.  a  small  bris- 
tle or  hair.- Setule,  set'ul,  n.  A  small, 
short  bristle  or  hair.—  SetUlosa,  set'a-lOs, 
a.    Bearing  or  provided  with  setules. 

Seven,  sev'n,  a.  fA.  Sax.  seo/on-V.  zeven, 
Goth,  and  O.H.G.  sibun,  G.  sieben,  IceL 
f70«,  Dan.  ayv,  W.  saiih,  Ir.  seacht,  Rus. 
semj,  L.  septsm,  Gr.  hepta  {forsepta).  Per. 
ha/t,  Skr.  sapian.]  One  more  than  six  or 
less  than  eight. — n.  This  number;  a  group 
of  things  amounting  to  this  number;  the 
symliol  representing  this  number,  as  7  or 
vii.— Sevenfold,  sev'n-fcld,  a.  Repeated 
or  multiplied  seven  times.- adv.  Seven 
times  as  much;  in  the  proportion  of  seven 
to  one.  —  Sevenaigit,  seVn-uit,  «.  The 
period  of  seven  days  and  nights;  a  week. 
feE'NN.'OHT. —  Seventeen,  sev'n-ten,  a.  and 
n.  Seven  and  ten  added.— Seventeenth, 
sev'n-tenth,  a.  Next  in  order  after  the 
sixteenth.— n.  The  n6xt  in  order  after  the 
uiiteenth;  one  of  seventeen  equal  parts  of 


a  whole.— Seventh,  sev'ntb,  a.  Next  after 
the  sixth;  being  one  of  seven  equal  parts 
of  a  whole. — n.  One  next  in  order  after  the 
sixth;  one  of  seven  equal  parts  of  a  whole; 
music,  the  interval  of  five  tones  and  a 
semitone,  embracing  seven  degrees  of  the 
diatonic  scale,  as  from  C  to  B;  the  seventh 
note  of  the  diatonic  scale  reckoning  up- 
wards; the  B  of  the  natural  scale.  — 
Seventhly,  seVnth-li,  adv.  In  the  seventh 
place.— Seveatieth,  sev'n-ti-eth.a.  Next  in 
order  after  the  sixty-ninth.— ».  One  next 
after  the  sixty-ninth;  oneof  seventy  equal 
parts.— Seventy,  sev'n-ti,  a.  and  n.  [A. 
Sax.  seofontig—seofon,  seven,  and  tig,  ten.] 
Seven  times  ten;  the  number  made  up  of 
seven  times  ten. 

Sever,  sev'er,i>.t.  [O.Fr.  sevrer,  severer,  bom 
L.  separare,  to  separate.  Separate.]  To 
part  or  divide  by  violence;  to  separate  by 
cutting  or  rending;  to  part  from  the  rest 
by  violence;  to  disjoin,  referring  to  things 
that  are  distinct  but  united  by  some  tie 
(friends  severed  by  death) ;  to  disunite. — 
v.i.  To  suffer  disjunction ;  to  be  parted  or 
rent  asvmder.  —  Severable,  8ev'6r-a-bl,  a. 
Capable  cf  being  severed. — Severance,  sev^- 
6r-ans,  n.  The  act  of  severing  or  state  of 
being  severed;  separation;  partition. 

Several,  sev'er-al,  a.  [O.Fr.  several,  from 
severer.  Sever.]  Separate;  distinct;  not 
common  to  two  or  more:  in  this  sense 
chiefly  a  law  term;  single;  individual  (each 
several  thing):  more  than  two,  but  not 
very  many;  divers:  used  with  plural  nouns. 
— n.  A  few  separately  or  individually;  a 
small  number  singly  taken:  with  a  plural 
verb.  —  Severally,  sev'6r-al-li,  adv.  Sepa- 
rately; distinctl^y;  each  by  himself. — Sever- 
alty, 8ev'6r-al-ti,  n.  A  state  of  separation 
from  the  rest,  or  from  all  others. 

Severe,  s5-ver',  a.  [Fr.  sivdre,  from  L. 
severus,  serious,  severe;  seen  also  in  per- 
severe,  asseverate.]  Serious  or  earnest  in 
feeling  or  manner;  sedate;  grave;  austere; 
very  strict  in  discipline  or  government ; 
not  indulgent;  judging  or  criticising 
harshly;  strictly  regulated  by  rule;  rigidly 
methodical;  not  allowing  unnecessary  or 
florid  ornament  or  the  Tike  (the  severest 
style  of  Greek  architecture);  afflictive; 
distressing;  violent;  extreme;  intense  (se- 
vere pain  or  cold);  difficult  to  be  under- 
gone; rigorous  (a  severe  test  or  examina- 
tion).—Severely,  s5-v6r'li,  adv.  In  a  severe 
manner;  rigidly;  strictly;  rigorously;  pain- 
fully.—Severeness,  se-ver'ne8,n.  Severity. 
—  Severity,  se-ver'i-ti,  n.  [L.  severitas.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  severe;  ex- 
treme strictness;  rigour;  harshness;  in- 
tensity; extremity;  keenness;  extreme 
coldness  or  inclemency;  cruel  treatment; 
sharpness  of  punishment;  strictness. 

SSvres,  Sfevres  Waie,  sa-vr,  n.  A  kind  of 
beautiful  porcelain  ware,  manufactured  at 
Sivres,  in  France. 

Sew,  so,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  siidan,  seowian,  to 
8ew=0.H.G.  aiuwan,  Goth,  sitijan,  Dan. 
sye,  Icel.  S7jja;  cog.  L.  auo,  Skr.  siv,  to  sew. 
Seam  is  from  this  stem.l  To  unite  or 
fasten  together  with  a  needle  and  thread; 
to  make  or  work  by  needle  and  thread. — 
To  sew  up,  to  close  or  unite  by  sewing. — 
v.i.  To  practise  sewing;  to  join  things  with 
Btitches.— Sewer,  s0'6r,  n.  One  who  sews. 
—Sewing,  so'ing,  n.  The  thread  sewed  in 
by  the  needle.  —  Sewing-machine,  n.  A 
machine  for  sewing,  now  largely  super- 
seding sewing  by  hand. 

Sewage,  stl'aj,  n.  [From  old  verb  aeio,  to 
drain,  from  O.Fr.  esstder,  to  drain,  from 
L.  ex,  out,  and  sucus  or  sticcus,  juice.]  Th» 
filtlyr  matter  which  passes  through  drains, 
conduits,  or  sewers,  leading  away  from 
human  habitations. —  Sewer,  sa'er,  n. 
[O.Fr.  essiiier,  essuyer,  a  drain,  a  conduit.] 
A  subterranean  channel  or  canal  formed 
in  towns  and  other  places  to  carry  off 
superfluous  water,  as  well  as  escremen- 

•  titious  and  other  matters.- Sewerage,  sa'- 
6r-fij,  n.  The  sj^stem  of  sewers;  also,  sew- 
age.—5«io«ra(7e  is  generally  applied  to  the 
system  of  sewers,  and  sewage  to  the  mat- 
ter carried  off. 

Sewer,  sft'6r,  n.  [Prom  A.  Sax.  sedw,  juice.] 
Formerly  an  officer  who  served  up  a  feast 
and  arranged  the  dishes. 

Sex,  seks,  n.    [Fr.  sere,  from  L.  sexvs,  a 


sex,  frfim  seeo,  to  cut.  Section.]  The  dis- 
tinction between  male  and  female,  or  that 
property  or  character  by  which  an  ani- 
mal is  male  or  female ;  the  structure  of 
plants  which  corresponds  to  sex  in  ani- 
mals; one  or  other  of  the  divisions  of  males 
and  females;  by  way  of  emphasis,  woman- 
kind; the  female  sax:  generally  with  the. — 
Sexless,  seks'les,  a.  Having  no  sex.  — 
Sexual,  sek'sQ-al,  a.  [L.  sezualis.'\  Per- 
taining to  sex  or  the  sexes.— Sexual  sys- 
tem, a'  system  of  classification  founded  on 
the  distinction  of  sexes  in  plants.— Sexu- 
ally, sek'su-al-li,  adv.  In  a  sexual  man- 
ner. —  Sexuality,  sek-su-al'i-ti,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  distinguished  by 
sex.— Sexuallst,  sek'sQ-al-ist,  n.  One" who 
maintains  the  doctrine.of  sexes  in  plants. 

Sexagenary,  sek-saj'e-na-ri,  a.  [L.  sexagen- 
amts, from  sexaginta,  sixty,  fromsea:,  six.] 
Pertaining  to  the  number  sixty;  composed 
of  or  proceeding  by  sixties. — n.  A  sexa- 
genarian.— Sexagenarian,.  sek'sa-je-na"ri- 
an,  n.  A  person  aged  sixty  or  between 
sixty  and  seventy.— o.  Sixty  years  old; 
sexagenary. 

Sexagesima,  sek-sa-jes'i-ma,  «.  [L.  sexa- 
gesimus,  sixtieth.]  The  second  Sunday 
before  Lent',  so  called  as  being  about  the 
sixtieth  day  before  Easter.— Saxageaimal, 
sek-sa-jes'i-mal,  a.«  Sixtieth;  pertaining 
to  the  number  sixty.  —  Sexagesfiinal  or 
sexagenary  arithmetic,  a  method  Qf  com- 
putation by  sixtiea.— Sexagesimal  frac- 
tions, or  sexagesimals,  fractions  wfeose  de- 
nominators are  sixty  or  its  multiple. 

Sexangle,  seks'ang-gl,  n.  [L.  sex,  six,  and 
angtihis,  an  angle  ]  Geom.  a  figure  having 
six  angles;  a  hexagon.— Sexangalar,  seks- 
anggu-l6r,  a.    Hexagonal. 

Sexennial,  sek-sen'ni-al,  a.  [L.  sex,  six,  and 
annus,  year.]  Lasting  six  years,  or  hap- 
pening once  in  six  years.- S'xennially, 
sek-sen'ni-al-li,  adv,    Once  in  sjx  years. 

Sexisyllable,  seks'i-sil-la-bl,  n.  |L.  sex,  six, 
and  E.  syllable.}  A  word  having  six  syl- 
lables. • 

SexlocTUar,  seks-loh'O-lfir,  o.  [L.  sex,  six, 
and'loculus,  a  celLj  Bot.  having  six  cells 
for  seedsJI  i      | 

Sextain,  eeks'tan,  n.  [From  L.  sex,  six.]  A 
stanza  of  six  lines.    • 

Sextant,  seks'tant,  n.  [L.  sextans,  aextan- 
iis,  a  sixth  part,  from  sex,  six.]  Q"he  sixth 
part  of  a  circle  contained  by  two  radii  and 
an  arc;  an  improved  form  of  quadrant, 
capable  of  measuring  angles  of  120°  and 
having  an  arc  embracing  60"  of  a  circle, 
chiefly  employed  as  a  nautical  instrument 
for  measuring  the  altitudes  of  celestial 
objects  and  their  angular  distances. 

Sextillion,  seks-til'yon,  n.  [From  L.  sextns, 
sixth,  sex,  six,  and  E.  million.]  A  million 
ransed  to  the  sixth  power;  a  number  repre- 
sented by  a  unit  with  thirty-six  ciphers 
annexed. 

Sexto-declnjo,  seks-to-des'i-mo,  n.  [L.  sex- 
tus  decimus,  sixteenth— seifws,  sixth,  and 
decimus,  tenth.]  A  book  folded  so  that 
each  sheet  makes  sixteen  leaves;  the  size 
of  the  book  thus  folded.  Usually  indicated 
thus,  16mo. 

Sexton,  seks'ton,  n.  [Contr.  from  sacristan 
(which  see).]  An  under  oflicer  of  the 
church  who  takes  care  of  the  vessels,  vest- 
mentSj  &c.,  and  of  the  church  generally, 
to  which  IS  added  the  duty  of  digging 

•  graves.— Sextonslup,8eks'ton-ship,n.  The 
office  of  a  sexton. 

Sextuple,  seks'tti-pl,  a.  [L.L.  seztuplus, 
from  L.  sextus,  sixth,  sex,  six,  with  term. 
■pie.]    Sixfold;  six  times  as  much. 

Sexual,  Sexually,  &c.    Uhder  Sex. 

Sforzando,  Sforzato,  sfor-tsan'do,  sfor-tsa'- 
to.  (It.,  forcing,  forced.]  A  musical  term 
written  over  a  note  or  notes  to  signify  that 
they  are  to  be  emphasized  more  strongly 
than  they  would  otherwise  be:  generaJly 
contracted  «/. 

Sfuinato,  8fa-mii't5,  a.  [It.,  smoky.]  A  term 
applied  to  a  style  of  painting  wherein  the 
tints  are  so  blended  that  outlines  are 
scarcely  perceptible. 

Seraffito,  sgraf-fe'tS,  a.     [It.,  scratched.] 

Applied  to  a  species  of  drawing  in  which 

a  white  coat  is  applied  over  dark  stucco, 

and  by  an  instrument  the  design  is  formed 

from  the  dark  ground  underneath.' 


■  Fate,  far,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met.  h6r.     pine,  pin;     nSte,  not,  mOVe;     tabe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     a.  So,  abtme— the  Fr.  «. 


SHABBY 


623 


SHALLOP 


Shabby,  sbab'i,  a.  [A  softened  form  of 
scabby;  Prov.  E.  shabby,  itchy,  mangy, 
from  shab,  itch.  Scab.]  Threadbare  or 
much  worn;  worn  till  no. longer  respec- 
table; wearing  much-worn  clothes;  mean ; 
despicable.— Shabbily,  shab'i-li,  adv.  In 
a  shabby  manner.  —  Shabbiness;  shab'i- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  shabby. — 
Shabby-genteel,  a.  Retaining  in  present 
shabbiness  traces  of  former  gentility. 
Shabrack,  shab'rak,  n.  [(a.  schabracke,  Pr. 
chabraque,  from  Hung,  esabrdg,  Turk. 
tshdprdk.l  The  large  saddle-cloth  or  hous- 
ing of  a  cavalry  officer's  charger. 
Shackle,  shak'l,  n.  [A.  Sax.  scacul,  seeacul, 
a  shackle,  probably  originally  a  loose, 
dangling  fastening,  from  scacan,  sceacan, 
to  shake.]  A  fetter,  handcuff,  or  the  like 
that  confines'the  limbs  so  as  to  restrain 
the  use  of  them;  Jig.  that  which  obstructs 
or  embarrasses  free  action:  generally  in 
pl.—v.t.— shackled,  shackling.  To  fetter; 
to  tie  or  coiifine  the  limbs  of,  so  as  to  pre- 
vent free  motion;  Jig.  io  bind  or  confine  so 
as  to  embarrass  action.— Shackle-bolt,  n. 
A  shackle;  a  gyve. 

Shad,  shad,  n.  sing,  and  pi.  [A.  Sax.  sceadd^ 
6.  schade,  a  shad.]  A  British  and  Ameri- 
can fish  of  the  herring  family  which  in-; 
habits  the  sea  near  the  mouths  of  rivers, 
and  ascends  them  to  spawn. 
Shaddock,  shad 'ok,  n.  [After  Captain 
Shaddock,  who  first  brought  it  to  the  West 
Indies  early  in  the  eighteenth  century.] 
A  tree  and  its  fruit,  which  is  a  large 
species  of  orange:  a  native  of  China  and 
Japan. 

Shade,  shad,  n.  [A.  Sax.  scced,  sceadu, 
shade.  Shadow.]  A-  comparative  obscu- 
rity, dimness,  or  gloom,  caused  by  the  in- 
terception of  the  rays  of  light;  something 
that  interceptt  light,  heat,  dust,  &c.;  a 
cover  for  the  flame  of  a  lamp;  a  cover  that 
confines  the  light  of  a  lamp  within  a  given 
area;  a  cover  for  the  eyes;  the  dark  or 
darker  part  of  a  picture;  degree  or  grada- 
tion of  light  or  brightness  of  colour;  a  small 
or  scarcely  perceptible  degree  or  amount  (a 
price  a  Made  higher);  a  shadow  (poet.);  the 
soul  after  its  separation  from  the  liody;  a 
spirit;  aghost;  hence,  the  shades,  the  abode 
of  spirits:  hades.  .'.  Shade  differs  from  sha- 
dow, as  it  implies  no  particular  form  or 
definite  limit;  whereas'a  s/iadow  represents 
in  form  the  object  which  intercepts  the 
light. — v.t— shaded,  shading.  To  shelter 
or.  screen  from  light  by  intercepting  its 
rays ;  to  shelter  from  the  light  and  heat 
of  the  sun;  to  cover  with  a  shade  or  screen 
that  iiitercepts  light,  heat,  dust,  &c.;  to 
overspread  with  darkness  or  obscurity;  to 
obscure;  to  shelter;  to  protect;  drawing 
and  painting,  to  put  in  darker  colours  to 
show  where  the  light  is  less  intense;  to 
mark  with  gradations  of  colour.— Shade- 
less,  shad'les,  a.  Without  shade.— Shader, 
sha'dSr,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  shades. 
— Shady,  sha'di,  a.  Abounding  with  shade 
or  shades;  casting  or  causing  shade;  shel- 
tered from  the  glare  of  light  or  sultry 
heat.— Shadily,  sha'di-li,  adv.  In  a  shady 
manner;  umbrageously. — Shadinesa,  sha'- 
di-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  shady;  um- 
brageousness. — Shading,  sha'ding,  n.  The 
effect  of  light  and  shade  represented  in  a 
picture. 

Shadoof,  Shaduf,  sha-duf,  n.  A  contri- 
vance employed  in  Egypt  for  raising  water 
from  the  Nile,  consisting  of  a  long  pole 
supported  on  an  upright  post  and  weighted 
at  one  end  to  serve  as  a  counterpoise,  the 
other  end  having  a  bucket  or  jar  attached. 
Shadow,  shad'O,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sceadu,  a  sha- 
dow, scced,  a  shade;  0.  Sax.  scado,  Goth. 
skadus,  D.  schaduw,  G.  schaUen;  from  a 
root  skad,  Skr.  chhad,  to  cover;  comp.  Gr. 
skotos,  darkness.]  The  figure  of  a  body 
projected  on  the  ground  or  other  surface 
by  the  interception  of  the  light;  a  portion 
of  space  from  which  light  is  intercepted 
by  an  opaque  body  (to  be  in  shadow);  dark- 
ness or  obscurity  from  intercepted  light ; 
Jig.  the  shelter,  protection,  or  security 
afforded  by  some  one;  a  dark  part- of  a 
picture;  anything  unsubstantial  or  unreal, 
though  having  the  appearance  of  reality; 
a  Rpirit ;  a  ghost ;  a  shade ;  an  imperfect 
and  faint  represautatiou;  adumbration;  a' 


dim  bodying  forth;  an  inseparable  com- 
panion or  one  that  follows  like  a  shadow ; 
a  type  or  mystical  representation;  slight 
or  faint  appearance.— !FAe  shadow  of  death, 
the  approach  of  death  or  dire  calamity. — 
v.t.  To  overspread  with  obscurity  or  shade; 
to  intercept  light  or  heat  from ;  to  shade ; 
to  cloud;  to  darken;  to  throw  a  gloom, 
over ;  to  protect ;  to  screen  from  danger ; 
to  mark  with  slight  gradations  of  colour 
6r  light;  to  paint  in  obscure  colours;  to 
represent  faintly  or  imperfectly;  to  repre- 
sent typically:  often  followed  bj  forVi;  to 
follow  closeb';  to  attend  on  like  a  shadow. 
>  — Shadowiness,  shad'o-i-nes,  n.  State  of 
being  shadowy  or  unsubstantial.— Shad- 
owing, shad'o-ing,  n.  Shade  or  gradation 
of  light  and  colour;  shading;  the  art  of 
correctly  representing  the  shadows  of  ob- 
jects.—Shadowless,  shad'o-les,  a.  Having 
no  shadow.— Shadoviry,  shad'o-i,  a.  Full  of 
shade  or  shadow;  causing  shade;  gloomy; 
faintly_  representative;  unsubstantial;  un- 
real; dimly  seen;  obscure;  dim;  indulging 
.  in  fancies  or  dreamy  imaginations. 
Shady.  Under  Shade.  . 
Shaft,  shaft,  w.  [i'rom  G.  scAacW,the  shaft 
of  a  mine.]  A  narrow  deep  pit  made  into 
the  earth  as  the  entrance  to  a  coal  or  other 
mine  or  for  its  ventilation. 
Shaft,  shaft,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sceaft,  a  dart,  ar- 
row, spear,  pole=Icel.  skaft,  skapt,  Dan. 
skaft,  V>.  and  G.  schaft ;  lit.  the  thing 
shaped  or  smoothed  by  shaving,  from  A. 
Sax.'  sca/an,  to  shave ;  comp.  L.  scapus,  a 
shaft;  Gr.  skaptron,  skeptron,  a  staff.]  An 
arrow;  a  spear  or  dart;"  the  columnar  part 
of  anything;  the  body  of  a  column  be- 
tween the^base  and  the  capital;  the  spire 
of  a  steeple;  the  handle  of  certain  tools  or 
instruments  (the  shaft  of  a  hammer,  axe, 
whip,  &c.);  a  kind  of  large  axle,  as  of  a 
fly-wheel  or  the  screw  or  paddles  of  a 
steamer;  one  of  the  bars  between  a  pair 
of  which  a  horse  is  harnessed  to  a  vehicle; 
a  thill ;  the  pole  of  a  carriage.- Shafted, 
shafted,  a.  Having  a  shaft  or  shafts;  or- 
namented with  clustering  pillars. — Shaft- 
horse,  n.  The  horse  that  goes  in  the  shafts 
of  a  carriage.— Shafting,  shafting,  re.  A 
system  of  shafts  through  which  motion  is 
communicated  in  machinery. 
Sha^,  shag,  n.  [A.  Sax.  8ceac(/a,  coarse  hair; 
akin  to  Icel.  skegg,  a  beard,  skaga,  to  stand 
out,  skagi,  a  promontory.]  Coarse  hair  or 
nap;  rough  woolly  hair;  a  kind  of  cloth 
having  a  long  coarse  nap ;  a  kind  of  to- 
bacco cut  into  fine  shreds ;  the  crested  or 
green  cormorant.  —  a.  Hairy ;  shaggy. 
l&Aafc.]— Shaggy,  Shagged,  shag'i,  shag'ed, 
a.  Rough  with  long  hair  or  wool;  rough; 
rugged.— Shagginess,  shag'i-nes.n.  The 
state  of  being  shaggy,  —  Shag-haired,  a. 
Having  shaggy  hair. 

Shagreen,  sha-grCn',  n.  [Fr.  chagrin,  Vene- 
tian, sagrin,  from  Turk,  sagri.  Per.  saghri, 
shagreen.  C/iafirnn  is  the  .same  word.]  A 
species  of  granulated  leather  prepared 
without  tanning,  from  horse,  ass,  and 
camel  skin,  or  made  of  the  skins  of  the 
shark,  sea-otter,  seal,  &c. 
Shah,  sha,  n.  [Per.,  a  king,  a  prince  (hence 
chess,  check).]  A  title  given  oy  European 
writers  to  the  monarch  of  Persia,  who  in 
his  own  country  is  designated  by  the  com- 
pound appellation  of  Padishah;  a  chief- 
tain or  prince. 

Shake,  shak,  v.t.— pret.  shook;  pp.  shaken; 
ppr.  shaking.  [A.  Sax.  scacan,  sceacan, 
pret.  scdc,  pp.  scacen;  Icel.  and  Sw.  skaka, 
to  shake;  allied  to  D.  schokken,  to  shake; 
G.  schaukein,  to  swing.  Shock.]  To  cause 
to  move  with  quick> vibrations;  to  make 
to  tremble,  quiver,  or  shiver;  to  agitate;  to 
remove  by  agitating,  or  by  a  jolting,  jerk- 
ing motion:  generally  with  away,  off,  out, 
Ac;  to  move  from  firmness;  to  threaten 
to  overthrow;  to  cause  to  waver  or  doubt ; 
to  impair  the  resolution  of;  to  depress  the 
courage  of;  to  give  a  tremulous  sound  to; 
to  trill  (a  note  in  music).— To  shake  hands, 
to  clasp  right  hands  together  mutually, 
as  by  two  persons  at  meeting  and  parting, 
or  to  ratify  or  confirm  an  agreement. — To 
shake  hands  with,  sometimes  to  take  leave 
of :  to  give  up ;  to  take  leave ;  to  part. — 
— To  shake  off  the  dust  from,  the  feet,  a  sym- 
bolic method  of  renouncing  solemnly  all 


intercourse  or  connection.  —  To  shake  the 
head,  to  express  disapprobation,  refusal, 

'  reproach,  and  the  like. —ti.t.  To  be  agitated 
with  a  waving  or  vibratory  motion;  to 
tremble;  to  shiver;  to  totter.- n.  A  waver- 
ing rapid  motion  cue  way  and  the  other ; 
a  shock  or  concussion ;  tremor ;  mus.  a. 
rapid  reiteration  of  two  notes;  a  trill, 
marked  by  the  sign  (tr;,  abbreviation  of 
trill)  placed  over  the  note;  a  crack  or 
fissure  in  timber;  pi.  a  trembling  fit; 
specifically,  ague;  intermittent  fever.— 
Shake  of  the  hand,  a  friendly  clasp  of  an- 
other's hand.  —  No  great  shakes,  lit.  no 
great  windfall;  hfence,  nothing  extraordi- 
narj';  of  little  value.— Shake-down,  n.  A 
temporary  substitute  for  a  bed  formed  on 
the  floor.  —  Shaken,  sha' kn,  p.  and  a. 
Caused  to  shake;  agitated;  having  the 
constitution  or  bodily  health  impaired ; 
cracked  or  split  {shaken  timber).- Shaker, 
sha'kCr,  n.  A  person  or  thing  that  shakes; 
a  member  of  a  religious  sect  founded  in 

•  Manchester  about  the  middle  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century,  so  called  popularly  from 
the  agitations  or  movements  in  dancing 
which  forms  part  of  their  ceremonial;  now 
jnostly  confined  to  the  United  States  of 
America.— Shakerism,  sha'k6r-izm,  n.  The 
principles  of  the  Shakers.  —  Shakiness, 
sha'ki-nes,' n.  State  or  quality  of  being 
shaky.  —  Shaky,  sha'ki,  a.  Loosely  put 
together;  ready  to  come  to  pieces;  unsub- 
stantial; tottering;  cracked  or  split,  as 
timber. 

Shako,  shak'O,  «.  [Fr.  schako,  from  Hung. 
csdkd,  a  shako.]  •  A  kind  of  military  cap 
Botaewhat  resembling  a  truncated  cone, 
with  a  peak  in  front.. 

Shaksperian,  Shalupearian,  shak-spe'ri-an. 
a.  Relating  to  or  like  Shakspere.  Spelled 
variously  Shakespearean,  Shakespeariaji, 
Shaksperean,  and  Shakspeavean. 
Shale,  shal,  n.  [A  form  of,  scale,  directly 
from  G.  schale,  a  shell,  a  thin  layer.  Shell.] 
A  shell  or  husk  {Shak.);  "geol.  a  specie's  of 
schist  or  schistous  clay ;  a  clayey  rock 
having  a  slaty  fracture,  often  found  in 
strata  in  coal-mines;  an  important  Variety 
being  impregnated  with  bitumem  and 
yielding  paraffin,  while  another  yields 
alum.— f.<.  and  i.  To  peel.— Shaly,  sha'li, 
a.    Partaking  of  the  qualities  of  shale. 

Shall,  shal,  auxiliary.  Pres.  I  shall,  thou 
Shalt,  he  shall,  pi.  1, 2,  and  3  shall;  imperf. 
should,  shouldest  or  shouldst,  should,  pi. 
should.  [A.  Sax.  sceal,  I  shall,  I  have  to, 
I  ought;  pi.  sculon,  pret.  sceolde,  scolde, 
inf.  sculan:  Icel.  and  Dan.  skal,  D.  zal, 
G.  soil,  literal  meaning  seen  in  Goth. 
skulan,  to  owe,  to  have  to  pay.]  In  the 
first  persons  singular  and  plural  it  forms 
part  of  the  future  tense  and  future  per- 
fect, and  sifnply  foretells  or  declares  what 
js  to  take  place=am  to,  are  to  (I  shall  go, 
we  shall  go);  in  the  second  and  third  per- 
sons it  implies  control  or  authority  on  the 
part  of  the  speaker,  and  is  used  to  express 
a  promise,  command,  or  determination 
(you  shall  go,  he  shall  go).  Interrogatively, 
shall  I  go?  shall  we  go?  shall  he  go?  shall 
they  go?  ask  for  direction  or  refer  the 
matter  to  the  determination  of  the  per- 
soh  asked;  shall  you  go?  asks  for  informa- 
tion merely  as  to  the  future.— After  if,  &c., 
shall,  in  all  persons,  expresses  simple  fa- 
tuTity.— Should,  though  in  form  the  past 
of  shall,  is  not  used  to  express  simple  past 
futurity  unless  in  the  indirect  speech  (I 
said  I  should  go);  it  is  very  commonly  used 
to  express  present  as  well  as  past  duty  or 
obligation  (you  should  .go,  have  gone").  — 
It  is  also  used  to  express  a  merely  hypo- 
thetical case  or  a  contingent  future  event, 
standing  in  the  same  relation  to  would 
that  shall  does  to  will  (I  should  be  glad  if 
you  would  come).— Also  often  used  in  a 
modest  way  to  soften  a  statement  (I  should 
think  so). — Shall  and  mH  are  often  eon- 
founded  by  inaccurate  speakers  or  ■wcriters. 
Will. 

Shalli,  shal'i,  n.  [Connected  with  shawl.] 
A  kind  of  twilled  cloth  made  from  the 
nsLtive  goats'  hair  at  Angora. 

Shalloon,  sha-lon',  n.  [Fr.  chalon,  a  woollen 

stuff,  said  to  be  from  Ohdlons,  in  France/J 

A  slight  woollen  stuff. 

Shallop,  Bhal'op,  re.    [Fr.  chaloupe,  a  form 


ch^cAain:    £h,&GAQChi  ^„goi    J.;ob;    i,  Fr.  totij  jig,  Bins';   ^ts,  tten;  th.  tftin;     w.wig;     wh.wAig;  ,.zh,a«u». 


SHALLOT 


624 


SHASTEE 


of  D.  sloep,  E.  sloop.'i  A  large  boat  ■with 
two  maists,  rigged  like  a  schoonerj  a  small 
light  vessel  with  a  Ismail  mainmast  and 
foremast,  with  lug-sails. 
Shallot,  sha-lot',  n.  [Also  eschalot,  from 
O.  Fr.  eschalote,  from  Ascalon.]  A  species 
of  onion  which  grows  wild  in  Palestine, 
especially  near  Ascalon. 
Shallow,  shal'o,  a.  [Same  word  as  Icel. 
skjdlgr,  wry,  oblique,  the  water  being 
shallow  where  the  beach  sinks  obliquely 
downward;  comp.  also  shoal,  shelf.]  Not 
deep;  having  the  bottom  at  no  great  dis- 
tance from  the  surface  {shallow  water); 
having  sides  not  raised  much  above  the 
bottom  (a  shallow  trough);  not  intellectu- 
ally deep;  not  profound;  superficial;  silly. 
— n.  A  place  where  the  water  is  not  deep; 
a  shoal. — v.t.  To  make  shallow. — Shallow- 
brained,  a.  Of  no  depth  of  intellect; 
empty-headed.— ShaUow-hearted,  a.  In- 
capable of  deep  feeling  or  affection.  — 
Shallowly,  shal'o-li,  adv.  In  a 'shallow 
manner;3uperficially.^ShallowneBS,shal'- 
o-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
shallow;  superficialness  of  intellect.  — 
^allow-pated,  a.  Of  weak  mind;  silly.  • 
Shalm,  sham,  n.  A  shawm. 
Shalt,  Shalt,  second  person  singular  of 
shall. 

Sham,  sham,  ii.  [A  form  of  sliam^:  comp. 
Prov.  E,  sham,  shame;  sham,  to  blush  for 
shame.]  One  who  or  that  which  deceives 
expectation ;  a  trick  or  fraud ;  something 
counterfeit;  an  imposture.  —  a.  False; 
counterfeit;  pretended.  —  v.t.  —  sham,med, 
shamming.  To  make  a  pretence  of  in 
order  to  deceive;  to  feign  [to  sham  illness). 
— v.i.  To  pretend;  to  make  false  pretences. 
— Sham-£ight,  n.  A  pretended  fight  or  en- 
gagement; manoeuvres  of  troops  in  imita- 
tion of  a  real  fight. — Shammer,  sham'^r,  n. 
One  that  shams;  an  impostor. 
Shamanism,  sh$.'man-izm,  n.  [Hind,  and 
Per.  shaman,  an  idolater.]  An  idolatrous 
religion  of  Northern  Asia  and  elsewhere, 
consisting  mainly  in  a  belief  in  sorcery, 
and  in  demons  who  require  to  be  propiti- 
ated by  sacrifices  and  rites;  a  sort  of  fetish- 
ism.— Shamanist,  sha'man-ist,  n.  A  be- 
liever in  Shamanism.— ShamaJi,  sha'man, 
u.  A  priest  or  conjuror  among  those  who 
profess  Shamanism.  ■ —  Shamanic,  sha- 
man'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  Shamanism. 
Shamble,  sham'bl,  v.i.  — shambled,  sham- 
bling. [A  form  of  scamble  (which  see).] 
To  walk  awkwardly  and  unsteadily,  as  if 
the  knees  were  weak. — Shambling,  sham'- 
bling,  a.  Moving  with  an  av/kward, 
clumsy  pace.— n.  An  awkward,  clumsy, 
irregular  pace  or  gait. 
Shambles,  sham'blz,  n.  pi.  [A.  Sax.  scaviel, 
a  stool,  a  bench  =  Dan.  skammel,  Icel. 
skemmiU,  from  L.  scamellum,  dim.  of 
scamnum,  a  stool.]  Originally  tables  or 
benches  where  butchers  exposed  meat 
for  sale;  hence,  a  slaughter-house:  often 
treated  as  a  singular;  a  place  of  indis- 
criminate slaughter  or  butchery ;  mining, 
shelves  or  benches  on  which  ore  is  succes- 
sively thrown  in  raising  it. 
Shame,  sham,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sceamu,  8camu= 
Icel.  skamm,  skomm,  Dan.  and  Sw.  skam, 
G.  scham,  O.H.G.  scaina,  shame;  probably 
from  root  meaning  to  cover.  Hence  sham.] 
A  paiaful  sensation  excited  by  the  ex- 
posure of  that  which  nature  or  modesty 
prompts  us  to  conceal,  or  by  a  conscious- 
ness of  guilt,  or  of  having  done  something 
which  injures  reputation;  the  cause  or 
reason  of  shame;  reproach;  disgrace;  con- 
tempt. —  J^or  shavie  !  an  inter]  ectional 
phrase  signifying  you  should  be  ashamed; 
nharae  on  you !— To  put  to  shame,  to  cause 
to  feel  sliame;  to  inflict  shame  or  dis- 
honour on.  —  v.t.  —  shamed,  shaming.  To 
make  ashamed;  to  cause  to  feel  shame;  to 
cover  with  reproach  or  ignominy. — v.i.  To 
be  ashamed.  —  Shamefaced,  sham'fast,  a. 
I  Corrupted  from  shamefaH,  like  steadfast] 
Easily  confused  or  put  out  of  counten.ince; 
Viashf ul ;  modest.  —  Shamefacedly,  sham'- 
fft5t-li,  adv.  Bashfully;  with  excessive 
modesty. — Shamefaceduegs,sham'fast-nes, 
»i.  —  Shameful,  sham'fvl,  a.  Bringing 
ehame  or  disgrace;  scandalous;  disgrace- 
ful; raising  shame  in  others;  indecent. — 
Shamefully,  6ham'iuMi,aai;.  In  a  shame- 


ful manner;  disgracefully.— Shamef ulnars, 
Bham'ful-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quaUty  of 
being  sliameful;  disgrace.  —  Shameless, 
sham'les,  a.  Destitute  of  shame;  wanting 
modest3';  brazen-faced;  insensible  to  dis- 
grace; done-  without  shame;  indicating 
want  of  shame.— Shamelessly,  sham'les-li, 
adv.  In  a  shameless  manner;  impudently. 
—  Shamelessness,  sham'les-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  shameless.  — 
Shamer,  sha'mer,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  makes  ashamed. 

Shammy,  Shamoy,  sham'i,  sham'oi,  n.  [A 
corruption  of  chamois,  the  animal  and  its 
prepared  skin.]  The  chamois;  a  kind  of 
soft  leather  originally  prepared  from  the 
skin  of  this  animal,  but  now  commonly 
made  of  the  skin  of  the  goat  and  sheep. 

Shampoo,  sham-po',  v.t.  [Hind.  champiiC] 
To  rub  and  squeeze  the  whole  surface  of 
the  body  of,  stretching  the  limbs  and 
joints,  in  connectioii  v/ith  the  hot  bath,  a 
practice  introduced  from  the  East. — n.  The 
act  or  operation  of  shampooing. 

ShamrocK,  sham'rok,  n.  [Ir.  seamrog, 
Gael,  seamrag,  trefoil,  white  clover.]    A 

flant  regarded  as  the  national  emblem  of 
reland :  generally  supposed  to  be  white 
clover  or  else  wood-sorrel. 
Shandry,  Shandrydaii,  shan'dri,  shan'dri- 
dan,  n.  A  one-horse  Irish  conveyance. 
Shandygaff,  shan'di-gaf,  n.  A  mixture  of 
beer  and  ginger-beer  or  lemonade. 
Shank,  shangk,  n.  [A.  Sax.  scatica,  sceanca, 
the  bone  of  the  leg,  the  leg,  earm-scanca, 
the  arm-bone;  Dan.  and  Sw.  skank;  G.  and 
D.  schenkel,  the  shank;  akin  perhaps  shin.] 
The  whole  leg,  or  the  part  from  the  knee 
to  the  ankle;  the  tibia  or  shin-bone;  the 
part  of  the  foreleg  of  a  horse  between  the 
knee  and  the  fetlock;  that  part  of  a  tool 
or  other  thing  which  connects  the  acting 
part  with  a  handle;  the  stem  of  an  anchor 
connecting  the  arms  and  the  stock;  bot. 
to  be  affected  with  disease  of  the  footstalk; 
ta'fall  by  decay  of  the  footstalk^often  with 
off. — Shanked,  shangkt,  p.  and  a.  Having 
a  shank;  bot.  affected  with  disease  of  the 
footstalk. 

Bhanny,  shan'i,  n.  A  small  fish  allied  to 
the  blenny. 

ShaVt,  shant.  A  colloquial  contraction 
of  ShaU  Not. 

Shanty,  shan'ti,  n.  [Ir.  sean,  old,  and  tig, 
a  house.]  A  hut  or  mean  dwelling;  a 
temporary  building. 

Shape,  shap,  v.t.— pret.  shaped;  pp.  shaped 
or  shapen;  ppr.  shaping.  [A.  Sax.  sceapan, 
scapan=  Goth,  skapan,  Icel.  skapa,  Dan. 
skabe,  O.H.G.  scafan,  G.  schafen,  to  shape, 
form,  create ;  alun  ship,  skiff.]  .  To  form 
or  create;  to  make;  to  mould  or  make  into 
a  particular  form;  to  give  form  or  figure 
to ;  to  adapt  to  a  purpose;  to  suit ;  to  con- 
ceive or  conjui'e  up. — v.i.  To  square;  to 
suit;  to  be  adjusted.— m.  External  appear- 
•  ance  of  a  body  as  determined  by  outlines 
or  contours;  make;  figure;  form ;  that  which 
has  form  or  figure;  an  appearance;  a  being; 
a  pattern  to  be  followed;  k  model;  a  mould; 
external  manifestation  of  thought  in  words 
or  action ;  cookery,  a  dish  made  of  blanc- 
mange, rice,  corn-flour,  &c.,  which  receives 
a  particular  form.— Snapeable,  sha'pa-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  shaped;  shapely. 
Spelled  also  Shapable. — Shapeless,  shap'- 
les.o.  Destitute  of  regular  form;  wanting 
svmmetry  of  dimensions.— Shapelessness, 
shap'les-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  shape- 
less.—Shapeliness,  shSp'li-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  shapely.  —  Shapely,  shap'li,  a. 
AVell  formed;  having  a  regular  and  pleas- 
ing shape;  symmetrical. 
Shard,  shard,  n.  [A.  Sax.  aceard,  from 
«ceran,  to  shear.  Share,  Shear.]  Abroken 
piece  of  an  earthen  vessel ;  a  potsherd ;  a 
fragment  in  general ;  the  wing-case  of  a 
beetle;  the  leaves  of  the  artichoke  and  some 
other  vegetables  whitened  or  blanched. 
—  Shard-borne,  a.  Borne  along  by  its 
shards  or  scaly  wing  -  cases.  ( Shak.  ]  — 
Sharded,  shar'ded,  a.  Having  wings 
sheathed  with  a  hard  case. 
Share,  shar,  n.  [A.  Sax.  seearu,  a  portion, 
lit.  a  sheanng:  scear,  acaer,  that  which 
shears  or  divides,  the  share  of  a  plough, 
both  from  sceran,  to  cut.  Akin  sheer, 
shire, shore,  short,  skirt.  Shear.]  Acerttun 


allotted  quantity;  a  part  bestowed;  a  por- 
tion; a  part  or  portion  of  a  thing  ownea 
by  a  numberin  common  {shares  in  a  bank); 
the  iron  blade  of  a  plough  which  cuts  the 
bottom  of  the  furrow-slice;  a  ploughshare. 
— v.t. — shared,  sharing.  To  divide  in  por- 
tions; to  part  among  two  or  more;  to  par- 
take or  enjoy  with  others;  to  seize  and 
possess  jointly  or  in  common.— v.i.  To  have 
part;  to  get  one's  portion;  to  be  a  sharer. 
— Share-beam,  n.  That  part  of  a  plough 
to  which  the  share  is  applied.— Share- 
broker,  n.  A  dealer  in  the  shares  and 
securities  of  joint-stock  companies  and  the 
like.— Shareholder,  shar'hol-dfer,  n.  One 
that  holds  or  owns  a  share  or  shares  in  a 
joint-stock  company,  or  in  some  property. 
—  Share-list,  n.  A  list  of  the  prices  of 
shares  of  railways,  mines,  banks,  govern- 
ment securities,  and  the  like.  —  Sharer, 
sha'rfer,  n.  One  who  shares;  one  who  par- 
ticipates in  anything  with  another;  a  par- 
taker. 

Shark,  shark,  n.  [Origin  uncertain;  comp. 
D.  schrok,  a  glutton,  a  greedy  fellow.]  A 
voracious  carnivorous  marine  fish  of  which 
there  are  many  species;  a  greedy,  artful 
bellow;  a  sharper;  a  cheat. —  n.i.  To  play 
the  petty  thief;  to  swindle. — v.t.  To  pick 
up  hastily,  slily,  or  thievishly:  with  np. 
— SharkMT,'  shar'ker,  n.  One  who  lives  by 
sharking;  an  artful  fellow. 

Shairp,  sharp,  a.  [A.  Sax.  scearp,  from  the 
root  of  scrape,  and  perhaps  of  shear;  L.G. 
scharp,  D.  scherp,  Icel.  skarpr,  G.  scharf, 
sharp.]  •  Having  a  very  thin  edge  or  fine 
point;  not  blunt;  having  a  keen  cutting 
edge ;  pointed ;  peaked ;  bent  :\t  or  form- 
ing an  acute  angle;  acute  of  mind;  quick 
to  discern  or  distinguish ;  ingenious ; 
shrewd;  subtle;  keen  as  regards  the  or- 
gans of  sense;  quick  of  sighl§  vigilant;  at- 
tentive; affecting  the  organs  of  t:iste  like 
fine  points;  sour;  acid;  acrid;  piercing  to 
the  ear;  penetrating;  shrill;  acrimonious; 
severe;  sarcastic;  cutting  (a  sharp  rebuke); 
severely  rigid;  severe;  eager  for  food;  feel- 
ing the  calls  of  hunger;  fierce;  fiery;  vio- 
lent (a  sharp  contest);  afflicting,  distress- 
ing, or  painful;  biting;  piercing  {sharp 
frost);  gritty  {sharp  sand);  emaciated  (a 
s?iarp  visage) ;  keenly  alive  to  one's  own 
interest;  barely  hone.st;  phonetics,  applied 
to  a  sound  pronouftced  or  uttered  with 
breath  and  not  with  voice;  surd;  not  so- 
nant (the  sharp  mutes  p,  t,  k);  mus.  raised 
a  semitone;  too  high;  so  high  as  to  be  out 
of  tune  or  above  true  pitch.  — n.  3fns.~a 
note  artificially  raised  a  semitone,  marked 
by  the  sign  (If);  the  sign  itself;  pZ.  the 
hard  parts  of  wheat  which  require  grind- 
ing a  second  time. — v.t.  To  make  sharp;  to 
sharpen.— adt).  Sharply;  exactly;  to  the 
moment;  not  a  minute  behind.  —  Sharp- 
cut,  a.  Cut  sharply  and  clearly,  so  as  to 
present  a  clear  outline ;  we'ir-defined.  — 
Sharpen,  shar'pn,  v.t.  To  make  sharp  or 
sharper;  to  whet;  to  make  more  eager,  ac- 
tive, intense.^ingenious,  &.C.;  to  make  more 
eager  for  any  gratification;  mus.  to  raise 
a  semitone,  or  a  little  above  the  true  pitch. 
— v.t.  To  grow  or  become  sharp. — Sharper, 
shar'p^r,  n.  A  tricky  feilow;  a  cheat;  one 
who  lives  by  cheating.— Sharp-ground,  a. 
"Whetted  till  it  is  sharp;  snarpened.— 
Sharply,  sharp'li,  adv.  In  a  sharp  or  keen 
manner;  severely;  rigorously;  acrimoni- 
ously; keenly;violently;  vehemently;  with 
keen  perception;  wittily;  abruptly;  steep- 
ly.— Sharpneos,  sharp'nes,  ».  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  sharp;  keenness  of  edge 
or  point;  pungency;  acidity;  keenness  of 
appetite;  severity  of  pain  or  affliction;  se- 
verity of  language;  acuteness  of  intellect; 
quickness  Of  sense  or  perception;  keenness; 
severity  (the  sharpness  of  the  air) ;  keen- 
ness in  transacting  business;  equivocal 
honesty.— Sharp-set,  a.  Eager  in  appetite; 
affected  by  keen  hunger. — Sharp-shooter, 
n.  A  soldier  or  other  person  skilled  in 
shooting  with  exactness.— Sharp-sighted, 
a.  Having  quick  sight;  having  acute  dis- 
cernment.—Sharp-visaged,  a.  Having  a 
sharp  or  thin  face.— Sharp-witted,  a.  Hav- 
ing the  mental  faculties  acute.  4 

Bhaster,  Shastra,   shas't^r.   shas'tra,  n. 

[Skr.  shastra,  from  shas,  to  teach.]  A  book 
of  laws  or  precepts  among  the  Hindus. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fjiU;     ipe,  met,  hftr;  '  pine,  pin;     pote,  pot,  paOTe;     tube.  tub.  bull;     oil,  poupd;     fl,  Be.  abwpe— the  Fr.  «. 


SHATTER 


625 


SHEET 


Shatter,  shat'^r,  v.t.  [A  softened  form  of 
scatter;  to  shatter  is  to  smash  into  small 
pieces  that  scatter  or  fly  apart.]  To  break 
at  once  into  many  pieces;  to  dash  into 
splinters;  to  break  up  violently;  to  over- 
throw (a  government,  a  person's  intellect). 
— v.i.  To  be  broken  into  fragments. — n.  A 
fragment  of  many  into  v/hich  anything 
is  brekeu. — Shatter-brain,  n.  A  scatter- 
brain.  —  Shattery,  shat'fer-i,  a.  Brittle; 
easily  falling  into  many  pieces. 

Shave,  8hav,D.t. — pret.  sliaved;  pp.ahavedoT 
shaven;  ppr.  sliavmg.  [A.  Sax.  scafan,  to 
shave,  scrape,  smooth  =  Icel.  scafa,  Dan. 
akave,  D.  schaaven,  Goth.  skaban^G.  saha- 
ben;  same  root  as  Gr.  skapto,  to  dig;  L. 
gcabo,  to  scrape.]  To  pare  oflf  from  the 
surface  of  a  body  by  a  razor  or  other  edged 
instrument;  to  pare  close;  to  remove  tho 
hair  from  by  a  razor  or  other  sharp  instru- 
ment; to  skim  along  or  near  tho  surface 
of;  to  sweep  along;  to  oppress  by  extortion; 
to  fleece. — v.i.  -To  use  the  razor — n.  A  cut- 
ting off  of  the  beard;  a  thin  slice  or  shav- 
ing; the  act  of  passing  so  closely  as  almost 
to  graze ;  an  exceedingly  narrow  miss  or 
escape  (coUoq.).— Shave-grags,  n.  One  of 
the  plants  called  horsetail  used  for  jfolish- 
ing. — Shaveling.  shav'ling,n.  A  contemp- 
tuous name  for  a  friar  or  priest.— Shaver, 
Bha'vfer,  n.  One  who  shaves ;  one  who  is 
close  in  bargains  or  a  sharp  dealer:  one  who 
fleeces;  a  pillager;  a  humorous  fcllowv  a 

•wag. —Shaving,  sha'ving.n.  Theactof  ono 
who  shaves;  a  thin  slice  pared  off. with  a 
plane  or  other  cutting  instrument.^-Sha- 
vlng-brush,  n.  A  brush  used  in  shaving, 
for  spreading  the  lather  over  the  beard. 

Shaw,  sha,  n.  [A.  Sax.  scaaa=DH.n.  skov, 
Icel.  skigr,  Sw.  skog,  a  wood  or  grove.]  A 

Srove  or  thicket;  a  small  wood. 
awl,  shftl,  n.  [Fr.  chdle,  from  Ar.  and 
Per.  shAl,  a  shawl.]  An  article  of  dress  of 
various  textures,  usually  of  a  square  or 
oblong  shape,  worn  by  persons  of  both 
sexes  in  the  East,  but  in  the  West  chiefly 
by  females  as  a  loose  body  or  shoulder 
covering. — v.t.  To  cover  with  a  shawl. 

Shawm,  Shalm,  sham,  n.  [O.Fr.  chalemel, 
Fr.  chalitmeau,  a  dim.  of  L.  calamus,  a 
reed,  a  reed-pipe.]  An  old  wind-instru- 
ment similar  in  form  to  the  clarionet. 

Bhaya-root,  sha'a,  n.    Chaya-root. 

She,  she,  pron. — possessive  and  dative  her, 
objective  her;  pi.  they,  'their,  them.  [A.Sax. 
sed,  tho,  that,  the  nom.  fern,  of  the  def. 
art.=G.  sie,  V.  zy,  Icel.  ajd.'i  The  nomi- 
native feminine  of  the  pronoun  of  the 
third  person;  occasionally  used  ae  a  noun; 
used  also  as  a  prefix  denoting  of  the  female 
sex  (sAe-bear,  she-c&t). 

Shea,  she'a,  n.  A  tree  of  tropical  Asia  and 
Africa,  the  trunk  of  which  when  pierced 
yields  a  copious  milky  juice,  while  a  kind 
of  vegetable  butter  is  foilnd  in  the  nut. 
Called  also  Butter-tree. 

Sheading,  shed'ing,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sceddan, 
to  divide;  akin  shed,  as  in  watershed.]  One 
of  the  six  local  divisions  of  the  Isle  of  Man, 

Sheaf,  sh5f,  n.  pi.  Sheaves,  shevz.  [A.  Sax. 
seed/,  a  sheaf=L.6.  akof,  schof,  D.  schoof, 
Icel.  skauf,  G.  schauh;  from  stem  of  shove'i 
A  quantity  of  the  stalks  of  wheat,  rye, 
oats,  or  other  plant,  bound  together;  any 
similar  bundle,  as  of  arrows.— u.t.  To  col- 
lect and  bind;  to  make  sheaves  of.— Sheafy, 
shef'i,  a.  Pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  or 
resemblitog  sheaves. 

Shealing:,  Sheal,  shel'ing,  sh5l,  n.  [From 
Icel.  skj6l,  a  shelter.]  A  hut  for  shepherds 
or  for  fishermen,  &c.;  ashed  for  sheltering 
sheep  during  the  night.  Written  also 
Sheeling,  Sheiling. 

Shear,  sh5r,  t>.<.— pret.  sheared  otahore;  pp. 
sheared  or  shorn;  ppr.  shearing.  [A.  Sax. 
sceran,  to  shear,  to  divide  =  D.  scheeren, 
Icel.  8fcera,Dan.st/(Bre,G.sc/iercn,  to  shear; 
from  a  root  which  appears  without  the 
initial  s  in  Gr.  keir6,  Skr.  kar,  to  cut.  Akin 
ahare,  sheer,  shire,  shore,  short.]  To  cut  or 
clip  the  wool  from;  to  cut  the  nap  from  (to 
shear  cloth);  to  separate  by  shears;  to  cut 
or  clip  from  a  surface;  fig.  to  strip  of  pro- 
perty; to  fleece;  to  cut  with  a  sickle 
(Scotch).— v.i.  To  cut;  to  penetrate  by  cut- 
ting.—Shearer,  sher'fer,  n.  One  that  shears. 
—Shearing,  sher'ing,  n.  A  clipping  by 
■hears  or  by  a  Ti\;iz  lane;  the  result  of  the  op- 


eration of  clipping.— Shearling,  sher'ling, 
n.  A  sheep  that  has  been  but  once  sheared. 
— Shearman,  sh6i-'man,n.  One  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  shear  cloth.— Shears,  sherz.n. 
pi.  An  instrument  consisting  of  two  mo.v- 
able  blades  with  bevel  edges,  used  for 
cutting  cloth  and  other  substances  by  in- 
terception between  the  twt)  blades;  some- 
thing in  the  form  of  the  blades  of  shears, 
as  an  apparatus  for  raising  heavyweight?. 
Sheers.— Shear -steel,  n.  [From  its  value 
for  shears,  knives,  &c.]  Steel  prepared  by 
laying  bars  of  con^mon  steel  together,  and 
heating  them  to  the  welding  temperature, 
the  bars  being  then  beatou  together  and 
drawn  out.  —  Shear-tall,  n.  A  name  of 
some  species  of  humming-birds.  —  Shear- 
water, n.  The  name  of  several  marine 
birds  belonging  to  the  petrel  family, 
which  skim  over  the  waves. 

Sheath,  sheth,  n.  [A.  Sax.  scaeth^T).  and 
L.G.  achede;  Dan.  akede,  Icel.  akeithir  {pi.), 
G.  scheide,  a  sheath;  akin  to  ahed,  A.  Sax. 
sceddan,  to  divide.]  A  case  for  the  recep- 
tion of  a  sword  or  other  long  and  slender 
instrument;  a  scabbard;  any  somewhat 
similar  covering;  a  petiole  or  leaf  that 
embraces  the  branch  from  whiQh  it  springs; 
the  wing-case  of  an  insect.  —  Sheathe, 
8h6TH,  v.t. — aheathed,  sheathing.  To  put 
into  a  sheath  or  scabbard;  to  cover  with  a 
sheath  or  case;  to  protect  by  a  casing  or 
covering,  as  of  copper  (io  aheathe  a  ship).— 
To  sheathe  the  sword  (fig.),  to  put  au  end 
to  war  or  enmity ;  to  make  peace.  — 
Sheathed,  sheind,  p.  and  a.  Put  in  or 
covered  with  a  sheath ;  covered  with 
sheathing.  —  Sheathor.  Bh5'»H6r,  n.  One 
who  sheathes.  —  Sheathing,  she'ining,  n. 
The  act  of  one  who  sheathes;  that  wliich 
sheathes ;  the  covering  of  copper,  or  an 
alloy  containing  copper,  to  protect  a  wood- 
en ship's  bottom.  —  Sheathless,  shCiHies, 
a.  Without  a  sheath  or  case  for  covering; 
uqsheathed.- Sheath-winged,  a.    Having 

'casesfor  covering  the  wings;  coleopterous. 
— Sheathy,  sheth'i,  a.  Forming  or  resem- 
bling a  sheath  or  case. 

Sheave,  shev,  n.  [Same  as  O.D.  schijve,  D. 
achijf,  Icel.  ski/a,  Dan.  skive,  6.  scheibe,  a 
slice,  a, disc;  akin  to  shift.]  A  grooved 
wheel  in  a  block,  mast,  yard,  &c.,  ou  which 
a  rope  works;  the  wheel  of  a  pulley;  a 
sliding  scutcheon  for  covering  a  keyhole. 

Shebeen,  shs-b6n',  n.  (Irish.J  An  Irish 
smuggler's  hut;  a  low  public-house;  an 
unlicensed  hou.se  where  excisable  liquors 
are  sold.— Shebeener,  she-bfin'fer,  n.  One 
who  keeps  a  shebeen. — Shebeenlng,  she- 
bsn'ing,  n.   The  act  of  keeping  a  shebeen. 

Shechinah,  Sheklnah,  shc-ki'na,  n.  [Heb.' 
shskinah,  from  shakan,  to  rest.]  The  Jew- 
ish name  for  the  symbol  of  the  divine 
presence,  which  rested  in  the  shape  df  a 
cloud  or  visible  light  over  the  mercy-seat. 

Shed,  shed,  v.<.— pret.andpp.  ahed;  ppr.shed- 
ding.  [A.  Sax.  sceddan,  to  separate,  to 
disperse;  G.  acheiden,  Goth,  akaidan,  to 
part,  to  separate;  allied  to  L.  sciiido,  to 
cut.]  To  let  flow  out;  to  let  fall  in  drops 
(to  3h£d  tears,  to  shed  blood);  to  cast  or 
throw  off,  as  a  natural  covering  (to  slied 
the  leaves);  to  emit  or  give  out  (flowers 
shed  fragrance);  to  cause  to  flow  off  with- 
out penetrating  (a  sloping  roof  sheds  the 
rain);  to  divide;  to  part  (as  in  Prov.  E.  to 
sti£d  the  hair).— y.i.  To  let  fall  seed,  a  cov- 
ering or  envelope,  &c.—n.  A  parting  of  the 
streams  of  a  district;  a  watershed;  wedving, 
the  interstice  between  tho  different  parts 
of  the  warp  of  a  loom  through  which  the 
shuttle  passes.— Shedder,  shed'er,  n.  One 
who  sheds.— Shedding,  shed'ing,  n.  The 
act  of  ono  that  sheds;  that  which  is  shed 
or  oast  off;  a  parting  or  branching  off. 

Shed,  shed,  n.  [Perhaps  originally  a  slo- 
ping roof  or  penthouse  to  shed  off  the 
rain.]  A  penthouse  or  covering  of  boards, 
&c.,  for  shelter;  a  poor  house  or  hovel;  a 
hut;  a  large  open  structure  for  the  tem- 
porary storage  of  goods,  &c. 

Sneen,  shen,  a.  [A.  Sax.  seine,  scirx,  bright, 
beautiful,  akin  to  G.  schon,  beautiful;  from 
root  of  show.]  Bright;  shining;  glittering; 
showy.  fPoet.] — n.  Brightness;  splendour. 
— Sheenly,  shen'li,aciu.  Brightly.— Sheeny, 
she'ni,  a.  Bright;  shining;  fair. 
Sheep,  shep,  n.  sing,  and  pi.  [A.  Sax.  acedp. 


»cip,  sing,  and  pi.;  L.G.  and  D.  scftaap,  G. 
achaf,  a  .  sheep.  1  A  ruminant  animal 
nearly  allied  to  the  goat,  and  of  great  use 
to  man  both  for  its  wool  and  its  flesh;  a 
silly  fellow,  the  sheep  being  regarded  as 
a  stupid  animal;  leather  prepared  from 
sheep-skin.— Sheepcot,  Shoepcote,'  sh5p'- 
kot,  shgp'kot,  n.  A  small  inclosure  for 
sheep;  the  cottage  of  a  shepherd  (Shak.). — 
Sheep-dip,n.  A  sheep-wash.- Sheep-dog,n- 
A  dog  for  tending  sheep;  a  collie.— Sheep. 
fold,  shep'fold,  n.  A  fold  or  pen  for  sheep. 
— Sheepheaded,  shep-hed'ed,  a.  Simple- 
minded;  silly.- Sheephook,  shep'hok,  n. 
A  shepherd's  crook.— Sheepish,  she'p'ish, 
a.  Like  a  sheep;  foolishly  bashful;  over- 
modest;  diffident.— Sheepishly,  shep'ish-li,- 
adv.  In  a  sheepish  manner.— Sheepish, 
ness,  sh5p'ish-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
sheepish.— Sheep-master,  n.  An  owner  of 
sheep  (O.T.).— Sheep-pen,  n.  An  inclosure 
for  sheep ;  a  sheepfold.  —  Sheep-run,  n. 
Originally  an  Australian  name  for  a  large 
tract  of  grazing  country  fit  for  pasturing 
sheep,  more  extensive  than  a  sheep-walk. 
— Sheep's-eye,  n.  A  modest,  diflident  look; 
a  wishful  glance;  a  leer.— jTo  cast  a  aheep'a- 
eve,  to  direct  a  wishful  or  leering  glance. 
.— Sheep-shank,  n.  Naut.  a  kind  of  knot 
made  on  a  rope  to  shorten  it  temporarily. 
— Shetp-Bhearer,  n.  One  that  shears  the 
wool  from  sheep.  —  Sheep -shearing,  n. 
The  act  or  the  occasion  of  shearing  sheBp. 
—Sheep-skin,  n.  The  skin  of  a  sheep,  or 
leather  prepared  from  it. — Sheep-stealer, 
n.  One  that  steals  sheep.— Sheep-stealing;, 
n.  The  act  of  stealing  sheep.— Sheep-tick, 
n.  A  dipterous  insect  parasitic  on  sheep, 
the  blood  of  which  it  sucks. — Sheep-walk, 
n.  A  tract  of  some  extent  where  sheep 
feed.— Sheep-wash,  n.  A  wash  for  sheep 
either  to  kill  vermin  or  to  preserve  the 
wool. 

Sheer,  sher,  a.  [A.  Sax.  aclr,  pure,  clear, 
bright;  Icel.  aktrr,  ak<err,  bright,  clear; 
Goth,  skeira,  clear,  evident;  G.  schier,  free 
from  knots;  probably  from  root  of  shine.] 
Pure  or  clear  (Shak.)li  simple;  mere;  down- 
right {slieer  falsehood  or  ignorance); 
straight  up  and  down;  perpendicular;  pre- 
cipitous. 

Sheer,  sher,  v-i.  [A  form  of  shear:  so  T>. 
and  O.  scheren,  to  shear  and  to  sheer.]  To 
delate  from  the  line  of  the  proper  course; 
to  slip  or  move  aside:  said  especiallyof  a 
ship.— To  sheer  alongside,  to  come  gently 
alongside.— To  sheer  off,  to  move  off  or 
away.— n.  The  curve  which  the  line  of 
ports  or  of  the  deck  presents  to  the  eye 
when  viewing  the  side  of  a  ship;  the  sheer- 
strake  of  a  vessel.— Sheer-draught,  Sheer- 
plan,  n.  The  plan  or  drawing  showing  the 
elevation  of  a  ship.— Sheer-hulk,  n.  An  old 
worn-out  ship  fitted  with  sheers  to  fix  vr 
take  out  masts,  engines,  &c.,of  other  ships. 
—Sheers,  sh5rz,n.  pi.  [Named  from  having 
some  resemblance  to  shears.]  A  hoisting 
apparatus  used  in  masting  or  dismasting 
ships,  putting  in  or  taking  out  boilers, 
&c.,  and  consisting  of  two  or  more  tall 
pieces  of  timber  erected  in  an  inclined 
position,  and  fastened  together  near  the 
top,  from  which  depends  the  necessary 
tackle  for  hoisting.— Sheer-strake,  n.  The 
uppermost  line  of  plates  or  outer  planking 
of  a  ship. 

Sheet,  shet,  n.  [A.  Sax.  scite,  a  sheet,  a 
flap,  also  scedt,  a  nook,  a  projecting  corner, 
part,  region,  from  scedtan,  to  shoot,  the 
root-meaning  being  something  shot  out 
or  extended.  Shoot.]  A  broad,  large, 
thin  piece  of  anything,  as  paper,  linen, 
iron,  lead,  glass,  Sc;  a  large  piece  of  linen 
or  cotton  cloth  forming  part  of  a  set  of 
bed-clothes;  a  broad  piece  of  paper,  either 
unfolded  as  it  comes  from  the  manufac- 
turer, or  folded  into  pages;  a  piece  of 
writing  paper  folded  in  two  leaves;  any- 
thingexpanded;  abroad  expanse  or  surf  ace 
la,  sheet  of  water  or  of  ice);  naut.  a  rope 
fastened  to  the  lower  comer  of  a  sail  to 
extend  and  retain  It  In  a  particular  situ- 
ation.— Three  sheets  in  the  wind,  tipsy;  in- 
toxicated.— Sheet  is  often  used  in  compo- 
sition to  denote  that  the  substance  to  the 
name  of  which  it  is  prefixed  is  in  the  form 
of  sheets  or  thin  plates;  as,  sheet-le&A, 
sheet-glsiss,  &o.  —  v.t.    To   furnish  with 


^^h.cftftip;     fft,  Sclooftj     $,fo;     ),}oh;     n,  Fr,  tow;     ng.sinifj     tn,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  trfg; 


■wh,  whig; 


zh,  a.surQ 


SHEIK 


626 


SmMMER 


sheets;  to  fold  in  a  sheet;  to  cover  as  with 
a  sheet.— Sheet-anchor,  n.  [That  is,  the 
anchor  shot,  or  thrown  out  for  preser- 
vation.] The  largest  anchor  of  a  ship, 
which  is  shot  out  in  extreme  danger;  fig. 
the  chief  support;  the  last  refuge  for 
safety.— Sheetful,  shst'ful,  n.  As  much  as 
a  sheet  contains;  enough  to  fill  a  sheet. — 
Sheet-glass,  n.  A  kind  of  crown-glass 
blown  at  first  in  the  form  of  a  cylinder, 
which  is  afterwards  opened  out  to  form  a 
sheet.- Sheetmg,  shet'ing,  n.  Cloth  for 
sheets.- Sheet-iron,  n.  Iron  in  sheets  or 
broad  thin  plates.  —  Sheet-lightning,  n. 
liightning  appearing  in  wide  expanded 
flashes. 

Sheik,  shek  or  shaJi:,  n.  {Ar.,  an  old  man,  an 
elder.]  A  title  of  dignity  properly  belong- 
ing to  the  chiefs  of  the  Arabic  tribes  or 
clans,  but  now  widely  used  among  Mos- 
lems as  a  title  of  respect  or  reverence. 

Shell,  Shelling,  shel,  shel'ing,  n.  Shealing. 

Shekarry,  she-kar'i,  n.  A  name  given  in 
Hindustan  to  a  hunter;  a  shikaree. 

Shekel,  shek'el,  n.  [Heb.,  from  ahakdl,  to 
weigh.]  An  ancient  weight  and  coin 
among  the  Jews:  the  weight  equals  9  dwts. 
2  4-7th8  grs.  Troy,  the  value  of  the  silver 
shekel  about  2«.  6d.,  of  the  golden  shekel 
£1, 16s.  6d.  sterling. 

Sheklnah,  she-ki'na,  n.    SHEcnnfAH. 

Sheldrake,  Shleldrake,  shel'dr&k,  shel'- 
drak,  n.  [From  shield,  O.E.  sheld,  and 
drake,  there  being  a  somewhat  shield- 
shaped  chestnut  patch  on  the  breast.]  A 
name  of  two  species  of  British  ducks, 
handsome  birds  that  make  their  nests  in 
rabbit-burrows.  —  Shelduck,  shel'duk,  n. 
The  female  of  the  sheldrake. 

Shelf,  shelf,  n.  pt.  Shelves,  shelvz.  [A.  Sax.« 
scelfe,  scylfe,  a  shelf;  Icel.  skjdl/,  a  bench; 
comp.  Sc.  skelb,  akelve,  a  splinter,  a  thin 
slice;  akin  to  shell,  shale,  scaleJ]  A  board 
or  platform  of  boards  fixed  horizontally  to 
a  wall  for  holding  vessels,  books,  &c.;  a 
ledge;  a  projecting  ledge  of  rocks;  a  ledge 
of  rocks  in  the  sea;  a  shoal.— Tt)  tiut  or  lay 
on  the  shelf,  to  put  aside  or  out  of  use;  to 
lay  aside,  as  from  duty  or  active  service. — 
v.t.  To  place  ona  shelf;  to  shelve.— Shelve, 
shelv,  v.t.—s?ielved,  shelving.  To  place  on 
a  shelf ;  hence,  to  put  aside  out  of  active 
emplovment,  or  out  of  use;  to  dismiss;  to 
furnish  with  shelves.  —  v.i.  To  slope,  like 
a  shelf  or  sandbank;  to  incUne;  to  be  slop- 
ing.—Shelving,  shel'ving,  p.  and  a.  Inclin- 
ing; sloping;  having  declivity. — n.  The 
shelves  of  a  room,  shop,  &c. ,  collectively. — 
Shelvy,  shel'vi,  o.  Full  of  rocks  or  sand- 
banks; shallow. 

Shell,  shel,  n.  [A.  Sax.  seel,  sce/if=Icel. 
skel,  D.  schel,  G.  schale,  husk,  shell,  peel; 
same  root  as  shale,  scale,  skiil.]  A  hard 
outside  covering,  particularly  that  serving 
as  a  natural  protection  in  certain  plants 
and  animals;  the  hard  outside  part  of  a 
nut;  the  hard  covering  or  external  skele- 
ton of  many  invertebrate  animals,  as  the 
crab,  the  oyster,  &c.;  the  hard  covering  of 
some  vertebrates,  as  the  armadillo,  tor- 
toise, &c.;  a  carapace;  the  outside  and  cal- 
careous layer  of  an  egg;  any  outside  frame- 
work; any  slight  hollow  structure;  a  kind 
of  rough  coffin;  a  thin  interior  coffin  in- 
closed by  a  more  substantial  one;  the  out- 
side plates  of  a  boiler;  a  hollow  projectile 
containing  a  bursting  charge,  which  is  ex- 
ploded by  a  time  or  percussion  fuse;  a 
bomb.— «.<.  To  strip  or  break  off  the  shell 
of;  to  take  out  of  the  shell;  to  throw  bomb- 
shells into,  upon,  or  among;  to  bombard 
(to  shell  a  fort,  a  town,  &c.).— y.i.  To  fall 
off,  as  a  shell,  crust,  or  exterior  coat;  to 
cast  the  shell.— Shelled,  sheld,  p.  and  a. 
Deprived  of  the  shell;  provided  with  a 
shell  or  shells.—  Sh&ll-fiBh,  n.  sing,  and  pi. 
A  mollusc  or  a  crustacean,  whose  external 
covering  consists  of  a  shell,  as  oysters, 
crabs,  &c.— Shell-Jacket,  n.  An  undress 
military  jacket  reaching  only  to  the  waist. 
—Shellac,  Shell-lac,  shel'lak,  n.  Seed-lac 
melted  and  formed  into  thin  cakes.  Lac. 
—Shell-lime,  n.  Lime  obtained  by  burn- 
ing sea-shells.— Shell-Umeetone,  n.  A  lime- 
stone largely  consisting  of  shells;  musch- 
elkalk.— Sholl-marl,  n.  A  deposit  of  clay 
and  other  substances  mixed  with  shells, 
which  collects  at  the  bottom  of  lakes. — 


Shell-proof ,  a.  Proof  against  shells;  im- 
penetrable Dy  shells;  bomb-proof  .—Shell- 
sand,  n.  The  triturated  shells  of  ipollusca, 
constituting  in  a  great  measure  the  beach 
in  some  localities. — Shell-work,  n.  Work 
composed  of  shells  or  adorned  with  them.' 
— Shelly,  shel'i,  a.  Abounding  with  shells; 
covered,  with  shells;  consisting  of  a  shell 
or  shells. 

Shellac.    Under  Sheli-  - 

Shelter,  shel't^r,  n.  [A;  Sax.  anld-trvma, 
a  guard  or  troop  of  soldiers— gciJd,  a  shield, 
and  l!?-uma,  a  troop,  from  tr«OT,fiiTn.]  That 
which  covers,  or  defends  from  injury  or 
annoyance;  a  protection;  a  refuge;  a  posi- 
tion affording  cover  or  protection;  a  safe 
place;  security.  —  v.t.  To  provide  shelter 
for;  to  cover  from  violence,  injury,  annoy- 
ance, or  attack;  to  protect;.to  place  under 
cover;  refl.  to  betake  one's  self  to  cover  or 
a  safe  place.— K.i.  To  take  shelter.— Shel- 
terless.shel'tfer-les,  a.  Destitute  of  shelter. 

Sheltie,  shel'ti,  n.-  A  small  strong  horse 
from  Shetland. 

Shelve.    Under  SHStr. 

Shemite,  shemlt,  n.  [Semite.]  A  descen- 
dant of  Shem.  —  Shemitic,  shem-it'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  Shem;  Semitic.'' 

Sheol,  she'ol,  n.  A  Hebrew  word  in  the 
Old  Testament,  rendered  by  the  Author- 
ized Version  grave,  hell,  or  pit. 

Shepherd,  shep'6rd,  n.  [A.  Sax.  scedp-hirde 
=stieep-herd.]  A  man  employed  in  tend- 
.  ing  sheep  in  the  pasture;  one  who  exer- 
cises spiritual  care  over  a  community;  a 
pastor.  —  Shepherd  kings,  the  chiefs  of  a 
nomadic  race  from  the  East  who  con- 
quered and  ruled  in  Egypt  in  early  times. 
— Shepherd^s  crook,  a  long  staff  having  its 
upper  end  curved  so  as  to  form  a  hook, 
used  by  shepherds.  —  Shepherd's  dog,  a 
variety  of  dog  employed  by  shepherds  to 
assist  them  in  looking  after  their  flocks; 
a  collie.— Shepherd's  (or  shepTierd)  tartan, 
a  small  black  and  white  check  pattern  in 
cloth ;  cloth  woven  in  this  pattern.  — 
Shepherdess,  shep'6r-des,  n.  A  woman 
that  tends  sheep.  —  Shepherd's-plaid,  «. 
Shepherd's  tartan  cloth.  —  Shepherd's- 
purse,  Shepherd's-pouch,  n.  A  common 
weed  of  world-wide  distributidn,  having 
small  white  flowers,  and  small  somewha'b 
heart-shaped  pods. 

Sherbet,  shfer'bet,  n.  [Ar.  sherbet,  from 
aharaba,  to  drink;  akin  sirup.]  A  favourite 
cooling  drink  in  the  East,  made  of  fruit 

Juices  diluted  with  water  and  sweetened. 

Shereef,  Sheriff,  Sherif,  she-ref,  n.  [Ar.] 
A  descendant  of  Mohammed  through  his 
daughter  Patima  and  Hassan  Ibn  Ali;  a 

Srince;  the  chief  magistrate  of  Mecca, 
eriat,  sher'i-at,  r».    The  combined  civil 
and  religious  law.of  Turkey. 

Sheriff,  sher'if,  n.  [A.  Sax.  acire-gerifa,  a 
shire-reeve.  Shirje,  Reeve.]  In  England, 
the  chief  officer  of  the  crown  in  every 
county,  to  whom  alone  by  letters-patent 
is  committed  the  custody  of  the  county, 
and  whose  duties  are  mainly  honorary; 
in  Scotland,  the  chief  judge  of  a  county, 
having  under  him  one  or  more  sheriffs- 
substitute,  on  whom  falls  the  discharge  of 
the  greater  part  of  the  important  duties 
of  the  office,  all  these  judges  being  trained 
lawyers ;  the  chief  administrative  officer 
in  a  county  of  the  United  States.— Sher- 
iffalty, shertf-al-ti,  n.  A  sheriffship;  a 
shrievalty.- Sheriff-clerk,  n.  In  Scotland, 
the  clerk  of  the  sheriff's  court,  who  has 
charge  of  the  records  of  the  court.— Sheriff- 
officer,n.  In  Scotland,  an  officer  connected 
with  the  sheriff-court,  who  is  charged  with 
arrests,  the  serving  of  processes,  &c.' — 
Sheriffship,  sher'if-ship,  n.  The  office  or 
jurisdiction  of  a  sheriff';  a  shrievalty. 

Sherry,  sher'i,  n.  A  species  of  wine,  so 
called  from  Xeres  in  Spain,  where  it  is 
made.  —  SheiTy-cobbler,  n.  Sherry  and 
iced  water  sucked  up  through  a  straw. — 
SherrlB,!  Sherris-BacK.I  sher'is,  n.  Sherry. 

Shew,  Shewed,  Shevm,  sho,  shSd,  sb9n. 
Show,  Showed,  Shown. 

Shlah,  n.    Shiite. 

Shibboleth,  shib'o-leth,  n.  [Heb.]  A  word 
made  the  test  to  distinguish  the  Ephraim- 
ites  from  the  Gileadites  ( Judg.  xii. );  hence, 
the  watchword  of  any  party;  a  pet  phrase 
of  a  party;  a  party  cry. 


fihleld,  sheld,  n.  [A.  Sax.  acUd,  seyld,  a 
shield,  protection;  Goth,  skildus,  Icel. 
skjoldr,  6.  schild;  akin  shelter.  \  A  broad 
piece  of  defensive  armour  earned  on  the 
arm;  a  buckler,  used  in  war  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  body;  anything  that  pro- 
tects or  defends;  defence;  protection;  the 
person  thit  defends  or  protects;  her.  the 
escutcheon  or  field  on  which  are  placed 
the  bearings  in  coats  of  arms;  bot.  an 
apothecium.  —  v.t.  To  cover,  as  with  a 
shield;  to  cover  or  protect  from  danger  or 
anything  hurtful  or  disagreeable;  to  de- 
fend; to  protect.— Shield-fern,  ti.  A  com- 
mon name. for  a  |fenu8  of  ferns,  from  the 
form  of  the  indusium  of  the  fructification. 
—  Shieldless,  shsld'les,  o.  Destitute  of  a 
shield  or  of  protection.  —  Shieldlessly, 
sheld'les-li,  adv.  In  a  shieldless  manner. 
— Shieldlessness,  sheld'Ies-nes,  n. 

Shieling,  shel'ing,  n.    Shealino. 

Shift,  shift,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  scyftan,  to  divide, 
to  drive  away=Dan.  skifte,  Icel.  skipta,  to 
divide,  change,  shift;  akin  to  shive,  sheave, 
or  perhaps  to  shove.]  To  transfer  from  one 
place  or  position  to  another;  to  remove; 
to  change;  to  substitute  other  clothes  for; 
to  dress  in  fresh  clothes,— v.i.  To  change; 
to  pass  into  a  different  form,  state,  or  Uie 
like;  to  change  place,  position,  or  direc- 
tion; to  change  dress,  particularly  the 
under  garments;  to  resort  to  exiiedSents; 
to  adopt  some  course  in  a  case  of  difficulty; 
to  contrive.— To  shift  about,  to  turn  quite 
round  to  a  contrary  side  or  opposite  point; 
to  vacillate.— n.  A  change,  a  substitution 

'  of  one  thing  for  another;  an  expedient 
tried  in  difficulty;  a  contrivance;  a  re- 
source; one  thing  tried  when  another 
fails|  a  mean  or  base  refuge  or  resort;  an 
artifice;  a  woman's  under  garment;  a 
chemise;  a  squad  of  men  to  taie  a  spell  or 
turn  of  work  at  stated  intervals;  the  work- 
ing time  of  a  squad  or  relay  of  men;  the 
spell  of  work ;  tnus.  a  complete  change 
of  four  notes  by  changing  the  position  of 
the  left  hand  in  violin  playing. — To  make 
shift,  or  to  make  a  shift,  to  contrive;  to  find 
ways  and  means.— Siiftahle,  shif'ta-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  shifted  or  changed. — 
Shifter,  shif't^r,  n.  One  who  shifts  (a 
scene-sAi/fer);  one  who  practises  artifice. 
—Shiftiness,  shif 'ti-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  shifty.— Shifting,  shifting,  p.  and 
a.  Changing  place  or  position.— SAi/tinc 
sand  or  sands,  loose  moving  sand;  quick- 
sand. —  Shlftingly,  shif 'ting-li,  adv.  In  a 
shifting  manner;  by  shifts  and  changes.— 
Shiftless,  shift'les,  a.  Destitute  of  ex- 
pedients; not  resorting  to  successful  expe- 
dients.- Shiftlessly,  shif t'les-li,  adv.  In  a 
shiftless  manner.— Shiftlessness,  shift'les- 
nes,  n.  A  state,  of  being  shif  tless.— Shifty, 
shif'ti,  a.  Full  of  shifts;  fertile -in  expe- 
dients; especiallj;  fertile  in  evasions;  given, 
to  tricks  and  artifices. 

Shiite,  Shlah,  shi'it,  shi'a,  n.  [Ar.  ahiah, 
a  multitude  following  one  another.  ]  A 
member  of  one  of  the  two  great  sects  into 
which  Mohammedans  are  divided,  the 
other  sect  being  tlie  Sunnites  or  Sunnis: 
they  consider  Ali  as  being  the  only  right- 
ful successor  of  Mohammed. 

Shikaree,  shi-ka'r5,  n.    Same  as  Sliekanry. 

Shlllelah,  shil-lel'a,  n.  [From  Shillelagh,  a 
barony  in  Wicklow  famous  for  its  oaks.] 
An  Irish  name  for  an  oaken  sapling  or 
other  stick  used  as  a  cudgel. 

Shilling,  shil'ing,  n.  [A.  Sax.  acyXling  = 
O.  Fns.  O.  Sax.  Dan.  and  Sw.  akUlinq, 
Goth,  skilliggs,  G.  schilling;  akin  to  Icel. 
and  Sw.  skilja,  Dan.  skille,  to  divide",  the 
ancient  shilling  having  two  cross  indenta- 
tions stamped  deeply  into  it  so  as  to  be 
easily  broken  into  four  parts.]  A  British 
coin  and  money  of  account,  equal  in  value 
to  twelve  pennies,  or  to  one-twentieth  of 
a  pound  sterling. 

Shilly-shally,  shil'i-shal-i,  v.i.  [A  redupli- 
cation of  shall  It  and  equal  to  shall  I  or 
shall  I  not'i']  To  act  in  an  irresolute  or 
undecided  manner;  to  hesitate.^-n.Foolish 
trifling;  irresolution. 

Bhily.    Under  Shy. 

Shimmer,  shim'fir,  v.i:  [A.^'Bax.  aciinrian, 
freq.  of  acimian,  to  gleam,  from  acima,  a 
gleam;  Dan.  akimre,  Ot.  sdhimmem^  to 
gleam;  Same  root  as  ahine.]    To  emit  a 


P&te,  ^,  f at,  f aU^    me,  met,  h^     pine,  pip;     qSte,  not,  mOvev    tal)«,  tub.buU-    oiLpouudi     tu  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  w 


627 


SHODDY 


tremulous  light;  to  gleam;  to  glisten. — n. 
A  tremulous  gleam  or  glistening. 

Shin,  shiu,  n.  LA.  Sax.  scin,  scina, the  shin; 
J),  scheen,  the  shin;  Dan.  8lcinne,  the  shin, 
a  .splint;  G.  achiene,  a  splint  of  wood, 
gchien-bein,  the  shin-bone :  from  its  sharp 
eilge  resembling  that  of  a  splint.]  The 
forepart  of  the  leg  between  the  ankle  and 
the  knee,  particularly  of  the  human  leg. 
— v.i.  and  I. — skinned,  shinning.  To  climb 
a  tree  by  means  of  the  hands  and  legs 
alone;  to  swarm. — Shin-bone,  n.  The  bone 
of  the  shin;  the  tibia. 

Bhindy,  sliin'di,  n.  A  row;  a  quarrel. 
(Slang.] 

Shine,  shin,  v.i.— shone,  shining.  [A.  Sax. 
gclnan  —  D.  schijnen,  Icel.  akina.  Ban. 
skinne,  Goth,  skeinan,  6.  scheinen,  to 
phiue;  same  root  as  in  shimmer ,  sheer.] 
To  emit  rays  of  light;  to  give  bght;  to 
beam  with  steady  radiance;  to  exhibit 
briRhtness  or  splendour;  to  glitter  or  be 
l)rilliantj  to  be  splendid  or  beautiful;  to 
be  conspicuous  or  distinguished  (to  shine 
in  courts);  to  be  noticeably  visible.— i/.t. 
To  cause  or  make  to  shine. — n.  Fair  wea- 
ther [shine  and  storni);  sunshine;  bril- 
liancy; brightness;  splendour;  lustre;  gloss. 
—  Shiner,  shi'ner,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  shines.— Shining,  shi'ning,  p.  and  a. 
Emitting  light;  gleaming;  bright;  splen- 
did; radiant;  illustrious;  distinguished; 
hot.  having  a  smooth  polished  surface,  as 
certain  leaves. — Shinlngness,  shi'ning-nes, 
n.  Brightness;  splendour. — Shiny,  shi'ni, 
o.  Characterized  by  sunshine;  bright; 
luminous;  having  a  glittering  appearance; 
glossy;  brilliant.        ( 

Bniness.     Under  Shy. 

Shingle,  shing'gl,n.  [Corrupted  from  shindle, 
which,  like  G.  schindel,  was  borrowed  from 
li.  scindula,  a  shingle,  from  L.  scindo,  to 
split.]  A  thin  piece  of  wood,-  usually  hav- 
ing parallel  sides  and  thicker  at  one  end 
than  the  other,  so  as  to  lap  with  others, 
used  as  a  roof-covering  instead  of  slates 
or  tiles.  —  v.t.  —  shingled,  shingling.  To 
cover  with  shingles ;  to  perform  the  pro- 
cess of  shingling  on  (to  shingle  iron). — 
Shin^ler,  shing'gltr,  n.  One  who  shingles. 
— Shingle-roofed,  a.  Having  a  roof  covered 
with  shiugles.— Shingling,  shing'gling,  n. 
A  covering  of  shingles;  iron  m.anuf.  the 
process  of  expelling  the  scoriae  and  other 
impurities  from  the  metal  in  its  conver- 
sionfrom  the  cast  to  the  malleable  state. 

Shingle,  shing'gl,  n.  [Norweg.  singel.] 
Bound,  water-worn,  and  loose  gravel  and 
pebbles.— Shingly,  shiug'gli,  a.  Abound- 
ing with  shingle  or  gravel. 

Shingles,  shing'glz,  n.  pi.  [From  L.  cingu- 
luni,  a  belt,  from  cingo,  to  gird.]  A  pain- 
ful eruptive  skin  disease  which  spreads 
around  the  body  somev/hat  like  a  girdle ; 
herpes. 

Shinto,  Shintoism,  shin'to,  shln'to-izm,  n. 
[Chinese  shin,  god  or  spirit,  and  to,  way  or 
law.]  The  ancient  religion  of  Japan,  a 
form  of  nature  worship,  though  its  es- 
sence is  now  ancestral  worship  and  sacri- 
fice to  departed  heroes.— Shlntoist,  shin'- 
to-ist,  n.  A  believer  in  the  Shinto  religion. 

Shinty,  shin'ti,  n.  [Gael,  sinteag,  a  skip,  a 
bound.]  In  Scotland,  an  outdoor  game  in 
which  a  ball  and  clubs  with  crooked  heads 
are  employed,  the  object  of  each  party  be- 
ing to  drive  the  ball  over  their  opponents' 
boundary. 

Shiny.    Under  Shine. 

Ship,  ship,  n.  [A.  Sax.  scip,  a  ship=L.G. 
schipp,  T>.  schip,  Icel.  and  Goth,  skip,  Dan. 
skib,  O.H.G.  self,  G.  schiff;  probably  con- 
nected with  shape.]  A  vessel  of  some  size 
adapted  to  navigation:  a  general  term  for 
vessels  of  whatever  kind,  excepting  boats: 
sometimes  restricted  to  a  three-masted, 
square-rigged  vessel.— Ship's  papers,  cer- 
tain papers  or  documents  required  to  be 
carried  by  ships,  as  a  certificate  of  registry, 
bills  of  lading.  &c.  —  Ship  of  the  line,  a 
man-of-war  large  enough  and  of  sufficient 
force  to  take  its  place  in  a  line  of  battle. 
— Ship  of  the  desert,  a  sort  of  poetical  name 
for  the  camel.  —  v.t.  —shipped,  skipping. 
To  put  on  Ijoard  of  a  ship  or  vessel  of  any 
kind ;  to  transport  in  a  ship ;  to  take  for 
service  on  board  ship.;  naut.  to  fix  in  its 
proper  place  (to  ship  the  tiller,  the  rudder). 


—To  ship  off,  to  send  away  by  sea.— To  ship 
a  sea,  to  have  a  wave  come  aboard;  to  have 
the  deck  washed  by  a  wave. — v.i.  To  go  on 
board  a  vessel  to  make  a  voyage  with  it ; 
to  em5ark;  to  engage  for  service  on  board 
a  ship.— Ship-biscuit,  n.  Hard  coarse  bis- 
cuit prepared  for  long  keeping,  and  for 
use  on  board  a  ship.— Shipboard,  ship'bord, 
n.  The  deck  or  the  interior  part  of  a  ship: 
used  only  in  the  phrase  on  shipboard.— 
Bhiji-boy ,  n.  A  boy  that  serves  on  board  of 
a  ship.— Ship-broker,  n.  An  agent  engaged 
in  buying  and  selling  ships;  a  broker  who 
procures  insurance  on  ships.  —  Ship-bnll- 
aer,n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  construct 
ships;  a  naval  architect;  a  shipwright. — 
Ship-building,  n.  The  art  of  constructing 
vessels  for  navigation.- Ship-canal,  n.  A 
canal  through  which  vessels  of  large  size 
can  pass ;  a  canal  for  sea-going  vessels. — 
Ship-captain,  Ship-master,  n.  The  com- 
mander, captain,  or  master  of  a  ship.— 
Ship-carpenter,  n.  A  shipwright;  a  car- 
penter that  works  at  ship-building.— Ship- 
chandler,  n.  One  who  deals  in  cordage, 
canvas,  and  other  furniture  of  ships. — 
Ship-chandlery,  n.  The  business  and  com- 
modities of  a  ship-chandler.  —  Shipful, 
ship'ful,  n.  As  much  or  many  as  a  ship 
will  hold;  enough  to  fill  a  ship.— Ship- 
letter,  n.  A  letter  sent  by  ae  common  ship 
and  not  by  mail.— Shipmate,  ship'mat,  n. 
One  who  serves  in  the  same  ship  with 
another;.a  fellow-sailor.— Shipment,  ship'- 
ment,  n.  The  act  of  putting  anything  on 
board  of  a  ship;  the  goods  snipped  or  put 
on  board.— Ship-money,  n.  An  ancient  im- 
position in  England,  levied  for  providing 
and  furnishing  certain  ships  for  th3  king's 
service,  revived  by  Charl-es  I.  after  having 
been  long  dormant.  —  Ship-owner,  n.  A 
person  who  owns  a  ship  or  ships,  or  any 
share  therein.— Shipped,  shipt,  p.  and  a. 
Carried  in  a  ship,  as  goods;  furnished  with 
a  ship  or  ships.— Shipper,  ship'fer,  n.  One 
•who  places  goods  on  board  a  vessel  for 
transportation.  —  Shipping,  ship'ing,  71. 
Ships  in  general;  the  collective  body  of 
ships  belonging  to  a  country,  port,  &c. — 
Shipping  articles,  articles  of  agreement 
between  the  captain  of  a  vessel  and  the 
seamen.  —  a.  Relating  to  ships.  —  Shlp- 
rigged,  a.  Rigged  like  a  ship,  that  is 
with  square  sails  on  all  the  masts.  — 
Ship-shape,  a.  Having  a  seamanlike  trim; 
hence,  neat  and  trim;  well  arrafiged. — 
Ship's  -  husband,  n.  A  person  appointed 
to  look  after  the  repairs,  equipment,  pro- 
vide stores,  &c.,  of  a  ship  while  in  port. — 
Ship-worm,  n.  The  teredo,  a  mollusc  very 
destructive  to  ships  and  submarine  wood- 
work.—Shipwreck,  ship'jek,  n.  The  wreck 
of  a  shii) ;  the  destruction  or  loss  at  sea  of 
a  ship ;  destruction ;  miscarriage;  ruin. — 
v.t.  To  make  to  suffer  s'nipwreck;  to  wreck; 
to  cast  away.— Shipwright,  ship'rit,  n.  A 
woskman  who  builds  ships;  a  ship-car- 
penter.— Shipyard,  ship'yard,  n.  A  place 
near  water  in  which  ships  are  construc- 
ted. 

Shire,  shir,  n.  [A.  Sax.  scire,  a  division, 
from  sciran,  sceran,  to  shear,  to  divide. 
Share,  Shear.]  A  name  for  the  larger 
divisions  into  which  Great  Britain  is  di- 
vided, and  practically  corresponditig  to 
the  term  county.— The  shire?,  those  Eng- 
lish counties  the  names  of  which  termi- 
nate in '  shire,'  applied  in  a  general  way  to 
the  midland  counties.  —  Shire-town,  n. 
The  chief  town  of  a  shire ;  a  county  town. 
Shirk,  shiirk,  t',<.  and  i.  [Probably  a  form 
of  shark.]  To  avoid  or  get  off  unfairly  or 
meanly;  to  seek  to  avoid  the  performance 
of  duty.— m.  One  who  seeks  to  avoid  duty; 
the  act  of  shirking.- Shirker,  sher'ker,  n. 
One  who  shirks  duty  or  dangei^. — Shirky, 
sherTci,  a.  Disposed  to  shirk;  character- 
ized by  shirking. 

Shirred,  sherd,  a.  [Etyraol.  unknown.] 
Having  cords  or  elastic  threads  inserted 
between  two  pieces  of  cloth  or  in  the  body 
of  a  fabric. 

Shirt,  shert,  »i.  [From  Icel.  skyrta,  Dan. 
skiorte,  a  shirt ;  lit.  a  garment  shortened. 
Short.  Skirt  is  the  same  word.]  A  loose 
garment  of  linen,  cotton,  or  other  ma- 
terial, worn  by  men  and  boys  under  the 
outer  clothes.-w.t.  To  put  a  shirt  on;  to" 


clothe  with  a  shirt.- Shirt-front,  n.  The 
part  of  a  shirt  which  covers  the  breast;  an 
article  of  dress  made  in  imitation  of  this 
part.— Shirting,  shfer'ting,  n.  Cloth  suit- 
able for  shirts.  —  Shirtless  shorties,  a. 
Wanting  a  shirt. 
Shist,  shist.    Schist. 

Shlttah-tree,  shit'ta,  n.  [Heo.  shittAh,  pi. 
shittim.]  A  species  of  acacia  which  grows 
abundantly  in  the  mountains  of  Sinai, 
and  in  some  other  Bible  lands,  and  yields 
gum-arabic,  and  also  a  hard  close-grained 
timber.— Shittim-wood,  shit'tim,  n.  The 
wood  of  the  shittah-tree. 
Shive,  shiv,  n.  [Same  as  Icel.  ski/a,  a  slice, 
Dan.  skive,  h.  G.  achieve,  D.  achijf,  G. 
scheibe,  a  slice,  a  disk.  Sheave.]  A  slice; 
a  thin  cut;  a  little  piece  or  fragment. 
Shiver,  shiv'er,  v.t.  [Same  root  as  above; 
comp.  G.  schiefern,  to  splinter;  O.D.  schev- 
eren,  to  break  in  pieces.]  To  break  into 
many  small  pieces'or  splinters;  to  shatter. 
— v.i.  To  fall  at  once  into  many  small 
pieces  or  parts. — n._  [Comp.  G.  achiefer,  a 
splinter,  slate.]  A'  small  fragment  into 
which  a  thing  breaks  by  sudden  violence. 
Shiver,  shiv'er,  v.i.  [O.E.  chiver,  chever; 
comp.  Prov.  G.  achuhbern,  to  shiver;  O.D. 
sehoeveren,  to  shake;  akin  perhaps  to 
shift.]  To  tremble,  as  from  cold;  to  shake, 
as  with  ague,  fear,  horror,  or  excitement; 
to  shudder;  to  quiver.— n.  A  shaking  fit ; 
a  tremulous  motion. — Shlveringly,  shiv'- 
er-ing-li,.  adv.  With  shivering  or  slight 
trembling.— Shivery,  shiv'er-i,ffl.  Pertain- 
ing to  shivering ;  characterized  by  shiver- 
ing. 

Shoal,  shol,  n.  [  A.  Sax. .  scolu,  scalu,  a 
crowd,  a  shoal ;  perhaps  .same  as  school.] 
A  great  multitude  assembled;  a  crowd;  a 
throng.  '" 

Shoal,  shol,  n.  [Allied  to  shalloio.  Shal- 
low.] A  place  where  the  water  of  a  river, 
lake,  or  sea  is  shallow  or  of  little  depth; 
a  sandbank  or  bar;  a  shallow.— w.i.  To  be- 
come more  shallow  (the  water  shoals).— 
a.  Shallow;  of  little  depth  [shoal  water). 
— Shoaliness,  sho'li-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  shoaly.— Shoaling,  sho'ling,  p.  and 
a.  Becomihg  shallow  by  being  filled  up 
with  shoals.— Shoaly,  sno'li,  a.  « Full  of 
shoals  or  shallow  places. 
Shock,  shok,  n.  [Same  as  D.  «cAo)t,  a  bounce, 
a  jolt  (but  perhaps  directly  from  the  de- 
rived Fr.  choc);  O.  and  Prov.  G.  schock,  a 
shock;  allied  to  shake.]  A  violent  collision 
of  bodies;  a  concussion;  a  violent  striking 
or  dashing  against ;  violent  onset ;  hostile 
encounter;  a  strong  and  sudden  agitation; 
any  violent  or  sudden  impression  or  sensa- 
tion; a  blow  to  the  feelings;  elect,  the 
effect  on  the  animal  system  of  a  discharge 
of  electricity  from  a  charged  body;  vied. 
a  violent  and  sudden  disorganization  of 
the  system,  with  perturbation  of  body  and 
mind.— !).<.■  [Fr.  choquer,  from  D.  schokken, 
to  jog,  to  jolt.]  To  shake  by  sudden  colli- 
sion; to  strike  against  suddenly;  to  strike, 
as  with  horror,  fear,  or  disgunt ;  to  offend 
extremely;  to  disgust;  to  scandalize.— i>.i. 
To  come  together  with  a  shock;  to  meet  in 
sudden  encounter.— Shocking,  shok'ing,a. 
Causing  a  shock  of  horror,  disgust,  or 
pain;  causing  to  recoil  with  horror  or  dis- 
gust ;  extremely  offensive  or  disgusting ; 
very  obnoxious  or  repugnant.— Shocking- 
ly, shok'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  shocking  man- 
ner; disgustingly;  offensively.— Shocking- 
ness,  shok'ing-nos,  n. 

Shock,  shok,  n.  [A.  Sax.  scoc,  threescore, 
D.  schok,  G.  schock,  Dan.  skok,  a  heap, 
threescore.]  A  pile  of  sheaves  of  wheat, 
rye,  &e.;  a  stock;  a  lot  of  sixty  pieces  of 
loose  goods,  as  staves. — v.t.  To  make  up 
into  shocks  or  stocks. 

Shock,  shok,  n.  [^Modified  from  shag.]  A 
mass  of  close  matted  hair.— a.  Shaggy; 
having  shaggy  hair.  —  Shock -headed^  a. 
Having  a  thick  and  bushy  head  of  hair. 
Shod,  shod,  pret.  and  pp.  of  shoe. 
Shoddy,  shod'i,  n.  [From  shod,  a  provin- 
cial pp.  of  sited— the  original  meaning  be-' 
ing  fluff  throivn  off,  or  shed,  from  cloth  in, 
weaving.]  The  fibre  from  old  woollen  oi) 
worsted  fabrics  torn  up  or  devilled  by 
machinery,  and  mixed  with  fresh  but  in-i 
ferior  wool,  to  be  respun  and  made  into 
cheap  cloth,  Ac;  the  coarse  or  inferior 


ch,  cAainj     eh,  He.  loehi    g,  go;     j,  ;'ob;     li,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  si?i(;;     tu,  then;  th,  titiu;     w,  wig;     wh,  uAig;     zh,  a?ure. 


SHOE 


628 


SHOT 


cloth  made  from  this.— a.  Made  of  shoddy; 
fig.  of  a  trashy  or  inferior  character  {shoddy 
literature).— Shoddy-mill,  n.  A  "mill  for 
the  manufacture  of  yam  from  old  woollen 
cloths  and  refuse  goods. 

Shoe,  sho,  n.  pi.  Shoes,  shdz,  old  pi.  Shoon, 
shea.  [A.  Sax.  »ce6,  sce6k=l>a.n.  and  Sw. 
sko,  Icel.  Bh&r,  Goth,  skohs,  Q.  schuh,  a 
shoe;  probably  from' root  seen  in  Skr.  aku, 
to  cover,  L.  scutum,  a  shield,  &c.]  A  cov- 
ering for  the  foot,  usually  of  leather,  com- 
posed of  a  thick  kind  for  the  sole,  and  a 
thinner  kind  for  the  upper;  a  plate  or  rim 
of  iron  nailed  under  the  hoof  of  an  animal, 
as  a  horse,  to  defend  it  from  injury;  any- 
thing resembling  a  shoe  in  form  or  use. — 
r.t.— pret.  and  pp.  shod,px>r-shoeing.  Tofur-- 
nish  with  shoes;  to  put  shoes  on;  to  cover  at 
the  lower  end.— Shoeblack,  sho'blak,  n.  A 
■person  that  cleans  shoes. — Shoe-bnish,  n. 
A  brush  for  cleaning  shoes. — Shoe-buckle, 
n.  A  buckle  for  fastening  a  shoe;  a  buckle 
worn  on  the  upper  of  a  Shoe  for  ornament. 
— Shoeing-hom,  Shoe-horn,  n.  A  curved 
piece  of  polished  horn  (now  also  of  sheet- 
metal)  used  to  aid  in  putting  on  shoes. — 
Shoe-latchet,n.  A  shoe-tie.— Shoe-leather, 
n.  Leather  for  shoes. —  Shoeless,  sha'les, 
o.  Destitute. of  shoes. — Shoemaker,  sho'- 
ma-k«:r,  n.  A  maker  of  shoes.— Shoemak- 
Ing,  shii'ma-king,  n.  Th6  trade  of  making 
shoes.  —  Sheer,  sho'^r,  n.  One  that  fur- 
nishes or  puts  on-  shoes.  —  Shoe-string, 
Shoe-tie,  n.  A  ribbon  or  string  for  fasten- 
ing a  shoe  in  wearing  it. 

Shog,  shog,  M.  [A  word  originating  partly 
in  jog,  partly  in  shock.]  A  sudden  shake; 
a  shock;  concussion. 

Shone,  shon,  pret.  and  pp.  of  ahine. 

Shook,  shiik,  pret.  and  pp.  of  shake. 

Shook,  shuk,  n.  [A  form  of  shock,  a  pile  of 
sheaves.]"  The  staves  and  headings  suffi- 
cient for  making  one  barrel,-  prepared  for 
use  and  bound  together. 

Shoot,  sh8t,  u.t.— pret.  and  pp.  shot.  [A.Sax. 
scedtariito  shoot,  to  dart;  Icel.  skj6ta,  Dan. 
shyde,  D.  schietev,,  G.  sch'assen,  to  shoot, 
dart,&c. ;  closely  akin  are  ajtji,  sAeef,  s.^wSiZe, 
skitile,  scuttie,  &c.J  To  let  fly  with  force; 
to  propel,  as  from  a  bow  or  firearm  (to 
shoot  an  arrow,  a  ball);  to  discharge;  to  let 
off;  to  file  off  (to  shoot  off  a,  gun);  to  hit, 
wound,  or  kill  with  a  missile  discharged 
from  a  weapon;  to  discharge  or  propel  with 
force;  to  empty  out  with  rapidity  or  vio- 
lence (to  s/iooi  rubbish  into  ahole);  to  push 
or  thrust  forward;  to  dart  forth;  to  pro- 
trude; to  put  forth  by  way  of  vegetable 
growth;  to  pass  rapidly  through,  under,  or 
over  (to  shoot  a  rapid  or  a  bridge).— To  6e 
shot  of,  to  get  quit  of;  to.be  released  from 
(coUdq.).  —  ru  be  shot,  a  mild  colloquial 
form  of  oath. — v.i.  To  perform  the  act  of 
discharging  a  missile  from  an  engine  or 
instrument;  to  fire  (to  shoot  at  a  target  or 
mark);  to  be  emitted;  to  dart  forth;  to 
rush  or  move  along  rapidly;  to  dart  along 
(shooting  staia);  to  be  felt  as  if  darting 
through  one  {shooting  pains);  to  sprout;  to 
put  forth  buds  or  shoots;  to  increase  in 
growth;  to  grow  taller  or  larger;  to  push 
or  be  pushecf  out;  to  project;  to  jut.-— To 
shoot  ahead,  to  move  swiftly  away  in  front; 
to  outstrip  competitors  in  rapidity. — n.  A 
young  branch  which  shoots  out  from  the 
main  stock;  an  annual  growth;  a  kind.of 
sloping  trough  for  conveying  coal,  grain, 
&c.,  into  a  particular  receptacle;  a  place 
for  shooting  rubbish;  a  weft  thread  in  a 
woven  fabnci— Shooter,  shot'fir,  n.  One 
that  shoots;  an  implement  for  shooting. 
— Shooting,  shat'ing,  p.  and  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  one  who  or  that  which  shoots;  con- 
nected with  the  killing  of  game  by  fire- 
arms (a  shooting  license,  the  shooting 
season).  —  n.  The  act  of  one  who  shoots; 
especially,  the  act  or  sport  of  killing  game 
with  firearms  (to  be  fond  of  shooting  and 
fishing);  a  tract  of  ground  over  which 
game  is  shot;  sensation  of  a  quick  darting 
pain.— Shooting-box,  ti.  A  private  house 
for  the  accommod  ation  of  a  sportsman  dur- 
ing the  shooting  season. — Shooting-coat, 
n.  A  variety  of  coat  supposed  to  be  suit- 
able for  sportsmen.— Shooting-gallery,  n. 
A  place  covered  in  for  the  practice  of 
shooting  at  a  murk;  a  covered  iiicx)tiug 
lange.— Shootlug-star.  n.    A  meteor  iu  a 


state  of  incandescence  seen  suddenly  dart- 
ing along  some  part  of  the  sky. 

Shoot,  shot,  n.  [Ft.  chtUe,  modified  by  the 
verb  to  shoot.]    Same  as'C/iMte.    - 

Shop,  shop,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sceoppa,  a  booth, 
a  storehouse;  akin  to  O.D.  schop,  L.G. 
schuvp,  G.  schoppen,  tchuppen,  a  shed, 
bootn,  (5:0.]  A  building  or  apartment  in 
which  goods  are  sold  by  retail,  generally 
with  a  frontage  to  a  street,  or  road;  a  buil- 
ding in  which  workmen  carry  on  their 
occupation  (a  joiner's  sh^p,  an  engine  shop). 
—To  talk  shop,  to  speak  of  one's  calling  or 
profession  only.— w.i. — shopped,  shopping. 
To  visit  shops  for  purchasing  goods:  used 
chiefly  in  ppr.— Snop-hoy,  n.  A  boy  em- 
ployed in  a  shop.  —  Shop-girl,  n.  A  girl 
employed  in  a  shop.— Shopkeeper,  shop'-- 
kep-6r,  n.  A  trader  who  sells  goods  in  ^ 
shop  or  by  retail,  in  distinction  from  a 
merchant,  or  one  who  sells  by  wholesale; 
a  tradesman.— Shopkeeping,  shop'kep-ing, 
n.  The  business  of  keeping  a  shop. — Shop- 
lifter, shop'lif-t6r,  n.  One  who  under  pre- 
tence of  buying  goods,  steals  anything  in 
a  shop. -•  Shoplifting,  shop 'lif- ting,  n. 
Lairceny  committed  by  a  shoplifter. — 
Shopman,  shop 'man,  n.  A  petty  trader; 
a  shopkeeper;  one  who  serves  in  a  shop. — 
Shoppish,  shop'ish,  a.  Having  the  habits 
or  manners  of  a  shopman. — Shoppy,shop'i, 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  shop  or  shops;  given 
to  talk  or  think  of  nothing  but  one's  own 
calling. —  Shop-walker,  n.  An  attendant 
in  a  large  shop  who  directs  customers  to 
the  proper  department,  sees  that  they  are 
served,  &c.  —  Shop-woman,  n.  A  woman 
who  serves  in*  a  shop. 

Shore,  shor,  n.  [A.  Sax.  score,- the  shore, 
from  sceran,  sciran,  to -shear,  to  divide; 
O.D.  schocre,  schoor.  Shear.]  The  land 
immediately  adjacent  to  a  great  body  of 
water,  as  an  ocean  or  sea,  or  to  a  large  lake 
or  river;  the  land  along  the  edge  of  the 
water. —  Shore-land,  n.  Land  bordering 
ton  a  shore  or  sea-beach.— Shoreless,  shSr"- 
les,  a.  Having  no  shore  or  coast;  of  in- 
dennite  orxinlimited  extent.— Shoreward, 
Shorewards,  shor'wferd,  shor'wferdz,  adv. 
Towards  the  shore. 

Shore,  shor,  n.  [Lit.  a  piece  shorn  or  cut 
to  a  certain  length;  same  as  D.  and  L.G. 
achore,  schoor,  IcA.  skortha,  a  prop,  a 
shore.  Shear.]  A  prop;  a  piece  of  timber 
or  iron  for  the  temporary  support  of  some- 
thing, often  resting  obliquely  against  it. 
— v.t.  — shored,  shoring.  To  support  by  a 
shore  or  shores;  to  prop:  usually  with  up 

"  (to  shore  up  a  building).  —  Shormg,  shor'- 
ing,  n.  A  supporting  with  shores;  a  set  of 
shores  collectively. 

Shore,  shor,  n.    A  sewer. 

Shore,  shor,  pret.  of  shear. 

Shorl.    Schorl. 

Shorllng,  shor'ling,  n.  (Trom  shear,  i>ret. 
s?iore.]  A  sheep  of  the  first  year's  shearing; 
a  shearling;  a  newly  shorn  sheep. 

Shorn,  shorn,  pp.  of  shear.  Cut  off;  having 
the  hair  or  wool  cnt  off;  deprived  (a  prince 
shorn  of  his  honours). 

Short,  short,  a.  [A.  Sax.  seeort,  seort,  short, 
from  stem  of  ^ear;  O.H.G.  scurz,  short, 
cut  off;  Icel.  skort,  scantily  supplied. 
Shear.]  Not  long;  not  having  great  length 
or  linear  extension;  not  extended  in  time;' 
not  of  long  duration;  not  ry,aching  a  cer- 
tain point;  limited  in  quantity;  insuffi- 
cient; inadequate;  scanty;  deficient  (a  short 
supply,  short  weight) ;  scantily  supplied 
or  furnished;  not  possessed  of  a  reasonable 
or  usual  quantity  or  amount  (to  be  short 
of  money  or  means);  not  tenacious  or  re- 
tentive (a  short  memory);  not  containing 
many  words;  curt;  brief;  abrupt;  sharp; 
severe;  uncivil  (a  short  answer);  breaking 
or  crumbling  readily  in  the  mouth;  crisp; 
brittle;  friable;  not  prolonged  in  sound  (a 
short  vowel- or  syllable);  followed  by  o/, 
less  than;  below;  inferior  to  (his  escape 
was  nothing  short  of  a,  miracle).  [Short  is 
used  in  the  formation  of  numerous  self- 
explaining  compounds,' as  short-armed, 
short-eared,  short-legged,  short-tailed,  &c.| 
— adv.  In  a  short  manner;  abruptly;  sud- 

.  denly.— To  come  short,  to  be  imable  to 
reach  a  certain  necessary  point  or  stan- 
dard; to  fall  below  expectations;  to  fail : 
generally  followed  by  o/.-^To/oZi  short,  to 


become  inadequate  or  insufficient  (pro- 
visions/aZJ  short);  to  fail  to  reach  a  certain 
standard.— To  stop  short,  to  stop  suddenly 
or  abruptly;  to  arrest  the  steps  at  once; 
not  to  go  so  far  as  intended;  not  to  reach 
the  point  indicated.— To  turn  shoH,  to  turn 
abruptly  on  the  spot  occupied.— r».  A  sum- 
mary account  (the  short  of  the  matter).— 
Jn  short,  in  few  words;  briefly;  to  sum  up 
in  few  words.— TTie  long  and  the  short,  a 
brief  summing  up  in  decisive,  precise,  or 
explicit  terms.  —  Shortage,  shor'taj,  n. 
Amount  short  or  deficient;  an  amount  by 
which  a  sum  of  money  is  deficient.— 
Short-breadi  Short-cake,  n.  A  sweet  and 
very  brittle  cake,  in  which  butter  or  lard 
has  been  mixed  with  the  flour.  —  Short- 
coming, short'kum-ing,  n.  A  failing  of 
the  usual  quantity  or  amount,  as  of  a  crop; 
a  failure  of  full  performance,  as  of  duty. — 
Short-drawn,  a.  Drawn  in  without  filling 
the  lungs;  imperfectly  inspired.— Shorten, 
shor'tn,  v.t.  To  make  short  or  shorter;  to 
abridge;  to  curtail;  to  lessenf  to  diminish 
in  ejctent  or  amount.— To  shorten  sail,  to 
reef  some  of  the  sails  set.— w.i.  To  become 
short  or  shorter;  to  contract. — Shortener, 
Bhor'th-6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
shortens.  —  Shorthand,  short'hand,  n.  A 
general  term  for  any  system  of  contracted 
writing;  stenography.— 5/iort7iand  writer, 
a  reporter  who  takes  down  speeches,  &c., 
in  shorthand.— Short-handed,  a.  Not  hav- 
ing the  jiecessary  or  regular  numbei;  of 
hands  or  assistants.— Short-horn,  n.  One 
of  a  valuable  breed  of  cattle,  having  the 
horns  shorter  taan  in  almost  any  other 
variety,  and  yielding  flesh  of  excellent 
(quality.— Short-lived,  short'livd,  a.  Not 
living  or  lasting  long;  being  of  snort  con- 
tinuance. —  Shortly,  shortli,  adv.  In  a 
short  or  brief  time  or  manner;  soon;  in  few 
words.— Shortness,  short'nes,  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  short;  briefness;  brevity;  con- 
ciseness; deficiency.— Short-rib,  n.  One  of 
the  lower  ribs  below  the  sternum;  a  false 
rib.— Shorts,  shorts,  n.  pi.  The  bran  and 
coarse  part  of  meal  in  mixture;  small- 
clothes; breeches.— Short-sight,  n.  Near- 
sightedness; myopia;  vision  accurate  only 
when  the  object  is  near.  —  Short-sighted^ 
o.  Not  able  to  see  far;  myopic;  near< 
sighted;  not  able  to  look  far  into  futuritj-, 
not  having  foresight;  characterized  by  a 
want  of  foresight  (a  short-sighted  policy).— 
Short-sightednest,  n.  Myopia;  defective 
intellectual  vision.— Short-winded,  a.  Af- 
fected with  shortness  of  breath. 
Shot,  shot,  n.  pi.  Shot  or  Shots.  [From  sJioot 
(which  see);  A.  Sax.  gescot,  an  arrow.]  The 
act  of  shooting;  a  discharge  of  a  firearm 
or  other  missile  weapon;  one  who  shoots; 
a  marksman;  a  missile,  particularly  a  ball 
or  bullet  for  firing  from  ordnanf e;  cannon 
balls  collectively  (comprising  round-sJiot, 
case-shot,  arape-shot,  &c.)s  small  globular 
masses  of  lead  for  use  with  fowling-pieces, 
&c.:  in  collective  sense,  often  called  dis- 
tinctively small  shot:  the  flight  of  a  mis- 
sile, or  the  range  or  distance  through 
which  it  passes;  range;  reach;  the  whole 
sweep  of  a  fisherman's  nets  thrown  out  at 
one  time,  also  the  cumber  of  fish  caught 
in  one  haul  of  the  nets;  weaviiig,  a  single 
thread  of  weft  carried  through  the  warp 
at  one  run  of  the  shuttle;  blasting,  a  charge 
of  powder  or  other  explosive  in  a  blast- 
hole,  usually  fired  by  a  slow-match.— u.i. 
—shotted,  shotting.  To  load  with  shot  over 
a  cartridge  (to  sAo<  a  cannon).— p.  and  a. 
Having  a  changeable  colour,  like  that  pro- 
duced m  weaving  by  all  the  warp  threads 
being  of  one  colour  and  all  the  weft  of 
another;  chatoyant  (g^oi-silk);  hence,  in- 
terwoven; interspersed. — Shot-belt,  n.  A 
leathern  'belt  or  long  pouch  for  shot  worn 
by  sportsmen.  —  Snot  -  cartridge,  n.  A 
cartridge  containing  small  shot.  —  Shot- 
gtm,  n.  A  light,  smooth-bored  gun  for 
firing  shot  at  short  range;  a  fowling-piece. 
— Shot-pouch,  n.  A  pouch  for  carrying 
small  shot,  usually  made  of  leather.-^ 
Shot-proof,  a.  Pro<?f  against  shot ;  inca- 
pable of  being  damaged  by  shot. — Shotted, 
shot'ed,  p.  and  a.  Loaded  with  shot,  as 
a  cannon. — Shot-tower,  n.  A  tower  for 
makinp  small  shot  by  pouring  melted  lead 
through  a  colander  from  the  summit,  the 


FWe,  &r,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  h6r-     piue,  pin ;    note,  not,  mOve;     tftbe,  tub,  b\sll;     oil,  pound;  _  fl,  Sq.  abtaift— the  Fr.  v. 


SHOT 


629 


SHROUD 


lead  forming  into  globiilea,  which  cool  and 
liarden  as  they  fall. 

Shot,  shot,'  n.  [A  corruption  of  scot  (which 
see).]  A  reckoning,  or  a  pefsoh's  share  of 
anceckontag ;  share  of  expenses,  as  of  a 
tavern-bill. — Shot-free,  a.  Free  from  shot 
or  charge;  exempt;«d  from  any  share  of 
expense. 

Bhotten,t  shot'n,  o.  [An  old  pp.  of.s/toof.] 
Having  ejected  the  spawn  (a  thotten  her- 
ring).   [Shak.] 

Should,  shvid.    The  pret.  of  shall. 

Shoulder,  shol'dfer,  n.  [O.E.  shtilder,  Sc. 
shouther,  A.  Sax.  8culdor=t>a.n.  skulder, 
Svv.  skuldra,  D.  achouder,  6.  schulter^  the 
shoulder,  the  shoulder-blade.]  Tho  joint 
by  which  the  arm  of  a  human  oeiag  or  the 
foreleg  of  a  quadruped  is  connected  with 
the  body;  the  bones  and  muscles  of  this 
part  together;  the  upper  joint  of  the  fore- 
leg of  an  animal  cut  for  the  market;  that 
which  resembles  a  human  shoulder;  a 
prominent  or  projecting  part  (the  shoulder 
of  a  hill);  a  projection  on  various  imple- 
ments and  articles.  —  Shoulder-o/-mutton 
sail,  a  triangular  sail  set  on  a  boat's  mast. 
—  The  cold  shoulder,  a  cold  or  cool  recep- 
tion of  a  person  (to  give  a  person  the  cold 
shoulder).  —  To  put  one's  shoulder  to  the 
wheel,  to  assist  in  overcoming  a,  difficulty; 
to  give  effective  help. — Shoulder  to  shoul- 
der, a  phrase  expressive  of  united  action 
and  mutual  co-operation  and  support. — 
v.t.  To  push  or  thrust  with  the  shoulder; 
to  push  with  violence;  to  take  upon  the 
shoulder  or  shoulders;  miUt.  to  carry  ver- 
tically at  the  side  of  the  body  and  resting 
against  the  hollow  of  the  shoulder  (to 
shoulder  arms). — v.i.  To  push  forward;  to 
force  one's  way,  as  through,  a  crowd. — 
Shoulder-belt,  n.  A  belt  that  passes  across 
the  shoulder.  —  Shoulder-blade,  n.  The 
bone  of  the  shoulder,  or  blade-bone,  cover- 
ing the  hind  part  of  the  ribs;  the  scapula. 
—Shoulder-bone,  n.  The  shouldei^blade. 
— Shouldered,  shol'dferd,  a.  Having  shoul- 
ders.—Shoulder-knot,  n.  An  ornamental 
knot  of  ribbon  or  lace  worn  on  the  shoul- 
der.—Shoulder-strap,  n.  A  strap  worn  on 
or  over  the  shoulder,  either  to  support  the 
dress  Or  as  a  badge  of  distinction. 

Shout,  shout,  v.i.  [Perhaps  a  softened  form 
of  seoui,  or  onomatopoetic.J  To  utter  a 
eiidden  and  loud  cry,  as  in  joy  or  exulta- 
tion, or  to  call  a  person's  attention. — n.  A 
loud  cry;  a  vehement  and  sudden  outory, 
particularly  of  a  multitude  of  men,  ex- 
pressing joy,  triumph,  exultation,  &o. — 
v.t.  To  utter  with  a  shout. — Shouter,shout'- 
6r,  n.    One  that  shouts. 

Shove,  shuv,  v.t— shoved,  shoving.  [A.  Sax. 
scit/an=O.Fris.sfcMya,  Icel.  sk^fa,  J),  schui- 
ven,  Goth,  skiuban,  G-.  schieben,  to  shove; 
akin  shovel,  scujffle.'i  To  force  or  push  along, 
usually  without  a)  sudden  impulse ;  to 
cause  to  slide  by  pushing;  to  press  against; 
to  jostle.— I'd  sliove  off,  to  thrust  or  push 
away;  to  cause  to  move  from  shore  by 
pushing  with  poles  or  oars.— w.i.  To  push 
or  drive  forward;  to  urge  a  course. — To 
shove  off,  to  push  a  boat  from  shore. — n. 
An  act  of  shoving;  a  push.— Shove-board, 
n.    The  game  of  shovel-board. 

Shovel,  shuv'el,  n.  [A.  Sax.  scofi  (from  aeti- 
fan,  to  shove)=D.  schqffel,  Dan.  skovl,  G. 
schaufel,  a  shovel.  Shove.]  An  implement 
consisting  of  a  broad  and  slightly  hol- 
low blade,  or  a  shallow  sdoop,  with  a 
longish  handle,  used  for  removmg  coals, 
sand,  earth,  or  other  loose  matter. — v.t. — 
shovelled,  shovelling.  To  take  up  and  throw 
with  a  shovel.— To  shovel  up,  to  throw  up 
with  a  shovel;  to  cover  with  earth  by 
means  of  a  shovel.  —  Shovel-board,  n.  A 
kind  of  game  played  by  pushing  coins  or 
the  like  along  a  board  towards  certain 
marks;  a  game  played  on  board  ships  by 
shoving  with  a  cue  wooden  discs  so  that 
they  shall  rest  in  one  of  nine  squares 
chalked  on  the  deck.— Shovelful,  shuv'el- 
t\il,  n.  As  much. as  a  shovel  will  hold. — 
Shovel-hat,  n.  A  hat  with  a  broad  brim 
turned  up  at  the  sides,  and  projecting  in 
front,  worn  by  clergymen  of  the  Church  of 
England.  —  Shoveller,  shuv'el-fer,  «.  One 
who  shovels;  a  species  of  duck  remarkable 
for  the  terminal  expansion  of  the  bill. 

Show,  sho,  v.t.— pret.  showed;  pp.  shown  or 


showed:  also  written  Shew,  Shewed,  Shewn. 
[A.  Sax.  scedwian,  to  behold,  to  show;  D. 
schouwen,  Dan.  skue,  Q.  .scliauen,  Goth. 
scavjan;  supposed  to  be  from  same  root  as 
.  L.  caveo,  to  take  care,  cautus,  E.  cautious.] 
To  exhibit  or  present  to  the  view;  to  place 
in  sight ;  to  display;  to  let  be  seen ;  to 
communicate;  to  reveal;  to  make  known; 
to  make  apparent  or  clear  by  evidence, 
reasohingictc;  to  teach;  to-direct;  to  guide 
or  usher;  to  conduct;  to  bestow,  confer, 
afford  (mercy,  &c.);  to  explain  or  to  ex- 
pound; to  indicate;  to  point  out. — To  show 
forth,  to  manifest;  to  publish. —  To  show. 
<yf,  to  exhibit  in  an  ostentatious  manner. 
— Tq  show  up,  to  usher  or  conduct  up  a 
stair;  to  hold  up  to  ridicule  or  to  con- 
tempt.— v.i.  To  appear;  to  become  visible; 
to  look;  to  be  in  appearance. — To  show  off, 
to  make  a  show;  to  display  one's  self .— n. 
The  ajt  of  showing;  exposure  to  view  or 
notice;  appearance,  whether  true  or  false; 
semblance;  outward  aspect  assunfled;  pre- 
text; ostentatious  display;  parade;  pomp; 
an  object  attracting  notice;  a  si^ht  or 
spectacle;  an  exhibition;  a  collection  of 
curiosities  exhibited  for  money  (a  flower- 
shoxv)  .—A  show  of  hands,  a  raising  of  hands, 
as  a  means  of  indicating  the  sentiments 
of  a  meeting  upon  some  proposition. — 
Show -bread,  n.  Among  the  Jews,  the 
broad  which  the  priest  of  the  week  placed 
before"  the  Lord  on  the  golden  tablein  the 
sanctuary. — Show-case,  n.  A  case  with 
glass  on  the  top  or  front,  within  which 
articles  are  placed  for' sale  or  exhibition. 
— Shower,  sho'tr,n.  One  who  or  that  which 
shows. — Showily,  sho'i-li,  ady.  In  a  showy 
manner;  with  parade.— Showiness,  sho'i- 
nes,;n.  State  of  being  showy;  ^reat  parade. 
— Showing,  sho'ing,  n.  Exhibition;  rep- 
resentation by  words.  —  Showman,  shO'- 
man,  n.    One  who  exhibits  a  show;  the 

troprietor  of  a  travelling  exhibition! — 
how-room,  ji.  A  room  in  which  a  shov/  is 
exhibited;  an  apartment  where  goods  are 
displayed  to  the  best  advantage  to  attract 
purchasers.— Showy,  sho'i,  a.  Making  a 
great  show  or  appearance;  gorjjeous; 
gaudy;  gay;  ostentatious. 

Shower,  snou'6r,  *i.  [A.  Sax.  «ciir=Icel. 
skur,  D.  schoer,  Sw.  skur^O.Vi.Qi.  acilr,  G. 

.  schauer,  a  shower.]  A  fall  of  rain  of  short 
or  not  very  great  duration;  also  of  snow  or 
hailj  a  fall  of  things  in  thick-and  fast  suc- 
cession (a  shower  of  stones).— «.t.  To  pour 
down  copiously  and  rapidly;  to  bestow 
liberally.— v.i.  To"  rain  in  showers;  to  fall 
as  a  shower.— Shower-bath,  n.  A  bath  in 
which  water  is  showered  upon  the  person 
from'  above. — Showeriness,  sbou'6r-i-nes, 
n.  The  state  "of  being  showery. — Shower- 
less, 8hou'6r-les,  a.  without  showers. — 
Showery,  shou'^r-i,  a.  Bainingin  showers; 
abounding  with  falls  of  rain. 

Shrapnel-Bhell,  shrap'nol,  n.  [After  Gten- 
eral  Shrapnel,  the  inventor.]  A  shell  filled 
with  bullets  and  a  small  bursting  charge 
just  sufficient  to  split  the  shell  open  and 
release  the  bullets  at  any  given  point. 

Shred,  shred,  v.t.- pret.  and  pp.  shred;  ppr. 
shredding.  [A.  Sax.  screddian,  to  shred, 
from  scredde,  Sc.  screed,  a  piece  torn  off; 
O.Fris.  slreda,  D.  sahrooden,  O.H.G.  eerd- 
ian,  to  tear.  Shroud  is  akin.]  To  tear  or 
cut  into  small  pieces,  particularly  narrow 
and  long  pieces,-  as  cloth  or  leather.— n. 
A  piece  torn  or  cut  off;  any  torn  fragment; 
a  tatter;  a  fragment. 

Shrew,  shra,  n.  [O.E.  shrewe,  wicked,  a 
wicked  person;  hence,  obsol.  shrewe,  to 
curse,  to  (6e)s/ire«),  whence  shrewd;  A.  Sax. 
tcredwa,  the  shrew-mouse,  lit.  the  evil  or 
venomous  mouse.]  An  ill  -  tempered 
woman;  a  virago;  a  scold;  a  shrew-mouse. 
—Shrewish,  shro'ish,  o.  Having  the  qua- 
lities of  a  shrew;  vixenish.— Shrewisnly, 
shrij'ish-li,  adv.  In  a  shrewish  manner. — 
Shrewishness,  shr5'ish-nes,  n.— Shrew- 
mole,  n.  An  insectivorous  mammal  of 
North  America  which  burrows  much  like 
the  common  mole.— Shrew-mouse,  n.  [So 
called  because  its  bite  was  once  thought 
venomous.]  A.  karmless  little  animal 
with  a  prolonged  muzzle,  somewhat  re- 
sembling a  mouse,  but  belonging  to  the 
insectivorous  animals,  while  the  mouse  is 
a  rodent. 


Shrewd,  shred,  a.  [From  old  !:hre:vz.  to 
curse,  shrewe,  evil.  Shrew.]  Malicious-or 
mischievous  iShak.)t;  astute;  sagacious; 
discerning.— Shrewdly,  shrod'li,  adv.  In 
a  shrewd  manner;  astutely;  sagaciously. — 
Shrewdness,  shrod'nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  shrewd;  sagacity;  acuteness  of  mind. 
Shriek  shrek,  v.i.  [A  form  of  screak  and 
screech.]  To  utter  a  sharp  shrill  cry;  to 
scream,  as  in  a  sudden  fnght,  horror,  or 
anguish. — n.  A  sharp  shrill  cry  or  scream; 
a  shrill  noise.- v.t.  To  utter  with  a  shriek. 
— Shrieker,  shrek'fer,  n.  One  who  shrieks. 
— Shriek-owl,  n.  •  Sckeech-owl. 
Shrievalty,  shre'val-ti,  n.  [From  obsol. 
shrieve,  a  sheriff.]  The  office  or  jurisdic- 
tion of  a  sheriff.  '*  • 
Shrift.  Under  Shrive. 
Shrike,  shrik,  n.  [From  its  sArieArinpcry.] 
The  name  of  certain  dentirostral  insea- 
sorial  birds  which  feed  on  mice,  insects, 
small  birds,  ifcc,  and  often  impale  their 
trey  on  thorns:  called  also  butcher-birds. 
Shrill,  shril,  a.  [An  imitative  word  akin 
to  Sc.  siirl,  ascreech,L.G.  skrell,  G.  schrill, 
shrill.]  Sharp  or  acute  in  tone;  having  a 
piercing  sound;  uttering  an  acute  sound, 
—v.t.  To  utter  an  acute  piercing  sound.^ 
v.t.  To  utter  in  a  shrill  tone. — Shrillness, 
shril'nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  shrill; 
acuteness  of  sound.— Shrilly,  shril'li,  adv. 
In  a  shrill  manner;  with  a  sharp  sound  or 
voice.— a.  (shril'i).  Somewhat  shrill. 
Shrimp,  shrimp,  n.  [Akin  to  Sc.  scrimp,  to 
deal  out  sparingly;  A.  Sax.  scrj/mman,  to 
wither,  G.  schrumpfen,  to  "  shiivel.  ]  A 
small  crustacean  allied  to  the  lobster  and 
crayfish,  which  burrows  in  sand,  and  is 
esteemed  as  food;  a  dwarfish  creature;  a 
manikin.  —  Shrlinper,  shrimp'fer,  n.  A 
fisherman  who  catches  shrimps. — Shrimp- 
net,  n.  A  bag-net  mounted  on  a  hoop 
and  pdle  for  catching  shrimps. 
Shrine,  shrin,  n.  [A.  Sax.  serin,  from  L. 
scrinium,  a  box.]  A  box  for  holding  the 
bones  or  other  remains  of  departed  saints; 
a  reliquary;  a  tomb  of  shrine-like  form; 
the  mausoleum  of  a  saint  in  a  church;  an 
altar;  a  place  hallowed  from  its  history  or 
associations  (asArine  of  art). — v.t. — shrined, 
shrining.  To  place  in  a  shrine;  to  enshrine. 
Shrink,  shringk,  v.i.— pret.  slirank  and 
shrunk;  pp.  shrunk,  shrunken  (the  latter 
nowalwaysan adjective).  [A.Sax. serincan, 
O.D.  schrincken,  to  shrink;  from  root  of 
shrimp, shrug.]  To  contract  spontaneously, 
as  woollen  cloth  in  water;  to  draw  or  be 
drawn  into  less  compass  by  an  inherent 
quality;  to  shrivel;  to  Decome  wrinkled;  to 
draw  back,  as  from  danger;  to  decline  ac- 
tion from  fear;  to  recoil;  to  draw  the  body 
together  as  in  fear  or  horror.  — n».t.  To 
cause  to  contract  by  immersing  in  water. 
— n.  The  act  of  shrinking.  —  Shrinkage, 
shringk'Sj,  n.  The  contraction  of  a  mate- 
rial into  less  compass,  as  by  soaking  or 
by  drying.— Shrinker,  shringk'fer,  n.  One 
that  shrinks.— Shiinkingly,  shnngk'ing- 
li,adv.  In  a  shrinking  manner. — Shrunken, 
shrungk'n,  p.  and  a.  Having  shrunk; 
shrivelled  up;  contracted. 
Shrive,  shriv,  v.t.— pret.  shrove  or  shrived; 
pp.  shriven,  shrived;  ppr.  shriving.  [A.Sax. 
scrifan,  to  shrive;  perhaps  borrowed  from 
L.  scribo,  to  write.  J  To  hear  or  receive  tho 
confession  of;  to  administer  confession  to, 
as  a  priest  does;  to  confess  and  absolve.— 
Shriven,  shriv'n,  pp.  of  shrive. — Shriver, 
shri'v6r,  n.  One  who  shrives;  a  confessor. 
—Shriving,  shri'ving, ».  Shrift;  confession 
taken.— Shrivlng-pew,  n.  A  term  i  some- 
times applied  to  a  confessional.— Shrift, 
shrift,  n.  [A.  Sax.  scrift;  comp.  give  and 
gift.]  Confession  made  to  a  priest;  absolu- 
tion.—Shrift-father,  n.  A  father  confes- 
sor. 

Shrivel,  shriv'el,  v.i.— shrivelled,  shrivelling. 
[Probably  based  partly  on  rivel,  to  shrivel, 
partly  on  shrink.]  To  contract  or  shrink; 
to  draw  pr  be  drawn  into  wrinkles.— v.t. 
To  contract  into  wrinkles. 
Shroud,  shroud,  n.  [A.  Sax.  senid,  a  gar- 
ment, a  shroud;  Icel.  skr^d,  shrouds, 
tackle;  Dan.  skrud.  dress;  from  root  of 
shred.]  ThaJ  which  clothes,  covers,  or 
conceals;  a  garment;  a  covering;  the  dress 
of  the  dead;  a  winding-sheet;  naut.  one  of 
those  large  ropes  that  extend  from  th« 


cb,  cAain;     cA,  Sc,  locA;     giffOi,    J.;ob».    n,  3Fr.  ton;     ngi^n^l    th,  tA«i;  th,  ttin;     w,  tdg;^    -wh^wAig}     sb|iMnin»> 


SHROVE-TIDB 


630 


SIDE 


head  of  a  mast  to  the  right  and  left  sides 
of  the  Bhii>,  to  support  the  )iiast.— v.t.  To 
envelop  with  some  covering;,  to  cover;  to 
hide;  to  veil;  to  put  a  shi-oua  or  winding- 
sheet  on. — I'.i.  To  take  shelter.— Shroud- 
less, shroudles,  a.    Without  a  shroud. 

8hrove-tide,  n.  [Shrove,  pret.  of  shrive,  and 
tide,  time,  season.]  The  time  when  the 
people  were  shriven  preparatory  to  the 
Lenten  season:  the  few  days  before  Ash- 
Wednesday.— Shrove- Tuesday,  n.  Confes- 
sion-Tuesday ;  the  Tuesday  praceding  the 
first  day  of  Lent,  or  Aah-W'ednesday. 

Shrub,  shriib,  n.  lA.  Sax.  scrob,  a  bush; 
perhaps  from  same  root  as  shrivel,  shrimp. 
<S<rr«6,  low  shrubby  trees,  is  the  same 
■word.]  A  low  dwarf  tree;  a  woody  plant 
of  a  size  less  than  a  tree;  or  more  strictly, 
a  plant  with  several  permanent  woody 
stems  dividing  from  the  bottom.— Shrub- 
bery, shrub'6r-i,  n.  An  ornameiital  planta- 
tion of  shrubs;  growing  shrubs.— Shrubby, 
Bhrub'i,  a.  Full  of  shrubs;  being  or  re- 
sembling a  shrub;  consisting  of  shrubs 
or  brush. — Shrabbine3s,shrub'i-nes,n.  The 
quality  of  being  shrubby.  —  Shrublew, 
shrub'les,  a.    Having  no  shrubs. 

Bhmb,  shrub,  n.  [Ar.  shurb,  driiik ;  allied 
to  syrup,  sherbet/^  A  liquor  composed  of 
lime  or  lemon  juice  and  sugar,  with  spirit 
(chiefly  rum). 

Shrug,  shrug,  v.t.  and  i.  —  shrugged,  shrug- 
ging.  [From  root  of  shrink ;  aUied  to  D. 
schrikJcen,G.schrecken,to  tremble.]  To  raise 
or  draw  up  the  shoulders,  as  in  expressing 
dissatisfaction,  aversion,  &c. — n.  A  draw- 
ing up  of  the  shoulders,  a  motion  usually 
expressing  dislike. 

Shrank,  Shrunken.    Under  Shrink. 

Shuck,  shuk,  n.  [Comp.  chuck)  to  throw, 
husks  being  thrown  away.]  A  shell  of 
husk. 

Shudder,  shud'fir,  v.i.  [Same  as  L.G.  sehvd- 
dei-n,  O.  D.  schudderen,  G.  schUttern.,io 
shake,  to  shiver,  freq.  forms  from'  L.G. 
and  t>.  schudden,  6.  schutten,  O.  H.'G. 
scuttan,  to  shake;  allied  to  E.  shed,  to  cast.] 
To  tremble  with  fear,  horror,  aversion,  or 
cold;  to  shake  or  shiver;  to  quake. — n.  A 
tremor;  a  shaking  with  fear  or  horror.— 
Shuddering,  shud'er-ing,  p.  and  a.  Tremb- 
ling with  fear  or  horror;  quaking. — Shud- 
deringly,  shud'er-ing-li,a(Jy.  With  tremor. 

Shude,  shtld,  n.  [Connected  with  shoddy/. 
and  verb  to  shed.]  The  husks  of  rice  and 
other  refuse  of  rice-mills,  used  to  adulter- 

'■  ate  linseed-cake. 

Shuffle,  shuf'l,  v.t.  —  shvMed,  shuffling.  [A 
dim.  from  shove,  like  L.  6.  schiiffeln,  to 
shufiBe.  Scuffle  is  another  form.]  To  shove 
rapidly  one  way  and  the  other;  to  mix 
together  by  pushing  or  shoving;  to  throw 
together  higgledy-piggledy;  to  put  into 
a  fresh  order  at  ra"ndom,  as  playing-cards. 
— To  shvffle  off,  to  push  off;  to  rid  one's  self 
of. —  To  shuffle  up,  to  throw  together  in 
haste.— r.t.  To  change  the  ppsition;  to  shift 
ground;  to  prevaricate;  to  practise  shifts; 
to  shift;  to  move  with  an  irregular  drag- 
ging gait;  to  shove  the  feet  noisily  to  and 
fro  on  the  floor  or  ground;  to  scrape  the 
flooivin  dancing.— Tosft-Ki^eo/',  to  get  off  by 
prevaricating  or  quibbling. — n.  The  act  of 
one  who  shuffles;  an  evasion;  a  trick;  an 
artifice;  dancing,  a  rapid  scraping  move- 
ment with  the  feet,  a  compound  sort  being 
the  doid)le  «A?<^e.  —  Shuffler,  shuf'Wr,  n. 
One  who  shuffles;  one  who  prevaricates  or 
plays  evasive  mean  tricks.  —  Shuffling, 
shuf 'ling,  f>.  and  o.  Moving  with  irregular 
gait;  evasive;  prevaricating.- Shufflingly, 
shuf'ling-li,  adv.  With  shuffling;  with 
prevarication. 

Shumach,  shQ'mak.  Sumach. 
Shun,shun,f.t. — shunned,shunning.  [A.Sax. 
sciinian,  to  shun;  allied  to  D.  schxdn, 
oblique,  schuinin,  to  slope;  perhaps  to  E. 
shj/.  Shunt  is  from  shun.]  To  keep  clear 
of;  to  get  out  of  the  way  of;  to  avoid;  to 
eschew.— Shunless, Bhun'les.a.  Inevitable 
unavoidable. 

Shunt,  shunt,  v.i.  [From  shun.]  Railwtvs, 
to' turn  from  one  line  of  rails  into  another. 
—v.t.  To  cause  to  turn  from  one  line  of 
rails  to  another;  to  turn  into  a  sidlngi 
hence  (coUoq.),  to  shove  off;  to  free  one^s 
self  of.— Shtmter,  shunt'^r,  n.  One  who 
shunts.  —  Shunt-gun,  n.    A  rifled  cannon 


with  two  Gets  of  grooves,  down  ono-of 
which  the  hall  passes  in  loading,  passing 
out  by  the  other  when  fired. 
Shut,  shut,  v.i.— pret.  and  pp.  shut,  ppr. 
shutting.  [  0.  E.  shutte,  shitte,  A.  Sax. 
acyttan,  to  bolt,  to  lock,  to  shoot  the  bolt; 
from  scedtan,  to  shoot.  (Shoot.)  X  shuttle 
is  what  is  shot  or  cast.]  To  close  so  as  to 
prevent  ingress  or  egress;  to  close  up  by 
bringing  the  parts  together  (a book,  &c. );  to 
forbid  entrance  into  (to  shut  a  port) ;  to  bar; 
to  preclude;  to  exclude.  —  To  shut  in,  to 
inclose;  to  confine;  to  cover  or  intercept 
the  view  ot  —  To  shut  off,  to  exclude;  to 
intercept;  to  prevent  the  passage  of. — To 
shut  out,  to  preclude  from  entering;  to  ex- 
clude.— To  shut  up,  to  make  fast  the  open- 
ings or  entrances  into;  to  inclose;  to  im- 
prison; to  lock  or  fasten  in;  to  terminate 
or  conclude;  to  cause  to  say  nothing  more 
(coUoq.). — v.i.  To  close  itself;  to  become 
closed.— a.  Not  resonant  or  sonorous;  hav- 
ing the  sound  suddenly  stopped  by  a 
succeeding  consonant  (as  o  in  got).—n.  The 
act  of  closing;  close;  a  shutter.— Shutter, 
shut'6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  shuts; 
a  movable  covering  for  a  window. 
Shuttle,  shut'l.n.  [A:  Sax.  scytel,  a  shuttle, 
from  seedian,  to  shoot,  because  shot  to  and 
fro  in  weaving.  Shoot,  Shut.]  An  in- 
strument used  by  weaverp  for  passing  the 
thread -of  the  weft  froni'one  side  of  the 
web  to  the  other  between  the  threads  of 
the  warp;  sewinp-7nachine.i,  the  sliding 
thread  holder  which  carries  the  lower 
thread  between  the  needle  and  the  upper 
thread  to  make  a  lock-stitch.  —  v.i.  To 
scuttle;  to  hurry.  [CarL]— Shuttle-cock,  n. 
[For  shuttle-oorfc.j  A  cork  stuck  with  fea- 
thers made  to  be  struck  by  a  battledore  in 
play;  also  the  play. — v.  t.  To  throw  or  bandy 
backwards  and  forwards  like  a  shuttle- 
cock. 

Shwanpan,  shwan'pan,  n.  A  calculating 
instrument  of  the  Chinese  similar  in  shape 
and  construction  to  the  Boman  abacus, 
and  used  in  the  same  manner. 
Shy,  shi,  o.  [Same  as  Dan.  sky,  shy,  skit- 
tish, G.  scheu,-Bhy,  timid;  akin  to  O.E, 
schiech,  A.  Sax.  scedh,  Sc.  skiech,  Sw.  skygg, 
shy.  Perhaps  allied  to  shun.]  Keeping 
at  a  distance  through  caution  or  timidity; 
readily  frightened;timid;sensitivelytimid; 
not  inclined  to  be  familiar;  retiring;  coy; 
reserved;  cautious;  wary;  careful  to  avoid 
committing  one's  self:  followed  by  of. — 
v.i.— shied,  shying.  To  start  away  from  an 
"object  that  causes  fear:  said  of  a  horse. — 
n.  A  sudden  start  aside  made  by  a  horse. 
—Shyly,  Shily,  shi'li,  adv.  In  a  shy  or 
timid  manner;  coyly;  diffidently.  —  Shy- 
ness, Shlness,  shi'nes,  Ji.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  shy:  reserve;  coyness. 
Shy,  shi,  v.t.  [Probably  akin  to  skew, 
meaning  lit.  to  throw  obliquely.]  To 
throw  (to  shy  a  stone).  [Colloq.] 
Si,  s5.  3f  t{«.  a  name  given  in  some  systems 
to  the  seventh  note  of  the  natural  or  nor- 
mal scale. 

Blalagogue,  Sialcgogue,  si-al'a-gog,  si-al'- 
o-gog,  n.  [Gr.  sialon,  saliva,  and  agogos, 
leading.]  A  medicine  that  promotes  the 
salivary  discharge. 

Slamang,  si'a-mang,  n.  A  quadrumanous 
animal,  a  kind  of  gibbon. 
Siamese,  si-a-mez',  n.  sing,  and  pi.  A  native 
or  natives  of  Siam;  the  language  of  Siam. 
Sihbens,  Siwens,  sib'enz,  siv'enz,  n.  A 
contagious  tubercular  skin  disease. 
Siberian,  si-b5'ri-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Si- 
beria.—  Siberian  crab,  a  Siberian  tree  of 
the  apple  genus.— 5i6«rtan  dog,  a  variety 
•  of  the  dog,  in  northern  regions  employed 
in  drawing  sledges  over  the  frozen  snow. 
Slbllant.sib'i-lant.a.  [L.  sibilans,  sibilantis, 
ppr.  of  sibilo,  to  hiss.]  Hissing;  making  a 
hissing  sound.— n.  A  letter  that  is  uttered 
with  a  hissing  of  the  voice,  as  «  and  2. — 
Eibilance,  Slbllancy,  sib'i-lans,  sib'i-lan-st, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  sibilant;  a  hissing 
sound  as  of  s.  —  Sibilate,  sib'i-lat,  v.t. — 
sibilated,  sibilating.  [L.  sibilo,  siMlatii'>n, 
to  hiss.]  To  pronounce  with  a  hissing 
sound. — Sibilation,  sib-i-la'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  sibilating  or  hissing;  a  hissing 
sound;  a  hiss.— Sibilatory,  BibUous,  sib'x- 
la-to-ri,  sib'i-lus,  a.  Hissing;  having  a 
hissing  sound. 


Hiosrl,  8ib'il,n.  [Gr.  sibyllu.]  A  name  com- 
mon to  certain  women  mentioned  ):■? 
Greek  and  Boman  writers,  and  said  to 

have  been  endowed  with  a  prophetic  spirit; 
hence,  a  prophetess;  a  sorceress;  a  fortune- 
teller; a  witch,  —  Sibylline,  sib'il-lin,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  sibyls ;  like  the  produc- 
tions of  sibyls ;  prophetical.  —  Sibylline 
books,  certain  books,  containing  directions 
as  to  the  worship  of  the  gods,  the  policy 
that  should  be  observed  by  the  Bomans. 
&c.,  purchased  by  Tarquin  the  Proud 
from  the  Cumoean  Sibyl. 

Sic,  sik,  adv.  [L.  sic,  so.]  Thus,  or  it  is  so: 
a  word  often  used  in  quoting,  and  placed 
within  brackets  in  order  to  call  attention 
to  the  fact  that  the  quotation  is  literally 
given,  and  that  there  is  something  pecu- 
liar about  it. 

Sicca,  sik'ka,  n.  'An  Indian  jeweller's 
weight  of  180  grains  Troy.— Sicca  rupee,  a 
npee  which  contained  176  grains  of  pure 
silver,' and  was  equal  to  about  is.  2d.  ster- 
ling. 

Siccate,  sik'at,  v.t.—sHcated,  siccating.  [h. 
sicco,  siccatum,  to  dry,  from  siccus,  dry.] 
To  dry.  —  Siccatlon,  sik-ka'shon,  n.  The 
act  or  process  of  drj'ing.— Siccative,  sik'a- 
tiv,  a.  Drying;  causing  to  dry.— n.  That 
which  promotes  the  process  of  drying. — 
Sicclty,  sik'si-ti,  n.    Dryness;  .aridity. 

Sice,  sis,  n.  [Fr.  six.  six  (pron.  sSs).  Sixf] 
The  number  six  at  dice. 

Sicilian,  si-sil'i-an,  o.  Pertaining  to  Sicily. 
—Sicilian  Vespers,  the  great  massacre  of 
the  French  in  Sicily  in  1282,  on  the  even- 
ing of  Eastejr  Monday,  the  signal  being 
the  first  stroke  of  the  vesper-bell.— n.  A 
native  or  inhabitant  of  Sicily. 

Sick,  sik,  a.  [A.  Sax.  sede  —  Goth,  siuks, 
L.G.  seek,  siek,  D.  ziek,  Icel.  sjtikr,  G.  siech, 
sick.]  Affected  with  nausea;  inclined  to 
vomit;  disgusted;  feeling  tedium;  wearied 
(to  be  sick  of  flattery);  affected  with  di- 
sease of  any  kind;  not  in  health;  ill;  lan- 
guishing; used  by  or  set  apart  for  sick 
persons  (a  sict-bed). '—  The  sick,  persona 
j  affected  with  disease.— Sick-bay,  n.  iV'otrf. 
a  portion-  of  the  main-deck  partitioned  off 
for  invalids. — Sick-bed,  ji.  A  bed  on  which 
one  is  confined  by  siclcness.— Sick-berth, 
n.  An  apartment  for  the  sick  in  a  ship.— 
Sick-brained,  a.  Disordered  in  the  brain; 
distempered  in  mind.— Sicken,  sik'n,  v.t. 
To  make  sick ;  to  disease ;  to  make  squea- 
mish or  qualmish;  to  disgust. — v.i.  To  bs- 
come  sick ;  to  fall  ill ;  to  feel  sick ;  to  be- 
come distempered ;  to  languish.— Sicken- 
ing, sik'n-ing,  a.  Making  sick;  disgusting. 
— Slckish,  sik'ish,  a.  Somewhat  sick ;  in- 
disposed; nauseating.— Bickishly,  sik'ish- 
li,  adv.  In  a  sickish  manner. — SicklshnesB, 
sik'ish-nes,  n.  —  Sickliness,  sik'li-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  sickly;  insalubrity; 
the  disposition  to  generate  disease  (the 
gickliness  of  a  climate).— Sick-list,  n.  A 
list  containing  the  names  of  the  sick.-^ 
Sickly,  sik'li,  a.  Somewhat  sick  or  ill; 
not  healthy;  attended  with  sickness;  pro- 
ducing or  tending  to  produce  disease; 
faint;  languid;  appearing  as  if  sick.— adi;. 
In  a  sick  manner  or  condition. — Sickness, 
sik'nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  sick;  disease; 
ill  health;  a  disease;  a  malady;  a  particu- 
lar state  of  the  stomach  which  occurs  un- 
der the  forms  of  nausea,  retching,  and 
vomiting ;  any  disordered  state. 

Sickle,  sik'l,  »i.  [A.  Sax.  sicel,  sicol  =  D. 
sikkel,  G.  sicM,  Dan.  segel,  a  sickle;  a  dim. 
form  from  root  of  scythe.]  A  reaping-hook; 
a  cun'ed  blade  or  nook  of  steel  with  a 
handle,  for  use  with  one  hand  in  cutting 
grain,  grass,  &c. — Slckled,  sik'ld,  a.  Fur- 
nished \rith  a  sickle.— Slckleman,  sik'l- 
man,  n.    One  that  uses  a  sickle;  a  reaper. 

Side,  sid,  n.  [A.  Sax.  «i4e=Dau.  side,  Icel. 
sida,  G  seite,  a  side;  akin  to  A.  Sax.  sid, 
Icel.  s(dr,  long.]  The  broad  or  long  surface 
of  a  solid  body,  as  distinguished  from  the 
end,  which  is  of  less  extent ;  the  exterior 
line  of  anything  considered  in  length;  the 
mar^n,  edge,  border;  the  part  of  an  ani- 
mal between  the  hip  and  shoulder  (the 
right  or  left  side);  the  part  of  persons  on 
the  right  hand  or  the  left ;  the  part  be- 
tween the  top  and  bottom ;  the  slope  of  a 
hill  or  mountain  (the  side  of  Mount  Etna); 
one  of  two  principal  surfaces  opposed  to 


F&te,  far, tat, fftUi     me, met,  her;     pine,  pin;     uQte.  uot.  moTe..,  tttbe,  tub,  by)!!;     oil,  pound;     U,  Sc.  abttue— Uie  IPr. u. 


SIDEREAL 


631 


SIGNATORY 


each  other;  part  whichever  way  directed; 
quarter  in  ajjy  direction;  any  party  or  in- 
terest opposed  to  another  (on  the  same 
Kide  in  politics);  line  of  descent  traced 
through  one  parent  (by  the  father's  side); 
gcom.  any  line  which  forms  one  of  the 
boundaries  of  a  straight.-lined  figure;  also, 
any  of  the  bounding  surfaces  of  a  solid. — 
By  the  side  of,  near  to;  closely  adjoin- 
ing.—A'ide  hy  side,  close  together  and  a- 
breast.  —  To  choose  aides,  to  select  parties 
for  competition  in  exercises  of  any  kind. — 
To  take  a  side,  to  embrace  the  opinions 
of  a  party  in  opposition  to  another.— a. 
Lateral;  being  on  the  i"ide;  being  from 
the  side  or  toward  the  side ;  oblique ;  in- 
direct (a  side  view).  —  v.i.  —  sided,  siding. 
To  embrace  the  opinions  of  one  party  when 
opposed  to  another  party;  to  engage  in  a 
faction :  often  followed  tiy  tvith.  —  Side- 
arms,  n.  pi.  Arms  carried  by  the  side,  as 
sword,  bayonet,  &c.— Sideboard,  sid'bord, 
91.  A  piece  of  dining-room  furniture,  con- 
sisting of  a  kind  of  table  with  di-awers  or 
compartments  used  to  hold  dining  uten- 
sils, &c.— Side-box,  n.  An  inclosed  siiace 
with  seats  at  the  side  of  a  theatre.— Side- 
cut,  n.  An  indirect  blow  or  attack.  —  J 
Sided,  si'ded,  a.  Having  a  side:  used  in  I 
composition  (many-si'rfeiZ).  —  Side-dish,  n.  j 
A  dish  placed  at  the  side  of  a  table,  in- 
stead of  at  the  head  or  bottom.  —  Side- 
glance,  n.  A  glance  to  one  side.  —  Side- 
light, n.  Light  admitted  into  a  building, 
&c.,  laterally;  a  window  in  the  wall  of  a 
building;  information  thrown  indirectly 
upon  a  subject.  —  Sideling,  sid'ling,  adv. 
bujELONG..  [  ii't«i/<.  1  —  Sidelong,  sid'long, 
adv.  [Side,  and  term,  -long,  -ling,  as  in 
heaiUono,  darkiiiij/.]  Laterally;  obliquely; 
in  the  direction  of  the  side.— a.  Lateral ; 
oblique;  not  directly  in  front. — Side-look, 
ji.  An  oblique  look;  a  side-glance. — Side- 
post,  n.  Carp,  one  of  a  kind  of  truss-posts 
placed  in  pairs,  for  supporting  the  princi- 
pal rafters,  kc,  in  roofs.— Sider,  si'dfer,  n. 
One  that  takes  a  side  or  joins  a  party. — Side- 
saddle, n.  A  saddle  for  a  woman,  in  which 
the  feet  are  both  on  one  side.— Sidesman, 
sidz'man,  n.  An  assistant  to  the  church- 
wardens.—Side-view,  n.  An  oblique  view; 
a  side-look. — Side-walk,  n.  A  raised  walk 
for  foot-passengers  by  the  side  of  a  street 
or  road;  a  foot-way.— Sideways,  sid'^vaz, 
adv.  SiDKwisE.  —  Side-wind,  n.  A  wirid 
blowing  laterally;  fig.  an  indirect  influ- 
ence or  means.  —  Sidewlse,  sid'wiz,  adv. 
Toward  one  side;  laterally;  on  one  side.— 
Siding,  si'ding,  n.  A  short  additional  line 
of  rails  laid  at  the  side  of  a^maia  line  for 
the  purpose  of  shunting. 

Sidereal,  si-de're-al,  a.  [L.  sideralis,  side- 
reus,  from  sidus,  sideris,  a  star  (seen  also  in 
consider).]  Pertaining  to  the  stars;  starry; 
measured  or  marked  by  the  apparent  mo- 
tions of  the  stars  (sidereal  time). — Sidereal 
clock,  a  clock  adapted  to  measure  sidereal 
time.— Sic/ereai  day,  the  time  in  which  the 
earth  makes  a  complete  revolution  on  its 
axis  in  respect  of  the  fi-^ied  stars,  being  23 
hours,  56  minutes,  4'U92  seconds.— .S'tdej'eai 
system,  the  general  system  of  starsof  which 
the  solar  system  is  a  member. —  Sidereal 
year,  the  period  in  which  the  fixed  stars 
apparently  complete  a  revolution  in  the 
heavens,  being  the  exact  period  of  the  re- 
volution of  the  earth  round  the  sun,  and 
containing  36H25  sidereal  days. 

Siderite,  sid'er-it,  n.  [Gr.  siderites,  from 
siJeros,  iron.]  ilagnetic  iron  ore  or  load- 
stone ;  also  native  spathic  iron  ore,  and  a 
blue  variety  of  quartz.  —  Siderographic, 
Siderographical,  sid'tr-o-graf"ik,  sid'er-o- 
graf'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  siderography. 
— Siderographist,  sid-er-og'ra-fist,  n.  One 
who  engraves  steel  plates.— Siderography, 
sid-er-og'ra-fi, n.  [Gr.  sideros,  steel  or  iron, 
and  grapho,  to  engrave.]  The  art  or  prac- 
tice nf  engraving  on  steel.- Siderolite,  sid'- 
*r-o-lit,  n.  [Gr.  sid-eros,  and  lithos,  a  stone.] 
A  meteoric  stone  chiefly  consisting  of  iron. 
— Sideromancy,  sid'fer-o-man-si,  n.  [Gr.  «t- 
diros,  and  manteia,  divination.]  A  species 
of  divination  performed  byburning  straws, 
&c.,  upon  r«d-hot  iron.— Sideroscope,  sid'- 
*r-o-skop,  n.  [Gr.  sideros,  and  skopeo,  to 
view.)  An  instrument  for  detecting  small 
quantities  of  iron  by  magnetic  heedles. 


Siderostat,  sid'er-O-stat,  n.  fL.  sidus,  sideris, 
a  star,  and  Gr.  slalos,  placed,  standing, 
from  histemi,  to  stand.]  An  apparatus 
consisting  of  a  mirror  moved  by  clock- 
work and  a  fixed  object-giass,  for  observ- 
ing the  light  of  the  stars. 

Sidle,  si'dl,  v.i.— sidled,  sidling.  rFrora  aide.] 
To  go  or  move  side  foremost;  to  move  to 
one  side. 

Siege,  sej,  jv.  [Fr.  ai^ge,  from  hypothetical 
L.L.  sediiim,  aidiwn,  from  L.  sedeu,  to  sit. 
Sedate.]  The  investment  of  a  fortified 
place  by  an  army,  and  attack  of  it  by  pas- 
sages and  advance  works  that  protect  the 
besiegers;  any  continued  endeavour  to  gain 
possession. — Siege-train,  n.  The  artillery, 
carriages,  ammunition,  &c.,  carried  with 
an  army  for  attacking  fortified  places. 

Sienite,  si'en-it,  n.    Syenite. 

Sienna,  Sienna-earth,  se-en'na,  n.  A  ferru- 
ginous earth  of  a  fine  yellow  colour,  from 
Sienna  in  Italy,  used  as  a  pigment. 

Sierra,  se-er'ra,  n.  [Sp.  from  L.  serra,  a  saw.] 
A  chain  of  hills  or  mountains  with  jagged 
or  saw-like  ridges. 

Siesta,  s6-es'ta,  n.  fSp.]  A  sleep  or  rest 
in  the  hottest  part  of  the  day  indulged  in 
by  the  Spaniards  and  others. 

Sleur,  ,se-er,n.  |Fr.,abbrev.  from  stigneur.l 
A  title  of  respect  used  by  the  French. 

Sieve,  siv,  n.  [A.  Sax.  ji/e,  a  sieve;  L.G. 
seve,  1).  zeef,  G.  sieb;  perhaps  made  origi- 
nally of  rushes;  comp.  Prov.E.  aeave,  Dan. 
siv,  arush.]  An  instrument  for  separating 
the  smaller  particles  of  substances  from 
the  grosser,  usually  in  the  form  of  a  shal- 
low circular  vessel  having  its  bottom  made 
of  basket-work,  interwoven  wires,  hair, 
canvas,  net-work,  (Stc,  according  to  cir- 
cumstances. 

Sift,  sift,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  siftan,  from  sife,  a 
sieve;  L.G.  siften,  I).  ziflen,to  sift.  Sieve.] 
To  operate  on  by  a  sieve;  to  separate  by  a 
sieve,  as  the  fine  part  of  a  substance  from 
the  coarse;  to  part,  as  by  a  sieve;  to  exam- 
ine minutely  or  critically;  to  scrutinize. — 
Sifter,  sifter,  n.  One  who  sifts;  that 
which  sifts;  a  sieve.- 

Sigh,  si,  v.i.  [O.E.  syke,  A.  Rax.  sican.  So. 
sic,  sich,  Dan.  sukke,  to  sigh;  1).  zugt,  a 
sigh;  probably  imitative  of  sound;  comp. 
sough,  noise  of  the  wind.]  To  make  a  deep 
single  respiration,  as  the  involuntary  ex- 
pression of  sorrow  or  melancholy ;  to 
grieve;  to  give  out  a  similar  sound  (the 
wind  sighs).— To  sigh  for,  to  long  or  wish 
ardently  for. — v.t.  To  emit  in  sighs;  to 
mourn ;  to  express  by  sighs.- n.  A  single 
deep  involuntary  respiration;  a  simple 
respiration  giving  involuntary  expression 
of  some  depressing  emotion,  as  sorrow, 
melancholy,  anxiety,  or  the  like.— Slgher, 
si'6r,  »i.  One  who  sighs.  —  Sighingly,  si'- 
ing-li,  adv.    With  sighing. 

Sight,  sit,  n.  [A.  Sax.  siht,  G.  sicht,  Dan. 
and  Sw.  sigte;  from  stem  of  a^e;  comp. 
fight  and  flee.]  The  act  or  power  of  see- 
ing; perception  of  objects  by  the  eye  (to 
gain  sight  of  land) ;  the  faculty  of  vision; 
range  of  unobstructed  vision;  open  view 
(in  sight  of  land);  visibilitj';  judgment  or 
opinion  from  seeing;  estimation  (to  find 
favour  in  one's  sight) ;  that  which  is  be- 
held; a  spectacle;  particularly,  something 
novel  and  remarkable;  something  worth 
seeing  (the  sights  of  a  town);  a  great 
many  individuals  (colloq.);  an  appliance 
for  guiding  the  eye  in  an  optical  instru- 
ment; a  small  elevated  piece  near  the 
muzzle,  or  another  near  the  breech,  of  a 
firearm,  to  aid  the  eye  in  taking  aim. — 
At  sight,  after  sight,  terms  appliea  to  bills 
or  notes  payable  on  or  after  presentation. 
—  To  take  sight,  to  take  aim. — v.t.  To  get 
or  catch  sight  of ;  to  come  in  sight  of;  to 
see  (to  sight  the  land);  to  give  the  proper 
elevation  and  direction  to  by  means  of  a 
sight  {to  sight  a  rifle  or  cannon).— Sighted, 
si'ted,  a.  Seeing  in  a  particular  manner 
(short-sighted,  (inick- sighted);  having  a 
sight  or  sights  (a  rifle  sighted  for  1000 
yards).  —  Sight -hole,  n.  A  hole  to  see 
through.— Sightless,  sit'les,  a.  AVanting 
the  power  of  seeing;  blind. —Sightlessly, 
sit'les-li,  adv.  In  a  sightless  manner. — 
Sightlessness,  sit'les-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  sightless;  want  of  sight.  —  Sightli- 
ness, sit'li-nes,  n.     The  state  of  being 


sightly.  — Sightly,  slt'li,  a.  Pleasing  to 
the  eye ;  striking  to  tlie  view.  —  Sight-see- 
ing, }i.  The  act  of  seeing  sights  or  visiting 
scenes  of  interest.— Sight-seer,  n.  One  who 
goes  to  see  sights  or  curiosities. 

Sigillaria,  sij-ii-la'ri-a,  n.  |L.  sigillum,  a 
seal,  dim.  of  signum,  a  mark.  Siun.]  The 
name  given  to  certain  large  fossil  jilants 
of  the  coal  formation,  from  the  leaf-scars 
on  their  fluted  stems  resembling  seal  im- 
pressions.—SiglUative,  sij'il-la-tiv,  a.  Be- 
longing to  a  seal.  —  Sigillography,  sij-il- 
log'ra-fl,  n.  The  science  of  seals  on  docu- 
ments. 

Sigmoid,  Sigmoidal,  sig'moid,  sig-moi'dal, 
a.  [From  dr. sigma,  the  letter  2  or  C=  S.j 
Curved  like  the  letter  sigma  in  its  form  C: 
applied  in  anat.  to  several  parts,  as  the 
semilunar  valves  of  the  heart  and  the  car- 
tilages of  the  trachea. 

Sign,  sin,  n.  [Fr.  signe,  from  L.  aignum,  a 
mark,  a  sign,  whence  signal,  signet,  as>iign, 
consign,  dtsign,  resign,  &c.,  also  seal  from 
the  dim.  sigillum.]  That  by  which  any- 
thing is  made  known  or.  represented;  any- 
thing visi!)le  that  indicates  the  existence 
or  approach  of  something  else;  a  token;  a 
mark;  an  indication;  a  motion  or  gesture 
by  which  a  thought  is  expressed  or  intelli- 
gence communicated;  a  prodigy;  an  omen; 
a  miracle;  a  wonder;  any  symbol  or  em- 
blem; that  which,  being  external,  repre- 
sents or  signifies  something  internal  or 
spiritual;  something  conspicuously  placed 
on  or  near  a  house,  indicating  the  occupa- 
tion of  the  tenant  or  giving  notice  of  what 
is  sold  or  made  within;  a  sign-board; 
astron.  one  of  the  twelve  divisions  of  the 
ecliptic  or  zodiac,  each  containing  30  de- 
grees, and  named  in  succession  Aries, 
Taurus,  Gemini,  Cancer,  Leo,Virgo,  Libra, 
Scorpio,  Sagittarius,  Capricornus,  Aquari- 
us, Pisces;  arith.  and  math,  a  character  in- 
dicating the  relation  of  quantities,  or  an 
operation  performed  on  them,  as  4-  (plus), 
-  (minus),  &c.;  dims,  any  character,  as  a 
flat,  sharp,  dot,  &c.  —v.t.  To  express  by  a 
sign;  to  make  known  by  gesture;  to  signi- 
fy; to  mark  with  a  sign  or  symbol;  to  affix 
a  signature  to;  to  subscribe  in  one's  own 
handwriting.- y.i.  To  make  a  sign  or  sig- 
nal. —  Signable,  si'na-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  signed;  requiring  to  be  signed. — 
Sign-board,  n.  A  board  on  which  one  sets 
a  notice  of  his  occupation  or  of  articles  for 
sale.— Signer,  si'n^r,  n.  One  who  signs  or 
subscribes  his  name.— Sign-manual,  n.-  .A 
signature;  the  subscription  of  one's  own 
name  to  a  document;  a  royal  signature. — 
Sign-painter,  n.  A  painter  of  signs  for 
tradesmen,  &c.— Sign-post,  n.  A  post  on 
which  a  sign  hangs. 

Signal,  sig'nal,  n.  [Fr.  signal,  L.L.  signale, 
from  L.  aignum.  Sign.]  A  sign  that  is 
intended  to  communicate  information, 
orders,  or  the  like  to  persons  at  a  distance, 
as  by  a  motion  of  the  hand,  the  raising  of 
a  flag,  the  showing  of  'lights  of  various 
colours,  &c.— a.  Distinguished  from  what 
is  ordinary;  remarkable;  notable;  conspic- 
uous: said  of  things. — v.t. — signalled,  sig- 
nalling. To  communicate  or  make  known 
by  a  signal  or  signals;  to  make  signals  to 
(the  vessel  signalled  the  forts). — v.i.  To 
give  a  signal  or  signals.— Signal-box,  n.  A 
small  house  in  which  railway  signals  are 
worked.— Signal-fire,  n.  A  fire  intended 
for  a  signal.— Signalist,  sip'iial-ist,  n.  One 
who  makes  signals.  — Signalize,  sig'nal-iz, 
v.t. — signalized,  signalizing.  To  make  re- 
markable; to  render  distinguished;  to  dis- 
tinguish by  some  fact  or  exphnt:  often 
used  reflexively.— Signal-lamp,  n.  A  rail- 
way lamp  made  to  give  out  light  of  differ- 
ent colours  as  signals.— Signally,  sig'nal- 
li,  adv.  In  a  signal  manner:  eminently; 
remarkably;  memorably.— Signal-man,  n. 
One  who  signals;  specifically,  an  official 
on  a  railway  who  works  the  signals. — 
Signal-post,  n.  A  post  or  pole  for  display- 
ing flags,  lamps,  &c.,  as  signals. 

Signatory,  Signatary,  sig'na-to-ri,  sig'na- 
ta-ri,  a.  [L.  aignatorius,  pertaining  to 
signing,  from  signator,  a  signer,  from  .lig- 
num,a,m».rk.  Sign.]  Relating  to  the  sign- 
ing of  documents;  setting  a  signature  to  a 
document;  signing  a  public  document,  as  a 
treaty.— n.  One  who  signs;  the  represen- 


£b,  c/tain;     ch,Sc.lochi     g>po}     jtjoh;     n,  Fr.  ton;     uq,  eing;     tu,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wi^;    wh,  u'^Jg;    zh,  a;iu:e. 


SIGNATURE 


632 


:iitviiit 


f  ative  of  a  state  ■who  signs  a  public  docu- 
ment. 

Signature,  sig'na-tar,  n.  [L.L.  gionatura, 
from  L.  signo,  to  sign.  Sign.]  A  stamp 
or  mark  impressed;  the  naiue  of  any  per- 
son written  with  his  own  hand  on  a  docu- 
ment; a  sign-manual;  printing,  a  letter 
or  figure  at  the  bottom  of  the  first  pa^e  of 
each  sheet  or  half  sheet  of  a  book  to  indi- 
cate their  order;  mus.  the  sign  placed  at 
the  commencement  of  a  piece  of  music  to 
indicate  the  time  and  key. 
Signet,  sig'net,  n.  [O.Fr.  signet,  dim.  of 
signe,  a  sign.  Sigm.]  A  seal;  particularly, 
a  seal  for  the  authentication  of  royal 
grants  or  warrants.— Wriie/s  to  the  signet, 
a  class  of  legal  practitioners  in  Edinburgh 
who  act  generally  as  agents  or  attorneys 
in  conducting  causes  before  the  Court  of 
Session;  originally  they  are  said  to  have 
prepared  writs  for  passing  the  royal  signet. 
— Signeted,  sig'net-ed,  a.  Stamped  or 
marked  with  a  signet.— Signet-ring,  n.  A 
ring  containing  a  signet  or  private  seal. 

Signify,  sig'ni-fi,  v.t.— signified,  signifying. 
(Fr.  signifier,  from  L.  signi/ico — signum,  a 
sign,  and /acio,  to. make.  Sign.]  To  make 
known  by  signs  or  words;  to  express  or 
communicate  to  another  by  words,  ges- 
tures, &c.;  to  give  notice;  to  announce,  de- 
clare, proclaim;  to  convey  as  its  meaning; 
to  mean;  to  import;  to  indicate;  to  matter 
or  be  of  consequence:  in  particular*phrases 
(it  signifies  much  or  little,  it  signifies 
nothing,  what  does  it  signify  f).  —  Sig- 
nificance, Signl&cancy,  sig-niri-kans,  sig- 
nif'i-kan-si,  n.  Sleaning;  import;  that 
which  is  intended  to  be  expressed;  expres- 
siveness; impressiveness ;  force;  impor- 
tance ;  moment.  —  Significant,  sig-nif  'i- 
kant,  a.  [h.  significans,  significantis,  ppr. 
of  signi^co.2  Bearing  a  meaning;  expres- 
sive in  an  eminent  degree;  expressive  or 
suggestive  of  something  rhore  than  what 
appears  (a  significant  look);  standing  as  a 
sign  of  something;  important;  momen- 
tous.— Significantly,  sig-nif'i-kant-li,  adv. 
In  a  significant  manner;  -meaningly;  ex- 
pressively. —  Signification,  sig'ni-fi-ka"- 
shpn,  n.  \li.  significatio.]  The  act  of  signi- 
fying; that  which  is  signified  or  expressed 
by  signs  or  words;  meaning;  import;  sense; 
notion  conveyed.  —  Significative,  sig-nif  i- 
ka-tiv,  a.  [I'r.  signiflcatif.]  Signifying; 
serving  to  signify;  having  meaning;  ex- 
pressive of  a  meaning.  —  Significatively, 
sig-nifi-ka-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  significative 
manner.  —  Significativeness,  sig-nif'i-ks- 
tiv-nes,  n. — Significator j  sig-nif 'i-ka-t6r,  n. 
One  who  or4hat  which  signifies.— Slgnlfl- 
catory,  sig-nif'i-ka-to-ri,  a.  Having  signi- 
fication or  meaning. 

Signior,  Signer,  sen'yor,  n.  An  English 
form  of  the  Italian  Signore,  SpanishSertor, 
a  title  of  respect  equivalent  to  the  English 
Sir  or  Mr.,  the  French  Monsieur,  and  the 
German  Herr.  —  Signiory,  Slgnory,  sen'- 
yo-ri,  n.  A  principality;  a  province  (Shak.); 
an  estate;  a  manor;  dominion;  power;  a 
governing  body.  —  Slgnora,  sen-yo'ra,  n. 
An  Italian  title  of  address  or  respect, 
equivalent  to  Madam,  Mrs.  —  Signorina, 
sCn-yo-r5'na,  n.  An  Italian  title  equiva- 
lent to  Miss  or  the  French  Mademoiselle. 

Slgnltary,  sig'ni-ta-ri,  a.    Signatory. 

Sikh,  65k,  n.  One  of  an  Indian  community, 
half  religious,  half  military,  which  foun- 
ded a  state  in  the  Punjaub,  annexed  to 
British  India  in  1849. 

Silence,  si'lens,  n.  [Pr.  silence,  from  L.  «- 
lentizim,  silence,  from  sileo,  to  be  silent.] 
The  condition  prevailing  when  there  is  no 
noise;  absence  of  sound;  stillness;  forbear- 
ance of  speech;  a  holding  of  one's  peace; 
taciturnity;-  a  refraining  from  making 
known  something;  secrecy;  absence  of 
mention;  oblivion.  —  v.t. —  silenced,  silen- 
cing. To  put  to  sUence;  to  oblige  to  hold 
the  peace;  to  cause  to  cease  speaking;  to 
restrain  in  reference  to  liberty  of  speech; 
to  cause  to  cease  sounding;  to  stop  the 
noise  of;  to  still,  quiet,  or  appease  (to 
silence  scruples);  to  make  to  cease  firing, 
especially  by  a  vigorous  cannonade  (to  si- 
lence guns  or  a  battery).  —  inter}.  Used 
e'liptically  for  let  there  be  silence,  or  keep 
silence.— Silent,  si'lent,  a.  [L.  silens,  si- 
lentis,  ppr.  of  siieo.]    Not  speaking;  mute; 


dumb ;  speechless ;  habitually  taciturn ; 
speaking  little;  not  loquacious;  not  men- 
tioning or  proclaiming;  making  no  noise 
or  rumour;  free  from  sound  or  noise;  hav- 
ing or  making  no  noise;  having  no  sound 
in  pronunciation  (e  is  silent  in  fable). — 
Silentious,  si-len'shus,  a.  Habituailly 
silent ;  taciturn. — Silently,  si'lent-li,  adv. 
In  a  silent  manner. — Silentness,  si'lent- 
nes,  n.  State  of  being  silent ;  silence. 
Silhouette,  sil'o-et,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Etienne 
de  Silhouette,  French  minister  of  finance 
in  1769,  in  derision  of  his  excessive  econ- 
omy in  regard  to  the  finances.]  A  profile 
or  shadow-outline  portrait  filled  in  with  a 
black  colour,  the  inner  parts  being  some- 
times indicated  by  lines  of  a  lighter 
colour. 

Silica,  Silez,  sil'i-ka,  si'leks,  n.  [L.  silex, 
silicis,  a  flint.]  Oxide  of  silicon,  an  im- 
portant substance  constituting  the  char- 
acteristic ingredient  of  a  great  variety  of 
minerals,  among  which  rock  -  crystal, 
quartz,  chalcedony,  and  flint  are  nearly 
pure  silica.  —  Silicate,  sil'i-kat,  n.  A 
compound  of  silica  with  certain  bases,  as 
alumina,  lime,  magnesia,  potassa,  soap, 
&c. — Silicate  paint,  natural  silica,  when 
dried  and  forming  an  almost  impalpable 
powder,  mixed  with  colours  and  oil. — 
Silicated,  sil'i-ka- ted,  a.  Coated,  mixed, 
or  impregnated  with  silica.  —  Siliceous, 
Silicious,  si-lish'us,  a.  Pertaining  to  sili- 
ca, containing  it.or  partaking  of  its  nature. 
— Silicic,  si-lis'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  silica 
{sUicie  ether,  silicic  acid).  — Siliciferons, 
sil-i-sif'er-us,  o.  [L.  silex,  and /ero,  to  pro- 
duce.] Producing  silica;  containing  silica. 
— SUicification,  si-lis'i-fi-ka"8hon,7i.  Petri- 
faction; conversion  into  stone  by  siliceous 
matter.— Silicify,  si-lis'i-fi,  v.t.—silicifi£d, 
HHcifying.  [L.  silex,  silicis,  and  facvOj  to 
make.]  To  convert  into  or  petrify  by  silica. 
— v.i.  To  become  impregnated  with  silica. 
— Silicite,  sil'i-sit,  n.  A  variety  cf  felspar. 
Labradobite.— Silicon,  Silicium,  sil'i-kon, 
8i-lis'i-um,n.  [From  L.  sito,8iZtcis,aflint.] 
The  non-metallic  element  of  which  silica 
is  the  oxide,  the  chief  constituent  of  flint, 
and  the  most  abundant  of  all  the  solid 

Siliole,  Siiicula.  Sillcule,  sil'i-kl,  si-lik'a-la, 
sil'i-kril,  n.  [L.  siiicula,  dim.  of  siliqva, 
a  pod.]  Bot.  a  kind  of  seed-vessel  differing 
from  a  siliqua  in  being  as  broad  as  it  is 
long,  or  broader.— Siliculose,  Siliculous, 
si-lik'n-los,  si-lik'u-lus,  a.  Having  silicles 
or  pertaining  to  them.— Siliqua,  sil'i-kwa, 
n.  pi.  SiUqnse,  sil'i-kwe.  [L.  siliqua,  a  pod, 
also  a  very  small  weight.]  Bot.  the  long 
pod  or  seed-vessel  of  crucifers  (as  wall- 
flower), dehiscing  by  two  valves  which 
separate  from  a  central  portion  called  the 
replum;  a  weight  for  gold  and  precious 
stones ;  a  carat.  —  Silique,  si-lek',  n.  A 
siliqua.  —  SUiqulform,  si-yk'wi-form,  a. 
Having  the  form  of  a  siliqua.— SUiquose, 
Siliqnous,  sil'i-kwos,  sil'i-kwus,  a.  Bot. 
bearing  siliquse. 

Silicon.    Under  Silica. 

Silk,  silk,  n.  [A.  Sax.  seoloc,  silk,  for  seric, 
from  L.  sericum,  Gr.  serikon,  silk,  lit.  Seric 
stuflT,  from  Sires,  the  Greek  name  of  the 
Chinese.]  The  fine,  soft  thread  forming 
the  cocoon  of  the  larvae  of  various  species 
of  moths,  the  most  important  of  which  is 
the  common  silk-worm  moth,  a  native  of 
the  northern  provinces  of  China;  cloth 
made  of  silk;  a  garment  made  of  this 
cloth.— o.  Sladeof  silk;  Bilken.— Silk  poivn. 
the  official  robe  of  a  queen's  (or  king's) 
counsel  in  England. — To  take  silk,  to  at- 
tain the  rank  of  queen's  counsel.  —  Silk- 
cotton,  n.  A  silky  fibre  surrounding  the 
seeds  of  several  species  of  tropical  Ameri- 
can and  Indian  trees,  used  for  stuffing 
mattresses,  for  covering  hat  bodies,  &c. — 
Silken,  sil'kn,  a.  Made  of  silk:  like  silk; 
silky.- Silk-fowl,n.  A  variety  of  thedomes- 
tic  fowl  with  silky  plumage.  —  Silklness, 
silld-hes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
silky.— Silk-man,  Silk-mercer,  n.  A  dealer 
in  silks.— Silk-mill,  n.  A  mill  or  factory 
for  reeling,  spinning,  and  manufacturing 
silk.— Silk  -  thro-wer.  Silk  -  throwster,  n. 
One  who  twists  or  throws  silk,  to  prepare 
it  for  weaving.— Silk-tree,  n.  A  species  of 
acacia,  a  native  of  the  Levant.  —  Silk- 


weaver,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  te 
weave  silk  stufi's.— Silk-worm,  n.  A  worm 
which  produces  silk;  the  larva  of  various 
moths  which  spins  a  silken  cocoon  or  case 
about  the  size  of  a  pigeon's  egg  for  the 
inclosure  of  the  chi-ysalis. —Silky,  sil'ki, 
a:  Made  of  silk;  like  silk;  soft  and  smooth 
to  the  touch;  delicate;  tender. 
Sill,  sil,  n.  [A.  Sax.  syl,  syll,  base,  sill;  Icel. 
syll,  svill,  Sw.  syll,  swill,  tf.  schweLle,  Goth. 
sulja,  sill;  perhaps  from  same  root  as  L. 
soluvi,  the  ^ound,  a  base.]  A  stone  or 
a  piece  of  timber  on  which  a  structure 
rests;  the  horizontal  piece  of  timber  or 
stone  at  the  bottom  of  a  door,  window,  or 
similar  opening;  mining,  the  floor  of  a  gal- 
lery or  passage  in  a  mine. 
Sillabub,  sil'a-bub,  n.  [  Origin  doubtful.  ] 
A  dish  of  wine  or  cider  with  cream  or 
milk  forming  a  soft  curd. 
Sillery.  sil'(ir-i,  n.  [From  SiUery,  not  far 
from  Kheims  in  France.]  A  non-sparkling 
champagne  wine  of  an  esteemed  kind. 
Silly,  sil'i,  a.  [O.E.  seely,  A.  Sax.  saelig, 
prosperous,  blessed;  Icel.  scelligr,  G.  selig, 
happy;  from  A. Sax. scbJ,  Icel. S(E;i,Goth.«e2«, 
good,  happy.]  HappyJ;  guileless  or  inoffen- 
sivet;  helplessj;  foolish;  weak  in  intellect; 
witless;  simple;  characterized"  by  weak- 
ness or  folly;  showing  folly;  unwise;  stu- 
pid.—Sillily,  sil'i-li,  adv.  In  a  silly  man- 
ner; foolishly.— Silliness,  sil'i-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  silly. 
Silo,  si'lo,  n.  The  pit  in  which  green  fodder 
is  preserved  in  the  method  of  ensilage. 
Ensilage. — v.t.  To  put  into  a  silo. 
Silt,  silt,  n.  [From  Prov.  E.  site,  Sw.  silo, 
to  strain  or  filter.]  A  deposit  of  mud  or 
fine  soil  from  running  or  standing  water; 
fine  earth3"  sediment. — v.t.  To  choke  or  fill 
with  silt  or  mud:  often  with  tip. — v.i.  To 
percolate  through  crevices;  to  ooze.— Silty, 
silt'i,  a.  Consisting  of  or  resembling  silt; 
full  of  silt. 

Silurian,  si-lQ'ri-an,  a.  Belonging  to  the 
Silures,  an  ancient  people  of  South  Wales. 
—Siluriati  rocks,  strata,  system,  geol.  the 
name  given  to  a  great  succession  of  palaeo- 
zoic strata  intervening  between  the  Cam- 
brian formation  and  the  base  of  the  old 
red  sandstone;  so  called  from  the  district 
where  the  strata  were  first  investigated. 
Silnrus,  Sllnre,  si-lQ'rus,  81-10/,  n.  [L.  silu- 
rus.}  A  malacopterygian  fish  of  large  size, 
found  in  the  Danube  and  other  rivers  of 
Europe. 

Silvan,  sil'v^n,  a.    Sylvan. 
Silvanus,  sil-va'nus,  n.    A  Boman  ruiUI 
deity,  so  called  from  L.  sUva,  a  wood. 
Silvas.    Selvas. 

Silver,  sil'vSr,  n.  [A.  Sax.  seolfer  =  Icel. 
siifr,  D.  zilver,  Dan.  solv,  G.  sUber,  Goth. 
silubr;  cog.  Rus.  srebro,  serebro,  Lith.  sida- 
,  bras,  Lett,  sudra&s— silver.  Root  doubt- 
ful.] A  precious  metal  which  in  its  com- 
pact state  is  of  a  fine  white  colour  and 
lively  brilliancy,  used  for  the  purposes  of 
coinage,  and  also  for  the  construction  of 
ornaments  and  jewellery;  money;  coin 
made  of  silver;  plate  made  of  silver.  Ger- 
man-silvek,Nickel-silver.— iSiZi'erisused 
in  the  formation  of  many  self-explanatory 
compounds,  as  silver-hright,  silver-c\ea.r, 
silver-vihite,  &c. — a.  Made  of  silver;  resem- 
bling silver;  silvery.-^Sitoer  age,  the  sec- 
ond mythological  period  in  the  history  of 
the  world,  following  the  golden  age.  The 
term  is  also  applied  to  the  period  of  Ro- 
man literature  subsequent  to  the  most 
brilliant  period,  from  about  a.d.  14  to'A.D. 
180. — v.t.  To  cover  superficially  with  a  coat 
of  silver;  to  cover  with  tin-foil  amalga- 
mated with  quicksilver  (to  silver  glass);  to 
give  a  silvery  sheen  or  silver-like  lustre  to; 
to  make  hoary;  to  tinge  with  gray. — Sil- 
ver-beater, n.  One  who  beats  silver  into 
thin  leaf  or  foil. — Silver-fir,  ?i.  A  species 
of  European  fir  growing  to  the  height  of 
150  to  180  feet,  and  so  called  from  two  silvery 
lines  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves. — 
Sllver-flsh,  n.  A  fish  of  a  white  colour 
with  silvery  lines,  a  variety  of  gold-fish. — 
Silver-fox,  n.  A  fox  of  the  northern  parts 
of  Asia,  Europe,  and  America,  with  ^  valu- 
able fur  of  a  shining  black  colour,  inter- 
mingled with  white.— Silver-glance,  n,  A 
mineral,  a  native  sulphuret  of  silver. — 
Silver-grain,  n.    The  medullary  rays  In 


^  ;i.to,  for,  (iU(  ftyUi    iae,met,b«ri    piiie,pia;    oOte,  not,  nOv«i.    tObe.  tul^  b\(Ui    oU,{K>aad;    ti,  Sc  ftbtow— the  f  r,  i^ 


SIMIAN 


633 


SIKGHALESE 


timber.— Silver-gray,  a.  Of  a  colour  re- 
sembling silver. — Suver-haired,  a.  Hav- 
ing white  or  gray  hair.— Silvering,  sil'v6r- 
iag,  n.  The  art  of  covering  the  surface  of 
anything  with  silver,  or  with  an  amalgam 
of  tin  and  mercury;  the  silver  or  amalgam 
laid  on.— Silverize,  sil'v6r-iz,  v.t. — Mver- 
ized,  silverizing.  To  coat  or  cover  with 
silver.— Silver-leaf,  n.  Silver  foliated  or 
beaten  out  into  a  thin  leaf .  —  Silverlesa.  | 
sil'ver-les,  a.  Having  no  silver ;  without 
money;  impecunious.— Silverly,  sil'v^r-Ui 
adv.  VVith  a  bright  or  sparkling  appear- 
ance, like  silver.  —  Silvern,  sil'v6m,  a. 
Made  of  silver;  silver.  —  Silver-plated,  a. 
Covered  with  a  thin  coating  of  silver.  — 
Silversmith,  sil'vfer-smith,  n.  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  work  in  silver.— Silver- 
stick,  n.  The  name  given  to  a  field-officer 
of  the  British  Life  Guards  when  on  palace 
duty.  —  Silver  -  tongued,  a.  Having  a 
smooth  tongue  or  speech.— Silvery,  sil'- 
v6r-i,  a.  Like  silver;  containing  silver; 
having  the  appearance  of  silver;  of  silver- 
like lustre;  clear  and  soft,  as  the  sound  of 
a  silver  bell. 

Simian,  Simial,  Simious,  sim'i-an,  sim'i-al, 
sim'i-us,  a.  [L.  simia,  an  ape,  from  simua, 
flat-nosed.]  Pertaining  to.  apes  or  mon- 
keys; ape-like. 

Similar,  sim'i-l6r,  a.  [Fr.  similaire,  from 
a  hypothetical  aimilaris,  from  L.  similUf 
like;  aki{i  to  gimid,  together,  from  root 
of  E.  same.  Dissemble,  resemble,  simulate, 
&c.,  are  akin.]  Like;  resembling;  having 
a  like  form  or  appearance;  like  in  quality; 
geom.  having  like  parts  and  relations  but 
not  ■  of  the  same  magnitude.  —  n.  That 
which  is  similar;  something  that  resem- 
bles something  else.  —  Similarity,  sim-i- 
lar'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  similar;  i 
close  likeness;  perfect  or  partial  resem-  ; 
blance.— Similarly,  8im'i-l6r-li,  adv.  In  a 
similar  or  like  manner;  with  resemblance 
in  essential  points. 

Simile,  sim'i-ls,  n.  [L.,  a  like  thing,  from. 
simitts,  like.  Similar.]  Rhet.  the  liken- 
ing together  of  two  things  which,  howeVBr 
different  in  other  respects,  have  some 
strong  point  or  points  of  resemblance;  a 
poetic  or  imaginative  comparison.  Meta- 
phor. —  Similitude,  si-miVi-tud,  n.  [L. 
aimilitudo.  j  Likeness ;  resemblance,  in 
nature,  qualities,  or  appearance;  a  com- 
parison; a  simUe;  a  representation;  a  fac- 
simile. 

Simloua.    Simian. 

Simitar,  sim'i-t6r;    Scimitar. 

Simmer,  sim'er,  v.i.  [Probably  imitative  of 
the  gentle  murmuring  sound  made  by 
liquids  beginning  to  boil  or  boUing  veiy 
slowly.]  To  boil  or  bubble  gently,  or  with 
a  gentle  hissing. 

Simony,  sim'o-ni,  n.  [Fr.  simonie,  L.L.  «t- 
monia,  from  Simon  Magus,  who  wished 
to  purchase  the  power  of  conferring  the 
Holy  Spirit.  Ac.  viii.]  The  buying  or 
selling  of  ecclesiastical  preferment;  the 
presentation  of  any  one  to  an  ecclesiastical 
benefice  for  money  or  reward.— Slmoniac, 
Bi-mo'ni-ak,  n.  [Er.  simoniaque.]  One  who 
practises  simony.  —  Simoniacalv  sim-o-ni'- 
a-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to,  involving,  or  coi^- 
sisting  of  simony ;_  guilty  of  simony.  — 
Simomacally,  si-mo-ni'a-kal-li,  adv.  In  a 
simoniacal  manner. — Simonioos,  si-mo'ni- 
us,  a.    Simoniacal. 

Simoom,  si-mom',  re.    [Ar.  samUm,  from 

'  iamma,  to  poison.]  An  intensely  hot  suf- 
focating wind,  laden  with  dust  and  sand, 
that  blows  occasionally  in  Africa  and  Ara- 
bia, generated,  by  the  extreme  heat  of  the 
parched  deserts  or  sandy  plains. 

Slmoua,  si'mus,  a.  [L.  slmus.]  Having  a 
ilat  or  snub  nose. 

Simper,  sim'pfer,  v.i.  [Akin  to  Prov.  G.  sim- 
pern,  to  be  affectedly  coy;  Dan.  semper, 
ilimper,  coy.]  To  smile  in  a  sill5r,  affected 
manner. — n.  A  smile  with  an  air  of  silli- 
ness ;  an  affected  smile  or  smirk.  — "Slm- 
perer,  sim'p6r-6r,  re.  One  who  simpers. — 
Simpetingly,  sim'p6r-ing-li,  adv.  In  a 
simperinig  manner. 

Simpiesometer,  sim'pi-e-zom"et-6r.    Sym- 

PIESOMETER. 

Simple,  sim'pl,  a.  [Fr.  simple,  from  L.  «ti»- 
plex,  simple,  from  a  root  meaning  one  or 
imity  (also  in  E.  same),  and  that  of  plica. 


a  fold  (B.  plj/).'i  Not  complex  or  comjiound; 
consisting  of  one  thing  or  substance  only; 
not  complex  or  complicated;  easily  intelli- 
gible ;  clear ;  not  given  to  deceit  or  dupli- 
city; artless  in  manner;  unaffected;  in- 
artificial; unadorned;  plain;  mere;  being 
no  more  and  no  less  (a  simple  knight); 
common;  humble;  wealc  in  intellect;  not 
wise  or  sagacious ;  silly;  bot.  consisting  of 
one ;  not  exhibiting  divisions ;  chem.  that 
has  not  been  decomposed  or  separated  into 
two  or  more  elements ;  elementary.  — 
Simple  interest.  UnderlNTEREST.— n.  Some- 
thing not  mixed  or  compounded ;  a  medi- 
cinal herb  or  a  medicine  obtained  from  a 
herb:  so  called  because  each  vegetable  was 
supposed  to  have  one  particular  virtue. — 
Simple-hearted,  a.  Having  a  simple  heart; 
single-hearted;  ingenuous. — Simple-mind- 
ed, a.  Artless;  undesigning;  unsuspecting. 
—Simple-mindedness,  re.  The  character  of 
being  simple-minded. — Simplenes8,8im'pl- 
nes,  n.   The  state  or  quality  of  being  sim- 

file;  simplicity.— Simpleton,  sim'pl-ton,  n. 
From  siwpJe.with  French  term,  -tore.]  One 
who  is  very  simple;  a  silly  or  foolish  person; 
a  person  of  weak  intellect.  —  Simplicity, 
sim-plis'i-ti,  re.  [  Fr.  simplicity,-  L.  sim- 
plicitas.^  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
simple,  unmixed,  uncompounoed,  or,  not 
complex;  artlessness  of  mind;  freedom 
from  slyness  or  cunning;  sincerity;  free- 
dom from  artificial  ornament ;  plainness ; 
weakness  of  intellect;  silliness.— Simpli- 
fication, 8im'pli-fi-ka"shon,  re.  The  act  of 
simplifying.  —  SlmpUfy,  sim'pli-fl,  v.t.  — 
simplified,  simplifijing.  [Fr.  simplififir, 
L.L.  simpUficare,  L.  simplex,  and /ado,  to 
make.]  To  make  simple;  to  bring  to  greater 
simplicity;  to  show  au  easier  or  shorter 
process  for  doing  or  making;  to  make  plain 
or  easy. — Simply,  sim'pli,  adv.  In  a  simple 
manner;  without  art  or  subtlety;  plainly; 
merely;  solely;  weakly;  foolishly. 

Simulate,  sim'a-lat,  v.f.— simulated,  simu- 
lating. CL.  Simula,  simulatum,  from  simU 
lis,  like.  Similar.]  To  assume  the  mere 
appearance  or  character  of,  without  the 
reality;  to  counterfeit;  to  feign.— Simula- 
tion, sim-fl-la'shon,  re.  The  act  of  simu- 
lating or  of  feigning  to  be  that  which  one 
is  not  .•.  Simtdaiion  denotes  the  assuming' 
of  a  false  character;  dissimulation,  the 
concealment  of  the  true  character. — Simu- 
lator, sim'Q-la-ter,  n.  One  who  simulates. 
— Simolatory,  sim'a-la-to-ri,  o.  Consisting 
in  or  characterized  by  simulation. 

Simultaneous,  eim-ul-ta'n6-us,  a.  [L.L. 
aimultaneus,  fiom  L.  simul,  at  the  same 
time,  akin  to  similisj  like,  E.  sareie.]  Tak- 
ing place  or  happening  at  the  same  time; 
done  at  the  same  time;  coincident  in  time. 
—Simultaneously,  sim-ul-ta'nS-us-li,  adv. 
At  the  same  time ;  together ;  in  conjunc- 
tion. —  Simultaneousness,  Simultaneity, 
8im-ul-ta'n5-us-nes,  sim '  ul-ta-n6"i-ti,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  simultane- 
ous; coincidence;  concomitance. 

Sin,  sin,  re.  [A.  Sax.  sjrrere,  siren,  sin ;  Icel. 
and  Dan.  synd,  O.D.  sunde,  G-.  sSrepie,  sin; 
connected  with  L.  sons,  sontis,  guilty.)  The 
voluntary  departure  of  a  moral  agent  from 
a  known  rule  prescribed  by  God;  any  vol- 
untary transgression  of  the  divine  law,  or 
violation  of  adivine  command  i,  moral  de- 
pravity; wickedness ;  iniquity;  an  offence 
in  general';  a  transgression.— t».t. — sinned, 
sinning.  To  commit  a  sin ;  to  violate  any 
known  rule  of  duty ;  to  offend  in  general ; 
to  transgress;  to  trespass:  with  against  (to 
sin  against  good  taste).— Sinful,  sin'ful,  a. 
Tainted  with,  or  full  of  sin ;  ■wicked ;  con- 
taining sin  or  consisting  in  sin.— SinftUly, 
sin'ful-U,  adv.  In  a  sinful  manner ;  'wic- 
kedly. —  SinfxUness,  sin' fill -nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  sinful.— Sialess,  sinles,  a. 
Free  from 'sin;  innocent.— Sinlessly,  sin'- 
les-U,  adv.  In  a  sinless  manner.— Sinless- 
ness,  sin'les-nes,  re.  The  state  of  being  sin- 
less. —  Sinner,  gin'6r,  n.  One  who  sins ; 
one  who  fails  in  any  duty  or  transgresses 
any  law;  an  offender. 

Sinaic,  Slaaitic,  si-na'ik,  »-na-it'ik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  Mount  Sireai;  given  or  made  at 
Sinai. 

Sinapism,  sin'a-pizm, n.  [Fr.  dnapisme,!!. 
sinapismus,  from  sinapis.  Or.  sinapi,  mus- 
tard.]   A  mustard  poultice. 


Since,  sins,  adv.  [O.E.  sins,  sinnef,  sithens, 
sitkence,  all  genitive  forms  from  A.  Sax. 
sithtkan,  lit.  after  that.  Comp.  the  geni- 
tives hence,  tcAence.]  From  that  time;  after 
that  time ;  from  then  till  now ;  in  the  in- 
terval ;  before  this  or  now ;  ago.  — prep. 
Ever  from  the  time  of ;  subsequently  to ; 
after. — conj.  From  the  time  when  {since  I 
saw  you  last);  because  that;  seeing  that; 
inasmuch  as. 

Sincere,  8in-s5r',a.  [L.  sineerus,  sincere,  pure, 
unmixed.]  Pure;  unmixed;  being  inreality 
what  it  appears  to  be;  not  feigned  or  simu- 
lated; not  assumed;  real;  genuine;  undis- 
aembling;  guileless;  frank;  true.  —  Sin- 
cerely, sin-ser'li,  adv.  In  a  sincere  manner. 
— Sincereness,  Sincerity,  sin-ser'nes,'  sin- 
ser'i-ti,  re.  The  quality  of  being  sincere ; 
freedom  from  hypocrisy;  truthfulness^ 
(genuineness;  earnestness. 
Sinciput,  sin'si-put,  re.  [L.]  The  fore  part 
of  the  head,  in  contradistinction  to  the 
occiput  or  back  part. — Sincipital,  sin-sip'i- 
tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  sinciput. '^ 
Sindoc,  n.    Sintoo. 

Sine,  Bin,  re.  [L.  mrius,  a  bending,  a  curve, 
a  bosom.]  TngOn.  the  straight  line  drawn 
from  one  extremity  of  an  arc  perpendi- 
cular  to  the  diameter  passing  through  the 
other  extremity. —  Versed  sine  of  an  arc  or 
angle,  the  segment  of  the  diameter  inter- 
cepted between  the  sine  and  the  extremity 
of  the  arc— Sinical,  sin'i-kal,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  sine. 

Sinecure,  si'ne-kQr,  n.  [L.  trine,  'without, 
and  cura,  cure,  care.]  An  ecclesiastical 
benefice  without  cure  of  souls ;  any  office 
which  has  revenue  without  employment. 
— v.t.  To  place  in  a  sinecure. — Sinecur- 
Ism,  si'ne-ktlr-izm,  re.  The  state  of  holdipg 
a  sinecure.  —  Slnecnrlst,  si'nc-kar-ist,  re. 
One  who  holds  a  sinecure.  —  Sinecnral, 
si'ne-ktt-ral,  a.  Relating  to  a  sinecure;  of 
the  natui'e  of  a  sinecure. 
Sine  qua  non,  si'nS  kwa  non,  n.  [L.,  'with- 
■  out  which  not.  J  Something  absolutely. 
necessary  or  indispensable. 
Sinew,  sin'u,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sinewe,,sinu;  D. 
zenuw;  O.  sehne,  Icel.  sin,  Dan.  sene,  a 
sinew.]  The  tough  fibrous  tissue  which' 
vjiites  a  muscle  to  a  bone ;  a  tendon ;  fig, 
that  's^hich  gives  strength  or  vigour;  that 
in  which  strength  consists.  —  Sinews  of 
war,  money  as  a  means  of  carrying  it  on. — 
v.t  To  knit  or  strengthen,  as  oy  sinews. — 
Sine'wed,  sin'ad,  p.  and  a.  Having  sinews; 
firm;  vigorous;  stne-wy.— Sin^iness,  sin'- 
Q-i-nes,  re.  The  quality  of  being  sinewy. — 
Sinewless,  sin'Q-ies,  a.  Having  no  vigour. 
,  — Sinewy,  sin'a-i,  a.  Consisting  of  or  re- 
'  sembling  a-  sine'w  or  sinews ;  -wfeU  braced 
■with  sinews ;■  strong;  vigorous;  firml 
Sinfnl,  Stofnlness,  &c.  Under  Sin. 
Sing,  sing,  v.i. — pret.  aang  or  sung;  pp.  sung. 
[A.  Sax.  singan,  pret.  sang,  pp.  sungen; 
=Icel.  singja,  T)An.  synge,  D.  zingen,  G. 
lAngen;  covcip.  Gael,  seinn,  to  ring  as  a  bell, 
to  sing.]  To  utter  wofds  or  sounds  with 
musical  inflections  or  melodious  modula- 
tions of  voice;. to  ,utter  sweet  sounds,  as 
birds;  to  give  out  a  small  shrill  or  hum- 
ming sound  (the  kettle  sings);  to  tell  or 
relate  something  in  poetry  or  verse.— w.t. 
To  utter  with"Hiusical  modulations  of  voice; 
to  celebrate  in  song;  to  giv«  praises  to  in 
verse;  to  -relate-  or  rehearse  in  poetry;  to 
act  or  produce  an  effect  on  by  singing  (to 
sing  one  to  sleep).  —  Singer,  sing 'fir,  re. 
One  who  sings  or  whose  occupation  is  to 
sing;  a  skilled  or  Professional  vocalist. — 
Singin^-hlrd,re.  A  bird  that  sings;  a  song- 
bird.—Singing-master  ,«^  A  teacher  of  the 
art  of  singing.— Sing-song,  re.  A  drawling 
or  monotonous  tone,  or  wearying  succes- 
sion of  tones ;  repetition  of  similar  words 
or  tones. — a.  Drawling ;  monotonous,  i 
Singe,  sinj,  v.t.— singed,  singeing.  [A.  Sax. 
sengan,  to  singe,  lit.  to  cause  to  sing,  a 
cans,  of  singan,  to  sing;  so  also  G.  sengen, 
to  singe.]  To  bum  slightly  or  superficially; 
to  bum  the  surface,  ends,  or  outside  of;  to 
scorch;  to  remove  the  nap  from,  as  cloth, 
by  passing  it  over  a  red-hot  roller,  through 
a  gas  flame,  or  the  like. — re.  A  burning  of 
the  surface;  a  slight  bum.— Singer,  sin'jfer, 
n.  One  who  or  that  wliich  singes. 
Singhalese,  sing-ga-l6z',  re.  simg.  and  pi.  A 
native  or  natives  of  Ceylon;  Cingalese. 


ch,  cilwini     cA,  SclocA;     g,  "lo;     j,iob:     n,  Er.  ton;     ng,  siny;     th,  then;  th.  (Ain;     w,  wig;     wb,w/ug;     zhtOsure, 


SINGLE 


634 


SISTER 


Picgle,  sing'sl,  c.  [L-  siJH7«?u«,  single,  from 
root  seen  in  sitnpie.]  Consisting  of  one 
alone;  not  double  or  more  (a  single  star,  a 
single  act);  often  emphatic,  even  one  (I 
shall  not  give  you  a  single  farthing);  in- 
dividual ;considered  as  apart;  alone;  having 
no  companion  or  assistant;  unmarried  (a 
single  man,  a  single  life);  performed  by  one 
person,  or  by  one  person  only  opposed  to 
another  {single  combat);  honest;  unbiassed; 
Bincere.— Single  blessedness,  the  unmarried 
state ;  celibacy.-'iSinflZe  entry,  a  system  of 
bookkeeping  in  which  each  entry  appears 
only  once  on  one  side  or  other  of  an  account. 
— v.t.— singled,  singling.  To  select  indi- 
vidually from  among  a  number;  to  choose 
out  separately  from  others:  with  out  or 
similar  words.— Single-acting,  a.  A  term 
applied  to  a  steam-engine  in  which  steam 
is  admitted  to  one  side  only  of  the  piston. 
— Single-breasted,  a.  Applied  to  .a  coat 
or  waistcoat  w^hich  buttons  only  to  one 
side.  —  Single-handed,  a.  ' Unassisted;  by ' 
one's  self;  alone.— Single-hearted,  a.  Hav- 
ing a  single  or  honest  heart.  —  Single- 
minded,  a.  Having  a  single  or  honest 
mipd  or  heart. — Singleness,  sing'gl-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  single;  one- 
ness; sincerity;  freedom  from  duplicity. 

—  Singles,  sing',glz,  n.  pi.  The  reeled 
filaments  of  silk  twisted  into  a  thread. — 
Single -stick,  n.  A  stick  or  cudgel  for 
fencing  with;  fencing  with  such  sticks. 

—  Singly,  sing'gli,  adv.  Individually; 
separately;  each  alone;  without  partners, 
companions,  or  associates;  honestly;  sin- 
cerely. 

Singular,  sing'gu-l6r,  a.  fL.  singularis^  from 
singuhis,  single.  Single.]  Belonging  to 
one  J  grain,  denoting  one  person  or  tiling 
(a  singiilar  noun);  marked  as  apart  from 
others ;  out  of  the  usual  course ;  remark- 
able; rare;  peculiar:  odd  {singvZar  in  his  be- 
haviour).—«.  A  paiTicularinstancet;j;ram. 
the  singular  number;  a  word  in  this  num- 
ber.—Singularity,  sing-gQ-Iar'i-ti,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  singular;  peculi- 
arity; eccentricity;  strangeness;  oddity. — 
Singularly,  sing'ga-lfer-U,  adv.  In  a  sin- 
gular manner;  peculiarly;  remarkably; 
oddly;  strangely. 

Singoltus,  sin-gul'tus,  n.  [L.]  Med.  the. 
hiccup. 

Sinister,  sin'is-ter,  a.  [L.,  left,  unlucky, 
bad;  origin  doubtful.]  On  the  left  hand 
or  left  side;  left:  Tier,  the  term  which  de- 
notes the  left  side  of  the  escutcheon,  that 
is,  the  right  side  of  a  drawing  of  it ;  evil ; 
bad;  ill-intentioned;  baneful;- maligri;  un- 
lucky; inauspicious.  —  Slnisterly,  sin'is- 
tsr-li,  adv.  In  a  sinister  manner.— Sinis- 
tral, sin'is-tral,  a.  Belonging  to  the  left 
hand;  inclining  to  the  left.— Sinlstrorse, 
8in'iB-trors,a.  [li.8inistrorsus,iTom  sinister, 
left,  and  vorsvs,  versus,  turned.]  Directed 
to  the  left;  turning  or  twining  to  the  left: 
usually  said  of  the  stems  of  plants. — Sln- 
istrous,  sin'is-trus,  a.  Sinister;  on  the 
left  sideuncLined  to  the  left. — Stnistronsly, 
sin'is-trus-li,  adv. 

Sink,  singk,  w.i.— pret.  sunk  or  sank;  i)p. 
sunk  {sunken  being  used  as  a. participial 
adj.).  [A.  Sax.  8incan  =  Dan.  synke,  D. 
zinken,  G.  sinken,  Goth,  sigkvan,  to  sink.] 
To  fall  by  the  force  of  gravity;  to  descend 
through  amedinm  of  little  resisting  power, 
as  water;  to  go  to  the  bottom;  to  fall  as  from 
want  of  bodily  strength ;  to  take  a  lower 
position  to  the  eye ;  to  depline  below  the 
horizon ;  to  be  overwhelmed  or  depressed ; 
to  enter  the  mind  and  be  impressed;  to 
declinein  worth,  strength,  estimation,  ic; 
to  fall  off  in  value ;  to  decay ;  to  decrease 
and  become  less  deep;  to  subside.  —  v.t. 
To  cause  to  descend  below  the  surface; 
to  immerse. in  a  fluid;  to  cause  to  fall  or 
drop;  to  make  by  digging  or  delving  (to 
sink  a  pit  or  a  well);  to  depress;  to  degrade; 
to  bring  low;  to  ruin;  to  crush;  to  put  or 
leave  out  of  consideration;  to  lose  sight 
of  (one's  self  or  one's  own  interest);  to  in- 
vest (money)  more  or  less  permanently  in 
any  undertaking  or  scheme. — n.  A  recep- 
tacle for  receiving  lic^uid  filth;  a  sewfer;  a 
receptacle  for  receiving  filthy  water,  as 
in  kitchens,  &c.;  any  place  where  iniquity 
is  gathered.  —  Sinker,  singk'fer,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  sinks;  a  weight  on 


something,  pa  a  fish-line,  net,  or  the  like, 
to  sink  it.— Sink-hole,  n.  An  orifice  in  a 
sink;  a  hole  for  dirty  water  to  pass  through. 
—Sinking,  suigkiug,  p.  and  a.  Falling; 
8ub8iding;declining.— SwiArinfli/Mwd.  Fond. 
—Sink-trap,  n.  A  trap  for  a  kitchen  sink 
to  prevent  a  back  flow  of  gases. 

Sink-a-pace,  n.  A  corruption  of  Cinque- 
pace  (which  see). 

Sinless,  Sinner,  &c.    Under  Sin.- 

Sinologue,  sin'o-log,  n.  IFr.  sinologue,  from 
Gr.  Sina,  China,  Sinai,  the  Chinese,  and 
logos,  discourse.]  A  student  of  the  Clunese 
language,  literature,  history,  &c. ;  one 
versed  in  Chinese.— Sinology,  si-nol'o-ji, n. 
The  knowledge  of  the  Chinese  language, 
&c.  —  Sinologlcal,  sin-o-loj'i-kal,  o.  Per- 
taining to  sinology.— Sinologist,  8i-noro- 
jist,  n.    A  sinologue. 

Sinople,  si'no-pl,  n.  [Fr.  sinople,  L.  sinopis, 
Gr.  sinopis,  from  Sinope,  a  town  on  the 
Black  Sea.]  Red  ferruginous  quartz,  of  a 
blood  or  Ijrownlsh-red  colour,  sometimes 
with  a  tin^of  yellow.— Sinoper,  Slnoplte, 
si'no-p6r,  si'no-pit,  n.  Same  as  Sinople. — 
Siilopia,  Sinopis,  si-no'pi-a,  si-no'pis,  n.  A 
pigment  of  a  red  colour  prepared  fromi 
sinople. 

Sinter,  sin't^r,  n.  A  German  name  for  a 
rock  precipitated  in  a  ctystalline  form 
from  mineral  waters. 

Sintoc, .  Sindoc,  sin'tok,  sin'dok,  n.  '  The 
bark  of  a  species  of  cinnamon-tree  of  Java. 

Sintoo,  Sintooism,  sin'ti),  sin'tO-izm,  n. 
Shinto,  Shintoism.- 

Sinuate,  sin'u-at,  v.t  [L.  sinuo,  to  curve  or 
bend,  from  sinus,  a  curve  or  bend.]  To 
bend  or  curve  in  and  out;  to  wind;  to  turn. 
—Sinuate,  Sinuat«d,  sin'u-a-ted,  a.  Wind- 
ing; sinuous;  bot.  having  large  curved 
breaks  in  the  margin,  as  in  the  oak  leaf, 
having  a  ■vvavy  margin.— Slnuation,  sin-tl- 
a'shon,  n.  A  winding  or  bending  m  and 
out.— Sinuose,  sin'u-Ss,  a.  Sinuous.— Sin- 
uosity, sin  -  a  -  OS '  i  -  ti,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  sinuous;  a  bending  in  and  out;  a  bend 

'  in  Btich  a  series;  a  wave  line.  —  Sinuous, 
sin'fl-us,  a.  fL.  sinuosus.]  Bending  or 
curving  in  and  out;  of  an  undulating  form; 
winding;  crooked. — Sinuously,  sin'Q-us-li, 
adv.    In  a  sinuous  manner. 

Sinus,  si'nus,  n.  [L.,  a  bend,  curve,  bay, 
&c.]  A  curved  opening;  a  bending  inward; 
a  bay ;  a  recess  or  opening  into  the  land ; 
nnat.  a  cavity;  mrg.  a  cavity  containing 
pus ;  a  fistula ;  bot.  a  curved  hoUow  on  a 
margin. 

Siouz,  si-a'  or  sH,  n.  sing,  and  pi.  A  race 
of  Indians  in  North  America. 

Sip,  sip,  v.t. — sipped,  sipping.  [A  lighter 
form  of  8«p=D.  and  L.G.  sippen,  to  sip.] 
To  Imbibe  ortake  into  the  mouth  in  small 
quantities  by  the  lips;  to  drink  in  or 
absorb  in  small  quantities;  to  draw  into 
the  mouth;  to  suck  up. — v.i.  To  drink  a 
small  quantity;  to  take  a  fluid  in  small 
Quantities  with  the  lips. »—  Ji.  A  small 
draught  taken  with  the  bps.  —  Slpper, 
sip'fer,  «.    One  that  sips. 

Sipahi,  sip'a-he,  n.    A  sepoy. 

Siphon,  Syphon,  si'fon,  n.  [Gr.  siphon,  a 
hollow  tube,  a  reed.]  A  bent  tube  whose 
legs  are  of  unequal  length,  used  for  draw- 
ing lictuid  out  of  a  vessel,  the  shorter  leg 
being  inserted  in  the  liquid  and  thclonger 
hanging  down  outside:  when  the  air  is 
sucked  from  the  tube  the  pressure  of  the 
atmosphere  causes  the  liquid  to  rise  in  it 
and  flow  over;  zool.  a  tube  in  certain  mol- 
luscs conveying  water  to  or  from  the  gills. 
— Siphonage,  si'fon -aj,  n.  The  action  or 
operation  of  asiphon.- Siphonal,  si'fon-al, 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  siphon. 
—  Siphon-barometer,  n.  A  barometer  in 
which  the  lower  end  of  ttie  tube  is  bent 
upward.  —  Siphon-bottle,  n.  A  bottle  for 
aerated  waters,  which  are  discharged 
through  a  bent  tube  by  the  pressure  of  the 
gas.- Siphon-gauge,  n.  A  glass  pipe  par- 
tially filled  with  mercury,  for  indicating 
some  internal  pressure.  —  Siphonic,  si- 
f  on'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  siphon. — Slpho- 
niferous,  si-fo-nif'fer-us,  a.  Having  a 
siphon,  as  the  nautilus. — Siphonobranchi- 
ate, .  8i'fon-o-brang"ki-at,  a.  Having  si- 
phons conveying  water  to  the  gills,  as  cer- 
tain gasteropodous  molluscs. 

Slphunde,  8i'fung-l(l,  n.    [L.  siphunevlut. 


dim.  frcDP  siphon.]  A  tube  passing  through 
the  chambers  of  the  shell  of  the  nautilus 
and  kindred  animalS;  —  Siphuncular,  si- 
f  ung'ku-kr,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  siphuncle. 
— Siphuncttlated,  Siphuncled,  si-fung'ku  - 
la-ted,  si'f  uiig-kld,  a.  Having  a  siphuncle. 
Sir,  ser,  n.  IFr.  sire,  from  L.  senior,  an 
elder  or  elderly  person.  Senior,]  A  com- 
mon mode  of  address  now  used  without 
consideration  of  rank  or  status;  a  general 
title  by  which  a  speaker  addressesthe  per- 
son he  is  speaking  to;  the  title  distinctive 
of  knights  and  baronets,  always  prefixed 
to  the  Christian  name;  a  title  formerly 
given  to  clergymen.C  Sir  Hugh  Evans '). 
Siraskier,  si-ras'ksr,  n.  Seraskier. 
Sirdar,  sfer'diir,  n.  [Hind.*  sar-dar.]  A 
chieftain,  captain,  or  head-man  in  Hin- 
dustan. 

Sire,  sir,  n.  [A  form  of  sir.]  A  respectful 
title  used  in  addressing  a  king  or  other 
sovereign  prince;  a  father;  a  projenitor 
(used  poetically);the  male  parent  of  abeast: 
particularly  used  of  horses.  —  v.t.  —  sired, 
siring.  To  beget;  to  procreate:  used  es- 
pecially of  stallions. 

Siren,  si'ren,  n.  [Gr.  seirSn,  a  siren.]  Greek 
myth,  a  name  of  several  sea-nymphs,  who 
by  their  singing  fascinated  those  that 
sailed  by  their  island,  and  then  destroyed 
them ;  in  works  of  art  often  represented 
as  having  partly  the  form  of  birds,  some- 
times only  the  feet  of  a  bird ;  a  charming, 
alluring,  or  enticing  woman;  a  woman 
dangerous  from  her  enticing  arts;  a  genus 
of  amphibians  peculiar  to  the  southern 
parts  of  the  United  States :  called  ■  also 
mud -eels;  an  instrument  for  measuring 
the  number  of  sound  waves  or  vibrations; 
an  instrument  producing  a  loud  piercing 
sound  and  used  as  a  fog-signal.— a.  Enti- 
cing; bewitching;fascinating(asiren  song). 
— Sirenia,  si-re'ni-a,  n.  pi.  [From  their  fan- 
cied resemblance  to  mermaids  or  sirens.] 
An  order  of  marine  herbivorous  mammals 
allied  to  the  whales,  and  comprising  the 
manatee  and  dugong.  —  Slrenlan,  si-r6'- 
ni-an,  a.  and  «.  Belonging  to,  or  one  of, 
the  Sirenia.      ' 

Siriasis,  si-ri'a-sis,  n.  [Gr.  seiriasis,  from 
seirios,  scorching.]  A  disease  occasioned 
by  the  excessive  heat,  of  the  sun;  sun- 
stroke. 

Slrius,  sir'i-us,  n.  [Gr,  Seirios,  from  seirios, 
hot,  scorching.]  .A  large  and  bright  star 
called  also  the  Dog-starjwhich  see). 
Sirloin,  sfer'loin,  n.     [Formerly  surloin, 
from  Ft.  surlonge,  surlogne,  a  sirloin— swr, 
over,  uix>n,  and  longe,  logne,  a  loin.  Loin.] 
The  loin,  or  upper  part  of  the  loin,  of  beef, 
or  the  part  covering  either  kidney. 
Simame,  sfer'nam,  n.    A  surname. 
Sirocco,  si-rokTio,  n.  [It.,  from  Ar.  shoruk, 
from  shark,  the  east.]    An  oppressive  re- 
laxing wind  boming  from  Northern  Africa 
to  Italy,  Sicily,  &c.;  a  variety  of  the  Si- 
moom. 

Sirrah,  sir'a,  n.  [Icel.  sira,  sir,  sirrah,  from 
O.  Fr.  sire.  Sire.]  A  word  of  address, 
generally  equivalent  to  fellow,  or  to  sir, 
with  an  angry  or-  contemptuous  force 
added. 

Sirup.    Same  as  Syrup. 
Sirvente,  ser-vant,  n.    [Fr.,  lit.  a  poem  of 
■  service,  being  originally  a  poem  in  praise 
of  some  one,  from  L.  servio,  to  serve.]    In 
the  literature  of  the  middle  ages,  a  species 
of  poem  in  common  use  among,  the  Trou- 
badours and  Trouveres. 
Sisal-grass,  Slsal-hemp,  si-sal',  n.    The  pre- 
pared fibre  of  the  American  aloe,  used  for 
cordage:  from  Sisal,  in  Yucatan. 
Siskin,  sisldn,  n.    [Dan.  sisken,  Sw.  siska, 
G.  zeisig.]    A  well-known  European  song- 
bird of  the  finch  family,  of  colour  in  gen- 
eral greenish. 

Slssoo,  sis-sa',  n.  [Hind.]  A  valuable 
timber  tree  of  India. 

Sist,  sist,  v.t.  [  L.  sistere,  to  stop.  ]  Scots 
lav),  to  stop;  to  stay  (to  sist  proceedings); 
also  to  cite  or  summon. 
Sister,  sis'ter,  n.  [From  Icel.  systir,  Sw. 
syster,  a  si6ter=D.  zu^ier,  A.  Sax.  sweosier, 
Goth,  swistar,  G.  schwester,  sister;  cog. 
Bus.  sestra,  L.  soror,  Skr.  swasri.]  A  fe- 
male bom  of  the  same  parents  as  another 
person:  correlative  to  brother:  a  female 
.lellow-Christian;  a  female  belonging  to 


J'&te,ftlr.  fat  fall;  '  mC:  met,  h«r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tube,  tub,  bv)U:     oil,  pound;  >.fl,Sc.abune— the  Fr.n, 


SISTRUM 


635 


SKID 


tl"'  «anie  community  (as  the  nuns  in  a 
convent).  —  Sisters  of  Mercy.  Mercy.  — 
Siscerhood,  sis'ter-hud, ,».  The  state  of 
being  a  sister;  a  society  of  females  united 
in- one  faith  or  one  community. — Sister- 
in-law,  n.  A  husband's  or  wife's  sister; 
also  a  brother's  wif  e.— Sisterless.sis't^r-les. 
a.  Having  no  sister.  —  Sisterly,  sis't6r-li, 
a.  Like  a  sister;  becoming  a, sister. 

Eistrmu,  sis'trum,  n.  [L.,from  Or.  seistron, 
from  seio,  to  shake.]  A  jingling  instru- 
ment used  by  the  ancient  Egyptians  in 
their  religious  ceremonies,  consisting  of  a 
small  metal  frame  with  metal  rods  loosely 
inserted  in  it. 

Sisyphean,  sis-i-fe'an,  a.  [From  Sist/vhua, 
of  (jfreek  myth.,  punished  in  the  infernal 
world  by  having  to  roll  a  huge  stone  to 
the  top  of  a.  hill,  which  constantly  rolled 
down  again.]  Entailing  incessantly  re- 
curring toil;  recurring'  unceasingly  (a 
Sisyplieanta.sk). 

Sit,  sit,  y.i.— pret.  and  pp.  sat,  ppr.  sitting. 
[A.  Sax.  sittan—Icel.  sitja,  D.  zitten,  G. 
sitzen,  Goth,  sitan,  to  sit;  from  root  seen 
also  in  L.  sedeo,  to  sit,  sedes,  a  seat  (whence 
sedentary,  'siege,  &c.);  Skr.  sad,,  to  sit.  Set 
is  the  causative  of  this  verb;  seat  is  also 
akin.]  To  rest  upon  the  haunches;  to 
repose  on  a  seat ;  to  romain,"  rest,  abide; 
to  lie,  bear,  or  weigh  (grief  sits  heavy  on  his 
heart) ;  to  have  a  seat  or  position ;  to  be 
placed ;  to  incubate ;  to  cover  and  warm 
eggs  for  hatching;  to  be  suited  to  one's 
person ;  to  fit  or  suit  when  put  on ;  to  as- 
sume a  position  in  order  to  have  one's 
portrait  taken  or  a  bust  modelled;  to  have 
a  seat  in  Parliament  (he  sat  for  York);  to 
be  convened,  as  an  assembly ;  to  hold  a 
session;  to  be  officially  engaged  in  public 
business.  — '  To  sit  dawn,  to  place  one's  self 
on  a  seat ;  to  begin  a  siege  (the  enemy  sat 
down  before  the  town).— To  sit  out,  to  sit 
till  all  is  done.  —  To  sit  under,  to  attend 
church  for  the  purpose  of  hearing;  to  be  a 
member  of  the  congregation  of.  —  To  sit 
up,  to  rise  from  a  recumbent  posture;  to 
refrain  from  lying  down;  not  to  go  to  bed. 
•7-v.t.  To  keep  the  seat  upon  (he  sits  a 
horse  well);  to  place  on  a  seat :  used  with 
one's  self  J,  me,  thee,  &c.  —  Sitter,  sit'6r,  n. 
One  who  sits;  one  who  sits  for  his  portrait. 
— Sitting,  siting,  p.  and  a.  Holding  the, 
position  of  one  who'  sits ;  incubating;  oc- 
cupying a  place  in  an  official  capacity; 
holding  a  court. — n.  The  act  of  one  who 
Bits ;  the  occasion  on  which  one  sits  for  a 
portrait  or  a  bust ;  a  session ;  a  business 
meeting;  the  time  during  which  one  sits, 
as  at  books,  at  cards  or  dice;  the  space 
occupied  by  one  person  in  a  church  pew. 
—  Sitting-room,  n.  Sufficient  space  for 
sitting  in ;  an  apartment  for  sitting  in ;  a 
parlour. 

Site,  sit,  n.  [L.  situs,  site,  situation.]  Situ- 
ation, especially  as  regards  relation  to 
surroundings;  local  position;  a  plot  of 
ground  set  apart  for  building. 

Sitology,  Sitiology,  si-tol'o-ji,  sit-i-ol'o-ji, 
SI.  [Gr.  sitos,  sition,  food,  and  logos,  dis- 
course.] That  department  of  medicine 
which  relates  to  the  regulation  of  diet; 
dietetics.  —  Sitophobla,  Sitomania,  si-to- 
fo'bi-a,  si-to-ma'ni-a,  n.  [Gr.  phobos,  fear, 
Tiianiia,  madness.]  Morbid  repugnance  to 
or  refusal  of  food. 

3itua.te,^  sit'Q-at,  a.  [Fr.  situd^  situated, 
from  L.  situs,  a  site.]  Placed  with  respect 
to  any  other  object;  permanently  fixed; 
situated.— Situated,  sit'a-a-ted,  a.  [A  later 
form  of  situate,  but  now  nlore  common.] 
Having  a  site;  placed  or  permanently 
fixed  with  respect  to  any  other  object; 
being  in  any  state  or  condition  with  regard 
to  men  or  things;  circumstanced.— Situa- 
tion, sit-a-a'shon,  n.  [Fr.  situation.'}  Posi- 
tion or  location  in  respect  to  physical  sur- 
roundings; state,  condition,  or  position 
w^ith  respect  to  society  or  circumstances ; 
temporary  state  or  position;  place,  post,  or 
permanent  employment. 

Bitz-bath,  sits,  n.  [G.  sitz-bad — sitz,  a  seat, 
and  bad.  a  bath.]  A  form  of  bath  in  which 
one  can  oathe  sitting;  a  bath  taken  in  a  sit- 
ting posture. 

Biva,  si'va,  n.  Thfe  name  of  the  third  god 
of  the  Hindu  triad,  in  which  he  represents 
the-principle  of  destruction. 


Sivaji,  ei'van,  ».  The  third  month  of  the 
Jewish  year,  answering  to  part  of  May 
aud  part  of  June.  -  . 
Sivatherium,  si  -  va  -  the '  ri  r  um,  n.  [From 
Siva,  the  Indian  deity,  and  Gr.  thSrion,  a 
wild  animal.]  A  large  fossil  ruminant 
with  four  horns,  akin  to  the  antelopes. 
Six,  siks,  a. .  [A.  Sax.  six=Icel.  Dan.  and 
Sw.  sex,  D.  268,  G.  seeks,  Goth,  saihs,  L. 
sex,  Gr.  hex.  Per.  shesh,  Skr.  shash,  six.] 
Twice,  three;  one  more  than  five.— n.  The 
number  of  six  or  twice  three;  a  symbol 
representing  this  number,  as  6.— At  sixes 
and  sevens,  in  disorder  and  confusion. — 
Sixain,  sik'san,  n.  A  stanza  of  six  verses. 
— Slsfold,  silcs'fold,  a.  and  adv.  Six  times 
repeated.— Sixpence, siks'pens,»i.  AnEng- 
lish  silver  coin  of  the  value  of  six  pennies. 
—Sixpenny,  siks'pen-i,  a.  Worth  sixpence; 
costing  sixpence.— Six-shooter,  n.  .A  six- 
chambered  revolver  pistol.— Sixteen,  siks'- 
ten,  a.  and  n.  [A.  Sax.  sixtyne.}  Six  and 
ten;  consisting  of  six  and  ten. — Sixteenmo, ' 
6iks't5n-mo,n.  Sexto-decimo.— Sixteenth, 
siks'tenth,  a.  Next  in  order  after  the 
fifteenth.— n.  One  of  sixteen  equal  parts 
into  which  a  thing  is  divided.  —  Sixth, 
siksth,  a.  The  first  after  the  fifth.— re.  A 
si3(th  part;  mus.  an  interval  of  two  kinds, 
the  minor  sixth,  consisting  of  three  tones 
and  two  semitones,  and  the  major  sixth, 
composed  of  four  tones  and  a  semitone. — 
Sixtnly,  siksth'li,  adv.  In  the  sixth  place. 
—  Sixtieth,  sikg'ti-eth,  a.  Next  in  order 
after  the  fifty-ninth. — n.  One  of  sixty  equal 
parts  of  a  thing-.  —  Sixty;  siks'ti,  a.  and  n. 
[A.  Sax.  sixtig^  Ten  times  six;  the  sum  of 
•  six  times  ten. 
Sizar.    See  next  art. 

Size,  siz,  n.  [Contr.  for  assize,  and  meaning 
originally  quantity  or  dimensions  assessed 
or  settled.  Assess,  Assize.]  Extent  of 
volume  or  surface;  dimensions  great  or 
small;  comparative  magnitude;  oiilk;- a 
conventional  relative  measure  of  dimen- 
sion, as  of  shoes,  gloves,  &c.—v.t. — sized, 
sizing.  To  adjust  or  arrange  according  to 
size;  to  fix  the  standard  of.— Sizable,  si'- 
za-bl,  a.  Of  considerable  size;  of  suitable 
size;  sometimes  written  Sizeable.— Sized, 
sizd,  p.  and  a.  Having  a  particular  mag- 
nitude ;  commonly  used  in  compounds.— 
Sizer,  si'z6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
sizes;  a  kind  of  gauge.  —  Size-stick,  n.  A 
shoemaker's  '  measuring  stick.  —  Sizar, 
si'z^T,  n.  [Prom  size,  the  term  at  Cam- 
bridge for  an  allowance  of  food  from  the 
buttery.]  One  of  a  class  of  students  in 
Cambridge  University  who  get  their  com- 
-  mons  or  food  free  and  receive  certain 
emoluments,  rankipg  'below  the  ordinary 
students.  —  SizarsMp,  si'z^r-ship,  n.  The 
rank  of  a  sizar. 

Size,  siz,  n.  [It.  sisa,  assisd,  a  kind  of  glue, 
size,  akin  to.size  above,  meaning  a  settling 
substance.]  A  kind  of  weak  glue  used  by 
painters  (to  mix  with  colours),  paper- 
manufacturers,  &c.;  a.  tenacious  varnish 
used  by  gilders;  matter  resembling  size.— 
v,t.  —  sized,  sizing.  To  cover  with  size;  to 
prepare  with  size.  —  Siziness,  si'zi-nes,  n. 
The  qualityof  being  sizy. — Sizing,8i'zing,n. 
The  act  of  covering  with  size;  the  coating 
of  size.— Slzy,  si'zi,  a.  Containing  or  con- 
sisting of  size ;  glutinous ;  adhesive. 
Sizel,  si'zel.n.  Same  as  Scissel. 
Skain,  skan,  n.  A  skein. 
Skald,  skald,  n.  An  ancient  Scandibaviaa 
poet ;  a  scald. . 
Skat,  skat,  n.  Same  as  Scat. 
Skate,  skat,  n.  [From  D.  schaats,  or  Dan. 
skceite,  a  skate.]  A  contrivance  consisting 
of  a  steel  runner  or  ridge  fixed  to  a  wooden 
sole, or  to  a  light  iron  framework,  fastened 
under  the  foot,  and  used  to  enable  a  per- 
son to  glide  rapidly  over  ice.— v.i.— skated, 
skating'.  To  slide  or  move  on  skates. — 
Skater,  ska'tfir,  n.  One  who  skates.  — 
Skating-rink',  n.  A  prepared  area  for 
skating. 

Skate,  sl?5t,  n.  [I eel.  skata,  a  skate;  comp. 
L.  squatina,  the  angel-fisn.]  A  name  for 
.several  species  of  the  ray  family  of  fishes, 
having  the  body  flat,  and  more  or  less  ap- 
proaching to  a  rhomboidal  form. 
Bkean,  sken,  n.  [Gael,  sgian,  Ir.  scian,  "W. 
'vsgien,  a  large  knife.]  A  large  knife  used 
by  the  Irish  and  Highlanders  of  Scotland. 


—  Skean-dhu,  sken'do,  n.  [Gael,  sgian- 
diibh,  black  knif^l  The  knife  wnich, 
when  the  Highland  costume  is  worn,  is 
stuck  in  the  stocking. 

Skeet,  sket,  n.  A  long  scoop  used  to  wet 
the  decks  and  sides  of  a  ship.      '    ' 

Skeg,  skeg,  n.  [Icel.  skegg,  a  beard,  the 
cut-water  of  a  ship.]  The  afterpart  of  a 
ship's  keel.— pJ.  A  kind  of  oats. 

Bkeui,  skan,  n.  I  Fr.  escaignej  of  Celtic 
origin.]  A  small  liank  of  tteead;  a  certain 
quantity  of  yarn  put  up  together.  . 

Skeleton,  skel'e-ton,  n.  [Gr.  s/wZcf  oji,  a  dried 
body,  a  mummy,  skelstos,  dried  up,  from 
skello,  to  dry.]  The  hard  firm  pieces  con- 
stituting the  framework  which  sustains 
the  softer  parts  of  any  animal,  in  verte- 
brates consisting  of  bony  pieces;  the  bones 
of  an  animal  body  separated  from  the 
flesh  and  retained  in  their  natural  posi- 
tion; the  supporting  framework  of  any- 
thing; an  outline  or  rough  draft;  the 
heads  and  outline  of  a  literary  perfor- 
mance; a  very  thin  or  lean  person.— .4. 
skeleton  in  every  house,  something  to  an- 
noy and  to  be  concealed  in  every  family. 
— a.  Containing  mere-  outlines  or  heads' 
(a  skeleton  sermon).  —  Skeleton  proof,  an 
early  proof  of  an  engraving  with  the  in- 
scription outlined  in  hair-strokes  only. — 
A  skeleton  regiment,  one  the  officers  of 
which  are  kept  up  aifter'the  men  are  dis- 
banded. —  Skeletonize,  skel'6-ton-iz,  v.  t. 
To  form  into  a  skeleton ;  to  make  a  skele- 
ton of  .—Skeletal,  skel'e-tal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  skeleton.— Skeletology,  skel-e-tol'o-ji, 
It.  The  branch  of  anatomical  science  that 
treats  of  the  solid  parts  of  the  body. — 
bkeleton-key,  n.  A  thin  light  key  witji 
nearly  the  whole  substance  of  the.  bits  ' 
filed  away. 

Skep,  skep,  n.  [A.  Sax.  seep,  a  hasket,  chest, 
box.]  A  sort  of  basket,  narrow  at  the  bot- 
tom and  wide  at  the  top;  in  Scotland,  a 
bee-hive.  ■  -  • - 

Skeptic,  Skeptical,  &c.  Soefticj.  Sceptical, 
&c. 

Skerry,  sker'i,  n.  [Icel.  sker,  a  Skerry,  and 
ey,  an  island;  akin  Dan.  skar,  E.  scar, 
scaur.]  A  rocky  isle;  an  insulated  rock. 

Sketch,  skech,-m.  [O.Fr.  esquiche.  Mod.  Fr. 
esquisse,  from  It.  schizzo,  a  sketch,  from 
L.  schedius,  Gr.  schedios,  offhand,-sudden.] 
An  outline  or  general  delineation  of  any- 
thing; a  first  rough  or  incomplete  draught; 
a  picture  rapidly  executed  and  intended 
to  give  the  general  features  or  character- 
istic aspect;  the  first  embodiment  of  an 
artist's  idea  in  clay,  on  canvas,  or  on 
paper.— i».t.  To  draw  a  sketch  of;  to  make 
a  rough  draft  of:  to  give  the  principal 
points  or  ideas  or;  to  delineate. — v.i.  To 
practise  sketching.- Sketcher,  skech'er,  n. 
One  who  sketches.— Sketchily,  skech'i-li, 
adv.    In  a  sketchy  manner.— Skotchiness, 

_skech'i-nes,  n.  State  of  being  sketchy. — 
Sketchy,  skech'i,  a.  Possessing  the  char- 
acter of  a  sketch;  not  executed  with  finish 
c  carefulness  of  detail;  unfinished. 

Skew,  sku,  a.  [Closely  akin  to  Dan.  skiev, 
Icel.  skeijr,  L.G.  schewe,  oblique,  askew; 
allied  to  shy.]  Having  an  oblique  position; 

"  turned  or  twisted  to  one  side.— adf .  Awry; 
obliquely. — v.t.  -To  put  askew;  to  shape  or 
form  in  an  oblique  way.— Skew-arch,  n. 
An  arch  which  is  not  at  right  angles  to  its 
abutments.  —  Skew -bald,  sku 'bald,  a. 
Spotted  or  piebald,  the  spots  being  white 
and  some  other  colour  than  black.-^Skew- 
bridge,  n.  A  bridge  constructed  with  a 
skew-arch,  or  set  obliquely  over- a  road, 
&c. — Skew-plane,  n.  A  plane  in  which  the 
edge  of  the  iron  is  obliquely  across  the 
face.  , 

Skewer,  skQ'fer,  n.  fProv.  E.  skiver,  a  skewer 
■■=  shiver,  a  splinter.]  A  pin  of  wood  or  iron 
for  fastening  meat  to  a  spit  or  for  keeping 
it  in  form  wliile  roasting.  —  v.t.  To  fasten 
with  skewers;  to  pierce  or  transfix. 

Skid,  skid,  n.  [A.  Sax.  scide,  Icel.  skith,  a 
billet  of  wood.]  A  piece  of  timber  to  pre- 
serve a  ship's  side  from  in'ury  by  heavy 
bodies  hoisted  or  lowered  against  it;  a  log 
forming  an  inclined  plane  in  loading  or 
unloading  heavy  articles  from  trucks,  &c.; 
a  drag  for  the  wheels  of  a  wagon  or  car- 
iin.se.— v.t— skidded,  skidding.  To  check 
with  a  skid. 


cbiCAaiOi     ch^^,lQch;_8,oo;    g,iob;_  ii,  Fr.  ton;     ag,  siny;     th,  tAen;  th,  iAin;     w,  wig;     wh,  w7*ig;    zh,  asure. 


SKIEY 


636 


SLANDElt 


Bkiey,  ski'i,  a.    Skyey. 

Bkiff,  skif,  n.  [Fr.  esquif,  from  O.G.  set/, 
3Iod.  U.  sc/tiiT,  a  ship.  Ship.]  A  popular 
liame  for  any  small  boat. 

Skill,  skil,  n.  IFrom  Icel.  skil,  Dan.  stieZ, 
discrimination,  discernment,  from  stem 
of  Icel.  skitja,  A.  Sax.  scylan,  to  divide,  to 
separate,  to  distinguish.  Scale, shell,  scalp, 
scull,  shale,  are  akin.J  Discernment ;  un- 
derstanding; knowledge;  wit;  familiar 
knowledge  of  any  art  or  science,  united 
with  readiness  and  dexterity  in  execution 
or  performance;  nice^rt  in  the  application 
of  knowledge  of  any  kind ;  power  to  dis- 
cern and  execute ;  dexterity ;  aptitude.— 
Skilful,  skil'ful,  a.  Having  skill;  skilled; 
weU  versed  in  any  art;  dexterous;  expert; 
displaying  or  done  with  skill;  clever.— 
Skilfully,  skil'fiU-li, ady.  In  a  skilful  man- 
ner; dexterously;  expertly.— Skilfulness, 
skil'ful-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  skil- 
ful.—Skilled,  skild,  a.  Having  skill  or 
familiar  knowledge,  united  with  readiness 
and  dexterity ;  expert ;  skilful.— Skilless, 
skil'les,  a.    Wanting  skill. 

Skillet,  skil'et,  n.  [O.  Fr.  escveUette,  dim. 
of  escuelle,  from  L.  sattella,  a  dish.  Scct- 
TLE.l  A  small  metal  vessel  with  a  long 
handle,  used  for  boiling  water  and  other 
culinary  purposes. 

Bkilllgalee,-  SkiUigolee.  skil'i-ga-le",  skil'i- 
go-le",  n.  [Etym.  douotful.)  A  thin  kind 
of  broth  or  soup,  such  as  is  served  out  to 
prisoners,  paupers,  &c. 

Skim,  skim,  v.  t.  —  skimmed,  skimming. 
[From  scum,  like  fiU  irom  fiill.)  To  lift 
the  scum  from;  to  clear  from  any  sub- 
stance floating  on  the  top;  to  take  off 
from  a  surface;  to  pass  near  the  surface 
of ;  to  pass  over  lightly ;  to  glance  over  in 
a  superficial  manner  (to  skim  a  newspaper 
article). — v.i.  To  pass  lighly;  to  glide 
along. — Skimmer,  skim'Sr,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  skims ;  a  flat  dish  or  ladle  for 
skimming  liquors  j  an  aquatic  swimming 
bird,  called  also  scissor-bill,  from  its  pecu- 
liar bill.— Skim-milk,  n.  Milk  from  which 
the  cream  has  been  taken.— Skimmingly, 
Bkim'ing-li,  adv.  By  gliding  along  a  sur- 
face. 

Skin,  skin,  n.  ISame  as  Icel.  and  Sw.  skinn, 
Dan.  skbid,  skin.]  The  external  coating, 
layer,  or  tissue  of  most  animals;  a  hide;  a 
pelt;  the  skin  of  an  animal  separated  from 
the  body>  the  skin  of  an  animal  used  as  a 
vessel  {wine-s^-m);  any  external  covering 
resembling  skin  in  appearance  or  use;  the 
bark  or  husk  of  a  plant;  the  exterior  coat 
of  fruits  and  plants.— y.tr-sArinned,  skin- 
ning. To  strip  the  skin  or  hide  from ;  to 
flaj';  to  peel.— y.i.  To  become  covered  with 
skin  (a  wound  slAns  over).— Skin-deep,  a. 
Not  penetrating  beyond  the  skin;  super- 
ficial; slight.— Skinflint,  skin'flint,  n.  A 
very  niggardly  person.— Sklnfta,  skin'ful, 
n.  As  much,  as  the  stomach  will  hold.'— 
Skinlesii,  skin'les,  o.  Having  no  skin. — 
Skinner,  skin'fer,  n.  One  who  skins;  one 
v/ho  deals  in  skins,  pelts,  or  hides.  — 
Skinny,  skin'i,  a.  Consisting  of  skin,  or 
of  little  more  than  skin;  wanting  flesh. — 
Skinninesa,  skin'i-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  skinny.— Skin-wool,  n.  Wool  pulled 
from  the  dead  skin. 

Sklnk,  skingk,  n.  [Gr.  skingkoa,  a  kind  of 
Ihard.  ]    A  small  lizard  of  Egypt,  &c. 

Ekip,  skip,  v.i.— skipped,  skipping.  [Akin 
to  Sw.  akira'pa,  to  run,  skumj)a,  skmnpa, 
to  skip.]  To  fetch  quick  leaps  or  bounds: 
to  spring;  to  jump  lightly;  to  pass  without 
notice  in  reading ;  to  make  omissions  in 
■writinif:  often  followed  by  mer.—v.t.  To 
pass  with  a  bound;  to  pass  over  intention- 
ally in  reading.— ji.  A  leap;  a  bound;  a 
spring.— SUip-j  ack,  n.  An  upstart;  a  name 
given  to  certain  beetles,  from  their  being 
able  to  spring  into  the  air,  and  thus  regain 
their  feet  when  laid  on  their  backs.  — 
Skipper,  6kip'6r,  n.  '  One  who  skips ;  tho 
cheese  maggot.— Skipping,  skip'ing,  p.  and 
a.  Given  to  skip;  moving  with  leaps. — 
SkipjrfnglT,  skip'ing-li,  adv.    By  skips  or 

leaps Siupping-rope,  n.   A  small  roi)e 

•which  young  persons  swing  under  their 
feet  and  over  their  heads  in  play. 

Skip,  skip,  rt.  [A.  Sax.  seep,  a  box,  basket. 
Ac]  A  box  or  basket  for  i-aising  material 
from  mines;  a  large  ba.,l£et  on  wheels. 


Skip,  skip,  n.  [Icel.  skipa,  to  place  in  order, 
to  arrange.]  In  the  games  of  bowls  and 
curling,  an  experienced  player  chosen  by 
each  of  the  rival  sides  as  their  director  or 
captain. 

Skipper,  skip'6r,  n.  [D.  schipper,  lit.  a 
shipper,  from  schip,  a  ship.  '  Ship.]  The 
master  of  a  small  trading  or  merchant  ves- 
sel; a  sea  captain. 

BKlrmiah,  skfer'mish,  n.  [O.Fr.  eskermir,  to 
fence;  It.  schirmire;  from  O.H.G.  skirmair, 
to  fignt,  to  defend  one's  self,  from  skirm, 
a  shield.]  A  slight  fight  in  war,  especially 
between  small  parties;  a  short,  desultory 
kind  of  engagement;  a  short  contest  of 
any  kind;  a  contention.  —  v.i.  To  fight 
Slightly  or  in  small  parties.— Skirmisher, 
sker'mish-fer,  n.    One  that  skirmishes. 

Skirret,  skir'et,'  n.  [Contr.  for  sugar-root, 
the  root  containing  much  sugar.]  An 
Asiatic  plant,  the  water-parsuep,  culti- 
vated in  Europe  for  its  esculent  tuberous 
root,  somewhat  resembling  the  paxsnep. 

Skirrhns,  skir'rus,  n.    ScikKHUs. 

Skirt,  sk6rt,  n.  [The  older  form  of  shirt.^ 
The  lower  and  loose  part  of  a  coat  or  other 
garment;  the  edge  of  any  part  of  dress; 

•border;  margin;  extreme  part;  a  woman's 
garment  like  a  petticoat;  the  diaphragm 
or  midriff  in  animals. — v.t  To  border;  to 
form  the  border  or  edge  of;  to  run  along 
the  edge  of.— v.i.  To  be  on  the  border. — 
Skirting,  sk6r'ting,  n.  Material  for  mak- 
ing skirts;  a  skirting-board.  —  Skirting- 
board,  n.  The  board  placed  round  the 
bottom  of  the  wall  of  a  room. 

Skit,  skit,  n.  [From  A.  Sax.  scyte,  lit.  a 
shooting,  from  scedtan,  to  shoot.  Shoot.] 
A  satirical  or  sarcastic  attack;  a  pasquin- 
ade; a  squib. — Skittish,  skit'ish,  a.  [Comp. 
Prov.  E.  skit,  hasty.]  Easily  frigntenea; 
shy;  wanton;  volatile;  changeable;  fickle. 
—Skittishly,  skit'ish-li,  adv.  In  a  skittish 
manner.  —  Skittishness,  skit'ish-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  skittish;  shyness; 
fickleness;  wantonness. 

Skittles,  skit'lz,  n.  pi.  [From  stem  of  A. 
Sax.  scedtan,  to  shoot,  because  shot  at. 
(Skit,  Shoot.)  Shuttle  is  the  same  word.] 
A  game  played  with  nine  pins  set  upright 
at  one  end  of  a  skittle-alley,  the  object  of 
the  player  being  to  knock  them  over  with 
as  few  throws  as  possible  of  a  ball.  — 
Skittle-alley,,  Skittle-ground,  n.  An  ob- 
long court  in  which  the  game  of  skittles 
is  played.— Skittle-ball, ».  A  disc  of  hard- 
wood for  throwing  at  the  pins  in  skittles. 

Skiver,  ski'v6r,  n.  [Akin  to  shive.]  An  in- 
ferior leather  made  of  split  sheep-skin. 

Skonce,  skons.    Sconce. 

Skorodite,  skor'o-dit,  n.    Scorodite. 

Skna,  Skua-gull,  sku'a,  n.  [N.  skua,  Icel. 
skufr,  the  skua.]  A  powerful  predatory 
bird  of  the  guU  family  with  strong  hooked 
beak  and  claws. 

Skulk,  skulk,  v.i.  [Dan.  skulke,  to  sneak, 
allied  to  skiule,  Icel.  skjdl,  a  cover,  a  hid- 
ing-place.] To  lurk;  to  keep  in  a  place  of 
concealment;  to  get  out  of  the  way  in  a 
sneaking  manner;  to  shun  doing  one's 
duty.— Skulk,  Skulker,  skulk,  skul'kSr,  n. 
A  person  who  skulks  or  avoids  performing 
duties.— Skulkingly,  skul'king-li,  odv.  In 
a  skulking  manner. 

Skull,  skul,  n.  [Same  as  Sw.  skull,  skoU,  a 
bowl  or  drinking-cup;  Dan.  skal,  a  shell. 
hjemeskal,  the  skuU  (lit.  brain-shell);  the 
skull  being  so  called  from  forming  a  kind 
of  vessel.  Allied  to  scale  {of  a  balance) 
and  to  shell.]  The  cranium  or  bony  case 
that  forms  the  framework  of  the  head  and 
incloses  the  brain;  the  brain  as  the  seat  of 
intelligence.— Skull-cap,  n.  A  cxp  fitting 
closely  to  the  head  or  skull.— Skulless, 
Bkulles,  a.    Having  no  skull. 

Skulpin,  skul'pin,  n.    Sculpin. 

Skunk,  skungk,  n.  [Contr.  from  native 
American  seganku.^  An  American  car- 
nivorous quadruped  of  the  Weasel  family, 
provided  with  glands  from  which  the  ani- 
mal can  emit  at  pleasure  an  extremely 
fetid  fluid. 

Bkurry,  skur'ri,  n.  and  t/.    Scurry. 

Sky,  ski,  n.  [Same  as  Icel.  «At?,  .Dan.  and 
Sw.  gky,  a  cloud;  allied  to  A.  Sax.  acHa,  a- 
shade ;  also  to  E.  shade.  Shade.]  The' 
apparent  arch  or  vault  of  heaven;  the  fltr- 
mament;  that  portion  of  the  ethereal 


region  in  which  meteorological  pheno- 
mena take  place;  the  region  of  cloud.-;:  the 
plural  skies  is  often  used  in  the  same 
sense;  weather;  cUmate.— Open  sky,  open 
air;  sky  with  no  intervening  cover  or 
shelter.— Sky-blue,  a.  Of  the  blue  colour 
of  the  sky.— Sky-bom,  a.  Of  heavenly 
birth.  —  Sky-coloured,,  a.  Like  the  sky 
in  colour;  blue;  azure.  —  Skyey,  ■  ski'i, 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  sky;  ethereal.— 
Sky-high,  a.  High  as  the  sky;  very 
high.— Sky-lark,  n.  A  lark  that  mounts 
and  sings  as  it  flies,  the  common  lark  of 
Britain.— Sky-larking,  n.  Sportive  gam- 
bols in  the  rigging  of  a  ship;  frolicking  or 
tricks  of  various  kinds.— Sky-light,  n.  A 
window  placed  in  the  roof  of  a  house,  and 
having  the  same  slope;  a  glazed  aperture 
in  a  ship's  deck.— Sky-rocket,  n.  A  rocket 
that  ascends  high  and  bums  as  it  flies;  a 
species  of  firework.— Sky-sail,  n.  A  sail  in 
a  square-rigged  vessel,  next  above  the 
royal:  sometimes  called  a  Sky-scraper 
when  it  is  triangular.— Skjrward,  ski'wferd, 
a.  and  adv.    Toward  the  sky. 

Slab,  slab,  a.  [Comp.  Icel.  sZa6&,  rhud,  mire; 

■  Ir.  slaib,  mud.]  Thick  and  sUmy;  viscous. 
— Slabby,  slab'i,  a.  Viscous;  muday;  slimy; 
sloppy. 

Slab,  slab,  n.  [Perhaps  for  sklab,  and 
allied  to  Sc.  skelb,  a  thin  slice,  E:  shelf.}  A 
thin  flat  regularly  shaped  piece  of  any- 
thing, as  of  marble  or  other  stone;  an  out- 
side _piece  taken  from  round  timber  in  saw- 
ing it  into  boards,  planks,  &c. 

Blabber,  slab'6r,  v.i.  [Same  as  D.  and  L.G. 
slabberen,  G.  schlabbej-n,  to  slabber,  freqs. 
of  slabberi,  schlabben,  to  lap;  slaver  is  akin.] 
To  let  the  saliva  fall  from  the  mouth 
carelessly;  to  drivel;  to  slaver.— v.t.  To  sup 
up  hastily,  as  liquid  food;  to  beslobber;  to 
besmear.— n.  Slimy  moisture  from  the 
mouth;  slaver.  "    , 

Black,  slak,  a.  [A.  Sax.  sUac,  slack,  slow= 
O.D.  and  L.G.  slakk,  Icel.  slakr,  Sw.  slak; 
same  root  (with  s  prefixed)  as  L.  languid^is, 
languid,  Zaa;u«,  lax.  Languish.]  Not  tense 
or  tightly  drawn;  loose;  relaxed;  back- 
ward; not  using  due  diligence;  not  earnest 
or  eager;  not  in  a  press  of  business;  not 
busy;  dull  as  regards  trade. — Slack  water, 
the  time  when  the  tide  runs  slowly,  be- 
tween ebb  and  flow.— odu.  In  a  slack  man- 
ner. —  n.  The  part  of  a  rope  that  bangs 
loose;  small  coal  screened  from  household 
or  furnace  coal  of  good  quality. — Slack, 
Slacken,  slak'n,  v.i.  To  become  less  tense 
or  tight;  to  become  remiss  or  backward; 
to  become  less  violent ;  to  abate ;  to  lan- 
guish; to  flag. — v.t.  To  lessen  the  tension 
of ;  to  loosen ;  to  relax ;  to  remit  for  want 
of  eagerness;  to  abate;  to  retard;  to  re- 
pre'ks;  to  check. — Slackly,  slak'U,  adv.  In 
a  slack  manner;  loosely;  negligently;  ra- 
'missly.— Slackness,  slak'nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  slack;  looseness;  remissness;  in- 
attention; slowness;  backwardness. 

Slack,  slak,  v.t.  and'i;    Same  as  Slake. 

Slag,  slag, «.  [Same  as  Sw.  slagg,  G.  schJacke, 
slag;  comp.  Icel.  slagna,  to  flow  over;  slag, 
alagi,  dampness.]  The  scoria  from  a  smel- 
ting furnace  or  from  a  volcano;  vitrified 
mineral  matter  removed  in  the  reduction 
of  metals;  the  fused  dross  of  metal  in  a 
smelting  furnace.— Slaggy,  slag'i,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  slag. 

Slain,  slan,  pp.  of  slay. 

Slake,  slak,  v.t.  —  flaked,  slaking.  [Icel. 
slokva,  to  slake;  .Sw.  sl&cka,  to  quench 
thirst;  akin  to  slack.']  To  quench  (thirst, 
fire,  rage);  to  extinguish;  to  abate;  to  re- 
duce (quicklime)  to  the  state  of  powder  by 
mixing  with  water.— !j;.t.  To  be  quenched; 
to  become  extinct;  to  Blacken;  to  abate;  to 
decrease.  —  Slakeless,  slak'les,  a.  Inca- 
pable of  being  slaked;  quenchless;  insa- 
tiable. 

Slam,  slam,  v.t.— ■slammed,  slamming. 
[Same  as  Icel.  slcema,  alamra,  to  saving,  to 
slam;  comp.  Sw.  tlamra,  to  jingle.]  To 
close  (a  door,  a  lid)  with  force  and  noise; 
to  shut  with  violence;  to  bang.— v.i.  To 
shut  or  be  closed  violently  or  noisily,  as  a 
door.— 11.  A  violent  shutting  of  a  door. 

Blander,  slan'dfer,  n.  [O.E.  sclcmnder,  es- 
claundre,  from  Fr.  esclandre,  from  L.  scan- 
datum,  Gr.  skandalon;  so  that  this  word  is 
simply  scandcJ  in  another  form.]   A  falm 


Fate,  f^,  fat,  foUi     me,  met,  b6ri     pine,  pin;    note,  uot,  miive;     tabe,tub,b^;    oil,  pound;    u,  Sc  abuae— the  Fr.  «• 


SLANG 


637 


SLEEZY 


tale  or  report  maliciously  uttered,  and 
tending  to  injure  the  reputation  of  an- 
other; the  uttering  of  such  reports;  asper- 
sion; defamation;  detraction. — v.'t.  To  de- 
fame by  slander;  to  injure  by  maliciously 
uttering  a  false  report  respecting ;  to  ca- 
lumniate.— Slanderer,  slan'dfer-er,  n.  One 
who  slanders;  a  calumniator;  a  defamer.— 
Slanderous,  slan'd6r-us,  a.  Given  to  slan- 
der; uttering  slander;  containing  slander 
or  defamation;  calumnious.— Slanderous- 
ly, slan'dfer-us-li,  adv.  In  a  slanderous 
manner ;  calumniously.— Slanderousness, 
slan'd6r-us-nes,  n. 

Blang,  slang,  n.  [Connected  with  sling. 
being  originally  abusive  language  hurled 
at  a  person.]  Colloquial  language  current 
among  a  certain  class  or  classes,  educated 
or  uneducated,  but  having  hardly  the 
stamp  of  general.approval,  and  often  to  be 
regarded  as  iiielegant,  incorrect,  or  even 
vulgar:  often  used  adjectively  (a  alano 
word  or  expression).— t».i.  To  use  slang;  to 
engage  in  vulgar,  abusive  language. — v.t. 
'IJo  address  with  slang  orribaldry;  to  abuse, 
with  vulgar  language.— Slangey,  Slangy, 
8lang'i,a.  Of  the  nature  of  slang;  addicted 
to  the  use  of  slang. 

Slank,  slangk,  a  pret.  of  slink. 

Slant,  Blant,  a.  [Akin  to  Prov.  E.  slent,  to 
slope;  Sw.  sHnta,  to  slide  or  glide  down; 
perhaps  also  to  slide.]  Sloping;  oblique; 
inclined  from  a  direct  line,  whether  hori- 
zontal or  perpendicular. — v.t.  To  give  a 
slant  or  sloping  direction  to. — v.i.  To  slope; 
to  lie  obliquely.— n.  An  oblique  direction 
or  plane;  a  slope.— Slantingly,  slan'ting-li, 
adv.  In  a  slanting  manner.  —  Slantly, 
Slantwise,  slant'li,  slant' wiz,  adv.  ob- 
liquely; in  an  inclined  direction. 

Slap,  slap,  n.  [Same  as  L.G.  slappe,  Q. 
ecklappe,  a^lap,  alappen,  8chlappen,to  slap; 
probably  from  the  sound.]  A  blow  given 
with  the  open  hand,  or  with  something 
hroa,d.— v.t— slappedy  slapping.  To  strike 
with  the  open  hand  or  with  something 
bread. — adv.  With  a  sudden  and  violent 
blow;  plump.  —  Slap-dash,  adv.  AH  at 
once;  in  a  careless  manner;  at  random. 
fCoUoq.] 

Blcsh,  slash,  v.<.  [O.Fr.escleschert^scUscher, 
from  O.H.G.  slizan,  to  split=E.  to  slit. 
Slit.]  To  cut  by  striking  at  random;  to 
cut  with  long  incisions;  to  slit'  (to  slash  a 
garment). — v.i.  To  strike  at  random  with 
au  edged  instrument. — n.  A  long  cut ;  a 
cut  made  at  random;  a  large  slit  in  the 
thighs  and  arms  of  old  dresses,  to  show  a 
rich  coloured  lining  through  the  openings. 
—Slashed,  slasht,  p.anda.  Cut  with  a  slash 
or  slashes;  gashed;  having  slashes  or  long 
narrow  openings,  as  a  sleeve,  &c. — Slash- 
ing, slash'ing,  p.  and  a.  Cutting  up,  sar- 
castic, or  severe  {slashing^  criticism). 

Slat,  slat,  rt.  [Perhaps  akin  to  slate  or  slit.] 
A  long  narrow  slip  of  wood,  as  in  a  Vene- 
tian blind. 

Blate,  slat,  n.  [O.E.  and  So.  sdate,  O.Pf. 
esclat  (Fr.  4clat),  a  splinter,  from  esclater, 
to  fly  in  splinters,  from  0.  H.  G.  slizan, 
to  split  (E.  to  slit).]  A  name  common  to 
such  rocks  as  are  capable  of  being  split 
readily  into  thin  laminae  in  accordance 
with  the  planes  of  cleavage;  a  slab  or  thin 
piece  of  smooth  argillaceous  stone,  used 
for  covering  buildings;  a  tablet  for  writing 
upon,  formed  of  slate,  or  of  an  imitation 
of  slate. — v.t.— slated,  slating.  To  cover 
with  slates. — Slate-clay,  n.  A  sort  of  hard 
fissile  shale.— Slate-gray,  a.  Gray  with  a 
bluish  tinge.  —  Slate-pencil,  n.  A  pencil 
of  soft  slate,  used  for  writing  on  slate 
tablets  in  schools,  &c.  —  Slater,  sla'tfir,  n. 
One  whose  occupation  is  to  slatebuildings; 
a  popular  name  given  to  small  crustaceoua 
animals  belonging  to  the  isopods.— Slatl- 
ness,  sla'ti-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
-slaty;  slaty  character.  —  Slating,  sla'ting, 
n.  The  operation  of  covering  roofs  with 
slates;  the  slates  thus  put  on. — Slaty,  sla'- 
ti,  a.  Resembling  slate;  having  the  nature 
or  properties  of  slate.  —  Slat]/  cleavage, 
cleavage  of  rocks  into  thin  plates  or  1am- 
inss  in  planes  oblique  to  the  stratification. 

Slattern,  slat'6m,  n.  [From  Prov.E.  slat- 
ter,  to  spill  carelessly,  to  waste;  akin  to 
Icel.  sletta,  to  squirt;  or  akin  to  G.  schlot- 
Urig,  negligent;  D.  slodderen,  to  hang  and 


flap.]  A  woman  who  suffers  her  clothes 
and  house  to  be  in  disorder;  one  who  is 
not  tidy;  a  slut.— a.  Resembling  a  slattern; 
slovenly;  slatternly.- Slatternliness,  slat'- 
6m-li-nes,  n.  State  of  being  slatternly. — 
Slatternly,  slat'ern-li,  o.  Pertaining  to 
a.  slattern;  sluttish. 

Slaughter,  sla'ter,  n.  [From  the  stem  of 
slay;  saijie  as  Icel.  aldtr,  raw  flesh,  sldtra, 
to  slaughter.  Slay.)  The  act  of  slaying 
or  killing;  great  destruction  of  life  by  vio- 
lent means;  carnage;  butchery;  a  killing 
of  beasts  for  market. — v.t.  To  slay;  to  mas- 
sacre; to  butcher;  to  kill  for  the  market.— 
Slaughterer,  sla'ter-er,  n.  One  who  slaugh- 
ters; a  person  employed  in  slaughtering; 
a  butcher.— Slaughter-house,  n.  A  house 
where  beasts  are  killed  for  the  market;  an 
abattoir.— Slaughterous,  sla't6r-u3,a.  Bent 
on  killing;  murderous.- Slaughterously, 
8la't6r-u8-li,  adv.  Murderously. 
Slav,  Slav,  n.  One  of  a  race  of  Eastern 
Europe,  comprising  the  Russians,  Bulga- 
rians, Servians,  Poles,  Bohemians,  &c. — 
Slavic,  Slavonic,  Slavonian,  slav'ik,  sla- 
von'ik,  sla-vo'ni-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Slavs  or  Slavonians,  or  to  their  language. 
— n.  The  language  of  the  Slavs,  belonging 
to  the  family  of  Aryan  tongues. 
Slave,  Slav,  n.  [Fr.  esclave,  from  G.  sklave, 
originally  a  Slavonian,  a  captive  Slavoni- 
an. J  A  bond-servant;  a  person  who  is  wholly 
subject  to  the  will  of  another;  a  human 
being  who  Is  the  property  of  another;  ono 
wholly  under  the  dominion  of  any  power 
(a  slave  to  passion,  to  fear);  an  abject 
wretch ;  a  drudge. "  ISUxve  is  used  in  the 
formation  of  various  self -explanatory  com- 
pounds, as  slave -breeder,  slave -catcher, 
slave-dealer,  slave-market,  slave-inerchant, 
slave-oumer,&c.y— v.i.— slaved,  slaving.  To 
drudge;  to  toil;  to  labour  as  a  slave.— 
Slave-born,  a.  Bom  in  slavery.  —  Slave- 
driver,  n.  An  overseer  of  slaves  at  their 
work ;  hence,  a  severe  or  cruel  master. — 
Slave-grown,  a.  Grown  or  produced  by 
slave  labour. — Slave-holder,  n.  One  who 
owns  slaves. — Slaver,  sla'v^r,  n.  A  person 
engaged  in  the  slave-trade;  a  slave-trader; 
a' vessel  engaged  in  the  slave-trade.— 
Slavery,  sla'v6r-i,  n.  The  state  or  condi- 
tion of  a  slave;  bondage;  coijiplete  sub- 
jection; the  system  of  keeping  or  hold- 
ing slaves;  exhausting  and  mean  labour; 
drudgery.  .*.  Syn.  under  Servitude. — 
Slave-trade,  n.  The  business  of  purchas- 
ing or  stealing  men  and  women,  and  sell- 
ing them  for  slaves.— Slavish,  sla'vish,  a. 
Pertaining  to  slaves ;  such  as  becomes  a 
slave;  servile;  consisting  in  drudgery. — 
Slavishly,  sla'vish-li,  adv.  In  a  slavish 
manner.  —  Slavishness,  sla'vish-nesj  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  slavish. 
Slaver,,  slav'fer,  v.i.  [Icel.  slafr,  slaver, 
sla/ra,  to  slaver;  akin  to  slabber,  slobber.) 
To  suffer  the  spittle  to  issue  from  the 
mouth;  to  be  besmeared  with  saliva.— 
v.t.  To  smear  with  saliva.— n.  Saliva  driv- 
elling from  the  mouth;  diivel. — Slaverer, 
slav'fer-er,  n.  One  who  slavers. 
Slavonic.  .Under  Slav. 
Slay,  sis,,  v.t— pret.  slew;  pp.  slain.  [A.Sax. 
tlahan,  or  contr.  sledn,  to  beat,  to  slay;  D. 
slaan,  Icel.  sld,  Goth,  slahan,  6.  schlagen; 
akin  slaughter,  sledge  (-hammer).]  To  put 
to  death  in  any  violent  or  sudden  manner; 
to  kill;  to  destroy;  to  ruin.— Slayer,  sla'6r, 
n.  One  that  slays;  a  killer;  a  murderer. 
Slay,  sla,  n.  A  weaver's  reed;  a  sley.  Sley. 
Sleave,  slev,  n.  [Probably  akin  to  slip; 
comp.  6.  schlei/e,  aloop,  a  knot.]  Soft  floss 
or  unspun  silk  used  for  weaving. '  [Shak.] 
Sleazy,  sle'zi,  a.  [Comp.  G.  schleiszig,  worn 
out,  thread-bare,  from  schleiszen,  to  split, 
to  wear  out.  Slit.]  Thin;  flimsy;  wanting 
firmness  of  texture  (sleazy  ailkor  muslin). 
Bled,  sled,  n.  [D.  slede,  sleede,  a  sled;  Dan. 
slcede,  Icel.  sledi;  from  stem  of  slide.]  A 
sledge. — v.t. — sledded,  sledding.  To  convey 
or  transport  on  a  sled. 
Sledge,  Sledge-hammer,  slej,  n.  [A.  Sax. 
slecge,  a  hammer,  from  slahan,  slagan,  to 
strike,  to  slay;  so  Icel.  sleggia,  a  sledge- 
hammer. Slay.]  A  large  heavy  hammer 
used  chiefly  by  smiths. 
Sledge,  slej,  n.  [Formed  from  sled,  or  per- 
haps directly  from  D.sleedie,  dim.  of  sleede, 
a  sled.]  A  vehicle  mounted  on  runners  for 


the  conveyance  of  loads  over  snow  or  ice, 
or  the  bare  ground;  a  sled;  a  travelling 
carriage  mounted  on  runners;  a  sleigh; 
the  hurdle  on  which  traitors  were  former- 
ly drawn  to  execution. — v.t.&wii.— sludged, 
sledging.  To  convey  or  travel  in  a  sledge 
or  sledges.  —  Sledge -chair,  n.  A  chair 
mounted  on  runnerj  and  propelled  on  the 
ice. 

Sleek,  sl5k,  a.  [Icel.  slikr,  smooth,  sleek; 
connected  with  Icel.  sleikja,  Dan.  slikke, 
to  lick.]  Having  an  even,  smooth  surface; 
having  the  hair  smooth;  glosay  (sleek  hair). 
— v.t.  To  make  sleek;  to  render  smooth, 
soft,  and  glossy;  Jig,  to  soothe;  to  calm.— 
Sleekly,  slek'li,  adv.  In  a  sleek  manner; 
gl easily. —Sleclmess,  slek'ues,  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  sleek. ^Sleeky,  slek'i,  a.  Of 
a  sleek  or  smooth  appearance. 

Bleep,  sl5p,  w.i.— pret.  and  pp.  slept.  (A. Sax. 
slaepan,  sUpan;  D.  and  L.  G.  slapen,  Goth. 
slepan,  G.  schlafen,  to  sleep ;  akin  to  slip, 
G.  schlaff,  loose,  relaxed.]  To  be  in  that 
well-known  state  in  which  there  is  a  suss 
pension  of  the  voluntary  exercise  of  the 
liowers  of  the  body  and  mind,  and  which 
is  periodically  necessary  to  bodily  health; 
to  be  dead ;  to  lie  in  the  grave ;  to  be  at 
rest;  to  be  dormant  or  inactive  (the  ques- 
tion sleeps  for  the  present);  to  assume  a 
state  as,  regards  vegetable  functions  ana- 
logous to  the  sleeping  of  animals. -,-w.J.  To 
pass^in  sleeping:  with  away  (to  sleep  atvay 
the  time);  to  get  rid  of,  overcome,  or  re- 
cover from  by  sleeping:  usually  with  off 
(to  sleep  off  a,  fit  of  sickness).- n.  [A.  Sax. 
slaep,  D.  slaap,  Goth,  sleps,  G.  schlaf.] 
That  state  of  an  animal  in  which  tlie 
senses  are  more  or  less  unaffected  by  ex- 
ternal objects  and  the  fancy  or  imagina- 
tion only  is  active,  and  which  is  necessary- 
to  recruit  both  body  and  mind;  slumber; 
dea^h;  rest  in  the  grave.— *7eep  of  plants, 
a  state  of  plants  at  night  when  their  flowers 
close,  the  leaves  change  their  positions,and 
fold  themselves  together.  —  Sleeper,  slep'- 
6r,  n.  A  person  or  an  animal  that  sleeps; 
an  animal  that  lies  dormant;  a  piece  of  , 
timber  on  which  are  laid  the  ground  joists 
of  a  floor;  a  beam  on  or  near  the  ground 
for  the  support  of  some  superstructure; 
rail,  a  beam  of  wood,  Stc,  embedded  in  the 
ground  to  sustain  the  rails,  which  are 
usually  fixed  to  the  sleepers  by  means  of 
cast-irOn  supports  called  c/iair«.— Sleepily, 
slep'i-li,  adv.  In  a  sleepy  manner.— Sleep- 
iness, slep'i-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  sle^y.- Sleeping,  slep'ing,  p.  and 
o.  Reposing  in  sleep;  pertaining  to  sleep 
(a  sleeping  room,  a  sleeping  draught). — 
S?eepin3partner,a  dormant  partner  .Under 
Dormant.—  Sleeping-carriage,  n.  A  rail- 
way carriage  fitted  up  with  berthc  for 
passengers  during  night  travel.-SleepleBS, 
slep'les,  a.  Without  sleep;  wakeful;  hav- 
ing no  rest ;  never  resting.  —  Sleeplessly, 
slep'le.s-li,  adv.  In  a  sleepless  manner. — 
Sleeplessness,  slep'les-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  sleepless;  a  morbid  inability  to 
sleep.- Sleep-walker,  n.  A  somnambulist. 
—  Sleep-walking,  n.  Somnambulism.  — 
Sleepy,  sl6p'i,  a.  Drowsy;  Inclined  to  or 
overcome  by  sleep;  tending  to  induce 
sleep;  heavy;  inactive;  sluggish. 

Sleet,  slet.n.  [Akin  to  N.  sletta,  Icel. slydda, 
Dan.  slud,  G.  schlosse,  sleet.  ]  Rain  mingled 
with  hail  or  snow.— v.i.  To  snow  or  hail 
with  a  mixture  of  rain.— Sleetiness,  slet'i- 
nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  sleety.— Sleety, 
slct'i,  a.  Consisting  of  sleet;  characterized 
by  sleet. 

Sleeve,  slev ,n.  [A.Sax.  sZ^/e,a sleeve; O.H.G. 
slauf,  clothing;  from  root  of  slip.]  The 
part  of  a  garment  that  is  fitted  to  cover 
the  arm.— To  laugh  in  our  sleeve,  to  laugh 
privately  or  unperceived.  —  v.t.  —sleeved, 
sleeving.  To  furnish  with  sleeves;  to  put 
in  sleeves.— Sleeve-button,  n.  A  button 
to  fasten  the  sleeve  orwristband. — Sleeved, 
slevd,  a.  Having  sleeves.  —  Sleeveless, 
elev'les,  a.  Having  no  sleevesf  wanting  a 
cover,  pretext,  or  palliation ;  resultless ; 
bootless  (a  sleeveless  errand).— Sleeve-link, 
n.  A  contrivance  consisting  of  two  buttons 
or  studs  connected  by  a  lin''  for  fastening 
the  sleeve  or  wristband. 

Sleeve,  slev,  n.    Sleave. 

Bleezy,  sle'zi,  n.    Sleazv. 


9b,  cftain;     fft,  Sc.  loc/>;     g,  ?o;     j,/ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sin^;     •rn,  then;  th,  thia;     w,  tpig;    wh,  w/tig;     zh,  a«ure, 


SLEIGH 


638 


SLOE 


Sleigh,  sis,  n.  [D.  sleS,  a  contr.  form  of 
aleede,  a  sled.  Sled.]  A  vehicle  mounted 
on  runners  lor  transporting  persons. on 
the  snow  or  ice,  of  a  tnore  elegaoit  form 
than  a  sledge. -~Slei^li-beU,  n.  A  small 
bell  attached  to  a  sleigh  or  its  harness  to 
give  notice  of  the  vehicle's  approach. 

Slef,glit,  slit,  n.  [From  O.E.  sleigh,  aligh, 
sly,  like  height  from  high;  so  Icel.  sloegth, 
slyness,  from  alcegr,  sly.  Sly.]  An  artful 
trick;  a  trick  or  feat  so  dexterously  per- 
formed that  the  manner  of  performance 
■escapes  observation;  dexterous  practice; 
dexterity.— Sleight  of  hand,  legerdemain; 
prestidigitation. 

Slender,  slen'd6r,a.  [Same  as  O.D.  slinder, 
thin,  slender;  comp.D.  8linderen,8lidderen, 
to  wriggle,  li.G.  slindem,  to  glide;  akin 
tlide.^  Small  in  diameter  or  thickness 
compared  with  the  length;  not  thick  j  slim; 
thin ;  weak ;  slight  {sknder  hope);  mcon- 
siderable;  insufficient:  inadequate;  meagre 
{slender  means).  —  Slenderly,  slen'd6r-li, 
cdi'.  Slightly;feebly;inade(luately;meag^e- 
ly.— Slendemess,slen'd6r-nes,n.  The  state 
or  qualityof  being  slender;  8limness;sUght- 
nesB;  smallness. 

Slept,  slept,  pret.  and  pp.  of  sleep. 

Sl6i:th-hotind,  sloth'hoand,  n.  '  [Icel.  aUth, 
the  slot  or  track  of  an  animal.  Slot.]  A 
blood-hound. 

Slew,  slQ,  pret.  of  sla}/. 

Slew,  sla,  v.t.    To  slue/ 

Sley,  sla,  n.  [A.  Sax.  alae,  a  sley;  Icel.  sld, 
a  bar,  bolt;  akin  verb  to  alay.]  A  weaver's 
reed. — v.t.  To  separate  or  part  into  threads. 

Slice,  slis,  v.t. — sliced,  slicing.  [O.Fr.  eaclice, 
a  slice,  a  splinter,  from  U.H.G.  akleizan, 
elizan,  G.  achleiszen,  to  break,  to  split. 
Akin  alate,  slit.]  To  cut  into  thin  pieces, 
or  to  cut  off  a  thin  broad  piece  from;  to  cut 
into  parts;  to  cut  off  in  a  broad,  piece.— n. 
A  thin  broad  piece  cut  off;  that  which  is 
tliin  and  broad  like  a  slice;  a  broad  thin 
knife  for  serving  fish  at  table.  —  Sllcer, 
sli'sfer,  n.    One  who  or  that  which  slices. 

BUck,  slik,  n.  [L.G.  slick,  G.  achlich.]  The 
ore  of  a  metal,  particularly  of  gold,  when 
pounded  and  prepared  for  working. 

SUctan-Bldes,  slik'en-sidz,  n.  pi.  [Prom 
forming  a  sleek  or  smooth  surface  on  the 
gidea  of  cavities.]  A  variety  of  galena 
lining  the  walls  of  small  fissures;  r.iining, 
the  polished  striated  surfaces  of  joints, 
beds,  or  fissures  of  rocks,  glazed  over  with 
a  film  of  calcareous  or  siliceous  matter. 

BUde,  slid,  w.i.— pret.  alid,  sometimes  alided, 
pp-slid,sliiiden,ppT.e'liding.  f  A.Sax.  slidan, 
to  slide;  O.  G.  sUten,  to  slide;  G.  schlitten, 
a  sledge;  Lith.  alidus,  slipperv.  Sledge 
(the  vehicle)  and  aled  are  allied.]  To  move 
along  a  surface  by  slipping;  to  slip;  to 
glide;  to  amuse  one's  self  with  gUding  over 
a  surface  of  ice;  to  pass  along  smoothly; 
to  pass  silently  and  gradually  from  one 
state  to. another,  generally  from  a  better 
to  a  worse. — v.t.  To  thrust  smoothly  along; 
to  thrust  or  push  forward  by  slipping;  to 
pa.«3  or  put  imperceptibly;  to  slip.  —  n.  A 
smooth  and  easy  passage;  a  prepared 
smooth  surface  of  ice  for  sliding  on;  an 
inclined  plane  for  facilitating  the  descent 
of  heavy  bodies;  that  part  of  an  instru- 
ment or  apparatuswhich  slides  or  is  slipped 
into  or  out  of  place.  —  Slider,  eli'dfer,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  slides;  the  part  of 
an  instmment  that  slides.  —  Slide-rest,  n. 
An  appendage  to  the  turning -lathe  for 
holding  and  resting  the  cutting-tool,  and 
ensuring  accuracy  m  its  motion.  —  Sllde- 
Talye,  n.  A  kind  of  valve  regulating  the 
admission  or  escape  of  steam  or  water  in 
machinery.— Sliding,  sli'ding,  a.  Made  so 
as  to  slide  freely;  fitted  for  sliding.  —  n. 
The  act  of  one  who  slides;  lapse;  back- 
sliding; the  slipping  of  a  body  along  a 
surface.  —  Slldlng-mie,  Slide-rule,  n.  A 
mathematical  instrument,  consisting  of 
two  part's,  one  of  which  slides  along  the 
other,  and  each  having  certain  numbers 
engraved  on  it,  such  that  when  a  given 
number  on  the  one  scale  is  brought  to 
coincide  with  a  given  number  on  theother, 
the  product  or  some  other  function  of  the 
two  numbers  is  obtained  by  inspection.— 
SUdiug-scale,  n.  A  sliding-rule;  a  scale 
or  rate  of  payment  which  varies  under 
certain  varying  conditions;  a  scale  to  settle 


wages  by  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  market 
price  of  the  product  of  labour. 

SUglit,  slit,  a.  [Same  as  O.  L.  G.  slight,  D. 
alecht,  plain,  common,  mean;  Icel.  sldttr, 
smooth,  common;  G.  schlecht,  smooth, 
plain,  bad;  lit.perhaps  'beaten  out  smooth,' 
the  root  being  that  of  slay.]  Not  decidedly 
marked ;  small ;  trifling ;  insignificant  (a 
alight  difference);  noi  strong  or  forcible  (a 
slight  impulse  or  effort);  not  severe  or 
serious  <a  slight  pain);  not  thorough  or  ex- 
haustive (a  slight  examination);  not  firm 
or  of  strong  construction;  slim;  slender; 
paltry;  contemptible.  —  n.  A  moderate 
show  of  disrespect;  contempt  shown  by 
neglect  or  inattention;  intentional  dis- 
regard.—r.t.  To  treat  as  unworthy  of  notice; 
to  disregard  intentionally;  to  treat  with 
intentional  neglect  or  superciliousness.- 
Slighter,  sli't^r,  n.  One  who  slights  or 
neglects.— Slightingly,  sli'ting-li,  adv.  In 
a  slighting  manner;  with  disrespect.  — 
Slightly,  sTit'U,  adv.  In  a  slight  manner 
or  measure;  in  a  small  degree;  but  little; 
somewhat.  —  Slightneas,  slit'neS,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  slight ;  smallness;  weak- 
ness; want  of  strength;  triviality. 

Slily,  sli'li,  adv.    Slyly,  under  Sly. 

Slim,  sUm,  a.  [Same  as  D.  slim,  L.  G. 
slimm,  D^n.  and  Sw.  alem,  Icel.  slamr,  G. 
schlimm,  all  with  the  stronger  sense  of 
bad.]  Slender;  of  small  diameter  or  thick- 
ness in  proportion  to  height ;  slight ;  un- 
substantial; not  executedT  with  due  thor- 
oughness.—Slimmish,  slim'ish,  a.  Some- 
what sliip. —  Sliamess,  slim'nes,  n.  State 
or  quality  of  being  slim. 

Slime,  slim,  n.  [A.  Sax.  slimj  Icel.  sUm, 
D.  slijm,  G.  schleim,  slime,  slimy  matter, 
mucilage,  &c.;  allied  to  G.  schlamm,  mud, 
perhaps  to  liine,  loam.l  A  soft,  ropy  or 
glutinous  substance;  soft  moist  earth 
having  an  adhesive  quality;  viscous  mud; 
asphalt  or  bitumen  (O.  T.);  a  mucous  or 
viscous  substance  exuded  from  the  bodies 
of  certain  animals;  fig.  anything  of  a 
clinging  and  offensive  nature.  —  v.t.  — 
slimed,  sliming.  To  cover  with  slime;  to 
make  slimy. — Slime-pit,  n.  An  asphalt  or 
bitumen  pit.— Sliminess,  sli'mi-ne8,n.  The 
quality  of  being  slimy;  viscosity.— Slimy, 
sli'mi,  a.  Abounding  with  slime;  consis- 
ting of  slime ;^overspread  with  slime.  . 

SUnesa,  sli'nes,  n.    Slyness,  under  Sly. 

Sling,  sling,  n.  [A.  Sax.  slinge,  Sc.  slung, 
Bw.  shmga,  Icel.  slanga,  0.  G.  slinga,  a 
sling;  G.  schlinge,  a  noose  or  snare.  See 
the  verb.]  An  instrument  for  throxving 
stones  or  bullets,  consisting  of  a  strap  or 
piece  of  leather  to  hold  the  missile  and 
two  strings  attached  to  it;  a  sweep  or  swing; 
a  sweeping  stroke;  a  hanging  bandage  in 
which  a  wounded  limb  is  sustained;  a  rope 
or  chain  specially  arranged  for  raising  or 
lowering  heavy  articles,  as  casks,  bales, 
&c.;  the  strap  to  carry  a  li&e.— Slings  of  a 
yard  {TUiut. ) ,  ropes  or  chains  which  suspend 
it  by  the  middle.— v.t.— pret.  and  pp.  slung. 
[A.  Sax.  stingan,  to  sling,  to  swing ;  Dan. 
slynge,  Sw.  slinga,  Icel.  alyngva,  G.  schlin- 
gen,  to  twist;  same  root  as  Icel.  slangi,  G. 
schlange,  a  serpent.  Slink  is  akin.]  To 
throw  with  a  sling;  to  fling  or  hurl;  to  hang 
so  as  to  swing;  to  place  in  slings  in  order 
to  hoist  or  lower.— n.i.  To  move  with  long, 
swinging,  elastic  steps.- Slinter,  sling'fer, 
n.    One  who  slings  or  uses  a  sling. 

SUng,  sling,  n.  [Comp.  L.  G.  alingen,  G. 
schlingen,  to  swallow.]  An  American 
drink  composed  of  equal  parts  of  spirit 
and  water  sweetened. 

Slink,  slingk,  v.i.— pret.  and  pp.  sZimS  (pret. 
sometimes  slank).  [A.Sax.  alincan,  to  slink, 
Sw.  alinka;  perhaps  from  root  of  aling.] 
To  sneak ;  to  creep  away  meanly;  to  steal 
away.  —  v.t.  To  cast  prematurely: .  said  of 
the  female  of  a  beast.  —  a.  Bora  or  cast 
prematurely,  as  a  calf.  —  n.  A  sneaking 
fellow;  a  calf  brought  forth  prematurely. 

Blip,  slip,  v.i. — slipped  or  sli'pt,  slipping. 
[A.  Sax.  slipan,  to  slip,  to  glide;  D.  slip- 
pen,  Dan.  slippe,  Icel.  sleppa,  G.  schlei/en, 
to  slip.]  To  move  smoothly  along  a  sur- 
face; to  slide;  to  glide;  to  have  the  feet 
slide;  to  fall  by  a  false  step;  to  depart  or 
withdraw  secretly;  to  sneak  or  slink:  with 
away;  to  fall  into  error  or  fault;  to  err; 
to  pass  unexpectedly  or  imperceptibly;  to 


glide ;  to  enter  by  oversight :  with  in  or 
into  (some  errors  have  slipped  in);  to  es- 
cape insensibly,  especially  from  the  me- 
mory.—To  let  slip,  to'  set  free  from  the 
leash  or  noose,  as  a  hound  straining  after 
a  hare.— y.i.  To  put  secretly  or  unobserved 
{slipped  it  into  his  pocket);  .to  let  locse 
(to  slip  the  hounds);  to  disengage  one's 
self  from;  to  cast  or  suffer  abortion  of ;  to 
make  a  slip  or  slips  of  for  planting.— To 
slip  off,  to  take  off  noiselessly  or  hastilj' 
(to  slip  off  one's  shoes).— To  alip  on,  to  put 
on  in  haste  cr  loosely.— To  slip  a  cable,  to 
let  the  end  of  it  run  out  of  the  ship  and 
sail  without  weighing  anchor. — To  slip  ike 
leash,  to  disengage  one's  se!f  from  a  leash. 
— ji.  The  act  of  slipping;  an  unintentional 
error  or" fault;  a  mistake  inadvertently 
made  (a  slip  of  the  pen);  a  departure  from 
rectitude;  a  venial  transgression;  an  in- 
discretion; a  blacksliding ;  a  twig  sepa- 
rated from  the  stock  for  planting  or  graft- 
ing ;  a  scion  (perhaps  lit.  a  twig  that  can 
be  slipped  in);  a  leash  or  string  by  which 
a  dog  is  held;  a  long  narrow  piece;  a  strip 
(a  alip  of  paper);  a  isortion  of  printed  mat- 
ter not  yet  formed-into  pages  or  columns; 
a  proof  from  a  galley  of  type;  a  child's 
pinafore ;  a  loose  covering  or  case  (pillow- 
alip);  an  inclined  plane  upon  which  a  ves- 
sel is  supported  while  building  or  upon 

•which  she  is  hauled  up  for  repair;  also,  a 
contrivance  for  hauling  vessels  out  of  the 
water  for  repairs,  &c. ;  pottery,  ground  flint 
or  clay  mixed  in  water  till  of  the  consis- 
tence of  cream  for  making  porcelain;  geol. 
a  fault  or  dislocation  of  strata;  cricket,  one 
of  the  fielders  who  sta,nds  behind  the  wic- 
ket on  the  off  side,  and  whose  duty  it  is  to 
back  up  the  wicket-keeper ;  pi.  that  part 
of  a  theatre  at  the  sides  of  the  stage  where 
the  flat-scenes  are  slipped  on  and  off.— To 
give  a  person  the  slip,  to  escape. or  desert 
from  him.  —  Slip-dock,  n.  A  dock  con- 
taining a  slip  for  vessels.— Slip-knot,  n. 
A  knot  which  will  not  bear  a  strain,  but 
slips.  —  Slipper,  slip'fer,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  slips  or  lets  slip ;  the  person 
who  lets  hounds  slipatihe  right  moment 
in  coursing ;  a  loose-  light  shoe  for  house- 
hold wear.— Slippered,  slip'6rd,  o.  Wear- 
ing slippers.— Slipperily,  slip'er-i-li,  adv. 
In  a  slippery  manner.— Sllpperlness,  slip'- 
6r-i-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
slippery.- Slippery,  slip'fer-i,  a.  [A.  Sax. 
aliper,  slippery.]  Allowing  or  causing  any- 
thing to  slip  or  glide  readily;  so  smooth  as 
to  cause  slipping;  not  affording  sure  foot- 
ing; not  to  be  trusted  to;  ready  to  use  eva- 
sions or  the  like:  unstable;  changeable; 
uncertain.— Slipshod,  slip'shod,  a.  M'ear- 
ing  slippers;  wearing  shoes  down  at  heel ; 
slovenly,  especially  as  regards  literary 
qualities. 

Slipslop,  slip'slop,  n.  [A  reduplication  of 
slop.]  Bad  liquor;  feeble  composition. — 
o.  Feeble;  poor;  jejune. 

Slit,  slit,  v.t.— pret.  and  pp;  slit  or  slitted, 
ppr.  slitting.  [A.  Sax.  sUtan,  to  tear,  to 
rend ;  Icel.  slita,  Dan.  slide,  Sw.  slita,  G. 
schleissen,  to  slit,  to  split;  akin  slate,  slice, 
slash.]  To  cut  lengthwise;  to  cut  into  long 
pieces  or  strips ;  to  cut  a  long  fissure  in 
(to  slit  the  ear  or  tongue);  to  cut  in  general. 
— n.  A  long  cut;  a  long  narrow  opening;  a, 
slash.— Slitter,  slit'^r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  slits. —  Slitting -mill,  n.  A  mill 
where  iron  bars  or  plates  are  slit  into 
nail  rods,  &c.;  a  thin  revolving  iron  disc 
used  by  lapidaries  for  slitting  or  cutting 
gems. 

Sliver,  sliv'6r  or  sli'vfer,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  sUfan, 
to  cleave,  to  split.]  To  cut  into  long  thin 
pieces ;  to  cut  or  rend  lengthwise.  —  n.  A 
long  piece  cut  or  rent  off;  a  splinter;  a 
small  branch ;  spinning,  a  continuous 
strand  of  wool,  cotton,  or  other  fibre,  in  a 
loose  untwisted  condition. 

Sloat,  slot,  n.  [A  form  of  slat;  L.G.  slaate, 
a  pole.]  A  narrow  piece  of  timber  holding 
together  larger  pieces. 

Slobber,  slob'fer,  v.i.  [A  form  .of  slabber.] 
To  drivel ;  to  slaver  to  slabber.  —  v.t.  To 
beslaver. — n.  Slaver;  liquor  spilled ;  slab- 
ber. —  Slobberer,  slob'6r-*r,  n.  One  who 
slobbers.  —  Slobbery,  slob'6r-i,  a.  Moist; 
muddy;  sloppy. 

Sloe,  813,  n.    [A.  Sax.  aid,  Sc.  sloe,  D.  and 


ru.tfc,  far,  tat,  fall;     m?,  met,  h6r;     v'm^t  P'OJ     note,  not,  mbve;     tUbe,  tub,  bijllj     oil,  pound;     ti,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  m. 


SLOGAI^ 


639 


SLY 


L.G.  slee^  6.  schlehe,  from  L.G.  sTec,  D. 
aleeuw,  G.  schleh,  sour,  astringent.']  A 
British  shrub  of  the  plum  geh.us,  called 
also  Blackthorn;  also  its  fruit,"  which  is 
black  and  very  austere. 

Slogan,  slO'gan,  n.  [From  Gael,  sluagh- 
ghairm,  lit.  an  army  cry.]  The  war-cry  or 
gathering  word  or  phrase  of  a  Highland 
clan;  hence,  the  watchword  used  by  sol- 
diers in  the  field. 

Slokan,  Sloke,  slo'kan,  sluk,  n.  A  name 
given  to  some  edible  sea-weeds. 

Sloop,  slop,  n.  [From  B.  sloep,  L.G.  aluup, 
slupe,  a  sloOp;  akiu  shallop  (through  the 
French).  J  A  vessel  with  one  mast,and  often 
with  nothing  but  fore-and-aft  sails,  the 
main-sail  being;  extended  by  a  gaflf  and  a 
boom,  and  attached  to  the  mast  on  its 
foremost  edge.— S;oop-o/-wtr,  in  the  Brit- 
ish navy,  a  vessel,  of  whatever  rig,  be- 
tween a  corvette  and  a  gun-boat. 

Slop,  slop,  v.t.— slopped,  slopping.  [Comp. 
Icel.  slop,  offal  of  fish;  Prov.  G.  schloppen, 
to  swallow;  E.  slobber.  Slabber,  also  to  slip.) 
To  spill  liquid  up::ih;  to  soil  by  letting  a 
liquid  fall  upon.— n.  A.quantity  of  water 
cacelessly  thrown  about,  as  on  a  floor;  pi. 
mean  liquor  or  mean  liquid  food;  the 
waste  diity  water  of  a  house. -^Slop-basin, 
Slop-bowl,  n.  A  dish  for  receiving  the 
dregs  from  tea-cups  or  coffee-cups  at  table. 
— Slop-pail,  n.  'A  pail  Tor  receiving  slops; 
or  for  chamber  use.— Sloppiness,  slop'i-nes, 
n.  The  state  of  being  sloppy;  muddiness. 
— Sloppy_,  slop'i,  a.  Wet,  so  as  to  spatter 
easily;  piashy. 

Slop,  slop,  n.  [Same  as  Icel.  sloppr,  a  wide 
outer  dress,  a  gown;  from  root  of  slip.]  A 
smock-frock;  any  kind. of  loose  outer  gar- 
ment; pJ.  a  loose  lower  garment;  a  sort  of 
wide  breeches;  also,  ready-made  clothing; 
the  clothes  and  bedding  of  a  sailor.  — 
Sloproom,  n.  The  place  for  the  slops  of  a 
ship's  company.— Slop-seller,  n.  One  who' 
sells  ready-made  clothes.  —  Slop-shop,  n. 
A  shop  where  ready-made  clothes  (slops) 
are  sold.— Slop-work,  n.  The  manufacture 
of  cheap  ready-made  clothing. 

Slope,  slop,  n.  [From  A.  Sax.  slopen,  pp. 
of  sMpan,  to  slip,  akin  to  slipan  and  JD. 
sluipen,  to  slip.  Slip.]  An  oblique  di- 
rection; a  direction  inclining  obliquely 
downward;  a  declivity  or  acclivity;  any 
ground  whose  surface  forms  an  angle  with 
the  plane  of  the  horizon.  —  v.t.  —  sloped, 
sloping.  To  form  with  a  slope:  to  cause  to 
slope;  to  direct  obliquely;  to  incline. — v.i. 
To  take  an  oblique  direction ;  to  descend 
in  a  slanting  direction. — Sloping,  slo'ping, 
p.  and  a.  Oblique ;  inclining  or  inclined 
from  a  horizontal  or  other  right  line. — 
Slopingly,  slo'ping-li,  adv.  In  a  sloping 
manner;  obliquely.— Slopy.slo'pi, a.  Slop- 
ing; having  a  gentle  declivity. 

Slot,  slot,  n.  [Same  as  D.  arid  L.G.  slot,  a 
lock;  akin  to  D.  sluiten,  Dan.  slnite,  G. 
schliessen,  to  lock.]  A  bolt  or  bar ;  an  ob- 
long hole  in  a  piece  of  metal,  etc.,  as  for 
the  reception  of  a  bolt;  a  trap-door  in  the 
stage  of  a  theatre.  —  Slotted,  slot'ed,  a. 
Furnished  with  a  slot  or  slots.— Slotting, 
slot'ing,  n.  The  operation  of  making  slots. 
— Slotting-machine,  n.  A  species  of  self- 
acting  tool  that  cuts  slots. 

Slot,  slot,  n.  [Same  as  Icel.  sl6th,  a  track 
or  trail,  sleuth  in  sleuth-honnd.]  The  track 
of  a  deer,  as  followed  by  the  scent  or  by 
the  mark  of  the  foot.  —  Slot-hound,  n.  A 
hound  that  tracks  animals  by  the  slot ;  a 
sleuth-hound. 

Slote,  slot,  n.  A  trap-door  in  the  stage  of 
a  theatre.    Written  also  Slot. 

Sloth,  sloth  or  sloth,  n.  [From  slow,  and 
equivalent  to  slowth  (like  growth  from 
grow);  A. Sax.  slaeivth,  slowness,  from  sldw, 
slow.  Slow.]  SlownessJ;  disinclination  to 
action;  sluggishness;  indolence;  laziness; 
idleness;  the  name  of  two  South  American 
mammals',  adapted  for  living  in  trees  but 
moving  with  great  slowness  on  the  ground. 
—  Australian  sloth,  the  koala.  —  Slothful, 
sloth'ful  or  sloth'fnl,  a.  Sluggish;  lazy; 
indolent.— Slothfuliy,  sloth'ful-li  or  sloth'- 
ful-li,  adv.  In  a  slothful  manner ;  slug- 
gishly* —  Slothfulness,  sloth'ful-nes  or 
sloth'ful-nes,  ?i.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  slothful;  the  habit  of  idleness. 

Slouch,  slouch,  n.    [Same  as  Icel.  sldkr,  a 


dull  inactive  person;  akin  Sw.  sloka,  to 
droop,  E.  slack,  slug,  sluggard.]  A  stoop 
in  walking ;  an  ungainly,  clownish  gait ; 
an  awkward  clownish  fellow;  a  depression 
or  hanging  down,  as  of  the  brim  of  a  hat. 
— v.i.  To  have  a  downcast  clownish  gait  or 
manner. — v.t.  To  depress;  to  cause  to  hang 
down.— Slouch-hat,  n.  A  hat  with  a  hang- 
ing brim.— Slouching,  slQuch'ing,p.  and  a. 
Hanging  down;  walking  neavily  and  awk- 
wardly. 

Slough,  slou,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sl6h,  a  slough; 
allied  to  G.  schlauch,  an  abyss,  the  gullet, 
schlucken,  to  swallow.]  A  place  of  deep 
mud  or  mire;  a  hole  full  of  mire.— Sloughy, 
slou'i,  a.    Full  of  sloughs;  mii-y. 

Slough,  sluf,  TO.  [Sc.  sloch,  a  husky  G. 
schlauch,  the  skin  of  an  animal  stripped 
off.]  The  cast  skin  of  a  serpent  or  other 
animal ;  surg.  the  dead  part  which  sepa- 
rates from  the  living  in  mortification,  or 
the  part  that  separates  from  a  foul  sore.— 
v.i.  To  come  off,  as  the  matter  formed  over 
a  sore:  a  term  in  surgery.— Sloughy,  sluf'i, 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  dead  matter  which 
separates  from  flesh;  having  a  slough. 

Sloven,  sluv'n,  n.  [Akin  to  L.G.  sluf.  D. 
slbf,  careless;  D.  sloffen,  to  trail  one's  feet; 
slip  is  perhaps  allied.]  A  man  careless  of 
his  dress  or  habitually  negligent  of  neat-, 
ness  and  order;  a  lazy  fellow.  Slut  is  the 
corresponding  feminine  tSrm.- Slovenly, 
sluv'n-li,  a.  Hfiving  the  habits  of  a  sloven; 
negligent  of  personal  neatness;  wanting 
neatness  or  tidiness;  loose  and  careless 
(slovenly  dress).— ody.  In  a  slovenly  man- 
ner. —  Slovenliness,  sluy'n-li-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  slovenly. 

Slow,  slo,  a.  [A.  Sax.  sldw,  slow;  Dan.  slov, 
Sw.  slo,  Icel.  sljdr,  blunt,  dull,  slow. 
Hence  sloth.]  Moving  a  small  distance  in 
a  long  time;  not  swift;  not  quick  iii  mo- 
tion; extending  over  a  long  time;  gradual; 
not  ready ;  not  prompt ;  inactive ;  tardy; 
dilatory:  not  hasty;  acting  with  delibera- 
tion; indicating  a  time  later  than  the  true 
time  (the  clock  is  slow);  dull;  heavy;  not 
lively;  stupid.— Stow  coach,  a  colloquial 
term  for  one  who  is  slow  in  movement  or 
deficient  in  quickness. — Slow  match.  Un- 
der Match.— ad«.  Slowly. — v.t.  To  delay; 
to  retard;  to  slacken  in  speed.— u.i.  To 
slacken  in  speed.— Slowly,  slo'li,  ado.  In 
a  slow  manner;  not  rapidly;  gradually; 
tardily;  not  hastily. — Slowness,  slo'nes,  n. 
Want  of  speed  or  velocity;  tardiness;  want 
of  readiness  or  promptness;  dulness;  dila- 
toriness ;  sluggishness. 

Slow-worm,  slo'wferm,  n.  [Not  from  sl&tv, 
but  from  A.  Sax.  sld-wynm,  lit.  slay-worm 
(from  slahan,  to  slay),  because  it  feeds  on 
worms.]  A  name  given  to  the  blind-worm. 
Blind-wokm. 

Slub,  slub,  n.  [Perhaps  akin  to  slab,  n.] 
A  roll  of  wool  drawn  out  arid  slightly 
twisted  by  spinning  machinery;  a  rove. — 
v.t.—slubhed,  slubbing.  To  form  into  slubs. 
Slubber,  slub'fer,  n.  One  who  slubs;  a 
slubbing-machine.— Slubbing-billy;  Slub- 
blng-machiae,  n.  A  machine  that  pro- 
Slubber,  slu'b'^r,  v.t.  [A  form  of  slabber, 
slobber.]  To  daub;  to  besmear;  to  sully;  to 
soil;  to  do  lazily,  or  with  careless  hurry;  to 
slur  overt. 

Sludge,  sluj,  n.  [Also  slutch,  slush,  slich, 
forms  corresponding  to  L.G.  slick,  Dt  slik, 
sUjk,  dirt,  mire,  allied  to  B.  sleek.]  Mud; 
mire ;  soft  mud.  —  Sludge-door,  Sludge- 
hole,  n.  An  opening  in  a  steam-boiler  to 
remove  matter  deposited  at  the  bottom. — 
Sludgy,  sluj'i,  a.    Miry;  slushy. 

Slue,  sla,  v.t— shied,  sluing.  [Perhaps  from 
Icel.  sjijia,  to  turn,  to  twist,  with  change 
of  n  to  I.]  To  turn  or  swing  round  (as  the 
yard  of  a  ship). 

Slug,  slug,  n.  [Same  as  O.E.  slugge,  slow, 
sluggish.  Akin  to  sZacJ;  or  s?oM<;^.  As  the 
name  of  an  animal  it  is  represented  by  D. 
slak,  slek,  a  snail.]  A  slow,  heavy,  lazy  fel- 
low; a  sluggard;  the  popular  name  of  a 

,  family  of  shell-less  cnails  very  injurious  to 
the  .agiiculturist  and  horticulturist.  — 
Sluggard,  slug'ard,  n.  [From  slug,  and 
the  suffix  -ard.]  A  person  habitually  lazy 
and  inactive. — a.  Sluggish;  lazy.— Slug- 
gish, slug'ish,  a.  Habitually  indolent; 
slothful;  inactive;  having  little   motion 


(a  sluggish  stream);  inert.  —  Sluggishly, 
slug'ish-li,  adv.  In  a  sluggish  manner; 
slothfuliy;  slowly.— Sluggishness,  slug'ish- 
nes,  n.  State  or  quality  of  being  sluggish; 
indolence;  inertness;  slowness. 

Slug,  slug;  n.  [Akin  to  slay;  comp.  Prov.  E. 
slog,  to  strike  heavily.]  A  cylindrical, 
cubical,  or  irregularly  shaped  piece  of 
metal  used  for  the  charge  of  a  gun. 

Sluice,  slos,  n.  [Same  as  D.  sluys,  sluis, 
Dan.  sluse,  G.  schleuse,  O.Fr.  escluse,  Fr. 
eclv.se,  from  L.L.  exclusa,  from  L.  excludo, 
exclusum,  to  shut  out,  to  exclude.  Ex- 
clude.] A  contrivance  for  excluding  or 
admitting  the  inflow  of  a  body  of  water; 
a  water-way  provided  with  a  gate  by  which 
the  flow  of  water  is  controlled;  a  flood-gate; 

'any  vent  for  water;  that  through  which 
anything  flows. — v.t. — sluiced,  sluicing.  To 
let  in  a  copious  flow  of  water  on;  to  w.et  or 
lave  abundantly;  to  scour  out  or  cleanse 
by  means  of  sluices.— Sluice-gate,  n.  The 
gate  of  a  sluice. 

Slum,  slum,  n.  [Comp.  Dan.  slam,  mire, 
mud.]  A  low,  dirty,  back  street  or  lane 
of  a  city;  a  low  neighbourhood. 

Slumber,  slum'bfer,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  slumerian, 
from  sluma,  slumber;  Dan.  slumre,  D.  shd- 
meren,  G.  schlummern,  to  slumber.'  As  to 
insertion  of  b,  comp.  number,  humble.]  To 
sleep  lightly;  to  doze;  to  sleep;  to  be  inert, 
or  in  a  state  of  supineness  or  inactivity.— 
n.  Light  sleep;  sleep  not  deep  or  sound; 
sleep;  repose. — Slumberer,  8lum'b6r-6r,  n. 
One  that  slumbers.- Sliunbering,  stum'- 
b6r-ing,  n.  State  of  sleep  or .  repose. — 
Slumberingly,  slum'bfr-ing-li,  adv.  ■  In  a 
slumbering  maimer. — Slumberless,  slum'- 
b6r-le3,  a.  Without  slumber;  sleepless. — 
Slumberous,  Slumbrous,  slum'ber-us, 
slum'brus,  a.  Inviting  or  causing  sleep; 
soporific. 

Slump,  slump,  v.i,  [Comp.  Dan.  slumpe, 
to  stumble  or  light  upon,  from  slump, 
chance,  hazard.]  To  sink  suddenly,  asj 
when  walking  on  frozen  snow;  to  walk' 
with  sinking  feet. 

Slump,  slump,  ji.  [Same  as  Dan.  slump,  D. 
slomp,  a  lot,  a  heap ;  Sw.  slumpa,  to  buy 
things  in  block.]  The  whole  number 
taken  in  one  lot;  the  gross  amount  (to  take 
things  in  the  slump).— v.t.  To  throw  to- 
gether into  a  single  lot  or  mass. 

Slung,  slung,  pret.  and  pp.  of  sling. 

Slunk,  slungk,  pret.  and  pp.  of  slink. 

Slur,  8l6r,  v.t.— slurred,  slurring.  [From 
Prov.  E.  slur,  thin  mud;  comp.  Icel.  slor, 
filth;  L.G.  slurren,  to  trail  the  feet,  D. 
sloren,  to  drag.]  To  soil  or  sully;  to  dis- 
parage by  insinuation  or  innuendo ;  to 
speak  slightingly  of;  to  traduce;  to  pass 
lightlj;  over;  to  say  little  of;  to  pronounce 
in  an  indistinct  or  sliding  manner ;  mus. 
to  sing  or  perform  in  a  smooth,  gliding 
style;  to  run  (notes)  into  each  other. — n.  A 
slight  reproach  or  disgrace;  a  stigma;  m^ls. 
the  blending  of  two  or  more  notes;  a  cun'ed 
mark  indicating  this. 

Slush,  slush,  n.  [A  form  of  sludge.]  Sludge 
or  watery  mire;  soft  mud;  wet,  half-mel- 
ted snow;  a  mixture  of  grease  and  other 
materials  for  lubrication;  refuse  fat  or 
grease  in  ships;  a  mixture  of  white-lead 
and  lime  with  which  the  bright  ijarts  of 
machinery  are  covered  to  prevent  them 
rusting.  —  v.t.  To  cover  or  grease  with 
slush.- Slushy,  slush'i,  a.  Consisting  of 
soft  mud,  or  of  snow  and  water;  resembling 
slush. 

Slut,  slut,  M.  [Same  as  Dan.  slutte,  slaiie, 
D.  alodde,  Prov.  G.  schhttte,  a  slut;  comp. 
Dan.  slat,  loose,  flabby.]  A  woman  who 
is  negligent  of  cleanliness  and  tidiness  in 
her  person,  clothes,  furniture,  &c. ;  the  cor- 
relative of  sloven;  a  name  of  slight  con- 
tempt for  a  woman.— Sluttery,  slut'er-i,  n. 
The  practices  of  a  slut;  sluttishness. — 
Sluttish,  slut'ish,  a.  Like  a  slut  or  what 
is  characteristic  of  a  slut;  devoid  of  tidi- 
ness or  neatness.— Slnttishly,  s!ut'ish-li, 
adv.  In  a  sluttish  manner.— Sluttishness, 
slut'ish-nes,  n.  The  qualities  or  practice 
of  a  slut ;  untidiness. 

Sly,  sli,  a.  [O.E.  slie,  slee,irom  Icel.  slagr, 
shr;  akin  L.G.  slou,  Dan.  slu,  G.  schlau,  sly. 
Hence  -sleight]  Meanly  artful ;  crafty; 
cunning;  proceeding  by  underhand  ways; 
wily;  cautious;  shrewd;  arch;  knowing  (a 


ch,  cAain;     ch,  Sc.  loch;     g,  go;     j,  job;     u,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  aing;    ih,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;     wh,  whig;     zh,  a«ure. 


SMACK. 


640 


SMOKE 


sly  remark).— On  the  sly,  in  a  sly  or  secret 
manner;  secretly. — Slyly,  Slily,  sli'li,  adv.' 
In  a  sly  manner;  cunningly.— Slyness, 
Sliness,  eli'nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
sly;  cunning;  craftiness;  archness. 

Snwwk,  smak,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  miueccan,  to 
taste,  from  smcec,  smack,  taste=D.  smoMk, 
Dan.  smag,  G.  geschmack, taste;  D.  smaken, 
Dan.  snxagt,  G.  schtnedcen,  to  taste.]  To 
have  a  taste  of  flavour;  to  taste  (it  smacks 
of  onions) ;  to  have  a  certain  quality  in- 
fused; to  partake  in  character;  to  savour 
(it  snuicks  of  vanity). — n.  A  slight  taste  or 
flavour;  savour;  tincture;  a  slight  or  super- 
ficial knowledge;  a  smattering. 

Smack,  smak,  v.i.  [Same  as  Sw.  smtvika,  to 
smack;  D.  mnakken,  to  smack  the  lips; 
imitative  of  the  sound  made.]  To  make  a 
sharp  noise  with  the  lips ;  to  kiss  so  as  to 
make  a  sound  with  the  lips.— u.t. — To  kiss 
with  a  sharp  noise;  to  make  a  sharp  iioise 
by  opening  the  mouth;. to  make  a  sharp 
noise  by  striking;  to  crack;  to  give  a  sharp 
stroke  to,  as  with  the  palm.— u.  A  loud 
kiss;  a  quick  sharp  noise,  as  of  a  whip;  a 
quick  smart  blow,  as  with  the  flat  of  the 
hand;  a  slap.— ady.  In  a  sudden  and  direct 
manner,  as  if  with  a  smack  or  slap. — 
Smacking,  smak'ing,  a.  Making  a  sharp 
brisk  sound;  brisk. 

Smack,  smak,  n.  [Same  as  D.-  and  L.O. 
smak,  Dan.  amakke,  G.  schmacke,  a  smack.] 
A  liaise  sloop  with  a  gaff- topsail  and  a 
running  bowsprit;  a  small  sloop  used  in 
the  fishing  traide. 

Email,  smftl,  a.  [A.  Sax.  smcd—h.Ot.  and  D. 
smal,  G.  schvxal,  Goth.sniaZs,  Sc.sma',  Dan. 
and  Sw.  sniaa,  Icel.  »m<i(r).]  Little  in  size; 
not  great  or  large;  of  minute  dimensions; 
little  in  degree,  quantity,  amount,  dura- 
tion, or  number;  of  little  moment;  trivial; 
petty;  trifling ;  of  little  genius  or  ability; 
insignificant;  of  little  strength  or  force; 
weak;  gentle;  soft;  not  loud;  characterized 
by  littleness  of  mind  or  character;  narrow- 
minded;  ungenerous;  mean.— .S?)uiU/ruiie, 
fruits  raised  in  market  gardens,  such  as 
strawberries,  raspberries,  and  the  like. — 
The  small  hours,  the  early  hours  of  mor- 
ning.— n.  The  small  or  slender  part  of  a 
thing;  pi.  small-clothes;  breeches. — Small- 
arms,  n.  pi.  A  general  name  for  rifles, 
carbines,  pistols,  Ac,  as  distinguished 
from  cannon.— Small-beer,  n.  A  species 
of  weak  beer.  —  Small  -  clothes,  n.  pi. 
Breeches  or  trousers;  smalls. — Small-coal, 
M.  Coals  not  in  lumps  or  large  pieces. — 
Small -craft,,  n.  A  vessel,  or  vessels  in 
general,  of  a  small  size.— Small-fry,  n.  pi. 
Small  creatures  collectively;  young  chil- 
dren; persons  of  no  importance. —  Small- 
band,  n.  The  style  of  writing  commonly 
used,  as  distinguished  from  text  or  large 
hand. — Smallish,  smal'ish,  a.  Somewhat 
small, — Smallness,  smal'nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  small;  littleness  of 
size,  quantity,  degree,  or  value. — Small- 
pica,  n.  A  size  of  type  between  long- 
primer  and  pica.  —  Small-pox,  n.  A  dis- 
ease characterized  by  fever  and  a  cutane- 
ous eruption,  propagated  by  contagion, 
and  very  dangerous,  especially  in  persons 
that  have "  not  been  vaccinated.  —  Small- 
talk, n.  Light  conversation ;  gossip.  — 
Small-wares,  n.  pt  The  commercial  name 
for  textile  articles  of  the  tape  kind,  braid, 
bindings,  &c.;  also  buttons,  dress  trim- 
mings, &c. 

Bmallage,  smeil'^,  n.  \Smdll,  and  Pr.  ache, 
smallage,  from  L.  apium,  parsley.]  A  name 
for  celery. 

Smalt,  smalt,  n.  [It.  smalto,  from  O.H.  G. 
smalijan,  6.  schmelzen,  to  melt,  to  smelt.] 
Glass  tinged  of  a  fine  deep  blue  by  the 
protoxide  of  cobalt,  reduced  to  an  impal- 
pable powder,. and  employed  as  a  pigment 
and  colouring  matter.— Smaltine,  smal'- 
tin,  n.'  Gray  or  tin-white  cobalt,  consisting 
cf  arsenic  and  cobalt. 

Sznaracd,  smar'ag,  n.  [Gr.  tmaragdos,  an 
cmorald,  a  bright  green  stone.]  An  old 
name  given  to  the  emerald  and  other 
bright  green  transparent  stones.  —  Em&- 
ragdine,  sma-rag'din,  a.  Pertaining  to 
emerald;  of  an  emerald  ;green.  —  Smarag- 
dite,  sma-ra^dit,  n.  A  mineral,  called 
also  Qreen  IhaUage. 

Smart,  sm&rt,  n.    [A.  Sax.  snuortan,  to 


smart,  to  feel  pain;  D.  smart,  smert,  Dan. 
smerte,  G.  schmerz,  pain,  ache;  allied  to 
Bus.  snieri,  Lith:  smertis,  death,  being 
from  a  root  seen  in  L.  rrwrs,dea.th  (whence 
mortal).]  A  sharp  quick  pain;  a  pricking 
local  pain;  severe  pungent  pain  of  mind; 
smart-money  (to  pay  the  smart). — v.i.  To 
feel  a  lively  pungent  pain;  to  be  acutely 
painful ;  to  feel  sharp  pain  ef  mind ;  to 
suffer  acute  mental  pain. — o.  Causing  a 
keen  local  pain;  keen;  severe;  poignant; 
producing  any  effect  with  force  and  vig- 
our; vigorous^a  smart  blow);  sharp;  severe 
(a  smart  skirmish);  brisk;  fresh  (a  smart 
breeze);  acute  and  pertinent;  witty;  viva- 
cious; lively;  shrewd;  fine  in  dress;  spruce. 
—Smarten,  smiir'tnj  v.t.  To  make  smart; 
to  reijder  brisk,  bright,  or  lively.— Smart- 
ly, s'mart'li,  adv.  In  a  smart  manner; 
keenly;  painfully;  briskly;  sharply;  wit- 
tily; sprucely.— Smart-money,  n.  Money 
paid  by  a  person  to  buy  himself  off  from 
some  unpleasant  engagement  or  painful 
situation;  money  paid  by  a  recruit  to  be 
free  of  nis  engagement.  —  Smartness, 
smJM'nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  smart; 
pungency;  keenness;  quickness;  liveliness; 
.nriskness;  vivacity;  spruceness. 

Bmaah,  smash,  v.t.  [Perhaps  formed  from 
mash  through  the  influence  of  smite; 
comp.  G.  sehmiss,  Sw.  smisk,  a  dash,  a 
bloi^.]  To  break  in  pieces  by  violence;  to 
dash  to  pieces;  to  crush  by  a  sudden  blow. 
—v.i.  To  go  to  pieces;  to  go  to  utter  wreck. 
— n.  A  breaking  to  pieces;  ruin;  bank- 
ruptcy.—Smasher,  smash'6r,n.  One  who 
of  that  which  smashes. — Smashing-ma- 
chine,?!.   A  press  used  by  bookbinders. 

Smatter,  smat'er,  v.i.  [For  sonacker,  from 
*macA:,  a  taste  or  small  quantity.]  To  have 

-  a  slight  superficial  knowledge;  to  talk 
superficiiJly.— n.  Slight  superficial  know- 
ledge.—Smatterer,  smat'6r-6r,  n.  One  who 
has  only  a  smattering  or  slight  superficial 
knowledge.  —  Smattering,  smat'6r-ing,  n. 
[Formerly  smackering.']    A  slight  super- 

.  ficial.  knowledge;  an  insignificant  degree 
of  acquirement  (a  smattering  of  law). 

Smear,  smer,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  smerian,  from 
smerv,  grease;  Icel.  smyrjan,  G.  schmieren, 
to  smear;  D.  smeer,  Icel.  smjor,  Dan.  smor, 
G.  sehmeer,  grease.]  -To  oversprea.d  with 
anything  xmctuous,  viscous,  or  adhesive; 
to  besmear;  to  daub;  to  soil. — rt.  A  spot 
made  as  if  by  some  unctuous  substance;  a 
stain;  a  blot  or  blotch. 

Smectite,  smek'tit,  n,  [Gr.  smSktis.  fniler's- 
earth,  from  amecM,  to  wipe.]  An  earth 
resembling  f  uller's-earth. 

Smegmatic,  smeg-mat'ik,  a.  [Gr.  smegma, 
soap,  from  smecho,  to  wash  off.]  Soapy; 
cleansing;  detersive. 

Bmell,  smel,  «.«.- pret.  and  pp.  s^mUed  or 
smelt.  [Allied  to  L.G.  smellen,  smelen,  to 
smoulder,  to  smoke;  D.  smevlen,  to  smoul- 
der; Dan.  smid,  dust,  powder.  Akin 
Sfmoulder.']  To  perceive  by  the  nose:  to 
perceive  the  scent  of;  to  perceive  as  it  by 
the  smell;  to  detect  by  sagacity. — To  smM 
out,  to  find  out  by  sagacity. — To  smell  a 
rat.  Under  Rat. — v.i.  To  exercise  the  senss 
of  smell;  to  give  out  odour  or  perfume;  to 
affect  the  sense  of  smell; 'to  have  an  odour 
or  scent;  to  have  a  smack  of  any  quality. 
— n.  The  sense  or  faculty  of  which  the 
nose  is  the  special  organ;  the  faculty  of 
perceiving  by  the  nose;  that  which  affects 
the  olfactory  organs;  odour;-  scent. — 
Smeller,  smel'^r,  n.  One  who  smells. — 
Smelling,  smel'ing,  n.  The  sense  of  smell. 
—Smelling-bottle,  n.  A  bottle  containing 
some  agreeable  or  pungent  scent,  either  to 
please  or  stimulate  the  sense  of  smell. — 
Smellingi-salts,  n.  pi.  Volatile  salts  nsed 
for  exciting  the  organs  of  smell. 

Smelt,  smelt,  n.  (A.  Sax.  and  Dan.  stmU.] 
A  small  but  delicious  European  fish  allied 
to  the  salmon,  inhabiting  the  salt  water 
about  the  mouths  of  rivers.    . 

Smelt,  smelt,  r).<.  [Same  as  D.smelten,  Dan. 
smelte,  Icel.  smelta,  G.  schmelzen,  to  melt, 
to  liquefy;  akin  G.  schmelz,  fat.  Melt.] 
To  melt  or  fuse,  as  ore,  for  the  purpfise  of 
separating  the  metal  from  extraneous 
suDstances.  —  Smelt«r,  smel'tftr,  n.  One 
who  smelts  ore.  —  Smeltery,  smel'tfer-i,  n. 
A  house  or  place  for  smelting  ores. — 
Smelting,  smel'ting,  n.  The  process  of  ob- 


taining metals  from  their  ores  by  the 
action  of  heat,  air,  and  fluxes.— Smelting- 
f omace,  n.  A  furnace  in  which  metals  are 
separated  from  their  ores;  a  blast-furnace. 

Smew,  smu,  n.  [Perhaps  for  ice-mew-  comp. 
the  German  names  ice-diter.  and  viem- 
diver.]  A  swimming  bird  of  the  merganser 
family,  frequenting  the  sea-shore,  lakes, 
and  ponds;  also  called  White  JV'itn. 

Smile,  smil,  v.i. — smiled,  smiling.  [Same 
as  Dan.  smile,  Sw.  smila,  O.G.  smielen,  to 
smile;  same  root  as  Skr.  smi,  to  smile.) 
To  express  pleasure  or  slight  amusement 
by  a  special  change  of  the  features,  espe- 
cially the  mouth:  the  contrary  of  to  jrpMm; 
to  express  slight  contempt,  sarcasrn,  or 
pity  by  a  look;  to  sneer;  to  look  gay  and 
joyous  (the  desert  smiled) ;  to  appear  pro- 
pitious or  favourable.— «.*.  To  express  by 
a  smile  (to  .smile  content);  to  put  an  end 
to  or  dispel  by  smiling:  with  away.—n.  A 
peculiar  contraction  of  the  features  ex- 
pressing pleasure,  approbation,  or  kind- 
ness: opposed  to/wM.7i;  gay  or  joyous  ap- 
pearance; favour;  countenance.  —  Smiler, 
smi'lfer,  ».  One  who  smiles.  —  Smiling, 
smi'ling,  p.  and  a.-  Wearing  a  smile;  gay 
or  joyous  in  aspect.^-Smlllngly,  smi'ling- 
li,-adv.  In  a  smiling  manner.— Smiling- 
ness,  smi'ling-nes,  n. 

Smircli,  smirch,  v.t.  [From  stem  of  STnear.] 
To  stain;  to^mear;  to  smudge. 

Smirk,  smerk,  v.  i.  [A.  Sax.  smcrrian, 
smMxeian,  to  smirk  or  smile;  from  stem 
of  smile;  comp.  O.G.  smiereii,  to  smile.] 
To  smile  affectedly  or  wantonly;  to  look 
affectedly  soft  or  kind.  —  ti.  An  affected 
smile;  a  soft  look. 

Smite,  smit,  i>.t.— pret.  smote;  pp.  smitten 
or  smit;  ppr.  srtiiting.  [A  Sax.  smitan,  to 
Binite=D.  sTuiijten,  Dan.  smide,  G.  schm.eia- 
sen,  to  strike,  to  cast  or  fling;  originally 
to  smear  or  defile;  comp.  Sc.  s^nit,  to  com- 
municate a  disease  to;  akin  are  smudgii 
smut]  To  strike;  to  give  a  blow  \vith  the 
hand,  something  in  the  hand,  or  some- 
thing thrown;  to  slay;  to  kill;  to  assail  or 
visit  with  something  evil ;  to  blast ;  to 
afSict,  chasten,  punish;  to  strike  or  affect 
with  love  or  other  feeling.— v.i.  To  strike; 
to  knijck.  —  Smiter,  smi't^r,  n.  One  who 
smites.  —  Smitten,  smit'n,  .pp.  of  smite. 
Struck;  affected  with  some  passion;  ex- 
cited by  beauty  or  something  impressive. 

Smith,  smith,  n.  [A.  Sax.  smith,  a  crafts- 
man, a  smith;  Icel.  smithr,  Goth,  mrdtha, 
D.  smid,  G.  schmid,  a  smith;  akin  to 
e^nooth.]  Onewho  forges  with  the  hamme'-; 
one  who  works  in  metals :  often  distinc- 
tively applied  to  a  blacksmith. — v.t.  To 
hammer  into  shape ;  to  forge.  —  Smith- 
craft,! smithTtraft,  n.  The  art  or  occnpa-  \ 
tion  of  a  smith.- Smlthery,.Bmith'6r-i,  n. 
A  smithy;  work  done  by  a  smith;  the  act 
or  art  of  forging. — Smithy,  smlth'i,  n.  [A. 
Sax.  smiththe,  a  smithy.]  The  workshop 
of  a  smith. 

Smitt,  smit,  «. '  [L.G.  tmitte,  G.  schviitz, 
from  smitten,  schmit^en,  to  besmear;  akin 
smite.]  Pine  ochre  made  up  into  ballS) 
used  for  marking  sheep. 

Smock,  smok,  n.  [A.  Ssix.  87wocc=Icel. 
smx)kkr.  a  smock;  Sw.  smog,  a  garment; 
lit.  a  garment  one  creeps  into;  comp.  A. 
Sax.  smiigan,  Icel.  smjiiga,  to  creep.] 
Smuggle.]  A  shift;  a  chemise;  a  woman's 
under  garment;  a  smock-frock.  —  v.t.  To 
provide  with  or  clothe  in  a  smock  or 
smock-frock.  —  Smock-ffock,  n.  A  loctse 
garment  of  coarse  linen  worn  by  field- 
labourers  over  their  other  clothes. 

Smoke,  smok,  n.  [A.  Sax.  smoca,  smoke= 
D.  and  L.G.*:JU)0/fc,  Dan.  smog,  G.schinauch, 
smoke;  comp.  Gr.  smycho,  to  bum  slowly.] 
The  exhalation  or  vaporous  matter  that 
escapes  from  a  bumiujg  substance;  espe- 
cially the  volatile  particles  expelled  from 
burning  vegetable  matter;  what  resem- 
bles slnoke ;  vapour ;  fig.  idle  talk  ;  van- 
ity; nothingness  (it  all  ended  in  smoke) ; 
.a  continuous  drawing  in  and  puffing  out 
of  the  fumes  of  burning  tobacco.— r.i. — 
smoked,  smoking.  To  emit  smoke  or  va- 
porous matter;  to  give  out  visible  vapour 
when  heated;  to  inhale  and  exhale  the 
fumes  of  burning  tobacco;  fig.  to  bum  or 
rage  (O.T.).  —  «.t.  To  apply  smoke  to;  to 
foul  by  smoke;  to  hang  in  smoke;  to  fumi- 


TSte.iU»iatt  f§U;     me,  met,  h£r;     pine,  pin;     o^tf, nof,  move;     tabe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     fl,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr.  T(. 


SMOLDER 


641 


SUARL 


gate;  to  drive  out  by  smoke;  to  draw  smoke 
from  into  the  mouth  and  puff-it  out;  to 
inhale  the  smoke  of ;  to  discover  or  find  out; 
to  make  fun  of  (a  person).  —  Smoke-bell, 
n.  A  glass  bell  suspended  over  a  gas-light 
to  intercept  the  smoke.— Smoke-black,  n. 
Lampblack.— Smoke-board,  n.  •  A  sliding 
board  or  plate  to  cause  an  increased 
draught  in  a  chimney  and  prevent  the 
smoke  from  coming  out  into  the  room. — 
Smoke -box,  n.  The  part  of  a  tubular 
steam-boiler  into  vrhich  the  smoke  is  re- 
ceived before  passing  into  the  funnel. — 
Smoke-dry,  v.t.  To  dry  by  smoke.— Smoke- 
bouse,  n.  A  building  employed  for  the 
purpose  of  curing  flesh  or  fish  by  smoking. 
—Smoke-jack,  n.  A  machine  for  turning 
a  roasting-spit  by  means  of  a  fly-wheel  or 
wheels  set'  in  motion  by  the  current  of ' 
ascending  air  in  a  chimney.— Smokeless, 
smok'les,  a.  Having  no  smoke. — Smoker, 
8m5'ker,.  n.  One  who  smokes;  one  who 
uses  towicco  by  inhaling  its  smoke  from. a 
pipe,  cigar,  &c.— Smoke-stack,  n.  In  steam 
vessels  a  narne  common  to  the  funnel  and. 
the  several  escape -pipes  for.  steam  be- 
side it.  —  Smoke-tight,  a.  Impervious,  to 
smoke.  '^  Smokily,  smo'ki-li,  adv.  In  a 
smoky  manner.  —  Smokiness,  smo'ki-nes, 
n.  The  state  of  being  smoky.— Smoking, 
smo'king,  p.  and  a.  Emitting  smoke; 
used  for  smoking  or  having  its  smoke  in- 
hiiled;  set  apart  for  the  purpose  of  smoking 
in."— n.  The  act  of  one  who  or  that  which 
smokes  •  the  act  or  practice-  of  inhaling 
tobacco  smoke  from  <•  pipe  or  cigar. — 
Smoklug-cap,  n.  A  light  ornamental  cap 
used  by  smokers  and  others  for  indoor 
wear.— Smoky,  smo'ki.a.  Emitting  smoke, 
especially  much  smoke;  resembling  smoke; 
filled  with  smoke;  tarnished  with,  siiipke. 
— Smoky  quartz,  a  variety  of  quartz  of  a 
smoky  brown  colour,  much  the  same  as 
cairngorm. 

Smolder,  smol'd^r.  Smoldering,  &c.  Shoul- 
der. 

Smolt,  smolt,  n.  [Comp.  Gael,  smal,  a  spot.] 
A  salmon  when  a  year  or  two  old,  and 
when  it  has  acquired  its  silvery  scales. 
Smooth,  smoTH.a.  [A.  Sax.  amoethe,  avidthe, 
also  amdthe,  smooth;  same  root  as  that  or 
s'mitK,  perhaps  of  smile.']  Having  a  very 
even  surface ;  free .  from  asperities ;  not 
rough;  evenly  spread;  glossy;  gently  flow- 
ing; not  rufiled  or  undulating;  railing 
pleasantly  ou  the  ear;  not  harsh  or  rugged; 
using  language  not  harsh  or  rugged;  bland; 
soothing;  insinuating;  without  jolt  or 
shock;  equable  as  to  motion. — Smooth  is 
often  used  in  the  formation  of  self -explain- 
ing compounds,  as  sniooi/i-haired,  smooth^ 
leaved,  «)noo</i-shaven,  «7?ioot^-swarded,&c. 
— n.  The  act  of  making  smooth;  the  smooth 
part  of  anything.— «;.<.  To  make  smooth; 
to  make  even  on  the  surface  by  any  means; 
to  free  from  obstruction;  to  make  easy;  to 
palliate;  to  soften;  to  calm;  to  mollify;  to. 
allay.  —  Smooth-bore,  n.  A  fijrearra  with' 
a  smooth-bored  barrel  arid  not  rifled. — 
Smooth-bored,  a.  Having  a  smooth  bore; 
not  rifled.— Smooth-ohinned,  a.  Having  a 
smooth  chin;  beardless.— Smoothen,  smo'- 
Tun,  v.t.  To  make  smooth;  to  smooth. — 
Smoother,  sino'iHCr,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  smooths.- Smooth-faced.a.  Having 
.•I  smooth  face;  beardless;  having  a  fawn- 
ing insinuating  look. — Smooth-grained,  a. 
Smooth  in  the  grain,  as  wood  or  stone. — 
Smoothing-iron,  n.  An  iron  instrument 
with  a  flat  polished  face^  used  when  heated 
for  smoothing  clothes,  hnen,  &c. — Smooth- 
ly, smoTU'li,  adv.  In  a  smooth  manner; 
evenly;  not  roughly  or  harshly;  with  bland, 
insinuating  language.  —  Smoothness, 
smOTH'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  - 
smooth;  evenness  of  surface;  easy  flow  of 
words ;  blandness  of  address.  —  Smooth- 
spoken, a.  Speaking  smoothly;  plausible; 
flfattenng.  —  Smooth-tongued,  a.  Soft  of 
speech;  plausible;  cozening. 
Smorzando,  smord-zan'do.  [It.,  dying 
away.]  A  word  placed  over  a  passage  of 
music  to  indicate  a  decrease,  or  dying 
away  of  the  sound. 
Smote,  smot,  pret.  of  smite. 
Smother,  smuTH'fer,  n.  [For  older  smxyrffier, 
siiiurther,  from  A.  Sax.  smarian,  to  sufTo- 
cate.]    Stifling  smoke;  a  suffocating  dust. 


~v.t.  To  suffocate  or  stifle:  to  suffocate  by 
closely  covering,  and  by  mo  exclusion  of 
air;  to  cover  close  up,  as  with  ashes,  earth, 
&c.;  fig.  to  suppress;  to  hide  from  public 
view. — v.i.  To  be  suffocated ;  to  smoulder. 
—Smother-fly,  n.  A  name  given  to  the 
various  species  of  aphis. — Smotheriness, 
8muTH'6r-i-nes,  n.  State  of  being  smoth- 
ery.—Smothery,  smuTH'6r-i,  a.  Tending 
to  smother;  stifling;  full  of  smother  or 
dust. 

Smoulder,  sm5i'd6r,  v.i.  [Perhaps  from  old 
smarther,  and  therefore  the  same  word  as 
smother;  comp.  also  Dan.  smuldre,  smulre, 
to  crumble,  to  moulder,  from  gmul,  dust.J 
To  burn  in  a  stifled  manner;  to  burn  and 
smoke  without  flame;  ^p.  to  burn  in- 
wardly, as  a  thought,  passion,  .and  the 
like;  to  exist  in  a  suppressed  state. 
Smudge,  smuj,  v.t. — smudged,  smudging. 
[A  form  of  smutch  (which  see).]  To  smear 
or  stain  with  dirt  or  filth;  to  blacken  with 
smoke.— n.  A  foul  spot;  a  stain;  a  smear. 
— Smudge-coal,  n.  A  miner's  name  for 
coal  converted  into  a  kind  6f  natural  coke 
by  internal  heat. 

Smng,  Bmug,«.  [Same  as  L.G.  smuck,  Dan. 
smuk,  G-.  schmuck,  handsome,  fine,  ijeat;- 
akin  to  swiocA;.]  Neat;  trim;  spruce;  fine; 
affectedly  nice  in  dress.— w.t. — smugged, 
smugging.  To  make  smug  or  spruce. — 
Smug-faced, -a.  Having  a  smug  or  jjrecise 
face;  prim-faced.— Smugly,  smug'li,  adv. 
In  a  smug  manner;  neatly;  sprucely. — 
Smugness,  smug'nes,  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  smug;  neatness;  spruceness. 
&mnesle,sm\lg'l,v.t.— smuggled,  smuggling. 
[Same  as  L.(3.  stnuggeln,  Dan.  smugle,  G. 
schmuggeln,  to  smuggle,  from  stem  of  A. 
Sax.  sm.'Agan,  Icel. .  s»y'ii{?a»  to  .creep. 
Smock  is  akin.]  To  import  or  export  se- 
cretly and  contrary  to  law;  to  manage, 
convey,  or  introduce  clandestinely.— v.i— 
To  practise  smuggling.— Smuggler,  smug*- 
16r,  n.  One  who  smuggles;  a  vessel  em- 
•ployed  in  smuggling  goods.— Smuggling, 
smug'Ung,  n.  The  offence  of  importing  or 
exporting  prohibited  goods  or  other  goods 
,  without  pa.ying  the  legal  duties. 
Smut,  smut,  n.  [Akin  to  smudge,  smutch, 
being  from  stem  of  smite;  comp.  D.  smet,  a 
blot,  a  stain.  J  A  spot  made  vtith  soot  or 
coal;  or  the  foul  matter  itself;  obscene  and 
filthy  language;  a  disease  of  cereals,  the 
farina  of  the  seed  being  converted  into 
a  black,  soot-like  po-wder.— v.t.— smutted, 
smutting.  To  stain  or  mark  with  smut  or 
other  duty  substance;  to  affect  with  the 
disease  called  smut.— I'.t.  To  gather  smut; 
to  give  off  smut. — Smut-ball,  n.  A  fungoid 
disease  analogous  to  smut;  also,  the  fungus 
producing  it.— Smutty,  smut'i,  a.  Soiled 
with  smut ;  affected  with  smut;  obscene ; 
Aot  modest  or  pure.— Smuttily,  smut'i-li, 
adv.  In  a  smutty  manner.  — Smuttiness, 
smut'i-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  ber 
ing  smutty. 

Smutch,  smuch,  v.t.  [Closely  allied  to 
smut;  same  as  Sw.  smuda,  Dan.  smuts,  G. 
'schniutz,  filth,  dirt.  Smudge  is  another 
form.  Smut.]  To  blacken  with  smoke, 
soot,  or  coal;  to  smudge.— «^  A. foul  spot; 
a  smudge;  a  black  stain. 
Snack,  snak,  n.  [Lit.  a  'snatch'  or  mor- 
sel hastily  taken.  Snatch.]  A  portion  of 
food  that  can  be  eaten  hastily;  a  slight, 
hasty  repast;  a  share,  as  in  the  phrase,  to 
go  snacks,  that  is,  to  have  a  share. 
Snaffle,  snaf '1,  n.  [Comp.  D.  snavel,  a  snout 
or  animal's  muzzle.]  A  bridle,  consisting 
of  a  slender  bit  with  a  single  rein  and 
without  a  curb;  a  snaffle-bit. — Snaffle-bit, 
n.  A  plain,  slender  bit  having  a  joint  in 
the  middle. 

Snag,  snag,  re.  [Comp.  Icel.  snagi,  a  small 
stake  or  peg.]  A  short  projecting  stump 
of  a  branch;  a  branch  broken  from  a 
tree;  the  trunk  of  a  large  tree  stuck  by 
chance  in  a  river  with  one  end  projecting 
so  that  steamboats,  &c.,  are  liable  to  strike 
on  it.— v.t.— snagged,  snagging.  To  trim 
by  lopping  branches;  to  injure  by  a  snag. 
—Snaggy,  snag'i,  a.  Full  of  snags;  having 
short  stumps. 

Snail,  snal,  n.  [A.  Sax.  snael,  cont^.  from 
sncegel,  snoegl—lcBX.  snigill,  Dan.  snegl; 
dim.  forms  from  root  of  snake,  sneak,  the 
name   signifying  creeping  animal.]     A 


slimy,  slow-creeping,  air-breathing  mol- 
lusc differing  from  the  slugs  chiefly  in 
having  a.  spiral  shell,  but  the  latter  ara 
also  sometimes  popularly  called  snails;  a 
slow-moving  person;  a  sluggard;  a  drone; 
a-  piece  of  spiral  machinery;  a  piece  of 
metal  forming  part  of  the  striking  work 
of  a  clock.  —  Snail-clover,  Snail -plant. 
Snail-trefoil,  n.  A  papilionaceous  plant 
with  snail-like  pods.— Snail-paced,a.  Mov- 
ing very  slowly .—Snail-ghelf,  n.  The  spiral 
shell  of  the  snail. 

Snake,  snak,  n.  [A.  Sax.  snaca;  Icel.  sndkr, 
snOkr,  Sw.  snok,  D&n.  snag.  Akin  sneak, 
snail.]  A  name  coinmonly  given  to  any 
serpent,  and  often-  to  the  common  non- 
venomous  British  snake.- jI  snake  in  the 
grass,  a  secret  or  treacherous  enemy. — 
Snake-bird,  n.  The  darter.  Da'uter.— 
Snake -mosa,  n.  Common  club-moss. — 
Snake-root,  n.  T^he  popular  name  of  vari- 
ous American  plants  reputed  to  be  reme- 
dies for  snake  bites.— Snake-Etone,  n.  An 
ammonite;  a  stone  popularly  believed  to 
cure  snake  bites.— Snake-weed,  n.  ■.  The 
plant  bistort.— Snake-wood,  n.  A  tree  of 
the  East  Indies  supposed  to  be  a  remedy 
for  the  bite  of  the  cobra;  also  a  tree  of 
Demerara,  so  called  from  the  heart-wood 
being  mottled  with  irregularly  shaped 
dark  spots.— Snakish.  8nalci8h,a.  Having 
a  snake-like  form,  nabits,  or  qualities; 
snaky.- Snaky,  sna'ki,  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  snake  or  to  snakes;  resembling  a  snake; 
serpentine;  winding;  cunning;  insinua- 
ting.- -     . 

Snap,  snap,  v.t— snapped,  snapping.  [Same 
as  L.G.  and  D.  snappen,  Dan.  anappe,  G. 
schnappen^  to  snap.  Snip  is  a  lighter  form , 
and  snipe  is  connected,  probably  also  neb.\ 
To  bite  suddenly;  to  seize  suddenly  with 
the  teeth ;  to  snatch  suddenly  or  unex- 
pectedly; to  break  upon  suddenly  with 
sharp,  angry  words':  often  with  tip;  to 
crack;  to  make  a  sharp  sound  with  (to 
sjiap  the  fingers);  to  shut  with  a~  sharp 
sound;  to  break  with  a  sharp  sound;  to 
break  short.- 2'o  snap  of,  to  break  or  bite 
off  suddenly.  —  v.i.  To  make  a  sudden 
effort  to  bite;  to  aim  to  seize  with  the 
teeth  (to  snap  at  a  person's  hand) ;  to  ac- 
cept promptly  (to  snap  cU  a  proposal);  to 
break  short;  to  part  asunder  suddenly;  to 
give  a  sharp  cracking  sound,  such  as  that 
of  the  hammer  of  a  firearm  when  it  de- 
scends without  exploding  the  charge ;  to 
utter  sharp,  angry  words. — n.  A  sudden, 
eager  bite;  a  sudden  breaking  or  rupture 
of  any  substance;  a  sharp  cracking  sound; 
the  spring  catch  of  a  purse,  bracelet, 
•  and  the  like ;  a  crisp  kind  of  gingerbread 
nut  or  small  cake.  —  A  cold  snap,  a  sud- 
den severe  time  of  cold  weather.  —  Snap- 
draigon,  n.  An  antirrhinum;  a  play  in 
which  raisins  are  snatched  from  burning 
brandy,  and  put  into  the  mouth.— Snap- 
lock,' n.  A  lock  that  shuts  with  a  catch 
ov  snap.— Snapper,  snap'*r,  n.  One  that 
snaps.— Snapping-turtle,  n.  A  large  fresh- 
water tortoise  of  the  United  States:  so 
named  from  its  propensity  to  snap  at 
things.- Snappish,  snap'ish,  a.  Ready  or 
apt  to  snap  or  bite ;  apt  to  use  sharp 
words;  sharp  in  reply ;  tart ;  crabbed. — 
Snappishly,  snap'ish-li,  adv.  In  a  snappish 
manner;  angrily;  tartly.— Snappishness, 
snap 'ish-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
snappish. 

Snare,  snar,  n.  [A.  Sax.  snear,  a  snare,  a 
noose;  Icel.  snara,  D-an.  snare,  a  snare, 
D.  ancMr,  a  string ;  from  a  root  meaning 
to  twist,  seen  also  in  L.  nervus.  Nerve.] 
A  noose  or  set  of  nooses  by  which  a  bird 
or  other  living  animal  may  be  entangled; 
a  gin;  fin.  something  that  serves  to  en- 
tangle or  entrap  a  verson.-v.t.-snared, 
snaring.  To  catch  with  a  snare;  to  catch 
or  take  by  guile.— Snarer  sna'rSr,  n.  One 
who  lays  snares  or  entangles.  —  Snary, 
sna'ri,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  a  sfiare;  en- 
tangling; insidious. 

Snarl,  snarl,  v.i.  [A  freq.  corresponding 
to  old  srear=L.G.  and  O.D.  snarren,  G. 
schnarren,  to  snarl ;  akin  to  snore,  snort] 
To  growl,  as  an  angry  or  surly  dog  A  to 
talk  in  rude,  murmuring  terms.— Snarlsr, 
snarlfer,  re.  One  who  snarls.  —  Eino-r' ?;-.;:, 
snar'ling,  p.  and  a.  Growling;  snappi-v. 
1 


ah,  Chain;     ch,&c.loch;  -  g,go;     hjdb;     n,  Ft  tow;     ng,  sirejr;     th,  <ften;  th,  t'lin;     w,  wig; 


wh,  w7tig; 
41 


eb,  asure. 


S2fARL 


642 


SNUG 


Snarl,  enSrl,  v.t.  [A  freq.  from  enare.)  To 
entangle;  to  involve  in  knots.— n.  A  knot; 
a  complication;  embarrassing  difficulty. 

Snarl,  snarl,  v.t.  To  raise  hollow  ornamen- 
tal work  in  narrow  metal  vases  by  blows 
on  a  special  instrument  introduced. 

Snatch,  snach,  v.t.  -[Softened  form  of  O. 
and  Prov.  E.  gnack,  to  snatch;  D.  and  L.G. 
gnakken,  snacken,  to  snatch:  probablj;  a 
parallel  form  of  snap.'i  To  seize  hastily 
or  abruptly;  to  seize  without  permission 
or  ceremony;  to  seize  and  transport  away. 
— v.t.  To  attempt  to  seize  suddenly ;  to 
snap  or  catch  (to  snatch  at  a  thing). — n.  A 
hasty  catch  or  seizing;  a  catching  at  or 
attempt  to  seize  suddenly;  a  small  piece 
or  fragment  (a  snatch  of  a  song).— Snatch- 
block,  71.  A  block  used  in  ships,  having  an 
opening  in  one  side  to  receive  the  bight 
of  a  rope.— Snatcher,  snach'6r,  n.  One  that 
snatches  or  takes  abruptly. — Snatchingly, 
snach'ing-li,  adv.  By  snatching;  hastily; 
a,bruptly.  —  Snatchy,  snach'i,  o.  Consis- 
ting of  snatches  or  small  pieces. 

Sneak,  snek,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  snican,  to  creep, 
to  sneak ;  Dan.  snige,  to  creep.  Snare.] 
To  creep  or  steal  privately;  to  go  furtively, 
as  if  afraid  or  ashamed  to  be  seen;  to  slink; 
to  behave  with  meanness;  to  truckle. — n. 
A  mean  fellow;  a  cowardly,  mean,  under- 
hand fellow. — Sneaker,  sne'kfer,  «.  One 
who  sneaks;  a  kind  of  punch -bowl. — 
Sneaking,  Sneaky,  sne'king,  sne'ki,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  sneak;  acting  like  a  sneak; 
mean;  vmoerhand.- Sneakingly,  sne'king- 
li,  adv.  In  a  sneaking  manner.— Sneak- 
Ingness,  Sneaklnesg,  sne'king-nes,  snSOd- 
nes,  n.    The  quality  of  being  sneaking. 

Sneer,  sner,  v.i.  [Same  as  Dan.  sncerre,  to 
snarl;  allied  to  snarU]  To  show  contempt 
by  turning  up  the  nose,  or  by  a  particular 
cast  of  countenance;  to  insinuate  con- 
tempt in  words ;  to  speak  derisively.  — 
v.t.  To  treat  with  sneers ;  to  utter  with  a 
sneer. — n.  A  look  of  contempt  or  disdain; 
an  expression  of  contemptuous  scorn ;  in- 
direct expression  of  contempt.— Snesrer, 
sne'rSr,  n.  One  that  sneers.— Sneeringly, 
sne'ring-li,  adv.    In  a  sneering  manner. 

Sneeze,  sn^,  v.i. — sneezed,,  sneezing.  [Same 
as  n«€8e  with  s  prefixed;  or  modified  from 
A.  Sax.  fneiaan,  D./niezen,  to  sneeze.]  To 
emit  air  through  the  nose  audibly  and 
violently  by  a  kind  of  involuntary  con- 
vulsive force,  occasioned  by  irritation  of 
th^  inner  membrane  of  the  nose.  —  To 
sneeze  at,  to  show  contempt  for ;  to  scorn. 
—n.  The  act  of  one  who  sneezes. — Sneeze- 
wood,  n.  A  valuable  timber  tree  of  Cape  . 
Colony  the  dust  of  which  causes  sneezing.  I 
—  Sneezewort,  snSz'w6rt,  n.  A.British' 
comiKisite  plant:  bo  callfed  because  the 
dried  flowers  and  roots,  when  powdered^ 
cause,  sneezing.  —  Sneezing,  sne'zing,-  n. 
The  act  of  ejecting  air  violently  ■  and 
audibly  through  the  nose  by  a  sudden 
and  involuntary  effort ;  sternutation. 

Snick,  snik,  n.  [Icel.  snikka,  to  cut  or 
work  with  a  knife;  D.  snik,  a  chisel.]  A 
email  cvit  or  mark.— w.f.  To  cut ;  to  clip. 
— Snlckeranee,  snik'6r-sn5,  n.  [Comp.  D. 
snee,  a  cut.]    A  large  clasp-knife. 

Enlcker,  snik'fer,  v.i:  [Imitative  of  the 
sound.]    To  giggle;  to  snigger. 

Snider,  Snider-rlfle,  sni'dtr,  n.  A  form  of 
breech -loading  rifle,  so  called  from  its  in- 
ventor. 

Bniir,  snif,  v.i.  [A  lighter  form  of  snuff.] 
To  draw  air  audibly  up  the  nose,  some- 
times as  an  expression  of  scorn ;  to  snuff. 
—v.t.  To  draw  in  with  the  breath  through 
the  nose;  to  snuff;  to  smell.— n.  The  act 
of  snifiing;  the  sound  so  produced:  that 
which  is  taken  by  sniflfing  (a  miff  of  fresh 
air). 

Snigger,  snig'Sr,  ».i.  [Snicker.]  To  snicker; 
to  giggle.  —  n.  A  suppressed  laugh;  a 
giggle. _ 

B:up,  snip,  v.t.—smpped,  snipping.  [Closely 
allied  to  snap,  and  same  as  D.  and  L.G. 
snippen,  G.  sehnippen,  schnip/en;  to  snip.) 
To  cut  off  at  once  with  shears  or  scissors; 
to  clip;  to  shred.— n.  A  cut  with  shears  or 
scissors;  a  bit  cut  off;  a  small  shred'. 

8ni|>e,  snip,  n.  [Same  as  Icel.  snipa,  a 
shiptf ;  D.  snip,  L.G.  snippe,  Dan.  sneppe, 
G.  sehnep/e,  a  snipe;  akin  to  snap,  -neb, 
i.r  nii).]    A  grallatonal  bird  frequenting 


marshy  grounds,  with  a  long  straight  bill, 
remarkiible  for  the  drumming  noise  it 
makes  in  summer;  a  fool ;  a  blockhead;  a 
simpleton. — Sea  snipe,  the  dunlin. — Sum- 
■me-  swipe.the  common  sand-piper.— Snipe- 
fis^    n.    The  bellows-fish. 

Sni.  .>et,  snip'et,  n.  [Dim.  of  snip,  a  part.] 
A  small  part  or  share. — Snippety,  snip'- 
et-i,  a.    Insignificant. 

Snite,  snit,  v.t. — snOed,  sniting.  [Icel.  snyta, 
D.  snuiten,  to  blow  the  nose ;  akin  snotU.] 
To  flip,  so  as  to  strike  off;  to  clean  the  nose. 

Snivel,  sniVel,  v.i.  —  snivelled,  snivelling. 
[Akin  to  sniff,  srniff.]  To  run  at  the  nose ; 
to  cry  or  fret,  as  children,  with  snuffing 
or  snivelling ;  to  whimper.  —  Sniveller, 
sniv'el-fer,  n.  One  who  snivels  or  whines ; 
one  who  weeps  for  slight  causes. — Snivel- 
ling, sniv'el-ing,  n.  The  act  or  the  noise 
of  one  who  snivels.- Snivelly,  sniv'el-i;  o. 
Running  at  the  nose;  pitiful;  whining. 

Snob,  snob,  n.  [Origin  unknown.]  A  cant 
name  for  a  shoemaker;  a  journeyman 
shoemaker;  one  who  is  always  pretending 
to  be  something  better  than  he  is ;  a  vul- 
gar person  who  apes  gentility. — Snobbery, 
Snobbishness,  snob'6r-i,  snob'ish-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  snobbish.- Snobbish, 
Snobby,  snob'ish,  snob'i,  a.  Belonging  to 
or  resembling  a  snob;  vulgarly  ostenta- 
tious. —  Snobbishly,  snob'ish-li,  adv.  In 
the  manner  of  a  snob.  —  Snobbism,  snob'- 
izm,  n.  The  manners  of  a  snob ;  snobbish- 
ness. 

Snood,  sncid,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sndd,  a  snood; 
comp.  Icel.  sniia,  to  twist.]  A  fillet  or 
ribbon  for  the  hair; 

Snooze,  snoz,  n.  [Imitative  of  the  sound 
made  in  drawing  the  breath  while  asleep, 
and  allied  to  snore.]  A  nap  or  short  sleep. 
—v.i. — snoozed,  snoozing.  To  slumber ;  to 
take  a  short  nap.    [CoUoq.] 

Snore,  snor,  v.i.— snored,  snoring.   [A.  Sax. 
snora,  a  snoring;  L.G.  snoren,  D.  snorken, 
Da.n.'snorke,  G.  schnarchen,  to  snore;  imi- 
tative and  akin  to  sreaW,*nor<.]  To  breathe 
with  a  rough  hoarse  noise  in  sleep. — n.  A  j 
breathing  with  a  harsh  noise  through- the  ■• 
nose  and  mouth  in  sleep. — Snorer,  sno'rir,  i 
n.  One  that  snores.  1 

Snort,  snort,  v.i.  [Akin  to  snore,  D.  snor- 
ten.]  To  iForce  the  air  with  violence 
through  the  nose,  so  as  to  make  an  abrupt 
noise. — n.  A  loud  short  sound  produced 
by  forcing  the  air  through  the  nostrils.— 
Snorter,  snor'tfer,  n.    One  who  snorts. 

Snot,  snot,  n.-  [Same  as  Dan.  and  D.  snot, 
snot;  akin  snite,  snout.]  Mucus  discharged 
from  or  secreted  in  the  nose.— SnottUy, 
snot'i-li,  adv.  In  a  snotty  manner.— Snot- 
.  tineas,  snot'i-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
snotty.- Snotty,  snot'i,  a.  Foul  with  snot; 
dirty;  sneering  or  sarcastic.    [Colloq.] 

Snout,  snout,  n.  [Same  as  L.G.  snute,  Sw. 
snxit,  Dan.  snude,  D.  snvit,  G.  schnavize,  a 
snout.  Snite  and  snot  are  closely  akin.] 
The  long  projecting  nose  of  a  beast,  as  that 
of  swine ;  the  nozzle  or  end  of  a  pipe. — 
Snonted,  snout'ed,  a.  Having  a  snout.  — 
Snonty,  snout'i,  a.  Kesembling  a  beast's 
snout. 

.Snow,  sn5,  n.  [A.  Sax.  andto,  8now=D. 
sneeuw,  L.G.  and  Dan.  snee,  Sw.  sno,  Icel. 
snjdr  (also  snor),  G.  schnee,  Goth,  snaivs; 
cog.  L.  nix,  GrT. niphas  (without  initial  «).] 
Watery  particles  congealed  into  white 
crystals  m.  the  air,  and  falling  to  the  earth 
in  flakes. — Red  snow.  Pbotococccs. — v.i. 
To  fall  in  snow:  used  chiefly  impersonally 
(it  snows,  it  snowed).— v.t.  To  scatter  or 
cause  to  fall  like  snow.-»-Snow-ball,  n.  A 
ball  of  snow;  a  round  mass  of  snow  pressed 
or  rolled  together.  —  v.t.  To^  pelt  with 
snow-balls.  —  v.i.  To  throw  snow-balls. — 
Snow-berry^n.  A  name  of  certain  shrubs 
bearing  fruits  consisting  of  snow-white 
berries. — Snow-bird,  n.  The  snow-bunting. 
— Snow-blind,  a.  Affected  with  snow- 
blindness.- Snow-blindness,  n.  An  affec- 
tion of  the  eyes  caused  by  the  reflection 
of  light  from  the  snow.  —  Snow- blink. 
Snow-light,  n.  The  peculiar  reflection  that 
arises  from  fields  of  ice  or  sno^.  —  Snow- 
broth,  n.  Snow  and  water  mixed. — Snow- 
bnnting,  Snow-fleck,  n.  A  bird  belonging 
to  the  Dunting  family,  a  Winter  visitant 
to  Britain  and  other  temperate  regions. — 
Snow-drift,  n.    A  driving  snow;  a  bank  of 


snow  driven  together  by  the  wind.— Snow- 
drop, sno'drop,  n.  A  well-known  garden 
plant,  bearing  solitary,  drooping,  and  ele- 
gant white  flowers,  which  appear  very 
early  in  the  year.  —  Snow-eyes,  ji.  pi.  A 
sort  of  goggles  used  by  the  Esquimaux  as 
a  preventive  to  snow-blindness.  —  Snow- 
field,  n.  A  wide  expanse  of  permanent 
snow.— Snow-flake,  n.  A  flake  of  falling 
snow;  a  British  plant  with  a  bulbous  root 
and  white  drooping  flowers,  which  appear 
in  May.  —  Snow-hut,  n.  A  hut  built  of 
snow;  a  snow-house  used  by  the  Esqui- 
maux, &c. — Snow-line,  n.  The  line  above 
which  mountains  are  covered  with  per- 
petual snow,  varj'ing  according  to  lati- 
tude and  local  circumstances,  being  high- 
est near  the  equator  and  lowest  near  the 
poles. — Snow-plant,  n.  Red-snow;  proto- 
coccus. — Snow-plough,  n.  An  implement 
for  clearing  away  the  snow  from  roads, 
railways,  &c.,  moved  by  horses  or  a  loco- 
motive engine.— Snow-shoe,  n.  A  kind  of 
flat  framework  worn  on  the  feet,  made 
of  wood  alone,  or  consisting  of  a  light 
frame  crossed  and  recrossed  by  thongs,  the 
broad  surface  thus  presented  keeping  the 
wearer  from  sinking  in  the  snow.— Snow- 
slip,  n.  A  large  mass  of  snow  which  slips 
down  the  side  of  a  mountain.  —  Snow- 
storm, n.  A  storm'  with  a  heavy,  drifting 
fall  of  snow.— Snow-water,  n.  Water  pro- 
duced from  the  melting  of  snow.— Snow- 
white,  a.  White  as  snow;  very  white.' 
—  Snow-wreath,  n.  An  accumulation  of 
drifted  snow  of  some  considerable  length 
and  height.— Snowy,  sno'i,  a.  White  like 
snow;;  abounding  with  snow;  covered  with 
snow;  white;  pure;  spotless;  unblemished. 

Snow,  sno,  n.  [D.  snaauw,  a  kind  of  boat.] 
A  vessel  with  two  masts  resembling  the 
main  and  fore  masts  of  a  ship,  and  a  third 
small  mast  just  abaft  and  close  to  the 
main-mast,  carrying  a  try-sail.  ] 

Snub,  snub,  v.t.—stmbbed,  snuhhing.  [Same 
as  older  English  snih;  Icel.  snvbha,  to  snub,' 
to  chide^  Dan.  snuhhe,  to  snap  or  snip  off; 
akin  to  srnap,  snip.]  To  nip  or  check  in 
growtht;  to  check,  stop,  or  rebuke  with  a 
tart  sarcastic  reply  or  remark;  to  slight 
designedly;  to  treat  with  contempt  or 
neglect,  as  a  forward  or  pretentious  per- 
son.—n.  A  check;  a  rebuke.  —  Snubbish, 
snub'ish,  a.  Tending  to  snub,  check,  or 
repress.  —  Snnb-nose,  w.  A  short  or  flat 
nose.  —  Snub-nosed,  a.  Having  a  short, 
flat  nose. 

Snuff,  snuf,  v.t.  [Same  as  D.  snvffen,  to 
snuff;  snuf,  a  sniffing;  akin  Dan.  ttnJofte, 
G.  schnupfen,  to  snuff;  akin  sniff,  snivel, 
snuffle.]  To  draw  in  with  the  breath;  to 
inhale;  to  scent;  to  smell;  to  crop  the  snuff 
of,  as  of  a  candle. — To  snuff  out,  to  extin- 
guish by  snuffing.— w.l  To  inhale  air  with 
noise,  as  dogs  and  horses;  to  snort  or  sniff; 
to  sniff  contemptuously-. —n.  An  inhala- 
tion by  the  nose;  a  sniff;  resentment;  huff, 
expressed  by  a  snuffing  of  the  nose;  a 
powdered  preparation  of  tobacco  inhaled 
through  the  nose ;  that  part  of  a  caudle 
wick  which  has  been  charred  by  the  flame.' 
—Snuff-box,  n.  A  box  for  carrying  snuff 
about  the  person.  —  Snuffer,  snuf 'rt,  n. 
One  that  snuffs;  pi.  an  instrument  for  m- 
moving  the  snuff  of  a  candle.  —  Snuff- 
taking,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  inhaling 
snuff  into  the  nose.  —  Snufiy,  snuf'i,  a. 
Resembling  snuff  in  colour;  soiled  with 
snuff,  or  smelling  of  it. 

Snuffle,,  snuf'i,  v.i.  —  snuffled,  snuffling. 
[Freq.  of  «n«/,- and  =  L.G.  snuffeln,  D. 
snuffelen,  Sw.  snufla,  to  snuffle.  Snuff.] 
To  speak  through  the  nose  or  with  a  nasal 
twgjig;  to  breathe  hard  through  the  nose. 
— n.  A  sound  made  by  the  passage  of  air 
through  the  nostrils;  a  speaking  through 
the  nose;  an  affected  nasal  twang.— Snuf- 
fler,  sniif'l-er,  n.  One  who  snuffles.- 
Snuffles,  snuf'lz,  n.  pi.  Obstruction  of  the 
nose  by  mucus,  a  malady  of  dogs. 

Snug,  snug,  a.  .[Same  as  Icel.  snoggr,  short- 
haired,  smooth;  O.Dan,  snog,  &yr.  snygg^ 
neat,  elegant;  akin  perhaps  to  snag.\ 
Lying  close  and  comfortable;  neat,  trim, 
and  convenient.— t>.t.—«n«pped,  snugging. 
To  lie  close;  to  snuggle.- f.t.  To  put  in  a 
snug  position;  to  place  snugly  .-Snuggery, 
suug'er-i,  n.    A  snug,  warm  habitation  or 


Pate, f&r, fat, f||ll;> '^mS, met, h^'^' pine,  pin;     nOte. not,  mOve;     tflbe  tub,  b\>U;     oil.poundi.    tt, Se.  abune^tfeeXr-Jtr 


so 


643 


SODDEN 


comfortable  place.    [Colloq.]  —  Snuggle, 

[  snug'l,  v.i.— snuggled,  snuggling,  r*  freq. 
and  dim.  from  snug.'\  To.  lie  close  for  con- 
venience or  warmth;  to  nestle Snugly, 

Bnug"!!,  adv.  In  a  snug  manner;  closely; 
comfortably.— Snugnesa,  snug'nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  staug. 
So,  so,  ado.  [A.  Sax.  awA,  bo,  as;  Icel.  svA, 
8V0,  so,  Goth,  sva,  sve,  L.G.  ana  G.  so,  D. 
zoo.  It  appears  in  as,  also,  whosoever,  &c.] 
In  this  or  that  manner;  to  that  degree  (so 
long);  thus  (he  does  it  so);  in  like  manner 
or  degree:  aiteras  (as  thou  art  so  were 
they);  in  such  a  manner;  to  such  a  degree: 
with  as. or  that  following  {so  fortunate  as 
to  escape) ;  colloquially,  extremely,  very 
(it  is  s6  beautiful) ;  as  has  been  said  or 
stated  (it  is  so,  do  so);  the  case  being  such; 
accordingly;  well  (so  you  are  here  again, 
are  you? ) ;  somewhere  about  this  or  that; 
thereby  (a  year  or  so) ;  in  wishes  arid  as- 
severations (so. help  me  Heaven!  that  is, 
may  Heaven  eo  help  me  as  I  speak  truth). 
— So  forth,  so  on,  more  of  the  same  or  a 
similar  kind;  etcetera.— So  so,  indifferent; 
middling;  mediocre  (a  very  so  so  affair).— 
So,  80,  an  exclamation  implying  discovery 
or  observation  of  some  effect;,  ay,  ay;  well, 
well.— So  that,  to  the  end  that;  in  order 
that;  with  the  purpose  or  intention  that; 
with  the  effect  or  result  that.— So  then^ 
thus  then  it  is  that ;  the  consequence  is; 
therefore.— con./.  Provided  that;  on  condi- 
tion that;  in  case  that. — interj.  Enough  1 
that  will  do!— So-and-so,  so'and-so.  A  cer- 
tain person  not  mentioned  by  name;  an 
indefinite  person  or  thing.  [Colloq.] 
Soak,  sok,  v.t.  [Probably  akin  to  ■suck.'] 
To  let  lie  in  a  fluid  in  order  to  imbibe 
what  it  can  contain;  to  macerate  in  water 
or  other  fluid;  to  steep;  to  drench;  to  wet 
thoroughly;  to  draw  in  by  pores;  to  pene- 
trate or  permeate  by  pores.— w.f.  To  lie 
steeped  in  water  or  other  fluid;  to  steep; 
to  enter  into  pores  or  interstices;  to  drink 
intemperafely  to  tipple  constantly.  — 
Soakage,  so'kaj,  n.  Act  of  soaking;  fluid 
imbibed.  —  Soaker,  soTcfer,  n.  One  who 
Eoaks ;  a  constant  drinker.  —  Soaking,  so'- 
kingj  p.  and  a.  Steeping;  macerating; 
wetting  thoroughly.  —  n.  A  wetting ;  a 
drenching. 

Soap,  sop,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sdpe—Sw.  sopa,  L.G. 
seve,  O.H.6.  seifa,  from  same  root  as  L. 
seoMm,  tallow.]  A  chemical  compound  of 
potash  and  soda  with  fat,  soluble  in  water, 
and  used  for  detergent  or  cleansing  pur- 
poses; flattery  (slang). — v.t.  To  rub  or  wash 
over  with  soap;  to  flatter  (slang).  —  Soap- 
;  boiler,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
make  soap.— Soap-boiling,  ?i.  The  business 
■of  boiling  or  manufacturing  soap.— S6ap- 
"bubble,  n.  A  thin  film  of  soap-suds  in- 
flated by  blowing  through  a  pipe,  and 
forming  a  hollow  globe  vriih  beautiful 
i  iridescent  colours.  —  Soap-plant,  n.  A 
I  name  common  to  several  plants  used  in 
,  place  of  soap,  being  capable  of  raising  a 
I  lather.  —  Soap  -  stone,  n.  A  species  of 
steatite.  —  Soap-suds,  n.  pi.  Suds;  water 
■  well  impregnated  with  soap. — Soapwort, 
:  sop'w^rt,  n.  A  perennial  plant  common 
in  gardens,  the  stems  of  which,  upon  be- 
'  ing  put  in  water,  form  a  lather  like  soap. 
I  — Soapy,  so'pi,a.  Resembling  soap;  having 
[the  qualities  of  soap;  smeared  with  soap; 
'fig.  flattering;  unctuous;  oily:  said  of  per- 
sons, language,  <fec.  (colloq.). 
Soar,  sor,  v.i.  [Pr.  essorer,  from  L.L.  ex- 
aurare,  to  take  to  the  air — L.  ex,  out,  and 
aura,  the  air.]  To  fly  aloft,  as  a  bird;  to 
mount  upward  on  wings  or  as  on  wings; 
to  mount  intellectually;  to  rise  above  what 
is  prosaic  or  commonplace,&c.;  to  be  trans- 
ported with  a  lofty  imagination,  desires, 
&c.— n.  A  towering  flight;  ascent. 
Sob,  sob,  v.i. — sobbed,  sobbing.  [Akin  to 
A.  Sax.  se(5yiaj4,tosigh;  Or.  seufzen,  to  nigh; 
E.  sough.]  To  weep  with  convulsive  catch- 
ings  of  the  breath. — n.  A  convulsive  catch- 
,  ing  of  the  breath  excited  by  mental  emo- 
tion of  a  painful  natore;  a  snort  convulsive 
sigh. 

Sober,  s5'b6r,  a.  [Pr.  aobre,  from  L.  sobrius, 
sober,  from  se,  apart,  nud  e65-i!t8,drunken.j 
'iediperate  in  the  use  of  intoxicating 
liquors;  abstemious;  not  intoxicatod;  not 
dr'in'u;  not  vrAd,  visionary,  or  heated  with 


passion;  having  the  regular  ejrerciBe  of 

cool,  dispassionate  reason;  dispassionate; 
calm ;  serious ;  grave ;  not  bright,  gay,  or 
brilliant  in  appearance;  dull-looking. — 
v.t.  To  make  sober;  to  cure  of  intoxication; 
to  make  temperate,  calm,  or.  solemn.- v.i. 
To  become  sober,  staid,  or  sedate :  often 
with  down.  —  Soberize,  8o'b6r-iz,  v.i.  To 
become  sober. — v.t.  To  make  sober.  —  So- 
berly, so'ber-li,  adv.  In  a  sober  manner; 
temperately;  moderately;  calmly;  serious- 
ly; gravely.— Sober-minded,  a.  Having  a 
calm  and  temperate  disposition.— Sober- 
ness, si3'b6r-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  sober;  sobriety;  temperance;  calm- 
ness.—Sobriety,  so-bri'e-ti,n.  IL.soh-ietas.] 
Temperance  in  the  use  of  intoxicating 
liquors;  abstemiousness;  modet:ation;  free- 
dom from  the  influence  of  strong  drink; 
calmness;  coolness;  seriousness;  gravity. 

Boboles,  sol/o-lez,  n.  [L.J  Bot.  a  creepmg 
Underground  stem.  —  Soboliferoua,  sob-O- 
lif'6r-us,  a.  Bot.  producing  young  plants 
from  a  creeping  underground  stem. 

Sobriquet,  so-brS-ka,  n.  [Pr.]  A  nickname; 
a  fanciful  appellation. 

Socage,  Soccage,  sok'aj,  n.  [L.L.  socagium, 
socage;  lit.  the  tenure  of  one-  over  whom 
his  lord  had  a  certain  jurisdiction,  from 

A.  Sax.  s6c,  the  privilege'of  holding  a  court 
in  a  district,  from  stem  of  seek.]  A  tenure 
of  lands  in  England  by  the  performance 
of  certain  and  determinate  service.— Soc- 
man,'sok'mau,  n.  One  who  holds  lands  or 
tenements  by  socage. 

Sociable,  so'shi-a-bl,  a.  [Pr.  sociable,  L.  so- 
ciabilis,  from  socio,  to  associate  or  unite, 
from  socius,  a  companion,  from  the  root  of 
L.  sequor,  to  follow  (whence  E.  sequence, 
&&.).]  Inclined  to  associate  or  join  in 
friendly  intercourse;  fond  of  companions; 
companionable ;  conversible ;  social.  —  n. 
An  open  carriage  with  seats  facing  each 
other;  a  tricycle  for  carrying  two  persons; 
a  couch  with  a  curved  S -shaped  back 
for  two  persons;  who  sit  partially  facing 
each  other.  —  Sociability,  Sociableneas, 
s5'shi-a-bil"i-ti,  so'sbi-a-bl-ues,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  sociable.  —  Sociably,  so'- 
sni-a-bli,  adv.  In  a  sociable  manner;  con- 
versibly;  familiarly.  —  Social,  so'ahal,  a. 
[Pr.  sociali  from  L.  socialis,  from  sodas.] 
Pertaining  to  society;  relating  to  men 
living  in  society,  or  to  the  public  as  an 
aggregate  body;  ready  to  mix  in  friendly 
converse;  sociable;  consisting  in  unioti  or 
mutual  converse;  bot.  growing  naturall.y 
in  large  groups  or  masses;  wol.  living  in 
communities,  as  wolves,  deer,  wild  cattle, 
&c.;  or  as  ants,  bees,  &c.,  which  form  co- 
operative communities.— (Jociai  scJenc«,the 
science  dealing  with  all  that  relates  to  the 
social  condition,  or  the  relations  and  insti- 
tutions which  are  involved  in  man's  exist- 
ei^ce  and  his  well-being  as  a  member  of  aa 
organized  cominunity;  sociology.— TAe  so- 
cial evil,  a  term  frequently  applied  to  pro- 
stitution.— Socialism,  so'snal-izm,  n.  The 
name  applied  to  theories  of  social  organi- 
zation having  for  their  aim  the  abolition 
of  that  individual  action  on  which  modem 
societies  depend,  and  the  substitution  of  a 
regulated  system  of  co-operative  action; 
especially,  a  system  which  makes  commu- 
nity of  property  a  necessary  condition  of 
political  improvement. — Sociaiist.so'shal- 
ist,  n.  One  who  advooatas  socialism. — 
Socialist,  Socialistic,  so'shal-ist,  so-shal- 
is'tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  socialism-. — Soci- 
ality, Socialness,  so-shi-al'i-ti,  so'shal-nes, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  social.— Socialize, 
so'shal-iz,  v.t.— socialized;  socializing.  To 
render  social ;  to  regulate  according  ]to 
socialism.- Socially,  so'shal-li,  adv.  In  a 
social  manner  or  way. — Boclet.arianj  So- 
cletary,t  8o-si'e-ta"ri-an,  s5-si'e-ta-n,  n. 
Pertaining  to  society. — Society,  so-si'e-ti, 
n.  [Pr.  sociiti,  L.  societas.]  The  relation- 
ship of  men  to  one  another  when  associ- 
ated; companionship;  fellowship;  com- 
pany; a  body  of  persons  united  for  the 
promotion  of  some  object,  either  literary, 
scientific,  political,  religious,  benevolent, 
convivial,  or  the  like;  an  association  for 
mutuil  profit,  pleasure,  or  usefulness;  the 
persons  collectively  who  live  in  any  region 
or  at  any  period,  viewed  in  regard  to  their 
snanners  and  customs,  civilization,  moral 


or  material  condition;  those  who  recognize 
each  other  as  associates,  friends,  and  ac- 
quaintances; the  more  cultivated  portion 
of  any  community  in  its  social  relations 
and  influences;  those  who  give  and  receive 
formal  entertainments  mutually :  -used 
without  the  article.  — Society  journal  or 
newspaper,  a  joiimal  whose  main  object 
is  to  chronicle  the  sayings  and  doings  of 
fashionable  society.— Society  verses,  verses 
for  the  amusement  of  polite  society;  poetry 
of  a  light,entortaining,  polished  character. 
Socinlan,  so-sin'i-an,  a.  [Prom  Lselius  and 
Paustus  Socinus,  uncle  and  nephew,  na- 
tives of  Sienna,  in  Tuscany,  the  founders 
of  the  sect  of  Socinians  in  the  sixteenth 
century.]  Pertaining  to  Laelius  or  Paustus 
Socinus  or  their  religious  creed.  —  n.  A 
follower  of  Socinus.— Socinianism,  so-sin'- 
i-an-izm,  n.  The  tenets  of  the  Socinians; 
a  belief"  akin  to  Unitarianism,  rejecting 
the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  the  deity  of 
Christ,  the  personality  of  the  devil,  and 
the  eternity  of  future  punishment. 
Sociology,  so-shi-ol'o-ji,  ft.  [L.  socius,  a 
companion,  and  Gr.  logos,  discourse.  So- 
ciABLi;.]  The  science  which. investigates 
the  laws  that  regulate  human  society  in 
all  its  grades;  the  science  which  treats  of 
the  general  structure  of  society,  the  lav.-s 
of  its  development,  and  the  progress  of 
civilization.— Sociologio,  Sociological,  sC- 
shl-o-loj"ik,  so'8hi-o-loj"i-kal,  a. '  Pertain- 
ing to  sociology.  —  Sociologist,  so-shi-ol'o- 
jist,  n.  One  who  treats  of  or  devotes  him- 
self to  the  study  of  sociology. 
Sock,  sok,  n.  [A.  Sax.  socc,  from  L.  soccus, 
a  kind  of  low-heeled  shoe,  especially,  worn 
by  comic  actors.]  The  shoe  worn  oy  th^ 
ancient  actors  of  comedy;  hence,  the  sock, 
comedy  in  distinction  from  tragedy, which 
is  symbolized  by  the  buskin;  a  knitted  or 
woven  coveriug  for  the  foot,  shorter  than 
a  stocking. 

Socket,  sok'et,  n.  [Prom  sock,  a  shoe.]  An 
opening  or  cavity  into  which  anything  is 
fitted  endwise;  a  hollow  which  receives 
and  holds  something  else  (the  sockets  of 
the  teeth  or  of  the  eyes). 
Socis,  soTcl,  n.  [Pr.  socle,  L.  socculus,  dim. 
of  soccus.  Socx.]  Arch,  a  plain,  low  ped- 
estal; also,  a  plain  face  or  plinth  at  the 
lower  part  of  a  wall. 
Socman.  Under  Socage. 
Socratlc  Socratical,  so-krat'ik,  so-krat'i- 
kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  Socrates  the  Grecian 
8age,or  to  his  language  or  manner  of  teach- 
ing and  philosophizing;  reaching  conclu- 
sions by  means  of  question  and  answer. — 
Socratically,  so-krat'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  the 
Socratic  manner.- Sooratism,  sok'rat-izm, 
n.  The  doctrines  of  Socrates.- Socratist, 
sok'rat-ist,  n.  A  disciple  of  Socrates. 
Sod,  s6d,  n.  [Same  as  L.G.  and  O.B.  aode, 
D.-  zode.]  The  surface  layer  of  the  ground 
with  the  grass  growing  on  it;  a  piece  lifted 
from  thai  surface;  tun;  swaid. 
Sod,  .sod,  pret.  and  pp.  of  seethe. 
Soda,  so'da,  n.  [Sp.  Pg.  and  It.  soda,  glass- 
wort,  barilla.]  As  a  chemical  term,  the 
protoxide  of  the  metal  sodium;  in  common 
language  applied  to  what  is  strictly  car- 
bonate of  sodium  (or  soda),  used  in  wash- 
ing and  in  the  mai)ufax;ture  of  soap  and 
glass,  and  extensively  made  from  salt. — 
Baking  soda,  bjcarbonate  of  soda. — Caustic 
soda,  hydrate  of  sodium,  having  a  corro- 
sive effect  on  animal  substances. — Sulphate 
of  soda,  glauber-salts.— Soda-ash,  n.  I)ehy- 
arated  carbonate  of  soda  in  the  form  of 
powder. — Sodaic,  so-da'ik,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  containing  soda. — Soda-water,  n.  A 
refreshing  and  effervescent  drink  gener- 
ally consisting  of  ordinary  water  into 
which  carbonic  acid  has  been  forced  under 
pressure.— Sodium,  so'di-um,  n.  [Named 
from  its  oxide  soda.]  A  soft  light  silvery 
metallic  elemept,  of  which  soda  is  the 
oxide;  never  round  in  the  uncombined 
state  in  nature,  but  existing  in  many 
minerals  and  in  almost  all  vegetable  andj 
animal  organisms.  I 

B6dallty,  so-dal'i-ti,  n.  [L.  sodalitas,  from 
sodalis,  a  co;npanion.]  A  fellowship  or 
fi-ateniity. 

Sodden,  god'n,  i>p.of  seethe.  Boiled;  seethed; 
soakedi  and  softened,  as  in  water;  jhor- 
oughly  saturated;  not  weU  baksd;  doughy. 


ih,  c/iain;  .  eft.  Sc.locft;  Ji^g^  oo;^. ifl))^;<fcB.J'r.  ton; ,  ng,  BinoiJ^w,  tften;  th,.<to;>Lw,>Mg;iA»b.  wftig; »  zh,  a?ure. 


SODOMITE 


644 


SOLEMN 


Sodomite,  sod'om-it,  n.  An  inhabitant  of 
Sodom;  one  guilty  oi  sodomy.— Sodomitl- 
cal,  8od-om-it'i-kal,  a.  Relating  to  sod- 
omy. —  Sodomitically,  sod-om-it'  i-kal-U, 
adv.  —  Sodomy,  sod'om-i,  n.  The  sin  at- 
tributed to  the  inhabitants  of  Sodom;  a 
carnal  copulation  against  nature. 

Soever,  so-ev'6r.  A  word  compounded  of 
80  and  ever:  generally  used  in  composition 
to  extend  or  render  einphatic  the  sense  of 
such  words  as  who,  what,  &c.,  in  whosoever, 
whatsoever,  &c.,  from  which  it  is  some- 
times separated. 

Sofa,  so'fa,  n.  [Pr.  and  Sp.  so/a,  a  sofa, 
from  Ar.  soffah,  a  bench  before  a  house.] 
A  long  seat  with  a  stuffed  bottom  and 
raised  stulfed  back  and  euds.  —  Sofa-bed, 
Sofa-bedstead,  n.  A  sofa  adapted  for  use 
as  a  bed  when  required. 

Soi&t,  sof  it,  n.  [Pr.  soffite.  It.  soffitta;fTom. 
li.  sub,  under,  and.^fl'o,  to  fasten.]  Xj'cA. 
the  lower  surface  of  an  arch  or  of  an  archi- 
trave; the  under  part  of  an  overhanging 
cornice,  of  a  projecting  balcony,  Ac. 

Sofi,  so'fi,  n.    [Per.]    A  dervish. 

Soft,  soft,  a.  [A.  Sax.  sd/te,  softly;  O.  Sax. 
sa/t,  O.U.  sae/t,  saft;  G.  saiift,  soft.]  Easily 
yielding  to  pressure;  easily  impressible; 
yielding;  the  contrary  of  hard;  not  rough, 
rude,  or  violent ;  affecting  the  senses  in  a 
pleasant  manner;  delicate, or  pleasing  to 
the  touch;  gentle  or  mielodious  to  the  ear; , 
not  glaring ;  not  repelling  or  striking  to 
the  sight;  easily  yielding  to  persuasion 
or  motives;  facile,  weak;  not  harsh,  se- 
vere, or  unfeeling:  gentle;  easily  moved 
by  pity;  susceptible  of  tender  aftectionsj 
effeminate;  not  manly  or  courageous; 
foolish ;  simple ;  silly ;  quiet  and  refresh- 
ing ( soft  slumbers ) ;  readily  forming  a 
lather  and  washing  well  with  soap  [soft 
water);  pronounced  with  more  or  less  of 
a  sibilant  sound,  as  c  in  cinder,  as  opposed 
to  c  in  candle :  and  g  in  gin,  as  opposed  to 
g  in  gift.— Soft  goods,  textile  goods;  the 
wares  of  a  draper  'or  "haberdasher. — Soft 
palate,  that  part  of  the  palate  which  lies 
in  the  posterior  part  of  the  mouth.-^2%« 
8o/ter  sex,  the  female  sex.  —  Soft  soap,  a 
coarse  kind  of  soap  in  a  viscid  form;  as  a 
slang  term,  flattery,  blarney.— ad».  Softly; 
gently ;  quietlj'.  —  irUerj.  Be  soft ;  hold ; 
stop;  not  so  fast.  —  Soften,  sof'n,  v.t.  To 
make  soft  or  more  soft;  to  make  less  hard; 
to  mollify;  to  make  less  implacable  or 
angry;  to  make  less  severe,  harsh,  or 
strong  in  language ;  to  alleviate ;  to  tone 
down.— y.i.  To  become  soft  or  less  hard; 
to  become  less  harsh  or  cruel ;  to  become 
milder.  —  Softener,  sof'n-6r,  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  softens. —  Softaning,  sof'n- 
ing,  n.  The  act  of  making  soft  or  softer. 
—Softening  of  the  hrain,  an  affection  of 
the  Drain,  in  which  it  becomes  pulpy  or 
pasty,  often  causing  death. — Soft-beaded, 
a.  Of  weak  or  feeble  intellect.  —  Soft- 
hearted, a.  Having  tenderness  of  heart. 
— Sof  t-heartedness,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing soft  -  hearted.  —  Sof tish,  sof'tish,  o. 
Somewhat  soft;  inclining  to  softness. — 
Softly,  soft'U,  adv.  In  a  soft  manner; 
not  with  force  or  violence ;  gently ;  not 
loudly;  mildly;  tenderly.— Softness,  soft'- 
neg,  n.  The  quality  of  being  soft;  the 
opposite  of  hardness ;  penetrability ;  sus- 
ceptibility of  tender  feeling;  weakness  of 
mind  or  will;  mildness;  gentleness.— Soft- 
spoken,  a.  Speaking  softly ;  having  a 
mild  or  gentle  voice;  mild;  affable. 

Softa,  sof  ta,  n.  [Turk.]  In  Turkey,  a  per- 
son studying  for  the  church,  the  law,  the 
army,  or  the  state;  a  student  of  the 
Koran. 

Soho,  soTio,  inter).  A  word  used  in  calling 
from  a  distant  place. 

Soi-disant,  swft-de-zan,  a.  [Pr.]  Calling 
himself;  self-styled;  pretended;  would  be. 

Boil,  soil,  v.t.  I O.  Pr.  soUlier  (Pr.  souillery, 
to  soil;  lit.  to  act  the  pig,  from  L.  svUlus, 
pertaining  to  a  swine,  from  sus,  a  swine. 
Sow,  n.]  To  make  dirty  on  the  surface;  to 
dirty ;  to  defile ;  to  tarnish :  to  sully ;  to 
dung;  to  manure.— v.i.  To  lake  on  dirt: 
to  take  a  soil  or  stain;  to  tarnish. — n.  Poul 
matter  upon  another  substance ;  stain ; 
tarnish;  defilement  or  taint.— Soil-pipe,  n. 
A  pipe  for  conveying  from  a  house  the 
fvv\  or  waste  water,  night-soil,  &c. 


Soil,  soil,  n.  [O.  Pr.  soil,  soili  (Pr.  gol)i  from 
L.  solwn,  the  soil.  Solid.]  The  upper 
stratum  of  the  earth's  crust;  the  mouldy 
or  that  compound  substance  which  fur- 
nishes nutriment  to  plants;  earth;  ground; 
land;  country. 

Soil,  soil,  v.t.  [O.  Pr.  saouJer,  to  satiate, 
from  saoul,  L.  satuUtis,  sated,  dim.  of 
satur,  sated,  full.  Saturate.]  To  feed 
(cattle  or  horses)  in  the  house  with  fresh 
grass  or  green  fodder  inst^ul  of  putting 
out  to  pasture. . 

Soiree,  swa'ra,  n.  [Pr.  soirie,  evening,  an 
evening  party,  from  soir,  evening,  from 
L.  serus,  late.  ]  Originally,  an"  evening 
party;  now  usually  a  reunion  or  social 
meeting  of  some  society  or  body,  at  which 
tea  and  other  refreshments  are  introduced 
during  the  intervals  of  music,  speech- 
making,  &c. 

Sojourn,  so'jfem,  v.i.  [O.Pr.  sojomer,  from 
L.  sub,  under,  and  diuitius,  diurnal.  Diuk- 
KAi,  DijiBT.J  To  dwell  for  a  time;  to  dwell 
as  a  temporary  resident,  or  as  a  stranger, 
not  considering  the  place  a  permanent 
habitation.— n.  A  temporary  residence,  as 
that  of  a  traveller  in  a  foreign  land. — 
Sojourner,  so'j5r-n6r,  n.  One  who  sojourns; 
a  temporary  resident. — Sojournment,  so'- 
j^m-ment,  n.  The  act  of  sojourning;  tem- 
porary residence. 

Soken.  sO'kn,  71.  [A.  Sax.  «<Jcn.]  A  district 
held  by  tenure  of  socage. 

Sol,  sol,  n.  [Pirst  used  in  Italy.]  In  sing- 
ing, a  svUablenised  to  denote  the  fifth  tone 
of  the  diatonic  scale. 

Solaee,  sol'as,  v.t.— solaced,  solacing.  [O.Pr. 
solace,  solaz,  from  L.  solatium,  from  solor, 
solatvs,  to  solace  (seen  in  console,  discon- 
solate).] 'So  cheer  in  grief  or  under  calam- 
ity; to  relieve  in  affliction ;  to  console ;  to 
coinfort;  to  allay  or  assuage.— n.  Comfort 
in  grief;  alleviation  of  grief 'or  anxiety; 
what  relieves  in  distress;  recreation. — 
Solacemeut,  soras-ment,  n.  Act  of  solac- 
ing. 

Bolanaceons,  so-la-na'shus,  a.  [^i.  solanum, 
nightshade.]  Pertaining  to  plants  of  the 
nightshade  family,  which  includes  also 
the  potato  and  tobacco.— Solanine,  so'la- 
nin,  n.  An  alkaloid  obtained  from  niglit- 
shade  and  allied  plants,  very  bitter  and 
highly  poisonous. 

Solander,  so-lan'd6r,  «.  [Fr.  soulandres.l 
A  disease  in  horses. 

Solan-goose,  solan,  n.  [IceL  stiZan,  the 
gannet.]    The  gannet. 

Solano,  80-la'no,  n.  [Sp.,  from  L.  solanus 
(venitt*),  easterly  wind,  from  sol,  the 
sun.]  A  hot  oppreipsive  south-east  wind 
in  Spain. 

Solar,  8o'l6r,  a.  [L.  Solaris,  from  sol,  the 
sun;  cog.  Icel.  sal,  Goth,  sauil,  Ir.  sul,  the 
sun.]  Pertaining  to  the  sun ;  proceeding 
from,  or  produced  by  the  sun ;  measured 
by  the  progress  of  the  sun,  or  by  its  ap- 
parent revolution.— SoZar  cycle,  a  period 
of  twenty-eight  years.  Cycle.- SoZa?"  defy. 
Day. — Solar  fiowerSj  those  which  open  and 
shut  daily  at  certain  determinate  hours. 
— Solar'wicroscope,  a  microscope  in  which 
the  object  is  illuminated  by  the  light  of 
the  sun  concentrated  upon  it.  —  Solar 
month,  the  space  of  time  in  which  the  sun 
IKisses  through  one  sign,  or  a  twelfth  part 
of  the  zodiac:  30  days,  IQ  hours,  29  min- 
utes, 5  seconds. — Solar  spectrum,  the  spec- 
trum of  simlight.— SoZrtr  spots,  dark  spots 
that  appear  on  the  sun's  disc,  .sometimes 
so  large  as  to  be  seen  by  the  naked  eye, 
very  changeable  in  their  number,  figure, 
and  dimensions. — Solar  system,,  the  system 
of  which  the  sun  is  the  centre,  and  to 
which  belong  the  planets,  planetoids,  sa- 
tellites, comets,  and  meteorites,  all  di- 
rectly or  indirectly  revolving  round  the 
central  sun.— SoZar  telegraph,  a  telegraph 
in  which  the  rays  of  the  sun  are  projected 
from  and  upon  mirrors.- SoJar  tim^,  time 
as  shown  by  a  sun-dial,  that  is  by  the  .ap- 
parent motion  of  the  sun.— SoZar  year,  the 
time  which  the  earth  takes  to  go  round 
the  sun,  365  days,  6  hours,  48  minutes,  61 
seconds. — n.  Arch,  a  loft  or  upper  room. 

Solatium,  sS-la'shi-um,  n.  [L., consolation, 
solace.  Solace.]  Anything  that  alleviates 
or  compensates  for  suffering  or  loss;  a  com- 
pensation in  money. 


Sold,  sold,  pret.  and  pp.  of  «6Z2. 

Soldan,*  sol'dan,  n.    A  sultan. 

Soldatesque,  sol-da-tesk',  a*  [Fr.,  from 
soldat,  a  soldier.]  Belonging  to  a  soldier ; 
soldier-like. 

Solder,  sol'dSr,  v.t.  [O.Pr.  solder,  solider 
(Fr.  souder)-,  lit.  to  make  solid,  from  L. 
solidiLS,  sohd.  Solid.]  To  unite  by  a  me- 
tallic substance  in  a  state  of  fusion,  which 
hardens  in  cooling,  and  renders  the  joint 
solid ;  fig.  to  unite  or  combine  in  general ; 
to  patch  up. — n.  A  metal  or  metallic  com- 
position used  in  uniting  other  metallic 
substances  by  being  fused  between  them. 
JJard  solders  are  such  as  require  a  red 
heat  to  fuse  them.  Soft  solders  melt  at  a 
comparatively  low  temperature.— Solder- 
er,  8ol'der-6r,  n.  One  who  solders. — Solder- 
ing, Bol'der-ing,  n.  The  act  of  one  who 
solders.  —  Soldering-bolt,  Soldering-iron, 
n.  A  tool  oonsisting  of  a  wedge-shaped 
piece  of  copper  with  a  handle,  the  copper 
being  heated  and  used  to  melt  the  solder 
in  soldering. 

Soldier,  sol'jfir,  n.  [O.Pr.  soldier,  from  L.L. 
soldarius,  solidaHus,  from  L.  soldus,  soli- 
dus,  military  -pay ;  lit.  a  solid  piece  of 
money.  Solid.]  A  man  who  serves  in  an 
armj'i  a  common  soldier  or  private;  a  man 
of  military  experience  and  skill,  or  a  man 
of  distinguished  valour.— Soldier-crab,  n. 
A  name  given  to  the  hemiit-cnib,  from 
its  extreme  combativeness.  —  Soldieiing, 
sol'jtr-ing',  n.  The  occupation  of  a  soldier. 
—Soldierlike,  Soldierly,  sol'j^r-lik,  sol'- 
j6r-li,  a.  Like  or  becoming  a  soldier;  brave; 
martial;  honourable.— Soldiership,  sol'jir- 
ship,  n.  Military  qualities  or  character; 
martial  skill.- Soldiery,  sol'jer-i,  n.  Sol- 
diers collectively;  a  body  of  military  men. 

Sole,  sol,  n.  (Fr.  soZe,  the  sole  of  the  foot, 
of  a  shoe,  &c.,  the  fish,  from  L-  solea,  a 
saadal,  a  sole,  the  fish,  a  sill,  same  origin 
as  aolidua,  solid.  Solid,  Soil,  n.  ]  The 
under  side  of  the  foot;  the  bottom  surface 
of  a  shoe  or  boot,  orthe  piece  of  leather 
which' constitutes  the  bottom;  the  part  of 
anything  that  forms  the  bottom,  and  on 
wmch  it  stands;  a  marine  fish  belonging 
to  the  family  of  flat-fishes,  ofjan  oblong 
form,  probably  so  called  from  its  shape. — 
v.t. — soZed,  soling.  To  furnish  with  a  sole 
(to  sole  a  shoe).  —  Sole-leather,  n.  Thick 
strong  leather  used  for  the  soles  of  shoes. 

Sole,  sol,  a.  [From  L.  solus,  alone;  which  is 
of  same  origin  as  L.  salvus,  safe  (whence 
safe,  salvation), Gt.  holos,  entire.  Ski-,  sarva, 
the  whole.  Akin  solitaj;y,  solitude,  solemn, 
solid.]  Single;  being  or  acting  without  an- 
other; alone  in  its  kind;  individual;  laic, 
single;  unmarried  (a  femme  soZe).— Solely, 
sol'li,  adv.  Singly;  alone;  only;  without 
another.— Soleness,  sol'iies,  n.  The  state 
of  being  sole;  singleness. 

Solecism,  sol'e-sizm,  n.^  [Gr.  aoloikismos, 
from  Soloi,  in  Cilicia,'the  Athenian  colo- 
nists of  which  lost  the  purity  of  their 
language.]  An  impropriety  in  the  use  of 
language,  arising  from  ignorance;  a  gross 
deviation  from  the  idiom  of  a  language, 
or  a  gross  deviation  from  the  rules  of  syn- 
tax; a  violation  of  the  rules  of  society.— 
Solecist,  sol'e-sist,  n.  One  who  is  guilty  of 
a  solecism.- Solecjstic,  Solecistical,  sol-e- 
sis'tik,  sol-e-sis'ti-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
involving  a  solecism.--SolecisticaUy,  sol-e- 
sis'ti-kal-li,  ad«.— Solecize,  sol'e-siz,  v.i.  To 
crfmmit  solecisms. 

Solemn,  sol'em,  a.  [L.  sollemnis,  aolletmis, 
that  occurs  every  year,  festal,  solemn— 
sollus,  all,  every,  and  annus,  a  year. 
Solid.]  Marked  by  religious  rites  or  cere- 
monious observances;  fitted  to  excite 
reverent  or  serious  reflections;  awe-in- 
spiring; grave;  impressive  (a  solemn  si- 
lence); accompanied  by  seriousness  or  im- 
preSsiveness  m  language  or  demeanour; 
earnest  (a  solemn  promise);  affectedly 
grave. — Solemness,  sol'em-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  solemn;  solem- 
nity.—  Solemnity,  so-lem'ni-ti,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  solemn;  gravity; 
impressiveness;  mock  gravity;  a  solemii  or 
reverent  rite  or  ceremony;  a  proceeding 
adapted  to  impress  awe  or  reverence.— 
Solemnization,  9ol'em-ni-z5."shon,  n  The 
act  of  solemnizing;  celebration.— Solem- 
nise, sol'em-idz,  v.t.—solemnifed,  soUmni- 


Fftte,  Oft  tai,  titHi    mSi.  auifci  b^i    1^0,  gim    sOtti  not,  m^m    tajM?  tub,  bviU  (    oil,  pouodi    tt,  6«.  abwao-^he  7r. «. 


50LEN 


645 


SOMBRERO 


zing.  [O.Fr.  solemniser.']  To  dignify  or 
honour  by  ceremonies;  to  celebrate^  to  per- 
form with  ritual  ceremonies  or  according 
to  legal  forms:  used  especially  of  mar- 
riage;  to  make  grave,  serious,  and  rever- 
ential.— Solemnizer,  sol'em-ni-zer,  n.  One 
who  solemnizes.— Solemaly,  sol'em-li,  adv. 
In  a  solemn  manner;  with  religious  cere- 
monies; with  impressive  seriousness;  with 
all  due  form. 

Solen,  so'len,  n.  .fGr.  sOUn,  a  tube,  the 
solen.]  Agenusof  lamellibranchiate  mol- 
luscs which  burrow  in  the  sand  and  have 
long  bivalve  shells. 

Solenette,  sol-net',  n.  [Dim.  of  sole.']  A 
small  British  fish  allied  to  the  sole. 

Solert.sol'ert.a.  Ih.solerSySolertia.]  Crafty; 
subtle. 

Soleus,  8(5'l5-us,  n.  [L.,  from  solea,  a  sole.] 
A  muscle  of  the  leg  which  serves  to  ex- 
tend the  foot,  shaped  like  the  sole-tish. 

Sol-fa,  sol'fa,  v.i.  In  music,  to  sing  the 
notes  of  the  scale  in  theiio  proper  pitch, 
using  the  syllables  do  (or  ut),  ra,  mi,  fa,  sol, 
la.  si. — v.t.  To  sing  to  the  syllables  do,  re, 
mi,  fa,  sol,  la,  si,  instead  of 'to  words. 

Solfatara,  sol-f^-tii'ra,  n.  [It.,  name  of  a 
volcano  near  Naples.]  A  volcanic  vent 
emitting  sulphureous,  muriatic,  and  acid 
vapoiirs  or  gases.' 

Solfeggio,  sol-fej'i-o,  n.  Ht.i  In  mMSio,  a 
system  of  arranging  the  scale  by  the 
names  do  (or  ut),  re,  mi,  fa,  sol,  la,  si;  an 
exercise  In  scale  singing;  solmization. 

Solicit,  80-lis'it,  v.t.  [Fr.  aolUciter,  L.  sol- 
lieitare,  from  soUicitus,  solicitous,  from 
sollus,  whole,  and  cieo,  citum,  to  agitate. 
Solid,  Cite. J.  To  ask  from  with  some  de- 
gree of  earnestness;  to  make  petition  to; 
to  ask  for  with  some  degree  of  earnestness; 
to  seek  by  petition;  to  awake  or  excite  to 
action;  to  invite;  to  disturb  or  disquiet; 
to  make  anxious;  law,  to  incite  to  commit 
a  felony;  to  endeavour  to  influence  by  a 
bribe. — v.i.  To  make  solicitation  for  some 
one  or  for  a  thing. — Solicitant,  So-lis'i-tant, 
n.  One  who  solicits.— Solicitation,  so-lis'i- 
ta"shon,  n.  The  act  of  soliciting;  an  ear- 
nest request;  endeavour  to  influence  to 
grant  s'omething  by  bribery;  the  offence  of 
inciting  a  person  to  commit  a  felony. — 
Solicitor,  so-lis'i-tfcr,  n.  One  who  Solicits; 
an  attorney;  a  law-agent;  one  who  repre- 
sents another  in  court. — Solicitor-geueral, 
n.  An  officer  of  the  British  crown,  next 
in  rank  to  the  attorney-general,  with 
whom  he  is  associated  in  the  management 
of  the  legal  business  of  the  crown.  — 
Solicitorsnip,  so-lis'i-tfer-ship,  n.  The  office 
^  of  a  solicitor. — Solicitous,  so-Iis'i-tus,  a. 
[L.  soUicitus,  anxious,  uneasy.]  Anxious; 
concerned;  apprehensive;  disturbed;  rest- 
less.— Solicitously,  so-lis'i-tus-li,  adv. 
Anxiously;  with  care  and  concern. — So- 
licitousnegs,so-lis'i-tus-nes,n.— Solicitude, 
so-lis'i-tud,  n.  [L.  soUicitudo.]  The  state 
of  being  solicitous;  uneasiness  of  mind 
occasioned  by  the  fear  of  evil  or  the  desire 
of  good;  concern;  anxiety.  .*.  Syn.  tuider 
Care. 

Solid'  sol'id,  a.  [Fr.  solide,  from  L.  solidus, 
solid,  firm,  compact,  from  same  root  as  so- 
Zum,  the  soil  (E.  soil],  sollus,  whole  (whence 
the  sol-  in  solicit,  solemn),  salvus,  safe  (E. 
«a/e).]  Possessing  the  property  of  exclud- 
ing all  other  bodies  from  the  space  occu- 
pied by  itself;  impenetrable;  firm;  com- 
gact:  opposed  to  liquid  and  gaseous;  not 
ollow;  full  of  matter;  having  all  the  geo- 
metrical dimensions  —  length,  breadth, 
and  thickness;  cubic  (a  solid  foot);  strong; 
sound;  substantial,  as  opposed  to  frivolous, 
fallacious,orthelike;real;valid;financially 
sound  or  safe. — Solid  angle, nn  angle  formed 
by  three  or  more  plane  angles  meeting  in  a 
point  and  not  in  the  same  plane.— Solid 
square,  a  square  body  of  troops;  a  body  in 
which  the  ranks  and  files  are' equal.— n. 
A  firm  compact  body  with  the  particles 
firmly  cohering,  and  thus  distinguished 
from  a  liquid  or  a  gas,  whoso  particles  yield 
to  the  slightest  impression;  geom.  a  body 
or  magnitude  which  has  three  dimensions 
—length,breadth,and  thickness.— itecrM^ar 
solids  those  which- are  bounded  by  equal 
and  regular  planes.— Solidlfiable,  so-hd'i- 
fi-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  solidified. — 
Solidification,  so.-lid'i-fi-ka"3hon,  n.    The 


act  or  process  of  making  solid;  the  passage 
of  bodies  from  the  liquid  or  gaseous  to  the 
solid  state.— Solidify,  so-lid'i-fi,  v.t.— so- 
lidified, solidifying.  [L.  solidtis,  solid,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  To  make  solid  or  com- 
pact; to  cause  to  change  from  a  liquid  or  a 
gas  to  a  solid. — v.i.   To  become  solid  or 

.  compact.  —  Solidity,  so-lid'i-ti,  n.  [Fr. 
soliditd,  h.  soliditas.]  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  solid;  firmness;  density;  compact- 
ness: opposed  to  fluidity;  strength  or  sta/- 
bility;  massiveness;  soundness;  strength 
or  validity  as  opposed  to  weakness  ov  fal- 
laciousness; the  quantity  of  space  occupied 
by  a  solid  body;  cubic  content. — Solidly, 
sol'id-li,  adv.  ■  In  a  solid  manner;  firmly; 
compactly;  on  firm  grounds. — SoUdness, 
Bol'id-nes,  n.    Solidity. 

Solidarity,  sol-i-dar'i-ti,  n.  [Fr.  solidarlti, 
from  solide,  solid.]  Unity  or  communion 
of  interests  and  responsibilities  among  na- 
tions or  mankind  in  general. 

Solidungular,  Solidungulou;,  sol-id-ung'- 
gu-l6r,  sol-id-uug'gu-lus,  a.  [Ii.  solidtis, 
solid,  vngula,  a  hoof.]  Having  hoofs 
that  are  whole  or  not  cloven,  as  the  horse, 
ass,  zebra.— Solldungulate,  sol-id-ung'gu- 
lat,  a.  and  n.  Pertaining  to,  or  a  quadru- 
ped of,  the  family  of  whole-hoofed  mam- 
mals. 

Sollfidian,  sol-i-fid'i-an,  n.  [L.  nolus,  alone, 
and  fides,  faith.]  One  who  maintains  that 
faith  alone,  without  works,  is  necessary  to 
justification. 

Soliloquy,  so-lil'o-kwi,  re.  [Jj.  soliloquium 
— solus,  alone,  and  loquor,  to  speak.  Sole, 
Loquacious.]  A  .talking  to  6ne's.  self ;  a 
monologue;  a  discourse  not  addressed  to 
any  person.— Soliloquize,  so-lil'o-kwiz,  v.i. 

—  soliloquized,  soliloquizing.    To  utter  a 
/  soliloquy;  to  talk  to  one's  self. 

Soliped,  Solipede,  sol'i-ped,  sol'i-ped,  n. 
[li.  solus,  single,  and  pes,  a  foot.]  An  ani- 
mal whose  hoof  is  not  cloven;  a  ^olidungu- 
l^te.— Sollpedal,  Solipedous,  so-lip'e-dal, 
so-lip'e-dus,  a.  ■  Solidungular. 

Solisequious,  so-li-se'kwi-us,  a.  [L.  soli 
soKa,  the  suii,  and  seguor,  to  follow.]  Fol- 
lowing the  course  of  the  sun. 

Solitaire,  sol'i-tar,  n.  [Fr.  solitaire,  from 
L.  solitaritia.  Solitary.]  An  article  of 
jewelry  in  which  a  single  gem  is  set;  a 
game  for  a  single  person  played  on  a  board 
indented  with  thirty-three  or  thirty-seven 
hemispherical  hollows  and  an  equal  num- 
ber of  balls;  a  bird  of  the  dodo  family,  long, 
since  extinct. 

Solitary,  sol'i-ta-ri,  a.  [Fr.  solitaire;  L.  soli- 
tarius,  from  solus,  alone  (whence  sole). 
Sole,  a.]  Being  or  living  alone;  being 
by  one's  self;  not  much  visited  or  fre- 
quented; retired;  lonely  (a  solitary  resi- 
dence) ;  passed  -Without  company;  shared 
by  no -companions  (a  solitary  life);  single; 
individual  (a  solitary  example).— tii.  One 
that  lives  alone  or  in  solitude;  a  hermit;  a 
recluse.— Solitarily,  sol'i-ta-ri-li,  adv.  In 
a  solitary  manner;  alone.— Solitariness, 
sol'i-ta-ri-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  soli- 
tary or  apart  from  others;  the  state  of  not 
being  frequented;  loneliness. 

Solitude,  sol'i-tud,  n.  [Fr.  solitude,  from 
L.  solitudo,  from  solus,  alone.  Solitary.] 
A  state  of  being  alone;  loneliness;  remote- 
ness from  society;  destitution  of  inhabi- 
tants; a  lonely  place;  a  desert. 

Sollar,  sol'6r,  re.  [L.  solarium.  Solar.]  A 
loft  or  garret;  the  entrance  to  a  mine. 

Solmization,  Solmlsation,  sol-mi-za'shon, 
n.  [From  the  syllables  sol,  mi.]  Mus. 
the  act  or  art  of  giving  to  each  of  the  seven 
notes  of  the  scale  its  proper  sound  or  rela- 
tive pitch;  solfeggio. 

Solo,  so'lo,  re.  It.  pi.  Soli,  so'ls,  Eng.  pi. 
Solos,  so'loz.  [It.,  from  L.  solus,  alone.] 
A  tune,  air,  or  strain  to  be  played  by  a 
single  Instrument  or  sung  by  a  single 
voice  without  or  with  an  accompaniment. 

—  Soloist,  solo-ist,  w.  A  solo  singer  or 
performer. 

Solstice,  sol'stis,  w.  [From  L.  solstitium — 
sol,  the  sun,  sto,  to  stand.  Solar,  State.] 
The  time  of  the  year  at  which,  owing  to 
the  annual  revolution  of  the  earth,  the 
sun  is  at  its  greatest  distance  north  or 
south  from  the  equator,  and  begins  to 
turn  back,  which  happens  at  midsummer 
and  midwinter,  or  21st  June  and  22d 


December;  either  of  the  two  points  in  the 
ecliptic  at  which  the  sun  appears  to  be  at 
these  dates.  —  Solstitial,  sol-stish '  al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  solstice ;  happening  at  a 
so\stice.^Solstitial  points,  the  two  points 
in  the  ecliptic  at  which  the  sun  arrives  at 
the  time  of  the  solstices. — Solstitial  colure, 
a  great  circle  supposed  to  pass  through 
the  solstitial  points. 

Soluble,  sol'a-bl,  a.  [L.  solubilis,  from  solvo, 
to  melt.  Solve.]  Susceptible  of  being  dis- 
solved in  a  fluid ;  capable  of  solution ;  fig. 
capable  of  being  solved  or  resolved,  as  a 
mathematical  problem ;  capable  of  being 
cleared  up  or  settled  by  explanation,  as 
a  doubt,  question,  &c. — Solubility,  so!-u- 
bil'f-ti,  re.    The  quality  of  being  soluble ; 

•susceptibility  of  being  dissolved  in  a  fluid; 
capability  of  beiflg  solved  or  cleared  up. 
—  Solubleness,  sol'u-bl-nes,  re.  The  state 
or  character  of  being  soluble;  solubility. 

Solus,  Bo'lus,  a.  [L.]  Alone:  chiefly  ussd 
in  dramatic  directions  and  the  like  (enter 
the  king  solus). 

Solution,  so-lQ'shon,  «:  [L.  solutio,  from 
solvo,  to  melt,  dissolve.  Solve.]  The  act 
of  dissolving  or  state  of  being  dissolved; 
the  conversion  of  solid  matter  into  liquid 
by  means  of  a  liquid  (called  the  solvent): 
the  combination  of  a  liquid  with  a  liquid 
or  a  gas  to  form  a  homogeneous  liquid ; 
the  liquid  thus  produced;  the  p^epar^Jtioa 
made  by  dissolving  a  solid  in  a  liquid;  the 
act  of  solviug,  clearing  up,  or  explaining; 
explanation;  math,  the  method  of  resolv- 
ing a  problem ;  med.  the  termination  or 
the  crisis  of  a  disease.— CAewttcai  solution, 
a  perfect  chemical  union  of  a  solid  with  a 
liquid.  —  ilechanical  sohition,  the  mere 
union  of  aisolid  with  a  liquid,  without 
any  alteration  of  the  chemical  properties 
of  either.— Solution  of  continuity,  a  breach 
of  continuity;  a  breach  or  rupture  in  a 
material  substance. 

Solve,  solv,  v.t.— solved,  solving,  [h.  solvo, 
solutum,  to  loosen,  release,  solve,  for  se-hto, 
from  se,  apart,  and  luo,  to  loosen ;  solvo  is 
seen  also  in  absolve,  dissolve,  resolve,'sol- 
•uble,  dissolute,  resolute,  &c.J  To  explain 
or  clear  up  the  difficulties  In;  to  malce 
clear;  to  remove  perplexity  regarding;  to 
operate  upon  by  calculation  or  mathema- 
tical processes  so  as  to  bring  out  the  re- 
quired result  (to  solve  a  problem). — Sol- 
vency, Bol'ven-si,  re.  The  state  of  being 
solvent;  ability  to  pay  all  debts  or  just 
claims-. — Solvent,  sol'vent,  a.  [L.  solvens, 
solventis,  ppr.  of  solvo.]  Having  the  power 
of  dissolving;  able  to  pay  all  just  debts. 
— re.  Any  fluid  or  substance  that  dissolves 
or  renders  liquid  other  bodies;  a  men- 
,  struum.— Solver,  sol'vfer,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  solves.— Solvable,  sol'va-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  solved.— Solvability,  sol- 
va-bil'I-ti,  re.  Capability  of  ^eing  solved. 
— Solvableness,  sol'va-bl-nes,  re. 

Soma,  so'ma,  re.  A  plant,  and  an  intoxi- 
cating drink  obtained  from  it,  which 
played  an  Important  part  In  the  great 
Vedic  sacrifices  of  the  ancient  Hindus. 

Somatic,  Somatical,  so-mat'ik,  sO-mat'i-kal, 
a.  [Gr.  somatikos,  from  S(5ma,  somatos, 
the  body.  ]  Corporeal ;  pertaining  to  a 
body.— Somatics,  sn-mat'iks,  re.  Same  as 
Somatology.— SomaXint,  so'mat-ist,  re.  One 
who  denies  the  existence  of  spiritual  sub- 
stances; a  materialist. — Somatology,  sii- 
ma-tol'o-jl,  re.  The  doctrine  of  bodies  or 
material  substances;  that  branch  of  phy- 
sics which  treats  of  matter  and  Its  pro- 
perties.—  Somatome,  so'ma-tora,  re.  [Gr. 
soma,  and  tome,  a  cutting.]  One  of  the 
sections  into  which  an  animal  body  is,  or 
may  be  regarded  as,  divided. 

Sombre,  som'bfer,  a.  [Fr.  sombre,  sombre; 
Sp.  and  Pg.  somhra,  a  shade;  from  L.  sub, 
under,  and  umbra,  a  shade.  Umbrage.] 
Dark  in  hue  or  aspect ;  dusky;  gloomy; 
dismal;  melancholy.— «.t.  To  make  som- 
bre, dark,  or  gloomy;  to  shade. — Sombrely, 
som'b6r-lI,  adv.  In  a  sombre  manner; 
darkly;  gloomily.— Sombreness,  som'bfer-, 
nes,  n.  State  or  quality  of  being  sombre ; 
gloominess.— Sombrous,  som'brus,  a.  Som- 
bre.— Sombrously,  som'brus-li,  adv.  Som- 
brely.—Sombrousness,  som'brus-nes,  n. 

Sombrero,  som-brer'o,  re.  [Sp.  from  sombra, 

'  a  shade.  Sombre.]  A  broad-brimmed  hat. 


eh,  c/iai|i;.    eft,  So,  locA;     g,  j/o;     j,job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinji;.    sh,  tften;  tlj,  tftin;     w,  wig;     wh,  w/dg;     zh,  aaure.r 


&OME 


6i6 


SOPRANO 


Some,  svun,  a.  [A.  Sax.  xiem,  some,  one,  a 
(•^rtiiin;  Goth,  sums,  loel.  sumr,  Dan. 
aimune  (pL),  some;  perhaps  akin  to  same.] 
yxpressmg  a  certain  indeterminate  quan- 
tity or  number,  sometimes  expressive  of 
a  considerable  quantity  (situated  at  sortie 
distance);  indicating  a  person  or  thing 
not  definitely  known,  or  not  specific: 
often  followed  by  or  other  (eome  person 
or  other);  used  before  a  word  o^  number, 
witii  the  sense  of  abovt  or  tiear  (a  Tillage 
•jf  soine  eighty,  houses);  applied  to  those 
'jf  one  party;  certain,  in  distinction  from 
others  {soine  men  believe  one  thing,  othlrs 
another).  It  is  often  used  without  a  noun 
and  often  followed  by  of  (soine  o/us,  some 
■5/ our  provisions). — Somebody,  sum'bod-i, 
n.  A  person  unknown  or  uncertain;  a  per- 
iion  indeterminate;  a  person  of  considera- 
tion.— Somehow,  sum'hou,  adv.  One  way 
or  other;  in  some  way  not  yet  known. — 
Somesuch,  sum'such,  a.  Denoting  a  per- 
son or  thing  of  that  kind.  —  Something, 
sum'thing,  n.  An  indeterminate  or  un- 
known event  or  thing;  an  indefinite  quaji- 
tity  or  degree;  a  little;  a  person  or  thing 
of  importance. — adv.  In  some  degree  or 
measure;  somewhat;  rather. — Sometime, 
sum'tim,  adv.  Once;  formerly;  at  one 
time  or  other. — o.  Having  been  formerly; 
former;  late;  whilom.— Sometimes,  sum'- 
timz,  adv.  At  times;  at  intervals;  not 
always;  now  and  then;  once;  formerly 
{Shak.). — Somewhat,  sum'whot,  n.  Some- 
thing, though  uncertain  what;  more  or 
less;  a  certain  quantity  cr  degree,  in- 
determinate. —  adv.  In  some  degree  or 
measure;  rather;  a  little.  —  Somewhere, 
sum '  whar,  adv.  In  or  to  some  place  or 
other  unknown  or  not  specified ;  in  one 
place  01;  another.  —  Somewhither,  sum'- 
whiTH-6r,  adv.  To  some  indeterminate 
place. 

EomerEault,  Somerset,  sum'fer-salt,  8um'6r- 
set,  n.  [Corrupted  from  O.Fr.  sowresauU, 
It.  soprassalto,  Ut.  an  overleap;  from  L. 
supra,  over,  and  salio,  to  leap.]  A  leap  by 
which  a  person  turns  with  the  heels  thrown 
over  his  head,  completing  a  circuit,  and 
again  alights  on  his  feet. 

Somit-8,  so'mit,  n.  [Gr.  soma,  a  body.]  A 
single  segment  in  the  body  of  an  articu- 
lated animal.  • 

Sommer,  sum'^r,  n.    A  summer  or  girder. 

Somnamhulate,  som-nam'bQ-lat,  v.i.  [L. 
somnus,  sleep,  and  ambiUo,  ambulatum,  to 
walk.]  To  walk  in  sleep. — iSomnambula- 
tlon,  som-nam'bQ-la"shon,  n.  The  act  of 
walkini?  in  sleep;  somnambulism.— Som- 
nambolator,  som-nam'bQ-la-ter,  n.  A  som- 
nambulist; a  sleep-walker.  —  Somnam- 
bulic, Bom-nam'bQ-lik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
somnambulism.  —  SomnamboUsm.  som- 
nam'bu-lizm,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of 
walking  in  sleep,  resulting  from  a  pecu- 
liar perversion  of  the  mental  functions 
during  sleep.  —  Somnambulist,  som-nam'- 
bu-list,  n.  A  person  who  walks  in  his 
sleep;  a  sleep-walker.  —  Somnambulistic, 
8om-nam'bu-lis"tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
affected  by  somnambulism. 

Somniferous,  som-nif'fir-us,  a:  [L.  somnifer 
—somnixs,  sleep,  and  fero,  to  bring.]  Caus- 
ing or  inducing  sleep;  soporific- Somniflc, 
som-nifjk,  a.  [L.  somnus,  and  /ado,  to 
make.]    Causing  sleep. 

Somniloquence,  Somniloqulsm,  som-nil'o- 
kTOns,  som-nil'o-kwizm,  n.  [L.  somnus, 
sleep,  and  loquor,  to  speak.]  The  act  or 
custom  of  talking  in  sleep. — Somniloquist, 
som-nil'S-kwist,  n.  One  who  talks  in  his 
sleep.— Somniloquous,  som-nil-5-kwus,  a. 
Apt  to  talk  in  sleep.- Somniloquy,  som- 
nil'o-kwi,  n.    A  taJking  in  sleep. 

Somnolence,  Somnolency,  som'nS-Iens, 
som'no-len-si,  n.  [  L.  somnolentia,  from 
somnolentus,  sleepy,  from  somnits,  sleep.] 
Sleepiness;  drowsiness;  inclination  to 
sleep;  paOwl.  a  state  intermediate  be- 
tween sleeping  and  waking.— Somnolent, 
som'no-lent,  a.  Slenpy;  drowsy;  inclined 
to  sleep.  —  Somnolently,  som '  no-lent-li, 
adv.    Drowsily. 

Son,  sun,  n.  [A.Sax.  »«nu=Icel.8o»ir,»«nr, 
Sw.  son,  Dan.  son,  Goth,  sunus,  6.  sohn, 
Skr. .  sHnu,  son ;  rool  seen  in  Skr.  *u,  to 
beget.]  A  male  child ;  the  male  issue  of 
a  parent,  father  or  mother:  also  used  of 


animals;  a  male  descendant;  a  term  of 
affectionate  address  by  an  old  man  to  a 
young  one,  a  confessor  to  his  penitent, 
a  teacher  to  his  disciple,  &c.;  a  native  of 
a  country;  a  person  strongly  imbued  by 
some  quality  (soji«  of  light). —  T7ie  Son, 
the  second  person  of  the  Godhead ;  Christ: 
called  also  Son  of  God  and  Son  of  Man. 
—Son-in-law,  n.  A  man  married  to  one's 
daughter.  —  Soulesa,  sun'les,  o.  Having 
no  son. — Sonship,  sun'ship,  n.  The  state 
of  being  a  son. 

Sonant,  sO'nant,  a.  [L.  sonans,  ppr.  of  «o;io, 
to  sound.  Sound.]  Pertaining  to  sound ; 
sounding;  uttered  with  voice  and  not 
breath  merely;  voiced,  as  the  letters  6,  d 
compared  witti  p.  t.—n.  A  souanti  letter. 

Sonata,  so-na'ta,  n.  [It.,  from  L.'  sonare, 
to  sound.]  A  musical  composition  for  solo 
Instruments,  consisting  of  several  move- 
ments, the  allegro,  adagio,  rondo,  and 
minuetto  or  scherzo. 

Song,  song,  n.  [A.  Sax,  sang,  song,  from 
singan,  to  sing.  Sing.]  That  which  is 
sung,  whether  by  the  human  voice  or  a 
bfrd ;  a  little'  poem  to  be  sung ;  a  vocal 
melody ;  an  air  for  a  single  voice  or  several ; 
a  lay;  a  strain;  poesy  averse. — A  mere  song, 
an  old  song,  a  trifle;  an  iigisignificant  sum. 
—Song-bird,  n.  A  bird  that  sings.— Song- 
less,  song'les,  a.  Destitute  of  the  power 
of  song;  without  song.— Song-sparrow,  n. 
The  hedge-sparrow.— Songster,  song'st^r, 
n.  One  who  sings;  especially,  a  bird  that 
sings.  —  Songstress,  song'stres,  n.  [Song- 
ster and  term,  -ess.]  A  female  singer. — 
Song-thrush,  n.    The  mavis  or  throstle.    , 

Soniferous,  so-nif'6r-us,  o.  [L.«cm«g,  sound, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  Conveying  sound;  pro- 
ducing sound. 

Sonnet,  son'et,  n.  [¥r.  sonnet,  from  It.  8on- 
netto,  a  dim.  from  L. '  sonvs,  a  sound. 
Sound.]  A  short  poem  of  fourteen  lines, 
forming  two  stanzas  of  mm  verses  each 
and  twoof  three  each,  the  rhymes  beingad- 
justed  by  a  particular  rule;  a  short  poem; 

•  ai  song.  —  Sonneteer,  son-et-5r^,  n.  [Fr. 
sonnetier.^  Apomposerof  sonnets;  a  small 
poet:  usually  in  contempt.  —  Sonnetize, 
son'et-iz,  v.t.  To  make  the  subject  of  a 
sonnet;  to  celebrate  in  a  sonnet. 

Sonometer,  so-nom'et-6r,  n.  [L.  sonus, 
sound,  and  Gr.  meiron,  a  measure.]  An 
apparatus  for  illustrating  the  phenomena 
and  laws  of  the  vibrations  of  tense  strings 
or  wires;  an  apparatus  for  testing  the 
acuteness  of  a  person's  hearing. 

Sonorons,  so-no'rus,  a.  [L.  sonortis,  from 
sonus,  sound.  Sound.]  Giving  soxind,  as 
when  struck;  resonant;  sounding ;  giving 
a  clear,  loud,  or  full-volumed  sound;  high 
sounding.  —  Sonorously,  sivno'rus-li,  adv. 
In  a  sonorous  manner.— Sonorousness,  so- 
no'rus-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  sonorous. 

Soochong,  sO-shong',  n.    Soccbong-. 

Soodra,  so'dra;  n.  A  person  of  the  fourth 
or  lowest  caste  into  which  the  Hindus  are 
divided.    Written  also  Sudra. 

Soon,  sen,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  sdna,  soon;  O.Fris. 
son,  son,  Goth,  stms,  soon.]  In  a  short 
time;  shortly  after  any  time  specified  or 
supposed;  early;  before  any  time  supposed; 
quickly;  speedily;  readily;  willingly;  glad- 
ly (I  would  as  soon  do  it). — As  soon  as,  so 
soon  as,  immediately  at  or  after  another 
event.— (Sooner  or  Utter,  at  some  future 
time,  near  or  reriiote. 

Soosoo,  Soosook,  sO'sO,  sS'sSk,  n.  The  dol- 
phin of  the  Ganges. 

Soot,  88t,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sdi,  80ot=IceI.  s6i, 
Dan.  sod,  L.G.  sott,  soot.]  A  black  sub- 
stance formed  from  fuel  in  combustion, 
rising  in  fine  particles  and  adhering  to 
the  sides  of  the  chimney  or  pipe  conveying 
the  smoke. —».t.  To  cover  or  foul  with 
soot. — Soot-flake,  n.  A  flake  or  particle  of 
soot;  a  smut. — Sootiness,  sot'i-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  sooty.  —  Sooty,  sot'i,  a. 
Pertaining  to,  producmg,  covered  with,  or 
resembling  soot;  fuliginous;  dusky;  dark. 

Sooterkln,  .sot'6r-kin,  n.  LComp.  Prov.  E. 
and  Sc.  softer,  Prov.  G.  svttern,  to  boil 
gently.1  A  kind  of  false  birth  fabled  to 
be  produced  by  the  Dutch  women  from 
sittmg  over  their  stoves;  an  abortive  pro- 
posal or  scheme. 

Sooth,  sath,  n.    [A.  Sax.  sdth,  true,  truth= 


Dan.  sand,  IceL  sannr,  Goth,  simis,  truo, 
corresijonding  to  Skr.  sunt,  being,  ami 
therefore  meaning  lit. '  being,* or '  that  is,') 
Truth;  reality:  used  frequently  with  in 
(in  sooth  I  know  not). 

Soothe,  soTH,  v.t.— soothed,  soothing.  [For- 
merly to  assent  in  a  servile  manner,  to  say 
yes  to,  from  A.  Sax.  gesdthian,  to  confirm 
or  show  to  be  true,  sdth,  truth.  Sooth.) 
To  please  with  blandishments  or  soft 
words;  to  cajole;  to  make  less  angry  or 
violent;  to  pacify;  to  assuage;  to  mitigate, 
ease,  or  allay.  —  Soother,  so'iner,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  soothes.  —  Soothing, 
BO'iHing,  p.  and  a.  Such  as  to  soothe;  a.s- 
suagin^.— Soothingly,  so'iking-li,  adv.  In 
a  .soothing  manner. 

Soothsay,  sijth'sa,  v.i.  [From  soothsnd^sa-./.] 
To  foretell;  to  predict.  [N.T.]— Soothsay  ej-, 
sOth'sa-er,  n.  One  who  foretells  or  pre- 
dicts ;  a  prophet.  —  Soothsaying,  soth'sa- 
ing^  n.    A  foretelling ;  a  prediction. 

Sop,  sop,  n.  [Same  as  Icel.  soppa,  a  sop,  a 
sup;  Sw.  soppa,  broth,  soup;  D.  sop,  L.G. 

■soppe,  a  sop.  Closely  connected  with  sitp, 
aoup.i  Something  dipped  in  broth  or  liquid 
food,  and  intended  to  be  eaten;  something 
given  to  pacify:  so  called  from  the  sop 
given  to  Cerberus  to  pacify  him,  in  the 
ancient  story.— v.t.— sopped,  sopping.  To 
steep  or  dip  in  liquor.  —  Soppy,  sop'i,  a. 
Sopped  or  soaked  in  liquid;  like  a  sop. 

Soph,  sof,  n.  An  abbreviation  pf  Sophister 
and  of  Sophomore. 

Sophi,  so'fi,n.  A  title  of  the  king  of  Persia. 

Sophism,  sof'izm,  n.  [Pr.  sophisme,  from 
Gr.  «op7iisrno,  a  trick,  a  quibble,  a  sophism, 
from  sopfios,  clever,  wise.]  A  specious  pro- 
position; a  specious  but  fallacious  argu- 
ment; a  fallacy  designed  to  deceive. — 
Sophist,  sef ist,  n.  [Gr.  suphistes,  a  sophist.] 
One  of  a  class  of  leading  public  teachers 
in  ancient  Greece  during  the  fifth  and 
fourth  centuries  b.c,  many  of  whom  were 
men  who  spent  their  time  in  verbal 
quibbles  and  philosophical  enigmas,  thus 
causing  the  term  to  take  on  a  bad  sense; 
a  captious  or  fallacious  reasoner;  a  quib- 
bler. — Sophister,  sof'is-t^r,  n.  A  sophist; 
a  quibbhng  disputant;  a  plausible  falla- 
cious reasoner;  in  the  Univ^sity  of  Cam- 
bridge, England,  a  student  advanced  be- 
yond the  first  year  of  his  residence;  a  soph. 
-Sophistic,  Sophistical,  so-fis'tik,  so-fis'- 
ti-kal,  a.  Fallaciously  subtle;  containing 
sophistry;  quibbling.  .*.  Syn.  under  Fal- 
lacious. —  Sophlstically,  so-fis' ti-kal-li, 
adv.  In  a  sophistical  manner;  fallacious- 
ly.— Sophisticalness,  so-fis'ti-kal-nes,  n. — 
Sophisticate,  so-fis 'ti-kat,  v.t.  —  sophisti- 
cated, sophisticating.  To  pervert;  to  wrest 
from  the  truth;  to  adulterate;  to  render 
spurious  by  admixture.  —  Sophisticate, 
Sophisticated,  so-fis'ti-kat,  so-fis'ti-ka-ted, 
a.  Adulterated;  not  pure;  not  genuine. — 
Sophistication,  so-fis'ti-ka"shon,  n.  The 
act  of  adulterating;  adxilteration:  the  act 
or  art  of  quibbling ;  a  quibble.— Sophisti- 
cator,  so-fis'ti-ka-ter,  n.  One  who  sophis- 
ticates. —  Scphictry,  sof'ist-ri,  n.  Falla- 
cious reasoning;  reasoning  sound  in  ap- 
I)earance  only  and  intended  to  mislead. 

Sophomore,  sof'o-mor,n.  [From  Gr.sophos, 
wise,  and  mOros,  foolish.]  In  American 
colleges,  a  student  belonging  to  the  second 
of  the  four  classes;  one  next  above  a  fresh- 
man.   " 

Scphta,  sof  ta.    Sofia. 

Soporiferons,  Bo-po-rif'6r-u8,  a.  [L.  sopo- 
nfer— sopor,  soporis,  sleep  (cog.  with  Skr. 
svap,  to  sleep,  Gr.  hppnos,  sleep),  and  fero, 
to  Dring.]  Causing  or  tending  to  cause 
sleep ;  soporific.  —  Soporiferously,  so-po- 
rif6r-us-li,  adv.  In  a  soporiferons  man- 
ner.— Soporiferonsness,so-po-rif'6r-u8-ne8, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  soporiferous. — 
Soporific,  so-po-rifik,  a.  [L.  sopor,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  Causing  ^leep ;  tending 
to  cause  sleep. — n.  A  drug  or  other  thing 
that  has  the  quality  of  inducing  sleep. 

Soprano,  so-pra'no,  n.  It.  pi.  Soprani,  so'- 
pra'ne,  E.  pi.  Sopranos,  so-pra'noz.  [It., 
from  sopra,  L.  supra,  above.]  The  highest 
species  of  female  voice,  whose  ordinary 
ea^  range  is  from  C  below  the  treble  staff 
to  G  or  A  above  it;  equivalent  to  Treble,  a 
term  which  is  falling  out  of  use. — Sopra- 
nlst,  so-pra'nist,  n.    A  treble  singer. 


Fate,  fir,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tttbe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pouni};     tU  Sc.  abtme- the  Fr.  «. 


SORB 


647 


SOUND 


Sorb,  sorb,  w.  [Fr.  aorbe,  L.  sorbU8,  the 
eorb.]  The  service-tree  or  its  fruit.— Sorb- 
apple,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  service-tree.— 
Sorbic,  sor'bik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  ser- 
vice-tree. —  Sorbine,  sor'bin,  n.  A  sugar 
existing  in  mountain-ash  berries. 

Sorbefacient,  sor-be-fa'shi-ent,  n.  [L.  sor- 
beo,  to  absorb,  and  fucio,  to  make.]  Med. 
that,  which  produces  absorption. — a.  Med. 
producing  absorption. 

Sorbonlst,  sorT)on-ist,  n.  A  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  a  celebrated  institution  founded 
in  connection  with  the  University  of  Paris 
in  1252  by  Robert  de  5or&on,.chaplain  and 
confessor  of  Louis  IX.  —  SorbonicaJ,  sor- 
bon'i-kal,  a.    Belonging  to  a  Sorbonist. 

Sorcerer,  sor's6r-6r,  n.  [Pr.  aorcier,  a  sor- 
cerer, from  L.L.  sortiarius,  a  caster  of 
lots,  from  L.  sors,  sortie,  a  lot  (whence  also 
sort).  As  to  the  form  of  the  word  comp. 
fruiterer,  Fr.  fruitier. \  A  conjuror;  an 
enchanter;  a  magician.  —  Sorceress,  sor'- 
86r-es,  n.  A  female  sorcerer.  —  Sorcery, 
8or'86r-i,  n.  [O.Fr.  sorcerie.l  Divination 
by  the  assistance  or  supposed  assistance  of 
evil  spirits;  magic;  enchantment;  witch- 
craft. 

gordes,  sor'dez,  n.  [L.]  Foul  matter;  ex- 
cretions; dregs. 

Sordid,  sor'did,  a.  [Fr.  sordide,  L.  sordidws, 
from  sordcs,  filth.]  Filthy  J;  base;  mean; 
meanly  avaricious;  covetous;  nigcardly. — 
Sordidly,  sor'did-li,  adv.  In  a' sordid  man- 
ner; meanly;  basely;  covetously.— Sordld- 
ness,  sor'did-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  sordid;  niggardliness. 

Sore,  sor,  a.  [A.  Sax.  sdr,  sore,  a  sore;  Icel. 
sdrr,  sore,  sdr,  a  sore;  Dan.  soar,  Goth. 
aair,  a  wound;  G.  sehr,  very.]  Painful; 
being  the  seat  of  pain;  violent  with  pain; 
severe;  distressing;  tender,  as  the  mind; 
easily  annoyed  or  vexed;  feeling  aggrieved; 
galled.  —  w.  A  place  in  an  animal  body 
where  the  skin  and  flesh  are  ruptured  or 
bruised,  so  as  to  be  painful;  a  boil,  vilcer, 
wound,  &c.—adv.  With  painful  violence ; 
severely ;  sorely. — Sorely,  sor'li,  adv.  In  a 
sore  manner;_grievously;  greatly;  severely. 
— Soreness,  sor'nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
sore. 

Soredium,  so-re'di-um,  n.  pi.  Soredla,  so- 
re'di-a.  [From  Gr.  soros,  a  heap.]  Bot. 
one  of  the  little  mealy  patches  scattered 
over  the  surface  of  the  thallus  in  lichens. 
—  Sorediferous,  so-r6-dif'6r-us,  a.  Bot. 
bearing  soredia. 

Sorely,  Soreness.    Under  Sore. 

Sorghum,  sor'gum,  n.  [From  sorghi,  its 
Indian  name.  ]  The  cereal  plant  that 
yields  Indian-  millet,  one  species  also 
yielding  sugar. 

Sori,  pi.  of  sorus. 

Sorites,  so-ri'tez,  n.  [Gr.  sOreitSs,  from  sOros, 
a. heap.]  Logic,  a  series  of  propositions  so 
linked  together  that  the  predicate  of  each 
that  precedes  forms  the  subject  of  each 
that  follows  (a  =  6,  b  =  c,  c~d,  therefore 
rt  =  d).  —  Sorltical,  so-rit'i-kal,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  sorites. 

Sorn,  som,  v.i.  [O.Fr.  sorner,  to  play  tricks, 
to  jest,  to  cheat.]  To  obtrude  one's  self  on 
another  for  bed  and  board.  [Scotch.] — 
Sorner,  sor'nfer,  n.    One  who  soms. 

Sororal,  so-ro'ral,  a.  [L.  soror,  sororis,  sis- 
ter.] Pertaining  to  a  sister  or  sisters;  sis- 
terly.—Sororicide,  sS"-ro'ri-sid,n.  [L.  soror, 
and  ccedo,  to  kill.]  The  murder  of  a  sister; 
the  murderer  of  a  sister. 

Sorosis,  so-ro'sis,  n.  [From  Gr.  aOros,  a 
heap. }  Bot.  a  fleshy  fruit  composed  of 
many  flowers,  seed-vessels,  and  receptacles 
consolidated,  as  the  pine-apple  or  mul- 
berry. 

Borrel,  sor'el,  a.  [A  dim.  from  O.Fr.  sor, 
sore,  sorrel,  from  O.D.  sore,  akin  to  sere.] 
Of  a  reddish  or  yellowish  brown  colour. — 
n.  A  reddish  or  yellow-brown  colour. 

Sorrel,  sor'el,  n.  [Fr.  surelle,  sorrel,  from 
O.H.G.  sAr,  sour.  Sour.)  The  popular 
name  of  certain  perennial  plants,  a  com- 
mon species  being  a  succulent  acid  herb 
used  as  a  salad  and  pot-herb. 

Borrow,  sor'o,  n.  [O.E.  snrwe,  A.  Sax.  »org, 
sorh,  care,  sorrow;  Icel.  Dan.  and  Sw.  sorg, 
G.  sorge,  Goth,  saurga— sorrow.]  Pain  of 
mind  from  loss  of  or  disappointment  in 
the  expectation-  of  good ;  grief ;  regret ; 
sadness;  mourning.  .*.  Syn.  under  Arruc- 


TioN. — v.i.  To  be  affected  with  sorrow;  to 
feel  sorry;  to  grieve ;  to  be  sad.— Sorrow- 
ful, 8or'0-f\il,  a.  Full  of  sorrow;  exhibi- 
ting or  producing  sorrow;  sad;  mournful; 
dejected.  —  Sorrowfully,  sor'o-ful-li,  adv. 
In  a  sorrowful  manner.- Sorrowfulness, 
sor'o-f ul-nes,  n.  —  SonoviloM,  sor'o-les,  o. 
Without  sorrow. 

Sorry,  sor'i,  a.  [Equivalent  to  sore,  with 
term,  -y;  from  A.Sax.  sdrig,  trooLSdr,  sore: 
influenced  in  spelling  by  sorrow.  Sore.] 
Grieved  for  the  loss  of  some  good-;  pained 
at  some  evil  experienced  or  committed; 
often  slight  oi;  transient  regret  (I  am  sorrj/ 
you  cannot  come);  mean;  vile;  worthless; 
pitiful  (a  sorry  excuse).— Sorrily,  sor'i-li, 
adv.  In  a  sorry  or  wretched  manner. — 
Sorriness,  sor'i-nes,  n.  Pitifulness;  mean- 
ness; despicableness. 

Sort,  sort,  n.  [Fr,  sorte,  sort,  kind,  from 
Ij.  sors,  sortis,  a  lot,  a  condition  (seen  also 
in  assort,  consort,  resort).]  A  kind,  species, 
class,  or  order  (a  sort  of  men);  manner; 
form  of  being  or  acting ;  degree  (in  some 
sort);  a  set:  a  suit.— Om<  of  sorts,  out  of 
order ;  not  in  one's  usual  state  of  health ; 
unwell.— u.<.  To  separate  and  arrange  in 
distinct  classes  or  divisions;  to  assort;  to 
arrange;  to  reduce  to  order.— o.i.  To  con- 
sort; to  associate;  to  suit ;  to  agree. — Sor- 
table,  sor'ta-bl,a.  Capable  of  being  sorted. 
— Sorter,  sor'tfer,  n.  One  who  sorts  (a  let- 
ter-sorier;  a  wool-sorter).— Sortment,  sort'- 
ment,  w.  The  act  of  sorting;  distribution 
into  sorts;  assortment. 

Sortes,  sor'tez,  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  wrs,  lot, 
decision  by  lot.]  A  kind  of  divination  by 
the  chance  selection  of  a  passage  from  an 
author's  writings. 

Sortie,  sor'ti,  n.  [Fr.,  from  sortir,  to  issue.] 
The  issuing  of  troops  from  a  besieged 
place  to  attack  the  besiegers ;  a  sall:^. 

Sortilege,  sor'ti-lej,  n.  [L.  sortilegium—sors, 
lot,  and  lego,  to  select.]  The  act  or  prac- 
tice of  drawing  lots ;  divination  by  lots — 
Sortition,  sor-tish'on,  n.  [L.  sortUio.]  Se- 
lection or  appointment  by  lot. 

Soros,  sS'rus,  n.  pi.  Sort,  so'ri.    [Gr.  sSros, 

I  a  heap.]  Bot.  a  cluster  of  spore-cases  on 
the  back  of  the  fronds  of  ferns. 

Sostenuto,  sos-te-no'tiJ.  [It.,  sustained.] 
Mus.  a  term  impli^ing  that  the  note  over 
which  it  is  placed  is  to  be  held  out  its  full 
length  in  an  equal  and  steady  manner. 

Sot,  sot,  n.  [Fr.  sot,  a  fool,  probably  from 
the  Celtic;  comp.  Ir.  suthan,  a  blockhead, 
sotaire,  a  fop.]  A  stupid  person;  ,a  dolt;  a 
person  stupefied  by  excessive  drinking;  a 
habitual  drunkard.— y.t.t—«o<<ed,  sotting. 
To  stupefy;  to  besot. —«.i.  To  tipple  to 
stupidity.— Sottish,  sot'ish,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  sot ;  having  the  character  of  a  sot.-^ 
Sottishly,  sot'ish-li,  adv.  In  a  sottish  man- 
ner.—Sottiahness,  sot'ish-nes,  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  sottish;  drunkenness. 

Soteriology,  sD-te'ri-ol"o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  soterios, 
saving,  salutary,  and  logos,  discourse.  ]■ 
The  science  of  health;  the  doctrine  of  sal- 
vation by  Jesus  Christ. 

Sotbiac,  Sothic,  soth'i-ak,  soth'ik,  a.  [From 
Sothis,  the  dog-star,  at  whose  heliacal  ris- 
ing the  year  was  supposed  to  commence.] 
Pertaining  to  the  dog-star.— Soi^ic  year, 
the  ancient  Egyptian  yeai;  of  365  days. 

Sottish,  Sottishness.    Under  Sot. 

Sotto,  softs.  |[It.,  under,  below,  beneath.] 
Mus.  a  term  signifying  below  or  inferior. 
— Sotto  voce,  in  an  undertone. 

Sou,  s9,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  solidus,  a  coin,  a 
solid  piece.]  An  old  French  copper  coin, 
twenty -four  of  which  made  a  livre;  a 
five-centime  piece. 

Souari,  sou-a'r5,  n.    Saouart. 

Soubahdar,  sO'ba-dar,  n.  [From  sotibah,  a 
province.]  In  India,  the  governor  of  a 
large  province;  a  native  sepoy  officer  with 
the  same  rank  as  a  captain. 

Soubrette,  so-bret',  n.  [Fr.]  A  waiting- 
maid  ;  the  part  of  an  intriguing  servant- 
girl  in  a  comedy. 

Souce,  sous,  n.    Souse. 

Souchong,  so-shong',  n.  [Chinese,  little 
sprouts.]    A  kind  of  black  tea. 

Souffle,  s6f-la,  n.  [Fr.,  from  soruffler,  to  puff, 
souffle,  a  breath,  a  puff.)  A  light  dish  com- 
posed 6f  white  of  eggs,  variously  flavoured 
and  baked. 

Sough,  suf,  v.i.  [O.E.  swough,  from  A.  Sax. 


sw6gan,  to  sound.]  To  emit  a  rushing, 
moaning,  or  whistling  sound,  like  that  of 
the  wind;  to  sound  like  the  roar  of  the 
sea.— w.  A  sound  of  this  kind ;  a  mishing 
sound  like  that  of  the  wind;  a  deep  sigh. 

Sought,  sat,  pret.  and  pp.  of  seek. 

Soul,  sol,  n.  [O.E.  and  Sc.  saul,  A.  Sax. 
sdwel,  sdwl ;  Icel.  sdla,  Dan.  sjal,  D.  ziel, 
Goth,  saivala,  G.  seele,  the  soul ;  perhaps 
connected  with  L.  sceculum,  an  age.]  The 
spiritual  and  immortal  part  in  man ;  the 
immaterial  spirit  which  inhabits  the  body; 
the  moral  and  emotional  part  of  man's 
nature;  the  seat  of  the  sentiments  or  feel- 
ings; the  animating  or  essential  part; 
the  vital  principle ;  the  essence  (he  is  the 
very  soul  of  honour);  an  inspirer  or  leader 
(the  soul  of  an  enterprise);  courage  or 
spirit;  a  spiritual  being;  a  disembodied 
spirit;  a  human  being;  a  person  (not  a  soul 
present);  a  familiar  term  for  a  person 
(poor  soul,  he  was  a  good  soul).— Cure  of 
souls,  in  the  Church  of  England,  an  eccle- 
siastical charge.  —  Soul  is  used  in  many 
self-explanatory-  compounds;  as  sottZ-de- 
stroying,  souJ-entrancing,  «ouZ-felt,  soul- 
stirring,  «OMi-subduing,  &c. — Souled,  sold, 
a.  Having  a  soul;  instinct  with  soul  or 
feeling:  of  ten  in  composition  (noblQ-souled, 
mean-soMted). — Soulless,  sol'les,  a.  With- 
out a  soul;  lifeless;  spiritless;  base. 

Sound,  sound,  a.  [A.  Sax.  sund,  sound, 
healthy;  L.  G.  Dan.  and  Sw.  sund,  G. 
(ge)sund,  D.  zond;  from  root  of  L.  sanus, 
sound.  Sane.]  Healthy;  not  diseased; 
not  being  in  a  morbid  state  (a  sound 
mind,  a  sound  body);  uninjured;  unhurt 
(a  sound  limb);  free  from  imperfection  or 
defect  {sound  timber,  sound  fruit);  founded 
in  truth;  valid;  that  cannot  be  refuted 
[sound  reasoning);  correct;  free  from  error; 
orthodox;  founded  in  right  and  law;. just 
(a  sound  claim);  profound,  unbroken,  un- 
disturbed (a  sound  8leep)4  heavy;  laid  on 
with  force  (a  sound  beating).— Soundly, 
sound'li,  adv.  In  a  sound  manner ;  health- 
ily; validly;  thoroughly;  smartly  (beat 
him  sound/^).- Sounonesg,  soundnes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  sound. 

Sound,  sound,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sund,  a  strait, 
a  sound;  Icel.  Dan.  Sw.  and  G.  sund,  a 
sound;  from  root  of  sunder,  or  akin  to 
swim.]  A  narrow  passage  or  channel  of 
water,  as  between  the  main  land  and  an 
isle,  or  connecting  two  seas;  a  strait. 

Sound,  sound,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sund,  a  swim- 
ming, from  sviimman,  to  swim ;  it  is  also 
called  the  svnm.]  The  air-bladder  of  a 
fish. 

Bound,  sound,  v.t.  [Fr.  sonder,  to  spund; 
probably  from  the  Teutonic  suTid,  a  strait. 
Sound,  a  channel.]  To  measure  the  depth 

.  of ;  to  fathom  by  sinking  a  plummet  or 
lead  attached  to  a  line ;  surg.  to  examine 
by  means  of  a  probe;  fig.  to  fry  or  search 
out  the  intention,  opinion,  wilL  or  desires 
of. — v.i.  To  use  the  line  and  lead  in  search- 
ing the  depth  of(  water. —  n.  Surg,  any 
elongated  instrument  by  which  cavities 
of  the  body  are  sounded  or  explored.— 
Soundable,  soun'da-bl,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing sounded.— Soundings,  sound'ingz,  n. 
pi.  The  depths  of  water  in  rivers,  har- 
bours, along  shores,  and  even  in  the  open 
eea,  which  are  ascertained  by  means  of  a 
sounding-line. —  Sounding- lead,  n.  The 
weight  used  at  the  end  of  a  sounding- 
line.— Sounding-line,  n.  A  line  for  ascer- 
taining the  depth  of  water. — Soundless, 
sound'les,  a.    Unfathomable. 

Sound,  sound,  n.  [O.E.  soun,  soume,  from 
Fr.  son,  L.  sonus,  a  sound  (also  in 'conso- 
nant, dissonant,  resonant,  sonorous,  &c.}, 
cog.  Skr.  svan,  to  sound.  The  d  has  been 
added,  as  in  round  (to  whisper),  lend,  hind 
(a  labourer).]  That  which  is  heard;  the 
effect  which  is  produced  by  the  vibrations 
of  a  body  affecting  the  ear;  a  noise;  noise 
without  signification;  empty  noise.— v.i. 
To  make  a  noise ;  to  give  out  a  sound;  to 
8eem  or  appear  when  uttered ;  to  appear 
on  narration  (this  story  sounds  like  a 
fiction);  to  be  conveyed  in  sound;  to  be 
spread  or  published.— ^v.t.  To  cause  to  give 
out  a  soimd;  to  play  on;  to  utter  audibly; 
to  give  a  signal  for  by  a  certain  sound  (to 
sound  a  retreat);  to  publish  or  proclaim 
(to  sound  the  praises  of  a  great  man). — 


ch,  cftain;     c7i,  Kc.IocA;     e,goi     j.job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinfr;     th,  tften;  th,  tAin;     w,  iwg;     wh,  wWg;     zh,  asure. 


SOUP 


fePAN^MlA 


SoundaWe,  soun'da-bl,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing.sottnded.— Sound-bow,. n.  The  part  of 
a  bell  on  which  the  clapper  strikes.  — 
Sounding,  soun'ding,  p.  and  a.  Causing 
sound;  sonorous;  having  a  lofty  sound; 
bombastic  ( mere  sounding  phrases ).  — 
Sounding-board,  Sound-board,  n.  A  can- 
opy over  a  pulpit,  &c.,  to  direct  the  sound 
of  a  speaker's  voice  towards  the  audi- 
ence; a  thin  board  over  which  the  strings 
of  a  pianoforte,  violin,  guitar,  &c.,  are 
stretched.  —  Sounding  -  post,  Sound  -  post, 
n.  A  small  post  in  a  violin,  set  under  the 
bridge  for  a  support,  and  for  propagating 
the  sound.— Soundless,  sound'les,  a.  Hav- 
ing no  sound;  noiseless;  silent;  dumb. 
Soup,  sOp,  n.  [Fr.  soupe,  -from  G.  suppe, 
D.  soep,  Dan.  suppe,  Icel.  aMpa  — soup, 
broth,  &c.;  akin  sup,  sip,  sop.]  A  kind  oi 
broth;  a  sort  of  food  made  generally  by 
boiling  flesh  of  some  kind  in  water  with 
various  other  ingredients. — Soup-kitchen, 
n.  A  charitable  establishment  for  supply- 
ing soup  to  the  poor.— Soup-maigre,  sop- 
ma'gr,  n.  [Pr.,  lit.  meagre  soup.]  Thin 
soup  made  chiefly  from  vegetables  and  a 
little  butter.— Soupy,  sop'i,  a.  Like  soup. 
Soup^on,  sOp-son,  n.  [Fr.,  from  O.Fr. 
souspefon,  a  suspicion.  Suspicion.]  .A 
very  small  quantity;  a  taste. 
Sour,  sour,  a.  [A.  Sax.  siir,  sour=Icel. 
siirr,  Dan.  suur,  D.  ziiur,  G.  aauer;  also 
found  in  Celtic:  W.  an^  Armor,  sur— sour. 
Sorrel.]  Sharp  to  the  taste;  tart;  acid; 
harsh  of  temper;  crabbed;  austere;  morose; 
expressing  discontent,  displeasure,  or  pee- 
vishness (a  sour  word  or  look);  to  become 
tart  or  acid  by  keeping,  as  milk.  —  Sour 
•  grapes.  Under  Grape. — v.t.  To  make  acid 
or  sour;  to  make  cross,  crabbed,  or  discon- 
tented (to  sour  the  temper);  to  embitter. 
—v.i.  To  become  acid;  to  acquire  tartness; 
to  become  peevish,  crabbed,  or  harsh  in 
temper. — Sour-crout,  Sour-krout,  sour"' 
krout,  n.  Same  as  Sauer-kraut.— Sourish, 
sour'ish,  a.  Somewhat  sour;  moderately 
acid.— Sourly,  sour'U,a(i».  In  a  sour  man- 
ner; acidly;  morosely;  peevishly;  discon- 
tentedly.—Sourness,  sour'nes,n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  sour;  acidity;  sharp- 
ness to  the  taste;  asperity;  harshness  of 
temper.- Sour-sop,  n.  A  large  succulent 
fruit  closely  allied  to  the  custard-apple. 
Source,  sors,  n.  [Fr.  source,  O.Fr.  sorce, 
•from  L.  surgo,  to  rise,  contr.  for  surrigo, 
for  sub-rego — sub,  under,  and  rego,  to  di- 
rect. Surge,  Regent.]  The  spring  or 
fountain-head  from  which  a  stream  of 
water  proceeds;  one  who  or  that  which 
originates  or  gives  rise  to  anything;  firet 
cause;  origin. 

Souse,  sous,  n.  [A  form  of  ga?«re.]  Pickle 
made  with  salt;  sauce;  pickled  meat;  the 
ears,  feet,  &c.,  of  swine  pickled. — v.t. — 
soused,  sousing.  To  steep  in  pickle;  to 
plunge  into  water. 

Bouse,  sous,  tJ.i.  and  t.  [Comp.  G.  sausen, 
to  rush.]  To  fall  suddenly  on. — n.  A  vio- 
lent attack;  a  blow.  — adw.  With  sudden 
violence. 
Soutane,  sa-tan,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.L.  suh- 
iana,  from  L.  subtus,  beneath.]  A  cassock, 
usually  black,  worn  by  Koman  Catholic 
clergy. 

gonth,  south,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sAth;  Icel.  suthr, 
sunnr,  Dan.  syd,  sondeti,  O.H.G.  sund. 
Mod.  Or.  Slid,  south ;  allied  to  sun,  being 
the  region  of  the  sun.]  One  of  the  four 
cardinal  points  of  the  compass,  directly 
opposite  to  the  north;  the  region  or  lo- 
cality lying  opposite  to  the  north;  the 
wind  that  blows  from  the  south.— a.  Situ- 
,  ated  in  the  south,  or  in  a  southern  direc- 
tion; pertaining  to  the  south;  proceeding 
from  the  south. — adv.  Toward  the  south; 
from  the  south. — v.i.  To  move  or  turn  to- 
wards the  south;  astron.  to  arrive  at  or  pass 
the  meridian  of  a  place. — South-down,  n. 
(From  the  hills  called  South  Downs  in 
England.]  One  of  a  noted  breed  of  Eng- 
lish sheep;  mutton  from  this  sheep.  Used 
also  adjectively. — South-east,  n.  The  point 
of  the  compass  equally  distant  from  the 
south  and  east.  —  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
south-east. — South-easter,  n.  A  wind  from 
the  south-east.  —  South-easterly,  South- 
eastern, o.  South-east.  —  Soutnerliness, 
suTH'i^r-li-nes,  n.     State  of  laeing  south- 


erly. —  Southerly,  8UTH'6r-li,  a.  Ljang 
in  the  scuth;  coming  from  the  south. — 
Southern,  suTH'ern,  a.  [A.  Sax.  sxithem, 
from  Slither,  suth,  south.]  Belonging  to 
the  south;  lying  on  the  south  side  of  the 
equator;  coming  from  the  south. — Southern 
Cross,  n.  A  bright  constellation  in  the 
southern  hemisphere,  the  principal  stars 
of  which  form  a  cross. — Southerner,  suth'- 
er-n6r,  n.  An  inhabitant  or  native  of  the 
south.- Southernliness,  suiH'em-li-nes,  n. 
State  of  being  southerly.  —  Southemly, 
8UTH'trn-li,  adv.  Toward  the  south.  — 
Southernmost,  suTH'ern-most,  a.  Furthest 
toward  the  south.— Southernwood,  suth'- 
6rn-wud,  n.  A  composite  plant  nearly  al- 
lied to  wormwood,  formerly  employed  in 
medicine  as  a  stomachic  and  stimulant. — 
Southing,  south'ing,  ji.  Motion  to  the 
south;  the  time  at  which  the  moon  or 
other  heavenly  body  passes  the  meridian 
of  a  place;  navig.  and  survey,  the  difference 
of  latitude  southward  from  the  last  point 
of  reckoning.  Uorthino.  —  Southmost, 
south'most,  a.  Furthest  toward  the  south. 
— Southron,  Southern,  suTH'ron,  suTu'fem, 
n.  A  native  or  inhabitant  Of  a  southern 
country  or  region;  a  term  formerly  applied 
in  Scotland  to  a  native  of  England.  — 
Southward,  south'werd,  adv.  Toward  the 
south.— a.  Lying  or  situated  toward  the 
south;  directed  towards  the  south. — South-, 
west,  n.  The  point  of  the  compass  equally 
distant  from  the  south  aud  west.— a.  Ly- 
ing in  the  direction  of  the  south-west; 
coming  from  the  south-west.  —  South- 
wester,  n.  A  strong,  south-west  wind ;  a 
waterproof  hat  with  a  flap  hanging  over 
the  neck,  worn  in  bad  weather:  frequently 
contracted  into  Sou'wester. — South-wester- 
ly, a.  In  the  direction  of  south-west; 
coming  from  the  south-west.  —  South- 
western, a.  Pertaining  to  the  south-west. 
—South-westward,  a.  and  adv.  Towards 
the  south-west. 

Souvenir,  so-ve-nCr',  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sub- 
venire,  to  occur  to  mind.]  That  which  re- 
minds or  revives  the  memory  of  anything; 
a  keepsake. 

Sovereign,  8ov'6r-in,  a.  [O.  Fr.  soverain. 
Mod.  Fr.  souverain;  from  L.L.  superanus, 
from  L.  ffi/pei',  above,  over.  The  g  has 
been  en'oneously  inserted.]  Supreme  in 
power;  possessing  supreme  dominion; 
royal;  princely;  paramount;  eflicacious  in 
the  highest  degree  (a  sovereign  medicine). 
— n.  A  supreme  ruler;  the  person  having 
the  highest  power  or  authority  in  a  state, 
as  a  king,  queen,  emperor.  Ac;  a  monarch; 
a  gold  coin  of  the  value  of  20s.,  and  weigh- 
ing 123"274  grains  Troy,  the  standard  of  the 
English  coinage.  —  Sovereignty,  sov'er-in- 
ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  a  sovereign;  the 
supreme  power  in  a  state;  monarchical 
sway;  supremacy;  supreme  excellence. — 
Sovran,  sov'ran,  n.  and  a.  Same  as  Sove- 
reign, and  etymologically  more  correct. 

Bow,  sou,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sugu,  sii,  a  8ow=L.G. 
suge,  O.D.  sowe,  G.  sau,  Dan.  and  Sw.  so, 
sow;  cog.  L.  *;<«,  Gr.7iMS,sow;  perhaps  from 
root  8U,  to  bring  forth  (whence  «on).J  The 
female  of  the  swine;  founding,  the  main 
channel  into  which  metal  is  run  from  a 
smelting  furnace.  See  under  Pio.— 3'o  have 
or  get  the  right  (or  wrong)  sow  by  the  ear,  to 
pitch  upon  the  right  (or  wrong)  person  or 
thing;  to  come  to  the  right  (or  wrong) 
conclusion. 

Sow,  so,  y.t.— pret.  sowed,  pp.  sowed  or  sown. 
[A.  Sax.  sdwan  (pret.  se6w;  pp.  sdwen),  to 
sow=Icel.  sa,  Dan.  saae,  6.  s(ten,  Goth, 
eatan;  same  root  as  L.  sero,  satum,  to  sow 
(whence  season).  Seed  is  from  this  stem.] 
To  scatter,  as  seed  upon  the  earth,  for  the 
purpose  of  growth;  to  plant  by  strewing; 
to  stock  with  seed ;  to  spread  abroad;  to 
disseminate;  to  propagate  (to  sow  diseord). 
— v.i.  To  scatter  seed  for  growth  and  the 
production  of  a  crop.  — Sower,  so'fer,  n. 
One  who  sows;  a  disseminator. 

Sowar,  sou'ar,  n.    [Hind.]    A  trooper;  a 

.  mounted" soldier  belonging  to  the  irregular 
cavalry. 

Sowens,  Sowans,  so'enz,  sd'anz,  n.pl.  [Comp. 
A.  Sax.  tedw,  glue,  paste.]  A  nutritious 
article  of  food  made  from  the  farina  re- 
maining among  the  husks  of  oats,  used 
in  Scotutnd;  flummery. 


Soy,  8oi,  n.  A  sauce  prepared  in  China  .im 
Japan  from  a  small  bean,  and  eat«u  with 
fish,  cold  meat,  &c.;  the  plant  from  the 
seeds  of  which  the  sauce  is  prepared. 

Spa,  spa,  n.  A  mineral  spring;  a  place  to 
which  people  resort  for  its  mineral  waters; 
from  Spa,  a  celebrated  watering-place  in 
Belgium. 

Space,  spas,  n.  [Fr.  espace,  from  L.  spatium, 
space,  from  root  spa,  to  stretch,  seen  in 
span.)  Extension,  considered  indepen- 
dently of  anything  which  it  may  contain; 
extension  in  all  directions;  any  portion  or 
extension;  the  interval  between  any  two 
or  more  points  or  objects;  quantity  of 
time;  the  interval  between  two  points  of 
time;  printing,  the  interval  between  words 
in  printed  matter;  also  a  kind  of  blank 
type  for  separating  words:  mus.  one  of 
the  four  intervals  between  the  five  lines  of 
a  staff.— w.t.— spaced,  spacing.  To  arrange 
at  proper  intervals;  to  arrange  the  spaces 
in.— Spaceless,  spas'les,  a.  Destitute  of 
space.  — Spacially,  spa'shi-al-li,  adv.  As 
regards  or  with  reference  to  space.— Spa- 
cious, spa'shus,  a.  [L.  spatiosus.]  Inclo- 
sing an  extended  space;  large  in  extent; 
wide  extended;  not  contracted  or  narrow; 
roomy.— Spaciously,  spa'shus-li,  adv.  In 
a  spacious  manner;  widely;  extensively. — 
Spaciousness,  spa'shus-nes^n.  The  quality 
of  being  spacious. 

Spadassin,  spa-das'in,  «.  [Fr.,  from  It. 
spada,  L.  spaiha,  a  sword.].  A  swordsman; 
a  bravo;  a  bully  {Carl.). 

Spade,  spad,  n.  [A.  Sax.  spada=D.  Dan. 
and  Sw.  spade,  Icel.  spaihi.G.  spaten;  cog. 
Gr.  spathe,  any  broad  blade.]  An  instru- 
ment for  digging,  having  a  broad  blade 
of  iron  and  a  stout  handle,  adapted  to  be 
used  with  both  hands  and  one  foot;  pi.  one 
of  the  four  suits  of  playing  cards.— To  call 
a  spade  a  spade,  to  call  things  by  their 
proper  names;  to  speak  plainly  and  with- 
out mincing  matters.— ti.t  To  dig  with  a 
spade;  to  pare  the  sward  from  with  a 
spade.  —  Spade -bone,  re.  The  shoulder- 
blade.  —  Spadeful,  spad'fril,  n.  As  much 
as  a  spade  will  hold.  —  Spade-guinea,  n. 
A  guinea  with  a  spade-formed  shield  bear- 
ing the  coat  of  arms  on  the  reverse.  — 
Spadille,  spa-dil',  re.  [Fr.  espadille.l  The 
ace  of  spadies  in  playing  ombre. 

Spadix,  spa'diks,  re.  [L.,  a  palm  branch 
with  its  fruit,  as  an  adj.  date- brown.] 
Bot.  a  form  of  inflorescence,  iij  which  the 
flowers  are  closely  arranged  round  a  fleshy 
radius,  and  the  wliole  surrounded  by  a 
large  leaf  called  a  spathe,  as  in  palms. — 
Spadiceous,  spa -dish 'us,  a.  Bot.  grow- 
ing within  a  spathe  or  spadix ;  forming 
a  spadix.— Spadicose,  spa'di-kos,  a.  Bot. 
growing  on  a  spadix. 

Spado,  spa'do,  re.  [L.]  A  castrated  animal; 
a  gelding ;  an  impotent  person. 

Bpae,  spa,  v.i.  and  t.  [Icel.  spd.  Daft,  spaa, 
to  foretell,  to  tell  fortunes.]  To  foretell; 
to  divine;  to  tell  one's  fortune.   [Scotch.] 

Spaid,  spad,  n.    A  hart  three  years  old. 

Spake,  spak.  One  of  the  forms  of  the  pre- 
terite of  speaTc,  the  more  commonly  used 
form  being  spoke. 

Spalpeen,  spal'pen,  re.  [Ir.  spailpin,  Gael. 
spailpean.]  An  Irish  term  for  a  mean  or 
insignificant  fellow. 

Span,  span,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sp<f,n,  a  span  (the 
measure),  spannan,  to  bind ;  Icel.  sponn, 
Dan.  spand,  J).' span,  G.  spanne,  a  span; 
same  root  as  L.  spatium,  space ;  Gr.  spad, 
to  draw  (whence  spasm).']  The  space  from 
the  point  of  the  thumb  to  that  of  the  little 
finger  when  extended;  nine  inches;  the 
eighth  of  a  fathom;  a  short  space  of  time; 
the  spread  or  extent  of  an  arch  between 

its  abutments;  a  pair  of  horses;  a  yoke  of 
animals;  a  team.— v.i.— spanned,  spanning. 
To  measure  by  the  hand  with  the  fingers 

extended,  or  with  the  fingers  encompass- 
ing the  object;  to  measure  or  reach  from 

one  side  of  to  the  other.— Spanless,  span'- 

les,  a.     Incapable  of   being  spanned  or 

measured.— Span-long,  a.  Of  the  length  of 

a  span.  —  Spanner,  span'^r,  n.     One  that 

spans;  a  screw-key.- Span-roof,  re._  A  com- 
mon roof  formed  by  two  meeting  inclined 

planes. 

Span,  span,  pret.  of  spin. 

Spansemia,  spa -ne' mi -a,  n.    [Gr.  tpanis. 


J- ate,  far,  f at,  fftU;     xne,  xneti  h«r;     plneiPiSi     &0t«,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tub,b\)ll(     oil,  pound;     tt.  Bo.  abune— the  Fr. «. 


SPANDREL 


649 


SPEAK 


scarcity,  and  haima,  blood.]    Poverty  or 
thinness  of  blood. 

Spandrel,  span'drel,  n.  [From  O.Fr.  espla- 
■nader,to  level  or  make  even.  Esplanaj)e.] 
Arch,  the  irregular  triangular  space  com- 
prehended between  the  outer  curve  or  ex- 
tradoB  of  an  arch  and  a  straight  -  sided 
figure  surrounding  it. 
Spangle,  spang'gl,  n.  [Dim.  of  O.E.  spang, 
A.  Sax.  spange,  a  buckle,,  a  clasp,  Stc;  D. 
spang,  Icel.  spong,  a  spangle,  a  stud.]  A 
small  circular  ornament  of  metal  stitched 
on  an  article  of  dress;  any  little  thing 
sparkling  and  brilliant;  a  small  sparkling 
object.— v.t— spangled,  spangling.  To  set, 
sprinkle,  or  adorn  with  spangles.— w.i.t  To 
glitter; -to  glisten.— Spangler,  spang'gUr, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  spangles.  — 
Spangly,  spang'gli,  o.  Like  a  spangle  or 
spangles;  glittering;  glistening. 
Spaniard,  span'ySrd,  n.  A  native  of  Spain. 
—  Spanish,  span'igh,  a.  Pertaining  to* 
Spain.— n.  The  language  of  Spain.— Span- 
ish-black, n.  A  soft  black,  prepared  by 
burning  cork,  used  in  painting.— Spanish- 
broom,  n.  A  plant  from  which  a  good 
fibre  is  obtained.— Spanish-brown,  n.  A 
species  of  earth  used  in  painting,  having 
a  dark  reddish-brown  colour.— Spanish- 
chalk,  n.  A  variety  of  steatite  or  soap- 
stone.  —  Spanish-fly,  n.  Cantharides.  — 
■  Spanish  -  grass,  n.  Esparto.  —  Spanish- 
juice,  n..  The  extract  of  the  root  of  the 
liquorice.— Spanish-red,  n.  An  ochre  re- 
sembling Venetian  red.— Spanish-soap,  n. 
Castile-soap. — Spanish-wmte,  n.  A  pig- 
ment prepared  from  chalk  which  .has 
been  separated  in  an  impalpable  form  by 
washing. 

Spaniel,  span'yel,  n.  [O.Fr.  espaoneul.  Mod. 
Fr. epagnev,l,lit.  a  little  Spanish  dog, from 

'  Sp,  e8pan,a,  L.  Hispania,  Spain.]  A  name 
given  to  several  kinds  of  dogs  all  more  or 
less  elegant,  some  of  them  used  for  sport- 
ing purposes,  others  kept  merely  as  pets ; 
also,  a  cringing  fawning  person. 
Spank,  spangk,  v.i.  [Same  as  Dan.  sparilce, 
to  strut,  to  stalk;  comp.  Sc.  spanff,  to  leap.] 
To  move  with  a  quick  lively  step;  to  move 
quickly  and  with  elasticity.— w.<.  To  slap 
or  smack  with  the  open'  hand.— Spanker, 
spang'ker,  n.  One  that  spanks;  a  fast- 
going  or  fleet  horse  (coUoq.);  naut.  a  large 
fore-and-aft  sail  set  upon  the  mizzen-mast 
of  a  ship.— Spanking,  spangk'ing,  p.  and 
a.  Moving  with  a  quick  lively  pace;  dash- 
ing; free-going.  [Colloq.] 
Span-new,  span'nQ,  a.  [Icel.  spdn-n^r, 
span-new,  ut.  chip -new,  splliiter-new, 
from  spdnn,  G.  span,  a  chip:  in  aUusion 
to  work  fresh  from  the  hands  of  the  work- 
man.] Quite  new;  bran-new. 
Spar,  spar,  n.  [A.  Sax.  spoer,  spcerstdn,  a 
kind  of  stone.]  A  mineralogical  term  for 
various  crystallized,  earthy,  and  some 
metallic  substances,  which  easily  break 
into  rhomboidal,  cubical,  or  laminated 
fragments  with  polished  surfaces,  as  cal- 
careous -  spar,  fluor  -  spar,  &c.  —  Sparry, 
spar'i,  o.  Resembling  spar  or  consisting 
of  spar;  spathose;  abounding  with  spar. — 
Sparry  iron,  a  carbonate  of  iron;  spathic 
or  spathose  iron;  siderite. 
Spar,  spiir,  n.  [Same  as  Icel.  sparri,  sperra," 
Dan.  sparre,  D.  spar,  Ot.  sparren,  a  Deam, 
a  bar.]  A  long  piece  of  timber  of  no  great 
thickness;  a  piece  of  sawed  timber;  a  pole; 
naut.  a-  long  beam:  a  general  term  for 
masts,  yards,,  booms,  and  gaflFs.  — •  Spar- 
deck,  n.  JVaut.  a  light  deck  fitted  over 
the  upper  deck  of  a  vessel. 
Spar,  spar,  v.i.— sparred,  sparring.  [O.Fr. 
esparer  {It.  spararei,  to  fling  out  the  hind- 
legs,  to  kick,  from  L.  ex,  out,  and  Fr. 
parer,  to  parry.  Parry.]  To  rise  and 
strike  with  the  feet  or  spurs:  said  of  cocks; 
to  move  the  arms  in  a  way  suitable  for 
imrnediate  attack  or  defence;  to  fight  With 
bosing-gloves;  to  box.— n.  A  preliminary 
fiourish  of  the  fists ;  a  boxing-match ;  a 
contest  with  boxing-gloves. 
Sparable,  spar'a-bl,  n.  [Corruption  of  spar- 
row-biU,  from  the  shape.]  A  kind  of  nail 
driven  into  the  soles  of  shoes  and  boots.' 
Spare,  spar,  v.t.— spared,  sparing.  [A..  Sax. 
sparian= Icel.  and  Sw.  spara,  Dan.  spare, 

\     G.  and  D.  sparen,  to  spare ;  same  root  as 
L.  parco  (for  ajiarco),  to  spare.]    To  use  ■ 


frugally;  not  to  be  profuse  of;  to  part 
with;  to  do  witbout;  to  dispense  with;  to 
omit ;  to  forbear  (in  this  sense  often  with 
an  infinitive  as  object);  to  treat  with  pity, 
mercy,  or  forbearance;  to  forbear  to  afflict 
or  punish ;  to  forbear  to  inflict  upon ;  to 
withhold  from;  to  save,  withhold,  or  gain, 
as .  from  some  engrossing  occupation.  — 
v.i.  To  be  parsimonious  or  frugal ;  not  to 
be  liberal  or  profuse ;  to  use  mercy  or  for- 
bearance.—  a.  [A.  Sax.  spew,  moderate, 
spare.]  Scanty;  not  plentiful  or  abun- 
dant; such  as  may  be  spared;  over  and 
above  what  is  necessary:  superfluous;  held 
in  reserve ;  not  required  for  present  use  (a 
spare  anchor,  a  spare  bed);  lean;  wanting 
flesh;  meagre;  thin.— Sparely,  spar'li,  adv. 
In  a  spare  manner;  sparingly. — Spareness, 
spaynes,  n.  State  of  being  lean  or  thin; 
leanness.  —  Sparer,  spa'rer,  n.  One  that 
spares.- Sparecrib,  spar'rib.n.  [Spare,  lean, 
and  7^&.]  The  piece  of  a  hog  taken  from 
the  side,  consisting  of  the  ribs  ivith  little 
flesh  on  them.— Sparing,  spa'ring,  a.  Sav- 
ing; parsimonious;  chary  f^sparing  of 
words).— Sparingly,  spa'ring-li,  adv.  In  a 
sparing  manner;  not  abundantly;  frugally; 
parsimoniously;  not  lavishly;  seldom;  not 
frequently.— Sparingness,  spa'ring-nes,  n. 
Sparge,  sparj,  v.t.  [L.  spargo,  to  sprinkle. 
Asperse.]  To  dash  or  sprinkle  ;-to  throw 
water  upon  malt  in  a  shower 'of  small 
drops.— Sparger,  spar'j^r,  n.  A  sprinkler. 
Spark,  spark,  n.  [A.  Sax.  spearca  =  L.G. 
spdrke,  D.  spark,  sperk,  also  sprank,  a 
.spark:  same  root  as  spring,  sprinkle.]  A 
.small  particle  of  fire  emitted  from  bodies 
in  combustion ;  a  small  shining  body  or 
transient  light;  a  sparkle;  a  small  portion 
of  anything  actjve ;  a  particle  (a  sj)ark  of 
life,  of  courage).— v.i.  To  emit  particles  of 
fire ;  to  sparkle.  —  Sparkle,  spar'kl,  v.i.— 
sparkled,  sparkling.  [Freq.  from  spark.] 
To  emit  sparks ;  to  shine  as  if  giving  out 
sparks;  to  glitter;  to  flash;  to  twinkle. — v.t. 
To  emit  with  coruscations;  to  shine  with. 
— n.  ,A  spark;  a  luminous  particle;  a  scin- 
tillation; luminosity;  lustre.  —  Sparkler, 
spark' l6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
sparkles.— Sparkling,  sparkling,  p.  and  a. 
Emitting  sparks;  glittering;  brilliant; 
lively.  —  Sparklingly,  spiirk'ling-li,  adv. 
In  a  sparkling  manner.— Sparklingness, 
spark'ling-nes,  w. 

Spark,  spark,  n.  [Same  as  Prov.  E.  sprack, 
lively,  Icel.  sparkr,  sprightly:  akinspr(/.j 
A  brisk,  showy,  gay  man ;  a  lover ;  a  gal- 
lant j  a  beau.  —  Sparklsh,  spar'kish,  a. 
Having  the  style  or  character  of  a  spark. 
Sparrow,  spar'O,  n.  [A.  Sax.  spearwa, 
Goth,  sparwa,  Dan.  ipurv,  Icel.  sporr,  G. 
spar,  Sperling,  sparrow.]  A  well-known 
bird  of  the  flinch  family,  constantly  seen 
in  the  vicinity  of  human  dwellings,  even 
in  the  midst  of  large  cities.—  Sparrow- 
hawk,  n.  A  small  hawk  well  known  in 
Britain,  very  destructive  to  pigeons  and 
.  small  birds. 

Sparrow-grass,  n.  A  corruption  of  Aspara- 
gus. 

Sparry.  Under  Spar. 
Sparse,  spars,  a.  [L,  sparsus,  pp.  of  spargo, 
to  strew,  to  sprinkle  (as  in  asperse,  dis- 
perse, intersperse);  akin  to  Gr.  speirO,  to 
sow.]  Thinly  scattered;  set  or  planted 
here  and  there;  not  dense;  bat.  not  in  any 
apparent  regular  order.— Sparsely,  spars'- 
li,  adv.  In  a  scattered  or  sparse  manner; 
thinly.  —  Sparseness,  spars'nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  sparse;  scattered  state. 
Spartan,  spar'tan,  a.  Pertaining  to  ancient 
Sparta;  hence,  hardy;  undaunted.  ' 
Spasm,  spazm,  n.  [Fr.  spasme,  h.  spasmus, 
from  Gr.  spasmos,  from  spao,  to  draw,  to 
wrench.  Span.]  Med.  an  abnormal,  sud- 
den, and  more  or  less  violent  contraction 
of  one  or  more  muscles  or  muscular  fibres, 
generally  attended  with-  pain.  —  Spas- 
modic, Spasmodical,  spaz^mod'ik,  spaz- 
mod'i-kal,  a.  [Gr.  spasmos,  and  eidos,  like- 
ness.] Relating  to  spasm;  consisting  in 
spasm;  convulsive;  marked  by  strong  ef- 
fort, but  of  brief  duration;  violent  and 
short-lived.  —  Spasmodic  school,  a  name 
given  in  ridicule  to  certain  modem  au- 
thors whose  writings  were  considered  to 
be  distinguished  by  an  overstrained  and 
unnatural  style.— Spasmodic,  n.    A  medi- 


cine good  for  removing  spasm;  an  anti- 
spasmodic. —  Spasmodically,  spaz-mod'i- 
kal-li,  adv.  In  a  spasmodic  manner.— 
Spasmology,  spaz-mol'o-ji,  n.  The  doctrine 
of  spasms. — Spastic,  spas'tik,  a.  [Gr.  spos- 
tikos.]  Relating  to  spasm;  spasmodic. — 
Spasticity,  spas-tis'i-ti,  n.  A  state  of 
spasm;  tendency  to  or  capability  of  spasm. 
Spat,  spat,  pret.  of  spit. 
Spat,  spat,  n.  [Akin  to  verb  to  spit]  The 
spawn  of  shell-fish;  the  developing  spawn 
of  the  oyster. . 

Spatangus,  spa-tang'gus,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
spatangos,  a  sea-urchin.]  A  genus  of  sea- 
urchins,  often  called '  heart-urchins'  from 
their  shape. 

Spatch-cock,  n.  [Perhaps  for  despatch- 
cock  (despatch  meaning  haste),  or  for  spit- 
stuck.  Spitchcock.]  a  fowl  killed,  and 
immediately  broiled,  for  some  sudden 
occasion. 

Spate,  Spalt,  spat,  n.  [Comp.  Jr.  speid,  a 
flood  in  a  river.]  A  sudden  heavy  flood, 
especially  in  mountain  streams,  caused  by 
heavy  rainfall. 

Spatha,  spa'tha,  n.  Bot.  Spathe. 
Spathe,  spath,  n.  [<L.  spatha,  from  Gr. 
spathe,  a  broad  blade,  a  spathe.]  Bot.  a 
large  membranaceous  bract  situated  at 
the  base  of  a  spadix,  which  it  incloses  as  a 
sheath. — Spathed,  spathd,  a.  Bot.  having 
a  spathe.— Spathaceous,  Spathal,  spa-tha'- 
shus,  spa'thal,  a.  Bot.  furnished  with  or 
formed  like  a  spathe  {spathal  flowers).— 
Spathella,  spa-thel'la,  n.  [Dim.  of  L. 
spatha.]  Bot.  another  name  for  the  Glu- 
m£Ua.  —  Spathose,  spath'os,  a.  Bot.  spa- 
thaceous. 

Spathic,  spath'ik,  a.  [Fr.  spathique,  from 
spath,G.  spath,Bpa.r.]  Applied  to  minerals 
having  an  even  lamellar  or  flatly  foliated 
structure;  8pa.rvy.—Spathic  iron,  carbon- 
ate of  iron;  an  ore  of  iron  of  a  foliated 
structure.  —  Spathlform,  spath'i-form,  a. 
Resembling  spar  in  form.  —  Spathose, 
spath'os,  a.  Sparry;  foliated  in  texture. 
Spatial,  Spatially.  Spacial,  Spacially. 
Spatter,  spat'6r,  v.t.  [Akin  to  spit,  spot.] 
To  scatter  a  liquid  substance  on;  to  sprinkle 
with  anything  liquid  or  semi-liquid  that 
befouls;  to  bespatter;  to  throw  out  in 
drops;  fig.  to  asperse;  to  defame.— Spatter- 
dash,  spat'6r-dash,  n.  [Spatter  and  dash.] 
A  covering  of  cloth  or  leather  for  the  leg; 
a  gaiter;  a  legging. 

Spattle,  spat'l,  n.  [A  form  of  spatula.]  A 
spatula;  pottery,  a  tool  for  mottling  a 
moulded  article  with  colouring  matter. 
Spatula,  spat'Q-la,' n.  [L.,  dim.  of  spatha, 
Gr.spatte,  a  broad  flat  instrument.  Spade.] 
A  sort  of  knife  with  a  thin  flexible  blade, 
used  by  druggists,  painters,  &c.,  for  spread- 
ing plasters,  working  pigmentSj  &c.;  surg. 
a  flat  instrument  for  depressingthe  tongue 
in  operations  about  the  throat. —  Spatu- 
late,  spat'u-lat,  a.  Shaped  like  a  spatula; 
resembling  a  spatula  in  shape. 
Spavin,  spav'in,  n.  [O.Fr.  espavent;  origin 
doubtful.]  A  disease  of  horses  affecting 
the  hock-joint,  or  joint  of  the  hind-leg 
between  the  knee  and  the  fetlock,  by 
which  lameness  is  produced.— Spayined, 
spav'ind,  a.  Affected  with  spavin. 
Spawl,  sp?il,  v.i.  I  Contr.  from  A.  Sax.  spdtl, 
spittle.  Spit.]  To  throw  saliva  from  the 
mouth 'in  a  careless,  dirty  manner,— n. 
Saliva  or  spittle  thrown  out  carelessly. 
Spawn,  span.n.  [O.Fr.  espaundre,  to  spawn, 
lit.  to  expand.  Expand.]  The  eggs  or  ova 
of  fishes,  frogs,  &c.,  when  shed;  the  white 
fibrous  matter  from  which  fungi  are  pro- 
duced; the  mycelium  of  fungi;  contemp- 
tuously, any  offspring  or  product. — v.t.  To 
deposit  in  the  form  of  spawn;  contemptu- 
ously, to  bring  forth  or  generate. — v.i.  To 
deposit  eggs,  as  fish,  frogs,  &c.— Spawner, 
spa'nfir,  n.  A  female  fish. 
Spay,  sp5,  v.t.  [A  Celtic  word:  Manx  spoiy, 
Gael,  spoth,  to  castrate.]  To  remove  or 
destroy  the  ovaries  of:  a  process  applied  to 
female  animals,  to  incapacitate  them  for 
producing  young. 

Speak,  sp5k,  v.i.— pret.  spoke  {spake  archaic 
or  poetical);  pp.  spoken.  [O.E.  speken,  A. 
Sax.  specan,  sprecan;  same  as  D.  and  L.G. 
spreken,  G.  sprechen,  to  speak.]  To  utt«r 
words;  to  express  thoughts  by  words;  to 
utter  a  speech,  discourse,  or  harangue;  to 


ch.  cftain;     ch,S,c.loch;     g,go;     },joh;     u,  Fr.  to*;     ng,  sin^;     th,  tAen:  th,  t/»in;     w,  wig;     wh,  wAig;     zh,  a«ure, 


SPEAH 


650 


SPECTRE 


talk;  to  discourse;  to  make  mention;  to 
tell  by  Writing;  to  cummunicate  ideas  in 
any  maimer;  to  be  expressive. —  Ta  speak 
for,  to  argue  in  favour  of;  to  plead  the 
cause  of;  to  urge  the  claims  of;  to  be  the 
representative  or  spokesman  of. — To  speak 
out,  to  speak  loud  or  louder;  to  speak 
iKjldly  or  uureservedlj'. — To  speak  up,  to 
speak  in  a  loud  or  louder  tone;  to  express 
one's  thoughts  freely.— 7*0  speak  well  for, 
to  l>e  a  favourable  indication  of.  — To  speak 
with,  to  converse  with. .'.  A  man  may  speak 
by  uttering  a  single  word,  whereas  to  talk 
is  to  utter  sentiments  consecutively;  so,  a 
man  may  be  able  to  speak  though  he  is 
not  able  to  talk.  Speak  is  also  more  for- 
mal in  meaning;  as,  to  speak  before  a  bril- 
liant'audience;  while  talk  implies  acoit- 
versatioual  manner  of  speaking. —f.<.  To 
utter  with  the  mouth;  to  utter  articulately; 
to  say;  to  declare  (to  speak  the  truth);  to 
proclaim;  to  talk  or  converse  in  ito  speak 
Jb'rench);  to  address;  to  accost;  to  express 
in  any  wa.v  (her  eyes  spoke  love). — To  speak 
a  ship,  to  hail  and  speak  to  her  captain  or 
commander.— Speakable,  spS'ka-bl,  a.  Ca- 
llable of  or  fit  for  being  spoken.— Speaker, 
spe'ker,  n.  One  who  speaks;  one  that  ut- 
ters a  speech  in  public,  or  one  that  prac- 
tises public  speaking;  a  person  who  is  the 
mouthpiece  or  spokesman  of  another;  a 
person  who  presides  over  a  deliberative 
assembly  (the  speaker  in  the  House  of 
Commons).— Speakership,  spe'ker-ship,  n. 
•J'he  office  of  speaker.— Speaking,  spe'king, 
o.  Used  for  the  purpose  of  conveying 
speech  (a  speaArmfl'-trumpet);  forcibly  e.x- 
l)res8ive  (a  spedking  likeness);  extending 
to  mere  phrases  of  civility  (a  speaking 
acquaintance).— Speaking- tmmpet,  n.  A 
trumpet-shaped  instrument  which  enables 
the  sound  of  the  voice  to  be  heard  at  a 
great  distance.— Speaking-tnbe,  to.  A  tube 
of  gutta-percha  or  other  material  for  com- 
municating orally  from  one  room  to 
another. 

Spear,  sp5r,  n.  fA.  Sax.  spere=D.  and  G. 
speer,  Dan.  sper,  Icel.  spjor;  comp.  L. 
spams,  a  hunting  spear;  probably  akin  to 
spar. J  A  long  pointed  weapon  used  in 
war  and  hunting,  by  thrusting  or  throw- 
ing; a  lance ;  a  pointed  instrument  with 
barbs,  for  stabbing-  fish,  &c.—v.t.  To  pierce 
with,  or  as  with,  a  spear;  to  kill  with  a 
spear.  —  Spearer,  sper'fer,  n.  One  who 
spears.— Spear-grass,  n.  A  name  appUed 
to  various  long  sharp -leaved  grasses. — 
Spear-head,  n.  The  metal  pointof  a  spear. 
—Spearman,  8per'man,M.  One  who  is  armed 
with  a  spear. —Spearmint,  sper'mint,  n. 
An  aromatic  plant  having  spear-shaped 
leaves. 

Spec,  spek, «.  A  colloquial  abbreviation  of 
Speculation  (as  a  commercial  term). 
Special,  spesh'al,  a.  [Fr.  spieial,  from  L. 
specialis,  from  species,  kind  (which  see).] 
Pertaining  to  something  distinct  or  having 
a  distinctive  character;  distinctive;  parti- 
cular; peculiar;  differing  from  others;  de- 
signed for  a  particular  purpose  or  occasion; 
having  a  distinct  field  or  scope. — Special 
case,  a  statement  of  facts  agreed  to  on  be- 
half of  parties,  and  submitted  for  the  opin- 
ion of  a  court  as  to  the  law  bearing  on  the 
facts. — Special  constable,  a  person  sworn  to 
aid  the  constituted  authorities  in  main- 
taining the  public  peace  on  occasions  of  exi- 
gency .as  to  quell  a  riot. — Special  correspon- 
dent,^ person  specially  appointed  to  give  an 
account  of  some  important  event  or  series 
of  events  for  a  newspaper.- SpSciaZ  license, 
a  license  obtained  from  the  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  which  enables  a  priest  to 
marry  the  parties  without  banns,  and  at 
any  time  or  place  other  than  those  neces- 
sary in  ordinary  cases. — Special  pleader^  a 
lawyer  whose  occupation  it  is  to  give  opin- 
ions on  matters  submitted  to  him,  and  to 
draw  pleadings. — Special  pleading,  the 
business  of  a  special  pleader;  t)ie  specious 
but  unsound  or  unfair  argumentation  of 
one  whose  aim  isvictory  rather  than  truth. 
— Special  verdict,  a  verdict  in  which  the 
jury  find  the  facts  proved,  leaving  the  law 
bearing  on  them  to  be  determined  by  the 
court.— r».  Any  person  or  thing  appomted 
for  a  special  purpose  or  occasion,  as  a  con- 
stable, a  railway  train,  &c.— Specialism, 


spesh'al-izm ,  n.  A  particular  branch  or 
department  of  knowledge;  devotion  to 
some  one  subject. — Specialist,  spesh'al-ist, 
11.  A  person  who  devotes  himself  to  a  par- 
ticular branch  of  a  profession,  art,  or 
science;  one  who  has  a  special  knowledge 
of  some  particular  subject.  —  Speciality, 
spesh-i-al'i-ti,  n.  That  propertj- oy  which 
a  person  or  thing  is  specially  character- 
ized; that  in  which  one  is  specially 
versed;  a  quality  or  attribute  peculiar  to 
a  species.  —  Speciali^iation,  spesh'al-i-za"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  specializing  or  devot- 
ing to  a  particular  use  or  function;  special 
determination. —  Specialize,  spesh'al-iz, 
v.t. — specialized,  specializing.  To  assign  a 
specific  use  or  purpose  to;  to  devote  or 
apply  to  a  specific  use  or  function. — 
Specially,  spesh'al-li,  adv.  In  a  special 
manner;  particularly;  especially;  for  a 
particular  purpose.— Specialty ,spesh'al-ti, 
n.  A  particular  point;  that  in  which  one 
is  specially  versed;  a  speciality;  law,  a 
special  contract;  an  obligation  or  bond. 
Sjiecie,  spe'shi,  n.  [The  ablative  of  L.  spe- 
cies, used  as  an  English  word  from  its 
occurrence  in  the  phrase'  paid  in  specie,' 
that  is,  in  visible  coin.l  Gold  or  silver 
coined,  and  used  as  a  circulating  medium; 
coin:  in  contradistinction  to  paper-money. 
Species,  spe'shgz,  n.  sing,  and  pi.  [L.  spe- 
cies, appearance,  shape,  sort,  kind,  from 
specto,  ito  behold;  akin  to  Gr.  skepioiuai, 
Skr.  pask,  to  see.  English  words  in  which 
L.  specie  appears  are  very  numerous,  as 
specious,  specimen,  specify,  spile,  spice, 
despise,  aspect,  prospect,  respect,  spectacle, 
&C.J  A  kind,  sort,  or  variety;  a  class,  col- 
lection, or  assemblage  of  things  or  beings 
classified  according  to  attributes  which 
are  determined ,  by  scientific  observation; 
a  group  of  animals  or  plants  which  bear 
a  close  resemblance  to  each  other  in  the 
more  essential  features  of  their  organi- 
zation, and  produce  similar  progeny,  seve- 
ral species  uniting  to  form  a  genus;  logic, 
a  group  of  individuals  agreeing  in  common 
attributes  and  designated  by  a  common 
name. 

Specify,  spes'i-fi,  v.t.— specified,  specifying. 
[Fr.  specifier,  as  if  from  a  Jj.  specifico — 
species,  and  facio,  to  make.]  To  mention 
or  name  distinctively;  to  designate  in 
words,  so  as  to  clearly  distinguish  or  Umit. 
—Specific,  spe-sif'ik,  a.  IFr.  spidfique.] 
Pertaining  to,  characterizing,  or  constitu- 
ting a  species;  marking  something  as  a  dis- 
tinct species;  tending  to  specify  or  particu- 
larizej  definite;  precise;  vied,  possessed  of 
peculiar  efficacy  in  the  cure  of  a  particular 
disease. — Specific  centre,  the  locality  where 
any  species  of  animals  or  plants  first  ap- 
peared and  from  which  it  became  diffused. 
— Specific  character,  that  which  distin- 
guishes one  species  from  every  other  spe- 
cies of  the  same  genus;  the  essential  char- 
acter of  a  species. — Specific  gravity.  Under 
Gravity.— Speei/!c  nawie,the  name  which, 
aijpended  to  the  name  of  the  genus,  con- 
stitutes the  distinctive  name  of  the  spe- 
cies.—n.  A  remedy  which  exerts  a  special 
action  in  the  prevention  or  cure  of  a  dis- 
ease; an  infallible  or  supposed  infallible 
remedy;  something  certain  to  efTect  the 
purpose  for  which  it  is  used;  an  unfailing 
agent.  —  Specifically,  spe-sif'i-kal-li,  adv. 
In  a  specific  manner;  so  far  as  concerns 
the  species;  definitely;  particularly.— Spe- 
cification, 8pes'i-fi-ka"snon,  n.  The  act  of 
specifying;  designation  of  particulars;  par- 
ticular mention;  a  statement  describing 
the  dimensions,  details,  peculiarities,  &c., 
of  any  work  about  to  be  undertaken,  as  in 
building,enginesring,&c.:  an  article,  item, 
or  particular  specified.— Speclficness,  spe- 
sif^ik-nes,  to.  The  character  of  being 
specific. 

Specimen,  spes'i-men,  to.  [L.  specimen,  an 
example  or  specimen,  from  specie,  to  be- 
hold. Spkcies.]  One  of  a  number.of  simi- 
lar things  intended  to  show  the  charac- 
ter of  the  whole,  or  of  others  not  exhibited; 
a  portion  exhibited;  a  sample. .'.  A  speciTjien 
exhibits  the  nature  or  character  of  a  whole 
without  reference  to  the  relative  quality 
of  individual  portions;  a  sample  is  a  por- 
tion taken  out  of  a  quantity,  and  implies 
that  the  quality  of  the  whole  is  to  be 


judged  by  it;  in  many  cases,  however,  the 
words  are  used  inditfereutly. 
Specious,  si><;'Bhus,  a.  [Fr.  spicieux,  from 
L.  specvosus,  showy,  beautiful,  plausible, 
from  species,  show,  appearance.  Spkcies.] 
Pleasing  to  the  eyet;  superficially  fair, 
just,  or  correct;  plausible;  appearing  well 
at  first  view  (a  specious  argument,  a  spe- 
cious ohiektion).  .'.Syn.  under  Coloukahlk. 
—Speciously,  spe'shus-li,  adv.  in  a  spi;- 
cious  manner;  with  show  of  right  or  rea- 
son.—Speciousness,  spe'shus-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  specious;  plausibility.- - 
bpecioslty,  spe-shi-os'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of 
being  specious;  a  specious  show. 
Speck,  spek,  n.  [A.  Sax.  specca,  a  speck; 
akin  L.G.  spaak,  a  speck:  speckle  is  a 
derivative.]  A  spot;  a  small  discoloured 
place  in  anything;  a  stain;  a  blemish ;  a 
small  particle  or  patch.  —  v.t.  To  spot;  to 
mark  with  specks  or  spots. 
Speck,  spek,  n.  [D.  spek,  fat.]  Blubber, 
the  fat  of  whales  and  other  mammalia. 
BE,eckIe,spek'l,  n.  [Dim.  of  speci.]  A  little 
spot  in  anything,  of  a  different  colour  from 
that  of  the  thing  itself;  a  speck.— r.t.- 
speckled,  speckling.  To  mark  with  small 
specks  or  spots.- Speckled,  spek'ld,  p.  and 
a.  Harked  with  specks  or  speckles;  varie- 
gated with  spots  of  a  different  colour  from 
the  ground  or  surface  of  the  object.— 
Speckledness,  spek'ld-nes,  n. 
Spectacle,  spek'ta-kl.n.  [Fr.  spectacZe.from 
L.  spectacidum,  from  specto,  to  behold, 
freq.  of  specio.  to  see.  Species.]  A  show; 
a  gazing-stock ;  something  exhibited  as 
worthy  of  being  seen;  a  gorgeous  or  splen- 
did show;  anything  seen;  a  sight;  pi.  an 
optical  instrument  used  to  assist  orcorrect 
some  defect  in  the  organs  of  vision,  con- 
sisting of  two  lenses  mounted  in  a  light 
frame,  so  constructed  as  to  adhere  to  the 
nose  and  temples,  and  keep  the  lenses  be- 
fore the  eyes. — Spectacled,  spek'ta-kld,  a. 
Furnished  with  or  wearing  spectacles. — 
Spectacular,  spek-tak'Q-l^r,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  show  or  spectacle; 
pertaining  to  spectacles. 
Spectator,  spek-ta'tor,  to.  [L.,  from  specto, 
freq.  of  specio,  to  behold.  Species.]  One 
who  looks  on;  a  beholder;  one  who  is  pre- 
sent at  aplay  or  spectacle.— Spectatorial, 
spek-ta-to'ri-al,  o.  Pertaining  to  a  spec- 
tator.—Spectatress,  Spectatrix,  spek-ta'- 
tres,  spek-ta'triks,  n.  A  female  beholder 
or  looker  on. 

Spectre,  spek'tSr,  n.  [Fr.  spectre,  from  L. 
spectrum,  an  appearance,  an  apparition, 
from  specto,  to  behold.  Species.]  An  ap- 
parition; the  disembodied  spirit  of  a  per- 
son who  is  dead ;  a  ghost;  a  phantom.— 
Spectral,  spek'tral,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
spectre ;  ghostlike;  pertaining  to  spectra; 
pertaining  to  the  solar  or  other  spec- 
trum.-Spectrally,  spek'tral-li,  adv.  In  a 
spectral  manner;  like  a  ghost  or  spectre.- 
Spectrology,  spek-trol'o-ji,  n.  [Spectrum, 
and  Gr.  logos,  aiscourse.)  That  branch  of 
science  which  treats  of  the  characteristic 
spectra  of  bodies.  —  Spectrological,  spek- 
tro-loji-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  spectrology. 
— Spectrometer,  spek-trom'et-er,  n.  [Spec- 
trum, and  Gr.  metron,  a  measure.]  An 
apparatus  attached  to  a  spectroscope  for 
purposes  of  measurement. — Spectroscope, 
spek'tro-skop,  to.  [Specti~um,  and  Gr.  sAro- 
peO,  to  look  at.]  The  instrument  employed 
in  spectrum  analysis,  which  by  means  of 
a  prism  or  train  of  prisms  produces  a  mag- 
nified image  of  any  spectrum.—Spectro- 
scopic,  Spectroscopical,  spek-tro-skop'ik, 
spek-tro-skop'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
spectroscope  or  spectroscopy.  —  Spectro- 
scopicaily,  spek-tro-skop'i-kal-li,  adv.  By 
the  use  of  the  spectroscope.— Spectroscop- 
ist,  spek'tro-skop-ist,  to.  One  who  uses  the 
spectroscope;  one  skilled  in  spectroscopy. 
—Spectroscopy,  spek'trO-skO-pi,  to.  That 
branch  of  science  which  is  concerned  with 
the  use  of  the  spectroscope  and  with  spec- 
trum analysis.— Spectrum,  spek'trum,  n. 
pi.  Spectra,  spek'tra.  A  spectiel;  an  image 
of  something  seen,  continuing  aft«r  the 
eyes  are  closed,  covered,  or  turned  away; 
the  oblong  figure  or  stripe,  exhibiting  the 
prismatic  or  rainbow  colours  or  some  of 
them,  formed  on  a  wall  or  screen  by  a  beam 
of  light,  as  of  the  sun,  received  through  a 


Fate  far.  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  h6r ;     pine,  pin ;     nSte,  not,  mOve;  _  tabe,  tub,  bvUI;  ^  oU,  pound;     11,  Sc  abtme— the  Fr. «. 


SPECULAR 


651 


SPH^KENCHYMA 


small  slit  and  refracted  by  being  passed 
through  a  prism  or  series  of  prisms.  The 
plar  spetti-um  or  spectrum'  of  sunlight 
is  coloured  transversely  throughout  its 
length,  the  colours  shadmg  insensibly  into 
one  another  from  red  at  the  one  end, 
through  orange,  "yellow,  green,  blue,  in- 
digo, to  violet  at  the  other,  and  it  is  also 
crossed  by  a  number  of  black  lines  having 
definite  positions.  The  moon  and  planets 
have  spectra  like  that  of  the  sun,  while 

,  each  fixed  star  has  a  spectrum  peculiar  to 

.  itself, and  theincandesceatvapour  of  each 
elementary  substance  has  its  character- 
istic spectrum. — Spectrum  analysis,  the 
art  or  operation  of  examining  spectra, 
whether  of  the  heavenly  bodies  or  of  sub- 
staaces  heated  to  incandescence,  by  means 

■  of  the  spectroscope,  a  means  of  detecting 

,  the  presence  of  substances  otherwise  un- 
detected. 

Specular.    Under  Specitldm. 

Speculate,  spek'a-lat,  v.i.— speculated,  spec- 
ulaiing.  [L.  speeulor,  speculattts,  from 
specula',  a  look-out,  from "specio,  to  see. 

•  Species.]    To  meditate;  to  consider  a  sub- 

-  ject  in  its  different  aspects  and  relations; 
to  theorize;  to  purchase  goods,  stock,  or 
other  things  with  the  expectation  of  an 
advance  in  price  and  of  selling  the  articles 
with  a  profit  by  means  of  such  advance; 
to  engage  in  speculation.  —  Speculation, 
spek-U-la'shon,  n.  Mental  view  of  any- 
thing in  its  various  aspects  and  relations: 
contemplation;  a  theory  or  theoretical 
view;  the  laying  out  of  money  or  incurring 
of  extensive  risks  with  a  view  to  more  th  an 
the  usual  success  in  trade;  a  hazardous 
commercial  or  other  business  transaction 
entered  into  in  the  hope  of  large  profits. — 
Speculative,  spek'u-la-tiv,,o.  Given  to 
speculation;  contemplative;  pertaining  to, 
involving,  or  formed  by  speculation;  theo- 
retical; not,verified  by  fact,  experiment, 
or  practice;  pertaining  to,  or  given  to, 
speculation  in  trade.  —  Speculatively, 
spek'u-la-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  speculative  man- 
ner.—Speculativeness,  spek'u-la-tiv-nes.n. 
The  state  of  being  speculative.  —  Specu- 
lator, spek'fl-la-t^r, ».  One  who  speculates 
or  forms  theories;  a  theorizer;  one  who 
speculates  in  trade;  one  who  incurs  great 
risks  in  the  hope  of  great  gain. — Specn- 
latory,  spek'u-la-to-ri,  a.    Speculative. 

Speculum,  spek'u-lum,  n.  [li.,  a  mirror, 
from  speeio,  to  look,  to  behold.  Species.] 
A  mirror  or  Jooking-glass;  optics,  a  reflect- 
ing surface,  such  as  is  used  in  reflecting 
telescopes,  made  of  an  alloy  of  copper  and 
tin'or  of  glass;  surg.  an  instrument  with  a 
reflecting  mirror  attached  for  examining 
certain  openings  of  the  body. — Speculum 
metal,  metal  used  for  making  the.specula 
of  reflecting  telescopes— an  aUoy  of  two 
parts  copper  and  one  of  tin. — Specular, 
spek'a-ler,  a.  [h.  specularis.]  Having  the 
ctualities  of  a  mirror  or  looking-glass;  hav- 
ing a  smooth  reflecting  surface. — Specur 
lar  iron,  ore,  a  hard,  crystallized  variety 
of  hsematite.  -  ■    ' 

Sped,  sped,  pret.  and  pp.  ,of  speed. 

Speech,  spSch,  n.  [A.  Sax.  spaee,  spraee, 
speech,  from  speean,  sjrrecan,  to  speak. 
Speak.]  The  faculty  of  expressing  tboughts 
bywords  orarticulate  sounds;  the  power  of 
Bpeaking;langua^e;aparticular  language; 
the  act  "of  speaking  with  another;  con- 
versation; anything  spoken ;  a  discourse, 
oration,  or  harangue.— Speech-day,  n.  The 
periodical  exanunation  day  of  a  public 
school.  —  Speecliification,  sp5ch'i-fi-ka"- 
shon,»t.  The  actof  speechifying.— Speechi- 
fier,  sp5ch'i-fi-er,  n.  One  who  speechifi.e3. 
—  Speechify,  sp5ch'i-fi,  v.i.— speechified, 
speechifj/ing.  To  make  a  speech;  to  ha- 
rangue. [Humorous  or  contemptuous.}— 
Speechless,  spech'les,  a.  Destitute  or  de- 
prived of  the  faculty  of  speech;  dumb; 
mute;  not  speaking  for  a  time ;  silent. — 
Speechlessness,  spechles-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  speechless;  muteness. 

Speed,  sped,  ti.i.-^pret.  and  pp.  sped  or 
speeded.  [A.  Sax.  spidan,  to  hasten,  to 
prosper,  from  spid,  haste,  prosperity,  from 
apdwan,  to  thrive,-  same  as  O.  H.  G. 
gpu6n,  to  succeed.]  To  make  haste;  to 
move  with  celerity;  to  have  success;  to 
prosper;  to  succeed;  to  have  any  fortune. 


good' or  ill;  to  fare. — v.t.  To  despatch  or 
send  away  inhaste;  to  hasten;  to  accelerate; 
to  expedite;  to  help  forward;  to  make 
prosperous;  to  cause  to  succeed;  to  dis- 
miss with  good  wishes  or  friendly  ser- 
vices ;  to  kill  or  destroy:  especially  in  pp. 
sped  iShak.). — n.  Success;  fortune;  pros- 
perity in  an  undertaking;  swiftness;  celer- 
ity; haste;  impetuosity.— God-speed.  Un- 
der God.— Speeder,  spe'd^r,  n.  One  who 
speeds;  a  kind  of  machine  for  forwarding 
things  in  manufacture.— Speedful,  sp5d'- 
ful,  o.  Full  of  speed;  successful;  prosper- 
ous.—Speedfully,  sped'ful-li,  adv.  In  a 
speedful  manner;  speedily;  successfully. — 
Speedy,  spe'di,  a.  Quick;  nimble;  rapid 
in  motion;  not  dilatory  or  slow.— Speedily, 
sp^'di-li,adv.  In  a  speedy  manner;  quickly; 
in  a  sbort  time.— Speediness,  spe'di-nes,n. 
The  quality  of  being  speedy;  quickness; 
despatch.— Speedless,  sped'les,  a.  Having 
no  speed;  not  prosperous;  unsuccessful.— 
Speedwell,  sped'wel,  n.  [From  growing 
on  roadsides,  and,  as  it  were,  cheering 
travellers  on  their  way.]  The  common 
name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Veronica,  a 
favourite  species  being  the  germander 
speedwell. 

Spcer,  Speir,  sp6r,  v.t.  and  i.  [A.  Sax. 
spyrian,  Icel.  spyr^a,  lit.  to  search  out  by 
the  track  or  trace,  from  spor,  D.  spoer,  6. 
sj)t(r,atrack.]  To  ask;  to  inquire.  [Scotch.] 

Spelaean,  spe-le'an,  a.  [L.  spelceum,  from 
Gr.  spelaion,  a  cave.]  Pertaining  to  a  cave 
or  caves;  dwelling  in  a  cave  or  caves. 

Bpelding,  Speldron,  spel'ding,  spel'dron,  n. 
[Sc.  speld,  to  spread  out;  akin  to  G.  spaC- 
ten,  Sw.  spjdla,  to  cleave,  to  divide.]  A 
small  fish  snlit  and  dried  iu  the  suu. 
[Scotch.] 

Spell,  spel,  n.  [A.  Sax.  spea,  a  saying,  tale, 
charm;  Icel.  spjall,  O.G.  spel,  Goth,  spill, 
a  tale.  Hence  the  latter  part  of  pospeJ.]  A 
charm  consisting  of  some  words  of  occult 
power;  an  incantation;  any  charm. — v.t. — 
pret.  and  pp.  spelled  or  spelt.  [A.  Sax. 
spellian,  to  say,  speak,  tell.]  To  repeat, 
point  out,  write,  or  print  the  proper  letters 
of  in  their  regular  order;  to  form  by  let- 

.  ters;  to  read;  to  read  with  labour  or  difli- 
culty:  often  with  out;  to  act  as  a  spell 
upon;  to  fascinate;  to  charm.  —  v.i.  To 
form  words  with  the  proper  letters,  either 
in  reading  or  writing;  to  read. —  Spell- 
bound, a.  Bound  as  by  a  spell  or  charm. 
—Speller,  spel'er,  n.  One  that  spells;  a 
spelling-book.— Spelling,  spel'ing,  n.  The 
act  of  one  who  spells;  orthography.  — 
Spelling-bee,  n.  An  assemblage  of  persons 
met  for  the  purpose  of  exercising  them- 
selves, or  comparing  their  acquirements, 
in  spelling.— Spelling-book,  n.  A  book  for 
teaching  children  to  spell  and  read. 

Spell,  spel,  n.  [A.  Sax.  spelian,  to  supply 
the  room  of  aaother ;  comp.  t>.  and  Sw. 
spel,  G.  spiel,  play,  game.]  A  piece  of  work 
done  by  one  person  in  relief  of  another;  a 
turn  of  work;  a  single  period  of  labour;  a 
period;a  while  or  season. 

Spell,  spel,  n.    A  splinter;  a  spill.    Spill. 

Spelt,  spelt,  n.  [A.  Sax;  spelt,  L.G.  and  D. 
spelt,  G.  speU,  from  root  of  split.}  An  in- 
ferior kind  of  wheat.  Called  also  German 
Wheat. 

Spelt,  spelt.    A  pret.  and  pp.  of  spell. 

Spelter,  spel'tfe;*,  n.  [L.G.  spialter,  G.  and  D. 
spiaiUer,  spelter,  zinc;  akin  pewter.]  A 
name  often  applied  in  commerce  to  zinc. 

Spence,  spens,  n.  ■  [0.  Fr.  despev^e,  a  but- 
tery, from  despendre,  L.  dispeadere,  to  dis- 
pense— dis,  and  pendo,  to  weigh.]  A  but- 
tery; a  place  where  provisions  are  kept;  in 
Scotland,  the  a,partment  of  a  house  where 
the  family  sit  and  eat. 

Spencer,  spen's^r,  n.  An  outer  coat  or 
jacket.without  skirts,  named  from  an  Earl 
Spencer,  who  first  wore  it. 

Spencer,  spen'ser,  n.  [Perhaps  akin  to 
spanker.}  Nant.  a  fore-and-aft  sail  with 
a  gaff  and  boom  set  abaft  the  fore  and 
main  masts. 

Spend,  spend,  v.«.— pret.  and  pp.  spe^^t.  [A. 
Sax.  spendan,  borrowed  from  L.  expendo 

•or  dispendo.,  to  expend,  to  dispense.  Ex- 
pend, Pendant.]  To  lay  out  (money)j  to 
part  with  in  purchasing;  to  exhaust  (to 
spend  one's  energies) ;  to  waste;  to  pass, 
as  time;  to  suffer  to  pass  away;  to  ex- 


haust of  force  or  strength ;  to  waste  (to 
spend  efforts).- w.i.  To  make  expense;  to 
spend  money.— Spender,  spen'der,  n.  One 
that  spends;  a  prodigal;  a  lavisher. — 
Spendthrift,  spend 'thrift,  n.  One  who 
spends  his  means  lavishly  or  improvi- 
dently;  a  prodigal:  often  used  as  an  adjec- 
tive {spendthrift  ways).— Spent,  spent.pret. 
and  pp.  of  spend.  Worn  out;  wearied;  ex- 
hausted; having  deposited  the  spawn:  said 
of  a  herring.— A'peni  baU,  a  cannon  or  rifie 
ball  which  reaches  an  object  without  suf- 
ficient force  to  pass  through  it,  oir  to 
wound  otherwise  than  by  a  contusion. 

Spenserian,  spen-s5'ri-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  poet  Spenser;  applied  to  the  style  of 
versification  adopted  by  Spenser  in  his 
Faery  Queen 

Sperm,  spferm,  n.  iju.  and  Gr.  sperma,  sper- 
matos,  seed,  from  speirO,  to  bow»]  The 
.  seminal  fluid  of  animals;  semen;  spawn 
offishesorfrogs. — Spermaceti,  gper-ma-se'- 
ti.n.  [Lit.  sperm  of  whale;  L.  sperma,  and 
cetus,  a  whale.]'  A  fatty  material  obtained 
from  a  species  of  whale  common  in  the 
Pacific.  —  Spermafium,  Spermary,  sper* 
ma'ri-um,  spfer'ma-ri,  n.  The  organ  in 
male  animals  in  which  spermatozoa  are 
produced.— Spermatheca,  spfer'ma-the-ka, 
n.  [Gr.  sperma,  and  thcke,  case.]  A  cavity 
in  certain  female  insects  (e.g.  quee^-bees) 
in  which  the  sperm  of  the  male  is  received. 

—  Spermatic,  Spermatical,  spSr-mat'ik, 
sper-mat'i-kal,  a.  Seminal ;  pertaining  to 
the  semen,  or  conveying  it. — Spermatism, 
spfer'ma-tizm,  n.  The. emission  of  sperm 
orseed.— Spermatogenon8,sper-ma-toj'en- 
us,  a.  [Gr.  sperma,  and  root  gen,  to  pro- 
duce.] Sperm-producing.  —  Spermatoid, 
sp6r'ma-toid,  a.  [Gr.  sperma,  and  eidos, 
form.]  Sperm-like;  resembling  sperm  or 
semen.— Spermatoon,  sp6r'ma-to-on,  n. 
pi.  Spermatoa,  sp6r'ma-to-a.  [Gr.  sperma, 
and  6on,  egg.]  A  cell  constituting  a 
nucleus  of  a  .sperm-cell.  —  Spermator- 
rhea, sper'ma-to-rS"a,  n.  [Gr.  spehna, 
and  rheO,  to  flow.]   Emission  of  the  se- 

.  men  withcrut  copulation.  —  Spermato- 
zoon, 8per'ma-to-zo"on,  n.  pi.  Spermato- 
zoa, sper'ma-to-zo"a.  [Gr.  sperma,  and 
^c!o?i,  a  living  being.]  One-oi  the  micro- 
scopic animalcule-like  bodies  developed  in 
the  semen  of  animals  and  essential  to  im- 
pregnation. —  Sperm-cell,  n.  A  cell  in 
which  are  developed  spermatoa. — Spermic, 
sper'mik,  a.   Pertaining  to  sperm  or  seed. 

—  Spermidium,  sp6r-mid'i-um,  n.  [6r.- 
sperma,  and  eidos,  resemblance.]  Bot.  a 
small  seed-vessel,  more  commonly  called 
an  .4c/iene.— Spermoderm,  sp6r'mo-d6rm, 
n.  [Gr.  sperma,  and  darma,  skin.]  Bot. 
the  integuments  of  a  seed-  ih  the  aggre- 
gate.—Sperm-oil,  n.  The  oil  of  the  sper- 
maceti-whale. —  Spermotheca,  spfer'mo- 
th5-ka,  n.  [Gr.  sperma,  and  Aeke,  case.] 
Bot.  the  seed-vessel;  the  case  in  which 
seeds  are  contained.  —  Sperm -'wha!.«,  %. 
The  spermaceti  whale  or  cachalot.     ' 

Spetches,  spech'ez,  n.  pi.  The'offal  of  skin 
and  hides,  from  which  glue  is  made. 

Spew,  spQ,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  spiwan,  to  spew; 
JD.  spouwen,  spuwen,  G.  speien;  Icel.  sp^ja, 
Goth,  speiwan,  to  vomit;  cog.  L.  spuo, 
to  vomit.  Spit  is  from  same  root.]  To 
vomit;  to  eject  from  the  stomach;  to  eject 
or  to  cast  forth. — v.i.  To  vomit.— -Spewer, 
spu'er,  n.    One  who  spews. 

Sphacelus,  sfas'e-lus,  n.  [Gr.  sphakelos, 
from  sphaso,  to  kill.]  Gangrene ;  mortifi- 
cation of  the  flesh  of  a  living  animal; 
death  or  caries  of  a  bone.— Sphacel,  sfas'el, 
n.  Gangrene. —  Sphacelate,  sfas'e-lat,  v.i. 
To  mortify;  to  become  gangrenous,  as  flesh; 
to  become  carious,  s,s  a  bone. — v.  t.To  affect 
'With  gangrene.-vSphacelate,  Sphacelated, 
sfas'e-lat,  sfas'e-la-ted,  a.  Bot.  decayed, 
withered,  or  dead.— Sphacelation,. sfas-e- 
la'shoa,  n.  The  process  of  becoming  or 
making  .  gangrenous ;  mortification.  — 
Spluicelism,   Sphacelismus,  sfas'e-lizm, 

.sfas-e-liz'mus,  n.'  A  gangrene;  an  inflam- 
mation of  the  brain. 

Sphffirench3rma,  sfe-reng'ki-ma,  n.  [Gr. 
sphaira,  a  sphere,  and  enchyma,  anything 
poured  in.]  A  name  given  to  spherical  or 
spheroidal  cellular  tissue,  such  as  is  found 
in  the  pulp  of  fruits.— Sphserldium,  sfe- 
rid'i-um,  n.  pi.  Sphseridla,  sfe-rid'i-a.  [Gr. 


S-IiLk^»  f5?^5JiV*^»  Sc»  lochi  "  s,  go;  <^  jijob;  ^^n,  fr.  tow;^^  ng,jing;^gH,  tften;  tli,  ttin;     w,  vAg;    wh,  whig;    zh,  a«ure. 


SPHAGNUM 


652 


SPIK 


sphaira,  a  sphere,  and  eidos,  resemblance.] 
One  of  the  curious  stalked  appendages 
with  button-like  heads,  covered  with  cilia, 
carried  on  the  tests  of  almost  all  sea-ur- 
chins.—Sphaeristerium,  sfe-ris-te'ri-um,  n. 
[Gr.  sphairisterion,  from  sphairistes,  a 
ball-player,  sphaira,  a  ball.]  A  building 
for  playing  at  ball;  a  tennis-court. — Sphse- 
roblast,  sfe'ro-blast,  n.  [Gr.  sphaira,  and 
blastos,  a  sprout.]  Bot.  a  cotyledon  which 
rises  above-ground,  bearing  at  its  end  a 
spheroid  tumour.— Sphaerosiderite,  sfe'ro- 
Bid"6r-it.  Spherosiderite.  —  Sph^olite, 
sf5'rQ-lit.    Spherulite. 

Sphagnum,  sfag'num,  n.  [Gr.  sphagnos,  a 
kind  of  moss.]  An  important  genus  of 
mosses;  peat-moss,  valuable  for  packing 
plants  for  transmission. 

Bphene,  sf  en,  n.  [From  Gr.  »vhSn,  a  wedge, 
from  the  shape  of  its  crystals.]  A  mineral 
composed  of  silicic  acid,  titanic  acid,  and 
lime. 

Sphenogram,  sfe'no-gram,  n.  [Gr.  sphen, 
gphenos,  a  wedge,  and  gramma,  a  letter.] 
A  wedge-shaped,  cuneiform,  or  arrow- 
headed  character.  Cuneiform.  —  Sphe- 
nography,  sfe-nog'ra-fi,  n.  The  art  of  writ- 
ing or  of  deciphering  cuneiform  writings. 
— Sphenographer,  sfe-noi^'raf-fer,  n.  One 
versed  in  cuneiform  writing.  —  Spheno- 
graphic,  sf6-no-graf'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
sphenography. 

Sphenoid,  Sphenoidal,  sfe'noid,  sfe-noi'dal, 
a.  [Gr.  sphen,  a  wedge,  and  eidos,  form.] 
Resembling  a  wedge.  —  Sphenoid  boiie,  a 
bone  in  the  base  of  the  skull,  so  named 
because  it  is  wedged  in  amidst  the  other 
bones. — n.  A  wedge-shaped  body;  the 
sphenoid  bone. — Spneno-.  As  a  prefix  in 
anatomical  terms  means  pertaining  to 
the  sphenoid. 

Sphenopteris;  sfe-nop'tfir-is,  re.  [Gr.  sphen, 
iphenos,  a  wedge,  and  pteris,  a  fern.]  A 
genus  of  fossil  ferns  remarkable  for  the 
wedge-shaped  divisions  of  their  .fronds. 

Sphere,  sfer,  n.  [L.  sphcera,  from  Gr. 
sphaira,  a  ball,  a  globe.]  A  globular  body; 
an  orb  or  globe ;  a  planet,  star,  or  sun ;  a 
EoJid  body  the  surface  of  which  in  every 
part' is  equally  distant  from  a  point  with- 
in it  called  its  centre;  the  concave  expanse 
of  the  heavens;  circuit  or  range  of  action, 
knowledge,  or  influence;  compass;  pro- 
vince; rank  or  order  of  society.— 1».<. — 
sphered,  sphering.  To  place  in  a  sphere  or 
among  the  sj)heres;  to  form  into  a  sphere. 
— Spheral,  sfe'ral,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
spheres  or  heavenly  bodies;  rounded  like  a 
sphere. — Sphere-bom,  a.  Bom  among  the 
spheres.— Sphere-melody,  Sphere-muBio,n. 
The  music,  imperceptible  to  human  ears, 
produced  by  the  movements  of  the  heaven- 
ly bodies,  according  to  the  hypothesis  of 
Pythagoras.  —  Spherical,  Spheric,  gfer'i- 
kal,  sfer'ik,a.  [Fi.spherique;  li.sphQsricus.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  sphere;  globular;  per- 
taining or  belonging  to  a  sphere;  relating 
to  the  orbs  of  the  planets;  planetary.— 
Spherical  angle,  an  angle  formed  on  the 
surface  of  a  sphere  by  the  intersection  of 
two  great  circles. — Spherical  geoinetry, that 
braach  of  geometry  which  treats  of  spheri- 
cal magnitudes. — Spherical  triangle,  a  tri- 
angle formed  on  the  surface  of  a  sphere  by 
the  mutual  intersection  of  three  great  cir- 
cles.— Spherical  trigonometry,  that  branch 
of  trigonometry  which  deals  with  spherical 
triangles.— Spherically,  sfer'i-kal-li,  adv. 
In  the  form  of  a  sphere.  —  Sphericity, 
Sphericalnesg,  gfe-ris'i-ti,  sfer'i-kal-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  spherical ; 
globularity;  roundness. — Sphericle,  sfer'i- 
kl,  M.  A  small  sphere.— Spnerics,  sfei-'iks, 
n.  Geom.  the  cfoctrine  of  the  properties 
of  the  sphere.— Spheroid,  sfe'roid,  n.  A 
body  not  perfectly  spherical;  geom.  a  solid 
generated  by  the  revolution  of  an  ellipse 
about  one  of  its  axes,  being  either  oblate 
or  prolate.  —  Spheroidal,  sfc-roi'dal,  a. 
Having  the  form  of  a  spheroid;  crystal. 
bounded  by  several  convex  faces. — Sph«- 
roidic.  Spheroidical,  sfe-roi'dik,  gf5-roi'di- 
kal,  a.  Spheroidal.— Spheroidicity,  sfg- 
roi-dis'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  sphe- 
roidal.— Spherometer,  sfe-rom'et-^r,  n.  An 
instrument  for  measuring  the  thickness 
c^  small  bodies  when  great  accuracy  is  re- 
quired, as  the  curvature  of  optical  glasses, 


&c.— Spherosiderite,  Bf5-ro-sid'6r-it,  n.  [Gr. 
sphaira,  and  sideros,  iron.]  An  ore  of  iron 
found  in  spheroidal  masses.  —  Spherula', 
Bfer'a-la,  n.  [L.  spharula,  a  little  sphere.] 
A  spherule.  —  Spherulate,  sfer'Q-lat,  a. 
Covered  or  studded  with  spherules. — Spher- 
ule, sfer'Ql,  n.  A  little  sphere  or  spheri- 
cal body.  —  Spherulite,  sfer'Q-lit,  n.  [Gr. 
sphaira,  and  lithos,  a  stone.]  A  variety 
of  obsidian  found  in  rounded  grains. — 
Sphery.  sfe'ri,  a.  Belonging  to  the  spheres; 
resembling  a  sphere  or  orb. 

Sphincter,  sfingkter,  n.  [Gr.  sphingkter, 
from  sphingo,  to  draw  close.  ]  Anai.  a 
name  applied  to  circular  muscles,  or  mus- 
cles in  rin-js,  which  serve  to  close  the  ex- 
ternal orifices  of  organs,  as  the  sphincter 
of  the  mouth,  of  the  anus^  &c. 

Sphinx,  sfingks,  n.  pi.  Sphinzes,  sflngk'sez. 
[L.  sphinx,  Gr.  sphingx.]  Greek  myth',  a 
she-monster  often  represented  with  the 
winged  body  of  a  lion  and  the  breasts  and 
head  of  a  woman,- said  to  have  proposed  a 
riddle  to  the  Theb-ins  and  to  have  killed 
all  who  were  not  able  to  guess  it,  till 
CEdipus  did  so,  whereupon  the  sphinx 
slew  herself;  hence,  a  person  who  puts 
puzzling  questions;  Egyptian  antig.  a  fig- 
ure having  the  body  of  a  lion  and  a  human 
(male  or  female)  or  animal  head,  probably 
a  purely  symbolical  figure,  having  no  con- 
nection with  the  Greek  fable;  a  name  of 
the  hawk-moths. 

Sphragistics,  sfra-jis'tiks,  n.  [Gr.  sphragis, 
a  seal.]  The  science  of  seals,  their  history, 
peculiarities,  and  distinctions, 

Sphrigosis,  sfri-go'sis,  n.  [From  Gr.  sphri- 
gao,  to  be  full  of  health  and  strength.] 
Over-rankness,  a  disease  in  plants,in  which 
they  tend  to  grow  to  wood  or  stem  and 
leaves  in  place  of  fruit  or  bulb,  &c. 

Sphygmic,  sfig'mik,  a.  [Gr.  sphyginos,  the 
pulse.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  pulse. — 
Sphyginograph,  sfig'mo-graf,  n.  An  in- 
strument which,  when  applied  over  an 
artery,  indicates  the  character  of  the 
pulse.— Sphygmographic,  sfig-mo-grafik, 
a."  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sphj-gmograph. 
—Sphygmometer,  sfig-mom'et-er,  n.  An 
instrument  for  counting  the  arterial  pul- 
sations; a  sphygmograph. 

Spicate,  spi'kat,  a.  [L.  spieatus,  from  spica, 
a  spike.]  Bot.  having  a  spike  or  ear;  eared 
like  com. 

Spice,  spis,  n.  [O.Fr.  espice  (Fr.  ipice),  from 
L.  species,  species,  kind,  in  late  Latin, 
wares,  spices,  drugs,  &c.  Species.]  A 
vegetable  production,  fragrant  or  aroma- 
tic to  the  smell  and  pungent  to  the  taste, 
such  as  pepper,  nutmeg,  ginger,  cinna- 
mon, and  cloves,  used  in  sauces  and  in 
cookery;  fig.  a  small  admixture;  a  flavour- 
ing; a  smack.- v.t. — spiced,  spicing.  To 
season  with  spice ;  to  season,  literally  or 
figuratively. — Spice -nut,  n.  A  ginger- 
bread nut.— Spicer,  spi'str,  n.  One  that 
seasons  with  spice;  one  who  deals  in  spice. 
— Spicery,  spi'ser-i,  n.  Spices  collectively; 
a  repository  of  spices. — Spicily,  spi'si-fi, 
adv.  In  a  spicy  manner;  pungently;  with 
flavour. — Spiciness,  spi'si-nes,  re.  Quality 
of  being  spicy.— Spicy,  spi'si,  a.  Produc- 
ing spice;  abounding  with  spices ;  having 
the  quality  of  spice;  flavoured  with  spice; 
aromatic;  fig.  pungent;  piquant;  keen. 

Spiciferous,  spi-sif'6r-us,  a.  [  L.  spica,  an' 
ear,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  ears,  as 
com;  spicated;  eared. — Spiciform,  spi'si- 
form,  o.    Bot.  spike-shaped. 

Spick-and-span,  spik'and-span,  a.  or  adv. 
[Spick,  a  spike,  and  span,  a  chip,  a  splin- 
ter. Span-new.]  In  full  used  adverbially 
with  Tiew  =•  quite  new;  bran-new;  also 
used  adjectively  (a  spick-and-span  suit  of 
clothes). 

Spicose,  Spicous,  spik'os,  spik'us.  a.  [From 
L.  spica,  a  spike  or  ear.]  Having  spikes 
or  ears;  eared  like  com.— Splcosxty,  spi- 
kos'i-ti,  n.    The  state  of  beinfr  spicose. 

Spicula,  spik'Q-la,  n.  pi.  Spiculse,  spik'O-le. 
[L.  spicula,  dim.  of  spica,  a  sharp  point,  a 
spike.]  Bot.  a  small  spike  or  spikelet ;  a 
pointed,  fleshy,  superficial  appendage. — 
Spicular,  spik'a-ler,  a.  Resembling  a  dart; 
having  sharp  points. — Spiculate,  spik'ft- 
liit,  a.  Covered  with  or  divided  into  fine 
points.— Spicule,  spik'nl,  re.  [L.  spicula.] 
A  little  spike;  a  little  sharp  needle-shaped 


body.  —  SpIcuUfonn,  spik'n-li-form,  a. 
Having  the  form  of  a  spicule. 

Spicy.     Under  Spice. 

Spider,  spi'd^r,  n.  [For  spinder  for  spinner, 
one  that  spins;  comp.  G.  spinne,  a  spider, 
from  spinnen,  to  spin.]  The  common  name 
of  well-known  animals  of  the  class  Arach- 
nida,  many  of  them  remarkable  for  spin- 
ning webs  for  taking  their  prey  and  form- 
ing a  convenient  habitation;  something 
supposed  to  resemble  a  spider,  as  a  kind 
of  gridiron,  or  a  trivet  to  support  vessels 
over  a  fire.  —  Spider-line,  n.  One  of  the 
threads  oi  a  spider's  web  ingeniously  sub- 
stituted for  wires  in  micrometer  scales. — 
Spider-monkey,  n.  A  name  given  to  many 
species  of  New  World  monkeys. 

Spiegeleisen,  8p5'gel-i-zn,  n.  [G.—spiegel,  a 
mirror,  and  etsen,  iron:  from  its  fracture 
showing  large  smooth  shining  surfaces.] 
A  kind  of  cast-iron  made  from  specular 
iron  ore  or  haematite,  containing  much 
carbon  and  manganese,  largely  used  in  the 
Bessemer  process  of  steel-making. 

Spigot,  spig'ot,  re.  [O.  E.  spigotte,  speget, 
spykette,  dim.  forms  from  spick=  spike.] 
A  pin  or  peg  used  to  stop  a  faucet,  or  a 
small  bole  in  a  cask  of  liquor;  a  spile. 

Spike,  gpik,  re.  [Same  word  as  pike  with 
initial  s;  Icel.  spik,  Sw.  spik,  a  spike;  cog. 
L.  spica,  a  sharp  point,  an  ear  of  com;  W . 
yspig,  a  spike.]  A  large  nail  or  pin;  a  piece 
of  pointed  iron  like  a  long  nail,  as  on  the 
top  of  walls,  gates,  &c.;  a  nail  or  instru- 
tnent  with  which  the  vents  of  cannon  are 
filled  up;  an  ear  of  com  or  other  grain; 
hot.  a  species  of  inflorescence  in  which  the 
flowers  are  sessile  along  a  common  axis. — 
v.t.— spiked,  spiking.  To  fasten  with  spikes 
.or  long  nails;  to  set  with  spikes;  to  fix 
upon  a  spike. — To  spike  a  gun  or  cannon, 
to  fill  up  the  touch-hole  by  driving  a  nail 
or  steel  pin  with  side  springs  forcibly  into 
it,  in  order  to  render  it  unserviceable. — 
Spikelet,  spik'let,  re.  Bot.  a  small  spike 
making  a  part  of  a  large  one. — Spikenard, 
spik'nard,  re.  [The  plant  bears  flowers  in 
spikes.  See  Nard.]  An  aromatic  her- 
baceous plant  of  the  East  Indies,  the  root 
of  which  is  highly  prized  for  its  aromatic 
properties;  a  name  given  to  several  other 
plants,  and  to  various  fragrant  essential 
oils.- Spike-oil,  re.  A  volatile  oil  distilled 
from  a  species  of  lavender  often  called 
iSpitenard.— Spiky,  spiTiiia.  In  the  shape 
of  a  spike;  set  with  spikes. 

Spile,  spil,  re.  [Same  as  D.  spijl,  L.G.  spile, 
a  bar,  a  stake;  G.  speil,  a  skewer.  Spill, 
n.]  A  small  peg  or  wooden  pin  used  to 
stop  a  hole  in  a  cask  or  barrel;  a  spigot. — 
v.t.  —  spiled,  spiling.  To  supply  with  a 
spigot.— Spile-hole,  n.  A  small  aperture 
in  a  cask  to  let  in  air,  so  that  the  contained 
liquor  may  flow  freely. 

Spill,  spil,  n.  [Same  as  D.  spil,  G.  spiVe,  a 
spindle,  a  peg;  allied  to  spUe,  spell,  Sc. 
spate,  a  chip.]  A  spigot ;  a  spile ;  a  small 
slip  of  wood  or  strip  of  paper  rolled  up, 
used  to  light  a  lamp,  &c. 

Spill,  spil,  ti.t.  —  pret.  and  pp.  spOled  or 
spilt.  [A.  Sax.  spillan,  to  spill,  to  ruin; 
L.G.  and  D.  8pt7Z€n,Icel.  «pi22a,Dan.  spilde, 
to  spill,  to  waste;  akin  to  spill  above.]  To 
suffer  to  fall  or  run  out  of  a  vessel:  applied 
to  fluids  and  tq  substances  whose  particles 
are  small  and  loose;  to  suffer  or  ca;use  to 
flow  out;  to  shed  (a  man  spills  another's 
blood);  to  throw  from  a  horse  or  carriage 
(coUoq.). — v.i.  To  be  shed;  to  be  suffered  to 
fall,  be  lost,  or  wasted.- Splller,  spil'tr,  re. 
One  that  spills. 

Spilth,  spilth,  re.  [From  spill;  comp.  tilth 
from  Ull,  stealth  from  steal.]  A  spilling: 
that  which  is  spilt;  that  which  is  poured 
out  with  lavish  profusion. 

Spin,  spin,v.t.— pret.  spun  or  span;  pp.«p«n; 
ppr.  spinning.  [A.  Sax.  spinnan'^V.  and 
G.  spinnen,  Goth,  spinnan,  Dan.  spinde, 
Icel.  and  Sw.  gpinna— to  spin;  same  root 
as  span  and  Gr.  spaO,  to  draw.  Hence 
spindle,  spinster,  spider.]  To  draw  out  and 
twist  into  threads;  either  by  the  hand  or 
machinery  (to  spin  wopl,  cotton,  or  flax); 
to  draw  out  tediously  (to  spin  out  a  tale):  to 
extend  to  a  great  length;  to  whirl  rapidly; 
to  cause  to  turn  with  great  speed  (to  spin 
a  top);  to  form  by  the  extrusion  of  a  viscid 
fluid  from  their  body,  as  spidci-s,  nilk- 


Pute,  lUr,  fat,  f^ll;     mS,  met,  hir,     pine,  pin;     uCte,  not,  mOve;     tQbe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     tt,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  u. 


spi:n^ach 


653 


SPIROMETER 


worms,  &c.—  To  sjiin  a  yam,  to  tell  a  long 
story:  originally  a  seaman's  phrase. — i>.i. 
To  perform  the  act  of  making  threads;  to 
work  at  drawing  and  twisting  threads;  to 
move  round  rapidly;  to  whirl,  as  a  top  or 
a  spindle ;  to  run  or  drive  with  great 
rapidity;  to  go  quickly  (coUoq.).— n.  The 
act  of  spinning;  a  rapid  run;  a  race.  — 
Spinner,  spin'fer,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  spins;  a  spider;  a  spinneret.— Spin- 
neret, spia'6r-et,  n.  One  of  the  nipple-like 
organs  with  which  spiders  form  their  webs 

—  Spinnerule,  spin'6r-al,  n.  One  o^  the 
numerous  minute  spinning  tubes  of  spi- 
ders. ^Spinnery,  spin'6r-i,  n.  A  spinning- 
mill.— Spinning-Jenny,  n.  The  first  spin- 
ning-machine by  which  a  number  of 
threads  could  be  spun  at  once;  invented 
about  1767  by  James  Slargreaves.— Spin- 
ning-mill, n.  A  mill  or  factory  where 
spinning  is  carried  on.— Spinning-wheel, 
n.  A  machine  for  spinning  wool,  cotton, 
or  flax  into  threads  by  the  hand. — Spinster, 
Spinstress,  spin'st6r,  spin'stres,  n.  [Spin, 
and  double  fern. term,  -ster,  -ess.]  A  woman 
who  spins  or  whose  occupation  is  to  spin; 
an  unmarried  woman,  in  law  any  one 
from  a  viscount's  daughter  downward. 

Spinach,  Spinage,  spinaj,  n.  [O.  Fr.  es- 
pinoche.  It.  spinace,  Sp.  espinaca,  from  L. 
spina,  a  spine  — being  named  from  the 
prickles  on  its  fruit.]  A  well-known 
annual  plant,  the  young  deep-green  leaves 
of  which  ai'e  eaten  in  salads,  or  cooked  in 
various  ways.— Spinaceous,  spi-na'shus,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  spinach  class  of  plants. 

Spinal.    Under  Spine. 

Spindle,  spin'dl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  apindel,  lit. 
the  instrument  for  spinning,from«pmna», 
to  spin;  so  also  G.  Sw.  and  Dan.  spiitdel.] 
A  slender  rod  by  which  the  thread  is 
twisted  and  wound  in  spinning;  any  slen- 
der pointed  rod  or  pin  which  turns  round, 
or  on  which  anything  turns;  an  axis  or  ar- 
bour; a  measure  of  yam:  in  cotton,  15,120 
y.irds;  in  linen,  14,400  yards.— y.i.-^s^n- 
dled,  spindling.  To  shoot  or  grow  in  a 
long,  slender  stalk  or  body.— Spindle-legs, 
Spindle-shanks,  n.  Long  slender  legs,  or 
a  person  havin"  such. 

Splndriit,  spin'drif t,  n.  [A  form  of  tpoon- 
dnft.]  Naat.  the  blinding  drift  of  salt 
water  blown  from  the  surface  of  the  sea 
in  hurricanes. 

Spine,  spin.n.  [L.  spina,  athom,  the  spine, 
trom  a  root  seen  also  in  spike.  Froin  the 
liatin  tome  also  spinach,  spinet,  spinney.] 
The  backbone  of  a  vertebrated  animal,  so 
called  from  the  thorn-like  processes  of  the 
vertebrse;  a  thorn;  a  sharp  process  from  the 
woody  part  of  a  plant;  a  stout,  rigid,  and 
pointed  process  of  the  integument  of  an 
animal;  a  ridge  of  mountains,  especially 
a  central  ridge.  —  Spinal,  spi'nal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  spine  or  backbone  of  an 
animal. — Spinal  column,  the  backbone. — ■ 
Spinal  cord,  Spinal  marrow,  the  elongated 
mass  of  nervous  matter  contained  in  the 
osseous  canal  of  the  spine. — Spinescent, 
spi-nes'ent,  a.  IL. spinesco,  to  grow  thorny.] 
Sot  terminating  in  a  spine;  somewhat 
spinose.— Spinif erous,  spi-nif'6r-u8,  a.  Pro- 
ducing spines;  bearing  thorns;  thorny. — 
Spinilorm,  spi'ni-form,  a.  Having  the 
form  of  a  spine  or  thorn.— Spinigerous, 
spi-nij'er-us,  a.  Bearing  a  spine  or  spines. 
— Spininess,  spi'ni-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  spiny.  —  Spinosity,  spi-nos'i-ti,  n. 
The  state  of  l;)eing  spinous  or  spinose. — 
Spinous,  Spinose,  spi'nus,  spi'nos,  a.  [L. 
spinosus.]  Full  of  spines;  armed  with 
thorns;  thorny.— Spinule,  spi'nal,  n.  [h. 
spinula,  dim.  of  spina.]    A  minute  spine. 

—  Spinulescent,  spi-nu-les'ent.  a.  Bot. 
somewhat  thorny.— Spinnlose,  Spinnlons, 
spi'nu-los,  spi'ntl-lus,  a.  Bot.  covered  with 
small  spines.  —  Spiny,  spi'ni,  a.  Full  of 
spines;  thorny;  like  a  spine;  slender;  per- 
plexed; troublesome. 

Spinel,  Spiuelle,  spi-nel',  n.  [Fr.  spinelle. 
It.  spinella,  originally  perhaps  a  mineral 
with  spine-shaped  crystals,  from  L.  spina, 
a  spine.]  A  species  of  corundum,  which 
occurs  in  regular  crystals  and  sonetimes 
in  rounded  grains. 

Spinet,  spin'et,  n.  [O.  Fr.  espinette,  from 
L.  spina,  a  spine,  because  its  strings  were 
twitched  by  spine -like  pieces  of  quill. 


SptNE.l  A  stringed  musical  instrument, 
which  differed  from  the  virginal  only  in 
being  of  a  triangular  form. 

Splniferous.     U  nder  Sri  nb. 

Spinnaker,  spin'a-kftr,  n.  [Prom  spin,  in 
sense  of  to  go  rapidly.]  A  triangular  rac- 
ing sail  carried  by  yachts  when  running 
before  the  wind,  on  the  opposite  side  to 
the  main-sail. 

Spinner,  Spinneret,  &c.    Under  Spin. 

Spinney,  Spinny,  spin'i,n.  fO.Fr.  espinaye, 
from  espine,  a  brier,  from  L.  spina,  a 
thorn.]  A  small  wood  with  nndergrov/th; 
a  clump  of  trees;  a  small  grove. 

Spinose,  Spinous.     Under  Spine. 

Bpinozism,  spi-no'zizm,  n.  A  system  of  pan- 
theistic pliilosophy  propounded  by  Baruch 
Spijioza,  who  was  bom  in  Amsterdam  in 
1632  of  a  Jewish  family,  and  died  at  the 
Hague  in  1677.— Spinozist,  spi-nO'zist,  n. 
A  believer  in  the  doctrines  of  Spinoza. 

Spinster.    Under  Spin. 

Spinule,  Spiny.    Under  Spine. 

Spiracle,  spi'ra-kl, n.  [L.  spircuulum,  from 
spiro,  to  breathe.  Spirit.]  A  breathing 
hole;  an  aperture  for  exhalation  or  inhala-^ 
tion;  one  of  the  breathing-pores  or  aper- 
tures of  the  breathiiig-tubes  of  insects. 

Spiraea,  spi-rc'a,  n.  [Gr.  speiraia.]  A  genus 
of  plants,'  order  RosacesB,  some  shrubby 
species  of  which  are  esteemed  for  their 
flowers.  / 

Spirant,  spi'raht,  n.  [L.  spiro,  to  breathe.] 
A  surd  continuous  consonant,  as  h,  Vi,  f, 
s,  &c. 

Spire,  spir,  n.  PL.  spira,  from  Gr.  speira, 
a  spiral  line,  something  twisted.]  A  wind- 
ing line  like  tlie  threads  of  a  screw;  a 
spiral;  anything  wreathed  or  contorted;  a 
wreath;  the  convolutions  of  the  spiral 
shell  of  a  mollusc  above  the  lowest  or 
body  whorl.— Spiral,  'spi'ral,  a.  Winding 
round  a  fixed  point  or  centre,  like  a 
Watch-spring ;  winding  round  a  cylinder, 
and  at  the  same  time  rising  or  advancing 
forward,  like  a  cork-screw;  ^jointed  or 
shaped  like  q.  spire. — Spiral  pump,  a  form 
of  the  Archimedean  screw. — Spiral  screw, 
a  screw  formed  upon  a  conical  core.  — 
Spiral  spring,  a  coil  whose  rounds  have 
the  same  diameter,  and  which  is  gener- 
ally utilized  by  compression  or  extension 
in  the  line  of  its  axis. — n.  A  curve  which 
continually  recedes  from  a  centre  or  fixed 
point  while  continuing  to  revolve  about 
it ;  a  helix  or  curve  which  winds  round  a 
cylinder  like  a  screw. — Spirality,  spVral-i- 
ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  spiral.- Spirally, 
spi'ral-li,  adv.  In  a  spiral  form  or  direc- 
tiofi;  in  the  mannei:  of  a  screw.— Spiry, 
spi'ri,  a.  Of  a  spiral  form;  wreathed; 
curled ;  tapering  like  a  spire. 

Spire,  spir,  n.  [A.  Sax.  spir,  a  spike^or 
stalk;  D.  spier,  a  spire  of  gi-ass;  Dan.  spire. 
a  sprout,  spiir,  a  spire ;  akin  to  spear  and 
spar.]  A  body  that  shoots  up  to  a  point ; 
the  tapering  portion  of  a  steeple  rising 
above  the  tower;  a  steeple;  a  stalk  or  blade 
of  grass  or  other  plant. — v.i. — spired,  spir- 
ing. To  shoot  up  pyraraidically;  to  taper 
up.— Spired,  spird,  a.    Having  a  spire. 

Spirifer,  spi'ri-fSr,  n.  [L.  spira,  a  spiral, 
and /ero,  to  bear.]  A  fossil  genus  of  brach- 
iopoda,  having  a  shell  with  two  internal, 
calcareous,  spiral  appendages. 

Spirit,  spir'it,  n.  [L.  spiritus,  breath,  cour- 
age, the  soul,  life,  from  spiro,  to  breathe, 
seen  also  iu  aspire,  conspire,  expire,  in- 
spire, respire,  &c.  Sprite  is  the  same 
word.]  The  intelligent,  immaterial,  and 
immortal  part  of  man;  the  soul,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  body  which  it  occu- 
pies; a  person  considered  with  respect  to 
his  mental  or  moral  characteristics;  the 
human  soul  after  it  has  quitted  the  body ; 
an  apparition;  a  spectre;  a  ghost;  a 
supernatural  being;  an  angel,  fairy,  elf, 
sprite,  demon,  or  the  like ;  vivacity,  ani- 
mation, ardour,  enthusiasm,  courage,  or 
the  like;  emotional  stat  •;  mood;  humour: 
often  in  the  plural  (to  be  in  high  or  low 
spirits);  the  vital  or  essential  part  of  any- 
thing; inspiring  or  actuating  principle; 
essence;  real  meaning;  intent,  as  opposed 
to  the  letter  or  formal  statement;  a  liquid 
obtained  by  distillation,  especially  alcohol; 
pi.  brandy,  gin,  rum,  whisky,  or  other 
distilled  uquor  containing  much  alcohol 


(a  glass  of  spirits).— AnirrMl  spirits,  liveli- 
ness of  disposition;  constitutional  brisk- 
ness and  gaiety.— Holy  Spirit,  or  the  Spirit,. 
the  Spirit  of  God,  or  the  third  person  of 
the  Trinity.— t).t.  Taanimate  with  vigour; 
to  encourage ;  to  convey  away  secretly;  as 
if  by  the  agency  of  a  spirit;  to  kidnap. 
—Spirited,  spir'it-ed,  a.  Animated ;  full 
of  life:  lively;  full  of  spirit  or  hre  (a  spir- 
ited address);  having  a  spirit  of  a  certain 
character:  used  in  composition  (high-spir- 
itedj  low -spirited).  —  Spiritedly,  spir'it- 
ed-h,  adv.  In  a  spirited  manner;  with 
spirit ;  with  courage.— Spiritedness,  spir*- 
it-ed-nes,  n.  The'state.- Spiriting,  spirit- 
ing, n.  The  work  of  a  spirit;  work  done 
as  if  by  a  spirit.— Spirit-lamp,  n.  A  lamp 
in  which  alcohol  is  used  instead  of  oil. — 
Spiritles3,spir'it-les,  a.  Destitute  of  spirits; 
destitute  of  courage  or  fire;  depressed ;  pu- 
sillanimous. —  Spiritlessly,  spir'it-les-li, 
adv.  In  a  spiritless  manner.-^Spiritless- 
neas,  spir'it-ies-nes,  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  spiritless.— Spirit-level,  n.  A 
glass  tube  nearly  filled  with  spirit,  for  de- 
termining a  Jine  or  plane  parallel  to  the 
horizon,  by  the  central  position  of  an  air- 
bubble  on  its  upper  side.— Spiritoso,  spir- 
i-to'so.  [It.,  spirited.]  Mus.  in  a  spirited 
manner.— Spirit-rapper,  n.  One  who  be- 
lieves in  or  practises  spirit-rapping. — 
Spirit-rapping,  «.  The  name_given  to  cer- 
tain so-called  spiritualistic  manifesta- 
tions, as  audible  raps  or  knocks  on  tables, 
table-turning,  &c.  —  Spiritual,  spir'it-U- 
al,  a.  [L.  spiritualis.]  Pertaining  to  or 
consisting  of  spirits;  not  material;  incor- 
poreal; pertaining  to  the  mind  or  intellect; 

•  mental ;  intellectual ;  pertaining  to  the 
soul  or  its  affections  as  influenced  by  the 
Divine  Spirit;  proceeding  from  or. con- 
trolled and  inspired  by  the  Holy  Spirit; 
holy;  sacred ;  divine ;  relating  to  sacred 
things;  not  lay  or  temporal;  ecclesiastical. 
—  Spiritualism,  spir'it-a-al-izm,  n.  The 
state  of  being  spiritual ;  spiritual  charac- 
ter; the  doctrine  of  the  existence  of  spirit  as 
distinct  from  matter;  that  system  of  phi- 
losophy according  towhich  all  that  is  real  i« 
spirit,  soul  or  mind,  matter  or  the  external 
world  being  either  a  succession  of  notions 
impressed  on  the  mind  by  the  Deity,  or  else 
a  mere  educt  of  the  mind  itself;  the  belief 
that  communication  can  be  held  with  de- 
parted spirits  by  means  of  phenomena 
manifested  through  a  person  of  special 
susceptibility,  called  a  medium. — Spirit- 
nalist,  spir'it-Q-al-ist,  n.  One  whose  state 
is  spiritual ;  an  adherent  of  spiritualism ; 
one  who  believes  that  intercourse  may  be 
held  with  departed  spirits  through  the 
agency  of  a  mediuin;  one  who  pretends 
to  hold  such  intercourse.— Spiritualistic, 
spir'it-a-a-lis"tik,  a.  Relating  to  spirit- 
ualism.—Spirituality,  spir '  it-a-al"i-ti,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  spiritual; 
spiritual  character;  immateriality;  what 
belongs  to  the  church  or  to  religion,  as 
distinct  from  teinporalitiea:  generally  in 
plural.  —  Spirltualization,  spir'it-u-al-i- 
za"shon,  n.  The  act  of  spiritualizing. — 
Spiritualize,  spir'it-Q-al-iz,  v.t— spiritual- 
ized, spiritualizing.  To  make  spiritual  or 
more  spiritual;  to  infuse  spirituality  or 
life  into;  to  inform  with  life;  to  convert 
into  spirit,  or  to  impart  the  properties  of 
spirit  to. — Spiritualizer,  spir'it-u-al-i-ztr, 
TO.  One  who  spiritualizes.  —  Spiritually, 
spir'it-a-al-li,  adv.  In  a  spiritual  m.anner. 
—Spiritual-minded,  o.  Having  the  mind 
set  on  spiritual  things;  having  holy  affec- 
tions. —  Spiritualness,  spiriit-Q-al-nes,  re. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  spiritual; 
spirituality.  —  Spirituous,  spir'it-tl-ua,  a. 
[  Fr.  spiritueux.]  Containing  spirit  aa 
the  characteristic  ingredient;  alcoholic. — 
Spirituousness,  spir'it-O-us-nes,  n. 

Spiritus,  spir'it-us,  n.  [L.]  G^-aTO.  a  breath- 
ing ;  an  aspirate. — Spiritus  asper,  a  rough 
bre.athing;  in  Greek  gram,  the  mark  ('), 
indicating  a  sound  like  an  aspirated  h  in 
English.— Spiritus  lenis,  a  soft  breathing ; 
the  mark  ( ' ),  denoting  the  absence  of  the 
rough  breathing. 

Spirometer,  spi-rom'et-"^r,  n.  [L.  spiro,  to 
breathe,  and  Gr.  metron,  a  measure.]  A 
contrivance  for  determining  the  capacity 
of  the  human  lungs  by  breathing  into  it. 


ch,  crtain;     cA,  Sc,  locA;     g,  ffo;     j.job;     n,  Fr,  ton;     ng,  sin^r;     in,  t/ien;  th,  (Aiu;     w,  wig;     wh,  wAig;     zh,  asure. 


SPIRT 


654 


SPONDEE 


Spirt,  8p6rt,  v.t  [Same  as  Icel.  spretta,  Sw. 
mritta,  G.  spriUen,  to  squirt,  to  spirt; 
A.  Sax.  sprj/tan,  to  sprout.  Spurt  is  an- 
other form.  Sproct.]  To  throw  or  force 
out  in  a  jet  or  stream  (to  spirt  water  from 
the  mouth). -.-D.i.  To  gush  or  issue  out  in 
a  rmall  stream  or  jet.— ti.  A  jet  of  water  or 
other  fluid. 

Spiry.    Under  Spire. 

Spissitude,  spis'i-tad,  n.  [Ii.  spissUudo, 
from  spissus,  thick.]  Thickness  of  soft  or 
liguid  substances;  dbnseness. 

Spit,  si)it,  n.  [A.  Sax.  spitu.  a  8pit=D.  spit, 
upet,  Dan.  spid,  IceL  spyta,  d.  spiess,  a 
spit,  a  pike ;  akin  G.  spitz,  iKHnted ;  from 
a  root  seen  also  in  spike.]  A  long  pointed 
spike  or  prong  of  metal,  on  which  meat 
is  roasted ;  a  small  point  of  land  running 
into  the  sea;  a  long  narrow  shoal  extend- 
ing from  the  shore.  —  v.t.  —  spitted,  spit- 
ting. To  thrust  a  spit  through;  to  put 
upon  a  spit;  to  thru^  through;  to  pierce. 

Spit,  spit,  ».(.— pset.  and  "pp.  spat  or  spit, 

fpr.  spitting.  [A.Sax.  spittan=Dan.  spytte, 
eel.  spyta,  to  spit  out;  akin  spot,  spatter; 
same  root  as  spew.]  To  eject  from  the 
mouth;  to  eject  or  throw  out  with  vio- 
lence ;  to  belch. — v.i.  To  throw  out  saliva 
from  the  mouth ;  to  rain  slightly.  —  n. 
What  is  ejected  from -the  mouth;  salivaJ 
— Spitfire,  spit'fir,  n.  A  violent  or  passion- 
ate person;  one  wno  is  irascible  or  fiery.— 
Spitter,  spit'er,  n.  One  who  spits. — Spit- 
tle, spiti,  n.  The  moist  matter  which  is 
secreted  by  the  salivary  glands;  saliva 
ejected  from  the  mouth.— Spittoon,  spit- 
tdn',  n.  A  vessel  to  receive  discharges  of 
spittle. 

Spital,]:  spit'al,  n.  [Corrupted  from  hos- 
pital.]   A  hospital. 

Spitchcock,  spich'kok,  v.t.  [From  spit 
and  stvx:k,  or  spit  and  cook.]  To  split  an 
eel  lengthwise  and  broil-  it. — n.  An  eel 
Bi)lit  and  broiled. 

Spite,  spit,  n.  [An  abbreviated  form  of  de- 
spite (which  see).]  A  disposition  to  thwart 
and  disappoint  the  wishes  of  another;  a 
feeling  of  ill-will  or  malevolence;  a  mani- 
festaticu  of  malevolence  or  malignity; 
chagrin;  vexation. — In  spite  of,  in  defiance 
or  contempt  of;  in  opposition  to  all  efforts 
of;  notwithstanding. — v.t. — spited,  spiting. 
To  mortify;  to  thwart  malignantly;  to  fill 
with  spite  or  vexation. — Spiteful,  spit'ful, 
«.  Filled  with  spite;  having  a  malicious 
disposition;  malignant;  malicious.— Spite- 
fully, spit'fuMi,  adv.  In  a  spiteful  man- 
ner. —  Spitefulness,  spit'ful-nes,  n.  The . 
state  or  quality  of  being  spiteful. 

Bpitflre,  Spittle,  Spittoon.  .  Under  Spit. 

Spittle,  spitl.  ■  Spital. 
pitz-dog,  spits,  n.    [G.  apUz,  lit.  pointed, 
from  its  pointed  muzzle  and  ears.]  A  small 
variety  of  the  Pomeranian  dog,  which  has 
become  a  favourite  lap-dog. 

Splanchnic,  splangk'nik,  a.  [Gr.  splaneh- 
na,  the  bowels.]  Belonging  to  the  entrails. 

—  Splanclinography,  splangk-nog'ra-fi,  n. 
An  anatomical  description  of  the  viscera. 
—Splanchnology,  splangk-nol'o-ji,  n.  The 
doctrine  of  the  viscera,  or  of  diseases  of 
the  internal  parts  of  the  body. — Splanchno- 
skeleton,  gplangk'no,  n.  The  bones  con- 
nected with  the  sense-organs  and  viscera. 

—  Splanchflotomy,  splangk-not'o-mi,  n. 
[Gr.  splanchna,  and  tor/ie,  a  cutting.]  Anat. 
the  dissection  of  the  viscera. 

Splash,  splash,  v.t.  [A  form  of  plash,  with 
lutens.  8  prefixed.]  To  spatter  with  water, 
or  water  and  mud;  to  dash  a  liquid  upon 
or  over;  to  spatter;  to  cast  or  dash  in  drops. 
— v.i.  To  strike  and  dash  about  water,  or 
something  liquid. — n.  A  small  quantity  of 
water,  or  water  and  dirt,  thrown  upon 
anything;  a  stroke  or  fall  of  something  in 
water;  a  noise  from  water  dashed  about;  a 
spot  of  dirt  or  other  discolouring  matter: 
a  blot;  a  daub.— Splash-board,  n.  A  broad 
piece  in  front  of  »wheeled  vehicle,  to  ward 
ofifnuid  thrown  up  from  the  horses'  heels. 
— Splasher,  splash'Sr,  n.  One  who  or  that 
■which  splashes ;  a  screen  or  guard  placed 
over  locomotive  wheels. — Splashy  ,splash'i, 
a.    Full  of  dirty  water;  wet  and  muddy. 

Splatter,  splat'fer,  v.i.  [Probably  formed 
from  spatter,  like  splzitter  from  sputter.} 
To  maKe  a  noise,  as  in  water. 

Splay,  spU,  v.t.   [Abbrev.  from  display.] 


To  dislocate  or  break  a  horse's  shoulder- 
bone;  arch,  to  slope  or  form  with  an  angle, 
as  the  jambs  or  sides  of  a  window. — n.Arch. 
a  sloped  surface,  as  when  the  opening 
through  a  wall  for  a  door,  window,  &.c., 
widens  inwards. — a.  Spreadingout;  turned 
outward  (a  sptoy-foot).— Splay-footed,  a. 
Having  feet  with  the  toes  turned  outward; 
having  flat  feet.  —  Splay-foot,  n.  A  foot 
turning  outward  and  with  a  flat  under 
surface;  a  flat  foot.  —  Splay -mouth,  n.  A 
wide  mouth. 

Spleen,  splen,  n.  fli.  splen,  Gr.  splen,  the 
spleen.]  A  spongy  glandular  organ  situ- 
ated in  the  upper  part  of  the  abdomen, 
forming  one  of  the  ductless  glands  con-- 
cemed  in  the  elaboration  of  the  blood;  the 
milt;  anciently,  supposed  to  be  the  seat 
of  melancholy,  anger,  or  vexation;  hence, 
anger;  latent  spite;  ill-humour;  malice 
(to  vent  one's  spleen);  melancholy;  low 
spirits;  vapours.  —"Spleenful,  splen'ful,  a. 
pull  of  ordi  splaying  spleen;  splenetic;  fret- 
ful;melancholy.— Spleenfully,splen'ful-li, 
adv.  In  a  spleenful  manner.— Spleeiiish, 
splen 'ish,  a.  Splenetic;  afiected  with 
spleen.  —  Spleemshly,  splen 'ish-li,  adv. 
In  a  spleenish  manner.  —  Spleenishness, 
spl6n'ish-nes,  n.— Spleenwort,.  splen'  wert, 
n.  A  name  of  various  British  ferns,  given 
because  they  were  supposed  to  remove  dis- 
orders of  the  spleen.— Spleeny,  splen'i,  d. 
Characterized  by  spleen;  splenetic. 

Splendent,  splen'dent,  a.  [L.  splendens, 
splendentis,  ppr.  of  splendeo,  to  shine.] 
Shining;  resplendent;  beaming  with  light; 
very  conspicuous;  illustrious. 

Splendid,  splen'did,  a.  [Fr.  splendide,  L. 
splendidus,  from  splendeo,  to  shine.]  Mag- 
nificent; gorgeous;  dazzling;  sumptuous; 
illustrious;  grand;  heroic;  brilliant;  noble; 
glorious. — Splendidly,  splen'did-li,  adv.  In 
a  splendid  maiiner;brilliantlj';  gorgeously; 
magnificently.  —  Splendidness,  s^en'did- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  splendid. — 
Splendour,  Splendor,  splen 'der,  n.  [L. 
splendor.]  Great  brightness;  brilliant  lus- 
tre; magnificence;  pomp;  parade;  bril- 
liance; glory;  grandeur;  eminence. 

Splenetic,  sple-net'ik  or  splen'e-tik,  a.  [L. 
spleJieticus,fiom  splen,the  spleen.  Spleen.] 
Affected  with  spleen;  peevish;  fretful. — n. 
A  person  affected  with  spleen. — Splenetl- 
cal,  sple-net'i-kal,  a.  Splenetic.  —  Sple- 
netically.  sple-net'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  sple- 
netic manner. — Splenic,  Splenlcal,  splen'- 
ik,  splen'i-kal,  a.  CL.  splenicus.]  Anat.  be- 
longing to  "the  spleen. — Splenitis,  sple-ni'- 
tis,  n.  [Tertti.  -itis,  signifying  inflamma- 
tion. ]     Inflammation  of   the  spleen.  — 

•  Splenoid,  sple'noid,  a.  [Gr.  splen,  and 
eidos,  resemblance.]  Spleen-Uke;  having 
the  appearance  of  the  spleen.— Splenule, 
splen 'Ql,  n.  A  small  or  rudimentary 
spleen. 

Splice,  splis,  v.t— spliced,  splicing.  [Same 
as  Dan.  splisse,  spUdse,  D.  splttsen,  Sw. 
splissa,  G.  splissen,  to  splice.  Closely  akin 
to  split,  the  ends  of  the  rope  being  split  in 
splicing.]  To  unite,  as  two  ends  of  rope, 
by  interweaving  the  strands  of  the  ends; 
to  unite  by  overlapping,  as  two  pieces  of 
timberj  to  unite  in  marriage  (slang). — n. 
The  joining  of  two  ends  of  rope,  by  inter- 
weaving the  imtwisted  strands;  the  junc- 
tion of  two  pieces  of  wood  or  metal  by  over- 

■  lapping  and  fastening  the  ends. 

Splint,  splint.n.  [A  nasalized  form  of  split= 
Dan.  Sw.  and  G.  splint,  a  splinter.  Splinter 
is  a  derivative.]  A  splinter;  surg.  a  thin 
piece  of  wood  or  other  substance,  used  to 
confine  a  broken  bone  when  set,'  or  to 
maintain  any  part  of  the  body  in  a  fixed 

•  position;  farriery,  the  splint-bone  of  a 
horse ;  a  disease  affecting  the  EpUnt-bone. 
— v.t.  To  confine  or  support  by  means  of 
splints.- Splint-armour,  n.  That  kind  of 
armour  which  was  made  of  several  over- 
lapping plates.- Splint-bone,  n.  One  of 
the  two  small  bones  extending  from  the 
knee  to  the  fetlock  of  a  horse,  behind  the 
shank-bone.-rSplint-coal,  n.  A  hard  lami- 

.  nated  variety  of  bituminous  coal. 

Splinter,  splin'tSr,  n.  [Same  as  D.  and  6. 
spZmter,a  splinter;  G.  a.\so  splitter.  Splint.] 
A  fragment  of  anything  split  or  shivered 
off';  a  thin  piece  of  wood  or  other  solid 
substance  rent  from  the  main  body;  a 


splint.— «.<.  To  split  or  rend  into  splinters 
or  long  thin  pieces;  to  shiver;  to  support 
by  a  splint.— D.i.  To  be  split  or  rent  into 
long  pieces;  to  shiver. — Splinter-bar,  n.  A 
cross-bar  in  front  of  a  vehicle  to  which  the 
traces  of  the  horses  are  attached;  also,  the 
cross-bar  which  supports  the  springs. 

Split,  split,  t).<.  — pret.  and  pp.  split  (some- 
times splitted);  ppr.  splitting.  [Same  as 
L.  G.  spUtien,  O.  D.  splitten,  Dan.  splitte, 
G.spleiszen;  allied  to  splice;  splint^splinter, 
are  nasalized  derivative  forms.]  To  divide 
longitudinally  or  lengthwise;  to  separate 
or  part  in  two  from  end  to  end  by  force;  to 
rive;  to  cleave;  to  tear  asunder  by  violence; 
to  burst;  to  rend;  to  divide  or  creak  into 
parts  as  by  discord;  to  separate  into  parts 
or  parties.—  To  split  hairs,  to  make  too 
nice  distinctions.  —  To  split  the  sides, '  to 
burst  with  laughter. — v.i.  To  part  asunder, 
especially  lengthwise;  to  suffer  disruption; 
to  burst;  to  burst  with  laughter;  to  be 
dashed  to  pieces;  to  differ  in  opinion;  to 
break  up  into  parties;  to  inform  upon  one's 
accomplices  or  divulge  a  secret  (low).— n. 
A  crack,  rent,  or  longitudinal  fissure;  a 
divisionvjr  separation,  as  in  a  political 
party;  a  breach  (a  split  in  the  cabinet);  a 
flat  strip  of  steel,  cane,  &c.;  one  of  the  cleft 
twigs  of  willow,  &c.,  used  in  basket-weav- 
ing.—p.  and  a.  Divided ;  separated;  rent; 
fractured.— Split-pease,  w.  Husked  pease, 
split  for  making  pease-soup.  —  Sputter, 
split'er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  splits. 

Splotch,  sploch,  n.  [From  spot,  with  in- 
serted I  (as  in  spatter,  splatter,  sputter, 
splutter),  and  term,  borrowed  from  blotch.] 
A  spotor  stain;  a  daub;  a  smear.- Splotchy, 
sploch'i,  a.    Marked  with  splotches. 

Splutter,  splut'er,  n.  [Prom  sputter,  with 
inserted  I.  Sploch.)  A  bustle;  a  stir. — 
v.i.  To  speak  hastily  and  confusedly;  to 
sputter.  —  Splutterer,  splut'er-*r,  n.  One 
who  splutters. 

Spoil,  spoil,  v.t.  [Fr.  spolier,  from  L.  spoli- 
are,  to  plunder,  from  spolium,  plunder.] 
To  plunder;  to  strip  by  violence;  to  rob;  to 
seize  by  violence;  to  corrupt  or  vitiate;  to 
render  useless;  to  injure  fatally;  to  ruin; 
to  destroy.  —  v.i.  To  practise  plunder;  to 
lose  the  valuable  qualities;  to  be  corrup- 
ted.— K.  That  which  is  taken  from  others 
by  violence;  plunder;  booty;  the  slough  or 
cast  skin  of  a  serpent  or  other  animal.— 
Spoilable,  spoila-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
spoiled.— Spoiled,  Spoilt,  spoUd,  spoilt,  p. 
and  a.  Deprived  of  its  valuable  qualities; 
rendered  useless ;  vitiated ;  destroyed  ; 
ruined.  —  Spoiled  or  spoilt  child,  a  child 
ruined  by  being  petted  or  over-indulged. 
— Spoiler,  spoi'ler,  n.    One  that  spoils. 

Spoke.spok,  pret.of  speafc.— Spoken,  spSlcn, 
pp.  of  speak.  Used  adjectivally  for  oral, 
as  opposed  to  written;  also  used  as  equi- 
valent to  speaking  in  such  compounds  as 
■civil-spoken.  —  Spokesman,  spoks'man,  n. 
One  who  speaks  for  another  or  others. 

Spoke,  spOk,  n.  [A.  Sax.  spdca=lce\.  spdki, 
D.  speek,  L.G.  speke,  G.  speiche;  same  root 
as  spike,  spigot,  pike.]  The  radius  of  a 
wheel;  one  of  the  bars  which  are  inserted 
in  the  hub  or  nave,  and  which  serve  to 
support  the  rim;  the  round  of  a  ladder; 
one  of  the  handles  jutting  from  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  steering-wheel  of  a 
vessel;  a  contrivance  for  fastening  the 
wheel  of  a  vehicle  in  order  to  prevent  its 
turning  when  going  down  a  hill. — To  put 
a  spoke  in  one's  wheel,  to  put  an  iinpedi- 
ment  in  one's  way;  to  thwart  one"s  pur- 
pose or  design. — v.t. — spoked,  spoking.  To 
fit  or  furnish  with  spokes.- Spoke-shave, 
n.  A  sort  of  small  plane  with  a  handle  at 
each  end,  for  dressing  the  spokes  of  wheels, 
&c. 

Spoliate,  spoli-at.w.t.— spoZiated,  spoliatiixg. 
Qj.  spoJto,  spoZiaium,  to  plunder.  Spoil.) 
To  plunder;  to  pillage;  to  despoil.— ».i.  To 

'practise  plunder;  to  commit  robbery.  — 
Spoliation,  spo-li-a'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
plundering;  robbery;  plunder.- Spoliator, 
spo'li-a-ter,  n.  One  who  commits  spoli- 
ation.—Spoliatory,  spo'li-a-to-ri,  a.  Con- 
sisting in  spoliation;  destructive. 

Spondee,  spon '  de,  n.  [  L.  spondees,  Gr. 
gpondeios,  from  Gr.  sponde,  a  solemn  liba- 
tion, such  libations  being  accompanied 
by  a  slow  and  solemn  melody.)   A  poetic 


vj^ate,  fiir,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  hCr;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tube,  tub,  b\jll;     oil,  pound;     0,  Sc.  ab«ne— the  Fr.  w. 


SPOI.^G-E 


655 


SPRAWL 


foot  of  two  long  syllables,  used  in  Greek 
and  Latin  poetry.— Spondaic,  Spondaical, 
spon-da'ik,  spon-da'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  spondee;  composed  of  spondees. 
Bponge,  spunj.n.  [O.Fr.  eHponge  (Fr.  eponge), 
from  L.  apongia,  Gr.  spongia,  a  sponge.] 
A  name  given  to  a  class  of  animal  growths 
or  organisms  belonging  to  the  Protozoa, 
also  to  the  framework  or  skeleton  of  these 
bodies,  which  is  composed  of  homy  elastic 
fibres,  soft,  light,  and  porous,  easily  com- 
pressible, readily  imbibing  fluids,  and  as 
readily  giving  them  out  again  upon  com- 
.  pression:  in  common  domestic  use;  one  who 
meanly  lives  upon  others;  a  sycophantic  or 
cringing  dependant;  a  parasite;  a  kind  of 
mop  for  cleaning  cannon  after  a  discharge; 
the  extremity  or  point  of  a  horse-shoe  an- 
swering to  the  heel;  baking,  dough  before 
it  is  kneaded  and  formed,  when  full  Of 
globules  of  carbonic  acid,  generated  by  the 
yeast;  metal,  iron  in  a  soft  or  pasty  condi- 
tion, as  delivered  from  the  puddling  fur- 
nace.— To  throw  up  the  sponge,  to  acknow- 
ledge that  one  is  conquered  or  beaten;  to 
submit:  aphra^se  borrowed  from  the  prize- 
ring. — v.t. — sponged,  sponging.  To  cleanse 
or  wipe  with  a  sponge;  to  efface;  to  destroy 
all  traces  of ^o  gain  by  sycophantic  or  mean 
arts. —  v.i.  To  imbibe,  as  a  sponge;  to  lire 
by  parasitic  arts.  —  Sponge-cake,  n.  A 
sweet-cake:  so  called  from  its  light  make. 
— Spongeons,  spun'jus,  a.  Resembling  a 
sponge;  spongy.  —  Sponger,  spun'jer,  n.- 
One  who  spunges. —Spongiform,  spun'ji- 
'  form,  a.  Resembling  a  sponge;  soft  and 
'  porous. —  Sponginess,  spun'ji-nes,  n.  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  spongy.— Spong- 
liig-hoUse,  n.  A  house  where  persons  ar- 
rested for  debt  were  kept  by  a  bailiff  for 
twenty -four  hours,  in  order  that  their 
friends  might  have  an  opportunity  of  set- 
tling the  debt:  so  called  from  the  extor- 
tionate charges  made. — Spongiolo,  spun'- 
ji-01,  n.  [Fr.  spongiole,  L.  spongiola,  dim. 
of  spongia.]  Bot.  the  extremity  of  the  fibre 
of  a  root,  presenting  a  spongy  character. — 
Spongiolite,  spon'ji-o-lit,  n.  [Gr.  apongion, 
a  sponge,  and  lithoSj  a  stone.]  One  of  the 
minute  siliceous  spicules  or  needles  found 
in  sponges. '—  Spongiose,  spun'ji-os,  a. 
Sponge-like.— Spongy,  spun'ji,  a.  Resem- 
bling a  sponge;  soft  and  full  of  cavities;  of 
an  open,  loose,  easily  compressible  texture. 
Spousal,  spon'sal,  a.  [L.  sponsalia,  from 
apon^us,  a  spouse,  from  spondeo,  sponsum, 
to  promise.  Spouse.]  Relating  to  mar- 
riage or  to  a  spouse. — Sponsion,  spon'shon, 
n.  [L.  aponaio,  sponsionia,  a  solemn  pro- 
mise.] The  act  of  becoming  surety  for  an- 
other; an  engagement  made  on  behalf  of 
a  state  by  an  agent  not  specially  autho- 
rized. —Sponsor,  spon'sor,  n.  [L.  aponaor, 
a  surety.]  A  surety;  one  who  binds  him- 
self to  answer  for  another,  and  is  respon- 
sible for  his  default;  one  who  is  surety  for 
an  infant  at  baptism;  a  godfather  or  god- 
mother.— Sponaorial,  spon-so'ri-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  sponsor.  — Sponsorship,  spon'- 
sor-ship,  n.  State  of  being  a  sponsor. 
Spontaneous,  spon-ta'ne-us,  a.  [L.  aponta- 
neua,  from  sponte,  of  free-will.]  Proceed- 
ing from  natural  inclination  and  without 
constraint  or  external  force;  voluntary; 
acting  by  its  own  impulse,  energy,  or  na- 
tural law;  self-originated. —  Spontaneous 
combustion.  Combustion.  —  Spontaneona 
generation.  Gekeraiion. — Spontaneously, 
Bpon-ta'n5-us-li,  adv.  In  a  spontaneous 
manner.— Spontaneousness,  Spontaneity, 
spon-ta'ne-us-nes,  spon-ta-ne'i-ti,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  spontaneous. 
Spontoon,  spon-tiin',  n.  [Fr.  sponto7i,  It. 
apontone,  apuntone,  spontoon.]  A  kind  of 
half -pike,  a  weapon  formerly  borne  by 
oflScersof  infantry,  and  used  as  a  medium 
for  signalling  orders  to  the  regiment. 
Spool,  spol,  n.  [Same  as  D.  spoel,  Dan.  and 
Sw.  apole,  G.  spule,  spool.]  A  piece  of  cane 
or  reed,  or  a  hollow  cylinder  of  wood,  &c., 
used  to  wind  thread  or  yam  on.— «.<.  To 
wind  on  spools.  —  Spool -holder.  Spool- 
stand,  n.  A  stand  for  a  spool  or  spools. 
Spoom,  sp8m,  v.i.  [Probably  from  apume, 
foam,  to  go  foaming  through  the  sea; 
comp.  sJcim,,  acum.]  Nant.  to  sail  steadily 
and  rapidly  before  the  wind. 
Spoon,  spon,  n.   [A.  Sax.  apon,  Icel.  spdnn, 


spdnn,  Dan.  and  D.  apaan,  G.  aj>an,  a  chip, 
a  splinter,  originally  a  chip  of  wood  for 
supping  up  liquids;  same  as  span,  in  span- 
new.]  A  small  domestic  utensil,  with  a 
bowl  or  concave  part  and  a  handle,  used 
at  table  for  taking  up  and  conveying  to 
the  mouth  liquids  and  soft  food;  a  foolish 
fellow;  a  simpleton.— w.t.  To  take  up  or  out 
with  a  spoon  or  ladle. — v.i.  To  act  like  a 
spoon  or  spoony.— Spoon-bill,  n.  A  gralla- 
torial  bird  of  the  heron  family,  so  called, 
from  the  shape  of  the  bill,  which  is  some- 
what like  a  spoon  at  the  end. — Spoonful, 
spcin'f  ul,  n.  As  much  as  a  spoon  contains. 
—  Spoomly,  spOn'i-li,  adv.  In  a  spoony 
manner.  —  Spoon-meat,  n.  Food  that  is 
or  must  be  taken  with  a  spoon;  liquid 
food.  —  Spoon-net,  n.  A  form  of  angler's 
landing  net.— Spoony,  Spooney,  spon'i,ta. 
[Weak  as  a  child  fed  on  spoon-meat.]  Soft; 
silly;  weak-minded ;  weakly  or  foolishly 
fond;  showing  calf-love. —  n.  A  s-tupid  or 
silly  fellow;  a  ninny;  a  spoon. 

Spoon-drift,  spon'drift,  n.  [For  apoom- 
drift.  Spoom.1  Fine  spray  from  the  tops 
of  waves;  spindrift. 

Spoor,  spOr,  n.  [Borrowed  from  D.  spoor, 
a  track;  the  same  word  as  A.  Sax.  and  Icel. 
spor,  G.  spur,  a  track,]  The  track  or  trail 
of  a  wild  animal  or  animals;  used  origi- 
nally by  travellers  in  South  Africa, 

Sporadic,  Sporadical,  spo-rad'ik,  spo-rad'i- 
kal,  a.  [Gr.  sporadikoa,  from  aporaa,  dis- 
persed, from  speirO,  to  sow,  to  scatter. 
Spore.]  Separate;  single;  scattered ;  oc- 
curring here  and  there  in  a  scattered  man- 
ner. —  iSporacizc  disease,  a  disease  which 
occurs  in  single  and  scattered  cases,  in 
distinction  from  epidemic  ar^d  endemic. — 
Sporadically,  spo-rad'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a 
sporadicmanner. 

Spore,  spor,»i.[6r.«poro8,a8eed,from  speirO, 
to  sow,  whence  &\so  sporadic,  sperm.]  Bot. 
the  reproductive  germ  of  a  cryptogamic 
plant,  as  distinguished  from  a  true  seed; 
zool.  a  minute  germ  of  certain  animal  orr 
ganisms,  as  Iniusoria. — Sporangium,  spo- 
ran'ji-um,  n.  pi.  Sporangia,  spo-ran'ji-a. 
[Gr.  aporoa,  and  angos,  a  vessel.]  Bot.  the 
case  in  which  the  spores  of  cryptogams  are 
formed.— Spore-case,  n.  Bot.  the  sporan- 
gium or  covering  of  the  spores  of  crypto- 
gams.^Sporidlum,  spo-rid'i-umjn.  pi.  Spo- 
ridia,'Spo-rid'i-a.  £o<.  aname  given  to  the 
spores  of  fungi  and  lichens  when  they  are 
contained  in  asci  or  bags.  —  Sporlferous, 
spo-riffer-us,  a.  Bot.  bearing  spores.— Spo- 
rocyst,  spo'ro-sist,  n.  Bot.  the  spore-case 
of  algals.  —  Sporoderm.  spo'ro-d6rm,  n. 
[Gr.  derma,  a  skin.]  Bot.  the  skin  of  a 
spore.- Sporogen,  spo'ro-jen,  n.  A  plant 
producing  spores  instead  of  seed.— Sporo- 
zo'id,  spo-ro-zo'id,  n.  [Gr.  zoon.an  animal.] 
A  moving  spore  furnished  with  cilia  or 
vibratile  processes.  —  Sporale,  spor'Ql,  n. 
Bot.  a  little  spore;  a  distinct  granule 
within  a  spore.— SporulUerous,  spor-U-lif- 
er-us,  a.    Bot.  bearing  sporules. 

Sporran,  Sporan,  spor'an,  n.  [Gael,  sporan.} 
The  pouch  worn  by  Hig.ilanders  in  full 
dress  in  front  of  the  kilt,  usually  made  of 
the  skin  of  some  anima.1  with  the  hair  on. 

Sport,  sport,  n.  [An  abbrev.  of  disport. 
Disport.]  A  pastime  or  amusement  in 
which  a  person  engages;  a  game;  a  diver- 
sion; a  merry-making;  an  out-of-door  re- 
creation such  as  grown  men  indulge  in, 
more  especially  hunting  or  fishing,  also 
horse-racing,  &c. ;  such  amusements  collec- 
tively; amusement.f  un,orenjoyment  expe- 
rienced; jest,  as  opposed  to  earnest;  mock- 
ery; derision;  object  of  mockery;  any  plant 
or  animal  deviating  from  the  normal  or 
natural  condition  or  type;  a  monstrosity.— 
In  aport,  in  jest;  for  play  or  diversion.— 
v.t.  To  divert ;  to  make  merry:  used  refl,. 
(O.T.);  to  exhibit  or  wear  in  public  (colloq.). 
—To  aport  one' a  oak,  to  keep  the  outer  door 
of  one's  chambers  shut:  a  phrase  in  use  at 
universities  or  the  Inns  of  Court. — v.i.  To 
play;  to  frolic;  to  make  merry;  to  trifle; 
to  practise  the  diversions  of  the  field. — 
Sporter,  spor't^r,  n.  One  who  sports. — 
Sportful,  sport'ful,  a.  Full  of  sport;  frol- 
icsome; indulgihi?  in  mirth  or  play;  spor- 
tive. —  Sportfully,  8p5rt'f ul-li,  adv.  In  a 
sportful  manner.— SportfiilneBg,  gport'ful- 
nes,  n.     The  state  of  being  sportful.— 


Sporting,  spor'ting,  p.  and  a.  Belonging 
to  or  practising  sport  or  Bpoits.— Sporting 
man,  one  who  practises  field-sports;  also, 
a  horse-racer;  one  who  patronizes  pugil- 
ism, dec— Sportive,  spor'tiv,  a.  Eugagiug 
in  sport;  gay;  frolicsome;  playful;  amor- 
ous; wanton.— Sportively,  spor'tiv-li,  adu. 
In  a  sportive  manner.— Sportiveness.spor'- 
tiv-nes,  n.  The  state  of  beini;  sportive ; 
playfulness ;  f rolicsomeness.- Sportsman, 
spOrts'man,  n.  One  whopursues  t'ne  sports 
of  the  field;  one  skilled  in  hunting,  shoot- 
ing, fishing,  (kc— Sportsmanship,  spOrts'- 
man-ship,  n.  The  practice  of  sportsmen; 
skill  in  field-sports. 

Sporule.    Under  Spore. 

Spot,  spot,  n.  '[Same  as  D.  spat,  Dan.  spcette, 
a  spot;  Icel.  spotti,  spottr,  a  bit,  a  small 
piece;  s.ame  root  as  spit,  spatter.]  A  mark 
on  a  substance  made  by  foreign  matter;  a 
speck;  a  place  discoloured;  a  stain  on  ch.".r- 
acter  or  reputation;  disgrace;  reproach; 
blemish;  a  locality;  any  particular  place; 
a  small  part  of  definite  shape  and  different 
colour  from  the  ground  on  which  it  is. — 
Upon  the  spot,  immediately;  before  mov- 
ing.— v.t. — spotted,  apotting.  To  make  a 
spot,  speck,  or  fleck  upon;  to  stain;  to  tar- 
nish; to  mark  with"  spots  of  colour  differ- 
ent from  the  ground;  to  note  something 
as  "peculiar  to,  in  order  to  identify;  to 
catch  with  the  eye;  to  recognize  (colloq.). 
— Spotless,  spot'les,  a.  Free  from  spots; 
free  from  stain  or  impurity;  pure;  un- 
spotted; immaculate.  —  Spotlessly,  spot', 
les-li,  adv.  In  a  spotless  manner.— Spot- 
less&ess,  spot'les-nes,  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  spotless;  freedom  from  spot 
or  stain.  —  Spotted,  spot'ed,  p.  and  .a. 
Marked  with  spots.— Spotted  fever,  a  spe- 
cies of  typhus  feyer  accompanied  by  an 
eruption  of  red  spots. — Spottedncss,  spot'- 
ed-nes,  re.  The  state  of  being  spotted. — 
Spottiness,  spot'i-nes,  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  spotty.  —  Spotty,  spot'i,  o. 
Full  of  spots;  marked  with  discoloured 
places;  spotted. 

Sponge,  spouz,  n.  [O.Fr.  espouse,  from  L. 
sponsus,  betrothed,  pp.  of  spondeo,  to  pro- 
mise solemnly,  to  engage  one's  self.  Es- 
pouse.] One  engaged  or  joined  in  wedlock; 
a  married  person,  'husband  or  wife.  — 
Spouseless,  spouz'les,  o.  Destitute  of  a 
husband  or  wife;  unmarried.  —Spousal, 
spou'zal,  n.  Espousal;  nuptials:  generally 
in  the  plural. 

Spont,  spout,  n.  [From  stem  of  spit,  spew, 
perhaps  directly  from  D.  apuit,  a  spout, 
spuiten,  to  spout.]  A  nozzle  or  projecting 
mouth  of  a  vessel,  used  in  directing  the 
stream  of  a  liquid  poured  out;  an  ajutage; 
a  pipe  or  conduit;  a  pipe  for  conducting 
water  as  from  a  roof;  a  water-spout.— u.<. 
To  pour  out  in  a  jet  and  with  some  force; 
to  throw  out  through  a  spout  or  pipe;  to 
utter  in  the  manner  of  a  mouthing  actor 
or  orator;  to  mouth.  —  v.i.  To  issue  in  a 
strong  jet;  to  run  as  from  a  spout;  to  spurt; 
to  make  a  speech,  especially  in  a  pompous 
manner.— Spouter,  spbu't6r,  n.  One  who 
spouts;  one  who  makes  speeches  in  a  pom- 
pous or  aflected  manner.  —  Spoutless, 
spout'les,  a.    Having  no  spout. 

Sprag,  sprag,  re.  [Allied  to  sprig.]  A  billet 
of  wood;  a  prop  for  preventing  the  roof  of 
a  mine  from  sinking.  —  v.t.  —  ajyragged, 
spraqging.  To  prop  by  a  sprag;  to  stop  by 
putting  a  sprag  in  the  spokes  of  a  wheel. 

Sprain,  spran,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  espreindre,  to 
force  out,  to  strain,  from  L.  exprimere,ex- 
jiresswm,  to  press  out.  Express.]  To  over- 
strain, as  the  muscles  or  ligaments  of  a 
joint  so  as  to  injure  them,  but  without 
dislocation.  —  re.  A  violent  straining  or 
twisting  of  the  soft  parts  surrounding  a 
joint,  without  dislocation. 

Sprang,  sprang,  pret.  of  spring. 

Sprat,  sprat,  re.  [Formerly  also  aprot,  from 
D.  and  L.G.  sprot,  G.  sprotte,  sprat;  allied 
to  sprout.]  A  small  fish  of  the  herring 
family  found  in  great  abundance  on  the 
British  coasts,  and  excellent  as  food. 

Sprawl,  spral,  v.i.  f  A  contr.  word  allied 
to  Sc.  spratile,  sprachle,  to  scramble,  Dan. 
aprcells,  to  sprawl ;  Sw.  aprattla,  to  palpi- 
tate.] To  spread  and  stretch  the  body 
carelessly  in  a  horizontal  position;  to  lie 
or  crawl  with  the  limbs  stretched  out  or 


^ch,  eft&in;     eh,  Sc.  lochia  g,  go;     j.iob;.    n,  Fr.  tore;    jig,  sireflr;     jh,  tten;  th,  <Wn;^  w,  niS'ij^^  wh,  wAig;  _^  ih,  ««ure. 


SPRAY 


656 


SPUE. 


struggling;  to  grow  or  spread  irregularly 
or  ungracefully. 

Spray,  spra,  n.  [A.  Sax.  spree,  a  spray,  a 
branch;  Icel.sprei,-atwig;  allied  to  sprig.l 
A  small  shoot  or  branch;  the  extremity 
of  a  branch;  a  twig ;  the  small  branches 
of  a  tree  collectively. — Spray-drain,  n.  A 
drain  formed  by  burying  the  spray  of  trees 
in  a  trench.  —  Sprayey,  Bpr&'i,  o.  Pull  of 
or  laden  with  sprays  or  twigs. 

Spray,  spra,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sprigan,  to  pour;" 
X>.  gpreijen,  to  scatter;  akin  spring, 
sprinkle.']  Water  flying  in  small  drops  or 
particles,  as  by  the  force  of  wind,  or  the 
dashing  of  waves,  or  from  a  waterfall;  the 
vapout  from  an  atomizer. 

Spread,  spred,  w.t— pret.  and  pp.  spread 
(spred).  [  A.  Sax.  spraedan,  to  extend= 
L.G.  spredcn,  D.  spreiden,  Dan.  sprede,  G. 
spreiten,  to  spread,  to  scatter.]  To.stretch 
or  expand  to  a  broader  surface  (a  sheet, 
a  carpet);  to  open  out  (the  wings) ;  to  un- 
furl (a  sail) ;  to  stretch ;  to  cover  by  ex- 
tendiiag  something;  to  overspread;  to  ex- 
tend; to  shoot  to  a  greater  distance  in 
every  direction(a  tree  spreads  its  branches) ; 
to  put  forth;  to  publish,  as  news  or  fame; 
to  cause  to  oe  more  extensively  known; 
to  propagate  (a  disease);  to  cause  to  aflFect 
greater  numbers;  to  emit;  to  diffuse  (per- 
fume); to  disperse;  to  scatter  over  a 
larger  surface;  to  set  and  furnish  with  pro- 
visions.— VA.  To  extend  Itself;  to  be  ex- 
tended or  stretched ;  to  be  made  known 
more  extensively;  to  be  propagated  from 
one  to  another;  to  be  diifused.— n.  The  act 
of  spreading  or  state  *f  being  spread;  ex- 
tent; compass ;  a  table,  as  spread  or  fur- 
nished with  a  meal;  a  feast  (colloq.). — 
Spread-eagle,  n.  Her.  an  eagle  having 
tnef  wings  and  legs  extended  on  each  side 
of  the  body.-.-a.  Pretentious;  boastful;  de- 
fiantly bombastic  (a  spread-eagle  style). — 
Spreader,  spred'fer,  re.  •  One  who  or  that 
which  spreads.— Spreadlngly,  spi;ed  ing-li, 
adv.  In  a  spreading  manner;  increas- 
ingly. 

Spree,  spr5,  n.  [From  Ir.  spre,  animation, 
spirit,  vigour;  comp.  spry.]  A  merry  frolic; 
a  drinking  frolic;  a  carousal. 

Sprig,  sprig,  n.  [A.  Sax.  spree,  a  branch; 
alUed  to  spray,  a  twig.]  A  small  shoot  or 
twig  of  a  tree  or  other  plant;  a  spray;  an 
offshoot;  a  slip;  a  youth;  a  lad:  used  as  a 
term  of  slight  disparagement  (a  sprig  of 
nobility);  an  ornament  resembling  a  sprig; 
asmalf  square  brad  or  nail  without  a  head. 
—Sprigged,  sprigd,  a.  Marked  with  orna- 
ments resembling  sprigs;  fastened  with 
sprigs.— Sprlggy,  sprig'i,  a.  Full  of  sprigs 
or  small  brancnes. 

Spright,  sprit,  n.  [Contr.  for  spirit,  and 
spelled  erroneously,  sprite  being  the  better 
spelling.]  A  spirit  or  sprite;  an  elf.  The 
spelling  spnght  is  now  obsolete  or  obsoles- 
cent, but  sprightly  and  not  spritely  is  still 
the  common  spelling. — Sprightly,  sprttii, 
a.  TAlso  written  spritely.]  Having  the 
quality  of  a  spirit  or  sprignt  {STtak.);  lively; 
spirited;  brisk;  airy;  gay.— Sprlghtliness, 
sprit'U-nes.u.  The  quality  of  beingepright- 
ly;  liveliness;  briskness;  vivacity. 

Spring,  spring,  v.i. — pret.  sprung  or  sprang 
(sprung,  sprang),  pp.  sprung.  [A.  Sax. 
springan,  to  spring,  to  leap=D.  and  G. 
spriTigen,  8w.  and  Icel.  springa,  Dan. 
springe,  from  rootj  seen  also  in  sprinkle, 
sp'rig,  spray.']  To  rise  or  come  forth,  as 
out  of  the  ground;  to  shoot  up,  out,  or 
forth;  to  begin  to  appear;  to  come  to  light; 
to  issue  into  sight  or  knowledge;  to  take 
rise  or  origin;  to  issue  or  originate,  as  from 
ancestors,  or  from  a  country;  to  result,  as 
from  a  cause.motive,  principle.&c;  to  leap; 
to  jump;  to  fiy  back  by  elasticf orce;  to  start; 
to  start  or  rise  suddenly  from  a  covert;  to 
shoot;  to  issue  with  speed  and  violence;  to 
warp  or  become  warped ;  to  become  cracked 
(as  a  mast), — To  spring  at,  to  leap  toward; 
to  attempt  to  reach  by  a  leap.— To  spring 
forth,  to  leap  out;  to  rush  out.— To  spring 
in,  to  rush  in;  to  enter  with  a  leap  or  in 
haste. — To  spring  on  or  upon,  to  leap  on; 
to  assault.— ti.i.  To  start  or  rouse,  as  game; 
to  cause  to  rise  from  a  covert;  to  produce 
(luickly  or  unexpectedly;  to  propose  on  a 
sudden;  to  crack;  to  weaken  by  a  crack  in 
the  timber  (to  spring  a  mast);  to  pass  by 


leaping;  to  jump  over  (to  spring  the  fence). 
— To  spring  a  leak,  to  have  a  leak  open;  to 
experience  the  opening  of  a  leak.  —  To 
spring  a  mine  (in  the  militalry  sense),  to 
cause  it  to  explode :  often  used  Jig. — To 
spring  a  rattle,  to  set  a  poUceman's  rattle 
in  noisy  motion.— n.  A  leap;  a  bound;  a 
flying  back  of  a  body  by  its  elasticity; 
elastic  power  orforce;  an  elastic  body,  made 
of  various  materials,  as  a  strip  or  wire  of 
steel  coiled  spirally,  a  steel  rod  or  plate, 
&c.,  which,  when  bent  or  forced  from  its 
natural  state,  has  the  power  of  recovering 
it  again  in  virtue  of  its  elasticity;  .^£7.  that 
hy  which  action  is  induced;  mainspring; 
a  natural  fountain  of  water,  owing  its  ori- 
gin to  the  water  which  falls  upon  the 
earth;  an  issue  of  water  from  the  earth,  or 
the  Dasin  of  water  at  the  place  of  its  issue; 
any  source  of  supply;  that  from  which 
supplies  are  drawn";  one  of  the  four  sea- 
sons of  the  year  (so  called  because  plants 
spring  or  grow  then);  the  vernal  season; 
fig.  the  first  and  freshest  part  of  any  state 
or  time;  a  crack  in  a  mast  or  yard  running 
obliquely  or  transversely;  a  rope  passed 
out  of  a  ship's  stem,  and  attachea  to  a 
cable  proceeding  from  her  brow,  when  she 
is  at  anchor;  arch,  the  point  of  an  arch 
that  rests  en  its  support. — Spring-balance, 
n.  A  contrivance  for  weighing  articles  by 
observing, the  amount  of  deflection  or 
compression  which  their  weight  produces 
upon  a  steel  spring  properly  adjusted.— 
Spring -beetle,  n.  An  elater.  —  Spring- 
hoar  d ,  n.  A  r.  elastic  board  used  in  vaulting, 
(fee— Spring-bok,  n.  [D., lit.  the  springing 
buck.]  A  species  of  antelope,  nearly  allied 
to  the  gazelle,  very  abundant  in  South. 
Africa.— Spring-carriage,  n.  A  wheel-car- 
riage mounted  upon  springs.- Spring-cart, 
n.  A  light  cart  raounted  upon  springs.  — 
Springer,  spring'fer,  n.  One  who  springs; 
arch,  the  lowest  voussoir  or  bottom  stone  of 
an  arch;  the  bottom,  stone  of  the  coping  of 
a  gable;  the  rib  of  a  groined  roof  or  vault. — 
Spring-grass, ».  A  British  grass  flowering 
early  m  April.— Spring-gun,  n.  A  gun  so 
set  that  it  may  be  unintentionally  dis- 
charged by  trespassers. — Spring-head,  n. 
A  formtain  or  source;  a  fountainhead. — 
Springiness,  spring'i-nes,  ri.  The  state  of 
being  springy;  elasticity.  —  Springing, 
spring'ing,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  or  that 
which  springs;  arch,  the  point  from  which 
an  arch  springs  orrises. — Springlet.spring'- 
let,  n.  A  little  spring;  a  ^mall  stream. — 
Spring-lock,  n.  A  lock  that  fastens  with 
a  spring. — Spring-tail,  7i.  An  insect  that 
can  leap  by  means  of  an  elastic  caudal 
appendage. —  Spring -tide,  n.  The  tide 
which  happens  at  or  soon  after  the  new 
and  full  moon,  and  which  rises  higher 
than  common  tides;  the  time  or  season  of 
spring;  spring-time.— Spring-time,  n.  The 
spring;  the  vernal  season.— Spring- water, 
n.  Water  issuing  from  a  spring.— Spring- 
wheat,  71.  A  species  of  wheat  to  be  sown 
in  the  spring.— Springy,  spring'i,  a.  Hav- 
ing elasticity  like  that  of  a  spring;  elas- 
tic; light  (a  springy  step);  abounding  with 
springs  or  fountains; 

Springal,  spring'gftl,  n.  [0.  Pr.  espringale, 
from  G.  springen,  to  spring.]  An  ancient 
warlike  engine,  used  for  snooting  large 
arrows,  &c. 

Springe,  sprinj,  n.  [From  spring;  comp. 
swinge  from  swing.']  A  noose  attached  to 
a  spring  or  elastic  body  so  as  to  catch  a 
bird  or  other  animal;  a  gin;  a  snare. — v.t. 
To  catch  in  a  springe;  to  ensnare. 
Sprinkle,  springTil,  v.t.— sprinkled,  sprink- 
ling. [A  dim.  form  from  O.E.  sprinke,  A. 
Sax.  sprencan,  for  sprengan,  to  sprinkle, 
cans,  of  springan,  to  spring;  comp.  D. 
sprenkelen,  to  sprinlde;  G.  sprenkeln,  to 
speckle.  Spkino.]  To  scatter  in  drops  or 
imrticles;  to  cast  or  let  fall  in  fine  separate 
particles ;  to  strew;  to  besprinkle ;  to  be- 
strew; to  bedrop.  —  n.  A  small  quantity 
scattered;  a  sprinkling;  a  utensil  to 
sprinkle  with.— Sprinkler,  springk'l^r,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  sprinkles.— Sprink- 
ling, springk'ling,  n.  A  'Small  quantity 
falling  in  distinct  drops ;  a  small  number 
or  quantity  distributed  as  if  scattered  like 
drops. 
Sprit,  sprit,  n.    [A.  Sax.  spredt,  a  sprout. 


a  shoot;  D.  spriet,  a  sprit,  boegsprit,  the 
bowsprit.]  A  sproutj;  a  small  Doom  or 
spar  which  crosses  the  sail  of  a  boat  di- 
agonally and  thus  extends  and  elevates  it: 
also,  the  bowsprit  of  a  vessel. — Sprit-sail, 
n.  A  sail  extended  by  a  sprit;  a  sail,  now 
disused,  attached  to  a  yard  under  the 
bowsprit  of  large  vessels. 

Sprite,  sprit,  n.  A  spirit  or  spright;  com- 
mouly,  a  kind  of  fairy,-  elf,  or  goblin. 
Spright. 

Sprocket-wheel,  sprok'et,  n.    A  rag-wheel. 

Sprout,  sprout,  v.i.  [Same  as  L.G.  sprutten, 
D.  spruiten,  to  sprout ;  akin  to  A.  Sax. 
spredtan,  to  sprout,  from  spredt,  a  sprout. 
Akin  spirt,  sprit',  spurt.]  To  shoot,  as  the 
seed  of  a  plant;  to  germinate;  to  push  out 
new  shoots. — re.  [D.  spjTiit,  a  sprout.]  The 
shoot  or  bud  of  a  plant;  a  fresh  outgrowth 
from  a  plant  or  tree;  pi.  young  coleworts; 
Brussels-sprouts. 

Spruce,  spros,  a.  [Lit.  after  the  Prussian 
style,  from  Spi-uce,  Pruce,  formerly  used 
for  Prussia,  Prussian.  ]  BriskJ;  active 
{Shak.y^,  neat  or  smart  in  dress;  trim; 
smug;  dandified.— ».t.—«praced,  sprwAng. 
To  trim  or  dress  in  a  spruce  manner.— To 
spruce  up,  to  dress  one's  self  sprucely  or 
neatly.— Spruce,  Spruce-fir,  n.  [So-called 
because  the  tree  was  first  known  as  a 
native  of  Prussia.]  The  name  given  to 
several  species  of  trees  of  the  pine  family, 
yielding  valuable  timber;  as  the  Norway 
spruce-fir  of  Europe,  and  the  white  spruce, 
the  black  spruce,  and  the  hemlock  spruce- 
of  North  America.  —  Spruce-beer,  n.  A 
fermented  liquor  made  from  sugar  or  mo- 
lasses, and  flavoured  with  sprouts  of  the 
spruce-fir.- Sprucely,  spros'li,  adv.  In  a 
spruce  manner;  with  extreme  or  affected 
neatness.- SprucenesB,  sprbs'nes,  re.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  spruce;  trimness; 
fineness. 

Sprung,  sprung,  pret.  and  pp.  of  spring. 

Spry,  spri,  a.  [Allied  to  spree;  or  to  old 
sprack,  'S.  sprcek,  8w.  spr&k,  lively.]  Nitft- 
ble;  active;  vigorous;  lively.    [Colloq.l 

Spud,  spud,  n.  [A  form  of  spade:  or  akin 
to  Dan.  spyd,  Icel.  spjdt,  a  spear,  E.  a  spit.] 
A  straight  narrow  spade  with  a  long  han- 
dle for  digging  up  weeds,  &c.;  also,  a  small 
spade  with  a  short  handle. 

Spue,  spQ,  v.t.  and  i.    Same  as  Spew. 

Spume,  spQm,n.[L.sp?tmf!,foaTn,fromspiw, 
to  spit  out.  Spew.J  Froth;  foam;  scum; 
frothy  matter  on  liquors.— f.i.  To  froth ; 
to  foam;  to  spoom. — Spumescence,  sptl- 
mes'ens,  re.  Frothiness. — Spumescent,  spu- 
mes'ent,  a.  [L.  spumesco,  to  grow  foamy.] 
KesembUng  froth  or  foam ;  foaming.  -^ 
Spnmiferous,  spa-mif'er-us,  a.  Producing 
foam. — Spuininess,  spu'mi-nes,  re.  Quality 
of  being  spumy.— Spumous,  Spumy,  spQ'- 
mus,  spa'mi,  a.  ['L.  spumosus.]  'Consis- 
ting of  froth  or  scum;  foamy. 

Spun,  spun,  pret.  and  pp.  of  spin. — Spun- 
gold,  re.  Flattened  gold,  or  silver-gilt  wire 
wound  on  a  thread  of  silk.— Spnn-silk,  n. 
Silk.  —  Spun-silver,  re.  Flattened  silver 
wire  wound  round  a  thread  of  silk.  — 
Span -yam,  re.  Naut.  a  cord  formed  of 
two,  three,  or  more  rope -yams  twisted 
together. 

Spunge,  spunj.    Same  as  Sponge. 

Spunk,  spungk,  n.  [ir.  sponc,  Gael,  spores', 
tinder,  touchwood,  sponge ;  from  L.  spon- 
ffia,  a  sponge.]  Touchwood;  tinder;  tinder 
made  from  a  species  of  fungus;  amadou; 
a  quick,  ardent  temper;  mettle;  pluck. 

Spur,  8p6r,  n.  [A.  Sax.  spura,  spora,  a  spur; 
Icel.  spori,  Dan.  spore,  O.G.  spor.  Mod.  G. 
sporre;  from  a  foot  meaning  to  kick,  seen 
also  in  spurn,  spurious.]  An  instrument 
having  a  rowel  or  little  wheel  with  sharp 
points,  worn  on  horsemen's  heels  to  prick 
the  horses  for  hastening  their  pace;  fig. 
an  incitement  or  stimulus:  a  large  or  prin- 
cipal root  of  a  tree ;  something  that  pro- 
jects; a  snag;  the  hard  pointed  projection 
on  a  cock's  leg  which  serves  as  an  instru- 
ment of  offence  and  defence;  geog.  a  moun- 
tain, or  mountain  mass,  that  shoots  from 
another  mountain  mass  and  extends  for 
some  distance ;  bot.  any  projecting  ap- 
pendage of  a  flower  resembling  a  spur. 
— v.t.— spurred,  spurring.  To  prick  with 
spurs;  to  urge  or  encourage  to  action;  to 
incite;  to  instigate;  to  impel;  to  stimu- 


Fste,  to,  fat,  fftlll     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     npte,  not,  mOve;     tQbe,^ab,  b^;     oii,  pound;     fl.  Be.  abtme— the  Fr.  «. 


SPURGE 


657 


SQUEAMISH 


late;  to  put  spurs  on;  to  furnish  with 
spurs. — v.i.  To  spur  one's  horse  to  make  it 
Ko  fast ;  to  ride  fast ;  to  press  forward. — 
Spurgall,  gper  gal,  v.t..  To  gall  or  wound 
with  a  spur. — n.  A  place  galled  by  the 
spur.— Spur-gear,  Spur-gearing,  n.  bear- 
ing in  which  spur-wheels  are  employed.^- 
Spurless,  sp6r'les,  a.  Having  no  spurs. — 
Spurred,  spferd,  a.  Wearing  spurs;' having 
prolongations  or  shoots  like  spurs. — Spur- 
rer,  sp6r'6r,  n.  One  who  uses  spurs;  some- 
thing that  incites  or  urges  on. — Spurrier, 
8p6r'i-6r,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
make  spurs.  —  Spur-wheel,  n.  Mach.  a 
wheel  in  which  the  teeth  are  perpendicu- 
lar to  the  axis,  and  in  the  direction  of 
radii. 

Spurge,  sp6rj,  n.  [O.  Fr.  espurge,  spurge, 
from  L.  expurgare,  to  purge— ex,  out  of, 
and  purgo,  to  purge.  Purge.]  The  com- 
mon name  of.  certain  British  plants,  with 
an  acrid  milky  juice  powerfully  purgative. 
-—Spurge-laurel,  n.  A  British  evergreen 
shrub  (not  a  laurel). 

Spurious,  spu'ri-us,  a.  [L.  spwritig,  bastard, 
from  same  root  as  spemo,  to  despise. 
Spurn.J  Not  legitimate;  bastard;  not  pro- 
ceeding from  the  true  source  or  from  the 
source  pretended;  not  genuine;  counter- 
feit; adulterate. — Spurious  wing,  in  ornith. 
the  bastard-wing.— Spuriously,  spQ'rl-'us- 
li,  adu.  In  a  spurious  manner;  falsely. — 
Spuriousness.  spu'ri-us-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  spurious. 

Spurn,  sp6rn,  v.i.  I'A..  Sax.  spurnan,  to 
spurn;  Icel.  sporna,  spyma,  O.H.G.  spur- 
nan, spornan,  to  kick ;  same  root  as  spur, 
and  L.  sperno,  to  despise,  spuriua,  spuri- 
ous.] To  drive  back  or  away,  as  with  the 
foot;  to  kick;  to  reject  with  disdain;  to  treat 
with  contempt.— «.i.  To  kick  or  toss  up 
the  heels ;  to  dash  the  foot  against  some- 
thing; to  manifest  disdain  or  contempt  in 
rejecting  anything.— n.  A  kickt;  disdain- 
ful rejection;  contemptuous  ti^eatment. — 
Spumer,  sp6r'n6r,  n.    One  who  spurns. 

Spurrey,  spferi,  n.  [D.  and  O.  Fr.  spurrie, 
G.  spurrey,  spurre.'\  A  British  plant  grow- 
ing in  corn-fields,  &c.,  one  species  of  which 
is  cultivated  as  food  for  cattle. 

Spurt,  sp6rt,  v.t.  [A  form  of  spirt;  akin  to 
sprout;  comp.  Icel.  sprettr,  a  spurt.]  To 
throw  out  in  a  stream  or  jet,  as  water;  to 
spout;  to  squirt. — v.i.  To  gush  out;  to  spirt. 
— n.  A  forcible  gush  of  liquid;  a  jet;  a  sud- 
den extraordinary  effort  for  an  emergency; 
a  short  sudden  act. 

Sputter,  sput'fer,  v.i.  [Akin  to  spout  or 
spit;  same  as  JJ.G.  sputtern,  to  sputter.] 
To  emit  saliva  from  the  mouth  in  rapid 
speaking;  to  speak  so  rapidly  as  to  emit 
saliva;  to  give  out  moisture  (as  green  wood 
burning);  to  burn  with  some  crackling  or 
noise  (as  a  candle). — v.t.  To  utter  rapidly 
and  with  indistinctness;  to  jabber.— Sput- 
terer,  sput'er-6r,  n.    One  that  sputters. 

Spy,  spl,  v.t.— spied,  spyiixg.  [O.Fr.  espier, 
to  spy,  from  O.H.G.  spehbn,  to  search  out 
or  examine.  Same  root  as  in  L.  specie,  to 
see,  Skr.  spap,  to  look.  SrEcrEs.]  To  gain 
sight  of;  to  discover  at  a  distance  or  in 
concealment;  to  espy;  to  gain  a  knowledge 
of  by  artifice;  to  explore;  to  view  and  ex- 
amine seciet\y.—v.i.  To  search  narrowly; 
to  scrutinize ;  to  pry.— n.  A  person  who 
keeps  a  constant  watch  on  the  actions, 
motions,  conduct,  &c.,  of  others;  a  secret 
emissary  sent  into  the  enemy's  camp  or 
territory  to  bring  back  intelligence. — Spy- 
glass, n.  A  telesocpe,  especially  a  small 
telescope. 

Bquab,  skwob,  a.  [Akin  Sw.  sqvaVba,  a  fat 
woman;  Dan.  kvabbet,  fat,  squab.]  Fat; 
short  and  stout;  bulky;  unfledged;  un- 
feathered. — n.  A  young  unfledged  pigeon; 
a  short  fat  person;  a  kind  of  sofa  or  couch; 
a  soft  cushion.  —  v.i.  To  fall  plump.  — 
Squabby,  skwob'i,  a.  Thick;  fat;  squab. 
Squabble,  skwob'i,  v.i. — squabbled,  squab- 
bling. [Same  as  Sw.  sqvabbel,  a  dispute; 
comp.  li.G.  kabbeln,  to  quarrel.]  To  en- 
gage in  a  noisy  quarrel ;  to  quarrel  and 
fight  noisily;  to  brawl;  to  wrangle;  to  ds- 
bate  peevishly;  to  dispute.— t).i.  Typog.  to 
put'a\vry,  as  types  that  have  been  set  up. 
— n.  A  scuffle;  a  wr-Tnttle;  a  petty  qwarrel. 
—  Squabbler,  i;::..  b'Ur,  n.  Out  who 
squabbles. 


Squad,  skwod,  n.  [Abbrev.  of  squadron.'] 
Any  small  party  of  men;  ■milit,  a  small 
number  of  men  assembled  for  drill  or  in- 
spection.— Awkward  squad,  the  recruits 
not  yet  fitted  to  take  Iheir  place  in  the 
regimental  line. 

Squadron,  skwod'ron,  n.  [O.Fr.  bsquadron 
(Fr.  escadron),  from  It.  squadront,  a  squad- 
ron, from  squadra,  a  square — L.  prefix  ex, 
and  quadra,  a  square.  .  Square  J  A  body 
of  troops  drawn  up  in  a  squarel;  the  prin- 
cipal division  of  a  regiment  of  cavalry;  a 
divi^on  of  a  fleet ;  a  detachment  of  ships 
of  war  under  the  command  of.  a  commo- 
dore or  junior  flag-officer.— Squadroned, 
skwod'rond,  a.    Formed  into  squadrons. 

Squalid,  skwol'id.a.  [L.sqwaZidMs,  squalid, 
from  squaleo,  to  be  foul  or  filth.y.]  Foul ; 
filthy;  extremely  dirty.— Squalidly ,skwol'- 
id-li,  adv.  In  a  squalid,  filthy  manner. 
— Squalidlty,  Sqnalidness,  skwo-lid'i-ti, 
skwol'id-nes,n.  The  state  of  being  squalid; 
filthiness.— Squalor,  skworer,n.  Foulness; 
filthinese;  coarseness. 

Squall,  skwal,  v.i.  [An  imitative  word : 
Icel.  skval,  a  squall  or  scream,  skvala,  to 
scream;  akin  squeal.]  To  cry  out;  to  scream 
or  cry  violently.  —  n.  A  loud  §cream ;  a 
harsh  cry;  a  sudden  and  strong  gust  of 
wind;  a. sudden  and  vehement  succession 
of  gusts.  —  A  black  squall,  one  attended 
with  da*k  clouds.  —  A  thick  squall,  one 
accompanied  with  hail,  sleet,  &c.  —  A 
white  squally  one  which  produces  no  dimi- 
nution of  light.  —  Squaller,  skwftl'fer,  ». 
One  who  squalls.  —  Squally,  skwal'i,  a. 
Aboimding  with  sudden  and  violent  gusts 
of  wind;  gusty. 

Squaloid,  skwa'loid,a.  [L.sg^aZu8,ashark.] 
Like  a  shark,  or  resembling  a  shark. 

Squalor.     Under  Squalid. 

Squama,  skwa'ma.n.  pi.  Squams,  skwa'mS. 
[L.,  a  scale.]  A  scale  or  scaly  part  of 
plants ;  a  horny  scale  on  animals.— Squa- 
maceous,  skwa-ma'shus,  a.  Squamose.— 
Squamate,  skwa'riiat,  a.  Squamosa;  cov- 
ered with  small  scale-like  bodies. — Squa- 
mella,  skwa-mel'la,  n.  [  L.  ]  A  minute 
scale.  —  Squamifonn,  skwa' mi-form,  a. 
Having  the  form  or  shape  of  scales. — 
Squamigerous,  skwa-mij'fer-us,  a.  [L. 
squama,  and  gero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  or 
liaving  scales.— Squamoid,  skwa'moid,  a. 
Scaly;  covered  with  scales.  —  Squamous, 
Squamose,  skwa'raus,  skwa-mOs ,  a.  [L. 
squamosus.]  Covered  with  or  consisting 
of  scales;  resembling  scales;  scaly. 

Squander,  skwon'der,  v.t.  [Perhaps  from 
A.  Sax.  swindan,  swand,  switnden,  to  waste 
away ,  vanish,  with  q  inserted  as  in  squeam- 
ish and  vulgar  squim  for  swim,  &c.]  To 
spend  lavishly  or  profusely;  to  waste  with- 
out economy  or  judgment.  —  Squanderer, 
skwon'd6r-6r,  n.  One  who  squanders;  a 
spendthrift. 

Square,  skwar,  a.  [O.Fr.  esquarre,  a  square; 
from  L.  prefix  ex,  and  quadra,  a  square, 
from  quadrus, square,  from  quatuor,  four.) 
Having  four  equal  sides  and  four  right 
angles ;  forming  a  right  angle ;  having 
rectilineal  and  angular  rather  than  curved 
outlines;  fair,  just,  or  honest;  adjusted  so 
as  to  leave  no  balance  (to  make  accounts 
square). — Square  measures,  the  squares  of 
lineal  measures;  superficial  (a  square  inch, 
a  square  foot,  a  square  yard,  &a.).— Square 
nuinber,  the  product  of  a  number  multi- 
plied into  itself. — Square  root,  arith.  and 
alg.  that  root  which  Deing  multiplied  into 
itself  produces  the  given  number  or  quan- 
tity; thus,  8  is  the  square  root  of  64. — All 
square,  all  arranged;  all  right.  [Colloq.]— 
n.  A  four-sided  plane  rectilineal  figure, 
having  all  its  sides  equal  and  all  its  angles 
right  angles;  what  nearly  approaches  this 
shape;  a  square  surface;  an  area  of  four 
sides  with  houses  on  each  side  or  on  at 
least  three;  an  instrument  used  by  arti- 
ficers, draughtsmen,  and  others,  for  test- 
ing or  describing  right  angles;  arith.  and 
alg.  the  number  or  quantity  produced  by 
multipl.ving  a  number  or  quantity  by  it- 
self; milit.  a  body  of  infantry  formed  into 
a  rectangular  figure  with  several  ranks  or 
rows  of  men  facing  on  each  side. — On  or 
upon  tJie  square,  all  right;  not  objection- 
able; fair  and  strictly  honest.  — w.i. — 
squared,  squaring.    To  make  square;  to 


reduce  or  bring  accurately  to  right  angles 
and  straight  lines;  to  reduce  to  any  given 
standard;  to  compare  with  a  standard;  to 
adjust,  regulate,  accommodate,  fit;  to 
make  even  so  as  to  leave  no  difference  or 
balance;  to  settle  (to  square  accounts); 
math,  to  multiply  by  itself;  naut.  to  place 
at  right  angles  with  the  mast  or  keel  (to 
square  the  yards). — To  square  the  circle,  to 
determine  the  exact  area  of  a  circle  in 
square  measure.— v.i.  To  suit;  to  fit;  to 
accord  or  agree  (the  facts  do  not  square 
with  the  theory).— Square-built,  a.  Of  a 
squai-e  build  or  shape.- Squarely,  skwar'- 
li,  adv.  In  a  square  form;  fairly;  honest- 
ly.—Squareness,  skwar'nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  square;  fairness  in  dealing. — 
Squarer,  skwa'r6r,  n.  One  who  squares. — 
Square-rigged,  a.  Naut.  a  term  applied 
to  a  vessel  most  of  whose  sails  are  of  a 
square  shape  and  extended  by  yards  sus- 
pended by  the  middle.  —  Square-sail,  n. 
Naut.  a  sail  extended  on  a  yard  suspended 
by  the  middle.— Square-toed,  a.  Having 
the  toes  square.- Square-toes,  n.  A  pre- 
cise, formal,  old-fashioned  personage. 
[Colloq.]— Squarish,  skwft'rish,  a.  Nearly 
square. 

Squarrose,  Squarxons,  skwor'ros,skwor'rus, 
a.  [L.  squarrosus,  rough.]  Hot.  covered 
with  processes  or  projecting  points  spread- 
ing at  right  angles  or  in  a  greater  degree. 
— Squarrulose,  skwor'a-los,  a.  Bot.  some- 
what squarrose. 

Squash,  skwosh,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  esqvacher,  to 
crush,  from  L.  ex,  intens.,  and  coactare,  to 
constrain,  from  cogo,  coactum,  to  force 
(whence  cogent).  Squat  is  akin.]  To  crush; 
to  beat  or  press  into  pulp  or  a  flat  mass. — 
n.  Something  soft  and  easily  crushed; 
something  unripe  and  soft;  an  unripe  pea- 
pod;  a  sudden  fall  or  shock  of  a  heavy  soft 
body.— Squasher,  skwosh'6r,  n.  One  who 
squashes.  —  Squashiness,  skwosh'i-nos,  n. 
The  state  of  being  squashy.  —  Squa,shy, 
skwosh'i,  a.  Soft  or  pulpy  and  green;  soft 
and  wet;  miry;  muddy. 

Squash,  skwosh,  n.  [From  American  In- 
dian name.]  A  plant,  a  kind  of  gourd, 
cultivated  in  America  as  an  article  of  food. 
—Squash-gourd,  Squash-melon,  n.  The 
squash. 

Squat,  skwot,  v.i.  —  squatted,  squatting. 
[From  O.Fr.  quatir,  to  duck,  to  bend,  with 
es—h.  ex  intens.  prefixed;  same  origin  as 
squash,  v.t.]  To  sit  down  upon  the  hams 
or  heels ;  to  sit  close  to  the  ground ;  to 
cower,  as  an  animal;  to  settle  on  land,  es- 
pecially public  lands,  without  any  title  or 
right. — v.t.  To  put  on  the  hams  or  heels: 
used  reflexively. — a.  Sitting  close  to  the 
ground;  cowering;  short  and  thick,  like 
the  figure  of  an  animal  squatting. — n.  The 

'  posture  of  one  wlio"  squats.  —  Squatter, 
skwot'6r,  n.  One  that  squats;  one  that 
settles  on  unoccupied  land,  particularly 
public  land,  without  a  title.— Squatting, 
skwot'ing,  a.    Occupied  by  squatters. 

Squaw,  skwa,  n.  [Amer.  Indian.]  Among 
American  Indians,  a  female  or  wife. 

Squawk,  skwak,  v.i.  [Akin  to  squeak.]  To 
cry  with  a  loud  harsh  voice. 

Squawl,  skwal,  v.i.    To  squall. 

Squeak,  skw6k,  v.i.  [Imitative;  comp. 
squatvk,  G.  quicken,  to  squeak;  Sav.  sqvlka, 
to  cry  like  a  frog.]  To  utter  a  sharp,  shrill 
cry;  to  cry  with  an  acute  tone,  as  a  pig, 
a  mouse,  or  the  like;  or  to  make  a  sharp 
noise,  as  a  wheel,  a  door,  &c.;  to  break 
secrecy.— n..  A  sharp  shrill  cry  or  noise. — 
Squeaker,  swO'kSr,  n.    One  that  squeaks. 

Squeal,  skwel,  v.i.     [A  weaker  form  of 

•  squall,  implying  a  shriller  sound.]  To  cry 
with  a  sharp  shrill  voice,  as  certain  ani- 
mals do.— n.  A  shrill  sharp  cry;  a  squeak. 

Squeamish,  skwe'mish,  a.  [Prov.  E.  sweam- 
ish,  O.  and  Prov.  su>eam,an  attack  of  sick- 
ness, from  A.  Sax.  swima,  a  swimming  or 
giddiness,  or  N.  sveim,  dizziness;  akin  to 
G.  schwindel,  dizziness.  The  q  has  been 
inserted  partly  through  the  influence  of 
qualmish.]  Having  a  stomach  that  is 
easily  turned;  excessively  nice  as  to  faste; 
fastidious;  easily  disgusted;  scrupulous. 
—Squeamishly,  skwe'mish-li,  adv.  In  a 
squeamish  or  fastidious  manner.— Squea- 
sushness,  skws'mish-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  squeamish;  fast.idinusnes?. 


\i;^e^a|fli.,  Cftj  be.  itic/.;     g,  ;/C}     j.jobj     li,  Fr.  to»j     lip',  siJi);;     f  e,  iAe»;  th,  <Wd;     v,  wig; 


wh,  whig; 


zh,  asure. 


SQUEEZE 


658 


STAGE 


Scraeeze,  skwSz,  v.t. — squeezed,  squeezing. 
[Formerly  sipiise,  ggmze,  from  A.  Sax. 
cwlsan,  to  squeeze  (with  addition  of  initial 
s);h.G.que8e,a,  bruise;  Sw.gycfsa,  to  crush; 
6.  quet8chen,to  squash.]  To  press  between 
two  bodies;  to  press  closely;  to  crush;  to 
clasp  closely;  to  press  lovingly;  to  oppress 
80  as  to  make  to  give  money;  to  harass  by 
extortion;  to  force  by  pressure.— w.i.  To 
press;  to  press  among  a  number  of  persons; 
to  pass  by  pressing. — n.  An  application  of 
pressure;  a  compression;  a  hug  or  embrace. 
— Squeezer,  skwe'zer,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  squeezes. — Squeezing,  skwo'zing,  n. 
Compression;  that  which  is  forced  out  by 
pressure. — Squeezable,  skwE'za-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  squeezed.— Squeezability, 
skwe-za-bil'i-ti,  n.  The  Quality  of  being 
squeezable. 

Bquelch,  skwelch,  v.t.  FFrom  Prov.E.oMeZcft, 
a  blow  (with  prefixed  s  through  influence 
of  squash,  &c.);  allied  perhaps  to  quell.] 
To  crush;  to  destroy. — v.i.  To  be  crushed. 
— n.  A  flat  heavy  fall. 

Squib,  skwib,  n.  [From  O.E.  squippe,  for 
svnppe  (comb,  squeamish),  to  move  along 
swiftly;  Icel.  svipa,  to  dart;  allied  to 
sweep  and  swoop.']  A  little  pipe  or  hollow 
cylinder  of  paper  filled  with  gunpowder, 
which  being  ignited  it  flies  along,  throw- 
ing out  a  train  of  sparks  and  bursting 
with  a  crack;  a  petty  lampoon. 

Squid,  skwid,  n.  [Probably  from  squib, 
from  its  squirting  out  black  matter.]  A 
popular  name  of  certain  cuttle-fishes,  of 
■which  the  most  familiar  are  the  cala- 
maries. 

Squill,  skwil,  n.  [L.  squilla,  scUla,  Gr. 
skUla,  a  squill  (both  plant  and  animal).] 
A  plant  allied  to  the  hyacinths,  onions, 
&c.,  with  a  bulbous  root  used  in  medicine 
as  a  diuretic  and  expectorant;  a  crusta- 
ceous  animal;  a  kind  of  shrimp. 

Squinch,  skwinsh,  n.  Arch,  a  small  arch 
(or  several  combined)  formed  across  an 
angle,  as  in  a  square  tower  to  support  the 
side  of  a  superimposed  octagon. 

Squint,  skwint,  a.  [Comp.  Prov.E.squinny, 
sqrtiny,  to  squint;  D.  schuirUe,  a  slope, 
schuin,  schuinsch,  sloping,  oblique.]  Look- 
ing obliquely  or  askance;  not  having  the 
optic  axes  coincident:  said  of  the  eyes; 
having  distorted  sight. — v.i.  To  look  ob- 
liquely with  the  eyes;  to  have  the  axes  of 
the  eyes  not  coincident;  to  be  affected  with 
strabismus;  to  have  an  indirect  reference. 
—v.t.  To  turn  (the  eye)  to  an  ol>lique  posi- 
tion; to  cause  to  be  squint. — n.  An  obUque 
look;  an  affection  of  the  eyes  in  which  the 
optic  axes  do  not  cdhicide;  arch,  an  ob- 
lique opening  through  the  walls  of  old 
churches,  to  enable  a  person  in  the  tran- 
septs or  aisles  to  see  the  high  altar.— 
Squiat-eyed,  a.  Having  eyes  that  squint; 
oblique;  indirect.— Squinting,  skwint'ing, 
n.  The  act  of  looking  squint;  strat)ismus. 
— Squlntlngly,  skwiat'ing-li,  adv.  With 
squint  look;  oy  side  glances. 

Squire,  skwir,  n.  [Contr.  of  esquire.]  The 
title  of  a  gentleman  next  in  rank  to  a 
knight;  an  attendaht  on  a  knight;  the 
knight's  shield  or  armour  bearer;  a  devoted 
male  attendant  on  a  lady  (colloq.);  a  beaii; 
a  gallant;  a  title  popularly  §iven  to  a 
country  gentleman.— w.i.—  sgwired,  squir- 
ing. To  attend  on  as  squire.— Squlrearch, 
skAvir'iirk,  n.  A  member  of  the  squire- 
archy.—Squirearchal,skwir-arTcal,a.  Per- 
taining to  a  squirearchy.  —  Squirearchy, 
Squirarchy,  skwir'ar-ki,  n.  The  squires 
or  gentlemen  of  a  country  taken  collec- 
tively.—Squireen,  skwi-rOn',  n.  A  small 
or  petty  squire;  a  half-squire,  half-farmer 
(Irish).  —  Squirehood,  Squireshlp,  skwir'- 
hud,  skwir'ship,  n.  The  rank  and  state  of 
a  squire.  —  Squireling,  skwirling,  n.  A 
sma^l  or  petty  squire. 

Squirm,  skwfrm,  v.t.  or  i.  [Perhaps  a  modi- 
fication of  swarm,  to  wriggle  up  a  tree.] 
To  move  like  a  worm  or  eel,  with  writhing 
or  contortions.- n.  A  wrigKling  motion. 

Squirrel,  skwir'el,  n.  [O.Fr.  esquirel,  es- 
curel  {Ft.  ieureuil),  from  L.L.  sciuriolus, 
dim.  of  L.  sciurus,  6r.  skiouros,  a  squirrel 
— skia,  shadow,  and  oura,  tail.]  A  name 
common  to  varibus  species  of  rodent  mam- 
mals, mostly  living  in  trees,  and  distin- 
guished b^  their  powers  of  leaping,  and 


their  usually  long  and  bushy  tails.  — 
Squirrel-monkey,  n.  A  monkey  of  Brazil, 
resembling  a  squirrel. 

Squirt,  skwfert,  v.t.  [Prov.  E.  sunrt,  L.  G. 
swirtjen,  to  squirt,  the  q  being  inserted  as 
in  squeamish.  Comp.  Icel.  skvetta,  to 
squirt.]  To  eject  from  a  narrow  pipe  or 
orifice  in  a  stream. — v.i.  To  be  ejected  in 
a  rapid  stfeam;  to  spurt  or  spirt.  —  n.  An 
instrument  with  which  a  liquid  is  ejected 
in  a  stream ;  a  syringe ;  a  small  jet.  — 
Squirter,  skwfer'tfer,  n.    One  who  squirts. 

Stab,  stab,  v.t.— stabbed,  stabbing.  [Allied 
to  staff;  comp.  Gael.  «to6,  Ir.  stobaini,  to 
stab;  Gael,  and  Sc.  stob,  a  stake,  a  prickle; 
also  Goth,  stabs,  a  rod;  G.  stab,  a  staff.] 
.  To  pierce  or  wound  with  a  pointed  weapon; 
to  kill  by  a  pointed  weapon;  to  drive  in; 
to  pierce  in  a  figurative  sense;  to  inflict 
keen  or  severe  pain  on. — v.i.  To  aim  a  blow 
with  a  pointed  weapon;  to  be  extremely 
cutting.  —  n.  The  thrust  of  a  pointed 
weapon;  a  wound  with  a  sharp-pointed 
weapon;  keen,  poignant  pain.  —  Stabber, 
stab'6r,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which;  stabs. 

Stable,  sta'bl,  a.  [L.  stabilis,  from  sto,  to 
stand.  Stand.]  Firmly  established;  not 
to  be  easily  moved,  shaken,  or  overthrown; 
firmly  fixed  or  settled;  steady  in  purpose; 
firm  in  resolution;  not  fickle  or  wavering; 
abiding;  durable.  —  Stabilify,  sta-bil'i-n, 
v.t.  To  render  stable.— Stability,  Stable- 
ness,  sta-bil'i-ti,  sta'bl-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  stable  or  firm:  strength 
to  stand  without  being  moved  or  over- 
thrown; ste.adiness  or  firmness  of  char- 
acter.—Staljly,  sta'bli,  adv.  In  a  stable 
manner;  firmly;  fixedly;  steadily. 

Stable,  st&'bl,  n.  [L.  8tatrulwn,a,  standing- 
place,  a  stable,  from  sto,  to  stand.  Stablk, 
a.]  A  building  constructed  for  horses 
(rarely  beasts  generally)  to  lodge  and  feed 
in,  and  furnished  with  stalls  and  necessary 
equipments.  —  vJ.  —  stabled,  stabling.  To 
put  or  keep  in  a  stable.- y.i.  To  dwell  or 
lodge  ia  a  stable;  to  dwell,  as  beasts;  to 
kennel.  —  Stable-boy,  Stable-man,  n.  A 
boy  or  man  who  attends  at  a  stable.  — 
Stabler,  staT3l-6r,  n.  A  stable  keeper;  one 
,  who  stables  horses.  —  Stabling,  sta'bl-ing; 
n.  A  keeping  in  a  stable;  accommodation 
for  keeping  horses. 

Stablish,  stab'lish,  v.t.  [Establish.]  To 
settle  in  a  state  for  permanence;  to  estab- 
lish. 

Staccato,  stak-ka'to,  a.  [It., pp.  of staccare, 
to  separate.  3  Mus.  a  direction  to  per- 
form the  notes  of  a  passage  in  a  crisp, 
detached,  distinct,  or  pointed  manner. 

Stack,  stak,  n.  [Same  as  Icel.  stakk(r),  Sw. 
stack,  Dan.  stak,  a  stack,  a  pile  of  bay; 
akin  stake,  stick,  stock.]  Com  in  the  sheaJF, 
hay,  pease,  straw,  &c. ,  piled  up  in  a  regular 
form  for  keeping,  and  often  thatched;  a 
pile  of  wood  containing  108  cubic  feet; 
also,  a  pile  of  indefinite  quantity;  anumber 
of  funnels  or  chimneys  standing  together; 
a  single  tall  chimney;  the  funnel  of  a  loco- 
motive or  steam-vessel ;  a  high  rock  de- 
tached; a  columnar  rock  rising  out  of  the 
sea. — v.t.  To  pile  or  build  into  the  form  of 
a  stack;  to  make  into  a  large  pile. — Stack- 
stand,  n.  A  framework  on  which  to  build 
stacks  of  grain,  &c.,  to  keep  them  off  the 
ground.— Stack-yard,  n.  A  yard  for  stacks 
of  hay  or  grain. 

Stacte,  stai'ts,  n.  [Gr.  stakte,  from  stazO, 
to  drop.]  One  of  the  sweet  spices  which 
composed  the  holy  incense  of  the  ancient 
Jews. 

Staddle,  stada,  n.  [A.  Sax.  stathol,  stathel; 
akin  to  stead,  steady,  stand.]  A  stack- 
stand;  a.  tree  left  uncut  when  others  are 
cut  down. 

Stadium,  sta'di'-um,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  sta- 
dion.]  A  Greek  measure  equal  to  606  feet 
9  inches  English;  the  course  for  foot-races 
at  Olympia  and  elsewhere  in  Greece. 

Stadtholder,  stat'hol-der,  n.  [D.  sto,dhouder 

— stad,  a  city,  and  houder,  holder.]  For- 
merly, the  chief  magistrate  Of  the  United 
Provinces  of  Holland,  also  the  governor  or 
lieutenant-governor  of  a  province.— Stadt- 
holdership,  stat'hol-d6r-ship,  n.  The  oflSce 
of  a  stadtholder. 

Staff,  staf ,  n.  pi.  Staves,  Staffs,  stavz,  stafs, 
(in  last  two  senses  always  the  latter). 
[A.  Sax.  stcef,  a  staff;  D.  and  L.  O.  staf. 


Icel.  stafr,  Dan.  stav,  G.  stab,  a  staff;  same 
root  as  stab,  stem,  and  Skr.  stabh,  stambh, 
to  make  firm.]  A  stick  carried  in  the 
hand  for  support;  a  walking-stick;/;;,  that 
which  props  or  upholds;  a  support;  a  stick 
used  as  a  weapon;  a  straight  stick  used  as 
symbol  of  office ;  a  baton ;  a  rod  wiHi  a 
curved  head  belonging  to  a  bishop;  the 
long  handle  of  an  instrument  or  weapon; 
s^.irv.  a  graduated  stibk  used  in  levelling; 
naut.  a  light  pole  on  which  to  hoist  and 
display  the  colours ;  mus.  the  five  parallel 
lines,  and  the  four  spaces  between  them, 
on  which  notes  and  other  musical  char- 
acters are  placed;  viilit.  a  body  of  oflicers 
whose  duties  refer  to  an  army  or  regiment 
as  a  whole,  and  who  are  not  attached  to 
particular  subdivisions;  a  number  of  per- 
sons, considered  as  one  body,  assisting  in 
carrying  on  any  undertaking  (the  editorial 
staff  of  a  newspaper,  a  hospital  staff,  &c.). 
— Staff-officer,  n.  An  officer  upon  the  staff 
of  an  army  or  regiment.— Staff-sergeant, 
n.  A  sergeant  of  a  superior  class  on  the 
staff  of  a  regiment. 

Stag,  stag,  n.  [Same  as  O.E.  stag,  a  young 
horse,  a  cock-turkey;  Sc.  staig,  a  stallion; 
Icel.  sleggr,  a  male  animal ;  from  stem  of 
A.  Sax.  stigan,  Icel.  stiga,  G.  sleigen,  to 
mount;  lit.  the  mounter.  Stair.]  The 
male  red-deer,  or  a  generic  name  of  the 
red-deer;  the  male  of  the  hind;  a  hart: 
sometimes  applied  particularly  to  a  hart 
in  its  fifth  year;  commercial  slang,  an  out- 
side irregular  dealer  in  stocks,  not  a 
member  of  the  exchange. —Stag-beetle,  n. 
One  of  the-  largest  of  British  insects,  dis- 
tinguished by  the  enormous  size  of  the 
horny  and  toothed  mandibles  in  the  males. 
— Stag-evil,  n.  A  disease  in  horses;  tetanus 
or  lock-jaw.— Staggard.stag'ard,  n.  A  stag 
four  years  old.  —  Stag-hound,  ji.  A  large 
and  powerful  kind  of  hound  used  in  hun- 
ting deer. 

Stage,  staj,  n.  [O.Fr.  estage  (Fr.  itage),  from 
■  Hypothetical  L.  staticum,  from  sto,  statum, 
to  stand  (whence  state,  station,  &c.);]  A 
floor  or  platform  elevated  above  the  ^ound 
or  a  common  surface,  as  for  an  exhibition 
of  something  "to  public  view;  a  scaffold;  a 
staging;  the  raised  platform  or  floor  on 
which  theatrical  performances  are  ex- 
hibited; hence,  the  stage,  the  theatre,  the 
dramatic  profession,  the  drama;  the  scene 
of  any  noted  action  or  affair;  a  place 
of  rest  on  a  journey,  as  where  a  relay  of 
horses  is  taken ;  a  station ;  the  distance 
between  two  places  of  rest  on  a  road  (a 
stage  of  15  miles);  a  single  step  of  a  gradual 
process;  degree  of  advance  or  progression, 
m  increase  or  decrease,  in  rising  or  falling; 
a  coach  or  other  carriage  running  regu- 
larly from  one  place  to  another;  a  stage- 
coach; a  wooden  landing-place  at  a  quay 
or  pier;  a  landing  stage.— v.t.  To  put  upon 
the  theatrical  stage.  —  Stage-box,  n.  A 
box  in  a  theatre  close  to  the  stage.— Stage- 
coach, »i.  A  coach  that  runs  by  stages;  a 
coach  that  runs  regularly  between  two 
places  for  the  conveyance  of  passengers. 
—  Stage-coachman,  Stage-driver,  n.  A 
driver  of  a  stage-coach.-— Stage-direction, 
n.  An  instruction  to  the  performers  ac- 
companying the  text  of  a  play.  —  Stage- 
door,  n.  Q'he  door  giving  access  to  the 
stage  and  the  parts  behind  it  in  a  theatre. 
—Stage-effect,  n.  Theatrical  effect;  effect 
produced  artificially  and  designedly.  — 
Stage-manager,  n.  One  who  superintends 
the  production  and  perf ormj^nce  of  a  play, 
and  who  regulates  all  matters  behind  the 
scenes.  —  Stage-play,  n.  A  theatrical  en- 
tertainment; a  play  adapted  for  represen- 
tation on  the  stage.— Stage-player,  n.  An 
actor  on  the  stage.  —  Stager,  sta'j6r,  n. 
One  that  has  long  acted  on  the  stage' of 
life;  a  person  of  experience,  or  of  skill 
derived  from  long  experience.  —  Stage- 
stmck,  a.  Smitten  with  a  love  for  the 
stage ;  seized  by  a  passionate  desire  to 
become  an  actor.  —  Stage-wagon,  n.  A 
wagon  for  conveying  goods  and  passengei-s 
at  regularly  appointed  times.  —  Stage- 
whisper,  n.  A  loud  whisper,  as  by  an 
actor  in  a  theatre,  meant  to  be  heard  by 
those  to  whom  it  is  not  professedly  ad- 
dressed; an  aside.— Stagey,  sta'ji, «.  Per- 
taining to  the  stage;  theatrical,  in   a 


'u,  tar,  fat,  fftll;     mS,  met,  hdr;     piue,  pin;     Dote,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tub,  bull  ^     oil,  poaud:     ^,  Sc.  abtaie— the  Fr.  «. 


ilAGGAE-D 


659 


STAMilEE 


depreciatory  sense. —StagejrnesgjSta'ji-nes, 
n.  The  character  or  quality  of  being 
stagey;  theatricality.  —  Staging,  sta'jing, 
n.  A  temporary  structure  for  support,  as 
in  building;  scaffolding. 

Staggard.     Lfnder  Stag. 

Stagger,  stag'Sr,  v.i.  (.From  older  stoker,  to 
stagger,  from  root  of  stake;  comp.  to  atick 
fast  =  0.  IJ.  staggeren,  Sc.  stacker,  stacker, 
Icel.  atakra,  to  stagger.J  To  sway  help- 
lessly to  one  side  and  the  other  in  standing 
or  walking;  to  reel;  to  cease  to  stand  firm; 
to  hesitate ;  to  become  less  confident  or 
determined.— y.<.  To  cause  to  doubt  and 
■waver;  to  make  to  hesitate;  to  make  less 
confident;  to  strike  as  incredible;  to 
amaze. — n.  A  sudden  swing  or  reel  of  the 
body,  as  if  the  person  were  about  to  fall; 
pi.  a  disease  of  horses  and  cattle  at- 
tended with  reeling  or  giddiness.  —  Stag- 
geringly, stag'er-ing-li,  gdv.  In  a,  stagger- 
ing manner.  , 

Stagnate,  stag'nat,  vA. — stagnated,  stagna- 
ting, [li.  stagno,  stagnuiwn,  to  stagnate 
(whence  stanch),  from  stagnum,  standing 
water,  a  pool  (whence  stank,  tank).]  To 
cease  to  run  or  flow;  to  have  no  current,  as 
water;  to  become  impure  from  want  of 
current;  to  cease  to  be  brisk  or  active;  to 
become  dull,  quiet,  or  inactive  (as  trade). 
— Stagnancy,  stag'nan-si,  n.  The  state  of 
being  stagnant.  —  Stagnant,  stag'nant,  a. 
[L.  stagnans,  stagnantis,  ppr.  of  stagno.] 
Not  flowing;  not  running  in  a.  current  or 
stream;  standing;  hence,  impure  from 
want  of  motion;  inactive;  dull;  not  brisk 
(trade  is  stagnant).  —  Stagnantly,  stag'- 
nant-li,  adv.  In  a  stagnant  manner. — 
Stagnation,  stag-na'shon,ra.  The  condition 
of  being  stagnant;  the  state  of  being  with- 
out flow  or  circulation;  the  state  of  being 
very  dull  or  inactive  (as  trade). 

Staid,  stad,  a.  [From  stay,  to  stop,  to 
steady.]  Sober;  grave;  steady;  sedate;  not 
volatile,  flighty^  or  fanciful.  —  Staidly, 
stad'li,  adv.  In  a  staid  manner;  sedately; 
soberly.— Staidness,  stad'nes,  n.  Gravity; 
sobriety;  sedateness. 

Staid,  stad,  pret.  and  pp.  of  stay. 

Stain,  Stan,  v.t.  [An  abbrev.  of  distain 
(which  see);  comp.  sport,  from  disport. 
TiNGE.l  To  discolour  by  the  application 
of  foreign  matter;  to  make  foul;  to  spot; 
to  colour,  as  wood,  glass,  &c.,  by  a  chemi- 
cal or  other  process;  to  tinge  with  colours; 
to  impress  with  figures  or  patterns  in 
colours  different  from  the  ground  (to  stain 
paper  for  hangings);  to  soil  or  sully  with 
guilt  or  infamy;  to  tarnish;  to  bring  re- 
proach on. — v.i.  To  take  stains;  to  become 
stained  or  soiled;  to  grow  dim. — n.  A  spot; 
discoloration  from  foreign  matter;  taint 
of  guilt  or  evil;  blot;  blemish;  disgrace; 
reproach;  shame.— Stained,  stand,  p.  and 
a.  Having  a,  stain  or  stains;  discoloured: 
tarnished;  produced  by  staining.— Stoiried 
glass,  glass  painted  with  metallic  oxides 
or  chlorides  ground  up  with  proper  fluxes, 
and  fused  into  'its  surface  at  a  moderate 
heat.— Stainer,  sta'ner,  n.  One  who  stains; 
a  workman  engaged  m  staining  (paper- 
staiiwr).— Stainless,  stfin'les,  a.  Free  from 
stains  or  spots ;  free  from  the  reproach  of 
guilt;  unblemished;  immaculate.— Stain- 
lessly, stan'les-li,  adv.  In  a  stainless 
manner. 

Stair,  star,  n.  [Lit.  that  by  which  a  person 
mounts;  A.  Sax.  staeger,  from  sllgan,  Icel. 
stiga,  G.  steigen,  to  mount,  to  climb,  whence 
also  stag,  stile  (on  a  fence),  and  the  first 
part  of  stirrup.]  A  succession  of  steps 
rising  one  above  the  other  arranged  as  a 
way  between  two  points  at  different 
heights  in  a  building,  &c.:  used  often  in 
plural  in  same  sense,  while  the  singular  is 
also  employed  to  mean  a  single  step. — 
Pair  of  stairs,  a  set  or  flight  of  steps  or 
stairs;  more  properly  perhaps  two  flights. 
— Flight  of  stairs,  a  succession  of  steps  in 
a  continuous  line  or  from  one  landing  to 
another. — Down  stairs,  below  stairs,  in  the 
baseinent  or  lower  part  of  a  house. —  Up 
stairs,  in  the  upper  part  of  a  house.— 
Stair-carpet,  n.  A  carpet  for  covering 
stairs.  —  Staircase,  star'kas,  n.  The  pare 
of  a  building  which  contains  the  stairs.— 
Stair-foot,  n.  The  bottom  of  a  stair.— 
Stair-head,  n.     The  top  of  a  staircase.— 


Stair-rod,  n.  A  metallic  rod  for  holding 
a  stair-carpet  to  its  place. 
Staith,  stath,  n.  [A.  Sax.  stceth,  a  shore, 
bank,  a  landing  place;  Icel.  stOth;  from 
root  of  stead,  stand.]  A  landing  place;  an 
elevated  wharf  for  shipping  coal,  &e. 
Stake,  stak,  n.  [A.  Say.  staca,  a  stake= 
li.G.  stake,  D.  staak,  Dan.  stage;  from  the 
root  of  stick,  stock.]  A  piece  of  wood  shar- 
pened at  one  end  and  set  in  the  ground,  or 
prepared  for  setting,  as  a  support  to  some- 
thing, as  part  of  a  fence,  &c.;  the  post  to 
which  one  condemned  to  die  by  fire  was 
fastened  (to  sufter  at  tlie  stake);  that  which 
is  pledged  or  wagered;  that  which  is  laid 
down  to  abide  the  issue  of  a  contest,  to, 
be  gained  by  victory  or  lost  by  defeat; 
something  hazarded;  the  state  of  being 
pledged  or  put  at  hazard:  preceded  by  at 
(his  honour  is  at  stake).  —  v.t.  —  staked, 
staking.  To  set  and  plant  like  a  stake;  to 
fasten,  support,  or  defend  with  stakes;  to 
mark  the  limits  of  by  stakes:  with  out  (to 
stake  out  hvnd);  to  pledge;  to  lay  down  as 
stake;  to  hazard  upon  the  issue  of  a  com- 
petition, or  upon  a  future  contingency. — 
Stake-holder,  n..  One  who  holds  stakes,  or 
with  whom  the  bets  are  deposited  when  a 
wager  is  laid.— Stake-net,  ji.  A  net  for 
catching  salmon,  stretched  Vpon  stakes 
fixed  into  the  ground  in  rivers  or  firths, 
where  the  sea  ebbs  and  flows. 
Stalactite,  sta-lak'tit,  n:  [From  Gr.  stalak- 
tos,  trickling  or  dropping,  from  stalassO  or 
stalazo,  to  let  fall  drop  by  drop.]  A  mass 
of  calcareous  matter,  usually  in  a  conical 
or  cylindrical  form ,  pendent  from  the  roofs 
of  caverns,  and  produced  by  the  filtra- 
tion of  water  containing  ])article8  of 
carbonate  of  lime  through  fissures  and 
"pores  of  rocks.  —  Stalactic,  StalacticaJ, 
Stalactitic,  Stalactitical,  sta-lak'tik,  sta- 
lak'ti-kal,  sta-lak-tit'ik,  sta-lak-tit'i-kal, 
o.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  charac- 
ter of  stalactite;  resembling  a  stalactite; 
containing  stalactites.  —  Stalactiform, 
Stalactitiform,  sta-lak'ti-form,  sta-lak- 
tit'i-formj  a.  Having  the  form  of  a  sta- 
lactite ;  like  stalactite ;  stalactical. — Sta- 
lagmite, sta-lag'mit,  n.  [Gr.  stoAagmos, 
a  dropping,  from  stalazO,  to  drop.]  A  de- 
posit of  stalactitic  matter  on  the  floor  of 
a  cavern,  sometimes  rising  into  columns, 
which  meet  and  blend  with  the  stalactites 
above.  —  Stalagmitic,  Stalagmitical,  sta- 
lag-mit'ik,  sta-lag-mit'i-kal,  «.  Relating 
to  or  liaving  the  form  of  stalagmite. — 
Stalagmitically,  sta-lag-mit'i-kal-li,  adv. 
In  the  form  or  manner  of  a  stalagmite. 
Stale,  stal^a.  [Akin  to  stall,  the  meaning 
being  from  standing  long;  comp.  O.D. 
stel,  that  remains  standing,  quiet,  ancient. 
Stall.]  Vapid  or  tasteless  from  age ; 
having  lost  its  life,  spirit,  and  flavour  from 
being  long  kept;  not  new;  not  freshly 
maxle  (stale  bread);  out  of  regard  from  use 
or  long  familiarity;  trite;  common;  musty. 
— v.t. — staled,  staling.  To  make  vapid,  use- 
less, cheap,  or  worthless;  to  wear  out. — 
Stalely,  stal'H,  adv.  In  a  stale  manner. — 
Stale-mate,  n.  Chess-playing,  the  position 
of  the  king  when  so  situated  that,  though 
not  in  check,  he  catmot  move  without 
being  placed  in  check,  there  being  no 
other  available  move:  in  this  case  the  game 
is  drawn. — v.t.  To  subject  to  a  stale-mate 
in  chess;  hence,  to  perplex  completely; 
to  nonplus.  —  Staleness,  stal'nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  stale. 

Stale,  stal,  v.i.  [Same  as  D.  and  G.  stallen, 
Dan.  stalle,  Sw.  stalla,  to  make  water,  from 
G.  stall,  A.  Sax.  stail,  a  stable.  Stall.] 
To  make  water;  to  discharge  urine,  as 
horses  and  cattle.— n.  Urine  of  horses  and 
cattle. 

Stale,  stal,  n.  [A.  Sax.  stel=li.G.  and  D. 
steel,^  G.  stiel,  a  stalk,  stock,  handle.]  A 
long  handle,  as  of  a  rake. 
Stalk,  stak,  n.  [Same  as  Dan.  stilk,  Icel. 
stilkr,  a  stalk.  Stall.]  The  stem  or  main 
axis  of  a  plant;  the  pedicel  of  a  flower, 
or  the  peduncle  that  supports  the  fructi- 
fication of  a  plant;  anything  resembling 
a  stalk.  —  Stalked,  stakt,  a.  Having  a 
stalk  or  stem.— Stalk-eyed,  a.  Zool.  ap- 
plied to  Crustacea  such  as  the  lobster, 
shrimp,  and  crab,  which  have  the  eyes  set 
at  the  end  of  foot-stalks.— Stalkless,  stak'- 


les,  a.  Having  no  stalk.- Stalklet,  stak'- 
let,  n.  Bot.  a  secondary  petiole;  the  stalk 
of  a  leaflet.— Stalky,  stak'i,  a.  BesembUng 
a  stalk. 

Stalk,  stak,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  stcelcan,  to  go 
softly  or  warily;  Dan.  stalke,  to  stalk.  |  To 
walk  softly  or  in  a  stealthy  manner;  to 
walk  behind  a  stalking-horse;  to  pursue 
game  by  approaching  softly  and  warily 
behind  a  cover;  to  walk  in  a  lofty  or  dig- 
nified manner;  to  pace  slowly. — v.t.  Spor- 
ting, to  pursue  stealthily;  to  watch  and 
follow  warily  for  the  purpose  of  killing. — 
n.  A  high,  proud,  stately  step  or  walk.— 
Stalker,  sta'ker,  n.  One  who  stalks;  a  kind 
of  fishing  -  net.  —  Stalking,  sta'king,  n. 
Sporting,  the  act  of  approaching  game 
softly  and  warily,  taking  advantage  of  the 
inequalities  of  the  ground,  &c. — Stalking- 
horse,  n.  A  horse  behind  which  a  fowler 
conceals  himself  from  the  sight  of  the 
game;  fig.  anything  thrust  forward  to  con- 
ceal a  more  important  object;  a  mask,  a 
pretence. 

Stall,  stal,  n.  [A.  Sax.  steall,  steel,  place, 
stall,  stable;  Icel.  stallr,  D.  stal,  G.  stall, 
Dan.  «<aW,  a  stall,  a  stable,  &c.;  akin  stale, 
a.  and  v.,  stalwart,  stalk, n.,&c.;  same  root 
as  in  stand.]  The  place  where  a  horse  or 
an  ox  is  kept  and  fed;  the  division  or  com- 
partment of  a  stable  or  cow-house  for  one 
horse  or  ox;  a  bench  or  kind  of  table  in  the 
open  air  On  which  anything  is  exposed'  to 
sale;  a  small  house  or  shed  in  which  mer- 
chandise is.exposed  for  sale  or  an  occupa- 
tion cjirried  on  (a  butcher's  stall);  a  fixed 
seat  in  the  choir  or  chancel  of  a  cathedral, 
church,  &.C.,  and  mostly  appropriated  to 
some  dignitary;  a  hign-class  seat  in  a 
theatre;  raining,  an  opening  made  be- 
tween pillars  in  the  direction  that  the 
work  is  progressing  or  transversely .-^w.f. 
To  put  into  a  stall  or  stable;  to  keep  in  a 
stall;  to  plunge  into  mire,  so  as  not  to  be 
able  to  proceed  (to  stall  horses  or  a  car- 
riage).— v.i.  To  live  as  in  a  stall;  to  dwell. 
— Stall-feed,  v.t.  To  fatten  in  a  stall  or 
stable  (to  stall-feed  an  ox).— Stalling,  stal'- 
ing,  »i.  Stabling  (Teim.). 
Stallion,  stal'yun,  n.  [O.E.  stalon,  O.Fr. 
estalon  (Fr.  etalon),  a  stallion;  from  O.H.G. 
stal,  E.  stall;  lit.  the  horse  kept  in  the 
stall.]  A  horse  not  castrated;  an  entire 
horse. 

Stalwart,  Stalworth,  stal'wfert,  stal'w6rth, 
a.  [O.E.  stalword,  stallworth,  from  A.  Sax. 
stcehveorlh,  lit.  worthy  of  place,  from  sPel, 
stall,  place.  Stall.]  Brave;  bold;  re- 
doubted: daring;  tall  and  strong;  large  and 
strong  in  frame.  —  Stalwartness,  Stal- 
worthness,  stal'wfert-nes,  stal'werth-nes, 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  stalwart. 
Stamen,  sta'men,  n.  pi.  Stamens,  sta'menz, 
or  Stamina,  stam'i-na.  [Ii.  stamen,  pi. 
stamina,  the  warp  of  a  web,  a  thread,  the 
fibre  of  wood;  from  root  sta,  to  stand.  |  Bot. 
the  male  organ  of  fructification  i  s  plants, 
situated  immediately  within  the  petals, 
and  composed  in  most  cases  of  three  parts, 
the  filament,  the  anther,  and  the  pollen, 
of  which  the  two  latter  are  essential,  the 
other  not ;  pi.  stamina,  whatever  consti- 
tutes the  principal  strength  or  support  of 
anything;  power  of  endurance;  staying 
power ;  long  lasting  strength  or  vigour. — 
Stamened,  sta'mend,  a.  Furnished  with 
stamens.— Stamlnal,  stam'i-nal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  stamens  or  stamina;  consisting 
in  stamens  or  stamina. — Staminate,  Stam- 
inated,  stam'i-nat,  stam'i-na-ted,  a.  Fur- 
nished with  stamens. — Stamineal,  Stami- 
neous,  sta-min'e-al,  sta-min'e-us,  a.  ID. 
stamineus.]  Consisting  of  stamens;  pos- 
sessing stamens;  pertaining  to  the  stamen. 
— Staminiferous,  sta-mi-nif'er-us,  a.  Bear- 
ing or  having  stamens. 
Stammer,  stam'6r,  v.i.  [A  freq.  form  from 
a  root  stam;  A.  Sax.  stamor,  stainer,  Icel. 
stamr,  stammr,  stammering,  speaking 
with  difficulty;  L.G.  stammern,  I),  stam- 
eren,  stamelen,  G.  stammeln,  Icel.  stamma, 
to  stammer;  allied  to  strimhle.]  To  make 
involuntary  breaks  or  pauses  in  speaking; 
to  hesitate  or  falter  in  speaking;  to  speak 
with  stops  and  difficulty;  to  stutter. — v.t. 
To  utter  with  hesitation  or  imperfectly: 
frequently  with  ont.—n.  Defective  utter- 
ance; a  stutter.— Stammerer,  stam'^r  c  ■, 


iih,  chain;     ch,  Sc.  locA;     g,  go;     j,  joh;     u,  Fr.  to?»;     ng,  mig;     ih,  then;  th,  titin;     w,  wig;    wh,  wftig;    zh,  a«ure, 


STAilP 


660 


STAPLE 


n.  One  that  stammers.  —  Stammering, 
stam'er-iug,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  stam- 
mers; defective  articulation. — a.  Cha«ic- 
terized  by  a  stammer;  stuttering. — Stam- 
meringly,  stam'er-iug-li,  adu.  AVith  stam- 
mering. 

Stamp,  stamp,  v.t.  [Same  as  Icel.  siampa, 
Dan.  stampe,  1).  stanipen,  G.  stampfen,  to 
stamp,  nasalized  forms  oorrespoiiding  to 
Icel.  xtappa,  1).  stappen,  G.  stup/en,  to 
st-ep ;  akin  step.'i  To  strike  or  press  for- 
cibly by  thrusting  the  foot  downward;  to 
impress  with  some  mark  or  figure;  to  mark 
with  an  impression;  to  imprint;  to  fix 
deeply;  to  coin  or  mint;  to  afiix  a  stamp 
(as  a  postage  or  receipt  stamp)  to;  to  cut 
out  with  a  stamp;  to  crush  by  the  down- 
ward action  of  a  kiild  of  pestle,  as  ore  in 
a  stamping-mill. — To  stamp  out,  to  extin- 
guish, as  fire,  by  stamping  on  with  the 
foot;  hence,  to  extirpate ;  to  eradicate;  to 
suppress  at  once  by  strong  measures. — v.i. 
To  strike  the  foot  forcibly  d(yvnward.;-7i. 
The  act  of  stamping;  an  instrument  for 
making  impressions  on  other  bodies;  a 
mark  imprinted;  an  official  mark  set  upon 
things  chargeable  with  some  duty  or  tax 
showing  that  the  duty  is  paid:  often  used 
as  a  means  of  raising  revenue;  a  small 
piece  of  stamped  paper  used  by  govern- 
ment; a  postage-stamp;  an  instrument  for 
cutting  materials  (as  paper,  leather,  &c.) 
into  various  forms  by  a  do^vnward  pres- 
sure; general  character  fixed  on  anything 
(bears  the  stamp  of  genius);  sort  or  char- 
acter (a  man  of  the  same  stamp);  orietal.  a 
kind  of  hammer  for  crushing  or  beating 
ores  to  powder.— Stamp-act,  n.  An  act  for 
regulating  the  imposition  of  stamp-duties. 
— Stamp  -  collector,  n.  A  collector  or  re- 
ceiver of  stamp-duties;  one  who  collects 
rare  or  foreign  stamps. — Stamp-distribu- 
tor, n.  An  official  who  issues  government 
stamps. — Stamp-duty,  n.  A  tax  or  duty 
imposed  by  governments  on  many  species 
of  legal  instruments.— Stamper,  stam'pfer, 
n.  One  who  stamps.— Stamping-machine, 
n.  A  machine  for  forming  articles  or  im- 
pressions by  stamping.— Stamping-mill,  n. 
An  engine  by  which  ores  are  pounded  by 
means  of  a  stamp.— Stamp-office,  n.  An 
office  where  goremment  stamps  are  issued, 
and  stamp-duties  are  received. 

Stampede,  stam-p5d',  n.  [Amer.  Sp.  esian*- 
pida,  a  stampede;  akin  to  stam,p.]  A  sud- 
den fright  seizing  upon  large  bodies  of 
cattle  or  horses,  on  the  prairie^,  and  caus- 
ing them  to  run  for  long  distances. — v.i. 
— stampeded,  stampeding.  To  take  sudden 
flight,  as  if  under  the  influence  of  panic 
terror.  —  v.t.  To  cause  to  break  oflf  in  a 
stampede.- 

Stanch,  stansh,  v.t.  [O.Pr.  eataiicher  (Fr. 
etancher),  to  stanch,  from  L.L.  stancare, 
for  L.  stagna.re,  to  make  or  be  stagnant. 
Stagnate.  ]  To  prevent  the  flow  of,  as  of 
blood ;  to  stop  the  flow  of  blood  from ;  to 
dry  up. — v.i.  To  stop,  as  blood;  to  cease  to 
flow. —a.  [Lit.  made  water-tight,  and,  as 
applied  to  a  ship,  not  leaky.]  Strong  and 
tight ;  sound ;  firm  in  principle ;  steady ; 
hearty;  loyal  (a  stanch  republican,  a  stanch 
friend). — Stancher,stansh'6r,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  stanches. — Stanchless,  stansh'- 
les,  a.  Incapable  of  being  stanched;  insati- 
able.— Stanchly,stansh'lj ,  adv.  In  a  stanch 
manner.— Stanchness,  stiinsh'nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  stanch ;  strong- 
ness  and  soundness;  firmness  in  principle. 
Also  written  Staunch,  Staunchness,  &c. 

Stanchion,  stan'shon,  n.  [O.Fr.  eatanson, 
estanfon,  from  estance,  a  support,  from 
L.L.  stantia,  from  L.  sto,  to  stand.  Stand.I 
A  prop  or  support;  a  post  or  beam  used 
for  a  support ;  an  upright  post  or  beam  of 
different  forms  in  ships. 

Stand,  stand,  t'.i.— pret.and  pp.  stood  (stod). 
[A.  &3.:i.  standan,  to  stand,  pret.siidd,  pp. 
standen  =  Icel.  standa,  O.H.G.  standan, 
Goth,  slandan,  D.  staan,  G.  stehen;  from 
root  seen  al.so  in  L.  sto,  Gr.  {hi)stanai,  Skr. 
aih&;  from  same  root  are  stead,  stall,  still, 
stool,  &c.,  and  through  the  French  and 
Latin  come  stage,  state,  staMon,  stable,  &c.] 
To  be  stationary  or  at  rest  in  an  upright 
position ;  fobs  set  upright ;  to  be  on  end ; 
to  be  as  regards  position  or  situation;  to 
have  its  site  or  locality;  to  cease  from  pro- 


gress ;  to  come  to  a  state  of  rest ;  to  stop ; 
to  pause ;  to  halt ;  to  continue  or  remain 
without  injury;  to  la.st;  to  endure;  to 
maintain  one's  ground  or  position ;  to 
maintain  a  fixed  or  steady  attitude;  to 
persevere;  to  persist;  to  insist;  to  be  placed 
as  regards  rauk  or  order  (a  stands  first);  to 
be  in  a  particular  state  or  condition;  to  be 
(how  «tands  the  matter?);  to  be  in  the  stead 
or  place ;  to  be  equivalent  (v  stands  for  5); 
to  become  a  candidate ;  to  hold  a  certain 
course,  as  a  ship ;  to  be  directed  towards 
any  local  point;  to  measure  from  feet  to 
head,  or  from  bottom  to  top;  to  stagnate; 
to  be  valid;  to  have  efficacy.— (JVofe.  Stand 
with  many  adverbs  receives  the  sense  of 
motion  as  previous  to  coming  to  rest,  and 
becomes  equivalent  to  to  step,  go,  come ; 
as,  to  stand  aloof,  to  statid  apart,  to  stand 
aside,  to  stand  back,  to  stand  forth,  &c.] 
— To  stand  against,  to  resist;  to  oppose. — 
To  stand  by  (with  by  the  adverb),  to  be 
present ;  to  be  near ;  to  be  placed  or  left 
aside;  (with  by  the  preposition)  to  support; 
to  defend;  to  assist;  not  to  desert.  —  To 
standfast,  to  be  fixed;  to  be  unshaken. — 
2'o  stand  for,  to  espouse  the  cause  of ;  to 
represent;  to  take  the  place  of;  to  offer 
one's  self  as  a  candidate ;  natU.  to  direct 
the  course  towards. — To  stand  from  (naut. ), 
to  direct  the  course  from. — To  stand  in,  or 
stand  in  for  {naut),  to  direct  a  course  to- 
ward land  or  a  harbour.— To  stand  of,  to 
keep  at  a  distance.— To  stand  off  and  oil 
inaiU.),  to  sail  toward  land  atid  then  from 
it.  —  To  stand  or  stand  in  (with  personal 
objects,  the  person  being  really  in  the 
dative),  to  cost  (that  coat  stood  him  four 
pounds  or  in  four  pounds).— To  stand  oiU, 
to  project;  to  be  prominent ;  to  persist  in 
opposition  or  resistance.- To  stand  to,  to 
apply  one's  self  to ;  to  remain  fixed  in  (a 
purpose  or  opinion);  to  abide  bj';  to  adhere, 
as  to  a  contract,  &c.;  to  be  consistent  or 
tally  with  (it  stands  to  reason). — To  stand 
vp,'to  rise  to  one's  feet ;  to  rise  to  make  a 
claim  or  a  declaration ;  to  rise  in  opposi- 
tion; to  rise  and  stand  on  end  (as  one's 
hair). — To  stand  vp  against,  to  place  one's 
self  in  opposition  to;  to  resist. — To  stand 
vp  for,  to  rise  in  defence  of.  —  To  stand 
upon,  to  set  value  on ;  to  insist  on ;  to  at- 
tach a  high  value  to ;  to  be  a  stickler  for 
(to  stand  upon  ceremony).— To  stand  with, 
to  be  consistent. — v.t.  To  place  on  end;  to 
endure ;  to  sustain ;  to  bear ;  to  await ;  to 
tmdergo.  —  To  stand  it,  to  be  able  to  en- 
dure or  bear  something.— To  stand  one's 
.  groxind,  to  keep  the  ground  or  station  one 
has  taken ;  to  maintain  one's  position. — 
To  stand  fire,  to  remain  while  being  shot 
at  by  an  enemy  without  giving  way.— To 
stand  trial,  to  sustain  the  trial  or  exami- 
nation of  a  cause. — n.  A  cessation  of  pro- 
gress, motion,  or  activity;  a  stop ;  a  halt ; 
a  point  or  condition  beyond  which  no  fur- 
ther progress  is  made;  a  state  of  hesita- 
tion or  perplexity;  a  place  or  post  where 
one  stands;  a  station;  a  halt  made  for  the 
purpose  of  resisting  an  attack;  a  small 
table  or  frame,  on  or  in  which  articles 
may  be  put  for  support  ( an  umbrella 
stand),  or  on  which  goods  may  be  exposed 
for  sale  (a  fruit  stand);  a  place  in  a  town 
where  carriages,  cabs,  &c.,  stand  ready  for 
hire;  an  erection  or  raised  platform  for 
spectators  at  open-air  gatherings'.- 6'tand 
of  arms,  a  musket  or  rifle  with  its  usual 
appendages,  as  a  bayonet,  cartridge-box, 
&c.— Stander,  stan'dfer,  n.  One  who  stands. 
— Stander-by,  n.  One  that  stands  near-,,  a 
by-stander.— Stander-up,  ?».  One  who  takes 
a  side.  —  Standing,  stan'ding,  p.  and  a. 
Permanent ;  not  temporary ;  lasting ;  not 
transitory;  stagnant;  not  flowing;  fixed; 
not  movable;  remaining  erect;  not  cut 
down. — Standing  orders,  regulations  made 
by  a  deliberative  assembly  respecting  the 
manner  in  which  business  shall  be  con- 
ducted in  it.— Standing  rigging,  the  ropes 
which  sustain  the  masts  and  remain  fixed 
in  their  position,  as  the  shrouds  and  stays. 
— n.  The  act  of  one  who  stands;  duration 
of  existence  (a  custom  of  long  standing); 
station;  place  to  stand  in;  power  to  stand; 
condition  in  society;  relative  position; 
rank;  reputation.— Standish,  staii'di°h,  n. 
[Staiid  and  dish.]    A  case  for  iien  and  ink. 


— Stand-point,  n.  A  fixed  point  or  station; 
a  basis  or  fundamental  principle ;  a  posi- 
tion or  jioint  of  view  from  which  a  matter 
is  considered. — Stand-still,  n.  A  standing 
at  rest;  a  stop.— Stand-up,  a.  Applied  to  a 
fight  where  the  combatants  stand  up  man- 
fully to  each  other. 

Standard,  stan'dard,  n.  [From  O.Fr.  estan- 
dart,  estendajTt  (Fr.  itendard),  from  the 
Teutonic  verb  to  stand  with  suffix  -ard.]  A 
flag  or  ensign  set  up  and  round  which  men 
rally,  or  under  which  they  unite  for  a  com  • 
mon  purpose ;  a  flag  or  carved  symbolical 
figure,  &c.,  erected  on  a  long  pole  or  staff"; 
a  banner;  that  which  is  established  by 
competent  authority  as  a  rule  or  measure 
of  quantity;  a  measure  or  weight  by  which 
others  are  to  be  regulated  and  adjusted ; 
that  which  is  established  as  a  rule  or 
model  by  public  opinion,  custom,  or  gen- 
eral consent;  that  which  serves  as  a  test 
or  measure  (a  standard  of  morality,  or  of 
taste);  hoi-t.  a  tree  or  shrub  which  stands 
singly,  without  being  attached  to  any 
wall  or  support;  shijy-btdlding,  an  inverted 
knee  placed  upon  the  deck  instead  of  be- 
neath it;  bot.  the  upper  petal  or  banner  of 
a  papilionaceous  corolla;  carp,  any  up- 
right in  a  framing. — a.  Serving  as  a  stan- 
dard; capable  of  satisfying  certain  condi- 
tions fixed  by  competent  authority;  fixed; 
settled;  hort.  not  trained  on  a  wall,  &c.; 
standing  by  itself.— Standard-hearer,  n. 
One  who  bears  a  standard. 

Stang,  stang,  'n.  [Same  as  D.  stang,  G. 
stange.  Dan.  stang,  Icel.  stung,  bar,  beam, 
pole;  from  root  of  sting,  stick.]  A  long 
bar;  a  pole;  a  shaft.— To  ride  the  stang,  to 
be  carried  on  a  pole  in  derision,  a  punish- 
ment inflicted  in  former  times  on  wife  or 
husband  beaters  and  others. 

Stanhope,  stan'hop,  n.  A  light  two-wheeled 
carriage  without  a  top:  so  called  from  the 
gentleman  Stanhope,  for  whom  it  was  con- 
trived. 

Stank,  stangk,  n.  [O.Fr.  estang,  Pr.  estanc, 
from  L.  stagnum,  a  pool.  Stagnate.]  A 
nool;  a  pond;  a  ditch. 

Stank,  stangk,  old  pret.  of  stinJc. 

Stannary,  stan'a-ri,  a.  [From  L.  sMnnum, 
tin.]  Belatmg  to  the  tin-works.  —Stan- 
nary courts,  courts  in  Devonshire  and 
Cornwall  for  the  administration  of  jus- 
tice among  those  connected  with  the  tin- 
mines.— n.  A  tin-mine;  tin-works. — Stan- 
nate,  stan'at,  n.  A  salt  of  stannic  acid. — 
Stannic,  stan'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  tin ; 
procured  from  tin  {stannic  acid).  —  Stan- 
niferous, stan-if'<5r-us,  a.  Containing  or 
affording  till.— Stannotype,  stan'o-tip,  n. 
Photog.  a  picture  taken  on  a  tin-plate.— 
Stannous,  stan'us,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
containing  tin. 

Stanza,  stan'za,  n.  [It.  staiua,  a  stanza, 
abode,  stop,  &c.,  from  L.  stans,  stantis,  ppr. 
of  sto,  to  stand.  State.]  A  number  of  lines 
of  poetry  connected  with  each  other,  and 
properly  ending  in  a  full  point  or  pause ; 
a  part  of  a  poem  containing  every  varia- 
tion of  measure  in  that  poem,  and  succes- 
sively repeated.  —  Stanzalc,  stan-za'ik,  a. 
Consisting  of  or  relating  to  stanzas ;  ar- 
ranged as  a  stanza. 

Stapelia,  sta-pe'li-a,  n.  [^Vfter  Stapel,  a 
Dutch  botanist.]  A  genus  of  fleshy  Afri- 
can plants  with  beautiful  flowers,  many 
of  which  have  the  odour  of  rotten  flesh. 

Stapes,  sta'pC'Z,  ti.  (L.,  a  stirrup.]  Anat. 
the  innermost  of  the  small  bones  of  the 
ear,  so  called  from  its  forin. 

Staphyline,  staf'i-lin,  a.  [Gr.  staphyle,  a 
bunch  of  grapes,]  Mineral,  having  the 
form  of  a  bunch  of  grapes;  botryoidal. 

Staphyloplasty,  staf'il-o-plas-ti,  n.  [Gr. 
staphyle,  the  uvula,  and  plassO,  to  form.] 
Surg,  the  operation  for  replacing  the  soft 
palate  when  it  has  been  lost.  —  Staphylo- 
plastic  staf'il-o-pla8"tik,  a.  Relating  to 
staphyloplasty.  —  Staphyloraphy,  staf-i- 
lor'a-fi,  n.  [Gr.  staphyle,  and  raphe,  a  su- 
ture.] Surg,  the  operation  of  uniting  a 
cleft  palate.— Staphylotome,  staf'il-o-tom, 
n.  Surg,  a  knife  for  operating  upon  the 
uvula  or  palate.  —  Staphylotomy,  staf-i- 
lot'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  stajphyU,  and  iome,  a  cut- 
ting.]   Svrg.  amputation  of  the  uvula. 

Staple,  Bta'pl,  n.  [Same  as  D.  and  G.  stapel, 
a  post,  prop,  stock."^,  heap,  emporium;  so 


fiir.latfall;     ise, member;     pine, pin;     note, not, move;     ^Uhe,  tab, bv^;     oil, pound;     u,  SOi  abtm^tbe Ff.K, 


STAPLE 


661 


STATE 


nlso  Sw.  stapel,  Dan.  sidbel;  same  root  as 
that  of  stamp  a,nd  sUp.]  According  to  old 
usage,  a  settled  mart  or  market;  an  em- 
porium; a  town  where  certain  commooiiies 
were  chiefly  taken  for  sale;  hence,  the  pnji- 
cipal  commodity  grown  or  manufactured 
in  a  country,  district,  or  town;  the  prin- 
cipal element  of  or  ingredient  in  anything; 
the  chief  constituent;  the  material,  or  sub- 
stance of  anything;  raw  or  unmanufac- 
tured material;  the  thread  or  pile  of  wool, 
cotton,  or  flax  (wool  of  a  long  or  coarse 
staple).— a.  Pertaining  to  or  being  a  mart 
or  staple  for  commodities;  mainly  occupy- 
ing commercial  enterprise;  established  in 
commerce  (a,  staple  trade);  chief;  princi- 
pal; regularly  produced  or  made  for  mar- 
ket.—u.<.— stapled!,  stapling.  To  sort  or 
adjust  the  different  staples  of,  as  ■wool.— 
Stapler,  sta'pl-6r,  n.  A  dealer  in  staple 
commodities;. one  employed  in  assorting 
wool  according  to  its  staple. 

Staple,  sta'pl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  stapel,  a  prop, 
trestle;  really  same  as  above  word.]  A  loop 
of  iron  formed  with  two  points  to  be  driven 
into  wood  to  hold  a  hook,  pin,  bolt,  &c. 

8tar,  star,  n.  [A.  Sax.  steorra,  Sc.  stam, 
Icel.  stjarna,  Goth,  stairno,  D.  ster,  O.D. 
Sterne,  G.  stern;  cog.  L.  stella,  (for  sterula), 
also  astrum,  Gr.  aster,  Armor,  stertn,  Skr. 
tdril  (for  sl&rO,};  from  root  of  E.  strew,  Skr. 
stri,  to  strew,  from  scattering  light.]  Any 
celestial  body  except  the  sun  and  moon; 
more  strictly,  one  of  those  self-shining 
bodies  constituted  like  the  sun,  situated 
at  immense  distances  frpm  us,  and  doubt- 
less, like  our  sun,  the  centres  of  systems 
similar  to  our  own,  distinctively  called 
fixed  stars  (as  different  from  planets);  one 
of  the  planets  in  astrology,  supposed  to 
have  influence  over  a  person's  life,  hence, 
'You  may  thank  your  stars;'  that  which 
resembles  a  star;  a  figure  with  points  radi- 
ating like  the  spokes  of  a  wheel;  an  orna- 
mental figure  rayed  like  a  star  worp  upon 
the  breast  to  indicate  rank  or  honour;  a 
radiated  mark  in  writing  or  printing;  an 
asterisk,  thus,  * :  nsed  as  a  reference  to  a 
note  in  the  margin  or  to  fill  a  blank  in 
writing  or  printing  where  letters  or  words 
are  omitted;  a  person  of  brilliant  quali- 
ties; a  brilliant  theatrical  or  operatic  per- 
former. —  v.t.  —  stai'red,  starring.  To  set 
or  adorn  with  stars;  to  bespangle.  —  v.i. 
To  shine  as  a  star;  to  appear  as  an  actor 
in  a  provincial  theatre  among  irtferior 
players.— Star-anise,  n.  A  Chinese  plant, 
the  fruit  of  which  is  used  as  a  condi- 
ment in  the  East. — Star -apple,  n.  A 
West  Indian  fruit  somewhat  resembling 
an  apple.  —  Star-chamber,  n.  [So  called 
because  the  roof  was  ornamented  with 
stars.]  A  former  English  court  of  civil 
and  criminal  jurisdiction  which  inflicted 
often  arbitrary  and  cruel  punishments. 
It  was  abolished  by  statute  16  Charles  I. 
— Star-crossed,  a.  Not  favoured  by  the 
stars;  ill-fated.  [SAafc.]— Star-fish,  n.  A 
marine  animal  (one  of  the  Echinodermata) 
which  has  the  form  of  a  star,  with  five  or 
more  rays  radiating  from  a  central  disc. — 
Star-gazer,  n.  One  who  gazes  at  the  stars; 
an  astrologer.— Star-gazing,  n.  The  act  or 
practice  of  observing  the  stars  with  atten- 
tion; astrology  .—Starless,  star'les,a.  Hav- 
ing no  stars  visible  or  no  starlight. — 
Starlight,  star'lit,  n.  The  light  proceed- 
ing from  the  stars.  —  a.  Lighted  by  the 
stars.— Starlike,  star'lik,  a.  Resembling 
a  star;  bright;  lustrous.— Starlit,  starlit, 
a.  Lighted  by  stars.  —  Star -nose,  n.  A 
North  American  mole  with  star-like  rays 
at  the  extremity  of  its  muzzle. — Starred, 
Btard,  p.  and  a.  Studded  or  adorned  with 
stars;  influenced  by  the  stars  {ill-starred). 
— Starry,  stii'ri,  a.  Abounding  with  stars; 
adorned  with  stars ;  consisting  of  or  pro- 
ceeding from  stars;  stellar;  resembling 
stars;  stellate.  —  Starriness,  sta'ri-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  starry.— Star-spangled, 
a.  Spotted  with  stars.— Star-stone,  n.  A 
rare  variety  of  sapphire  which,  when  cut, 
presents  a  starlike  reflection  of  light. 

Starboard,  star'bord,  n.  [A.  Sax.  stedrbord, 
that  is,  gteer-hoard,  from  stedran,  to  steer, 
the  old  rudder  being  a  kind  of  large  oar 
used  on  the  right  ship  of  the  ship.  Steer.] 
Naut.  the  right-hand  side  of  a  ship  looking 


towards  the  stem  or  prow,  opposed  to  port 
Or  old  larboard.  —  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
right-hand  side  of  a  ship;  being  or  lying 
on  the  right  side. 

Starch,  starch,  n.  [A  softened  form  of 
stark,  stifT,  strong;  lit.  stuff  that  makes 
stiff.  Stark.]  A  substance  nniversally 
diffused  in  the  vegetable  world,  and  form- 
ing the  greater  part  of  all  farinaceous  sub- 
stances; this  substance  as.  prepared  for 
commerce,  chiefly  extr.lcted  from  wheat 
flour  or  potatoes,  and  employed  for  stiffen- 
ing linen  and  other  clotn;  jig.  stiffness  of 
a  person's  behaviour  or  manner.— y.t.  To 
stiffen  with  starch. — Starched,  starcht,  p. 
and  a.  Stiffened  with  starch;  stiff;  precise; 
formal.  —  Starchedness,  starcht'nes,  n.— 
Starcher,  starch'fer,  n.  One  who  starches. 
— Starchily,  star'chi-li,  adv.  In  a  starchy 
manner ;  with  stiffness  of  manner.  — 
Starchiness,  star'chi-nes,  n.  Stiffness  of 
manner ;  preciseness.  —  Starch-sugar,  n. 
Glucose. — Starchy,  star'chi,  a.  Consisting 
of  starch;  resembling  starch;  stiff;  formal 
in  manner. 

Stare,  star,  v.i.— stared,  staring.  [A.  Sax. 
starian,  to  stare,  to  gaze;  D.  and  L.6. 
staren,  G.  starren,  Icel.  star'a;  lit.  to  look 
fixedly,  the  root  being  that  of  G.  and  Sw. 
Starr,  stiff,  fixed,  E.  stark,  stiff,  strong.] 
To  look  with  fixed  eyes  wide  open;  to  gaze, 
as  in  admiration,  surprise,  horror,  impu- 
dence, 6ic.—v.t.  To  affect  or  abash  by  gaz- 
ing at;  to  look  earnestly  or  fixedly  at. — 
To  stare  in  the  face,  Ctcr.l  to  be  before  the 
e.ves,  or  undeniably  evident. — n.  The  act 
of  one  tvhostares.- Staref,  sta'r6r,  n.  One 
who  stares  or  gazes.— Staring,  sta'ring,  a. 
'  Gazing  fixedly;  fixed.— adu.  Staringly;  so 
as  to  stare  wildly  (stark,  staring  mad).— 
Staringly,  sta'ring-li,  adv.  In  a  staring 
manner;  with  fixed  look. 
Stare,  star,  n.  [A.  Sax.  steer,  Icel.  stari, 
Sw.  stare,  G.  staar.]  A  starling. 
Stark,  stark,  a.  [A.  Sax.  stearc,  stiff,  hard; 
G.  and  Sw.  stark,  D.  sterk,  leel.  sierkr; 
akin  G.  starr,  stiff;  E.  stare.  Starch  is  a 
softened  form.]  Stiff;  rigid,  as  in  death; 
strong;  rugged;  powerful;  mere;  pure; 
downright  tstark  nonsense). — arfw.  Whollv; 
entirely  {stark  mad,  stark  naked). — Stark- 
ly, stiirk'li,  adv.  In  a  stark  manner. 
Starling,  star'ling,!*.  [Dim.  of  stare,  a  star- 
ling. Stake.]  An  insessorial  bird  of  a 
family  allied  to  the  crows,  found  in  almost 
all  parts  of  Europe,  capable  of  being 
taught  to  whistle  tunes  and  even  to  speak. 
Start,  start,  v.i.  [O.B.  sterte,  sturte,  stirte; 
not  in  A.  Sax.  or  Icel.;  allied  to  D.  storten, 
Dan.  styrte,  G.  stiirzen,  to  rush,  to  spring.] 
To  move  suddenly  and  epasmodically;  to 
make  a  sudden  and  involuntary  motion  of 
the  body,  caused  by  surprise,  pain,  or  any 
sudden  feeling;  to  shrink;  to  wince;  to 
make  a  sudden  or  unexpected  change  of 
place;  to  spring  up;  to  change  condition 
at  once;  to  set  out;  to  commence  a  course, 
as  a  race,  a  journey,  or  the  like;  to  shift 
or  spring  from  a  fixed  position;  to  be 
dislocated.—  To  start  after,  to  set  out  in 
pursuit  of;  to  follow.— ro  start  against,  to 
Decome  a  candidate  in  opposition  to;  to 
oppose. —  To  start  up,  to  rise  suddenly,  as 
from  a  seat;  to  come  suddenly  into  notice. 
—  v.t.  To  rouse  suddenly  from  conceal- 
ment; to  cause  to  flee  or  fly  (to  start  a  hare); 
to  begin;  to  set  agoing;  to  originate  (to 
start  an  enterjDrise,  a  newspaper);  to  cause 
to  jump  from  its  place;  to  make  to  lose  its 
hold  (to  start  a  nail);  to  dislocate.  —  n.  A 
sudden  'involuntary  twitch,  spring,  or 
motion,  caused  by  surprise, fear,  pain,  &c.; 
a  sudden  change  of  place;  a  quick  move- 
ment; a  bursting  forth;  a  sally;  a  spas- 
modic effort;  a  beginning  of  action  or 
motion;  the  setting  of  something  agoing; 
first  motion  from  a  place;  first  motion  in 
arace;  the  outset. — To  get  or  have  the  start, 
to  be  beforehand  with  another;  to  get 
ahead:  with  o/.— Starter,  star'tfer,  n.  One 
who  starts;  one  who  sets  out;  one  who  sets 
persons  or  things  in  motion.  —  Starting- 
place,  n.  A  place  at  which  a  start  is  made. 
— Starting-point,  n.  The  point  from  which 
anything  starts;  the  point  of  departure. — 
Starting-post,  n.  A  post  from  which  com- 
petitors in  a  race  start. 
Startle,  star'tl,  v.i.  —  startled,  startling. 


[Dim,  of  ^iart]  To  move  with  a  slart  or 
spasmodically;  to  start.— i;.t.  To  excite  by 
sudden  alarm,  surprise,  or  apprehension; 
to  alarm.— n.  A  start  of  alarm.— Startling, 
start'ling,  p.  and  a.  Such  as  to  startle 
with  fear  or  surprise;  alarming;  shocking. 
— StartUngly,  start'ling- li,adw.  In  a  start- 
ling manner. —  Start-ap,t  n.  An  upstart. 
[Shah.] 

Dta,Tve,sta,rv,v.i.—starved,8tarving.  [A.Sax. 
ateorfan,  to  perish  of  hiinger  or  cola=L.G. 
starven,  D.  sterven,  G.  sterben,  to  ?ae.]  To 
perish  with  or  suffer  extremely:  from  hun- 
ger; to  suffer  from  want;  to  perish  or  suffer 
extremely  from  cold;  to  be  hard  put  to  it 
through  want  of  anything.— v.t.  To  kill  cr 
distress  with  hunger;to  subdue  by  famine; 
to  destroy  by  want;  to  kill,  afiB.ict,  or  de- 
stroy with  cold;  to  deprive  of  force  cr 
vigour.— Starvation,  star-va'shon,  n.  [One 
of  those  words  which  have  a  Latin  tern,i- 
nation  tacked  on  to  an  Anglo-Saxon  base: 
comp.  flirtation,  talkative,  readable,  &c.] 
The  state  of  starving  or  being  starved;  a 
suffering  extremely  from  cold  or  want  of 
food.— Starveling,  starv'ling,  o.  Hungry; 
lean;  pining  with  want.— n.. An  animal  or 
plant  that  is  thin  and  weak  through  want 
of  nutriment. 

State,  Stat,  n.  [O.Vt.'estat,  state,  condition, 
&c.  (Fr.  itat);  from  L.  status,  state,  posi- 
tion, from  sto,  to  stand  (seen  also  in  station, 
status,  statue,  stage,  rest,  arrest,  constant, 
extant,  &c.).  Stand.]  Condition  as  de- 
termined by  whatever  circumstances;  the 
condition  or  circumstances  of  a  being  or 
thing  at  any  given  time;  situation;  posi- 
tion; rank,  condition,  or  quality;  royal  or 
gorgeous  pomp;  appearance  of  greatness; 
aignitj';  grandeur;  a  certain  division  of  the 
community  partaking  in  the  government 
of  their  country;  an  estate  (of  the  realm); 
a  whole  people  united  into  one  body  politic; 
a  commonwealth;  the  power  wielded  by 
the  government  of  a  country;  the  civil 
power  (the  union  of  church  and  state);  one 
of  the  commonwealths  or  bodies  politic 
which  together  make  up  a  federal  republic. 
[When  state  is  used  adjectivally,  or  as  the 
first  element  in  a  compound,  it  denotes 
public,  or  what  belongs  to  the  community 
or  body  politic,  as  state  affairs,  state  policy.] 
— v.t— stated,  stating.  To  express  the  par- 
ticulars of;  to  set  down  in  detail^  to  explain 
particularly;  to  narrate;  to  recite.— State- 
ball,  n.  A  ball  given  by  a  sovereign;  a 
ball  at  a  palace.— State-barge,  n.  A  royal 
barge;  a  barge  of  state.— State-bed,  n.  An 
elaborately  decorated  bed.  —  State-car- 
riage, n.  The  carriage  of  a  prince  or  sov- 
ereign, used  when  he  appears  publicly  in 
state.- State-crait,  n.  The  art  of  conduc- 
ting state  affairs;  statesmanship. —State- 
criminal,  n.  One  who  commits  an  offence 
against  the  state;  a  political  offender.  — 
Stated,  sta'ted,  a.  Settled;  established; 
fixed  {stated  hours  or  times).— Statedly, 
sta'ted-li,  adv.  At  stated  or  settled  times; 
at  regular  intervals.  —  State-house,  n. 
The  building  in  which  the  legislature 
of  a  state  holds  its  sittings.  [United 
States.]  —  Statellness,  statli-nes,  n.  The 
condition  or  quality  of  being  stately;  lofti- 
ness of  mien;  dignity.  —  Stately,  stat'li, 
a.  August;  lofty;  majestic;  magnificent. 
—  Statement,  stat'ment,  n.  The  act  of 
stating;  that  which  is  stated;  a  narrative; 
a  recital;  the  expression  of  a  fact  or  of  an 
opinion.— State-paper,  n.  A  paper  relating 
to  the  political  interests  or  government  of 
a  state.— State-prison,  n.  A  jail  for  politi- 
cal offenders  only. — State-prisoner,  n.  One 
confined  for  a  political  offence.— Stater, 
sta't6r,  n.  One  who  states.— State-room, 
n.  A  magnificent  room  in  a  palace  or  great 

•  house;  an  elegantly  fitted  up  cabin,  gen- 
erally for  two  persons,  in  a  steamer.  — 
States-general,  n.  pi.  The  bodies  that  con- 
stitute the  supreme  legislature  of  a  coun- 
try; the  legislative  assemblies  of  Prance 
iDefore  the  revolution  of  1789,  and  those  of 
the  Netherlands.- Statesman,  stats'man, 
n.  A  man  versed  in  the  arts  of  govemmept; 
a  politician.  —  Statesmanlike,  stats'man- 
lik,  a.  Having  the  manner  or  wisdom  of 
statesmen;  worthy  of  or  becoming  a  states- 
man.— Statesmanship,  stats'man-ship,  n. 
The  qualifications  of  a  statesman;  political 


jBh, c/taia;  _cft, S«, loch;^ g. »^ ^ J.  job;     n,  ^'_tw;^jag^mvi_y^t  (Aen;  th, </un;     v,wig;  _wh,ji^i_^,_M5tffe 


STATICS 


662 


STEAM 


skill.— state-trial,  n.  A  trial  of  a  person 
or  persons  for  political  offences. 

Statics,  Btat'iks,  n.  [Fr.  statique,  from  Gr, 
statike,  statics,  from  slatikos,  causing  to 
stop  or  stand;  same  root  as  state,  staiid.] 
That  branch  of  dj-namics  which  treats  of 
the  properties  and  relations  of  forces  in 
equilibriiim,  the  body  upon  which  they  act 
being  in  a  state  of  rest.  See  Dynamics, 
Mechanics.  —  Static,  stat'ik,  a.  Statical. 
—  Statical,  stat'i-ial,  a.  Pertaining  to 
bodies  at  rest  or  in  equilibrium;  acting  by 
mere  weight  without  producing  motion 
(statical  pressure).  —  Statical  electrvcUy, 
electricity  produced  by  friction.  —  Stati- 
cally, stat'i-kalHi,  adi).  In  a  statical  man- 
ner; according  to  statics. 

Station,  sta'shon,  n.  [Pr.  station,  L.  statio, 
stationis,  from  sto,  to  stand.  State.]  The 
spot  or  place  where  anything  stands,  v&r- 
ticularly  where  a  person  habitually  stands 
or  is  appointed  to  remain  for  a  time;  post 
assigned ;  situation ;  position  or  locality ; 
condition  of  life;  social  position;  the  place 
•where  thQ  police  force  of  any  district  is 
assem'iled  when  not  on  duty;  a  building 
or  buildings  on  a  railway  for  the  reception 
of  passengers  and  goods  intended  to  be  con- 
veyed, and  where  trains  stop;  zool.  and  bot. 
the  peculiar  locality  where  each  species 
naturally  occurs. — Military  station,a.  place 
where  troops  are  regularly  kept  in  garri- 
son. —  Naval  station,  a  harbour  for  war 
vessels,  where  .there  is  a  docks'ard  and 
every  requisite  for  the  repair  of  ships. — 
v.t.  To  assign  a  station  or  position  to;  to 
post;  rejl.  to  take  up  a  post  or  position.  — 
Stational,  sta'shon-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
station. — Stationarines3,sta'shon-a-ri-nes, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  stationary;  fixity. 
— Stationary,  sta'shon-a-ri,  a.  IL.  stationa- 
rius.]  Kemaining  in  the  same  station  or 
,  place;  not  moving;  fi-xed;  remaining  in  the 
same  condition.  —  Stationary  ei^ne,  a 
steam-engine  in  a  fixed  position,  which 
draws  loads  on  a  railway  by  means  of  a 
rope.— Station-clerk,  n.  A  clerk  at  a  rail- 
way station.  —  Stationer,  sta'shon-6r,  n. 
[From  booksellers  originally  having  a  sta- 
tion or  stall  (L.L.  statio)  at  fairs,  or  in 
market-places.]  One  who  sells  paper',  pens, 
pencils,  ink,  and  various  other  materials 
connected  with  writing:— Stationery,  stft'- 
shon-er-i,  n.  The  articles  usually  sold  by 
stationers,  as  the  various  materials  em- 
ployed in  connection  with  writing. — Sta- 
tionery office,  a  public '  office  in  London 
through  which  all  government  offices  are 
supplied  with  writing  materials. — Station- 
house,  n.  A  place  of  arrest  or  temporary 
confinement;  a  police-station.  —  Station- 
master!  71.  The  official  in  charge  of  a  rail- 
way station. 

Statistics,  sta-tis'tiks,  n.  [Fr.  statistiqui, 
from  Gr.  statos,  fixed,  settled,  from  stem 
sla-,  to  stand.  State,  Stand.]  A  collection 
of  facts  which  admit  of  numerical  state- 
ment and  of  arrangement  in  tables,  es- 
pecially facts  illustrating  the  physical, 
social,  moral,  intellectual,  political,  in- 
dustrial andeconomical  condition  of  com- 
munities or  classes  of  men;  that  depart- 
ment of  political  science  which  deals  with 
such  facts.- Statist,  stat'ist,  n.  A  statis- 
tician. —  Statistical,  Statistic,  sta-tis'ti- 
kal,  sta-tis'tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  statistics; 
containing  statistics.  —  Statistically,  sta- 
tis'ti-kal-h,  adv.  In  a  statistical  manner. 
—  Statistician,  stat-is-tish'an,  n.  One 
versed  in  statistics. 

Statoblast,  stat'o-blast,  h.  [Gr.  statos,  sta- 
tionaiy,  and  blastos,  a  bud.]  A  germinad 
bud  of  certain  polyzoa. 
Statue,  stat'Q,  n.  [Pr.  statue,  L.  statua, 
from  statue,  to  set,  to  place,  from  stem  of 
sto,  to  stand.  State.]  A  Lifelike  repre- 
sentation of  a  human  figure  or  animal  in 
some  solid  substance,  as  marble,  bronze, 
iron,  wood;  a  sculptured  cast  or  moulded 
figure  of  some  size  and  in  the  round.  — 
Equestrian  statue,  a  statue  in  which  the 
figure  is  represented  as  seated  on  horse- 
back. —  Statued,  stat'Od,  a.  Furnished 
with  statues.  —  Statuary,  stat'U-a-ri,  n. 
[L.  stdtuaria,  the  art  of  statuary,  stattia- 
rt«s,  a  statuary  .from  stafaa,  a  statue.]  The 
art  of  carving  or  making  statues,  a  branch 
of  sculpture;  statues  regarded  collectively; 


one  that  professes  or  practises  the  art  of 
making  statues.— Statuesque,  stat-u-esk', 
a.  Partaking  of  or  having  the  character  of 
a  statue.— Statuesquely,  stat-a-eskli,  adv. 
In  a  statuesque  manner.— Statuette,  stat- 
ti-et',  n.  [Fr.]  A  small  statue;  a  statue 
smaller  than  nature. 

Stature,  stat'ur,  n.  [L.  statura,  from  sto, 
statum,  to  stand.  State.]  The  natural 
height  of  an  animal  body;  bodUy  tallness: 
generally  used  of  the  human  body. 

Status,  sta'tui,  n.  [L.  status,  state.  State.] 
Standing  or  position  as  regards  rank  or 
condition;  position  of  affairs. — Status  quo, 
the  condition  in  which  the  thing  or  things 
were  at  first. 

Statute,  stat'at,  n.  [Fr.  statut,  L.  stattUum, 
from  statuo,  to  set  up,  to  fix,  to  determine. 
State.]  A  law  proceeding  from  the  gov- 
ernment of  a  state;  an  enactment  of  the 
legislature  of  a  state;  especially  one  passed 
by  a  body  of  representatives;  a  written 
law;  a  permanent  rule  or  law  of  a  cor- 
poration.—  Statute  law,  a  statute;  also', 
collectively,  the  enactments  of  a  legis- 
lative assembly,  in  contradistinction  to 
common  law. — Statutable,  stat'U-ta-bl,  a. 
Made  or  introduped  by  statute;  in  con- 
formity to  statute.  —  Statutably,  stat'- 
0-ta-bli,  adv.   In  a  manner  agreeable  to 

"statute.  —  Statute-book,  n.  A  register 
of  statutes;  the  statute-book,  the  whole 
statutes  of  a  country.  —  Statute-roll,  n. 
An  enrolled  statute.  —  Statutory,  stat'u- 
to-ri,  a.  Enacted  by  statute;  depending 
on  ptatute  for  its  authority. 

Staunch,  stansh.    Stakch. 

Staurolite,  sta'ro-lit,  n.  '  [Gr.  stauros,  a 
cross,  and  liihos,  a  stone.]    Cross-stone. 

Stave,  stav,  n.  [From  staff,  through  Influ- 
ence of  the  plural  staves.]  A  pole  or  piece 
of  wood  of  some  length;  one  of  the  thin 
narrow  pieces  of  timber  of  which  casks, 
tubs,  buckets,  &c.,  are  made;  a  stanza;  a 
verse;  mus.  the  staff.— v.t— staved,  staving- 
To  break  in  a  stave  or  staves  of,  or  to  break 
a  hole  in  (in  this  sense  pret.  and  pp.  may 
be  stove);  to  furnish  with  staves  or  rundles. 
— To  stave  off,  lit.  to  push  off  with  a  staff; 
hence,  to  put  off;  to  delay.— Staves,  stavz, 
71.    The  plural  of  8<a#  as  well  as  of  staw. 

Stavesacre,  stavz'a-ker,  »».  [A  corruption 
of  Gr.  slaphisagria.]    Lark-spur. 

Stay,  sta,  v.i.  —  pret.  staid,  stayed ;  ppr. 
staying.  [O.Fr.  estayer,  to  prop,  support, 
keep  steady, from  O.I).  or  Fl.  siaeye,  staede, 
a  prop,  staeden,  to  establish ;  akin  to  E. 
stead,  steady.]  To  remain,  continue,  or  be 
in  a  place;  to  abide;  to  dwell;  to  delay;  to 
tarry;  to  be  steady  or  firm;  to  continue  in 
a  state;  to  remain ;  to  wait ;  to  forbear  to 
act;  to  stop;  to  come  to  a  stand.— v.i.  To 
prop  or  support  (O.T.);  to  make  to  stop; 
to  stop ;  to  cause  to  cease  (to  stay  opera- 
tions); to  delay;  to  keep  back;  to  abide;  to 
wait  for;  to  await.— To  stay  the  stomach, 
to  satisfy  hunger;  to  satisfy  a  strong  de- 
sire.— 71.  A  continuance  in  a  place ;  aoode 
for  a  time ;  continuance  in  a  state  or  con- 
dition; stand;  stop;  obstacle;  obstruction; 
a  prop;  a  support;  a-  piece  in  some  struc- 
ture performing  the  office  of  a  brace  or 
tie;  vl.  a  kind  of  waistcoat,  stiffened  with 
whalebone  or  other  material,  worn  by  fe- 
males, sometimes  by  men;  a  bodice;  a  cor- 
set: so  called  fronr  the  support  it  gives  to 
the  body. — Stayer,  sta'tr,  7i.  One  who  or 
that  which  stays.— Staylace,  sta'l5«,  ti.  A 
lace  for  fastening  the  sta3'8  or  bodice  in 
female  dress.— Staymaker,  sta'ma-k6r,  n. 
One  whose  occupation  is  to  make  stays. — 
Stay-rod,  «.  A  supporting  or  strengthen- 
ing rod  in  a  steam-boiler. 

Stay,  sta,  n.  [A.  Sax.  stoeg=lce\.  Dan.  Sw. 
D.  and  G.  stag,  a  stay.]  Naut.  a  strong 
rope  used  to  support  a  mast,  and  leading 
from  the  head  of  one  mast  down  to  some 
other,  or  to  some  part  of  the  vessel.— /« 
stays,  the  situation  of  a  vessel  when  she  is 

foing  about  from  one  tack  to  the  other. — 
'o  miss  stays,  to  fail  in  the  attempt  to 
tack  about.— Stay-sail,  n.  Any  sail  which 
hoists  upon  a  stay. 

Stead,  sted,  n.  [A.  Sax.  stede^D.  and  L.G. 
stede,  Dan.  sted,  Icel.  stathr,  Goth,  staths, 
G.  statt,  place,  stead;  from  root  of  stand; 
hence,  steady,  steadfast,  bestead,  bedstead, 
roadstead,  himestead,  &c.]    Place  or  room 


which  another  had  or  might  have :  pre- 
ceded by  in,  as,  David  diedf,  and  Stlomon 
reighed  in  his  stead:  hence  i7istead.—To 
stand  a  person  in  stead,  to  be  of  use  or  ad- 
vantage to  him.  —  v.t.  To  be  of  use  to ;  to 
benefit. 

Steadfast,  sted'fast,  a.  [Stead,  place,  and 
fast;  lit.  firm  in  place.]  Fast  fixed ;  firm ; 
constant  or  firm  in  resolution;  resolute; 
not  fickle  or  wavering.  Written  also  sted- 
/ast.— Steadfastly,  sted'fast-li,  adv.  In  a 
steadfast  manner;  with  fixed  eyes;  firmly. 
—Steadfastness,  sted'f  ast-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  steadfast;  firmness  of  mind  or  pur- 
pose; constancy;  resolution. 
Steady,  sted'i,  a.  [A.  Sax.  stedig,  from  stede, 
place  (Stead);  D.  and  Dan.  siadig,  6.  sidtig, 
constant.]  Firm  in  standing  or  position ; 
firmly  fixed;  constant  in  mind  or  pursuit; 
not  fickle;  regular;  constant;  uniform. — 
v.t— steadied,  steadying.  To  make  steady; 
to  hold  or  keep  from  shaking,  reeling,  or 
f  :<.lUng;  to  support  firmly.— w.i.  To  becomo 
steady;  to  regain  or  maintain  an  upright 
position.  —  Steadily,  sted'i-li,  adv.  In  a 
steady  manner;  firmly;  steadfastly;  assi- 
duously; unwaveringly. — Steadlneg8,sted'- 
i-nes,  71.  The  state  of  being  steady;  firm- 
ness of  mind  or  purpose;  constancy;  reso- 
lution. 

Steak,  stak,  n.  [A  Scandinavian  word :  IceL 
steik,  Sw.  stek,  a  steak ;  perhaps  akin  to 
stick,  as  being  stuck  on  a  spit  to  roast.]  A 
slice  of  beef,  pork,  venison,  &c.,  broiled  or 
cut  for  broiling. 

Steal,  st5l,  v.t  —  pret.  stole,  pp.  stolen  or 
stole.  [A.  Sax.  stelan,  to  steal=D.  stelen, 
Icel.  stela,  Goth,  stilan,  G.  stehlen,  to  steal; 
same  root  as  Gr.  stereO,  to  deprive,  Skr. 
stenas,  a  thief.]  To  take  and  carry  away 
feloniously;  to  take  clandestinely  without 
right  or  leave ;  to  gain  or  win  by  address 
or  gradual  and  imperceptible  means;  to 
perform  secretly;  to  try  to  accomplish 
clandestinely  (to  steal  a  look).— 2'o  steal  a 
inarch  upon,  to  gain  an  advantage  over 
stealthily.— t>.i.  To  practise  or  be  guilty 
of  theft ;  to  withdraw  or  pass  privily;  to 
slip  unperceived ;  to  go  or  come  furtively. 
—Stealer,  ste'lfer,  n.  One  that  steals;  a 
thief.  —  Stealing,  ste'ling,  n.  The  act  of 
one  who  steals ;  theft.— Stealth,  stslth,  »i. 
[Comp.  heal,  health;  till,  tilth.]  The  act  of 
stealingj;  a  secret  or  clandestine  method 
of  procedure;  a  proceeding  by  secrecy. — 
Stealthily,  stel'thi-li,  adv.  In  a  stealthy 
manner;  by  stealth.  —  Stealthineas,  stel'- 
thi-nes,  n.  The  character  of  being  stealthy. 
-Stealthy,  stel'thi,  a.  Done  by  stealth ; 
accompanied  by  efforts  at  concealment ; 
done  furtively;  furtive;  sly. 
Steam,,  stem,  ti.  [A.  Sax.  stedm,  steam, 
smoke;  D.  stoom,  Fris.  stoame,  steam; 
akin  L.G.  stiim,- driSt  of  snow  or  rain.] 
The  vaporous  or  gaseous  substance  into 
which  water  is  converted  under  certain 
circumstances  of  heat  and  pressure;  the 
elastic  aeriform  fluid  generated  by  heat- 
ing water  to  the  boiling-point  (212°  F.); 
popularly,  the  visible  moist  vapour  which 
rises  from  water,  and  from  all  moist  and 
liquid  bodies,  when  subjected  to  the  ac- 
tion of  heat.  —  v.i.  To  give  out  steam  or 
vapour;  to  rise  in  a  vaporous  form;  to  pass 
oft  in  visible  vapour;  to  sail  by  the  agency 
of  steam. — v.t.  To  expose  to  steam;  to  apply 
steam  to. — Steam-boat,  ti.  A  ship  moved 
by  the  elastic  power  of  steam  acting  upon 
machinery.  —  Steam-boiler,  n.  A  strong 
metallic  vessel  of  iron  or  steel  plates 
riveted  together,  in  which  water  is  con- 
verted into  steam  for  supplying  steam- 
engines,  &c.-i-St€am-car,  ti.  A  car  drawn 
or  driven  by  steam-power.  —  Steam-car- 
riage, 71.  A  locomotive  engine  adapted  to 
work  on  common  roads;  a  road-steamer. 
— Steam-casing,  Steam-jacket,  n,  A  vacu- 
ity surrotinding  any  vessel  and  into  which 
steam  may  be  admitted,  to  prevent  loss 
of  heat  by  radiation.  —  Steam-chamber, 
Steam-room,  n.  A  division  or  compart- 
ment in  the  boiler  of  a  steam-engine  above 
the  water,  whence  steam  is  conducted  to 
the  engine.— Steam-chest,  Steam-dome,  n. 
A  box  or  chamber  above  a  steam-boiler  to 
form  a  reservoir  for  the  steam,  and  from 
whence  it  passes  to  the  engine.— Steam- 
crane,  n.    A  crane  worked  by  steam. — 


fatei  far,  fat,  fall;     mC->  met,  hCr ;     pine,  pin ;     note,  not,  mOre;     tube,  tub,  b^jll;     oil,  pound;     ti,  Sc.  abime— the  Fr.  w. 


STEARINE 


STENTORIAN 


Etsam-engine,  n.  An  engine  in  which  the 
elastic  or  expansive  force  of  steam  is  made 
available  as  a  source  of  motive  power  in 
the  arts  and  manufactures,  and  in  loco- 
motion.— Steamer,  ste'mfer,  n.  A  steam- 
ship}  a  road-steamer;  a  fire-engine  the 
pumps  of  which  are  -worked  by  steam ;  a 
vessel  in  which  articles  are  subjected  to 
the  action  of  steam.— Steam-ifauge,  n.  A 
gauge  attached  to  a  boiler  to  indicate  the 
pressure  of  steam;  a  pressure-gauge.— 
Steam-governor,  n.  The  governor  of  a 
steam-engine.  —  Steam  -  hanuner,  n.  A 
heavy  hammer  operated  by  steam.  — 
Steaminesg,  ste'mi-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  steamy.— Steam-launch,  n.  A  large 
kind  of  boat  propelled  by  steam.— Steam- 
navigation,  n.  The  propulsion  of  boats 
and  vessels  by  steam;  the  art  of  navi- 
gating steam-vessels.  —  Steam-packet,  n. 
A  packet  or  vessel  propelled  by  steam,  and 
running  between  certain  ports.  —  Steam- 
plough,  n.  A  plough  or  gang  of  ploughs 
worked  by  a  steam-engine.— Steam-power, 
n.  The  power  of  steam  mechanically  ap- 
plied.—Steam-press,  n.  A  press  actuated 
by  steam-power;  a  printing-press  worked  | 
by  steam. — Steam-propeller,  n.  A  screw- 
propeller. —  Steam  ship.  Steam- vessel,  n. 
A  sliip  propelled  by  steam.— Steam-tilt, 
n.  A  tilt-hammer  driven  by  steam. — 
Steam-tug,  n.  A  small  steamer  used  for 
towing  ships.  —  Steam-whistle,  n.  A  de- 
vice connected  with  the  boiler  of  a  steam- 
engine,  and  made  to  sound  by  the  steam 
passing  through.— Steamy,  ste'mi,  a.  Con- 
sisting of  or  abounding  in  steam;  vapor- 
ous; misty. 

Stearine,  Stearin,  ste'a-rin,  n.  [Qt.  gtear, 
fat.]  The  chief  ingredient  of  suet  and 
tallow,  or  the  harder  ingredient  of  animal 
fats,  oleine  being  the  softer  one.— Stearic, 
8te-ar^ik,a.  Pertaining  to  stearine.- Si«aric 
acid,  an  acid  abundant  in  fats. 
Steatite,  sts'a-tit,  n.  [Fr.  steatite,  from  Gr. 
stear,  ateatos,  fat,  tallow.]  A  mineral  con- 
sisting of  magnesia  and  alumina,  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  porcelain,  in  polish- 
ing marble,  in  the  composition  of  crayons, 
&c.;  soap-stone.— Steatitic,  ste-a-tit'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  steatite. 
Steatoma,  ste-a-to'ma,  n.  [Gr.,  from  stear, 
fat.]  A  wen  or  encysted  tumour  contain- 
ing matter  like  suet. 
Stedfast,  sted'fast.  See  Steadfast.  . 
Steed,  sted,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sted,  stdda,  a  steed; 
akin  to  stud;  from  stem  of  ata^id.]  A  horse; 
a  horse.for  state  or  war:  a  word  used  chiefly 
in  poetry  and  poetical  or  picturesque 
prose. 

Bteel,  stel,  n.  [A.  Sax.  stel,  stile,  steel = 
L.G.D.  and  Dan.  staal,  Icel.  stdl,  G.  stahl, 
O.G.  stahal;  root  probably  that  of  s^icA;, 
stake,  steak,  &c.1  Iron  combined  with  a 
small  portion  of  carbon,  capable  of  show- 
ing great  hardness  and  elasticity,  and 
used  in  forming  various  kinds  of  instru- 
ments, edge-tools,  8i)rings,  &c.;  fig.  a  wea- 
pon, as  a  sword,  spear,  &c. ;  a  kind  of 
steel  file  for  sharpening  knives;  a  piece 
of  steel  for  striking  sparks  from  flint  to 
ignite  tinder  or  match;  used  to  typify 
extreme  hardness;  sternness;  rigour  (a 
heart  of  steel).  —  a.  Made  of  steel;  resem- 
bling steel;  unfeeling;  rigorous.  —  v.t.  To 
overlay,  point,  or  edge  with  steel;  to  make 
hard  or  stubborn;  to  render  insensible  or 
obdurate  (to  steel  one's  heart  against 
mercy).  —  Steel-bronze,  n.  An  alloy  of 
about  90  parts  copper  to  10  parts  tin,  used 
as  a  substitute  for  steel,  especially  in  the 
manufacture  of  cannon.  —  Steel-clad,  a. 
Clad  with  steel  mail  or  armour.  —  Steel- 
engraving,  n.  The  art  of  engraving  upon 
steel-plates;  an  impression  or  print  from 
an  engraved  steel-plate.— Steeliness,  stel'- 
i-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  steely;  great 
hardness.— Steeling,  stcl'ing,  n.  The  wel- 
ding of  a  piece  of  steel  on  that  part  of  a 
cutting  instrument  which  is  to  receive  the 
edge;  the  covering  of  a  metal  plate  (as  an 
engraved  copper-plate)  with  steel  by  voltaic 
electricity  to  render  it  more  durable.— 
Steel-pen,  n.  A  pen  made  of  steel. —Steel- 
plate,  n.  A  plate  or  broad  piece  of  steel; 
a  plate  of  polished  steel  on  which  a  design 
is  engraved ;  the  print  taken  from  such 
plate.— Steely,  stel'i,  a.    Made  of  or  re. 


Bembling  steel;  hard;  stubborn.  —  Steel-  ' 
yard,  stel'yard,  n.  [Apparently  from  steel 
and  yard,  but  old  forms  of  the  name  make 
this  doubtful,  though  the  real  origin  is  not 
clear.]  An  instrument  for  weighing  bodies, 
consisting  essentially  of  a  lever  of  uneotual 
arms,  the  body  to  be  weighed  being  ap- 
plied at  the  shorter  arm,  while  a  weight 
is  made  to  balance  the  body  by  being 
moved  along  the  longer  arm  at  a  proper 
distance  from  the  fulcrum. 
Steenbok,  sten'bok  or  stftn'bok,  n.  [T). 
steen,  stone,  and  bok,  a  buck.]  A  species 
of  antelope  of  South  Africa. 
Steep,  step,  a.  [A.  Sax.  stedp,  high,  steep; 
Icel.  steypthr,  high;  probably  allied  to 
stoop,  and  signifying  literally  sinking 
down  abruptly.  Steeple  is  a  derivative.] 
Ascending  or  descending  with  great  in- 
clination (as  a  roof,  a  slope);  precipitous 
(hill,  rock,  &c.).  —  n.  A  precipitous  place; 
a  bold  projecting  rock;  a  precipice.  — 
Steepeu,t  ste'pn,  v.i.  To  become  steep.— 
Steeply,  step'ii,  adv.  In  a  steep  manner; 
•with  steepness;  precipitously. — Steepness, 
step'nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  steep;  pre- 
cipitousness.— Steepy,t  ste'pi,  a.  isteep  or 
precipitous. 

Steep,  step,  v.t.  [Same  as  D.  and  G^  stippen, 
Fris.  stiepen,  to  dip,  to  steep;  perhaps  con- 
nected with  steep,  adjective.)  To  soak  in 
a  liquid;  to  macerate;  to  extract  the  es- 
sence of  by  soaking:  often  used  figuratively 
{steeped  to  the  lips  in  misery).— n.  Some- 
thing that  is  steeped  or  used  in  steeping; 
that  in  which  things  are  steeped.— Steep- 
er, ste'per,  n.  One  who  steeps;  a  vessel  in 
which  things  are  steeped. 
Steeple,  ste'pi,  n.  I  A.  Sax.  sUpel,  stipel,  a 
steeple,  a  tower;  L.G.  atipel,  a  pillar;  Icel. 
stiipull,  a  steeple:  allied  to  steep]  A  lofty 
erection  attached  to  a  ch  urch,  town-house, 
or  other  edifice,'  and  generally  intended  to 
contain  its  bells:  a  tower  surmounted  by 
a  spire.  —  Steeple-chase,  n.  A  horse-race 
across  a  difficult  tract  of  country  in  wljich 
fences  and  other  obstacles  have  to  be 
jumped  as  they  come  in  the  way:  so  called 
from  the  fact  that  originally  any  conspicu- 
ous object,  such  as  a  church  steeple,  was 
chosen  as  a  goal.— Steeple-chaser,  n.  One 
who  rides,  or  the  horse  ridden,, in  steeple- 
chases. —  Steepled,  ste'pld,  a.  Furnished 
with  a  steeple;  having  steeples. 
Steer,  ster,  n.  [A>  Sax.  ste6r  =  D.  and  G. 
stier,  Icel.  stjdn;  Goth,  stiur,  a  steer,  a 
bull;  same  root  as  Skr.  sthAra,  strong,  and 
akin  to  L.  taurns,  Gr.  tauros  (for  stauroa), 
a  bull.]  A  young  male  of  the  common  ox 
or  ox  kind. 

Steer,  ster,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  stedran,  styran,  to 
rule,  steer;  Dan.  styre,  Icel.  styra,  O. 
steuem,  to  steer;  Goth,  stiurjan,  to  estab- 
lish; same  root  as  Gr.  stauros,  a  stake.] 
To  direct  and  govern  the  course  of,  by  the 
movements  of  the  helm ;  to  control  or 
govern;  to  direct;  to  guide. — v.i.  To  direct 
a  vessel  by  the  helm;  to  direct  one's  course 
at  sea;  to  take  a  course  at  the  direction  of 
the  helm;  fig.  to  take  or  pursue  a  course 
in'  life.— Steerage,  stCr'aj,  n.  The  steering 
of  a  ship;  the  hinder  or  stem  part  of  a  ship; 
that  part  of  a  ship  allotted  to  the  inferior 
class  of  passengers. — Steerage -way,  n. 
Naut.  that  forward  movement  of  a  ship 
which  enables  the  helm  to  act.— Steering- 
wheel,  n.  The  wheel  by  which  the  rudder 
of  a  ship  is  governed.  —  Steersman,  sterz'- 
man,  n.  One  that  steers ;  the  helmsman 
of  a  ship. 

Steeve,  stev,  v.i.  [Akin  to  stiff;  comp.  D. 
slevia,  stiff,  firm.]  Naut.  to  project  from 
the  bows  at  an  angle  instead  of  horizon- 
tally: said  of  a  bowsprit.  —  n.  Naut.  the 
angle  which  the  bowsprit  makes  with  the 
horizon. 

SteganograpMst,  steg-a-nog'ra-fist,  n.  |Gr. 
steOanos,  secret,  and  grapho,  to  Mrite.  ] 
One  who  practises  the  art  of  writing  in 
cipher.  —  Steganography,  steg-a-nog'ra-fi, 
n.  The  art  of  writing  in  cipher;  crypto- 
graphy. 

Stegnosis,  steg-no'sis,  n.  [Gr.  stegnOsis, 
from  stegnos,  tight,  costive.]  Constipa- 
tion.—Stegnotic,  steg-not'ik,  a.  Tending 
to  render  costi  ve,or  to  diminisli  discharges. 
Steinbock,  stin'bok,  n.  The  German  name 
of  the  ibex. 


Btela,  Stele, ste'la,  ste'le,  n.  pi.  Stel£e,ste'lP, 
[Gr.  stele,  a  post,  an  upright  stone,  from 
■stem  sta,  to  stand.]  A  small  column  with- 
out base  or  capital,  serving  as  a  monu- 
ment, a  milestone,  and  the  like;  a  sepul- 
chral slab  or  column. — Stelene,  ste'leu,  a. 
Resembling  or  used  as  a  stela;  columnar. 

Stell,!  stel,  v.t.  [Same  as  D.  and  G.  stellen, 
to  set,  to  place ;  akin  stall.'i  To  fix ;  to 
set.    \iihak.] 

Stellar,  SteUary,  stel'ler,  stel'ler-i,  o.  [L. 
siellans,  from  stella,  a  star.  Star.]  Per- 
taining to  stars;  starry;  full  of  stars:  set 
with  stars.  —  Stellate,  Stellated,  stei'lat, 
Btel'la-ted,  a:  [L.  stellatus.]  Kcsembling 
a  star;  radiated;  bot-.  arranged  in  tlie  form 
of  a  star.-— Stelliferous,  stel-lifer-ufj,  u. 
Having  or  abounding  with  stars.— Stelli- 
Xorm,  stelli-form,  a.  Like  a  star;  radiated. 
—Stellular,  Stellulate,  stel'u-ler.stel'u-hit, 
a.  [L.  stellula,  dim.  of  Stella,  a  star.]  Hav- 
ing the  appearance  of  little  stars;  nat. 
hist,  having  marks  resembling  stars. 

Stem,  stem,  re.  [A.  Sax.  stemn,  for  stcefn, 
stefn,  a  stem;  Icel.  stofn,  stmnxi,  Dan. 
stamme,  D.  stam,  Q.  stamm:  ultimately 
frjm  root  of  stand.  Stem,  of  a  ship,  is 
closely  allied.]  .  The  principal  body  of  a 
tree,  shrub,  or  plant  of  any  kind;  the  firm 
part  which  supports  the  branches;  the  as- 
cending axis,  as  opposed  to  the  root  or 
descending  axis;  the  stalk;  also,a  peduncle, 
pedicel,  or  petiole  or  leaf-stem;  the  stock 
of  a  family;  a  race  or  generation  of  pro- 
genitors; anything  resembling  the  stem 
of  a  plant;  mus.  the  vertical  line  added  to 
the  head  of  a  note.— Stem-leaf,  n.  A  leaf 
growing  from  tlie  stem. — Stemiess,  stem'- 
les,  a.  Having  no  stem;  acaulous. — Stem- 
let,  stem'let,  n.    A  small  or  young  stem. 

Stem,  stem, n.  [Same  as  Icel.  sfeinm.staixn, 
stafn,  the  stem  of  a  ship;  A.  Sax.  stefn,  D. 
Steven,  a  prow.  See  Stkm  above.]  A  curved 
piece  of  timber  or  combination  of  pieces  to 
which  the  two  sides  of  a  ship  are  united 
at  the  fore  end;  the  prow;  the  forward  part 
of  a  vessel. —  From,  stem  to  stem,  from  one 
end  of  the  shipto  the  other. — v.t.— stemmed, 
stemm,ing.  To  make  way  against  by  sail- 
ing or  swimming;to  press  forv/ard  through; 
to  dash  against  with  the  stem. 
Stem,  stem,  v.t.  [Icel.  stemvia,  Sw.  stiimma, 
G.  stemmen,  to  dam,  to  bank  up;  perhaps 
allied  to  stamp.]  To  dam  up;  to  stop;  to 
check,  as  a  stream  or  moving  force. 
Stemmata,  stem'a-ta,  n.  pL  [Gr.  stemma, 
stemmatos,a,  wreath.a  garIand,from  stepho, 
to  encircle.]  The  ocelli,  or  simple  eyes  of 
insects,  spiders,  &c. 

Stemple,  stem'pl.n.  [G.  stempel;  akin  step, 
stamp.  \  Mining,  one  of  the  cross  bars  of 
wood  in  the  shaft  of  a  mine,  in  some  places 
serving  as  ladders. 

Stench,  stensh,  n.  [A  softened  form  of 
A.  Sax.  st£nc,  E.  stink.]  An  ill  smell;  a 
stink.  —  Stench-trap,  n.  Same  as  Stink- 
trap. 

Stencil,  sten'sil,  n.  [Perhaps  from  O.  Fr. 
estance,ti  support,  a  stencil  forming  a  guide 
or  support  in  making  letters,  &c.,  from  I<. 
sto,  to  stand.]  A  thin  plate  of  metal, 
leather,  or  other  material,  which  has  a 
pattern  cut  througli  it,  and  which  is  laid 
flat  on  a  surface  and  brushed  over  with 
colour  so  as  to  mark  the  surface  below. — 
v.t.  —  stenciUed,  stencilling.  To  form  by 
means  of  a  stencil;  to  paint  or  colour  with 
stencils.  —  Stenciller,  sten'sil-er,  n.  One 
who  works  or  paints  in  figures  with  a 
stencil. —Stencil-plate,  n.  A  stencil. 
Stenograph,!  sten'o-graf,  v.t.  [Gr.  stenng, 
close,  narrow,  and  graphO,  to  write.]  To 
write  or  represent  by  shorthand.  —  n.  A 
writing  in  shorthand.  —  Stenographer, 
Stenographist,  ste-nog'ra-fer,  ste-nog'ra- 
fist,  n.  One  who  is  skilled  in  the  art  of 
sliorthand  writing. — Stenographic,  Steno- 
graphical,  sten-o-graf'ik,  sten-o-graf'i-kal, 
a.  Pertaining  to  stenography  or  short- 
hand; expressed  in  shorthand.— Stenogra- 
phy, ste-nog'ra-fi,  n.  A  generic  term  wh  ich 
embraces  every  system  of  shorthand. 

Stenophyllous,  ste-nof'i-lus  or  sten-o-fil'us, 
a.  [Gr.  stenos,  narrow,  and  phyllon,  a  leaf.] 
Hot.  having  narrow  leaves. 

Stentorian,  sten-to  ri-aa,  a.  [FVom  Stenfor, 
a  Greek  herald  celebrated  for  his  powerful 
voice.]    Extremely  loud  or  powerful  (a 


ch, chain;     ch,Sc.lochi     g,goi    j,iob}     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  8i»v;     ^a,  thea;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;     wh,  w/iig;     zh,  a«are. 


STEP 


m4: 


STEWARD 


stentoTian  voice);  able  to  utter  a  very  loud 
sound. 

Step,  Btep,  v.%.— stepped;  stepping.  [A.  Sax. 
steppan,  to  step;  O.Fris.  steppa,  O.  Sax. 
stapan,  D.and  h.G.  stappen,to  step;  A. Sax. 
stcepe^  D.  stap,  G.  stapfe,  a  step.  Utamp 
is  allied,  and  staple  is  from  same  'root.] 
To  move  the  leg  and  foot  in  walking;  to 
advance  or  recede  by  a  movement  of  the 
foot  or  feet;  to  go;  to  walk;  especially,  to 
go  a  little  distance  and  with  a  limited 
purpose  (to  step  aside);  to  advance  or  come 
as  it  were  by  chance  or  suddenly  (to  step 
into  an  inheritance).  —  To  step  aside,  to 
walk  to  a  little  distance;  to  deviate  from 
the  right  path;  to  err. — To  step  out,  to  in- 
crease the  length,  but  not  the  rapidity  of 
the  step. — v.t.  To  set  (the  foot)t;  naut.  to  fix 
the  foot  of,  as  of  a  mast;  to  erect  in  readi- 
ness for  seating  sail. — n.  A  pace;  an  ad- 
vance made  by  one  removal  of  the  foot  in 
walking;  one  remove  in  ascending  or  de- 
scending a  stair;  the  distance  between  the 
feet  in  walking  or  ranning;  a  small  space 
or  distance;  a  grade  in  progress  or  rank ; 
a  forward  move ;  a  higher  grade  of  rank; 
print  or  impression  of  the  foot;  footprint; 
gait;  manner  of  walking;  sound  of  the 
feet;  footfall;  a  proceeding;  one  of  a  series 
of  proceedings;  measure  (to  take  steps  in 
a  matter);  a  foot-piece  for  ascending  or 
descending  from  a  carriage;  the  round  of 
a  ladder;  pi.  a  self-supporting  ladder  tvith 
flat  steps;  a  step-ladder;  much  used  in- 
doors; naut.  a  block  or  a  solid  piece  sup- 
porting the  heel  of  a  mast. — Step  by  step, 
by  a  gradual  and  regular  process;  gradu- 
ally; keeping  pace.  —  Step-ladder,  n.  A 
portable  ladder  usually  having  flat  steps, 
and  its  own  means  of  support  attached. — 
Stepper,  step'fer,  n.  One  who  steps;  one 
that  has  a  gait  good  or  bad :  often  applied 
to  a  horse.— Stepping-stone,  n.  A  raised 
stone  in  a  stream  or  in  a  swampy  place  to 
keep  the  feet  dry  in  crossing;  an  aid  by 
which  an  end  may  be  accomplished  or -an 
object  gained;  an  assistance  to  progress. 
Stepbrother,  step'bruTH-Sr,  n.  [In  this  and 
following  words  step-  is  A. Sax.  steip-,  Icel. 
stjup,  D.  and  G.  stief-,  a  prefix  of  doubtful 
origin.]  A  brother  by  being  a  stepfather's 
or  stepmother's  son  by  a  former  wife  or  hus- 
band.—Stepchild,  step'child,  n.  The  child 
of  a  husband  or  wife  by  a  former  wife  or 
husband.  —  Stepdaughter,  step'da-tfir,  n. 
The  daughter  of  a  husband  or  wife  try  a 
former  wife  or  husband.  —  Stepfather, 
step'fa-THfir,  n.  A  mother's  Second  or  sub- 
sequent husband.  —  Stepmother,  step'- 
muin-fer,  n.  A  father's  second  or  subse-. 
quent  wife. —Step-parent,  n.  A  stepfather 
or  stepmother.— Stepsister,  step'sis-t^r,  n. 
A  stepfather's  or  stepmother's  daughter 
by  a  former  wife  or  husband.  —  Stepson, 
step'sun,  n.  The  son  of  a  husband  or  wife 
by  a  former  wife  or  husband. 
Steppe,  step,  n.  [G.  steppe,  Rub.  stepy',  a 
steppe.]  A  name  applied  to  those  exten- 
sive plains  which  stretch  across  the  south- 
east of  European  Russia,  round  the  shores 
of  the  Caspian  and  Aral  Seas,  and  occupy 
the  low  lands  of  Siberia. 
Etercoraceous,  stfer-ko-ra'shus,  a.  [Ii.  ster- 
cus,  stercoris,  dung.]  Pertaining  to  dung, 
or  partaking  of  its  nature.— Stercoration, 
stSr-ko-ra'shon,  n.  [L.  sterwraiio.l  The 
act  of  manuring  with  dung. 
Stfere,  star,  n.  [Fr.  st&re,  from  Gr.  stereos, 
solid.}  The  French  unit  for  solid  mea- 
sure, equal  to  a  cubic  metre,  or  35'3166 
cubic  feet. 

Stereo,  ster'e-5,  n.  A  contraction  of  stereo- 
type; used  also  adjectively  (a  sterex)  plate). 
Etereochromy,  ster-e-ok 'ro  -  mi,  n.  [Gr. 
stereos,  fsoMA,  hard,  and  chrdma,  colour.]  A 
method  of  wall-painting  by  which  the 
colours  are  covered  with  a  varnish  of  wa- 
ter-glass.—Stereochrome,  ster'e-o-krom,  n. 
A  stereochromic  picture. — Stereochromic, 
Bter'e-o-krom'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  stereo- 
chromy.— Stereogram,  Stereograph,  ster'- 
e-o-gram,  ster'e-o-graf ,  n.  [Gr.  sfereoa,  and 
graphs,  to  write.]  A  diagram  or  picture 
which  represents  objects  so  as  to  give  the 
irajsression  of  relief  or  solidity;  a  picture 
for  a  stereoscope.— Stereographlc,  Stereo- 

fraphicaL  ster'&^o-graf'ik,  ster'e-o-graf"i- 
al,  a.   Made  according  to  the  ruleB  of 


stereography;  delineated  on  a  plane. — 
Stereographic  projection,  the  projection  or 
delineation  of  the  sphere  upon  the  plane 
of  one  of  its  great  circles,  the  eye  being  at 
the  pole  of  that  circle.— StereographicsOiy, 
ster '  6-6-graf "i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  stereo- 
graphic  manner.  —  Stereography,  ster-6- 
og'ra-fi,  n.  The  art  of  delineating  solid 
bodies  on  a  plane.  —  Stereometer,  ster-e- 
om'et-er,  n.  [Gr.  stereos,  and  metron,  mea- 
sure.] An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
contents  of  bodies  or  vessels;  an  instru- 
ment for  determining  the  specific  gravity 
of  liquids,  porous  bodies,  powders,  Ac- 
Stereometric,  Stereometrical,  ster '  5  -  5- 
mef'rik,  ster'e-o-met"ri-kal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  performed  by  stereometry.  —  Stere- 
ometry, ster-e-om'et-ri,  n.  The  art  of  mea- 
BuringsoUd  bodies,&c.— Stereoscope,  ster'- 
e-o-skop,  n.  [Gr.  stereos,  and  skopeo,  to 
view.]  An  optical  instrument  which  en- 
ables us  to  look  upon  two"  pictures  taken 
under  a  small  difference  of  angular  view, 
each  eye  looking  upon  one  picture  only,  so 
that,  as  in  ordinary  vision,  two  images  are 
conveyed  to  the  brain  as  one,  and  the  ob- 
jects thus  appear  solid  and  real  as  in  na- 
ture.—Stereoscopic,  Stereoscopicai,  ster*- 
e-o-skop"ik,  ster'e-o-skop''i-kal,a.  Pertain- 
ing to  th3  stereoscope ;  adapted  to  the 
stereoscope.  —  Stereoscopically,  ster'e-o- 
8kop"i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  stereoscopic  man- 
ner; by  means  of  the  stereoscope.— Stere- 
oscopist,  ster-e-Ds'ko-pist,  n.  One  versed 
in  the  usepf  the  stereoscope.— Stereoscopy, 
ster-e-os'ko-pi,  n.  I'he  art  of  using  the 
stereoscope.— Stereotrope,  ster'S-o-trop,  n. 
[Gr.  stereos,  and  trope,  a  turning.]  An 
instrument  by  which  an  object  is  perceived 
as  if  in  motion  and  with  its  natural  solid- 
ity or  relief.  —  Stereotyi)e,  ster'e-o-tip,  «. 
[Gr.  stereos,  and  typos,  type.]  A  metal 
plate,  presenting  on  its  upper  surface  a 
facsimile  of  a  page  of  arranged  types,  be- 
ing cast  in  a  papier-mache,  stucco.or  other 
mould  obtained  from  these  types,  and  be- 
ing used  to  print  from  in  tne  same  way, 
thus  saving  the  types  and  allowing  them 
to  be  used  afresh  at  once.— a.  Relating  to 
the  art  of  stereotyping  or  printing  from 
stereotypes,  —v.t.— stereotyped,  stereotyp- 
ing. To  make  a  stereotype  of;  to  prepare 
for  printing  by  means  of  stereotype  plates; 
fig.  to  fix  firmly  or  unchangeably.— Stere- 
otyped, ster'e-o-tipt,  p.  and  a.  Made  or 
printed  from  stereotype  plates;  formed  in 
a  fixed  unchangeable  manner  {stereotyped 
opinions).— Stereotype-plate,  n.  A  stereo- 
type; a  sheet  of  metal,  having  a  surface 
presenting  a  solid  page  of  type,  for  print- 
ing.—Stereotyper,  ster'e-o-tip-er,  n.  One 
who  stereotypes.- Stereotypery,  ster'e-o- 
tip"er-i,  n.  The  art  of  making  stereotype- 
plates;  a  stereotype  foundry.  —  Stereo- 
typic, 8ter'e-5-tip"ik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
stereotype-plates.— Stereotypist,  ster'5-o- 
tip-ist,  n.  A  stereotyper.— Btereotypogra- 
pner,  6ter'e-o-ti-pog"ra-f6r,  n.  A  stereo- 
type printer.  —  Stereotypography,  ster'e- 
6-ti-pog"ra-fi,  n.  Printing  from  stereotype. 
—Stereotypy,  ster'6-o-ti-pi,  n.  The  art  or 
business  of  making  stereotype-plates. 

Sterile,  ster'il,  a.  [Fr.  stirile,  from  L. 
steHlis,  barren,  unproductive;  cog.  Gr. 
steiros,  barren,  stereos,  stiff;  Skr.  stari,  a 
barren  cow;  G.  starr,  stiff,  rigid;  E.  to 
stare.]  Unfruitful;  not  fertile;  barren; 
producing  no  young;  not  germinating; 
barren  of  ideas;  destitute  of  sentiment; 
hot.  bearing  only  stamens;  staminate. — 
Sterility,  ste-ril'i-ti,  n.  [L.  steriUtas.]  The 
state  of  Deing  sterile;  unfruitfulness;  bar- 
renness; the  state  of  not  producing  young. 
— Sterilize,  ster'il-iz,  v.t. — sterilized,  steril- 
izing.   To  make  sterile  or  barren. 

Sterlet,  stfer'let,  n.  [Kus.  sterliad.]  A  small 
species  of  sturgeon. 

Sterling,  ster'ling,  a.  [From  the  Esterlings 
or  Easterlings,  the  old  name  in  England 
of  traders  from  Germany  {east  from  Eng- 
land), whose  money  was  of  peculiar  puri- 
ty; or  from  G.  sterling,  a  coin.]  An  epithet 
b^  which  English  money  is  distinguished, 
signifying  that  it  is  of  the  standard  value 
(a  pound  sterling);  hence,  genuine;  un- 
doubted ;  of  excellent  quality  (a  work  of 
sterling  merit). 

Stem,  stem,  a.    [A.  Sax.  steme,  styme, 


stem;  same  root  as  to  stare,  arA  r^tark.] 
Severe,  "as  regards  facial  expression;  aus- 
tere of  aspect;  gloomy;  severe  of  manner; 
pitiless;  harsh;  rigidly  steadfast;  immov- 
able.—  Sternly,  stern'li,  adii.  In  a  steru 
manner;  with  an  austere  or  steril  coun- 
tenance. —  Sternness,  stfem'nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  stem;  severity  of 
look ;  severity  or  harshness  of  manner; 
rigour. 

Stern,  stfem,  n.  [A.  Sax.  steorn,  a  helm; 
akin  to  steer.]  The  hind  part  of  a  ship  or 
boat.  —  £y  the  stem,  naut.  more  deeply 
laden  abait  than  forward.— Stem-board, 
n.  Jfaut.  the  backward  motion  of  a  vessel. 
— Stem-chase,  n.  A  chase  in  which  one 
vessel  follows  in  the  wake  of  the  other. — 
Stem-chaser,  n.  A  cannon  placed  in  a 
ship's  stem, pointingbackward.-Stemed, 
st6md,  a.  Having  a  stem  of  thir  or  that 
kind  (square-stemed).— StemmoEt,  stem'- 
most,  a.  Farthest  in  the  rear;  farthest 
astern. — Stem-port, n.  A  port  in  the  stem 
of  a'  ship.  —  Stern-post,  n.  A  principal 
piece  of  timber  in  a  vessel's  stern.— Stern- 
sheets,  n.  The  after  part  of  a  boat,  usu- 
ally furnished  with  seats  for  passengers. — 
Stem-way,  n.  The  movement  of  a  ship 
stern  foremost. 

Sternum,  ster'num,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ater- 
'non,  the  breast-bone.]  The  breast-bone. — 
Sternal,  ster'nal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
sternum.  —  Stemo-  is  used  as  a  prefix  in 
several  anatomical  terms  bearing  on  the 
sternum. 

Sternutation,  stfir-nu-ta'shon,  n.  [L.  ster- 
nutatio,  from  steniuto,  freq.  of  stemuo,  to 
sneeze.]  The  act  of  sneezing.— Sternuta- 
tive, Sternutatory,  stfer-nu'ta-tiv.  ster-nQ'- 
ta-to-ri,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  exciting 
to  sneeze. — n.  A  substance  that  provokes 
sneezing,  as  some  kind  of  sniiff. 
Stertorous,  ster'to-rus,  a.  [From  L.  sterio, 
to  snore.]  Characterized  by  a  deep  snoring, 
such  as  frequently  accompanies  apoplexy 
(a  stei'torous  breathing). 
Stet,  stet.  [L.,  let  it  stand.]  P7-inting,  a 
word  written  upon  proofs  to  signify  that 
something  which  has  been  deleted  is  after 
all  to  remain. 

Stethometer,  ste-thom'et-er,w.  [Gr.  stithos, 
the  breast,  and  metron,  a  measure.]  An 
instrument  for  measuring  the  external 
movement  in  the  chest  during  respiration. 
—Stethoscope,  steth'o-skop,  n.  [Gr.  stethos, 
and  skopeO,  to  see.]  An  instrument  of  a 
tubular  form  used  by  medical  men  for 
listening  to  sounds  within  the  thorax 
and  other  cavities  of  the  body.— Stetho- 
scopic,  Stethoscopical,  steth  -  6  -  skop '  ik, 
8teth-o-skop'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
stethoscope.  —  Stethoscopically,  steth-o- 
skop'i-kal-li,  <idv.  By  means  of  a  stetho- 
scope.- StetnoscOpist,  steth'o-skop-ist,  n. 
A  person  versed  in  the  use  of  the  stetho- 
scope.—Stethoscopy,  ste-thos'ko-pi,  n.  The 
art  of  stethoscopic  examination. 
Stevedore,  ste've-dor,  n.  [Sp.  esiivador,  a 
packer  of  wool,  &c.,  from  estivar,  to  stow; 
from  L.  stipare,  to  cram,  to  stuff.]  One 
whose  occupation  is  to  stow  goods,  pack- 
ages, (fee,  in  a  ship's  hold;  one  who  loads 
or  unloads  vessels. 

Btew,  sta,  v.t.  [From  O.Pr.  estuver  (Fr. 
iiuver),  to  stew,  to  bathe,  from  estttve,  a 
stove;  from  O.H.G.  slupa,  a  stove,  a  hot 
chamber.  Stove.]  To  boil  slowly  in  a 
moderate  manner  or  with  a  simmering 
heat.— v.t.  To  be  boiled  in  a  slow  gentle 
manner,  or  in  heat  and  moisture.- n.  A 
house  furnished  with  warm  baths;  a  ba- 
gnio; a  brothel;  a  dish  cooked  by  stewing; 
a  state  of  agitation  or  excitement.— Stew- 
pan,  n.  A  pan  in  which  meat  and  vege- 
tables are  stewed. 

Steward,  stti'^rd,  n.  [O.E.  styward,  A. 
Sax.  stiweard,  a  steward,  lit.  a  styward, 
from  stige,  a  sty,  a  pen,  and  weard,  a 
keeper.  Originally  one  who  took  charge 
of  the  cattle,  which  constituted  the 
chief  wealth  of  a  household.]  A  man 
employed  on  a  large  estate  or  establish- 
ment to  manage  the  domestic  concerns, 
superintend  the  other  servants,  keep  the 
accounts,  &c.;  one  who  has  affairs  to  super- 
intend for  another;  a  gentleman,  who  has 
a  share  in  managing  a  public  dinr  c-r,  baU, 
&c.;  an  officer  of  state   (the  lord  mgn 


li-r,  ftt,  £^ii;     xaO,  Eaet,  her;     pine,  pia;     uOte,  aot,  inUve;     ttlbe,  tub,  b\>Ui    oil,  pouati;     tuScabitufc— i.;-v-«i_H' 


STHENIC 


665 


STIMULATE 


steward  of  England,  one  of  the  ancient 
great  officers  of  state);  an  oflScer  on  a  ves- 
sel who  distributes  provisions  to  the  offi- 
cers and  crew;  in  passenger  ships,  a  man 
who  superintends  the  provisions  and 
liquors,  waits  at  table,  Ac— Stewardess, 
8ta'6rd-es,  n.  A  female  steward;  a  female 
who  waits  upon  ladies  in  passenger  ves- 
Bots,  &c.  —  Stewardship,  sta'erd-ehip,  n. 
The  office  or  functions  of  a  steward. — 
Stewartry,  slu'6rt-ri,  tt.  In  Scotland,  a 
division  nearly  equivalent  to  a  county. 

Sthenic,  sthen'ik,a.  [G-r.  stfienos,  strength.] 
Med.  attended  with^morbid  increase  of 
vital  energy  and  action  In  the  heart  and 
arteries. 

Stibial,  stilili-al,  ft.  [li.sti&iMm,  antimony.] 
Pertaining  to  or  having  the  qualities  of 
antimony;  antimonial.— Stibialism,  stib'i- 
al-izm,  n.  Antimonial  intoxication  or 
poisoning.— Stiblated,  Btib'i-5.-ted,  a.  Im- 
pregnated with  antimony.— Stibic,  stib'ik, 
a.  Antimonic. — Stibnlte,  stib'nit,  n.  An 
ore  of  antimony  of  a  lead-gray  colour,  yield- 
ing most  of  the  antimony  of  commerce. 

Stich,  stik,  n.  [Gr.  stichosj  a  line,  a  verse.] 
A  verse,  of  whatever  measure  or  number 
of  feet;  a  line  of  writing.— Stichic,  stik'ik, 
a.  Consisting  of  lines  or  verses. — Stlcho- 
mancy,  stik'o-man-si,  n.  [Gr.  stichos,  and 
manteia,  divination.]  Divination  by  lines 
or  passages  in  books  taken  at  hazard. — 
Btichometrical,  stik-o-met'ri-kal.  a.  Per- 
taining to  stichometry.  —  Stichometry, 
sti-kom'et-ri,  n.  [Gr.  stichos,  and  metron, 
measure.]  Measurement  of  books  or  writ- 
ings, by  the  number  of  lines  which  each 
contains. 

Stick,  stik,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sticca,  a  stick,  stake, 
spike;  Icel.  stika,  a  stick;  closely  akin  to 
stick  (verb)v  stake,  steak,  stock.]  A  piece  of 
wood  of  indefinite  size  and  shape;  a  branch 
of  a  tree  or  shrub  cut  or  broken  off;  a  rod 
or  wand;  a  staff;  a  walking-stick;  anything 
shaped  like  a  stick  (a  stick  oi  sealing-wax); 
printing,  a  composing-stick. — Gold- stick. 
Silver-stick.    See  those  headings. 

Stick,  stik,  v.t. — pret.  and  pp.  stuck.  [A. 
Sax.  stician,  to  stab,  pierce,  adhere;  Ban. 
stikke,  D.  steken,  to  pierce ;  G.  stecken,  to 
thrust,  to  stand  fast;  from  a  root  stig,  seen 
also  in  L.  stinguo,  to  quench  (as  in  extin- 

?uish),  stimulus  (for  stigmulus),  Gr.  stizO, 
o  prick,  ^E.  sting.  Stitch  is  a  softened 
ioTvo.,a.na  stick,  n.,  steak,  staks^stock,ticket, 
etiquette,  &c.,  are  akin.]  To  pierce  or  stab 
tShak.) ;  to  thrust  so  as  to  wound  or  pene- 
trate; to  fasten  by  piercing  (to  stick  a 
pin) ;  to  thrust  in;  to  attach  by  causing  to 
adhere  to  thb  surface ;  to  fix;  to  set ;  to 
iix  in;  to  set  with  something  inserted^  to 
fix  on  a  pointed  instrument. — To  stick  out, 
to  project;  to  thrust  out. — To  stick  one's 
self  up,  to  put  on  grand  airs.- y  .i.  To  cleave 
to  the  surface,  as  by  tenacity  or  attrac- 
tion; to  adhere;  to.be  fixed  by  being  thrust 
in;  to  remain  where  placed;  to  cling;  to 
be  hindered  from  making  progress;  to  be 
brought  to  a  stop  by  some  impediment; 
to  scruple;  to  hesitate:  often  with  at.— To 
slick  by,  to  adhere  closely  to;  to  be  constant 
to. — To  sticklout,  to  project  or  be  promi- 
nent; to  refuse  to  treat  or  surrender;  to 
hold  out  (to  stick  out  for  more  favourable 
terms).— 7*0  slick  to,  to  be  persevering  in 
holdir^  to;  to  abide  firmly  and  faithfully 
by. —  To  stick  up,  to  have  an  upright  posi- 
tion; to  stand  on  end.— To  stick  up  for,  to 
espouse-  the  cause  of;  to  defend. — Sticker, 
stik'^r,  n.  One  who  Bticks,(a  hiW-sticker). 
— Stickiness,  stik'i-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  sticky;  viscousness;  glutinousness.— 
Sticking-place,  n.  Point  of  determination. 
[SAaifc.]— Sticking-plaster,  n.  An  adhesive 
plaster  forjclosing  wounds;  court-plaster. 
— Stick-lac.  Lac— Sticky,  stik'i,  a.  Hav- 
ing the  quality  of  adhering  to  a  surface; 
gluey;  viscous. 

Stickle,  8tik'l,w.i. — stickled,  stickling.  [Modi- 
fied by  influence  of  stick  from  O.E.  stihtle, 
stightle,  to  rule,  direct,  from  A.  Sax.  stih- 
tan,  to  dispose,  to  govern.]  To  interpose 
"between  combatants  and  separate  themt; 
to  arbifratej;  to  pertinaciously  stick  up 
for  sopaething,  especially  some  trifle;  to 
play  fast  and  loose. -^r.e.— To  arbitrate  be- 
tween or  int.— Stickler,  stik'lfer,  n.  One 
who  stickles  or  pertinaciously  insists;  an 


obstinate  contender  about  things  of  little 
consequence. 

Stickleback,  stikl-bak,  n.  [O.E.  stickle,  a 
prickle,  and  back;  from  the  spines  on  its 
back.]  The  popular  name  for  certain  very 
small  British  fishes  found  in  ponds  and 
streams,  and  having  spines  on  their  backs, 
remarkable  for  building  nests. 

Sticky.    Under  Stick,  v. 

Stiff,  stif ,  a.  [A.  Sax.  stif=0.  Fris.  stef,  D. 
stijf,  L.G.  stief,  G.  steif;  root  in  stand,  Skr. 
sthd,  to  stand.  Stand.]  Not  easily  bent ; 
not  flexible;  rigid;  not  liquid  or  fluid; 
thick  and  tenacious;  inspissated;  drawn 
very  tight;  tense;  not  supple;  not  working 
smoothly  or  easily  (siijf  joints);  not  natural 
and  easy;  cramped;  constrained  (a  stiffetyle 
of  writing);  haughty  and  unbending;  for- 
mal in  manner;  blowing  strongly;  violent; 
not  easily  subdued;  obstinate;  stubborn; 
containing  a  good  deal  of  spirits  (a  stiff 
glass  of  grog);  naut.  bearing  a  press  of  can- 
vas without  careening  much.  —  Stiffen, 
Btif'n,  v.t.  To  make  stiff;  to  make  less 
pliant  or  flexible. — v.i.  To  become  stiff  or 
stiffer;  to  become  more  rigid  or  less  flex- 
ible; to  become  less  susceptible  of  impres- 
sion; to  grow  more  obstinate.— Stiflener, 
stif'n-er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  stif- 
fens; a  piece  of  stiff  inaterial  inside  a 
neckcloth.— Stiffening,  stif  n-ing,  n.  The 
act  of  making  stiff;  something  that  is 
used  to  make  a  substance  more  stiff. — 
Stlffish,  stif'ish,  a.  Somewhat  stiff. — 
Stiffly,  stif'li,  adv.  In  a  stiff  manner; 
rigidly ;  unbendingly ;  obstinately ;  un- 
yieldingly; in  a  constrained  manner;  for- 
mally.—Stiff-neck,  n.  A  condition  of  the 
neck  in  which  movement  causes  extreme 
pain,  due  to  rheumatism  of  the  muscles  on 
the  side  of  the  neck.  —  Stiff-necked,  a. 
Stubborn;  inflexibly  obstinate.  —  Stlfl- 
neckedness,  n.  Stubbornness.— Stiffness, 
stif'nes,  «.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
stiffj  want  of  pliableness,  suppleness,  or 
flexibility;  rigidity;  tension;  viscidness; 
spissitude;  stubbornness;  formality  or  con- 
straint of  manner,  expression,  or  writing. 

Stifle,  sti'flf  v.t  —  stifled,  stifling.  [Icel. 
stif  a,  to  dam  up  (akin  to  stiff),  the  sense 
being  influenced  by  old  stive,  to  stuff  up, 
from  Fr.  estiver,  L.  stipare,  to  cram  close.] 
To  kill  by  impeding  respiration;  to  suffo- 
cate or  greatly  oppress  by  foul  or  close  air; 
to  smother;  to  deaden  (flame,  sound);  to 
suppress  or  conceal ;  to  repress;  to  keep 
from  being  known.— v.i.  To  suffocate;  to 
perish  by  suffocation. 

Stifle,  sti'fl,  n.  [Perhaps  connected  with 
stiff.]  The  joint  of  a  horse  next  to  the 
buttock,  and  corresponding  to  the  knee  in 
man.— Stifle-bone,  n.  A  bone  in  the  leg 
of  a  horse,  corresponding  to  the  knee- 
pan  in  man. 

Stigma,  stig'ma,  n.  pi.  Stigmas  or  Stig- 
mata, stif'ma-ta.  [Gr.  stigma,  a  prick 
with  a  pointed  instrument,  from  stizO,  to 
prick.  Stino.]  A  brand  impressed  with 
a  red-hot  iron  on  slaves  and  others;  any 
mark  of  infamy;  a  brand  of  disgrace  which 
attaches  to  a  person;  a  natural  mark  on 
the  skin;  bat.  the  upper  extremity  of  the 
style,  and  the  part  which  in  impregnation 
receives  the  pollen;  entomol.  one  of  the 
apertures  in  the  bodies  of  insects  com- 
municating with  the  air-vessels;  pi.  stig- 
mata, marks  said  to  have  been  super- 
naturally  impressed  upon  the  bodies  of 
certain  persons  in  imitation  of  the  wounds 
on  the  crucified  body  of  Christ  (the  stig- 
mata of  St.  Francis).— Stigmaria,  stig-ma'- 
ri-a,  n.  A  fossil  of  the  coal  formation, 
now  ascertained  to  be  the  root  of  the 
Sigillaria  (which  see).- Stigmatic,  Stlg- 
matical,  stig-mat'ik,  stig-mat'i-kal,  a. 
Marked  with  a  stigma;  having  the  char- 
acter of  a  stigma;  bot.  belonging  to  the 
stigma.— Stigmatic,  n.  A  person  branded 
or  marked  with  a  natural  stigma.  [Shak.] 
—  Stlgmatlst,  stig'ma-tist,  n.  One  on 
whom  the  marks  of  Christ's  wounds,  or 
stigmata,  are  said  to  be  supematurally 
impressed.  —  Stigmatizatioh,  stig'ma-ti- 
za"shon,  n.  The  impression  on  the  bodies 
of  certain  individuals  of  l^e  marks  of 
Christ's  wounds.— Stigmatize,  stig'ma-tiz, 
v.t— stigmatized,  stigmatizing.  [Fr.  stig- 
matiser,  Gr.  stigmatizo,  to  brand.]    To 


mark  with  a  stigma  or  brand;  to  set  a 
mark  of  disgrace  on;  to  call  or  characterize 
by  some  opprobrious  epithet. — Stlgmatose, 
stig'ma-tos,  a.    Sot  stigmatic. 

Stilbite,  stil'brt,  n.  [Gr.  stilbo,  to  shine.] 
A  mineral  of  a  shining  pearly  lustre;  a 
kind  of  zeolite. 

Stile,  stil,  n.  [See  Style.]  The  gnomon  on 
the  face  of  a  dial  to  form  the  shadow. — 
Stilar,  stil'fir,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  stile 
of  a  dial. 

Stile,  stil,  M.  [A.  Sax.  stigel,  a  step,  a  lad- 
der, from  stigan,  to  mount,  which  appears 
also  in  stair,  stirrup,  being  same  as  Icel. 
stiga,  G.  steigen,  Goth,  steigan,  Skr.  stigh, 
to  ascend.]  A  step  or  series  of  steps,  or  a 
frame  of  bars  and  steps,  for  ascending 
and  descending  in  getting  over  a  fence. 

Stiletto,  sti-letto,  n.  [It.,  dim.  of  stilo,  a 
dagger,  from  L.  stilua,  a  style.  Stylk.]  A 
.  small  dagger  with  a  round  pointed  blade 
about  6  inches  long;  a  pointed  instrument 
for  making  eyelet-holes  in  working  mus- 
lin.— v.t.  To  stab  or  pierce  with  a  stiletto. 

Still,  stil,  a.  [A.  Sax.  stille,  still,  quiet, 
firm,  fixed=D.  stil,  Dan.  stille,  G.  still; 
from  root  of  stand,  seen  also  in  stall,  G. 
stellen,.  to  place,  &c.  Sta.vd.]  Silent; 
noiseless;  not  loud;  soft;  low  (a  still  small 
voice);  quiet  or  calm;  without  agitation; 
motionless;  not  sparkling  or  effervescing. 
—v.t  [A.  Sax.  stillan.]  To  bring  to  silence; 
to  make  quiet;  to  check  or  restrain;  to  ap- 
pease or  allay.— adw.  To  this  time;  now  no 
less  than  before;  in  future  no  less  than 
formerly;  always;  time  after  time;  con- 
tinually; nevertheless;  in  spite  of  what 
has  occunred;  yet;  in  an  increasing  degree; 
even  yet:  very  common  with  comparatives 
{still  vaore).— Still  and  anon,  at  intervals 
and  repeatedly.— Still-birth,  n.  State  of 
being  still-bom.— Still-born,a.  Dead  at  the 
birth;  abortive;  produced  unsuccessfully. — 
Stiller,  stil'fer,  n.  One  who  stills  or  quiets. 
— Still-life,  n.  Inanimate  objects,  such  as 
dead  animals,  furniture,  fruits,  &c.,  re- 
presented by  the  painter's  art.- Stillness, 
stil'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
still;  freedom  from  noise  or  motion;  calm- 
ness; quiet;  silence.— Stilly,  stil'i,  a.  StiU; 
quiet.  —  adv.  (stil'li).  Silently;  without 
noise;  calmly;  quietly. 

Still,  stil,  n.  [Abbrev.  from  distitl  An 
apparatus  for  distilling  or  separating,  by 
means  of  heat,  volatile  matters  from  sub- 
stances containing  them,  and  reconden- 
sing  them  into  the  liquid  form;  a  distil- 
lery.—!;.«.  To  distil.  — Still-bui-n,  v.t  To 

.burn  in  the  process  of  distillation.— Still- 
honse,  n.     A  building  containing  a  still. 

— Still-room,  n.  An  apartment  for  distil- 
ling; a  domestic  laboratory;  an  apart- 

•  ment  where  liquors,  preserves,  ana  the 
like  are  kept. 

Stillicide,  stil'i-sid,  n.  [I/,  stillicidium — 
stilla,  a  drop,  and  cado,  to  fall.]  Law,  the 
right  to  have  the  rain  from  one's  roof  to 
drop  on  another's  land  or  roof .— Stilllform, 
stil'i-form,  a.  [L.  stilla,  a  drop,  and/o?->na, 
form.]    Drop-shaped. 

Stilt,  stilt,  n.  [Same  as  Dan.  stylte,  Sw. 
stylta,  L.G.  and  D.  stelt,  G.  stelze,  a  stilt; 
root  probably  that  of  stand.]  A  long  piece 
of  wood  with  a  rest  for  the  foot,  used  in 
pairs  for  walking  with  the  feet  raised 
above  the   ground.  —  Stilt -bird.   Stilt - 

E lover,  n.  A  wading  bird  of  no  great  size 
aving  remarkably  long  slender  legs, 
whence  its  name.— Stilted,  stilt'ed,  p.  and 
a.  Elevated  as  if  on  stilts;  hence,  pom- 
pous; inflated ;  stiff  and  bombastic :  said 
of  language. 

Stilton,  stil 'ton,  a.  Applied  to  a  well- 
known  and  highly  esteemed  solid,  rich, 
white  cheese,  originally  made  at  Stilton, 
Huntingdonshire,  but  now  chiefly  made 
in  Leicestershire. — n.  Stilton  cheese. 

Stimulate,  stim'U-lat.w.i.-  -stimulated,  stim- 
ulating. [L.  stirmilo,  stimulatum,  to  prick, 
to  urge  on,  from  stimulus,  a  goad;  root 
stig,  as  in  Gr.  stizO,  to  prick;allied  to  stick, 
sting'.]  To  excite  or  animate  to  action  by 
some  pungent  motive  or'. by  persuasion ; 
to  spur  on;  to  incite,  instigate,  rouse;  to 
excite  greater  vitality  or  keenness  in ; 
med.  to  produce  a  quickly  diffiised  and 
transient  increase  of  vital  energy  and 
strength  of  action  in.— v.i.   To  act  as  a 


ch,  cftain;     ch,  Sc.  loch;    s>  S^'>    i>  ioh;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sing;    th,  ihm\  th,  fhia;    v,  wig;     wh,  w/tig;    zh,  a.sTire, 


STING 


stimulus.— Stimulation,  siim-a-la'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  stimuLitiiig ;  the  effect  pro- 
duced; med.  a  quickly  diffused  and  tran- 
sient increase  of  vital  energy.— Stimula- 
tive, stim'u-la-tiv,  a.  Having  the  quality 
of  stimulating. — n.  That  which  stimulates. 
— Stimulant,  stim'u-lant,  a.  [L.  siimulans, 
atimulantis,  ppr.  of  stiviulo.]  Serving  to 
stimulate. — n.  That  which  stimulates;  a 
stimulus;  med.  an  agent  which  produces 
ii  quickly  diffused  and  transient  increase 
of  vital  energy  in  the  organism  or  some 
part  of  it;  often  applied  distinctively  to 
some  kind  of  alcoholic  liquors.  —  Stimu- 
lator, stim'u-la-tfer,  n.  One  that  stimu- 
lates. —  Stlmulose,  stim '  u  -  los,  a.  Bot. 
covered  with  stimuli. — Stimulus,  stim'u- 
lus,  71.  pi.  Stimuli,  stim'u-li.  [L.j  Some- 
thing that  incites  to  action  or  exertion; 
an  incitement;  a  stimulant;  &ot.  a  ating, 
as  in  the  nettle. 

Stiag,  sting,  v.t.—pret.  and  pp.  stung.  [A. 
Sax.  stingan,  to  pierce,  to  sting=Icel.  and 
Sw.  stinga,  Dan.  stinge,  Goth,  stiggan  (i.e. 
stingan);  nasalized  forms  corresponding  to 
stick;  akin  also  to  stink;  same  root  as  in 
stimvlate.  ]  To  pierce  with  the  sharp- 
pointed  organ  with  which  certain  animals 
and  plants  are  furnished;  to  poison  or 
goad  with  a  sting;  to  give  acute  mental 
pain  {stimg  with  remorse  or  taunts). — v.i. 
To  us»  a  sting,  as  a  bee. — n.  [A.  Sax.  sting, 
Icel.  stingr.]  A  sharp -pointed  weapon 
which  certain  insects  possess,  and  which 
they  can  thrust  out  from  the  hinder  part 
of  the  body;  a  somewhat  similar  appen- 
dage of  other  animals,  as  scorpions;  the 
thnist  of  a  sting  into  the  flesh;  anything 
that  gives  acute  pain;  the  biting,  sarcas- 
tic, or  cutting  effect  of  words;  the  point, 
as  in  an  epigram;  that  which  gives  acute 
mental  pajji;  an  impulse;  a  stimulus;  bot. 
a  hair  which  secretes  a  poisonous  fluid, 
which,  when  introduced  under  the  skin  of 
animals,  produces  pain.— Stinger,  sting'fer, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  stings. — Sting- 
ing, sting'ing,  p.  and  a.  Piercing  with,  or 
as  with,  a  sting;  goading;  sharp;  keen; 
bot.  having  hairs  that  sting,  as  in  the 
nettle.— Stmgingly,sting'ing-li,a(iy.  With 
stinging.— Stingless,  sting'les,  a.  Having 
no  sting.— Sting-ray,  n.  A  fish  allied  to 
the  rays  having  a  sharp  bony  spine  on  its 
tail.— Stingy,  sting'i,  a.  Having  power  to 
sting;  stingingi 

Stingo,  sting'go,  n.  [Probably  from  sting, 
alluding  to  the  shariDuess  of  the  taste.] 
Pungent  or  strong  ale;  rare  good  liquor. 
[CoUoq.] 

Stingy,  stin'ji,  a.  [Probably  from  siing; 
comp.  spring,  springe;  swing,  sivinge.]  Ex- 
tremely close-fisted  and  covetous;  meanly 
avaricious;  nigrardly;  scanty.— Stingily, 
stin'ji-U,  adv.  In  &  stingy  or  niggardly 
manner;  meanly;  shabbily. — Stinginess, 
stin'ji-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  stingy; 
mean  covetousness;  niggardliness. 

Btink,  stingk,  v.i. — pret.  and  pp.  stmik.  [A. 
Sa,x.  8tincan=I>.eindGc.stinken,'Da3i,stinke, 
to  stink;  closely  allied  to  srtnff.siicA:.  Stench 
is  a  derivative  form.]  To  emit  a  strong 
offensive  smell ;  hence,  fig,  to  be  in  bad 
odour ;  to  have  a  bad  reputation. — v.t.  To 
annoy  with  an  offensive  smeU.  —  n.  A 
strong  offensive  smell;  a  stench. — Stink- 
ard, stingk 'ard,  n.  A  mean,  paltry  fel- 
low.— Stink-ball,  n.  A  ball  of  combustible 
materials  used  similarly  to  the  .stink-pot. 
— Stink-pot  »..  An  earthen  pot  filled  with 
a  stinMng  combustible  mixture,  formerly 
used  in  attacking  an  enemy's  vessel  at  sea. 
— Stink-stone,  n.  Same  as  Anthraconite. — 
Stink-trap.  n.  A  contrivance  to  prevent 
the  escape  of  eflSuvia  from  the  openings 
of  drains. 

Stint,  stint,  ^.l.  [A.  Sax.  stynian,  to  blunt 
or  dull,  from  stunt,  dull,  stupid;  akin  Sw. 
Btunia,  Icel.  stytta,  to  shorten.  Stunt.]  To 
•restrict  to  a  scanty  allowance;  to  limit  or 
make  scanty.— w.t.  To  cease;  to  stop;  to  de- 
list.— 71.  Limit  or  restraint  set  or  observed; 
restriction  as  to  quantity  (to  give  money 
•without  giiTii).- Stintedness,  stin'ted-nes, 
n.  "State  of  being  stinted.— Stinter.  stin'- 
"t6r,  n^   One  who  stints. 

Btlpe,  Stipes,  stip,  sti'pez,  n.  [L.  stipes,  a 
Etock,  a  trunk.]  Bot.  the  petiole  of  the 
fronds  of  ferns;  the  stem  of  tree-ferns; 


666 


the  stem  of  certain  fungi.— Stipel,  sti'pel, 
n.  Bot.  a  secondary  stiimle  at  the  base  of 
leaflets.— Stipiform,  sti'pi-form,  a.  Bot. 
having  the  appearance  of  an  endogenous 
trunk.— Stipitate,  sti'pi-tat,  a.  Bot.  ele- 
vated on  a  stipe. 

Stipend,  sti'pend,  7t.  [L.  stipendium—stips, 
a  donation,  and  pendo,  to  weigh  out.]  Ajiy 
periodical  payment  for  services,  especially 
the  income  of  an  ecclesiastical  living. — 
Stipendiary,  sti-jien'di-a-ri,  a.  [L-  stipen- 
diarius.]  Receiving  wages  or  salary;  per- 
forming services  f  ora  stated  compensation. 
— Stipendiary  magistrate,  a  paid  magis- 
trate acting  in  large  towns.- ti.  One  who 
performs  services  for  a  settled  salary  or 
stipend ;  a  stipendiary  magistrate.  —  Sti- 
pendiarian,  sti-pen'di-a"ri-an,  a.  Hired; 
stipendiary. 

Stipes,  Stipitate.    Under  Stipe. 

Stipple,  stip'l,  v.t.  —  stippled,  stippling. 
[From  D.  stippelen,  dim.  of  stippen,to  make 
dots  or  points,  from  stip,  a  dot,  a  point; 
akin  stab.]  To  engrave  by  megjis  of  dots, 
in  distinction  from  engraving  in  lines. — 
rt.  Engraving  by  means  of  dots. 

Stiptic,  stip'tik,  7t.  and  a.    Stvptic. 

Stipulate,  etip'u-lat,  v.i.— stipulated,  stiptir 
lating.  [L.  stip^tlor,  stipulatus,  to  stipu- 
late, fvom' stipvlus,  firm)  akin  stipes,  a 
tree  trunk ;  same  root  as  step,  stand.]  To 
make  an  agreement  or  covenant  to  do  or 
forbear  anything;  to  contract;  to  settle 
terms;  to  bargain.— Stipulated,  stip'u-la- 
ted,  p.  and  a.  Agreed  on;  covenanted. — 
Stipulation,  stip-u-la'shon,  ti.  [L.  stipu- 
latio,  siipulationis.]  The  act  of  stipulating; 
a  contracting  or  bargaining;  a  point  or 
matter  settled  by  agreement;  a  particular 
article  or  item  in  a  contract.— Stipulator, 
stip'u-la-ter,  ti.    One  who  stipulates. 

Stipule,  stip'ul,7i.  [L.stipwZa.a  stalk,  a  straw, 
dim.  of  stipes,  a  trunk.  Stii'ulate.]  Bot.  a 
small  leaf -like  appendage  to  a  leaf  com- 
monly situated  at  the  base  of  the  petiole 
in  pairs,  either  adhering  to  it  or  standing 
separate.— Stipnled,  stip'uld,  a.  Bot.  fur- 
nished witli  stipules.— Stipulaceous,  Stij)- 
nlar,  stip-u-la'shus,  stip'u-16r,  a.  Bot-  be- 
longing to,  or  standing  in  the  place  of 
stipules.— Stipulary,  stip'u-la-ri,  a.  Bot. 
stipular.  —  Stipulate,  stip'u-lat,  a.  Bot. 
having  stipules. 

Stir,  stfer,  v.t. — stirred,  stirring.  [A.  Sax. 
styrian,  stirian,  to  stir,  to  move ;  allied  to 
D.  storen,  Sw.  stora,  G.  storen,  to  disturb ; 
Kime  root  as  start,  storm.]  To  move  or 
make  to  change  place  in  any  manner; 
to  agitate  the  particles  of ;  to  bring  into 
debate;  to  moot;  to  incite  to  action;  to  in- 
stigate; to  excite;  to  awaken;  to  rouse,  as 
from  sleep.— To  stir  up,  to  incite;  to  insti- 
gate bjr  inflaming  passions ;  to  excite ;  to 
give  origin  to  (a  mutiny,  strife). — v.i.  To 
move  one's  self;  to  change  place;  to  be  in 
motion;  not  to  be  still;  to  be  on  foot;  to  be 
already  out  of  bed.— ti.  Agitation;  tumult; 
bustle;  public  disturbance  or  commotion; 
excitement. — Stirless,  ster'les,  o.  With- 
out stir.  —  Stirrer,  stfer'^r,  ti.  One  who 
stirs  or  is  in  motion;  one  who  or  that 

;  which  puts  in  motion ;  an  inciter  or  ex- 

'  citer;  an  instigator.— Stirrer  wp,  an  exciter; 
an  instigator.— Stirring,  st6r'ing,;>.  and  a. 
Active  in  business;  bustling;  animating; 
rousing;  exciting. 

Stirk,  st6rk,  n.  [A.  Sax.  slyre,  styrie,  a 
dim.  from  steor,  a  steer.]  A  bullock  or 
heifer  between  one  and  two  years  old. 

Stirrup,  stfer'up,  n.  [A.  Sax.  stigrdp,  stirdp, 
a  stirrup,  from  stigan,  to  mount  (O.E.  steye, 
stye),  and  rdp,  a  rope;  Icel.  stigreip.  Stair, 
KoPE.]  A  strap  hanging  from  a  saddle, 
and  having  at  its  lower  end  a  suitable  ap- 
pliance for  receiving  the  foot  of  the  rider, 
used  to  assist  persons  in  mounting  a  horse; 
hence,  anything  resembling  in  shape  and 
functions  the  stirrup  of  a  saddle. — Stirrups 
cup,  Ti.  A  cup  of  liquor  presented  to  a 
riaer  on  having  mounted  his  horse  at 
parting.— Stirrup-iron,  Tt.  The  iron  por- 
tion of  a  stirrup.— Stirrup-leather,  Ti.  The 
leather  portion  of  a  stirrup.'^  Stirmp- 
strap,  Ti.    A' stirrup-leather. 

Stitcn,  stich,  v.t.   [Softened  fctSi'of  stick, 

*  Sc.  steke,  A.  Sax.  stieian,  to  pierce ;  comp. 
G.  sticken,  to  embroider,  to  stitch.]  To 
sew;  to  sew  by  passing  the  needle  through 


STOCK 


and  through  in  a  continuous  line;  to  unite 
together  by  sewing.— To  stitch  up,  to  sew 
or  unite  with  a  needle  and  thread. — v.i. 
To  practise  stitching ;  to  practise  needle- 
work.— Tt.  A  single  pass  of  a  needle  in 
sewing;  a  single  turn  of  the  thread  round 
a  needle  in  knitting;  agri.  a  furrow  or 
ridge;  a  sharp  pain  in  the  side.— Stitcher, 
stich'Cr,  71.  One  that  stitches.— Stitching, 
stich'ing,  >i.  The  act  of  one  who  stitches; 
work  done  by  stitching. 
Stithy,  stiTH'i,  ti.  [Also  stiddy,  Sc.  studdy, 
from  Icel.  steVu,  an  anvil;  same  root  as 
steady,  stead.]  An  anvil. 
Stive,  stiv,  n.  [Comp.  G.  staub,  Dan.  stcev, 
dust.]  The  floating  dust  in  flour-mills. 
Stiver,  sti'vfer,  ti.  [D.  sttaver,  Dan.  styver.] 
An  old  Dutch  coin  and  money  of  account, 
worth  about  Id.  sterling ;  used  often  as 
typical  of  insignificant  value. 
Stoa,  sto'a,  Ti.  [Gr.,  a  porch.]  Greek  arch. 
a  porch  or  portico. 

Stoat,  stpt,  Tt.  [Armor,  stdt,  staot,  urine  of 
animals,  from  the  fetid  fluid  secreted  by 
the  anal  glands.]  The  ermine. 
Stoccado,  Stoccata,  stok-ka'do,  stok-ka'ta, 
»t.  [Sp.  Sstocada,  It.  stoccata,  from  Sp.  es- 
toqne.  It.  stocco,  a  rapier,  from  G.  stock,  a 
stick.  Stock.]  A  stab;  a  thrust  with  a 
rainier. 

Stock,  stok,  n.  [A.  Sax.  stoc,  stocc,  a  stem, 
stick,  block=D.  and  Dan.  stok,  Icel.  stokkr, 
6.  sUick,  stick,  stock,  block,  &c.,  in  the 
plural  stocks  (of  a  vessel);  the  root  is  that 
of  stick,  V.  and  Tt.,  the  primary  notion  be- 
ing that  which  is  stuck  in  and  remains 
fast.]  The  stem  or  trunk  of  a  tree  or  other 
plant;  the  stem  in  which  a  graft  is  in- 
serted, or  that  furnishes  grafts ;  a  block ; 
hence,  what  is  lifeless  and  senseless  (stocks 
and  stones);  a  principal  supporting  or 
holding  part  in  certain  implements  or 
tools;  the  wooden  support  to  which  the 
barrel,  &c.,  of  a  rifle  or  like  firearm  is  at- 
tached; the  bar  or  cross-piece  at  the  upper 
end  of  the  shank  of  an  anchor ;  the  origi- 
nal race  or  line  of  a  family ;  the  progeni- 
tors and  their  direct  descendants;  lineage; 
family ;  the  property  which  a  merchant, 
tradesman,  or  company  has  invested  in 
any  business;  capital  invested  in  some 
commercial   business  or  enterprise  and 

i  contributed  by  individuals  jointly;  money 
funded  in  government  securities  at  a  fixed 
rate  of  interest  (3  per  cent  stock);  a  fund 
lent  to  a  government  and  forming  part  of 
the  national  debt;  supply  provided;  store, 
provision,  hoard ;  agri.  the  collective  ani- 
mals used  or  reared  on  a  farm,  or  such 
animals  collectively  (prices  of  stock  are 
low);  a  kind  of  stiff  band  or  cravat  worn 
round  the  neck;  liquor  in  which  meat, 
bones,  vegetables,  &c.,  have  been  boiled, 
used  to  form  a  foundation  for  soups  and 
gravies;  a  cruciferous  garden  plant  of 
various  species,  with  a  very  sweet  smell; 
pi.  an  instrument  of  punishment  for  petty 
offenders  consisting  of  a  wooden  frame  in 
which  their  ankles  or  wrists  ■were  confined; 
pi.  the  frame  of  timbers  on  which  f»ship  is 
supported  while  building. — Stock  in  trade, 
the  goods  kept  for  sale  by  a. shopkeeper. 
— To  take  stock,  to  make  an  inventory  of 
stock  or  goods  on  hand ;  hence,  to  take 
stock  of,  to  make  an  estimate  of  or  set  a 
value  on  generally;  to  observe  particularly 
for  the  purpose  of  forming  an  opinion. — 
v.t.  To  lay  up  in  store ;  to  put  aside  or  ac- 
cumulate for  future  use ;  to  .provide  or 
furnish  with  stock ;  to  supply  with  stock 
(to  stock  a  farm,  a  warehouse).— a.  Kept 
in  stock;  constantly  ready  for  service; 
standing;  permanent  (a  stock  play,  a  stock 
jest).— t).i.  To  branch  out  into  shoots  or 
sprouts:  applied  to  grasses  or  other  plants. 
—  Stock  -  account,  Tt.  The  account  in  a 
ledger  which  deals  with  the  invested  capi- 
tal. —  Stock  -  breeder,  ti.  A  person  wno 
breeds  live  stock  or  domestic  animals. — 
Stockbroker,  stok'br6-k6r,  Tt.  A  broker 
who  purchases  and  sells  stocks  or  shares 
,'for  his  customers. — Stockbroking.stok'brS- 

■^king,  Tt.    The  business  of  a  stockbroker. — 
•Stock-dove,  n.    A  wild  pigeon  of  Europe, 
•.  60  called  because  it  was  believed  to  be  the 
stock  of  the  many  varieties  of  the  domestic 
pigeon.  —  Stock-excbange,  ti.    The  build- 
ing, place,  or  mart  ■<vhere  stocks  or  shares 


iE'&te.  f&r.  fat,  fgll;  >.  me,  met,  bir;     pine,  pm;  ^  note,  not,  mOve;     tube,  tub,  bvill;     oil,  i>ound;  ^  tit  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  u. 


STOCKADE' 


657 


STor- 


nxo,  Longht  and  sold;  an  oi'ganized  associa- 
tion of  brokers  or  dealer  in  stocks.— Stock- 
farmer,  n.  A  farmer  who  largely  breeds 
and  rears  live  stock. — Stock-feeder,  n.  One 
■who  practises  the  fattening  of  live  stock.— 
Stock-fish,  n.  Fish,  as  cod,  &c.,  split  open 
and  dried  in  the  sun  without  salting.- 
Stockholder,  stok'hol-der,  n.  One  who  is 
a  proprietor  of  stock  in  the  public  funds, 
or  in  any  joint-stock  company. — Stockish, 
Etok'ish,  a.  Like  a  stock  or  block;  stupid; 
blockish.— Stock-Jobber,  n.  One  who  specu- 
lates or  gambles  in  stocks,  or  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  buy  and  sell  stocks  or  shares. — 
Stock-Jobbery,  n.  Speculation  in  stocks  or 
shares.— Stock-jobbing,  n.  The  practice  of 
a  stock-jobber.—  Stock -list,  n.  A  list 
showing  the  prices  of  stocks,  the  actual 
transactions,  &c.— Stock-man,  Ji.  One  hav- 
ing the  charge  of  stock,  as  on  a  large  farm 
in  the  Colonies,  United  States,  &c. — Stock- 
pot,  n.  Cookery,  a  pot  in  which  stock  for 
soups  or  gravies  is  boiled.— Stock-Btill,  a. 
Still  as  a  fixed  post;  perfectly  still. — Stock- 
taking, n.  A  periodical  examination  and 
valuation  of  the  stock  or  goods  in  a  shop, 
warehouse,  or  other  business  premises. 
Stockade,  stok-ad',  n.  [From  stock,  a  stem 
or  stake.]  Fort,  a  fence  or  barrier  con- 
structed by  planting  upright  in  the  grpund 
trunks  of  trees  or  rough  piles  of  timber; 
an  inclosure  made  witn  posts. — v.t. — stock- 

'  aded,  stockading.  To  surround  or  fortify 
with  sharpened  posts  fixed  in  the  ground. 
Stocking,  stok'ing,  n.  [Formerly  called 
stocks  or  nether  stocks,  as  distinguished 
from  the  upper  stocks  or  knee-breeches, 
stock  here  having  the  sense  of  stump  or 
trunk,  part  of  a  body  left  when  the  limbs 
are  cut  off.)  A  close-fitting  covering  for 
the  foot  and  leg,  now  usually  knitted  froni 
woollen,  cotton,  or  silk  thread.  —  Stock- 
inger,  stok'iug-er,  n.  One  who  makes  stock- 
ings.-^Stocking-frame,  It.  A  machine  for 
■weaving  or  knitting  stockings  or  other 
hosiery  goods.— Stocking-loom,  n.  A  stock- 
ing-frame. —  Stocking -weaver,  n.   .One 

"  who  weaves  stockings. 

Btoechiology,  ste-ki-oT'o-ji,  n.  Stoichiolooy. 

Stoic,  sto'ik,  n.  [Gr.  StOikos,  from  Stoa, 
Stoa,  a  porch  in  Athens  where  the  philo- 

.  soiJher  Zeno  taught.]  A  disciple  of  the 
philosopher  Zeno,  who  founded  a  sect 
about  308  B.C.,  teaching  that  men  should 

•  strive  to  be  free  from  passion,  unmoved 

■  by  joy  or  grief,  and  submit  without  com- 
plaint to  the  unavoidable  necessity  by 
which  all  things  are  governed,  regarding 
virtue  as  the  highest  good;  hencOj  an  apa- 
thetic person,  or  one  who  is  indifferent  to 
pleasure  or  pain.  —  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Stoics  or  their  teaching.— Stolcal,sto'i-kal, 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  Stoics;  able  com- 
pletely to  repress  feeling ;  manifesting  or 
maintaining  indifference  to  pleasure  or 

;  pain.— Stoically,  sto'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  a  Stoic;  without  apparent  feel- 
ing; with  indifference  to  pain. — Stoical- 
nesa,  sto'i-kal-nes,  n. — Stoicism,  sto'i-sizm, 
n.  The  opinions  and  maxims  of  the 
Stoics;  indifference  to  pleasure  or  pain; 
endurance;  insensibility.  [When  referring 
ta  the  philosophical  sect  these  words 
should  have  a  capital  letter.] 

Gtoicliiology,  stoi-ki-ol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  stoi- 
cheion,  an  element  or  first  principle,  logos, 

'  discourse.]  The  science  or  doctrine  of  ele- 
ments or  first  principles. 

Stoke,  stok,  v.t.— stoked,  stoking.  [Same  as 
D.  stoken,  stooken,  to  poke  or  kindle  a  fire, 
from  stok,  a  stick;  akin  to  stick,  stock.]  To 
supply  a  fire  with  fuel,  and  attend  to  its 
combustion. — v.i. -To  act  as  a  stoker. — 
Stoke-hole,  n.  The  mouth  to  the  grate  of 
a  furnace.— Stoker,  sto'kfer,  n.  [D.  stoker.] 
One  who  feeds  and  trims  a  furnace  or 
large  fire. 

Stola,  sto'la,  n.  [L.,  from  Or.  stole,  equip- 
ment, a  woman's  robe,  from  slello,  to  ar- 
ray.] A  long  garment  worn  by  Roman 
matrons  over  the  tunic,  fastened  round 
the  body  by  a  girdle. — Stole,  stol,n.  [O.Fr. 
estate,  from  L.  stola.]  Originally,  a  gar- 
ment resembling  thev?tola;  now  a  long 
narrow  ornamental  band  or  scarf  ■with 

.  fringed  ends,  worn  by  ecclesiastics  of  the 

^  Koman  and  English  churches,  with  the 

>^  ends  pendent  in  front  to  the  knees. — 


Groom  of.  the  stole,  the  first  lord  of  the  bed- 
chamber in  the  household  of  the  English 
kinss.--Stoled,  stold,  a.  Wearing  a  stole. 

Stole,  stol,  pret.  of  steal. 

Stolen,  sto'ln,  pp.  of  steal. 

Stolid,  stol'id,  o.  [L.  stoUdtis,  dull,  aoiwsh; 
akin  to stultus,  foolish;  probably  from  root 
of  L.  sto,  E.  stand.]  Dull;  foolish;  stupid. 
—Stolidity,  StoUdness,  sto-lid'i-ti,  stol'id- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  -being 
stolid;  dulness;  stupidity. 

Stolon,  sto 'Ion,  n.  [L.  stolo,  stolonis,  a 
sucker.]  Bot.  a  sucker ;  a  sucker  taking 
root  at  intervals.— Stoloniferous,  stO-lon- 
irer-us,  a.    Producing  suckers. 

Stoma,  Eto'ma,  n.  pi.  Stomata,  sto'raa-ta. 
[Gr.  stoma,  the  mouth.]  Eot.  a  m,inute 
orifice  or  pore  in  leaves,  &c. ,  through  which 
exhalation  takes  place;  zool.  a  breathing- 
pore  of  insects.  —  Stomate,  Stomatoua, 
sto'mat,  stom'a-tus,  a.    Having  stomata. 

Stomach,  stum'ak,  n.  fL.  stomachus,  the 
gullet,  the'  stomach,  from  Gr.  stomachos, 
the  gullet,  from  stornia,  a  mouth.]  A  mem- 
braaous  receptacle  in  animal  bodies.which 
is  the  principal  organ  of  digestion,  and  in 
which  food  is  prepared  for  yielding  its 
nourishment  to  the  body;  a  specialized 
cavity  for  the  digestion  of  food  in  some  of 
the  simpler  forms  of  animals;  the  desire 
of  food  caused  by  hunger;  appetite;  inclin- 
ation; liking. — v.t.  To  bear  without  open 
resentment  or  without  opposition;  to 
brook  (to  stomacA  an  affront).— Stomacher, 
8tum'ak-6r,  n.  An  ornamental  covering 
^or  the  breast,  forming  part  of  a  lady's 
dress.  —  Stomachic,  sto-mak'ik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  stomach;  strengthening  the 
stomach;  exciting  the  action  of  the  stom- 
ach.— n.  A  medicine  that  strengthens  the 
stomach  and  excites  its  action. — Stomach- 
less,  stum'ak-les,  a.  Being  without  stom- 
ach or  Appetite.  —  Stomach-pump,  n.  A 
small  pump  used  in  medical  practice  for 
emptying  the  stomach. 

Stomapod,  sty 'ma-pod,  n.  [Gr.  stoma,  a 
mouth,  and  pous,  podlos,  a  foot.]  A  mem- 
ber of  an  order  of  small  crustaceans  (gen- 
erally called  shrimps),  having  six  to  eight 
pairsof  legs,  mostly  nearthe  mouth  (hence 
the  name).— Stomapodous,  sto-map'o-dus, 

•  a.    Pertaining  to  the  stomapods. 

Stomata.    Under  Stoma. 

Stomatlc,  sto-mat'ik,  n.  [Gr.  stoma,  the 
mouth.]  A  medicine  for  diseases  oi  the 
mouth.  —  a.  Pertaining  to  a  stoma  or  to 
stomata.  —  Stomatitis,  stom-a-ti'tis,  n. 
Pathol,  inflammation  of  tlie  mouth. — 
Stomatomorphous,  stom'a-to-mor"fus,  a. 
[Gr.  morphe,  form.]    Bot.  mouth-shaped. 

Stone,  ston,  n.  [A.  Sax.  stdn,  a  stone,  a 
rock=D.  steen,  Dan.  and  Sw.  sten,  Icel. 
steinn,  G.  stein,  Goth,  stains,  stone;  cog. 
Slav,  stjena,  Gr.  stia,  stion,  a  pebble.  Pro- 
bably from  root  sta,  seen  in  stand.]  A 
hard  concretion  of  some  species  of  earth 
or  mineral  matter,  as  lime,  silex,  clay,  and 
the  like— a  stone,  as  distinguished  from  a 
rock,  being  usually  a  mass  of  no  great  size, 
and  generally  movable,  whereas  a  rock  is 
a  soud  and  immovable  portion  of  the. 
earth's  crust;  the  material  obtained  from 
stones  or  rocks;  the  kind  of  substance 
they  produce  (a  house  built  of  stoiie);  Jig. 
a  type  of  hardness  or  insensibility  (a  heart 
of  stone);  a  calculous  concretion  in  the 
kidneys  or  bladder;  the  disease  arising 
from  such;  a  testicle;  the  rut  of  a  drupe  or 
stone  fruit;  a  common  measure  of  weight, 
the  English  standard  stone  being  14  lbs. 
avoirdupois,  though  other  values  are  in 
regular  use;  printing,  the  imposing-stone. 
— Meteoric  stone.  Under  Meteor. — Philos- 
opher's stone.  Under  Philosopher. —  To 
leave  no  stone  nntvmed,  to  do  everything 
that  can  be  done;  to  spare  no  exertions. — 
a.  Made  of  stone;  like  stone;  pertaining  to 
stone. — v.t. — stoned,  stoning.  To  pelt  with 
stones;  to  free  from  stones  (to  stone  raisins). 
— Stone-blind,  a.  Blind  as  a  stone;  per- 
fectly blind.— Stone-borer,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  bores  stones;  a  name  of  certain 
molluscs,  which  by  rasp-like  imbrications 
on  their  shell  bore  into  rocks. — Stone-cast, 
Stone's-cast,  Stone's-throw,  n.  The  dis- 
tance which  a  stone  may  be  thrown  by  the 
hand.— Stone-chat,  Stone-chatter,  n.  An 
insessorial  bird  of  the  family  of  warblers. 


common  in  Europe,  and  often  seen  about 
heaps  of  stone  in  waste  places.— Stone- 
colour,  n.  The  colour  of  stone;  a  B3:uyi8h 
colour.— Stone-crop,  n.  [A  Sax.  stan-crop, 
crop  meaning  cluster.]  A  name  of  a 
genus  of  British  plants  that  grow  on  rocks. 
— Stone-cutter,  n.  One  whose  occupation 
is  to  hew  or  cut  stones  for  building,  oma- 
mentaljOr  other  purposes.— Stone-cutting, 
n.  The  business  of  a  stone-cutter. -^Stone- 
dead,  a.  As  lifeless  as  a  stone.  —  Stone- 
deaf,  a.  Deaf  as  a  stone;  totally  deaf.— 
Stone-dresser,  n.  One  who  smooths  and 
shapes  stone  for  building  purposes. — 
Stone-falcon,  Stone-haiivk,  n.^  The  merlin. 
— Stone-fruit,  n.  Fruit  whose  seeds  are 
covered  with  a  hard  shell  enveloped  in  the 
pulp,  as  peaches,  cherries,  plums,  &c.;  a 
drupe. — Stone-hammer,  n.  A  hammer  for 
breaking  or  rough-dressing  stones;  a  ham- 
mer rhade  of  stone.  —  Stone-hearted,  a. 
Hard-hearted.— Stone-horse,  n.  A  horse 
not  castrated. — Stone-house,  n.  A  house 
built  of  stone.  —  Stone-lily,  n.  A  fossil 
encrinite.  —  Stone-mason,  n.  One  who 
dresses  stones  for  building,  or  builds  with 
them. — Stone-pine,  n.  A  pine-tree  com- 
mon in  the  south  of  Italy.— Stone-plover, 
Etone-curle^w,  n.  A  species  of  European 
plover,  a  summer  visitant  in  Britain; 
called  also  T/iicAr-fcnee.- Stoner,  sto'n6r,  n. 
One  who  stones.  — Stone-still,  a.  Perfectly 
still  or  motionless.— Stone-wall,  u.  A  wall 
built  of  stones.  —  Stone-ware,  n.  A  com- 
mon species  of  glazed  potter's  ware  made 
from  a  composition  of  day  and  flint.— 
Btone-work,  n.  Work  consisting  of  stone; 
mason's  work  of  stone. — Stonily,  sto'ni-li, 
adv.  In  a  stony  manner.— Stoniness,  sto'- 
ni-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  stony.— 
Stony,  sto'ni,  a.  Pertaining  to,  abound- 
ing in,  or  resembling  stone;  pitiless;  ob- 
durate; with  rigid  features.  —  Stony- 
hearted, a.    Hard-hearted. 

Stood,  stud,  pret.  and  pp.  of  stand. 

Stook,  stuk,  n.  [L.G.  stvke,  G.  stanch,  a 
heap  of  turf,  flax,  &c.l  A  shock  of  com, 
consisting,  when  of  full  size,  of  twelve 
sheaves. — v.t.  To  set  up  in  stooks. 

Stool,  stol,  n.  [A.Sax.sWZ,  aseat=D.  stoeJ, 
Sw.  and  Dan.  stol,  Icel.  stdll,  G.stuhl,GoVa. 
stalls;  cog.  Slav,  stul,  stol:  root  in  stand, 
statl,  stUl,  &c.]  A  seat  without  a  back  and 
with  three  or  four  legs,  intended  as  a  seat 
for  one  person;  the  seat  used  in  evacuating 
the  bowels;  hence,  an  evariiation;  a  dis^ 
charge  from  the  bowels;  the  stump  of  a 
timber-tree  which  throws  up  shoots ;  the 
cluster  of  shoots  thus  produced. — Stool  of 
repentance,  in  Scotland,  an  elevated  seat 
in  the  church  on  which  persons  in  former 
times  were  made  to  sit  during  divine  ser- 
vice as  a  punishment  for  fornication  and 
adultery. 

Stoop,  stop,  v.t,  [A.  Sax.  sttipian,  to  stoop 
=  O.  D.  stoepen,  stuipen,  Icel.  stupa,  to 
stoop ;  Dan.  stupe,  to  fall ;  Sw.  stupa,  to 
incline;  akin  steep.]  To  bend  down  the 
head  and  upper  half  of  the  body;  to  have 
the  back  bowed  or  bent  and  the  head  for- 
ward; to  yield  or  submit;  to  condescend; 
to  lower  one's  self;  to  dart  down  on  prey, 
as  a  hawk;  to  pounce;  to  sink  when  on  the 
wing.  —  v.t.  To  bend  or  bow  downward 
and  forward;  to  bow  down;  to  bend  for- 
ward (to  stoop  a  cask  of  liquor).— n.  The 
act  of  stooping;  a  habitual  bend  of  the 
back  or  shoulders;  a  condescension;  fall  of 
a  bird  on  his  prey;  swoop.  —  Stooper, 
stOp'er,  n.    One  who  stoops. 

Stoop,  stop,  n.  A  vessel  for  liquor;  a  stoup. 
[Shak.] 

Stoop,  st<5p,  n.  [D.  stoep  (pron.  stoop);  the 
word  was  brought  to  America  by  the 
Dutch.]  The  steps  at  the  entrance  of  a 
house;  also,a porch  with  seats.  [American.] 

Stop,  stop,  v.t.— stopped,  stopping.  [A.  Sax. 
stoprpian,  to  stop  up;  D.  and  L.G.  stoppen, 
Dan.  stoppe,  Sw.  and  Icel.  stoppa,  to  stop 
up;  from  L.L.  stuppo,  stnppare,  to  stop 
with  tow,  from  L.  stuppa,  tow.]  To  close 
up  by  filling,  stuffing,  or  otherwise;  to  fill 
up  a  cavity  or  cavities  in  (to  stop  a  vent, 
the  ears);  to  stanch  or  prevent  from  bleed- 
ing; to  obstruct  or  render  impassable  (to 
stop  a  road  or  passage);  to  check,  stay,- 
arrest,  impede,  keep  back,  in  a  variety  of 
usages;  to  regulate  the  sounds  of  with  the 


cb,  c/iain;     eh,  So.  loch;     g,oo;     j,job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,^ng;     th,  t/ten;  tb,  </iin;     w,  icig;    wh,  w?»ig;    zb,  asure. 


STOPPLE 


668 


STRAIN 


fiugers  or  otherwise  (to  stop  a  string);  to 
retain  or  refuse  to  pay  for  some  reason  (to 
stop  one's  wages,  an  allowance  of  liquor). 
— v.i.  To  cease  to  go  forward;  to  come  to  a 
Btand-still ;  to  cease  from  any  motion, 
habit,  practice,  or  course  of  action;  to 
check  one's  self ;  to  stay;  to  reside  tem- 
porarily.— n.  A  cessation  of  progressive 
motion;  a  hindrance  of  progress  or  action; 
interruption;  pause;  that  which  hinders 
or  ol)structs;  obstacle,  impediment,  hin- 
drance; one  of  the  vent-holes  of  a  wind-in- 
strument; a  collection  or  series  of  pipes  in 
an  organ  givinsi  sounds  of  a  distinctive 
tone  and  quality:  a  point  or  mark  in  writ- 
ing, intended  to  distinguish  the  sentences, , 
parts  of  a  sentence,  or  clauses.— Stop-cock, 
n.  A  cock  or  faucet  used  to  turn  off  or 
regulate  the  supply  of  water,  gas,  &o. — 
Stop-gap,  n.  That  which  fills  up  a  gap;  a 
temporary  expedient. — Stopless,  stop'les, 
a.  Not  to  be  stopped, — Stoppage,  stop'aj, 
n.  The  act  of  sSbpping;  arrest  of  progress 
or  motion;  a  hjilt;  a  deduction  made  from 
pay  or  allowances. — Stopper,  stop'fer,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  stops;  that  which 
closes,  a  vent  or  hole. — v.t.  To  close  or  se- 
cure with  a  stopper.— Stopping,  stop'ing, 
n.  The  act  of  one  who  stops;  tliat  which 
stops  or  fills  up. — Stop-valve,  n.  A  valve 
which  closes  a  pipe  against  the  passage  of 
fluid,  steam,  &c.— Stop-watch,  n.  A  watch 
used  in  horse-racing,  &c.,  in  which  one  of 
the  hands  can  l>e  stopped  at  once  so  as  to 
mark  with  accuracy  the  time  occupied. 

Stopple,  stop'l,  n.  [Dim.  of  stop;  same  as 
L.G.  sioppel,  (i.  stOp/el,  stopsel,  a  stopple.] 
That  which  stops  or  closes  the  mouth  of  a 
vessel;  a  stopper.— v.t.— stoppied,  stoppling. 
To  close  with  a  stepple. 

Storaz,  sto'raks,  n.  [L.  storax,  styrax,  from 
Gr.  sti/rax,  storax.]  A  resinous  and  odor- 
iferous balsam  formerly  much  employed 
in  medicine,  now  used  in  perfumes. 

Store,  stor,  n.  [O. -Fr.  estor,  store,  pro- 
visions, from  estorer,  to  erect,  store,  from 
the  L.  verb  stauro,  seen  in  instavro,  to 
erect,  restawo,  to  restore,  from  root  of 
«to,  stare,  E.  to  stand.]  A  quantity  col- 
lected, hoarded,  or  massed  together;  a 
supply,  stock,  hoard;  specifically,  pi.  sup- 
plies, as  of  provisions,  ammunition,  arms, 
clothing,  and  the  like,  for  an  army,  a  ship,' 
&c.;  a  great  quantity  or  a  large  number; 
abundance ;  a  storehouse  or  warehouse ;  a 
place  where  goods  are  kept  for  sale  either 
by  wholesale  or  retail;  a  shop  (an  Ameri- 
can rather  than  an  English  usage)..— /« 
store,  in  stock ;  on  hand ;  ready  to  be  pro- 
duced.— To  set  store  by,  to  set  a  great  value 
on;  to  appreciate  highly.— a.  Kept  in  store; 
containing  stores;  obtained  at  a  store. — 
v.t.— stored,  storinrj.  To  collect  or  lay  up  in 
stock;  to  stock;  to/urnisli  or  supply;  to  re- 
plenish (to  store  the  mind  with  knowledge); 
to  deposit  in  a  store  or  warehouse.— Sto- 
rage, sto'raj,  n.  The  act  of  storing;  the 
act  of  depositing  in  a  stor?  or  warehouse; 
a  price  for  keeping  goods  in  a  store. — 
Store-farmer,  n.  A  farmer  who  devotes 
himself  to  breeding  sheep  and  cattle.— 
Storehouse,  stOrlious,  ;i.  A  house  in  which 
things  are  stored;  a  magazine;  arepository ; 
a  warehouse. — Store-keeper,  n.  One  who 
has  the  c?.re  of  stores  or  of  a  store  or  ware- 
house.—Storer,  sio'Tkv,  n.  One  who  lays 
up  or  forms  a  store.— Storo-room,  n.  A 
room  for  the  reception  of  stores.— Store- 
ship,  n.  A  vessel  employed  to  carry  stores 
for  a  fleet,  garrison,  &c. 

Storey,  Storied.  Under  Stobt,  a  stage  or 
floor  of  a  building. 

Storied.    Under  Story,  a  narrative. 

Stork,  stork,  n.  [A.  Sax.  storc^D.  Dan.  and 
Sw.  stor^,  Icel.  siorl:r,  G.  storch,  stork: 
root  meaning  doubtful.]  A  geOus  of  tall 
wading  birds  resembling  the  herons,  found 
in  the  Wcinity  of  marshes  and  rivers.where 
they  feed  on  frogs,  lizards,  fishes.  &c. 

Storm,  storm,  n.  [A.  Sax.  D.  L.G.  Dan.  Sw. 
Icel.  storm,  G.  Sturm,  Etoim,  tempest,  tu- 
mult: same  root  as  in  ttir,  strew.]  A  vio- 
lent commotion  of  the  atmosi)here  pro- 
ducing or  accompanied  by  wind,  rain, 
snow,  hail,  or  thunder  ana  lightning;  a 
tempest;  a  heavy  fall  of  tain  or  snow;  a 
violent  disturbance  in  human  society;  a 
civil,  political,  or  domestic  commotion;  a 


tumult;  milit.  a  violent  assault  on  a  forti- 
fied place  or  strong  position.  —  Magnetic 
sto>-vi,  a  violent  and  unusual  disturbance 
of  the  magnetism  of  the  earth  over  a  wide 
area.— «.i.  Milit.  to  take  by  storm;  to  as- 
sault (to  sto)Tn  a  fortified  town). — v.i.  To 
be  a  storm:  used  impersonally  (it  stojTiis); 
to  be  in  a  violent  agitation  or  passion;  to 
fume.  —  Storm  -  beat,  Stoi-m- beaten,  a. 
Beaten  or  impaired  by  storms. —  Storm- 
blast,  n.  The  blast  of  a  tempest.— Storm- 
cock,  n.  The  missel-thrush.  —  Stormful, 
storm'ful,  a.  Abounding  with  storms. — 
Stormfolness,  storm'ful-nes,  n.  —  Storm- 
glass,  n.  A  weather-glass  consisting  of  a 
tube  containing  a  chemical  solution  sen- 
sible to  atmospheric  changes.  —  Stofmi- 
ness,  stor'mi-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
stormy;  tempestuousness.  —  Storming- 
party,  n.  The  party  who  make  the  first 
assault  in  storming  a  fortress.— Stormless, 
storm'les,  a.  Free  from  storms.— Storm- 
sail,  n.  A  sail  made  of  Very  stout  canvas, 
of  smaller  size  than  ordinary,  used  in  vio- 
lent gales.— Storm-signal,  n.  A  signal  for 
indicating  the  probable  approach  of  a 
storm. —Storm -stayed.  Storm -stead,  a. 
Stopped  or  interrupted  on  a  jcurney  by 
the  inctemency  of  the  weather.— Storm- 
window,  n.  Aa  outer  window  to  protect 
the  inner  from  thfe  weather.  —  Stormy, 
stor'mi,  (i.  Characterized  by  storm  or  tem- 
pest; tempestuous;  boisterous;  character- 
ized by  violence  of  feeling;  passionate; 
angry. — Stormy  petrel.    Petrel. 

Storthing,  stor'ting,  n.  [Dan.  stor,  great, 
and  tl^ng,  court.]  The  parliament  or  su- 
preme legislative  assembly  of  Norway. 

Story,  stO'ri,  n.  [A  short  form  of  history 
(which  see).]  Anarrative;  an  account  of 
past  events  or  tiunsactions;  history;  an 
account  of  an  incident  or  event;  a  short 
narrative  about  a  matter  or  a  person;  a  fic- 
titious narrative  less  elaborate  than  a 
novel;  a  tale;  a  short  romance;  a  lie;  a 
falsehood  { euphemistic  and  coUoq. ).  — 
Storied,  sto'rid,  a.  Adorned  with  histori- 
cal paintings  or  designs;  referred  to  or 
celebrated  in  story  or  history;  having 
stories,  tales,  or  legends  associated  with  it. 
— Story-bookj  n.  A  book  containing  one 
or  more  stories;  a  book  of  short  tales. — 
Story-teller,  n.  One  who  tells  stories, 
true  or  fictitious;  a  writer  of  stories;  a 
euphemism  for  a  liar. — Story-telling,  n. 
The  act  of  relating  stories;  lying. 

Story,  Storey,  sto'ri,  n.  [From  O.Fr.  c:torer, 
to  build.  Store.]  A  stage  or  floor  of  a  buil- 
ding; a  set  of  rooms  on  the  same  floor  or 
level.— Storied,  Storeyed,  st«'rid, a.  Hav- 
ing stories  or  stages  (a  four-storied  buil- 
ding). 

Stot,  stot,  n.  [Same  as  Sw.  stttt,  Dan.  stvd, 
ahull;  N.  stut,  a  bullock.]  Ayoung bullock 
or  steer.    [Scotch.] 

Stound,  Btound,  n.  [A.  Sax.  Icel.  Dan.  and 
Sw.  stund,  D.  stond,  G.  stunde,  a  space  of 
time,  an  hour.]  A  moment;  an  instant;  a 
pang  or  throb  of  pain. 

Btonp,  step  or  stoup,  n.  [Same  as  Icel. 
stanp,  G.  stauf,  a  pot,  vessel,  cup.  See 
fiToop.]  A  basin  for  holy  water  placed  in  a 
niche  at  the  entrance  of  Roman  Catholic 
churches;  a  deep  narrow  vessel  for  holding 
liquid?;  a  flagon. 

Btont,  stout,  o.  [From  O.Fr.  estnvi,  froHi 
D.  stout,  I/.G.  stolLiG.  stolz,  bold.haxighty; 
perhaps  from  same  root  as  stilt.]  Stronjr; 
vigorous;  robust;  bold;  intrepid;  firmly  or 
strongly  built;  having  strength;  rather 
corpulent:  bulky  or  thickset  in  body  (col- 
loq.). — n.  The  strongest  kind  of  porter. — 
Stout-hearted,  a.  Having  a  stout  or  brave 
heart.— Stcutly,  stout'li,  adv.  In  a  stout 
manner;  boldiv;  strongly.  —  Stoutness, 
stout'nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  stout; 
sturdiness;  corpulence;  bodily  bulk. 

BtovCj  stov,  n.  [-4.  Sax.  stofc,  a  steve;  Icel. 
stofa,  stufa,  a  hathing-room  with  a  stove; 
D.  stoof,  a  stove ;  G.  stube,  a  room;  akin 
stew.]  An  apparatus  to  contain  a  fire  for 
■warming  a  room  or  house,  or  for  cooking 
or  other  purposes,  usually  consisting  of  an 
inclosure  of  metal,  brick,  or  earthenware;- 
a  house  or  room  artificially  heated  to  a 
high  temperature,  and  used  for  drying  and 
other  purposes;  hort.  a  hothouse  in  which 
artificial  heat  is  maintained  at  a  constant- 


ly high  temperature.— v.i.— Stored,  staving. 
To  heat,  as  in  a  stove. 

Stove,  stCv,  pret.  of  stave. 

Stow,  sto,  v.t.  [Lit.  to  put  into  its  place, 
from  A.Sax.  stou),aplace;comp.  D.stouwen, 
Dan.  stuve,  to  stow,  to  pack.]  To  put  away 
in  a  suitable  place;  to  lay  up;  to  pack;  to 
compactly  arrange  anything  in;  to  fill  by 
packing  closely.— Stowage,  stD  aj,  n.  The 
act  of  stowing;  room  for  things  to  be 
stowed;  money  paid  for  stowing  goods. 
— Stowaway,  sto'a-wa,  n.  One  who  at- 
tempts to  obtain  a  free  passage  by  con- 
cealing himself  aboard  a  ship. 

Strabismus,  stra-biz'mus,  n.  (Gr.  strabis- 
vios,  from  strabizO,  to  squint,  from  strabos, 
squinting.]  A  defect  in  a  person's  eyes, 
rendering  them  incapable  of  looking  ex- 
a(;tly  in  the  same  direction,  certain  mus- 
cles not  being  of  normallength;  squinting. 

Straddle,  strad'l,  v.i. — straddled,  strad- 
dling.  [For  stridle,  from  stride]  To  part 
the  logs  wide;  to  stand  or  walk  with  the 
legs  far  apart;  to  sit  astride.— w.t.  To  stride 
over;  to  stand  or  sit  astride  of.  —  n.  A 
standing  or  sitting  with  the  legs  far  apart. 
—  Straddle-leggedi,  a.  Having  the  legs 
wide  apart. 

Straggle,  strag'l,  v.i.— straggled,  straggling. 
[Freq.  from  O.E.  s'trake,  to  wander,  to 
stray,  A.  Sax.  strlcan,  to  go.  Stkik.e.]  To 
wander  from  the  direct  course  or  way;  to 
scatter  in  marching;  to  rove;  to  shoot  too 
far  in  growth;  to  grow  with  long  irregular 
branches;  to  occur  at  intervals  or  apart 
from  one  another;  to  occur  here  and  there. 
—Straggler,  stragler,  n.  One  who  strag- 
gles; one  who  wanders  from  or  is  left  be- 
hind'.by  his  fellows;  something  that  stands 
apart  from  others. — Straggling,  strag'Ung, 
p.  and  a.  Separated  from  the  main  body; 
spreading  out  irregularly;  scattered; 
standing  apart. 

Straight,  strat.a.  [The  pp.  of  O.E.  strecche, 
strefce,A.Sax.streccan,to  stretch  (Stretch); 
distinct  from  strait.]  Passing  from  one 
point  to  another  by  the  nearest  course; 
not  curved,  bent,  or  crooked;  direct  (a 
straight  line);  according  with  justice  and 
rectitude;  not  deviating  from  tnith  or 
fairness;  npright.— adv.  Immediately;  di- 
rectly; in  the  shortest  time;  in  a  straight 
line.— n.  Straight  part;  straight  direction. 
— Straightedge,  n.  A  slip  of  wood  or  metal 
made  perfectly  straight  on  the  edge,  and 
used  to  test  surfaces  or  for  drawing  straig'.i  t 
lines.— Straighten,  stra'tn,  v.t.  To  make 
straight;  to  reduce  from  a  crooked  to  a 
straight  form.  —  Straightener,  stra'tn-fer, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  straightens.— 
Straightforward,  stratfor-w6rd,  o.  Pro- 
ceeding in  a  straight  course;  not  deviat- 
ing; upright;  honest;  open.— Straightfor- 
ward, Straightforwaros,  adv.  Directly 
forward.  —  Straightforwardly,  strat'for- 
w6rd-li,  ady.— Straightforwardness,  strat'- 
for-weid-nes,  n.— Straightly,  strat'U,  adv. 
In  a  straight  line;  not  crookedly;  directly. 
— Straightness,  strilfnes,  n.  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  straight;  directness.— 
Straightway,  strat'wa,  adv.  Immediately; 
forthwith;  without  delay. 

Strain,  stran,  v.t.  [Prom  O.Fr.  estraindrc, 
estreindre,  streindre,  to  strain,  wring,  &c. 
(Fr.  ctreindrs),  from  L.  siringo,  stringere, 
to  strain,  to  draw  tight,  pp.  strictus.  Strict, 
strait,  stringent  are  from  same  verb;  so 
constrain,  restrain,  resti-ict,  constriction, 
&c.]  To  stretch  or  draw  tightly;  to  make 
tighter;  to  squeeze  or  clasp  in  an  embrace; 
to  injure  or  weaken  by  stretching  or  over- 
tasking; to  subject  to  too  ^eat  stress  or 
exertion;  to  harm  by  a  twist  or  wrench; 
hence,  to  sprain;  to  exert  to  tlie  utmost: 
to  put  to  the  utmost  stieugth  or  exertion; 
fig.  to  push  beyond  the  due  limit;  tocaiTy 
too  far;  to  do  violence  to  (to  strain  the 
meaning  of  a  text);  to  squeeze  out;  to 
purify  by  filtration;  to  filter.— To  strain  a 
point,  to  make  a  special  and  often  incon- 
venient effort;  to  exceed  one's  duty;  to 
overstep  one's  commission.- w.i.  To  exert 
one's  self;  to  make  violent  efforts;  to  filter 
or  be  filtered;  to  percolate. — n.  A  violent 
effort;  an  excessive- exertion  of  the  limbs 
or  muscles,  or  of  the  mind;  an  injurious 
stretching  of  the  muscles  or  tendons;  a 
continued  course  of  action;  general  bear- 


Jjlte,  f fix,  fat,  f flU;     me,met,  hto;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mitTe;     tObe,tub,b^i     oil,  pound;     ti,  Sc  abtme— the  Fr.  m, 


STRAIN 


669 


STEEAM 


ing;  a  poem;  a  song;  a  lay;  a  tune;  a  melody 
or  part  of  a  melody;  especially,  a  section 
of  a  melody  eading  with  a  cadence;  the 
subject  or  theme  of  a  poem,  discour8e,Ac.; 
tenor  of  discourse;  nriech.  force  acting  on 
any  material,  and  tending  to  disarrange 
its  component  parts  or  destroy  their  co- 
hesion.—Strainable,  stra'na-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  strained.  —  Strain«r,  stra'nfer,  n. 
One  who  strains;  an  instrument  for  fil- 
tration. 

Strain,  stran,  n.  [O.E.  stfene,  streen,  stren, 
A.  Sax.  strand,  stock,  race,  from  stri^nan, 
slrednan,  to  produce.]  Race;  stock  in  a 
Kenealogical  sense;  family  blood;  quality 
or  line  in  regard  to  breeding;  natural  dis- 
position; turn;  tendency. 

Strait,  strat,  a.  [From  O.Fr.  estreit,  estroit 
(Fr.  itroii),  narrow,  from  L.  sij-icttw,  pp.  of 
slringo,  to  draw  tight.  Strain;  v.t]  Strict 
or  rigorousj;  narrow;  not  wide. — n.  A  nar- 
row pass  or  passage;  a  narrow  passage  of 
water  between  two  seas  or  oceans  (the 
plural  is  often  used  of  one:  the  Strait  or 
Straits  of  Gibraltar);  distress;  difficulty; 
distressing  necessity.  —  Straiten,  stra'tn, 
v.t.  To  make  strait;  to  contract,  confine, 
hem  in,  narrow;  to  make  tense  gr  tight; 
to  distress;  to  press  witjj  poverty  or  other 
necessity;  to  put  in  pecuniary  difficul- 
ties: used  especially  in  pp.— Strait-laced, 
a.  Having  the  stays  or  bodice  tightly 
laced;  constrained;  strict  in  manners  or 
morals;  often  excessively  and  puritani- 
cally strict.— Straitly;  strat'li,  adv.  In  a 
strait  manner.  —  Straitness,  straf  nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  strait;  nar- . 
rowuess;  strictness.— Stralt-jacket.Strait- 
waiatcoat,  n.  A  garment  made  of  some 
Btroiig  material,  with  long  sleeves,  which 
are  tied  behind  the  body,  used  to  restrain 
lunatics. 

Strake,  strak,  n.  [A  form  of  streak.]  A 
continuous  line  of  planking  or-plates  on  a 
ship's  side,  reaching  from  stem  to  stern. 

Stramineous,  stra-min'e-us,  a.  [L.  stra- 
rsiineus,  from  stramen,  straw.]  Strawy; 
coiisisting  of  straw;  like  straw. 

Strand,  stratd,  n.  [A.  Sax.  D.  Dan.  Sw. 
and  G.  strand,  Icel.  atrond,  strand,  shore, 
coast;  root  meaning  doubtful.]  A  shore 
or  beach  of  the  sea  or  lake. — v.i.  To  drift 
or  be  driven  on  shore;  to  run  aground;  to 
have  progress  interrupted;  to  come  to  a 
stand-still.— y.t.  To  drive  or  run  aground 
ca  the  sea-shore. 

Strand,  strand,  n.  [Same  as  D.  streen,  Q. 
slruhne,  a  skein,  a  strand.]  One  of  the 
t'vists  or  parts  of  which  a  rope  is  composed. 

Strange,  stranj,  a.  [O.Fr.  estrange  (Fr. 
iilraniie),  from  L.  extraneus,  that  is  with- 
out, from  extra,  on  the  outside — ex,  out, 
rnd  affix  -tra  (as  in  contra).  Exterior.] 
Foreign;  belonging  to  another  country; 
not  one's  own;  belonging  to  others;  not 
before  known,  heard,  or  seen;  new;  won- 
derf vil ;  causing  surprise  ^  extraordinary; 
odd;  unusual;  not  according  to  the  com- 
mon way;  estranged ;  not  familiar;  unac- 
quainted ;  not  knowing.  —  Strange  sail 
(naut.),  an  unknown  vessel.  —  Strangely, 
stranj'li,  adv.  In  a  strange  manner;  sur- 
prisingly; wonderfully;  remarkably;  in  a 
disttmt  and  reserved  manner.  —  Strange- 
ness, stranj'nes,  n.  The  state  or  character 
of  being  strange.  —  Stranger,  stran'j6r,  n. 
[O.Fr.  estranger.]  A  foreigner;  one  of  an- 
other place;  one  unknown  or  at  least  not 
familiar;  one  not  knowing;  one  ignorant 
or  unacquainted  (a  stranger  to  the  affair); 
a  guest;  a  visitor;  one  not  admitted  to 
fellowship. 

Strangle,  strang'gl,  v.t— strangled,  stran- 
gling. [0.¥t.  estrangler,  L.  strangulare,  to 
strangle,  from  Gr.  stranggalao,  strangga- 
loo,  to  knot,  st'ranggo,  to  tie  tight;  same 
root  as  E.  string.]  To  destroy  the  life  of 
by  compressing  the  windpipe ;  to  choke; 
fig.  to  suppress  or  stifle.  —  Strangler, 
Strang 'gl6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
strangles.— Strangles,  strang'glz,  n.  pi.  A 
disorder  which  attacks  horses,  consisting 
of  an  abscess  between  the  branches  of  the 
lower  jaw.  —  Strangulated,  strang'gfl-la- 
ted.a.  Sjfrg. having  the  circulation  stopped 
in  any  part  by  compress'on  (strangulated 
liei-nial.  —  Strangulation,  Strang -ga-la'- 
uhan,  11.    Ih.  slrangulatio.]    The  act  of 


strangling;  the  state  of  being  strangled; 
■med.  the  state  of  a  part  too  closely  con- 
stricted, as  the  intestine  in  hernia. 

Strangury,  strang'gu-ri,  n. '  [L.  strangtiria, 
Gr.  strangouria^stranx,  strangos,  a  drop, 
and  ouron,  urine.]  A  disease  in  which 
there  is  pain  in  passing  the  urine,  which 
is  given  out  by.  drops.  —  Strangurious, 
strang-gQ'ri-us,  a.  Pertaining  to  stran- 
gury. 

Strap,  strap,  n.  [A  collateral' form  of  strop, 
from  root  of  stripe,  strip;  or  from  L.  strap- 
pus,  a  thong.]  A  long  narrow  slip  of  lea- 
ther or  other  substance  of  various  forms 
and  for  various  uses,  and  often  provided 
with  a  buckle ;  a  plate,  band,  or  strip  of 
metal  to  connect  or  hold  other  parts  to- 
gether; a  piece  of  leather  for  sharpening 
razors,  &c.:  in  this  sense  often  written 
strop.— v.t.— strapped,  strapping.  To  chas- 
tise with  a  strap;  to  fasten  or  bind  with  a 
strap.  —  Strapper,  strap' tr,  n.  One  who- 
uses  a  strap.  —  Strapping,  strap'ing,  a. 
lComp.thuniping,bouncing,thundering.&c.] 
Tall  and  well  made;  handsome.  [Colloq.] 
—Strap-shaped,  a.    Bot.  ligulate. 

Striappado,  strap-pa'do,  to.  [O.Vt.  strapade. 
It.  atrappata,  from  strappare,  to  pull.) 
An  old  punishmentj  consisting  in  having 
the  hands  of  the  offender  tied  behind  his 
back,  drawing  him  up  by  them  by  a  rope, 
arid  then  suddenly  letting  him  drop. 

StrasB,  stras,  n.  [Prom  ihe  name  of  its 
German  inventor.]  A  variety  of  flint-glass 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  sirtificial  gems. 

Strata.    See  tiTRxrea. 

Stratagem,  strat'a-jem,  n.  [Fr.  stratagime, 
from  li.  strategema,  Gr.  strategSma,  from 
strategos,  a  general,  from  stratos,  an  army, 
ago,  to  lead.]  An  artifice  in  war;  a  plan 
or  scheme  for  deceiving  an  enemy;  a  clever 
piece  of  generalship;  any  artifice;  a  trick 
to  gain  some  advantage.  —  Stratagemic,t 
Stratagemical,  t  strat-a  - jem '  ik,  strat-a- 
jera'i-kal,  a.  Containing  stratagem  or  ar- 
tifice.—Strategic,  Strategical,  stra-tej'ik, 
stra-tej'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  strategy; 
effected  by  stratesy .—Strategic  point,  any 
point  in  the  theatre  of  warlike  operations 
which  affords  to  its  possessor  an  advantage 
over  his  opponent.  Also  Strategetic.Strat- 
egetical,  strat-C-jet'ik,  strat-e-jet'i-kal. — 
Strategically,  Strategetically,  stra-tej'i- 
kal-li,  strat-e-jet'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  stra- 
tegic manner.  —  Strategist,  strat'S-jist,  n. 
One  skilled  in  strategy.— Strategy,  Strat- 
egetics,  Strategics,  strat'e-ji,  strat-e-jet'- 
iks,  stra-tej'iks,  n.  The  science  of  forming 
and  carrying  out  projects  of  military  ope- 
rations; generalship;  -the  use  of  artifice  or' 
finesse  in  carrying  out  any  project.  .'. 
Strategy  refers  to  the  operations  or  move- 
ments previous  to  a  battle;  tactics  is  the 
art  of  handling  troops  when  in  actual 
contact  with  the  enemy 

Strath,  strath,  to.  [Gael,  srath.]  In  Scot- 
land, a  valley  of  considerable  size,  often 
having  a  river  running  through  it,  giving 
it  its  distinctive  name  {Strathspey,  Strath- 
don,  &c.).— Strathspey,  strath-spa',  to.  In 
Scotland,  a  species  of  dance  in  duple  time, 
resembling  a  reel,  but  slower;  an  air  or 
piece  of  music  for  this  dance. 

Stratify,.  &c.    Under  Stratum. 

Stratocracy,  stra-tok'ra-si, «.  [Gr.  stratos, 
an  army,  and  kratos,  power.]  A  military 
government;  government  Dy  military 
chiefs  and  an  army. 

Strattmi,  stra'tum,  to.  pi.  Strata,  strft'ta. 
[L.,  what  is  spread  or  stretched  out,  from 
sterno, stratum,  to  strew(whencealso  street); 
the  root  is  that  of  E.  straw,  to  strew.]  A 
layer  or  bed  of  matter  spread  out;  geol.  a 
layer  of  any  substance,  as  sand,  clay,  lime- 
stone, &c.,  which  is  deposited  over  a  cer- 
tain surface  by  the  action  of  water,  espe- 
cially such  a  layer  when  forming  one  of  a 
numoer  superposed.  —  Stratify,  strat'i-fi, 
v.t.-^stratifi£d,  stratifying.  [Fr.  stratifier 
—  L.  stratum,  and  facio,  to  make.]  To 
form  into  strata  or  layers,  as  substances 
in  the  earth;  to  lay  or  arrange  in  strata. 
—Stratification,  8trat'i-fi-ka"shon,  to.  The 
process  by  which  are  -formed  strata;  an 
arrangement  in  strata  or  layers.- Strati- 
fied, strat'i-fid,  p.  and  a.  Arranged  in 
layers  or  strata.— Stratiform,  strat'i-form, 

'o.   In  tiio  form  of  strata.— Stratigraphic, 


StratigrapUcal,  strat -i-graf'ik,  strat-i- 
graf'i-kal,  a.  [L.  stratum,  and  Gr.  grapho, 
to  describe.]  Relating  to  strata  or  their 
arrangement.— Stratigraphically,  strat-i- 
grai'i-kal-li,  adv.  As  regards -stratigraphy 
orthe  disposition  of  strata. -Stratigraphy, 
stra-tig'ra-fl,  n.  That  department  of  geo- 
logy which  treats  of  the  arrangement  of 
strata,  or  the  order  in  which  they  succeed 
each  other. 

Stratus,  stra'tus,  n.  [L.,  a  strewing,  a 
covering.  Stratum.]  A  low,  dense,  hori- 
zontal  cloud. 

Straw,  stra,  to.  [A.Sax.  streaw,  straw=Icel. 
strd,  I)an.  straa,  D.  stroo,  G.  stroh,  straw; 
akin  to  strew;  cog.  L.  stramen,  straw,  from 
sterno,  to  strew.  Stratum,  Strew.]  Tha 
stalk  or  stem  of  certain  species  of  grain, 
pulse,  &c.;  such  stalks  collectively  when 
cut,  and  after  being  thrashed  (no  plural 
in  this  sense);  used  proverbially  as  typical 
of  worthlessness  (I  don't  care  a  straw). — 
Man  of  straw,  the  figure  of  a  man  formed 
of  a  suit  of  old  clothes  stuffed  with  straw; 
hence,  the  mere  resemblance  of  a  man;  a 
person  of  little  or  no  means  or  substance; 
an  imaginary  person,— Strawberry,  str?/- 
be-ri,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sirawberie,  streow-berie, 
from  its  habit  of  spreading  or  stremny 
itself  along  the  ground.]  A  well-known 
fruit  and  plant,  the  fruit  being  succu- 
lent and  bearing  the  seeds  on  its  sur- 
face.—Strawberry-tree,  TO.  The  arbutus. 
—  Straw -board,  to.  Thick  paper  board 
made  altogether  or  principally  from 
straw.  —  Straw -bonnet,  to.  A  bonnet  for 
females,  made  of  plaited  straw  of  some 
cereal  plant.  —  Straw-braid,  to.  Straw- 
plait.— Straw-built,  a.  Built  of  straw.— 
Straw-colour,  to.  The  colour  of  dry  straw; 
a  beautiful  yellowish  colour.  —  Straw- 
coloured,  a.  Of  a  light  yellow.— Straw- 
cutter,  TO.  An  instrument  to  cut  straw  for 
fodder. — Straw-hat,  n.  A  hat  made  of  the 
plaited  straw  of  cereals.— Straw-paper,  to. 
Paper  made  wholly  or  principally  from 
straw.- Straw-plait,  to.  A  plait  or  braid 
formed  of  stra,ws,  generally  wheat  or  rye, 
used  to  form  ladies'  bonnets,  hats,  &c. — 
Strawy,  stra'i,  a.  Pertaining  to,  made  of, 
or  like  straw. 

Stray,  stra,  v.i.  [O.Fr.  estrayer,  estraier, 
to  wander,  from  O.Fr.  estrie.  It.  strada,  a 
road  or  street;  from  L.L.  strata,  a  street. 
Street.]  To  wander,  as  from  a  direct 
course;  to  go  astray;  Jig.  to  wander  from 
the  path  of  duty  or  rectitude;  to  err;  to 
roam  or  ramble;  to  run  in  a  serpentine 
course;  to  wind. — a.  Having  gone  astray; 
sti-aggling.— TO.  Any  domestic  animal  that 
Wanders  at  large  or  is  lost;  an  estray.— 
Strayer,  stra'fer,  n.    One  who  strays. 

Streak.  str5k,  to.  [A.  Sax.  strica,  a  line,  a 
stroke=-Icel.  stryk,  Dan.  streg,  D.  atreek,  a 
stroke,  streak,  line;  akin  strike.]  A  lino 
or  long  mark  of  a  different  colour  from  tho 

f  round;  a  stripe;  luiut.  a  strake;  mineral. 
he  colour  and  appearance  of  a  mineral 
when  scratched.  —  v.t.  To  form  streaks 
on ;  to  variegate  with  lines  of  colour.  — 
Streaked,  Streaky,  strekt,  stre'ld,  a.  Hav- 
ing streaks;  striped. 

Stream^  strem,  n.  [A.  Sax.  stredm,  a  stream. 
ariver=D.  stroom,  Icel.  straum,r,  Dan.  and 
Sw.  Strom,  G.  strom;  from  root  seen  in 
Skr.  aru,  to  flow  (with  t  inserted).]  Any 
river,  brook,  or  course  of  running  water; 
a  flow  or  gush  of  any  fluid  substance;  a 
flow  of  air  or  gas  or  of  light^  a  steady  cur- 
rent in  the  sea  or  in  a  nver  (the  Gulf 
Stream);  anything  issuing  as  if  in  a  flow 
(a  stream,  of  words);  many  individuals 
moving  uniformly  forward  without  inter- 
val.— v.i.  To  flow  in  a  stream;  to  issuo 
with  continuance,  not  by  fits;  to  issue  or 
shoot  in  streaks  or  beams;  to  stretch  in  a 
long  line;  to  float  at  full  length  in  the  air. 
—v.t.  To  send  forth  in  a  current  sr  stream; 
to  pour.  —  Stream-anchor,  to.  Naut.  an 
anchor  used  for  warping  and  like  pur- 
poses. —  Streamer,  stre'mfer,  to.  A  long 
narrow  flag;  a  pennon;  a  stream  of  light 
shooting  upward  from  the  horizon,  as  in 
some  forms  of  the  aurora  borealis. — 
Stream-lce„  to.  A  line  of  pieces  of  drift 
ice  in  a  current.— Streamlet,  stremlet,  to. 
A  .small  stream;  a  rivulet;  a  rill.— Stream- 
tin,  TO.  Tin  ore  found  in  alluvial  ground  in 


0b,  eftain:     cA.  So.  locA;     g,  jro;     j,/ob;     n- Fr.  ton;     ng,  siwp'j     sh,  «Aen;  tb,  tAin;     w.wig}    wb,  wAigi     zh,  a,?jirfii, 


STREET 


670 


STRING 


rounded  particles  and  masses.— Streamy, 
Btre'mi,  a.  Abounding  with  streams;  hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  stream  or  beam  of  light. 

Street,  stret,  n.  [A.  Sax.  straet,  a  street, 
from  L.  strata  {viaU  a  paved  way,  from 
atemo,  stratum,  to  strew,  to  pave.  Stra- 
tum, Strew,  Stray.]  A  way  or  road  in  a 
city  having  houses  on  one  or  both  sides, 
chiefly  a  main  way,  in  distinction  from  a 
lane  or  aUey;  the  houses  as  well  as  the  open 
wa3-. — Street-arab,  n.  A  neglected  street 
boy. — Street-car,  n.  A  tramway-car  which 
runs  in  a  street. — Street-door,  n.  A  door 
which  opens  upon  a  street. — Street-sweep- 
er, n.  One  who  sweeps  the  streets;  a 
machine  for  sweeping  the  streets. — Street- 
walker, ji.  A  common  prostitute.— Street- 
walking, n.  The  practice  of  a  street-walker. 

Stremma,  strem'ma,  n.  IGr.,  a  wrench, 
from  strepho,  to  twist.]  Pathol,  a  strain 
or  sprain  of  the  parts  about  a  joint. 

Strength,  strength,  n.  (A.  Sax.  slrengViu, 
strength,  from  Strang,  strong; comp.  length 
and  long.  Stroxo.J  The  muscular  force 
or  energy  which  an  animal  is  capable  of 
exerting;  animal  force;  the  quality  of 
bodies  by  which  they  sustain  the  appli- 
cation of  force  without  breaking  or  yield- 
ing; solidity  or  toughness  (the  strength,  of 
a  bone) ;  power  or  vigour  of  any  kind ; 
capacity  for  exertion  {strength  of  mind, 
njemory,  evidence,  argument,  affection); 
power  of  resisting  attacks;  that  on  which 
confidence  or  reliance  is  placed ;  support; 
force  or  power  in  expressing  meaning  by 
words;  vividness;  intensity;  intensity  of 
some  distinguishing  or  essential  constitu- 
ent ;  potency  {strength  of  wine,  poison, 
acid);  legal  or  moral  force  or  eiBcacy;  force 
as  measured  or  stated  in  figures;  amount 
or  numbers  of  an  army,  fleet,  or  the  like; 
force  proceeding  from  motion  and  propor- 
tioned to  it;  vehemence;  impetuosity. — 
On  or  Upon  the   strength,  of,  in  reliance 

-upon  the  value  of;  on  the  faith  of. — 
Strengthen,  streng'then,  v.t.  To  make 
strong  or  stronger;  to  add  strength  to;  to 
confirm;  to  establish;  to  encourage;  to  fix 
in  resolution;  to  make  greater;  to  add  in- 
tensity to.— w.i.To  grow  strong  or  stronger. 

—  Strengthener,  streng'then-fer.  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  strengthens  —Strength- 
less,  strength'les,  a.    Wanting  strength. 

Strenuous,  stren'u-us,  a.  [L.  strenuus,  vig- 
orous, strenuous;  allied  to  Gr.  strenes, 
strong,  hard.]  Eager  and  constant  in  ac- 
tion; zealous;  ardent;  earnest.  —  Strenu- 
ously, stren'a-us-li,  adv.  Ardently;  ac- 
tively.—Strenuousness,  stren'fl-us-nes,  n. 
Earnestness ;  active  zeal. 

Stress,  stres,  »i.  [O.Fr.  estrecer,  estrecier 
{Ft.  itrecir),  to  straiten,  to  narrow,  from 
li.  strictus,  pp.  of  stringo,  strictum,  to  draw 
tight  (whence  stringent,  strain).  Strain  ] 
Constraining,  urging,  or  impelling  force; 
pressure;  urgency;  violence  {stress  of  wea- 
ther); an  efibrtorexertion;  a  strain;  weight, 
importance,  or  influence,  imputed  or  as- 
cribed (to  lay  stress  on  some  point  in  argu- 
ment); accent  or  emphasis;  mech.  force 
exerted  in  any  direction  or  manner  on 
bodies  {terisile  stress,  &c.). 

Stretch,  strech,  v.t  [A  softened  form  from 
A.  Sax.  streccan,  to  stretch  =  D.  strekken, 
a.  strecken,  Dan.  striikke,  to  stretch. 
Straight  is  a  derivative,  and  strake,  streak, 
strike,  string,  strong  are  connected.]  To 
draw  out;  to  extend  in  length;  to  draw 
tight;  to  make  tense;  to  extend,  spread, 
expand  in  any  direction;  to  reach  out;  to 
hold  forth;  to  extend  or  distend  forcibly: 
to  strain;  to  exaggerate;  to  extend  too  far 
(to  stretch  a  prerogative).  —  To  stretch  a 
point.  Same  as  To  strain  a  point.— v.i.  To 
extend;  to  reach;  to  be  continuous  over  a 
distance;  to  bear  extension  without  break- 
ing ;  to  attain  greater  length.  —  n.  A 
stretching  or  the  state  of  being  stretched; 
an  effort;  a  strain;  utmost  extent  or 
reach;  an  extended  portion;  an  expanse. 

—  On  or  upon  the  stretch,  in  a  con- 
tinuous effort  or  strain;  straining  one's 
powers.— .4  f  or  on  a  stretch,  at  one  effort;  at 
one  time.— Stretcher,  strech'6r,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  stretches;  an  instru- 
ment for  wideninfx  gloves  or  for  distending 
boots;  a  flat  board  on  which  corpses  are 
laid  out;a  litter  forcarrjiugsick,wounded. 


or  dead  persons;  carp,  a  tie-timber  in  a 
frame;  naut.  a  narrow  piece  of  plank  placed 
across  a  boat  for  the  rowers  to  set  their 
feet  against. 

Strew,  stro  or  stro,  ».<.— pret.  strewed;  pp. 
strewed  or  streum.  [A.  Sax.  streowian,  to 
8catter=Goth.  stravjan,  G.  streuen,  Icel. 
strd,  Dan.  and  Sw.  strii;  same  root  as  straw, 
star,  li.  stemo,  stratmn  (E.  stratum),  Skr. 
stri,  to  strew.]  To  scatter  or  sprinkle: 
always  applied  to  dry  substances  separ- 
able into  parts  or  particles ;  to  cover  by 
scattering  or  being  scattered  over;  to  throw 
loosely  apart;  to  spread  abroad;  to  dis- 
seminate. Also  written  iS<rou>  and  formerly 
Straw. 

Stria,  stri'a,  n.  pi.  Strix,  stri'e.  [L.]  A 
technical  term  for  fine  thread-like  lines 
or  streaks  seen  oil  the  surface  of  shells, 
minerals,  plants,  &c.— Striate,  Striated, 
stri'at,  stri'a-ted,  a.  [L.  striatus.]  Marked 
with  striae.  —  Striated  fibre,  the  fibre  of 
the  voluntary  muscles  or  those  that  the 
will  can  influence. — Striate,  v.t.— striated, 
striating.  To  mark  with  striae. — Striation, 
stri-a'shon,  n.  The  state  of  being  striated; 
striate  markings;  geol.  the  grooving  of 
rock  surfaces  by  masses  of  ice  passing  over 
them. 

Stricken,  strik'n,  pp.  of  strike.  Struck; 
smitten;  advanced  (as  in  age — 'well  stric- 
ken in  years'). 

Strickle,  strik'l,  n.  [From  strike.]  An  in- 
strumeut  to  strike  grain  to  a  level  with 
the  measure;  an  instrument  for  whetting 
scythes. 

Strict,  strikt,  a.  [L.  strictus,  pp.  of  stringo, 
to  draw  tigb  t;  whence  also  stringent,  strain. 
Strain.]  Carefully  adhering  to  or  gov- 
erned by  some  rule;  carefully  observed; 
rigorously  nice  {strict  watch);  rigorous  as 
to  rules  or  conduct  {strict  in  religious  ob- 
servances); definite  as  to  terms;  stringent; 
rigidly  inten^reted;  not  loose  or  vague  (the 
strict  sense  of  a  word).— Strictly,  strikt'li, 
adv.  In  a  strict  manner;  with  nice  or 
rigorous  accuracj-;  correctly ;  definitely ; 
rigorously.— Strictness,  strikt'nes,  ii.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  strict;  exactness 
in  the  observance  of  rules;  rigorous  ac- 
curacy; precision;  severity;  stringency. 

Stricture,  strik'tar,  n.  [L.  strictura,  from 
stringo,  strictum,  to  draw  tight.  Strict.] 
A  touch  of  sharp  criticism ;  a  censorious 
remark ;  censure ;  med.  a  morbid  contrac- 
tion of  some  mucous  canal  or  duct  of  the 
body,  especially  the  urethra.- Strictured, 
strik'turd,  o.    Affected  with  stricture. 

Stride,  strid,  r.i.— pret.  strode;  pp.  stridden; 
ppr.  striding.  [A:  Sax.  stridan,  to  stride,  to 
walk,  bestridan,  to  bestride;  L.G.  striden, 
to  stride ,  comp.  Dan.  stritte,  to  straddle; 
also  G.  stretten,  to  contend,  streit,  Dan. 
strid,  contest.]  To  walk  with  long  steps; 
to  stand  with  the  feet  far  apart;  to 
straddle.— D.i  To  pass  over  at  a  step;  to 
bestnde.— n.  A  long  step;  a  measured  or 
pompous  step;  a  lofty  gait;  the  space  mea- 
sured by  the  legs  far  apart. 

Strident,  stri'dent,  a.  [L.  stridens,  striden- 
tis,  ppr.  of  strideo,  to  creak.]  Creaking; 
harsh;  gi-ating.- Stridulation,  strid-n-la'- 
shon,  n.  A  small,  harsh,  creaking  noise, 
as  made  by  some  insects. — Stridulatory, 
6trid'a-la-to-ri,a.  Stridulous.— Stridulous, 
strid'u-lus,  a.  [L.  stridulus.]  Jlaking  a 
sm.iU  creaking  sound. 

Strife,  strif,  n.  [From  Icel.  strith,  war, 
strife;  the  ih  being  changed  to  /  by  the 
influence  of  strive,  O.Fr.  estriver.  Strive.] 
Exertion  or  contention  for  superiority, 
contest  of  emulation;  emulation;  conten- 
tion in  anger  or  enmity,  discord ;  quarrel 
or  war.  —  Strifeful,  strif'ful,  a.  Full  of 
strife;  contentious. 

Strlgil,  strij'il,  ?i.  [L.  strigilis, from  stringo, 
to  graze,  to  scrape.  1  An  instrument  used 
by  the  ancients  for  scraping  the  skin  at 
the  bath. 

Strike,  strik,  v.i. — pret.  struck;  pp.  struck, 
sti'icken;  ppr.  striking.  [A.  Sax.  strican,  to 
go  raifidly  in  a  straight  course:  dstrican, 
to  strike,  to  smite;  D.  strijken,  to  stroke; 
6.  streichen,  Icel.  strykja,  to  stroke,  to 
flog;  cog.  L.  stringo,  to  strain,  to  touch 
lightly  (Strain).  Stroke  is  a  derivative.) 
To  pass  or  dart  with  rapidity  (to  strike 
into   another    path ;    the    Inillct   stri'.i:k 


through  the  door);  to  penetrate  (the  roots 
strike  deep) ;  to  make  a  quick  blow  or 
thrust;  to  use  one's  weapons;  to  knock; 
to  sound  an  hour  (as  a  clock);  to  reach  or 
act  on  by  appulse  (light  strikes  on  the 
wall);  to  run  or  dash  upon  the  shore,  a 
rock,  or  bank;  to  be  stranded;  to  lower  a 
sail  or  a  flag  in  token  of  respect,  or  to  sig- 
nify surrender  (the  ship  struck);  to  yield; 
to  quit  work  in  order  to  compel  an  increase 
or  prevent  a  reduction  of  wages,  or  for 
other  reasons.—  To  strike  at,  to  make  or 
aim  a  blow  at;  to  attack.— To  strike  Iwme, 
to  give  an  effective  blow.— To  strike  in, 
to  put  in  one's  word  suddenly;  to  inter- 
pose.—  To  strike  in  tvith,  to  conform  to;  to 
suit. — To  strike  out,  to  deliver  a  blow;  to 
start  to  swim.— To  strike  up,  to  begiii  to 
play  or  sing. — v.t.  To  touch  or  hit  with 
some  force;  to  smite;  to  give  a  blow  to;  to 
give,  deal,  or  inflict  (with  blow  or  similar 
word  as  object);  to  dash;  to  knock  (with 
the  instrument  as  object);  to  produce  by  a 
blow  or  blows  (to  strike  fire);  to  stamp  with 
a  stroke;  hence,  to  mint;  to  coin;  to  thrust 
in;  to  cause  to  enter  or  penetrat-e  (a  tree 
strikes  its  root  deep);  to  cause  to  sound; 
to  notify  by  sound;  to  impress  (the  mind) 
strongly;  to  affect  sensibly  with  strong 
emotion  (the  scene  struck  him);  to  produce 
suddenly;  to  effect  at  once  (to  strike  terror); 
to  bring  suddenly  into  some  state  or  con- 
dition (to  strike  one  dumb);  to  make  and 
ratify  (to  strike  a  bargain);  to  lower,  as  the 
yards,  flag,  sails  of  a  vessel.— ireK  stmck 
or  stricken  in  years,  of  an  advanced  age. — 
To  strike  a  balance,  in  book-keeping,  to 
bring  out  the  amount  due  on  one  or  other 
of  the  sides  of  a  debtor  and  creditor  ac- 
count ;  hence,  in  general,  to  ascertain  on 
which  side  the  preponderance  is. — To  strike 
dovnt,  to  prostrate  by  a  blow  or  illness; 
to  fell.  —  To  strike  offj  to  separate  by  "a 
blow;  to  erase  from  an  account;  to  deduct; 
to  impress;  to  print. — To  strike  oU,  to  find 
petroleum  when  boring  for  it;  hence,  to 
make  a  lucky  hit  (colloq.). —  To  strike  out, 
to  blot  out ;  to  efface ;  to  erase ;  to  plan  or 
excogitate  by  a  quick  effort;  to  devise.— 5"o 
strike  sail,  to  lower  or  take  in  sail.— To 
strike  a  tent,  to  take  it  down.— 7'o  strike 
«p,  to  drive  up  with  a  blow;  to  begin  to 
play  or  sing.— To  strike  xvork,  to  cease 
work,  especially  till  some  dispute  between 
employers  and  employed  is  settled. —  n. 
An  instrument  for  levelling  a  measure  of 
grain,  salt,  &c.;  a  strickle;  the  act  of  a 
body  of  workmen  discontinuing  work  with, 
the  object  of  compelling  their  employer  to 
concede  certain  demands  made  by  them; 
geol.  the  horizontal  direction  of  the  out- 
cropping edges  of  tilted  strata,  running 
at  right  angles  to  the  dip.— Striker,  s-tri'- 
k6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  strikes.- 
Striking,  stri'king,  a.  Such  as  to  strike 
with  surprise  or  other  feeling;  remark.able; 
forcible;  impressive.  —  Strikingly,  stri-- 
king-li,  adv.  In  a  striking  manner;  re- 
markably; strongly;  impressively.  —  Strl- 
kingness,  stri'king-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
l>eing  striking. 

String,  string,  n.  [A .  Sax.  streng=D.  iireng, 
Icel.  strengr,  Dan.  and  Sw.  striing,  0. 
Strang,  string,  cord;  akin  to  strong,  and  to 
L.  stringo,  to  draw  tight  (whence  strain, 
strict),  strungvio,  to  strangle.)  A  small 
rope,  line,  or  cord  used  for  fastening  or 
tying  things ;  a  twine ;  a  thread ;  a  thread 
on  which  things  are  filed;  and  hence,  a  set 
of  things  on  a  line  (a  string  of  beads);  the 
chord  of  a  musical  instrument  which  gives 
a  sound  by  its  vibrations;  hence,  pi.  the 
stringed  instruments  of  an  orchestra;  a 
line  or  chain  of  things  following  each 
other;  a  nerve  or  tendon  of  an  animal 
body  (the  heart  strings);  a  series  of  things 
connected  or  following  in  succession  (a 
string  of  arguments).— y.<.— pret.  and  pp. 
strung.  To  furnish  with  strings;  to  put  in 
tune  the  strings  of ;  to  put  on  a  string  (to 
string  beads).  —  String-band,  n.  A  baud 
of  musicians  who  play  on  stringed  instru- 
ments.—String-course,  n.  A  narrow  moul- 
ding continued  horizontally  along  the  face 
ofabuilding.-Stringed.stringd.a.  Having 
strings;  produced  by  strings.— Stringer, 
string'Cr,  n.  One  who  strings;  an  inside 
stni.ke  of  plsnk  or  of  plates  in  a  ship;  carp. 


fate,  far,  f!\t,  fall;     me,  met,  hC-r;     piae,  pin;     note,  not,  m<ive;     tube,  tub,  btjU;     oil,  pound;     u,  St.  abwue— the  I'r. ♦' 


STRIlirGElSrT 


671 


STUB 


a  board  that  sustains  some  important  part 
of  a  framework  or  structure.— String-halt, 
n.  A  twitching  of  the  hinder  leg  of  a 
horse,  constituting  a  defect,  being  a  con- 
vulsive motion  of  the  muscles  of  the  hough. 
— Stringiness,  string'i-nes,  n.  The  "state  of 
being  stringy ;  fibrousness.  —  Stringlesa, 
etring'les,  a.'  Having  no  strings.— Stringy, 
Btring'i,  U.  Consisting  of  strings  or  small 
threads ;  fibrous ;  filamentous ;  ropy ; 
sinewy;  wiry.— Stringy-bark,  n.  A  name 
of  several  Australian  trees  of  the  genus 
Eucalyptus. 

Stringent,  strin'jent,  a.  [I>.  ftringena, 
stringentis,  ppr.  of  atringo,  to  draw  tight. 
Strict,  Strain.]  Making  strict  claims  or 
requirements;  strict;  rigid;  making  severe 
restrictions.  —  Stringently,  strin'jent-U, 
adv.  In  a  stringent  manner.— Stringency, 
Stringentness,  strin'jen-si,  strin'jent-nes, 
».  State  or  character  of  being  stringent; 
strictness. 

Strip,  strip,  v.t— stripped,  stripping.    [A. 
Sax.  strppan,  to  strip,  to  spoil;  L.G.  strip- 
pen,  stripen,  strepen,  t>.  stroopen,  G.  streif- 
en,  to  strip;  closely  akin  to  stripe.)    To 
pull  or  tear  oflp  (a  covering);  to  deprive  of  | 
a  covering;  to  remove  the  clothes  from;  to  | 
skin ;  to  peel  (to  strip  a  tree  of  the  bark) ;  . 
to  deprive;  to  bereave;  to  despoil;  to  tear 
off  the  thread  of  a  screw  or  bolt;  to  milk 
dry;  to  unrig  (to  strip  a  ship).— v.i.  To 
take  off  the  covering  or  clothes.— n.  A 
narrow  piece  comparatively  long;  a  stripe. 
—Stripper,  strip'6r,  n.    One  that  strips. 

Stripe,  strip,  n.  [Closely  akin  to  strip  and 
=L.G.  stripe,  D.  streep,  Dan.  stripe,  G. 
ttreif,  a  stripe.]  A  long  narrow  division 
of  anything  of  a -different  colour  from  the 
rest;  a  streak;  a  strip  or  long  narrow  piece; 
a  stroke  made  with  a  lash,  rod,or  scourge; 
a  wale  or  weal.— v.t— striped,  striping.  To 
make  stripes  upon;  to  form  with  lines  of 
different  colours.— Striped,  stript,  a.  Hav- 
ing stripes  of  different  colours.' 

Stripling,  strip'ling.w.  [From  strip,  stripe, 
with  dim.  term,  -ling;  primarily,  a  tall 
slender  youth,  one  that  shoots  up  sudden- 
ly; comp.  slip,  scion.]  A  youth  in  the  state 
of  adolescence,  or  just  passing  from  boy- 
hood to  manhood;  a  lad. 

Strive,  striv,  "t).i.— pret.  strove,  t?t?.  striven, 
ppr.  striving.  [O.Fr.  estriver,  to  strive, 
from  O.H.fr.  streban,-  G.  streben,  Dan. 
atrcebe,  D.  streven,  to  strive:  or  from  Icel. 
strith,  strife.]  To  make  efforts;  to  endea- 
vour with  earnestness^  to  try;  to  contend; 
to  struggle  in  opposition;  to  fight;  to 
quarrel  or  contend  with  each  other;  to  be 
in  dispute  or  altercation;  to  vie.— siriver, 
stri'v6r,  n.    One  that  strives. 

Strobllus,  Strobile,  stro-bilus,  strolail  n 
[Gr.  strobilos,  a  pine-cone.]  Sot.  a  catkin 
the  carpels  of  which  are  scale-like,  sp^-ead 
open,  and  bear  naked  seeds,  as  in  the  fruit 
of  the  pmes;  a  pme-cone.  —  Strobiliform, 
BtroDilaceous,  stro-bi'li-form,  stro-bi-la'- 
shus,  a.  Shaped  like  a  strobile.— Strobl- 
Une,  stro-bi'lm,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  stro- 
bile; cone-shaped.  — StrobUite,  stro-bi'lit. 
n.  [Gr.  strobllos,  and  lithos,  a  stone.]  A 
fossil  coniferous  cone: 

Stroke,  strok,  ro.  [From  strike.]  A  blow; 
a  knock;  the  striking  of  one  body  against 
another;  a  fatal  assault  or  attack;  a  sudden 
attack  of  disease  or  affliction;  a  calamity; 
the  striking  of  a  clock;  a  dash  in  writing 
or  printing;  a  line;  the  touch  of  a  pen  or 
pencil  (a  ha.ir-stroke);  a  touch;  a  masterlyi 
effort  (a  stroke  of  genius);  a  successful 
attempt;  the  sweep  of  an  oar;  the  stroke- 
oar  or  strokesman;  steam-engin.  the  entire 
movement  of  the  piston  from  one  end  to 
the  other  of  the  cylinder.— Strok«-oar,  n. 
The  aftmost  oar  of  a  boat;  also,  the  man 
that  uses  it. — Strokesman,  stroks'man,  m,. 
The  man  who  rows  the  aftmost  oar  in  a 
boat,  and  whose  stroke  id  to  be  followed 
by  the  rest. 

Stroke,  strok,  v.t stroked,  stroking.    [A. 

Sax.  strdcian,  to  stroke  =  D.  strookeUf  to 
stroke,  to  flatter ;  closely  akin  to  strike.] 
To  rub  gontly  with  the  hand  in  kindness 
or  tenderness;  to  rub  gently  in  one  direc- 
tion; to  make  smooth  oy  gentle  rubbing. 
— n.  A  caress;  a  gentle  rul)bing  with  the 
hand,  expressive  of  kindness,  —  Stroker, 
Btro'kSr,  n.    One  who  strokes. 


Stroll,  strol,v.i.  [Of  doubtful  origin;  comp. 
Prov.  G.  strolen,  struolen,  to  stroll.]  To 
wander  on  foot  slowly;  to  ramble  idly  or 
leisurely.  —  Strolling  player,  an  inferior 
stage-player  Who  goes  about  from  place  to 
place  and  performs  wherever  an  audience 
can  be  obtained.  — n.  A  walking  idly  and 
leisurely;  a  ramble.— Stroller,  strol'er,  n. 
One  who  strolls;  an  itinerant  player. 

Stroma,  stro'ma,  n.  [Gr.  stroma,  a  bed, 
from  strOnnymi,  to  spread  out.]  Anat.  the 
bed  or  foundation  texture  of  an  organ,  or 
of  any  deposit;  hot.  the  fleshy  substance 
in  some  fungous  plants;  a  thallus. 

Strombus,  strom'bus,  n.  [It.  strombus,  from 
Gr.  strombos,  aspiral  shell,  a  top.]  A  genus 
of  gasteropods  having  univalve  spiral 
shells,  one  of  them  being  the  largest 
known. 

Stromeyerite,  stro-mi'fer-it,  n.  [After  the 
chemist  Stromeyer.]  A  steel-gray  ore  of 
silver,  consisting  of  sulphur,  silver,  and 
copper. 

Strong,  strong,  o.  [A.  Sax.  Strang,  strong, 
strong,  robust=Icel.  strangr,  Dan.  and  D. 
streng,  strong;  G.  strong,  strict;  same  root 
as  string,  and  L.  stringo,  to  draw  tight 

S hence  strict).  Strength  ia  a  derivative.] 
aving  physical  power;  having  the  power 
of  exerting  great  bodily  force ;  robust ; 
muscular;  able  or  powerful  mentally  or 
morally;  o|  great  power  or  capacity  (a 
strong  mind,  memory  imagination);  natu- 
rally sound  or  healthy;  hale;  not  easily 
broken;  firm;  solid;  compact;  well  forti- 
fied; not  easily  subdued  or  taken  (a  strong 
fortress  or  position);  having  great  military 
or  naval  power  or  force;  having  great 
wealth  or  resources;  having  force  from 
moving  with  rapidity;  violent;  impetuous; 
adapted  to  make  a  deep  impression  on  the 
mind  or  imagination ;  effectual;  cogent; 
ardent  or  zealous  (a  efrong  supporter);  hav- 
ing a  particular  quality  or  qualities  in  a 
great  degree  (a  strong  decoction,8Jron£f  tea); 
containing  much  alcohol;  intoxicating; 
affecting  the  senses  forcibly  (a  strong  light, 
scent,  flavour);  substantial;  solid,  but  net 
of  easy  digestion;  well  established;  firm; 
not  easilyoverthrc  wn  or  altered;veh3ment; 
earnest  (a  strong  affection);  having  great 
resources;  powerful;  mighty;  having  great 
force  or  expressiveness ;  forcibly  expressed; 
(preceded  by  numerals)  amounting  to; 
powerful  to  the  extent  of  (an  army  10,000 
strong);  com.  tending  upwards  in  price;  ris- 
ing (a  strong  market);  gram,  applied  to  m- 
flected  words  when  inflection  is  effected  by 
internal  Vowel  change  and  not  by  adding 
syllables:  swim,  swam,  swum  is  a  strong 
verb  (Weak).  Strong  is  used  as  an  element 
in  many  self-explanatory  compounds,  as 
«<roni7-backed,8troufl'-bodied,s«ror!£r-voiced, 
^(;__Stronghold,strong'hold,n.  A  fastness; 
a  fortified  place;  a  place  of  security.  — 
Strongly,  strong'li,  adv.  In  a  strong  man- 
ner; with  strength,  force,  or  power;  firmly; 
forcibly;  violently.  —  Strong-minded,  a. 
Having  a  strong  or  vigorous  mind;  having 
a  masculine  rather  than  a  feminine  turn  of 
mind;  unfeminine:  applied  ironically  to 
women  claiming  equality  with  men.  — 
Strong-room,  n.  A  fire-proof  and  burglar- 
proof  apartment  in  which  valuables  are 
kept.— Strong- waters,  n.  pi.  Distilled  or 
ardent  spirits.  .         . ,      .   . 

Strontia,  stron'shi-a,  n.  An  oxide  of  stron- 
tium occurring  at  Strontian,  in  Argyle- 
shire,  whence  its  name,  a  grayish-white 
powder,  closely  resembling  baryta.  The 
[nitrate  of  strontia  is  sometimes  used  in 
making  fireworks,  as  it  communicates  a 
magnificent  red  colour  to  flame.— Stron- 
tian, stron'shi-an,  n.  A  name  given  to 
strontia.- a.  Pertaining  to  strontia;  con- 
taining strontia.— Strontianite,  strpn'shi- 
an-it,  n.  A  mineral,  native  carbonate  of 
'  Strontia.— Strontitic,  stron-tit'ik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  strontia  or  strontium.— Stron- 
tium, stron^shi-'uni,  n.  The  metalof  which 
strentia  is  the  oxide,  of  a  Whitish  yellow 
colour,  ductile  and  malleable,  and  some- 
what harder  than  lead. 
Strop,  strop,  n.  [A.  Sax.  stropp,  from  It, 
stroppus,  struppus,  a  thong.]  A  strip  of 
leather,  or  a  strip  of  wood  covered  with 
leather  or  other  suitable  material,  used 
for  sharpening  razors;  a  razor-strop. — v.t. 


—stropped,  stropping.  To  sharpen  Yrith  a 
strop. 

Strophe,  stro'fe,  n.  [Gr.  strophe,  from 
strepM,  to  turn.]  The  part  of  a  Greek 
choral  ode  sung  in  turning  from  the  right 
to  the  left  of  the  orchestra,  antistropJie 
being  the  reverse;  hence,  in-  lyric  poetry, 
a  term  for  th  e  former  of  two  corresponding 
stanzas,  the  latter  being  the  antistrophe.-^ 
Strophic,  stro'fik,  a.  Relating  to  or  con- 
sisting of  strophes. 

StropUole,  stro'fi-ol,  n.  [L.  strophiolum,  a 
chaplet,  dim.  of  strophium,  Gr.  strophimi, 
a  ^vreath.]  Bot.  a  little  tubercular  part 
near  the  hilum  of  some  seeds;  a  caruncle. 
— Strophiolate,  Strophlolated,  stro'fi-o- 
lat,  stro'fi-o-la-ted,  a.  Bot.  having  stro- 
phioles. 

Strove,  strov,  pret.  of  strive. 
Strow,  str5,  w.t.— pret.  strowed;  pp.  strewed 
or  stroivn.  Same  as  Strew. 
Struck,  struk,  pret.  and  pp.  of  strike. 
Structure,  struk'tar,  n.  [L.  structura,  from 
strtio,  structimi,  to  build,  seen  in  construct, 
instruct,  destruction,  destroy,  construe,  Ac] 
A  building  of  any  kind,  but  chiefly  a 
building  of  some  size  or  of  magnificence; 
an  edifice;  manner  of  building;  make;  con- 
struction; the  arrangement  of  the  parts 
in  a  whole  (the  structure  of  a  sentence, 
rock  of  a  columnar  structure);  manner  of 
organization;  mode  in  which  different  or- 
gans or  parts  are  arranged.  —  Structural, 
struk'tQ-ral,  a.  Pertaining  to  structure. — 
Structured,  struk'tQrd,  a.  Possessing  a 
regular  organic  structure.- Structureless, 
struk'tOr-les,  a.  Devoid  of  regular  organic 
structure. 

Struggle,  Strug*!,  v.i.— struggled,  struggling. 
[Formerly  stroggle,  strogle;  of  doubtful 
origin;  comp.  O.Sw.  strug,  a  quarrel.]  To 
maJte  efforts  with  contortions  of  the  body; 
to  use  great  efforts;  to  labour  hard;  to  strive. 
— ».  A  violent  effort  with  contortions  of  the 
body;  a  contortion  of  distress;  a  forcible 
effort  to  attain  an  object;  an  effort  to  get 
on  in  the  world;  contest;  strife.— Strag- 
gler, strug'l^r,  n.  One  who  struggles. 
Strum,  «trum,  v.i.  [An  imitative  word.] 
To  play  unskilfully  and  coarsely  on  a 
stringed  instrument;  to  thrum.— v.t.  To 
play  on  unskilfully  or  noisily. 
Struma,  stro'ma,  n.  pi.  Strumse,  strS'mS. 
[L.,  from  struo,  to  build.]  A  scrofulous 
swelling  or  tumour;  scrofula;  sometimes 
goitre;  oot.  a  swelling  at  the  extremity  of 
a  petiole,  next  the  lamina  of  a  leaf. — 
Stmmatlc,  str8-mat'ik,  a.  Strumose. — 
Strumiform,  strci'mi-form,  a.  Having  the 
appearance  of  a  struma. — Strumose,  Stm- 
mon^,  stro'raos,  strb'mus,  a.  Scrofulous; 
bot.  having  strumse. — StrtunousnesB,  Stru- 
mosity,  stro'mus-nes,  strO-mos'i-ti,  n. 
Strumpet,  strum'pet,  n.  [Origin  doubtful; 
perhaps  from  O.Fr.  strupre,  stupre,  -L. 
stuprum,  fornication,  debauchery.]  A 
prostitute;  a  harlot.— «.t  To  debauch. 
Strung,>fetrung,  pret.  of  string.  ' 
Strut,  strut,  v.%.— strutted,  strutting.  [O.K. 
strut,  sirout,  to  swell  or  bulge,  to  strut; 
akin  D&n.strutte,  to  strut,  to  stick  out; 
L.G.  strult,  sticking  out;  G.  strotz<.n,  to 
teem.]  To  -walk  with  a  lofty,  proud  gait 
and  erect  head;  to  walk  with  affected  dig- 
nity or  pompouSness.  —  n.  A  lofty,  proud 
step  or  walk  with  the  head  erect;  affecta- 
tion of  dignity  in  walking;  carp,  a  streng- 
thening piece  obliquely  or  diagonally 
placed;  a  brace;  a  stretching  -  piece. — 
Strutter,  strut'fer,  n.  One  who  struts.— 
Struttlngly,  strut'ing-li,  adv. 
Strychnia,  Strychnine,  strik'ni-a,  stnk'- 
nin,  n.  [Gr.  strychnos,  a  name  of  several 
plants  of  the  nightshade  order.]  A  vege- 
table alkaloid  ■obtained  from  certain 
East  Indian  trees  and  especially  from 
the  seeds  of  nux-vomica,  a  most  energetic 
poison,  yet  in  very  small  doses  used  as 
a  remedy  in  paralysis.— Strychnlc,  strik'- 
nik,  a.  Pertaining  to  strychnine. 
Stub,  stub,  n.  [A.  Sax.  styb,  a  stub=Icel. 
stubbi,  stubbr,  stobbi,  a  stump,  Dan.  «<«&, 
stump,  stubble ;  L.  G.  «tubbe,  D.  stobbe, 
a  stump:  stybble,  stump,  ■stubborn  are 
akin.]  The  stump  of  a  tree  or  that  part 
which  remains  in  the  earth  when  the  tree 
is  cut  down;  a  ebxs.h-n».iL— v.t.— stubbed, 
atiAbing.  To  grub  up  by  the  roots;  to  clear 


ch.chmx;     c;*,Sc.  iocA;     g.tro;    j./ob;     n,  Fr.tOBj     »?,8in(?;     sh,  tten;  th,  ttin;     w.wig;     wh.wftigj    ish.asure. 


STUBBLE 


672 


STUBDY 


of  roots.— Stubby,  stuli'i,  a.  Aboundins 
with  stubs ;  short  and  thick.— Stubbineas, 
Btub'i-ues,  n.  The  state  of  being  stubby.— 
Stub-iron,  n.  Iron  from  stub-nails,  used 
principally  for  making  eu«-barrels  of  su- 
perior quality.— Stub-nail.n.Anail  broken 
off;  a  short  thick  nail. 

Btubbl&,  stub'l,  n.  [A  dim.  form  from  stub; 
Dan.  and  bw.  stub,  stubble.J  The  stumps 
of  com  left  in  the  ground;  the  part  of  the 
stalk  left  in  the  ground  by  the  scythe  or 
sickle.  —  Stubbled,  stub'ld,  a.  Covered 
■with  stubble.— Stubble-fed,  a.  Fed,  as 
cows  or  geese,  on  the  fine  natural  grass 
that  grows  among  stubble.  —  Stubble- 
goose,  n.  A  goose  fed  among  stubble.— 
Stubbly,  stub'li,  u.  Covered  with  stubble; 
resembling  stubble;  short  and^  stiff  (a 
slubbly  beard). 

Stubborn,  stub'om,  a.  [Prom  stub,  A.  Sax. 
sii/b,  lit.  like  a  stub,  blockish,  obstinate, 
with  A.  Sax.  adj.  term,  -or  and  -n  added.) 
Uureasouably  or  perversely  obstinate;  not 
to  l>e  moved  or  persuaded  by  reason;  in- 
flexible; refractory;  not  easilj;  worked  (as 
soil,  metal);  stiff;  not  flexible.  .'.  Syn. 
under  Obsti.vate.— Stubbornly,  stub'om- 
li.  adv.  In  a  stubborn  manner;  obsti- 
nately.—  Stubbornness,  stub '  orn-nes,  n. 
Herverse  obstinacy;  inflexibility'. 

Stucco, stuk'ki5,n.  lit., from O.H.6.  stmchi, 
a  crust.J  A  kind  of  fine  piaster,  used  for 
cornices,  mouldings,  &c.,  of  rooms — a  com- 
position of  fine  sand,  pulverized  marble, 
and  gypsum  mixed  with  w^ater;  also,  a 
popular  name  for  plaster  of  Paris  or  gyp- 
sum.—w.i.  To  overlay  with  stucco. — Stuc- 
coer,  stuk1io-6r,  n.  One  who  stuccoes. — 
Stucco  -  work,  n.  Ornamental  work  of 
stucco,  such  as  cornices,  mouldings,  &o. 

Stuck,  stuk,  pret.  and  pp.  of  8<icAr.— Stuck- 
up,  a.  Giving  one's  self  airs  of  importance 
or  superiority;  aping  the  manners  of  one's 
sui>eriors.    [Colloq.] 

Stud,  stud,  n.  [A.  Sax.  studu,  a  prop,  a 
stud;  Icel.  stod.  Pan.  stud,  D.  stul,  a  prop, 
support;  from  stem  of  steady.]  A  nail 
with  a  large  head,  inserted  chiefly  for 
ornament;  an  ornamental  knob;  an  orna- 
mental button  for  a  shirt  front,  transfer- 
able from  one  shirt  to  another;  a  suppor- 
ting beam;  a  post  or  prop. — v.t. — stiulded, 
studding.  To  adorn  with  studs  or  knobs; 
to  set  thickly,  as  with  studs.— Studded, 
stud'ed,  a.  Set  with  studs;  thickly  set  or 
sprinkled  (studded  with  stars). 

Stud,  stud,  n.  [A.  Sax.  trldd,  a  stud  (whence 
stddhors,  a  stallion);  Icel.  stdd,  Dan.  stod, 
a  stud;  akin  steed.^  A  collection  of  breed- 
ing horses  and  mares;  a  person's  horses 
collectively.— Stud-book,  n.  A  book  con- 
taining a  genealogy  or  register  of  horses 
or  cattle  of  particular  breeds.— Stud-horse, 
n.  A  breeding  horse. 

Studding-8a|l,  stud'ing,  n.  [From  stud,  a 
Hupport,  or  altered  from  steadybig-sail.] 
Aaut.  a  sail  sot  on  the  outer  edge  of  any  or 
the  principal  sails  during  a  light  wind. 

Student,  stQ'dent.n.  [h.  studens,  studentia, 
ppr.  of  studeo,  to  study.]  A  person  en- 
gaged in  learning  something  from  books, 
or  attending  soma  educational  institution, 
especially  of  the  higher  class;  one  study- 
ing anything;  a  scholar;  a  man  devoted  to 
books;  a  bookish  man.— Studentship,  stu'- 
dent-ship,  n.  The  state  of  being  a  student. 
—Studied,  stud'id,  p.  and  a.  Made  the 
subject  of  study;  well  considered;  qualified 
by  study;  premeditated;  deliberate  (a 
studied  insult).— Studiedly,  stucVid-li,  adv. 
In  a  studied  manner.— Studier,  stud'i-6r, 
n.  One  who  studies.— Studio,  stu'di-o,  n. 
[It., from  L.  siudiMOT, study.]  Theworking 
room  of  a  painter  or  sculptor.— Studious, 
Bta'di-us,  a..  IFr.  st\idieux,  1/.  studiosug.] 
Given  to  study;  devoted  to  the  acquisition 
of  knowledge  from  books ;  eager  to  dis- 
cover something  or  to  effect  some  object; 
earnest;  eagei:  (studious  to  please);  atten- 
tive; careful:  with  of;  deliberate;  studied. 
—Studiously,  stQ'di-us-li,  adv.  In  a  stu- 
dious manner:  with  zeal  and  earnestness; 
diligently.— Studlousness,  stu'di-us-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  studious.  —  Study, 
stud'i,  n.  [L.  studium,  zeal,  study,  from 
eiudeo,  to  study.]  Application  of  mind  to 
books,  to  arts  or  science,  or  to  any  subject 
for  the  purpose  of  leamiug  what  is  not 


before  known ;  earnest  endeavour ;  dili- 
gence; a  branch  of  learning  studied ;  an 
object  of  study;  a  building  or  apartment 
devoted  to  study;  a  fit  of  thought;  a  rev- 
erie; fine  arts,  a  work  undertaken  for  im- 
provement, or  a  preparatory  sketch  to  be 
used  in  the  composition  of  more  finished 
vforks.—v.i.—studicd,  studying.  To  apply 
the  mind  to  books  or  learning;  to  dwell  in 
thought;  to  ponder;  to  be.zealous.— f.i.  To 
apply  the  mind  to  for  the  purpose  of  learn- 
ing; to  consider  attentively;  to  examine 
closely;  to  con  over,  or  to  commit  to  mem- 
ory; to  have  careful  regard  to  (one's  inter- 
est, comfort,  &c.);  to  be  solicitous  for  the 
good  of. 

Stuff,  stuf,  n.  [O.Fr.  estoffe  (Fr.  etoffe),  stuff, 
material,  from  L.  stuppa,  tow.  Stop.] 
Substance  or  matter  indefinitely;  the  mat- 
ter of  which  anything  is  formed;  material; 
furniture;  goods  (O.T.);  refuse  or  worthless 
matter;  hence,  foolish  or  irrational  lan- 
guage; titish;  C07n.  a  general  name  for  fab- 
rics of  silk,  wool,  hair, cotton,  &c.;  particu- 
larly, woollen  cloth  of  slight  texture,  for 
linings,  &c.—v:t.  |  In  this  sense=G.  sionfe7i, 
to  stuff  or  cram;  E.  to  sto;j  up.]  To  fill  by 
packing  or  crowding  material  into;  to  cram; 
to  crowd  in  together;  to  fill  or  pack  with 
material  necessary  t.o  make  complete  (to 
stuffs,  cushion);  to  fill  the  skin  of,  as  of  a 
dead  animal,  for  presenting  and  preserving 
its  form;  to  fill  mentally  full;  to  crowd 
with  facts  or  idle  tales  or  fancies;  cookery, 
to  fill  with  seasoning  (to  stuffs,  letf  of  veal). 
—v.i.  To  feed  gluttonously.— Stufler,  stuf- 
6r,  re.  One  who  stuffs;  one  who  stuffs  the 
skins  of  animals  to  preserve  them  as  speci- 
mens.—Stuff-gown,  n.  A  gown  made  of 
stuff;  the  gown  of  a  barrister  under  the 
rank  of  queen's  counsel,  and  therefore  not 
entitled  to  wear  a  silk  gown.— Stuffing, 
stuf'ing,  n.  That  which  is  used  for  filling 
anything;  seasoning  for  meat.— Stuflns- 
box,  n.  A  close  box  packed  with  hemp  or 
other  matter  through  which  a  piston 
passes  and  which  gives  a  tight  joint. 

Stuffy,  stufi,  a.  [O-Fr.  estouffer,  to  stifle, 
from  estoffe,  stuff.  Stuff.]  Difficult  to 
breathe  in ;  close ;  stifling :  said  of  a  room. 
— Stuf&ness,  stuf'i-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
'being  stuffy;  closeness;  mustiness. 

Stultify  stui'ti-fi,  v.t.— stultified,  stultify- 
ing, f  L.  slultus,  foolish,  and  facia,  to 
make.]  To  make  foolish;  to  make  a  fool 
of;  to  cause  to  appear  as  a  fool.— Stiiltifi- 
cation,  stul'ti-fi-ka"shon,  n.  The  act  of 
stultifying.— Stultifler,  sturti-Ii-6r,n.  One 
who  stultifies.— Stultiloqueface,  stul-til'o- 
kwens,  n.  [L.  stuUxis,  and  loquentia,  a 
talking.]    Foolish  talk;  a  babbling. 

Stum,  stum,  n.  fFrom  D.  stom,  unfer- 
mented  wine,  must,  from  stom,  G.  stumm, 
Dan.  and  Sw.  stiim,  dumb,  mute.]  Unfer- 
mented  grape  juice;  must  or  new  wine; 
wine  made  by  must  to  ferment  anew. — 
v.t. —  stummed,  stumming.  To  renew  by 
mixing  with  must  and  fermenting  anew. 

Stumble,  stum'bl,  v.i. — stumbled,  stumbling. 
[O.E.  stomble,  stomel;  allied  to  E.  stammer, 
Prov.E.  stummer,  Icel.  stumra,  to  stumble, 
N.  sttim,le,  to  totter,  L.G.  stumpeln,  to 
walk  heavily.]  To  trip  in  walking;  to 
make  a  false  step;  to  stagger;  to  walk  un- 
steadily; to  fall  into  crime  or  error;  to  err; 
to  strike  upon  without  design;  to  light  by 
chance:  with  on  or  upon.— v.t.  To  cause  to 
stumble;  to  puzzle.— n.  The  act  of  stum- 
bling; a  trip  in  walking  or  running;  a 
blunder.  —  Stumbler,  stumTiler,  n.  One 
that  stumbles.  —  Stumbling-block,  Sttim- 
bling-Btone,  n.  Any  cause  of  stumbling ; 
that  which  forms  a  diflBculty  in  one's  way 
or  which  causes  offence:  used  in  figurative 
sense.— SttunbUngly,  stum'bling-U,  adv. 

Stump,  stump,  n.  [A  nasalized  form  of 
stub,  and=Dan.  stump,  Icel.  stumpr.T). 
stomp,  G.  stumpf,  a  stump.  Stub.  J  The 
root  part  of  a  tree  remaining  in  the  earth 
after  the  tree  is  cut  down;  the  part  of  a  limb 
or  other  body  remaining  after  the  rest  is 
cut  off  or  destroyed  I  the  «<«>np  of  a  tooth,  of 
a  lead  pencil);  one  of  the  three  posts  consti- 
tuting the  wicket  in  the  game  of  cricket. 
—On  the  stump,  going  through  a  district 
and  making  speeches.  [Originally  Ameri- 
can; the  stump  of  a  tree  being  often  used 
as  a  platform  in  lately-cleared  districts.] 


—v.t.  To  lop;  to  make  a  tour  through  de- 
livering speeches  for  political  or  pcrsoua! 
purposes  (to  stump  the  country);  cru:ktt, 
to  put  out  of  play  by  knocking  down  a 
stump  or  stumps.— j;.t.-  To  walk  stiffly, 
heavily,  or  noisily. —  To  stump  up,  to  pay 
or  hand  over  money.  [Colloq.]— Stumper, 
stump'er,  n.  One  who  stumps. —  Stump- 
orator,  n.  A  man  who  harangues  the 
populace  from  the  stump  of  a  tree ;  a 
frothy  or  bombastic  speaker.  —  Stump- 
oratory,  71.  Oratory  such  as  that  of  a 
stump-orator.— Stump-speech,  n.  A  speech 
made  from  the  stump  of  a  tree  or  other 
improvised  platform ;  a  frothy  or  bom- 
bastic harangue.  —  Stumpy,  stump'i,  a. 
Full  of  stumps;  short  or  stubby  (colloq.). 

Stun,  stun,  v.t. — stunned,  stunning.  [A.  Sax. 
stunian,  to  stun,  from  stun,  noise;  same 
root  as  Skr.  stan,  to  thunder.  Astonish.] 
To  over]jower  the  sense  of  hearing  of;  to 
confound  by  loud  noise;  to  render  in- 
sensible or  dizzy  by  force  or  violence;  to 
reader  "senseless  by  a  blow ;  to  surprise 
completely ;  to  overpower.— Stunner,  stun'- 
6r,  n.  Something  first-rate ;  a  person  or 
thing  of  very  showy  appearance.  [Slang.] 
—Stunning,  stun'ing,  a.  First-rate;  excel- 
lent.   [Slang.] 

Stung,  stung,  pret.  and  pp.  of  sting. 

Stunk,  stungk,  pret.  of  stink. 

Stunt,  stunt,  v.t.  [From  A.  Sax.  stunt, 
blunt,  stupid;  Sw.  stunt,  docked,  short; 
akin  Icel.  stuttr,  short,  stunted;  G.  stuteen, 
to  dock.  Stint.]  To  hinder  from  free 
growth;  to  check  in  growth;  ro  dwarf. — n. 
A  check  in  growth.— Stiuited,  stunt'ed,  p. 
and  a.  Checked  in  growth;  of  dwarfish 
growth.  —  Stuntedness,  stunt'ed-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  stunted. 

Stnpa,  sto'pa,  n.  [Skr.  stApa.]  A  Buddhist 
sacred  monumental  structure,  commemo- 
rating some  event  or  marking  some  spot. 

Stupe,  stap,  n.  [L.  stupa,  tow.]  Flannel, 
flax,  or  similar  substance  wrung  out  of 
hot  water,  plain  or  medicated,  applied  to 
a  wound  or  sore. 

Stui)efy>  stn'pe-fi,  v.t— stupefied,  stupefy- 
ing. [Fr.  stupdfier,  from  L.  stupefacere— 
stupeo,to  be  strnck  senseless,  and  facio,  to 
make.  Stupid.]  To  deprive  of  sensibility; 
to  make  dull  or  dead  to  external  influ- 
ences; to  make  torpid.— Stupeiacient,  Stu- 
pefactive,  stu-pe-fashi-ent,  sta-pe-fak  tiv, 
o.  Having  a  stupefying  power.  —  re.  A 
medicine  which  produces  stupor';  a  nar- 
cotic. —  Stupefaction,  stQ-pe-fak'shon,  n. 
The  state  of  being  stupefied  or  stunnea;  a 
senseless  state;  insensibility;  torpor. — 
Stupefler,  sta'pe-fi-6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  stupefies. 

Stupendous,  stu-pen'dus,  a.  [L.  slupendus, 
amazing,  from  stupeo,  to  be  astonished. 
Stupid.]  Striking  dumb  by  magnitude; 
great  and  wonderful;  of  astonishing  mag- 
nitude or  elevation;  grand.—  Stupendous- 
ly, stu-pen'dus-li,  adv.  In  a  [stupendous 
manner.  —  Stupendousness,  stu-pen'dus- 
nes,  n. 

Stupeous,  Stupose,  stn'p5-ue,  stu'pos,  a.  [L. 
stupa.tow .1  Kesemblingtow; covered  with 
filaments  like  tow. 

Stupid,  sta'pid,  a.  [L.  stupidus,  from  stu- 
peo, to  be  astonished  or  struck  senseless 
Ueen  also  in  stupefy,  stupendous);  perhaps 
same  i"oot  as  stared.]  Bereft  of  conscious- 
ness, sense,  or  feeling;  in  a  state  of  stupor; 
insensible ;  stupefied ;  devoid  of  under- 
standing; possessed  of  dull  gross  folly;  ex- 
tremely dull  of  perception  or  tmderstand- 
ing;  nonsensical.— Stupidity,  Stupidness, 
.  sta-pid'i-ti,  stu'pid-nes,  n.  [L.  sttipiditas.] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  stupid;  stu- 
por; astonishment;  extreme  dulness  of 
understanding;  dull  foolishness.— Stupid- 
ly, stn'pid-li,  adv.  In  a  stupid  manner.— 
Stupify,  sta'pi-fi,  v.t.  Same  as  Stupefy.— 
Stupor,  stfl'por,  n.  [L.  stupor,  from  «tu- 
joeo.)  Great  diminution  or  total  suspen- 
sion of  sensibility;  a  state  in  which  the 
faculties  are  deadened  or  dazed;  torpor. 

Stuprate,  stQ'prat,  v.t.—stuprated,  stuprat- 
ing.  [L.  stupro,  stup'ratum,  to  defile,  from 
stuprum^  defilement.]  .To  ravish;  to  de- 
bauch. —  Stupration,  stu-pra'shon,  n. 
Rape;  violation  of  chastity  by  force. 

Sturdy,  stftr'di,  a.  [O.Fr,  estourdi  (Fr. 
itourdi),  stupid,  inconsiderate,  from  L.  ex. 


Filte,  f&r,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  b6r;     pioe,  pin;     nSte,  not,  mOve;     tube,  tub,  b\^i     oil,  pound;     it,  Sc.  abtme— the  f'r.  v, 


STUUDY 


673 


SUBDITITIOUS 


intens.,  anAiorpidtis,  torpid.]  Stubbomt; 
stiff-neckedj;  exhibiting  strength  or  force; 
forcible;  vicorous;  robust  in  body;  strong; 
stout;  vigorous  and  hardy.— Sturdily jSte?- 
di-li,  a(iv.  In  a  sturdy  manner;  stoutly; 
lustily.  —  Sturdiness,  st6r'di-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  sturdy. 

Sturdy,  stfer'di,  n.  [Gael,  stiiird,  stuirdean, 
vertigo,  sturdy.]  A  disease  in  sheep, 
marked  by  staggering,  vertigo,  stupor,  &c. 

Sturgeon,  stir'jon,  n.-  (Ft.  estwgeon,  from 
L.L.  sturio,.  from  O.H;G.  sturio,  A.  Sax. 
styria,  a  sturgeon.]  A  genus  of  large  fishes 
having  askin  protected  withi-ows  of  bony 
plates ;  flesh  valuable  as  food ;  roes  coa-. 
verted  into  caviare.'and  dir-bladder  into 
isinglass. 

Stutter,  stut'6r,  vA.  [Same  as  D.  and  jj.G. 
stoiteren,  G.  stottem,  to  stutter;  freq.  forms 
corresponding  to  Prov.  E.  stut,  to  stutter; 
Sc.  stot,  to  rebound;  I«el.  stauta,  to  strike.] 
To  stam  mef ;  to  hesitate  in  uttering  words. 
— n.  A  stammer;  a  hesitation  in  speaking. 
—Stutterer,  stut'6r-6r,  n.  One  who  stut- 
ters; .a  stammerer.  —  Stuttering,  stut'6r- 
ing,  n.  A  stutter  or  stammer. — Stutter- 
Ingly,  stut'6r-ing-li,  adv. 

Sty,  sti,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sHffe,  a  sty  or.  pon= 
Icel.  stia, Dan.  sti,  Sw.  stia,  O.H.G.  atlga.a. 
sty.  The  first  part  of  steward  is  this  word.] 
A  pen  or  inclosure  for  swine;  any  filthy " 
hovel  or  place;  a  place  of  bestial  debauch- 
ery.—u.t.—giiei,  stying.  Ho  shut  up  ia  a 
sty. 

Sty,  Styan,  sti,  sti'an,  n.  .  Same  as  Stye. 

Stye,  sti,  n.  [A.  Sax.  stigend,  a  tumour  on 
the  eye,  from  stigan,  to  rise;  akin  stair.} 
A  small  inflammatory  tumour  on  the  edge 
of  the  eyelid,  particularly  near  the  inner 
angle  of  the  eye.    Written  also  Sty. 

Stygian,  stij'i-an,  a.  [h.  Stygius,  from' 
Styx,  Gr.  Styx,  Stygos,  the  Styx,  -from 
stygeo,  to  hate.]  Pertaining  to  Styx,  fabled 
by  the  ancients  to  be  a  river  of  hell  over 
which  the  shades  of  the  dead  passed;  hence, 
hellish;  infernal. 

Style,  stil,  n.  [Fr.  style,  from  li.  sttlta, 
stylus,  a  stake,  pointed  instrument,  style 
for  writing,  hence  mode  of  expression; 
from  root  of  stimulus,  stick,  sting.    Spell- 

.  injj  influenced  by  Gr.  stylos,  a  piUarj  A 
pomted  instrument  used  by  the  ancients 
for  writing  by  scratching  on  wax  tablets; 
anything  of  a  similar  kind;  a  pointed 
tool  used  in  graving ;  a  pointed  surgical 
instrument;,  the  pin  or  gnomon  of  a  sun-: 
dial;  bat.  the  prolongation  of  tho  summit 
of  the  ovary  which  supports  the  stigma; 
manner  of-  writing  with  i-egard  to  lis»- 
guage;  a  distinctive  manner  of  writing  be- 
longing to  an  author  or  body  of  authors;  a' 
characteristic  mode  of  presentation  in  any 
of  the  fine  arts;  particular  type  of  archi- 
tecture pervading  a  building  (the  Gothic 
style);  external  manner,  mode,  or  fashion; 
manner  deemed  elegant  and  appropriate; 
fashion  (a  person  dressed  in  the  style);  a 
formal  or  ofiicial  designation;  title  (a  per- 
son's style  and  title);  chron.  a  mode  of 
reckoning  time  with  regard  to  the  Julian 
and  Gregorian  calendars.  Old  Style  fol- 
lowed the  Julian  manner  of  computing 
the  months  and  days,  inr  which  the.  year 
consists  of  365  days  and  6  hours,  or  some- 
thing more  than  H  minutes  too  much. 
The  Gregorian  or  New  Style,  according  to 
the  calendar  as  reformed  by  Pope  Gregory 
XIII.  in  1582,  was  adopted  in  England  in 
1752,  and  now  almost  everywhere  prevails. 
.".  Sjrn.  under  Diction. — v.t. — sty  led, styling. 
To  term;  to  name  or  call;  to  designate  or 
denominate.  —  Stylet,  stilet,  n.  Surg,  a 
probe.— Stylar,  sti'lfer,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
style.— Stylate,  sti'lat,  a.  Bat.  havmg  a 
persistent  style. — Styllfonn,  stili-form,  a. 
Having  the  shape  of  or  resembling  a  style; 
styloid.— Styline,  sti'lin,  a.  Bot.  pertain- 
ing to  the  style.- Stylish,  stil'ish,  a.  Be- 
ing in  fashionable  form  or  in  high  style; 
being  quite  in  the  mode  or  fashion;  showy. 
—Stylishly,  stil'ish-li,  adv.  In  a  stylish 
manner;  showily.  —  Stylishness,  stil'ish- 
nes,.  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
stylish;  showiness.— Stylist,  stil'ist,  n.  A 
writer  or  speaker  who  is  careful  of  his 
style;  a  master  of  style.— Stylistic,  sti-lis'- 
tik,  o.  Relating  to  style.  —  Stylography, 
sti-log'ra-fi,  n.    A  method  of  writing  or 


engraving  with  a  style.  —  Stylo^aphlc, 
Stylographical,  sfci-lo-graf  ik,  sti-lo-gnif'i- 
kal,  a.  PertaiaiDg  to  stylography.— Sty- 
loid, sti'loid,  a.  Having  some  resemblance 
to  a  style  or  pen. 

Stylite,  sti'lit,  n.  [Gr.  styUtes,  from  stylos, 
a  pillar.]  A  pillar-saint,  one  of  those  as- 
cetics who,  by  way  of  penance,  passed  the 
freater  part  of  their  lives  on  the  top  of 
igh  columns  or  pillars. 

Stylobate,  sti'lo-bat,  n.  [L.  stylohates,  sty- 
lobata,  from  Gr.  stylobatgs— stylos,  a  pillar, 
and  bainO,  to  go.]  drch.  a  continuous  and 
unbroken  pedestal  orelevation  upon  which 
a  range  of  columns  stands. 

Stylography.    Under  Style. 

Stylometer,  sti-lom'et-Cr,  n.  [Gr.  stylos,  a 
column,  s.nd- vietron,  a  measure.]  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  columns. — Sty- 
loapore,  sti'lo-spor,  n.  B^t.  a  spore  in  cer- 
tain fungi  at  the  tip  off  a  short  thread- 
like body. 

Stylus,  stilus,  n.    A  style. 

Styptic,  Styptical,  stip'tik,  stip'ti-kal,  a. 
[L.  styptieus.  from  Gr.  st}(ptikos,  from'  sty- 
pho,  to  contract.]  Astringent! ;  having 
the  quality  of  stopping  the  bleeding  of  a 
wound.  —  Styptic,  n.  A  substance  that 
checks  a  flow  of  blood  by  apjilication  to 
the  bleeding  surface.  —  Styptlcity,  stip- 
tis'i-ti,  n.    ^h»-quality  of  being  styptic. 

Styrax,  sti'raks,  n.  [L.  and  Gr.  styrax  or 
storux.]  -The  genus  of  plants  that  yield 
storax. — Styraclne,  sti'ra-siu,  n.  A  crys- 
talline substance  extracted  from  storax. — 
Styrole,  Styrql,  sti'rol,  n.    Oil  of  storax. 

Puable.    Under  Sue. 

Suasion,  sw&'zhon,  n.  [L.  suasio,  suasionis, 
from  suddeo,  suasum,  to  advise  (as  in  dis- 
suade, perstiade).]  The  act  of  persuading. 
r^Suasive,  swa'ziv,  a.  Having  power  to 
persuade. — Suasively,  swa'ziv-u,  adv.  In 
a  manner  tending  to  persuade.— Snasory, 
8*a'ao-ri,  a.  [L.  suasorius.]  Tending  to 
persuade. 

Snare,  swav,  a.  [Tr.  suave,  sweet,  pleasant, 
from  L.  siiavis,  sweet;  same  root  as  suadeo, 
to  persuade,  and  as  E.  sweeQ  Gracious  or 
agreeable  in  manner;  blandly  polite;  plea- 
sant.—Suavely,  sway'li,  adu.  In  a  suave 
manner;  blandly.  —  Suavity, 8wav'i-ti,n. 
[Fr.  suavity,. h.  stiavitas.]  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  suave;  graciousness  and 
politeness  of  address;  i)leasantne8s. 

Bub,  sub,  n.  A  colloquial  contraction  for 
subordinate:  an  inferior  officer,  function- 
ary, or  th«  like. 

Subacid,  sub-as'ld,  a.  IX.  ««6t  slightly.]^ 
Moderately  acid  or  sour.-7-n.  A  substance 
moderately  acid. 

Butacrld,  sub-ak'rid,  a.  [L.  sub,  slightly.] 
M6derately  pungent  or  acrid. 

Subacute,  sub-a-kat',  a.  [li.  sub,  slightly.] 
Acute  or  pointed  in  a  modified  degree. 

Subaerlal,  sub-a-e'ri-al,  a.  [b.  sub,  under, 
der,  the  air.]  Under  the  air  or  sky;  geol. 
used  of  phenomena  taking  place  on  the 
earth's  surface  under  the  open  air:  opposed 
to  stibaqtieous. 

Subah,  B3'ba,  w.  [Per.  and  Hind.,  a  pro- 
vince.] In  India,  a  province  or  viceroy- 
ship.— Subahdar,  Subadar,  sii-ba-dar'.  A 
ruler  of  a  pi-ovince.  . 

Stibolate,  iub-a'iat,  a.  [L.  sub,  slightly.] 
Bot.  slightly  alate. 

Snbalpine,  sub-al'pln,  a.  [TJ.  mb,  under.] 
Belonging  to  a  region  on  lofty  mountains 
immediately  below  the  Alpine. 

Subaltern,  sub-al'tern  or  sub'al-tfim,  o. 
[L.  subaltemus,  subordinate — sub,  under, 
alter,  another.]  Holding  an  inferior  or 
subordinate  position;  in  the  army  below 
the  ranEof  a  captain. — n.  A  commissioned 
milJtaiT  officer  below  the  rank  of  captain. 
— Subalteraate,  sub-al-tfir'nat,  a.  Subor- 
dinate; successive. — Subaltematlon,  s.ub- 
al't6r-na"shon,  ,n.  State  Of  inferiority  or 
subjection. 
Snbangular,  sub-ang'gU-lfer,  o.    IL.  sub, 

'  slightly.]    Slightly  angular. 

Snbapicaa,  sub-ap'i-kal,  a.   [L'.sub,  under.] 

•  Under  the  apex ;  pertaining  to  the  pari 
below  the  apex. 

Subaquatlc,  Subaqueous,  sub-a-kwat'ik, 
sub-ak'we-us,  a.  [L.  sub.  Under,  and  aqita, 
water.]    Being  under  water;  geol.  formed 
under  water;  deposited  under  water. 
Bubarborescent,  sub-ar'bor-es"ent,  a.    [Ij. 


sub,  slightly.]  Having  a  somewhat  tree- 
like aspect. 

Subarctic,  sub-ark'tik,  a.  [L.  8116,  slightly.] 
Applied  tp  a  region  or  climate  next  to  tlie 
arctic;  approximately  arctic. 


Subastringent,  sub-as-trin'jent,  a.  [h.  aub, 
slightly.]  Astringent  in  a  small  degree. 
Subaudition,  sub-a-dish'on,  n.     [L.  avb- 


duditio,  from  subaudio,  to  understand  or 
supply  a  word  omitted— sw&,  under,  and 
audio,  to  hear.]  The  act  of  understanding 
something  not  expressed. 

Subaxillary,  sub-ak'sil-la-ri,  a.  [li.  sub, 
under,  and  axilla,  the  arm-pit.}  Under  the 
armpit  or  the  cavity  of  the  wing;  bot.  placed 
under  the  axil. 

Subbreed,  sub'bred,  n.  {L.  sub,  under.]  A 
subdivision  pi  a  breed. 

SubcalcareouB,  sub-kal-ka'rC-us,  a.  [L.  sub, 
slightly.]    Somewhat  calcareous. 

Subcartiiaginous,  sub-kar'ti-laj"i-nus,  a. 
Ih.  *u&,  under  or  slightly.]  Situated  under 
or  beneath  cartilage;  partially  gristly. 

Subcaudal,  sub-kiv'dal,  o.  (L.  sub,  under, 
Cauda,  a  tail.]  Lying  or  situated  beneath 
the  tail. 

Subcentral,  sub-sen'tral,  a.  [L.  sub,  under, 
slightly.]  Being  under  the  centre;  nearly 
central.  ' 

Subciroular,  8ub-86r'kn-l6r,  a.  [L-  s"6. 
slightly.]    Somewhat  or  nearly  circular. 

Subplass,  sub'klas,  n.  [L.  sub,  under.]  A 
subdivision  of  a  class,  consisting  of  allied 
orders. 

Subclavian,  sub-k]a'vi-an,a,  [L.  8«6,  under, 
and  clavis,  a  key,  used  in  sense  of  Gr,  kleig, 
the  collar-hope.]  Situated  under  the  clav- 
icle or  collar-bone. 

Subcolumnar,  sub-ko-lum'n6r,  a.  [li.  sub, 
slightly.]    Geol.  approximately  columnar. 

Subcommittee,  sub-kom-mit'e,  n.  [L.  sub, 
under.]'  An  under  committee;  a  part  or 
division  of  a  committee.  ' 

Bubcompressed,  sub-kom-prest',  a.'  [L.  sm6, 
sUghtly.]  Partially  or  somewhat  com- 
pressed. 

Subconcave,  sub-.kon'kav,  o,  [L.  sub, 
slightly.]    Slightly  concave. 

Subconical,  sub  -  kon '  i  -  kal,  a.  [L.  sub, 
slightly.]    Slightly  conical.  ' 

Subcontract,  sub'kbn-trakt,  n.  [L.  sub, 
under.]  A  contract  under  a  previous  con- 
tract. —  Subcontractor,  sub-kon-trak't6r, 
n.  One  who  takes  a  portion  of  a  contract 
from  the  princijml  contractor. 

Bubcontrary,  sub-kon'tra-ri,  a.  [L.  sub, 
under,  slightly.]  Contrary  in  an  inferior 
degree;  geoyn.  applied  to  two  similar  tri- 
angles so  placed  as  to  have  a  common  angle 
at  their  vertex,  and  their  bases  not  pariillel 
or  coincident;  logic,  applied  to  the  relation 
between  two  attributes  which  co-exist  in 
such  a  way  that  the  mora  there  is  of  one 
the  less  there  is  of  the  other.  ■' ' 

Bubcordate,sub-kor'dat,a.  [L.8M6,slightly.] 
Somewhat  cordate;in  shape  somewhat  like 
a  heart. 

Subcostal,  8ub-kos'tal,  a.  [L".  su6,  under, 
and  costa,  a  rib.]  Situated  under  or  be- 
tween the  ribs. 

Subcranial,  sub-kra'ni-al,a.  nj.SMft, under.] 
Under  the  cranium  or  skull. 

SubcrystaUlne,  sub-kris'tal-in,  a.  [L.  sub, 
slightly.]    Imperfectlj'  ci-ystallized. 

Subcutaneous,  sub-ka-ta'ne-us,  a.  [L.  sub, 
under,  cutis,  skin.]  Situated  immediately 
nnder  the  skin.—Subcutaneous  syringe,  a 
sjrringe  for  injecting  substances  beneath 
the  skin. — Subcuticular,  sub-kn-tik'u-l^r, 
a.    Being  under  the  cuticle  or  scarf-skin. 

Subcyllndrlcal,  sub-si-lin'dri-kal,  a.  [h. 
sub,  sUghtly.]  Approximately  or  imper- 
fectly cylindrical. 

Subdeacon,  sub'de-kn,  n.  [h.  sub,  under.] 
In  the  R.  Cath.  Oh.  an  ecclesiastic  sub- 
ordinate to  the  deacon.  —  Subdeaconry, 
Subdeacdnship,  sub'de-kn-ri,  sub'de-kn- 
ship,  71.    The  office  of  subdeacon. 

Subdean.  sub'dSn,  n.    [L.  sub,  under.]    An 

,  under  dean ;  a  dean's  substitute.  —  Sub- 
deanery,  sub'de-nfer-i,  n.  ThB  office  and 
rank  of  subdean.  —  Subdecanal,  sub-dek'- , 
a-nal,  a.    Relating  to  a  subdean. 

Snbdlalect,sub'di-a-lekt,n.  [li.  sm6,  under.] 
An  inferior  or  less  important  dialect. 

Subdltltlous,  sub-di-tish'us,  a.  [L.  svb- 
dititius,  from  subdo,  subditmn,  to  .si'listi- 
tute  — sm6,  under,  and  do,  to  gi've.]    Tut 


cb,  Chains     ch,Qc.loch;     g.^o;    j,;ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sin^j     t0,  <Aen;  th,  ydn;     w,  wig; 


wh,  whigi 

4a 


zfa,  azure. 


SUBDIVIDE 


674 


SUBMETALLIC 


secretly  in  the  place  of  Eomething  else; 
foisted  in. 

Subdivide,  sub-di-vid',  v.t. — siibdivided,  sub- 
dividing. [L.  stibdivido—sxtb,  under,  and 
divido.  Divide.]  To  divide  the  parts  of 
into  more  parts;  to  part  into  subdivisions. 
—  v.i.  To  be  subdivided.  —  Subdivisible, 
sub-di-viz'i-bl,  a.  Susceptible  of  subdivi- 
sion.—Subdivision,  sub-di-vizh'on,  n.  The 
act  of  subdividing;  one  of  the  parts  of  a 
larger  part. 

Subdolous,  sub'do-lus,  a.  [L.  stibdolus, 
cunning,  sly  — 8m6,-  slightly,  and  dolus, 
deceit.J  Somewhat  crafty;  cunning;  art- 
ful. 

Subdominant,  sub-dom'i-nant,  n.  [L.  sub, 
under.]  Mlia.  the  fourth  note  of  the  dia- 
tonic scale  lying  a  tone  under  the  domin- 
ant or  fifth  of  the  scale. 

Subduce,  Subduct,  sub-das',  sub-dukt',  v.t. 
[L.  sttbdwo,  siibdiictwn — sub,  under,  and 
duco,  to  draw,  to  lead.]  To  withdraw;  to 
take  away;  to  subtract  by  arithmetical 
operation.  —  Snbducnon,  sub4iuk'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  subducting;  subtraction. 

Subdue,  sub-du',  v.t.  —  subdued,  subduing. 
[O.Fr.  subduzer,  to  subdue,  from  L.  8iJi>, 
under,  and  duco,  to  lead.  Duke.]  To 
conquer  and  bring  into  permanent  sub- 
jection; to  reduce  under  dominion;  to 
overpower  by  superiqr  force;  to  vanquish; 
to  overcome  by  discipline;  to  tame;  to 
prevail  over  by  some  mild  or  softening 
influence;  to  gain  complete  sway  over;  to 
melt  or  soften  (the  heart,  opposition);  to 
tone  down  or  make  less  glaring.  .".  Syn. 
under  Conquer.  —  Subdual,  sub-dQ'al,  n. 
The  act  of  subduing.— Subduable,  sub-da'- 
a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  subdued. — Sub- 
dued, sub-dud',  p.  and  a.  Vanquished; 
made  mild  or  tractable;  submissive;  toned 
down  or  softened.— Subduer,  sub-du'6r,  n. 
One  who  subdues;  a  conqueror;  a  tamer. 

Subdnple,  sub-du'pl,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 
dupltis,  double.]  Containing  one  part  of 
two. — Subduple  ratio,  theratio  of  1  to  2. 

Subduplicate,  sub-dQ'pli-kat,a.  [S«b,under, 
and  dziplicate.]  Math,  expressed  by  the 
square  root.  —  Subduplicate  ratio  of  two 
quantities,  the  ratio  of  their  square  roots. 

Subeditor,  sub-ed'i-t6r,  n.  [L.  sub,  under.] 
An  assistant  editor  of  a  periodical  or  other 
publication. 

Subepidermal,  8ub-ep-i-d6r'mal,  a.  [It.  8u6, 
under.]  Lying  immediately  under  the 
epidermis. 

Subereous,  Suberose,  Suberons,  sQ-be're-us, 
su'b6r-os,  su'b6r-us,  a.  [L.  suber,  cork.]  Of 
the  nature  of  cork.— Suberic,  su-bfer'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  cork. 

Subfamily,  sub'fam-i-li,  n.  [L.  sub,  under.] 
J\'at.  hist,  a  subdivision  of  a  family;  a  sub- 
ordinate family. 

Subfeudatory,  sub-fu'da-to-ri,  n.  [L.  sub, 
under.]  One  who  held  a  fief  from  a  feuda- 
tory of  the  cro\vn  or  other  superior. 

Snbfossil,  sub-fos'sil,  n.  and  a. '  [L.  sub, 
slightly.]  Applied  to  remains  only  par- 
tially fossilized. 

Subgenus,  sub'je-nus,  n.  [L.  sub,  under.] 
A  subdivision  of  a  genus  comprising  one 
or  more  species.— Subgeneric,  sub-je-ner'- 
ik,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  subgenus. 

Subglobnlar,  sub-glob' Q-lfer,  a.  [L.  sub, 
slightly.]  Having  a  form  approaching  to 
globular. 

fc'ubgranular,  sub-gran'O-Ur,  o.  [L.  sub, 
slightly.]    Somewhat  granular. 

Subgroup,  sub'grOp,  re.  fL.  sub,  under.]  In 
scientific  classifications,  the  subdivision 
of  a  group. 

Subinfeudation,  8nb-in'fQ-da"shon,  n.  fL. 
stib,  under.]  The  enfeoffment  of  a  sub- 
ordinate tenant  by  the  holder  of  a  fief. 

Subjacent,  sub-ja'sent.  a.  [L.  subjacens, 
snhjacentis,  from  subjaceo,  to  lie  under— 
sub,  under,  and  jaeeo,  to  lie  (as  in  adjacent, 
circumjacent).]  Lying  under  or  below ; 
i/eoL  applied  to  rocks,  beds,  or  strata  which 
lie  under  or  are  covered  by  others. 

Sabject,  sub'jekt,  a.  fL.  subjectus.  pp.  of 
,  subjicio,  to  place  under— 8m6,  under,  and 
jacio,  to  throw  (whence  object,  eject,  inject, 
jet,  &c.).]  Placed  underl;  being  under  the 
power  and  dominion  of  another;  ruled  by 
another  state;  liable,  from  extraneous  or 
inherent  causes ;  exposed  {subject  to  head- 
.chel.  .'.Syn.  under  Liable. —n.     One 


who  owes  allegiance  to  a  sovereign;  one 
who  lives  under  and  owes  allegiance  to  a 
government;  a  person  as  the  recipient  of 
certain  treatment;  that  which  is  treated 
or  <  :?erated  on;  a  dead  body  for  the  pur- 
po  of  dissection;  that  which  is  spoken 
of,  hough t  of,  treated  of,  or  handled ; 
matter  dealt  with;  theme  of  discourse; 
logic,  that  term  of  a  proposition  of  which 
the  other  is  affirmed  or  denied;  gram,  that 
which  is  spoken  of ;  the  nominative  of  a 
verb;  phUos.  the  mind,  soul,  or  personality 
of  the  thinker  —  the  Ego;  the  thinking 
agent  or  principle,  the  object,  which  is  its 
correlative,  being  anything  or  everything 
external  to  the  mind;  mus.  the  principal 
theme  of  a  movement;/in«arte,the  incident- 
chosen  by  an  artist;  the  design  of  auomposi- 
tion  or  picture.— r.<.  (sub-jekf).  To  bring 
under;  to  subdue;  to  expose;  to  make  liable; 
to  cause  to  undergo;  to  expose,  as  in  chemi- 
cal or  other  operations:  usually  with  to  fol- 
lowing in  all  senses  (to  subject  a  person  to 
ridicule).  —  Subjection,  sub-jek'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  subjecting  or  subduing;  the 
8tat«  o.f  being  under  the  control  and  gov- 
ernment of  another;  subjugation;  enthral- 
ment.  —  Subjective,  sub-jek'tiv,  a.  Re- 
lating to  the  subject,  as  opposed  to  the 
object;  belonging  to  one's  own  mind  and 
not  to  what  is  external;  belonging  to  our- 
selves, the  conscious  subject;  in  literature 
and  art,  characterized  by  prominence  of 
the  personality  of  the  author  or  artist 
(the  writings  of  Shelley  and  Byron  are 
subjective).  —  Subjectively,  sub-jek'tiv-li, 
adv.  In  a  subjective  manner;  as  exis- 
ting in  thought  or  mind.  —  Subjective- 
ness,  sub-jek'tiv-nes,  n.  Subjectivity. — 
Subjectivism,  sub-jek'tiv-izm,  n.  Metaph. 
the  doctrine  that  all  human  knowledge  is 
merely  relative.  —  Subjectivity,  sub-jek- 
tiv'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  subjective 
or  in  the  mind  alone;  the  character  of  ex- 
hibiting the  individuabty  of  an  author  or 
artist.— Subject-matter,  n.  The  theme  or 
matter  discussed  or  spoken  of. 

Subjoin,  sub-join',  t).<.  [L.  sub,  under,near.] 
To  add  at  the  end;  to  add  after  something 
else  has  been  said  or  ^vritten.- Subjoinder, 
sub-join'der,  n.    A  rejoinder. 

Snbjn^te,  sub'jn-gat,  v.t. — subjugated,  sub- 
jugating. [L.  subjugo,  sttbjugatum  —  sub, 
under,  and  jugum,  a  yoke.  Join,  Yore.] 
To  subdue  and  bring  under  dominion;  to 
conquer  and  compel  to  submit.— Subjuga- 
tion, sub-jQ-ga'shon,  n.  The  act  of  sub- 
jugating; subjection.— Subjugator,  sub'jQ- 
gat-er,  re.    One  who  subjugates. 

Subjunctive,  sub-jungk'tiv,  o.  [L.  subjunc- 
tivus,  from  subjungo,  suojunctutn  —  8u6, 
under,  near,  and  jungo,  to  join.]  Sub- 
joined J;  gram,  designating  a  mood  or  form 
of  verbs  expressing  condition,  hypothesis, 
or  contingency,  generally  subjoined  or 
subordinate  to  another  verb,  and  preceded 
by  a  conjunction.— w.  Chram.  the  subjunc- 
tivp  mood. 

Sabkingdom,  sub'kingdum,  n.  [L.  siib, 
under.)  One  of  the  great  primary  groups 
into  which  the  animal  kingdom  is  di- 
vided. 

Sublapsarian,  sub-lap-sa'ri-an,  n.  fL.  sub, 
under,  and  lapsus,  a  sliding,  a  fall.]  One 
who  maintains  the  theological  doctrine 
that  God  permitted  the  fall  of  man,  and 
after  it  elected  certain  persons  to  salva- 
tion passing  over  others. 

Sublease,  sub'les,  n.  [L.  sub,  under.]  Law, 
an  under  lease ;  a  lease  granted  to  a  sub- 
tenant. —  Sublessee,  sub-les-se',  re.  The 
receiver  or  holder  of  a  sublease. 

Sublet,  sub-let',  v.t.  fL.  sub,  under.]  To 
underlet;  to  let  to  another  person,  the 
party  letting  being  himself  lessee  of  the 
subject. 

Sublibrarian,  8ub1i-br5-ri-an,  n.  An  under 
librarian;  an  assistant  librarian. 

Sublieutenant,  sublef-ten-ant,  re.  An  in- 
ferior or  second  lieutenant. 

Sublimate,  sub'li-mat,  v.t.  —  sublimated, 
sublimating.  fL.  subUmo.suVimalum,  to 
raise,  elevate.  Sublime.]  To  l)ring  by  heat 
from  the  solid  state  into  the  state  of  va- 
pour, which  on  cooling  again  becomes 
solid:  ftp.  to  refine  and  exalt;  to  elevate. 
— re.  What  is  produced  by  sublimation. — ' 
Corrosive  sublimate.    Corbo-jive.  —  nine 


sublimate,  a  preparation  of  mercury  v>-ith 
sulphur  and  sal  ammoniac,  used  in  paint- 
ing.—Sublimation,  sub-li-ma'shon,  71.  Tlie 
process  of  sublimating;  a  process  by  which 
solids  are  by  heat  converted  into  vapour 
that  again  becomes  solid. — Sublimatory, 
sub'li-ma-to-ri,  re.  A  vessel  used  in  anh- 
limation.— a.  Employed  or  used  in  sub- 
limation.—  Sublimable,  sub-li'ma-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  sublimated. 

Sublime,  sub-lim',  a.  [L.  sublimis,  elevated, 
exalted,  lofty,  sublime;  origin  doubtful.] 
High  in  place ;  elevated ;  high  in  excel- 
lence; elevated  far  above  men  in  general 
by  lofty  or  noble  traits:  said  oi  persons; 
striking  the  mind  with  a  sense  of  gran- 
deur or  power;  calculated  to  awakrn.  or 
expressive  of,  awe,  veneration,  or  lofty 
feeling;  grand;  noble:  said  of  objects,  of 
scenery,  of  an  action  or  exploit,  &c. —  The 
sublime,  what  is  sublime;  sublimity;  what 
is  grand  or  lofty  in  style ;  the  grand  in 
the  works  of  nature  or  art,  as  distinguished 
from  the  heantiful.— v.t.— sublinitd,  ppr. 
subliming.  To  exalt  or  render  sublime;  to 
digriify;  to  ennoble;  to  sublimate  (which 
see). — v.i.  To  be  susceptible  of  sublimation. 
—Sublimely,  sub-lim'li,a(/w.  In  a  sulilinie 
manner;  grandly;  majestically;  loftily. — 
Sublimeness,  sub-lim'nes,  re.  Sublimity.— 
Sublimity,  sub-Um'i-ti,  re.  (Fr.  subUndtc; 
L.  svblimitas.]  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  sublime;  grandeur;  loftiness  of  na- 
ture or  character;  moral  graiiileur;  lofti- 
ness of  conception,  sentiment,  or  style; 
elevation,  whether  exhibited  in  the  works 
of  nature  or  of  art;  the  emotion  produced 
by  what  is  sublime. 

Snblineation,  suh-lin'e-a"8hon,  re.  fL.  sub, 
under,  linea,  a  line.]  A  line  under  a  word 
or  words. 

Sublingual,  sub-ling'gwal,  a.  [L.  sub,  under, 
lingua,  the  tongue.]  Situated  under  the 
tongue. 

Snblittoral,  sub-lit'o-ral,  a.  f L.  s?/6,  under, 
and  litus,  liUoris,  the  shore.]  Under  or 
close  to  the  shore. 

Sublunary,  sub'lfl-na-ri,  a.  fL.  sub,  under, 
luna,  the  moon.]  Lit.  situated  under  the 
moon;  hence,  pertaining  to  this  world; 
mundane ;  earthly ;  worldly.  —  Sublunar, 
sub-lu'n6r,  a.  Situated  beneath  the  moon. 

Subluxation,  re.  [L.  sid),  slightly.]  Siir;;. 
an  incomplete  luxation  or  dislocation ;  a 
sprain. 

Submammary,  sub-mam'a-rj,  n.  fL.  sub, 
under,  viamma,  the  breast.]  Situated 
under  the  mammae  or  paps. 

Snbmaxginal,  sub-marji-nal,  a.  fL.  sub, 
near.]    Bot.  situated  near  the  margin. 

Submarine,  sub-ma-rcn',  «.  |L.  sub,  un<ler, 
and  mare,  the  sea.  JIarink.]  Situated, 
existing,  acting,  or  growing  at  sf)nie  dejith 
in  the  waters  of  the  sea;  remaining  at  the 
bottom  or  under  the  surface  of  the  sea 
{submari7ie  plants). — Submarine  forest,  a 

.  collection  of  roots  and  stems  of  trees.  Arc, 
occupying  the  sites  on  which  they  grew, 
but  now  submerged  by  the  sea.  —  Sub- 
marine telegraph,  a  telegraph  cabla  laii} 
along  the  bottom  of  the  sea.  i 

Submaxillary,  sub-mak-sil'la-ri,  a.  fL.  sub, 
under,  and  maxilla,  the  jaw.]  Situated 
under  the  jaiv. 

Submedlant,  sub-mC'di-ant.  n.  fL.  sub, 
under,  medius,  middle.]  JIAw.  the  sixtli 
note  of  the  diatonic  scale,  or  middle  note 
between  the  octave  and  sulxlominant. 

Submental,  sub-men'tal,  a.  |L.  ««//,  under, 
and  mentum,  the  chin.]  Anat.  situated 
under  the  chin. 

Submerge,  sub-mfea',  v.t—siibmerged,  sub- 
merging. (L.  sul/tnurgo — sub,  und<;r,  and 
werjro,  to  plunge.  Merge.]  To  put  uniK-r 
water;  to  plunge;  tocoveror  "vcrflow  with 
•water;  to  drown.— ».i.  To  pluiiL'e  uiuh-r 
water;  to  sink  outof  sight.— Submergence, 
sub-m^r'jens,  n.  Act  of  subnicrgiug. — 
Submerse,  Submersed,  sub-mfrs',  sub- 
mferst',  n.  hilt,  lieing  or  growing  under 
water.— Submersion,  sub-m<T'shon,n.  |I.. 
submersio,  submemiDnis.]  Th"  act  <>f  put- 
ting or  state  of  being  )nit  under  water  or 
other  fluid;  a  dijiping  or  plunging;  a  state 
of  being  overflowed. 

Submetallic,  sub-me-tal'ik,  a.  I L.  tub, 
slightly.  J  Tmperfcctlv  or  partially  me- 
tallic. 


^Jbtite,  f&r,  fat,  fall;     m6.  met,  h*r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tube.  tub.  bull :     oil.  pound;     u.  Sc.  abwne— the  Fr  « 


SUBMIT 


675 


SUBSTANCE 


Submit,  sub-mit',  v. t— submitted,  submit- 
ting. [L.  subm,itto,  to  put  under,  submit 
— sm6,  under,  and  mitto,  to  send.  AIission.] 
To  yield  to  the  power  or  will  of  another: 
used  refl.;  to  place  under  the  control  of 
another;  to  surrender;  to  leave  to  the  dis- 
cretion or  judgment  of  another ;  to  refer. 
— v.i.  To  yield  one's  person  to  the  power  of 
another;  to  surrender;  to  yield  one's  opin- 
ion; to  acquiesce;  to  be  submissive;  to 
yield  without  murmuring.  —  Submitter, 
sub-mit'6r,  n.  One  who  submits.  —  Sub- 
mission, sub-mish'on,.  n.  [L.  subm,issio, 
siibmisstoiiis.  J  The  act  of  submitting, 
yielding,  or  surrendering;  the  state  of 
being  submissive;  humble  or  suppliant 
behaviour;  meekness;  resignation ;*  com- 
pliance with  the  commands  of  a  superior; 
obedience.  —  Submissive,  sub-mis' iv,  a. 
Disposed,  or  ready  to  submit ;  compliant; 
obedient;  humble;  meek. — Submissively, 
8ub-mis'iv-li,ady.  In^a  submissive  manner; 
meekly;  humbly. --Hubmissiveness,  sub- 
mis'iv-nes,  n.  The  character  of  being  sub- 
missive; ready  compliance;  meekness. 

Submucous,  sub-mu'kus,  a.  [L.  sub,  under.] 
Anat.  lying  or  pertaining  to  the  parts 
under  a  mucous  membrane. 

Submultiple,  sub-mul'ti-pl,  n.  [L.  sub,  un- 
der. ]  A  number  ov  quantity  which  is 
contained  in  another  a  certain  number  of 
times. 

Submuscular,  8ub-mus'kft-l6r,  a.  [L.  sub, 
under.]  Anat.  lying  or  pertaining  to  parts 
under  a  muscle. 

Snbnarcotic,  sub-nar-kot'ik,  a.  [L.  siib, 
slightly.]    Moderately  narcotic. 

Subnasfcent,  sub-nas'ent,  a.  [L.  sub,  under, 
nascor,  to  grow.]    Growing  underneath. 

Subnormal,  sub-nor'mal,  n.  (L.  sub,  under.] 
The  portion  of  a  diameter  intercepted  be- 
tween the  ordinate  and  the  normal  to  any 
curve. 

Subnud*,  sub-ntld',  a.  flj.  sub,  slightly, 
nudus,  naked.]  Bot.  almost  naked  or  bare 
of  leaves. 

Subobtuse,  sub-ob-ttts',  a.  [L.  sub,  slightly.] 
Somewhat  or  partially  obtus6. 

Suboccipital,  sub-ok-sip'i-tal,  a.  [L.  sub, 
under.]    Being  under  the  occiput. 

Suboperculum,  8ub-o-p6r'ku-lum,  n.  [L.  sub, 
under,  and  operciilum.]The  lower  part  or 
Bection  of  the  gill-covers  of  a  fish.  Oper- 
culum. —  Subopercular,  sub-o-p6r'ku-l6r, 
a.    Pertaining  to  the  suboperculum. 

Suborbital,  sub-or'bi-tal,  a.  [L.  «?<6,  under.] 
Beneath  the  orbital  cavity;  infraorbital. 

Suborder,  sub-or'd<5r,  n.  [L.  sub,  under.] 
A  subdivision  of  an  ordei*  in  classifications; 
a  group  of  animals  or  plants  greater  than 
a-genus  and  less  than  un  order. 

Subordinate,  sub-or'di-nat,  a.  [L.  sub,  un- 
der, and  ordinatus,  pp.  of  ordino,  to  set  in 
order,  from  ordo,  order.  Ordek.]  Placed 
ia  a  lower  order,  class,  or  rank;  occupying 
a  lower  position  in  a  scale;  inferior  in 
nature,  power,  importance,  &c. — v.t.— sub- 
ordinated, subordinating.  .  To  place  below 
something  else ;  to  make  or  consider  as  of 
less  value  or  importance;  to  make  subject. 
— re.  One  inferior  in  power,  rank,  dignity, 
office,  &c.;  one  below  and  under  the  orders 
of  another.— Subordiaately,  sub-or'di-nat- 
H,  adv.  In  a  subordinate  manner ;  in  a 
lower  rank,  dignity,  &c.-rSubordlnation, 
sub-or'di-na"shon,  ji.  The  act  of  subordi- 
nating; gradation  of  ranks  one  below  an- 
other; the  state  of  being  under  control  or 
government;  subjection.— Subordinatlve, 
sub-or'di-na-tiv,a.  Tendiiigto  subordinate. 
-^Subordinacy,  Subordlnance,  sub-or'di- 
n'a-si,  sub-or'di-nans,  n.  The  state  of  being 
subordinate.         - 

Suborn,  sub-om',  v.t.  [Fr.  suborner,  from 
li.  suborno,  to  prepare  sfe^retly,  to  suborn 
—sub,  under,  and  oi-no,  to  equip,  adorn. 
Ornament.]  To  bribe  to  commit  perjury; 
to  induce  to  give  false  testimony  or  do 
some  other  wickedness.  —  Subornation, 
sub-or'na'shon,  n.  The  crime  of  subom- 
iag.— Subornation  of  perjury,  the  inducing 
of  any  person  to  commit  {jerjury.— Subor- 
ner, sub-or'n6r,  n.    One  who  suborns. 

Snbovate,  sub-o'vat,  re.  [L.  sub.  slightly.] 
Almost  ovate ;  nearly  in.  the  form  of  an 
egg. 

Bubpellwcld,  sub-pel-ln'sid,  a.  [Jj.  «t6, 
slightly.]    Nearly  or  almost  pellucid. 


Subperitoneal,  sub-per'i-to-n6"al,a.  [L.  sub, 
under.]  Anat.  situated  under  the  perito- 
neum. 

Subplinth,  sub'plinth,  n.  [L.  sub,  under.] 
Arch,  a  second  and  lower  plinth  under 
the  principal. 

Subpoena,  sub-pe'na,  n.  [L.  sub,  and  poena, 
pain,  i)enalty.  I  Law,  a  writ  or  process 
commanding  the  attendance  in  a  court  of 
justice  of  the  witness  on  whom  it  is  served 
under  a  penalty. — v.t. — subpoenaed,  sub- 
poenaing. To  serve  with  a  writ  of  sub- 
poena. 

Subpolar,  sub-po'l6r,  a.  [L.  sub,  under.] 
Under  or  below  the  poles  of  the  earth; 
adjacent  to  the  poles. 

Subprefect,  sub-prCfekt,  n.  [L.  sub,  under.] 
A  subordinate  or  deputy  prefect. 

Subprior,  sub'pri-or,  n.  [h.  sub,  under.] 
Eccles.  the  vicegerent  of  a  prior. 

Subpubic,  sub-pu'bik,  a.  [L.  sub,  under.] 
Anat.  situated  under  the  pubes. 

Subquadrate,  sub-kwod '  rat,  a.  [L.  sub, 
slightly.]    Nearly  quadrate  or  square. 

Subrea^er,  sub-re'd6r,  n.  [L.  sub,  under.] 
•An  under  reader  m  the  inns  of  court. 

Subre'ctor,  sub-rek  t^r,  n.  (L.  sub,  under.] 
A  rector's  deputy  or  substitute. 

Subi-igld,  sub-rij'id,  a.  [L.  sub,  slightly.] 
Somewhat  rigid  or  stiff.. 

Subsaline,  sub-sa-lin',  a.  [L.  sub,  slightly.] 
Moderately  saline  or  salt. 

Subaaturated,  sub-sat'Q-ra-ted,  a.  [L.  sub, 
slightly.]    Not  completely  saturated. 

Subscapular,  sub-skap'o-16r,  a.  [L.  sub, 
under.]  Bqneath  the  scapula  or  shoulder- 
blade. 

Subscribe,  sub-skrib',  v.t. — subscribed,  sub- 
scribing. 111.  subscribo — sub,  under,  and 
scribo,  to  write.  Scribe.]  To  write  one's 
signature  beneath;  to  sign  with  one's  own 
hand ;  to  consent  or  bind  one's  self  to  by 
writing  one's  name  beneath;  to  attest  by 
writing  one's  name;  to  promise  to  give  by 
writing  one's  name  (to  subscribe  money). — 
v.i.  To  promise  along  with  others  a  certain 
sum  by  setting  one's  name  to  a  paper;  to 
give  consent;  to  assent;  to  enter  one's 
name  for  a  newspaper,  a  book,  &c. — Sub- 
scriber, sub-skri '  bfer,  n.  One  who  sub- 
scribes; one  who  admits,  confirms,  or  binds 
himself  to  a  promise  or  obligation  by 
signing  his  name;  one  who  contributes  to 
an  undertaking  by  paying  or  promising; 
one  who  enters  his  name  for  a  newspaper, 
periodical,  book,  or  the  like.— Subscrl- 
bable,  sub-skri'ba-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
subscribed.  —  Subscript,  sub'skript,  a. 
Underwritten;  written  below  something. 
—Subscription,  sub-skrip'shon,  n.  [L. 
subscriptio.]  The  act  of  subscribing  or 
signing;  the  signature  attached  to  a  paper; 

.a  sum  subscribed  or  promised  by  signa- 
ture; a  sum  contributed  along  with  other 
subscribers;  the  amount  subs<;ribed. 

Subsection,  sub'sek-shon,  n.  [L.  sub,  under.] 
The  part  or  division  of  a  section. 

SubseUium,  sub-sel'li-um,  n.  pi.  SubselUa, 
sub-sel'li-a.  [L.  subselUum,  a  seat  —  sub, 
under,  and  sella,  a  seat.]  A  small  projec- 
ing  seat  in  the  stalls  of  churches,  made  to 
turn  up  upon  hinges,  so  as  to  be  leant 
against  in  kneeling. 

Subsensible,  sub-sen'si-bl.a.  [L.  sub,  under.] 
Deeper  than  the  range  of  the  senses;  too 
profound  for  the  senses  to  reach. 

Subsequent,  sub '  se-kwent,  a.  [L.  subse- 
quans,  subsequentis,  ppr.  of  subsequor,  to 
follow  close  after — sub,  under,  near,  and 
seqtior,  to  follow.  Sequence.]  Following 
in  time;  coming  of,  being  after  something 
else  at  any  time,  inaefinitely;  following  in 
the  order  of  place  or  succession;  succeed- 
ing.—Subsequently,  sub'se-kwent-li,  adv. 
In  a  subsequent  manner,  time,  or  position; 

,  afterwards ;  latei"  on.— Subsequence,  Snb- 
sequenoy,  sub'sC-kwens,  sub'se-kwen-si,  n. 
The  state  of  being  subsequent. 

Subserve,  sub-serv',  v.t.  — -Subserved,  sub- 
serving. fL.  subservio — sub,  under,  and 
se)-vio,  to  serve.  Serve.]  To  serve  or  be 
of  advantage  to;  to  be  of  service  to;  to 
assist  or  promote.— u.i.  To  serve  in  an  in- 
ferior capacity;  to  be  subservient.— Snb- 

•servlence.  Subserviency,  sub-s6r'vi-ens, 
sub-s6r'vi-en-si,  n.  The  state  of  being 
subservient.— Subservient,  sub-s6r'vi-ent, 

^c.  [L.  subserviensi  ppr.  of  subservio.]  Use- 


ful as  an  instrument  to  promote  a  pui'- 
pose;  serving  to  promote  some  end;  acting 
as  a  subordinate  instrument.— Subservi- 
ently, sub-s6r'vi-ent-U,  adv.  In  a  subser- 
vient manner. 

Subside,  sub-sid',  v.i.— subsided,  subsiding. 
[L.  subsido — sub,  under,  and  sido,  to  settle, 
akin  to  sedeo,  to  sit.  Sedate.]  To  sink  or 
fall  to  the  bottom;  to  settle,  as  lees;  to  sink 
or  settle  to  a  lower  level,  as  a  building;  to 
fall  into  a  state  of  quiet;  to  become  tran- 
quil; to  abate.— Subsidence,  sub-si'deus,  n. 
The  act  or  process  of  subsiding;  a  gradually 
settling  lower;  a  sinking  into  the  ground 
(the  subsidence  of  ground). 

Subsidiary,  sub-sid'i-a-ri,  a.  [I/,  subsidi- 
arius.  Subsidy.]  Lending  some  aid  or 
assistance;  furnishing  help;  aiding  or  as- 
sisting; subordinate;  contributory;  per- 
taining to  a  subsidy. — Subsidiary  troops, 
troops  of  one  nation  hired  by  another 
for  military  service.  —  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  is  subsidiary;  an  auxiliary; 
an  assistant. —!  Subsidiarily,  sub-sid'i- 
a-ri-li,  adv.    In  a  subsidiary  manner. 

Subsidy,  sub'si-di,  n.  [L.  subsidium,  from 
.lub,  under,  sedeo,  to  sit;  lit.  that  which, 
is  placed  beneath  as  a  support.  Subside.] 
A  sum  of  money  granted-  for  a  purpose;  an 
aid  or  tax  formerly  granted  by  parliament 
to  the  crown  for  urgent  occasions  of  the 
realm;  a  sum  paid  by  one  government  to 
another  to  meet  the  expenses  of  ca,rrying 

-  on  a  war.— Subsidize,  sub'si-diz,  v.t.—stib- 
sidized,  subsidizing.  To  furnish  with  a 
subsidy;  to  purchase  the  assistance  of  by 
a  subsidy.  • 

Subsist,  sub-sist',  v.i.  [Fr.  subsister,  from 
L.  sxibsistere-sub,  under,  and  sisto,  sistere, 
to  stand,  to  be  fixed,  from  sto,  to  stand. 
State.]  To  exist;  to  have  continued  exis- 
tence; to  continue  to  retain  the  present 
state  J  to  be  maintained  with  food  and 
clothing;  to  be  supported;  to  live;  to  inhere 
in  something  else. — v.t.  To  support  with 

f>rovi8ion3.— Subsistence,  sub-sis'tens,  n. 
Fr.  subsistance.]  Actual  existence;  that 
which  furnishes  support  to  animal  life; 
means  of  support;  support;  livelihood;  in- 
herence in  something  else.— Subsistent, 
sub-sis'tent,  a.  [L.  stibsistens,  subsistentis.] 
Having  existence;  inherent.       -•<••  \ 

Subsoil,  sub'soil,  n.  [L.  sub,  under.]  The 
under-soil;  the  bed  or  stratum  of  earth  or 
earthy  matter  which  lies  immediately 
under  the  surface  soil. — Subsoil  plough,  a 
plough  adapted  to  follow  the  common 
Jjlough  and  loosen  the  subsoil.    ■■     • 

Snbspecieg,  sub'sp5-sh5z,  n.  [D.  sub,  under.] 
A  subordinate  species;  a  division  of  at 
species.  _  --*'- 

Substance,  sub'stans,  n.  [Fr.  substance} 
from  L.  substantia,  substance,  essence;' 
from  s^ibstans,  sidystantis,  ppr.  of  szibsto — ■ 
sub,  under,  and  sto,  to  stand.  State.]  That 
of  which  a  thing  consists  or  is  made  up;' 
matter;  material;  a  distinct  portion  of  mat- 
ter; a  body;  that  which  is  real;  that  which 
constitutes  a  thing  really  a  thing;  the  char* 
acteristic  constituents  collectively;  the  es- 
sential or  material  part ;  the  purport;  so- 
lidity ;  firmness ;  substantiality;  material 
means  and  resources;  goods;  estate;  philos. 
that  which  underlies  all  phenomena;  that 

.whichexists  independaptlyand  unchange- 
ably, in  contradistinction  to  accident  or 
quality;  theol.  that  in  which  the  divine 
attributes  inhere.- Substantial,  sub-stan'- 
shal,  a.  Actually  existing;  real;  not  seem- 
ing or  imaginary;  corporeal;  material;  firm 
in  substance  or  material;  strong;  solid; 
possessed  of  considerable  substanfce,  goods, 
or  estate;  moderately  wealthy.— Substan- 
tially, 8ub-stan'shi-al"i-ti,  n.  The  state 
of  being  substantial. — Substantialize,  sub- 
8tan'8hal-iz,  v.t.  To  render  substantial. — 
Substantially,  sub-stan'shal-li,  adv.  With 
reality  of  existence;  strongly;  solidly;  in 
substance;  in  the  main;  essentially. — Sub- 
Btantialness,  sub-stan'shal-nes,  n.  —  Sub- 
Btantlals,  sub-stan'shalz,  n.  pi.  Essential! 
parts.- Substantiate,  8ub-stan'8hi-at,M.<. — ■ 
substantiated,  substantiating.  To makereaf 
or  actual  ;to  establish  by  proof  or  competent 
evidence;  to  verify;  to  make  good;  to  prove. 
—Substantiation,  sub-stan'8hi-a"shon,  n. 
The  act  of  substantiating  or  proving;  evi- 
dence; proof.— Substantival,  sub'bian-ti- 


cjij,<!&8.inj  'c^SsL-lflcAj    jSjii/Q}    iaoby*^BjJl]:.^n-,AjiSj,,giiti[j     SH^Jftgai  tl\,  tMaj    V,  wigj^  '  Yth^tcftigi    zh^jajnxsi 


SUBSTITUTE 


676 


SUCCUMB 


vaL  a.  Relating  to  or  like  a  substantive. 
—  Substantive,  sub'stan-tiv,  a.  [L.  gub- 
stantiviis,  self-existent;  aubstanthncm  ver- 
bvm,  the  substantive  verb.]  Betokening 
or  expressing  existence;  depending  on 
itself;  independent. — Substantive  verb,  the 
verb  to  be.  —  n.  Gram,  a  noun.  —  Substan- 
tively, sub'stan-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  substan- 
tive manner;  in  substance;  essentially; 
Oram,  as  a  substantive  or  noun  (an  adjec- 
tive used  substantively). 
Substitute,  sub'sti-tat,  v. t— substituted, 
substituting.  [L.  subsftftto,  substitutum — 
sub,  under,  and  statuo,'  to  place,  to  set 
(whence  statute,  &c.).  State.]  To  put  in 
the  place  of  another;  to  put  in  exchange. 
— n.  A  person  acting  for  or  put  in  the 
room  of  another;  a  person  who  for  a  con- 
sideration serves  in  an  army  in  the  plac.e 
of  a  conscript;  one  thing  put  in  the  place 
of  another  or  serving  the  purpose  of 
another. — Substitution,  sub-sti-tu'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  substituting  or  putting  in 
place  of  another;  alg.  tl^  putting  of  one 
quantity  in  the  placojof  another,  to  which 
it  is  equal  but  differently  expressed.  — 
Substitutional,  sub-sti-to'shon-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  implying  substitution.  — 
Substitutionary,  suD-sti-ta'shon-a-ri,  a. 
Substitutional. 

Substratum,  sub-stra'tum.n.  [L.  »«&,  under, 
and  stratum,  something  spread.  Stratum,] 
That  which  is  laid  or  spread  under  some- 
thing; a  stratum  lying  under  another; 
subsoil ;  metaph.  matter  or  substance  in 
which  qualities  inhere. 
Substruction, '  sub-struk'shon,  n.  [li.  sub, 
under,  and  struo,  to  build.  Structurk.) 
A  mass  of  building  below  another;  a  foun- 
dation. —  Substructure,  sub-struk'tor,  n. 
An  under  structure;  a  foundation. 
Subsultive,  Subsultory,  sub-sul'tiv,  sub- 
sul'to-ri,^ct.  [From  L.  mbsilio,  subsultum, 
to  leap  up— sm6,  under,  and  salio,  to  leap.] 
Moving  by  sudden  leaps  or  starts;  having 
a  spasmooio  character.  —  Subsultns,  sub- 
Bul'tus,  n.  Med.  a  twitching  or  convulsive 
motion. 

Subsume,  sub-sQm',  v.t.  fL.  subf  under, 
and  suma,  to  take.]  Logic,  to  include 
under  a  more  general  class  or  category. 
Subtangent,  sub'tan-jent.n.  [L.  «i^6,unaer.] 
Math,  the  part  of  a  produced  diameter  or 
produced  axis,  intercepted  between  an  or- 
dinate and  a  tangent,  both  drawn  from 
the  same  point  in  a  curve. 
Subtenant,  sub-ten'ant,  n.  [L.  sub,  under.] 
The  tenant  under  a  tenant;  one  who  rents 
land  or  bouses  from  a  tenant. 
Subtend,  sub-tend',  v.t.  [L.  siibtendo—sub, 
under,  and  tendo,  to  stretch.]  To  extend 
under  or  be  opposite  to:  a  geometrical 
term  said  of  the  side.of  a  triangle  opposite 
an  angle. 

Subterfuge,  sub't6r-fflj,  n.  [Fr.  subterfuge, 
Jj.li.  subterfuffium,  from  L.  sifter,  under, 
and  fugio,  to  flee  (whence  fugitive,  .&c.).] 
A  dishonest  shift  or  expedient;  a-'qulrk, 
prevarication,  or  other  artifice  to  escape 
censure  or  the  force  of  an  argument,  or  to 
justify  opinions  or  conduct. 
Subterranean,  Subterraneous,  sub-ter-rft'- 
ne-an,  sub-ter-ra'niS-us,  a.  [L.  subteTranius 
— sub,  under,  and  terra,  the  earth  (whence 
terrace,  terrestrial,  terrier,  &c.).]  Being  or 
lyin^  at  some  depth  in  the  earth;  situated 
within  the  earth;  underground. 
Subtle,  sut'l,  a.  [O.  E.  sotel,  sotil,  aubtiX, 
O.  Pr.  suUl,  soutU,  subtil  (Fr.  subtil),  from 
L.  subtilis,  slender,  delicate,  subtle,  from 
»jrf»,  under,  and  tela,  for<ezeto,  aweb,  from 
texo,  to  weave  (whence  texture).]  Tliin  or 
tenuous  in  substance;  not  gross  or  dense; 
rare;  delicate  in  texture  or  workmanship; 
acute  or  penetrating  in  intellect;  capable 
of  drawing  nice  distinctions;  sly  in  design; 
cunning;  artful;  insinuating;  cunningly 
devised.  —  Subtleness,  «it'l-nes,  n.  The 
q-iality  of  being  subtle.  —  Subtlety,  suti- 
ti,  re.  The  quality  of  being  subtle;  cun- 
ning; craftiness;  wiUnerss;  acuteness  of  in- 
tellect; nicety  of  distinction  or  discrimi- 
nation.—BubtlT,  sutljr,  tidv.  In  a  subtle 
manner;  artfully;  curininj?ly;  nicely;  deli- 
cately; deceitfully;  ■delusively.  —  SubtUe, 
Bub'til  or  sut'l,  a.  A  spellinft  of  Subtle  now 
given  up,  as  are  also  Subtllely,  Subtile- 
aesB,  Snbtilty.->QtibtiUzatlon,  suVtil-l- 


za"shon,  n.  The  act  of  subtilizing;  refine- 
ment in  drawing  distinctions,  Ac- Sub- 
tilize, sub'til-iz,  v.t. — subtilized,  subtilizing. 
To  make  subtle;  tjo  refine;  to  spin  into 
niceties.  —  v.i.  To  refine  in  argument;  to 
make  nice  distinctions. 

Subtonic,  sub-ton'ik,  n.  [L.  sub,  under.] 
Mus.  the  semitone  or  note  next  below  the 
tonic;  the  leading  note  of  the  scale. 

Subtorrid,  sub-tor'id,  a.  [h.  sub,  slightly.] 
Approximately  torrid;  bordering  on  the 
torrid  zone. 

Subtract,  sub-trakt',  v.t.  [L.  subtraho,  sub- 
tractum — sub,  under,  and  traho,  to  draw. 
Tract.]  To  withdraw  or  take  from  a  num- 
ber or  quantity;  to  deduct.  —  Subtracter, 
sub-trak'ter,  n.  One  who  subtracts.— Sub* 
traction,  sub-trak'shon,  n.  The  act  or 
operation  of  subtracting;  the  taking  of  a 
lesser  number  from  a  greater.  —  Subtrac- 
tive,  sub-trak'tiv,  a.  Tending  or  having 
power  to  subtract.— Subtrahend,  sub'tra- 
hend.  »i.  [L.  subtrahendus,  that  must  be 
subtracted.]  The  sum  or  number  to  be 
subtracted  from  another,  which  is  called 
the  minuend. 

Subtranslnoent,  sub-trans-la'sent,  a.  [L. 
s?t6,- sUghtly.]    Imperfectly  translucent. 

Subtransparent,  sub-trans-pa'rent,  a.  [L. 
sub,  slightly.  J    Imperfectly  transparent. 

Subtropical,  sub-trop'i-kal,  a.  [L.  sub,  near, 
slightly.]  Adjoining  the  tropics;  indigen- 
ous to  or  characteristic  of  the  regions 
lying  near  the  trbpics. 

Subtypical,  sub-tip'i-kal,  a.  [L.  sub,  slight- 
ly.] Not  quite  true  to  the  type;  slightly 
aberrant. 

Subulate,  Subujated,  SubtfUform,  snTDu- 
lat,  sa'ba-la-ted,  sU'bQ-li-form,  a.  [From 
L.  subula,  an  awl,  from  suo,  to  sew.  Sew.] 
Shaped  like  an  awl;  slender  and  gradually 
tapering  toward  the  end  or  point. 

Subungual,  sub-ung'gwal,  o.  [L.  sxib,  un- 
der, and  unguis,  a  nail. J   Under  the  nail. 

Suburb,  sub'ferb,  n.     [L.  suburbium—sub, 

.  under,  near,  and  urbs,  a  city.    Urban.] 

'  An  outlying  part  of  a  city  or  town;  a  part 
without  the  boundaries  but  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  town:  often  used  in  the  plural  to 
signify  loosely  some  part  near  a  city. — 
Suburban,  sub-er'ban,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  suburbs  of  a  city. 

Subvariety,  sub'va-ri-e-tij  n.  [L.  svh,  un- 
der.] -A  subordinate  variety  or  division  of 
a  variety. 

Subvene,  sub-ven', .  v.i. — subvened,  subven- 
iiig.  [From  L.  subvenio,  subventum,  to 
come  to  one's  assistance — sub,  under,  and 
venio,  ventum,  to  come  (as  in  advent,  pre- 
vent, &c.).l  To  arrive  or  happen  so  as  to 
obviate  something  or  afford  relief.— Sub- 
vention, sub-ven'shon,  n.  The  act  of  com- 
ing to  relieve  or  aid;  a  government  grant 
or  aid;  pecuniary  aid  granted. 

Subvert,  sub-v6rtf,  v.t.  lli.suhverto,  to  over- 
throw— gub,  under,  and  verto,  to  tuml 
Verse.]  To  overthrow  from  the  founda- 
tioOt  to  ruin  utterly;  to  destroy;  to  corrupt 
or  pervert,  as  the  mind. — Subveiter,  sub- 
v6r't6r,  n.  One  who  subverts.  —  Sabver- 
tible,  8ub-v6r'ti-bl,  o.  Capable  of  being 
subverted.  —  Subversion,  sub-vfer'shon,  n. 
[L.  atifiyersio.]  The  act  of  subverting  or 
overthrowing; ;  overthrow;  utter  ruin;  de- 
struction.—Subversive,  sub-v6r^siv,  a.  Ten- 
ding to  subvert,  overthrow,  or  ruin. 

Subway,  sub'wa,  n.  [L.  sub,  under.]  An 
underground  way. 

Succades,  sukTcadiZ,  n.  pi.  [L.  SWCM8,  juice.] 
Fruits  candied  and  preserved  in  syrup; 
sweetmeats.  >' 

SnccedaneouB,  suk-se-d&'ne-us,  a.  [L.  sue- 
cedaneus  —  sub,  under,  and  cedo,  to  go. 
Cede.]  Supplying  the  place  of  something 
else;  forming  a  substitute.  —  Succedaae- 
Tun,  suk-se-da'ne-um,  n.  pi.  Succedanea, 
.8uk-s6-da.'n6-a.  What  supplies  the  place 
of  or  is  used  for  something  else;  a  substi- 
tute. 

Succaed,  suk-8«d',  v.t.  [Pr.  suecdder,  from 
L.  ««ccedo,»ucces««m—SM6,  under, in  place 
of,  and  cedo,  to  go.    Cede.]    To  take  the 

glace-of  in  some  post  or  position,  to  be. 
eir  or  successor  to;  to  come  after;  to  be 
,  subsequent  or  consequent  to.  .".  Syn.  un- 
der Follow. — v.i.  To  follow;  to  come  next; 
to  become  heir;  to  ascend  a  throne  after 
;tbe  removal  or  death  of  the  occupant;  to 


come  down  by  order  of  succession;  to  de- 
volve; to  be  fortunate  or  prosperous  in 
any  endeavour;  to  obtain  the  object  de- 
sired; to  turn  out  as  wished;  to  Jiave  the 
desired  result.  —  Succeeder,  8uk-se'd6r,  n. 
One  who  succeeds;  a  successor. — Succeed- 
ing, suk-sft'ding,  p.  and  a.  Following; 
coming  next  in  order.— Success,  suk-ses', 
n.  [li.  successus,  from  succedo,  successum.] 
The  termination  or  result  of  any  affair, 
whether -happy  or  unhappy;  the  issue; 
more  especially,  a  favourable  or  prosper- 
ous termination  of  anything  attempted ; 
good  hap  or  fortune.— Successful,  suk-ses'- 
fiil,  a.  Having  or  resulting  in  success; 
prosperous;  fortunate.  .".  Syn.  under  For- 
tunate.—Successfully,  suic-ses'ful-li,  adv. 
In  a  successful  manner;  prosperously;  fav- 
ourably. —  Succsssfulness,  suk-ses'f ul-nes, 
n. — Succession,  suk-sesh'on,  n.  [L.  sticces- 
sio,  successionis,  from  succedo,  successum.] 
A  following  of  things  in  order,  either  in 
time  or  place;  a  series  following  one  after 
the  other;  a  series  or  line  of  descendants; 
successors  collectively;  a  succeeding  or 
coming  to  an  inheritance;  the  act  or  right 
of  entering  upon  an  office,  rank,  &c.,  held 
by  a  predecessor.— Sttccession.  duty,  a  tax 
imposed  on  every  succession  to  property, 
according  to  its  value  and  the  relation  of 
the  person  who  succeeds  to  the  previous 
owner.— Apostolical  succession,  the  alleged 
tiunsmission,  through  the  episcopate,  of 
the  power  and  authority  committed  by 
Christ  to  his  apostles  for  the  guidance  a.pd 
government  of  the  church.— Successional, 
suk-sesh'on-al,  o.  Relating  to  succession; 
consecutive.— Successionally,  suk-sesh'on- 
al-li,  adv.  By  way  of  succession.  —  Snc- 
cessionist,  suk-sesh'on-ist,  n.  One  who 
maintains  the  doctrine  of  apostolical  suc- 
cession.—Successive,  suk-ses'iv,  a.  [L.  suc- 
cessivus.]  Following  in  an  uninterrupted 
course  or  series,  as  persons  or  things,  and 
either  in  time  or  place;  coming  one  after 
another;  consecutive. —Succesaively,  suk- 
ses'iv -li,  adv.  In  a  successive  manner;  in 
a  series  one  after  another.  —  Successive- 
ness, suk-ses 'iv-nes,  n.  —  Successor,  suk- 
ses'or,  n.  [L.]  <3ne  that  succeeds  or  fol- 
lows; one  that  takes  the  place  which 
another  has  left,  and  sustains  the  like 
part  or  character;  correlative  to  prede- 
cessor. 

Succinct,  suk-singkt',  a.  [L.  succinctus, 
tucked  or  girded  up,  succinct— srt6,  up, 
and  cingo,  cinctum,  to  gird.  Cincture.] 
Compressed  into  few  words;  characterized 
by  verbal  brevity;  brief;  concise.  .".  Syn. 
under  Concise.— Succinctly,  suk-singkt'Ii, 
adv.  In  a  succinct  manner;  concisely. — 
Succinctness,  suk-singkt'nes,  re.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  succinct;  conciseness. 
Succinic,  suk-sin'ik,  o.  [li.  sueeinum,  am- 
ber.] Pertaining  to  amber;  obtained  from 
amber.— Succinite,  suk'sin-it,  n.  An  am- 
ber-coloured variety  of  lime-garnet.— Suc- 
cinous,  suk'sin-us,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembUng  amber. 

Succory,  suk'ko-ri,  n.  [A  corruption  of 
chicory.]    Chicory. 

Succotash,  suk'ko-tash,  w.  [From  American 
Indian  name.]  Green  maize  and  beans 
boiled  together.  [United  States.] 
Succour,  suk'fer,  v:t.  (O.Fr.  »ucurre,  sou- 
courre  (Fr.  secourir),  from  L.  siuscurro,  to 
run  up  to  the  aid  of— s«6,  under,  and  cur- 
ro,  to  run.  Current.]  To  help  when  in 
difficulty  or  distress;  to  assist  and  deliver 
from  suffering;  to  aid  or  relieve.— n.  Aid ; 
help;  assistance;  particularly,  a-tsistance 
in  difficulty  or  distreps;  the  person  or 
thing  that  brings  relief.— Succourer,  suk'- 
6r-6r,  n.  One  who  succours.- Succoiirless, 
Buk'er-les,  a.  Destitute  of  succour,  help, 
or  relief. 

Succulent,  suk'ktl-lent,  a.  [h.  succulentus, 
from  succus,  juice.]  Full  of  juice;  juicy.— 
Succ^dent  plants,  plants  remarkable  fcr 
the  thick  and  fleshy  nature  of  their  stems 
and  leaves.  —  Succulently,  suk'ka-lent-li, 
adv.  In  a  succulent  manner;  juicily. — 
Succulence,  Sncculency,  suk'ko-lens,  suk'- 
kn-len-si,  n.  The  quality  of  being  succu- 
lent; juiciness. 

Succumb,  suk-kum',  v.i.  [L.  succumb<h- 
sub,  under,  and  cumbo,  to  lie  down  (seen 
also  in  incumbent,  concubine).']    To  sink  or 


Fate,  f&r.  ta^,  f^U;     me,  met,  her;     pine;  pin-,     nSte,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tub,  b«ll ;     oil.  pound;    ti,  Sc.  abune— the  Jr.  u. 


'SUCCURSAL 


677 


SUGAR 


give  Tray  without  resistance;  to  yield;  to 
sub/nit.  — -I 

Succnrsal,  suk-kfer'sal,  a.  [Fr.  sxiccuraaXe, 
from  L.L.  succiirsus,  succour.  Succour.] 
Serving  as  a  chapel  of  ease :  said  of  a 
church  attached  to  a  parish  church. — n.  A 
chapel  of  ease;  also  a  branch  establish- 
ment. 

Succussion.suk-kush'on,  n.  [L.  succussio, 
succitssioiiis,  a  shaking— s«6,  under,  and 
qualio,  to  shake.]  The  act  of  shaking;  a 
shock;  an  agui.sh  shaking.  —  Succiissive, 
suk-kus'iv,  a.    Characterized  by  shaking. 

Such,  such,  a.  [Lit.  so-like,  from  A.  Sax. 
swilc,  su'ylc,  from  sivd  =  so,  and  Hc=like; 
Icel.  sUkr,  G.  solch,  Goth,  swaleiks.  So 
which  ^who-like  or  why-like.]  Of  that  or 
the  liks  kind  or  decree;  similar;  like;  the 
same  as  mentioned;  so  great  (such  base- 
ness). Such  is  followed  by  as  before  the 
thing  which  is  the  subject  of. comparison; 
the  article  a  or  on  is  placed  between  it 
and  the  noun  to  which  it  refers  {such  a 
man),  but  such  comes  directly  before  nouns 
■without  the  article  {such  weather).— 6'«c/i 
and  such,  or  such  or  such,  used  to  repre- 
sent,an  object  generally  or  indefinitely, 
or  to  save  particularizing.— SdcA  like,  of 
the  like  kind;  similar  persons  or  things; 
et  cetera:  used  at  the  close  of  enumera- 
tions.— Suchwise,  such'wiz,  adv.  In  such 
a  manner;  so. 

Suck,  suk,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  siican,  t6  suck,  also 
Siigcm,  like  G.  aaugen,  Icel.  sjtiga,  suga, 
T>a.n.siige;  cog.h.sugo,Ga.el.suguidh,  Ir.sui- 
gim,  to  suck.]  To  draw  into  the  mouth  by 
the  action  of  the  lips  and  tongue;  to  draw 
something  from  with  the  m(juth;  specifi- 
cally, to  draw  milk  from;  to  draw  in  or 
imbil5e;  to  inhale;  to  absorb;  to  draw  in  as 
a  whirlpool;  to  swallow  up;  to  engulf. — 
v.i.  To  draw  fluid  into  the  mouth;  to  draw 
milk  from  the  breast.— n.  The  act  of  draw- 
ing with  the  mouth;  milk  drawn  from  the 
breast  by  the  mouth.  —  Sucker,  suk'er,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  sucks;  an  organ 
in  animals  for  sucking;  the  piston  of  a 
suction-pump;  a  shoot  or  branch  which 
proceeds  from  the  roots  or  lower  part  of  a 
stem;  the  sucking-fish;  the  lump-fish  or 
lump-sucker;  a  toy  consisting  of  a  small 
piece  of  leather  having  a  string  attached 
to  the  centre  of  it,  soaked  in  water  and 
pressed  firmly  down  on  a  substance,  when 
the  atmospheric  pressure  causes  it  to  ad- 
here through  the  vacuum  made  when  the 
string  is  pulled.— Sucking,  suk'ing,p.  and 
o.  Nourished  by  milk  from  the  mother's 
breast;  hence  (colloq.)  very  young  and  in- 
experienced.—  Sucking-bottle,  «.  An  in- 
fant's feeding-bottle. —  Sucking-fish,  n. 
The  remora.— Sucking-pump,  n.  The  com- 
mon or  suction  pump.  —  Suckle,  suk'l,  v.t. 
—suckled,  suckling.  fFreq.  from  Si/cA:.]  To 
give  suck  to;  to  nurse  at  the  breast.— Suck- 
ling, suk'ling,  n.  [From  suck  and  term. 
-ling.]    A  young  child  at  the  breast 

Suckatash,  suk'a-tash,  n.    Succotash. 

Sucrose,  su'kros,  n.  [Fr.  sucre,  sugar.]  A 
general  name  for  the  sugars  identical  with 
cane-sugar.  ^ 

Suction,  suk'shon,  n.  [O.Fr.  auction,  from 
L.  Sit£/o,S((c<um,tosuck.-  Sues..]  The  act  of 
sucking ;  the  sucking  up  of  any  fluid  by 
the  pressure  of  the  external  air  when  a 
vacuum  is  made.— Suction-pump,  n.  The 
common  house  or  sucking  pump  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  lifting  or  the  force 
pump.— Suctorial,  suk-to'ri-al,a.  Adapted 
for  sucking;  living  by  sucking;  capable 
of  adhering  by  sucking. 

Budation,  su-da'shon,  n.  [L.  sudatio,  suda- 
lionis,  from  sudo,  to  sweat.  Swkat.]  A 
sweating. — Sudatorium,  su-da-to'ri-um,  n. 
[L.J  A  hot-air  hath  for  producing  per- 
spiration. —  Sudatory,  sti'da-to-ri,  n.  A 
sudatorium. — a.  Sweating;  perspiring. 
Sudden,  sud'en,  a.  [O.Fr.  sodain,  sudain, 
soubdain  (Fr.  soudain),  from  L.L.  subita- 
nus,  from  L.  subitus,  sudden,  from  subeo, 
subit^im,  to  steal  upon — .tub,  under,  and 
eo,  to  go.  Itinerant.]  Happening  with- 
out or  with  scarcely  a  moment's  notice; 
coming  unexpectedly;  hastily  put  in  use, 
employed,  or  prepared  ;  quick ;  rapid  ; 
hasty;  violent;  passionate. — On  a  sudden, 
of  a  sudden,  all  at  once  ;  hastily ;  unex- 
liectedly.     On  the  sudden  is  also  used.— 


Suddenly,  sud'en-li,  adv.    In  a  sudden 

manner;  unexpectedly;  all  at  once.— Sud- 
denness, sud'eu-nes,  n.    State  of  being 

sudden. 

Sudder,  8ud'6r,-n.  In  India,  the  chief  seat 
or  headquarters  of  government,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  moffussil. 

Sudoriferous,  sn-do-rif'er-us,  a.  [L.  sudor, 
sweat  (akin  to  E.  sweat),  and  fero,  to bear.l 
Producing  sweat ;  secreting  perspiration. 
— Sudorific,  sQ-do-rif'ik,  a.    [L.  sudor,  and 

facio,  to  make.]  Causing  sweat.  —  n.  A 
medicine  that  produces  sweat;  a  diapho- 
retic. —  Sudoriparous,  sQ-do-rip'a-rus,  a. 
[L.  pario,  to  produce.]  Sweat-producing; 
secreting  perspiration. 

Sudra,  so'dra,  n.  [  Hind.  ]  A  member  of 
the  lowest  of  the  four  great  castes  among 
the  Hindus. 

Suds,  sudz,  n.  pi.  [From  stem  of  seethe; 
comp.  G.  sud,  a  seething,  from  sieden,  to 
seethe.]  A  lye  of  soap  and  water,  or  water 
impregnated  with  soap,  and  forming  a 
frothy  mass. 

Sue,  su,  v.t.— sued,  suing.  [O.Fr.  suir,  sewir, 
simr  iFr.  suivre),  from  a  form  sequere,  for 
L.  sequi,  to  follow  (whence  pursue,  ensu^, 
suit,  suite).  Sequence.]  To  ply  with  love;  to 
seek  in  marriage;  to  seek  justice  or  right 
from  by  legal  process;  to  institute  a  process 
in  law  against. — To  sue  out,  to  petition  for 
and  take  out  (to  sue  out  a  pardon). — v.i. 
To  play  the  lover;  to  woo  or  be  a  wooer; 
to  prosecute;  to  make  legal  claim;  to  seek 
by  request ;  to  petition ;  to  plead.  —  Sua- 
bility, su-a-bil'i-ti,  n.  Capability  of  being 
sued.— Suable,  su'a-bl,  a.  Such  as  may  be 
sued.  —  Suer,  sO'Sr,  n.  One  who  sues;  a 
suitor. 

Suet,  sQ'et,  n.  [O.Fr.  seu,  sieu  (Fr.  suif), 
from  L.se&um.  tallow,  grease.]  The  fatty 
tissue  situated  about  the  loins  and  kidneys 
of  the  ox,  sheep,  deer,  &c.,  and  which  is 
harder  than  the  fat  from  other  parts.— 
Suety,  sa'et-i,  a.  Consisting  of  suet  or 
resembling  it. 

Suffer,  suf'er,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  suffnr,  soferre 
{  Fr.  souffrir ),  from  L.  sufferre,  inf.  of 
suffero,  to  suffer— sub,  under,  and  fero,  to 
bear.  Bear,  Fertile,]  To  feel  or  bear 
with  painful,  disagreeable,  or  distressing 
effects  ;  to  undergo  (to  suffer  pain) ;  to  be 
afl'ected  by  (to  suffer  change,  a  loss) ;  not 
to  forbid  or  hinder;  to  allow.— w.i.  To  feel 
or  undergo  pain  of  body  or  mind ;  to  un- 
dergo punishment;  to  be  capitally  exe- 
cuted, to  be  injured;  to  sustain  loss  or 
damage.  —  Siifferable,  sufer-a-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  permitted  or  endured. — 
Suflerableness,  suf '6r-a-bl-nes,  n.  The 
character  of  being  sufferable. — Sufferably; 
suf'6r-a-bli,  adi>.  In  a  sufferable  manner. — 
Sufferance,  sufer-ans,  n.  The  state  of  suf- 
fering, eudurauce;  patient  endurance; 
passive  consent  by  not  forbidding  or  hin- 
dering; toleration;  permis.sion.- On  suffer- 
ance, by  passive  permission  or  consent; 
without  being  positively  forbidden;  toler- 
ated.—Sufferer,  suf'^r-6r,  n.  One  who  suf- 
fers; one  who  undergoes  pain;  one  who 
sustains  inconvenience  or  loss;  one  that 
permits  or  allows.  —  Suffering,  suffer-ing, 
M.  The  bearing  of  pain,  inconvenience, 
or  loss;  pain  endured;  distress. 

Suffice,  suf-fls',  v.i.— sufficed,  sufficing.  [O.E. 
suffise,  from  Fr.  suffirc,  sitffisant,  L.  sufficio, 
to  be  sufficient— SMf»,  under,  and  facio,  to 
make.  Fact.]  To  be  enough  or  sufficient; 
to  be  equal  to  the  end  proposed.— v.f.  To 
satisfy;  to  be  equal  to  the  wants  or  de- 
mands of.— Sufacient,  suf-fi'shent,  a.  [L. 
sufficiens,sufficientis,  ppr.of  sxifficio.]  Equal 
to  the  end  proposed;  adequate  to  wants; 
enough;  of  competent  power  or  ability; 
qualified;  capable.  —  Sufficiently,  suf-fi'- 
shent-li,  adv.  To  a  sufficient  degree;  well 
enough;  adequately;  to  a  considerable  de- 
gree. —  Sufficiency,  suf-fish'en-si,  n.  The 
state  of  being  sulficient  or  adequate;  ade- 
quacy; capacity;  adequate  substance  or 
means;  a  competence;  a  comfortable  for- 
tune; a  supply  equal  to  wants;  self-conceit; 
self-confidence. 

Suffix,  suf'fiks,  n.  [L.  suffixua,  pp.  oisuffigo, 
suffixum,  to  affix— SM&,  under,  near,  and 
figo,,fhcum,  to  fix.  Fix.l  A  letter  or  syl- 
lable added  or  annexed  to  the  end  of  a 
word;  an  affix;  a  postfix.  —  v.t.  To  add  or 


annex  (a  letter  or  syllable)  to  a  word. — 
Suffixion,  suf-fik'shon,  n.  The  act  of  suf- 
fixing. 

Suffocate,  suf'fo-kat,  v.t— suffocated,  suffo- 
cating. [L.  svffoco,  suffocatuin — sub,  unaer,' 
and  faux,  faucis,  the  throat.  J  To  choke 
or  kill  by  stopping  respiration ;  to  stifle, 
as  by  depriving  of  air;  to  smother. — v.i.  To 
become  choked,  stifled,  or  smothered. — 
Suffocatingly,  suf'fo-kat-ing-li,  adi/.  So  as 
to  suffocate.— Suffocation,  suf-fo-ka'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  suffocating;  the  condition  of 
being  suffocated,  choked,  orstifled.— Suf- 
focative, suf'fo-ka-tiv,  o.  Tending  or  able 
to  choke  or  stifle. 

Suffolk-punch,  suffok-punsh,  n.  A  variety 
of  English  horse,  strongly  built,  of  a  stout 
round  shape. 

Suffragan,  suf'fra-gan,  a.  [Fr.  suffragant, 
L.  suffragans,  svffragantis,  ppr.  of  s'uff'ra- 
gor,  to  vote  lor,  from  suff'ragium,  a  vote. 
Suffrage.  ]  Assisting  in  ecclesiastical 
duties:  said  of  bishops.— ».  A  bishop  who 
has  been  consecrated  to  assist  another 
bishop  in  a  particular  portion  of  his  dio- 
cese ;  any  bishop  in  relation  to  his  arch- 
bishop. —  Suffraganship,  suf'fra-gan-ship, 
n.  The  office  of  suffragan. 
Suffrage,  suf'fraj,  n.  [Fr.  suffrage,  L.  ««/- 
fragium,  a  vote;  origin  doubtful.]  A  vote 
given  in  deciding  a  controverted  question, 
or  in  the  choice  of  a  man  for  an  office  or 
trust;  an  expression  of  opinion;  one's  voice 
given.  , 

Suffrutescent,  suf-fro-'tes'ent,  a.  [L.  sub, 
slightly,  and  frutex;  a  shrub.]  Moderately 
frutescent.— Suffruticose,  suf-frii'ti-kos,  a. 
Mot.  in  part  shrubby;  woody  at  the  base, 
but  the  yearly  branches  decaying. 
Suffumigate,  suf-fu'mi-gat,  v.t.  —  svffumi- 
gated,  suffumigating.  [L.  suffumigo,  suffu- 
migare—sub,  under,  and  fumus,  smoke.] 
To  apply  fumes  or  smoke  to,  as  to  the 
body  in  medical  treatment.— Suffumlga- 
tion,  suf-fu'mi-ga"shon,  n.  The  operation 
of  suffumigating;  fumigation. 
Suffuse,  suf-f uz',  v.t.  —  suffused,  suffusing. 
[L.  suffundo,  suffusum—sub^xxd  fundo,to 
pour,  to  pour  out.  Fuse.]  To  overspread, 
as  with  a  fluid  or  tincture;  to  fill  or  cover, 
as  with  something  fluid  (eyes  suffused  with 
tears,  suffused  with  blushes).- Suffusion, 
suf-fu'zhon,  n.  The  act  of  suffusing  or 
state  of  being  suffused;  a  spreading  over. 
Sugar,  shu'ger,  n.  [Fr.  sucre,  from  Ar. 
sukkar,  sugar,  from  Per.  shakhava,  Pra- 
krit sakkara,  Skr.  (arkard,  grains  of  Sand, 
sugar.]  A  well-known  sweet  granular  sub- 
stance, prepared  chiefly  from  the  expressed 
juice  of  the  sugar-cane,  but  obtained  also 
from  many  other  plants,  as  maple,  beet, 
birch,  parsnip,  &c.;  something  resembling 
sugar  in  any  of  its  properties;  ^p.  honeyed 
or  soothing  words. — Sugar  of  lead,  the  ace- 
tate of  lead,  the  crystals  of  which  have  a 
slight  sweetness.— i>Mpa?;o.^  milk,  lactine. 
— a.  ,Made  of  sugar.- w.<.  To  impregnate, 
season,  sprinkle,  or  fnix  with  sugar;  fig. 
to  sweeten,  honey,  or  render  acceptable. — 
Sugar -baker,  n.  One  who  refines  sugar. 
— Sugar-beet,  n.  A-  species  of  beet  from 
whose  root  sugar  is  largely  manufactured. 
—  Sugar -candy,  n.  Sugar  clarified  and 
crystallized.  —  Sugar-cane,  n.  A  plaat 
from  whose  juice  sugar  is  obtained,  a'  tall 
handsome  grass  18  to  20  feet  high.— Sugar- 
house,  n.  A  building  in  which  sugar  is 
refined.— Sttgarine3s,'shu'g<ir-i-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  sugary.— Sugaring,  shn'- 
gSr-ing,  n.  A  sweetening  with  sugar;  the 
sugar  thus  used.— Sugar-kettle,  n.  A  ves- 
sel for  boiling  down  saccharine  juice. — 
Sugar-loaf,  n.  A  conical  mass  of  refined 
sugar;  anything  shaped  like  a  sugar-loaf. 
—Sugar-maple,  n.  A  tree  of  North  Amer- 
ica, from  the  sap  of  which  sugar  is  manu- 
factured in  considerable  quantities  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada.— Sugar-mill,  re. 
A  machine  for  pressing  out  the  juice  of 
the  sugar-cane. — Sugar-mite,  n.  A  species 
of  mite  found  in  raw  or  unrefined  sugar. 
—Sugar-nippers,  n.  pi.  A  tool  for  cutting 
loaf-sugar  into  small  lumps.— Sugar-plaa- 
ter,  n.  One  who  owns  or  manages  lani 
devoted  to  the  growth  of  the  sugar-cane. 
—Sugar-plum,  n.  A  comfit  or  small  sweet- 
meat made  of  boiled  sugar,  with  flavour- 
ing and  colouring  ingredients. — Sugar-ra- 


ch,  cAain;     ch,&c.loch;     g,  j;o;     j.job;     n,  Fr.  tow;     ng,  Biny;     sh,  tAen;  t}i,  tAin;     w,  wig;     wh,  wWg;     zh,  aaure. 


SUGGEST 


678 


SUMMIT 


finer,  n.  One  who  refines  sugar.— Sugar- 
refinery,  n.  An  establishment  where  sugar 
is  refined;  a  sugar-house.— Sugar-tongs, 
n.  pi.  A  small  instrument  of  silver  or 
plated  metal  for  lifting  lumps  of  sugar  at 
table.— Sugary,  shu'g6r-i,  a.  B-esembling, 
containing,  or  composed  of  sugar;  sweet ; 
fig.  honeyed. 

Suggest,  su-jest'  or  sud-jest',  v.t.  [L.  sug- 
atro,  auggestum,  to  put  under,  to  suggest 
—sub,  under,  and  aero,  tobring.  Gzstu  se.] 
To  introduce  indirectly  to  the  Aiind  or 
thoughts;  to  call  up  to  the  mind;  to  cause 
t<>  be  thought  of;  to  recall;  to  propose  with 
diffidence  or  modesty;  tohint.  /.  Syn.  under 
Hint.— u.i.  To  make. suggestions  of  evil. — 
Suggester,  su-jes't6r  or  sud-jes't6r,  n.  One 
that  suggests. — Suggestion,  su-jest'yon  or 
sud-je8t'yon,  n.  The  act  of  suggesting,  or 
that  which  is  suggested;  a  hint;  a  prompt- 
ing, especially  a  prompting  to  do  evil; 
temptation;  philos.  same  as  Association. — 
Principle  o/sttcpegtton.association  of  ideas. 
—  Suggestive,  su-jes'tiv  or  sud-jes'tiv,  a. 
Calctdated  to  suggest  thoughts  or  ideas; 
suggesting  what  does  not  appear  on  the 
surface. — Suggestively,  su-jes'tiv-li  or  sud- 
je6'tiv-li,  adv.  By  way_  of  suggestion.-r- 
Suggestiveness,  su-jes'tiT-nes  or  sud-jes'- 
tiv-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
suggestive. 

Suicide,  sti'i-sid,  n.  [From  L.  sui,  of  him- 
self, and  ccedo,  to-kill  (as  in  homicide,  par- 
ricide).] Self-murder;  the  act  of  designedly 
destroying  one's  own  life;  one  guilty  of 
self-murder;  a  person  who  intentionally 
kills  himself;  a  felo  de  se. — Suicidal,  su-i- 
si'dal,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  of  thenature  of 
suicide.— Suicidally;  stt-i-si'dal-li,  adv.  In 
a  suicidal  manner. 

Suit,  sut,  n.  [Fr.  suite,  succession,  train, 
attendants,  set,  &c.,  from  suivre,  to  follow. 
Sue.]  a  following  * ;  pursuitj :  the  act  of 
suing;  a  seeking  for  something  by  petition 
or  entreaty;  arequest;  a  prayer;  an  attempt 
to  win  a  woman  in  marriage;  courtship;  a 
set  or  number  of  things  used  together  (a 
suit  of  curtains,  a  suit  of  clothes);  a  set  of 
things  of  the  same  kind  or  stamp  (a  suit  (or 
suite)  of  rooms);  any  of  the  four  classes  into 
■which  playing  cards  are  divided;  a  retinue 
or  train  of  attendants  or  followers  (in  this 
sense  usually  written  suite);  law,  an  action 
or  process  for  the  recovery  of  a  right  or 
claim. — To  follow  suit,  to  play  a  card  of  the 
same  suit;  hence,  to  do  as  another  does. — 
v.t.  To  adapt;  to  make  suitable;  to  beicome 
or  be  adapted  to;  to  be  suitable  to;  to  fit; 
to  be  agreeable  to;  to  fall  in  with  the 
wishes  or  convenience  of.^^'.i.  To  agree; 
to  correspond.— Suitable,  su'ta-bl,  a.  Suit- 
ing or-  being  'in  accordance;  fitting;  ac- 
cordant; proper;  becoming. — Suitableness, 
Suitability,  sa'ta-bl-nes.  su-ta-bil'i-ti,  n. 
The  state  or  qualityof  being  8uitable,fitted, 
or  adapted;  fitness.  — ^  Suitably, su'ta-bU, 
adft.  In  a  suitable  manner;  fitly. — Suite, 
Bwgt,  ii.  [Fr.]  A  company  or  number  of 
attendants  or  followers;  a  retinue;  a  train; 
a  connected  series  fonaing  one  whole  (a 
suite  of  rooms). — Suitor,  stt'tor,  n.  A  peti- 
tioner; an  applicant;  one  who  sues  or 
entreats;  one  wlio  solicits  a  woman  in 
marriage;  a  wooer;  a  lover; .  law,  a  party 
to  a  lawsuit. 

Sulcate,  Snlcated,  sulliat,  sul'k2i-ted,  a: 
[L.  sulcatus,  from  sulcus,  a  furrow.]  Fur- 
rowed; grooved:  applied  especially  to 
stems,  leaves,  &c..  of  plants;  ths  surfaces 
of  molluscous  shells,  sc.  —  Sulcation,  sul- 
ka'shon,  n.    A  channel  or  furrow. 

Sulky,  sul'ki,  a.  [A.  Sax.  solcen,  sluggish, 
sulky,  pp.  01  teolean,  to  languish.]  Sullen; 
morose;  doggedly  keeping  up  ill-feeling 
and  repelling  advances.  —  n.  [So  called 
from  its  one  occupant  being  regarded  as 
sulkily  desiring  to  be  alone.]  A  light  two- 
wheeled  carriage  for  a  single  person. — 
Sulkily,  sulTci-li,  adv.  In  a  sulky  manner; 
sullenly.— Sulkiness,  sul'ki-nes,  n.  SuUen- 
ness;  moroseness.— Sulk,  sulk,  v.i.  To  in- 
dulge in  a  sullen  fit  or  mdod. — Sulks,  sulks, 
n.  pt.    State  of  sulkiness;  sulky  fit  or  mood. 

Sullen,  sul'en,  a.  [O.E.  solein,  solain,  O.Fr. 
tolain,  from  L.  L.  solanus,  from  L.  solus. 
alone,  sole.  Sole.]  Gloomily  angry  and 
silent;  morose;. sour;  sulky;  dismal:  of  a 
threatening  aspect;  sombre.  —  Sullenly, 


stil'en-li,  adv.  In  a  sullen  manner;  sulkily; 
with  gloomy  moroseness.  —  Sullensess, 
sul'en-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  sullen;  ill  nature  with  silence;  iilont 
moroseness.— Sullena,  sul'enz,  n.  pi.  A  fit 
of  sullenness;  the  sulks. 

Sully,  sul'i,  v.t.— sullied,  suClying.  [A.  SaS. 
solian,  sylian,  to  soil  or  sully;  from  sol, 
mud  or  mire=I>an.  sole,  to  sully,  aol,  mud; 
Goth,  bi-sauljan,  to  sully.]  To  soil;  to 
spot;  to  tarnish;  to  dim;  fig.  to  stain, 
tarnish,  or  pollute  (character  suZZied  by. 
infamous  vices). — v.i.  To  be  soiled  or  tar- 
nished 

Sulphate,  s-al'fat,  n.  [From  snlphur.]  A 
salt  of  Eulphiudc  acid  or  a  compound  of 
sulphuric  acid  and  a  base;  as  sulphate  of 
copper,  or  blu«  vitriol;  sulphate  of  iron, 
or  green  vitriol;  sulphate  of  magnesium, 
or  Epsom  salts,  &c— Sulphatic,  sul-fat'ik, 
a.  Relating  to,  containing,  or  resembling 
a  sulphate. — Sulphide,  sul'fid,  n.  A  com- 
bination of  sulphur  with  a  metal  or  other 
element;  a  sulphuret. — Sulphite,  sul'fit,  n. 
A  salt  compose<frof  sulphurous  acid  with 
a  baise. 

Bulphocyanlc,  sul'fo-si-an-ik,  a.  [Sulphur 
and  cyanogen.]  Pertaining  to,  or  contain- 
ing sulphur  and  cya.nogeTi..—Sulphocyanic 
and,  an  acid  occurring  in  the  seeds  and 
blossoms  of  cruciferous  plants,  and  in  the 
saliva  of  man  and  the  sheep.— Sulphocy- 
anate,  Sulphocyanide,  sul-fo-si'an-at,  sul- 
fo-si'an-id,  n.  ■  A  salt  of  sulphocyanic  acid. 
— Sulphocyanogen,  s.ul'fd-si-an"o-jen,  n. 
A  compound  of  sulphur  and  cyanogen. 

Sulphovinlc,sul-f<5-vin'ik,a.  [From  sulphur, 
and  L.  vinum,  wine.]  Containing  sul- 
phuric acid  and  spirits  of  wine  or  alcohol. 
— Sulphovinic  acid,  an  acid  produced  by 
the  action  of  sulphuric  acid  upon  alcohol. 
— Sulphovlnate,  sul-fo-vi'nat,  n.  A  salt  of 
sulphovinic  acid. 

Sulphur,  sul'f6r,  n.  [L.  sulfur,  sulphur.] 
Brimstone,  an  elementary  non-metallic 
substance  of  a  greenish  -  yellow  colour, 
occurring  abundantly  in  the  mineral, 
sparingly  in  the  vegetable  and  animal 
kingdoms,nearly  tasteless, readily  melted, 
burning  with  a  blue  flame  and  then  emit-- 
ting  suffocating  fumes,  largely  used  in  the' 
arts,  as  also  in  medicine.— Ji'toti'ers  of  sul- 
phur, sulphur  in  the  form  of  a  fine  yellow 
powder.  —  Roll  or  stick  sulphur,  sulphur 
refined  and  cast  in  solid  rolls. — Sulphurate;, 
sul'fu-rat,  v.t.  To  impregnate  or  combine 
with  sulphur;  to  subject  to  the  action  of 
sulphur.  —  Sulphuration,  sul-fji-ra'shon, 
n.  The  subjection  of  a  substance,  snoh  as 
straw-plait,  silks,  woollens,  &c.,  to  the 
action  of  sulphur  for  the  purpose  of  bleach- 
ing. —  Sulp&urator,  sul'fQ-ra-ter,  n.  An 
apparatus  for  fufnigating  or  bleaching  by 
the  fumes  of  burning  sulphur. — Sulphu- 
reous, 8ul-fu'rg-u8,  a.  Consisting  of  or 
having  the  qualities  of  sulphur;  sulphur- 
ous.—Sulphureously,  6ul-fu'r6-us-li,  adv. 
In  a  sulphureous  manner.— Sulphureous- 
nesB,  sul-fa'r6-u8-nes.  n.— Sulphuret,  sul'- 
fQ-ret, '  n.  A  sulphide.  —  Sulphuretted, 
Bul'fQ-ret-ed,  a.  Having  sulphur  in  com- 
bination.— Sulphuretted  hydrogen,  a  com- 
pound of  hydrogen  and  sulphur,  a  trans- 
parent colourless  gas,  recognized  by  its 
peculiar  fetid  odour,  resemoling  that  of 
putrid  eggs,  and  very  deleteriousto  animal 

•life.— Sulphuric,  sul-fu'rik,  a.  Pertaining 
■to  sulphur. — Sulphuric  acid,  oil  of  vitriol 
as  it  18  called,  from  being  first  prepared 
from  green  vitriol  (sulphate  of  iron),  a 
compound  of  sulphur,  oxygen,  and  hydro- 
gen,colcurles8,oily,  and  strongly  corrosive, 
used  in  the  arts  for  innumerable  purposes. 
—Sulphuric  ether,  an  incorrect  name  for 
ordinary  ether  (which  contains  no  sul- 
phur). —  Sulphnriag,  sul'f^r-ing,  n.  Sul- 
phuration.—Sxilphur-ore,  n.  Iron  pyrites 
yielding  sulphur  and  sulphuric  acid. — 
Sulphurous,  sul'f6r-us,  a.  Impregnated 
with  sulphur;  like  sulphur;  containing 
sulphur. — Sulphurous  oxide,  a  gas  formed 
by  the  combustion  of  sulphur  in  air  or  dry 
oxygen;  also  called  Sulphur  Dioxide;  when 
led  into  water  it  forms  sulphurous  acid. — 
Sulphury,  sul'ffir-i,  a.  Partaking  of.sul-. 
phur;  having  the  qualities  of  sulphur. 

Sultan,  sul'tan,  n.  [Ar.  sultdn.]  The  or- 
dinary  title  of  Mohammedan  sovereigns. 


especially  the  raler  of  Turkey,  who  as- 
sumes the  title  of  Sultan  of  Sultans. — 
Sultana,  sul-ta'na,  n.     The  consort  of  a 

■  sultan;  the  empress  of  the  Turks;  a  sul- 
taness.  —  Sultanate,  sul'tan-at,  n.  The 
rule  or  dominion  of  a  sultan;  sultanship. 
— Sultaness,  sul'tan-es,  n.  A  sultana. — 
Sultanic,  sul-tan'ik,  a.  Belonging  to  a 
sultan.— Sultanry,  sul'tan-ri,  n.  The  do- 
minions of  a  sultan. — Sultanship,  sul'tan- 
ship,  n.   -The  office  of  a  sultan. 

Sultry,  sul'tri,  o.  [A  form  of  sweltry,  O.E. 
sueUrie,  sultry,  from  swelter.  Swelter.] 
Very  hot,  burning,  and  oppressive;  very 
hot  and  moist,  or  hot,  close,  and  heavy  {a 
sultry  atmosphere).  —  Sultriness,  sul'tri- 
nes,  n.    The  state  of  being  sultry.   " 

Sum,  sum.ji.  [O.Fr.  suine,so7ne{FT.  somnie), 
from  li.  summa,  a  sum,  fern,  of  summus, 
highest,  Buperl.  of  superus,  that  is  above, 
from  super,  above.  Scper.  ]  The  ag- 
gregate of  two  or  more  numbers,  magni- 

'  tudes,  quantities,  or  particulars ;  the 
amount  or  total  of  any  number  of  things 
added  together;  the  whole  or  -totality;  a 
quantity  of  money;  any  amount  indefi- 
nitely; the  principal  points  viewed  or 
aggregated  together;  the  essence;  the  sub- 
stance; an  aiithmetical  problem  to  be 
solved. — v.t. — summed,  summing.  To  add 
into  one  whole ;  to  cast  up;  to  bring  or 
collect  into  a  small  compass;  to  comprise 
in  a  few  words  (to  sumup  arguments). — To 
sipn  up  evidence,  to  recapitulate  to  the  jury 
the  dinerent  facts  and  circumstances  which 
have  been  adduced  in  the  evidence:  said 
of  the  presiding  judge  in  a  jury  court. — 
Sumless,  sum'lcE,  a.  Not  to  be  summed  up 
or  computed. — Summary,  sum'a-ri,  a.  Ee- 
duced  into  a  narrow  compass  or  into  few 
words;  succinct;  concise;  compendious; 
quickly  executed;  effected  by  a  short  way  or 
method;  law,  said  of  proceedings  carried  on 
by  methods  intended  to  facilitate  the  de- 
spatch of  business. — n.  [L.  summarivim,  a, 
summary.]  An  abridged  or  condensed 
statement  or  account;  an  abridgment  or 
compendium  containing  the  sum  or  sub- 
stance of  a  fuller  statement. — Summarily, 
sum'a-ri-li,  adv.  In  a  summary  manner; 
briefly;  concisely;  in  a  short  way  or  method; 
without  delay.— Summarize,  sura'a-riz,  v.t. 
— summarized,  summarizing.  To  make  a 
summary  or  abstract  of;  to  represent 
briefly.— Stsmmation,  sum-a'shon,  n.  .The 
act  of  forming  a  sum  or  total  amount ;  an 
aggregate. 

Sumac,  Sumach,  sQ'mak,  n.-.  [Fr.  sumac, 
Sp.  zamxLque,  from  Ar.  sum/mCik,  sumach.] 
A  genus  of  shrubs  the  leaves  of  which  are 
much  used  for  tanning;  the  leaveSiShoots, 
&c.,  as  forming  an  article  of  commerce. 
Written  also  Shumnch. 

Sumbul,  'sum'bul,  n.  An  Eastern  name  for 
the  root  of  an  umbelliferous  plant,  used 
as  an  antispasmodic  and  tonic. 

Summary,  Summation,  &c.    Under  Sum. 

Summer,  sum'^r,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sumor,  sumer 

■  =O.H.G.  and  Icel.  ,j«mar,  G.  and  Dan. 
somnier,  Sw.sommar,  D.  sower,  zomer;  root 
doubtful.]  That  season  cf  the  year  when 
the  sun  shines  most  directly  upon  any  re- 
gion; the  warmest  season  of  the  year, which, 
north  of  the  equator,  may  be  roughly  said 
to  include  the  months  of  June,  July,  and 
August.— J»Kiian.SMJ>t»n«r.  Indian. — a.  Re- 
lating to  summer  {summer  heat).— w.i.  To 
pass  the  summer  or  warm  season.— Sum- 
mer-duck, n.  A  very  beautiful  North 
American  duck.  —  Summer-fallow,  n.  A 
piece  of  land  lying  bare  of  crops  in  sum- 
mter*  but  ploughed  and  tilled.— Summer- 
house,  n.  A  small  house  or  pavilion  in  a 
garden  to  be  used  in  summer.— Summer- 
time, n.  The  summer  season. — Summer- 
wheat,  n.  Wheat  sown  in  spring,  as  op- 
posed to  teiiUer-wheat  or  that  which  is 
sown  in  autumn. 

Summer,  snm'fer,  n.  [Fr.  som.mier,  a  paek- 
horse,  a  rafter,  from  L.  sagmarius,  from 
Gr.  saffina,  a  pack-saddle.]  Building,  a 
lintel;  a  girder;  a  supporting  beam. 

Summersault,  sum'er-salt,  n.  Soversaclt. 

Summerset,  sum'fir-set,  n.    Somersault. 

Summit,  sum'it,  n.  [Fr.  sormmet,  dim.  of 
O.Fr.  «om,  a  summit,  from  L.  summum, 
highest  part.  Sum.]  The  top;  the  highest 
point;  utmost  elevation,  as  of  rank,  pros- 


^]ate,  f(Ur,  fat.  fftll;     mOfmet,  b^r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tab,  bv|II;,    oil,  pound;     a,  Sc.  a'uune— the  Fr.  u.. 


SUMMON 


679 


SUPEECILIAEY 


iierity,  &c.— Summit-level,  n.  The  highest' 
of  a  series  of  elevations  over  which  a  canal, 
railway,  or  the  like,  is  carried. 

Summon,  sunvon,  y.i.  [O.E.  sonione,  from 
O.Fr.  somoner  (Fr.seniondre},  from  L,  aum- 
monere,  submonere-~sub,  under,  privatelj', 
and  moneo,  to  remind  (whence  if)u>nUion, 
monitor,  &c.).]  Ta  call  or  cite  by  autho- 
rity to  appear  at  a  place  specified;  espe- 
cially, to  command  to  appear  in  a  court  of 

jastice;  to  send  for;  to  ask  the  attendance 

noft;lo  call  on;  especially,  to  call  upon  to 
surrender;  to  call  up;  to  excite  into  action 
or  exertion:  with  up  {summon  vp  your 
courage). — Summoner,  sum'on-6r,  n.  One 
who  summons;  also,  a  former  name  for  an 
apparitor.— Summons,  sum'onz,  n.  [O.E. 
somons,  somounce,  O.Pr.  scmonce,  semonse, 
a  summons,  fem.  forms  of  semons,  pp.  of 
semondre.\  A  call  by  authority  to  appear 
at  a  place  named,  or  to  attend  to  some 
public  duty;  an'  invitation  or  asking  to 
go  to,  or  appear  at,  some  place;  law,  a  call 
by  authority  to  appear  in  a  court;  also, 
the  written  or  printed  document  by  which 
such  call  is  given;  inilit.  a  call  to  sur- 
render. 

Sump,  sump,  ri.  [L.G.  Sw.  and  Dan.  sttmp, 
\).  somp,  Q.  sttmj)/,  a  swamp,  pool.]  A,pona 
of  water  for  use  in  salt-works;  a  pit  for  re- 
ceiving metal  on  its  first  fusion;  a  reservoir 
at  the  lowest  point  of  a  mine,  from  which 
is  pumped  the  water  that  accumulates 
there. 

Snmpter,  sump't6r,  n.  [O.Fr..  sommetier,  a 
pack-horse  driver;  same  ori^n  as  awmmer, 
a  beam.]  A  horse  that  carries  necessaries 
for  a  journey;  a  baggage-horse;  a  pack- 
horse. — a.  Applied  to  a  horse  or  mule  that 
carries  necessaries.  — JBumpter-saddle,  n. 
A  pack-saddle. 

Sumptuary,  sump'ta-a-ri,  (ft  [li.  sumptu- 
drius,  from  sumptua,  expense  from  sumo, 
siimptwn,  to  use,  spend— g^rty-,. under,  and 
«rno,  to  buy,  to  take  (seen  also  in  exempt, 
vrompt,  &c.).]  Kelating  to  expense;  regu- 
lating expense  or  expenditure.— SumpiM- 
ary  laws,  laws  made  to  restrain  excess  in 
apparel,  food,  or  any  luxuries.— Sumptu- 
ous, sump'tu-us,  a.  [L.  sumptuosus,  from 
suniptus,  cost,  expense.]  Costly;  expensive; 
hence,  splendid;  magnificent.  —  Sumptu- 
ously, sump'tu-u8-li,adw.  In  a  sumptuous 
manner;  expensively;  splendidly.— Sump- 
tuousness,  sump'tu-us-nes,  n.  Costliness; 
magnificence. 

Sun,  sun,  n.  [A.  Sax.  aunne  (fem.)=Icel. 
O.H.G.  and  Goth;  sunna  (Goth,  also  sun- 
no),  G.  Sonne,  L.G.  sunne,  D.  zon;  akin  to 
Icel.  861,  A.  Sax.  s6l,  L.  sol  (Solar);  from 
a  root  meaning  to  shine.]  The  self-lumin- 
ous orb  which,  being  in  or  near  the  centre 
of  our  system  of  worlds,  gives  light  and 
heat  to  tlie  earth  and  other  planets;  the 
sunshine  or  sunlight  (to  lie  in  the  sun); 
anything  eminently  splendid  or  luminous; 
that  which  is  the  chief  source  of  light, 
honour,  glory,  or  prosperity;  the  luminary 
which  constitutes  the  centre  of  any  system 
of  worlds;  a  revolution  of  the  earth  round 
the  sun;  a  year. — Under  the  sun,  in  the 
world;  on  earth:  a  proverbial  expression. 
— Sun  of  righteousness,  in  Scrip.  Christ. — 
Sun  and  planet  wAeeZs,  a  contrivance  adop- 
ted by  Watt  in  the  steam-engine,  equiva- 
lent to  a  crank,  the  planet  wheel  being  a 
toothed  wheel  fixed  to  the  end  of  the  con- 
necting-ro0,  and  driving  the  fly-wheel  by 
circling  round  a  toothed-wheel  at  the  end 
of  the  fly-wheel  shaft. — v.t. — sunjied,  sun- 
ning. To  expose  to  the  sun's  rays ;  to  dry 
in  the  sun.  -^  Sunbeam,  sun'bem,  n.  A 
ray  of  the  sun.— Sun-bear,  n.  A  species  of 
bear  that  loves  to  bask  in  the  sun.— Sun- 
bird,  n.  A  name  of  small  tropical  inses- 
sorial  birds,  with  plumage  approaching  in 
splendour  that  of  the  humming-birds.— 
Sim-bonnet,  n.  A  .lady's  bonnet  having  a 
shade  as  a  protection  from  the  sun. — Sim- 
bow,  n.  An  iris  formed  by  the  refraction 
of  light  on  the  spuay  of  cataracts,  or  on 
any  rising  vapour.— Stin-bright,  a.  Bright 
as  the  sun.- Sun-burn,  v.t.  To  discolour 
or. scorch  by  the  sun;  to  tan.— Sunburnt, 
Bun'b6rnt,  a.  Discoloured  by  the  heat  or 
rays  of  the  sun;  tanned.— Sun-burst,  n.  A 
sudden  flash  of  sunlight.  —  Sun -clad,  a. 
Clothed  in  radiance;  bright.— Sun-dew,  n. 


A  genus  of  plants,  three  of  them  British, 
which  by  a  viscid  substance  entangle  in- 
sects, and  thus  derive  a  certain  amount  of 
nutriment.— Sun-dial,  re.  An  instrument 
to  show  the  time  of  day  by  means  of  a 
shadow  cfist  by  the  sun.— Sun-dOg,  n.  A 
luminous  spot  of  the  nature  of  a  halo.— 
Sundown,  sun'doun,  n.  Sunset;  sunset- 
ting.— Sun-dried,  o.  Dried  in  the  rays' 
of  the  sun.  —  Sun-fish,  n.  A  genus  of 
large  fishes,  so  called  on  account  of  the 
almost  circular  form  and  shining  surface 
of  the  typical  species.  —  Sunflower,  sun'- 
flou-6r,  n.  A  genus  of  plants,  so  named' 
from  the  form  and  colour  of  the  flower,  or 
from  its  habit  of  turning  to  the  sun. — 
Sunless,  sun'les,  a.  Destitute  of  the  sun 
or  its  rays;  shaded.— Sunlight,  sun'lit,  n. 
The  light  of  the  sun;  sunshine.— Sim-light, 
n.  A  large  reflecting  cluster  of  gas-burners 
in  a  ceiling.  —  Sunlit,  sun'lit,  a.  Lit  or 
lighted  by  the  sun.— Sunny,  sun'i,  a.  Like 
the  sun;  shining  or  dazzling  with  light  or 
splendour;  bright;  exposed  to  the  rays  of 
the  sun;  lighted  up  or  warmed  by  the 
direct  rays  of  the  sun.  —  Sunniness,  sun'i- 

nes,  n.  State  of  being  sunny.- Sun-opal, 
n.    A  variety  of  opal  displaying  bright 

•yellow  and  red  reflections.— Sim-picture, 
n.  A  photograph.  —  Sunrise,  Sunrising, 
sun'r^z,  sun'riz-ing,  n.    The  rise  or  ap- 

-  pearance  of  the  sun  above  the  horizon ; 
morning;  the  region  where  the  sun  rises; 
the  east.  — Sunset,  Stmsetting,  sun 'set, 
sun'set-ing,  n.  The  descent  of  the  sun 
below  the  horizon;  the  time  when  the  sun 
sets;  evening;  fig.  close  or  decline;  the 
region  where  the  sun  sets;  the  west. — 
Sunshine,  sun'shin,  n.  The  light  of  the 
sun;  sunlight;  Jig.  an  influence  acting  like 
the  rays  of  the  sun;  warmth;  pleasantness; 
brightness;  cheerfulness.  — a.  Sunshiny. 
—  Sunsliiny,  sun'shi-ni,  a.  Bright  with 
the  rays  of  the  sun;  bright  like  the  siin. — 
Sunstone,  sun'ston,  w.  A  popular  name  of 
various  minerals,  as  cat's-eye.— Surmtroke, 
feuii'strok,  n.  A  very  serious  aflection  of 
the  nervous  system  frequent  in  tropical 
climates,  and  in  temperate  regions  during 
very  warm  weather,  generally  caused  by 
exposure  of  the  head  and  neck  to  the 
direct  rays  of  the  sun.  —  Sunward,  sun'- 
w6rd,  adv.  Toward  the  sun.— Sun- worship, 
n.  The  wprship  or  adonition  of  the  sun.— 
Sun- worshipper,  re.  A  worshipper  of  the 
sun. 

Sun,  Sun-hemp,  sun,  sun'hemp,  n.    ScmN. 

Sunday,  sun'da,  re.  [A.  Sax.  szmnan-daeg, 
that  is,  day  of  the  sun;  G.  sonntag,  Dan. 
aiindag,  D.  eondag;.eo  called  because  this 
day  was  anciently  dedicated  to  the  sun  or 
its  worship.]  The  first  day  of  the  week; 
the  Christian  Sabbath;  the  Lord's-day. 
Sabbath. — a.  Belonging  to  the  Lord's-day 
or  Christian  Sabbath.— Sunday-letter,  re. 
The  dominical  letter^  Dominical.— Sim- 
day-school,  n.  A  school  for  religious  in- 
struction held  on  the  Lord's-day. 

Sunder,  sun'dSr,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  sundrian, 
syndrian,  from  sundor,  sunder,  asunder, 
apart;  similarly  Icel.  sundra,  Dan.  sondre, 
D.zondereUjG.  «ondem,to separate.  Hence 
sundry,  asunder.  Sound,  a  channel,  is  close- 
ly allied.]  To  part;  to  divide;  to  disunite 
in  almost  any  manner,  as  by  rending,  cut- 
ting, or  breaking.  —  v.i.  To  part ;  to  be 
Separated.  —  re.  A  separation  or  division 
into  parts:  used  chiefly,  if  not  exclusively, 
in  the  phrase  in  sunder,  in  two. 

Sundry,  sun'dri,  a.  [A.  Sax.  sundrig,  syn- 
drig,  from  atindor,  separate.  Sunder.] 
Several;  more  than  one  or  two. — All  and 
sundry,  all  both  collectively  and  individu- 
ally. —  Sundries,  sun'driz,  n.  pi.  Various 
small  things,  too  minute  or  numerous  to 
be  individually  specified. 

Sung,  sung,  pret.  and  pp.  of  sing. 

Sunk,  sungk,  T)fet.  and -pp.  of  sinkr — 
Sunken,  sung'kn,  a.  Lying  on  the  bottom 
of  the  sea  or  other  water;  low.  —  Sunk- 
fence,  re.  A  ditch  with  a  retaining  wall 
on  one  side. 

Sunn,  Sunn-hemp,  sun,  re.  An  East  Indian 
material  similar  to  hemp,  used  for  cor- 

'  dage,  canvas,  &o.  Callea  also  Sun,  Sun- 
hemp.  "     . 

Sunnitas,  sun 'its',  re.  pi.  The  orthodox 
Mohammedans  who  receive  the  Sunna  or 


traditionary  law  as.  of  equal  importance 
with  the  Koran. 

Sup,  sup,  v.t.  —  supped,  supping.  [A.  Sax. 
siipan,  to  sup=Icel.  stipa,  L.G.  supen,  D. 
euipen,  O.G.-sufan,  G.  saufen,  to«ip  or  sup. 
Sip  is  a  lighter  form  of  this,  and  sottp,  sop, 
are  akin.]  To  take  into  the  mouth  with 
the  lips,  as  a  liquid;  to  imbibe;  to  sip;  to 
have  as  one's  lot;  to  be  aflflicted  with  (to 

\sup  sorrow).— w.i.  To  eat  the  evening  meal. 

^ — re.  .A  little  taken  with  the  lips;  a  sip. — 
Supper,  sup'6r,  re.  [O.E.  soper,  O.Fr.  aoper, 
super.  Mod.  Fr.  souper,  to  sup,  supper  (the 
inf.  used  'as  a  noun),  from  the  Teutonic] 
The  evening  meal ;  the  last  repast  of  the 
day.— Lord's  supper,  the  eucharist.  Lord. 
— v.i.  To  take  supper;  to  sup. — v.t.  To  give 
supper  to.— Supperless,  sup'6r-les,a.  Want- 
ing supper;  being  without  supper.— Sup- 
per-time,  re.  '■The  time  when  supper  is 
taken;  evening. 

Supawn,  su-pan',,/i.  In  the  United  States, 
an  Indian uamefor  boiled  Indian  meal. 

Super,  su'p6r,  re.  [L.  auper,  above,  beyond, 
besides  (allied  to  B.'lower),  whence  superus, 
upper,  comparative  swpenor,  superlative 
supi-emus  or  sum,mus  (whence  supreine, 
sum,  summit).]  A  contraction  used  col- 
loquially for  certain  words  of  which  it  is 
the  prefix;  a  supernumerary;  specifically,  a 
theatrical  supernumerary. 

Superable,  su'p6r-a-bl,  a.  [L.  auperabilia, 
from  supero,  to  overcome.]  Capable  of 
being  overcome  or  conquered.  —  Super - 

S  ableness,  su'per-a-bl-nes,  re.  The  quality 
of  being  superable.  —  Superably,  su'per-a- 
bli,  adv.    So  as  may  be  overcome. 

Superabound,  svl'p6r-a-bound",  v.i.  [Prefix 
super,  and  abound.]  To  abound  above  or 
beyond  measure.  —  Superabundance,  su'- 
p6r-a-bun"dans,  n.  More  than  enough; 
excessive  abundance.  —  Superabundant, 
sa'per-a-bun"dant,a.  Abounding  to  excess; 
being  more  than  is  suflicient.  —  Super- 
abundantly, sa'p6r-a-bun"dant-li,  adv.  In 
a  superabundant  manner. 

Superadd,  su-p^r-ad',  v.t.  [Prefix  super,  and 
add.]  To  add  over  and  above;  to  add  or 
join  in  addition.  —  Superadditlon,  sa'pfer- 
ad-di"shon,  re.  The  act  of  superadding; 
that  which  is  superadded. 

Superaltar,  su'p6r-al-t6r.  re.  [Prefix  super, 
and  altar.]  A  ledge  Or  snelf  over  or  at  the 
back  of  an  altar;  a  retable. 

Superannuate,  sa-p6r-an'ntl-at,  v.t— super- 
annuated, superannuating.  [Prefix  super, 
above,  beyond,  and  L.  annus,  a  year.  J 
To  allow  to  retire  from  service  on  a 
pension,  on  account  of  old  age  or  infir- 
mity; to  give  a  retiring  pension  to. — v.i. 
To  retire  on  a  pension  when  disabled  by 
lengthof  years.— Superannuated,  sQ-p6r- 
an'nu-a-tea,  p.  and  a.  Disabled  or  im- 
paired by  old  age;  having  received  a  reti- 
ring allowance  for  long  service.  —  Super- 
annuation, 8u-per-an'nQ-a"8hon,  re.  The 
state  6f  being  too  old  for  oflice  or  business; 
retirement  or  removal  from  oflice  with  a 
pension,  on  account  of  long  service  or  in- 
firmity. 

Superb,sii-p6rb',a.  [Fr.superbe;  li.superbus, 
proud,  from  super,  above.  Super.]  Grand; 
august;  stately;  splendid;  rich;  sumptu- 
ous;showy;veryfine;first-rate.— Superbly, 
su-perb'li,  adv.  In  a  superb  or  splendid 
manner. — Superbness,  sa-p6rb'nes,  n. 

Supercargo,  su-per-kar'go,  re.  [Prefix  swper, 
and  cargo.]  Lit.  a  person  over  the  cargo* 
a  person  in  a  merchant  ship  whose  business 
is  to  manage  the  sales  and  superint and  all 
the  commercial  concerns  of  the  voyage. 

Supercelestial,  su'p6r-se-les"ti-al,  a.  [Prefi? 
stiper,  and  celestial.]  Situated  above  the 
firmament  or  great  vault  of  heaven. 

Snperchery,  su-p6rch'e-ri,  re.  [Pr.  stiper- 
cherie.]    Deceit;  cheating;  fraud. 

Superciliary,  su-pfer-sil'i-a-ri,  o.  [L.  super- 
cilium,  the  eyebirow,  also  haughtiness  or 
pride  (as  expressed  by  raising  the  brows) 
— auper,  above,  and  cilium,  an  eyelid.] 
Pertaining  to  the  eyebrow;  situated  or 
being  above  the  eyelid.— Supercillosjis,  su- 
pfer-sil'i-us,  a.  [L.  superciliosus.'!  Having 
a  haughty  air  or  manner;  acting  a.spt 
others  were  our  inferiors;  haughty;  over- 
bearing; arrogant.  —  Superciliously,  sfl- 
p6r-sil'i-us-li,  adv.  In  a  supercilious  man- 
ner; with  an  air  of  contempt.— Snpercili- 


ch,chaia;     cA,  Sc.  locA;     s,go;    j,;ob;     n,  Fr,  t6fel    ngi  Bin(?;     »Hi  tA®^  t^^i  ^^^Wi;.    w,^wig;   .\rh,  uiWgi     zb.asuie. 


BUPERCOLUMNIATION 


680 


SliPEESTITION 


onsness,  su-pfer-sil'i-us-neg,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  supercilious;  haughtiness. 

Supercolumniatioix,  su '  pftr-  ko-lum-ni-a  "- 
shon,  ji.  [i'nfix  super,  and coluTnn.]  Arch. 
the  placing  of  one  order  above  another. 

Euperdominant,  su-per-dom'i-nant,n.  [Pre- 
fix super,  and  dominant.}  M.ua.  the  note 
above  the  dominant;  the  sixth  note  of  the 
diatonic  Scale. 

Supereminent,  sa-pSr-em'i-nent,  Oi  [Prefix 
super,  and  eminent]  Eminent  in  a  su- 
perior degree;  surpassing  others  in  excel- 
lence, power,  authority,  &c.  —  Snperemi- 
nence,  su-per-em'i-nens,  n.  Eminence 
superior  to  what  is  common;  distinguished 
eminence.  —  Supereminently,  sQ-pfer-em'- 
1-nent-li,  adv.  In  a  supereminent  manner. 

Supererogation,  su-per-er'o-ga-shon,  n.  [L. 
supererogo,  supererogatum,  to  pay  over  and 
above — sniper,  above,  and  erogo,  to  pay — 
e,  ear,  out,  and  rogo,  to  ask.  Rogation.] 
Performance  of  more  than  duty  requires. 
—  Works  of  supererogation,  in  the  R.  Cath. 
Ch.  good  works  which  are  considered  as 
not  absolutely  required  of  each  individual 
for  bis  salvation,  and  which  it  is  believed 
God  may  accept  in  atonement  for  the 
defective  service  of  another.-— Supererog- 
atory, su'p6r-e-rog''a-to-ri,  a.  Partaking 
of  supererogation. 

Superexait,  8a'p6r-eg-zalt",  v.t.  [Prefix 
super,  and  exalt.]  To  exalt  to  a  superior 
degree.  —  Snperexaltation,  sa'p6r-eg-zftl- 
ta"Ehon,  n.  Elevation  above  the  common 
degree. 

Superexcellent,  stl-pfer-ek'sel-lent,  a.  [Pre- 
fix super,  and  excellent.]  Excellent  in  an 
unconimon  degree. — Superezcellence,  sU- 
per-ek'sel-lens,  ji.    Superior  excellence. 

Sitiperfecundation,  sa '  per-fe-kun-d5"shon, 
n.  [L.  super,  over,  and  fecundus,  fruitful.] 
Superfetation.  —  Superfecundity,  sQ'per- 
fe-kun"di-ti,  n.  Superabundant  fecundity. 

Superfetate,  sQ-p6r-fe'tat,  v.i.  [L.  super- 
feto— super,  over,  after,  and  feto,  to  breed. 
Fetus.]  To  Conceive  after  a  prior  con- 
ce)>tion.  —Superfetation,  Superf (Station, 
B0'p6r-f e-ta"shon,  n.  A  second  conception 
after  a  prior  one,  and  by  which  two  fetuses 
exist  at  once  in  the  same  womb. 

Superficies,  sn-per-fish'ez,  n.  [L.,  from 
««per,  upon,  and /aci«s,  face.  (Face.)  Sur- 
face is  another  form  of  the  same  word.] 
The  surface;  the  exterior  part  or  face  of  a 
thing,  consisting  of  length  and  breadth 
without  thickness,  and  therefore  forming 
no  part  of  the  substance  or  solid  content 
of  a  body.  —  Superficial,  sa-pfer-fish'al,  a. 
[Ij.  superficialis!]  Lying  on'or  pertaining 
to  the  surface;  riot  penetrating  the  sub- 
stance of  a  thing;  not  sinking  deep;  not 
deep  or  profou;id  as  regards  knowledge; 
not  learned  or  thorough;  not  going  to  the 
heart  of  things.  —  Snperflcialist,  su-p6r- 
fish'al-ist,  n.  A  person  of  superficial  at- 
tainments; a  sciolist.  —  Superficiality,  sO- 
per-fish'i-al"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
superficial;  want  of  depth  or  thorough- 
ness; shallowness;  a  superficial  person  or 
thing.— Superficially,  su-pfer-fish'al-li,  adv. 
In  a  superficial  manner;  on  the  surface 
only;  without  going  deep;  slightly;  not 
thoroughly.—  Snperficialness,  su-per-fish'- 
al-nes,  n.    Superficielity;  shallowness. 

Superfine,  sfi-per-fin',  a.  [Prefix  super,  and ' 
fine.]  Very  fine;  surpassing  others  in  fine- 
ness; excessively  or  faultily  subtle.  — 
Snperfineness,  su-p6r-fln'nes,  n.  Quality 
of  being  superfine. 

Superfluity,  sa-p6r-flu'i-ti,  n.  [Fr.  svper- 
fiuite,  h.  superfiuitds,  from  superfiuut, 
ovei-liowing— super,  above,and^uo,  to  flow. 
Flcent.]  a  quantity  that  is  over  and 
above  what  is  necessary;  a  greater  quantity 
than  is  wanted;  redundancy;  something 
for  show  or  luxury  rather  than  use. — 
Superfluous,  su-per^flu-us,  a.  [L.  guper- 
flvus.]  Being  more  than  is  wanted  or  suf- 
ficient; unnecessary  from  being  in  excess; 
redundant.  —  Superfluously,  su  -  per '  flu- 
us-Ii,  adv.  In.  a  superfluous  manner. — 
Superfluousnesa,  sQ-per'flxi-us-nes,  n. 

Superfoetation,  n.    Superfetatiok. 

Superfrontal,  sO-pfer-fron'tal,  n.  [Prefix 
super,  and  fronla  1. 1  The  part  of  an  altar- 
cloth  that  covers  the  top. 

Superheat,  su'p6r-het,  v.t.  [Prefix  super, 
and  lieui.]  To  heat  to  an  extreme  degree ; 


specifically,  to  heat  steam,  apart  from 
contact  with  water,  until  it  resembles  a 
perfect  gas. 

Superhxmian.  sa-p6r-ha' man,  a.  [Prefix 
super,  and  h^nian.]  Above  or  beyond  what 
is  human ;  hence,  sometimes,  divine. 

Superimpose,  sa'p6r-im-poz",  v.t.  [Prefix 
super,  and  impose.]  To  lay  or  impose  on 
something  else.— Superimpoaition,  su-per- 
im'po-2ish"on,  n.    The  act  of  superimpos- 

.  iug  or  the  state  of  being  superimposed. 

Superincumbent,  su'per-in-kum"bent,  a. 
[Prefii  super,  and  incumbent]  Ljong  or 
resting  on  something  else. — Superinctun- 
bence,  Superincumbency,  sa'i)6r-in-kum"- 
hens,  8ti'per-in-kum"ben-si,  n.  State  of 
lying  upon  something. 

Superinduce,  sa'per-in-dOs",  i>.t  [Prefix 
super,  and  induce.]  To  bring  in  or  on  as 
an  addition  to  something.— Superinduce- 
ment,Superinduction,su'p6r-in-das"ment, 
8Q'p6r-in-duk"shon,  n.  The  act  of  super- 
inducing. 

^uperintellectnal,"  sa'p^r-in-tel-lek"  ta-al, 
a.  [Prefix  super,  and  intellect.]  Being 
above  intellect. 

Superintend,  8u'p6r-in-tend",- ».<.  [L.  su- 
perintenda,  to  have  the  oversight  of — super 
and  intendo.  Tstend.]  To  have  the  charge 
and  oversight  of;  to  oversee  with  the  power 
of  direction;  to  take  care  of  with  authority. 
— Superintfendence,  Superintendency,  su'- 
jv6r-in-ten  "dens,  su '  per-in-tAi"den-si,  n. 
The  act  of  superintending;-care  and  Over- 
sight for  the  purpose  of  direction,  and 
with  authority  to  direct. — ^Superintendent, 
sti'p6r-in-ten"dent,  n.    One  who  super- 

.  intends  .or  has  the  oversight  and  charge 

"  of  something. — a.  Overlooking  others  with 
authority.— Superintender,sii'p6r-in-ten"- 
dfer,  n.    One  who  superintends. 

Superior,  su-pe'ri-er,  a.  [L.,  compar.  of 
superus,  upper,  high,  from  super,  above. 
Super.]  More  elevated  iq  place;  higher; 
higher  in  rank,  office,  or  dignity;  higher 
or  greater  in  excellence;  being  beyond 
t  ome-power  or  influence;  iioo  great  or  firm 
to  be  affected  by  (superior  to  revenge);  hot. 
growing  above  or  upon  anything  (as  the 
ovary  when  growing  above  the  origin  of 
the  calyx);  next  the  axis.— 5«perior  courts, 
the  highest  courts  in  a  state. — Superior 
planets,  those  that  are  more  distant  from 
the  sun  than  the  earth,  as  Mars,  Jupiter, 
Saturn,  Uranus,  and  Neptune.  —  n.  One 
who  is  superior  to  or  above  another;  one 

■  who  is  higher  or  greater  than  another  in 
social  station,  rank,  power,  excellence,  or 
qualities  of  any  kind;  the  chief  of  a  mon- 
astery, convent,  or  abbey;  Scots  law,  one 
who  has  certain  rights  of  feu  over  a  pro- 
perty. —  Superioress,  su-pe'ri-6r-es,  n.  A 
lady  superior.  —  Superiority,  su-pe'ri-or"- 
i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  su- 
perior; pre-eminence;  higher  rank  or  ex- 
cellency. —  Superiorly,  su-p6'ri-6r-li,  adi). 
In  a  superior  manner  or  position.— Supe- 
riomess,  sa-p5'ri-or-nes,  n.    Superiority. 

Superjacent,  su-pgr-ja'sent,  a.  [L.  super, 
above,  a.nd  jacens,Jacentis,  ppr.  of  jaceo,  to 
lie.]    Lying  above  or  upon. 

Superlative,  sa-p6r'la-tiv,  a.  [L.  auper- 
lativus,  from  superlatus — super,  over,  and 
laMs,  carried.]  Of  the  highest  pitch  or 
degree;  most  eminent;  surpassing  all 
other( si<peria?iue  wisdom  or  beauty  );j7raOT. 
applied  to  that  form  of  an  adjective  or 
adverb  which  expresses  the  highest  or 
utmost  degree  of  the  quality  or  manner. 
— n.  That  which  is  superlative;  gram,  the 
superlative  degree  of  adjectives  or  adverbs; 
a  word  in  the  superlative  degree. — Super- 
latively, su-per'la-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  super- 
lative manner;  in  the  highest  or  utmost 
degree.  —  Superlativeness,  sQ-p6r'la-tiv- 
nes,  n.    The  state  of  being  superlative. 

Snperlunar,  Superlunary,  su-p6r-la '  n6r, 
su-per-lQ'na-ri,  a.  [L.  super,  above,  2uncr, 
the  moon.]  Being  above  the  moon;  not 
sublunary  or  of  this  world. 

Supermundane,  sa-pfir-mun'dan.  a.  [Prefix 
super,  and  rmindane.]  Being  above  the 
world  or  mundane  affairs. 

Supernal,  su-pfer'nal,  a.  [L.  sitpernus,  from 
super,  above.  Super.]  Being  or  situated 
above  us;  relating  to  things  above;  celes- 
tial; heavenly. 

Supernatant,  sa-p6r-na'tant,  a.    [L.  super. 


above,  over,  and  nato,  to  swim.]  Swimming 
above;  floating  on  the  siuf  ace.— Supema- 
tation,  sa'p6r-na-ta"shon,  n.  The  act  of 
floating  on  the  surface  of  a  fluid. 

Supernatural,  su-per-nat'u-ral,  a.  [Prefix 
super,  &nd  natural.]  Being  beyond  or  ex- 
ceeding the  powers  or  laws  of  nature;  a 
term  stronger  than  preternatural,  and 
often  equivalent  to  miracukms.  —  The 
supernatural,  supernatural  agencies,  in- 
fluence, phenomena,  and  so  forth.— Super- 
naturalism,  8a-p6r-nat'u-ral-izm,  n.  The 
state  of  being  supernatural;  theol.  the 
doctrine  that  *eligion  and  the  knowledge 
of  God  require  a  revelation  from  God. — 
Supematoralist,  su-per-nat'U-ral-ist,  n. 
One  who  upholds  "the  principles  of  super- 
naturalism.  —  Supematuralize,  sa-per- 
nat'-u-ral-iz,  v.t.  To  treat  or  consider  as 
supernatural.  —  Supematurally,  sa-per- 
nat'a-ral-li,  adv.  In  a  supernatural  man- 
ner. —  Supematoralness,  su-per-nat'u-ral- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
supernatural. 

Supernumerary,  sG-p^r-nQ'me-ra-ri,  a.  [L. 
super,  above,  beyond,  and  numerus,  a 
number.]  Exceeding  a  number  stated  or 
prescribed;  exceeding  a  necessary  or  usual 
number.^-ji.  A  person  or  thing  beyond  a 
certain  number,  or  beyond  what  is  neces- 
sary or  usual;  especially  a  person  not  for- 
mally a  member  of  an  ordinary  or  regular 
hody  or  staff  of  officials  or  employees. 

Superordination,  sa'p^r-or-di-na"shon,  n. 
[Prefix  super,  and  o7-dination.]  The  ordi- 
nation of  a  person  to  fill  an  office  still 
occupied. 

Superphosphate,  sa-pSr-fos'fat,  n.  [Prefix 
super,  and  phosphate.]  A  phosphate  con- 
taining the  greatest  amount  of  phosphoric 
acid  that  can  combine  with  the  base. 

Superpose,  su-per-poz',  v.  t.  —  superposed, 
superposing,  [Fr.  superposer,  from  prefix 
super,  and  poser,  to  lay.  Pose.]  To  lay 
upon,  as  one  kind  of  rock  on  another.— 
Superposition,  su'p6r-no-zish"on,  n.  The 
act  of  superposing ;  a  lying  or  being  situ- 
ated above  or  upon  something ;  geol.  the 
order  in  which  mineral  masses  are  placed 
upon  or  above  each  other,  as  more  recent 
strata  upon  those  that  are  older;  geom. 
the  process  by  which  one  magnitude  may 
be  conceived  to  be  placed  upon  another. 

Super-royal,  su-per-roi'al,  a.  [I*refix  super, 
and  royal.]  Larger  than  royal:  the  name 
of  a  large  species  of  printing  paper. 

Sui>ersaturate,  su-pfer-sat'a-rat,  ».<.  [Prefix 
super,  and  saturate.]  To  saturate  to  ex- 
cess. —  Supersaturation,  su'per-sat-U-ra"- 
shon,  n.    Saturation  to  excess. 

Superscribe,  sa-per-skribj  v.t.  ^  super- 
scribed,  superscribing.  [L.  stiperscriho — 
SJiper,  over  or  above,  and  smHbo,  to  write. 
Scribe.]  To  write  on  the  top,  outside,  or 
surface;  to  put  an  inscription  on;  to  write 
the  name  or  address  of  one  on  the  outside 
or  cover  of  .—Superscription,  sn-p6r-skrip'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  superscribing ;  what 
is  written  or  engraved  on  the  outside  or 
above  something  else;  especially,  an  ad- 
dress on  a  letter. 

Supersede,  su-p^r-sed',  v.t.  —  superseded, 
superseding.  [O.Fr.  superseder,  L.  super- 
sedere, to  sit  over,  to  refrain,  omit — super, 
above,  and  sedeo,  to  sit.  Sedate.]  To  make 
void,  inefficacious,  or  useless  by  superior 
power,  or  by  coming  in  the  place  of;  to 
set  aside;  to  suspend;  to  come  or  be  placed 
in  the  room  of;  to  displace;  to  replace 
(one  person  supercedes  another). — Super- 
sedure.  Supersession,  sa-pOr-s€'dar,  su-p6r- 
sesh'on,  n.    The  act  of  superseding. 

Supersensible,  sa-per-sen'si-bl,  a.  ^Prefix 
super,  and  sensible,  sensitive,  &c.]  Beyond 
the  reach  of  the  senses. —Supersensitive- 
ness,  sa-per-sen'si-tiv-nes,  n.  Morbid  sen- 
sitiveness or  sensibility.  —  Snpersensnal, 
sa-pfer-sen'sa-al,  a.  Above  or  beyond  the 
reach  of  the  senses.— SupersensuouB,  sU- 
p6r-sen'sa-us,  a.  Supersensible;  ex- 
tremely sensuous. 

Superstition,  sa-pfer-stish'on,  n.  [L  swper- 
stitio,  superstitioms,  originally  a  standing 
still  at,  a  standing  in  fear  or  amazement, 
hence  superstition,  from  svpersto,  to  stand 
over — super,  over,  and  sto,  to  stand.  State.] 
Belief  in  and  reverence  of  things  which 
are  no  proper  objects  of  worship ;  a  faith 


Fate,  fir,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  hfer;      pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;      tube,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     ii,  S9.  abtme— the  iY.  tu 


StrjPERSTRATtJM 


681 


StrpRALAPSARIAN 


or  article  of  faith  based  on  ignorance  of 
or  on  unworthy  ideas  regarding  the  linity; 
a  practice  or  observ^^nce  founded  on  such 
a  belief;  credulity  regarding  the  super- 
natural ;  belief  in  the  direct  agency  of 
superior  powers  in  certain  affairs,  as  a 
belief  in  witchcraft  or  magic,  or  in  su- 
pernatui-al  phenomena,  as  apparitipns, 
omens,  &c.— Superstitious,  sfl-per-stish'us, 
a.  Pertaining  or  addicted  to  superstition; 
credulous  in  regard  to  the  supernatural ; 
proceeding  from  superstition.— Supersti- 
tiously,  8u-p6r-stish'us-li,  adv.  In  a  su- 
perstitious manner.  —  SuperstitiottsnesB, 
su-pftr-stish'us-nes,  n. 

Superstratum,  sa-per-stra'tum,  n.  [Prefix 
super,  and.  stratum.]  A  stratum  or  layer 
above  another,  or  resting  on  something 
else. 

Superstructure,  sQ-p6r-struk'tQr,  n.  [Pre- 
fix sup&n,  and  structure.]  Any  structure 
built  on  something  elOe;  anything  erected 
on  a  foundation  or  basis. 

Supersubtle,  su-pfer-sut'l,  o.  [Prefix  super, 
and  subtle.]  Over-subtle;  crafty  in  an  ex- 
cessive degree. 

Superterrestrlal,  stl'p6r-te-re8"tri-al,  a. 
[  Prefix  super,  and  ferrestrial.  ]  Being 
above  the  earth  or  terrestrial  things. 

Supertonic,  su-per-ton'ik;ri.  [Prefix  super, 
and  tonic]  Mus.  the  note  next  above  the 
tonic  or  key-note ;  the  second  note  of  the 
diatonic  scale. 

Supervene,  sa-pSr-ven',  v.t.  —  supervened, 
supervening.  [L.  supervenio — super,  above, 
over,  and  venio,  to  come.]  To  come  upon 
as  something  extraneous ;  to  be  added  or 
joined;  to  take  place;  to  happen. — Super- 
venient, sQ-p6r-ve'm-ent,  a.  Coming  upon 
as  something  .additional;  added;  arising 
or  coming  afterwards.  —  Supervention, 
sQ-p6r-ven'shon,  n.  The  act  of  superven- 
ing. 

Supervise,  8Q-p6r-viz',  v.t. — supervised, 
supervising.  [L.  super,  over,  ancl  viso,  to 
look  at,  from  video,  visum,  to  see.  Vision.] 
To  oversee  for  direction ;  to  superintend ; 
to  inspect.  —  Supervisal,  sn-pCr-vi'zal,  n. 
The  act  of  supervising ;  inspection.  — 
Supervision,  sa-p6r-vizh'on,  n.  The  act 
of  supervising;  superintendence;  direc- 
tion.—  Supervisor,  su-p6r-vi'z6r,  n.  One 
who  supervises;  an  overseer;  an  inspector; 
a  superintendent.  —  Supervisory,  stt-pfer- 
vi'zo-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  super- 
vision. 

Bupervolute,  sa'p6r-vo-lat",  a.  [L.  super, 
upon,  and  voliUus,  rolled.]  Bot.  having 
one  edge  of  the  bud  leaf  rolled  inwards, 
and  enveloped  by  the  opposite  edge. 

Supine,  su-pin',  a.  [L.  supinus,  lying  on 
the  back,  negligent,  connected  with  sub, 
and  Gr.  hypo,  under.]  Lying  on  the  back 
or  with  the  face  upward:  opposed  to  prone; 
inclined  or  sloping;  negligent;  listless;  in- 
dolent; inattentive. —  n.  (su'pin).  [L.  sit- 
pinum;  reason  of  the  name  not  obvious.] 
A  part  of  the  Latin  verb,  really  a  verbal 
noun  with  two  cases,  an  accusative  in  -um, 
and  an  ablative  in  -u.— Supinely,  sa-pin'li, 
adv.  In  a  supine  manner;  carelessly;  indo- 
lently; listlessly.— Supineness,  su-pin'nes, 
n.  Indolence;  listlessness.  —  Supination, 
sG-pi-na'shon,  n.  The  position  of  the  hand 
extended  outwards  with  the  palm  up- 
wards.—  Supinator,  su-pi-na't6r,  n.  A 
muscle  which  aids  in  turning  the  hand 
upwards. 

Supper.'  Under  Strp. 

Supplant,  sup-plant',  v.t.  [Fr.  supplanter, 
from  L.  supplantare,  to  trip  up  one's  heels 
— sub,  under,  and  planta,  the  sole  of  the 
foot.  Plant.]  To  trip  up  (Mil.)l;  to  re- 
move or  displace  by  stratagem;  to  displace 
and  take  the  place  of.  —  Supplantation, 
sup-plan-ta'shou,  n.  The  act  of  supplant- 
ing. —  Supplanter,  sup-plan 'tfer,  n.  One 
who  supplants. 

Supple,  sup'l,  a.  [Fr.  souple,  from  L.  sup- 
plex,  suppliant,  bending  —  sub,  under, 
and  plico,  to  fold.  Supplicate.]  Pliant ; 
flexible;  easily  bent;  yielding;  not  obsti- 
nate; callable  of  moulding  one's  self  to 
suit  a  purpose ;  flattering ;  fawning. — v.t. 
— suppled,  suppling.  To  make  supple  or 
pliant;  to  make  compliant,  submissive,  or 
yielding. — v.i.  To  become  soft  and  pliant. 
—Supple-jack,  n.    A  popular  name  given 


to  various  strong  twining  and  climbing 
shrubs,  the  branches  of  which  are  im- 
ported into  Europe  from  the  West  Indies 
for  walking-sticks.— Supplely,mip'l-li,  adv. 
In  a  supple  manner. — Suppleness,  sup'l- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  supple  or 
easily  bent;  pliancy;  readiness  of  compli- 
ance; facility. 

Supplement,  su'ple-ment,  n.  [L.  suppU- 
mentum,  from  suppleo,  to  fill  up,  to  make 
full— «ub,  and  pleo,  to  fill.  Supplt.I  An 
addition  to  anything,  by  which  it  is  'made 
more  full  and  complete,  especially  an  ad- 
dition to  a  book,  to  a  periodical  publica- 
tion, &c.;  trigon.  the  quantity  by  which 
an  arc  or  an  angle  falls  short  of  180  degrees 
or  a  semicircle. — v.t.  To  increase  or  com- 
plete by  a  supplement.  —  Supplemental, 
Supplementary,  sup-le-men'tal,  sup-ls- 
men'ta-ri,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  a  supple- 
ment; serving  to  supplement;  additional. 
—  Supplementation,  sup'le-men-ta"8hon, 
n.  The  act  of  supplementing.— Suppletive, 
Suppletory,  sup'le-tiv,  sup'le-to-ri,  a. 
[Prom  L.  suppleo,  suppletum,  to  supply.] 
Supplying  deficiencies;  supplemental. 

Suppleness.    Under  Supple. 

Suppliant,  sup'li-ant,  a.  [Fr.  suppliant, 
ppr.  of  supplier,  to  entreat,  from  L.  sup- 
plico,  to  supplicate  (which  see).]  Entreat- 
ing or  begging  earnestly;  asking  earnestly 
and  submissively;  supplicating;  expres- 
sive of  supplication.- n.  A  humble  peti-. 
tioner^  one  who  entreats  submissively. — 
Suppliantly,  sup'li-ant-li,  adv.  In  a  sup- 
pliant manner. 

Supplicate,  sup'li-k5t,  v.t.  —  supplicated, 
supplicating.  [L.  supplieo,  supplicatum, 
from  supplex,suppUcis,  suppliant,  lit.  ben- 
ding under  (whence  supple) — sub,  under, 
and  plico.  to  fold.  Ply,  v.t]  To  entreat  or 
beg  humbly  for;  to  seek  by  earnest  prayer 
(to  supplicate  blessings);  to  address  in 
prayer;  to  petition  humbly  (to  supplicate 
God).— v.t.  To  petition  with  earnestness 
and  submission;  to  implore;  to  beseech. — 
Supplication,  sup-li-ka'shon,  n.  [L.  sup- 
plicatio.]  The  act  of  supplicating ;  hum- 
ble and  earnest  prayer  in  worship;  a  pe- 
tition; an  earnest  request.— Supplicator, 
sup'li-ka-ter,  n.  One  who  supplicates;  a 
supplicant.— Supplicatory,  sup'li-ka-to-ri, 
a.  Containing  supplication. — Supplicant, 
sup'li-kant,  n.  One  who  supplicates  or 
humbly  entreats ;  a  humble  petitioner;  a 
suppliant.- o.  Earnestly  entreating;  sup- 
pbant.— Supplicantly,  sup'li-kant-Ii,  adv. 
In  a  supplicant  manner. 

Supply,  sup-pli',  v.t.— supplied,  supplying. 
[Fr.  suppleer,  to  supply,  from  L.  supplere, 
to  fill  up— suo,  under,  and  pleo,  to  fill  (seen 
also  in  supplement,  accomplish,  complete, 
deplete,  expletive,  replete,  &c.).  Plenty.]  To 
furnish  with  what  is  wanted  (to  supply  a 
person  with  a  thing);  to  afford  or  furnish 
a  sufliciency  for  (to  supply  wants);  to  pro- 
vide or  furnish  (to  supply  provisions);  to 
serve  instead  of;  to  take  the  place  of.— 
n.  The  act  of  supplying;  a  quantity  sup- 
plied ;  a  stock ;  a  store ;  pi.  the  stores  or 
articles  necessary  for  an  army  or  other 
great  body  of  people;  a  grant  of  money  pro- 
vided by  a  national  assembly  to  meet  the 
expenses  of  government;  the  extent  to 
which  goods  are  produced  to  meet  the  de- 
mand.—Supplier,  sup-pli'er,  n.  One  who 
supplies. 

Support,  sup-port',  v.t.  [Fr.  supporter,  to 
support,  bear,  endure,  &c.,  from  h.  sup- 
porto,  to  convey— sw6,  under,  and  porto,  to 
carry  (as  in  export,  import,  report,  &.C.). 
Port,  to  carry.]  To  bear,  uptiold,  prop  up; 
to  keep  from  falling  or  sinking;  to  endure 
without  being  overcome ;  to  bear ;  to  un- 
dergo; to  uphold  by  aid  or  encouragement; 
to  further,  second,  aid,  assist;  to  keep  from 
sinking,  failing,  or  declining  (to  support 
the  courage);  to  represent  in  acting  on 
the  stage;  to  act  (to  support  a  part);  to  be 
able  to  supply  funds  for  or  the  means  of 
continuing ;  to  be  able  to  carry  on  or  con- 
tinue; to  maiatain  with  the  means  of  liv- 
ing ;  to  provide  for ;  to  keep  up  by  nutri- 
ment; to  sustain  (to  support  life,  to  support 
combustion);  to  make  good  or  substantiate 
(a  statement,  an  accusation);  to  second,  as 
a  propo.sal  or  motion  at  a  public  meefing. 
— n>  The  act  of  supporting;  that  which 


upholds  or  keeps  from  falling;  a  baiie, 
prop,  foundation  of  any  kind;  sustenance 
or  what  maintains  life ;  maintenance ; 
livelihood;  one  who  furnishes  another's 
livelihood ;  the  act  of  assisting,  maintain- 
ing, indicating,  <fec.;  aid;  help;  succour; 
assistance.— Supportable,  sup-por'ta-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  supported ;  that  may  be 
tolerated;  bearable;  endurable.- Support- 
ableness,  sup-por'ta-bl-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  supportable.- Supportably,  sup- 
poi^ta-bli,  adv.  In  a  supportable  manner. 
—Supporter,  sup-por'ter,  n.  One  who  sup- 
ports or  maintains ;  a  defender,  advocate, 
vindicator,  adherent;  one  who  accom- 
panies and  aids  another;  that  which  sup- 
ports or  keeps  up;  a  prop,  a  pillar,  &c.; 
her.  a  figure  on  each  side  of  a  shield  ap- 
pearing to  support  it ;  a  band  or  truss  for 
the  support  of  any  part.  —  Supportless, 
sup-port'les,  a.    Having  no  support. 

Suppose,  sup-poz',  v.t,—  supposed,  suppos- 
ing. [Fr.  supposer—sup  for  sub,  under, 
and  poser,  to  place.  Pose.']  To  lay  down 
or  regard  as  matter  of  fact  for  the  sake  of 
argument  or  illustration;  to  assume  hypo- 
thetically;  to  take  for  granted;  to  imagine; 
to  think  to  he  the  case;  to  require  to  exist 
or  be  true;  to  imply  (creation  supposes 
a  creator ).  —  v.  i.  To  make  or  form  a 
supposition ;  to  think ;  to  imagine.— Sup- 
poser,  sup-po'zer,  n.  One  who  supposes. 
—  Supposable,  sup-po'za-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  supposed  or  imagined.  —  Sup- 
posal,  sup-p5'zal,  n.'  A  supposition.  — 
Supposition,  sup-pG-zish'on,  n.  The  act 
of  supposing:  hypothesis;  what  is  assumed 
hypothetically;  an  assumption;  a  conjec- 
ture—Suppositional, sup-i)o-zish'on-al,  a. 
Based  on  supposition;  hypothetical.— Sup- 
positive,  sup-poz'i-tiv,  a.  Including  or  im- 
plying supposition.— n.  A  word  implying 
supposition,  as  if.  —  Snppositively,  sup- 
poz'i-tiv-li,  adv.  With,  by,  or  upon  sup- 
position. 

Supposititious,  sup-poz 'i-tish "us,  a.  [L. 
iupposititiua,  from  suppono,  suppositum — 
sub,  under,  and  pono,  to  place.  Position.] 
Put  by  trick  in  the  place  belonging  to 
another;  substituted  falsely;  not  genuine; 
counterfeit;  spurious.  —  Supposititiously, 
8up-poz'i-tish"us-li,  adv.  In  a  supposititi- 
ous manner ;  spuriously. — Supposititious- 
ness,  8up-poz'i-tish"us-nes,  n. 

Suppress,  sup-pres',  v.t.  [L.  supprinio, 
suppressum—sub,  underjarid  premo,  pres- 
sum,  to  press.  Press.]  To  overpower  and 
crush;  to  put  down;  to  quell;  to  destroy 
(a  revolt,  mutiny,  or  riot);  to  restrain  from 
utterance  or  vent;  to  check  or  keep  in  (to 
suppress  the  breath);  to  conceal;  not  to  tell 
or  reveal;  to  retain  without  making  pub- 
lic—Suppressible,  sup-pres'i-bl,ff..  Capable 
of  being  suppressed.  —  Suppression,  sup- 
presh'on,  n.  The  act  of  suppressing,  crush- 
ing, or  putting  down;  the  act  of  retaining 
from  utterance,vent,  or  disclosure;  conceal- 
ment; the  retaining  of  anything  from 
public  notice;  grant,  omission  or  ellipsis. 
— Suppressive,  sup-pres'iv,  a.  Tending  to 
suppress.- Suppressor,  sup-pres'er,  n.  One 
who  suppresses. 

Suppurate,  sup'pQ-rat,  v.i.—  supptirated, 
suppurating.  [L.  suppuro,  suppuratum— 
S7ib,  and  pus,  puris,  matter.  Pus.J  To 
generate  pus  or  matter;  to  have  a  gather- 
ing of  pus ;  to  fester.— Suppuration,  sup- 
pu-ra'shon,  n.  The  process  of  forming  pus, 
as  in  a  wound  or  abscess.— Suppurative, 
sup'pO-ra-tiv,  a.  Tending  to  suppurate.— 
n.  Something  that  promotes  suppuration. 

Supra-axillary,  sa-pra-ak'sil-la-ri,  a.  [Pre- 
fix supra,  above,  and  axii.}  Bot.  growing 
above  the  axil. 

Supracostal,  sQ-pra-kos'tal,  a.  [Prefix  su- 
pra, above,  and  costa,  a  rib.]  Lying  above 
or  upon  the  ribs. 

Supracretaceous.  sri'pra-kre-ta"shus,  a. 
[Prefix  supra,  above,  and  cretaceous.]  Geol. 
a  term  applied  to  certain  deposits  lying 
above  the  cretaceous  formation. 

Suprafoliaceous,  sa'pra-fd-li-a"shus,  a.  [L. 
supra, above, folium,a. leaf. ]  Bot. inserted 
in  the  stem  above  a  leaf,  petiole,  or  axil. 
—  Suprafoliar,  su-pra-fo'li-er  o.  But. 
growing  upon  a  leaf. 

Supralapsarlan,  sQ'pra-lap-8a"ri-aii,  n.  [L. 
supra,  above,  and  lapsus,  a  fall.]  One  who 


CQ.  c/iain;     cA,  Sc.  loc/t;     g,  co;     j.iob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sin^;     th,  <Aen;  tb,  tAiu;     w,  wig;     wh,M)Aig;     zh,  a?ure. 


SUPRAMUNDANE 


682 


SURPRISE 


maintains  that  God  decreed  orpreordained 
the  fall  of  man  and  all  its  cousequeaces, 
determining  to  save  some  and  condemn 
others.—  SupraJapsaxianisni,  sQ 'pra-lap- 
6a"ri-an-izm,  n.  The  doctrine  of  the  Su- 
pralapsarians. 

Supramundane,  sQ-pra-mun'dan,  a.  [L. 
stipra,  above,  mundus,  the  world.]  Being 
or  situated  above  the  world  or  above  our 
system;  celestial. 

Snpraoccipital,  3u'pra-ok-sip"i-tal,  a.  [Pre- 
fix supra,  above,  and  occiput.]  Anat.  above 
the  occii)ut. 

Scpraorbital,  Bu-pra-orT)i-tal,  o.  [Prefix 
supra,  above,  and  orbit.]  Anat.  being  above 
the  orbit  of  the  eye. 

Suprarenal,  su-pra-re'nal,  a.  [L.  supra, 
above,  and  renes,  the  kidneys.]  Anat.  situ- 
ated above  the  kidneys. 

Suprascapulary,  Suprascapular,  bu  -  pra- 
skap'u-la-ri,  su-pra-skap'u-l6r,  a.  [Prefix 
supra,  above,  and  scapula.]  Being  above 
the  scapula. 

Supraspinal,  su-pra-spi'nal,  a.  [Prefix  su- 
pra, above,  and  spine.]  Anat.  situated 
above  the  spine. 

Supreme,  sU-prem',  a.  [L.  supremus,  from 
superus,  upper,  higher,  from  super,  above. 
Super.]  Highest  in  authority;  holding 
the  highest  place  in  government  or  power; 
highest  as  to  degree;  greatest  possible;  ut- 
most; bot.  situated  at  the  highest  part  or 
point. — The  Suprerrie,  the  most  exalted  of 
beings;  the  sovereign  of  the  universe;  God. 
—Supremely,  su-prem'li,  adv.  With  the 
highest  authority;  in  the  highest  degree; 
to  the  utmost  extent.— Supremacy,  su- 
prem'a-si,  n.  The  state  or  character  of 
being  supreme;  highest  authority  or  power. 
—Papal  supremacy,  the  supreme  author- 
ity which  the  pope  formerly  exercised  over 
the  churches  of  England,  Scotland,  and 
Ireland,  and  which  still  continues  to  be 
more  or  less  recognized  in  some  countries. 
— Regal  supremacy,  the  authority  which 
the  sovereign  of  England  exercises  over 
the  Church  of  England,  as  being  its  su- 
preme head  on  earth.— OaWi  of  supremacy, 
in  Great  Britain,  an  oath  den^'ing  the 
supremacy  of  the  pope  in  ecclesiastical  or 
temporal  afiairs  in  this  realm. 

Sura,  so'ra,  n.    [Ar.]    A  chapter  of  the 

Sural,  su'ral,  n.    [L.  sura,  the  calf  of  the 
Koran, 
leg.]    Pertaining  to  the  calf  of  the  leg. 

Snrat,  so-rat',  n.  Coarse  short  cotton  grown 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Sural,  in  the 
Bombay  presidency. 

Surbase,  ser'bas,  n.  [Prefix  sur  (L.  super), 
upon,  and  base.]  Arch,  the  crowning 
moulding  or  cornice  of  a  pedestal;  a  border 
or  moulding  above  the  base.  —  Sorbased, 
sfer'bast,  a.    Arch,  having  a  surbase. 

Surbed,  s6r-bed',  v.t.  [Prefix  sur  (L.  super), 
and  bed.]  To  set  edgewise,  as  a  stone,  that 
is,  in  a  position  different  from  what  it  had 
in  the  quarry. 

Surcease,  sfer-ses',  v.i.  —  sxirceased,  surcea- 
sing. [Formerly  surcesse,  sursease,  from 
Fr.  sursis,  pp.  of  surseoir,  to  intermit  or 
leave  off,  from  prefix  sur  (L;  super),  over, 
and  seoir,  L.  sedere,  to  sit;  the  spelling 
being  influenced  by  cease.]  To  cease;  to 
leave  off;  to  refrain  finally. — n.  Cessation; 
stop.    [Poetical.] 

Surcharge,  sfer-charj',  v.t.  [Prefix  sur  (L. 
»uper),  over,  and  charge.]  To  overload;  to 
overburden ;  to  overcharge ;  law,  to  over- 
stock with  cattle. — n.  An  excessive  charge, 
load,  or  burden;  an  overcharge. 

Surcingle,  sfer'sing-gl,  n.  [O.Fr.  sursangle, 
from  sur,  L.  super,  upon,  and  ancritZitm,  a 
be_lt.]  A  belt  or  girth  fastening  a  saddle 
or'  anything  else  on  a  horse's  back ;  the 
girdle  round  a  clergi'man's  cassock. 

Surcoat,  sAr'kot,  n.  (Prefix  sur  (L.  super), 
over,  and  coat.]  An  outer  garment  for- 
merly worn  in  a  variety  of  forms;  a  loose 
sleeveless  wrapper  formerly  wo.m  over  a 
coat.of  mail  to  protect  it  from  wet. 

Surculns,  sferTtu-lus,  n.  pi.  SurcuU,  s^r*- 
ku-li.  [L.]  Bot.  any  little  branch  or  twig. 

Surd,  serd,  a.  [L.  surdus,  deaf,  not  soun- 
ding, stupid  (seen  also  in  absurd);  allied 
to  sordid,  swart.]  Phonetics,  uttered  with 
breath  and  not  with  voice;  not  sonant,  as 
t  compared  with  d,  p  with  6,  /  with  v; 
math,  not  capable  of  being  expressed  in 


rational  numbers. — n.  Phonetics,  a  non- 
sonant  consonant;  iiiath.  an  irrational 
quantity  a  quantity  that  cannot  be  ex- 
pressed in  finite  terms,  as  the  square  root 
of  2. 

Sure,  shor,  a.  [Fr.  sAr,  O.Fr.  seur,  seiir,  Pr. 
segur,  from  Tu.securus,  unconcerned,  secure 
— se,  apart,  and  cura,  care.  The  same  word 
as  secure.  Cure.]  Perfectly  confident;  cer- 
tainly knowing  and  believing;  certain; 
fully  persuaded;  certain  to'  find  or  retain 
(sxire  of  success) ;  to  be  depended  on;  un- 
failing; firm;  stable;  secure;  infallible  (a 
sure  remedy). —  To  make  s:ii.re,  to  make  cer- 
tain;to  secure  so  that  there  can  be  no  failure 
of  the  purpose  or  object. — adv.  Certainly; 
without  doubt.  [Colloq.]— Sure-footed,  a. 
Not  liable  to  stumble,  slip,or  fall.— Surely, 
shdr'li,adw.  Certainly;  undoubtedly;  firm- 
ly; securely;  verily.  —  Sureness,  shor'nes, 
w.  The  state  of  being  sure  or  certain;  cer- 
tainty.— Surety,  shor'ti,  n.  Certainty;  se- 
curity ;ground  of  security;  security  against 
loss  or  damage  or  for  payment;  law,  one 
bound  with  and  for  another  who'is  prima- 
rily liable,  and  who  is  called  the  principal; 
one  who  binds  himself  to  stand  good  for 
another;  a  bail. — Suretyship,  shor'ti-ship, 
n.  The  state  of  being  a  surety;  the  obli- 
gation of  a  person  to  stand  good  for 
another.    Written  also  Sureiiship. 

Surf,  serf,  n.  [For  old  siiffe,  the  same  as 
sough;  or  from  O.Fr.  surflot — sur,  above, 
and  Jlot,  a  wave.]  The  swell  of  the  sea 
which  breaks  upon  the  shore,  or  upon 
sandbanks  or  rocks.  —  Surfy,  sfer'fi,  a. 
Abounding  with  surf;  foamy.— Surf-boat, 
n.  A  strong  and  buoyant  boat  capable  of 
passing  with  safety  through  surf.— Surf- 
duck,  n.  A  species  of  duck  frequent  on' 
the  coasts  of  Korth  America.  Called  also 
Surf-scoter. 

Surface,  ser'fas,  n.  [Fr.  surface,  from  sur, 
upon,  and /ace,  face;  L.  super  and  fades.] 
The  exterior  part  of  anything  that  has 
length  and  breadth;  one  of  the  limits  that 
terminates  a  solid;  the  superficies;  outside; 
fig.  outward  or  external  appearance;  what 
appears  on  a  slight  .or  casual  view;  geotn. 
a  superficies;  that  which  has  length  and 
breadth  only.— .4  plane  surface  is  that  in 
■which  any  two  points  being  taken  the 
straight  line  between  them,  lies  wholly  in 
that  surface. — a.  Pertaining  to  the  sur- 
face; external;  superficial.— t).t.—s«r/oced, 
surfacing.  To  give  a  particular  surface  to; 
to  work  over  the  surface  of.  —  Surface- 
gauge,  n.  An  instrument  for  testing  the 
accuracy  of  plane  surfaces. — Surface-joint, 
n.  A  joint  uniting  the  edges  of  sheets  or 
plates.— Surfaceman,  ser'fas-man,  n.  Rail 
a  person  whose  duty  it  is  to  keep  the  per- 
manent way  in  order. — Surface-water,  n. 
Water  -which  collects  on  the  surface  of  the 
ground  from  rain  or  snow.  —  Surface- 
-working,  n.  Bigging  for  gold"  or  other 
minerals  on  the  top  soil. 

Surfeit,  ser'fit,  n.  [O.Fr.  surfait,  excess — 
sur  (L.  super),  over,  and  fait,  pp.  affaire, 
L.  facere,  to  do.  Fact.]  An  overloading 
of  the  stomach  by  excess  in  eating  and 
drinking;  a  gluttonous  meal  that  deranges 
the  stomach  and  system;  disgust  caused 
by  excess;  satiety. — v.t.  To  derange  the 
stomach  by  excess  in  eating;  to  overload 
the  stomach  of;  to  fill  to  satiety  and  dis- 
gust; to  cloy.— «.i.  To  suffer  from  a  sur- 
feit. —  Surfeiter,  s6r'fit-er,  n.  One  who 
surfeits;  a  glutton. 

Surfy.    Under  Surf. 

Surge,  serj,  n.  [O.  Fr.  surgeon,  sourgeon, 
a  spring,  a  spoijting  up,  from  L.  surgere, 
to  rise,  from  sub,  under,  and  re£7orto  direct. 
Source.]  A  large  wave  or  billow;  a  great 
rolling  swell  of  water;  a  heaving  or  swell- 
ing up;  an  undulation.  —  v.i. — surged, 
surging.  To  swell;  to  rise  high  and  roll, 
as  waves.— Surgeless,  sfeij'les,  a.  Free  from 
surges;  smooth;  calm.  —  Surgy,  s6r'ji,  a. 
Rising  in  surges;  billowy. 

Surgeon,  sfer'jun,  n.  [O.  E.  chirurgeon,  O.Fr. 
turgien,  contr.  for  chirurgien,  from  L. 
chirurgus,  Gr.  cheirourgos,  a  surgeon  — 
cheir,  the  hand,  and  ergon,  work.]  A 
medical  man  whose  profession  is  to  cure 
diseases  or  injuries  of  the  body  by  manual 
operation  or  by  medical  appliances  em- 
ployed externally  or  internally,  as  dis- 


tinguished from  a  physician.— Surgeoncy, 
ser'jun-si,  n.  The  office  of  surgeon  as  in 
the  army  or  navy.— Surgeon-dentist,  n.  A 
dental  surgeon.  —  Surgery,  ser'jer-i,  n. 
[For  surgeomry.]  The  operative  branch  of 
medicine;  that  branch  of  medical  science 
and  practice  which  involves  the  perfor- 
mance of  operations  on  the  human  subject; 
a  room  where  surgical  operations  are  per- 
formed, or  where  medicines  are  prepared. 
— Surgical,  s^r'ji-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
surgery;  done  by  means  of  surgery. 

F,urgy.     MnAer  Surge. 

Suricate,  su'ri-kat,  n.  [South  African 
name.]  A  carnivorous  animal  of  South 
Africa,  resembling  the  polecat  or  ferret, 
kept  in  houses  like  a  cat. 

Sui-loin,  ser'loin.    Sirloin. 

Surly,  s^i^li,  a.  [Old  form  sirly  or  syrly: 
probably  for  sir-like,  that  is,  magisterijQ, 
arrogant.]  Arrogant  J;  globmily  morose; 
sternly  sour;  cross  and  rude;  churlish; 
rough  or  tempestuous. —  Sui'lily,  s6r'li-li, 
adv.  In  a  surly  manner. — Surliness,  ser'- 
li-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  surly; 
gloomy  moroseness;  sour  ill-nature. 

Surmise,  s6r-miz',  n.  [O.  Pr.  surmise,  ac- 
cusation, from  surmettre,  pp.  surmis,  sur- 
mise, to  accuse,  from  prefix  sur,  L.  super, 
upon,  above,  and  mettre,  L.  m,ittere,  to 
send.  Mission.]  A  thought  or  supposi- 
tion with  little  or  nb  ground  to  go  upon; 
a  guess  or  conjecture. — v.t. — surmised,  sur- 
mising. To  guess;  to  conjecture.  —  Sur- 
miser,  ser-mi'zer,  n.  One  who  surmises. — 
Surmising,  ser-mi'zing,  n.    A  surmise. 

Surmount,  ser-mount',  v.t.  [Fr.  surmonter 
—  sur,  above,  and  monter,  to  mount. 
Mount.]  To  mount  or  rise  above;  to  con- 
quer; to  overcome;  to  surpass.— Surmoun- 
table, ser-moun'ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
i  surmounted.- Surmounter,  s6r-moun'ter, 
n.    One  who  surmounts. 

Surmullet,  ser'mul-et,  n.  [Fr.  surmulet,  for 
sormulet,  from  O.Fr.  sor,  reddish-brown, 
sorrel,  and  mulet,  a  mullet.  Sorrel, 
Mullet.]  A  name  for  a  variety  of  fishes 
allied  to  the  perch  family,  of  which  the 
red  surmullet  inhabits  the  Mediterranean, 
and  was  prized  by  the  Remains. 

Surname,  sgr'nam,  n.  [Prefix  sur  Ch.super). 
over  and  above,  arid  naitxe.]  An  additional 
name  or  appellation;  a  name  or  appellation 
added  to  the  baptismal  or  Christian  name, 
and  which  becomes  a  family  name.  —  «.(. 
To  give  a  surname  to. 

Surpass,  sfer-pas',  v.t,  [Fr.  surpasser—sur, 
over,  and  passer,  to  pass.]  To  exceed ;  to 
excel;  to  go  beyond  in  anything  good  or 
bad. — Surpassable,  s6r-pas'a-bl,a.  Capable 
of  being  surpassed.— Surpassing,  ser-pas'- 
ing,  p.  and  a.  Excellent  in  an  eminent 
degree*  exceeding  others. — Surpassingly, 
s6r-pas'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  degree  surpassing 
others. 

Surplice,  sfer'plis,  n.  [Fr.  surplis,  L. L. 
superpellicium,  from  L.  super,  over,  and 
pellicium,,  a  coat  or  tunic,  lit.  a  skin  coat, 
from p£ZKs,a  skin.  Pell.]  A-white  garment 
worn  by  priests,  deacons,  and  choristers 
in  the  Anglican  and  Roman  Catholic 
Churches  over  their  other  dress  at  religious 
services.— Snrpliced,  ser'plist,  a.  Wearing 
a  surplice.— Surplice-fee,  n.  A  fee  paid  tq 
the  clei-ey  for  occasional  duties,  as  ba. 
baptisms,  marriages,  funerals,  <S.c. 

Surplus,  sfir'plus,  n.  [Fr.  surplus,  from 
sur,  L.  super,  over  and  above,  and  plus; 
more.]  That  which  remains  when  use  or 
need  is  satisfied;  more  than  suffices;  over- 
plus: often  used  adjectively  (surplus  pop- 
ulation).—Surplusage,  st'r'plus-aj,n.  Sur- 
•plus;  soiftething  not  necessary  or  relevant 
to  any  matter. 

Surprise,  sfer-priz',  n.  [Fr.  surprise,  from 
surpris,  pp.  of  surpreridre,  to  surprise — 
prefix  sur  (L.  super),  over,  and  prendre,  li. 
prendere, preliendere,toseize.  Prize.]  The 
act  of  coming  upon  unawares,  or  of  taking 
suddenly  and  without  preparation;  an 
emotion  excited  by  something  happening 
suddenly  and  unexpectedlj';  wonder;  as- 
tonishment.—  v.t—  surprised,  surprising. 
To  fall  upon  suddenly  and  unexpectedly; 
to  attack  or  take  unawares;  to  confuse  or 
I)erplexi  to  strike  with  wonder  or  astonish- 
ment; to  astonish;  to  lead,  bring,  or  betray 
unawares.— Surprisal,  s*r-pri'zal,  n.    The 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tQbe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;  .  ti,  Sc.  abtrne- the  Fr.  u. 


SURREBUTTER 


683 


SUTURE 


act  of  surprising  or  taking  unawares;  a 
surprise.  —  Surpriser,  s6r-pii'z6r,  h.  One 
who  surprises.  —  Surprising,  ser-pri'zing, 
p.  and  a.  Exciting  surprise;  wonderful; 
extraordinary.  —  Surprisingly,  sfer-pri'- 
zing-li,  adv.  In  a  surprising  manner;  as-, 
tonishingly. 

Surrebutter,  s6r-r5-but'6r,  n.  [Prefix  siir, 
over.]  Law,  the  plaintiff's  reply  in  plead- 
ing to  a  defendant's  rebutter.— Surrejoin- 
der, ser-re-join'd6r,  n.  iaw,  the  answer  of 
a  plaintiff  to  a  defendant's  rejoinder.' 

Surrender,  ser-ren'der.r.t.  [Fr.  surrendre 
— SMr',over,and  rendre,  to  render.  Rejjder.  J 
To  yield  to  the  power  of  another;  to  give 
or  deliver  up  upon  compulsion  or  demand; 
to  resign  in  favour  of  another;  to  cease  to 
claim  or  use;  to  relinquish;  re^.  to  yield 
to  any  influence,  passion,  or  power  (to  sur- 
render one's  self  to  grief).— v.i.  To  yield;  to 
give  up  one's  self  into  the  power  of  another. 
— n.  The  act  of  surrendering;  a  yielding 
or  givingup;  the  abandonment  of  an  assur- 
ance policy  by  the  party  assured  on  receiv- 
ing a  portion  of  the  premiums  paid. 

Surreptitious,  s6r-rep-tish'us,  a.  [L.  sur- 
reptitius,  fromi  L.  surrepo.  to  creep  steal- 
thily—sm6,  under,  secretly,  and  repo,  to 
creep.  Reptile.]  Done  by  stealth  or 
without  proper  authority ;  made  or  pro- 
duced fraudulently.— Surreptitiously,  sfir- 
rep-tish'us-li,  adv.  In  an  underhand  way; 
fraudulently. 

Surrogate,  sur'ro-gat,  n.  [L.  surrogatus, 
substituted,  pp.  of  surrogo,  surrogatum,  to 
put  in  another's  place— sm6,  under,  and 
rogo,  to  ask.  Rogation.]  A  deputy,  par- 
ticularly the  deputy  of  an  ecclesiastical 
judge,  most  commonly  of  a  bishop  or  his 
chancellor.  —  Surrogateship,  sur'ro-gat- 
ship,  n.    The  office  of  surrogate. 

Surround,  s6r-round',  v.t.  fO.Fr.  suronder, 
to  overflow,  from  prefix  sur,  over,  and  L. 
vndd,  a  wave  (as  in  abound).']  To  encom- 
pass, environ,  or  inclose  on  all  sides;  to 
invest,  as  a  city;  to  lie  or  be  on  all  sides 
of;  to  form  an  inclosure  round.— Surroun- 
ding, s6r-roun'ding,  n.  An  encompassing; 
one  of  those  things  that  surround  or  en- 
viron; an  environment:  generally  in  plural 
(a  dwelling  and  its  surroundings). 

Surtax,  ser'taks,  n.  [Prefix  sur,  above,  and 
tax.\  A  tax  heightened  for  a  particyilar 
purpose;  an  extra  tax. 

Surtout,  ser-ta',  n.  [Pr.  sur-tout,  over  all 
— sur=h.  super,  over,  and  toitt^li.  toius, 
whole.]  Originally,  a  man's  coat  to  be 
worn  over  his  other  garments;  in  modern 
usage,  an  upper  coat  with  long  wide  skirts; 
a  frock-coat. 

Surturbrand,  s6r'ter-brand,  n.  [Icel.  sur- 
tarbrand—svartr,  black,  and  brand,  a  fire- 
brand.] Bituminous  wood  found  in  Ice- 
land, resembling  the  black  bog-oak. 

Surveillance,- "ser-val'yans,  re.  [Fr.,  from 
surveiller, to  watch  over,  from  sur,  h.super, 
over,  and  veiller,  L.  vigilare,  to  watch. 
Vigilant.]  Watch  kept  over  some  person 
or  thing;  oversight;  superintendence.— 
Surveillant,t  sfer-val'yant,  a.  Watching 
over  another  or  others. 

Survey,  ser-va',  v.t.  [O.Pr.  surveer,  surveoir 
—sur  (L.  super),  over,  and  veer,  veoir  (Fr. 
voir),  L.  videre,  to  see.  Vision.]  To  inspect 
or  take  a  view  of ;  to  view  as  from  a  high' 
place:  to  view  with  scrutinizing  eye;  to 
examine;  to  examine  with  reference  to 
condition,  situation,  or  value;  to  inspect 
for  a  purpose;  to  determine  the  boundaries, 
extent,  position,  natural  features,  &c.,  of, 
as  of  any  portion  of  the  earth's  surface  by 
means  of  measurements,  and  the  applica- 
tion of  geometry  and  trigonometry.— n. 
(ser'va  or  s6r-va').  A  general  view;  a  look 
at  or  over;  a  close  examination  or  insjgec- 
tion  to  ascertain  condition,  quantity, 
quality,  &c.;  the  determination  of  dimen- 
sions and  other  topographical  particulars 
of  any  part  of  the  earth's  surface;  the 
plan  or  account  drawn  up  of  such  particu- 
lars.— Ordnance  Survey.  Under  Ordnance. 
— Trigonometrical  survey.  Trigonometei- 
CAL.r— Surveying,  s6r-va'ing,  n.  The  act  of 
one  who  surveys;  the  operation  or  art  of 
making  a  survey  of-a  portion  of  the  earth's 
surface  by  means  of  measurements  and 
calculation'-'. — Land  surveying,  the  deter- 
mination of  the  area,  shape,  &c.,  of  a  tract 


.of  land,  usually  of  no  very  ^eat  extent. 
— Marine  surveying  consists  in  determin- 
ing the  forms  of  coasts,  the  positions  and 
distances  of  islands,  rocks,  shoals,  the 
depth  of  water,  nature  of  the  bottom,  &c. 
—Surveyor,  s6r-va'er,  n.  One  who  surveys; 
an  overseer;  one  that  views  and  examines 
for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  con- 
dition or  state  of  anything;  one  who  prac- 
tises the  art  of  surveying.  —  Surveyor- 
general,  n.  A  principal  surveyor;  a  chief 
government  surveyor. — SurVeyorship,  s6r- 
va'6r-ship,  re.  The  oflBce  of  a  surveyor. 

Survive,  ser-viv',  v.t—  survived,  surviving. 
lFr.survivre,trQm'L.supervivo — super.ovei, 
beyond,  and  vivo,  victum,  to  live.  Vital, 
Vivacious.]  To  outlive;  to  live  beyond  the 
life  of;  to  live  longer  than;  to  live  beyond 
(to  survive  one's  usefulness).— i>.i.  To  re- 
main aJive;  to  live  after  the  death  of  an- 
other or  after  anything  else.  —  Survival, 
ser-vi'val,  re.  The  act  of  surviving;  a  living 
beyond  the  life  of  another  person,  or' 
beyond  any  eventj  any  habit,  usage,  or 
belief  remaining  from  ancient  times  and 
existing  merely  from  cnatora.^  Survival 
o/ithe  fittest,  the  principle  in  natural  selec- 
tion that  the  animals  and  plants  best 
suited  to  their  surroundings  survive,  while 
the  others  die  out.  Selection.— Survi'ving, 
s6r-vi'ving,  p.  and  a.  Remaining  alive;  yet 
living.— Survivor,  sSr-vi'ver,  re.  One  who 
lives  after  the  death  of  another,  or  after 
some  event  or  time;  law,  the  longer  liver 
of  two  persons  who  have  a  joint  interest  in 
anything.  —  Survivorshp,  s6r-vi'v6r-ship, 
n.    The  state  efbeing  a  survivor. 

Susceptible,  sus-sep'ti-bl,  a.  [Fr. .  suscep- 
tible, from  L.  suscipio,  susceptum—sus  for 
sub,  under,  and  capio,  to  take.  Capable.] 
Capable  of  being  acted  on  or  affected  in 
any  way;  admitting  any  change  {suscep-. 
able  of  pain,  ef  alteration);  capable  of 
emotional  impressiori;  readily  impressed; 
impressible;  sensitive.— Susceptibly,  sus- 
sep'tiJbli,  adv.  In  a  susceptible  manner. 
—Susceptibility,  Susceptibleness,  sus-sep'- 
ti-bil"i-ti,  sus-sep'ti-bl-nes,  re.  The  state  or 
quality,  of  being  susceptible;  sensitiveness; 
capacity  for  feeling  or  emotional  excite- 
ment; sensibility.— Susceptive,  sus-sep'tiv, 

.  a.  Readily  admitting  or  being  affected 
by  influence ;  susceptible.  —  Susceptive- 
ness,  Susceptivity,  sus-sep'tiv-nes,  sus-sep- 
tiv'i-ti,  re.  Susceptibility.  —  Suscipient, 
sus-sip'i-ent,  re.  One  who  receives  or  ad- 
mits. 

Suslik,  siis'lik,  re.  [Rus.]  A  pretty  little 
animal  of  the  marmot  kind  found  in 
Eastern  Europe  and  Western  Asia. 

Suspect,  sus-pekt',  v.t.  [i<.  suspicio,  suspec- 
tum—sus  for  sub,  under,  and  specio,  to 
look.  Species.]  To  have  a  vague  belief  or 
fear  of  the  existence  of;  to  imagine  as  pro- 
bably existing  (to  suspect  danger);  tomis- 
trust;  to  imagine  to  be  guilty,  but  upon 
slight  evidence  or  without  proof;  to  hold 
to  be  uncertain;  to  doubt.— re.  A  suspected 
person;  one  suspected  of  a  crime,  offence, 
or  the  like.  —  Suspectedness,  sus-pek'ted- 
nes,  re.  State  of  being  suspected.— Suspec- 
ter,  s!j«-pek'ter,  re.  One  who  suspects. — 
Suspectlesg,  sus-pekt'les,  a.  Not  suspec- 
ting; unsuspicious;  not  suspected  or  mis- 
trusted. —  Suspicion,  sus-pish'on,  re.  [L. 
suspicio,  stispicionis.]  The  act  of  suspec- 
ting; the  feeling  of  one  who  suspects;  the 
thought  that  there  is  probably  something 
wrong ;  a  notion  that  something  is  so  or 
so.— Suspicious,  sus-pish'us,  a.  [L.  suspi- 
ciosus.]  Inclined  to  suspect;  ready  to  en- 
tertain or  entertainingsuspicion;  distrust- 
ful (suspicious  of  a.  person  or  his  motives); 
indicating^or  exhibiting  suspicion;  adap- 
ted to  raise  suspicion  {suspicious  circum- 
stances).— Suspiciously,  sus-pish'us-li,ady. 
In  a  suspicious  manner;  so  as  to  excite 
suspicion.  —  Suspiciousness,  sus-pish'us- 
nes,  re.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  sus- 
picious. 

Suspend,  sus-pend',  v.t.  [L.  suspendo—sus 
for  sub,  under,  and  pendo,  to  hang.  Pen- 
dant.] To  cause  to  hang;  to  hang  up;  to 
cause  to  cease  for  a  time;  to  interrupt  tem- 
porarily; to  stay;  to  hold  in  a  state  undeter- 
mined (to  suspend  one's  choice) ;  to  debar 
for  a  time  from  any  privilege ;  to  remove 
temporarily  from  an  office;  to  cause  to 


cease  for  a  time  from  operation  or  effect.— 
To  »uspend  payment,  to  formally  stop  pay- 
ing debts  from  being  insolvent.  —  Suspen- 
ded animation,  a  temporary  cessation  of 

■  animation,  especially  from  asphyxia.— w.i. 
.  To  cease  from  operation;  to  stop  payment 
or  be  unable  to  meet  one's  engagements. 
—Suspender,  sus-i)en'der,  w.  One  that  sus- 
pends; one  01  a  pair  of  braces  for  the  trou- 
sers.— Suspense,  sus-pens',  re.  \Ii.suspensu8, 
suspended.]  The  state  of  having  the  mind 
or  thoughts  uncertain;  uncertainty,  with 
more  or  less  apprehension  or  anxiety;  in- 
determination;  indecision ;  law,  a  tempo- 
rary cessation.— Suspensible,  sus-pen'si-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  suspended.— Suspen- 
sion, susTpen'shon,re.  [li.suspensio,  suspen- 
sionis.]  The  act  of  suspending  or  hanging 
up;  the  act  of  delaying,  interrupting,  or 
stopping  for  a  time;  a  cessation  of  opera- 
tion; a  stoppa,ge;  temporary  abeyance;  the 
state  of  being  in  the  form  of  particles  float- 
ing undissolved  in  a  fluid.  —  Suspension- 
bridge.  Chain  -  BRJiiGE.  —  Suspension  of 
arms,  a  short  truce  or  cessation  of  opera- 
tions during  a  war. — Suspensive,  sus-pen'- 
siv,  a.  In  suspense;  uncertain;  doubtful. — 
Suspensor,sus-pen'sor,n.  Something  which 
suspends;  bot.  the  cord  by  which  the  em- 
bryo of  some  plants  is  suspended  from  the 
opening  of  the  seed.  —  Suspensory,  sus- 
pen'so-ri,  a.  Serving  to  suspend;  suspen- 
ding. 

Suspicion,  Suspicious,  &c.   Under  Suspect. 

Suspire,  sus-pir',  v.i.  [L.  suspiro,  to  sigh— 
.SMS  for  sub,  and  spiro,  to  breathe.  Spirit.] 
To  fetch  a  long,  deep  breath ;  to  sigh. 
IShak.]  —  Suspiration,  sus-pi-ra'shon,  re. 
A  sigh. 

Sustain,  sus-tan',  v.t.  [O.Pr.  sustenir,  sos- 
tenir  (Fr.  soutenir),  from  L.  sustinere—sus 
for  sub,  under,  and  teneo,  to  hold  (as  in 
contain,  retain,  &c.).  Tenant.]  To  rest 
unTler  and  bear  up;'  to  supjijort;  to  hold 
suspended;  to  keep  from  sinking  in  de- 
spondence; to  keep  alive;  to  furnish  sus- 
tenance for;  to  nourish;  to  aid  effectually; 
to  keep  from  ruin;  to  endure  without  fail- 
ing oryielding;  to  bearup  against;  to  suffer; 
to  undergo;  to  allow  (an  action)  to  proceed 
before  a  court;  to  hold  valid  in  law;  to  estab- 
lish by  evidence;  to  confirm  or  corroborate. 
— Sustainable,  sus-ta'na-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  sustained. — Sustained,  sus-tand',  p. 
and  a.  Kept  up  to  one  pitch  or  level, 
especially  a  high  pitch.— Sustainer,  sus- 
ta'ner,  re.  One  who  or  that  which  sustains. 
— Sustainment,  sus-tan'ment,  re.  The  act 
of  sustaining.— Sustenance,  sus'ten-ans,  re. 
[O.Fr.  sustenance.']  The  act  of  sustaining; 
maintenance;  subsistence;  that  which 
supports  life;  food;  provisions.— Sustenta- 
tion,  sus-ten-ta'shon,  n.  [L.  sustentatio, 
from  sustento,  intens.of  sustineo.]  Support; 
sustenance;  support'of  life. — Sustentation 
fund,  a  central  fund  belonging  to  the  Free 
Church  of  Scotland,  from  which  each  cler- 
gyman is  paid  an  equal  sum  annually; 

Susurrus,  sQ-sur'rus,  re.  [L.]  A  soft,  hum- 
ming, murmuring  sound;  a  whisper. — 
Susurrant,  su-sur'ant,  a.  [L.  Susun-o,  to 
hum.]  Whispering;  susurrous.  — ^usur- 
rous,  su-sur'rus,  a.   Whispering;  rustling. 

Sutile,  su'til,  a.  [L.  sutilis,  from  suo,  «u- 
tum,  to  sew  (whence  also  suture).  Sew.] 
Done  by  stitching. 

Sutler,  sut'ler,  re.  [O.D.  soeteler,  D.  zoete- 
laar,  a  sutler,  from  soetelen,  to  perform 
menial  offices  or  dirty  work;  allied  to  G. 
sudeln,  to  dabble,  to  do  dirty  work,  and  to 
E.  suds,  seethe.]  A  person  who  follows  an 
army  and  sells  to  the  troops  provisions, 
liquors,  or  the  like.— Sutling,  sut'Iing,  re. 
The  occupation  of  a  sutler. 

Suttee,  sut-te',  re.  [Skr.saW,  from  sat,  good, 
pure;  properly  ,a  chaste  and  virtuouswife.l 
A  Hindu  widow  who  immolates  herself 
on  the  funeral  pile  of  her  husband;  the  vo- 
luntary self-immol'ation  by  fire  of  a  Hindu 
widow.  —  Sutteeism,  sutte'izm,  re.  The 
practice  of  self-immolation  among  Hindu 
widows. 
'Suture,  sQ'tur,  n.  [L.  sutura,  from  suo,  to 
sew.  Sutile.]  The  act  of  sewing;  a  seam; 
the  line  along  which  two  thing.s  or  parts 
are  joined;  surg.  the  uniting  of  the  lips  or 
edges  of  a  wound  by  stitching ;  anat.  one 
of  the  seams  uniting  the  bones  of  the  skull; 


ch,  c/iain;     ch,  Be.  loch;     g,go;     j,/ob;     n,  Fr!  tore;     ng,  sirep;     th,  t/ien;  th,  «Wn;     w,  «dg;     wh,  w/iig;     zh,  asure. 


SUZERAIN 


684 


SWEDENBORGIAW 


lot.  the  seam  of  adehiscent  pericarp  where 
the  valves  unite.  —  Butured,  sQ'turd,  a. 
Having  sutures;  united.— Satnral,  sa'tu- 
ral,  a.  Relating  to  a  suture;  bot.  taking 
place  at  a  suture. 

Suzerain,  so'ze-ran,  n.  [Fr.  siLzerain,  from 
prefix  SU3,  L.  sursunt,  above,  over,  on  type 
of  souveraiUj  from  L.«Mper,  above. j  A  feu- 
dal lord  or  baron;  a  lord  paramount. — 
Suzerainty,  sa'ze-ran-ti,  n.  I'he  office  or 
dignity  of  a  suzerain;  paramount  authority 
or  command. 

Swab,  swob,  n.  [Same  as  Sw.  gtcdb,  a  mop; 
akin  to  D.  swabber,  G.  schwabber,  Dan. 
svabre,  a  mop;  comp.  Prov.  E.  swab,  G. 
eckwabbeln,  to  splash;  allied  to  sweep.^  A 
mop  for  cleaning  floors,  ships'  decks,  and 
the  like;  a  cleaner  or  sponge  for  the  bore 
of  a  cannon;  a  term  applied  oy  sailors  to  an 
awkward,  clumsy  tello-w.^o.t.— swabbed, 
swabbing.  To  clean  with  a  swab  ormop. — 
Swabber,  swob'^,  n.  Aj).  inferior  officer 
in  a  warship  grhose  business  is  to  see  that 
the  ship  is  kept  clean. 

Swaddle,  swod'l,  v.t.—stoaddled,  swaddling. 
[From  A.  Sax.  swoethil,  swethel,  a  swad- 
dling -  band ;  same  origin  as  swathe. 
.  SwATHE.J  To  bind  as 'with  a  bandage;  to 
swathe:,  used  generally  of  infants. — n.  A 
cloth  band  round  the  body  of  an  infant. — 
Swaddlisg-band,  Bwaddling-cloth,  n.  A 
band  or  cloth  wrapped  round  an  infarvt. 

Swag,  swag,  v.i.  [A  form  of  sivay;  hence 
swagger.]  To  move,  as  somethinjt  heavy 
and  pendent;  to  sway.  — ;  Swag-bellied,  a. 
Having  a  prominent  overhanging  beUy. 
[Shak.] 

Swage,  B\#5j,  n.  [Fr.  svage,  a  tool  of  simi- 
lar character}  from  suer.  to  sweat.]  A  tool 
used  by  blacksmiths,  Sc.,~for  stamping 
or  moulding  heated  metal  into  a  required 
form. — v.t.  To  shape  by  means  of  a  swage. 

Swagger,  swag^ferj  v.i.  ■  [A  freq.  from  swag; 
comp.  Swiss  sckwaggeln,  to  stroll  about.l 
To  boast  noisily;  to  bluster;  to  hector;  to 
strut  with  a  defiant  or  insolent  nil.— v.t. 
To  influence  by  blustering  or  threats ;  to 
bully. — n.  A  piece  of  bluster;  bravado  or 
insolence  in  manner;  an  insolent  strut. — 
Swaggerer,  swag'6r-6r,  n.  pne  who  swag- 
gers; a  blusterer;  a  bxilly.  —  Swaggering, 
Bwag'er-ing,  p.  ai^d  a.  Given  to  swagger;, 
charicterized  by  an  insolent  strut;- dIus- 
tering. 

Swain,  swfin,  n.  [Same  as  Icel.  sveinn,  a 
youth,  a  servant;  O.  Sax.  swSn,  Sw.  sven, 
Dan.  svend,  A.  Sax.  swdn.]  A  young  man 
dwelling  in  the  country;  a  peasant  or  rus- 
tic; a  country  gallant:  a  lover. 

Swale,  swal.    Same  as  Sweal.  ' 

Swallow,  swol'o,  n.  [A.  Sax.  swalewe, 
swealtee='D.  zwaltiw,  Icel.  and  Sw.  svala, 
Dan.  svale,  G.  schwalbe,  a  swallow.]  A 
name  of  certain  insessorial  birds  remar- 
kable for  their  extreme  length  of  wing  and 
velocity  of  flight,  living  on  insects  which 
they  catch  in  the  air,  and  in  temperate 
climates  coming  in  spring  and  departing 
when  summer  is  over.— Swallow-tail,  n.  A 
plant,  a  species  of  willow;  a  swallow-tailed 
coat.— Swallow-tailed,  a.  Of  the  form  of  a 
swallow's  tail;  having  tapering  or  pointed 
skirts  (a  swalJow-tailed  coat).  —  Swallow- 
wort,  n.    The  common  celandine. 

Swallow,  swol'o,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  swelgan,  to 
swallow  (pret.  swealg,vp.  siDolgen)=Ii.Ot. 
swalgen,  h.'zwelgen,  Dan.  svolge,  Icel. 
svelgja,  G.  schwelgen,  to  swallow.)  To  re- 
ceive through  the  gullet  into  the  stomach; 
to  draw  into  an  abyss  or  gulf ;  to  ingulf; 
to  absorb;  to  take  into  the  mind  readily; 
to  receive  or  embrace,  as  opinions;  to  drink 
in;.to  occupy  or  take  up  (to  swallcno  time); 
to  exhaust  or  consume;  to  put  up  with;  to 
bear  or  take  patiently  (to  swallow  an  af- 
front).— n.  Capacity  for  swallowing;  vo- 
racitv.— Swallower,  swol'o-er,  n.  One  who 
swallows. 

Swam,  swam,  pret.  of  swim. 

Swamp,  swomp,  n.  [Closely  akin  to  sump, 
a  pond,  and  to  A.  Sax.  swamm,  Dan.  and 
Sw.  svamp,  Icel.  svOppr,  G.  schwamm,  a 
sponge;  from  roo't  of  swim.]  A  piece  of 
spongy  land,  or  low  ground  saturated  with 
water;  a  bog,  fen,  marsh',  or  morass. — v.t. 
To  plunge  or  sink  in  a  swamp,  or  as  in  a 
swamp;  to  plunge  into  inextricable  diffi- 
culties; iiaiu.  to  overset,  sink,  or  cause 


to  become  filled,  as  a  boat  in  water;  to 
whelm. — Swamp-oak,  »i.  An  oak  common 
on  low  ground  in  Canada  and  the  United 
states.  —  Swamp -ore,  n.  Bog  iron -ore. 
—  Swampy,  swom'pi,  a.  Consisting  of' 
swamp;  low,  wet,  and  spongy. 

Swan,  swon.n.  [A.Sax.  swan=i).ewaan,  Icel. 
svanr,  Sw.  svan,  Dan.  wane,  G.  schwan; 
probably  from  same  root  as  Skr.  svan,  L. 
sono,  to  sound.]  A  long-necked  web-footed 
bird  of  several  species,  frequenting  rivers 
and  ponds  of  fresh  water,  of  great  size, 
very  grajjeful  in  the  water,  and  gener- 
ally having  plumage  of  snowy  whiteness, 
though  a  black  species  exists  in  Australia. 
— Swanherd,  swonTiferd,  n.  One  who  tends 
swans.- Swan-mark,  n.  A,  mark  made  on 
a  swan's  beak  to  indicate  the  ownership. 
—Swan-neck,  n.  The  end  of  a  pipe  curved 
or  arched  like  the  neck  of  a  swan.— Swan- 
nery, swon'er-i,  n.  A  place  where  swans 
are  bred  and  reared.— Swansdown,  swonz'- 
doun,  71.  >The  dotvn  of  the  swan;  a  fine, 
soft,  thick  woollen  cloth;  also,  a  thick 
cotton  cloth  with  a  soft  nap  on  one  side. 
— Swan-^ot, ».  A  large  kind  of  shot  used 
for  swan-shooting.— Swanskin,  swon'skin, 
n.  The  skin  of  a  swan;  a  kind  of  fine 
twilled  flaimel. 

Swai),  swop,  v.t.— swapped,  swapping.  [Al- 
lied to  sweep  and  swoop;  comp.  G.  schwap- 
pen,  to  strike,  to  swap ;  comp.  to  sttike  a 
bargain.]  To  strike  wit  h  a  sweeping  strokej; 
to  knock  down;  to  swop;  to  barter,  to  ex- 
change.— n.  A  blow ;  an  exchange  or  bar- 
ter. 

Swape,  swap,  n.  [Collateral  form  of  sweep, 
swipe.]  A  bucket  hung  to  the  end  of  a 
counterpoised  lever  for  raising  water  from 
a  well;  a  siveep  or  swipe;  a,  long  oar. 

Sward,  sward,  n.  [A.  Sax.  sweard,  D. 
zwoord,  Dai.  svcer,  Icel.  svordr,  G.gchwarte, 
aU  signifying  the  skin  or  rind  of  bacon, 
hence  sward.j  The  grassy  surface  of  land; 
turf ;  green-sward.  —  v.t.  To  cover  with 
sward.  —  Swarded,  swar'ded,  a.  Covered 
with  sward.- Swardy,  swgr'di,  a.  Covered 
with  sward  or  grass.' 

Sware,  swar,  old  pret.  of  swear. 

Swarm,  swarm,  n.  [A.Sax.  strearm, swarm, 
=Icel.  svarmr,  Dan.  svcerm^  G.  schwarm; 
from  a  root  meaning  to  hum  or  buzz,  seen 
in  L.  susw~rus,  a  whisper;  Skr.  svar,  to 
sound.  Swear.]  A  large  number  or  body 
of  insects;  the  cluster  of  honey-bees  which 
emigrate  from  a  hive  at  once  and  seek 
new  lodgings;  any  great  number  or  multi- 
tude ;  a  multitude  of  people  in  motion.— 
v.i.  To  depart  from  a  hive  in  a  swarm ;  to 
give  out  a  swarm  of  bees;  to  throng  in 
multitudes;  to  crowd;  to  be  crowded  or 
thronged  with  a  multitude;  to  abound. 

Swarm,  swarm,  v.  i.  [  Perhaps  akin  to 
swerve  or  to  squirm.]  To  climb  a  tree, 
pole,  or  the  like  by  embracing  it  with  the 
arms  and  legs,  and  scrambling;  to  shin. 

Swart,  Swarth,  swart,  ewjirth,  a.  [A.  Sax. 
sweart  =  Goth,  svarts,  L.G.  swart,  IceL 
svartr,  G.  schwarz,  D.  zwart,  black,  dark ; 
same  root  as  L.  sordidtis,  sordid,  filthy.] 
Being  of  a  dark  hue;  moderately  black; 
swarthy:  said  esjiecially  of  the  skin. — v.t. 
To  make  tawny.  —  Swarthy,  swjir'thi,  a. 
Being  of  a  dark  hue  or  duslqr  complexion; 
tawny  or  black.  —  Swarthlly,  swar'thi-li, 
adv.  With  a  swarthy  hue.— Swaithiness, 
swar'thi-nes.n.  The^state  of  being  swarthy; 
a  dusky  or  dark  complexion.— Swartness, 
Swarthness,  swart'nes,  swarth'nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  swart  or  swarthy. 

Swash,  swosh,  n.  [Probably  from  sound  of 
splashing  water;  comp.  Sw.  swassa,  to 
bluster,  to  swagger;  akin  gwish.]  A  dash- 
ing or  splash  of  water;  liquid  refuse  or 
filth.— r.t.  To  splash  water;  to  bluster;  to 
make  a  show  of  valour ;  to  dash  or  strike. 
— Swa^-buckler,  n.  A  daggering  fellow; 
a  bravo;  a  bully.— Swasher,  swosh't^r,  n. 
A  braggart;  a  bully.— Swashing,  swosh'- 
ing,  p.  and  a.  Like  a  swasher;  swagger- 
ing; striking  with  great  force;  crushing. 

Swath,  Bwoth,  n,  [A.  Sax.  swaViu,  swceth, 
a  track,  path,  swath;  D.  zwaad,  zwade,  G. 
schwaxlen,  a  swath;  akin  to  s\eaddle.\  A 
band  or  bandage!;  a  line  of  grass  or  corn 
cut  and  lying;  the  reach  or  sweep  of  a 
scythe.  —  Swathe,  swaTH,  v.t.  — swathed, 
swathing.  [Icel.  svatha,  to  swathe;  A.  Sax. 


swethian,  to  bind.]  To  bind  with  a  band  or 
bandage;  to  tie  up  in  bundles  or  sheaves; 
to  bifid  or  wind  about ;  to  wrap.  —  n.  A 
bandage. — Swathing-clothes,  n.pt.  Swad- 
dling-clothes. 

Sway,  swa,  v.L  [Same  as  Icel.  sveggja,  to 
make  to  sway,  sveigja,  to  swerve;  Dan. 
svaie,  D.  zwaaijen,  to  swing ;  akin  swing, 
swag.]  To  swing  backwards  and  forwards; 
to  be  drawn  to  one  side  by  weight ;  to  in- 
cline ot  hang ;  to  move  or  advance  to  one 
side;  to  have  the  judgment  or  feelings 
inclining  one  way ;  to  have  weight  or  in- 
fluence ;  to  bear  rule ;  to  govern.— u.t.  To 
move  backwards  and  forwards;  to  wield 
with  the  hand  (a  sceptre);  t«  bias;  to  cause 
to  incline  to  one  side;  to  prejudice;  to 
rule ;  to  influence,  govern,  or  direct. — n. 
A  swing  or  sweep;  power  exerted  in  go- 
verning; rule;  influence;  weight  or  author- 
ity that  inclines  to  one  side. 

Sweal,  swel,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  swilan,  to  bum 
slowly,  from  sw6l,  heat;  L.G.  nwelen,  G. 
schwelen,  to  bum  slowly.]  To  blaze  away; 
to  gutter  as  a  candle.— ti.t.  To  singe. 

Swear,  sw&r,  v.i.  —  pret.  swore  ( formerly 
sware),  pp.  sworn.  [A.  Sax.  swerian,  to 
swear;  same  as  the  sweroi  answer;  D.  zwer- 
en,  G.  schworen,  Goth,  svaran,  Icel.  sverja, 
Sw.  swdrja,  Dan.  8t>&rge,  to  swear;  same 
root  as  in  swarm.]  To  utter  a  solemn 
declaration,  with  an  appeal  to  God  for  the 
truth  of  what  is  affirmed ;  to  declare  or 
affirm  in  a  solemn  manner:  to  promise 
upon  oath;  to  give  evidence  on  oath;  to  use 
profane  language;  to  utter  profane  oaths. 
— To  swear  by,  to  treat  as  an  infallible  au- 
thority.—  v.t.  To  affirm  with  an  appeal 
to  God;  to  utter  on  oath;  to  promise  sol- 
emnly; to  vow;  to  put  to  an  oath;  to  bind 
by  an  oath;  to  utter  in  a  profane  manner. 
— Swearer,  swar^r,  n.  One  who  swears. — 
Sworn,  sworn,  pp.  Bound  by  oath.— 
Sworn  brothers,  companions  in  arms  bound 
together  by  an  oath;  very  close  intimates. 
— Strom  enemies,  enemies  who  have  taken 
an  oath  or  vow  of  mutual  hatred ;  hence, 
determined  or  irreconcilable  enemies. — 
Sworn  friends,  friends  bound  to  be  true  to 
each  other  by  oath ;  hence,  close  or  firm 
friends. 

Sweat,  swet,  n.  [A.  Sax.  stt>aetan,  to  sweat, 
from  sxvdt,  sweat=Icel.  sveiti,  Sw.  svett, 
Dan.  sved,  L.G.  sioeet,  D.  zweet,  G.  schweiss, 
sweat;  from  same  root  as  L.  sudor,  sweat; 
Skr.  svedas,  sweat.]  The  'moisture  which 
comes  out  upon  the  s^in  of  an  animal; 
perspiration;  the  state  of  one  who  sweats; 
moisture  exuded  from  any  substance. — 
v.i. — pret.  and  pp.  stceat  or  sweated.  To 
have  sweat  exuding  from  the  skin;  to 
perspire;  to  toil;  to  drudge ;  to  emit  mois- 
ture, as  green  plants  in  a  heap.— u.t.  To 
cause  to  give  out  sweat ;  to  emit  from  the 
pores;  to  exude. — to  sweat  coins,  more  es- 
Iiecially  gold  coins,  to  shake  a  number  of 
them  together  in  a  bag,  so  that  a  portion 
of  the  metal  is  worn  ofl\  being  then  fraudu- 
lently appropriated.— Sweater,  swet'^r,  n. 
One  who  sweats;  a  grinding  employer. — 
Sweatily,  swet'i-li,  adv.  In  a  sweaty  man- 
ner.—Sweatlness,  swet'i-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  sweatyi— Sweating-bath,  n.  A 
bath  for  putting  a  person  in  a  sweat. — 
Sweating-room,  n.  A  room  for  sweating 
persons;  a  room  in  which  cheese  is  allowed 
to  dry.  —  Sweating-sickness,  n.  An  epi- 
demic which  made  its  appearance  in  Eng- 
land and  on  the  Continent  in  the  fifteenth 
and  sixteenth  cen.turies,  characterized  by 
profuse  sweating,  and  frequently  fatal  iu 
a  few  hours.— Sjpeating-system,  n.  The 
practice  of  employing  poor  people  to  make 
tip  clothes  in  their  own  houses  .at  vei^^ 
low  wages.— Sweaty,  swet'i,  a.  Moist  with 
sweat;  having  the  character  of  sweat; 
consisting  of  sweat. 

Swede,  swed,  n.  A  native  of  Sweden;  a 
Swedish  turnip.  —  Swedish,  swS'dish,  a. 
Pertaining  to  Sweden  or  its  inhabitants. 
— Swedish  tvmip,  a  hard  sort  of  turnip, 
known  by  its  glaucous  leaves  and  some- 
what elongated  bulb.— m.  The  language  of 
the  Swedes. 

Swedenborgian,  sw6-den-bor'ji-an,  a.  Re- 
lating  to  Emanuel  Swedenborg,  or  to  the 
doctrines  taught  by  him.  —  n.  One  who 
holds  the  religious  doctrines  taught  by 


Fate;  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  hir;     pine,  pin;     nGte,  not,  mcire;     taljc,  tub,  bijU ;     oil,  pound;     tt,  Sc  abwae— the  Fr.  «. 


SWEEP 


685 


SWING 


Emanuel  Swederiborg,  a  Swedish,  noble- 
man, born  at  Stockholm  in  1689,  who  be- 
lieved himself  to  have  a  divine  revelation 
ta  found  the  New  Jerusalem-  Church 
spoken  of  in  the  Apocalypse.  —  Sweden- 
borgianlsm,  swe-den-bor'ji-an-izm,  n.  The 
doctrines  of  the  Swedenborgians. 

Sweep,  swgp,  v.t.  —  pret.  and  pp.  swept. 
[From  A.  Sax.  swdpan,  to  sweep  (pret. 
sweip,  pp.  SM)dpen)=icel.  sdpa,  also  sveipa, 
Qoth.  sueipan,  d.  schweifen:  Swoop.]  To 
rub  over  with  a  broom  or -besom,  for  re- 
moving loose  dirt ;  to  clean  by  brushing ; 
to  remove  or  strike  by  a  brushing  stroke ; 
to  carry  along  or  off  (the  wind  sweeps  the 
enow,  a  river  sweeps  away  a  dam);  to  de- 
stroy or  carry  off  at  a  blow;  to  rub  or 
trail  over  (to  sweep  the  ground);  to  pass 
over  so  as  to  clear  (to  siceep  the  seas  of 
ships);  to  move  swiftly  over  or  along;  to 
carry  the  eye  over;  to  draw  or  drag  some- 
thing over.— v.i.  To  pass  or  flow  with 
swiftness  and  violence;  to  pass  or  Ibrush 
along  with  celerity;  to  pas's  with  pomp ; 
to  take  in  a  view  with  progressive  rapidity; 
to  range,  —n.  The  act  of  sweeping;  the 
reach  or  range  of  a  continued  motion  or 
stroke ;  the  compass  or  reach  of  anything 
flowing  or  brushing  along ;  the  direction 
or  turn  of  a  curve,  as  of  a  road ;  compass 
or  extent  of  excursion;  range;  a  rapid  sur- 
vey with  the  eye ;  n<mt.  a  large  oar  used 
in  small  vessels  to  aid  their  progress ;  one 
who  sweeps  chimneys.— Sweeper,  swe'p6r, 
n.  One  who  sweeps.— Sweeping,  swe'ping, 
p.  and  a.  Including  many  individuals  or 
particulars  in  a  single  act  or  assertion; 
wide  and'  comprehensive-  ( a  sweeping 
charge). — h.pl.  Things  collected  by  sweep- 
ing; rubbish.  —  Sweopingly,  swe'ping-li, 
adv.  In  a  sweeping  manner.— Sweeping- 
ness,  swe'ping-nes,  n.  —  Sweep-net,  n.  A 
large  net  for  drawing  over  a  wide  com- 
pass.—Sweepstake,  swep'stak,  n.  A  gam- 
ing transaction  in  which  a  number  of 
persons  join  in  contributing  a  certain 
stake,  which  becomes  the  property  of  one 
or  of  several  of  the  contributors  under 
certain  conditions;  a  prize  made  up  of 
several  stakes.  Also  called  a  sweepstakes. 
— Sweepy,  swS'pi,  a.  Moving  in  sweeps ; 
sweeping. 

Sweet,  swet,  a.  [A.  Sax.  sto^te=D.  zoet,  G. 
siiss,  Ic^h.soetr,  sdtr,  Goth,  sutis;  same  root 
as  L.  suavis  (for  svadvis),  whence  swive; 
Skr.  svAdus,  sweet,  svad,  to  taste.]  Having 
a  pleasant  taste  or  flavour  like  that  of 
sugar  or  honey:  opposed  to  bitter;  pleasing 
to  the  smell;  fragrant;  pleasing  to  the  ear; 
soft;  melodious;  pleasing  to  the  eye;  beau- 
tiful; tdeasing  or  grateful  'to  the  mind; 
inild;gentle;kind;obliging;bland;notsalt 
or  salted;  not  stale;  not  sour;  not  putrescent. 
— Sweet  herbs,  fragrant  herbs  cultivated  for 
culinary  purposes. — A  sweet  tooth,  a  great 
liking  for  sweet  things  or  sweetmeats. 
— n.  pi.  Sweet  things;  sweetmeats ;  things 
that  please  (the  sweets  of  domestic  Ufe). — 
Sweet-bay,  n.  A  fragrant  species  of  lau- 
rel.—Sweet-bread,  n.  The  pancreas  of  an 
animal  used  as  food.— Sweet-brier,  Sweet- 
briar,  n.  A  species  of  wild  rose  remar- 
kable for  the  sweet  smell  of  its  leaves. — 
Sweeten,  swe'tn,  v.t.  To  make  sweet  to  the 
taste;  to  make  pleasing  or  grateful  to  the 
mind;  to  make  mild  or  kind;  to  increase 
the  agreeable  qualities  of;  to  make  pure 
and  wholesome;  to  make  mellow  and  fer- 
tile; to  restore  to  purity. — v.i.  To  become 
sweet. — Sweetener,  swC'tn-er,  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  sweetens.  —  Sweetening, 
Bwe'tn-ing,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  sweetens; 
that  which  sweetens.  —  Sweet -flag,  n. 
SwEET-RusH.  —  Sweet-gale,  n.  The  plant 
gale.  —  Sweetheart,  swet'hart,  n.  {From 
Sweet  and  hearfi  A  lover,  male  or  female. 
— v.t.  To  act  the  part  of  a  male  lover  to; 
to  pay  court  to.— Sweeting,  swe'ting,  n. 
A  sweet  apple;  a  term  of  endearment. — 
Sweetish,  swe'tish,  a.  Somewhat  sweet. — 
Sweetly,, swet'li,  adv.  In  a  sweet  manner; 
agreeably;  harmoniously.  —  Sweet -mar- 
joram, n.  Marjoram.- Sweetmeat,  sw5t'- 
met,  n.  An  article  of  confectioner}'  made 
■wholly  or  principally  of  sugar;  fruit  pre- 
served with  sugar.- Sweetness,  swgt'nes, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  sweet;  fragrance; 
agi-eeableness  to  the  ear;  melody;  gentle- 


ness; mildness;  obliging  civility.— Sweet- 
oil,  n.  Olive-oil.— Sweet-pea,  n.  An  an- 
nual much  cultivated  in  gardens  for  its 
showy  sweet-scented  flowers.— Sweet-po- 
tato, n.  A  tropical  plant  of  the  convol- 
vulus family  largely  cultivated  for  its 
edible  roots.— Sweet-rush,  Sweet-flag,  n. 
A  plant  of  the  arum  family  growing  in 
■wet  places,  the  perennial  rhizome  of  which 
is  known  as  calamus,  and  is  used  in  medi- 
cine, by  confectioners,  perfumers,  &c.  — 
S'weet-scented,  a.    Ha'ving  a  sweet  smell ; 

.  fragrant.— Sweet-sop,  n.  A  fruit  and  tree 
allied  to  the  custard-apple.  —  Sweet-wil- 
liam, n.  A  species  of  pink  of  many  varie- 
ties, cultivated  in  gardens. 

Swell,  swel,  v.i.— pret.  swelled;  pp.  swelled 
or  swollen  (the  latter  more  frequently  an 
adjective).  [A.  Sax.  swellan,  to  swell= 
IceL  svella,  D.  zwellen,  G.  schwellen,  to 
swell;  allied  to  L.  salum,  the  sea,  Gr. 
■salos,  surge.]  To  grow  bulkier;  to  dilate; 
to  increase. in  size  or  extent;  to' rise  or  be 
driven  into  billows;  to  protuberate;  to 
bulge  out;  to  rise  in  altitude;  to  be  puffed 
up  with  some  feeling;  hence,  to  strut;  to 
look  big;  to  grow  and  increase  in  the 
mind;  to  become  larger  in  amount;  to  in- 
crease in  intensity  or  volume,  as  sound. 
— v.t.  To  increase,  the  size  of;, to  cause  to 
dilate  or  increase;  to  aggravate;  to  height- 
en; to  inflate;  to  puff'  up.— n.  The  act  of 
swelling;  gradual  increase;  an  elevation  of 
land;  an  undulation;  a  succession  of  long 
unbroken  waves  setting  in  one  direction, 
as  after  a  storm;  a  billow;  a  surge;  a  grad- 
ual increase  and  decrease  in  the  volume  of 
musical  sound ;  an  arrangement  in  an 
organ  whereby  the  player  can  increase  or 
diminish  the  intensity  of  the  sound;  a 
familiar  word  for  a  person  of  rank  or  high 
standing,  or  for  a  showy,  fashionable  per- 
son; a  dandy,  a  fop,  or  the  like.— Swelling, 
swei'ing,  n.  A  tumour;  a  protuberance. — 
p.  and  a.  Turgid;  bombastic;  grand;  pom- 
pous.—Swell-mob,  n.  The  class  cti  pick- 
pockets who  go  about  genteelly  dressed.— 
Swell-mobsman,  n;  A  member  of  the 
Swell-mob. 

Swelter,  swel'tfer,  v.i.  [From  A.  Sax.  swel- 
tan,  to  die=Goth.  smlta7i,  Icel.  svelta,Sw. 
svdlta,  .Dan.  suite,  to  die.  Hence  sultry, 
for  sweltery.']  To  be  overcome  and  faint 
■with  heat.— v.i.  To  oppress  with  heat. 

Swept,  ffivept,  pret.  and  pp.  of  sweep. 

Swerve,  swJrv,  v.i.— swerved,  swerving.  [A. 
Sax.  SMi«or/an=Icel.  svarfa,  S).  zwerven, 
L.G.  swarven,  O.H.G.  smrban,  Goth. 
svairban— used  of  movements  of  Various 
kinds.]  To  wander  from  any  line  pre- 
scribed or  from  a  rule  of  duty;  to  deviate; 
to  turn  to  one  side;  to  incline;  to  waver. , 

Swift,  swift,  a.  [A.  Sax.  suiift, from  sivifan, 
to  move  quickly ,/to  revolve;  Icel.  svifa,  to 
glide,  G.  schweifen,  to  sweep;  same  root  as 
E.  sweep  and  swoop.'^  Moving  with  great 
speed  or  rapidity;  fleet;  rapid;  ready; 
prompt;  coming  suddenly  or  without  de- 
lay; of  short  continuance;  rapidly  passing. 
— adv.  In  a  swift  or  rapid  manner;  swiftly. 
—n.  The  name  of  birds  which  have  an  out- 
ward resemblance  to  the  swallows,  the 
common  swift  having  the  greatest  powers 
of  flight  of  any  bird  that  visits  Britain; 
the  common  newt  or  eft.— Swift-footed,  a. 
Fleet;  swift  in  running.— Swift-handed,  a. 
Prompt  of  action;  ready  to  draw  the 
sword.— S^wlftly,  swift'li,  adv.  In  a  swift 
or  rapid  manner ;  fleetly.  —  S^wiftness, 
s^wif  t'nes,  re.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
swift;  rapid  motion;  celerity;  rapidity.— 
S^wift-winged,  a.    Rapid  in  flight. 

S^wifter,  swifter,  re.  [Icel.  svipiingr,  a  reef- 
ing rope.]  Naut.  a  rope  encircling  a  boat 
longitudinally  to  strengthen  and  defend 
her  sides ;  one  of  a  pair  of  shrouds  above 
the  others  to  strengthen  the  lower  masts. 

Swig,  awig,  v.t.— swigged,  swigging.  (Per- 
haps from  A.  Sax.  swilgan,  to  swallow; 
comp.  bag=balg.  Swallow.]  To  drink  by 
large  draughts;  to  drink  off  rapidly  ana 
greedily.- w.i.  To  take  deep  draughts.— 
re.  A  large  draught.      -  . 

S^will,  swil,  v.t.  lA.  Sax.  swilian,  Sc.  sweel, 
to  wash;  influenced  by  A.  Sax.  smlgan,  to 
swallow.  Swallow.]  To  wash  (8hak.)l; 
to  drink  grossly  or  greedily;  to  inebriate. 
— i>.i.  To  drink  greedily  or  to  excess.— n. 


Brink  taken  in  excessive  quantities;  the 
wash  or  mixture  of  liquid  suDstances  given 
to  swine.  Called  also  Swillings.—Sviillor, 
swil'er,  re.  One  who  swills. 
S^wim,  swim,  v.i.— pret.  swam  or  swum;  pp. 
swum;  ppr.  swimming.  [A.  Sax.  swiminan, 
to  swim=L.G.  sunmmen,  Icel.  svimma,  G. 
schwimmen  —  to  swim;  connected  with 
■  swamp.'i  To  be  supported  on  water  or 
other  fluid;  to  float;  to  move  through  wa- 
ter by  the  motion  of  the  hands  and  feet, 
or  of  fins;  to  gUde  with  a  smooth  motion; 
to  be  flooded;  to  be  drenched;  to  overflow. 
—v.t.  To  pass  or  cross  by  swimming;  to 
cause  to  swim  or  float. — re.  The  act  of 
swimming;  period  or  extent  of  swimming; 
a  smooth,  gliding  motion;  the  air-bladder 
'or  sound  of  fishes.— Swimmer,  swim'er,.n. 
One  who  swims;  a  bird  that  swims,  as  the 
dv.ck  and  goose.— Swimming,  swim'ing,  n. 
The  act  or  art  of  sustaining  and  propelling 
the  body  in  water.— Swimming-bath,  re.  A 
bath  large  enough  for  swimming  in. — 
Swimming-bell,  re.  A  jiectocalyx.— Swim- 
ming-belt, h.  An  air-inflated  belt  worn 
as  a  support  in  the  water. — Swimmingly, 
swim'ing-li,  adv.  In  an  easy  gliding  man- 
ner, as  if  swimming;  smoothly;  success- 
fully.—Swimming-pond,  re.  An  artificial 
pond  in  which  the  art  of  swimming  is 
learned  or  practised. 

S-wim,  swim,  y.i— pret.  swam  or  swum;  pp. 
swum,  ppr.  swimming.  [Same  as  Icel. 
svima,  to  be  dizzy,  svimi,  dizziness;  A.  Sax-. 
sudma,  Dan.  svime,  a  swoon;  G.  schweimen, 
to  be  dizzy.  Squeamish.]  To  be  dizzy  or 
giddy  (the  head  swims).  —  Swimming, 
swim'ing,  re.  A  dizziness  or  giddiness. 
Swindle,  swin'dl,  v.t.—swuidled,  swindling. 
[Borrowed  from  G.  schwindeln,  to  cheat, 
schwindler,  a  swindler,  from  schwindel, 
dizziness,  infatuation.]  To  cheat  and  de- 
fraud grossly,  or  with  deliberate  artifice. 
— re.  A  fraudulent  scheme  intended  to 
dupe  people  out  of  money;  an  act  of  cheat- 
ery;  an  imposition.— Swindler,  swin'dler, 
re.  One  who  swindles;  a  cheat.— Swind- 
lery,  swin'dl6r-i,  re.  The  acts  or  practices 
of  a  swindler;  roguery. 
Swine,  swin,  re.  ving.  and  pi.  [A.  Sax.  swin 
=D.  zwijn,  G.  schwein,  Dan.  sviin,  Icel. 
svin,  Goth,  svein,  Pol.  sv/inia,  Bohem. 
swine;  same  root  as  sow,  L.  sus.  Sow.]  A 
hoofed  mammal,  the  female  of  which  is 
the  sow,  and  whose  flesh  is  much  eaten 
under  the  name  of  pork;  a  pig  or  hog.— 
S^wineberd,  8win'h6rd,«.  A  herd  or  keeper 
of  swine.— Swlne-stone,  re.  Stink-stone;  an- 
thraconite.  —  Swine-sty,  re.  A  sty  or  pen 
for  swine. — Swinish,  swin'ish,  a.  Befitting 
swine;  like  the  swine  in  filtbiness;  hog- 
gish. —  Swinishly,  swin'ish-li,  adv.  In  a 
swinish  manner.  —  Swinishness,  swin'ish- 
nes,  re.  Quality  of  being  swinish.— S^win- 
ery,  swin'6r-ii  re.  A  place  where  swine  are 
kept. 

Swing,  swing,  w.i.— pret.  and  pp.  swung. 
[A.  Sax,  swingan,  to  dash,  to  scourge  = 
L.G.  swingen,  Dan.  svinge,  Sw.  smnga,  G. 
schwingen.  Swinge,  swingle  are  derivatives, 
and  swink,  sway  connected  forms.]  To 
move  to  and  fro,  as  a  body  suspended  in 
the  air;  to  oscillate;  to  sway;  to  be  carried 
to  and  fro  while  hanging  on  something. — 
v.t.  To  make  to  sway  or  oscillate  loosely; 
to  whirl  in  the  air;  to  wave;  to  brandish.— 
Tosmng  a  ship,  to  bring  her  head  to  each 
point  of  the  compass  in  succession,  in  or- 
der to  correct  the  compass  by  ascertaining 
the  amount  of  local  deviation.— re.  The 
act  of  s^winging;  an  oscillation;  the  sweep 
of  a  moving  body;  an  apparatus  suspended 
for  persons  to  swing  in;  free  course  of  con- 
duct; unrestrained  liberty  or  license. — 
Swing-bridge,  n.  A  bridge  that  may  be 
moved  by  swinging,  so  as  to  afford  passage 
for  ships  on  a  river,  canal,  at  the  mouth 
of  docks,  &c.— S^winger,  swing'er,  re.  One 
who  s^wings.— S-winglng,  swiiig'ing,  m.  and 
a.  Movingto  and  fro;  oscillating.— Swing- 
ing-sa^w,  re.  A  saw  swinging  in  an  arc  from 
an  axis  overhead.— S-wlng-plough,  re.  Any 
plough  without  wheels.  —  Swing-tree,  re. 
A  cross-bar  by  which  a  horse  is  yoked  to  a 
carriage,  plough,  &c.,  and  to  which  the 
trstces  are  fastened.  Called  also  Swingle- 
tree.  —  Swing-wheel,  re.  The  wheet  in  a 
timepiece  which  drives  the  pendulum. 


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SWINGE 


686 


SYMBOL 


Swinge,  swinj,  v.t.  —  swinged,  swingeing. 
[From  swing;  comp.  springe  from  spnnp, 
singe  from  sing.']  To  beat  soundly;  to 
whip;  to  chastise.— Swingeing,  swin'jing, 
a.  Great;  large;  huge.  [Colloq.)— Swinge- 
ingly,  swin'jing-li,  adv.  Hugely;  vastly.— 
Swinger,  swin'j^r,  n.  One  who  swinges. 
Swingle,  swing^l,  v.t. — swingled,  sviinglinO. 
[A  freq.  of  swing.']  To  scutch  flax  by  beat- 
ing it.  —  n.  A  swingle-stafF.  —  Swingle- 
staff,  n.  An  instrument  formerly  used  for 
scutching  flax;  a  scutcher.— Swingle-tree, 
n.    Swing-tree. 

Swinish,  Swinishly.    Under  Swine. 
Swini,t  swingk,  v.i.    [A.  Sax.  snoincan,  to 
labour;  akin  smngJ\  To  labour;  to  toil;  to 
drudge. 

Swipe,  swip,  v.t.  and  i.—swived',  sunjnng. 
[Akin  to  sweep,  swoop.'i    To  strike  with  a 
sweeping  blow;   to  strike  or  drive  with 
great  force.— re.  A  swap*. 
Swipes,  swips,  n.  plo  [Akin  D.  zaip,  a  drink- 
ing, zuipen,  to  tipple;  comp.  G.  schweppen, 
to  splash.]    Poor  washy  beer.    [Colloq.] 
Swiple,  swip'l,  n.    [From  swipe,  to  strike.] 
The  eifective  end-piece  of  a  flail. 
Swirl,  swferl,  v.i.    [Akin  to  Dan.  svirre,  to 
whirl;   same  root  as  swerve.]    To  form 
edcUes;  f  o  whirl  in  eddies. — n.  A  whirling 
motion;  an  eddy,  as  of  water;  a  twist  or 
curl  in  the  grain  of  wool. 
Swiss,  svria,  n.  sing,  and  pi.    A  native  or 
inhabitant  of  Switzerland ;  the  language 
of  Switzerland.  —  a.   Belonging  to  the 
Swiss.  —  Swiss  imtslin,  a -fine  open  trans- 
parent cotton  fabric. 

Switch,  swich,  n.  [Same  as  O.D.  stoicJc,  a 
smtch;  akin  Icel.  Svigi,  sveigr,  a  switch — 
from  root  of  swing,  swinge.]  A  small  flex- 
ible twig  or  rod ;  a  contrivance  for  trans- 
ferring a  railway  train  from  one  line  of 
rails  to  another,  consisting  of  a  movable 
piece  of  raU  that  may  be  turned  in  order 
to  guide  the  wheels  as  desired. — v.t^  To 
strike  with  a  switch;  to  lash;  to  cut  the 
annual  growth  of  twigs  from  (a  hedge); 
rail,  to  transfer  from  one  line  of  rails  to 
anothet.— Switching,  swich'ing,»i.  A  beat- 
ing with  a  switch.  —  Switchman,  swich'- 
raan,  n.  One  who  has  charge  of  the 
switches  on  a  railway, 
Switzer,  swit'z6r,  n.  A  native  of  Switzer- 
land; a  Swiss. 

Swivel,  swiv'el,  n.  [Prom  A.  Sax.  swifan, 
to  move  quickly,  to  revolve;  akin  swift.\ 
A  fastening  that  allowsthe  thing  fastened 
to  turn  freely  round  on  its  axis;  a  link  in 
a  chain  partly  consisting  of  a  pivot  turn- 
ing in  a  hole  formed  in  the  next  link;  a 
small  cannon  fixed  with  a  pivot  so  as  to  be 
turned  in  any  direction.  —  Swivel-eye,  n. 
A  squint-eye.  [CcUoq.]  —  Swivel-gun,  n. 
A  swivel.— Swivel-joint,  n.  A  joint  with  a 
swivel. — Swivelled,  swiv'eld,  a.  Furnished 
or  fastened  with  a  swivel. 
Swob,  swob,  n.  A  mop.  Swab.— Swohber, 
Ewob'er,  n.  A  swabber. 
Swollen,  Swoln,  swoln,  p.  and  a.  Swelled. 
Swell. 

Swoon,  sw5n,  v.i.  [From  A.  Sax.  swdgan, 
to  sonnd,  to  sigh,  heiice  to  faint;  akin 
sough.]  To  faint;  to  sink  into  a  fainting 
fit.— n.  The  state  of  one  who  swoons;  a 
fainting  fit. 

Swoop,  swOp,  v.t.  [From  A.  Sax.  swdpan, 
to  sweep,  to  swoop.  Sweep.]  To  dash  upon 
while  on  the  wing ;  to  take  with  a  sweep. 
—v.i.  To  descend  upon  prey  suddenly  from 
a  height,  as  a  hawk;  to  stoop.— n.  The  sud- 
den pouncing  of  a  rapacious  bird  on  its 
prey;  a  f alUng  on  and  seizing,  as  of  a  bird 
on  its  prey. 

Swop,  swop,  v.t.  [Swap.]  To  exchange;  to 
swap.  — ».  An  exchange;  a  barter. 
Sword,  sord, n.  [A.  Sax.  sweord—D.  zwaard, 
li.G.  sweerd,  Dan.  zvoerd,  Icel.  sverth,  6. 
schwert,  a  sword ;  allied  to  Skr.  <;aru,  a 
dart  or  spear.]  An  offensive  weapon  hav- 
ing a  long  metal  blade  (usually  steel), 
either  straight  and  with  a  sharp  point  for 
thrusting,  as  the  rapier;  with  a  sharp  point 
;and  one  or  two  cuttmg  edges  forthrusting 
and  striking,  as  the  broadsword;  or  curved 
and  with  a  sharp  convex  edge  for  striking, 
as  the  scimitar. — The  sword,  the  emblem 
'or  symbol  of  justice,  power,  or  authority, 
or  of  war,  or  used  as  equivalent  to  the 
military  profession.  —  Sword  of  state,  a 


sword  borne  before  a  king  or  other  person 
of  rank.— Sword-arin,  n.  The  right  arm. 
—Sword-bayonet,  n.  A  short  sword  which 
can  be  attached  to  a  rifle  like  a  bayonet. 
— Sword-bearer,  n.  An  attendant  who 
bears  or  carries  bis  master's  sword ;  an 
official  who  carries  a  sword  as  an  emblem 
on  ceremonial  occasions.  —  Sword-belt,  71. 
A  belt  by  which  a  sword  is  suspended  and 
borne  by  the  side.— Sword-blade,  n.  The 
blade  or  cutting  part  of  a  sword.— Sword- 
.  cane,  n.  A  cane  or  walking-stick  contain- 
ing a  blade,  as  in  a  scabbard.  —  Sword- 
dance,  n.  A  dance  by  one  performer  over 
crossed  swords  among  the  Scotch  High- 
landers.—Sworded,  sor'ded,  a.  AVearing  a 
sword. — Sword-fight,  n.  A  combat  or  trial 
of  skill  with  swords. -Sword-fish,  n.  A 
^  fish  allied  to  the  mackerel  tribe,  remar- 
kable for  its  elongated  upper  jaw,  which 
forms  a  sword-like  weapon. — Sword-hand, 
n.  The  right  hand.  —  Sword-knot,  n.  A 
ribbon  or  tassel  tied  to  the  hut  of  a  sword. 
— Swordless,  sord'les,  a.  Destitute  of  a 
sword.  —  Sword-lily,  n.  The  gladiolus.— 
— Sword-play,  n.  A  combat  or  fencing 
match  with  swords;  a  sword-  fight. — Sword- 
player,  n.-  One  who  exhibits  his  skill  in 
the  use  of  the  sword;  a  gladiator.— Sword- 
shaped,  a.  Shaped  likte  a  sword;  ensiform. 
— Swordsrnan,  sordz'man,  n.  A  man  who 
carries  a  sword;  one  skilled  in  the  use  of 
the  sword.- Swordsmanship,  sordz 'man- 
ship,  n.  Skilful  use  of  the  sword. — Sword- 
stick,  n.  A  walking-gtick  in  which  is  con- 
cealed a  sword. 

Swore,  swor,  pret.  Sworn,  stwom,  pp.  of 
swear. 

Swum,  swum,  pret.-  and  pp.  of  suuim. 
Swung,  swung,  pret.  and  pp.  of  sioing. 
Sybarite,  sib'a-rit,  n.  IFr..  Sybarite,  from 
D.  Sybarita,  6r.  Sybarites,  an  inhabitant 
of  Sybaris,  an  ancient  Greek  city  of  south- 
ern Italy  iiroverbial  for  the  effeminacy  and 
voluptuousness  of  its  inhabitants.]  A  per- 
son devoted  to  luxury  and  pleasure;  an 
effeminate  person.  —  Sybaritic,  Sj'bariti- 
cal,  sib-a-rit'ik,  sib-a-rit'i-kal,  a.  Luxuri- 
ous; devoted  to  luxury  or  pleasure.— Syb- 
aritism, sib'a-rit-izm,  ».  Voluptuousness; 
devotion  to  pleasore. 

Sycamine,  sik'a^nin,  n.  [6r.  syJcaminos.] 
The  mulberry.  [N.T.] 
Sycamore,  sik'a-mor,  n.  [Fr.  syco'mcre,  L. 
sycomorus,  from  Gr.  sykomoros,  the  fig- 
mulberry — aykon,  fig,  7no7-on,  mulberry.] 
A  fruit-tree  of  the  fig  family,  common  in 
Palestine,  Arabia,  &c.:  also  written  Syco- 
more;  a  kind  of  maple,  a  well-known  tim- 
ber tree,  long  naturalized  in  England,  and 
usually  called  Plane-tree  in  Scotland;  a 
name  frequently  given  in  America  to  the 
plane-tree,  button-wood,  or  cotton- wood. 
^yce,  sis,  ?i.  A  native  groom  in  India. 
Sycee,  Sycee -silver,  si-se',  n.  The  fine 
silver  of  China  cast  into  ingots  weighing 
commonly  rather  more  than  a  pound  troy. 
Sychnocarpous,  sik-no-kar'pus,  a.  [  Gr. 
sychnos,  frequent,  karpos,  fruit.]  Bot. 
bearing  fruit  many  times  without  perish- 
ing. 

Sycoma,  si-ko'ma,  n.  [Gr.  sykoma,  from 
sykon,  a  fig.]  Med.  a  wart  or  excrescence 
resembling  a  fig. 

Sycomore,  sik'o-mor,  n..  The  sycamore  of 
Scripture. 

Syconns,  si-ko'nus,  n.  [Gr.  sykon,  a  fig.] 
Bot.  a  fleshy,  hollow  receptacle,  contain- 
ing numerous  flowers  which  are  com- 
bined in  the  fruit,  as  in  the  fig. 
Sycophant,  sik'o-fant,  n.  [Gr.  sykophanies, 
afalse accuser,  slanderer — sytmi,  a  fig, and 
phaino,  to  show;  lit.  a  fig-shower;  the 
reason  for  the  name  is  unknown.  ]  A 
parasite;  a  flatterer  of  princes  and  great 
men;  a  mean  flatterer.— Sycophancy,  sik'- 
o-fan-si,  Ji.  Obsequious  flatter^-;  servility. 
.—Sycophantic,  Sycophanticai,  sik-o-fan'- 
tik,  sik-o-fan'ti-kal,  a.  Belonging  to  or 
resembling  a  sycophant;  obsequiously  flat- 
tering. —  Sycophantish,  sik'6-fant-ish,  a. 
Sycophantic.  —  Sycophantism,  sik'o-fant- 
izm,  n.  Sycj)phancy. 
Sycosis,  si-ko'sis,  n.  [Gr.  sykosis,  from 
sykon,  a  fig.]  A  disease  which  consists  of 
an  eruption  of  tubercles  on  the  bearded 
portion  of  the  face  and  on  the  scalp. 
Syenite,  sf  en-it,  n.    A  granitfc  rock  of  a 


grayish  colour,  composed  of  quartz,  homr 
blende,  and  felspar;  so  called  because 
abundant  near  Syene  (si-€'ne)  in  Cppei* 
Egj'pt.- Syenitic,  si-e-nit'ik,  a.  Contajn-i 
ing  or  resembling  syenite— Syenitic  gran- 
ite, granite  which  contains  hornblcn<le.— t 
Syenitic  porphyry, fitxe-grnmed  syenite  con- 
taining large  crystals  of  felspar. 
Syllable,  silVbl,  n.  [Fr.  syllabe,  L.syUab<ti 
from  Gr.  syllabe — syl  for  syn,  together,  and' 
root  lab,  to  take;  as  to  the  termination 
comp.  participle,  principle.]  A  sound  or' 
combination  of  sounds  uttered  together, 
or  at  a  single  impulse  of  the  voice,  ant^ 
constituting  a  word  or  part  of  a  Vv-ord;  the 
least  expression  of  language  or  thought;  a' 
particle,  —v.t.  —  syllabled,  syllabling.  To 
utter;  to  articulate.— Syllabariwn,  Sylla- 
bary, sil-a-ba'ri-um,  sil'a-ba-ri,  n.  A  cata- 
logue of  the  primitive  syllables  of  a  lan- 
guage.—Syllabic,  Syllablcal,  si-lab'ik,  si- 
,lab'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  syllable  or 
syllables;  consisting  of  a  syllable  or  sj'l- 
lables.  —  Syllabically,  si-lab'i-kal-h,  adv. 
In  a  syllabic  manner.  —  Syllabicate,  si- 
lab'i-kat,  v.t.  To  form  into  syllables. — 
Syllabication,  si-lab'i-ka"shon,»i.  The  act 
or  method  of  dividing  words  into  syllables. 
—Syllabify,  si-lab'i-fi,  v.t.  To  form  into 
syllables.  —  Syllabist,  sil'ab-ist,  n.  One 
versed  in  dividing  words  into  syllables. 
Syllabub,  sil'a-bub,  n.  Sillabvb. 
SyBabns,  sil'a-bus,  n.  [L.,  from  the  same 
source  as  syllable.]  A  brief  statement  of 
the  heads  of  a  discourse,  of  a  course  ot  lec- 
tures; &c.;  an  abstract;  R.  Cath.  Ch.  a  sum- 
mary enumeration  of  points  decided  by 
ecclesiastical  authority;  a  document  issued 
by  Pope  Pius  IX.  in  18(i4,  condemning 
various  doctrines,Jnstitutions,  &c. 
Syllepsis,  sil-lep'sis,  n.  [Gr.  syllei)si8,  from 
syl  for  sy7i,  with,  and  root  lab,  to  take.] 
A  figure  of  speech  by  which  one  word  is 
referred  to  another  in  the  sentence  to 
which  it  does  not  grammatically  belong. 
— Sylleptic,  Sylleptical,  sil-lep'tik,  sil-lep'- 
ti-kal,  a.  Kelating  to  or  implying  syllep- 
sis. —  Sylleptically,  sil-lep'ti-kal-U,  adv. 
By  way  of  syllepsis. 

Syllogism,  sU'o-jizm,  n.  [L.  sj^logismvs, 
from  Gr.  syllogismos,  a  syllogism,  from 
syl  for  syn,  with,  and  logizomai,  to  reckon, 
from  logos,  word,  reason,  &c.]  Logic,  a 
form  of  reasoning  or  argument,  consisting 
of  three  propositions,  of  which  the  two 
first  are  called  the  premises  {major  and 
minor),  and  the  last  the  conclusion,'  the 
conclusion  necessarily  following  from  the 
■■  premises;  thus;  a  plant  has  not  the  power 
of  locomotion;  an  oak  is  a  plant;  therefore 
an  oak  has  not  the  power  of  locomotion. 

—  Syllogistic,  Syllogistical,  sil-o-jis'tik, 
sil-o-jis'ti-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  syllo- 
gism or  to  reasoning  by  syllogisms.— Syl- 
logistically,  sil-o-jis'ti-kal-li,  a.dv.  In  a 
syllogistic  manner;  by  means  of  syllogism  s. 
— Syllogize,  sil'5-jiz,  v.i. — syllogized,  syllo- 
gizing. To  reason  by  sillogisms.  —  v.t.  To 
put  into  the  form  of  a  syllogism.— Syllo- 
gizer,  sil'o-ji-zer,  n.     One  who  syllogizes. 

Sylph,  sUf,  n.  [Fr.  sylphe,  a  sylph;  a  word 
_  coined  by  Paracelsus].  An  elemental 
spirit  of  the  air,  according  to  the  system 
of  Paracelsus,  generally  used  as  feminine, 
and  often  applied  figuratively  to  a  woman 
of  graceful  and  slender  proportions.  — 
Sylphid,  sil'fid,  n.   A  diminutive  of  sylph. 

—  Sylphish,  silf'ish,  a.  Resembling  a 
sylph. 

Sylva,  sil'va,  n.  fL.  sylva,  silva,  a  wood  or 
forest.]  The  forest  trees  of  any  region  or 
countiy  collectively.  "Written  also  Silva. 
—Sylvan,  sil'van,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  wood 
or  forest;  abounding  with  trees;  rural.— 
Sylviculture,  sil-vi-kul '  tor,  n.  The  cul- 
ture of  forest  trees;  aboriculture. 
Symbol,  sim'bol,  n.  [L.  symbolwn,  from 
Gr.  symbolon,  a  symbol,  from  symbolic,  to 
infer,  conclude  —  sym  for  syn,  with,  and 
hallo,  to  throw  or  put.]  An  object  animate 
or  inanimate  standing  for  or  calling  up 
something  moral  or  intellectual;-  an 
emblem;  a  type  (the  olive  branch  is  the 
symbol  of  peace);  a  letter  or  character 
which  is  significant;  a  sign  (as  in  chemis- 
try, astronomy,  &c.);  a  distinctive  mark  or 
attribute  of  office  or  duty;  theol.  a  creed 
orconfessionof  faith. — v.t.  To  symbolize. — 


JFttte, far, fat, fall;^  .jpaB, wgt, hfer;  02iap;pija;  4n5te,aot,mdve;  ^abe,tub,JjuU;     oil, pound;  *g, Sc. abtme— _the Er. jyT 


SYiEVIETRY 


687 


SYNECPHONESIS 


Symbolatry,  Sjrmbololatry,  sim-bol'at-ri, 
sim-bol-ol'at-ri,  n.  [Gr.  lati-eia,  service  or 
worship.]  The  worship,  extravagant  rev- 
erence, or  overestimation  of  symbols  or 
types.— Symbolic,  Sj-mbolical,  sim-bol'ik, 
Bim-bol'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  symbol 
or  symbols  j  of  the  nature  of  a  symbol ; 
representative;  gram,  said  of  a  class  of 
words,  such  as  pronouns,  prepositions,  &c. 
Presentive.  . —  Symbolically,  sim-bol'i- 
kal-li,  adv.  lii  a  symbolic  manner;  by  sym- 
bols; typically.  —  Symbolics,  Symbolic, 
sim-bol'iks,  n.  The  study  of  symbols;  the 
study  of  Christian  creeds  and  confessions 
of  faith.— Symbolism,  sim'bol-izm,  n.  The 
investing  of  things  with  a  symbolic  mean- 
ing; meaning  expressed  by  symbols;  8j;m- 
bols  collectively.— Symbolist,  sim'bol-ist, 
n.  One  who  symbolizes.  —  Sjrmbolistic, 
SymboUstical,  sim-bol^is'tik,  sim-bol-is'- 
ti-kal,  a.  '  Characterized  bv  the  use  of 
symbols.— Symbolize,  sim'bol-iz,  v.t— sym- 
bolized, symbolizing.  To  represent  by  a 
symbol  or  by  symbols;  to  serve  as  tho 
symbol  of;  to  regard  or  treat  as  symbolic. 
—v.i.  To  express  or  represent  in  symbols. 
— Symbological,  siin-bo-loj'i-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  symbology.— Sjrmbologist,  sim- 
bol'o-jist,  n.  One  versed  in  symbology. 
—  Symboloffy,  Symbolology,  sim-bol'o-ji, 
sim-bol-ol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  symbolon,  and  logos, 
discourse.]  The  art  of  expressing  by  sym- 
bols; symbols  collectively  and  their  mean- 
ing and  use.  ' 

Symmetry,  sim'e-tri,  n.  [Gr.  symmetria 
— sum  for  syn,  with,  and  melron,  measure.] 
A  due  proportion  in  size  and  form  of  the 
parts  of  a  body  or  structure  to  each  other; 
such  harmony  of  parts  as  produces  a  plea- 
sing whole;  the  character  of  being  well 
projiortioned;  bat.  andzooZ.corresrondence 
or  similar  distribution  of  parts  in  plants 
or  animals;  symmetrical  disposition  of 
organs.— Symmetric,  sim-met'rik,  a.  Sym- 
metrical: used  chiefly  in  mathematics. — 
Symmetrical,sim^met'ri-kal,a.  Possessing 
symmetry;  well  proportioned  in  all  parts; 
handsome;  finely  made;  hot.  having  the 
number  of  parts  of  one  series  corresponding 
with  that  of  the  other  series  (as,  having 
five  sepals,  five  petals,  and  five,  or  ten  or 
fifteen  stamens);  math,  having  correspon- 
ding parts  or  relations.— Symmetrically, 
sim-mefri-kal-rli,  adv.  In  a  symmetrical 
manner.  —  Symmetricalness,  sim-met'ri- 
kal-nes,  n.  —  Symmetrist,  sim'e-trist,  n. 
One  very  studious  of  symmetry.— S3rmme- 
trize,  sim'e-triz,  v.t.  To  make  symm&t- 
rical. 

Sympathy,  sim'pa-thi,  n.  [Pr.  sympaihie, 
L.  sympathia,  from  Gr.  sympatheia—syn, 
with,  and  pathos,  suffering.  Pathos.] 
Peeling  corresponding  to  that  which  an- 
other feels;  a  feeling  that  enables  a  person 
to  enter  into  and  jn  part  share  another's 
feelings;  fellow-feeling;  compassion;  com- 
'  miSeration ;  physiol.  and  pathol.  that  re- 
lation of  the  organs  and  parts  of  a  living 
body  to  each  other  whereby  a  disordered 
condition  of  one  part  induces  more  or 
less  disorder  in  another  part.  —  Sympa- 
thetic, Sympathetica!,  sim-pa-thet'ik, 
sim-pa-thet'i-kal,  a.  Expressive  of,  pro- 
duced by,  or  exhibiting  sympathy;  hav- 
ing syinpathy  or  common  feeling  with 
another;  feeling -hearted;  'hysiol.  pro- 
duced by  sympathy. — Sympathetic  inA:,ink 
which  does  not  appear  on.  the  paper  until 
exposed  to  heat  or  chemicaXs.— Sympathetic 
nervous  system,  a  set  of  nerves  or  nervous 
masses  in  .vertebrate  animals,  arranged 
along  the  spine.  —  Sympathetic  somids, 
sounds  produced  from  bodies  by  the  vibra- 
tions of  some  other  sounding  body.  — 
Sympathetically,  sim-pa-thet'i-kal-li,adv. 
In  a  sympathetic  manner;  with  sympathy 

'  or  fellow-feeling.  —  Sympathize,  sim'pa- 
thiz,  v.i.— sympathized,  sympathizing.  To 
have  a  common  feeling,  as  of  bodily  plea- 
sure or  pain;  to  feel  in  consequence  of  what 
another  feels;  to  have  fellow-feeling;  to 
be  sorry  for  another's  suffering;  to  condole; 
to  agree;  to  harmonize.  —  Sympathizer, 

•  sim'pa-thi-z6r,  n.    One  who  sympathizes. 

Symphony,  sim'fo-ni,  n.  [L.  symphonia, 
from  Gr.  symphonia — sj/n, with,  and  phone, 
voice.]  A  consonance  or  harmony  of  sounds 
agreeable  to  the  earj  harmony;  mxis.  an 


elaborate  composition  for  a  full  orchestra, 
consisting  usually,  like  the  sonata.of  three 
or  four  contrasted  but  intimately  related 
movements.  —  Symphonic,  sim-fon'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  symphony.  —  Symphoni- 
ous,  sim-fo'ni-us,  a.  Agreeing  in  sound ; 
harmonious.— Symphonist,  sim'fo-nist,  n. 
A  composer  of  symphonies. 
Symphyllous,  sim-fil'lus,  a.  [Gr.  syn,  to- 
gether, and  phyllon,  a  leaf.]   Bat.  Gamo- 

PHYLLOUS. 

Symphysis,  sim'fi-sis,  Ji.    [Gr.  symphysis, 

.  from  sym  for  syn,  together,  and  phyo,  to 
grow.]  Anat.  a  growing  together j  the 
union  of  bones  by  cartilage;  the  point  of 
union  between  two  parts;  a  commissure. 

Sympiesometer,  sim'pi-e-zom"et-6r,  n.  [Gr. 
syn,  together,  piezO,  to  press,  metron,  a 
measure.]  A  kind  of  barometer  for  mea- 
suring the  weight  of  the  atmosphere  by 
the  compression  of  a  column  of  gas. 

Symposium,  sim-po'zi-um,  n.  pi.  Symposia, 
sim-po'zi-a.  [  Gr.  symposion,  from  syn, 
with,  posis,  a  drinking,  from  pino,  to 
drink.]  A  feast  where  there  is  drinking; 
a  convivial  meeting.— Symposiac,  sim-po'- 
zi-ak,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  symposium. — 
Symposiarch,  sim-po'zi-ark,  n.  [Gr.  sym- 
posiarches— symposion,  and  arche,  rule.] 
The '  president  or  manager  of  a  feast.— 
Symposiast,  sim-po'zi-ast,  n.  A  sharer  in 
a  symposium. 

Symptom,  sim'tom,  n.  [Gr.  symptdma  — 
syn,  together,  and  pipts,  to  fall.  J  Any 
sign  or  token ;  what  serves  as  evidence  of 
something  not  seen;  m,ed.  an  affection 
which  accompanies  a  disease,  and  from 
which  the  existence  and  nature  of  a  disease 
may  be  inferred.— Symptomatic,  Sympto- 
matica!, sim-to-mat'ik,  sim-to-mat'i-kal, 
«.    Being  or  serving  as  a  symptom ;  indi- 

.  eating  the  existence  of  something  else.— 
Symptomatic  disease,  a  disease  which  pro- 
ceeds from  some  prior  disorder,  and  op- 
posed to  idiopathic  disease.— Symptomati- 
cally,  sim-to-mat'i-kal-li,  adv.  By  means 
of  symptoms.— Sjrmptomatology,  sim'to- 
ma-tol"o-ji,  n.  That  part  of  medicine 
which  treats  of  the  symptoms  of  diseases. 

Syngeresis,  si-nCre-sis,  n.  [Gr.  synairesis — 
syn,  together,  and  hairO,  to  take.]  Gram. 
the  contraction  of  two  syllables  into  one. 

Synagogue,  sin'a-gog,  n.  [Pr.  synagogue, 
Gr.  syiuigOge—syn,  together,  and  ago,  to 
bring.]  A  congregation  of  Jews  met  for 
the  purpose  of  worship;  a  Jewish  place  of 
worship.— Synagogal,  Synagogical,  sin-a- 
gog'al,  sin-a-goj'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  a  synagogue. 

Synallagmatic,  sin-al'lag-mat"ik,  a.  [Gr. 
synallagma,  a  mutual  agreement.]  Ap- 
plied to  a  contract  or  treaty  imposing  re- 
ciprocal obligations. 

Synaloepha,  sin-a-le'fa,  n.  [Gr.  synaloiphs, 
synalaipho,  to  melt  together  —  syii,  to- 
gether, and  aleipho,  to  smear.]  A  sup- 
pression of  some  vowel  or  diphthong  at 
the  end  of  a  word  before  another  vowel  or 
diphthong. 

Syuantherous,  sin-an'th6r-us,  a.  [Prefix 
smir  together,  and  anther.']  Bot.  having 
the  anthers  united  so  as  to  form  a  tube 
round  the  style. 

S3manthoas,  sin-an'thus,  a.  [Gr.  syn,  with; 
together,  and  anfhos,  a  flower.]  Bot.  ex- 
hibiting a  union  of  several  usually  dis- 
tinct flowers.  —  Synanthy,  sin-an'thi,  n, 
Bot.  The  union  of  flowers. 

Synarthrosis,  sin-iir-thro'sis,  n.  [Gr.  syn- 
arthrosis— syn,  with,  and  arthron,  a  joint.] 
Anat.  union  of  bones  without  motion. — 
Sjmarthrodial,  sin-ar-thro'di-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  synarthrosis. 

Syncarpium,  sin-kar'pi-um,  n.  {Gr.  syn, 
together,  and  karpos,  fruit.]  Bot.  "an  ag- 
gregate fruit  in  which  the  ovaries  cohere 
into  a  solid  mass,'  with  a  slender  recep- 
tacle, as  in  magnolia.— Syncarpous,  sin- 
kar'pus,  a.  Bot.  having  the  carpels  com- 
pletely united,  as  in  the  apple  and  pear. 

Syncategorematic,  sin-kat'e-go-rs-maf'ik, 
a.  [Gr.  syn,  together,  and  kaiegorgma,  a 
predicate.]  Logic,  applied  to  words  which 
cannot  singly  express  a  term,  as  adverbs, 
prepositions,  &c. 

Synchondrosis,  sin-kon-dr5'sis,  n.  [Gr.  syn, 
together,  and  cho7idros,  a  cartilage.]  Anat. 
the  union  of  bones  by  means  of  cartilage. 


Synchronous,  Synchronal,  sin'kro-nus.siu'- 
kro-nal,  a.  [Gr.  syn,  with,  and  chronos, 
time  (whence  also  chronic,  chronicle,  &c.).] 
Happening  at  the  same  time ;  contempo- 
raneous; simultaneous.  —  Synchronism, 
sin'kron-izm,  n.  Concurrence  of  two  or 
more  events  or  facts  in  time ;  simultane- 
ousness;  arrangement  of  contemporaneous 
events  in  tabular  form.— Syncnronistic, 
sin-kron-is'tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  synchron- 
ism.— Synchronization,sin'kron-i-za"shon; 
n.  The  act  of  synchronizing.— Synchronize, 
sin'kron-iz,  v.i. — synchronized,  synchrordz- 
ing.  To  concur  or  agree  in  time. — v.t.  To 
make  to  agree  in  time ;  to  cause  to  indi- 
cate the  same  time,  as  one  time-piece  with 
another.— Synchronizer,  sin'kron-i-z6r,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  synchronizes. — 
Synchronously,  siti'kron-us-li,  adv.  Con- 
temporaneously^ at  the  same  time.— Syn- 
chrony, sin' kro-ni,  n.  Contemporaneity 
in  time. 

Synclinal,  sin-kli'nal,  a.  [Gr.  syn,  together, 
and  Wind,  to  incline  or  slope.]  Geol.  slop- 
ing downward  in  opposite  directions  so  as 
to  meet  in  a  Common  point  or  line ;  dip- 
ping toward  a  common  line  or  plane  {syn' 
clinal  strata);  formed  by  or  pertaining  to 
strata  dipping  in  such  a  manner  {synclinal 
axis);  opposed  to  anticlinal.— n.  A  synclinal 
line  or  axis.    • 

Syncope,  sin'ko-pg, ».  [Gr.  synkopS,  from 
synkopto,  to  beat  together,  to  weary— «2/n, 
together,  and  kopto,  to  strike,  to  cut  off.) 
A  contraction  of  a  word  by  elision  in  th» 
middle,  as  in  ne'er  for  never;  a  suspension 
or  sudden  pause;  med.  a  fainting  or  swoon- 
ing; mus.  syncopation. — Syncopate,  sin'- 
ko-pat,  v.t.— syncopated,  syncopating.  To 
contract  by  syncope;  m,us.  to. treat  with 
syncopation.  —  Syncopation,  sin-ko-pa'. 
shon,  n.  The  contraction  of  a  word  by 
elision;  vius.  the  alteration  of  rhythm  by 
driving  the  accent  to  that  part  of  a  bar 
not  usually  accented,  the  accented  part  of 
a  bar  being  usually  the  first  note. — Syn- 
copize,  sin'ko-piz,  v.t. — syncopized,  synco- 
pizing.  To  contract  by  syncope. 
Syncratism,  sin'krat-izm,  n.  Syncretism. 
Syncretism,  sin'kret-izm,  n.  [Gr.  synkre- 
tismos.]  .The  attempted  blending  of  ir. 
reconcilable  principles  or  parties,  as  in 
philosophy  or  religion;  opposed  to  eclec- 
ticism. —  Syncretist,  sin'kret-ist,  n.  One 
who  attempts  to  blend  incongruous  tenets 
or  doctrines  into  a  system.— Sjmcretistic, 
sin-kre-tis'tik,  a.  Pertaining  to  syncretism. 
-Syncretic,  sin-kret'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
syncretism.  "''   > 

Syndactylic,  Sjmdactylous,  sin-dak-til'ik, 
gin-dak'ti-lus,  a.  [Gr.  syn,  together,  dak- 
tnlos,  a  finger  or  toe.]  Ornithol.  ha.-vvag 
the  external  toe  nearly  as  long  as  th6 
middle,  and  partly  united  to  it,  as  in  the 
bee-eater,  kingfisher,  &c. 
Syndesmology,  sin-des-mol'o-ji,«.  [Gr.  syn- 
desmos,  a  ligamerit,  from  ^yn,  togetheri 
desmos,  a  band.]  The  department  of  an- 
atomy that  deals  with  the  Ugaments.— 
S3mdesmosis,  sin-des-mo'sis,  n.  A  cormeci 
tion  of  bones  by  a  ligament. 
Syndic,  sin'dik,  w.  [Gr.-  syndikos,  helping 
in  a  court  of  justice,  an  advocate— sj/w, 
with,  and  dike,  justice.]  An  officer  of  go- 
vernment, invested  with  different  powers 
in  different  countries;  a  kind  of  magis- 
trate; a  person  chosen  to  transact  busi- 
ness for  others.- Sjmdicate,  sir/di-kat,  n. 
A  body  of  syndics;  the  office  of  a  sjTidic; 
an  association  of  persons  formed  with  the 
view  of  promoting  some  particular  enter- 
prise, financial  scheme,  or  the  like. 
Synecdoche,  si-nek'do-ks,  n.  [Gr.,from  syn, 
with,  ek,  out,  dechomai,  to  receive.  ]  A 
figure  of  speech  "by  which  the  whole  of  a 
thing  is  put  for  a  part,  or  a  part  for  the 
whole  (as  hands  for  ■u)orA;TOeJi).  —  Synec- 
dochical,  siu-ek-dok'i-kal,  a.  Expressed 
by  or  implying  synecdoche. 
Synechia,  sin-5-ki'a,  n.  [Gr.  synecheia,  ad- 
herence, from  sj^n,  with,  and  ecfto,  to  hold.] 
A  disease  of  the  eye  in  which  the  iris  ad- 
heres to  the  cornea,  or  to  the  capsule  of 
the  crystalline  lens.  . 

Synecphonesis,  si-nek 'fo-n5"si8,  n.  ["J-. 
from  syn,  with,  efc,  out,  and  phone,  sound.l 
A  contraction  of  two  syllables  into  one: 
synoeresis. 


chiCftain;,    cA,Sc.  Ipch;^    StO^i.    J<iob;,    n,  Tr.  ton;     ng,a.ngi     su,  <fteii;  th,  tAin^  iSLWi^  ^^V2&iga,  zl)»a£uie« 


Sn^ERESIS 


688 


TABBY 


Syneresis,  si-ne're-sis,  n.    Svn^resis. 
Synergist,  si-n6r'jigt,  n.    [Gr.  gyn,  with, 
and  ergon,  work.]    One  who  maintains 
the  co-operation  of  man  with  God  in  the 
conversion  of  sinners. 
Syngenesian,  Syngenesioos,  sin-je-nS'si-an, 
sin-je-ne  si-US,  a.   [Gr.  syii,  with,  and  geTie- 
sis,  generation.]    Bot.  having  the  anthers 
united  at  the  edges  so  as  to  form  a  tube. 
Synizesis,  sin-i-ze'sis,  n.    TGr.,  from  «yn, 
with,  and  hizO,  to  sit.]    Med.  an  oblitera/- 
tion  of  the  pupil  of  the  eye;  gram,  synec- 
phonesis. 

Synocreate,  si-nok're-at,  a.  [Gr.  ai/n,  to- 
gether, and  L.  ocrea,  a  greave.]  Bot.  said 
of  stipules  uniting  together  on  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the.  stem  from  the  leaf. 
Synod,  sin'od,  n.-  [Fr.  sytxode,  L.  synodus, 
from  Gr.  synodos—syn,  and  hodos,  a  way, 
a  journeying.]  A  council  or  meeting  of 
ecclesiastics ,  especially  bishops  and  clergy, 
to  consult  on  matters  of  religion ;  among 
Presbyterians,  a  church  court  consisting 
of  the  members  of  several  adjoining  pres- 
byteries; also,  a  meeting,  convention,  or 
council  in  general. — Synodal,  sin'od-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  synod ;  synodical.  —  Sy- 
nodic, Synodical,  si-nod'ik,  si-nod'i-kal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  synod;  transacted  in  a 
synod;  aatron.  pertaining  to  a  conjunction 
or  two  successive  conjunctions  of  the  hea- 
venly bodies.— 52/no(Zicai  ')nonih,  the  period 
from  one  conjunction  of  the  moon  with 
the  sun  to  another:  called  also  a  Lunation. 
— Synodically,  si-nod'i-kal-li,  adv.  By  the 
authority  of  a  synod. — Synodist,  sin'od-ist, 
n.  One  who  adheres  to  a  synod. 
Synoecioas,  si-ne'shu8,a.  [Gr.si/n,  together, 
oikog,  a  house.)  Bot.  having  male  ana 
female  organs  on  the  same  head." 
Synon3nn,  Synonyme,  sin'o-nim,  n.  [Fr. 
synonyjne, f rom  Gr.  gynonymos,  havingthe 
same  signification— aj/n,  with,  and  onoma, 
a  name.  J  A  word  having  the  same.or  nearly 
the  same,  signification  as  another  in  the 
same  language:  one  of  two  or  more  words 
in  the  same  language  which  hare  the 
same  meaning.— Synonymic,  Sjmonymi- 
cal,  sin-o-nim'ik,  sin-o-nim'i-kal,  a.  Syno- 
nymous. —  Synonjrmist,  si-non'im-ist,  n. 
One  who  collects  and  explains  syiionyms. 
— Synonjrmlze,  si-non'im-iz,  v.  t.—synony- 
mized,  synonymizing.-  To  express  by  words 
of  the  same  meaning.— Synonymous,  si- 
non'i-mus,  a.  Having  the  ■character  of  a 
synonym;  expressing  the  same  thing. — 
Synonymonsly',  si-non'i-mus-li,  adv.  In 
a  synonymous  manner.  —  Synonymy,  si- 
non'i-mi,  n.  The  quality  of  being  synony- 
mous. 

Synopsis,  si-nop'sis,  n.  pi.  Sjmopses.si-nop'- 
sfz.  .[Gr.,  from  syn,  with,  and  opsis,  a 
sight,  view.)  A  summary  or  brief  "state- 
ment giving  a  general  view  of  some  sub- 
ject, as  by  means  of  short  paragraphs;  a 
conspectus.  —  Synoptic,  Synoptical,  ai- 
nop'tik,  si-nop'ti-kal,  a.  Affording  a  sy- 
nopsis or  general  view. — Synoptic  gospels, 
a  term  for  the  gospels  of  JIatthew,  Slark, 
and  Luke,  which  present  a  sj-nopsis  of  the 
s.ame  series  of  events,  whereas  in  John's 
gospel  the  narrative  and  discourses  are 
different. — S3moptic,  n.  One  of  the  synop- 
tic gospels.— Synoptically,  si-nop'ti-kal-li, 
adv.  In  a  synoptical  manner.— Synoptlst, 
si-nop'tist,  n.  One  'of  the  writers  of  the 
synoptic  gospels. 

Synosteosis,  si-nos'te-5"8i8,  n.  [Gr.  syn, 
•(v1th,"and  osteon,  a  bone.]  Anat.  onity  by 
means  of  bone. 


Synovia,  si-no'vi-a,  »i.  [Gr.  syn,  with,  and 
L.  oimm,  an  egg.]  A  tliick,  viscid,  yel- 
lowish-white fluid,  somewhat  resembling 
white  of  egg  in  appearance,  secret-ed  at 
the  joints  for  the  purpose  of  lubricating 
their  surfaces.  —  Synovial,  si-no'vi-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  synovia. — 
Synovitis,  sin-o-vi'tis,  n.  [The  term,  -itis 
denotes  inflammation.)  Inflammation  of 
the  synovial  membrane. 

Syntax,  sin'taks,  n.  [Gr.  syntaxis,  arrange- 
ment, disposition,  from  syn,  with,  and 
taxis,  order,  from  tasso,  to  put  in  order. 
Tactics.)  Gram,  the  construction  of  sen- 
tences; t^e  due  arrangement  cf  words  or 
members  of  sentences  in  their  mutual 
relations  according  to  established  usage.— 
Syntactic,  Syntactical,  sin-tak'tik,  sin- 
tak'ti-kal,  a.  Pertaining  or  according  to 
the  rules  of  syntax.  —  Syntactically,  sin- 
tak'ti-kal-li,  adv.  As  regards  syntax;  in 
conformity  to  syntax. 

Sjmteresis,  sin-te-re'sis,  n.  [Gr.,  a  watch- 
ing closely,  from  syn,  with,  and  tereO,  to 
watch.)  Med.  preservative  or  preventive 
treatment.  —  Synteretic,  sin-t5-ret'ik,  a. 
Preserving  health;  prophylactic. 

Syntaxis,  sin-tek'sis,  n.  [Gr.  syntexis,  ffoia 
syn,  wth,  and  ieko,  to  melt.)  Med.  a 
wasting  of  the  body;  a  deep  consumption. 
— Ssrntectic,  Syntectical,  sin-tek'tik,  sin- 
tek'ti-kal,  a.  Kelating  to  syntexis;  wast- 
ing. 

Synthesis,  sin'the-sis,  n.  pi.  Syntheses,  sin'- 
the-sez.  [Gr.  synthesis,  a  putting  together, 
from  syn,  witli,  and  iithemi,  to  place.) 
The  putting  of  two  or  more  things  toge- 
ther to  form  a  whole:  opposed  to  analysis; 
logic,  the  combination  of  separate  ele- 
ments of  thought  into  a  whole;  surg.  the 
operation  by  which  divided  parts  are 
united;  chem.  the  uniting  of  elements  into 
a  compound;  composition^or  combination. 
—Synthetic,  Synthetical,  sin-thet'ik,  sin- 
thet'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  sjTathesis;  con- 
sisting in  synthesis.— Synthetically,  sin- 
thet'i-kal-li,  adv.  By  synthesis  or  compo- 
sition. 

Syphilis,  sif  i-lis,  n.  [A  name  invented  by 
the  Italian  Fracastoro,  who  wrote  a  Latin 
poem  on  this  dii-ease  (published  in  1530); 
perhaps  from  Gr.  syn,  with,  and  philos, 
love.]  A  contagious  and  hereditary  ven- 
ereal disease.  —  Syphilitic,  sif-i-Ut'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  infected  with  syphilis. — 
Syphillze,  sif'i-liz,  v.t.  To  inoculate  with 
syphilis.- Syphiloid,  sif'i-loid,  a.  Resem- 
bling or  having  the  character  of  syphilis. 

Sjrphon,  n.    Siphon. 

Syren,  si'ren.    Siren. 

Syriac,  sir'i-ak,  a.  [L.  Syriacits.l  Pertain- 
ing to  Syria  or  its  language.— n.  The  an- 
cient language  of  Syria,  a  Semitic  lan- 
guage differing  Uttte  from  Chaldee. 

Syringa,  si-ring'ga,  n.  [Gr.syrinx,  syringos, 
a  pipe— pipes  having  been  made  from  the 
plants.)  A  genus  of  plants  of  which  the 
lilac  is  the  type;  also,  a  name  of  the  mock- 
orange. 

Syringe,  sir'inj,  n.  [From  Gr.  syrinx,  syr- 
ingos, a  pipe,  a  tube.)  A  portable  instru- 
ment of  the  pump  kind  employed  to  draw 
in  fluid  ana  to  squirt  it  out  again,  con- 
sisting of  a  cylindrical  tube  with  an  air- 
tight piston  fitted  with  a  handle,  usedjsy 
surgeons,  gardeners,  &c. — Syringe,  sir'inj, 
v.t.— syringed,  syringing.  To  wash  and 
cleanse  or  water  by  means  of  a  syringe. 

Syringotomy,  si-ring-got'o-mi,  «.  [Gr.  sy- 
rinx, syringos,  a  tube,  a  fistula,  and  tome-. 


a  cutting.]   The  operation  of  cutting  for 
fistula.  .  i'Ot 

Syrinx,  si'ringks,  n.    [Gr.  syrinx,  a  pipe.) 
The  Pandean  or  Pan's  pipes. 
S3Top,-sir'op,  n.    §yrdp. 
Syrt,  Syrtls,  sert,  s^r'tis,  n.    [Fr.  ayrtet  L. 
syrtis,  Gr.  syrtis,  a  sandbank.]   A  quick- 
sand or  sandbank. 

Syrup,  sir'up,  n.  [Fr.  sirop.  It.  mroppo, 
L.L.  syrupus,  from  Ar.  sluxroh,  beverage, 
syrup,  whence  also  sherbet  and  shrub.'\  A 
saturated  or  nearly  saturated  solution  of 
sugar  in  water;  any  sweet  and  somewhat 
viscous  fluid;  the  uncrystallizable  fluid 
finally  separated  from  crystallized  sugar 
in  the  refining  process — the  '  golden  syrup' 
of  grocers.  —  Syrupy,  sir'up-i,  o.  Like 
syrup. 

Systaltic,  sis-tal'tik,  a.  [Gr.  systaltikos— 
syn,  with,  and  steUO,  to  put.)  Med.  having 
alternate  contraction  and  dilatation,  as 
the  heart; 

System,  sis'tem,  n.  [L.  sy sterna,  Gr.  sys- 
tema,  from  syn,  together,  and  hisiemi,  to 
set.]  Any  assemblage  of  things  forming 
a  regular  and  connected  whole;  things 
"connected  according  to  a  scheVne;  a  nnpi- 
ber  of  heavenly  bodies  acting  on  e"ch  other 
according  to  certain  laws  (the  fiolar  system); 
an  assemblage  or  connected  series  of  parts 
or  organs  in  an  animal  bod,y  (the  nervous 
system) ;  also,  the  body  itself  as  a  func- 
tional unity  or  v/hole  (to  take  poison  into 
the  system);  a  plan  or  scheme  according 
to  wmch  things  are  connected  into  a  whole 
(a  system  of  philosophy);  regular  method 
or  order  (to  have  no  system  in  working). — 
Systematic,  Systematical,  sis-te-mat'ik, 
sis-te-mat'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  con- 
sisting in  system;  methodical;  proceeding 
according  to  system.— Systematically,  sis- 
te-mat'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  systematic  man- 
ner; regularly;  methodically.— Systemat- 
ism,  sis't«m-at-i2m,  n.  Reduction  of  facts 
to  a  system.  —  Systematist,  sis'tem-at-ist, 
»i.  One  who  forms  or  who  adheres  to  a 
system. —  Systematization,  sis'tem-at-i- 
za"shon,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  reducing 
to  system.- Systematize,  sis'tsm-a-tiz.j;,^. 
— systematized,  systematizing.  .  To  reduce 
to  system  or  regular  method.  —  System- 
atizer,  sis'tem-a-ti-z6r,  n.  One  who  reduces 
things  to  system.  —  Systematolojy,  sis'- 
tem-a-tol"o-ji,  n.  Knowledge  or  informa- 
tion regarding  systems.  —  Systemic,  sis- 
tem'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  system;  physiol. 
pertaining  to  the  body  as  a  whole  (the  sys- 
temic circulatioo  of  the  blood).— Systein- 
ize,  sis'tem-iz,  v.t.  Systematize. — System- 
less,  sis'tem-les,  a.  "Without  system;  biol. 
not  exliibiting  structure  characteristic  of 
organic  life. 

Systole,  sis'to-le,  n.  [Gr.  sysiols,  from  syn, 
together,  and  stello,  to  put.J  'The  contrac- 
tion of  the  heart  and  arteries  for  forcing 
the  blood  through  the  system  and  carrying 
on  the  circulation:  opposite  to  diastole; 
gram,  the  shortening  of  a  long  sj-llable. — 
Systolic,  sis-tol'ik,  a.  Relating  to  systole. 
Systyle,  sis'til.  a.  [Gr.  syslylos—syn,  to- 
gether, and  stylos,  a.  column.)  Arch,  hav- 
ing columns  standing  close  together;  hav- 
ing a  row  of  columns  set  close  together  all 
round,  as  in  the  Parthenon. 
Sythe,  siiH.  Scythe. 
Syzygy,  siz'i-ji,  n.  [Gr.  syzygia-^syn,  to- 
gether, and  zygon,  a  yoke.  Yos.e.']  Astro:i. 
the  conjunction  or  opposition  of  a  planet 
with  the. sun,  or  of  any  two  of  the  heaven- 
ly bodies. 


T. 


T,  the  twentieth  letter  of  the  English 
alphabet,  closely  allied  to  d,  both  being 
dentals.— 2'o  a  T,  exactly;  with  the  utmost 
exactness  (to  suit  to  a  T),  the  allusion  be- 
ing to  a  mechanic's  T-square. 

Tabard,  tab'ard,  n.  [Fr.  tabard,  Sp.  and 
Pg.  tdbardo.  It.  tajbarro,  L.L.  tabamis,t<t- 
tardus,  a  cloak;  origin  doubtful.!  A  gar- 
ment open  at  the  sides,  with  wide  slrsres 
or  flaps  reaching  to- the  elbows;  now  only 


worn  by  heralds  and  pursuivants.  —  Ta- 
barder,  t^Var-dtr,  n.  One  who  wears  a 
tabard. 

Tabaret,  tab'a-ret,  n.  [Probably  connected 
with  tabfty  or  <a6ard.)  A  stout  satin-striped 
silk  used  for  furniture. " 

Tabasheer,  tab-a-sher',  n.  [Ar.  tdb&shir.'\ 
A  siliceous  concretion  found  in  the  joints 
of  the  bamboo  and  other  large  grasses, 
highly  valued  in  the  East  Indies  as  a  touic. 


Tabbinet,  tab'i-netj  n.    Tabinkt. 

Tabby,  tab'i,  n.  [Fr.  taUs,  Sp.  Pg.  and  It. 
tabii  L.L.  atiabi,  from  Ar.  'attabi.  watered 
silk,  from  the  quarter  of  Bagdad  where 
this  stufi'was  nranufJictured,  named  after 
a  prince  Attab.]  A  kind  of  rich  silk  or 
other  stuff  watered  or  figured;  a  cat  of  a 
mixed  or  brindled  colour;  a^^  cat;  an 
ancient  spinster.— ».<.—to&6!"ed,  tabbying. 
To  water  or  cause  to  look  wavy  by  tho 


Fate,  far,  fat,  ff^ll;     mS,  met,  h£r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tdbe.  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     tt,  Sc.  abuno— the  Fr.  ti. 


TABBY 


689 


TMWIA 


process  of  calendering  (to  ialhu  silk). — 
Tabby-cat,  n.  A  brinded  cat.— Tabbying, 
tab'i-mg,  n.  The  watering  of  stuffs  be- 
tweenifingraTed  rollers. 

Tabby,  tab'i,n.  [Perhaps  from  Ar.  tabclshSr, 
tabasheer,  lime,  plaster.]  A  mixture  of 
lime  and  ■water,  with  shells,  gravel,  kc, 
forming  a  hard  mass  when  dry. 

Tabefaction,  ta-be-fa.k'shon,  n.  [L.  tabed, 
a  wasting  away,  and  /ado,  to  makc.i  A 
wasting  away;  emaciation.  .   . 

Tabernacle,  tab'er-nak-1,  n.  [L.  ta^ema- 
culum,  a  tent,  a  dim.  from  taberna,  a  hut, 
a  tavern.  TAVEaN.l  A  slightly  construc- 
ted teinporaiy  habitation;  tne  human 
frame  as  the  temporary  abode  of  the  soul; 
the  movable  building,  so  contrived  as  to 
be  taken  to  pieces  with  ease,  carried  by 
the  Jews  during  their  wanderings  in  the 
wilderness;  a  temple;  a  place  of  worship; 
a  small  cell  or  repository  for  holy  things ; 
an  ornamented  chest  on  Roman  Catholic 
altjirs  for  the  consecrated  vessels;  Goth. 
arch,  a  canopied  stall  or  niche ;  an  archpd 

■  canopy  over  a  tomb ;  a  tomh.—^Feait  of 
tubernaxHes,  a  festival  of  the  Israelites  to 
commemorate  their  dwelling  in  tents  dur- 
ing their  journeys  in  the  wilderness,  last- 
ing eight  days,  duririg  which  the  people 
dwelt  in  boothk  made  of  the  branches  of 
cerdtifii  trees.— ».i.  To  sojourn.— Tabemac- 
^ax,  tab-fci'-nak'a-ler,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
•fabernacle;  scnlptHied  with  delicate  tra- 
cery work.: 

T&bes,  ta'bez,  n.  DLi.,  from  tabeo,  to  waste 
away.]   A  disease  consisting  in  a  gradual 

'  wasting  away  of  the  whole  body,  accom- 
panied with  languor  and  depressed  spirits. 
—  Tabetic,  ta-bel  ■  ik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
tabes;  confiutnI)ti^■e.— Tabid,  tab'id,  a.  [li. 
tabidus.i  Relating  to  tabes;  wasted  by 
disease.  —  Tabidly,  tab'id-li.  adv.  Con- 
sumptively. —  Tabidness,  tab'id-nes,  «. 
Emaciation. 

Tabinet,  tab'i-net,  n.  [From  a  French  Pro- 
testant refugee  of  this  name  who  first 
made  tabinet  in  Dublin.]  A  kind  of  taf- 
fety  or  tabb'v;  a  fabric  of  silk  and  wool 
used  for  curtains. 

Tablature,  tabla-tnr,  n.  [Fr.  tdblature. 
Table:.]  An  old  name  for  musical  nota- 
tion, especially  for  the  manner  of  writing 
music  by  letters,  &c.,  for  certain  instru- 
ments. 

T&ble,  taljl,  w.  [Fr.  table,  from  L.  tabula,  a 
board,  a  painting,  a  tablet,&c.,from  root  ta, 
to  extend,  and  suffix  -bula  (as  in  fabula,  a 
fable  I.  Of  allied  origin  are  tavern,  taber- 
nacle.] An  article  of  furniture  consisting 
of  a  horizontal  frame  with  a  flat  upper 
surface  supported  by  legs;  any  detached 
flat  surface,  especially  when  horizontal; 

;  the  fare  or  viands  served  on  a  table;  the 

i  persons  sitting  at  table;  a  thin  piece  of 
something  ior  writing  on;  a  tablet;  a 
series  of  many  items  or  particulars  pre- 

;  sented  in  one  connected  group,  especially 

'  when  the  items  are  in  lists  or  columns; 
a  syllabus  or  index ;  a  series  of  numbers 
which  proceed  according  to  some  given 
law  i tables  of  logarithms);  jewelry,  the 
upper  and  flat  surface  of  a  diamond  or 
other  precious  stone;  vl.  an  old  name 
for  the  game  of  draugnts  or  a  similar 
game.— y/ie  Lord's  table,  the  altar  in  a 
church;  the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's  e\ip- 
vei.— Round  table.  B,cut;D.— Twelve  tables, 
the  .tables  containing  a  celebrated  body  of 
ancient  Roman  laws,  which  formed  the 
basis  of  Roman  jurisprudence. — To  lay  on 
Uie  table,  in  parliamentary  practice  and  in 
the  usage  of  corporate  and  other  bodies, 
to  receive  any  document,  as  a  report,  mo- 
tion, &c.,  but  to  agree  to  postpone  its  con- 
sideration indefinitely. — To  turn  the  tables, 
to  change  the  condition  or  fortune  of  con- 
tending i>arties,  alluding  to  the  vicissi- 
tudes of  fortune  in  gaming. — v.t. — tabled, 
tabling.  To  form  into  a  table  or  catalogue; 
to  tabulate;  to  lay  or  place  upon  a  table; 
to  lay  on  the  table  in  business  meetings, 
whetlier  public  or  private;  to  enter  upon 
the  record. — a.  Appertaining  to  or  pro- 
vided for  a  table.— Table-beer.  n.  Beer  of 
no  great  strength  for  the  table  or  for  com- 
mon use.  —  Table-bell,  n  k  small  bell 
used  at  table  for  cnlling  st-rviints.— Table- 
book,  ii.    A  book  ijt  tablets;  a  niamaran- 


dum-book.— Table-cloth,  n.  A  cloth,  usu- 
ally of  linen,  for  covering  «.  table  before 
the  dishes  are  set  for  meals.— -Table-cover, 
n.  An  ornamental  cloth  of  wool,  flax, 
cotton,  &c.,  laid  on  a  table  between  meal- 
times.-Table-d'hote,  ta'bl-dot,n.  [Fr.  table 
d'hCte,  lit.  table  of  the  host  or  landlord.]  A 
common  table  for  guests  at  a  hotel;  an 
ordinary.— Table-knife,  n.  .  An  ordinary 
knife  used  at  table.— Table-land,  n.  A 
stretch  of  elevated  flat  land;  a  plateau. — 
Table-linen ,n.  Thelinenusedforandatthe 
table;  napery.— T^ble-money,  n.  An  allojr- 
ance  to  general^flicers  in  the  army  and 
flag-offices  in  the  navy  in  addition  to 
their  pajT— Table-spoon,  n.  The  ordinary 
large  spoon  used  at  table  as  distinguished 
from  a  tea-spoon.— Table-spoonful,  n.  As 
much  as  a  table-spoon  will  hold.— Table- 
talk,  n.  Conversation  at  table ;  familiar 
conversation.— Table-talker,  n.  One  who 
studies  to  shine  in  table-talk.  —  Table- 
turning,  n.  One  of  the  alleged  phenomena 
of  spiritualism,  consisting  of  certain  move- 
ments of  tables  attributed  to  spirits  or 
spiritual  forces. 

Tableau,  tab-lo',  n.  pi.  Tableaux,  tab-loz'. 
[Fr.  tableau,  from  table,  a,  table.]  A  pic- 
ture; a  striking  representation;  performers 
grduped  in  a  dramatic  scene,  or  any  per- 
sons regarded  as  forming  a  dramatic 
-  group.— TaiZeau  vivant  (ve-van),  a  group 
f)i  persons  so  dressed  and  placed  as  to  re- 
present some  historical  or  fictitious  scene; 
lit.  a  Bving  picture. 

Tablet,  tablet,  n.  [Fr.  tablette,  dim.  of 
table.]  A  small  flat  surfaoe;  a  small  flat 
piece  of  wood,  metal,  ivory,  &c.,  for  writ- 
ing or  drawing  on;  a  slab  of  wood  or  stone, 
or  a  metal  plate  oearing  some  device  or 
inscription;  pi.  a  kind  of  pocket  memoran- 
dum-book; a  small  flattish  cake,  as  of 
soap. 

Taboo,  ta-ba',  n.  [Of  Polynesian  origin.] 
The  setting  of  Bom^thing  apart  and  away 
from  human  contact,  either  as  consecrated 
or  accursed,  practised  among  certain  sav- 
age races;  the  state  of  being  bo  set  apart; 
prohibition  of  contact  or  intercourse. — 
v.t.  To  put  under  taboo;  to  interdict  ap- 
proach to  or  contact  or  intercourse  with 
(a  tabooed  subject  of  conversation). 
Tabor,  Tabour,  ta'bor,  n.  [O.Fr.  tabour, 
Fr.  tambour,  Sp.  and  Pg.  tambor,  proba- 
bly from  Per.  tablr,  a  tabor.]  A  small 
drum  beaten  with  one  stick,  used  as  an 
accompaniment  to  a  pipe  or  fife. — v.i.  To 
play  the  tabor.  —  Taborer,  ta'bor-fer,  n. 
One  who  beats  the  tabor.— Taboret,  Ta- 
bouret, ta'bor^et,  n.  A  small  tabor;  a 
frame  for  embroidery,  named  from  its 
shape.— Taborine,  TaoQurine,  ta'bo-r5n, 
n.  [Fr.  tabourin.]  A  tabor;  a"  tambourine. 
— Tabret,  ta'bret,  n.  [A  dim.  form.]  A 
tabor. 

Tabu  ta-bS',  ra.  Taboo. 
Tabula,  tab'Q-la,  n.  pi.  Tabulae,  tab'a-l5.  [L. 
Table.]  A  table;  a  tablet;  a  flat  portion  of 
something;  a  horizontal  plate  across  the 
cavity  in  certain  corals.— Tabular,  tab'u- 
I6r,  a.  [L.  tabtilaris,  from  tabula,  a  table.] 
In  the  form  of  a  table;  having  a  flat  sur- 
face; having  the  form  of  laminae  or  pl3,tes; 
set  down  in  or  forming  a  table  or  statement 
of  items  in  columns;  computed  by  the  use 
of  tables. —  Tabular  spoj;  silicate  of  lime,  a 
mineral  of  a  grayish-white  colour,  occur- 
ring either  massive  or  crystallized,  in  rec- 
tangular tabular  crystals.  —  Tabulariza- 
tion,  tab'Q-ler-i-za"snon,  n.  The  act  of 
tabularizing.— Tabularize,  tab'Q-]6r-5z,  v.t. 
To  make  tables  of:  to  tabulate.— Tabulate, 
tab'a-lat,  v.t. — tabulated,  tabulating.  To 
reduce  to  tables  or  synopses;  to  set  down 
in  a  table  of  items.— a.  Table-shaped;  tab- 
ular.—Tabulation,  tab-u-la'shon,  n.  The 
throwing  of  data  into  a  tabular  form. 
Tacahout,  tak'a-hnt,  n.  [Ar.l  The  small 
gall  formed  on  the  tamarisk-tree.  M  ahee. 
Tacamahac,  tak'a-ma-hak,  n.  A  name  of 
the  balsam  .poplar  of  North  America;  a 
resin  produced  from  a  tree  of  Mexico  and 
the  West  Indies. 

Tach,  Tache,  tach,  n.  [A  softened  form  of 
tack.]  Something  used  for  taking  hold  or 
holding;  a  catch;  a  loop;  a  button.  [O.T.] 
Tachometer,  ta-kom'et-6r,  n.  [Gr.  taehos, 
speed,  and  inetron,  measure.]    An  instru- 


ment for  measuring  velocity,  as  of  running 
water;  a  contrivance  for  indicating  small 
variations  in  the  velocity  of  machiiien. 
Tachygraphy,  ta-kig'ra-fi,  n.  [Gr.  tachys, 
quick,  and  grapho,  to  write.]  The  art  or 
practice  of  quick  writing;  shorthand;  sten- 
ography.—Tachygraphic.Tachygraphical, 
tak-i-graf'ik,  tak-i-graf'i-kal,a.  Pertaining 
to  tacJiygraphy  or  shorthand. 
Tacit,  tas'it,  a.  [L.  iacitus,  silent,  from 
taceo,  to  be  silent;  cog.  with  Goth.-  thahan, 
to  be  silent.]  Implied  but  not  expressed  ia 
words;  silent  (tacit  consent,  a  tani  agree- 
ment).—Tacitly,  tas'it-li.adw.  Silently;  by 
implication;  without  words.  —  Taciturn, 
tas'i-tern,  a.  [L.  tacitumus,  from  taeitxis,  si- 
lent.] Habitually  silent;  not  apt  to  talk  or 
speak.— Taciturnity,  tas-i-t6r'ni-ti,  n.  [L. 
tacitumita.a.]  The  state  or  quality  of  beifig 
taciturn;  habitual  silence  or  reserve  in 
speaking.— Taciturnly,  tas'i-t6m-li,  adv. 
In  a  taciturn  manner;  silently. 
^ack,  tak,  n.  [Of  Celtic  origin;  Ir.  taea. 
Armor,  tach,  a  nail;  seen  also  in  attach, 
attack,  detach.]  A  small,  short  nail,  usu- 
ally having  a  broad  head;  a  slight  fasten- 
ing or  connection,  as  by  a  few  stitches; 
naiU.  a  rope  for  pulling  the  foremost 
lower  comers  of  certain  saUs;  the  part  of 
the  sail  to  which  the  tack  is  fastened;  the 
course  of  a  ship  as  regards  having  the 
wind  impelling  her  on  the  starboard  or 
the  port  side;  Hcots  law,  a  lease.  —  v.t.  To 
fasten;  to  attach;  to  unite  in  a  slight  or 
hasty  manner;  to  add  on  as  a  supplement 
or^addition;  to  append.  —  v.i.  To  change 
the  course  of  a  ship  so  as  to  have  the  wind 
act  from  the  starboard  instead  of  the  port 
side,  or  vice  versa.  — Tacket,  tak'et,  n.  A 
"  clout-naU  or  hob-nail.  [Scotch.]— Tacks- 
man, taks'man,  n.  In  Scotland,  a  person 
occupying  a  farm  by  a  tack  or  lease.  . 
Tackle,  tak'l,  n.  [From  the  stem  of  t'alce; 
h.Gr,  and  D,  takel,  Dan.  takkel,  Sw.  tackel, 
tackle.]  Apparatus,  appliances,  or  equip- 
ment for  various  kinds  of  work;  gear;  one 
or  more  pulleys  with  a  single  rope,  used 
for  raising  and  lowering  weights;  the  ropes 
and  rigging,  &c.,  of  a  ship;  see  also  such 
compounds  as  Ground -tackle.  Gun- 
tackle,  &c.  —  v.t.  —  tackled,  tackling.  To 
supply  with  tackle;  to  apply  tackle  to;  to 
set  vigorously  to  work  upon;  to  attack  for 
the  purpose-of  controlling  or  mastering 
(colloq.).— y.i.  To  go  vigorously  to  work: 
followed  by  to.  [Colloq.]— Tackling,  takl- 
ing,  n.  Tackle;  gear,  rigging,  &c.;  instru- 
ments of  action;  harness,  or  the  like. 
Tact,  takt,n.  [Fi.^act,  touch,  feeling,  taet; 
from  L.  tactua,  touch,  from  tango,  tactum, 
to  touch,  from  which  also  tactile,  tangent, 
tangible,  &c.  Tangent.]  Touch!;  peculiar 
skill  or  faculty;  skill  or  adroitness  in  doing 
or  saying  exactly  what  is  required  by  cir- 
cumstances; the  stroke  in  treating  time 
in  music.  .  ' 

Tactics,  tak'tiks,  n.  [Fr.  tactique,  Gr.  tak- 
tike  {techne,  art),  the  art  of  drawing  up 
soldiers,  from  tassO,  taxO,  to  arrange  (ceen 
also  in  syntax,  taxidermy).]  TpQ  science 
and  art  of  disposing  military  or  naval 
forces  in  order  for  battle,  of  manoeuvring 
them  in  presence  of  the  enemy  or  within 
the  range  of  his  fixe,  and  performing  mili- 
tary and  naval  evolutions.  Strategy. — 
Tactic,  tak'tik,  n.  System  of  tactics. — 
Tactic,  Tactical, tak'tik,  tak'ti-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  tactics.— Tactically,  tak'ti-kal- 
li,  adv.  According  to  tactics.— Tactician, 
tak-tish'an,  n.  One  versed  in  tactics. 
Tactile,  tak'til,  a.  [Fr.  tactile,  from  L. 
tactilis,  from  tango,  to  touch.  Tact.] 
Capable  of  being  touched  Or  felt;  tangible; 
pertaining  to  the  sense  of  touch.  —  Tac- 
tion,! tak'shon,  n.  [D.  tactio.]  The  act  of 
touching;  touch. —Tactual,  tak'tfl-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  sense  of  touch;  consis- 
ting in  or  derived  from  touch. 
Tadpole,  tad'pol,  n.  ,  [Equivalent  to  toad- 
poll,  that  is  toad  with  a  big  poll  or  head.] 
The  young  of  the  frog  or  allied  animal  ia 
its  first  state  from  the  spawn.  • 
Tael,  tal,  n.  In  China,  a  denomination  of 
money  equal  to  from  58. 6d.  to  6s.  sterling; 
also,  a  weight  of  li  oz. 
Ta'en,  tan.  Poetical  contraction  of  Taken. 
Taenia,  te'ni-a,  n.  [L.  twnia,  from  Gr. 
tainia,  a.fiUet  or  ribbon.]  The  tape-worm; 


eh,  cfcunj     (h.  Sc.  loch;     tu  !/>•;     j,  job;     n,  Fr.  Xon;     Pg^  Ang;    "^ii,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig 


wh,  whi 


'ih,  a^ure. 


TAFFEREL 


690 


TALENT 


arch,  the  fillet  or  band  which  sepaiutes 
the  Doric  frieze  from  the  architrave;  surg. 
a  ligature.— Tsenloid.te'ni-oid,  a.  Ribbon- 
shaped  ;  resembling  or  belouging  to  the 
tape-worm. 

Tafferel,  n.    Taefrail. 

Taffeta,  Taffety,  taf'e-ta,  tafe-ti,  n.  [Fr. 
taffetas.  It.  taffetd,  from  Per.  tdftah,  pp. 
of  verb  t&f"n,  to  weave.]  A  generic  name 
for  plain  siik,  shot-silk,  glace,  and  certain 
others;  also  applied  to  mixed  fabrics  of 
silk  and  wool.    ' 

TaffraU,  Tafferel,  taf'ral,  taf'e-rel,  n.  [D. 
tafereet,  a  panel,  a  picture,  dim.  of  tafel.  a 
table,,  a  picture,  from  L.  tabula,  a  table. 
Table.]  A'aut.  the  rail  over  the  heads  of 
the  stem  -  timbers;  originally  the  npper 
flat  part  of  a  ship's  stem. 

Taffy,  taf'i,  n.    Toffy. 

Tafia;  ta'fi-a,  n.  fFr.,  from  Malay.]  A 
variety  of  rum  distilled  from  molasses. ' . 

Tag,  tag,  n.  [Same  as  Sw.  tagg,  a  point; 
akin  tack,  take.]  A  metallic  point  to  the 
end  of  a  string;  anything  hanging  loosely 
attached  or  affixed  to  another;  the,  end  or 
catchword  of  an  actor's  speech;  something  ■ 
mean  and  paltry,  as  the  rabble  {Shak.);  a 
young  sheep  of  the  first  year. -=-«.<: — tagged, 
tagging.  To  fit  with  a  tag  or  point;  to  fit 
one  thing  to  another;  to  tack  or  join. — 
Tagger,  tag'fer,  n.  One  who  tags.— Taglet, 
tag'let,  n.  A  little  tag.— Tag-rag,  n.  The 
lowest  class  of  people;  the  rabble. 

Taglia.  tal'ya,  n.  [It.]  A  set  of  pulleys  in 
a  fixed  block  and  another  set  in  a  movable 
block  used  in  combination. 

Tagiiacotian,  tal'i-a-ko"8hi-an.     Taliaco- 

TIAN. 

TagUoni,  tal-yo'ne,'  n.  An  overcoat ;  so  I 
named  from  a  celebrated  Italian  family  I 
of  professional  dancers.  I 

Taguan,  tag'u-an,  n.  The  flying-eqtiirrel  of  I 
India.  ^ 

TaU,  tal,  n.  [A.  Sax.  Uggel,  trngj,  a  tail  = 
Icel.  tagl,  L.G.  and  Sw.  tagel,  O.H.G.  zagal, 
originally  hair,  as  seen  from  Goth,  tagl, 
hair.]  That  part  of  an  animal  which  con- 
sists of  the  projecting  termination  of  the 
spinal  column,  and  temiinates  its  body 

ibanind;  the  liinder  or  inferior  part  of  a 
thing,  as  opposed  to  the  head;  any  long 
terminal  appendeige  or  anything  resem- 
bling or  suggesting  the  tail  of  an  8jumal; 
the  other  side  of  a  coin  from  that  which 
bears  the  head;  the  reverse.— To  turn  tail, 
to  run  away;  to  shirk  an  encounter.— w.i. 
To  follow,  droop,  or  hang  like  a  tail.— 
Tail-board,  n.  The  movable  board  at  the 
hinder  end  of  a  cart  or  wagon.— Tail-drsiin, 
n.  A  drain  receiving  the  water  that  runs 
out  of  the  other  drains  of  a  field.— Tailed, 
tald,  a.  Having  a  tail  of  this  or  that 
kind.  —  Tail-end,  n.  The  latter  end;  the 
termination. — Tailless,  tal'les,  a.  Having 
no  tail. — Tail-piece,  n.  A  piece  forming  a 
tail;  an  end  piece;  an  appendage;  a  small 
picture  or  ornamental  design  at  the  end 
of  a  chapter  or  section  in  a  book;  the  piece 
at  the  lower  end  of  instruments  of  the 
violin  kind  to  which  the  strings  are  fas- 
tened. —  Tail-race,  n.  The  water  which 
runs  from  the  mill  aftpr  it  has  produced 
the  motion  of  the  wheel.— Tail-water,  n. 
The  water  flowing  oflF  by  the  tail-race. 

Tail,  tal,  n.  [Fr.  taille,  a  cutting,  from 
tailler,  to  cut.  Tailor.]  Law,  limitation; 
abridgment.— £siate  tail,  or  estate  in  tail, 
an  entailed  estate  or  estate  limited  to 
certain  heirs. 

Tailor,  taler,  n.  [Fr.  tailUur,  from  taiXler, 
to  cut,  from  L.L.  taliare,  taleare,  to  cut, 
from  L.  talea,  a  rod,  slip,  cutting  (seen  also 
in  detail,  entail,  retaU,  tally).]  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  cut  out  and  make  chiefly 
men's  outer  clothing,  as  coats,  vests,  trou- 
sers, &c.—v.i.  To  practise  making  men's 
clothes.— Tallor-bfrd,  n.  An  East  Indian 
bird  of  the  warbler  family,  so  called  be- 
cause it  constructs  its  nest  by  sewing 
leaves  together,  using  the  bill  as  a  needle 
and  a  fibre  as  thread.— Talloress,  tal6r-es, 
n.  A  female  who  makes  garments  for 
men. 

Tailzie,  Tallyie,  talVi,  n.  and  v.t.  [Fr. 
tailler,  to  cut  off.  Tailor.]  Scots  law,  an 
entail;  to  entail. 

Taint,  tant,  v.t.  [O.  Fr.  taindre,  pp.  taint; 
(Mod.  Fr.  teiwTre,  teint),  from  L.  tingere,  to 


wet  or  moipten;  whence  also  tinge^  tincture, 
tint.]  To  imbue  or  impregnate  with  some- 
thing noxious  or  poisonous;  to  infect^  to 
corrupt,  as  by  incipient  putrefaction;  to 
sully  or  pollute.— w.i.  To  become  infected 
or  corrupted;  to  be  affected  with  incipient 
putrefaction. — n.  Something  that  infects 
or  contaminates;  infection;  corruption;  a 
stain;  a  blemish  on  reputation.— Taintless, 
tant'les,  a.  Free  from  taint  or  infection; 
pure.— Taintlessly,  tant'les-U,  adv.  With- 
outM.aint.— Taint-worm,  n.  A  worm  that 
taints;  a  destructive  parasitic  worm. 
Take,  tak,  v.t.—pret.  took;  ppr.  taking;  pp. 
taken.  [From  Icel.'  and  O.  Sw.  taka,  »w. 
taga,  Dan.  tage,  to  take,  to  seize,  &c.;  same 
root  as  L.  tango,  taetum,  to  touch  (whence 
tangible,  tact,  &c.).  Tackle  is  akin.]  To  re- 
ceive or  accept:  correlative  to  give,  and 
opposed  to  refuse  or  reject ;  to  lay  hold  of ; 
to  seize;  to  grasp  {took  him  by  the  throat); 
to  lay  hold  of  and  remove;  to  carry  off;  to 
abstract  (to  take  one's  goods);  to  catch  sud- 
denly ;  to  entrap ;  to  circumvent ;  to  sur- 
prise; to  make  prisoner  of;  to  capture;  to 
obtain  possession  of  by  arms  (to  take  a 
town);  to  captivate,  attract,  allure^  to  un- 
derstand or  comprehend ;  to  receive  with 
good  or  ill  will ;  to  feel  concerning  {take 
an  act  amiss);  to  look  upon  as;  to  suppose, 
regard,  consider  (I  take  this  to  be  right); 
to  avail  one's  self  of;  to  employ;  to  use  (pre- 
caution, advice,  &c.);  to  require  or  render 
necessary  (the  jeumey  iaAresa  week);  not  to 
let  slip;  to  choose  and  make  one's  own;  to 
select;  to  have  recourse  to;  to  betake  one's 
self  to  (to  take  a  course,  shelter);  to  foi-m  or 
adopt  (a  resolution,  a  plan);  to  put  on;  to  as- 
sume (to  take  shape);  to  receive  and  swallow 
(food,  medicine);  to  copy;  to  draw  (a  por- 
trait, a  sketch);  to  put  into  writing;  to  note 
down;  to  fasten  on,  attack,  or  assail,  as  by 
a  blast,  a  disease,, or  the  like;  to  be  infected 
or  seized  with  (to  take  a  cold);  to  experi- 
ence, indulge,  feel  (comfort,  pride);  to  bear 
or  submit  to;  to  put  lip  with;  to  enter  into 
possession  of  bjr  renting  or  leasing;  to 
conduct,  guide,  convey,  carry  (to  take  one 
home);  to  leap  over;  to  clear;  to  place 
one's  self  in ;  to  occupy  (to  take  a  seat). — 
To  take  aback,  to  surprise  or  astonish;  to 
confound.  —  To  take  advantage  of,  to  use 
any  advantage  or  benefit  offered  by;  to 
catch  or  seize  by  surprise  or  cunning. — 
To  take  aim,  to  aim.— To  take  air,  to  be 
divulged  or  disclosed.— To  take  the  air,  to 
take  an  airing,  to  walk  or  drive  in  the 
open  air  for  refreshment. — To  take  arms, 
or  take  up  arms,  to  commence  war  or  hos- 
tilities.— To  take  breath,  to  stop  in  order  to 
breathe  or  rest  after  exertion. —  To  take 
care,  to  be  watchful,  vigilant,  or  careful. 
— To  take  care  of,  to  have  the  charge  of;  to 
keep  watch  over. — To  take  down,  to  remove 
to  a  lower  position ;  hence,  to  humble;  to 
abase;  to  pull  to  pieces;  to  put  in  writing; 
to  write  down.— To  take  effect,  to  produce 
the  inteig^d  effect;  to  begin  to  act  or  come 
into  opeimion. — To  take  the  field,  to  com- 
mence the  operations  of  a  campaign.— To 
take  fire,  to  become  ignited  or  inflamed ; 
fig.  to  become  excited,  as  with  anger  or 
love.— To  take  heart,  to  become  courageous 
or  confident. — To  taketo  heart,tohe  keenly 
or  deeply  affected  by;  to  feel  sensibly.— To 
take  heed,  to  be  careful  or  cautious.— T» 
take  heed  to,  to  attend  to  with  care. — 
To  take  hold  of,  to  seize ;  to  grasp ;  to  lay 
hands  on. — To  take  horse,  to  mount  and 
ride.— To  take  in,  to  admit  or  bring  into 
one's  house;  to  encompass  or  embrace;  to 
include;  to  comprehend;  to  draw  into  a  less 
compass;  to  contract;  to  furl,  as  a  sail;  to 
receive  into  the  mind;  to  admit  the  truth 
of;  to  circumvent;  to  cheat.— To  take  in 
hand,  to  undertake;  to  attempt  to  execute. 
— To  take  in  vain,  to  use  or  utter  unneces- 
sarily, carelessly,  or  profanely. — To  take 
leave,  to  bid  farewell;  to  depart;  to  permit 
one's  self;  to  use  acertain  license  or  liberty. 
— To  take  notice  of,  to  regard  or  observe 
with  attention ;  to  pay  some  attention  to; 
.to  make  remarks  on;  to  mention. — To  take 
oatfc,  to  swear  judicially  or  with  solemnity. 
—  To  take  off,  to  remove  or  lift  from  the 
surface,  outside,  or  top;  to  divest  one's  self 
of;  to  remove  to  a  different  place;  to  kill; 
to  make  away  with ;  to  deduct ;  to  with- 


draw;-to  call  or  draw  away;  to  drink  out; 
to  mimic;  to  imitate,  as  in  ridicule.— 2'o 
take  Ott,  or  upon,  to  undertake;  to  assume. 

—  To  take  out,  to  remove  from  within  or 
from  a.  number;  to  remove  by  cleansing 
or  the  like  (to  take  out  a  stain).— To  take 
pains,  t6  use  all  one's  skill,  care,  and  the 
like.— To  take  part  in,  to  share;  to  partake 
of  .—To  take  part  with,  to  join  or  unite  with. 

—  To  take  one's  part,  to  espouse  one's  cause; 
to  defend  one.— To  take  place,  to  happen. 

—  To  take  root,  to  strike  a  root;  to  put  forth 
roots  and  grow:  to  become  firmly  fixeil  or 
establishea. — To  take  time,  to  act  without 
haste  or  hurry;  to  be  in  no  haste  or  excite- 
ment; to  require  or -necessitate  a  iX)rtion 
or  period  of  time.— To  take  thought,  to  be 
solicitous  or  anxious. — To  take  up,  to  lift ; 
to  raise;  to  obtain  on  credit;  to  begin  where 
another  left  off  (to  take  up  a  narrative);  to 
occupy,  engross,  or  engage;  to  arrest  or  ai>- 
prehend;  to  charge  one's  self  with(a  friend'a 
cause,  a  quarrel);  to  enter  upon;  to  adopt 
(a  trade  or  occupation);  to  pay  and  receive 
(a  bill  at  a  bank). — v.i.  To  direQt  one's 
course ;  to  betake  one's  self ;  to  turn  in 
some  direction;  to  suit  the  public  taste; 
to  please ;  to  have  the  intended  effect ; 
to  catch  hold ;  to  admit  of  being  made  a 
portrait  of.— To  take  after,  to  learn  to  fol- 
lawj  to  imitate;  to  resemble.— 'To  take  from, 
to  derogate  or  detract  from. — To  take  on, 
to  be  violently  affected;  to  grieve;  to  fret. 
[Colloq.]— To  take  to,  to  become  fond  of: 
to  resort  to.  —  To  take  vp  u-ith,  to  dwell 

;  with;  to  associate  with.— n.  The  quantity 
of  anything  taken ;  the  quantity  of  fish 
taken  at  one  haul  or  upon  one  cruise. — 
Taker,  ta'kfer,  n.  One  that  takes;  one  who 
catches;  a  captor.— Taking,  ta'king,  p.  and 
a.  Alluring ;  engaging.  —  n.  A  seizing ; 
agitation  or  distress  of  mind.— Takingly, 
ta'king-li,  adv.  In  .a  taking,  of  attractive 
manner. 

Talapoin,  tal'a-poin,  n.  A  Siamese  bonze 
or  priest  of  Buddha. 

Talbot,  tal'bot,  n.  [From  the  Talbot  family, 
who  bear  the  figure  of  a  dog  in  their  coat 
of  arms.l  A  kind  of  houfid  with  a  broad 
moufh,  deep  chops,  large  pendulous  ears, 
and  usually  pure  white.     . 

Talc,  talk,  n.  [Fr.  talc,  Sp.  and  Pg.  talco, 
from  Ar.  talq,  talc]  A  magnesian  lami- 
nated mineral,  unctuous  to  the  touch,  of  a 
shining  lustre,  translucent,  and  usuallj' 
white,  apple -green,  or  yellow,  differing 
from  mica  in  being  flexible  but  not  elas- 
tic. French  -  chalk.  —  Talcky,  Taicose, 
Talcons,  talTci,  tal'kos,  tal'kus,  a.  Like 
talc;  consisting  of  talc;  containing  talc. — 
Talk-schist,  n.  A  schistose  foliated  rock 
consisting  of  quartz  and  talc— Talc-slate, 
n.  A  slaty  rock  consisting  of  talc  and 
quartz  in  laminae. 

Tale,  tal,  n.  [A.  Sax.  talu,  speech,  number; 
Icel.  tal,  tula,  a  speech,  a  number;  Dun. 
tal,  number,  tale,  talk,  to  talk;  D.  tal, 
number,  taal,  speech,  G.  zahl,  number; 
akin  tell.]  An  oral  relation;  a  piece  of 
information;  a  narrative  of  events  that 
have  really  happened  or  are  imagined  to 
have  happened ;  a  short  story,  true  or  fic- 
titious; a  number  or  quantity  reckoned, 
estimated,  or  set  down ;  especially  a  rec- 
koning by  counting  or  numbering.— Tale- 
bearer, n.  A  person  who  tells  tales  likely 
.to  breed  mischief;  one  who  carries  stories 
and  makes  mischief  Vjy  his  ofiiciousness.— 
Tale -bearing,  n.  The  act  of  spreading 
stories  olficiously;  communication  of  se- 
crets maliciously.  —  Tale-teller,  n.  One 
who  tells  tales  or  stories;  a  tale-bearer. 

Talegalla,  tal-6-gal'la,  n.  The  native  name 
of  the  brush-turkey. 

Talent,  tal'ent,  n.  [Fr.  talent,  L.  tdlentum, 
from  Gr.  talanion,  a  thing  weighed,  a  tal- 
ent, from  root  tal,  akin  to  Skr.  tul,  to  lift 
up,  li.  tollo,  to  lift,  O.E.  and  Sc.  thole,  to 
suffer.)  An  ancient  weight  and  denomina- 
tion of  money;  the  Attic  talent  as  a  weight 
being  about  56  lbs.;  as  a  denomination  of 
silver  money  £243, 158.;  the  Hebrew  talent 
as  a  weight  equal  to  93i  lbs. ;  as  a  denomina- 
tion of  silver,  variously  estimated  at  from 
£340  to  i'396;  a  gift,  endowment,  or  faculty 
(a  talent  for  mimicry);  mental  endow  nients 
or  capacities  of  a  superior  kind;  general 
mental  power.    (In  the  latter  sensed  pi-o- 


F&te,  f4r,  fat,  ffdl;     me,  met,  her;     pine/piu;     note,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tub^b^ll;     oil,  pound;     il,  Sc.  abvpe— the  Fr- «■ 


TALES 


691 


^TANAGER 


bably  borrowed  from  the  Scriptural  par- 
able of  the  talents,  Mat.  xxv.]  .•.  Syn. 
under  Genids.  —  Talented,  tal'ent-ed,  a. 
Famished  with  talents  or  great  mental 
powers. 

SfaleB,  ta'lez,  n.  pJ.  [Ii.  talis,  such,  of  like 
sort,  pi.  tales.l  Law,  suitable  persons  who 
happen  to  be  in  a  court,  and  from  whom 
certain  may  be  selected  to  supply  any  de- 
ficiency in  the  required  number  of  jurors. 
—To  pray  a  tales,  to  pray  that  the  num- 
ber of  jurymen  may  be  thus  completed. 

Taliacotian,  tal'i-a-ko"shi-an,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Taliacotius  or  Tagliacozzi,au  Italian 
anatomist. — Taliacotian  operation.  Same 
as  Rhinoplastic  operation. 

Talion,  ta'li-on,  n.  [Pr.  talion,  L.  talio, 
from  talis,  such.]  The  law  of  retaliation, 
according  to  which  the  punishment  in- 
flicted is  the  same  in  kind  and  degree  as 
the  injury,  as  an  eye  for  an  eye,  a  tooth  for 
a  tooth,  &c. 

Talipat,  Tallput,otal'i-pat,  tal'i-put,  n. 
I  Singhalese  ftame.]*  A  palm  of  India. 
Ceylon,  &c.,  the  leaves  of  which  are  used 
for  covering  houses,  making  umbrellas, 
fans,  as  a  substitute  tor  writing  paper,  &c. 

Talipes,  tal'i-pes,  n.  [L.  talus,  ankle,  pes-, 
foot.]  .The  disease  called  CiM6-/oot. 

Talisman,  tal'is-man,  n.  [Pr.  and  Sp.  talis- 
manf  from  Ar.  telsamAn,  pi.  of  telsam,  a 
magical  figure,  from  Byzantine  Gr.telesma, 
incantation,  from  Gr.  teleo,  to  accomplish, 
from  telos,  an  end.]  A  charm  consisting 
of  a  magical  figure  cut  or  engraved  on 
stone  or  metal,  and  supposed  to  preserve 
the  bearer  from  injury,  disease,  or  sudden 
death;  hence,  something  that  produces 
extraordinary  effects;  an  amulet;  a  charm. 
— Talismanlc,  Talismanlcal,  tal-is-man'ik, 
tal-is-man'i-kal,  a.  Having  the  properties 
«f  a  talisman;  preservative  against  evUs; 
magical. 

Talk,  tak,  v.i.  [A  word  related  to  tale,  teU, 
in  much  the  same  way  as  harJc  to -hear, 
smirk  to  smile,  and  walk  to  well,  wallow.] 
To  utter  words;  to  speak;  to  converse 
familiarly;  to  hold  converse;  to  prate;  to 
confer;  to  reason. — To  talk  to,  to  remon- 
strate with;  to  reprove  gently. .'.  Syn.  under 
Speak.. — v.t.  To  use  as  a  means  of  conver- 
sation or  communication  (to  talk  French 
or  German);  to  speak;  to  utter  (to  talk ' 
nonsense);  to  have  a  cfertain  efiect  on  by 
talking;  id  talk  one  down  =  to  silence  one 
with  incessant  talk;  to  talk  one  out  o/=to 
dissuade  one  from,  as  a  plan,  project^  &c.; 
to  talk  one  over=to  gain  one  over  by  per- 
suasion.— To  talk  over,  to  talk -about;  to 
discuss.  —  ».  Familiar  conversation ;  dis- 
course; report;  rumour;  subject  of  dis- 
course; a  discussion. — Talkative,  ta'ka-ti  v, 
a.  Apt  to  engage  in  conversation;  freely 
communicative;  chatty.  [A  hybrid  word, 
E.  with  Latin  termination,  like  starva- 
tion.]—Ta-lkAtively,  ta'ka-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a 
talkative  manner.— Talkativeness,  tsv'ka-- 
tiv-nes,  n.  —  Talker,  tftTcfer,  n.  One  who 
talks;  a  loquacious  person;  a  prattler. — 
Talking,  ta'king,  a.  Given  to  talk;  having 
the  power  of  speech. 

Tall,  tal,  a.  [From  W.  <AZ,  tall,  towering.] 
High  in  stature;-  long  and  comparatively 
slender:  said  of  upright  things;  having 
height,  great  or  small  (how  tall  is  he?); 
great;  excellent;  remarkable;  extravagant; 
bombastic  (in  these  latter  senses  now  only 
Amer.  colloq.).— Tallness,  tal'nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  tall. 

Tallage,  Talliage,  tal'aj,  tal'i-aj,  n.  [Prom 
Fr.  tailler,  to  cut.  Tailor.]  A  term  for- 
merly applied  to  subsidies  or  taxes  of 
various  kinds. 

Tallow,  tal'o,  n.  [Same  as  Dan.  Sw.  and 
G.  talg,  Icei.  tdlg,  D.  talk,  tallow;  comp. 
Goth,  tulgiis,  firm.]  The  harder  and  less 
fusible  fat  of  animals  melted  and  sepa- 
rated from  the  fibrous  or  meqribranous 
matter;  also  a  fat  obtained  from  some 
plants.  —  v.t.  To  grease  or  smear  with 
tallow — Tallow-candle,  n.  A  candle  made 
of  tallow.— Tallow-chandler,  n.  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  make,  or  to  make  and  sell, 
tallow  candles.— Tallow-chandlery  ,n.  The 
■business  or  premises  of  a  tallow-chandler. 
— Tallower,  tal'o-6r,n.  A  tallow-chandler. 
—Tallowy,  tal'o-i,  a.  Greasy;  having  the 
Qualitits  of  tallow. 


Tally,  tal'i,  n.  [Fr.  taUle,  a  tally,  a  cutting, 
from  tailler,  to  cut.  Tailor.]  A  piece  of 
wood  on  which  notches  or  scores  are  cut, 
as  marks  of  number,  often  split  into  two 
parts  so  that  each  part  contained  one 
half  (Jf  every  notch:  formerly  used  so  as  to 
answer  the  double  purpose  of  receipts  and 
records;  anything  made  to  suit  or  corre- 
spond to  another;  a  label  of  wood  or  metal 
used  in  gardens,  &c.,  bearing  the  name  of 
the  plant  with  which  it  is  connected.— 
V.t— tallied,  tallying.  To  make  to  corre- 
spond.— v.i.  To  correspond;  to  agree  ex- 
actly (your  information  tallies  with  mine). 
—  Tallier,  tal'i-6r,  n.  One  who  keeps  a 
tally.— Tallyman,  tal'i -man,  M.  One  who 
carries  on  a  tally-trade;  one  who  keeps  a 
tally  or  account.—  Tally-shop,  n.  A  shop 
at  which  goods  are  sold  on  the  tally- 
system.— Talljr-system,  Tally -trade,  n.  A 
system  of  dealing  in  some  large  towns,  by 
which  shopkeepers  furnish  articles  on 
credit,  the  stipulated  price  to  be  paid  by 
weekly  or  monthly  instalments. 
Tally  Ho,  tal'i  ho",  interj.  and  n.  The- 
.  huntsman's  cry  to  urge  on  his  hounds.- 
Talmud,  tal'mud,  n.  [Chal.  talmUd,  in- 
struction.] The  body  of  the  Hebrew  civil 
■and  canonical  laws,  traditions,  and  ex- 
pIahations,or  the  book  that  contains  them. 
— Talmudic,  Talmudical,  tal-mud'ik,  tal- 
mud'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Talmud; 
contained  in  the  Talmud.  —  Talmudlst, 
tal'mud-ist,  n.  One  versed  in  the  Talmud. 
— Talmudistic,  tal-mud-is'tik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  Talmud;  Talmudic. 
Talon,  tal'on,  n.  [Fr.  talon,  the  heel,  from 
L.  talus,  the  heel.] '  The  claw  of  a  bird  of 
prey. 

Talookdar,  ta-luk'd^r,  n.  In  India,  a  native 
acting  as  the  head  of  a  revenue  depart- 
ment {talook)  iinder  a  superior;  a  petty 
zemindar. 

Talus,  ta'lus,n.  [Ii.  (aZwa,  the  ankle.]  Anat. 
the  astragal  or  ankle;  arch,  the  slope  or 
inclination  of  any  work;  geol.  a  sloping 
heap  of  broken  rocks  and  stones  at  the 
foot  of  any  cliff  or  rocky  declivity.  ■ 
Tamable,  Tamableness.  Under  Taue. 
Tamandna,  ta-man'da-a,  n.  A  species  oi 
ant-eater. 

Tamarack,  tam'a-rak,  n.     The  black  or 
American  larch;  hackmatack. 
Tamarin,  tam'a-rin,  n.    [Native  name  in 
Cayenne.]    A  species  of  very  small  South 
American  monkeys. 

Tamarind,  tam'a-rind,  n.  [It.  and  Sp. 
tamarindo,  Fr.  tamarin,  from  Ar.  tamr- 
hindl,  from  tamr,  fruit,  date,  and  hindl, 
Indian.]  A  tropical  leguminous  tree,  and 
also  its  seed-pods,  the  preserved  pulp  of 
which  is  importea  into  European  coun- 
tries, and  frequently  employed  in  medi- 
cine, in  fevers,  &c. 

Tamarisk,  tam'a-risk,  n.  [L.  tamariscus.'] 
A  genus  of 'shrubs  or  small  trees  belonging 
to  Southern  Europe  and  Asia,  some  of 
them  yielding  'manna.' 
TamboTir,  tarn'  bSr,  n.  [Fr.  tmnhour,  a  drum, 
a  tabour.  Tabour.]  A  drum ;  arch,  the 
naked  part  of  Corinthian  and  Composite 
capitals,  bearing  some  resemblance  to  a 
drum;  the  circular  vertical  part  both  below 
and  above  a  cupola;  a  cyUncfrical  stone  as  in 
the  shaft  of  a  column;  a  circular  frame  on 
which  silk  or  other  stuff  is  stretched  to  be 
embroidered.  —  v.t.  and  i.  To  embroider 
with  a  tambour;  to  work  on  a  tambour 
frame.— Tambourine,  tam-bu-ren',  n.  [Fr. 
tamhourin,  from  tambour.]  A  musical  in- 
strument formed  of  a  hoop,  over  which 
parchment  is  stretched  like  one  end  of  a 
drum,  and  having  small  pieces  of  metal 
called  jingles  inserted  in  the  hoop.  ^ 
Tame,  tam,  a.  [A.  Sax.  torn,  tame=I>.  Dan. 
Sw.  and  Goth,  tam,  Icel.  tamr,  G.  eahTn, 
tame;  same  root  as  in  L.  domx>,  to  subdue, 
dominus,  a  lord;  Skr.  dam,,  to  subdue. 
Dame.  J  Having  lost  its  native  wildness  and 
shyness;  accustomed  to  man;  domesticated 
(a  tame  deer) ;  wanting  in  spirit;  submis- 
sive; spiritless;  unanimatcd;  without  live- 
liness or  interest;  insipid;  dull;  flat  (a  tame 
poem,  tame  scejaery);  listless;  cold;  harm- 
leas  or  ineffectual  (Shak.). — v.t. — tamed, 
taming.  To  make  tame;  to  reduce  from 
a  wild  to  a  domestic  state;  to  subdue;  to 
crush;  to  depress.  —  Tamableness,  Tame- 


ableness,  ta'ma-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  tamable.— Taiiiability,Tameabillty, 
ta-ma-bil'i-ti,  n.  Capability  of  being 
tamed;  tamableness. — Tamable,Tameable, 
ta'ma-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  tamed  or 
subdued;  capable  of  being  reclaimed  from 
a  wild  or  savage  state.— Tameless,  tam'les, 
a.  Incapable  of  being  tamed;  untamable. 
— Tamelessness,  tam'les-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  lieing  tameless;  untamable- 
ness.  —  Tamely,  tam'li,  adv.  In  a  tame 
manner;  'submissively;  meanly;  servilely; 
insipidly.  —  Tameness,  tam'nes,  ji.  The 
quality  of  being  tame;  domestication; 
want  of  spirit  or  liveliness;  dulnes§;  flat- 
ness.—Tamer,  ta'm6r,  n.    One  who  tames. 

Tamil,  tam'il,  n.  One  of  a  race  of  men  in- 
habiting Southern  India,  and  belonging 
to  the  Dravidian  stock;  a  Dravidian  lan- 
guage spoken  in  India.  —  Tamilian,  ta- 
mil'i-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Tamils  or 
their  language. 

Tamine,  Tamlny,  tam'in,  tam'i-ni,  n.  [Fr. 
iiamine,  from  L.  stamen,  a  thread.  Sta- 
men.] A  strainer  or  bolter  of  hair  or  cloth; 
a  thin  woollen  or  worsted  stuff  highly 
glazed. 

Tamis,  Tammy,  tam'i,  n.  [Pr.  tamis,  from 
D.  tems,  A.  Sax.  tefnea,  a  sieve.]  A  sieve; 
a  scarce. 

Tamp,  tamp,  v.t.  [From  Pr.  tamponner; 
akin  to  tampion.]  To  ram  tight  -with 
tough  clay  or  other  substance,  as  a  hole 
bored  fot  blasting,  after  the. charge  is 
lodged.  —  Tamper,  tam'pfer,  n.  One  who 
tamps;  an  instrument  used  in  tamping.—- 
Tamping,  tam'ping,  n.  The  operation  of 
filling  tight  a  blast-hole  above  the  charge; 
the  operation  of  stopping  with  clay  the 
issues  of  a  blast-furnace;  the  material  used 
for  these  purposes. 

Tamper,  tam'per,  v.i.  [A  form  of  temper.] 
To  meddle  or  interfere;  to  try  little  ex- 
periments; to  meddle  so  as  to  alter  by  cor- 
ruption or  adulteration;  to  influence  to- 
wards a  certain  course  bv  secret  and  un- 
fair means :  generally  followed  by  with  (to 
tamper  with  a  document,  a  witness,  &c.). 
— Tamperer,  tam'p6r-6r,  n.  One  who  tam- 
pers. 

Tampion,  tam'pi-on,  n.  [From  Pr.  tampon, 
a  nasalized  form  from  tapon,  a  bung,  from 
D.  <aj)=E.  tap,  a  plug.  Tap.]  The  stopper 
of  a  cannon  or  other  piece  of  ordnance;  a 
tomision;  a  plug. 

Tam-tam,  tam 'tam,  n.  [Hind.,  from  sound 
of  drum.]  A  kind  of  native  drum  used  in 
the  East  Indies;  a  Chinese  gong.     • 

Tan,  tan,  v.t.— tanned,  tanning.  [Fr.  tanner, 
to  tan,  from  tan,  oak  bark,  from  Armor. 
tann,  oak;  akin  tawny.]  To  convert  into 
leather,  as  animal  skins,  by  steeping  them 
in  an  infusion  of  oak  or  some  other  bark, 
by  which  they  are  rendered  firm,  durable, 
and  in  some  degree  impervious  to  water; 
to  make  bro-wn  by  exposure  to  the  rays  of 
the  sun;  to  make  sunburnt;  to  beat,  flog, 
or  thrash  (colloq.).— y.i.  To  become  tanned 
(leather  tans  easily);  to  become  tan-col- 
oured or  sunburnt.— n.  The  bark  of  the 
oak,  -willow,  or  other  trees,  as  broken  by  a 
mill,  and  used  for  tanning;  a  yellowish- 
brown  colour  like  that  of  tan. — a.  Of  the 
colour  of  tan;  resembling  tan;ta-wny . — Tan- 
balls,  n.  pi.  The  spent  bark  of  the  tanner's 
yard  pressed  into  balls  or  lumps  and  used 
for  fuel.  —  Tan-bed,  n.  Hort.  a  bark  bed 
or  stove.- Tannable,  tan'a-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  tanned.— Taima,'je,tan'aj,  n.  The 
operation  of  tanning.— Tajmer,  tan'6r,  n. 
One  whose  occupation  is  to  tan  hides.— 
Tannery,  tan'6r-i,  n.  A  place  where  the 
operations  of  tanning  are  carried  on;  the 
art  or  process  of  tanning.— Tannate,  tan'- 
ftt,  n.  A  salt  of  tannic  acid.  —  Tannic, 
tan'ik,  a.  Applied  to  an  acid  existing  in 
oak,  gall-nuts,  &c.,  and  forming  the  effi- 
cient substance  in  tanning  leather.— Tan- 
nin, tan'in,  n.  Tannic  acid.  —  Tanning, 
tan'ing,  n.  The  operation  and  art  of  con- 
verting raw  hides  and  skins  of  animals 
into  leather;  a  brown  colour  produced  on 
the  skin  by  the  sun.- Tan-pit,  Tan-vat,  n. 
A  sunken  vat  in  which  hides  are  laid  ia 
tan;  a  bark-bed.— Tan-yard,  n.  A  yard  or 
inclosure  where  the  tanning  of  leather  is 
carried  on. 

Tanager,  tan'a-jfer,  n.    [Altered  from  Brii- 


v«li,  <;Aaiu;     ch,  8c,  lock;     e,go;     hjoh;     n,  Fr.  ton;     aSx-S^^    ^ffitiAsg;  JibiJAin^    ^il^SS.   whiWiygj    zli«  «;««$., 


TANDEM 


692 


TARE 


lilian  tanacra.]  Agenusof  tropical  Ameri- 
can birds  of  the  finch  family,  remarkable 
for  their  bright  colours. 
Tandem,  tau'dem,  adv.  [L.,  at  length,  that 
is,  after  a  certain  interval  of  time;  the 
English  sense  is  by  a  mere  pun  or  joke.] 
With  two  horses  harnessed  singly  one  be- 
fore the  other  (to  drive  tatidem).—n.  A  two- 
wheeled  carriage  drawn  by  two  horses  har- 
nessed one  before  the  other. 
Tang,  tang,  n.  [Imitative  of  a  sound,  like 
twang,  metaphorically  transferred  to  a 
strong  taste.]  A  twang  or  sharp  sound 
(Sfiak.);  a  taste  or  flavour;  characteristic 
flavour,  quality,  or  property;  a  smack  or 
taste. — v.t.  To  ring;  to  twang. 
Tang,  tang,  n.  [A  modification  of  tongue, 
or  aJlied  to  tongs.)  A  projecting  part  of 
an  object  which  is  inserted  into  and  so 
secured  to  another ;  the  part  of  a  table- 
knife  or  tool  which  fits  into  the  handle; 
the  tongue  of  a  buckle. 
Tangent,  tan'jent,  n.  [L.  tangena,  tangen- 
tis,  ppr.  of  L.  tango,  tacium,  to  tou(5h 
(wnence  also  contact,  tact,  'tangible,  taint, 
tax,  task,  ic;  stem  also  in  contagion).] 
Geom.  a  straight  line  which  touches  a 
circle  or  cvirve,  and  which  being  produced 
does  not  cut  it.— To  go  or  fly  off  at  a  tan- 
gent,fig.  to  break  off  suddenly  from  one  line 
of  action,  train  of  thought,  ojj  the  like, 
and  go  on  to  something  else. — a.  Touch- 
ing ;  forming  a  tangent. — Tangence,  Tan- 
gency,  tan'jens,  tan'jen-si,  n.  State  of 
being  tangent ;  a  contact  or  touching. — 
Tangential,  tan-jen'shal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  tangent;  in  the  direction  of  a  tangent. — 
Tangential  force,  centrifugal  force;  force 
acting  upon  a  wheel  in  the  direction  of  a 
tangent  to  the  wheel.— Tangentially,  tan- 
jen'shal-li,  adv.  In  the  direction  of  a  tan- 
gent. 

Tanghin,  tan'gin,  w.  A  vegetable  poison 
formerly  employed  in  Madagascar  as  an 
ordeal. 

Tangible,  tan'ji-bl,  a.  [Fr.  tangible.  It.  tan- 
gibUis,  from  tango,  to  touch.  Tangent.] 
Capable  of  being  touched  or  grasped;  per- 
ceptible by  the  touch;  capable  of  being 
possessed  or  realized;  real;  actual;  evi- 
dent {tangjbU  proofs).—  Tangibility,  Tan- 
gibleness,  tan-ji-bil'i-ti,  tan'ji-bl-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  tangible,  or  percep- 
tible to  the  touch.  —  Tangibly,  tan'ji-bli, 
adv.  So  as  to  be  perceptible  to  the  touch. 
Tangle,  tang'gl,  v.t.  —  tangled,  tangling. 
[Allied  to  IceH  thongull,  thang,  Dan.  and 
G.tang,  tangle,  sea-weed;  hence  entonpZe.] 
To  knit  together  confusedly ;  to  interweave 
or  interlace  so  as  to  be  difficult  to  unravel; 
to  entangle  or  entrap;  to  involve;  to  com- 
plicate.—  n..A  knot  of  threads. or  other 
things  confusedly  interwoven;  a  perplex- 
ity or  embarrassment;  a  name  given  to 
some  species  of  sea-weed. — Tangly,  tang'- 
gli,  a.  Knotted ;  intertwined ;  intricate; 
covered  with  sea-weed  or  tangle. 
Tanist,  tan'ist,  n.  [Ir.  and  Gael,  tanaisfe, 
from  tan,  a  region.]  An  elective  prince  or. 
sovereign  among  the  ancient  Irish. — Tan- 
Istry,  tan'ist-ri,  n.  An  Irish  custom  of 
descent,  according  to  which  the  tanist  or 
prince  was  fixed  by  election,  the  right  or 
succession  not  lying  in  the  individu^,  but 
in  the  family  to  which  he  belonged. 
Tank,  tangk,  n.  [For  stank,  from  O.Pr. 
estaneiVT.  itang),  Sp.  estanq%:e,  from  Jj.Siag- 
nwm,  a  pond  or  pool.  Stagnant.]  A  cistern 
or  vessel  of  large  size  to  contain  liquids;  a 
reservoir;  a  pond  for  storing  water  in 
India. — Tank-worm,  n.  A  nematode  worm 
abounding  in  the  mud  in  tanks  in  India. 
Tankard,  tang'kard,  n.  [O.Fr.  tanmiart, 
tanquard,  O.D.  tanckaerd,  a  tankard.]  A 
rather  large  drinking  vessel,  with  a  cover, 
usually  made  of  metal;  a  pitcher. 
Tanner,  Tannery,  Tannic,  Taunin, kc.  Un- 
der Tan. 

Tanrec,  tan'rek,  n.  Tenrec. 
Tansy,  tan'zi,  n.  [Fr.  tanaisie,  O.Fr.  tan- 
asie,  tansy,  from  Gr.  athanasia,  immor- 
tality—because the  dried  flowers  retain 
their  natural  appearance.]  The  popular 
name  of  a  strongly-scented  perennial  herb 
with  much -divided  leaves,  and  yellow 
flowers,  formerly  in  repute  a.*'  a  tonic  and 
unthelmiutio;  a  uish  made  ol  tcg.s,  crcRia, 
srgar,  the  juice  of  herbs,  ic. 


Tantalite.  Under  Taxtj  lum. 
Tantalize,  tan'ta-Uz,  v.t.— tantalized,  tanta- 
lizing. [From  Tantalus,  a  mythical  king 
of  Lydia  or  Phrygia,  who  for  divulging 
the  secrets  of  his  father  Zeus  was  con- 
demned to  stand  in  v/ater,  which  receded 
from  him  vrhenever  he  stooped  to  drink, 
while  branches  loaded  with  fruit,  which 
always  eluded  his  grasp,  hung  over  his 
head.]  To  tease  or  torment  by  presenting 
something  desirable  to  the  view,  but  con- 
tinually frustrating  the  expectations  by 
keeping  it  out  of  reach;  to  excite  by  ex- 
pectations or  fears  which  will  not  be  rea- 
lized. —  Tantalism.t  tan'tal-izm,  n.  Tan- 
taUzation.  —  Tantalization,  tan'ta-li-za"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  tantalizing;  the  tor- 
ment of  expectations  frustrated.— Tanta- 
lizer,  tan'ta-li-z6r,  n.  One  that  tantalizes. 
—  Tantalizing,  tan'ta-li-zing,  p.  and  a. 
Teasing  or  tormenting  by  presenting  some- 
thing unattainable.— TantaUzingly,  tan'- 
ta-li-ziug-lijadf.  In  a  tantalizing  manner. 
Tantalum,  tan'ta-lum,  n.  [Named  from  the 
tantalizing  difliculties  in  analysing  the 
ore.]  A  rare  metallic  element  obtained  as 
a  black  powder  from  several  minerals. — 
Tantalite,  tan'ta-lit,  i'.  An  ore  of  tan- 
talum. .  ■  __ 
Tantamotmt,  tan'ta-mount,  a.  [Fr.  tant, 
L.  tantus,  so  much,  andE.  amottnt.]  .Equiv- 
alent, as  in  value,  force,  efl'ect,  or  signifi- 
cation. 

Tantivy,  tan-tiv*!,  n.  [Said  to  be  from  the 
note  of  a  hunting  horn.]  A  rapid,  violent 
gallop,  especially  in  hunting. 
Tantra,  tan'tra,  n.  [Skr.]  A  division,  sec- 
tion, or  chapter  of  certain  Sanskrit  sacred 
works.— Tantrism,  tan'trizm,  n.  The  doc- 
trine of  the  tantras. 

Tantrum,  tan'trum,  n.  [Prov.  E.  tantum, 
from  W.  tant,  a  gust  of  passion,  a  whim.] 
A  burst  of  ill-humour ;  a  display  of  tem- 
per; an  ill-nattired  caprice:  used  chiefly  in 
plural. 

Tap,  tap,  v.t.— tapped,  tapping.  [P«om  Fr. 
taper,  to  tap,  tape,  a  tap;  from  Prov.  G. 
tapp,  a  blow,  G.  tappen,  to  grope:  Icel. 
tapsa,  to  tap:  imitative  of  sound,  like 
pat.]  To  strike  with  something  small,  or 
to  strike  with  a  very  gentle  blow;  to  pat 
gently.— w.i.  To  strike  a  gentle  blow. — n. 
A  gentle  blQw;  a  slight  blow  with  a  small 
thing. 

Tap,  tap,  n.  [A.  Sax.  teppa=L.G.  tappe, 
D.  and  Dan.  tap,  Icel.  tappi,  G.  zap/en,  a 
tap,  a  faucet;  akin  tip,  top,  tipple,  tampion, 
&c.]  A  pipe  or  hole  through  which  liquor 
is  drawn  from  a  cask;  a  plug  to  stop  a  hole 
ill  a  cask;  a  spigot;  the  liquor  itself  (col- 
loq.);  a  tap-house  or  tap-room.— r.t.  [Same 
as  Ij.G.  and  D.  tappen,  Icel.  and  Sw.  tappa, 
G.  zapfen.]  To  pierce  so  as  to  let  out  a 
fluid  (to  tap  a  cask);  to  treat  in  any  ana- 
logous way  for  the  purpose  of  drawing 
something  from  (to  Utp  telegraph  wires). 
— Taphouse,  n.  A  house  where  liquors 
are  retailed.  —  Tapping,  taping,  n.  The 
surgical  operation  of  letting  out  a  fluid  by 
perforation,  as  in  dropsy.— Tap-room,  n. 
A  room  where  beer  is  served  from  the  tap; 
a  common  room  for  drinking  in  a  tavern. 
—Tap-root,  n.  The  main  root  of  a  plant, 
long  and  tapering,  and  penetrating  the 
earth  downwards.— Tapster,  tap'stfer,  n.  A 
person  employed  in  a  tavern,  &c.,  to  tap 
or  draw  ale  or  other  liquor. 
Tape,  tap,  n.  [A.  Sax.  taippe,  a  fillet;  akin 
to  tapestry,  tippet.]  A  narrow  fillet  or 
band;  a  narrow  woven  band  of  cotton  or 
linen,  used  for  strings  and  the  like.  — 
Tapeism,  tap'izm.w.  SamediS Red-tapery. — 
Tape-line,  Tape-measure,-/i.  A  tape  painted 
to  give  it  firmness  and  marked  with  inches, 
kc,  used  in  measuring. — Tape-worm,  n. 
The  name  of  certain  internal  parasites 
composed  of  a  number  of  flattened  joints 
or  segments,  found  in  the  intestines  of 
warm-blooded  vertebrates. 
Taper,  ta'pSt,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tapor,  taper,  a 
taper,  from  Ir.  tapar,  AV.  tampr,  a  taper; 
comp.  Skr.  iap,  to  bum.]  A  small  candle; 
a  long  wick  coated  with  wax  or  other 
suitable  material;  a  small  light;  tapering 
form;  gradual  diminution  of  thickness  in 
an  elongated  object. — a.  Long  and  regu- 
larly becoming  si ender?r  toward  the  point; 
becoming  small  towaiA  oiio  end  (taper 


fingers).— 1>.<.  To  become  gradually  slen- 
derer or  less  in  diameter:  to  diminish;  to 
grow  gradually  less.  —  v.t.  To  cause  to 
taper. — Tapering,  ta'p6r-ing,  a.  Becoming 
regularly  smaller  in  diameter  toward  one 
end;  graduallj'  diminishing  toward  a 
point.— Taperingly,  ta'pfir-ing-li,  adv. 
Tapestry,  tap'es-tri,  n.  [Fr.  tapisserie,  tap- 
estry, from  tapis,  tapestry,  a  carpet,  from 
L.  tapes,  tapetet  from  Gr.  tapes,  tapetos,  a 
carpet,  a  rug.]  A  kind  of  woven  hangings 
of  wool  and  silk,  often  enriched  with  gold 
and  silver,  ornamented  with  figures  of  men, 
animals,  landscapes,  &c.,  and  formerly 
much  used  for  covering  the  walls  and  fur- 
niture of  apartments,  churches,  &c.— i>.i.— 
tapestried,  tapestrying.  To  adorn  with 
tapestry  or  as  if  with  tapestiy. 
Taphrenchyma,  taf-ren'ki-ma,  n.  [Gr. 
taphros,  a  pit,  and  enchyma,  infusion,  tis- 
sue.] Bot.  bothrenchyma. 
Tapioca,  tap-i^o'ka,  ?i.  [Native  American 
name.]  A  farinaceous  substance  prepared 
from  cassava  meal,  which,  while  moist  or 
damp,  has  been  heated  for  the  purpose  of 
drying  it  on  hot  plates. 
Tapir,  ta'pir,  n.  [From  the  native  Brazilian 
name.]  A  South  American  hoofed  animal 
allied  both  to  the  hog  and  to  the  rhino- 
ceros, with  a  nose  resembling  a  small 
proboscis.- Tapiroid,  ta'pi-roid,  a.  Like 
or  allied  to  the  tapir  family. 
Tapis,  ta-pe,  n.  [Fr.,  tapestry.]  Carpeting 
or  tapestry,  formerly  used  to  cover  the 
table  in  a  council  chamber;  hence,  tO  be  on 
or  upon  the  tapis,  to  be  under  considera- 
tion, or  on  the  table. 

Tappet,  tap'et,  n.  [A  dim.  from  tap,  to 
strike  gently.]  A  small  lever  connected 
with  the  valve  of  the  cylinder  of  a  steam- 
engine;  a  small  cam. 
Tapster.  Under  Tap. 
Tar,  tar,  n.  [A.  Sax.  taro,  tero,  tar=D.  teer, 
Icel.  tjara.  G.  theer,  tarj  allied  to  tree.]  A 
thick,  dark-coloured  viscid  product  ob- 
tained by  the  destructive  distillation  of 
organic  substances  and  bituminousminer- 
als,  as  pine  or  fir,  coal,  shale,  ic.,used  for 
coating  and  presennng  timber  and  iron, 
for  impregnating  ships'  ropes  and  cordage, 
&c.;  a  sailor:  so  called  from  his  tarred 
clothes,  hands,  &c.— v.t.— tarred,  tarring. 
To  smear  with  tar.— To  far  and  feather  a 
person,  to  pour  heated  tar  over  him  and 
then  cover  with  feathers,  as  is  sometimes 
done  by  mobs  to  obnoxious  persons. — Tar- 
water,  n.  A  cold  infusion  of  tar,  formerly 
a  celebrated  remedy  for  many  chronic 
affections,  especially  of  the  lungs;  the 
ammoniacal  water  obtained  by  condensa/- 
tion  in  gas  manufacture.'— Tarry,  tar^i,  a. 
Consisting  of  tar,  or  like  tar:  partaking  of 
the  character  of  tar;  smeared  with  tar. 
Tarantula,  ta-ran'tu-Ia,  n.  [It.  taranio^a, 
from  L.  Tarentwn,  now  Taranto,  in  the 
south  of  Italy.]  A  kind  of  spider  found  in 
southern  Italy,  the  bite  of  which  was  at 
one  time  supposed  to  be  dangerous,  and  to 
cause  the  disease  ta.rantism ;  the  dance 
tarantella.— Tarantella,  tar-an-tel'Ia,  n. 
[It.]  A  swift,  whirling  Italian  dance  in 
six  -  eight  measure ;  tbe  music  for  the 
dance. —Tajrantism,  ta-ran'tizm,  n.  jit. 
taraniisvw.]  A  fabulous  dancing  disease, 
said  to  be  caused  by  the  tarantula;  a  dis- 
ease resembling  St.  Vitus's  dance. 
Taraxacum,  ta-rak'sa-kum,  n.  [From  At. 
or  Per.  tarashagiin,  taraxacum.]  Dande- 
lion or  its  roots  as  used  medicinally. 
Tarboosh,  Tarbouche,  tar'bosh,  n.  [Ar. 
najne.l  A  red  woollen  skull-cap  worn  by 
the  Egyptians,  Turks,  and  Arabs;  a  fez; 
Tardigrade,  tar'di-grad,  a.  [L.  tardus, 
slow,  gradus.  step.]  Slow-paced;  moving 
or  stepping  slowly;  pertaining  to  the  tar- 
digrades.— n.  One  of  a  family  of  edentate 
mammals  comprising  the  sloths. 
Tardy,  tar'di,  a.  [Fr.  ifirdif,  tardy,  as  if 
from  a  form  tavdiws,  fi-om  L.  tai-dus,  slow 
(seen  in  retard).]  Moving  with  a  slow 
pace  or  motion;  slow;  late;  dilatory;  not 
up  to  time;  reluctant.— Tardily,  t&r'di-li, 
Vdv.  In  a  t.irdy  manner;  with  slow  pace; 
slowly.  —  Tardiness,  tiir'di-nes,  n.  The 
8tat«  or  quality  of  being  tardy;  slowness; 
dilatoriness;  unwillingness;  reluctance. 
Tare,  t5r,  n.  [Probably  from  provincial 
tavQ,  brisk,  eager,  comp.  qvick-grass.]    A 


FSite,  far,  fat,  f^ll;     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;  -  note,  not,  mOve;     tQbe,  tub,  bull:     vil,  pound;     U,  S<?.  abun«— th?  Fr.  M 


TARE 


TATTOO 


.  name  of  different  species  of  leguminous 
plants,  called  also  vetch. 

Tare,  t.ar,  n.  [Fr.  tare,  from  Sp.  tara,  from 
Ar.  tarha,  waste,  tare.]   Com.  a  deduction 

.from  the  gross  weight  of  goods  as  equiva- 
lent to  the  weight  of  the  package  coutaiu- 
itig  them. 

Tkre,  tart  a  pret.  of  tear. 

xarentulai,  ta-reii'ta-la,  n.  Same  as  Taran- 
tula. 

Target,  tavget,  n.  [A  dim.  from  O.Fr. 
targue,  targe,  from  O.H.G.  sarga,  G.  zarge, 
a  frame,  border,  tuc]  A  shield  or  bucjcler 
of  a  small  kind,  circular  in  form;  the  mark 
set  up  to  be  aimed  at  in  archery,  mus- 
ketry, or  artillery  practice  and  the  like. — 
Targeted,  tar'get-ed,  a.  Furnished  with  a 
target.— Targeteer,  Targetier,  tax-get-er', 
w.  One  armed  with  a  target.  —  Targe, 
tarj,  n.    A  target  or  shield.    [Poetical. J 

Targum,  tar'gum,  w;  [Chal.  iargUm,  inter- 
pretation, from  targem,  to  interpret;  akin 
dragoman.]  A  translation  or  paraphrase 
of  the  Hebrew  Scriptures  in  the  Aramaic 
or  Chaldee  language,  made  after .  the 
Babylonish  captivity,  when  Hebrew  began 
to  die  out  as  the  popular  language. — Tar- 
gumist,  tar'gum-ist,-  n.  The  writer  of  a 
Targum;  one  versed  in  the  Targums. 

Tariff,  tar'if ,  n.  IFr.  tarif,  Sp.  tarifa,  from 
the  Ar.  tarif,  explanation,  information,  a 
list  of  fees  to  be  paid,  from  'arafa,  to  in-; 
form.l  A  list  of  goods  with  the  duties  or 
customs  to  be  paid  for  the  same,  either 
on  importation  or  exportation ;  a  table  or 
scale  of  charges  generally  (a  hotel  tariff). 

Tarlatan,  tar'la-tan,  n.  [Milanese  tarian- 
tanna,  linsey-woolsey.]  A  thin  cetton 
stuff  resembling  gauze,  used  in  ladies' 
dresses. 

Tarn,  tam,w.  [Icel.  tjom,  Sw.  t&m,  a  tarn.] 
A  small  mountain  lake  or  pool,  especially 
one  which  has  no  visible  feeders. 

Tarnish,  tar'nish,  v.t.  [.^r.  temir,  ppr.  ter- 
nissant,  from  O.H.  G.  tamjdn,  to  conceal; 
akin  to  A.  Sax.  dernan,  Sc.  dem,  to  hide.] 
To  diminish  or  destroy  the  lustre  of;  to 
soil  or  sully;  to  cast  a  stain  or  disgrace 
upon.— y.i.  To  lose  lustre;  to  become  dull. 
— n.  A  spot;  a  blot;  soiled  state. — Tar- 
nisher,  tar'nish-6r,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  tarnishes. 

Taro,  ta'ro,  n.  [Native  name.]  A  plant  of 
the  arum  family,  cultivated  in  the  Pacific 
Islands  for  the  sake  of  its  esculent  root. 

Tarpan,  tar'pan,  n.  The  wild  horse  of  Tar- 
tary. 

Tirpaulia,  Tarpauliiig,  tar-palib,  tar-pa'- 
ling,  n.  ITar,  and  old  paulwig.  a  covering 
for  a  cart  or  wagon,  equivalent  to  palling, 
f  lom  pall,  a  cover.]  Tarred  canvas  used  to 
covar  the  hatchways,  &c.,  on  shipboard, 
and  to  protect  agricultural  produce,  goods, 
«c'. ,  from  the  weather;  a  sailor's  hat  covered 
with  painted  or  tarred  cloth.    " 

Tarrace,  Tarrass,  tar'as,  n.  [G.  tarrass, 
from  Fr.  terrasse,  earthwork,  from  terre, 
Ij.  terra,  earth.  ]  A  kind  of  plaster  or 
cement;  trass. 

Tarragon,  tar'a-gon,  n.  [Sp.  taragona.  It. 
targo^ie,  from  L.  dmco,  a  dragon.]  A  plant 
used  for  perfuming  vinegar. 

Tarry,  tar's,  v.L— tarried,  tarrying.  [From 
A.  Sa.x.  tergan,  ijfrcraw,  to  torment,  to,  tease, 
hence  to  tire,  to  delay=D.  tergen,  G.  zer- 
gen,  to  provoke;  akin  tire.'i  To  stay;  to 
abide;  to  remain  behind;  to  wait;  to  put 
off  going  or  coming;  to  delay;  to  linger. 
—v.t.  To  wait  for. 

Tarry,  a.    Under  Tab. 

Tarsier,  tar'si-6r,  n.  [Fr.  tarsier,  from  the 
length  of  its  tarsus.l  A  nocturnal  animal 
of  the  lemur  family  inhabiting  the  Eastern 
Archipelago. 

Tarsus,  tar'sus,  n.  pL  Tarsi,  tar'sL  [Gr. 
tarsos,  the  flat  part  of  the  foot.]  Anat. 
that  part  of  the  lower  limb  which  in  man 
is  known  as -the  ankle;  also  the  thin  carti- 
lage at  the  edges  of  the  eyelids;  entom.  the 
last  segment  of  the  leg;  ornith.  that  ^art 
of  the  leg  (or  properly  the  foot)  of  birds 
which  extends  from  the  toes  to  the  first 
joint  above;  the  shank.— Tarsal,  tar'sal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  tarsus. 

Tart,  tart,  a.  [A.  Sax.  feart,  acid,  sharp, 
from  stem  of  teran,  to  tear.]  Sharp  to  the 
taste;  acidulous;  snappish  in  words;  severe. 
— Tartish,  tar'tish,  a.    Somewhat  tart.— 


Tartly,  tart'li,  adv.  In  a. tart  manner; 
sharply.  —Tartness,  tart'nes,  n.  Acidity; 
sharpness;  asperity. 

Tart,  tart,  n.  [Fr.  tarte,  tourie,  Sp.  torta, 
tarta.  It.  torta,  a  tart,  from  L.  tortus,  ppr. 
of  torqiteo,  to  tOTst,  lit.  a  piece  of  pastry  in 
a  twisted  form ;  comp.  a  roll,  from  being 
rolled.  Torture.]  A  piece  of  pastry,  con- 
sisting of  fruit  bakedand  inclosed  in  paste. 
—Tartlet,  tartlet,  n.  A  small  tart. 
Tartan,  tar'tan,  n.  [Fr.  tartane.  It.  Sp.  and 
Pg.  tariana;  of  Eastern  origin.]  A  vessel 
used  in  the  Mediterranean,  with  a  single 
mast  bearing  a  large  lateen  sail,  and  with 
a  bowsprit  and  fore-sail. 
Tartan,  tar'tan,  n.  [Fr.  tiretaine,  iirtaine, 
linsey-woolsey;  of  lujknown  origin.]  A 
species  of  cloth,  checkered  or  cross-barred 
in  various  colours.— a.  Consisting  of  or  re- 
sembling tartan. 

Tartar,  tar'tar,  n.  [Fr.  tartre.  It.  and  Sp. 
ta7-taro,  L.L.  iartarum,  the  hard  deposit 
in  wine  .casks;  perhaps  from  Ar.  durd. 
sediment,  dregs.]  A  hard  pink  or  red  crust 
deposited  from  wines  not  completely  fer- 
mented, a  compound  of  tartaric  acid  and 
potassium,  also  called  argol;  al?:v  a  concre- 
tion which  sometimes  forms  on  tne  teeth. 
— Cream  of  tartar,  purified  tartar.— SaW  of 
tartar,  carbonate  of  potassium  obtained 
by  calcining  cream  of  tartar.  —  Tartar 
emitic,  a  compound  of  potassium  and  anti- 
mony, us-3(l  in  medicine  as  an  emetic, 
purgative,  diaphoretic,  sedative,  &c.— Tar- 
tareoiu!,  tar-ta're-us,  a.  Consisting  of  tar- 
tar; resembling  tartar. —Tartaric,  tar-tar'- 
Ik,  o.  Pertaining  to,  or  obtained  frotij 
tartar. — Tartaric  acid,  the  acid  of  tartar 
existing  in  grapes  and  other  fruits,  but 
principally  in  cream  of  tartar,  usfed  in 
calico-printing  and  in  medicine,  &c. — 
Tartarize,  tar'tar-iz,  v.t.  —  tariarited,  tar- 
tarizing.  To  impregnate  with  tartar ;  to 
refine  by  means  of  the  salt  of  tartar. — 
Tartarous,  tar'tar-us,  a.  Consisting  of 
tartar,  or  partaking  of  its  qualities.— 
Tartrate,  tar' trat,  n.  A  salt  of  tartaric 
acid. 

Tartar,  tar'tar,  n.  [A  corruption  of  the 
native  name  Tatar.']  A  native  of  Tartary; 
a  very  irascible  or  rigorous  person;  as  ap- 
plied to  a  woman,  a  shrew;  a  vixen.— To 
catch  a  tartar,  to  assail  a  person  who  proves 
too  strong  for  the  assailant.— a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  Tartars.— Tartaric,  tar-tayik, 
a.  Pertaining  to  Tartary. 
Tartarean,  Tartareous.  Under  Tartarus. 
Tartarus,  tar'ta-rus,  n.  [Gr.  Tartaros.] 
Among  the  Greeks  and  Romans  a  name 
for  the  lower  wgrld  or  infernal  regions  j 
hell.— Tartarean,  TaTtareous,tar-ta'r6-aii, 
tar-ta're-us,  a.  Pertaining  to  Tartarus; 
infernal. 

Tartlet.    Fnder  Tart,  n. 
Tartly,  Tartness.    Under  Tart,  a. 
Tasco,  tas'ko,  n.    A  sort  of  clay  for  making 
melting-pots. 

Tasimeter,  ta-zim'et-6r,  n.  [Gr.  tasis,  a 
stretching,  from  teinO,  to  stretch,  and  me- 
tron,  a  measure.]  An  instrument  invented 
by  Edison  for  measuring  extremely  slight 
variations  of  pressure,  temperature,  mois- 
ture, &c.,  by  variations  produced  in  the 
force  of  an  electric  current.— Tasimetric, 
taz-i-met'rik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  tasi- 
meter. 

Task,  task,  n.  [O.  Fr.  fasqve,  tasche  (Fr. 
tdche),  a  task,  from  L.L.  tasca,  by  meta- 
thesis from  taxa  (=  tacsa),  from  L.  taxo,  to 
tax.  Tax.  ]  A  labour  or  work  imposed 
by  another;  a  piece  of  work  to  be  done; 
wnat  duty  or  necessity  imposes ;  a  lesson 
to  be  learned;  a  portion  of  study  imposed 
by  a  teacher ;  an  undertaking ;  burden- 
some employment ;  toil. — To  take  to  task, 
to  reprove;  to  reprimand.— w.t.  To  impose 
a  task  upon;  to  oppress  with  severe  labour. 
— Tasker,  tas'kfer,  n.  One  that  imposes  a- 
task.— Task-master,  n.  One  who  imposes 
a  task ;  one  who  assigns  tasks  to  others. — 
Task-work,  n.  "Work  imposed  or  performed 
as  a  task., 

Tasmanian,  tas-ma'ni-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Tasmania. — Ta»manian  devil,  the  dasyure. 
—  Tasmanian  wolf,  a  carnivorous  mar- 
supial of  Tasmania  of  nocturnal  habits 
and  very  destructive  to  sheep. — n.  A  na- 
tive or  inhabitant  of  Tasmania, 


T*3S,  Tasse,  tas,  n.  [Fr.  taase,  a.  cup.]  A 
cup. 

Tassel,  tas'el,  n.  [0.  Pr.  tassel,  a  knob  or 
knot,  a  button,  from  L.  taxillus,  a  small 
cube  or  die,  dim.  of  taliis,  a  die,  a  small 
bone.]  A  pendent  ornament,  consisting 
generally  of  a  roundish  mould  covered 
with  twisted  threads  of  .silk,  wool,  &c., 
and  having  threads  hanging  down  in  a 
fringe;  anything  resembling  a  tassel.— 
v.i.—tasselled,  tasselling.  To  put  forth  a 
tassel  or  flower,  as  maize. — v.t.  To  adoi-u 
with  tassels.  —  Taaselled,  tas'eld,  a.  Fur- 
nished or  adorned  with  tassels. 

Taste,  tast,  v.t.  —  tasted,  tasting.  [O.  F". 
taster  (Fr.  tdter),  to  handle,  feel,  taste,  f  roi  a 
hypothetical  taxitare,  freq.  or  L.  taxare, 
to  touch  repeatedly,  from  tango,  tactuti, 
to  touch  (whence  tact,  &c. ).  Takoen':.] 
To  try  by  the  touch  of  the  tongue;  to  per- 
ceive the  relish  or  flavour  of;  to  try  by 
eating;  to  eat;  to  become  acquainted  with 
by  trial ;  to  experience  (to  taste  death);  to 
partake  of  (to  taste  happiness).— D.i.  To 
eat  or  drink  a  little  by  way  of  trial;  to 
have  a  smack  or  flavour;  to  have  a  parti- 
cular relish  or  savour;  to  smack  or  eavour 
(it  tastes  of  gaiiic);  to  have  experience  or 
enjoyment. — n.  The  act  of  tasting;  a  par- 
ticular sensation  excited  by  certain  bodies 
when  applied  to  the  tongue,  palate,  &c., 
and  moistened  with  saliva ;  the  sense  b.v 
which  we  perceive  this  hy  means  of  speciai 
organs  in  the  mouth ;  intellectual  relish 
or  discernment ;  appreciation  and  liking ; 
nice  perception;  the  faculty  of  discerning 
beauty,  proportion,  symmetry,  congruit^, 
or  whatever  constitutes  excellence,  parti- 
cularly in  the  fine  arts  and  literature; 
discernment  of  what  is  fit  or  becoming; 
manner  or  style  as  tested  by  this  faculty; 
manner,  with  respect  to  what  is  pleasing 
(a  work  in  good  taste,  a  remark  in  bad 
taste);  a  small  portion  tasted;  a  small  bit. 
— Tastable,  t5s'ta.-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
tasted ;  savour?'.  —  Tasteful,  tast'f ul,  o. 
Having  much  flavour;  savoury;  possessing 
good  taste;  showing  or  produced  in  good 
taste.  —  Tastefully,  tast'ful-li,  adv.  In  a 
tasteful  manner;  with  good  taste. — Taste- 
fulness,  tast'fid-nes,  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  tasteful.— Tasteless,  tast'les, 
a.  Having  no  taste;  insipid;  having  no 
power  of  giving  pleasure;  stale;  flat;  void 
of  good  taste ;  snowing  or  executed  with 
bad  taste.— Tastelessly,  tast'les-li,  adv.  In 
a  tasteless  manner.— Tastelessness,  tast'- 
les-nes,  n.  —  Taster,  tas'tSr,  n.  One  who 
tastes ;  one  who  tests  food,  provisions,  or 
liquors  by  tasting  samples;  an  instrument 
by  which  something  is  tasted  in  order  to 
judge  of  its  quality.— Tastily,  tas'ti-li,  adv. 
In  a  tasty  manner. — Tasty,  tas'ti,  a.  Palat- 
able; good  to  the  taste;  tasteful;  showing 
good  taste. 

Ta-ta,  ta'ta,  n.  and  interj.  A  familiar  form 
of  salutation  at  parting;  good-bye. 
Tath,  tath,  n.     [Icel.  tath',  dung.]     Tha 
dung  left  on  land  where  live  stock  are  fed 
on  it. 

Tatou,  tat'd,  n.  The  giant  armadillo  of 
South  America.    . 

Tatter,  tat'6r,  n.  [Icel.  toturr,  totturr, 
tatters,  rags;  akin  to  totter.]  A  rag  or  a 
part  torn  and  hanging  to  the  thing. — 
Tatterdemalion,  tat'6r-d6-ma"li-on,  n. 
[E.  tatter,  Fr.  de,  from,  aild  O.Fr.  mailUyn, 
long  clothes.]  A  ragged  fellow.— Tattered, 
tat'6rd,  p.  and  a.  Rent  in  tatters ;  hang- 
ing in  rags;  ragged. 

Tatting,  tat'ing,  n.  A  kind  of  lace  woven 
or  knitted  from  sewine-thread,  with  a 
somewhat  shuttle-shaped  implement;  the 
act  of  making  such  lace. 
Tattle,  tat'l.  v.i.  —  tattled,  tattling.  [Like 
titter,  an  imitative  word;  comp.  L.  G.  tateln, 
to  gabble;  G.  tattem,  to  prattle.]  To  prfitS; 
to  talk  idly;  to  use  many  words  with  little 
meaning;  to  teU  tales;  to  blab.  —  v.t.  To 
utter  in  a  prating  way. — n.  Idle  talk  or 
chat;  trifling  talk.— Tattler,  tat'kr,  n. 
One  who  tattles.— Tattling,  tat'ling,  a. 
Given  to  idle  talk;  apt  to  tell  tales. — 
Tattlingly,  tat'bng-li,  adv.  In  a  tattling 
manner.  4 

Tattoo,  tat-ty,  n.  [Formerly  taploo,  from 
D.  taptoe,  tlte  tattoo— top,  a  tap  or  spigot, 
and  toe  (pron.  as  E.  to),  to,  being  primarily 

— ^ 


.chjcAain;    $ftLSc._locA:     g^o;^    J.Jobj^D.  Fr.  tow;,    nguSiMU-I?iJfteai^fei*MSi,    w,  wigi^jHht.tsMgj   0tmiBi 


TATTOO 


694 


TEASE 


the  signal  for  the  closing  of  drinking- 
houses.]  A  beat  of  drum  and  bugle-call 
at  night,  giving  notice  to  soldiers  to  repair 
to  their  quarters. — Devil's  tattoo,  an  idle 
drumming  with  the  fingers  upon  a  table, 
&c. 

Tattoo,  tat-to',  v.t.  and  t.  [A  Polynesian 
word.]  To  prick  the  skin  and  stain  the 
punctured  spot.'?  with  a  colouring  sub- 
stance, forming  lines  and  figures  upon  the 
body.  —  Tattooer,  tat-to'er,  n.  One  who 
tattoos.— Tattooing,  tat-to'ing,  n.  The  act 
of  one  who  tattoos;  the  design  produced 
by  a  tattooer. 

Taught,  tat,  pret.  and  pp.  of  teach. 

Taunt,  ta'iit,  v.t.  [O.  Fr.  tanter,  tenter,  to 
tempt,  to  provoke,  from  L.  tentare,  temp- 
tare,  to  try.  Tempt.J  To  reproach  with 
severe  or  insulting  words;  to  twit  scorn- 
fully or  insultingly;  to  upbraid.— n.  A 
bitter  or  sarcastic  reproach;  insulting 
invective.— Taunter,  tan't^r,  n.  One  who 
taunts.— Tauntingly,  tan'ting-li,  adv.  In 
a  taunting  manner;  insviltingly. 

Taimt,  tant,  a.  [O.  Fr.  tant,  L.  tantus,  so 
great. j  Naut.  unusually  high  or  tall:  said 
of  masts. 

Taurus,  ta'rus,  n.  [L.,  a  bull;  allied  to  E. 
steer  (an  ox).  Steer.)  The  Bull-,  one  of 
the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac,  which  the 
sun  enters  about  the  2Cth  April.- Tauri- 
form.  ta'ri-form,  a.  Having  the  form  of 
a  bull. -^Taurine,  ta'rin,  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  like  a  bull. 

Taut,  ts^t,  a.  [A  form  of  tight  or  closely 
allied  to  it.]  Tight;  not  slack:  applied  to 
a  rope  or  sail.    Written  also  Taught. 

Tautochronous,  ta-tok'ron-us,ct.  [Gr.  tautos. 
the  same,  and  chrmwa,  time.]  Performed 
in  equal  times;  isochronous. 

Tautog,  ta-tog',  n.  [The  plural  of  taut,  the 
Indian  name.]  A  fish  of  the  wi^isse  family 
caught  on  the  New  England  coasts. 

Tautology,  ta-tol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  tautologia— 
tautos,  the  same,  and  logos,  word.]  A  use- 
less repetition  of  the  same  idea  or  meaning 
in  different  words;  needless  repetition. — 
Tautologic,  Tautological,  ta-to-loj'ik,  ta- 
to-loj'i-kal,  a.  Involving  tautology;  re- 
peating the  same  thing.— Tautologically, 
ta-to-loj'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  tautological 
manner.— Tautologist^a-tol'o-jist,  n.  One 
who  uses  tautology.—  Tautologize,  ta-tol'- 
o-jiz,  v.i.  —  tautologized,  tavtologizing.  ■  To 
repeat  the  same  thing  in  different  words. 

TautoSusian,  Tf.utousian,  ta-to-ou'si-an, 
ta-tou'si-an,  a.  [Gr.  tautos,  the  same,  and 
oiisia,  being,  essence.]  Theol.  having  ab- 
solutely the  same  essence. 

Tautophony,  ta-tof 'o-ni,.  n.  [Gr.  tautos,  the 
same,  and  phone,  voice.]  Bepetition  of  the 
same  sound. 

Tavern,  tav'^m,  n.  [Fr.  taverm,  Pr.  Sp. 
and  It.  taverna,  frcm  L.  tabertm,  a  shed, 
a  tavern,  ftom  root  of  tabula,  a  board. 
Table.]  A  public-house  where  food  and 
liquor  are  supplied,  and  other  accommo- 
dation for  the  guests  provided;  an  inn. — 
Tavemer,  tav'fer-ner,  n.  One  who  keeps  a 
tavern. 

Taw,  tft,  v.t.  [A.Sax.  tavnan,  to  prepare, 
to  taw=D.  touwen,  G.  zauen,  to  taw;  Goth. 
taujan,  to  do,  to  work.]  To  dress  with 
alum  and  other  matters  and  make  into 
white  leather  (as  distinguished  from  tan- 
ning), the  leather  being  used  "for  gloves 
and  the  like.— Tawer,  ta'fer,  n.  One  who 
taws.— Tawery.  ta'^r-i,  n.  A  place  where 
skins  are  tawed. 

Taw,  ta,  M.  [Origin  unknown.]  A  marble 
to  be  played  with;  a  game  at  marbles. 

Tawdry,  t^'dri,  a.  [From  St.  Audrey, 
otherwise  called  St.  Etheldreda,  at  whose 
fair,  held  in  the  isle  of  Ely ,  laces  and  cheap 
gay  ornaments  are  said  to  have  been  sold.] 
Fine  and  showy ,  without  taste  or  elegance; 
tastelessly  but  showily  ornamental.  — 
Tawdrily,  ta'dri-li,  adv.  In  a  tawdry 
manner.— Tawdriness,  ti^'dti-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  tawdry. 

Tawer,  Tawery.    Under  Taw. 

Tawny,  ta'ni,  a.  [O.  Fr.  tani,  Fr.  tanni, 
tanned,  tawny,  pp.'of  tanner,  to  tan.  Taw.] 
Of  a  yellowish  dark  colour,  like  things 
tanned,  or  persons  who  are  sunburnt. — v.t. 

'To  make  tawny;  to  tan.— Tawniness,  ta'ni- 
nes,  n.    The  quality  of  being  tawny. 

Tax,  taks.n.  [Fr.taxe,f  rom  taxer,  to  ta2:,from 


h.taxctaxare,  tohandle.fo  rate,  to  censure, 
from  stem  of  tango,  to  touch  (whence  also 
tangent,  task,  taste,  &c.).]  A  contribution 
levied  by  authority  from  people  to  defray 
the  expenses  of  government  or  other  public 
services;  an  impost  or  duty  on  income  or 
property ;  a  disagreeable  or  burdensome 
duty  or  charge;  an  exaction;  an  oppressive 
demand. — v.t.  To  impose  a  tax  on;  to  levy 
money  or  other  contributions  from;  to  load 
with  a  burden  or  burdens ;  to  put  to  a 
certain  strain  (to  tax  one's  strength);  to 
censure;  to  .accuse  or  charge  (to  tax  a  man 
with  perfidy);  law,  to  examine  and  allow 
or  disallow  the  items  of  charge  in.— Tax- 
ability, Taxableness,  tak-sa-bil'i-ti,  tak'- 
sa-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  taxable.— 
Taxable,  tak'sa-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  or 
liable  to  be  taxed.  —  Taxably,  tfk'sa-bli, 
adv.  In  a  taxable  manner.— Taxation, 
tak-sa'shon,  n.  [L.  taxatio,  taxationis.] 
The  act  of  laying  a  tax,  or  of  imposing 
taxes  by  the  proper  authority;  the  raising 
of  revenue  required  for  public  service  by 
means  of  taxes;  the  aggregate  of  taxes. — 
Tax-cart,  Taxed-cart,  n.  A  light  spring- 
cart  upon  which  only  a  low  rate  of  tax  is 
charged.  —  Taxer,  tak's6r,  n.  One  who 
taxes.- Tax-free,a.  Exempt  from  taxation. 
—Tax-gatherer,  n.  A  collector  of  taxes. — 
Taxing-master,  n.  An  officer  of  a  court  of 
law  who  examines  bills  of  costs,  and 
allows  or.  dAallows  charges.— Tax-payer, 
n.  One  who  pays  a  tax. 
Taxidermy,  tak'si-d6r-mi,  n.  [Gr.*  taxis,  an 
arranging,  order,  from  tassd,  to  arrange, 
and  derma,  akin.]  The  art  of  prepai-ing 
and  preserving  the  skins  of  animals  so  as 
to  retain  their  natural  appearance,  and 
also  of  stuihng  and  mounting  them.  — 
Taxidermic,  tak-si-dfer'mik,  a.  Pertaining 
to  taxidermy.  —  Taxidermist,  tak'si-d6r- 
mist,  n.  A  person  skilled  in  taxidermy; 
one  who  stuffs  animals. 
Taxis,  tak'sis,  n.  [Gr.  taxis,  order.]  Surg. 
an  operation  by  which  parts  out  of  their 
natural  situation  are  replaced  by  the  hand 
without  instruments,  as  in  reducing  her- 
nia, &c. 

Taxology,  tak-sol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  taxis,  order, 
and  logos,  a  discourse.]  Taxonomy. 
Taxonomy,  .tak-son'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  taxis, 
order,  and  nom-os,  law.]  That  department 
of  natural  history  which  treats  of  the  laws 
and  principles  of  classification.  —  Taxo- 
nomic,  tak-so-nom'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
taxonomy;  classificatory. 
Tazza,  tat'sa,  n.  [It.]  A  large  ornamental 
cup  or  vase  with  a  flat  or  shallow  top,  and 
having  a  foot  and  handles. 
Tchemo;em,  cher'no-zem,  n._  [Rus.,  lit. 
black  earth.]  A  black  soil  of  extraordinary 
fertilit.v  in  Southern  Russia,  covering  at 
least  100,000,000  acres  from  the  Carpathians 
to  the  Ural  Mountains. 
TchudI,  cho'de,  n.  pi.  A  name  applied  by 
the  Russians  to  the  Finnic  races  in  the 
north-west  of  Russia.  —  Tchudic,  chii'dik, 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  Tchudi  or  their 
language. 

T-cloth,  teTcloth,  n.  A  plain  cotton  cloth 
manufactured  for  the  India  and  China 
market:  so  called  from  a  large  letter 
T  being  stamped  on  it. 
Tea,  te,  n.  [Fr.  m,  from  Chinese  tha,  the, 
tcha,  tea.]  The  dried  leaves  of  a  shrub 
extensively  cultivated  in  China,  Assam, 
&.C.;  the  plant  itself;  a  decoction  or  infu- 
sion of  tea  leaves  in  boiling  water,  used  as 
a  beverage;  any  similar  infusion  (chamo- 
mile tea,  &c.);  the  evening  meal  at  which 
tea  is  usually  served.  —  Paraguay  tea. 
tli.Kii.—v.i.  To  take  tea.  [Colloq.]— w.i.  To 
serve  with  tea.  [Colloq.]  —  Tea-caddy,  n. 
A  small  box  for  holding  the  tea  used  in  a 
household.— Tea-cake,  n.  A  light  kind  of 
cake  eaten  with  tea.— Tea-canister,  n.  A 
canister  or  box  in  which  tea  is  kept. — 
Tea-chest,  n.  A  slightly  formed  box,  lined 
with  thin  sheet-lead,  in  which  tea  is  sent 
from  China.— Tea^cup,  n.  A  small  cup  for 
drinking  tea  from.  — -Tea-dealer,  «.  One 
who  deals  in  tea;  one  who  sells  tea  by 
retail.  —  Tea-garden,  n.  A  garden,  gene- 
rally attached  to  a  house  of  entertainment, 
where  tea  is  serv'ed.  —  Tearkettle,  n.  A 
portable  kettle  In  which  water  is  boiled 
for  making  tea.  —  Tea-pot,  n.    A  vessel 


with  a  8i)0ut  in  which  tea  is  inf  ueed,  and 
from  which  it  is  poured  into  tsa-cups.— 
Te^-Bervlce,  n.  A  complete  set  of  utensils 
required  for  the  tea-table. — Tea-set,  n.  A 
tea-service. — Tea-spoon,  n.  A  small  spoon, 
used  in  drinking  tea.  —  Tea-spoonful,  n. 
As  much  as  a  tea-spoon  holds.— Tea-table, 
n.  A  table  at  which  tea  is  drunk.  —  Tea- 
tasteri  n.  A  person  employed  to  test  teas 
by  tasting  their  infusions.  —  Tea-things, 
n.  pi.  Tea-service.— Tea-tray,  n.  A  tray 
for  a  tea-service.- Tea-um,  »v.  An  urn  for 
supplying  heated  water  for  tea. 
Teach,  tech,  u.t.— pret.  and  pp.  taught. 
[From  A.Sax.  taecah,  to  teach,  show,  com- 
mand ;  allied  to  tihan,  to  accuse ;  Goth. 
teihan,  G.  zeigen,  to  point  out;  cog.  L. 
dico,  to  say  (whence  diction,  &c.);  Gr.  deik- 
npmi,  Skr.  dif,  to  point  out.  Token  is 
akin.]  To  impart  instruction  to;  to  guide 
the  studies  of ;  to  instruct;  to  impart  the 
knowledge  of;  to  instruct,  train,  or  give 
skill  in  the  use,  management,  or  handling 
cf;  to  let  be  known;  to  tell;  to  show  how; 
to  show.— «.i.  To  practise  giving  instruc- 
tion; to  perform  the  business  of  a  precep- 
tor.— Teachable,  t6ch'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  taught;  apt  to  learn;  doeile.— Teach- 
ableness, tecb'a-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  teachable; aptness  to  learn;  docility. 
— Teacher,  tech'er,  n.  One  who  teaches  or 
instructs;  a  preceptor;  a  tutor;  a  preacher; 
a  minister  of  the  gospel.— Teaching,  tech'- 
ing,  »i.  The  act  or  business  of  instructing; 
instruction.— Teachless,  .tech'les,  a.  Un- 
teachable. 

Teak,  tek,  n.  [Tamil  name.]  A  tree  grow- 
ing in  different  parts  of  the  East  Indies, 
and  yielding  a  strong,  durable,  and  most 
valuable  timber. 

Teal,  tel,  n.  [Same  as  tel  or  talin  D.  teling, 
idling,  a  teal:  origin  doubtful.]  A  small 
and  beautiful  British  duck  which  fre- 
quents fresh-water  lakes  and  ponds,  also 
the  name  of  two  American  species. 
Team,  tem,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tedm,,  offspring,  a 
series,  a  row,  whence  ■t'iman,  to  teem; 
akin  tq  O.  Fris.  tarn,  offsprmg;  D.  tooni,  a 
brood;  from  same  stem  as  tow,  tug.]  A 
flock  of  young  animals,  especially  young 
ducks;  a  brood;  a  number  of  animals  in  a 
line ;  two  or  more  horses,  oken,  or  other 
beasts  harnessed  together  for  drawing; 
the  persons  forming  one  of  the  parties  or 
sides  in  a  game,  match,  or  the  like.— 
Teamster,  tem'st^r,  n.  [Team  and  sufiix 
-ster.]  One  who  drives  a  team. 
Tear,  ter,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tedr,  a  tear=Icel.  tdr, 
Dan.  taare,  G.  zdhre,  Goth,  tdger;  cognate 
Gr.  dakry,  O.li.  dacri'ma,  L.  lacryma,  Ir. 
dear,  W.  daiger,  Gael,  deur;  from  a  root 
meaning  to  bite.]  A  drop  of  the  limpid 
fluid  secreted  by  a  special  gland,  and  ap- 
pearing in  the  eyes  or  flowing  from  them, 
especially  through  excessive  grief  or  joy; 
any  transparent  drop  of  fluid  matter;  also 
a  solid,  transparent  drop,  as  of  some  res- 
ins. —  Tear-drop,  n.  A  tear.  —  Tearful, 
t^r'ful,  a.  Abounding  with  tears;  shed- 
ding tears.-Tearless,  ter'les,  a.  Shedding 
no  tears.— Tear-stained,  a.  Marked  with 
tears;  having  traces  of  tears. 
Tear,  tar,  v.t.— pret.  tore  (formerly  tare), 
pp.  torn.  [A.  Sax.  teran,  to  rend=Goth. 
{ga)tairan,  to  break;  G.  zehren,  T>..teren, 
Dan.  tcere,  to  consume;  same  root  as  Gr. 
dei'o,  to  flay;  Skr.  dar,  to  split.  Tire  is 
akin.]  To  separate  the  parts  of  by  pulling; 
to  pull  apart  by  force;  to  foiro  fissures  or 
fuiTows  in  by  violence;  to  lacerate;  to 
wound;  to  divide  by  violent  measures;  to 
disturb,  excite,  or  disorganize  violently 
(torn  by  factions);  to  drag;  to  move  or  re- 
move by  pulling  or  violently;  to  cause  or 
make  by  rending  (to  fear  a  hole).— To  tear 
up,  to  remove  from  a  fixed  state  by  vio- 
lence; to  rend  completely.  —  To  tear  the 
hair,  to  puli  it  in  a  violent  or  distracted 
manner:  often  as  a  sign  of  grief.— v.i.  To 
be  rent  or  torn;  to  rage;  to  act  with  turbu- 
lent violence.— n.  A  rent;  a  fissure.— Tear 
and  wear,  deterioration  by  long  or  fre- 
quent use.  —  Tcarer,  tar'6r,  n.  One  who 
tears.— Tearing,  tar'ing,  p.  and  a.  Making 
a  great  noise  or  bustle;  raving;  clamorous 
(colloq.). 

Tease,  tez,  v.t— teased,  teasing.  [A.  Sax. 
tae3an,to pluckrto teaae=Dan.  tase,  tcesaei 


Fftte,  f&i,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  b6r;     pine,  pin;     nSte,  cot,  mOve;     tabe,  tub,  b^U;     oil,  pound;     ii,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr.  it 


TEASEL 


695 


TELL 


to  toasa  wool;  D.  teezcn,  to  pick,  to  tease; 
akin  G.  zausen,  to  tug,  tear.  Teasel  isirom 
this,  and  touse,  tousy,  tussle,  are  allied.j 
To  pull  apart  Ihe  adhering  flbresof ;  to 
comb  or  card,  as  wool  or  flax;  to  vex  with 
importunity;  to  annoy  or  irritate  by  petty 
requests  or  by  raillery.— Teasing,  tez'ing, 
a.   Vexing;  irritating;  annoying. 

Teasel,  Teazel,  te'zel,  n.  [A.  Sax.  taesl, 
teasel,  from  taesan,  to  tease.  Tease.]  The 
fuller's  thistle,  cultivated  for  its  heads  or 
burrs,  which  have  numerous  hooked 
bracts,,  and  are  employed  to  raise  the  nap 
of  woollen  cloths;  any  contrivance  simi- 
larly used  in  the  dressing  of  woollen 
cloth,  — «.<.  To  subject  to  the  action  of 
teasels.  —  Teaseler,  te'zel-6r,  n.  One  who 
uses  the  teasel. 

Teat,  tet,  w.  (A.  Sax.  tit,  titt,  a  teat=L.G. 
and  O.D.  titte,  G.  zitze,  Ir.  and  Gael.  di<t, 
a  teat.]  The  projecting  organ  through 
which  milk  is  drawn  from  the  breast  or 
udder  of  females;  a  nipple;  a  dug  of  a 
beast;  a  pap.— Teated,  tet'ed,  a.    Having 

Xebeth,  te'beth,n.  [Heb.]  The  tenth  month 
of  the  Jewish  ecclesiastical  year. 
Techily,  Techiness.  Under  Techy. 
Technical,  tek'ni-kal,  a.  [h.  tecfmicus,  from 
Gr.  technikoa,  from  techne,  art.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  mechanical  arts;  specially  ap- 
pertaining to  an  art,  science,  profession, 
handicraft,  business.or  the  like.— Technlc, 
tek'nik,  n.  Method  of  manipulation  in 
any  art;  artistic  execution.— a.  Technical. 
—Technicality,  tek-ni-kal'i-ti,n.  The  char- 
acter of  being  technical;  a  technical  fea- 
ture or  peculiarity;  a  technical  expression. 
—Technically,  tek'ni-kal-li,  adv.  In  a 
technical  manner.— Technicalness,  tek'ni- 
kal-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  techni- 
cal.—Teohnicist,tek'ni-sist,n.  One  skilled 
in  technics.— Technics,  tek'niks.n.  sing,  or 
pi.  The  arts  in  general;  as  a  plural,  tech- 
nical terms  or  objects.  —  Technological, 
tek-no-loj'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  technol- 
ogy.—Technologist,  tek-nol'o-jist,  n.  One 
versed  in  technology.  —  Technology,  tok- 
nol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  techne,  art,  and  logos,  dis- 
course. I  That  branch  of  knowledge  which 
deals  with  the  various  industrial  arts;  the 
science  or  systematic  knowledge  of  the 
industrial  arts. 

Techy,  Tetchy,  tech'i,  a.  [From  old  teche, 
tache,  a  blemish,-  a  vice,  from  Fr.  tache,  a 
spot.]  Peevish;  fretful;  irritable;  testy.— 
Techily,  Tetchily,  tech'i-li.aclw.  In  atechy 
manner;  peevishly.  —  Techiness,  Tetchl- 
ness,  tech'i-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  techy.  „  .    .         rx 

Tectibranchiate,  tek-ti-brangla-at,  a.  [1/. 
tectus,  concealed  or  covered,  and  branchim, 
gills.]  A  term  designating  a  section  of 
gasteropodous  molluscs  having  the  gills 
covered  or  partly  covered  by  the  mantle. 
Tectonic,  tek-ton'ik,  a.  [L.  tectonicus,  Gr. 
tektonikos,  from  tekton,  tektonos,  a  carpen- 
ter, a  builder.]  Pertaining  to  building  or 
construction.  —Tectonics,  tek-ton'iks,  n. 
The  art  of  constructing  in  accordance  with 
utility  as  well  as  taste. 
Tectrices,  tek'tri-s5z,  n.  pi.  [From  L.  tego, 
tectum,  to  cover.]  Omith.  the  feathers 
which  cover  the  quill-feathers  of  the  wing; 
the  coverts.  ,„        _, 

Ted,  ted,  v.t— tedded,  tedding.  [From  W. 
teddu,  to  spread  out.]  Agri.  to  spread  to 
the  air  after  being  mown;  to  turn  and 
scatter  new-mowed  grass  or  hay.— Tedder, 
ted'6r,  n.  One  who  teds;  an  implement 
that  spreads  newly-mown  grass. 
Te  Deum,  te  d§'um,  n.  [From  the  first 
woi'ds,  Te  Deum  laudamus,  'We  praise 
thee,  O  God.']  The  title  of  a  celebrated 
Latin  hymn  of  praise,  usually  ascribed  to 
at.  Ambrose  and  St.  Augustine,  familiar 
from  its  translation  in  the  Book  of  Com- 
mon Prayer. 

Tedium,  t8'di-um,  n.  [L.  tceditim,  from 
tcedet,  it  wearies.]  Irksomeness;  weari- 
someness.  —  Tedious,  ted'yus,  a.  [O.Fr. 
tedieux,  L.  tcediosus.)  Involving  or  cau- 
sing tedium ;  tiresome  from  continuance 
or  slowness;  wearisome;  monotonous. — 
Tediously,  ted'yus-li,  adv.  •  In  a  tedious 
manner;  so  as  to  weary.  —  Tediousness, 
tcd'yus-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  te- 
dious; wearisomeness 


Toe,  te, «.  TliB  utiiUrslla^ahftppd  stniotaie 
as  a  termlnatibn  or  finial  crowning  the 
Buddhists'  topes  and  Hindu  pagodas. 

Tee,  te,  n.  [Icel.  tjd,  to  mark,  to  note.]  A 
point  of  aim  or  starting-point  in  certain 
games;  as  quoits.curling.and  golf.  [Scotch.] 

Teem,  tern,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  timan,  tyman,  to 
produce.  Team.)  To  bring  forth  young ; 
to  be  pregnant;  to  be  stocked  to  oveiflow- 
ing;  to  be  prolific  or  abundantly  fertile.— 
v.t.  To  produce;  to  bring  forth.— Teemer, 
te'm6r,  n.    One  who  teems. 

Teen,  Tene,  ten,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tedna,  injury, 
vexation.]    Grief;  sorrow. 

Teens,  tenz,  n.  pi.  The  years  of  one's  age 
having  the  termination  -teen,  beginning 
with  thirteen,  and  ending  with  nineteen, 
during  which  period  a  person  is  said  to. 
be  in  his  or  her  teens. 

Teeth,  teth,  pi.  of  tooWt.— Teethe,  terH,  v.i. 
Under  Tooth. 

Teetotal,  te'to-tal,  a.  [Formed  by  redupli- 
cation of  initial  letter  of  totaJ,forthe  sake 
of  emphasis;  com  p.  tee-totum.i  Pertaining 
to  total  abstinence;  totally  abstaining 
from  intoxicants. — Teetotalism,  tc'to-tal- 
izm,  n.  The  principles  or  practice  of  tee- 
totallers. —  Teetotaller,  Teetotaler,  te'to- 
tal-6r,  n.  One  who  binds  himself  to  entire 
abstinence  from  intoxicating  liquors,  un- 
less medically   prescribed;  a  total  ab- 

Tee-totum,  te-to'tum,  n.  [That  is  T-totum, 
totum  represented  by  T,  from  the  T  marked 
upon  it  and  standing  for  L.  totum,  the 
whole,  the  whole  stakes  being  won  when 
T  turns  up;  comp.  teetotal.]  A  small  four- 
sided  toy  of  the  top  kind,  n.ade  to  spin  by 
the  fingers,  and  used  by  children  in  a  game 
of  chance,  the  result  depending  on  which 
side  turns  up. 

Teg,  teg,  n.    A  young  sheep;  a  tag. 

Tegmen,  Tegumen,  teg'men,  teg'u-men,  n. 
pL  Tegmina,  Tegumina,  teg'mi-na,  te-gil'- 
mi-na.  [L.,  from  iepo,  to  cover.]  A  covering 
or  tegument;  hot.  the  inner  skin  which" 
covers  the  seed.  —  Tegmentimi,  Tegumen- 
tum,  teg-mcn'tum,  teg-ti-men'tum,  re.  pi. 
Tegmenta,  Tegumenta,  teg-men'ta,  teg-a- 
men'ta.  [  L.]  Bot.  the  scaly  coat  which 
covers  the  leaf-buds  of  deciduous  trees. 

Teguexln,  te-gek'sin,  n.  A  large  lizard  of 
Brazil  and  Guiana. 

Tegular,  teg'a-l6r,  a.  [L.  tegula,  a  tile,  from 
tego,  to  cover.]  Resembling  a,  tile;  con- 
sisting of  tiles.— Tegulated,  teg'a-la-ted,a. 
Composed  of  plates  or  scales  overlapping 

Tegument,  teg'n-ment,  n.  [L.  iegum^ntum, 
from  tego,  to  cover.]  A  cover  or  covering; 
a  natural  covering,  as  of  an  animal;  an 
integument.  —  Tegumentary,  teg-fl-men'- 
ta-ri,  o.    Pertaining  to  teguments. 

Tehee,  t5-he',  n.  A  laugh,  so  named  from 
the  Bonnd.—v.i.—telieed,  teheeing.  To  laugh 
contemptuously;  to  titter. 

Teil,  Teil-tree,  tel,  n.  [Fr.  teil,  from  L. 
tilia,  a  lime-tree.]    The  lime-tree. 

Teind,  tend,  n.  [Icel.  tiund,  a  tenth,  and 
hence  a  tithe,  from  tlu,  ten;  Sw.  tiende, 
Goth,  taihunda,  the  tenth.]  In  Scotland, 
a  tithe;  that  portion  of  the  annual  value 
of  land  which  is  or  may  be  assessed  for 
the  stipend  of  the  clergy  of  the  Estab- 
lished Church. 

Telamon,  tel'a-mon,  n.  pi.  Telamones,  tel- 
a-mo'nez.  [Gr.  telamOn,  a  bearer.]  Arch. 
the  figure  of  a  man  epiployed  as  a  column 
or  pilaster.    Atlantes.  ,  ,    .„ 

Telary,  te'la-ri,  a.  [L.  tela,  a  web.]  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  character  of  a 
web;  spinning  webs  (a  telary  spider). 
Teledu,  tel'e-dci,  n.  [Native  name  J  A  Ja- 
vanese carnivorous  animal  allied  to  the 
skunk,  and,  like  it,  able  to  give  out  an 
abominable  stench. 

Telegram,  tel'e-gram,  n.  [Gr.  tele,  far,  and 
gramma,  what  is  vnritten,  from  graphO,to 
write.]  A  communiaation  sent  by  tele- 
graph; a  telegraphic  message  or  despatch. 
Telegtammic,  tel-e-gram'ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  telegram;  having  the  character  of 
a  telegram.  —  Telegraph,  tel'e-graf ,  n.  A 
general  name  for  any  apparatus  for  con- 
vejriug  intelligence  beyond  the  limits  of 
distance  at  which  the  voice  is  audible;  now 
usually  restricted  to  the  electrictelegraph, 
which  consists  essentially  of  a  battery  or 


otht-i-  source  of  electric  power,  of  a  wire  or 
conductor  for  conveying  the  electric  cur- 
rent from  one  sty.tion  to  another,  of  the 
apparatus  for  transmitting  the  current, 
and  of  the  indicator  or  signalling  instru- 
ment; a  telegraphic  communication;  a 
telegram. — Telegraph  cable.  Under  Cable. 
— v.t.  To  convey  or  announce  by  telegraph. 
—Telegraphic,  Telegraphical,  tel-S-graf- 
ik,  tel-C-graf'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
telegraph;  made  by  a  telegraph;  com- 
municated by  a  telegraph.  —  Telegraph- 
ically, t3l-e-graf'i-kal-li,  adv.  By  means 
of  a  telegraph.  —  Telegraphist,  tel'e-graf- 
ist,  n.  One  who  works  a  telegraph.  — 
Telegraphy,  te-leg'ra-fi,  n.  The  art  or 
practice  of  communicating  by  telegraph. 
Telemeter,  te-lem'et-er,  n.  [Gr.  tele,  far, 
and  metron,  a  measure.]  An  instrument 
used  among  artillery  for  determining  the 
distance  from  the  gun  of  the  object  fired 
at. 

Teleology,  tel-e-ol'o-ji,  «.  [Gr.  telos,  teleos, 
an  end,  and  logos,  discourse.]  The  science 
or  dobwine  of  final  causes;  the  science 
treating  of  the  end  or  design  for  which 
things  were  created.- Teleological,  tel'6- 
o-loj"i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  teleology.— 
Teleologically,  tere-o-loj"i-kal-li,  adv.  In 
a  teleological  manner.— Teleologist,  tel-e- 
ol'o-jist,  n.  One  versed  in  teleology;  one 
who  investigates  the  final  cause  or  pur- 
pose of  phenomena,  or  the  end  for  which 
each  has  been  produced. 
Teleostean,  tel-C-os'te-an,  a.  [Gr.  teleos, 
teleios,  complete,  and  osteon,  a  bone.]  _  A 
term  applied  to  an  order  of  fishes  having 
a  well-ossified  skeleton,  and  including 
almost  all  familiar  food-fishes. — n.  One  of 
this  division  of  fishes. 
Telephone,  tel'e-fOn,  'n.  [Gr.  tele,  at  a  dis- 
tance, and  p/i(3ne,  sound.]  Any  instrument 
which  transmits  sound  beyond  its  natural 
limits  of  audibility;  more  especially,  an 
instrument  transmitting  sound  and  words 
uttered  by  the  human  voice  by  means  of 
electricity  and  telegraph  wires,  the  vibra- 
tions of  a  metal  plate  that  receives  the 
Bounds  at  one  end  of  the  wire  giving  rise 
to  corresponding  vibrations  5t  the  other 
end  which  reproduce  the  sound.  —  Tele- 
phonic, tel-e-fon'ik,  a.  Relating  to  the 
telephone;  communicated  by  the  tele- 
phone. —  Telephonist,  tel'e-fon-ist,  n.  A 
person  versed  in  telephony.  —  Telephony, 
te-lef'o-ni,  n.  The  transmission  of  com- 
munications by  the  telephone. " 
Telerpeton,  te-16r'pe-ton,  re.  [Gr.  teU,  far, 
and  lierpeton,  a  lizard.]  A  lizard-lil^o  rep- 
tile found  fossil  in  certain  sandstones  near 
Elgin,  and  so  named  from  its  supposed 
antiquity. 

Telescope,  tel'e-skop,  n.  [Gr.  teleskopos, 
seeing  afar,  from  tele,  at  a  distance,  and 
skopeo,  to  view.]  An  optical  instrument 
essentially  consisting  of  a  set- of  li>nses 
-  fixed  in  a  tube  or  a  number  of  sliding 
tubes.by  which  distant  objects  are  brought 
within  the  range  of  distinct,  or  more  dis- 
tinct vision.  —  v.t.  To  drive  the  parts  of 
into  each  other,  like  the  movable  joints  of 
a  pocket  telescope  (ihe  train  was  telescoped 
by  the  collision).— Telescopic,  Telescopi- 
cal,  iel'e-sko-p-ik,  tel'C-skop-i-kal,  a.  Per- 
.  taining  to  a  telescope ;  performed  by  a 
telescope;  seen  only  by  a  telescope;  seeing 
at  a  great  distance ;  having  the  power  of 
extension  by  j'oints  sliding  one  within 
another.— Telescopically,  tel-e-skop'i-kal- 
li,  adv.  By  the  telescope.— Telescopiform. 
tel-e-skop'i-form,  o.  Having  the  form  of 
a  telescope.— Telescopist,  tel'e-skop-ist,  n. 
One  skilled  in  using  the  telescope.— 
Telescopy,  te-les'ko-pi, ».  The  art  of  using 
the  telescope.  . 

Telespectroscope,  tel-e-spek'tro-slcSp,  -ft. 
[Gr.  tele,  far,  and  E.  spectroscope.]  An  in- 
strument composed  of  a  telescope  and 
spectroscope,  used  for  examining  spectra 
of  the  sun  and  other  heavenly  bodies. 
Telle,  tel'ik,  a.  [Gr.  telos,  end.]  Gram,  dji- 
noting  end  or  purpose.  , .    „ 

Tell,  tel,  v.t.—vret.  and  xfp.  told,  [A.  Saic. 
tellan,  to  tell,  announce,  count  =O.Fns. 
tella,  D.  tellen,  Dan.  toetle,  led.  telja,  ta 
tell,  number,  &c.;  G.  zdhlen,  to  number.. 
Closely  akin  to  tale.^  To  express  in  words; 
to  say;  to  relate,  narrate,  rehearse  (to  tell 


b;  wearisumeuess.  \     ..•«.. -  ... 

ch.  Chain;     ch,  8c.  loch;    g,Ooi    jjob;     n,Fr.to»;     ngr^ng;     jh,  «/ten;  th,  «.in;     w.ttogj     wh.wftig;     zh.asure. 


I'MJLUKAL 


696 


I'EA'ABLlil 


a  story);  to  make  kiio\m  by  words;  to  dis- 
cloEe;  to  confess;  to  ackuowledge  (to  tell  a 
estrsti;  to  discern  so  as  to  be  able  to  say 
(to  tail  one  from  another);  to  distinguish; 
to  decide  upon;  to  enumerate;  to  count;  to 
inform;  to  give  an  order  or  request  to. — 
To  tell  offy  to  count  off;  especially,  to  count 
off,  detach,  or  select  for  some  special  duty. 
— v.i.  To  give  an  account;  to  make  report; 
to  play  the  informer;  to  blab;  to  take 
elfcot;  to  produce  a  marked  elFect  (every 
shot  tells).-^To  hear  tell,  to  hear  mention 
made;  to  learn  by  hearsay.— Tellable,  tel'- 
a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  told.— Teller, 
tel'er,  n.  One  that  tells;  one  who  num- 
bers; one  appointed  to  count  votes  on  a 
division  in  the  House  of  Commons;  a 
functionary  In  a  banking  establishment 
■whose  business  is  to  receive  and  pay  money 
over  tlie  counter.— Teliership,  tel'er-ship, 
n.  The  ofiica  or  employment  of  a  teller. — 
Telling,  tel'ing,  p.  and  a.  Operating  with 
great  effect;  highly  effective;  impressive  (a 
telling  speech). — n.  The  act  of  one  that 
tells.— TeU-tale,a.  Tellingtales; officiously 
revealinR;  blabbing.— n.  <.>ne  who  impro- 
perly discloses  private  concerns;  one  who 
tells  that  which'  prudence  should  sup- 
press; an  instrument  or  device  of  various 
kinds,  usually  automatic,  for  counting, 
indicating,  registering,  or  otherwise  giv- 
ing some  desired  information. 

TellnraJ,  tel-u'ral,  ji.  [L.  tellus,  ^tellurts, 
the  earth.]  Pertaining  to  the  earth. — 
Tellurate,  tel'U-rat,  n.  A  salt  of  telluric 
.loid.— Tellnretted,  tel'n-ret-ed,  a.  Com- 
bined with  tellurium.  — Tellurian,  tel-a'- 
ri-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  earth  or  to 
an  inhabitant  of  the  earth.  —  n.  An  in- 
habitant of  the  earth. — Telluric,  tel-fi'- 
rik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  earth  or  to  tel- 
lurium.— Telluric  and,  an  oxyacid  of  tel- 
lurium. —  Tellaret,  Telluiide,  tel'a-ret, 
tel'tl-rid,  n.  A  compound  of  tellurium 
•with  an  electro-positive  element.— Telln- 
rion,  tel-a'ri-on,  ji.  A  kind  of  orrery 
showing  the  changes  of  the  seasons,  &c. — 
Tellurium,  tel-a'ri-um,  n.  A  non-metal- 
lic element  of  a  tin-white  crystalline  ap- 
pearance, and  closely  resembling  selenium 
and  sulphur  in  its  chemical  relations.  — 
Telltirous,  tel-u'rus,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
o'otained  from  tellurium. 

Teletype,  te'lo-tip,  n.  [Gr.  tgle,  far,  and 
typos,  impression.]  A  printing  electric 
telegraph. 

Telson,  tel'son,  m.  [Gr.,  an  extremity.]  The 
last  joint  in  the  abdomen  of  Crustacea. 

Temerity,  te-mor'i-ti,  n.  [h.  temeritas, 
rashness,  from  teniere,  rashly;  same  root 
as  Skr.  tainag,  darkness,  B.  dim.]  Heed- 
lessness of  consequences;  extreme  venture- 
someness ;  recklessness ;  rashness. — Teme- 
rarious, tem-e-ra'ri»us,  a.  [X.  tevierarius.] 
Sash;  reckless;  careless.- Temerarlously, 
iem'-e-ra'ri-us-li,  adv.    Rashly. 

lemper,  tem'p^r,  v.t.  [Fr.  temp4rer,  from 
.u.  te-mperare,  to  regulate,  mix  proi)erly, 
temper,  from  tempus,  iemporis,  time. 
Temporal.]  To  proportion  duly  as  regards 
constituent  parts;  to  mix  or  combine  in 
due  proportion;  to  mix  and  work  up;  to 
qualify  by  intermixture  (to  temper  justice 
with  mercy);  to  reduce  the  excess,  violence, 
or  severity  of;  to  moderate;  to  calm;  to 
form  to  a  proper  degree  of  hardness  (to 
Uviper  iron  or  steel).  —  n.-  Due  mixture 
of  different  qualities;  disposition  or  con- 
stitution of  the  mind,  particularly  with 
regard  tothepassions  and  affections;  heat 
of  mind;  irritation;  the  state  of  a  metal  as 
to  its  hardness;  middle  character;  mean 
or  medium.— TLmperable,  tem'p6r-a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  b?ing  tempered.  —  Tempera- 
ment, tem'p^r-arment,  n.  [L.  temperamen- 
tztm,  admixture.moderation,  4c.  ,from  tern- 
pero.]  Due  mixture  of  elements  or  quali- 
ties; adjustment  of  opposing  influences; 
that  individual  peculiarity  of  physical  or- 
r^nization  by  which  the  manner  of  acting, 
feeling,  and  thinking  of  each  person  is  per- 
manently affected  (a  person  of  a  sanguine, 
or  of  a  melancholy,  Umperam£nt)i  mus.  a 
certain  adjustment  of  the  tones  or  inter- 
vals of  the  scale  of  flxed-toned  instru- 
ments, as  the  organ,  piano,  and  the  like, 
vith  the  view  of  removing  an  apparent 
i'-^pcrf  ectJoT> ,  and  fitting  the  scale  for  use 


in  all  keys  without  offence  to  the  ear. — 
Temperance,  t«m'p6r-an8,  n.  [L.  temper- 
antia,  moderation,  sobriety,  from  tempera, 
to  temper.]  The  obsen'auce  of  modera- 
tion; temperateness;  moderation  in  regard 
to  the  indulgence  of  the  natural  appetites 
and  passions;  restrained  or  moderate  in- 
dulgence; sobriety:  sometimes  loosely 
used  to  mean  total  abstineuce  from  in- 
toxicants.—Temperate,  tem'pur-at,  o.  [L. 
temperatus.]  Moderate;  showing  modera- 
tion; moderate  as  regards  the  indulgence 
of  the  appetites  or  desires ;  abstemious ; 
sober;  not  violent  or  excessive  as  regards 
the  use  of  language;  reasonable;  calm; 
measured;  not  going  beyond  due  bounds; 
moderate  as  regards  amoimt  of  heat;  not 
lialile  to  excessive  heats  (a  temperate  cli- 
mate).— Temjmrate  zones,  the  spaces  on  the 
earth  between  the  tropics  and  the  polar 
circles,  where  the  heat  is  less  than  in  the 
tropics,  and  the  cold  less  than  in  the  polar 
circles.— Temperately,  tem'p6r-at-li,  adv. 
In  a  temperate  manner  or  degree;  moder- 
ately; soberly;  calmly;  sedately.— Temper- 
ateness, tem'p6r-at-ues,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  temperate;  moderation;  reasonable- 
ness.—Temperature,  tem'p6r-a-tar,  n.  [L. 
temperatura,  due  measure,  temperature.] 
Constitution  or  temperament;  the  state  of 
a  body  or  of  a  region  of  the  earth  with  re- 
gard to  heat;  the  degree  or  intensity  of 
the  heat  effects  of  a  body.— Tempered, 
tem'p6rd,  a.  Having  a,  certain  disposition 
or  temper;  disposed:  often  used  in  com- 
position (a  sooA-ter)ipered,  ha.A-tempered 
man).— Tempering,  tem'per-ing,  .n.  The 
process  of  giving  the  requisite  degree  of 
hardness  or  softness  to  a  substance,  as  to 
iron  or  steel. 

Tempera,  tem'pe-ra,  n.  [It.]  Painting,  i\xe 
same  as  Distemper. 

Tempest,  tem'pest, «.  [O.Pr.  fempeste,  from 
L.  tempesfas,  time,  season,  a  tempest,  from 
tempus,  time.  Temporal.]  An  extensive 
current  of  wind  rushing  with  great  velo- 
city and  violence ;  a  storm  of  extreme  vio- 
lence; a  hurricane;  a  violent  tumult  or 
commotion.— Tempestuous,  tem-pes'ta-us, 
o.  [L.  tempestuosus.]  Belonging  to  a 
tempest;  very  stormy;  blowing  with  vio- 
lence; subject  to  fits  of  stormy  passion. — 
Tempestuously,  tem-pes'tQ-«s-li,  adv.  In 
a  tempestuous  manner.  —  Tempestuons-' 
nesB,  tem-pes'ta-us-nes,  »i. 

Templar.    Under  Temple. 

Template,  n.    Templet. 

Temple,  tem'pl,  n.  [Fr.  temple,  from  L. 
teriiplum,  a  temple,  originally  a  place 
marked  or  cut  off,  from  root  tern  in  <^t. 
temnO,  to  cut,  whence  Gr.  tem^nos,  a  tem- 
ple.] An  edifice  dedicated  to  the  service 
of  some  deity  or  deities;  originally,  an 
edifice  erected  for  some  Roman  deity;  one 
of  the  three  successive  edifices  at  Jerusa- 
lem dedicated  to  the  worship  of  Jehovah; 
an  edifice  erected  among  Christians  as  a 
place  of  public  worship;  a  church;  a  semi- 
monastic  establishment  in  London  in- 
habited by  the  knights  Templars  and  re- 
ceiving its  name  from  them;  the  buildings 
erected  on  this  site  and  occupied  by  bar- 
risters or  students  of  law. — Templar,  tem'- 
pler,  n.  One  of  a  religious  military  order 
first  established  at  Jerusalem  for  the  pro- 
tection of  pilgrims  travelling  to  the  Holy 
Land,  and  so  named  from  their  residence 
at  Jerusalem  being  connected  with  the 
church  and  convent  of  the  Temiile;  a  bar- 
rister or  a  student  of  the  law  having  cham- 
bers in  the  Temple  in  London. — Oood- 
Templar.    Under  Goon. 

Temple,  tem'pl,  n.  [O.  Fr.  temple  (Fr. 
tempe),  the  temple,  from  L.  tempus,  time, 
also  a  temple  of  the  head.  Tejuporal.] 
The  flat  portion  of  either  side  of  the  head 
between  the  forehead  and  ear. 

Templet,  Template,  tem'ulet,  tem'rlat,  n. 
IComp.  Fr.  temple,  templet,  a  meT;hanical 
appliance  of  several  lands.]  A  flat  thin 
board  or  piece  of  sheet-iron  Whose  edge  is 
shaped  in  some  particular  way,  so  that  it 
may  serve  as  a  guide  or  iest  in  making 
an  article  with  a  corresponding  contour ; 
a  short  piece  of  timber  or  a  stone  placed  in 
a  wall  to  support  a  girder,  beam,  &c. 

Tejipo,  tem'po,  91.  [It.  tempo,  time.]  Mus. 
a  word  used  to  express  the  degree  of  quick- 


ness with  which  a  piece  of  music  is  to  be 
executed ;  musical  time. 

Temporal,  tem'po-ral,  a.  [L.  temporalis, 
from  tempus,  iempoi'lv,  time,  season,  &c. 
(seen  in  tense,  n.,  contemporary, extempore), 
also  one  of  the  temples  of  the  head; 
root  tan,  to  stretch  or  extend,  same  as 
in  E.  thin.  Akin  tempest.l-  Pertaining 
to  this  life  or  this  world;  secular:  op- 
posed to  spiritual  and  ecclesiastical;  mea- 
sured or  limited  by  time,  or  by  this  life 
or  state  of  things;  having  limited  exis- 
tence: opposed  to  etertMl;  gram,  relating 
to  a  tense;  pertaining  to  the  temple  or 
temples  of  the  head.— ti.  Anything  tem- 
poral or  secular;  a  temporality.— Tempor- 
ality, tem-po-rdl'i-ti,  «.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  temporal;  a  secular  pos- 
session; pi.  revenues  of  an  ecclesiastic 
from  lands,  tithes,  &c.:  opposed  to  spiritu- 
alities. —  Temporally,  tem'po-ral-li,  adv. 
In  a  temporal  manner;  with  respect  to 
time  or  this  life  only.  —  TemporalnesB, 
tem'po-ral-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  temporal.  —  Temporalty,  tern '  po- 
ral-ti,  n.  The  laity;  secular  people;  a 
secular  possession ;  a  temporabty.— Tern- 
porarily,  tem'po-ra-ri-li,  adv.  In  a  tem- 
porary manner;  for  a  time;  provisionally. 
— Temporariness,  tem'po-ra-ri-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  temporary. — Temporary, 
tem'po-ra-ri,  a.  IL.  temporaritts.]  Las- 
ting for  a  time  only;  existing  or  continu- 
in.g  for  a  limited  time;  transient;  pro- 
visional. —  Temporize,  tem'po-riz,  v.i.'— 
temporised,  temporizing.  [Pr.  temporiser, 
from  L.  iempns,  temporis,  time.]  To 
comply  with  or  humour  the  time  or  occa- 
sion; to  try  to -suit  both  sides  or  parties;  to 
trim;  to  use  politic  devices. — Temporlzai- 
tion,  tem'po-ri-za"shon,  n.  The  act  of 
temporizing.  —  Temporizer,  tem'po-ri-!sSr, 
n.  One  who  temporizes.  —  Temporizing, 
tem'po-ri-zing,  p.  and  a.  Inclined  to  tem- 
porize; time  -  serving.  —  Temporizingly, 
tem'po-ri-zing-li,  adv. 

Tempt,  temt,  v.t.  [O.Pr.  tempter  (Fr.  ten- 
ter), from  L.  temptare,  tentare,  to  try,  prove, 
test,  incite,  intens.  of  tend/),  ter.diim,  to 
stretch;  same  root  as  Gr.  teinO,  Skr.  taT%, 
to  stretch.  (Tekd.  Thin.)  Twmt  is  of  same 
origin.]  To  Incite  or  solicit  to  an  evil 
act;  to  entice  to  something  wrong  by  some 
specious  argument  or  inducement;  to  se- 
duce; to  invite;  to  try  to  induce;  to  try  the 
patience  of;  to  put  to  atest. — TemptabUity, 
tem-ta-bil'i-ti,  n.  Quality  of  being  tempt- 
able.— Temptable,  tem'ta-bl,  a.  Liable  to 
be  tempted  I— Temptation,  tem-ta'shon,  ». 
The  act  of  tempting  or  state  of  being 
tempted :  enticement  to  evil ;  that  which 
is'presented  as  an  inducement  to  evil ;  an 
enticement;  an  allurement  to  anything 
indifferent  or  even  good  (colloq.).— Temp- 
ter, tem'tfir,  n.  One  who  tempts;  one  who 
entices  to  evil.  —  Tempting,  tem'ting,  a. 
Adapted -to /entice  or  allure;  attractive; 
seductiye,— Temptingly,  tcm'ting-U,  adv. 
In  a  tempting  manner.— Temptingaesa, 
tem'ting-nes,  n. — Temptress,  temt'res,  «. 
A  female  who  tenipts  or  entices. 

Temse,  Tema,  tems,  n.  [A.  Sax.  feme*,  a 
sieve ;  D.  temg,  a  colander,  a  strainer.]  A. 
sieve:  a  scarce;'  a  bolter. 

Temnlence,  Temule»cy,  tem'a-lens,  tem'a- 
len-si,  n.  [O.  Fr.  temnlence,  from  L.  temii^ 
lentia,  drunkenness,  frqm  temulentus, 
drunken.  Abstemioits.  ]  Intoxication; 
drunkenness. — Temulent,  tem'a-lent,  a. 
Intoxicated ;  given  to  drink. 

Ten,  ten,  a.  [A.  Sax.  t4n,  tyn^T>.  tien,  Goth. 
taihim;  G.  sehn,  Icel.  km,  Sw.  tio,  Dan.  ti; 
cog.  "L.  decern,  Gr.  deka,  Skr.  da(an ;  W. 
<fej7,  Armor,  aek,  Ir.  deag,  Gael,  deich.l 
Twice  five;  nine  and  one.— re.  The  number 
of  twice  five ;  a  figtrre  or  symbol  denoting 
ten  units,  as  10  or  X.;  a  playing  card  with 
ten  spots.— Tenth,  tenth,  a.  First  after 
the  ninth. — n.  The  tenth  part;  one  of  ten 
equal  parts  into  which  a  whole  is  divided. 
—  Tenthly,  tenthli,  adv.  In  the  tenth 
place.— Tenfold,  ten'fdld,  a.  and  odw.  Ten 

times  greater  or  more. 

Tenable,  ten'a-bl,  o.  [Pr.  tfrnaible,  from 
tenir,  L.  tenere,  to  hold  (seen  also  in  temwrf, 

tertaciov.s,  tenement,  tenor,  tenure,  abstain, 

contain,  obtain,  retain,  Ac);  same  root  aa 

in  tendo,  to  stretch,  tempto,  to  tempt. 


,^  Ate,  fur,  tat,  f^;    me,  net,  bdr,    piae,t)ia;    note,  &ot,  ipOyej    tube,  tub,  b\iU;    oil,poiia(l;    «,  Sc  abme— tb«  f tr, «« 


TEKACIOlJg 


697 


TENUIFOLIOUS 


Tknd,  Tempt.]  Capable  of  being  held, 
maintained,  or  defended  against  an  as- 
fif.ilant,  or  against  attempts  to  take  it. — 
a'enability,Tenableness,  ten-a-bil'i-ti,  ten'- 
a-bl-nes,  n.    The  state  of  being  tenable. 

Teuaciotis,  te-na'shus,  a.  [L.  tenax,  tenacis, 
from  teneo,  to  hold.  Tenable.]  Holding 
fast,  or  inclined  to  hold  fast;  inclined  to 
retain:  with  of  before  the  thing  held ;  re- 
tentive; apt  to  retain  long  what  is  com- 
mitted to  it  (a  tenacious  memory);  apt  to 
adhere  to  another  substance;  adhesive; 
tough;  having  great  cohesive  force  among 
the  constituent  particles.  —  Tenaciously, 
te-na'shus-li,  adv.  In  a  tenacious  manner. 
— Tenaciousness,  te-na'shus-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  tenacious. — Ten- 
acity, te-iias'i-ti,  n.  [¥r.  tenacity,  L.  ten- 
acitas.]  The  quality  of  being  tenacious; 
adhesiveness;  that  property  of  material 
bodies  by  which  their  parts  resist  an  effort 
to  force  or  pull  them  asunder,  or  the  mea- 
sure of  the  resistance  of  bodies  to  tearing 
or  crushing. 

Teuail,  Tenaille,  te-nal',  n.  [Fr.  tenaille, 
from  ienir,  L.  tetiere,  to  hold.  Tenable.] 
Fort,  an  outwork  or  rampart  in  the  main 
ditch  immediately  in  front  of  the  curtain, 
between  two  bastions. 

Tenant,  ten'ant,  n.  [Fr.  tenant,  holding, 
Pl)r.  of  tenir,  L.  tenere,  to  hold.  Tenable.] 
A  pursou  who  holds  or  possesses  lands  or 
tenements  by  any  kind  of  title,  either  in 
fee,  for  life,  for  years,  or  at  will ;  one  who 
occupies  lands  or  houses  for  which  he  pays 
rent;  one  who  has  possession  of  any  place; 
IX  dweller;  an  occupant.— «.<.  To  hold  or 
possess  as  a  tenant.  —  v.i.  To  live  as  a 
tenant ;  to  dwell,— Tenancy,  ten'an-si,  n. 
A  holding  or  possession  as  tenant ;  period 
of  occupancy  as  tenant;  tenure. — Tenant- 
able,  ten'ant-a-bl,  a.  In  a  state  of  repair 
suitable  for  a  tenant.  —  Tenantableness, 
ten'ant-a-bl-nes,  n.  State  of  being  teuant- 
able.— lenantless,  ten'ant-les,  a.  Having 
no  tenant ;  unoccupied.— Tenant-right,  n. 
A  term  for  various  rights  or  claims  which 
tenants  maintain  againsftlieir  landlords, 
as  the  right  of  the  tenant  to  compensa- 
tion for  unexhausted  improvements  if  he 
should  be  forced  to  leave  the  land.— Ten- 
antry, ten'ant-ri,  n.  The  body  of  tenants. 

Tench,  tensh,  n.  [O.Fr.  tenche  (Fr.  tanc?ie), 
from  L.  tinea,  a  tench.]  A  fish  of  the  carp 
family  inhabiting  most  of  the  lakes  of 
Europe.- 

Tend,  tend,.t;.i.  [L.  tendo,  to  stretchout, 
to  extend,  to  bend  one's  footsteps  (seen 
also  in.  attend,  extend,  contend,  intend, 
superintend,  tent,  &c.);  same  root  as  L. 
te'>ieo,  to  hold,  Gr.  teind,  Skr.  tan,  to  stretch. 
Thin,  TENDER(a.),  Tenable.]  To  move  in  a 
certain  direction ;  to  be  directed ;  to  have 
influence  towards  producing  a  certain 
effect;  to  conduce  or  contribute. —Ten- 
dency, ten'den-si,  n.  [Fr.  tendance.]  An 
inclining  or  contributing  influence ;  apt- 
ness to  take  a  certain  course;  inclination ; 
effect  of  giving  a  certain  bent  or  direction. 

Tend,  tend,  v.t.  [Contr.  from  attend.]  To 
accompany  as  an  assistant  or  protector; 
to  watch;  to  guard;  to  look  after;  to  take 
care  of ;  to  attend .  to. — v.i.  To  attend ;  to 
wait,  as  attendants  or  servants;  to  attend 
as  something  inseparable ;  to  be  attentive 
(Shak.).  —  Tendance,  ten'dans,  n.  Act  of 
tending  or  attending.— Tender,  ten'dtr,  n. 
One  that  tends;  na%it.  a  small  vessel  at- 
tending a  larger  one  with  stores,  or  to 
convey  intelligence;  rail,  a  carriage  at- 
tached to  the  locomotive,  for  carrying  the 
fuel,  water,  &c. 

Tender,  ten'd6r,  v.t.  [Fr.  tendre,  to  reach 
or  stretch  out,  from  li.  tendo,  tenders, 
to  stretch  out.  Tend,  to  move,  &c.]  To 
present  for  acceptance;  to  offer  in  pay- 
ment or  satisfaction  of  a  demand.  —  n. 
An  offer  of  money  or  any  other  thing 
in  satisfaction  of  a  debt  or  liability;  any 
•offer  for  acceptance;  an  offer  in  writing  to 
execute  some  specified  work,  or  to  supply 
certain  specified  articles,  at  a  certain  rate; 
the  thing  offered. 

Tender,  ten'dfer,  a.  [Fr.  tendre,  from  I/. 
tener,  tender,  from  same  root  as  tenuis, 
thin,  tendo,  to  stretch  (whence  tend),  teneo, 
to  hold  (as  in  tenable),  and  E.  tMn.  The 
d  is  inserted  as  in  gender,  thunder.]  Easily 


iuj  ured;  delicate;  very  sensible  to  pain;  very 
susceptible  of  any  sensation;  not  hardy; 
•weak;  easily  affected  by  the  distresses  of 
another  (a  tender  heart )j  sympathetic; 
affectionate;  fond;  pathetic;  careful  not 
to  hurt  or  injure;  gentle.;  unwilling  to 
pain;  apt  to  give  pain  or  to  annoy  when 
spoken  of  (a  lewder  subject).— v.^t  To  hold 
dear;  to  esteem  (^'AaA:.).— Tender-hearted, 
a.  Very  susceptible  of  the  softer  passions  of 
love,  pity,  or  kindness.— Tender-hearted- 
ness, n.  Reatiiness  to  sympatiiize;  suscep- 
tibility of  the  softer  passions.— Tenderly, 
ten'd6r-li,  adv.  ■  In  a  tender  maimer;  with 
tenderness;  mildly;  gently;  kindly;  fondly; 
affectionately.  —  Tenderness,  ten'dSr-nes, 
m.  The  state  or  character  of  being  tender; 
delicacy;  readiness  to  be  hurt;  suscepti- 
bility; affection;  scrupulosity;  pathos. 
Tendon,  ten'don,  n.  [Fr.  tendon,  from  L. 
tendo,  to  stretch.  Tend.]  Anai.  a  hard, 
insensible  cord  or  bundle  of  fibres  by 
which  a  muscle. is  attached  to  a  bone  or 
other  part  which  it  serves  to  move.— Ten- 
don of  Achilles,  the  large  tendon  connect- 
ing the  calf  of  the  leg  with  the  heel. — 
Tendinous,  ten'di-nus,  o.  [Fr.  tendineux.] 
Partaking  of  the  nature  of  tendons ;  full 
'of  tendons;  sinewy. 

Tendril,  ten'dril,  n.  [O.Fr.  tendrillon,  a 
tendril,  from  tendre,  tender.  Tender.] 
Bat.  a  slender  spiral  shoot  of  a  plant  that 
winds  round  another  body  for  the  purpose 
of  support.— Tendrilled,  ten'drild,  a.  Fur- 
nished with  tendrils. 

Tenebrlfic,  ten-e-brif'ik,  a.  [L.  tenebrce, 
darkness,  and  facio,  to  make.]  Producing 
darkness.— TenebroBity,  ten-6-bros'i-ti,  n. 
Darkness;  gloominess;  gloom.  —  Tene- 
brous, Tenebrose,  ten'e-brus,  ten'g-bros, 
o.  [L.  tenebrosus.]  Dark;  gloomy. 
Tenement,  ten'e-ment,  n.  [O.Fr.  tenement, 
L.L.  tenementum,  from  L.  teneo,  to  hold. 
Tenabls  ]  An  alxtde;  a  habitation;  a 
dwelling;  an  apartment  or  apartments  in 
a  building  used  by  one  family;  law,  any 
species  of  permanent  property  that  may 
be  held. —  Tenemental,  ten-5-men'tal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  tenement  or  to  tenements. 
—  Tenementary,  ten-e-men'ta-ri,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  leased;  held  by  tenants. — 
Tenement-house,'  n.  A  house  or  block  of 
building  divided  into  dwellings  for  sepa- 
rate families. 

Tenesmus,  tc-nes'mus,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
teinesmos,  from  teind,  to  stretch,  to  strain.] 
Med.  a  continual  inclination  to  void  the 
contents  of  the  bowels,  accompanied  by 
straining,  but  without  any  discharge. — 
Tenesmic,  te-nes'mik,  a.  Med.  pertaining 
to  or  characterized  by  tenesmus. 
Tenet,  ten'et,  n.  [li.  tenet,  he  holds.  Tek- 
ABLE.J  Any  opinion,  principle,  dogma,  or 
doctrine  which  a  person  believes  or  main- 
tains as  true. 
Tenfold.  Under  Ten. 
Tenioid,  te'ni-oid,  a.  Same  as  Tcsnioid. 
Tennis,  ten'is,  n.  [Said  to  be  from  Fr.  tenez, 
take  it  (from  tenir,  L.  tenere,  to  hold),  a 
word  which  the  French  use  when  the  ball 
is  struck.]  A  game  in  which  a  ball  is 
driven  continually  against  a  wall,  and 
caused  to  rebound  beyond  a  line  at  a  cer- 
tain distance  by  several  persons  striking 
it  alternately  with  a  small  bat,  called  a 
racket,  the  object  being  to  keep  the  ball 
up  as  long  as  possible.  Racket,  Lawn- 
tennis.— Tennis-ball,  n.  The  ball  used  in 
tennis.— Tennis-court,  n.  An  oblong  court 
in  which  tennis  is  played. 
Tenon,  ten'on,  n.  JFr.  tenon,  from  tenir, 
D.  te)iere,tohold.  Tenable.]  A  projecting 
piece  on  the  end  of  a  piece  of  wood  fitted 
for  insertion  into  a  corresponding  cavity  or 
mortise  in  order  to  form  a  joint. — v.t.  To 
fit  with  a  tenon.— Tenon-saw,  »i.  A  smaU 
saw  with  a  brass  or  steel  back,  used  for 
cutting  tenons. 

Tenor,  ten'or,  n.  [L.  tenov,  a  holding  on, 
course,  tenor,  from  teneo,  to  hold.  Tek- 
AJBLE.]  Prevailing  course  or  direction; 
general  course  or  drift  of  thought;  general 
spirit  or  meaning;  purport;  substance  (the 
tenor  of  a  discourse);  'mus.  the  highest 
of  the  adult  male  chest  voices:  so  called 
because  in  former  times  the  leading  mel- 
ody was  given  to  this  voice;  the  part  above 
the  basa  in  harmonized  music;  one  who 


£ings  a  tenor  pait.— a.  Mus.  adapted  for 
singing  or  playing  the  tenor.— i'enorci«/, 
the  C  clef,  placed  on  the  fourth  line. 

Tenor -saw,  ten'or,  n.  Corrupted  from 
Tenon-saw. 

Tenotomy,  te-not'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  tenOn,  a  ten- 
don, and  tome,  a  cutting.]  Surg,  the  cut- 
ting or  division  of  a  tendon. 

Tenrec,  Tanrec,  ten'rek,  tan'rek,  n.  [Native 
Madaga.'-car  name.]  An  animal  allied  to 
the  hedgehog,  inhabiting  Madagascar. 

Tense,  tens,  a.  [L.  tensus,  pp.  of  tendo,  to 
stretch.  Tend.]  Stretched  until  tight; 
strained  to  stiffness;  rigid;  not  lax. — 
Tensely,  tens'li,  adi'.  In  a  tense  manner; 
with  tension.— Tenseness,  tens'nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  tense. — Tensibility,  ten-si- 
bil'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  tensible. 
— Tensible,  ten'si-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
extended.— Tensile,  ten'sil,  a.  Pertaining 
to  tension;  capable  of  tension .^-TensUity, 
ten-sil'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  tensile. 
—  Tension,  ten'shon,  n.  [L.  tensio,  ten- 
sionis.]  The  act  of  stretching  or  strain- 
ing; the  state  of  being  stretched  or  strained 
to  stiffness;  tightness;  mental  strain;  viech. 
the  force  by  which  a  bar,  rod,  or  string  is 

■  pulled  when  forming  part  of  any  system; 
etecMntensity  ,or  the  degree  to  which  a  body 
is  excited,  as  estimated  by  the  electrome- 
ter; physics,  elastic  force.— The  tension  of 
a  gas,  the  degree  of  pressure  it  exerts  on 
the  containing  surface.— Tensioned,  ten'- 
fihond,  a.  Subjected  to  tension. — Tension- 
rod,  n.  A  rod  in  a  structure  holding  to- 
gether opposite  parts.- Tensity,  ten'si-ti, 
n.  State  of  being  tense;  tenseness. — Ten- 
sor, ten'sor,  rt.  Anat  a  muscle  that  extends 
or  stretches  the  part  to  which  it  is  fixed. 

Tense,  tens,  n.  [O.Fr.  tens.  Mod.  Fr.  temps, 
time,  from  L.  tempiis,  time.  Temporal.] 
Gram,,  one  of  the  forms  which  a  verb  .takes 
in  order  to  express  the  time  of  action  or  oiE 

-  that  which  is  aflSrmed. 

Tensile,  Tension,  &c.    Under  Tense,  a. 

Tent,  tent,  re.  [Fr.  tente,  L.L.  tenia,  a  tent, 
lit.  something  stretched  out  or  extended, 
from  L.  tendo,  tentum,  to  stretch.  Tend.] 
A  portable  house  consisting  of  some  flex- 
ible covering,  such  as  skins,  matting,  or 
canvas  stretched  and  sustained  by  poles. 
—v.i.  To  lodge  in  a  tent:  to  tabernacle. — 
Tent-bed,  n.  A  bedstead  having  curtains 
in  a  tent  form  above.— Tented,  tent'ed,  a. 
Covered  or  furnished  with  tents.— Tent- 
maker,  re.    One  who  makes  tents.  [N.T.] 

Tent,  Tent-wine,re.  l&p.tinto, deep-coloured, 
from  L.  tinctus,  pp.  of  iingo,  to  dye.  Tinge.] 
A  Spanish  wine  of  a  deep-red  colour. 

Tent,  tent,  v.t,  [Fr.  tenter,  from.L.  tenttsp^e, 
to  feel ,  to  try.  Tempt.  1  To  probe;  to  keep 
open  with  a  tent  or  pledget. — n.  Surg,  a  roll 
of  lint  or  Unen,  &c.,  used  to  dilate  an  open- 
ing in  the  flesh,  or  keep  open  a  sore  from 
which  matter  is  discharged. 

Tentacle,  ten'ta-kl,  re.  [L.L.  tentacUlum, 
from  L.  tento,  to  handle,  to  feel.  Tempt.] 
Zobl.  an  elongated  appendage  on  the  head 
or  cephalic  extremity  of  many  of  the  lower 
forms  of  animals,  used  as  an  instrument  of 
prehension  or  as  af  eeler.— Tentacled,  ten'- 
ta-kld,  o.  Having  tentacles.— Tentacular, 
ten-tak'Q-l6r,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  a  ten- 
tacle. —  Tentaculated,  ten-tak'a-la-ted,  a. 
Having  'tentacles.- TentacuUferous,  ten- 
tak'u-lif"6r-us,  a.    Bearing  tentacles. 

Tentative,  ten'ta-tiv,  a.  [Fr.  tentatif,  from 
L.  tento,  tentatum,  to  try,  to  test.  Tempt.] 
Based  on  or  consisting  in  trial  or  experi- 
ment; experimental;  empirical. — re.  An 
essay;  a  trial.— Tentatively,  ten'ta-tiv-h', 
adv.    By  way  of  experiment  or  trial. 

Tenter,  ten'ter,  re.  [From  provincial  tent, 
to  tend  or -attend.]  A  person  in  a  manu- 
factory who  looks  after  machines,  so  that 
they  may  be  in  proper  order. 

Tenter,  ten't6r,re.  [From  li.tenttis,  stretched, 
from  tendo,  tentum,,  to  stretch.  Tend:)  A 
frame  used  in  cloth  manufacture  to  stretch 
the  pieces  of  cloth,  and  make  them  set  or 
dry  even  and  square;  a  tenter-hook. — On  the 
tenters,  on  the  stretch;  on  the  rackjin  sus- 
pense.—v.<.  To  stretch  on  tentgrs.- Tenter- 
nook,  re.  A  hook  for  stretching  cloth  on  a 
tenter;;^?,  anything  that  painfully  strains, 
racks,  or  tortures. 

Tenth,  Tenthly.    Under  Ten. 

Tenoifolious,  ten'ii-i-fo"li-us,  a.  [L.  tenuis. 


9b.  cftain;     c/«.  Sc,  loch;     g,  ^o;     j,  job;     n,  Fr,  ton;     sig,  sing;    th,  <A«n;  th,  tlda;    w,  wig;     vb,  w/ug;    zb,  asaro. 


TENUIROSTER 


698 


TERRAPIN 


thin,  a^nd  folium,  a  leaf.]  Bot  having  thin 
nr  narrow  leaves. 

Tenmroster,  ten'ti-i-ros"t*r,  n.  [L.  tenuis, 
thin,  and  rostrum,  a  beai.j  A  member 
of  a  suborder  (Tenuirostres)  of  passerine  or 
insessorial  birds  which  have  the  beak  long, 
slender,  and  tapering,  as  in  the  creepers, 
huinming-birds,&c.— Tenuirostral,ten'a-i- 
ros"tral,  a.  Slender-beaked;  pertaining  to 
the  tenuirosters. 

Tenuity,  te-uU'i-ti,  n.  fL.  tenvitas,  from 
tenuis,  thin,  from  root  meaning  to  stretch, 
as  in  E.  tldn.]  The  state  of  being  thin  or 
fine;  thinness;  slenderness;  rarity;  thin- 
ness, as  of  a  fluid.— Tensous,  ten'Q-us,  a. 
Thin;  slender;  rare;  subtle;  not  dense. 

Tenure,  ten'Or,  n.  fFr.  tenure,  L.L.  tenura, 
from  L.  teneo,  to  hold.  Tenable.]  The 
act,  maimer,  or  right  of  holding  property, 
especially  real  estate;  manner  of  holding 
or  possessing  in  general;  the  terms  or  con- 
ditions upon  which  anything  is  held  or 
possessed  (life  is  held  on  a  precarious 
tenate). 

Teocalli,  te-o-kalli,  n.  [Lit.  God's  house.] 
A  temple  among  the  Mexicans  and  other 
aborigmes  of  America.  .  ' 

Tepefy,  tep'€-fi,  v.t.  —  tepefied,  tepefying. 
[L.  tepeo,  to  be  tepid,  and  facio,  to  make. 
Tepid.)  To  make  tepid  or  moderately 
warm.— r.i.  To  become  moderately  warm. 
— Tepefaction,  tep-e-fak'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  making  tepid  or  moderat-ely  warm.     " 

Tepid,  tep'id,  a.  [L.  tepidxis,  warm,  from 
ttpeo,  to  be  warm;  same  root  as  Skr.  tap, 
to  burn.]  Moderately  warm;  lukewarm. 
— Tepidness,  Tepidity,  tep'id-nes,  te-pid'i- 
ti,  n.  Jloderate  warmth;  lukewarmness. 

Teraph,  ter'af,  n.  pi.  Teraphim,  ter'af-im. 
[Heb.J  A  household  deity  or  image  reve- 
renced by  the  ancient  Hebrews. 

Terapin,  ter'a-pin,  n.    Terrapin. 

Teratology,  ter-a-tol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  teras,  ter- 
atos,a  prodigy,  and  toffos,  discourse]  That 
branch  of  biological  science  which  treats 
of  monsters  or  malformations  in  the  veget- 
able and  animal  kingdoms.  —  Teratologi- 
cal,  ter'a-td-loj"i-kal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  teratology.  —  Teratologist,  ter-a-tol'o- 
jist,  n.  One  versed  in  the  study  of  tera- 
tology. 

Terbium,  tfer'bi-um,  n.  A  rare  element 
found  along  with  erbium  and  yttrium  at 
Ytlerhy  in  Sweden  (whence  the  name). 

Terce,  ters,  n.  [Tierce.)  A  tierce  or  cask 
of  42  gallons;  Scots  law,  the  right  of  a 
widow  who  has  not  accepted  any  special 
provision  to  a  liferent  of  one-third  of  the 
heritage  in  which  her  husband  died  in- 
feft. 

Tercel,  t^r'sel,  n.    Tiehcel. 

Tercentenary^  t6r-seu'ten-a-ri,  a.  [L.  ter, 
thrice,  and  E.  centenary.]  Comprising 
three  hvmdred  years.  —  n.  A  festival  in 
commemoration  of  some  event  that  hap- 
pened three  hundred  years  before;  the 
three-hundredth  anniversary  of  any  event. 

Tercet,  ter^set,  n.  [  Fr.  ]  Aftig.  a  third ; 
poetry,  a  group  of  three  rhyming  lines;  a 
triplet. 

Terebinth,  ter'e-binth,  n.  fL.  terebinthus, 
from  Gr.  terebintkoa,  the  turpentin»-tree.] 
The  turpentine-tree ;  a  name  for  various 
resinous  exudations,  both  of  fluid  and 
solid.  —  Terebinthine,  ter-e-bin'thin,  a. 
Pertaining  to  turpentine. 

Terebra,  ter'e-bra,  n.  [L.,  a  boring  instru- 
ment, irom  tero,  to  pierce.]  The  Dorer  in 
the  anal  extremity  of  certain  female  hy- 
menopterous-  insects  for  depositing  their 
eggs.  —  Terebrate,t  ter'e-brat,  v.t.  —  tere- 
brated,  terebrating.  fL.  terebro,  terebratum, 
to  bore,  from  terebra,  a  borer.)  To  bore;  to 
perforate.  —  Terebratlon.t  ter-6-bra'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  boring.— Terebratula,  ter-e- 
brat'a-la, n.  [A  dim.  form  from  L.  terebra- 
tus,  pp.  of  terebro,  to  bore— from  its  per- 
forated valve.]  A  genus  of  brachiopod 
bivalve  molluscs,  one  of  the  valves  of  which 
is  perforated  to  permit  the  passage  of  a 
fleshy  peduncle,  by  means  of  which  the 
animal  attaches  itself. 

Teredo,  te-re'do,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  teredOn, 
from  tereO,  to  bore.)  A  worm-like  mollus- 
cous animal,  the  ship-worm,  well  known 
on  account  of  the  destruction  it  causes  by 
perforating  submerged  wood  in  order  to 
form  a  habitation. 


Terete,  te-r€t',  a.  [L.  teres,  teretis,  rounded 
off— properly,  rubbed  off— from  tero,  to 
rub.]  Cylindrical  and  smooth;  long  and 
round;  columnar,  as  some  stems  of  plants. 

Tergal.    Under  Tergum. 

Tergemisal,  Tergeminate,  Ter^eminous, 
ter-jem'i-nal,  t6r-jem'i-nat,  t6r-jem'i-n\is, 
a.  [L.  tergeminxis — ter,  thrice,  and  gemi- 
nus,  double.)  Thrice  double;  three-paired; 
threefold;  triple. 

Tergiversate,  ter'ji-v6r-85t,  v.i.  —  tergiver- 
sated, tergiversating.  [L.  tergiversor,  ter- 
giversatus,  from  tergum,  the  back,  and 
veraor,  to  turn,  from  Her*?,  to  turn.  Verse.) 
To  practise  evasion;  to  make  use  of  shifts 
or  subterfuges.— Tergiversation,  ter'ji-v6r- 
Ba"shon,  n.  The  act  of  tergiversating;  sub- 
terfuge; evasion;  the  act  of  changing  or  of 
turning  one's  back  upon  one's  opinions;  a 
turning  against  a  cause  formerly  advo- 
cated.—Tergiversator,  t6r'ji-v6r-sa-t6r,  n. 
One  who  practises  tergiversation. 

Tergwn,  ter'gum,  n.  [L.,  the  back.]  The 
convex  upper  plate  of  each  segment  of  a 
crustacean.— Tergal,  ter'gal,  a.  Anat.  per- 
taining to  the  back;  dorsal. 

Term,  term,  n.  (Fr.  terrne,  an  end,  word, 
speech,  period,  &c.,  from  L.  terminus,  a 
boundary  (whence  terminal,  terminate,  de- 
termine, &c.);  akin  Gr.  terma,  limit;  same 
root  as  L.  trans,  E.  through.]  A  limit^  a 
bound  or  boundary;  the  time  for  which 
anything  lasts;  a  time  or  period  fixed  in 
some  way;  a  period  during  which  instruc- 
tion is  regularly  given  to  students  in  cer- 
tain universities  and  colleges,  there  being 
three  such— Michaelmas,  Lent,  and  Easter 
(or  Blidsummer)  at  Cambridge,  and  four — 
Michaelmas,  Hilary,  Easter,  and  Trinity 
at  Oxford ;  the  time  in  which  a  superior 
law  court  is  held  or  is  open  for  the  trial  of 
causes  (but  the  law  terms  of  the  superior 
courts  in  England  are  now  called  'sit- 
tings ');  a  day  on  which  rent  or  interest  is 
regularly  payable,  such  as  Lady  Day  or 
Michaelmas  Day;  a  word  by  which  some- 
thing fixed  and  definite  is  expressed;  par- 
ticularly, a  word  having  a  technical  mean- 
ing; pi.  in  a  general  way ,  words  or  language 
(to  speak  in  vague  terms);  pi.  conditions  or 
propositions  stated  and  offered  for  accep- 
tance(stateyour  terms);  pZ.relative  position 
or  footing  (on  good  terms  with  a  person); 
logic,  the  expression  in  language  of  the  no- 
tion obtained  in  an  act  of  apprehension; 
the  subject  or  the  predicate  of  a  proposi- 
tion; alg.a.  member  of  a  compound  quantity 
connected  with  another  or  others  by  the 
signs  of  addition  and  subtraction.— Terrjig 
of  a  fraction,  the  numerator  and  denomi- 
nator. —  To  make  terms,  to  come  to  an 
agreement.— To  come  to  terms,  to  agree.— 
To  bring  to  terms,  to  reduce  to  submission 
or  to  conditions.— r>.<.  To  name;  to  denomi- 
nate.—Termless,  term'les,  a.  Having  no 
tei-m;  boundless;  endless.— Termly,  term'- 
li,  a.  Occurring  every  term.- odw.  Term 
by  term. 

Termagant,  ter'ma-gant,  n.  [O.Fr.  Terva- 
gant.  It.  Tervagante,  TrivagaiUe;  probably 
a  name  of  Eastern  origin.  Termagant  was 
a  fabled  deity  of  the  Mohammedans  in- 
troduced into  the  old  moralities  or  other 
shows,  in  which  he  figured  as  a  most  vio- 
lent personage.]  A  brawling,  turbulent 
woman ;  a  virago. — a.  Furious ;  scolding. 

Termes,  ter'mez,  n.  pi.  Termites,  tfer'mi-tez. 
A  termite  or  white-ant. 

Terminate,  tfer'mi-nftt,  v.t.  —  terminated, 
terminating.  [L.  termino,  terminatam.,  to 
bound,  to  terminate.  Term.]  To  bound; 
to  limit;  to  form  the  extreme  point  or  side 
of ;  to  put  an  end  to ;  to  complete ;  to  put 
the  finishing  touch  to.— v.i.  To  be  limited 
in  space;  to  stop  short;  to  end;  to  come  to 
a  limit  in  time. — a.  Capable  of  coming  to 
an  end  (a  terminate  decimal). — Termina- 
tion, t6r-mi-na'shon,  n.  The  act  of  termi- 
natingj  an  ending  or  concluding;  the  end 
of  a  thing  or  point  where  it  ends;  limit  in 
space;  end  in  time;  gram,  a  part  annexed 
to  the  root  or  stem  of  an  inflected  word ; 
the  syllable  or  letter  that  ends  a  word ; 
conclusion;  issue;  result. — Termination&l, 
ter-mi-na'shon-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
forming  a  termination.  —  Terminative, 
t6r'mi-nf-tiv,  a.  Terminating;  definitive. 
—  Terminatively,  ter'mi-nft-tiv-li,  adv.  — 


Terminator,  ter'mi-nat-^r,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  terminates.  —  Termlnatory, 
ter'mi-na-to-ri,  a.  Bounding;  terminating 
—Terminable,  ter'mi-na-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  terminated;  coming  to  an  end  after 
a  certain  term.— Terminablenesn,  ter'mi- 
na-bl-nes,  n.— Terminal,  ter'mi-nal,  a.  Re- 
lating to  or  forming  the  end  or  extremity; 
placed  at  the  end  of  something.— n.  That 
which  terminates;  an  extremity;  the 
clamping-screw  at  each  end  of  a'voltaic 
battery  for  connecting  it  with  the  wires 
which  complete  the  circuit.  —  Terminer, 
tfer'min-er,  n.  Law,  a  determining.  Oyer. 
— Termlnism.ter'min-izm.n.  Philos.  ssune 
as  Nominalism;  theol.  the  doctrine  that 
God  has  assigned  to  every  one  a  term  of 
repeutance  during  which  his  salvation 
must  be  \vrought  out.  —  Terminist,  ter'- 
min-ist,  n.  An  upholder  of  the  doctrines 
of  terminism. 

Terminology,  t^r-mi-nol'o-ji,  n.  [From  L. 
terminus,  with  meaning  of  term  or  appel- 
lation, and  Gr.  logos,  discourse.  ]  The 
science  of  technical  terms;  theory  regard- 
ing the  proper  use  of  terms ;  collectively, 
the  terms  used  in  any  art,  science,  and 
the  like;  nomenclature.  .".  Syn.  under 
Nomenclature.— Terminological,  ter'min- 
6-loj"i-kal,  o.  Of  or  pertaining  to  termi- 
nology.—Terminologically,ter'min-o-loj"i- 
kal-li,  adv.  In  a  terminological  manner ; 
in  the  way  of  terminology. 

Terminus,  tfer'mi-nus,  n.  pi.  Termini,  ter"- 
mi-ni.  [L.  Term.]  A  boundary;  a  limit; 
a  landmark;  the  extreme  station  at  either 
end  of  a  railway  or  important  section  of  a 
railway. 

Termite,  tfer'mit,  n.  [From  L.  termes,  ter- 
m,itig,  a  wood-worm.]  One  of  those  neur- 
opterous  insects  commonly  called  white- 
ants  which  live  in  communities  and  build 
dwellings  10  or  12  feet  high.  —  Termitary, 
ter'mi-ta-ri,  n.  The  dwelling  of  a  com- 
munity of  termites. 

Termless,  Termly.    Under  Term. 

Tern,  t6m,  n.  [Dan.  teme,  Icel.  thema,  a 
tern.)  A  long-winged  bird  of  the  gull 
family,  which,  from  its  manner  of  flight, 
forked  tail,  and  size,  has  received  the 
name  of  searswallow. 

Tern,  tfem,  o.  [L.  temi,  three  each,  from 
ter,  thrice,  tres,  three.]  Threefold;  con- 
sisting of  three.  —  Ternary,  tfer'na-ri,  a. 
[L.  temarius.'i  Proceeding  by  threes;  con- 
sisting of  three;  airanged  in  order  by 
threes.  —  Temate,  ter'nat,  a.  [L.L.  ter- 
natus.]  Arranged  in  threes;  bot.  having 
three  leaflets  on  a  petiole.  —  Temately, 
Wr'nat-li,  adv.    In  a  temate  manner. 

Terpsichore,  tferp-sik'o-re,  n.  [Greek  name, 
from  terpO  (fut.  tei-pso),  to  delight,  and 
ehoros,  dancing.]  Greek  myth,  one  of  the 
Muses;  the  inventress  and  patroness  of  the 
art  of  dancing  and  lyrical  poetrj-.- Terp- 
sichorean,  t6rp'si-ko-re"an,  a.  Relating  to 
Terpsichore.— TA«  Terpsichorean  art,  dan- 
cing. 

Terra,  ter'a,  n.  [L.  terra,  from  a  root 
meaning  diy,  seen  also  in  torridus,  torrid, 
being  the  root  of  E.  thirst.  Hence  ter- 
race, terrestrial,  terrier,  tureen,  inter,  &c.] 
Earth ;  the  earth.— Terra  firma,  firm  or 
solid  earth;  dry  land,  in  opposition  to 
water. — Terra  incognita  (in-kog'ni-ta),  an 
unknown  or  unexplored  region.  —  Terra 
japonica  (ja/-pon'i-ka),  catechu,  formerly 
supposed  to  be  a  kind  of  earth  from  Japan, 
hence  the  name.— Terra-cotta,  n.  (It.,  lit. 
baked  or  cooked  earth.]  A  mixture  of 
fine  clay  and  fine-grained  white  sand  with 
crushed  pottery,  first  slowly  air-dried,then 
baked  in  a  kiln  into  the  hardness  of  stone, 
much  used  for  statues,  figures,  vases,  &c. 

Terrace,  teras,  n.  [Fr.  terrasse,  from  L.L. 
terracia,  from  L.  terra,  earth.  Terra.]  A 
raised  level  space  or  platform  of  earth, 
supported  on  one  or  more  sides  by  mason- 
ry, abajik  of  turf,  or  the  Uke;  a  level  space 
on  a  sloping  surface ;  a  street  or  row  of 
houses  along  the  face  or  top  of  a  slope: 
often  appUed  arbitrarily.— v.t.— ferroeed, 
terracing.  To  form  into  a  terrace;  to  cut 
into  terraces. 

Terra-cotta.    Under  Terra. 

Terrapin,  ter'a-pin,  n.  [Origin  unknown.] 
Anam»of  several  species  of  fresh-water 
tortoises,  whose  flesh  is  much  esteemed.  ■ 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftll;     mS,  met,  b6r ;     pine,  pia;     aSte,  not,  mOre; .    tabe,  tub,  b^ll;     oil,  pound;     fl,  Sa  abtme— the  Fr.  u. 


TERRAQITEOUS 


699 


TETRAD 


Terraqueous,  tor-ak'wC-us,  a.  [From  L. 
terra,  land,  and  aqua,  water.  "Tersa.]  Con-' 
sisting  of  land  and  water,  as  the  globe  or 
earth. 

Terras,  ter'as,  n.    Trass. 

Terrene,  ter-ren',  a.  [L.  terrenus,  from 
terra,  earth.  Terra.]  Pertaining  to  the 
earthj  earthy;  terrestrial. 

Terrestrial,  ter-res'tri-al,  a.  [li.  lerreatris, 
from  terra,  the  earth.  Terra.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  earth;  existing  on  this  earth; 
earthly:  as  opposed  to  celestial;  pertaining 
to  the  world;  mundane;  pertaining  to 
land  as  opposed  to  water;  confined  to  or 
living  on  land:  opposed  to  aquatic.— Ter- 
restrial magnetism.  Magnetism. — re.  An 
inhabitant  of  the  earth.  —  Terrestrially, 
ter-res'tri-al-li,  adv.  After  a  terrestrial  or 
earthly  manner. — TerreBtrialne8S,ter-res'- 
tri-al-nes,  n. 

Terrible,  terYi-bl,  a.  [Fr.  terrible,  from  L. 
terribUis,  from  terreo,  to  frighten ;  allied 
to  Gr.  treO,  to  tremble.]  Adapted  to  ex- 
cite fear,  awe,  or  dread;  dreadful;  formid- 
able; excessive;  extreme.  —  Terribleness, 
ter'ri-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ter- 
rible.—Terribly,  ter'ri-bli,  adv.  In  a  ter- 
rible manner;  dreadfully;  excessively. 

Terricoloua,  ter-rik'o-lu8,a.  [Ii.terra,  earth, 
colo,  to  inhabit.]  Inhabiting  the  earth; 
living  in  the  soil. 

Terrlgr,  ter'i-er,  n.  [In  first  sense  from  Pr. 
terrier,  the  hole  of  a  rabbit,  from  terre,  L. 
terra,  the  earth;  equivalent  therefor^  to 
burrow-dog;  in  second  sense  from  Fr.  ter- 
rier, lit.  land-book.]  A  small  and  cour- 
ageous variety  of  dog  that  follows  animals 
into  their  burrows  or  h'bles;  a  book  in 
which  landed  property  is  registered  and 
described. 

Terrify,  ter'ri-fi,  v.t.— terrified,  terrifying. 
[L.  terreo,  to  frighten,  and  facio,  to  make. 
Terrible.]  To  frighten  extremely;  to 
alarm  or  shock  with  fear.  —  Terrific,  ter- 
rif'ik,  a.  [L.  terrificus.]  Drestdfiil;  terri- 
fying; causing  terror.  —  TenificaUy,  ter- 
rif'i-kal-li,  adv.    Terribly;  frightfully. 

Terrigenous,  ter-rij'en-us,  a.  [L.  terra,  ths 
earth,  and  root  oen,  to  bring  forth.]  Earth- 
born;  pvoducea  by  the  earth. 

Territory,  ter'ri-to-ri,  n.  [L.  territorium, 
from  terra,  earth.  Terra.]  Any  separate 
tract  of  land  as  belonging  to  a  state,  city, 
or  other  body;  a  dominion;  a  region;  a 
country;  in  the  United  States,  a  region 
not  yet  admitted  as  a  state  into  the  Union, 
but  with  an  organized  govemmeat.— Ter- 
ritorial, ter-ri-to'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
territory;  limited  to  a  certain  district. — 
Territorially,  ter-ri-t5'ri-al-li,  adv.  In  re- 
gard to  territory. 

Terror,  ter'ror,  re.  [L.  terror,  from  terreo, 
to  frighten.  Terrible.]  Fear  that  agi- 
tates the  body  and  mind ;  dread ;  fright ; 
the  cause  of  extreme  fear.  —  King  of  ter- 
rors, death.  —  Reign,  of  terror,  in  the  first 
French  revolution,  that  period  during 
which  the  rulers  made  the  execution  of 
all  opponents  the  principle  of  their  go- 
vernment, extending  from  AprU,  1793,  to 
July,  1794.— Terrorism,  ter'ror-izm,  n.  A 
system  of  government  by  terror ;  intimi- 
dation.— Terrorist,  ter'ror-ist,  re.  One  who 
rules  by  intimidation. — Terrorize,  ter'rov- 
iz,  v.t.  To  impress  with  terror;  to  repress 
or  domineer  over  by  means  of  terror. — 
Terror-stricken,  Terror-strucli,  a.  Struck 
with  terror;  appalled. 

Terry,  ter'i,  re.  [Fr.  tirer,  to  draw.]  A  tex- 
tile fabric  with  a  long,  smooth  pile,  such 
as  plush  or  velvet. 

Terse,  t6rs,  a.  [L.  tersus,  pp.  of  tergo,  to 
rub  or  wipe.]  Free  from  superfluity;  neat 
and  concise;  pithy:  said  of  style  or  lan- 
guage. —  Tersely,  tfers'li,  adv.  In  a  terse 
manner;  concisely. — Terseness,  tfers'nes,  n. 
Neatness  and  conciseness  of  style. 
ertial,  ter'shal,  a.  and  re.  [L.tertius,  third.] 
A  term  applied  to  the  feathers  growing 
on  the  innermost  joint  of  a  bird's  wing. 

Tertian,  ter'shan,  a.  [L.  tertianus,  from 
tertius,  third.]  Med.  having  its  paroxysm 
every  other  day  (a, tertian  fever). 

Tertiary,  tfer'slu-a-ri,  a.  [li.tertiarius,irom 
tertiii^,  third,  from  ter,  thrice,  tres,  three.] 
Of  the  third  order,  rank,  or  formation; 

.third. — Tertiary  colour,  a  colour  produced 

i  by  the  mixture  of  two  secondary  colours. 


—Tertiary  formation,  geol.  the  thii'd  great 
division  of  stratified  rocks,  lying  imme- 
diately above  the  Secondary  and  resting 
on  the  chalk,  being  followed  by  the  post- 
tertiary.--n.  Cfeol.  the  tertiary  system  of 
rocks;  oi'nith.  a  tertial. 

Terzetto,  ter-tset'to,  re.  [It.]'  Mus.  a  short 
composition  for  three  performers. 

Tesho-lama,  tesh'o-la-ma,  re.  One  of  the 
two  popes  of  the  Buddhists  of  Thibet,  the 
other  being  the  Dalai-lama. 

Tessellated,  Tesselated,  tes'e-la-ted,  a.  [L. 
tess'ella,a,  dim. of  <essera,a  square.]  Formed 
by  inlaying  differently  coloured  materials 
in  little  squares,  triangles,  or  other  geo- 
metrical figures,  or  by  mosaic  work. — 
Tessellation,  Tesselatlon,  tes-e-la'shon,  re. 
The  operation  of  making  tessellated  work. 

Tessera,  tes'e-ra,  re.  pi.  Tesserse,  tes'e-rS. 
[L.,  a  cube,  a  die.]  A  small  cube  of  mar- 
ble, precious  stone,  ivory,  glass,  wood,  &c., 
used  to  form  tessellated  pavements  and 
like  purposes;  a  small  square  of  hone, 
wood,  &c.,  used  as  a  token  or  ticket  in 
ancient  Rome.— Tesseral,  tes'e-ral,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  containing  tesseras ;  cubical. 

Test,  test,  n.  (O.Fr.  test  (Pr.  let),  from  L. 
testum,  an  earthen  vessel,  from  testa,  a 
piece  of  earthenware,  the  shell  of  shell-fish. 
Testy.]  A  vessel  used  in  refining  gold  and 
silver;  a  cupel;  examination  by  the  cupel; 
hence,  any  critical  tri.al  and  examination; 
means  of  trial;  a  touchstone;  a  standard; 
means  of  discrimination;  c/^e^re.asubstance 
which  is  employed  to  detect  the  presence  of 
any  ingredient  in  a  compound,  by  causing 
It  to  exhibit  some  known  property,  are- 
agent.— v.i.  To  refine,  as  gold  or  silver,  in 
a  test;  to  bring  to  trial  and  examination; 
to  prove  by  experiment  or  by  some  fixed 
standard;  to  try;  chem,.  to  examine  by  the 
application  of  some  reagent.— Tester,  tes- 
ter, n.  One  who  tests.- Test-furnace,  re.  A 
kind  of  refining  furnace.  — Test-glass,  re.  A 
glass  to  hold  substances  to  be  chemically 
tested.— Test-paper,  re.  A  paper  impreg- 
nated with  some  chemical  reagent,  and. 
serving  to  detect  the  presence  of  certain 
substances  by  change  of  colour  when  they 
touch  it.  —  Test-plate,  re.  A  glass  plate 
ruled  with  exceedingly  fine  and  close 
lines  to  test  the  power  of  microscopes. — 
Test-tube,  n.  A  glass  tube  to  contaip  sub- 
stances to  be  chemically  tested. 

Tost,  test,  n.'  [L.  testa,  a  shell,  &c.  See 
Test  above.]  Zool.  the  outside  hard  cover- 
ing of  certain  animals,  as  the  shell  of 
moUusca  or  of  the  sea-urchin;  bnt.  the 
outer  integument  of  a  seed.— Testacean, 
tes-ta'she-an,  re.  A  testaceous  animal;  a 
mollusc  with  a  shell.-^Testaceous,  tes-ta'- 
shus,  a.  [L.  testaceus.}  Having  a  mollus- 
cous shell ;  having  the  character  of  a  test 
or  shell. 

Test-act,  re.  fL.  testor,  to  witness,  testis,  a 
witness.  Testament.]  Eng.  hist,  an  act 
passed  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  pro- 
viding that  all  persons  holding  oflBce  from 
the  crown  should  take  oaths  against  po- 
pery; repealed  in  1828. 

Testacy.    Under  Testament. 

Testament,  tes'ta-ment,  re.  [L.  testarmntum, 
from  testor,  to  be  a  witness,  to  make  a  will, 
from  testis,  a  witness;  similarly  testify,  testi- 
mony, attest,  contest.  Sec]  Law,  a  duly  exe- 
cuted document  in  writing,  by  which  a 
gerson  declares  his  will  as  to  the  disposal  of 
is  estate  and  efiects  after  his  death;  a  will; 
the  name  of  each  general  division  of  the 
canonica,!  books  of  the  sacred  Scriptures 
(the  Old  Testament,  the  New  Testa'.nent): 
when  used  alone  the  word  is  often  limited 
to  the  New  Testament.— Testamental,  tes- 
ta-men'tal,  a.  Kelating  to  a  testament  or 
wUl.  —  Testamentary,  tes-ta-men'ta-ri,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  will  or  to  wills;  bequeathed 
or  arranged  by  will.— Testate,  tes'tat,  a. 
[L.  testatas.]  Having  made  and  left  a  will. 
—Testacy,  tes'ta-si,  re.  The  state  of  being 
testate.— Testator,  tes-ta'tor,  re.  A  man 
who  makes  and  leaves  a  will  at  death. — 
Testatrix,  tes-ta'triks,  re.  [L.]  A  woman 
who  makes  and  leaves  a  will  at  death. 

Tester,  tes'tfer,  n.  [O.  Fr.  tesUere,  a  head- 
piece, from  teste  (Fr.  tete),  a  head,  from  L. 
testa,  an  earthen  pot,  the  skull,  the  head. 
Test.]  The  square  canopy  over  a  four-post 
bedstead ;  a  flat  canopy,  as  over  a  puTpit, 


tomb,  and  the  like ;  an  old  French  silver 
coin  of  the  value  of  sixpence,  so  named 
from  the  teste  (head)  upon  it ;  in.  modem 
slang,  a  sixpence. 

Testes,  tes'tez,  n.  pj.  [L,]  .4  nat.  the  tes- 
ticles. 

Testicle,  tes'ti-kl,  n.  [L.  testiculus,  dim.  of 
testis,  a  testicle.]  One  of  the  glands  which 
secrete  the  seminal  fluid  in  males.— Testi- 
cular, Testlculate,  Testiculated,  tes-tik'tt- 
I6r,  tes-tik'u-lat,  tes-tik'a-la-ted,  a.  Bot. 
Shaped  like  a  testicle. 

Testify,  tes'ti-fi,  v.i.  —  testified,  testifying. 
[O.Fr.  testifier,  from  L.  testificari— testis,  a 
witness,  and  facio,  to  make.  Testamekt.] 
To  make  a  solemn  declaration,  verbal  or 
written,  to  establish  some  fact;  law,  to 
give  evidence  under  oatli;  to  declare  a 
charge. — v.t.  To  afiirm  or  declare  solemnly; 
law,  to  affirm  under  oath  before  a  tribunal, 
for  the  purpose  of  proving  some  fact. — 
Testification,  tes'ti-fi-ka"shon,  re.  [L.  testi- 
fkatio.'i  The  act  of  testifying  or  giving 
evidence.  —  Testifier,  tes'ti-fi-6r,  n.  One 
who  testifies. 

Testily,  Testiness.    Under  Testy. 

Testimony,  tes'ti-mo-ni,w.  nj-testimanitrni; 
from  testis,  a  witness.  Testament.]  A 
solemn  declaration  or  affirmation  made 
for  the  purpose  of  establishing  or  proving 
some  fact;  evidence;  declaration;  attesta- 
tion ;  witness ;  anything  equivalent  to  a 
declaration  or  protest;  divine  revelation. — 
Testimonial,  tes-ti-mo'ni-al,  re.  A  certifi- 
cate in  favour  of  some  one's  character;  a 
certificate  of  qualifications;  a  gift  or  token 
of  appreciation  raised  by  subscription  in 
acknowledgment  of  an  individual's  ser- 
vices, or  to  show  respect  for  bis  worth. 

Testoon,  tes-ton',  re.  [It.  testone.  Tester.] 
An  Italian  silver  coin  worth  about  Is.  4d.; 
also,  a  Portuguese  coin  worth  about  5d. 

Testudo,  tes-tu'dO,  «.  [L.,  from  testa,  a 
shell.  ]  Amon^  the  ancient  Komans  a 
cover  from  missUes  formed  by  soldiers 
holding  their  shields  over  their  heads 
standing  close  to  each  other;  gaol,  the 
land-tortoise.— Testudinal,  tes-tU'di-nal ,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  tortoise. — Testudinari- 
ona,  tes-tu'di-na"ri-us,  o.  Resembling  a 
tortoise-shell  in  colour.— Testudinate,  Tes- 
tudineoiis,  tes-ttt'di-nat,  tes-tu-din'e-us,  a. 
Resembling  the  back  of  a  tortoise;  arched; 
vaulted. 

Testy,  tes'ti,  a.  [O.Fr.  testn  (Fr.  tetu), 
headstrong,  wilful,  from  teste  (Fr.  tete), 
the  head,  from  L.  testa,  potsherd,  shell. 
Test,  Tester.]  Fretful;  peevish;  easily 
irritated.— Testily,  tes'ti-li,  adv.  In  a  testy 
manner;  fretfully.— Testiness,  tes'ti-nes, 
re.    The  state  or  quality  of  being  testy. 

Tetanus,  tet'a-nus,  re.  [(Jr.  tetanos,  tetanus, 
from  teino,  to  stretch.  Thin.]  Spasm  with 
rigidity;  a  disease  characterized  by  a  more 
or  less  violent  and  rigid  spasm  of  many  or 
all  of  the  muscles  of  voluntary  motion, 
one  form  being  lock-jaw.  —  Tetanic,  te- 
tan'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  tetanus.  —  re.  A 
substance  that  tends  to  cause  tetanus. — 
Tetanoid,  tet'an-oid,  a.  Resembling  tet- 
anus. 

Tetchy,  tech'i.    Techy. 

Tete-&-t§te,  tat-a-tat,  adv.  [Ft.,  lit.  head 
to  head.]  Face  to  face;  in  private;  in  close 
confabulation.  —  re.  A  private  interview 
with  no  one  present  but  the  parties  con- 
cerned. 

T8te-du-pont,  tat-dfl-pon,  n.  [Fr.,lit.  bridge- 
head.] Fort,  a  work  that  defends  the  head 
or  entrance  of  a  bridge  nearest  the  enemy. 

Tether,  tcTH'Sr,  re.  [Same  as  Icel.  tjdthr,  a 
tether,  tj6thra,  to  tether;  O.Fris.  tieder, 
li.Gr.  tider,  O.Sw.  tiuther,  cord,  tether; 
from  same  root  as  to  tie.]  A  rope  or  chain 
by  which  a  grazing  animal  is  confined 
within  certain  limits;  scope  allowed. — v.t. 
To  confine  with  a  tether. 

Tetrabranchiate,  tet-ra-brangTci-St,  a.  [Gr. 
tetra-,  four,  and  6rarecAia,  gills.]  Having 
four  gills:  applied  to  an  order  of  ceph- 
alopods. 

Tetrachord,  tet'ra-kord,  n.  [Gr.  tetrachor- 
don— tetra-,  four,  and  chorde,  a  chord.]  A 
scale  of  four  notes;  half  of  the  octave 
scale. 

Tetrad,  tet'rad,  n.  [Gr.  tetras,  ietrados,  the 
number  four.]  The  number  lour;  a  collec- 
tion of  four  things. 


cti,  cAain;     cA,  Sc.  locft;     g,  ffoj     j,;ob;     n,  Fr.  tore;     ng,  "sinffj^  th,  tAen:  th,  ftoij  .  w,  wig;  ^  wh,  wAigi ,  zh,  aaure. 


^TETEABACTYI, 


700 


THAT 


Tetradactyl,  tet'ra-dak-tU,  ,n.  [Gr.  tetra-, 
four,  and  daktylo8,a,  finger  or  toe.]  An 
animal  having  four,  toes  on  each  foot. — 
Tetradactyloua,  tet-ra-dak'ti-lus,  o.  Hav- 
ing four  toes  on  each  foot. 

Tetradraciun,  Tetradrachma,  tet'ra-dram, 

■  tet-ra-drak'ma,  n.  [Gr.  tetradrachmon  — 
tetra-,  four,  and  drocchme,  a  drachm.]    An 

■  ancient  Greek  silver  coin  worth  3s.  3d. 
Tetradjmamous,  tet-ra-diii'a-mus,  a.   [Gr. 

tetra-,  four,  and  dynmnis,  power.]  Bot. 
having  hermaphrodite  flowers  with  six 
stamens,  four  longer  than  the  other  two.  • 

Tetragon,  tet'ra-gon,  n.  [Gr.  tetragOnortr— 
tetra-,  four,  and  gonia,  an  angle.]  Geom. 
a  figure  having  four  angles;  a  quadrangle, 
.IS  a  square,  a  rhombus,  &c.— Tetragonal, 
te-trag'on-al,  a.^'  Having  four  angles  or 
sides. 

Tetragjrn,  tet'ra-jin,  w.  [Gr.  tetra-,  four,  and 
(/yne,  a  female.]  .  Bot.  a  monoclinous  or 
hermaphrodite  plant  having  four  pistils. 
— Tetragynous,  tet-raj'i-nus,  a.  Bot.  hav- 
ing four  carpels  or  four  styles. 

Tetrahedron,  tet-ra-he'dron,  ».  [Gr.  tetror, 
four,  and  hedra,  a  base.]  A  triangular 
pjTamid  having  four  equal  and  equilateral 
faces ;  a  solid  bounded  by  four  equal  tri- 
angles. —  Tetrahedral,  tet-ra-he'dral,  a. 
Having  the  form  of  _tne  tetrahedron.  -- 
Tetrahedrite,  tet.ra-he'drit,  n.  •  Fahlerz. 

Tetrahexahedron,  tet-ra-hek '  sa-hs  "  dron, 
n.  [Gr.  tetra-,  four,  hex,  six,  hedrd,  a  base.] 
A  solid  bounded  by  twenty -four  equal 
faces. 

Tetralogy,  te-tral'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  tetralo-jia— 
tetra-,  four,  and  logos,  discourse.]  A  col- 
lection of  four  dramatic  composjtions, 
three  tragic  and  one  satiric,  which  were 
exhibited  together  on  the  Athenian  stage. 

Tetramerous,  te-tram'er-us,  a.  [Gr.  tet7-a-, 
four,  and  meros,  a  part.]  Consisting  of 
four  parts;  bot.  having  the  parts  in  fours; 
cntom.  having  four-jointed  tarsi. 

Tetrameter,  te-tram'et-4r,  n.  [Gr.  tetra-, 
f  oui',  and  metron,  measure.]  Pros,  a  verse 
consisting  of  four  measures. 

Tetrander,  te-tran'd$r,  n.  [Gr.  tetra-,  four," 
and  aner,  andros,  a  male.]  Bot.  a  mono- 
clinous or  hermaphrodite  plant  having 
four  stamens.— Tetrandrian,Tetrandro'a8, 
te-tran'dri-an,  te-lran'drus,  a.  Bot.  mono- 
clinous or  hermaphrodite  and  having  four 
stamens.  ,.     _.         

Tetrapetalons,  tet-ra-pet'al-us,a.  [Gr.tetra-, 
four,  and  petalon,  a  leaf.]  Bot.  containing 
four  distinct  petals.  

Tetraphyllous,  te-traf  i-luB  or  tet-ra-fll'us, 
a.  [Gr.  tetra-,  four,  and  phyllon,  a  leaf.] 
Eat.  having  four  leaves  or  leaflets. 

Tetrapla,  tet'ra-pla,  n.  [Gr.  tetraploos.  four- 
fold, tetra-,  four,  and  term,  -ploos.  akin  to 
that  of  douile.]  An  edition  ©f  tne  Bible 
arranged  by  Origen  in  four  columns,  con- 
taining four  Greek  versions;  also,  a  version 
in  four  languages. 

Tetrapod,  tet '  ra-pod,  n.  [Gr.  tetra-,  four, 
and  pons,  podos,  a  foot.]  A  four-footed 
animal. 

Tetrapteran,  te-trap't6r-an,  n.  [Gr.  tetra-, 
four,  and  pteron,  a  wing.]  An  insect  which 
has  four  wings.  —  Tetrapteroas,  t^e-trap'- 
tcr-us,  a.    Having  four  wings. 

Tetraqnetrotts,  te-trak'we-tms,  a.  [Gr. 
tetra-,  four,  and  L.  -quetms,  angular.]  Bot. 
having  four  very  sharp  angles  or  comers. 

Tetrarch,  tet'rark,».  [Gr.  tetrarches— tetra-, 
four,  and  arcM,  rule.]  A  Roman  governor 
of  the  fourth  part  of  a  province;  a  petty 
king  or  sovereign.— Tetrarchate,  Tetrar- 
chy,  tet'riir-kat,  tet'rar-ki,  n.  The  office 
or  jurisdiction  of  a  tetrarch,  or  the  district 
under  his  rjle.— TetrarcWcal,  tet-rarTd- 
kai,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  tetrarch  or  tet- 
rarchy. 

Tetrasepalons,  tet-ra-sep'al-us,  a.'  [Gr. 
tetra-,  four,  and  E.  sepal.^  Bot.  applied  to 
a  calyx  composed  of  lonr  sepals. 

TetraspBrmous,  .tet-ra^sp&r'mus,  a.  [Gr. 
tetra-,  four,  and  sperma,  seed.]  Bot.  having 
four  seeds. 

Tetraspore,  tet'ra-sp5r,  n.  [Gr.  tetra-,  four, 
and  E.  spore.}  Bot.  among  the  algae  a  col- 
lection of  spores,  of  whicn  ueuaUy  there 
.are  four. 

jetrastlch,  te-tras'tik,  w.  [Gr.  tetra-,  four, 
and  stichfls,  verse.]  A  Etaiiza  or  poem  in 
four  verses  (or  lines). 


Tatrastyle,  tet'ra-stil,  a.  and  lu  [Gr.  tetrci^, 
four,  and  stylos,  column.]  -Having  or  con- 
sisting of  four  columns;  having  ar  iwftico 
consisting  of  four  columns. 
Tetraiiyllable,  tet'rk-sil-a-bl,«.  [Gr.  tetra-, 
four,  and,  syllabe,  syllable.]  A  word  con- 
sisting of  four  syllables.  —  Tetrasyllahic, 
Tetrasyllabical,  tet'ra-si-lab"ik,  tst'ra- 
si-lab "  i-kal,  a.  Consisting  of  four  syl- 
lables. 

Tetrathecal,  tet-ra-t^Slial,  a.  [Gr.  tetra-, 
four,  and  theke,  a  case.]  Bot.  having  four 
cavities  in  the  ovary. 

Tetratomio,  tef-ra-tom'ik,  a.     [Gr.  t^tra, 
.  four,  and  E.  atomic.]    Such  that  one  atom 
in  composition  is  equivalent  to  four  atoms 
of  hydrogen. 

Tetter,  tet'6r,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tetr,  G.  zitter, 
tetter;  comp.  Skr.  dardra,  tetter.]  A  vague 
name  of  several  cutaneous  diseases  affect- 
ing man,  as  herpes,  impetigo,  &c.;  a  cuta- 
neous disease  of  animals,  which  may  be 
communicated  to  man.— Tetterousf,  tet'fer- 
us,  a.  Having  the  character  of  tetter. 
Teutonic,  ta-ton'ik,  a.  [L.  Teutones,  the 
Teutons,  a  Latinized  form  of  their  native 
name;  akin  Dutch.]  Belonging  to  the 
Teutons  or  the  peoples  of  Germanic  origin 
in  general;  Germanic;  pertaining  to  the 
languages  spoken  by  these  peoples,  which 
include  Gothic,  Anglo-Saxon  and  English, 
Dfitch,  German,  Icelandic,  Norse,  Danish, 
and  Swedish.  —  n.  The  language  or  lan- 
guagos  collectiveljr  of  the  Teutons. 
Tew,  tu,  v.t.  [Akin  to  taw.]  To  beat  or 
press,  as  leather,  hemp,  and  the  like;  to 
.  taw. 

Tewel,  ta'el,  n.  [0.  Fr.  tuicl,  tueil,  Pr. 
<wyaM,  a  pipe,  from  L.L.  tubeUus,  dim.  of 
li.  tubus,  a  pipe.]  A  pipe;  a  funnel,  as  for 
smoke;  a  tuyere.  __- 

Text,  tekst,  n.    [Pr.  texte,  from  L.  tfixtm,  v 
tissue,  a  text,  from  texo,  textum,  to  weave, 
seen  also  in  texture,  textile,  context,  pretext. 
Akin  tissue,  toilet.]    A  discourse  or  com- 
position on  V/hich  notes  or  a  com  mentary  is 
written;  an  author's  own  work  as  distinct 
from  notes  or  annotations  on  it;  a  passage 
,of  Scripture,  especially  one  selected  as  the 
theme  of  a  sermon  or  discourse;  any  sub- 
iject  chos2u  to  comment  on;  a  topic;  a  kind 
iof  handwriting  of  a  large  size;  a  particular 
nkind  of  letter  or  character  (German  text). 
»— Text-book,  n.    A  book  used  by  students 
fas  a  manual  for  a  particular  oranch  of 
i  study;  a  manual  of  instruction.  —  Text- 
«iiana,  n.    A  large  hand  in  ■frriting.— Tex- 
tual, teks'tu-al,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  con- 
(ftained  in  the  text.— Textualist,  teks'ta- 
I  al-ist,  n.  One  who  can  readily  quote  texts; 
•  one  who  adheres  strictly  to  a  text.>^Tex- 
ttially,  teks'ta-al-li,  adv.    In  accordance 
with  the  text;  placed  in  the  text  of  a  work. 
— Textuary,  teks'til-a-ri,  a.    Textual. 
Textile,  teks'til,  a.    (L.  texUlis,  from  texo, 
to  weave.    Text.1  Woven  or  capable  of 
being  woven;  formed  by  weaving. — n.  A 
fabric  made  by  weaving. — Textorial,tek8- 
to'ri-al,  a.    Pertaining  to  wea^'ing. 
Textcal,  &c.    Under  Text. 
Texture,  teks'tur,  n.  [L.  textura,  from  texo, 
textum,  to  weave.  Text.}  A  fabric  forniea 
by  weaving;  the  disposition  or  connection 
of  threads  or  filaments  interwoven;  the 
disposition  of  the  elementary  constituent 
parts  of  any  solid  body_;  the  grain  or 
peculiar  character  of  a  solid. 
Thalamus,  thal'a-mus,  n.     [Gr.  ihalamos, 
a  bed.]    Anat.  one  of  those  points  in  the 
brain  from  which  the  optic  nerves  were 
formerly  thought  to  proceed;  bot.  the 
receptacle  of  a  flower  or  part  on  which  the 
carpels  are  placed.— Thalamifloral,  thal'- 
a-mi-flo"ral,  a.     [Thalamus,  and  L.  fios, 
fioris,  a  flower.]    Bot.  having  the  stamens 
rising  immediately  from  the  thalamus. 
ThalaEsiophyte,  tha-las'si-o-fit,  n.     [Gr. 
tkalassios,  marine,  from  tlialassa,  the  sea, 
and  phyton,  a  plant.]    A  sea-plant. 
Thalassometer,  thal-as-som'et-er,  ».    [Gr. 
thalassa,  the  sea,  "nietron,  a  measure.]   A 
tide-gauge. 

Thaler,  tal^r,  n.  [G.  Dolx-ar.]  A  German 

coin,  value  about  3s.  sterling. 

.  Thalia,  tha-li'a,  n.  [Gr.  Thaleia.]  The  Muse 

■  of  comedy  and  the  patroness  of  pastoral 

and  comic  poetiy. 

TbalUum,  thal'l-um,  n.    [6r.  thallos,  a 


yoimg  green  shoot— from  the  green  line  it 
gives  in  the  spectrum.]  A  soft,  hea'vy, 
grayish  metal,  resembling  lead  in  apjjear- 
ance,  discovered  in  1861.— ThalUc,  TnalU- 
ous,  thal'lk,  thal'i-us,  a.  Chem.  pertkin- 
ing  to  or  containing  thallium. 

Thallus,  thal'us,  n.  [Gr.  thallos,  a  shoot, 
sprout,  frond.]  .  Bot.  a  solid  mass  of  cells, 
or  cellular  tissue  without  woody  fibre, 
forming  the  substance  of  the  thallogens. 
— Thalline,  thalln,  a.  Bot.  pertaining  to 
or  of  the  character  of  a  thallus.  —  TEal- 
logen,  Thallophyte,  thal'o-jen,  thal'o-fit, 
n.  [Gr.  thaUos,  root  geii,  to  produce,  phyton, 
a  plant.]  A  stemless  plant  consisting  only 
of  expansions  of  cellular  tissue:  applied  to 
all  cryptogams  with  the  exception  of  ferns 
and  mosses.— Thallogenous,  thal-loj'e-nus, 
a.    Belonging  to  the  thaUbgens. 

Thammuz,  tham'muz,  n.  [Heb.]  The  tenth 
month  of  the  Jewish  civil  year,  answering 
to  part  of  June  and  part  of  July;  a  Syrian 
deity  for  whom  the  Hebrew  idolatresses 
held  aji  annual  feast  or  lamentation:  sup- 
posed identical  with  Adonis. 

Than,  man,  conj.  [Originally  same  SiS  then; 
'  this  is  better  than  that '  is  equivalent  to 
'this  is  better,  tlien  that."]  A  particle  used 
after  certain  adjective*and  adverbs  which 
express  compaiison  or  diversity,  such  as 
tnore,  better,  other,  otherwise,  rather,  else, 
&c.,  for  the  purpose  of  introducing  the 
second  member  ol  the  comparison:  some- 
times used  to  govern  an  objective  like  a 
preposition. 

Tnanatoid,  than'a-toid,  a.  [Gr.  thanatos, 
death,  and  eidos,  resemblance.]  Resem- 
bling death  J  death-Uke.  —  Thanatology, 
than-a-tol'o-ji,  n.    The  doctrine  of  death. 

J — Thanatopsis,  than -a- top 'sis,  w.    [Gr. 

f-opsis,  a  view.]^  A  .view  or  eontemplation 

'  of  death.    '     '  '^ 

Thane,  than,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tfiegen,  thegn, 
thin,  a  thane  =  Icel.  thegen,  a  warrior; 

-O.H.G.  degan,  G.  degen,  a  warrior;  akin  to 
O.E.  thee,  A.Sax.  thedn,  to  thrive.]  A  title 
of  honour  among  the  Anglo-Saxons ;  an 
Anglo-Saxon  baron ;  a  landed  proprietor. 
— Tnanage,  tha'naj,  n.  The  land  of  a  thane; 
thanes  collectively.  —  Thanedom,  thiin'- 
dum,  n.  The  disti-ict  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
th&ne.  —  Thanehood,  than'hud,  n.  The 
office  of  a  thane;  thanes  collectively. — 
Thaneshlp,  than'ship,  «.  The  dignity  of 
a  thane. 

Thanks,  thangks,-  n.  pV  [A.  Sax.  thane, 
thanks,  also  thou^t,  mind,  will;  Goth. 
thagks,  Icel.  thokk,u.  and  G.  dank,  thanks; 

e,  from  stem  of  think.]  Expression  of  grati- 
tude; an  acknowledgment  made  to  express 
a  sense  of  favour  or  kindness  received  or 
offered. — Thanks!  a  common  contraction 
for  I  give  (offer,  render,  &c.)  thanks,  or  the 
like.  —  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  thandan,  to  thank, 
from  the  noun.]  To  express  gratitude  to 
for  a  favour;  to  make  acknowledgments  to 
for  kindness  bestowed. — I  will  thank  you, 
a  phrase  of  civility  introducing  a  request. 

—  Thank  you,  a  colloquial  or  informal 
contraction  of  the  phrase  /  thank  you.— 
Thankful,  thangk'f  ul,  a.  Impressed  with 
a  sense  of  kindness  received  and  ready  to 
acknowledge  it;  grateful;  expressive  of 
thanks.— Thankfully,  thangk'ftil-li,  adv. 
Gratefully.  —  Thankfulness,  thangk'fnl- 
nes,  n.  Gratefulness;  gratitude.— Thank- 
Joss,  thangk'les,  a.  Unthankful;  ungrate- 
ful ;  not  deserving  or  not  likely  to  gain 
thanks  ( a  thankless  task ).  —  Thanklessly, 
thangk'ies-li,  adv.  In  a  thankless  manner. 

—  Thanklessnes3,  thangk '  les  -  nes,  n-  — 
Thank-offering,  n.  An  oilering  made  as  an 
expression  of  gratitude.  —  Thanksgiving, 
thangks'giv-ing,  n.  The  act  of  rendering 
thanks;  a,  public  celebration  of  divine 
goodness;  a  day  set  apart  for  such  a 
celebration;  a  form  of  words  expressive 
of  thanke  to  God.  —  Thankwortbin^ss, 
thangk 'wSr-THi-nes,  n.  —  Thankworthy, 
thangk'w6r-rai,  a.  "Worthy  of  or  deserv- 
ing thanks;  meritorious. 

That,  THat,  a.  and  pron.  pi.  Those.  th5z. 
[A.  Sax.  thcet,  neut.  of  the  demonstrative 
and  def.  art.  fte  or  se  and  =  Goth,  thaia, 
Icel.  that,  D.  dat,  G.  dag,  Skr.  tat;  akin 
t?ie,  tJiese,  this,  there,  Ac.  Th£.]  A  won} 
used  as  pointing  to  a  person  or  thing 
before  mentioned  or  supposed  to  be  under- 


"^^ate,  f^,  fat,  fftUiitoae,  met,  h^t  ^  piBgJjiBiihaSte,  not,  mOTe;  :_iBbe,  tub,  ball^^oiljouod;  >jU.  S.c.  abime— .tbfl.Fr.  J*.^ 


THATCH 


701 


THEORBO 


Btood  {{hat  man,  that  city);  frequently  used 
in  opposition  to  this  (I  will  take  this  book, 
you  can  take  that  one):  often  used  without 
a  noun  as  a  demonstrative  pronoun,  and 
also  as  a  relative  pronoun,  in  many  cases 
equivalent  to  who  or  which;  who  being  gen- 
erally used  for  persons,  which  for  things, 
and  that  for  either.  When  governed  by  a 
preposition  the  latter  is  put  at  the  end  of 
the  clause  (the  book  that  L  read  frmn).— 
conj.  Introducing  a  reason:  because  (not 
that  I  care) ;  introducing  an  end  or  pur- 
pose (speak  that  I  may  hear);  introducing 
a  result  or  consequence  (so  weak  that  he 
cannot  stand);  introducing  a  clause  as  the 
subject  or  object  of  the  principal  verb  (we 
know  that  he  is  dead);  used  to  introduce  a 
wish  (would  that  he  were  dead!). 

Thatch,  thach,  n.  [A.  Sax.  thcBC,  thatch, 
theccan,  to  thatch;  Jcel.thak,  a  roof,  thatch; 
1).  dak,  G.  dach,  a  roof;  Dan.  doekke,  D. 
dekken,  G.  decken,  to  cover ;  same  root  as 
Ii.  tego,  tectum,  to  cover,  Gr.  tegos,  stegos, 
a  roof,  Skr.  sthag,  to  cover.  Deck  is  allied.  1 
Straw;  rushes,  reeds,  heath,  &c.,  used  to 
cover  the  roofs  of  buildings  or  stacks  of 
hay  or  grain.— w.i.  To  cover  -with  stifaw, 
roeds,  or  some  similar  substance. — Tliatch- 
er,  thach'6r,  n.    One  who  thatches. 

Thaumatrope,  tha'ma-trop,  n.  [Gc  thau- 
r,ia,  thaumatos,  a  wonder,  and  trepO,  to 
turn.]  An  optical  toy,  which  by  revolving 
catises  two  pictures  to  seem  connected. 

Thaumaturgy,  tha'ma-t6r-ji,  n.  [Gr.  thaii- 
'iiialoiirgia—thauma,  i^awmatos,  a  wonder, 
and  ergon,  work.l  The  act  of  performing 
something  wonderful;  wonder-working; 
maeic;  legerdemain.— Thaumatnrge,Than- 
maturgist,  thfv'ma-t6rj,  tha'ma-tOr-jist,  n. 
A  dealer  in  miracles;  a  miracle  worker.-r- 
Thaumaturgic,  Thaumaturgical,  tha-nm- 
tSr'jik,  tha-ma-t6r'ji-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
thaumaturgy.  —  Thaumaturgica,  tha-ma- 
tOr'jiks,  n.  pi.  Feats  of  magic  or  legerde-' 
main.— Thaumaturgud,  tha'ma-t6r-gus,  n. 
A  miracle  worker. 

Ttaw,  thft,  v'.i.  [A.  Sax.  fhawan,  to  thaw, 
Icel.  thd,  a  thaw,  Oieyja,  to  thaw;  D.  dooi, 
ttiA-fr,  dooijen,  to  thaw;  G.  thauen,  to  melt, 
to  thaw;  comp.  Qr.  teko,  to  tqelt.]  To 
melt,'  as  ice  or  snow;  to  become  so  warm 
as  to  melt  Ice  and  snow:  said  of  the 
weather,  and  used  impersonally;  fig.  to 
beconie  less  cold,  formal,  or  reserved ;  to 
become  genial.— w.t  To  melt  ice  or  snow; 
to  make  less  cold  or  reserved.  —  n.  d?he 
melting  of  ice  or  snow;  warmth  of  weather, 
such  as  liquefies  ice. 

'£1x0,  th6  or  ?Hi,  def.  art.  or  definitive  a. 
[A.  Sax.  the,  masc.  nom.  corresponding  to 
thal^O.  Sax.  and  0.  Pris;  the,  D.  and  L.G. 
de,  Sw.  and  Dan.  den,  G.  der.  The  the  be- 
fore comparatives  represents  the  A.  Sax. 
instrumental  case  thi,  thij.^  Used  before 
nouns  with  a  specifying  or  limiting  effect 
{the  laws  of  our  country);  used  before  a 
noun  in  the  singular  number  to  denote  a' 
species  by  way  of  distinction  or  a  single 
thing  representing  the  whole  {the  elephant 
is  sagacious);  prefi.xed  to  adjectives  to  give 
them  the  force  of  abstract  nouns  (a  passion 
for  iAe  sublime  and  beautiful);  used  before 
adjectives  and  adverbs  in  the  comparative 
degree  it  means  by  that ;  by  how  much; 
by  so  much  {the  longer  we  continue  in  sin 
the  more  difficult  it  is  to  reform). 

Eheanthropism,  thg-an'thro-pizm,  n.  [Gr. 
theos,  God,  and  anthrOpos,  man.]  A  state 
of  being  God  and  man;  a  conception  of 
God  or  of  gods  as  possessing  qualities  es- 
sentially human. 

Thearchy,  the'ar-ki,  n.  [Gr.  theos,  God, 
and  arche,  rule.]  Government  by  God; 
theocracy;  a  body  of  deities  or  divine 
rulers. 

Theatre,  the'a-tSr,  n.  [Ft.  thidtre,  from  L. 
theatrum,  from  Gr.  theairon,  from  thea- 
omai,  to  see,  thea;  a  view.]  A  building 
appropriated  to  the  representation  of 
dramatic  spectacles;  a  play-house;  a  room 
with  seats  rising  stepwise  for  public  lec- 
tures.anatomical  demonstrations,  &c.;  the 
locality  where  events  take  place  (the 
theatre  of  war).— Theatric,  Theatrical,  ths- 
at'rik,  the-at'ri-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
theatre  or  to  scenic  representations;  calcu- 
lated for  display;  meretricious;  artificial; 
f al3i!.-  Theatricailty,  th5-at'ri-kal"l-ti,'  n. 


Quality  of  being  theatrical;  something 
theatrica-l;  theatrical  display. -^Theatri- 
cally, thc-at'ri-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  theatrical 
manner.— Theatricals,  the'-at'ri-kalz,».j3Z. 
A  dramatic  performance,  especially  in'  a 
private  house. 

Theca,  the'ka,  n.  pi.  Theca,  the'se.  [L., 
from  Gr.  theke,  a  case.]  A  sheath  or  hollow 
case;  bat.  the  spore-case  of  ferns,  mosses, 
and  other  cryptogams.  —  Thecal,  ths'kal, 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  theca.  —  Thecaphore, 
thc'ka-for,  n.  [Gr.  phoros,  bearing.]  Bat. 
a  surface  or  receptacle  bearing  theca. — 
Thecasporous,  the'ka-spo-rus,  a.  Having 
spores  in  thecaa. 

Thecodont,  thCko-dont,  n.  [Gr.  theke,  a 
case,  odous,  odontos,  a  tooth.]  An  extinct 
saurian  reptile  having  the  teeth  in  sockets. 

Tli^e,  9H5,  pron.  [A.  Sax.  thd,  dat.  and  ac- 
cus.  of  thii,  thou.]  The  objective  and  da- 
tive case  of  thou. 

Theft,  theft,  n.  [A.  Sax.  thedfthe,  theft, 
from  theif,  a  thief.  Pinal  <A  became  t  as  in 
height.]  The  wrongfully  taking  away  the 
goods  of  another  with  intent  to  deprive 
him  of  them;  the  act  of  stealing. 

Theiae,  Thsin,  the'in,  n.  [Prom  Tfiea,  the 
generic  name  of  the  tea-plant.]  A  bitter 
principle  found  in  tea,  coffee,  and  some 
other  plants;  caffeine. 

Their,  laar,  a.  [Prom  Icel.  theirra,  their= 
A.Sax.  thaera,ot  them:  the  genitive  pi.  of 
which  the,  that,  axe  nominatives.]  Pertain- 
ing or  belonging  to  them.— Theirs,  THarz, 
A  possessive  or  genitive,  properly  a  double 
genitive  of  they,  use"d  without  a  noun  fol- 
lowing, either  as  a  nominative,  objective, 
or  simple  predicate. 

Theiism,  th5'izm,  n.  [Pr.  thdisme,  from  Gr. 
theos,  God,  seen  also  in  theocracy,  theology, 
atheism,  &c.]  The  belief  or  acknowledg- 
ment of  the  existence  of  a  God,  as  opposed 
to  atheism.  —  Thelst,  the'ist,  n.  One  who 
believe's  in  the  existence  of  a  God.  .•.  Syn. 
under  Deist.  —  Theistic,  Theistical,  the- 
is'tik,  th5-is'ti-kal,a.  Pertaining  to  theism 
or  to  a  theist. 

Them,  THem,  pron.  [Originally  a  dative 
corresponding  to  i/ieir=Icel.  theim,  A.Sax. 
ttdm.j  The  dative  and  objective  case  of 
they;  those  persons  or  things;  tnose. — 
Themselves,  THem-selvz',  pron.  pl.of  him- 
self, herself,  itself. 

Theme,  them,  n.  [Gr.  thema,  a  proposition, 
a  theme,  a  root  word,  from  Gr.  tithemi,  to 
place.]  A  subject  or  topic  on-  which  a 
person  writes  or  speaks;  a  subject  of  dis- 
course or  discussion;  a  short  dissertation 
composed  by  a  student  on  a  given  subject; 
philol.  the  part  of  a  noun  or  a  verb  un- 
changed in  declension  or  conjugation; 
mtts.  a  series  of  notes  selected  as  the  text 
or  subject  of  a  new  composition;  the  lead- 
ing subject  in  a  composition  or  movement. 
—Thematic,  the-mat'ik,  a.  Relating  to  a 
theme  or  themes.  —  Thematist,  the'ma- 
tist,  n.    A  writer  of  themes. 

Then,  thcu,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  theuTie,  thanne, 
ihonne,  then,  an  acc.  form  belonging  to  the 
pronominal  stem  the,  thcet;  same  word  as 
than.}  At  that  time,  referring  to  a  time 
specified.either  past  or  future;  soon  after- 
ward or  immediately;  at  another  time 
(now  and  then).  —  By  then,  by  the  time 
■when  or  that.— TiZZ  then,  until  that  time. 
Often  used  elliptically,  like  an  adjective, 
for  then  existing;  but  this  usage  is  discoun- 
tenanced by  careful  writers. — conj.  In  that 
case;  iii  consequence;  therefore;  for  this 
reason. 

Thenar,  ths'nar,  n.  [Gr.  thenar,  from  tMnO, 
to  strike.]  Anat.  the  palmof  the  hand  or 
the  sole  of  the  foot.  —  Thenal,  the'nal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  thenar. 

Thence,  Tnens,  adv.  [O.E.  thens;  thennes, 
thannes,  genitive  forms  from  A.  Sax. 
thanan,  thonon,  thence;  comp.  hence, 
whence.]  Prom  that  place;  from  that  time; 
for  that  reason;  from  this;  out  of  this;  not 
there;  elsewhere;  absent. — From  thence, 
though  pleonastic,  is  supported  by  custom 
and  good  usage.  —  Thenceforth,  saens'- 
forth,  adv.  Prom  that  time  forward. — 
Thenceforward,  THens'for-w6rd,a(iy.  Prom 
that  time  or  place  onward. 

Theobromine,  the-o-bro'min,  n.  [Prom 
-Theobroma,  the  generic  name  of  the  cacao 
tree— Gr.  theos,  God,  and  brOma,  food.]   A 


crystalline  compound  found  in  the  seeds 
of  cacao,  analogous  tti  theine. 

Theocracy,  the-ok'ra-si,n.  [Gr.  theokratia 
—theos,  God,  and  kratos,  power.]  Govern- 
ment of  a  state  by  the  immediate  direc- 
tion of  God;  the  state  thus  governed. — 
Theocrat,  th5'o-krat,  n.  One  who  lives 
under  a  theocracy. — Theocratic,  Theocrat- 
ical,  the-0-krat'ik,  the-o-krat'i-kal,a.  Per- 
taining to  a  theocracy;  administered  by 
the  immediate  direction  of  God. 

Theocrasy,  thc-ok'ra-si,  n.  [Gr.  theos,  God, 
and  krasis,  mixture.]  Aix  intimate  union 
of  the  soul  with  God  in  contemplation;  a 
mixture  of  the  worship  of  different  gods. 

Theodicy,  the-od'i-si,  n.  [Gr.  theos,  God,  and 
dike,  juetice.]  A  vindication  of  the  ways 
of  God  with  a  theory  as  to  the  existence  of 
evil;  a  doctrine  as  to  the  being,  attributes, 
and  government  of  God,  and  the  immor- 
tality of  the  soul.  —  Theodioean,  the-od'i- 
sC'an,  a.    Pertaining  to  theodicy. 

Theodolite,  th5-od'o-lit,  n.  [Origin  doubt- 
ful; perhaps  from  Gr.  thea,  a  seeing,  Aorfog, 
way,and  Zitos.smooth.]  A  surveying  in'stru- 
ment  for  measuring  horizontal  and  verti- 
cal angles  by  means  of  ,a  telescope  the 
movements  of  which  can  be  accurately 
marked  on  two  graduated  circles.— Theo- 
dolitic,  th5-od'oJit"ik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  theodolite;  made  by  a  theodolite. 

Theogony,  the-og'o-ni,  n.  [Gr.  theogonia— 
theos,  a  god,  and  gone,  generation.]  A 
poem  treating  of  the  generation  and  de- 
scent, of  gods;  doctrine  as  to  the  genealogy 
or  origin  of  heathen  deities.  — Theogonic, 
the-o-gon'ik,  a.  Relating  to  theogony.— 
Theogonlst,  the-og'on-ist,-  n.  One  versed 
in  or  a  writer  on  theogony. 

Theology,  the-ol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  theologia— 
theos,  God,  and  logos,  discourse.]  The 
science  of  divine  things  or.  of  the  Chrfstian 
religion;  the  science  which  treats  of  God 
and  man  in  all  their  known  relations  to 
each  other.— Theologian,  Theologist,  the- 
o-lS'ji-an,  the-ol'o-jist,  n.  A  person  well 
versed  in  theology;  a  divine.  —  Theologic, 
Theological,  the-o-loj'ik,  the-o-l6j'i-kal.  a. 
Pertaining  to  theology.  —  Theologically, 
the-o-loj'i-kal-li,ady.  In  a  theological  man- 
ner; according  to  theology.  —  TiieologicB, 
th6-o-loj'iks,w.  pi.  Theology.— Theologize, 
the-ol'o-jiz,  v.i.  — theologized,  thiologizing. 
To  theorize  or  speculate  upon  theological 
subjects.  —  Theologlzer,  the-oro-ji-zCr,  n. 
One  who  theologizes. 

Theomachy,  the-om'a-ki,  n.  [Gr.  theos,  a 
god,  and  mache,  combat.]  A  fighting 
against  the  gods;  a  strife  or  battle  among 
the  gods. 

Theomancy,  th5-om'an-si,M.  [Gr.  theos,  God, 
and  m.anteia,  prophecy.]  Diviiiation  from 
the  responses  of  oracles,  or  persons  sup- 
posed to  be  inspired  by  some  divinity. 

Theopathy,  the-op'a-thi,  n.  [Gr.  theos,  God, 
and  pathos,  passion.]  Emotion  excited  by 
the  contemplation  of  God;  piety,  or  a 
sense  of  piety.— Theopathetic.Theopathic, 
the'o-pa-thet"ik,  the-o-path'ik,a.  Relating 
to  theopathy. 

Theophany,  the-of'a-nl,  n.  [Gr.  theos,  God, 
and  phainomai,  to  appear.]  A  manifesta- 
tion of  God  to  man  by  actual  appearance. 
— Theophanic,  the-o-f  an'ik,  a.  Relating  to 
a  theophany. 

Theophllanthroplst,  thS'd-fi-lan''throp-ist, 
n.  {(jiT.theos, Qod,philos,lovmg, anthrOpos, 

■man.]  One  who  practises  or  professes  love 
to  God  and  man;  one  of  a  societ.v  formed 
in  the  first  French  revolution,  which  had 
for  its  object  to  establish  a  new  religion  in 
place  of  Christianity.— Theophilanthrop- 
ic,  the'o-fil-an-throp"ik,a.  Pertaining  to.— 
Theophilanthropism,  Theophllanthropy, 
the'o-fi-lan"throp-izm,  th5'o-fi-lan"thr6-pi, 
M.    Love  to  both  God  and  man. 

Theophilosophic,  the'o-fil-o-sof"ik,  a.  [Gr. 
theos,  God,  and  philosophia,  philosophy.] 
Combining  theism  and  philosophy. 

Theopneusty,  the'op-nus-ti,  n.  [Gr.  theop- 
neustos,  inspired  of  God,  from  theos,  God, 
and  pneO,  to  breathe.]  Divine  inspiration. 
— Theopneustlc,  the-op-nas'tik,  a.  Given 
by  inspiration  of  the  Spirit  of  God;  divinely 
inspired. 

Theorbo, th5-orT)o,w.  [Tt.  tim-ba,  Pr.  tdorbe.] 
A  musical  instrument  someiyhat  like  a 
large  lute,  with  two  necks,  to  one  of  which 


filw  «Aain:    ch,  Sc,  loch;    g,  go;    j,  ;ob;    c,  Pr.  ton;    n^,  sing;    ib,  tk^u;  th,  tiiin;    w,  wig;    T<rh,  whig;    zh,  asur«, 


THEOREM 


708 


THIEF 


the  bass  strings  were  attached.  —  Theop. 
bist,  the-or'bist.  n.  One  who  played  a 
theorbo. 

Theorem,  the'o-rem. n.  [Gr.  theOrema,irora 
thtOreO^  to  look,  to  view.  Theory.  1  A 
position  laid  down  as  an  acknowledged 
truth  or  established  principle;  viaih.  a  pro- 
position to  be  proved  by  a  chain  of  reason- 
ing; alg.  and  analysis,  a  rule  expressed  by 
symbols  or  formulaeithe  binomial  theorem). 
Theorematic,  Theorematical,  Theorem- 
ic.  the'0-re-mat  "ik.  the'o-re-mat"i-kal,  the- 
0-rem '  ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  theorem ; 
comprised  in  a  theorem.— Theorematist, 
the-0-rem'a-tist,  n.  One  who  forms  theo- 
rems. 

Theory,  the'o-ri,  n.  [h.  theoria,  a  theory, 
from  Gt7  theOria,  a  looking  at,  theory, 
from  theOreO,  to  see,  from  theOros,  an  ob- 
server.] A  suj)position  explaining  some- 
thing; a  doctrine  or  scheme  of  things  rest- 
ing merely  on  speculation ;  hypothesis ; 
plan  or  system  suggested ;  an  exposition 
of  the  general  or  abstract  principles  of  any 
science  (the  theory  of  music  or  of  medicine); 
the  science  or  rules  of  an  art,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  practice;  a  philosophical 
explanation  of  phenomena;  a  connected 
arrangement  of  facts  according  to  their 
bearing  on  some  real  or  hypothetical  law 
or  laws.— Theoretic,  Theoretical,  the-o- 
ret'ik,  thS-6-ret'i-kal,  a.  [Gr.  theOretifcos.] 
Pertaining  to  theory;  depending  on  theory 
or  speculation;  speculative;  not  practical. 
—Theoretically,  the-O-ret'i-kaJ-li,  adv.  In 
or  by  theory;  in  speculation;speculatively; 
not  practically.— Theoretics,  the-0-ret'iks, 
n.  pi.  The  speculative  parts  of  a  science; 
speculation.— Theorist,  Theorizer,  the'O- 
rist,  the'5-ri-z6r,  n.  One  who  forms  theo- 
ries.—  Theorize,  th£o-riz,  v.i. —  theorized, 
theorizing.  To  form  a  theory  or  theories ; 
to  form  opinions  solely  by  theory;  to  spec- 
ulate. 

Theosophy,  ths-os'o-fi,  n.  [Gr.  theoaophia, 
knowledge  of  divine  things— t/i«d«,  God, 
and  Sophia,  wisdom,  from  sophos,  wise.] 
Knowledge  of  divine  things;  a  knowledge 
of  the  Divine  Being  obtained  by  spiritual 
ecstasy,  direct  intuition,  or  special  indi- 
vidual relatious.— Theosophic,  Theosophi- 
cal,  Theosophlsticai,  the-o-sofik,  thG-o- 
sof  i-kal,  the-os'o-fis''ti-kal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  theosophy.— Theosophically,  thE-o-sof- 
i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  theosophical  manner; 
with  direct  divine  illumination.— Theos- 
ophism,  the-os'of-izm,  n.  Pretension  to 
divine  illumination.— Theoaophlst.  Theoa- 
opher,  the-os'of-ist,  the-os'of-^r.n.  One  who 
pretends  to  divine  illumination,  or  to  de- 
rive his  knowledge  from  divine  revelation. 

Theotechnlc,  th5-6-tek'nik,  a.  [Gr.  iheos, 
God,  and  techni,  art.]  Pertaining  to  the 
action  or  intervention  of  the  gods." 

Theotheca,  the'o-the-ka,  n.  [Gr.  theos,  God, 
and  theke,  a  case.]    Same  as  Monstrance. 

Theow,  the-ou',  n.  [A.  Sax.]  An  Anglo- 
Saxon  slave,  serf,  or  bondman.  • 

Therapeutic,  Therapeutical,  ther-a-pQ'tik, 
ther-a-pQ ' ti-kal,  a.  [Gr.  therapeutikos, 
from  thsrapeno,  to  nurse,  serve,  or  cure.] 
Curative;  pertaining  to  the  healing  art. — 
Therapeutics,  ther-a-pu'tiks,  n.  That  part 
of  medicine  which  relates  to  the  composi- 
tion, application,  and  operation  of  reme- 
dies.—Therapeutist,  ther-a-pa'tist,  n.  One 
>er8ed  in  therapeutics. 

There,  THar,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  ther,  thcer,  there, 
a  locative  case  of  the  pronominal  stem 
the,  that,  then,  &c.  In  thereafter,  thereby, 
&c.,  the  dative  case  fem.  sing,  of  the  defi- 
nite article.]  In  that  place;  at  that  place: 
lif  ten  opposed  to  here,  there  generally  de- 
noting the  place  most  distant;  in  that 
object  or  matter;  at  that  point;  after  going 
to  such  a  length;  into  that  place;  to  that 
place;  thither;  often  used  to  begin  sen- 
tences before  a  verb  when  there  is  an  in- 
version of  the  subject  {there  came  many 
strangers  to  the  town).— /fere  and  there, 
neither  here  nor  there.  Under  Here.— 
Thereabout,  Thereabouts,  Tnar'a-bout, 
THar'a-bouts,  adv.  Near  that  place;  near 
that  number,  degree,  or  quantity.— There- 
after, THar-af 'ttr,  adv.  Acconliug  to  that; 
accordiiigly;  after  that;  aftenvard.  — 
Thereat,  THfir-at',  adv.  At  that  place ;  at 
that  thing  or  event;  on  that  account.— 


Thereaway,  iHar'a-wS,  adv.  Away  in  that 
place  or  direction.  —  Thereby,  THar-bi', 
adv.  By  that;  by  that  means;  annexed  or 
attached  to  that;  by  or  near  that  place; 
near  that  number  or  quantity.- Therefor, 
THar-for',  adv.  For  that  or  this  or  it. — 
Therefore,  luer'for,  coixj.  or  adv.  [  There, 
the  dat.  sing.  fem.  of  the  old  def.  art.,  and 
for.]  For  that  or  this  reason,  referring  to 
something  previously  stated;  conseouent- 
ly;  in  return  or  recompense  for  this  or 
that.— Therefrom,  Tnar-from',  adv.  From 
this  or  that. — Therein,  THar-in',  adv.  In 
that  or  this  place,  time,  or  thing;  in  that 
or  this  particular  point  or  respect.  — 
Thereinto,  THar-in-to',  adv.  Into  that  or 
that  place.  —  Thereof ,  luar-ov',  adv.  Of 
that  or  this.  —  Thereon,  Trnar-on',  adv. 
On  that  or  this;  thereupon.— Thereout, 
THar-out^  adw.  Out  of  that  or  this.  — 
Thereto,  Thereunto,  inar-tb',  Tnar-un-ta', 
adv.  To  that  or  this.— Theretofore,!  raar- 
tO-fOr',  adv.  Before  that  time;  the  coun- 
terpart of  ftereto/ore.- Thereunder,  THar- 
un'der,  adv.  Under  that  or  this.— There- 
upon, THar-up-on',  adv.  Upon  that  or  this; 
in  consequence  of  that;  at  once;  without 
delaj'.— Therewith,  Tuar-with',  adv.  With 
that  or  this. — Therewithal,  THar-with-al', 
adv.    With  that  or  this;  therewith. 

Theriac,  the'ri-ak,  n.  [L.  theriaca,  Gr.  thi- 
riake,  iropy  therion,  a  wild  beast.]  A  name 
given  anciently  to  various  substances  es- 
teemed efficacious  against  the  effects  of 
animal  or  other  poison.— Theriac,  Theria- 
cal,  Theriol,  the'ri-ak,  the-ri'a-kal,  the'ri- 
al,  a.    Medicinalj  serving  as  ani  antidote. 

Theriotomy,  the-n-ot'o-rni, n.  [Gr.  therion,a. 
beast,  and  tomi,  a  cutting.]  The  anatomy 
of  animals;  zootomy. 

Thermal,  Thermic,  thfer'mal,  th^r'mik,  a. 
[From  Gr.  thermos,  hot,  warm,  from  ihero, 
to  warm.]  Pertaining  to  heat;  warm.— 
Thermal  springs,  thermal  waters,  hot 
springs.— Thennadly,  th^r'mal-li,  adv.  In 
a  thermal  manner;  with  reference  to  heat. 
— Thermo-chemistry,  n.  That  branch  of 
chemistry  in  which  heat  is  of  importance. 
—  Thermo-current,  n.  A  current  of  thermo- 
electricity set  up  by  heat.— Thermo-dy- 
namic,  a.  Relating  to  thermo-dynamics. — 
Thermo -dynamics,  n.  That  department 
of  physics  which  deals  with  the  conversion 
of  heat  into  mechanical  force  or  energy, 
and  vice  versa.— Thermo-electric,  o.  Per- 
taining to  thermo-electricity. — Thermo- 
electricity, n.  Electricity  produced  at 
the  junction  of  two  metals,  or  at  a  point 
where  a  molecular  change  occurs  in  a  bar 
of  the  same  metal,  when  the  junction  or 
point  is  heated  above  or  cooled  below  the 
general  temperature  of  the  conductor.'- 
Thermograph,  Thermometrograph,  thfer*- 
mo-graf,  ther-mO-niet'ro-graf,  n.  An  in- 
strument for  automatically  recording  va- 
riations of  temperature.  —  Thermo-mag- 
netism,  n.  Magnetism  resulting  from,  or 
as  affected  by,  the  action  of  heat.— Ther- 
mometer, ther-mom'et-fer,  n.  [Gr.  thermos, 
warm,  and  metron,  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment by  which  the  temperatures  of  bodies 
are  ascertained,  usually  a  closed  glass 
tulae  containing  mercury  or  alcohol,  which 
expands  or  contracts  in  accordance  with 
the  variations  of  temperature.— Thermo- 
metric,  Thermometrical,  th6r-mo-met'rik, 
ther-mo-met'ri-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
thermometer ;  made  by  a  thermometer. — 
Thermometrically,  th6r-mo-met'ri-kal-li, 

■  adv.  In  a  thei-mometrical  manner.  — 
Thermometrograph.  thfcr-mo-met'ro-graf, 
n.  A  self-registering  thermometer.  — 
Thermo-pile,  n.  An  instrument  for  mea- 
suring very  minute  degrees  of  tempera- 
turs.- Thermoscope,  th6r'mo-skop,  n.  An 
instrument  by  which  changes  of  temper- 
ature are  indicated  and  the  effects  of  heat 
measured.— Thermostat,  th^r'mo-stat,  n. 
[Gr.  statos,  standing.]  A  self-acting  ap- 
paratus for  regulating  temperature.  — 
Thermotic,Tliermo]:ical,  thCr-mot'ik,  th6r- 
mot'i-kal,  a.  [From  Gr.  tJierrtios,  warm.] 
Relating  to  heat;  resulting  from  or  de- 
pendent on  heat.— ThermotiCB,  th6r-mot'- 
iks,  n.    The  science  of  heat. 

Therology,  the-rol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  thSr,  thfros, 
a  wild  beast,  and  logos,  discourse.]  That 
branch  of  zoology  which  treats  of  the 


Mammalia.— Therologlst,  the-rol'o-jist,  n. 
One  versed  in  therology. 

Thesaurus,  the-sft'rus,  n.  [L.  thesawvs, 
from  Gr.  thesaur6s,fTom  (rt)i/i5?nt,to  place.  I 
A  treasury;  a  lexicon  or  treasury  of  words.. 

These,  thCz,  pron.  and  a.,  pi.  of  this. 

Thesis,  the'sis,  n.  pi.  Theses,  the'sez.  [L. 
thesis, Gr.  thesis,  a  position,  from  Ui)ihi-T)ti, 
to  set.]  A  position  or  proposition  whiiji 
a  person  advances  and  maintains;  a  subject 
propounded  for  a  school  or  college  exer- 
cise; the  exercise  itself;  an  essay  or  disser- 
tation; pros,  the  part  of  a  foot  on  which 
the  depression  of  the  voice  falls:  opposed 
to  arsis. 

Thespian,  thes'pi-an,  a.  [From  Thes/As, 
who  played  an  important  part  in  the  early 
history  of  the  drama  in  Greece  about  b.c. 
535.)  Relating  to  Thespis,  or  to  dramatic 
acting  in  general;  hence,  the  Thespian  uit 
is  equivalent  to  the  drama. 

Theurgy,  theifr-ji,  n.  [Gr.  tlieovrgia,  from 
theos,  a  god,  and  ergon,  work.]  The  work- 
ing of  some  divine  or  supernatural  .agency 
in  human  affairs;  a  working  or  producing 
effects  by  spiritual  means;  magic— The- 
urgic,  Tnenrgical,  the-fer'jik,  the-er'ji-kal, 
a.  Pertaining  to  theurgy.  —  Theurglst, 
the'fer-jist,  Ji.  One  who  pretends  to  the- 
urgy ^ 

Thews,  thOz,  n.  pi.  [Perhaps  same  as  A 
Sax.  tkedwas,  manners<  habits.]  ^luscles, 
sinews,  strength. — Thewed.thad,  a.  1  lav- 
ing thews,  muscle,  or  strength.— Thewy, 
thu'i,  a.    Brawny;  muscular. 

They,  thB,  pron.;  posses,  case  their,  obj. 
case  th£)n.  [Partly  from  A.  Sax.  thd,  noni. 
pi.  of  tJie  def.  art.,  partly  from  Icel.  their, 
they,  nom.  pi.  of  the  pers.  pron.]  The  pi. 
form  for  he,  she,  or  it,  thus  denoting  more 
than  one  person  or  thing. 

Thibet-cloth,  ti-bet'kloth,  n.  A  camlet  or 
fabric  of  coarse  goats'  hair;  a  fine  woollen 
cloth  used  for  ladies'  dresses. 

Thick,  thik,  a.  [  A.  Sax.  ihice  -  O.  Fris. 
ihikke,  Icel.  thykkr,  Dan.  tyk,  D.  dik,  6. 
dicA;,  thick;  probably  akin  to  thigh,  perhaps 
to  tight.\  Having  more  or  less  extent 
measured  through  and  through  or  other- 
wise than  in  length  or  breadth :  said  of 
solid  bodies;  relatively  of  great  dimen- 
sions wlKjn  thus  measured :  opposed  to 
thin,  slender,  slim;  dense;  having  great 
consistence  {thick  fog  or  smoke);  foggy  or 
misty;  close  set  or  planted;  closely  crowded 
together;  close;  following  each  other  close- 
ly (blows  thick  as  hail);  without  due  flexi- 
bility of  articulation  {thick  utterance!; 
stupid;  gross;  very  friendly  or  familiar 
(colloq.).  — n.  The  thickest  part,  or  the 
time  when  anything  is  thickest.— T/iicfc 
and  thin,  whatever  is  in  the  way,  all  oli- 
stacles  or  hindrances.— adtr.  In  close  suc- 
cession one  upon  another;  fast  or  close 
together.  —  Thick-coming,  a.  Coming  or 
following  in  close  succession;  crowding 
one  after  another.— Thicken,  thik'n,  v.t. 
To  make  thick  or  thicker.-  v.i.  To  become 
thick  or  thicker.— Thickening,  thik'n-ing, 
».  Something  put  into  a  litpiid  or  mass 
to  make  it  more  thick.— Thicket,  thik'et, 
n.  [Comp.  6.  dichicht,  from  dick,  thick.) 
A  wood  or  collection  of  trees  or  shrubs 
closely  set.— Thick-head,  n.  A  stupid  fel- 
low; a  blockhead  ;  a  numskull.  —  Thick- 
headed, a.  Dull;  stupid.— Thicliish,  thik'- 
ish,  a.  Somewhat  thick.— Thick-knee,  n. 
The  stone-plover  or  stone-curlew. —Thick- 
ly, thikli,  adv.  In  a  thick  manner  or  con- 
dition; to  considerable  depth  on  a  sur- 
face; closely.— Thickness,  thik'nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  thick  in  any  sense  of  the 
word;  measure  through  from  surface  to 
surface;  density;  consistence;  closeness  or 
crowded  state;  clumsy  indistinctness  of 
Bi>eech.— Thickset,  thik'set,  a.  Close  set 
or  planted;  having  a  short  thick  body; 
thick;  stout;  stumpy.— n.  A  close  or  thick 
hedge;  dense  underwood. — Thickaktn, 
thik'skin,  n.  A  stolid  person,  not  easily 
irritated  by  taunts  or  ridicule.— Thick- 
skinned,  a.  Having  a  thick  skin  or  rind; 
not  ea.«ily  moved  or  irritated,  as  by  taunts, 
ridicule,  or  the  like. 

Thief,  thsf,  n.  pi.  Thieves,  thevz.  [A.  Sax. 
tted/=Icel.  ZWf.Sw.  tjuf,  D.  die/,  G.  dieb, 
Goth,  thjvbs,  thief;  root  doubtful.]  A  per- 
son who  steals  or  is  guilty  of  theft ;  one 


Fate,  f iir,  fat,  fall;     mC,  met,  h«r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  int>Te;     trtbe,  tub,  b\ill ;     «il,  pound;     it,  Sc.  abiwe— the  IV. »«. 


THIGH 


703 


THOROUGH 


who  deprives  another  of  property  secretly 
or  without  open  force :  as  opposed  to  a 
robber,  who  openly  uses  violence.— TAieves' 
Latin,  a  jargon  used  by  thieves.— Thieve, 
th5v,  v.i. — thieved,  thieving.  To  steal;  to 
practise  theft,  —v.f.  To  take  by  theft;  to 
steal.— Thievery,  th6'v6r-i,  n.  The  practice 
of  stealing;  theft.— Thievish,  ths'vish,  a. 
Given  to  stealing ;  of  the  nature  of  theft. 
—Thievishly,  the'vish-li,  adv.  In  a  thiev- 
ish manner.— Thievishness,  the'vish-nes.Jt. 

Thigh,  thi,  n.  [A.  Sax.,  thedh,  the  thigh= 
Icel.  th}6,  O.H.G.  dioh,  D.  dij,  O.D.  dt/gh, 
thigh;  probably  allied  to  thick.]  The  thick 
fleshy  portion  of  the  leg  between  the  knee 
and  the  trunk.— Thigh-bone,  n.  The  bone 
of  the  thigh;  the  femur. 

ThlU,  thil,  n.  [A.  Sax.  thill,  thille,  a  stake, 
board ;  Icel.  thili,  thil,  a  deal,  a  plank ;  G. 
diele.a  board ;  same  root  as  Skr.  iala,  sur- 
face.] The  shaft  of  a  cart,  gig,  or  other 
carriage.  —  ThUler,  Thill-horse,  thll'6r,  n. 
A  horse  going  between  shafts. 

Thimble,  thim'bl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  thyviel,  a 
thimble,  from  th4ma,  thumb;  having  no 
doubt  been  first  worn  on  the  thumb,-  as 
jthe  sailor's  thimble  still  is.  Thumb.]  A 
jmetal  cap  or  cover  for  the  finger,  used  in 
.sewing  for  driving  the  needle  through; 

mawt.  an  iron  ring  with  a  rope  spliced 
round  it.  —  Thimble-case^  n.  A  case  for 
'holding  a  thimble.— Thimbleful,  thim'bl- 
f\d,  n.  As  much  as  a  thimble  would  hold; 
heitce,  a  very  small  quantity.— Thimble- 
rlg,  thim'bl-rig,  n.  [From  rig,  a  trick.]  A 
sleight-of-hand  trick  played  with  three 
thimbles  and  a  small  ball  or  pea. — Thim- 
bleriggep-,  thim'bl-rig-er.  n.  One  who  prac- 
tises the  trick  of  thimblerig. 

Thin,  thin,  o.  [A.  Sax.  thynne,  thin=lcel.- 
thunnr,  D.  dun,  Sw.  tunn,  G.  dUnn;  cog. 
L.  tenuis,  Skr.  tanus,  thin;  W.  tenau,  teneu, 
thin,  rare;  Ir.  tana,  thin,  sle&der;  all  from 
root  tan,  to  stretch;  seen  also  in  L.  tendo, 
to  stretch,  E.  tend;  Gr.  tonos,  L.  tonus,  E. 
tone;  L.  tetter,  E.  tender,  &c.]  Not  thick; 
having  little  extent  from  one  surface  to 
the  opposite  (a  thin  plate,  a  thin  board); 
slight;  flimsy  (a  thin  veil);  rare;  not  dense: 
said  of  aeriform  fluids;  deficient  in  body  or 
substance:  said  of  liquids  or  semi-liquids; 
not  close  or  crowded;  sparse;  not  abundant 
{thin  grass);  not  numerously  filled ;  slim; 
slender;  lean;  faint;  feeble;  destitute  of 
fulness  or  volume,  as  sound;  often  used 
advferbially  in  composition  as  the  first  ele- 
ment in  compounds  ( thin-clad ).  —  v.t.  — 
thinned,  thinning.  To  make  thin  in  all  its 
senses.— w.i.  To  diminish  in  thickness ;'  to 
grow  or  become  thin :  With  out,  awa<%  &c. 
—Thinly,  thin'li,  adv.  In  a  thin,  loose, 
scatfered  manner. '—  Thinner,  thin'fer,  n. 
One  who  thins  or  makes  thin.— Thinness, 
thin'nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  thin. — 
Thinnish,  thin'ish,  a.  Somewhat  thin.— 
Thin-skinned,  a.  Having  a  thirt  skin; 
hence,  unduly  sensitive ;  easily  offended ; 
irritable. 

Thine,  inin,  pronominal  adj.  [A.  Sax.  thin, 
thine,  genit.  of  thii,  thou.  The  loss  of  the 
n  produced  t/iy.  Thou.]  Thy;  belonging 
to  thee;  used  with  or  without  a  noun,  ana 
either  for  a  nominative  or  objective  or  a 
predicate.  .'.  Thine,  like  fho%i,  is  now  used 
only  in  poetry  or  the  solemn  style,  your 
a.na  yours  otherwise  taking  its  place. 

Thing,  thing,  n.  [A.  Sax.  thing,  a  meeting, 
cause,  affair,  &c.;  L.G.  and  G.  ding,  thing, 
matter,  Dan.  and  Sw.  ting,  Icel.  thing,  a 
court,  an  assembly;  root  doubtful.]  What* 
ever  exists,  or  is  f^onceived  to  exist,  as  a 
separate  entity ;  whatever  may  be  spoken 
or  thought  of;  an  inanimate  object;  a 
creature ;  applied  to  man  and  animals  in 
pity,  contempt,  tenderness,  or  admiration; 
atransaction,  matter,  circumstance.event; 
pi.  clothes,  personal  belongings,  luggage. 
~—The  thing,  as  it  ought  to  be:  a  colloquial 

Shrase  applied  toan  ideal  or  typical  con- 
ition. 
Think,  thingk,  v.i.— pret.  and  pp.  thought. 
[A.  Sax.  thincan.  thencan,  to  think=6oth. 
thagkjan,  G.  and  D.  denken,  Icel.  fhckkja, 
Dan.  tcenke;  allied  to  thank,  and  to  A.  Sax. 
thyncan,  to  seem,  whence  rnethinka.]  To 
have  the  mind  occupied  on  some  subject; 
to  revolve  ideas  in  the  mind;  to  perform 
.any  mental  operation ;  to  cogitate ;  to 


muse;  to  meditate;  to  consider;  to  de- 
liberate; to  judge,  conclude,  be  of  opinion 
(I  think  it  will  raiu);  to  purpose,  design, 
intend;  to  imagine,  suppose,  fancy. — To 
think  of,  to  estimate ;  to  esteem  (to  think 
little  of  a  book).— To  think  on  or  upon,  to 
meditate  or  muse  on ;  to  light  on  or  dis- 
cover by  meditation  (to  think  on  an  ex- 
pedient). —  v.t.  To  form  in  the  mind ;  to 
imagine ;  to  hold  in  opinion ;  to  regard, 
consider,  esteem;  to  form  a  conception  of. 
— To  think  scorn,  to  disdain;  to  scorn. — 
To  ■  think  shame,  to  feel  shame ;  to  be 
ashamed.— Thinkable,  thingk'a-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  thought;  conceivable;  cogi- 
table. —  Thinker,  thingk'er,  n.  One  who 
thinks ;  one  who  reasons  or  meditates  (3, 
deep  thinker)-,  one  who  writes  911  specu- 
lative subjects.- Thinking,  thingk'ing,  a. 
Able  to  think;  having  the  faculty  of 
thought.— n.  The  act  or  state  of  one  who 
thinks;  thought;  cogitation.— Thlnkingly, 
thingli'ing-li,  adv.    By  thought. 

Thinly,  Thinness,  &c.    Under  Thin. 

Third,  thferd,  a.  [A.,  Sax.  thridda;  cog. 
Gpth.  thridja,  Icel.  thrithi,  Sw.  tredje,  Dan. 
tredie,  D.  derde,  G.  dritte,  Gr.  tritos,  L.  ter- 
tins,  Skr.  tritiya,  W.  trydy,  Gael,  treaa— 
all  from  words  signifying  three.  Three.] 
Next  after  the  second;  beipg  one  of  three 
egual  parts  into  which  anytliing  is  di- 
vided.— Third  estate,  in  Great  Britain,  the 
commonalty  or  commons,  represented  by 
the  House  of  Commons. — Third  person, 
gram,,  the  person  spoken  of;  the  third  person 
in  the  Trinity,  the  Holy  ■  Spirit.— »i.  The 
third  part  of  anything;  the  sixtieth  part  of 
a  second  of  time;  m,us.  an  interval  consis- 
ting of  three  conjunct  degrees  of  the  scale; 
the  upper  of  the  two  notes  including  this 
interval.— Third-borough,t  n.  An  under- 
constable.— Thirdly,  thCrd'li,  adv.  In  the 
third  place.— Third-rate,  a.  Next  below 
second-rate;  quite  inferior;  in.  the  navy, 
applied  to  a  certain  class  of  men-of-war. 

Thirst,  th6rst,  n.  [A.  Sax.  thyrst,  thurst, 
thirst  =  Sw.  and  Dan.  tiirst,  Icel.  thorsti, 
D.  dorst,  G.  durst,  Goth,  thaurstei,  thirst; 
allied  to  Icel.  thurr,  G.  dilrr,  dry,  the  root 
being  that  of  L.  torridus,  torrid,  terra,  the 
earth,  the  dry  land;  Gr.  tersomai,  to  be 

-  dry;.  Skr.  tarsh,  to  thirst.]  The  desire,  un- 
easiness, or  suffering  occasioned  by  want 
of  drink;  vehement  desire  for  drink;  a 

.want  and  eager  desire  after  anything  (a 
thirst  for  knowledge).  —  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  thyr- 
Stan,  Icel.  thyrsta.i    To  experience  thirst; 

.  to  have  desire  to  drink;  to  have  a  vehe- 
ment desire  for  anything.  —  Thirster, 
th6rs't6ri  n.  One  who  thirsts.— Thirsty, 
thers'ti,  a.  [A.  Sax.  thyrstig.]  Feeling  a 
painful  sensation  for  want  of  drink;  hav- 
ing thirst;  very  dry;  parched;  having  a 
vehement  desire  of  aaything.— ThirstSy, 
th6r8'ti-li,  adv.  In  a  thirsty  manner.— 
Thlratiness,  thfers'ti-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  thirsty. 

Thirteen,  ther'tSn,  a.  [A.  Sax.  thredt^ne, 
lit.  three-ten.]  Ten  and  three.  —  n.  The 
number  which  consists  of  ten  and  three. 
—  Thirteenth,  thfer'tSnth,  a.  The  third 
after  the  tenth;  being  one  of  thirteen 
equal  parts  of  a  thing.— m.  One  of  thirteen 
equal  parts  of  anything. 

Thirty,  th^r'ti,  a.  [A.  Sax.  thriUig,  fhritig, 
from  threi,  thrd,  three,  and  -tig,  ten=L. 
decern,  Gr.  deka,  ten.]  Thrice  ten;  ten  three 
times  repeated.  —  n.  The  nurnber  which 
consists  of  three  times  ten.  —  Thirtieth, 
th^r'ti-eth,  a.  The  next  in  order  after  the 
twenty-ninth ;  being  one  of  thirty  equal 
parts  of  a  thing.— n.  One  of  thirty  equal 
parts  of  anything. 

This,  THis;  a.  and  pron.  pi.  These,  thSz.  [A. 
Sax.  masc.  thes,  fem.  theos,  neut.  this,  from 
the  pronominal  stem  seen  in  the,  that, 
thither,  &c. ,  and  A.  Sax.  se,  sa,  ho  ( = Skr.  so, 
he).]  A  demonstrative  used  with  or  without; 
a  ndun  to  denote  something  that  is  present 
or  near  in  place  or  time,  or  something  just 
mentioned:  often  opposed  to  that  (the 
latter  referring  to  something  more  re- 
mote); applied  to  time,  this  may  refer  to 
the  present  time;  now;  to  time  next  to 
come,  or  to  time  immediately  ended;  fre- 
quently used  to  signify  present  state,  con- 
dition, &c. 

Thistle,  thisl.M.    [A.  Sax.  thistel,  a  thistle 


=Icel.  thistill,  G.  and  D.  distel,  Sw.  tistel, 
Sc.  thrissle,  thistle;  origin  doubtful.]  The 
common  name  of  a  tribe  of  prickly  plants 
of  numerous  species,  most  of  them  inhabi- 
tants of  Europe;  regarded  as  the  national 
emblem  of  Scotland.— Thistle-finch,n.  The 
goldfinch.— Thistly,  this'l-i,  a.  Overgrown 
with  thistles;  resembling  a  thistle;  pri"klj'. 

Thither,  iHiiH'er,  adv.  [A.Sax.  thider,  led. 
ihathra,  thither, there;  from  demonstrative 
stem  seen  in  the,  that,  and  suffix  ther=tra 
in  Skr.  tatra,  there,  from  root  tar,  to  go.  1  • 
To  that  place :  opposed  to  hitlier;  to  that 
end  or  result.— i/ti/ier  and  thither,  to  this 
place  and  that;  one  way  and  another. — 

'Thitherward,  ?HiiH'6r-w6rd,  adv.  Toward 
that  place. 

Thlipsis,  thlip'sis,M.  [Gr.  thlipsis,  pressure, 
from  thlibo,  to  press.]  Med.  compression; 
constriction  of  vessels  by  an  external 
cause. 

The',  THo.    A  contraction  of  though. 

Thole,  Thole-pin,  thol,  n.  [A.  Sax.  thol,  a 
thole-pin=Icel.</jolZr,athole-pin,a  wooden 
peg ;  L.  G.  doUe,  D.  dot,  a  thole.]  A  pin 
inserted  into  the  gunwale  of  a  boat  to 
serve  as  a  fulcrum  for  the  'oar  in  rowing; 
often  in  pairs,  the  oar  resting  batween ; 
also  written  Thowl. 

Thole,  thol,  v.t.—  tholed,  tholing.  [A.  Sax. 
tholiun  —  Goth,  thulan,  Icel.  thola,  to  en- 
dure; same  root  as  L.  tolerare,  to  tolerate.] 
To  bear;  to  endure;  to  undergo.    [Prov.] 

Tholobate, thol'o-bat, n.  [Gr.  tholos,a,ddine, 
and  6asis,  basis.]  Arch,  the  substructure 
on  which  ^  dome  rests. 

Thomist,  tom'ist,  n.  A  follower  of  the 
scholastic  philosophy  of  Thomas  Aquinas, 
in  opposition  to  Scotist. 

Thong,  thong,  n.  [A.  SaX.  thwang,  thwong, 
a  thong;  Icel.  thvengr,  a  strap,  a  latchet.] 
A  strap  of  leather  used  for  fastening  any- 
thing; a  long  narrow  strip  of  leather  or 
similar  material. 

Thor,  thor,  n.  [Icel.  Thdrr,  from  older 
Thonor,  equivalent  to  A.  Sax.  thunm;  E. 
thunder.  Thdndeu.]  The  second  principal 
god  of  the  ancient  Scandinavians,  the  god 
of  thunder;  son  of  Odin.  Thursday  is 
called  after  him. 

Thorax,  tho'raks,  w.  [Gr.  th(yrax,  the  chest, 
a  breastplate.]  The  cavity  of  the  body 
formed  by  the  spine,  ribs,  and  breast-bone, 
and  containing  the  lungs,  heart,  &c.;  the 
chest;  the  corresponding  portion  of  ani- 
mals; the  portion  of  an  insect  betweeii  the 
head  and  abdomen.— Thoracic,  tho-ras'ik, 
a.  Pertainmg  to  or  containedin  the  thorax 
or  .chest. — Thoracic  duct,  cmat.  the  vessel 
which  receives  the  cKyle  conveyed  by  the 
lacteals,  and  carries  it  along  the  spine  to 
the  left  subclavian  vein.where  it  enters  the 
blood. 

Thorium,  Thorin'ain,tho'ri-um,tho-ri'5um, 
n.  [From  ITior,  the  Scandinavian  deity.) 
A  taetal  obtained  as  a  gray  powder  which 
bums  with  great  splendour.  —  Ttorla- 
Thorina,  tho'ri-a,  tho-ri'na,  n.  An  oxide  ol 
thorium. — Thorite,  tho'rit,  n.  A  mineral 
found  in  Norway  containing  thorium. 

Thorn,  thorn,  n.  [A.  Sax.  thom=Ice).  thorn, 
Goth,  ihaurnus,  Dan.  torn,,  D.  doom,  G. 
dom;  same  word  as  Pol.  tarn,  Bohem.  irn; 
Probably  from  a  root  meaning  to  pierce, 
seen  also  in  through^  thrill,  &c.  j  A  common 
name  of  trees  and  shrubs  armed  with 
spines  or  prickles,  as  the  black -thorn, 
buck-thorn,  and  especially  the  common 
hawthorn;  any  sharp -pointed  spiny  or 
prickly  process  growing  on  a  plant ;  fig. 
anything  that  annoys  ortorments  sharply; 
a  care  or  trouble.— Thorn-apple,  n.  An 
annual  plant  of  the  potato  family  with 
narcotic  properties,  used  medicinally. — 
Thorn-back,  n.  A  species  of  skate  with 
spines  on  its  back  and  tail.  —  Thorn- 
hedge,  91.  A  hedge  of  hawthorn.— Thorny, 
thor'ni,  a.  Full  of  thorns,  spines,  or 
prickles;  prickly;  vexatious;  harassing. 

Thorough,thur'o.a.  [Same  word  as  through.] 
Going  completely  to  the  end;  extending 
to  all  particulars ;  complete :  perfect.  — 
Thorough  bass,  the  mode  of  expressing 
chords  by  means  of  figures  placed  over  or 
under  a  given  bass,  such  figures  indicating 
the  harmony  through  all  the  other  parts; 
also  sometimes  used  as  equivalent  to  fta?'- 
Miony.— Thorough-bred,  a.    Of  pure  or  un- 


<4i,  cAaiuj     eft,  Sc.  loc/i;     g,  po;     j,/ob;     n,  Fr.  to«;     ng,  sintr;     3h,  (ften;  th,  tAin; ,    w,  trig;,  \wh,  wftig;,    zb,  asore^ 


THORP 


704 


THROB 


mixed  breed,  bred  from  a  sire  and  dam  of 
purest  blood;  hence,  hijjh-spirited;  mettle- 
bome. — n.  An  animal,  especiaUy  a  horse, 
of  pure  blood.— Thoroughfare,  tliur'G-far, 
n.  [A.  Sax.  thurkfaru.]  An  unobstructed 
way;  especially  an  unobstructed  road  or 
street  for  public  traffic. — Thorongh-going, 
a.  Going  or  ready  to  go  all  lengths;  ex- 
treme.—  Thorough  -  lighted,  a.  Having 
■windows  on  opposite  sides,  the  light  not 
being  intercepted  by  partitions.  —  Thor- 
oughly, thur'o-li,  adv.  In  a  thorough 
manner;  fully;  'completely.  —  Thorough- 
ness, thur'o-nes,  n.— Thorough-paced,  a. 
Lit.  trained  to  go  through  aU  the  paces  of 
a  well -trained  horse;  hence,  going  all 
lengths;  downright;  consummate. 

Thorp,  Thorpe,  thorp,  n.  [A.  Sax.  thorp= 
Icel.  thorp,  Sw.  and  Dan.  toi^),  D.  doij), 
G.  dor/,  a  village,  a  hamlet.]  A  group  of 
houses  standing  together  in  the  country; 
a  hamlet|  a  village. 

Those,  THoz,  a.  a^id  pron.  .Historically  the 
plurail  of  this,  being  another  form  of  tliese, 
but  used  as  plurixl  of  that. 

Tboth,  thoth,  n:  An  Egyptian  divinity 
v.rhom  the  Greeks  considered  to  be  identi- 
cal with  Hermes  (Mercury). 

Thou,  THOU,  pron.;  obj.  and  dat.  thee,  pi.  ye 
or  you.  LA.  Sax.  Ihu,  genit.  thin,  dat.  and 
ace.  thi,  nom.  pi.  gi,  genit.  e&wer,  dat.  and 
ace.  edw;  Icel.  thti,  Goth,  thu,  D'.  Dan.  and 
G.  du;  L.  tv,  Gr.  su,  tu,  Skr.  tvam,  Slav,  ti, 
W.  ti,  Gael,  tu,  thou.)  The  second  per- 
sonal pronoun  in  the  singular  number : 
used  to  indicate  the  person  spoken  to;  but 
in  ordinary  language  the  plural  form  you 
isnow  universally  substituted,  thou  being 
used  in  the  poetical  or  solemn  style,  as 
also  among  the  Friends  or  Quakers. 

Though,  THo,  eonj.  [A.  Sax.  thedh,  though= 
Icel.  tfid,  Dan.  dog,  D.  and  G.  doch,  Goth. 
tfiauh,  though ;  from  stem  of  that,  the.] 
Granting  or  allowing  it  to  be  the  fact  that; 
rtotmthstandingthat. — As  though,  as  if. — 
What  tlu)ugh,  elUptically  for  what  though 
the  fact  or  case  is  so. .".  Syn.  under  Wuilk, 
Althocgh. — adv.  However;  for  aU  that. 

Thought,  that,  pret.  and  pp.  of  think. 

Thought,  that,  n.  [A.  Sax.  thoht,  gethoht, 
from  thencan,  to  think,  pret.  thohte,  pp. 
gethoht;  Icel.  thdtii,  G.  gedacht.  Thixk.J 
The  act  or  power  of  thinking;  cogitation;- 
meditation;  that  which  is  thought;  an 
idea;  a  conception;  ajudgment;  a  fancy;  a 
concei  t;  deliberation  jreflection;  solicitude. 
— A  thought,  a  small  degree  or  quantity. 
[CoUoq.}— Second  thoughts,  matxirer  reflec- 
tion; after-consideration.  —  Thoughtful, 
that'fiU,  a.  Full  of  thought;  contempla- 
tive; meditative;  attentive;  careful;  mind- 
ful; full  of  anxiety;  solicitous.— Thought- 
fully, that'ful-li,  adv.  In  a  thoughtful 
manner.— Thbugntfulnesa,  that'ful-nes,  n. 
Serious  attention;  solicitude.— ^ought^ 
less,  thfvtles,  a.  Free  from  thought  or 
care;  heedless;  negligent;  light-minded.— 
Thoughtlessly,  that'les-li,  adv.  Without 
thought;  carelessly.  —  Thoughtlessness, 
tl-.at'les-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
Oioughtless ;  heedlessness;  inattention. — 
'.'  Qought-reading,  n.  A  so-called  psychical 
pov,-er  by  which  it  is  claimed  some  persons 
are  able  to  read  the  thoufihts  of  others,  or 
nt  least  tell  the  object  of  their  thoughts. — 
Thought-reader,  n.  One  who  possesses  or 
pretends  to  possess  the  power  of  thought- 
reading. 

Thousand,  thou'zand,  n.  f  A.  Sax.  thiisend 
==  Icel.  thUs-hund,  thils-hundrath,  Dan. 
tiisind,  D.  duizend,  Goth,  thiisundi,  G.  tau- 
8«nd.]  The  number  of  ten  hundred;  pro- 
verbially, a  great  number. — a.  Denoting 
the  number  of  ten  hunflred,or  proverbially, 
a  great  numbt-r  indefinitely. — Thousand- 
fold, thou'zand-fold,  a.  ^fultiplicd  by  a 
thousand.— Thousandth,  thou'zaudth.  a. 
Completing  the  number  a  thousand;  being 
one  of  a  thousand  equal  parts  of  any, 
thing.-— n.  The  thousandth  part  of  any- 
thing. 

Thowel,  Tho-wl,  thol,  n.    Thole. 

Thrall,  thral,  n.  [A.  Sax.  thrcel  =»  Icel. 
thrcU,  Sw.  irdl,  Dan.  tnxl,  a  serf,  a  slave.] 
A  slave;  a  bondman.— Thraldom,  thrftl'- 
dom,  n.    Slavery;  bondage. 

Thrap.t  thrap,  o.t.  [Altered  from  /hip.] 
JVaai.  to  trap. 


Thrash,  Thresh,  thrash,  thresh ,v.t.  [ A. Sax . 
threscan,  iherscan,  to  thrash  (com),  to  beat 
=Icel.  tlireskja,  Sw.  trvska,  Dan.  Uerske, 
D.  dorschen,  G.  dreschen,  Uoth.  thriskun; 
comp.  Lith.  trasketi,  to  rattle.]  To  beat  out 
or  separate  the  grain  or  seeds  from  by  a 
flail  or  thrashing-machine,  or  by  treading 
with  oxen;  to  beat  soundly  with  a  stick  or 
whip;  to  drub.— y.i.  To  drive  out  grain 
from  straw.— Thrasher,  Thresher,  thrash'- 
tr,  thresh'^r,  n.  One  who  thrashes  grain; 
a  species  of  shark  which  uses  its  tail  as  a 
wear)on.— Thrashing,  Threshing,  thrash'- 
ing,  thresh'ing,  n.  The  operation  by  which 
grain  is  thrashed ;  a  beating  or  drubbing. 
— Thrashing-floor,  ti.  A  floor  or  area  on 
which  grain  is  beaten  out. — Thrashing- 
machine,  Thrashing-mlU,  n.  A  machine 
for  separating  grain  from  the  straw,  and 
in  which  the  moving  power  is  that  of 
horses,  oxen,  wind,  water,  or  steam. 

Thrasonical,  thra-son'i-kal,  a.  [From 
Thraso,  a  boaster  in  old  comedy.]  Given 
to  bragging ;  boastful.  —  Thrasonically, 
thra-son'i-kal-li,  adv.    Boastingly. 

Thyave,  thrav,'n.  [Icel.  threfi,  a  thrave; 
Dan.  trave,  a  score  of  sheaves.]  Two  stooks 
or  shocks  of  a  grain  crop  of  twelve  sheaves 
each.     . 

Tbread,  thred,  n.  [A.  Sax.  thraed,  lit.  what 
is  twisted,  from  fhrdwan,  to  twist,  to 
throw;  similarly  Icel.  thrddr,  Dan.  traad, 
D.  draad,  G.  draht,  thread..  Thuow.]  A  fine 
cord,  especially  such  as  is  used  for  sewing; 
the  filaments  of  fibrous  substances,  such 
as  cotton,  flax,  silk,  or  wool,  spun  out 
into  a, slender  line;  anything  resembling 
this;  any  slender  filament;  continued 
course  or  tenor  (the  thread  ot  a  discourse); 
the  prominent  spiral  part  of  a  screw. — 
v.l.  To  pass  a  thread  through  the  eye  or 
aperture  of;  to  pass  or  go  through,  as 
through  a  narrow  way  or  any  intricate 
coxirse.- Threadbare,thred'b5r,a.  Having 
the  nap  worn  ofl"  so  as  to  show  the  separate 
threads;  hence,  trite;  hackneyed;  used  till 
it  has  lost  novelty  or  interest.— Kiread- 
hareness,  thred'bar-nes,  Ji.— Thread-cell, 
n.  Nematocvst.  —  Threadei:,  thred'6r,  n. 
One  who  threads. — Threadiness,  thred'i- 
nes,n.  The  state  of  being  thready  .—Thread- 
lace,  n.  Lace  made  of  linen  thread.  — 
Thread-paper,  n.  A  thin  strip  of  paper 
for  wrapping  up  a  skein  of  thread.  — 
Thready,  thred'i,  a.  Like  thread;  fila- 
mentous; containing  thread. 

Threat,  thret,  n.  [A.  Sax.  threat,  threat, 
punishment;  from  stem  of  A.  Sax.  thredtan, 
to  tire,  harass;  Goth,  thriutan,  G.  {ver)dries- 
gen,  to  annoy;  allied  to  L.  irudo,  to  thrust 
(in  intrude).']  A  menace;  a  declaration  of 
an  intention  to  inflict  punishment,  loss,  or 
pain  on  another.— I'.i.  and  i.  To  threaten. 
[Shah.Ti  —  Threaten,  thret'n,  v.t.  To  use 
threats  towards;  to  declare  an  intention 
of  injuring;  to  menace;  to  menace  by 
action;  to  act  as  if  intending  to  injure;  to 
exhibit  the  appearance  of  bringing  some- 
thing evil  or  unpleasant  on  (the  clouds 
threaten  us  with  rain);  to  show  to  be  im- 
pending (the  sky  threatens  a  storm).— y.t. 
To  use  threats  or  menaces. — Threatener, 
thret 'n-6r,  n.  One  that  threatens.  — 
Threatening,  thret'n-ing,  a.  Indicating  a 
threat  or  menace;  indicating  something 
impending.  — Threateningly,  thret'n-ing- 
li,  adv.    In  a  threatening  manner. 

Threave,  threv,  n.    Same  as  Thrave. 

Three,  thre,  a.  [A.  Sax.  tkrl,  ttrec5=Gotb. 
threis,  Icel.  ihrir,  Dan.  tre,  D.  drie,  G.  drei; 
cog.  W.  It.  and  Gael,  tri,  Lith.  trys,  L.  tres, 
Gr.  treis,  Skr.  tri.]  Two  and  one.— Three- 
times-three,  three  cheers  thrice  repeated. 
n.  The  number  which  consists  of  two  and 
one;  a  symbol  representing  this.— iJit?«  of 
three,  the  arithmetical  rule  otherwise 
called  Proportion.  —  Three  -  cornered,  a. 
Having  three  comers  or  angles;  triangu- 
lar. —  Q?hree-decker,  n.  A  vessel  of  war 
carrying  guns  on  three  decks. — Threefold, 
thre'fold,  a.  Consisting  of  three  in  one; 
triple.  —  adv.  In  a  threefold  manner ; 
trebly.— Three-foot,  a.  Measuring  three 
feet;  as,  a  three-foot  rule.— Three-pence,  n. 
A  small  silver  coin  of  three  times  the 
value  of  a  penny.— Three-penny,  a.  Worth 
three  i)ence  only;  hence,  of  little  v/orth. — 
Three-pile,  n.    Aa  old  name  for  the  finest 


and  most  costly  kind  of  velvet.  —  Three- 
ply,  a.  Threefold;  consisting  of  three 
strands,  as  cord,  yarn,  &c. —  Three-score, 

thre'skor,  a.    Thrice  twenty;  sixty. 

Threne,  threu,  n.  [L.  threnus,  from  Gr. 
thrC.ios,  lamentr.tion.]  A  complaint  cr 
lamentation.  —  Threnetic,  Tkrenetical, 
thro-net'ik,  thre-net'i-kal,  a.  Sorrowful ; 
mcumful. —  Threnodlal,  thrC-no'di-al,  <;. 
Pertaining  to  a  threnody;  elegiac— Thre- 
nodist,  tbr6'uo-dist,  n.  A  writer  of  threno- 
dies.—Threnody,  thre'no-di,  n.  [Gr.  thre- 
nOdia — tlirCnos,  and  Ode,  ode.]  A  song  of 
lamentation;  a  dirge. 

Thresh,  v.t.  and  i.    Thrash. 

Threshold,  thresh'old,  n.  [A.  Sax.  thersc- 
wald,  therseold,  therxold,  from  therscan,  to 
thrash  or  thresh,  and  apparently  wald, 
a  wood,  timber,  because  this  bar  was 
thrashed  or  trod  upon  by  the  feet.]  A 
door-sill;  the  stone  or  piece  of  timber 
which  lies  under  a  door;  hence,  entrance; 
beginning;  outset  (the  threshold  of  an  ar- 
gument). 

Threw,  thrO;  pret.  of  throw. 

Thrice,  thris,  adv.  [O.E.  thries,  thryes,  from 
thrie,  three,  with  genit.  term.,  like  oru:e, 
twice.']  Three  times;  also  often  used  for 
emphasis  or  intensity  {thrice  blessed,  cfcc). 

Thrid,  ttirid,  v.t.—thridded,  thridding.  [A 
form  or  tfiread.  ]  To  pass  through , as  through 
an  intricate  way  or  narrow  passage;  to 
thread. 

Thrift, thrift,n.  IPiomlcel.thrift.  Thrive.] 
A  thriving  state  or  condition  {Shak.)i; 
economical  management  in  regard  to 
property;  econon>y;  frugality;  a  plant 
which  grows  on  the  coasts  of  Britain,  and 
is  often  planted  in  gtardens  as  a  border- 
plant;  sea-pink.— Thriftily,  thrif'ti-li,  adv. 
In  a  thrifty  manner;  frugally.— Thrifti- 
ness,  thrif'ti-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
thrifty;  economy;  frugality.  —  Thriftless, 
thriftles,  a.  Ha^-ing  no  thrift;  profuse; 
extravagant.  —  Thriftlessly,  thrift'les-li, 
adv.  Extravagantly.  —  Thriftlessness, 
thrift'les-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
thriftless.— Thrifty,  thrif 'ti,  a.  Having 
thrift;  careful  in  .husbanding  resources; 
frugal;  economical. 

Thrill,  thril,  v.t  [A.  Sax.  thyrlian,  thyr- 
elian  (from  thirl,  thyrel,  a  hole ^(riZ  of 
nosiri^),  to  pierce  =  D.  drillen,  to  bore,  to 
drill  troops  (whence  E.  to  drillj;  same  root 
as  through.]  To  pierce  in  a  figurative 
sense;  to  affect  with  a  pricking  or  tingUng 
sensation  through  the  whole  body.—  v.i. 
To  pass  through  the  system  so  as  to  cause 
a  slight  shiver  or  quiver;  to  feel  a  shiver- 
ing sensation  running  through  the  body; 
to  shiver;  to  quiver  or  move  with  a  trem- 
ulous movement.— n.  A  warbling;  a  trill; 
a  thrilling  sensation. 

Thrive,  thriv,  y.i.— pret.  thtove;  pp.  thriven 
(thriv'n);  ppr.  tiiriving.  [From  Icel.  thri- 
faak,  to  thrive  (a  reflexive  verb,  sk  meaning 
self,  as  in  bask),  whence  also  thrift,  thrift; 
Dan.  trives,  to  thrive.]  To  prosper  or 
succeed;  to  be  fortunate;  to  increase  in 
goods  and  estate;  to  keep  increasing  one'a 
acquisitions;  to  be  marked  by  prosperity 
(a  thriving  business);  to  go  on  or  turn  out 
well;  to  have  a  good  issue;  to  grow  vigor- 
ously or  luxuriantly;  to  flourish.— Thriv er, 
thii'ver,  n.  One  who  thrives.— Thriving, 
thii'ving,  a.  Being  prosperous;  advancing 
in  wealth;  flourishing.— Thrivingly,  thri'- 
ving-li,  adv.  In  a  thriving  or  prosperous 
way. — Thrivingness,  thri'ving-nes,  n. 

Thro',  thro,  a.    Contraction  of  Through. 

Throat,  thrSt,  n.  [A.  Sax.  throte;  akin  G. 
drossel,  the  throat,  the  throttle;  comp.  D. 
gtrot,  throat;  hence  throttle.]  The  anterior 
part  of  the  neck  of  an  animal,  in  which 
are  the  gullet  and  windpipe;  the  fauces; 
the  pharynx;  an  opening  or  entrance 
somewhat  resembling  the  throat  (the 
throat  of  a  valley);  bot.  the  mouth  of  a 
monopetalous  corolla;  arch,  the  part  of  a 
chimney  between  the  gathering- and  the 
flue;  fort,  same  as  Gorge.— To  lie  in  ones 
throat,  to  lie  outrageously.  —  Throa^, 
thro'ti,  a.  Guttural;  uttered  back  m  the 
throat. 

Throb,  throb,  v.i.  —  throbbed,  thraboing. 
[O.E.  fhrohbe;  origin  doubtful.]  To  beat, 
as  the  heart  or  pulse,  with  more  than 
usual  force  or  rapidity;  to  palpitate;  to 


Fftteil^ifatjlaUi^mejiaet,  h$r;     pine,  pin;     nOt«,  not,  mOre;  .^tQbe,  tab,  b\ill ;     oil,  ponnd;     ti,  Sq.  aljupc- the  I'T- '' 


THROE 


705 


THUNDER 


quiver  or  vibrate. — Throbbing  pain,  a  paia 
augmented  by  the  pulsation  of  the  arteries. 
— n.  A  beat  or  strong  pulsation;  palpita- 
tion.—Throtless,  throb'les,  a.  Not  beating 
or  throbbing. 

Throe,  thro,  n.  [A.  Sax.  thred,  affliction, 
from  thre&wan,  to  afflict:  akin  Icel.  thrd, 
a  throe,  a  hard  struggle.]  Extreme  pain; 
a^ony;  the  anguish  of  travail  in  child- 
birth; a  cleaviDg  tool;  a  frow. 

Thrombus,  throm'bus,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
thrombos,  a  clot.]  A  fibrinous  clot  of  blood 
which  forms  in  and  obstructs  a  blood- 
vessel.—Thrombosis,  throm'bo-sis.n.  [Gr.l 
Pathol,  the  obstruction  of  a  blood-vessel 
by  a  thrombus. 

Throne,  thron,  n,  [O.Fr.  throne,  L.  thronus, 
from  Gr.  thronos,  a  seat,  chair.]  An  ele- 
vated and  ornamental  chair  of  state  used 
by  a  king,  emperor,  pope,  bishop,  &c.; 
the  official  chair  of  a  presiding  oflicial  of 
certain  societies;  sovereign  power  and 
dignity;  also,  the  wielder  of  that  power: 
usually  with  the.—v.L— throned,  throning. 
To  place  on  a  royal  seat;  to  enthrone;  to 
exalt.— Throneless,  thron'les,  a.  Without 
a  throne;  deposed. 

Throng,  throng,  n.  [A.  Sax.  thrang,  throng, 
a  crowd,  from  thringan,  to  crowd;  Icel. 
throng,. (x.  drang,  a  crowd,  distress;  D.dnd, 
G.  dringen,  to  crowd;  same  root  as  L. 
torqveo,  to  twist  (whence  torsion,  torture, 
<fec.).]  A  multitude  of  persons  pressed  into 
a  close  body;  a  crowd;  a  great  number;  a 
number  of  things  crowded  or  close  to- 
gether (a  throng  of  words). — v.i.  To  crowd 
together;  to  come  in  multitudes.— 1>.<.  To 
crowd  or  press;  to  annoy  with  a  crowd  of 
living  beings;  to  fill  with  a  crowd. 

Thropple,  tnrop'l,  n.  [Corrupted  from 
throtUe.]    The  windpipe;  the  throttle.  . 

Throstle,  thros'l,  n.  [A  dim.  corresponding 
to  thrush;  A.  Sax.  throstle,  G.  and  Dan. 
drossel,  a  thrush.  Thrush.]  The  song- 
thrush  or  mavis;  a  machine  for  spinning 
wool,  cotton,  &c.  ,f  rom  the  rove. — Throstle- 
cock,  n.    The  male  thrush. 

Throttle,  throt'l,  n.  IFrom  throat.^  The 
windpipe  or  trachea;  the  throat  (colloq.). 
—  v.t.  —  throttled,  throttling.  To  choke ; 
to  stop  the  breath  of  by  compressing  the 
throat;  to  strangle;  to  pronounce  with  a 
choking  voice  (StoAr.).— Throttler,  throt'- 
Ifer,  n.  One  who  throttles.  —  Tarottle- 
Talve,  n.  Steam-engines,  a  valve  which 
regulates  the  supply  of  steam  to  the  cylin- 
der. 

Through,  thr»,  prep.  [O.E.  thurgh,  thurch, 
A.  Sax.  thurh,  L.G.  dorch,  G.  durch,  D. 
door,  Goth,  thairh;  cog.  W.  trw.  Armor. 
tro,  through;  L.  trans,  over,  across;  the 
root  is  Indo-European  tar,  Skr.  tri,  tar, 
to  penetrate,  seen  also  in  E.  thrill,  trite, 
I  &c.  Thorough  is  the  same  word.]  From 
end  to  end  or  from  side  to  side  of;  between 
the  sides  or  walls  of  (to  pass  through  a 
gate);  by  the  agency  of;  by  means  of;  on 
account  of;  over  the-whole"surface  or  ex- 
ten1,of;  throughout;  among  or  in  the  midst 
of,  in  the  way  of  passage;  among,  in  the 
way  of  experiencing;  from  beginning  to 
end  of. — adv.  From  one  end  or  side  to  the 
other;  from  beginning  to  end;  to  the  end; 
to  completion.^  To  carry  through,  to  com- 
plete; to  accomplish. — To  /all  through,  to 
come  to  an  unsuccessfvil  issue;  to  fail. — 
To  go  through  with  something,  to  prose- 
cute it  to  the  end. — a.  Going  with  little 
or  no  interruption  from  one  important 
place  or  centre  to  another  (a  through 
passenger, -a  through  journey). — Through- 
carriage,  n.  A  carriage  in  a  through- 
train.  —  Throughly,!  thrSli,  adv.  Com- 
pletely; thoroughly.  — Throughout,  thrO- 
out',  prep.  Quite  through  in  every  part 
of ;  from  one  extremity  to  the  other  of.  — 
adv.  Everywhere;  in  every  part. — Thi'ough- 
ticket,.}i.  A  ticket  for  the  whole  of  a  long 
journey.— Through-traffic,  n.  The  traffic 
itova  end  to  end  of  a  railway  or  other 
system  qf  conveyance,  or  over  more  than 
one  system:  opposed  to  local  traffic.  — 
Through-train,  n.  A  train  which  goes  the 
whole  len^h  of  a  railway,  or  a  long  route. 

Throve,  throv,  pret.  of  thrive. 

Throw,  thro,  v.t.  —  threw  (thrS),  thrown 
(thron).  [A.  Sax.  ihrdwan,to  twist  (as  to 
throw  silk),  to  throw;  akin  D.  draaijen,  \ 


6.  drehen,  to  tTdst;  to  turn;  same  root  as 
L.  torqueo,  to  twist,  to  throw  (whence 
torture).  Thread  is  a  derivative.]  To  fling 
or  cast  in  any  manner;  to  hui-1;  to  dash: 
often  refi.  {threw  himself  on  the  enemy); 
to  prostrate,  as  in  wrestling;  to  overturn; 
to  divest  one's  self  of;  to  shed;  to  give 
violent  utterance  or  expression  to;  to  send 
(to  throw  defiance);  to  put  on  or  o,ver  with 
haste  or  negligence;  to  wind  or  twist  two 
or  more  filaments  of,  as  of  silk,  so  as  to 
form  one  thread;  pottery,  to  form  or  shape 
roughly  on  a  wheel  or  throwing-engine. — 
To  thrmn  away,  to  cast  away^  to  part  with 
or  bestow  without  compensation;  to  sjsend 
recklessly;  to  squaudar;  to  waste;  to  reject; 
to  refuse.  —  To  throw  back,  to  cast  or  hurl 
back;  to  reject;  to  retort,— To  throw  by,  to 
cast  or  lay  aside  as  useless. —  To  throw 
dovm.  to  cast  on  the  ground;  to  overturn; 
to  subvert;  to  destroy. — To  throw  in,  to 
cast  or  fling  in  or  into;  to  put  in  or  deposit 
along  with  others;  to  interpolate;  to  give 
or  add  to  the  bargain.- To  throw  off,  to  cast 
off  or  aside;  to  discard;  to  reject;  to 
print  at  one  impression. — To  throw  one's 
self  on  or  wpon,  to  resign  one's  self  to  the 
favour,  benevolence,  protection,  Ac,  of. 
—  To  throw  open,  to  open  suddenly  or 
widely;  to  give  free  or  unrestricted  ad- 
mission to. — To- throw  out,  to  cast  out;  to 
eject;  to  reject  or  discard;"  to  expel;  to 
construct  so  as  to  project;  to  emit;  to  in- 
sinuate (to  throw  out  a  hint).  —  To  throw 
over,  to  discard;  to  abandon.  —  To  throw 
up,  to  erect  or  build  rapidly;  to  resign;  to 
abandon ;  to  eject  from  the  stomach ;  to 
vomit.— v.i.  To  perform  the  act  of  casting 
or  flinging;  to  cast  dice.  —  n.  The  act  of 
one  who  throws;  a  cast;  a  cast  of  dice; 
hence,  risk;  venture;  decision  of  fortune; 
geol.  and  mining,  a  dislocation  of  strata 

'up  or  down.— Thrower,  thro'fer.n.  Onewho 
throws;  a  person  who  twists  silk;  a  throw- 
ster.- Throwing-engine,  Throwing-wheel, 
n.  A  potter's  wheel. —Thrown-silk,n.  Silk 
consisting  of  two  or  more  singles  twisted 
together  Rke  a  rope.— Throw-off,  n.  A  start 
in  a  hunt  or  race.  —  Throwster,  thro'stftr, 
n.    One  who  throws  or  twists  silk. 

Thrum,  thrum,  n.  [Allied  to  D.  dreum, 
thrum;  Icel.  thromr,  margin,  edge;  same 
root  as  L.  terminus,  an  end.]  The  end  of 
a  weaver's  web;  the  fringe  of  threads  by 
which  it  is  fastened  to  the  loom,  and  Jrom 
which  the  cloth  when  woven  has  to  be  cut; 
coarse  yam.  —  Thmmmed-mat,  n.  A  mat 
or  piece  of  canvas  with  short  strands  of 
yam  stuck  through  it:  used  in  a  vessel's 
rigging  about  any  part,  to  prevent  chafing. 
— Thrummy,  thrum'i,  a.  Furnished  with 
or  resembling  thrums. 

T!hTnva,  thruia,v.i.—thrummed,thrumming. 
[Akin  to  drum;  comp.  strum.]  To  play 
coarsely  or  unskilfully  on  a  stringed  in- 
strument; to  make  a  drumming  noise. — 

■  v.t.  To  play  roughly  on  with  the  fingers; 
to  drum;  to  tap. 

Thrush,  thrush,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tftmc, athrush; 
akin  to  Icel.  throstr,  Sw.  trost,  Rus.  drozd; 
same  root  as  L.  turdus,  a  thrush.  Throstle 
is  a  dim.  form .)  A  passerine  bird  of  various 
species.includingthe  song-thrush  or  mavis, 
the  missel-thrush,  &c.,  celebrated  for  their 
powers  of  song. 

Thrush,  thrush,  n.  [From  Icel.  thurr,  dry, 
and=I)an.  troske,  Sw.  torsk,  the  thrush; 
akin  tliirst.]  Pathol,  a  disease  character- 
ized by  vesicles  of  a  pearl  colour,  affecting 
the  lips  and  mouth;  aphthae;  also  an  in- 
flammatory and  suppurating  disease  in 

J;he  feet  of  the  horse. 

Thrust,  thrust,  «.<.— pret..  and  pp.  thrust. 
lO.'E.  thriste,  threste,  from  Icel.  thr'ista,to 
thrust,  probably  same  root  as  L.  trudo,  to 
thrust.]  To  push  or  drive  with  force;  to 
impel :  usually  followed  bj  away,  from, 
in,  off,  &c.—To  thrust  on,  to  impel;  to  urge. 
—To  thrust  through,  to  pierce;  to  stab. — 
To  thrust  out,  to  expel;  to  push  out  or  pro- 
trude.—To  thrust  ojie's  self  in  or  into,  to 
obtrude;  to  intrude.- f  .i.  To  make  a  push; 
to  make  a  lunge  with  a  weapon.— n.  A 
violent  push  or  drive,  as  with  the  hand  or 
foot  or  with  a  pointed  weapon;  a  lunge;  a 
stab;  mech.  the  force  exerted  by  any  body 
against  another  body,  such  as  the  force 
exerted  by  rafters  or  beams  against  the 


walls  supporting  them.  —  Thrust  of  an 
arch,  the  force  by  which  it  tends  to  press 
outwards  the  abutments  from  which  it 
springs. — Tliruster,  thrus'tSr,  n.  One  who 
thrusts.- Thrust-hoe,  n.  A  hoe  which  is 
worked  by  pushing. 

Thud,  thud,  n.  [Imitative;  comp.  A.  Sax. 
thoden,  din.]  The  sound  produced  by  a 
blow  upon  a  comparatively  soft  substance; 
a  blow  causing  a  duU  sound. 

Thug,  thug,  n.  [Hind.]  A  member  of  a 
peculiar  association  of  robbers  and  assas- 
sins formerly  prevalent  in  India,  who 
strangled  their  victimL'  partly  from  re- 
ligious motives.  —  Thuggee,  thug-gS',  n. 
The  prof  ession  and  practices  of  the  Thugs. 
Also  Thuggism,  Thuggeeism,  thug'izm, 
thug'e-izm. 

Thule,  tha'le,  n.  The  name  given  by  the 
ancients  to  the  most  northern  country 
which  they  knew  of,  supposed  to  have 
been  Iceland,  Norway,  or  the  Shetland 
Islands;  often  spoken  of  by  the  Romans 
as  ultima  Thuie,  remotest  Thule:  hence, 
fig.,  a  farthest  point  or  limit.  —  Thulite, 
thil'  lit,  n.  A  rare  variety  of  the  mineral 
epidote  found  in  Norway. 

Thumb,  thum,  n.     [A.  Sax.   thuma,  the 

'  thumb=Dan.  tomme,  D.  duim,  G.  daumen, 
from  root  seen  in  L.  tumeo,  to  swell, 
whence  tumid.  Thimble  is  a  derivative.] 
The  short,  thick  finger  of  the  human 
hand,  or  the  corresponding  member  of 
other  ajiivaais.— Under  one's  thumb,  under 
one's  power  or  influence. — Rule  of  thumb. 
Rule.— y.t.  To  soil  or  wear  with  the  thumb 
or  the  fingers,'  or  by  frequent  handling. — 
Thumbed,  thumd,  a.  Having  thumbs; 
soiled-'or  worn  with  the  thumb  or  the  fin- 
gers.—Thumbkins,  thum'kinz,  n.  pli  An 
instrument  of  torture  for  compressing  the 
thumbs  by  means  of  screws.  Called  also 
Thnnb-screw.  —  Thumblecs,  thum'les,  a. 
Having  no  thumb ;  hence,  clumsy.  — 
Thumb-mark,  n.  A  mark  left  by  the 
thumb,  as  on  the  leaves  of.  a  book.— 
Thumb-ring,  n.  A  ring  formerly  worn  on 
the  thumb.  —  Thmnb-screw,  n.  A  screw 
to  be  turned  by  the  finger  and  thumb; 
the  thumbkins.— Thumb-stall,  n.  A  sheath 
of  leather  or  other  substance  to  be  worn 
on  the  thumb  by  sail-makers  and  others. 

Thununim,  thum'im,  n.  pi.  A  Hebrew 
word  denoting  perfections.  The  Urim  and 
Thummim  were  worn  in  the  breastplate 
of  the  high-priest,  but  what  they  were  is 
not  kno^vn. 

Thump,  thump,  n.  [Allied  to  Dan.  dump, 
a  plunge,  dump,  dull,  low;  D.  dompen,  to 
plunge;  perhaps  of  imitative  origin;  comp. 
bump,  plump.]  The  sound  made  by  the 
sudden  fall  of  a  heavy  body;  hence,  a  heavy 
blow  given  with  anything  that  is  thick. — 
v.t.  To  strike  or  beat  with  something 
thick  or  heavy. — v.i.  To  strike  or  fall  with 
a  heavy  blow.  —  Thumper,  thump'Sr,  n. 
One  who  thiimps:  a  person  or  thing  which 
is  huge  or  great  ( colloq. ).  — Thumping, 
thump'ing,  a.    Large ;  heavy.    [Colloq.] 

Thunder,  thun'der,  re.  [From  A.  Sax.  fhun- 
or,  thunder  (with  insertion  of  d,  as  in 
gender,  jaundice);  D.  donder,  G.  donner; 
cog.  L.  tonitru.  Per.  txmdur;  same  root  as 
Jj.- tonare,  to  sound,  E.  stun,  G.  gtdhnen,  to 
groan,  Gr.  stonos,  a  groaning.  Thor.T  The 
sound  which  follows  a  flash  of  lightning ; 
a  report  due  to  the  sudden  disturbance  of 
the  air  produced  by  a  violent  discharge  of 
atmospheric  electricity  or  -lightning;  any 
loud  noise  (Viunders  of  applause);  an  aw- 
ful or  startling  denunciation  or  threat  (the 
thunders  of  the  Vatican). —w.i.  To  make 
thunder:  often  impersonal  (it  thundered 
yesterday);  to  make  a  loud  npise,  particu- 
larly a  heavy  sound  of  some  continuance. 
—v.t.  To  emit  as  with  the  noise  of  thunder; 
to  utter  or  issue  by  way  of  threat  or  de- 
nunciation.— Thundferbolt,  thun'd6r-bolt, 
n.  A  destructive  flash  of  lightning,  for- 
merly supposed  to  be  accompanied  by  the 
fall  of  a  solid  body;  a  dreadful  threat,  de- 
nunciation, or  censure;  a  fulnvination. — 
Thunder-clap,  re.  A  clap  or  burst  of  thun- 
der: a  thunder-peal.  —  Thunder-cloud,  n. 
A  cloud  that  produces  lightning  and  thun- 
der, of  dark  and  dense  appearance. — Thun- 
derer, thun'd6r-6r,  re.  One  who  thunders; 
an  epithet  of  Jupiter.— Thuhder-hcad,  n. 


<;ii,  cftain;     eft,  Sc,  loch;     e,go;     j,/ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sireg-;     «|£,  {/ten;  th,  i/tin;     w,  wig 


wh,  whig; 

45 


%a,  asui'e. 


THURIBLE 


706 


TIE 


A  kind  of  cumulus  cloud.  —  Thundering, 
thun'dtr-ing,  a.  Producing  or  character- 
ized by  a  loud  rumbling  or  rattling  noise, 
as  that  of  thunder  or  artillery;  large  or 
extraordinary  ( colloq. ).  —  Thunderous, 
thun'd6r-ug,  a.  Producing  thunder;  mak- 
ing a  noise  like  thunder;  giving  a  loud 
and  deep  sound.  —  Thunder-peal,  n.  A 
peal  or  clap  of  thunder.-^Thimder-shower, 
n.  A  shower  thnt  accompanies  thunder. — 
Thunder-stone, n.  A  thunderbolt  (SAai.);  a 
variety  of  crystalline  iron  pyrites;  a  belem- 
nite;  a  flint  arrow-head.— Thxmder-storm, 
n.  A  storm  accompanied' with  thunder. — 
Thunderstruck,  thun'd6r-struk,'f).  and  a. 
Astonished;  amazed;  struck  dumb  by  some- 
thing surprising  or  terrible  suddenly  pre- 
sented.—Thundery,  Thundry,  thun'der-i, 
thun'dri,  a._  Accompanied  with  thunder. 

Thurible,  thu'ri-bl, n.  [L.  thuribulum,  from 
thus,  thuris,  frankincense.]  A  kind  of 
censer  in  the  shape  of  a  covered  vase,  per- 
forated to  allow  the  fumes  of  incense  to 
escape.— Thurifer,  tha'ri^6r,  n.  S-  Cath. 
Ch.  the  attendant  who  carries  the  thu- 
rible. —  Thuriferous,  tha-rif'*r-us,  a.  [L. 
thtta,  and  fero,  to  bear.]*  Producing  or 
bearing  frankincense.  —  Thurification, 
thn'ri-n-ka"8hon,  n.  [L.  thus,  and  /ado, 
to  make.]  The  act  of  bvtming  incense. — 
Thurify,  thu'ri-fi,  v.t.  To  perfume  with 
incense;  to  cense.  • 

Thursday,  therz'da,  n.  [That  is,  Thor's 
day,  the  day  consecrated  to  Thor,  the  old 
Scandinavian  god  of  thunder.]  The  fifth 
day  of  the  week. 

Thus,  mus,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  thtis,  akin  to  thes, 
theos,  this,  this.  This.]  In  this  way,  man- 
ner, or  state;  accordingly;  things  being  so; 
to  this  degree  or  extent;  so  (th%is  wise).— 
Thus  far,  thus  much,  to  this  point;  to  this 
degree. 

Tiius,  thus, n.  \_li.thus,ttia.'\  Frankincense; 
also  the  resin  of  the  spruce-fir. 

Thwack,  thwak.ii.i.  [Modified  from  A.  Sax. 
thaccian,  to  stroke  gently;  Icel.  thjokka, 
to  thwack.  Whack  js  another  form.]  To 
strike,  bang,  beat,  or  thrash. — n.  A  heavy 
blow  with  something  flat  or  heavy;  a  bang. 

Thwart,  thwgi-t,  a.  .  [Prom  Icel.  thvert, 
transverse;  Sw.  tv&H,  Dan.  tvert,  across; 
tvdr,  tver,  cross;  akin  A.  Sax,  thteeorh, 
across,  perverse.]  Transverse;  being  across 
somethmg  else.  —  v.t.  To  place  or  pass 
overj ;  to  cross,  as  a  purpose;  to  frustrate 
cr  defeat  (a  design,  a  person).— n.  Opposi- 
tiontf  the  seat  of  a  boat  placed  athwart 
it.  —  Thwarter,  thw^r'tSr,  n.  One  who 
thwarts.— Thwartly,  thwartli,  adv.  With 
opposition;  crossly;  perversely.- Thwart- 
nesa,  thwart'nes,  n.— Thwartsnip,  thwart'- 
ship,  a.  iVaMi!.  lying  across  the  vessel.— 
Thwartships,  thw&rt' ships,  adv.  Naut. 
across  the  ship. 

Thy,  vm,  pron.  [Thine.]  Belonging  or 
pertaining  to  thee:  possessive  pronoun  of 
the  second  person  singular. 

Thyine,  thi'in,  n.  [6r.  thyinos,  pertaining 
to  the  tree  thyia,  thya,  a  tree  with  sweeS 
smelling  wood.]  An  epithet  for^  precious 
T.-ood,  mentioned  Rev.  jcviii.  12,  supposed 
tj  be  that  of  the  white  cedar  or  of  the 
sAiidarach-tree. 

Thylacine,  thi'la^sin,  n.  [Gr.  fhyldkos,  a 
pouch.]    The  Tasmanian  wolf. 

Thylacoleo,  thi-la-ko'l6-o,  n.  [dr.thylakos, 
a  ixjuch,  and  leOn  (L.  leo),  a  lion.]  A  re- 
markable extinct  carnivorous  marsupial, 
equalling  a  lion  in  size. 

Thyme,  tim,  n.  [L.  thymum,  from  Gr. 
tliynwn,  thyme,  from  fhyO,  to  smell.]  A 
genus  of  small  undershrubs,  of  which  the 
common  or  garden  thvme  is  a  favourite 
on  account  of  its  aromatic  odour.— Thymy, 
tx'mi,  o.    Abounding  with  thyme;  fra- 

Riymus,  thi'mus,  n.  [From  Gr.  thymos, 
tliyme,  being  compared  to  the  flower  of 
this  plant  by  Galen.]  Anat.  a  glandular 
body  situated  behind  the  sternum  or 
breast -bone  in  children,  often  entirely 
disappearing  in  adults. 

Thyroid,  Thyreoid,  thi'roid,  thi'r6-oid,  o. 
[Gr.  ffiyreos,  a  shield,  eidos,  form.]  Re- 
sembling a  shield ;  applied  to  one  of  the 
cartilages  of  the  larynx,  to  a  gland  sita- 
r'^ed  near  that  cartilage,  and  to  the  ar- 
l..ries  and  veins  of  the  gland. 


Thynras,  thir'sus,  n.  [L.  thyrsug,  from  Gr. 
thyrsos,  a  thyrsus.]  An  attribute  or  em- 
blem of  Bacchus  and  his  followers,  con- 
sisting of  a  spear  or  staff  wrapped  round 
wit";  ivy  and  vine  branches,  and  often 
wil  a  pine  cone  at  the  point ;  hot.  a  form 
of  i .' dorescence  resembUng  a  panicle  but 
denser  and  closer.  —  Thjrrsiform,  thfer'si- 
form,  o.  Bot.  resembling  a  thyrsus.  — 
Thyrsoid,  Thyrsoidal,  thtr'soid,  ther'soi- 
dal,  a.  Bot.  having  somewhat  the  form 
of  a  thyrsus. 

Thyself,  THi-self ,  pron.  A  pronoun  used 
after  thou,  to  express  distinction  with 
emphasis ;  or  used  without  thou,  its  usage 
being  similar  to  that  of  myself,  &c. 

Ti,  te,  n.  A  liliaceous  plant  of  the  Pacific 
islands,  &c.,  with  a  highly  nutritious 
root. 

Tiara,  ti-a'ra,  n.  [L.  and  Gr..  tiara,  from 
the  Persian.]  An  ornament  or  article  of 
dress  with  which  the  ancient  Persians 
covered  their  heads;  a  kind  of  turban;  the 
pope's  triple  crown;  hence,  the  tiara,  the 
papal  dignity.  —  Tiaraed,  ti-a'rad,  a. 
Adorned  with  a  tiara. 

Tibia,  tib'i-4,  n.  [L.,  a  musical  pipe,  the 
large  bone  of  the  leg.]  A  kind  of  pipe, 
the  commonest  musical  instrument  of  the 
Greeks  and  Romans;  anat.  the  large  bone 
of  the  lower  leg;  the  shin-bone;  entom.  the 
fourth  joint  of  the  leg.— Tibial,  tib'i-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  tibia. 

Tic,  tik,  n.  [Ft.  tic^  spasm.]  A  convulsive 
twitching  of  certain  muscles  of  the  face ; 
also  tic-douloureux  or  facial  neuralgia. — 
Tic-douloureux,  tik-do'lo-ru,  n.  [Pr.  dou- 
loureux, painful.]  A  painful  afiection  of 
^  nerve,  coming  on  m  sudden  attacks, 
usually  in  the  head  or  face. 

Tick,  tik,  n.  [  Contr.  of  .ticket.  ]  Credit ; 
trust.- I'o  buy  upon  tick— to  buy  on  a  ticket 
or  note,  or  on  credit. 

Tick,  tik,  n.  [L.G.  teke,  J>.  teek;  G.  secke,  a 
tick.}  The  name  common  to  certain  small 
parasitical  arachnidans  or  mites  which 

'infest  sheep,  oxen,  dogs,  goats,  &c. 

Tick,  tik,  n.  [Same  as  D.  tijk,  G.  eiecJie,  a 
cover,  a  tick,  from  L.  theca,  Gi\  theke,  a 
case,  a  cover.]  The  cover  or  case  which 
contains  the  feathers,  wool,  or  other  ma- 
terials of  a  bed;  ticking.— Ticking,  tik'ing, 
n.  A  strong  striped  linen  or  cotton  fabric 
used  for  the  ticks  of  beds,  matresses,  &c. 

Tick,  tik,  v.i.  [From  the  sound ;  comp.  D. 
tikken,  to  touch  slightly  and  quickly,  as 
■with  a  pen,  to  dot.  ]  To  make  a  small 
noise  by  oeating  or  otherwise,  as  a  watch; 
to  give  out  a  succession  of  small  sharp 
noises.— TO.  A  small  distinct  noise,  as  that 
of  a  watch  or  clock ;  a  small  dot.— v.t.  To 
mark  with  a  tick  or  dot;  to  check  by  •writ- 
ing down  a  small  mark :  generally  with 

Ticket,  tik'et,  n.  [Fr.  iHquette,  O.Fr.  etiquet, 
a  bill,  note,  ticket,  label,  &c.,  from  G.  stec- 
ken,to  stick,  a  ticket  being  something  stuck 
on.  iSiicK,  Etiquette.]  A  label  stuck  on 
the*utside  of  anytSog  to  give  notice  of 
something  oonceminb'  it;  a  small  piece  of 
paper,  cardboard,  or  tbe  like,  with  some- 
thing written  or  printed  on  it,  and  serving 
as  a  notice,  acknowledgment,  &c.;  a  certi- 
ficate or  token  of  a  share  in  a  lottery  or  the 
like;  a  card  or  slip  of  paper  given  as  a  certi- 
ficate of  right  of  entry  to  a  place  of  public 
amusement,  or  to  travel  in  a  railway  or  by 
other  public  conveyance.— JVie  ticket,  the 
right  or  correct  thing.  [Slang.]— Ticfteto/ 
leave,  a  license  given  to  a  convict  before  the 
expiry  of  his  sentence  to  be,  under  certain 
restrictions,  at  large  and  labour  for  him- 
self.— v.t.  To  distinguish  by  a  ticket ;  to 
put  a  ticket  on. — Ticketed,  tik'et-ed,  p. 
and  a.  Marked  with  a  ticket.  —  Ticket- 
porter,  n.  A  licensed  porter  who  wears 
a  badge  or  ticket.— Ticket-writer,  n.  One 
who  'writes  or  paints  show-cards  for  shop- 
windows,  (fee. 

Ticking.    Under  Tick  (a  cover). 

Tickle,  tiki,  v.t.— tickled,  tickling.  [A  freq. 
of  tick,  to  touch  lightly;  or  by  metathesis 
from  A.  Sax.  citelian^^tic.  kittle,  D.  kitielen, 
G.  kitzeln,  to  tickle.]  To  touch  lightly 
and  cause  a  peculiar  thrilling  sensation, 
which  commonly  causes  laughter;  to  titil- 
late ;  to  please  by  slight  gratification :  to 
stir  up  to  pleasure ;  to  flatter ;  to  cajole ; 


to  puzzle.  —  Tickler,  tik'ler,  n.  One  who 
tickles  or  pleases;  something  that  puzzles 
or  perplexes  (colloq.). — Tickling,  tik'ling, 
n.  A  sensation  similar  to  that  produced 
by  being  tickled.  —  Ticklish,  tik'Ush,  a. 
.  Easily  tickled ;  in  an  unsteady  or  critical 
state;  difficult;  nice;  critical.— Ticklishly, 
tik'lish-li,  adv.  In  a  ticklish  manner.— 
Ticklishness,  tik'lish-nes,  n. 
Tidbit,  tid'bit,  n.  A  titbit. 
Tide,  tid,  n.  [A.  Sax  <id,.time,  season, 
hour=Icel.  tUh,  Sw.  and  Dan.  tid,  D.  Hid, 
G.  zeit,  time;  same  root  as  rtme.  The  tides 
are  times  of  rising  and  falling  of  the  sea. 
Hence  tidy,  tidings,  betide.]  Time;  season; 
the  alternate  rising  and  falling  of  the 
watei-s  of  the  ocean,  and  of  bays,  rivers, 
&e.,  connected  therewith,  depending  on 
the  relative  position  of  the  moon,  and  in 
a  less  degree  of  the  sun ;  the  •whole  inter- 
val between  high  and  low  water ;  a  state 
of  being  at  the  height  or  acme  {Shak.); 
stream;  flow;  current  (a  tide.ot  blood); 
couieeor  tendency  of  influences  or  circum- 
stances; current.  See  also  Neap,  Spring, 
Ebb,  Flood.— Tidal,.ti'dal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  tides;  showing  tides. — Tidal  harbour,  a 
harbour  in  which  the  tide  ebbs  and  fiows, 
not  having  a  dock  with  flood-gates. — Tidal 
river,  a  river  up  which  the  tide  flows  to  a 
certain  point  in  its  course.— Tidal  train,  a 
railway  train  which  runs  in  connection 
■with  a  steamer,  and  whose  running  is 
therefore  regulated  by  the  state  of  the 
tide.  —  Tidal-wave,  tide-wave.— «.<.  or  i. — 
tided,  tiding.  To  drive  with  the  tide  nr 
stream.  —  To  tide  over,  to  surmount  by 
favourable  incidents,  by  prudence,  and 
management,  or  by  aid  from  another. — 
Tide-gate,  n.  A  gate  through  which  water 
passes  when  the  tide  flows,  and  which  is 
shut  to  retain  it.— Tide-gauge,  n.  A  gauge 
for  ascertaining  the  rise  and  fall  of  the 
tide,  thus  indicating  the  depth  of  water 
at  every  instant  during  the  day. — Tide- 
lock,  «..  A  lock  situated  between  the  tide- 
water of  a  harbour  and  an  inclosed  basin, 
having  double  gates  by  which  vessels  can 
pass  at  all  times  of  the  tide. — Tide-table, 
n.  A  table  sho-wing  the  time  of  high- 
water  at  any  place,  or  at  different  places, 
tHroughout  the  year.— Tide-waiter,  n.  A 
custom-house  oflicer  who  watches  the  land- 
ing of  goods  to  secure  the  payment  of 
duties.— Tide-wave,  n.  The  great  broad 
flat  wave  which  follows  the  apparent  mo- 
tion of  the  moon,  to  whose  attraction, 
combined  with  that  of  the  sun,  it  is  due. 
Tidings,  ti'dingz,  n.  pi.  [Lit.  events  that 
happen  or  betide;  Icel.  tUhindi  (pi.),  tid- 
ings, news;  Dan.  tidende,  D.  tijding,  G. 
zeitung.  Tins.]  News;  information;  in- 
telligence; account  of  what  has  taken  place 
and  was  not  before  known. 
Tidy,  ti'di,  a.  [From  tide,  time,  season; 
like  D.  tijdig,  Dan.  and  Sw.  ttdig,  G.  zeitig, 
timely,  seasonable.  Tjde.]  SeasonableJ; 
arranged  in  good  order  or  •with  neatness ; 
dressed  or  kept  with  neatness;  neat;  trim; 
practising  neatness;  moderately  large  or 
great  (colloq.).  — v.t.  —  tidied,  tidying.  To 
make  neat  or  tidy ;  to  put  in  good  order. 
— n.  A  ijiece  of  knitted  or  crochet  work 
for  hanging  over  the  back  of  a  chair,  the 
arins  of  a  sofa,  or  the  like.— Tidily,  ti'di-li, 
adv.  In  a  tidy  manner.— Tidiness,  ti'di- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  tidy. 
Tie,  ti,  v.t— tied,  tying.  [A.Sax.  t^ge,  a  rope, 
from  tedn,  to  pull;  aidniug,  towi]  To  fasten 
■with  a  band  or  cord  and  knot;  to  bind;  to 
fasten ;  to  knit ;  to  unite  so  as  not  to  be 
easily  parted ;  to  limit  or  bind  by  author- 
ity or  moral  influence;  to  restrain;  to  con- 
fine ;  to  oblige.— To  tie  dotmi,  to  fasten  so 
as  to  prevent  from  rising;  to  restrain,  re- 
strict, or  confine ;  to  impede  stipulations 
on. — To  tie  up,  to  fasten  up ;  to  Confine  or 
restrain;  to  annex  such  conditions  to  that 
it  cannot  be  sold  or  alienated.— n.  Some-, 
thing  used  to  fasten  or  bind;  a  fastening; 
an  ornamental  knot ;  a  neck-tie ;  a  bond; 
an  obligation,  moral  or  legal  (the  ties  of 
blood  or  of  friendship);  building,  a  beam 
or  rod  which  secures  parts  together  and 
is  subjected  to  a  tensile  strain;  mus.  a 
curved  line  written  over  or  under  notes  of 
the  SHTTio  Ditch  to  indicate  tliat  the  sound 
is  to  be  udbrokenly  continued  to  the  time 


Fate,  far.  fat,  fftU;     me.met.hCr,     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tube,  t\ib,  bfiU ;     oil,  pound;     a,  Sc.  abtme— tbe  Fr. :«. 


TIER 


707 


TIME 


value  of  the  combined  notes;  a  state  of 
equality,  among  competing  or  opposed 
parties,  as  in  certain  games,  competitions 
among  marksmen,  &c.;  a  contest  m  which 
two  or  more  competitors  are  equally  suc- 
cessful.—TV)  play  or  shoot  off  »  Ue,  to  go 
through  a  second  contest  (the  first  being 
indecisive)  to  decide  who  is  to  be  the  win- 
ner.— Tie-beam,  n.  The  beam  which  con- 
nects the  bottom  of  a  pair  of  principal 
rafters  in  a  roof  .—Tier,  ti'er,  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  ties.— Tie-rod,  n.  A  wrought- 
Iron  bar  or  rod  for  bracing  together  the 
frames  of  steam-engines,  roofs,  &c.— Tie- 
wl^.  n.  A  wig  having  a  queue  tied  with 
a  nbbon. 

Tier,  ta:,  n.  [Fr.  tire,  from  tirer,  to  di-aw, 
from  German  word  =  E.  to  tear.\  A  row; 
a  rank,  particularly  when  two  or  more 
rows  are  placed  one  above  another. 

Tierce,  tSrs,  n.  [Fr.,  a  third,  third  part, 
from  L.  tertius,  third,  from  tre8,  three.] 
Formerly  a  liquid  meas-ire  equal  to  one- 
third  of  a  pipe,  or  42  wine  gallons,  equal 
to  35  imperial  gallons;  a  cask  for  sailt  pro- 
visions, &c.;  »iM«.  a  major  or  minor  third: 
fencing,  a  position  in  which  the  wrist  and 
nails  are  turned  downwards,  the  weapon 
of  the  opponent  being  on  the  rig'ut  of  the 

Tiercel,'  Tiercelet,  tSrJIcl,  terslet,  n.  [Fr. 
tiercelet,  tiercelet,  a  dim.  from  tierce,  L. 
tertii}^,  third— because  said  to  be  a  third 
less  than  the  female.  Tikrce.]  A  male 
hawk  or  falcon. 

Tiff,  tif,  n.  [Originally  a  snlfif:  comp.  N. 
tcev,  tceft,  scont.J  A  small  draught  of 
liquor;  a  pet  or  fit  of  peeyishnesg;  a  slight 
altercation  or  quarrw.— w.i.  To  be  in  a  pet. 
—v.t.  To  sip;  to  drink, 

TifiEany,  tif'a-ni, n.  [O.Fr.  tifer,to adorn.] 
A  species  of  gauze  or  very  tnin  silk. 

Tiffin,  tif'in,  n.  [From  Prov.  H.  tigitia,  eat- 
ing or  drinking  out  of  due  season.  Tiff.J 
In  India  a  lunch  or  slight  repast  between 
breakfast  and  dinner. 

Tiger,  ti'g6r,  n.  [Fr.  Ugre,  froni  L.  and  Gr. 
iifirm,  a  tiger,  from  O.Per.iijrrd,  an  arrow.] 
A  large  and  dreaded  carnivorous  mammal 
of  the  cat  family  found  in  Southern  Asia, 
about  the  size  of  the  lion,  but  more  cat-like 
and  having  a  striped  skin;  a  boy  in  livery 
whose  special  duty  it  is  to  attend  his 
master  while  driving  out.— Tiger-beetle, 
n.  A  name  given  to  certain  beetles  that 
feed  upon  other  insects.— Tiger-cat,  n.  A 
name  for  various  animals  of  the  cat  family 
of  medium  size.— Tigerine,  ligrine,  Tiger- 
ish, Tigrish,  ti'ger-in,  ti'grin;  ti'gfir-ish, 
ti'grish,  «.  Resembling,  pertaining  to,  or 
characteristic  of  a  tiger.— Tigress,  ti'gres, 
n.  The  female  of  the  tiger.— Tiger-lily,  n. 
A  plant  common  in  English  gardens,  hav- 
ing scarlet  flowers  turned  downward,  with 
the  perianth  roflexed.— Tiger-moth,  n.  A 
name  of  various  moths  having  wings  richly 
streaked. 

Tight,  tit,  a.  [O.E.  fhite,  thiht,  thi/kt==lcel. 
thittr,  tight,  Dan.  te^-tight,  close,  D.  diyt, 
G.  dicht,  thick,  soUd,  dense;  perhaps  allied 
to  thick.']  Having  the  parts  or  joints  so 
close  as  to  prevent  the  passage  of  fluids; 
impervious  to  air,  gas,  water,  &c.;  com- 
pactly or  firmly  built  or  made;  sound  and 
strong;  as  applied  to  persons,  well-kniib, 
sinewy,  strong;  firmly  packed  or  inserted; 
not  loose;  fitting  too  close  to  the  body; 
tensely  stretched  or  strained;  taut;  not 
slack  (a  tight  rope);  not  easy  to  be  obtained; 
not  to  be  had  on  ordinary  terms:  said  of 
money  when  capitalists  are  disinclined  to 
speculate  (commercial  slang!. — Tighten, 
ti'tn,  v.t.  To-  make  tight;  to  araw  tighter. 
—Tightener,  Tightnor,  ti'tn-6r,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  tightens.  —  Tightly, 
titli,  adv.  In  a  tight  manner;  closely; 
compactly.  —  Tightness,  tit'nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  tight;  closeness 
of  parts;  imperviousness ;  compactness; 
tenseness.  —  Tight  -  rope,  n.  A  tightly 
stretched  rope  on  which  an  acrobat  per- 
forms feats.- Tights,  tits,  n.  pi.  Tight- 
fitting  breeches;  a  covering  worn  on  the 
legs  by  acrobats,  actors,  dancers,  and  the 
like.      _^ 

T<  Tress,  Tigrine,  &o.    Under  Tiasn. 

Ti!ie,  tik,  ;z.  [Icel.  til',  Sw.  tik,  a  bitch,  a 
cur.j    A  dog;  a  cur;  a  boor;  a  clown. 


Tilbury,  til'be-ri,  n.  [From  the  name  of 
the  inventor,  a  London  coach-builder  in 
the  beginning  of  the  present  centmy.]  A 
gig  or  two- wheeled  carriage  without  a  top 
or  cover. 

Tile,  til, ».  [A.  Sax.  tigel.  from  L.  tegula, 
a  tile,  from  tego,  to  cover  (seen  also  in  tegu-: 
ment,  detect,  protect),  from,  same  root  as  B. 
thatch,  deck.]  A  kind  of  thin  slab  of  baked 
clay,  used  for  covering  the  roofs  of  build- 
ings, paving  floors,  lining  furnaces  and 
ovens,  constructing  diaius,  &c.;  a  tube  or 
tunnel -shaped  piece  of  baked  clay  lor 
drains;  a  tall  stiff  hat  (slang).— SjwaMsJic 
tiles.  Under  E-ncaustic— v.4. — tUed,tiling. 
To  covqr  with  tiles;  freemasonry,  to  .guard 
'against  the  entrance  of  the  uninitiated 
by  placing  the  tiler  at  the  closed  door. — 
Tile-drain,  n.  A  drain  constructed  with 
tiles.— Tiler,  tilfer,  n.  A  man  v/ho  makes 
or  who  lays  tiles:  the  doorlceeper  of  a  free- 
masons' lodge.— Tilery,  ti'l6r-i,  n.  A  tila- 
work.— Tile-work,  n,  A  place'  where  tiles 
are  made;  a  tilerj['  —  Tiling,  ti'ling,  w. 
Covering  a  roof  with  tiles;  tiles  collec- 
tively. 

Till,  til,  n.  [Formerly  a  drawer  in  general, 
from  A.  Sax.  tyllan.  to  draw;  comp.  D.  al- 
ien, O.Fris.  tilla,  to  lift,  to  raise.]  A  money 
box  in  a  shop,  warehouse,  &c.;  a  cash- 
drawer. 

Till,  til,  n.  [Comp.  W.  tel,  compact.]  A  kind 
of  hard. clayey  earth;  geol.  unstratified 
boulder-clay  or  any  unstratified  alluvial 
formation  of  considerable  thickness.— 
Tilly,  til'i,  a.  Haviag  the  character  of  till 
or  boulder-cUy. 

TUl,  til,  prep.  [Same  as  Icel.  and  Dan.  til, 
Sw.  till;  perhaps  allied  to  G.  ziel,  end,  aim.] 
To  the  time  of;  until  (wait  till  next  week): 
often  used  before  verbs  and  clauses  (I  will 
wait  tin  you  arrive);  also  to,  as  far  as,  or 
up  to.  — Till  now,  to  the  present  time.— 
Till  then,  to  that  time.  .|,- 

TUl,  til,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  ti^taw,  to  labour,  to  till; 
lit.  to  make  fit  or  good,  from  til  (A.  Sax. 
and  Goth.),  fit,  good;  nllied  to  D.  telen,  to 
cultivate,  to  breed;  O.G.  zil6n,  to  cultivate. 
Toil  is  a  closely  allied  form.]  To  plough 
and  prepare  for  seed,  and  to  dress  tuo 
crops  of;  to  cultivate;  to  labour.— Tillable, 
til'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  tilled;  arable. 
—Tillage,  til'aj,  n.  The  operation  or  art 
of  tilling  laud;  cultivation;  culture;  hus- 
bandry.—Tiller,  til'ftr,  n.  One  who  tills; 
a  cultivator. 

Tiller,  til'6r,  n.  [From  OiE.  tUlen.  to  draw; 
akin  D.  tillen,  to  lift.  Till  (drawer).i 
Naut.  the  bar  or  lever  fitted  to  the  head  of 
a  nidder,  and  employed  to  turn  the  helm 
of  a  ship  or  boat  in  steering.- Tiller-chain, 
Tiller-rope,  n.  A  chaia  or  rope  from  the 
tiller  to  the  barrel  of  the  steering-wheel. 

Tiller,  tiWr,  n.  [Comp.  A.  Sax.  telgor,  a 
plant,  a  shoot;  akin  D.  lelen,  to  breed.] 
The  snoot  of  a  plant  springing  from  the 
foot;  a  sucker.— w.i.  To  put  forth  shoots 
from  the  roofc. 

Tut,  tilt,  n.  [A.  Sax.  /sZcJ,  atent=Dan.  and 
"L.d.  telt,  Icel.  tjald,  G.  zelt,  tent.]  A  tentf; 
the  cloth  covering  of  a  cart  or  wagon;  a 
canopy,  or  awning  over  the  after  part  of  a 
boat.— ■!;.«.  To  cover  with  a  tilt  or  awn- 
ing. 

Tut,  tilt,  v.t.  [From  A.  Sax.  tealt,  unsteady 
or  unstable;  comp.  O.Fris.  tilla,  D.  and 
L.G.  tillen,  to  raise,  to  heave  up;  Sw.  tulta, 
to  v/addle;  Icel.  toll,  an  amble.]  To  raise 
one  end  of,  as  of  a  cask,  for  discharging 
liquor;  to  heave  up  at  an  angle;  to  ham- 
mer or  forge  with  a  tilt-hammer.— To  liXt 
up,  geol.  to  throw  up  abruptly  at  a  high 
angle  of  inclination  (the  strata  are  tilted 
up).—v.i.  To  run  or  ride  and  thrust  with  a 
lance;  to  joust,  as  in  a  tournament;  to  fight 
similarly;  to  rush  as  in  combat;  to  rise  into 
a  sloping  position;  to  heel. — n.  A  thrust;  a 
military  exercise  on  horseback,  in  which 
the  combatants  attacked  each  other  with 
■lances;  a  tilt-hammer;  inclination  for- 
ward (the  tilt  of  a  cask);  geol.  the  throwing 
upof  strata  at  a  high  angle  of  inclination. 
-^Utor,  tU'ter,  n.  One  who  tUts;  one 
who  jousts.  —  Tilt-hammer,  n.  A  large 
hammer  worked  by  steam  or  water  power, 
lifted  by  a  cam  or  projection  on  the  axle 
of  a  wheel  and  again  aUowed  to  fall  on 
the  mass  on  the  anvil. 


TUth,  tUth,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tiUh,  culture,  from 
tilian,  to  tiU;  comp.  spilth,  from  spiH.J 
The  operation  of  tilling;  tillage;  hus- 
bandry; the  state  of  being  tiUed;  tiUed 
ground. 

Timber,  timTier,  n.  [A.  Sax.  timber,  tim- 
ber,  wood,  structure  =  Icel.  timbr,  Dan. 
tommer,  t>.  timmer,  G.  zimmer;  Ut.  buil- 
ding materials,  the  root  being  that  of  Gr. 
demo,  to  build,  L.  domus,  a  house  (w  heuto 
domestic,  domicile,  &c.).]  Trees  cut  down 
and  suitable  for  building  purposes;  trees 
felled  and  partly  prepared  for  use;  growing 
trees  yielding  wood  suitable  for  construc- 
tive purposes;  one  of  the  main  beims  of  a 
fabric;  naut.  a  curving  piece  of  wood  form- 
ing the  rib  of  a  ship  (with  a  plural  in  this 
and  preceding  sense).- w.i.  To  furnish  with 
timber.— Timbered,  tim'bferd,  p.  and  a. 
Furnished  with  timbers;  covered  with 
growing  timber.— Timber-merchant,  n.  A 
dealer  in  timber.— Timber-tree,  n.  A  tree 
yielding  timber.— Timber-yard,  n.  A  yard 
or  place  where  timber  is  deposited, 

TiaiDre,tim'br,ortau-br,?i.  [Fr.,from  li.tym- 
panum,  a  drum.]  Mus.  the  quality  which 
distinguishes  any  given  tone  or  sound  of 
one  instrument  or  voice  from  the  same  tone 
or  sound  of  another  instrument  or  voice, 
and  which  depends  on  the  harmonics  co- 
existing with  the  fundamental  tone  and 
their  relative  intensities. 

Timbrel,  tim'brel,  n.  [A  dim.  of  Fr.  tin^re, 
a  bell,  originally  a  drum.  See  above.]  A 
kind  of  drum  or  tabor;  a  tambourine. 

Time,  tim,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tima,  time,  hour, 
season;  Icel.  timi,  Sw.  and  Dan.  time;  akin 
to  tide,  being  from  Indo-European  root 
da,  Skr.  dd,  to  cut,  to  divide.]  The  measure 
of  duration;  a  particular  portion  or  part 
of  duration,  whether  past,  present,  or 
future,  and  either  a  space  or  a  point,  a 
period  or  a  moment ;  occasion;  season ; 
moment;  a  proper  occasion;  opportunity 
(to  bide  our  time);  period  at  which  any 
definite  event  occurred  or  person  lived;  an 
age  (the  time  of  James  I.);  an  allotted 
period  of  life;  the  present  life;  existence  in 
this  world;  prevailing  state  of  circum- 
stances: generally  in  plural  (good<mes,bad 
times);  leisure  1  have  not  time  to  speak 
with  you);  hour  of  death  or  of  travail  (his 
time  was  come);  a  performance  or  repeti- 
tion among  others;  mus.  the  style  of  move- 
ment marked  by  the  regular  grouping  of 
a  certain  and  equal  number  of  notes,  or  of 
more  or  less  notes  equal  in  time  value  to 
that  certain  number  through  aU  the  bars 
of  a  movement;  rhythm;  the  absolute  velo- 
city or  rate  of  movement  at  which  a  piece 
is  executed. — A  t  times.at  distinct  intervals 
of  duration.— The  tiTO€,the  present  age;  the 
present  period  (men  of  the  time);  also,  any 
period  definitely  referred  to.  —  Absolute 
time,  time  considered  without  relation  to 
bodies  or  their  motions;  duration  flowing 
on  uniformly.— iiefaiwe  tim«,  the  sensible 
measure  of  any  portion  of  duration.  — 
Apparent  time,  time  regulated  by  the 
apparent  motion  of  the  sun;  time  as  shown 
by  a  properly  adjusted  sun-dial;  solar 
tune.  —  Astronomical  tvme,  mean  solar 
time  reckoned  through  the  twenty -four 
hours.— Ciinl  tims,  mean  time  adapted  to 
«ivil  uses,  and  distinguished  into  years, 
months,  days,  &c.  —  Com,mon  time,  mus. 
under  Common.— jEguof  ion  of  time.  Under 
Equation. — In  time,  in  good  season;  attlie 
right  moment)  sufficiently  early;  before 
it  is  too  late;  m  the  course  of  things;  by 
degrees;  eventually.— J/aaw  time,  or  mean 
solar  tiTJie,  time  regulated  by  the  average 
or  mean.  Under  Mean.— JVicfc  of  time,  the 
exact  point  of  time  required  by  neoessity 
or  convenience;  the  critical  moment.— 
Sidereal  time.  Under  Sidereal.  —  Solar 
time.  Same  as  Apparent  time.  —  TVwie 
enough,  in  season;  early  enough.— Tiwe 
out  of  mind,  or  tim^  immemorial,  time  be- 
yond the  memory  of  man;  law,  the  time 
prior  to  the  reign  of  Richard  I.,  a.i).  1189. 
—  To  kill  time,  to  occupy  one's  self  so  as 
to  make  it  pass  without  too  much  tedi- 
ousness.  —  To  lose  time,  to  fail  to  take 
full  advantage  of  time  or  opportunity; 
to  go  too-  slow  (as  a  watch  or  clock).— 
v.t—  timed,  timing.  To  adapt  to  the  time 
or  occasion :  to  regulate  as  to  tinie ;  to 


ch,  cftain;     cA,  Sc.  locfc;     g,po;    j,;ob;     d,  Fr.  ton;     r^,fang;    m,  then;  th,  thin;    w,  tdg;     wh,wftie;     zh.  a^ure. 


TIMID 


708 


TIEE 


mark  or  ascertain  the  time  or  rate  of.— 
v.i.  To  keep  time;  to  harmonize.  —  Time- 
ball,  n.  A  bail  dropped  down  a  staff  at 
observatories  to  publish  accurately  certain 
preconcerted  times,  1  p.m.  being  that  in 
general  use.— Time-bargain,  n.  A  contract 
for  the  sale  or  purchase  of  merchandise, 
or  of  stock,  at  a  certain  time  and  price. — 
Time-bill,  n.  A  time-table.— Time-fuse,  n. 
A  fuse  arranged  so  as  to  explode  a  charge 
at  a  certain  interval  after  ignition.— Time- 
gun,  n,  A  gun  fired  exactly  at  the  same 
time  every  day  to  announce  publicly  the 
correct  time.  —  Time-honoured,  a.  Hon- 
oured for  a  long  timei  venerable  and 
worthy  of  honour  by  reason  of  antiquity 
and  long  continuance.  —  Time-keeper,  n. 
A  clock,  watch,  or  chronometer;  a  iterson 
who  keeps  or  marks  the  time,  as  that 
during  which  a  number  of  workmen  work. 
— Timeless,  tim'les.a.  Unseasonable;  with- 
out end.  —  Timeliness,  tim'li-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  timely. — Timely,  tim'li, 
a.  Seasonable;  being  in  good  time;  suffi- 
ciently early.  —  Timeons,  Timons,  ti'mus, 
a.  Timely;  seasonable.— Timeously,  Tlm- 
OQsly,  ti'mus-li,  o.  Seasonably;  in  good 
time. — Time-piece,  n.  A  clock,  watch,  or 
other  instrument  to  measure  time,  espe- 
cially a  small  portable  clock.— Time-ser- 
ver.n.  One  who  meanly  and  for  selfish  ends 
adapts  his  opinions  and  manners  to  the 
times ;  one  who  obsequiously  complied 
•with  the  ruling  power.— Time-serving,  a. 
Obseqmously comply  ing  wit'h  the  humours 
of  men  in  power. — n.  The  conduct  of  a 
time-server.- Time-table,  n.  A  table  or 
register  of  times,  as  of  the  hours  to  be  ob- 
served in  a  school,  of  the  departure  and 
arrival  of  railway  trains,  steamboats,  &c. 

Timid,  tim'id,  a.  [L.  tiTtiidus,  from  timeo, 
to  fear,  from  same  root  as  Skr.  tamas, 
darkness.]  Fearful;  wanting  courage  to 
meet  danger,  timorous;  not  bold. — Timid- 
ity, Timidness,  ti-mid'i-ti,  tim'id-nes,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  timid.  — 
Timidly,  tim'id-li,  adv.  In  a  timid  man- 
ner; weakly;  without  courage. 

Ximocracy,  ti-mok'ra-si,  n.  [Gr.  timokratia 
— timS,  honour,  worth,  and  krateO,  to  rule.] 
A  form  of  government  in  which  a  certain 
amount  of  property  is  requisite  as  a  quali- 
fication for  oflBce.  —  Timocratic,  ti-mo- 
krat'ik,  a.    Pertaining  to  timocracy. 

Timorous,  tim'or-us,  a.  [L.L.  ttvwrosvs, 
from  L.  timor,  fear,  from  timeOf  to  fear. 
TiMiB.]  Fearful  of  danger;  timid;  desti- 
tute of  courage;  indicating  or  marked  by 
fear.— Timorously,  tim'or-us-ll,  adv.  In  a 
timorous  manner. — Tlmorousness,  tim'or- 
us-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
timorous. 

Tlmous,  Timeous.    Under  TrjtE. 

Tin,  tin,  n.  [A.  Sax.  D.  Dan.  and  Icel.  tin, 
Sw.  ten,  Gr.  zinn;  not  connected  with  L. 
gtannvm,  tin.]  A  valuable  metal  of  a 
white  colour  tinged  with  gray,  in  hard- 
ness intermediate  between  gold  and  lead, 
and  very  malleable;  thin  plates  of  iron 
covered  with  tin;  tin-plate;  a  cant  name 
for  money. — v.t. — tinned,  tinning.  To  cover 
with  tin,  or  overlay  with  tin-foil.— Tin- 
foil, n. .  Pure  tin,  or  the  metal  alloyed 
with  a  little  lead,  beaten  and  roUed  into 
thin  sheets. — Tininan.tin'man.n.  A  manu- 
facturer of,  or  dealer  in  tinware.— Tinner, 
tin'fer,  n.  One  who  works  in  a  tin  mine; 
a'  tinman.— Tinning,  tin'ing,  n.  The  act, 
art,  or  process  of  covering  or  coating  other 
metals  with  a  thin  coat  or  layer  of  tin;  the 
covering  or  laj'er  thu^  put  on.— Tinny, 
tin'i,  o.  Pertaming  to,  abounding  with, 
6r  resembling  tin.— Tin-ore,  n.  The  ore 
of  tin.  —  Tin-^late,  n.  Thin  sheet-iron 
coated  with  tm,  in  order  to  protect  it 
from  oxidation  or  rust;  white-iron.— Tin- 
smith, n.  One  who  makes  articles  of  tin 
or  tin-plate.  —  Tin -stone,  n.  One  of  the 
])rincipal  ores  of  tin.  —  Tinware,  tin'wSr, 
)i.     Articles  made  of  tinned  iron. 

Tinamou,  tin'a-m»,  n.  [The  native  name.] 
A  gallinaceous  bird  of  South  America,  the 
species  varying  in  size  from  a  pheasant 
to  a  QuaiL 

Tlncal,  tingTcal,  n.  fMalay  tingkal.  Hind, 
and  Per.  tinkdr.]  The  commercial  name 
of  borax  in  its  cmde  or  unrefined  stdte, 
employed  in  refining  mfetals. ' 


Tinct,  tingkt,  n.>  Atintortrnctore.  [Ob- 
solete or  poetical.] 

Tinctorial,  tingk-t5'ri-al,  o.  [Prom  L. 
tinctor,  a  dyer.  Tisctuke.]  Pertaining  to 
colours  or  dyes. 

Tincture,  tingk'tur,  n.  [li.  tinctura,  from 
tingo,  tinctu7n.  Tinge.]  A  tinge  or  shade 
of  colovir;  slight  taste  superadded  to  any 
substance;  slight  quality  added  to-  any- 
thing; med.  an  extract  or  solution  of  the 
active  principles  of  some  substance  in  a 
solvent,  the  latter  being  often  proof -spirit: 
so  called  from  usually  possessing  colour. 
—  v.t.  —  tinctured ,  tincturing.  To  tinge  or 
impart  a  slight  foreign  colour  to;  to  im- 
pregnate; to  imbue. 

Tinder,  tin'dfer,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tynder,  tender, 
from  tyndan,tendan,  to  kindle  (Dan.  taende, 
G.  zUnden)  =  Sw.  and  L.  G.  tunder,  Icel. 
tundr,  D.  tonder,  G.  zunder,  tinder.]  An 
inflammable  substance  generally  com- 
posed of  partially  burned  linen,  used  for 
kindling  fire  from  a  spark  struck  with  a 
steel  and  flint. — German  tinder.  Amadou. 
—Tinder-box,  n.  A  box  in  which  tinder 
is  kept.— Tindery,  tin'd6r-i,o.  Like  tinder; 
inflammable. 

Tine,  tin,  n.  [O.E.  tinde,  A.  Sax.  tind—IceL 
tindr.  Pan.  tind,  tinde,  L.G.  and  Sw.  tinne; 
same  root  as  tooth.}  The  tooth  or  spike  of 
a  fork;  a  prong;  the  tooth  of  a  harrow;  a 
point  or  prong  of  a  deer's  horn. — Tined, 
tind,  a.    Funushed  with  tines. 

Tinea,  tin'e-a,  n.  [L.,  a  gnawing  worm,  a 
bookworm,  a  moth.]  A  term  for  ringworm 
or  similar  diseases  of  the  skin. 

Ting,  ting,  n.  [Imitative;  comp.  tinkle, 
jingle;  L.  tinnio,  to  tinkle.]  A  sharp  sound, 
as  of  a  bell;  a  tinkling.- ».i.  To  sound  or 
ring. 

Tinge,  tinj,  v.t. — tinged,  tinging.  [L.  Ungo, 
tinctum,  to  moisten,  stain,  dye  (seen  also 
in  tinetttre,  tint,  taint,  distain,  whence 
eUtin);  cog.  Gr.  tenggO,  to  wet.]  To  mix 
or  imbue  with  some  foreign  substance 
so  as  to  slightly  alFect  or  modify  the 
colour,  taste,  or  qualities  of;  to  give  a 
certain  smack,  flavour,  or  quality  to;  to 
colour.  —  n.  A  slight  degree  of  colour, 
taste,  flavour,  or  quality  infused  or  added 
to  something;  tincture;  tint;  smack. 

Tingle,  ting'gl,  v.i.—ti-ngled,  tingling.  [A 
dim.  from  ting.']  To  feel  a  kind  of  thrill- 
ing sensation,  as  in  hearing  a  smaU  sharp 
ringing  sound ;  to  feel  a  sharp,  thrilling 
pain ;  to  have  a  thrilling,  sharp,  or  pene-. 
Irating  sensation.— w.t.  To  cause  to  give  a 
sharp  ringing  sound;  to  ring.  —  Tingling, 
ting'gl-ing,  ».  A  thrilling,  jarring,  tremu- 
lous sensation. 

Tinkal.    Tincau 

Tinker,  ting^fer,  n.  [Prom  Unk,  ting,  a 
sharp  metallic  sound.]  A  mender  of  ket- 
tles; pans,  and  the  like;  a  repair;  a  cobbling 
or  botching. — v.t.  To  mend  like  a  tinker; 
to  mend  clumsily;  to  cobble:  to  botch. — 
v.i.  To  work  at  tinker's  work;  to  cobble; 
to  keep  making  petty  repairs. 

Tinkle,  tingTil,  v.i.— tinkled,  tinkling.  [A 
freq.  from  tink,  ting,  imitative  of  soimd.] 
To  make  small,  quick,  sharp  soxinds,  as  by 
striking  on  metal ;  to  clink;  to  jingle;  to 
resound  with  a  small  sharp  sound;  to 
tingle.— 1>.<.  To  cause  to  make  sharp,quick, 
•ringing  sounds;  to  ring.  —  n.  A  small, 
quick,  sharp,  ringing  noise.  —  Tinkling, 
tingkling,n.  Asmall.qmck,  sharp  sound. 

Tinner,  &c.    Under  Tin. 

Tinnitus,  tin-ni'tus,  n.  [L.,  a  ringing,  a 
tingling,  from  tinnio,  to  ring.]  JI^.  a 
ringing  in  the  ears. 

Tinsel,  tin'seh  n.  [Fr.  itineeUe,  O.Pr.  estin- 
celle,  from  L.  scintilla,  a  spark  (whence 
also  scintillate).']  Thin  shining  metallic 
plate  or  foil  for  ornamental  purposes; 
cloth  or  tissue  of  silk  and  silver  threads; 
cloth  overlaid  with  foil;  something  super- 
ficially showy,  and  more  gay  than  valu- 
able.—a.  CJonsisting  of  tinsel;  showy  to 
excess;  specious;  superficial.  —  v.t.  —  tin- 
selled, tinselling.  To  adorn  with  tinsel  or 
with  something  showy  and  without  value. 

Tint,  tint,  n,  fit.  Hnta,  Fr.  teini,  from  L. 
tinetuSf  pp.  of  tingo.  Tinge.  ]  •  A  slight 
colouring  or  tincture  distinct  from  the 
ground  or  principal  colour;  a  hue;  a  tinge; 
degree  of  intensity  of  a  colour.  — 1>.<.  To 
tinge;  to  give  a  slight  colouring  to.— Tint- 


^ 


less,  tintles,  a.  Having  no  tint ;  colour- 
less.- Tint-tool,  n.  A  kind  of  engraving 
tool. 

Tintamar,Tlnteimarre,tin-ta-m&i',n.  fPr.] 
A  hideous  or  confused  noise. 
Tintinnabular,  Tintinnabulary,  tin-tin- 
nab'u-lfer,  tin-tin-nab'Q-la-ri,  a.  [L.  tin- 
tinnabulum,  a  beU,  from  tintinru),  a  frea. 
from  tinnio,  to  ring,  to  jingle,  a  word  imi- 
tative of  sound.]  Of  or  relating  to  bells  or 
their  sound.  —  Tintinnabulation,  tin'tin- 
nab-Q-la"shon,  n.  A  tinkling  or  ringing 
sound,  as  of  bells. —Tintinnahulous,  tin- 
tin-nabTi-lus,  o.  Tintinnabular. 
Tiny,  ti'ni,  o.  [For  teeny,  from  old  teen, 
sorrow,  A.  Sax.  teina,  vexation;  lit.  poor, 
sorry,  insignificant.]  Very  small ;  little ; 
-luny. 

;p,  tip,  n.  [Closely  allied  to  top,  aBd= 
Dan.  and  D.  tip,  L.G.  and  Sw.  Upp,  a  tip; 
allied  also  to  tap,  to  touch,  and  perhaps 
tap,  spigot.]  A  small  pointed  or  tapering 
end  or  extremity;  a  gentle  stroke;  a  tap; 
a  small  present  in  money  (slang);  an  item 
of  private  information.especially  in  regard 
to  the  chances  of  horses  engaged  for  a 
race,  for  betting  purposes  (slang).— ».<. — 
tipped,  tipping.  To  form  the  tip  of;  to 
cover  the  tip  of ;  to  cant  up  (a  cart  or  wag- 
on) so  that  a  load  may  be  discharged ;  to 
bestowasmall  money -gift  ordouceurupon; 
to  give  or  hand  over  (slang).  —  To  tipover, 
to  turn  over.— To  tip  off,  to  drink  off.— To 
tip  up,  to  raise  up  one  end  of.— To  tip  the 
wink,to  direct  a  wink  to  another  as  a  sign  of 
'  caution  or  the  like.  [Slang.]— Tip-cart,  n. 
A  cart  which  can  be  canted  up  to  empty 
its  contents.  —  Tip-cat,  n.  A  game  in 
which  a  small  pointed  piece  of  wood  called 
a  cat  is  made  to  jump  from  the  ground  by 
being  struck  on  the  tip  with  a  stick. — 
Tip-cheese.  Tip-cat.— Tip-staff,  k.  pi.  Tip- 
staves. A  staff  tipped  with  metal;  an 
officer  who  bears  such  a  staff;  a  constable; 
a  sheriffs  oflB cer.— Tipster,  tip'st6r,n.  One 
who  for  a  fee  sends  tips  for  betting  pur- 
poses.—Tiptoe,  tip'to,  n.  The  tip  or  end 
of  the  toe.— To  6e  or  to  stand  on  tiptoe.  Jig. 
to  be  on  the  strain;  to  be  interested  or 
anxious. 

Tippet,  tip'et,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tceppet,  a  tippet, 
from  L.  tapete,  cloth.  Tapestey.]  A  sort 
of  cape  covering  the  shoulders,  and  some- 
times descending  as  far  as  the  waist. 
Tippje^  tip'l,  v.i.— tippled,  tippling''  [Freq. 
and  dim.  from  tip,  to  tilt  or  turn  up;  akin 
ttpgy.]  To  drink  spirituous  or  intoxicating 
liquors  habitnalfy;  to  drink  frequently, 
but  without  gettingdrunk.—w.t.  To  drink, 
sip,  or  imbibe  often.— n.  Liquor  taken  in 
tipplmg;  drink.  —  Tippled,  tip'ld,  a.  In- 
toxicated; tipsy.— Tippler,  tip'l6r,  n.  One 
who  tipples;  a  toper;  a  soaker. 
Tipsy,  tip'si,  a.  [Connect«d  with  tipple; 
comp.  Prov.  G.  tips,  tipps,  drunkenness,] 
Overpowered  or  muadled  with  strong 
drink;  intoxicated,  but  not  helplessly 
drunk;  fuddled,— Tipsily,  tip'si-li,  adv.  In 
a  tipsy  manner. — Tipsiness,  tip'si -nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  tipsy,— Tipsy-cake,  n. 
A  cake  comi)Osed  of  pastry  saturated  with 
Madeira, 

Tiptop,  tip'top,  tt.    [Prom  tip  and  top,  or  a 
reduplication  of  top  (like  ding-dong,  «Kp- 
siop,  &c,).]  Pirst-rato;  excellent  or  perfect 
in  the  highest  degree.    [C!oUoq.] 
Tirade,  ti-rad',  n.    [Fr.  tirade,  from  tirer, 
to  draw,  from  the  Germanic  verb=E.  to 
tear.]    A  long  violent  speech;  a  declama- 
tory flight  of  censure  or  reproof;  a  series 
of  invectives;  a  harangue. 
Tiraillem',  ti-ral-y6r,  n.  [Fr.].  In  the  French 
army,  a  skirmisher  or  a  sharp-shooter. 
Tire,l  iir,  n.    A  row,  or  rank;  a  tier  {llil.). 
Tire,  tir,  n.    [Probably  from  tiara,  influ- 
enced by  tire,  to  adorn.]    A  head-dress; 
something  that  encompasses  the  head- 
Tire,!  tir,  n.  [Contr.  of  attirt.2  Attire;  fur- 
niture; apparatus.— w.t.  To  »Oom;  to  attire. 
—Tire-woman,  n.    A  woman  who  attends 
to  the  dressing  of  her  mistress;  a  Jady's- 
maid;  a  dresser  in  a  theatre.— Tlrlng-room, 
n.   The  room  where  players  dress  for  the 
stage.  J 

Tire,  tar,  n.  [For  tier,  from  tie.']  A  Band 
or  hoop,  usuidly  of  iron,  round  the  circum- 
ference of  the  wheel  of  a  vehicle  to  streng- 
then it. 


Ffttei^f^.fat*!^}    m{),met,b^    Pffie,  pio;    oote,  nQt>  iB^Te;    t'&b@,  tiiki  l>^i     oil,  pound--     a.&c.siiiaierriiis,^iu 


TIRE 


709 


TOBINE 


Tire,  tir,  v.t.— tired,  tirina-  [A.Sax.  teorian, 
to  tire;  tirian,  tirigan,  to  vex,  annoy;  akin 
to  teran,  to  tear;  Dan.  tirre,  D.  tergen,  to 
irritate.]  To  exhaust  tlie  strength  of  by 
toil  or  labour;  to  fatigue;  to  weary;  to  ex- 
haust the  attention  or  patience  of,  with 
dulness  or  tediousness.  —  To  tire  out,  to 
weary  or  fatigue  to  excess;'  to  exhaust.— 
v.i.  To  become  weary;  to  have  the  patience 
exhausted.  —  Tiredness,  tird'nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  wearied;  weariness.— Tire- 
some, tir'sum,  a.  Fitted  or  tending  to 
tire;  fatiguing;  wearisome;  tedious. — Tire- 
somely,  tir'sum-li,  adv.  In  a  tiresome 
manner.  —  Tiresomeness,  tir'sum-nes,  n. 
Wearisomeness;  tediousness. 

Tiro,  ti'ro,  n.  [L.  tiro,  a  raw  recruit,  a 
novice.]  A  novice  or  mere  beginner;  a 
beginner  in  learning.   Also  written  Tyro. 

T-iron,  tCi-fem,  n.  A  kind  of  angle-iron 
having  a  flat  flange  and  a  web  like  the 
letterT. 

Tis,  tiz.    A  common  contraction  of /<i«. 

Tisan,  ti'san.    Ptisan. 

Tlsri,  Tizri,  tiz'ri,  n.  [Heb.]  A  Hebrew 
month  answering  to  part  of  September 
and  part  of  October. 

Tissue,  tish'a,  n.  [Pr.  tissu,  woven,  pp.  of 
tisser,  to  weave,  from  L.  tezere,  to  weave. 
Text.]  A  woven  or  textile  fabric;  cloth 
interwoven  with  gold  or  silver,  or  with 
coloured  figures;  jig.  a  mass  of  connected 
particulars  (a  tissue  of  falsehood);  animal 
anat.  one  of  the  primary  layers  composing 
any  of  the  parts  of  animal  bodies ;  vege- 
table anat.  the  minute-  elementary  stnic- 
tures  of  which  the  organs  of  plants  are 
composed.  —  Tissued,  tish'ud,  p.  and  a. 
Clothed  in  or  adorned  with  tissue;  varie- 
gated. —  Tissue-paper,  n.  A  very  thin 
gauze-like  paper,  used  for  protecting  en- 
gravings in  books,  wrapping  delicate  ar- 
ticles, &c. 

Tit,  tit,  n.  [Same  as  Icel.  tittr,  a  small 
bird,  a  tit;  Dan.  tite,  a  sandpiper; -N.  tite, 
a  titmoupe;  originally  anything  small.] 
A  small  bit;  a  morsel;  a  small  horse;  the 
titmouse ;  a  contemptuous  term  for  a 
■womnn.— Tit  for  tat,  an  equivalent  in  the 
way  of  revenge  or  repartee. 

Titan,  ti'tan,  n.  Greek  myth,  one  of  the 
twelve  children  of  Heaven  and  Earth, 
said  to  have  been  of  gigantic  size  and 
enormous  strength,  and  to  have  been  de- 
feated by  Zeus  and  thrown  into  Tartarus; 
poetical  for  the  sun.— Titaness,  ti'tan-es, 
n.  A  female  Titan;  a  female  personage 
of  surpassing  power. — Tita&la,  ti-ta'ni-a, 
n.  [Among  the  Romans  a  name  of  Diana.] 
The  queen  of  Fairyland  and  consort  of 
Oberon.— Titanic,  ti-tan'ik,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  TitMis;  enormous  in  size  or  strength; 
huge;  vast. 

Titanium;  ti-Jft'ni-um,  n.  [So  called  in 
fanciful  allusion  to  the  Titans.]  A  metallic 
element  somewhat  resembling  tin.  —  Tl- 
tanate,  ti'tan-at,  n.  A  salt  of  titanic  acid. 

—  Titanlan,  Titanltic,  ti-tan'i-an,  ti-ta- 
nit'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  titanium. —Ti- 
tanic, ti-tan'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  titanium. 

—  Titanic  acid,  dioxide  of  titanium,  called 
also  Titanic  oa;i(Ze.— Titaniferous,  ti-tan- 
if  6r-us,  a.    Producing  titanium. 

Titanotheriiim,  ti'tan-o-th3"ri-um,  n.  [6r. 
Titan,  Titanos,  a  Titan  (in  allusion  to  its' 
size),  and  tkerion,  a  wild  beast.]  A  fossil 
herbivorous  mammal,  possibly  twice  the 
size  of  a  horse,  allied  to  the  tapir. 

Titbit,  Tidbit,  tit 'bit,  tid'bit,  n.  [From 
tit,  anything  small,  and  bit.  ]  A  small 
and  delicious  morsel ;  a  particularly  nice 
piece. 

Tithe,  tiTH,  n.  [O.E.  tetJie,  tiefhe,  teothe, 
from  A.  Sax.  tedtha  (for  tedntha),  the  tenth. 
Teh.]  The  tenth  part  of  anything;  the 
tenth  part  of  the  profits  of  land  and  stock 
and  the  personal  industry  of  the  inhabi- 
tants, allotted  to  the  clergy  for  their  sup- 
port; hence,  any  small  part  or  proportion. 
— Commutation  of  tithes,  the  conversion  of 
tithes  into  a  rent-charge  payable  in  money, 
and  chargeable  on  the  land. — v.t.— tithed, 
tithing.  To  levy  a  tithe  on ;  to  tax  to  the 
amount  of  a  tenth.— ti.t.  To  pay  tithes. — 
Tithable,  ti'THa-bl,  a.  Subject  to  the  pay- 
ment of  tithes.  — Tithe-free,  a.  Exempt 
from  the  payment  oT  tithes. — Tithe-gath- 
erer, n.    One  who  collects  tithes.— Tithe- 


pig,  n.  One  pig  out  of  ten  paid  as  a  tithe 
or  church-rate.— Tithe-proctor,  n.  A  levier 
or  collector  of  tithes  or  church-rates.  — 
Tither,  ti'infer,  n.  One  who  collects  tithes. 
—Tithing,  ti'THing,  n.  The  levying^  or  tak- 
ing of  tithes ;  a  tithe ;  formerly  in  Eng- 
laad,  a  number  or  company  of  ten  house- 
holders, who,  dwelling  near  each  other, 
were  sureties  or  free  pledges  to  the  king 
for  the  good  behaviour  of  each  other. — 
Tithing-man,  n.  The  chief  man  of  a  tith- 
ing; a  headborough;  a  sort  of  peace  officer 
or  constable. 

Tithonic,  ti-thon'ik,  a.  [Prom  Gr.  TithOnos, 
the  consort  of  Aurora.]  Pertaining  to 
those  rays  of  light  which  produce  chemical 
effects;  actinic. 

Titillate,  tit'i-lat,  v.i.— titillated,  titillating. 
[L.  titilU),  titUlatum,  to  tickle.]  To  tickle; 
to  give  a  slight  relish  or  pleasure  to. — 
Titillatlon,  tit-i-la'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
tickling;  any  slight  pleasure.— Tit-illative, 
tit'i-la-tiv,  a.  Tending  to  titillate  or 
tickle. 

Titivate,  Tittlvate,  tit'i-vat,  v.t.  [Perhaps 
from  tidy.]  To  put  in  order;  to  make 
look  smart  or  spruce ;  to  adorn.  [Slang.] 
Titlark,  tit'lark,  n.  [From  tit,  a  small  bird, 
d,nd  lark.]  A  common  European  bird 
somewhat  resembling  a  lark;  a  pipit. 
Title,  ti'tl,  n.  [O.Fr.  title  (Ff.  litre),  from 
L.  titulni,  a  title.  ]  An  inscription  or 
superscription  on  anything  as  a  name  by 
which  it  is  known;  a  label;  the  inscription 
at  the  beginning  of  a  bookpr  other  com- 
position., containing  the  subject  of  the 
work  or  its  particular  designation ;  a  par- 
ticular section  or  division  of  a  writing, 
especially  a  chapter  or  section  of  a  law- 
book; an  appellation  of  dignity,  distinc- 
tion, or  pre-eminence  given  to  persons; 
the  appellation  of  honour  distinctive  of  a. 
sovereign,  prince,  or  nobleman;  a  name  or 
appellation  in  general ;  a  claim ;  a  right : 
law,  right  of  ownei:ship,  or  the  sources  or 
such  right;  the  instrument  or  document 
which  is  evidence  of  a  right. — v.t— titled, 
titling.  To  name;  to  call^  to  entitle. — 
Titled,  ti'tld,  a.  Having  a  title;  especially, 
having  a  title  of  nobility.— Title-deed,  n. 
A  writing  evidencing  a  man's  right  or 
title  to  property. —  Title-page,  n.  The 
page  of  a  book  which  contains  the  title. — 
Title-r61e,  n.  The  part  in  a  play  which 
gives  its  name  to  it,  as  Hamlet  in  the 
play  of '  Hamlet.' 

Titling,  tit'ling,  n.  [A  dim.  of  tit,  some- 
thing small.]  The  hedge-sparrow;  the 
titlark. 

Titmouse,  tit'mous,  n.  pi.  Titmice,  tit'mis. 
[From  tit,  a  small  thing,  a  small  bird,  and 
mouse,  by  corruption  from  A.  Sax.  mdse 
(D.  weeg,  Q.  Tneise),  a  titmouse.]  A  name 
of  several  common  insessorial  birds,  small 
and  active,  feeding  on  seeds,  insects,  &c., 
with  shrill,  wild  notes. 
Titter,  tit'er,  v.i.  [An  imitative  word,  like 
snigger,  tattle,  &c.]  To  laugh  with  a  stifled 
sound  or  with  restraint.— n.  A  restrained 
laugh.  —  Tittering,  tit'6r-ing,  n.  Re- 
strained laughter. 

Tittle,  tit'l,  n.  [O.Fr.  title,  a  title,  a  tittle. 
Title.]  A  small  particle;  a  jot;  an  iota. 
Tittlebat,  tit'1-bat,  n.  The  stickleback. 
Tittle-tattle,  n.  [A  reduplication  of  tattle; 
an  imitative  word.]  Idle  trifling  talk; 
empty  prattle.  —  v.  i.  To  talk  idly ;  to 
prate. 

Titubate,!^  tit'n-bat,  v.t.  and  i.  [L.  titubo, 
titubatum,  to  stumble.]  To  stumble;  to 
rock  or  roll,  as  a  curved  body  on  a  plane. 
— Titubation,  tit-u-ba'shon,  n.  A  stum- 
bling; med.  restlessness;  fidgets. 
Titular,  tit'u-l6r,  a.  [Fr.  tilulaire;  from  L. 
titulus,  a  title.  Title.  ]  Being  such  or 
such  by  title  or  name  only;  having  the 
title  to  an  office  without  the  duties  of  it. 
— n.  One  who  has  merely  the  title  of  an 
ofiice;  one  who  may  lawfully  enjoy  an 
ecclesiastical  benefice  without  performing 
its  duties.  —  Titularity,  tit-ti-lar'i-ti,  n. 
The  state  of  being  titular.  —  Titularly, 
tit'fl-l6r-li,  adv.  In  a  titular  manner ;  by 
title  only.— Titulary,  tit'u-la-ri,  a.  and  n. 
Same  as  Titular. 

Tiver,  ti'ver,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tedfor,  a  reddish 
colour.]  A  kind  of  ochre  used  in  marking 
sheep. 


Tizii,  M.    TisKi. 

Tmesis,  tme'sis,  n.  [Gr.  fmeds.  from  iemnii, 
to  cut.]  Gram,  the  division  ot  a  compound 
word  into  two  parts,  with  one  or  more 
words  between  (of  whom  be  thou  ware). 

To,  tu,  or  when  emphasized  to,  prep.  [A. 
Sax.  16,  to,  towards,  for,  &c.=D.  toe,  L.G. 
to,  G.  2M,  Goth,  du;  cog.  Ir.  and  Gael,  da, 
Slav,  do.]  Denoting  motion  towards  a 
pla«e  or  thing  (going  to  church);  towards 
(point  to  the  sky):  opposed  to  from;  indi- 
cating a  point  or  limit  reached  (count  to 
ten);  denoting  destination,  aim,  or  design 
(bom  to  poverty);  denoting  an  end  or  con- 
sequence (to  our  cost);  denoting  addition, 
junction,  or  union  (tied  to  a  tree);  com- 
pared with;  oft«n  used  in  expressing  ratios 
or  proportions  (three  is  to  twelve  as  four 
is  to  sixteen);  denoting  opposition  or  con- 
trast (face  to  face);  often  used  in  betting 
phrases  (my  hat  to  a  halfpenny);  according 
to;  in  congruity  or  harmony  with  (suited  to 
his  taste);  denoting  correspondency  or  ac- 
companiment (dance  to  an  air);  in  the  char- 
acter or  quality  of  (took  her  to  wife);  for; 
denoting  the  relation  of  the  dative  in  other 
languages  (given  to  me);  marking  an  ob- 
ject ( a  dislike  to  spirituous  liquors);  the 
sign  of  the  infinitive  mood  of  a  verb,  or 
governing  the  gerundial  infinitive  or  ger- 
und (slow  to  believe;  we  have  to  pay  it).— 
adv.  Forward;  on;  often  denoting  motion 
towards  a  junction,  union,  or  closing  (shut 
the  door  to).  —  To  and  fro,  forward  and 
backward ;  up  and  down. 

Toad,  tod,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tddie,  tddige,  a  toad; 
origin  unknown.  Tad  in  tadpole  is  this 
word.]  A  reptile,  somewhat  resembling 
the  frog,  with  a  heavy  bulky  body;  it  leaps 
badly,  and  generally  avoids  the  water. — 
Surinam  toad.  Pipa.  -  Toad  in  the  hole, 
meat  cooked  in  batter  —  Toad-eater,  n. 
[Originally  a  mountebank's  attendant, 
who  pretended  to  swallow  toads,  &c.] 
A  fawning,  obsequious  jjarasite ;  a  mean 
sycophant;  a  to.ady— Toad-eating,  n. 
Parasitism;  sycophancy.  — a.  Pertaining 
to  a  toad-eater  or  his  ways.— Toad-fish,  n. 
A  fish,  the  angler  or  fishiug-frog.  ~  Toad- 
let,  tod'let,  n.  A  little  toad.— Toad-spit, 
n.  CucKoo-spiT. — Toad-stone,  Bufonite. — 
Toad-stool,  n.  A  popular  name  of  fungi. 
— Toady,  to'di,n.  [Short  for  toad-eater.]  A 
base  sycophant ;  a  fl.atterer ;  a  toad-eatey. 
—  v.t.  —  toadied,  toadying.  To  fawri  upon 
in  a  servile  manner ;  to  play  the  toady  <jr 
sycophant  to. — Toadyism;  t«'di-izm,  n. 
Mean  sycophancy;  servile  ad^'lation;  nau- 
seous flattery. 

Toast,  tost,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  togter,  from  L.  fo«- 
tum,  pp.  of  torreo,  to  toast.  Torrent.]  To 
dry  and  scorch  (a  piece  of  bread)  \sy  the 
heat  of  a  fire ;  to  warm  thoroughly  (to 
toast  the  feet);  to  drink  to  the  success  of 
or  in  honour  of.— n.  Bread  scorched  by 
the  fire;  a  piece  of  such  bread  put  in  a 
beverage;  a  ady  whose  health  is  drunk  in 
honour  or  respect;  anyone  or  anything 
named  in  honour  in  a.rinking ;  a  senti- 
ment proposed  for  general  acceptance  in 
drinking. — Toaster,  tos'tfer,  n.  One  who 
toasts ;  an  instrument  for  toasting  bread, 
cheese,  &c.— Toasting-fork,  Toasting-iron, 
n.  A  jocular  name  for  a  sword.— Toast- 
master,  n.  A  person  who  at  great  enter- 
tainments announces  the  toasts. — Toast- 
rack,  n.  A  stand  for  a  table  for  slices  of 
dry  toast. 

Tobacco,  to-bak'o,  n.  [Of  American  ori- 
gin.] A  narcotic  plant,  a  native  of  the 
warmer  parts  of  America,  and  now  exten- 
sively cultivated  in  various  regions ;  also 
the  prepared  leaves,  used  for  smoking  and 
chewing  or  in  the  form  of  snuff".— Tobacco- 
nist, to-bak'o-nist,  n.  A  dealer  in  tobacco; 
a  manufacturer  of  tobacco.— Tobacco-pipe, 
n.  An  implement  used  in  smoking  tobacco, 
consisting  essentially  of  a  bowl  for  the 
tobacco,  and  a  stem  through  which  the 
tobacco  smoke  is  drawn  into  the  Inouth, 
varying  in  form  and  material.— Tobacco- 
pouch,  n.  A  small  pouch  for  holding  to- 
bacco.—Tobacco-stopper,  n.  A  small  im- 
plement for  pressing  down  the  tobacco  as 
it  is  smoked  m  a  pipe. 

Tobine,  to'bin,  n.  [From  G.  tobin,  D.  tdbijn: 
akin  tabby.]  A  stout  twilled  silk,  used 
for  dresses. 


cli,  c7»aln;     eft,  SclorA;     g,  ffo;     j,job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinp;     7H,  (Aen;  th,  (/un;     w,  wig;     wh,  wftig;     zh,  asure. 


TOBOGGAN 


710 


TOMMY 


Toboggan,  Tobognn,  to-l)og'an,  n.  [Cor- 
ruption of  Amer.  InuiaiiOiuiiaooR,  a  sled.] 
A  kind  of  Bled  \jsed  for  sliding  down  snow- 
covered  slopes  in  Canada;  also,  a.sledge  to 
be  drawn  by  dogs  over  snow. — v.i.  To  nsa 

Tocher,  tocA'er,  n.  [Gael.  tochracOh  Ir. 
tochar,  a  portion  or  dowry.]  The  dowry 
which  a  wife  brings  to  her  husb&nd  by 
marriage.    [Scotch.] 

Tocsin,  tok'sin,  n.  [Fr.  tocsin,  O.Pr.  to<tue- 
,su?  •  from  toque,  a  stroke,  and  sin,  sein,  a 
bell,  from  L.  signum,  asign.  Touch,  Sign.] 
An  alarm-bell ;  a  bell  rung  as  a  signal  or 
for  the  purpose  of  giving  an  alarm. 

Tod,  tod,  n.  [Icel.  tcddi,  a  tod  of  wool ; 
akin  Q.  note,  a  lock  of  wool.]  A  bush,  es- 
pecially of  ivy;  a  mass  of  giowia^  foliage; 
an  old  weight  used  chiefly  in  buying  wool, 
ef^ual  to  28  t>ounds ;  a  fo:s,  so  named  from 
his  bushy  tail. 

To-day,  tvi-da',  n.  [A.  Sax.  td-dmg—td,  to, 
and  dceg,  day.]  The  present  day;  also,  on 
this  day,  adverbially:  seldom  or  never  vrtth 
on  before  it. 

Toddle,  toda,  tki.— toddled,  toddling.  [A 
freq.  akin  to  totter;  comp.  6.  zotteln,  to 
toddle.]  To  walk  with  short  steps  in  a 
tottering  way,  as  a  child  or  an  old  man. — 
ji.  A  little  toddling  walk.— Toddler,  todl- 
^r,  n.    One  who  toddles;  a  young  child.  ' 

Toddy,  tod'i,  n.  [Hind.]  The  sweet  juice 
of  certain  palms;  palm-wine;  also,  a  mix- 
ture of  spirit  and  hot  water  sweetened.-^ 
Toddy-ladle,  n.  A  sort  of  spoon  with  a 
deep  circular  bowl  for  filling  a  glass  with 
toddy  from  the  tumbler. 

To-do,  tu-do,  n.  Ado;  bustle;  hurry;  com- 
motion.   [CoUoq.] 

Tody,  to'di,  n.  [Probably  from  some  Indian 
name.]  A  tropical  passerine  bird  of  gaudy 
plumage,  allied  to  the  king-fishers.    _    -^ 

Toe,  to,  n.  [A.  Sax.  td,  toe=Icel.  ?(f7Sw.  to, 
Dan.  taa,  G.  zehe,  the  toe.]  One  of  the 
small  members  which  form  the  extremity 
of  the  foot,  corresponding  to  a  finger  on 
the  hand ;  the  fore  part  of  the  hoof  of  a 
horse  or  other  hoofed  animal;  the  member 
of  an  animal's  foot  corresponding  to  the 
toe  in  man. — v.t.—toed,  toeing.  To  touch 
or  reach  with  the  toes.  —  Toed,  tod,  a. 
Having  toes:  often  usediu  composition 
(narrow-foed). 

Toffy,  Toffee,  tofi,tt.  [Perhaps  from  tough.] 
A  kind  of  hard  sweetmeat  or  candy,  com- 
posed of  boiled  sugar  with  a  proportion  of 
butter. 

Toft,  toft,  n.  [A  Scandinavian  word;  Icel. 
and  Dan.  ioft,  an  inclosed  field  near  a 
house.]  A  messuage ;  a  house  and  home- 
stead. 

Toga,  to'pra,  n.  [L.,  from  stem  of  tego,  to 
cover.]  The  principal  outer  garment  worn 
by  males  among  the  ancient  Romans ;  a 
sort  of  loose  robe.  —  Togated,  to'ga-ted,  a. 
[L.  togatus.]    Dressed  in  a  toga  or  gown. 

Together,  tu-geTH'6r,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  togcsdere 
— 16,  to,  gador,  geador,  at  once.  Gather.] 
In  company;  unitedly;  in  concert;  in  the 
same  place;  at  the  same  time;  so  as  to  be 
contemporaneous;  the  one  with  the  other; 
mutually;  into  junction  or  a  state  of  union; 
without  intermission;  on  end. 

Toggery,  tog'6r-i,  n.  [Perhaps  humorously 
formed  from  L.  toga.]  Clothes;  garments. 
rSlang.] 

Toggle,  tog'l,  n.  [Connected  with  tag  or 
tug.]  Naut.  a  pin  through  the  bight  or 
eye  of  a  rope,  or  in  a  similar  position,  to 
prevent  slipping.  —  Toggle -Joint,  n.  A 
joint  formed  by  two  pieces  jointed  to- 
gether endwise,  or  by  two  plates  hinged 
edgewise;  a  knee-joint  or  elbow -joint. — 
Toggle-press,  n.  A  kind  of  press  in  which 
the  action  of  parts  forming  a  toggle-joint 
is  an  important  feature. 

Toil,  toil,  v.i.  [Perhaps  from  O.D.  i-avHen, 
tuylen,  to  labour,tH2/Z,  tillage,  toil;  O.Fris. 
leula,to  labour, tewZe, labour;  akin  to  till.] 
To  exert  strength  continuously  with  pain 
and  fatigue  of  body  or  mind,  particularly 
of  the  bodj",  to  labour;  to  work;  to  drudge. 
— v.t.  To  labour  on;  to  exhaust  or  over- 
labour.—n.  Labour  with  pain  and  fatigue; 
labour  that  oppresses  the  body  or  mind. — 
Toller,  toiler,  n.  One  who  toils.— Toilful, 
toil'ful,  a.  Full  of  toil;  laborious.— Toil- 
some,'toil'sum,  a.    Attended  with  toil; 


laborious ;  fatiguing.  —  Toilsomely,  toil'- 
8um-li,  ady.  In  a  toilsome  manner.— Toil- 
someness,  toil'sum-nes,  n.  Laboriousnese. 
—Toil-worn,  a.  Worn  out  or  exhausted 
with  toil. 

Toil,  toil,  n.  [Fr.  UMe,  net,  from  L.  tda,  a 
web,  from  fexo,  to  weave.  Te.\t.]  A  net 
or  snare  for  taking  prey. 

Toilet,  toi'let,  n.  [Fr.  toOetls,  formerly  a 
sort  of  wrapping  cloth,-  from  toiXe,  c.loth, 
L.  *«Za,aweb.  Toil,  a  net.]  A  cloth  spread 
over  a  table  in  a  bed-chamber  or  dressing- 
room;  a  dressing-table;  the  act  or  piocess 
of  dressing;  also,  the  mode  of  dressing; 
style  or  fashion  of  dress;  attire;  dress. — To 
make  orie's  toilet,  to  dress;  to  adjust  one's 
dress  with  cai-e.- Toilet-glass,  n.    A  look- 

•  ing-glass  for  the  toilet-table.- Toilet-ser- 
vice, Toilet-set,  n.  The  collective  earthen- 
ware and  glass  utensils  necessary  in  a 
dressing-room.— Toilet-table,  n.  A  dress- 
ing-table. 

Toiie,  toiz,  n.  [Fr.  toise,  from  L.  tenstts, 
stretched,  tense.]  An  old  measure  of  length 
in  France,  containing  six  French  feet,  or 
6-395  English  feet. 

Tokay,  to-ka',  n.  A  highly-prized  wine 
produced  at  Tokay  in  Hungary,  made  of 
white  grapes,  and  distinguished  by  its 
aromatic  taste. 

Token,  tOTcn,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tdcen,  tdcn,  a 
token=Ic^l.  Uikn,  teikn,  D.  teeken,  G.  z<x,ch- 
en,  Croth.  taikns—a.  sign,  a  token;  akin  to 
feocA,  Teach.]  Something  intended  or 
supposed  to  represent  or  indicate  another 
thing  or  an  event;  asign;  a  mark;  indica- 
tion; symptom;  a  memorial  of  friendship; 

•  a  souvenir;  a  love-token;  something  that 
serves  b^  yra.y  of  pledge  of  authenticity, 
good  faith,  or  the  like;  formerly  a  piece 
of  money  current  by  sufi"erance  and  not 
coined  by  authority;  frrinting,  ten  and  a 
half  quires  of  Taper. 

TolbOOth.tol'biJTH.      TOLLBOOTH. 

Told,  told,  pret.  and  pp.  of  tell. 

Toledo,  to-le'do,  n.  A  sword-blade  of  the 
finest  temper,  named  from  Toledo  in  Spain, 
formerly  famous  for  its  sword-blades. 

ToleratCi  tol'fer-at,  v.t.— tolerated,  tolerat- 
ing. [L.  folero,  tol-eratum,  to  bear  or  sui> 
port,  from  root  seen  in  tollo,  to  lift  up, 
tuli,  I  have  borne;  Skr.  ttd,  to  bear;  E.  to 
thole.]  To  suffer  to  be  or  to  be  done  with- 
out prohibition  or  hindrance;  to  allow  or 
permit;  to  treat  in  a  spirit  of  patience  and 
forbearance ;  not  to  judge  of  or  condemn 
with  bigotry.  —  Toleration,  tol-er-a'shon, 
n.  [L.  toleratio.]  The  act  of  tolerating: 
allowance  given  to  that  which  is  not 
wholly  approved ;  the  recognition  by  the 
state  of  the  right  of  private  judgment  in 
matters  of  faith  and  worship;  a  disposition 
to  tolerate  or  not  to  judge  or  deal  harshly 
in  cases  of  difference  of  opinion  or  conduct; 
tolerance.— Tolerator,  tol'^r-a-ter,  n.  One 
who  tolerates.  —  Tolerable,  tol'ir-a-bl,  a. 
[L.  tolerahilis.l  Capable  of  being  home  or 
endured;  supportable,  either  physicalJy  or 
mentally;  sufferable;  moderately  good  or 
agreeable ;  not  contemptible ;  passable ; 
middling. — Tolerableness,  tol'Sr-a-bl-nes, 
n.  The  state  of  being  tolerable.  —  Toler- 
ably, tol'fer-a-bli,  adi'.  In  a  tolerable  man- 
ner; moderately  well:  passably.  —  Toler- 
ance, tol'er-ans,  n.  [h.  toleraniia.]  The 
quality  of  being  tolerant;  the  capacity  or 
the  act  of  enduring ;  a  disposition  to  be 
patient  and  indulgent  towards  those  whose 
opinions  or  practices  differ  from  one's  own. 
—Tolerant,  tol'fer-ant,  a.  [L.  tolerans,  tol- 
erantis,  ppr.  of  tolero.]  Inclined  or  dis- 
posed to  tolerate ;  favouring  toleration ; 
forbearing;  able  to  endure  or  suffer.— Tol- 
erantly, tol'fer-ant-li,  adv.  In  a  tolerant 
manner. 

Toll,  tol,  n.  [A.  Sax.  toU,  tax  or  tribute= 
Icel.  tollr,  Sw.  tull,  Dan.  told,  D.  tol,  G. 
zoll,  toll,  duty,  custom,  from  stem  of  tell, 
to  count.]  A  tax  or  duty  imposed  for  some 
liberty  or  privilege,  as  the  sum  charged 
for  leave  to  offer  goods  in  a  market  or  fair; 
a  fixed  charge  made  by  those  intrusted 
with  the  maintenance  of  roads,  streets, 
bridges,  &c.,  for  the  passage  of  persons, 
goods,  and  cattle.  —  v.i.t  To  pay  toll ;  to 
exact  or  levy  toll.  —  Tollable,  tol'a-bl,  a. 
Subject  to  tolL— ToUage,  tol'aj,  n.  Toll ; 
payment  of  toll.  —  Tou-bar,  n.    A  bar  or 


gate  to  prevent  persons  or  traffic  passiri!! 
without  payment  of  tolL— Tollbooth,  Tol- 
booth,  tol'boiH,  n.  iToll,  and  looih,  ori- 
ginally a  'oooth  or  slight  structure  where 
duties  had  to  be  paid  and  where  defaulters 
were  temporarily  detained.]  A  place  where 
duties  or  tolls  are  collected  i;  the  old 
Scotch  name  for  a  burgh  jail,  formerly 
used  in  England  also. — Toll-corn,  n.  Com 
taken  at  a  mill  in  payment  for  grinding. 
— Toll-gate,  St.  A  gate  where  toll  is  taken; 
a  toll-bar.  —  Toll-gatherer,  ».  The  man 
who  takes  tolL  —  Toll-hoose,  n.  A  house 
r^aced  by  a  ro&.d  near  a  toU-gate,  where  the 
man  who  takes  the  toll  is  stationed.— 
Toll-man,  n:  A  toU-gatherer;  the  keensr 
cf  a  toU-lmr. 

Toll,  tol,  v.i.  [Probably  from  the  sound.] 
To  give  out  the  slowly  measured  sounds 
of  a  bell  when  struck  at  uniform  inter- 
vals, as  at  funerals.— w.t.  To  cause  (a  bcU) 
to  sound  with  strokes  slowly  and  uni- 
formly repeated;  to  indicate  by  tolling  or 
striking;  to  draw  attention  to  by  slowly 
repeated  sounds  of  a  bell ;  to  ring  for  or 
on  account  of. — n.  The  sounding  of  a  bell 
with  slow,  measured  strokes. 
Tolmen,  tol'men,  n.  A  dolmen. 
Tolu,  tolb,  n.  A  fragrant  resin  or  balsam 
produced  by  a  tree  of  South  America,  first 
Drought  from  Santiago  de  Tolu,  in  New 
Granada,  and  used  in  coughs,  &c. 
Tom,  tom,  n.  A  popular  contraction  of 
Thzmus,  used  in  slight  contempt  (a  tom- 
fool),  or  in  the  names  of  certain  animals. 
—Tomboy,  tomlwi,  n.  A  rude  boisterous 
boj';  a  wild,  romping  girl;  a  hoyden.— 
Tom-cat,  n.  A  male  cat,  especially  a  full- 
grown  male  cat.— Tomfool,  tom'fol,  n.  A 
great  fool;  a  trifler.  —  Tomfoolery,  tom- 
fol'fer-i;  n.  Foolish  trifling;  ridicnlous  be- 
haviour; silly  trifiss;  absurd  ornaments  or 
knick-knacks.— Tom-noddy,  n.  A  sea-bird, 
the  puflin;  a  blockhead;  a  dolt;  a  dunce. 
—Tomtit,  tom-tit',  71..  The  titmouse. 
Tomahawk,  tom'a-hak,  n.  [From  Virginian 
Indian  tamahaac,  tainohake,'&  hatchet.] 
An  American  Indian  hatchet,  used  in  the 
chase  and  in  war,  not  only  in  close  fight- 
ing, but  by  beiM  thrown  to  a  considerable 
distance.— !;.t.  To  strike,  cut,  or  kill  with 
a  tomahawk. 

Toman,  Tomaan,  to-man',  to-man',  n.  A 
Persian  gold  coin,  at  some  places  and 
times  vrorth  from  30g.  to  358.;  its  present 
value  being  only  9s.  43rf.  sterling. 
Tomato,  to-ma'to,  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  toniate, 
from  Mexican  tcmatl.]  A  plant  and  its 
fruit,  called  sometiries  the  hove-apple  (in 
allusion  to  its  supposed  power  of  exciting 
the  tender  feelings),  a  common  ingredient 
in  sauces. 

Tomb,  tbm,  n.  [Fr.  tombe.  It.  tomha,  L.L. 
iutnba,  from  Gr.  tymba,  tymbos,  a  mound, 
from  root  of  L.  tvrneo,  to  swell,  tumulus, 
a  mound.]  A  grave;  a  chamber  or  vault 
formed  for  the  recsption  of  the  dead ;  a 
mouument  erected  in  memory  of  the 
dead;  an.v  sepulchral  structure. — v.t.  To 
bury;  to  entomb.  —  Tombless,  tem'les,  a. 
Without  a  tomb.— Tombstone,  tom'ston, 
n.  A  stone  erected  over  a  grave;  a  sepul- 
chral stone. 

Tombac,  Tombak,  tomTsak,  n.  [Fr.  tombac, 
from  Malay  tanwaga,  copper.]    An  alloy 
of  copper  and  zinc,  used  as  an  imitation 
of  gold  for  cheap  jewelry.    When  arsenic 
is  added  it  forms  white  tombac. 
Tomboy,  Tom-cat.    Under  Tom. 
Tome,  tom,  n.    [Fr.  tome,  from  L.  tomus,  a 
portion  of  a  book,  a  book,  from  Gr.  tomos, 
a  section,  from  temnO,  to  cut.]  A  volume, 
forming  part  of  a  larger  work;  a  book, 
usually  a  ponderous  one. 
Tomentose,Tomentou«,to-men't5s,t5-men'- 
tus,  a.     [li.  tomentum,  down.]    Covered 
with  hairs  so  close  as  scarcely  to  be  dis- 
cernible, or  with  a  whitish  dowTi  like 
wool;  downy;  rappy:  used  chiefly  in  bot- 
any. —  Tomentum,  to-men'tum,  n.    Pu- 
bescence; downy  matter. 
■Tomfool.    Under  Tom. 
Tomltt,  to'min,  n.    A  jewellei*s  weight  of 
12  grains. 

Tommy,  tom'i,  n.  [Slang.]  A  penny  roll; 
bread;  provisions;  goods  given  to  a  work- 
man in  lieu  of  wages;  the  system  of  pay- 
ing workmen  in  goods  in  place  of  money; 


FBte,  f&r,  fat,  f ftll;     me,  met,  hir ;     pine,  pin ;     note,  not,  miive;     tube,  tub,  b\)ll:    oil,  pound;     U,  So.  abuse— the  Ft.  u. 


I'OM-NODDY 


711 


TOP 


Ihii  truck  system. —Tommy-shop,  Tommy- 
store,  n.  [Slang.]  A  shop  or  store  con- 
ducted on  the  truck  system;  a  truck-shop. 

Tom-noddy.    Under  Tom. 

To-morrow,  ty-mor'o,  n.  [To  and  morrow. 
Comp.  to-daVt  to-night]  The  day  after  the 
present;  or,  adverbially,  on  the  day  after 
the  present;  also  used  adjectively  {to-mor- 
row night). 

Tompion,  torn  "pi -on,  n.  [Pr.  tampon,  a 
stopple.  Tampion.J  The  tampion  or  stop- 
per of  a  cannon;  the  plug  in  a  flute. 

Tomtit.    Under  Tom. 

Tomtom,  tprn'tom,  n.    Same  as  Tam-tam. 

Ton,  tun,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tunne,  a  butt,  a  large 
vessel.  Tun.]  A  weight  equal  to  20  hun- 
dredweight or  2240  pounds  avoirdupois;  a 
certain  weight  or  space  (about  40  cubic 
feet)  by  which  the  Durden  of  a  ship  is 
reckoned  (a  ship  of  300  tons);  a  certain 
quantity  of  timber,  as  40  feet  of  rough, 
and  50  feet  of  hewn. — Tonnage,  tun'aj,  n. 
The  cubical  content  or  burden  of  a  ship  in 
tons;  the  number  of  tons  a  ship  can  carry 
with  safety;  the  ships  of  a  port  or  nation 
collectively  estimated  by  their  burthen 
in  tons. 

Ton.  ton,  n.  [Fr.  Tone.]  The  prevailing 
fashion;  high  mode  (ladies  of  ton). 

Tone,  ton,  n.  [I'r.  ton,  tone,  accent,  style, 
manner,  &c.,  Ii.  tonus,  a  sound,  a  tone, 
from  Gr.  tonos,  a  Stretching,  a  tone,  note, 
strength,  &c.,  from  teino,  to  stretch,  cog. 
with  L.  tendo,  to  stretch,  and  E.  thin.  Tune 
is  the  same  word.]  Any  sound  considered 
with  relation  to  its  pitch,  its  quality  or 
timbre,  or  its  strength  or  volume;  a  modu- 
lation of  the  voice,  as  expressing  some 
feeling;  accent;  a  sing-song  manner  of 
speaking;  a  drawl;  a  musical  souqd; 
also  one  of  the  larger  intervals  between 
certain  contiguous  notes  of  the  diatonic 
scale  (known  as  major  or  minor);  the  pe- 
culiar quality  of  sound  of  any  voice  or 
instrument;  timbre;  that  state  of  a  living 
body  in  which  all  the  parts  and  organs 
have  due  tension  or  are  well-strung;  heal- 
thy activity  of  the  organs;  state  or  temper 
of  mind;  mood;  the  general  or  prevailing 
character,  as  of  morals,  manners,  or  senti- 
ments; painting,  a  harmonious  relation  of 
the  colours  of  a  picture  in  light  and  shade; 
the  characteristic  expression  of  a  picture 
as  distinguished  by  its  colour.  —  v.t.  — 
toned,  toning.  To  give  a  certain  tone  tp;  to 
utter  in  .an  affected  tone. — To  tone  down, 
to  soften  the  colouring  of;  to  give  a  lower 
tone  to;  to-render  less  pronounced  or  de- 
cided (to  tone  dovm  a  statement);  to  soften. 
— Toned,  ti)nd,a.  Having  a  certain  tone. — 
Toneless,  ton'les,  a.  Having  no  tone;  un- 
musical.— Tonal,  to'nal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
tone.  —  Tonality,  to-nal'i-ti,  n.  Mus.  the 
peculiarity  characteristic  ot  modern  com- 
positions due  to  their  being  written  in 
defiuite  keys,  thereby  conforming  to  cer- 
tain defined  arrangements  of  tones  and 
semitones  in  the  diatonic  scale. — Tonic, 
ton'ik,a.  [Fr.  tonique,li.tonifiu8.]  Relating 
to  tones  or  sounds;  mua.  pertaining  to  or 
founded  on  the  key-note;  pwd.  increas- 
ing the  strength  or  tone  of  the  animal 
system;  ol?viating  the  effects  of  weakness 
or  debility,  and  restoring  healthy  func- 
tions.—ITojuc  spasm,  paihol.  a  steady  and 
continuous  spastic  contraction  enduring 
for  a  comparatively  long  time:  opposed 
to  a  clonic  spasm. — n.  Med.  anj'  remedy 
which  improves  the  tone  or  vigour  of  the 
stomach,  or  of  the  muscular  fibres  gener- 
ally, as  quinine,  gentian,  iron,  &c.;  mus. 
the  key-note  or  fundamental  note  of  a 
scale.  —  Tonicity,  to-nis'i-ti,  n.  Physiol. 
the  elasticity  of  living  parts.— Tonic  Sol- 
fa.  A  term  applied  to  a  system  of  writing 
and  teaching  music,  the  leading  features 
of  which  are  the  substitution  of  letters 
denoting  sounds,  and  of  strokes,  commas, 
and  colons,  denoting  time,  for  the  notes, 
&c.,  of  the  ordinary  notation.— Tonlc-sol- 
faist,  n.  One  who  teaches  or  learns  the 
tonic  sol-fa  notation. 

Tonga-bean,  tong'ga-ben,  n.  The  tonka- 
bean. 

Tongs,  tong3,  n.  pi.  [A.  Sax.  tange,  pi.  iaifc 
gan,  tongs=I).  and  Dan.  tang,  Icel.  tonfi 
a.  zange,  tongs;  same  root  as  Gr.  daknO, 
to  bite.]    An  instrument  of  metal,  a  kind 


of  large  nippers,  u.sed  for  handling  things, 
particularly  fire  or  heated  metals. 

Tongne,  tung,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tunge,  a  tongue, 
speech  =  L.G.  and  Dan.  tunge,  Icel.  and 
Sw.  tunga,  Goth,  tuggo,  G.  zunge;  cog.  O.L. 
dingua,li.  Jincrua,  atongue(whence  lvng^ull, 
linguist).]  The  fleshy  movable  organ 
within  an  animal's  mouth,  subserving  the 
purposes  of  taste,  prehension  of  food, 
swallowing,  and  in  man  of  articulation  or 
speech  also;  the  instrument  of  speech  (a 
bitter  tongue);  speech;  the  whole  sum  of 

.  words  used  by  a  particular  nation;  a  lan- 
guage; a  nation  as  distinguished  by  their 
language  (O.  T.);  anything  considered  to 
resemble  an  animal  s  tongue;  a  point  or 
strip  of  land  running  out  into  a  sea  or 
lake;  a  long  low  promontory;  a  tapering 

.  jet  of  flame;  the  pin  of  a  buckle  or  brooch 

•  which  pierces  the  strap,  ribbon,  or  object 
to  be  fastened.  —  To  have  on  (or  at)  the  tip 
(or  end)  of  one's,  tongue,  to  be  on  the  point 
of  uttering,  telling,  or  speaking.— To  hold 
one's  tongue,  to  keep  silence;  to  be  silent. 
—v.t. — to7igued,  tonguing.  To  scold;  m,us. 
to  modify  with  the  tongue  in  playing,-a8 
in  the  flute.— Tongued,  tungd,  a.  Having 
a  tongue  or  voice.  —  Tongueless,  tungles, 
a.  Having  no  tongue:  speechless.— Tongue- 
let,  tunglet,  n.  A  little  tongue;  a  little 
tongue  -  shaped  process.  —  Tonguester, 
tung'stfer,  n.  \_Tongue,  and  suffix  -ster.\ 
A 'talkative  person;*  a  babbler  (Tenn. ). — 
Tongue-tied,  Tongue-tacked,  a.  Unable  to 
articulate  distinctly;  having  an  impedi- 
ment in  the  speech;  unable  to  speak  freely 
from  whatever  cause. 

Tonic,  &c.    Under  Tone. 

To-night,  tu-nit',  n.  [Comp.  to-day,  to-mor- 
row^ The  present  night;  or,  adverbially, 
in  the  present  night,  or  the  night  after  the 
present  day. 

Tonite,  tonlt,  n.  [L.  tono,  to  thunder.]  A 
very  powerful  ex<)losive  agent  prepared 
from  pulverized  gun-cotton. 

Tonka-bean,  tong'ka-ben,n.  [Prom  tonka, 
the  name  of  the  bean  in  Guiana.]  The 
fruit  of  a  shrubby  leguminous  plant  of 
Guiana,  containing  a  single  seed,  the 
odour  of  which  is  extremely  agreeable. 

Tonnage.    Under  Ton. 

Tonsil,  ton'sil,  n.  [L.  tonsiUa,  a  tonsil,  a 
moonng  pole  for  a  boat.]  Anat.  one  of 
two  oblong  glands  on  each  side  of  the 
throat  or  fauces,  which  secrete  a  mucous 
humour.— Tonsilar,  Tonsillar,  Tonsilltic, 
Tonsillitic,  ton'sil-er,  ton-si-lit'ik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  tonsils.  —  Tonsillitis,  ton- 
sil-i'tis,  n.  Inflammation  of  the  tonsils; 
quinsy;  malignant  sore  throat. 

Tonsile,  ton'sil,  a.  [L.  tonsilis,  from  tondeo, 
tonsum,  to  clip  or  shear. )  Capable  of  or  fit 
to  be  clipped.— Tonsor,  ton'sor,  n.  [L.]  A 
barber;  one  that  shaves.— Tonsorial,  ton- 
8o'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  barber  or  to 
shaving.— Tonsure,  ton'sar,M.  [L.  tonsura, 
the  act  of  shaving  or  clipping.]  The  act 
of  clipping  or  shaving;  the  round  bare 
place  on  the  heads  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
priests  and  monks  formed  by  shaving  or 
cutting  the  hair.— Tonsured,  ton'sQrd,  o. 
Having  a  tonsure;  hence,  clerical. 

Tontine,  ton'tin,  n.  [Fr.  tontine,  from  its 
inventor  Tonii,  an  Italian  of  the  seven- 
teenth century.]  An  annuity  shared  by 
subscribers  to  a  loan,  with  the  benefit  of 
survivorship,  the  annuity  being  increased 
as  the  subscribers  die,  until  at  last  the 
whole  goes  to  the  last  survivor,  or  to  the 
last  two  or  three. 

Too,  to,  adv.  [A  form  of  to,  the  preposition; 
A.  Sax.  M.meaning  both  to  and  too.  Comp. 
G.  3U,  to  and  too.]  Over;  more  than 
enough;  denoting  excess  {too  long,  too 
short);  sometimes  with  merely  an  inten- 
sive force  =  very,  exceedingly  (I  should 
only  be  too  glad);  likewise;  also;  in  addi- 
tion ;  besides ;  over  and  above  (a  painter 
and  a  poet  too).— Too,  too,  repeated,  denotes 
excess  emphatically. 
Took,  tuk,  pret.  of  take. 
Tool,  tiif,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tdl,  a  tool,  probably 
from  stem  of  tavrian,  to  make,  to  prepare. 
Taw.1  Any  implement  used  by  a  crafts- 
man or  labourer  at  his  work;  an  instru- 
ment employed  in  the  manual  arts  for 
facilitating  mechanical  operations;  a  per- 
son used  by  another  as  an  instrument  to 


accomplish  certain  ends:  a  word  of  re- 
proach.—3fa<;/i:K«-tooJ.  Under  Machine. 
.'.Atool  differs  from  an  implement  in  being 

.more  general  or  less  specific,  and  from  an 

■  instrument  in  being  always  used  in  refer- 
ence to  the  manual  arts;  agricultural  im- 
plements; gardene-rs'  tools;  joiners'  tools; 
surgical  inst7'Mnien<«;mathematical  instru- 
ments; tausica.1  instruments. — v.t.  To  shape 
with  a  tool;  to  drive,  as  a  vehicle  (slang). — 
TooUng,tol'ing,n.  Skilled  work  with  a  tool; 
carving;  ornamental  embossing  or  gilding 
by  heated  toojs  upon  the  binding  of  books. 

Toom,  tum,  a.  [Same  as  Icel.  t&mr,  Dan. 
and  Sw.  torn,  empty.]  Empty.  [A  provin- 
cial word.]         ■  . 

Toon,  Toona,  t8n,  ta'na,  n.  The  wood  of  an 
East  Indian  tree,  highly  valued  as  a  fur- 
niture wood. 

Toot,  tot,  v.i.  [Same  as  D.  toeten,  G.  tuten, 
Sw.  tuta,  to  blow  a  horn,  to  toot;  imita- 
tive of  sound.]  To  make  a  noise  like  that 
of  a  pipe  or  horn.— v.t.  To  sound,  as  a  horn. 
— n.  A  sound  blown  on  a  horn;  a  simitar 
noise.— Tooter,  tO't^r,  n.    One  who  toots. 

Tooth,  toth,  n.  pi.  Teeth,  teth.  [A.  Sax. 
t6th,  pi.  teth  (comp.  foot,  feet;  goose,  geese) 
=D.  Sw.  and  Dan.  tand,  Icel.  tonn  (for 
tond),  O.  zahn,  Goth,  tunthus;  cog.  W. 
dant,  L.  dens,  dentis,  Gr.  odous,  odontos, 
Skr.  danio- tooth;  from  root  meaning  to 
divide,  seen  also  in  Gr.  daio,  to  divide.  | 
One  of  the  projecting  bony  growths  in 
the  jaws  of  vertebrate  animals,  serving 
as  the  instrument  of  mastication;  taste; 
palate;  any  projection  resembling  the 
tooth  of  an  animal  in  shape,  position,  or 
office ;  a  small,  narrow,  projecting  pie^e, 
usually  one  of  a  set  (as  of  a  comb,  a  saw, 
a  rake,  a  wheel).— Tooift  and  nail  (lit.  by 
biting  and  scratching),  with  one's  utmost 
power;  by  all  possible  means  of  attack  and 
defence. — To  one's  teeth,  in  open  opposi- 
tion; directly  to  one's  face.— /n  the  teeth  of, 
in  direct  opposition  to. —  To  cast  some- 
thing inmies  teeth,  to  taunt  one  with  some- 
thing; to  retort  reproachfully.-^7n  spite  of 
one's  teethAn  open  defiance  of;  in  opposition 
to  every  effort. — To  show  the  teeth,  to  threat- 
en (like  a  snarling  dog). — To  set  the  teeihon 
edge,  to  cause  a  tingling  or  grating  sensa- 
tion in  the  teeth.  —  v.t.  To  furnish  with 
teeth;  to  cut  into  teeth. — Teethe,  teiH,  v.i. 
— teethed,  teething.  To  have  the  teeth  grow. 
—Teething,  ts'ining,  n.  The  growth  of 
the  teeth  in  the  young;  dentition. — Tooth- 
ache, toth'ak,  re.  Pain  in  a  tooth  or  in 
the  teeth  arising  from  decay.  —  Tooth- 
brush, n.  A  small  brush  for  cleaning  the 
teeth.— Toothed,  totht,  p.  and  a.  Having 
teeth  or  cogs;  having  projecting  points 
somewhat  like  teeth.— Toothedge,  toth'ej, 
«.  The  sensation  of  having  the  teeth  set 
on  edge.— Toothful,  toth'ful,  n.  A  small 
draught  of  any  liquor. — Toothless,  toth'- 
leSj  a.  Having  no  teeth;  deprived  of  teeth. 
— Tooth-ornament,  n.  Arch,  same  as  Kail- 
ftead.— Toothpick,  toth'pik,  re.  A  small 
instrument  for  picking  subtances  from 
the  teeth.— Tooth-powder,  n.  A  powder  for 
cleaning  the  teeth;  a  dentrifice.— Tooth- 
rash,  n.  A  cutaneousdiseaseof  infantsdur- 
ing  the  process  of  dentition. — Toothsome, 
toth'sum,  a.  Palatable;  grateful  to  the 
taste.  —  Toothsomeness,  toth'sum-nes,  n. 
Pleasantness  to  the  taste;  palatableness. 

Top,  top,  n.  [A.  Sax.  top,  top=D.  and  Dan. 
top,  summit;  Icel.  toppr,  a  tuft  or  lock  of 
hair,  top;  G.  zopf,  a  tuft,  a  crest.  Tip,  tap 
(of  a  cask),  trift,  are  allied.]  The  highest 
part  of  anything;  the  most  elevated  or 
uppermost  point;  the  summit;  upper  sur- 
face; the  highest  place  or  rank;  the  most 
honourable  position;  the  utmost  degree; 
the  height;  the  crown  of  the  head  (from 
top  to  toe);  the  head  or  upper  part  of  a 
plant;  pi.  top-boots;  woollen  manvf.  the 
combed  wool  ready  for  the  spinner;  na^it. 
a  sort  of  platform  surrounding  the  head 
of  the  lower  masts,  serving  to  extend  the 
shrouds,  and  for  the  convenience  of  men 
aloft. — T/ie  top  of  one's  bent,  the  utmost  of 
one's  inclination  or  liking  (fooled  to  the 
top  of  his  henD.—a.  Being  on  the  top  or 
summit;  highest  {top  ip&ed.).— v.i.— topped, 
topping.  To  rise  aloft;  to  be  eminent.— y.<. 
To  cover  on  the  top;  to  cap;  tarise  above; 
to  surpass;  to  take  off  the  top  or  upper 


ch,  ci\ain;     cA,  So.  locA;     g,  ffo;     j.job;     n,  Fr.  tore;     ng,  sijiy;     sh,  <Aen;  th,  ttin;     w,  wig;    wh,  wWg;     zh.asure. 


TOP 


m 


TORSION 


jiart  of;  to  rise  to  the  top  of. — To  top  of,  to 
t 'jnoplete  by  putting  on  the  top;  hence,  to 
fiaUl: :  to  complete.  —  Top-boots;  n.  fjl. 
Bevts  bavingtops  of  light-coloured. leather, 
used  chiefly  for  riding.— Top-coat,  n.  An 
upper  or  over  coat.— Top^draining,  n.  The 
act  or  pi-actice  of  draining  the  surface  of 
land. — Top-dresB,  v.t.  To  spread  manure 
on  the  surface  of.  —  Top-dresstngr,  n.  A 
(Iressingof  manure  laid  on  the  surface  of 
land. —Topgallant,  top'gal-aat,  a.  N'aut. 
being  the  third  of  the  kind  ahove  the 
deck;  above  the  topmast  and  below  the 
royarmast  (the  topgallant  mast,  yards.&c.). 
— lop-hamper,  n.  Navt.  any  unnecessary 
weight  either  aloft  or  about  the  upper 
decks.— Top-heavy,  o.  Having  the  top  or 
upper  part  too  heavy  for  the  lower. — Top- 
knot, n.  An  ornamental  knot  or  bow  worn 
on  the  top  of  the  head,  as  by  women;  the 
crest  of  a  bird.— Topless,  top'les,  a.  Hav- 
ing no  top;  very  lofty.— Topmast,  top'- 
mast,  n.  Naut.  the  second  mast  from  the 
deck,  or  that  which  is  next  above  the 
lower  mast,  main,  fore,  or  mizzen. — Top- 
most, top'most,  a.  Highest;  uppermost. 
—Topper,  top'6r,  n.  One  who  tops  or  ex- 
cels; anything  superior.  [Colloq.]— Top- 
pinjj,  top'ing,  p.  and  a.  Rising  aloft;  pre- 
eminent; surpassing;  fine;  noble;  gallant. 
—Topsail,  top'ssl,  n.  Naut.  the  second 
sail  above  the  deck  on  any  mast  (main, 
fore,  or  mizzen).— Tops-and-bottoms,  ji.  pi. 
Small  rolls  cut  in  halves  and  browned  iu 
an  oven.  —  Top-sawyer,  n.  The  sawyer 
who  takes  the  upper  stand  in  a  saw-pit;  a 
tirst-rate  man  in  any  line  (slang).- Top- 
soil,  n.  The  upper  part  or  surface  of  the 
soil.- Top-soiling,  n.  Kemoval  of  the  top- 
soil  before  a  canal,  raihvay,  &c.,  is  begun. 

Top,  top,  n.  [D.  top,  G.  <op/— perhaps  same 
word  as  above,  being  named  from  whirling 
round  on  its  top  or  point.]  A  child's  toVo 
Ehaped  like  a  pear,  made  to  whirl  on  its 
point  by  means  of  a  string  or  a  whip. 

loparch,  topltrk,  n.  [Gr.  topardtes,  toj}- 
archos—iopoB,  place,  and  arcM,  rule.]  The 
principal  man  in  a  place  or  country;  the 
governor  of  a  toparchy.— Toparchy,  top'- 
6r-ki,  ?;.  A  little  state;  a  petty  country 
governed  by  a  toparch. 

Topaz,  to'paz,  n.  [Fr.  topaze.  It.  topasus, 
from  Gr.  topazes,  the  yellow  or  oriental 
topaa;  comp.  Skr.  tapus,  fire.]  A  gem 
harder  than  quartz,  transparent  or  trans- 
lucent, and  having  the  colour  yellow 
white,  green,  or  blue.- Topazolite,  to-paz'-. 
o-lit,  n.  IToipaz,  and  Gr.  lUhos,  a  stone.] 
A  variety  of  precious  garnet  of  a  topaz- 
yeUow  colour.  ■ 

Tope,  top.  n.  [Originally  a  Cornish  word.] 
A  fish  of  the  shark  Kind,  attaining  a  length 
of  six  feet. 

Tope,  top,  re.  [Skr.  aftlpa,  a  tope.]  A  species 
of  Buddhist  monument  occurring  in  In- 
dia and  South-eastern  Asia,  intended  for 
the  preservation  of  relics  (Dagoba)  or  the 
commemoration  of  some  event  (Stupa). 

Tope,  top,  v.i.  [Prom  Fr.  t6per,  to  cover  a 
stake  in  gaming,  to  accept  an  offer  (hence, 
it  might  mean  to  vie  in  drinking);  of  Ger- 
man origin  and  akin  to  tap,  to  strike.]  To 
drink  harcl;  to  drink  strong  or  spirituous 
liquors  to  excess.- Toper,  to'fifcr,  n.  One 
who  tlrinks  to  excessva  drunkard;  a  sot. 

Tophet,  td'fet,  n.  [Heb.,  lit.  a  place  to  be 
spit  on.]  A  place  near  Jerusalem  where 
the  idolatrous  Jews  worshipped  the  fire- 
gods  and  sacrificed  their  children;  hence, 
the  place  of  torment  in  a  future  life. 

TophUB,  to'fus,  n.  [L.  tophu»,  tufa  or  tuff.] 
Surg,  a  soft  tumour  on  a  bone;  also,  a  con- 
cretion in  the  joints.- Tophaceoaa,  to-fa'- 
shus,  o.    Pertaining  to  a  tophus. 

Topiary,  to'pi-a-ri,  a.  [L.  topiarlus,  from 
topia  (opera),  ornamental  gardening,  from 
Gr.  topo8,  a  place.]  Shaped  by  clipping, 
pruning,  or  training.— ?V)ptary  work,  the 
trimming  of  thickets,  trees,  or  hedges  into 
fantastic  shapes.- Toplarian,  t3-pi-a'ri-an, 
a.    Pertaining  to  topiary  work. 

Topic,  top'ik,  n.  [Fr.  topiqites,  subjects  of 
conversation,  from  L.  topica,  Gr.  topika 
(pi.),  the  name  of  a  work  by  Aristotle  on 
t<yi)oi  or  commonplaces,  from  topoa,  a  place, 
a  commonplace,  a  topic]    Originally  a 

general  maxim  or  dictum  regarded  as 
eicg  of  use  in  argument  or  oratorj'j  a 


general  truth;  in  common  usage,  the  sub- 
ject of  any  discourse;  any  subject  that  is 
discussed  or  spoken  of  for  the  time  being; 
the  matter  treated  of.— Topical,  top'i-k.'U, 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  topic;  pertaining  to  a 
place  or  locahty;  local;  med.  pertaining  to  ■ 
a  particular  part  of  the  body  (a  topical 
application),— Toplcally,.top'i-kal-li,  adv. 
Locally;  with  limitation  to  a  part. 

Topography,  to-pog'ra-fi,  n.  [Gr.  topof, 
place  (hence  topic)^  and  grapho,  to  de-, 
scribe.]  The  descnptionof  a  particular 
place,  city,  town,  parish,  or  tract  of  land; 
the  detailed  description  of  any  country  or 
region:  distinguished  from  geography  in 
dealing  with  the  minuter  features.  — 
Topographer,  Topographist,  to-pog'raf-Sr, 
to-pog'raf -ist,  n.  One  who  deals  with 
topography.  —  Topograpliic,  Topographi- 
cal, top-o-graf'ik,  top-o-graf'i-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  topography;  descriptive  of  a 
place  or  country.— Topographically,  top- 
o-graf'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
topography. 

Toponomy,  to-pon'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  topos,  a 
place,  and  onoma,  a  name.]  The  place- 
names  of  a  country  or  district. 

Topple,  top'l,  v.i.— toppled,  toppling.  [From 
top.]  To  fall  forward,  as  something  tall  or 
high ;  to  tumble  down;  t«  be  on  the  point 
of  falling. — v.t.  To  throw  down. 

Topsy-turvy,  to:p'8i-t*r-vi,  a.  or  adv.  [A 
word  of  uncertam  origin.]  In  an  inverted 
posture;  with  the  top  or  head  downward 
and  the  bottom  upward. 

Toque,  tok,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Armor.  tOk,  W. 
toe,  a  hat  or  bonnet.]  A  kind  of  bonnet  or 
head-dress. 

Tor,  tor,  n.  [W.  tor,  a  bulge,  a  hill;  allied 
to  L.  turris,  a  tower.]  A  liigh  pointed  rock 
or  hill. 

Torch,  torch,  n.  [Fr.  torche,  It.  tarda,  from 
L.L.  tortia,  from  L.  torqueo,  tortus,  to  twist, 
to  turn  (whence  toi-iure,  &c.),  because  the 
torch  was  made  of  a  twisted,  roll  of  tow 
and-  the  like.]  A  light  to  be  carried  in 
the  hand,  formed  of  some  combustible 
substance,  as  of  twisted  flax,  hemp,  &c., 
soaked  with  tallow;  a  flambeau.— Torch- 
bearer,  n.  One  who.se  -office  is  to  carry  a 
lighted  torch. — Torch-dance,  n.  A  dance 
■with  lighted  torches.— Torch-light,  n.  The 
light  or  a  torch  or  of  torches.— Torch-light 
procession,  a  procession  in  which  lighted 
torches  are  carried.  —  Torch-race,  n.  A 
race  among  the  ancient  Greeks  in  which 
the  runners  carried  torches. 

Tore,  tor,  pret.  of  tear. 

Toreador,  tor'e-a-dor",  n.  [Sp.,  from  toro,  a 
bull.]  A  general  name  for  a  bull-fighter 
in  Spain,  especially  one  who  fights  on 
horseback. 

Toreutic,  to-ru'tik,  a.  [Gr.  toreuiiito*,  from 
toreutes,  an  embosser,  f  rdm  toreuo,  to  em- 
boss, to  work  in  relief.]  Pertaining  to 
carved  or  sculptured  work,  especially  to 
•work  in  relief  .—Toreumatology,  to-rU'ma- 
tol"o-ji,  re.    The  art  of  sculpture. 

Torfaceons,  tor-fa'shus,  a.  [From  turf, 
withiatiu  termination.]  Growing  in  bogs 
or  mosses:  said  of  plants. 

Torment,  tor'ment,  n.  [O.Fr.  torment  (Fr. 
totinnent),  from  L.  tonnentum,  an  engine 
for  hurling  missiles,  a  rack,  torture,  from 
torqueo,  tortum,  to  twist.  Tohture.]  Ex- 
treme pain;  anguish  of  body  or  mind; 
torture;  what  causes  such  pain. — v.t.  (tor- 
ment'). To  put  to  extreme  pain  or  an- 
guish ;  to  inflict  excruciating  pain  on ;  to 
torture ;  to  afflict ;  to  tease,  vex,  or  harass; 
to  annoy.— Tormenter,  tor-men't6r,re.  One 
■who  torments;  a  tormentor. — Tormenting, 
tor-men'ting,  p.  and  a.  Causing  torment. 
—Tormentor,  tor-mentSr,  re.  One  who  or 
that  which  torments;  a  kind  of  harrow 
with  -wheels,  used  for  breaking  up  stiff 
soils. 

Tormentil,  TonnentlUa,  tor 'men-til,  tor- 
men-til'a,  n.  [Fr.  tormentille,  fr6m  L.  tor- 
mentum,  pain— because  said  to  allay  the 
pain  of  toothache.]  A  common  British 
weed  with  small  yellow  flowers,  and  large 
■woody  roots  sometimes  used  in  tanning. 

Tormina,  tor'mi-na,  n.  pi.  [L.  Torment.] 
Severegriping  pains;  gripes. 

Tom,  torn,  pp.  of  tear. 

Tornado,  tor-na'dd,  re.  pi.  Tornadoes,  tor- 
na'dSz.  [Sp.tomoda,  a  return,  from  iomar. 


to  turn.  Turk.]  A  violent  whirling  wind; 
a  whirl-wind  or  tempest,  usually  accom- 
panied with  severe  thunder,  iJghtniug.and 
torrents  of  irain;  a  typhoon  or  hurricane. 

Toroufi,  Torose,  to'rus,  to'ros,  a.  [L.  torosns, 
from  torus,  a  protuberance.]  Bot.  and  zool. 
protuberant ;  swelling  in  knobs.  —  Toro- 
Bity,  to-ros'i-ti,  re.  The  state  of  being 
torous. 

Torpedo,  tor-pe'do,  re.  pi.  Torpedoes,  tor- 
pe'doz.  [L.,  from  torpeo,  to  be  stiff,  numl>, 
or  torpid.]  A  fish  allied  to  the  rays,  noted 
for  its  power  of  discharging  electric  shock  s 
when  irritated;  a  destructive  engiue  to  be 
propelled  underwater  against  an  enemy's 
ship  and  then  exploded  with  deadly  effect; 
an  explosive  agent  placed  where  a  hostile 
vessel  would  be  likely  to  come  in  contact 
with  it;  an  explosive  shell  or  the  like. 

Torpid,  tor'pid,  a.  [L.  torpidws,  from  torpeo, 
to  be  numb,  motionless;  same  root  as  A. 
Sax.  iheorf,  unfermented.]  Ha\ing  lost 
motion  orthe  power  of  motion  and  feeling; 
numb;  dull;  sluggish;  inactive.— Torpid- 
ity, Torpidness,  tor-pid'i-ti,  tor'pid-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  torpid ;  numbness;  in- 
sensibility; inactivity;  sluggishness.— Tor- 
pidly, tor'pid-li,  adv.  In  a  torpid  manner; 
numbly;  dully.— Torpescence,  tor-pes'ens, 
n.  A  becoming  torjrid  or  benumbed.  — 
Torpescent,  tor-pes'ent,  a.  [L.  torpesco,  to 
grow  numb,  from  torpeo.]  Becoming  tor- 
pid or  numb.  —  Torpify,  tor'pi-fi,  v.t.—tor- 
pifled,  torpifying.  [L.  torpeo,  and  facio,  to 
make.]  To  make  torpid. — Torpor,  tor'por, 
n.  [L.].  Loss  of  motion  or  sensation;  toi-- 
pidity ;  numbness ;  sluggishness.  —  Tor- 
porific,  tor-po-rif'ik,  a.  j  L.  torpor,  and 
fado,  to  make.]  Tending  to  produce 
torpor. 

Torque,  tork,  n.  [From  L.  torques,  atwisted 
neck-chain,  from  torqueo,  to  twist.]  Ar- 
chceol.  a  personal  ornament,  consisting  of 
a  stiff  collar,  formed  of  a  number  of  gold 
"Wires  twisted  together,  or  of  a  thin  twisted 
metal  plate,  worn  round  the  neck  as  a 
symbol  of  rank  by  certain  ancient  nations, 
as  by  the  ancient  Britons,  Gauls,  and 
Germans.  —  Torquated,  tor'kwaC-ed,  a. 
Wearing  a  torque. 

Torrefy,  tor'e-fi,  v.t— torrefied,  torrefying. 
[Fr.  torrifier,  from  L.  torreo,  to  roast,  ami 
facio,  to  make.  Tourent.]  To  dry,  roat^t, 
scorch,  or  parch  by  a  fire;  metal,  to  roast, 
as  metallic  ores.— Torrefaction,  tor-e-fak'- 
shon,  re.  The  operation  of  drying  or 
parching  by  a  fire. 

Torrent,  tofent,  n.  [Fr.  torrent,  from  L. 
torrens,  torrentis,  a  torrent,  from  torre^is, 
burning,  roaring,  ppr.  of  torreo,  tosium,  to 
bum;  same  root  as  E.  thirst.  Torrid,  toast, 
are  of  same  origin.]  A  violent  stream,  as 
of  water,  lava,  or  the  like;  fig.  a  violent 
or  rapid  flow;  a  flood  (a  torrent  of  words). 
—Torrential,  Torrentine,  tor-en'shal,  tor- 
en' tin,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  torrent. 

Torricellian,  tor-i-sel'li-an  or  tor-i-chel'li- 
an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Torricelli,  an  Italian 
physicist,  who,  in  1643,  discovered  the 
principle  of  the  barometer.- ToVrice^Zian 
tube,  a  glass  tulie  open  at  one  end  and 
hermetically  sealed  at  the  other,  contain- 
ing mercury,  the  essential  part  of  the 
barometer. — Torricellian  vacuum,  the  va- 
cuum above  the  mercurial  column  in  the 
barometer. 

Torrid,  tor'id,  a.  [L.  torridus,  from  ton'eo, 
to  roast.  Torrent.]  Dried  with  heat; 
parched;  violently  hot;  burning  or  parch- 
ing. —  Torrid  zone,  geog.  the  broad  belt 
round  the  middle  of  the  earth  which  is 
included  between  the  tropics,  and  divided 
into  two  parts  by  the  equator,  and  where 
the  heat  is  always  great.— Torrldity,  Tor- 
ridness,  tor-id 'i-ti,  tof'id-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  torrid. 

Torsion,  tor'shon,  re.  [L.L.  torsto,  from  L. 
torqxteo,  torsi,  to  twist.  Tortuke.J  'i'he 
act  of  twisting ;  the  twisting,  wrenching, 
or  straining  of  a  body;  mech.  the  force 
with  which  a  body,  such  as  a  thread,  wire, 
or  slender  rod,  resists  a  twist,  or  the  force 
with  which  it  tends  to  return  to  its  origi- 
nal state  on  being  twisted;  surg.  the  twist- 
ing of  the  cut  end  of  a  small  artery  for 
the  purpose  of  checking  hemorrhage. -;- 
Torsion  balance,  an  instrument  for  esti- 
mating the  intensity  of  a  small  force  (as 


r^M.^.'^.!',  r:.t,  f^ll;     mC,  raet,h&-;     pine,  pin;     nOte,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tub,  b^l;     oil,  pound;     tl,  So.  ab«ne— the  Fr.  u. 


TORSK 


713 


tOURMALLN" 


of  electricity)  by  the  force  with  which  a 
thread  or  wire  resists  twisting,  as  observed 
by  the  angle  made  by  an  arm  horizontally 
suspended  from  the  thread  or  wire. — Tor- 
sional, tor'ahon-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  tor- 
sion. —  Torsive,  tor'siv,  a.  Bot.  twisted 
spirally. » 

Torsk,  tor8k,n.  [Sw.  and  Dan.  torsfc,  a  cod- 
fish or  torsk.]  A  European  fish  of  the  cod 
tribe,  caught  in  great  quantities  and  salted 
and  dried  as  food. 

Torso,  tor'so.n.  lit.,  lit.  a  trunk  or  stump.] 
Sculp,  the  trunk  of  a-  statue  deprived  of 
head  and  limbs. 

Tort,  tort,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  tortiie,  twisted, 
from  torgweo,  to  twist.  Torture.]  A  legal 
term  for  any  wrong  or  injury  to  person  or 
property.  —  Tortious,  tor'shus,  a.  Of  the 
nature  of  or  implying  tort  or  injury.— 
Tortlously,  tor'shus-li,  adv.  By  tort  or 
injury. 

Tortile,  Tortive,  tor'til,  tor'tiv,  a.  [From 
h.  torqueo,  tortum,  ta  twist.  Tortuke.] 
Twisted;  wreathed;fConed.— Tortility,  tor- 
til'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  twisted. 
TortiUa,  tor^Sl'ya,  n.  [Sp.]  A  large  thin 
cake  of  maize,  baked  on  a  heated  iron 
plate. 

Tortoise,  tor'tois  or  tor'tis,  n.  [Lit.  twisted 
or  distorted  animal  (referring  to  its  pecu- 
liar limbs),  from.O.Fr.  ior/is,  fem.  tortisse, 
twisted,  from  L.  torqv^O,  tortum,  to  twist. 
Torture.]  A  name  common  to  a  family 
of  land  reptiles  covered  with  a  flattened 
shell,  a  kind  of  bony  box,  from  which  the 
head  and  legs«  protrude.  Turtle.— Tor- 
toise-shell, n.  The  shell,  or  more  strictly 
the  scutes  or  scales,  of  the  tortoise  and 
other  allied  reiftiles,  used  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  combs,  snuff-boxes,  &c.,  and  in  in- 
laying and  other  ornamental  work. 
Tortuons,  tor'ta-us,  o.  [L.  tortuosus,  from 
tortus,  twisted,^  pp.  of  torqueo,  to  twist. 
Torture.]  Twisted;  wreatlied;  winding; 
Jig.  proceeding  in  a  circuitous  and  under- 
hand manner ;  taking  an  oblique  and  de- 
ceitful course;  not  open  and  straight- 
forward. —  Tortuously,  tor'ta-us-li,  adv. 
In  a  tortuous  or  winding  manner.— Tor- 
ttiousness,  tor'ta-us-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  tortuous.  —  Tortuose,  tor'tu-os,  a. 
TortuoQs;  twisted;  winding.— Tortuosity, 
tor-ta-os'-i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  tor- 
tuose. 

Torture,  tor'tor,  n.  [Fr.  torture,  from  L. 
tovtura,  a  twisting,  torture,  from  torqueo, 
tortum,  to  twist,  torture  (seen  also  in  tor- 
ment,-torsion,  tortoise,  torch,  truss,  distort, 
extort,  (fee);  same  »oot  as  E.  to  throw,  Q. 
drehen,  to  turn.]  Excruciating  pain;  ex- 
treme anguish  of  body  or  mind;  a^ony; 
torment;  severe  pain  inflicted  judicially, 
either  as  a  punishment  for  a  crime  or  for 
the  purpose  of  extorting  a  confession;  the 
act  of  inflicting  excruciating  pain.— r.t. — 
tortured,  torturing.  To  pain  to  extremity; 
to  torment  .bodily  or  mentally ;  to  punish 
with  torture;  to  wrest  greatly  from  the 
right  meaning.— Torturable,  tor'tur-a-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  tortured.— Torturer, 
tor'tQr-er,  n.  One  who  tortures;  a  tor- 
mentor. 

Torus,  tS'rus,  n.  [L.,  a  swelling  or  pro- 
tuberance.] Arch,  a  large  moulding  used 
in  the  bases  of  columns,  having  a  semi- 
circular setrtian;  bot.  the  receptacle  of  a 
flower.— Toruiose,  TonUous,  tor'u-los,  tor'- 
O-lus,  a.  [From  L.  torulus,  dim.  of  torus.'] 
Bot.  cylindrical  with  several  swells  and 
contractions. 

Tory,  to'ri,  n.  [From  Irish  taruighe  or 
toiridhe,  a  pursuer,  an  Irish  outlaw  or 
plunderer.]  A  political  party  name  first 
used  in  England  about  1679,  and  applied 
originally  in  reproach  to  all  supposed 
abettors  of  the  imaginary  Popish  Plot; 
then  to  those  who  refused  to  concur  in 
excluding  a  Roman  Catholic  prince  (in  the 
particular  instance  James  II.)  from  the 
throne;  latterly  it  was  generally  applied 
to  those  adverse  to  changes  in  the  consti- 
tution; and  in  modern  times  it  is  much 
the.  same  as  Conservative,  which  has  to'  a 
considerable  extent  siipplanted  it.  —  a. 
Pertaining  to  Tories.— Toryism,  to'ri-izra, 
n.  The  principles  or  practices  of  the  Tories. 
Toss,  tos,  v.t.  [Perhaps  from  W.  tosiaw,  to 
toss,  from  tos,  a  toss,  a  jerk.]    To  throw 


with  the  han^;  to  pitch;  to  fling;  to  cast; 
to  throw  up'  with  a  sudden  or  violent 
motian;  to  jerk  <to  toss  the  head):  to  dash 
about  (to  be  tossed  on  the  waves);  to  agi- 
tate ;  to  make  restless.  —  To  toss  off,  to 
swallow  at  one  gulp;  to  drink  hastily. — 
v.i.  To  roll  and  tumble;  to  be  in  violent 
commotion;  to  writhe;  tobe  flung  or  dashed 
about. — To  toss,  to  toss  up,  to  throw  up  a. 
coin,  and- decide  something  by  the  side 
turned  up  when  it  falls.— To  toss  oars,  to 
raise  them,  perpendicularly  with  blades 
uppermost  as  a  salute. — n.  A  throwing 
with  a  jerk;  the  act  of  tossing;  a  throw  or 
jerk  of  the  head;  the  tossing  up  of  a  coin 
to  decide  something.  —  Tosser  tos'6r,  n. 
One  who  tosses.— Toss-pot,  n.  A  toper. — 
Toss-up,  n.  The  throwing  up  of  a  coin  to 
decide  something;  hence,  an  even  chance 
or  hazard. 

Tot,  tot,  n.  [Dan.  tot,  Icel.  tottr,  tuttr,  ap- 
•"  plied  to  dwarfish  persons;  perhaps  allied 
to  tit."]  Anything  small  or  insignificant: 
used  a^  a  term  of  endearment;  a  small 
quantity  of  liquor. 

Tot,  tot,  v.i.  —  totted,  totting.  [AbbreT-.  of 
total.]  Tosum:  generally  with  «p.  [Colloq.] 
Total,  to'tal,  a.  [L.  totalis,  from  totus, 
whole;  from  root  tu,  to  swell,  seen  in  tumid, 
tumult]  Pertaining  to  the  whole;  compre- 
hending the  whole;  entire  (the  total  sum); 
comi^ete  in  degree;  absolute  (a  total  wreck); 
thorough. .".  Syn.  under  Complete. — n.  The 
whole;  the  whole  sum  or  amount;  an  aggre- 
gate. —  Totality,  to-tal'i-ti,  n.  The  whole 
or  total  sum;  whole  quantity  or  amount. 
—Totally,  to'tal-li,aci«.  In  a  total  manner; 
wholly ;  entirely ;  fully :  completely.  — 
Totalness,  to'tal-nos,  n.  Entireness. 
Totem,  tu'tem,  n.  [American-Indian  term.] 
A  rude  figure,  as  of  a  beast,  bird,  &c.,  used 
by  the  North  American  Indians  as  a  sym- 
bolic name;  an  animal,  plant,  &c.,  used 
as  a  sort  of  badge  of  a  tribe  or  family 
among  rude  races,  and  looked  upon  with 
some  reverence.  —  Totemic,  to-tem'ik,  a. 
Belonging  to  the  totem.— Tptemlsm,  to'- 
tem-izm,  n.  The  system  of  having  a  totem. 
Tother,  tu?H'er.  A  colloquialism  for  tite 
other;  the  initial  t  being  the  final  t  of  that 
(old  neuter  article). 

lotipalmate,  to-ti-pal'mat,  a.  and  n.  [L- 
totvs,  entire,  and  palma,  a  palm.]  A  term 
applied  to  swimming  birds  whose  hind- 
toe  is  united  with  the  others  in  a  continu- 
ous membrane  (as  the  pelican). 
Totter,  tot'^r,  v.i.  [O.E.  toteren;  allied  to 
toddle,  and  to  0.  zotteln,  to  trot;  comp. 
also  A.  Sax.  tealtrian,  to  totter,  from  tealt, 
unstable.]  To  appear  as  if  about  to  fall 
when  standing  or  walking;  to  walk  un- 
steadily; to  be  on  the  point  of  falling;  to 
threaten  to  topple  down.  —  Totterer,  tot'- 
6r-er,  n.  One  who  totters.— Tottery,  tot'- 
er-i,  o.  Unsteady;  shaking. 
Toucan,  to'kan,  n.  [Fr.  toucan,  Pg.  and 
Braz.  tucano:  imitative  of  its  cry.]  The 
name  of  a  family  of  scansorial  "birds  of 
tropical  America,  distinguished  by  their 
enormous  beak. 

Touch,  tuch,  v.t.  [Fr.  toucher,  O.Fr.  tucher, 
tocher,  toquer  =  Sp.  and  Pg.  tocar.  It.  toe- 
care,  to  touch,  from  O.H.G.  zuchon,  to 
draw,  to  pull;  G.  zucken,  to  twitch;  E.  to 
tuck.]  To  perceive  by  the  sense  of  feeling; 
to  come  in  contact  with  in  any  manner, 
but  particularly  by  means  cf  the  hand, 
finger,  &c. ;  to  hit  or  strike  against ;  to 
harm;  to  meddle  or  interfere  with^  hence, 
to  taste  or  eat;  to  come  to;  to  reach  or  ar- 
rive at;  to  relate  to  or  concern  (a  person  or 
thing);  to  mark  or  delineate  slightly;  to 
add  a  slight  stroke  or  strokes  to,  as  with 
a  pen,  pencil,  brush,  &c.;  to  handle  in  a 
skilful  or  special  manner  (as  a  musical  in- 
strument); to  discourse  of;  to  write  about; 
to  make  a  mere  reference  to;  to  move  or 
strike  mentally;  to  excite  with  compassion 
or  other  tender  emotion;  to  melt  or  soften 
the  heart  of;  to  make  an  impression  on 
physically ;  to  act  on;  geom.  to  meet  without 
cutting;  tobe  in  contact  with. —  To  touch  off, 
to  sketch  hastily;  to  finish  by  touches. — To 
touch  up,  to  repair  or  improve  by  slight 
touches  or  emendations.  —  v.i.  To  be  in 
contact;  to  take  effect;  to  say  a  few 
words  in  discourse.  —  Touch  and  go,  a 
phrase  used  either  substantively  or  ad- 


jeotively  and  applied  to  something,  such 
as  an  accident,  which  had  almost  hap- 
pened; a  clo^e  shave.— To  touch  at,  to  come 
or  go  to  in  a  voyage  without  staying.— To 
touch  on,  to  mention  slightly;  to  say  very 
little  about. —  n.  The  act  of  touching,  or 
the  state  of  being  touched;  contact;  the 
sense  of  feeling  which  resides  in  the.  ner- 
vous papillse  of  the  skin  and  forms  one  of 
the  five  senses;  a  state  in  which  one  or 
other  of  two  parties  has  a  knowledge  of 
the  other's  position,  opinions,  &c.;  a  certain 
degree  of  some  feeling,  affection  ,or  emotion 
(a  touch  of  pity);  a  trait;  a  characteristic; 
a  small  quantity  or  degree;  a  smack;  a  little; 
a  successful  effort  or  attempt;  a  stroke  (a 
,  touch  of  genius);  a  stroke  of  a  peu,  pencil, 
or  the  like;  the  act  of  the  hand  on  a 
musical  instrument;  the  peculiar  hand- 
ling usual  to  an  artist,  and  by  which  his 
works  may  be  known;  the  resistance  of  the 
keys  of  a  musical  instrument  to  the  fin- 
gers. —  Touchable,  tuch'a-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  touched ;  tangible.  —  Tou,cher, 
tuch'fer,  n.  One  who  touches.  —  Touch- 
hole,  ri.  The  vent  of  a  cannon"  or  other 
species  of  fire-arms,  by  which  fire  is  com- 
municated to  the  charge.  —  Touching, 
tuch'ing,  a.  Affecting;  moving;  pathetic. 
— pp.  used  as  prep.  Concerning;  relating 
to;  with  respect  to.  —  Touchingly,  tuch'- 
ing-li,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  touch  the 
passions;  pathetically;  feelingly.— Touch- 
me-not,  n.  A  plant  the  seed-vessel  of 
which,  being  touched  and  irritated  when 
ripe,  projects  the  seeds  to  some  distanc^j; 
the  disease  lupus.  —  Tonch-needle,  n.  A 
small  bar  of  gold  or  silver,  pure  or  al' 
loyed,  used  along  with  the  touchstone  to 
test  the  quality  of  articles  of  gold  and 
silver.  —  Touch-paper,  n.  Paper  steeped 
in  nitre  so  that  it  catches  fire  from  a  spark 
and  bums  slowly:  used  for  firing  gun- 
powder and  the  Uke.— Touch-piece,  n.  A 
coin  given  by  the  sovereigns  of  England 
to  those  whom  they  touched  for  the  cure 
of  scrofula  or  king's  evil.  —  Touchstone, 
tuch'ston,  n.  A  hard  black  siliceous  stone 
used  in  ascertaining  the  purity  of  gold  and 
silver,  the  streak  made  by  rubbing  the 
article  on  it  being  compared  with  that 
made  by  the  touch-needle,  the  quality  of 
which  is  knovrn;flg.  any  test  of  criterion  by 
which  the  qualities  of  a  thing  are  tried.— 
Touchwood,  tuch'wud,  n.  The  soft  white 
substance  into  which  wood  is  converted 
by  the  action  of  several  fungi,  ser\'ing  the 
purpose  of  tinder. 

Touchy,  tuch'i,  a.  [A  form  of  ieeht/,  tetchy, 
brought  into  use  by  the  influence  of  touch.} 
Apt  to  take  offence ;  irritable;  irascible; 
hence  Touchily,  Touchiness. 

Tough,  tuf ,  a.  [A.  Sax.  t6h,  tough; akin  to  D. 
taai,  G.  zdhe,  Prov.  G.  za.ch, tangh.]  Having 
the  qualitv  of  flexibility  without  brittle- 
ness;  yielding  to  force  without  breaking; 
having  tenacity;  tenacious;  strong;  able  to 
endure  hardship;  viscous;  durable;  stub- 
bom;  unmanageable.— Toughen,tuf'n,  v.i. 
To  grow  tough.  — v.t.  To  make  tough.— 
Toughish,  tufish,  a.  Tough  in  a  slight 
degree.— Toughly,  tufli,  adv.  In  a  tough 
manner.  —  Toughness,  tuf'nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  tough;  flexibility  with 
firm  adhesion  of  parts;  viscosity;  tenacity; 
strength  of  constitution  or  texture. 

Toupee,  Toupet,  to-ps',  tO'pg.n.  [Fr.  toupet, 
dim.  from  O.  Fr.  toupe.  a  tuft,  from  G. 
zopf,  tuft.  Top.]  A  curl  or  artificial  look 
of  hair;  a  small  wig  or  upper  part  of  a 

.  wig. 

Tour,  tor,  n.  fFr.  tour,  a  turn,  trip,  tour, 
&c.;  same  origin  as  turn.]  A  round  or 
circuit;  a  journey  in  a  circuit;  a  roving 
journey;  a  lengthy  jaunt  Or  excursion; 
turn  or  succession  (a  tour  of  duty):  a  mili- 
tary use  of  the  word.— t>.i.  To  make  a  tour. 
—Tourist,  tOr'ist,  n.    One  who  makes  a 

•  tour;  one  who  travels  for  pleasure. 

Touraco,  ta-rak'o,  n.  An  African  insessorial 
bird  of  the  family  of  plantain-eaters. 

Totti-billion,  tor-bil'yon,  n.  [Fr.  tourbillon, 
a  whirlwind.]  An  ornamental  whirling 
firework. 

Tourelle,  t8-rel',  n.  [Fr.,  dim.  of  tour,  a 
tower.]    A  small  tower  on  a  building.  • 

Tourmalin,  Tourmaline,  t<ir'ma-)in,  n.  [A 
corruption  of  t'>umam,al,  a  name  given  to 


ch,  c7taija;     eft,  Sc.  iocA;    g,  co;     j.job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  fcint?;     tu,  then;  th,  ihiu,     w,  M-ig;     wh,  w/tig;     zh,  asure. 


TOURNAMENT 


714 


TRACT 


it  in  Ceylon.]  A  mineral  of  various  colours, 
f  requentlj;  black  or  colourless,  crystallized 
in  three-sided  or  six-sided  prisms,  often 
found  in  granitic  rocks  and  possessing 
strong  electrical  properties.  Black  tour- 
maline is  schorl;  red  tourmaline,  rubel- 
lite. 

Tournament,  tor'na-ment,  n.  fO.  Fr.  tour- 
neiment,  tou)-noyement,  from  toumeier, 
toumoi/er,  to  turn  or  twirl  about.  Turn.] 
A  martial  sport  or  species  of  combat  per- 
formed in  former  times  by  knights  on 
horseback  for  the  purpose  of  exercising 
and  exhibiting  their  courage,  prowess,  and 
skill  in  arms;  a  tilting  match  among  a 
number;  hence,  any  contest  of  skill  in 
which  a  number  take  pari  (a  chess  tottma- 
we}i<).— Tourney,  tdr'ne,  n.  [O.Fr.  toui-nei.] 
A  tournament. — v.i.  To  tilt;  to  engage  in 
a  tournament. 

Tourniquet,  tor'ni-ket,  n.  [Fr.,  from  iour- 
ner,  to  turn. J  A  surgical  bandage  which 
may  be  tightened  with  a  screw,  used  to 
check  hemorrhages.' 

Tournure,tor-nur,n.  [Fr.]  Contour;  figure; 
shape. 

Touse,  touz,  v.t. — toused,  tousing.  [Same  as 
L.  G.  t-Asen,  G.  zaxisen,  to  pull;  akin  to 
tease.]  To  pull  or  drag;  to  disorder  the 
hair  of;  to  tousle.— Tousle,  tou'zl,  v.t.  To 
put  into  disorder;  to  dishevel;  to  rumple. 
[CoUoq.] 

Tout,  tout,  v.i.  [Formerly  toot,  tote,  to  pry, 
peep,  from  A.  Sax.  tdtian,  to  stick  out  or 
project.]  To  ply  or  seek  for  customers. — 
n.  One  who  plies  for  customers,  as  for  an 
inn  or  hotel;  a  person  who  clandestinely 
watches  the  trials  of  race-horses  at  their 
training  quarters  and  for  a  fee  gives  in- 
formation for  betting  purposes. — Touter, 
tout'Or,  n.    A  tout. 

Tout-ensemble,  to-tan-saii-bl,  n.  |Fr.,  all 
together.  ]  The  whole  taken  together;  any- 
thing regarded  as  a  whole;  the  general 
effect  of  a  work  of  art. 

Tow,  to,  v.t.  [From  stem  of  A.  Sax.  tedhan, 
te&n,  to  draw,  to  tug,  whence  tohlini,  a 
towing  line;  akin  Icel.  toga,  G.  Ziehen,  to 
draw;  Scot,  tow,  Icel.  taug,  tog,  D.  totiw,  a 
rope  or  cord;  cog.  L.  duco,  to  lead.  Akin 
iuff,  tie.  I  To  drag,  as  a  boat  or  ship,  through 
the  water  by  means  of  a  rope.  —  n.  The 
state  of  being  towed  (to  take  a  boat  in  tow). 
— Towage,  to'aj,  n.  The  act  of  towing. — 
Tow-boat,  n.  A  boat  employed  in  towing 
a  vessel;  a  boat  that  is  towed.— Towing- 
path,  n.  A  path  used  by  men  and  horses 
in  towing  boats  along  a  canal  or  river.— 
Tow-line,  Tow-rope,  n.  A  rope  or  hawser 
used  to  tow  vessels. 

Tow,  to,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tow,  tow ;  akin  Icel. 
t6,  a  tuft  of  wool;  Dan.  tave,  a  fibre,  pi. 
taver,  tow;  same  root  as  tow,  above.]  The 
coarse  and  broken  part  of  flax  or  hemp 
separated  from  the  finer  part  by  the 
hatchel  or  swingle. 

Toward,  Towards,  to'erd,  to'^rdz,  prep. 
[A.  Sax.  tdweard,  tdweardes  —  id,  to,  and 
-weard,  expressing  direction.  Towards  is 
an  adverbial  genitive.]  In  the  direction 
of;  in  regard  or  with  respect  to  (well-dis- 
posed toward  us);  tending  or  contributing 
to;  in  aid  of;  for;  nearly;  about  {toward 
three  o'clock).  —  Toward  was  formerly 
sometimes  divided  by  tmesis  {to  Godtcard). 
—  adv.  In  a  state  of  preparation;  being 
carried  on.  —  Toward,  to'wferd,  a.  [Lit. 
bending  or  turned  to;  comp.  froivard,  in 
the  opposite  sense.]  Pliable;  docile;  ready 
to  do  or  learn;  apt.  —  Towardliness,  To- 
wardness,.  to'w6rd-li-ne.s  to'werd-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  toward;  aptness; 
docility.— Towardly,  to'werd-li.a.  Docile; 
tractable. 

Towel,  tou'el,  n:  [Fr.  to«at7?e,fromO.H.G. 
tirahilla,  dwahiVa,  a  towel,  from  twahan, 
A.  Sax.  (liwedn(toT  ihwcahan),  Goth,  thva- 
han,  to  wash.]  A  cloth,  usually  of  linen, 
for  wiping  the  h.ands  and  face,  especially 
after  washing;  a  similar  cloth  for  wiping 
in  domestic  use. — An  oaJcen  toicel,  a  cud- 
gel. [Slang.]— Towel-horse,  n.  A  wooden 
f raffle**  or  stand  to  hang  towels  on.  — 
Towelling,  tou'el-ing,  n.  Cloth  for  towels, 
iisn.Tlly  of  linen.— Towel-roller,  n  A  re- 
volving, wooden  bar  for  hanging  a  looped 
towel  .ou^      ■  J 

Tower,  tou'fir.n.  [O.E.  tour,  h^ia  Vr.  tour. 


a  tower,  from  L.  turns,  a  tower;  cog.  Gr. 
tj/rris,  tyrsis,  Ir.  tilr,  W.  twr,  Gael,  torr,  a 
heap,  a  tower.]  A  lofty  narrow  building  of 
a  round,  square,  or  polygonal  formi,  either 
insulated  or  forming  part  of  a  church, 
castle,  or  other  edifice;  a  tall,  movable 
wooden  structure  anciently  used  in  storm- 
ing a  fortified  place;  a  citadel;  a  fortress. 
— v.i.  To  rise  or  fly  high;  to  soar;  to  be 
lofty;  to  stand  sublime.— Towered,  tou'ferd, 
a.  Having  towers;  adorned  or  defended 
by  towers.— Towering,  tou'er-ing,  a.  Very 
high  or  lofty;  extreme;  violent;  outrage- 
ous (a  towering  rage).  —  Towery,  tou'fer-i, 
a.    Having  towers. 

Town,  tourp,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tun,  inclosure, 
homestead,  town=0.  Sax.  and  Icel.  tun, 
homestead,  D.  turn,  a  fence;  G.  zaun,  a 
hedge;  allied  to  Celt,  dun,  fortress,  town.] 
Originally  a  walled  or  fortified  place;  then 
houses  inclosed  with  a  wall;  hence,  any 
collection  of  houses  larger  than  a  village; 
a  large  assemblage  of  adjacent  houses 
intersected  by  streets:  often  opposed  to 
country;  the  metropolis  or  county  town, 
or  the  particular  city,  &c.,  in  or  near  which 
the  speaker  or  writer  is  (to  go  to  town,  to 
be  in  town);  the  inhabitants  of  a  town  (all 
the  town  talks  of  it).  —  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
characteristic  of  a  town;  urban.— Town- 
clerk,  n.  The  clerk  to  a  municipal  cor- 
poration, and  who  keeps  the  records  of  the 
town.  —  Town-council,  n.  '  The  governing 
body  in  a  municipal  corporation  elected 
by  the  ratepayers.  —  Town-councillor,  n. 
A  member  of  a  town-council.— Town-crier, 
n.  A  public  crier  in  a  town.- Town-hall, 
n.  A  large  hall  or  building  belonging  to 
a  town  or  borough  in  which  the  towu- 
council  ordinarily  hold  their  meetings;  a 
town-house.  —  Town-house,  n.  A  public 
building  in  a  town  for  the  transaction  of 
municipal  business,  for  public  meetings, 
A.C.  —  Townless,  touu'les,  a.  Having  no 
town.  —  Townlet,  touu '  let,  n.  A  small 
town. -Townsfolk, tounz'fOk, n. pi.  People 
of  a  town  or  city.  —  Township,  toun'ship, 
n.  The  district  or  territory  of  a  town;  a 
division  of  certain  parishes;  in  the  United 
States  a  territorial  district  subordinate  to 
a  county,  and  the  inhabitants  of  which 
have  certain  powers  for  regulating  their 
own  affairs.  —  Townsman,  tounz'man,  n. 
An  inhabitant  of  a  town;  one  of  the  same 
town  with  another.— Townspeople,  tounz'- 
pe-pl,  n.  pi.  The  inhabitants  of  a  town, 
especially  in  distinction  from  country 
folk.— Town-talk,  n.  The  common  topic 
among  people  of  a  town.  —  Townward, 
Townwards,  toun'wfird,  toun'wferdz,  adv. 
Toward  the  town. 

Tow-rope.    F  nder  Tow,  v.  t. 

Toxic,  Toxical,  tok'sik,  tok'si-kal,  a.  [Gr. 
toxikon,  poison,  originally  for  arrows,  from 
toxon,  a  bow.]  Pertaining  to  poisons;  poi- 
sonous.— Toxicant,  tok'si-kant,  n.  A  poi- 
son of  a  stimulating,  narcotic,  or  anses- 
thetic  nature.  —  Toxicological,  tok'si-ko- 
loj"i-kal,  «.  Pertaining  to  toxicology. — 
Toxicologically,  tok'si-ko-loj"i-kal-li,  adv. 
In  a  toxicological  manner.— Toxicologist, 
tok-si-kol'o-jist,  n.  One  who  treats  of  poi- 
sons.- Toxicology,  tok-si-kol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr. 
toxikon,  poison,  Zofros,  discourse.]  The  doc- 
trine of  poisons;  that  branch  of  medicine 
which  treats  of  poisonsand  theirantidotes. 

Toxophilite,  tok-sof'i-lit,  n.  (Gr.  toxon,  a 
bow,  and  philos,  loving.]  A  lover  of  arch- 
ery.—a.  Pertaining  to  archery. 

Toy,  toi,  n.  [Same  as  Dan.  toi,  D.  tuig,  G. 
zeug,a,s  in  DPin.lege-tdi.D.speel-tnigfi.spiel- 
zeug,  a  plaything  or  toy;  same  root  as  tug, 
tow.\  A  plaything  for  children;  a  bauble; 
a  thing  for  amusement  and  of  no  real 
value;  a  trifling  object.  —  v.i.  To  dally 
amorously;  to  trifle;  to  play.— Toyer,  toi'- 
«r,  n.  One  who  toys.- Tojj^sh,  toi'ish,  a. 
Trifling;  wanton.  —  Toyman,  toi'man,  n. 
One  that  deals  in  toys.  —  Toyshop,  toi'- 
shop,  n.    A  shop  where  toys  are  sold. 

Trace,  tras,  n.  [Fr.  trace,  trace,  track,  out- 
line, &c.,  from  tracer,-to  trace,  from  L.L. 
tractiare,  from  L.  tractus,  pp.  of  traho, 
trahere,  to  draw;  whence  also  tract,  trac- 
table, train,  trait,  treat,  abstract,  detract, 
extract,  &c.  In  last  sense  directly  from 
O.Fr.  trots,  pi.  of  tvait,  the  trace  of  a  car- 
riage, from  traire,  h.  trahere,  to  draw.]  A 


mark  left  by  .anything  passing;  a  track ; 
any  mark,  impression,  or  appearance  left 
when  the  thing  itself  no  longer  exists ; 
visible  evidence  of  something  having  been ; 
token;  vestige;  a  minute  quantity  or  in- 
significant particle;  one  of  the  strap.s, 
chains,  or  ropes  by  which  a  carriage,  wag- 
on, &c.,  is  drawn.  —  w.t.— traced,  tracing. 
To  follow  by  traces  left;  to  track  out;  to 
follow  by  vestiges  or  indicatiocs;  to  draw 
or  delineate  with  marks;  to  draw  in  out- 
line; to  copy,  as  a  drawing  or  engraving, 
by  following  the  lines  and  marking  them 
on  a  sheet  superimposed,  through  whicli 
they  appear.  —  v.i.  To  walk;  to  travel.— 
Traceable,  tras'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
traced.  —  Traceableness,  tras'a-bl-nes,  ii. 
The  state  of  being  traceable.— Traceably, 
tras'a-bli,  adv.  So  as  to  be  traced.— 
Tracer,  trfis'er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
traces.  —  Tracery,  tras'^r-i,  n.  Arch,  orna- 
mental open-work  in  stone  in  the  head  of 
a  Gothic  window,  showing  cun'es  and 
flowing  lines  intersecting  in  various  ways 
and  enriched  with  foli.-itions;  any  similar 
ornamental  work.  —  Tracing,  tras'ing,  n. 
The  act  of  one  who  traces;  a  copy  of  sm 
original  design  or  drawing  made  by  fol- 
lowing its  lines  through  a  transparent 
medium.— Tracing-paper,  n.  Tran.iiiarent 
paper  which  is  laid  on  a  drawing,  so  that 
the  outlines  of  the  original  may  be  drawn 
on  it. 

Trachea,  tra'ke-a,  n.  pi.  Tracheae,  traT^e-e. 
I  L.  traehia,  Gr.  trucheia,  from  trachys, 
rough,  from  the  inequalities  of  its  carti- 
lages.) The  windpii)e,a  cartilaginous  and 
membranous  pipe  through  which  the  air 
passes  into  and  out  of  the  lungs;  bot.  one 
of  the  spii-al  vessels  of  plants;  zool.  one  of 
those  vessels  in  insects,  &c.,  which  receive 
air  and  distribute  it  to  every  part  of  the 
interior  of  the  body.— Tracheal,  trako-al, 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  trachea.— Tracheary, 
tra'kC'-a-ri,  a.  Zool.  breathing  by  means 
of  tracheaa.- Tracheitis,  Trachitis,  tra-ko- 
i'tis,  tra-ki'tis,  n.  Inflammation  of  the 
windpipe.— Trachenchyma,tra-ken'ki-ma, 
n.  {.Trachea,  and  Gr.  enchyma,  an  infu- 
sion.] Bot.  the  vascular  tissue  of  plants 
which  consists  of  spiral  vessels. — Tracheo- 
cele, tra-ke ' o-sEl,  n.  [Trachea,  and  Gr. 
keH,  a  tumour.]  Bronchocele  or  goitre. — 
Tracheotome,  tralce-o-tOm,  n.  A  surgical 
knife  used  in  tracheotomy  .-Tracheotomy, 
tra-ku-ot'o-mi,  n.  [Trachea,  and  Gr.  tome, 
a  cutting,  from  temno,  to  cut.]  S^trg.  the 
operation  of  cutting  into  the  trachea,  as 
in  cases  of  suffocation;  bronchotomy;  lar- 
yngotomy. 

Trachyte,  traTjit,  n.  [Gr.  trachys,  rough.] 
A  f  elspathic  rock  abundant  among  the  pro- 
ducts of  volcanoes,  and  often  containing 
crystals  of  glassy  felspar,  with  sometimes 
hornblende  and  mica.  —  Trachytic,  tra- 
kit'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  trachyte  or  con- 
sisting of  it. 

Track,  trak,  n.  [O.Fr.  trae,  a  track  or 
course,  from  D.  and  L.G.  trek,  treck,  a 
drawing,  trekken,  irecken,  to  draw.]  A 
mark  left  by  something  that  has  passed 
along;  a  mark  left  by  the  foot  of  man  or 
beast;  a  trace;  a  footprint;  a  road;  a  beaten 
path;  course  followed;  path;  the  course 
of  a  railway;  the  permanent  way.— ».<.  To 
follow  when  guided  by  a  track;  to  follow 
by  tracks;  naut.  to  tow  by  a  line  from  the 
shore.  —  Tracker,  trak'er,  n.  One  who 
tracks;  one  who  hunts  by  following  the 
track.— Trackless,  trak'les,  o.  Having  no 
track;  pathless;  untrodden.— Tracklessly, 
trak'les-li,  adv.  So  as  to  leave  no  track. — 
Tracklessness,  tra-k'les-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  without  a  track.— Track-road,  n. 
A  towing-path. 

Tract,  trakt,  ».  [L.  traetm,  a  drawing,  a 
district,  from  traho,  tractum,  to  draw  or 
drag;  in  second  sense  from  tractate. 
Trace.]  A  region  or  quantity  of  land  or 
water  of  indefinite  extent;  a  short  disser- 
tation; a  short  treatise,  particularly  on 
practical  religion :  in  this  sense  often  ad- 
jectivally used;  as,  a  tract  society,  a  so- 
ciety for  the  printing  and  distribution  of 
tracts;  a  length  or  extent  of  time  (a  tract 
of  dry  weather).  —  Tractarlan,  trak-ta'ri- 
an,  n.  A  term  applied  to  the  writers  of 
the  *  Tracts  for  the  Times,*  a  series  of  pa- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;     me.  met,  htr;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  niiive;     tQbe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     fl,  Sc,  abtme— the  Fr.  «. 


TRACTABLE 


715 


TRAIT 


rers  published  at  Oxford Tjetween  1833  and 
1841,  written  by  Ansflicafi  scholars,  and 
showing  a  considerable  leaning  towards 
Roman  Catholicism;  also,^  person  who 
Bupporta  such  opinions. — TractaiianiBm, 
tiak-ts,'ri-an-izm,  n.  The  doctrines  or 
teaching  of  the  Tractarians.  —  Tractate, 
trak'tat,  n.  {I/,  tractatus,  a  treatise,  from 
tracto,  to  handle.  Tbaotablb.]  A  treatise; 
a  tract. 

Tractable,  trak't^-bl,  a.  [Ii.  tmetoMlis, 
from  tracto,  to  haindle.  manage,  treat,  freq. 
of.  traho,  to  draw.  Tract.]  Capable  of 
being  easily  trained  or  managed;  very 
amenable  to  discipline;  docile;  govern- 
able.—Tractableness.  Tractability,  trak'- 
ta-bl-nes,.  trak-ta-biri-ti,  n.  The  state  or 
a  uality  of  being  tractable;  docility.— Trac- 
tably, trak'ta-bli,  adv.  In  a  tjractable 
manner. 

^actarlan.    Under  TsAcr. 

Traction,  trak'shen,  n.  [Fr.  traeUdn,  from 
L.  traho,  traetum,  to-draw.  Tract.]  The 
act  of  drawing  or  dragging;  the  act  of 
drawing  a  bodjr  along  a  plane,  as  when  a 
vessel  is  towed  in  water  or  a  carriage  upon 
a  road  or  railway.  —  Traction-engine,  n. 
A  steam  locomotive  engine  for  dragging 
heavy  loads  on  common  roads.— Tractive, 
trak'tiv,  a.  Serving  to  pull  or  draw;  draw- 
ing along.  —  Tractor,  trak'tfer,  n.  That 
which  draws;  a  name  given  to  two  small 
bars  of  brass  and  steel  formerly  thought 
to  have  medical  efficacy  when  drawn  over 
diseased  parts. 

Trade,  trad,  n.  [From  verb  to  tread,  and 
orfeinally  meaning  a  beaten  path,  hence 
a  way  or  path  of  life,  traffic,  trade.  The 
trade- winds  are  so  called  from  blowing  in 
a  regular  course.  Tread.]  Regular  employ- 
ment or  way  of  life;  the  business  which  a 
person  carries  on  for  procuring  subsistence 
or  for  profit;  occupation;  particularly,  a 
mechanical  or  mercantile  employm.ent  or 
a  handicraft,  as  distinguished  from  an  art 
or  profession;  the  business  of  exchanging 
commodities  for  other  commodities  or  for 
money ;  commerce ;  traffic ;  collectively, 
those  who  are  engaged  in  any  trade;  a 
trade- wind.  —  Board  of  trade,  a  depart- 
ment of  the  British  government  having 
important  functions  respecting  the  trade' 
and  navigation  of  the  kingdom. — a.  Per- 
taining to  trade  or  a  particular  trade.-^ 
v.i.— traded,  trading.  To  barter  or  to  buy 
and  sell;  to  traffic;  to  carry  on  commerce; 
to  engage  in  affairs  generally;  to  deal  or 
have  dealings.— ti.i.  To  sell  or  exchange  in 
commerce;  to  barter.  — rfCrade-allowance, 
n.  A  discount  allowed  on  articles  to  be 
sold  again.  —  Trade-hall,  n.  A  hall  for 
meetings  of  manufacturers,  traders,  &c.; 
also,  a  hall  for  meetings  pt  incorporated 
trades.  —  Trade-mark,  n.  A  distinctive 
mark  or  device  adopted  by  a  manufacturer 
or  producer,  and  impressed  on  his  goods, 
labels,  &c.,  to  distinguish  them  from  those 
of  others.  —  Trade-price,"  n.  The  price 
charged  to  dealers  for  articles  that  are  to 
be  sold  again.  —  Trader,  tra'd6r,  n.  One 
engaged  in  trade  or  commerce;  a  vessel 
employed  regularly  in  any  particular 
trade.  —  Trade-sale,  n.  A  special  sale  of 
articles  suited  to  a  particular  class  of 
dealers.  —  Tradesfolk,  tradz'fok,  n.  pi. 
People  employed  in  trade.  —  Tradesmaa, 
tradz'man,  n.  A  shopkeeper;  a  mechanic. 
— Trades-people,  n.  pi.  People  employed 
in  various  trades.  —  Trades-ipilon,  n.  A 
combination  of  workmen  of  any  particular 
trade  or  branch  of  manufacture  to  enable 
them  all  to  secure  the  conditions  most 
favourable  for  labour,  and  the  redress  qf 
any  of  their  grievances. — Trades-nnionlsm, 
n.  The  principles  or  practices  of  trades- 
unions.  —Trades-unionist,  n.  A  member 
of  a  trades-union;  one  who  favours  the 
system  of  trades-unions.  —  Trade -■wind, 
n.  One  of  those  constant  winds  which 
occur  in  all  open  seas  on  both  sides  of  the 
equator,  and  to  the  distance  of  about  30°. 
north  and  south  of  it,  blowing  always  or 
for  half  the  year  in  the  same  direction. — 
Trading,  tra'ding,  a.  Carrying  on  com- 
merce; engaged  in  trade;  venal. 

Tradition,  tra-dish'on,  n.  (Fr.  tradition, 
from  L.  traditio,  a  handing  over,  from 
trado,  to  deliver— irans,  over,  and  do,  to 


give.  Treason  is  a  doublet  of  this  word.] 
The  handing  down  of  opinions,  doctrines, 
practices,  rites,  and  customs  from  father 
to  son,  or  from  ancestors  to  posterity  by 
oral  communication;  that  which  is  handed 
down  from  age  to  age  by  oral  communicai- 
tion ;  a  doctrine  or  statement  of  facts  so 
handed  down.— Tradltional,tra-di8h'on-al, 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  tra- 
ditionj  communicated  from  ancestors  to 
descendants  by  word  only;  transmitted 
from  age  to  age  without  writing. — Tra- 
ditionalism, tra-dish'on-al-izm,  n.  Ad- 
herence to  or  importance  placed  on  tra- 
dition.—Traditionalist,  tra-dish'on-al-ist, 
n.  One  who  holds  to  tradition  or  tra- 
ditionalism.— Traditionally,  tra-dish'on- 
al-li,  adv.  By  tradition;  by  oral  transmis- 
sion. — Traditionarily,  tra-dish'on-a-ri-li, 
adv.  In  a  traditionary  manner;  by  tra- 
dition.—Traditionary,  tra-dish'on-a-ri,  a. 
Traditional.— TraditipnJst,tra-dish'on-ist, 
».  One  who  adheres  to  tradition.— Tradi- 
tlve,+  trad'i-tiv,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  based 
on^tradition;  trtiditional. 

nraduCe,  tra-das',  v. t— traduced,  traducing. 
[L.  tradvxo,  traducere,  to  lead  along,  ex- 
hibit, disgrp.ce,  defame— irans,  over,  an^ 
duco,  to  lead.  Duke.]  To  misrepresent 
wilfully;  to  defame;  to  calumniate;  to 
vilify.  —  Traducement,  tra-dus'ment,  n. 
The  act  Of  traducing;  misrepresentation; 
calumny.— Traducer,  tra-du'sftr,  n.  One 
that  traduces;  a'slanderer;  a  calumniator. 
— Traducianism,  tra-du'si-an-izm,  n.  The 
doctririe  that  the  souls  of  children  as  well 
as  their  bodies  are  begotten  from  their 
parents.— Traducible,  tra-du'si-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  traduced. 

Traffic,  traf'ik,  n.  [Fr.  trafic.  It.  traffico, 
Sp.  trafico,  trafago,  traffic;  origin  doubt- 
ful.] An  interchange  of  goods  or  mer- 
chandise between  countries,  communities, 
or  individuals;  trade;  commerce;  goods  or 
persons  passing  along  a  road,  railway, 
canal,  steamboat  route,  i'c,  viewed  col- 
lectively ;  dealingis ;  intercourse.  —.  v.i.  — 
trafficked,  trafficking.  [Fr.  troMuef^  Sp. 
traficar  or  trafagar.\  To  trade;  to  buy  and 
sell  wares;  to  carry  on  commerce;  to  have 
business  or  dealings;  to  deal;  to  trade 
meanly  or  mercenarily.- Trafficker,  traf '- 
ik-6r,  n.  One  who  traffics;  a  trader;  a  mer- 
chant.—Trafficless,  traf'ik-les,.  a.  Desti- 
tute of  traffic- Traffic-manager,  n.  The 
manager  of  the  traffic  on  a  railway,  canal, 
and  the  like.— Traffic-return,  n.  A  peri- 
odical statement  of  traffic  on  a  railway, 
canal,  &c. 

Tragacanth,  trag'a-kanth,  n.  [L.  traga- 
eantha,  tragacanthtim,  from  (Jr.  tragakan- 
tha—tragos,  a  goat,  and  akardha,  a  thorn.] 
Goat's-thom,  a  leguminous  plant  yielding 
a  gummy  juice  used  in  confectionery;  a 
variety  of  gum  fam.iliarly  termed  gum- 
dragon  or  gum-tragacanth,  used  as  a  de- 
mulcent in  coughs  and  for  other  purposes. 

Tragedy,  traj'e-di,  n.  [L.  tragcedia,  from 
Gr.  tragoii)dia,  tragedy— iraffos,  a  he-goat, 
and  Ode,  6{i)de,  a  song,  from  aeido,  to  sing; 
because,  it  is  said,  a  goat  was  the  prize  of 
the  early  tragic  choirs  in  Athens.]  A  dra- 
matic poem  representing  an  important 
event  or  a  series  of  events  in  the  life  of 
some  person  or  persons,  in  which  the  dic- 
tion is  elevated  and  the  catastrophe  mel- 
ancholy; that  kind  of  drama  in  which 
some  fatal  or  mournful  event  is  the  main 
themej  a  fatal  and  mournful  event;  any 
event  inwhich  human  lives  are  sacrificed; 
a  murderous  deed.— Tragedian,  tra-je'di- 
an,  n.  [L.  tragcsdus.']  A  writer  of  tragedy; 
an  actor  of  tragedy.— Tragedienne,  tra- 
j5'di-en,  w.  [Fi.  tragidienne.]  A  female 
actor  of  tragedy;  a  tragic  a,ctress. — Tragic, 
Tragical,  traj'ik,  traj'i-kal, a.  [L.tragicus.] 
Pertaining  to  tragedy;  of  the  nature  or 
character  of  tragedy  (in  this  sense  Tragic 
is  now  the  more  commonfoijn);  connected 
with  or  characterized  by  bloodshed  or  loss 
of  life;  murderous;  dreadful;  calamitous. 
—Tragically,  traj'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  tragic 
or  tragical  manner.— Tragicalness,  traj'i- 
kal-nes,  n.— Tragl-comedy,  n.  A  kind  of 
dramatic  piece  in  which  serious  and  comic 
scenes  are  blended,  and  of  which  the  event 
is  not  unhy)py.  —  Tragi -comic.  Tragi- 
comical, a.  Pertaining  to  tragi-comedy.-^ 


Tragl-comicaUy,  adv.  In  a  tragicomical 
manner. 

Tragopan,trag'5-pan,n.  [Gr.  tracroa,  a  goat, 
and  Part,  the  deity.]  Ar  Asiatic  bird  of 
the  pheasant  family  with  soft  horn-liko 

jirotuberances  on  the  head. 

Tragus,  trag'us,  n.  [Prom  Gr.  tragos,  a 
goat,  being  sometimes  furnished  with  a 
tuft  of  hair  suggesting  the  beard  of  a 

-  goat.]  Anat.  a  small  cartilaginpus  emi- 
nence at  the  entrance  of  the  external  ear. 

Trail,  tral,  v.t.  [From  old  traile,  a  sledge, 
from  L.  tragula,  a  sledge,  a  drag-net,  from 
traho,  to  draw.  Trace.]  To  draw  behind 
or  along  the  ground;  to  drag;  milit.  to 
carry  in  an  obUque,  forward  position, 
with  the  breech  near  the  ground,  the 
piece  being  held  by  the  right  hand  near 
the  middle  (to  trail  arms).— D.i.  To  sweep 
over  a  surface  by  being  pulled  or  dragged; 

.to  grow  with  long  slender  and  creeping 
shoots  or  stems,  as  a  plant. — n.  A  track 
followed  by  a  hunter;  anything  drawn  to 
length  (a  trail  of  smoke);  the  end  of  the 
stock  of  a  gun-carriage  which  rests  upon 
the  ground  when  a  gun  is  in  position  for 
firing. — Trail-board,  n.  A  carved  or  orna- 
mented board  on  each  side  of  the  stem  of 
a  vessel  stretching  to  the  figure-head.— 
Trailer,  tral'fer,  n.  One  who  trails;  a  plant 
which  cannot  grow  upward  without  sup- 
port.—Trail-net,  n.  A  net  trailed  behind 
a  boat;  a  drag-net. 

Trail,  tral,  «.  [Abbrev.  of  entrails.]  Cook- 
erUj  intestines  of  certain  birds  and  fishes, 
which  are  sent  to  the  table  without  being 
extracted. 

T^-ain,  tran,  v.t.  [Fr.  trainer,  O.Pr.  trainer, 
trahiner,  to  draw,  from  L.  L.  trahinare, 
from  L.  trahere,  to  draw.  Trace.]  To 
draw  alongt;  to  trailj;  to  draw  by  artifice; 
to  entice;  to  educate;  to  rear  and  instruct: 
often  followed  byupjto  form  to  any  practice 
by  exercise;  to  drill;  to  discipline;  to  break; 
to  tame  and  reduce  to  docility;  to  teach  to 
imrform  certain  actions  (to  train  dogs);  to 
subject  to  proper  regimen  apd  exercise 
for  the  performance  of  some  special  exer- 
tion or  feat  (to  train  horses  for  the  Derby); 
gardeniiig,  to  form  to  a  desired  shape  by 
growth  and  pruning,  &c. — v.i.  To  undergo 
some  special  drill  or  discipline;  to  subject 
one's  self  to  a  special  course  of  exercise 
and  regimen  for  an  athletic  or  other  feat. 
— n.  That  which  is  drawn  along  behind; 
that  part  of  a  gown  or  robe  which  trails 
behind  the  wearer;  the  tail  of  a  comet, 
meteor,  &c.;  the  tail  of  a  bird;  the  after 
part  of  a  gun-carriage;  a  succession  of  con- 
nected things;  a  series;  way  or  course  of 
procedure;  regular  method;  course;  a  num  - 
ber  or  body  of  followers  or  attendants;  a 
retinue;  a  procession;  a  connected  line  of 
carriages  on  a  railway,  together  with  the 
engine;  a  line  of  combustible  material  to 
lead  fire  to  a  charge  or  mine;  a  set  of 

..wheels,  or  wheels  and  pinions,  as  in  a 

'  watch.— Train  of  artillery,  a  certain  num- 
ber of  pieces,  with  attendants,  carriages, 
&c.,  organized  for  a  given  duty.— Train- 
able, tra'na-bl ,  a.  Capable  of  being  trained. 
—Train-band,  n.  A  band  or  company  of 
militia.— Train-bearer,  n.  One  who  holds 
up  a  person's  train  or  long  state  robe. — 
Trained,  trand, ».  and  a.  Formed  by  train- 
ing;exercised;  educated;  instructed;  skilled 
by  practice.- Trainer,  tra'n6r,  n.  One  who 
trams;  one  who  prepares  men,  horses,  &c., 
for  the  performance  of  certain  feats,  as  an 
oarsman  for  a  boat-race,  or  a  horse  for 
racing.  —  Training,  tra'ning,  p.  and  a. 
Teaching  and  forming bypractice—Train- 
ing  college,  a  normal  school.- m.  The  act  of 
one  who  trains;  the  process  of  educating; 
education;  drill;course  6f  exercise  andregi- 
men.— Training-ship,  n.  A  ship  equipped 
with  instructors,  officers,  &c.,  to  train  lads 
for  the  sea. 

Train-oil,  tran,  n.  [D.andL.G.<raan,Dan. 
and  Sw.  tran,  G.  thran,  train-oil ;  covi}.v- 
D.  traan,  G.  thrcine,  a  tear,  a  drop.]  Ihe 
oil  procured  from  the  blubber  or  fat  of 
whales. 

Traipse,  traps,  v.i.  [Perhaps  from  Pr.  tre- 
passer,  to  trespass.  Trape.]  To  walk 
gluttishly  or  carelessly;  to  trape. 

Trait,  trat  or  tra,  n.  f  Fr.,  a  trait,  a  stroke, 
from  L.  <rac£ws,  a  drawing.    Tract.]   A 


ch,  cftainj     ch,Hc.loctn     g,go;    j./ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sine;     la,  then;  tin,  thin;     w,  wig;     wh.tn.'tig;     zh,  aiurs. 


TRAITOE 


716 


TEiJSrSlTJSIS 


t-troke;  a  touch;  a  ^stm^shiog  .or  pe- 
culiar feature;  a  peculiarity.  ''* 
Traitor,  trft'tftr,  n.  [O.iY.  traitor  (Pr.: 
trattre).,  from  L.  traditor,  from  trado,  to 
deliver  up  (whence  tradition) — trans,  over, 
and  do,  datum,  to  give.]  One  who  violates 
his  allegiance  and  strays  his  country; 
one  guilty  of  treason;  one  who,  in  breach 
of  trust,  plays  into  the  hands  of  an  enemy; 
one  guilty  of  perfidy  or  treachery.  —  a. 
Traitorous,'—  naitorism,  tra't6r-i£m,  n. 
Treachery.— TraitoroM,tra't6r-ug,  a.  Ac- 
ting the  traitor;  treacherous;  perfidious; 
(insisting  in  or  partaking  or  treason.  — 
Traitorously,  trS't6r-us-li,  adv.  In  a  trai- 
torous manner.— Traltoronsness,  tra't6r-- 
us-nes,  n.  Treachery.— Traitress,  tra'tres, 
n.  A  female  traitor,-  a  woman  who  betraya 
her  countrj'  or  her  trust. 
Traject, tra-jekt',r.<.  IL. trajicio,trajeetum 
—trans,  across,  over,  and  jacio,  to  throw. 
Jet.]  To  throw,  cast,  or -make  to  pass 
through.— TraJection,tra-jfli'shon,ti'.  The 
act  of  trajecting.— Trajbctory,*tra-jek'to- 
ri,  n.  The  path  described  by  a  body,  such 
as  a  planet,  comet,  projectile,  &c.,  under 
the  action  of  given  forces. 
Tralatltioua,  tral-a-tish'us,  o.  [L.  tralati- 
ti^^s,  translatiiius.  Translate.]  Meta- 
phorical; not  literal. — Tralati  tiously,  tral- 
a-tish'us-U,  adv.  Metaphorically. 
Tram,  tram,  n.  [Same  as  Sc.  tram,  the 
shaft  of  -a  cart,  Sw.  trom,  trtim,  6.  tram, 
a  beam.]'  One  of  the  rails  or  tracks  of  a 
tramway;  a  sort  of  four-wheeled  wagon 
running  on  a  tramway  used  in  coal-mines. 
— Tram-road,  n.  A  road  in  which  the  track 
for  the  wheels  is  made  of  pieces  of  wood, 
flat  stones,  or  plates  of  iron,  while  the 
horse  track  between  is  left  sufficiently 
rough  for  the  feet  of  the  horses.— Tram- 
way, tram'wa,  n.  A  tram-road;  a  railway 
laid  along  a  road  or  the  street  of  a  town, 
on  which  cars  for  passengers  or  for  goods 
are  drawn  by  horses,  or  by  some  mechani- 
cal power.  -^  Tramway  car,  a  passenger 
carnage  on  a  street  tramway. 

Tram,  tram,  n.  [It.  trama,  from  L.  trama, 
weft.] .  A  kind  of  doubled  silk  thread,  in 
which  two  or  more  strands  are  twisted 
together. 

TKumnel,  tram'el,  n.  [Fr.  tramaU,  tr&mail, 
anet,from  L.L.  tramaeulum.tremacultnn, 
a  kind  of  fishing-net,  from  L.  tres,  three, 
and  macula,  a  mesh.]  A  kind  of  net  for 
catching  birds  or  fishes;  a  kind  of  shackles 
for  regulating  the  motions  of  a  horse  and 
making  him  amble;  whatever  hinders  ac- 
tivity, freedom,  or  progress;  an  instrument- 
for  drawing  ovals,  used  by  joiners  and 
other  artificers;  a  beam-compass.— ti.fc — 
trammelled,  trammelling.  To  confine ;  to 
hamper;  to  shackle.— TrammeUer,  tram'- 
el-6r,  71.  Onewhoor  that  which  trammels. 
—Trammelled,  tram'eld,  p.  and  a.  Ham- 
pered; confined;  shaokleo,  • 

xramontane,  tra-mon'tan,  a.  [It.  tramon- 
tano,  from  L.  transmontanus— trans,  be- 
yond, and  mons,  mountain.]  Lying  or 
being  beyond  the  mountains;  originally 
applied  by  the  Italians  to  those  on  the 
other  side  of  the  Alps;  hence,  foreign'; 
barbarous. 

Tramp,  tramp,  v.t.  [Same  as  L.O.  trampen, 
Dan.  trampe,  Sw.  trampa,  to  tramp;  nasa- 
lized forms  corresponding  to  B.  and  G. 
trappen,  to  tread ;  akin  trap,  trip.  ]  To 
tread  under  foot;  to  trample;  to  travel 
over  on  foot  (to  iram,p  a  country).— t>.i.  To 
travel  on  foot.— «.  The  sound  made  by  the 
feet  coming  in  contact  with  the  ground  in 
walking  or  marching;  an  excurt-ion  on 
foot ;  a  vagrant ;  a  stroller.  —  Tramper, 
tram'p^r,  n.  One  who  tramps.- Trample, 
tram 'pi,  v.t.  —  trampled,  trampling.  [A 
freq.  from  tramp;  like  D.  trampekn,  Q. 
trampeln,  to  trample.]  To  tr^td  under 
foot;  to  tread  down;  to  prostrate  by  tread- 
ing: to  crush  with  the  feet;  to  treat  with 
gride,  contempt,  and  iosult.- w.i.  To  tread 
1  contempt;  to  tread  with  force;  to  stamp. 
— Trainpler,tram'pl-6r,n.  One  that  tram- 
ples.—Tramp-pick,  n.  A  kind  of  pick  or 
lever  of  iron  which  the  foot  helps  to  drive 
into  the  ground  by  means  of  a  rest  fixed 
on  it,  used  for  turning  up  veij  hard  soils. 

Trance,  tnms,  n.  [Fr.  transe,  from  Jj.  tran- 
situs,  a  passage,  from  trans,  across,  beyond. 


and  eo.  Own,  to  go;  so  that  trance  and 
transit  are  doublets.]  An  ecstasy;  a  state 
in  which  the  soul  seems  to  have  passed 
out  of  the  body-,  or  to  be  rapt  into  visions; 
a  state  of  insensibility  to  the  things  of 
this  world;  a  state  of  perplexity  or  bewU- 
derment ;  med.  same  as  Catalepsy. — v.t. — 
tranced,  tranciTig.  To  entrance ;  to  place 
in  or  as  in  a  trance;  to  charm;  to  enchant. 
— Trancedly,  tran's^-U,  adv.  In  an  ab- 
sorbed or  trajice-like  manner;  like  one  in 
a  trance.    ' 

Tranquil,  tran'kwil,o.  [Pr.  tmnfl^iZfe,  from 
L.  tranquilUis,  quiet,  calm.]  Quiet;  calm; 
undisturbed ;  peaceful ;  not  agitated.  — 
Tranquillity,  tran-kwil'i-ti,  re.  [L.  tran^ 
guillitas.]  The  state. of  being  tranquil; 
quietness;  calmness;  freedom  from  agita- 
tion.—Tranqnillize.tran'kwil-iz,  v.t.—tran- 
quillieed,  tranquillizing.  To  render  tran- 
quil; to  allay  when  agitated;  to  compose; 
to  make  calm  and  peaceful.— Tranquil- 
lizer, tran'kwil-i-zfer,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  tranquillizes.  —  Tranquilly,  tran'- 
kwil-li,  adv.  In  a  tranquil  manner;  quiet- 
ly; peacefully.— Tranquilneos,  tran'kwil- 
nes,  n.'  Tranquillity. 
Transact,  tran-sakt',  v.t  [L.  transigo, 
transacfum — (rans-,  across,  through,  and 
ago,  to  lead,'  act.]  To  carry  through,  per- 
form, or  conduct  (business,  affairs,  &c. ); 
to  do;  to  perform;  to  manage;  to  complete; 
to  carry  through.— Transaction,  tran-sak'- 
shon,  re.  The  doing  or  performing  of  any 
business;  some  piece  of  business;  a  pro- 
ceeding ;  an  affair ;  pi.  reports  containing 
papers  or  abstracts  of  papefs,  speeches, 
discussions,  &c.,  read  or  delivered  at  the 
meetings  of  certain  learned  societies. — 
Transactor,  tran-sak't^.n.  One  who 
transacts. 

Transalpine,  tran-sal'ptn,  a.  [L.  tratisal- 
pinus,  itaxa  trans,  beyond,  and  Alpinus, 
pertaining  to  the  Alps.'i  Lying  or  being 
beyond  the  Alps:  generally  used  in  regard 
to  Rome;  opposed  to  Cisalpine. 

Transatlantic,  trans-at-lan'tik,  a.  [L.  trans, 
beyond,  and  .dttantic.]  Lying  or  being  be- 
yond the  Atlantic ;  crossing  the  Atlantic 
(a  transatlantic  line  of  steamers). 

Transcend,  tran-send',  v.t.  [L.  transcendo— 
trans,  beyond,  and  sca'>xdo,  to  cUmb  (as  in 
ascend,  rieseend,  &c,).  Scan.]  To  rise  above 
or  beyond;  to  be  or  go  beyond  the  grasp  or 
comprehension  of;  to  surpass,  outgo,  excel,- 
exceed.— Transcendence,  Transcendency, 
tran-sen'dens,  tran-sen' den-si,  ».  Supe- 
rior excellence;  supereminence.  —  Trans- 
cendent, tran-sen 'dent,  a.  Superior  or 
supreme  in  excellence;  surpassing  others; 
gomg  beyond  or  transcending  human  ex- 

.  perience.  —  Transcendental,  tran-sen- 
den'tal,  a.  Transcendent;  transcending 
the  sphere  of  that  knowledge  which  we 
acquire  by  experience ;  abstrusely  specu- 

-  lative ;  beyond  the  reach  of  ordinary, 
everyday,  or  common  thought  and  experi- 
ence; math,  applied  to  what  cannot  be 
represented  by  an  algebraical  expression 
of  a  finite  number  of  terms,  ■«ith  numeral 
and  determinate  indexes. — Transcenden- 
talism, tran-sen-den'tal-izm,  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  transcendental ;  a  system  of 
philosophy  which  claims  to  have  a  true 
knowledge  of  all  things  material  and  im- 
material, human  and  divine,  so  far  as  the 
mind  is  capable  of  knowing  them ;  some- 
times used  for  that  which  is  vague  and 
illusive  in  philosophy.— Trauacendental- 
1st,  tran-sen-deu'tal-ist,  n.  •  One  who  be- 
lieves in  transcendentalism.— Transcen- 
dentally,  tran-sen-den'tal-li,  adv.  In  a 
transcendental  manner. — Transcendent- 
ly,  tran-sen'dent-U,  adv.  Supereminently; 
by  way  of  eminence.— Transcendentness, 
tran-sen'dent-nes,  re. 

Transcribe,  tran-skriiy,  v.t.  —  transeriJ)ed, 
transcribing.  [L.  transcribo— trans,  over, 
and  soribo,  to  write.  Scribe.]  To  write 
over  again  or  in  the  same  words ;  to  copy. 
—Transcriber,  tran-skri'b6r,  re.  One  who 
transcribes ;  -a  copier  or  copyist.  —  Tran- 
script, tran'skript,  n.  [L.  transcriptum, 
from  transcriptus,  pp.  of  <mre«cn'bo.J  A 
■«Titing  made  from  and  according  to  an 
original;  a. copy;  an  imitation.  —  Tran- 
scription, trau-skrjp'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
transcribing  or  copying;  a  copy;  a  tran- 


script; mus.  the  arrangement  of  a  com- 
XKJsitioh  for  some  instrument  or  voice 
other  thpu  that  for  which  it  was  ori- 
ginally composed.  — Transcriptive,  tran- 
skrip'tiv,  o.  Having  the  character  of  a 
transcript.— Transcript! vely,  tran-skrip'- 
tiv-li,  adv.  By  transcription;  as  a  copy. 
Traiiselementatlon,trans-ere-men-ta"shon, 
n.  [Prefix  trans,  and  element.]  The  change 
of  the  elements  of  one  body  into  those  of 
another,  transubstantiation. 
Transept,  tran'sept,  re.  [L.  trans,  across, 
and  septum,  an  inclosure.]  Arch,  that  por- 
tion of  a  church  built  in  the  form  of  a 
cross,  which  is  between  the  nave  and  choir 
and  projects  externally  on  each  side  so  as 
to  form  the  short  arms  of  the  cross. 
Transfer,  trans-f  6r',  v.t.—ira7isferrcd,trans- 
ferring.  [L.  transfero — trans,  and  fero^  to 
carry  (as  in  de^r,  confer,  kc),  fero  being 
cognate  with  E.  to  oeor.  Fertile.]  To 
convey  from  one  place  or  person  to  an- 
other; to  transport  or  remove  to  another 
place  or  person ;  to  make  over  the  posses- 
sion or  control  of;  to  convey,  as  a  right, 
from  one  person  to  another ;  lithography, 
to  produce  a  facsimile  of  on  a  prepared 
stone  by  means  of  prepared  paper  and 
ink. — re.  (trans'fer).  The  act  of  transferring; 
that  which  is  transferred ;  lithography ^  a 
picture  drawn  or  printed  with  a  special 
ink  on  specially  prepared  paper,  and  trans- 
ferred to  the  surface  of  a  stone  t  o  be  printed 
from.— Transferability,  Transferribility, 
trans-fer'a-bil"i-ti,  trans-ft;r'i-bil"i-ti,  ».• 
Quahty  of  being  transferable.— Transfer- 
able, Transferrible,  trans-f  er'a-bl  or  trans'- 
f*r-a-bl,  trans-f6r'i-bl,  a. .  Capable  of  being 
-'  transferred;  capable  of  being  legitimately 
passed  into  the  possession  of  another.  — 
Transfer-book,  re.  A  register  of  the  transfer 
of  property,  stock,  or  shares  from  one  party 
to  another.  —  Transferee,  trans -f6r-€',  re. 
The  person  to  whom  a  transfer  is  made. — 
Transference,  trans'fisr-ens,  re.  The  act  of 
transferring;  the  act  of  conveying  from 
one  place,  person,  or  thing  to  another;  tha 
I>a88age  of  anything  from  one  place  to  an- 
other.— Transfer-paper,  re.  Prepared  paper 
used  in  lithography  or  copying-presses  for 
transferring  impressions.  —  Transferrer, 
trans-f6r'6r,  re.  One  who  transfers. 
Transfigure,  trahs-fig'Or,  v.t— transfigured, 
transfyruring.  [Fr.  transfigurer,  from  L. 
tran^figuro — trans,  over,  aad.^firMra,  figure. 
FiGDRE.]  To  chfinge  the  outward  form  or 
appearance  of;  to  transform  in  appear- 
ance; to  give  an  elevated  or  glorified  ap- 
pearance to;  t<T, elevate  and  glorify;  to 
idealize.— Transfiguration,  trans-ag'u-ra"- 
shon,  n.  A  change  of  form  or  figure:  the 
supernatural  change  in  the  personal  ap- 
pearance of  our  Saviour  on  the  mount;  an 
ecclesiastical  feast  held  on  6th  August  in 
commemoration  of  this. 
Transfix,  trans -fiks',  v.t.  [L.  tratisfigo, 
transfixum — trans,  through,  and  figp,  to 
fix.  Fix.]  To  pierce  through  as  with  a 
pointed  weapon.— Transfixion,  trans-fik'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  transfixing. 
Transfluent,  trans' flu -ent,  a.  CL.  (ron«, 
through,  and  fiuens,  fiventis,  ppr.  of  fiuo, 
to  flow.  Fluent.]  Flowing  or  running 
across  or  through. 

Transform,  trans-form',  v.t  [Fr.  transfor- 
mer, from  L.  transformare— trans,  across, 
and/omia,  form.]  To  change  the  form  of; 
to  give  a  new  form  to ;  to  metamorphose ; 
to  change  into  another  substance;  to  trans- 
mute; to  change  the  character  or  dispo- 
sition of.— w.i.t  To  be  changed  in  form; 
to  be  metamorphosed.  —  Transformable, 
trans -for' ma -bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
transformed.— Transformation,  trans-for- 
ma'shon,  re.  The  act  or  operation  of  trans- 
f ormin|; ;  the  state  of  being  transformed ; 
an  entire  change  in  form,  appearance, 
nature,  disposition,  &c.;  a  metamorphosis. 
^Transformation  scene,  a  gorgeous  scene 
at  the  ei^d  of  the  burlesque  of  a  panto- 
mime, in  which  the  chief  characters  are 
supposed  to  be  transformed  into  those 
that  tjike  part  in  the  Immediately  fol- 
lowing harlequinade.  —  Transformative, 
trans -for' ma -tiv,  a.  Having  power  or 
tendency  to  transform. 
Transfuse,  trans -foz',  v.t.  —  transfused, 
transfuging.  {.Fr.  transfiiser,  from  L.  trans- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,h6n     pine,  pin;     nSte,  not,  mOve;     tabe.  tub,  b\)ll;     oil,i>oand:'    ii,.Sc.  abiaie-lhe  ]Fr. «. 


TRANSGANQETIC 


717 


TRANSPLANT ; 


fundo,  tramtusum^trans,  over,  and/wndo. 
fiisunu,  to  pour.  Fuse.]  To  transfer  by- 
pouring;  to  cause  to  be  instilled  or  im- 
bibed; to  instil;  surg.  to  transfer  (blood) 
from  the  veins  or  arteries  of  one  animal 
to  those  of  another.— Transfusible,  trans- 
fa'zi-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  transfused. 
— Transfusion,  trans-fa'zhon,  n.  The  act 
of  transfusing;  surg.  the  transmission  of 
blood  from  the  veins  of  one  creature  to 
those  of  another,  as  from  those  of  a  man 
or  one  of  the  lower  animals  into  a  man, 
with  the  view  of  restoring  vigour. — Trans- 
fusive,  trans-f Q'ziv,  a.  Tendmg  or  having 
power  to  transfuse. 

Transgangetic,  trans-gan-jet'ik,  a.  fPreflx 
trans,  across,  and  Ganges.]  ■  Oa  the  op- 
posite side  of  the  Ganges;  pertaining  to 
countries  beyond  the  Ganges. 

Transgress,  trans -gres',  v.t.  [Vr.  tram- 
greaser,  from  L.  transgredior,  transgressus 

—  trans,  across,  and  gradior,  to  pass. 
GrAdb.]  To  overpass,  as  some  law  or  rale 
prescribed;  to  b^ea.k  or  violate;  to  infringe. 
—v.i.  To  offend  by  violating  a  law;  to  sm. 
— Transgressible,  trans-gres'i-bl,  a.  Liable 
to  or  capable  of  being  transgressed.  — 
Transgression,  trans -gresh' on,  n.  The 
act  of  transgressing;  the  breaking  or  vio- 
lation of  any  law;  a  trespass;  an  offence. 

—  Transgresslonal,  trans-gresh'on-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  transgression.— Transgres- 
Eor,  trans-grcs'fer,  n.  One  who  transgresses; 
an  offender;  an  evil-doer. 

Tranship,  tran-ship',  v.t.  —  transhipped, 
transhipping.  To  convey  or  transfer  from 
one  ship  to  another.— Transhipment,  tran- 
ghip'ment,  n.    The  act  of  transhipping.     • 

Transient,  tran'si-ent  or  tran'shi-ent,  a. 
[L.  transiens,  ppr.  of  transeo,  to  pass  away 
— trans,  across,  and  eo,  to  go.  AMn  tr«>i- 
8ition,transit,trance.  Itinukant.]  Passing 
quickly  awajr;  of  short  duration;  not  per- 
manent, lasting,  or  durable;  momentary; 
passing.  .*.  Transient  implies  shortness  of 
duration;  transitory,  uncertainty  of  dura- 
tion; While  ./feeiing  refers  to  something  iri 
the  act  of  passing  away.  —  Transiently, 
tran'si-ent-li,  adv.  In  a  transient  man- 
ner.—Transience,  Transiency,  Transient- 
ness,  tran'si-ens,  tran'si-eh-si,  tran'si-ent- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality'of  being  tran- 
sient: evanescence;  fugitiveness.  " 

Transit,  tran'sit,  n.  [L.  transitus,  a  passing 
across,  from  transeo,  tran^itum,  Jo  go  over. 
Trance  is  a  doublet  of  this  word.  Tran- 
sient.] The  act  of  passing;  a  passingover  or 
through;  the  processof  conveying;  passage; 
conveyance  Cthe  transit  of  goods  through  a 
country);  astron.  the  passage  of  a  heavenly 
body  across  the  meridian  of  any  place; 
the  passage  of  one  heavenly  body  over  the 
disc  of  a  larger  one,  as  of  the  planets 
Mercury  and  Venus  over  the  slurs  disc; 
the  transits  of  the  latter  being  of  great 
importance  as  affording  the  best  known 
means  of  determining  tne  sun's  paraUax, 
and  consequently  the  dimensions  of  the 
planetary  system.  —  Transit-instrument, 
«.  An  important  astronomical  instru- 
ment, which  consists  essentially  of  a  tele- 
scope so  fixed  as  to  move  in  the  plane  of 
the  meridian,  the  principal  use  of  it  being 
to  determine  the  exact,  moment  when  a 
celestial  body  passes  the  meridian  of  the 
plaoe  of  observation.  —  Trajisltion,  tran- 
sizh'on  or  tran:zish'on,  n.  [L.  transitio.'i 
Passage  from  one  place  or  state  to  another; 
change  or  process  of  change;  mus.  a  change 
in  the  courSe  of  a  composition  from  one 
key  to  another,  or  the  passage  from  one 
major  scale  to  another  more  or  less  related. 
— Transition  rocks,  geol.  a  name  formerly 
given  to  the  lowest  uncrystalline  ^yatified 
rocks,  as  marking  the  transition  from  the 
non-fossiliferous  to  the  fossiliferous  peri- 
ods. —  Transitional,  Transitioaary,  trau- 
sizh'on-al,  tran-sizh'on-a-ri,  o.  Containing 
or  involving  transit! on. —Transitive ,tran'- 
si-tiv,  a.  Having  the  power  of  passing  or 
making  transition;  gram,  taking  an  object 
after  it;  denoting  action  passing  to  an 
object  that  is  expressed  (a  transitive  verb). 
-^.  A  transitive  verb.— Transitively  ,tran'- 
si-tiv-li,  adv.  In  a  transitive  manner. — 
Tranaitiveness,  tran'si-tiv-nes,  n.  State 
of  being  transitive.— Transitorily,  tran'- 
si-to-ri-li,  adv.    In  a  transitory  manner; 


with  shoi't  continuance.— Trftasitorinesa, 
tran'si-to-ri-nes,  n.  'The.state  of  being 
transitory.  —  Transitory,  tran'si-to-ri,  a. 
I L.  transitorius,  from  transeo.}  Passing 
a,way  without  continuance ;  unsta,ble  and 
fleeting;  short  and  uncertain. .".  Syn.  under 
Transient.— Transit-trade,  n.  The  trade 
arising  from  the  passage  of  goods  through 
one  country  to  another. 

Translate,  trans-lat',  v.<. — translated,  trans- 
lating. [0.  Pr.  trcinslater,  from  L.  trans- 
latus— trans,  across,  and  latus,  borne  or 
carried,  for  tlatus,  from  root  seen  also  in 
tolerate.]  To  remove  from  one  place  to 
another  t;  to  take  up  to  heaven  without 
dying  (N.T.);  to  transfer  from  one  office  or 
charge  to  another;  to  remove  a  bishop 
from  one  see  to  another;  in  the  Scotch 
Church,  to  transfer  a  minister  from  one 
parish  to  another;  to  transform  [S]iak.)U 
to  render  into  another  language;  to  inter- 
pret; to  explain  by  using  other  words;  to 
express  in  other  terms. — v.i.  To  be  eygaged 
in  or  practise  translation. — Translatable, 
trans-ia'ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  trans- 
lated:—Translation,  trans-la'shonin.  The 
act  of  translating;  a  removal  or  motion 
from  one  place  to  another;  the  removal  of 
a  person  from  one  office  to  another;  especi- 
ally the  removal  of  a  bishop  from  one  see 
to  another;  the  removal  of  a  person  to 
heaven  without  subjecting  him  to  death; 
the  act  of  turning  into  another  language; 
that  which  is  produced  by  turning  into 
another  language;  a  version.— Translator, 
trans-la'ter,  n.    One  who  translates. 

Transliterate,  trans-lit'tr-at,  v.t.  —  trans- 
literated, transliterating.  [L.  trans,  across, 
over,  and  ii^era,  a  lett€cr.  Iiktter.]  To  ex- 
press or  write  in  the  alphabetic  characters  ■ 
of  another  language ;  to  spell  in  different 
characters  intended  to  express  the  same 
sound.  —  Transliteration,  trans-lit' 6r-a"- 
Shon,  n.  The  act  of  transliterating;  a 
rendering  in  equivalent  alphabetic  ch:fr- 
acters. 

Translucent,  trans-la'sent,  a.  [L.  trans- 
lucens,  translucemtis— trans,  through,  and 
litceo,  to  shine.  Lucro.]  Transmitting 
rays  of  light,  but  not  so  as  to  render  the 
form  or  colour  of  objects  beyond  distinct- 
ly visible ;  transparent.  —  Translucence, 
Transli)cency,  trans-lu'sens,  trans-lu'sen- 
ei,  n.  The  state  of  being  translucent;  trans- 
parency.—Translucently,  trans-lu'gent-li, 
adv.  In  a  translucent  manner.  —  Trans- 
lucid,  trans-lu'sid,  a.  [L.  translwAdus.] 
Transparent^clear;  translucent. 

Traiulunar,  Translunary,  trans-la'n6r. 
tfans'lu-na'-ri,  a.  VL.  <ran»,  beyond,  ana 
luna,  the  moon.  Lunar.]  Being  beyond 
the  moon:  opposed  to  sublunary. 

Transmarine,  trans-ma-r5n',  a.  [L.  irans- 
mariniis— trans,  across,  and  mare,  the 
sea.  Marine.]  Lying  of  being  beyond 
the  sea. 

Transmeate,t  trans'm5-at,».<.  (L.  transmeo, 
transmeatum  —  trans,  through,  and  meo, 
to  pass.]    To  pass  over  or  beyond. 

Transmigrate,  trans'mi-grat,  v.i.  —  trans- 
migrated, transmigrating.  [L.  transmigro, 
transmigraium,— trans,  across,  and  migro, 
to  migrate.]  To  migrate;  to  pass  from  one 
country  or  region  to  another:  to  pass  from 
one  animal  body  into  .another.— Transmi- 
gration, trans-mi-gra'shon,  n.  The  act  of 
transmigrating;  the  passing  of  a  soul  into 
another  Dody  after  death;metempsychosi8. 
— Transmlgrator,  trans'mi-gra-tfer,  n.  One 
■who  transmigrates.  —  Transmigratory, 
trans-mi 'gra-to-ri,  a.  Passing  from  one 
place,  body,  or  state  to  another. 

Transmit,  trans -mit',  v.t.  —  transmitted, 
transmitting.  [L.  transmiUn,  transmismm 
—trans,a,CTOss,  through,  and  mitio,  to  send. 
Mission.]  To  cause  to  pass  or  be  conveyed 
from  one  point  to  another;'  to  communi- 
cate by  sending;  to  send  from  one  person 
or  place  to  another;  to  hand  down;  to 
suffer  to  pass  through  or  form  a  medium 
of  passage;  to  let  penetrate.  —  Trans- 
mitter, trans-mit'er,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  transmits;  the  sending  or  despatch- 
ing instrument  in  telegraphy.  —  Trans- 
missibility,  trans-mis' i-bil"i-ti,  n.    The 

,  quality  of  being  transmissible.  —  Trans- 
missible, Transmittible,  trans-mis' i-bl, 
trans-mit'i-bl,  a.    Capable  of  being  trans- 


mitted.— Transmission,  trans-mish'on,  n. 
[L.  transmissio.]  The  act  of  transmitting, 
or  the  state. of  being  transmitted;  trans- 
ference; a  passing  through,  as  of  light 
through  glass  or  other  transparent  body; 
also  Transmitt^^  Transmittance,  trans- 
mit'al,  trans -mit'ans.  —  Transmissive, 
trans-mis'iv,  a.  Transmitted;  derived  by 
transmission. 

Transmogrify,  trans-mog^ri-fi,  v.t.  —  trans- 
mogrified, transmogrifying.  [A  fanciful 
formation  from  trans.]  To  transform  into 
some  other  person  or  thing;  to  change 
entirely  the  appearance  of.  [Humorous.] 
—Transmogrification,  trans-mog'ri-fl-ka"- 
shon,  n.  A  ti-ansformation.  [Humorous.] 

Transmute,  trans-mut',  v.t.  —  ti-ansmvted, 
transmuting.  [L.  transtnuto-^trans,  across, 
through,  and  rauto,  to  change,  from  same 
root  as  niotieo,  to  move.  Move.]  To  change 
from  one  nature,  form,  or  substance  into 
another;  to  change  into  another  thing  or 
body;  to  metamorphose;  to  transform. 
—  Transmutability,  Transmutableness, 
trans-mO'ta-bil"i-ti,  trans-mu't^i-bl-nes,  m. 
The  quality  of  being  transmutable.  — 
Transmutable,  trans-mu'ta-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  transmuted.  —  Transmutation, 
trans-mU-ta '  shon,  n.  [L.  transmuiatio.i 
The  act  of  tiransmuting,  or  state  of  being 
ti*a.nsmuted;  change  into  another  sub- 
stance, form,  or  nature;  alchemy,  the 
changing  of  base  metals  into  gold  or  sil- 
ver.—Tj'ansmMiatioji  of  energy,  in  physics, 
the  theory  that  any  one  of  the  various 

•  forms  of  energy  may  be  converted  into  one 

■or  more  of  the  other  forms  (as  electricity 
into  heat).— Transmutationist,  trans-mu- 
ta'shon-ist,  n.  One  who  believes  in  trans- 
mutation.—Transmuter,  ttaus-mti'ter,  n. 
One  that  transmutes. . 

Transom,  tran'sum,  n.  [Short  for  transom- 
mer,  transummer,  from  trans,  across,  and 
sumrner,  a  beam;  or  from  L.  transtrum,  a 

■transom.]  A  strengthening  beam  across 
the  stem  of  a  ship;  a  horizontal  bar  of 
stone  or  timber  across  a  muUioned  win- 
dow; the  cross-bar  separating  a  door  from 
the  fanlight  above  it;-the  piece  of  wood  or 
iron  joining  the  cheeks  of  gun-carriages. 

Tronspadane,  trans'pa-dan,  a.  [L.  trans- 
padunus  —  iraris,  across,  and  Pad/us,  the 
Po.]    Being  beyond  the  river  Po. 

Transparent,  trans-pa'rent,  a.  [Pr.  trans- 
parent—trans, across,  through,and  parens, 
parentis,  ppr.  of  pareo,  to  appear  (seen 

.  also  in  apparent,  appear.]  '  Having  the 
property  oi  transmitting  rays  of  lii?ht  so 
that  bodies  can  be  distinctly  seen  through ; 
pervious  to  light;  diaphanous;  pellucid; 
fig.  such  as  to  be  easily  seen  through;  not 
sufficient  to  hide  underlying  feeungs. — 
Transparently,  trans-pa'rent-li,  adv.  In 
a  transparent  manner;  clearly.  —  Trans- 
parehtness,  tra.ns-pa'rent-nes,  n.  Trans- 
jparency.  —  Transparency,  trans-pa'ren-si, 
n.  The  quality  or  condition  of  being  trans- 
parent; perviousness  to  light;  something 
transparent;  a  picture  painted  on  trans- 
parent or  semi-transparent  materials,  to 
oe  viewed  by  light  shining  through  it. 

Transpicuous,  trans-pik'n-us,  a.  [L.  trans, 
through,  and  specio,  to  see.]  Transparent; 

.pervious  to  the  sight. 

Transpierce,  tvans-pSrs',  v.t.  [Prefix  tratis, 
and  pierce.]    To  pierce  through. 

Transpire,  trans -pir',  v.  t.  —  transpired, 
transpiring.  [Pr.  irawsptrer,  from  L.  trans, 
across,  and  «piro,  to  breathe.  Spirit.]  To 
emit  through  the  excretories  of  the  skin; 
to  send  off  in  vapour.— u.i.  To  be  emitted 
through  the  -excretories  of  the  skin ;  to 
exhale ;  to  pass  off  in  insensible  perspi- 
ration; to  become  public  gradually;  to 
come  to  light;  to  ooze  out.  [It  is  quite 
wrong  to  use  this  word  in  sense  of  take  place 
or  happen,  as  is  sometimes  done.]— Trans- 
pirable,  trans-pi'ra,-bl,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing ti-anspired.— Transpiration,  trans-pi- 
ra'shon,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  trans- 
piring; exhalation  of  moisture  through 
the  skin;  exhalation  of  watery  vapour  from 
the  leaves  of  plants.  —  Transplratory, 
trans-pi'ra-to-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  trans- 
piration: transpiring;  exhaling. 

Transplant,  trans-plant',  v.t.  [Prefix  trans, 
and  plant;  Fr.  transplanter.]  To  remove 
and  plant  in  another  place;  to  remove  from 


.Db,cftaiQ;,    cA,Sc.locA;,    g,ao;.  J»/ob;     n, Pr.  to»j,^ng, sinflTi^    *B, tfteiu  th,  Wtia;     w,  wig;     wh, wAig;     zh.asure. 


TRAXSPOZSTTUSrE 


718 


TRAVERSE 


one  place  to  anotbei;  to  remove  and  settle 
or  establish  for  residence  in  another  place. 
—Transplantation,  trans-plan-ta'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  transplanting ;  the  shifting  of 
a  plant  from  one  spot  to  another;  i-urg. 
the  removal  of  a  part  of  the  human  body 
to  supply  a  part  that  has  been  lost. — 
Transplanter,  trans-plan'ter,  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  transplants. 

Transpontine,  trans-pon'tin,  a.  [L.  trans, 
beyond,  and  pons,  ■  jMutis,  bridge.]  Situ- 
ated beyond  the  bridge;  across  the  bridge. 

Transport,  trans-port',  ii.t.  [Fr.  trmisporivr, 
from.  L.  tranaportare — trans,  across,  and 
jaorto,  to  carry.  Port  (to  carry).]  To  carry 
or  convey  from  one  place  to  another;  to 
caiTy  into  banishment,  as  a  criminal;  to 
hurry  or  carry  away  by  violence  of  i)assion; 
to  carry  away  or  ravish  with  pleasure;  to 
absorb.  —  n.  (trans'port).  Transportation; 
carriage;  conveyance;  a  ship  employed  by 
government  for  carrying  soldiers,  warlike 
stores,  &c.;  a  vehement  emotion;  passion, 
rapture;  ecstasy  .—Transportability,trans- 
p5r'ta-bii"i-ti,  n.  The  capacity  of  being 
transported.  —  Transportable,  trans-por"- 
ta-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  transport-ed; 
subjecting  to  transportation. — Tranispor- 
tal,t  trans-pur'tal,  n.  The  act  of  trans- 
porting; conveyance.  fUarmn.J  —  Trans- 
portation, trans-por-ta'shon,  n.  The  act 
of  transporting ;  a  conveyance  from  one 
place  to  another;  carriage;  the  banishing 
of  a  person  convicted  of  crime  to  apenal 
settlement.  —  Transported,  trans-por'ted, 
a.  Carried  to  ecstasy  or  rapture;  ravished 
with  delight.— Transporter,  trans-por't^r, 
n.  Onewho  transports.  —  Transporting, 
trans-por'ting,  a.  Kavishing  with  delight; 
ecstatic. — Transport-ship,  to.  A  vessel  em- 
ployed in  conveying  soldiers,  military 
Etores,  &c.;  a  transport. 

Transpflae,  trans  -  poz',  v.  t.  —  transposed, 
transitosing.  IFr.  trar.sposer,  prefix  trans-, 
and  poser,  to  place.  Pose,  Compose.]  To 
change  the  place  or  order  of  by  putting 
each  in  the  place  of  the  other;  to  cause  to 
change  places;  alg.  to  bring,  as  any  term 
of  an  equation,  over  from  one  side  to  the 
other  side;  gram,  to  change  the  natural 
order  of  words;  tnus.  to  change  the  key  of. 
— Transposer,  trans-po'zer,  to.  One  who 
transposes.— Transposable,  trans-po'za-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  transposed.— Trans- 
posal,  trans-po'zal,  n.  The  act  of  trans- 
posing; transposition.  —  Transposition, 
trans-pb-zish'on,  n.  The  act  of  transpose 
ing  or  state  of  being  transposed;  aXg.  the' 
bringing  over  of  any  term  of  an  equation 
from  one  side  to  the  other  side;  rhet.  a 
change  of  the  natural  order  of  words  for 
effect;  inns,  the  change  of  a  composition 
to  a  key  either  higher  or  lower  than  the 
original.  —  Transpositional,  Transposi- 
tive,  trans-po-zish'on-al,  trans-poz'i-tiv,  a. 
Pertaining  to  transposition. 

Trans-ship.    Tkanship. 

Transubstantiate,  tran-sub-stan'shi-St, 
v.t.  fL.  trans,  over,  and  sribstantia,  sub- 
stance.] To  change  to  another  substance. 
— Transubstantiation,  tran-sub-stan'shi- 
a"shon,?i.  Change  of  substance;  theoZ.  tbe 
conversion  of  the  bread  and  whie  in  the 
eucharist  into  the  body  and  blood  of 
Christ,  a  belief  held  bj*  Roman  Catholics 
and  otbers.— Transubstantlator,  tran-sub- 
stan'shi-at-*r,  n.  One  who  maintains  the 
doctrine  of  transubstantiation. 

Transude,  tran-sud',  v.i.—transvded,  tran- 
suding. [L.  trans,  across,  through,  and 
»udo,  to  sweat;  allied  to  E.  sweatJ]  To 
pass  or  ooze  through  the  pores  of  a  sub- 
stance. —  Transudation,  tran-sfl-da'shon, 
n.  The  act  or  process  of  transuding; 
osmose.  —  Transudatory,  tran-sU'da-to-ri, 
a.    Passing  by  transudation. 

Transverberate,  trans-v^rT)*r-5t,  v.t.  [h. 
trans,  through,  and  verhero,  to  strike.]  To 
beat  or  strike  through. 

Transverse,  trans-vfrrs'  or  trans'virs,  a.  [L. 
trangverstis  —  trans,  across,  and  versus, 
turned.  Verse.]  Lying  or  being  across 
or  in  a  cross  direction;  lying  in  a  direction 
across  other  parts.  —  Tranwerse  axis  or 
diameter,  in  conic  sections,  the  diameter 
which  passes  through  the  focL  —  Trans- 
versely, trans-virs'li,  adv.  In  a  transrerse 
manner;  in  a  cross  direction.— Transver- 


sal, trans-v6r'sal,  a.  Transverse;  lying 
crosswise.— Transversally,  trans-v6r'sal-li, 
adv.    In  a  direction  crosswise. 

Trap,  trap,  to.  [A.  Sas.  trceppe,  tfeppe,  a 
trap=O.I).  trappe,  O.H.G.  trajx),  a  trap; 
same  root  as  trip,  tramp,  a  trap  often 
catching  when  trod  upon.]  A  contrivance 
that  shuts  suddenljr  and  often  with  a 
spring,  used  for  taking  game  and  other 
animals;  any  device  or  contrivance  to  be- 
tray or  catch  unawares;. an  ambush;  a 
game,  asxd  <Uso  one  of  the  instiniments 
used  in  playing  it,  the  'others  being  a 
small  bat  and  a  ball;  a  drain-trap;  a  fa- 
miliar name  for  a  carriage,  on  springs,  of 
any  kind.' — v.t.— trapped,  trapping.  To 
catch  in  a  trap;  to  insnare;  to  t^e  by 
stratagem.— f.i.  To  set  traps  for  game.— 
Trapper,  trap'fir,  n.  One  who  sets  traps 
to  catch  animals,  usually  for  furs. 

Trap,  trap,  n.-  [Dan.  trap,  Sw.  trapp,  G. 
trapp,  the  rock,  from  Dan.  trappe,  Sw. 
trappa,  G.  treppe,  a  stair,  stairs;  akin  to 
trap  above.  The  name  was  given  from 
the  terraced  or  step-like  arrangement  seen 
in  many  of  these  rocks.]  A  kind  of  mov- 
able ladder  or  steps;-  a  kind  of  ladder 
leading  up  to  a  loft;  geol.  a  name  applied 
to  the  multifarious  igneous  rocks  of  the 
palasozoic  and  secondary  epochs  that  can- 
not be  classed  as  either  granitic  or  vol- 
canic.comprising  basalt.clinkstone,  green- 
stone, felstone,&e.— Trappean,  Trappous, 
Trappy,  trap-e'an,  trap'vis,  trap'i,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  rock  kno\vn  as  trap;  re- 
sembling trap.— Trap^door,  n.  A  door  in 
a  floor  or  roof,  with  which  when  shut  it 
is  flush  or  nearly  so.  —  Trap-stair,  re.  A 
narrow  stair  or  kind  of  ladder  surmoun- 
ted by  a  trap-door.— Trap-tufa,..Trap-tuff, 
TO.  Geol.  a  kind  of  sandstone  composed  of 
fragments  and  earthy  materials  from  trap 
rocks  cemented  together. 

Trap,  trap,  v.t.— trapped,  trapping.  [O.E. 
trappe,  a  horse-cloth;  same  word  as  Sp. 
trapo,  L.L.  trapus,  cloth,  Fr.  drap,  Qloth; 
akin  drajje.]  To  adorn;  to  dress  with  or- 
naments. —  Trappings,  trap'ingz,  «.  pi. 
Ornamental  accessories,  as  the  ornaments 
puton  horses;  ornaments  generally;  dress; 
finery.— Traps,  traps,  n.  pi.  Small  or  por- 
table articles  for  dress,  furniture,  &c.; 
goods;  furniture;  luggage. 

Trapan,  tra-pan',  v.t.  Same  as  Trepan  (to 
insnare). 

Trape,  trap,  v.i.-traped^  traping.  [Comp. 
O.  Fr.  treper,  to  trip  or  skip;  D.  and  6. 
trappen,  to  tread,  to  tramp;  akin  tramp, 
trip.]  To  walk  carelessly  and  sluttishly; 
to  run  about  idly;  to  traipse. — Trapes, 
traps,  TO.  [Traipse.]  A  slattern ;  an  idle 
sluttish  woman. — v.i.  To  gad  or  flaunt 
aliout  in  a  slatternly  useless  way. 

Trapezium,  tra-pe'zi-um,  to.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
trapezion,  a  little  tablfc,  dim.  of  irajieza,  a 
table,  for  tetrapeza,  lit.  four-footed  thing.] 
Geom.  a  plane  figure  contained  by  four 

.  straight  lines,  none  of  them  parallel;  anat. 
a  bone  of  the  wrist,  so  named  from  its 
shape.— Trapezate,  trap'e-zat,  a.  Having 
the  form  of  a  trapezium.  —  Trapeze,  tra- 
pez',  TO.  A  trapezium;  gymnastics,  a  sort 
of  swing,  consisting  of  one  or  more  cross- 
bars suspended  by  two  cords  at  some  dis- 
tance from  the  ground,  on  which  viirious 
feats  are  performed.  —  Ti-apeziform,  tra- 
pg'zi-form,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a  tra- 
pezium. —  Trapezohedron,  tra-pe'zo-he"- 
dron,  n.  A  colil  bounded  by  twenty-four 
equal  and  similar  trapezoidal  planes. — 
Trapezoid,  trap'e-zoid,  to.  Geom.  a  plane 
four-sided  figure  having  two  of  its  oppo- 
site sides  parallel.  —  Trapezoidal,  trap-e- 
zoi'dal,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a  trapezoid. 

Trapping.  Under  Trap,  to  deck. 
-TrapplEt,  trap'ist,  re.  [Prom  the  abbey  of 
La  Trappe,  in  Normandy,  the  headquar- 
ters of  the  order.]  A  member  of  a  religious 
order  of  the  Roman  Catholic.  Church, 
founded  in  1140,  and  remarkable  for  the 
austere  life  led  by  the  monks. 

Trash,  trash,  n.  [Comp.  Icel.  tros,  rubbish, 
leaves  and  twigs  picked  up  for  fuel.]  Lop- 
pings of  trees;  sugar-canes  from  which 
the  juice  has  been  exi)res8ed;  waste  or 
worthless  matter;  rubbish;  refuse;  dross; 

dregs;  a  worthless  person.— ».t.  To  free  from 
superfluous  twigs  or  branches;  to  lop.— 


Trashily,  trash'i-li,  adv.  In  a  trashy  man- 
ner.—Trashiness,  trash'i-nes,  «.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  trashy.  —  Trashy, 
trash'i,  a.  .  Composed  of  or  resembling 
trash,  rubbish,  or  dross;  waste;  rejected ; 
worthless;  useless. 

Tr^ss,  tras, to.  [Prov.  G.  trass,  tarrass,  trass, 
from  Fr.  terrasse,  earthwork,  from  L.  ter- 
ra, earth.  Terrace.]  A  volcanic  produc- 
tion consisting  of  ashes  and  scoriae,  found 
near  Coblentz,  and  used  as  a  cement. 
Traumatic,  tra-mat'ik,  a.  [Gr.  trauma,  a 
wound.]  Pertaining  to  or  applied  to 
wounds;  adapted  to  the  cure  of  wounds. 
— n.  A  medicine  useful  in  the  cure  of 
wounds.  — :  Traumatism,  tra'mat-izm,  to. 
Pathol,  the  condition  of  the  system  occa- 
sioned by  a  grave  wbijnd.' 
Travail,  trav  al,  v.i.  [From  Fr.  travailler, 
to  labour,  travail,  labour,  toil ;  originally 
an  apparatus  of  bars  to  restrain  a  vicious 
horse,  from  L.  trabs,  a  beam.  (Tkaye.) 
Travel  is  the  same  word.]  To  toilj;  to 
suffer  the  pangs  of  childbirth.— to.  Severe 
toill;  parturition;  childbirth. 
Trave,  trav,  to.  [O.Fr.  traf,  tref.  It.  trave, 
a  beam,  from  L.  trabs,  trabis,  a  beam. 
Travail.]  A  cross  -  beam  J ;  a  wooden 
frame  to  confine  an  unruly  horse  wliile 
shoeing. 

Travel,  travel ,  v.i.  —  travelled,  travelling. 
[A  different  orthography  and  application 
of  travail.^  To  pass  or  make  a  journey 
from  place  to  place  on  foot,  on  horseback, 
or  in  any  conveyance ;  to  visit  distant  or 
foreign  places;  to  journey;  to  go  from  place 
to placefor  the purposeof  obtaining  orders 
for  goods,  collecting  accounts,  &c.,  for  a 
commercial  house ;  to  proceed  or  advance 
in  any  way;  to  pass. — v.t.  To  journey  over; 
to  pass. — TO.  The  act  of  travelling  or  jour- 
neying; journeying  to  a  distant  country 
or  countries;  pi.  an  account  of  occurrences 
and  observations  made  during  a  journey. 
—Travelled,  trav'eld,  p.  and  a.  Having 
made  many  journeys;  hence,  experienced. 
-Traveller,  trav'el-er,TO.  One  who  travels; 
a  wayfairer;  one  who  visits  foreign  coun- 
tries ;  one  who  explores  regions  ipore  or 
less  unknown ;  a  person'  v/ho-  goes  from 
place  to  place  to  solicit  orders  for  goods, 
collect  accounts,  and  the  like.  —  !mivel- 
ler's-joy,  n.  A  plant,  lady's-bower.  Clem- 
atis. —  TravelBng,  trav'el-ing,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  used  in  travel ;  incurred  by 
travel  {travelling  expenses).  — Travelling- 
crane,  TO.  A  crane  fixed  on  a  carriage 
which  may  be  moved  on  rails.  —  Travel- 
stained,  a.  Having  the  clothes,  &c.,  soiled 
with  travelling. 

Traverse,  trav'ers,  a.  [O.Fr.  travers,  trami- 
vers,  from  L.  transversals.  Transverse.] 
Transverse;  being  in  a  direction  across 
something  else.— Traverse  sailing,  where  a 
ship  makes  several  courses  in  succession, 
the  track  being  zigzag,  and  the  directions 
of  its  several  parts  lying  more  or  less 
athwart '  eaeh  other.  —  n.  A  transverse 
piece ;  an  untoward  accident ;  fort,  a  por- 
tion of  parapet  thrown  across  the  covered 
way  at  certain  points;  naut.  the  zigzag 
track  described  by  a  ship  when  compelled 
to  sail  on  diiferent  courses;  arch,  a  gallery 
or  loft  of  communication  in  a  church  or 
other  large  building;  law,  a  denial  of  what 
the  opposite  party  nas  advanced  in  any 
stage  of  the  pleadings. — v.t— traversed, 
traversing.  To  cross;  to  lay  in  a  cross 
direction ;  to  thwart;  to  bring  to  nought ; 
to  wander  over;  to  cross  in  travelling; 
gun.  to  turn  and  point  in  any  direction ; 
carp,  to  plane  in  a  direction  across  the 
grain  of  tne  wood ;  lata,  to  deny  what  the 
opposite  party  has  alleged. — v.i.  To  use  the 
motions  of  opposition  in  fencing  (Shak.); 
to  turn,  as  on  a  pivot;  to  swivel. — adv. 
Athwart;  crosswise.— Traversable,  trav'- 
6r-sa-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  traversed. 
-Traverse-board,  to.  Naut.  a  board  for 
indicating  a  ship's  course  by  pegs  inserted 
in  holes.- Traverser,  trav'6r-86r,  th  One 
who  traverses ;  rail,  a  traverse  -  table.  — 
Traverse-table,  to.  Ka  vig.  a  table  by  means 
,  of  which  the  dead -reckoning  is  worked  out; 
rail,  a  movable  platform  with  one  or  more 
traV;ks,  for  shifting  carriages.  Ac,  from 
one  line  of  rails  to  another.- Tra'versing- 
plat'orn,  n.  Artillery,  a  platfoi-m  to  sup- 


F&te.  &r,  fat,  f^; :   me,  met,  h«r,     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  m5ve;     tQbe,  tab,  bvill;     oil,  pound;   .  fl,  Sc.  »lnme— the  Fr.  u. 


TRAVERTIN 


719 


TREMBLE 


port  a  gun 'and  carriage  which  can  be 
easily  turned  round. 

Travertin,  Travertine,  trav'^r-tin,  n.  [It. 
travertino,  tibertino,  ttbartino,  L.  tapis  Ti- 
burtinus,  from  being  formed  by  the  waters 
of  the  Anio  at  Tihur,  now  Tivoli.]  A 
white  concretionary  limestone  deppsited 
from  the  water  of  springs  holding  carbo- 
nate of  lime  in  solution. 

Travesty,  trav'es-ti,  v.t.— travestied,  tr'aves- 
tying.  [Pr.  travestir,  to  disguise,  to  trav- 
esty, from  L.  trans,  over,  and  vestio,  to 
clothe.  Vest.]  To  give  such  a  literary 
setting  to  as  to  render  ludicrous  after  hav- 
ing been  previously  handled  seriously;  to 
burlesqf'e.— «.  A  burlesqiue  treatment  or 
settini;  of  a  subject  which  had  been  ori- 
ginally handled  in  a  serious  or  lofty  man- 
ner.     1 

Zravia,  trav'is,  n.  [Same  origin  as  trave.] 
A  partition  between  two  stalls  in  a  stable. 

Trawl,  tral,  n.  [From  Fr.  trdler,  to  lead, 
to  drag.  Troll.]  A  long  line  from  which 
short  lines  with  baited  hooks  are  sus- 
pended, used  in  sea-fishing ;  a  trawl-net. 
— v.i.  To  fish  with  a  trawl-net. — Trawl- 
boat,  n.  A  boat  used  in  fishing  with  trawls 
or  trawl-nets.  —  Trawler,  tra'lfer,  n.  One 
who  trawls ;  a  fishing  vessel  which  uses  a 
trawl-net.— Trawling,  tra'linpr ,  n.  The  act 
of  fishing  with  a  trawl-net.— Trawl-net,  w. 
A  long  purse-shaped  net  for  dragging  be- 
hind a  boat,  employed  in  deep-sea  fishing, 
being  useful  for  taking  fish  which  lie  neax 
or  on  the  bottom. 

Tray,  tra,  n.  [A.  Sax.  treg,  a  tray;  con- 
nected with  trough.  J  A  small  shallow 
wooden  vessel  used  for  various  domestic 
purposes,  as  kneading,  niincing,  &c.;  a 
sort  of  salver  or  waiter  on  which  dishes 
and  the  like  are  presented. 

Tray,  tra,  to.  [Pr.  trois,  three.]  A  projec- 
tion on  the  antler  of  a  stag. 

Treacherous,  trech'6r-us,  o.  [O.Fr.  tricheor 
(Fr.  tricheur),  a  trickster,  from  O.Fr.  tri- 
cAer,<ree/ier,tQcheat,totr.ick;  of  Germanic 
origin,  and  akin  to  trick.]  Characterized 
by  treason  or  violation  of  allegiance  or 
faith  pledged  ;  faithless :  traitorous ;  de- 
ceptive ;  illusory.— Treacherously,  trech'- 
6r-us-li,  adv.  In  a  treacherous  manner; 
traitorously;  faithlessly;  perfidiously. — 
Treacherousness,  trech'er-us-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  treacherous. — Treachery, 
trech'er-i,  w.  [Pr.  tricherie,  trickery.]  Vio- 
lation of  allegiance  or  of  faith  and  confi- 
dence; treason;  perfidy. 

Treacle,  trC'kl,  n.  lO.Fr.  triacle,  corrupted 
from  L.  theriaca,  from  Gr.  theriaka  (phar- 
wiaA;a,drugs,\inder8tood),antidotes  against 
the  bites  of  venomous  animals,  from  the- 
rion,  a  wild  beast,  dim.  of  thSr,  an  animal.] 
A  medicinal  compound  of  various  ingre- 
dients, formerly  believed  to  be  capable  of 
curing  or  preventing  the  effects  of  poison, 
particularly  that  of  a  serpent;  the  uncrys- 
tallizable  matter  separated  from  sugar  in 
sugar-refineries;  molasses;  a  saccharine 
fluid  consisting  of  the  inspissated  juices 
of  certain  vegetables,  as  the  sap  of  the 
birch,  sycamore,  &c.— Treacly,  tr6'kl-i,  a. 
Composed  of  or  like  treacle. 

Tread,  tred,  w.i.— pret.  trod;  pp.  trod,  trod- 
den. [A.  Sax.  tredan,  pret.  treed,  to  tread 
=O.Pris.  treda,  D.  and  L.G.  treden,  Dan. 
troede,  Icel.  trotha,  G.  treten,  Goth,  trudan, 
to  tread;  root  same  as  tramp.  Trade  is 
from  this  verb.]  To  set  the  foot  down  or 
on  the  ground ;  to  press  with  the  foot ;  to 
step;  to  walk  with  a  more  or  less  measured 
or  cautious  step ;  to  copulate,  as  fowls. — 
To  tread  on  or  upon,  to  trample;  to  set  the 
foot  on  in  contempt.— To  tread  upon  the 
heels  of,  to  follow  close  upon.— 1;.<.  To  step 
or  walk  on;  to  beat  or  press  with  the  feet; 
to  perform  by  motions  of  the  feet;  to  dance; 
to  crush  under  the  foot;  to  trample  in  con- 
tempt or  hatred;  to  copulate  with,  as  a 
male  bird.  —  To  tread  down,  to  crush  or 
destroy,  as  by  tramping  under  foot.— To 
tread  out,  to  press  out  with  the  feet;  to 
destroy  or  extinguish,  as  by  treading  or 
trampling.— To  tread  the  stage  or  the  boards, 
to  perform  a  part  in  a  drama. — n.  A  step  or 
8tepping;way  of  walking;  gait;  the  flat  hori- 
zontal part  of  the  step  of  a  stair. — Treader, 
tred'fer,  ?i.  Odb  who  treads. — Treadl8,tred'l, 
«.  The  part  of  a  loom  or  other  machine 


which  is  moved  by  the  foot;  a  treddle;  the 
albuminous  cords  which  unite  the  yoke  of 
the  e^g  to  the  white.  —  Tread-mill-,  n.  A 
machine  employed  in  prison  discipline, 
the  usual  form  of  which  is  a  wheel  caused 
to  revolve  by  the  weight  of  the  prisoners 
treading  on  steps  on  its  periphery. — Tread- 
wheel,  n.  ■  A  wheel  turned  by  men  or  ani- 
mals siich  a«  that  of  a  tread-mill. 

Treason,  tre'zon,  n.  [O.  Fr.  traison  (Fr. 
trahison),  from  L.  traditio,  a  delivering 
up,  from  trado,  to  deliver  up— trans,  over, 
and  do,  to  give.  Treason  and  tradition 
are  doublet?.  Tradition.]  A  betrajring, 
treacherjr,  or  breach  of  faith,  especially 
by  a  subject  against  the  sovereign,  liege 
lord,  or  chief  authority  of  the  state.  — 
Treasonable,  tre'zon-a-bl,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  consisting  of  treason;- Treasonable- 
ness,  tre'zon-a-bl-nes,  n.  Quality  of  being 
treasonable.  —  Treasonably,  tr5'zon-a-bli, 
adv.  In  a  treasonable  manner.— Treason- 
felony,  n.  In  Britain  a  felony  of  the 
nature  of  treason,  punishable  with  penal 
servitude. 

Treasure,  trezh'Or,  n.  [O.E.  tresoure,  Pr. 
tresor,  L.  thesaurus,  from  Gr.  tliesauros,  a 
store,  treasure,  from  root  of  tithemi,  to  put 
or  place  (whence  also  thesis,  theme,  &c.).] 
Wealth  accumulated;  particularly,  a  stock 
or  store  of  money  in  reserve;  a  great  quan- 
tity of  anything  collected  for  future  use; 
something  very  much  valued. — v.t. — trea- 
sured, treasuring.  To  hoard  up;  to  collect 
for  future  use;  to  accumulate;  to  store;  to 
retain  carefully  in  the  mind;  to  regard  as 

greoious;  to  prize. — Treasure-house,  n.  A 
ouse  where  treasures  are  kept.  —  Trea- 
surer, trezh'U-rer,  n.  One  who  has  the  cate 
of  a  treasure  or  treasury;  one  who  has  the 
charge  of  collected  funds,  such  as  those 
belonging  to  incorporated  companies  or 
private  societies.  —  Lord  high  treasurer, 
formerly  the  third  great  oflicer  ef  the 
English  crown,  whose  duties  are  now  dis- 
charged by  commissioners  entitled  the 

lords  of  the-  treasury Treasurership, 

trezh'u-rer-ship,n.  The  office  of  treasurer. 
— Treasure-trove,  trov,TO.  [O.Pr.troyd.Mod. 
Fr.  trouve,  found.  Troubadour.]  Law, 
money,  gold,  silver  plate,  or  bullion  found 
hidden  in  the  earth  or  in  any  private  place 
the  owner  of  which  is  not  known.— Trea- 
sury, trezhtl-ri,  n.  A  place'or  building  in 
which  wealth  orvalususles  are  reposited; 
a  place  where  public  moneys  are  deposited 
and  kept,  and  where  money  is  disDursed 
for  government  expenses;  a  department 
of  government  which  has  control  over  the 
management  of  the  public  revenue,  and 
the  chief  cf  which,  in  Britain,  called  first 
lord  of  the  treasury,  is,  by  custom,  the 
head  of  the  administration  or  prime  mini- 
ster, though  the  virtual  head  of  the  trea- 
sury is  the  chancellor  of  the  exchequer; 
the  oflicers  of  the  treasury  department; 
any  repository  of  valuable  objects ;  fig.  a 
book  containing  much  valuable  informa- 
tion (a  treasury  of  botany).  —  Treasury 
bench,  the  front  bench  on  the  right  hand 
of  the  speaker  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
occupied  by  the  first  lord  of  the  treasury 
(when  a  commoner),  the  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  and  other  members  of  the 
ministry.— Treaswry  tvarrant,  a  warrant 
or  voucher  issued  by  the  treasury  for  sums 
disbursed  by  the  exchequer. 
Treat,  tret,  v.t.  [Pr.  trailer,  O.Fr.  traicter, 
to  handle,  to  treat,  from  L.  tractare,  a 
freq.  of  traho,  tractum,  to  draw  (whence 
also  tract,  trace,  trait,  train,  &c.)  Trace.] 
To  behave  to  or  towards;  to  act  well  or  ill 
towards;  to  use  in  any  manner;  to  handle 
in  a  particular  manner,  in  vmting  or 
speaking,  or  by  any  of  the  processes  of  art; 
to  entertain  without  expense  to  the  guest; 
to  give  food  or  drink  to;  to  manage  in  the 
application  of  remedies  (to  treat  a  patient); 
chem.  to  subject  to  the  action  of  some 
.other  substance.  —  v.i.  To  discourse;  to 
handle  in  writing  or  speaking:  followed 
usually  by  of;  to  negotiate;  to  propose 
terms  of  accommodation.— n.  An  entertain- 
ment given  as  a  compliment  or  expression 
of  regard ;  anything  which  affords  much 
pleasure;  some  unusual  gratification. — 
To  stand  treat,  to  pay  the  expenses  of  an 
entertainment  for  another  or  others. — 


Treater,  tre'tSr,  «.  One  who  tteats.— 
Treating,  tre'ting,  n.  The  act  of  one  who 
treats;  bribing  in  parliamentary  (or  other) 
elections  with  meat  and  drink.— Treatise, 
tre'tiz,  n.  [O.Fr.  tretis,  traitis.]  A  written 
composition  on  some  subject,  in  which  the' 
principles  of  it  are  discussed  or  explained; 
usually  of  considerable  length.  —  Treat- 
ment, tret'ment,  n.  The  act  or  the  man- 
ner of  treating ;  management;  manipula- 
tion; manner  of  dealing  with  substances ; 
usage ;  good  or  bad  behaviour  towards  a 
person ;  manner  of  applying  remedies  to 
cure.— Treaty,  tre'ti,  n.  [Fr.  trait^.]  The 
act  of  treating  or  negotiating  for  the  ad- 
justment of  differences,  or  for  forming 
an  agreement;  negotiatiop;  an  agreement, 
league,  or  contract  between  two  or  more 
nations  or  sovereigns. 

Treble,  treb'l,  a.  [O.Fr.  treble,  from  L. 
triplus,  triple.  Triple.]  Threefold;  triple; 
WMS.  pertaining  to  the  highest  or  most 
acute  sounds;  playing  or  singing  the  high- 
est part  or  most  acute  sounds.— n.  The 
highest  vocal  or  instrurhental  part  in  a 
concerted  piece  of  music;  a  soprano  voice; 
a  soprano  singer.— w.t.—tre%?ed,  trebling. 
To  make  thrice  as  much;  to  multiply  by 
three;  to  triple. — v.i.  To  become  threefold. 
—Trebly,  treb'li,  adv.  In  threefold  num- 
ber or  quantity;  triply. 

Treddle,  tred'l.    Same  as  Treadle. 

Tree,  tre,  ft.  [A.  Sax.  tre&sv,  tred,  a  tree= 
Icel.  tre,  Dan.  tree,  Sw.  trd,  O.  D.  tree, 
Goth,  triu,  tree,  wood ;  cog.  W.  deru),  an 
oak;  Gr.  drus,  an  oak,  doru,  a  spear;  Skr. 
dru,  a  tree.  Tar  is  allied.]  A  perennial 
plant  having  a  woody  trunk  of  consider- 
able size,  from  which  spring  branches,  or, 
in  the  palms,  fronds;  something  resem- 
bling a  tree,  consisting  of  a  stem  or  stalk 
and  oranches;  as,  a  genealogical  tree;  a 
generic  name  for  many  wooden  pieces  in 
machines  or  structures;  as,  axle-<re«;,  sad- 
dle-tree, &c. — Tree  of  li%  the  tree  which 
grew  in  the  midst  of  the  garden  of  Eden; 
also,  arlK)r-vita». — v.t. — treed,  treeing.  To 
drive  to  a  tree;  to  cause  to  take  refuge  in 
a  tree  (a  dog  trees  a  squirrel).— w.i.  To  take 
refuge  in  a  tree,  as  a  wild  animal.— Tree- 
fern,  TO.  The  name  given  to  ferns  found  in 
tropical  countries  which  attain  the  size  of 
trees.  —  Tree-frog,  n.  A  variety  of  frog 
which  climbs  trees,  and  remains  there  all 
summer  living  upon  insects.  —  Treeless, 
tre'les,  a.  Destitute  of  trees.  —  Treenail, 
trg'nal,  TO.  A  cylindrical  pin  of  hardwood 
used  for  securing  the  planking  of  wooden 
ships  to  the  frames,  or  parts  to  each  other. 
— Iree-onion,  to.  A  species  of  onion  the 
stalksof  which  produce  small  bulbs  at  the 
top.— Tree-wool,  n.    Pine-wool. 

Trefoil,  tre'foil,  n.  [O.Fr.  trefoil,  trefoil, 
from  L.  tres,  three,  suid  folium,  a  leaf.]  A 
three-leaved  plant,  as  the  white  and  red 
clover,  &c.,  so  well  known  as  fodder  plants; 
an  ornament  used  in  Gothic  architecture 
representing  the  form  of  a  three-lobed 
leaf. 

Trek,  trek,  v.i.— trekked,  trekking.  [D.  trek- 
ken,  to  draw,  to  draw  a  wagon,  to  journey.] 
To  travel  by  wagon.    [South  Africa.] 

Trellis,  trel'is,  to.  [Pr.  treiUis,  lattice-work, 
from  treille,  an  arbour,  from  L.  trichila, 
a  bower  or  arbour.]  A  structure  or  frame 
of  cross-barred  work  or  lattice-work,  used 
for  supporting  plants;  a  kind  of  espalier 
for  climbing  plants  or  for  training  fruit- 
trees  ;  a  reticulated  framing  or  lattice- 
work of  wood  or  metal,  for  screens,  doors, 
or  windows.— TrelUsed,  trel'ist,  a.  Purt 
nished  with  a  trellis.— Trellis- work,  n. 
Lattice-work. 

Trematode,  Trematoid,  trem'a-tod,  trem'- 
a-toid,  a.  [Gr.  trima,  trematos,  a  hole,  a 
pore.]  A  term  applied  to  certain  annuloid 
parasitic  worms  living  in  the  intestines 
of  animals,  some  of  them  being  called 
fluke- worms. 

Tremble,  trem'bl,  v.i.— trembled,  iremSling. 
[Fr.  trembler,tTomli.tremulus,  trembling, 
from  tremo,  to  tremble  =  Gr.  tremo,  to 
tremble.  The  b  is  inserted  as  in  number. 
Tremor,  tremulous,  tremendous  have  same 
origin.]  To  shake  involuntarily,  as  with 
fear,  cold,  weakness,  &c.;  to  shudder:  said 
of  persons;  to  be  moved  with  a  quivering 
motion;  to  shake;  to  totter:  said  of  things; 


ch,  cAatu;     eft,  Sc.  locft;     g,  firo;     j./ob;     n,  Fr.  toro;     ng,  siny;     th,  tAen;  th,  f/uo;     w,  wig;     wh,  wAig;     zh,a«ure. 


TREJyiELLA 


720 


TSEBUirar 


to  quaver,  as  sound.— n.  The  act  or  state 
of  trembling;  an  involuntsay  shaking  or 
shivering  through  cold  or  fear. — Trembler, 
trem'bler,  n.  One  who  trembles.— Trem- 
bling, trem'bling,  p.  and  a.  Shakihi?,  as 
with  fear,  cold,  or  weakness;  quaking; 
tMrei'mg.— Trembling  poplar,  the  aspen: 
— n.  The  act  or  state  of  shaking  involun- 
tarily; a  tremor  or  quaking  of  the  earth. 
—  Tremblingly,  trem'bling-li.  adv.  In  a 
trembling  manner.— Tremefaction,  trem- 
i-fak'shon,  n.  [L.  tremo,  to  tremble,  and 
facio,  to  make.]    Trembling;  agitation. . 

Tremella,  tre-mel'a,  n.  [From  L.  tremo,  to 
tremble  or  shake.]  A  fungus  of  a'  gela- 
tinous appearance. 

Tremendous,  tre-men'dus,  a..  [L.  tremen- 
dus,  lit.  to  be  trembled  at,  from  tremo,  to 
tremble.  Tkemble.]  Sufficient  to  excite 
fear  or  terror;  terrible;  awful;  dreadful; 
hence,  such  as  may  astonish  by  magni- 
tude, force,  or  violence. — Tremendously, 
tre-men'dus-li,  adv.  In  a  tremendous 
manner;  dreadfully;  terrifically.  —  Tre- 
mendousness,  triS-men'dus-nes,  n. 

Tremolito,  trem'O-lit,  n.  [From  VaJ  Tre- 
viola,  a  valley  in  the  Alps  where  it  was 
discovered.]  A  mineral  regarded  as  a  va- 
riety of  hornblende,  found  in  dolomite, 
crystalline  limestone,  &c. 

Trem61o,  trem'p-lo,  n.  [It.,  from  L.  iremu- 
Ills,  tremulous.]  Mus.  a  rapid  quavering 
effect  in  plaj'ing  or  singing;  a  vibration  or 
the  voice  in  singing,  suitable  for  the  pro- 
duction of  certain  effects.- 
remor,  tre'mor,  n.  [h.,  from  tremo,  to 
tremble.  Teemble.]  An  involuntary  trem- 
bling; a  shivering  or  shaking;  a  quivering 
or  vibratory  motion.— Tremulous,  trem'u- 
lu»,  a.  [h.  trevmlus,  bom  tremo.]  Trem- 
bling; affected,  with  fear  or  timidity; 
shaking ;  shivering.— Tremulously,  trem'- 
n-lus-li,  adv.  In  a  tremulous  manner; 
tremblingly.— TremulouBnesB,trem'a-lus- 
nes,  71. 

TrenaU,  tre'nal.    Same  as  TreenaU. 

Trench,  trensh,  v.t.  [O.  Fr.  trencher,  to  cut 
off  (Fr.  traiicher),  perhaps  from  Ii.jtmncare, 
to  lop,  from  truneus,  a  log,  a  trunk.]  To 
cut  or  dig,  as  a  ditch;  to  furrow  deeply 
with  the  spade  or  plough:  to  break  up  and 
prepare  for  crops  by  deep  digging;  to  for- 
tify by  a  ditch  and  rampart  of  earth;  to 
intrench.  Intrench.  —  v.i.  To  encroach: 
with  on  or  upon. — n.  A  long  narrow  cut  in 
the  earth;  a  ditch;  milU.  adeepditeh,  with 
a  parapet  or  breastwork,  cut  for  defence 
(as  in  a  siege  or  a  position  taken  up)  or  to 
inteiTupt  the  approach  of  an  enemy.— To 
open  the  trenches,  to  begin  to  dig  or  to 
form  the  lines  of  approach.— Trenchant, 
tren'shant,  a.  [O.Fr.  trenchant]  Cutting; 
sharp;  keen;  unsparing;  severe. — Trencher, 
tren'shsr,  n.  [In  second  sense,  lit.  that  on 
which  food  is  trenched  or  cut.]  One  who 
trenches  or  cuts;  a  wooden  plate  on  which 
meat  may  be  cut  or  carved,  or  on  which  it 
is  eaten.  —  Trencher-cap,  n.  A  cap  hav- 
ing a  flat  square  top  like  a  square  board 
set  on  it,  sucn  as  that  worn  at  universities. 
-Trencher-man,  n.  A  hearty  feeder;  a 
table  companion. — Trench-plough,  n.  A 
plough  for  opening  land  to  a  greater  depth 
than  common. 

Irend,  trend,  v.i.  {liit.  to  bend  circularly, 
from  stem  of  A.  Sax.  trendel,  tryndel,  a 
circle;  Fris.  trind,  tnind,  Dan.  and  Sw. 
<rtnd,  round;  closely  akin  to  <r«nd?e.l  To 
extend  or  lie  along  in  a  particular  direc- 
tion;, to  stretch  (the  coast  trends  to  the 
.FJuth). — n.  Inclination  of  a  coast  or  other 
line  in  a  particular  direction. 

Trental,  tren'tal,  n.  [From  Fr.  trente,  L. 
triffinta,  thirty.]  An  office  for  the  dead  in 
the  Roman  Catholic  service,  consisting  of 
thirty  masses  rehearsed  for  thirty  days 
successively  after  the  party's  death;  hence, 
<i  dirge;  an  elegy. 

Trepan,  tre-pan',  n.  [Fr.  trepan.  It.  tra- 
pano,  from  Gr.  trypanon,  an  auger,  a  sur- 
.  fiical  instrument,  from  trype,  a  hole.] 
Surg,  an  instrument  in  the  form  of  a 
crown-saw  for  removing  portions  of  the 
Itones  of  the  skull,  and  thus  relieving  the 
brain  from  pressure. — v.t— trepanned,  tre- 
•panning.  To  operate  on  by  the  trejian.— 
Trepanning,  tr^pan'iDg,n.  The  operation 
of  using  the  trepan. 


Trepan,  tr5-pan',' ».t.— frepaji«e<f,  trepan- 
ning. [Formerly  trajxin,  from  O.Fr.  trap- 
pan,  from  trappe,  a  trap.  Trap.)  To  en- 
snare or  entrap ;  to  inveigle  in  Some  de- 
ceitful manner. — n.  A  snare;  a  cheat;  a 

■  deceiver.— Trepanner,  tre-pan'6r,  n.  One 
who  trepans;  a  cheat. 

Trepang,  Tripang,  tre-pang',  w.  [Malay 
name.]  The  sea-slug,  'sea-cucumber,'  or 
beche-de-mer,  found  in  the  eastern  seas, 
and  used  as  food  in  China. 

Tirephine,  tre-fin'  or  tre-fen',  n.  [Fr.  tre- 
phine, modified  form  of  tripan.]  An  im- 
proved form  of  the  trepan. 

^trepidation,  trep-i-da'shon.  n,  [L.  irepida- 
tio,  from  trepido,  to  tremble,  from  trepi- 
aus,  trembling,  from  obsolete  irepo,  to 
tum=Gr.  tr«p(5,  to  tum.j  An  involuntary 
trembling;  a  state  of  terror;  a  trembling 
of  the  limbs,  as  in  paralytic  affections.— 
Trepid,t  trep'id,  a.  Trembling;  quaking 
with  f ear.— Trepldity.t  ti;e-pid'i-ti,  n.  The 
state  of  being  trepid. 

Trespass,  tres'pas,  v.i.  [0.  Fr.  trespasser, 
from  trea  —  L.  trans,  beyond,  and  passer, 
to  pass.  Pass.]'  To  pass  over  a  boundary 
line  and  enter  unlawfully  upon  the  land 

.  of  another;  to  intriide;  to  encroach;  to 

'  commit  any  offence;  to  transgress;  to 
violate  any  divine  i».w  or  any  known  rule 
of  duty. — 31.  The  act  of  one  who  trespasses; 
a  violation  of  isome  law  or  rule  laid  down; 
any  voluntary  transgression  of  the  moral 
law;  sin;  law,  any  trdnsgressiqn  of  the  law 
not  amounting  to  felony;  especially  wrong 
done  by  entering  on  the  grounds  of  an- 
other. —  Trespasser,  tres'pas-fer,  n.  One 
wbo  commits  a  trespass.— Trespass-offer- 
ing, n.  An  offering,  among  the  Israelites, 
in  expiation  of  a  trespass. 

Tress,  tres.  n.  [Fr.  <7-ess«,  It.  treccia,  a  tress, 
plait  of  hair,  from  .Gr.  tricha,  in  three 
parts,  from  the  usual' mode  of  plaiting  the 
hair;  allied  to  three.]  A  lock  or  curl  of 
hair;  a  ringlet.— Tressed,  trest,  o.  Having 
tresses;  formed  into  ringlets. — Tressy, 
tres'i,  c{.  Pertaining  to  tresses;  having 
the  appearance  of  tresses. 

Tressel,  tres'i,  n.    Same  as  Trestle. 

Trestle,  tresl,  n.  [O.  Fr.  tregfei  (Fr.  trdteau), 
a  trestle;  from  Armor,  trcitstel,  from  treust, 
■trest,  W.  trawst,  a  beam.]  A  sort  of  frame 
for  supporting  things;  a  frame  with  three 
or  four  legs  attached  to  a  horizontal  piece. 
—  Trestle -board,' n.  An  architect's  or 
draughtsman's  designing  board,  formerly 
supported  on  trestles.— Trestle-bridge,  n. 
A  Dridge  in  which  the  bed  is  supported 
upon  framed  sections  or  trestles. 

Tret,  tret,  n.  [Fr.  trait,  from  O.  Pr.  traire, 
to  draw,  from  L.  trahere,  to-draw.  Trace.] 
An  allowEUice  of  4  lbs.  for  every  104  to  pur- 
chasers of  certain  goods  for  waste  or  refuse 
matter. 

Trevet,  trev'et,  n.    Same  as  Trivet. 

Trews,  trSz,  n.  pi.  The  tartan  trousers  of 
Highlanders  or  soldiers  in  Highland  regi- 
ments. 

Trey,t  tra,  n.  [O.  Fr.  tret,  Fr.  trois,  L.  tres, 
three.]   A  three  at  cards  or  dice.  [Shak.] 

Triable.    Under  Try. 

Triachenium,  tri-a-k5'ni-um,  n.  [Prefix  tri, 
three,  and  ackeniiim.]  Bot.  a  fruit  which 
consists  of  three  achenia, 

THacontahedral,  tri-a-kon'ta-h5"dral,  a. 
[Gr.  triakonto,  thirty,  and  htdra,  side.] 
Having  thirty  sides. 

Triad,  tri'ad,  n.  [Gr.  tnas,  triados,  from 
treis,  tria.  three.]  A  unity  of  three;  three 
united;  a  trinity;  nws.  the  common  chord 
formed  of  three  radical  sounds,  a  funda- 
mental note,  its  third,  and  its  fifth;  ehem. 
an  elementary  substance,  each  atom  of 
which  will  combine  with  three  atoms  of  a 
monad.— Trladic,  tri-ad'ik,  o.  Pertaining 
to  a  triad.  ^ 

Triadelphons,  tri-a-del'fus,  o.  [Gr.  treis, 
three,and adeZpftos.abrother.l  Bot.  having 
the  stamens  combined  into  three  masses 
by  the  filaments. 

Trial.    Under  Try. 

Trlalogue,  tri'a-log.n.  [Gr.  treis,  tria,  three, 
and  logos,  discourse.]  A  colloquy  oif  three 
persons. 

Trlander,  tri'an-d6r,  n.  [Gr.  tteis,  three, 
and  aner,  OTidrcs,  a  male.]  A  monoclinous 
or  hermaphrodite  plant  having  three  dis- 
tinct  and  equsd  stamens.  —  Triandrian, 


Triandroiu,  tri-an'dri-an,  tri-an'dms,  a. 
Belonging  to  such  plants. 

Triangle,  tri'ang-gl,  n.  [Pr.  triangle,  from 
L.  tnangulum—tres,  tria,  three,  and  utigu- 
Ins,  an  angle.]  Geom.  a  figure  bounded  by 
three  lines  and  containing  three  angles, 
the  lines  or  sides  being  straight  in  a  plane; 
triangle,  and  parts  of  circles  in  spherical 
triangles;  a  musical  instrument  of  per- 
cussion,made  of  a  rod  of  steel  bent  into  this 
shape,  open  at  one  of  the  angles;  a  three- 
cornered  straight-edge,  used  by  draughts- 
men, &c.;  a  kind  of  gin  for  raising  heavy 
weights;  tnilit.  three  halberts  stuck  in  the 
ground  and  imited  at  the  top,  to  which 
soldiers  were  bound  when  flogged. —  Tri- 
angular, tri-ang'gu-l(?r,  a.  Having  three 
angles;  having  the  form  of  a  triangle; 
three-cornered.  —  Triangidar  ccnnpass,  a 
compass  having  three  legs  by  means  of 
which  any  triangle  or  any  three  points 
may  be  taken  off  at  once. — Triangular 
pyramid,  a  pyramid  whose  base  is  a  tri- 
angle.—Triangolarity,  tri-ang'gu-lar"i-ti, 
n.  Quality  of  being  triangular.— Triangu- 
larly, tri-ang'gft-ler-li,  adv.  After  the 
form  of  a  triangle.— Triangulate,  tri-ang*- 
gu-lat,  v.t.  —  triangulated,  triangtdaiing. 
To  make  triangular;  surv.  to  divide  into 
triangles,  or  survey  by  dividing  into  tri- 
angles. —  Triangulation,  tri-ang'gu-la"- 
shon,  n.  '  The  reduction  of  the  surface  of 
on  area  to  triangles  for  the  purpose  of  a 
trigonometrical  survey.- TriangxUoid,  ta- 
ang'gn-loid,  o.    Somewhat  triangular. 

Triarchy,  tri'ar-ki,  n.  [Gr.  treis,  three,  and 
arche,  rule.]  Government  by  three  per- 
sons. 

Trias,  tri 'as,  n.  [Gr.  trias,  the  nunjber 
three.]  Geol.  a  name  given  to  the  upper 
new  red  sandstone,  from  its  being  com- 
posed in  Germany  of  three  well-marked 
groups,  only  the  highest  and  lowest  of 
.which  are  loiown  in  England.-rTriassic, 
tri-as'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  comjwsed  of 
trias. 

Triatomic,  tri-a-tom'ik,  a.  [Gr.  treis,  three, 
and  atomos,  an  atom.]  Chem.  consistitig 
of  three  atoms;  having  three  atoms  in  the 
molecule. 

Tribasic,  tri-ba'sik,  a.  [Gr.  treis,  three,  and 
hagis,  base.]  Chem.  applied  to  acids  which 

-combine  with  three  equivalents  of  a  base. 

Tribe,  trib,  ».  [L.  tribus,  one  of  the  thre3 
bodies  into  which  the  Komans  were  ori- 
ginally divided,  from  tres,  three.  Three.] 
A  division,  class,  or  distinct  portion  of  a 
people  or  nation;  a  family  or  race  descen- 
ding from  the  same  progenitor,  and  kept 
distinct,  as  the  twelve  tribes  of  Israel;  a 
nation  or  family  of  savages,  forming  a 
subdivision  of  a  race;  a  number  of  persons 
of  any  character  or  profession:  jn  con- 
tempt; a  term  used  by  some  naturalists  to 
denote  a  number  of  things  having  certain 
characters  or  resemblances  in  common  (a 
tribe  of  plants);  a  division  of  animals  or 
plants  intermediat.  between  order  and 
genus.— Tribal,  tri'bal,  a.  Belonging  to  a 
tribe;  characteristic  of  a  tribe.— Tribalism, 
tri'baJ-izm,  n.  The  state  of  existing  in 
separate  tribes;  tribal  feeling. 

Trfblet,  trib 'let,  ».  [Fr.  triboulet;  oripin 
doubtful.]  A  mandrel  used  in  forging 
tubes,  nuts,  and  rings,  and  for  other  pur- 
poses; a  mandrel  for  making  lead-pipe. 

ftibometer,  tri-bom'et-er,  n.  [Gr.  tribo,  to 
rub,  metron,  measure.]  An  apparatus, 
resembling  a  sled,  for  measuring  the  force 
of  friction  in  rubbing  surfaces. 

Triboulet,  trib'o-let,  n.    Triblet. 

Tribrach,  tri'brak,  n.  [Gr.  tribrachys— treis, 
three,  and  brachys,  short.)  Pros,  a  poetic 
foot  of  three  short  syllables;  a  word  of 
three  short  syllables. 

Wbracteate,  tri-brak'te-Rt,  a.  [Prefix  tri, 
three,  and  bracteate.}  Bot.  having  three 
bracts.  i 

Tribulation,  trib-fi-la'shon,  n.  [Eccles.  L. 
tribnlatio,  distress,  from  L.  tribulo,  tribu- 
latum,  to  thrash,  from  triindum,  a  thrash- 
ing-sledge for  dragging  over  com;  akin 
tero,  iritvm,  to  rub  (whence  trite).]  That 
which  occasions  affliction  or  distress;  severe 
affliction;  distress:  trouble;  trial. 

Tribune,  tri'bun  or  trib'un,  n..  [L.  tribunusi 
a  tribune.ma  gi  strate,or  officer.from  tribuiti 
tribe;  in  latter  senses  short  for  tribiinat.] 


^  Fate,  f&r,  fat,  fftUi     me,^iDet,h^.    pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOye^    tabe,lab,,b|;)ii;    oil,eoundi    -OfAifjaimaar^illas^Sx^tf, 


TRIBUTE 


721 


TRIGAMY 


An  officer  iu  ancient  Home  who  represen- 
ted a  tribe  for  certain  i)urposes;  an  officer 
or  magistrate  chosen  by  the  common 
people  of  Kome  to  ))roteut  them  from  the 
oppression  of  the  patricians;  also  a  mili- 
tary officer  commanding  a  division  or 
legion;  a  raised  seat  or  stand;  the  throne 
of  a  bishop;  a  sort  of  pulpit  or  rostrum 
where  a  speaker  stands  to  address  an  as- 
sembly.—Tribunal,  iri-bu'ual,  n.  [L.  tri- 
bunal, from  tribunus^  a  tribune.]  The  seat 
of  a  judge;  a  bench  for  judges;  a  court  of 
justice.  —  Tribunate,  tri'bu-nat,  rt.  Tri- 
buneship.  —  Tribuneship,  tri'bun-ship  or 
trib'an-ship,  n.  The  office  of  a  tribune.— 
Tribunician,  Tribunitlal,  trib-a-nish'aa, 
trib-Q-nish'al,  a.   Pertaining  to  tribunes. 

Tribute,  trib'ut,  n.  [Ft.  tribuU  L.  tributum, 
from  tribuo,  to  give,  to  bestow,  perhaps 
from  tribus,  a  tribe.  Tribk.]  An  annual 
or  stated  sum  paid  bv  one  prince  or  nation 
to  another,  either  as'an  acknowledgment 
of  submission  or  by  virtue  of  some  treaty: 
the  obligation  of  contributing;  a  personal 
contributionj  anything  done  or  given,  as 
that  which  is  due  or  observed,  (a  tribute 
of  respect). — Tributary,  trib'a-ta-ri,  a.  [L. 
iributarius.]  Paying  tribute  to  another; 
subject;  subordinatp;  inferior;  yielding 
supplies  of  anything;  contributing.:— n.  An 
individual,  government,  or^tate  that  pays 
tribute;  geog.  an  affluent;  a  stream  which 
contributes  water  to  another  stream. — 
Tributarily,  trib'n-ta-ri-li,  adv.  In  a  trib- 
utary manner.  —  Trlbutariness,  trib'n-ta- 
ri-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  tributary. — 
Tribute-money,  n.  Money  paid  as  tribute. 

Tricapaular,  tri-kap'sa-l6r,  a.  [Prefix  tri, 
and  capsule.']  Bot.  having  three  capsules 
to  each  flower. 

Trice,  tris,  v.t.  — 'triced,  tricing.  [Same  as 
L.G.  trissen,  Dan.  tridse,  to  hoist,  tridse, 
a  pulley;  Sw.  trissa,  a  pulley.j  i/airf.  to 
haul  or  tie  up  by  means  of  a  small  rope; 
to  hoist. 

Trice,  tris,  n.  [From  Sp.  tris,  noise  of 
breaking  glass,  a  crack,  an  instant,  a  trice; 
venir  en.un  tris,  to  come  in  a  trice.]  A 
very  short  time;  a  moment:  now  used  only 
in  the  phrase  in  a  trice,  in  an  instant  or 
moment. 

Tricennial,  tri-sen'ni-al,  a.  [L.  tricennium, 
a  space  of  thirty  years.from  tMfirin<a,thirty, 
annus,  a  year.]  Belonging  to  thirty,  es- 
pecially thirty  years;  occurring  once  in 
every  thirty  years. 

Tricentenary,  tri-sen'te-na-ri,  n.  [L.  tH- 
centi,  three  hundred  —  prefix  tri,  three, 
centum,  a  hundred.]  The  space  of  three 
hundred  years;  the  commemoration  of  any 
event  which  occurred  three  hundred  years 
before.'  Called  also  Tercentenary.— a.  Re- 
lating to  three  hundred  years. 

Triceps,  tri'seps,  a.  and  n.  [L.,  from  tres, 
three,  and  caput,  head.]  Three-headed: 
applied  to  certain  muscles. 

Trichina,  tri-ki'na,  n.  pi.  Trlchlnse,  tri-ki'- 
ne.  [Prom  Gr.  thrix,  trichos,  a  hair.]  A 
minute  nematoid  worm,  the  larva  of  which 
is  found  in  the  tissue  of  the  muscles  of 
man  and  several  other  mammals,  giving 
rise  to  the  disease  trichiniasis. — Trlchlni- 
asis,  Trichinosis,  trik-i-ni'a-sis,  trik-i-nO'- 
sis,  n.  A  painful  and  frequently  fatal 
disease  produced  by  eating  meat,  especi- 
all.y  pork,  either  raw  or  insufficiently 
cooked,  infested  with  trichinte. —  Trichi- 
nous,  tri-ki'nus,  a.  Connected  with  tri- 
china or  trichiniasis. 

Trichocyst,  trik'o-sist.n.  [Gr.  thrix,  trichos, 
a  hair,  and  kystis,  a  bag.]  A  cell  capable 
of  emitting  thread-like  filaments,  found 
in  infusoria. — Trichogenous, tri-koj'en-us, 
a.  [Gr.  thrix,  trichos,  and  root  gen,  to 
proQuce.]  Producing  or  encouraging  the 
growth  of  hair.-— Trichoma,  tri-ko'ma,  n. 
[Gr.,  Horn  thrix,  trichos.]  Bot.  the  fila- 
mentous thallus  of  algals;  pathol.  an  affec- 
tion of  the  hair;  plica.  —  Triohomatose, 
tri-kom'a-tos,  a.  Affected  with  trichoma. 
— Trichopteran,  tri-kop'tfer-an,  n.  [Gr. 
thrix,  and  pteron,  a  wing.]  One  of  an  order 
of  insects  comprising  the  caddice-flies, 
having  hairy,  membranous  wings.  —  Tri- 
chopterous,  tri-kop'ter-us,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  trlchopterans. 

Trichord,  tri'konl,  :..  [Gr.  treis,  three,  and 
cnorde,  a  chord.]    A  musical  instrument 


with  three  chords  or  strings. — a.  Having 
three  strings.  —  Trichord  pianoforte,  a  pi- 
anoforte having  three  strings  to  each  note 
for  the  greater  part  of  its  compass. 

Trichotomy,  trikot'o-mi,  n.  |Gr.  tricha, 
thrice,  and  tome,  a  cutting.]  Division  into 
three  ijurt«.— Trichotomous,tri-kot'o-mus, 
«.    Divided  or  branching  by  threes;  tri- 

■  fui'cate. 

Trick,  trik,  n.  [Same  as  D.  trek,  a  pull, 
stroke,  dash,  trick;  track,  treachery,  are 
of  same'origin;  akin  strike,  stroke,  s  hav- 
ing been  lost.]  An  artifice;  a  stratagem; 
a  fraudulent  contrivance  for  an  evil  pur- 
pose; a  cheat;  a  knack  or  art;  a  sleight-of- 
naiid  performance;  the  legerdemain  of  a 
juggler;  a  particular  practice  or  habit;  an 
action  peculiar  to  a  person  (a  trick  ot 
frowning) ;  anything  mischievously  and 
roguishly  done ;  a  prank;  a  frolic;  card- 
playing^  all  the  cards  played  in  one  round; 
naut.  a  spell;  a  turn;  the  time  allotted  toa 
man  to  stand  Ut  the  helm. — v.t.  To  deceive; 
to  impose  on;  to  defraud;  to  cheat;  to 
draw  in  outline,  as  with  a  pen;  to  deline- 
ate without  colour,  as  heraldic  devices. 
[In  last  sense  directly  from  D.  trekken,  to 
draw,  to  delineate  J-y.t.  To  live  by  decep- 
tioa  and  fraud.— Tricker,  trik'fer,  n.  One 
who  tricks;  a  deceiver;  a  cheat;  a  trickster. 
— Trickery,  trik'6r-i,  n.  The  practice  of 
tricks;  imposture;  cheating;  artifice. — 
Trickiiiesg,  trik'i-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  tricky.— Trickish.trik'iflh,  a.  Given 
to  tricks;  artful;  knavish.  —  Trickishly, 
trik'ish-li,  adv.  In  a  trickish  manner.  — 
Tiickishness,  trik'ish-nes,  n.— Tricksiness, 
trik'si-nes,n.  Thegualityof  being tricksyj 
playfulness.— Tricksome,  trik'suni,a.  Fuli 
of  tricks.  —  Trickster,  trik'ster,  n.  One 
who  practises  tricks ;  a  deceiver;  a  cheat. 
—Tricksy,  Tricksey,  trik'si,  a.  Full  of 
tricks  and  devices;  artful;  giveii  to  pranks. 
—Tricky,  trik'i,  a.  Trickish;  mischievous. 

Trick,  trili,  v.t.  [From  above  word,  or  from 
W.  treciaw,  to  trick  out,  from  tree,  harness, 
grar.]  To  dress;  to  decorate:  to  set  off;  to 
adorn  fantastically:  often  followed  hy  out. 
— Tricking,  trik'ing,  n.  Dress;  ornament. 

Trickle, trik'l,v.i.— trickled, trickling.  [Pro- 
bably for  strickle,  from  A.  Sax.  etrican,  to 
go.  Strike.]  To  flow  in  a  small  gentle 
stream;  to  run  down  in  drops. 

Triclinic,  tri-klin'ik,  a.  [Gr.  treis,  three, 
klinO,  to  incline.]  Crystal,  having  three 
unequal  axes  intersecting  obliquely.— 
Tricliaium,  tri-klin'i-um,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
triklinion.]  Among  the  Komans,  a  couch 
running  round  three  sides  of  a  table,  for 
reclining  on  at  meals;  the  dining-room  in 
which  such  a  couch  was  laid.— TricUniary, 
tri-klin'i-a-ri,  a.    Pertaining  to. 

Tricoccous,  tri-kok'us,  a.  [Gr.  treis,  three, 
and  kokkos,  a  berry.}  Bot.  having  three 
cells  with  one  seed  in  each. 

Tricolour,  Tricolor,  tri'kul-6r,  n.  [Pr.  tri- 
colore,  of  three  colours— L.  tres,  three,  and 
color,  colour.]  A  flag  having  three  colours; 
a  flag  having  three  colours  arranged  in 
equal  stripes,  adopted  in  France  as  the 
national  ensign  during  the  first  revolution, 
the  colours  being  blue,  white,  and  red, 
divided  vertically.  —  Tricoloured,  tri'kul- 
6rd,  a.    Having  three  colours. 

Tricorporal,  Tricorporate,  tri-kcr'po-ral, 
tri-kor'po-rat,  a.  [L.  tricorpor—tri=tres, 
three,  and  corpus,  corporis,  a  body.]  HaT- 
ing  three  bodies  united  together. 

Tricostate,  tri-kos'tat,  a.  [L.  tri=tres, 
three,  and  casta,  a  rib.]  Bot.  having  three 
ribs  or  ridges;  three-ribbed. 

Tricuspid,  Tricuspidate,  tri-kus'pid,  tri- 
kus'pi-dat,  a.  [h.  .tri=tres.  three,  and 
cuspis,  cuspidis,  a  point.]  Having  three 
cusps  or  points;^t.  three-pointed;  ending 
in  three  points. 

Tricycle,  tri'si-kl,  n.  [Gr.  tri^treis,  three, 
and  kyklos,  a  circle,  a  wheel.]  A  form  of 
velocipede  with  three  wheels,  generally 
two  driving  wheels  parallel  to  each  other, 
and  a  steering  wheel  either  in  front^or  in 
the  rear.  —  Trlcyclist,  tri'sik-list,  n.  One 
who  rides  on  a  tricycle. 

Tridacna,  tri-dak'na,  n.  [Gir.  triddknos, 
eaten  at  three  bites — tri— treis,  three,  and 
daknS,  to  bite.]  A  genua  of  bivalve  mol- 
luscs, some  of  them  with  shells  of  im- 
mense size. 


Tridactylous,  tri-dak'til-us,  a.  [Gr.  tri-^ 
treis,  three,  and  daktylos,  a  finger  or  toe.J 
Having  three  toes  or  three  fingers. 

Trident,  tii'dent,  n.  [L.  tridens,  tridentis— 
tri^tres,  three,  and  dens,  dentis,  a  tooth.] 
Any  instrument  of  the  form  of  a  fork  with 
three  prongs;  the  sceptre  or  spear  with 
three  barbed  prongs  with  which  Poseidon 
(Neptune),  the  sea-god,  is  represented. — 
Tridentate,  Tridentated,  tri-den'tat,  tri- 
den'ta-ted,  a.  Having  three  teeth.-=-Tri- 
dentiferous,  tri-den-tif'er-us,  a.  Bearing 
a  trident. 

Tridentine,  tri-den'tin,  o.  [L.  Tridentum, 
Trent.]  Pertaining  to  Trent,  9r  to  the 
celebrated  ecumenical  council  which  met 
in  that  city  in  1545. 

Tridimensional,  tri-di-men'shon-al,  a.  [Pre- 
fix tri.  three,  and  dimension.]  Having 
three  dimensions. 

Tridodecahedral,  tri-d5-dek'a-he"dral,  a. 
[Prefix  tri,  and  dodecahedrai]  Crystat. 
presenting  three  ranges  of  faces,  twelve 
in  each. 

Triennial,  tri-en'ni-al,  o.  [L.  triennium,  the 
space  of  three  years— <ri=<re«,  three,  and 
annus,  a  year.]  Continuing  three  years; 
happening  every  three  years.  —  Tnenni; 
ally,  tri-en'ni-al-li,  adv.     Once  in  three 

Trier.'  Under  Try. 

Trlerarch,  tri'er-ark,  n.  [Gr.  trilrls,  a 
trireme,  and  arche,  rule.]  Thecommanaer 
of  an  ancient  Greek  trireme;  also,  a  com- 
missioner who  was  obliged  to  build  ships 
and  furnish  them  at  his  own  expense. 

Trifarious,  tri-fa'ri-us,  a.  [L.  trifarius, 
threefold  —  prefix  tri,  three,  and  term, 
-farias.]  Arranged  in  three  rows ;  three- 
fold. 

Trlfid, tri'fid,o.  {L.trifidus—tri^tres, three, ' 
and  findo,  fidi,  to  divide.]  Bot.  cut  or 
divided  half-way  into  three  parts  with 
straight  margins;  three-cleft. 

Trifle,  tri'fl,  «.  [O.E.  trifle,  trofle,  trufle,  a. 
trifle,  from  O.Fr.  trufle,  truffe,  mock,  gibe; 
perhaps  of  Teutonic  origin;  comp.  Icel. 
truf,  trumpery.]  A  thing  of  very  little 
value  or  importance;  a  paltry  toy,  bauble, 
or  luxury;  a  silly  or  unimportant  action, 
remark,  or  the  like;  a  kind  of  light  dish 
or  fancy  confection. — v.i.— trifled,  trifling. 
To  act  or  talk  without  seriousness  or  with 
levity;  to  indulge  in  light  amusements.— 
To  trifle  with,  to  treat  as  a  trifle;  to  make 
a  toy  or  a  fool  of ;  to  mock.— v.t.  To  waste 
to  no  good  purpose;  to  spend:  usually  fol- 
lowed by  away. — Trlfler,  tri'fl-6r,  n.  One 
who  trifles.  —  Trifling,  tri'fl-ing,  p.  and  a. 
Acting  with  levity;  frivolous;  being  of 
small  value  or  importance;  trivial.  —  Tri- 
flingly,  tri'fl-ing-li,  adv.  In  a  trifling  man- 
ner.—Triflingness,  tri'fl-ing-nes,-  n. 

Trifloral,  Triflorous,  tri-flo'ral,  tri-flo'rus, 
a.  [h.  tri=tres,  three,  and  flos,  floris, 
flower.]  Three -flowered;  bearing  three 
flowers. 

Trifoliate,  Trifollated,  tri-fsli-at,  tri-fo'li- 
a-ted,  a.  [L.  tri— tres,  three,  and  folium, 
a  leaf.]  Having  three  leaves.- Trifoliolate, 
tri-fo'li-o-lat,  a.    Having  three  leaflets. 

Triforium,  tri-f5'ri-um,  n.  [L.  tri=tres, 
three,  and  /oris,  pi.  fores,  a  door.]  Gothic 
arcfi:  a  gallery  above  the  arches  of  the 
nave  of  a  church,  generally  in  the  form  of 
an  arcade. 

Triform,  tri'form,  a.  [L.  triformis~tris= 
tres,  three,  and  forma,  shape.]  Having  a 
triple  form  or  shape. 

Trifurcate,  Trifurcated,  tri-ferTcat,  tri-fer'- 

■  ka-ted,  a.  [L.  tri=trts,  three,  and  furca, 
a  fork.]  Having  three  branches  or  forks; 
trichotomous. 

Trig,  trig,  v.t.— trigged,  trigging.  [Comp. 
AV.  trigaw,  to  stay,  to  tarry;  Pr.  trigar,  to 
stop.]  To  stop,  as  the  wheel  cSf  a  vehicle, 
by  putting  something  down  to  check  it^ — 
n.  A  stone,  wedge,  &c.,  used  for  this  pur- 
pose. 

Trig,  trig,  tt.  [Sw,  trygg,  Dan.  tryg,  secure, 
safe.]    Trim;  spruce;  neat.    [Provincial.] 

Trlgamy,trig'a-mi,n.  [Gr.  <n=<m«,  three, 
andffamos,  marriage.]  The  state  of  having 
three  husbands  or  three  wives  at  the  same 

time.— Trigamist,  trig'a-mist,  n.  One  who 

has  three  husbands  or  wives  at  the  same 
time.— Trigamous^trig'a-mus,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  trigamy;  hot.  having  three  sorts  of 


'■Cb,  eftaia;     c/*,  Sc,  locA;     g,  fo;     j,/cb;     ii,  Fr.  to»tj     ng,  t-;:i,;     ?h,  tAsn;  th,  ttin;     w,  w/ig;    wh,  ti/iig;     zh,a«ur8, 


TRlGEMmOUS 


722 


TRIP 


flowera  in  the  same  head,  male,  female, 
and  hermaphrodite. 

Trigemlnous,  tri-jem'i-nus,  a.  [L.  trv=tre», 
three,  and  geminus,  double.]  Being  one 
of  three  horn  together;  bom  three  at  a 
time;  threefold.  ■ 

Trigger,  trig'6r,M.  [Older form tricker,from 
D.  trekker,  trigger,  lit.  a  drawer,  from 
trekken,  to  draw;  allied  to  trick,  track.] 
The  catch  or  lever  which,  on  being  pulled 
back,  liberates  the  hammer  of  the  lock  of 
a  gun  or  pistol;  any  similar  device. 

Triglyph,  tri'glif,  n.  [Gr.  tri=treis,  three, 
and  glyphe,  sculpture..]  Arcli.  an  orna- 
ment in  Dorfc  friezes,  repeated  at  equal 
intervals,  consisting  of  two  small  perpen- 
dicular gutters  or  channels  separated  by 
three  interstices.— Trlglyphic,  Triglyphl- 
cal,  tri-glif'ik,  tri-gLL£'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  triglyphs. 

Trigon,  tri'gon,  n.  [Fr.  trigone,  L.  trigonum, 
from  Gr.  trig(rnon—t7ir=trcis,  three,  and 
gonia,  an  angle.]  °A  triangle;  astrol.  the 
junction  of  three  signs  of  the  zodiac;  an 
ancient  triangular,  lyre.  —  Trigonal,  Tri- 
gonous, tri'gon-al,  tri'gon-us,  a.  Triangu- 
lar; hot.  .having  three  prominent  longitu- 
dinal angles,  as  a  style  or  ovary. 

Trigonometry,  trig-o-nom'et-ri,  n.  [From 
Gr.  trigdTion,  a  triangle  (treis,  three,  and 
aOnia,  an  angle),  and  metron,  a  measure.] 
The  measuring  of  triangles,  or  the  science 
of  determining  the  sides  and  angles  of  tri- 
angles by  means  of  certain  parts  which  are 
given,  of  high  importance  in  astronomy, 
navigation,  and  surveying.  It  is  of  two 
kinds,  plane  trigonmymtrj/,  treating  of  tri- 
angles described  on, a  plane,  and  spherical 
trigonometry,  of  those  described  on  the 
surface  of  a  sphere.— Trigonometric,  Trig- 
onometrical, trig'o-no-met"rik,  trig'o-no- 
met"ri-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  trigonometry; 
performed  by  or  according  to  the  rules  of 
trigonometry.  —  Trigonometirical  survey, 
the  survey  of  a  country  (such  as  the  Ord- 
nance Survey  of  Great  Britain)  carried  on 
from  a  single  base,  which  must  be  mea- 
sured with  the  most  extreme  accuracy,  by 
the  computa.tion  of  observed  angular  dis- 
tances and  careful  geodetical  operations. 
— TrigoaometricaUyjtrig'o-no-raet"ri-kal- 
li,  adv.  In  a  trigonometrical  manner;  by 
trigonometry. 

Trigram,  Trigraph,  tri'^ram,  tri'graf,  n. 
[Gr.  tri  —  treis,  three,  gramma,  a  letter, 
graphe,  a  writing.]  A  name  given  to  three 
letters  having  one  sound;  a  triphthong,  as 
eau  in  beaw.— Trigrammatic,  Trlgrammlc, 
tri-gram-mat'ik,  tri-gram'mik,  a. '  Consis- 
ting of  three  letters,  or  three  sets  of  letters. 

Trigyn,  tri'jin,  ?i.  [Gr.  tri=  treis,  three,  and 
gjjne,  a  female.]  Bot.  a  plant  having  three 
styles  or  pi.stils.  —  Trigynlan,  Trlgynous, 
tri-jin'i-an,tri'ji-nus,a.  Bot.  navingthree 
styles. 

Trihedron,  tri-he'dron,  n.  [Gr.  tri  — treis, 
three,  and  hedra,  side.]  A  figure  having 
three  equal  sides.— Trihedral,  tri-he'dral, 
a.    Having  three  equal  sides. 

Trijugate,  Trijugous,  tri'ju-gat,  tri'jo-gus, 
a.  [h.  tri^tres,  three,  and  jugurn,  yoke.] 
Bot.  in  three  pairs,  as  a  pinnate  leaf  with 
three  pairs  of  leaflets. 

Trilateral,  tri-lat'6r-al,  a.  [L.  tri  =  tres, 
three,  ?atM.s,  fatem,  a  side.]  Having  three 
sides,  as  a  triangle.— Trilaterally,  tri-lat'- 
^r-al-li,  adv.  With  three  sides.— nilateral- 
ness,  tri-lat'6r-al-nes,  n. 

Trilinear,  tri-lin'6-6r,  a.  [L.  tri-tres,  three, 
and  linea,  a  line.]  Composed  or  consisting 
of  three  lines. 

Trilingual,  tri-ling'gwal,  a.  [L.  tri=tres, 
three,  and  lingita,  a  tongue.]  Consisting 
of  three  languages. 

iTrillteral,  tri-lit'6r-al,  a.  [L.  tri=tres,  three, 
and  Utera,  a  letter.]  Consisting  of  three 
letters;  combining  three  letters,  as  the 
roots  in  the  Semitic  family  of  tongues. — 
n.  A  word  consisting  of  three  letters. — 
Triliteralness,  tri-iit'6r-al-nes,  n. 

Trilithon,  Trilith,  tri'lith-on,  trilith,  n. 
[Gr.  ■tri=treis,  three,  and  lithos,  a  stone.) 
Three  large  blocks  of  stone  placed  together 
like  door-posts  and  a  lintel,  and  standing 
by  themselves,  as  in  sundry  ancient  monu- 
ments.—Trilitliic,  tri-lith'ik,  a.  Relating 
to  a  trilithou;  consisting  of  three  stones. 

Trill,  tril,  w.    CEerhaps  imitative  of  sound 


=D.  trillen,  Dan.  trUle,  to  trill,  to  quaver; 
It.  trUlo,  G.  triller,  a  trill.]  A  warbling, 
quavering  sound;  a  rapid,  trembling  series 
or  succession  of  tones.— «.(.  To  sing  with 
a  quavering  or  trefnulousness  of  voice ;  to 
sing. — v.i.  To  shake  or  quaver;  to  sound 
with  tremulous  vibrations ;  to  sing  with 
quavers;  to  pipe. 

Trill,  tril,  v-i-  [Comp.  Sw.  trilla,  Dan.  tiille, 
to  roll.]  To  flow  in  a  small  stream;  to 
trickle. 

Trillion,  tril'yon,  n.  [Formed  from  in-, 
three,  and  million.  ]  The  product  of  a 
inillion  involved  to  the  third  power,  or 
the  product  of  a  million  twice  multiplied 
by  itself. 

Trilobate,  Trilobed,  tri-lo'bat,  tri'lobd,  a. 
[Gr.  tri— treis,  threie,  and  lobos,  a  lobe.] 
Having  three  lobes. 

Trilobite,  tri'lo-bit,  n.  [Gr.  tri^treis,  three, 
and  lobos,  a  lobe.]  One  of  an  extinct  and 
widely  -  distributed  family  of  palaeozoic 
Crustacea  abundant  in  the  Silurian  strata, 
having  the  body  divided  into  three  lobes, 
which  run  parallel  to  its  axis.— Trilobitic, 
tri-lo-bit'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resem- 
bling a  trilobite. 

Triloculav,  tri-lok'u-l6r,  a.-  [L.  tri  =  tres, 
three,  and  loculus,  a  cell,  dim.  of  locus,  a 
place.]  Bot.  three-ceUed;  having  three 
cells  for  seeds. 

Trilogy,  tril'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  trilogia,  from  treis, 
tria,  three,  and  logos,  speech,  discourse.] 
A  series  of  three  dramas,  each  in  a  certain 
sense  complete  in  itself,  yet  together  for- 
ming one  connected  whole ;  a  term  espe- 
cially reltiting  to  the  Greek  drama. 

Triluminar,  Triluminous,  tri-la'min-6r,  tri- 
lu'min-us,  a.  [  L.  tri  =  tres,  three,  and 
Iwnen,  light.]    Having  three  lights. 

Trim,  trim,  v.t.—tnmmed,  trimming.  [A. 
Sax.  trymian,  to  prepare,  to  set  in  order, 
from  trum,  firm,  strong;  O.  Sax.  trimin, 
firm,  L.G.  hetrimmen,  to  malte  firm.]  To 
put  in  due  order  for  any  purpose;  to  adjust; 
to  invest,  embellish,  or  decorate,  as  with 
ribbons,  braid,  lace,  &c.  (to  trim  a  gown); 
to  bring  to  a  neat  or  orderly  condition  by 
removing  superfluous  appendages  or  mat- 

.  ter;  to  clip,  pare,  shave,  prune,  lop,  or  the 
like  (to  trivi  the  hair,  a  hedge,  or  a  tree); 
,carp.  to  dress,  as  timber;  naut.  to  adjust 
the  weights  in  a  ship  or  boat,  so  that  it 
shall  sit  well  on  the  water  and  sail  well. 
— v.i.  To  hold  a  middle  course  or  position 
between  parties,  so  as  to  appear  to  favour 
each.— a.  Being  neat  and  in  good  order; 
properly  adjusted ;  having  everything  ap- 
propriate and  in  its  right  place;  tight; 
snug;  neat;  tidy;  smart. — n.  Dress;  garb; 
state  of  preparation ;  order ;  condition  ; 
mood ;  disposition ;  the  state  of  a  ship  by 
which  she  is  well  prepared  for  sailing. — 
Trimly,  trira'li,  adv.  In  a  trim  manner 
or  condition.— Trimmer,  trim'6r,  n.  One 
who  trims ;  a  labourer  who  arranges  the 
cargo  of  coal  on  board  a  ship;  one  who 
fluctuates  between  parties,  especially  poli- 
tical parties,  or  tries  to  keep  on  good  terms 
with  Doth.— Trimming,  trim'ing,  n.  The 
act  of  one  who  trims ;  the  act  of  one  who 
fluctuates  between  parties;  ornamental 
appendages  to  a  garment;  pi.  the  accesso- 
ries to  any  dish  or  article  of  food  (colloq.). 
— Trimmingly,  trim'ing-li,  adv.  In  a  trim- 

>ming  manner.  —  Trimness,  trim'nes.n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  trim. 

Trimembral,  tri-mem'bral,  a.  [Prefix  tri, 
three,  and  member.']  Having  or  consisting 
of  three  members. 

Trimerous,  tri'm6r-us,  a.  [Gr.  tri  =  treis, 
three,  and  meros,  a  part.]  Bot.  consisting 
of  three  parts;  entom.  applied  to  beetles 
(Trimera)  having  three-jointed  tarsi. 

Trimester,  tri-mes't6r,  n.  [Fr.  irimestre, 
from  L.  tj-imesirig— prefix  tri,  three,  and 
rmnsis,  a  month. 1  A  term  or  period  of 
three  months.  —  Trlmestral,  Trimestrial, 

'tri-mes'tral,  tri-mes'tri-al,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  trimester ;  occurring  every  three 
months;  quarterly. 

Kimetfer,  mm '  et  -  6r,  n.  [  Gr.  tri  =  treis, 
three,  and  metron,  a  measure.]  A  line  or 
verse  of  poetry  consisting  of  three  mea- 
sures (often  of  two  iambic  feet  each). 

TrimorpUsm,  tri-mor'fizm,  n.    [Gr.  (!■%  = 

■  treis,  three,  and  morphe,  form.]  The  state 
or  property  of  having  three  distinct  forms; 


crystal,  the  property  of  crystallizing  in 
three  fundamentally  different  f  orms.— Tri- 
morphic,  Trimorphous,  tri-mor'fik,  tri- 
mor'fus,  o.  Characterized  by  trimorphism; 
having  three  distinct  forms. 

Trimurti,  tri-mur'ti,  Ji.  [Skr.,  from  tri, 
three,  and  milrti,  body.y  The  Hindu  trin- 
ity, Brahma  the  creator,  Vishnu  the  pre- 
sen'er,  and  Siva  the  destroyer,  conceived 
as  an  inseparable  unity. 

Trinal,  Trine,  tri'nal,  trin,  a.  [L.  trinus, 
threefold,  from  tres,  three.]  Threefold; 
triple. — Trine,  n.  The  aspect  of  planets 
distant  from  each  other  120  degrees;  a 
triad. 

Trinervate,  Trinerved,  Trlnerve,  tri-nfer'- 
vat,  tri'n6rvd,  tri'n6rv,  a.  [L.  tri  — tres, 
three,  and  nervus,  a  nerve.]  Bot.  having 
three  unbranched  vessels  extending  from 
the  base  to  the  apex;  said  of  a  leaf. 

Trlngle,  tring'gl,w.  [Fr.;  origin  unknown.] 
Arch,  adittle  square  member  or  ornament; 
a  curtain-rod. 

Trinity,  trin'i-ti,  n.  [Fr.  trinitd,  from  L. 
triniias,  from  trinus,  threefold,  from  tres, 
three.  Three.]  A  union  of  three  in  one; 
the  state  of  being  three;  theol.the  union  of 
three  persons  in  one  Godhead:  the  Father, 
the  Son,  and  the  Holy  Spirit ;  a  symboli- 
cal representation  of  the  mystery  of  the 
Trinity  frequent  in  Christian  art.— Trin- 
ity Sunday,  the  Sunday  next  after  Whit- 
sunday, obsen'ed  in  honour  of  the  Trinity. 
— Trinity  Houee,  an  incorporation  having 
its  head -quarters  in  London,  intrusted 
with  the  regulation  and  maiiagement  of 
the  lighthouses  and  buoys  of  the  shores 
and  rivers  of  England,  with  supervision  of 
those  of  Scotland  and  Ireland.  —  Trini- 
tarian, trin-i-ta'ri-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Trinity,  or  to  the  doctrine  of  the 
Trinity.  —  n.  One  who  believes  the  doc- 
trine of  the  Trinity.  —  Trinitarianism, 
trin-i-ta'ri-an-izm,  Ji.  The  doctrine  of 
trinitarians. 

Trinket,  tring'ket,  n.  [Probably  a  nasal- 
ized form  of  tncket,  from  trick,  to  dress 
out.]  A  small  ornament,  as  a  jewel,  a 
ring,  and  the  like;  a. thing  of  no  great 
value ;  a  trifle.— w.t.  To  hold  secrejt  com- 
munication; to  intrigue;  to  traflic— Trin- 
keter,  tring'ket -6r,  n.  One  who  deals, 
ti-aflics,  or  intrigues;  a  trafficker;  an  in- 
triguer. —  Trinketry,  tring'ket-ri,  n.  Or- 
naments of  dress;  trinkets  collectively. 

Trinoctial,  tri-nok'shal,  a.  [L.  tri  =  tres, 
three,  and  mox,  woctts,  night.]  Comprising 
three  nights. 

Trinomial,  tri-no'mi-al,  a.  [Gr.  tri=treis, 
three,  and  novie,  a  division.]  Alg.  consis- 
ting of  three  terms  connected  by  the  signg 
+  or  — .  —  n.  Alg.  a  quantity  of  three 
terms. 

Trio,  tri'i)  or  trg'o,  n.  [  It.,  from  L.  tres, 
three.]  Three  united;  mus.  a  composition 
for  three  voices  or  three  instruments;  the 
performers  of  a  trio. 

Tiriolet,  tri'o-let,  tr5'o-let,  n.  [Dim.  of  trio.] 
A  stanza  of  eight  lines  in  which  the  first 
line  is  repeated  after  tho  third,  and  the 
first  and  second  lines  after  the  sixth. 

Trip, trip,v.i.—iripped,-tripping.  [A lighter 
and  non- nasalized  form  akin  to  tramp 
and  =  Dan.  trippe,  Sw.  trippa,  D.  trippen, 
G.  trippen,  trippeln.  to  trip.  Tramp,  Trap.  J 
To  run  or  step  lightly ;  to  move  the  feet 
nimbly,  as  in  running,  walking,  dancing; 
to  stumble  and  come  near  to  fall;  to  make 
a  false  step ;  to  lose  the  footing ;  to  offend 
against  morality,  propriety,  or  rule;  to 
err;  to  go  wrong.— v.i.  To  cause  to  fall  by 
striking  the  feet  suddenly  from  under  tlie 
person;  to  cause  to  stumble  or  make  a 
false  step:  often  followed  by  up;  to  catch 
in  a  fault  or  mistake  (SAat.);  naut.  to  loose 
(an  anchor)  from  the  bottom  by  its  cabio. 
— n.  A  light  short  step;  a  lively  movement 
of  the  feet ;  a  short  journey  of  voyage;  an 
excursion  or  jaunt ;  a  causing  to  stumble 
or  fall ;  a  stumble;  a  false  step;  an  error; 
a  mistake.  —  Trip -hammer,  n.    A  largo 

hammer  used  in  forges;  a  tilt-hammer. — 

Tripper,  trip'6r,  n.  One  who  trips  or  trips 

up ;  one  who  walks  nimbly.  —  Tripping, 

trip'ing,  a.    Stepping  quickly  or  lightly ; 

quick ;  nimble.  —  Trippingly,  trip ' lug-li, 

adv.    In  a  tripping  manner;  with  rapid 

but  clear  enunciation;  nimbly. 


i'iUc,  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  h6r;      pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;      tttbe,  tub,  b\ill;     oil,  pound;     u,  Sc,  abtme— the  Fr.  «.. 


TrjrALEOLATE 


723 


trivaien: 


Tripaleolate, tri-pa'le-o-lat,  a.  [h.tri-ires, 
three,  and  palece.]  Bot.  consisting  of  three 
pales  or  palcas. 

Tripang.    Tuepang. 

Tripartite,  trip'ar-tit,  a.  [L.  tripartitus— 
tri  ^tres,  three,  and  partitus,  pp.  of  pariior, 
to  part.  Part.]  Divided  into  three  parts; 
having  three  corresponding  parts;  made 
between  three  parties  (a  tripartite  treaty); 
bot.  divided  into  three  parts  down  to  the 
base,  but  not  wholly  separate. —Tripar- 
tltely,  trip'ar-tit-li,  adv.  In  a  tripartite 
manner.  — Trlpartitlon,  trip-ar-tish'on, 
n.  A  division  into  three  parts;  a  division 
bjr  three.  —  Tripartible,  tri-par'ti-bl,  a. 
Divisible  into  three  parts.— Tripartient, 
tri-par'shi-ent,  a.  Dividing  into  three  ^ 
equal  parts. 

Tripe,  trip,  n.  [Ft.  tripe,  Sp.  and  Vg.tripa, 
It.  trippa,  tripe;  of  Celtic  origin:  W.  tripa. 
It.  triopas,  Armor,  stripen,  tripe.]  The 
stomach  of  ruminating  animals  when  pre- 
pared for  f ood.— Tripeman,  n.  A  man  who 
sells  tripe.— Trlpery,  tri'p6r-i,  n.  A  place 
where  tripe  is  prepiired  or  sold. 

Tripedal,  trip'e-dal,  a.  [L.  tripedalis—tri= 
tres,  three,  and  pes,  pedis,  a  foot.]  Having 
three  feet. 

Tripe-do-roche,  trSp-d6-rosh,  n.  [Ft.,  lit. 
rock  tripe.]  A  substance  furnished  by 
various  species  of  lichen,  used  as  food  in 
the  arctic  regions  of  North  America. 

Tripennate,  tri-pen'at,  a.    Bot.  tripinnate. 

Trlpersonal,  tri-piir'son-al,  a.  [Prefix  tri, 
three,  and  personal.]  Consisting  of  three 
persons.— TripersonaHst,tri-per'son-al-ist, 
n.  A  believer  in  the  Trinity;  a  trinitarian. 
— Tripersonality,  tri-p6r'son-al"i-ti,  n. 
Trinity  of  persons  in  one  Godhead. 

Trlpetaloid,  tri-pet'al-oid,a.  [Gr.  tri=treis, 
three,  petulon,  a  leaf.]  Bot.  appearing  as 
if  furnished  with  three  petals.— Tripetal- 
ous  tri-pet'al-us,  a.   Having  three  petals. 

Triphthong,  trifthong  or  trip'thong.n.  [Gr. 
tri  =  treis,  threS,  and  phthmige,  sound.]  A 
combination  oi  three  vowels  in  a  single 
syllable;  three  vowel  characters  represent- 
ing a  single  sound  [eau  in  hean);  a  trigraph. 
—  Trlphthongal,  trif -thong 'gal  or  trip- 
thong'gal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  triphthong; 
consisting  of  a  triphthong. 

Triphyllous,  tri-fil'us,  a.  [Gr.  tri^^treis, 
three,  and  phyllon,  a  leaf.  ]  Bot.  three- 
leaved;  having  three  leaves. 

Tripinnate,  tri-pin'at,  a.  [Prefix  in,  three, 
and  pinnate,  pmnatifld,  pinnatiaect.\  Bot. 
trebly  pinnate :  said  when  the  leaflets  of 
a  bipinnate  leaf  are  themselves  pinnate.— 
TnpinnatiM,  tri-pin-nat'i-fid,  a.  Bot.  pin- 
natifid  with  the  segments  twice  divided  in 
a  pinnatifid  manner.— Tripiimatisact,  tri- 
pin-nat'i-sekt,  o.  In  hot.  parted  to  the 
base  m  a  tripinnate  manner,  as  a  leaf. 

Triple,  trip'l,  a.  (Fr.  triple,  from  L.  triplus, 
J.hreef old,  triple,  from  trea,  tria,  three, and 
term,  -plus,  as  in  double  (which  see).  Treble 
IS  a  doublet  of  this.]  Consisting  of  three 
Huited;  threefold;  three  times  repeated; 
trehle.— Triple  crown,  the  crown  worn  by 
the  popes.consistingof  three  crowns  placed 
one  above  another,  surrounding  a  high  cap 
or  tiara.— Trtptetim«,m?w.timeor  rhythm 
of  three  beats,  or  of  three  times  three 
beats,  in  a  hsiT.—v.t.-^tripled,  tnpling.  To 
make  threefold  or  thrice  as  much  or  as 
many;  to  treble.— Triplet,  trip'let,w.  [Dim. 
from  triple.]  A  collection  or  combination 
of  three  of  a  kind,  or  three  united ;  three 
verses  or  lines  of  poetry  rhyming  together; 
iiKfs.  a  group  of  three  notes  of  equal  time 
value,  to  be  performed  in  the  time  of  two, 
indicated  by  a  slur  and  the  figure  3;  a  com- 
bination of  three  lenses;  one  of  three  chil- 
dren at  a,  birth.— Triply,  trip'li„  adv.  In 
a  triple  or  threefold  manner;  trebly. 

Triplicate,  trip'li-kat,  a.  [h.  triplicatus, 
pp.  of  triplicoito  triple— ires,  three,  and 
plico,  to  fold.  Ply.J  Made  thrice  as  much; 
threeiold.— Triplicate  ratio,  in  math,  the 
ratio  which  the  cubes  of  two  quantities 
bear  to  one  another,  compared  with  the 
ratio  which  the  quantities  themselves  bear 
to  each  other. — n.  A  third  thing  corre- 
sponding to  two  others.  —  Triplication, 
trip-li-ka'shon,  n.  The  act  of  trebling  or 
making  threefold.- Tripllcity,  tri-plis'i-ti, 
n.  [From  L.  tripUx,  triplicis,  triple.]  The 
state  of  being  triple  or  threefold. 


Triply.    Under  Triple. 

Tripod,  tri'pod,  n.  [Gr.  tripous,  tripodos— 
tri=ireis,  three,  pous,  podos,  a  foot.)  A 
name  for  various  ancient  utensils  or  ar- 
ticles of  furniture  resting  on  three  feet; 
the  seat  fi-om  which  the  priestesses  at 
Delphi  gave  oracular  responses ;  a  three- 
legged  frame  or  stand  for  supporting  a 
theodolite,  compass,  &.c. 

Tripoli,  trip'o-li,  n.  A  kind  of  siliceous 
rotten-stone,  soft,  and  of  a  yellowish  gray 
or  white  colour,  composed  of  the  shields 
of  microscopic  infusoria  and  diatomaceoe, 
originally  brought  from  Tripoli,  used  in 
polishing  metals,  marbles,  glass,  &c.  — 
Tripoline,  trip'o-lin,  a.  Pertaining  to 
tripoli. 

Tripos,  tri'pos,  n.  [Gr.  tripous,  a  tripod. 
Tripod.]  A  tripod;  in  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity, the  examination  for  honours  at 
taking  one's  degree  in  any  of  the  depart- 
ments of  mathematics,  classics,  moral 
sciences,  Ac,  so  called  from  the  successful 
candidates  being  arranged  in  three  classes 
or  grades. 

Tripper,  Tripping.    Under  Trip. 

Tripterous,  trip't6r-us,  a.  [Gr.  tri  =  treis, 
three,  and  pteron,  a  wing.]  Three-winged: 
said  of  a  leaf. 

Triptich,  Triptych,  trip' tik,  «.  [Gr.  /rt= 
treis,  three,  and  ptyche,  9,  fold  or  folding.] 
A  picture,  carving,  or  other  representation 
in  three  compartments  side  by  side;  most 
frequently  such  as  is  us£si  for  an  altar- 
piece;  a  writing  "/ablet  lEithree  parts,  two 
of  which  might  be  folded  over  the  middle 
part;  bence,  sometimes,  a  book  or  treatise 
in  thro^'  i)urts  or  sections. 

Trlptote,  trip 'tot,  n.  [h.  triptutum,  Gr. 
triptOton—tri=treis,  three,  ana  ptosis,  the 
case  of  a  word.]  In  mam.  a  noun  having 
three  cases  only.  —  Triptotic,  trip-tot'ik, 
a.    Pertaining  to. 

Triquetrous,  tri-kwe'trus,  a.  [L.  triqwtiiis, 
triangular,  from  tres,  tria,  three.]  Three- 
sided;  triangular;  bot.  having  three  acute 
angles  with  concave  faces,  as  the  stems  of 
many  plants;  three-edged;  three-cornered. 

Triradiate,  Triradiated,  tri-ra'di-at,  tri- 
ra'di-a-ted,  o.  [L.  tri=treis,  three,  and 
radius,  a  ray.]    Having  three  rays. 

Trirame,  tri'rem.n.  [L.  triremi8—tri=tres, 
ttoee,  and  remus,  an  oar.]  A  galley  or 
vessel  with  three  benches  or  ranks  of  oars 
on  a  side,  a  common  class  of  war-ship 
among  the  ancient  Greeks,  Romans,' Car- 
thaginians, &c. 

Triaayjion,  Trl8liagion,tri-sa'gi-on,  tris-ha'- 
gi-on,  n.  [Gr.  trisagxos,  thrice  holy— iris 
=^treis,  three,  and  hagios,  holy.]  Eccles. 
the  repetition  of  the  words  Holy,  Holy, 
Holy,  by  the  choir  in  certain  parts  of  the 

■  liturgy. 

Trisect,  tri-sekt",  v.t.  [L.  tri=tres,  three,' 
and  seco,  sectum,  to  cut.  Section.]  To  cut 
or  divide  into  three  equal  jjarts.  —  Trl- 
section,  tri-sek'shon,  n.  The  division  of  a 
thing  into  three  i)arts;  particularly,  in 
geometry,  the  division  of  an  angle  into 
three  equal  parts. 

Trisepalous,  tri-sep'al-us,  a.  [Prefix  tri, 
and  sepal.]    Bot.  having  three  sepals. 

Triserial,  Triseriate,  tri-se'ri-al,  tri-se'ri-fit, 
a.  [Prefix  tri,  three,  and  series.]  Bot. 
arranged  in  three  rows,  one  beneath  an- 
other. 

Trismus,  tris'mus,  n.  [Gr.  trismos,  gnash- 
ing of  the  teeth,  from  trizo,  to  gnash.]  A 
species  of  tetanus  affecting  the  under 

Jaw  with  spastic  rigidity;  lock-jaw. 

xrisoctahedron,  tris-ok'ta-h6"dron,  n.  [Gr. 
tris,  three  times,  oki6,  eight,  and  kedra, 
face.l  A.  solid  bounded  by  twenty-four 
equal  faces,  three  corresponding  to  each 
face  of  an  octahedron. 

Trispermong,  tri-sp6r'mus,a.  [Gr.  tri^treis, 
three,  and  sperma,  seed.]  Bot.  .three - 
seeded;  containing  three  seeds. 

Tristichous,  tri'stik-us,  a.  [Gr.  tri^treis, 
three,  and  stichos,  a  row.]  Bot.  arranged 
in  three  rows.  • 

Trisulcate,tri-sul'kat,a.  [L.  trisulcus—tres, 
three,  sulcvs,  a  furrow.]-  Having  three 
forks  or  three  furrows. 

Trisyllable,  tris'sil-a-bl,  n.  [L.  tri  •===  tres, 
three,  and  syllaba,  syllable.)  A  word  con- 
siRting  of  three  syllables.  —  Trisyllabic, 
TriEyllabical,  tris-si-lab'ik,  tiig-si-lab'i- 


kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  trisyllable;  con- 
sisting of  three  syllables. 
Trite,  trit,  a.  [L.  trilus,  pp.  of  tero,  tritum, 
to  rub,  to  wear  (seen  also  in  triturate, 
emitrite,  detritus,  &c.);  root  tar,  Ira,  to 
pierce,  &c.,  as  in  prep,  trans.  Try.]  Used 
till  BO  common  as  to  have  lost  itq  novelty 
and  interest;  commonplace;  hackneyed; 
stale.- Tritely,  trit'li,  adv.  In  a  trite  or 
commonplace  manner;  stalely.  —  Trite- 
ness, trit'nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
trite;  commmine.ss;  staleness. 
Triteraate,  tri-ter'uut,  a.  [Prefix  tri,  and 
temnte.]  Bot.  three  times  temate. 
Tritbeism,  tri'the-izm,  n.  [Fr.  trilMisme 
—  Gr.  tn=treis,  three,  and  Theos,  God.] 
The  opinion  that  the  Father,  Son,  and 
Holy  Spirit  are  three  beings  or  Gods.— 
Tritheist,  tri'the-ist,  n.  One  who  believes 
that  there  are  three  distinct  Gods  in  the 
Godhead,  that  is.three  distinct  substances, 
essences,  or  hypostases.- Tritheistic,  Trl- 
theistical,  tri-the-is'tik,  tri-the-is'ti-kal, 
a.  Pertaining  to  tritheism. 
Triton,  tri'ton,  n.  [From  Triton,  the  Greek 
sea  deity,  a  son  of  Poseidon  and  Amphi- 
trite.]  One  of  certain  subordinate  sea 
deities  among  the  Greeks  and  Romans, 
having  their  lower  extremities  fish-like;  a 
genus  of  gasteroiiodous  molluscs  with 
trumpet-like  shells;  a  genus  of  batrachiau 
reptiles  comprehending  the  newts. 
Tritone,  tri'ton,  n.  [Gr.  tH=treis,  three, 
and  tonos,  a  tone.]  Mus.  a  dissonant  in- 
terval consisting  of  three  tones  or  of  two 
major  and  one  minor  tone,  or  of  two  tones 
and  two  semitones. 

Triturate,  trit'u-rat,  v.t— triturated,  tntu- 
rating.  [L.L.  trituro,  triiuraium,  to  grind, 
from  L.  tritus,  pp.  of  tero,  to  wear.  Trite.] 
To  rub  or  grind  to  a  very  fine  powder. — 
Tritnra/Me,  trit'n-ra-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  triturated.— Trituration,  trit-a-ra'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  triturating;  leviga- 
tion.  —  Triturature,  trit'u-ra-tur,  n.  A 
wearing  by  rubbing  or  friction. 
Triumpb,  tri'umf,  n.  [L.  triumphus,  a  tri- 
umph; allied  to  Gr.  thriambos,  a  festal 
song,  a  procession  in  honour  of  Bacchus.] 
Rom.  anUq.  a  magnificent  procession  in 
honour  of  a  victorious  general,  in  which 
he  entered  the  city  riding  in  a  chariot  and 
followed  by  his  army— the  highest  mili- 
tary honour  which  a  general  could  obtain; 
hence,  the  state  of  being  victorious;  vic- 
.  tory;  conquc|)t;  joy  or  exultation  for  suc- 
cess; great  gladness;  rejoicing.— w.t.  To 
enjoy  a  triumph;  to  celebrate  victory  with 
pomp;  hence,  to  rejoice  for  victory;  to 
obtain  victory;  to  meet  with  success;  to 
prevail;to  exmt  upon  an  advantage  gained; 
especially,  to  exult  or  boast  insolently.— 
Triumphal, tri-um'fal,  a.  [L.  triumphalis.] 
Pertaining  to  triumph;  commemorating 
or  used  in  celebrating  a  triumph  or  \'ic- 
toTy .—Triumphal  arm,  originally  a  tem- 
porary arch  erected  in  connection  with  the 
triumph  of  a  Roman  general,  and  through 
■which  he  and  his  army  passed;  afterwards 
a  massive  and  ornamental  permanent 
structure^  a  decorated  temporary  arch  in 
public  rejoicings.  —  Triumphant,  tri-um'- 
fant,  a.  [L.  triumphans,  triumphantia, 
ppr.  of  triwmpho,  to  triumph.]  Rejoicing 
for  victory  or  as  for  victory;  triumphing; 
exulting;  victorious;graced  with  conquest. 
— Triumphantly,  tri-um'fant-li,  adv.  In 
a  triumphant  manner';  in  the  manner  of 
a  conqueror;  with  joy  and  exultation. — 
Trlumpher,  tri'umf-6r,  n.  One  who  tri- 
umphs. 

Triumvir,  tri-um'vfir,  n.  [L.  tres,  genit. 
trium,  three,  and  mr,  man.]  One  of  three 
men  united  in  office.- Triumvirate,  tri- 
arn'vi-rat,  n.  A  coalition  of  three  men  in 
office  or  authority;  in  Roman  history  the 
coalition  in  59  b.c.  between  Caesar,  Pom- 
peius,  and  Crassus,  and  that  in  43  n.c. 
between  Antonius,  Octavianus,  and  Lepi- 
dus;  government  by  three  men  in  coali- 
tion; a  party  of  three  men;  three  men  in 
company  or  forming  one  company. 
Triune,  tri'un,  n.  [L.  tri=tres,  three,  and 
unus,  one.]  Three  in  one:  applied  to  ex- 
press the  unity  of  the  Godhead  in  a  trinity 
of  persons.— Triunity,  tri-a'ni-ti,  n.  The 
state  of  being  triune;  trinity. 
Trivalent,  triv'a-lcnt,  «.  [Prcflx  tri,  three. 


q.]i,  cAain;     ch,  Sc.  locA;     g,  go;     j,  ^ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinp;     ta,  then;  th,  <7iiuj     w,  wig;     wh,  vihig,',     xh,  asui^. 


TRIVALVE 


72^ 


TROUBLE 


y     -  •  /  .  -    •-        I         ,.  -^. --■     -r'f^-v>b^t     -  '■ 

and  L.  valeo,  to  be  worth.]  Si  CAew.  tri- 
atomic;  triadic.     -  ^v' 

Trivalve,  tri'valv,  n.  [Prefix  tri,  three,  and 
vaivej]  Anything  haVingjthree  valves,  es- 
pecially a  shell  with  three  valves. — Trival- 
vular,  tii-val'vU-ler,  a.  Having  three 
valves.  -     -s^.  * 

Trivet,  triv'et,  n.  [Corruption  of  Oiree- 
feet  or  three-foot,  or  of  Fr.  trepied,  from  L. 
tripes,  tripedU,  a  three-footed  stool— ir«s, 
three,  and  pes,  pedis,  a  foot.]  Anything 
supported  by  three  feet ;  a  kind  of  iron 
frame  or  stand  whereon  to  place  vessels 
for  boiling,  &c.,  or  to  receive  something 
placed  before  the  fire:  frequently  used  as 
a  proverbial  comparison  indicating  sta- 
bility, inasmuch  as  having  three  legs  to 
stand  on  it  is  never  unstable  .('right  as  a 
tnvet'). 

Trivial,  triv'i-al,  a.  [Fr.  trivial,  from  L. 
t)-iiiiaHs,  belonging  to  the  public  streets, 
hence  common,  from  trivium,  a  place 
where  three  roads  meet,  a  cross-road— (?'t 
=tres,  three,  and  rna,  a  way,  a  road.]  Com- 
monplace; trifling;  insignificant;  of  little 
worth  or  importance;  inconsidei^able;  oc- 
cupying one's  self  with  trifles;  trifling. — 
Trivial  na^ne,  in  classification,  same  as 
specific  name;  also  used  for  the  common 
English  name.  —  Trivialism,  triv'i-al-izm, 
n.  A  trivial  matter  or  mode  of  acting. — 
Triviality,  triv-i-al'i-ti,  n.  'The  state  or 
quality  of  being  trivial;  a  trivial  thing;  a 
trifle.  —  Trivially,  triv'i-al-li,  adv.  In  a 
trivial  or  trifling  manner;  lightly;  incon- 
siderably ;  insignificantly.  —  Trivialneas, 
triv'i-al-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  trivial. 
—Trivium,  triv'i-um,  n.  A  collective  term 
given  in  the  schools  of  the  middle  ages  to 
the  first  three  liberal  arts— grammar,  rhe- 
toric, and  logic,    Qladkivilm. 

ttri-weekly,  tri'w6k-li,  a.  Occurring  or  ap- 
pearing once  every  three  weeks ;  also, 
happening  Or  appearing  thrice  a  week. 

Trocar,  trO'kar,  n.  [Fr.  trocar,  from  irois, 
three,  and  carre,  a  square,  a  face,  the  in- 
strument having  a  triangular  face.]  A 
perforating  surgical  instrument  used  in 
cases  of  dropsy,  &c.,  for  drawing  off  the 
fluid. 

Trochanter,  tro-kan'tfir,  n.  [6t.  trochan- 
tir,  from  trochazO,  to  run  along,  from 
trecfw,  to  run.]  Anat.  a  process  of  the  upper 
part  of  the  thigh-bone  to  which  are  at- 
tached the  muscles  which  rotate  the  limb.. 

^ochar,  tro'kar,  n.    Same  as  Trocar. 

Troche,  troch  or  trosh,  n.  [Gr.  trochos, 
something  circular,  a  round  ball  or  cake.} 
A  small  circular  cake  or  lozenge  made  up 
of  sugar,  mucilage,  and  some  drug,  to  be 
gradually  dissolved  in  ^e  mouth. 

Trochee,  trO'kS,  n.  [L.  trochceus,  Gr.  tro- 
chaios,  from  trecho,  to  run.]  Pros,  a  foot 
of  two  syllables,  the  first  long  and  the 
second  short.— Trochaic,  tro-ka'ik,  a.  [L. 
trochaicus.]  Pertaining  to  or  consisting 
of  trochees.— n.  A  trochaic  verse. 

Trochilus,  trok'il-us,  n.  [L.  trochdlus.  Or. 
trochilos.]  A  small  bird  said  in  ancient 
legend  to  enter  the  crocodile's  mouth  and 
eat  matters  from  among  hia  teeth;  also, 
arch,  same  as  Scotia. 

Trochite,  tro'kit,  n.  [Gr.  trochos,  a  wheel.] 
A  name  once  given  to  the  wheel-like  joints 
of  the  encrinite. 

Trochlea,  trokl5-a,  n.  [h.,  a  pulley,  from 
Gr.  trochalia,  from  trochalos,  running, 
from  trecho,  to  run.]  A  pulley-like  carti- 
lage connected  with  one  of  the  superior 
muscles  of  the  eye.— Trochlear,  trok'l5-er, 
a.  Pulley-shaped.— Trochleary,  trok'lS-a- 
ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  trochlea  (the 
trochleary  muscle). 

Trochoid,  tro'koid.  n.  [Gr.  trochos,  a  wheel, 
and  eidos,  resemblance.  1  Geom.  the  curs'e 
otherwise  called  cycloid;  anat.  a  trochoi- 
dal  articulation.— Trocholdal,  tro-koi'dal, 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  trochoid ;  anat.  said  of 
a  species  of  joint  in  which  one  bons  rotates 
upon  another  (as  in  the  elbow). 

Trod,  trod,  pret.  of  tread. 

Trodden,  trod'n,  pp.  of  tread.  ^ 

Troglodyte,  trO'glod-it,  n.  [Gr.  trOglodytts, 
a  troglodyte,  from  trOgle,  a  cavern,  and 
duO.  to  enter.]  A  cave-dweller ;  a  name 
given  by  the  ancient  Greeks  to  the  cave- 
d\yelior8  on  the  co;ist  of  t't'.u  Red  S^ca  and 
on 'the  Upper  Kile;  heuce,  one  Irving  in 


seclusion.— Troglodytic,  tro-glo-dit'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  troglodytes. 

Trogon,  tro'gon,  n.  [Gr.  trOgOn,  gnawing.] 
A  name  gf  certain  tropical  birds  with  long 
tail-plumes  and  most  gorgeous  plumage. 

Trogonotherium,  tr5'gon-o-the"ri-um,  n. 
[Gr.  trOgOn,  gnawing,  and  therion,  wild 
beast.]  An  extinct  rodent  aJlied  to  the 
beavers,  but  much  larger. 

Trojan,  Troic,  trO'jan,  tro'ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  ancient  'iVoi/.— Trojan,  n.  An  in- 
habitant of  ancient  Troy. 

Troll,  trol,  v.t.  [From  the  Celtic,  partly 
through  the  French:  'W.trdZiaK',  to  trundle, 
to  roll;  trol,  a  roller;  Armor.  tr6el,  a  twin- 
ing plant;  Fr.  trOler,  to  lead  about,  to  drag. 
Trawl.]  To  move  in  a  circular  direction ;  to 
roll  (MU.y,  to  pass  round  or  cause  to  circle, 
as  a  vessel  of  liquor  at  table;  to  sing  the 
parts  of  in  succession;  also,  to  sing  in  a  full, 
.lovial  voice;  to  angle  in  a  certain  way  in  or 
for.— v.i.  To  go  round;  to  move  round;  to 
angle;  to  fish  for  pike  by  trolling.— n.  The 
act  of  going  or  moving  round;  repetition; 
a  song  the  parts  of  which  are  sung  in  suc- 
cession; a  round;  a  reel  on  a  fishing-rod. — 
TroUer,_trorer,  n.    One  who  trolls.- Trol- 

'ling,  trol'ing,  n.  The  act  of  one  who 
trolls;  a  certain  method  of  fishing  for  pike 
with  a  rod  and  line,  and  with  a  dead  bait 
which  is  dropped  into  holes  and  worked 
up  and  down. 

Troll,  trol,  n.  [Icel.  troll,  Dan.  and  Sw. 
trold,  L.G.  droll;  hence  E.  droll.  |  A  name 
of  certain  supernatural  beings  in  Scandi- 
navian mythology  and  literature, dwelling 
in  the  interior  of  hills  and  mounds;  de- 
scribed as  in  some  respects  obliging  and 
neighbourly  but  also  given  to  thieving. 

Trolley,  Trolly,  trol'i,  n.  lAkin  to  troll,  to 
roll.]  A  kind  of  small  truck;  a  small  nar- 
row cart. 

Trollop,  trol 'op,  n.  [Comp.  Sc.  trollop, 
trollop,  a  loose  hanging  rag;  Armor,  trul, 
a  rag  or  tatter,  triden,  a  slatternly  woman; 
Ir.  Iroll,  corruption;  Gael,  iruaill,  to  pol- 
lute; also  G.  trulle,  a  trull.  Tmll  is  allied.] 

-A  woman  loosely  dressed;  a  slattern;  a 
draggle-tail ;  a  drab.  —  Trollopish,  Trol- 
lopy,  trol'op-ish,  trol'op-i,  a.  Like  a 
trollop;  slatternly. 

Trombone,  trom'bon,  n.  [It.,  aug.  of  from- 
ba,  a  trumpet.  Trump.]  A  deep- toned 
instrument  of  the  trumpet  kind,  consis- 
ting of  three  tubes  of  which  the' middle 
one  is  doubled  and  slides  into  the  other 
two  like  the  tube  of  a  telescope. 

Tromp,  tromp,  n.  [Fr.  trovtpe,  a  tube,  a 
trumpet.]  The  blowing  machine  used  in 
a  certain  process  of  smelting  iron. 

Tron,  tron,  n.  [L.L.  trona,  from  L.  tr%Mna, 
a  balance.]  A  kind  of  steelyard  or  weigh- 
ing-machine formerly  used. — Tron  vxight, 
a  system  of  weight  once  used  in  Scotland 
in  which  the  pound  was  from  21  oz.  to 
28  oz. 

Trona,  tro'na,  n.  [An  African  word.]  Same 
as  Natron. 

Troop,  trop,  n.  [Fr.  troupe.  It.  truppa,  Sp. 
tropa,  from  L.L.  troppus,  a  troop;  perhaps 
from  L.  turha,  a  crowd.]  A  collection  of 
people;  a  number;  a  multitude;  a  body  of 
soldiers;  pi.  soldiers  in  general,  whether 
more  or  less  numerous;  a  body  of  cavalry, 
usually  eixty  in  number,  forming  the 
command  of  a  captain;  a  band  or  company 
of  performers;  a  troupe. — v.i.  To  collect  in 
numbers;  to  gather  in  crowds;  to  march  in 
a  body  or  in  company;  to  march  in  h.aste: 
often  with  o/.- Trooper,  trop'^r,  n.  A 
private  soldier  in  a  bo*iy  of  cavalry;  a 
horse-soldier.— Troop-ship,  n.  A  ship  for 
the  conveyance  of  troops ;  a  transport. 

Troopial,  tra'pi-al,  n.  [From  the  great 
troops  or  flocks  in  which  some  of  the  spe- 
cies unite.]  A  name  of  certain  passerine 
birds  akin  to  the  orioles  and  starlings. 

Trope,  trop,  n.  [Fr.  trope,-fram  L.  tropus, 
from  Gr.  tropos,  a  trope  or  figure,  a  turn, 
from  trepO,  to  turn.  Trophy,  Tropic] 
Rhet.  a  figurative  use  of  a  word;  a  word  or 
expression  used  in  a  different  sense  from 
that  whi  ch  it  properly  possesses;  a  figure  of 
speech.— Tropical,  trop'i-kal,  a.  Figura- 
tive; rhetorically  changed  from  its  origi- 
nal sense.- Tropically,  trop'i-kal-li,  adv. 
In  a  trorieal  manner.— Tropist,  tron'ist, 
n.    One  who  deals  in  tropes. — Tropology, 


Ttro-pol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  tropos,  troi)e,  logos, 
discourse.]  A  rhetorical  mode  of  speech, 
including  tropes.— Tropologic.  Tropologl- 
cal,  trop-o-loj'ik,  trop-o-loj'i-kal,  a.  Varied 
or  characterized  by  tropes;  fi^rative. — 
Tropologically,  trop-o-loj'i-kal-Ii,  adv.  In' 
a  tropological  manner. 

Trophi,  tro'fi,  n.  pi.  [Gv.  trophos,  one  who 
feeds,  from  trepho,  to  feed.]  Entom.  the 
parts  of  the  mouth  employed  in  the  acqui- 
sition and  preparation  of  food. 

Trophy,  tro'fi,  n.  [Fr.  trophie,  the  spoil  of 
an  enemy,  from  L.  tropceum,  from  Gr. 
tropaion,  a  trophy,  from  trope,  a  putting 
to  rout,  lit.  a  turning,  from  trepd,  to  turn. 
Trope.]  Among  the  Greeks  and  Komans 
a  monument  or  memorial  in  commemora- 
tion of  some  victory,  consisting  of  arms 
and  spoils  of  the  vanquished  enemy,  hung 
on  the  trunk  of  a  tree  or  on  a  pillar;  hence, 
anything  taken  and  presen'ed  as  a  memo- 
rial of  victory,  as  captured  arms,  stan- 
dards, Ac;  anything  serving  as  an  evidence 
of  victoiy.— Trophied,  tro'fid,  a.  Adorned 
with  trophies. 

Tropic,  trop'ik,  n.  [Fr.  tropiqw,!!.  tropicus, 
Gr.  tropikos,  turning,  pertaining  to  a  turn, 
from  trope,  a  turning,  from  trepO.to  turn; 
the  sun  turns  back  at  each  tropic.  Thoph  v.] 
The  name  of  two  circles  on  the  celestial 
sphere,  distant  from  the  equator  each  234° 
nearly,  the  northern  one  being  called  the 
tropic  of  Cancer, &iid  the  southern  the  tropic 
(//  Capricorn,  bounding  the  sun's  apparent 
annual  path  in  the  heavens;  the  name  of 
two  corresponding  parallels  of  latitude  or 
circles  going  round  the  globe  at  the  same 
distance  from  the  terrestrial  equator,  and 
including  between  them  that  portion  of 
the  globe  called  the  torrid  zone,  having 
the  equator  for  its  central  line;  pi.  the 
regions  lying  between  the  tropics  or  near 
them  on  either  side. — a.  Tropical;  per- 
taining to  the  tropics. —  Tropical,  trop'i- 
kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  tropics;  being 
within  the  tropics;  incident  to  the  tropics 
(tropical  diseases).  See  also  under  Trope. 
—  Tropic-bird,  n.  A  tropical  web-footed 
bird  of  the  pelican  family,  wonderfully 
powerful  on  the  wing. 

Tropist,  Tropology,  &c.    Under  Trope. 

Trot,  trot,  v.i. — trotted,  trotting.  [Fr.  trot- 
ter. It.  irottare,  from  L.  tolutare,  to  trot, 
modified  into  tlutare,  Uotare,  trotare.]  To 
move  faster  than  in  walking;  to  walk  or 
move  fast;  to  run. — n.  The  pace  of 'a  horse 
or  other  quadruped  more  rapid  than  a 
walk;  an  endearing  term  used  to  a  child; 
a  contemptuous  term  for  an  old  man  or 
woman.— y.i.  To  cause  to  trot;  to  ride  at 
a  trot.— Trotter,  trot'er,  n.  One  who  trots; 
a  trotting  horse;  the  foot  of  an  animal, 
especially  of  a  sheep.  .  | 

Troth,  troth,  n.  [A  form  of  trvth.}  Tnith; 
faith;  fidelity;  veracity. — To  plight  one's 
troth,  to  pledge  one's  faith;  to  betroth 
one's  self.— Troth-plight,  n.  The  act  of 
betrothing  or  plighting  faith.  —  Troth- 
plighted,  a.  Having  fidelity  pledged.  — 
Troth-ring,  n.    A  betrothal  ring. 

Troubadour,  trii'ba-dor,  n.  [Fr.  troubadour, 
from  Pr.  <ro6ador,  a  troubadour  (Sp.  trova- 
dor.  It.  trovatore),  from  trohar,  Fr.  trouver, 
to  find,  originally  to  invent  or  compose 
new  poems,  from  L.L.  tropare,  to  sing, 
from  L.  tropus,  a  song,  a  trope.  Trope.)  A 
name  given  to  a  class  of  early  poets  who 
first  ajipeared  in  Provence,  in  France,  and 
flourished  from  the  eleventh  to  the  latter 
part  of  the  thirteenth  century,  their  poe- 
try being  lyrical  and  amatory. 

Trouble,  trub'l,  v.t.  —  troubled,  troubling. 
(Fr.  troubler.hy  metathesis  and  alteration 
from  L.  turhnla,  dim.  of  turba,  a  crowd, 
confusion;  akin  turbid,  turbulent,  disturb, 
perturb.'\  To  put  into  confused  motion ; 
to  agitate ;  to  disturb ;  to  annoy,  fret,  or 
molest ;  to  afliict ;  to  distress ;  to  put  to 
some  slight  labour  or  pains;  used  in  cotir- 
teous  phraseology. —n.  Distress  of  mind 
or  what  causes  such;  grief;  great  per- 
plexity; alHiction;  anxiety;  annoyance; 
pains;  labour;  exertion;  mining,  a  fault 
or  interruption  in  a  stratum,  especially  a 
stratum  of  coal. — To  take  the  trouble,  to  be 
at  the  pains;  to  give  one's  self  inconveni- 
ence.—Tronbler.  tru>.'l-^r,  n.  One  who 
troubltjR  or  disturbs. — Troublesome,  trubl- 


pate^fttr,  fat,  fftU;     m6,  root,  her;     pine,  pin ;     note,  not,  mOvej     ttlbe,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pouudj     tt,  Sc.  abime— the  J"r 


TROUGH 


725 


TRUKCATB 


sum,  a.  Giving  or  causing  trouble;  haras- 
sine;  annoying;  vexatious;  importunate. 
-— froublesoinely,  trub'1-sum-li,  adv.— 
Troublesomeness,  trub'1-sum-nes,  n. — 
Troublous,  trub'lus,  a.  Full  of  civil  com- 
motion, disturbance,  or  disorder;  unsettled 
{troublotis  times). 

Trough,  trof,  n.  [A.  Sax.  trog,  troh  =  lcel. 
D.  and  G.  irog,  Dan.  trug,  a  trough ;  akin 
tray.]  A  vessel  of  wood,  stone,  or  metal, 
generally  rather  long  and  not  very  deep, 
for  holding  water,  feeding-stufl's  for  ani- 
mals, or  the  like;  a  channel  or  spout  for 
conveying  water;  anything  resembling  a 
trough  in  shape,  as  a  depression  between 
two  ridges  or  between  two  waves;  a  basin- 
shaped  or  oblong  hollow. 

Trounce,  trouns,  v.t.  —  trounced,  trouncing. 
[O.Fr.  troncer,  troncir,  to  cut  or  break  off 
or  into  pieces,  from  L.  truncus,  a  trunk. 
Trunk..]  To  punish  or  to  beat  severely;  to 
castigate. 

Troupe,  trOp,  n.  [Fr.;  same  as  troop.]  A 
troop ;  a  company ;  particulajly,  a  com- 
pany of  players,  dancers,  acrobats,  or  the 
like. 

Trous-de-loup,  tr8-dS-lo,  n.  pi.-  [Fr.,  lit. 
wolf  holes— icoM,  a  hole,  and  loup,  a  wolf.] 
Milit.  holes  or  pits  dug  in  the  ground  in 
the  form  of  inverted  cones  or  pyramids,  in 
order  to  serve  as  obstacles  to  the  advance 
of  an  enemy,  each  pit  having  a  pointed 
stake  in  the  middle. 

Trousers,  trou'zferz,  n.  pi.  [For  older  trouses, 
trowseSf  a  kind  of  drawers,  from  O.  Fr. 
trousses,  a  kind  of  hose,  from  troiiase,  a 
truss,  case,  or  cover.  Truss.]  A  garment 
worn  by  men  and  boys,  extending  from 
the  waist  to  the  ankles,  covering  the  lower 
part  of  the  trunk,  and  each  leg  separ^itely. 
— Trousered,  trou'zferd,  a.  Wearing  trou- 
sers.—Trousering,  trou'z6r-ing,  n.  Cloth 
for  making  trousers. 

Trousseau,  tro-so',  n.  [Fr.,  from  frouase,  a 
bundle,  a  truns.  Truss.]  The  clothes  and 
general  outfit  of  a  bride. 

Trout,  trout,  n.  [  Fr.  tndte,  from  L.  L. 
trutta,  L.  tructa,  from  Gr.  troktes,  a  kind 
of  fish,  from  trOgO,  to  gnaw.]  The  common 
name  of  various  species  of  the  salmon 
family,  as  the  bull-trout,  the  salmon- 
trout,  the  common  trout,  &c.,  esteemed  a 
delicacy.— Trout-coloured,  a.  White,  with 
spots  of  black,  bay,  or  sorrel.— Troutlat, 
Troutling,  trout'let,  trout'ling,  n.  A  small 
trout.  —  Trout  -  stream,  n.  A  stream  in 
which  trout  breed. 

Trouvfere,  Trouveur,  trS-var-,  tr8-v6r,  n. 
[Fr.  trouver,  to  find.  Troubadour.]  A 
name  given  to  the  ancient  poets  of  Nor- 
thern France,  corresponding  to  the  Trou- 
badours of  Provence;  but  their  productions 
partake  of  a  narrative  or  epic  character. 

trover,  tro'v6r,  n.  [O.Fr.  trover,  Fr.  trouver, 
to  find.  Troubadour.]  Law,  the  gaining 
possession  of  goods  by  finding  or  by  other 
means  than  purchase;  a  form  of  action 
at  law  to  recover  goods  or  damages,  now 
abolished. 

Trow,  tro,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  tredwian,  tredwan, 
to  believe,  lit.  to  believe  to  be  true.  True.] 
To  believe;  to  trust:  to  think  or  suppose. 

Trowel,  trou'el,  n.  (^Fr.  truelle,  from  L. 
trulla,  a  small  ladle,  dim.  of  trua,  a  stir- 
ring-spoon, a  ladle.]  A. tool  somewhat  re- 
sembling a  small  spade,  used  for  spreading 
and  dressing  mortar  and  plaster,  &c.;  a 
similar  gardener's  tool,  used  in  taking  up 
plants  and  for  other  purposes.— To  lay  on 
(flattery  6r  the  like)  with  a  trowel,  to  lay 
it  on  thickly  and  coarsely. — v.t.— trowelled, 
troioelling.  To  dress  or  form  with  a  trowel. 

Trowsers,  trou'zferz.    Trousers. 

Troy,  Troy-weight,  troi,  n.  [Froin  Troyes, 
in  France.]  A  weightchiefly  used  in  weigh- 
ing gold  and  silver,  divided  into  12  ounces, 
each  of  20  pennyweights,  each  of  24 grains. 
The  pound  troy  =  6760 grains;  the  pound 
avoirdupois  7000. 

Truant,  tro'ant,  n.  [O.Fr.  truant  (Fr.  tru- 
and),  a  vagabond,  from  the  Celtic:  Armor. 
truant,  vagabond,  W.  truan,  wretched,  Ir. 
and  Gael,  truaghan,  poor.]  One  who  shirks 
or  neglects  his  duty;  an  idler ;  especially, 
a  child  who  stays  from  school  without 
leave.— To  play  truant,  to  stay  from  school 
■without  leave.— a.  Shirking  duty;  wilfully 
absent  from  an  appointed  place ;  idle.— 


Tmantly,  trii'ant-li,  adv.  Like  a  truant. 
—Truancy,  tro'an-si,  n.  The  act  of  playing 
truant; 

Truce,  trOs,  n.  [Properly  a  plural;  O.E. 
trews,  trewse,  treviis,  O.Fr.  trues  (pi.),  a 
truce,  from  O.H.G.  triuwa,  triwa,  G.  treite, 
faith;  akin  true,  trust.}  Milit.  a  suspension 
of  arms  by  agreement  of  the  commanders 
of  the  opposing  armies;  an  armistice;  any 
temporary  intermission  or  cessation;  short 
quiet.  —  Flag  of  truce.  Flao.  —  Truce- 
breaker,  n.  One  who  violates  a  truce. — 
Truceless,  triis'les,  a.    Without  truce. 

Truck,  truk,  v.i.  [Fr.  troquer,  to  truck,  to 
barter,  from  Sp.  trocar,  to  exchange;  pro- 
bably from  Ar.  taraq,  to  strike ;  comp.  E. 
to  strike  a  bargain.]  To  exchange  com- 
modities; to  barter.— ti.i.  To  exchange;  to 
give  in  exchange;  to  barter.— n.  Exchange 
of  commodities;  Isarter;  payment  of  wages 
in  goods ;  commodities  appropriate  for 
barter  or  for  small  tTa.de.— Truck  system, 
the  practice  of  paying  the  wages  of  work- 
men in  goods  instead  of  money,  which  has 
prevailed  particularly  in  the  mining  and 
manufacturing  districts  of  Britain  though 
prohibited  by  law.— Truckage,  truk'ai,  n. 
The  practice  of  bartering  goods.— Trucker, 
truk'6r,  n.    One  who  trucks  or  traffics. 

Truck,  trulc,  n.  [From  L.  trochus,  a  hoof>, 
from  Gr.  trochos,  a  wheel,  a  disk,  &c.,  from 
trecho,  to  run.]  A  small  wooden  wheel;  a 
cylinder;  a  small  carriage  or  species  of 
barrow  with  two  low  wheels,  for  heavy 
packages;  an  open  wagon  for  the  convey- 
ance of  goods  on  railways ;  gun.  a  circular 
piece  of  wood  like  a  wheel  fixed  on  an 
axle-tree,  for  moving  ordnance;  naut.  the 
small  circular  wooden  cap  at  the  extrem- 
ity of  a  flagstaff  or  of  a  topmast.— w.<.  To 
put  in  a  truck;  to  send  or  convey  by  truck. 
— Truckage,  truk'aj,  n.  Money  paid  for 
conveyance  of  goods  on  a  truck ;  freight. 

—  Truckle,  truk'l,  n.  [Dim.  of  truck,  a 
wheel.]  A  small  wheel  or  castor;  a  truckle- 
bed.— «.<.  To  move  on  rollers;  to  trundle. 

—  Truckle-bed,  n.  A  bed  that  runs  on 
wheels  and  maybe  pushed  under  another; 
a  trundle-bed. 

Truckle,  truk'l,  v.i.  —  truckled,  truckling. 
[Dim.  of  truck,  to  barter ;  or  from  truckle- 
bed,  because  inferiors  slept  in  them.]  To 
yield  or  bend  obsequiously  to  the  will  of 
another ;  to  cringe :  usually  with  to.  — 
Trucklerj  truk'  I6r,  n.  One  who  truckles. 
—Truckling,  truk'ling,  a.  Given  to  truckle; 
cringing;  servile. 

Truculent,  truk'Q-lent,  a.  [L.  trueulentus, 
from  trux,  trucis,  fierce,  savage.]  Fierce ; 
savage;  barbarous;  inspiring  terror ;  fero- 
cious. —  Truculently,  truk'u-lent-li,  adv. 
In  a  truculent  manner.  —  Truculence, 
Trueulency,  truk'a-lens,  truk'u-len-si,  n. 
r  L.  truculentia.  ]  The  quality  of  being 
truculent;  savageness;  fierceness. 

Trudge,  truj,  v.i.— trudged,  trudging.  [Pro- 
bably a  modification  of  tread,  through  the 
influence  of  drudge.]  To  travel  on  foot^ 
with  fatigue  or  more  or  less  painful  exer- 
tion ;  to  travel  or  march  with  labour  or 
effort. 

True,  trS,  a.  [A.  Sax.  tredwe  (whence  trei- 
wian,  to  trou>)=  Icel.  trdr,  Dan.  tro.T). 
trouw,  G.  treu,  faithful,  true;  cog.  Skr. 
dhru,  to  be  fixed.  Akin  truce,  trust,  troth.] 
Conformable  to  fact ;  not  false  or  errone- 
ous; free  from  falsehood;  truthful ;  genu- 
ine ;  not  counterfeit,  false,  or  pretended ; 
firm  or  steady  in  adhering  to  promises, 
to  friends,  or  the  like;  faithful;  loyal; 
honest ;  exact ;  correct ;  right ;  conform- 
able to  law  and  justice;  legitimate;  right- 
ful. —  True  bill,  law,  a  bill  of  indictment 
endorsed  by  the  grand-jury  after  evidence 
as  containing  a  well-founded  accusation. 

—  v.t.  To  give  a  right  form  to;  to  make 
exactly  straight,  square,  level,  or  the  like: 
a  workman's  term.  —  Tnxe- blue,  o.  An 
epithet  applied  to  a  person  of  inflexible 
honesty  and  fidelity;  stanch;  inflexible. 

—  »i.  A  person*  of  inflexible  honesty  or 
stanchness.  —  True  -bonij  a.  Of  genuine 
birth;  having  a  right  by  birth  to  any  title. 

—  True  -  bred,  a.  Of  a  genuine  or  right 
breed.— True-hearted,  a.  Being  of  a  faith- 
ful heart;  sincere;  not  deceitful.— True- 
heartedness,  n.  Fidelity;  sincerity.— True- 
love,  n.    One  truly  loved  or  loving;  one 


whoso  love  is  pledged  to  another;  ;i  shl  i- 
heart.  —  Truelove-Knot,  Truelover's-knot, 
n.  A  kind  of  double  knot,  made  with  two 
bows  on  each  side  interlacing  each  other 
and  with  two  ends— the  emblem  of  affec- 
tion.—Trueness,  tro'nes,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  true;  sincerity;  genuineness;  ac- 
curacy. —  Truepenny,  tro'pen-i,  n.  A 
familiar  phrase  for  an  honest  fellow. — 
Truism,  tro'izm,  n.  An  undoubted  or  seLT- 
evident  truth.  — Truly,  tro'li,  adv.  In  a 
true  manner;  exactly;  faithfully;  honestly; 
legitimately;  in  reality;  in  fact.— Truth, 
troth,  n.  [A.  Sax.  treowthe,  from  tredwi, 
true.  Formed  similarly  to  sloth,  Jilth,  &c.] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  true;  cor- 
formity  to  fact  or  reality;  veracity;  parity 
from  falsehood;  fidelity;  constancy;  genu- 
ineness ;  that  which  is  true ;  a  true  state- 
ment; fact;  reality;  verity;  a  verified  fact. 
— In  truth,  in  reality;  in  sincerity.— 0/  a 
truth,  truly;  certainly.  —  Truthful,  troth- 
ful,  a.  Full  of  truth;  loving  and  speakin;? 
the  truth.  —  Truthfully,  trOth'ful-li,  adv. 
In  a  truthful  manner.  —  Truthfulness, 
trOth'ful-n«s,  n.  The  state  or  character  of 
being  truthful.  —  Truthless,  trOth'les,  a. 
Wanting  truth;  faithless.— Truth-lover,  n. 
One  devoted  to  the  truth.— Truth-teller, 
n.    One  who  tells  the  truth. 

Truffle,  truf'l,  n.  [O.Fr.  trufie,  Fr.  trufe; 
origin  uncertain.]  An  edible  and  much- 
esteemed  fungus  growing  a  few  inches 
beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground,  of  a 
dark  colour,  of  a  roundish  form,  and 
without  visible  root.— Truffled,  trufld,  a. 
Cooked  or  stuffed  with  truffles. 

Truism.    Under  True. 

Trull,  trul,  n.  [Of  similar  origin  with  frci- 
lop.]    A  low  vagrant  strumpet;  a  drab. 

Truly.    Under  True. 

Trump,  trump,  n.  fContr.  from  triumph, 
which  formerly  had  sense  of  trump.  See 
Triumph.]  A  winning  card;  one  of  the 
suit  of  cards  which  takes  any  of  the  other 
suits;  a  good  fellow;  a  person  upon  whom 
one  can  depend  (colloq.).— To  put  to  one's 
trumps,  to  reduce  to  the  last  expedient. — 
v.t.  To  take  with  a  trump  card;  to  put  a 
trump  card  upon  in  order  to  win. 

Trump,  trump,  n.  [Fr.  trompe,  a  trumpet 
or  horn;  Sp.  and  Pg.  trompa.  It.  tronwa, 
a  trumpet;  comp.  O.H.G.  trurnba,  trumpa, 
a  drum;  Lith.  truba,  a  herdsman's  horn. 
Akin  trombone.  Hence  truynpet.]  A  wind- 
instrument  of  music;  a  trumpet. 

Trump,  trump,  v.t.  [Fr.  troinper,  to  de- 
ceive, to  dupe,  probably  from  trompe,  a 
trumpet,  alluding  to  mountebanks  or 
charlatans  who  summoned  people  by  a 
trumpet.]  To  obtrude  or  impose  unfairly. 
— To  trump  up,  to  devise;  to  forge  (to 
trump  up  a  story).  —  Trumpery,  tnim'- 
p6r-i,  n.  [Fr.  tro^nperie,  fraud ;  trunipery 
18  what  deceives  by  false  show.]  Worthless 
finery;  things  worn  out  and  of  no  value; 
rubbish.— a.  Trifling;  worthless. 

Trumpet,  trum'pet,  n.  [Ft.  trompetie,  a 
dim.  of  trompe,  a  trumpet.  Trump,  a 
trumpet.]  A  wind-instrument  of  music 
made  of  brass  or  silver,  having  a  clear  ring- 
ing tone;  one  who  praises  or  propagates 
praise.  Ear-trumpet,  Speaking-trumpet. 
—  Feast  of  trumpets,  a  feast  among -the 
Jews,  so  called  from  the  blowing  of  trum- 
pets in  the  temple  with  more  than  usual 
solemnity.  —  v.t.  To  publish  by  sound  ef 
trumpet ;  hence,  to  blaze  or  noise  abroad ; 
to  proclaim.- Trumpeter,  trum'pet-6r,  n. 
One  who  sounds  a  trumpet;  one  who  pro- 
claims, publishes,  or  denounces;  a  variety 
of  the  domestic  pigeon;  a  grallatorial  bird 
of  South  America,  called  also  Agami.  — 
Tmmpet-fish,  n.  The  bellows-fish.— Trum- 
pet-flower, n.  A  name  applied  to  various 
large  tubular  flowers.  —  Trumpet-major, 
n.  A  head  trumpeter  in  a  band  or  regi- 
ment. —  Tmmpetry,  trum'pet-ri,  n.  The 
sounding  or  sounds  of  a  trumpet.— Trum- 
pet-ahell,n.  A  molluscous  shell  resembling 
a  trumpet.  Triton.  —  Trumpet-tongued, 
a.  Having  a  tongue  vociferous  as  a  trum- 
pet.  [Shak.] 

Truncate,  trung'kat,  v.t.  [L.  trunco,  frunca- 
turn,  to  cut  short,  from  truncus,  mutilat«d, 
and  as  substantive,  the  trunk  of  a  tree.] 
To  shorten  by  cutting  abruptly;  to  lop;  to 
cut  short.— a.  Truncated;  bot.  appearing 


ch,  c/»ain;  .  efti  Sc.  locA;   g,  go;    j.job;     n,  Fr.  ton;   .ng,  liny;   ^th,  t/ten;  th,  (Ain;   ..v,  teig;    ^wh,  wWg;^h,  a«wre. 


TRUNCHEON 


726 


TUB53 


as  if  cut  short  at  the  tip  (a  truncate  leaf). 
—Truncated,  triinglca-ted,  p.  and  a.  Cut 
short  abruptly;  having  a  part  abruptly 
cut  off,  especially  at  the  apex,  or  top,  or 
having  the  appearance  of  being  Bo.cut, — 
A  trwicaied  cone  or  pyramid  is  one  whose 
vertex  is  cut  off  by  a  "plane  parallel  to  its 
base.— Truncation,  trung-ka'shon,  n.  The 
act  of  truncating  or  state  of  being  trun- 
cated; cutting  off. 

Truncheon,  trun'shon,  n.  [0.  Pr.'  trohchon, 
Fr.  tron(on,  from  tranche,  trcnice',  a  trunk, 
staff,  ic,  L.  truticus.    Trl-nk.]    A  Short 

'  staff;  a  cudgel;  a  baton  or  staff  of  authority; 
a  tree  the  branches  of  which  have  been 
lopped  off  to  produce  rapid  growth.— «.(. 

.  To  beat  with  a  truncheon;  to  cudgel.— 
Truncheoned,  trun'shond,  a.  Furnished 
with  a  ti-uncbeon.  —  Tnmcheoner,  Tron- 
cheoneer,  ti-un'shon-fer,  trun-shon-6r',  n. 

'  A  uersou  armed  with  a  truncheon. 

Trundle,  trun'dl,  v.i.— trundled,  trundliny. 
[A.  Sax.  tryndel,  trenjiel,  a  circle,  a  wheel; 
akin  Sw.  and  Dan.  tri>ul,  round.  Trkkd.J 
To  roll,  as  on  little  wheels;  to  roll;  to  bowl 
along.  —  v.i.  To  wheel  or  move  on  wheels; 
to  cause  to  roll  (to  trundle  a  hoop).— n.  A 
little  wheel;  a  castor;  a  small  carriage 
with  low  wheels;  a  truck.— Trundle-bed,  ■ 
n.  A  truckle-bed.  —  Trundle-tail,  n.  A 
curled  tail;  a  dog  with  a,  curled  tail. 
[Shak.] 

Trunk,  trungk,  n.  [Fr.  tronc,  trunk  or 
stem,  main  body,  broken  shaft  of  a  col- 
umn, a  charity  box;  from  L.  trunctis,  muti- 
lated, and  as  noun,  trunk  or  st^m,  body, 
l)iece  cut  off,  &c.  (whence  also  tinmcljeon, 
iiuncate).  The  elephant's  trunk  should 
have  been  trump,  being  from  Fr.  trmnpe, 
a  trumpet,  a  profx)Scis,  but  the  word  was 
confused  with  this.  Trump.]  The  woody 
stem  of  trees;  that  part  which  supports 
the  branches;  the  body  of  an  animal  with- 
out the  limbs,  or  considered  as  apart  from 
the  limbs;  the  main  body  of  anything 
relatively  to  its  branches  or  ramifications; 
a  box  or  chest,  often  one  covered  with 
leather  for  containing  clothes,  (tc;  the 
long  snout  or  proboscis  of  an  elephant; 
also,  a  similar  organ  of  other  animals,  as 
the  proboscis  of  an  insect;  a  tube,  usu- 
ally wooden,  to  convey  air,  dust,  broken 
matter,  grain,  &c. ;  a  trough  to  convey 
water  from  a  race  to  a  watJer-wheel,  &c.; 
a  flume;  a  boxed  passage  for  air  to  or 
from  a  blast  apparatus  or  blowing-engine; 
pi.  trunk-hose.  —  Trunk  road,  a  highway 
or  main  road.  —  Trunk -breeches,  n.  pi. 
Trunk-hose.— Trunked,  trungkt,  a.  Hav- 
ing a  trunk.— Trunk-fish,  n.  Ostracion. — 
Trunk-hose,  n.  pi.  [Xamed  probably  from 

'being  truncated  or  cut  short.]  A  kind  of 
short  wide  breeches  gathered  in  above  the 
knees,  6r  immediately  under  them,  and 
v.om  during  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII., 
Elizabeth,  and  James  I.— Trunk-line,  n. 
The  main  line  of  a  railway,  canal,  <tc.— 
Trunk -sleeve,  n.  ULA.  large  wide  sleeve. 
IShak.]  V 

Truiliuon,trun'yon,n.  [Fr.tr«pnon,a  stump, 
from  tronc,  L.  truncus,  trunk  of  a  tree. 
Trunk.]  A  knob  projecting  on  each  side 
of  a  gun,  mortar,  &c.,  ser\-ing  to  support 
it  on  the  carriage;  eleam-enffines,  a  hollow 
gudgeon  on  each  side  of  an  oscillating 
cylinder  to  support  it,  and  through  which 
steam  enters.— Trunnloned,  trun'yond,  a. 
Provided  with  trunnions. 

Truss,  trus,  n.  [Fr.  trousse,  a  bundle,  in  pi. 
trunk-hose,  breeches  (whence  E.  trousers), 
from  trousser,  O.  Fr.  trosser,  trusser,  to 
tuck  up,  to  pack ;  L.  L.  tortiare,  to  twist, 
from  L.  torqueo,  tortum,  to  twist.  Tor- 
ture.] A  bundle,  especially  a  small  hand- 
packed  bundle  of  djry  goods;  a  quantity, 
as  of  hay  or  straw  tied  together;  surg.  a 
bandage  used  in  cases  of  rupture  to  keep 
up  the  parts  or  for  other  purposes;  a  tuft 
of  flowers  at  the  top  of  the  main  stalk  of 
certain  plants;  an  umbel;  building,  a  com- 
bination of  timbers,  of  iron,  or  of  timbers 
and  iron  work,  so  arranged  as  to  consti- 
tute an  unyielding  frame;  arch,  a  large 
oorbel  ormodillion  supporting  some  object 
projecting  from  the  face  of  a  wall.— u.<. 
To  put  in  a  bundle;  to  pack  up:  often  with 
up;  to  seize  and  carry  off:  said  of  birds  of 
prey;  to  draw  tight  and  tie  the  laces  of. 


as  of  garments;  to  make  fast,  as  the  wings 
of  a  fowl  to  tlie  body  in  cooking  it;  to 
skewer;  to  pull  up  by  a  rope  or  ropes;  to 
hang.— Trussed,  tnist,  a.  Provided  viith 
a  truss  or  trusses.— Trussing,  trus'ing,  ?». 
The  timbers,  &e.,  which  form  a  truss. 

Trust,  trust,  ji.  [From  stem  of  true,  trow 
=Icel.  traust,  trust,  confidence;  Dan.  and 
Sw.  triist,  a.  trost,  consolation,  hope. 
True.]  A  reliance  or  resting  of  the  mind 
on  the  integrity,  veracity,  justice,  friend- 
ship, &c.,  ofanether  person;  a  firm  reliance 
on  promises  or  on  laws  or  principles;  confi- 
dence; confident  expectation;  assured  an- 
ticipation; belief;  hope;  reliance  or  belief 
without  examination  (to  take  opinions  on 
trust);  the  transfer  of  goods,  property,  &c., 
in  confidence  of  future  payment;  credit; 
a  person  confided  in  and  relied  on;  that 
which  is  committed  or  intrusted  to  one; 
something  committed  to  one's  care  for  use 
or  for  safe-keeping;  the  state  of  being 
confided  to  another's  care  and  guard;  safe- 
keeping; care;  management;  law,  the  con- 
veying of  property  to  one  party  {ttieirtistee) 
in  confidence  that  he.  will  apply  it  for  the 
benefit  of  a  third  party  or  to  some  specified 
purpose.  —  v.t.  To  place  confidence  in;  to 
rely  on;  to  depend  upon;  to  believe;  to 
receive  as  true;  to  rely  on  with  regard  to 
thei  care  of;  to  intrust  (to  tiicst  him  udth 
money);  to  commit,  as  to  one's  care;  to  leave 
to  one's  self  or  to  atself  without  fear  of 
consequences;  to  sell  to  upon  credit  or  in 
confidence  of  future  payment;  to  be  con- 
fident; to  hope  confidently:  followed  by  a 
clause. — v.i.  To  have  trust  or  reliance;  to 
confide  readily;  to  practise  giving  credit; 
to  sell  in  reliance  upon  future  payment. 
— To  trust  in,  to  confide  in;  to  rely  on. — To 
trust  to,  to.  depend  on;  to  have  confidence 
in.  —  a.  Held  in  trust  {trust  property).— 
Trustee,  trus-te',  n.  A  person  appointed 
to  hold  property,  to  take  care  of  and  apply 
the  same  for  the  benefit  of  those  entitled 
to  it.  —  Trusteeship,  trus-te'ship,  n.  The 
ofiBce  of  a  trustee.  —  Truster,  trus'ttr,  n. 
One  who  trusts;  one  who  relies;  a  believer. 
—Trust-estate,  n.  An  estate  held  by  a 
trustee  or  trustees.— Trustful,  truBt'ful,a. 
Full  of  trust;  trusting;  worthy  of  trust; 
trusty.— TructfuUy,  trust'fiil-li,  adv.  In 
a  trustful  manner.  —  Trustfulness,  trust'- 
fiU-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
trustful.  —  TrustUy,  trus'ti-li,  adv.  In  a 
trusty  manner;  faithfully.— Trustiness, 
trus'ti-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  trusty; 
fidelity;  honesty. — Trustless,  trust'lesja. 
Devoid  of  trust;  not  worthy  of  trust;  un- 
reliable. —  Trustlessness,  trust'les-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  trustless.  — Truat- 
wortluness,  trust '  wtr-f Hi -nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  trustworthy.  —  Trust- 
worthy, trust'wer-mi,  a.  "Worthy  of  trust 
or  confidence.— Trusty,  trus'ti,  a.  Admit- 
ting of  being  safely  trasted;  deserving 
confidence;  fit  to  be  confided  in;  not  liable 
to  fail  a  person  (a  trusty  sword). 

Truth,  Truthful,  &c.    Under  True. 

Truttaceous,  trut-a'shus,  a.  [From'L. 
truita,  trout.  Trout.]  Pertaining  to  the 
trout.  ••■*;'        '     '-•• 

Try,  tri,  v.t.— tried,  trying.  [Fr.  trier,  to 
pick,  cull,  select;  same  as  It.  triare,  tritare, 
to  grind,  bruise,  examine;  L.L.  tritare,  to 
thrash  (com),  from  L.  tritum,  pp.  of  tero, 
to  rub,  to  cleanse  com  by  thrashing. 
Trite.]  To  sift  or  pick  outj;  to  purify, 
assay,  or  refine,  as  metals;  to  test  or  prove 

?^by  exr>eriment;  to  make  experience  of; 
to  subject  to  some  severe  test  or  experi- 
ence; to  cause  suffering  or  trouble  to;  to 

■  examine  or  inquire  into,  especially,  to 

I  examine  judicially;  to  sulsject  to  the  ex- 
amination and  decision  or  sentence  of  a 
tri'ounal;  to  attempt;  to  undertake;  to 
make  experiment  with;  to  see  what  will 
result  from  using  or  employing.— To  try 

'  on,  to  put  on,  as  a  garment,  to  see  if  it 
fits. — v.i.  To  exert  strength;  to  endeavour; 
to  prove  by  a  test.— 7*0  try  back,  to  go  back, 
as  m  search  of  a  road  that  one  has  missed. 
— n.  The  act  of  to'ing;  a  trial;  experi- 
ment.— Tryable,  Triable,  tri'a-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  tried;  fit  to  be  tried  or  stand 
trial.— Trial,  tri'al,  n.  The  act  of  trying  or 

,  testing  in  any  manner;  an  attempt;  a  test: 
exijeriment;  a  becom^g  acquainted  by  ex- 


perience; that  which  tries  or  afflicts;  tbst 
which  tries  the  character,  or  piiuciiijc ; 
affliction;  temptation;  the  state  of  being 
tried;  a  process  for  testing  qualification; 
an  examination;  law,  the  exajuination  or 
a  cause  in  controversy  between  parties 
before  a  proper  tribunal.  —  Trial-fire,  n. 
A  fire  for  trying  or  proving;  ordeal-fire.— 
Trial-trip,»i.  An  experimental  trip;  especi- 
ally, a  trip  made  by  a  new  vessel  to  test 
her  sailing  qualities,  &c.—  Trier,  tri'6r,  n. 
One  who  tries.— Trying,  tri'ing,a.  Adapted 
totry;«evere;afl3ictive.— Try-gail,n.  Naui. 
a  fore-and-aft  sail  set  with  a  boom  and 
gaff;  a  spanker  or  driver. 

ftyst,  trist,  n.  [Closely  akin  to  tn>,st;  Icel. 
treysta,  to  trust.]  An  appointment  to 
meet;  a  rendezvous;  a  market  (Falkirk 
Tryst).— v.i.  To  agree  to  meet  at  any  par- 
ticular time  or  place.  —  Trysting-day,  h. 
An  appointed  day  of  meeting  or  assem- 
bling, —  Trysting-place,  w.  An  arranged 
meeting-place. 

Liar,  tsar,  n.  Czab.  —  Tsarina,  Tsaritsa, 
tsa-rc'na,  tsa-rit'sa,  n.    Czarina. 

Tschudi,  Tschudic.    Tchudi,  TcuuDru. 

Tsetse,  tset'sg,  n.  A  South  African  two- 
winged  fly,  whose  bite  is  often  fatal  to 
horses,  dogs,  and  cattle,  but  is  innoxious 
to  man  and  wild  beasts. 

T-square,  te'8kwar,n.  An  instrument  used 
in  drawing  consisting  of  two  slip-  of  hard- 
wood of  unequal  length,  the  longer  fixed 
into  the  shorter  like  a  T,  and  both  having 

.,  their  edges  dressed  exactly  straight  and 
parallel. 

Tub,  tub,  n.  [Same  as  L.G.  tubbe,  D.  tobbe, 
a  tub.]  An  open  wooden  vessel  formed 
with  staves,  bottom,  and  hoops;  a  hsilf 
barrel  open  above;  a  small  cask  or  barrel  for 
liquor;  any  wooden  structure  resembling 
a  tub;  mining,- a,  cor\e  or  bucket  for  rais- 
ing coal  or  ore  from  the  mine.— .4  tale  of 
a  tub,  an  idle  or  silly  fiction;  a  cock-and- 
bull  story.— v.t— tubbed,  tubbing.  To  plant 
or  set  in  a  tub  (to  tub  plants).— w.t.  To 
wash;  to  make  use  of  a  bathing-tub. — 
Tubbing,  tub'ing,  n.  3Iaterial  for  tubs; 
the  lining  of  the  shaft  of  a  mine,  of  an 
artesian  well,  Ac,  to  prevent  falling  in 
of  the  sides.  —  Tubbirh,  tub'ish,  a.  Like 
a  tub:  tubby.  —  Tubby,  tub'i,  a.  Tub- 
shaped;  round  like  a  tub  or  barrel;  having 
a  dull  sound. — Tubfnl,tub'fiU,  n.  A  <iuan- 
tity  sufficient  to  fill  a  tub;  as  much  as -a 
tub  will  hold.— Tub-wheel,  n.  A  horizon- 
tal water-wheel  with  a  series  of  radial, 
spiral  floats. 

Tube,  tub,  m.  [Fr.  tube,  from  L.  tubus,  a 
tube,  tuba,  a  trumpet.]  A  pipe;  a  hollow 
cylinder  of  wood,  metal,  glass,  india-rub- 
ber, &c.,  used  for  the  conveyance  of  fluids 
and  for  variou s  other  purposes;  any  si milar 
object;  a  vessel  of  animal  bodies  or  plants 
which  conveys  a  fluid  or  other  substance. 
—v.t.— tubed,  tubing.  To  furnish  with  a 
tube.  -^  Tube-well,  n.  A  cylindrical  iron 
tube  having  a  sharp  point,  perforated 
immediately  above  the  point  with  small 
holes,  driven  into  the  earth  till  symptoms 
of  water  appear,  when  a  small  suotion- 
pump  is  applied  to  the  tube  and  the  water 
purnped  up.  —  Tublcolar,  Tubicolous,  ttl- 
bik'o-ler,  ta-bik'o-lus,  a.  [L.  ttibus,  and 
colo,  to  inhabit.]  Zool.  inhabiting  a  cal- 
careous tube. — Tublcole,  tu'bi-kol,  n.  One 

i.  of  an  order  of  annelids  which  live  in  cal- 

I  careous  tubes.  —  Tubifonn,  tu'bi-fprm,  a. 
Having  the  form  of  a  tube ;  tubular.  — 
Tubing,  tab'ing.  n.  The  act  of  making 
or  providing  w  ith  tubes;  a  series  of  tubes; 
material  for  tabes.  —  Tubipcre,  tu'bi-por, 
n.  ■  [L.  tubus,  and  porus,  a  pore.]  One  of 
those  corals  that  consist  of  a  cluster  of 
small  tubes,  each  tube  being  the  alx)de 
of  a  polj-p.— Tubular,  tnlaa-lfir,  a.  (From 
L.  iubultts,  dim.  of  tubus,  a  tube.]  Havmg 
the  form  of  a  tube  or  pipe;  consisting  of 
a  pipe;  GstxilsT.- Tubular  boiler,  a  form  of 
boiler  in  which  the  connection  between 
the  fire  and  the  chimney  is  made  by  a 
large  number  of  tubes  surrounded  by  the 
wat«r,  which  is  heated  by  the  gases,  &c., 
passing  through  the  tubes.* —  Tubular-, 
bridge,  a  bridge  formed  of  a  great  rec- 
tangular iron  or  steel  tube,  through  which 
the  roadway  or  railway  pas.ses.  —  Tubu- 
lated, Tubulate,  ta'bn-ls-ted,  tn'ba-lftt. 


jl&te,  far,  f fit,  fftUj     me,  met,  h4rj     pine,  pin;     pOte,  not,  mOye;     tabp,  tub,  b^jll ;     oil,  pound;  »ii,  Sc.  abt<ne— the  Fr.  lu. 


TUBEU 


727 


TUNE 


a.  Jfadf-  in  the  form  of  a  small  tube; 
furnished  with  a  small  tube.— Tubnlation, 
ta-ba-la'shon.  n.  The  act  of  makiug  tu- 
bular.—Tubulifonn,  tu'bu-li-form,«.  Hiiv- 
ing  the  form  of  a  small  tube.  —  Tubulose, 
Tubulous,  tri'ba-los,  ta'bu-lus,  a.  Tubular. 

Tuber,  ta'bfer,  n.  [L.,  a  swelling,  tamour, 
protuberance;  same  root  as  tumid,  tumour.] 
An  underground  fleshy  stem  or  modifica- 
tion of  the  root  of  plants  (as  in  the  potato), 
roundish  in  shape,  of  annual  duration, 
and  with  buds  from  which  new  plants  are 
produced;  surg.  a  knot  or  swelliug  in  any 
part.— Tubercle,  ta'bfer-kl,  n.  (L.  tubercu- 
lum,  dim.  from  tuber.l  A  small  tuber;  a 
little  projecting  knob;  anal,  a  natural 
small  rounded  body  or  mass;  pathol.  one 
of  certain  small  masses  of  morbid  matter 
which  may  be  developed  indifferent  parts 
of  the  body,  but  are  most  frequently  ob- 
served in  the  lungs  (in  the  disease  con- 
sumption). —  Tubercled,  tu'b6r-kld,  a. 
Showing  tubercles;  covered  with  tubercles. 
—Tubercular,  tu-b6r'ku-l6r,  a.  Of  the 
character  of  a  tubercle;  caused  by  tuber- 
cles; affected  with  tubercles.  —  Tubercu- 
late,  Tubarculatcd,  Tnbercolose,  Tuber- 
culous, tu-b6r'ku-lat,  tu-ber'ku-la-ted,  tu- 
ber'ku-los,  tu-bfer'ku-lus,  a.  Affected  with 
tubercles;  halving  small  knobs  or  pimples. 
-Tuberculization,  tu-bfer'ku-li-za"shon,  w. 
The  formation  of  tubercles,  as  in  the  lungs. 
— Tuberiferoug,  tu-b6r-if6r-u8,  a.  IL.  tu- 
))er,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  Producing  tubers. 
— Tuberiiorm,  tu '  b6r-i-form,  a.  Tuber- 
shaped.  —  Tuberosity,  tu-b6r-os'i-ti,  n. 
State  of  being  tuberous;  something  that 
is  tuberous;  a  swelling  or  prominence. — 
Tuberous,  Tuberose,  tii'bfer-us,  ta'b6r-o8, 
a.  Covered  with  knobby  or  wart-like  pro- 
minences ;  knobbed ;  hot.  having  tubers; 
resembling  a  tuber.  —  TuberoUijness,  tU'- 
b6r-us-nes,  n.   Quality  of  being  tuberous. 

Tuberose,  tub'roz  or  ttl'be-roz,  n.  [From 
the  Latin  specific  name  tuberosa,  which 
means  simply  'tuberous;'  so  Fr.  tubireuse, 
Sp.  tubero»a.\  An  odoriferous  plant  with 
a  tuberous  root,  a  favourite  flower  and 
much  cultivated. 

ubicolous.  Tubing,  Tabular,  &c.  Under 
Tube. 

Tuck,t  tuk,  «.  [From  Fr.  eatoc.  It.  stocco, 
a  rapier,  from  G.  stock,  a  stick.]  A  rapier. 

Tuck,  tuk,  v.t.  [Same  as  L.G.  tucken,  Q. 
zucken,  Sw.  tocka,  to  draw  together,  to 
contract ;  akin  tug,  tow,  touch.]  To  put 
into  smaller  compass  by  folding ;  to  fold 
in  or  under;  to  gather  up;  to  gather  the 
bed-clothes  close  around  (to  tuck  a  child 
into  a  bed).— v.i.  To  contract;  to  draw  to- 
gether.— n.  A  fold  sewed  in  some  part  of 
a  dress  to  shorterfit,  especially  a  horizontal 
fold  made  on  a  skirt.  —  Tucker,  tuk'fer,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  tucks;  an  orna- 
mental frilling  of  lace  or  musUn  round 
the  top  of  a  woman's  dress. 

Tuckahoe,  tuk'a-ho,  n.  (American  Indian 
word  for  bread.]  A  singular  vegetable 
growth  of  the  United  States,  found  under- 
ground like  the  truffle,  its  exact  nature 
being  not  ascertained. 

Tucket,  tuk'et,  n.  [From  It.  toccata,  a 
prelude,  from  toccare,  to  touch.  Touch.] 
A  flourish  on  a  trumpet;  a  fanfare.  [Shak.] 
—Tuck,  tuk,  n.  [From  tucket.]  The  sound 
produced  by  beating  a  drum;  beat. 

Tuesday,  toz'da,  n.  [A.  Sax.  Tiwesdceg,  that 
is,  Tiw's  day,  the  day  of  TUv,  the  Northern 
Mars,  or  god  of  war;  so  Icel.  tysdagr,  tyrs- 
dagr,  Sw!  tisdag,  Dan.  tirsdag,  G.  dienstag. 
Comp.  Thursday  =  Thorns  day.]  The  third 
day  of  the  week. 

Tufa,  Tufl,  tu'fa,  tuf .  n.  [It.  tufa,  Fk.  tuf, 
a  kind  of  porous  stone,  from  L.  tophus, 
tuff,  ttlfa.]  Geol.  a  term  originally  ap- 
plied to  a  light  porous  rock  composed  of 
cemented  scorise  and  ashes,  but  now  to 
any  porous  vesicular  compound.  —  Tufa- 
ceons,  tQ-fa'shus,  a.  Pertaiaing  to  or  re- 
sembling it. 

Tuft,  tuft,  n.  [From  Fr.  touffe,  a  tuft,  a 
thicket,  with  addition  of  t  (comp.  graft 
and  graff);  from  G.  zopf,  Icel.  toppr,  a 
tuft=E.  fop.  Top.]  A  collection  of  small 
flexible  or  soft  things  in  a  knot  or  bunch 
(a  tuft  of  flowers,  a  tuft  of  feathersi;  a 
cluster;  a  clump  (a  tuft  of  trees);  in  Eng- 


lish universities,  a  slang  term  for  a  young 
nobleman  student :  so  called  from  the 
gold  tuft  on  the  cap  formerly  worn  by 
him.— w.<.  To  adorn  Avith  or  as  with  tufts 
or  a  tuf  t.  —  Tuf  ted,  tufted,  p.  and  a. 
Adorned  with  a  tuft  or  tufts;  growing 
in  tufts  or  clusters.- Tuft-hunter,  n.  A. 
hanger-on  or  toady  in  the  society  of  titled 
persons. —Tuft-hunting,  n.  The  practice 
of  a  tuft-hunter.— Tufty,  tuf 'ti,  a.  Aboun- 
ding with  tufts;  growing  in  tufts. 

Tug,  tug,  v.t.  —  tugged,  tugging.  [A.  Sax. 
teokan,  te&n,  to  tug  or  puU;  pret.  pi.  tugon, 
pp.  togen:  Icel.  toga,  tjuga,  to  draw,  G. 
zug,  a  pull;  akin  tow,  to  pull,  tuck,  tie.] 
To  pull  with  effort ;  to  haul ;  to  strain  at ; 
to  drag  by  nieans  of  a  steam-tug. — v.i.  To 
pull  with  great  effort;  to  labour:  to  strive; 
to  struggle.  —  n.  A  pull  with  the  utmost 
effort;  a  supreme  effort;  the  severest  strain 
or  struggle  (the  tug  of  war) ;  a  tug-boat.— 
Tug-boat,  n.  A  strongly  built  steam-boat 
used  for  towing  sailing  and  other  vessels. 
— Tugger,  tug'6r,  n.    One  who  tugs. 

Tuition,  tfl-ish'on,  n.  [L.  tuitio,  tuitionis, 
guardianship,  from  tueor,  tuitus,  to  see,  to 
look  to.]  Guardianship  or  superinten- 
dence!:; instruction ;  tutorship ;  teaching. 
— Tuitionary,  tu-ish'on-a-ri,  a.  Pertaining 
to  tuition. 

Tula-metal,  tO'la,  n.  [From  Tula,  in  Russia, 
where  it  is  extensively  made.]  An  alloy 
of  silver,  with  small  proportions  of  lead 
and  copper. 

Tulip,  tu'lip,  n.  [Fr.  tulipe,  from  Sp.  tulipa, 
tuUpan,  It.  tulipano,  a  tulip,  from  Turk. 
tolivend,  a  turban,  the  name  being  given 
to  the  flower  from  its  similarity.  TuiiBAN.] 
A  plant  of  the  lily  family  of  many  species, 
much  cultivated,  for  the  beauty  of  the 
flowers. —  Tulipist,  tu'lip-ist,  n.  A  culti- 
vator of  tulips. "—  Tulipomania,  tu'lip-o- 
ma"ni-a,  n.  [Tulip,-  and  L.  mania,  mad- 
ness.] A  violent  passion  forthe  cultivation 
or  acquisition  of  tulips.— Tulip- tree,  n.  An 
American  tree  bearing  flowers  resembling 
the  tulip,  one  of  the  most  magnificent 
forest  trees  of  temperate  North  America. 
— TuUp-wood,?!.  A  Deautiful  striped,  rose- 
coloured  wood,  the  produce  of  a  Brazilian 
tree,  much  used  for  inlaying. 

Tulle,  tul,  n.  A  kind  of  thin,  open  net,  silk 
fabric,  originally  manufactured  at  Tulle 
in  France;  much  used  in  female  head- 
dresses, collars,  &c. 

Tulwar,  tul'war,  n.  [Hind.]  An  East  In- 
dian sabre. 

Tumble,  tum'bl,  v.i.  —  tumbled,  tumbling. 
[From  Dan.  ttfmle,  Sw.  tumla,  to  tumble, 
allied  to  A.  yax.  tumbian,  to  dance,  D. 
tuimelen,  to  tumble,  G.  taumeln,  to  reel, 
to  stagger.]  To  roll  about  by  turning  one 
way  and  the  other;  to  toss  the  body  about; 
to  roll ;  to  lose  footing  and  fall:  to  be  pre- 
cipitated; to  play  acrobats' tricks.-w.  <.  To 
turn  or  throw  about  for  examination  or 
search;  to  tosa  over  carelessly;  to  disorder; 
to  rumple;  to  throw  down;  to  precipitate. 
— n.  A  fall;  a  rolling  over.-Tumbler,  tum'- 
bl6r,  n.  One  who  tumbles ;  one  who  plays 
the  tricks  of  an  acrobat  turning  summer- 
saults, &c.;  a  large  drinking  glass,  origi- 
nally one  that  had  not  a  base  that  it  could 
stand  on;  a  variety  of  the  domestic  pigeon, 
so  called  from  its  practice  of  turning  over 
in  flight;  a  sort  of  spring-latch  in  a  lock 
which  detains  the  bolt  until  a  key  lifts  it. 
— Tumblerful,  tum'bler-ful,  n.  As  much 
as  a  tumbler  can  contain. 

Tumbrel,  Tumbril,  tum'brel,  tum'bril,  n. 
[O.Fr.  tomberel,  from  tomber,  to  fall,  be- 
cause tilted  up  to  be  emptied;  of  Germanic 
origin  and  akin  to  tumble.  Tumble.]  A 
dung-cart;  a  low  vehicle  with  two  wheels 
used  by  farmers;  a  covered  cart  or  car- 
riage with  two  wheels,  which  accompanies 
troops  for  conveying  the  tools  of  pioneers, 
ammunition,  &c. 

Tumefy,  tn'mi-fi,  v.t.— tumped,  tumefying. 
[Fr.  tum4fier,  from  L.  tumeo,  to  swell,  and 
facio,  to  make.  Tumid.]  To  swell  or  cause 
to  swell  or  be  tumid.— v.i.  To  swell;  to  rise 
in  a  tumour.  —  Tumefaction,  tu-mi-fak'- 
shon,  n.  A  swelling  up ;  a  tumour.— Tu- 
mescence, tQ-mes'ens,  n.  The  state  of 
growing  tumid;  tumefaction. 

Tumid,  ta'mid,  a.  [L.  tumidus,  from  tnmeo, 
to  swell,  from  root  tu,  producing  also  tu- 


mulus, tumuUus,  tumor,  iiiber,  A'c.  (whsi"co 
iumidt,  tuviour,  &c.).  Akin  tomb.]  x.viDg 
swelled,  enlarged,  or  distended;  swolteii , 
protuberant;  swelliiig  in  sound  or  teufo, 

,  pompous ;  bombastic— Tumidity,  Tumid- 
ness, tu-mid'i-ti,  ttl'mid-nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  tumid.— Tumidly,  tn'- 
mid-ii,  adv.  In  a  tumid  manner  or  form. 
—Tumour,  Tumor,  tu'mor,  n.  [L.  tttmor, 
tumoria,  from  tumeo,  to  swell..]  burg,  a 
morbid  enlargement  or  swelling;  more 
strictly,  a  permanent  swelling  occasioned 
by  a  new  growth,  and  not  a  mere  enlarge- 
ment of  a  natural  part.— Tumoured,  tii'- 
mord,  a.  Huving  a  tumour  or  tumoui-s; 
distended;  swelled. 

Tump,  tump,.n*  [W.  twmp,  a  round  mass, 
a  hillock;  same  root  as  tur,iid.]  A  little 
hillock. 

Tumular,  Tmnulary.    Under  Tumulus. 

Tumult,  tQ'mult,  w.  [L.  tumultus,  from 
iumeo,  to  swell.  Tumid.]  The  commotion, 
disturbance,  or  agitation  of  a  multitude ; 
a  n  uproar;  violent  commotion  or  agitation, 
with  confusion  of  sounds;  iiTegular  or  con- 
fused motion.  —  Tumultuarily,  tu-mui"'tfi- 
a-ri-li,  adv.  In  a  tumultuary  manner.— 
Tumultuariness,  to-jiiurtft-a-ri-nes,  n. 
Disorderly  or  tumultuous  conduct;  turbu- 
lence. —  Tumultuary,  ta  -  mul '  tu  -  a  -  li,  a. 
[L.  iumultuarius.]  Disorderly;  ijromiscu- 
ous;  confused;  restless;  agitated;  unquiet. 
— Tumidtuous,  ta-mul'tu-us,  a.  [L.  tumul- 
tu^aus.]  Full  of  tumult,  disorder,  or  con- 
fusion; conducted  with  tumult;  disorderlj-; 
agitated;  disturbed,  as  by  passion  or  the 
like;  turbulent;  violent.— Tumultuously, 
tQ-mul '  tQ-us-li,  adv.  In  a  tumultuous 
manner;  with  turbulence. — Tumultuous- 
ness,  tu-mul'ta-us-nes,  n. 

Tumulus,  tQ'mQ-lus,  n.  pi.  Tumuli,  ta'mu-li. 
[L.,ahillock,fromtM»ji€0,  to  swell.  Tumid.J 
A  mound;  a  barrow  or  artificial  burial 
mound  of  earth.  —  Tumular,  Tumulary, 
ta'ma-ler,  tu'ma-la-ri,  a.  Forming  or  re- 
lating to  a  tumulus  or  barrow. 

Tun,  tun,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tunne,  a  butt  =  Icel. 
Sw.  and  O.'H.G.  tunna,  L.G.  tunne,  D.  ton, 
G.  tonne,  cask,  tun ;  perhaps  it  Celtic  word 
=■  Ir.  and  Gael,  tunna,  tonna ;  comp.  W. 
tynell.  Ton  is  the  same  word ;  tunnel  is  a 
derivative.]  Originally  any  large  cask  or 
vessel  for  containing  liquids;  hence,  a  cer- 
tain measure  or  quantity,  as  the  old  Eng- 
lish tun  of  wine,  which  contained  4  hogs- 
heads or  252  gallons.- u.f.— twnjteci,  tun- 
ning.   To  put  into  casks. 

Tundra,  tun'dra,  n.  A  term  applied  to  the 
immense  stretches  of  flat  boggy  country 
in  the  northern  part  of  Siberia,  where 
vegetation  takes  an  arctic  character. 

Tune,  tun,  n.  (A  form  of  torn.  Tone.]  A 
rhythmical,  melodious  series  of  musical 
tones  produced  by  one  voice  or  instni- 
ment,  or  by  several  voices  or  instruments 
in  unison ;  an  air ;  a  melody ;  correct  in- 
tonation in  singing  or  playing;  adjust- 
ment of  a  musical  instrument  so  as  to  pro- 
duce its  tones  in  correct  key-relationship, 
or  in  harmony  with  other  instruments; 
frame  of  mind;  mood;  temper  for  the 
time  being. — To  the  tune  of,  to  the  sum  or 
amount  of.  [Co\\o(i.]— v.t.— tuned,  tuning. 
To  put  into  or  cause  to  be  in  tune;  to  sing 
with  melody  or  harmony;  to  attune;  to 
put  into  the  proper  state;  to  adapt.— Tun- 
able, tan'a-bf,  a.  Capable  of  being  put  in 
tune  or  made  harmonious;  musical;  tune- 
ful. —  Tunableness,  tOn'a-bl-nes.  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  tunable.— T»m- 
ably,  tan'a-bli,  adv.  In  a  tunable  manner; 
musically.— Tuneful,  tfin'ful,  a.  Harmo- 
nious ;  melodious ;  musical!  —  Tunefully, 
tOn'ful-li,  adv.  In  a  tuneful  manner; 
harmoniously;  musically.  —  Tunefulness, 
tun'ful-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  tuneful.— Tuneless,  tan'les,  a.  Un- 
musical ;  unharmonious ;  not  expressed 
musically;  without  voice  or  utterance.— 
Tuner,  tQn'6r,  n.  One  who  tunes;  one 
whose  occupation  is  to  tune  musical  in- 
struments.—Tuning,  tan'ing,  n.  The  art 
or  operation  of  adjusting  a  musical  instru- 
ment so  that  the  various  sounds  may  be 
all  at  due  intervals.— Tuning-fork,  n.  A 
steel  instrument  with  two  prongs,  de- 
signed when  set  in  vibration  to  give  a 
musical  sound  of  a  certain,fixed  pitch. 


ch,  cAain;     cA,  Sc.  locA;     R,go;     j,yob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  si»p';     ?h,  tAen;  th,  <Aia;     w,  wig;     wh.wWg;     zh,  ajure. 


TUNGSTEN 


'28 


Tl'R!5 


TtuiKBt«n,  tung'sten,  n.  [Sw.  and  Dan., 
Sroui  tiing,  heavy,  and  sten,  stone,  heavy 
Ktuue,  from  the  deusity  of  its  ores.]  A 
hard,  gniyish- white,  brittle  and  heavy 
nietul.  Called  also  iwJ/raw.— Tungstenic, 
Tungstic,  tunji-steu'ik,  tung'stik.  a.  Vei- 
tainin  j^  to  or  obtaiued  from  tungsten  (titng- 
stic  acid). 

Tungttsic,  tun-gus'ik,  a.  A  term  applied  to 
a  group  of  Turanian  tongties  spoken  by 
tribes  in  the  north-east  of  Asia. 

Tunic,  tu'nik,  n.  LI'-  tunica.,  a  tunic.}  A 
very  ancient  form  of  under  garment  worn 
b.v  both  se.xes,  and  fastened  oy  a  girdle  or 
belt  about  the  waist ;  at  the  present  day 
a  loose  garment  worn  by  women  and  boys 
drawn  in  at  the  waist  and  reaching  not 
far  liglow  it ;  a  military  surcoat ;  the  gar- 
ment worn  by  a  knight  over  his  armour ; 
the  full-dress,  short  uniform  coat  worn  by 
soldiers;  anat.  a  membrane  that  covers  or 
composes  some  part  or  organ  (the  ttinies 
or  coats  of  the  eye,  the  tunics  of  the  sto- 
mach, &C.I;  a  natunil  covering;  an  integu- 
ment; hot.  auj'  loose  membranous  skin  not 
formed  from  epidermis;  the  skin  of  a  seed. 
— Tunicary,  tu'ni-ka-ri,  n.  One  of  the  Tuni- 
cata.  —  Tunicata,  tu-ni-ka'ta,  n.  pi.  An 
order  of  molluscoida,  or  lower  mollusca, 
which  are  enveloped  in  a  coriaceous  tunic 
or  mantle ;  an  ascidian  or  sea-squirt.  — 
Tunicate,  xonicated,  tu'ni-kat,  tu'ui-ka- 
teil,  a.  Bot.  covered  with  a  tunic  or-mem- 
br.ines;  coated;  tool,  enveloped  in  a  tunic 
or  mantle. 

Tunker,  tung'kfer,  n.    [6.  tunken,  to  dip.] 

I)LNRKR. 

Tunnel,  tun'el,  n.  (From  Fr.  tonnelle,  an 
arl)our,  a  tunnel,  from  tonne,  L.L.  lunna, 
a  cask.  Tun.)  A  subterranean  passage  cut 
through  a  hill,  a  rock,  or  any  eminence,  or 
under  a  river,  a  town,  &c.,  to  cany  a  canal, 
u  road,  or  a  railway  in  an  advantageous 
coui-se.  —  v.t.  —  tunnelled,  turnielliny.  To 
form  or  cut  a  tunnel  through  or  under. — 
Tunnel-net,  n.  A  net  with  a  wide  mouth 
!it  one  end  and  narrow  at  the  other. — Tun- 
nel-shaft, 11.  A  shaft  si^nk  to  meet  a 
tunnel. 

Tunny,  tun'i,  n.  [It.  ionno,  Fr.  ihon,  from 
1j.  tliynnas,  from  (ir.  thynnon,  a  tunny, 
from  tlii/nO,  to  <lart.J  A  food  fish  of  the 
mackerel  family,  attaining  a  length  of 
from  four  to  even  twenty  feet,  and  found  in 
inniiense  quantities  in  the  Mediterranean, 
therfe  being  also  an  American  species 
taken  chiefly  for  the  oil  it  yields. 

Tup,  tup,  n.  [Comp.  L.U.  tuppen,  toppen, 
to  i)ush,  to  butt.]    A  ram. 

Tupaia,  tn-jii'.t,  n.    The  banxring. 

Turanian,  tn-ra'ni-an,  a.  |  Persian  Twan, 
u  name  for  the  Turks  and  kindred  nices.  1 
A  term  applied  to  the  Altaic  family  of 
languages,  which  includes  the  Ugrian  or 
Finnish,  Turkish,  Mongolian,  <tc. 

Tiurban,  t<!r'ban,  n.  |().K.  turhand,  turhant, 
tidihaiil,  &c..,  Fr.  ttirban,  Sp.  and  It.  tur- 
hante,  from  Turk,  iulhend,  dvllyend,  I'er. 
dulband,  turban.  Tnliji  is  a  form  of  tliis 
word.  I  A  form  of  head-dre.«s  worn  by  the 
Orientals,  consisting  of  a  cap  without 
brim,  and  a  sash,  scarf,  or  shawl  wound 
abt)ut  it;  a  kind  of  head-dress  worn  by 
hulics.— Turbaned,  t6rT)and,  a.  Wearing 
a  turban. 

Turbary,  t6rT>a-ri,  n.  [L.L.  tw^mria,  from 
o.H.G.  tiirha,  K.  tnr,f.\  A  place  where 
turf  is  rut;  the  ri(jht  of  cutting  turf. 

Turhellaria,  t(>r-bel-lft,'ri-a,  n.  pi.  IFrom  L. 
turbd,  a  crowd,  a  stir,  from  the  currents 
caused  by  their  moving  cilia.]  An  order 
of  annuloid  animals  nearly  all  aquatic 
and  non-parasitic,  including  the  uemer- 
tids  and.otheiT). 

Turbid,  tferljid,  a.  [\i.  tnrhidut,iTrm  lurha, 
a  crowd,  or  turbare,  to  trouble  (a«  in  dis- 
tiiyb,  perturb,  turbulent).  Titouni.E.]  Hav- 
ing the  lees  or  sediment  disturljed;  muddy; 
foul  with  extraneous  matter;  not  clear: 
f-aid  of  liquids  of  any  kind.— Turbidity, 
Turbidness,  ter-'nd'i-ti,  ter'hid-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  beinij  turbid. —Turbidly.tirTjid-li, 
ndv.    In  a  turl>id  manner;  muddily. 

Turbinate,  Turbinated,  ttir'bi-nat,  t^rlii- 
ua-ted.  a.  IFrom  turbo,  turhinis,  a  top.] 
siiaiied  like  a  whipping-top;  ranch,  spiral 
or  wreathed  conirally  fi'om  alaryerbase  to 
the  apex  liku  u  t<ip;  liot.  Hhaj^d  like  a  top 


or  cone  inverted.— Turblnation,  tCr-bi-na'- 
shon,  n.  The  act  of  sitinuing  or  whirling, 
as  a  top. 

Turbine,  terT>in,  n.  tL.  iurho,  turbinis, 
that  which  spins  or  whirls  round,  a  top:] 
A  kind  of  horizontal  water-wheel,  made 
to  revohe  by  the  escape  of  water  through 
orifices,  under  the  influence  of  pressure 
derived  from  a  fall. 

Turbit,  terbit,  n.  A  variety  of  the  domes- 
tic pigeon  remarkable  for  its  shore  l)eak. 

Turbith,  ter'bith,  re.    Same  as  Turpeth. 

Turbot,  ter'bot,  n.  [Fr.  turbot,  O.I).  turbot, 
perhaps  from  L.  turbo,  a  whipping-top, 
like  Gr.  rhombos,  which  means  both  top 
and  turbot,  there  being  a  supposed  simi- 
larity in  shape.]  A  well-known  and 
highly  esteemed  species  of  flat-fish  plenti- 
ful ott'  the  British  shores,  often  weighing 
from  70  to  90  lbs. 

Txirbulent,  t^r'ba-lent,  o.  IL.  turbuJentus, 
from /«r6are,  to  disturb.  Turkid.J  Being 
in  violent  commotion ;  tumultuous ;  dis- 
posed to  insubordination  and  disorder; 
riotous;  disorderly.— Turbulence,  Tnrbu- 
lency,ter'bu-lens,ter'bri-len-si,fi.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  turbulent;  riotous  dis- 
position; unraliuess.—Turbul  en  tly,ter'bQ- 
lent-li,  adv.    In  a  turbulent  manner. 

Turco,  tiir'ko,  n.  The  name  given  by  the 
French  to  Arab  shariJ-shooters  in  their 
anny. 

Turcoman,  tnr'kij-rhan,  n.    Turkoman. 

Tureen,  tu-ren',  n.  [From  Fr.  terrine,  a 
tureen,  lit.  an  eai-then  vessel,  from  <e?re= 
L.  terra,  earth.  Tkkha.]  A  rather  large 
deep  vessel  for  holding  soup  or  other  liquid 
food  at  the  table. 

Turf,  terf ,  »*.  pi.  Turfs,-  terfs,  now  seldom 
Timres,  tervz.  [A.  Sax.  turf=  D.  turf, 
I  eel.  Sw.  and  L.G.  torf,  Dan.  torv,  turf.] 
The  surface  or  sward  of  grass  lands;  a 
piece  of  earth  with  the  grass  growing  on 
it;  a  sod;  a  kind  of  peaty  substance  cut 
from  the  surface  of  the  ground  and  used  as 
fuel. — The  turf,  the  race-course;  and  hence, 
the  occupation  or  profession  of  horse- 
racing. — v.t.  To  cover  with  turf  or  sod. — 
Turf-clad,  a.  Covered  with  turf.— Turfen, 
ttr'fn,  a.  Made  of  turf;  covered  with  turf. 
—  Turfiness,  ter'fi-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  turfy. — Turf-spade,  n.  A 
spade  fo}- cutting  turf,  longer  and  narrower 
than  the  common  si)ade.— Turfy,  ter'fi,  a. 
Abounding  or  covered  with  turf;  having 
the  qualities  or  appearance  of  turf;  con- 
nected with  the  turf  or  race-ground;  char- 
acteristic of  hoi-se-racing;  sporting. 

Turgent,  ter'.ient,  a.  [L.  turgtns,  turgentig, 
ppr.  of  liirffeo,  to  swell.]  Swelling;  tumid; 
turgid. —  TurgeEce.t  ter-jes',  v.i.  (L.  tur- 
tiesco,  inceptive  of  turgeu,  to  swell.]  To 
become  turgid;  to  swell.  — Turgescence, 
Turgescency,  ter-jes'ens,  ter-jes'en-si,  n. 
The  act  of  swelling  or  state  of  being 
swelltd;  infl.ation:  bombast;  med.  super- 
ab\indance  of  humours  in  any  part  of  the 
body.— Turgescent,  tOr-jes'ent,  a.  |L.  tar- 
gescens.i  Growing  turgid;  in  a  swelling 
stiite.- Turgid,  t^r'jid,  a.  |L.  turyidus, 
fiom'turgeo.]  Swelled;  bloated;  distended 
beyond  its  natural  state;  inflated;  bom- 
l>aj?tic  (a  turgid  style).  —  Turgidly,  t^r*- 
jid-li,  adv.  In  a  turgid  manner;  pom- 
pously.—Turgldity,Turgidness,ter-.iid'i-ti, 
tfir'jid-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
turgid;  distention  beyond  its  natural 
state;  inflated  manner  of  writing  or  speak- 
ing; bombast. 

Turio,  tu'ri-T),  n.  pi.  Turiones,  tu-ri-o'nCz. 
[L.]  Bot.  tlie  subterranean  bud  of  a.  per- 
ennial herbaci'ous  plant,  annually  devel- 
oped, and  producing  a  new  stem. 

Turk,  tcrk,  n.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Turkey;lu'ncc,aMol)ammcdan.i— Turkey, 
terki,  n.  |So  called  because  it  was  erro- 
neously believed  to  have  come  fmm  Tur- 
ktii.  I  A  large  gallinaceous  biitl  belonging 
to  America,  well  known  as  iin  inmate  of 
our  ix)ultry-.vards,  and  highly  valued.— 
Turkey-buzzard,  Turkey-vulture,  n.  An 
American  bird  of  the  vulture  family  bear- 
ing a  ilistant  resemblance  to  a  turkey, 
—Turkey-carpet,  re.  A  cari>et  made  en- 
tirely of  wool,  the  loops  being  larger  than 
those  of  Brussels  carpets  and  alw  ays  cut. 
—Turkey-cock,  n.  A  male  turkey.— Tur- 
key-red, ti.    [Because  urigiually  produced 


by  madder  from  Turkey.]  A  brilliant  and 
durable  red  colour  produced  by  madder  or 
alizarine  i\pou  cotton  clJth.  —  Turkev. 
hone,  Turkey-slate,  Tui-key-stone,  n.  A 
very  fine-grained  siliceous  slati-  (irieinally 
brought  from  the  Levant,  usi^d  fur  sh;if- 
peuing  small  cutting  instruments.-  Tur- 
kish, t^r'kish,  o.  I'crtaiuing  to  Turke.v  la- 
to  the  Turks. 

Turkis.  Turkois,  tCr'kis,  tCr'koiz,  n.  Same 
as  Tur<itwi8i:. 

Turko,  tur'ko,  n.    Same  as  Twco. 

Turkoman,  tnr'ko-man,  n.  One  of  a  no- 
madic Tartar  people  of  Asia,  occupying  a 
territory  east  and  south-east  of  the  Caspian 
Sea.     '       .  " 

Turmeric,  tcr'mer-ik,  n.  [Probably  from 
Uind.  zurd,  yellow,  and  l)iirc/i,  pepper.]  A 

.  u;ime  of  one  or  two  Fast  Indian  plants  of 
the  ginger  family,  whose  rhizomes  art- 
used  as  a  condiment,  a  yellow  dye,  and 
as  a  chemical  test  for  the  presence  of 
alkalies. 

Turmoil,  ter'moil.re.  [Origin  doubtf til;  pro- 
bablj'  turn  and  iitui!.]  Harassing  tabimr; 
molestation  by  tumult;  commotion;  dis- 
turbance.— v.t.  To  harasjs  with  commotion; 
to  trouble;  to  molest.— v.i.  To  be  in  com- 
motion. 

Turn,  tern,  v.L  [O.  Fr.  tin-ner,  tonier  (Fr. 
to'urner),  to  turn,  from  L.  turnare,  to  turn 
in  a  lathe,  from  to->~nus,  a  lathe,  from  Gr. 
tunios,  a  tui-uer's  chisel;  same  root  as  Ij. 
tero,  tritum  (E.  trite),  to  grind,  &c.;  akin 
tour,  truriiament,  tornado,  detour,  ci:c.J  T<i 

■  cause  to  move  round  on  a  centre  or  axis, 
or  as  on  a  centre  or  axis;  to  put  into  «ir- 
cularmotion;  to  rotate  or  revolve;  to  shape 
by  means  of-  a  lathe;  to  direct  or  jiut  into 
a  dillerent  way,  course,  direction,  oi-  chan- 
nel (to  turn  a  person  from  a  purpose,  to 
turn  the  eyes  towards);  to  apply  or  devote 
(to  turn  one's  self  to  trade);  to  put  to  some 
use  or  purpose ;  to  shift  or  change  with 
respect  to  the  top,  bottom,  front,  back, 
sides,  or  the  like;  to  reverse;  to  invert;  to 
bring  the  inside  of  out;  to  change  to 
another  opinion. or  party?  to  convert;  to 
translate;  to  alter  into  something  else;  to 
metamorphose;  to  transform,  tr.insmnte, 
change;  to  revolve  or  ponder  [turn  'tlie 
matter  over) ;  to  consider  and  reconsider ; 
to  change  from  a  fresh,  sweet,  or  natural 
condition;  to  cause  to  ferment,  become 
sour,  or  the  like;  to  put,  bring,  or  place 
in  a  certain  stats  or  condition  {turned 
into  ridicule).  —  To  turn  adrift,  to  expel 
from  some  place  or  oflice ;  to  throw  upon 
one's  own  resource.s. —  To  timi  against,  to 
direct  towards  or  against;  to  use  to  one's 
disadvantiige  (his  argument  was  turned 
againut  himself);  to  i-ouder  unfavourable, 
hostile,  or-op]>osed  to. — 2'o  turn  aside,  to 
ward  off;  toaveit(a  bloM-).— 'io  turnaway, 
to  dismiss,  discharge  or  iliscard;  also,  to 
U^ert.— 2'o  tui~nl>ack,  to  cause  to  retui-u  the 
same  way ;  to  ilri ve  hack. —  To  turn  dou-n,  to 
fold  or  double  down. —  7'o<i(nio/i, to  dismiss 
or  put  away;  to  discharge;  to  acoomidish; 
to  produce  complete  (the  printer  turned  off 
]0,uOfl  cojiies);  to  shut  otf,  as  a  fluid,  by 
means  of  a  stopcock,  valve.  &c.  (to  turn  tyff 
the  gas). — Til  turn  on,  to  admit,  as  a  fluid; 
by  means  of  a  stopcock  or  valve  (to  turn  vn 
the  gas).  —  To  tm-n  out,  to  drive  out ;  to 
expel;  to  put  out  to  pasture;  to  produce 
as  the  result  of  labour;  to  furnish  in  a 
complete  state  (to  turn  out  lnod  pieces  of 
cloth);  to  bring  the  inside  of  out;  to  bring 
out  to  view. —  To  twii  over,  to  change  the 
position  of  the  toi>,  bottom,  or  sides  of;  to 
overturn;  to  transfer;  to  put  into  different 
hands;  to  do  business,  sell  goods,  or  draw 
money  to  the  amount  of  (he  turns  over 
i.WO  a  week);  to  ojien  and  turn  the  leaves 
of  as  of  a  book. —  To  tui-nover  anene'leaf,  to 
take  a  diffi  rent  and  1  letter  line  of  conduct. 
— To  hirn  uji,  to  bring  from  below  to  the 
top;  to  dig  up  (to  twn  up  the  soil);  to 
bring  a  different  surface  or  side  uiii>er- 
most;  io  place  with  the  face  unwanl  (to 
turn  up  a  card);  to  tilt  up;  to  bring  the 
end,  tip,  or  point  uppermo.st  ito  iiirn  up 
one's  niwe,  an  expression  of  contempt);  to 
i-efer  to  in  a  book. —  To  turn  upon  (or  on), 
to  cause  to  operate  on  or  against. —  To  turn 
the  hack,  to  turn  away;  to  gi>  off;  tu  flee. — 
Tu  turn  til*  buck  on  or  v)>on,  to  withdraw 


li\te,  far,  fftt.f  1(11;     m?',  met,  h<^r;     piue,  pin;     u<"lt<,  nut,  m«vt?;     H\li«,  t^l^  l»vU;     oil,  iMiund;     ti,  S»\  tOmue— thf  Fr.  n» 


TUUK 


3 


irussocK 


ouc'g  favour,  f  riendship.or  assistance  from. 
— To  turn  a  corner,  to  go  or  pass  rouud  a 
toinsr.~To  turn  Uie  edge  of,  to  blunt  or 
reader  dull. —  To  turn  -an  enemy's  flank, 
line,  position,  kc,  to  manoeuvre  so  as  to 
pass  round  his  forces  and  attack  him  from 
uehind  or  on  the  side. — To  turn  one's  hand, 
to  apply  or  adapt  one's  self. — Z'o  turn  one's 
huad  or  brain,  to  make  one  giddy  or  dizzy; 
to  deprive  of  one's  reason  or  judgment;  to 
infatuate. — To  turn  a  penni/,  or  the  penny, 
to  keep  one's  money  in  brisk  circulation; 
to  increase  one's  capital  by  business. — To 
tttrn  the  scale,  to  make  one  side  of  the 
balance  go  down;  fig.  to  decide  in  one  way 
or  another;  to  give  superiority  or  success. 
—  To  turn  the  stomach,  to  cause  nausea, 
disgust, -or  loathing.— 7*0  turn  the  tables, 
to  overthrow  a  formerly  victorious  rival, 
antagonist,  or  the  like.— To  turn  tail,  to 
retreat  with  ignominy;  to  flee  like  a 
coward.— v.i.  To  have  a  circular  or  rotatory 
motion;  to  move  round;  to  revolve  or  ro- 
tate; fig.  to  depend,  as  on  the  chief  point 
for  decision  or  the  like;  to  hinge  (the 
question  turns  upon  this);  to  move  the 
body,  face,  or  head  -in  another  direction; 
to  change  the  position  or  posture  of  the 
body,  as  in  bed;  to  retrace  one's  steps;  to 
go  or  come  back;  to  return;  to  offer  oppo- 
sition; to  show  fight;  to  take  an  opposite 
or  a  new  course;  to  be  directed  (the  road 
turns  to  the  right);  to  have  recourse  (knew 
not  where  to  turn);  to  be  transformed  or 
transmuted;  to  be  converted;  in  a  general 
sense,  to  become;  to  grow  (to  turn  pale); 
to  change  from  a  fresh  ot  sweet  condi- 
tion; to  oecome  sour  or  spoiled,  as  milk, 
wine,  cider;  to  become  dizzy  or  giddy,  as, 
the  head  or  brain;  to  reel;  to  become 
nauseated  or  qualmish,  as  the  stumach;  to 
become  inclined  in  another  direction;  to 
change  from  ebb  to  flow  or  from  flow  to 
ebb,  as  the  tide;  to  have  a  consequence;  to 
result  (to  txtrn  to  account).— To  turn  about, 
to  turn  the  face  in  another  direction.— To 
turn  again,  to  return.— To  turn- against, 
to  become  unfavourable,  unfriendly,  or 
hostile  to.  —  To'  turn  aside,  to  leave  a 
straight  course;  to  withdraw  from  the 
presence  of  others.— To  turn  away,  to  devi- 
ate; to  move  the  face  to  another  direction; 
to  avert  one's  looks.-^ To  turn  back,  to  go  or 
come  back;  to  return.— To  tumin,  to  bend 
or  double  or  point  inwards;  to  enter;  to 
go  to  bed  (colloq.).- To  turn  oj,  to  diverge; 
to  deviate  from  a  course  (the  road  turns  off 
to  the  right).— To  turn  on  or  upon,  to  show 
sudden  anger  or  hostility  to;  to  confront 
in  a  hostile  or  angry  manner;  to  depend 
or  hinge. — To  turn  out,  to  bend  or  point 
outwards;  to  come  abroad;  to  appear  out- 
side; to  get  out  of  bed;  to  prove  in  the 
result  or  issue;  to  terminate;  to  result  (the 
affair  turned  out  better).— To  turn  over,  to 
move,  shift,  or  chapge  from  side  to  side, 
or  from  top  to  bottom;  to  roll;  to  tumble. 
— To  turn  to,  to  apply  or  betake  one's  self 
to;  to  direct  one's  mind  or  attention  to.^— 
To  turn  up,  to  point  upwards;  to  come  to 
light;  to  occur;  to  appear. — n.  The  act  of 
turning;  a  revolution  or  rotation;  one 
round  of  a  rope  or  cord;  the  point  or  place 
of  deviation  from  a  straight  line;  a  wind- 
ing; a  bend;  a  flexure;  an  angle;  a  short 
walk,  promenade,  or  excursion;  alteration 
of  course;  new  direction  or  tendency; 
change  or  alterationgenerally;  vicissitude; 
opportunity  enjoyeain  alternation  with 
another  or  others,  or  in  rotation;  due 
chance,  time,  or  opportunity;  occasion; 
occasional  act  of  kindness  or  malice  (a  good 
or  ill  turn) ;  purpose ;  requirement ;  use; 
exigence  (to  serve  our  turn);  form,  shape, 
or  mould;  manner;  fashion;  character  or 
temper;  a  short  spell  or  ajittle  job  (colloq.); 
a  nervous  shock,  such  as  is  caused  by 
alarm  or  sudden  excitement  (colloq.);  raus. 
the  sign  ~  indicating  a  certain  way  of 
playing  a  group  of  notes.— By  turns,  one 
after  another;  alternately;  at  intervals. — 
In  turn,  in  due  order  of  succession. — To  a 
turn,  to  a  nicety;  exactly;  perfectly. — To 
take  turns,  to  take  each  other's  place  al- 
ternately.—Tuni  of  life,  the  period  of  life 
in  women  between  the  ages  of  45  and  50, 
when  the  menses  cease  naturally. — Turn 
and  turn  about,  alternately;  successively; 


by  turns.  —  Turn-coat,  n.  One  who  for- 
sakes his  party  or  principles. — Tom-cock, 
n.  The  servant  of  a  water  company  who 
turns  on  the  waterfor  the  mains,  regulates 
the  fire-plugs,  &c>— Turn-down,  a.  Folded 
or  doubled  down  (a  turn-down  collar). — 
Turner,  ter'ner,  n.  One  who  turns;  one 
whose  occupation  is  to  form  things  with  a 
lathe.— Turnery,  t6r'n6r-i, «.  The  act  of 
turning  articles  by  the  lathe;  articles  made 
by  or  formed  in  the  lathe;  a  place  where 
articles  are  turned.— Turning,  ter'ning,  n. 
A  bend  "or  flexure;  the  place  where  a'road 
or  street  diverges  from  another  road  or 
street;  the  art  or  operation  of  shaping 
articles  in  a  lathe.— Turning-lathe,  n.  A 
lathe  used  by  turners  to  shape  their  work. 
-Turning-point,  n.  The  point  where  a 
thing  or  person  turns  back;  the  point  at 
which  a  deciding  change  takes  place,  as 
from  good  to  bad,  increase  to  decrease,  or 
the  opposite.— Turnkey,  tern'ke,  n.  [One 
who  twns  the  key  in  locks.]  A  person 
who  has  charge  of  the  keys  of  a  prison  for 
opening  and  fastening  the  doors. — Turn- 
out, n.  A  coming  forth;  a  number  of 
persons  who  have  come  out  on  some  par- 
ticular occasion  (a  great  turn-out  of  spec- 
tators); that  which  is  brought  prominently 
forward  or  exhibited;  hence,  an  equipage; 
a  horse  or  horses  and  carriage;  the  net 
quantity  of  produce  yielded.— Turn-over, 
M.  The  kct  or  result  of  turning  over;  the 
amount  of  money  tuVned  over  or  drawn  in 
a  business,  as  in  a  retail  shop,  in  a  given 
time.— Turnpike,  tern'pik,  n.  [Originally 
a  turaing  frame  with  pikes  or  spikes  pro- 
jecting.] A  tQrnstile;  a  gate  set  across  a 
road  in"  order  to  stop  traffic  or  travellers, 
till  toll  is  paid;  a  toll-bar  or  toll-gate;  a 
turnpike-road.— Turnpike-road,  n.  A  road 
on  which  there  are  turniMkes  or  toll-gates. 
— Turn-screw,  n.  A  screw-driver.— Turn- 
sick,  tem'sik,  n.  A  disease  of  sheep,  gid  or 
sturdy.- Turnspit,  tem'spit,  n.  A  person 
who  tui^ns  a  spit;  a  dog  allied  to  the 
terrier  formerly  employed  to  drive  a  wheel 
to  turn  the  spit  for  roasting  in  kitchens. 
—  Turnstile,  tSm'stil,  n.  A  post  sur- 
mounted by  four  horizontal  arms  which 
move  round  as  a  person  pushes  by  them. 
—Turnstone,  tern'ston,  n>  A  bird  of  the 
plover  family,  so  called  from  its  practice 
of  turning  up  small  stones  in  search  of 
worms,  &c.,  on  which  it  feeds. —  Turn- 
table, n.  A  circular  revolving  platform 
used  for  shifting  railway  carriages  from 
one  line  of  rails  to  another,  and  for  rever- 
sing engines  on  the  same  line  of  rails. 
Turnip,  ter'nip,  n.  [The  latter  part  is 
A.  Sax.  naep,  Icel.  noepa,  Sc.  neip,  a  tur- 
nip, from  Ii.  napus,  b,  turnip;  the  first 
syllable  is  perhaps  W.  tor,  something  bul- 
ging.] A  cruciferous,  biennial  plant,  allied 
to  the  cabbage,  with  a  solid  bulbous  root, 
much  cultivated  as  food  for  sheep  and 
cattle,  especially  in  winter,  and  as  a  fla- 
vouring for  soups,  &c.  —  Trunip-cutter,  n. 
A  revolving  machine  for  slicing  turnips 
for  cattle  and  sheep.— Turnip-fly,  Turnip- 
flea,  n.  A  small  coleopterous  insect,  de- 
structive to  the  seed-leaves  of  turnips. 
Turnsole,  Tumsol,  tern'sol,  n.  [Fr.  tdume- 
sol,  from  toumer,  to  turn,  and  L.  sol,  the 
sun.]  A  plant  whose  flower  is  said  to 
turn  toward  the  sun;  a  leguminous  plant 
the  juice  of  which  is  rendered  blue  by  am- 
monia and  air,  and  which  serves  as  a  test 
for  acids;  the  purple  dye  obtained  from 
this  plant. 

Turpentine,  ter'pen-tin,  n.  [D.  terpentijn, 
O.  Fr.  turbentine,  turpentine,  from  L.  L. 
terbentina,  turpentine,  from  L.  ierebinthus, 
Gr.  terebinthos,  the  turpentine-tree.]  An 
oleo-resinous  substance  flowing  naturally 
or  by  incision  from  several  species  of  trees, 
as  from  the  pine,  larch,  fir,  pistacia,  &c.— 
Turpentine-tree,  n.  The  name  of  certain 
trees  which  yield  turpentine. . 
Turpeth,  ter'peth,  n.  [From  Fr.  turhith, 
turbit,  Sp.  turbit,  from  Per.  turbed,  tirbid, 
the  plant,  the  name  being  given  to  the 
mineral  on  account  of  its  medicinal  pro- 
perties and  yellow  colour  like  the  roots  of 
the  plant.]  The  root  of  a  convolvulus  of 
Ceylon,  Malabar,  and  Australia,  which 
has  cathartic  properties;  also,  turpeth- 
mineral. —Turpetn- mineral,  w.    Yellow- 


basic  sulphate  of  mercury,  a  useful  errhine 
in  cases  of  headache. 

Turpitude,  ter'pi-tnd,  n.  [L.  turpitudo, 
from  turpis,  foul,  base.]  Inherent  baseness 
or  vileness  of  principle,  words,  or  actions; 
shameful  wickedness;  moral  depravity. 

Turquoise,  ter'koiz,  n.  [Fr.  turquoise,,  so 
called  because  brought  originally  from 
Turkey,  Fr.  Turquie.l  A  greenish-blue 
opaque  precious  stone,  a  favourite  gem  in 
rings  and  other  articles  of  jewelry. 

Turret,  tur'et,  n.  [O.  Fr.  tourette,  dim.  of 
tour,  a  tower,  from  L.  turris,  a  tower. 
Tower.]  A  little  tower  on  a  larger  buil- 
ding, of  ten  "crowning  the  angle  of  a  wall, 
&c.;  a  movable  wooden  toweriormeriy  used 
in  sieges. — Turreted,  tur'et-ed,  p.  and  a. 
Formed  like  a  turret;  furnished  with  tur- 
rets.- Turret-ship,  n.  An  armour-plated 
ship  of  war  having  on  the  deck  heavy  guns 
mounted  within  one  or  more  turrets,  which 
are  made  to  rotate,  so  that  the  guns  may 
be  brought  to  bear  in  any  required  direc- 
tion,—Turriculate,  Turriculated,  tu-rik'u- 
lat,  tu-rik'fl-la-ted,  a.  Resembling  a  tur- 
ret in  shape.— Turrilite,  tur'i-lit,  n.  (L. 
turris,  a  tower,  and  Gr.  lHhos,  a  stone.]  A 
fossil  cephalopod,  the  shells  of  which,  spi- 
ral, turreted,  chambered,  occur  in  the  cre- 
taceous formations.  —  Turritella,  tur-i- 
tel'la,  n.  [Dim.  of  L.  turris,  a  tower.]  A 
genus  of  gasteropods  with  elongated  spi- 
rally striated  shells. 

Turtle,  ter'tl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  turtle,  a  corrup- 
tion of  li.  turlur,  a  turtle-dove,  whence 
also  D.  iortel,  G.  turtel,  Icel.  turtil.]  A 
bird  of  the  pigeon  family,  smaller  than  the 
ordinary  domestic  pigeon,  celebrated  for 
the  constancy  of  its  affection,  and  therefore 
much  sung  by  poets  and  appealed  to  by 
lovers.    Also  csjXna  Turtle-dove. 

Turtle,  ter'tl,  n.  [Probably  a  corruption  of 
tortoise,  or  Sp.  tortuga,  a  tortoise.]  The 
name  given  to  the  sea-tortoise,  found  in 
warm  climates,  the  most  important  spe- 
cies being  the  green  turtle,  the  flesh  of 
which  is  so  much  prized  as  a  luxury  atthe 
tables  of  the  rich.— Turtle-soup,  n.  A  rich 
soup,  the  chief  ingredient  of  which  is 
turtle-meat. 

Tuscan,  tus'kan,  a.  Pertaining  to  Tuscany, 
in  Italy.— 'Ttiscan  order,  one  of  the  five 
orders  of  architecture,  devoid  of  orna- 
ments, and  having  columns  that  are  never 
fluted.  —  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Tuscany; 
arch,  the  Tuscan  order. 

Tnsh,  tush,  interf.  An  exclamation  indi- 
cating rebuke,  impatience,  or  contempt, 
and  equivalent  to  pshaw  1 

Tush,  tush,  n.  [A  form  of  tusk.^  A  long, 
pointed  tooth;  a  tusk:  applied  especially 
to  certain  of  the  teeth  of  horses.- Tushed, 
tusht,  a.    Tusked. 

Tusk,  tusk,  n.  [A.  Sax.  tusc,  tux,  a  tusk; 
probably  for  twise,  from  twd,  two.]  The 
long,  pointed,  and  often  protruding  tooth 
on  each  side  of  the  jaw  of  certain  animals, 
as  in  the  elephant;  the  canine  tooth  of  the 
boar,  walrus,  hippopotamus,  &c. ;  the  share 
of  a  plough,  a  harrow  tooth,  or  the  like. — 
Tusked,  tuskt,  a.    Furnished  with  tusks. 

. — Tusker,  tusTcer.  n.  An  elephant  that 
has  its  tusks  developed.— Tusky,  tuslii,  a. 
Furnished  with  tusks;  tusked. 

TQSsac-grass,  n.    Tussock-gka§s. 

Tussah-silk,  Tusseh-silk,  tus'sa,  tus'se,  n. 
A  strong,  coarse,  brown  silk  obtained  from 
the  cocoons  of  a  wild  Bengal  silk- worm. 

Tussilago,  tus-i-la'go,  n.  [L.,  from  tussis, 
a  cough,  for  the  cure  of  which  the  leaves 
have  been  employed.]    Colt's-foot. 

Tussle,  tusl,  n.  [A  form  of  tousle,  to  pull 
about  roughly.]  A  struggle;  a  conflict;  a 
BCu.Me.—v.i.— tussled,  tussling.  To  struggle; 
to  scuffle. 

Tussock,  tus'ok,  n.  [Modified  from  older 
tuske,  Vushe,  a  tuft,  a  bush;  Dan.  dusk,  a 
tuft,  a  tassel.]  A  clump,  tuft,  or  small 
hillock  of  growing  grass.— Tussock-grass, 
n.  A  large  grass  of  the  Falkland  Islands, 
Patagonia,  &c.,  which  grows  in  great  tufts 
or  tussocks,  and  contains  a  large  quantity 
of  saccharine  constituents,  rendering  it  a 
useful  food  for  cattle.— Tussock-moth,  n. 
A  light,  brownish-gray  moth,  so  called 
from  the  tufts  of  hair  growing  on  the 
caterpillar.— Tussocky,  tus'ok-i,a.  Aboun- 
ding in  or  resembling  tussocks  or  tufts. 


ch,  c/tain;     cA,  Sc.  locA;     gipo;    j.iob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  slny;     th,  (Aen;  th,  tftin;     w,  toig;     wh,  wWg;.    zh,  asurc. 


TUT 


730 


TWIT 


Tat,  ftit,  interj.  An  cxolamation  tssed  to 
check  or  rebuke,  or  to  express  impatience 
or  conte.mpt;  synonymous  with  txish. 

Tutelage,  tu'tel-aj,  n.  [From  L.  iutela,  pro- 
tection, from  tueor,  to  defend  (whence  also 
tutor,  tuition).]  Guardianship;  protection 
bestowed;  the  state  of  being  under  a  g^iar- 
dian;  protection  enjoyed. — Tutelar-,  Tutel- 
ary, tu'tel-iir,  tu'tel-a-ri,  o.  [L.  tvielansA 
Having;  the  guardianship!  or  charge  of 
protecting  a  person  or  a  thing;  guardian; 

jjrotecting. 

Tutenag,  tu'te-nag,  ».  The  Indian  name 
of  zinc  or  spelter;  also,  an  alloy  of  copper, 
nickel,  and  zinc,  used  for  table  ware,  &c. 

Tutor,  tti'tor,  n.  [L.,  a  defender  or  guar- 
dian, from  txieor,  to  defend.  Tutelage.] 
One  who  has  the  care  of  the  education  of 
another;  a  private  instructor;  a  teacher  or 
instructor  in  anything;  in  English  univer- 
sities, one- of  a  body  of  selected  fellows  at- 
tached to  the  various  colleges  or  halls,  by 
whom  the  education  of  the  students  is 
chiefly  conducted ;  law,  a  guardian.— ti.f. 
To  instruct;  to  teach;  to  train  or  discipline. 
—  Tutorage,  tQ'tor-aj,  n.  The  office  of  a 
tutor  or  guardian ;  guardianship.  —  Tu- 
toress, tu'tor-es,  n.  A  female  tutor;  an 
instructress.— Tutorial,  ta-td!ri-al,  a.  Be- 
longing to  a  tutor  or  instructor.— Tutor- 
ship, tu'tor-ship,  n.  The  oifice  of  a  tutor; 
guardianship;  tutelage. 

Tutti,  tut'te.  (It.,  from  L.  totus,  pi.  toti, all. J 
Mus.  all;  a  direction  to  every  performer  to 
take  part  in  the  execution  of  the  passage 
or- movement. 

Tutty,  tut'i,  n.  [Fr.  tvtie,  Pg.  tviia,  from 
Ar.  tatiya.)  An  impure  protoxide  of  zinc, 
collected  from  the  chimneys  of  smelting 
■furnaces,  and  used  as  a  polishing  powder. 

Tuyere,  twi-yar'  or  tivy&r',  n.  [Fr.  tuy&re, 
akin  to  tuyau,  a  pipe.  Tewel.]  The  nozzle 
of  the  pipe  that  introduces  the  blast  of  a 
blast-furnace ;  the  blast-pipe  itself , of  which 
there  are  usually  two. 

Twaddle,  twod'l,  v. i.— twaddled,  twaddling. 
[Older  form  twatUe,  also  twittle,  twittis- 
twaitle;  an  imitative  word  like  tattle,  twit- 
ter, &c.]  To  talk  in  a  weak,  silly,  or  tedious 
manner;  to  prate.— n.  Empty  silly  talk;  a 
twaddler.  —  Tv^addler,  twod'l^r,  n.  One 
who  twaddles.— Twaddling,  twod'ling,  n. 
The  act  of  one  who  twaddles;  silly  talk.— 
Twaddly,  twod'li,  a.  Consisting  of  twad- 
dle. 

Twain,  tw8,n,  a.  [O.'E.  tweyne,tweyen,&c., 
A.  Sax.  twegen,  from  twd,  two  =  O.  Frls. 
twene,  Dan.  tvende,  G.  zween.  Two.]  Two. 
LObsolete  unless  in  poetry.]— w.  A  pair;  a 
couple. 

Twang,  twang,  n.  [Imitative  of  a  resonant 
sound;  akin  to  tang.]  A  sharp  quick 
sound;  an  affected  modulation  of  the  voice; 
a  kind  of  nasal  sound;  after- taste;  tang. — 
v.i.  To  sound  with  a  quick  sharp  noise;  to 
make  the  sound  of  a  string  which  is 
stretched  and  suddenly  pulled;  to  utter 
with  a  sharp  or  nasal  sound. — v.t.  To  make 
to  sound,  as  by  pulling  and-  letting  go 
suddenly;  to  utter  with  a  short,  sharp 
sound.- inter/.  Imitative  of  a  sharp,  quick 
sound,  as  that  made  by  a  bowstring.  — 
Twangling,t  twang'gling,  a.  Twanging; 
shrill-sounding.    [Shak.] 

Twank,  twangk,  v.t.  [Imitative  of  a  more 
abrupt  sound  than  twang.]  To  cause  to 
make  a  sharp,  twanging  sound;  to  twang. 
— n.  A  twang. 

Twankay,  twangTift,  n.  [Chinese.]  A  sort 
of  green  tea. 

'Twaa,  twoz.    A  contraction  of  It  was. 

Twattle,  twot'l,  v.i.  and  n.  An  older  form 
of  Twaddle. 

Tweak,  twek,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  twiceian,  to 
twitch=L.G.  twikken,  D.  zwikken,G.zwick- 
en;  an  older  form  of  twitch.]  To  twitch;  to 
pinch  and  pull  with  a  sudden  jerk. — n.  A 
sharp  pinch  or  jerk;  a  twitch. 

Tweed,  twed,  n.  [Orijjinally  called  tweels, 
that  is  twills,  but  this  name  was  misread 
into  tweeds,  when  the  goods  were  sent  to 
London,  the  idea  being  that  they  were  so 
called  from  the  river  Tweed.]  A  twilled 
woollen  fabric,  principallj;  for  men's  wear, 
the  manufacture  of  which  is  largelycarried 
on  in  the  south  of  Scotland. 

Tweedle,  twe'dl,  v.t.    Same  as  Twiddle. 

Tweel,  twel,  to.    Same  as  TvrM. 


j  'Tweea,  twen,  prep,  A  c(mtraction  of  Be- 
tween. 

Tweer,  twEij,  n.    Same  as  Tuyere, 

Tweezers,  tw5'z6rz,  n.  pi.  [Vonm&rlytweeses, 
from  tweeze,  a  surgeon's  box  of  instru- 
ments, a  case  containing  scissors,  penknife, 
or  similar  articles,  from  Pr.  Mvis,  pi.  or 
etui,  O.Fr.  estui,  a  case  or  sheath  (of  Ger- 
manic origin).]  Small  pincers  used  to 
pluck  out  hairs,  <fcc. ;  small  forceps. — 
Tweezer- case,  »i.  A  case  for  carrying 
tweezers. 

Twelve,  twelv,  a.  [A.  Sax.  fwelf=^0.  Sax. 
twelif,  0.  Pris.  twetef,  D.  twaalf,  Icel.  tolf, 
Goth,  tvalif,  O.H.G.  zwelif,  Mod.  G.  zwolf. 
Formed  siniilarly  to  eleven,  the  elements 
being  two,  A.  Sax.  tsoa,  and  a  8ufiix=ieti. 
EleVe^.]  The  sum  of  two  and  ten;  twice 
six;  a  dozen. — Twelvetables.  Under  Table. 
— n.  The  number  Which  consists  of  ten  and 
two:  a  symbol  representing  twelve  units, 
as  12  or  xii. — In  twelves,  in  duodecimo. — 
Twelfth,  twelfth,  o.  The  second  after  the 
tenth;  the  ordinal  of  twelve;  being  one  of 
twelve  equal  parts  of  anything.— n.  One 
of  twelve  equal  parts  of  anything.  — 
Twelfth-cake,  n.  A  large  cake,  into  which 
a  bean  was  often  introduced,  prepared  for 
Twelfth-night  festivities.  Bean-king. — 
Twelfth-day,  n.  The  twelfth  day  after 
Christmas;  the  festival  of  the  Epiphany. — 
Twelfth-night,  n.  The  evening  of  the 
festival  of  the  Epiphany.  —  Twelvemo, 
twelv'mo,  n.  and  a.  Duodecimo;  contrac- 
ted 12mo.— Twelvemonth,  twelv'munth, 
TO.  A  year.  —  Twelve-penny,  a.  Sold  for 
or  costing  a  shilling;  worth  a  shilling. 

Twenty,  twenii,  a.  [A.  Sax.  twentig,  from 
twegen,  two,  twain,  and  -tig,  ten;  -tig  being 
cog.  with  L.  decern,  ten;  so  I),  and  L.G. 
twintig,  G.  zwanzig,  Goth,  tvaiiigj'us.]  Twice 
ten;  proverbially,  an  indefinite  number. — 
TO.  The  number  of  twice  ten;  a  score;  a 
symbol  representing  this,  as  20  or  xx.  — 
Twentieth,  twen'ti-eth,  a.  The  ordinal  of 
twenty;  being  one  of  twenty  equal  parts 
of  anything.  —  to.  One  of  twenty  equal 
parts.- Twenty-fold,  a.  Twenty  times  as 
many. 

Twibill,  twi'bil,  to.  [A.  Sax.  twOMl,  from 
twi=two,  and  hill,  hil,  an  axe,  a  bill.]  A 
kind  of  double  axe  or  mattock. 

Twice,  twis,  adv.  [O.E.  tvnes,  from  A.  Sax. 
twi,  tivy,  two  or  double— tiwce,  like  thrice, 
being  an  adverbial  genitive.]  Two  times; 
doubly.— Twice-told,  o.  Belated  or  tola 
twice. 

T-widdle,  twid'l,  v.t — twiddled,  tinddttng. 
[Perhaps  akin  to  twaddle  or  twiiter.]  To 
twirl,  in  a  small  way;  to  touch  lightly,  or 
play  with.— t).i.  To  play  with  a  tremulous 
quivering  motion. 

Twig,  twig,  TO.  [A.  Sax.  twig,  akin  to  twd, 
two,  alluding  to  the  bifurcation  of  the 
branch;  L.G.  twieg,  D.  twijg,  G.  ztveig,  a 
twig.  Two.]  A  small  shoot  or  branch  of 
a  tree  or  other  plant,  of  no  definite  length 
or  size.  —  Twiggen,  twig'en,  a.  Made  of 
twigs;  wicker.— Twiggy,  twig'i,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  twig;  resembling  a  twig; 
having  twigs.- 

Twig,  twig,  v.t— twigged,  twigging.  [It.  and 
Gael,  twig,  to  perceive,  discern.]  To  take 
notice  of;  to  observe  keenly.  [Colloq.] — 
v.i.  To  see;  to  apprehend  or  understand. 
[Colloq.] 

Twilight,  twilit,  to.  [From  twi,  double  (as 
in  twibill),  A.  Sax.  twi,  tw^,  akin  to  twd, 
two,  and  light]  The  faint  light  which  is 
reflected  upon  the  earth  after  sunset  and 
before  sunrise;  crepuscular  light;  usually 
applied  to  evening  twilight,  morning  twi- 
light being  caUed  dawn;  a  faint  light  in 
general;  hence,  a  dubious  or  uncertain 
medium  through  which  anything  is  seen 
or  examined  (the  twUight  of  early  history). 
— a.  Imperfectly  illuminate4;  seen,  done, 
or  appearing  by  twilight. 

Twill,  twil,  v.t.  [Same  as  L.G.  twillen,  to 
make  double;  akin  G.  ewillich,  twill;  akin 
to  tvnn,  two,  and  the  prefix  ttvi  of  twilight, 
ttnbiU.]  To  weave  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
produce  a  kind  of  diagonal  ribbed  appear- 
ance upon  the  surface  of  the  cloth.— to.  A 
variety  of  textile  fabric  so  woven  as  to 
have  the  appearance  of  parallel  diagonal 
lines  or  ribs  over  the  surface;  the  raised 
lines  made  by  t-wllling.  —  Twilled,  twild. 


p.  and-«.  Woven  so  as  to  present  the  ap- 
pearance of  diagonal  ribs  on  the  surface. 

Twin,  t-win,  «,  [A.  Sax.  twin,  double,  ge^ 
twimie,  twins,  from  twi,  tv/o;  so  Icel.toeroTOr, 
tvinrir,  a  ijair;  G.  zunlling,  a  twin;  akin 
tmll,  two,  twain,  &c.]  One  of  two  young 
produced  at  a  birth  by  an  animal  that 
ordinarily  bears  but  one;  one  very  much 
resembling  another. —  The  Twins,  a  con- 
stellation and  sign  of  the  zodiac;  Gemini. 
— a.  Applied  to  one  of  two  born  at  a  birth; 
very  much  resembling  something  else.- 
Twm-born,  a.  Born  at  the  same  birth 
■with  another. — Twin-brother,  to.  One  of 
two  brothers  who  are  twins;  hence,  the 
facsimile  of  something  else.  —  Twinllng, 
twin'ling;  to.  A  twin  lamb.  —  Twinned, 
twind,a.  Produced  at  onebirth,like  twins. 
— Twin-screw,  a.  and  to.  A  steam-vessel 
fitted  with  two  propellers  on  separate 
shafts.— Twin-sister,  n.  One  of  two  sisters 
who  are  twins.— Twin-steamer,  to.  A  form 
of  steam-vessel,  the  deck,  &c.-,  of  which  is 
supported  on  two  distinct  hulls  placed 
some  distance  asunder.and  between  which 
the  paddle-wheels  are  placed.. 

Twine,  twin,  v.t^twined,  twining:  [A.  Sax. 
twinan,  from  twi,  two;  so  D.  twijnen,  Icel. 
<OTnTOa,to  doublCjto  twine.  Twin.J  To  twist; 
to  form  by  twisting  two  or  more  threads  or 
fibres;  to  entwine;  to  encircle. — v.i.  To  Wind 
cii:cularly  or  spirally;  to  make  flexures; 
to  ascend  or  grow  up  in  convolutions  about 
a  support  (the  plant  twines). — to.  A  strong 
thread  composed  of  two  or  three  smaller 
threads  or  strands  twisted  together;  a 
small  cord  or  string.— Twining,  twi'ning, 
».  and  a.  Twisting  or  winding  round; 
Dot  ascending  spirally  around  a  stem, 
branch,  or  prop.  —  Twiningly,  twi'ning-li, 
adv.    In  a  twining  manner. 

Twinge,  t-wmj,v.t—twinged,ttnnging.  [Akin 
to  Icel.  thvingct,  to  weigh  down,  to  op- 
press, Dan.  tvinge,.  D.  zmngen,  to  con- 
strain.] To  afiect  with  a  sharp,  sudden 
pain;  to  torment  with  pinching  or  sharp 
pains;  to  pinch;  to  tweak.— w.i.  To  have 
a  sudden,  sharp,  local  pain.— to.  A  sudden, 
sharp  pain;-  a  darting,  local  pain  of  mo- 
mentary continuance;  a  pinch;  a  tweak. 

Twinkle,  twiDg''kl,v.i.—tv)inkled,  twinkling. 
[A.  Sax.  twincliun,  to  twinkle,  a  dim.  and 
freq.  corresponding  to  O.E.  twinken,  G. 
zwinken,  to  wink  with  the  eyes;  nasalized 
forms  corresponding  to  twitch.]  To  open 
and  shut  the  eyes  rapidly;  to  gleam;  to 
sparkle:  said  of  the  eyes;  to  flash  at  in- 
tervals; to  shine  with  a  tremulous,  inter- 
mitted, light;  to  scintillate.— «.  A  wink  or 
quick  motion  of  the  eye;  a  gleam  or  sparkle 
of  the  eye  or  of  a  star;  a  t-winkling.- 
Twinkling,  twingk'ling,  to.  The  act  of 
that  which  tv.-inkles;  a  (j^uick  movement 
of  the  eye;  a  wink;  the  tune  taken  up  in 
winking  the  ej'e;  an  instant. 

Twirl,  tw6rl,  v.t.  [Allied  to  Pris.  twierren, 
to  v/hirl,  D.  dwarl,  a  whirling,  dwarlen,  to 
whirl,  O.ti.  tivirel,  what  turns  rapidly; 
Swiss  zunrlen,  to  twirl.]  To  cause  to  turn 
round  with  rapidity;  to  cause  to  rotate 
rapidly,  especially  with  the  finger.- r.i. 
To  revolve  with  velocity;  to  be  whirled 
round.  —  n.  A  rsCpid  circular  motion;  a 
twist;  a  convolution. 

Twist,  twist,  v-.t.  [A.  Sax.  twist,  a  cord, 
from  stem  of  tvid,  two;  hence  allied  to 
iudne,  twill,  twig,  &c.;  similarly  L.  G.  and 
D.  twist,  Dan.  and  Sw.  tvist,  G.  evnst,  dis- 
cord, division  in  two  parties.]  To  f opn  by 
winding  strands  together;  to  twine;  to 
form  into  a  thread  from  many  fine  fila- 
mieuts;  to  contort;  to  crook  spirally;  to 
■wreathe;  to  insinuate;  to  pervert;  to  turn 
from  the  true  form  or  meaning.  —  To 
twist  round  one's  finger,  to  completely 
control  the  opinions  and  actions  of. — v.i. 
To  be  united  by  winding  round  each  other; 
to  be  twisted.— TO..  The  act  of  twisting;  the 
result  of  the  act;  a  convolution;  a  contor- 
tion; a  flexure;  what  is  formed  by  twist- 
ing, as  a  cord,  thread,  &c.;  manufactured 
tobacco  in  the  form  of  a  thick  cord;  the 
spiral  in  the  bore  of  a  rifled  gun.— Twis- 
ter, twis't^r, .  TO.  One  that  twists.— Twis- 
ting-crook, TO.  An  agricultural  implement 
used  for  twisting  straw  ropes. 

Twit,  twit,  v.t— twitted,  twitting..  [0.  E. 
ativite,  atwiten,  A.  Sax.  cettvitan,  to  twit. 


^ate.  far.  fat,  f§ll;     mB,  met,  h^r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tube,  tub,  bvill ;     oil,  pound;     it.  So.  abtme— the  Pr.  u. 


TWITCa 


731 


UGH 


reproach— cef,  at,  and  witan,  to  blame;  Sc. 
wite,  blame;  akin  to  Icel.  vita,  to  fine.] 
To  vex  or  annoy  by  bringing  to  remem- 
brance a  fault,  imperfection,  or  the  like; 
to  taunt;  to  upbraid,  as  for  some  previous 
act.— Twitter,  twit'er,  n.  One  who  twits 
or  reproaches. 

Twitch,  twich,  v.t.  [A  form  of  tweak.]  To 
pull  with  a  sudden  jerk;  to  snatch.— v.t. 
To  be  suddenly  contracted,  as  a  muscle. — 
n.  A  pull  with  a  jerk;  a  sliort  quick  pull; 
a  short,  spastic  contraction  of  the  muscles; 
a  noose  twisted  around  the  upper  lip  of  a 
horse  to  keep  him  quiet  when  shoeing. 

Twitch-grass,  twich'gras,  n.  Colch-grass. 

Twite,  twit,  n.  [From  its  cry.]  A  sort  of 
finch,  the  mountain-linnet. 

Twitter,twit'er,y.i.  [Imitative of  sound,like 
G.  zwitschern,  D.  kwetteren,  to  twitter.]  To 
utter  a  succession  of  small,  tremulous,  in- 
termitted notes,  as  certain  birds  do.— n.  A 
small  intermitted  noise  orseries  of  chirp- 
ings, as  the  soimd  made  by  a  swallow. — 
Twittering,  t  wif6r-ing,  n.  A  sharp,  inter- 
mitted, chirping  noise. 

Twlxt^  twikst.  A  contraction  of  Betwixt: 
used  m  poetry  and  colloquially. 

Iwo,  to,  o.  [A.  Sax.  <W(i=IceI.  tveir,  tvo, 
Qoth.  tvai,  D.  twee,  <i.  zivei,  Rus.  dwa, 
Xith.  du,  h.  and  (ir.  dtio,  Ir.  and  Gael,  da, 
dOfPer.  do.  Hind,  do,  doo,  Skr,  dvi,dvau. 
Twin,  twine,  twill,  twain,  tmst,  &c.,  are 
connected.]  One  and  one  together:  often 
used  indefinitely  for  a  small  number  (a 
word  or  two,  tivo  or  three  hours).-^/)i  two, 
into  two  parts;  asunder. — n.  The  number 
which  consists  of  one  and  one;  the  symbol 
representing  it,  as  2  or  ii.  —  Two-cloft,  a. 
Bifid.  —  Two-decker,  n.  A  vessel  of  war 
carrying  guns  on  two  decks.— Two-edged, 
a.  Having  two  cutting  edges,  one  on 
each  side.,—  Two-faced,  a.  Having  tv/o 
visages,like  the  Roman  deity  Janus;  given 
to  equivocation  or  double-dealing;  insin- 
cere.—Twofold,  tO'fold,  a.  Double;- mul- 
tiplied by  two;  bot.  two  and  two  together 
growing  from  the  same  place  (twofold 
leaves).— arfu.  In  a  double  degree;  doubly. 
— Two-handed,  a.  Having  two  hands;  re- 
quiring the  two  hands  to  grasp  (a  ttvo- 
Aawdea  sword).— Two-headed,  a.  Having 
two  heads.— Twoness,  tij'nes,  n.  The  state 
or  condition  of  being  two.  —  Two-parted, 
a.  Bipartite.  —  Twopence,  tup'ens,  n.  A 
small  silver  coin  formerly  current. — Two- 
penny, tup'en-i,  a.  Of  the  value  of  two- 
pence; hence,  mean;  vulgar;  of  little 
worth.— Two-ply,  a.  Having  two  strands, 
as  cord,  or  two  thicknesses,  as  cloth,  car- 
pets, &c.  —  Two-tongued,  a.  Double- 
tongued;  deceitful. 

Twybill,  twi'bil,  n.    Same  as  Twibill. 

Tycoon,  ti-kOn',  n.  [Chinese  Tai-koon,  great 
lord.]  The  generalissimo  of  the  Japanese 
army,  and  formerly  virtual  emperor  and 
real  ruler  of  the  country.    Mikado. 

Tyfoon,  ti-fdn',  n.    Typhoon. 

Tyke,  tik,  n.  [Tiki:.]  A  dog;  a  base  fellow. 
[Shak.] 

Tyle,  til,  v.t.  Same  as  Tile  in  freemasonry.' 

Tymbal,  timT)al,  n.  [Fr.  timbale.  It.  tim- 
ballo,  taballo,  from  Ar.  thabal,  a  tymbal.l 
A  kind  of  kettle-drum. 

Tympan,  tim'pan,  n.  [Fr.  tympan,  L.  tym- 
panum, from  Gr.  tympanon,  typanon,  a 
drum,  from  typto,  to  beat.]  A  drumj; 
arch,  same  as  tympanum;  printing,  a 
frame  attached  to  the  hand-press  or  platen 
machine,  and  covered  with  parchment  or 


cloth,  on  which  the  blank  sheets  are  put 
in  order  to  be  laid  on  the  form  to  be  im- 
pressed.—Tympanic,  tim-pan'ik,  a.  Like 
a  tympanum  or  drum;  anat.  pertaining  to 
the  tympanum.— Tympanites,  tim-pa-ni'- 
tez,  n.  Med.  a  distention  of  the  abdomen 
from  a  morbid  collection  cf  air  in  the 
intestines.— Tympanitic,  tim-pa-nit'ik,  a. 
Relating  to  or  affected  with  tympanites. 
—Tympanitis,  tim-pa-ni'tis,  n.  Inflam- 
mation of  the  lining  membrane  of  the 
middle  ear  or  tympanum.  —  Tympanum, 
tim'pa-num,  n.  Anat.  the  drum  of  the 
ear,  a  cavity  of  an  irregular  shape,  con- 
stituting the  middle  ear;  arch,  the  trian- 
gular space  in  a  pediment;  niach.  a  drum- 
shaped  wheel  with  spirally  curved  parti- 
tions, by  which  water  is  raised  for  the 
purposes  of  irrigation;  bot.  a  membranous 
substance  stretched  across  the  theca  of  a 
moss.— Tympany,  tira'pan-i,  n.  Tympan- 
ites; inflation  of  language;  bombast. 
I  Type,  tip,  n.  [Fr.  type,  from  L.  typus,iTox>.\ 
Gr.  typos,  a  blow,  an  impression,  a  mark, 
a  type,  from  root  of  typto,  to  strike.]  A 
distinguishing  mark  or  stamp;  an  em- 
bleth;  an  allegorical  or  symbolicrepresen- 
tation  of  some  object,  which  is  called  the 
antitype;  a  symbol;  what  prefigures  some- 
thing else;  an  example  of  any  class  con- 
sidered as  eminently  possessing  the  pro- 
perties or  characters  of  the  class;  the  iaeal 
representative  of  a  group ;  distinctive 
plan  of  structure;  the  model  or  pattern 
which  becomes  the  subject  of  a  copy; 
printing,  a-  rectangular  piece  of  metal, 
wood,  or  other  hard  material  having  a 
raieed  letter.'figure,  or  other  character  on 
the  upper  end,  whioH,  when  inked,  is  used 
to  make  impressions  on  paper  and  other 
smooth  surfaces;  such  types  collectively. 
—In  type,  set  up,  ready  for  printing. — v.t. 
To  typify.  —  Type-founder,  n.  A  person 
who  manufactures  type. — Type-founding, 
Type-casting,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of 
manufacturing  metallic  movable  types, 
used  by  .printers.  —  Type-foundry,  n.  A 
place  where  types  are  manufactured.- 
Type-metal,  n.  An  alloy  of  lead,  anti- 
mony, and  tin,  used  in  making  types.— 
Type-setter,  n.  One  who  sets  up  type;  a 
compositor;  a  type-setting  machine. — 
Type-setting,  «.  The  act  or  process  by 
which  type  is  set  up  or  placed  in  the  com- 
posing-stick, ready  to  be  printed  from. — 
Tjrpe-wrlter,  ».  A  machine  intended  to 
be  used  as  a  substitute  for  the  pen,  and 
by  which  the  letters  are  produced  by  the 
impression  of  inked  types.  —  Tjrplcal, 
T3rpic,  tip'i-kal,  tip'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  type;  serving  as  or  having' the  character 
of  a  type;  emblematic;  figurative.— Typi- 
cally, tip'i-ka!-li,  adv.  In  a  typical  man- 
ner. —  Tyi)icalness,  tip'i-kal-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  typical.— Typificatlon,  tip'- 
i-fi-ka"shon,  n.  The  act  of  typifying. — 
Typifler,  tip'i-fi-6r,  n.  One  who  typifies.— 
Typify,  tip'i-fi,  v.t.  — typified,  typifying. 
To  represent  by  an  image  or  resemblance; 
to  serve  as  the  type  of;  to  prefigure;  to 
exemplify  .—Typographer,  ti-pog'raf -er,  n. 
A  printer.— Typogi-aphic,  Typographical, 
tip-o-graf 'ik,  tip-o^graf 'i-kal,  a.  Pertain- 
ing 
graf 


to  printing.— Typographically,  tip-o- 
:'i-kal-li,  adv.  By  means  of  types; 
after  the  manner  of  printers.  —  Typogra- 
phy, ti-pog'ra-fl.w.  [Gi-.  typos,  and  grapho, 
to  write.]  The  art  of  printing;  matter 
printed;  style  in  which  anything  is  prin- 


ted.—Typology,  ti-po1'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  typos, 
and  2o(7os,discourse.  ]  The  doctrine  of  types; 
a  discburse  on  types,  especially  those  of 
Scripture. 

Typhoon,  ti-f8n',  n.  [Chinese  tai-fong,  great 
wind,  influenced  by  Gr.  typhon,  a  whirl- 
wind. ]  One  of  the  violent  humcanes 
which  rage  on  the  coasts  of  China  and 
Japan,  from  May  to  November. 

Typhus,  ti'fus,  n.  [6r.  typhos,  stupior  or 
coma.]  A  dangerous  species  of  continued 
fever  attended  by  great  debility,  contagi- 
ous or  infectious,  and  often  epidemic; 
generally  characterized  by  great  depres- 
sion of  spirits,  weariness,  a  trequeut,  small, 
and  fluttering  pulse,  and  an  eruption  of  a 
deep  livid  colour  on  the  skin ;  also  known 
ars  hospital  fever,  jail-fever,  &c.— Typhoid, 
ti'foid,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
typh\is.~Typhoidftve-i;  a  continued  fever, 
characterized  by  abdominal  pains  and 
diarrhoea,  and  analogous  in  many  respects 
to  eruptive  fevers.  Known  also  as  Enteric 
and  Gastric  Fever.  —  Typhomania,  ti-f5- 
ma'ni-a,  n.  The  delirium  which  accom- 
panies typhoid  fever.— Typhous,  ti'fus,  o. 
Relating  to  typhus. 

Typical,  Typography,  &c.    Under  Tvpu. 

-Tyrant,  ti'raht,  n.  [O.  Fr.  tiran,  tirant, 
from  L.  tyvannus,  from  Gr.  tyrujinos,  a 
lord',  a  desjjotic  ruler.  The  final  t  has  been 
added,  as  in  pheasant,  peasant,  &c.]  Ori- 
ginally, in  ancient  Greece,  one  who  had 
usurped  the  ruling  power  without  the 
consent  of  the  people  or  at  the  expense 
of  the  existing  government;  a  usurper; 
hence,  a  monarch  or  other  ruler  or  master 
who  uses  power  to  oppress  those  under 
him ;  a  cruel  sovereign  or  master ;  an  op- 
pressor. —  Tyrannic,  ti-ran'ik,  o.    Tyrau- 

Aiical.  —  Tyrannical,  ti-ran'i-hal,  a.  [Fr 
tyrannique,  Gr.  tyrannikos.]  Pertaining  to 
or  acting  as  a  tyrant;  unjustly  severe  in 
government ;  oppressive  to  subordinates ; 
despotic ;  cruel.  —  Tyrannically,  ti-ran'i- 
kal-li,  adv.  In  a  tyrannical  manner ;  op- 
pressively. —  Tyrannicalness,  ti-ran'i-kal- 
nes,  n.  —  Tyrannicidal,  ti-ran'i-si"dal,  a. 
Relating  to  tyranuiciae.  —  Tyrannicide, 
ti-ran'i-sid,  n.  [L.  tyrannus,  and  dEdo,  to 
kill.]  The  act  of  killing  a  tyrant;  one  who 
kills  a  tyrant.— Tyrannize,  tir'an-iz,  v.i.— 
tyrannized,  tyrannizing.  [Fr.  iyranniser.l 
To  act  the  tyrant ;  to  exercise  arbitrary 
power;  to  rule  with  unjust  and  oppressive 
severity.— Tyrannous,  tir'an-us,  a.  Tyran- 
nical; unjustly  severe;  oppressive.— Tyr- 
annously,  tir'an-us-li,  adv.  In  a  tyrannous 
manner.— Tyranny,  tir'an-i,  n.  The  rule 
of  a  tyrant ;  despotic  exercise  of  power ; 
cruel  government;  severityj  oppression. 

Tyrlan,  tir'i-an,  n.  A  native  of  ancient 
Tyre,  the  famous  Phoenician  city.  —  a. 
Pertaining  to  Tyre;  of  a  purple  colour. — 
Tyrian  purple,  a  celebrated  purple  dye 
formerly  prepared  at  Tyre  from  shell-fish. 

PUBl'UEA,  JlUREX. 

Tyro,  ti'ro,  n.    A  bad  spelling  of  Tiro. 

Tyroiese,  ti'rol-ez  or  tir'ol-ez,  a.  Belonging 
or  relating  to  the  Tyrol  or  Tirol.— n.  sing. 
and  pi.  A  native  of  the  Tyrol;  the  people 
of  the  Tyrol.  —  Tyrolienne,  te-i-o-le-en,  ;i. 
[Fr.)  A  Tyroiese  popular  melody,  iu  which 
rJipid  alternation  of  the  natural  and  fal- 
setto voice  is  introduced.— Tyrolite,  ti'rol- 
it,  n.  A  fine  azure-blue  or  verdigris-greeu 
ore  of  copper. 

Tzar,  Tzariua,  tsar,  tsa-r6'na.  Same  as  Gtar, 
Czarina. 


U. 


V.    The  twenty-first  letter  and  the  fifth 

vowel  in  the  English  alphabet. 

Ubiety,  tt-bi'e-ti,  n.  [From  L.  vM,  where.] 
The  state  of  being  somewhere. 

Ubiquitous,  a-bik'wi-tus,  a.  [From  L.  tibi- 
gtte,  everywhere.]  Existing  or  being  every- 
where ;  omnipresent.  —  ubiquitously,  u- 
bik'wi-tus-h,  adv.  In  a  ubiquitous  man- 
ner.—Ubiquity,  u-bik'wi-ti,  n.  The  state 
of  being  uoiquitous ;  existing  everywhere 
at  the  same  time;  omnipresence.— Ubiqui- 


tarlan,  \l-bik'wi-ta"ri-an,  n.  A  name  of 
certain  Lutherans,  who  maintained  the 
omnipresence  of  Christ's  body. 

Udal,  a'dal,  a.  [Icel.  ddal,  ancestral  pos- 
sessions, allodium.  Allodium.]  A  term 
in  Orkney  and  Shetland  equivalent  to 
allodial  or  freehold.— Udaller,  Udalman, 
a'dal-6r,  n'dal-man,  n.  A  freeholder  with- 
out feudal  superior. 

Uddor,  ud'6r,  n.  [A.  Sax.  iider=^0.  Fris. 
uder,  O.H.G.  Mar,  G.  euter;  cog.  L.  uber. 


Gr.  outhar,  Skr.  Mhar,  an  ndder.l  The 
glandular  organ  or  bag  of  cows  and  other 
quadrupeds,  in  which  the  milk  is  secreted 
and  retained  for  the  nourishment  of  their 
young.  —  Uddered,  ud'6rd,  a.  Having  an 
udder. 

Udometer,  a-dom'et-6r,  n.  [L.  udus,  moist, 
wet,  and  Gr.  metron,  measure.]  A  pluvio- 
meter; a  rain-gauge. 

Ugh,  u,  inter] .  An  expression  of  horror  or 
recoil:  usually  accompanied  by  a  shudder. 


ch,  cftain;     eft,  Sc.  locA;     g,  flo;     j.^ob;     6,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  siwfif;     th,  tten;  th,  <ftia;     w,  wig;     wh,  w.Ms;     zh,  asure. 


UGLY 


732 


tJN. 


TTgly,  iigli,  a.  [O.E.  uggehj,  uglike,  from 
Ici'I.  ?<£/i/Jisrr,  dreadful,  terrible,  from  uggr, 
imir,  and  -ligr  =  E.  -like,  -ly;  akin  Icel. 
ugga,  to  fear,  E.  awe.']  Possessing  quali- 
ties opposite  to  beauty;  offensive  to  the 
sight;  deformed;  morally  repulsive;  hate- 
ful.— n.  A  kind  of  sun-shade  worn  by 
ladies  in  front  of  their  bonnets.— Uglily, 
ug'li-li,  adv.  In  an  ugly  manner. — TJgU- 
ness,  ug'li-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
ugly;  want  of  beauty;  deformity  of  person; 
moral  repulsiveness. 

Vgrian,  o'gri-an,  a.  [From  name  of  a  Fin- 
nish tribe.J  Applied  to  the  Finnic  group 
of  Turanian  tongues  and  peoples,  com- 
prising the  Lapps,  Finns,  and  Magyars. 
By  some  used  as  equivalent  to  Turanian. 
Uman,  b'lan,  n.  \_Gr.  v}ilan,  from  Polish 
nlan,  a  lancer,  from  tda,  a  lance.J  A  name 
given  to  light  cavalry  soldiers  in  the  Rus- 
sian, Austro-Hungarian,  and  German  ar- 
mies. Written  also  Ulan. 
TTkase,  Q-kas',  n.  [  Rus.,  from  kasati,  to 
show.]  A  Russian  edict  or  order  emanat- 
ing from  the  government,  and  having  the 
force  of  law. 
Ulan,  o'lan,  n.  Uhlan. 
Ulcer,  ul'sfer,  n.  [Fr.  ulcire,  from  It.  titcus, 
ulceris,  an  ulcer  or  sore,  sikin  Gr.  heUcoa, 
an  ulcer  or  wound.]  A  sore  in  any  of  the 
soft  parts  of  the  body,  and  attended  with 
a  secretion  of  pus  or  some  kind  of  dis- 
charge. —  Ulcerate,  ul'ser-at,  v.i.  ^  ulcer- 
ttteil,  ulcerating.  To  be  formed  into  an 
ulcer. — v.t.  To  affect  with  an  vdcer  or  with 
ulcers.— Ulceration,  ul-ser-a'shon,  n.  [L. 
ulceratio.]  The  process  of  becoming  'ul- 
cerofis:  the  state  of  being  ulcerated;  an 
ulcer.  —  Ulcerative,  ul'ser-a-tiv,  o.  Per- 
taining to  ulcers.  —  Ulcered,  ul'sferd,  a. 
Ulcerated.— Ulcerous,  ul'ser-us,  a.  Having 
the  nature  or  character  of  an  ulcer;  affec- 
ted with  an  ulcer  or  with  ulcers. — Ulcer- 
ously,  ul's6r-us-li,  ctdw.— Ulcerousness,  ul'- 
86r-us-ue8,  n. 

Ulema,  Q-le'ma,  n.  [Ar.  nlemA,  wise  or 
learned  men.]  The  collective  name  of  the 
liierarihical  corporation  of  learned  men 
in  Turkey,  who  have  charge  of  thedepai-t- 
ment  of  government  relating  to  sacred 
matters ;  comix)sed  of  the  Imams,  the 
Muftis,  and  the  Cadis. 
Uliginous,  Uliginose,  fl-lij'i-nuB,  a-lij'i-nos, 
a.  [L.  uliginos^is,  from  uligo,  uliginis, 
ooziness.]  Muddy;  oozy;  slimy;  hot.  grow- 
ing in  swampy  places. 
Ullage,  ul'aj,  n.  [O.Fr.  ceillage,  the  filling 
up  of  leaky  wine  vessels,  from  oiil,  the 
eye,  the  bunghole;  from  L.  oculus,  the 
eye.  Ocular.]  The  quantity  that  a  cask 
wants  of  being  full. 

U)roaceous,  ul-ma'shus,  a.  FTj.  ulmus,  an 
e!m.]  Belonging  to  the  order  of  plants  of 
which  the  elm  is  type. — Ulmlc,  ul'mikj  a. 
Applied  to  an  acid  produced  by  decaying 
Vegetable  matter;  humic. — UlnUn,  ul'min, 
n.    Same  as  Humus. 

Ulna,  ul'na,  n.  [L.  tdna,  the  elhow,  the 
arm,  an  ell.  Ell.]  The  larger  of  the  two 
bines  of  the  forearm,  reaching  from  the 
(ilhow  to  the  wrist,  its  upper  extremity 
forming  the  point  of  the  elbow;  old  late, 
an  eil.— Ulnar,  ul'nfer,  o.  Pertaining  to 
the  ulna. 

Ulodendron,  Q-lo-den'dron,  n.  [Qr.  ovlS,  a 
rear,  and  dendron,  a  tree.]  A  genus  of  fossil 
trees  in  the  coal  formation  that  show  on 
their  seems  two  rows  of  oval  or  circular 
f^cftrs  (whence  the  name). 
UlotrichouB,  Q-lot'ri-kus,  a.-[Gr.  oulotrichos, 
from  oulos,  cVisp  or  curly,  and  thrix,  trichos, 
hair.]  Pertaining  to  the  crisp-  or  woolly- 
■  haired  races  of  man.  LFiotRiCHors. 
Ulster,  ul'stfrr,  a.  Pertaining  to  Ulster,  the 
northern  province  of  Ireland.-^n.  A  long 
loose  overcoat  for  either  a  male  or  a  fe- 
male, originally  made  of  frieze  cloth  in 
Ulster. 

Ulterior,  ul-t5'ri-or,  a.  [L^  compar.  from 
idler,  beyond,  further.  Ultra.]  Being 
beyond  or  on  the  further  side;  not  at  pre- 
Bcnt  in  view  or  consideration;  more  re- 
iTirrte;  distant  (ulteruxr  views  or  objects).— 
Ulteriorly,  ul-te'ri-or-li,  adv.  More  dis- 
tantly; remotely. 

Ultima,  ul'ti-ma,  n.  [L-  uUimus,  last,  fur- 
thest, superl.  of  uJter,  further.  Ulterior.] 
Oram,  the  last  syllable  of  a  word.— Ulti- 


mate, ul'ti-mat,  a.  Furthest;  most  remote 
in  place;  last  or  final ;  aiTived  at  as  a  final 
result;  such  that  we  cannot  go  beyond; 
incapable  of  further  resolution  or  analysis. 
— UUwxate  atialysis,  chem.  the  resolution 
of  a  substance  into  its  absolute  elements: 
opposed  t6  proximate  analysis,  or  the  re- 
solution of  a  substance  into  its  constituent 
compounds. — Ultiinately,urti-mat-li,a(iu. 
As  an  ultimate  or  final  result;  at  last; 
finally.-- Ultimattim,  ul-ti-ma'tum,  n.  pi. 
Ultimatums,  ul-ti-ma'tumz,  or  Ultimata, 
nl-ti-ma'ta.  [A  coined  word.]  Any  final 
)n'oposal  or  statement  of  conditions;  in 
dijjlomatic  negotiations,  the  final  terms 
offered  by  a  negotiator  or  party.— Ultimo, 
ul'ti-mO,  a.  [L.  ultimo  mtnse,  in  the  last 
month.]  Last,  as  distinguished  from  the 
current  month  and  all  others:  usually 
contracted  to  ult. 

Ultra,  ul'tra,  prefix,- a.  and  n.  [L.  idtra, 
beyond,  from  pronominal  root  seen  in  ille, 
that  i:>erson,  he,  and.  -tra,  as  in  contra, 
intra,  &c.  Outrage  is  from  this  word.]  A 
Latin  preposition  used  as  a  prefix,  in  sense 
of  beyond;  exceedingly;  in  a  high  degree 
(w?tra-conservative,  ultra-lih&Ta.\);  also  as 
an  independent  adjective,  to  signify  be- 
yond-due  limit;  extreme  («Z<ra measures); 
and  as  a  noun,  to  signify  one  who  advo- 
cates extreme  views  or  measures;  an  ul- 
traist.  —  Ultraism,  ul'tra'izm,  n.  The 
principles  of  men  who  advocate  extreme 
me:isures. — Ultraist,  ul'tra-ist,  n.  One  who 
pushes  a  principle  or  measure  to  extremes; 
one  who  advocates  extreme  measures. — 
Ultramarine,  ul'tra-ma-ren",  a.  [L.  ultra, 
and  viarinus,  marine.]  Situated  or  being 
beyond  the  sea.  —  n.  [From  lapis-lazuli 
being  brought  from  beyond  sea.]  A  beau- 
tiful and  durable  sky-blue  colour,  formed 
of  the  mineral  called  lapis-lazuli. — Ultra- 
montane, ul-tra-mon'tan,  a.  [L.  ultra,  and 
mons,  mountain.]  Being  or  lying  beyond  • 
the  mountains;  tramontane;  belonging  to 
the  Italian  or  ultra-papal  party  in  the 
Church  of  Rome;  holding  the  doctrines  of 
nltramontanism.— n.  One  who  belongs  to 
the  Italian  or  ultra-papal  party  in  the 
Church  of  Rome;  one  holdlugthe  doc- 
trines of  nltramontanism.  —  Ultramon- 
tanism,  ul-tra-mon'tan-izm,  n.  The  views 
of  that  party  in  the  Church  of  Rome  who 
place  an  absolute  authority  in  matters  of 
faith  and  discipline  in  the  hands  of  the 
pope.— Ultramundane,  ul-tfla-mun'd&n,  o. 
[L;  ultra,  and  mundus,  world.]  Being 
beyond  the  world,  or  beyond  the  limits  of 
our  system. 

Ultroneous,  ul-tro'n5-us,  a.  [It.  ultroneus, 
from  nltro,  of  one"s  own  accord;  akin  to 
ultra.}  Spontaneous;  voluntary.— Ultro- 
seously,  ul-tru'ne-us-u,  adv.  In  an  ultro- 
neous manner;  of  one's  own  free-will. 
Ululate,  ul'fi-lat,  v.i.  [L.  uliUo,  ululatum, 
to  howl.]  To  howl,  as  a  dog  or  wolf. — 
Ulnlant,  nl'n-lant,  a.  Ululating;  howling. 
— Ululation,  ul-a-la'shon,  n.  A  howling, 
as  of  the  wolf  or  dog;  a  wailing. 
Umbel,  um'bel,  n.  [L.  7imbella,  a  little 
shade,  dim.  of  roiftra,  a  shade.  Umbrage.] 
£ot.  a  particular  mode  of  inflorescence, 
which  consists  of  a  number  of  floweir- 
stalks  or  pedicels,  nearly  equal  in  length, 
spreading  from  a  common  centre,  each 
bearing  a  single' flower,  as  in  the  ivy, 
carrot,  &c. —  Umbellal,  Umbellar,  iini- 
bel'al,  nm-bel'6r,  o.  JPertaining  to  an 
umbel;  having  the  form  of  an  umbel. — 
Umbellate,  Umbellated,  um'bel-at,  um'- 
bel-a-ted,  a.  Bearing  umbels;  umbel-like. 
—  Umbellifer,  um-bel'i-f^r,  n.  A  plant 
producing  sg^  umbel;  a  plant  belonging  to 
an  extensive  and  important  nat.  order, 
including  many  esculent  plants,  such  as 
the  carrot,  parsnip,  celery,  &c.,  and  some 
poisonous,  as  hemlock.  —  Umbelliferous, 
um-bel-lif'6r-u8,  a.  Producing  umbels; 
bearipg  umbels. 

UmberLjim'bfer,  n.  .  [L.  wnibra,  a  shade,  or 
from  Uvibria,  a  district  of  Italy,  where, 
according  to  somej  it  was  first  obtained.] 
A  soft  earthy  combination  forming  a  pig- 
ment of  an  olive-brown  colour  in  its  raw 
state,  but  much  redder  when  burnt. — v.t. 
To  colour  with  umber;  to  shade  or  darken. 
— Umbery,  um'b^r-i,  a.  Pertaining  to 
umber;  dark  brown;  dark;  dusky. 


Umbilical,  Umbilic,  um-bil'i-kal  or  um-bj- 

ii'kal.um-bil'ik.a.  [L.Mmi6iiict(«,  the  navel; 
akin  to  Gr.  omphalos,  the  navel.)  Pertain- 
ing to  the  navel ;  formed  in  the  middle 
like  a  navel;  navel-shaped;  central. —  I7m- 
bilical  cord,  anat.  a  cord-like  structure 
which  passes  from  the  navel  of  the  fetus 
or  embryo  of  the  higher  mammalia  to  the 
placenta;  the  navel-string.— Umbilicate, 
Umbilicated,um-biri-kat,um-biri-ka-ted, 
a.  Navel-shaped;  bot.  fixed  to  a  stalk  hy 
a  point  in  the  centre.- Umbilicus,  um-bi- 
li'kus,  n.  [L.]  Anat.  the  navel;  bot.  the 
part  of  a  seed  by  which  it  is  attached  to 
the  placenta;  thehilum;  conchol.  a  circu- 
lar depression  in  the  iower  whorl  of  many 
spiral  univalves. 

Umbles,  um'blz,  n.  pi.  [Humblks.]  The 
humbles  or  entrails  of  a  deer. — Umble-pie, 
um'bl-pi,ri.  Humble-pie.  UnderHuMBLES. 

Umbo,  umljo,  n.  [L.  umbo,  a  boss  on  a 
shield,  any  boss  or  knob.l  The  boss  or 
protuberant  part  of  a  shield;  lot.  the  knob 
in  the  centre  of  the  pileus  or  hat  of  the 
fungus  tribe;'  conch,  the  projection  of  a 
bivalve  shell  situated  immediately  above 
the  hinge.— Umbonate,  Umbonated,  um'- 
bo-nat,  um'bo-na-ted,  a.  Bossed;  knobbed 
in  the  centre;  bot.  round  with  a  projecting 
point  in  the  centre.  —  Umbomilate,  um- 
Don'a-lat,  a.  Bot.  terminated  by  a  very 
small  boss. 

Umbra,  um'bra,  n.  [L.,  a  shadow.]  Astron, 
the  total  shadow  of  the  earth  or  moon  in 
an  eclipse,  or  the  dark  cone  projected  from 
a  planet  or  satellite  on  the  side  opposite  to 
the  sun,  as  contrasted  with  the  penumbra; 
the  dark  central  portion  of  a  sun-spot  sur- 
rounded by  a  brighter  annular  portion. 

Umbraculiferous,  um-brak '  u-lif"er-us,  a. 
[L.  umbraculum,  a  sort  of  umbrella,  dim. 
of  umbra,  a  shade,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  Bot. 
bearing  a  body  in  the  form  of  an  expanded 
umbrella.- Umbraculiform,  um-brak'u-li- 
form,  a.    Umbrella-shaped. 

Umbrago,  umliraj,  n.  [O.  Fr.  umbrage, 
Fr.  ombrage,  from  L.  umbra,  a  shade 
{■whence  alsonv}bel,wnbrelld,  adumbrate).] 
A  shade;  shadow;  shade  caused  by  foliage; 
hence,  the  feeling  of  being  overshadowed; 
jealousy  of  another,  as  standing  in  one's 
light  or  way;  suspicion  of  injury;  offence; 
resentment. — Umbrageous,  um-bra'jus,  a. 
[Fr.  ombrageux.]  Shading;  forming  a 
shade;  shady;  shaded  (an  wnbrageoits 
garden).  —  Umbrageously,  um-bra'jus-li^ 
adv.  In  an'  umbrageous  manner. — Um- 
brageousness,  um-bra'jus-nes,  n. 

Umbrella,  um-brel'Ia,  n.  [It.  ombrella,  an 
umbrella,  dim.  of  ombra,  a  shade,  from  L. 
wndjra,  a  shade.  Umbrage.]  A  portable 
shade,  screen,  or  canopy  of  silk,  cotton,  &c./ 
extended  on  an  expanding  frame  composed 
of  bars  of  steel,  cane,  &c.,  inserted  in,  or 
fastened  to  a  rod  or  stick,  and  carried  in 
the  hand  for  sheltering  the  i)erson  from 
■the  rays  of  the  sun,  or  from  rain  or  snow. 

Umbriferous,  um-brif 'er-us,  a.  [L.  umbra, 
a  shade,  and  fero,  to  bear.  Umbkaoe.] 
Casting  or  making  a  shade. — Umbrifer. 
ously,  um-brif'er-us-li,  adv.  So  as  to  make 
or  cast  a  shade. 

Umlaut,  om'lout,  n.  [G.,  from  prefix  wm, 
indicating  alteration,  and  laut,  8ound= 
change  of  sound.]  Philol.  the  change  of  a 
vowel  in  one  syllable  through  theinfluence 
of  one  of  the  vowels,  a,  i,  u,  in  the  syllable 
immediately  following — a  common  fea- 
ture in  several  Of  the  Teutonic  tongues; 
mutation. 

Umpire,  um'pir,  n.  [Prom  O.E.  mmmfxre. 
nowntpere,  nompere,  and  with  loss  of  initial 
n  (as  in  apron),  oumiper,  &c.,  from  O.Fr. 
nonper,  not  equal,  odd — L.  non,  not,  and 
par,  equal,  a  pair.  Pair.  Lit.  an  odd 
person,  in  addition  to  a  pair.]  A  person 
to  whose  sole  decision  a  controversy  or 
question  between  parties  is  referred;  one 
agreed  upon.as  a  judge,  arbiter,  or  referee 
in  case  of  conflict  of  opinions.— Umpirage, 
nm'pir-aj,  n.  The  post  of  umpire;  the  act 
of  one  who  arbitrates  as  umpire;  arbitra- 
ment.—Umplreship,  um'pir-ship,  n.  The 
office  of  an  umpire. 

Un-.  A  prefix  derived  from  two  sources  and 
with  two  uses,  -viz.  those  of  negation  and 
those  of  reversal  or  undoing.  As  ex- 
pressive of  simple  negation  it  is  A.  Sax, 


fate,  far,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tflbe,  tub,  bull ;     oil,  pound;     ti,  Sc,  ab«ne— the  Fr.  «i. 


UNABASHED 


ico 


UKBLEST 


vn-  (Goth,  un-,  Q.  rm-,  D.  on-,  L.  in-,  all 
signifying  not);  and  in  this  sense  it  is  used 
chiefly  before  adjectives,  past  participles 
passive,  and  present  participles  used  ad- 
jectively,  being  also  prefixed  to  some 
nouns,  as  in  wntruth,  wwdress,  «nrest,  un- 
wisdom,  &e.  Before  some  words  of  Latin 
origin  it  may  be  used  alternatively  vi'ith  in 
or  non;  thus,  wnalterable,  inalterable;  im- 
elastic,inelastic,and  noivelastic.  AsexpreJs- 
sing  reversal  it  represents  A.  Sax.  on-,  OTWi-, 
and;  an-  in  answer  (Icel.  and  Goth,  and-, 
G.  ant;  h.  ante,  before),  and  is  generally 
prefixed  to  active  transitive  verbs,  as, 
undo,  ttnlearn,  unlocTs.,  itnmake,  &c.  As 
adjectives  and  participles  Avith  the  preflLX 
MM-,  simply  in  the  sense  of  not,  are  almost 
unlimited  in  number,  and  their  meaning 
generally  quite  obvious,  many  of  them  are 
omitted  from  this- work.  When  such  words, 
however,  have  a  special  signification  or 
usage  of  their  owij,  and  are  not  simply  to 
be  explained, as  equivalent  to  'not'  and 
their  latter  element,  they  are  here  given 
(as,  for  instance,  unaccountable,  UH)"uly, 
unconscionable,  unparalleled,  &c.).  Verbs 
and  nouns  with  the  other  un  as  a  prefix 
are  also  carefully  defined.  ■ 

UnabashBd,  .un-a-basht',  a.  Not  abashed  or 
daunted;  not  put  to  shame  or  confusion. 

TTnabated,  un-a-bat'fed,  a.  Not  diminished 
in  strength  or  violence. 

Uuable,  un-a'bl,  a.  Not  able;  not  having 
suflicient  ability;  not  equal  for  some  task. 
.•.Syn.  under  Incapablk. 

tTnabolished,  un-a-bol'isht,  a.  Not  abol- 
ished, repealed,  or  annulled;  remaining  in 
force. 

Uaabridged,  un-a-brijd',  a.  Not  atedged; 
not  shortened. 

Unaccented,  un-ak-sent'ed,  a.  Not  ao- 
ceuted;  having  fto  accent. 

'ttnacceptable,  un-ak-sep'ta-bl,  a.  Not  ac- 
ceptable or  pleasing;  not  welcome;  not 
such  as  will  be  received  with  pleasure. 

Pnaccommodating,un-ak-kom'm(j-dat-ing, 
a.    Not  ready  to  accommodate  or  oblige. 

tTnaccompanied,  un-ak-kum'pa-nid,  a. 
Having  no  attendants,  companions,  or 
rollowers;  mus.  performed  or  written  with- 
out an  accompaniment. 

tTaaccomplished,  un-ak-kom'plisht,  a.  Not 
accomplished;  not  performed  completely; 
not  having  accomplishments. 

tTnaccountable,  un-ak-koun'ta-bl,  a.  Not 
to  be  accounted  for;  not  explicable;  such 
thai  no  reason  or  explr.nation  can  be 
given.  —  Unaccountableness,  un-ak-koun'- 
t^-bl-nes,  n. 

tJnaccredited,  un-ak-kred'it-ed,  a.  Not  ac- 
credited; not  authorized. 

Unaccustomed,  un-ak-kus'tumd,  a.  Not 
accustomed;  not  habituated. 

Unac'inowledged,  un-ak-nol'ejd,  a.  Not 
acknowledged  or  recognized;  not  owned, 
confessed,  or  avowed. 

TTnacquaiuted,  un-ck-kwSn'ted,  «.  Not 
having  formed  an  acquaintance;  not  hav- 
ing knowledge:  followed  by  with. 

Unacted,  un-akt'ed,  a.  Not  acted;  not  per- 
formed on  the  stage;  not  executed. 

Unadjusted,  un-ad-just'ed,  a.  Notadjusted, 
settled,  or  regulated. 

Unadmired,  un-ad-mird',  o.  Not  regarded 
with  adtniration. 

Unadmonished,  un-ad-mon'isht,  a.  Not 
cautioned,  warned,  or  advised. 

Unadored,  un-a-dord',  o.  Not  adored  or 
worshipped. 

Unadorned,  un-a-domd',  a.  Not  adorned; 
not  decorated;  not  embellished. 

Unadulterated,  un-a-dul't^r-at-ed,  a.  Not 
adulterated;  genuine;  pure. 

Unadvisable,  un-ad-Ti*Ba,-bl,  a.  Not  ad- 
visable; not  to  be  recommended;  not  ex- 
pedient; not  prudent. — Unadvised,  un-ad- 
vizd',  a.  Done  without  due  consideration; 
rash. — Unadvisedly,  un-ad-vi'zed-li,  adv. 
Imprudently ;  indiscreetly.  —  Unadvised- 
ness,  un-ad-vi'zed-nes,  n. 

Unaffected,  un-af-fek'ted,  a.  Not  having 
the  feelings  moved;  not  showing  affecta- 
tion; natural ;  not  artificial ;  simple;  not 
hypocritical;  sincere.  —  Unaffectedly,  un- 
af-fek'ted-li,  adv.  In  an  unaffected  man- 
ner; naturally:  simply;  sincerely. 

Unaided,  uu-ad'cd,  a.  Not  aided;  not  as- 
sisted. 


Unalienable,  un-al'yen-a-bl,  o.  Not  aben- 
able;  inalienable  (which  is  more  common). 
Unallied,  un-al-lid',  a.  Having  no  alliance 
or  connection,  either  by  nature,  marriage, 
or  treaty. 

Unalloyed,  un-al-loid',  o.  Not  alloyed;  hav- 
ing no  admixture  of  alloy;  without  distur- 
bing elemeats  (unalloyed  happiness  or 
satisfaction). 

Unalterable,  un-al't6r-a-bl,  a.  Not  alter- 
able; unchange;ible ;  immutable.  —  Un- 
alterableness,  Unalterability,  un-al'tSr- 
a-bl-nes,  un-art6r-a-bil"i-ti,  n.— Unalter- 
ably, un-al'ter-a-bli,  ady.— Unaltered,  un- 
al'terd,  a.  Not  altered  or  changed. 
Unambiguous,  un-am-big'a-us,  a.  Not  pf 
doubtful  meaning;  plain;  clear;  certain. 
Unambitious,  un-am-bi'shus,  o.  Fre^from 
ambition;  not  affecting  shdw;  not  showy 
or  prominent. 

Unamiable,  un-a'mi-a-bl,  a.  Not  amiable 
or  lovable,  not  adapted  to  gain  affection. 
Unaneled,!  jin-a-neld',  a.  or  pp.  [From  vn, 
not,  old  an-  for  on,  and  A.  Sax.  elan,  to 
oil,  from  ele,  oil.]  Not  having  received  ex- 
trerfie  unction.  [Shak.] 
Unanimoos,  a-nan'i-mus,  a.  [L.  unanimvs, 
of  one  mind  —  unns,  one,  and  anivius, 
mind.  Animal.]  Being  of  one  mind; 
agreeing  in  opinion  or  determination; 
formed  by  unanimity  (a  unanimous  vote). 
— Unanimously,  Q-nan'i-mus-li,  adv.  With 
entire  agreement  of  minds. — Unanimity, 
ti-na-nim'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  unan- 
mous. 

Unanswerable,  un-an's6r-a-bl,  o.  Not  to 
be  satisfactorily  answered;  not  j;apable  of 
refutation.— Unanswerableness,un-an's6r- 
a-bl-nes,  n.— Unans^eraUly,  un-an's6r-a- 
bli,  adv.  So  .18  to  be  beyoncl  refutation. 
Unanticipated,  nn-an-tis'i-pa-ted,  o.  Not 
anticipated. 

Unapostolic,  UnapostoUcAl,  un'ap-os-tol"- 
ik,  un'ap-os-tol"i-kal,  a.  Not  apostolic;  not 
agreeable  to  apostolic  usage. 
Unappolled,  un-ap-pald',  a.    Not  appalled 
6t  daunted;  not  impressed  with  fear. 
Unappealable,  un-ap-pel'a-bl,  a.  That  can- 
not be  carried  to  a  higher  court  by  appeal; 
not  to  be  appealed  from. 
Unappeasable,  un-ap-p5z'a-bl,  a.  Not  to  be 
appeased  or  pacified. 

Unapprehensive,  un-ap'pre-hen"siv,  a.  Not 
apprehensive;  not  fearful  or  suspecting; 
not  quick' of  apprehension  or  understan- 
ding. 

Unapprised,  nn-ap-prizd',  a.  Not  apprised; 
not  previously  informed. 
Unapproachable,  un-ap-pro'cha-bl,o.  That 
cannot  be  approached;  inaccessible;  not  to 
be  equalled. 

Unappropriate,  un-ap-pr5'pri-at,  a.    Not 
appropriate ;   inappropriate.  —  Unappro- 
priated, un-ap-pro'pri-a-ted,  a.    Not  ap- 
propriated; not  applied  to  any  specific  ob- 
ject; not  granted  to  any  pefrson,  company,, 
or  corporation  (unappropriated  lands). 
Unapproved,  un-ap-provd',  a.   Not  having 
received  approbation. 
Unapt,  un-apt',  a.  Not  apt;  dull;  not  ready 
to  learn;  unfit;  unsuitable  (Shale.). 
Unarmed,  un-armd',  a.     Not  having  on 
arms  or  armour;  not  .equipped. 
Unarrayed,un-a-rad',  o.   Not  arrayed;  not 
dressed;  not  disposed  in  order. 
Unasked,  un-askt',  a.    Not  asked;  not  in- 
vited; unsolicited;  not  sough't  by  entreaty 
or  care. 

Unaspirated,  un-as'pi-ra-ted,  a.  Having 
no  aspirate ;  pronounced  or  written  without 
an  aspirate. 

Unaspiring,  un-as-pir'ing,  o.  Not  aspiring; 
not  ambitious. 

Unassailable,  un-as-sala-bl,  a^  Incapable 
of  being  assailed;  not  to  be  moved  or  shaken 
from  a  purpose. 

Unassimilated,  un-as-sim'i-la-ted,  a.  Not 
assimilated;  physiol.  not  taken  into  the 
system  by  way  of  digestion. 
Unaununing,  un-as-sum'ing,  a.  Not  assum- 
ing; not  bold  or  forwardf;  not  arrogant; 
modest. 

Unattached,  un-at-tacht',  a.  Not  attached; 
law,  not  taken  on  account  of  debt;  milit. 
not  belonging  to  any  one  company  or  regi- 
ment, or  on  half-pay:  said  of  ofScers. 
Unattainable,  un-at-ta'na-bl,  a.  Not  to  be 
gained  or  obtained. 


Unattempted,  un-at-temp'ted,  o.  Not  at- 
tempted; not  tried;  not  essayed. 
Unattended,  un-at-tend'ed,  a.  Not  accom- 
panied ;  having  no  retinue  or  attendance. 
Unauthentic,  un-a-then'tik,  a.  Not  authen- 
tic; not  geniune  or  true.— Unauthentica- 
ted,  un-a-then'ti-ka-ted,  a.  Not  attested ; 
not  shown  to  be  genuine. 
Unauthorized,  un-a'thor-izd,  a.  Not  war- 
ranted by  proper  authority;  not  duly  com- 
missioned. 

Unavailing,  un-a-valing,  a.  Not  having  the 
effect  desired;  of  no  avail;  ineffectual;  use- 
less; vain. 

Unavenged,  un-a-venjd',  a. '  Not  avenged; 
not  having  obtained  revenge  or  satisfac- 
tion; not  punished;  not  atonid  for. 
Unavoidable,  un-a-voi'da-bl,  a.  Not  avoi- 
dable; not  to  be  shunned;  inevitable. — Un- 
avoidably, un-a-voi'da-bli,  adv.  Inevi- 
tably. 

Unawakened,  un-a-wak'nd,  a.    Not  roused 
from  sleep;  not  roused  from  spiritual  slum- 
ber or  to  a  sense  of  sin. 
Unavirare,  un-a-war',  a.    Not  aware;  not 
knowing-  not  cognizant.  Sometimes  used 
advCTbially  toTHinawares. — Unawares,  un- 
a-warz',  adv.    [An  adverbial  genitive,  like 
betimes,  &c.]    Unexpectedly;  without  pre- 
vious preparation;  inadvertently. — At  un- 
awares, unexpectedly. 
Una  wed,  un-ad',  a.     Not  awed;  not  re- 
strained by  fear;  undaunted. 
Unbalanced,  un-bal'anst,  a.  Not  balanced; 
not  in  equipoise;  not  brought  to  an  equal- 
ity of  debit  and  credit. 
Unbar,  un-bar',  v.t.    To  remove  a  bar  or 
bars  from;  to  unfasten;  to  unlock. 
Unbearable,  un-bar'a-bl,  a.  Not  to  be  borne 
or  endured;  intolerable.- Unbearably,  un- 
bar'a-{)li,  adv.  In  an  unbearable  manner; 
intolerably. 

Unbecoming,  un-b5-kum'ing,  a.  Not  be- 
coming; improper;  indecorous.— Unbecom- 
ingly, un-b6-kum'ing-li,  adv.  Indecor- 
ously. 

Unbefitting,  un-be-fit'ing,  a.  Not  fitting  or 
suitable;  unsuitable;  unbecoming. 
Unbefriended,   un-be-fren'ded,  a.     Not 
supported  by  friends;  having  no  friendly 
aid. 

Uubegot,  Unbegotten,  un-bg-got',  un-be- 
got'n,  a.  Not  begot;  having  never  been 
generated;  having  always  been  self -exis- 
tent. 

Unbelief,  un-be-lef,  n.  Incredulity;  the 
withholding  of  belief;  infidelity;  disbelief 
of  divine  revelation;  disbelief  of  the  truths 
of  the  gospel.— Unbelievable,  un-be-lCva- 
bl,  a.  Such  as  cannot  be  believed;  impos- 
sible to  believe.— Unbeliever,  un-be-l6'ver, 
n.  One  who  does  not  believe;  an  infidel; 
one  who  discredits  revelation,  or  the  mis- 
sion and  doctrines  of .  Christ.  —  Unbelie- 
ving, un-bc-l5'ving,  a.  Incredulous;  in- 
fidel; discrediting  divine  revelation. 
Unbend,  un-bend',  v.i.  To  become  relaxed 
or  not  bent;  to  rid  one's  self  of  constraiijt; 
to  act  with  freedom;  to  give  up  stiffness 
or  austerity  of  manner.- f.t.  To  free  from 
bend  or  flexure;  to  relax;  to  set  at  ease  for 
a  time  (to  unbend  the  mind);  ndut.  to  un- 
fasten from  the  yards  aud  stays,  as  sails. 
—Unbending,  un-ben'ding,  p.  and  a.  Un- 
yielding;resolute;  inflexible.— Unbending- 
ly, un-ben'ding-li,  adv.  Obstinately. 
Unbeneficed,  un-ben'e-fist,  a.  Not  enjoying 
or  Tiaving  a  benefice. 

Unbeseeming,  un-be-sem'ing,  a.  Unbecom- 
ing- not  befitting. 

Unbias,  un-bi'as,  v.t.  To  free  from  bias, 
prejudice,  or  prepossession.— Unbiassed, 
un-bi'ast,  a.  Free  from  bias,  undue  par- 
tiality, or  prejudice;  impartial. 
Unbidden,  un-bid'n,  a.  Not  conlmanded ; 
spontaneous;  uninvited;  not  requested  to 
■  attend. 

Unbind,  un-bind',  v.t.  To  untie;  to  unfasten; 
to  loose;  to  set  free  from  shackles. 
Unbiahop,  un-bish'up,  v.t.  To  divest  of  the 
rank  of  bishop. 

Unbleached,  un-bl5cht',  a.  Not  bleached; 
not  whitened  by  bleaching. ' 
Unblemished,  un-blem'isht,  a.  Not  blem- 
ished;, free  from  turpitude  or  reproach; 
untarnished;  pure;  spotless  (unblemished 
reputation). 
Unblest,  un-blest',  a.    Not  blest;  excluded 


ph,  ctoin}     ch,  Sc.  locA;     g,  yoj     j,^ job;     n,  Fr.  tow;     ng,  rnig;     in,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;     wh,  «i/tig;     zh,  awfe, 


UNBLOWN 


734 


X7NC0NTR0VERTED 


from  benediction;  hence.cursed;  wretched; 
unhappy. 

Unblown,  un-bl5n',  a.  Not  blown; "not  hav- 
ing? the  bud  expanded. 
Unblushing,  un-blush'ing,  a.  Not  blushing; 
destitute  of  shame;  impudent. — UnblusE- 
ingly,  un-blush'ing-li,  adv.  In  an  unblush- 
insr  or  shamejess  manner, 
Unbolt,  un-bolt',  v.t:    To  remove  a  bolt 
from;  to  uuiasten;  to  open. — Unbolted,  un- 
bolt'ed,  p.  and  a.    Freed  from  fastening 
by  bolts;  (in  this  sense  of  different  origin) 
pot  bolted  or  sifted  {unbolted  meal). 
Unborn,  un-bom',a.  Not  yet  bom;  future; 
to  come;  never  bom  or  brought  into  exis- 
tence,  -.i,  ■ 

Unbosom,  nn-bii'zum,  v.t. ''  To  reveal  in 
confidence;  to  disclose,  as  one's  secret 
opinions  or  feelings:  often  used  with  re- 
flexive pronouns  (to  unbosom  himself). 
UnboUght,  un-bat',  o.  Not. bought;  ob- 
tained without  money  or  purchase. 
Unbound,  un-bound',  a.  <Not  bound;  loose; 
not  tied;  not  bound  by  a  bookbinder;  not 
bound  by  obligation  or  covenant;  also, 
pret.  of  unbind.  '  ^ 

Uubonnded,  un-boun'ded,  a.  Having  no 
bound  or  limit;  unlimited  in  extent;  very 
great;  excessiv.e.'— Unboundedly ,un-boun'- 
ded-li,  adv. 

Unbrace,  un-bras',  v.t.  '  To  remove  the 
braces  from ;  to  free  from  tension;  to 
loosen;  to  relax.     • 

Unbridle,  un-bri'dl,  v.t.  To  free  from  the 
bridle;  to  let  loose.  —  Unbridled,  un-bri'- 
dld,  p.  and  a.  Loosed  from  the  bridle; 
hence,  unrestrained ;  unruly;  violent;  li- 
centious. > 

Unbroken,  un-brolin,  a.  '  Not  broken;  not 
violated;  not  subdued;  not  tamed  and 
rendered  tractable;  not  interrupted. 
Unbuckle,  un-buk'l,  v.t.  To  loose  from 
buckles;  to  unfasten  the  buckle  or  buckles 
of. 

Unbuilt,  un-bilt',  a.  Not  yet  built;  not 
erected. 

Unbnried,  un-bertd,  a.  Not  buried;  not 
interred. 

Unbumed,  Unbumt,  un-bfemd',  un-b6rnt', 
a.  "Not  burned;  not  consumed  or  injured 
by  fire;  not  hardened  in  fire,  as  brick.  ; 
Unburthen,  Unburden,  un-oer'THn,  "tn- 
btr'du,  v.t.  To  rid  of  a  load  or  burden;  to 
relieve  the  mind  or  heart  of,  as  by  disclo- 
sing what  lies  heavy  on  it:  with  reflexive 
pronouns; 

unbutton,  un-but'n,  v.t.  To  loose  the  but- 
tons of. 

Uncalled,  un-kald',  a.  Not  called ;  not 
summoned;  not  invited.  —  Uncalled  for, 
not  required;  not  needed  or  demanded; 
improperly  bro\ight  forw'ard.  Also  writ- 
ten Uncalled-for. 

Uncanny,  un-kan'i,  a.  [Scotch  and  occa- 
sional in  English.]  Not  canny;  eerie; 
mysterious;  not  of  this  world;  of  evil  and 
supernatural  character. 
Uncared,  un-kard',  a.  Not  regarded;  not 
heeded:  with  for. 

Uncase,  un-kas',  v.i.  To  disengage  from  a 
case  or  covering. 

Unceasing,  un-ses'ing,  a.  Not  ceasing;  not 
intermitting;  continual.  —  Unceasingly, 
un-ses'ing-b,  adv.  In  an  unceasing  man- 
ner; without  intermission;  continually. 
Unceremonious,  un-s6r'e-mo"ni-us,  a.  Not 
nrintr  ceremony  or  form;  not  ceremonious; 
familiar.— Unc6remonlonsly,un-s6r'e-mo"- 
ni-us-li,  adv.  In  an  unceremonious  man- 
ner; without  ceremony;  infM-mally. 
Uncertain,  un-sf  r'tin.a.  Not  certain;  doubt- 
ful; not  certainly  known;  ambiguous;  not 
having  certain  knowledge;  not  sure;  un- 
reliable; not  to  be  depended  on;  tmde- 
cided;  not  having  the  mind  made  up;  not 
tteady;  fitful;  fickle;  inconstant;  capri- 
cious.—Uncertainly,  un-»6r'tin-U,adi;.  In 
an  uncertain  manner. — Uncertainty,  un- 
sSr'tin-ti,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  ciing 
uncertain;  want  of  certainty;  doubtful- 
ness; state  of  doubting ;  dubiety;  hesita- 
tion; something  not  certainly  and  exactly 
known;  a  contingency.  • 
U&chalu,  un-cb  a.n'.  v.  t.  To  free  from  chains 
or  slavery;  to  let  loose. 
Unchallenged,  un-chal'enjd,  a.  Not  chal- 
lenged or  called  to  account;  not  objected 
to;  not  called  in  question. 


Unchangeable,  un-chan'ja-bl,  a.  Not  ca- 
pable of  change;  immutable;  not  subject 
to  variation.  —  Unchangeableness,  un- 
chan'ja-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  unchangeable.  —  Unchanging,  un- 
chan'jing,  a.  Suffering  no  alteration;  un- 
alterable. 

Uncharitable,  un-char'i-ta-bl,  a.  Not  cha- 
ritable; ready  to  think  evil  or  impute  bad 
motives;  harshj  censorious;  severe  in  judg- 
ing. —  Unchantableness,  un-char'i-ta-bl- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  uncharitable. 
Uncharitably,  un-char'i-ta-bli,  adv.  In  a 
manner  contrary  to  charity. 
Unchaste,  un-chast',  a.  Not  chaste ;  not 
continent;  libidinous;  lewd.— Uachastity, 
un-chas'ti-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  un- 
chaste; incontinence;  lewdness. 
Unchristian,  un-kris'tyan,  a.  Ciontraiy  to 
the  laws  or  opposed  to  the  spirit  of  Chris- 
tianity. 

Uncial,  un'shi-al,  a.  [From  L.  uncia,  an 
inch,  the  letters  being  about  aninch  long. 
Ounce.]  A  term  applied  to  letters  of  a 
large  size  used  in  ancient  Latin  and  Greek 
manuscripts. — n.  An  uncial  letter. 
Unciform,  un'si-form,  a.  [L.  uncus,  a  hook, 
and  forma,  form.]  Hook-like;  having  a 
cui-ved.or  hooked  form.— Uncinate,  un'si- 
nat,  a.  {L.  imcinaius.']  Bot.  hooked  at 
the  end,  as  an  awn. 

Unclrcumcised,  un-s6rT{uin-sizd,  a.  Not 
circumcised.  — 'Uncircumcision,  .un-s6r'- 
kum-si"zhon,  n.  Absence  or  want  of  cir- 
cumcision. 

Uncivil,  un-siv'il,  a.  Not  courteous;  ill- 
mannered;  rude;  coarse. — Uncivilized,  un- 
•  siv'il-izd,  a.  Not  civilized  or  reclaimed 
from  savage  life;  rude;  barbarous;  savage. 
Unclaimed,  un-klamd',  a.  Not  claimed; 
not  demanded;  not  called  for. 
Unclasp,  un-klasp',  v.t.  To  loose  or  undo 
the  clasp  of;  to  open  what  is  clasped. 
Uncle,  ung'kl,  n.  fO.Fr.  uncle  (Fr.  oncle), 
from  L.auwncuZMs.an uncle,  adim.  of  amis, 
a  grandfather.]  The  brother  of  one's  fa- 
ther or  mother;  also  applied  to  the  hus- 
band of  one's  aunt. 

Unclean,  un-klea',a.  Not  clean;  foul;dirty; 
filthy;  morally  impure;  foul  with  sin; 
wicked;  evil;  ceremonially  impure  accor- 
ding to  the  Jewish  law. — Uncleanly,  un- 
klen-li,  a.  Foul ;  filthy ;  dirty;  indecent; 
unchaste;  obscene.  —  Uncleanness,  un- 
klen'nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  unclean. 
Unclerical,  un-klcr'i-kal,  a.  Not  clerical ; 
not  befitting  the  clergy. 
Uncloak,  un-klok',  v.t.  To  deprive  of  the 
•cloak;  to  tear  the  disguise  from;  to  un- 
mask. ■'-  -s 
Unclose,  un-kloz',  v.t.  To  open;  to  disclose; 
to  lay  open.  —  Uncloted,  un-klozd',  n.  and 
a.  Not  closed  or  shut;  open;  opened. 
Unclothe, un-kloin',  v.t.  To  stripof  clothes; 
to  make  naked ;  to  divest  of  covering. — 
Unclothed,  un-kloind',  p.  and  a.  Stripped 
of  clothing;  not  clothed;  wanting  clothes. 
Unclouded,  un-kloud'ed,  a.  Free  from 
clouds;  free  from  gloom;  clear. 
Uncock,  un-kok',  v.t.  To  let  down  the  cock 
of,  as  of  a  gun. 

Uncoil,  un-koir,  v.t.  and  i.    To  unwind  or 
open,  as  the  turns  of  a  rope  or  a  spiral 
spring;  to  open  out  its  coils,  as  a  snake. 
Uncoined,  un-koind',  a.     Not  coined  or 
minted. 

Uncollected,  un-koMek'ted,'a.  Not  col- 
lected; not  received;  not  having  one's 
thoughts  collected. 

Uncolonred,  un-kul'ird,  a.    Net  coloured; 
not  heightened  in  description. 
Uncomely,  un-kumli,  a.  Not  comely;  want- 
ing grace]  unbecoming.  —  Uucomeliness, 
un-k-amli-nes,  n.    Want  of  comeliness. 
Uncomfortable,  un-kum'f6r-ta-bl,  a.     At- 
fording  no  comfort;  causing  biidily  dis- 
comfort; giving  uneasiness;  uneasy;  ill  at 
ease.- UncomfortablenesB,  un-kum'ffir-ta- 
bl-nes,  n.    The  state  of  being  uncomfor- 
table.—Uncomfortably,  un-kum'ftr-ta-bli* 
adv.    In  an  uncomfortable  manner. 
Uncouimisgioned,  un-kom-inish'ond,a.  Not 
commissioned  or  duly  appointed;  not  hav- 
ing a  commission. 

Uncommitted,  un-kom-mit'ed,  a.  Not  com- 
mitted or  done;  not  referred  to  a  com- 
mittee ;  not  pledged  by  anything  said  or 
done. 

: : Lj... 


Uncommon,  un-kom'on,  a.  Not  common; 
infrequent;  rare;  remarkable;  extraordi- 
nary. —  Uncommonly,  uu-kom  bu-U,  adv. 
Rarely;  not  usually;  remarkably. 
Uncommunicable,  un-kom-ma'ni-ka-bl,  a.l 
Not  communicable;  incommunicable. 
Unc6mmunicative,un-kom-mti'ni-ka-tiv,f,. 
Not  apt  to  communicate  to  others;  re- 
served. —  Uacommunicativeness,  un-kom- 
mQ'ni-ka-tiv-nes,  n. 

Uncompanionable,  un-kom-pan'yon-a-bl,«. 
Not  companionable  or  sociable. 
Uncomplaining,  un-kom-pla'ning,  a.    Not 
complaining;  not  disposed  to  murmm'  or 
complain. 

Uncompromising,  un-kom'pro-mi-zing,  a. 
Not  accepting  of  any  compromise;  not 
agreeing  to  terms;  inflexible. 
Unconcern,  un-kon-sfem',  n.  Want  of  con- 
cern; freedom  from  solicitude;  cool  rikI 
undisturbedstateof  mind.— Unconcerned, 
un-kon-s6rnd',  a.  Feelingnoconcern  or  so- 
licitude; easy  in  mind;  having  or  taking 
no  interest;  not  affected.— Unconcernedly, 
un-kon-s6md'li,  adv.  "In  an  unconcerned 
manner;  without  anxiety;  coolly.— Uneon- 
cemedness,  un-kon-semd'nes,  n. 
Unconditional,  un-kon-dish'on-al,  a..  Not 
limited  by  any  conditions;  absolute;  un- 
resen'ed.— Unconditionally  ,un-kon-dish'- 
on-al-li,  adv.  AVithout  terms orconditions. 
— Unconditioned,  un-kon-dish'ord,  a. 
Metaph:  a  word  employed  to  designate 
that  which  has  neither  conditiofls,  rela- 
tions, nor  limitations  either  as  regards 
space  or  time :  used  commonly  in  the 
noun-phrase  the  unconditioned,  that  is,  the 
absolute,  the  infinite. 
Unconfined,  un-kon-find',  a.  Not  confined; 
free  from  restiuint  or  control;  not  having 
narrow  limits;  wide  and  comprehensive. 
Unconfirmed,  un-kon-fermd',  a.  Not  firmly 
established;  not  strengthened  or  estab- 
lished by  additional  testimony;  not  con- 
fii-med  according  to  the  church  ritual. 
Unconformable,  nn-kon-for'ma-bl,  a.  No-, 
consistent;  geol.  applied  to  strata  whose 
planes  do  not  lie  parallel  with  those  of  the 
strata  above  or  below  but  have  a  different 
inclination.—  Unconformability,  un-kon- 
for'ma-bil"i-ti,  n.  —  Unconformably,  un- 
kon-for'ma-bli,  adv.  -^ 

Unconnected,  un-kon-nek'ted,  o.  Not  con- 
nected; separate;  not  coherent;  not  joined 
by  proper  transitions  or  dependence  of 
parts;  loose;  rambling. 
Unconq,uerable,  un-kongTs^r-a-bl,  a.  Not 
conquerable;  not  to  be  overcome  in  con- 
test; incapable  of  being  subdued  or 
brought  under  control;  insuperable.— Urt- 
conquerably,  un-kong'k6r-a-bli,  adv.  In- 
vincibly; insuperably. 
Unconscionable,  un-kon'shon-a-bl,  a.  Not 
conscionable;  exceeding  the  limits  of  any 
reasonable  claim  or  expectation;  inordi- 
nate; unreasonable  (an  unconscionable  de- 
mand or  claim).  —  Unconscionableness, 
un-kon'shon-a-bl-nes,n. — Unconscionably, 
un-koa'shon-a-bli,  adv. 
Unconscious,  un-kon'shus,  a.  Not  con- 
scious; devoid  of  consciousness;  having  no 
mental  perception;  not  knowing;  not  per- 
ceiving. —  Unconsciously,  un-kon'shus-li, 
adv.  In  an  unconscious  manner;  without 
perception.  —  Unconsciousness,  un-kon'- 
shus-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  uncon- 
scious; want  of  perception. 
Unconstitutional,  un-kou'sti-tn"shon-al,  a. 
Not  agreeable  to  the  constitution  of  a 
country;  contrary  to  the  principles  of  the 
constitution.  —  Unconstitutionally,  un- 
kon'sti-tu"6hon-al-li,  adv. 
Unconstrained,  Un-kon-str5nd',  a.  Free 
from  constraint;  voluntary;  having  no 
feeling  that  checks  one's  words  pr  actions. 
— Unconstrainedly,  un  -  kon  -  stra  'ned-  li, 
adv.  AVithout  constraint;  spontaneously. 
—UncoB  strain t,  un-kon-strant',  n.  Free- 
dom from  constraint;  ease; 
Uncontested,  un-kon-iest'ed,  a.  Not  con- 
tested;'not  disputed. 

Uncontrollable,  un-kon-trol'a-bl,  a.  That 
cannot  be  controlled,  ruled,  or  restrained; 
ungovernable.— Uncontrollably,  un-kon- 
trol'a-bli,  adv. 

Uncontro verted,  un-kon'tro-v6r-ted,  a. 
Not  controverted ;  not  disputed  or  called 
in  question. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;     mC,  met,  her;     piac,  pin;     not?,  Bot,  mov;;     'ate,  tuV, 


.»,  V-r.r.i. 


u,  He.  abwne— the  Fr.  v. 


Ui^CONVEHTED 


735 


UNDERLING 


Unconverted,  un-kon-v6r'ted,  a.  Not  con- 
verted; not  turned  from  one  faith  to 
another. 

Unconviiiced,  un-kon-vinst',  a.  Not  con- 
vinced ;  not  persuaded.  —  Unconvincing, 
un-kon-vin'sing,  a.  Not  sufficient  to  con- 
vince. 

Uncord,  un-kord',  v.t.  To  loose  from  cords; 
to  unfasten  the  cord  or  cords  of. 

Uncork,  un-kork',  v.t.  To  draw  the  cork 
from. 

Uncorrected,  un-ko-rek'ted,  a.     Not  cor- 

.  rected;  not  revised;  not  reformed  or  amen- 
ded; not  chastised. 

Uncorrupted,  un-ko-rup'ted,  a.-  Not  cor- 
rupted; not  depraved.     . 

Uncouple,  un-ku'pl,  v.t.  To  loose,  as  dogs 
coupled  together;  to  disjoin. 

Uiicourtlous,un-kor't5-us,a.  Not  courteous; 
uncivil;  unpolite.  —  Uncourteously,  un- 
kOr'te-us-li,  aiv.  Uncivilly;  unpolitely.— 
Uncoartly,  un-kort'li,  a.  Not  courtly;  not 
bland  or  polite  of  manner;  blunt;  uncivil. 

—  Uncourtlinesa,  un-kort'li-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  uncourtly. 

Uncotttl^,  un-koth',  a.  [A.  Sax.  wmAth,  un- 
known—wn,  not,  and  cMh,  pp.  of  cunnan, 
to  know.  Can.]  Strange;  odd  in  appear-  . 
ance ;  awkward ;  ungainly.—  Uncouthly, 
un-kath'li,  adv.  Oddly;  strangely;  awk- 
wardly. —  Uncouthness,  un-kcith'nes,  n. 
Oddness;  strangeness. 

Uncovenanted,  un-kuv'e-nan-ted,  a.  Not 
promised  by  covenant;  not  proceeding 
from  the  covenant  made  betv.'ecn  God 
and  his  people  through  Christ;  a  theologi- 
cal term,  as  in  the  phrase  uncovenanted 
mercies;  that  is,  such  mercies  as  God  may 
be  pleased  to  show  to  those  not  sharing  in 
the  covenant.  * 

Uncover,  un-kuv'6r,  v.t.  To  remove  a  cover  • 
or  covering  from;  to  divest  of  a  cover  or 
covering;  hence,  to  lay  bare;  to  disclose. — 
v.i.  To  bare  the  head;.to  take  off  one's  hat. 
—Uncovered,  un-kuv'erd,  p.  and  o.  De- 
prived of  a  cover;  not  provided  with  a 
cover  or  covering;  bare;  naked. 

Uncreated,  un-kr5-a'ted,  p.  and  d.  Not  yet 
created;  not  produced  by  creation. 

Uncrippled,  un-krip'ld,  a.  Not  crippled  or 
lamed;  not  having  the  powers  of  motion, 
activity,  usefulness,  &c.,  impaired. 

Uncritical,  un-krit'i-kal,  a.  Not  critical; 
wanting  in  critical  powers;  not  according 
to  the  rules  of  criticism. 

Uncropped,  un-kropt',  a.  Not  cropped;  not 
bearing  a  crop. 

Uncrossed,  un-krost',  a.  Not  crossed;  not 
traversed;  not  thwarted. 

Uncrown,  un-kroun',  v.t.  To  deprive  of  a 
crown;  to  dethrone. 

Unction,  ungk'shon,  n.  [L.  unctiOfUnctionis, 
from  ungo,  unctum,  to  anoint  (whence  un- 
guent,  ointment,  anoint);  same  root  as  Skr. 
an/,  to  anoint.]  The  act  of  anointing  or 
rubbing  with  an  unguent,  ointment,  or 
oil;  an  unguent;  a  salve ;  fig.  something 
soothing  or  lenitive;  that  quality  in  lan- 
guage, mode  of  address,  or  manner,  which 
excites  devotion  or  sympathy;  religious 
fervour;  sham  devotional  fervour;  oiliness. 

—  Extreme  unction.  Under  Extreme.— 
Unctaon8,  ungk'tQ-us,  a.  Of  an  oily  or 
greasy  character:  fat  and  clammy;  soapy; 
greasy  or  soapy  to  the  feel  when  rubbed 
or  touched  by  the  fingers,  a  characteristic 
of  steatite  and  other  minerals;  nauseously 
bland,  sympathetic,  devotional,  or  the 
like;  oily;  fawning.— Unctuously,  ungk'- 
ta-us-li,  adv.  In  an  unctuous  manner.— 
Unctuousness,  Unctuoslty,  nngk'ttt-us- 
nes,  ungk-ta-os'i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  unctuous. 

Uncultivated,  un-kul'ti-va-ted,  a.  Not  cul- 
tivated 01'  tilled;  rough  or  rude  in  man- 
ners; not  improved  by  labour,  study,  care, 
or  the  like.- 

Uncurl,  un-k6rl',  v.t.  To  straighten  out, 
as  sometliing  curled. — v.i.  To  fall  from  a 
curled  state,  as  ringlets;  to  become 
straight.  —  Uncurled,  un-kfirld',  a.  Not 
curled. 

Uncut,  un-kut',  a.  Not  cut;  not  cut  open 
at  the  edges,  as  the  leaves  of  a  book. 

Undamaged,  un-dam'ajd,  a.  Not  damaged; 
not  made  worse. 

Unda"ted,  un'da-ted,  a.  fL.  trndatus,  from 
unda,  a  wave.    Undulate.]  .Rising  and 


falling  in  waves  towards  the  oaargin.  as 

a  leaf ;  waved. 

Undated^  un-da'ted,  a.    Not  dated;  having 

no  date. 

Undaunted,  un-dan'ted,  a.    Not  daunted; 

not  depressed  by  fear;  fearless;  intrepid. — 
Undauntedly,  un-dan'ted-li,  adv.  In  an- 
undaunted  manner;' boldly;  intrepidly.— 
Undauntedness,  un-dan'ted-nes,  n.  Bold- 
ness; intrepidity. 

Undecagon,  un-dek'a-gon,  n.  [L.  undecim, 
eleven,  and  Gr.  gOnia,  an  angle.]  A  hen- 
decagon. 

Undecaying,  un-d5-ka'ing,  a.  Not  decaying; 
lasting  for  ever;  undying. 

Undeceive,  un-de-sBv',  v.t.  To  free  from 
deception,  misapprehension,  or  mistake, 
whether  caused  by  others  or  by  ourselves; 
to  open  one's  eyes. 

Undecennial,  un-ds-sen'ni-al,  a.  [L.  urir 
decim,  eleven,  and  annus,  a  year.]  Belong- 
iiif;  to  a  ])eriod  of  eleven  years. 

Undecided,  un-de-si'ded,  a.  Not  decided  or 
determined;  not  settled;  not  having  the 
mind  made  up;  hesitating;  irresolute. 

Undecked;  un-dekt',  a.  Not  having  a  deck 
(an  undecked  vessel). 

Undeclinable,  un-d5-kli'na-bl,  a.  Not  to 
be  declined;  gram,  indeclinable. 

Undecomposable,  un-ds'kom-po"za-bl,  a. 
Not  admitting  of  decomposition;  inde- 
composable. 

Undefended,  un-d5-fen'ded,  a.  Not  de- 
fended; being  without  works  of  defence; 
law,  not  characterized  by  a  defence  being 
put  forward. 

tfndeflnable,  un-de-fi'na-bl,  a.  Not  defin- 
able; indefinable.- Undefined,  un-d6-find', 
a.  Not  defined ;  not  having  its  limits  dis- 
tinctly marked  Or  seen. 

Undemonstrative,  un-de-moa' stra-tiv,  a. 
Not  demonstrative;  not  apt  to  let  the 
feelings  betray  themselves;  reserved;  cold 
in  manner.    ■ 

Undeniable,  un-d6-ni'a-bl,  a.  Incapable  of 
being  denied;  indisputable;  evidently  true. 
—Undeniably,  im-de-ni'a-bli,  adv.  Indis- 
putably. 

Under,  un'd6r,  prep.  [A.  Sax.  under,  under, 
among=Sw.  and  Dan.  under,  Icel.  undir, 
D.  onder,  G.  unter,  Goth,  undar;  cog.  h. 
inter,  Skr.  antar,  in  the  midst,  under.  The 
term,  -ter,  -dar,  -tar  is  the  compar.  suffix, 
and  the  root  portion  is  akin  to  the  pre- 
positions in,  on.}  In  a  lower  place  or  po- 
sition than;  so  as  to  be  overtopped,  over- 
hung, or  covered  by;  beneath;  denoting  * 
state  of  .being  loaded,,  oppressed,  or  ais- 
tressed  by;  subject  to  the  government, 
directioni  instruction,  or  influence  of ;  in 
a  state  of  liability  or  limitation  with  re- 
spect to ;  inferior  to.  in  rank,  social  posi- 
tion, &c.;  inferior  to  or  .less  than  with 
respect  to  number,  quantity,  value,  &c.; 
falling  short  of ;  included  in ;  in  the  same 
category,  division,  class,  &c.,  as;  with  the 
character,  pretext,  or  cover  of;  being  the 
subject  of  (  under  discussion ).  —  Under 
arms,  fully  armed  and  equipped  so  as  to 
be  ready  for  action. — Under  fire,  exposed 
to  the  enemy's  shot;  taking  part  in  a  battle 
orengagement.—  C7nderj7?'otmd,  below  the 
surface  of  the  ground.— Under  on«'s  hand,, 
signature,  seal,  or  the  like,  attested  or  con- 
firmed by  writing  one's  name,  or  by  affix- 
ing a  seal. — Under  sail,  having  the  sails 
unfurled  or  spread  out  to  catch  the  wind ; 
hence,  in  motion.—  Under  the  breath,  with 
a  low  voice ;  in  a  whisper;  very  softly. — 
Under  the  rose,  in  secret. —  UndertvaMr,  be- 
low the  surface  of  the  water.- UViiZer  way, 
naut.  having  just^  weighed  anchor  or  loft; 
moorings  and  .making  progress  through 
the  wAter.—adv.  In  a  lower  or  subordinate 
condition  or  degree  (to  keep  a  person  un- 
der).—To  knock  under.  Knock.  —  Under, 
with  its  adverbial  force,  is  frequently  used 
as  the  first  element  of  a  compound  with 
verbs  and  adjectives,  when  it  denotes  not 
sufficiently  or  imperfectly  (wndej"bred,im- 
de?'done);  or  it  may  have  reference  to  literal 
inferiority  of  place  (to  wndermine,  &c.). — 
a.  Lower  in  position,  rank,  or  degree; 
subject; subordinate  (undfirsherift).  Under, 
in  this  sense,  is  often  used  with  nouns  as 
the  first  element  of  a  compound. 
Underagent,  un-dtr-a'jent,  n.  A  subordi- 
nate agent. 


Underbid,  un-d6r-bid',  v.t.  To  bid  less  than, 

as  in  auctions;  to  offer  to  execute  work  or 

the  like  at  a  lower  price  than. 
Underbrace,  un-d6r-bras',  v.t.    To  bind, 

fasten,  or  tie  together  below. 
Underbred,  un'der-bred,  a.    Of  inferior 

breeding  or  manners;  vulgar. 
Underbrush,  un'dfer-brush,  )t.    Shrubs  and 

small.trees  in  a  wood,  growing  under  large 

trees;  undergrowth. 
Underbuy,  un-dftr-bi',  v.t.     To  buy  at  a 

lower  price  than. 
Undercharge,  un-der-charj',  v.t.  To  charge 

less  than  a  fair  price  for;  to  take  too  low 

a  price  from. — n.  (un'der-chaij).  Too  low  a 

charge  or  price. 
Underclay,  un'dCr-kla,  n.   A  layer  of  clay 

.underlying  another  deposit;  a  layer  of  clay 

underlying  the  tilled  soil;  a  stratum  of 

clay  underlying  a  seam  of  coal. 
Underclifi,  un'der-kiif,  n.    A  terrace  along 

the  sea-shore  at  the  base  of  a  cliff,  formed 

by  materials  falling  from  the  cliff. 
Underclothes,     Underclothing,     un '  d^r- 

kloTHZ,  un'der-kloTH-ing,  n.  Clothes  worn 

under  others  or  next  the  skin. 
Undercoat,  un'dCr-kot,  n.    A  coat  worn 

under  another. 

Undercroft,  un'd6r-kroft,'n. '  [Under,  and 

cro./'^,  a  corruption  of  crypt.\  A  vault  under 
the  chancel  of  a  church. 

Undercurrent,  un'd6r-kur-ent,  n.  A  cur- 
rent below  the  surface  of  the  water ;  fig. 
an  influence  at  work  out  of  sight  oc  not 
readily  apparent. 

Underdo,  un-der-dO',  v.t.  To  do  less  thor- 
oughly than  is  requisite ;  to  cook  insuffi- 
ciently (the  beef  was  underdone).  ' 

Underdrain,  un'dCr-dran,  n.  A  drain  below 
the  surface  of  the  ground.— y.<.  (un-der- 
drfin').  To  drain  by  cutting  a  channel  be- 
lew  the  surface. 

Underdressed,  un-d^r-drest',  a.  Not  well  or 
sufficiently  dressed ;  underdone,  as  meat. 

Underestimate,  un-dcr-es'ti-mat,  v.t.  To 
estimate  at  too  low  a  rate.— w.  An  esti- 
mate at  too  low  a  rate.  ' 

Undergird,  un-d6r-g6rd',  v.t.  To  gird  round 
the  bottom.    [N.T.] 

Undergo,  un-d6r-eo',  v.t.  To  bear  up  against; 
til  endure  with  firmness;  to  suffer;  to  paps 
through;  to  be  subjected  to;  to  experience 
(to  undergo  changes). 

Undergraduate,  un-d6r-grad'Q-at,  n.  A 
student  or  member  of  a  university  or  col- 
lege who  has  not  taken  his  first  degree. 

Underground,  un'dfer-ground,  a.  Being  be- 
low the  surface  of  the  ground. — adv.  Be- 
neath the  surface  of  the  earth. 

Undergrowth,  un'der-groth ,  n.  That  which 
grows  under  something  else;  shrubs  or 
small  trees  growing  among  large  ones. 

Underhand,  un'd6r-hand,  adv.  (The  oppo- 
site of  above-board,  and  borrowed  from  the 
gaming  table.]  By  secret  means;  in  a  clan- 
destine manner  and  often  with  a  bad  de- 
sign.—a.  Working  by  stealth;  clandestine: 
usually  implying  meanness  or  fraud,  or 
both;  sly  and  sinister.  —  Underhanded, 
un'd6r-han-ded,  a.  Kept  secret;  under- 
hand. 

Underhung,  un'dfir-hung,  a.  Projecting 
beyond  the  upper  jaw:  applied  to  the 
under  jaw. 

Under-keeper,  n.  A  subordinate  or  assis- 
tant warder,  gamekeeper,  or  the  like. 

Underlaid,  un-dfer-lad',  p.  and  a.  Having 
something .  lying  or  laid  beneath  (sand 
underlaid  with  clay). 

Underlay,  un-d6r-la',  v.t.  To  lay  beneath ; 
to  put  under;  to  support  by  laying  some- 
thing under. 

Under-lease,  n.    Law,  a  sublease. 

Underlet,  un-d6r-let',  v.t.  To  let  below  the 
value:  to  sublet. 

Underlie,  un-dftr-li',  v.t.—pret.  underlay, 
pp.  underlain,  ppr.  underlying.  To  lie 
beneath;  to  be  situated  under;  to  be  .it 
the  basis  of;  to  form  the  foundation  of;  to 
be  subject  or  liable  to.  —  v.i.  To  lie  be- 
neath. —  Underlying,  un-der-li'ing,  a 
Lying  beneath  or  under;  geol.  applied  to 
rocks  or  strata  lying  below  others. 

Underline,  un'dfer-lin,  v.t.  To  mark  under- 
neath or  below  with  a  line;  to  underscore. 
Underling,  un'd6r-!ing,  n.  [Under,  and 
term,  -ling.]  An  inferior  person  or  .agent; 
a  mean  sorry  fellow. 


ch,  cftain:     eft.  Sc.  locft;     g,  £ro;    j,yob;    ii,  Fr,  ton;    ag,  sijw;    th,  <ften;  th,  tWn;    w,  trig;    wh.wAig;    zh,  a«nre, 


U]SDEP,MASTEB, 


736 


Ul^DOUBTiSD 


Undennaster,  vin'der-mas-t6r,  n.  A  master 
subordinate  to  the  principal  master. 

Undenniiie,  vin-d6r-miii',  v.t.  To  form  a 
mine  under;  to  sap;  to  make  an  excava- 
tion beneath,  especially  for  the  purpose 
of  causing  to  fall,  or  of  blo\rtng  up;  f^. 
to  subvert  clandestinely;  to  injure  by 
secret  or  dishonourable  means. — Under- 
mlner,  uu-d6r-mi'n6r,  n.  One  who  under- 
mines. 

Undermost,  nu'd^r-most,  a.  Lowest  in 
place,  rank,  or  condition. 

Dnderneath,  lia  -  der  -  n5th',  adv.  [  Under, 
and  -neath,  as  in  beneath.  Nether.]  Be- 
neath; in  a  lower  place.— prep.  Under; 
beneath. 

Underpay,  un-d6r-pa',  v.t.  To  pay  insuffi- 
ciently. 

Underpeopled,  un'd6r-p6-pld,  a.  Not  fully 
lieoyled.    .  \ . 

Underpin,  'un-d6r-pin',  v.t.  To  pin  or  sup- 
port underneath;  to  place  something  wa- 
der  for  support  or  foundation  when  a  pre- 
vii-ius  support  is  removed. — Undei-pinning, 
un-d6r-pin'ing,  n.  The  act  of  one  who 
underpins;  the  solid  building  or  other 
supports  introduced  beneath  a  wail,  &c., 
Already  constructed. 

Underplot,  un'dfer-plot,  n.  A  plot  subordi- 
nate to  another  plot,  as  in  a  play  or  a 
novel;  an  underhand  clandestine  scheme. 

Underprop,  un-d6r-prop',  v.t.  To  prop  from 
beneath;  to  uphold. 

Underrate,  un-d6r-rat',«.t.  To  rate  too  low; 
to.  undervalue. 

Underscore,  un-der-skor',  v.t.  To  underline 
or  dray/  a  line  or  lines  under. 

Under-Secretary,  n.  A  secretary  subordi- 
nate to  the  principal  secretary. 

Xrndersell,  uu-dfer-sel',  v.t.  To  sell  cheaper 
th.-,n. 

Uider-servant,  n.  An  inferior  or  subordi- 
nate sei^vant. 

Urder-sheriff,  n.    A  sherifFs  deputy. 

Undershoot,  un'd6r-shet,  v.t.  To  shoot 
short  of ;  to  fail  to  reach  in  aiming  at. — 
Undershot,  un'der-shot,  a.  Moved  by  water 
passing  under,  or  acting  on  the  lowest  part: 
said  of  a  water-wheel,  and  opposed  to  over- 
shot. 

Undershmb,  un'der-shrub,  n.  A  plant  of 
shrubby  habit,  but  scarcely  attaining  the 
dimensions  of  a  shrub. 

Underside,  un'd6r-sid,  n.  The  lower  side  or 
side  beneath. 

Undersign,  un-d6r-sin',  v.t.  To  writeone's 
name  at  the  foot  or  end  of;  to  subscribe. 
— Undersigned,  un-d6r-sind',  p.  and  a. 
Subscribed  at  the  bottom  or  end.— 37ie 
■undersigned,  the  person  or  persons  sign- 
ing any  document  i  the  subscriber  or  sub- 
scribers. 

Undersized,  un'dfer-sizdt  a.  Being  of  a  size 
or  rtature  less  than  common ;  dwarfish. 

t'ndersoll,  un'dtr-soil,  n.  Soil  beneath  the 

jmrface;  subsoil. 

Undersong,  un'd6r-song,  n.  The  bttnien  or 
aoccmpauiment  of  a  song ;  a  subordinate 
'train. 

Understand,  un-d6r-stand',  «.<.— pret.  and 
I'P.  understood,  formerly  sometimes  incor- 
r2c*!y  untterstanded.  [A.  Sax.  nnderstan- 
<!.'(?;,  to  understand,  lit.  to  stand  under— 
I'nder,  and  atandan,  to  stand;  so  O.Fris. 
urulf.rsionda,  Icel.  undirstanda.]  To  appre- 
hend or  comprehend  fully;  to  know  or 
ppprehend  the  meaning  of;  to  perceive  or 
-  discern  by  the  mind;  to  have  just  and 
adequate  ideas  of;  to  comjirehend ;  to  see 
vnrough;  to  be  informed;  to  learn:  gover- 
ning a  clause;  to  suppose  to  mean;  to  inter- 
]  iret  (how  do  you  understand  it  ?);  to  take  as 
meant  or  implied;  to  infer;  to  assume;  to 
HuiVi)ly  or  leave  to  be  supplied  mentally; 
to  reccjnize  as  implied  or  meant  although 
ni^t  expressed.— To  give  to  understand,  ia 
I  lit  understand,  to  make  understand,  to  tell; 
to  inform;  to  let  know.— v.i.  To  have  the 
v,;e  of  the  intellectual  faculties;  to  have 
understanding;  to  be  informed  by  another; 
t:i  learn.  —  Understanding,  un-d6r-stan'- 
'"on".  a.  Knowing;  skilful;  intelligent. — 
:■ .  The  act  of  one  who  understands  or  com- 
;rj'i2nds;  comprehension;  apprehension 
iu;a  appreciation ;  discernment ;  intelli- 
^euca  between  two  or  more  persons ;  any- 
(biitr-  mutuallyunde'rstood  oragree'I  vpou; 
lii.i  iiowerby  which  we  perceive,  (X)ni;eive, 


andapprehend;  thatmental facultywhich 
comprehends  the  just  import,  relations, 
and  value  of  all  notions  and  ideas, 
however  derived;  the  faculty  of  forming 
judgments  on  the  communications  made 
through  the  senses;  in  a  more  popular 
sense,  clear  insight  and  intelligence -in 
practical  matters;  wisdom  and  discern- 
ment. 

Understate,  un-d6r-stat',  v.t.    To  state  or 
represent  less  strongly  than  the  truth  will 
bear;  to  state  too  low. — Understatement, 
un-d6r-stat'ment,  n.— The  act  of  under- 
stating; a  statement  under  the  truth. 
Understock,  uu-der-stok',  v.t.  To  supply  in- 
sufficiently with  stock  (a  farm). 
Understrapper,  un'der-strap-fer,  n.  [Comp. 
strapper,  in  local  sense  of  groom.]  A  petty 
fellow;  an  inferior  agent. 
Understratum,  un'der-stra-tum,  n.  A  sub- 
stratum; subsoil. 

Understroke,  un-der-strok',  v.t.  To  under- 
line; to  Underscore. — n.  (un'dfer-strok).  A 
stroke  or  line  under. 

Undertake,  un-d^r-tak',  v.t.  —  pret.  under- 
took, pp.  undertaken,  ppr.  undertaking.  To 
take  on  one's  self;  to  lay  one's  self  under 
obligations,  to  perform  or  execute ;  to 
pledge  one's  self  to  do:  often  with  infini- 
tives ;  to  engage  in ;  to  take  in  hand ;  to 
set  about ;  to  attempt ;  to  warrant ;  to  an- 
swer for ;  to  guarantee :  often  governing  a 
clause  (undertook  that  he  would  go). — Un- 
dertaker, un-d6r-ta'k6r,  n.  One  who  under- 
takes any  business;  one  who  manages  and 
provides  things  necessary  for  funerals. — 
Undertaking,  un-der-ta'king,  n.  That 
■which  a  person  tfndertakes;  an  enter- 
prise; a  promise;  an  engagement;  a  guar- 
antee; the  business  of  an  undertaker. 
Undertenant,  un'dfer-ten-ant,  n.  The  ten- 
ant of  a  tenant;  one  who  holds  lands  or 
tenements  of  a  tenant. 
Undertone,  un'dfir-ton,.  n.  A  low  or  sub- 
dued tone ;  a  tone  lower  than  is  usual,  as 
in  speaking. 

Under-tow,  n.  A  current  of  water  below 
■  the  surface  in  a  different  direction  from 
that  at  the  surface ;  the  backward  flow  of 
a  w.ave  breaking  on  a  beach. 
Undervalue,  un-der-val'u,  v.t.  To  value  or 
estimate  below  the  real  worth;  to  esteem 
lightly ;  to  despise ;  to  hold  in  mean  esti- 
mation. —  Undervaluation,  un-d^r-val'u- 
a"shon,  n.  'JJhe  act  of  undervaluing. — 
Undervalner,  un-dOf-val'u-er,  n.  One  who 
undervalues. 

UnderweAr.  un'd6r-war,  n.  A.wearing  un- 
der the  outer  clothing. 
Underwent,  un-der-went',  pret.  of  undergo. 
Underwood,  un'46r-wud,  n.  Small  trees 
and  bushes  that  grow  among  large  trees ; 
coppice;  underbrush. 

Underwork,  un'dfer-wferk,  v.t.  To  work 
against  or  destroy  by  clandestine  mea- 
sures; to  do  like  work  at  a  less  price  than. 
Underworld,  ur'dfer-w6rld,  n.  The  lower 
world;  the  sublunary  v/orld;  the  antipodes; 
the  place  of  departed  souls;  Hades. 
Underwrite,  un-d6r-rit',  v.t.  To  write  be- 
low or  under ;  to  subscribe;  to  subscribe 
or  set  one's,  name  to  a  policy  of  insurance 
along  with  others,  for  the  purpose  of  be- 
coming answerable  for  loss  or  damage  to  a 
certain  amount.— Underwriter,  un'der-rit- 
6r,  n.  A  marine  insurer;  a  person  who 
practises  the  business  of  insuring  ships,  so 
called  because  he  writes  his  name  at  the 
foot  of  the  policy  of  insurance,  generally 
along  with  others.  The  London  under- 
writers form  an  influential  society  known 
as  jLZoj/d'a.— Underwriting,  un'd.<ir-rit-ing; 
n.  The  business  of  an  un<lerwriter. 
Undescribable,  un-de-skri'ba-bl,  a.  Inca- 
pable of  being  described;  indescribable. 
Undeserved,  un-de-zer»'d',  a.  Not  deserved; 
not  merited. -jUndeservedly,  un-de-z6r'- 
ved-U,  adv.  Not  according  to  merit  or  de- 
sert.—Undeserving,  un-d5-z6r'ving,  a.  Not 
desen'ing;  not  having  merit. 
Undesigned,  un-dg-sind'  or  un-dP-zind',  a. 
Not  intended ;  unintentional.— Undesign- 
edly, un-de-si'ned-li  or  un-d6-zi'ned-li,  adv. 
Without  design  or  intention.— Undeslgn- 
ing,  un-di^si'ning  or  un-d5-zi'ning,  a.  Not 
havin;?  any  underhand  design. 
Undesirable,  un-de-zi'ra-bl,  a.  Not  desir- 
able; not  to  be  wished. 


Undetermined,  un-da-tfer'mind,  a.  Not  de- 
termined; not  decided,  fixed,  or  settled. 

Undeviating,  uu-de ' \-i-a-tiufe-,  a.  Not  de^ 
parting  from  a  rule,  principle,  or  pur- 
pose; steady;  regular. 

Undid,  un-dii-'i',  jivet.  of  u-iid^. 

Undigested,  un-di-jes'ted,  a.  Not  digested; 
not  acted  on  or  prepared  by  the  stomach; 
not  properly  prepared  or  ananged;  crude. 

Undignified,  un-dig'ai-fid,a.  Not  dignified; 
not  consistent  with  dignity. 

Undiluted,  un-di-liVted,  a.  Not  diluted  or 
mixed  with  water;  not  tempered  with  any 
admixture. 

Undine,  un'din,  n.  [From  L.  unda,  a  wave.] 
A  water-spirit  of  the  female  sex,  resem- 
bling in  character  the  sylphs  or  spirits  of 
the  air,  and  corresponding  somewhat  to 
the  naiads  of  classical  mythologyi 

Undiscemible,  un-dizzer'ni-bl,  a.  That 
cannot  be  discerned  or  discovered;  in- 
visible.—Undiscerning,  un-diz-zei'niug,  a. 
Not  discerning;  wanting  judgment  or  ais- 
crimination. 

Undischarged,  un-dis-chaijd',  a.  Not  dis- 
charged; not  freed  from  obligation.  . 

Undisciplined,  un-dis'si-plind,  a.  Not  dis- 
ciplined; not  properly  trained;  raw. 

Undiscoverable,  un-dis-Jcuv'er-a-bl,  a.  That 
cannot  be  discovered  or  found  out. — Un- 
discovered, un-dis-kuv'trd,  a.  Not  dis- 
covered; not  laid  open  to  view;  lying  hid. 

Undiscriminating,  un-dis-krim'i-na-ting,  a. 
Not  discriminating  or  distinguishing;  dis- 
regarding or  not  perceiving  differences. 

Undisguised,  un-dis-gizd',  a.  Notdi.sguised; 
not  covered  with  a  mask;  hence,  open;  can- 
did; artless. 

Undishonoured,  un-dis-on'6rd,  a.  Not  dis- 
honoured; not  disgraced^ 

Undismayed,  un-dis-mad',  a.  Not  dis- 
mayed; not  disheartened  by  fear;  un- 
dax'nted. 

Undisposed,  un-dis-pozd',  a.  Not  set  apart; 
not  allocated;  not  appropriated :  with  oj 
(goods  undisposed  of). 

Undisputed,  un-dis-pu'ted,a.  Not  disputed; 
not  called  in  question. 

Undissolvable,  uu-diz-zol'va-bl,  a.  Inca- 
pable of  being  dissolved  or  melted;  inca- 
pable of  being  loosened  or  broken.— Un- 
dissolved, un-diz-zolvd',  a.  Not  dissolved; 
not  melted;  not  loosened,  broken,  &c. 

Undistlnguishable,  un-dis-ting'gwish-a-bl, 
«.  Incapable  of  being  distinguished  by 
the  ej'e;  not.  to  be  distinctly  seen;  not  to 
be  known  or  distinguished  by  the  intellect 
by  any  peculiar  property.— Undistinguish- 
ably,  un-dis-ting'gwish-a-bli.  adv.  So  as 
not  to  be  distinguished.— Undistinguished, 
un-dis-ting'gwisht,  o.  Not  having  any 
distinguishing  mark;  not  treated  with 
any  particular  respect;  not  famous;  ni't 
distinguished  by  any  particular  eminence. 

Undisturbed,  un-dis-ttrbd',  a.  Free  fruni 
interruption;  not  molested  or  hindend; 
calm;  tranquil;  not  agitated. — Undistur- 
bedly,"im-dis-ter'bed-li,  adv.  Calmly; 
peacefully. 

Undiversified,  un-di-v^r'si-fid,  a.  Not  diver- 
sified or  varied;  uniform. 

Undiverted,  un-di-ver'ted,a.  Not  diverted; 
not  tuitied  aside;  not' amused. 

Undivided,  un-di-vi'ded;  a.  Not  divided ; 
unbroken;  whole  (one's  undivided  atten- 
tion). 

Undo,  uu-d6',  v.t.— pret.  undid;  pp.  undone. 
[ With. «»- in  sense  of  reversal.  Un-.]  To 
revereejas  something  which  has  been  done; 
to  annul;  to  untie  or  unfasten;  to  unravel; 
to  open  out;  to  bring  ruin  or  distress  upon; 
to  ruin  the  morals,  reputation,  or  pros- 
pects of;  to  destroy;,  to  impoverish.- Un- 
doer,  un-dO'6r,  n.  One  who  undoes;  one 
who  reverses  what  has.  been  done;  one  who 
ruins.  —  Undoing,  un-do'ing,  n.  The  re- 
versal of  what  has  been  done;  ruin;  de- 
struction.—Undone,  un-dun',  ra.  Untied 
or  unfastened;  reversed;  ruined. 

Undo,  un'do,  y.«.  (With  «n-,  not.]  To  leave 
unperformed.— Undone, un'dun.pp.  Not 
done  or  performed. 

Undoubted,  un-dou'ted,  a.  Not  doubted; 
not  called  in  question;  indubitable;  indis- 
putable. —  Undoubtedly,   un-dou'ted-li, 

adv.  Without  question;  indubitably  — 
Undoubi-ing,  mi-dou'ting,  a.    Not  douTjt- 

ing;  not  hesitating  respecting  facts ;  not 


i'ate,  fiir,  fat,  faU;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  miJve;     tube,  tub,  b^;     oU,  pound;     ti,  Sc.  abuue— tli>j  Fr.  k. 


UNDK-AW 


7S7 


UKFIT 


fluctuating  in  uncertainty.— tXncloubtlng- 
ly,  uu-dou'ting-li,  adv.  "Without  doubting. 
Undraw,  iln-dra',  v.t.  To  draw  aside  or 
ol>en.:  -tJndrawn,  un-df  an',  p.  and  a.  Not 
drawn;  not  pulled;  not  portrayed;  drawn 

TTndre'amed,  Undreamt,  un-dremd',  un- 
dremt',  a.  Not  drpamed;  not  thought  of; 
not  imagined:  often  followed  by  of.- 

Undress,  un-di-es',  v.t.  To  divest  of  clothes; 
to  strip;  to  disrooe;  to  take  the  dressing  or 
bandages  from. — v.i.  To  take  off  one's  dress 
or  clothes.— w.  (un'dres).  A  loose  negligent 
dress;  also,  ordinary  dress,  as  opposed  to 
full  dress  or  uniform.— Undressed,  un- 
drest',  p.  and  a.  Divested  of  dress ;  not 
attired;  not  prepared;  in  a  raw  state. 

UndrinUahle,  un-dring'ka-bl,  a.  Not  drink- 
able; ntot  fit  for  drinking. 

Undue,  un-du',  a.  Not  due;  not  yet  de- 
mandablo  by  right  (a  debt,  money);  not 
right;  not  lawful;  improper;  unworthy; 
erring  by  excess;  excessive;  inordinate  (an 
und'ua  attachmer^t  to  forms).  —  Unduly, 
un-da'li,  adr.  Improperly;  unlawfully; 
unwarrantably;  inordinately. 

Ucdolate,  un'du-lat,  v.i. — undulated,  uiidu- 
lating.  [L.li.  undulo,  undvlatum,  from  L. 
undvla,  a  little  wave,  dim.  of  unda,  a  wave 
(seen  also  in  inundaU,  abundant,  abound, 
redundant,  &c. );  from  a  root  seen  also  in  E. 
water.'\  To  have  a  wavy  motion;  to  rise 
nnd  ifall  in  waves;  to  move  in  curving  or 
bending  lines;  to  wave.— w.<.  To  cause  to 
wave,  or  move  with  a  wavy  motion. — Un- 
duIate.Undulated,  un'dQ-lat,  un'da-la-ted, 
a.  '  Wavy;  having  a  waved  surface.— Un- 
d'llatlng,  un'dft-la-ting,  p.  and  a.  Wav- 
iiig;  rising  and  falling  like  waves;  in  form 
resembling  a  series  of  waves;  wavy. — Un- 
dulatingly,  un'da-la-ting-li,  adv.  Jn  an 
undulating  manner. — Undulation,  un-du- 
la'shon,  n.  The  act  of  undulating:  a  wav- 
ing motion ;  a  wavy  form ;  physics,  a  vi- 
bratory motion  transmitted  through  some 
fluid  medium  by  impulses  communicated 
to  the  medium;  any  one  vibration  of  such 
fluid. — Undulatory,  un'du-la-to-ri,  a.  Hav- 
ing an  undulating  character;  moving,  in 
the  manner  of  waves;  pertaining  to  such  a 
motioti.  —  Undulatory  theory,  the;  theory 
which  regards  light  as  the"  effect. on  the 
eye  of  vibrations  propagated  from  a  lumi- 
nous source  by  undulations  in  the  subtle 
medium  (ether)  presumed  to  pervade  aJl 
space. 

Unduly.    Under  Unduk. 

Undutiful,  un-da'ti-ful,  a.  Not  dutiful; 
not  performing  or  not  in  accordance  with 
duty;  disobedient;  rebellious;  irreverent. 
— UndutifuUy,  un-dfi'ti-ful-li,  adv.  In  an 
nndutiful  manner.  —  Undutifulness,  un- 
dQ'ti-f  ul-nes,  n. 

Undying,  un-di'ing,  a.  Not  dying;  not  sub- 
ject to  death;  immortal. 

Unearned,  un-6md',  o.  Not  merited  by 
labour  or  services." 

Unearth,  un-6rth',  v.t.  To  drive  or  bring 
forth  from  an  earth  or  burrow;  to  bring  to 
light;  to  discover  or  find  out.— Unearthly, 
un-(5rth'li,  a.  Not  earthly;  not  terrestrial; 
supernatural;  weird. 

Uneasy,  \in-e'zi,  a.  Peeliiig  some  degree  of 
pain  either  mental  or  physical;  unquiet; 
troubled;  anxious;  constrained;  cramped; 
stiff;  awkward;  causing  constraint,  discom- 
fort, or  want  of  ease;  irksome. — Uneasily, 
un-8'zi-li,  adv.  In  an  uneasy  manner.— Un- 
easiness, un-e'zi-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being 
uneasy;  want  of  ease  or  comfort,  phyaicail 
or  mental. 

Uneatable,  un-e'ta-bl,  a.  Not  eatable;  not 
tit  to  be  eaten. 

Uneclipsed,  un-5-klipst',  a.  Not  eclipsed; 
not  dimmed -or  lessened  in  brightfiess  or 
splendour. 

Unedi&ed,  un-ed'i-fid,  a.  Not  edified.— Un- 
edifying,  uft-ed'i-fi-ing,  a.  Not  edifying; 
not  improving  to  the  mind. 

Uneducated,  un-ed'tt-ka-ted,  a.  Not  edu- 
cated; illiterate. 

Unembarrassed,  un-em-bar'ast,  a.  Not  em- 
barrassed; not  perplexed  or  put  to  some 
confusion  of  feeling;  free  from  pecuniary 
diiiiculties. 

Uuv^mbelUshed,  un-em-bel'isht,  a.  Not 
embellished. 

Unembodied,  un-em-bod'id,  a.    Free  from 


a  corporeal  body;  disembodied;  not  em- 
bodied; not  collected  into  a  body  (unem- 
bodied  militia). 

Unemotional,  un-5-m5'3h6n-al,  a.  Not  emo- 
tional; free  from  emotion  or  feeling;  im- 
passive. 

Unemphatlc,  Unemphatical,  un-em-f  at'ik, 
un-em-fat'i-Kal,  a.  Not  emphatic;  having 
no  emphasis  or  stress  of  voice. — Unem- 
pbatically,  un-em-fat'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  an 
unemphatic  manner;  with  no  emphasis. 

Unemployed,  un-em-ploid',  a.  Not  em- 
ployed; having  no  work  or  occupation; 
at  leisure;  not  being  in  use.— The  unem- 
ployed, work-peor)e  who  are  out  of  work. 

Unending,  un-en'dioig.a.  Not  ending;  hav- 
ing no  end;  perpetual;  eternal. 

Unendowed,  un-en-doud',  a.  Not  endowed; 
not  furnished;  having  no  endowment  or 
settled  fund. 

Unendurable,  un-en-da'ra-bl,  a.  Not  to  be 
endured;  intolerable. 

Unenfranohished,  un-en-fran'chizd,  a.  Not 
having  the  franchise  or  right  to  -vote 
for  a  member  of  parliament. 

Unengaged,  un-en-gajd',  a.  Not  engaged; 
free  from  obligation  to  any  person;  free 
from  attachment  that  "binds;  disengaged; 
unoccupied;  not  busy. 

UnengliBb,  un-ing'glish,  a.  Not  English; 
not  characteristic  or  worthy  of  English- 
men; opposed  in  character  or  feeling  to 
what  is  English. 

Unenjoyed,  un-ea-j6id',  a.-  Not  enjoyed; 
not  experienced  with  pleasure;  not  ob- 
tained; not  possessed. 

Unenlightened,  •un-en-li'tend,  a.  Not  en- 
lightened; not  mentally  or  moiully  iilu- 

■  minated. 

Unenlivened,  un-en-li'vend,  o.  •  Not  en- 
livened; not  rendered  gay,  cheerful,  or 
animated. 

Unenterprising,  unTen't6r-pri-zing,  a.  Not 
enterprising;  not  adventurous. 

Unentertaimng,  un-en'ter-ta-ning,  a.  Not 
entertaining  or  amusing. 

Unenviable,  un-en'vi-a-bl,  a.  Not  enviabjev 
not  to  be  envied  or  viewed  with  envy  (an 
unenviable  notoriety).— Unenvled,  un-en'- 
vid,  a.    Not  envied;  exempt  from  envy. 

Unequable,  un-e'kwa-bl,  a.  Not  equable ; 
not  uniform;  changeful;  fitful. 

Unequal,  un-5'kwal,  a.  Not  equal;  not  of 
the  same,  size,  length,  breadth,  quantity,, 
quality,  strength,  talents,  age,  station;  in- 
adequate; insuftcient;  not  equable  or 
uniform.— Unequalled,  un-&'kwald,  a.  Not 

-to  be  equalled;  unparalleled;  unrivalled. 
— Unequally,  un-e'kwal-U,  adv.  In  an  un- 
equal manner  or  degree. 

Unequivocal,  un-6-kwiv'5-kal,  a.  Not 
equivocal;  not  doubtful;  clear;  evident; 
not  ambiguous.  —  Unequivocally,  un-e- 
kwiv'o-kal-li,  adv.  In  an  unequivocal 
manner. 

Unerring,  un-er'ing,  a.  Committing  no 
mistake;  Incapable  of  eiTor;  incapable  of 
missing  the  mark;  certain.  —  Unerringly, 
un-er'ing-li,  adv.  In  an  unerring  manner. 

UneBgential,,un-es-8en'shal,  a.  Not  essen- 
tial; not  constituting  the  real  essence;  not 
absolutely  necessary;  not  of  prime  impor- 
tance.— n.  Something  not  essential  or  of 
absolute  necessity. 

Uneven,  un-5'vn,  «,  Not  level,  smooth,  or 
plain;  rough;  not  straight;  crooked;  not 
uniform  or  equable;,  changeable;  not  fair, 
just,  or  true;  arith.  odd;  not  divisible  by 
2  without  £C  remainder.  —  Unevenly,  un- 
e'vn-li,  adv.  In  an  uneven  manner.^Un- 
evenness,  un-e'vn-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  uneven;  inecjuality  of 
surface;  want  of  uniformity;  variableness. 

Unexamined,  un-eg-zam'ind,  a.  Not  in- 
terrogated judicially ;  not  submitted  to 
inquiry,  investigation,  discussion,  or  the 
like. 

Unexceptionable,  un-ek-sep'6hon-a-bl,  a. 
Not  liable  to  any  exception  or  objection; 
unobjectionable;  faultless;  excellent;  ad- 
mirable. —  Unexceptlonably,  un-ek-sep'- 
shon-a-bli,  adv.  In  an  unexceptionable 
manner;  perfectly;  admirably. 

Unexecuted,  un-ek'se-ka-ted,  a.  Not  exe- 
cuted; not  performed;  not  having  the 
proper  attestations  or  forms  that  give 
validity. 

Unezhaoated,  un-egz-h£^s'ted,  a.    Not  ex- 


hausted ;  not  spent  or  used  up;  not  worn 
out  with  fatigue. 

Unexpected,  un-eks-pek'ted,  a.  Not  ex- 
pected; not  looked  for;  unforeseen;  sudden. 
—  Unexpectedly,  un-eks-pek'ted-li,  ado. 
At  a  time  or  in  a  manner  not  expected  or 
looked  for;  suddenly. 

Unexpired,-  un-eks-pird',  a.     Not  having 

.come  to  an  end  or  termination;  not  hav- 
ing reached  the  date  at  which  it  is  due  (an 
wi€xpi)'eii  promissory  note  or  bill). 

Unexplored,  un-eks-plord',  a.  Not  explored; 
not  examined  by  any  traveller. 

Ujiexposed,  un-eks-pozd',  a.  Not  exposed; 
not  laid  out  or  open  to  view;  sheltered. 

Unfading,  un-fa'ding,«.  Not  liable  to  fade; 
not  losii^g  strength  or  Ercshuess  of  colour- 
ing; not  liable  to  wither  or  to  decay. 

Unfailing,  un-fa'ling,  a.  Not  liable  to  fail; 
ever  fulfilling  a  hope,  promise,  or  want ; 
sure;  certain. 

Unfair,  un-f ar',  a.  Not  fair ;  not  honcat ; 
not  impartial;  disingenuous;  using  trick 
or  artifice;  proceeding  from  trick  or  dis- 
honesty.— "unfairly,  un-far'li,  adv.  In  !,u 
unfair  or  unjust  manner.  —  U^ifairae  js, 
un-far'nes,  n.  The  character  of  being  vui- 
fair;  injustice;  bias. 

Unfaithful,  un-fathful,  a.  Not  observant 
of  promises,  vows,  allegisnce,  or  duty; 
faitjiless;  violating  trust  or  confiden/je; 
violating  the  wedding  vow.  —  Unfaith- 
fully, un-fath'ful-li, adv.  In anunfaithful 
manner.— Unfaithfulness,  un-fath'ful-aes, 
n.    The  quality  of  being  unfaithful.' 

Unfamiliar,  un-fa-mil'yCr,  a.  Not  familiir; 
not  well  known  by  frequent  use ;  having 
an  element  of  strangeness.  —  Unfamilia- 
rity,  un-fa-mil'i-ar"i-ti,  n.  The  state  of 
being  unfamiliar. 

Unfashionable,  un-fash'on-a-bl  «.  Not  ac- 
cording to  the  prevailing  fashion  or  mode; 
not  complying  in  dress  or  manners  with 
the  reigning  custom. 

Unfasten,  un-f as'n,  v.t.  To  loose;  to  unbind; 
to  untie. 

Unfathered,  un-fa'?H6rd,  a.  "Having  no 
father;  fatherless;  having  po  acknow- 

.  ledged  father.— Uwatherly,  un-fa'TH6r-li, 
a.    Not  becoming  a  father;  unkind. 

Unfathomable,  un-faiH'um-a-bl,  a.  Inca- 
pable of  being  fathomed  or  sounded ;  too 
deep  to  be  measured. 

Unfavourable,  un-fa'v6r-a-bl,  a.  Not  fa- 
vourable; not  i)roi)itious;  discouraging; 
giving  an  adverse  judgment  or  opinion; 
somewhat  prejudicial.  —  Unfavourably, 
un-fa'v6r-a-bli,  adv.  In  an  unfavourable 
manner;  adversely;  with  some  censure. 

Unfeeling,  un-fe'ling,  a.  Beyoid  of  feeUug: 
insensible;  without  sensibility;  devoid  of 
sympathy  with  others;  hard-hearted. — 
Unfeelingly,  un-f5ling-u,-ady.  In  an  un- 
feeling or  cruel  manner. 

Unfeigned,  un-f  and',  a.    Not  feigned ;  not 

■  counterfeit :  not  hypocritica"! ;  real ;  sin- 
cere.—Unfeignedly,  un-fa'ned-li,  adv.    In 

'  an  unfeigned  manner. 

Unfelt,  un-f  elf,  o.  Not  felt;  not  perceived. 

Unfeminine,un-fem'in-in,  a.  Not  feminine; 
not.  according  to  the  female  character  or 
manners. 

Unfenced,  un-f enst',  a.    Having  no  fence. 

Unfermented,  un-f6r-men'ted,  a.  Not  fer- 
mented; not  having  undergone  fermenta- 
tion, as  liquor;  not  leavened  or  made  with 
yeast,  as  bread. 

Uiifetter,  un-fet'6r,  v.t.  To  loose  from  fet- 
ters; to  unchain;  to  unshackle;  to  free 
from  restraint;  to  set  at  liberty.  —  Unfet- 
tered, un-fet'erd,  a.  Unshackied;  f^es 
from  restraint ;  unrestrained. 

UnflUal,  un-fil'i-al,  a.  Unsuitable  to  a  son 
or  daughter;  not  becoming  a  child. 

Unflnished  un-fin'i8ht,a.  Not  finished;  not 
complete;  imperfect;  wanting  the  last 
hand  or  touch.  " , 

Unfit,  un-flt',  a.  Not  fit;  improper;  unsuit- 
able;unbecoming:  said  of  things;  wanting 
suitable  qualifications,  physical  or  moral; 
not  suited  or  adapted;  not  competent :  of 
persons.  —  ti.t.  To  render  unfit;  to  maks 
imsuif able ;  to  deprive  of  the  strength, 
skill,  or  proper  qualities  for  anything.— 
Unfitly,  un-fit'U,  adv.  In  an  unfit  man- 
ner; not  properly;  unsuitably.— Unfitness, 
un-fit'nea,  n.  The  quality  of  beir'/  vnfit. 
— Unfitted,  un-fit'ed,  p.  and  a.    Renai.--:.-.' 


cii,  tAaia;     ck,&c.loch;     e,go;     j,iob;     n,  Fr.  to»;     ng,  si»jr;     eji,iAen;th,tWn;     w.wig; 


wb,  wAig; 
4T 


s^,  a^me. 


DITFIX 


738 


WNTCEDGED 


or  being  tmfit;  unsuitable.— Unfitting,  im- 
flt'ing,  o.    Improper;  unbecoming. 

Unfix,  un-fiks',  v.t.  To  make  no  longer 
fixed  or  firm;  to  loosen  from  any  fastening; 
todetach;  to  unsettle. — Unfixed,  un-fikst', 
p.  and  a.  Not  fixed;  loosened;  erratic;  in- 
constant; irresolute;  undetermined. — Un- 
fixedness,  un-fik'sed-nes,  n.  The  state  of 
being  unfixed  or  unsettled. 

Unflagging,  un-flag'ing,  a.  Kot  flagging ; 
not  drooping;  maintaining  strength  or 
spirit. 

Unfiatterins,  un-Aat'6r-ing,  a.  Not  flatter- 
ing; not  OMOoring  the  truth  to  please;  not 
attording  a  favourable  prospect. 

Unfled^sd,  nn-flejd',  o.  Not  yet  furnished 
with  feathers;  not  having  attained  to  full 
growth  or  experience. 

Unflinching,  un-flinsh'ing,  a.  Not  flinch- 
ing; 'not  shrinldng. 

Unfold,  un-f51d',  v.L  To  open  the  folds  of; 
to  expand;  to  spread  out;  to  lay  open  to 
view  or  contemplation;  to  disclose;  to  re- 
veal.—v.i.  To  become  gradually  expanded; 
to  open  out;  to  become  disclosed  or  de- 
veloped; to  develop  itself. 

Unforbidden,  Unforbid,  un-for-bid'n,  un- 
for-bid',  a.  Not  forbidden;  not  prohibited; 
allowed;  permitted. 

Unforceo,  un-forst',  a.  Not  forced  or  com- 
pelledj  not  constrained;  not  feigned;  not 
artificially  assumed  or  heightened;  not 
strained;  easy;  natural. 

Unforeseen,  uu-for-sen',  a.  Not  foreseen; 
not  forekiiown.  —  The  taiforeseen,  that 
which  is  not  foreseen  or  expected. 

Unforgiveable,  un-f or-giv '  a-bl,  o.  Inca- 
pable of  being  forgiveu;  unpardonable. — 
Unforgiven,  un-for-giv'n,  a.  Not  forgiven; 
not  pardoned.  —  Unforgiving,  un-for-eiv'- 
ing,  a.  Not  forgiving;  not  disposed  to 
overlook  or  pardon  offences*,  implacable. 

Unforgotten,  Unforgot,  un-for-got'n,  nn- 
for-got',  a.  Not  forgot;  not  lost  to  mem- 
ory; not  overlooked;  not  neglected. 

Uaiormed,  un-formd',  p.  anda.  Not  hav- 
ing been  formed;  not  fashioned;  not 
moulded  into  regular  shape. 

Unfortified,  un-for'ti-fid,  a.  Not  fortified; 
not  having  fortifications;  not  strengthened 
by  means  of  adventitious  spirit,  as  wine. 

Unfortunate,  un-for'tu-nst,  a.  Not  suc- 
cessful; not  prosperous;  unlucky;  unhap- 
py.— 71.  One  who  is  unfortunate;  a  woman 
who  has  lapsed  from  virtue;  a.  prostitute. 
—Unfortunately,  un-for'to-nftt-li,  ad».  In 
an  unfortunate  manner;  by  ill  fortune; 
unhappily. 

Unfounded,  un-f oun'ded,  a.  Having  no  real 
foundation;  groundless;  idle;  baseless. 

Unfranchised,  un-fran'chizd,  a.  Not  fran- 
chised;  disfranchised. 

Unfree,  un-fr6',  a.    Not  free;  in  bondage. 

Unfrequent,  un  -  fre '  kwent,  a.  Not  fre- 
quent; infrequent.— Unfrequented,  im-fre- 
kwen'ted,  a.  Rarely  visited;  seldom  re- 
sorted to  by  human  beings;  solitaiy. 

Unfriended,  im-fren'ded,  a.  Wanting 
friends;  not  covmtenanced  or  suppoited. — 
Unfriendliness,  un-f  rend '  li-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  unfriendly:  want  of  kind- 
ness; disfavour.— Unfriendfy,  un-frend'U, 
a.  Not  friendly;  not  kind  or  benevolent; 
act  favourable.— iidw.  In  an  unkind  man- 
ner; not  as  a  friend. 

Unfrock,  un-frok',  v.t.  To  deprive  or  divest 
of  a  frock;  hence,  to  deprive  of  the  charac- 
ter and  .privileges  of  a  priest  or  clergyman. 

■Unfruitful,  un-frdt'ful,  a.  Not  producing 
fruit  or  offspring ;  barren ;  unproductive ; 
not  fertile  (an  unfruiifiil  soil);  not  pro- 
ductive of  good  (an  unfruUfvl  life);  fruit- 
Ie=s;  ineffectual.— Unfrultfiuness,  un-frOt'- 
f iil-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  unfruitful. 

Unfulfilled,  un-ful-fild',  a.  Not  fulfilled; 
not  accomplished. 

Unfunded,  un-fun'ded,  a.  Not  funded;  hav- 
ing no  permanent  fund  established  for 
the  pa.vment  of  its  interest:  said  of  govern- 
ment debt  when  it  exists  in  the  form  of 
exchequer  bills  or  the  like. 

Unfurl,  un-fdrl',  v.t.  To  loose  from  a  furled 
statue ;  to  e.xpand  to  the  wind. 

Unfumish,  un-ffer'nish,  v.t.  To  strip  of  fur- 
niture; to  strip  in  general.— UnfiuiUahed, 
un-fer'nisht,  a.  Not  furnished;  not  sup- 
plied with  furniture;  unsupplied;  unnro- 
'.  i  '.ed  in  general. 


ungainly,  un-^tnlijO.  fProm  «»i-,  not,  and 
old  gainly,  geirU]/,  from  Icel.  gegn,  ready, 
serviceable;  akin  to  -gain  in  again. i 
Clumsy;  awkward;  uncouth;  ill-shaped  in 
per; on.  —  Ungalnliness,  un-gan'li-nes,  n. 
Th  jtate  or  character  of  being  ungainly; 
ck     siness;  awkwardness. 

Ungallant,  un-gal'ant,  a.  Not  gallant;  nn- 
courtly  to  ladies. 

Ungathered,un-gaTH'6rd,a.  Not  gathered; 
not  culled;  not  picked. 

Ungenerous,  un-jen'6r-us,  a.  Not  generous; 
not  showing  generosity  or  liberality  of 
mind  or  sentiments ;  illiberal ;  mean.  — 
Ungenerously,  tin-jen'er-us-U,  adv.  In  an 

■  ungenerous  manner;  illiberally. 
Ungehteel,  un-jen-tel',  a.  Not  genteel;  un- 

poUte;  rude:  of  persons  or  manners. — 
Ungenteelly,  un-jen-tel' li,  adv.  In  an 
ungenteel  manner. 

Ungentle,  un-jen'tl,  a.  Not  gentle;.iiarsh)v 
rude. 

UngentlemanUke,un-jen'tl-man-Uk,a.  Not 
like  or  beecming  a  gentleman. 

Ungentlemanly,  un-jen'tl-man-U,  o.  .  Not 
becoming  a  gentleman;  such  as  no  gentle- 
man would  do.  ■ 

Ungifted,  un-gifted,  a.  Not  gifted;  not 
endowed  with  peculiar  faculties. 

Ungird,  un-g6rd',  v.t.  To  loose  oi:  free  from 
a  girdle  or  band;  to  divest  of  a  girdle  or 
what  is  girt  on;  to  unbind. 

Unglazfed,  un-'glazd',  o.  Not  furnished  with 
glass  (as  windows);  wanting  glass  windows; 
not  covered  with  vitreoiis  ma.tier  (unglazed 
pottery)( 

Unglove,  nn-gluv',  v.t  To  take  off  the 
glove  or  gloves  from. 

Unglae,  un-gl<i',  v.t..  To  separate,  as  any- 
thing that  is  glued  or  temented. 

Ungodly,  un-god'li,  a..  Not  godly;  careless 
of  God;  godless;  wicked;  impious;  sinfuL 
—Ungodliness,  uxi-godli-nes,  n.  Impiety; 
wickedness. 

Ungovernable,  un-guv'6r-na-bl,  a.  In- 
capable of  being  governed,  ruled,  or  re- 
strained; refractory;  unruly;  wild;  un- 

■  bridled.  —  UngoTemableness,  un-guv'6r- 
na-bl-nes,  n.  —  Ungovernably,  un-guv'6r- 
na-bli,  adv.  In  an  ungovernable  manner. 
— Ungovemed,  un-guv'emd,  a.  Not  gov- 
erned ;  unbridled ;  licentious. 

Ungraceful,  un-grSs'ful,  a.  Not  graceful; 
wanting  grace  and  elegance ;  inelegant ; 
clumsy.— Ungracefully  ,\in-gras'ful-h,adw. 
In  an  ungraceful  manner;  awkwardly;  in- 
elegantly. —  Ungracefulness,  un-gras'ful- 
nes,  n.    The  quality  of  being  ungraceful. 

Ungracious,  un-gra'shus,  a.  Unmannerly; 
rude ;  not  well  received ;  not  favoured. — 
Ungraciously,  un-gra'shus-li,  ado.  In  an 
ungracious  manner. — Ungraciousness,  un- 
gra'shus-nes,  n.  State  of  being  ungracious. 

Ungrammatical,  un-gram-mat'i-kal,a.  Not 
according  to  the  rules  of  grammar.- Un- 
grammatically, un-gram-mat'i-kal-li, adv. 
In  a  manner  contrary  to  the  rules  of  gram- 
mar. 

Ungrateful,  un-graffyl,  a.  Not  grateful; 
not  feeling  thankful  or  showing  gratitude; 
making  iU  returns  for. kindness;  unpleas- 
ing;  "unacceptable;  disagreeable;  harsh. — 
Ungratefully,  un-grat'ful-li,  adv.  In  an 
ungrateful  manner.— Ungratefulness,  un- 

frat'ful-nes,  n.  The  state  or  character  of 
eing  ungrateful ;  ingratitude. — Ungrati- 
fled,  un-grat'i-fid.a.  l"Jot  gratified;  not 
satisfied ;  not  indxilged. 

Ungrounded,  un-groun'ded,  a.  Having  no 
foundation  or  support;  groundless;  base- 
less; unfounded. 

Ungrudging,  un-gruj'ing.a.  Not  grudging; 
freely  giving;  liberal;  hearty.— Ungrudg- 
ingly, un-gruj'ing-li,  adv.  In  an  ungrudg- 
ing manner. 

Ungual,  ung'gwal,  o.  (Trom  L.  ungttis,  a 
nail,  claw,  or  hoof.]  Pertaining  to  a  nail, 
claw,  or  hoof;  having  a  nail,'claw,  or  hoof. 
— Unguicular,  ung-gwik'<l-l6r,a;  [li.ungui- 
eiUua,  dim.  of  unguis.]  Pertaining  to  a 
claw  or  nail.— Unguiculate,  Unguiculated, 
nng-gwik'Q-lat,  ung-gwik' a -la-ted,  a. 
Clawed;  having  claws.— Ungutferons,  img- 
gwif'6r-us,  a.  [L.  unguis,  and /ero,  I  bear.] 
Producing,  having,  or  supporting  nails/or 
claws. — Ungaifonn,ung'gwi-form,a.  Claw- 
ihaped. 

un-gayded,  a.    Not  guarded; 


having  nogn^rd  or  watch;  not  being  on 
one's  guard;  ntJt  attentive  to  danger,  not 
cautious;  negligent;  not  done  or  spoken 
with  caution.— Unguardedly,  un-gar'ded- 
li,  adv.  .In  an  imguajrded  manner. — Un- 
guardedness,  un-gar'ded-nes,  n.  State  of 
being  unguarded. 

Unguent,  ung'^rwent,  n.  [L.  ungitentum, 
from  utigo,  to  anoint.  Unction.]  Any  soft 
composition  used  as  an  ointment,  or  for 
the  lubrication  of  machinery. 
Unguicular,  Ungulferoos,  &c.  Under 
Ukguax. 

Unguided,  un-gi'ded,  a.  Not  guided,  led, 
or  conducted;  not  regulated;  tingovemed. 
Unguinous,  ung'gwijnus,  a.  [i.  ungtii- 
nosus,  fron)  unguen,  -unguinis^  fat,  from 
ungo,  to  anoint.  Unction.J  Oily;  unctu- 
ous; fatty;  greasy. 

Ungula,  ung'g^l-la,  n.  [L.  vngvla,  a  hoof, 
dim.  of  unguis,  a  nail  or  claw.  Ungual.] 
A  hoof,  as  of  a  horse;  geom.  a  part  cut 
from  a  cylinder,  cone,  &c.,  by  a  plane 
passing  obliquely  through  the  base  and 
paVt  of  the  curved  surface:  so  named  from 
its  shape.— Ungulata,  ung-gu-la'ti;  n.  pi. 
The  hoofed  quadrupeds,  a  large  and  im- 
portant order  of  the  mammalia,  including 
the  pig,  horse,  rhinoceros,  &c.,  in  one  sec- 
tion; and  the  ox,  sheep,  deer,  and  all  other 
rqminants  in  another.  ARTiODAcri'LE,  Pe- 
RissoDACTYLE.  —  Uugolate,  ung'ga-lat,  n. 
A  hoofed  quadruped;  one  of  the  order  Un- 
gulata or  hoofed  animus.— a.  Hoof -shaped; 
having  hoofs. 

Unhackneyed,. un-hak'nid,  a.    Not  hack- 
■  neyed ;  not  stale,  flat,  or  commonplace 
from  frequent  use  or  repetition. 
Unhallowed,  un-hal'od,  a.    Not  hallowed, 
consecrated:  or  dedicated  to  sacred  pur- 
eposes;  unholy;  profane;  impious. 
Unhamp^d,  un-ham'p^rd,  a.    Not  ham- 
pered, nindered,  or  restricted.  • 
Unhand,  nn-hand',  v.t.    To  take  the  hand 
or  hands  from;  to  release  from  a  grasp;  to 
let  go. 

UnhandUy, Unhandiness.  Under  Unhandy. 
Unhandled,  un-han'dld,  o.  Not  handled; 
not  touched;  not  treated  er  managed. 
Unhandsome,  un-hand'sum,  a.  Not  hand- 
some; not  we'-l-formed;  not  beautiful;  not 
generous  or  liberal;  unfair;  mean;  unbe- 
coming.—Unhandsomely,  un-hand'sum-li, 
adv.  In  an  unhandsome  manner. — Un- 
handsomeness,  un-hand'sum-nes,  n. 
Unhandy,  un-han'di,  a.  Not  handy;  not 
dexterous;  not  skilful  and  ready  m  the 
use  of  the  hands;  not  convenient ;  awkward. 
—  Unhandily,  un-han'di-li,  adv.  In  an 
unhandy  manner.  —  Unhandiness,  un- 
han'di-nes,  n.  ^ 

Unhanged,  Unhung,  nn-hangd',  un-hung', 
a.  Not  hung  or  hanged;  not  punished  by 
hanging. 

Unhappy,  nn-hap'i,  a.  Not  happy;  not 
cheerful  or  gay;  in  some  degree  miserable 
or  wretched;  marked  by  ill  fortune  or 
mishap;  ill-omened;  e\il.— Unhappily,  un- 
hap'i-U,  adv.  In  an  unhappy  manner;  un- 
fortunately; by  ill  fortune;  as  ill  luck 
would  have  it.  —  Unhappiness,  un-hap'i- 
nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  unhappy; -mis- 
fortune; ill  luck. 

Unharbonr,  im-h&rT)6r,  v.t    To  drive  from 
harbour  or  shelter;  to  dislodge. 
Unharmed,  un-hSj-md',  a.    Not  harmed  or 
injured. 

Unhat,  un-hat',  v.t  and  t.  To  take  off  the 
hat,  as  in  respect  or  reverence. 
Unhealthy,  un-hel'thi,  a.  Wanting  health; 
Tiot  sound  and  vigorous  of  body;  habitu- 
ally weak  or  indisposed;  wanting  vigour 
of  growth;  unfavourable  to  the  presen-a- 
tionof  health  (an  unhealthy  season  or  city); 
adapted  to  generate  disease;  unwholesome; 
insalubrious  (an  unhealthy  climate);  not 
indicating  health;  resulting  from  bad 
health;  morbid.— Unhealthily,  mi-hel'thi- 
li,  adv.  In  an  unwholesome  or  unsound 
manner.  —  Unheal thiness,  un-hel'thi-nes, 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  unhealthy. 
Unheard,  un-h6rd',  a.  Not  heard;  not  per- 
ceived by  the  ear;  not  admitted  to  audi- 
ence.—t/nAeord-o/,  unprecedented;  such 
as  was  never  known  before;  not  known  to 
fame;  not  celebrated. 
Unhedged,  un-heid',  a.  Not  snrroTinded 
by  a  hedge;  not  shut  in  or  inclosed. 


V&tc,  tix,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  hir,     pine,  pin;     uSte,  not,  mitve;     tQbe,  tub,  bvill;     oM<  pound;     u.  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  u. 


UNHEEDED 


739 


UNIPERSONAL 


jCBheeded,  tm-he'ded,  ii:   Jfoi  heeded;  dis- 

"fe'gaurded;   neglected:  unnoticed.  —  tJn- 

heededljr,  un  -  he '  dad  -  li,  adv.    Without 

being  noticed.— tTnheedful,  un-hed'ful,  a. 

Not  needful;  unheeding;  not  cautious; 

inattentive?  careless;  inconsideiate.^-TItt- 

heedfully,  un-hed'ful-lj,  adv.     In  an  un- 

heedf  ul  manner..— Unheeding,  un-he'ding, 

'«.    Not  heeding;  careless;  negligent. 

■Unhesitating,  uu-hez'i-ta- ting,  a.  Not  hesi^ 

tatiug;  not  remaining  in  doubt;  prompt; 

ready.  —  Unhesitatingly,  un-hez'i-.ta-ting- 

;  li,  adv.    Without  hesitation. 

Unhinge,  un-hinj',  v.t.    To  take  from  the' 

(hinges;  to  unsettle;  to  render  unstable  or 

wayeringj  to  discompose  or  disorder  (the 

mind,  opinions);  to  put  quite  out  of  sorts; 

(to  incapacitate  by  disturbing  the  nerves. 

TJnhIt,  un-hit',  o.    Not  hit;  not  receiving  a 

stroke  or  blow. 

Unhitch,  un-hich',  v.t.    To  disengage  froln 
^a.  fastening. 

unholy,  un-ho'li,  a.  Not  holy;  not  sacred; 
not  hallowed  or  consecrated;  impious; 
wicked.— UnholUy,  ui>-ho'li-li,  adv..  In  an 
unholy  manner.— Unholine8s,un-hD'li-nes, 
^i.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unholy. 
pnhonoured,  un-on'ferd,  a.  Not  honoured; 
not  regarded  with  veneration;  not  cele- 
,brated. 

tTnhook,  un-hiik',  v.t.  To  loose  from'a  hook; 
,  to  undo  the  hook  or  hooks  of; 
Unhoped,  un-hopt',  a.    Not  hoped  for;  not 
so  probable  as  to  excite  hope. — Unhoped- 
for, unhoped;  not  hoped  for.— Unhopeful, 
un-hop'ful,  a.     Nbt  hopeful;  hopeless. 
Unhorse,  un-hors',  v.t.    To  throw  or  strike 
from  a  horse;  to  cause  to  fall  from 'the 
saddle;  to  remove  the  horse  or  horses  from. 
Unliouse,  un-houz',  v.t.    To  drive  from  the 
house  or  habitation;  to  deprive  of  shelter. 
— Unhoused,  un-houzd',  p.  and  a.  Having 
no  house  or  home;  deprived  of  a  house, 
home,  roof,  or  shelter. 
Unhoaseled,t  Unhouselled.t  ulx-hou'zeld,  a. 
fUousEL.]    Not  having  received  the  sac- 
rament.   IShak.] 

Unhurt,  un-h6rt',  a.  Not  hurt;  not  harmed; 
free  from  wound  or  injury. — Unhurtful, 
un-h6rt'ful,  a.  Not  hurtful. 
Unhusk,  uii-husk',  v.t.  To  deprive  of  husks. 
Uniaxal,  Uniaxial,  Q-ni-ak'sal,  Q-ni-ak'si- 
a1,a.  [L.  MJIM8,  one,  and- oOTg.]  Having 
but  one  axis. 

Unicameral,  a-ni-kam'6r-al,  a.  TTj.  wntw, 
one,  camera,  a  chamber.]  Consisting  of  a 
single  chamner:  said  of  a  legislative  body. 
Unicellular,  fl-ni-seru-Urj  a.  [L.  umis,  one, 
and  E.  cellular.]  Consisting  of  a  single 
cell;  exhibiting  only  a  single  cell. 
Unicity,  u-nis'i-ti,  n.  [L.  unicus,  single', 
from  iinMs.one.]  The  state  of  being  unique, 
or  of  forming  one  individual. 
UnicUnal,  ti-ni-kli'nal,  a.  [L.  unus,  one, 
and  clino,  to  slope.]  Inclined  in  one  direc- 
tion only;  geol.  applied  to  a  bend  or  incli- 
nation of  a  stratum  either  up  or  down: 
opposed  to  anticlinal  and  synclinal. 
Unicom,  a'ni-kom,  n.  [L.  unicornis,  one- 
homed — unus,  one,  and  cormt,  horn.]  An 
animal  with  one  horn;  a  fabulous  animal 
having  the  head,  neck,  and  body  of  a 
horse,  the  legs  of  a  deer,  the  tail  of  a  lion, 
and  a  long  horn  growing  out  of  the,  fore- 
head. —  Sea  Unicom,  the  narwal  or  nar- 
whal.—Unicomous,  a-nl-kor'nus,  a.  Hav- 
ing only  one  horn. 

Umcostate,  Q-ni-kos'tat,  a.  [It.  vnus,  one, 
and  costa,  a  rib.]  Bat.  having  one  large 
vein  running  down  the  centre,  called  the 
midrib. 

Unifacial,  il-ni-fa'shi-al,  a.  |T>.  tmus,  one, 
and  facies,  a  face.]  Having  but  one  front 
surface. 

Unific,  Q-nif'ik,  a.  [L.  untis,  one,  and /acio, 
to  make.]  Making  one;  forming  unity. — 
Unification,  a'ni-fl-ka"6hon,  «.  The  .act 
of  uniting  Into  one. 

Unlfllar,  a-ni-fi'l6r,  a.  [L.  unus,  one,  and 
.Mum,  a  thread.]  Having  only  one  thread; 
applied  to  a  magnetometer  consisting  of 
a  magnetic  J)ar  suspended  by  a  single 
thread. 

Uniflorous,  ■Q-ni-flo'rufl;  a.  [L.  -unus,  one, 
and  flos,  floris,  flower.]  Bot.  bearing  ene 
flower  only.  > 

Uniiorm,  ft'ni-form,  <*•.  fFf.  uniforme,  L. 
■uni/omiis  —  tmtw,  one,  ar.d  fwrnot,  Torm.] 


Having  always  the  same  form;  not  chang- 
ing in,  shape,  appearance,  character,  &c.; 
not  varying  in  degree  or  rate;  equable; 
invariable:  of  the  same  kind  or  matter  all 
through;  homogeneous;  consistent  at  all 
times;  conforming  to  one  rule  or  mode. 
— n.  A  dress  of  the  same  kind,  fabrics, 
fashion,  or  general  appearance  a«  others 
worn  by  the  inembers  of  the  same  body, 
.whether  military,  naval,  or  any  other,  in- 
tended as  a  distinctive'/!08tume. — Unifor- 
mitarlan,  a-ni-for'mi-ta"ri-an,M.  One  who 
'upholds  a  system  or  doctrine  of  unifor- 
mity; one  who  maintains  that  all  geologic 
changes  and  phenomena  are  due  to  agen- 
cies working  uniformly  and  uninterrup- 
tedly, and  of  the  same  character  as  those 
we  still  see  in  operation,  as  opposed  t6  a 
eataatrophist.—a.  Pertaining  to  uniformity 
or  some  doctrine  of  uniformity.— Unifor- 
mity, Q-ni-for'mi-ti,  n.  The  state  or  char- 
acter of  being  uniform;  a  state  of  matters 
in  which  sameness  is  exhibited  ;  freedom 
from  variation  or  difference;  conformity 
to  one  type.— Act  of  uniformity,  in  Eng. 
hist,  an  act  of  parliament  passed  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.  (1662)  regulating  the 
form  of  worship  to  be  observed  in  all  the 
churches.  —  Uniformly,  a'ni-form-li,  adii. 
In  a  uniform  manner;  invariably.  —  Uni- 
formness,  a'ni-f orm-nes,  n.  State  of  being 
unifbrm;  uniformity. 
Unify,  Q'ni-fi,  v.t.  [L.  unus,  one,  and  facia, 
to  make.]  To  form  into  one;  to  reduce  to 
unity;  to  view  as  one.  — Unification,  u'ni- 
fi-kii''shon^.Wi '  The  act  of  unifying. 
Unigeniture,  O-ni-jen'i-tQr,  «.  LFrom  L; 
unigenitus,  only  begotten— mtiks,  one,  and 
genitus,  pp.  of  ffigno,  genitum,  to  beget.] 
The  state  of  being  the  only  begotten.— 
Unigenous,  U:nij'e-nu3,  a.  L.  unus,  one, 
and  root  genj  to  beget.]  Of  one  kind ;  of 
the  same  genus. 

Unilateral,  fl-ni-lat'er-al,  a.  [L.  umis,  one, 
and  laius,  lateris,  side.] .  One-sided ;  per- 
taining to  one  side;  hot.  growing  chiefly  to 
•  one  side. 

Uniliteral,  Q-ni-lit'6r-al,  o.  ["L.  unus,  one, 
and  liiera,  a  letter.]  Consisting  of  one 
letter  only. 

Unilluminated,  un-il-la'mi-n5-ted,  a.  Not 
illuminated;  not  enlightened;  dark;  ig- 
norant. 

Unilocular,  Q-ni-lok'a-16r,  a.  [L.  unus.  one, 
and  locvUus,  cell,  dim.  of  locus,  a  place.] 
Having  one  cell  or  chamber  only;  not 
divided  into  cells  (a  unilocular  veiT\ca.xx>). 
Unimaginable,  un-im-aj'i-na-bf,  a.  Not 
capable  of  being  imagined,  conceived,  or 
thought  of ;  inconceivable.  —  Unlmagin- 
ablenetts,  un-im-aj'i-na-bl-nes,  n.  —  Unim- 
aginably, un-im-aj'i-na-bli,  adw.  —  Unim- 
aglned,  un-im-aj'iud,  a.  Not  imagined, 
conceived,  or  formed  in  idea. 
Unimpaired,  un-im-pard', o.  Notimpaired; 
not  diminished ;  n^t  enfeebled  by  time  or 
injury. 

Unimpassioned,  un-im-pash'ond,  a.  Not 
impassioned;  not  moved  or  actuated  by 
passion;  calm;  tranquil;  not  violent^ 
Unimpeachable,  un-im-pech'a-bl,  a.  Not 
impeachable;  not  to  be  called  in  question; 
blameless ;  irreproachable.  —  Unhnpeach- 
ableness,  un-im-pech'a-bl-nes,  ».  —  Unim- 
peached,  un-im-pecht',  a.  Not  impeached; 
not  called  in  question. 
Unimportance,  un-im-por'tans,  n.  Want 
of  importance  or  consequence. — Unimpor- 
tant, un-im-por'tant,  a.  Not  important-; 
not  of  great  moment. 

Unimposlng,  un-im-po'zing,  o.   Not  impos- 
ing; not  commanding  respect  or  awe. 
Unimpressible,  un-im-pres'i-bl,  a.  Not  im- 
pressible; not  sensitive;  apathetic. 
Unimproved,  un-im-prbvd',  a.    Not  made 
better  or  wiser;  not  used  for  a  valuable 
purpose;  not  tilled;  not  cultivated. 
Urimp'ognablej  un-im-p.u'na-bl,  a.    Not 
capable  of  l^eing  impugned;  unimpeach- 
able. ' 
Unimuscular,  Q-ni-mus'kti-lfer,  a.  [L.  unv.8, 
one,  and  rtxusculus,  a  niuscle.]  Having  one 
muscle  only  and  one  muscular  impression: 
said  of  bivalve  molluscs. 
Uninclosed,  un-in-klozd',  a.    Not  inclosed; 
not  sujTounded  by  a  fence,  wall,  &c. 
Unincorporated,  un-in-kor'po-ra-ted,  a. 
■Not  incoriwrated;  not  mixed  or  united  in 


one-body:  flot  associated. pr. united  in  one 
body  politic.  '  i 

Uninhabitable,  un-in-nab'i-ta-bl,  a.  Not 
inhabitable;  unfit  to  be  the  residence  -of 
men. — Uninhabitableness,  un.-in-hab'i-ta- 
bl-nes,  n.  —  Uninhabited,  un-iii-hab'i-ted, 
a.  Not  inhabited;  ha'ving  no  inhabitants. 
Uninjured,  un-in'jurd,  a.  Not  injui:ed;  not 
hurt;  suifering  no  harm.  . 
Uninspired,  un-in-spird'j,a.  Not  having 
received  any  supernatural  instruction  or 
illumination ;  not  produced  under  the  di- 
rection or  influence  of  inspiration. 
Uninati'ucte.d,  un-in-struk'ted,  a.  Not  in- 
striicted  or  taught;  not  educated;  not 
furnished  with  instructions. — Uninstmc- 
tlve,  un-in-struk '  tiv,  a.  Not  serving  to 
instruct  or  improve  the  mind. 
Unintelligent,  un-in-tel'i-jent,  o.  Not  hav- 
ing reason  or  understanding ;  not  having 
the  mental  faculties  acute ;  not  showing 
intelligence;  dull.— Unintelligibility,  un- 
in-tel'i-ji-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
not  intelligible.  —  Unintelligible,  un-in- 
tel'i-ji-bl,  a.  Not  intelligible;  not  capable 
of  being  understood ;  meaningless.  —  Un-^ 
intelligibly,  un-in-tel'i-ji-bli,  adv.  In  an 
unintelligible  manner. 
Unintentional,  un-in-ten'shon-al,  O;  .Not 
intentional ;  done  or  happening  without 
design.— Unlittention  ally,  un-in-ten'shon- 
al-li,  adv.  Without  design  or  purpose.^ 
Uninterested,  un-in't6r-es-ted,  a.  Not  in- 
terested ;  not  personally  concerned ;  not 
having  the  mind  or  feelings  engaged.— 
Uninteresting,  un-in't6r-es-ting,  a.  Not 
capable  of  exciting  an  interest,  or  of  en- 
gaging the  roind  or  passions. 
Unintermitted,  un-in '  tfir-mif'ed,  Oi.Not 
intermitted ;  not  suspended  for  a  time ; 
continuous.— Unintermittedly,  un-in'ter- 
mit"ed-Ji,  adv.  Uninterruptedly.— Unin- 
termitting,  un-in't6r-mit"ing,  a.  Not  in- 
termitting; not  ceasing  for  a  time;  inces- 
sant. 

Uninterrupted,  un-in't6r-rup"ted,  a.  Not 
interrupted ;  unintermitted ;  incessant. — 
Uninterruptedly,  un-in'ter-rup"ted-U,adv. 
Without  interruption. 
Uninvited,  un-in-vi'ted,  a.  Not  ha^'ing  re- 
ceived an  invitation;  unbidden. 
Union,  On'yon,  n.  [Fr.  union,  from  L.  unio, 
unionis,  oneness,  unity ,  later  a  union,  from 
unus,  one  (seen  also  in  unit,  unity,  unique, 
universal,  &c.);  allied  to  E.  one.  One.] 
The  act  of  joining  two  or  more  things  into 
one,  and  thus  forming  a  compound  body; 
the  state  of  being  united;  junction;  coali- 
tion; concord;  agreement  and  conjunction 
of  mind,  will,  affections,  or  interest;  that 
which  is  formed  by  a  combination  of  indi- 
■vidual  things  or  persons ;  a  combination ; 
a  confederation ;  a  confederacy ;  two  or 
more  parishes  united  into  one  whole  for 
better  administration  of  the  poor-laws ;  a 
permanent  combination  among  workmen 
engaged  in  the  same  occupation  or  trade ; 
a  trades-union;  a  joint,  screw,  &c.,  unitin;^ 
parts  of  machinery,  or  the  like ;  a  kind  of 
coupling  ;  a  mixed  fabric  of  cotton,  flax, 
jute,  silk,  wool,  &c. — The  union  or  union 
flag  of  Britain,  the  national  banner  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  formed  by  the  union 
of  the  cross  of  St.  George  (red  on  a  white 
ground),  the  diagonal  cross  or  saltire  of 
St.  Andrew  (white  on  a  blue  ground),  and 
the  saltire  of  St.  Patrick  (red  on  a  white 
ground):  used  alone,  or  in  the  upper  inner 
comer  of  another  flag.— Unionism,  tin'yon- 
izm,  91.  Trades-unionism.— Uniordst,  un'- 
yon-ist,  n.  One  who  promotes  or  advocate.? 
union;  a  trades-unionist.— Union-jack,  n. 
A  name  often  given  without  strict  correct- 
ness to  the  union  flag.  Jack. 
Uniparous,  a-nip'a-rus,  a.  [L.  unus,  one, 
pario,  to  bear.]  Producing  one  at  a  birth; 
bot.  having  but  one  peduncle. 
Uniped;  Q'ni-ped,  n.  [L.  unv.8,  one,  pes, 
pedis,  a  foot.]  An  animal  having  only 
one  foot. 

Unipersonai,  a-ni-p6r'son-al,  a.  [L.  unua,, 
one,  persona,  a  person.]  Having  but  onej 
person;  existing  in  one  person,  as  the 
Deity;  gram,,  used  only  in  one  person: 
said  chiefly  of  impersonal  verbs.— Uniper- 
Bonalisc,  fi-ni-pfer'son-al-ist,  ra.  One  who 
l>elieves  there  is  but  a  single  person  in  the 
Deity. 


vCta-,  chaia;    ch,  8c.  locfti  A  g,  Vof/  i,  /ob;>  a,  Fr.  to?H     og,  angy  A  <u,  tAen;  tb,  tMoiiLw,  wig;  ▲  wh,  wftig;  .^  zh,  aeure.. 


UXIPETALOUS 


740 


TTKMAN' 


UnipetaloQS,  a-ni-pet'&-Iu8,  a.  [L.  Unwi, 
oue,  and  E.  petal.']  Having  the  corolla 
exhibiting  one  petal  only. 

Vnipolar,  Q-ni-po'l6r,  a.  [L.  vnm,  one, 
polus,  a  pole.l  Ha^^i^g  but  one  pole;,  ca- 
pable of  receiving  only  one  kind  of  elec- 
tricity. 

Vni(iue,  Q-nek',  a)  [Pr.  uniqm,  from  L. 
vnicus,  from  unus,  one.  Unj(on.]  Without 
a  like  or  equal ;  unmatched ;  uneciualled ; 
single  in  its  kind  of  excellence.— uniqtie- 
ly,  u-nek'li,  adv..  ^  as  to  be  unique. — 
Uiaiqueness,  u-nsk'nes,  n. 

Vniseptate,  a-ni-sep'tat,  a.  IL.  unus,  one, 
septum,  a  partition.]  Bpt.  having  but  one 
septum  or  partition. 

UiLlserial,  a-ni-se'ri-al,  a.  [L.  unus,  one, 
series,  a  row.]  Having  only  one  row  or 
series. 

XTnisezual,  0-ni-sek'sa-al,  a.  [}'■  umut,  one, 
nexus,  a  sex.]  Having  one  eex  only;  hot. 
applied  to  plants  having  separate  male 
and  female  flowers. 

Unison,  u'ni-son,  n.  [L.  unus,  one,  and 
«onM«,  sound.  Union, 'SonnB.]  JfMs.  the 
state  of  sounding  at  the  same  pitch ;  the 
combination  of  two  or  more  sounds  equal 
in  pitch,  or  at  one  or  more  octaves  apart ; 
hence,  accordance :  harmony.  —  XJnlso- 
nance,  ti-nis'o-nahs,  n.  Aocordacnce  of 
sounds;  unison.— Unisou3j:L'ii,.nni80Uona, 
tt-nis'5-nant,  a-nis'o-nus,  a.  Being  in  uni- 
son; concordant. 

XJsXt,  a'nit,  n.  [L.  vnitas,  unity,  from  urius, 
one.  Ckion.]  A  single  thing  or  person 
regarded  as  having  oneness  for  the- main 
attribute ;  a  single  one  of  a  number ;  ^n 
individual ;  arith.  one,  the  least  whole 
number;  math,  and  physics,  any  known 
determinate  quantity  by  the  constant  re- 
petition of  which  any  other  quantity  of 
the  same  kind  is  measured  (as  a  foot- 
wound,  a  gramme,  a  dyne). 

Unitarian,  n-ru-ta'ri-an,».  [Fjodi  L.  uniias, 
unity,  from  unus,  one.  Union.]  One  who 
ascribes  divinity  to  God  the  Father  only; 
one  of  a  religious  sect  distinguished  by 
the  denial  of  the  received  doctrine  of  the 
Trinity;  also,  a  monotheist.— a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Unitarians  or  their  doctrines.  — 
TTnltarianism,  u-ni-ta'ri-an-iam,  n.  The 
doctrines  of  Unitarians. 

Unite,  u-nit',  v.t.— united,  uniting.  [L.  unio, 
uniium,  from  unus,  one.  Union.]  To  com- 
bine or  conjoin,  so  as  to  form  one ;  to  in- 
corporate in  one;  to  associate  by  some 
bond,  legal  or  other;  to  join  in  interest, 
affection,  or  the  like ;  to  ally ;  to  couple ; 
to  cause  to  adhere;  to  attach.— w.i.  To  be- 
come one;  to  become  incorporated;  to 
coalesce;  to  commingle;  to  join  in  an  act; 
to  concur.  —  Unitable,  fl-nVta-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  united. — United,  Q-ni'ted,  p. 
and  a.  Joined  or  combined;  made  one. — 
United  Brethren,  a  religious  community 
commonly  called  Moravians.  Moravian. 
—  United  Presbyterians,  the  Presbyterian 
church  formed  in  Scotland  by  the  union 
in  1847  of  certain  bodies  who  had  seceded 
from  the  Established  Church.— Unitedly, 
C-ni'ted-li,  adv.  In  a  united  manner; 
jointly :  amicably.  —  Unlter,  O-ni'tfer,  n. 
The  person  or  thing  that  unites.— Unit! ve, 
O'ni-tlr,  o.   Having  the  power  of  uniting. 

Unity,  n'ni-ti,  n.  [li.  unitas,  from  unus, 
one.  Union.]  The  property  of  being  one; 
oneness ;  concord ;  agreement ;  oneness  of 
sentiment,  affection,  and  the  Uke;  the 
principle  by  which  a  uniform  tenor  of 
story  and  propriety  of  representation  are 
preserved  in  literary  compositions ;  vxaOi. 
any  definite  quantity  taken  as  one,  or  for 
which  1  is  made  to  stand  in  calculation. 
— The  unities  (of  time,  place,  and  action), 
formerly  deemed  essential  to  a  classical 
ili-ama,  demanded  that  there  should  be  no 
Hlnfting  of  the  scene  from  place  to  place, 
T/>iat  the  whole  series  of  events  should  be 
u  'xh  as  might  occur  within  the  space  of  a 
p  ngle  day,  and  that  nothing  should  be 
adrnitted  irrelevant  to  thg  development 
of  the  single  plot. 

Univalent,  fl-niv'a-lent,  a.  [L.  unua,  one, 
and  valere.  to  be  worth.]  Honatoraic. 

Univalve,  Q'ni-valt,  a.  (h.  unus,  one,  and 
E.  valve.)  Having  one  valve  only,  sm  a  shell 
or  pericarp.— n.  A  shtll  having  one  valve 
only;  a  mollusc  with  a  shell  composed  of 


a  single  piece,  usualty  of  a  conical  and 
spiral  form.  —  Unlvalved,  UalTalTUlar, 
Q'ni-valvd,  0-ni-val'vti-l6r,  a.  Having  one 
valve  only;  univalve. 

Universal,  Q-ni-vfer'sal,  a.  [L.  universalis, 
from  universus,  universal,  lit.  turned  into 
one — unus,one, and I'ersus, turned.  Union, 
Verse.  J  Extending  to  or  comprehending 
the  whole  number,  quantity,  or  space; 
pervading  all  or  the  whole;  all-embracing; 
all-reaching:  total;  whrfle;  comprising  all 
the  particulars.  —  Universal  church,  the 
church  of  God  throughout  the  universe.— 
Universal  joint.  Joint.— Universal  propo- 
sition, logic,  one  in  which  the  subject  is 
taken  in  its  widest  extent  and  the  predi- 
cate applies  to  everything  which  the  sub- 
ject can  denote.— n.  A  general  notion  or 
idea;  a  predicable;  a  universal  proposi- 
tion. —  UnlverMtUsm,  tt-ni-v*r'sal-izm,-  n. 
Ttteol.  the  doctrine  of  the  Universalists.— 
UnlVMsallst,  Q-ni-vfer'sal-ist,  n.  One  who 
holds  the  doctrine  that  all  men  will  finally 
be  saved,  in  opposition  to  the  doctrine  of 
eternal  punishment.— Universality,  a'nl- 
v6r-8al"i-ti,  n.  The  stftte  of  being  uni- 
versal.— Universally,  a-ni-vfer'sal-li,  adv. 
In  a  universal  manner;  with  extension  to 

•  the  whole;  without  exception. — Universe, 
.  tl'ni-v6rs,  n.    [Ij.  universum,  the  universe, 

neut.-iof  the  adj.  universus.]    The  general 

•  systeih  of  things;  all  created  things  viewed 
as  constituting  one  system  or  whole;  the 
world.  .•.  World  properly  signifies  this 
globe  and  evexything  inhabiting  it.  Uni^ 
ver.se  designates  ttie  entire  mass  of  worlds, 
■with  everything  associated  with  them. — 
University,  u-ni-v6r'si-ti,  n.  [L.  univer- 
sitas,  tho  whole  of  anything;  the  universe; 
later,  an  association,  corporation,  com- 
pany, &c.]  An  e.<itablishment  or  corpora- 
tion for  the  purposes  of  instruction  in  all 
or  some  of  the  most  important- branches 
of  science  and  literature,  and  having  the 
power  of  conferiing  certain  honorary  dig- 
nities, t«rm"sd  degrees,  in  several  faculties, 
as  arts,  medicine,  law,  and  theology. 

Unlversology,  u'ni-vtr-sol"o-ji,  n.  IL.  uni- 
versum, the  universe,  and  Gr.  logos,  dis- 
course.] The  science  of  the  universe;  a 
science  covering  the  whole  ground  of  phi- 
losophy and  the  sciences  in  their  general 
aspects. — UniverEological,ti-ni-v6r'so-loj"- 
i-kal,  a.    Pertaining  to  unlversology. 

Unlvocal,  a-niv'O-kal,  a.  [L.  unus,  one,  and 
vox,  vocis,  a  voice,  a  word.]  Having  one 
meaning  only;  not  equivocal;  having  uni- 
son of  sounds. — n.  A  word  having  only  one 
meaning.— Univocalljr,  Q-niv'o-kal-li,  adv. 
In  oue  sense;  not  equivocally. 

Unjointed,  un-join'ted,  p.  and  a.  Having 
no  joints;  disconnected;  incoherent. 

Unjust,  uu-just',,a.  Not  just;  hot  acting 
according  to  law  and  justice;  contrary  to 
justice  and  right.  —  Unjustly,  un-just'li, 
adv.    In  an  unjust  manner;  wrongfully. 

Unjustifiable,  un-jus'ti-fi"a-bl,  a.  Not  jus- 
tifiable; not  to  be  vindicated  or  defended. 
-Unjustifiably,  un-jus'ti-fi"a-bli,  adv.  In 
a  manner  that  cannot  be  justified. 

Unkempt,  un-kemt',  a.  Uncombed;  hence, 
rough;  unpolished.  [Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

Unkennel,  un-ken'el,  v.t.  To  drive  or  force 
from  a  kennel;  to  rouse  from  secrecy  or  a 
close  retreat. 

Unkind,  unkind',  o.  Wanting  in  kind- 
ness, affection,  or  the  like;  harsh;  cruel. — 
Unkindliness,  un-kind'li-nes,  n.  Unkindly 
conduct.  —  Unkindly,  un-kind'li,  a.  Un- 
kind ;■  ungracious.  —  adv.  In  an  unkind 
manner;  without  kindness  or  affection; 
harshly.— Unkindness,  un-kind'nes.n.  The 
quality  of  being  unkind;  want  (if  kindness 
or  affection;  unkind  conduct;  an  ujikind 
act. 

Uukntt,  un-nit',  v.t.  To  separate  so  as  to 
be  no  longer  knit;  to  smooth  out  (the 
brow). 

Unknowable,  un-no'a-bl,  a.  Incapable  of 
being  known  or  discovered.— Unknowing, 
un-no'ing,  a.  Not  knowing;  ignorant.— 
Unknowingly,  un-no'ing-li,  adv.  Without 
knowledge  or  design.— Unknown,  uu-non', 
a.  Not  known ;  not  discovered  or  found 
out;  not  ascertained:  often  used  adverbi- 
ally in  the  phrase  unknown  <o= without 
the  knowledge  of  (he  did  it  unknown  to 
me). 


Unlace,  un-lSs',  v.t.  To  loose  the  lacing  or 
fastening  of;  to  unfasten  by  untying  the 
lace  of. 

Unlade,  un-lfid',  v.t.  To  take  out  the  cargo 
'  of;  to  remove,  as  a  load;  to  discharge. 

Umamented,  un-la-men'ted,  a.  Not  lamen- 
ted; whose  loss  is  not  deplored. 

Unlatch,  un-lach',  v.i.  To  open  by  lifting 
the  latch. 

Unlawful,  im-la'ful,  a.  Contrary  to  law; 
illegal;  begotten  out  of  wedlock;  illegiti- 
mate.—Unlawfully,  un-la'ful-U,  adv.  In 
an  unlawful  manner;  illegally;  illegiti- 
mately.—Uilawfulness,  un-la'ful-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  unlawful;  illegality. 

Unlearn,  un-lern',  v.t.  To  divest  one's  self 
of  the  acquired  knowledge  of;  to  forget 
the  knowledge  of.— Unlearned,  un-l6r'ned, 
a.  Not  learned  or  erudite;  ignorant;  il- 
literate; inexperienced.  —  a.  (un-lemd'j. 
Not  made  knowa  by  study;  not  known. 

Unleash,  un-lesh',  v.t.  To  free  from  a  leash; 
to  let  go. 

Unleavened,  un-lev'nd,  c.  Not  leavened; 
not  raised  by  leaven  or  yeast. 

Unless,  un-les',  conj.  [For  on  less  (than), 
the  older  forms  being  onles,  onlesse— on 
lower  terms,  on  any  lower  condition.]  If 
it  be  not  that;  if  .  .  .  not;  supposing  that 
.  .  .  not;  except;  excepting.  By  omission 
of  a  verb  unless  may  have  the  force  of  a 
preposition— except,  but  for. 

Unlettered,  un-let'6rd,  o.  Unlearned;  un- 
taught; ignorant. 

Unlicensed,  un-li'senst,  o.  Not  having  a 
license  or  legal  permission;  done  or  under- 
taken without  due  license. 

Unlike,  un-lik',  a.  Not  like;  having  no 
resemblance.  —  Unlike  quantUi«s,  math. 
quantities  expressed  by  different  letters  or 
by  the'same  letters  with  diftisrent  powers. 
—  Unlike  signs,  the  signs  plus  (+j  and 
minus  (-).  — Unlikelihood,  UnUkelmees, 
uu-lik'li-hud,  un-lik'li-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  unlikely;  improbability.  —  Un- 
likely, un-lik'li,  a.  Such  as  cannot  be 
reasonably  expected;  improbable;  not 
holding  out  a  prospect  of  success;  likely 
to  fail;  unpromising.— UnUkeness,un-lik'- 
nes,  n.  Want  of  resemblance;  dissimi- 
larity. 

Unlimber,  un-limlaer,  v.t.  To  take  oflf  the 
limbers  (to  unlimber  the  guns). 

Unlimited,  un-lim'i-ted,  a.  Not  limited; 
boundless;  indefinite;  unconfined;  not  re- 
strained. 

Unlink,  un-lingk',  v.t.  To  separate  the 
links  of;  to  loose,  as  something  fastened 
by  a  link. 

Unload,  un-lod',  v.t.  To  take  the  load  from; 
to  discharge  or  disburden;  to  remove  from 
a  vessel  or  vehicle;  yij;.  to  relieve  from  any- 
thing onerous  or  troublesome;  to  withdraw 
the  charge  from  (to  unl/xxd  a  gun). 

Unlock,  un-lok',  v.t.  To '  unfasten  some- 
thing which  has  been  locked;  to  open,  in 
general;  to  lay  open. 

Tmlooked-for,  un-adkt'for,  a.  Not  looked 
for;  not  expected;  not  foreseen. 

Unloose,  un-los',  v.t.  To  loose;  to  untie;  to 
undo;  to  set  free  from  hold  or  fasteuijig; 
to  set  at  liberty. 

Unlovely,  un-luvli,  a.  Not  lovely;  tending 
rather  to  repel;  not  beautiful  or  attrac- 
tive. . 

Unlucky,  un-luk'i,  a.  Not  lucky  or  fortu- 
nate; not  successful  in  one's  undertakings; 
resulting  in  failure,  disaster,  or  miyfor- 
tune;  ill-omened;  inauspicious.— Unluck- 
ily, un-luk'i-li,  adv.  In  an  unlucky  nmn- 
.  ne'r;  unfortunately;  by  ill  luck. — Unluci-.i- 
ness,  un-luk'i-ne.s,  n.  The  state  of  bein^ 
unlucky;  ill  fortune.. 

Unmaidenly,  un-ma'dn-li,  a.  Not  becom- 
ing a  maiden;  wanting  maidenly  luoci- 
esty.  ■ 

Unmake,  un-mak',  v.t.  To  destroy  the  es- 
sential form  and  qualities  of;  to  cause  to 
cease  to  exist. — Unmade,  un-mad',  p.aud  a. 
.Unman,  un-man'.  v.t.  To  deprive  of  the 
character  or  qualities  of  a  man;  to  deprive 
of  manly  courage  and  fortitude;  to  dis- 
hearten; to  overpower  with  womanish 
weakness;  to  quite  unnerve.  -^  Unmanly, 

un-man'li,  a.    Not  manly,  or  the  reverse 

of  manly;  effeminate;  womanish;  childish; 

unbecoming  in  a  man;  cowardly.  —  TTn- 

manliness,  un-mau'li-nes,  n.    State  of  be- 


Tftte,  far,  fat,  fftll;     »5,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     pOtc,  pot,  piOve;     tube,  tub,  b^iUj     oil,  pound;     a,  Sc.  »b«oe-ttie  Ft  «» 


tTNMAN  AGE  ABLE 


741 


tJNPRINClPLED 


ingunmanly;  effeminacy  .—tTnmanned.un- 
maud',  p.  aud  a.  Deprived  of  the  quali- 
ties of  a  inau;  reudered  effeminate  or  weak. 

Unmanageable,  un-mau'sj'a-bl,  a.  Not 
manageable;  not  easily  restrained  ordirec- 
ted;  not  cortrollable;  beyond  control. 

Unmannerly,  un-man'tr-li,  o.  Not  man- 
nerly; not  having  good  manners;  rude;  ill- 
bred.— UnmannerUness,  uu-man'6r-li-ne3, 
n.  Want  of  good  msumers;  rudeness  of 
behaviour. 

Unmanufactured,  un-man'Q-fak"tCrd,  a. 
Not  manufactured;  not  wrought  into  the 
proper  form  for  use. 

Unmarketable,  un-mar^et-a-bl,  a.  Not  fit 
for  the  market;  not  saleable. 

Unmask,  unrmask',  v.t.  To  strip  of  a  mask 
or  of  any  disguise;  to  lay  open  to  view. — 
v.i.  To  put  off  a  mask. 

Unmatched,  un-macht',  a.  Matchless;  hav- 
ing no  equal. 

Unmeaning,  un-mSn'in^,  a. .  Having  no 
meaning  or  signification;  mindless;  sense- 

.  less. 

Unmeasured,  un-mezh'Qrd,  a.  Not  mea- 
sured; plentiful  beyond  measure;  im- 
mense; infinite;  excessive;  immoderate. 

Unmeet,  un-met',  a.  Not  meet  or  fit;  not 
worthy  Or  suitable.— Umneetly,  un-m6t'li, 
adv.  Not  fitly;  not  suitably.  —  Unmeet- 
ness,  un'-met'ues, «. 

Unmelodious,  un-rne-lo'di-ns,  a.  ^ot  me- 
lodious; wanting  melody;  harsh. 

Unmentionable,  un-men'shon-a-bl.  a.  In-- 
capable  of  being  mentioned;  unfit  for  be- 
ing mentioned  or  noticed. —n.pJ.  Trousers, 
as  a  piece  of  dress  not  to  be  mentioned  in 
polite  circles.    [Colloq.  and  humorous.] 

Unmerciful,  un-mfer'si-ful,  a.  Not  mer- 
ciful; cruet:  inhuman;  merciless;  uncon- 
scionable.—Unmercifully  ,un-m6r'si-ful-li, 
adv.  In  an  unmerciful  manner;  cruelly. 
— Unmercifulness,  un-m6r'si-ful-nes,  n. 

Unmerited,  un-mer'i-ted,  a.  Not  merited 
or  deserved;  obtained  without  service  or 
equivalent;  not  deserved  through  wrong- 
doing. 

Unmindful,  un-mind'ful,  a.  Not  mindful; 
not  heedful;  regardless.  —  Unmindfully, 
uu-mihd'ful-li,  adv.  Carelessly;  heedless- 
ly. —  Unmindfulness,  un-mind'f\il-nes,  w. 
Heedlessness;  inattention. 

Unmistakable,  Unmistakeable,  un-mis- 
tak'a-bl,  a.  Not  capable  of  being  mistaken 
or  misunderstood;  clear;  evident. 

Unmitigable,  un-mit'i-ga-bl,  a.  Not  ca- 
pable of  being  mitigated,  softened,  or  les- 
sened. —  Unmitigated,  un-init'i-ga-ted,  a. 
Not  mitigated^  not  softened  or  toned 
down;  perfect  in  badness ;  having  no  re- 
deeming feature  (an  tcnmitigated  scoun- 
drel). 

Unmixed, Unmlxt,uil-mikst',  a.  Not  mixed; 

_pure;  unadulterated;  unalloyed. 

Unmolested,  un-mo-les'ted,  a.  Not  mo- 
lested or  disturbed;  free  from  distur- 
bance. 

Unmoor,  un-mOr',  v.t.  Naut.  to  loose  from 
anchorage  or  moorings. 

Unmotherly,  un-muTH'6r-li,  a.  Not  resem- 
bling or  not  becoming  a  mother. 

Unmoved,  un-mOvd',  ,o.  Not  moved;  not 
changed  in  place;  not  changed  in  purpose 
or  resolution;  unshaken;  firm;not  touched 
by  passion  or  emotion;  calm;  cool. 

Unmuffle,  un-muf'l,  v.t.  To  uncover  by 
removing  what  muffles  or  conceals. 

Unmurmuring,  un-m6r'm6r-ing,  a.  Not 
murmuring  or  given  to  murmur;  uncoin- 
T)laining. 

Unmusical,  un-ma'zi-kal,  a.  Not  musical; 
not  melodious. 

Unmutilated,  un-mQ'ti-la-ted,  a.  Not  mu- 
tilated; not  deprived  of  a  member  or  part; 
entire. 

Unmuzzle,  un-muz'l,  v.t.  To  remove  a 
muzzle  from;  to  free  from  restraint. 

Unnameable,  un-nam'a-bl,  o.  Incapable  of 
being  named;  indescribable.  —  Unnamed, 
un-namd',  a.  Not  having  received  a  name; 
not  mentioned. 

Unnatiiral.  un-nat'tt-raL  a.  Not  natural ; 
contrary  to  the  laws  of  nature;  contrary 
to  the  natural  feelings;  acting  without 
the  affections  of  our  common  nature;  not 
representing  nature;  forced;  affected;  ar- 
tificial.—-Unnaturally,  un-nat'ri-ral-li,ady. 
iln  an  unnatural  manner;  in  opposition  to 


natural  feelings  and  sentiments.  —  Un- 
naturalness,  uu-nat'u-ral-nes,  n. 

Unnavigable,  un-nav'i-ga-bl,  a.  Incapable 
of  being  navigated. 

Unnecessary,  un-nes'es-sa-ri,  a.  Not  neces- 
sary; needless;  not  required  by  the  cir- 
cumstances of  the  case.  —  Unnecessarily, 
un-ues'es-sa-ri-li,  adv.  In  an  unnecessary 
manner;  needlessly.  —  Unnecessaxiness, 
un-nes'es-sa-ri-nes,  n.   Needlessness. 

Unneighbourly,  un-na'bfer-li,  a.  Not  neigh- 
bourly; not  suitable  to  the  duties  or  a 
neighbour;  not  kind  and  friendly. 

Unnerve,  uri-n6rv',?>.<.  To  deprive  of  nerve, 

■  force,  or  strength;  to  enfeeble;  to  deprive 
of  coolness  or  composure  of  mind. 

Unnoted,  un-no'ted,  a.  Not  noted;  not  ob- 
served; not  heeded  or  regarded. 

Unnoticed,  un-no'tist,  a.  Not  observed; 
not  regarded ;  not  treated  with  the  usual 
marks  of  respect. 

Unnumbered,  un-numT^fird,  a.  Not  num- 
bered; innumerable;  indefinitely  numer- 
ous. 

Unoblectlonable,  un-ob-jek'shon-a-bl,  a. 
Not  liable  to  objection;  incapable  of  being 
condemned  as  fiulty,  false,  or  improper; 
unexceptionable. 

Unobscui-ed,  un-ob-skard',  a.  Not  obscured; 
not  darkened  or  overcast. 

Uhobservabje,  un-ob-zftr'va-bl,  a.  Not  ob- 
servable; not  discoverable.— Unobservant, 
Unobserviug,  un-ob-z6r'vant,  un-ob-z6r'- 
ving,a.  N6t observant; not attentive;heed- 
less.— Unobserved,  un-ob-zCrvd',  a.  Not 
observed,  noticed,'or  regai'ded;  not  heeded. 
—  Unobservedly,  un-ob-z6r'ved-li,  adv. 
Without  being  observed. 

Unobstructed,  un-ob-struk'ted,  o.  Not  ob- 
structed; not  filled  with  impediments;  not 
hindered. 

Unobtrrjsive,  un-ob-trO'siv,  a.  Not  obtru- 
sive; not  forward;  modest. — Unobtrusive- 
ly, un-ob-tro'siv-b,  adv.    Not  forwardly. 

Unoccupied,  un-ok'ka-pid,  a.  Not  occupied; 
not  possessed;  not  employed  or  taken  up 
in  business  or  otherwise. 

Unoffending,  un-of-f en'ding,  a.  Not  giving 
offence;  harmless;  innocent:  inoffensive. 

Unofficial,  un-of-fish'al,  a.  Not  official;  in- 
oflicial. 

Unopposed,  un-op-pozd',  a.  Not  opposed ; 
not  resisted;  not  meeting  with  any  ob- 

•  struction  or  opposition. 

Unorganized,  un-or'gan-izd,  a.  Not  organ- 
ized; inorganic. 

Unorthodox,  un-or'tlio-doks,  a.  Heterodox; 
heretical. 

Unostentatious,  un-os'ten-t&"8hus,  a.  Not 
ostentatious;  not  making  show  and  par- 
ade; modest;  not  glaring  or  showy.  —  Un- 
ostentatiously, un-os'ten-ta"8hus-li,  adv. 
Without  show  or  ostentation. 

UnoKTued,  un-ond',  a.  Having  no  known 
owner ;  not  acknowledged  as  one's  own. 

Unpack,  un-pak',  v.t.  To  take  from  a  pack- 
age; to  remove  a  wrapper  from;  to  unload. 

Unpaid,  un-pad',  a.  Not  paid;  not  dis- 
charged, as  a  debt ;  not  having  received 
what  is  due;  not  receiving  a  salary  or 
•wascB.— Unpaid  for,  not  paid  for;  taken 
on  credit. 

Unpalatable,  un-pal'a-ta-bl,  a.  Not  pala^ 
table;  disgusting  to  the  taste;  not  such  as 
to  bereUshed;  disagreeable  to  the  feelings. 

Unparagoned,  un-par'a-goad,  o.  Un- 
equalled; matchless. 

Unparalleled,  un-par'a-leld,  a.  Having  no 
parallel  or  equal;  unequalled;  matchless; 
such  that  nothing  similar  was  ever  seen. 

Unpardonable,  un-par'dn-a-bl,  a.  Not  to 
be  forgiven;  incapable  of  being  pardoned. 

Unparliamentary,  un-par'li-meD"ta-ri,  a. 
Contrary  to  the  usages  or  rules  of  proceed- 
ing in  parliament;  not  such  as  can  be 
used  or  uttered  in  parliament. 

Unpathed,  un-pathd',  o.     Not  trodden; 

Unpatriotic,  un-pa'tri-ot"ik,  o.  Not  patri- 
otic. 

Unpatronlzed,  un-pat'ron-izd,  a.  Not  hav- 
ing a  patron;  not  supported  by  friends. 

■Unpaved,  nn-pavd',  a.  Not  paved;  having 
no  pavement. 

Unpensioned,  un-pen'shond,  a.  Not  pen- 
sioned; not  having  a  pension. 

Unpeople,  un-pe'pl,  v.t.  To  deprive  of  in- 
habitants; to  depopulate;  to  dispeople. 


Uaporceivable,  un-p6r-s6'v»-bl,  a.  Inca- 
pable of  being  perceived;  not  perceptible. 

Unperformed,  un-p6r-fornid',  a.  Not  per- 
formed; not  done;  not  fulfilled. 

Unperturbed,  un-p6r-t6rbd',  a.  Not  per- 
turbed; not  disturbed. 

Unperverted,  un-per-v6r'ted,  a.  Not  per- 
verted ;  not  wrested  or  turned  to  a  wrong 
sense  or  use. 

Unphllosophic,  Unphilosopliical,  un-fil'c- 
sof'ik,  un-fil'o-sof"i-kal,  a.  Not  philo- 
sophic^ the  reverse  of  philosophic;  not 
according  to  the  principles  of  sound  phi- 
losophy. 

Unpin,  un-pin',  v.t.  To  loose  from  pins;  to 
unfasten  or  undo  what  is  held  together  by 
a  pin  or  pins. 

Unpitied,  un-pit'id,  a.  Not  pitied;  not 
regarded  with  sjjmpathetic  sorrow.— XJn- 
pitying,  un-pit'i-ing,  a.  Having  no  pity; 
showing  no  compassion. 

Unplagued,  un-plagd',  a.  Not  plagued, 
harassed,  or  tormented. . 

Unplanted,  un-plau'ted,  a.  Not  planted ; 
of  spontaneous  growth. 

Unpleasant,  un-plez'ant,  a.  Not  pleasant; 
not  affording  pleasure ;  disagreeable.  — 
Unpleasantly,  un-plez'ant-U,  adv.  In  a 
manner  not  pleasing.  —  Unpleasantness, 
un-plez '  aut-nes,  n.  Disagreeableness. — 
Unpleasbig,  un-ple'zing,  a.  Unpleasant ; 
offensive ;  disagreeable.  —  Unpleasingly, 
un-pl6'ziiig-li,  adv. 

UnpIiable.Unpllant,  un-pli'a-bl,  un-pli'ant, 
a.  Not  pliable;  not  easily  bent;  not  readily 
yielding  the  will. 

Unplumbed,  un-plumd',  o.  Not  plumbed 
or  measured  by  a  plumb-line;  unf  athomed. 

Unpoetic,  Unpoetical,  un-po-et'ik,  un-p5- 
evi-kal,  a.  Not  poetical;  not  having  poeti- 
cal qualities;  not  proper  to  or  becoming  a 
?oet.— Unpoetically,  un-po-et'i-kal-li,  aUdv. 
n  an  unpoetic  manner. 

Unpolished,  un-pol'isht,  a.  Not  polished ; 
not  made  smooth  or  bright  by  rubbing; 
not  refined  in  manners;  rude;  plain. 

Unpolite,  un-p5-lit',  a.  Not  polite;  uncivil; 
rude.  —  Unpolitely,  un-po-Iit'U,  adv.  In 
an  uncivil  manner. 

Unpolluted,  un-pol-la'ted,  a.  Not  polluted 
or  defiled;  pure. 

Unpopular,  un-pop'a-l6r,  a.  Not  popular ; 
not  having  the  public  favour.  —  Unpopu- 
larity, un-pop'a-lar"i-ti,  n.  The  state  of 
being  unpopular.— Unpopulaxly,  un-pop'- 
a-l6r-li,  adv.    Not  popularly. 

Unpractical,  un-prak'ti-kal,  a.  Not  prac- 
tical ;  impractical. 

Unpractised,  un-prak'tist,  a.  Not  having 
been  taught  by  practice;  raw;  unskilful. 

Unprecedented,  un-pres'e-den-ted,  a.  Hav- 
ing no  precedent;  not  matched  by  any 
other  instance ;  unexampled.  —  Unprece- 
dentedly,  un-pres'6-den-ted-li,  adv.  With- 
out precedent;  exceptionally. 

Unprejudiced,  un-prcj'0-dist,  a.  Not  pre- 
judiced ;  free  from  undue  bias  or  prepos- 
session; unbiassed;  impartial. 

Unpremeditated,  un-pr(5-med'i-til-ted,  a. 
Not  previously  meditated  or  prepared  in 
the  mind;  not  previously  purposed  or  in- 
tended ;  not  done  by  design. 

Unprepared,  un-pre-p5rd',  a.  Net  prepared; 
not  fitted  or  made  suitable  or  ready ;  not 
brought  into  a  right  or  suitable  condition 
in  view  of  a  future  event,  contingency, 
danger,  or  the  like.  —  Unpreparedly,  un- 
prC-pa'red-li,  a.  Without  due  preparation, 
tlnpreparedness,  un-pr5-pa'red-nes,  n. 

Unprepossessed,  un-pre'poz-zest",  a.  Not 
biassed  by  previous  opinions;  not  preju- 
diced.—Unprepossessing,  un-pre'poz-zes"- 
ing,  a.  Not  having  a  prepossessing  or 
•winning  appeai-ance;  not  attractive  cr 
engaging. 

Unpresentable,  un-pr5-zep'ta-bl,  a.  Not 
fit  for  being  presented  to  company  or 
society. 

Unpresuming,  un-pr6-za'ming,  a.  Not  pre- 
suming; modest;  humble. — Unpresump- 
tnous,  un-pre-zum'tO-us,  9.  Not  presump- 
tuous. 

Unpretending,  un-pr6-ten''ding,  a.  Not 
pretending  to  any  distinction;  making  no 
pretensions  to  superiority;  unassuming. 

Unprincipled,  un-prin'si-pld,  a.  Not  hav- 
ing settled  principles;  destitute  of  virtue; 
profligate;  immoral;  iniquitous;  wicked. 


ch,  cftain;     eft,  Sc.  locft;     s,Bo;    j.iob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sins;     ih,  tften;  th,  tftin;     w,  wig;     wh,  wftig;    zh,  asure.^ 


tJNPRIVILEGED 


742 


tJNSAVOTmY 


TTnprivileged,  un-priv'i-lejd,  a.  Not  enjoy- 
ing a  particular  privilege  or' imm unity. 
Unprodiictive,  un-pro-duk'tiv,-a.  Not  pro- 
ductive; not  producing  large  crops;  not 
making  profitable  returns  for  labour;  not 
producing  profit  or  interest;  not  produc- 
ing articles  for  consumption  or  distribu- 
tion ;  not  producing  any  effect.  —  Unpro- 
ductiveness, un-pro-duk'tiv-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  unproductive. 

Unprofessional,  un-pro-fesh'on-al,  a.  Not 
pertaining  to  one's  profession;  contrary  to 
the  rules  or  usages  of  a  profession;  not  be- 
'onging  to  a  profession. 

Unprofitable,  un-prof'i-ta-bl,  a.  Not  pro- 
fitable; bringing  no  profit;  serving  no  use- 
ful end;  useless;  profitless. — Unprofitable- 
ness, un-prof'i-ta-bl-nes,  n.  Uselessness. — 
Unprofltably,  un-prof'i-ta-bli,  adv.  With- 
out profit,  aidrantage,  or  use ;  to  no  good 
purpose. 

Unprohibited,  un-pro-hib'i-ted,  o.  Not  for- 
bidden; lawful.       p 

UnproUfic,  un-pro-lif'ik,  a.  Barren;  not 
producing  young  or  fruit. 

unpromising,  un-prom'is-ing,  a.  Not  affor- 
ding a  favourable  prospect  of  success,  of 
excellence,  of  profit.  &c.— U&promisingly, 
un-prom'is-ing-li,  adv. 

Unpronounceable,  un -pro -noun 'sa-bl,  a. 
Incapable  of  being  pronounced ;  unfit  for 
being  named;  unmentionable. 

Unpropitions,  un-pro-pish'us,  a.  Not  pro- 
pitious or  favourable ;  inauspicious. 

Unprosperons,  un-pros'pftr-us,  o.  Not  at- 
tended with  success;  unfortunate.  —  Un- 
prosperonsly,  un-pros'p6r-u8-li,  adv.  Un- 
successfully; unfortunately. 

Unprptectea,  un-pro-tek'ted,  a.  Not  pro- 
tected or  defended;  without  protector  or 
guardian. 

Improved,  un-pr8vd',  a.  Not  tested  or 
known  by  trial;  not  established  as  true 
by  proof. 

Unprovided,  un-pro-vi'ded,  a.  Not  pro- 
vided; not  supplied. 

Unprovoked,  un-pro-vokt',  o.  Not  pro- 
voked ;  not  proceeding  from  provocation 

jor  just  cftuse. 

Uhpublished,  un-pub'lisht,  a.  Not  made 
public;  not  published  or  issued  from  the 
press  to  the  public,  as  a  manuscript  or 
book. 

Unpunctual,  un-pungk'ta-al,  a.  Not  punc- 
tual; not  exact  as  to  time. 

Unpunished,  un-pun'isht,  a.  SufTered  to 
pass  with  impunity. 

Unpurchased,  un-p6r'chast,  a.  Not  bought. 

Unqualified,  un-kwol'i-fid,  a.  Not  having 
the  requisite  qualifications ;  without  suf- 
ficient talents,  abilities,  or  accomplish- 
tnents ;  not  legally  competent  to  act;  not 
having  passed  the  necessary  examinaiions 
and  received  a  diploma  or  license ;  not 
modified  by  conditions  or  exceptions  (un- 
mialified  praise). 

Unquenchable,  un-kwensh'a-bl,  a.  Inca- 
pable of  beini?  quenched,  extinguished, 
or  the  like.— Unqnenchably,  un-kwensh'- 
a-bli,  adv.  In  an  unquenchable  manner. 

Unquestionable,  un-kwes'tj'un-a-bl,  a.  Not 
to  oe  doubted  or  called  m  question;  in- 
dubitable ;  certain.— Unquestionably,  un- 
kwes'tyun-a-bli,  adv.  Without  doubt; 
indubitably.  —  Unquestioned,  un-kwes'- 
tyund,  a.  Not  called  in  question;  not 
doubted ;  not  interrogated. 

Unquiet,  un-kwi'et,  a.  Not  calm  or  tran- 
quil :  restless ;  agitated ;  disturbed. — Un- 
quletly,  un-kwi'et-li,  adv.  In  an  unquiet 
manner;  in  an  agitated  state. — Unqniet- 
ness,  un-kwi'et-nes,  n.  Agitation;  uneasi- 
ness; restlessness. 

Unravel,  un-rav'el,  v.t.  To  disentangle;  to 
disengage  or  separate ;  to  clear  from  com- 
plication or  difficulty;  to  unriddle;  to  un- 
fold or  bring  to  a  denouement,  as  the  plot 
or  intrigue  of  a  play •-».».  To  be  unfolded; 
to  be  disentangledL 

Unread,  un-red',  o.  Not  perused ;  not  in- 
structed by  books.  —  Unreadable,  un-re'- 
da-bl,  a.  Incapable  of  being  read  or  de- 
ciphered; illegible;  not  worth  reading;  so 
dull  or  ill-written  as  to  repel  readers. 

Unready,  un-red'i,  a.  Not  prepared;  not 
fit;  not  prompt.  —  Unreadiness,  un-red'i- 
nes,  n.  Want  of  promptness  or  of  pre- 
paration. 


Unreal,  un-rCal,  a.  Not  real;  not  substan- 
tial; having  appearance  only.— Unreality 
un-re-al'i-ti,  n.  Want  of  real  existence; 
that  which  has  no  reality. 

Unreason,  un-re'zn,  n.  Want  of  reason; 
folly;  absurdity.— Unreasonable,  un-re'zn- 
a-bl,  a.  Not  agreeable  to  reason;  not 
guided  by  reason;  exceeding  the  bounds  of 
reason;  exorbitant;  immodorate;  uncon- 
scionable-Unreasonableness, un-rS'zu-a- 
bl-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
unreasonable.- Unreasonably,  un-r5'zn-a- 
bli,  adv.  In  an  unreasonable  manner; 
excessively ;  immoderately.  —  Unreason- 
ing, un-re'zn-ing,  a.  Not  having  reasoning 
faculties;  characterized  bj;  want  of  reason; 
not  taking  a  reasonable  view. 

Unreckoned,  un-rek'nd,  a.  Not  computed, 
counted,  or  summed  up. 

Unreclaimed,  un-r6-klamd',  a.  Not  brought 
to  a  domestic  state;  not  tamed;  not  brought 
into  tillage;  not  reformed;  not  called  back 
from  vice  to  virtue. 

Unrecognizable,  un-rek'o^-ni"za-bl,  a.  In- 
capable of  being  recognized;  irrecogniz- 
able.  . 

Unrecommended,  un-rek'om-men"ded,  a. 
.Not  favourably  mentioned. 

.^inrecompensea,  un-rek'om-penst,  a.  Not 
rewardea  or  requited. 

Unreconciled,  un-rek'on-sild,  a.  Not  recon- 
ciled; not  made  consistent;  not  restored 
to  friendship  or  favour;  still  at  enmity. 

Unrecorded,  un-r6-kor'dedjO.  Not  recorded 
or  registered ;  not  kept  in  remembrance 
by  public  monuments. 

Unredeemed,  un-r5-Q5md',o.  Not  r^eemed; 
not  ransomed ;  not  recalled  into  the  trea- 
sury or  bank  by  payment  of  the  value  in 
money  {unredeemed  bills);  not  having  any 
countervailing  quality;  unmitigated. 

Unredressed,  un-re-drest',  a.  Not  redressed; 
not  having  received  redress;- not  removed 
or  reformed. 

Unrefined,  un-re-find',  a.  Not  purified;  not 
polished  in  manners,  taste,  or  the  like.- 

Unreformed,  un-re-formd',a.  Not  reclaimed 
from  vice;  not  corrected  or  amended. 

Unregarded,  un-rg-gar'ded,  o.  Not  heeded; 
neglected;  slighted. 

Unregeneracy,  un-r5-jen'6r-a-si,  n.  State 
of  being  unregenerate.  —  Unregenerate, 

-  Unregenevated,  un-re-jen'*r-at,  un-re-jen'- 
6r-a.-ted,  a.  Not  regenerated  or  renewed 
in  heart;  remaining  at  enmity  with  God. 

Unregistered,  un-rej'is-t6rd,  a.  Not  entered 
in  a  register. 

Unrelated,  un-rS-la'ted,  a.  Not  connected 
by  blood  or  affinity;  having  no  connection 
of  any  kind. 

Unrelenting,  un-r5-len'ting,  a.  Not  be- 
coming lenient,  gentle,  or  merciful;  re- 
lentless; hard;  pitiless. 

Unreliable,  un-re-li'a-bl,  a.  Not  reliable; 
not  to  be  relied  or  depended  on. — Unreli- 
ableness,  un-rS-li'a-bl-nes,  n.  The  char- 
acter of  being  unreliable. 

Unrelieved,  un-re-levd',  a.  Not  eased  or 
delivered  from  pain;  not  succoured;  not 
delivered  from  distress;  not  released  from 
duty. 

Unremembered.  tm-re-mem'b^rd,  a.  For- 
gotten. 

Unremitted,  un-re-mit'ed,  a.  Not  remitted; 
not  forgiven;  not  having  a  temporary  re- 
laxation.— Unremitting;  un-re-mit'ing,  a. 
Not  abating;  not  relaxing  for  a  time;  in- 
cessant; continued. 

Unremovable,  un-rS-mb'va-bl,  a..  Fixed; 
irremovable;  immovable. 

Unrenewed ,  un-r5-n(ld',  a.  Not  made  anew; 
not  regenerated. 

Unrepadd,  un-re-pad',  a.  Not  compensated; 
not  requited. 

Unrepealed,  un-r6-pE5d',  a.  Not  repealed, 
revoKed,  or  abrogated;  remaining  in  force. 

Unrepentant,  un-re-pen'tant,  a.  Not  peni- 
tent; not  contrite  for  sin.— Unrepented, 
iin-re-pen'ted,  a.    Not  repented  of. 

Unrepinisg,  un-r5-pi'ning,a.  Not  peevishly 
murmuring  or  complaining. 

Unrepresented,  nn-rep'r5-zen"ted,  a.  Not 
represented;  not  having  a  representative 
or  person  to  act  in  one's  stead;  not  yet  put 
on  the  stage. 

Unrequited,  un-rS-twi'ted,  a.  Not  requited; 
not  recompensed;  not  reciprocated. 

Unreserved,  un-re-zfirvd',  a.    Not  reserved 


or  restricted;  not  withheld  in  part;  full; 
entire;  open;  frank;  concealing  nothing. — 
Unreservedly, un-re-zer'ved-li,adi'.  With- 
out  limitation  or  reservation ;  frankly ; 
without  concealment.  —  Unreservedness, 
un-re-zer'ved-nes,  n. 

Unresisted,  un-re-zis'ted,  a.  Not  resisted 
or  opposed.— Unresisting,  un-re-zis'ting,  a. 
Not  making  resistance;  submissive. 
Unresolved,  un-re-zolvd',  a.  Not  deter- 
mined; not  solved;  not  cleared. 
Unrest,  un-rest',  n.  Disquiet;  want  of  tran- 
quillity; uneasiness;  unhappinp ss.  —  Un- 
resting, un-rcs'ting,  a.  Never  resting  or 
ceasing;  continually  in  motion. 
Unrestored,  un-r5-stord',a.  Not  given  back 
not  restored  to  a  former  and  better  state. 
Unrestrained,  un-re-strand',  a.  Not  r& 
strained  or  controlled;  not  limited;  un 
controlled;licentious;  loose.— Unrestraint 
un-re-strant',ri.  Freedom  from  restraint 
Unrestricted,  un-re-strik'ted,  a.  Without 
restriction;  not  limited  or  confined. 
Unrevenged,  un-r6-venjd',  a.  Not  having 
obtained  revenge;  not  having  taken  ven- 
geance; remaining  without  vengeance 
taken. 

Unrewarded,  un-r5-war'ded,  a.  Not  having 
received  a  reward;  not  compensated  by 
reward  bestowed;  unrequited. 
Unriddle,  un-rid'l,  v.t.  To  solve  or  explain; 
to  interpret. 

Unrighteous,  un-rit'j-us,  a.  Not  righteous; 
not  just;  wicked:  not  honest  and  upright: 
of  persons  or  things.— Unrighteously,  un- 
rityus-li,  adv.  Unjustly;  wickedly.— Un- 
rignteo.usness,  un-rit'yus-nes,  n.  Injus- 
tice; a  violation  of  the  principles  of  justice 
and  equity;  wickedness. 
Unripe,  un-rip',  a.  Not  ripe ;  not  mature; 
not  fully  prepared;  not  completed.— Un- 
ripeness, un-rip'nes,  n. .  Want  of  ripeness; 
immaturity. 

Unrivalled,  un-ii'vald,  a.  Having  no  rival 
or  equal;  peerless;  incomparable. 
Unrobe,  un-rob',  v.t.    To  strip  of  a  robe;  to 
undress;  to  disrobe. 

Unroll,  un-rol',  v.t.  To  open  out,  as  some- 
thing rolled  or  convolved;  to  lay  open  or 
display.— f.t.  To  unfold;  to  uncoil. 
Unromantic,  un-ro-man'tik,a.  Not  roman- 
tic; not  given  to  romantic  fancies;  having 
nothing  of  romance  connected  with  it. 
Unroof,  un-r6f',  v.t.  To  strip  off  the  roof  or 
roofs  of. 

Unroot,  un-rdt',  v.t.  To  tear  up  by  the 
roots;  to  extirpate;  to  eradicate. 
Unruffied,  un-ruf'ld,  a.  Calm;  tranquil;  not 
agitated;  not  disturbed. 
Unruly,'un-r6'li,  a.  [From  O.E.  unroo,  un- 
rest, from  un,  not,  and  O.E.  roo,  ro,  rest, 
quietness  (with  term.  -Jy),  from  A.  Sax. 
rdw,  Icel.  rd,  D.  roe,  G.  rtme,  rest.  Rule 
has  influenced  the  meaning.]  Disregard- 
ing restraint;  disposed  to  violate  laws; 
turbulent;  ungovernable;  disorderly.— Un- 
rullness,  un-rO'li-nes,  n.  Disregard  of  re- 
straint; turbulence. 

Unsaddle,  un-sadl,  v.t.  To  take  the  saddle 
'  from. 

Unsafe,  un-sSf,  a.  Not  affording  or  accom- 
panied by  complete  safety;  not  free  from 
danger;  perilous;  hazardous.  —  Unsafely, 
un-saf'U,  adv.  Not  without  danger. 
Unsaid,  un-sed',  a.  Not  spoken;  not 
uttered. 

Unsaintly,  un-ssntli,  a.  Not  like  a  saint; 
unholy. 

Unsaleable,  un-ssla-bl,  a:-  Not  saleable: 
not  meeting  a  ready  sale;  that  cannot  find 

Unsanctifled',  un-sangk'ti-fid,  a.  Unholy; 
profane;  wicked;  not  consecrated. 
Xfnaatisfactory,  un-sat'is-fak"to-ri,  a.  Not 
satisfactory;  not  satisfying;  not  giving 
satisf action.—  Unsatiafactoriness,  un-sat'- 
i8-fak"to-ri-nes,  n.— Unsatisfied,  un-sat'is- 
fld,  a.  Not  having  enough;  not  gratified 
to  the  fulh  not  content;  not  pleased;  not 
convinced  or  fully  persuaded;  unpaid.— 
Unsatisfying,  un-sat'is-fi-ing,  a.  Not  af- 
fording full  gratification;  not  convincing 
the  mind. 

Unsavoury,  un-sa'vfer-i,  a.  Not  savo.ury; 
tasteless;  insipid;  disagreeable  to  the  taste 
or  smell;  unpleasing;  offensive.  —  Unsa- 
vourily, un-sa'v6r-i-li,  adv.  —  Unsavonrl- 
ness,  un-sa'vir-i-nes,  n. 


Fate.  far.  fat,  fgU;     me,  met,  hbt;     pine,  pin ;     nSte,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tub,  b\)ll;     oil,  pound;     tl,  Sa  abvne— the  Fr.  u. 


UNSAY 


743 


UNSURPASSABLE 


Unsay,  un-sa',  v.t.  To  recant  or  recall  after 
having  been  said;  to  retract;  to  take  back. 

Unscathed,  un-sk9.THd',  a.  Not  scathed  or 
injured:  without  scathe;  uninjured. 

Unschooled,  un-skold',  a.  Not  schooled; 
not  taught;  illiterate. 

Unscrew,  un-skro',  v.".  To  draw  the  screws 
from;  to  unfasten  by  screwing  back. 

Unscriptural,  un-skrip'tu-ral,  a.  Not  agree- 
able to  the  Scriptures;  not  warranted  by 
the  authority  of  the  Word  of  God.— Un- 
Bcriptnrally,  un-skrip'ta-ral-li,  adv.  In  a 
manner  not  according  with  the  Scrip- 
tures. 

Unscrupulous,  un-skro'pa-lus,  a.  Having 
no  scruples;  regardless  of  principle. — Un- 
scrupulously, un-skro'pu-lus-li,  adv.  In 
an  unscrupulous  manner. — Unscrupulous- 
ness,  uu-skro'pu-lus-nes,  ji.  Want  of  scru- 
pulousness.' 

Unseal,  un-sel',  v.t.  To  open  after  having 
been  sealed. — Unsealed,  un-s6ld',  p.  and  a. 
Not  stamped  with  a  seal;  not  ratified  or 
sanctioned. 

Unsearchable,  un-s6r'cha-bl,  a.  Incapable 
of  being  discovered  by  search;  inscrutable; 
mysterious.  —  Uusearchableness,  un-B6r'- 
cha-bl-nes,  n. 

Unseasonable,  un-se'zn-a-bl ,  a.  Not  season- 
able; not  agreeable  to  the  time  of  the  year; 
ill-timed;  untimely;  not  suited  to  the  time 
or  occasion.— Unseasonableiiess,  un-s6'zn- 
a-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  unsea- 
sonable. —  Unseasonably,  un-sB'zn-a-bli, 
adv.  Not  seasonably;  not  at  the  most  suit- 
able time.— Unseasoned,  un-se'znd,  a.  Not 
seasoned;  not  kept  and  made  fit  for  use; 
not  inured ;  not  flavoured  with  seasoning. 

Unseat,  un-set',  v.t.  To  remove  from  a  seat; 
to  throw  from  one's  seat  on  horseback;  to 
depose  from  a  seat  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. 

Unseaworthy,  un-s5-w6r'THi,  a.  Not  fit  for 
a  voyage:  said  of  ships  not  in  a  fit  state 
to  encounter  the  ordmary  perils  of  a  sea 
voyage.- Unseaworthiness,  un-se-w6r'iHi- 
nes,  n. 

Unseconded.  un-sek'un-ded,  a.  Not  sup- 
ported; not  assisted;  without  any  one  to 
second. 

Unsectarian,  un-sek-ta'ri-an,  a.  Not  sec- 
tarian; not  characterized  by  any  of  the 
peculiarities  of  a  sect;  not  belonging  to 
any  one  sect. 

Unseeing,  un-s6'ing,  it.  "Wanting  the  power 
of  vision;  blind. 

Unseemly,  un-s5m'li,  a.  Not  seemly;  not 
becoming;  indecorous;  indecent.— arfy.  In- 
decently; unbecomingly. —  Unseemliness, 
uu-sem '  li-nes,  n.  Uncomeliness;  inde- 
cency; indecorum. 

Unseen,  un-sen',  o.  Not  seen;  invisible.— 
The  •unssen,  that  which  is  unseen ;  espe- 
cially, the  world  of  spirits ;  the  hereafter. 

Unselfish,  un-sel'flsh,  a.  Not  selfish  or  un- 
duly attached  to  one's  own  interest. 

Unsent,  un-sent',  a.  Not  despatched;  not 
transmitted. — Unsent  for,^  nob  called  to 
attend. 

Unsentenced,  un-sen'tenst,  a.  Not  having 
received  sentence. 

Unsentimental,  un-8en'ti-men"tal,  a.  Not 
apt  to  be  swayed  by  sentiment;  matter-of- 
fact. 

Unserviceable,  un-86r'vis-a-bl,a.  Not  bring- 
ing advantage,  use,  profit,  or  convenience; 
useless. 

Unsettle,  vm-sefl,  v.t.  To  change  from  a 
settled  state;  to  unhinge;  to  make  uncer- 
tain or  fluctuating;  to  disorder  the  mind 
of;  to  derange. — Uiisettled,  un-set'ld,  p. 
and  a.  Not  fixed  in  resolution;  unsteady 
or  wavering;  disturbed  or  troubled;  not 
calm  or  composed;  having  no  fixed  place 
of  abode;  apt  to  change  one's  "abode  or 
occupation;  displaced  from  a  fixed  or  per- 
manent position;  not  adjusted;  unpaid; 
not  occupied  by  permanent  inha,bitants. 
— UnssttlednesB,  un-set'ld-nes,  n. 

Uusex,  un-seks',  v.t.  To  deprive  of  the 
qualities  of  sex;  to  transform  in  respect 
to  sex;  usually,  to  deprive  of  the  qualities 
of  a  woman. 

Unshackle,  un-shakl,  v.t.    To  unfetter;  to 
set  free  from  restraint. 
Unshaken,  im-sha'kn,  a.    Not  shaken;  not 
agitated;  not  moved  in  resolution;  firm; 
steady. 


Unshamed,  un-shamd',  a.    Not  ashamed; 

not  abashed. 

Unshaped,  Unshapen,  un-shapt',  un-shs'- 
pn,  a.  Shapeless;  misshapen;  deformed. 
—Unshapely,  un-shap'li,  a.    Ill  formed. 

Unsheathe,  un-sheTH',  v.t.  To  draw  from 
the  sheathe  or  scabbard. — To  unsheathe  the 
sword,  often  equivalent  to  to  make  war. 

Unshed,  un-shed',  a.    Not  shed;  not  spilt. 

Unshielded,  un-shel'ded,  a.  Not  protected; 
exposed. 

Unship,  un-ship',  v.t.  To  take  out  of  a  ship 
or  other  water  craft;  naut.  to  remove  from 
the  place  where  it  is  fixed  or  ^ted. 

Unshod,  un-shod',  a.  Having  no  shoes. 

Unshorn,  un-shom',  a.  Not  sheared;  not 
clipped. 

Unshot,  un-shot',  v.t.  To  take  or  draw  the 
shot  or  ball  out  of. — Unshotted,  un-shot'- 
ed,  a.    Not  loaded  with  shot. 

Unshrinking,  un-shringk'ing,  a.  Not  with- 
drawing from  danger  or  toil;  not  recoiling. 

Unshroud,  un-shroud',  v.t.  To  remove  the 
shroud  from;  to  uncover;  to  disclose. 

Unsifted,  un-sif'ted,  a.  Not  separated  by 
a  sieve;  not  critically  examined. 

Unsightly,  un-sit'li,  a.  Disagreeable  to  the 

'eye;  repulsive;  ugly;  deformed.— Unsight- 
Imess,  un-sit'li-nes,  n.  Bepulsiveness;  de- 
formity; ugliness. 

Unsinking,  un-singk'inig,  a.  Not  subsiding; 
not  failing. 

Unsinnlng,  un-sin'ing,  a.  Untainted  with 
sin. 

Unsisterly,  un-sis't^r-li,  a.  Not  like  or  be- 
coming a  sister. 

Unsized,  un-sizd',  a.  Not  sized  or  stiffened; 
not  made  with  size  {unsized  paper). 

Unskilful,  un-skil'ful,  a.  Not  skilful;  hav- 
ing no  or  little  skill;  wanting  knowledge 
and  dexterity  .—UnskilftUly,  un-skil'f  nl-li, 
adv.  Without  skill  or  dexterity;  clumsily. 

—  Unskilfulness,  un-skil'ful-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  unskilful;  want  of  skill. 

—  Unskilled,  un-skild',  a.  Destitute  of 
skill  or  practical  knowledge. —  Unskilled 
labour,  labour  not  requiring  special  skill 
or  training;  simple  manual  labour. 

Unslaked,  un-slajkt',  a.  Not  slaked  or 
quenched;  not  mixed  with  water  and  so 
reduced  to  powder  (unslaked  lime). 

Unsleeping,  un-slep'ing,  a.  Never  sleep- 
ing; ever  wakeful. 

Unsung,  un-sling',  v.t.  Naut.  to  release 
from  slings.  ' 

Unsmlrched,  un-sm6rcht',  a.  Not  stained 
or  soiled. 

Unsociable,  un-so'shi-a-bl,  a.  Not  sociable; 
not  suitable  for  society;  not  inclined  for 
society;  not  free  in  conversation;  not  com- 
panionable. —  Unsociableness,  Unsocia- 
Dility,  un-so'shi-a-bl-nes,  un-so'shi-a-bil"- 
i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  un- 
sociable.—Unsociably,  un-so'shi-a-bli,  adv. 
—Unsocial,  un-so'shal,  a.  Not  social ;  not 
adapted  to  society;  not  caiing  to  mix  with 
one  s  fellows. 

Unsoiled,  un-soild',  o.  Not  soiled;  unpol- 
luted; pure. 

Unsold,  un-sold',  a.  Not  sold;  not  trans- 
ferred for  a  consideration. 

Unsolicited,  un-so-lis'i-ted,  a.  Not  soli- 
cited; not  applied  to  or  petitioned;/' not 
asked  for;  not  eagerly  requested. 

Unsolved,  un-solvd',  a.  Not  explained  or 
cleared  up. 

Unsojjhisticated,  un-so-fis'ti-ka-ted,  a.  Not 
sophisticated;  not  adulterated;  unmixed; 
pure;  in  the  natural  and  simple  state; 
natural;  void  of  the  conventionalities  or 
artificialities  of  polite  society. 

Unsought,  un-sat',  a.  Not  searched  for; 
unasked  for;  unsolicited. 

Unsound,  un- sound',  a.  Not  sound  or 
healthy;  corrupt;  decayed;  not  solid,  firm, 
or  the  like;  not  founded  on  truth  or  con-ect 
principles;  not  valid;  erroneous;  not  ortho- 
Qox.- Unsoundly,  un-sound'li,  adv.  In  an 
unsound  manner.  —  Unsoundness,  un- 
sound'nes,  n.  Want  of  soundness;  want  of 
strength  or  solidity;  weakness;  erroneous- 
ness;  defectiveness. 

Unsoured,  un-sourd',  a.  Not  made  sour, 
morose,  or  crabbed. 

Unaowed,  Unsown,  un-sod',  un-son',  a.  Not 
sowed;  not  planted  with  seed;  not  scat- 
tered on  land  for  growth;  not  propagated 
by  seed  scattered. 


Unsparing,  un-spa'ring,  a.  Not  parsimoni- 
ous; profuse;  not  merciful  or  forgiving; 
severe;  rigorous  in  treatment. 

Unspeakable,  un-sp6'ka-bl,  a.  Incapable 
of  being  spoken  or  uttered;  unutterable; 
ineffable.  —  Unspeakably,  un-spE'ka-bli, 
adv.    Unutterably. 

Unspecified,  un-spes'i-fid,  a.  Not  specified 
or  particularly  mentioned. 

Unspent,  un-spent',  a.  Not  spent;  not  used 
or  wasted;  not  exhausted. 

Unspiritual,  un-spir'i-ta-al,  a.  Carnal; 
worldly. 

Unspoken,  un-spolm,  a.  Not  spoken  or 
uttered. 

Unspotted,  un-spot'ed,  a.  Free  from  spots; 
free  from  moral  stain;  untainted  with 
guilt;  unblemished;  faultless;  pure. 

Unstable,  un-sta'bl,  a.  Not  stable;  incon- 
stant ;  irresolute ;  wavering.  —  Unstable- 
ness,  un-sta'bl-nes,  n.    Instability. 

Unstaid,  un-stad',  a.  Not  staid  or  steady; 
not  settled  in  judgment;  volatile.— Un- 
staidness,  un-stad'nes,  lu 

Unstained,  un-stand',  a.  Not  stained;  not 
polluted,  tamishpd,  or  dishonoured. 

Unstamped,  un-stampt',  a.  Not  having  a 
stamp  impressed  or  affixed  (an  unstamped 
receipt  or  letter). 

Unsteady,  un-stedl,  a.  Not  steady;  shak- 
ing; staggering;  reeling;  wavering;  fluc- 
tuating; not  constant  in  mind;  fickle;  un- 
settled; not  regular,  equable,  or  uniform; 
varying.— Unsteadily,  un-sted'i-li,  adv.  In 
an  unsteady  manner;  without  steadiness; 
waveringly;  totteningly;  restlessly;  incon- 
sistently.— Unsteadiness,  un-sted'i-nes,  n. 
Want  of  firmness,  fixedness,  or  stability; 
restlessness;  inconstancy. 

Unstinted,  un-stin'ted,  a.  Not  stinted; 
bestowed  abundantly;  rather  profuse  or 
lavish. 

Unstop,  un-stop',  v.t.  To  free  from  a  stop- 
per, as  a  bottle  or  cask;  to  free  from  ob- 
struction. 

Unstormed,  un-stormd',  a.  Not  assaulted; 
not  taken  by  assault. 

Unstrained,  un-strand',  a.  Not  purified  by 
straining;  not  forced;  easy  or  natural. 

Unstratified,  un-strat'i-fid,  a.  Not  consis- 
ting of  a  series  of  strata  or  layers  (as  is  the 
case  with  rocks  deposited  by  water),  but 
forming  amorphous  masses. 

Unstring,  un-string',  v.t.  To  deprive  of 
strings;  to  relax  or  untune  the  strings  of; 
to  take  from  a  string;  to  relax  the  tension 
of;  to  loosen  or  relax  (the  nerves).— Un- 
strung.un-strung',  pp.  Deprii'ed  of  strings; 
having  the  nerves  shaken. 

Unstudied,  un-stud'id,  a.  Not  studied;  not 
premeditated;  not  laboured;  easy;  natural; 
Ignorant;  unskilled. 

Unsubdued,  un-sub-dad',  a.  Not  brought 
into  subjection;  not  conquered. 

Unsubstantial,  ua-sub-stan'shal,  a..  Not 
substantial  or  solid;  not  real;  not  having 
substance.—  Unsubstantiality,  un-sub- 
stan'shi-al"i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  unsubstantial;  want  of  substance  or 
reality. 

Unsuccessful,  un-suk-ses'fnl,  a.  Not  suc- 
cessful; having  met  with  no  success;  not 
fortunate  in  the  result  or  issue.— Unsuc- 
cessfully, un-suk-ses'ful-li,  adv.  Without 
success;  unfortunately.  —  Unsuccessful - 
ness,  un-suk-ses'ful-nes,  n. 

Unsuitable,  un-sa'ta-bl,  a.  Not  suitable, 
fit,  or  adapted;  unfit;  improper.— Unsui- 
tableness,  un-sa'ta-bj-nes,  n.  Unfitness.— 
Unsuitably,  un-sQ'ta-bli,  adv.  Unfitly;  in- 
adequately.—Unsuited,  un-su'ted,  a.  Not 
suited  or  adapted;  unfit. 

Unsullied,  un-sul'id,  a.  Not  sullied;  not 
stained  or  tarnished;  free  from  imputa- 
tion of  evil;  pure;  stainless. 

Unsung,  un-sung',  a.  Not  sung;  not  cele- 
brated in  song. 

UnsuppUed,  un-sup-plid',  a.  Not  supplied; 
not  provided;  not  furnished. 

Unsupported,  un-sup-por'ted,  a.  Not  sup- 
ported; not  upheld;  not  sustained;  not 
countenanced;  not  aided. 

Unsuppressed,  un-sup-prest',  a.  Not  sup- 
pressed; not  subdued  or  put  do^vn. 

Unsurpassable,  un-s6r-pas'a-bl,  a.  Not 
capable  of  being  surpassed,  excelled,  or 
exceeded.— Unsurpassed,  un-ser-paat',  a. 
Not  excelled,  exceeded,  or  outdone. 


ch. cAaiji:    cA. Sc.lccA;     g, fifo;    j,/ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng, siwjr;     ?h, tten;  th, ttin;     w,  wig;     wh,  wftig;    zh, asure. 


UNSUSCEPTIBLE 


744 


UNWILLINCt 


-1 


Unsusceptible,  un-sus-sep'ti-bl,  o.    Not 

Eusceptible;  insusceptible. 

Unsuspected,  un-sus-pek'ted,  a.  Not  sus- 
pected: not  aa  object  of  suspicion. — Un- 
suspecting, un-sus-pek'ting,  a.  Not  im- 
agining that  any  ill  is  designed;  free  from 
suspicion.—  Unsuspicious,  uu-sus-pish'us, 
a.  Not  inclined  to  suspect  or  to  imagine 
evil;  unsuspecting. 

Unswathe,  un-swaTH'^v.f.  To  take  a  swathe 
from;  to  relieve  from  a  bandage  or  ban- 
dages. 

Unswayed,  un-swad',  p.  and  a..  Not  biassed 
or  influenced. 

Unswept,  un-swept',  a.  Not  swept;  not 
cleaned  by  sweeping;  not  passed  over  by  a 
sweeping  motion. 

Unswerving,  un-sw6r'ving,  a.  Not  deviat- 
ing from  any  rule  or  standard;  unwaver- 
ing; firm. 

Unsworn,  un-swom',  a.  Not  bound  by  an 
oath;  not  having  taken  an  oath. 

Unsymmetrical,tin-sim-met'ri-kal,o.  Want- 
ing symmetry  or  due  proportion  of  parts. 

Unsystematic,  Unsystematical,  un'sis-te- 
mat'lk,  un'sis-te-mat"i-kal,  a.  Not  sys- 
tematic; wanting  a  proper  system. 

Uutatated,  un-tan'ted,  a.  Not  tainted;  not 
impregnated  with  foul  matter;  not  pu- 
trescent; not  sullied;  unblemished. 

Untaken,  un-ta'kn,  a.  Not  taken;  not  seized 
or  captured. 

Untamable,  Untameable,  un-ta'ma-bl,  a. 
Not  capable  of  being  tamed. — Untamed, 
un-tarad',  a.  Not  reclaimed  from  wild- 
ness;  not  domesticated;  not  subdued  or 
brought  under  control.  ». 

Untarnished,  uu-tar'nisht,  a.  Not  soiled 
or  tariii3hed;-unstained;  unblemished. 

Untasted,  uu-tas'ted,  a.  Not  tried  by  the 
taste;  not  experienced  or  enjoyed. 

Untaught,  un-tat',a.  Not  instructed  or  edu- 
cated; unlettered;  unskilled;  unschooled; 
not  made  thei  subject  of  teaching. 

Untaxed,  un-takst',  a.  Not  .charged  with 
or  liable  to  pay  taxes;  not  charged  with 
any  fault. 

Unteach,  un-t5ch',  v.t.  To  cause  to  forget, 
disbelieve,  or  give  up  what  has  been 
taught.  —  Unteachable,   un-te'cha-bl,  'a. 

■^hat  cannot  be  taught;  indocile. 

Untempered,  un-tem'p6rd,  a.  Not  tem- 
pered; not  duly  mixed;  not  regulated, 
moderated,  or  controlled. 

Untenable,  un-ten'a-bl,  a.  Not  tenable; 
that  cannot  be  held  in  possession;  that 

.  cannot  be  maintained  by  argument;  not 
defensible. 

Untenantable,  un-ten'an-ta-bl,  a.  Not 
capable  of  being  tenanted;  uninhabitable. 
— Uutenanted^un-ten'an-ted,  a.  Not  occu- 
pied by  a  tenant;  not  inhabited. 

Unthanked,  un-thangkt',  a.  Not  having 
received  thanks;  not  repaid  with  acknow- 
ledgments. —  Unthankful,  un-thangk'ful, 
a.  Ungrateful;  not  making  acknowledg- 
ments for  good  received.  > 

Untheological,  un-th6'd-loj"i-kal,  a.  Not 
accordins?  to  sound  theology. 

Unthinkable,  un-thingk'a-bl,  a.  That  can- 
not be  made  an  object  of  thought;  incogit- 
able.— Unthinking,  un-thingk'ing,  a.  Not 
heedful;  inconsiderate;  not  indicating 
thought  or  reflection.— Unthinkingly,  un- 
thingk'ing-li,  adv.  AVithout  reflection; 
thoughtlessly.  —  Unthought,  un-that',  a. 
Not  imagined  or  conceived;  not  considered: 
often  followed  by  of. 

Unthread,  un-thred',  v.t.  To  draw  or  take 
out  a  thread  from. 

Unthrift,  un'thrift,  to.  A  prodigal.  —  Un- 
thriftiness,  un-thrif'ti-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  unthrifty;  prodigality.  —  Un- 
thrifty, un-thrif'ti,  a.  Prodigal;  profuse; 
lavish;  wasteful. 

Untie,  un-ti',  v.t.  To  loosen,  as  a  knot;  to 
undo;  to  unfasten;  to  unbind;  to  set  loose. 

Until,  un-til',  prep.  [From  a  prefix  und- 
(seen  in  O.  Fris.,  O.  Sax.,  and  Goth.),  and 
iiU,  the  prefix  itself  meaning  till  or  to,  and 
occurring  also  in  unto.]  Till;  to:  used 
l>efore  nouns  of  time;  preceding  a  sentence 
or  clause:  till  the  time  that;  till  the  point 
or  degree  that. 

Untillable,  un-til 'a-bl,  a.     Incapable  of 

I  beiRg  tilled;  barren.— UntUled,  un-tild', a. 
Not,  cultivated. 

|UnU5Go'y,  un-timlj,  a.    Not  timely;  not 


done  or  happening  in  the  right  season; 
inopportune;  premature. — adv.  Before  the 
natural  time;  unseasonably. 

Untinctured,' un-tingk'turd,  a.-  Not  tinc- 
tured; not  tinged,  mixed,  or  imbued. 

Uutinged,  un-tinjd',  a.  Not  tinged,  stained, 
or  discoloured. 

Untiring,  un-ti'ring,  a.  Not  becoming  tired 
or  exhausted;  unwearied. 

Untitled,  un-ti'tld,  a.  Having  no  title  of 
rank;  not  belonging,  to  the  nobility. 

Unto,  un'to,  prep.  [Prefix  und  and  to. 
Until.]  To.  Unto  is  now  antiquated, 
though  still  sometimes  used  in  the  solemn 
or  elevated  style. 

Untold,  un-told',  a.  Not  told;  not  related; 
not  revealed;  not  numbered. 

Untouched,  un-tucht',  a.  Not  hit;  not 
meddled  with;  uninjured;  not  mentioned; 
not  affected;  "not  aff'ected  emotionally. 

Untoward,,Untowardly,un-t6'w6rd,un-to'- 
wfird-li,  a.  Froward;  perverse;  not  easily 
guided  ortaught;  awkward; inconvenient; 
vexatious. — adv.  In  an  untoward  manner; 
perversely.  —  Untowardness,  ua-tO'wferd- 
nes,  n.    Frowardness;  perverseness. 

Untraceable,  un-tras'a-bl.  «•  Incapable  of 
being  traced  or  followed. 

Untracked,  un-ti-akt',  a.  Not  tracked;  not 
marked  by  footsteps. 

Untractable,  un-trak'ta-bl,  a.  Not  trac- 
table; intractable;  refractory. 

Untrained,  un-trand',  a.  Not  trained;  not 
disciplined;  not  instructed. 

Untrammelled,  un-tram'eld,  a.  Not  tram- 
elled  or  fettered;  quite  free  to  act. 

Untransferable,  un-trans-fer'a-bl,  a.  In- 
capable of  being  transferred  or  passed 
from  one  to  another. 

Untranslatable,  un-trans-l5'ta-bl,  a.  Not 
capable  of  being  translated  or  rendered 
into  another  language. 

Untravelled,  un-trav'eld,  a.  Not  trodden 
by  passengers;  not  having  gained  experi- 
ence by  travel. 

Untried,  un-trid',  a.  Not  tried;  not  at- 
l^empted;  not  showing  capabilities  by  trial 
or  proof  given;  not  having  passed  trial; 
not  heard  and  deterrhined  in  a  court  of 
law. 

Untrod,  Untrodden,  un-trod',  un-trod'n,  o. 
Not  having  been  trod;  not  marked  by  the 
feet;  unfreqiiented. 

Untroubled,  un-trub'ld,  a.  Free  from 
trouble;  not  disturbed  by  care,  sorrow,  or 
business;  not  agitated  or  ruffled;  not  raised 
into  waves. 

Untrue,  un-tro',  a.  Not  true;  false;  con- 
trary to  the  fact;  not  faithful  to  another; 
not  to.be  trusted;  inconstant  in  love. — 
Untruly,  un-trii'li,  adv.  Falsely;  not  accor- 
ding to  reality. 

Untrustv/orthy,  nn-trust'w6r-THi,  a.  Not 
worthy  of  being  trusted;  not  deserving  of 
confidence. 

Untruth,  un-troth',  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing untrue;  contrariety  to  truth;  want  of 
veracit.y;  want  of  fidelity;  a  false  assertion; 
a  lie.— Untruthful,  un-troth'ful,  a.  Want- 
ing in  truth  or  veracity. 

Untunable,  un-ta'na-bl,  a.  Not  capable  of 
being  tuned;  discordant;  not  musical. — 
Untune,  un-tun',  v.t.  To  put  out  of  tune; 
to  disorder;  to  confuse. 

Untutored,  un-tu'tord,  a.  Untaught;  un- 
instructed;  rude. 

Untwine,  un-twin',  v.t.  To  untwist;  to 
open  or  separate  after  having  been  twis- 
ted; to  cause  to  cease  winding  round  and 
clinging. — v.i.  To  become  untwined. 

Untwist,  un-twist',  v.t.  To  separate  and 
open,  as  threads  twisted;  to  turn  back 
from  being  twisted.  —  v.i.  To  become  un- 
twisted. 

Unurged,  un-6rjd',  a.     Not  urged;    not 
pressed  with  solicitation;  unsolicited. 
Unused,  un-uzd',  a.     Not  employed;  dis- 
used; that  has  never  been  used;  not  accus- 
tomed. 

Unusual,  un-G'zhO-al,  a.  Not  usual;  not 
common;  rare.— Unusually,  un-U'zhu-al-li, 
adv.  In  an  unusual  manner;  not  com- 
monly. 

Unutterable,  nn-ut'6r-a-bl,  a.  Incapable 
of  being  uttered  or  expressed ;  ineffable; 
inexpressible.  — Unutterably,  un-ut'er-a- 
bli,  adv.  Inexpressibly. — Unuttered,  un- 
ut'trd,  a.    Not  uttered  or  spoken. 


Unvalued,  un-val'ad,  a.     Not  valued  or 

prized;  neglected. 

Unvanquished,  un-vang'kwisht,  a.  Not 
conquered;  not  overcome. 
Unvaried,  un-va'rid,  a.  Not  varied;  not 
altered;  not  diversified^  always  the  same. 
—Unvarying,  un-va'ri-ing,  a.  Not  alter- 
ing; uniform.  | 
Unvarnished,  im-var'nisht,  a.  Not  overlaid] 
with  varnish;  ,^.  not  artfully  embellished; 
plain.  • 

Unveil,  un-var,r.<.  To  remove  a  veil  from; 
to  disclose  to  view. — v.i.  To  remove  one's  I 
veil.   .  j 

Unventilated,  nn-ven'ti-l5-ted,  a.  Not  ven- 
tilated; not  purified  by  a  free  current  of  { 
air. 

Unveraciona,  un-ve-ra'shus,  a.    Not  vera- 
cious;untruthful.— Unveracity,un-v5-ras'- 
i-ti,  n.    Want  of  veracity;  untruthfulness. 
Unversed,   un-v6rst',  a.     Not  versed  or 
skilled;  unacquainted. 
"Unviolated,  un-vi'o-la-ted,  a.  Not  violated; 
not  injured;  inviol^ite. 
Unvoiced,  un-voist',  a.    Not  spoken;  un- 
uttered; phonetics,  not  uttered  with  voice 
as  distinct  from  breath. 
Unwakened,  un-wa'knd,  a.     Not  roused 
from  sleep  or  as  from  sleep.    • 
Unwarlike,  un-war'lik,  a.     Not  warlike; 
not  used  to  or  foiid  of  war;  Hot  military. 
Unwarned,  un-wfirnd',  a.    Not  warned  or 
cautioned;  not  previously  admonished  of 
danger. 

Unwarped,  un-warpt',  a.  Not  warped;  not 
biassed;  impartial.  [ 

Unwarrantable,  un-wor'an-ta-bl,  a.  Not 
defensible;  not  justifiable;  improper. — 
Unwarrantably,  un-wor'an-ta-bli,  ady.  In 
a  manner  that  cannot  be  justified;  unjus- 
tifiably.— Unwarranted,  un-wor'an-ted,  a. 
Not  authorized;  not  assured  or  certain; 
not  guaranteed. 

Unwary,  un-wa'ri,  a.-  Not  wary  or  vigilant 
against  danger;  not  cautious;  unguarded. 
—Unwarily,  un-wa'ri-li,  adv.  Without 
vigilance  and  caution ;  heedlessly.  —  Un- 
wariness,  un-wa'ri-nes,  n.  Want  of  cau- 
tion; heedlessness. 

Unwashed,  un-wosht',  a.  Not  washed;  not 
cleansed  by  water;  filthy. — The  great  wi- 
washed,  a  phrase  first  applied  by  Burke  to 
the  artisan  class,  now  used  to  designate 
the  lower  classes  generally;  the  mob;  the 
rabble.  —  Unwashen,  un-wosh'n,  a.  Un- 
washed.   [N.T.I 

Unwasted,  un-was'ted,  a.    Not  wasted  <)r 
lavished  away ;  not  consumed  or  dimin- 
ished by  time  or  other  means. 
Unwatchful,  un-woch'fixl,  a.    Not  vigilant. 
Unwavering,  un-wa'ver-ing,  a.  Not  waver- 
ing; not  unstable;  fixed;  steadfast. 
Unwearied,  un-w6'i-id,  a.     Not  tired;  not 
fatigued;  indefatigable;  assiduous. —  Un- 
weariedly,  un-w5'rid-li,  adv.    Indefatiga- 
bly.— Unweariedness,  un-we'rid-nes,  n. 
Unweave,  un-wev',  v.t.    To  undo  what  has 
been  woven;  to  disentangle. 
Unwed,  un-wed',  a.    Unmarried. 
Unwedgeable,  un-wej'a-bl,  a.    Not  to  be 
split  with  wedges.    [Shak.] 
Unweeded,  un-we'ded,  a.    Not  cleared  of 
weeds. 

Unweighed,  nn-w5d',  a.  Not  having  the 
weight  ascertained;  not  deliberately  con- 
sidered and  examined. 
Unwelcome,  un-wel'kum,  a.  Not  welcome; 
not  pleasing  or  grateful;  not  well  received. 
Unwell,  un-wel',  a.  Indisposed;  not  in 
good  health;  ailing. 

Unwept,  un-wept',  a.  Not  wept  for;  not 
lamented;  not  mourned. 
Unwholesome,  un-hOl'sum,a.  Not  whole- 
some; unfavourable  or  prejudicial  to 
health;  insalubrious;  causing  sickness;  not 
sound;  diseased.  —  Unwholesomeness,  un- 
hol'sum-nes,  n.  State  of  being  injurious 
to  health;  insalubrity. 
Unwieldy,  un-wel'di,a.  [From  «n,  not,  and 
o\d  vieldy,  wieldv,  active.  Wield. J  Mov- 
able with  difficulty;  too  bulky  and  clumsy 
to  move  or  be  moved  easily;  unmanage- 
able from  weight;  ponderous.— Unwieldl- 
ly,  un-w5l'di-li,  adv.  Cumbrously.  —  Un- 
wieldiness,  un-wel'di-nes,  n.  Heaviness; 
difficulty  of  being  moved. 
Unwilling.un-wil'ing.a.  Notwilling;  loath; 
disinclined;  reluctant.— Unwillingly,  un- 


xxl-.:,  li.T,  fat,  iftU j     m^;  i')et,  h6v ;     pine,  pin;     nSte,  not,  mOve;     tube,  tub,  b\!U ;     oil,  pound;     tl.  So.  abtme— the  Fr.  «. 


tJNWIND 


745 


URANIA 


■wil'ing-li,  adv.  Against  ono's  will;  reluc- 
tantly.—UnwlUihgness,  un-wil'ing-neH,  n. 
Loathness;  disinclination;  reluctance. 

Unwind,  un-wiud',  v.t.  To  wind  off;  to  dis- 
entangle. —  v.i.  To  admit  of  being  un- 
wound. 

Unwinking,  un-wingk'ing,  o.  Not  winking; 
not  shutting  the  eyes;  not  ceasing  to  wake 
or  watch. 

Unwisdom,  un-wiz'do'm,  n.  Want  of  wis- 
dom; foolishness;  unwise  conduct  or 
speech.  —  Unwise,  un-wiz',  a.  Not  wise; 
defective  in  wisdom;  foolish;  injudicious. 
—Unwisely,  un-wiz'li,  adv.  Foolishly;  in- 
.iudiciously;  indiscreetly. 

Unwished,  un-wisht',  a.  Not  wished  or  de- 
sired; unwelcome. 

Unwitnessed,  un-wit'nest,a.  Not  witnessed; 
not  attested  by  witnesses. 

Unwitting,  un-wit'ing,  a.  Not  knowing; 
unconscious;  unaware.— Unwittingly,  uu- 
wit'ing-li,  adv.  Without  knowledge  or 
consciousness;  inadvertently. 

Unwomanly,  un-w\i'man-<Ji,a.  Unbecoming 
a  woman. 

Unwonted,  un-wun'ted,  q..  Not  wonted; 
not  common;  unusual;  infrequent;  un- 
accustomed.—Unwontedly,  un-wun'ted-li, 
adv.  In  an'  unaccustomed  manner. — 
Unwontednesi;,  un-wun'ted-nes,  m.  Un- 
commonness;  rareness. 

Unwooed,un-wod',  a.  Notfrooed  or  courted. 

Unworldly,  un-w6rld'li,  a.  Not  i'lfluenced 
by  worldly  or  sordid  motives.— Unworldli- 
ness,  un-w6rld'li-ne8,  n.  State  of  being 
unworldly. 

^Unworn,  uu-worn',  a.  Not  worn;  not  im- 
paired by  wearing. 

Unworshlpped,  un-w6r'shipt,a.  Not  adored. 

Unworthy,  un-wer'THi,  a.  Not  deserving ; 
not  worthylMnwortftj^o/confidence);  worth- 
less; vile;  base;  beneath  the  character  (work 
unworthy  of  the  man).— Unworthily,  un- 
wfer'5PHi-li,  adv.  Not  according  to  desert. 
— Unworthiness,  un-w^r'THi-nes,  n.  Want 
of  worth  or  merit. 

Unwonuded,  un-won'ded,  a.  Not  hurt;  not 
injured  in  body. 

Unwrap,  un-rap',  v.t.  To  open  or  undo,  as 
what  13  wrapped  up;  to  take  off  a  wrapper 
froni. 

Unwreath,  Unwreathe,  un-reira',  v.t.  To 
untwist  or  untwine. 

Unwritten,  uii-rit'n,  a.  Not  reduced  to 
writing;  oral;  not  written  upon;  blank.— 
Unwritten  law,  a  law  not  formjilated  in 
any  written  document. 

Unwrought,  un-rat',a.  Not  manufactured; 
not  worked  up. 

Unwrnng,  un-rung',  a.  Not  pipched  or 
galled. 

Uiiyieldlng,  un-yei'ding,  a.  Unbending; 
unpliant;  stiff;  firm;  obstinate. 

Unyoke,  un-yok',  v.t.  To  loose  from  a  yoke. 

Up,  up,  adv.  [A.  SaX.  up,  upp,  up=D.  and 
J&an. op,  Icel.  vpp,  Sw. upjUpp, Goth. iup, 
G.  auf.;  akin  to  over.]  The  opposite  of 
dovm;  to  a  higher  place  or  position;  from 
a  lower  to  a  higher  place;  on  high;,  aloft; 
raised;  upright;  erect;  no  longer  in  bed; 
in  a  state  of  action;  in  commotion,  excite- 
ment, insurrection,  or  the  like;  higher,  or 
advanced  in  price,  rank,  social  standing, 
&c.;  to  a  more  complete  or  mature  condi- 
tion; reaching  a  certain  point;  as  far  as: 
with  to  (up  to  the  roof);  not  below  or  in- 
ferior: with  to  (up  to  one's  expectations); 
denoting  approach  or  arrival  (to  bring  up 
troops);  quite;  thoroughly:  often  usfd  to 
intensifj!  a  verb  (to  eat  up  all  the  food);  in 
a  place  where  it  is  kept  when  not.used;  in 
a  state  of  being  brought  together  or  into 
close  compass;  often  used  ell iptically  for 
rise  up,  go  up,  &c.;  followed  by  with  in 
this  elliptical  use  it  signifies  set  up,  erect, 
raise  (up  with  the  flag,  he  up  with  his 
hand). — All  up,  all  over;  completely  done 
or  ruined;  come  to  an  end  (it  is  aU  up 
with  him).— To  cmne  up  with,  to  overtake. 
—The  time  is  up,  the  allotted  time  is  past. 
— To  have  one  up  or  pull  one  up,  to  bring 
one  before  a  magistrate  or  court  of  justice. 
—  Up  and  down,  here  and  there;  hither 
and  thither;  from  one  place  to  another. — 
prep.  From  a  lower  to  a  higher  place  or 
point  on;  at  or  in  a  high  or  higher  position 
on;  towards  the  interior  (generally  the 
more  elevated  part)  of  a  countrj';  in  a 


direction  from  the  coast,  or  towards  the 
liead  or  source  of  a  stream.— n.  Used  in 
the  phrase  upa  and  downa^  rises  and  falls; 
alternate  states  of  prosperity  and  the  con- 
trary; vicissitudes.— It  is  also  used  adjec- 
tively  in  such  expressions  as  the  up  line 
of  a  railway.  See  compounds  below. — 
Uppish,  up'ish,  a.  Proud;  arrogant;  put- 
ting on  airs.  —  Uppishness,  up'ish-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  uppish.  , 
Upas,  u'pas,  n.  [Malay  upas,-  poison.]  A 
tree  of  Java  and  the  neighbouring  islands 
yielding  a  poison,  concerning  the  deadly 
properties  of  which  exaggerated  stories 
were  formerly  current,  its  exhalations  be- 
ing said  to  be  fatal  to  both  animal  and 
vegetable  life  at  several  miles'  distance. 
Upbear,  up-bar*,  v.t.  To  bear  or  raise  aloft;, 
to  elevate;  to  sustain  aloft;  to  support. — 
Upbind,  up-bind',  v.t.  To  bind  up.  —"Up- 
braid, up-brad',  v.t.  [From  up,  and  braid, 
in  old  sense  of  to  scold.  Braid.]  To  cast 
some  fault  or  oifence  in  the  teeth  of ;  to 
charge  reproachfully:  followed  by  unth  or 
for  before  the  thing  imputed ;  to  reprove 
with  severity;  to  chide;  to  be  a  reproach 
to.  —  Upbtaiding,  up-bra'ding,  n.  Re- 
proach; reproof.— Upbreak,  up'brak,  n.  A 
breaking  or  bursting  up.  —  Upbringing, 
up'briag-ing,  n. '  The  process  of  bringing 
up;  training;  education;  breeding.  —  Up- 
cast, up'kast,  a.  Cast  up;  thrown  or  turned 
upward;  directed  up.— n.  The  ventilating 
shaft  of  a  mine  up  which  the  air  passes 
after  circulating  in  the  mine.  —  TJpcoU, 
up-koil',  v.t.  or  i.  To  make  or  wind  up 
into  a  coil.— Upcurl,  up-kerl',  v.t.  To  curl 
.  or  wreathe  upwards. — Upgather,  up-gaTU'- 
ir,  v.t.  To  gather  up  or  together. — Upgaze-, 
up-gaz',  v.i.  To  gaze  upwards.— Upgrow, 
up-gro',  v.i.  To  grow  up.'— Upheaval,  up- 
he'val,  n.  The  act  of  upheaving ;  geol.  a 
lifting  up  of  a  portion  of  the  earth's  crust 
by  some  expansion  or  elevating  power 
from  below.— Upheave,  up-hev',  v.t.  To 
•  heave  or  lift  up  from  beneath;  to  raise  up 
or  aloft.— Upheld,up-held',  pret.  and  pp.  of 
uphold.  —  uphill,  up'hil,  a.  Leading  or 
■going  upa  rising  ground;  attended  with 
exertion ;  difficult ;  fatiguing.  —  Uphold, 
up-hold',  v.t.  To  raise  on  high;  to  keep 
elevated;  to  keep  erect;  to  support;  to  sus- 
tain; to  keep  from  declining. — Upholder, 
up-hol'd6r,  n.  A  supporter;  a  defender. 
Upholsterer,  up-hol'st6r-6r,  n.  [Lengthened 
from  older  upKoldster  to  resemble  fruit- 
erer, poulterer;  lit.  an  upholder.  Comp. 
undertaker  as  to  similar  specialized  mean- 
ing.] One  who  furnishes  houses  with  cur- 
tains, carpets,  cushions  for  chairs  and 
sofas,  &c.— Upholster,  uivhol'stir,  v.t.  To 
furnish  with  upholstery.  —  Upholstery, 
'up-hsrster-i,  n.  The  business  or  goods  of 
an  upholsterfer. 

Upkeep,  up'kep,  n.  Maintenance  in  a 
state  of  efficiency.  —  Upland,  up 'land, 
n.  The  higher  ground  of  a  district; 
groand  elevated  aoove  meadows  apd  val- 
re.vs;  slopes  of  hills,  &c.—a.  Pertaining  to 
uplands  or  higher  grounds.  —  Uplander, 
up'land-6r,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the  up- 
lands. —  TTplandlsh,  up-land'ish,  a.  Per- 
taining to  uplands;  rustic.  —  Uplift,  up- 
lift', v.t.  To  raise  aloft ;  to "  elevate. — 
Up-line,  n.  A  line  of  railway  which  leads 
to  the  metropolis  or  to  a  main  terminus 
from  the  provinces. — Upmost,  up'most,  a. 
Highest;  topmost;  uppermost. 
Upon,  up-on',  prep.  [A.  Sax,  uppon,  upon 
— upp,  up,  and  on,  on.  Up,  On.]  On;  especi- 
ally, resting  on;  at  or  in  contact  with  the 
upper  or  outer  part  of  a  thing ;  resting, 
lying,  or  placed  in  contact  with:  all  but 
synonymous  with  on,  though  sometimes 
rather  more  emphatic. 
Upper,up'6r,  a.  [Compar.fromiip.]  Higher 
as  contrasted  with  lower;  higher  in  place; 
superior  in  rank  or  dignity  (the  upper 
house  'of  a  legislature).  —  Upper  case, 
amoDfg  printers,  the  top  one  of  a  pair  or 
cases,  used  by  compositors  to  hold  capital 
letters,  reference  marks,  and  other  less- 
used  type.— Upper  House,  in  England,  the 
House  of  Lords,  as  distinguished  from  the 
Lower  House,  or  House  of  Commons. — 
Upper  ten  thousand,  the  higher  circles; 
the  leading  classes  in  society;  the  aristo- 
cracy: often  contracted  to  the  upper  ten. — 


n.  An  abbreviation  of  ■  Upper-leatlirr.  — 
Upper -hand,  n.  Superiority;  adVJititnpre. 
—Upper-leather,  n.  The  leather  for  thu 
vamps  and  quarters  of  shoes.- Uppermost, 
up'6r-most,  a.  Highest  in  place ;  highest 
in  power  or  authority.— Upper-world,  n. 
The  ethereal  regions ;  heaven  ;  the  earth, 
as  opposed  to  the  infernal  regions. 

Uppish.    Under  Up. 

Upraise,  up-raz',  v.t.  To  raise  or  lift  up. — 
uprear,  up-rer',  v.t.    To  rear  up ;  to  raise. 

Upright,  up'rit,  a.  [That  is  right,  or  di- 
rectly, up.]  Erect;  perpendicular;  erect 
on  one's  feet;  pricked  up;  shooting  di- 
rectly from  the  body;  adhering  to  recti- 
tude; of  inflexible  honesty;  conformable 
to  rectitude.  —  n.    Something   standing 

J  erect ;  a  vertical  piece  in  some  structure. 

'?  —Uprightly,  up'rit-li,  ady.  In  an  upright 

manner;  perpendicularly;  honestly;  justly. 

$  — Uprightness,  up'rit-nes,  n.  The  quality 
or  condition  of  being  upright ;  honesty ; 
integrity;  probity. 

Uprise,  up-riz',t>.i.— pret.  uprose  (sometimes 
in  poetry  uprist),  pp.  uprisen.   To  rise  up, 

'  as  from  bed  or  from  a  seat;  to  ascend  above 
the  horizon ;  to  slope  upwards.— Uprising, 
up-ri'ziag,  n.  The  act  of  rising  up;  rise;  an 
ascent  or  declivity;  a  riot;  a  rebellion. 

Uproar,  up'ror,  m. .  [Prom  D.  oproer,  up- 
roar, tumult  =  Dan.  upriir,  Sw.  upror,  G. 
aufruhr,  from  op,  up,  auf,  up,  and  D.  roe- 
ren,  Dan.  rore,  Sw.  rora,  G.  ruhren,to  stir; 
the  spelling  being  affected  by  roar.]  A 
violent  disturbance  and  noise ;  bustle  and 
clamour;  a  noisy  tumult.  —  Uproarious, 
up-ro'ri-us,  .a.  JIaking  an  uproar  or  tu- 
mult; tumultuous.— Uproariously,  up-ro'- 
ri-us-li,  adv.  With  great  noise  and  tumult. 
— Uproarlousness,  up-ro'ri-us-nes,  n. 

Uproot,  up-rot',  v.t.  To  tear  up  by  the  roots, 
or  as  if  by  the  roots;  to  eradicate. — Up- 
ronse,  up-rouz',  v.t.  To  rouse  up;  to  awake. 
— Upmsli,  up'rush,  n.  A  rush  upward. ^- 
Upset,  up-set',  v.t.  To  overturn ;  to  over- 
throw; to  overset;  to  put  out  of  one's  nor- 
mal state;  to  discompose  completely.— n. 
(up'set).  The  act  of  upsetting.— c.  Fixed; 
determined.  —  Upset  price,  the  price  at 
which  anything  is  exposed  to  sale  by 
auction.— UpsUoot.up-shot',^.!.  To  shoot  or 
grow  up.— Upshot,  up'shot.n.  Final  issue; 
conclusion.— Upside,  up'sid,  n.  The  upper 
side. — Upside  down,  the  upper  part  under- 
most; hence,  in  complete  disorder.— Up- 
spring,  up-spring',  v.i.  To  spring  up. — 
Upstairs,  up'starz,  a.  Pertaining  or  rela- 
ting to  an  upper  story  or  flat. — adv.  In  or 
towards  an  upper  story.  —  Upstart,  up- 
start', v.i.  To  start  or  spring  up  suddenly. 
—  n.  (up'start).  One  tliat  suddenly  rises 
from  a  humble  position  to  wealth,  power, 
or  consequence;  a  parvenu. — Up-stroke,  n. 
An  upward  line  made  by  the  pen  or  pencil 
in  writing.  —  Upthrow,  up-thro',  v.t.  To 
throw  up;  to  elevate. — n.  (up'thro).  Geol.  a 
lifting  up  of  a  portion  of  the  earth's  crust; 
an  upheaval.— Up-train,  n.  A  railway  train 
on  an  up-line.— Upturn,  up-t6rn',  v.t.  To 
turn  up;  tothrowup;  to  furrow. — Upward, 
■Upwards,  up'w6rd,  up'wferdz,  adv.  [A.Sax. 
upweard,  upweardes,  the  latter  being  an 
adverbial  genitive,  like  towards,  &c.J  _  To- 
ward a  higher  place ;  in  an  upward  direc- 
tion; toward  heaven  and  God;  with  respect 
to  the  higher  part;  toward  the  source  or 
origin.—  Upwards  of,  upward  of,  more 
than;  above.  —  Upward,  a.  Directed  or 
turned  to  a  higher  place. 

Ursemia,  Q-r6'mi-a,  n.  [Gr.  ouron,  urine, 
and  haima,  blood.]  A  condition  of  the 
blood  in  which  it  contains  urine  or  urea. 

Uralic,  Uralian,  a-ral'ik,  a-ra'li-an,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  Ural  Mountains  or  that 
region;  Finnish.— Uralo-Altaio,  ji-raro-al- 
ta"ik,  a.    Same  as  Turanian. 

Urania,  tl-ra'ni-a,  n.  [L.  Urania,  Gr.  Ou- 
rania,  lit.  '  the  Heavenly,'  from  ouranos, 
heaven.]  The  muse  of  astronomy,  gener- 
ally represented  holding  in  her  left  hand 
a  celestial  globe.— Uranic,  Q-ran'ik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  heavens;  celestial;  pertain- 
ing to  uranium.— Uranite,  Q'ran-it,  n.  An 
ore  of  uranium,  of  a  green  or  yellow  col- 
our. —  Uranium,  a-r&'ni-um,  n.  A  rare 
metal,  of  a  colour  resembling  that  of 
nickel  or  iron,  forming  several  oxides, 
which  are  used  in  painting  on  porcelain. 


pb,  c/iain;     ch,  Sc.  loc^;     g,  go;    j,iobj     n,  Fr.  ton;     ug,  anOi    J9i  thej^;  tb,  thin;     v,  t»g;     vh,  whig;    zh,  iuiufi. 


UBABI 


746 


tTT 


~  Ura-nography,  'Q-ra-nog'ra-fi,'  ».  [Gr. 
owanos,  heaven,  and  grapho,  to  de- 
scribe.] The  determination"  of  the  pdsi- 
tions  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  the  construc- 
tion of  celestial  maps  and  globes,  &c. — 
tTranons,  Q'ra-nus,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
metal  uranium.  —  Uraxuu,  a'ra-nus,  n. 
IThe  Greek  name  of  heaven.]  A  deity  of 
Greek  mythology;  father  of  Kronos  or  Sat- 
urn; aatron.  one  of  the  primary  planets, 
the  most  distant  of  all  except  Neptune, 
possessing  seve^  ^tellites. 
Tlrari,  u'ra-re,  n.  Curari. 
Urban,  6rl)an,  a.  [L.  urbanus.,  from  vrhg, 
a  city  (seen  also  in  suburb).]  Belonging  to 
or  included  in  ^  town  or  city  (tirbanpopu- 
Lition).— Urbane,  6r-ban',  a.  [Same  word 
used  differently.]  Courteous;  polite;  suave; 
elegant  or  refined. — Urbanity,  6r-ban'i-ti, 
ti.  That  civility  or  courtesy  of  manners 
which  is  acquired  by.  associating  witht 
well-bred  people^  politeness;  courtesy. 
Urceolate,  Urceolajq  6r'se-o-lftt,  6r'se-o-16r, 
a.  [From  L.  vn-^eohLs^  dim.  of  urceus,  a 
pitcher.]  Bot.  shaped  like  a  pitcher;  swell- 
ing or  bulging  out  Dke  a  pitoher. 
Urchin,  Sr'chin,  n.  tProv.Fr.  hurehon, 
hirchon,  Fr.  hirisson,  O.Fr.  eri(on,  from 
L.L.  ericio,  ericimiis,  from  L.  ericitcs,  a 
hedgehog,  f rom  er  =  Gr.  c^r,  hedgehog.] 
A  hedgehog;  a  familiar,  half -chiding  name 
sometimes  given  in  sport  to  a  child;  a  aea^ 
urchin. 

Urdu,  nr'du,  n.  Same  as  Hindustani. 
Urea,  Q'r5-'a,  n.,  [From  the  w  of  urine."] 
A  crystalline  compound  'which  exists  in 
healthy  urine,  and  may  also  be  prepared 
artificially.— Ureter,  u-re't^r, n.  [Gr.  oiij-e- 
ier,  from  ouredi  to  make  water.]  The  duct 
or  tube  that  conveys  the  urine  from  the 
kidney  to  the  bladder.— Urethra,  U-re'thra, 
n.  [Gr.  oureihra.']  The  canal  by  which  the 
urine  is  conducted  from  the  bladder  and 
discharged.- Urethral,  a-r5'thral,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  urethra.- U»tjc,  u-refik, 
a.  Relating  to  or  promoting  the  flow  of 
urine. 

Urge,  6rj,.».t. — iirged,  urging.  [L.  urgeo, 
urgere,  to  press,  push,  urge;  same  root  as 
A.  Sax.  wreean,  to  ivreak.]  To  press,  im- 
pel, or  force  onward;  topress  the  mind  or 
will  of;  to  serve  as  a  motive  or  impelling 
cause ;  to  stimulate ;  to  press  or  ply  hard 
with  arguments,  entreaties,  or  the  like; 
to  importune;  to  solicit  earnestly;  to  press 
upon  attention ;  to  insist  on  (to  urge  an 
argument).  —  j;.t.  To  press  forward.— Ur- 
gency, er'jen-si,_ji.  The  state  or  character 
of  being  urcent;'importunity;  earnest  soli- 
citation ;  pressure  of  necessity.  —  Urgent, 
6r'jent,  a.  [L.  urgens,  vrgentis.]  Pressing; 
necessitating  or  calling  for  immediate  ac- 
tion; eagerly  soliciting;  pressing  with  im- 
portunity.—Urgently,  6r'jent-li,  adv.  In 
an  urgent  manner ;  with  pressing  impor- 
tunity; vehemently. 

Uric,  a'rik,  a.  J^From  ur  in  urine.l  Pertain- 
ing to  or  obtamcd  from  urine;  applied  to 
an  acid  which'  is  a  main  constituent  of 
guano. 

Urim,  a'rim,  n.  [Heb.  urlni,  lights  or 
flames,  pi.  o^  «ir,  name.]  A  kind  of  orn»r 
ment  or  appendage  belonging  to  the  habit 
of  the  Jewish  high-priest  m  ancient  times, 
along  with  the  Thummim,  in  virtue  of 
whicli  he  gave  oracular  answers  to  the 
:eople. 

.'rlne,  a'rin,  n.  [Fr.  urine,  from  L.  urina, 
allied  to  Gr.  ovron,  urine;  Skr.  vCLri,  water; 
A.  Sax.  liri^,  humid;  Icel.  ■ur,  drizzling 
rain.]  An  ahlmal  fluid  secreted  by  the 
kidneys,  whence  it  is  conveyed  into  the 
bladder  ty  the  ureters,  and  through  the 
urethra  discharged.— Urinal,  u'ri-nal,  n. 
[1j.  urinal.}  A  vessel  for  receiving  urine 
in  cases  of  incontinence;  a  convenience, 
public  or  private,  for  the  accommodation 
of  persons  requiring  to  pass  urine.— Uri- 
nary, a'ri-na-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  urine  or 
to  the  organs  connected  with  its  secretion 
and  discharge.— l/^rinari/  oryans,  the  kid- 
neys, the  ureters,  the  bladder,  and  the 
urethra. — n.  A  reservoir  for  the  reception 
of  urine,  Ac,  for  manure.— Urinate,  ti'ri- 
nat,  v.i.  To  discharge  urine.— Urino-genl- 
tal,  ti'ri-n5-jen"i-tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
urinary  and  genital  organs.  Also  IT^ro- 
pentfaZ.— Urinometer,  ti-ri-nom'et-*r,  n.  An 


^r 


instrument  for  ascertaining  the  specific 
gravity  of  urine.— Urinous,  Urinose,  a'ri- 
nus,  Q'ri-nos,  o.  Pertaining  to  urine,  or 
partsJcing  of  its  qualities. 

Um,  fern,  n.  [L.  uma,  from  uro,  to  bum. 
as  being  made  of  burned  clay.]  A  kind  of 
vase — a  term  somewhat  loosely  applied;  a 
rather  large  vessel  with  a  foot  or  pedestal, 
and  a  stop-cock,  employed  to  keep  hot 
water  at  the  tea-table;  a  tea-urn;  a  vessel" 
in  which  the. ashes  of  the  dead  were  for- 
merly kept;  a  cinerary  urn;  iot.  the  spore- 
case  of  mosses.  —  Umfnl,  fem'ful,  n.  As 
much  as  an  urn  will  hold. 

Urodela,  Q-ro-de'la,  n.  pj.  [Gr.  oura,  a  tail, 
and  deloB,  evident.]  The  tailed  amphib- 
ians, such  is  the  newt. — Urodele,  u'ro-del', 
n.  and  a.  One  pi,  or  pertaining  to,  the 
Urodela. 

Urogenital,  tl-ro-jen'i-tal,  o.  Urino-genital. 

Uroscopy,  a-ros'ko-pi,  n.  [Gr.  ouron, 
urine,  and  skojxO,  to  view.]  The  judgment 
of  diseases  by  inspection,  of  the  urine. 

Ursa,  fir'sa,  n,  [Jj.,  a  she-bear,  a  constella- 
tion.] A  name  of  ^wo  constellations:  Ursa 
Major,  the  Great  Bear,  one  of  the  most 
conspicuous  of  the  northern  constella- 
tions, situated  near  the  pole,  and  popu- 
larly &illed  Charles's  Wain  or  the  Plmigfi; 
and  Ursa  AfiTior,  the  Little  Bear,  the  con- 
stellation'which  contains  the  pole-star. — 
Ursiform,  6r'si-form,  a.  Having  the  shape 
of  a  bear.— Ursine,  fer'sin,  a.  Lli.  ursinus.] 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  bear. 

Urson,  er'son,  n.  [Same  as  urchin,  Fr.  ?iMs- 
son.]    Cawqoaw. 

Ursniine,  fer'su-lin,  o.  "Applied  to  an  order 
of  nuns  -who  took  their  name  from  St. 
Ur»iUa,2i,nd  who  devote  themselves  to  the 
succour  of  poverty. and  sickness,  and  the 
education  of  female  children. 

Urticaceous,  6r-ti-ka'shus,  a.  [L.  urtlca,  a 
nettle,  from  uro,  to  bum.]  Bot.  pertain- 
ing to  plants  of  the  nettle  family.^Urtl- 
caria,  6r-ti-ka'ri-a,  n.  Nettle-rash.— Urti- 
catlng,  6r^ti-ka-ting,  p.  and  a.  Stinging 
like  a  nettle ;  nertaining  to  urtication. — 
Urtication,  6r-ti-ka'shon,  ».  The  stinging 
of  nettles  or  a  similar  stinging;  the  whip- 
ping of  a  benumbed  or  paralytic  limb  with 
nettles,  in  order,  to  restore  its  feeling. 

Urubu,  ;t-rb'bB,  n.    The  black  vulture  of 

•America, 

Urus,  O'rus,  n.  [L.]  The  wild  ox  of  Gaul 
and  ancient  Germany,  probably  the  same 
animal  which  still  exists.at  Chillingham 
in  Northumberland  and  Hamilton  in 
Lanarkshire. 

Us,  ns,  pron.  [A.  Sax.  lis,  ace.  and  dat.; 
Goth,  unsis,  una,  G.  uns,  us.]  The  objec- 
tive or  accusative  case  of  we;  the  dative  of 
VK,  nsed  after  certain  verbs,  such  as  verbs 
of  ffivir~g. 

UKige,  Usance.    Under  Use. 

Use,  tls,  n.  [O.Fr.  us,  use,  from  L.  umis,  use, 
a  using,  service,  need,  from  vtor,  ustis,  to 
use  (whence  also  utility,  utensil,  usury, 
abuse,  &c.).]  The  act  of  employing  any- 
thing, or  the  state  of  being  employed ; 
employment;  conversion  to  a  purpose  {to 
make  use  of,  that  is,  to  use  or  employ);  the 
quality  that  makes  a  tMng  proi)er  f  or  a  pur- 
pose; utility;  service;  convenience;  need 
for  employing;  exigency  (I  have  no  use  for 
it);  continued  or  repeated  practice;  wont; 
usage;  a  liturgical  form  of  service  for  use 
in  a  dioeese  (the  Sarium,  use).  —  Use  and 
wont,  the  dommon  or  customary  practice. 
—v.t.  {\iz}—used,  using.  [Fr.  user,  from  L.L. 
usare,  to  use,  from  ustts,  pp.  of  L.  utor,  to 
use.]  Ta  emplcy  or  make  use  of;  to  act 
with  or  by  means  of ;  to  do  work  with ;  to 
consume  or  exhaust  by  employment  (to  use 
flour  for  food) ;  to  practise  or  employ  (to  use 
treachery);  to  make  a  practice  of;  to  act  or 
behave  towards;  to  treat  (to  it«e  one  ill); 
to  accustom ;  to  render  familiar  by  prac- 
tice. —  To  use  up,  to  consume  entirely 
by  using;-  to  exhaust  or  wear  out  the 
strength  of .  —  ».i.  To  be  accustomed;  to 
be  in  the  habit ;  to  be  wont.  —  Usable, 
Q'za-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  used.— Utt^e, 
a'zaj,  n.  [Fr.  usage,  from  user,  to  use.] 
Ireatment;  behaviour  of  one  person  to- 
wards another;  long-continued  practice; 
customary  way  of  acting;  custom;  practice; 
established  mode  of  employing  some  par- 
ticular word.— Usance,  a'zans,  n.   [Fr.  «»• 


ante,  from  user,  to  use.)    Usury;  interest 

paid  for  the  loan  of  money;  the  time  which 

iu  certain  countries  is  allowed  by  custom 
or  usage  for  the  payment  of  bills  of  ex- 
change drawn  on  those  countries.— Useful, 
Os'ful.  a.  Valuable  for  use;  suited  or  adap- 
ted to  the  purpose;  beneficial ;  profitable. 
— UseJally,  as'fnl-li,  adv.  In  a  useful  man- 
ner, profitably;  beneficially.— Usefulness, 
us'fnl-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
usef ill ;  use ;  profitableness.— Useless,  us- 
les,  a.  Having  no  use;  unserviceable;  pro- 
ducing no  good  end;  not  advancing  the 
end  proposed.  —  Uselessly,  tlsles-li,  adv. 
"Without  profit  or  advantage.  —  Useless- 
ness,  Qs'les-nes,  n.  Unfitness  for  any  valu- 
able purpose  or  for  the  purpose  intendeds 
— User,  u'zfer,  n.  One  who  uses.  —  Usual, 
Q'zhu-al,  a.  [  L.  tisualis,  Fr.  usuel.]  In 
common  use ;  customary ;  ordinary ;  fre- 
quent. —Usually,  Q'zhQ-al-li,  adv.  Custom- 
arily ;  ordinarily  .-UsualnesSiU'zha-al-nes,  * 
n.    Commonness;  frequency. 

Ushas,  Ushasa,  n'shas,  n-sha'sa,  n.  [From 
Skr.  ush,  to  shine.]  The  Hindu  goddess 
of  dawn. 

Usher,  nsh'fer,  n.  [O.  Fr.  Tissier^  uissier, 
hussiei;  Fr.  huissier,  a  door-keeper,  from 
O.  Fr.  uis,  huis,  from  L.  ostium,  a  door.] 
An  officer  or  servant  who  had  care  of  the 
door  of  a  court,  hall,  chamber,  &c.;  hence, 
an  officer  whose  business  is  to  introduce 
strangers  or  to  walk  before  a  person  of 
ranta ;  an  under-teacher  or  assistant  to  a 
schoolmaster  or  principal  teacher.  — v.t. 
To  act  as  an  usher  towards ;  to  introduce, 
as  forerunner  or  harbinger:  generally  fol- 
lowed by  in,  forth,  &c.— Ushersbip,  ush'fer- 
ship,  n.    Office  of  an  usher. 

UB(;[aebaagh,  us'kwS-ha,  n.  [Ir.  and  GaeL 
uisge-beatka,  whisky,  lit.  water  of  life. 
"Whisky.]    "NVhisky. 

Ustolate,  us'ta-lat,  a.  [L.  ustulatus,  pp. 
of  ustulo,  dim.  of  uro,  uslum,  to  bum.] 
Boi._ blackened  as  if  burned.— Ustulation, 
us-tu-la'shon,  n.  The  act  of  burning  oc 
Bearing ;  the  operation  of  expelling  a  sub- 
stance by  heat,  as  sulphur  from  ores. 

Usual,  Usually^  &c.    Under  Use. 

Usncaption,  Q-za-kap'shon,  n.  [L.tisui, 
use,  and  capio,  captum,  to  take.]  In  eivU 
law,  the  acquisition  of  property  by  unin- 
terrupted undisputed  t>osses8ion  of  it  for 
a  certain  term. 

Usufruct,  n'zu-fnikt,  n.  [L.  usufruetus— 
usus,  use,  and  fructut,  fruit.]  Imw,  the 
use  and  enjoyment  of  lands  or  tenements 
without  Jthe  right  to  alienate  such. 

Usurp,  u-z^rp',  v.t.  iVt.  usurper,  from  L. 
usurparc,  from  usus,  use,  and  rapio,  to 
seize.  Use,  Rapid.]  To  seize  and  hold 
iwssession  of  by  force  or  without  right;  to 
appropriate  or  assume  illegally  or  wrong- 
fuUy  (a  throne,  power,  or  rank). — v.i.  To 
be  or  act  as  a  usurper;  to  encroach. — Usur- 
pation, Q-zfer-^a'shon,  n.  The  act  of  usur- 
ping ;  the  seizing  or  occupying  the  place 
or  power  of  anotoer  without  right;  especi- 
ally, the  unlawful  occupation  of  a  throne; 
an  encroaching.  —  Usurpatory,  ti-z6r'pa- 
to-ri,  a.  Characterized  or  marked  by  usur- 
pation ;  usurping.— Usurper,  a-z6r  pfer,  n. 
One  who  usurps ;  one  who  seizes  power  or 
position  without  right.— Usurping,  u-zfir'- 
ping,  p.  and  a.  Characterized  by  asurpa- 
tion.— Usurpingly,  a-zfer'ping-li,  adv.  By 
usurpation. 

Usury,  Q'zhu-ri,  n.  [O.E.  uaure,  later'tw- 
urie,  from  Pr.  usure,  L.  usura,  interest 
for  money  lent,  lit.  a  using,  from  utor,  to 
use.  Use.]  Interest  for  moneyj;  an  ex- 
cessive or  inordinate  premium  for  the  use 
of  money  borrowed;  extortionate  interest; 
the  practice  of  taking  exorbitant  or  exces- 
sive interest. — Usurer,  a'zhur-6r,  n.  For- 
merly, any  person  who  lent  money  on  in- 
terest ;  now,  one  who  lends  money  at  ani 
exorbitant  rate  of  interest.  —  Usurious, 
a-zha'ri-us,  o.  Pertaining  to  or  practising 
usury ;  taking  exorbitant  interest  for  the 
use  of  money.— Usuriously,  a-zha'ri-us-Ii, 
adv.  In  a  usurious  manner. — Usnrious- 
ness,  a-zha'ri-us-nes,  n.  The  state  xic^uaJ- 
ity  of  being  usurious. 

Ut,  ut,  n.  The  first  or  key  note  in  the 
musical  scale  of  Guido  (being  the  initial 
word  in. a  Latin  hymn),  now  superseded 
by  do. 


F«e,filr,lftt,fftlli    iae,met,h«r,    pine,  pin;    note,  not,  mOyei    tube,  tub,  b^jll;    oUj)ouafli    S,  Sl>.  ftm^^^^iUAaa 


UTENSIL 


747 


VAIL 


TTtenslI,  Q-ten'sil  or  fi'teu-sil,  n.    [Fr.  ttfen- 
site,  from  h.  tttensilis,  fit  for  use,  from 
utor,  to  use.    Use.]    An  implement;  aa' 
instrument ;  particularly,  an  instrument 
or  vessel  used  in  domestic  business. 

TJtarine,  u'tC'r-in,  a.  I  L.  uterinua,  from 
uterus,  the  womb.  J  Pertaining  to  the 
womb;  born  of  the  same  mother  but  by 
a  different  fatlier. 

Utility,  a-til'i-ti,Ji.  [L.uiilitas,tTomutili8, 
useful,  from  utor,  to  use.  Use.]  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  useful;  usefulness.— 
Utilitarian,  a-til'i-ta"ri-an,  a.  LFrom 
utility,  j  Consisting  in  or  pertaining  to 
utility;  holding  forth  utility  as  a  stan- 
dard in  ethics  or  politics.  —  n.  One  who 
holds  the  doctrine  of  utilitarianism.  — 
Utilitarianism,  a-tiri-ta"ri-an-izm,  n. 
The  doctrine  that  tlie  greatest  happiness 
of  the  greatest  number  should  be  the  end 
and  aim  of  all  social  and  political  institu- 
tions; or  the  doctrine  that  utility  is  the 
standard  of  morality,  that  actions  are 
right  iu  proportion  as  they  tend  to  pro- 
mote happiness,  wrong  as  they  tend  to 
produce  the  reverse  of  happiness.— Utili- 
zation, a'til-i-za"shon,Ji.  The  act  of  utili- 
zing or  turning  to  account.— Utilize,  a'til- 
jz,  o.t.  —  utilized,  utilizing.  [Fr.  utiliser, 
from  utile,  li.  utilis,  useful.]  To  turn  to 
protitable  account  or  use;  to  make  useful; 
to  adapt  to  some  useful  purpose. 

Utmost,  ut'most,  a.  [A.  Sax.  utemest,  ut- 
termost, outmost,  a  double  superlative, 
being  from  iXtema,  which  itself  is  a  super- 
lative, and  -est,  also  a  superlative  termi- 
nation; similarly  aftermost.  Outmost  is 
another  form;  utter  is  the  comparative.J 


Being  at  the  farthest  point  or  extremity; 
farthest  out;  most  distant;  extreme;  being 
in  the  greatest  or  highest  degree:  often 
used  suDstantively,  signifying  the  most 
that  can  be;  greatest  power,  degree,  or 
effort  (strained  to  the  utmost,  try  your 
utmost}. 

Utopia,  a-tO'pi-a,  n.  [Lit.  the  land  of  No- 
place, from  Gr.  ou,  not,  and  topos,  a  place.] 
A  name  invented  by  Sir  Thomas  More, 
and  applied  by  him  to  an  imaginary  island 
which  he  represents  as  enjoying  the  ut- 
most perfection  iu  laws,  politics,  &c.,  as 
contrasted  with  the  defects  of  those  which 
then  existed;  hence,  a  place  or  state  of 
ideal  perfection.  —  Utopian,  a-to'pi-an,  a. 
Pertaining  to  Utopia;  founded  upon  or 
involving  imaginary  or  ideal  perfection. — 
n.  An  inhabitant  of  Utopia;  an  ardent 
but  impracticable  reformer. 

Utricle,  u'tri-kl,  n.  [L.  utriculus,  dim.  of 
titer,  ulris,  a  bottle  of  hide  or  skin.]  A 
little  bag  or  reservoir;  a  microscopic  cell 
in  im  animal  or  Vc-gt  table  structure;  any 
thin   bottle-liko  or  1. ladder-like  body  in 

I)lants.  —  Utricular,  Utriculate,  a-trik'a- 
6r,  Q-trik'a-lat,  a.  Having  utricles;  re- 
sembling a  utricle  or  bag. — Utriculifonn, 
Utriculoid,  u-trik'a-li-form,  O-trik'tt-loid, 
a.  Shaped  like  a  bladder  or  bottle. 
Utter,  ut'6r,a.  [A.  Sax.  tifor,  titter,  compar. 
of  at,  out.  Outer  is  the  same  word.  Out, 
Utmost.]  OuterJ;  situated  at  or  beyond 
the  limits  of  something^;  complete;  total; 
entire;  perfect.  —  v.t.  [From  the  above 
word;  comp.,  as  also  from  comparatives, 
the  verbs  to  lower,  to  better.]  To  put  into 
circulation,  as  money,  notes,  base  coin,  &c. ; 


to  give  expression  to;  to  give  vent  to  1  <y 
the  vocal  organs;  to  pronounce;  to  speak 
— Utterable,  ufer-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing uttered,  pronounced,  or  expressed.— 
Utterance,  ut'er-ans,  n.  The  act  of  utter- 
ing; manner  of  "neakiug;  expression;  cir- 
culation, as  of  money.—  Utterer,  ut'6r-6r, 
n.  One  who  puts  into  circulation;  one 
who  pronounces,  speaks,  discloses,  or  pub- 
lishes.—UtterleBS,t  uter-les,  a.  That  can- 
not be  uttered ;  unutterable.  —  Utterly 
ut'6r-li,  adv.  To  the  fuU^^xtent;  fully; 
perfectly ;  totally.— Uttermost,  uter-raOst, 
a.  Kxtreme;  being  in  the  furthest,  great- 
est, or  highest  degree;  utmost:  used  also 
substantively,  like  tUmost. 

Uvea,  u've-a,  n.  [From  L.  uva,  a  grape— 
from  resembling  a  grape  skin.)  Anat.  the 
black  layer  on  the  back  part  of  the  iris.— 
Uveous,  tt've-us,  a.  Resembling  a  grape 
or  a  bunch  of  grapes. 

Uvula,  u'vtt-la,  n.  [L.,  dim.  of  uva, a  grape, 
the  uvula.J  The  small  conicail  fleshy  sub- 
stance which  hangs  from  the  soft  palate 
over  the  root  of  the  tongue.  —  Uvular,  a'- 
va-l6r,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  uvula. 

■Uxorious,  ug-zo'ri-us,  a.  [L.  ttxoriua,  from 
uxor,  Hxoris,  a  wife.]  Excessively  or  fool- 
ishly fond  of  one's  wife;  doting  on  one's 
wife.— Uxoriously,  ug-zo'ri-us-li,  adv.  In 
an  uxorious  manner.— Uxoriousness,  ug- 
zo'ri-us-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  uxorious.  —  Uxorial,+  ug-zG'ri-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  wife  or  married  woman. — 
Uxoricide,  ug-zor'i-sid,  «•.  [L.  uxor,  and 
ccedo,  to  kill.]  The  murder  of  a  wife  by 
her  husband;  a  husband  who  murders  his 
wife. 


V 


V,  the  twenty-second  letter  of  the  English 
alphabet,  formerly,  as  a  character,  used 
indiscriminately  with  u. 

Vacant,  va'kant,  a.  [L.  vacant,  vacantis, 
ppr.  of  vaco,  to  be  empty,  to  have  leisure 
(from  same  stem,  vacuity,  vacuum,).]  Hav- 
ing no  contents;  empty;  unfilled;  void;  not 
occupied  or  filled  by  an  incumbent,  posses- 
sor, or  official ;  unoccupied ;  unemployed; 
not  required  to  be  spent  in  work ;  leisure; 
free  (vacant  hours);  free  from  thought;  not 
given  to  thinking,  study,  reflection,  or  the 
like;  wanting  intelligent  facial  expression; 
inane. — Vacancy,  va'kan-si,  n.  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  vacant;  empty  space;  va- 
cuity; a  space  between  objects;  an  unoccu- 
pied space;  an  unoccupied  interval  of  time; 
an  unoccupied  post,  position,  or  office ;  a 
situation  or  oflice  destitute  of  a  person  to 
fill  it;  vacuity  or  inanity  .—Vacate,  va-kat', 
v.t.— vacated,  vacating.  To  make  vacant; 
to  quit  the  occupancy  or  possession  of ;  to 
leave  empty  or  unoccupied ;  to  make  void 
or  of  no  validity.- Vacation,  va-ka'shon,  n. 
[Fr.  vacation,  L.  vacatio.]  The  act  of  vaca- 
ting; the  act  of  leaving  without  an  oc- 
cupant; a  stated  interval  in  a  round  of 
duties;  holidays;  the  time  when  a  post  has 
no  occupant. 

Vaccinate,  vak'si-nat,  v.t— vaccinated,  vac- 
cinating. [L.  vaccinug,  pertaining  to  a  cow, 
from  vacca,  a  cow.]  To  inoculate  with  the 
cow-pox  by  means  of  matter  or  lymph 
taken  directly  from  the  cow  or  from  a  per- 
son previously  treated,  for  the  purpose  of 
procuring  immunity  from  small-pox  or  of 
mitigating  its  attack.— Vaccination,  vak- 
si-na'shon,  n.  The  act  of  vaccinating;  the 
art  or  practice  of  inoculating  persons  with 
the  cow-pox,  by  lymph  taken  from  a  pus- 
tule caused  by  previous  vaccination  in  a 
healthy  child.  Inoculation  is  artificial  com- 
munication of  the  small-pox  itself.— Vac- 
cine, vak'sin,  a.  [L.  vaccinus.]  Pertaining 
to  cows  or  to  cow-pox. —  Vaccine  matter, 
the  lymph  contained  in  the  pustules  pro- 
duced by  vaccination  or  derived  from  cow- 
pox  vesicles. 

Vacillate,  vas'i-lat,  v.i.—vacillated,  vacillat- 
ing. [Ij.  vacillo,  vacillatum,  to  sway  to  and 
fro;  perhaps  allied  to  E.  wag.]  To  waver; 
to  move  one  way  and  the  other;  to  fluctu- 


ate In  mind  or  opinion;  to  be  unsteady  or 
inconstant.  —  Vacillating,  vas'i-la-ting,  p. 
and  a.  Moving  so  as  to  vacillate;  un- 
steady in  opinion  or  resolution;  wavering. 
— VacUlatlngly,  vas'i-la-ting-li,  adv.  In  a 
vacillating  manner.  —  Vacillation,  vas-i- 
la'shon,  n.  [h.  vacillatio.]  The  act  of  va- 
cillating; awavering;  vacillating  conduct; 
fluctuation  of  mind;  unsteadiness;  change 
from  one  object  to  anothe^;  inconstancy. 

Vacuity,  Vacuousness,  va-kQ'i-ti,  vak'u-us- 
nes,  n.  [L.  vacuitas,  from  vacuus,  empty. 
Vacant.]  The  state  of  being  empty  or  un- 
filled ;  emptiness;  a  space  unfilled  or  un- 
occupied, or  occupied  with  an  invisible 
fluid  only;  a  vacuum;  f  reedomf  rom  mental 
exertion;  absence  of  thought;  absence  of 
intelligence  in  look;  vacant  expression.— 
Vacuole,  vak'u-6l,  n.  [A  dim.  from  vacuum.  ] 
A  minute  cell  or  cavity  in  the  tissue  of 
organisms,  as  in  the  Protozoa. — Vacuous, 
vak'Q-us,  a.  [L.  vacuus.]  Empty;  unfilled; 
void;  vacant.— Vacuum,  vak'u-um,  n.  [L., 
an  empty  space,  neut.  sing,  of  vacuus. 
empty.]  Space  empty,  or  space  devoid  of 
all  matter  or  body;  an  inclosed  epace  from 
which  air  is  more  or  less  completely  re- 
moved, as  from  the  receiver  of  an  air- 
pump,  a  portion  of  a  barometric  tubc&c. — 
Vacuum-brake,  n.  A  steam  brake  for  rail- 
way carriages,  &c.,  in  which  the  power 
employed  is  the  pressure  of  the  atmo- 
sphere produced  by  creating  a  vacuum. — 
vacuum-gauge,  n.  A  gauge  for  indicating 
to  what  extent  a  vacuum  is  produced. — 
Vacuum-pan,  n.  A  vessel  for  boiling  sac- 
charine juices  in  a  partial  vacuum  in 
sugar-making. — Vacuum-tube,  n.  A  tube 
employed  to  examine  the  effects  of  a  dis- 
charpre  of  electricity  through  air  or  gas 
rarefied  or  exhausted  to  a  certain  degree. 

Vade-mecum,  va-de-meTcum,  n.  [L.  vade 
mecum.,  go  with  me.]  A  book  or  other 
thing  tha  t  a  person  constantly  carries  with 
him;  a  manual;  a  pocket  companion. 

Vagabond,  vag'a-bond,  a.  [Fr.  vagabond, 
from  L.  vagabundus,  wandering,  from 
vagor,  to  wauder;  same  root'as  E.  wagon, 
weigh.  Vaque.]  Wandering;  moving  from 
place  to  place  without  any  settled  habita- 
tion; pertaining  to  a  vagrant  or  worthless 
stroller.  —  n.  An  idle  worthless  stroller 


'  from  place  to  place  without  fixed  habita- 
tion or  visible  means  of  earning  an  honest 
livelihood ;  an  idle,  worthless  fellow;  a 
scamjp ;  a  rascal.  —  Vagabondage,  vag'a- 
bon-daj,  w.  The  state  or  condition  of  a 
vagabond.— Vagabondism,vag'a-bond-izm, 
n.  The  ways  or  habits  of  a  vagabond; 
vagabondage. 

Vagary,  va-ga'ri,  n.  [From  It.  vagare,  to 
wander,  or  directly  from  L.  vagari,  to 
wander  (whence  vagabond,  liC.).]  A  wan- 
dering of  the  thoughts;  a  wild  freak;  a 
whim;  a  whimsical  purpose. 

Vagina,  va-ji'na,  n.  [L.,  a  sheath.]-  Bot. 
and  anat.  a  name  for  any  part  having  the 
character  of  a  sheath;  the  canal  in  females 
leading  from  the  exterior  to  the  womb. — 

■  Vaginal,  va-ji'nal  or  vaj'i-nal,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  a  sheath;  pertaining 
to  the  vagina.— Vaglnate,  Vaginated,  va- 
ji'nat,  va-ji'na-ted,  a.  Sot.  sheathed;  in- 
vested by  the  tubular  hase  of  the  leaf. — 
Vaginopennous,  va-ji'no-pen"us,  a.  [L. 
penna,  a  feather.]  Sheath- winged;  coleop- 
terous. 

Vagrant,  va'grant,  a.  [Formerly  vagarant, 
same  origin  as  vagary.]  Wandering  with- 
out any  settled  habitation;  pertaining  to 
one  who  wanders;  unsettled;  moving  with- 
outany  certain  direction.— w.  A  wanderer; 
one  without  a  settled  home  or  habitation; 
an  idle  wanderer  or  stroller;  a  vagabond; 
a  tramp;  law,  a  term  for  various  minor 
offenders,  such  as  beggars,  prostitutes,  for- 
tune-tellers, and  other  impostors.  —  Va- 
grancy, va'gran-si,  n.  A  state  of  wander- 
ing without  settled  home;  the  condition 
of  oeing  a  vagrant. 

Vague,  vag,  a.  [Fr.  vague,  from  L.  vagus, 
wandering.  Vagabond.]  Wandering  t; 
vagabond};  unsettled  as  regards  meaning, 
scope,  or  the  like;  indefinite;  hazy;  uncer- 
tain; doubtful;  proceeding  from  no  known 
authority;  of  uncertain  origin  or  founda- 
tion (a  vague  report).  —  Vaguely,  vag'li, 
adv.  In  a  vague,  uncertain,  unsettled 
manner.  —  Vagueness,  vag'nes,  n.  The 
character  of  being  vague;  want  of  clear- 
ness; haziness. 

Vail,  val,  n.  and  v.    Same  as  Veil. 

Vall,J  val,  v.t.  [Abbrev.  from  O.E.  ovale, 
avail,  from  Fr.  avcUer,  to  let  down,  from 


ch,  cAaln;     ch,Sc.lochi   g,  go;     j.iob; .  n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sine;     <tB,  then;  th,  thm;     w,  wig;     wh,  tcAig;     zh,  asure. 


VAIL 


748 


VAN 


1..  «'/,  to,  and  vallis,  a  ralley.    Vallky.] 

'I'o  let  (lovna;  to  lower;  to  let  fall.  [Uluik.] 
Vail,  val,  v.i.  [An  abbrev.  of  avail.]  To 
profit.  [Poet.]— n.  Money  given  to  ser- 
vants by  a  visitor  on  going  away,  formerly 
regarded  by  domestics  as  a  perquisite 
which  they  might  demand:  a  term  now- 
disused. 
Vain,  van,  a.  [Fr.  vain,  vain,  empty,  vain- 
glorious, &c.,  from  li.vanus,  empty,. void 
(whence  also  vanish,  evanescent);  same  root 
as  to  wane,  want]  Having  no  real  value 
or  importance;  unsubstantial;  empty;  idle; 
worthless;  unsatisfying;  producing  no 
good  result;  fruitless;  ineffectual;  light- 
ininded;  foolish;  silly;  proud  of  petty 
things  or  oi  trifling  attainments;  having 
a  foolish  craving  for  the  admiration  or 
applause  of  others;  puffed  up;  inflated; 
conceited. — In  vain,  to  no  purpose;  with- 
out effect;  ineffectually.— To  take  the  name 
of  God  in  vain,  to  use  the  name  of  God 
with  levity  or  profaneness.— Vainglorious, 
vaii-glO'ri-us,  o.  Feeling  or  proceeding 
from  vainglory;  vain  to  excess  of  one's 
own  achievements;  boastful.  —  Valnglori- 
ously,  van-glo'ri-us-li,  adv.  With  vain- 
glory or  empty  pride.  —  Vainglory,  van- 
glo'ri,  71.  Glory,  pride,  or  boastfulness 
tliat  is  vain  or  empty;  tendency  to  unduly 
exalt  one's  self  or  one's  own  performances; 
vain  pomp  or  show.  —  Vainljr,  van'li,  adv. 
In  a  vain  manner;  without  effect;  to  no 
purpose;  in  vain;  in  a  conceited  manner; 
foolishly.— Vainness,  >  .'.n'ues,  n.  The  state 
of  being  vainj  empty  pride;  vanity. — 
Vanity,  van'i-ti,  n.  [h''r.vanitd,  L.  vanitas.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  vain;  worth- 
lessness;  falsity;  unrealness;  want  of  sub- 
stance to  satisfy  desire;  the  desire  of  in- 
discriminate admiration;  empty  pride,  in- 
spired by  an  overweening  conceit  of  one's 
personal  attainments  or  decorations:  am- 
bitious display;  anything  empty,  vision- 
ary, or  unsubstantial.  .".  Syn.  under  Eoo- 

TISM. 

Vair,  var,  n.  [O.Fr.  vair,  from  L.  varius, 
various,  variegated.]  An  old  name  for  a 
kind  of  fur,  said  to  have  been  the  skin  of 
a  species  of  squirrel  with  a  gray  back  and 
white  belly;  her.  one  of  the  furs  repre- 
sented by  little  pieces  like  shields  alter- 
nately silver  and  blue. 

Vaisya,  vis'ya,  n.  A  member  of  the  third 
caste  among  the  Hindus,  comprehending 
merchants,  traders,  and  cultivators. 

Vakeel,  va-kel',  n.  In  the  East  Indies,  an 
ambassador  or  agent;  a  native  attorney; 
a  native  law-pleader. 

Valance,  Valence,  val'ans,  val'ens,  n.  [Prom 
Norm,  valatint,  O.Fr.  avalant,  descending, 
hanging  down,  from  avaler,  to  let  do^m. 
Vail  (to  let  down).]  The  drapery  hanging 
round  a  bed,  from  the  head  of  window 
curtains,  frora  a  couch,  &c. 

Vale,  val,  n.  [Fr.  val,  from  L.  vallis,  a  val- 
ley. Valley.]  A  tract  of  low  ground  l^e- 
tween  hills;  a  valley:  more  poetical  and 
less  general  than  valley;  fig.  a  state  of  de- 
cline or  wretchedness. 

Vale,  vale,  n.  [L.,  imper.  of  valere,  to  be 
well.to  be  strong.  Valid.]  Farewell;  adieu. 
—Valediction,  va-le-dijc'shon,  n.  [L.  vale- 
dico,  valedictum—vale,  and  dico,  to  say.] 
A  farewell;  a  bidding  farewell.— Valedlc- 
tory,  va-le-dik'to-ri,  a.  Bidding  farewell; 
pertaining  to  a  leave-taking;  farewell. 

Valenciennes,  va-lan-s5-en,  n.  A  rich  va- 
riety of ,  lace  made  at  Valenciennes  in 
France.  ^*j 

Valentine,  val'en-tin,  n.  A  sweetheart  se- 
lected oi-  got  by  lot  on  St.  Valentine's 
Day,  14th- February;  a  letter  or  missive  of 
an  amatory  or  satirical  kind,  sent  by  one 
young  person  to  another  on  St.  Valentine's 
Day.- 

Valerian,  va-l5'ri-an, «.  [Supposed  to  be 
from  the  Emperor  Valerianus,  who  had 
benefited  from  it.]  The  common  name  of 
a  genus  of  ornamental  flowering  plants, 
two  of  which  are  natives  of  Britain,  and 
ara  extensively  collected  for  their  medi- 
cinal properties.  —  Valerian  oil,  an  aro- 

\  matic  essential  oil^obtained  from  the  root 

(of  the  officinal  or  great  wild  valerian. 

valet,  val'et,  n.  [Fr.  valet,  O.Fr.  varlet, 
vaslet,  a,  lad,  a  servant;  dim.  of  vassal. 

.Vassal.  Varlet  is  the  same  word.]  A  man- 


servant who  attends  on  a  gentleman's 
person. 

Valetudinarian,'vaI-e-tQ'di-na"ri-an,  a.  [L. 
valetudinarius,  from  valetudo,  good  or  ill 
health,  from  vaUo,  to  be  well.  Valid.] 
Sickly;  in  a  poor  state  of  health;  infinn;» 
seeking  to  recover  health. — ji.  A  person  of 
an  infirm  or  sickly  constitution;  one  who 
is  seeking  to  recover  health.— Valetudi- 
narianism, val-e-ta'di-na"ri-an-izm,  n.  A 
state  of  feeble  health;  infirmity.— Valetu- 
dinariness,  val-5-tu'di-na-ri-nes,  n.  State 
of  being  valetudinary. — Valetudinarious, 
val-e-tu'di-na"ri-us,  a.  Valetudinary,  val- 
e-tu'di-na-ri,  n.  and  a.  Same  as  Valetudi- 
narian. 

Valhalla,  val-halla,  n.  [Icel.  valhott,  the 
hall  of  the  slain— yaZr,  slaughter,  and  hiiU, 
a  hall.]  In  the  Scandinavian  mythology 
the  palace  of  immortality,  inhabited  by 
the  souls  of  heroes  slain  in  battle;  ./ijr.  any 
edifice  which  is  the  final  resting-place 
of  many  of  the  'heroes  or  gi-eat  men  of  a 
nation. 

Valiant,  val'yant,  a.  [Fr.  vaillant,  from 
valoir,  L.  valere,  to  be  strong.  Valid.] 
Brave;  courageous;  intrepid  in  danger; 
puissant;  performed  with  valour;  heroic— 
Valiantly,  val'yaut-li,  adv.  In  a  valiant 
manner. —Valiantness,  val'yant-nes,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  -valiant ;  valour. 
Valid,  val'id,  a.  [Fr.  valide,  L.  validus, 
strong,  powerful,  from  valeo,  to  be  strong, 
to  be  well  (seen  also  in  vahie,  valiant, 
valour,  valetudinary,  avail,  prevail,  &c.); 
perhaps  from  a  root  meaning  to  cover  or 
protect,  same  as  in  valley,  wooL\  Suffi- 
ciently supported  by  actual  fact;  well 
grounded;  sound;  just;  good;  not  weak  or 
defective;  having  sufficient  legal  strength 
or  force;  good  or  sufficient  in  point  of  law. 
—Validate,  val'l-dat,  v.t.  To  make  valid; 
to  confirm.— Validity,  Validness,  va-lid'i- 
ti,  val'id-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  valid:  strength  or  cogency  from 
being  supported  by  fact;  justness;  sound- 
ness; legal  strength  or  force;  sufficiency  in 
point  of  law.— Validly,  val'id-li,  adv.  In 
a  valid  manner;  so  as  to  be  valid. 
Valise,  va-les',  n.  [Fr.]  A  small  leather 
bag  or  case  for  holding  a  traveller's  equip- 
ment; a  portmanteau. 
Valkyr,  Valkyria,  valTsCr,  val-ke'ri-a,  n. 
[Icel.  valkyrja—valr,  the  slain,  and  kjisa, 
to  select.]  One  of  the  sisters  of  Odin,  who 
led  to  Valhalla  the  souls  of  those  who  fell 
in  battle,  where  they  ministered  at  their 
feasts.— Valkyrian,  val-ke'ri-an,  a.  Of  or 
relating  to  the  Valkyrs  or  Valkyrias. 
Vallar,  Vallary,  val'er,  val'er-i,  a.  [L.  val- 
laris,  from  vallum,  a  rampart.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  rampart  or  palisade. 
Valley,  val'i,  n.  [  Fr.  valide,  O.  Fr.  valee, 
from  val,  a  vale,  from  L.  vallis,  a  valley. 
Valid.]  Any  hollow  or  surface  depression 
of  some  width  bounded  b.v  hills  or  ipoun- 
tains,  and  usually  traversed  by  a  stream 
or  river;  a  vale;  the  internal  angle  formed 
by  the  meeting  of  the  two  inclined  sides 
of  a  roof. 

VaUnm,  vallum,  n.  [L.  vallum,  from  val- 
lus,  a  stake.]  A  rampart;  a  palisaded  ram- 
part, such  as  that  with  which  the  Komans 
inclosed  their  camps. 

Valonia,  va-lo'ni-a,  n.  [It.  vallonia,  from 
Mod.  6r.  baiania,  the  holm-oak,  from  Gr. 
balanos,  an  acorn,  an  oak.]  The  acorn- 
cups  of  a  species  of  oak  exported  from  the 
Levant  for  the  use  of  tanners  and  dyers.- 
Valour,  val'or,  n.  [O.Fr.  valor,  Mod.Fr. 
valeur,  L.L.  valor,  worth,  from  L.  valeo, 
to  be  strong.  Valid.]  That  quality  which 
enables  a  man  to  encounter  danger  with 
firmness;  personal  bravery,  especially  as 
regards  fighting;  intrepidity;  prowess.— 
Valorous,  val'or-us,  a.  Brave;  courageous; 
valiant;  intrepid.— Valorously,  .val'or-us- 
li,  adv.  In  a  valorous  manner;  valiantly. 
Value,  val'u,  n.  [O.Fr.  valtie,  the  fern,  of 
valu,  pp.  of  valoir,  from  L.  valere,  to  be 
strong,  to  bfe  worth.  Valid.]  Worth;  that 
property  or  those  properties  of  a  thing 
winch  render  it  useful  or  estimable;  the 
degree  of  such  property  or  properties; 
utility;  importance;  what  makes  a  per- 
son of  some  account,  estimation,  or  worth; 
estimate  of  worth;  price  equal  to  the 
worth;  market  price?  the  money  for  which 


a  thing  is  sold  or  will  sell;  equivalent  iji 
the  market;  import;  precise  Kij,'uiticati..n 
(the  vaiue  of  a  word  or  phrase);  mus.  tlio 
relative  length  or  duration  of  a  tone  or 
note.— v.t— valued,  valuing.  To  estimate 
the  worth  of;  to  rate  at  a  certain  price;  to 
appraise;  to  consider  with  respect  to  im- 

Eortauce;  to  rate,  whether  high  or  low;  to 
ave  in  high  esteem;  to  prize;  to  regard;  to 
hold  in  respect  and  estimation.— Valued 
val'ud,  p.  and  a.  Kegarded  as  of  high 
value;  highly  esteemed.— Valueless,  val'u- 
les,  a.  Being  of  no  value;  having  no  worth; 
worthless.— Valuer,  val'fl-6r,  n.  One  who 
values;  an  appraiser. —Valuable  val'a-a- 
bl,  a.  Having  value  or  worth;  having  a 
high  value;  having  qualities  which  are 
useful  and  esteemed ;  precious.  —  n  A. 
thing,  especially  a  small  thing,  of  value; 
a  choice  article  of  personal  property:  usu- 
ally in  the  plural.— Valuableness,  val'u- 
a-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  valuable; 
preciousness.— Valuation,  val-ti-a'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  valuing;  the  act  of  setting  a 
price;  appraisement;  estimation;  value 
set  upon  a  thing;  estimated  worth.— Valn- 
-  ator,  val'a-a-ter,  n.  One  who  wts  a  value; 
an  appraiser. 

Valve,  valv,  n.  [Fr.  valve,  from  L.  valvce, 
folding  doors,  from  same  root  volvo,  to 
roll  (whence  voluble,  &c.).]  One  of  tlie 
leaves  of  a  folding  door;  a  kind  of  movable 
lid  or  partition  adapted  to  a  tube  or-urifice, 
and  so  formed  as  to  open  communication 
in  one  direction  and  to  close  it  in  the 
other,  used  to  regulate  the  admission  or 
escape  of  water,  gas,  or  steam;  anat.  a 
partition  within  the  cavity  of  a  vessel 
opening  to  allow  the  passage  of  a  fluid  in 
one  direction,  and  shutting  to  prevent  its 
return  (fhe  valves  of  the  heart);  bot.  one  of 
the  divisions  of  any  dehiscent  body;  conch. 
one  of  the  separable  portions  of  the  shell 
of  a  mollusc— Valvate,  val'vat,  a.  Hav- 
ing or  resembling  a  val ve.— Valved,  val vd, 
'a.  Having  valves  or  hinges;  composed  of 
valves.— Valve-gear,  Valve-motion,  n.  The 
combination  of  mechanical  devices  for 
working  a  valve  in  steam-engines.- Val- 
vular, val'vu-Ur,  a.  Containing  valves; 
having  the  character  of  or  acting  as  a 
valve.— Valvule,  Valvelet,  valval,  valv'- 
let,  n.  I  Dim.  from  valve.]  A  little  valve. 
Vambrace,  vam'bras,  n.  [Also  vaiitbrace, 
vantbras  —  Fr  avant,  before,  and  bras, 
arm.  Vak  (front).]  The  piece  of  plate 
armour  which  covered  the  forearm. 
Vamp,  Vamp,  n.  [Formerly  vampey,  from 
Fr.  avant-pied- avant,  before,  and  pied, 
the  foot.  Van  (front).]  The  upper  leather 
of  a  boot  or  shoe;  any  piece  or  patch  in- 
tended to  give  an  old  thing  a  new  appear- 
ance; a  jJiece  added  for  appearance  sake; 
Tmis.  an  improvised  accompaniment.— ti.t. 
To  put  a  new  vamp  or  upper  leather  on; 
to  furbish  up;  to  give  a  new  appearance 
to;  to  patch.— Vamper,  vam'ptr,  n.  One 
who  vamps. 

Vampire,  vam'pir,  n.  [Fr.,  from  G.  vam- 
pyr,  from  Serv.  vampir,  vampira,  a  vam- 
pire.] A  kind  of  spectral  being  or  ghost 
still  possessing  a  human  body,  believed  to 
leave  the  grave  during  the  night  and  suck 
the  blood  of  living  men  and  women  while 
they  are  asleep;  a  person  who  preys  on 
others ;  an  extortioner  or  blood-sucker ;  a 
vampire-bat.  —  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resem- 
bling a  vampire  in  character. — Vampire- 
bat,  n.  A  blood -sucking  bat  of  South 
America  of  several  species,  with  long 
sharp  teeth.— Vampirism,  vam'pir-izm,  n. 
Belief  in  vampires ;  the  action  of  a  vam- 
pire; blood-sucking;  fig.  the  practice  of 
extortion  or  preying  on  others. 
Van,  van ,  n.  [  Abbrev.  from  vanguard,  from 
Fr.  avant-garde— avant,  before,  and  garde, 
guard.  AvAUNT,  GfARD.]  Thefroutofan 
army,  or  the  front  line  or  foremost  di- 
vision of  a  fleet. — Vanguard,  van'gard,  n. 
The  troops  who  march  in  the  van  of  an 
army;  the  advance  guard;  the  van. 
Van,t  van,  n.  [Fr.  van,  from  h.vannus,  a 
van  or  fan  for  winnowing.  Fan.]  A  fan  or 
any  contrivance  for  winnowing  grain ;  a 
wing. 

Van,  van,  n.  [Abbrev.  from  caravan.]  A 
car.ivan;  a  covered  vehicle  used  by  trades- 
men and  others  for  carrying  goods;  a  ulo.se 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     nOte,  not.  mdve;     tab^,  tub,  b\)U;     oil.  pound;     »l,  Sc.  abtme— the  Fr.  «. 


VANADIUM 


749 


VARY 


i-ailway-carriage  for  carrying  luggage  or 
for  other  piirposes. 

Vanadlnm,  va-na'di-utn,  n.  [Prom  Kona- 
dis,  a  surname  of  the  Scandinavian  god- 
dess Freyja,  from  its  being  discovered  in  a 
Swedish  ore.]  A  silvery  brittle  metal  of 
rare  occurrence  discovered  in  1830  in  Swe- 
dish iron.-^Vanadic,  Vanadons,  va-nad'ik, 
van'a-duE,  a.    Pertaining  to  vanadium. 

Vandal,  van'dal,  n.  [L.  Vandali,  VinduH, 
Vindili,  the  Vandals.]  One  of  a  Teutonic 
race  who  pillaged  Rome  in  the  fifth  cen- 
ttjiry,  andun sparingly  destroyed  themonu- 
inents  of  art  and  the  productions  of  litera- 
ture; hence,  one  who  wilfully  or  ignorantiy 
destroys  any  work  of  art,  literature,  or 
the  like.— vandal,  Vandalic,van-dal'ik,a. 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  Vandsjs. 
—Vandalism,  van'dal-izm,  n.  Wilful  or 
ignorant  destruction  of  works  of  art  or 
literature;  hostility  to  art  or  literature. 

Vp-ndyke,  van-dik',  w.  A  pointed  collar  of 
lace  or  sewed  work  worn  by  both  sexes 
during  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  and  to  be 
seen  in  portraits  painted  by  Vandyke 
(whence  the  najae).— Vandyke  brown,  a 
pigment  obtained  from  a  kind  of  peat  or 
bog-earth,  of  a  fine,  deep,  semi-transparent 
brown  colour. 

Vane,  van,  n.  fO.E.  fane,  a  banner,  a 
weathercock,  from  A.  Sax.  /ana=O.H,G-. 
/ono,  a.  fahne,  D.  vaan,a,  flag;  Goth,  fana, 
cloth;  cog.  L.  pannus,  cloth.]  A  weather- 
cock, arrow,  or  thin  slip  of  metal,  wood, 
&c.,  placed  on  a  spindle  at  the  top  of  a 
spire,  tower,  &c.,  for  the  purpose  of  show- 
ing by  its  turning  and  direction  which 
way  the  wind  blows;  any  somewhat  simi- 
lar device  or  contrivance;  the  broad  part 
of  a  feather  on  either  sidjB  of  the  shaft; 
one  of  the  plates  or  blades  of 'a  windmill, 
a  screw-propeller,  &c. 

Vanessa,  va-nes'sa,  n.  A  genus  of  brightly- 
coloured  butterflies,including  the  tortoise- 
shell  butterfly,  the  peacock  butterfly,  &c. 

Tang,  vans,  n.  tD.  uangen,  Qt.  fangen,  to 
catch.]  Jvaat.  a  steadying  rope' from  a 
gaflf  to  tho  ship's  side. 

Vangaard.    Under  Van. 

Vanilla,  va-nil'a,  n.  [From  Sp.  vainilla, 
dim.  of  vaina,&  scabbard,  from  L.  vagina. 
a  scabbard!  the  pod  resembles  a  scabbard,  j 
A  genus  of  orchidaceous  plants,  natives  of 
tropical  America,  the  fleshy  pod-like  fruit 
of  several  species  of  which  is  remarkable 
for  its  fragrant  odour  and  is^used  in  medi- 
cine, confectionery,  and  perfumery. 

Vanish,  van'ish,  v.v.  [Prom  L.  vanesco, 
evanesco,  to  vanish,  to  pass  away  (through 
the  old  French),  from  vanua,  vain.  Vain. J 
To  disappear;  to  pass  from  a  visible  to  an- 
invisible  state;  to  pass  beyond  the  limit 
of  vision;  to  be  annihilated  or  lost;  to  be 
no  more;  math,  to  become  less  and  less  till 
the  value  is  nothing,  or  is  denoted  by  0. — 
Vanishing  point,  the  point  in  a  view  or 
picture  at  which  all  parallel  lines  in  the 
same  plane  tend  to  meet  when  correctly 
represented  in  a  picture. 

Vanity.    Under  V  aik. 

Vanqnisli,  vang'kwish,  u.t.  [From  Fr.  vain- 
ere,  pret.  vainquis,  ^ubj.  vainquisse,  O.  Fr. 
veinquir,  from  L.  vincere,  to  conquer.  Vic- 
tor.] To  conquer,  overcome,  or  subdue  in 
battle ;  to  deteat  in  any  contest ;  to  get 
the  better  of:  to  confute;  to  overpower;  to 
prostrate;  to  ce  too  much  for. .'.  Sj-n.  under 
Conquer.  — Vanquishable,  vangUcwish-a^ 
hi,  a.  Capable  of  being  vanquished;  con- 
querable.— Vanquisher,  vangkwish-fir,  n. 
A  conqueror;  a  victor. 

Vantage,  van'taj,  n.  [Fr.  avantage.  An- 
VANTAGE. ]  Advantage;  vantage-ground. 
—Vantage-ground,  n.  Superiority  of  posi- 
tion or  place;  the  place  or  condition  which 
gives  one  an  advantage  over  another;  fa- 
vourable position. 

Vapid,  vap'id,  a.  [h.  vapidust  vapid,  hav- 
ing lost  spirit,  same  root  as  vapour.'] 
Having  lost  its  life  fend  spirit;  insipid; 
dead ;  Sat ;  dull ;  unanimated ;  spiritless. 
—  Vapidly,  vap'id-li,  adv.  In  a  vapid 
manner.— Vapidity,  Vapldness,va-pid'i-ti,' 
v.ap'id-ne8,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
vapid;  deadness;  fl.atne8s;  dulne8s;.want 
of  life  or  spirit. 

Vapour,  Vapor,  va'por,  jt.  [L.  vaj)or,  steam, 
Viipour;  akin  to  vapidtta,  vapid,  having 


lost  flfivour,  vappa,  vapid  wine.]  An  ex- 
halation or  fume;  a  gaseous  substance; 
visible  steam;  the  gaseous  form  which  any 
solid  or  liquid  substance  assumes  when 
heated;  any  visible  diffused  substance 
floating  in  the  atmosphere,  as  fog  or  mist; 
hazy  matter;  something  unsubstantial, 
fleeting,  or  transitory;  a  mental  fume;  a 
vain  imagination;  an  unreal  fancy;  pi.  an 
old  name  for  a  nervous  hyirochondriacal 
or  hysterical  affection;  the  blues. — v.i.  To 
boast  or  vaunt  with  ostentatious  display; 
to  bully:  to  hector;  to  brag;  to  bounce. — 
Vapour-hath,  n.  The  application  of  va- 
pour or  steam  to  the  body  in  a  close  place; 
the  place  or  bath  itself.— Vapourer,  va'- 
por-fir,  n.  One  who  vapours,  brags,  or 
bullies;  a  braggart,  buUy,  or  boaster.  — 
Vapouring,  va'por-ing,  p.  and  a.  Boasting; 
given  to  boast  or  brag.— A.  Boastful  or 
windy  talk. — ^Vapotirish,^va'por-ish,  a.  Af- 
fected by  vapours;  hypochondriac;  whim- 
sical; fanciful.  — Vapourishn^ss,  va'por- 
ish-nes,ji. — Vapoury,  va'por-i,  a.  Vapor- 
ous; full  of  vapours.'— VaporabUity,  va'- 
por-a-bil"i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
vaporable.  —  Vaporable,  va'  por-a-bl,  a. 
Capable  of  being  converted  into  vapour. — 
Vaporlterous,  va-por-if'er-us,  a.  Ih.  vapor, 
and/erofto  bear.]  Conveying  or  produc- 
ing vapour.  —  Vaporific,  va-por-if'ik,  a: 
[L.  vapor,  and  facio,  to  make.]  Forming 
vapour ;  converting  into  steam,  or  into  a 
vsyatile  f  orm. — Vaporizable,va'por-i-za-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  vaporizpa. — Vapor- 
ization, va'por-i •za"shon,  n.  The  act  of 
vaporizing;  conversion  into  vapour.  — 
Vaporize,  va'por-iz,  v. t.— vaporized,  vapor- 
izing. To  convert  into  vapour  by  the  ap- 
plication of  heat  or  artificial  means;  to 
cause  to  evaporate;  to  sublimate.— v.i.  To 
pass  off  in  vapour.' — Vapjorose,  va'por-os, 
a.  Vaporous.  —  Vaporosity,  Vaporous- 
ness,  va-por-os'i-ti,  va'por-us-n'es,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  vaporous.  —  Vaporous, 
va'por-us,  a.  Being  in  the  form  of,  or 
having  the  character  of  vapour;  full  of 
vapours  or  exhalations;  promoting  exha- 
lation or  eflluvia;  unsubstantial:  vainly 
imaginative  or  soaring;  whimsical. 

Vaquero,  va-ker'o,«.  [Sp.,  a  cowherd,  from 
vaca,  L.  vacca,  a  cow.]  In  Mexico  and  the 
western  United  States,  a  herdsman. 

Varangian,  va-ran'ji-an,  n.  [Icel.  Veering- 
jar,  lit.  confederates  or  sworn  men,  from 
vArar,  an  oath.]  One  of  those  Scandina- 
■vians,  Anglo-Saxons,  &c.,  who  entered  the 
service  of  the  Byfeantine  emperors  and 
became  the  Imperial  Guard. 

Variable,  Variance,  &c.    Under  Vary. 

Varicella,  var-i-sel'!a,  n.  [Dim.  of  variola, 
the  small-pox.]    The  chicken-pox. 

Varicocele,  var'i-ko-sel,  w.  [L.  wam;,  a  di- 
lated vein,  and  Gr.  keie,  a  tumour.)  A  vari- 
cose enlargement  of  the  spermatic  veins, 
or  the  veins  of  the  scrotum. 

Varicose,  var'i-kos,  a.  [L.  varicostts,  from 
variz^  a  varicose  vein.]  Exhibiting  a 
morbid  enlargement  or  dilation,  knotty 
and  irregular  in  shape,  as  often  seen  in 
the  veins  of  the  lower  extremities,  which 
sometimes  burst  with  consideranle  he- 
morrhage. —  Varicosity,  var-i-kos'i-ti,  n. 
The  state  of  being  varicose. 

Varlegate.va'ri-e-gat.v.t— variesafed,uarje- 
gating.  (h.  variego,  variagatum,  to  varie- 
gate, from  variMS,  various,  and  term,  from 
ago,  to  do.  Vary.]  To  diversify  by  means 
of  different  tints  or  hues.  —  Variegated, 
va'ri-e-ga-ted,  p.  and  a.  Diversified  with 
tints  or  hues;  hot.  irregularly  marked  with 
spots  of  a  light  colour:  said  of  leaves. — 
Variegation,  va'ri-e-ga"8hon,  n.  The  state 
of  being  variegated ;  diversity  of  colours, 
especiafly  on  leaves  or  petals  of  plants. 

Variety.    Under  Vary. 

Variola,  va-ri'o-la,  n.  ■  [Fr.  variole,  Mod,L. 
t»anoJa,6mall-pox,from  h.varius,  spotted.] 
The  small-pox.— Variolar,  Variolic,  Vari- 
olous, va-ri'o-l6r,  va-ri-ol'ik,  va-rVo-lus,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  designating  the  small- 

•  pox.— Variolite,  va-ri'o-lit,  n.  [6r.  liOios, 
stone.]  A  porphyritic  rock  in  which  the 
imbedded  substances  are  imperfectly  crys- 
tallized, or  are  rounded,  giving  a  spotted 
appearance.  —  Variolluic,  va-ri'o-lit"ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  variola;  thickly  marked 
with  small  round  «pecks  or  dots;  spotted. 


—Varioloid,  va-ri'o-loid,  «.  Resembling 
variola;  spotted. 

Variorum,  va-ri-o'rum,  a.  [From  L.  editio 
cum  notis  variorum,  an  edition  'with  the 
notes  of  various  persons.]  A  term  applied 
to  an  edition  of  some  work  in  which  the 
notes  of  different  commentators  are  in- 
serted (a  variorum  edition  of  Shaksiiere). 

Various.    Under  Vary. 

Varlx,  va'rik8,n.  pi.  Varices,  var'i-sez.  [L.] 
A  varicose  vein.    Varicose. 

Varlet,  var'let,  n.  [O.  Fr.  varlet,  vuslet. 
Valet.]  Anciently,  a  page  or  knight's 
follower;  an  attendant  on  a  gentleman; 
hence,  a  term  of  contempt  for  one  in  a 
subordinate  or  menial  position;  a  low 
fellow;  "a  rascal.  —  Varletry,  vai-'let-ri,  n. 
The  rabble;  the  crowd. 

Varnish,  var'nish,  ra,  [From  Fr.  vemis, 
varnish,  vemisser,  vernir,  to  varnish,  from 
Ij.  vitrinus,  glassy,  from  vitrv,m,  glass  — 
varnish  giving  a  glassy  surface.  Vitreous.] 
A  solution  of  resinous  matter,  forming  a 
clear  limpid  fluid,  used  by  painters,  cab- 
inet-makers, Ac,  for  coating  the  surface  of 
their  work  in  order  to  give  it  a  shining, 
transparent,  and  hard  surface,  capable  of 
resisting  the  influences  of  air  and  mois- 
ture; what  resembles  varnish  either  natu- 
rally or  artificially ;  a  gloss.v  or  lustrous 
appearance;  outside  show;  gloss. — v.t.  To 
lay  varnish  on;  to  give  an  improved  ap- 
pearance to;  to  give  a  fair  colouring  to;  to 
gloss  over. — Vamisher,  var'nish-6r,  n.  One 
who  varnishes ;  one  who  gives  a  fair  ex- 
ternal appearance. — Vamish-tree,  n.  The 
name  of  certain  trees  found  chiefly  in 
India,  Burmah,  and  China,  which  exude 
resinous  juices  em_ploycd  as  varnishes. . 

Varsovienne,  var-so'vi-en,  n.  [Fr.]  Adance, 
named  from  Warsaw,  in  Poland,  where  it 
probably  originated. 

Vary,  va'ri,  v.t.  i—  vaiisd,  varying.  [Pr. 
varier,  from  L.  variare,  -to  vary,  from 
varius,  variegated,  diverse,  various.]  To 
alter  in  form,  appearance,  substance,  or 
position;  to  make  different  by  a  partial 
change;  to  change ;  to  diversify;  mus.  to 
embellish,  as  a  tCielody  or  theme  with 
passing  notes,  arpeggios,  &c.—v.i.  To  alter 
or  "be  altered  in  any  manner;  to  suffer 
change;  to  appear  in  different  forms;  to 
differ  or  be  different;  to  be  unlike  or  di- 
verse; to  change,  as  in  purpose,  opinion,  or 
the  like;  to  deviate;  to  swerve;  to  alter- 
nate; to  disagree;  to  be  at  variance;  matJi. 
to  be  subject  to  continual  increase  or  de- 
crease.— Variable,  va'ri-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
varying,  changing,  or  altering;  liable  to 
change;  often  changing;  changeable  {vari- 
able winds);  fickle;  unsteady;  inconstant; 
capable  of  being  varied  or  changed. — 
Variable  quantities,  math,  quantities  sub- 
ject to  continual  increase  or  diminution. 
—  Variable  stars,  stars  which  undergo  a 
periodical  increase  and  diminution  of 
their  lustre. — n.  That  which  is  variable; 
a  variable  quantity;  a  shifting  wind  as 
opposed  to  a  trade-wind ;  hence  the  vari- 
ables, the  region  between  the  north-east 
and  the  south-east  trade-winds.  —  Vari- 
ableness, Variability,  va'ri-a-bl-nes,  va'- 
ri-a-bil"i-ti,  «.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  variable.— Variably,  va'ri-a-bli,  adv. 
In  a  variable  manfier;  changeablyj  muta- 
bly; inconstantly.— Variance,  va  ri-ans,  n. 
Difference  that  produces  dispute  or  con- 
troversy; disagreement;  dissension;  dis- 
cord.— At  variance,  in  disa^eement;  in  a 
state  of  dissension;  in  enmity.— Variant, 
va'ri-ant,  a.  Different;  diverse;  variable; 
varying. — n.  Something  that  is  really  the 
pame,  though  with  a  different  form;  a  dif- 
ferent reading  or  version.— Variation,  va- 
ri-a'shon,  n.  [L.  variatio.]  The  act  or 
process  of  varj'ing;  partial  change  in  the 
form,  position,  state,  or  qualities  of  the 
same  thing;  alteration;  mutation;  change; 
modification;  the  extent  to  which  a  thing 
varies;  the  amount  or  )ra,te  of  change;  the 
act  of  deviating;  deviation;  gram,  change 
of  termination  of  words;  inflection;  asiron. 
any  deviation  from  the  mean  orbit  or  mean 
motion  of  a  heavenly  body,  occasioned  by 
another  disturbing  body;  physics  and 
navig.  same  as  declination;  mus.  one  of  a 
series  of  ornamental  changes  or  embellish- 
ments in  the  treatment  of  a  tune,  movu- 


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VAncvt&B. 


750 


VEHICLE 


ment,  or  theme  during  seTeral  successive 
repstitions.  —  Calculus  of  variationSy  a 
branch  of  analysis,  the  chief  object  of 
which  is  to  find  what  function  of  a  vari- 
able will  be  a  majEimum  or  minimum  on 
certain  prescribed  conditions.  —  Varied, 
va'rid,  p.  and  a.  Altered;  changed;  charac- 
terized by  variety;  diversified;  consisting 
of  various  kinds  or  sorts  differing  from 
each  other ;  diverse ;  various.  —  Variedly, 
va'rid-li,  adv-.  Biversely. — Varier,  va'ri-6r, 
■i\  One  who  varies.  ['A»in.]— Varietal,  va- 
ri'e-tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  variety,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  an  individual  or  a  species. 
— Variety,  va-ri'e-ti,  n.  [h.  varieias,  from 
varitis.}  The  state  or  quality  of  being  varied 
or  various;  intermixture  or  succession  of 
different  things,  or  of  things  different  in 
form;  diversity;  multifariousness;  many- 
sidedness;  a  collection  or  number  of  dif- 
ferent thingrs;  a  varied  assortment;  some- 
thing differing  from  others  of  the  same 
general  kind;  a  sort;  a  kind;  in  scientific 
classifications,  a  subdivision. of  a  species 
of  animals  or  plants;  according  to  the 
evolution  theory,  a  species  in  process  of 
formation. — ^Variform,  va'ri-form,  a.  Hav- 
ing different  shapes  or  forms.  -:-  Vari- 
formed,  va'ri-formd,  a.  Formed  with 
different  shapes. — Varioas,  va'ri-us,  a.  [L. 
vaHus.}  Differing  from  each  other;  differ- 
ent; diverse;  manifold;  divers;  several; 
exhibiting  different  characters;  multi- 
form.— Variously,  v5.'ri-us-li,  adv.  In  vari- 
ous or  different  ways;  with  diversity;  di- 
versely; multifariously. 

Vascular,  vas'ku-lfer,  a.  [L.  vascvlum,  a 
vessel,  dim.  of  vas,  a  vessel.]  Pertaining  to 
the  vessels  or  tubes  connected  with  the 
vital  functions  of  animals  or  plants,  and 
especially  making  up  the  circulatory  sys- 
tem; consisting  of,  containing,'  or  .opera- 
ting by  means  of  animal  or  vegetable  ves- 
sels.—  Vascular  plants,  the  plants  pertain- 
ing to  the  phanerogamous  division  of 
plants. —  Vascular  tissue,  tissue  composed 
of  small  vessels  like  the  woody  tissue  or 
substance  of  flowering  plants:  iised  in  con- 
tradistinction to  cellular. —  Vascular  sys- 
tem, anat.  the  system  formed  by  all  the 
blood-vessels,  laicteals,  &c.— Vascularity, 
vas-ka-lar'i-ti,  n.  The-  state  or  quality  of 
being  vascular. — ^Vascolose,  vas'ku-los,  a. 
Bot.  same  as  Vascular. — n.  The  substance 
constituting  the  principal  "part  of  the  ves- 
sels of  plants.— vasculum,  vas'ku-lum,  n. 
A  botanist's  case  for  carrying  specimens 
as  he  collects  them :  bot.  a  pitcher-shaped 
leaf. 

Vase,  tSz  or  v&z,  n.  [Tr.  vase,  from  L. 
tiosum  (rareljamsed  for  ww),  a  vessel;  akin 
vessel,  vascular.]  A  vessel  of  some  size  of 
various  materials,  forms,  and  purposes, 
often  merely  serving  for  ornament ;  arch. 
a  sculpturea  ornament  representing  the 
vessels  of  the  ancients,  as  incense-pots, 
flower-pots,  &c.;  the  body  of  a  Corinthian 
or  Composite  capital.  —  Vasifonn,  va'si- 
f  orm,  a.  In  the  form  of  a  vase.—  Vasiform 
tissue.  Same  as  Bothrenchyma.—''v&BO- 
motor,  vas-6-mo't*r,  a.  [L.  vas,  a  vessel, 
and  motor,  a  mover.]  Applied,  to  the  sys- 
tem of  nerves  distributed  over  the  mus- 
cular coats  of  the  blood-vessels. 

Vassal,  vas'al,  n.  [Pr.  vassal,  L.L.  vassal- 
lus,  a  vassal,  dim.  of  vassus,  a  domestic, 
from  Armor,  gtoae,  W.  oxoof,  a  youth,  a 
servant.  Of  same  origin  are  valet,  varlet.] 
A  feudal  tenant  holding  lands  under  a 
lordj  and  bound  by  his  tenure  to  feudal 
services;  a  subject;  a  dependant;  a  retainer; 
a  sen'ant;  a  bondman;  a  slave. — a.  Servile; 
subservient.— Vassalage,  vas'al-aj,  n.  The 
state  of  being  a  vassal;  servitude;  depen- 
dence; slavery.— Vassalry,  vaa'al-ri,  n.  A 
body  of  vassals. 

Vast,  vast,  a.  [Fr.  vaste,  from  L.  vastus, 
waste,  desert,  vast,  huge  (hence  vasto,  to 
lay  waste,  to  devastate);  allied  to  G.  wtlste, 
a  desert.  Waste.]  Waste  or  desertj; 
lonelyj;  of  great  extent;  Iwundless;  huge 
in  bulk  and  extent;  immense;  very  great 
in  numbers  or  amount;  very  great  as  to 
degree  or  intensity. — n.  A  boundless  waste 
or  space;  immensity.  [  Poetical.]— Vastly, 
vast'li,  adv.  Very  greatly;  to  avast  extent 
or  degree.  —  Vastness,  vast'nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  vast;  great  extent;  im- 


mensity; greatness  in  general.  —  Vasty,t 
vas'ti,  o.  Vast;  boundless;  very  spacious. 
[Shak.] 

vat,  vat,  n.  [Also  fat,  a  vat,- from  A.  Sax. 
feet,  a  vat=D.  vat,  Icel.  and  Sw.  fat,  a  vat, 
G.  fass,  a  cask.]  A  largfe  vessel  for  holding 
liquors;  a  large  vessel  of  the  tub  kind;  a  ' 
tun;  a  wooden  tank  or  cistern.  —  v.t. — 
vatted,  vattiTig.  To  put  in  a  vat. — Vatful, 
vat'ful,  n.  As  "much  as  a  vat  will  hold;  the 

.  contents  of  a  vat. 

Vatic,t  vat'ik,  a.  [L.  votes,  a  pro;)het.l  Per- 
taining to  a  prophet;  oractilar;  inspired. 
Vatican,  vat'i-ksm,  n.  A  most  extensive 
palace  at  Rome  upon  the  Vatican  hUl, 
the  residence  of  the  pope;  hence,  the  Vati- 
can is  equivalent  to  the  papal  power  or 
government. —  Vatican  Council,  the  Ecu- 
menical Council  Which  met  in  the  Vatican 
in  1870,  and  declared  the  infallibility  of 
the  pope  to  be  a  dogma  of  the  church. — 
Vaticanism,  vat'i-kan-izm,  n.  The  doc- 
trines and  tenets  promulgated  by  the 
Vatican;  ultramontauism. 
Vaticinate,  va-tis'i-nat,  v.i.  —  vaticinated, 
vaticinating.  [L.  vaticinor,  vaticinatus,  to 
prophesy,  from,  votes,  a  prophet.]  To  pro- 
phesy; to  practise  prediction.— u.t.  To  pro- 
phe^;  to  foretell.- Vaticination,  va-tis'i- 
na"shon,  n.  A  prediction;  a  prophecy. — 
Vatlcinator,  va-tis'i-na-tfer,  n.  One  who 
vaticinates  or  predicts. 
Vaudeville,  vod'vel,  n.  [Fr.  vaudeville,  from 
O.Pr.  Vau  de  Vire,  Val  de  Vire,  the  vaP 
ley  of  the  Vire,  in  Normandy— originally 
applied  to  songs  of  Oliver  Basselin,  who 
lived  there.]  A  French  name  for  a  light, 
gay  song,  consisting  of  several  couplets  and 
retrain  or  burden,  sung  to  a  familiar  air; 
a  ballad;  a  dramatic  piece  whose  dialogue 

j    is  intermingled  with  light  or  comic  songs 
set  to  popular  airs. 

Vault,  valt,  n.  [O.Fr.  vaulte,  voulte  (Fr. 
VoMe),  from  L.L,  voUa,  voluta,  a  vault, 
from  L.  volvo,  volutum,  to  turn  round,  to 
roll.  Voluble.]  An  jirched  roof;  a  con- 
cave roof  or  roof-like  covering  (the  vault 
of  heaven);  arch,  a  continued  arch;. an 
arched  apartment;  a  subterranean  cham- 
ber used  for  a  place  of  interment;  a  cellar. 
— v.t.  To  form  with  a  vault  or  arched  roof; 
to  arch.  —  Vaulted,  val'ted,  p.  and  a. 
Arched;  concave;  covered  with  an  arch  or 
vault. —Vaulting,  val' ting,  n.  Vaulted 
work;  vaults  collectively. 
Vault,  valt,  n.  [Fr.  volte,  from  It.  volta,  a 
turn,  a  leap  or  vault,  from  volvo,  volutttm, 
to  roll,  to  turn.  Hence  this  word  is  a 
■  doublet  of  Vault  above.]  A  leap  or  spring; 
a  bound;  a  leap  by  means  of  a  pole,  or 
assisted  by  resting  the  hand  or  hands  on 
something.— tJ.i.  To  leap;  to  bound;  to 
spring;  to  exhibit  equestrian  or  other  feats 
of  tumbling  or  leaping.— Vaulter,  val'ter, 
n.  One  that  vaults;  a  leaper;  a  tumbler. 
—Vaulting,  val'ting,  n.  The  art  or  prac- 
tice of  a  vaulter. 

Vaunt,  vant,  v.i.  [From  Fr.  vanter,  to 
vaunt,  from  L.L.  vanitare,  to  boast,  from 
L.  vanus,  vain.  Vain.]  To  boast;  to  talk 
with  ostentation;  to  brag;  to  glory;  to 
exult.— n.t.  To  boast  of;  to  magnify  or 
glorify  with  vanity;  to  display  or  put  for- 
ward boastfully. — n.  A  boast;  a  brag. — 
Vaunter,  van'tfir,  n.  A  boaster;  a  man 
given  to  vaiii  ostentation.— Vaunting.van'- 
ting,  n.  Vain  boasting;  bragging.— Vann- 
tlngly,  van'ting-li,  adv.  Boastfully;  with 
vain  ostentation. 

Vavasor,  vav'a-sor,  n.  [O.Fr.  »awassor, Tj.L. 
vavassor,  vasvassor,  probably  a  contr.  of 
vassus  vassorum,  the  vassal  of  vassals. 
Vassal.]  A  principal  vassal  not  holding 
immediately  of  the  sovereign  but  of  a 
great  lord,  and  having  himself  vas.<:als. 
vaward.i  va'ward,  n.  [Prom  van  and  word, 
for  vanward=^anguard.'i  The  van  or  van- 
guard. 

Veal,  vel,  n.  [O.  Fr.  veel  vedel,  from  L. 
vitetlus,  dim.  of  trittdtu,  d  calf;'  from  root 
of  L.  vetus,  txteris,  old  (whence  veteran, 
Gr.  {v)etos,  a  year).]  The  flesh  of  a  calf 
killed  for  the  table. 

Vector,  vek'tor,  n.  [L.,  a  bearer  or  carrier, 

from  veho,  to  carry.]    Math,  a  quantity 

used  in  quaternions;  also,  a  radius  vector. 

Radius. 

Veda,  va'da  or  v5'da,  n.  [Skr.,  from  vid,  to 


know;  cog.  L.  video,  E.  wit,  to  know.  Wit.] 
The  general  name  for  the  body  of  ancient 
Sanskrit  hymns,  with  accompanying  com- 
ments, believed  by  the  Hindus  to  have 
been  revealed  by  Brahma,  and  on  which 
•  the  Brahmauical  system  is  based.— Ve- 
danta,  ve-dau'ta,  n.  A  system  of  philo- 
sophy among  the  Hindus  founded  on  the 
Vedas.— Vedic,  ve'dik,  a.  Relating  to  a 
.  Veda  or  the  Vedas. 

Vedette,  Vidette,  ve-det',  ■vi-det',  n.  [Fr. 
vedette,  from  It.  vedettai,  a  vedette,  from 
vedere,  L.  videre,  to  see.  Visible.]  A  sen- 
■  tinel  on  horseback  stationed  on  an  outpost 
or  elevated  point  to  watch  an  enemy  and 
give  notice  of  danger;  a  picket  or  outpost. 
veer,  ver,  v.i.  [Fr.  virerj  to  turn,  veer,  tack, 
&c.;  from  LJj.  virare,  to  turn,  from  L. 
viria,  a  ring,  a  bracelet;  akin  environ.]  To 
shift  or  change  direction,  as  the  wind;  to 
go  round;  to  change  the  direction  of  its 
course  by  turning  (as  a  ship);  to  turn  round, 
vary,  be  otherwise  minded:  said  in  regaixi 
to  persons,  feelings,  intentions.— v.t.  A'aut. 
to  direct  into  a  different  course;  to  wear 
or  cause  to  change  a  course  by  turning  the 
stern  to  windward,  in  opposition  to'facfc- 
inj7.— Veei-ing,  ve'ring,  p.  and  o.  Turning; 
changing;  shifting.— Veeringly,  ve'ring-li, 
adv.  Changingly;shiftingly. 
.Vegetable,  vej'e-ta-bl,  a. '[Fr.  vigitable, 
from  L.  vegetahilis,  enlivening,  from  vege- 
to,  to  enliven,  from  vegetus,  lively,  from 
vegeo,  to  rouse,  excite;  from  root  seen  also 
in  vigow,  vigilant.]  Belonging,  pertain- 
ing, or  peculiar  to  plants;  having  the  char- 
acteristics of  a  plant  or  plants.—  Vegetable, 
ivory.  Ivorv-nut.  —  Vegetable  maiTow. 
Marrow. —  Vegetable  viould,  mould  con- 
sisting wholly  or  chiefly  of  humus. — n.  A 
plant;  often  distinctively,  a  plant  used  for 
•  culinary  purposes,  or  used  for  feeding 
cattle  and  sheep  or  other  animals. — Vege- 
tal, vej'e-tal,  a.  Having  the  characteris- 
tics or  nature  of  a  plant;  pertaining  to 
that  class  of  vital  phenomena  common  to 
plants  and  animals.— n.  A  plant;  a  vege- 
table. [Johnson.]— Vegetality,vej-e-tari-ti, 
n.  The  property  of  being  vegetal;  those  vi- 
talphenomeua  which  constitute  plant  life. 
— Vegetarian,  vej-e-ta'ri-an,  n.  One'who  ab- 
stains from  animal  food,  and  maintains 
that  vegetable  food  is  the  only  kind  pro- 
per for  man. — a.  Belonging  to  the  diet  or 
system  of  the  vegetarians.— Vegetarian- 
ism, vej-e-ta'ri-an-izm,  n.  The  theory  and 
practice  of  liring  solely  on  vegetable  food. 
—Vegetate,  vej'e-tat,  v.i.— vegetated,  vege- 
tating. (In  form  from  L.  vegeto,  vegetatuvi, 
to  enliven,  but  in  meaning  from  vegetable.] 
To  grow  in  the  manner  of  plants;  hence,  to 
live  a  monotonous,  useless  life;  to  have  a 
mere  existence. — Vegetation, vej-e-ta'shon, 
n.  The  process  of  growing  exhibited  by 
plants;  vegetable  growth;  vegetables  or 
plants  in  general  or  collectively. — Vegeta- 
tive, vej'e-ta-tiv,  a.  Growing  as  plants; 
iMfx-ing  the  power  to  produce  or  support 
growth  in  plants.— Vegetativeness,  vej'e- 
ta-tiv-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  vege- 
tative. — Vegeto-animal,  vej'e-to-an-i-mal, 
a.  Partaking  of  the  nature  1x5th  of  vege- 
table and  animal  matter. 
Vehement,  ve'he-ment,  a.  [Fr.  vihiment, 
from  L.  vehemens,  vehementis,  eager,  vehe» 
ment,  lit.  carried  out  of  one's  mind,  from 
veho,  to  carry,  and  inens,  vuntis,  the  mind. 
.Vehicle,  Mental.]  PixKieeding  from  or 
characterized  by  strength  or  impetuosity 
of  feeling;  very  eager  or  urgent;  fen'ent; 
passionate ;  acting  with  great  force  or 
energy  (veheinent  wind,  fire);  energetic; 
violent;  very  forcible.— Vehemently,  ve'- 
he-ment-li,  adv.  AVith  great  force  and 
violence;  urgently;  passionately.  —  Vehe- 
mence, ve'he-mens,  n.  (Fr.  vehemence,  L. 
vehementia.]  The  character  or  quality  of 
being  vehement;  violent  ardotir;  fervour; 
impetuosity;  fire;  impetuous  force;  boister- 
ousness ;  violence.  —  Vehemency,  vB '  he  - 
men-si,  n.  Vehemence. 
Vehicle,  velii-kl,  n.  [L.  vehiculum,  a  ve- 
hicle, a  carriage,  from  veha,  to  carry  (seen 
also  in  inveigh,  vehement),  from  a  root  seen 
alsoin  E.  tMttron,  UHit/.]  Any  kind  of  car- 
riage moving  on  land;  a  convey;\nce;  that 
which  is  u!:ed  as  the  instrument  of  con- 
veyance, transmission,  or  communication 


£&tet  1^,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  h^;     pine,  pin ;     nSte,  not,  mure;     tabe,  tub,  b\!ll;     oil,  pound;  _  fl,  Sc.  abuner:tbe  Fr.  «■> 


VEHMGERIOHTB 


751 


VENT 


{language  is  thevehicle  for  conveying  ideas); 
a  substance  in  which  medicine  is  taken; 
a' menstruum  or  medium  in  which  paints, 
gums,  varnishes,  &c.,  are  dissolved  and 
prepared  for  use. — Vehicled,  ve'hi-kld,  p. 
and  a.  Conveyed  in  or  by  a  vehicle.— Ve- 
bicular,  Vehiculary,  v5-hik'a-l6r,  ve-hik'u- 
la-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 'vehicle;  of  the 
nature  of  a  vehicle.  • 

Vehmgerichte,  fam'ge-r5cft-te,  n.  pi.  fG.1 
A  system  of  secret  tribunals  widely  spread 
over  Germany  in  the  middle  ages.  — 
Vehmlc,  vg'mik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
vehmgerichte. 

Veil,  val,  «.  [O.  Fr.  veiU,  vaile  (Pr.  voile), 
from  L.  velum,  a  sail,  a  veil,  from  root  seen 
also  in  veho,to  carry,  and  in  E.  way,  wagon.l 
Something  hung  up  or  spread  out  to  in- 
tercept the  view;  a  screen;  a  curtain;  es- 
pecially, a  more  or  less  transparent  piece 
of  dress  worn  to  conceal,  shade,  or  protect 
the  face;  fig.  anything  that  jprevents  obser- 
vation; a  covering,  mask,  disguise,  or  the 
like;  anat.  the  soft  palate.— To  take  the 
veil,  to  assume  the  veil  on  becoming  a  nun; 
to  retire  to  a  nunnery,— «.t.  To  cover  or 
conceal  with  a  veil:  to  enshroud;  to  en- 
velop; to  keep  from  being  seen;  to  conceal 
from  view;  to  conceal,  figuratively;  to 
mask;  to  disguise.— VeiUeas,  valles/a. 
Destitute  of  a  veil. 
Vein,  van,  n.  [Pr.  veine,  from  L.  vena,  a 
vein,  also  natural  bent,  genius,  same  root 
as  veho,  to  carry.  Vehicle,  Veii..]  One 
of  afljrstem  of  itaembranous  canals  or  tubes 
distributed  throughout  the  bodies  of  ani- 
mals for  the  purpose  of  returning  the  im- 
pure blood  from  the  extremities,  surfaces, 
and  viscera  to  the  heart  and  lungs;  a  tube 
or  an  assemblage  of  tubes  through  which 
the  sap  of  .plants  is  transmitted  along  the 
leaves;  a  crack  or  fissure  in  a  rock,  filled 
up  by  substances  different  from  the  rock, 
and  which  may  either  be  metallic  or  non- 
metallic;  a  streak  or  wave  of  -different 
colour  appearing  in  wood,  in  marble,  Ac; 
disposition  or  cast  of  mind;  particular 
mood,  humour,  or  disposition  for  the  time 
being. — v.t.  To  fill  or  furnish  with  veins; 
to  streak  or  variegate  with  veins.— Veined, 
TSnd,  a.  Pull  of  veins:  streaked;  varie- 
gated; hot  having  vessels  branching  over 
the  surface,  as  a  leaf.— Veinlag,  va'ning, 
n.  A  streaked  appearance  as  if  from 
veins.— Veinlew,  van'les,  a.  Destitute  of 
veins. — Velnlet,  van'let,  n.  A  vein  branch- 
ing off  from  a  larger  vein.— Veiny,  vft'ni, 
o.  Pull  of  veins. 
Velar,  vS'lfer,  a.  [L.  velum,  a  veil.  Vtit.] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  veil;  pertain- 
ing to  the  veil  of  the  palate.— Velate,  v6'- 
lat,  a.  Bot.  having  a  veil;  veiled. 
Veld,  felt,  n.  [D.  vdd,  a  field  =E.  field.']  A 
term  in  S..  Africa  for  open  uninclosed 
country. 

Velleity,  veM6'i-ti,  n.  [Pr.  velUiU,  from  L. 
veAle,  to  will.]  Philos.  volition  in  the 
weakest  form;  an  indolent  or  inactive  wish 
or  inclination  towards  a  thing. 
Vellicate,  vel'i-kat,  v.t.  [L.  vtllico,  velli- 
eatum,  from  vello,  to  pull.]  To  twitch. — 
Vellication,  vel-i-ka'shon,n.  A  twitching; 
a  coniTilsive  twitching  of  muscles. 
VeUum,  vel'um,  n.  [Fr.  vdlin,  from  L.  vitu- 
linus,  pertaining  to  a  calf,  from  vitulus,  a 
calf.  VEAL.]  A  fine  kind  of  parchment 
made  of  calfs  skin,  and  rendered  clear, 
smooth,  and  white  for  writing  on. — Vel- 
iumy,  vel'um-i,  a.  p«sembling  vellnm. 
Velocipede,  v5-los'i-ped,  n.  [Prom  L.  velox, 
■yelocis,  swift,  and  pes,  pedis,  a  foot.]  A 
light  vehicle  or  conveyance  consisting 
mainly  of  wheels  and  driven  or  impelled 
by  the  feet  of  the  rider  or  pair  of  riders;  a 
bicycle  or  tricycle.- Velocipedist,  ve-los'i- 
|)Ca-ist,  n.  One  who  uses  a  velocipede. 
Velocity,  v5-los'i-ti,  n.  [Fr.  vilocite,  from 
■  L.  velocitas,  velocUatis,  from  velox,  veloeis, 
swift,  rapid.]  Quickness  or  speed  in  mo- 
tion or  movement;  swiftness;  rapidity;  not 
applied  to  the  movements  of  animals,  or 
but  rarely;  physics,  rate  of  motion;  the 
rate  of  change  of  position  of  a  point  per 
unit  of  time..*.Syn.  under  Oelekitv. 
Velum,  vg'lum,  n.  [L.,  a  veil.]  Bot.  the 
horizontal  membrane  connecting  the  mar- 
gin of  the  pileus  of  a  fungus  with  the 
istipes;  anai.  the  veil  of  the  palate. 


Velumen,  ve-la'men,  n.  [L.,  a  cover,  a 
fleece.]  Bot.  the  velvety  coating  of  leaves. 
Velutlnous,  ve-lu'ti-nus,a.  [Prom  It,,  veluto, 
velvet.  Velvet.]  Resembling  velvet;  vel- 
vety. 

Velvet,  vel'vet,  n.  [O.E.  velouette,  velwet, 
vellutc;  L.L.  velhtstum,  vellutum;  It.  vel- 
Into,  from  li.  villus,  shaggy  hair.]  A  rich 
silk  stuff,  covered  on  the  outside  with  a 
close,  short,  fine,  soft  shag  or  nap;  a  cotton 
stuff  manufactured  in  the  same  way,  dis- 
tinctively called  velveteen  or  cotton  velvet; 
a  delicate  hairy  integument  covering  a 
deer's  antlers  in  the  first  stages  of  growth. 
—a.  Made  of  velvet;  soft  and  delicate  like 
velvet.— Velveteen,  vel-ve-ten',  n.  A  cloth 
made  of  cotton  in  imitatioa  of  velvet; 
cotton  velvet.  —  Velveting,  vel'vet-ing,  n. 
The  fine  nap  or  shag  of  velvet.— Veivet- 
pile,  n.  A  kind  of  carpet  with  a  long  soft 
nap.— Velvety,  vel've-ti,  a.  Made  of  or 
resembling  velvet;  smooth,  soft,  or  delicate 
in  surface. 

Vena,  ve'na,  n.-  [L.]  .i4  naf.  a  vein. — Vena 
cava  (the  hollow  vein)  the  largest  vein  in 
the  body,  which  receives  blood  from  the 
other  parts  and  transmits  it  to  the  right 
auricle  of  the  heart.—  Vena  portce  (the  vein 
of  the  entrance),  the  great  vein  situated 
at  the  entrance  of  the  liver,  which  receives 
the  blood  from  the  abdominal  viscera,  and 
carries  iit  into  the  liver,  where  it  is  utilized 
in  the  formation  of  bile. 
Venal,  ve'nal,  a.  [L.  venalis,  venal,  for 
sale,  from  venum,  sale;  akin  vend.]  Ready 
to  sell  one's  self  for  money  or  other  con- 
sideration and  entirely  from  sordid  mo- 
tives; ready  to  accept  a  bribe;  mercenary. 
—Venality,  ve-nal'i-ti,  n.  Prostitution  of 
talents,  offices,  or  services  for  money  or 
reward;  mercenariness. 
Venation,  ve-na'ahon,  n.  [Prom  L.  vena,. a. 
vein.]  Bot.  the  manner  in  which  the  veins 
of  leaves  are  ammged. 
Vend,  vend,  v.t.  [Prom  L.  vendo,  to  sell, 
from  venum,  sale,  and  do,  to  give.  Venal.] 
To.  sell.— Vendee,  ven-de',  n.  The  person 
to  whom  a  thing  is  sold;  opposed  to  vendor. 
— Vender,  ven'der,  n.  One  who  vends  or 
soils.- Vendible,  ven'di-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  sold;  saleable;  marketable. — Vendi- 
bleness.  Vendibility,  ven'di-bl-nes,  ven-di- 
bil'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  saleable.— 
Vendibly,  ven'di-bli,  adv.  In  a  saleable 
manner.— Vendor,  ven'dor,  n.  A  seller. 
Vendace,  ven'das,  n.  [O.  Pr.  vendese,  Pr. 
vandoise,  the  dace;  origin  unknown.]  A 
fish  of  the  salmon  family  found  only  in  a 
few  British  lakes,  and  in  some  of  the  rivers 
and  lakes  of  Sweden;  very  delicate  eating. 
Vendetta,  ven-det'ta,  n.  (It.,  from  L.  vin- 
dicta,  revenge.  Vindictive.]  A  blood- 
feud;  the  practice  of  the  nearest  of  kin 
executing  vengeance  on  the  murderer  of  a 
relative,  as  among  the  Corsicans,  Arabs,&c. 
Vendue,t  ven'dQ.  n.  [O.  Pr.  vendve,  from 
vendre,  to  sell.  Vend.1  A  sale  b.v  auction. 
Veneer,  ve-ner*,  n.  [Prom  G.  fumier,  a 
veneer,  fumieren.  to  veneer,  from  Pr. 
fournir,  to  furnish  (which  see).]  A  thin 
piece  of  wood  (sometimes  ivory  or  ^other 
substance)  laid  upon  another  of  a  less 
valuable  sort,  so  that  the  whole  article 
appears  to  be  of  the  more  valuable  sort. — 
v.t.  To  overlay  or  face  over  with  veneer; 
fi^.  to  put  a  hne  superficial  show  on;  to 
gild.— Veneering,  ve-n6r'iug,  n.  The  act 
of  one  who  veneers;  the  material  laid  on; 
fig.  superficial  st^ow. 

Venerate,  ven'er-at,  v.t— venerated,  vener- 
ating. I  h.  veneror,  veneraius,  to  venerate, 
from  the  stem  of  Venus,  Veneris,  Venus, 
love;  allied  to  Skr.  van,to  worship,  to  love. 
Venus.]  To  regard  with  respect  and  rever- 
ence; to  reverence;  to  revere;  to  regard  as 
hallowed. — Veneration,  ven-6r-a'shon,  n. 
[L.  veneraiio.]  .  The  highest  degree  of 
respect  and  reverence;  a  feeling  or  senti- 
ment excited  by  the  dignity,  wisdom,  and 
goodness  of  a  person,  or  by  the  sacredness 
of  his  character,  and  with  regard  to  place, 
by  whatever  makes  us  regard  it  as  hal- 
lowed. —  Venerator,  ven'^r-a-ter,  n.  One 
who  venerates.— Venerable,  ven'6r-a-bl,  a. 
[L.  venerabilis.']  Worthy  of  veneration; 
deserving  of  honour  and  respect;  to  be  re- 
garded with  awe  and  reverence;  hallowed 
by  associations.— Vensrableaeza,  ven'6r-a- 


bl-ne^  n.  The  state  or  quality  of.  being 
venerable.— Venerably,  ven'er-a-bli,  adv. 
So  as  to  excite  veneration  or  reverence. 
Venereal,  ve-ne'r6-al,  a.  [L.  venereus,  from 
Venus,  Veneris  (which  see).]  Pertaining 
to  sexual  love  or  its  indulgence;'  relating 
to  or  arising  from  sexual  intercourse. — 
Venery,  ven'er-i,  n.  Sexual  intercourse. 
Venery,  ven'er-i, n.  [Pr.  v^nerie^irom  O.Pr. 
vener,  L.  venari,  to  hunt,  whence  also  veni- 
son.] The  act  or  exercise  of  hunting;  the 
sports  of  the  chase. 

Venesection,  ven-e-sek'shon,  n.    [L.  vena, 
.  vein,  and  sectio,  a  cuttinjf.]  The  operation 
of  opening  a  vein  for  letting  blood;  blood- 
letting; phlebotomy. 

Venetian,  ve-n5'shi-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Venice  in  Northern  Italy.  —  Venetian 
blind,  a  blind  made  of  thin  narrow  trans- 
verse slips  of  wood,  so  connected  as  to 
overlap  each  other  when  closed,  and  to 
show  a  series  of  open  sijaces  for  the  admis- 
sion of  light  and  air  when  in  the  other 
position.  [In  this  usage  the  capital  letter 
need  not  be  employed.]— Fen«iia7i  chalk, 
Venetian  talc.  Same  as.  French  Chalk. — 
Venetian  door,  a  door  with  long  narrow 
side  lights.— Venetian  red,  a  burnt  ochre 
which  owes  its  colour  to  the  presence  of 
an  oxide  of  iron.—  Venetian  white,  a  care- 
fully prepared  carbonate  of  lead.  —  n.  A 
native  of  Venice;  a  Venetian  blind. 
Vengeance,  ven'jans,  n.  [Fr.  vengeance, 
Sroravenger,to  revenge,  from  h.vindicare, 
to  avenge.  Vindicate.]  Punishment  in- 
.  flicted  in  return  for  an  injury  or  an  offence, 
generally  implying  indignation  on  the 
part  of  the  punisher  and  more  or  less  jus- 
tice in  the  nature  of  the  punishment.  .*. 
Syn.  under  Revenge.  The  word  is  often 
used  in  curses  or  imprecations  (a  vengeance 
on  you!) ;  the  phrase  with  a  vengeance!  is 
expressive  of  excess  in  degree,  vehemence, 
violence,  and  the  like  (a  forced  march, 
with  a  yenfTtjance.').- Vengeful,  venj'ful,  o. 
Vindictive ;  retributive ;  revengeful.  — 
Vengefully,  venj'ful-U,  adv.  In  a  yengefnl 
manner;  vindictively. 
Venial,  ve'ni-al,  a.  [L.  venialis,  from  I/. 
venia,  pardon;  akin  to  Venus  (which  see).] 
That  may  be  forgiven;  pardonable;  not 
deeply  sinful ;  excusable ;  that  may  pass 
without  censure.  — Venialness,  Veniality, 
v6'ni-al-nes,  ve-ni-al'i-ti,  n.  Quality  of  be- 
ing venial.— Venially,  ve'ni-al-li,  adv.  In 
a  venial  manner;  pardonably. 
Venison,  ven'zn  or  ven'i-zn,  n.  [O.Pr.  veni- 
son (Pr.  venaison),  from  L.  venatio,  a  hun- 
ting, from  venari,  to  hunt  (whence  veneru, 
hunting).]  Theflesh  of  such  wild  animals 
as  are  taken  in  the  chase  and  used  as 
human  food ;  in  modern  usage  restricted 
to  the  flesh  of  animals  of  the  deer  kini 
Venom,  ven'om,  n.  [O.E.  venitn,  venime^ 
O.Fr.  venim,  venin,  Mod.Pr.  venin,  from 
L.  venenum,  poison.]  The  poisonous  fluid 
secreted  by  certain  animals  and  intro- 
duced into  the  bodies  of  other  animals  by 
biting,  as  in  the  case  of  serpents,  and 
stinging,  as  in  the  case  of  scorpions,  bees, 
Ac;  hence,  spite;  malice;  malignity;  viru- 
lency. — Venomota,  ven'om-us,  a.  Pull  of 
venom;  noxious  to  animal  life  from  venom; 
poisonous;  malignant;  spiteful;  malicious. 
—Venomously,  ven'om-us-li,  adv.  In  a 
venomous  manner;  malignantly;  spite- 
fully.-Venomousness,  ven'om-us-nes,  n. 
Venous,  ve'nus,  a.  [L.  venosus,  from  vena, 
a  vein.  Vein.]  Pertaining  to  a  vein  or  to 
veins ;  contained  in  veins  {venous  blood, 
distinguishable  from  arterial  blood  by  its 
darker  fiolour);  consisting  of  veins;  bot. 
veined  or  venose.— Venose,  ve'noz,  a.  Bot. 
having  numerous  branched  veins.asleaves. 
— Venosity,vC-nos'i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  venous  or  venose. 
Vent,  vent,  n.  [From  Fr.  vent,  wind,  air, 
from  li.  ventus,  wind  (in  ventilate),  so  that 
the  original  meaning  would  be  air-hole; 
orsameas/ent.]  A  small  aperture  or  open- 
ing ;  the  priming  and  firing  aperture  of  a 
gun;  the  touch-hole;  the  anus;  the  open- 
ing at  which  the  excrements  of  birds  and 
fishes  are  discharged;  the  flue  or  funnel  of 
a  chimney;  an  outlet;  ^means  of  outward 
manifestation  or  expression  (a  vent  for 
one's  feelings);  utterance;  expression.— 
To  give  vent  to,  to  suffer  to  escape;  to  keep 


cb,  chaiui  .  ch,  Sc.  \oeh;  ,g,  go;     i,iob;  .  n,  Fr.  ton;  ^ng,  siny;     «b,  t/ten;  tb,  thia;  _w,  wig;  ^wh,  whigi^xh,  a<uie. 


VENT 


752 


VERMEIL 


no  longer  pent  up  (anger  or  the  like).— ».fc 
To  let  out;  to  give  passage  to ;  to  emit ;  to 
keep  no  longer  peat  up  in  one's  mind ;  to 
pour  forth;  to  utter;  to  publi&h. 

Vent,  vent,  n.  i¥r. '  vente,  Kile,  a  market, 
from  L.  vendo,  venditum,  to  sell.  Vekd.J 
A  selling;  sale;  market. 

Ventage,  ven'taj,  n.  [From  Fr.  vent,  L. 
ventuB,  wind.  Ventilate.]  A  small  hole, 
as  of  a  flute.  —  Ventail,  ven'tal,  n.  [  Fr. 
ventail,  L.L.  ventaculum,  from  L.  ventus.] 
The  movable  front  of  a  helmet. 

Venter,  ven'tfer,  n.  [L.,  the  btUy.]  Anat. 
the  abdomen  or  lower  belly;  the  belly  of 
a  muscle;  law,  the  womb. 

Ventilate,  veu'ti-lat,  v.t. — ventilated,  venti- 
laluig.  rL.  ifentilo,  ventUatum,  to  winnow, 
to  ventilate,  from  ventus,  wind;  same  root 
aa  Skr.  v&,  to  blow,  E.  vnnd.'\  To  expose 
to  the  free  passage  of  air  or  wind;  to 
supply  with  fresh  and  remove  vitiated  air; 
to  expose  to  common  talk  or  consideration; 
to  let  be  freely  discussed.  —  VentilatiOBj 
ven-ti-liVshon,  n.  [L.  ventilatU).]  The  act 
of  ventilating;  the  replacement  of  vitiated 
air  by  pure  fresh  air;  the  art  or  operation 
of  supplying  buildings,  mines,  and  other 
confined  places  with  a  necessary  quantity 
of  fresh  air;  public  examination  or  dis- 
cussion of  questions  or  topics. — Ventila- 
tlve,  ven'ti-la-tiv,  a.  Belonging  to  venti- 
lation. — Ventilator,  ven'ti-la-ter,  n.  One 
■who  ventilates;  a  contrivance  for  keeping 
the  air  fresh  in  any  close  space. 

'Ventral,  ven'tral,  a.  [From  L.  venter,  ven- 
tris,  the  belly.]  Belonging  or  pertaining 
to  the  belly,  or  to  the  surface  of  the  body 
opposite.to  the  dorsal  side  or  back.-;- Ven- 
tricle, ven'tri-kl,  n.  [L.  ventriculuB,  dim. 
of  venter,  belly.]  A  small  cavity  in  an 
animal  body  serving  some  function. — 
Ventricles  of  the  heart,  two  cavities  of  the 
heart  (distinguished  as  right  and  left), 
which  propel  the  blood  into  the  arteries. 
—  VentricouB,  Ventricose, .  ven '  tri  -  kus. 
ven'tri-kos,  a,  [L.  ventricosus.]  Swelled 
out;  hot.  swelling  out  in  the  middle. — 
Ventricular,  veu-trik'Q-Ur,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  ventricle;  distended  in  the  middle. — 
Ventriloquism,  ven-tril'S-kwizm,  n.  £L. 
ventrUotjinis,  a  ventriloquist— venter,  and 
loquor,  to  speak,  the  notion  being  that  the 
voice  proceeded  from  the  belly.]  The  act, 
art,  or  practice  ot  speaking  or  uttering 
sounds  by  employing  the  vocal  organs  in 
such  a  manner  that  the  voice  appears  to 
come,  not  from  the  person,  but  from  some 
distance,  as  from  the  opposite  side  of  the 
room,  from  the  cellar,  &c.— Ventrlloqulat, 
ven-tril'o-kwist,  n.  One  who  practises  or 
is  skilled  in  ventriloquism.  —  Veatrllo- 
qnize,  ven-tril'o-kwiz,  w.i.  To  practise  ven- 
triloquism. —  Ventrilocution,  ven'tri-lo- 
ka"shon.  n.  Ventriloquism.  —  Ventrilo- 
qoial,  Ventriloqnous,  ven-tri-lo'kwi-al, 
ven-tril'o-kwus,  a.  Pertaining  to  ventrilo- 
quism. 

Venture,  ven'tar,  n.  fAbbrev.  of  aventure, 
old  form  of  adventure,  from  Fr.  aventwe, 
Ij.  ad,  tOj  and  venturua,  about  to  come, 
from  venio,  to  come  (seen  also  in  advene, 
advent,  convene,  convent,  covenant,  event, 
invent,  prevent,  revenue,  kc).  Come.]  An 
undertaking  of  chance  or  danger;  the  risk- 
ing or  staking  of  something;  a  hazard;  a 
f  cheme  for  making  gain  by  way  of  trade; 
a  commercial  speculation;  the  thing  put 
to  hazard;  something  sent  to  sea  in  trade; 
chance;  luck;  contingency. — At  a  venture, 
at  hazard;  without  seeing  the  end  or  mark, 
or  without  foreseeing  the  issue,  —  v.i.  — 
ventured,  venturing.  To  dare;  to  have  cour- 
age or  presumption  to  do,  undertake,  or 
say  something;  to  run  a  hazard  or  risk;  to 
risk  one's  eeU.—v.t.  To  expose  to  hazard; 
to  risk;  to  expose  one's  self  to.— Venturer, 
ven'tQr-^r,  n.  One  who  ventures.  —  Veti- 
tnresome,  ven'tQr-sum,  a.  Inclined  to 
venture;  venturous.— Veiiture«omely,ven'- 
tfii-sum-li,  adv.  In  a  venturesoirie  man- 
ner.—Ventureaomen  ess,  ven'tUr-su  m-nes, 
n.  —  Venturous,  ven'tQ-rus,  a.  Paring; 
bold;  intrepid;  adventurous.— Venturota- 
ly,  ven'tfl-rus-li,  adv.  Daringly;  fearlessly; 
boldly.— Venturonsneag,  ven'tQ-rusnes, n. 

VentnrHie,  ven'tQ-rin,  n.  [Same  as  avan- 
iurine,  av'enturine.]  Powdered  gold  nsed 
in  japanning  to  covei'Taniighea  surfacea. 


Venne,  ven'O,  n.  [Fr.  venue,  a  coming,  from 
venir,  L.  venire,  to  come.  Venture.]  Fen- 
■  ciTisr,  acomingon;  anDn8et;about;atum; 
a  thrust;  Jato,  a  locality;  the  place  where 
an  action  is  laid,  or  the  trial  of  a  cause 
takes  place. 
Venule,  ven'ol,  n.  [L.  venula,  a  sinall  vein. 
Vein.]  A  small  vein. 
Venus,  ve'nus,  n.  [L.  Venus,  Veneris  (hence 
venereal),  cog.  with' A.Sax.  wine,  Ical.  vinr, 
O.G.  urini,  a  friend;  Skr.  van,  to  love,  to 
worship.  Venerath,  Venial.]  The  god- 
dess of  Ijeauty  "uid  love  among  the  Romans, 
often  identified  with  the  Greek  ^p.'irodite; 
a  planet  having  its  orbit  between  Mercury 
and  the  earth,  the  taost  brilliant  of  all  the 
planetary  bodies,  sometimes  the  morning, 
sometimes  the  evening  star. 
Veraslous,  v5-ra'ahus,  a.  [L.  verax,  veraeis, 
from  lerus,  true.  'Very.]  Observant  of 
truth;  habitually  disposed  to  speak  truth; 
characterized  by  truth;  true.— Veracious- 
ly,  ve-ra'shus-li,  adv.  In  a  veracious  man- 
ner; truthfully. —  Veracity,  .ve-ras'i-ti,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  veracious  or 
true;  regard  to  or  observance  of  truth; 
truthfulness;  truth;  agreement  with  ac- 
tual fact. 

Veranda,  Verand&h,  ve-ran'da,  ,n.  [Pg. 
varanda,  from  Skr.  varanda,  a  veranda, 
from  vri,  to  cover.]  A  kind  of  open  por- 
tico, or  a  sort  of  light  external  gallery 
attached  to  the  front  of  a  building,  with  a 
sloping  roof  supported  on  slender  pillars. 
Veratiin,  Veratrine,  ve-ra'trin,  n.  [L.  vera- 
trti-m,  hellebore.]  A  vegetable  alkaloid 
found  ia  plants  of  the  hellebore  genus, 
used  as  external  application  in  neuralgia 
and  rheumatism. 

Verb,  v6rb,  n.  [Fr.  xerbe,  from  L.  verhvmi, 
a  word,  a  verb ;  same  root  as  E.  word.] 
Gram,  that  part  of  speech  whose  essential 
function  is  to  predicate  or  assert  some- 
thing in  regard  to  something  else  (the  sub- 
ject or  thing  spoken  of),  divided  into  active 
and  neuter,  transitive  and  intransitive,  &c. 
— Verbal,  ver'bal,  a.  [L.  verbalis.}  Spoken; 
expressed  to  the  ear  in  words;  oral;  re- 
specting words  only  and  not  things: 
literal;  having  word  answering  to  wora 
(a  verbal  translation);  gram,  derived  from 
a  verb  {a.  verbal  noiin).— n.  G^ram.  a  noun 
derived  from  a  verb.— Verbalism,  vferTbal- 
izm,  n.  Something  expressed  orally. — 
Verbalist,  v6rl)al-ist,  n.  One  who  de^s  in 
words  merely;  a  literal  adherent  to,  or  a 
minute  critic  of  wcrds,  —  Verbality,  v6r- 
bal'i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
verbal.— Vetballzation,  verT)al-l-za"8hon, 
n.  The  act  of  verbalizing.  —  Verbalize, 
Verbify,  yerT)aMz,  verT)i-fi,  v.t.  To  con- 
vert into  a  verb;  to  use  as  a  verb.<— v.i.  To 
use  many  words;  to  be  verbose  or  diffuse. 
—Verbally,  vfer^al-li.  adv.  In  a  verbal 
njanner;  by  words  uttered;  orally;  word 
for  word.— Verbaiian,  v6r-ba'ri-an,  n.  A 
word-coiner;  a  verbalist. — Verbatim,  v4r- 
ba'titn,  ady.  [!'•]  Word  for  word;  in  the 
same  words  (to  tell  a  story  verbatim). — 
Verbatim  et  literatim  (lit-er-a'tim),  word 
for  word,  and  letter  for  letter. — Verbiage, 
verT:)i-ao,  n.  [Fr.]  Verbosity;  use  of  many 
words  without  necessity;  wordiness.— 
Verbose,  ver-bos',  a.  [li.  verbosus.]  Aboun- 
ding in  words;  using  or  containing  more 
words  than  are  necessary;  wordy;  prolix. 
—Verbosely,  v^r-bos'li,  adv.  In  a  verbose 
manner;  wordily.  —  Verbosenesa,  Verbos- 
ity, v6r-b58'nes,  v6r-bo8'i-ti,  n. .  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  verbose ;  wordiness ; 
prolixity. 

Verbena,  v6r-be'na,  n.  [L,  verbena,  any 
green  bough  used  in  sacred  rites.]  A  genus 
of  plants,  mostly  American,  though  one 
species,  common  vervain — formerly  sup- 
posed to  possess  remarkable  virtues — is 
common  in  Britain,  while  others  are  culti- 
vated for  the  great  beauty  of  their  flowers. 
Verbiage,  Verbose,  &c.  tinder  VEhn. 
Verdant,  v^r'dant,  a.  [Piorn  Fr.  verdir,  to 
grow  green,  O.  Fr.  verd,  green,  from  L. 
viridis,  green.]  Green  with  herbage  or 
foliage ;  covered  with  growing  plants  or 
grass;  green  in  knowledge;  simple  by  rea- 
son of  inexperience  (coJioq.).- VWdancy, 
v6r'dan-si,  n.  Greenness;  rawiiess;  inex- 
perience.—Verdantly,  v«r'dant-H,  adv.  In 
a  verdant  manner.— Verd-aaticlue,  v6rd- 1 


an-tsk',  n.  [Fr.,  from  verd,  green,  antique, 
ancient.]  The  green  incrustation  seen  on 
ancient  coins,  brass  or  copper;  mineral. 
an  aggregate  of  serpentine  and  white  C178- 
tallized  marble,  havitig  a  greenish  colour; 
also,  a  green  porphyry  used  as  marble. — 
Verderer,  Verderor,  ver'd6r-er,  ver'dor-or, 
n.  [Fr.  verdier,  L.L.  viridarius.)  An  official 
having  charge  of  the  trees,  &c.,  in  a  royal 
forest. 

Verdict,  vir'dikt,  n.  [L.l/.  verdictum,  vere- 
dictum,  from  L.  vere,  truly,  and  dictum, 
something  declared,  from  dvco,  dictum,  to 
say.  V.ERT,  Diction.]  The  answer  of  a  jury 
given  to  "the  court  concerning  any  matter 
of  fact  in  any  cause  committed  to  their 
trial  and  examination;  hence,  a  deci- 
sion, judgment,  or  opinioh  pronounced  in 
general. 

■verdigris,  vfer'dl-gris,  n.  [O.Fr.  verd-de- 
gris,  verdigris,  apparently  from  verd, 
green,  de,  of,  gris,  gray;  but  perhaps  from 
L.  viride  ceris,  lit.  green  of  brass.  Ver- 
nANT.]  A  substance  obtained  by  exposing 
copper  to  the  air  in  contact  with  acetic 
acid,  used  as  a  pigment,  as  a  mordant, 
and  otherwise. 

Verdlter,  v*r'di-t6r;  n.  [Fr.  verd-de-terre, 
green  of  earth.  Verdant.]  A  blue  or  bluish- 
green  pigment,  generally  prepared  by  de- 
composing nitrate  of  copper  with  chalk. 
Verdure,  vfer'dur,  n.  [Fr.  verdure,  green- 
ness, green  vegetation,  from  verd,  vert, 
green,  from  L.  viridis,  green.  Verdant.] 
Greenness  or  freshness  of  vegetation ; 
fcreen  plants  or  foliage.— Verdured,  vfer'- 
dOrd,  a.  Covered  with  verdure.— Verdur- 
otis,  ver'dor-us,  o.  Covered  with  verdure; 
verdant. 

Verge,  vtrj,  n.  [Fr.  verge,  a  rod,  mace,  ring, 
or  noop,  from  L.  virga,  a  rod.]  A  rod  or 
staff  01  office;  a  mace;  a  ring  or  circle 
(Shak.)l;  compass;  space;  room;  scope;  the 
extreme  side  or  edge  ot  anything;  the 
brink,  border,  margin,  limit.  —  Verger, 
vfer'jer,  n.  One  who  carries  a  verge;  an 
officer  who  bears  the  verge  or  staff  of  office 
before  a  bishop,  dean,  or  other  dignitary ; 
the  official  who  takes  care  of  the  interior 
of  the  fabric  of  a  church. 
Verge,  vferj,  v.i.— verged,  verging.  [L.  vergo, 
to  turn,  to  incline.]  To  tfend  downward; 
to  bend ;  to  slope ;  to  tend ;  to  incline ;  to 
approach ;  to  border.  — Vergency ,  v6r'jen  -si , 
n.  The  act  of  verging,  tending,  or  inclin- 
ing. 

Veridical.t  ve-rid'i-kal,  a.  [L.  veridieus— 
verum,  truth,  and  dico,  to  fiay.  ViBDiCT.] 
Truth-telling;  veracious. 
Verify, ver'i-fi, vt— verified, verifying.  [Fr. 
verifier,  from  L.  verus,  true,  and  facio,  to 
make.  Very.]  To  prove  to  be  true;  to 
confirm;  to  eatablish  the  truth,  correct- 
ness, or  authenticity  of.— Verifiable,  ver'i- 
fl-a-bl,  o.  Capable  or  being  verified. — Veri- 
fication, ver'i-fi-ka"shon,  n.  The  act  cf 
verifying;  authentication;  confirmation. 
— Veriflcatlve,  ver'i-fl-ka"tiv,  a.  Serving 
to  verify.— Verifier,  ver'i-fi-^r,  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  verifies. 
Verily,  ver'i-li,,adj>.  [From  very.]  In  truth; 
in  very  truth  or  deed ;  in  fact;  certainly ; 
really;  in  sincere  earnestness. 
Verisimilar,  ver-i-sim'i-l^r,  «.  fL.  veri^ 
similis  —  verus,  true,  and  similis,  like. 
Vert,  Similar.]  Having  the  appearance 
oftrutB;probable;likely.— Vcrisinillitnde, 
ver'i-8i-mil"i-tQd,  n.  [L.  verisimilitud/>.] 
The  appearance  of  truth;  probability;  like- 
lihood. 

Verity,  ver'i-ti,  n.  [Ft.  v^ri^.  from  L.  ve7-i- 
tas,  from  verus,  true.  Very.]  The  quality 
of  being  true  or  real ;  true  or  real  nature ; 
reality ;  truth ;  fact ;  a  true  assertion  or 
tenet;  a  truth.— 0/ a  verity,  in  very  truth 
or  deed ;  of  a  truth ;  certainly.— Veritable, 
ver'i-ta-bl,  a.  [Fr.  viritahU.']  True ;  agree- 
able to  truth  or  fact;  real ;  actual.  — Veii- 
■tably,  ver'i-tarbli,  adv.  In  a  veritable  or 
true  maAner;  truly. 

Verjttlce,  ver'jns,  n.  [Fr.  verjks,  from  verd, 
vert,  L.  viridis,  green,  and  jiw,  juice.  Ver- 
dant, Juice.]  An  acid  liquor  expressed 
from  crab-apples,  dfaripe  grapes,  Ac,  used 
for  culinary  and  other  purposes;  f^g.  sour- 
ness or  acidity  of  tetntier,  manner,  or  ex- 
pression. 
Vermeil,  v61:'mll,  n.    [Fr.  vermeit    Ver- 


rate,  fet,  fat,  fftUj    jnC,  wet,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     pOte,  not,  taOve}     tabe,tub,b\ill}     oil,p{mcd;    IJ,  Sc.  abtwe— t^e  Fr.  i«. 


VERJIES 


753 


VERVAEN 


MiLtoN.]  .Vermilion;  a  bright,  beautiful 
red,  the  colour  of  Vermilion  (poet.);  silver 
or  bronze  gilt;  a  liquid  applied  to  a  gilded 
surface  to  give  lustre  to  the  gold. 

Vermes,  ver'mez,  ji.  pZ.  [Ji.]  Worms:  the 
name  given  by  Linnaeus  to  all  animals 
which  could  not  be  arranged  among  verte- 
brates and  insects. 

Vermicelli,  v6r-mi-chenj,  n.  [It.,  lit.  little 
worms,  pi.  of  vermicello,  from  L.  vermicu- 
Ins,  dim.  of  ver^iis,  a  worm.  Vermik.J 
An  Italian  food  prepar*;ion  of  flour,  yolks 
of  eggs,  sugar,  and  saffron,  in  the  form  of 
long,  slender  tubes  or  threads. 

Vermicide,  v6r'mi-sid,  n.  [L,  vermis,  a 
worm,  and  coedo,  to  kill.  Vermtn.]  A  sub- 
stance which  destroys. intestinal  worms;  a 
worm-killer. 

Vermicular,  v6p.mik'a-16r,  a.  [From  li.ver- 
mieulua,  a  little  worm,  dim.  of  vermis,  a 
worp.  Vermin.]  Pertaining  to  worms; 
resembling  a  worm ;  partioularly  resem- 
bling the  motion  df^a  worm;  peristaltic— 
Vermicular  or  veTtnieulated  work,  mosaic 
work  showing  knots  or  windings  resem- 
bling the  tracks  of  worms;  a  species  of 
rusticated  masonry  appearing  as  if  eaten 
into  or  formed  by  the  tracks  of  worias.— 
Vermiculate,  v6r-mik'Q-lat,  o.  Womr-llko 
in  shape  or  appearance;  crawling  or  creep- 
ing like  a  worm. — Vermiculated,  v6r-mik'- 
a-la-ted,  p.  and  a.  Formed  with  S.  worm- 
like pattern.  — Vermlculation,  v6r-mik'a- 
la'.'shon,  n.  Motion  in  the  manner  of  a 
worm ;  a  worm-like  ornament  or  body  of 
any  kind ;  the  state  of  being  worm-eaten. 
— Vermicule,  v6r'mi-kul,  n.  A  little  worm. 
— Vermiculite,  ver-mik'a-lit,  n.  tL.  ver- 
miculus,  and  Gr.  lithos,  a  stone.]  Geol.  a 
short  worm-track  seen  on  the  surface  of 
many  flagstones.— Vermiculose,  Vermicu- 
lous,  v6r-mik'Q-los,  v6r-mik'u-lus,  a.  [h. 
vermictdosus.]  Containing  worms  or  grubs; 
resembling  worms.  —  Vermiform,  v6r'mi- 
form,  a.  [L.  vermis,  and  forma,  form.] 
Having  the  form  or  8hape.of  a  worm  or  of 
its  motions. — Vermifugal,  v^r-mifn-gal,  a. 
[L.  ve}-m,is,  and  fugo,  to  expel.)  Tending 
to  prevent  or  destroy  worms ;  anthelmin- 
tic—Vermifuge,  v6r'mi-fuj,  n.  A  medi- 
cine or  substance  that  destroys  or  expels 
intestinal  worms;  an  anthelmintic. 

Vermilion,  v6r-miryon,  n.  fFr.  vermilion, 
from  vermeil,  vermilion,  red,  from  L.  ver- 
mi^ulus  (dim.  of  vermis,  a  worm),  a  little 
worm,  the  kermes  insect,  hence  a  scarlet 
colour  such  as  that  obtained  from  the 
kermes  insect.  This  colour  was  formerly 
called  worm-dy«.  Vermin.]  The  red  sul- 
phide of  mercury  or  cinnabar;  a  bright 
red  pigment  formed  of  this,  or  artificially 
prepared  from  a  prepai-ation  of  suliihur 
and  mercury;  a  colour  such  as  that  of  the 
above  pigment ;  a  beautiful  red  colour. — 
v.t.  To. colour  with  vermilion;  to  cover 
with  a  delicate  red. 

Vermin,  vfer'min,  n.  sing,  and  pi:  used 
chiefly  in  plural.  [Fr.  vermine,  vermin, 
parasitic  insects,  from  L.  vermis,  a  worm 
(seen  also  in  vermicular,  vermilion,  vermi- 
celli. Sec);  cog.  E.  ivorm.  Worm.]  A  name 
given  to  the  smaller  mammalia  or  certain 
birds  which  damage  man's  crops  or  other 
belongings,  and  to  no.xious  or  destructive 
insects  or  the  like ;  also'used  of  noxious 
human  beings.  —  Vermlnate,  vir'mi-nat, 
v.i.  \li.  vermino,  verminatum.]  To  breed 
vermin.— Vermination,  v6r-mi-na'8hon,  n. 
The  breeding  of  parasitic  vermin ;  a  grip- 
ing of  the  bowels.  —  Vermin-killer,  n.  A 
poisonous  substance  intended  to  kill  mice 
or  other  vermin.— Verminous,  vCr'mi-nus, 
a.  Caused  by  or  arising  from  tlie  presence 
of  vermin  on  the  body.  —  Vermiparoug, 
v6r-mip'a-rus,  a.  [L.  vermis,  and  pario, 
to  bear.]  Producing  or  breeding  worms. 
— Vermivorous,  v6r-miv'6-ru3,  a.  [L.  ver- 
mis, and  voro,  to  devour.]  Devouring 
worms ;  feeding  on  worms. 

Vermuth,  vfer'mut,  n.  [Fr.  vermout,  ver- 
mouth, from  G.  wermtUh,  absinthe.  Worm- 
wood.] A  liquor  compounded  of  white 
wine,  absinthe,  angelica,  and  other  aro- 
matics,  used  to  excite  the  appetite. 

vernacular,  vftr-nak'u-l6r,  a.  [L.  vemacu- 
lus,  domestic,  indi,<?enous,  from  verna,  a 
slave  t)om  in  1ih  (■aster's  hoi.iBe,  a  native.] 
Belonging  to  t.-j  country  of  or  place  of 


one's  birth ;  belonging  to  the  speech  that 
we  all  naturally  acquire,  or  more  particu- 
larly to  the  everyday  idiom  of  a  place. — 
n.  One's  mother-tonsuo;  the  native  idiom 
of  a  place.— yemacularlam,  ver-nak'u-ler- 
izm,  n.  A  vernacular  idiom. — Vernacu- 
larly, v6r-nak'u-l&r-li,  adv.  In  agreement 
with  the  vernacular  maimer. 

Vernal,  vfer'nal.a.  [L.  vemalis,  tromver, 
spring;  cog.  Icel.  vdr,  Dan.  vaar,  the 
spring;  from  root  signifying  to  be  bright, 
to  bum,  seen  in  Vesta,  Vesuvius,  &c.]  Be- 
longing to  the  spring;  appearing  in  spring; 
belonging  to  youth,  the  spring  of  life.— 
Vernal  equinox.  Under  Equinox.— Verna- 
tion, v6r-na'shon,  n.  [L.  verno,  vematum, 
to  be  spring-like.]  Bot.  the  disposition  of 
the  nascent  leaves  within  the  bud. 

Vernier,  v6r'ni-6r,  n.  [From  the  inventor, 
Peter  Vernier,  of  Brussels,  who  died  1637.] 
A  small  sliding-scale  parallel  with  the 
fixed  scale  of  a  barometer,  theodolite,  or 
other  instrument,  used  for  measuring 
fractional  parts  of  the  divisions  oa  the 
fixed  graduated  scale. 

Vemility,t  v6r  -  nil '  i  -  ti,  ,n.  [L.  vemUitas, 
from  vernilis,  slavish,  servile,  from  verna, 
a  slave.]  Servility;  iawning  behaviour 
like  that  of  a  slave.- 

Veronica,  ve-ron'i-ka,  w.  [From  a  supposed 
female  saint  of  the  name  of  Veronica.)  A 
genus  of  plants  including  the  various 
species  of  speedwell. 

Verrel,  Verrule,  ver'el,  ver'Ql,  n.  A  ring  at 
the  end  of  a  cane,  &c.;  a  ferrule. 

Verxuooso,  Verrucous,  ver'a-kos,  ver'Q-kus, 
a.  [li.  verrucosus,  warty,  from  verruca, 
a  wart.] '"Warty ;  having  little  knobs  or 
warts  on  the  surface. — Verruculose,  ve-rtt'- 
kQ-los,  a.  Having  minute  wart-liki3  pro- 
minences. 

Versant,  vfer'sant,  n.  [Fr.  versant,  a  moun- 
tain slope,  from  verser,  to  shed,  to  pour, 
from  L.  versare,  to  turn,  freq.  of  verto. 
Verse.]  All  that  part  of  a  country  which 
slopes  or  inclines  in  one  direction;  general 
slope  of  surface;  aspect. 

Versatile,  vfer'sa-til,  a.  [L.  versatilis,  from 
verso,  to  turn,  freq.  of  verto,  verstis,  to  turn. 
Verse.]  Capable  of  being  moved  or  turned 
round ;  turning  with  ease  from  one  thing 
to  another ;  readily  applying  one's  self  to 
a  new  task  or  to  various  subjects;  many- 
sided;  bot.  turning  like  the  needle  of  a 
compass ;  fixed  but  freely  movable. — Ver- 
satilely,'v6r'sa-til-li,  adv.  In  a  versatile 
manner.— Versatility,  Vensatileness,  v6r- 
sa-til'i-ti,  v^r'sa-til-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  oi  being  versatile ;  the  faculty  of 
easily  turning  one's  mind  to  iiew  tasks  or 
subjects ;  facility  in  taking  up  various  in- 
tellectual pursuits. 

Verse,  vfers,  n.  CL.  versus,  a  row,  a^Une  in 
writing,  a  v^rse,  from  verto,  versum,  to 
turn ;  seen  also  in  advert,  convert,  revert, 
adverse,  converse,  inverse,  version,  vertex, 
&c.;  same  root  as  E.  toorth  (verb).]  A  line 
of  poetry  consisting  of  a  certain  number  of 
metrical  feet ;  poetry;  metrical  language; 
poetical  composition;  versification;  a  short 
division  of  the  chapters  in  the  Scriptures; 
a  short  division  of  a  poetical  composition; 
a  stanza. — Versicle,  v6r'si-kl,  n.  [L.  versi- 
eulus,  dim.  of  versus.  ]  A  little  verse ;  a 
short  verse  in  a  church  service  spoken  or 
chanted  by  the  priest  or  minister  alter- 
nately with  a  response  by  the  people. — 
Verslcular,  ver-sik'u-l6r,  a.  Pertaining  to 
verse  or  verses.— Versification,  ver'si-fi-ka"- 
shon,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  composing 
poetic  verse;  a  turning  into  verse;  the  con- 
striiition  of  poetry;  metrical  composition. 
—Versifier,  Versiflcator.t  v6r'8i-fi-6r,  vfer*- 
si-fi-ka-t6r,  n.  One  who  versifies;  one  who 
makes  verses;  one  who  converts  into  verge. 
— Versify,  v6r'si-fi,  v.i. — versi^d,  versify- 
ing._  [Fr.  versifier,  L.  ver sificare  — versus, 
a  verse,  and  faei-o,  to  make.]  To  ma^e 
versfes. — v.t.  To  relate  in  verse;  to  treat  as 
the  subject  of  verse;  to  tiim  into  verse. ' 

Versed,  vferst,  a.  [Fr.  versi,  from  L.  rersa- 
tus,  pp.  of  versor,  to  turn  about  frequently, 
to  be  engaged,  from  verto.  Verse.]  Thor- 
oughly acquainted  ;  practised ;  skilled : 
with  m. — Versed  sine.    Under  Sine. 

Veraiform,.v6r'si-form,  a.  [L.  versiformis, 
from  verto,  versum,  to  turn,  and  forma, 
shape.]    Varied  in  form;  changing  form. 


Tersion,  v6r'shon,n.  [From  L.  verto,  ver- 
sum, to  turn,  change,  translate,  &c.  Vzrsb  ] 
The  act  of  translating  from  one  language 
into  anothert;  a  translation;. that  whichls 
rendered  from  anotlier  language  (the  re- 
vised version  of  the  Scriptures);  a  state- 
ment or  account  of  incidents  or  proceed- 
ings from  some  particular  point  of  view; 
a  school  exercise  consisting  of  a  transla- 
tion of  one  language  into  another. 

Verst,  verst,  to.  A  Russian  measure  of 
length,  containing  1166J  yards,  or  two- 
thirds  of  an  English  mile. 

Versus,  vfir'sus.  [L.,  against,  turned  in  the 
direction  of.  Verse.]  Against;  used  chiefly 
in  legal  phraseology  (Doe  versus  Roe). 

Vert,  v6rt,  n.  [Fr.  vert,  green,  from  Latin 
viridis,  green.  Verdant.]  Forest  law, 
everything  within  a  forest  that  grows  and 
bears  a  green  leaf;  her.  a  green  colour, 
expressed  in  engraving  by  diagonal  lines 
drawn  downward  from  left  to  right. 

Vert,  v6rt,  n.  One  who  goes  over  from  one 
church  or  sect  to  another;  a  colloquial 
contraction  of  Pervert  or  Convert. 

Vertebra,  v6r'te-bra,  n.  pi.  Vertebrae,  vfer'- 
te-bre.  [L.  vertebra,  a  joint,  a  joint  or 
vertebra  of  the  spine,' from  veHo,  to  turn. 
Verse.]  One  of  the  bones  of  which  the 
spine  or  backbone  of  an  animal  consists; 
pi.  the  spine.— Vertebral,  ver'te-bral,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  vertebrae  (the  vertebral 
column,  that  is,  the  spine);  vertebrate. — 
n.  A  vertebrate  animal.— Vertebrata,v6r- 
te-bra'ta,  n.  pi.  The  highest  division  of 
the  animal  kingdom,  consisting  of  those 
animals  which  possess  a  backbone,  includ- 
ing the  fishes,  amphibians,  birds,  reptiles, 
quadrupeds,  and  man.— Vertebrate,  v6r'- 
te-brat,  TO.  Zool.  a  member  of  the  Verte- 
brata.— Vertebrate,  Vertebrated,  v^r'te- 
bra-ted,  a.  Having  a  spine  or  vertebral 
column. 

Vertex,  vfir'teks,  n.  pi.  Vertexes,  v6r'- 
tek-sez,  or  Vertices,  v«r'ti-s5z.  [L.  vertex, 
an  eddy,  top,  summit,  lit.  a  turning- 
point,  from  werto,  to  turn.  Verse.]  The 
highest  or  principal  point;  apex:  top; 
crown;  summit;  tnaih.  the  point  m  any 
figure  opposite  to  and  most  distant  from 
the  base;  the  point  of  a  conic  section  where 
the  axis  meets  the  curve. — Vertical,  v6r'- 
ti-kal,  a.  Relating  to  the  vertex;  situated 
at  the  vertex;  directly  overhead;  in  a  po- 
sition perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the 
horizon;  upright;  plumb.—  Vertical  angles, 
the  opposite  angles  made  by  two  straight 
lines  which  Intersect  each  other.—  Ver- 
tical circle,  astron.  a  great  circle  passing 
through  the  zenith  and  the  nadir.— F>r- 
iical  plane,,  a  plane  perpendicular  to  the 
plane  of  the  horizon.  —  Vertical  steam- 
engine,  an  engine  in  which  the  piston 
moves  vertically,  or  straight  up  and  down. 
— n.  A  vertical  circle,  plane,  or  line. — 
Prim£  vertical,  astron.  that  vertical  circle 
which  passes  through  the  zenith,  and  the 
east  and  west  points  of  the  horizon.— Ver- 
tically, vfer'ti-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  vertical 
manner,  position,  or  direction. — Vertioal- 
ness,  Verticality,  v6r'ti-kal-nes,v6r-ti-kal'- 
i-ti,  n.    The  state  of  being  vertical. 

Verticil,  Verticel,  vfer'ti-sil,  v^r'ti-sel,  ft. 
[L.  verticilltis,  dim.  of  vertex,  a  whirl. 
Vertex.]  Bot.  a  mode  of  inflorescence  in 
which  the  flowers  surround  the  stem  in  a 
kind  of  ring;  a  whorl.— VerticUlate,  Ver- 
tlcillated,  vfer-tis'i-lat,  v6r-tis'l-la-ted,  a. 
Bot.  growing  in  a  whorl,  or  on  the  same 
plane  round  the  axis. 

Vertigo,  v6r-ti'go  or  v6r'ti-go,  n.  IX.  vertigo, 
from  verto,  to  turn.  Verse.]  Dizziness  or 
swimming  of  the  head;  giddiness  arising 
from  some  disorder  of  the  system.— Ver- 
tiginous, v6r-tij'i-nus,  a.  [L.  vertiginosus.'] 

'  Anected  with  vertigo;  ^iddy;  dizzy;  apt  to 
make  one  giddy.— Vertiginously,  v^r-tij'i- 
nus-li,  adv.  In  a  vertiginous  manner.— 
Vertiginousness.vfer-tij'i-nus-nes.n.  Giddi- 
ness. 

Vertu,  vfer'tu.  It.  pron.ver-tS',  n.  [It.  vertd, 
virtii,  virtue,  goodness,  excellence,  &c.j 
Excellence  in  objects  of  art  or  curiosity; 
objects  of  art,-  antiquity,  or  curiosity  taken 
collectively. 

Vervain,  v^r'vSn,  n.  [Fr.  verveine,  from  L.' 
verbena.  Verbena.]  Th «  popular  nama 
of  some  plants  of  the  genus  Verbena,  foi^ 


(jhjC/iain;     cvi.^c.  Ice.'.;     S'O'-^i     iti<^^i     »,  i"?.  tonj     ug,  sinj;;     su,  iAenj  th,  </.iiij     -«-,icig; 


-wh,  whig; 

4a 


zh,  a^nre. 


VEEVE 


75i 


VICE 


merly  believed  to  have  medicinal  pro- 
perties. 

verve,  verv,  n.  [Tr.]  Poetical  or  artistic 
rapture  or  enthusiasm;  great  spirit;  en- 
ergy; rapture;  enthusiasm. 

Very,  ver'i,  adv.  [0.  E.  verri,  veray,  verray, 
ven-ei,  from  O.  Pr.  tierat,  Pr.  vrai,  true, 
from  a  L.L.  form  veraexis,  from  L.  verax, 
veracious,  from  vervs,  true  (seen  also  in 

^veri/y,verity,aver,verdict,&c.);  cog.  D.waar, 
G.  vjahr,  true.]  In  a  high  degree;  to  agreat 
extent;  extremely;  exceedingly. — o.  Veri- 
table; real;  true;  actual;  often  placed 
before  substantives  to  indicate  that  they 
must  be  understood  in  their  full,  unre- 
stricted sense  (my  very  heart-strings);  to 
denote  exact  conformity  with  -what  is 
expressed  by  the  word,  or  to  express  iden- 
tity (the  very  words);  to  give  emphasis  or 
force  generally  (even  your  very  eyes).  [  Very 
is  sometimes  met  with  in  the  comparative 
and  superlative.] 

Vesical,  ves'i-kal,  a.  IL.  vesica,  a  bladder.] 
Pertaining  to  the  bladder. — Vesicate,  ves'- 
i-kfit,  v.t. -^vesicated,  vesicating.  To  raise 
vesicles  or  blistuis  on;  to  blister. — Vesi- 
cation, ves-i-ka'shon,  n.  The  process  of 
blistering.— Vesicant,  ves'i-kant.n.  A  blis- 
tering application  or  agent.— Vesicatory, 
ves'i-ka-to-ri,  a.  Having  the  property, 
when  applied  to  the  skin,  of  raising  a  blis- 
ter; blistering.  —  ».  A  blistering.agent.— 
Vesicle,  ves'i-kl,  n.  [Pr.  vesicule,  li.vesicula, 
a  little  bladder,  dim.  of  vesica.]  Any  small, 
bladder-like  structure,  cavity,  cell,  or  the 
like  in  a  body;  a  little  sac  or  cyst;  a  small 
blister  or  pustule  on  the  skin.— Vesicular, 
Veaiculose,  Vesiculous,  ve-sik'a-l6r,  ve- 
sik  O-los,  ve-sik'Q-lus,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
consisting  of  vesicles;  bladdery;  celliHose; 
full  of  interstices.  —  Vesiculatej  ve-sik'u- 
lat,  a.    Full  of  vesicles;  vesicular. 

Vesper,  ves'p6r,  n.  [L.,  akin  to  Gr.  Beg- 
peros,  the  evening,  the  evening-star;  same 
root  aawegt.]  The  evening-star;  hence,  the 
evening;  pi.  the  time  of  evening  service  in 
some  churches;  pi.  eveijin^  worship  or  ser- 
vice.— Sicilian  vespers.  Under  Sicilfan. — 
a.  Relating  to  the  evening  or  to  vespers. — 
Vesper-bell,  n.  The  beU  that  summons  to 
vesi)er9.— Vespertine,  ves'p6r-tin,  a.  fL. 
wspertinns.]    Pertaining  to  the  evening. 

Vespiary,  ves'pi-a-ri,  n.  TFrom  L.  vespa,  a 
wasp.  Wasp.]  A  nest  or  colony  of  wasps, 
hornets,  ifec. 

Vessel,  ves'el,  n.  [0.  Pr.  vessel,  veissel  (Pr. 
vaisseau),  from  L.  vascellutn,  a  dim.  of 
vas,  a  vessel.  Vase,]  A  utensil  proper  for 
holding  liquors  and  other  things,  as  a 
barrel,  kettle,  cup,  dish,  &c.;  a  ship;  a 
craft  of  any  kind,  but  usually  one  larger 
than  a  mere  boat;  anat.  any  tube  or  canal 
in  which  the  blood  or  other  humours  are 
contained,  secreted,  or  circulated;  bot.  a 
canal  or  tube  in  which  the  sap  is  con- 
tained'and  conveyed;  fig.  in  scriptural 
phraseology,  a  person  into  whom  anything 
is  conceived  as  poured  or  infused  (a  chosen 
vessel,  iiessels  of  wrath ). — TTie  weaker  vessel, 
applied  in  a  jocular  way  to  a  woman,  a 
usage  borrowed  from  1  Pet.  iii.  7. 

Vest,  vest,  n.  I  Fr.  veste,  from  L.  vestis,  a 
garment,  a  vestlwhence  also  vesiure,vestry, 
vestment,  invest,  divest) ;  cog.  Gr.  (v)esthes, 
dress;  Skr.  vas,  to  put  on;  Goth,  vasjan,  to 
clothe.]  A  garment  or  dress;  a  fhort 
sleeveless  garment  worn  by  men  under  the 
coat,  covering  the  upper  part  of  the  body; 
a  waistcoat. — v.t.  To  clothe;  to  invest  or 
clothe,  as  with  authority;  to  endow;  to 
confer  upon  {vested  with  power);  to  confer 
possession  or  enjoyment  of  (to  vest  domin- 
ion tn  a  person). — v.i.  To  devolve;  to  take 
effect,  as  a  title  or  right  (the  estate  vests 
in  the  heir).— Vested,  ves'ted,  p.  and  a. 
Clothed;  habited;  law,  not  in  a  state  of 
contingency  or  su.spension;  fixed  {vested 
rights  or  interests  in  property). — Vesting, 
ves'ting,  n.    Cloth  for  vests. 

Vesta,  ves'ta,  n.  [L.]  One  of  the  great 
divinities  of  the  ancient  Romans,  the 
virgin  goddess  of  the  hearth,  in  honour  of 
whom  a  sacred  fire  was  kept  constantly 
burning  under  the  charge  of 'six  stainless 
virgins;  aairon.  one  of  the  asteroids;  a  wax 
match  which  ignites  by  friction.— Vestal, 
ves'ta!,  o.  [L.  vestalis.]  Pertaining  to 
Vesta;  p«re;chaste.— n.Amongthe  ancient 


Romans,  a  virgin  consecrated  to  Vesta; 
hence,  a  virgin  or  woman  of  spotless: 
chastity;  a  nun. 

Vestibule,  ves'ti-bfll,  n.  [Pr.  vestibule,  from 
L.  vestibulum,  a  vestibule,  from  same  root 
as  Skr.  vas,  to  dwell;  E.  was.]  A  passage, 
hall,  or  ante-chamber  next  the  outer  door 
of  a  house;  a  lobby;  a  hall;  anat.  a  cavity 
belonging  to  the  labjTinth  of  the  ear.— 
Vestibular,  ves-tib'Q-ler,  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  resembling  a  vestibule. 

Vestige,  ves'tii,  n.  [L.  vestigium,  a  foot- 
print (seen  also  in  investigate).]  A  foot- 
printj;  a  trace,  mark,  or  appearance  of 
something  which  is  no  longer  present  or 
in  existence;  remains  of  something  long 
ijassed  away. 

vestment,  vest'ment,  n.  [O.Fr.  vestement, 
L.  vestimentum,  from  vestio,  to  clothe. 
Vest.]  A  covering  or  garment;  some  part 
of  clothing  or  dress;  especially,  some  part 
of  outer  clothing. — Ecclesiastical  or  sacer- 
dotal vestments,  articles  of  dress  or  orna- 
ment worn  by  clergymen  in  the  celebra- 
tion of  divine  service. 

Vestry,  ves'tri.  n.  [Pr.  vestiaire,  Ii.  vesti- 
arium,  a  wardrobe,  from  vestis,  a  garment. 
Vest.]  A  place  or  room  appendant  to  a 
church,  where  the  ecclesiastical  vestments 
are  kept,  and  where  the  clergy  robe  them- 
selves; in  England,  a  parochial  assembly, 
so  called  from  its  meetings  being  held 
in  the  vestry;  a  select  number  of  rate- 
payers elected  to  carry  on  the  local  gov- 
ernment of  a  parish.— vestry -man,  n.  One 
of  a  vestry -board. 

Vesture,  ves'tur,  n.  [O.Pr.  vesture.  Vest.] 
A  garment  or  garments  generally;  cloth- 
ing; apparel;  dress;  that  which  invests  or 
covers;  envelope;  integument.— Vestured, 
ves'turd,  a.    Clothed;  enveloped. 

Vesuvian,  ve-sa'vi-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Vesuvius,  a  volcano  near  Naples.— n.  The 
mineral  idocrase;  a  kind  of  match  for 
lighting  cigars,  &c. 

Vetch,  vech,  n.  fO.  Pr.  veeJie,  vesse.  Mod. 
Fr.  vespe.  It.  veccia,  from  L.  vicia,  a  vetch, 
cog.  Gr.  bikos,  a  vetch.    Fitch  is  another 

■form.]  The  popular  name  of  plants  allied 
to  the  bean,  some  of  them,  as  the  common 
tare,  cultivated  for  fodder  to  cattle.  — 
Vetchling,  vech'ling,  n.  fDim.  of  vetch.] 
A  name  for  various  vetch-bke  plants.  — 
Vetchy ,  vech'i,  a.  Consisting  of  or  abound- 
ing with  vetches. 

Veteran,  vet'e-ran,  a.  [L.  veteranus,  from 
vetus,  veteris,  old;  same  root  as  Gr.  {v)etos, 
ayear,  seen  also  in  L.  vitulus,  acalf.  Veal.] 
Having  been  long  exercised  in  anything; 
long  practised  or  experienced  in  war  and 
the  duties  of  a  soldier. — n.  One  who  has 
been  long  exercised  in  any  service  or  art, 
particularly  in  war. 

veterinary,  vet'e-ri-na-ri,  a.  [L.L.  veteri- 
narius,  pertaining  to  beasts  of  burden, 
from  L.  veterince,  beasts  of  burden.]  Per- 
taining to  the  art  or  science  of  treating 
the  diseases  of  domestic  animals  (a  veteri- 
nary surgeon,  a  veterinary  college  or 
school). 

Veto,  ve'to,  n.  [L.  veto,  I  forbid.]  The 
power  which  one  branch  of  a  legislature 
has  to  negative  the  resolutions  of  another 
branch;  the  act  of  exercising  this  power 
or  right;  any  authoritive  prohibition,  in- 
terdict, refusal,  or  negative. — v.t. — vetoed, 
vetoing.  To  put  a  veto  on ;  to  forbid ;  to 
interdict. 

Vex,  veks,  v.t.  [Fr.  vexer,  to  vex,  from  L. 
vexare,  to  vex,  a  freg.  or  intens.  of  veho, 
vectum,  to  carry.  VkHici.E.]  To  excite 
slight  anger  or  displeasure  in;  to  trouble 
by  petty  or  light  annoyances;  to  irritate, 
fret,  plague,  annoy;  to  make  sorrowful;  to 
grieve  or  distress.- Vexation,  vek-.sa'shon, 
n.  The  act  of  vexing  or  state  of  being 
vexed;  irritation;  annoyance;  cause  of 
irritation;  affliction.— Vexatious,  vek-sa'- 
shus,  a.  Causing  vexation;  annoying; 
mortifying.  —  Vexatiously,  vek-sa'shus-li, 
adv.  In  a  vexatious  manner. — Vexatious, 
ness,  vek-sa'shus-nes,  n.— Vexed,  vekst, 
p.  and  a.  Annoyed;  troubled;  much  dis- 
puted or  contested;  causing  contention  (a 
vexed  question).— Vexer,  vek'ser,  n.    One 

WllO  V6X6S 

VexlUnm,  vek'8il-mn/»».  fL.,  a  dim.  of 
velum,  a  veil.  Veil.]  The  standard  of  the 


cavalry  of  ancient  Rome;  bot.  the  standard 
or  fifth  petal  placed  at  the  back  of  a  papi- 
lionaceous corolla.  —  VexiUar,  Vexillary, 
vek'sil-er,  vek'si-la-ri,  o.  Pertaini'-s  "> 
an  ensign  or  standard ;  bot.  pertair^mg  to 
or  having  a  vexilium.  —  VexUlary,  n.  A 
standard-bearer. 

Via,  via,  prep.  [L.,  a  way  or  road.  Way.] 
By  way  of  (to  send  a  letter  via  Fal- 
mouth). 

Viable,  vi'a-bl,  a.  [Fr.,  likely  to  live,  from 
vie,  L.  vita,  life.  Vital.]  Capable  of  sus- 
taining independent  Ufe,  said  of  a  new- 
bom  child.— Viability,  vi-a-bil'i-ti,  7*.  The 
state  of  being  viable. 

Viaduct,  vi'a-dukt,  n.  [L.  via,  way,  and 
ductus,  a  leading,  a  duct.  Way,  Duke.] 
A  long  bridge  or  series  of  arches  conduct- 
ing a  railway  or  road  over  a  valley  or  dis- 
trict of  low  level. 

Vial,  vi'al,  n.  [A  modification  of  phiaZ.]  A 
small  glass  vessel  or  bottle;  a  phial. 

Viand,  vi'and,  n.  [Fr.  viande,  viands,  food, 
from  L.L.  vivanda,  provisions,  from  L. 
vivo,  to  live.  Vital.]  Meat  dressed;  food; 
victuals:  used  chiefly  in  the  plural. 

Viaticum,  vi-at'i-kum,  n.  fL.  viaticus,  per- 
taining to  a  way  or  road,  from  via,  way. 
Voyage.]  Provisions  for  a  journey;  ii.Catft. 
Ch.  the  communion  or  eucharist  given  to 
a  dying  person. 

Vibrate,  vi'brat,  t>.t.  —  vibrated,  vibrating. 
[L.  vibro,  vibratum,  to  vibrate,  brandish, 
shake.]  To  swing;  to  oscillate;  to  move 
one  way  and  the  other;  to  play  to  and  fro; 
to  produce  a  vibratory  or  resonant  effect: 
to  quiver.  —  v.t.  To  move  Or  wave  to  and 
fro;  to  oscillate;  to  cause  to  quiver;  to 
measure  by  vibrating  or  oscillating  (a  pen, 
dulum  which  vibrates  seconds).— Vibractt- 
Inm,  vi-brak'tt-lum,  n.  pi.  Vlbracula,  vi- 
brak'a-la«  A  long  filamentous  appendage 
in  polyzoa.— Vibrant,  vi'brant,  a.  [L.  vi- 
brans,  vibrantis.  ppr.  of  vibro.]  Vibrating; 
tremulous;  resonant.— Vibratile,vi'bra-til, 
a.  Adapted  to  or  used  for  vibratory  motion; 
vibratory.  —  Vlbratillty,  vi-br£-til'i-ti,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  vibratile.— Vibrating, 
vi'bra-tingj^p.  and  a.  Vibratory.  — Vlbra- 
tion,  vi-bra'shon,  n.  [iL.  vibratio,  vibra- 
tionis.]  The  act  of  vibrating;  an  oscillation 
or  swing  of  a  pendulum  or  similar  body; 
one  of  a  series  of  rapid  tremulous  motions 
produced  in  a  body  or  substance;  the  trem- 
ulous motion  of  a  sonorous  body. — Vibra- 
tory, vi'bra-to-ri,  a.  Consisting  in  or  be- 
longmg  ta  vibration ;  causing  to  vibrate ; 
vibrating. 

Vibrion,  vi'bri-on,  n.  [Prom  vibrate.]  One 
of  certain  little  moving  filaments  de- 
veloped in  organic  infusions. 

Vibrissse,  vi-bris'se,  n.  pi.  [L.  vibrissce,  the 
hairs  in  the  nostrils.]  The  stifi',  long  bris- 
tles on  the  head  in  many  mammals ;  the 
hail  3  about  the  mouth  of  certain  birids,  as 
the  fly-catchers. 

Vicar,  vik'^r,  n.  [Pr.  vicaire,  from  L. 
vicariiis,  forming  a  substitute,  from  vicis, 
change  (whence  prefix  vice  in  viceroy,  Ac, 
vicissitude).]  A  substitute  in  oflice;  a  repre- 
sentative ;  the  priest  of  a  parish  in  Eng- 
land who  receives  only  the  smaller  tithes 
or  a  salary. — Vicarage,  vik'ir-Sj,  n.  The 
benefice  of  a  vicar;  the  house  or  xesidence 
of  a  ^acar.- Vicar-apostolic,  n.  R.  Cath. 
Ch.  a  bishop  who  possesses  no  diocese,  but 
who  exercises  jurisdiction  over  a  certain 
district  by  direct  authority  of  the  pope.— 
Vicar-general,  n.  The  oflicial  assistant  ot 
a  bishop  or  archbishop. — Vicarial,  Vicari- 
ate, vi-ka'ri-al,  vi-ka'ri-at,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  vicar;  vicarious;  delegated.— Vicf.ri- 
ons,  vi-ka'ri-us,  a.  [L.  vicarius.]  Belong- 
ing to  a  deputy  or  substitute ;  delegated  ; 
filling  the  place  of  another;  performed  or 
suffered  for,  or  instead  of,  another.— Vi- 
cariously, vi-ka'ri-us-li,  adv.  In  the  place 
of  another;  by  substitution. — Vicarship, 
vik'^r-ship,  n.    The  oflice  of  a  vicar. 

Vice,  vis,  n.  [Pr.  vice,  from  L.  vitium,  vice, 
blemish,  fault,  error,  crime,  from  root  vi, 
to  twist  (as  in  withe,  wine,  and  in  vice,  the 
instniment.  See  below).)  A  defect,  fault, 
or  blemish;  a  fault  or  bad  trick  in  a  horse; 
any  immoral  or  evil  habit  or  practice ;  a 
moral  failing;  aparticular  form  of  wicked- 
ness or  depravity ;  the  indulgence  of  im- 
pure or  degrading  appetites  or  passions ; 


fate,  far,  fat,  f«ll;     me,  i^et,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;      tabe,  tub,b^;     oil,  pound;     %  6c.  abtme— tbe  Fr.  t(. 


755 


VILLAIN 


depravity  or  corruption  of  manners  (an 
age  of  Dice).  —  Vicious,  vish'us,  a.  [Pt. 
vicieux,  L.  vitioaus,  from  vitium,  vice.] 
Characterized  by  vice ;  faulty ;  detective ; 
imperfect;  addicted  to  vice;  depraved; 
■wicked ;  contrary  to  morality ;  evil ;  bad 
{vicious  examples);  not  genuine  or  pure ; 
faulty;  incorrect  (a  vicious  style  in  lan- 
guage); addicted  to  bad  tricks  (a  vicioiia 
horse).  —  Viciously,  vish'us-li,  adv.  In  a 
vicious  manner.— Viciousness,  vish'us-nes, 
n.    The  quality  or  state  of  being  vicious. 

Vice,  vis,  n.  [Fr.  vis,  a  screw,  from  L.  vitis, 
a  vine  (from  twining  of  vine  tendrils);  root 
vi,  to  twist.  See  above.]  An  instrument 
•with  a  pair  of  iron  jaws  brought  together 
by  means  of  a  screw,  so  that  they  can  take 
a  very  fast  hold  of  anything  placed  be- 
tween them. 

Vice,  vi'se,  prep.  [L.  vice,  in  the  room  of, 
ablative  of  vicis,  change,  turn,  &c.,  the 
stem  being  seen  also  in  vtcar,  vicissitude.] 
In  place  of)  in  room  of  (A.B.  appointed 
to  be  captain  ince  CD.  promoted).— Vice 
versa,  adv.  [L.]  Contrariwise;  the  reverse; 
the  terms  or  the  case  being  reversed. 

Vice,  vis.  [Fr.  wee-,  from  L.  vice.  See  above.] 
A  prefix  denoting  position  second  in  rank: 
sometimes  used  by  itself  as  a  noun,  the 
context  making  the  intended  meaning 
clear.— Vice-admiral,  n.  An  officer  next 
in  rank  and  command  to  the  admiral. — 
Vice-admiralty,  n.  The  office  of  a  vice- 
admiral. — Vice-chancellor,  n.  An  officer 
next  to  a  chancellor;  a  judge  in  the  chan- 
cery division  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice 
in  England;  an  officer  of  a  university  who 
discharges  certain  duties  of  the  chancellor. 
— Vice-consul,  n.  One  who  acts  in  the  place 
of  a  consul;  a  consul  of  subordinate  rank. 
— Vicegerency,  vis-je'ren-ai,  n.  The  office 
of  a  vicegerent. — Vicegerent,  vis-j5'rent,  n. 
[Fr.  vicegerent— vice,  and  L.  gerens,  geren- 
lis,  ppr.  of  gero,  to  act.  Gesture.]  An 
officer  who  is  deputed  to  exercise  the 
powers  of  another;  a  substitute;  one  hav- 
ing a  delegated  power.— Vice-presidency, 
n.  The  office  of  vice-president.  —  Vice- 
president,  n.  An  office-bearer  next  in 
rank  below  a  president.  —  Vice-regaJ,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  viceroy.— Viceroy,  vis'roi, 
n.  tPr.  viceroi — t>ice,  in  the  place  of,  and 
roi,  L.  rex,  a  king.  Regekt.]  One  who 
rules  in  the  name  of  the  king  (or  queen) 
with  regal  authority. — Viceroyilty,  Vice- 
royship,  vis-roi'al-ti,  vis'roi-ship,  n.  The 
dignity  or  jurisdiction  of  a  viceroy. 

Vicenary,  vis'e-na-ri,  a.  [L.  vicenariiis, 
from  viceni,  twenty.]  Belonging  to  or  con- 
sisting of  twenty. 

Vicennial,  vi-sen'ni-aL  a.  [L.  viceni,  twenty, 
and  annus,  a  year.]  Iiasting  or  continuing 
twenty  years. 

Vice-re£al,Viceroy,  &c.  Under  Vice  (prefix).' 

Vicinage,  vis'in-aj,  n.  [O.Fr.  veisinage  (Fr. 
wi8i»Kt£;e),  neighbourhood,  from  li.idcinus, 
neighbouring,  from  vicus,  a  village,  akin 
to  Gr.  {v}oikos,  Skr.  ve^a,  a  house.]  Neigh- 
bourhood; the  place  or  places  adjoining  or 
near;  the  vicinity. — Vicinity,  vi-sin'i-ti,  n. 
rij.  vicinitas,  from  vicinus,  neighbouring.] 
The  quality  of  being  near;  propinquity; 
proximity;  nearness  in  place ;  neighbour- 
hood; the  adjoining  district,  space,  or 
country. 

Vicious,  &c.    Under  Vice. 

Vicissitude,  vi-sis'i-tiid,  n.  [L.  vieisaUudo, 
from  vicis,  a  change.  Vicar.]  A  passing 
from  one  state  or  condition  to  another; 
change,  especially  in  regard  to  the  affairs 
of  life  or  the  world;  mutation.— Vicissitu- 
dinary,  vi-si8'i-tu"di-na-ri,  a.  Subject  to 
vicissitudes. — Vicissitudlnous,  vi-sis'i-ta"- 
di-nus,  a.  Pull  of  vicissitude ;  character- 
ized by  changes. 

Victim,  vik'tim,  w.  [Fr.  Tfictime,  from  L. 
victima,  a  victim,  lit.  a  well-grown  beast; 
same  root  as  vigour,  wax  (to  grow).]  A  liv- 
ing being  sacrificed  to  some  deity,  or  in 
the  performance  of  a  religious  rite ;  a  per- 
son or  thing  destroyed;  a  person  sacrificed 
in  the  pursuit  of  an  object ;  a  person  who 
suffers  severe  injury  from  another;  one 
who  is  cheated  or  duped;  a  gull. — Victim- 
Iks,  vik'tim-iz,  v.t. — victimized,  victimising. 
To  make  a  victim  of;  to  make  the  victim 
of  a  swindling  transaction. 

Victcv,  vik't<ir,  n.   [L.  from  vinco,  victum, 


to  conquer  (seen  also  in  emivince,  evince^ 
invincible,  vanquish).']  One  who  wins  or 
gains  the  advantage  in  a  contest ;  especi- 
ally, one  who  conquers  in  war. — a.  Victori- 
ous.—Victoress,  vik'tfer-es,  n.  A  victress.— 
Victoria,  vik-to'ri-a,  n.  [L.  victoria,  victory, 
hence  the  name  of  the  British  queen.]  A 
kind  of  four-wheeled  carriage,  with  a  ca- 
lash top,  seated  for  two  persons,  and  with 
an  elevated  driver's  seat  in  front. —  Victoria 
cross,  a  British  naval  and  military  decora- 
tion granted  for  bravery,  and  securing  to 
the  recipient  a  pension  of  £10  a  year.— 
Victorlne,  vik'to-ren,  n.  A  small  fur  tip- 
pet worn  by  ladies ;  a  variety  of  peach. — 
Victorious,  vik-to'ri-us,  a.  [Fr.  victorievx, 
from  L.  victorioaus.]  Having  conquered 
in  battle  or  contest;  being  victor;  conquer- 
ing; associated  with  victory;  indicating 
victory.— Victoriously,  vik-to'ri-us-li,  adv. 
In  a  victorious  manner;  with  conquest; 
triumphantly. — Victory,  vik'to-ri,  n.  [L. 
victoria.]  The  defeat  of  an  enemy  in 
battle,  or  of  an  antagonist  in  a  contest ; 
the  superiority  gained  in  any  contest  (as 
over  passions,  temptations,  &c.). — Victress, 
vik'tres,  n.    A  female  that  conquers. 

Victual,  vit'l,  n.  [O.  Fr.  vitaille.  Mod.  Pr. 
•victumlle,  from  L.L.  victualia,  provisions, 
victiialis,  pertaining  to  food,  from  L.  victus, 
food,  from  tdvo,  victum,  to  live.  Vital.] 
Provision  of  food;  provisions:  now  gene- 
rally in  plural,  and  signifying  food  for 
human  beings,  prepared  for  eating.  — «.(. 
victualled,  victualling.  To  supply  or  store 
with  victuals;  to  provide  with  stores  of 
food.  —Victualler,  vit'l-Cr,  n.  One  who 
furnishes  victuals;  a  tavern-keeper;  one 
who  keeps  a  house  for  selling  intoxicating 
Liquors  by  retail.— Victualling-ship,  n.  A 
ship  which  conveys  provisions  to  the  navy. 
-Victualling-yard,  re.  A  place  where  pro- 
visions are  deposited  for  supplying  war-' 
vessels  and  transports. 

Vicugna,  VicuBa,  vi-kon'ya,  n.  [Sp.  vicu'Ka, 
from  native  name.]  A  South  American 
animal  of  the  camel  family,  closely  allied 
to  the  llama,  yielding  short,  soft,  silken 
fur  used  for  making  delicate  fabrics. 

Vide,  vi'ds.  [li.,  impor.  of  video,  to  see.] 
See :  a  word  indicating  reference  to  some- 
thing stated  elsewhere. 

Videlicet,  vi-del'i-set,  adv.  [L.,  contr.  for 
videre  licet,  it  is  permitted  to  see,  one  may 
see.]  To  wit;  that  is;  namely:  most  fre- 
quently met  with  in  Its  contracted  form, 

Vidette,  vi-det',  n.    Vedette. 

Vidimus,  vi'di-mua,  n.  [L.,  we  have  seen.] 
An  examination  or  inspection  (a  vidimus 
of  accounts);  an  abstract  or  syllabus  of  the 
contents  of  a  document,  book,  and  the 
like. 

Vie,  vi,  v.i.  [Contr.  from  old  envie,  ennye 
(accent  on  last),  from  Pr.  envier,  to  invite, 
to  vie  in  games,  from  L.  invitare.  Invite.] 
In  old  games  of  cards,  to  wager  on  one's 
hand  against  an  opponent;  hence,  to  strive 
for  superiority;  to  contend:  followed  by 
with  and  said  of  persons  or  thiiigs. 

Vielle,  v5-el',  n.  [Fr.  vieHe,  akin  to  viol.]  A 
hurdy-gurdy. 

Viennese,  vi-en-ez',  n.  sing,  and  pi.  A  na- 
tive of  Vienna;  natives  of  Vienna. 

View,  vll,  n.  [O.Fr.  veue  (Fr.  vue),  from 
tea-,  vew,  L.L.  participle  vidutus,  from  L. 
video,  videre,  to  see.  Vision.]  The  act  of 
looking,  seeing,  or  beholding;  survey;  look; 
sight;  a  mental  survey;  consideration; 
range  of  vision;  power  of  seeing  or  percep- 
tion, either  physical  or  mental;  that  which 
is  viewed,  seen,  or  beheld;  a  sight  or  spec- 
tacle presented;  scene;  prospect;  a  scene 
portrayed;  a  representation  of  a  land- 
scape or  the  like;  manner  or  mode  of  look- 
ing at  things;  judgment;  opinion;  way  of 
thinking;  something  looked  towards  or 
forming  the  subject  of  consideration;  in- 
tention; purpose  (to  act  with  a  view  to 
happiness).— ii'ieZd  of  inew,  the  whole  re- 
gion or  space  within  the  ranee  of  vision. — 
Point  of  view,  the  direction  from  which  a 
thing  is  seen;  hence,  fig.  tho  jjarticular 
mode  or  manner  in  which  a  subject  is  con- 
sidered; standpoint.  —On  view,  open  or  sub- 
mitted to  public  inspection;  exhibited  to 
the  public— w,<.  To  see;  to  look  on;  to  exa- 
mine with  the  eye;  to  inspect;  to  survey; 


to  survey  intellectually;  to  consider.— 
v.i.  To  look;  to  take  a  view.— Viewer,  vtt'- 
6r,  n.  One  who  views;  an  official  appointed 
to  inspect  or  superintend  something;  an 
overseer. — View-halloo,  re.  The  shout  ut- 
tered by  the  huntsman  on  seeing  the  fox 
break  cover. — Viewless,  vtt'les,  a.  Not  ca^ 
pable  of  being  viewed  or  seen;  invisible. — 
Viewy,  vu'i,  a.  Holding,  cr  prone  to  hold, 
peculiar  views;  holding  the  notions  of  a 
doctrinaire. 

Vigesimal,  vi-jes'i-mal,  a.  [L.  vigesimtts, 
twentieth,  from  viginti,  twenty.]  Twen- 
tieth. 

Vigil,  vij'il,  n.  [Pr.  vigile,  vigil,  from  L. 
fifi'tlio,  a  watch,  from  vigil,  watchful, from 
vigeo,  to  be  vigorous,  from  root  seen  in  E. 
wake.  Vigour,  Wake.]  The  act  of  keep- 
ing awake;  forbearance  from  sleep ;  a  pe- 
riod of  sleeplessness;  a  watch  or  watch- 
ing; a  devotional  watching;  devotions 
performed  during  the  customary  hours  of 
sleep;  eccles.  the  eve  or  evening  or  whole 
day  preceding  a  festival,  as  Christmas, 
Easter,  or  some  principal  saint's  day. — 
Vigilance,  vij'i-lans,  re.  Tlie  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  vigilant;  watchfulness;  cir- 
•  cumspecti on.— Vigilant,  vij'i-lant,  a.  [L. 
vigilans,  vigilantis,  ppr.  of  vigilo,  to  watch.] 
Watchful;  ever  awake  and  on  the  alert; 
circumspect. — Vigilantly,  vij'i-lant-li,  adv. 
Watchfully;  circumspectly. 

Vlxnette,  vin-yet'  or  vi-net',  n.  [Fr.,  dim. 
of  vigne,  L.  vinea,  a  vine.]  An  ornament 
representing  vine-leaves,  tendrils,  and 
grapes,  such  as  those  with  which  capital 
letters  in  ancient  manuscripts  were  often 
surrounded;  hence,  flowers,  head  and  tail 
pieces,  <tc.,  in  printed  books;  any  wood- 
cut or  engraving  not  inclosed  within  a 
definite  border;  a  small  photographic  por- 
trait. 

Vigour,  vig'or,  n.  [L.  vigor,  vigouE,  'from 
vigeo,  to  be  strong ;  from  root  also  seen  in 
vigiZ,  vegetable,  mctim.]  Active  strength 
or  force  of  body  in  animals;  physical 
strength;  strength  of  mind;  intellectual 
force;  energy;  strength  in  animal  or  vege- 
table nature  or  action.— Vigorous,  vig'or- 
us,  a.  Possessing  vigour  or  physical 
strength:  strong;  lusty;  exhibiting  or  re- 
sulting from  vigour,  energy,  or  strength, 
either  of  body  or  mind;  powerful;  ener- 
getic—Vigorously, vig'or-us-li,  adv.  In  a 
vigorous  manner;  forcibly;  with  active 
exertions.— Vigorousness,  vig'or-us-nes,  n. 
Strength;  force;  energy.  •    .  • 

Viking,  vik'ing,  n.  [Ice],  vikingr,  lit.  one 
who  frequents  bays  and  fiords  —  vtk,  a 
bay,  and  term,  -ing,  one  who  belong^  to  or 
is  descended  from  (r  being  the  masc.  art.).] 
A  rover  or  sea-robber  belonging  to  the 
predatory  bands  of  Northmen  who  in- 
fested theEuroisean  seasduringthe  eighth, 
ninth,  and  tenth  centuries. 

Vile,  vil,  a.  [Pr.  vil,  vile,  from  li.vilis,  worth- 
less, vile.]  Worthless;  despicable;  morally 
base:  depraved;  bad;  wicked;  villainous. — 
Vilely,  vil'li,  adv.  Basely;  shamefully; 
odiously;  worthlessly.— VilenesSj  vU'nes, 
».  The  state  or  quality  of  being  vile; 
moral  pr  intellectual  baseness;  degrada- 
tion; sinfulness;  extreme  badness.— -V'iliQr, 
vil'i-ft,  v.t. — vilified,  vilifying.  [L.  vUifico 
— vilia,  Tile,  ana  facio,  to  make.]  To  at- 
tempt to  degrade  by  slander;  to  dfefamp; 
to  traduce.  —  Vilifier,  vil'i-fi-6r.  n.  One 
who  defames  or  tjaduces.— Viliflcaticn, 
vil'i-fi-k5"shon,  n.  The  act  of  vilifying  or 
defaming. 

Vilipend,  vil'i-pend,  v.t.  [L.  vilipendo,  to 
hold  in  slight  esteem— vilis,  wort hle8s,vile, 
and  pendo,  to  weigh,  to  value.  Vile,  Pen- 
dant.] To  express  a  disparaging  or  mean 
opinion  of;  to  slander.' 

Villa,  vil'a',  n.  [L.  villa,  a  country  hoase, 
farm,  villa,  a  contr.  of  vicula,  from  vicus, 
a  village.  Vicinage,  Villain.]  A  coun- 
try residence,  usually  of  some  size  and 
pretension;  a  rural  or  suburban  mansion. 
— Village,  vil'aj,  n.  [Fr.  village,  from  L. 
vUla.]  An  assemblage  of  houses  smaller 
than  a  town  or  city  and  larger  than  a 
hamlet.— a.  Pertaining  to  avillage;  hence, 
rustic— Villager,  vil'a-j6r,  n.  Aja  inhabi- 
tant of  a  village.        '         ■^    \ 

Villain,  vil'an  or  vil'an,  n.  [O.  Fr.  villain, 
villein,  vilcin  (Pr.  vilain),  from  L.L.  vil- 


ch,  cAaiD;     ch,  Sc.  loch;     g,  go;    j,  job;     u,  Fr.  ton;     ug,  sinfir;     tb,  Oigu;  th,  thin;    w,  wig;    wfa,  v/hig;     zh,  asure, 


VILLEIN 


756 


VIRTUE 


lanus,  a  farm-servant,  from  villa,  a  coun- 
try house.  Villa.]  A  feudal  serf;  a  man 
of  the  lowest  grade  in  feudal  times;  hence, 
a  boor,  peasant,  or  clown;  latterly,  a  man 
extremely  depraved,  and  capable  or  guilty 
of  great  crimes ;  a  vile,  wicked  person. — 
Villainoug,  vil'a-nus,  a.  I'eitaiuing  to  a 
villain;  very  wicked  or  depraved;  vile;  pro- 
ceeding from  depravity;  soriy;  mean. — 
Villainously,  vil'a-nus-li,  adv.  in  a  villain- 
ous manner.— Villainy,  vil'a-ni,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  villainous;  extreme  de- 
pravity; great  wickedness;  a  villainous 
act;  a  crime;  an  action  of  deep  depravity. 

Villein,- vil'en,».  {.O.'Er.  villein.  Villain.] 
A  feudal  tenant  of  the  lowest  class.  — 
ViUenage,  Villeinage,  vil'en-aj,  n.  A  feu- 
dal teuure  of  lands  and  tenements  by  base 
services,  and  at  the  will  of  a  lord. 

Villi,  vil'li,  n.  pi.  [PL  of  L.  villus,  hair.] 
Anat.  fine  small  fibres  like  the  pile  of  vel- 
vet, as  on  the  internal  coat  of  the  intes- 
tinal canal;  bot.  long,  straight,  and  soft 
hairs  covering  fruit,  flowers,  &c.  —  Villi- 
form,  vil'i-form,  a.  Having  the  form  or 
character  of  villi.— Villosity,  vil-los'i-ti,  n. 
The  state  of  being  villous.— Villous,  Vil- 
los8,  villus,  yil'los,  a.  [L.  villosus,  from 
villus,  hair.]  Abounding  with  villi;  having 
the  surface  covered  with  fine  hairs  or' 
woolly  sjjbstauce. 

Vlmen,  vx'men,».  [L.  vimen,  viminis,  from 
vieo,  to  weave.]  Bot.  a  long  and  flexible 
shoot  of  a  plant.— Viminal,  Viml-nal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  twigs. 

Vinaceous,  vi-na'shus,  a.  [L.  wiwacei/s,  from 
vinum,  wine,]  Belonging  to  wine  or  grapes; 
of  the  colour  of  v/ine. 

Vinaigrette,  vin-a-gret',  n.  [Fr.,  from  vin- 
aigre,  vinegar.]  A  small  box  of  gold,  sil- 
ver, Ac,  with  perforations,  for  holding 
aromatic  vinegar  (in  asponge)  orsmelling- 
salts:  used  like  a  smelling-bottle. 

Vincible,  vin'si-bl,  a.  IFrom  L.  tAnco,  to 
conquer.  Victor.]  Capable  of  being  con- 
ffuered  or  subdued. 

VlncaUim,  ving'kQ-lum,  n.  [L.,  from  vincio, 
to  bind.]  A  bond  of  union;  a  bond  or  tie; 
alg.  a  line  over  a  quantity  of  several  terms 
in  order  to  connect  them  together  as  one 
quantity. 

Vindemial,  vin-d5'mi-al,  a.  [li.  vindemi- 
alts,  from  irindemia,  vintage,  from  vinum, 
■wine,  and  demo,  to  take  away.]  Belonging 
to  a  vintage  or  grape  harvest.— Vindemia- 
tion,  vin-de'mi-a"shon,  w.  The  operation 
of  gathering  grapes. 

Vindicate,  vin'di-kat,  v. t— vindicated,  vin- 
dicating. PL.  vindico,  vindicatum,  to  lay 
claim  to,  to  avenge  or  revenge,  from  vin- 
dex,  vindicis,  one  who  lays  claim,  perhaps 
from  root  meaning  desire,  love  (in  Venus), 
and  dico,  to  declare.  Of  same  origin  are 
vengeance,  avenge,  revenge.]  To  assert  a 
right  or  claim-  tot;  to  prove  (a  claim)  to 
be  just  or  valid;  to  maintain  the  cause 
or  rights  of;  to  deliver  from  wrong, 
oppression,  or  the  like;  to  support  or 
Maintain  against  denial,  censure,  or  ob- 
jections; to  defend  (to  vindicate  a  the- 
ory) ;  -to  justify.  —  VIndicable,  vin'di-ka- 
bl,  a.  That  may  be  vindicated.— Vindi- 
cation, vin-di-ka'shon,  n'.  [L.  vindicatio, 
vindicationis.]  The-  act  of  vindicating; 
justification  against  censure,  objections, 
or  accusations;  the  proving  of  anything  to 
be  just;  defence  from  wrong  or  oppression, 
by  force  or  otherwise. -^Vindicator,  vin'di- 
kfi-tfer,  n.  One  who  vindicates. — Vindica- 
tory, vin'di-ka-to-ri,  a.  Tending  to  vin- 
dicate; justificatory.— Vindictive,  vin-dik'- 
tiv,  a.  [Tj.  vindicta,  revenge.]  Revenge- 
ful; given  to  revenge.- Vindictively,  vin- 
dik'tiv-li.  adv.  By  way  of  revenue;  re- 
vengefully. —  Vindictiveness,  vin-dik'tiv- 
nes,  n.   Rerengef ul  spirit;  revengefulness. 

Vine,  vin,  n.  [(.).Fr.  viiu  (Fr.  vigne},  a  vine; 
from  1j.  vinea,  a  vine,  from  vineus,  adj. 
from  vinum,  wine.  Wjne.]  A  well-known 
climbing  plant  with  a  woody  stem,  pro- 
ducing the  grapes  of  commerce;  the  trail- 
ing or  climbing  stem  of  a  plant. — Vine- 
clad,  a.  Clad  or  covered  with  vines.- 
Vine-disease,  n.  A  disease  afTecting  the 
Vine.  Oidium.Phylloxera.- Vinedresser, 
n  One  who  trims  or  prunes  vinos.— Vlne- 
iretter,  n.  A  small  insect  that  injures 
vmcs.  —  Vinery,  ti'ner-i,  n.     A  kind  of 


greenhouse  where  vines  are  cultivated  by 
artificial  heat.  —  Vineyard,  vin'yard,  n. 
A  plantation  of  vines  producing  grapes. 
— Vinosity,  vi-nos'i-ti,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  vinous.— Vinous,  Vluose,  vinus, 
vi'nos,  a.  [L.  vinosxis,  from  vinum,  wine.] 
Having  the  qualities  of  wine. —  Vinoxia 

fermentation,  the  fermentation  that  pro- 
duces wine  from  grape  juice. 

Vinegar,  vin'e-g6r,  n.  [Fr.  vinaifwe,"  from, 
vin,  L.  vinum,  wine,  and  aigre,  L.  acer, 
sharp,  sour.  Wine,  Eager.]  Dilute  and 
impure  acetic  acid,  usually  obtained  by 
the  souring  or  acetification  of  fermented 
fruit  juices,  or  an  infusion  of  malt;  any- 
thing really  or  metaphorically  sour;  sour- 
ness of  temper. — Aromatic  vinegar,  a  vine- 
gar holding  camphor  and  essential  oils 
in  solution.— IVootf  vinegar.  Pvko ligne- 
ous Acid.— Vinegar-cruet,  n.  A  small  glass 
bottle  for  holding  vinegar.— Vinegarette, 
vin'e-g6r-et,  n.  A' vinaigrette. — Vinegar- 
plant,  n.  A  fungus  found  on  decaying 
substances,  and  in  fluids  in  a  state  of 
acetification. 

Vinery,  Vineyard.    Under  Vine. 

Vingt-un,  vaut-Un,  n.  [Fr.,  twenty-one.] 
A  game  at  cards  in  which  the  object  is  to 
get  points  as  near  as  possible  in  number 
to  twenty-one  without  exceeding  it. 

Vin-ordinaire,  van-or-de-nar,  n.  [Fr.,  or- 
dinary wine.]  A  cheap  claret  much  drunk 
in  France, 

Vinous.    Under  Vine. 

Vintage,  vin'taj,  n.  [Partly  from  vintner, 
partly  from  Fr.  vewdange,  viata,ge,  from 
L.  vindemia,  the  vintage — vinum,  wine, 
and  demo,  to  take  9,way.  Vine.]  The 
gathering  of  a  crop  of  grapes;  the  crop 
produced ;  the  wine  from  the  crop  of  grapes 
in  one  season.  —  Vintager,  vin'ta-jer,  n. 
One  engaged  in  the  vintage. 

Vintner,  vint'ner,  nl  [O.E.  viniter,  O.Fr. 
vinetier,  from  L.L.  vinitarius,  from  L. 
vinum,  wine.  Vintage.]  One  who  deals 
in  wine;  a  wine-seller;  a  licensed  victual- 
ler; a  tavemer.— Vintnery,  vint'n6r-i,  n. 
The  trade  or  occupation  of  a  vintner. — 
Vintry,  vin'tri,  n.  A  place  where  wine  is 
stored  or  sold. 

Viol,  vi'ol, ».  [Fr.  viole.  It.  viola,  Pr.  viola, 
viida,  L.L.  vidula,  a  viol,  from  L.  vituXari, 
to  celebrate  a  festival  (probably  by  killing 
a  calf— w^M^t/g.a calf ).]  An  ancient  stringed 
musical  instrument  of  much  the  same 
form  as  the  violin. — Viqla,  vi'o-la,  ri»  [It.] 
A  large  kind  of  violin,  to  which  the  part 
between  tlie  second  violin  and  the  bass  is 
generally  assigned.  —  Violist,  vi'ol-ist,  n. 
A  player  on  the  viol  or  viola. 

Viola,  vi'o-la,  n.  [L.l  The  violet,  an  ex- 
tensive genus  of  plants. — Violaceous,  -vi-o- 
la'shus,  a.  [L.  violaceus.]  Pertaining  to 
the  violet  family;  resembling  the  violet 
in  colour.  —  Violascent,  vi-o-las'sent,  a. 
Approaching  a  violet  in  colour. 

Violable.    Under  Violate. 

Violate,  -vi'o-lat,  v.t— violated,  violating. 
fL.  violo,  violatum,  to  violate;  akin  to  vis, 
force.]  To  treat  roughly  and  injuriously; 
to  do  injur.y  to;  to  outrage;  to  break  in 
upon;  to  disturb;  to  desecrate;  to  treat 
with  irreverence;  to  profane  or  profanely 
meddle  with;  to  infringe:  to  sin  against; 
to  transgress;  to  ravish;  to  commit  rape 
on.  —  Violable,  -vi'o-la-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  violated.— Violation,  vi-o-la'shon,  n. 
The  act  of  violating;  desecration;  profpn- 
ation;  infringement;  transgression.— Vio- 
lator,^ vi'6-ia-t6r,  n.  One  who  violates;  one 
who  infringes  or  transgresses;  one  who 
profanes  or  a  esecrates.- Violence,vi'o-lens, 
re.  [L..  violentia,  from  violentus,  violent.] 
The  quality  of  oeing  violent;  vehemence; 
intensity  of  action  or  motion;  highly  ex- 
cited feeling;  impetuosity;  injury  done  to 
anything  which  is  entitled  to  respect  or 
reverence;  profanation;  violation:  unjust 
force;  outrage;  attack;  assault.  —Violent, 
vi'o-lent,  a.  [L.  violentus,  violent;  akin 
violate.']  Characterized  by  the  exertion  of 
force  accompartied  by  rapidity;  impetuous; 
furious;  effected  by  violence;  not  coming 
by  natural  means  (a  violent  death);  acting 
or  produced  by  unlawful,  unjust,  or  im- 
proper force;  unreasonably  vehement;  pas- 
bioiiatt;  severe;  ei:tieine;  sharp  i^r  accte 
Iviolent  pains).  —  Violently,  vi'O-lent-li, 


adv.  In  a  violent  manner;  by  violence; 
forcibly;  vehemently. 

Violet,  vi'o-let,  n.  [Fr.  violet,  violette,  from 
viole,  L.  v'ola,  a  violet;  allied  to  Gr. 
(v)ion,  a  violet.]  The  common  name  of 
a  genus  of  plants  that  includes  the  pansy 
and  other  well-known  species.  —  Violet 
powder,  starch  reduced  to  a  very  fine  pow- 
der, and  perfumed,  used  for  nursery  and 
other  purposes.  • 

Violin,  vi'o-lin,  n.  [It.  violino,  a  dim.  of 
viola.  Viol.]  A  well-known  musical  in- 
strument of  wood,  having  four  catgut 
strings  stretched  by  means  of  a  bridge 
over  a  hollow  body,  and  played  with  a 
bow;  a  fiddle.— Violinist,  vi'o-lin-ist,  n.  A 
person  skilled  in  playing  on  a  violin. 

Violoncello,  vi'o-lon-sel"lD  or  ve'o-lon-chel"- 
lo,  n.  [It.,  a  dim.  of  violone,  which  is  an 
augmentative  of  viola,  a  viol.  Viui,.]  A 
powerful  and  expressive  bow  instrument 
of  the  violin  kind,  held^by  the  performer 
between  the  knees,  and  ^filling  a  place  be- 
tween the  violin  and  double-bass.— Vio- 
loncellist, vi'o-lon-sel"i8t  or  ve'6-lon-chel"- 
ist,  n.    A  i^erformer  on  the"  violoncello. 

Viper,  vi'pfer,  n.  [Fr.  vipire,  from  L.  vipera, 
from  vivus,  alive,  and  pario,  to  bring  forth, 
as  bringing  forth  its  young  alive.]  A  name 
of  certain  poisonous  serpents,  one  of  them 
the  common  viper  or  acider  found  in  Brit- 
ain; a  mischievous  or  malignant  person. — 
Viperine,  vi'p6r-in.  a.  [li.  viperinus.]  Per- 
taining to  a  viper  or  to  vipers.— Viperish, 
vi'p,6r-i8h,  a.  Inclining  to  the  character 
of  a  viper.— Viperous,  vi'per-us,  a.  Having 
the  qualities  of  a  viper;  malignant;  veno- 
mous. 

Virago,  vi-ra'g5,  n.  [L.,  a  heroic  maiden, 
a  heroine,  a  female  warrior,'  from  vir,  a 
man.  Virile.]  A  manlike  woman;  a  bold, 
impudent.turbulent  woman;  a  termagant. 

Virescent,  vi-res'sent,  a.  [li.  virescens, 
virescentis,  ppr.  of  viresco,  to  grow  green, 
incept.verb  from  t>i7'eo,to  be  green.]  Slight- 
ly green;  beginning  to  be  green. 

Virgate,  vfer'gat,  a.  [From  L.  virga,  a  rod.] 
Having  the  shape  of  a  rod  or  wand.— n. 
IJj.virga,  a  rod, in  L.L.  ameasureof  land, 
like  rod,  pole,  or  perch.]    A  yard-land. 

Virglllan,  vfer-jil'i-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Virgil,  the  Roman  poet;  resembUng  the 
style  of  Virgil. 

Virgin,  vfir'jin,  re.  fO.Fr.  virgine,  L.  virgo, 
virginis,  a  virgin,  from  same  root  as  virga, 
a  rod  or  twig,   Gr.  orga6,  to  swell.]   A 

■  woman  who  has  had  no  carnal  knowledge 
of  man;  a  maiden  of  inviolate  chastity;  a 
man  who  has  preserved  his  chastity;  the 
sign  or  the  constellation  Virgo.— a.'  Per- 
taining to  a  virgin;  maiclenly;  modest; 
chaste;  untouched;  fresh;  unsullied. — 
Virginal,  vtr'jin-al,  re.  [Fr.  virginal,  from 
being  commonly  played  by  young  ladies 
or  virgins.]  An  obsolete  keyed  musical 
instrument  resembling .  the  spinet.  — 
Virginity,  vfer-jin'i-ti,  n.  [L.  virgixdtas.] 
The  state  of  being  a  virgin;  perfect  chas- 
tity .—Virgin's-bower,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
Clematis  genus. — Virgo,  vfr'go,  n.  One  of 
the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac,  which  tlie 
sun  enters  about  the  22d  of  August. 

Viridity,  -vi-rid'i-ti,  re.  [L.  viridiias,  fi«m 
viridis,  green.  Verdant.]  Greenness;'ver- 
dure. 

Virile,  virll  or  ■vir'il,  a.  [Fr.  viril,  frorn  L. 
virilis,  from  vir,  a  man;  cog.  A.  Sax.  toer, 
Icel.  verr,  a  man;  Gr,  hSrOs,  a  hero;.'Skr. 
vlra,  a  hero.  From  L.  vir  comes  also  vir- 
tus,,'E.  virtue.]  Pert.iining  to  a  man  as 
opposed  to  a  woman:  masculine;  notjjuer- 
ile  or  feminine.— Virility,  vi-ril'i-ti,  )l.  (Fr. 
viriliti,  L.  virilitas.]  Manhood;  tlie  pQwer 
•of  procreation;  masculine  conduct 'or 
action.  '  ■ 

Vlrose,  vi'ros,'  a.  [L.  virosus,  from  virus, 
poison.]  Poisonous;  bot.  emitting  a  f6tid 
odour. 

Virtu,  ver-t6',  re.  [It:  virtii.]  Same  as  Vertn. 

Virtue,  ver'tQ,  re.  [Fr.  vertu,  virtue,  good- 
ness, power,  efficacy,  from  L.  virtus,  virlu- 
tis,  properly  manliness,  bravery,  hence 
worth,  excellence,  virtue,  from  vir,  a  map, 
Virile.]  Moral  goo4nfess;  uprightness; 
morality:  the  opposite  of  vice;  a  particular 
moral  excellence  (the  virtup.  of  tempoi- 
ance);  specifically, female  purity;  chastHv; 
any  good  quality,  merit,  or  accomplisn- 


ytite,fii,ta.t,i9,lli     me,  met,  hto;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve}     tQbe,  tub,  b^iU^     oiI,>oand;     ti,  Sc.  abim»— the  Fr,  «, 


VIRTUOSO 


767 


VITRIOL 


ment;  an  inherent  power  or  property  (the 
medicinal  virtues  of  plants^;  efficacy;  ac- 
tive, efficacious  power. — By  virtue  of,  in 
virtve  of,  hj'  or  through  the  efficacy  or 
authority  of.  —  Cardinal  virtues.  Car- 
Di:«AL. — Theological  virtxtes,  the  three  vir- 
tues, Faith,  Hope,  and  Charity.— Virtual, 
ver'tQ-al,  o.  IFr,  virtual.]  Being  in  essence 
or  effect,  not  in  fact;  notactual  but  equiva- 
lent, so  far  as  result  is  concerned  {a,virtual 
denial  of  a  statement).— Virtually,  ver'tu- 
al-li,  adv.  In  a  virtual  manner;  in  efficacy 
or  effect  if  not  in  actuality.  —  Virtue- 
less,  vfer'ttl-les,  a.  Destitute  of  virtue.— 
Virtuous,  vfer'ta-us,  a.  Imbued  with  or 
proceeding  from  virtue;  morally  good; 
practising  the  moral  duties  and  abstaining 
from  vice;  Often  specifically,  chaste;  ptfre: 
applied  to  women.  —  Virtuously,  v6r'tu- 
us-\i,adv.    In  a  viHuous  manner. 

Virtuoso,  v6r-tu-o'so,  n.'  pi.  Virtuosi,  v6r- 
ta-o'sl.  [It.  Vertjj.]  One  skilled  in  or 
having  a  taste /or  artistic  excellence;  one 
skilled  in  antiquities,  curiosities,  ana  the 
like. 

Virulent,  vir'a-lent,  a.  [Fr.  virident,  from 
h.  virulentus,  poisonous,  froiri-  virus,  poi- 
son. Virus.  J  Extremely  poisonous  or 
venomous;  very  actively  injurious  to  life; 
very  noxious  or  baneful;  very  bitter  in 
enmity;  malignant.  —  Virulently,  vir'u- 
lent-li,  adv.  With  malignant  activity; 
with  bitter  spite.— Virulence,  vir'a-lens, 
n.  [Fr.  virulence,  L.  virule^ttia.}  The  qua- 
lity of  being  virulent;  intensity  of  destruc- 
tive  quality;  acrimony  of  temper;  rancour 
or  n^alignity. 

Virus,  vi'rus,  n.  [L,,  poison;  allied  to  Gr. 
ios {for vios,  visas),  S&r.visha,  Ir.^, poison.] 
Contagious  poisonous  matter,  as  oi  small- 
pox, cholera,  hydrophobia,  Ac;  fig.  ex- 
treme acrimony  or  bitterness;  malignity. 

Vis,  vis,  n.  [1/.,  pi.  vires.]  Force;  power; 
energy.—  Vis  inertioe,  lit.  force  of  inertia. 
Inertia.  —  Vis  vwrtua  (mor'tQ-a),  dead 
force;  force  doing  no  work,  but  merely 
producing  pressure. —  Vis  viva  (vi'va),  liv- 
ing force,  the  force  of  a  body  moving 
against  resistance,  or  doing  work. 

Visage,  viz'aj,  n.  [Fr.  visage,  from  Ij.  visiia, 
alook,fromL.wtieo,OT8Mm,  tosee.  Vision.] 
The  face,  countenance,  or  look  of  a  person 
or  of  other  animal :  chiefly  applied  to 
human  beings.— Visaged,  viz'ftjd,  a.  Hav- 
ing a  visage  of  such  or  such  kind. 

Visard,  viz'ard,  n.    A  mask.    Visor. 

Vis-^-vIs,  ve-zii-vs,  adv.  [Fr.,  lit.  face  to 
face,  from  O.Fr.  vis,  a  visage,  L.  visus,  a 
look.  VisAOE.J .  In  a  position  facing  each 
other;  standing  or  sitting  face  to  face. — 
n.  One  who  is  face  to  face  with  another; 
one  person  who  faces  another  in  certain 
dances;  a  light  town  carriage  for  two  per- 
sons, who  are  seated  facing  each  other. 

Viscera,  vis'e-ra,  n.  pi.  [L.  viscera,  p\.  of 
viscus,  viseeris;  akin  to  viscid.]  The  en-, 
trails;  the  bowels.  —  Visceral,  vis'e-ral,  a)* 
Pertaining  to  the  viscera.— Vliwerate,  vis'- 
e-rat,  v.t.  To  deprive  of  tlie  entrails  or 
viscera;  to  eviscerate. 

Viscid,  vis'sid,  a.  [L.lj.  viscidua,  clammy, 
from  li.  viscum,  the  mistletoe,  bird-lime.j 
Sticking  or  adhering,  and  having  a  ropy 
or  glutinous  consistency;  semi-fluid  and 
sticky.— Viscidity,  vis-sid'i-ti,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  viscid;  glutinousness; 
stickiness.- Viscosity,  vis-kos'i-ti,  n.  The 
quijlity  of  being  viscous;  stickiness;  glu- 
tinousness; viscidity.— Viscous,  vis'kus,  a. 
[L.  viscosus.]  Glutinous;  sticky;  adhesive; 
tenacious. 

Viscount,  viltount,  n.  [Lit.  a  vice-count; 
0;E.  viconte,  O.Fr.  viceconte,  viscomte,  Fr. 
vicomte.  Vice,  Cockt.]  A  degree  or  title 
of  nobility  next  in  rank  to  an  earl,  and 
above  that  of  baron.  —  Viscountess,  vi'- 
kount-es,  n.  The  wife  of  a  viscount,  or  a 
lady  having  equal  rank.  —  Viscountship, 
Viscounty,  vi'kount-shipj  vi'koun-ti,  n. 
The  quality  or  rank  of  a  yiseount. 

Viscous.    Under  Viscid. 

Viscus,  vis'kus,  n.  [L.  See  Viscera.]  One 
of  the  viscera ;  one  of  the  organs  (as  the 
heart,  liver,  &c.)  contained  in  the  larger 
cavities  of  the  body. 

Vis6,  v5-za,  n.  [Fr.  visi,  pp.  of  viser,  to  put 
a  vis6  to,  from  L.  visus,  seen,  video,  visum, 
to  see.    Vision.]    An  indorsatioji  made 


upon  a  passport,  denoting  that  it  has 
been  examined  and  found  correct. 

Vishnu,  vish'no,  n.  [Skr.  Vishnu,  from  vish, 
to  pervade.]  The  Ilindu  deity,  called  '  the 
Preserver,'  who,  with  Brahma  and  Siva, 

'  forms  the  trimurti,  or  trinity. 

VMble,  viz'i-bl,  a.  [L.  visifriUa.from  video, 
visum,  to  see.  Vision.]  Perceivable  by  the 
eye;  capable  of  being  seen;  in  view;  ap- 
parent.—  Visible  church,  the  whole  body 
Of  professed  believers  in  Christ  on  earth. 
—  Visible  speech,  a  system  of  alphabetical 
characters  designed  to  represent  every  pos- 
sible articulate  utterance  of  the  organs  of 
speech,  each  organ  and  every  mode  of  ac- 
tion having  its  appropriate  and  suggestive 
symbol.- Visibility,  Visibleness,  viz-i-bil- 
i-ti,  viz'i-bl-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
beinp  visible.— Visibly,  viz'i-bli,  adv.  Per- 
ceptibly to  the  eye;  manifestly;  obviously. 

Visier,  vi-zer".    Vizier. 

Visigoth,  viz'i-goth,  n.  One  of  the  Western 
Goths,  as  distinguished  from  the  Ostro- 
goths,or  Eastern  Goths.  Gotu,  Ostrogoth. 
— Visigothic,  viz-i-goth'ik,  a.  Pertaining 
to  tlfe  Visigoths. 

Vision,  vizh'on,  n.  [Fr.  vision,  from  L.  vi- 
sio,  visionis,  from  video,  visum,  to  see,  from 
root  seen'  also  in  Gr.  (v)idein,  to  see 
{v)oida,  I  know;  Skr.  vid,  to  know;  E.  wit, 
wot.  The  Latin  verb  is"  seen  also  in  visual, 
visible,  visit,  visage,  vista,  advise,  evident, 
provide,  <Pr.  tiwe,  E.  yi«w,  &c.]  The  act  or 
faculty  of  seeing;  the  power  or  faculty  by 
which  we  perceive  the  forms  and  colours 
of  objects;  sight;  that  which  is  seen;  an 
object  of'sight;  something  supposed  to  be 
seen  otherwise  than  by  the  ordinary  or- 
gans of  sight;  something  seen  in  a  dream, 
trance,  or  the  like;  an  apparition;  a  phan- 
tom; a  mere  creation  of  fancy;  fanciful 
view. — Visional,  vizh'on-al,  a.  Pertaininfc 
to  a  vision.  —  Vlsionariness,  vizh'on-a-n- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  visionary.— 
Visionary ,vizh'on-a-ri,  a.  [Fr.  visionnaire.] 
Apt  to  behold  visions  of  the  imagination: 
given  to  indulging  in  day-dreams,  fanciful 
theories,  or  the  like;  not  real;  having  no 
solid  foundation;  imaginary.— ».  One  who 
sees  visions  or  unreal  sights;  one  who 
forms  impracticable  schemes. 

Visit,  viz'it,  v.t.    [Fr.  visiter,  from  L.  visi- 

'  tare,  a  freq.  from  tnso,  to  go  to  see,  from 
video,  visum,  to  see.  Vision.]  To  go  or 
come  to  see  (a  person  or  thing):  to  make  a 
call  upon;  to  proceed  to  in  order  to  view; 
to  come  or  go  to  generally;  to  afflict;  to 
overtake  or  come  upon:  said  egi)ecially  of 
diseases  or  calamities;  to  send  a  judgment 
upon;  to  inflict  punishment  for.— ».i.  To 
practise  going  to  see  others;  to  make  calls. 
— ».  The  act  of  visiting;  a  going  to  soe  a 
person,  place,  or  thing ;  a  short  stay  of 
friendship,  ceremony,  business,  curiosity, 
&c.;  a  call.  —  Visitoui,  viz'i-tant,  n.  One 
who  visits;  a  visitor.— Visitation,  viz-i-ta'- 
shon,  n.  [L.  visitatio.]  A  visitt;  a  formal 
or  judicial  visit  by  a  superior,  superinten- 
ding officer,  &c.;  a  special  dispensation  or 
judgment  from  heaven;  communication 
of  divine  favourer  goodness,  more  usually 
of  divine  indignationand  retribution. — 
Visitatorial,  viz'i-ta-to"ri-al,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  a.  judicial  visitor  or  visitation.— 
Visiter,  Visitor,  viz'i-ttr,  viz'i-tor,  ».  One 
who  visits;  a  caller;  a  guest.  —  Visiting, 
viz'it-ing,  a.  Pertaining  to  visits;  autho- 
rized to  visit  and  inspect. — n.  The  act  or 
practise  of  paying  visits  or  making  calls; 
prompting;  influence  (Shak.).  —  Visiting- 
card,  n.  A  small  card  bearing  one's  name, 
&c.,  to  be  left  in  making  calls  or  paying 
visits. 

Visor,  Vizor,  viz'or,  n.  [Fr.  visUre,  a  visor, 
from  O.Fr.  vis,  the  face  or  visage.  Visage.] 
A  mask  used  to  conceal  the  face  or  dis- 
guise the  wearer;  the  movable  face-guard 
of  a  helmet.— Visored,  viz'ord,  o.  Wearing 
a  visor. 

Vista,  vis'ta,  m.  [It.,  sight,  view,  from  L. 
video,  visum,  to  see.  vision.]  A  view  or 
prospect  through  an  avenue,  as  between 
rows  of  trees;  the  trees  that  form  the 
avenue. 

Visual,  vizh'a-al,  a.  [Fr.  visuel,  L.L.  visu- 
aHs,  from  L.OT8WS,  sight.  Vision.]  Pertain- 
ing to  sight;  used  in  sight;  serving  as  the 
instrument  of  seeing.— Vistwii  angle,  the 


angle  formed  at  the  eye  by  tl-io  rays  of 
light  from  the  extremities  of  the  object. 
—  Visual  rays,  rays  of  light  from  the  ob- 
ject to  the  eye.  —  Visuality,  vizh-a-al'i-ti, 
n.    The  quality  of  being  visual. 

VltaL  vi'tal,  a.  [Fr.  vital,  from  L.  vitaKi;, 
vital,  pertaining  to  life,  from  vita  (for 
vivita),  life,  from  stem  of  mvus,  livi;js;, 
vivo,  victum,  to  live  (whence  also  vioiJ, 
vivacity,  victual,  viand,  &c.);  from  a  rooj 
seen  also  in  E.  quick.]  Pertaining  to  liT:, 
either  animal  or  vegetable;  contribulin  ; 
to  life;  necessary  to  life;  being  the  seat  c ; 
life ;  being  that  on  which  life  depend,,  i  •- 
vital  "part);  hence,  absolutely  necessar;  ; 
essential;  indispensable. —  Vital  functi'jK  \ 
those  functions  on  which  life  immediate  y 
depends,  as  the  circulation  of  the  blood .  rr  - 
Bpiration,  digestion,  &c.— Vitality,  vi-tal'.- 
ti,  n.  The  state  of  showing  vital  powers ; 
the  principle  of  life;  animation;  mani- 
festation of  life  or  of  a  capacity  for  lasting . 
— Vitalf^ation,  vi'tal-i-za"8hon,  n.  The  aci; 
of  vitalizing.  —  Vitalize,  vi'tal-iz,  v.t. — 
vitalized,  vitalizing.  To  give  life  to;  to 
furnish  with  the  vital  principle.— Vitally, 
vi'tal-li,  adv.  In  a  vital  manner;  esseu- 
tially  (vitally  importaVit). — Vitals,  vi'talz, 
n.  pi.  Internal  parts  or  organs  of  animal 
bodies  essential  to  life;  the  part  of  a  com- 
plex whole  essential  to  its  life,  existesce, 
or  to  a  sound  state. 

Vitellus,  vi-tel'us,  n.  [L.,  the  yolk  of  an 
egg-J  The  yolk  of  an  eigg;.  a  mpmbrane 
inclosing  the  embryo  in  some  plants.— 
Vitelline,  vi-tel '  lin.  n.  A  substance  con- 
sisting of  casein  ana  albumen  in  the  yolk 
of  birds'  eggs. 

Vitiate,  vish'i-at,  v.t.  —  vitiated,  vitiating. 
[L.  vitio,  vitiatum,  from  vitium,,  a  fault, 
vice.  Vice.]  To  render  faulty  or  imper- 
fect: to  injure  the  quality  or  substance 
of;  £o  impair;  to  spoil;  to  render  invalid 
or  of  no  effect;  to  invalidate.— Vitiation, 
vish-i-a'shon,  n.    The  act  of  vitiating. 

Viticulture,  vit'i-kul-tiir,  n.  [L.  vitis,  a 
vine,  and  ctiltura,  culture.]  The  culture 
or  cultivation  of  the  vine. 

Vitreous,  vit're-us,  a.  [L.  vUreus,  \tiotn 
vitrum,  glass ;  same  root  as  video,  to  see. 
Vision.]  Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from 
glass;  consisting  of  glass;  resembling  glass 
(the  vitreous  humour  of  the  eye,  a  trans- 
parent gelatinous  fluid  occupying  the  pos- 
terior of  the  globe). —  Vitreous  electricity, 
that  produced  by  rubbing  glass,  as  distin- 
guished from  resinous  electricity.— Yitre- 
ousness,  vit're-us-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing vitreous. — Vitrescence,  vi-tres'sens,  n. 

'  The  quality  of  being  vitrescent.  —  Vitres- 
cent,  vi-tres'sent,  a.  Turning  into  glass ; 
tending  to  become  glass. — Vitresoible,  vi- 
tres'si-Dl,  a.  Capable  of  being  vitrified.— 
Vitrio.vit'rik,  a.  Of  a  glassy  nature.— Vitri- 
faction,  Vitrification,  vit-ri-fak'shon,  vit- 
rif'i-ka"shon,  n.  The  process  or  operation 
of  vitrifyinjj.— Vitrifacture,  vit'ri-fak-tor, 
n.  The  manufacture  of  glass. — Vitrifiable, 
•vit'ri-fi-a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  vitrified. 
— Vitrified,  vit'ri-fid,  p.  and  a.  Converted 
into  glass. —  Vitrified  forts,  a  class  of  pre- 
historic hill  fortresses,  the  walls  of  which 
are  wholly  or  partially  vitrified  or  trans- 
formed into  a  kind  of  glass.— Vitriform, 
vit'ri-form,  a.  Having  the  form  or  resem-. 
blance  of  glass.  —  Vitrify,  vit'ri-fi,  v.t. — 
vitrified,  vitrifying.  [L.  vitTnim,  and  fado, 
to  make.]  To  convert  into  glass  by  fusion 
or  the  action  of  heat.  —  v.i.  To  become 
glass;  to  be  converted  into  glMS. 

Vitriol;  vit'ri-ol,  n.  [Fr.  vUriol,  L.L.  vitri- 
olum,  vitriol,  from  L.  vitrum,  glass.  Vi  tre- 
ous.]  The  common  name  of  sulphuric 
acid  and  of  many  of  its  compounds,  which, 
in  certain  states,  have  a  glassy  appear- 
ance.—  Blue  vitriol  or  copper  vitriol,  sul- 
phate of  copper.— Green  vitriol,  coppera.8. 
— Lead  mtriol,  sulphate  of  lead. — Oil  of 
vitriol,  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. — Red, 
vitriol,  a  sulphate  of  cobalt;  also,  red  sul- 
phate of  iron. —  White  vitriol,  sulphate  of 
zinc.  —  Vitriolate,  Vitriolize,  vit'ri-o-lftt, 
vit'ri-ol-iz,  v.t.  To  convert  into  a  vitriol. 
— Vitriolation,  Vitriolization,  vit'ri-o-la"- 
shon,  vit'ri-ol-i-za"Bhon,  n.  The  act  of  con- 
version into  a  vitriol.  —  Vitriolic,  vit-ri- 
ol'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  vitriol;  having  the 
qualities  of  vitriol. 


ch,  cAain.      cAt  Sc.  locA;     g.  (ro;     },job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sinfr;     vh,  (/ten;  th,  (Ain;     w,  loig;     wh,  uAig;     tb,  acure, 


VITTA 


758 


VOLLEY 


Vltta,  vit'a,  n.  »1.  Vlttse,  •nt'e.  [L.j  A  head- 
band, fillet,  or  garland;  oot.  a  name  given 
to  the  receptacles  of  oil 'in  the  fruits  of 
umbelliferous  plants,  as  anise,  fennel, 
caraway,  &c. — Vittate,  vit'at,  a.  Filleted; 
hot.  striped  lengthwise. 

Vituline,  vit'u-lin,  a.  [L.  vittdinua,  from 
vitulvs,  a  calf.  Veal.]  Belonging  to  a  calf 
or  to  veal. 

Vituperate,  vi-ta'pe-rat,  v.t.  —  vituperated, 
vituperating.  IPr.  vituperer,  from  li.  vitu- 
pero,  vituperatvtrir—vitium,  a  vice,  a  fault, 
and  paro,  to  prepare.  Vice,  -Pare.]  To 
blame  with  abusive  language;  to  abuse;  to 
rate;  to  objurgate.— Vituper able,  vi-tQ  pe- 
ra-bl,  a.  Deserving  vituperation;  censur- 
able. —  Vituperation,  vi-tu'pe-ra"slion,  n. 
[L.  vituperatio.'i  The  act  of  vituperating; 
abuse;  railing.— Vituperative,  vl-tu'pe-ra- 
tiv,  a.  Containing  or  expressing  abusive 
censure;  abusive.— Vltuperatively,  vi-ta'- 
pe-ra-tiv-li,  adv.  With  vituperation;  abu- 
sively. —  Vitupeiator,  vi-ta'pe-rat-6r,  n. 
One  who  vituperates. 

Viva,  ve'va,  inter}.  [It.  Vive.]  An  Italian 
exclamation  of  alpplause  or  joy,  corre- 
sponding to  the  French  vive,  long  live. 

Vivace,  ve-va'cha,  a.  or  ada.  [  It.  ]  Mua. 
vivacious;  brisk;  in  a  btisk,  lively  manner. 

Vivacious,  vi-va'shus,  a.  [li.  vivax,  vivacis, 
from  vivus,  alive.  Vital.]  Lively;  active; 
sprightly  in  temper  or  conduct ;  proceed- 
ing from  or  characterized  by'sprightliness. 
—  Vivaciously,  vi-va'shus-li,  adv.  With 
vivacity,  life,  or  spirit.  —  Vivaciousness, 
vi-va'shus-nes,  n.  Vivacity;  liveliness.— 
Vivafity,  vi-vas'i-ti,  n.  [L.  vivaeitas.} 
Live^ness  of  manner  or  character;  spright- 
lines's  of  temper  or  behaviour;  animation; 
briskness;  cheerfulness;  spirit. 

Vivandlfere,  ve-van-d5-ar,  n.  [Fr.  Viand.] 
A  female  attached  to  French  and  other 
continental  regiments,  who  sells  provisions 
and  liquor. 

Vivarium,  vi-va'ri-Um,  n.  pi.  Vivaria,  vi-va'- 
ri-a.  [L.,  from  triwtts,  alive.  Vital.]  A  place 
artificially  prepared  for  keeping  animals 
alive,  in  as  nearly  as  possible  their  na- 
tural state. 

Viva  voce,  vi'va  vS'se,  adv.  [I/.,  by  the 
living  voice.]  By  word  of  mouth ;  orally; 
sometimes, used  adjectively  (a  viva  voce 
examination). 

Vive,  v5v,  intei-j.  [Fr.,  from  irivre,  L.  vivere, 
to  live.  Vital.]  Long  live;  success  to  {vive 
le  roi,  long  live  the  king). 

Vivid,  viv'id,  o.  [L.  vividus,  from  vivws, 
alive.  V/tal.]  Exhibiting  the  appearanc.e 
of  life  or  freshness ;  bright;  clear;  lively; 
fresh  {vivid  colours);  forming  brilliant 
images  or  painting  in  lively  colours;  rea- 
listic—Vividly,  viv'id-li,  adv.  In  a  vivid 
or  lively  manner ;  with  strength  or  inten- 
sity; in  bright  or  glowing  colours;  with 
animated  exhibition  to  the  mind. — Vivid- 
ness, Vivldity,viv'id-ne8,vl-vid'i-ti,n.  The 
quality  of  being  vivid;  liveliness;  bright- 
ness. 

Vivify,  viv'i-fi,  v.t.—vimtled,  vivifying.  [Fr. 
vivijier,  L.  vivificare  —  vivus,  alive,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  To  endue  with  Ufe;  to 
animate ;  to  make  to  be  living. — v  i.  To 
impart  life  or  animation.  — Vivific.t  Vivi- 
fi.cal,t  vi-vif'ik,  vi-vif'i-kal,  a.  [L.  vimfiau.'] 
Giving  life;  reviving;  enlivening;  vivify- 
ing.—  Vlviflcation,t  viv'i-fi-kfi"8hon,  n. 
The  act  of  vivifying. 

Viviparous,  vi-vip'a-rus,  a.  [L.  vivus,  alive, 
and  pario,  to  bear.]  Producing  young  in 
a  living  state,  as  distinguished  from  ovi- 
parous, producing  eggs.  —  Vivlparonsly, 
vi-vip'a-rus-li,  adv.  In  a  viviparous  man- 
ner. —  Viviparity,  Viviparonsness,  viv-i- 
par'i-ti,  vi-vip'a-rus-nes,  n.  State  or  char- 
acter of  being  viviparous. 

Vivisection,  viv-i-sek'shon,  n.  [Prom  L. 
vivus,  alive,  and  sectio,  seclionis,  a  cutting.] 
The  dissection  of,  or  otherwise  experimen- 
ting on,  a  living  animal,  for  the  purpose 
of  ascertaining  or  demonstrating  some 
fact  in  physiology  or  pathology.  —  Vlvl- 
sector,  viv'i-sek-tftr,  n.  One  who  practises 
vivisection. 

Vixen,  vik'sen,  n.  [A.  Sax.  fixen,  fyxen,  a 
she-fox,  fe^jp.  of  fox  (with  change  of  /  to  »): 
comp.  G.  fuchsinn,  a  she-fox,/«cA«,  a  fox.] 
A  she-fox ;  a  froward.  turbulent,  quarrel- 
some woman ;  a  scold ;  a  termagant.  — 


Vixenish,  vik'sen-ish,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
vixen.  —  Vixenly,  vik'sen-U,  a.  Ilaving 
the  qualities  of  a  vixen. 

Viz.  A  contraction  of  L.  videlicet,  mean- 
ing namely,  to  wit,  and  read  as  so. 

Viaer,  viz'i-fer  or  vi-z5r',  n.  [Fr.  vizir,  from 
Ar.  wazir,  a  vizier,  lit.  a  bearer  of  burdens, 
a  porter,  from  wazara,  to  bear  a  burden.] 
The  title  of  high  political  ofiScers  in  the 
Turkish  Empire  and  other  Mohammedan 
states;  a  minister  of  state. — Grand  vizier, 
the  president  of  the  divan;  the  prime 
minister.— Vizierate,viz'i-6r-at  or  vi-zSr'at, 
«.  The  office,  state,  or  authority  of  a  vizier. 
— VizieriaJ,  vi-ze'n-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
vizier. 

Vizor,  Tiz'or,  n.    Visor. 

Vocable,  vo'ka-bl,  n.  [L.  vocabuhim,  from 
voco,  to  call.  Voice.]  A  word;  a  term ;  a 
■word  without  regard  to  its  meaning. — 
Vocabulary,  vo-kab'a-la-ri,  n.  [Fr.  vocabu- 
laire,  from  L.  vocabulum.]  A  list  or  col- 
lection of  words  arranged  in  alphabetical 
order  and  briefly  explained;  a  word-book; 
suin  or  stock  of  words  employed;  range  of 
language  (a  limited  vocabulary). 

Vocal,  voTcal,  a.  [L.  vocalis,  from  vox,  voice. 
Voice.]  Pertaining  to  the  voice  or  speech; 
uttered  or  modulated  by  the  voice;  en- 
dowed or  as  if  endowed  with  a  voice; 
phonetics,  voiced  or  sonant:  said  of  certain 
sounds;  having  a  vowel  character.—  Vocal 
chords,  two  elastic  membranous  folds  so 
attached  to  the  cartilages  of  the  larynx 
and  to  muscles  that  they  may  be  stretched 
or  relaxed,  so  as  to  modify  the  sounds  pro- 
duced by  their  vibration.  —  Vocalist,  vo'- 
kal-ist,  n.  A  vocal  musician ;  a  Eineer. — 
Vocality,  Vocalness,  vo-kal'i-ti,  vo'kal-nes, 
n.  The  quality  of  being  vocal. — Vocaliza- 
tion, vo'kal-i-za"shon,  n.  Act  of  vocalizing; 
the  state  of  being  vocalized.  —  Vocalize, 
voTcal-iz,  v.t.  —  vocalized,  vocalizing.  To 
form  into  voice ;  to  make  vocal ;  to  utter 
with  voice  and  not  merely  breath;  to  make 
sonant.— Vocally,  vO'kal-li,  adv.  In  a  vocal 
manner;  with  voice;  verbally. 

Vocation,  vo-ka'shon,  n.  [Fr.  vocation,  from 
L.  vocatio,  from  voco,  vocatum,  to  call. 
Voice.]  A  calling  or  designation  to  a  par- 
ticular state  or  profession;  a  summons;  a 
call;  employment;  calling;  occupation; 
trade.  —  Vocative,  vok'a-tiv,  a.  [L.  voca- 
tivus,  from  voco,  to  call.]  Kelating  to  call- 
ing or  addressing  by  name:  applied  to  the 
grammatical  case  in  which  a  person  or 
thing  is  addressed.- n.  The  vocative  case. 

Vociferate,  vo-sif'6r-at,  v.i.  —  vociferated, 
vociferating.  [L.  vocifero,  vociferatuin — 
vox,  vocis,  the  vojce,  and  fero,  to  bear. 
Voice,  Fertile.]  To  cry  out  with  vehe- 
mence; to  exclaim. — v.t.  To  utter  with  a 
loud  voice  ot  clamorously;  to  shout. — 
Vociferation,  vo-sif '6r-a"shon,  n.  The  act 
of  vociferating;  a  violent  outcryj  clamour; 
exclamation.— Vociferous,  vo-sif'6r-us,  a. 

taking  a  loud  outcry;  clamorous;  noisy. 
— Vociferously,  vo-sif'6r-us-li,  adv.  In  a 
vociferous  manner.  —  Vociferousness,  vo- 
sif'6r-us-nes,  n. 

Vodka,  vod'ka,  n.  An  intoxicating  spirit 
distilled  from  rye,  and  much  used  in 
Russia. 

Voe,  vo,  n.  [IceL  vor,  a  voe.]  An  inlet, 
bay,  or  creek.    [Orkneys  and  Shetland.] 

Vogue,  vog,  ».  [Fr.  vo0ie,  fashion,  lit. 
rowing  of  a  ship,  from  It.  voga,  a  rowing, 
from  G.  ivogen,  to  wave,  akin  E.  wag,  toave.] 
T'le  prevalent  mode  or  fashion;  popular 
repute  or  estimation:  now  almost  exclu- 
sively used  in  the  phrase  in  vogue,  that  is, 
in  fashion,  held  in  esteem  for  the  time 
being. 

Voice,  vois,  n.  [O.E.  voys,  O.Fr.  vois.  Mod. 
Fr.  voix,  from  L.  vox,  vocis,  voice,  a  word, 
from  stem  of  vocare,  to  call  (seen  also  in 
vocation,  vocative,  vocal,  vourel,  advocate, 
convoke,  invoke,  &c.);  allied  to  Skr.  vach,  to 
speak.]  The  sound  uttered  by  the  mouths 
of  living  creatures,  whether  men  or  ani- 
mals; especially,  human  utterance  in 
speaking,  singing,  or  otherwise;  the  somid 
made  when  a  person  speaks  or  sings;  the 
faculty  of  uttering  audible  sounds;  the 
faculty  of  speaking;  language;  a  sound 
produced  by  an  inanimate  object;  sound 
emitted ;  the  right  of  expressing  an  opin- 
ion ;  vote ;  suffrage  (you  have  no  voice  in 


the  matter);  phweiics,  sound  uttered  with 
resonance  of  the  vocal  chords,  and  not  tvith 
a  mere  emission  of  breath;  sonant  utter- 
ance; grain,  a  form  of  verb  inflection 
(active  vcxice,  middle  voice,  passive  voice). — 
Voiced,  voist,  a.  Furnished  with  a  voice; 
j)ftonetics,uttered  with  voice;having  sonant 
utterance. — Voiceful,  vois'ful,  a.  Having 
a  voice;  vocal.— Voiceless,  vois'les,a.  Hav- 
ing no  voice,  utterance,  or  vote. 

Void,  void,  a.  [O.Fr.  voide,  vuide  (Fr.  vide), 
empty,  void,  from  L.  vidutts,  widowed, 
bereaved;  allied  to  E.  viidow.  Hence  also 
avoid,  devoid.^  Empty  or  not  containing 
matter;  having  no  holder  or  possessor; 
vacant;  unoccupied;  devoid;  destitute  (void 
0/ learning);  not  producing  any  eflect;  in- 
efliectual;  in  vain;  having  no  legal  or  bind- 
ing force;  null  (a  deed  not  duly  signed  and 
sealed  is  void). — n.  A  n  empty  space;  a  vacu- 
um.— li.t.  [O.Pr.wtdier,toempty.]  To  make 
or  leave  vacant;  to  quit  or  vacate;  to  emit, 
throw,  or  send  out;  to  evacuate  from  the 
bowels.— Voidable,  voi'da-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  voided. — Voidance,  voi'dans,  n. 
The  act  of  voiding;  ejection  from  a  bene- 
fice; vacancy,  as  of  a  benefice. — Voider, 
voi'd6r,  n.    One  who  voidr,. 

Volant,  vo'lant,  a.  [Fr.  volant,  flying,  from 
voler,  L.  volai'e,  to  fly.]  Flsdng;  nimble; 
rapid;  her.  represented  as  flying. 

Volatile,  vol'a-til,  a.  [Fr.  volaiil,  from  L. 
volatilis,  from  volo,  volatum,  to  fly.]  Hav- 
ing the  quality  of  passing  off  by  Bpon- 
taneoua  evaporation;  diffusing  more  or 
less  freely  in  the  atmosphere;  passing  oft 
insensibly  in  vapour;  of  a  lively,  brisk,  or 
gay  temperament;  fickle;  apt  to  change. — 
Volatility,  Volatileness,  vol-a-til'i-ti,  vol'- 
a-til-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  vola- 
tile; capability  of  evaporating  or  dissip.a- 
ting;  flightiness;  fickleness.  —  Volatiii- 
zaole,  vol'a-til-i-za-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  volatilized.  —  Volatilization,  vol'a- 
til-i-za"shon,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  vol-, 
atilizing. — Volatilize,  vol'a-til-iz,  v.t.— vol- 
atilized, volatilizing.  [Fr.  volatiliser.]  To 
cause  to  exhale  or  evaporate;  to  cause  to 
pass  off  in  vapour  or  invisible  effluvia. 

Volcano,'  vol-ka'no,  n.  pi.  Volcanoes,  vol- 
ka'noz.  [It.  volcano,  vulcano,  Fr.  vtUcan, 
from  L.  Vulcanus,  the  god  of  fire;  cog. 
Skr.  ulka,  fire.]  A  hill  or  mountain  more 
or  less  perfectly  cone-shaped,  with  a  cir- 
cular cup-like  opening  or  basin  (called  a 
crater)  at  its  summit,  from  which  are  sent 
out  clouds  of  vapour,  gases,  showers  of 
ashes,  hot  fragments  of  rocks,  and  streams 
of  lava. — Volcanic,  vol-kan'ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  volcanoes;  changed  or  affected  by 
the  heat  of  a  volcano. —  Volcanic  foci,  sub- 
terranean centres  of  igneous  action,  from 
which  minor  exhibitions  diverge.  —  Vol- 
canic glass,  obsidian.  —  Volcanic  rocks, 
rocks  which  have  been  formed  by  volcanic 
agency.— Volcanicity,  Volcanism,  vol-ka- 
nis'i-ti,  vol'kan-izm,  n.  '  State  of  being 
volcanic;  volcanic  power.— Volcanist,  vol'- 
kan-ist,  n.  One  versed  in  volcanoes;  a 
vulcanist.— Volcanite,  vol'kan-it,  n.  Same 
as  .<4«pi<e.— Volcanizatlon,  vol'kan-i-za"- 
shon,  n.  The  process  of  volcanizing.  — 
Volcanize,  volTcan-iz,  v.t. — volcanized,  vol- 
canizing. To  subject  to  volcanic  heat  and 
modify  by  its  action. 

Vole,  vol,  n.  [Fr.,  from  voler,  to  fly.]  -A 
deal  at  cards  that  draws  all  the  tricks. 

Vole,  vol,  n.  [Also  called  vole-mouse,  per- 
haps for  wold-mouse.]  A  name  of  several 
rodent  animals,  resembling,  and  in  many 
cases  popularly  bearing  the  names  of  rats 
and  mice,  as  the  short-tailed  field-mouse, 
the  water-rat,  &c.  , 

Volition,  vo-lish'on,  n.  [L.  voliiio,  from 
volo',  to  will;  same  root  as  E.  will.  Vol- 
untary.] The  act  of  willing;  the  exercise 
of  the  will ;  the  power  of  willing;  will.— 
Volitional,  vo-lish'on-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
volition.— Volltive,  vol'i-tiv,  a.  Having 
the  power  to  will;  originating  in  the  will; 
gram,  used  in  expressing  a  wish  or  per- 
mission (a  tioZitiye  proposition). 

Volley,  vol'i,  n.  [Fr.  volee,  a  flight,  from 
voler,  L.  volare,  to  fly.  Volatile.]  A 
flight  of  missiles,  as  of  shot,  arrows,  &c.;  a 
simultaneous  discharge  of  a  number  of 
missile  weapons,  as  small-arms;  a  noisy  or 
explosive  burst  or  emission  of  many  things 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  act,  move;     tabe,  tub,  b^fll;     oil,  pound;     U,  Sc.  abtcnc— the  Fr. «, 


VOLT 


759 


VOYAGE 


at  once.— v.i.—volleyed,  volleyitv).  To  dis- 
charge with  a  volley,  or  as  if  with  a  volley. 
— v.i.  To  be  discharged  at  once  or  with  a 
volley;  to  somid  like  a  volley  of  artillery. 

Volt,  volt,  n.  [Fr.  volte,,  from  L.  volvo,  vo- 
Ivtum,  to  turn.  .  Vault.]  A  bound  or 
spring;  fencing,  a  sudden  movemeut  or 
leap  to  avoid  a  thrust. 

Volt,  Yolt,  n.  [From  Volia,  the  discoverer 
of  voltaism.]  The  unit  of  electro-motive 
force.— Voltaic,  vol-ta'ik,  a.  Pertaiuing 
to  ordinary  current  electricity  or  galvan- 
ism.—  Voltaic  battery,  a  voltaic  apparatus 
for  accumulating  galvanic  electricity. — 
Voltaic  electricity,  galvanism.  —  Voltaio 
vile.  Under  Pile. — Voltaism,  vol'ta-izm.n. 
Voltaic  electricity;  galvanism.— Voltam- 
eter, vol-tam'et-6r,  n.  [  Voltaic,  and  Gr. 
■meti-on,  measure.  J  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  force  of  an  electric  current 
in  terms  of  the  quantjij  of  water  discom- 
posed. 

voltlgeur,  vol'ti-zh6r,  n.  [Fr.,  from  volii- 
ger,  to  vault.]  A  soldier  in  a  select  light- 
infantry  company  in  a  French  regiment. 

Voluble,  vol'a-bl,  a.  [Fr.  voluble,  L.  voltir 
bilis,  revolving,  fluent,  voluble,  from  volvo, 
volutum,  to  roll  (whence  also  vault,voli<'me, 
revolve,  involve,  convolution,  &c.);  cog.  E. 
wallow,  walk.]  Having  a  great  flow  of 
words  or  glibness  of  utterance;  speaking 
with  over  great  fluency;  over  fluent;  bot. 
twisting:  applied  to  stems  which  twist  or 
twine  round  other  bodies. — Volubly,  vol'- 
U-bli,  adv.  In  a  voluble  or  fluent  manner. 
-T- Volubility,  Volubleuess,  vol-u-bil'i-ti, 
vol'a-bl-nes,  n,  [Fr.  volubilitd,  L.  volubili- 
tas.]  The  quality  of  being  voluble  in 
speech;  over  great  fluency  or  readiness  of 
the  tongue;  unchecked  flow  of.  speech. 

Volume,  vol'am,  n.  [Fr.  volume,  from  L. 
volumen,  a  roll,  a  roll  of  manuscript,  a 
book,  from  volvo,  to  roll.  Voloble.]  A 
roll  of  manuscript,  such  as  anciently 
formed  a  book;  a  book;  a  tome;  a  part  or 
portion  of  au  extended  work  that  is  bound 
up  together  in  one  cover;  something  of  a 
convolved,  rounded,  or  swelling  form;  a 
coil;  a  convolution;  a  wreath  {volumes  of 
smoke);  the  cubic  contents  of  a  body; 
mass  or  bulk;  a  quantity  as  having  a  cer- 
tain bulk  (a  volume  of  a  gas);  mus.  quan- 
tity, fulness,  power,  or  strength  of  tone  or 
Bound.  —  Volumed,  yorumd,  a.  Having 
the  form  of  volumes  or  rounded  masses ; 
consisting  of  rolling  masses. — Volumen- 
ometer, vorti-men-om"e-t6r,n.  [L.  volumen, 
a  volume,  and  Gr.  metron,  a  measure.]  An 
instrument  for  measuring  the  volume  of 
a  solid  bodj';*a  stereometer. — Volumetric, 
vol-a-met'rik,  a.  Chem.  pertaining  to  esti- 
mation by  measured  volumes  of  standard 
solutions  of  resLgents.— Volumetric  analy- 
•is,  a  method  of  chemical  analysis  in  which 
the  q^uantity  of  a  substance  present  in  a 
solution  is  estimated  by  the  amount  of  a 
standard  solution  required  to  produce  a 
certain  reaction.— Volxmietrically,  vol-u- 
met'ri-kal-li,  adw.  By  volumetric  analysis. 

VoluminouB,  vo-la'mi-nus,  a.  [Fr.  volumi- 
mux,  from  L.  volumen,  voluminis,  a  vol- 
ume. Volume.]  Consisting  of  many  coils 
or  complications  {Mil.);  of  great  volume; 
bulky;  having  written  much;  producing 
books  that  are  bulky  or  writing  many  of 
them  (a  voluminous  writer).— Voluminous- 
ly, vo-lQ'mi-nus-li,  adv.  In  a  voluminous 
manner.  —  Voluminousness,  vo-lu'mi-nus- 
nes,  n. 

Voluntary,  vol'un-ta-ri,  a.  [L.  volwntarius, 
from  voluntas,  will,  choice,  from  voluns, 
for  volens,  part.  pres.  of  volo,  velle,  to  will 
(whence  volition,  {bene)volence,  {male)vo- 
Unce);  cog.  E.  will.}  Proceeding  from  the 
will;  done  of  one's  own  accord  or  free 
choice;  spontaneous;  not  promjjted  or  sug- 
gested by  another;  of  one's  or  its  own  ac- 
cord or  choice;  subject  to  or  controlled  by 
the  will;  regulated  by  the  .will;  endowed 
with  free-will;  pertaining  to  the  doctrines 
of  the  voluntaries  (a  voluntary  church). — 
n.  A  person  who  maintains  that  churches 
should  be  supported  entirely  by  voluntary 
contributions,  and  should  be  quite  free 
from  connection  with  the  state;  mus.  an 
organ  solo  performed  at  the  beginning, 
during,  or  at  the  end  of  a  church  service.— 
Voluntarily,  vol'un-ta-ri-li,  adv.  In  a  vol- 


untary manner;  spontaneously. — Volun- 
tariness, vorun-ta-ri-nes,-n.  The  charac- 
ter of  being  voluntary;  spcntaneity. — 
Voluntaryism,  vol'un-ta-ri-izm,  »».  The 
pi'inciple  of  supporting  religion  by  volun- 
tary effort  and  association. — Volunteer, 
vol-un-tSr',  n.  [Fr.  volontaire.'i  A  person 
who  eaters  into  any  service  of  his  own  free- 
will; a  person  who  of  his  own  free-will 
offers  the  state  his  services  in  a  military 
caxjacity  without  the  stipulation  of  a  sub- 
stantial reward;  at'erson  belonging  to  one 
of  the  corps  of  rttlemen,  artillery,  engin- 
eers, &c.,  in  Britain,  who  voluntarily 
undergo  a  military  training  for  home  de- 
fence.—y.t.-  To  offer  or  bestow  voluntarily 
or  without  solicitation  or  compulsion. — 
v.i.  To  enter  into  any  service  of  one's  free- 
will. 

Voluptuary,  vo-lup'tn-a-ri,  n.  fL.'  i)olup- 
tu^irius,  from  voluptas,  pleasure,  akin  to 
f  0^0,  to  wish.  Voluntary.]  A  man  wholly 
given  up  to  luxury  or  the  gratification  of 
the  appetite  and  sensual  pleasures;  a 
sensualist.  —  Voluptuous,  vo-lup'tu-us,  a. 
[L.  volupiiMSUs.]  Pertaining  to'sensual 
pleasure ;  gratifying  the  senses;  exciting 
or  tending  to  excite  sensual  desires;  sen- 
sual.—Voluptuously,  vo-lup'ta-us-li,  adv. 
In  a  voluptuous  manner;  luxuriously; 
sensually.— Voluptuousness,  vO-lup'tQ-us- 
nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  vo- 
luptuous. 

Volute,  vo-lat',  n.  [JU.  voluta,  a  volute,  from 
volutus,  pp.  of  volvo,  volutum,  to  roll. 
.Voluble.)  Arch,  a  kind  of  spiral  scroll 
used  in  the  Ionic,  Corinthian,  and  Com- 
posite capitals,  of  which  it  is  a  principal 
ornament. — Voluted,  vo-lut'ed,  a.  Having 
a  volute  or  volutes.— Volution,  vo-lQ'shon, 
n.  A  spiral-  turn;  a  convolution. 
Volva,  vol'va,  n.  .[L.,  a  wrapper.]  Bot.  a 
■wrapper  or  bag  that  envelops  certain  fungi 
>hen  young.    ■ 

Vomer,  vo'mftr,  n.  [L.,  a  ploughshare.] 
Anat.  the  slender  tliin  bone  between  the 
nostrils.— Vomerine,  v6'm6r-in,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  vomer. 
Vomic-nut.  Nux-vomica. 
Vomit,  vom'it,  v.t.  [From  L.  voma,  vomitiim, 
to  vomit;  allied  to  Gr.  emO  (for  vemd),  Skr. 
vam,  to  vomit.]  To  throw  up  or  eject  from 
the  stomach;  to  belch  forth;  to  emit.— 
v.i.  To  eject  the  contents  of  the  stomach 
by  the  mouth;  to  spew.— n.  The  matter 
ejected  from  the  stomach ;  an  emetic. 
— Black  vomit,  dark  coloured  matter  ejec- 
ted from  the.  stomach  in  the  last  stage 
of  yellow  fever ;  hence,  yellow  fever.  — 
Vomiting,  vom'it-ing,  n.  That  which  is 
vomited;  vomit.— Vomftory,  vom'i-to-ri,  n. 
[L.  vomitorius,  causing  vomiting,  tiomi- 
toria,  passages  for  exit  in  a  theatre.]  An 
emetic:  arch,  an  opening  or  door  in  an 
ancient  theatre  and  amphitheatre  which 
gave  ingress  or  egress  to  the  people, 
voracious,  vo-ra'shus, a.  [L.  voraXtVoracis, 
from  voro,  to  devour;  same  roc^  as  Gr. 
bora,  food;  Skr.  gar,  to  swallow.]  Greedy 
for  eating;  eatingfood  in  large  quantities; 
rapacious;  ready  to  devour  or  swallow  up. 
— voraciously,  vo-ra'shus-li,  adv.  In  a 
voracious  manner ;  ravenously.  —  Vora- 
ciousness, Voracity  .vo-ra'shus-nes.vo-ras'i- 
ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being  veracious. 
Vortex,  vor'teks,  n.  pi.  Vortices,  vor'ti-85z, 
or  Vortexes,  vor'tek-sez.  [L.,  from  verto, 
anciently  t)oWo,to  turn.  Verse.]  Awhirling 
or  gyratory  motion  in  any  fluid,  whether 
liquid  or  aeriform;  a  whirlpool  or  a  whirl- 
wind; an  eddy.— Fortex  ring,  a  whirling 
ring  of  aeriform  matter  composed  of  a 
number  of  small  rotating  circles  placed 
side  by  side,  like  beads  on  a  string,  as  the 
singular  smoke-rings  which  are  some- 
times produced  in  smoking  tobacco. — 
Vortical,  Vorticose,  vor'ti-kal,  vor'ti-k5s, 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  vortex;  whirling;  turn- 
ing.-Vertically,  vor'ti-kal-l.i,  adv.  In  a 
vortical  manner;  whirlingly. 
Votary,  yo'ta-ri,  n.  [From  L.  votum,  avow. 
Vote.]  One  devoted,  consecrated,  or  en- 
gaged by  a  vow  or  promise;  a  person  de- 
voted, given,  or  addicted  to  some  par- 
ticular service,  worship,  study,  or  state  of 
life.— Votarist,  vo'ta-rist,  n.  A  votary.— 
Votaress,  vo'ta-res,  n.  A  female  devoted 
.  to  any  service,  worship,  or  state  of  life. 


Vote,  vot,  n.  fFr.  vote,  a  vote,  from  L. 
votum,  a  vow,  wish,  will,  from  voveo,  votwiu, 
tovov,-  (seen  also  in  devote,  devout).  Vow. J 
The  expression  of  a  desire,  preference,  or 
choice  in  regard  to  any  measure  proposed, 
in  which  the  person  voting  has  an  interest 
in  common  with  others;  a  suffrage;  that 
by  which  will  or  preference  is  expressed 
in  elections  or  in  deciding  proposals;  a 
ballot,  a  ticket,  &c.;  a  thing  conferred  oy 
vote;  a  grant.— y.i. — voted,  voting.  To  give 
a  vote;  to  express  or  signify  the  mind, 
will,  or  preference  in  electing  men  to  office 
or  the  like.— y.t.  To  elect  by  some  expres- 
sion of  will;  to  enact,  establish,  or  grant 
by  vote.— Voter,  vo'tfer,  n.  One  who  votes 
or  has  a  legal  right  to  vote;  an  elector. — 
Voting-paper,  n.  A  paper  by  which  a  per- 
son gives  his  vote.— Votive,  vo'tiv,  a.  [h. 
votivus,  from  votum,  a  vow.]  Given,  paid, 
or  consecrated,  in^  consequence  of  some 
vow. — A  votive  offering,  a  tablet,  picture, 
&c.,  dedicated  in  consequence  of  the  vow 
of  a  worshipper.— Votively,  vo'tiv-Ji,  adv. 
In  a  votive  manner;  by  vow.-  ' 
Vouch,  vouch,  v.t.  [O.Pr.  vocher,  from  L. 
vocare,  to  call;  hence  avouch.  Voice.]  To 
declare,  assert,  aflSrm,  or  attest;  to  main- 
tain by  affirmations;  to  warrant;  to  answer 
tox.—v.i.  To  bear  witness;  to  give  testi- 
mony or  attestation;  to  maintain;  to  as- 
sert; to  aver.  1— Voucher,  vouch'6r,  n.  One 
who  vouches;  a  paper  or  document  which 
serves  to  confirm  and  establish  facts  of  any 
.  kind;  the  written  evidence  of  the  pay- 
'  ment  of  a  debt,  as  a  discharged  account  or 
the  like.  . 

Vouchsafe,  vouch  -  saf,  v.  t.  —  vouchsafed, 
vouchsafing.  [From  vouch  and  safe,  to 
vouch  or  attest  as  safe;  formerly  often  as' 
two  words.]  To  condescend  to  grant;  to 
concede  (to  vouchsafe  an  answer). — v.i.  To 
condescend;  to  deign;  to  yield.— Vouch- 
safement,  vouch-saf'ment,  n.  The  act  of 
vouchsafing. 

Voussoir,  vds'wftr,  n.  [Fr.,  akin  in  origin 
t"  vauU.l  One  of  a  series  of  stones,  &c., 
shaped  lik^  truncated  wed'ges,  with  which 
an  arch  is  constructedj  the  uppermost  or 
middle  one  of  which  is  called  the  key- 
stone. 

Vow,  vou,  n.  [0.  Fr.  vou.  Mod.  Fr.  voeu,  a 
vow,  from  L.  votum,  a  vow;  hence  really 
the  same  word  as  vote.  Avow  is  a  deriva- 
tive.] A  solemn  promise ;  an  engagement 
solemnly  entered  into;  an  oath  made  to 
God,  or  to  some  deity,  to  perform  some 
acton  the  fulfilment  of  certain  conditions; 
a  promise  to  follow  out  some  line  of  con- 
duct, or  to  devote  one's  self  to  some  act  or 
service.— W.J.  To  promise  solemnly;  to  give, 
consecrate,  or  dedicate  by  a  solemn  pro- 
mise, as  to  a  divine  power;  to  threaten 
solemnly  or  upon  oath  (to  wo«)  vengeance). 
—v.i.  To  make  vows  or  solemn  promises. — 
Vowed,  vou'd,  p.  and  a.  Devoted;  con- 
firmed by  oath;  sworn;  inveterate.  — 
Vower,  vou'fer,  n.  One  who  makes  a  vow. 
Vowel,  vou'el,  n.  [Fr.  voyelle,  from  L.  vo- 
calis,  vocal,  lit.  a  vocal  letter,  from  vox, 
vocis,  the  voice/  Voice.]  A  sound  uttered 
by  opening  the  mouth  and  giving  vent  to 
voice ;  a  sound  uttered  when  tne  vocal 
organs  are  in  an  open  position,  as  the 
sound  of  c  or  o;  the  letter  or  character 
which  represents  such  a  sound.— a.  Per- 
taining to  a  vowel ;  vocal.—  Vowel  point*. 
Under  Point. — Vowellsm,  vou'el-izm,  n. 
The  use  of  vowels.— Vowelled,  vou'eld,  a. 
Furnished  with  vowels. 
Voz-humana,  voks-hu-m&'na,n.  [L.,  human 
voice.]  A  reed-stop  in  an  organ,  so  called 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  human  voice. 
Voyage,  voi'aj,  n.  [Fr.  voyage,  a  journey; 
It.  viaggio,  Sp.  viage;  from  L.  viaticum, 
from  viaticus,  pertaining  to  a  journey , from 
via,  a  way  (seen  also  in  viadttct,  deviate,  ob- 
viate, obvious,  previous,  convey,  &c.);  same 
root  as  E.  way.]  Formerly,  a  journey  by 
sea  or  by  land;  now,  a  journey  by  sea  from 
one  place,  port,  or  country  to  another, 
especially  a  journey  by  water  to  a  distant 
place  or  country.— j;.i.—t;o2/a£;ed,  voyaging. 
To  take  a  journey  or  voyage;  to  sail  or  pass 
by  water. — v.t.  To  travel;  to  pass  over.— 
Voyageable,  voi'aj-a-bl,  a.  Navigable.— 
Voyager,  voi'aj -6r,  n.  Ope  who  makes  a 
voyage.— Voyageur,  vwft-ya-zh6r,  n.   [Fr., 


iph.c&ai]i;   .fh,So.loeh;    fhgo',    j,;ob;     c,Fr.  ton;     pg, sinff;     SB. (Aec;  tb, Min;     w, tdg;     wh, uiMg;     shii 


s'liro. 


VRAISEMBLANCE 


760 


WAIF 


lit.  a  traveller.]  The  Canadian  name  of  a 
class  of  men  employed  in  the  fur  trade, 
&c.  .in  transporting  goods  by  land  or  water. 

VraiEenablance,  rra-san-blftna,  n.  [Fr.] 
The  appearance  of  truth. 

Vulcan,  vul'kan,  n.  [L.  VuleantigoT  VoU 
camis  (hence  volcano);  akin  Skr.  ulkd,  a 
fire.]  The  Roman  deity  who  presided  over 
fire  and  the  working  of  metals;  the  name 
given  to  a  hypothetical  intra-Mercurial 
planet,  believed  to  have  been  discovered 
in  1859. — Vulcanian,  vul-ka'ni-an,  a.  Per- 
taining to  Vulcan,  or  to  works  in  iron,  &c.; 
Tolcanic;  geol.  pertaining  to  vulcanism.— 
Vidcanian  theory,  the  Plutonic  theory. 
Under  Plutonic— Vulcanic,  vul-kan'ik,  o. 
Volcanic— Vnlcanlclty,  \'ul-ka-nis'i-ti,  n. 
Volcanic  power  or  action;  volcanicity. — 
Vulc3.nl3m,vul'kan-izm,n.  The  phenomena 
due  to  the  internal  heat  of  the  earth,  as 
volcanoes,  hot  springs,  &c.  —  Vnlcanlst, 
vul'kan-ist,  n.  One  who  supports  the  Vul- 
canian theory.— Vulcanite,  vul'kan-it,  n. 
A  kind  of  vulcanized  caoutchouc  differing 
from  ordinary  vulcanized  caoutchouc  in 
containing  a  larger  proportion  of  sulphur, 
and  in  being  made  at  a  higher  tem"pera- 
ture,  used  for  combs,  brooches,  bi-acelets, 
&c.;  ebonite;  a  name  for  pyroxene,  from 
its  being  found  in  ejected  blocks  and 
lavas.— Vulcanization,  vurkan-i-za"shon, 
n.  A  method  of  combining  caoutchouc  or 
india-rubber  with  sulphur  and  other  in- 
gredients to  effect  certain  changes  in  its 
properties,  and  yield  a  soft  (viUcanised 


india-riMie,')  or  a  hard  (vulcanite)  pro- 
duct. —  vulcanize,  vul'kan-iz,  v.t.—wZ- 
canized,  vulcanizing.  To  -subject  to  the 
process  of  vulcanization.— Vulcanologist, 
vul-ka-nol'o-jist,  n.  A  student  of  vulcan- 
ology.— Vulcanology,  rul-ka-nol 'o-ji,  ti. 
The  science  of  volcanig  phenomena. 
Vulgar,  vul'gfer,  a.  !>•.  vtUgaire,  from  L. 
vulgaris,  from  vulgus,  the  common  people, 
the  crowd;  same  root  as  ttrgeo,  E.  to  urge. 
Urge.]  Pertaining  to  the  common  people 
or  the  multitude ;  plebeian ;  common ; 
ordinary;  in  general  use;  hence,  national; 
vernacular  (the  vulgar  tongue);  pertaining 
to  the  lowpr  or  less  refined  class  of  people; 
hence,  somewhat  coaree ;  rude ;  boorish; 
low. —  Vitlgar  fractions.  Under  Fraction. 
— The  imlgar,  the  common  people  collec- 
tively; the  uneducated,  uncultured  class 
of  people.  —  Vulgarian,  vul-ga'ri-an,  n. 
A  vulgar  person.— Vulgarism,  vul'gfer-izm, 
n.  Vul^rity;  a  vulgar  phrase  or  expres- 
sion. —  Vulgarity,  vul-gar'i-ti,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  vulgar;  coarseness  or 
clownishness  of  manners  or  language;  an 
act  of  low  manners.— Vulgarize,  vul'gftr-iz, 
v.t.—vulga7-i2ed,vidpai^izing.  To makeVul- 

far  or  common. — Vulgarly,  vul'ger-ii,  adv. 
n  a  vulgar  manner;  commonly;  by  popu- 
lar usage;  coarsely;  clownishly.^Vnlgar- 
ness,  vul'ger-nes,  n.  Vulgarity.— TVie  Vul- 
gate (L.  vulgata  editio,  the  edition  made 
public  or  given  to  all)j  the  authorized 
Latin  version  of  the  Scriptures  in  the 
Koman  Catholic  Church. 


Vulnerable,  vul'ner-a-bl,  a.  ,[Pr.  tii'':iei'- 
abie,  from  L.  vutnero,  to  wound,  from  vuh 
nus,  vi'.hteris,  a  wound;  from  a  root  mcar;- 
ihg  to  tear,  whence  also  v:ol/.]  Capable  c  " 
being  wounded;  liable  to  injury;  subject 
to  be  affected  injuriously.— Vulnerability, 
Vulnerableness,  vul'ner-a-bir'i-ti,  vul'nfer- 
a-bl-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  vulner- 
able.—Vulnerary,  vulner-a-ri,  a.  [L.  vul- 
nerarius.]  Useful  in  healing  wounds.— 
n.  Any  plant,  drug,  or  composition  useful 
in  the  cure  of  wounds.  - 

Vulpine,  vul'pin,  a.  [L.  wtlpinus,  from 
vidpes,  a  fox.]  Pertaining  to  the  fox;  re- 
sembling- the  fox  ;  cunning.- Vulpicide, 
vul'pi-sid,  n.  [L.  vulpes,  and  ccedo,  to  kill.] 
The  practice  of  killing  foxes;  a  fox-killer. 

Vulpinite,  vul'piu-it,  n.  (From  Vulpino, 
in  Italy,  where  it  is  found.]  A  variety  or 
gypsum  sometimes  employed  for  small 
statues  and  other  ornamental  work. 

Vulture,  vul'tur,  n.  [O.Fr.  vxdtor,  L.  vul- 
tur,  same  root  as  vulnerable.]  The  name 
of  well-known  raptorial  birds  which  live 
chiefly  on  carrion. — Vulturine,  yul'tu-rin, 
a.-  [L.  vidturinus.']  Having  th6  qualities 
of  or  resembling  the  vulture.  Also  Vul- 
turish.  Vulturous. 

Vulva,  vul'va,  n.  [L.  vulva,  volva,  a  wrap- 
per, the  womb,  from  volvo,  to  roU.]  Anat. 
the  opening  of  the  external  parts  of  gene- 
ration in  the  female.— Vulvo-uterine,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  vulva  and  the  uterus. 

Vying,  vi'ing,  p.  and  a.  Competing;  emu- 
lating.   Vl£. 


W. 


W  is  the  twenty-third  letter  of  the  English 
alphabet,  taking  its  form  and  name  from 
the  union  of  two  V's  or  U's. 

Wabble,  wob'l,  v.i. — wcdibled,  wabbling. 
rWoBBLlE.]  To  vacillate;  to  wobble. — n.  A 
rocking  unequal  motion,  as  of  a  top  im- 
perfectly balanced.— Wabbly,  wob'li,  o. 
Inclined  to  wabble ;  unsteady. 

Wacke,  wak'e,  n.  [G.  wacAre,  grauwacJce, 
wacke,  graywacke.]  A  soft  earthy  variety 
of  trap-rock,  generally  of  a  grayish-green 
colour,  and  usually  containing  crystals. 

Wad,  wod,  n.  [Same  word  as  Sw.  vadd, 
Dan.  vat,  G.  watte,  wad.]  A  soft  mass  of 
fibrous  material,  as  cotton-wool  or  the  like, 
used  for  stuffing,  stopping  an  aperture, 
&c;  a  little  mass  of  some  soft  or  flexible 
material,  usea  for  stopping  the  charge  of 
powder  in  a  gun  and  pressing  it  close  to 
the  shot.— v.t. — wadded,  wadding.  To  fur- 
rdsh  with  a  wad ;  to  stuff  or  line  with 
wadding,  as  a  garment.- Wadding,  wod'- 
ing,  n.  A  fabric  of  cotton  fibre  or  the  like, 
used  for  stuffing  various  parts  of  articles 
of  dress;  material  for  ramming  down 
above  the  charge  of  firearms. 

Wad,  Wadd,  wod,  n.  An  earthy  ore  of 
manganese ;  also,  a  name  of  plumbago  or 
black-lead. 

Waddle,  wodi,  v.i.  —  waddled,  waddling. 
[A  dim.  and  freq.  formed  from  wade.]  To 
sway  or  rock  from  side  to  side  in  walking; 
to  walk  in  a  tottering  or  vacillating  man- 
ner; to  toddle.— Waddler,  wod'l6r,  n.  One 
•who  waddles.  —  Waddlingly,  wod'ling-U, 
adv.    "With  a  vacillating  gait. 

Wade,  wad,  v.i.— waded,  wading.  [A.  Sax. 
wadan,  to  go,  to  wade  =  L.G.  waden,  Icel. 
and  Sw.  vada,  D.  waden,  G.  waten,  to  wade; 
same  root  as  L.  vculo,  to  go.  Invade.] 
To  walk  through  any  substance  that  im- 
pedes or  hinders  the  free  motion  of  the 
limbs  (as  long  grass  or  snow);  to  move 
stepwise  through  a  fluid;  to  move  or  pass 
■with  difficulty  or  labour.  — v.t.  To  pass  or 
cross  by  wading ;  to  ford.— Wader,  wa'dt-r, 
n.  One  who  wades ;  specifically,  the  name 
applied  to  such  birds  as  the  heron,  snipe, 
rail,  &c.    Grallatores. 

Wadmal,  Wftdmoll,  wad'mal,  wad'mol,  n. 
[Icel.  vad-mdl,  Sw.  vadmal,  Dan.  vadmel.] 
A  coarse  cloth  formerly  manufactured. 

Wady,  wod'i,  n.  [Ar.  wdidi.]  The  channel 
of  a  water-course  which  isidry,  except  in 
the  rainy  season;  a  water-course:  a  term 


used  chJefly  in  the  topography  of  certain 
Eastern  or  North  African  countries. 

Wafer,  wa'ffer,  n.  [O.Fr.  waufre  (Fr.  gaufre), 
wafer,  from  G.  waffel,  D.  wafel,  a  thin  cake, 
a  wafer.]  A  small  thin  sweet  cake;  a  thin 
circular  portion  of  unleavened  bread,  used 
in  the  Roman  Church  in  the  celebration 
and  administration  of  the  eucharist;  a 
small  thin  disc  of  dried  paste  used  fer 
sealing  letters,  &c. 

Wafle,  wof'l,  n.  [Ti.wafel,  Q.waffel.  Wafer.] 
A  kind  of  thin  cake. 

Waft,  waft,  v.t.  [Closely  akin  to  wave,  and 
to  Sw.  ve/ta,  to  waft,  Dan.-  vi/te,  to  waft, 
to  fan;  vift,  a  puff.]  To  convey  through 
water  or  air;  to  make  to  sail  or  float;  to 
buoy  up;  to  keep  from  sinking. — v.i.  To 
sail  or  float.  —  n.  The  act  of  one  who  or 
that  which  wafts ;  a  sweep ;  a  breath  or 
current,  as  of  wind.— Waftage,  waf'taj,  n. 
The  act  of  wafting  or  state  of  being  waf-ted. 
— Wafter,  waf't^r,  n.    One  who  wafts. 

Wag,  wag,  v.t— wagged,  wagging.  [A.  Sax. 
wagian,  to  wag,  to  shake;  Sw.  vagga,  to  wag, 
Icel.  vaga,  to  >vag,  to  waddle,  D.  waggelen, 
to  stagger,  G.  wackeln,  t>  waggle;  akin 
wagon,  wain,  weigh,  way,  wave.]  To  cause 
to  moye  backwards  and  forwards,  or  from 
side  to  side  alternately;  to  cause  to  oscil- 
late or  vibrate  slightly ;  to  wave. — v.i.  To 
move  bEickwards  and  forwards;  to  hang 
loosely  and  shake;  to  oscUlate;  to  sway; 
to  be  in  motion  or  action ;  to  move  off  or 
away;  to  be  gone.  —  n.  [  Most  likely  a 
shortening  of  the  old  term  waghalter,  ono 
likely  to  wag  in  a  halter  or  gallows.  Comp. 
Sc.  hempie,  a  gallows  bird,  a  frolicsome 
fellow,  lit.  one  fitted  for  the  hempen  rope.  J 
A  person  who  is  foid  of  making  jokes;  ono 
who  is  full  of  frolicsome  tricks ;  a  humor- 
ist; a  wit;  a  joker.— Waggery,  wag'6r-i,  n. 
The  manner,  action,  or  pranks  of  a  wag; 
jocular  sayings ;  pleasantry.  —  WagglM, 
wag'ish,  a.  Belonging  to  a  wag;  full  of 
sportive  or  jocular  tricks,  antic-.,  sayings, 

1  &c. ;  frolicsome.  —  Waggishly,  wag'ish-U, 
adv.  In  a  waggish  manner;  in  sport. — 
Waggishness,  wag'ish-nes,  n. 

Wage,  waj,  v.t. —waged,  waging.  [O.Fr. 
wager,  to  pledge,  to  promise  (hence,  to 
pledge  one's  self  to  combat),  Fr,  gager,  to 
stake,  to  pledge,  from  L.L.  vadium,  wadi- 
«m,  Goth,  wadi,  a  pledge,  same  word  as  A. 
Sax.  wed.  a  pledge.  Wed.  Gage  is  another 
form  of  ihis  word.]    To  engage  in  (a  con- 


test); to  carry  on  (war);  to  undertake.— 
n.  A  gage  or  pledge;;  hire;  wages.- Wages, 
wa'jez,  n.  pi.  [O.Fr.  wage,  gage,  a  pledge; 
wages  are  what  the  person  hiring  another 
has  pledged  himself  to  give.]  The  pay- 
ment given  for  services  performed;  the 
price  paid  for  labour;  hire;  recompense. 
Though  a  plural,  wages  sometimes  has  a 
verb  in  the  singular. 

Wager,  wa'jer,  n.  [O.Fr.  wageure,  gageure, 
from  L.  h.  vadiatura,  from  wadium^  a 
pledge.-  AVage.]  An  occasion  on  which 
two  parties  bet;  a  bet;  the  stake  laid;  the 
subject  of  a  bet.—  Wager  of  battle,  the  legal 
trial  of  a  cause  by  combat  either  between 
the  parties  themselves  or  their  champions, 
formerly  in  practice  in  England.— u.t.  To 
hazard  on  the  issue  of  some  question  that 
is  to  be  decided;  to  bet;  to  stake.— w.i.  To 
make  a  bet;  to  bet.— Wsigerer,  wa'j6r-6r, 
n.    One  who  wagers. 

Wages.    Under  Wage. 

Waggle,  wag'l,  v.i.— waggled,  waggling.  [A 
freq.  and  dim.  from  wag.]  To  move  with 
a  wagging  motion ;  to  sway  or  move  from 
side  to  side.  —  v.t.  To  cause  to  wag  fre- 
uently  and  with  short  motions, 
.'agon.  Waggon,  wag'on,  n.  [From  D. 
teagen,  rather  than  from  A.  Sax.  wcegen, 
a  wagon  (whence  Katn);  Icel.  and  Sw., 
vagn,  Dan.  I'ogn,  G.  wagen;  lit.  what  car- 
ries, from  stem  of  weigh;  cog.  Skr.  vah, 
L.  veho,  to  carry  (whence  vehicle);  akin 
also  way,  wag,  &.C.]  A  four-wheeled  vehicle 
for  the  transport  of  heavy  loads ;  an  open 
four-wheelett  vehicle  for  the  conveyance 
of  goods  on  railways.— v.t.  To  transport  or 
carry  in  a  wagon.— Wagonage,  wag'on-aj, 
n.  .5loney  paid  for  conveyance  by  wagon. 
— Wagoner,  wag'on-fer,  n.  One  who  drives 
a  wagon;  the  constellation  Charles's  AVain 
or  Ursa  Major.— Wagonette,  wag-on-et',  n. 
[Dim.  of  wagon.]  An  open  four-wheeled 
pleasure  vehicle  of  light  construction, 
seated  for  six  or  eight  persons. 

Wagtail,  wag'tail,  n.  A  small  bird  of  seve- 
ral species,  distinguished  by  its  brisk  and 
lively  motions,  as  well  as  by  the  length  of 
its  tail,  which  it  jerks  up  and  down  inces- 
santly, hence  the  name;  a  pert  person. 

Wahabee,  Wahabi,  wa-ha'he,  n.  [From 
Abdel  Wdhab,  a  reformer  of  Mohamme- 
danism about  1760.]  A  member  9l  a  very 
strict  sect  of  Mohammedans  in  Arabia. 

Waif,  waf,  n.    [O.Fr.  loat/,  gaif,  a  waif;  of 


Wi 


^  Mte,  liiir,  fat,  f((U}     me,  met,  b6r,     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  miive;     tQbo,tul),b\m;     oil,  pound;    ti,  Sc  abrme— the  Fr.  ts 


WAIL 


?ei 


WANDER 


Scandinavian  origin,  like.  E.  waive.]  A 
Btray  or  odd  article;  an  article  that  no 
one  claims;  goods  found  of  which  the 
owner  is  not  known ;  a  wanderer ;  a  ne- 
glected, homeless  wretch, 
wail,  wal,  v.t.  [From  Icel.  vcela,  vdla,  to 
wail  or  lament;  perhaps  connected  with 
woe.]  To  lament;  to  bewail.  —  v.i.  To  ex- 
press sorrow  audibly;  to  lament. — n.  Loud 
weeping;  violent  lamentation.— Wailing, 
waring,  n.  Cries,  of  sorrow. 
Wain,  wan,  n.  LA.  Sax.  waen,  a  contracted 
form  of  wagen,  a  wagon,  from  wegan,  to 
carry.  Wagon,  Weigh.]  A  four-wheeled 
vehicle  for  the  transportation  of  goods;  a 
wagon;  a  constellation,  Charles's  Wain. 
Wainscot,  wan'skot,  n.  [From  D.  wagen- 
echot,  wainscot,  for  wageschot,  from  waeg, 
a  wail,  and  schot,  boarding,  a  covering  of 
boards.]  A  wooden  lining  or  boarding  of 
the  walls  of  apartments,  usually  made  in 
panels.  —  v.t.  To°line.  with  wainscot. — 
Wainscotted,  Wan'skot-ed,  p;  and  a.  Cov- 
ered with  wainscot.— Wainscotting,  wan'- 
skot-ing.  It.  Wainscot,  or  the  material, 
used  for  it. 

Waist,  wast,  n.  [A.  Sax.-  wmstm,  growth,- 
stature,-  form,  from  stem  of  wax,  to  grow.] 
That  part  of  the  human  body  which  is  im- 
mediately below  the  ribs  or  thorax,  or  he- 
twaen  the  thorax,  and  hips ;  the  middle 
part  of  a  ship,  or  that  part  between  the 
fore-  and  ihain-rhasts.— Waistband,  wfist'- 
band,  n.  A  band  round  the  waist;  the 
band  at  the  top  of  a  pair  of  trousers  round 
the  waist. — Waistcoat,  wast'kot,  n.  A 
garftient  without  sleeves,  under  the  coat, 
covering  the  chest  and  waist;  a  vest. 
Wait,  wat,  v.i.  [O.  Fr.  waiter  (Fr.  guetter), 
to  watch  or  lie  in  wait,  from  waite,  a 
watchman  or  sentinel,  from  O.H.G.  wahta, 
a  watchman;  akin  E;  watch,  wake.]  To 
stay  or  rest  in  expectation  or  patience;  to 
perform  the  duties  of  a  servant  or  atten- 
dant; to  serve  at  table.— To  wait  on  or 
upon,  to  attend  upon ;  to  perform  menial 
services  for ;  to  visit  on  business  or  for 
ceremony;  to  attend  or  follow,  as  a  conse- 
quence; to  accompany. — v.t.  To  stajj  or 
wait  for;  to  await. — n.  The  act  of  waiting; 
a  waiting  in  concealment ;  ambush ;  a 
musician  who  with  others  promenades 
the  streets  in  the  night  about  Christmas 
time,  performing  music  appropriate  to 
the  season.  —  To  lie  in  wait,  to  lie  in  am- 
bush ;  hence,  .fig.  to  lay  snares  or  make 
insidious  attempts.  —  Waiter,  wa'tfiri  n. 
One  who  waits ;  a  male  attendant  on  the 
guests  in  4  hotel,  inn,  or  similar  place ;  a 
salver  or  small  tray.— Waiting,  wa'ting,  n. 
The  act  of  staying  in  expectation ;  atten- 
dance. —  In  waiting,  in  attendance  (lords 
in  waiting,  certain  officers  of  the  royal 
household).  —  Waiting  -  maid,  Waiting - 
woman,  n.  A  female  servant -who  attends 
a  lad.y. — Waitress,  wat'res,  n.  A  female* 
attendant  in  an  inn,  tavern,  &c. 
Waive,  wav,  v.t.  [The  verb  corresponding 
to  the  noun  waif;  lit.,  it  would  seem  to 
mean,  to  leave  loose  or  unregarded;  comp. 
Icel.  veifa,  to  swing  loosely,  to  vibrate. 
Waif.]  To  relinquish  or  give  ud;  not  to 
insist  on  or  claim;  to  forego. 
Wai-wode,  wa'wod.  Waywode. 
Wake,  wak,  v.  i.  pret.  and  pp.  tooJce  or 
waked;  ppr.  waking.  [A.  Sax.  wacan,  also 
waeian,  to  arise,  to  wake,  to  be  awake; 
Icel.  vaka,  D.  and  L.  G.  waken,  Goth. 
vakan,  G.  wachen,  to  wake;  cog.  with  L. 
vigil,  watchful  (whence  vigilant).  Hence 
waken,  watch.]  To  be  awake;  to  continue 
awake;  not  to  sl'eep;  to  cease  to  sleep;  to 
be  aroused;  to  be  excited  from  a  torpid  or 
inactive  state;  to  be  put  in  motion;  to 
revel  or  carouse  late  at  night.— y.<.  To 
rouse  from  sleep;  to  excite  or  stir;  to  put 
in  motion  or  action:  often  with  up;  to  hold 
a  wake  for. — re.  [A.  Sax.  wacu,  al  watching, ' 
a  vigU.]  Vigils;  the  feast  of  the  dedica- 
tion of  a  parish  chureh,  formerly  kept  by 
■watching  all  night;  a  merry-making;  a 
festive  gathering  (Shak.);  the  watching  of 
a  dead  body  prior  to  burial  by  the  friends 
and  neighbours  of  the  deceased.  —  Wak- 
ing, wa'king,  p.  and  a.  Being  awake;  rous- 
ing from  sleep;  exciting. —  Waking  hours, 
the  hours  when  one  is  awake. — Wake- 
ful, w&k'fvd,  a.     Keeping  awake  after 


going  to  bed ;  watchful ;  -vigilant.  —Wake- 
fully,  wak'ful-li,  adv.  In  a  wakeful  man- 
ner.—Wakefulness,  wak'ftil-nes,  n.  Tho 
state  01  being  wakeful ;  indisposition  to 
sleep.- Waken,wa'kn,t>.i.  [A.Sax.  wcecnan, 
to  become  awake,  from  wacan,  to  wake.] 
To  wake;  to  cease  to  sleep. — v.t.  To  excite 
or  rouse  from  sleep;  to  awaken;  to  excijte 
to  action;  to  rouse;  to  stir;  to  produce;  to 
call  forth  (to  waken  love  or  fear).— Waken- 
er,  wa'kn-6r,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
wakens.— Wakening,  wa'kn-ing,  n.  The 
act  of  one  who  wakens;  a  ceasing  from 
sleep.— Waker,  wa'k6r,  n.  One  who  wakes. 
—Wake-robin,  n.    A  plant,  the  arum. 

Wake,  wak,  re.  [Same  as,  Prov.  E.  wake,  a 
row  of  grass;  Icel.  vok,  a  channel'  for  a 
vessel  in  ice.]  The  track  left  by  a  ehip  in 
the  water,  and  which  may  be  seen  to  a 
considerable  distance  behind. 

Waldenses,  wal'den-sez,  n.  [From  Peter 
Waldo  or  Wdldns,  tho  founder  of  the  sect 
in  tho  twelfth  centuf.r.]  A  sect  of  Chris- 
tians in  Northern  Italy  whose  faith  is.sub- 
staatially  that  of  the  Keformed  churches, 
formerly  much  persecuted. 

Wale,  wal,  re.  [A-Sax.  wai^M,  a wale=O.Fris. 
walu,  Icel.  voir,  Goth,  walus,  a  rod,  a  staff. 
Hence  wale  in  gunwule.]  A  streak  or  stripe 
produced  by  the  stroke  of  a  rod  or  whip 
on  animal  flesh;  a  weal;  a  plank  from  one 
end  of  a  ship  to  another  a  little  above  the 
water-line.— t).t.—tt)aZed,  waling.  To  mark 
with  wales  or  stripes. 

Walhalla,  wal-haria,.re.    Valhalla. 

Walk,  ws.k,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  wealcan,  to  roll, 
to  turn  about,  to  rove  '-nuence  wea.lcere,  a 
fuller,  origin  of  the  name  Walker) ^^Icel. 
vdlka,  Dan.  valke.G.  walken,  to  full;  same 
root  as  wallow,weU,  li.volvo,  to  roll  (whence 
voluble,  cSc.).]  To  step  along;  to  advance 
by  alternate  steps,  lifting  one  foot  past 
the  other  without  running;-to  go  or  travel 
on  foot;  to  go  or  come,  as  used  in  the  cere- 
monious language  of  invitation  (walk  in); 
to  haunt  or  show  itself  in  some  place,  as 
a  spectre;  to  conduct  one's  self;  to  pursue 
a  particular  course  of  life.— «.<.  To  pass 
over  or  through  on  foot;  to  cause  to  walk 
or  step  slowly.- To  walk  the  hospitals,  to 
attend  the  medicaland  surgical  practice 
of  hospitals  for  instruction. — re.  The  act 
of  one  who  walks;  the  pace  of  one  who 
walks;  a  short  excursion  on  foot,  for 
pleasure  or  exercise;  manner  of  walking; 
gait;  a  place  in  which  one  is  accustomed 
to  walk;  an  avenue,  promenade,  or  the 
like;  sphere  of  action;  a  department,  as  of 
art,  science,  or  literature;  way  of  living;  a 
tract  or  piece  of  ground  in  which  animals 
graze;  a  sheep-walk;  a  district  habitually 
served  by  an  itinerant  vendor  of  any  com- 
modity. —  Walker,  wft'k^r,  n.  One  who 
walks;  a  pedesurisii.  —  Walking -beam. 
Same  as  Working-beam. —Wallung-gen- 
tleman,  re.  An  actor  who  fills  subordinate 
parts  requiring  a  gentlemanly  appearance. 
—Walking-leaf,  n.  Leaf-insect.- Walk- 
ingstick,  wa'king-stik,  n.  A  staff  or  stick 
carried  in  the  hand  in  walking. 

Wall,  wal,  re.  [A.  Sax.  weall,  a  wall,  a  ram- 
part=O.Sax.  O.Fris.  and  D.  wal,  Dan.  val, 
Sw.vaZJ,  G.waU,  a  rampart;  from  L.  faJlMTO, 
a  fence  of  stakes,  a  rampart  (seen  also  in 
iniervai),  from  vallus,  a  stake.]  A  struc- 
ture of  stone,  brick,  or  other  materials,  of 
some  height  and  breadth,serving  to  inclose 
a  space,  form  a  division,  support  super- 
incumbent weights,  &c.;  the  side  of  a 
ouilding  or  room;  a  solid  and  permanent 
inclosing  fence ;  a  rampart ;  a  fortified 
enceinte  or  barrier:  in  this  sense  often 
spoken  of  as  plural;  means  of  security  or 
protection;  mining,  the  rock  inclosing  a 
vein. — To  go  to  the  wall,  to  get  the  worst  of 
a  contest;  to  be  overpowered.-=-7'o  push  or 
thrust-  to  the  wall,  to  crush  by  superior 
power. — v.t.  To  inclose  with  a  wall;  to  de- 
fend by  walls;  to  fill  up  with  a  wall.— 
WaUed,  wald,  p.  and  a.  Provided  with  a 
■  wall  or  walls;  fortified.— Waller,  wal'6r, 
n.  One  whq  builds  walls.  —  Wallflower, 
■vral'flou-er,  ii.  The  name  of  a  cruciferous 
plant  —  a  biennial  or  perennial  herb  or 
nndershrub — which  exhales  a  delicious 
odour,  and  is  a  great  favourite  in  gardens; 
so  called  because  in  its  wild  state  it  grows 
on  old  walls  and  in  stony  places.  ^WaU- 


finait,  n.  Fruit  PTOwn  on  trees  trained 
against  a  wall.— Walling,  wal'ing,  re.  Walls 
in  general ;  materials  for  walls. —Wall- 
paper, re.  Paper  for  covering  room-walls, 
paper-hangings.- Wall-plate ,  re.  A  piece  ( >f 
timber  fixed  norizontally  in  or  on  a  wall, 
under  the  ends  of  girders,  joists,  and  other 
timbers.— Wall-saltpetre,  re.  Nitro-cal- 
ciTE.— Wall-tree,  re.  A  fruit-tree  nailed  to 
a  wall  for  the  better  exposure  of  the  fruit 
to  the  sun,  &c. 

WallacMan,  wal-lak'yan,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Wallachia,  Its  language,  or  inhabitants. — 
n.  A  native  of  Wallachia;  the  language, 
one  of  the  Romance  family  of  tongues, 
spoken  in  Koumania  (Wallachia  and  Mol- 
davia) and  adjoining  regions.   ■ 

Wallet,  wol'et,  n.  [Probably  a  corruption 
of  old  watel,  a  bag.  Wattle.]  A  bag  or 
sack  for  containing  articles  which  a  person 
carries  with  him;  a  knapsack;  a  pack, 
bundle,  or  bag. 

Wall-eye,  n.  Tlcol.  vagl-eygr,  wall-eyed, 
from  vagi,  aoeam  or  defect  in  the  eye.  I 
An  eye  in  which  the  iris  is  of  a  very  light 
gray  or  whitish  colour:  said  commonly  of 
horses. — Wall-eyed,a.  Having  such  an  eye: 
said  of  horses:  glaring-eyed;  fierce-eyed 
iShak.). 

Walloon,  wal-l8n',  n.  [From  a  Teutonic 
word  meaning  foreign,  seen  also  in  walnitt, 
Welsh.]  One  of  the  descendants  of  the  old 
Gallic  Belgae  who  occupy  part  of  Belgium 
and  north-eastern  France,  speaking  a 
French  dialect  containing  Gallic  and  Low 
German  words;  the  language  of  the  AVal- 
loons. 

Wallow,  -woro,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  wealwian,  to 
roll;  akin  to  E.  to  well  up;  same  root  as 
L.  volvo,  to  roll.  Voluble.]  To  roll  one's 
body  on  the  earth,  in  mire,  or  in  other 
substance;  to  tumble  and  roll  in  anything 
soft;  to  live  in  filth  or  gross  vice. — Wat- 
lower,  wol'o-6r,  re.    One  who  wallows. 

Walnut,  wal'nut,  n.  [A.  Sax.  wealh-hnut, 
a  walnut,  lit.a  foreign  nut—wealh,  foreign, 
and  hnut,  nut;  so  G.  wallnuss,  D.  walnoot. 
Welsh.]  A  large  handsome  tree  and  its 
fruit,  a  native  of  Persia,  yielding  timber 
of  great  value  as  a  cabinet  and  furniture 
wood.  —  Walnut-oil,  n.  A  bland  oil  ob- 
tained from  the  walnut  fruit  and  much 
used  by  painters. 

Walrus,  wol'rus,  n.  [From  D.  lodlrus,  a 
walrus,  lit.  a  whale-horse— waZ,  a  whale, 
and  ros,  a  horse;  so  G.  wallross,  Dan.  val- 
roa,  Sw.  vallross,  A.  Sax.  hors-hwael,'  Icel. 
liross-hvalr,  horse-whale.]  A  lar^e  marine 
carnivorous  mammal  of  the  Arctic  regions 
allied  to  the  seal;  also  known  as  the  morse, 
sea-horse,  and  sea-cow ;  hunted  for  its  oil 
and  for  the  ivory  of  its  tusks. 

Waltz,  w^lts,  re.  [Short  for  G.  tBalzer,{rora 
walzen,  to  roll,  to  waltz ;  akin  to  welter.] 
A  dance  performed  by  two  persons,  who, 
almost  embracing  each  other,  swing  round 
the  room  with  a  whirling  motion;  the 
music  composed  for  the  dance.— v.t.  To 
dance  a  waltz.— Waltzer,  wftlt's^r,  re.  A 
person  who  waltzes. 

Wamble,  wom'bUv.t.  [Same  as  Dan.  vamle, 
to  nauseate;  akin  Icel.  vcema,.to  loathe, 
vcema,  nausea.]  To  be  disturbed  -with 
nausea:  said  of  the  stomach. 

Wampum,  wom'pum,re.  [American  Indian; 
said  to  mean  white.]  Small  beads  made 
of  shells,  used  by  the  American  Indians 
as  m..ney,  or  wrought  into  belts,  &c.,  as 
an  ornament. 

Wan,  won,  a.  [A.  Sax.  wan,  won,  wann, 
dark,  dusky.]  Having  a  pale  or  sickly  hue; 
languid  of  look;  pale;  gloomy :  often  applied 
to  water. — v.i.  To  grow  or  become  wan. 
[Poetical.]— Wanly,  wonli,  adv.  In  a  wan 
manner;  palely. — Wanness,  won'nes,  re; 
Paleness;  a  sallow,  dead  colour.— Wan- 
nish,  won'ish,  a.    Somewhat  wan. 

Wand,  wond,  re.  [Same  as  D.  vaand,  O.  Sw. 
wand,  Icel.  vonar,  Goth,  wandus,  a  twig, 
awand;  probably  akin  to  wind  (i'.),from  its 
flexibility.]  A  long  slender  stick;  a  rod;  a 
rod  or  similar  article,  having  some  special 
use  or  character;  a  staff  of  authority;  a  rod 
used  by  conjurors  or  diviners. 

Wander,  won'dfer,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  wandrian, 
to  wander=O.D.  wanderen,  Dan.  vandre, 
Sw.  vandra,  G.  wandem,  to  wander; 
freq.  forms  akin  to  wend.    Wend,  Wind 


cb,  cAain;     c^Sc.  locA}  B,  Oo\    j,job;     n,  Fr,  ton:     DgiSinyi     «a,  tAen;  tb,  (Aini     w,  wig;     wh.wAig;     zh,a«ure. 


WANDEROO 


762 


WABN 


(verb).]  To  r.-.inbls  here  and  there  with-' 
out  any  ceitaiu  course  or  object  in  view; 
to  roam ;  to  stroll ;  to  leave  home ;  to  go 
through  the  ■world;  to  deviate;  to  err; 
to  be  delirious;  not  to  be  imder  the 
guidance  of  reason.— ».<.  To  travel  over 
without  a  certain  course;  to  traverse.— 
Wanderer,  won'd6r-6r,  n.  One  who  wan- 
ders.— Wandering,  won'd6r-.nig,  p.  and  a. 
Given  to  wander;  roaming;  unsettled. — 
n.  A  travelling  without  a  settled  course; 
peregrination;  aberration;  deviation;  men- 
tal aberration.  —  Wanderingly,  won'dSr- 
ing-li,  adv.    In  a  wandering  manner. 

Wanderoo,  won-de-rO',  re.  A  monkey  in- 
habiting the  East  Indies. 

Wane,  wan,  v.i.— waned,  wanirtf;.  [A.  Sax. 
wanian,  to  diminish,  become  less,  from 
wan,  deficient;  akin  want.]  To  diminish; 
to  decrease  or  grow  less:  particularly  ap- 
plied to  the  illuminated  part  of  the  moon, 
as  opposed  to  wax;  to  decline;  to  approach 
its  end  (the  autumn  wanes).— n.  Decrease 
of  the  illuminated  part  of  the  moon  to  the 
eye  of  the  spectator;  decline  (his  fortunes 
were  on  the  wane). 

Wanio&,t  won'yon,  n.  [(Connected  with 
wane;  perhaps  the  old  infinitive  wanian, 
to  wane.]  A  misfortune  or  calamity;  mis- 
chief: us"ed  chiefly  as  an  imprecation  in 
the  phrases,  ^with  a  wanion,'  'wamon  on 

WOM,  &c. 

Wanly,  WanneM,  &c.    Under  Wak. 

Want,  wont,  n.  [From  Icel.  vant,  neut.  of 
vanr,  lacking,  wanting,  vanta,  to  be  lack- 
ing; akin  icane,  wan-  in  wanton.]  The  state 
of  not  having;  absence  or  scarcity  of  what 
is  needed  or  desired;  lack;  need;  necessity 
(to  supply  one's  ivants);  poverty;  indigence; 
lack  of  the  necessaries  of  lue  (to  suffer 
from  want).—v.t.  To  be  without;  not  to 
have;  to  lack;  to  have  occasion  for;  to  re- 
quire; to  need;  to  feel  a  desire  for;  to  long 
for.— u.i.  To  be  deficient;  to  be  lacking;  to 
be  absent  or  not  present  where  required 
or  expected;  to  be  in  want. — Wanter,  won'- 
tfer,  n.    One  who  wants. 

Wanton,  won'ton,  a.  [O.E.  waniowen,  wan- 
toun,  undisciplined,  dissolute,  from  wan, 
prefix  denoting  want  or  deficiency  (A.  Sax. 
wan,  lacking),  and  towen,  A.  Sax.  togen, 
pp.  of  teon,  to  draw,  to  educate.  'Want, 
Tuo.]  Indulging  the  natural  impulses  or 
appetites  without  restraint;  licentious; 
lustful;  unrestrained  in  various  ways,  as 
in  gaiety  or  sport;  playful;  frolicsome; 
sportive;  playing  freely  or  without  con- 
straint (tcanton  ringlets);  unrestrained  in 
growth;  growing  too  luxuriantly;  arising 
from  recklessness  or  disregard  of  right  or 
consequences;  unprovoked  {wantmi  mis- 
chief ).—w.  A  lascivious  man  or  woman;  a 
pampered,  petted  creature.— v.i.  To  revel; 
to  frolic  unrestrainedly;  to  sport  or  dally 
in  lewdness.— Wantonly,  won'ton-li,  adv. 
In  a  wanton  manner;  without  cause  or 
provocation. — Wantonness,won'ton-nes,n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  wanton; 
lewdness;  negligence  of  restraint;  spor- 
tiveness. 

Wap,  wop,  v.t.  To  beat;  to  whop.  TCoUoq.] 

Wapenshaw,  Wapinschaw,  wa'pn-sha,  wa'- 
pin-sha,  n.  [Lit.  a  weapon -sAow.]  In 
Scotland,  a  review  of  persons  under  arms, 
made  formerly  at  certain  times. in  every 
district;  now  applied  in  some  quarters  to 
the  periodical  gatherings  of  the  Volunteer 
corps  of  a  district. 

Wapentake,  wa'pn-t5.k,  re.  [Lit.  a  weapon- 
taking  or  weapon-touching— from  the  men 
of  a  district  touching  the  arms  of  a  su- 
perior in  token  of  fealty.]  The  name  for- 
merly given  in  some  of  the  northern  shires 
of  England,  and  still  given  in  Yorkshire, 
to  a  division  of  the  county,  corresponding 
to  a  hundred. 

Wapiti,  wap'i-ti,  re.  [Indian  name.]  The 
North  American  stag,  closely  resembling 
the  European  red-deer,  though  larger. 

War,  wfir,  re.  [A.  Sax.  war,  O.  D.  werre, 
O.H.G.  wtrra,  war  (whence  Fr.  gverre, 
war);  akin  to  G.  wirren,  to  embroil,  con- 
fuse; D.  war,  entanglement;  perhaps  allied 
to  worse.]  A  contest  (between  nations  or 
states  {international  loor),  or  between  par- 
ties in  the  same  state  {civil  war),  carried 
on  by  force  of  arms;  the  profession  of  arms; 
art  of  war;  a  state  of  violent  opposition  or 


contest;  hostility;  enmity  (feelings  at  war 
with  each  other). — Articles  of  war.  Under 
Article.— Coimcfl  of  war.  Under  Coun- 
cil.—y.i.— warred,  warring.  To  make  or 
carry  on  war;  to  carry  on  hostilities;  to 
contend^to  strive;  to  be  in  a  state  of  oppo- 
sition.—War-cry,  n.  A  cry  or  phrase  used 
in  common  by  a  body  of  troops  or  the  like 
in  charging  an  enemy.— War-dance,  re.  A 
dance  engaged  in  by  savage  tribes  before 
a  warlike  excursion;  a  dance  simulating 
a  battle. — Warfare,  vrar'far,  w.  Military 
service;  military  life;  hostilities;  war. — 
v.i.  To  carry  on  warfare;  to  engage  in  war; 
to  contend;  to  struggle. — War-horse,  re.  A 
horse  used  in  war;  a  troopers  horse;  a 
charger.  —  Warlike,  war'lik,  a.  Fit  for 
war,  disposed  or  inclined  for  war ;  mili- 
tary; pertaining  to  war;  having  a  martial 
appearance;  having  the  qualities  of  a  sol- 
dier.- War-office,  re.  That  department  of 
the  British  government  presided  over  by 
the  secretary  of  state  for '  war.  —  War- 
paint, re.  Paint  put  on  the  face  and  other 
parts  of  the~body  by  savages  before  going 
to  war.— War-path,  re.  The  route  or  path 
taken  on  going  to  war;  a  warlike  expe- 
dition or  excursion:  used  chiefly  in  regard 
to  the  American  Indians.— Warring,  war*- 
ing,  a.  Adverse;  conflicting;  antagonistic; 
hostile.— Warrior,  war'i-6r,  n.  A- soldier; 
a  man  engaged  in  militai:^  life;  a  brave 
soldier.— War-ship,  re.  A  ship  constructed 
for  engaging  in  naval  warfare;  a  man-of- 
war.— war-whoop,  re.  A  whoop  or  yell 
raised  in  presence  of  the  enemy;  a  shout 
such  as  the  American  Indians  raise  when 
they  enter  into  battle. 

Warble,  warT)l,  v.t.  —  warbled,  ■warbling. 
.[O.Fr.  werbler,  from  O.H.G.  hwerbaldn,  G. 
wtrfteJre,  to  whirl,  to  warble.  Whirl.]  To 
sing  in  a  trilling,  quavering,  or  vibrating 
manner;  to  modulate  with  turns  or  varia- 
tions; to  sing  or  carol  generally;  to  utter 
musically. — v.i.  To  have  atrilling,  quaver- 
ing, or  vibrating  sound;  to  carol  or  sing 
with  smoothly  gliding  tones;  to  trill. — 
re.  A  soft,  sweet  flow  of  melodious  sounds; 
a  trilling,  flexible  melody;  a  carol;  a  song. 
— Warbler,  warTsUr,  re.  One  who  warbles; 
a  song-bird;  the  popular  name  given  to 
members  of  a  dentirostral  family  of  birds 
comprising  most  of  the  small  woodland 
songsters  of  Europe  and  North  America. 

Warble,  war'bl,  re.  [Perhaps  from  D.  var, 
ox,  and  bol,  ball,  bulb.]  A  small  tumour 
on  the  backs  of  cattle,  containing  the 
maggot  or  larva  of  a  fly. 

Ward,  wftrd,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  weardian,  to 
guard,  from  weard,  a  guard,  a  watch;  G. 
wart,  Icel.  vorthr,  Goth,  vards,  guard. 
From  the  G.  are  Fr.  ga7'der,  E.  guard,  re- 
gard, reward.  Akintoioarj/.]  To  fend  off; 
to  keep  from  hitting;  to  turn  aside,  as 
anything  mischievous  that  approaches: 
often  followed  by  off.—n.  [Partly  from  A. 
Sax.  weard,  a  guard,  partly  from  the  verb.] 
The  act  of  guarding;  guard  (to  keep  watch 
and  ward);  a  defensive  motion  or  position 
in  fencing  or  the  like;  the  state  of  being 
under  a  guard;  confinement;  custody; 
guardianship;  one  who  is  guarded;  specifi- 
cally, a  minor  who  is  under  guardian- 
ship; a  certain  division  or  section  of  a  t6wn 
or  city,  such  as  is  constituted  for  the  con- 
venient transaction  of  local  public  busi- 
ness; one  of  the  apartments  into  which  an 
hospital  is  divided;  a  curved  ridge  of  metal 
inside  a  lock  to  oppose  the  passage  of  a 
key  which  has  not  a  corresponding  notch; 
the  notch  in  the  key.— Warden,  war'den, 
re.  [O.Fr.  wardein,  gardein—&  Germanic 
word  with  a  Latin  termination=an'W8.]  A 
guard  or  watchman;  an  officer  of  rank  in 
charge  of  something;  a  keeper;  the  title 
given  to  the  head  of  some  colleges  and  to 
the  superior  of  some  conventual  churches. 
— Warden  of  a  church.  Churchwarden, 
under  Church.— War denship,  Wardenry, 
war'den-ship,  war'den-ri,  re.  The  office  of 
a  warden.— warder,  war'der,  n.  One  who 
guards  or  keeps;  a  keeper;  a  guard;  a  trun- 
cheon or  staff  of  authority.— Wardrobe, 
ward'rob,  re.  A  place  in  which  clothes  are 
kept,  often  a  piece  of  furniture  resembling 
a  press  or  cupboard;  wearing  apparel  in 
general.— Ward-K>om,  re.  The  mess-room 
of  the  chief  officers  in  a  war-ship.— Ward- 


chip,  ward'ahiTJ,  w.  The  office  of  a  ward  or 
CTiardian;  guardianship;  also  pupilage. 

ware,  war,  a.  [A.  Sax.  wcer,  wary=Icel. 
varr,  Dan.  and  Sv/.  var,  wary,  aware. 
Wakt.]  On  one's  guard;  aware,  conscious, 
assured.  iPoet.}-v.t.  To  take  heed  of;  to 
beware  of. 

Ware,  war,  re.  [A.  Sax.  warn  =  D.  waar, 
Icel.  vara,  Dan.  vare,  6.  waare,  ware,  mer- 
chandise; perhaps  connected  with  toorth 
(value),  wa-ii/.]  Articles  of  merchandise; 
goods;  commodities;  manufactures  of  a 
particular  kind:  properly  a  collective 
noun,  as  in  the  compounds  chinaware, 
hardware,  tinware,  &c.,  but  genei-ally  used 
in  the  plural  form  when  articles  for  sale 
of  different  kinds  are  meant.— Warehouce, 
warTious,  re.  A  house  in  which  wares  or 
goods  are  kept;  a  building  for  storing  im- 
ported goods  on  which  customs  dues  have 
not  been  paid;  a  store  for  the  sale  of  goods 
wholesale;  also  a  large  retail  establish- 
ment.— v.t.  To  deposit  or  secure  in  a  ware- 
house.—Warehouseman,  warTious-man,  re. 
One  who  keeps  a  warehouse;  one  who  is 
employed  in  a  warehouse. 

Ware,  war,  n.  [A.Sax.  war,  sea-weed;  akin 
D.  wier,  sea-weed.]  A  name  of  various 
sea  weeds,  employed  as  a  manure,  in  the 
manufacture  of  kelp,  &o. 

Warfare.    Under  War. 

Warily,  Wariness.    Under  Waet. 

WarUke.    Under  War. 

Warlock,  w^r'lok,  re.  [Icel.  vartKloJcur, 
varthlokkur,  lit.  weird  songs  or  spells,  the 
name  being  transferred  from. the  things 
to  the  person  who  used  them.J  A  male 
witch;  a  wizard  or  sorcerer. 

Warm,  warm,  a.  [A.  Sax.  wearm,  warm= 
O.Sax.  G.  and  D.  warm,  Icel.  varmr,  Dan. 
and  Sw.  varm,  warm;  comp.  O.L.  formits, 
Gr.  thermos,  warm.]  Having  heat  in  a 
moderate  degrree;  not  cold;  having  the 
sensation  of  heat;  feeling  hot;  flushed; 
subject  to  heat;  having  prevalence  of  heat 
(a  warm  climate);  full  of  zeal,  ardour,  or 
affection;  zealous;  ardent  (a  warm  friend); 
somewhat  ardent  or  excitable;  irritable 
(a  warr/i  temper);  somewhat  excited;  net- 
tled; brisk;keen  (a  wanw  contest);  wealthy; 
moderately  rich;  well -off  (colloq.).—  lfa?Tn 
colours,  such  as  have  vellow  or  yellow-red 
for  their  basis:  opposed  to  cold  colours,  such 
as  blue  and  its  compounds. — Warm  tints, 
cold  tints,  modifications  of  the  preceding. 
— v.t.  To  make  warm;  to  communicate  a 
moderate  degree  of  heat  to;  to  interest;  to 
excite  ardour  or  zeal  in ;  to  animate ;  to 
inspirit;  to  give  life  to;  to  flush;  to  cause 
to  glow.  —  V.  i.  To  become  moderately 
heated;  to  become  ardent  or  animated. — 
n.  A  warming;  a  heating.  [Colloq.]-— Warm- 
blooded, a.  Having  warm  hlooa:  zool.  said, 
of  mammals  and  birds,  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  fishes,  amphibians,  and  reptiles,  or 
cold-blooded  animals.— Warm-hearted,  a. 
Having  warmth  of  heart;  cordial;  sincere; 
hearty.— Warm-heartedness,  re.  Wai-mth 
or  kindness  of  heart;  cordiality.— Warm- 
ing-pan, n.  A  covered  pan  with  a  long 
handle  for  warming  a  bed  with  ignited 
coals.- Warmly,  warm'li,  adv.  In  a  warm 
manner;  with  warmth  or  .heat;  with 
warmth  of  feeling;  eagerly;  ardently; 
hotly  .--Warmth,  warmth,  re.  The  qnality 
or  state  of  being  warm;  the  sensation  of 
heat;  gentle  heat;  hearty  kindness  or  good 
feeling;  ardour;  zeal;  fervour;  earnestness; 
slight  anger  or  irritation ;  painting,  that 
glowing  effect  which  arises  from  the  use 
of  warm  colours. 

Warn,  warn,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  warmian,  wear- 
nian,  to  warn,  to  take  heed,  from  wearre, 
refusal,  denial;  Icel.  and  Sw.  vama,  G. 
warreere,  to  warn;  of  same  origin  as  ware, 
wary.]  To  give  notice  of  approaching  or 
probable  danger  or  evil,  that  it  may  be 
avoided;  to  caution  against  anything  that 
may  prove  injurious;  to  advise;  to  expostu- 
late with ;  to  inform  previously ;  to  give 
notice  to.— Warner,  wjir'n^r,  re.  One  who 
warns.  —  Warning,  war'ning,  re.  Caution 
against  danger,  or  against  faults  "or  evil 
practices  which  incur  danger;  previous 
notice;  a  notice  given  to  terminate  the 
relation  of  master  and  servant  or  landlord 
and  tenant.— Warnlngly,  war'mng-li,adt>. 
In  a  warning  manner. 


J&te,  far,  fat,  fall;     me,  met,  b£r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve;     tabe,  tab,  bull;     oil,  pound;     it,  Sc.  abvne— the  i^.  tk 


WARP 


763 


WATCH 


Warp,  warn,  v.t.  [From  A.  Sax.  toeorpan, 
pcei.  wearp,  to  throw,  to'cast;  Icel.  verpa, 
to  throw.and  neflexively  ,tb  warp  or  shrink, 
also  varpa,  to  throwj  Dan.  varpe,  to  warp 
a  vessel;  Goth,  vairpan,  G.  tverfen,  to 
throw.  Akin  wrap.  As  to  first  meaning 
comp.  cast  in  sense  of  twist.]  To  turn  or 
twist  out  of  shape,  or  out  of  a  straight 
direction,  by  contraction  (the  heat  of  the 
sun  warps  boards);  to  turn  aside  from  the 
true  direction;  to  pervert  (the  mind  or 
judgment);  ruiut.  to  tow  or  move,  as  a  ship 
into  a  required  position,  by  means  of  a 
rope  attached  to  something;  agri.  to  fer- 
tilize by  artificial  inundation  from  rivers 
"which  hold  large  quantities  of  earthy 
matter  in  suspension. — v.i.  To  twist,  or  be 
twisted  from  straightness;  to  turn  from  a 
straight,  true,  or  proper  couirse;  to  deviate: 
to  swerve;  to  wind  yam  off  bobbins  to 
form  the  warp  of  a  web;  naut.  to  work 
forward  by  means  of  a  rope. — re.  [A.  Sax. 
wearp,  the  warp  of  cloth,  from  weorpan, 
to  cast;  so  J),  werp.  O.H.G.  war/,  warp.] 
Weatdng,  the  threads  which  are  extended 
lengthwise  in  the  loom  and  crossed  by  the 
woof;  naut.  a  rope  used  in  movjng  a  ship 
by  attachment  to  an  anchor,  post,  &c.;  a 
towing-line;  agri.  an  alluvial  deposit  of 
water  artificially  introduced  upon  low 
lands;  a  tidal  deposit  of  marine  silt;  the 
twist  of  wood  in  drying.— Warped,  warpt, 
p.  and  a.  Twisted  by  shrinking;  perveifted; 
unnatural.— Warper,  war'pfir,  n.  One  who 
warps;  one. who  or  that  which  prepares 
Warp  for  weaving.  —  Warping-machine, 
Warping-mill,  n.  ■  A  machine  for  laying 
out  the  threads  of  a  warp  and  dividing 
them  into  two  sets. 

Warrant,  wor'ant,  v.t.  [O.  Fr.  wcCrantir, 
garantir(VT.  garantir),to  warrant,  warant, 
garant,  a  warrant,  from  O.H.G.  warjan, 
to  give  bail  for,  to  defend;  G.  gewdhren,  to 
warrant;  akin  wary,  ward.]  To  give  an 
assurance  or  surety  to ;  to  guarantee ;  to 
give  autliority  or  power  to  do  or  forbear 
anything;  to  justify,  sanction,  support, 
allow;  to  give  one's  word  for  or  concerning; 
to  assert  as  undoubted;  to  furnish  suffi- 
cient grounds  or  evidence  to;  to  give  a 
pledge  or  assurance  to  or  in  regard  to 
(to  warrant  goods  to  be  as  said).^»i.  An 
authority  granted  by  one  person  to  an- 
other to  do  something  which"  he  has  not 
otherwise  a  right  to  do;  a  document  or 
anything  that  authorizes  an  act;  security; 
guarantee;  pledge;  a  voucher;  an  attesta- 
tion; a  document  or  negotiable  "writing 
authorizing  a  person  to  receive  money  or 
other  thing;  an  instrument  giving  power 
to  arrest  or  execute  an  offender;  army  and 
navy,  a  writ  op  authority  inferior  to  a 
commission.— Warrantable,  wor'ant-a-bl, 
a.  Justifiable;  defensible;  lawful. — War- 
rantableness,  wor'ant-a-bl-nes,  n.  —  Wax-" 
rantably,  wor'ant-a-bl!,  adv.  Justifiably; 
legally.  —  Warranter,  wor'ant-fer,  n.  One 
who  v/arrants.  —  Warrant-officer,  re.  An 
officer  in  the  army  or  navy  next  below  a 
commissioned  ofiicer,  acting  under  a  war- 
rant from  a  department  of  state,  and  not 
under  a  commission.  —  Warranty,  wor'- 
an-ti,  re.  A  legal  deed  of  security ;  any 
promise  from  a  vendor  to  a  purchaser, 
that  the  thing  sold  is  such  as  represented; 
insur.  an  absolute  condition,  non-com- 
pliance with  which  voids  the  insurance. 
Warren,  wor'en,  re.  fO.  Fr.  warene,  war- 
enne,  of  similar  origin  to  warrant.]  A 
piece  of  ground  appropriated  to  the  breed- 
ing and  preservation  of  game  or  rabbits; 
a  preserve  for  keeping  fish  in  a  river. — 
Warrener,  wor'en-6r,  n.  The  keeper  of  a 
warren. 

Warrior.  Under  War. 
Wart,  wart,  re.  [A.  Sax.  wearte,  a  wart= 
Icel.  varta,  Dan.  vorte,  D.  wrat,  G.  warze: 
same  root  as  L.  vemica,  a  wart.]  A  small 
dry  hard  growth  in  the  skin,  most  com- 
mon on  the  hands;  a  spongy  excrescence 
on  the  hinder  pasterns  of  a  horse;  a  round- 
ish glandule  on  the  siirface  of  plants. — 
Wart-hog,  re.  A  species  of  swine  found  in 
Africa  notable  for  its  large  tusks  and 
warty  growths  or  excrescences  on  the 
cheeks.— Warty,  w^ir'ti,  a.  Covered  jvith 
warts;  of  the  nature  of  warts. 
Wary,  wa'ri,  a.  [Formed  from  waYe,  wary. 


aware  (the  -ware  of  a-ware,  he-ware),  from 
A.  Sax.  woer,  cautiou8='Icel.  varr,  Dan. 
and  Sw.  var,  Goth.,  vara;  from  root  of  1/. 
vereor,  to  regard,  to  dread.  (Revere.)  Of 
kindred  origin  are  warn,  warrant,  ward, 
guard,  kc]  Carefully  watching  against 
deception,  artifices,  and  dangers;  ever  on 
one's  guard;  cautious;  circumspect;  pru- 
dent; careful,  as  to  doing  or  not  doing 
something.— Warily,  wa'n-li,  adv.  In  a 
■warjr  manner ; "  cautiously.  —  Wariness, 
wa'ri-nes,  re.  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
wary. 

Was,  woz.  [A.  Sax.  ic  wees,  I  was,  he  wees, 
he  was,  thU  waere,  thou  wert,  pi.  waeron, 
were;  inf.  wesati,  to  be;  Icel.  vesa  or  vera, 
to  be ;  G.  weeen,  to  be,  war,  I  was ;  Dan. 
vcere,  8w.  vara,  to  be;  allied  to  Goth. 
viaan,  to  dwell,  to  be ;  Skr.  vas,  to  dwell. 
See  also  Am,  Be.]  The  past  tense  of  the 
verb  to  be;  as,  I  was,  thou  wast  or  wert,  he 
wag;  we,  you,  or  they  were.  The  subjunc- 
tive is  seen  in  if  I  were,  or  were  I  to  go;  if 
thou  wert:  wert  thou;  vxre  they,  &c. 

Waah,  wosn,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  wascanr,  to  wash 
=L.G.  wasicen,  Dan.  vaske,  Sw.  vaska,  G. 
waschen;  same  root  as  water.]  To  apply 
water  or  other  liquid  to,  for  the  purpose 
of  cleansing;  to  scour,  scrub,  or  the  like, 
with  water  or  other  liquid;  to  cover  with 
water  or  other  liquid;  to  overflow  or  flow 
along;  to  wet  copiously;  to  remove  by 
ablution.  Literally  or  figuratively:  with 
away,  off,  out,  &c.;  to  sweep  away  by  a  rush 
of  water  (a  jnan  washed  overboard) ;  to 

•  cover  with  a  watery  or  thin  coat  of  colour; 
to  tint  lightly  or  thinly;  to  overlay  with  a 
thin  coat  of  metal;  to  separate  from  ea»thy 
and  lighter  matters  by  the  action  of  water- 
(to  wash  gold,  to  wash  ores).— u.i.  To  per- 
form the  act  of  ablution  on  one's  own  per- 
son; to  performthe  business  of  cleansing 

..clothes  m  water;  to  stand  the  operation 
of  washing  without  being  inj  'ared,  spoiled, 
or  destroyed;  hence, to  stand  beinp  put, to 
the  proof;  to  stand  the  test  (colloq.).— 
n.  The  act  of  washing;  the  clothes  washed 
on  one  occasion;  the  flow  or  sweep  of 
water;  a  piece  of  ground  sometimes  over- 
flowed; a  shallow;  waste  liquor  containing 
the  refuse  of  food,  such  as  is  often  gi-ven 
to  pigs;  .swill  or  swillings;  the  fermented 
wort  from  which  spirit  is  extracted;  a 
liquid  used  for  toilet  purposes,  such  as  a 
liquid  dentifrice,  a  hair- wash,  &c.;alotion; 
a  thin  coat  of  colour  spread  over  surfaces; 
a  thin  coat  of  metal.— Washable,  wosh'a- 
bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  washed. — Wash- 
ball,  re.  A  ball  of  soap,  to  be  used  in  wash- 
ing the  hands  or  face.  —  Wash-board,  re. 
A  board  with  a  ribbed  surface  for  washing 
clothes  on;  a  broad  thin  board  on  the  edge 
of  a  boat  to  prevent  the  sea  from  breaking 
over;  a  board  round  the  bottom  of  the 
walls  of  a  room. — Washer, "wosh'er,!!.  One 
who  or  that  which  washes;  an  annular 
disc  or  flat  ring  of  metal,  leather,  or  other 
material,  used  to  reduce  friction,  form  an 
air-tight  or  water-tight  packing,  Ac- 
Washerwoman,  wosh'6r-wum-an,  re.  A 
woman  that  washes  clothes  for  hire. — 
Waslihand-basia,  re.  A  basin  for  washing 
the  hands  in.  —  Washhand-stand,  re.  A 
stand  for  holding  one  or  more  washhand- 
basins,  &c.— Wash-house,  Washing-house, 
n.  A  house,  generally  fitted  v/ith  boilers, 
tubs,  &c.,  for  washing  clothes,  &c. — Washi- 
ness, wosh'i-nes,  re.  The  quality  of  being 
washjr.— Washing,  wosh'ing,  re.  A  cleans- 
ing with  water;  ablution;  clothes  washed 
at  one  time;  a  wash. — Washing-machine, 
re.  A  machine  for  washing  clothes. — 
Wash-leather,  re.  A  kind  of  soft  leather, 
usually  from  split  sheepskins,  used  for 
domestic  purposes,  as  cleaning  glass  or 
plate,  polishing,  Ac- Wash-pot,  re.  A  ves- 
sel in  which  anything  is  washed.  [O.T.] — 
Wash-tub,  re.  A  tub  in  which  clothes  are 
■washed.— Washy,  wosh'i,  a.    Watery;  too 

■  much  diluted;  thin;  feeble;  worthless.    . 

Wasp,  wosp,  re.  [A.  Sax.  wcBsp,  by  meta- 
thesis for  weeps;  D.  wesp,  G.  wespe;  cog.  L. 
vespa  (for  vepsa),  a  wasp,  Lith.  wapsa,  a 
gad-fly.]  The  common  name  applied  to 
various  hymenopterous  insects  which  live 
in  societies,  and  consist  of  males,  females, 
and  neuters,  the  two  latter  classes  being 
armed  "with  powerful  and  in  some  cases 


highljr  venomous  stings;  ;Jj7.  a  person  cha- 
racterized by  ill-nature,  irritability,  or 
Setty  malignity.  —  Waspish,  wos'pish,  a. 
Lesembling  a  wasp  in  form;  snappish; 
irritable;  irascible.— Waspishly,  wos'pish- 
li,  adv.  Venomously;  irritably.— Waspish- 
ness,  wos'pish^nes,  re.  Irascibility;  snap- 
pishness. 

Wassail,  wos'el,  re.  [A.  Sax.  wes  hael,  woes 
hael,  be  hale,  that  is,  health  be  to  you,  an 
old  pledge  or  salutation  in  drinking — wes, 
imper.  of  wesan,  to  be.  Was,  Hale.]  A 
festive  occasion  where  drinking  and  pledg- 
ing of  healths  are  indulged  in;  a  drinking 
bout;  a  carouse;  the  liquor  used  on  such 
occasions, 'especially  about  Christmas  or 
the  New  Year.  —  v.i.  To  hold  a  merry 
drinking  meeting.  —  WassaU-bowl,  re.  A 
large  bowl  in  which  wassail  "was  mixed 
and  set  before  a  festive  company. — Was- 
sailer,  wos'el-6r,  re.  One  who  takes  part 
at  a  wassail  or  drinking  feast;  a  reveller. 

Wast,  wost.  The  second  person  of  was. 
Was.  .    ••      • 

Waste,  wasji,  v.t. — wasted,  wasting.  [O.Fr. 
wasfer,  to 'waste,  lay  waste  (later  gaster. 
Mod.  Fr.  gdter;  to  spoil),  from  O.H.G. 
wasten,  from  L.  vastare,  to  lay  waste,  vas- 
ttis,  vast,  waste.   Vast.]  To  bring  to  deso- 

•  lation;  to  devastate;  to  desolate;  to  ravage; 
to  wear  away  gradually;  to  spend  useless- 
ly, vainly,  or  foolishly;  to  squander;  law, 
to  damage,  injure,  or  impair,  as  an  estate 
voluntarily,  or  by  allowing  the  buildings, 

•  fences,  or  the'  like,  to  go  to  decay. — v.i.  To 
decrease  gradually;  to  be  consumed;  to 
dwindle.— a.  Resembling  a  desert  or  "wil- 
derness; desolate;  iiot  cultivated;  produ- 
cing no  crops  nor  timber;  rendered  unfit 
for  its  intended  use;  sj)oiled  in  making  or 
handling;  refuse.— To  laj/  waste,  to  render 
desolate ;  to  devastate.  —  n.  The  act  of 
wasting  or  process  of  being  wasted;  lavish 
expenditure;  gradual  decrease  in  quan- 
tity, strength,  value,  &c.;  a  desert  region; 
a  wilderness;  a  tract  of  land  not  in  culti- 
vation, and  producing  little  or  no  herbage 
or  wood.— To  run  to  waste,  to  become  use- 
less, exhausted,  or  spoiled  from  want  of 
proper  attention,  care,  or  skill.— Wastage, 
was'taj,  re.  Loss  by  use,  decay,  leakage, 
and  the  like.— Waste-basket,  n.  A  basket 
used  jn  oifices,  &c.,  to  hold  waste  papers. 
— Waste-book,  re.  Same  as  Day-book. — 
Wasteful,  wast'ful,  a.  Causing,  waste; 
grossly  thriftless;'  ruinous;  lavish;  prodi- 
gal. —  Wastefully,  wast'f ul-li,  adv.  In  a 
wasteful  manner.  —  Wastefulness,  wast'- 
ful-nes,  re.  Lavishness;  prodigality. — 
Wasteness,  wast'nes,  re.  The  state  of  be- 
ing waste;  desolation.  —  Waste-paper,  n. 
Spoiled  or  used  paper,  fit  only  for  re-manu- 
facturing purposes.  —  Waste-pipe,  re.  A 
pipe  for  conveying  away  waste  water,  &c.; 
an  overflow  pipe.  —  Waster,  was't^r,  n. 
One  who  wastes;  a  squanderer;  a  prodigal; 
an  excrescence  in  the  snuff  of  a  candle 
■which  causes  it  to  waste.— Wasting,  was'- 
ting,  p.  and  a.  Desolating;  laying  waste; 
diminishing  or  .gradually  sapping  the  bod- 
ily strength  (a  wasting  disease). 

Watch,  woch,  n.  [A.  Sax.  wcecce,  a  watch, 
a  watching,  from  stem  of  wacan,  to 
wake.  Wakjs.]  A  keeping  awake  for  thi^ 
purpose  of  attending,  guarding,  preser- 
"ving,  or  the  like ;  a  vigil ;  vigilant  atten- 
tion; vigilance;  a  guard  or  number  of 
guards;  a  watchman  or  body  of  watchmen ; 
the  time  during  which  a  person  or  body  of 
persons  are  on  guard;  a  division  of  the 
night,  when  the  precautionary  setting  of 
a  watch  is  most  geiierally  necessary;  naut. 
the  period  of  time  occupied  bjr  each  part 
of  a  ship's  crew  alternately  while  on  duty; 
a  certain  part  of  the  ofiicers  and  crew  of  a 
vessel  who  together  attend  to  working  her 
for  an  allotted  time;  a  small  time-piece, 
now  universally  circular  in  shape,  to  be 
carried  in  the  jKJcket  or  about  the  person. 
—v.i.  To  be  or  continue  "without  sleep;  to 
keep  vigil;  to  be  attentive,  circumspect,  or 
vigilant;  to  be  closely  observant;  to  give 
heed;  to  act  as  a  watchman",  guard,  sen- 
tinel, or  the  Uke;  to  look  forward  with 
expectation;  to  be  expectant;  to  wait. — 
To  watch  over,  to  be  cautiously  observant 
of ;  to  guard  from  error'and  danger.— 1».<. 
To  look  with  close  attention  at  or  on;  to 


cii,eAain;    cft,Sc.  locAj    e,goi    j.iob^   n,  Fr.  tow;    iig,  sina;    ra,  <ften;  th,  ttin;    w,wig;    wh.wAig;    zh,a«ure.. 


WATEH 


764 


WATTLE 


keep  a  sharp  look-out  on  or  for;  to  re^ani 
with  vigilance  and  care;  to  have  in  keep- 
ins;  to  tend;  to  guard;  to  look  for;  to  wait 
for. — Watch-dog,  n.  A  dog  kept  to  watch  or 
guard  premises  and  property. — Watcher, 
woch'^r,  n.  One  who  watches.  —Watch- 
fire,  n.  A  fire  kept  up  in  the  night  as  a 
signal  or  for  the  use  of  a  guard. — Watchful, 
woch'ful,  a.  Careful  to  observe;  observant; 
giving  wary  attention;  vigilant.— Watch- 
fully, woch'ful-li,  adv.  Vigilantly;  heed- 
fully.  —  Watchfulness,  woch'ful-nes,  n. 
Vigilance;  heedfulness;  wary  attention. — 
Watch-glass,  n.  A  concavo-convex  glass 
for  covering  the  dial  of  a  watch. — Watch- 
guard,  n.  A  chain,  cord,  ribbon,  &c.,  by 
which  a  watch  is  attached  to  the  person. 
— Watch-house,  n.  A  house  in  which  a 
watch  or  guard  is  placed;  a  guard-house; 
a  lock-up. —Watch-key,  n.  A  small  key 
by  which  a  watch  is  wound  up. — Watch- 
maker, »i.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
make  ancl  repair  watches.  —  Watch-mak- 
ing, ».  The  art  of  making  watches;  the 
business  of  a  watch-maker.— Watchman, 
woch'man,  n.  A  person  set  to  pay  heedful 
attention  over  something;  one  who  holds 
a  post  of  observation;  a  guard;  a  sort  of 
night  policeman;  the  care-taker  of  abuild- 
ing  by  night.— Watch-pocket,  n.  A  small 
pocket  for  carrying  a  watclr. — Watch- 
spring,  n.  The  mainspring  of  a  watch. — 
Watcn-tower,  n.  A  tower  on  which  a  sen- 
tinel is  placed  to  watch  for  enemies. — 
Watchword,  woch '  wferd,  n.  The  word 
given  to  sentinels  and  such  as  have  occa- 
sion to  visit  guards,  as  a  token  by  which  a 
friend-  is  known  from  an  enemy ;  a  coun- 
tersign; a  password;  a  word  used  as  a 
motto,  and  as  expressive  of  a  principle  or 
rule  of  action. 

Water,  wft'tfer,  n.  [A.  Sax.  wceter,  water  = 
O.  Sax.  watar,  D.  and  L.  tt.  water,  G. 
waaser;  akin  to  Icel.  vatn,  Sw.  vatten;  Goth, 
tfato,  water;  from  root  seen  also  in  L. 
udu8,  wet,  unda,  a  wave  (whence  vndu- 
lats);  Gr.  hydOr,  Skr.  udan,  water.  Akin 
wet,  otter.]  A  compound  substance,  con- 
sisting of  hydrogen  and  oxygen  in  the 
proportion  of  2. volumes  of  the  former  gas 
to  1  volume  of  the  latter;  a  fluid  covering 
about  three-fifths  of  the  entire  surface  of 
the  earth,  and  forming  an  essential  con- 
stituent of  vegetable  and  animal  organ- 
isms; this  fluid  as  opposed  to  land  (to  travel 
hy  water);  any  natural  collection  of  it;  some- 
times used  of  other  fluids,  humours,  &c.; 
urine;  the  colour  or  lustre  of  a  diamond 
or  other  precious  stone  (a  diamond  of  the 
first  water,  that  is,  perfectly  pure  and 
transparent). —  Water  o/cri/staUUation.,the 
water  which  unites  chemically  with  many 
salts  during  the  act  of  crystallizing.— To 
Tiold  water,  to  be  able  to  retain  water  with- 
out leaking;  hence.  Jig.  to  be  correct,  valid, 
or  w&U- grounded:  said  of  arguments, 
theories,  kc.—v.t.  To  irrigate;  to  overflow 
or  wet  with  water;  to  supply  with  water 
or  streams  of  water  (a  country  well  wa- 
tered); to  supply  with  water  for  drink  (to 
water  horses);  to  subject  to  a  calendering 
process,  as  silk,  &c.,  in  order  to  make  it 
exhibit  a  variety  of  undulated  reflections 
and  plays  of  light.— t».i.  To  shed  water  or 
liquid  matter  (his  eyes  water);  to  take  in 
water  (the  ship  put  into  port  to  water);  to 
gather  saliva  as  a  symptom  of  appetite;  to 
have  a  longing  desire  (his  mouth  watered). 
— Water-bailin,  n.  A  custom-house  officer 
in  a  port  for  searching  ships;  one  who 
watches  a  salmon  river  to  prevent  poach- 
ing.—Water-bath,  n.  A  bath  of  water; 
chem.  a  bath  of  water  at  a  certain  tempera- 
ture, in  which  vessels  may  stand  for  heat 
or  evaporation.  —  Water-bed,  n.  A  bed 
composed  of  india-rubber  clotli  inflated 
with  water  on  w'hich  a  patient  rest?;  a 
hydrostatic  bed.— Water-boatman,  n.  Tho 
boat-fly.— Water-bottle,  n.  A  bottle  for 
holding  drinking  water.— Water-butt,  n. 
A  large  open-headed  cask  as  a  reservoir 
for  rain-water. — Water-carriage,  n.  Con- 
veyance by  water. — Water-cart,  n.  A  cart 
carrying  water  for  sale  or  for  watering 
streets,  gardens,  &c.— Water-cask,  n.  A 
strong  barrel  in  ships  for  holding  water 
for  those  on  board.— Water-cement,  n.  A 
cement  which  hardens  under  water.  — 


Water-clock,  n.  A  clepsj'dra.  —  Water- 
closet,  n.  A  privy  in  Vi-hich  the  discharges 
are  removed  by  means  of  water  through  a 
■waste-pipe.- Water-colour,  n.  A  pigment 
or  colour  carefully  ground  up  with  water 
and  isinglass  or  other  mucilage  instead  of 
oil.—  Water-colour  painting,  painting  in 
which  water-colours  are  used  instead  of 
oil-colours;  a  painting  done  in  water- 
colours. — Water-course,  n.  A  stream  of 
water;  a  channel  for  the  conveyance  of 
water.— Water-cress,  n.  An  aquatic  plant 
much  used  as  a  salad.  Nastuktium.  — 
Water-cure,  n.  Hydropathy.  —  Water- 
dog,  n.  A  dog  having  remarkable  swim- 
ming powers. — Watered,  wa'terd,  a.  Hav- 
ing a  wavy  appearance  on  the  surface 
{watered  silk  or  paper). — Waterfall,  wa'- 
tOr-fal,  n.  A  fall  or  perpendicular  descent 
of  the  water  of  a  river  or  stream;  a  cas- 
cade; a  cataract. — Water-flag,  n.  A  plant, 
a  species  of  iris. — Water-flea,  n.  A  minute 
animal  belonging  to  the  entoinostraca. — 
Water-fowl,  n.  A  bird  that  lives  about 
rivers,  lakes,  or  on  or  near  the  sea;  an 
aquatic  fowl;  sush  birds  collectively;  wild- 
fuwl.— Water-frame,n.  Arkwright's frame 
for  spinning  cotton,  at  first,  driven  by 
water;  a  throstle.- Water-gall,  n.  [O.E. 
galle,  Icel.  galli,  G.  galle,  fault,  flaw,  im- 
perfection.] An  appearance  in  the  sky 
known  to  presage  rain;  a  rainbow-coloured 
spot;  a  weather-gall.— Water-gas,  n.  An 
illuminating  gas  obtained  by  decomposing 
water.— Water-gauge,  Water -gage,  n.  An 
instrument  for  measuring  or  ascertaining 
the  depth  or  quantity  of  water,  Sis  in  the 
boiler  of  a  steam-engine. —  Water-glass, 
n.  A  soluble  alkaline  silicate  made  by 
boiling  silica  in  an  alkali,  as  soda  or 
potassa,  used  to  give  surfaces,  as  of  walls, 
a  durable  covering  resembling  glass.  — 
Water-god,  n.  A  deity  that  presides  over 
the  water.— Water-gruel,  n.  A  liquid  food 
composed  of  water  and  a  small  portion  of 
meal  or  other  farinaceous  substance  boiled 
and  seasoned.— Water-hen,  n.  The  galli- 
nule  or  moor-hen.— Water-hog,  n.  A  South 
American  rodent  mammal  of  aquatic 
habits;  the  capybara;  also,  an  animal 
allied  to  the  wart-hog. — Wateriness,  wa'- 
t6r-i-nes,  ji.  The  state  of  being  watery. — 
Watering,  'vra't6r-ing,  n.  The  act  of  sup- 
plying with  water;  the  process  of  giving  a 
wave-like  appearance  of  ornamentation 
whereby  an  article  is  made  to  exhibit  a 
wavy  lustre  and  difi"erent  plays  of  light; 
tabbying.  —  Watering-place,  n.  A  place 
where  water  may  be  obtained,  as  for  a 
ship,  for  cattle,  &c.;  a  place  to  which 
people  resort  at  certain  seasons  in  order  to 
drink  mineral  waters,  or  for  bathing,  &c., 
as  at  the  sea-side.— Watering-can,  Water- 
ing-pot, n.  A  hand  vessel  for  sprinkling 
water  on  plants.— Watering-trough,  n.  A 
trough  in  which  cattle  and  horses  drink. 
—Waterless,  WR't<?r-les,  a.  Destitute  of 
water.— Water-level,  n.  A  levelling  in- 
strument in  which  water  is  employed, 
consisting  of  a  bent  glass  tube  open  at 
both  ends,  and  having  the  ends  turned  up. 
—Water-lily,  n.  The  common  name  of 
several  genera  of  aquatic  plants  distin- 
guished for  their  beautiful  flowers  and 
large  floating  leaves.— Water-line,  n.  The 
line  of  floatation  in  a  ship;  one  of  those 
horizontal  lines  supposed  to  be  described 
by  the  surface  of  tlie  water  on  the  bottom 
or  side  of  a  ship.— Water-logged,  a.  I/ying 
like  a  log  on  the  water:  apphpd  to  a  ship 
when  by  leaking  and  receiving  a  great 
quantity  of  water  into  her  hold  she  has 
become  so  heavy  as  to  >)e  nearly  or  alto- 
gether unmanageable,  though  still  keep- 
ing afloat. — Waterman,  wa'ter-man,  n.  A 
boatman;  a  ferryman;  one  wjio  plies  for 
hire  on  rivers,  &c.— Water-mark,  n.  The 
mark  indicating  the  rise  and  fall  of  water; 
anj;  distinguishing  device  or  devices  in- 
delibly stamped  in  the  substance  of  a 
sheet  of  paper  during  the  process  of  manu- 
facture.— Water-meadow,  n.  A  meadow 
that  may  be  kept  in  a  state  of  fertility  by 
being  overflowed  with  water  at  certain 
seasons. — Water-melon,  n.  A  plant  and 
its  fruit  extensively  cultivated  m  dry  hot 
parts  of  the  world,  the  fruit  abounding 
with  a  sweetish  refreshing  liquor,  and  the 


pulp  remarkably  delicious.  —  Water- 
meter,  n.  An  instrument  that  measures 
the  quantity  of  water  that  passes  through 
it,  as  a  gas-meter  measures  gas.— Water- 
mill,  n.  A  mill  whose  machinery  is  moved 
by  water.  —  Water-mole,  n.  The  duck- 
mole  or  omithorhynchus.  —  Water-mur- 
rain, n.  A  disease  among  cattle.— Water- 
newt,  n.  A  name  of  two  newts  from  their 
frequenting  ponds,  ditches,  &c.— Water- 
ousel,  n.  The  dipper,  a  European  bird 
of  the  thrush  family  that  can  walk  about 
under  the  surface  of  water.  —  Water- 
parsaep,  n.  Skirret. —Water-parting,  n. 
A  watershed.— Water-pipe,  n.  A  pipe  for 
the  conveyance  of  water. — Water-pitcher,' 
n.  A  pitcher  for  holding  water;  a  pitcher- 
plant.— Water-plant,  n.  Any  plant  that 
lives  entirely  in  water,  or  requires  a  great 
deal  of  water  for  its  existence.— Water- 
pot,  n.  A  vessel  for  holding  water;  a 
watering-pot.  —  Water-power,  n.  The 
power  of  water  employed  or  capable  of 
being  employed  as  a  prime  mover  in  ma- 
chinery. —  Water-pox,  n.  A  variety  of 
chicken-pox.  —  Water-privilege,  n.  The 
right  to  use  running  water  to  turn  machin- 
ery. —  Waterproof,  wa't6r-prof,  a.  Im- 
pervious to  water;  so  firm  and  compact  as 
not  to  admit  water.— n.  Cloth  rendered 
waterproof;  an  over-coat  or  other  articis 
of  dress  made  of  such  cloth. — v.t.  To  render 
impervious  to  water,  as  cloth,  leather,  &c. 
— Water -rail,  n.  A  bird,  a  species  of  rail, 
the  only  one  found  in  Europe.— Water- 
ram,  n.  Same  as  JJgdraulic  ram.  Under 
Ram.— Water-rat,  n.  A  rodent  animal  of 
the  vole  genus  which  lives  in  the  banks 
of  streams  or  lakes.  —  Water-rate,  n.  A 
rate  or  tax  for  the  supply  of  water.— 
Water -sapphire,  n.  A  transparent  pre- 
cious stone  of  an  intense  blue  colour  found 
in  Ceylon. —Watershed,  wa'tfer-shed,  n. 
[Shed  has  sense  of  parting.]  An  imaginary 
line  which  runs  along  the  ridge  .of  separa- 
tion between  adjacent  seas,  lakes,  or  river- 
basins,  and  represents  the  limit  from 
which  water  naturally  flows  in  opposite 
directions.— Water-side,  n.  The  bank  or 
margin  of  a  stream  or  lake;  the  sea-shore. 
— Water-snake,  n.  A  snake  or  serpei-.t 
that  lives  in  water;  a  sea-snake.— Water- 
spaniel,  n.  The  name  of  two  varieties  of 
the  spaniel,  excellent  swimmers.— Water- 
spout, n.  A  meteorological  phenomenon 
frequently  obeerved  at  sea,  and  consisting 
of  a  pillar  of  dark  cloud  caused  to  revolve 
by  a  whirlwind  and  forming  a  vast  funnel, 
which  descends  to  the  sunace  of  the  sea 
and  draws  up  a  certain  quantity  of  spray 
or  water;  a  water-spout  (so-called)  on  lancl 
is  merely  a  very  heavy  shower. —  Water- 
supply,  n.  The  amount  of  water  supplied 
to  a  community. — Water-tap,  n.  A  tap 
or  cock  by  which  water  may  be  drawn 
from  any  supply.- Water-tight,  a.  So 
tight  as  to  retain  or  not  to  admit  water; 
stanch.- Water-twist,  n.  A  kind  of  cot 
ton  twist,  first-made  by  the  water-fram-j. 

—  Water-vole.  to.  A  water-rat.  —  Water- 
wagtail,  TO.  A  wagtail.— Water-way,  n. 
That  part  of  a  river,  arm  of  the  sea,  &c., 
through  which  vessels  enter  or  depart; 
the  fair-way;  also,  a  name  given  to  tlie 
thick  ])lanks  along  the  scuppers  of  a  ship. 

—  Water-wheel,  n.  A  kind  of  wheel  for 
raising  water  in  large  quantities,  as  the 
Persian  wheel;  a  wheel  moved  by  water, 
and  employed  to  turn  machinery. — Water- 
works, n.  pi.  The  aggregate  of  construc- 
tions and  appliances  for  the  collection,  sto- 
rage, and  distribution  of  water  for  the  use 
of  communities.— Water-wom,a.  Worn  by 
the  action  of  water;  smoothed  hy  the  action 
of  running  water.— Watery.  w»'t6r-i,  a. 
Pertaining  to  water;  resembling  water; 
thin  or  transparent,  as  a  liquid;  consist- 
ing of  water;  abounding  in,  filled  with, 
or  containing  water;  wet;  moist;  tasteless; 
insipid;  vapid;  spiritless.- Water-yam,  n. 
The  lattice-plant  of  Madagascar,  having 
a  root-stock  which  is  farinaceous  and  used 
for  food. 

Wattle,  wotl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  watel,  wattd,  a 
wattle,  a  hurdle,  &c.]  A  hurdle  made  of 
interwoven  rods  or  wands;  the  fleshy  lobe 
that  grows  under  the  throat  of  the  domes- 
tic fowl,  or  any  appendage  of  the  like 


fate,  far,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met,  hCr;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tftbe,  tub,  b\ill;     oil,  pound;     tt,  Sc  abwne— the  Fr,  «, 


WAVE 


765 


WEALD 


'kind.—  v.t.—tDotiled,  toatUing.  To  twist, 
iaterweave,orintei'lace(  twigs  or  branches); 
to  plat  (to  wattle  a  hedge);  to  form  by 
platting  twigs.— Wattled,  wot'ld,  a.  Fur- 
nished with  wattles,  as  a  cock  or  turkey. 
— Wattle-turkey,  n,  Same  as  £rush-tur- 
itey.— Wattling,  wot'ling,  n,  A  wattled 
structure. 

Wave,  wav,  v.L— waved,  waving.  [From 
A .  Sax.  wajian,  to  waver  or  hesitate  through 
astonishment;  Icel.  veifa,  to  wave,  to  vi- 
brate; O.G.  waben,  to  fluctuate.  Waver, 
waft,  are  derivative  forms.]  To  move 
loosely  backwards  and  forwards;  to  float 
or  flutter;  to  undulate;  to  be  moved  as  a 
signal;  to  beckon. — v.t.  To  move  one  way 
and  the  other;  to  brandish;  to  signal  to 
by  waving  the  hand  or  the  like;  to  beckon. 
— n.  [O.E.  wawe,  a  wave  of  the  sea,  from  A. 
Sax.  W(Eg,  a  wave  (akin  towag);  modified  by 
the  verb  above.]  A  swell  or  ridge  on  the  sur- 
face of  water  or  other  liquid  resulting  from 
the  oscillatory  motion  of  its  component 
particles,  when  disturbed  from  their  posi- 
tion of  rest  by  any  force;  especially,  a  swell 
or  surge  on  the  surface  of  the  sea  or  other 
large  body  of  water  by  the  action  of  the 
wind;  a  billow;  physics,  a  vibration  propa- 
gated from  one  set  of  particles  of  an  elas- 
tic medium  to  the  adjoining  set,  and  so 
on;  anything  resembling  a  wave;  one  of  a 
series  of  undulating  inequalities  on  asur- 
iace;  an  undulation;  a  swelling  outline; 
that  which  advances  and  recedes,  rises  and 
falls,  comes  and  goes,  &c.,  like  a  wave;  the 
undulating  line  or  streak  of  lustreon  cloth 
watered  and  calendered;  a  signal  made  by 
waving  the  hand,  a  flag,  or  the  like. — 
Wave-length,  n.  The  distance  between 
the  crests  of  or  hollows  between  two  ad- 
jacent waves. — Waveless,  wav'les,  a.  Free 
from  waves. — Wavelet,  wa\''let,  n.  A  small 
wave;  a  ripple  on  water. — Wave-worn,  a. 
Worn  by  the  waves. — Wavin^sa,  wa'vi-nes, 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  wavy.— 
Wavy,  wa'vi,  a.  Rising  or  swelling  in 
waves;  full  of  waves;  bot.  undulating  ou 
the  border  or  oa  the  surface. 

Wave,  wav,  v.t.    Same  as  Waive. 

Waveilite,  -vja'vel-it,  n.  [From  Dr.  Wavel, 
tho  discoverer.]  A  mineral,  a  phosphate 
of  aluminium. 

Waver,  wa'vfer,  v.i.  [A  freq.  corresponding 
to  the  verb  to  wave,  to  fluctuate  =  Icel. 
vafra,  to  hover.]  To  play  or  move  to  and 
fro;  to  flutter;  to  be  unsettled  in  opinion; 
to  be  undetermined;  to  fluctuate;  to  vacil- 
late; to  hesitate;  to  be  in  danger  of  falling 
or  failing;  to  totter;  to  reel.— Waverer, 
wa'vfcr-Sr,  n.  One  who  wavers;  one  who  is 
unsettled  in  doctrine,  faith,  or  opinion. — 
Waveringly,  wa'v6r-ing-li,  adv.  In  a  wa- 
vering, doubtful,  or  fluctuating  manner. 
— Waveringneas,  wa'v6r-ing-nes,  n. 

Wax,  waks,  n.  [A.  Sax.  weax,  wax=G. 
wach8,  Icel.  and  Sw.  vax,  Dan.  vox,  D.  vas; 
cog.  Pol.  vo8k,  Eus.  voska,  Lith.  waszkas, 
wax.]  A  thick,  viscid,  tenacious  substance, 
excreted  by  bees  from  their  bodies,  and 
employed  in  the  construction  of  their 
cells;  any  substance  resembling  this  in 
appearance  or  properties;  a  vegetable  pro- 
duct which  may  be  regarded  as  a  concrete 
flxSd  oil;  vegetable  wax;  a  tenacious  sub- 
stance excreted  in  the  ear;  ear-wax;  a  sub- 
stance used  in  sealing  letters;  sealing- 
wax;  a  thick  resinous  substance  used  by 
shoemakers  for  rubbing  their  thread. — 
v.t.  To  smear  or  rub  with  wax.— Wax- 
candle,  ji.  A  candle  made  of  wax. — Wax- 
cloth, n.  A  popular  but  erroneous  name 
for  Floor-cloth.— Wnx-AoU,  n.  A  child's 
doll  made  or  partly  made  of  wax.— Waxen, 
wak'sn,  a.  Made  of  wax;  resembling  wax; 
covered  with  wax.— Wax-end,  Waxed-end, 
n.  A  thread  pointed  with  a  bristle  and 
covered  with  shoemakers'  wax,  used  in 
sewing  boot's  and  shoes.— Waxiness,  wak'- 
si-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
waxy.— Wax-light,  n.  A  taper  made  of 
wax.— Wax-modelling,  n.  The  art  of  for- 
ming models  and  figures  in  wax;  ceroplas- 
tic— Wax-myrtle,  n.  The  candle-berry 
tree.— Wax-palm,re.  A  species  of  S.  Ameri- 
can palm,  which  exudes  a  thick  secretion, 
consisting  of  resin  and  wax.— Wax-wing, 
n.  Tlie  name  of  a  dentirostral  bird,  so 
called  because  it  has  small,  oval,  homy 


appendages  on  the  secondaries  of  the 
wings  of  the  colour  of  red  sealing-wax.— 
Wax-work,  n.  Work  in  wax;  figures  formed 
of  wax  in  imitation  of  real  beings;  a  place 
where  a  collection  of  such  figures  is  ex- 
hibited.—Waxy,  wak'si,  a.  Resembling 
wax;  made  of  wax;  abounding  in  wax. 

Wax,  waks,  «.i.— pret.  waxed;  pp.  waxed  or 
waxen  (the  latter  now  only  poetical).  [A. 
Sax.  weaxan,  to  grow,  to  become=Icel. 
vaxa,  Dan.  vcexe,  Sw.  vdxa,  G.  wachsen,  D. 
wassen,  to  wax;  allied  to  L.  augeo  (whence 
augment),  Skr.  vakshdmi,  to  increase,  to 
wax;  from  a  root  seen  also  in  L.  vigor,  "E. 
vigo^ir,  vegetable,  &c.]  To  increase  in  size; 
to  grow;  to  become  larger  or  show  a  larger 
disc  (as  tho  moon) ;  to  become  (to  wax 
strong). 

Way,  wa,  n.  [A.  Sax.  weg,  a  way,  road, 
passage=Dan.  vei,  Sw.  vag,  Icel.  vegr,  D. 
and  G.  weg,  Goth,  vigs,  way;  from  a  root 
meaning  to  move,  go,  take,  carry,  seen 
also  in  E.  wagon,  weigh,  wain,  L.  via,  a 
way  (ia  viaduct),  veho,  to  carry  (whence 
vehicle),  velum,  a  sail  (E.  veil),  vehemens, 
E.  vetiement,  &o.J  A  track  or  path  along 
or  over  which  one  passes  or  journeys;  a 
path,  route,  or  road  of  any  kind;  distance 
(a  good  ivay  off);  path  or  course  in  life; 
direction  of  motion;  means  by  which  any- 
thipg  is  accomplished;  scheme;  device; 
plan;  method  or  manner  of  proceeding; 
mode;  style;  usual_^  or  habitual  mode  of 
acting  or  behaving;  plan  or  mode  of  ac- 
tion, selected;  course  approved  of  as  one's 
own;  sphere  of  observation  (to  come  in 
one's  way);  naut.  progress  or  motion 
through  the  water;  pi.  the  timbers  on 
which  a  ship  is  launched. — To  give  way,  to 
break  or  fall,  as  under  pressure  or  a  strain; 
to  make  room  for  another  person  passing; 
to  yield;  to  submit. — To  go  one's  ivay  or 
ways,  to  take  one's  departure;  to  set  out. 
— To  go  the  way  of  all  the  earth,  to  die. 
[O.T.V— To  lead  the  way,  to  go  in  trout;  to 
act  the  part  of  a  leader,  guide,  &0.—T0 
make  way,  to  give  room  for  passing;  to 
stand  aside;  to  give  place. — To  make  one's 
way,  to  find  and  keep  a  successful  career; 
to  advance  in  life  by  one's  own  exertions. 
— To  take  one's  way,  to  follow  one's  own 
settled  opinion,  inclination,  or  fancy. — 
By  the  way,  in  the  course  of  the  joiimey; 
in  passing^  without  necessary  connection 
with  the  main  subject;  parenthetically. — 
By  way  of,  as  being;  to  serve  as  or  In  lieu 
of. — In  the  way,  in  a  position  or  of  such  a 
nature  as  to  obstruct  or  impede. — In  the 
way  of,  in  a  favourable  position  for  doing 
or  getting. — On  the  way,  in  going  or  trav- 
elling along;  advancing  towards  comple- 
tion.—Ottt  of  the  way,  hot  in  the  proper 
course  or  position;  not  where  it  can  be 
founder  met' with;  concealed  or  lost;  out 
of  the  beaten  track;  hence,  extraordinary; 
striking. —  Milky  Way.  Galaxy.— Right 
of  way,  in  law,  a  privilege  which  a  person 
or  persons  have  of  going  over  another's 
ground.  —  Ways  and  ■)neans,  methods ; 
resources;  facilities;  means  for  raising 
money  for  governmental  purposes;  re- 
sources of  revenue. — Way-bill,  n.  A  list  of 
passengers  or  goods  carried  by  rail  or  other 
public  conveyance.— Wayfarer,  wa'fa-rer, 
n.  One  who  journeys  or  travels;  a  travel- 
ler; a  passenger.— Wayfaring,  wa'fa-ring, 
a.  Being  on  a  journey;  travelling. — ^Way- 
lay, wa-la'  or  wa'la,  v.t.— pret.  and  pp.  ivay- 
laid;  ppr.  waylaying.  [  Way  and  lay.]  To 
watch  insidiously  in  the  way,  with  a  view 
to  seize,  rob,  or  slay;  to  beset  in  ambush. 
— Waylayer,  wa-la'6r  or  wa'la-6r,  n.  One 
who  waylays.— Wayless,  wa'les,  a.  Path- 
less; trackless.- Wayside,  wa'sid,  n.  The 
side,  border,  or  edge  of  a  road  or  highway. 
— a.  Growing,  situated.  Sic,  by  or  near  the 
side  of  tho  way  {wayside  flowers). — Way- 
warden, n.  The  surveyor  of  a  road. — 
Way-worn,  a.    Worn  or  tired  by  travel. 

Wayward,  wa'w6rd,  a.  [For  awayward; 
comp.  froward,  toward.]  Pull  of  peevish 
caprices  or  whims;  froward;  perverse. — 
Waywardly,  wa'werd-li,  adv.  Frowardly; 
perversely.  — Waywardness,  wa'w6rd-ne3, 
n.    Frowardness;  perverseness. 

Waywode,  Waiwode,  wa'wod,  n.  [Pol.  and 
^na.  umyewoda.]  A  name  originally  given 
to  military  commanders  in  various  Sla- 


vonic countries,  and  afterwards  to  gover- 
nors o*  towns  and  provinces. 

We,  we,  pron.,  pi.  of  /.  [A.  Six.  w4, 0.  Sax. 
v>e,  wi,  Icel.  ver,  veer,  Dan.  and  Sw.  vi,  D. 
vrij,  G.  wir,  Goth,  weis;  cog.-  Skr.  vayam, 
we.]  I  and  another  or  others;  I  and  he  or 
she,  or  I  and  they.  We  is  frequently  used, 
by  individuals,  as  editors,  authors,  and 
the  like,  when  alluding  to  themselves,  ia 
order  to  avoid  the  appearance  of  egotism; 
and  the  plural  style  is  also  used  by  kings 
and  other  potentates. 

Weak,  wek,  a.  [Same  as  Icel.  veikr,  veykr, 
Sw.  vek,  Dan,  veg,  L.G.  and  D.  week,  G. 
weich,  pliant,  soft,  weak,  the  A.  Sax.  form 
being  wiic;  allied  to  Gr.  (v)eikein,  to  yield. 
Wick,  wicker,  are  from  same  root.]  Not 
strong;  wanting  physical  strength;  feeble; 
infirm;  not  able  to  sustain  a  great  weight 
or  strain;  easily  broken;  brittle;  frail; 
wanting  irl  ability  to  perform  functions 
or  oflice  (a  weak  stomach,  weak  eyes);  de- 
ficient in  force  of  utterance  (a  weak  voice); 
unfit  for  effective  attack  or  defence  ( a 
weak  fortress  or  body  of  troops);  deficient 
in  essential  or  characteristic  ingredients 
(weak  tea,  &c.);  deficient  in  intellectual 
power  or  judgment ;  silly;  not  decided  or 
conflrmca(ujeafc  faith)  ;vacillating;wanting 
resolution;  easily  moved  or  worked  upon; 
facile;  wanting  moral  courage;  not  suppor- 
ted by  the  force  of  reason  or  truth  (weak  ar- 
guments); ineffective;  not  founded  in  right 
or  justice;  deficient  in  force  of  expression; 
not  affecting  the  mind  or  the  senses  strong- 
ly; slight;  gram,  a  term  applied  when  in- 
flection is  effected  by  adding  a  letter  or 
syllable  (loive,  loved  as  compared  with  rise, 
rose):  distinguished  from  strong. — Weak 
side,  that  side  of  a  person's  character  on 
which  he  is  most  easily  influenced  or 
affected.  —Weaken,  we'kn,  v.t.  To  make 
weak  or  weaker;  to  enervate;  to  enfeeble. 
— v.i.  To  become  weak  or  weaker.  —  Wea- 
kener,  w5'kn-Cr,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
weakens.— Weakenlng,w5'kn-ing,  p.  and  a. 
Having  the  quality  of  reducing  strength. 
—Weak-headed,  a.  Having  a  weak  mind 
or  intellect.— Weakish,  we'kish,  a.  Some- 
what weak.  —  Weakling,  wek'ling,  n.  A 
feeble  creature.  —  Weakly,  wek  li,  adv. 
In  a  weak  manner  i  with  little  physical 
strength;  faintly;  not  forcibly;  with 
feebleness  of  mind  or  intellect;  injudici- 
ously.— a.  Not  strong  of  constitution ;  in- 
firm. —  Weakness,  wek  nes,  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  weak;  want  of  physical, 
mental,  or  moral  strength;  feebleness; 
want  of  strength  of  will  or  resolution ; 
want  of  cogency;  a  defect;  a  failing. — 
Weak-spirited,  a.  Having  a  weak  or  tim- 
orous spirit;  pusillanimous. 

Weal,  wel,  n.  [A.  Ssix.  wela,  prosperity, lit. 
the  state  of  being  well,  from  wel,  well; 
Dan.  vel,  Sw.  viil.  Wblu]  A  sound,  health}', 
prosperous  state;  welfare;  prosperity;  hap- 
piness. —  The  public,  general,  or  eom,v\on 
weal,  the  interest,  well-being,  prosperity 
of  the  community,  state,  or  society.  — 
Wealth,  welth,  n.  [From  well,  and  suffix 
th;  comp.  health,  sloth,  &o.]  Well-being  or 
welfare!;  a  collective  term  for  riches;  ma- 
terial possessions  in  all  their  variety;  afflu- 
ence ;  opulence ;  profusion ;  abundance ; 
nol.  econ.  all  and  only  such  objects  as  have 
both  utility  and  can  be  appropriated  in 
exclusive  possession,  and  therefore  ex- 
changed. —  Wealthy,  wel'tbi,  a.  Having 
wealth;  having  large  possessions  in  lands: 
affluent;  rich;  opulent;  large  in  point  of 
value;  ample.— Wealthily,  wel'thi-li,  adv. 
In  a  wealthy  manner;  richly.— Wealthi- 
ness.wel'thi-nes,  n.  State  of  being  wealthy; 
richness. 

Weal,  w6l,  n.  The  mark  of  a  stripe.  Wale. 

Weald,  weld,  a.  [A.  Sax.  weald,  a  forest 
tract  J  akin  G.  wald,  a  wood  or  forest.  It 
is  a  form  of  wold.]  A  piece  of  open  forest 
land;  a  wold:  as  a  proper  name  applied  to 
the  tract  of  country  lying  between  the 
North  and  South  Downs  of  Kent  and 
Sussex.  — Weald-clay,  n.  The  upper  por- 
tion of  the  Wealden  formation,  composed 
of  beds  of  clay,  sandstone,  i&c.-Wesdden, 
wel  den,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  weald;  belong- 
ing to  the  Weald  of  Sussex  and  Kent. — 
Wealden  formation,  group,  or  st7-ata,  geol. 
a  series  of  fresh-water  strata  belonging  to 


vb,cAain;     cA,  Sc.  locAj     ^,  go;    j,  job-^     6,Fr.  ton;     iig,  sin^r;     su,  tAen;  tb,  tAin;     w.icig;     wh,wAi^;    Bh,as\m, 


WEALTH 


76S 


WEE 


the  lower  cretaceous  epoch,  and  occurring 
between  the  uppermcst  beds  of  the  oolite 
and  the  lower  ones  of  the  chalk  formation. 
— n.  The  Vfealden  group  or  formation. 

Wealth,  Wealthy,  &c.    Under  Wbai^ 

Wean,  w5n,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  wenian,  to  accus- 
tom, whence  (iiocniG7i,to  wean;  Icel.  venja, 
to  accustom ;  Dan.  vcenne,  to  accustom, 
wenne  fra  hrystet,  to  wean,  lit.  to  accustom 
from  the  breast ;  from  st«m  seen  in  wont. 
WoNT.J  To  accustom  to  do  without  the 
mother's  milk  as  food-;  to  reconcile  to  the 
want  of  the  breast;  to  detach  or  alienate, 
as  the  affections,  from  any  object  of  desire; 
to  reconcile  to  the  want  or  loss  of  some- 
thing: to  disengage  from  any  habit.— 
Weanling,  wenling,  ».  A  child  or  other 
animal  newly  weaned. 

Weapon,  wep'on,  n.  [A.  Sax.  waepen,  a 
weapon  =  IceL  vdpn,  Dan.  vaaben,  Sw. 
vapen,  D.  wapen,  G.  toaffe,  a  weapon,  Goth. 
tmyna  ( pi. ),  arms.]  Any  instrument  of 
offence  or  defence;  an  instrument  for  con- 
test or  for  combating  enemies ;  an  instru- 
ment that  may  be  classed  among  arms ; 
bot.  a  thorn,  prickle,  sting,  or  the  like,  with 
which  plants  are  furnished  for  defence. — 
Weaponed,  wep'ond,  a.  Armed;  furnished 
with  weapons.  —  WeaponlcES,  wep'on-les, 
a.  Unarmed. — Waapon-schaw,  wep'on- 
sha,  n.    Wapekshaw. 

Wear,  w5r,  u.t.— pret.  toore,  pp."  wont.  [A. 
Sax.  tverian,  to  wear  (on  the  body);  O.H.G. 
werian,  to  put  on;  Icel.  verja,  Goili.wasjan, 
to  clothe ;  same  root  as  in  Ii.  vestis,  a  gar- 
ment. Vest.]  To  carry  covering  or  appen- 
dant to  the  body,  as  clothes,  weapons, 
ornaments,  &c.;  to  have  on;  to  deteriorate 
or  destroy  (clothes,  &c.)  by  frequent  or 
habitual  use ;  to  waste  or  impair  by  rub- 
bing or  attrition;  to  destroy  by  degrees;  to 
produce  by  constant  rubbing  or  attrition 
(to  wear  a  channel);  to  have  of  exhibit  an 
ap^arance  of;  to  exhibit;  to  show  (to  wear 
a  giad  face).— To  ivear  ateay,  to  impair  or 
destroy  by  gradual  or  imperceptible  ac- 
tion.— To  wear  off y  to  remove  or  diminish 
by  attrition.— 2'o  icear  out,  to  wear  till 
useless;  to  waste  by  degrees;  to  tire  or 
harass  completely;  to  waste  the  strength 
of.—v.i.  To  DC  undergoing  gradual  impair- 
ment or  diminution;  to  waste  gradually; 
to  pasB  away,  as  time;  to  make  gradual 
progress  (winter  tfoi-e  over).— To  wear  well 
or  ifi,  to  be  wasted  away  slowly  or  quickly; 
to  be  affected  by  time  or  use  with  diffi- 
culty or  easily. — To  wear  off,  to  pass  away 
by  degrees.  —  n.  The  act  of  wearing;  the 
state  of  being  worn ;  diminution  by  fric- 
tion, use,  time,  or  the  like;  style  of  dress; 
fashion  or  vogue  in  costume.— Wear  and, 
tear,  loss  or  deterioration  by  wearing  or 
ordinary  uae ;  tear  and  wear. — Wearable, 
war'a-bl,  o.  Capable  of  being  worn. — 
Wearer,  war'ir,  n.  One  who  wears. — 
Wearing,  wgying,  a.  Applied  to  what  is 
worn  (wearing  apparel). 

Wear,  war,  v.t.  [A  form  of  veer.1  Naut.  to 
bring  on  the  other  tack  by  turning  the 
vessel  round,  stem  towards  the  wind. 

Wear,  wer,  n.    Weih. 

Weary,  we'ri,  a.  [A.  Sax.  wirig,  weary, 
perhaps  from  w&r,  a  swampy  place,  the 
word  originally  having  reference  to  the 
fatigue  of  walking  on  wet  ground.]  Har- 
ing  the  strength  much  exhausted  by  toil 
or  violent  exertion ;  tired ;  fatigued ;  im- 
patient of  the  continuance  of  something 
painful,  irksome,  or  the  like;  sick;  dis- 
gusted (loeary  0/ life);  tiresome;  irksome. 
—v.t. — wearied,  wearirina.  To  make  weary; 
to  tire;  to  fatigue;  to  exhaust  the  patience 
cf ;  to  harass  by  anything  irksome. — v.i. 
To  become  weaiy;  to  tire.— Wearily,  we*- 
ri-li,  adv.  In  a  weary  manner ;  like  one 
fatigued.  —  Weariness,  wO'ri-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  weary  or  tired;  lassitude  or 
exhaustion  of  strength  induced  by  labour; 
fatigrue;  tedium;  ennui;  languor.— Weari- 
some, we'  ri-8um,  a.  Causing  weariness ; 
tiresome;  irksome;  monotonous. — Weari- 
somely, wS'ri-sum-li,  adv.  Tediously.- 
Wearuomeness,  we'ri-sum-nes,  n.  Tire- 
someness; tedionsnesg. 

Weasand,  we'zand,  n.  [A.  Sax.  wdaend,  the 
windpipe:  0.  Fris.  wasende,  O.H.G.  wei- 

■gunt;  pernaps  named  from  the  wheezing 
eound  melde  in  breathing.  Whehze.J  The 


windpipe.  Written  also  Wegand,  Wesand, 
and  Weasand. 

Weasel,  we'zl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  we«Ze=D.  wesel, 
Dan.  vcesel,  G.  wiesel,  weasel;  perhaps  akin 
to  6.  iciese,  a  meadow.]  A  small  ctimivor- 
ous  animal  distinguished  by  the  length 
and  slendemess  of  its  body,  feeding  on 
mice,  rats,  moles,  and  small  birds;  a  lean, 
mean,  sneaking  fellow.— Weasel-fkced,  a. 
Having  a  thin  sharp  face  like  a  weasel. 

Weather,  weia'er,  n.  [A.  Sax.  weder^D. 
apd  L.G.  weder,  Icel.  vethr,  Sw.  vader,  G. 
wetter;  supposed  to  be  from  same  root  as 
wijid.  Wither  is  a  derivative.]  The  atmo- 
Bpheric  conditions  at  any  particular  time; 
the  state  of  the  atmosphere  with  resi)ect 
to  its  temperature,  pressure,  humidity, 
motionsi  or  any  other  meteorological  phe- 
nomena.— v.t.  To  bearup  against  and  come 
through,  though  with  difficulty  (to  weather 
a  gale);  he^ce,  to  bear  up  against  and 
overcome,  as  danger  or  difficulty;  nattt.  to 
sail  to  the  windward  of. ■'-v.i.  Geol.  to  suf- 
fer change,  disintegration,  or  waste,  by- 
exposure  to  the  weather,  as  a  rock  or  cliff. 
— a.  Naut.  toward  the  wind;  windward: 
opiwsite  of  lee. — Weather-beaten,  a.  Beat- 
en or  harassed  by  the  weather;  seasoned 
by  exposure  to  every  kind  of  weather. — 
weather-board,  n.  That  side  of  a  ship 
which  i^.toward  the  wind;  the  windward 
side;  one  of  a  set  of  overlapping  boards  on 
aroof.— Weather-boarding,  n.'  Overlap- 
ping boards  nailed  on  roofs.&c- Weather- 
t>ound,  a.'  Delayed  by  bad  weather. — 
Weather-bow,  n.  The  side  of  a  ship's  bow 
that  is  tb  windward. — ^Weathercock, wcth'- 
6r-kok,  n.  A  vane  or  figure  on  the  top  of 
a  spire,  which  turns  with  the  wind  and 
shows  its  direction:  so  called  from  the 
figure  of  a  cock  being  a  favourite  form  of 
vane;  a  fickle,  inconstant  person.  —  Wea- 
thered, wetH'ferd,  p.  and  q,  Wasted,  worn, 
or  discoloured  by  exposure  to  atmospheric 
influences:  said  of  stones  or  rock  surfaces. 
—Weather-eye,  n.  The  eye  that  looks  at 
the  sky  to  forecast  the  weather.— To  keep 
one'8  weather-eye  open  or  aioake,  to  be  vigi- 
lantly on  one's  guard.— Weatiier-gage,  n. 
Naiit.  the  situation  of  one  sliip  to.  the 
windward  of  another;  hence,  advantage 
of  position;  superiority.- Weather-gall,  n. 
Same  as  Water-gall  —  Weather-glass,  n. 
An  instrument  to  indicate  the  state  of 
the  atmosphere;  a  term  popularly  applied 
to  the  barometer.— Weather-gleam,  n.  A 
peculiar  clear  sky  near  the  horizon. — 
Weathering,  weiH'Sr-ing,  n.  Geol.  the 
action  of  the  elements  in  altering  rocks.: — 
Weatherly,  weTH'6r-li,  a.  Naut.  applied 
to  a  ship  that  makes  very  little  leeway. — 
Weather -moulding,  71.  A  dripstone  or 
canopy  over  a  door  or  window,  intended 
to  throw  off  the  rain.— Weather-proof,  a. 
Proof  against  rough  weather.— Weather- 
prophet,  )i.  One  skilled  in  foreseeingthe 
changes  or  state  of  the  weather. —  wea- 
ther-side, n,  Naut.  that  side  of  a  ship 
under  sail  which  is  to  windward.  —  Wea- 
ther-wise, a.  Skilful  in  forecasting  the 
weather.- Weather-worn,  a.  Worn  by  the 
action  of  the  weather;  weathered. 

Weave,  wev,  i'.<.— pret.  wove,  ppr.  weaving, 
pp.  tuoven:  pret.  and  pp.  formerly  often 
vmaved.  [A.  Sax.  wefan,  to  weave=D.  we- 
veJi,  IceL  vefa,  Dan.  vceve,  G.  wehen,  to 
weave ;  cog.  Skr.  vabh,  to  weave.  Akin 
web,  weft,  woof.']  To  form  by  interlacing 
anything  flexible,  such  as  thread,  yam, 
filaments,  or  strips  of  different  materials; 
to  form  by  a  loom;  to.form  a  tissue  withi 
to  entwine  into  a  fabric;  to  unite  by  in- 
termixture or  close  connecticm;  to  work 
up  into  one  whole  (to  weave  incidents  into 
a  story);  to  contrive  or  construct  with  de- 
sign (to  weave  a  plot).— r.i.  To  work  with 
a  loom;  to  become  woven.— Weaver,  w6'- 
vfer,  n.  One  who  weaves  or  whose  occupa- 
tion is  to  weave;  an  aquatic  insect,  the 
whirlwig  beetle;  a  weaver- bird. —Weaver- 
bird,  n.  An  insessorialf  tropical  bird,  so 
called  from  its  nest  being  woven  of  various 
vegetable  substances.  —  Weaver  -  fish,  n. 
Weeveb.— Weaving,  we'ving,  n.  The  act 
of  one  who  weaves;  the  act  or  art  of  pro- 
ducing cloth  or  other  textile  fabrics. 

Weazen,  we'zn,  a.    [Icel.  visinn,  wizened, 

.withered.    Wizen.]   Thin;  lean;  wizened. 


Web,  web,  n.  [A.  Sax.  weh,  webh,  from  stem 
of  weave.  Weave.]  That  which  is  woven; 
the  whole  piece  of  cloth  woven  in  a  loom: 
something  resembling  this;  a  large  roll  of 
paper  such  as  is  used  for  newspapers  and 
the  like;  the  blade  of  a  saw;  a  flat  portion 
of  various  things;  the  membranp  which 
unites  the  toes  of  many  water-fowl;  the 
threads  or  filaments  which  a  spider  spins; 
acobweb;  jJi?.  anything  carefully  contrived 
and  put  together,  as  a  plot  or  scheme.— 
Webbed,  webd,  o.  Having  -tlie  toes  united 
by  a  membrajie  or  web.  —  Webbing,  web'- 
ing,  n.  A  strong  fabric  of  hemp,  2  or  3 
inches  wide,  for  supporting  the  seats  of 
stuffed  chairs,  sofas,  &c.  —  Webby,  web'i, 
a.  Relating  to  a  web;  resembling  a  web. 
— Web-eye,  n.  A  disease  of  the  eye  pro- 
duced by  afilm.— Web-fingered,  a.  Having 
the  fingers  united  by  webs  of  skin.— Web- 
foot,  »i.  A  foot  whose  toes  are  united  by 
a  web  or  membrane.  —  Web  -  footed,  a. 
Having  web-feet;  palmiped. 

Weber,  valser,  n.  [From  Wilhelm  Edouard 
Weber,  a  German  physicist.]  The  electric 
unit  of  magnetic  quantity. 

Wed,  wed,  v.t.— wedded,  wedding;  wed  as 
pret.  and  pp.  also  occurs.]  A.Sax.  weddian, 
to  engage,  to  pledge,  from  wed,  a  pledge; 
similarly  Groth.  (ga)wadjan,  to  pledge,  to 
betroth,  from  wadi,  a  pledge.  Akin  gagi, 
wage,  wager.]  To  marry;  to  take  for  hus- 
band or  for  wife;  to  join  in  marriage;  to 
unite  closely  by  passion  or  prejudice;  to 
unite  inseparably. — v.i.  To  marry;  to  con- 
tract matrimony.  —  Wedded,  wed'ed,  a. 
Pertaining  to  matrimony  (tvedded  life); 
intimately  united  or  joined  together. — 
Wedding,  wed'ing,  n.  Marriage;  nuptial 
ceremony;  nuptial  festivities. — Silver  wed- 
ding, golden  wedding,  diamond  wedding, 
the  celebrations  of  the  twenty-fifth,  the 
fiftieth,  and  the  sixtieth  anniversaries  of 
a  weddings  .".  Syn.  under  TVIabriaoe. — 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  wedding.^ —  Wedding- 
cake,  71,  A  richly  decorated  cake  to  grace 
a  wedding.— Wedding-card,  n.  One  of  a 
set  of  cards  sent  by  a  newly-married 
couple  to  friends  to  announce  the  event. — 
Wedding-day,  ji.  The  day  of  marriage. — 
Wedding.-dower,  n.  A  marriage  portion. — 
Wedding-favour,  n.  A  rosette  or  bunch 
of  white  ribbons  worn  by  males  attending 
a  wedding.  —  Wedding-feast,  n.  A  feast 
j^epared  for  the  guests  at  a  wedding.— 
Wedding-ring,  n.  A  plain  gold  ring  placed 
by  the  bridegroom  on  the  third  fiiiger  of 
the  bride's  left  hand  at  the  marriage  cere- 
mony. —  Wedlock,  wed'lok,  n.  [A.  Sax. 
wedMc,  a  pledging,  from  wed,  a  pledge, 
and  Idc,  sport,  a  gift,  latterly  used  as  a 
meretermmationof  abstract  nouns.]  Mar- 
riage; matrimony.  .'.  Syn.  under  Mab- 
RIA6E. 

Wedder,  wed'fer,  n.    A  wether. 

Wedding.    Under  Wed. 

Wedge,  wej,  »».  [A.  Sax.  wecg,  a  wedge= 
Icel.  vegr,  Dan.  vrngge,  Sw.  vigg,  D.  weg, 
G.  week,  wed^e;  perhaps  akin  to  wag,  way, 
weigh,  and  signifying  lit.  the  mover.]  A 
piece  of  wood  or  metal,  thick  at  one-  end 
and  sloping  to  a  thin  edge  at  the  other, 
used  in  splitting  wood,  rocks,  &Cy  one  of 
the  mechanical  powers;  a  mass  of  metal, 
especially  if  resembling  a  wedge  in  form; 
anything  in  the  form  of  a  wedge. — The 
thin  or  small  end  of  the  wedge,  is  used 
figuratively  of  an  initiatory  move  of  small 
apparent  importance,  but  calculated  to 
produce  ultimately  an  important  effect. — 
v.t.— wedged,  wedging.  To  split  with  a 
wedge  or  with  wedges;  to  rive;  to  drive  as 
a  wedge  is  driven;  to  crowd  or  compress 
closely;  to  fasten  with  a  wedge  or  with 
wedges;  to  fix  in  the  manner  of  a  wedge. 

Wed^ood-'ware,  wej'wud.n.  [After  Josiah 
Wedgwood  (1730-1795)  of  Etruria,  Stafford- 
shire, the  inventor.]  A  superior  kind  of 
semivitrified  pottery  capable  of  taking  on 
the  most  brilliant  and  delicate  colours, 
and  much  used  for  ornamental  ware,  aa 
vases  &c 

Wedlock.    Under  Wed. 

Wednesday,  wenz'ds,  n.  [A  Sax.  Wodne»- 
dtsg,  that  is  Woden's  day.  Woden  is  the 
same  as  Odin.  Odin.]  The  fourth  day  of 
the  week;  the  next  day  after  Tuesday. 

Wee,  we,  a.   lA  form  of  way,  its  present 


Ffttfc,  fiir,  fut,  ftili,     m6,  met,  htri     pine,  pio;     note,  aot,  mOvej     tabo,  tab,  bull;     oil,  pound;     U,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  v. 


"WEED 


767 


WELL 


meaniilg  being  due  to  its  frequent  usage 
in  the  phrase  '  a  littl©  we '  {or  wea)=a,  little 
way,  a  little  bit.]    Small;  little.  [Colloq.] 

Weed,  wed,  n.  [A.  Sax.  weid,  a  weed :  D. 
iviede,  weeds;  affinities  doubtful.]  The 
general  name  of  any,  plant  that  is  useless 
or  troublesome;  a  plant  such  as  grows 
where  it  is  not  wanted,  and  is  either  of  no 
use  to  man  or  injurious  to'  crops;  a  sorry, 
worthless  animal;  a  leggy,  loose-bodied 
horse;  a  cigar.— D.t.  To  fi-ee  from  weeds  or 
noxious  plants;  to  take  away,  as  noxious 
plants;  to  extirpate;  to  free  from  anything 
nurtful  or  offensive.  —  Weeder,  wed'^r,  n. 
One  that  weeds;  a  weeding-tool.  —  Weed- 
grown,  a.  Overgrown,  with  weeds. — Weed- 
ing-tool, n.  An  implement  for  pulling  up, 
digging  up,  or  cutting  weeds. — Weedless, 
wed'les,  a.  ."Free  from  weeds.' —  Weedy, 
wed'i,  a.  Consisting  of  weeds;  abounding 
with  weeds;  worthless  for  breeding  or 
racing  purposes  (a  weedy  horse). 

Weed,  wed;  n.  [A.  Sax.  waed,  waede,  a 
garment;  O.Fris.  wede,  D.  (ge)waad,  Icel. 
vdd;  from  same  root  as  Goth,  ga-widan,  to 
bind,  and  as  E.  withy.'\  A  garmentj;  pi. 
mournings,  especially  the  mourning  clress 
of  a  widow. 

Week,  w5k,  n.  [A.  Sax.  wice,  a  week=D. 
week,  Icel.  vika,  a  week;  akin  6.  woche,  a 
week;  root  doubtful.]  The  space  of  seven 
days;  the  space  from  one  Sunday  to  an- 
other.—Tfcis  (that)  day  week,  the  same  day 
a  week  afterwards;  the  corresponding  day 
in  the  succeeding  week.  —  week-day,  n. 
Any  day  of  the  week  except  Sunday.— 
Weekly,  wek'li,  a.  i*ertaining  to  a  week 
or  week-days;  lasting  for  a.week;  happen- 
ing or  done  once  a  week.— ady.  Once  a 
week. — n.  A  periodical,  as  a  newspaper, 
appearing  once  a  week. 

Ween,  w6n,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  wdtMti,  to  ween, 
from  win,  Icel.  vdn,  Groth.  wens,  expecta- 
tion, hope.  Win.]  To  be  of  opinion;  to 
have  the  notion;  to  think;  to  imagine. 

Weep,  wep,  t>.i.— pret.  and  pp. wept.  [A.  Sax. 
wipan,  to  weep,  from  wop,  clamour,  out- 
cry; O.Sax.  wopian,  Gotli.  ivopjan,  to  ciy; 
cog.  Rus.  vopif,  Lith.  vapiti,  to  weep;  L. 
»oa;,  .voice;  Skr.  vach,  to  speak.]  To  mani- 
fest grief  or  other  strong  passion  by  shed- 
ding te'ars;  to  drop  or  flow  like  tears;  to 
let  fall  drops;  to  rain;  to  give  out  moisture; 
to  have  the  branches  drooping  or  hanging 
doMcnwards;  to  droop.  —  v.t.  To  lament, 
bewail,  or  bemoan;  to  shed  tears  for;  to 
shed  or  let  fall  drop  by  drop;  to  pour  forth 
in  drops,  as  if  tears;  to  get  rid  of  by  weep- 
ing: followed  by  away,  out,  &c.— Weeper, 
we'p^r,  r».  One  who  weeps;  a  sort  of  white 
linen  cuff  or  band  on  a  -dress,  worn,  as  a 
badge  of  mourning.— Weeping-ash,  n.  A 
variety  of  ash  which  has  its  branches 
arching  downwards  instead  of  upwards. — 
Weeping-birch,  n. .  A  variety  of  the  birch 
with  drooping  branches.— Weeping-elm,  w. 
An  elm  with  pendulous  branches. — Weep- 
iugly,  w5'ping-li,  adv.  With  weeping;  tear- 
fully.—Weeping-willow,  n.  A  species  of 
willow  whose  long  and  slender  branches 
hang  down  almost  perpendicularly. 

Weever,  we'vfer,  n.  [O.  Fr.  wivre,  gitivre, 
from  L.  vipera,  a  viper;  akin  wyvern.]  An 
edible  fish  of  the  British  seas  which  inflicts 
wounds  with  the  spines  of  its  first  dorsall 
fin. 

Weevil,  wf'vil,  n.  [A..  Sax.  wifel,  li.G.  and 
D.  wevel,  G.  tidebel;  cog.  Lith.  wabalas,  a 
beetle.]  The  name  applied  to  various 
insects  of  the  beetle  family,  distinguished 
by  the  prolongation  of  the  head,  so  as  to 
form  a  sort  of  snout  or  proboscis;  danger- 
ous enemies  to  the  agriculturist,  from  de- 
stroying grain,  fruit,  &c.  —  Weeyilled, 
Weevily,  we'vild,  w6'vil-i,  a.  Infested  by 
weevils. 

Weft,  weft,  TO.  [A.Sax.  weft,  the  woof,  from 
we/an,  to  weave;  so  Icel.  wftr.  Weave.] 
The  woof  of  cloth;  the  threads  that  are 
carried  in- the  shuttle  and  cross  the  warp. 

Weigh,  w&,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  wegan,  to  lift,  to 
weigh,  to  move;  vxBg,  a  balance,  a  pair  cf 
scales;  I),  wegen,  to  weigh;  leeL  vega,  to 
bear,  lift,  move;  G.  vnegen,  to  rock;  same 
Tootas  way, wain,wag,&o.]  To  raise  or  bear 
tip;  to  lift  so  that  it  hangs  in  the  air  (to 
weigh  anchor);  to  examine  by  the  balance 
so  as  to  ascertain  how  heavy  a  thing  is;  to 


pay,  allot,  or  take  by  weight;  to  consider 
tor  the  purpose  of  forming  an  opinion  or 
cotning  to  a  conclusion;  to  estimate;  to 
balance;  to  compare. — To  weigh  down,  to 
prepondetate  over;  to  oppress  with  weight 
or  heaviness;  to  overburthen.— v.i.  To  havd 
weight;  to  be  equal  in  weight  to  (to  weigh 
a  pound);  to  be  considered  ^s  important; 
to  have  weight  in  the  intellectual  balance; 
to  bear  heavily;  to  press  hard.— ».  A  wey; 
naut.  a  corruption  of  way,  used  only  in 
the  phrase  undei'  weigh.— WeighaMe,  wa'- 
a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  weighed. — 
Welghage,  w<a'aj,  n.  A  rate  or  toll  paid 
for  weighing  goods.— Weigh-bridge,  n.  A 
machine  for  weighing  carts,  wagons,  &c., 
with  their  load.— Weigher,  wa'6r,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  weighs.— Welgh-house, 
TO.  A  building  at  or  in  which  goods  are 
weighed.— Weighing,  wa'ing,  n.  The  act 
of  ascertaining  weight.  —  Weighing-ma- 
chine, n.  Any  contrivance  by  which  the 
weight  of  an  object  may  be  ascertained; 
generally  applied  only  to  contrivances 
employed  for  ascertaining  the  weight  of 
heavy  bodies.  —  Weight,  wat,  n.  [O.  E: 
weght,  wight,  A.  Sax.  wiht.]  That  property 
of  bodies  by  which  they  tend  toward  the 
centre  of  the  earth ;  the  measure  of  the 
force  of  gravity  as  determined  for  any 
particular  body;  the  amount  which  any- 
thing weighs;  a  certain  mass  of  brass, 
iron,  or  other  substance  to  be  used  for 
determining  the  weight  of  other  bodies 
(a  pound  weight);  a  heavy  mass;  something 
heavj';  in  clocks,  one  of  the  two  masses  of 
metal  that  by  their  weight  actuate  the 
machinery';  pressure;  burden  (the  weight 
of  grief);  importance;  influence;  efficacy; 
consequence;  moment;  impressiveness ; 
med.  a  sensation  of  oppression  or  heavi- 
ness.- Z>eaci  weight,  a  heavy  and  oppressive 
burden.— y.t.  To  add  or  attach  a  weight  or 
weights,  to;  to  add  to  the  heaviness  of. — 
Weightily,  wa'ti-li,  adv.  In  a  weighty 
manner;  heavily;  ponderously;  with  force 
or  jmpressiveness.  —  Weightlhess,  wa'ti- 
nes,  TO.  Ponderousness ;  gravity;  force; 
importance.— Weightless,  wat'les,a.  Hav- 
ing no  weight.— ^w  eighty,  wa'ti,  a.  Hav- 
ing great  weight;  heavy;  ponderous;  im- 
portant ;  momentous ;  grave ;  adaptejd  to 
turn  the  balance  in  the  mind,  or  tt>  con- 
vince; cogent;  grave  or  serious. 

Weir,  wei:,  n.  [A.  Sax.  wcer,  wer,  a  fence, 
an  inclosui^e  for  fish;  G.  weJir,  Weir,  dam; 
lit.  a  fence  or  defence,  being  akin  to  ward, 
ware,  'wary,  warren.)  A  dam  across  a 
stream  to  stop  and  raise  the  water,  for  the 
purpose  of  conveying  water  to  a  mill  for 
irrigation,  &c.;  a  fence  of  twigs  or  stakes 
set  m  a  stream  for  catching  fish; 

Weird,  werd,  to.  [A.  Sax.  wyrd,  wird,  fate, 
destiny,  from  stem  of  weorthan,  G.  werden, 
Goth. wairthan,  to  become.to be.  Worth,v.] 
Destiny;  a  person's  allotted  fate. — a.  Con- 
nected with  fate  or  destiny;  able  to  influ- 
ence fate;  partaking  of  the  supernatural; 
unearthly;  suggestive  of  unearthliness.— 
Weirdness,  wera'nes,  n. 

Welcher,  Welsher,  welsh'6r,  n.  [Yorkshire 
welch,  a  failure,  a  form  of  welk,  to  fail,  to 
fade=D.  and  G.  wslken,  to  fade.]  A  pro- 
fessional betting  man  who  receives  the 
sums  staked  by  persons  wishing  to  back 
particular  horses  and  does  not  pay  if  he 
loses.    [Turf  slang.] 

Welcome,  welTcum,  o.  [Equivalent  to  well 
come.]  Keceived  with  gladness;  admitted 
willingly  to  one's  house  and  company; 
producing  gladness  on  its  reception;  grate- 
ful; pleasing;  free  to  have  or  enjoy:  in 
phrases  of  courtesy. — to.  Salutation  of  a 
new-comer;  kind  reception  of  a  guest  or 
new-comer.  —  To  bid  welcome,  to  receive 
with  professions  of  friendship,  kindness, 
or  gladness. — v.t. — welcomed,  welcoming. 
To  salute  a  new-comer  with  kindness;  to 
receive  hospitably  and  cheerfully;  to  ac- 
cept or  meet  with  gladness  (to  welcome 
death).— 'Welcomer,  wel'kum-6r,  «'.  One 
who  welcomes. 

Weld,  Wold,  weld,  wold,  n.  [0.  E.  welde, 
wolde,  Sc.  wald;  origin  unknown  J  A  plant . 
native  to  Britain  and  several  European 
countries,  used  by  dyei-s  to  give  a  yellow 
colour, and sometimescalled Dyers'  Weed; 
tiometlmes  .also  called  Wild  Woad. 


Weld,  weld,  v.t.  [O.  E.  wOle,  So.  waul  (the 
final  d  has  been  added)  =■  G.  and  D. 
wellen,  to  boil,  to  weld;  Sw.  wtLlla,  to  weld; 
same  word  as  well,  to  boil,  to  bubble  up.] 
To.unite  or  join  together  into  firm  union, 
as  two  pieces  of  metal,  by  hammering  or 
compression  when  raised  to  a  white  'neat; 
h-eace,  fig.  to  unite  very  closely  (welded  Ijy 
affection). — n.  A  junction  of  two  pieces  of 
iron  by  hammering  when  heated  to  a  white 
heat.— Weldable^vel'da-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  welded.— Welder,  wel'der,  to.  One 
who  welds. 

Welfare,  wel'far,  n.  [Iiit.  a  state  ot  faring 
well.  Well,  Fare.]  A  state  of  exemption 
from  misfortune,  calamity,  or  evil;  the 
enjoyment  of  health  and  the  common 
blessings  of  life;  well-being;  prosperity. 

Welk,  welk;  v.i.  [Same  as  D.  and  G.  welken, 

.  to  wither,  to  fade.]    To  fade;  to  decay. 

Welkin,  wel'kin,  n.  [O.  E.  welkne,  wolkne, 
A.  Sax.  wolcen,  wolen,  a  cloud,  pi.  the  sky; 
G.  wolke,  O.H.G.  wolchan,  a  cloud.]  The 
sky;  the  vault  of  heaven.    [Poetical.] 

Well,  wel,  TO.  [A.  Sax.  well,  wella,  a  well, 
fountain,  tceallan,  to  well  up,  to  boil; 
Icel.  veil,  a  boiling;  D.  wel,  a  spring,  Dan. 
vald,  a  spring,  G.  welle,  a  wave,  wallen,  to 
boil;  from  root  of  walk,  wallow,  L.  voivo, 
to  roll  (whence  volume,  &c.).]  A  spring; 
a  fountain;  an  artificial  structure  from 
which  water  is  obtained,  often  a  round 
pit  sunk  perpendicularly  into  the  earth  to 
reach  a  supply  of-  water;  a  compartment 
at  the  bottom  of  certain  things;  a  com- 
partment in  a  fishing-vessel  having  holes 
to  let  in  water  so  that  fish  may  be  kept 
alive;  arch,  the  space  in  a  building  in 
v/hlch  winding  stairs  are  placed;  fig.  a 
spring,  source,  or  origin. — v.i.  To  spring  or 
issue  f  orth,as  water  from  the  earth;  to  flow; 
to  bubble  up.— Well-sinker,  to.  One  wJio 
digs  wells. — Well-sinklng,n.  The  operation 
of  sinking  or  digging  wells.— Well-room,  to. 
A  room  into  which  the  water  of  a  mineral 
spring  is  conducted.— Well-spring,  w.  A 
fou'ntain;  a  source  of  continual  supply. 

Well,  wel,  a.  [A.  Sax.  wel,  well,  enough, 
muoh=D.  wel,  Icel.  and  Dan.  vel,  Sw.  vdl, 
Goth,  waila,  G.  wohl,  well;  of  same  origin 
as  will,  and  meaning  originally  according 
to  one's  tvill.  Akin  weal,  wealth.]  Not  ill; 
in  .accordance  with  wish  or  desire  (the 
business  turned  out  well);  satisfactory: 
often  in  impersonal  usages  (it  is  well); 
being  in  healtn;  not  ailing  or  sick;  having 
recovered;  comfortable;  being  in  favour; 
favoured  (to  be  well  with  the  king);  just; 
right;  proper  (was  it  well  to  do  this?). .".  This 
word  is  almost  always  used  predicatively, 
not  attributively. — To  let  well  alone,  not 
to  try  and  improve  what  is  already  well. 
— adv.  In  a  proper  manner;  justly;  rightly; 
not  ill  or  wickedly;  in  a  satisfactory  man- 
ner; skilfully;  with  due  art  (the  work  is 
ivelt  done);  sufficiently ;  very  much  (I  like  it 
uell);  to  a  degree  that  gives  pleasure;  with 
praise;  commendably  (to  speak  well  of  one); 
conveniently;  suitably  (I  cannot  well  go); 
easily;  fully;  adequately;  thoroughly;  con- 
siderablyj  not  a  little  [well  advanced  in 
life).  This  word  is  often  merely  expletive 
or  used  to  avoid  abruptness  {well,  the  work 
is  done;  vjell,  let  us  go;  well,  well,  be  it  so). 
—  As  well,  rather  right,  convenient,  or 
proper  than  otherwise  (it  may  be  as  well 
to  inform  you  before  you  go). — As  well  as, 
together  with;  and  also;  not  less  than;  one 
as  much  as  the  other  (a  sickness  long  as 
tvell  as  severe). — Wellenough^in  a  moderate 
degree;  so  as  to  give  satisfaction,  or  so  as  to 
require  no  alteration.—  Well  nigh,  nearly; 
almost.— To  be  well  off,  to  be  in  a  good  con- 
dition, especially  as  to  property. — Well-ap- 
pointed, a.  Fully  furnished  and  equipped. 
— Well-behaved,  a.  Of  good  conduct  or 
behaviour.— Well-being,  wel'be-ingjTO.  Wel- 
fare; happiness;  prosperity.— Well-Dom,a. 
Bom  of  a  noble  or  respectable  family;  not 
of  mean  birth.  —  Well-tred,  a.  Of  good 
breeding;  polite;cultivated;  refined;of  good 
breed,  stock,  or  race. — Well-conducted,  a. 
Properly  led  on;  of  good  conduct;  well- 
behaved. — WeU-doing,  n.  Performance  of 
duties;  upright  conduct.— Well-educated. 
a.  Having  a  good  education;  well-instruc- 
ted.— Well-favoured,  a.  Handsome;  weil- 
formed;  pleasing  to  the  eye.— WeU-fonn- 


ch,  eAain:     cK  8c.  loch;    g,goi    hjoh;     ii,Fr.  ton;     ug,  Birn/;     ra,  t/ten;  th,  Min;     w,  wig;    wh,  toAig;  .  ;h,  amre. 


WELLADAY 


768 


WHAT 


ded.a.  Founded  on  good  and  valid  reafions. 
—Well-informed,  a.  Well  furnished  with 
information ;  intelligent.  —  Well-knit,  a. 
Pirmly  compacted;  having  a  strong  bodily 
frame.  —  Well-known,  a.  Fully  known; 
generally  known  or  acknowledged.— Well- 
meaning,  a.  Having  a  good  intention. — 
Well-meant,  a.  Rightly  intended;  sincere; 
not  feigned.  —  Well-met,  interj.  A  term 
of  salutation  denoting  joy  at  meeting. — 
Well-ofl,  a.  In  comfortable  circumstances; 
having  a  good  store  of  wealth;  fortunate. 
— Well-ordered,  a.  Rightly  regulated  or 
governed.— Well-proportioned,  a.  Having 
good  proportions;  well-shaped.  —  Well- 
read,  a.  Having  read  a  great  deal;  con- 
versant with  books.— Well-regulated,  a. 
Having  good  regulations;  well-ordered. — 
Well-spent,  a.  Spent  or  passed  in  virtue; 
spent  to  the  best  advantage.- Well-spoken, 
«.  Spoken  well  or  with  propriety;  speaking 
well;  fair-spoken;  civil;  courteous. — Well- 
timed,  a.  Done  at  a  proper  time ;  oppor- 
tuiie.- Well-to-do,  o.  Being  in  easy  cir- 
cumstances; well-off;  prosperous.  — Well- 
wisher,  n.  One  who  wishes  the  good  of 
another.— Well-won,  a.  Honestly  gained; 
hardly  earned.  —  Well-wom,  a.  Much 
woi-n  or  used. 

Welladay,  wel'a-da,  interj.  [A  corruption 
of  welaway,  from  A.  Sax.  ivd.  Id,  wd,  woe ! 
lo !  woe  !]    Welaway !  alas !  lackaday ! 

Wellington,  wel'ing-ton,  n.  A  kind  of  long- 
legged  boot,  worn  by  men,  named  after 
the  Duke  of  Wellington:  used  also  adjec- 
tively. — Wellingtonia,  wel-ing-t(yni-a,  n. 
A  name  popularly  given  to  a  genus  of  trees 
(Sequoia)  comprising  the  mammoth  trees 
of  America,     tinder  Ma.mmoth. 

Welsh,  welsh,  a.  (A.  Sax.  welisc,  wcdiae, 
lit.  foreign,  from  wealh,  a  foreigner;  simi- 
larly G.  wiilsck,  welsch,  is  foreign,  especi- 
ally French  or  Italian,  and  Wulschland  is 
Italy.  So  walnut  is  the  welsh  or  foreign 
nut.  Akin  Walloon,  Cornwall.]  Pertain- 
ing to  Wales  or  to  its  people ;  Cymric— 
Welsh  rabbit.  Under  Rabbit.  —  n.  The 
language  of  Wales,  a  member  of  the  Celtic 
family,  forming  with  the  Breton  and  now 
extint  Cornish  the  Cymric  group;  the  in- 
habitants of  Wales.  — Welshman,  Welsh- 
woman, welsh'man,  welsh'wum-an,  n.  A 
native  of  the  principality  of  Wales. 

Welsher,  n.    Welcheb. 

Welt,  welt,  n.  [Probably  from  W.  gwald,  a 
hem,  a  welt.]  A  border;  a  kind  c'f  hem  or 
edging;  a  strip  of  leather  sewed  round  the 
edge  of  the  upper  of  a  boot  or  shoe  and 
the  inner  sole,  and  to  which  the  outer  sole 
is  afterwards  fastened.  —  v.t.  To  furnish 
with  a  welt. 

Welter,  wel't^r,  v.t.  [From  A.  Sax.  wealtan, 
to  roll;  li.Gr.weltem,  Sw.  vdltra,  Q.wdlzen, 
to  roll,  to  wallow,  to  welter;  same  root  as 
walk,  wallow.  Akin  waltz.]  To  wallow;  to 
tumble  about;  to  roll  or  wallow  in  some 
foul  matter;  to  rise  and  fall,  as  waves. 

Wen,  wen,  n.  [A.  Sax.  wenn,  D.  wen,  li.Gr. 
ween,  Prov.  G.  wenne,  a  swelling,  a  wart.] 
A  tumour  without  inflammation  erchange 
of  colour  of  the  skin.— Wennish,  Wenny, 
wen'ish,  wen'i,  a.  Having  the  nature  of 
a  wen. 

Wench,  wensh,  n.  [O.E.  wenche,  from  wen- 
chel,  a  child,  A.  Sax.  wencel,  weak;  allied 
to  G.  wanken,  to  totter.  Wixk.]  "A  famil- 
iar expression  applied  to  a  woman,  espe- 
cially a  young  woman,  in  anj'  variation  of 
tone  between  tenderness  and  contempt; 
in  a  bad  sense,  a  -young  woman  of  loose 
character. — v.i.  To  frequent  the  company 
of  women  of  ill  fame. — Wencher,  wensh'fer, 
?i.    One  who  wenches;  a  lewd  man. 

Wend,  wend,  v.i.  —  pret.  and  pp.  vjended. 
Went,  which  is  really  the  pret.  of  this 
verb,  is  now  detached  from  it  and  u.«!ed  as 

■pret.  of  po.  [A.  Sax.  wendmi,  to  turn,  to 
go  =  Icel.  venda,  Dan.  vende,  D.  and  G. 
it'enden,  to  change,  to  turn:  a  caus.  of  the 
verb  to  wind,  to  turn,  to  twist.  Wind.] 
To  go;  to  pass  to  or  from  a  place;  to  travel. 
— v.t.  To  go;  to  direct:  in  the  phrase  to 
wend  one's  way;  also  used  reflexively  {wend 
thee  homewards). 

Went,  went,  old  pret.  and  pp.  of  wend: 
now  used  as  the  pret.  of  go,  or  vulgarly 
as  its  pp. 

Wept,  wept,  pret.  and  pp.  of  weep. 


Were,  wer.  [See  Was.]  The  indicative  past 
tense  plural  of  the  verb  to  be,  and  the  past 
or  imperfect  subjunctive — voeri  being  used 
as  second  person  singular. 

Werewolf  jWCi^v/ulf,  n.    A  werwolf. 

Wergild,  weregil'd,  wer'gild,  wer'gild,  n. 
[A.  Sax.  wergild — wer,  man,  and  gild,  geld, 
a  payment.]  Formerly  a  fine  of  varying 
amount  for  manslaughter  and  other 
crimes  against  the  person,by  paying  which 
the  ofTender  got  rid  of  every  further  obli- 
gation or  punishment. 

Wemerian,  w6r-ne'ri-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Werner,  a  celebrated  German  mineralogist 
and  geologist,  or  to  his  theory  of  the  earth, 
which  was  also  called  the  .Neptunian  The- 
ory.   Under  Keptune. 

Wert,  w6rt.    See  Were. 

Wertherian,  wer-te'ri-an  or  ver-te'ri-an,  «. 
[After  the  hero  of  Goethe's  work.]  Senti- 
mental ;  namby-pambyish. 

Werwolf,  wer'wulf,  n.  [A.  Sax.  werewulf, 
lit.  man-wolf,  from  wer  (Icel.  verr,  Goth. 
wair),  a  man,  and  wulf,  a  wolf ;  wer  is  cog. 
with  L.  wr,  a  man.  Virile.]  A  man  trans- 
formed for  a  time  or  periodically  into  a 
wolf;  a  man  by  day  and  a  wolf  by  night;  a 
lycanthrope. 

Wesleyan,  wesli-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  John 
Wesley,  or  the  religious  sect  (the  Metho- 
dists) established  by  him  about  1739. — 
n.  One  who  adopts  the  principles  and  doc- 
trines of  Wesleyanism.  —  Wesleyanlsm, 
wes'li-an-izm,  n.  The  system  of  doctrines 
and  church  polity  of  the  Wesleyan  Metho- 
dists. 

West,  west,  n.  [A.  Sax.  west,  west,  west- 
ward =  D.  west,  Icel.  vestr,  Dan.  and  Sw. 
vest,  G.  west  (whence  Fr.  ouest);  probably 
from  a  root  vas,  to  dwell,  as  the  home  of 
the  sun.  Was.]  That  point  of  the  horizon 
where  the  sun  sets  at  the  equinox,  and 
midway  between  the  north  and  south 
points;  the  region  of  the  heavens  near 
this  point;  the  region  or  tract  lying  oppo- 
site the  east,  or  nearer  the  west  point  than 
another  point  of  reckoning. —  West-End, 
the  fashionable  or  aristocratic  quarter  of 
London:  used  often  adjectively.— a.  Being 
in  the  west  or  lying  towards  the  west; 
western;  coming  or  moving  from  the  west 
or  western  region.  —  adv.  To  the  western 
region;  at  the  westward;  more  westward ; 

—  v.i.  To  pass  to  the  west;  to  assume  a 
westerly  direction.  —  Westering,  wes'tor- 
ing,  p.  and  a.  Passing  to  the  west.  [Poet.] 
—Westerly,  wes'tSr-li,  a.  Being  toward 
the  west ;  situated  in  the  western  region ; 
coming  from  the  westward.  —  adv.  Ten- 
ding, going,  or  moving  toward  the  west. 
— Westem,  wes'tem,  a.  Being  in  the  west, 
or  in  the  direction  of  west ;  moving  or  di- 
rected to  the  west;  proceeding  from  the 
west  (a  westem  breeze). — Westerner,  wes'- 
t6r-n6r,  n.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
the  west.— Westernmost,  wes'tem-raOst,  a. 
Farthest  to  the  west;  most  western. — 
Westing,  wes'ting,  n.  Space  or  distance 
westward;  space  reckoned  from  one  point 
to  another  westward  from  it.— Westmost, 
west'most,  a.  Farthest  to  the  west. — 
Westward,  Westwards,  west'w6rd,  west'- 
werdz,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  west,  and  -weard, 
denoting  direction.  Westwards  is  an^ad- 
verbial  genitive.  ]  Toward  the  west.  — 
Westwardly,  west'w6rd-li,  adv.  In  a  di- 
rection toward  the  west. 

Wet,  wet,  a.  [O.E.  and  Sc.  weet,  A.  Sax. 
waet,  Icel.  vatr,  Dan.  vaad,  wet ;  akin  to 
water.]  Containing  water;  soaked  with 
water ;  having  water  or  other  liquid  upon 
the  surface;  rainy;  drizzly,  very  damp 
(laei  weather).— Ji.  Water  or  wetness;  mois- 
ture or  humidity  in  considerable  degree ; 
rainy  weather;  Ta.in.— v.t.— pret.  and  pp. 
wet  or  wetted  (the  latter  regularly  in  the 
passive  to  avoid  confusion  with  the  adjec- 
tive wet),  ppr.  wetting.  To  make  wet;  to 
moisten,  drench,  or  soak  with  water  or 
other  liquid;  to^ip  orsoak  in  liquor. — Wet- 
dock,  n.  Under  Dock.— Wetness,  wet'nes, 
n.  Thestateof  being  wet;  a  watery  or  moist 
state  of  the  atmosphere;  moisture. — Wet- 
nurse,  n.  A  woman  who  suckles  and  durses 
a  child  not  her  own:  opposed  to  dry-nurse. 

—  Wetshod,  wet 'shod,  a.  Wet  over  the 
shoes.  —  Wettlsh,  wet'ish,  a.  Somewhat 
wet;  moist;  humid. 


Wether,  weTH'fer,  n.  [A.  Sax,  wether,  a  ram; 

a  word  common  to  the  Teutonic  tongues, 
and  allied  to  L.  vitulus,  a  calf,  lit.  a  year- 
ling.   Veal.]    A  castrated  ram. 

Wey,  wa,  n.  [A.  Sax.  waege,  a  weight.] 
Weigh.]  A  certain  weight  or  measure: 
of  wool,  182  lbs.;  of  wheat,  6  quarters ;  of 
cheese,  224  lbs. 

Whack,  whak,  v.t.  [Thwack.]  To  thwack; 
to  give  a  heavy  or  resounding  blow  to. 
[(3olloq.]— tf.i.  To  strike  or  continue  strik- 
ing anything  with  smart  blows.    [CoUoq.] 

Whale,  whal,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hwail,  a  whale; 
Icel.  hvalr,  Sw.  and  Dan.  hval,  hvalfisk 
(whalefish),  D.  walvisch,  G.  wallfisch;  per- 
haps connected  with  A.  Sax.  hwelan,  to 
roar,  to  bellow,  from  the  noise  they  make 
in  blowing.]  The  common  name  given  to 
the  larger  mammals  of  the  order  Cetacea; 
the  typical  representative  being  the  com- 
mon or  Greenland  whale,  so  valuable  on 
.account  of  the  oil  and  whalebone  which  it 
furnishes. — Whale-boat,  n.  A  strong  car- 
vel-built boat  from  23  to  28  feet  in  length, 
rounded  at  both  ends,  used  in  hunting 
whales.  —  Whale-bone,  n.  A  well-known 
elastic  homy  substance  which  adheres  in 
thin  parallel  i^lates  to  the  upper  jaw  of 
certain  species  of  whales;  baleen.— Whal«- 
fishery,  n.  The  fishery  or  occupation  of 
taking  whales.  —  Whale-fishing,  n.  The 
employment  of  catching  whales.— Whaler, 
wha'ler,  n.  A  person  or  a  ship  employed 
in  the  whale-fishery.— Whaling,  wha'ling, 
a.   Pertaining  to  the  capture  of  whales. 

Whall,  whal,  n.  [Probably  for  wall,  in  walU 
eyed.)  A  disease  of  the  eyes;  glaucoma. — 
WTxally,  whal'i,  a.  Having  greenish-white 
eyes. 

Whap,  whop,  v.t.    Same  as  Whop. 

Wharf,  wharf,  n.  pi.  Wharfs,  wharfs,  or 
Wharves,  wharvz.  [A.  Sax.  hwerf,  hwearf, 
a  turning,  a  fcank,  a  wharf ;  O.Sw.  hwarf, 
a  turning,  a  wharf;  Icel.  hvarf,  a  tunning, 
a  shelter;  D.  werf,  a  wharf,  a  yard,  a  turn. 
Perhaps  originally  an  embankment  or 
dam  that  turns  the  course  of  a  stream; 
from  A.  Sax.  hweor/an,  Icel.  hver/a,  to 
turn.]  A  quay  of  wood  or  stone  on  a  road- 
stead, harbour,  or  river,  alongside  of  which 
ships  are  brought  to  load  or  unload.— ».<. 
To  place  or  lodge  on  a  wharf. — Wharfage, 
whar'faj.n.  Money  paid  for  using  a  wharf; 
a  wharf  or  wharfs  collectively.  —  Whar- 
finger, whar'fin-j6r,  n.  [For  wharfager, 
the  n  being  inserted  as  in  viessenger,  pas- 
senger.] A  person  who  owns  or  who  has 
the  charge  of  a  wharf. 

What,  whot,  pron.  [A.  Sax.  hwcet,  what, 
also,  why,  lo,  kc,  neut.  of  hwd,  who.  Who.] 
An  interrogative  pronoun  used  in  asking 
questions  as  to  things,  and  corresponding 
in  many  respects  to  who,  but  used  adjec- 
tively as  well  as  substantively  [whaCs  the 
matter  ?  I  do  not  know  what  the  matter  is  j 
what  stufFis  this  ?).  Used  alone  in  introduc- 
ing a  question  it  has  an  emphatic  force,  or 
is  almost  an  interjection,  equivalent  to 
is  it  possible  that?  really?  {what,  do  you 
believe  that?);  hence,  such  expressions  as, 
what  i/=  what  would  be  the  consequence 
if?  what  will  it  matter  if?  what  o/=-what 
follows  from?  why  need  you  speak  of? 
what  ihongh='wha.t  does  it  matterthopgh? 
granting  or  admitting  that.  '  Used  to  in- 
troduce an  intensive  or  emphatic  phrase 
orexclamation,and  when  employed  adjec- 
tively it  is  equivalent  to  how  great  .  .  .  ! 
how  remarkable  .  .  .  !  how  extraordi- 
nary .  .  .  !  ( what  a  season  it  has  been !). 
It  often  has  the  force  of  a  compound  rela- 
tive pronoun:  when  used  substantively= 
the  thing  (or  things)  which;  that  which  (I 
know  what  you  mean):  when  used  adjec- 
tively =  the  .  .  .  which ;  the  sort  or  kind 
of  .  .  .  which;  such  ...  as  {what  money 
I  have  is  my  own).  It  also  stands  for 
whatever  or  whoever ;  whatsoever  or  who- 
soever (come  what  will).  In  such  phrases 
as,  /  tell  you  what,  I'll  tell  you  what, 
Ac,  what  IS  used  to  lay  some  stress  on 
what  is  about  to  be  stated.— H7iai's  his 
{its)  name!  what  do  you  call  it)  &c.,  collo- 

•qxiial  phrases  generally  signifying  that 
tne  speaker  cannot  supply  a  definite  name 
or  word.— 1I7(at  not,  is  used  in  concluding 
an  enumeration  of  several  articles  or  par- 
ticulars, and  is  equivalent  to  something 


Ffite,  f&r,  fat,  fftll;     n»c,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;^    note,  not,  mOvei^,^,t5be,  tub,  bi>ll ;     oil,  pound;     iX,  Sc.  abtme— the  S*.  v. 


WHEAL 


769 


wmcn 


more  -which  I  need  not  mention;  et  cetera. 
—  To  know  what's  what,  to  know  the  nature 
of  things;  to  be  kno-wrag.- -What  ho!  an 
exclamation  of  calling.  —  What  with  (re- 
peated), partly  by  or  in  consequence  of 
{what  with  one  thing  what  with  another  the 
scheme  miscarried).  —  Whatever,  whot- 
ev'6r,  pron.  Anything  soever  that :  be  it 
what  it  may  that ;  all  that:  used  substan- 
tively; of  any  kind  soever;  be  what  may 
the:  used  adjectively.  Often  contracted  to 
Whate'er,  whot-ar'.  —  What-not,  n.  A 
stand  or  piece  of  household  furniture  hav- 
ing shelves  for  papers,  books,  &c. — What- 
soe'er, Whatsoever,  whot-s5-ar',  whot-so- 
ev'er,  pron.  No  matter  what  thing  or 
things :  more  emphatic  than  whatever. 
Wheal,  whel,  n.  [Corn,  hxiel,  a  mine.]  A 
mine,  particularly  a  tin-mine. 
Wheal,  whel,  n.  [In  first  meaning  from 
A.  §ax.  hweU  (?),  putrefaction.]  A  pimple 
or  pustule;  a  wale  or  weal. 
Wheat,  whet,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hwaete  —  Bo. 
white,  Icel.  hveiti,  Sw.  hvete,  Dan.  hvede, 
D.  weit,  Goth,  hwaiteis,  G.  weizen.  Lit.  the 
white  grain.  White.]  A  plant  belonging 
to  the  grass  family,  of  several  varieties; 
the  seeds  collectively  of  the  plant,  a  well- 
known  gn^ain  which  furnishes  a  white 
nutritious  flour.  —  Wheat-ear,  n.  An  ear 
of  wheat.  —  Wheat-eel,  n.  A  disease  in 
wheat,  called  also  Ear-cockle.  —  Wheaten, 
whe'tn,  a.  Made  of  wheat.  —Wheat-fly, 
Wheat-midge,  n.  A  small  two-winged  fly, 
the  maggots  of  which  destroy  the  flower 
of  the  plant.  Hessian-fly.— Wheat-moth, 
n.    The  grain-moth. 

Wheatear,  whst'er,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hwit,  white, 
mrs,  posteriors.]  A  bird  akin  to  the  stone- 
chat,  a  common  summer  visitant  to  Brit- 
ain, having  a  conspicuous  white  patch  at 
the  base  of  the  tail. 

Wheedle,  whe'dl,  v.t.-^-uiIieedled,wheedling. 
[t'robably  from  W.  chwedla,  to  talk,  to 
gossip,  from  chwedl,  a  story,  discourse.] 
To  entice  by  soft  words;  to  gain  over  by 
coaxing  and  flattery;  to  cajole;  to. procure 
by  coaxing.  —  v.i.  To  flatter;  to  coax. — 
Wheedler,  whcd'ler,n.  One  who  wheedles. 
— Wheedling,  whed'ling,  a.  Coaxing; 
flattering. 

Wheel,  whel,  n.  [A.  Sax.  AwedZ,  contr.  f rom 
wheoivol;  akin  I),  wiel,  Dan.  hjul,  Icel. 
hjdl,  hvil:  connections  doubtful.]  A  cir- 
cular frame  or  solid  disc  turning  on  an 
axis;  as  applied  to  carriages,  a  wheel  usu- 
ally consists  of  a  nave,  into  which  are  in- 
.serted  radiating  spokes  connecting  it  witlj 
the  periphery  or  circular  ring;  any  appa- 
ratus or  machine  the  essential  feature  of 
which  is  a  wheel  (a  spinning-wftee?,  a  pot- 
ter's whes.1);  a  circular  frame  with  projec- 
ting handles  and  an  axle  on  which  are 
wound  the  ropes  or  chains  connecting  it 
with  the  rudder  for  steering  a  ship;  an 
instrument  of  torture  formerly  usecl,  the 
victim  being  fastened  on  it  and  his  limbs 
broken  by  successive  blows;  a  whirling 
round;  a  revolution  or  rotation;  circum- 
gyration. —  Wheel  and  axle,  one  of  the 
mechanical  powers,  an  application  of  the 
general  principle  of  the  lever,  consisting 
of  a  cylindrical  axle  on  which  a  wheel  is 
firmly  fastened,  power  being  applied  to 
the  wheel  and  a  weight  raised  by  a  rope 
coiled  round  the  axle.  —  Wheels  within 
wheels,  a  complication  of  circumstances, 
motives,  influences,  or  the  like. — To  put 
one^s  shoulder  to  the  wheel.  Under  Shoul- 
itKK.— Wheel  of  life.  Zoetrope.— y.<.  To 
cause  to  turn  round  or  revolve;  to  give  a 
circular  motion  to;  to  rotate;  to  whirl;  to 
convey  in  a  wheeled  vehicle ;  to  give  a 
circular  direction  or  form  to. — v.i.  To  turn 
on  an  axis  or  as  on  an  axis;  to  revolve; 
to  rotate;  to  turn  round;  to  make  a  cir- 
cular flight;  to  roll  forward. or  along; 
to  march,  as  a  body  of  troops,  round  a 
point  that  serves  as  a  pivot.  —  Wheel- 
animal,  Wheelanimalcule,  n.  A  rotifer. 
—Wheel-barometer,  n.  A  barometer  in 
which  the  motion  of  the  mercury  is  com- 
immicated  to  a  hand  that  shows  the 
variations  on  a  dial.  —  Wheel-harrow,  n. 
A  frame  or  box  with  a  wheel  in  front  and 
two  handles  behind,*  rolled  by  a  single  in- 
dividual.—Wheel-carriage,  n.  Any  sort  of 
carriage   moved  on  wheels,  as  a  coach, 


wagon,  cart,  &c.— Wieel-chalr, «.  A  chair 
or  small  caniage  on  wheels;  an  invalid's 
chair.  —  Wheeled,  wheld,  a.  Having 
wheels:  often  in  composition  (a  two- 
wheeled  carriage).  —  Wheeler,  whe'16r,  n. 
One  who  wheels;  a  maker  of  wheels;  a 
wheel-horse^or  one  next  the  wheels  of  the 
carriage.  —  Wheel-horse,  n.  Wheeler. — 
Wheel-house,  w.  JVaut.  a  kind  of  houso 
built  over  the  steering-wheel  in  large 
ships.- Wheel-lock,  n.  A  kind  of  old  mus- 
ket lock  with  a  wheel  which  revolved 
against  a  flint,  for  producing  sparks. — 
Wheelman,  whel'man,  n.  One  who  uses  a 
bicycle  or  tricycle  or  similar  conveyance. 
—Whe^l  -  plough,  n.  A  plough  with  a 
wheel  or  wheels  regulating  the  depth  of 
the  furrow.— Wheel-race,  n.  The  place  in 
which  a  water-wheel  is  fixed.  —  Wheel- 
'wlndow,  n.  A  circular  Gothic  window 
with  radiating  mullions.— Wheel-work,  n. 
The  combinpfcion  of  wheels  which  com- 
municate motion  to  one  another  in  ma- 
chinery.—Wbeel-wrlght,  n.  A  man  whose 
occupation  is  to  make  wheels.  • 

Wheel,  whel,  n.  Same  as  Wheal,  a  mine. 
Wheeze,  whez,  v.i. — wheezed,  wheezing.  [A 
■  Sax.  hwisan,  hwaesan.  to  wheeze ;  Dan. 
hvcese,  Icel.  hvmsr.,  to  hiss:  an  imitative 
word,  akin  to  vjhisper,xvhi8tle.]  To  breathe 
hard  and  with  an  audible  sound,  as  per- 
sons affected  with  asthma.  —  Wheezy, 
whe'zi,  a.  Affected  with  or  characterized 
by  wheezing. 

Whelk,  whelk,  n.  [A.  Sax.  weolc,  weluc, 
allied  to  wealcan,  to  turn;  lit.  a  twisted 
shell.  Walk.]  An  edible  mollusc  with  a 
spiral  shell,  used  for  food  in  England. 
Wnelk,  whelk,  to.  [Dim.  from  wheal,  a  pus- 
tule.] -A  pustule  or  pimple.  [SAai.J 
Whelm,  whelm,  v.t.  [Apparently  modified 
from  old.  wlielve,  whelfe,  to  overturn,  to 
cover  over,  from  A.  Sax.  hwylfan,  to  vault 
over,  from  hwealf,  a  vault  or  arch=Icel. 
hvdlf,  Sw.  hvalf,  a  vault.]  To  throw  over 
so  as  to  covert;  to  engulf;  to  swallow  up; 
to  ruin  or  destroy  by  overpowering  dis- 
aster. 

Whelp,  whelp,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hwelp=I>.  ivelp, 
G.  welf,  Dan.  hvalp,  Icel.  hvelpr,  a  whelp.1 
The  young  of  the  canine  species,  and  of 
several  other  beasts  of  prey;  a  puppy;  a 
cub;  a  son;  a  young  man:  in  contempt  or 
sportiveness.— ?;.».  To  bring  forth  whelps. 
~v.t.  To  bring  forth,  as  a  bitch  does;  hence 
to  give  birth  to  or  originate:  in  contempt. 
When,  when,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  hwainne,hwonne, 
O.Fris.  hwenne,  G.wann,  wenn,  Qoth.hwan, 
when;  akin  to  who.  Comp.  L.  qutcm,  quaiv- 
do,  when,  qui,  who.]  At  what  or  which 
time:  used  interrogatively  {ivhen  did  he 
come?);  at  the  time  that ;  at  or  just  after 
the  moment  tha.t:  used  relatively  (he  came 
wlien  I  went);  at  which  time;  at  the  same 
time  that;  while;  whereas  (you  were  absent 
wlien  you  should  have  been  present);  which 
time;  then:  preceded  by  sines  or  till. — 
Whene'er,  when-ar'.  Contracted  form  of 
Whenever.  —  Whenever,-  when-ev'er,  adv. 
At  whatever  time.  —  Whensoever!  when- 
so-ev'ir,  adv.  At  whatever  time. 
Whence,  whons,  adv.  [O.E.  whennes,  from 
when  by  affixing  a  genitive  termination, 
as  in  hence,  thence,  twice^  &c.]  From  what 
place;  from  what  or  which  source,  origin, 
premises,  antecedents,  principles,  facts, 
and  the  like;  how:  used  interrogatively 
{whence  and  what  art  thou?);  from  which: 
referring  to  place,  source,  origin,  facts, 
arguments,  &c.,  and  used  relatively  (the 
place  whence  he  came). — Pro7n  whence,  al- 
though a  pleonastic  mode  of  expression,  is 
used  by  good  writers.  —  Wheacesoever, 
whens-so-ev'er,  adv.  From  what  place  or 
what  cause  or  source  soever. 
Where,  v/har,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  hwcer,  akin  to 
who,  what,  like  there  and  thMt.}  ■  At  or  in 
what  place;  in  what  position,  situation, 
or  circumstances:  used  interrogatively;  at 
or  in  the  place  in  which;  in  which  case, 
position,  circumstances,  &c.:  used  rela- 
tively; to  which  place;  whither:  used  both 
interrogatively  and  relatively.  —  Where- 
about, whar-a-bout',  adv.  Near  what  or 
which  place;  the  place  near  which;  con- 
cerning or  about  which:  also  frequently 
used  as  a  noun  (a  notice  of  your- toAere- 
aftoMt).— Whereabouts,  whar-a-bouts',  adv. 


Near  what  or  which  place:  whereabout: 
often  used  substantively  (I  do  not  know 
his  u)fterea6o?t<s).— Whereas,wh5r-aa',  conj. 
The  fact  or  case  really  being  that;  when 
in  fact;  the  thing  being  so  that;  consider- 
ing that  things  are  such  that.— Whereat, 
whar-at',  adv.  At  which:  used  relatively; 
at  v/hat:  used  interrogatively.— Whereby, 
whar-bi',  adv.  By  which:  '..-ed  relatively; 
by  what:  used  interrogatively. -Where- 
fore, whar'for,  adv.  and  conj.  For  which 
reason:  used  relatively:  why;  for  what 
reason:  used  interrogatively.  —  Wherein, 
whar-in',  adv.  In  which;  in  which  thing, 
time,  respect,  &c.:  used  relatively;  inwhafc 
thing,  time,  &c.:  used  interrogatively.— 
— 'Wnereinto,  whar-in-to',ady.  Into  which: 
used  relatively;  into  what:  used  interro- 
gatively.—  Whereness,  whar'nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  having  a  place  or  posi- 
tion; ubiety.— Whereof,  whar-ov',  adv.  Of 
which:  used  relatively;  of  what:  used  in- 
terrogatively. —  Whereon,  whar-on',  adv. 
On  which:  used  relatively;  on  what:  used 
interrogatively.  — Wheresoe'er,  Whereso- 
ever, whar-so-ar',  whar-so-ev'Sr,  adv.    In 

■  what  place  soever;  in  whatever  place. — 
Wherethrough,  whar'thrO,  adv.  Througa 
which;  by  reason  of  which. — Whereto, 
whar-to',  adv.  To  which:  used  relatively; 
to  what;  to  what  end:  used  interrogative- 
ly.—Whereupon,  whar-up-on',  adv.  .Upon 
which;  upon  what;  immediately  after  find 
in  consequence  of  which.  —  Where'er, 
Wherever,  whar-Rr',  whar-ev'er,  adv.  ■  At 
whatever  place.— Wherewith,  Wherewith- 
al, whar-with',  whar-with-al',  adv.  'R^th 
which :  used  relatively;  with  what:  used 
interrogatively.— The  wherewith,  the  wliere- 
iitithal,  a  sufficiency  of  resources  or  money. 

Wherry,  wher'i,  n.  [Perhaps  akin  to.  Icel. 
hverfr,  crank,  said  of  vessels,  and  to  A. 
Sax.  hweorfan,  to  turn.  Wharf.]  A  Ught 
shallow  boat,  seated  for  passengers,  and 
plying  on  rivers.  —  Wherryman,  wher*!- 
man,  n.    One  who  rows  a  wherry. 

Whet,  whet,  v.t. — prefc.  and  pp.  whetted  or 
whet,  ppr.  whetting.  [A.  Sa;K.  hwettan,  to 
whet,  from  hwmt,  sharp,  keen,  bold;  so 
Icel.  hvetja,  from  hvatr,  bold ;  D.  wetten, 
G.  wetzen,  to  whet.]  To  sharpen  By  rub- 
bing on  or  with  a  stone;  to.  sharpen  in 
general;  to  make  keen,  or  eager;  to  excite; 
to  stimulate  (to  whet  the  appetite);  to  pro- 
voke.—n.  The  act  of  sharpening;  some- 
thing that  provokes  or  stimulates  the 
appetite.  —  Whet-stone,  n.  A  stone  for 
sharpening  cutlery  or  tools  by  friction. — 
Whetter,  whet'er,  «.  One  who  or  that 
which  whets  or  sharpens. 

Whether, wheTH'er,prori.  [A.Sax. hwceiher, 
which  of  two,  also  conj.-;  O.H.G.  hwedar, 
Goth,  hwaihar;  from  the  interrogative 
who,  and  comparative  suffix  -ther,  as  in 
hither,  other,  &c.]  Which  of  two;  which 
one  of  the  two:  used  interrogatively  and 
relatively. — conj.  Which  of  'two  or  more 
alternatives:  used  to  introduce  the  first  of 
a  series  of  alternative  clauses,  the  suc- 
ceeding clause  or  clauses  being  connected 
by  or  or  by  or  whether.— Whether  or  no,  in 
either  alternative;  in  any  case. 

Whew,  who,  v.i.  .[Imitative.]  To  whistle 
with  a  shrill  pipe,  as  plovers. — inierj.  A 
sound  expressing  astonishment,  aversion, 
or  contempt. 

Whey,  wha,  to.  [A.  Sax.  hivaeg^l).  weii  hut, 
L.G.  wey,  whey.]  The  watery  part  of  milk 
separated  from  the  more  coagulable  part, 
particularly  in  the  process  of  making 
cheese.— Wheyey,  wha'i,  a.  Partaking  of 
or  resembling  whey.  —  Whey-face,  n.  A 
face  white  or  pale,  3,3  from  fear.— Whey- 
faced,  a.  Having  a 'white  or  pale  face; 
pale-faced.— Wh6yish,wha'ish,a.  Wheyey; 
thin;  watery. 

Which,  which,  pron.  [A.  Sax.  hwilc,  hwylc, 
contr.  from  hwilic,  lit.  why-like,  from  hwi, 
instrumental  case  of  whd,  who,  what, 
what,  and  lie,  like ;  so  Icel.  hvilikr,  Dan. 
hvilken,  Goth,  hveleiks,  D.  welk,  G.  welch. 
Comp.  such=so-like.  Like  who,  which  was 
originally  an  interrogative;  a.'i  such  it  53 
of  any  gender,  but  as  a  relative  it  is  now 
only  neuter.  It  is  both  singular  and 
plural.]  An  interrogative  pronoun,  by 
which  one  or  more  among  a  number  of 
persons  or  things  (frequently  one  :  i  tvo) 


ch.cAain;     cA,  Sc.  locA;     g,  co;     j./ob;     n,  Pr.  ton;     ng,  Binfii;     s'h,  tAen;  th,  iAin;     w.wig; 


•wh,  wMg; 
49 


zh,  a^ore. 


WHIFF 


770 


WHIST 


is  inquired  for :  used  adjectively  or  sub- 
stantively {which  man  is  it  ?  which  are  the 
articles  you  mean?);  a  relative  pronoun, 
serving  as.  the  neuter  of  ivho;  often  used 
adjectively,  the  relative  coming  befoi-ethe 
noun  by  a  kind  of  inversion  (within  ivhich 
city  he  resides);  used  as  an  indefinite  pro- 
noun, standing  for  any  one  which  (take 
which  you  will).  —  WMchever,  Whichso- 
ever, whicli-ev '  ^r,  which-so-ev'6r,  pron. 
No  matter  which;  anyone:  used  both  as 
an  ad'ective  and  as  a  noun. 

Whiff,  whif,  n.  [Imitative  of  the  sound  of 
blowing;  comp.  puff,  W.  chmf,  a  whiff,  a 
puff,  chwaf,  a  quick  gust.]  A  sudden  ex- 
pulsion of  air,  smoke,  or  the  like  from  the 
mouth ;  a  puff;  a  gust  of  air  conveying 
some  smell. — v.t.  To  puff;  to  throw  out  in 
whiffs;  to  smoke. — v.i.  To  emit  puffs,  as  of 
smoke;  to  puff;  to  smoke.— WhifBe,  whif'l, 
v.i.  [Probably  from  lohiff;  but  comp.  B. 
weifalen,  to  waver ;  Icel.  veifla,  to  shake 
often.]  To  veer  about,  as  the  wind;  to 
change  from  one  opinion  or  course  to  an- 
other; to  use  evasions;  to  prevaricate.^ 
Whiffler,  whifler,  n.  One  who  whiffles;  a 
piper  or  fifer;  hence,  a  harbinger  (Shak.). 

Whig,  whig,  7u  [From  the  name  whigga- 
mores  applied  to  a  body  of  Covenanters 
who  marched  from  the  south-west  of  Scot- 
land to  Edinburgh  in  1648,  said  to  be  from 
whigaam,  a  word  used  in  South-western 
Scotland  in  driving  horseS;  akin  to  Sc. 
whig,  to  jog  along  briskly,  the  connections 
of  this  being  doubtful.]  A  designation 
given  to  the  members  of  a  political  party 
in  Britain:  opposed  to  Toiry;  now' applied 
to  the  more  conservative  section  of  the 
Liberal  party,  and  opposed  toRadical. — a. 
Belonging  to  or  composed  of  Whigs;  whig- 
gish.— Wnigamore,  Whiggamore,  whig'a- 
mor,  11.  A  Whig;  applied  formerly  in  con- 
tempt to  a  Scotch  tresbyterian.— Whig- 
gery,  Wliiggism,  whig'6r-i,  whiglzm,  n. 
The  principles  of  the  Whigs. — Whiggish, 
whig'ish,  a.  Pertaining  to  Whigs  or  their 
principles.  • 

V/hiie,  whil,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hwil,  a  time,  a 
space  of  time;  D.  wijl,  wijle,  Goth,  hweila, 
a.  weile,  a  time;  Icel.  hvila,  a  place  of  rest; 
Dan.  hvile,  rest;  allied  to  L.  quies,  rest. 
Quiet.]  A  time;  a  space  of  time;  especi- 
ally, a  short  space  of  time  during  which 
something  happens  or  is  tc  happen  or  be 
done.  —  The  while,  in  the  meantime.  — 
Worth  while,  worth  the  time  which  it. 
requires;  w.orth  the  time  and  pains,  or  the 
trouble  and  expense.  —  co?y.  During  the 
time  that;  as  long  as;  at  the  same  time 
that.  .•.  While  implies  less  of  contrast  in 
the  parallel  than  though;  sometimes,  in- 
deea,  implying  no  contrast  at  all  {while  I 
admire  his  braveiy,  I  esteem  his  modera- 
tion;- but  though  I  admire  his  courage,  I 
detest  his  CTne\tj).—v.t.—whiled,  whUing. 
To  cause  to  pass  pleasantly  and  without 
irksomeness,  languor,  or  weariness:  usu- 
ally with  away  (to  while  away  time).— 
Whilst,  whilst,  co»y.  [From  whiles,  an 
adverbial  genitive,  with  t  added  as  in 
amongst,  amidst,  hetwixt.]  The  same  as 
while,  but  less  commonly  used. 

Whilom,t  whi'lom,.  adv.  or  adj.  [A.  Sax. 
hwilum,  dat.  pi.  of  hwil,  a  time.  While.] 
Formerly;  once;  quondam. 

Whim,  whim,  n.  [Probably  akin  to  Icel. 
hvima,  to  wander  -with  the  eyes;  Sw. 
Jivimsa,  to  be  unsteady;  Dan.  vimse,  to 
skip  about.  Comp.  also  W.cftwwi,  motion.] 
A  sudden  turn  of  the  mind;  a  freak;  a 
capricious  notion;  a  kind  of  large  capstan 
worked  by  horse-power  or  steam  for  rais- 
ing ore,  water,  &c.,  from  the  bottom  of  a 
mine.— Whimsejr,  whim'zi,  n.  ^  A  whim;  a 
freak;  a.  capricious  notion.— Whimsical, 
whim'zi-kal,  a.  [From  whimsey.']  Full  of 
whims;  freakish;  capricioi^;  odd  in  ap- 
pearance ;  fantastic.  —  Whimsicality, 
Whimsicalness,  whim-zi-kal'i-ti,  whim'zi- 
kal-nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
whimsical;  an  oddity;  a  whim. — Whimsi- 
cally, whim'zi-kal-li,  adv.  Freakishly. 
Whimhrel,  whim'brel,  n.  [Perhaps  from 
its  cry  resembling  a  whimpering.']  A 
British  bird  closely  allied  to  the  curlew, 
but  considerably  smaller. 
VTTilmper,  whira^'pfer,  v.i.  [Akin  to  Q. 
u  innnem,  to  whimper,  and  to  whine,  both 


being  imitative  words.]  To  cry  with  a  low, 
whining,  broken  voice.— v.t  To  utter  in  a 
low,  whining,  or  (jrying  tone.— w.  A  low, 
peevish,  broken  cry,— Whimperer,  whim'- 
p6:-  f  r,  M.  One  who  whimpars.— Whimper- 
inf    ',vhim'per-ing,  n.    A  wnimper. 

Wh.  -^ey.    Under  Whim. 

Whin,  whin,  n.  [W.  chwyn,  weeds.]  Grorse; 
furze.  Furze.— Whin-chat,  n.  A  passerine 
bird  visiting  Britain  in  summer,  and  com- 
monly found  among  broom  and  furze. — 
Whinny,  whin'i,  a.  Abounding  in  whins. 
—  Whinstone,  whin'ston,  n.  [Probably 
first  given  to  the  blocks  of  whinstone  often 
found  lying  in  waste  places.]  A  name  for 
greenstone,  and  also  applied  to  any  dark- 
coloured  and  hard  unstratified  rock. 

'Whiii.e,Mr]nn,v.i.—whined,whini7ig.  [A.Sax. 

■  hwinan,  to  whiz ;  Icel.  hvina,  Dan.  hvine, 
to  whiz;  imitative  words  like  whiz,  whir, 
&C.1  To  express  distress  or  complaint  by 
a  plaintive  drawling  cry;  to  complain  in  a 
mean  or  unmanly  way;  to  make  a  similar 
noise,  as  dogs  or  other  animals.  — «.  A 
drawling  plaintive  tone;  a  mean  or  affec- 
ted complaint.— Whiner,  whi'nfer,  n.  One 
who  whines.— Whialngly,  whi'ning-li,ddw. 
In  a  whining  manner. 

"Wliiimy,  whin'i,  v.i. — whinnied,  whinnying. 
[Imitative  and  akin  to  whine;  comp.  L. 
hinnio,  to  whinny.]  .  To  neigb.  —  n.  The 
neigh  of  a  horse;  a  low  neigh. 

Whip,  whip,  v.t. — whipped,  whipping.  [Al- 
lied to  D.  unppen,  to  skip,  to  toss;  wm,  a 
swing,  a  swipe;  O.D.  mppe,  a  whip;  L.G. 
wippen,  Dan.  vippe,  to  see-saw;  G.  wippen, 
to  rock,  to  see-saw,  &c.;  comp.  also  W. 
chivip,  a  quick  turn;  chwipiaw,  to  move 
briskly.]  To  take  or  seize  with  a  sudden 
motion;  to  carry  or  convey  suddenly  and 
rapidly:  with  away,  out,  up,  and  the  like; 
to  sew  slightly;  to  form  into  gathers;  to 
overlay,  as  a  rope  or  cord,  with  a  cord, 
twine,  or  thread  going  round  and  round; 
to  strike  with  a  lash  or  with  anything 
tough  and  flexible;  to  lash;  to  flog;  to 
drive  with  lashes;  to  make  to  spin  round 
with  lashes  (to  whip  a  top);  to  lash  in  a 
figurative  sense;  to  treat  with  cutting  se- 
verity; to  fish  in  vrtth  rod  and  line;  to 
beat  into  a  froth,  as  eggs,  cream,  &c. — To 
whip  in,  to  keep  from  scattering,  as 
hounds  in  a  hi|nt;  hence,  to  bring  or  keep 
the  members  of  a  party  together.— i>.i.  To 
start  suddenly  and  n^n;  to  turn  and  run, 
with  away,  ronnd,  &c. — n.  An  instrument 
for  driving  horses,  cattle,  &c.,  or  for  cor- 
rection, consisting  commonly  of  a  handle, 
to  which  is  attached  a  thong  of  plaited 
leather;  a  lash;  a  coachman  or  driver  of  a 
carriage  (a  good  whip);  a  member  of  par- 
liament or  other  legislative  body  who 
secures  the  attendance  of  as  many  mem- 
bers as  possible  at  important  divisions;  a 
call  made  upon  members  to  be  in  their 
places  at  a  certain  time.  —  Whip-cord,  n. 
A  hard-twisted  cord  of  which  lashes  for 
whips  are  made.  —  Whijj-hand,  n.  The 
hand  that  holds  the  whip  in  riding  or 
driving.— Whip-lash,  n.  The  lash  or  strik- 
ing end  of  a  whip.— Whlpper,  whip'fer,  n. 
One  who  whips.  —  Whipper-in,  re.  One 
who  keeps  hounds  from  wandering,  and 
whips  them  in,  if  necessary.  —  Whipper- 
snapper,  n.  A  diminutive,  insignificant 
person;  a  whipster. — Whipping,  whip'ing, 
n.  Punishment  with  a  whip;  flagellation. 
— Whipping-post,  n.    A  post  to  which  of- 

.  fenders  were  tied  when  whipped.— Whip- 
ping-top, n.  A  boy's  top  made  to  revolve 
by  whipping.  — Whip-poor-will,  n.  The 
popular  name  of  an  American  bird,  allied 
to  the  European  goat-sucker  or  night-jar, 
so  called  from  its  cry.— Whip-saw,  n.  A 
thin,  narrow  saw  set  in  a  frame.— Whip- 
ster, whip'stfer,  n.  A  nimble  little  fellow; 
a  sharp  shallow  fellow:  used  with  some 
degree  of  contempt. 

Whir,  wh6r,  v.i.  [From  the  sound,  partly 
influenced  in  meaning  by  whirl;  comp. 
whiz.]  To  whiz;  to  fly,  dart,  revolve,  or 
otherwise  move  quickly  with  a  whizzing 
or  buzzing  sound.  —  w..  The'  buzzing  or 
whirring  sound  made  by  a  quickly  revol- 
ving wheel,  a  partridge  s  wings,  and  the 
like.— Whirring,  whfer'ing,  n.  The  sound 
of  something  that  whirs ;  the  sound  of  a 
partridge's  or  pheasant's  wings. 


■Whirl,  whirl,  v.t.  [A  freq.  corresponding 
to  A.  Sax.  hweor/an,  to  turn  (whence 
wharf);  equivalent  to  Icel.  and  Sw.  hvirjia, 
Dan.  hvirvle,  O.D.  wervelen,  G.  wirbeln, 
similar  frequentatlves.]  To  turn  round  or 
cause  to  revolve  rapidly;  to  turn  with  ve- 
locity; to  carry  away  by  means  of  some- 
thing that  turns  round.  — y.i.  To  turn 
round  rapidly;  to  revolve  or  rotate  swiftly; 
to  move  along  swiftly  as  in  a  wheeled 
vehicle.— n.  A  turning  with  velocity;  rapid 
rotation;  something  that  moves. with  a 
whirling  motion;  a  hook  used  in  twisting, 
as  in  a  rope  machine;  bot.  and  conch,  same 
as  Whorl.  — 'Whirl-about,  n.  Something 
that  whirls  with  velocity;  a  whirligig. — 
Whirl-blast,  n.  A  whirlwind.— Whlrler, 
wher'ler,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  whirls. 
—■Whirligig,  wh6r'li-gig,  n.  IWhirl  and 
gig.]  A  toy  which  children  spin  or  whirl 
round.— Whirlpool,  whferl'pol,  n.  A  cir- 
cular eddy  or  current  in  a  river  or  the  sea 
produced  by  the  configuration  of  the  chan- 
nel, by  pieeting  currents,  by  winds  meet- 
ing tides,  &c.— Whirlwig,  whirl'wig,  n. 
[Whirl,  and  A.  Sax.  wicga,  urigga,  a  beetle 

.  or  similar  insect;  comp.  earwig.]  A  beetle 
which  may  be  seen  circling  round  on  the 
surface  of  ponds,  &c.,  with  great  rapidity. 
— 'Whirlwind,  w'ri6rrwind,  n.  A  whirling 
wind;  a  violent  wind  moving  in  a  circle, 
or  rather  in  a  spiral  form,  as  if  moving 
round  an  axis,  this  axis  having  at  the 
same  time  a  progressive  motion. 

■Whisk,  whisk,  v.t.  [Same  as  Dan.  viske,  to 
wipe,  from  visk,  a  wisp,  a  bunch;  Icel.  visk, 
a  wisp;  Sw.  viska,  to  wipe;  akin  to  wash.] 
To  sweep,  brush,  or  agitate  with  a  light, 
rapid  motion ;  to  move  with  a  quick, 
sweeping  motion. — v.i.  To  move  nimbly 
and  with  velocity.— w.  A  rapid,  sweeping 
motion,  as  of  something  light;  a  siiaden 
puff  or  gale;  a  wisp  or  small  bunch;  a 
brush  or  small  besom;  cookery,  an  instru- 
ment for  rapidly  agitating  certain  articles, 
as  cream,  eggs,  &c. — ■Whisker,  whls'k6r,»i. 
One  who  or  that  which  whisks;  the  hair 
growing  on  the  cheeks  of  a  man,  formerly 
also  the  hair  on  the  upper  lip,  the  mous- 
tache; the  "bristly  hairs  growing  on  the 
upper  lip  of  a  cat  or  other  animal  at  each 
side.— 'Whiskered,  whisTcferd,  a.  Having 
whiskers;  formed  into  whiskers. 

■Whiskey,  whis'ki,  n.  [From  whisk, because 
it  whisks  along  rapidly.]  A  kind  of  one- 
horse  .chaise.  Sometimes  called  Tim- 
whiskey. 

Whisky,  Whiskey, whisTd,«.  [Ir.  and  Gael. 
uisge-beatha,  whisky,  usquebaugh,  lit. 
water  of  lite—uisge,  water,  b'eatha,  life. 
Whisky,  therefore,  meanS  simply  water.] 
An  ardent  spirit  distilled  generally  from 
barley,  but  sometimes  from  wheat,  rye, 
sugar,  &c.;  there  being  two  chief  varieties 
— viz.  malt-whisky  and  grain-whisky,  the 
former  of  finer  quality,  and  made'  from 
malted  grain.— 'Whlskeyfied,  Whiskified, 
whis'ki-fid,  a.  Affected  with  whisky;  in- 
toxicated. . 

'Whisp,  whisp,  n.    Same  as  Wisp. 

■Whisper,  whis'p6r,'i;.i.  [A.  Sax.  hivisprian, 
to  whisper,  an  imitative  word,  like  G. 
wispern,  O.D.  whisperen,  and  Icel.  hviskra, 
to  whisper.  Comp.  whistle,  whist,  whizz, 
&c.]  To  Speak  with  a  low,  hissing,  or  sibi- 
lant voice;  to  speak  softly  or  without  so- 
nant breath;  to  make  a  low,  sibilant  sound, 
as  the  wind. — v.t.  To  say  in  a  whisper  or 
under  the  breath.— n.  A  low,  soft,  sibilant 
voice;  the  utterance  of  words  'with  the 
breath  merely;  what  is  uttered  by  whisper- 
ing; a  low,  sibilant  sound,  as  of  the  wind. — 
■Whisperer,  whis'pfer-Cr,  n.  One  who  whis- 
pers; one  who  tells  secrets.- 'Whispering, 
whis'p6r-ing,  p.  and  a.  Speaking  in  a 
whisper;  making  secret  insinuations  of 
evil;  backbiting;  making  a  low,  sibilant 
sound.  —  Whispering  gallery  or  dome,  a 
gallery  or  dome  in  which  the  sound  of 
words  uttered  in  a  low  voice  or  whisper  is 
communicated  to  a  greater  distance  than 
under  ordinary  circumstances. — Whisper- 
ingly,  whis'p6r-ing-li,  adv.  In  or  with  a 
whisper. 

'Whist,  whist,  inter}.  fAkin  to  hush,  hist.l 
Silence  !  hush !  be  still  I— o.  Silent ;  still. 
—TO.  A  well-known  game  at  cards,  played 
by  four -persons  and  with  the  full  pack. 


F&te,  far,  fat,  fftll;     me,  met.  h6r;     pine.jin;     note,  not,  m&ve;     tube,  tub,  bijll;     oil,  pound;     U,  Sc.  abime— the  Fr.  «. , 


WHISTLE 


771 


wHor 


said  to  be  so  called  because  the  parties 
playing  it  have  to  be  whist  or  silent.     • 

Whistle,  whis'l,  v. i.  —  whistled,  whistling. 
[A.  Sax.  hwistlian,  to  whistle,  to  pipe; 
Dan.  hvisle,  Sw.  hvissla,  to  whistle:  Icel. 
hviala,  to  whisper;  all  imitative  words  like 
whiter,  wheeze,  whizz,  &c.]  To  utter  a 
kind  of  musical  sound  by  pressing  the 
breath  through  a  small  orifice  formed  by 
contracting  tlie  lips;  to  utter  a  sharp  or 
piercing  tone,  or  series  of  tones,  as  birds; 
to  pipe;  to  produce  a  shrill  sound;  to  sound 
with  a  loud  shrill  wind-instrument;  to 
sound  shrill  or  like  a  pipe.— «.<.  To  utter  or 
modulate  by  whistling;  to  call,  direct,  or 
signal  by  a  whistle.— 2'o  whistle  off,  to  send 
off  by  a  whistle;  to  send  from  the  fist  in 
pursuit  of  prey:  a  term  in  falconry.— 
n.-  The  sound  produced  by  one  who  whis- 
tles; any  similar  sound;  the  shrill  note  of 
a  bird;  a  sound  of  this  kind  from  an  in- 
strument; an  instrument  or  apparatus  for 
producing  such  a  sound;  the  instrument 
sounded  by  escaping  steam  used  on  rail- 
way engines,  steam-ships,  &c.;  the' mouth 
or  throat  (in  the  colloquial  phrase  to  wet 
one's  whistle=to  take  a  drink  or  dram).— 
To  pay  for  one's  whistle^  or  to  pay  dear  for 
one's  whistle,  to  pay  a  high  price  for  some- 
thing one  fancies;  to-pay  dearly  for  indul- 
ging one's  taste  or  wish.— Whistler,  whis'- 
ler,  n.    One  who  whistles. 

Whit,  whit,  n.  [By  metathesis  from  A.  Sax. 
wiht,  a  creature,  a  wight,  a  whit.  V/ight.] 
The  smallest  part  or  particle  imaginable; 
an  iota;  a  tittle:  used  generally  with  a 
negative  (not  a  whit  better). 

White,  whit,  a.  [A.  Sax.  hivit,  white=D. 
wit,  Icel.  hvitr,  T)an.  hv'id,  Sw.  hvit,  G. 
weisa,  Goth,  hveits:  cog.  Skr.  Qveta,  white, 
(vit,  to  shine.  Hence  wheat,  the  white 
grain.]  Being  of  the  colour  of  pure  snow; 
not  tinged  or  tinted  with  any  of  the  proper 
colours  or  their  compounds;  snowy;  the 
Opposite  of  black  or  dark;  pale;  pallid; 
bloodless,  as  from  fear  or  cowardice;  pure 
and  unsullied;  gray,  grayish -white  or 
hoary,  as  from  age,  grief,  fear,  &c.  (white 
hair);  lucky;  favourable  (a  white  day). — n. 
The  colour  .of  snow;  the  lightest  colouring 
matter  or  pigment,  or  the  hue  produced 
by  such;  a  part  of  something  having  the 
colour  of  snow;  the  central  part  of  the  butt 
in  archery;  the  albumen  of  an  egg ;  that 
part  of  the  ball  of  the  eye  surrounding 
the  iris  or  coloured  part;  a  member  of  the 
white  race' of  mankind.  — 1).<.  To  make 
white ;  to  whiten.— White-ant,  r».  A  ter- 
mite.—White-arsenic,  n.  Arsenious  oxide. 
— White-bait,  n.  A  very  small  fish  of  the 
herring  kind,  abounding  in  the  Thames, 
and  much  prized  as  a  delicacy.-— WTUte- 
Ijear,  n.  The  polar  bear.  —  Whiteboy, 
whit'boi,  n.  A  member  of  an  illegal  asso- 
ciation formed  in  Ireland  about  1760. — 
Whitechapel-cart,  n.  [From  Whitechapel 
in  London.]  A  light,  two-wheeled  spring- 
cart.  Often  called  C/iapel-car<.— White- 
clover,  n.  A  small  species  of  p'erennial. 
clover  bearing  white  flowers.— White-cop- 
per, n.  Same  as  Packfong  and  Tutenag. — 
White-crop,  n.  A  grain  crop:  in  contra- 
distinction to  green-crop,  root-crop,  &c. — 
White-faced,  a.  Having  a  white  or  pale 
face.— White-feather,  n.  The  synibol  of 
cowardice,  a  term  introduced  from  cock- 
fighting,  a  game-cock  having  no  white 
feathers:  generally  used  in  such  phrases 
as  to  show  the  white-feather =to  show  cowar- 
dice, to  behave  like  a  coward— White-fish, 
Ti".  A  general  name  for  whitings  and  had- 
docks.—White-friar,  n.  A  friar  of  the 
Carmelite  order,  from  their  white  cloaks. 
— White-gam,  n.  A  species  of  rash,  in 
which  the  pimples  are  whitish. — White- 
heat,  n:  That  degree  of  heat  at  which  iron 
becomes  glowing  white.— White-herring, 
-re.  A  herring  salted  but  not  smoked.— 
White-iron,  n.  Thin  sheet-iron  covered 
with  a  coating  of  tin;  tinplate.— White- 
lead,  n.  A  carbonate  of  lead  much  used 
in  painting;  ceruse.  Under  Lead.— White- 
leather,  n.  Leather  prepared  with  alum 
and  salt,  and  therefore  of  a  white  colour. 
—White-leg,  re.  Phlegmasia.— White-Ue, 
n.  A  lie  for  which  some  kind  of  excuse 
can  bo  olfered;  a  harmless  or  non-mali- 
CiOUH    falsehood. —White- light,  n.    The 


light  which  comes  directly  from  the  sun; 
a  whitish  light  produced  artificially.  — 
White-livered,  a.  [From  an  old  notion  that 
pusillanimous  persons  had  pale-coloured 
or  bloodless  livers.]  Cowardly;  dastardly. 
— White-metal,  n.  A  general  name  for  any 
alloy  in  which  zinc,  tin,  nickel,  or  load  is 
used  in  such  quantity  as  to  give  it  a  white 
colour,  as  Britannia-metal,  German-silver, 
qoeen's-metal,  &c.— White-money,  re.  Sil- 
ver coin. — Whiten,  whi'tn,  v.t  To  make 
white;  to  bleacii;  to  blanch.— u.i.  To  grow 
white;  to  turn  or  become  white. — Whiten- 
er,  whi'tn-er,  re.  One  who  or  that  which 
whitens.  —  Whiteness,  whit'nes,  re.  The 
state  of  being  white;  want  of  blood  in  the 
face;  paleness;  purity;  cleanness.— White- 
nun,  re.  A  name  of  the  smew. — White- 
pine,  re.  A  valuable  pine  of  Canada  and 
the  northern  United  States.— White-pop- 
lar, n.  A  poplar  that  has  the  under  side 
of  the  leaves  white..— White-precipitate, 
re.  A  white  mercurial  preparation  used 
in  medicine  as  an  outward  application. 

—  White  -  pyrites,  re.  An  iron  ore  of  a 
tin-white  coloui;,  passing  irito  a  brass- 
yellow  or  steel-gray.  —  Whites,  whits, 
re.  pi.  A  superior  kind  of  flour  made 
from  white  wheat;  cloth  goods  of  a  plain 
white  colour;  also  leiicorrhoea. — White- 
smith, whit'smith,  re.  A  tinsmith;  a  wor- 
ker in  iron  who  finishes  or  polishes  the 
work.  —  White -spruce',  re.  A  species  of 
spruce.— White-squall,  n.  Under  SquaCl. 
White-swelling,  w.  A  popular  name  for 
severe  diseases  of  the  joints  which  are  the 
result  of  chronic  inflammation,  the  knee, 
ankle,  wrist,  and  elbow  being  the  joints 
most  subject  to  white-swellings.— White- 
thorn, re.  The  common  hawthorn.— White- 
throat,  re.  A  small  British  bird  of  the 
warbler  family.— White-vitriol,  n.  A  name 
for  sulphate  jf  zinc,  employed  in  medicine 
as  an  etnetic  and  tonic.  —  Whitewash, 
whit'wosh,   rt.     A  wash   or   liquid   for 

'  whitening  something;  a  compositi6n  of 
lime  and  water,  or  of  whiting,  size,  and 
water,  for  whitening  walls,  ceilings,  &c.— 
v.t.  To  cover  with  whitewash;  hence,  ,lig. 
to  clear  from  imputations;  to  restore  the 
reputation  of;  colloquially,  to  clear  from 
the  effects  of  baukruptcj  by  passing 
through  a  judicial  process.- Whitewasher, 
whit'wosh-er,  re.  One  who  whitewashes.— 
White-wine,  n.  Any  wine  of  a  clear  trans- 
parent colour.— White-witch,  re.  A  witch 
of  a  beneficent  disDosition. — White-wood, 
re.  A  name  applied  to  a  number  of  trees. 
—Whitish,  whi'tish,  a.  Somewhat  white. 

Whither,  whiTH'6r,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  hwider, 
whither,  from  stem  of  who,  what,  and 
suflix  -ther;  closely  akin  to  whether.]  To 
what  place:  used  interrogativel.y;  to  which 
place:  used  relatively.  Where  has  now  to 
a  considerable  extent  taken  the  place  of 
whither.  — Whithersoever,  whiTH'6r-so-ev- 

-er,  adv.    To  whatever  place. 

Whiting,  whi'ting,  re.  [From  white;  in  first 
meaning  with  dim.  term,  -ing;  in  second 
with  term,  of  verbal  noun.]  A  small  fish  of 
the  cod  tribe  which  abounds  on  all  the 
British  coasts,  and  forms  a  delicate  article 
of  food;  chalk  pulverized  and  freed  from 
impurities,  used  in  white-washing,  for 
cleaning  plate,  &c.  —  Whiting-pollack,  re. 
The  pollack.— Whiting-pout,  re.  A  British 
fish  of  the  cod  family;  called  also  Bib. 

Whitlow,  whit'lo,  n.  [A  corruption  of 
whiciflaw  for  quick-flaw,  lit.  a  y?aw  or  sore 
of  the  quick.]  An  inflammation  affecting 
one  or  .more  of  the  joints  of  the  fingers, 
generally  terminating  in  an  abscess;  an 
inflammatory  disease  of  the  feet  in  sheep. 

Whitsunday,  whit'sun-da,  n.  [Lit.  white 
Sunday.  The  name  was  given  because 
Pentecost  was  formerly  a  great  season  for 
christenings,  in  which  white  robes  are  a 
prominent  feature.]  The  seventh  Sunday 
after  Easter;  a  festival  of  the  church  in 
commeiporation  of  the  descent  of  the 
Holy,  Spirit  on  the  day  of  Pentecost;  in 
Scotland,  a  term-day  (May  15,  or  May  26 
Old  Style).— Whit-Monday,  re.  The  Mon- 
day following  Whitsunday;  in  England 
generally  observed  as  a  holid.iy.— Whitsun, 
whit'sun,  a.    Pertaining  to  Whitsuntide. 

—  Wliitsun  Monday,  Tmsday,  &c.,  the 
Monday,  Tuesday,  &c.,  following  Whit- 


sund.ay.  —  Whitsuntide,  whit'sun-tid,  re. 
[  niiitsun,  and  tide,  time,  season.]  The 
season  of  Pentecost. 

Whittle,  whit'l,  re.-  [O.E.  thwitel,  dim.  from 
A.  Sax.  thwitan,  to  cut;  O.E.  and  Sc.  white, 
to  cut  with  a  knife.]  A  knife:  rarely  now 
used  except  in  provincial  English  or 
Scotch. — v.t.— whittled,  whittling.  To  cut 
or  dress  with  a  knife. 

Whiz,  vfhiz,  v.i. — whizzed,  whizzing.  [An 
imitative  word;  comY>.wheeze,  whistle,whir, 
&c.]  To  make  a  humming  or  hissing  sound, 
like  an  arrow  or  ball  flying  tiirough  the 
air.  —  re.  A  sound  between  hissing  and 
humming. 

Who,  ho,  pron.  relative;  possessive  Whose. 
hoz;  objective  Whom,  hiJm.  [A.  Sax.  hwd, 
whp,  masc.  and  fem.,  wftcet,  what,  neut.: 
always  an  interrogative;  Icel.  hver,  hvat, 
Dan.  hvo,  hvad,  D.  wie,  wat,  G.  wer,  was, 
Goth,  hvas,  hvo,  hvata;  cog.  L.  qui,  W.  pwy, 
Gael,  and  Ir.  co.  Per.  ki,  Skr.  kas,  who. 
Akin  are  when,  where,  whither,  which,  &c. 
Why,  How.]  A  relative  and  interrogative 
pronoun  always  used  substantively  (that 
is,  not  joined  with  a  noun),  and  with  re- 
lation to  a  person  or  persons;  used  inter- 
rogatively who=what  or  which  person  or 
persons?  of  what  personality  (wAo  is  he? 
I  do  not  know  who  he  is);  used  relatively 
=  that;  which  person;  sometimes  used 
elHptically  for  he,  they,  or  those,  who  or 
whom. — As  who  should  say,  as  one  who 
-should  say;  as  if .  he  should  sa,y..:  Who, 
Which,  That.  These  agree  in  being  rela- 
tives, who  being  used  for  persons,  which 
for  things,  and  that  for  either;  but  that 
hats  often  more  preciseness,  and  in  some 
cases  it  cannot  be  used  for  ivho  ('James 
toAo,' not 'James  that.' — Whoever,  hb-ev'- 
6r,  pron.  Any  personwhatever;  no  matter 
who.  —  Whoso,  ho'so,  p7'ore._  Whosoever; 
whoever. — Whosoever,  ha-so-ev'6r,  pron. 
Whoever;  whatever  person. — Whoseso- 
ever, hoz-so-ev'fer,  pron.  Of  whatever  per- 
son: the  possessive  or  genitive  case  of  who- 
soever. 

Whoa,  who'a,  exclam.    Stop!  stand  still ! 

Whole,  hoi,  a.  [O.E.  hole,  hool  (the  w  being 
erroneous,  as  in  whore),  from  A.  Sax.  liM, 
■whole,  sound,  safe;  D.  heel,  Icel.  heill,  G. 
heil,  Goth,  hails,  healthy,  sound,  whole. 
Hale,  Heal,  Holy.]  In  a  healthy  state; 
sound;  well;  restored  to  a  sound  state; 
healed;  unimpaired;  uninjured;  iiot  broken 
or  fractured;  not  defective  or  imperfect; 
entire;  complete;  comprising  all  parts, 
units,  &c.,  tiiat  make  up  an  aggregate;  all 
the;  total  (the  whole  city). —  Whole  number, 
an  integer,  as  opposed  to  a  fraction.  .'.Syn. 
under  Complete.— re,.  An  entire  thing;  a 
thing  complete  in  itself;  the  entire  or 
total  assemblage  of  parts;  a  complete  sys- 
tem ;  a  regular  combination  of  parts. — 
Upon  the  whole,  all  circumstances  being 
considered;  upon  a  review  of  the  entire 
matter.-^Whole-length,  n.  A  portrait  or 
statue  exhibiting  the  whole  figure. — 
Wholeness^  hol'nes,  re.  The  state  of  being 
whole,  entire,  or  sound;  entireness;  total- 
ity.—Wholesale,  hol'sal,  re.  Sale  of  goods 
by  the  entire  piece  or  large  quantity,  as 
distinguished  from  retail.^a.  Pertaining 
to  the  trade  by  wholesale;  dealing  by 
wholesale;  jig.  in  great  quantities;  exten- 
sive and  indiscriminate.  —  Wholesome, 
hol'sum,  a.  [Whole,  and  affix  -some.^  Ten- 
ding to  promote  health;  good  for  the  bod- 
ily system;  nourishing;  healthful;  favour- 
able to  morals,  religion,  or  prosperity; 
salutary.— Wholesomely,  hol'sum-li,  adv. 
In  a  wholesome  manner.  —  Wholesome- 
ness,  hol'sum-nes,  re.  The  quality  of  being 
wholesome;  salutariness.— Wholly,  hol'li, 
adv.  [For  whole-ly.]  Entirely;  com pletejj; 
perfectly;  totally;  exclusively. 

Whoop,  whop,  v.i.  [Perhaps  from  F*.  hou- 
per,  to  whoop,  an  imitative  word;  cmnp. 
hoot.  Hence  hooping-  or  whooping-cough.  \ 
To  shout  with  a  loud,  clear  voice;  to  call 
out  loudly,  as  in  excitement;  to  halloo;  to 
hoot,  as  an  owl.  —  v.t.  To  insult  with 
shouts. —re.  A  shout;  a  loud  clear  call.— 
Whooping-cough,  re.    Hooping-cough. 

Whoot,  whot,  v.i.    The  same  as  Hoot. 

Whop,  whop,  v.t. — whopped,  whopping.  [W. 
chwapiaw,  to  strike,  from  chwap^siroln-  \ 
To  strike;  to  beat.    [Colloq.]  —  W^;  ''■"•, 


ch,cAain;     cA,  Sc.  locA;     g.sfo;     j.job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  siw(?;     tn,  then;  ih,  thin;     w,  trig;,   wh,  wftig;     zh,  azure. 


WHORE 


772 


WILE 


■whop'er,  n.  [The  idea  of  greatness  or  bulk 
is  often  associated  vith  that  of  a  blow; 
thus  a  striking  likeness  is  an  impressive 
likeness.]  Anything  uncommonly  large; 
a  manifest  lie.  [CoUoq.] 
Whore,  hor,  n.  [A.  Sax.  hdr,  Icel.  h6ra, 
Dan.  hore,  J),  hoer,  G.  hure,  a  whore;  same 
root  as  L.  earris,  dear;  Skr.  Mma,  love. 
The  v>  has  intruded  as  in  v>hole.\  A  woman 
who  prostitutes  her  body  for  hire;  a  har- 
lot; a  prostitute;  a  lewd  woman. — v.i. — 
whored,  whoring.  To  have  to  do  with 
prostitutes.— w.<.  To  corrupt  by  lewd  in- 
tercourse.— Whoredom,  hor'dum,  n.  For- 
nication; idolatry  (O.T.).— Whoremonger, 
hor'mung-ger,  n.  One  who  has  to  do  with 
whores;  a  fornicator;  a  lecher. — Whoreson, 
hor' sun,  n.  A  bastard:  a  term  of  con- 
tempt or  abuse. — o.  Bastard-like;  scurvy. 
— Wnoriah,  ho'rish,  a.  Incontinent;  un- 
chaste.—Whorishly,  ho'rish-li,  adv.  In  a 
whorish  manner.  —  Whorishness,  ho'rish- 
nes,  n. 

Whorl,  whorl,  n.  [A  form  of  whirl,  which 
is  -also  used  in  same  sense.]  A  ring  of 
leaves  or  other  organs  of  a  plant  all  on  the 
same  plane;  a  verticil;  a  turn  of  the  sjiire 
of  a  univalve  shell;  the  fly«f  a  spindle, 
genei-ally  made  of  wood,  sometimes  of 
hard  stone.  —  Whorled,  whorld,  a.  Fur- 
nished ^ith  whorls;  verticillate. 
Whortleberry,  whgr'tl-be-ri,  n.  [From  A. 
Sax.  wyrtil,  a  small  shrub,  dim.  of  wori, 
a  wort.  Wort.]  The  bilberry  and  its 
fruit.— Whort,  whort,  n.  The  fruit  of  the 
whortleberry  or  the  shrub  itself. 
Whose,  Whoso,  &c.  Under  Who. 
Why,  whi,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  hwl,  hwi,  „aB  in- 
strumental case  of  /licfi,  who,  hwcst,  what. 
How  is  a  form  of  the  same  word.  Who.] 
For  what  cause,  reason,  or  purpose;  where- 
fore: interrogatively  (direct  or  indirect) ; 
for  what  reason  or  cause;  for  what;  where- 
fore: used  relatively.— HTty  go,  for  what 
reason ;  wherefore.  Whv^s  sometimes  used 
substantively  (the  how  and  the  why). — 
inter j.  Used  emphatically  or  to  enliven 
the  speech  or  to  draw  attention. 
Wick,  wik,  n.  [X.  Sax.  weoca,wecca,  a  wick; 
D.  wieic,  a  wick,  a  tent  for  a  v/ound;  Sw. 
veke,  Dan.  voege,  a  wick;  allied  to  weak 
(being  pliant)  and  to  wieker.'\  A  sort  of 
loose  spongy  string  or  band  which  draws 
up  the  oil  in  lamps  or  the  melted  tallow 
or  wax  i>  candles  to  be  burned. 
Wicked,  wik'ed,  a.  [From  old  wicke,  wikke, 
wicked  (comp.  wretched),  apparentlj'  from 
A.  Sax.  wicea,  a  wizard,  wicce,  a  witch. 
Witch.]  Evil  in  principle  or  practice; 
doing  evil;  sinful;  bad;  wrong;  iniquitous; 
mischievous;  prone  ordisposed  to  mischief, 
often  good-natured  misciiicf;  roguish. — 
Wickedly,  wik'ed-li,  adv.  Li  a  wicked 
maimer;  viciously;  corruptly;  immorallj'. 
—Wickedness,  wik'ed-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  wicked;  depravity;  sin- 
fulness; vice;  crime;  sin;  a  wicked  act. 
Wicker,  wik'er,  a.  [O.E.  wikir,  wiker,  a 
withy,  from  stem  of  weak;  comp.  Sw.  wika, 
to  plait,  to  bend;  Dan.  vegre,  a  withy,  G. 
wickel,  a  roll.  Weak.,  Wick.]  ilade  of 
plaited  twigs  or  osiers;  covered  with  such 
lilaited  work.— n»  A  small  pliant  twig;  a 
withe;  a  basket.  —  Wickered,  wik'erd,  a. 
JIade  of  or  covered  with  wickers  or  twigs. 
—Wicker-work,  n.  A  texture  of  twigs; 
1  i.njsket-work. 

Wicket,  wik'et,».  [O.Yt.taikeUVr.gvichet), 
from  Icel.  vikja,  to  turn,  to  bend,  same 
word  as  A.  Sax.  wican,  to  yield.  Weak.] 
A  small  gate  or  doorway,  especially  a  ^mall 
door  forming  part  of  a  larger  one;  a  hole 
in  a  door;  cricket,  the  objet*  at  which  the 
bowler  aims,  consisting  of  three  upright 
rods,  having  two  small  pieces  lying  in 
grooves  along  their  tops;  the  ground  on 
which  the  wickets  are  set. 
Wide,  wid,  a.  [A.  Sax.  wld,  wide,  broad, 
txten8ive  =  D.  wijd,  Icel.  vidr,  Sw.  and 
Oan.  vid,  G.  weit,  wide;  connections  doubt- 
ful.] Having  a  great  or  considerable  dis- 
tance or  extent  between  the  sides;  broad: 
opposed  to  narrow;  having  a  great  extent 
every  way;  vast;  extensive;  Jig.  not  narrow 
or  limited;  enlarged;  liberal;  broad  to  a 
certain  degree  (three  feet  wide);  failing  to 
hit  a  mark;  hence,  remote  or  distant  from 
uuy thing,  as  truth,  propriety,  or  the  like.  ' 


—adv.  To  a  distance:  tea  consideraDle  ex- 
tent or  space;  far;  far  from  the  mark  or 
from  the  purpose;  astray.— Wide-awake. 
a.  On  the  alert;  re;idy  prepared;  knowing. 
[Colloq.l  —  n.  [So  called  because  worn 
greatly  by  smait  sporting  men.]  A  species 
of  soft  felt  hat  \vith  a  broad  brim  turned 
up  all  round.— Widely,  wid'li,  adv.  In  a 
wide  manner  or  degree;  with  great  extent 
each  way;  very  much;  greatly;  far. — 
Widen,  wi'dn,  v.t.  To  make  wide  or  wider; 
to  extend  the  breadth  of. — v.i.  To  grow 
wide  or  wider;  to  extend  itself. — Wide- 
ness,  wid'nes,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  wide;  breadth;  large  extent  in  all 
directions.— Wide-spread,  a.  Spread  to  a 
great  distance;  extending  far  and  wide. — 
Width,  width,  n.  [CJomp.  breadth,  leiigth.] 
Breadth;  wideness. 

Widgeon,  ^vij'on,  n.  [Pr.  vigeon,  vingeon, 
names  of  ducks;  comp.  L.  vipio,  vipionis, 
a  small  crane.]  A  migratory  bird  allied 
to  the  duck  family,  which  breeds  in  high 
northern  latitudes. 

Widow,  wid'o,  n.  [A.  Sax.  widuwe,  vmdutee, 
a  widow=D.  wedmce,  L.G.toed,  je,  G.  witt- 
we,  Goth.u-j'dwu'O;  cog.  Rus.  vdavd,  li.vidua, 
from  -uiduus,  deprived  (Void);  Skr.  vid- 
huvd,  a  widow.]  A  woman  who  has  lost 
her  husband  by  death,  and  who  remains 
still  unmarried:  also  used  adjectively  (a 
widow  lady).— 1'.<.  To  reduce  to  the  condi- 
tion of  a  widow;  to  bereave  of  a  husband 
or  mate;  to  strip  of  anything  good. — 
Widower,  wid'o-er,n.  A  man  who  has  lost 
his  wife  by  death.  —  Widowhood,  wid'o- 
hud,  n.  The  state  of  a  man  or  woman 
whose  husband  or  wife  is  dead,  and  who 
has  not  married  again;  the  state  of  being 
a  widow. 

Width.    Under  Wide. 

Wield,  weld,  v.t.  [O.E.  welaen,  A.  Sax. 
(ge)welduri,  \gehoyldan,  from  wealdan,  to 
rule;  Icel.  valda,  G.  walten,  to  rule;  Goth. 
valdJan,  to  govern;  same  root  as  L.  valeo, 
to  be  strong.  Va  lid.  j  To  use  in  the  hand 
or  hands  with  full  comm.^nd  or  power;  to 
hold  aloft  or  swing  freely  with  the  arm; 
to  use  or  emiiloy  with  the  hand;  to  man- 
age, employ,  or  have  full  control  over. — 
To  uie!d  the  sceptre,  to  govern  with  su- 
preme command.— Wield  able,  wel'da-bl.a. 
Capable  of  being  wielded. — Wielder,  wSl'- 
der,  n.  One  who  wields.— Wieldy,  wGl'di, 
a.    Capable  of  being  wielded;  wieldable. 

Wier,  wer,  n.    Same  as  Wear. 

Wife,  wif,  n.  pi.  Wives,  wivz.  [A.  Sax.  wif, 
a  woman,  a  wife  — D.  wij/,  Icel.  vi/,  Dan. 
viv,  G.  weib,  woman:  root  doubtfm.  This 
word  gives  the  first  syllable  of  woman.} 
Originally,  any  woman  of  mature  age: 
still  60  used  in  compounds  (ale-wi/e,  fiSi- 
wi/e);  a  woman  or  female  of  any  age  who 
is  united  to  a  man  in  wedlock:  the  cor- 
relative of  AMsboTid.- Wifehood,  wifhud, 
n.  State  and  character  of  a  wife.— Wife- 
less, wif'les,  a.  Without  a  wife;  unmar- 
ried.—Wlfelike,  wif'lik,  a.  Resembling  or 
pertaining  to  a  wife  or  woman.  —Wifely, 
wifli,  a.    Like  a  wife:  becoming  a  wife. 

Wig,  wig,  n.  [The  final  syllable  of  periivig.] 
An  artificial  covering  of  hair  for  the  head, 
used  generally  to  conceal  baldness,  but 
formerly  worn  as  a  fashionable  means  of 
decoration.  —  Wig-block,  n.  A  block  or 
shaped  piece  of  wood  for  fitting  a  wig  on. 
— Wigged,  wigd,  a.  Having  the  head  cov- 
ered with  a  wig.  —  Wiggery,  wig'er-i,  n. 
The  work  of  a  wigmaker;  false  hair.— 
Wigging,  wig'ing,  n.  A  rating;  a  scolding. 
[Colloq.]— Wigless,  wigles,  o.  Without  a 
wig. 

Wigan,  wig'an,  n.  [From  Wigan  in  Lanca- 
shire.] A  stiff,  open  canvas-like  fabric, 
used  for  stiffening  and  protecting  the 
lower  inside  surface  of  skirts,  <jlsc. 

Wight,  wit,  n.  [A.  Sax.  vnht,  wuht,  a  crea- 
ture, a  thing;  D.  wicht,  a  baby;  G.  wicht, 
creature,  fellow;  Goth.  iDaihts,  waiht,  a 
thing,  a  whit;  originally  'moving  crea- 
ture-' allied  to  img,  weigh.  WhU  is  ths 
same  word,  and  it  is  also  contained  in 
aught,  naitohi  m  ■lumght.]  A  being;  a 
human  being,  a  i>cT8on  either  male  or  fe- 
male 

Wight,  wit.,  a.  [Icel.  vigr,  nent.  vlgt,  war- 
like, fit  for  war,  from  via  (A.  3ax.«r<£;),war; 
akin  Sw.  vig,  agile,  nimble.]  Having  war- 


like prowess;  strong  and  active;  agile. 
[Poet.] 

Wigwam,  wig'wam,  n.  lA  native  Indian 
term.)  An  Indian  cabin  or  hut.  so  called 
in  North  America. 

WUd,  wild,  a.  [A.  Sax.  wild,  wild,  not  t.Tme. 
8avage=Sc.  will,  Icel.  vUlr,  wild.^as.trav, 
bewildered:  Dan.  aud  Sw.  vVd,  P.  wild, 
G.  wild,  Goth,  wiltheis,  wild;  akin  to  «i'i7/. 
an  animal  that  is  wild  also  wandering  at 
its  will.  Will.]  Living  in  a  state  of  na- 
ture ;  roving  at  will ;  not  tame;  not  do- 
mestic; savage;  uncivilized;  ferocious;  san- 
guinary; growing  or  produced  without 
culture;  not  cultivated;  desert;  i  iculti- 
varted;  as  left  by  nature  (a  wild  scene); 
turbulent;  tempestuous;  stormy;  furious: 
in  both  a  physical  and  moral  sense:  vio- 
lent; unregulated;  passionate  (a  wild  out- 
break of  rage);  disorderly-  in  conduct; 
frolicsome;  wayward;  reckless;  rash;  not 
based  on  reason  or  prudence;  wanting 
order  and  regularitj";  extravagant:  fan- 
tastic; iniicating  strong  emotion  or  ex- 
citement; exalted;  bewildered;  distracted 
(a  wild  look);  excessi^y  eager;  ardent  to 
pursue,  perform,  or  obtain.- To  ijm  j»i/d, 
to  take  to  a  wild  life,  or  to  a  loose  way 
of  living ;  to  ©scape  from  cultivrrtion  and 
grow  in  a  wild  state.— 7i.  A  desert;  an 
uninhabited  and  uncultiv.".red  traet  or 
region.— Wild-basil, 71.  Basil-weed.— Wlld- 
beast,  «.  An  untamed  or  savage  animal. 
— Wild-hoar,  n.  An  anima4  of  *be  hog 
kind,  the  ancestor  of  the  domesticated 
swine. — WUd-cat,  n.  A  ferocious  animal 
closely  akin  to  the  domestic  cat,  but  with 
a  shoi-ter,  bushier  *ail,  formerly  abundant 
in  Britain.— Wlld-anck,  ji.  ■  A  web-footed 
bird,  the  stock  of  tl^e  common  domestic 
duck;  *he  mallard. — Wildfire,  wild'firj  n. 
A  composition  of  inflammable  materials 
readily  catching  fire  aud  hard  to  be  ex- 
tinguished; a  kind  of  lightning  unaccom- 
panied by  thunder;  a  name  for  erysipelas; 
also  a  name  for  an  eruptive  disease,  a 
species  of  lichen. — Wild-fowl,  71.  A  name 
given  to  various  birds  pursued  as  game, 
but  ordinarily  restricted  to  water-fowl.— 
Wild-goose,  n.  The  stock  of  the  domestic 
goose,  formerly  abundant  in  England,  but 
now  only  a  winter  visitant.— U'lW-poose 
chase,  the  pursuit  of  anything  in  ignor- 
ance of  the  direction  it  will  take;  a  foolish 
pursuit  or  enterprise. — Wilding,  wilding, 
n.  A. plant  that  grows  wild  or  without 
cultivation.— Wildish,  wil'dish,  a.  Some- 
what wild.— Wildly,  wildli,  adf.  In  a  wild 
state  or  manner;  savagely;  with  disorder, 
perturbation,  or  distractinn;  extravagant- 
ly; irregularly.  —  Wildaess,  wild'nes,  71. 
The  state  of  being  wild;  desert  or  uncul- 
tivated state ;  savagtness;  fierceness;  dis- 
traction; great  perturbation  of  look. — 
Wild-oat,  n.  A  British  plant  of  the  oat  ge- 
nus, a  common  weed;  also  a  kind  of  valu- 
able gi-ass.-  Wild  oats.  Under  Oat.— Wild- 
rice,  71.  Same  as  Canadc-rice,  under  Can- 
ADiAK.— Wild-swan,  n.  A  swan  which  in 
winter  visits  Northern  Europe  and  Asia, 
residing  in  summer  within  the  Arctic  Cir- 
cle; the  hooper.— Wild-wood,  a.  Belong- 
ing to  wild  or  unfrequented  woods.        "^ 

Wilder,  wil'der,  v.t.  [From  the  wilder-  of 
wilda'ness;  hence  bewilder.]  To  cause  to 
lose  the  Avay  or  track;  to  puzzle  with 
mazes  or  difficulties;  to  bewilder.  —  Wil- 
deredly,  wil'derd-U,  adv.  In  a  wildered 
manner.  —  WUdennent,  wil'der-ment,  »i. 
Bewilderment. 

Wilderness,  wil'dfr-nes,  n.  Formed  with 
sutlix  -7ie88  from  older  wildeme,  a  wilder- 
aesg,  from  A.  Sax.  wUder,  a  wUd  animal, 
from  wild,  wild,  dedr,an  animal;  comji. 
D.  wildmtiis,  G.  wi'Wjitss,  wildemeis.]  A 
desert;  a  tract  of  land  or  region  unculti- 
vated and  uninhabited  by  human  beings, 
whetjiera  forest  or  a  wide  barren  plain; 
a  portion  of  a  garden  set  apart  for  things 
to  grow  in  unchecked  luxuriance. 

WUe,  wil,  n.  (A.  Sax.  wile,  wil,  wile;  Icel. 
vdl.  vai,  artifice,  craft,  trick;  connections 
doubtful.  Ovile  is  the  same  word,  but  has 

.  come  to  us  directly  from  the  Frmch. 
GaiLJ.]  A  trick  or  stratagem  )H-actised 
for  iuanaring  or  deception;  a  sly ,  insidious 
artifice. — v.t. — wiled,  wiling.  To  draw  or 
turn  away,  as  by  divertiog  the  mind;  to 


Fate,  filr,  fat,  fftll;    mS,  met,  hbr,     pine,  i»m;     note,  not,  move;     tube,  tub,  bvUl ;     oil,  jpound;     u.  So.  ab«ne— tiie  Ifx. «, 


WrLFUt 


773 


WIND 


cajole  or  to  wheedle  (Sc.).— Wileful,  wil'- 
f 111,  a.  Full  of  wiles;  wily;  tricky.— WiUly, 
wi'li-li,  ado.  In  a  wily  manner;  insidious- 
ly; craftily;  cunningly.  —  Wilinesa,  wi'li- 
nea,  n.  The  character  of  being  wily;  cun- 
ning; guile.  —  Wily,  wi'li,  a.  Capable  of 
using  wiles;  full  of  wiles;  subtle;  cunning; 
crafty. 

Wilful.    Under  WiLt. 

Will,  wil,  n.  [A.  Sax.  willa,  will,  froin  toil- 
lan,  to  desire,  and=D.  wil,  Icel.  vili,  Dan. 
villie,  SwJ  vilja,  G.  wille,  will.  See  the 
verb.]  That  faculty  or  power  of  the 
mind  by  which  we  determine  either  to 
door  not  to  do  something;  the  power  of 
control  which  the  mind  possesses  over  its 
own  operations ;  volition ;  power  of  resis- 
ting impulse;  determination;  the  deter- 
mination or  choice  of  one  possessing  au- 
thority; wish  or  pleasure  of  a  superior; 
Btrong  wish  or  inclination  (it  is  against 
my  will) ;  law,  the  legal  declaration  of  a 
man's  intentions  as  to  what  he  wishes  to 
be  performed  after  his  death  in  relation 
to  his  property;  a  testament;  the  Written 
paper  containing  such  a  disposition  of 
property.  Good-will,  Ill-will. — At  will, 
at  pleasure;  as  one  wishes. -r  IKi<^  a  will, 
with  willingness  and  pleasure;  heartily. — 
V.  aux.,  pres.  I  will,  thou  wilt,  he  will; 
past  uwuld;  no  past  participle.  [A.  Sax. 
willan,  pret.  wolde;  D.  ivillen,  Icel.  vilja, 
Dan.  vUle,  to  will;  G.  will,  I  will,  intin. 
wollen,  to  be  willing;  cug.  L.  volo,  I  will, 
velle,  to  will  (Volition);  Gr.  boulomai,  1 
will.  Akin  well,  weal,  wild.'\  A  word  de- 
noting either  simple  futurity  or  futurity 
combined  with  voliti"n  according  to  the 
subject  of  the  verb.  In  the  first  person  it 
expresses  willingness,  consent,  intention, 
or  promise;  and  when  emphasized,  deter- 
mination or  fixed  purpose  (I  will  go);  sim- 
ple futurity  with  the  first  person  oeing 
expressed  by  shall  (Shall).  In  the  second 
and  third  persons  will  expresses  only  a 
simple  future  or  certainty,  the  idea  of  vo- 
lition, purpose,  pr  wish  being  then  lost. 
— Would,  wud,  past  tense  of  will,  stands  in 
the  same  relation  to  will  that  should  does 
to  shall,  being  seldom  or  never  a  preterite 
indicative  pure  and  simple,  but  mainly 
employed  m  subjunctive,  conditional,  or 
optative  senses,  in  the  latter  case  having 
often  the  force  of  an  independent  verb. — 
v.t.  [From  the  noun  rather  than  from  the 
auxiliary  verb.  In  this  use  the  conjuga- 
tion is  regular,  pres.  ind.  I  will,  thou 
ivillest,  he  wills,  &c.,  pret.  and  pp.  willed.} 
To  determine  by  an  act  of  choice  (a.  man 
may  move  if  he  wills  it);  to  ordain;  to 
decree;  to  desire  or  wish;  to  intend;  to 
dispose  of  by  testament;  to  give  as  a  legacy; 
to  bequeath. — v.i.  [From  the  noun.]  To 
■form  a  volition;  to  exercise  an  act  of  the 
will;  to  desire;  to  wish;  to  determine;  to 
decree.— Willing,  wil'ing,  a.  Ready  to  do 
or  grant;  having  the  mind  Inclined;  not 
averse;  desirous;  ready;  borne  or  accepted 
voluntarily;  voluntary  .—Willing-hearted, 
a.  Having  a  readily  consenting  heart  or 
disposition.  —  Willingly,  wil'ing-li,  adv. 
In  a  willing  manner;  with  one's  free  choice 
or  consent;  without  reluctance;  voluntar- 
ily; readily;  gladly. — Willingness,  wil'ing- 
nes,  n. — Wilful,  wil'ful,  a.  Governed  by 
one's  own  will  without  yielding  to  reason; 
not  to  be  moved  from  one's  notions  or 
inclinations;  obstinate;  refractory:  way- 
ward; done  by  design;  intentional  {wilful 
murder).  —  Wilfully,  wil'f  ul-li,  adv.  In  a 
wilful  manner;  waywardly;  obstinately; 
by  design;  intentionally.  —  Wilfulness, 
wil'iul-nes,  Ji.     Obstinacy;  stubbornness; 

•pervei-saness;  intention;  characterof  being 
done  by  design. 

Willow,  wil'g,  n.  [A.  Sax.  v>elig,  wilig,  D. 
tvilg,  L.G.  wilge,  a  willow.]  A  name  for 
numerous  well-known  species  of  plants  of 
a  tree-like  or  shrubby  habit,  loving  moist 
grounds,  and  valuable  for  a  variety  of 
purposes,  including  basket-making;  an 
instrument  for  opening  and  disentangling 
locks  of  wool  previous  to  manufacture. — 
"Willow-pattern,  n.  A  well-known  design 
on  stoneware  and  porcelain  dishes,  in  imi- 
tation of  a  Chinese  design:  so  called  from 
a  willow-tree  (or  what  may  pass  for  one) 
which  is  a  prominent  object  in  it.— Wil- 


low-warbler, WiUow-wran,  n.  A  smell 
song-bird  a  common  summer  visitant  in 
Britain.— Willowy,  wil'O-i,  a.  Abounding 
with  willows;  resembling  a  vfillow;  slen- 
der and  graceful. 

Will-with-a-wisp,  n.    Ignis  Fatuus. 

Wilt,  wilt,  V.   The  second  pers.  sing,  of  will. 

Wilton-carpet,  n.  [Made  originally  at  Wil- 
ton.] A  variety  of  Brussels  carpet  in 
which  the  loops  are  cut  open  into  an  elas- 
tic velvet  pile. 

Wily.    Under  Wile. 

Wimble,  wim'bl,  n.  [Same  (with  inserted 
6)  as  So.  wiminle  or  wummle,  Dan.  vimmel, 
an  auger;  akin  D.  wemelen,  to  bore,  weme, 
aii  auger;  Sw.  wimla,  G.  iviinmeln,  to  be  in 
tremulous  movement.  Gimlet  is  a  dim. 
form.  Gimlet.]  An  instrument  of  the 
gimlet,  auger,  or  brace  kind  used  for  bor- 
ing holes. 

Wimple,  wim'pl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  wlnpel,  a 
wimple=D.  wimpel,  Icel.  vimpill,  Dan. 
vimpel,  G.  wimpel,  a  pennon;  perhaps  akin 
to  whip,  gimp.]  A  former  female  head- 
dress laid  in  plaits  over  the  head  and 
round  the  chin,  sides  of  the  face,  and 
neck,  still  worn  by  nuns.- w.S. — wimpled, 
wimpling.  To  cover,  as  with  a  wimple  or 
vail;  hence,  to  hoodwink, — v.i.  To  resem- 
ble or  suggest  wimples;  to  undulate;  to 
ripple  (a  brook  that  wimples  onwards). 

Win,  win,  v.t.- pret.  and  pp.  won  (wun), 
ppr.  winning.  [A.  Sax.  winnan,  to  strive, 
labour,  fight,  struggle =D.  winnen,  Icel. 
vinna,  Dan.  vinde,  G.  ige)winnen,  to  fight, 
strive,  win,  &c.,  Goth,  winnan,  to  endure; 
from  root  meaning  to  desire  eagerly,  seen 
also  in  the  name  of  the  goddess  Venus; 
akin  wean,  wont.]  To  gain  by  proving 
one's  self  superior  in  a  coiitest;  to  be  vic- 
torious in;  to  gain  as  victor;  to  gain  pos- 
sessiob  of  by  fighting;  to  get  into  one's 
possession  by  conquest  (to  win  a  fortress); 
to  gain,  procure,  or  obtain  in  a  general 
sense,  but  especially  implying  labour, 
effort,  or  struggle;  to  allure  to  kindness  or 
compliance;  to  gain  or  obtain,  as  by  solici- 
tation or  courtship;  to  gain  to  one's  side 
or  party,  as  by  solicitation  or  other  influ- 
ence.—y.i.  To  be  superior  in  a  contest  or 
competition;  to  be  victorious;  to  gain  the 
victory,  —  Winner,  win'ftr^  «.  One  who 
wins.  —  Winning,  win'iog,  a.  Attract- 
ing; adapted  to  gain  favour;  charming  (a 
winning  manner).— ra.  The  sum  won  or 
gained  by  success  in  competition  or  con- 
test; usually  in  the  pi.— Winningly,  win'- 
ing-li,  adv.  In  a  winning  manner;  char- 
mingly.— Winning-post,  re.  A  post  or  goal 

•  in  a  race-course,  the  order  of  passing  which 
determines  the  issue  of  the  race. 

Wince,  wins,  v.i. — ivinced,  wincing.  [For- 
merly also  winch,  from  O.Fr.  guinchir, 
gmnchir,  winchir  (?),  from  O.  G.  wenken,  to 
start  aside.  Akin  to  wink.]  To  twist  or 
turn,  as  in  pain  or  uneasiness;  to  shrink; 
to  start  back.— n.  The  act  of  one  who 
winces;  a  start,  as  from  pain.  —  Wincer, 
win'sir,  n.    One  that  winces. 

Wincey,  win'si,  n.  [Probably  a  corrupted 
contr.  of  linsey-woolsey,  the  steps  being 
linsey-winsey,  then  simply  wincey.  The 
wore!  was  originally  Scotch.]  A  strong  and 
durable  cloth,  plain  or  twilled,  composed 
of  a  cotton  warp  and  a  woollen -weft. 

Winch,  winsh,  n.  [A.  Sax.  u;i?i!;«,  a  winch,  a 
reel  for  thread;  akin  wince,  wink,  winkla.] 
The  crank  for  turning  an  axle;  a  hoisting 
Liachine  in  which  an  axis  is  turned  by  a 
crank-handle,  and  a  rope  or  chain  wound 
round  it  so  as  to  "raise  a  weight. 

Wind,  wind,  in  poetry  often  wind,  n.  [A, 
Sax.  wind^J).  and  G.  wind,  Dan.  and  Sw. 
vind,  Icel.  vindr,  Goth,  winds;  cog.  L.  ven- 
tus,  W.  gwynt,  wind.  The  root  is  in  Goth. 
waian,  Skr.  v&,  to  blow.  Weather  is  from 
same  root.]  Air  naturally  in  motion  with 
any  degree  of  velocity;  a  current  of  air;  a 
c\irrcn|i  in  the  atmosphere,  as  coming 
from  a  particular  point;  a  point  of  the 
compass,  especially  one  of  the  cardinal 
points  (O.T.);  air  artificially  put  in  mo- 
tion (the  wind  of  a  cannon-ball);  breath 
modulated  by  the  respiratory  organs  or  by 
an  instrument;  power  of  respiration;  lung 
power ;  breath ;  empty  or  unmeaning 
words;  idle  or  vain  threats;  gas  generated 
in  the  stomach  arid  bowels ;  flatulence. — 


Between  vnnd  and  water,  in  that  part  of  a. 
ship's  side  which  is  frequently  brouglit 
above  the  water  by  the  rolling  of  the  ves- 
sel.—//oto  the  wind  blows  or  lies,  the  direc- 
tion of  the  wind:  fig.  position  or  state  of 
aflfairs;  how  matters  stand.— /n  the  wind's 
eye,  in  the  teeth  of  the  wind,  directly  towards 
the  point  from  which  the  wind  blows; 
right  against  the  -wind.— Something  in  the 
wind,  something  within  the  region  of  sus- 
picion or  surmise,  without  being  acknow- 
ledged or  announced  (coUoq.).  —  7'o  gtt 
{take)  wind,  to  become  public;  to  be  O.U- 
ciosed;  to  become  generally  known.— 7'o 
raise  the  wind,  to  obtain  the  necessary 
supply  of  cash  (coUoq.).— To  gat?  close  to 
the  wind,  to  sail  as  much  against  the  di- 
rection of  the  wind  as  pos.^ible.  —  v.  t. 
(wind).  Pret.  and  pp.  generally  wound, 
sometimes  winded.  [From  wind,  the  above 
noun,  pronounced  as  wind;  the  strong 
conjugation  has  been  introduced  through 
confusion  with  wind,  to  twist.]  To  blow; 
to  sound  by  blowing.— w.t.  (wind).   fFrom 

-  wind,  n.,  pronounced  ■«  ind.]  To  perceive 
or  follow  by  the  scent;  to  nose  (hounds 
wind  an  animal);  to  expose  to  the  wind; 
to  render  scant  of  wind  by  riding  or  driv- 
ing (a  horse);  to  let  rest  and  recover  wind. 
—Windage,  win'daj,  n.  Gun.  the  'differ- 
ence between  the  diameter  of  the  bore  of 
a  firearm  and  that  of  the  ball  or  shell;  the 
influence  of  the  wind  in  deflecting  a  mis- 
sile; the  extent  of  such  deflection.— Wind- 
bag, n.  A  bag  filled  with  wind;  a  man  of 
mere  words;  a  noisy  pretender.— Wind- 
bound,  wind'bound,  a.  Prevented  from 
sailing  by  a  contrary  wind.— Wlnd-che«t, 
n.  The  chest  or  reservoir  in  an  organ  or 
harmonium  for  st6ring  the  wind  produced 
by  the  bellows.— Wind-egg,  n.  An  egg 
surrounded  only  by  a  memorane. — Wind- 
fall, wind'fal,  n.  Fruit  blown  from  a  tree; 
ti  mber  blovi-ri  down;  an  unexpected  legacy; 
any  unexpected  piece  of  good  fortune. — 
Wind-fl.ower,  n.  The  anemone.— Wind- 
gall,  n.  A  soft  tumour  on  "she  fetlock 
joints  of  a  horse;  a  streak  of  light  on  the 
edge  of  a  cloud,  reckoned  a  sign  of  ap- 
proaching stormy  weather.— Wind-gauge, 
n.  An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the 
velocity  and  force  of  wind;  an  anemome- 
ter.—Wind-hover,  n.  A  name  of  the  kes- 
trel.—Windiness,  win'di-nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  windy.— Wind-instrument,  n.  An 
instrument  of  music,  played  by  breath  or 
wind^sttieflute,  horn, organ,  harmonium, 
&c. — Windless,  wind'les,  a.  Free  from  wind; 
calm;  unruflled.— "Windmill,  wind'mil,  h. 
A  mill  driven  by  the  force  of  the  wind, 
and  used  for  grinding  com,  pumping 
wtter,  &c.— Windpipe,  wind'pip,  n.  The 
passage  for  the  breath  to  and  from  the 
lungs;  the  trachea.- Wind-rose,  n.  A  card 
with  lines  corresponding  to  the  points  of 
the  compass  showing  the  connection  of 
the  wind  with  the  barometer,  &c.— Wind- 
row, n.  ^  row  or  line  of  hay  raked  to- 
gether for  the  purpose  of  being  rolled  into 
cocks  or  heaps.- Wind-sail,  n.  A  tube  or 
funnel  of  canvas  used  to  convey  air  into 
the  lower  apartments  of  a  ship;  one  of  the 
vanes  or  sails  of  a  windmill. — Windward, 
wind'wfird,  n.  The  point  from  which  the 
wind  blows. — a.  On  the  side  toward  which 
the  wind  blows. — adv.  Toward  the  wind, 
— "Windy,  win'di,  a.  Consisting  of  wind; 
formed  by  gales;  tempestuous;  boisterous; 
exposed  to  the  wind;  resembling  the  wind; 
as  empty  as  the  wind;  flatulent. 

Wind,  wind,  w.i.- pret.  and  pp.  wound  (oc- 
casionally winded).  [A.  Sax.  windan,  to 
wind,  twist,  twine=D.  and  G.  wind.en,  Icel. 
and  Sw,  vinda,  Goth,  windan;  akin  ivand, 
wend,  wander.]  To  coil  round  something; 
to  form  into  a  ball  or  coil  by  turning;  to 
turn  by  shifts  and  expedients;  refl.  to  insin- 
uate; to  bend  or  turn  to  one's  pleasure;  to 
enfold  or  encircle.—  To  wind  off,  to  unwind; 
to  uncoil.— To  wind  up,  to  coil  up  into 
small  compass;  to  bring  to  a  conclusion,  as 
a  speech  or  operation;  to  make  a  final  set- 
tlement of;  to  coil  anew  the  spring  or  draw 
up  the  weights  of  (a  watch  or  clock).— v.i. 
To  turn  Around  something;  to  have  a  spiral 
direction;  to  have  a  course  marked  by 
bendings;  to  meander;  to  make  one's  way 
by  bendings.— To  wind  up,  to  come  tv  a 


oh.  cAain;     cA,  Sc.  locA;   Bt  oo;     j,;ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     b£,  sintr;     vb,  then;  th,  thiu;     w,  toig;     wh.  tcMg;     zh,  aeuie. 


WINDLASS 


774' 


'WISE 


conclusion;  to  conclude;  to  finish.— 
Winder,  win'der,  n.  One  whoorthatwhich 
winds  yam  or  the  like;  an  instrument  or 
machine  for  winding.  —  Wbiding,  Tvin'- 
ding,  a.  Bending;  having  curves  or  bends; 
spiral. — n.  A  turn  or  turning;  a  bend. — 
wlndingly,  win'ding-li,  adv.  In  a  winding 
form.  —  Winding -engine,  n.  A  hoisting 
engine  for  mines.  —  Winding -machine, 
n.  A  twisting  or  warping  machine.  — 
Winding-sheet,  n.  A  sheet  in  which  a 
corpse  is  wrapped;  a  piece  of  tallow  or 
wax  hanging  doWn  from  a  burning  candle: 
regarded  as  an  omen  of  death.  —  Wind- 
up,  n.  The  conclusion  or  final  settlement 
of  any  matter;  the  closing  act;  the  close. 

Windlass,  wind'las,  n.  [Partly  from  D. 
windas,  or  Icel.  viruldss,  lit.  winding- 
beam;  partly  from  old  mndle,  a  wheel  or 
reel,  a  dim.  from  the  verb  to  iMnd.]  ■  A 
modification  of  the  wheel  and  axle,  con- 
sisting of  a  horizontal  barrel,  turned  by  a 
winch  or  by  levers,  for  raising  a  weight 
that  hangs  at  the  end  of  a  rope  or  chain 
wound  Qn  to  the  barrel. 

Windlestraw,  win'dl-stra,  n.  [A.  Sax. 
wuidelstreow,  properly  straw  for.  plaiting, 
from  windel,  a  basket,  from  windan,  to 
wind.  Wind.]  A  name  given  to  various 
species  of  grasses;  a  stalk  of  grass. 

Window,  win'do,  n.  [O.E.  windoge,  viindohe, 
from  Icel.  vindauga,a,windo'w,  lit.  awind- 
.  eye— tfindr,  wind, and  ot((7a,  an  eye.  Wind, 
Eve.]  An  opening  in  the  wall  of  a  buil- 
ding for  the  admission  of  light  or  of  light 
and  air  when  necessary;  an  opening  resem- 
bling or  suggestive  of  a  window;  the  sash 
or  other  thing  that  covers  the  aperture. — 
Window  -  blind,  n.  A  blind,  screen,  or 
shade  for  a  window.— Window-curtain,  n. 
A  curtain,  usually  decorative,  hung  over 
the  window  inside  a  room. — Windowed, 
win'dod,  p.  and  a.  Having  a  window  or 
windows.— Window-frame,  n.  '  The  frame 
of  a  window  which  receives  the  sashes. — 
Window-glass,  n.  Glass  for  windows,  of 
an  inferior  quality  to  plate-glass.  —  Win- 
dowless,  -win'do^les,  a.  Destitute  of  wln- 
dows.- Wlndow-aash,  n.  The  light  frame 
in  which  panes  of  glass  are  set  for  win- 
dows. 

Windsor-chair,  n.  A  kind  of  strong,  plain, 
polished  chair,  made  entirely  of  wood, 
seat  as  well  as  pack.— Windsor-soap,  n.  A 
kind  of  fine-scented  soap,  the. chief  manu- 
facture of  which  was  once  confined  to 
Windsor. 

Wine,  win,  n.  [A.  Sax.  win,  borrowed  (like 
D.  wijn,  Icel.  vin,  G.  toetn)  from  L.  vinunif 
■yrine,  akin  to  vitis,  the  vine,  the  twining 
plant  (cog.  with  E.  with;/],  the  root  being 
seen  also  in  E.  to  ■wind,  tnre,  &c.]  An 
alcoholic  liquor  obtained  by  the  fermen- 
tation of  the  jiiiceof  the  grape  or  fruit  of 
the  viae;  also,  the  juice  of  certain  fruits 
prepared  in  imitation  of  this  (currant 
wine,  gooseberry  wine).  —  ^inine  wine, 
sherry  Vith  sulphate  of  quinine  in  solu- 
tion.—Spirit  of  wine,  alcohol;— Wine-bib- 
ber, n.  One- who  drinks  much  wine. — 
Wine-biscuit,  n.  A  light  biscuit  served 
with  wine. — Wine-cellar,  n.  An  apart- 
ment or  cellar  for  stov/ing  wine.  — Wlne- 
celoored,  a.  Approaching  the  colour  of 
red  wine. — Wine-cooler,  n.  A  vessel  for 
cooling  wine  before  it  is  drunk.— Wine-fat, 
n.  The  vat  into  which  the  liquor  flows 
from  the  wine-press. —Wine-glass,  n.  A 
email  glass  in  which  wine  is  drunk. — 
Wine-grower,  n.  One  who  cultivates  a 
vineyard  and  makes  wine.  — r  Wine-mea- 
Bore,  n.  An  old  English  measure  for  wines 
and  spirits,  in  which  the  gallon  was  to 
the  imperial  gallon  as  5  to  6  nearly. — 
Wine-merchant,  n.  A  merchant  who  deals 
in  wines.— Wine-palm,  n.  A  palm  from 
which  palm-wine  is  obtained.  —  Wine- 
press, n.  An  apparatus  in  which  the  juice 
IS  pressed  out  of  grapes.— Wine-taster,  n. 
A  i)erson  employed  to  taste  and  judge  of 
wine  for  purchasers.  —  Wine-vault,  n.  A 
vault  or  cellar  for  wine;  a  name  frequently 
assumed  by  a  public-house  or  tavern. — 
Winy,  -^I'ni,  a.  Having  the  taste  or  qua- 
lities of  wine.   , 

Wing,  wing,  n. '  [Same  as  Sw.  and  Dan. 
vinge,  Icel.  voengr,  p.  win^;  probably  akin 
to  wag.]  One  of  the  anterior  limbs  in  birds. 


specially  modified  and  provided  with  fea- 
thers, in  most  cases  serving  as  organs  of 
flight;  an  organ  used  for"  flying  by  some 
other  animals,  as  insects  and  bats;  act  of 

i  flying;  flight  (to  take  wing);  that  which 
moves  or  acts  like  a  wing,  as  the  sail  of  a 
windmill,  of  a  ship,  &c.;  a  projection  of  a 
building  on  one  side  of  the  central  or  main 
portion;  a  lateral  extension  of  anything; 
a  leaf  of  a  gate  or  double  door;  one  of  the 
sides  of  the  stage  of  a  theatre;  also,  one  of 
the  long  narrow  scenes  which  fill  up  the 
picture  on  the  side  of  the  stage;  one  of  the 
extreme  divisions  of  an  army,  regiment, 
fleet,  or  the  like.— On  the  wing,  flying  (to 
shoot  wild  fowl  ore  the  wing);  speeding  to 
its  object;  on  the  ro&d.  —  v.t.  To  furnish 
with  wings;  to  enable  to  fly:  to  trans- 
port by  flight  (to  wing  me  nome);"to 
move  in  flight  through;  to  traverse  by 
flying  (to  wing  the  air);  to  wound  in  the 
wing;  to  disable  a  wing  or  limb  of.— To 
wing  a  flight  or  way,  to  proceed  by  flyingj 
to  fly.— Wing-case,  m.  The  hard  case  which 
covers  the  wings  of  beetles,  &c. ;  the 
elytron.  —  Winged,  wingd,  a.  Kaving 
wings;  swift;  rapid;  passing  quickly;  hot. 
and  conch,  same  asAlate.  —wingless , wing'- 
les,  a.  Having  no  wings.— Winglet,  wing'- 
let,  M.  A  little  wing;  the  bastard  wing  of 
a  bird.  .^ 

Wink,  wingk,  v.i.  [A.Sax.  windan,  to  wink; 
akin  to  wancol,  unsteady;  D.  v/inken,  wen- 
ken,  Icel.  vanka,  to  wink;  Dan.  vinke,  Sw. 
vinka,  to  wink  or  nod;  G.  winken,  to 
beckoi);  root  perhaps  same  as  in  weak, 
G.  weichen,  to  yield  or  turn  aside.  AJdn 
wince,  winch."]  To  close  and  open  the 
eyelids  quicklyand  involuntarilyitobHnk; 
to  nictitate;  to  give  a  significant  hint  by 
motion  of  the  eyelids;  to  twinkle;  to 
connive ;  to  seem  not  to  see ;  to  wilfully 
shut  the  eyes:  with  ai  (to  wink  at  faults). 
— n.  The  act  of  closing  the  eyelids  quickly; 
no  more  time  than  is  necessary  to  shut 
the  eyes;  a  hint  given  by  shutting  the  eye 
with  a  significant  cast.— Winker,  wing'kir, 
n.  One  who  winks;  one  of  the  blinds  of  a 
horse;  a  blinker. 

Winkle,  wingOil,  n.  A  common  abbrevi- 
ation of  Periwinkle. 

Winner,  Winning,  &c.    Under  Wik. 

Winnow,  win'o,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  windwian,  to 
winnow,  from  windi' the  wind.  (Wind.) 
Comp.^L.  ventilare,  to  winnow,  f  ipm  ventue, 
the  wind.]  To  drive  the  chaff  from  by 
means  of  wind;  to  fan;  fig.  to  examine.sift, 
or  try,  as  for  the  purpose  of  separating 

,  falsehood  from  truth.  —  v.i.  To  separate 
chaff  from  com.  —  Winnower,  win'o-6r,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  winnows. 

winsey,  win'si,  n.    Same  as  Wincey. 

Winsome,  win'sum,  o.  [A.  Sax.  wynsum, 
pleasant,  delightful,  from  wynn,  delight, 
joy  (akin  to  win),  and  term,  -sum,  later 
-aome.l  Attractive;  agreeable;  engaging. 
— Winsomeness,  win'sum-nes,  n.  Attrac- 
tiveness; engaging  manner  or  appearance. 

Winter,  win'tfer,  n.  [A.  Sax.  winter,  winter 

■  =D.  and  G.  winter,  Sw.  and  Dan.  vinter, 
Icel.  vetr,  vittr  (for  vintr),  Goth.  vinti~U8; 
allied  to  wind  or  to  wet.]  The  cold  season 
of  the  year,  which  in  northern  latitudes 
may  be  roughly  said  to  comprise  Decem- 
ber, January,  and  February;  a  year:  the 
part  being  used  for  the  whole;  also  often 
used  as  an  emblem  of  any  cheerless  situ- 
ation.— a.  Belonging  to  winter.  —  v.i.  To' 
pass  the  winter;  to  hibernate.- v.i.   To 

'  Keep,  feed,  or  manage  during  the  winter 
(towrinter  cattle). —  Winter-apple,  re.  An 
apple  that  kfeps  well  in  winter,  or  that 
does  not  ripen  till  winter.— Winter-barley, 
n.  A  kind  of  barley  which  is  sowed  in 
autumn.  — Winter-cress,  n.  A  name  of 
two  British  cruciferous  plants,  one  of 
them  bitter  and  sharp  to  the  taste^  and. 
sometimes  used  as  a  salad.  —  Winter- 
green,  re.  The  common  name  of  certain 
perennial  plants  allied  to  the  heaths, 
some  of  which  are  medicinal,  whilst  a.n 
American  species  yields  an  oil,  used  in 
confectionary  and  to  disguise  the  taste  of 
disagreeable  medicines. — Winterly^  win'- 
t6r-h,  a.  .  Wintery;  cheerless.  —  Winter- 
moth,  n.  A  moth  which  appears  in  its 
berf  ect  state  in  the  beginning  of  winter.- 
Winter-quarters,  n.  pi.    The  quarters  of 


an  army  during  the  winter;  a  ■\vinter  resi- 
dence or  station. — Winter 's-bark,  n.  [ftum 
Capt.  John  Winter,  who  introduced  it  to 
notice.]  A  South  American  plant  or  its 
bark,  which  has  an  aromatic  taste,  and  is 

sometimes  used  as  a  stimulanf  tonic. 

Winter-tide,  n.  The  winter  season.— 
Winter-wheat,  re.  Wheat  sown  in  autumn. 
—Wintry,  Wintery,  win'tri,  win't6r-i,  a. 
Suitable  to  winter;  brumal;  cold;  bleak 
and  cheerless. 

Winy.    Under  Wike. 

Winze,  winz,  ».  flcBl.  vima,  to  winnow, 
from  vindr,  wind.]  A  small  shaft  in  a 
mine  sunk  from  one  level  to  another,  for 
ventilation  or  communication. 

Wipe,  wip,  v.t— wiped,  wiping.  [A.  Sax. 
■wipian,  to  wipe;  akin  to  L.G".  wiep,  G.  wif, 
a  wisp  of  straw,  and  to  whip  and  wisp.] 
To  rub  with  something  soft  for  cleaning ; 
to  clean  by  gentle  rubbing;  to  strike  or 
brush  gently:  often  with  off,  up,  avxiy,  &c. 
—To  wipe  away,  to  remove  by  gentle  rub- 
bing; fiig.  to  remove  or  take  away  in  gen- 
eral (to  wipe  away  a  reproach).— To  wipe 
out,  to  efface;  to  obliterate.— «.  The  act  of 
one  who  wipes;  a  rub  for  the  purpose  of 
cleaning;  aglbe;  a  jeer.— Wiper,  wi'p6r,n. 
One  who  wipes;  something  used  for  wip- 
ing; mach.  a  piece  projecting  from  an  axle 
for  raising  stampers  or  pistons,  and  let- 
ting them  fall. 

Wire,  wir,  n.  [A.  Sax.  wir=L.G.  wire,  Icel. 
virr,  Dan.  vire,  wire;  allied- to  L.  virice, 
bracelets;  of  same  root  as  roind,  to  twist, 
withe.]  A  thread  of  metal;  a  fi-ie  or  slen- 
der metal  rod  of  uniform  diameter;  such 
metaUic  threads  collectively;  a  telegraph 
wire;  hence,  the  telegraph. — v.t. — wired, 
wiring.  To  bind  with  wire;  to  apply  wire 
to:  to  snare  by  means  of  a  vrire;  to  send  by 
telegraph. — v.i.  To  communicate  by  means 
of  the  telegraph.  —  Wire  -  bridge,  re.  A 
bridge  suspended  by  cables  formed  of 
wire.— Wire-cloth,  re.  A  texture  of  wire 
intermediate  between  wire -gauze  and 
wire-netting.— Wiredraw,  wir'oxa,  v.t.  To 
form  into  wire  by  forcibly  pulling  thi-ough 
a  series  of  holes:  to  draw  or  spin  out  to 
great  length  and  tenuity.— Wiredrawer, 
wir'dra-fer,  re.  One  who  draws  metal  into 
wire. — Wiredrawing,  wir'dra-ing,  re.  The 
act  or  art  of  extending  ductile  metals  into 
wire;  the  drawing  out  of  an  argument  or 

,  discussion  to  prolixity  by  useless  distinc- 

'  tions,  disqiusitions,  &c.  —  Wire-fence, '  n.. 

,  A  fence  made  of  parallel  wires  attached 
to  upright  posts.— Wire-gauze,  ?i.  A  kind 
of  stiff  close  fabric  made  of  fine  wire. — 
Wire-grub,  w.  The  wire- worm.  —  Wire- 
guard,  n.  'Wire-netting  placed  in  front  of 
a  fire.  —  Wire-netting,  re.  A  texture  of 
wire  used  for  light  fencing,  &c.  —  Wire- 
puller, re.  One  who  pulls  the  wires  of 
puppets;  hence,  one  who  instiijates  the 
actions  of  others  without  his  influence 

■  appearing;  an  intriguer.- Wire-pulling,  n. 
The  procedure  of  a  wire-puller.  —  Wire- 
rope,  n.  A  strong  lope  made  of  iron  or 
steel  wire  twisted  together.— Wire-work, 
re.  Some  kind  of  fabric  made  of  wire.— 
Wire-worker,  n.  One  who  manufactures 
articles  from  wire.  —  Wire-worm,  n.  A 
name  for  several  kinds  of  larvae  or  grubs 
very  destructive  to  crops,  the  name  being 
given  from  the  cj'lindrical  form  and  hard- 
ness of.  these  grubs. — Wire-wove,  re.  :  Ajp* 


nes,  re.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  wiry. 
Wise,  wiz,  a.  [A.  Sax.  uxis,  wise,  prudent= 
D.  udji,  Icel.  visa,  Dan.  mis,  G.  weise,  wise; 
from  same  root  as  wit,  wot,  L.  video,  to  see 
(Vision/T  The  wise  man  is  therefore  the 
man  that  sees  and  knows.  Wrr.]  Having 
the  power  of  discerning  and  judging  cor- 
rectfy;  possessed  of  discernment,  judg- 
ment, and  discretion ;  prudent ;  sensible; 
sage;  judicious;  experienced;  skilled; 
/Scrip,  godly;  pious.—  Wise  man,  a  man 
skilled  in  hidden  arts;  a  sorcerer.- lFi«e 
woman,  a  witch;  a  fortune-teller.— Wis- 
dom, wiz'dom,  re.  [A.  Sax.  wisdim,  from 
wis,  and  term.  -d<)m=Icel.  visd&mr,  Sw. 
t;i8rfo«i,  Dan.  viisdom.]  The  quality  of 
being  wise;  the  power  or  faculty  of  fonn- 
ingtne  fittest  and  best  judgment  la  any 


pate, far, fat, fftUj     m^t Qet, h6r;     pine, pin;-  note, not, mOve;     ttxbe, tab, b\ill;  ^oil, pound;     tl, Sc. abwio— the Fr. k 


WISE 


776 


WITNESS 


matti^  presented  for  consideration;  sound 
judgment  and  sagacity;  prudence;  discre- 
tion; sound  common  sense:  often  opposed 
to  Jbllv;  Scrip,  right  judgment  congeming 
religiaiis  and  moral  truth;  godliness. — 
Wlsdom-toothj  n.  A  large  back  double- 
tooth,  so  named  because  not  appearing 
till  a  person  is  grown  up. — Wisely,  wiz'li, 
adv.  In  a  wise  manner;  judiciousl;';  dis- 
creetly.—Wiseness,  wiz'nes,  n.    Wisdom. 

Wise,  wiz,  n.  [A.  Sax.  wise,  manner=;D. 
wijs,  Icel.  via,  visa,  Dan.  viis,  G.  weise; 
originally,  knowledge  or  known  way;  akin 
to  the  adjective  wise.  Guim  is  the  same 
word.]  Manner;,  mode:  xiow  used  only  in 
such  phrases  as  in  any  wise,  in  no  wise,  &c. , 
or  in  composition,  as  in  likewise,  length: 
wise,  &c.,  having  then  much  the  same 
force  as  -ways  in  lengthways,  &c. 

Wiseacre,  wiz'a-kfer,  n.  [Corrupted  from 
G.  weissager,  a  soothsayer,  from  O.H.G. 
vlzzago,  vizago,  a  seer=A.  Sax.  witega,a, 
seer,  lit.  one  who  is  wise  or  knowing;  akin 
to  voit  and  vyise.]  One  who.  makes  preten- 
sions to  great  wisdom;  a  would-be  wise 
person. 

Wish,  wish,  v.i.  [O.E.  wische,  wusche,  A. 
Sax.  w^sean,  to  wish,  from  wusc,a  wish;  D. 
and  G.  wunsch,  a  wish;  allied  to  Skr.  van, 
to  love,  vanchh,  to  desire,  L.  Venus,  the 
goddess,  veneror,  to  venerate.  Win,  Ven- 
EEATE.J  To  have  a  desire;  to  long:  with 
for  before  the  object.— v.«.  To  desire;  to 
long  for:  often  governing  an  infinitive 
or  a  clause;  to  frame  or  express  desires 
concerning;  to  desire  to  be  (With  words 
completing  the  sense:  to  wish  one  well, 
to  wish  himself  rich);  to  imprecate;  to 
invoke  (to  wish  one  evil). — re.  A  desire; 
a  longing;  an  expression  of  desire;  a 
request;  a  petition;  the  thing  desired. 
—Wish-bone,  Wishing-bone,  n.  A  fowl's 
merry-thought.— Wisher,  wish'fer,  re.  One 
who  wishes  or  expresses  a  wish.  —  Wish- 
ful, wish'ful,  a.  Having  a  desire;  de- 
sirous: with  of  before  an  object;  showing 
desire;  longing.  —  Wishfully,  wish'ful-li, 
adv.  Longingly;  wistfully.— Wishfulness, 
wish'ful-nes,  n.— Wishing-cap,  n.  The  cap 
ef  Fortunatus,  in  the  fairy  tale,  upon  put- 
ting on  which  he  obtained  whatever  he 
wished  for. 

Wish-wash,  wish'wosh.re.  [A  reduplication 
of  wash,  thin  or  waste  liquor.]  Any  sort 
ofweak,thin  drink.— Wishy-washy,  wish'i- 
wosh'i,  a.    Very  thin  and  weak;  diluted; 

V  hence,  feeble ;  wanting  in  substantial 
qualities. 

Wisp,  wisp,  re.  [O.E.  wispe,  wesp,  mips; 
akin  to  L.G.  wiep,  vippa,  a  wisp,  also  to 
whip.]  A  bundle  of  straw  or  other  like 
substance;  a  bunch  of  fibrous  matter;  a 
whisk  <St  small  broom;  an  ignis-fataus  or 
will-o'-the-wisp. 

Wist,  wist,  pret.  of  wit. 

Wistful,  wist'ful,  a.  [Modified  from  old 
wistly,  observantly,  from  wist,  known,  pp. 
of  wit,  to  know.]  Anxiously  observant; 
pensive  from  the  absence  or  want  of  some- 
thing; earnest  from  a  feeling  of  desire; 
longing.  —  Wistfully,  wist'ful-li,  adv.  In 
a  wistful  manner;  pei^sively;  longingly. — 
Wistfulness,  wist'f\il-nes,  n. 

Wistiti,  wis'ti-ti,  n.  [Native  name.]  The 
marmoset. 

Wit,  wit,  v.t.  and  i.;  present  tense,  I  wot, 
thou  wottest  or  wotst,  he  wots  or  u)ot;  pi. 
wot;  pret.  wist  in  all  persons;  ppr.  witting, 
also  wotting.  [A.  Sax.  wiian,  to  know;  pres. 
ic  wdt,  I  wot;  pi.  witon,  pret.  sing,  wiste, 
pi.  wiston,  pp.  wist;  D.  weten,  pret.  wist; 
Icel.  vitai  pret.  vissa;  Dan.  vide.  pret. 
vidste;  Goth,  witan,  pret.  wissa;  G.  ivissen, 
pret.  wusste;  co^.  L.  video,  rdsum,  to  see 
(Vision),  Gr.  {v]idein,  to  see,  Meidenai,  to 
know,  Skr.  vid,  to  know,  to  perceive. 
Hence  wit,  the  noun,  witness.  Akin  are 
wise,  wizard.}  To  know;  to  be  or  become 
aware;  to  learn.  To  wit  is  now  used  paren- 
thetically to  call  attention  to  something 
particular,  or  as  introductory  to  a  detailed 
statement  of  what  has  been  just  before 
mentioned  generally,  and  is  equivalent  to 
namely,  that  is  to  say.— Wittingly,  wit'- 
ing-li,  adv.  Knowingly;  not  inadvertently 
or  ignorantly. 

Wit,  wit,  re.  [A.Sax.  wi<,  gcwit,  knowledge, 
mind,  understanding;  Icel.  vit,  Dan.  md, 


G.  witz,  understanding,  wit.  See  Wit,  w.] 
Intellect;  understanding  or  mental  powers 
collectively;  a  faculty  or  power  of  the 
mind  (he  has  all  his  wits  about  him) ; 
wisdom ;  sagacity ;  the  faculty  of  asso- 
ciating ideas  in  a  new  and  ingenious,  and 
at  the  same  time  natural  and  pleasing 
way  exhibited  in  apt  language;  a  quality 
or  faculty  akin  to  humour,  but  depending 
more  on  point  or  brilliancy  of  language; 
facetiousness;  a  person  possessing  this  fa- 
culty j    one  distinguished  for   bright   or 

amusing  sayings;  a  humorist. The  five 

wits,  the  five  senses. — At  one's  wits'  end, 
at  a  loss  what  further  steps  or  measures 
to  adopt;  iinable  to  think  further.— To 
live  by  one's  wits,-to  live  by  shifts  or  ex- 
pedients, as  one  without  a  regular  means 
of  living.— Witless,  wit'les,  a.  Destitute 
of  sense  or  Understanding;  silly;  senseless; 
foolish.- Witlessly,  wit'les-li,  adv.  Sillily; 
foolishly.  —  Wltlessness,  wit'les-nes,  re. — 
Witling,  wit'ling,  n.  [Dim.  from  wit.]  A 
person  who  has  little  wit;  a  pretender  to 
wit.  —  Witted,  wit'ed,-  a.  Having  wit  or 
understanding :  used  chiefly  in  composi- 
tion (a  quick-witted  boy).— Witticism,  wit'- 
i-sizm,  re.  [From  witty;  comp.  such  words 
3.9  Atticism,  Cfallicism.)  A  witty  sentence, 
phrase,  or  remark;  an  observation  charac- 
terized by  wit.— Witty,  wit'i,  a.  [A.  Sax. 
witig.]  Possessed  of  wit;  smartly  orclever- 
ly  facetious;  bright  and  amusing.— Witti- 
ly, wit'i-li,  adv.  In  a  witty  manner;  with 
wit.— Wittiness,  wit'i-nes,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  witty. 

Witch,  wich,  re.  [A.  Sax.  wicce,  a  witch, 
tvicca,  a  wizard;  origin  doubtful,  perhaps 
akin  to  wit.  Hence  wicked.]  Formerly  a 
person  of  either  sex  given  to  the  black  art; 
now  a  woman  supposed  to  have  formed  a 
compact  with  the  devil  or  with  evil  spirits, 
and  by  their  means  to  operate  supernatu- 
rally;  one  who  practises  sorcery  or  en- 
chantment ;  a  bewitching  or  charming 
young  woman. — Witches'  Sabbath,?i  grand 
meeting  of  witches  and  devils  at  night 
accompanied  by  obscene  revels.— y.<.  To 
bewitch;  to  fascinate;  to  enchant.— Witch- 
craft, wich'kraft,  re.  The  practices  of 
witches;  sorcery;  power  more  than  natu- 
ral; enchantment;  fascination.  —  Witch- 
elm.  Wych-elm.— Witchery,  wich'6r-i,  re. 
Witchcraft;  fascination;  entrancing  influ- 
ence. —  Witch-finder,  re.  A  professional 
discoverer  of  witches;  one  whose  services 
were  taken  advantage  of  formerly  when 
the  persecution  of  so-called  witches  was  in 
vogue.  —  Witch-hazel.  Wych-hazel.— 
Witching,  wich'ing,  a.  Bewitching;  suited 
to  enchantment  or  witchcraft. — Witch- 
meal,  re.  The  powdery  pollen  of  club-moss, 
so  rapidly  inflammable  that  it  is  used  in 
theatres  to  represent  lightning;  lycopode. 
—Witch- tree,  re.  The  rowan-tree  or  moun- 
tain-ash. 

Witenagemot,  wit'en-a-ge-mot,  re.  [A.  Sax. 
witena,  gen.  pi.  of  wita ,  a  wise  man,  (ge)'mdt, 
a  meeting,  a  moot.  Wit,  Meet.]  Among 
the  Anglo-Saxons,  the  great  national  coun- 
cil or  parliament,  consisting  of  athelings 
or  princes,  nobles  or  ealdormen,  the  large 
landholders,  principal  ecclesiastics,  &c. 

With,  wifH,  prep.  [A.  Sax.  with,  near,  by, 
against,towards;Icel.t)ii/i,against,towards, 
along  with;  Dan.  ved,  near,  with,  against. 
The  A.Sax.wii/ier,opposite,  against  (seen  m 
withers),  is  a  comparative  from  this,  like 
Icel.  vithr,  D.  weder,  G.  wieder.  Hence 
withal,  within,  without,  withdraw,  withhold, 
&c.]  Against;  competing  against  (to  fight, 
contend,  or  vie  with)i  not  apart  from;  in 
the  company  of;  on  the  side  of  or  in  favour 
of;  in  the  estimation,  consideration,  or 
judgment  of  {with  you  art  is  useless';  hav- 
ing as  a  concomitant,  consequence,  or  ap- 
pendage (with  a,  hlnsh);  so  as  to  contrast  or 
correspond;  immediately  after  iuith  that 
he  left);  correspondence;  throtigh  or  by, 
as  means,  cause,  or  consequence  (pale  with 
tea.r).— With  child,  pregnant;  in  the  fam- 
ily way.  ^ 

With,  with,  re.    A  withe. 

Withal,  wiTH-al',  adv.  [With  and  all]  With 
the  rest;  together  with  that;  likewise.— 
prep.  With:  used  after  relatives  or  equiva- 
lent words,  and  transposed  to  the  end  of  a 
sentence  or  clause. 


Withdraw,  wiTH-dra',  ti.i.— pret.  wilhdvexe; 
pp.  withdA'awn.  [Prefix  with,  against,  oi>- 
posite  to,  and  draw.]  To  draw  back  or  in  a 
contrary  direction;  to  lead,  bring,  or  take 
back;  to  recall;  to  retract. — v.i.  To  I'etire 
from  or  quit  a  company  or  place;  to  ro 
away;  to  retreat.— Withdrawal,  wiTu-"dra'- 
al,  re.  Act  of  withdrawing  or  taking  back; 
a  recalling. —'Withdrawment,  wiTH-dr^'- 
ment,  re.    Withdrawal;  a  recalling. 

Withe,  Withy,  with  or  with,  with'i,  re.  [A. 
Sax.  withig,  a  willow,  a  withe;  Icel.  viihja, 
vith,  a  withy,  a  withe;  Dan.  vydie,  Sw.  vide, 
vidja,  G.  weide,  a  willow;  allied  to  Gr.  itea 
(for  vitea),  a  willow;  from  a  root  meaning 
to  twist  or  bend,  seen  also  in  L.  vimen,  a 
withe,  vitis,  a  \'ine.  Wine.]  A  willow  or 
osier;  a  willow  or  osier  twig;  a  flexible 
twig  used  to  bind  something;  a  fastening 
of  plaited  or  twisted  twigs. 

Witner,  wiTH'6r,  v.i.  [Lit.  to  weather,  to 
suffer  from  or  expose  to  the  weather. 
Weather.]  To  dry  and  shrivel  up,  as  a 
plant;  to  lose  freshness  and  bloom;  to  fade; 
to  become  dry  and  wrinkled,  as  from  the 
loss  of  animal  moisture;  to  lose  pristine 
freshness,  bloom,  or  vigour;  to  decline;  to 
pass  away.— v.i.  To  cause  to  fade;  to  make 
sapless  and  shrunken;  to  cause  to  lose 
bloom;  to  shrivel;  to  blight,  injure,  or  de- 
stroy-, as  by  some  malign  or  baleful  infiu- 
ence.— Witheredness,  wiTH'6rd-nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  withered.  —  Witheringly, 
wiTH'6r-ing-li,  adv.  In  a  manner  tending 
to  wither. 

Withers,  wiTH'6rz,  re.  pi.  [Lit.  the  parts  that 
act  against  or  resist,  from  A.  Sax.  wither, 
against,  from  prep,  with,  against.]  The 
junction  of  the  shoulder-bones  of  a  horse, 
forming  an  elevation  at  the  springing  of 
the  neck.— Wither-band,  re.  A  piece  of 
iron  laid  under  a  saddle  ne^r  a  horse's 
withers  to  strengthen  the  bow.— Wither- 
wrung,  a.  Injured  or  hurt  in  the  withers. 

Withhold,  wJTH-hold',  v.t. — pret.  and  pp. 
withheld.  [  With,  in  sense  of  against,  and 
hx>ld.]  To  hold  back;  to  restrain;  to  keep 
from  action;  to  retain;  to  keep  back;  not 
to  grant. -Wlthholder,  Viifl-hol'dfer,  n. 
One  that  withholds. 

Within,  wiiH-in',  prep.  [A.  Sax.  within?Mn 
— with,  against,  towards,  and  innan,  with- 
in, inwardly,  from  in,  in.]  In  the  inner  or 
interior  part  or  parts  of;  inside  of:  opposed 
to  without;  in  the  limits,  range,  reach,  or 
compass  of;  not  beyond;  inside  or  compre- 
hended by  the  scope,  limits,  reach,  or  in- 
fluence of;  not  exceeding,  not  overstep- 
ping, kc.—adv.  In  the  interior  or  centre; 
inwardly;  internally;  in  the  mind,  heart, 
or  soul;  in  the  house  or  dwelling;  indoors; 
at  home. — From  within,  from  the  inside; 
from  within  doors,  &c. 

Without,  wiTH-out',  prep.  [A.  Sax.  with- 
lilan,  without— wiiA,  towards,  against,  and 
lit,  out.]  On  or  at  the  outside  or  exterior 
of;  out  of:  opposed  to  within;  out  of  the 
limits,  compass,  range,  or  reach  of;  be- 
yond; not  having  or  not  being  with;  in  ab- 
sence or  destitution  of;  deprived  of;  not 
having. — conj.  Unless;  except:  now  rarely 
used  by  correct  speakers  and  writers. — 
adv.  On  the  outside;  outwardly;  exter- 
nally; out  of  door^. — From  without,  from 
the  outside:  opposite  to  from  within. 

Withstand,  wiTH-stand',  v.i.— pret.  and  pp 
withstood.  [With,  in  sense  of  against,  and 
stand  ]  To  resist,  either  with  physical  or 
moral  force;  to  oppose.— u.i.  To  resist;  to 
make  a  stand.— withstander,  wiiH-stan'- 
d6r,  n.  One  that  withstands;  an  opponent. 

Withy.    Under  Withe. 

Witless,  Witling,  &c.    Ujider  Wit,  n. 

Witness,  wit'nes,  re.  [A. 'Sax.  witiies,  testi- 
mony, lit.  what  one  knows,  from  wiiare,  to 
know.  Wit.  ]  Attestation  of  a  fact  or 
event;  testimony;  that  which  furnishes 
evidence  or  proof;  a  person  who  knows  or 
sees  anything;  one  personally  present; 
law,  one  who  sees  the  execution  of  an  in- 
strument, and  subscribes  it  for  confirma- 
tion of  its  authenticity;  a  person  who  gives 
testimony  or  evidence  in  a  judicial  pro- 
ceeding. —  Ifii/i  a  witness, t  effectually; 
with  a  vengeance;  so  as  to  leave  some 
mark  as  a  testimony  behind.- v.i.  To  at- 
test; to  testify;  to  see  or  know  by  pei'sonal 
presence;  to  be  a  witness  of ;  to  give  or 


ch,  cftain;     cA,  So.  locft;     g,  firo;    j.jobv    n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sins';     ^a,  then;  th,  thm;     w,  mg;     wh,  wAig;     zh,  OiUre. 


WITTICISM 


776 


WOOD 


serve  as  evidence  or  token  of;  to  subscribe 
as  witness. — v.i.  To  bear  testimony;  to  give 
evideace.— Witnesser,  wit'nes-^r,  n.  One 
v/ho  witnesses. 

Witticism,  Wittily,  &c.  Under  Wit,  n. 
Wittingly.  Under  Wit,  v. 
Wittol-t  wit'ol,  n.  [Probably:  .for  wittal, 
ivitwal,  woodwale,  old  names  for  a  bird  in 
whose  nest  the  cuckoo's  eggs  were  some- 
times laid;  comp.  the  origin  of  the  term 
cuckold.1  A  cuckold;  a  man.  who  knows 
his  wife's  infidelity  and  submits  to  it. 

Witty.    Under  Wn,  n. 

Witwal,  Witwall,  wit'wal,  n.  [A  form  akin 
to  woodwale  (which  see).]  A  name  for- 
merly given  to  the  greenfinch  or  other 
bird,  now  generally  applied  to  the  green 
woodpecker. 

Wive.t  wiv,  v.i.  and  t.  [From  mfe.l  To 
marry;  to  provide  with  a  wife;  to- take  for 
a  wife. — Wives,  wivz,  pi.  of  wife. 

Wizaxd,  Wisard,  wiz'erd,  n.  [From  wise, 
and  term,  -ard.]  Originally,  a  tvise  man; 
a  sage;  latterly,  an  adept  in  the  black  art; 
a  sorcerer;  an  enchanter;  a  magician;  a 
conjurer. 

W^izen,  wiz'n,  a.  [A.  Sax.  wisnian,  to  become 
dry,  akin  to  I  eel.  visna,  to  wither,  from 
visinn,  withered,  palsied.]  Hard,  dry,  and 
shrivelled ;  withered  ;  weazen.  —  Wizen- 
facedj^o.    Having  a  thin,  shrivelled  face. 

Wo,  wo,  re.    A  spelling  of  Woe. 

Woad,  wod,  n.  [A.  Sax.  wdd,  D.  weede,  Dan. 
vaid,  veid,  G.  waid,  weid,  woad;  connected 
with  L.  vitrum,  woad.]  A  cruciferous 
plant,  the  pulped  and  feirnented  leaves 
of  which  yield  an  excellent  blue  dye.  — 
Woaded,  wSd'ed,  a.  Dyed  or  coloured  blue 
with  woad.— Woad-miU,  n.  A  mill  for 
bruising  and  preparing  woad. 

Wobble,  wob'l,-  v.i.  —  wobbled,  wobbling. 
[Also  wabble;  akin  to  L.G.  wabbeln,  G. 
wabern,  -weibeln,  weiben,  to  move  to  and 
fro.]  To  m-ove  unsteadily  in  rotating  or 
Epinning;_to  rock;  to  vacillate.         •     ' 

T/oden,  wo'den,  n.  [Akin  to  A.  Sax.  ibdd, 
mad;  G.  wuth,  rage;  or  to  wind.]  The 
Anglo-Saxon  form  of  the  name  of  the  deity 
called  by  the  Xorse  Odin.  Wednesday  de- 
rives its  name  from  him. 

Woe,  wo,  w.  [A.  Sax.  wd:  often  as  an  inter- 
jection, as  in  wd  Id  wd,  woe  lo  woe !  well- 
awav !  D.  wee,  Icel.  vei,  Dan.  vee,  6.  weh, 
Gotfi.  vai;  a  natural  sound  of  grief,  like  L. 
vce!  GT.ouai.'  alas.]  Grief;  sorrow;  misery; 
heavy  calamity.  Woe  is  frequently  used 
in  denunciations  either  with  a  verb  or 
alone;  it  is  also  used  in  exclamations  of 
sorrow,  a  pronoun  following  being  then 
in  the  dative  {woe  is  me).  .  The  phrase 
'  Woe  worth  the  day,'  means  woe  be  to 
the  day.  Worth,  v.i.  —  Woebegone,  wo'- 
be-gon,  a.  [That  is,  surrounded  or  over- 
whelmed with  v-oe,  begone  being  from  A. 
Sax.  begdn,  to-surround— 6e,  by,  and  gdri, 
to  go.]  Overwhelmed  with  woe;  immersed 
in  grief  and  sorrow.— Woeful,  Woful,  wo'- 
fvil,  a.  Full  of  woe;  afflicted;  sorrowful; 
expressing  woe ;  doleful ;  distressful ;  pit- 
eous; wretched.— Woefully,  WofuUy,  wo'- 
ful-li,  adv.  Sorrowfully;  lamentably; 
wretchedly;  miserably;  extremely. — Woe- 
fulneca,  Wofulness,  wo'ful-nes,  n. 

Wold,  v/old,  n.  [A.  Sax.  wald,  weald,  a 
wood;  O.Sax.  O.Fris.  and  G.  wald,  a  wood 
or  forest.  Weald  is  the  same  word,  which 
is  also  seen  in  threshold.)  A  wood;  a  forest; 
a  weald  or  open  country;  a  low  hill;  a 
down:  in  the  plural,  a  hilly  district  or  a 
range  of  hills. 

Wold,  wold,  n.    A  plant.    Wsxd. 

Wolf,  wnlf,  re.  pi.  Wolves,  wulvz.  [A.  S*s. 
wul/=I).  and  G.  wolf,  Icel.  iilfr,  Dan.  ulv, 
Sw.  ulf,  Goth,  wulfs;  cog.  L.  lupus,  Gr. 
lukos,  Skr.  vrika,  a  wolf:  traced  to  a  root 
meaning  to  tear.]  A  carnivorous  quadru- 
ped belonging  to  the  dog  family,  and 
closely  related  to  the- dog,  swift  of  foot, 
crafty,  and  rapacious,  but,  in  general, 
cowardly  and  stealthy ;  hence,  a  term  for 
a  person  considered  ravenous,  cruel,  cun- 
ning, or  the  like;  mus.  a  jarring  discordant 
sound  produced  by  instruments  timed  to 
unequal  temperament.—  To  cry  wolf,  to 
raise  a  false  alarm:  in  allusion  to  the 
Bhepherd-boy  in  the  fable.— To  keep  the 
%Ko'.}  from  the  door,  to  keep  away  hiinser 
or  •ivas.t.— 'Wolf-dog,  n.    A  Isjrge  kind  of 


dog  kept  to  keep  off  or  destroy  wolves.- 
Wolf-flBh,  n.  An  edible  fish  of  the  British 
seas,  6  or  7  feet  long,  so  called  from  its 
ferocious  aspect  and  habits.  Called  also 
Sea-cat,  Sea-wolf.  —  Wolfish,  wiilf'ish,  a. 
Like  a  wolf;  savage. — Wolflshly,  wulf'ish- 
li,  adv.  In  a  wolfish  manner. — Wblfkin, 
wulf'kin,  re.  A  young  or  small  wolf. — 
Wolf  s-bane,  re.  A  poisonous  plant  of  the 
aconite  kind,  yielding  the  virulent  poison 
aconitin;  monk's-hood  or  aconite. 
Wolfram,  wol'fram,  re.  [G.  wolfram — wolf, 
wolf,  riim,  rahm,  froth,  cream,  soot.]  A 
native  tungstate  of  iron  and  manganese; 
the  orp  from  which  tungsten  is  usually 
obtained;  a  name  of  the  metal  tungsten. 

Wollastonite,  wol'as-ton-it,  re.  Same  as 
Tabular  spar. 

Wolverene,  Wolverine,  wul'v^r-5n,  wnl'- 
v6r-in,  n.  [A  dim.  formed  from  wolf.] .  A 
carnivorous  mammal,  the  glutton. 

Woman,  wum'an,  re.  pi.  Women,  wim'en. 
[A.  Sax.  wifman,  later  wimman,  from  wlf, 
wife,  and  man,  in  its  primitive  sense  of 
human  being,  person.  Wife,  Man.]  The 
female  of  the  human  race;  an  adult  or 
grown-iip  female,  as  distinguished  from  a 
girl ;  a  female  attendant  on  a  person  of 
rank.— Womanhood,  wnm'an-hud,  n.  The 
state,  character,  or  collective  qualities  of 
a  woman.  — Womanish,  vrum'an-ish,  a. 
Suitable  to  t  woman;  feminine;  efi'emi- 
nate:  "often  in  a  contemptuous  .sense. — 
Womanishly,  wijm'an-ish-li,  udv.  Effemi- 
nately.—Womanisliness,  wum'an-ish-nes, 
re.  State  or  .iualiti^of  being  -womanish. — 
Womankind,  wum'an-kind,  n.  Women 
in  general ;  the  female  sex.  —  Womanli- 
ness, wum'an-li-nes,  n.  Quality  of  .being 
womanly. — Womanly,  wiun'an-li,  a.  Be- 
coming or  suiting  a  woman;  feminine,  in 
the  praiseworthy  sense;  not  masculine. 

Womb,  wOm,  re.  [A.  Sax.  warrib,  womb,  the 
belly=D.  warn,  Icel.  v6mb,  Dan.  voire,  G. 
wamme,  wampe,  Goth,. waniba,  the  belly.] 
The  belly  or  stomachj.;  the  uterus  of  a 
female;-  something  likened  to  this;  any 
large  or  deep  cavity  that  receives  or  con- 
tains anything. 

Wombat,  wom'bat,  n.  [Corruption  of  the 
native  name  womback  or  worabach.  ]  A 
marsupial  mammal  of  Australia  and  Tas- 
mania, about  the  size  of  a  badger;  it  in- 
habits a  burrow  and  feeds  on  roots. 

Women,  pi.  of  woiiian. 

Won,  wun,  pret.  and  pp.  of  win. 

Wonder,  wun'dfer,  re.  [A.  Sax.  wundor^T). 
wonder,  G.  wunder,  Icel.  undur,  Sw.  and 
Dan.  under;  perhaps  akin  to  wind  (v.), 
wend,  a  prodigy  being  such  as  to  turn  a 
person  away  through  awe'.]  That  emo- 
tion which  is  excited  by  something  new, 
strange,  and  extraordinary,  or  that  arrests 
the  attention  by  its  no-velty,  grandeur,  oy 
inexplicableness:  a  feeling  less  than  as- 
tonishment, and  much  less  than  amaze- 
ment; a  cause  of  such  feeling ;  a  strange 
or  extraordinary  thing;  a  prodigy. — A 
nine  days'  wonder,  something  that  causes 
a  sensation  or  astonishment  for  a  short 
time. — v.i.  To  be  struck  with  wonder;  to 
marvel;  to  be  amazed;  to  look  with  or  feel 
admiration;  to  entertain  some  doubt  and 
QuriositV;  to  be  in  a  state  of  expectation, 
mingled  -with  doubt  and  slight  anxiety: 
followed  by  a  clause.  —  Wonderer,  wnn'- 
der-6r,  re.  One  who  wonders.— Wonderful, 
-wun'dSr-ful,  a.  Adapted  to  excite  won- 
der; strange;  astonishing;  marvellous.'— 
Wonderfully,. -wun 'der-ful-li,  adv.  In  a 
wonderful  manner;  surprisingly;  strange- 
ly; colloquially  often  equivalent  to  very. 
— Wonderfulness,  -wun'der-fnl-nes,  re.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  wonderful.- 
Wonderingly,  wun'der-ing-li,  adv.  With 
wonder.— Wonder-land,  n.  A  land  of  won- 
ders or  marvels.— Wonderment,  wun'dfer- 
ment,  re.  AVonder;  surprise;  astonishment. 
— Wonderstruck,  wun'd6r-struk,  a.  Struck 
with  wonder  or  surprise.— Wonder--work, 
tt.  A  prodigy;  a  miracle.— Wonder--worker, 
n.  One  who  performs  wonders.  —  Won- 
drous, wun'drus,  a.  Such  as  to  excite  won- 
der; wonderful;  marvellous;  strange. — 
adv.  In  a  wonderful  degree;  remarkably; 
exceedingly  {wondrous  wise). — Wondroufl- 
ly,  wun'drus-li,  adv.  In  a  strange  or  won- 
derful manner  or  degree. 


Wont,  w^ont.  A  contraction  for  win  nol 
Wont,  wunt,  a.  '  [For  older  vioned,  a  parti- 
ciple or  participial  adjective,  from  A.Sax. 
wuna,  gevmna,  custom,  habit,  or  from  the 
kindred  wunian,  to  dwell;  akin  Icel.  vani, 
custom,  vanr,  accustomed.  Wban,  Win.j 
Accustomed;  having  a  certain  habit  or 
custom;  using  or  doing  customarily. — 
re.  [From  old  wone,  A.  Sax.  wuna,  habit, 
custom,  through  the  influence  of  wont, 
adjective.]  Custom;  habit;  use.— v.i.  pret. 
wont;  pp.  wont,  wonted.  [For  old  tooraci  to 
be  accustomed,  to  dwell.  The  pret.  and 
pp.-  wont  are  thus  put  for  woned,  a,ad 
wonted  is  a  double  form.]  To  be  accus- 
tomed or  habituated;  to  use;  to  be  used. — 
Wonted,  wun'ted,  p.  and  a.  Customary  or 
fatniliar  from  use  or  habit;  nsual;  accus- 
tomed ;  made  or  having  become  fe,miliar 
by  using,  frequenting,' (!^c. 
Woo,  wo,  v.t. — wooed,'Womng.  [A.  Sax.  w6-  ■ 
gan,  to  woo,  from  wdh,  genit.  wdges,  bent, 
bending;  the  meaning  is  therefore  to  bend 
or  incline  another  towards  one's  self.]  To 
court;  to  solicit  in  love;  to  invite;  to  seek 
to  gain  or  bring  about;  to  court  (to  ujoo 
destruction).— y.i.  To  make  lo-ve.- Wooer, 
wo'fer,  re.  One  who  woos;  one  who  courts 
or  solicits  in  love ;  a  suitor.  —  Wooing, 
wo'ing,  re.  Courtship;  time  of  courtship. 
Wood,J  wad,  a.  [A.Sax.  wdd,  Sc.  wud,  Goth. 
wods,  mad,  furious;  G.  wuth;  rage,  fury.] 
Mad;  furious;  frantic.  IShak.] 
Wood,  wud,  re.  [A.  Sax,  v/udu,  a  wood,  tim- 
ber; akin.  O.D.  wede,  Icel.  vithr,  Dan.  and 
Sw.  ved,  wood,  a  tree ;  comp.  "VV.  gwydd, 
trees;  shrubs.]  A  large  collection  of  grow- 
ing trees;  a  forest;  the  substance  of  trees 
or  their  trunks ;  timber;  pi.  wind-instru- 
ments in  an  orchestra,  such  as  the  flute, 
clarionet,  oboe,  &c.—v.i.  To  take  in  or  get 
supplies  of  wood.  —  v.t.  To  supply  with 
wood,  or  get  supplies  of  wood  for. — WcciJ- 
.  acid,  re.  Same  as  Wood-vinegar. — Wood- 
a.shes,  n.pl.  The  remains  of  burned  wood 
or  plants.— Woodbine, Woodbind,  v/ud'brii, 
wud'bind,re.  [Bine.]  The  wild  honeysuckle; 
formerly  the  bindweed. — Wood-carving, 
re.  The  art  of  can'ing  wood  into  figures 
or  ornamental  forms;  a  device  or  figure 
carved  on  wood.— Wood-chat,  re.  A  species 
of  butcher-bird  or  shrike.— Wood-chuck, 
n.  A  species  of  marmot  common  in  thp 
United  States  and  Canada;  the  ground- 
hog.—  Wood-coal,  re.  Charcoal;  also  lir;- 
nite  or  brown-coal. — Woodcock,  wnd'koj , 
re.  A  bird  allied  to  the  snipe  but  with  a 
more  robust  bill  and  shorter  legs,  a  winter 
visitant  to  Britain,  where  it  sometimes 
breeds;  esteemed  for  the  table.  —  Wood- 
cracker,  re.  The  nut-hatch.— Woodcraft, 
wud'kraft,  re.  Skill  in  anything  which 
pertains  to  woods  or  forests;  skill  in  hun- 
ting deer,  itc.- Wood-cnt,  re.  An  engrav- 
ing on  wood,  or  a  print  from  such  engrav- 
ing.—Wood-cutter,  re.  A  person  who  cuts 
wood ;  an  engraver  on  wood.  —  Wood- 
-  cutting,  re.  The  act  or  employment  of 
cutting  wood;  wood-engraving.- Wooded, 
■wud'ed,  a.  Supplied  or  covered  with  wood 
(land  well  wioodcd).  —  Wooden,  wudn,  a. 
Made  of  wood;  consisting  of  wood;  un- 
gainly ^wkward;  without  spirit  or  expres- 
sion.-wood-engraver,  n.  An  artist  who 
engraves  on  wood.  —  'Wood-engra-ving,  re. 
The  art  of  engraving  on  wood,  or  of  pro- 
ducing by  special  cutting  tools  a  des^igii 
or  picture  in  relief  on  the  surface  of  a 
block  of  wood  (generally  box),  from  which 
impressions  can  be  taken  by  means  of  au 
ink  or  pigment.  —  Woodenly,  w»d'n-li, 
adv.  In  a  wooden. manner;  stiffly;  clum- 
sily; awkwardly.  —  Wood-grouse,  n.  The 
capercailzie.  —  WoodincBS,  wUd'i-flcs,  n. 
State  or  qualitylof  being  woody.— Wood- 
land, wndland,  re.  Land  covered  with 
wood.  —  a.  Relating  to  woods;  sylvan.— 
Wood-lark,  -re.  'A  small  species  of  lark 
which  usually  sings  perched  on  the  branch 
of  a  tree.  —  Wood-louse,  re.  An  insect, 
the  oniscus  or  slater,  a  flatfish  insect  of  a 
slaty  colour  frequenting  rotten  wood,  &c. 
—'woodman,  wiid'man,  re.  A  forester;  one 
who  fells  timber.— Wood-mite,  re.  A  small 
insect  found  in  old  wood. . —  Wood-mouse, 
n.  The  long-tailed  field-mouse.  —  Wood- 
nymph,  71.  A  goddess  of  the  woods;  a 
dryad.  —  'Wood-oil,  re.    A  balsamic  sub- 


Sate,  £iir,  fat,  fail;     s;5,  Eist,  htr;     pincpiL;     note,  not,  mOrej     tcbe,  tub,  b\^;     oil,  pound;     li,  Sc.  abicae— tbe  Jr.  «i 


WOOER 


777 


WOBXD 


stance  obtained  from  trees  in  the  Eastern 
Archipelago. — Wood-opal,  n.  A  striped 
variety  of  opal,  having  the  form  and  tex- 
ture of  wood.  —Woodpecker,  wUd'pek-fer, 
n.  [So  called  from  pecking  or  tapping 
•with  the  bill  on  trees.]  The  name  for  cer- 
tain climbing  birds  which  feed  on  insects 
and  their  larvae  that  they  find  on  trees. — 
Wood-pigeon,  n.  The  ring-dove  or  cushat. 
—Wood-pile,  n.  A  stack  of  piled-up  wood 
for  fuel. —Wood-reeve,  n.  In  England,  the 
steward  or  .overseer  of  a  wood. — Woodiruff, 
Woodroof,  wud'ruf,  wiid'rof,  n.  [A.  Sax. 
wuderofe,  wudurofe,  the  latter  part  .of 
doubtful  meaning.]  A  well-known  plant 
found  in  Britain  in  woods  and  shady  places, 
and  cultivated  in  gardens  for  the  beauty 
of  its  whorled  leaves  and  simple  white 
blossoms,  but  chiefly  for  the  fragrance  of 
its  leaves. — Wood-rush,  n.  The  common 
name  of  several  species  of  rush.  —  Wood- 
sage,  n.  A  species  of  germander,  extreme- 
ly bitter,  and  sometimes  used  as  a  substi- 
tute for  hops.— Wood-screw,  n.  An  iron 
screw  suited  for  joining  pieces  of- wood  in 
carpenter  or  joiner  work.  —  Wood-shock, 
n.  A  species  of  marten;  the  pekan. — 
Wood -sorrel,  n.  A  small  species  of  sor- 
rel, supposed  by  some  to  be  the  Irish 
shamrock.  —  Wood  -  spirit,  n.  A  crude 
spirit  obtained  by  distilling  wood  in  closed 
vessels.— Wood-spite,  n.  [Hpite^G.  specht, 
woodpecker.]  The  green  woodpecker. — 
Wood  -  swallow,  n.  A  bird  of  Australia 
and  the  East  Indies,  much  resembling 
swallows  in  habit. — Wood-tin,  n.  A  fibrous 
nodular  variety  of  oxide  of  tin.— Wood- 
vinegar,  n.  A  sort  of  vinegar  obtained  by 
the  distillation  of  wood.  —  Woodwale, 
wud'wal,  n.  [Latter  part  of  doubtful  ori- 
gin.] An  old  name  of  a  bird;  the  witwall. 
—Wood-warbler,  n.  A  small  bird  visitijag 
England  in  summer. — Wood-wasp,  n.  A 
species  of  solitary  wasp.  —  Wood-work,  n. 
Work  formed  of  wood;  the  part  of  any 
structure  that  is  made  of  wood.— Woody, 
wud'i,  a.  Abounding  with  wood;  consis- 
ting of  wood;  ligneous;  pertaining  to 
■woods.—  Woody  tissw,  that  which  consti- 
tutes the  basis  of  the  wood  in  trees.^- 
WoodJ'- nightshade,  n.  Same  as  Bitter- 
siveet. 

Wooer.    Under  Woo. 

Woof,  wOf,  n.  [O'.E.  oof,  owe/,  from  A.  Sax. 
6wef,  from  prefix  d,  for  on,  and  we/an,  to 
weave.  Weave.]  The  threads  that  cross 
the  warp  in  weaving;  the  weft;  texture. 

Wool,  wul,  n.  [A.  Sax.  wull,  wul^D.  wol, 
G.  wotle,  Goth,  wulla,  Icel.  and  Sw.  uU, 
Ban.  uld;  allied  to  L.  villus,  ahagsy  hair, 
vellus,  a  fleece;  from  a  root  signifying  to 
cover,  seen  also  in  L.  valUs,  a  valley,  and 
in  valeo,  to  be  strong.  Valid.]  That  soft 
species  of  hair  which  grows  on  sheep  and 
some  other  animals;  the  fleecy  coat  of  the 
sheep;  also  applied  to  other  kinds  of  hair, 
especially  short,  crisped,  and  curled  hair 
like'  that  of  a  negro;  any  fibrous  or 
fleecy  substance  resembling  wool. — ^Wool- 
comber,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
comb  wool.— Wool-combing,  n.  The  act 
or  process  of  combing  wool,  generally  of 
the  long-stapled  kind,  for  the  purpose  of 
worsted  manufacture.  —  Wool -dyed,  g,. 
Dyed  in  the  form  of  wool  or  yam  before 
being  made  into  cloth.— Wool-gathering, 
n.  The  act  of  gathering'wool;  usually  ap- 
plied figuratively  to  the  indulgence  of  idle 
fancies;  a  foolish  or  fruitless  pursuit:  often 
with  a  (=ore)  prefixed.— Wool-grower,  n: 
A  person  who  raises  sheep  for  the  produc- 
tion of  wool. — Woollen,  wul'en,  a.  Made 
of  wool;  consisting  of  wool;  pe;rtaining  to 
wool. —  n.  Cloth  made  of  wool,  such  as 
blanketings,  serges,  flannels,  tweeds, 
broad-cloth,  and  the  like.  —  Woalliness, 
wul'i-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  woolly.— 
Woolly,  wul'i,  a.  Consisting  of  wool;  re- 
sembling wool;  clothed  or  covered  with 
wool;  bot.  covered  with  a  pubescence  re- 
sembling wool. — Wool-mill,  n.  A  mill  for 
manufacturing  wool  and  woollen  clotli. — 
Woolpack,  wtu'pak,  n.  A  bag  of  wool;  a 
bundle  or  bale  weighing  240  lbs.— Wool- 
sack; wul'sak,  n.  A  sack  or  bag  of  wool ; 
the  seat  of  the  lord-chancellor  in  the 
House  of  Lords,  a  large  square  bag  of 
wool,  without  back  or  arms,  covered  with 


red  cloth. —Wool -sorter,  n.     One  who 

sorts  wools  according  to  their  qualities.— 
Wool-stapler,  n.  A  dealer  in  wool;  a  sor- 
ter of  wool.— Woolward,  wul'wferd,  adv. 
[Wool  and  -ivard,  that  is,  with  the  skin 
next  or  toward  the  wool.]  In  wool  or 
woollen  underclothing. 

Woorali,  wu'ra-li,  n.    Cukari. 

Wootz,  wuts,  n.  A  very  superior  kind  of 
steel  made  in  the  East  Indies^  and  im- 

. ported  into  Europe  and  America  for  mak- 
ing the  finest  edge-tools. 

Wop,  wop,  v.t.  To  whop;'to  give  a  beating 
to.    [Colloq.] 

Word,  w6rd,  n.-  [A.  Sax.  word,  a  word=D. 
woox'd,  G.  wort,  Icel.  Sw.  and  Dan.  ord, 
Goth,  ivaurd;  cog.  Lith.  vardas,  name;  L. 
verbum,  a  word  (whence  verb);  from  a  root 
meaning  to  speak,  seen  in  Gr.  (v)eirO,  to 
speak.]  A  single  articulate  sound,  or  a 
combination  of  articulate  sounds  or  syl- 
lables, uttered  by  the  human  voice,  and  by 
custom  expressing  an  idea  or  ideas;  a  vo- 
cable; a  term;  speech  exchanged;  conver- 
sation; talk:  in  this  sense  plural;  informa- 
tion; tidings:  in  this  sense  without  an  ar- 
ticle and  only  as  a  singular  (to  send  word  of 
one's  safe  arrival) ;  a  watchword ;  a  pass- 
word ;  a  motto;  a  term  or  phrase  of  com- 
mand; an  injunction;an  order;an  assertion 
or  promise;  an  aflirmation  on  honour;  a  de- 
claration: with  possessives  (to  take  him  at 
his  word);  terms  or  phrases  interchanged 
in  contention,  anger,  or  reproach:  in  plu- 
ral, and  often  qualified  by  high,  hot,  harsh, 
sharp,  &c.  —  The  Word,  the  Scriptures, 
or  any  part  of  them;  the  second  person 
of .  the  Trinity ;  the  Logos.  —  Word  for 
word,  in  the  exact  words  or  terms;  verba- 
tim; exactly.— £i/  tvord  of  mouth,  by  ac- 
tual speaking ;  orally. —  Good  tvord,  ex- 

jpressed  good  opinion ;  a  recommenda- 
tion (to  speak  a  firood  word  for  a  person). 
— In  word,  in  mere  phraseology.  —  In  a 
word,  in  one  word,  briefly;  to  sum  up;  in 
short. — To  eat  one's  words,  to  retract  what 
one  has  said. — A  word  and  a  blow,  a  threat 
and  its  immediate  execution. — v.t.  To  ex- 
press in  words;  to  phrase.— Word-book,  n. 
A  vocabulary;  a  dictionary;  a  lexicon.— 
—  Wordily,  wer'di-li,  adv.  In  a  wordy 
manner.— 'Wordiness,  w6r'di-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  wordy;  verbosity.— Word- 
ing, wf'r'ding,  n.  Expression  in  words; 
form  of  expression.— Wordless,  werd'les, 
a.  Not  speaking;  silent.— Word-painter, 
n.  A  writer  who  has  the  power  of  pecu- 
liarly graphic  or  vivid  description';  one 
who  anects  great  picturesqueness  of  style. 
—Word-painting,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  a 
word-painter.— Word-picture,  n.  A  vivid 
description  of  any  scene  or  event. — Wordy, 
wfer'di,  a.  Using  many  more  words  than 
arenecessary;yerbose;consisting of  words; 
verbal. 

Wore,  wor,  pret.  of  wear. 

Work,  wferk,  n.  [A.  Sax.  wore,  weorc=D. 
werk,  Icel.  and  Sw.  verk,  Daii.  vcsrk,  G. 
werk,  work;  from  same  root  as  Gr.  {v)ergon, 
work.]  Exertion  of  energy,  physical  or 
mental;  effort  directed  to  some  purpose  or 
end;  toil;  .labour;  employment;  the  matter 
upon  which  one  is  employed,  engaged,  or 
la/bouring;  that  which  engages  one  s  time 
or  attention;  an  undertaking;  an  enter- 
prise; a  task;  that  which  is  done;  perfor- 
mance; deed;  feat;  achievement;  goings- 
on  ;  that  which  is  made  or  produced ;  a 
product  of  nature  or  art;  a  literary  or  ar- 
tistic performance;  a  composition;  some 
extensive  structure,  as  a  dock,  bridge, 
fortification,  &c.;  any  establishment  where 
labour  is  earried  on  extensively  (an -iron 
work),  the  plural  being  often  applied  to 
one  such  establishment;  mech.  the  over- 
coming of  resistance;  the  act  of  producing 
a  change  of  configuration  in  a  system  in 
opposition  to  a  force  which  resists  that 
change.  Unit  of  work,  a  foot-pound.  Under 
Foot.  —  v.i.  —  pret.  and  pp.  wrought  or 
worked.  [From  the  noun ;  A.  Sax.  wircan, 
wyrcan;  pret.  worhte,  pp.  geworht]  To 
make  exertion  for  some  end  or  purpose;  to 
be  engaged  or  employed  on  some  task, 
labour,  duty,  or  the  like;  to  labour;  to  toil; 
to  be  engaged  in  an  employment  or  occu- 
pation; to  perform  theduties  of  alabourer, 
workman,  man  of  business,  &c.;  to  be  in 


motion,  operation,  or  activity(thcmachino 
works  well);  to  act;  to  operate;  to  havo  or 
take  effect;  to  exercise  influence;  to  tend 
or  conduce  (things  work  to  some  end);  to  be 
tossed  or  agitated,  as  the  sea;  to  be  in  agi- 
tation; to  boil  (passion  works  in  him);  to 
make  way  laboriously  and  slowly;  to  act 
as  a  purgative  or  cathartic;  to  ferment,  as 
liquors. —  To  work  against,  to  act  in  oppo- 
sition to;  to  oppose  actively. — To  work  on 
or  upon,  to  act  on;  to  influence.— «.<.  To 
bestow  manual  labour  upon;  to  cany  on 
the  operations  of  (to  work  a  mine  or 
quarry);  to  bring  about;  to  effect,  perform, 
do  (to  work  mischief);  to  keei)  at  work;  to 
keep  busy  or  employed  (he  works  his 
horses,  his  servants);  to  bring  by  action  to 
any  state  (to  work  one's  self  out);  to  make 
or  get  by  labour  or  exertion  (to  work  one's 
way);  to  make  into  shape;  to  fashion;  to 
mould;  to  embroider;  to  operate  on,  as  a 
purgative;  to  purge;  to  cause  to  ferment, 
as  liquor.—  To  work  a  passage,  to  give  one's 
work  or  services  as  an  equivalent  for  pas- 
sage-money.—To  work  in  or  into,  to  inter- 
mix gradually,  as  in  the  processor  manu- 
facture; to  cause  to  enter  or  penetrate  by 
repeated  efforts;  to  introduce  artfully;  to 
insinuate  (he  works  himself  into  favour). — 
To  work,off,  to  gat  rid  of  by  some  gradual 
process;'  to  produce,  as  separate  articles  of 
the  sam6  kind  from  a  machine  or  the  like. 
—To  wQrk  out,  to  effect  by  continued  la- 
bour or  exertion;  to  solve,  as  a  problem; 
to  exhaust  'uy  drawing  all  the  useful  ma- 
terial (to  work  out  a  mine). — To  work  up, 
to  stir  up;  to  excite;  to  agitate;  to  use  up 
in  the  process-  of  manufacture  or  the 
like ;  to  elaborate  (to  work  up  a  storv  or 
article).— Workable,  wer'ka-bl,  a.  Q^hat 
can  be  worked  or  that  is  worth  working. — 
Workaday,  wer'ka-da,  a.  'Working-day: 
everyday;  toiling.— Work-bag,  n.  A  small 
bag  used  by  ladies  for  containing  needle- 
work, &c.;  a  reticule.— Work-box,  n.    A 

.  small  box  for  holding  needle-work,  &c. — 
Worker,  wer'kfer,  n.  One  who  works;  a 
labourer;  a  toiler;  a  performer;  a  working 
bee.— Work-fellow,  n.  One  engaged  in  the 
same  work  with  another. —Workhouse, 
w^rk'hous,  n.  A  house  in  which  able- 
bodied  paupers  are  compelled  to  work;  a 
pauper  asylum. — Working,  wer'king,  p. 
and  a.  Engaged  in  or  devoted  to  bodily 
toil  (the  «)0>7ajiflr  classes);  laborious;  indus- 
trious; taking  an  active  part  in  a  business 
(a  working  ijartner).— 71.  The  act  of  labour- 

-ing;  fermentation;  movement;  operation. 
— Working-beam,  n.  The  oscillating  lever 
of  a  steam-engine  forming  the  medium  of 
communication  between  the  piston-rod 
and  the  crank-shaft;  a  walking-beam. — 
Working-class,  n.  A  collective  name  for 
those  who  earn  their  bread  by  manual 
labo-ar:  generally  used  in  the  plural.— 
Working-day,  n.  Any  day  on  which  work 
is  ordinarily  performed,  as  distinguished 
from  Sundays  and  holidays;  such  part  of 
the  day  as  is  devoted  or  allotted  to  work. — 
a.  Relating  to  days  on  which  work  is  done; 
plodding ;  laborious.  —  Workman,  werk'- 
man,  n.  Any  man  employed  in  work,  espe- 
cially manual  labour;  a  labourer;  a  toiler; 
a  worker;  a  skilful  artificer  or  operator. — 
Workmanlike,  w6rk'man-lik,  a.  Skilful; 
well  performed.— Workmanly,  wferk'man- 
li,  a.  Skilful;  workmanlike.— Workman- 
ship, w6rk<man-ship,  n.  The  art  or  skill  of 
a  workman;  the  style  or  character  of  work 
performed  on  anything;  operative  skill; 
the  result  or  objects  produced  by  a  work- 
man, artificer,  or  operator.— Work-people, 
n.  People  engaged  in  labour,  particularly 
manual  labour.-  Workshop,  w6rk'shop,n. 
A  shop  or  building  where  any  work  or 
handicraft  is  carried  on.— Workwoman, 
werk'Avum-an,  n.  A  woman  who  performs 
any  work. 

World,  wfirld,  n.  [A.  Sax.  world,  worold 
=0.  Sax.  werold,  D.  wereld,  Icel.  verold, 
Sw.  verld,  O.H.G.  weralt,  G.  welt;  lit.  man- 
age, age  of  man,  age,  hence,  course  of  time, 
world;  from  A.  Sax.  wer,  a  man  (cog.  with 
L.  vir,  whence  virile,  virtite),  and  eld,  yld, 
age,  akin  to  oM.]  The  earth  and  all  created 
things  thereon;  the  terraqueous  globe;  the 
universe ;  finy  celestial  orb  or  planetary 
body  ;a  large  portion  or  division  of  our  globe 


ch,  c/taiii;    c^Sc.  loc7i;    UtOo;    j./ob;    n,  Fr.  ton;    ug,  sin;/^    sh,  t^n;  tli,  iMu;    w,  wig;    vh,  tv/tig;    zh,  iuure. 


WORM 


778 


iVTlAr 


(the  Old  Mforld,  or  eastern  femisphcre; 
the  New  World,  or  western  hemisphere; 
the  Roman  world);  the  earth  as  the  scene 
of  human  existence  and  action;  any  state 
or  sphere  of  existence  (a  future  toorW);  a 
domain,  region,  or  realm  (the  tuorld  of 
dreams,  of  art);  the  human  race;  the  ag- 
gregate of  humanity;  the  i»ublic;  the 
people  among  whom  one  lives;  the  life  of 
humanity  at  large;  the  people  united  by  a 
common  faith,  aim,  pursuit,  &c.  (the  re- 
ligious world,  the  heathen  twrW);  the 
people  exclusively  interested  in  secular 
affairs;  the  unregenerate  or  ungodly  part 
of  humanity.  It  is  sometimes  used  to  sig- 
nify a  great  multitude  or  quantity;  a  great 
degree  or  measure  (a  world  too  large);  it  is 
also  used  in  emphatic  phrases  express- 
ing perplexity  or  surprise  (what  in  the 
world  am  I  to  Ao^).— World  without  end, 
to  all  eternity;  eternally;  unceasingly.— 
For  alh  the  world,  exactly;  precisely;  en- 
tirely.— The  worWs  end,  the  remotest  part 
of  the  earth.— Worldliness,  werld'li-nes,  n. 
The  state  of  being  worhilr.— Worldling, 
wferld'ling,  n.  One  who  is  devoted  exclu- 
sively' to  the  affairs  and  interests  of  this 
life.— Worldly,  werld'li,  a.  Belonging  to 
the  world  or  present  state  of  man's  exis- 
tence; temporal;  secular;  desirous  of  tem- 
poral benefit  or  enjoyment  merely;  earthly 
as  opposed  to  heavenly  or  spiritual;  car- 
»al;  sordid.— Worldly-minded,  a.  Devoted 
to  worldly  aims.— Worldly-mindedness,  n. 
—World-wide,  a.  Wide  as  the  world;  ex- 
tending over  all  the  world. 
Worm,  worm,  n.  [A.  Sax.  wyrm,  a  wortn, 
a  serpent  =  D.  worm,  G.  wurm,  Goth. 
waurma,  Icel.  ormr,  Dan.  and  Sw.  orin; 
cog.  L.  vermis,  a  worm  (whence  vermicular 
and  vermin,).^  A  term  loosely  applied  to 
many  small  creeping  animajs,  entirely 
wanting  feet  or  naving  but  vei'y  short 
ones;  any  somewhat  similar  creature;  an 
intestinal  parasite  of  lengthened  form; 
pi.  the  disease  due  to  the  presence  of 
such  parasites;  a  maggot;  a  canker;  an 
epithet  of  scorn,  disgust,  or  contempt; 
anything  vermicular  or  spiral;  the  thread 
of  a  screw;  the  spiral  pipe  of  a  still  placed 
in  a  vessel  of  cold  water,  and  through 
which  the  vapour  of  the  substance,  dis- 
tilled is  conducted  to  cool  aijd  condense 
it;  a  small  vermicular  ligament  under 
the  tongue  of  a  dog,  often  cut  out  to 
prevent  the  young  dog  from  gnawing 
things.  — v.i.  To  advance  by  wriggling; 
refi.  to  insinuate  one's  self;  to  work  gra- 
dually and  secretly. — v.t.  To  effect  by  slow 
and  stealthy  means;  to  extract  or  get  at 
slily  or  cunningly  (to  worm  a  secret  out  of 
a  person);  to  cut  the  worm  from  a  dog. — 
Worm-caist,  n.  A  small  mass  of  fine  earth 
voided  by  the  earth-worm  after  all  the 
nutritive  matter  has  been  extracted  from 
it.— Worm-eaten,  a.  Gnawed  by  worms; 
having  a '  number  of  internal  cavities 
made  by  worms.  —  Wormed,  w6rmd,  a. 
Bored  or  penetrated  by  worms:  injured 
by  worms.  —  Worm  -  fever,  n.  A  popular 
name  for  infantile  remittent  fever.— Wor- 
ming, wur'ming,  n.  Naut.  yarn  wound 
round  ropes  between  the  strands.— Worm- 
ling,  wtrm'ling,  n.  A  minute  worm. — 
Worm-seed,  n.  The  seed  of  a  species  of 
wormwood  brought  from  the  Levant,  and 
used  as  an  anthelmintic.  —  Wonn-wneel, 
n.  A  wheel  which  gears  with  an  endless 
screw. — Wormy,  wfer^mi,  n.  Containing  a 
worm  or  worms;  earthy;  grovelling.  ■ 
Wormwood,  w6rm'w\id,  n.  [A  .corruption 
of  a  name  having  no  connection  with  i«)rm 
or  wood;  A.  Sax.  wermdd,  D.  wermoet,  G. 
wemiuth;  lit.  ware-mood,  mind-preserver 
(from  some  old  notion  as  to  its  virtnes), 
the  ujer  being  akin  to  ware(in  6eu)are),wary. 
(Wahy,  Mood.)  The  plant  was  used  as  a 
remedy  for  worms,  hence  the  corruption.] 
A  well-known  plant,  celebrated  for  its 
intensely  bitter,  tonic,  and  stimulating 
qualities.  / 

worn,  worn,  pp.  of  loear.— Worn-out,  a. 
Destroyed  or  much  injured  by  wear; 
wearied;  exhausted  with  toil. 
Worry,  wur'i,  i;.t.— pret.  and  pp.  worried. 
[O.E.  «.'irie,tfune,tooroice,&c.,fromA.Sax. 
wyrgan,  seen  in  A^wyrgan,  to  8tra«gle,.to 
injure;  D.  worgen,  wurgen,  G.  wUrgen,  to 


strangle;  akin  to  wring,  wrong,  nasalized 
for^s.]  To  seize  by  the  throat  with  the 
teeth;  to  tear  with  the  teeth,  as  dogs  when 
fighting;  to  harass  with  importunity  or 
■\jith  care  and  anxiety;  to  plague,  tease, 
bother,  vex,  persecute.— ».t.  To  be  unduly 
careful  and  anxious;  to  be  in  solicitude  or 
trouble;  to  fret.- n.  The  act  of  worrying 
or  mangling  with  the  teeth;  perplexity; 
trouble;  anxiety;  harassing  turmoil. — 
Worrying,  wur'i-ing,  p.  and  a.  Troubling; 
harassing;  fatiguing.— Worryingly,  wu?- 
i-ing-li,  adv.i,  Teasingly;  harassingly.— 
Worjier,  wur^i-6r,  n.  One  that  worries. — 
Worriment,wur'i-ment,n.  Worry;  anxiety. 
Worrisome,  wur'i-sum,  a.  Causing  worry. 
—Worrit,  wur'it,  v.t.  To  worry;  to  harass; 
to  annoy.  —  n.  Worry;  aimoyance;  vexa- 
tion. 

Worse,  w6rs,  a.  [A.  Sax.  wyrsa,  adj.,  wyrs, 
adv.;  Icel.  verr,  verri,  Dan.  varre,  Goth. 
wairs,  adv.,  wairsiza,  adj.;  same  roiot  as 
G.  wirren,  to  entangle,  E.  war.  M'^orse'and 
leorai'are  used  as  comparative  and  super- 
lative to  ill  and  bad.]  Bad  or  ill  in  a 
greater  degree;  less  good  or  perfect;  of  less 
value;  inferior;  more  unwell;  more  sick; 
in  poorer  health;  in.a  less  favourable  situ- 
ation; more  ill  off;  also  used  substantively, 
often  with  the:  loss;  defeat;  disadvantage; 
something  less  good  or  desirable  (worse 
remains  behind).— adw.  In  a  manner  more 
evil  or  bad;  in  a  smaller  or  lower  degree; 
less  (it  pleases  him  worse);  in  a  greater' 
manner  or  degree :  with  a  notion  of  evil 
(he  hates  him  worse).  —  Worsen,t  w6r'sn, 
v.i.  To  grow  worse ;  to  deteriorate.  — 
Worser,  wfer'sfir,  a.  and  adv.  A  redun- 
dant comparative  of  «io7'se,sometime8  used 
by  good  writers.- Worst,  w^rst,  a.    Bad 

.  in  the  highest  degree,  whether  in  a  moral 
or  physical  sense.— n.  The  most  evil,  ag- 
gravated, or  calamitous  state  or  condition: 
usually  with  the.  —  adv.  Most  ill  or  ex- 
treme; most  intensely  (he  hates  us  worst). 
— v.t.  To  get  the  advantage  over  in  contest; 
to  defeat;  to  overthrow. 

Worship,  wCr'ship,  n.  [From  wortff,  and 
term,  -ship;  A.  Sax.  weorthscipe,  honour.] 
Excellence  of  character  J;  worth  J;  honour  J; 
a  title  used  in  addressing  certain  magis- 
trates and  others  of  rank  or  station;  the 
performance  of  devotional  acts  in  honour 
of  a  deity;  the  act  of  paying  di\Tne  hon- 
ours to  the  Supreme  Being;  religious  exer- 
cises; reverence;  submissive  respect;  loving 
or  admiring  devotion.— w.i. — worshipped, 
worshipping.  To  pay  divine  Honours  to ; 
to  reverence  with  supreme  respect  and 
veneration;  to  perform  religious  sen'ice 
to ;  to  adore ;  to  idolize.  —  v.i.  To  per- 
form acts  of  adoration;  to  perform  re- 
ligious service.— Worshipful,  w6r'ship-ful, 
a.  AVorthy  of  honour;  honourable;  a  term 
of  respect  specially  applied  to  magistrates 
and  corporate  bodies.  —  Worshipfully, 
w6r'8hip-ful-li,  adv.  Respectfully;  hon- 
ourably. —  Worshipfulness,  w6r'ship-ful- 
nes,  n.— Worshipper  .Worshiper,  wfir'ship- 
6r,  n.  One  who  worships;  one  who  pays 
divine  honours  to  any  being;  one  who 
adores. 

Worst.    Under  Worse. 

Worsted,  wus'ted,  n.  [From  Worsted,  in 
Norfolk,  where  it  was  first  manufactured.] 
A  variety  of  woollen  yam  or  thread,  spun 
from  long-staple  wool,  used  in  knitting 
stockings,  &c. 

Wort,  wert,  n.  [A.  Sax.  wyrt,  a  plant =6. 
wurz,  Goth. ,  wurts,  Icel.  and  Dan.  urt. 
This  word  is  contained  in  orchard,  and  is 
of  same  root  as  root,  radical  (which  see).] 
A  plant;  a  herb:  now  used  chiefly  in  com- 
pounds (livertwrt,  spleenwort). 

Wort  (wfert),  n.  [A.  Sax.  wyrte,  wort,  must; 
Icel.  virtr,  O.D.  wort,  G.  wiirze,  wort;  pro- 
bably akin  to  above  word.]  New  beer  un- 
fermented  or  in  the  act  of  fermentation; 
the  sweet  infusion  of  malt. 

Worth,  werth,  v.t.  [A.  Sa.x.  weorthan,  to  be 
or  to  become=Icel.  vertha,  Daa.  vorde,  D. 
worden,  G.  werden,  Goth,  wairthan;  same 
root  as  in  L.  verto,  to  turn,  whence  E. 
verse  (which  see).]  To  be;  to  become;  to 
betide:  now  tised  only  in  the  phrases  woe 
worth  the  day,  woe  worth  the  man,  &c., 
equivalent  to  woe  be  to  the  day,  &c. 

Wofth,  werth,  n.    [A.  Sax.  weorih,  wurth. 


price,  value,  honour,  or  as  aw  adj.  valu- 
able, hoiJourable,  with  similar  forms  in 
the  other  Teutonic  languages;  perhaps 
from  root  meaning  to  guard,  as  m  wary, 
bewax^e.]  That  quality  of  a  thing  which 
renders  it  valuable;  value;  mone.y  value; 
price;  rate;  value  in  respect  of  mental  or 
moral  qualitiPs;  desert;  merit;  excelleftce. 
— a.  Equal  in  value  or  price  to;  deser\  ing 
of  (a  castle  tvorth  defending);  having 
estate  to  the  value  of;  possessing  (a  man 
worth  £10,000 ).  —  Worth  while.  Under 
While.- Worthily,  wer'THi-li,  adv.  In  a 
worthy  manner;  suitablj-;  excellently;  de- 
servedly; justly;  according  to  meiit. — 
Worthiness,  wer'iHi-nes,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  worthy  or  well-deserved; 
excellence;,  dignity;  virtue.  —  Worthless, 
werth'les,  a.  Having  no  value;  having  no 
dignity  or  excellence;  mean;  contemptible; 
unworthy;  not  deserving.  —  Worthlessly, 
werth'les-li,  adv.  In  a  worthless  manner. 
— Worthlessness,  werth'les-nes,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  worthless.— Worthy,  Aver  - 
THi,  a.  Having  worth ;  excellent;  deserving 
praise;  valuable ;  estimable :  applied  to 
persons  and  things;  such  as  merits;  de- 
Berxiag' [worthy  of  love  or  hatred);  suit- 
able ;  proper ;  fitting.  —  n.  A  person  of 
worth  or  distinguished  for  estimable  qua- 
lities; a. local  celebrity;  a  character  (a 
village  worthy). 

Would,  wud,  pret.  of  will.  Under  Will.— 
Would-be,  a.  Wishing  to  be;  vainly  pre- 
tending to  be  (a  would-be  philosopher).— 
n.  A  vain  pretender. 

Wound,  wond,  n.  [A.  Sax.  WMid,  a  wound; 
also,  as  an  adjective,  wounded,  from  win- 
nan,  to  fight;  D.  wonde,  Icel.  tind,  Dan. 
vunde,  G.  wunde,  a  wound.  AVin.J  A  cut, 
breach,  or  rupture  in  the  skin  and  flesh  of 
an  animal  caused  by  violence;  an  injury 
in  a  soft  part  of  the  body  from  external 
violence;  a  similar  injury  to  a  'i)lant;  any 
injury,  hurt,  or  pain,  as  to  the  feelings. — 
v.t.  To  inflict  a  wound  on;  to  cut, slash,  or 
lacerate;  to  hurt  the  feelings  of;  to  pain. 
—v.i.  To  inflict  hurt  or  injury.- Woun- 
dable,  wen'da-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
wounded. — Wounder,won'd6r,-n.  One  who 
or  that  which  wounds.' 

Wound,  wound,  pret.  &  pp.  of  vdnd. 

WouraJi,  wo'ra-U,  n.    Curari. 

Wove,  wov,  pret.  and  sometimes  pp.  of 
weave.  —  Wove  or  woven  paper,  wiiting 
paper  made  with  a  surface  of  uniform  ap- 
pearance, without  water-mark  or  lines. — 
Woven,  wo'vn,  pp.  of  weave. 

Wrack,  rak,  n.  [A  form  of  wreck;  the  sea- 
weed is  so  called  as  being  cast  up  by  the 
waves.  Comp.  Dan.  vrag,  wreck,  vrage,  to 
reject,  Sw.  vrak,  wreck,  refuse,  vraka,  to 
reject.  Wreck..]  A  popular  name  for  sea- 
weeds generally,  but  more  especially  when 
thrown  ashore  by  the  waves;  also,  a  wreck  J; 
ruin  J. — «.<.  J  To  wreck;  to  destroy. — WracK- 
grass,  n.    Same  as  Gra^swrack. 

Wrack,  rak,  n.  [Rack.]  A  thin,  flying 
cloud;  a  rack. 

Wraith,  rath,  n.  [Gael,  and  Ir.  arrach,  a 
spectre  or  apparition.]  An  apparition  in 
the  exact  likeness  of  a  person,  supposed 
by  the  vulgar  to  be  seen  before  or  soon 
after  the  person's  death. 

Wrangle,  rang'gl,  v.i.— wrangled,  wrang- 
ling. [A  freq.  from  wring,  A. Sax.  wringan, 

.  ■pret.  wrong,  to  press.]  To  dispute  angrily; 
to  brawl;  to  altercate;  to  engage  in  dis- 
cussion and  disputation;  to  argue;  to  de- 
bate.—n.  An  angry  dispute;  a  noisy  quar- 
rel. —  Wrangler,  rang'gl^r,  n.  Ojie  who 
wrangles;  an  angry  or  noisy  disputant;  in 
Cambridge  University,  the  name  given  to 
"those  who  have  attained  a  certain  rank  in 
the  public  examination  for  honours  in 
mathematics. — Senior  wrangler,  formerly 
the  student  who  took  the  first  place  of  all 
in  the  examination  for  honours  in  mathe- 
matics.—Wranglershlp,  rang'glfer-ship.  n. 
The  honour  of  being  a  wrangler.— Wrang- 
ling, rang'gUng,  n.  Angry  disputation  or 
altercation. 

Wrap,  rap,  v.t— wrapped,  wrapping.  [O.E. 
wrappe,  formed  by  metathesis  from  warp, 
in  old  sense  of  to  throw,  hence  to  throw 
clothes  or  the  like  round.  Warp,  Lap  (to 
fold).  Envelop.]  To  fold  together;  to  ar- 
range so  as  to  cover  something;  to  envelop 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftU;     me,  met,  her;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tube,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     U,  So.  abitne— the  Fr. «. , 


WRASSE 


779 


WRITHE 


or  muffle;  tocoverupor  involve  generally. 
—To  be  wrapped  up  in,  to  be  .bound  up 
with  or  in;  to  be  involved  in;  to  be  en- 
grossed in  or  entirely  devoted  to  (wrapped 
up  in  his  studies). — n.  An  outer  article  of 
dress  for  warmth;  a  wrapper. — Wrappage, 
rap'aj,  n.  That  which  wraps;  covering.— 
Wrapper,  rap'^r,  n.  One  who  wraps;  that 
in  which  anything  is  wrapped;  an  outer 
covering;  a  loose  upper  garment;  a  lady's 
dressing-gown  or  the  like.  —  Wrapping, 
rap'ing,  a.  Used  for  wrapping  {wrapping 
paper).  —  n.  That  in  which  anything  is 
wrapped;  a  wrapper. — Wrap-rascal,  n.  A 
coUoquiaJ.  term  for  a  coarse  upper  coat. 

Wrasse,  ras,  n.  [W.  wrach.]  The  English 
name  of  a  genus  of  prickly-spined  fishes, 
with  oblong  scaly  bodies  and  a  single  dor- 
sal fin,  inhabiting. the  rocky  parts  of  the 
British  coast. 

Wrath,  rath,  n.  [A.  Sax.  viraeththo,  wrath, 
from  wrdth,  wrathful,  wroth;  Icel.  reithi^ 
wrath,  from  reithr,  wroth,  from  rltha,  for 
vritha,  to  writhe  or  twist;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
vrede,  wrath;  akin<- to  writhe,  wreathe, 
wrest]  Violent  anger;  vehement  exasper- 
ation; indignation;  rage.  .".  Syn.  under 
Anger. —Wrathfia,  rath'ful,  a.  Pull  of 
wrath;  wroth;  greatly  incensed ;  raging; 
furious;  impetuous.  —  Wrathfully,  rath'- 
ful-li,  adv.  In  a  wrathful  manner. — 
Wrathfolness,  rath'ful-ifes,  n.  Vehement 
anger. 

Wreak',  rCk,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  wrecan,  to  pun- 
ish, to  revenge,  originally  to  banisn  or 
drive  away  =  D.  wreken,  to  avenge  or  re- 
venge; Icel.  reka,  to  repel;  Or.rdchen,  to 
revenge;  Goth,  wrikan,  to  persecute;  same 
root  as  L.  vrgeo,  E.  to  urge.  Wretch,  wreck, 
are  closely  akin.]  To  revenge  or  avenge; 
to  inflict  or  cause  to  take  effect  (to  wreak 
vengeance,  rage,  &c.). 

Wreath,  reth,  n.  [A.  Sax.  wraeth,  from 
writhan,  to  twist.  Writhe.}  Something 
twisted  or  curled;  a  twist  or  curl;  a  gar- 
land ;  a  chaplet;  an  ornamental  twisted 
bandage  to  be  worn  on  the  head. — Wreathe, 
reth,  v.t.— wreathed,  wreathing.  To  form 
into  a  wreath;  to  make  or  fashion  by  twin- 
ing or  twistiiig  the  parts  together;  to  en- 
twirie;  to  intertwine;  to  surround  with  a 
wreath;  to  twine  round;  to  eficircle.— u.i. 
To  twine  circularly;  to  be  "interwoven  or 
entwined.— Wreatnen,re'THn,  an  old  pp. 
Wreathed;  twisted.— Wre^thless,  reth'ies, 
«.  Destitute  of  a  wreath.— Wreathy,  re'- 
thi,  a.  Forming  a  wreath;  twisted;  spiral. 

Wreck,  rek,  n.  [Same  as  A.  Sax.  wrcec, 
exile,  punishment  (from  wrecan,  to  wreak, 
originally  to  drive),  the  special  meaning 
of  shipwreck  being  seen  in  D.  wrak,  a 
wreck;  Dan.  vrag,  0.  Dan.  vrak,  a  wreck, 
Icel.  rek  for  vrek,  Sw.  wrak,  what  is  drif- 
ted ashore.  Wrack,  sea- weed  cast  up,  is 
the  same  word.  Wrack,  Wreak.]  The 
destruction  of  a  vessel  by  being  driven 
ashore,  dashed  against  rocks,  or  the-  like; 
shipwreck;  the  ruins  of  a  ship  stranded  or 
floating  about;  goods  which,  after  a  ship- 
wreck, have  been  thrown  ashore  by  the 
sea;  destruction  or  ruin  generally;  a  person 
whose  constitution  is  quite  ruined;  the  re- 
mains of  anything  destroyed,  ruined,' or 
fatally  injured.— 1».<.  To  cause  to  become 
a  wreck;  to  cast  away,  as  a  vessel,  by  vio- 
lence, collision,  or  otherwise;  to  cause  to 
suffer  shipwreck;  to  ruin  or  destroy  gene- 
rally, physically  or  morally.  —  Wreckage, 
rek'aj,  n.  The  act  of  wrecking;  the  re- 
mains of  a  ship  or  cargo  that  has  been 
wrecked;  material  cast  up  by  the  sea  from 
a  wrecked  vessel.— Wrecker,  rek'6r,  n.  One 
who  plunders  the  wrecks  of  ships;  one 
who,  Dy  delusive  lights  or  other  signals, 
causes  ships  to  be  cast  ashore,  that  he  may 
obtain  plunder  from  the  wreck;  one  whose 
occupation  is  to  recover  cargo  or  goods, 
from  wrecked  vessels. 

Wren,  ren,  n.  [A.  Sax.  wrenna,  a  wren; 
allied  perhaps  to  tvrcene,  lascivious.]  A 
name  of  various  small  birds ;  more  espe- 
cially a  well-known  insessorial  little  bird, 
of  brisk  and  lively  habits,  with  a  com- 
paratively strong  and  agreeable  song. 

Wrench,  rensh,  n.  [Same  as  A.Sax.  wrence, 
wrene,  deceit,  fraud  (a  figurative  meaning); 
allied  to  G.  renken,  to  sprain,  to  wrench; 
O.D.toroncfc,  contortion;  ^kinwring, wrong. 


wrinkle.]  A  violent  twist,  or  a  pull  with 
twisting;  a  sprain;  an  injury  by  twisting, 
as  in  a  joint;  an  instrument  consisting 
essentially  of  a  bar  of  metal  having  jaws 
adapted  to  catch  upon  the  head  of  a  bolt 
or  a  nut  to  turn  It;  a  screw-key. — v.t.  To 

Eull  with  a  twist;  to  wrest,  twist,  or  force 
y  violence;  to  sprain;  to  distort;  Jig.  to 
pervert;  to  wrest. 

Wrest,  rest,  v.t.  [A.  S»3.x.  toraestan,  to 
writhe,  to  twist ;  Icel.  reista  (for  vreista), 
Dan.  vriste,  to  wrest,  to  twist;  akin  to 
writhe,  wreathe,  wrist;  wrestle  is  a  deriva- 
tive.] To  twist;  to  wrench;  to  apply  a 
violent  twisting  force  to;  to  extort  or  bring 
out,  as  by  a  twisting,  painful  force;  to 
force,  as  by  torture;  to  turn  from  truth  or 
twist  from  the  natural  meaning  by  vio- 
lence; to  pervert. — n.  A  wrench  or  twist;' 
an  instrument  of  the  wrench  or  screw-key 
kind;  a  key  to  tune  stringed  musical  in- 
struments with.— Wrester,  res'ter,  n.  One 
who  wrests. 

Wrestle,  res'l,  v.i.— wrestled,  wrestling.  [A 
freq.  of  wrest;  A.  Sax.  wraesUian,  D.  wras- 
telen,  worstelen,  to  wrestle.!  To  contend 
by  grappimg,  and  trying  to  throw  down; 
to  struggle,  strive,  or  contend.  —  v.t.  To 
contend  with  in  wrestling.— n.  A  bout  at 
wrestling;  a  wrestling  match.— Wrestler, 
res'ier,-»i.  One  who  wrestles,  or  is  skilful 
in  wrestling. 

Wretch,  rech,  n. .  [A.  Sax.  wrcscca,  an  out- 
cast, an  exile,  from  wrecan,  to  banish,  to 
wreak.  Wreak,  AVreck..]  A  miserable 
person;  one  sunk  in  the  deepest  distress; 
one  who  is  supremely  unhappy;  a  worth- 
less mortal;  amean,  base,  or  vile  person; 
often  used  by  way  of  slight  or  ironieal  pity 
or  contempt,  like  thing  or  creature- 
Wretched,  rech'ed,  a.  [From  wretch;  simi- 
lar in  formation  to  ivicked.]  Miserable  or 
unhappy;  sunk  into  deep  affliction  or  dis- 
tress; calamitous;  very  afflicting;  worth- 
less; paltry;  very  poor  or  mean;  despicable. 

.  — Wretchedly,  rech'ed-U,aciu.  In  a  wretch- 
ed manner;  miserably;  meanly;  contemp- 
tibly.—Wretchedness,  rech'ed-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  wretched. 

Wretchless.t  reoh'les,  a.  [A  form  of  reck- 
less.]   Reckless. 

Wriggle,  rig'l,  v.i.  —  wriggled,  wriggling. 
[Freq.  from  older  wrig,  wrigge,  to  wriggle; 
so  'D.'wriggelen,  to  wnggle,  a  freq.  from 
wrikken,  Dan.  vrikke,  to  wriggle;  akin 
tory,  wrench,  wring,  wrong.]  To  move  the 
body  to  and  fro  with  short  motions  like  a 
worm  or  an  eel;  to  move  with  writhing  or 
twisting  of  the  body;  hence,  to  proceed  in 
a  mean,  grovelling  manner;  to  work  by 
paltry  shifts  or  schemes  (to  wriggle  into 
one's  confidence).— n.  The  motion  of  one 
who  wriggles;  a  quick  twisting  motion 
like  that  of  a  worm  or  an  eel.— Wriggler, 
rig'ler,  n.    One  who  wriggles. 

Wright,  rit,  n.  [A.  Sax.  wyrhta,  a  worker, 
a  maker,  from  wyrht,  a  work,  from  wyr- 
can^to  work.  Work.]  An  artisan  or  arti- 
ficer; a  worker  in  wood;  a  carpenter:  now 
chiefly  used  in  compounds,  as  in  ship- 
wright,  yiheeXwright,  also  -plKywright. 

Wring,  ring,  «.<.  —  pret.  and  pp.  wrung. 
[A.  Sax.  wringan,  to  wring,  strain,  press 
=L.G.  and  D.  wnngen,,  Dan.  vrcenge,  Sw. 
vrdnga,  Q.  ringen,  to  wring,  twist,  &c.,  all 
nasalized  forms  of  stem  seen  in  wriggle, 
and  in  A.  Sax.  wrigian,  to  hend  (whence 
wry),  and  akin  to  wrong.]  To  twist  and 
squeeze  or  compress;  to  pain,  as  by  twist- 
ing, squeezing,  or  racking;  to  torture;  to 

'  distress  (to  wring  onfe's  heart);  to  squeeze 
or  press  out;  hence,  to  extort  or  force  (to 
wring  a  confession  or  money  from  a  per- 
son).—To  wring  off,  to  force  off  by  wring- 
ing or  twisting. — To  wring  out,  to  squeeze 
out  by  twisting;  to  free  from  a  liquor  by 
wringing.  —  v.i.  To  writhe ;  to  twist,  as 
with  anguish.— Wringer,  ring'er,  n.  One 
who  wrings ;  •  an  apparatus  for  forcing 
water  from  clothes,  after  they  have  been 
washed,  by  compression  between  rollers. 

Wrinkle,  ring'kl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  wrincle,  a 
wrinkle=0:D.vtf  rincfcZ*,  a  wrinkle;  a  dim. 
form  corresponding  to  Dan.  rynke,  Sw. 
rynka,  a  wrinkle;  akin  to  wring,  vjrench, 
&c.]  A  small  ridge  or  a  furrow,  formed 
by  the  shrinking  or  contraction  of  any 
smooth  substance;  a  crease;  a  fold. — v.t. — 


wrinkled,  wrinkling.  To  contract  into 
wrinkles  or  furrows;  to  furrow;  to  crease. 
— v.i.  To  become  contracted  into  wrinkles. 
— Wriakly,  ring'kli,  a.  Somewhat  wrin- 
kled; puckered;  creasy. 

Wrinkle,  ring'kl,  n.  [Dim.  from  A.  Sax. 
wrenc,  wrence,  a  trick.  Wrench.]  A  valu- 
able hint;  a  new  or  good  idea;  a  notion;  a 
device.    [Colloq.] 

Wrist,  rist,  n.  [A.  Sax.  wrist,  handwrist,  the 
wrist;  lit.  the  turning  joint,  from  writhan, 
to  twist;  Dan.  and  Sw.  vrist,  Icel.  rist 
(for  vrist),  the  instep;  Q.  rist,  the  wrist, 
the  instep.  Writhe,  Wrest.]  The  joint 
by  which  the  hand  is  united  to  the  arm, 
and  by  means  of  which  the  hand  moves 
on  the  forearm;  the  carpus. — Wristband, 
rist'band,  n.  The  band  or  part  of  a  sleeve, 
especially  of  a  shirt  sleeve,  which  covers 
the  wrist.— Wristlet,  rist'Iet,  n.  An  elastic 
band  round  a  lady's  wrist  to  confine  the 
upper  part  of  a  glove. 

Writ,  rit,  n.  [A-  Sax.  writ,  gewrit,  a  writing, 
a  writ;  from  writan,  to  write.]  That  which, 
is  written,  particularly  applied  to  the 
Sorii3tureS(holy  t«ni,  sacred tiirii);aformal 
document  or  instrument  in  writing;  law, 
a  psecept  issued  by  competent  authority 
commanding  a  person  to  do  a  certain  act 
tlierein  specified. 

Write,  rit,  v.t.—pret,.  wrote  (formerly  also 
writ);  pp.  written;  ppr.  writing.  [A.  Sax. 
writan,  pret.  wrdt,  pp.  tvriten,  to  write= 
Icel.  rita,  to  scratch,  write;  Sw.  rita,  to 
dray,  to- trace;  D.  rijlen,  G.  reissen,-to 
tear.  Originally  it  meant  to  scratch  marks 
with  something  sharp.]  To  form  or  trace  by 
a  pen,  pencil,  graver,  or  other  instrument; 
to  produce  by  tracing  legible  charactersex- 
pressive  of  ideas;  to  set  down  in  letters  or 
words;  to  inscribe;  to  cover  with  charac- 
ters or  letters;  to  make  known  or  express 
by  means  of  characters  formed  by  the  pen, 
&c.;  to  compose  and  produce  as  author;  to 
style  in  writing;  to  entitle;  fig.  to  impress 
deeply  or  durably',  —  To  write  down,  to 
trace  or  form  with  a  pen,  &c.,  the  words 
of;  to  put  an  end  or  stop  to  by  writing  un- 
favourably of. — To  write  off,  to  note  or  re- 
cord the  deduction  or  cancelling  of.— To 
write  out,  to  make  a  copy  or  transcription 
of;  reH.  to  exhaust  one  s  ideas  or  literary 
faculties  by  too  much  writing. —  To  write 
up,  to  heighten  the  reputation  of  by  writ- 
ten reports  or  criticisms;  to  give  the  full 
details  of  in  writing;  bookkeeping,  to 
make  the  requisite  entries  in  up  to  date; 
to  post  up.— v.i.  To  trace  or  form  charac- 
ters with  a  pen,  pencil,  or  the  like,  upon 
paper  or  other  material;  to  be  engaged  in 
literary  work;  to  be  an  author;  to  conduct 
epistolary  correspondence;  to  convey  in- 
formation by  letter  or  the  Uke.— Writer, 
ri't6r,  n.  One  who  writes;  a  penman;  a 
scribe;  a  clerk;  a  title  given  to  clerks  in  the 
service  of  the  late  East  India  Company;  a 
member  of  the  literary  profession;  in 
Scotland,  a  law-agent,  solicitor,  attorney, 
or  the  like.—  Writer  to  the  Signet.  Signet. 
—  Writer's  cramp,  a  spasmodic  affection 
frequently  attacking  persons  (generally 
middle-aged)  who  have  been  accustomed 
to  employ  the  pen .  much.— Wtttership, 
ri'ter-ship,  n.  The  office  of  writer.— Wri- 
ting, ri'tmg,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  setting 
down  words  or  characters  on  paper  or 
other  material,  for  the  purpose  of  record- 
ing ideas;  anything  written;  a  literary  or 
other  composition;  a  manuscript;  a  book; 
an  inscription.- Writing-book,  n.  A  copy- 
book. —  Writing-chambers,  n.  pi.  Apart- 
ments occupied  by  lawyers  and  their 
clerks,  &c.— Writing-desk,  n.  A  desk  with 
a  sloping  top  used  for  writing  on. — Writ- 
ing-ink, n.  Ink  suited  for  writing  with.— 
Writing-master,  n.  One  who  teaches  the 
art  of  penmanship. -Writing-paper,  n. 
Paper  finished  with  a  smooth  surface  for 
writing  on,  generally  sized.  —  Writing- 
school,  n.  A  school  where  penmanship  is 
taught.— Writing-table,  n.  A  table  used 
for  writing  on,  having  commonly  a  desk 
part,  drawers,  &c.— Written,  rit'n,  p.  and 
a.  Reduced  to  writing:  as  opposed  to  oral 
or  spokan.—WriUen  law,  law  contained  in 
a  statute  or  statutes.    . 

Writhe,  riTH,  v.t.  —  writhed,  writhing.  [A. 
Sax.  writhan,  to  writhe,  wreathe,  twist= 


ch,  cAain;     cA,  Sc.  locA;     g,  c'o;     j,  job;     h,  Fr,  ton;     ng,  eing;     sh,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;     wh,  whig;     zh,  a^ure. 


WRONG 


7S0 


YAUD 


Jcc'.  ritha  (for  vrtfha),  Dan.  vride,  Sw. 
vrida,  to  writhe;  from  same  root  as  worth 
(verb),  L.  verto,  to  turn  (Versb).  Akin 
wrath,  wreath,  terist,  wrest.)  To  twist  with 
violence  (to  writhe  the  body);  to  distort; 
to  wrest.— ».t.  To  twist  the  body  about,  as 
in  pain. 
"Wrong,  rong,  a.  [A  participial  form  from 
wring;  Dan.  vrang,  -Icel.  rangr,  vrangr, 
wrong;  D.  wrang,  sour,  harsh  (Ut.  twisting 
the  mouth).  AV'king.]  Not  right;  not  fit 
or  suitable ;  not  according  to  rule,  wrish, 
design,  or  the  like;  not  what  ought  to  be; 
not  according  to  the  divine  or  moral  law; 
deviating  from  rectitude;  not  according  to 
facts  or  truth;  inaccurate;  erroneous;  hol- 
ding erroneous  notions;  being  in  error; 
mistaken.— n.  What  is  not  right,  especially 
morally;  a  wrong,  unfair,  or  unjust  act;  a 
breach  of  law  to  the  injury  of  another;  an 
injustice;  any  injury,  hurt,  pain,  or  dam- 
age.—"Jn  the  wrong,  holding  a  wrong  or 
unjustifiable  position  a^ regards  another 
person;  blamable  towards  another. — adv. 
In  a  wrong  manner;  erroneously;  incor- 
rectly.— v.t.  To  treat  v,-itliinjustice;  to  deal 
harshly  or  unfairly  with;  tx)  do  injustice 
to  by  imputation;  to  think  ill  of  unfairly. 
—Wrong-doer,  n.   One  who  does  wrong  or 


evil.  —  Wrong  -  doing,  n.  The  doing  of 
■wrong;  evikloing.— Wronger,  roijg'^r,  ». 
One  who  wrongs  or  injures  another.  — 
Wrongful,  rong'ful,  a.  Injurious;  unjust; 
iUegal.— Wrongfully,  rong^ful-li,  adv.  In 
a  wrongful  manner;  unjustly. — Wrongful- 
ness, rong'ful-nes,  n.  Injustice.— Wrong- 
head,  rongTied,  n.  A  person  who  takes  up 
■wrong  ideas  and  obstinately  sticks  to 
them.  —  Wrongheaded,  rong' bed -ed,  a. 
Perversely  wrong;  having  a  perverse  un- 
derstanding.—Wrongheadedly,  rorig'hed- 
ed-li,  adv.  Obstinatelj' ;  perversely. — 
Wrongheadedness,  rong'hed-ed-nes,  n.  — 
Wrongly,  rong'li,  adv.  Unjustly;  amiss. — 
Wrongness,  rong'nes,  n.  The  state  or  con- 
dition of  being  wrong.— Wrongous,  rong*- 
us,  n.  [O.E.  wrongivis,  that  is  wrong-wise, 
the  opposite  of  rightwise  or  righteous.] 
Scots  law,  unjust;  illegal  {wrongov^  im- 
prisonment). 

Wrote,  rot,  pret.  and  old  pp.  of  wrUe. 

Wroth,  rath,  a.  [A.  Sax.  wr&th,  angry,  en- 
raged (whence  wrath),  lit.  twisted,  from 
wrlthan,  to  twist  or,' ■writhe.  Wrath, 
Writhe.]  Very  angry;  much  exasperated; 
■wrathfiil. 

Wrought,  rat,  pret.  and  pp.  of  worlc, 
Wrotighi  irim.    under  Ikon. 


Wmng,  rung,  pret.  and  pp.  of  wring. 

Wry,  ri,  o.  [A.  Sax.  wrigian,  to  bend,  *fl 
tum.to  incline;  akin  to  wriggle  (which  sec). 
Abnormally  bent  or  turned  to  one  side: 
twisted;  distorted;  crooked.— Wryly,  ri'li, 
adv.  In  a  wry,  crooked,  or  distorted  man- 
ner.—Wry-mouthed,  a.  Having  the  mouth 
a^wry.- Wryneck,  ri'nek,  n.  A  twisted  or 
distorted  neck;  a  small  European  bird 
allied  to  the  woodpeckers:  so  called  from 
the  singular  manner  in  which  it  twists  its 
neck.— Wrynecked,  ri'nekt,  a.  Having  a 
distorted  neck.— Wryness,  ri'nes,  n.  The 
state  of  being  wry  or  distorted. 

Wurrus,  ■wur'us,  n.  A  brick-red  dye-pow- 
der, somewhat  resembling  dragon's-blood. 

Wych-elm,wich,n.  [O.E.wicAe,tt>j/cAe,A.Sax. 
tcice,  aname  applied  to  various  trees;  allied 
to  ■ivicker.'\  A  variety  of  elm  with  large 
leaves  arid  sometimes  pendulous  branches, 
forming  a '  weeping '  tree.— Wych-hazel,  n. 
An  American  shrub  with  yellow  flowers 
grown  in  gardens  or  shrubberies. 

Wyyem,  wi'vem,  n.  [O.Fr.  wivre,  vivre 
(with  n  added  as  in  bittern),  a  viper,  a  dra- 

'  gon,  from  L.  vipera,  a  viper.  Viper,  AVee- 
TER.]  A  heraldic  monster,  a  sort  of  dra- 
gon, with  two  Trlngs,  two  legs,  and  a  taper- 
ing body. 


X. 


X,  the  t^wenty-fourth  letter  of  the  English 
al  phabet,  riepresenting  a  double  consonant 
sound  and=c8  or  hi. 

Xanthic,  zan'thik,  a.  [6r.  xanthoB,  yellow.] 
Tending  towards  a  yellow  colour;  yellow- 
ish.— Xanthic  flowers,  flowers  .whicn  have 
yellow  for  their  type,  and  which  are  ca- 
pable of  passing  into  red  or  white,  but 
never  into  blue.— Xanthin.Xanthine,  zan'- 
thiu,  71.  Aname  of  certain  yellow  colour- 
ing matters.  —  Xanthite,  zan'thit,  n.  A 
mineral  of  a  yellowish  colour,  a  variety  of 
vesuvian. 

Xanthochroi,  zan-thok'ro-i,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  xan- 
Vwchroos,  yellow-skinned,  from  xantlios, 
yellow,  and  chroa,  colour.]  One  of  the 
five  groups  into  which  Huxley  classifies 
man,  comprising  the  fair  whites.— Xan- 
thociiroic,  zan-tho-kro'ik,  a.  Pertaining 
to  this  group. 

Xanthophyll,  zan'tho-fil,  n.  [Gr.  xanthos, 
yellow,  phyllon,  a  leaf.]  The  yellow  col- 
ouring matter  of  withering  leaves. 

Xanthous,  zan'thus,  a.  [Gr.  xanthos,  yel- 
low.)-^  Of  the  fair-haired' type;  having 
brown,  auburn,  yellow,  flaxen,  or  red  hair. 

Xebec,  ze'bek,  n.  [Sp.  xabeque,  from  Turk. 
sumheki,  a  xebec;  Ar.  sumh^,  a  small 
vessel.]   A  small  three-masted  vessel  hav- 


ing both  square  and  lateen  sails,  used  in 
the  Mediterranean. 

Xenogenesis,  zen-o-jen'e-sis,  n.  [Gr.  xenos, 
strange,  and  genesis,  birth.]  Heterogene- 
sis;  the  production  of  offspring  entirely 
unlike  their  parents. — Xenogenetlc,  zen'- 
o-je-net"ik,  a.    Pertaining  to. 

Xerasia,  z6-ra'si-a,n.  [From  Gr.  xeros,  dry.] 
A  disease  of  the  hair,  which  becomes  dry 
and  ceases  to  grow. — Xeroderma,  ze-ro- 
dfer'ma,  n.  [Gr.  derma,  skin.]  A  morbid 
dryness  of  the  skin,  in  its  severest  form 
constituting  fish-skin  disease.  —  Xeroph- 
thalmy.  Xerophthalmia,  ze'rof-thal-mi, 
z6-rof-thal'mi-a,  n.  [Gr.  ophthalmos,  the 
eye.]  -A  dry.  red  soreness  or  itching  of 
the  eyes.  — Xerotes,  ze'ro-tez,  n.  [Gr.  xS- 
rotes,  dryness.]   A  dry  habit  of  tlie  body. 

Xiphoid,  zif'oid,a.  [Gr.  xiphos,  a  sword, 
and  eidos,  likeness.]  Shaped  like  or  re- 
sembling a  sword;  ensiform.— A'ipftoid  or 
ensi/orm  cartilage,  a  small  cartilage  at 
the  bottom  of  the  breast-bone. 

Xylite,  zi'lit,  n.  [Gr.  xylon,  wood.]  Ligni- 
form  asbestos,  mountain  wood,  or  rock- 
wood. — Xylocarp,  zi'lo-karp,  n.  [Gr.  xylon, 
and  karpos,  fruit.]  Bat.  a  hard  and  woody 
fruit. — Xylocarpous,  zi-lo-kar'pus,  o.  Hav- 
ing fruit  'Which  becomes  bard  or  woody. 


—Xylograph,  zilo-graf,  n.  [Gr.  xylon,  and 
grapho,  to  ■write  or  engrave.]  A  wood-en- 
graving. —  Xylographer,  zi-log'ra-f6r,  n. 
One  who  engraves  on  wood. — Xylograpbic, 
Xylographical,  zi-lo-graf'ik,  zi-Io-graf 'i- 
kal,  a.  Relating  to  xylography.— Xylogra- 
phy, zi-log'ra-fi,  n.  Wood-engraving;  a  pro- 
cess of  decorative  painting  on  wood.— Xy- 
loid,  zi'Ioid,  a.  [Gr.  xylon,  and  eidos,  form.] 
Having  tbe  natvire  of  wood;  resembling 
wood.  —  Xyloidine,  zi-loi'din,  n.  An  ex- 
plosive compound  produced  by  the  action 
of  strong  nitric  acid  upon  starch  or  woodi' 
fibre.— Xylop.hagous,  zi-lof'a-gus,  a.  [Gr. 
phago,  to  eat.]  Eating  or  feeding  on  wood. 
— Xylophilous,  zi-lofi-lus,  a.  [Gr.  philos, 
loving.]  Growing  upon  or  living  in  wood. 
Xylopyrography,zi1o-pi-rog"ra-fi,  n.  [Gr. 
PPT't  pyros,  fire.]  The  art  of  producing  S 
picture  on  ■wood  by  charring  it  with  a  hot 
iron.  —  Xyloretine,  zi'lo-r6-tin,  n.  [Gr. 
rA«itn^,re8in.]  A  resinous  substance  found 
in  connection  with  the  pine-trunks  of 
certain  peat-mosses. 

Xystns,  zis'tus,  n.  [L.  xystus,  Gr.  xystos, 
from  xyo,  to  scrape,  from  its  smooth  and 
polished  floor.]  A  covered  portico  or  open 
court  in  which  the  ancient  athletes  per- 
formed their  exercises. 


T. 


T,  the  twenty-fifth  letter  of  the  alphabet, 
sometimes  a  vowel,  sometimes  a  conso- 
nant. 

Yacca-wood,  yak'a,  n.  [Of  West  Indian 
origin.]  A  bro^wnish  cabinet  wood  of  the 
West  Indies,  yielded  by  a  large  tree  be- 
longing to  the  yew  family. 

Yacht, yot,n.  [From  O.D.  jacht, Mod.T).  jagt, 
a  yacht,  a  chase,  fiOTa  jagen,  G.jagen,  Dan. 
jage,  to  hunt.)  A  Ught  and  elegantly 
fitted  up  vessel,  used  either  for  pleasure 
trips  or  racing,  or  as  a  vessel  of  state  to 
convey  sovereigns,  princes,  &c.  —  v.i.  To 
sail  or  cruise  in  a  yacht.— Yach't-club,  n! 
A  clnbor  union  of  yacht-owners  for  racing 
purposes,  &c.  —  Yachter,  yot'6r,  n.  One 
■who  commands  a  yacht;  one  who  sails  in 
a  yacht.— Yachting,  yot'ing,  a.  Belonging 
to  a  yacht  or  yachts.- Yachtsman,  yots'- 
man,  n.    One  who  keeps  or  sails  a  yacht. 

Yaffle,  Yaffingale.yaf'l,yafin-gal,  n.  [From 
its  cry.)    The  green  woodpecker. 

Yager,  ya'gfer,  n.  [G.  jdger,  lit.  a  hunts- 
man, from  jagen,  to  hunt.    Yacht.J  A 


soldier  in  certain  regiments  of  light  in- 
fantry in  the  armies  of  various  German 
states. 

Yahoo,  yaTiSin.  [Coined  by  Swift.]  Aname 
given  by  Swift,  in  Gulliver's  Travels,  to  a 
race  of  brutes  having  the  form  of  man  and 
all  his  degrading  passions;  hence,  a  rude, 
boorish,  uncultivated  char.acter. 

Yak,  yak,  n.  [Thibetan.]  A  kind  of  ox 
with  long  silky  hair,  a  bushy  mane,  and 
horse-like  tail,  inhabiting  Thibet  add  the 
Himalayas. 

Yam,  yam,  n.  fPg.  inhame,  a  yam;  origin 
unknown.)  A  large  esculent  tuber  or  root 
produced  by  a -genus  of  tropical  plants, 
forming  a  wholesome  and  nutritious  food. 

Yankee,  yang'ke,  n.  [Probably  a  corrupt 
pronunciation  of  English  or  Fr.  Anglais 
formerly  current  among  the  American 
Indians.]  A  cant  name  for  a  citizen  of 
New  England;  in  Britain  often  applied 
more  widely  to  natives  of  the  United 
States.— Yankee-Doodle,  n.  A  famous  air, 
now  regarded  as  American  and  national. 


— Tankeelsm,  yang'kS-izm,  n.  An  idiom 
or  practice  of  the  Yankees. 

Yap,  yap,  v.i.  [Imitative  of  sound.]  To  yelp; 
to  bark.— n.  The  cry  of  a  dog;  a  bark;  a 
yelp. 

Yapock,  yap'ok,  n. .  An  opossum  of  Brazil 
and  Guiana,  aquatic  in  its  habits  and  re- 
sembling a  small  otter. 

Yard,  yard,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gyrd,  gird,  a  rod, 
a  yard  mea8ure==D.  garde,  G.  gerte,  a  rod, 
a  twig;  Goth,  gasds^  goad;  cog",  with  L. 
fta«ta,  aspear.)  The  British  and  American 
.standard  measure  of  length,  equal  to  3  feet 
or  36  inches,  the  foot  being  practically  the 
unit;  also  9  square  feet  and  27  cubic  feet 
(the  square  and  cubic  yard);  a  long  cylin- 
drical piece  of  timber  in  a  ship,  slun;; 
crosswise  to  a  mast,  and  supporting  and 
extending  a  sail.— Yard-arm,  n.  The  end 
of  a  ship's  yard. — Vard-arm  and  yard- 
arm,  the  situation  of  two  ships  lying 
alongside  of  each  other  so  near  that  their 
yard-arms  cross  or  touch.  —Yard-land.  n. 
A  quantity  of  land  in  England  from  is'to 


Fate,  fix  iat.ialh    jme,.met.  li«r.    jine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOre;     tabe,  tub,  b\|ll;     oil,  pound;     tl.  So.  abime— the  Fr.  «. 


YAED 


'    781 


YET 


24  acres;  a  rirgate.  —  Yard-stick,  n.  A 
stick,  3  feet  in  length,  used  as  a  measure 
of  cloth,  &c. 

Yard,  yivrd,  n.  [A.  Sax.  geard,  a  yard,  a 
court,  &o.;  Icel.  garthr,  an  inclosure  (E. 
garth);  Dan.  and  D.  guard,  a  garden;  G. 
garten,  a  garden;  same  root  as  L.  hortus, 
a  garden.  Akin  garden,  gird,  to  sur- 
round. Orchard  contains  this  word.]  A 
small  piece  of  inclosed  ground  adjoining 
a  house;  an  inclosure  within  which  any 
work  or  industry  is  carried  on  (a  brick- 
yard,  a  dock-yard,  &,c.). — v.t.  To  inclose  or 
shut  up  in  a  yard,  as  cattle. 

Yare,  yar,  a.  LA.  Sax.  geai~u,  prepared, 
ready,  yare;  akin  garb,  gear.]  Beady; 
quick;  dexterous. 

Yark,  yark,  v.t.    Same  as  Yerk. 

Yarn,  yarn,  n.  [A.  Sax.  geam,  yam=D. 
tjarcn,  Icel.  Sw.  Dan.  and  G.  gam,  yam; 
comp.  Icel.  fira?^iir,  intestines;  Gr.  cftorcf^,a 
chord,  an  intestine.]  Any  kind  of  thread 
prepared  for  weaving  into  cloth;  one  of 
tiie  threads  of  which  a  rope  is  composed; 
,1ig.  a  long  story  or  tale  (coUoq.). 

Yarrow,  yar'o,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gearwe,  D.  gerw, 
G.  garbe,  O.G.  garwe,  yarrow.]  A  British 
plant;  also  called  Jlfii/oiZ. 

Yataghan,  yat'a-gan,  n.  [Turk.]  A  dagger- 
like sabre  about  2  feet  long,  the  handle 
without  a  cross-guard  worn  ini  Moham- 
medan countries. 

Yaw,  ya,  v.i.  [Comp.  prov.  G,  gagen,  to 
rock,  tpmove  unsteadily.]  To  steer  wild; 
to  deviate  from  the  line  of  her  course  in 
steering:  said  of  a  ship.— n.  A  temporary 
deviation  of  a  ship  or  vessel  from  the  line 
of  her  course. 

Yawl,  yal,  n.  [From  D.  jol,  a  yawl,  a  skiff; 
Sw.julle,  T)a,n.  jolle,  a  jolly-boat,  a  yawl. 
Jolly  in  Jolly-boat  is  this  word.]  A  small 
ship's  boat,  usually  rowed  by  fdur  or  six 
oars;  a  jolly-boat;  the  smallest  boat  used 
by  fishermen. 

Yawl,  yal,  v.i.  [Akin  to  youil,  yell.]  To  cry 
out;  to  howl;  to  yell. 

Yawn,yan,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  !7dmrtn,toyawn,to 
gape;  akin  Sc.  gant,  to  yawn;  G.  gdhnen,  to 
yawn;  from  root  seen  in  Gr.  chaino,  'lr.hio,to 
gape;  also  in  G.  gans,  ^.gander,goose.  From 
same  root  are  chasm,  chaos.]  To  have  the 
mouth  open  involuntarily  through  drowsi- 
ness or  dulness;  to  gape;  to  open  wide;  to 
fitand  open,  as  a  chasm  or  gulf,  or  the 
like.— M.  An  involuntary  opening  of  the 
mouth  from  drowsiness;  a  gaping  or  open- 
ing wide."— Yawijingly,  ya'ning-li,  adv.  In 
a  yawning  manner. 

Yaws,  yaz,  n.  [African  yaw,  a  raspberry.] 
A  contagious  disease  of  the  African  races 
characterized  by  cutaneous  tumours.grow- 
ing  to  the  size  Of  a  raspberry. 

Yclept,  Ycleped,  i-klept',  i-kl5pd',  pp.  [A. 
Sax.  ge-clypod,  pp.  of  ge-clypian,  to  call.] 
Called;  named.    [Archaic] 

Ye',*ys,  pron.  [A.  Sax.  gi,  ye,  you,  nom.  pi. 
corresponding  to  tMl,  thou;  D.  gij,  Dan.  and 
Sw-.  i,  Goih.  jus.  You.]  Properly  the  no- 
minative plural  of  the  second  personal 
pronoun,  but  in  later  times  also  used  as 
an  objective;  now  used  only  in  the  sacred 
and  solemn  style,  in  common  discourse 
and  ■writing  you  being  exclusively  used. 

Yea,  ya,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  ged,  yea,  indeed=» 
Icel.  yd,  D.  Dan.  Sw.  and  G.  ja,  Goth.ja, 

jai,  yea,  yes :  allied  to  Goth,  jah,  and ;  L. 

^am,  now.  Yes.]  Yes:  the  opposite  of  nay; 
also  used,  like  iiay=not  this  alone,  not 
only  so  but  also. 

Tean, '  y?n,  v.t.  and  i.  [A.  Sax.  edniaiK,,  edc- 
nian,  froin "  edcen,  gravid,  lit.  increased, 
being  pp.  of  edcan,  to  increase,  to  eke. 
EK.B.J-  To  bring  forth  young,  as  a  goat  or 

•sheep;  to  l^mb.  —  Yeanjing,  yen'ling,  n. 
A  lambj  tax  eanling.  '        >  -S 

year,  ygr,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gedp,  gdr^D.  jaar, 
L.G.  j6r,  G.  jahr,, doth,  jer,  Icel!  dr,  Dan. 
aar;  cog.  Slav,  jaro,  spring;  Zend  ydre,  a 
year.  Perhaps  from  root  i,  to  go.  seen  in 
L.  eo,  ire,  to  go.]  The  period  of  time  dur- 
ing which  the  earth  makes  one  complete 
revolution  in   its  orbit,  comprehending^ 

.what  are  called,,  the. , twelve  calendar 
months,  or  365  days  frSiir  1st  January  to 
33 st  December;  pi.  age  or  old  age.— Ano- 
malistic pear:  Anomalistic— Cm2  year, 
the  tropical  or  solar -year. — Common  year, 
a  year  of  365  days,  as  distinguished  from 


leap  year.— Ecclesiastical  year,  from  Ad- 
vent to  Advent.— Oregorian  year,  Julian 
year.  Gregorian,  Julian,  Style. — Leap 
year.  Leap. — Lunar  year,  a  period  of 
12  lunar  months,  or  354  days. — Sidereal 
year.  Sid£he*l. — Tropical  or  solar  pear, 
the  period  from  the  time  the  sun  is  on 
one  of  the  tropics  till  its  return  again 
to  it,  being  365  days,  5  hours,  48  min- 
utes, 51  seconds.  —  Year  of  grace,  any 
year  of  the  Christian  era.  —  Year-book, 
n.  A  book  published  every  year,  each 
issue  supplying  fresh  information  on  mat- 
ters in  regard  to  which  changes  are  con- 
tinually taking  place. — Yearling,  yer'ling, 
n.  An  animal  one  year  old  or  in  the 
second  year  of  his  age.  —  a.  Being  a  year 
old.— Yearly,  yer'li,  a.  Annual;  happen- 
ing every  yeax.— adv.  Annual;  once  a  year. 

Yearn,  ytrn,  v.i.  [A.Sax.  geo)-nian,  gyman, 
to  yearn,  from  guorn,  desirous;  Icel.  gjam, 
eager,  whence  girna,  to  desire;  Gclh. 
gaims,  desirous,  gairnjan,  to  long  for: 
Dan.  gieme^  D.  gaame,  G.  gem,  willingly.] 
To  feel  mental  uneasiness  from  longing 
desire;  to-be  filled  with  eager  longing;  to 
have  a  wistful  feeling.  — Yearning,  y6r'- 
ning,  p.  and  a.  Longing;  having  longing 
desire.— n.  The  feeling  of  one  who  jfearns; 
a  strong  feeling  of  tenderness,  pity,  or 
longing  desire.  —  Yearningly,  y6r'ning-li, 
adv.    With  yearning. 

Yeast,  vest,  n.  [O.E.  yeest,  A.  Sax.  gist, 
gyst  =  i.cel.  jast,  jastr,  D.  gest,  gist,  G. 
qdscht,  yeast;  from  a  verb  signifying  to 
ferment  seen  in  O.H.G.  gesan,  jesan,  G. 
gdhren,  gischen,  Sw.  gdsa,  to  ferment,  to 
froth;  allied  to  Gr.  zeO,  to  boil,  zelos,  E. 
zeal.]  Barm;  ferment;  the  yellowish  sub- 
stance of  vegetable  nature  produced  dur- 
ing the  vinous  fermentation  of  saccharine 
fluids;  foam  of  water;  froth.  —  German 
yeast,  common  yeast  collected,  drained, 
and  pressed  till  nearly  dry.— Paten<  yeast. 
yeast  collected  from  a  wort  of  malt  and 
hop,  and  treated  similarly  to  German 
yeast. — Artificial  yeast,  a  dough  of  flour 
and  a  small  quantity  of  common  yeast 
made  into  small  cakes  and  dried,  which,  if 
kept  free  from  moisture,  long  retains  its 
fermentative  property.— Yeasty,  yes'ti.a. 
Resembling  or  containing  yeast;  frothy; 
foamy.  —  Yeastiness,  yCs' ti-nes,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  yeasty. 

Yelk,  yelk,  n.    The  yolk  of  an  egg. 

Yell,  yel,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  gellan,  gyllan,  to 
yeli=Icel.  gella,  gjalla,  D.  gillen,  to  yell; 
G.  gellen,  to  resound;  allied  to  A.  Sax. 
galan,  to  sing,  whence  -gale  in  nightingale.] 
To  cry  out  with  a  sharp,  disagreeable 
noise;  to  shriek  hideously;  to  cry  or  scream 
as  with  agony  or  horror. — n.  A  sharp,  loud, 
harsh  outcry;  a  scream  or  cry  of  horror, 
distress,  or  agony.  —  Yelling,  yel'ing,  w. 
The  act  or  the  noise  of  one  who  or  that 
which  yells. 

Yellow,  yel'o,  a.  [A.  Sax.  geolo,  geolu^yel- 
low;  akin  D.  geel,  G.  gelb,  Icel.  gulr,  Dan. 
and  Sw.  guul,  yellow;  from  same  root  as 
gold  and  green;  Gr.  chlog,  green  herb,  choli, 
bile  (cog.  with  E.  gall).]  Being  of  a  pure 
bright  golden  colour,  or  of  a  kindred  hue. 
—  Yellow  berries,  called  also  French  ber- 
ries, the  fruit  of  a  species  of  buckthorn, 
used  by  dyers  and  painters  for  staining 
yellow.— yeHow  ochre,  an  earthy  pigment 
coloured  by  the  oxide  of  icon.  — Yellow 
soap,  a  comlnon  soap  composed  of  tallow, 
resin,  and  soda,  to  which  some  palm-oU  is 
occasionally  added.  —  n.  One  of  the  pris- 
matic colours,  ajjright  golden  colour,  the 
type  of  which  jnay  pe  found  in  the  field 

,  buttercup.     United  with  blue  it  yields 

!  green;  with  red  it  produces  orange.— v.t. 

■  To  render  yellow. — v.i.  To  grow  yellow. — 
Yellow -ammer,  n.  Yellow-hammer. — 
Yellow-bnnting,  n.  The  yellow-hammer. 
— Yellov7-fever,  n.  A  malignant  feiDrile 
disease  common  in  the  "West  Indies  and 
neighbouring  regions,  attended  with  yel- 
lovraess  of  the  skin,  of  some  shade  between 
lemon-yellow  and  ihe  deepest  orange-yel- 
low.—Yellow-gum,  n.  The  jaundice  of 
infants.— YeUow-Iiammer.Tfellow-ammer, 
n.  [A.  Sax.  amore,  G.  ammer,  th.e  yellow- 
hammer.  The  spelling  -with  fe,  though 
common,  is  erroneous.]  A  passerine  song- 
bird of  '£  arope ,  called  also  Yellow  BvMing, 


from  the  predominance  of  yellow  in  its 
plumage.— YeUowish,  yel'o-ish,  a.  Some- 
what yellow.  —  Yellowlshness,  yel'o-ish- 
nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being  yellowish. — 
Yellow-metal,  n.  A  sheathing  alloy  of 
copper  and  zinc;  Muntz's  metal. — Yellow- 
ness, yel'o-nes,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
yellow.— Yellow-pine,  n.  A  North  Ameri- 
can tree,  the  wood  of  which  is  largely  em- 
ployed and  is  extensively  exported.— Yel- 
lows, yel'oz,  n.  A  kind  of  jaundice  which 
affects  horses,  cattle,  and  sheep,  causing 
yellowness  of  the  eyes;  a  disease  of  peach- 
trees.— Yellow-throat,  n.  A  small  North 
American  singing-bird,  a  species  of  war- 
bler.—  Yellow-top,  n.  A  variety  of  turnip, 
so  called  from  the  colour  of  the  bulb.— 
Yellow -weed,  n.  Weld  or  dyers' -weed 
(which  see).  —  Yellow-wove,  n.  A  wove 
paper  of  a  yellow  colour. 

Velp,  yelp,  v.i.  [O.E.yeipew,  £r«ipen,  A.Sax. 
gilpan,  ■  to  boast;  Icel.  gjdlpa,  to  yelp ; 
allied  to  yell.]  To  utter  a  sharp  or  shrill 
bark;  to  give  a  sharp,  quick  cry,  as  a  dog, 
either  in  eagerness  or  in  pain  or  fear. — 
n.  A  sharp  bark  or  cry  caused  by  fear  or 

■  pain. 

Yeoman,  yo'man,  n.  pi.  Yeomen,  yo'men. 
[O.E.  yeman,  yoman;  supposed  to  be  equiv- 
alent to  Pris.  gaman,  gamon,  a  vUlager,  a 
man  of  a  ga  or  village,  from  ffa=G.  gau, 
Goth,  gawi,  a  district.  ]  A  man  of  small  es- 
tate in  land,  not  ranking  as  one  of  the  gen- 
try ;  a  gentleman  farmer  or  one  who  farm  s 
his  own  land;  a  farmer;  a  member  of  the 
yeomanry  cavalry.--- Feoman  of  the  gtcard, 
in  England,  a  body-guard  of  the  sovereign, 
habited  in  the  costume  of  Henry  Vlll.'g 
time,  and  commanded  by  a  captain  and 
other  officers.  Beef-eater. —Yeomanly, 
yo'man-li,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  yeomari. — 
Yeomanry,  yo'man-ri,  n.  Yeomen  collec- 
tively; a  volunteer  cavalry  force  in  Britain,' 
consisting  to  a  great  extent  of  gentlemen 
or  wealthy  farmers. 

Yerba,  Yerba-mate,  yerTja.  yer-ba-ma't5, 
n.  [  Yerba  (Sp.,  from  L.  herba,  herb)  is  the 
proper  name;  wMte  is  a  cup,  the  cup  or 
nish  from  which  the  tea  is  drunk.]  A 
name  given  to  Paraguay  tea.  Paraguay 
Tea. 

Yerk,  yferk,  v.t.  [See  Jerk.]  To  throw  or 
kick  out,  as  a  horse;  to  lash.— w.i.  To  kick 
with  both  hind  legs.— M.  A  sudden  kick  of 
a  horse;  a  blow. 

Yes,  yes,  adv.  [A.  Sax."  gese,  gise,  from  qeA, 
yea,  and  si,-sy.  be  It  so,  let  it  be,  3d  sing, 
pres.  subj.  of  the  substantive  verb  in  A. 
Sax.=G.  sei,  let  it  be;  akin  to  L.  sim,  may 
it  be;  from  root  as.  Yea,  Am,  A-re.]  A  word 
which  expresses  affirmation  pr  consent: 
opposed  to  no. 

Yest,  yest,  n.    Same  as  Yeast. 

Yester,  yes'tSr,  a.  [A.  Sax.  geostra,  giestra, 
gystra,  yesterday's,  geostran  dmg,  yester- 
day; gystran  niM, yesternight;  D.gisteren, 
G.  gestem,  yesterday;  Goth,  gistra,  gistra 
dagis,  to-morrow.  These  are  comparative 
forms,  allied  to  L.  hestemui,  of  yesterday, 
and  to  Gr,  chthes,  Skr.  hyas,  yesterday.] 
Belonging  to  the  day  preceding  the  pre- 
sent; next  before  the  present:  mostly  in 
composition.  —  Yesterday,  yes'tfer-da,  'n. 
The  day  next  before,  the  present;  often 
used  for  time  not  long  gone  by.    Yester- 

•  day,  yesternight,  &c.,  are  used  without  the 
preposition  on  or  during,— Yestexeve,  Yes- 
tereven,  yes't6r-5v,  yes-t^r-e'vn,  n.  The 
evening  last  past.  —  Yestermom,  Yester- 
morning, yes'tSr-mom,  yes-t6r-mor'ning, 
TO.  The  mom  or  morning  last  past.— Yes- 
te^ight,  yes't6r-nit,  n.  The  night  last 
past. 

Yeaty,  yes'ti,  a.    Teasty. 

Yet,  yet,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  get,  git,  yet,  still ; 
equivalent  etymologically  to  yea  to  or  yea 
too.]  In  addition;  over  and  above;  further; 
8til(:  used  esi.)ecially  with  comparatives 
(i/et  more  surprising) ;  at  this  or  at  that 
time,  as  formerly;  now  or  then,  as  at  a 
previous  period  (while  yet  young) ;  at  or 
before  -some  future  time ;  before  all  is 
done  (he'll  suffer  yet);  thus  far;  hitherto  (a 
letter  not  yet  sent  off):  often  accompanied 
by  as  in  this  sense  (I  have  not  met  "him  as 
yet);  though  the  case  be  such;  neverthe- 
less.—co>y'.  Nevertheless;  not'^ithstaa:'- 
ing;  however.  • 


ch,chaia;     eft,  Sc.IocA;  g,  £ro;     j,iob;.vn,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sins';     ^b,  ffiem  tih,  Oda,     w,  wig;     wb,  wAig;     th,&euxs. 


YEW 


782 


ZEBRA 


Tew,  ytl,  n.  [A.  Sax.  iw,  the  yew;  O.H.6. 
iuM,  G.  eibc,  D.  ijf,  Icel.  ^r;  cog.  W.  yto, 
ywen.  Armor,  ivin.  Com.  hivin,  the  yew.] 
An  evergreen  tree  allied  to  the  coniferS 
and  indigenous  in  Europe  and  Asia,  yield- 
ing a  hard  and  durable  timber  used  for 
cabinet  work  and  formerly  for  making 
bows;  frequently  planted  in  churchyards, 
and  thus  associated  with  death,  perhaps 
from  its  poisonous  leaves.  i 

Tex,  yeks,  n.  [A.  Sax.  geocsa,  a  sobbing ; 
Sc.  yiek,  the  -hiccuv.]  The  nlccup. — v.i. 
To  hiccup. 

Tield,  ygld,  ».<.  lA^  Sax.  gUdan, 'gieldan,  to 
yield,  pay,  render  =  Icel.  gjalda,  Dan. 
gjelde,  to  yield,  Sw.  o3Ma,  to  be  of  conse- 
quence ;.  D.  gelden,  G.  gelten,  to  be  worth, 
to  avail,  &c.;  akin  guild.l  To  payj;  to  re- 
qultet;  to  give  in  return  or  by  way  of  re- 
compense; to  produce  as  return  for  labour 
or  capital;  to  produce  generally;. to  bring 
forth,  give  ov±,  or  furnish  (trees  yield 
fruit);  to  afford;  tjp  grant  or  give  (to  yield 
:consenth  to  give  up,  as  to  superior  power; 
to  relinquish;  to  surrender:  in  this  sense 
often  followed  by  up.  —  To  yield  up  the 
ghost  or  life,  to  die. — v.i.  To  give  way,  aslio 
superior  force;  to  submit;  to  sxirrender;  to 
give  Way,  as  to  entreaty,  argument,  &c.;  to 
comply;  to  consent;  to  give  place,  as  infe- 
rior in  rank- or' excellence. — w.-.  Amount 
yielded;  product;  return;  particularly  pro- 
duct resulting  from  growth  or  cultivation. 
— Tielder,-  yel'dfer,  n.  One  who  yields.  — 
Tielding,  yel'ding,  a.  Ready  to  submit, 
comply,  or  yield;  compliant;  nnrejisting. 
— Tieldingly,  yel'ding-li,  adv.  With  com- 
pliance.—Yieldingness,  yel'ding-nes,  n. 

Yodel,  Yodle,  yo'dl,  v.t.  and  i.  [German 
Swiss.}  To  sing  like  the  Swiss  and  Tyrol- 
ese  mduntaineers,  by  suddenly  changing 
from  the  natural  voice  to  the  falsetto,  and 
vice  versa.    . 

Tolcks,  yo'iks,  interi.  An  old  for-hmuting 
cry. 

Toke,  yok,  n.  [A.  Sax.  geoc,  ioc,  a  yoke= 
D.  juk,  jok,  G,  jock,  Goth,  jtik,  Icel.  and 
Sw.  ok,  Dan.  aa^;  cog.  li.jugum,  Qtr.'zygon, 
Skr.  yuga,  a  yoke,  from  a  root  meaning  to 
^oin,  seen  in  Skr.  yuj,  to  join;  L.  jungo,  to 
join.  JoiN.J  A  part  of  the  gear  or  tackle 
of  draught  animals,  particularly  oxen, 
passing  across  their  necks  and  so  that  two 
are  connected  for  drawing;  a  pair  of 
draught  animals,  especially  oxen,  yoked 
together;  something  resembling  a  yoke  in 
form  or  use;  a  frame  to  fit  the  shoulders 
and  neck  of  a  person  for  carrying  pails  or 
the  \ike\ftg.  servitude,  slavery,  or  burden 
imposed ;  something  which-  couples  or 
binds  together;  a  bond  of  connection;  a 
tie. — v.t. — yoked,  yoking.  To  put  a  yoke  on; 
to  join  in  a  yoke;  to  couple;  to  join  with 
another. —».t.  To  be  joined  together. — 
Toke-fellow,  n.  One  associated  with  an- 
other in  labour;  one  connected  with  an- 
other by  marriage;  a  partner;  a  mate.— 
T<Ae-mate,  n.   Same  as  Yoke-fellow. 


Tokel,  yoTd,  n.  [Perhaps  from  i/oke=on& 
who  drives  yoked  animals,  or  akin  to 
gawk.]  A  rustic  or  countryman;  a  country 
bumpkin;  a  country  lout. 

Tolk,  yok,  n.  [A.  Sax.  geoleca,  lit.  the  yel- 
low of  the  egg,  from  geolu,  yellow.  Yel- 
low.] The  yellow  part  of  an  egg;  the  vi- 
tellus;  the  yelk;  the  unctuous  secretion 
from  the  skin  of  sheep  which  renders  the 
pile  soft  and  pliable.— Tolk-bag,  n.  The 
sac  or  membranous  bag  which  contains 
the  yolk  of  an  egg. 

Ton,  yon,  a.  [A.  Sax.  geon,  yon,  that;  Goth. 
jains,  G.  Jener,  that;  of  pronominal  origin, 
and  akin  to  Skr.  yas,  who,  also  to  yea  and 
yes.]  That;  those:  referring  to  an  object  at 
a  distance;  yonder;  now  chiefly  used  in  the 
poetic  style.— Yonder,  yon'dfer,  a.-. [A  com- 
par.  form  from  yon;  comp.  Goth,  jaindre, 
there.]  Being  at  a  distance  within  view; 
that  or  those,  referring  to  persons  or 
things  at  a  distance.— adv.  At  or  in  that 
place  there. 

YonI,  yo'ni,  w.  Among  the  Hindus,  the 
female  power  in  nature,  or  a  symbol  of  it 
ih  the  form  of  an  oval. 

Yore,  yor,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  gedra,  formerly, 
of  old,  originally  genit.  pi.  of  gedr,  a  year, 
being  thus  an  adverbial  genitive  of  time, 
like  tzvice,  thrice,'  &c.]  In  time  long  past; 
long  since;  in  old  time.  Now  used  only  in 
the  phrase  of  yore,  that  is,  of  old  time ; 
long  ago  (in  days  of  yore). 

Tou,  yo,  pron.  [A.  Sax.  e6w,  dat.  and  ace. 
pi.  of  the  pronoun  of  the  second  person,  ye 
being  properly  the  nom.  pi.;  O.  Sax.  iu,  D. 
u,  you,  gij,  ye;  O.H.G.  iu,  you,  iuwar, 
your;  co^.  Skr.  yuyam,  you.  Ye.]  The 
nominative  and  objective  plural  of  thou: 
also  commonly  used  wh^n  a  single  jierson 
is  addressed  {you  are,  yo%  were,  ac,  being 
said  of  one  person). 

Young,  yung,  a.  [A.  Sax.  geong,  giung, 
iung^T).  jmig,<3r.  jung,  Goth,  jtiggs,  Icel. 
ungr,  jungr,  Dan.  and  Sw.  ung;  cog.  L. 

.juvenis  ( whence  juvenile ),  Skr.  juvan, 
young.]  Being  in  the  first  or  early  stage 
of  life  or  growth;  not  yet  arrived  at  ma- 
turity; not  old;  being  in  the  early  part  of 
existence ;  not  yet  far  advanced ;  having 
the  appearance  of  early  life ;  fresh  or 
vigorous;  having  little  experience;  raw; 
green;  pertaining.to  one's  early  life.— n.  pi. 
The  offspring  of  an  animal  collectively. — 
With  young,  pregnant;  gravid.— Younger, 
yung'gfer,  n.  One  who  is  not  so  old  as 
another;  a  junior.— Young-eyed,  a.  Hav- 
ing the  fresh  bright  eyes  or  look  of  youth. 
— Youngish,  yung<ish,a.  Somewhat  young. 
— Yotmgling,  yung'ling,  n.  An  animal  in 
the  first  part  of  life;  also,  a  young  person. 
— Toungly,  yung'li,  adv.  In  a  young  man- 
ner.—Toungness,  yung'nes,  n.  The  state 
of  being  young.— Youngster,  yung'st^r,  n. 
A  young  person;  a  lad.— Yotmker,  yung'- 
k6r,  n.  _  [From  Du.  jonker,  jonkheer,  bt. 
young  sir  {heer=G.  herr,  sir,  gentleman).] 
A  young  fellow;  a  lad;  a  youngster. 


Tour,  yor,  a.  [A.  Sax.  edwer='D.  utrer,  G. 
ruer;  the  possessive  corresponding  to  ye, 
you,  and  therefore  properly  plural  (thy 
being  the  singular),  but  now  like  you  used 
as  singular  or  plural.]  Pertaining  or  be- 
longing to  you.— Yours,  yOrz,  poss.  pron. 
A  double  possessive  of  yoru;  that  or  those 
which  belong  to  you;  belonging  to  you: 
used  with  or  without  direct  reference  to 
a  preceding  noun;  your  property;  your 
friends  or  relations. —  Yours  truly,  yours 
faithfully,  &c.,  phrases  preceding  the  sig- 
nature at  the  end  of  a  letter;  hence,  some- 
times used  playfully  by  a  speaker  in  allu- 
ding to  himself. — Yourself,  yor-self,  pron. 
pi.  Yourselves,  ySr-selvz'.  You,  not  an- 
other or  others;  you,  in  your  own  person 
or  individually:  used  distinctively  or  re- 
flexively. 

Youth,  ySth,  n.  [A.  Sax.  gedQUth,  for  geon- 
guth{=youngth,  young  a.nd-th),  from  peong, 
Toung.  YoHNG.]  The  state  or  quality  o< 
being  young;  youthf ulness ;  the  part  oi 
life  between  childhood  and  manhood;  a 
young  man;  a  stripling  or  lad;  young  per- 

'  sons  collectively.— Youthful,  yOth'ful,  a. 
Being  in  the  early  stage  of  life;  young: 
pertaining  to  the  early  part  of  life;  suit- 
able to  the  first  part  of  life ;  fresh  or  vig-  . 
orous,  as  in  youth.— Youthfully,  yath'ful- 
li,  adv.  In  a  youthful  manner. — Youthf 
fulness,  ysth'ful-nes,  n.  The  state  or  qua-j 
lity  of  being  youthful. 

Towl,  youl,  v.i.  [Akin  tp  yeU.]  To  give  a 
long  distressful  or  mournful  cry,  as  a  dogj 
—n.  A  long  distressful  or  mournful  cry,  as 
that  of  a  dog. 

Tttria,  it'ri-a,  n.  A  metallic  oxide  or  earth, 
having  the  appearance  of  a  white  powder; 
the  protoxide  of  yttrium,  discovered  in 
1794  in  a  mineral  found  at  Ytttrby  in  Swe- 
den^hence  the  name. — Yttrious,  it'ri-us. 
a.  Pertaining  to  yttria  or  yttrium.  — 
Tttritim,  it'ri-um,  n.  A  rare  metal  founc 
in  Sweden  of  a  scaly  texture,  a  grayist 
black  colour,  and  a  perfectly  metallic  lus 
tre.    Written  also  Ittrium. 

Tucca,  yuk'ka,  n.  [From  some  Americar 
tongue.]  A  genus  of  American  plants  o: 
the  lily  family,  of  considerable  size,  witl 
white  flowers  m  large  panicles,  and  lonj 
rigid,  pointed  leaves,  cultivated  in  Britisi 
gardens. 

Yule,  yol,^.  [A  Sax.  gedl,  giiil,  iiU,ge6hol 
Christmas;  Icel.  jdl,  Dan.  juul,  Sw.  jul 
originally  a  pagan  festival;  etymol.  doubt 
ful.  Jolly  is  from  this  through  thr 
French.]  The  Old  English  and  still  thi 
Scotch  and  Northern  English  name  fo 
Christmas.— Tule-log,  Yule-block,  n.  J 
large  log  of  wood  forming  the  basis  of  i 
Christmas  fire  in  the  olden  time.— Yule 
tide,  n.  The  time  or  season  of  Yule  o: 
Christmas. 

T-wis,t  adv.  [A.  Sax.  cetpig,  pewiss,  certain 
sure=D.  gevns,  G.  gevnss,  certainly;  fron 
root  of  wit,  with  prefix  ge.]  Certainly 
verily;  truly. 


Z. 


Z,  ifce  last' letter  of  the  English  alphabet, 
equivalent  to  the  «  ih  wise,  ease,  &c. 

Zabalsm,  2^bi8m,  zarba'izm,  zab'izm.  Same 
as  Sabaism. . 

Zaffie,  zaf 6r,  n.  [Pr.  zafre,  safre,  saffre, 
Sp.  zafre;  probably  of  Arabic  onginj  Im- 
pure oxide  of  cobalt;  the  residuum  x>i  co- 
balt after  the  sulphur,  arstoic,  and  other 
volatile  matters  have  been  expelled  by 
calcination,  much  used  by  enamellers  and 
porcelain  ^nanufacturers  as  a  blue  colour. 

Zambo,  zamTjS,  n.  [Sp.  zambo,  bandy- 
legged, a  zambo.]  The  child  of  a  mulatto 
and  a  negro;  also  sometimes  of  aa  Indian 
and  a  negro. 

Zamla,  za'mi-a,  n.  [L.  zamia,  a  fir  cone.] 
A  genus  of  plants  of  the  cycad  order,  the 
stem  of  some  of  which  yield  a  starohy  pith 
used  for  food.  > 

2{amiudar,  zam-in-dar',  n.  Same  as  Zemin- 
dar. 

Zante,  zan'tfi,  n.  A  speciesof  sumach  from 


Zanie,  in  the  Mediterranean,  nsed  for 
dyeing. 

Sany,  za'ni,  n.  [Pr.  «ow<,  from  It.  eanni, 
zone,  a  zany  or  clown;  originally  simply  a 
familiar  and  abbreviated  pronunciation 
of  Giovanni,  John.]  A  buffoon  or  merry- 
andrew.— Zanyism,  za'ni-izm,  n.  The  cha- 
racter or  practice  of  a  zany;  buffoonery. 

Zareba.    Same  as  Zereba. 

Zamlch,  zar'nik,  n.  [Prom  Ar.  a^-zemikh, 
from  Gr.  arsenikos,  assenical.  Arsenic] 
A  name  given  to  the  native  sulphurets  of 
arsenic,  sandarach  or  realgar,  and  orpi- 
ment. 

Zaz,  zaks,  n.  [A.  Sax.  seax,  Icel.  sax,  a 
knife  or  short  sword.]  An  instrument 
nsed  by  slaters  for  cutting  and  dressing 
slates. 

Zeal,  zel,  n.  [Fr.  eUe,  from  L.  eelus,  Gr. 
zelos,  zeal;  from  stem  of  seO,  to  boil,  which 
is  akin  to  E.  yeast.  Jealous.]  Passionate 
ardour  in  the  pursuit  of  anything;  eager- 


ness in  any  cause  or  behalf;  good  or  bad 
earnestness;  fervency;  enthusiasm. - 
Zealot,  zel'ot,  n.  [Fr.  zilote,  D.  zelotes 
from  Gr.  zSlCtSs.]  One  who  is  zealous  o' 
full  of  zeal;  one  carried  away  by  excess  o 
zeal ;  a  fanatical  partisan.  —  Zealotism 
zel'ot-izm,  n.  The  character  or  conduc 
of  a  zealot.  —  Zealotry,  zel'ot-ri,  n.  Be 
haviour  of  a  zealot;  excessive  zeal;  fanati 
cism.  —  Zealous,  zel'us,  a.  [From  zeal 
Jealoits  is  TeaUy  the  same  word.]  Inspirec 
with  zeal;  warmly  engaged  or  ardent  ii 
the  pursuit  of  an  object;  fervent;  eager 
earnest.  —  Zealously,  zel'us-li,  adv.  In  i 
zealous  manner. — Zealousness,  zel'us-nes 
n.    The  quality  of  being  zealous;  zeal. 

Zebec,  Zeoeck,  ze'bek,  n.    Same  as  Xebec. 

Zebra,  ze'bra,  n.  [A  native  African  word. 
A  quadruped  of  southern  Africa  allied  ti 
the  horse  and  ass,  nearly  as  large  as  : 
horse,  white,  striped  with  numerou 
brownish-black  bands.  —  Zebra-opossum 


Fate,  far,  fat,  f»U;     mC  me(,h«r,     pine,  pin;     noti .  not,  mOve;     tube,  tub,  b«U ;     oil,  pound;     «,  Sg.  abiaie-^the  Fr. «. 


ZEBU 


783 


zoo]sroM\ 


Zebra-wolf,  n.  The  thylacine  or  Tasma- 
nian  wolf.  —  Zebra -wood,  n.  A  South 
American  wood  somewhat  resemljing  the 
skia  of  a  zebra  in  colour,  used  by  cabinet- 
makers.—Zebrine,  ze'brin,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  zebra. 

Zebu,  ze'bu,  n.  [The  Indian  name.]  A  spe- 
cies of  ox  found  extensively  in  India,  and 
regarded  with  veneration  by  the  Hindus, 
having  one,  ormore  rarely  two,  humps  of 
fat  on  the  shoulders. 

Zechin,  zek'in,  n.  [It.  zecchino,  Fr.  sequin. 
Sequin.]    A  sequin. 

Zedoary,  zed'o-a-ri,  n.  [Sp.  and  Pg.  eedo- 
aria,  from  Ar.  and  Pers.  zedwdr,  zedoary.] 
An  Asiatic  root  used  for  similar  purposes 
as  ginger. 

Zemindar,  zem-in-dar*,  n.  [Per.  zemtndAr, 
a  landholder— ^emire,  land,  and  ddr,  hold- 
ing, a  holder.]  In  India,  a  landholder  or 
landed  proprietor,  subject  to  the  payment 
of  the  land-tax  or  government  land-rev- 
enue.—Zemindary,  zem'in-da-ri,  n.  The 
position  of  a  zemindar;  the  land  possessed 
by  a  zemindar. 

Zenana,  ze-na'na,n.  [Hind,  sxmanah,  from 
Per.  zan,  a  woman.  J  The  portion  of  a 
house  exclusively  for  the  females  in  a 
family  of  good  caste  in  India. 

Zend,  zend,  n.  An  ancient  Iranian  lan- 
guage belonging  to  the  Aryan  family,  and 
closely  allied  to  Sanskrit,  in  which  are 
composed  the  sacred  writings  of  the  Zoro- 
astrians.  —  Zend-Avesta,  zeud-a-ves'ta,  n. 
The  collective  name  for  the  sacred  writ- 
ings of  the  Parsees,  ascribed  to  Zoroaster. 

Zenith,  zO'nith,  n.  [Fr.  zenith,  from  Sp. 
zenit,  zenitli,  a  corruption  of  Ai.savit,  semt, 
abbreviated  for  sanit-ur-ras,  samt-er-ras, 
way  of  the  head,  zenith,  samt  being  a  way 
{ras,  head).  Akin  azimuth.]  The  vertical 
point  of  the  heavens  at  any  place,or  point 
right  above  a  spectator's  head;,  the  upper 
pole  of  the  celestial  horizon;  fig.  the  high- 
est point  of  a  person's  fortune;  culminat- 
ing point.— Zenith  distance,  the  arc  inter- 
cepted between  a  heavenly  body  and  the 
zenith.  —Zenithal,  ze'nith-al,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  zenith. 

Zeolite,  ze'O-lit,  n.  [6r.  zeO,  to  boil,  lithos, 
stone:  so  named  from  boiling  and  swelling 
when  heated  by  the  blow-pipe.)  A  generic 
name  of  hydrated  double  silicates  in  which 
the  principal  bases  are  aluminium  and 
calcium. — Zeolitic,  i:e-o-lit'ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  zeolite;  consisting  of  zeolite  or  re- 
sembling it.— Zeolitiform,  ze-O-lit'i-form, 
a.    Having  the  form  of  zeolite. 

Zephyr,  Zephyrus,  zef'6r,  zef'i-rus,  n.  [L. 
zephyrus,  from  Gr.  zephyros,  allied  to  zo- 
p/w8,darkness,  gloom,  the  west.]  The  west 
wind;  and  poetically,  any  soft,  mild,  gen- 
tle breeze. 

Zereba,  ze-r5'ba,  n.  A  temporary  camping- 
place  surrounded  by  a  fence  of  bushes, 
stones,  &c.,  used  in  the  Sudan. 

Zero,  ze'ro,  n.  [Fr.  zdro,  It.  and  Sp.  zero, 
by  contraction  from  Ar.  aifr,  a.  cipher;  the 
same  word  as  cipher,]  No  number  or  quan- 
tity; number  or  quantity  diminished  to 
nothing;  a  cipher;  nothing;  physics,  the 
point  of  a  graduated  instrument  at  which 
its  scale  commences;  the  starting-point 
on  a  graduated  scale,  generally  represen- 
ted by  the  mark  0.  In  thermometers  the 
zero  of  the  Centigrade  and  Ri'aumur 
scales  is  the  freezing-point  of  water;  in 
Fahrenheit's  scale,  32°  below  the  freezing- 
point  of  water,  temperatures  being  coun- 
ted upwards  and  downwards  from  this. 

Zest,  zest,  n.  [Fr.  zeste,  the  peel  of  an  orange 
or  lemon;  from  L.sc/ii8ti<s,Gr.sc/iistos,  split, 
divided,  from  schizo,  to  split  (whence  also 
schism,  schist).]  Originally,  a  piece  of 
orange  or  lemon  peel,  used  to  give  flavour 
to  liquor;  hence,  that  which  serves  to  en- 
hance enjoyment;  a  relish;  keen  enjoy- 
ment; gusto. 

Zetetic,  ze-tet'ik,  a.  [Gr.  zetetikos,  from 
zeteO,  to"  seek.]  Proceeding  by  inquiry; 
seeking.— n.  One  who  seeks  or  investigates. 

Zeuglodon,  zu'glo-don,  n.  [Gr.  zeugle,  the 
loop  of  a  yoke,  and  odoxis,  odontos,  a  tooth, 
lit.  yoke-tooth:  so  called  from  the  peculiar 
form  of  its  molar  teeth.]  An  extinct  genus 
of  marine  mammals,  belonging  to  the 
eocene  and  miocene,and  attaining  a  length 
of  70  feet. 


Zeugma,  zug'ma,  n.  [Gr.  zeugma,  from 
zeugnymi,  to  join,  same  root  as  E.  yoke,] 
A  figure  in  grammar  in  which  two  nouns 
are  joined  to  a  verb  suitable  to  only  one  of 
them,  but  suggesting  another  verb  suit- 
able to  the  other  noun;  or  in  which  au  ad- 
jective is  similarly  used  with  two  nouns. 
— Zeugmatic,  zflg-mat'ik,  a.  Pertaining 
to  zeugma. 

Zeus,  zus,  TO.  The  supreme  divinity  among 
the  Greeks:  generally  treated  as  the  equiv- 
alent of  the  Roman  Jupiter. 

Zibet,  zib'et,  n.  [Civet.]  An  animal  closely 
akin  to  the  civet. 

Zigzag,  zig'zag,  h.  [Fr.  zig-zag,  from  G. 
zick-zack,  reduplicated  from  zacke,  a  tooth 
or  sharp  point.]  Something  that  consists 
of  straight  lines  or  pieces  with  short  sharp 
turns  or  angles;  a  zigzag  moulding;  a 
chevron.  —  a.  Having  sharp  and  quick 
turns  or  QexMrea.—v.i.— zigzagged,  zigzag- 
ging. To  move  or  advance  in  a  zigzag 
fashion;  to  form  zigzags.— Zigzaggy,-  zig*- 
zag-i,  a.  Having  sharp  and  quick  turns; 
zigzag. 

Zimb,  zim,  n.  [Ar.  zimh,  a  fly.]  A  fly  of 
Abyssinia,  resembling  the  tsetse  in  being 
destructive  to  cattle. 

Zinc,  zingk,  n.  [Fr.  zinc,  G.  Sw.  and  Dan. 
zink;  allied  to  G.  zinn,  tin.]  A  metal  fre- 
quently called  spelter,  having  a  strong 
metallic  lustre  and  a  bluish-white  colour, 
brittle  at  low  or  high  degrees  of  heat,  but 
between  250'  and  300°  F.  both  malleable 
and  ductile,  so  that  it  may  be  rolled  or 
hammered,  into  thin  sheets  and  drawn 
into  wire;  also  used  in  brass  and  other 
alloys. — v.t.—zinked,  zinking.  To' coat  or 
cover  with  zinc. — Zinc-blende,  n.  Native 
sulphide  of  zinc,  a  brittle  transparent  or 
translucent  mineral.  —  Zinc-bloom,  n.  A 
mineral  of  the  same  composition  as  cala- 
mine. —  Zinciferous,  Zinckiferous,  zing- 
kif'er-us,a.  [2^tnc,andlj./ero,tobear.]  Pro- 
ducing zinc— Zincky,  zingk'i,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  zinc;  containing  zinc;  having  the 
appearance  of  zinc. — Zincode,  zingk'od,  n. 
[Zinc,  and  Gr.  hodos,  a  way.]  The  positive 
pole  of  a  galvanic  battery.— Zincographer, 
zing-kog'ra-f6r,  n..  One  who  practises  zin- 
cography.—Zlncographic,Zincographical, 
zing-ko-graf'ik,  zing-ko-grafi-kal,  a.  Ke- 
latiug  to  zincography.  —  Zincography, 
zing-kog'ra-fi,  n.  An  art  similar  to  litnog- 
ra])hy,  the  stone  printing  surface  of  the 
latter  being  replaced  by  tlfiat  of  a  plate  of 
polished  zinc— Zincoid,  zingk'oid,  a.  Ke- 
sembling  zinc;  pertaining  to  zinc. — Zinc- 
ous,  zingk'us,  a.  Pertaining  to  zinc,  or  to 
the  positive  pole  of  a  'voltaic  battery. — 
Zinc-white,  ji.  Oxide  of  zinc,  a  pigment 
.  now  largely  substituted  for  white-lead  as 
*  being  more  permanent  and  not  poisonous. 

Zinglberaceons,  Zinziberaceous,  zin'ji-bfer- 
a"shus,  zin'zi-b6r-a"shus,  a.  |L.  zingiber, 
zinziber,  ginger.]  Pertaining  to  ginger,  or 
to  the  order  of  plants  of  which  ginger  is 
the  type. 

Zircon,  zC'r'kon,«.  [Zingalese.]  A  mineral, 
one  of  the  gems,  originally  found  in  Cey- 
lon, and  appearing  in  colourless  or  col- 
oured specimens,  jargon  being  also  a  name 
of  it.-rZirconia,  ztr-ko'ni-a,  n.  Au  oxide 
of  the  metal  zirconium  discovered  in  the 
zircon  of  Ceylon.— Zirconic,  z^r-kon'ik,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  containing  zirconium. — 
Zirconium,  z6r-k0'ni-um,  n.  The  metal 
contained  in  zirconia,  commonly  obtained 
in  the  form  of  a  black  powder,  but  also 
known  in  the  crystalline  state. 

Zither,  Zithem,  tsit'er,  tsit'ern,  n.  [G., 
fromjj.cithara.  Cithara.]  A  flat,  stringed 
musical  instrument  consisting  of  a  sound- 
ing-box. with  thirty-one  strings,  played 
with  the  right  hand,  the  strings  being 
stopped  withthe  left. 

Zoantharia,  zo-an-tha'ri-a,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  zoon, 
an  animal,  and  anthos,  a  flower.]  A  divi- 
sion of  the  actinozoa,  including  sea-ane- 
mones, &c. 

Zodiac,  zo'di-ak,  n.  [Fr.  zodiaque,  L.  zndi- 
acus,  the  zodiac,  from  Gr.  zodiukos  (kyklos, 
circle,  understood),  from  zOdion,  dim.  of 
zOon,  an  animal.]  An  imaginary  belt  or 
zone  in  the  heavens,  extending  about  8° 
on  each  side  of  the  ecliptic,  within  which 
the  motions  of  the  sun,  moon,  and  prin- 
cipal planets  are  confined.  —  Signs  o/  the 


zodiac.  Undef  Sign.- Zodiacal,  zo-di'a-ka  1  ,• 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  zodiac. —  Zodiacal 
light,  a  luminous  tract  lying  nearly  in  the 
ecliptic,  its  base  being  on  the  horizon, 
seen  at  certain  seasons  either  in  the  west 
after  sunset  or  in  the  east  before  sunrise 

Zoetrope,  zo'e-trop,  n.  [Gr.  zOe,  life,  and 
trope,  a  turning.]  An  optical  contriva^nco 
which  has  figures  paintfed  in  its  interior, 
and  these,  from  the  persistence  of  vision, 
produce  the  appearance  of  natural  motion 
when  the  instrument  is  made  to  revolve. 

Zoilism,  zO'il-izm,  n.  [After  Zoilus,  a  gr.i ni- 
marian  who  criticised  Homer,  Plato,  &c.. 
with  exceeding  severity.  J  Illiberal  or 
carping  criticism;  unjust  censui'e. — Zoi- 
lean,  zo-i-le'an,  o.  Bitterly  or  malignantly 
critical. 

Zollverein,  tsol'ver-in,  n.  [G.  zoll,  toll, 
custom,  and  verein,  union.]  The  German 
customs  union,  established  in  order  that 
there  might  be  a  uniform  rate  of  customs 
duties  throughout  the  various  states. 

Zone,  zOn,  n.  |L.  zona,  a  belt  or  girdle,  a 
zone  of  the  earth,  from  Gr.  zone,  a  girdle, 
from  zonnymi,  to  gird.]  A  girdle  or  belt; 
any  well-marked  baud  or  stripe  running 
round  an  object;  geog.  one  of  the  five  great 
divisions  of  the  earth,  bounded  by  circles 
parallel  to  the  equator,  named  according 
to  the  temperature  prevailing  in  each,  the 
torrid  zone,  two  temperate  zones,  and  two 
frigid-zones;  nat.  hist,  any  well-derined  belt 
within  which  certaiii  forms  of  plant  or 
animal  life  are  confined.— Zoned,  zond,  a. 
AVearing  a  zone;  having  zones  or  bands  re- 
sembling zones.  —  Zonular,  zO'nQ-ler,  a. 
Zone-shaped.  —  Zonule,  Zonulet,  zo 'nnl, 
zo'nQ-let,  TO.  A  little  zone,  band,  or  belt. 
—Zonal,  zo'nal,  a.  Having  the  character 
of  a  zone  or  belt.— Zonar,  Zonnar,  zO'nar, 
zon'ar,  to.  [Gr.  zonarion,  dim.  of  zOnc,  a 
girdle.]  A  belt  or  girdle  which  native 
Christians  and  Jewp  in  the  East  were  ob- 
liged to  wear  to  distinguish  them  from 
Mohammedans.— Zonate,  zo'nat,  a.  But. 
marked  with  zones  or  concentric  lianils  of 
colour. 

Zoogony,  Zoogeny,  zo-og'o-ni,  zo-oj'e-ni,  n. 
|Gr.  zOun,  an  animal,  and  Boots  gon-,  gen-. 
to  produce.  I  The  doctrine  of  the  formation 
of  living  beings. 

Zoography,  zO-og'ra-fi,  to.  [Gr.  zOon,  an  ani- 
mal, iind  grapho,  to  describe.]  A  descrip- 
tion of  animals,  their  forms  and  habits. — 
Zoographer,  Zoographist,  zo-og'ra-fer,  zo- 
og'ra-fist,  n.  One  who  describes  animals. 
— Zoographic,  Zoographlcal,  zo-o-graf'ik, 
zo-o-graf'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  zoo- 
grapliy. 

Zooid,  zo-oid,  a.  Kr.  zOon,  an  animal,  and 
eidos,  likeness.  1  Re.sembling  or  pertaining 
toananimal. — to.  Anorg.anicbody,  asaccll 
or  a  spermatozoon,  in  some  respects  resem- 
bling a  distinct  animal;  one  of  the  more 
or  less  completely  independent  org.mivms 
produced  by  gemmation  or  fis-siou,  as  in 
polyzoa,  tapeworms,  &c. 

2foolatry,  zo-ol'a-tri,  n.  [Gr.  zOon,  an  .nni- 
mal,  and  latreia,  worship.]  The  worship 
of  animals. 

Zeolite,  zo'ol-ifc,  n.  [Gr.  zOon,  an  animal, 
and  lithos,  stone.]  An  animal  substam  e 
petrified  or  fossil. 

Zoology,  zo-ol'o-ji,  to.  [Gr.  zooti,  an  anini;il, 
and  logos,  discourse.]  That  science  whicli 
treats  of  the  natural  history  of  animals, 
or  their  structure,  physiology,  classifica- 
tion, habits,  and  distribution.  — Zoologi- 
cal, zo-o-loj'i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  zoology. 
— Zoological  garden,  a  garden  in  which  a 
collection  of  living  animals  is  kept. — 
Zoologically,  zo-o-loj'i-''al-li,  adv.  In  a 
zoological  manner. — Zouioglst,  zo-ol'o-.iist, 
n.  One  who  studies  or  is  well  versed  in 
zoology. 

Zoomorphic,  zo-o-mor'fik,  a.  [Gr.  zoon,  an 
animal,  imrphe,  sh.ape.]  Pertaining  to 
animal  forms;  exhibiting  animal  forms. — 
Zoomorphism,  zo-o-mor'fizm,  n.  The  state 
of  being  zoomorphic. 

Zoon,  zo'on,  TO.  [Gr.,  an  animal.l  An  ani- 
mal having  a  distinct  and  independent 
existence. 

Zoonomy,  zo-on'o-mi,  to.  [Gr.  zOon,  an  ani- 
mal, and  nomos,  law.]  The  laws  of  animal' 
life,  or  the  science  which  treats  of  the 
phenomena  of  animal  life. 


ch,  cAain;     ch,  8c.  loch;     g,  jro;     j./ob;     n,  Fr.  tOTO;     ng,  sin^;     tu,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;     wb,  tv^ig;     zh,  asur-s 


ZOOPHAGOUS 


784 


ZYMUHGY 


Zoophagous,  zo-of'a-gus,  a.  [Gr.  zOon,  an 
animal,  and  phago,  to  eat.]  Feeding  on 
animals;  carnivorous;  takjng  living  prey. 

Zoophile,  Zoophilist,  zo'o-fil,  zo-ofi-list,  n. 
[Gr.  200)1,  an  animal,  philos,  love.]  A  lover 
of  animals.— Zoophily,  zo-ofi-li,  n.  Love 
of  animals. 

Zoophyte,  zo'o-fit,n.  '•[Gr.  zOon,  an  animal, 
phi/ton,  a  plant.]  A  name  loosely  ap- 
plied to  many  plant -like  animals,  as 
sponges,  corals,  sea-anemones,  sea-mats, 
and  the  like.  —  Zoophytic,  zo-o-fit'ik,  a. 
Kelating  to  zoophytes.  —  Zoophytoid,  zo- 
of'i-toid,  a.  Jjike  a  zoophyte.— Zoophyto- 
logical,  zo'o-fit-o-loj"i-kal,  a.  "Pertaining 
to  zoophytology.— Zoophytology,  zD'o-fi- 
tol"o-ji,  tK  The  natural  history  of  zoo- 
phytes. 

Zoosperm,  zo'os-p6rm,  n.  [Gr.  zOon,  an 
animal,  and  sperma,  seed.']  One  of  the 
spermatozoa  of  animals. 

Zoospore,  zo'os-por,  n.  [Gr.  zOon,  an  ani- 
mal, spora,  a  sowing;  seed.]  A  spore  of 
algas,  fungi,  &c.,  which  can  move  ppon- 
taneously  to  some  extent  by  its  cilia  or 
long  filiform  processes.- Zoosporic,  zo-os- 
ixii-'ik,  a.    Pertaining  to  zoospores. 

Zootheca,  zo-o-tho'ka,  n.  [Gr.  soon,  an  ani- 
mal, theke,  a  case.]  Bot.  a  cell  contsiin- 
ing  a  spermatozooid. 

Zootomy,  zo-ot'.o-ini,n.  [Gr.  s5on,  an  animal, 
and  tojTig,  a  cutting,  from  temnO,  to  cut.] 
The  anatomy  of  the  lower  animals ;  that 
branch  of  anatomical  science  which  re- 


lates to  the  structure  of  the  lower  ani- 
mals.— Zootomlcal,  zo-o-tom'i-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  zootomy. — Zootomist,  zo-ot'o- 
mist,  n.    One  who  dissects  animals. 

Zoroastrian,  zor-o-as'tri-an,  a.  Pertaining 
to  Zoroaster,  whose  system  of  religion  was 
the  national  faith  of  ancient  Persia,  and 
is  embodied  in  the  Zend-Avesta.— re.  A 
believer  in  this  religion. — Zoroastrianism, 
zor-o-as'tri-an-izm,  n.  The  religion  foun- 
ded by  Zoroaster,  one  feature  of  which 
was  a  belief  in  a  good  and  au  evil  power 
or  deity  perpetually  striving  against  each 
other. 

Zouave,  zwav,  n.  [Fr.,  from  the  name  of  a 
tribe  inhabiting  Algeria.]  A  soldier  be- 
longing to  certain  light-infantry  corps  in 
the  French  army,  originally  organized  in 
Algeria,  and  having  a  dress  of  a  somewhat 
Turkish  fashion. 

Zounds,  zoundz.  An  exclamation  con- 
tracted frora'Crod'stt'OUJKis.'formerly  used. 

Zulu,  zo'lo  or  zu-lb',  n.  A  member  of  a  war- 
like branch  of  the  Kafir  race  dwelling 
north  of  Natal. 

Zumboomk,  zum-bO'ruk,  n.  In  the  East 
a  small  cannon  fired  from  a  camel's  back. 

Zygapophysis,  zig-a-pof 'i-sis,'n.  [Gr.  zygon, 
a  yoke,  and  apophysis.]  Anut.  one  of  the 
processes  by  which  the  vertebrae  articulate 
with  each  other. 

Zygodacty^c,  Zygodactylous,  a'go-dak- 
til'ik,  zi-go-dak'til-us, o.  [Gr. zygon,  what 
joins,  ana  daktylos,  a  finger  or  toe.]  Bar- 


ing the  toes  disposed  in  pairs,  as  the  par- 
Tots;  scansorial. 

Zygoma,  zi-gO'ma,  w.  [Gr.  zygoma,  from 
zygon,  a  yoke.]  Anat.  the  prominence  of 
the  cheek-bone,  or  the  part  that  joins  it 
with  the  cranium — Zygomatic,  zi-gy-mat'- 
ik,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  cheek-bone. 
Zymic,  zim'ik,  a.  [Gr.  zj/me,  leaven.]  Per- 
taining to  a  ferment  or  to  fermentation; 
causing  fermentation. — Zymologlc,  Zymo- 
logical,  zi-mo-loj'ik,zi-mO-loj'i-kal,  a.  Per- 
taining to  zymology.—Zymologist.zi-mcl'- 
o-jist,  n.  One  skilled  in  zymology. — Zy- 
mology,  zi-mol'o-ji,  n.  The  doctrine  of 
ferments  and'fermentation.— Zymometer, 
zi-mom'e-ter,  n.  An  instrument  for  ;'!•- 
certaining  the  degree  of  fermentation  of  a 
'fermenting  Liquor.— Zymosis,  zi-mG'tis,  n. 
[Gr.,  fermentation.]  Fermentation;  a  zy- 
motic disease;  the  origin  or  production  of 
such  diseases. — Zymotic, zi-niot'ik, a.  [Gr. 
zymotikos,  from  zymoo,  to  ferment,  from 
zymC,  ferment.]  Pertaining  to  or  pro- 
duced by  f  ermentation.- Zi/7?ioiic  diseases, 
epidemic,  endemic,  contagious,  or  spo- 
radic diseases,  supposed  to  be  produced  oy 
some  morbific  principle  acting  ou  the  sys- 
tem like  a  ferment.  Gekm-theory.— Zy- 
moticsklly,  zi-mot'i-kal-li,  adv.  In  a  zy- 
motic manner.  —  Zymnrgy,  zi'mer-ji,  n. 
[Gr.  zyme,  and  ergon,  work.]  That  part  of 
chemistry  which  treats  of  the  principles 
of  wine-making,  brewing,  distilling,  and 
the  preparation  of  yeast  and  vinegar. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


Abalone,  ab-a-lo'n6,  n.  [Spanish,. of  un- 
known origin.  ]  A  name  in  California  for 
a  marine  mollusc,  a  species  of  ear-shell 
which  furnishes  mother-of-pearl. 

Acanthocephalons,  a- kan- tbo-sef  a-lus,  a. 
[Gr.  akantha,  thorn,  keph&U,  head.]  Zool. 
having  spines  or  hooks  on  the  head,  as 
certain  intestinal  worms  (the  Acantho- 
cephala),  which  are  thus  attached  within 
the  bodies  of  animals. 

Acaroid  Gum  or  Resin,  ak'a-roid.  A  resin 
that  exudes  from  the  gra-ss-trees  of  Aus- 
tralia, and  is  used  in  varnishes,  &c. 

Acarus,  ak'a-rus,  n.  [See  AcARiDAinE-ict.] 
The  genus  to  which  the  true  mites  belong ; 
a  mite  or  tick  generally. 

Acetylene,  a-set'i-len,  re.  [From  acetic,  and 
Gr.  hyU;  matter.]  A  hydrocarbon,  a  colour- 
less gas  which  forms  explosive  compounds 
with  certainnietals. 

Acholia,  a-ko'li-a,  re.  [Gr.  o,  not,  choU, 
liilc.J    J/erf.  absence  of  bile. 

Acidic,  a-sid'ik,  a.  Ghein.  pertaining  to 
acid ;  containing  a  large  amount  of  an 
ucid  constituent. 

Aclerage,  a'se-er-aj,?!.  [Fr.acter,  steel,  from 
1j.  acies,  sharp  edge;  saine  root  as  in  acid. 
Acid.]  A  process  by  which  an  engraved 
copper-plate,  or  an  electrotype  from  an 
engraved  plate,  has  a  film  of  iron  deposited 
over  its  surface  by  electricity,  in  order  to 
protect  the  engraving  from  wear  in  print- 
ing. 

Acreophagy.    See  Akreophagy. 

Adenitis,  ad-e-nl'tis,  n.  [Gr.  ad6n,  a  gland, 
:aid  -itis,  <lenoting  inflammation.]  Med. 
iiirtammatiou  of  one  or  more  of  the  lym- 
phatic glands.— Adenoma,  ad-c-no'ma,  n. 
.V  tumour  originating  in  a  gland. 

.Sgophony,  e-gof 'o-ni,  re.  [Gr.  aix,  aigos,  a 
goat,  p/tojK?,  voice.]  Pathol,  a  sound  heard 
in  certain  chest  diseases  when  ausculta- 
tion is  employed. 

Aerophor,  a'er-o-for,  n.  [Gr.  aSr,  air,  and 
pherO,  to  bring.]  An  apparatus  for  distri- 
buting moisture  through  the  air  in  spin- 
ning factories,  to  counteract  the  influence 
of  the  frictional  electricity  generated  by 
the  machinery. 

After-image,  re.  An  image  of  a  bright  ob- 
ject btill  remaining  after  the  eye  is  re- 
moved from  the  object. 

Agnns-castus,  ag-nns-kas'tus,  n.  [Gr.  ag- 
uoi,  the  name  of  the  shrub,  and  L.  castas. 


chaste;  it  was  supposed  to  be  preservative 
of  chastity.]  A  shrub  of  the  verbena  fam- 
ily, a  native  of  the  Mediterranean  coun- 
tries, with  white  flowers  and  acrid  aroma- 
tic fruits. 

Agoata,  a-gO'ta,  re.  [W.  Indian  name.]  An 
insectivorous  animal  peculiar  to  Hayti,  of 
the  tanrec  family,  ana  rather  larger  than 
a  rat. 

Akreophagy,  ak-re-of'a-ji,  re.  [Gr.  a,  not, 
and  fcrea«, flesh.]  The  practice  of  abstain- 
ing from  eating  flesh. — Akreophagist,  ak- 
re-of'a-jist,  n.  One  who  abstains  from 
flesh. 

Alactaga,  a-lak'ta-ga,  re.  A  rodent  allied 
to  the  jerboa,  inhabiting  southern  Russia 
and  Asia. 

Alalia,  a-lali-a,  n.    [Gr.  alalos,  not  speak- 
ing—a, not,  lalo,  t-o  talk.]   Med.  loss  of  ^ 
the  power  of  speaking  from  paralysis  of 
the  muscles  concerned. 

Albugo,  al-ba'go,  re.  [L.,from  aZbws, 'white, 
whence  album,  &c.]  An  affection  of  the 
eye,  consisting  in  a  whits  oiiacity  of  the 
cornea;  also  called  leucoma. 

Albumin,  al-bu'min,  n.  Same  as  A  Ibumen, 
but  used  more  strictly  as  a  chemical  term. 

Albnminaria,  al-bri'mi-na"ri-a,  n.  [From 
albumen,  and  Gr.  ouron,  urine.]  Pathol. 
a  condition  in  which  the  urine  contains 
albumen,  evidencing  a  diseased  state  of 
the  kidneys. 

Alewife,  al'wif, «.  A  fish  of  the  shad  genus 
caught  in  the  Severn;  also  a  similar  N. 
American  fish  much  used  as  food. 

Alfalfa,  alf-al'fa,  re.  [Sp.]  A  common  name 
in  the  U.  States  for  the  fodder  plant 
lucerne. 

Alfenld,  al'fe-nid,  re.  [Origin  doubtful.] 
An  alloy  of  nickel  plated  with  silver  used 
for  spoons,  forks,  candlesticks,  tea-ser- 
vices, &c. 

Algine,  al'jin,  n.  [From  L.  alga,  sea-weed.] 
A  substance  obtained  from  sea-weeds  and 
used  for  such  purposes  as  horn  is  used  for. 
— Algist,  al'jist,  re.  One  who  scientifically 
studies  algae. 

Alienism,  al'yen-izm,  re.  The  scientific 
study  and  treatment  of  mental  alienation 
or  insanity.'— Alienist,  al'yen-ist,  n.  One 
who  studies  or  practises  alienism. 

Allotment,—^  llotment  syntem,  the  system 
of  allotting  small  portions  of  land,  say  an 
acre  or  less,  to  farm  labourers  or  other 


■workers,  to  be  cultivated  after  their  regu- 
lar work  by  themselves  and  their  f  amil  ies. 

Altazimuth,  alt-az'i-muth,  re.  [From  alti- 
tude and  azimuth.]  An  astroncmical  in- 
strument for  determining  the  altitude 
and  azimuth  of  heavenly  bodies,  consist- 
ing of  a  vertical  circle  and  attached  tele- 
scope, the  two  having  both  a  vertical  and 
a  horizontal  motion. 

Aluminium. — Aluminium  bronze,  an  alloy 
of  aluminium  and  copper,  possessed  of 
great  tenacity,  and  used  for  various  in- 
dustrial purposes. 

Amadavat,  am-a-da-vat',  re.  [An  East  In- 
dian name.]  A  small  granivorous  bird  of 
India,  having  a  red  conical  beak  and  red 
and  black  plumage,  often  brought  to 
Europe  as  a  cage-bird. 

Amaryllis,  am-a-ril'lis,  re.  [Greek,  female 
name.]  A  genus  of  bulbous-rooted  plunts 
with  fine  flowers,  some  of  them  called 
lilies,  forming  the  type  of  a  natural  order 
of  plants,  the  AmaryllidacesG. 

Ambatch,  am'bach,  n.  [African  name.]  A 
thorny  leguminous  shrub  with  yellow 
flowers,  growing  in  tropical  African  rivers, 
with  light  spongy  wood,  often  made  into 
rafts. 

Amblyopia,  Amblyopy,  am-bli-o'pi-a,  am'- 
bU-o-pi,  re.  [Frcm  Gr.  amblys,  dull,  and 
Ops,  6pos,  the  eye.]  Dulness  or  dimness  of 
eyesight  without  any  apparent  defect  in 
the  organs— the  first  stage  in  amaurosis. 

Amelanchier,  a-me-lan'shi-er,  re.  [Fr.]  A 
genus  of  small  trees  allied  to  the  medlar, 
natives  of  Europe  and  N.  America,  culti- 
vated both  for  flowers  and  fruit. 

Amenorrhoea,  a-men-o-re'a,  Ji.  [Gr.  a,  priv., 
men,  menos,  month,  rheo,  to  flow.]  Med. 
a  morbid  or  unnatural  suppression  of 
menstruation. 

Ammoniacum,  Ammoniac,  am-mo-ni'a- 
kum,  am-mo'ni-ak,  re.  Au  exudation  of 
an  umbelliferous  plant  with  afetid  smell, 
used  as  an  antispasmodic  and  expectorant 
and  in  plasters. 

Ammoniaphono,  am-mO'ni-a-fon,  n.  [From 
ammonia,  and  Gr.  phone,  voice.]  A  con- 
trivance by  means  of  which  ammonia  is 
inhaled,  in  order  to  strengthen  the  voice 
and  make  it  fuller,  richer,  and  clearer. 

Amorce,  a-mors',  re.  [Fr.  amo7-ce,  from  L. 
ad,  to,  Tnordere,  morsus,  to  bite.]  A  sort 
of  percussion  cap;  a  toy  detonator  con- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall ;     me,  met,  h6r ;     pine,  pin ;     note,  not,  meve ;     tube,  tub,  bv.U;     oil,  pound ;     U,  Sc.  abwae— Ibo  I'r.  u. 


\J.BRAi 


BRONTOSAURUS 


sisting  of  a  small  quantity  of  exp; 

matter  between  two  bits  of  paper  gummed 

toyother. 
Amoretto,  arn-o-ret'to  (pi.  Amoretti);  Am- 

orino,  am-o-re'no  (pi.  Amorini),  n.     Lit., 

from  L.  amor,  love.  Amorous.]    Terms  in 

art  for  loves  or  cupids. 
Ampere,  am-par',  7t.    [From  Amp&re,  the 

name  of  a  French  electrician.]    Elect,  the 

unit  employed  in  measuring  the  strength 

of  an  electric  current. 
Amphirhlne,  am'fi-rin,  a.     [Gr.  prefix 

uinphi,  and  rhis,  rhinos,  nose.]    Zool.  hav- 
ing the  nostrils  double.  .• 
Amphistomous,  am-ti?'to-mus,  a.    [Gr.  am- 

phi,  on  both  sides,  stoma,  mouth.]    Zool. 

liaving  a  mouth  or  equivalent  orifice  at 

either  end  of  the  body,  said  of  certain 

parasitic  worms. 
Analgesia,  an-al-jo'zi-a,  n.    [Gr.  analgesia — 

an,  priv.,  and  aZ^os,  pain.]    Pathol,  inca- 

Eacity  for  feeling  pain  in  some  part  of  the 
ody;— Analgetic,  an-al-jet'ik,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  analgesia ;  insensible  to  pain. 

Anallantoic,  an'al-lan-to"ik,  a.  [Prefix  an, 
not,  and  allantois.]  Not  possessing  an  al- 
lantois. 

Anatomism,  an-at'o-mizm,  n.  Anatomical 
structure  or  analysis;  exhibition  of  ana- 
tomical details ;  explanation  of  vital  phe- 
nomena by  anatomical  structure. 

Anergy,  an'fir-ji,  n.  [Gr.  prbfix  an,  not, 
ergon,  work.]  Pathol,  a  morbid  want  or 
loss  of  energy  mote  or  leas  permanent. — 
Anergic,  an'6r-jik,  a.  Pertaining  to  en- 
ergy. 

Angioma,  an-ji-o'ma,  n.  [Gr.  angeion,  a 
vessel]  Med.  a  tumour  produced  by  the 
enlargement  of  a  blood-vessel. 

Ankyloblepharon,  an'ki-lo-blef"a-ron,  n. 
[Gr.  ankylosis,  and  blepharon,  eyelid.]  Ad- 
hesion of  the  eyelids  to  one  another.  Also 
written  Anchylohlephuron. 

Anoplathogralphic,  an-op'is-tho-graf'ik,  o. 
[Gr.  an,  priv.,  opisthen,  behind,  grapho, 
to  write.]  Not  having  writing  on  the  re- 
verse side. 

Antepast,  an't3-past,  n.  [L.  ante,  before, 
pastus,  food.    Pastor.]    A  foretaste. 

Anthracene,  an'thra-sen,  n.  [Anthracite.] 
A  hydrocarbon  obtained  from  coal-tar  and 
furnishing  alizarine. ' 

Anthropoglot,  an-thro'po-glot,  w.  [Gr.  an- 
thropoa,  man,  glotta,  tongue.]  An  animal 
with  a  tongue  like'  that  of  man,  as  the 
parrot. 

Antlgufpgler,  an-ti-gug'l6r,  n.  A  small  tube 
admitting  air  into  a  vessel  from  which 
liquid  is  poured,  to  prevent  a  guggling 
sound. 

Antimere,  an'ti-m6r,  n.  [Gr.  anii,  opposite, 
meros,  part.]  Biol. , one  of  two  or  more 
corresponding  parts  on  opposite  sides  of 
animals. 

Antipyrin,  an-ti-pi'rin,  n.  [From  Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  pyr,  fire,  referring  to  the 
heat  in  fevers.  Paretic]  A  drug  obtained 
from  coal-tar  products,  valuable  in  redu- 
cing feyer  and  in  relieving  pain,  being 
much  used  in  nervous  headachy  and  neur- 
algia. 

Antonym,  an'to-nim,  n.  [Gr.  anti,  against, 
opposite,  onoma,  name.]  A  word  of  direct- 
ly contrary  signification  to  another ;  the 
opposite  of  a  synonym. 

Apartment  -  lionse,  n.  A  house  built  to 
accommodate  a  number  of  families,  each 
with  its  own  set  of  rooms  and  separate 
entrance,  but  not  usually  with  separate 
cooking  facilities. 

Aphasia,  a-fa'zi-a,  n.  [Gr.,  from  a,  not, 
phanai,  to  speak.]  Loss  of  the  faculty  of 
speech,  or  of  connecting  words  and  ideas, 
owing  to  morbid  conditions  6f  the  brain, 
while  the  speech-organs  and  general  in- 
telligence remain  unaffected. 

Aphesis,  af 'e-sis,  n.  [Gr.  aphesis.a.  letting 
go;  apo,  from,  feiemi,  to  send.]  Philol.  loss 
of  a  short  unaccented  syllable  at  the  be- 
ginning of  a  word;  as  in  squire  for  esquire. 
— Aphetic,  a-fet'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to.— 
Aphetize,  af'e-tiZr  v.t.  To  shorten  by 
aphesis. 

Aquarelle,  ak-wa-rel',  n.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
agua,  water.]  Water-colour  painting  or  a 
painting  in  watt  r- .'  a  lo  ur. 

Ai-bitragfl,  Sli-'bi-'Tiv.h  or  iirTDi-iraj,  m.  The 
calculation  of  the  best  mode  in  any  par- 


'""^  jdasaiiS^Base  by  which  advantage  may  be 
taken  of  differences  in  the  value  of  money, 
stocks,  &c.,  at  different  places  at  the  same 
time;  also  the  dealing  in  bills  of  exchange, 
stocks,  &c.,  for  the  purpose  of  making 
profit  by  such  calculations. — Arbitrageur, 

.  ar'bi-tra-zhfir,  n.  One  whose  business  is 
to  make  such  calculations. 

ArchEean,  ar-ko'an,  a.  [Gr.  archaios,  an- 
cient.] Geol.  applied  to  the  oldest  rocks 
of  the  earth's  crust,  crystalline  in  char- 
acter, and  embracing  granite,  syenite, 
gneiss,  &c.— Archseolithic,  ar-ke'o-lith"ik, 
a.  [Gr.  archaios,  ancient,  lithos,  stone.] 
Pertaining  to  the  early  stone  period  of 
prehistoric  times;  paleolithic. 

Archebiosis,  ar'ke-bi-o"sis,  n..  [Gr.  arche, 
beginning,  hios,  life.]  The  origin  of  life; 
the  origin  of  living  from  non-living 
matter. 

Argyria,  Argyrism,  ar-jir'i-a,  ar'jir-izm,  n. 
[Gr.  argyros,  silver.]  Discoloration  of  the 
■skin  from  the  use  of  preparations  of  silver 
as  medicine. 

Army-wrorm,  n.  The  larva  of  a  moth,  so 
called  from  its  habit  of  marching  in  corn- 
pact  bodies  of  enormous  numbers,  devour- 
ing almost  every  green  thing;  particularly 
destructive  in  N.  America. 

Aurigation,t  R-ri-gu'shon,  n.  [L.  avrigatio. 
from  auriga,  a  chari(steer.]  The  art  oi 
driving  vehicles.    [De  Quincey.] 

Azedarach,  a-zed'a-rak,  n.  [Fr.  az4darac, 
from  Pers.  Azdd,  noble,  dirakht,  tree.] 
An  Asiatic  tree  and  a  drug  obtained  from 
it,  used  as  a  vermifuge  emetic  and  purga- 
tive. 


Bacteriology,  bak-te'ri-ol"o-ji,  n.  The  doc- 
trine or  study  of  bacteria.— Bacterlologic, 
Bacteriological,  bak-t6'ri-o-loj"ik,  bak-te'- 
ri-o-loj"i-kal,  a.  Pertaining  to  bacteriol- 
ogy.—Bacteriologist,  bak-t5'ri-ol"o-jist,  n. 
One  who  investigates  the  phenomena  of 
bacteria,  especially  in  relation  to  disease. 

Badger-dog.    Dachshund. 

Balata,  ba-la'ta,  n.  A  gum  obtained  from 
a  S.  American  tree,  used  for  similar  pur- 
poses to  india-rubber,  and  in  the  U.  States 
as  a  chewing  gum.    Bullet-tree. 

Ballade,  ba-liid',  n.  [Fr.  Ballad.]  A  poem 
consisting  in  its  normal  form  of  three 
stanzas  of  eight  lines  each,  with  a  closing 
stanza  or  envoy  of  four  lines,  the  rhymes 
throughout  being  not^more  tnan  three. 

Baroscope,  bar'o-skop,  n.  [Gr.  baros, 
weight,  skopeO,  to  see.]  An  instrument 
for  exhibiting  changes  of  atmospheric 
pressure;  a  kind  of  weather-glass. 

Basic- Basic  slag,  the  slag  or  refuse  mat- 
ter got  in  making  basic  steel,  a  valuable 
fertilizer  from  the  phosphate  of  lime,  it 
contains. —£«^:c  steel,  steel  made  in  a 
Bessemer  converter,  which  is  lined  with 
lime  or  other  similar  substance  to  absorb 
impurities  in  the  iron. 

Bay-mm,  n.  A  spirituous  liquor  contain- 
ing the  oil  of  the  bayberry  of  Jamaica,  a 
species  of  pimento,  and  used  for  the  hair. 

Beam-tree,  n.  [Beam  is  short  for  white- 
beam,  the  full  name,  that  is  white-tree,- 
f  rom  the  white  under  surface  of  the  leaves. 
Bexm.]  a  British  tree  of  the  same  genus 
as  the  mountain -ash  and  apple,  having 
edible  berries  of  a  scarlet  colour. 

Btfar-berry,  n.  An  evergreen  shrub  of  the- 
heath  family  growing  on  barren  moors  in 
the  colder  parts  of  the  northern  "hemi- 
sphere, the  leaves  being  used  as  an  astrin- 
gent and  tonic  under  the  name  uva-U7-si. 

Belleter,]  bel'e-ter,  n.    A  bell-founder. 

Bellite,  bel'it,  n.  [From  the  name  BeU.l 
An  explosive  substance  recently  intro- 
duced and  fired  by  means  of  a  detonator, 
its  chief  ingredient  being  ammonium 
nitrate. 

'Beltei.—Belted'vr^isers,  a  class  of  British 
ships  of  war  protected  ■  by  a  belt  of  ar- 
mour at  the  water-line  and  with  an 
armoured  deck. 

Benedictine,  ben-e-dik'tin,  ti.  A  liqueur 
made  by  Benedictine  monks  at  Fecamp 
in  Normandy,  consisting  of  spirits  con- 
taining juices  of  certain  plants. 

Berlben,  ber-i-ber'i,  n.  [Singhalese  heri, 
v^eakness.]  A  dangerous  disease^endemic 
in  parts  of  India,  Ceylon,  &c.,  charac- 


terized by  paralysis,  numbness,  difiicult 
breathing,  and  often  other  symptoms. 

Bilophodont,  bi-lof'o-dont,  a.  [Prefix  M, 
double,  Gr.  lophos,  crest,  odous,  odontos, 
a  tooth.]    Double-crested,  said  of  teeth. 

Biventral,  bi-ven'tral,  a.  [Prefix  bi,  and 
L.  venter,  belly.]  Having  two  bellies:  a 
term  applied  to  a  muscle  at  the  back  of 
the  neck  in  man  and  certain  other  ani- 
mals. 

Black-fish,  n.  A  name  applied  to  fishes  of 
various  species ;  also  to  the  salmon  after 
spawning  (hence  the  terms  black-flsher, 
black-fishing),  and  to  a  small  species  of 
whale. 

Blastula,  blas'ta-la,  n.  [Prom  Gr.  blastos, 
agerni.]  An  embryo  so  far  developed  from 
a  germ  or  ovum  as  to  consist  of  a  sack 
formed  of  a  single  layer  of  cells.— Blastu- 
latlon,  blas-tQ-la'shoa,  n.  The  process 
by  which  a  germ  becomes  a  blastula. 

Blepharitis,  blef-a-ri'tis,  n.  [Gt.  blepharon, 
eyelid,  and  term,  -itis.]  Inflammation  of 
the  eyelids. 

Blizzard,  bliz'6rd,  n.  [Akin  to  blaze,  blast. 
Originally  provincial  English,  but  used 
first  in  literature  in  America.]  A  wintry 
storm,  with  high  wind,  intense  cold,  and 
fine  drifting  snow. 

Blue-coat,  n.  A  person  wearing  a  blue  coat 
as  a  special  diese.— Blue-coat  boy,  a  boy- 
attending  one  of  certain  charity  schools 
in  England,  especially  Christ's  Hospital, 
London,  where  the  boys  are  dressed  in  a 
long  blue  coat  with  yellow  stockings.  So 
blue-coat  schools,  blue-coat  hospitals  are 
spoken  of.— Blue-flsh.  A  name  of  certain 
American  fishes,  one  of  them  a  food  fish 
allied  to  the  mackerel,  common  on  the 
Atlantic  coast  of  N.  America.— Blue-grass, 
n.  A  name  of  several  grasses,  more  espe- 
cially a  grass  of  Kentucky  highly  valued 
for  pasturage  and  hay.  — Blue-gum.  A 
species  of  eucalyptus  or  gum-tree  with 
valuable  medicinal  properties,  and  now 
planted  in  malarious  localities  in  various 
countries  with  beneficial  results.  It  yields 
the  drug  eucalyptol. 

Bonassus,  b5-nas'us,  n.  [L.  hondsus,  Gr. 
bonasos,  bonassos,  a  wild  ox.]  The  aurochs 
or  wild  bison  of  Europe. 

Bonder,  bon'd6r,  n.  [From  Dan;  bonde,  pi. 
bonder,  a  yeoman,  a  peasant,  same  as 
A.-Sax.  bonda,  a  householder,  the  -bandot 
husband.]  In  Scandinavia,  a  yeoman;  a 
small  landholder. 

Bond-holder,  n.  A  person  who  holds  a 
bond  for  money  lent. 

Boodle,  bo'dl,  n.  [D.  ftoetfeJ,  goods,  lumber.] 
Goods  fraudulently  obtained;  gain  made 
by  cheating  in  public  office;  lot,  crowd,  or 
pack.    [American.] 

Boom,  bOm,  n.  •  [Same  as  6oorn,  noise.]  A 
sudden  briskness  or  rise  of  prices  in  some 
branch  of  trade  or  commerce. 

Boroglyceride,  bS-ro-glis'6r-id,  n.  [From 
boron  and  glyceritie.]  A  substance  com- 
posed of  boric  acid  and  glycerine,  now 
used  as  an  antiseptic. 

Bottle-tree,  n.  An  Australian  tree  allied  to 
the  baobab,  with  a  stem  which  bulges  out 
enormously  in  the  middle,  and  contains 
much  nutritive  sap. 

Boza,  bo'za,  n.  [Of  oriental  origin.]  An 
intoxicating  fermented  drink  made  in 
Egypt  or  elsewhere  from  millet-seed ;  an 
intoxicating  drink  made  from  darnel  and 
hemp  seed. 

Brachistochrone,  bra-kis'to-kron,  n.    [Gr. 

'bi-ctchistos,  shortest,  and  chronos,  time.] 
Math,  the  curve  of  shortest  descent,  or 

that  along  which  a  body  will  move  in  the 

least  possible  time  from  one  point  to  an- 
other.   Also  incorrectly  spelled  Brachys- 

tochrone. 

Briquette,  bri-ket',  n.   [Dim.  of  Fr.  briqw, 

a  brick.J    A  lump  of  fuel,  in  the  form  of 

a  brick,  made  from  coal-dust,  with  some 

binding  material  such  as  coal-tar. 

Brittle,  brit'l,  v.t^brittled,  brittling.  [Same 

origin  as  adj.  brittle.'i    To  cut  up  a  deer: 

an  old  hunting  term. 
Brome  (brom),  Brome-gnis8,n.  [Gr.  brom/)8, 

oats.]    A  name  of  several  oat-like  species 

of  grass. 
Brontosaurus,  bron-to-sa'rus,  n.  [Gr.  bronlS, 

thunder,  «a«ros,  lizard.]    A  fossil  reptile 

of  huge  siie  with  a  remarkably  small  skuU. 


9b,6ftaini    c^acloc/*;    g,  go;    j.jiobj    u,  Vx.  Wa;    aff,aini/-    "•'  ihwa;    rHx^Mm    ▼.  «'i«; 


wh,  lohis ; 
5fi 


zh,  asure, 


BROOICLIME 


786 


COUVADE 


Brooklime,  bruk'lim,  n.  [Brook,  stream, 
and  A.  Sax.  hleomoc,  ferooklime.]  A  water- 
loviug  species  of  speedwell  with  small  blue 
flowers. 

Brucine,  bro'sin,  n.  [From  the  name 
Jiruce.]  A  vegetable  alkaloid  akin  to 
strychnine,  bitter  and  acrid,  but  less 
powerful  in  its  action. 

Bttcku,  buk'u,  n.  (S.  African.]  Medicinal 
plants  of  Cape  Colony  used  in  disorders  of 
the  urino-genital  organs. 

Bullet-tree,  bul'et.  Bully-tree,  bul'i,  n. 
[Corruption  of  some  native  name.]  The 
name  of  several  tropical  American  trees, 
one  of  which  yields  balata  gum. 

Burette,  bu-ret',  n.  [Fr.,  from  O  Fr.  buire, 
a  flagon,  from  L.  bibere,  to  dnnk.]  A 
tube  used  in  chemistry  for  accurately 
measuring  out  quantities  of  fluids. 


Cable,  ka.'hl,  v.t— cabled,  caMing.  To  send 
(a  message*  by  electric  cable. 

Cabrit,  kab'rit,  n.  A  name  of  the  prong- 
buck  of  North  America. 

Cachucha,  ka-cho'cha,  ji.  [Sp.]  A  Spanish 
•  lance  similar  to  the  bolero;  a  piece  of 
music  for  it. 

Cacodyle,  kak'o-dil,  n.    Kakodyle. 

Cacoon,  ka-kon',  n.  [African.]  The  large 
seeds  of  a  climbing  tropical  leguminous 
plant,  often  made  into  ecent-boxes,  &c. 

Cadge,  kaj,  v.t.  and  i.  [Perhaps  from  the 
noun  cadger.]  To  carry  about  for  sale;  to 
hawk ;  to  go  about  begging. 

Cadre,  ka'dir.  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  quadrum,  a 
square.]  The  permanent  skeleton  or 
framework  of,  a  regiment,  which  may  be 
filled  up  as  need  requires. 

Calamint,  kal'a-mint,  w.  [Gr.  kdlaminfM, 
kalaminthos.]  A  name  for  labiate  plants' 
allied  to  mint. 

Camelry,  kam'el-ri,  n.  Troops  mounted  on 
camels ;  a  camel  corps. 

Camel's-thom,  n.  A  spiny  leguminous 
shrub  on  which  camels  browse,  and  which 
yields  a  kind  of  manna. 

CampylospermoTiB,  kam'pi-l5-sp6r"mus,  a. 
[6r.  kampylos,  curved,  sperma,  seed.] 
Bot,  having  the  albumen  curved  so  as  to 
present  a  longitudinal  furrow:  said  of 
seeds. — Campylotropal,kam-pi-lot'ro-pal, 

.  a.  Bot.  curved  so  that  the  ends  of  an  ovule 
or  seed  are  brought  close  together. 

Canalize.  Also,  to  make  like  a  canal  (to 
canalize  a  river). 

CannulSir,  kan'u-16r,  a.  Having  the  form 
of  a  cannula  or  small  tube. 

Cantaloupe,  Canteloupe,  kan'ta-lop,  kan'- 
te-lop,  n.  [From  Cantalupo  in  Italy.]  A 
variety  of  the  musk-melon. 

Canthns,  kan'thus ;  pi.  Canthi,  kan'thi,  n. 
[Gr.  kanthoa.]  The  angle  formed  by  the 
meeting  of  the  upper  and  under  eyelid. 

Cantor,  kiin'tor,  n.  [L.,  a  singer.  Chant.]  A 
leader  of  the  singing  in  a  cathedral  or 
other  church. 

Canzone,  kan-zo'na,  n.  [It.,  from  L.  cantio, 
caniionis,  from  cano,  to  sing.  Chant.]  -A 
certain  form  of  song  or  air  of  Provencal 
origin. 

Capeline,  Capelline,  kap'e-lin,  n.  [Fr.  eap- 
eline,  a  dim.  from  L.L.  capa,  cappa,  a  cap 
or  hood.  Cap,  Chapel.]  A  kind  of  hood 
worn  by  ladies  when  going  to  evening  en- 
tertainments; Si  surgical  bandage  for  the 
head. 

Carambole,  ka'ram-bol,  n.  [Fr.,  origin 
unknown.]  In  billiards,  the  stroke  other- 
w'ise  called  a  cannon.    Also  used  as  a  v.i. 

Cardigan,  kar'di-gan,  n.  [After  a  recent 
Earl  of  Cardigan.]  A  kind"  of  knitted 
■waistcoat  or  garment  to  be  worn  over  or 
instead  of  the  waistcoat.' 

Cardiograph,  kiir'di-o-graf,  n.  [Gr.  kardia, 
the  heart,  graplvO,  to  write.]  An  instru- 
ment by  which  the  movements  of  the 
heart  are  traced  and  recorded. 

Cardioid,  kar'di-oid,  n.  A  curve  of  a  heart 
shape. 

Carpet-bagger,  n.  A  new-comer  to  a  place, 
having  all  his  property  in  a  carpet-bag ; 
a  new-comer  who  takes  part  in  public, 
especially  political  affairs,  without  having 
property  in  a  community. 

Cascara,  kas-kii'ra,  n.  A  mild  {>urgative 
medicine  obtained  from  the  bark  of  an 
Air?ricr.r.  trc;0. 


Casserole,  kas'e-rSl,  n.  [Fr.,  ultimately  of 
same  origin  as  E.  kettle.]  A  kind  of  stew- 
pan  or  saucepan;  a  kind  of  stew;  rice, 
potatoes,  &c.,  formed  into  a  cup  to  hold 
some  other  sort  of  food ;  a  small  dish  with 
a  handle  used  in  chemical  operations. 

Cassolette,  kas-o-let',  n.  [Fr.,  akin  to  cas- 
serole.] A  small  box  for  holding  perfumes, 
with  a  perforated  lid  to  allow  thfem  to 
exhale. 

Cassonade,  kas-on-ad',  n.  [Fr.,  from  O.  Fr. 
casson,  a  large  chest,  being  imported  in 
large  chests.  Caisson.]  Kaw  or  unrefined 
sugar. 

Cat-bird,  n.  A  N.  American  singing-bird, 
a  species  of  thrush,  which  utters  a  cry  of 
alarm  like  the  mew  of  a  cat. 

Cat-tail,  Cats-tail.    Same  as  Reed-mace. 

Cavezon,  kav'e-zon,  n.  [Fr.  cave<;on,  from 
It.  eavezzone,  from  cavezza,  a  halter,  from 
L.  caput,  the  head.  Capital.]  A  kind  of 
nose-band  used  in  breaking  horses. 

Cayuse,  ka-yUs',  n.  [Amer.  Indian.]  A 
pon  v.especially  an  American  Indian  pony. 
[U.  States.] 

Centesimal,  sen-tes'i-mal,  a.  [h.  centesimus, 
hundredth,  from  ceniwm,  hundred.]  Hun- 
dredth; pertaining  to  division  into  a  hun- 
dred parts.— Centesimally,  sen-tes'i-mal-i, 
adv.  By  division  into  hundredths. — Cen- 
tesimate,  sen-tes^i-mat,  v.t.  To  punish 
every  hundredth  man  of .— Centesimation, 
8en-tes'i-ma"shun,  n. 

Centre-board,  n.  A  sort  of  movable  keel 
used  especially  in  American  yachts,  and 
capable  of  being  raised  and  lowered  in  a 
well  extending  longitudinally  amidships. 

Cephalic— CepAaKc  index,  a  number  de- 
noting the  ratio  of  the  transverse  to  the 
loRgitudinal  (front  to  back)  diameter  of 
the  skull,  and  according  to  which  skulls 
and  races  of  people  are  called  brachy- 
cephalic  or  dolichocephalic. 

Ceratitis,  ser-a-ti'tis.     Keratitis. 

Ceratodus,  se-rat'o-dus,  n.  [Gr.  keras,  kera- 
tos,  bom,  and  odous,  tooth.]  A  fish  of  Aus- 
tralia, one  of  the  few  that  have  lung;s,  said 
to  be  able  to  leave  the  water  for  a  time. 

Cerebritis,  s6r-6-bri'tis,  ».  [L.  cerebrum, 
brain.]    Inflammation  of  the  brain. 

Ceroplasty,  se'ro-plas-ti,n.  [Gr.  ifceros,  wax, 
plasso,  to  mould.  Plastic]  The  art  of 
modelling  in  wax. 

Chaetopod,  keto-pod, n.  [Gr.  chaite,  mane, 
pons,  podos,  foot.]  The  name  for  a  great 
many  annelids, -a  kind  of  marine  worms 
having  feet  provided  with  bristles. 

Chenomorph,  ke'no-morf,  n.  [Gr.  cJiSn, 
goose,  morphe,  form.]  Omith.  any  bird 
of  the  duck  tribe. 

Cherimoyer,  cher'i-moi-6r,  n.    [From  Per- 

"uvian  name.]  A  fruit  of  S.  America  allied 
to  the  custard-apple. 

Child-crowing,  n.  A  nervous  disease  of  chil- 
dren, consisting  in  a  spasm  of  the  larynx, 
causing  a  peculiar  crowing  sound. 

Chinkapin,  chinglta-pin,  n.  [Of  American 
Indian  origin.]  The  dwarf  chestnut  of  the 
TJ.  States,  yielding  edible  nuts;  also  an 
American  tree  allied  to  the  oak. 

Chloasma,  klo'az-ma,  n.  [Gr.  chloi,  yellow- 
ish-green verdure.]  lAn  affection  of  the 
skin  in  which  it  shows  yellowish  or  brown- 
ish spots. 

Cholsemia,  ko-l6'mi-a,  n.  [Gr.  eJtoie,  bile, 
haima,  blood.]  A  morbid  accumulation 
of  bile  in  the  blood.  .    - 

Chrysochlore,  kris'o-klor,  n.     [Gr.  chrysos, 

gold,  chloros,  greenish-yellow.]  A  mole- 
ke  animal  of  S.  Africa,  having  fur  with 
a  gold  and  green  lustre ;  the  golden  mole. 

Ghrysophanlc  Acid.,  kris-o-fan'ik.  [Gr. 
chrysos,  gold,  phainQ,  to  shine.]  A  yellow 
substance  of  vegetable  origin  used  as  an 
ointment  in  skin  diseases. 

Chthonian,  Chthonic,  ktho'ni-an,  kthon'ik, 
o.  [Gr.  chthonios,  from  chthon,  chthonos, 
the  earth.]  Pertaining  to  the  earth;  be- 
longing to.  the  under  world  or  subterra- 
nean regions  (chthonic  divinities). 

Chylnria,  -ki-lQ'ri-a,  n.  [Prom  chyle,  and 
Gr.  ouron,  urine.]  The  presence  of  chyle 
in  the  urine. 

Cicely,  sis'e-li,  n.  [L.  seseli,  from  Gr.  seseli.'l 
A  popular  name  applied  to  several  um- 
belliferous plants,  sweet  cicely,  or  sweet 
chervil,  being  an  aromatic  plant  with  fine 
fern-like  foliage. 


Cinch,  sinch,  n.  [Sp.  cincha,  dncho;  same 
origin  as  cincture.]  A  saddle-girth.  [U. 
States.] 

Clamp,  klamp,  w.  [A  form  of  clump.1  A 
heap  of  turnips,  potatoes,  &c.,  covered 
over  with  str^w  and  earth  for  winter  keep- 
ing; a  pile  of  bricks  for  burning. 

Clearing-nut,  n.  A  tree  of  the  nux  vomica 
genus,  the  seeds  of  which  are  said  to  clear 
turbid  water. 

Cloud-burst,  n.  A  tremendous  downpour 
of  rain  over  a  limited  area. 

Clutch,  kluch,  n.  (A  form  of  cluck,  the 
cry  of  a  brooding  hen.]  The  eggs  laid 
and  hatched  by  a  bird  at  one  time. 

Cnida,  ni'da ;  pi.  Cnida,  ni'de.  [Gr.  knide, 
a  nettle.]  One  of  the  cells  by  which  the 
jelly-fishes  cause  a  stinging  sensation. 

Cocaine,  ko'ka-in,  n.  The  active  principle 
of  coca,  which  has  invigorating  properties, 
and  is  also  used  as  a  local  anaesthetic  in 
minor  surgical  operations.        ' 

Coccosteus,  kok-os'te-us,  w.  [Qr.kokkos, 
berry,  osteon,  bone.]  A  fossil  fish  with 
berry-like  tubercles  on  the  bony  plates 
covering  its  body. 

Cockle,  kok'l,  v.t.  and  i. — cockled,  cockling. 
[Perhaps  from  cockle,  the  shell,  which  is 
marked  with  wrinkles.]  To  wrinkle  or 
ridge;  to  give  or  assume  a  wrinkled  or 
ridged  surface  (as  a  piece  of  paper).— n.  [Fr. 
coquille,  a  shell,  a  stove.]  A  kind  of  stove; 
a  stove  in  which  the  fuel-chamber  is  sur- 
rounded by  an  air-space. 

Cognovit,  kog-no'vit,  n.  [Ii. ,  he  as  acknow- 
ledged.] Lawr  a  written  acknowledg- 
ment by  a  defendant  that  the  action  of 
the  plaintiff  is  just,  thus  allowing  judg- 
ment to  be  given  against  him. 

Cohobate,  ko'ho-bat,  v.t. — cohobated,'  eo- 
hobating.  [Fr.  cohober,  perhapsof  Arabic 
origin.]  To  redistil  or  subject  to  several 
distillations.— Cohobation,ko-ho-ba'shun, 
n.    The  act  of  cohobating.. 

Colonial,  n.  A  person  belonging  to  a  colony. 
— Colonialize,  ko-lo'ni-al-iz,  v.t.  To  invest 
■with  a  colonial  character  or  attributes. 

Columbarium,  kol-um-ba'ri-um,  n.  [L.,  a 
pigeon-house,fromcoi!um6a,  a  pigeon.]  An 
ancient  sepulchre,  with  recesses  for  urns 
containing  the  ashes  of  the  dead. 

Columella,  koI-Q-mel'a,  n.  [L.,  dim.  of 
columna,  a  column.]  A  name  for  various 
parts  in  plants  and  animals  having  some- 
what the  appearance  of  a  small  column. 

Condensed  Mille.  Milk  preserved  by  eva- 
porating part  of  its  moisture,  and  packing 
in  air-tight  cans. 

Conscience.  —  Conscience  Clause.  In  an 
enactment  a  clause  by  which  a  person  is 
relieved  from  doing  something  that  his 
conscience  would  not  permit  him  to  do, 
and  which  otherwise  the  enactment  en- 
joins. 

Coprologv,  kop^rol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  kopros, 
dung,  logos,  discourse.]  Literaiy  treat- 
ment of  base  or  dunghill  topics. — Coprolo- 
gist,  kop-rol'o-jist,  n.  One  who  writes 
on  nasty  topics. 

Cordite,  kor'dit,  n.  [From  being  made  in 
cord-like  forms.]  A  new  smokeless  gun- 
powder for  use  in  ordnance. 

Corinthian,  n.  Also  a  gentleman  who  does 
the  work  in  sailing  his  own  or  a  friend's 
yacht,  as  opposed  to  a  paid  hand;  a  gen- 
tleman who  rides  his  own  horse  in  a  race. 

Cormogen,  kor(mo-jen,  n.  Cormophyte, 
kor'mo-fit,  n.  [Gr.  kormos,  stem,  root, 
gen,  to  produce,  phyton,  plant.]  Bot.  a 
name  for  plants  with  regular  stem  and 
root,  as  opposed  to  thallogens. 

Corody,  kor'o-di,  m.  [Origin  obscure.]  For- 
merly a  right  which  a  layman  might  have 
to  maintenance  from  the  funds  of  a  relir 
gious  house. 

Corpus,  kor'pns ;  pi.  CoiTaora,  kof'po-ra,  n. 
[L.]  A  body;  a  collected  whole ;  a  material 
substance ;  anat.  a  name  for  certain  small 
bodies  of  various  kinds. 

Coulomb,  kS-lomb',  n.  [Froin  Coiilomb,  a 
French  physicist.]  The  unit  of  quantity 
in  measurements  of  current  electricity.   . 

Couyade,  ko-\ad','n.  [Fr.,  from  couver,  to 
brood,  to  hatch,,  from  L.  cubar^,  to  lie. 
Covey.]  Awidely-prevalentcustom  am^'Ug 
primitive  races  of-  men,  by  which  at  the 
birth  of  a  child  the  father  takes  t.i  bed 
•and  is  attended  as  If  he  were  the  mother. 


Fate,  fiir,  fat,  fall ;     me,  met,h«r;     piue,  pin;     A9te,  not,  mOve ;     tQbe,  tab,b^;     oil,  poond;     U,  Sc.  ab«ne— tbe  FTtib 


caw-Bor 


787 


EPKNTASTY 


Cow-boy,  n.  A  boy  who  takes  charge  of 
cows :  a  man  who  has  to  look  after  cattle 
on  a  large  stock  farm  and  does  this  work 
on  horseback. 

Crocidollte,  kro-sid'o-lit,  n.  [Qr.  krokia, 
krokidos,  nap"  of  cloth,  lithos,  stone.J  A 
sort  of  fibrous  quartz  brought  from  the 
Cape  Colony,  and  made  into  trinkets,  &c. 
Cromorna,  kro-mor'na,  n.  [Prom  G. 
krummhorn,  lit.  crooked  horn.]  A  stop  or 
set  of  pipes  in  ari  organ  with  a  tone  like 
that  of  a  clarioneft 

Crop,  n.  A  kind  of  riding-whip  which  has 
a  loop  At  the  end  but  no  lash,  also  called  a 
hunting-crop. 

Cubicle,  ka'bi-kl,  n.  [L.  cubiculum,  a  "bed- 
chamber, from  cvbare,  to  lie.  Incubate.] 
,  A  sleeping-place;  a  compartment  in  a  dor- 
mitory for  one  bed. 

Cuscus,  kusTcus,  n.  fNative  name.]  A 
,  name  of  several  marsupial  anima.ls,  about 
I  the  size  of  a  cat,  resembling  opossums, 
!  having  prehensile  tails,  living  in  trees  and 
eating  leaves,  natives  of  the.  smaller  Aus- 
tralasian islands. 

Cuspidor,  kus'pi-dor,  n.  [Pg.,  from  empir, 
to  spit.]  A  spittoon.  [U.  States.] 
Cycle,  n.  Now  means  also  a  bicycle,  tri- 
j  cycle,  or  similar  conveyance.— y.i. — cycled, 
\  cycling.  To  use  a  cycle.— Cyclist,  siklist.ti. 
,  Onawho  us«s  a  cycle. 

Dachshund,  daks'h\mt,  «.  [Ger.  'badgerr 
dog  '—dachs,  badger,  hund,dog=E.  hound.) 
The  badger-dog,  a  long -bodied,  short- 
legged  dog,  with  pendulous  ears,  and  short 
hair,  black  with  yellow  extremities. 

Dacryoma,  dak-ri-o'ma,  n.  [Gr.  dakry,  a 
tear.]  Med.,  the  stoppage  of  one  or  both 
of  the  tear-passages  to  the  nose,  thus  caus- 
ing the  team  to  overflow  on  the  cheek. 

Dartre,  dar'tr,  n.  [Fr.]  A  name  for  herpes 
or  other  skin  diseases. — Dartrous,  dar'- 

■<  trus,  a.    Pertaining  to  dartre. 

Dash-pot,  a.  A  cylinder  partly  filled  with 
water  or  other  fluid,  and  having  a  loosely 
fitted  piston  working  in  it,  and  thus  serv- 
ing to  prevent  shock  to  some  piece  of 
mechamsm. 

Date-plum,  n.  The  name  of  several  trees  of 
the  ebony  family  with  more  or  less  edible 
fruits.  lit*"^' 

Daturine,   dat'a-rin,  w.  <^[From    Datura 

\Stramoniumj  the  botanic  name  of  the 

[plant.]  A  poisonous  alkaloid  found  in  the 
thorn-apple.  .  v . 

Deadhead,  ded'hed,  n.  '  A  person  who  is 

;  allowed  to  travel  by  a  public  conveyance,, 
or  to  attend  a  theatre  or  other  entertain- 
ment without  paying.    [American.] 

Deal-fish.  [Prom  deal,  in  sense  of  board.] 
A  name  for  a  fish  of  the  northern  seas 
with  a.n  extremely  compressed  body.  . 

Deaspirate,  de-as'pi-rat,  v.t. — deaspirated, 
deaspirating.  To  deprive  of  the  aspirate, 
to  pronounce  without  an  aspirate. 

Del  credere,  del  kred'e-re,n.  [It.]  A  guar- 
antee which  an  agent  or  factor  gives  his 

'  principal  that  the  persons  to  whom  he  sells 

'  goods  or  transfers  property  are  solvent. 

Deliriant,  de-lir'i-ant,  a.  Causing  or  tend- 
ing to  cause  delirium.— Delirifacient,  de- 
lir'i-fa"shi-ent,  a.     [L.  faciens,  facientis, 

Sres.  part,  of  facere,  to  make.]  Causing 
elirium.. 

Demography,  de-mog'ra-fi,  n.  [Gr.  demos, 
people,  and  grapho,  to  write.]  The  de- 
scription of  peoples  or  communities  in 
regard  to  their  social  relations  and  insti- 
tutions, especially  as  compared  with  other 
communities.— Demographic,de-mo-graf'- 
ik,  a.    Pertaining  to  demography. 

Dene-hole,  den'hol,  n.  A  name  of  certain 
ancient  artificial  pits  dug  in  the  chalk  for-  • 
mation  in  England,  perhaps  for  storage 
purposes  or  to  obtain  flints. 

DepulluIation,t  de-pul'a-la"8hon,  n.  [L. 
de,  intens.,  and  pullulare,  to  sprout,  piillu- 
lus,  pullus,  a  young  animal,  a,  sprout.]  A 
sproHting  with  vigour  or  abundance  of 
growth.    [De  Quiwiev.] 

Deuteroscopy,tda-ter-os'ko-pi,  ».  [Gr." 
deuteros,  second,  akopeo,  to  see.]  Second- 
sight,  j-  .».  » 

Diapedesls,  di'a-p5-de"8is,  n.  [Gi:.  diamg- 
desis—dia,  through,  pedao,  to  leap.]  The 
passing  of  blood  corpuscles  through  the 


•  walls  of  the  vessels  without  rupture  of 
tissue.  flt 

Diathetic,  di-a-thet'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
diathesis;  constitutional. 
Diatomaceous,  di'a-to-ma"shus,  -a.  Per- 
taining to  diatoms;  containing  or  made 
up  of  the  siliceous  parts  of  diatoms. 
Diatomite,  di-at'o-mit,  n.  A  name  for 
certain  earthy  deposits,  consisting  of  the 
minute  siliceous  parts  of  diatoms,  form- 
ing when  dry  a  fine  powder,  and  used  in 
making  dynamite,  glaze  for  pottery,  pol- 
ishing, &c. 

Dicondylian,  di-kon-dil'i-an,  a.  [Prefix  di, 
double,  and  condyle.]  Zool.  haying  two 
condyles  at  the  base  of  the  skull. 
Didunculns,  di-dung'ku-lus,  n.  [Dim.  from 
didus,  the  generic  name  of  the  dodo.]  The 
nearest  living' ally  of  the  dodo,  the  tooth- 
billed  pigeon  of  Samoa. 
Dinoceras,  di-nos'e-ras,  n.  [Gr.  deino», 
terrible,  keras,  horn.]  A  fossil  animal  as 
large  as  an  elephant  and  with  three  pairs 
of  horns. 

Dlphrelatlc,tdif-r5-lat'ik,a.[Gr.dip/ir^ta<g8, 
a  charioteer.]  Pertaining  to  the  driving 
of  vehicles.    [De  Quincey.\ 

Dipolar,  di-po'l6r,  a.  [Prefix  dU,  double, 
and  polar. \  Having  two  poles;  doubly 
polar,  as  certain  crystals. 

Diss,  Dis,  dis,  n.  A  grassgrowing  wild  in 
Algeria,  and  now  beginning  to  be  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  paper. 

Ditokoug,  di'to-kus,  a.  [Gr.  diioios— prefix 
di,  and  tikto,  to  bring  forth.]  Zool.  pro- 
ducing two  young ;  laying  two  eggs. 

Dog-bane,  n.  A  N.  American  plant  with 
an  intensely  bitter  root  used  instead  of 
ipecacuanha. 

Doob,  dob,  n.  [Hindustani.]  A  kind  .of 
fodder  grass  of  India  now  acclimatized  in 
the  U.  States. 

Dooly,  Doolie,  dO'li,  n.  [Hindustani.]  A 
kind  of  light  litter  used  in  India. 

Dorse,  dors,  re.  [L.  G.  and  G.  dorsch,  the 
dorse;  a  form  equivalent  to  the  Scandina- 
vian torak.]  A  smaU  variety. of  the  cod- 
fish. 

Dosagd,  do'sSj,  n.  Med.  the  act  of  dosing ; 
administering  of  medicine  by  doses. 

Dowsing-rod,  dou'zing-rod,  n.  A  name  for 
the  divining-rod. 

Dromond,  drom'ond,  ».  [Gr.  dromOn,  from 
dramein,  to  run.]  A  kind  of  fast-sailing 
ship  of  war  formerly  in  use. 

Dropwort,  drop'wfert,'  n.  A  species  of 
Spiraea  or  meadow-sweet  with  finely-cut 
leaves. 

Dualin,  da'a-lin,  n.  [Probably  from  the 
duality  of  its  chief  in^edients.]  An  ex- 
plosive compound  of  nitro-glycerine,  salt- 
petre, and  sawdust. 

Dude,  dtid,  n.  [A  colloq.  term  of  recent 
introduction  and  unknown  derivation; 
whether  a  product  of  England  or  America 
is  uncertain.]  A  dandy  of  the  first  water; 
a  brainless  exquisite. 

Dukhn,  ducftn,  ».  A  kind  of  millet  culti- 
vated in  Egypt,  Spain,  and  elsewhere. 

Dunder,  dun'der,  n.  [West  Indian.]  The 
lees  or  dregs  of  the  juice  of  the  sugar- 
cane used  for  distilling  rum. 

Dyarchy.  di'iir-ki,  n,  [Gr.  dyo,  two,  archS, 
rule.]  The  rule  or  government  of  two 
acting  together;  double  rule. 

Dynamo,  di'na-mo.  Dynamo-machine,  n.  A 
dynamo-electric  machine;  a  machine  for 
producing  an  electric  current  by  means  of 
mechanical  power,  that  is  for  converting 
energy  from  a  mechanical  into  an  electri- 
cal form,  by  the  use  of  electro-magnets. 

Dysmenorrhoea,  dis'men-o-re'a,  n.  [Gr. 
dya,  difiicult,  men,  month,  rhed,  to  flow.] 
Pathol,  difficult  or  painful  menstruation. 

Dysteleology,  dis'tel-e-ol"o-ji,.  n.  [Prefix 
dys,  and  teleology.]  The  doctrine  of  the 
absence  of  purpose  or  intention  in  the 
structure  of  animals,  as  seen  in  the  exis- 
tence of  rudimentary  organs'  that  can  be 
of  no  use  in  the  animal  economy. 


Earth-tremor,  n.   A  slight  shaking-of  part 

of  the  earth's  surface  that  may  be  noted 
by  special  instruments;  cause  unknown. 
Ecaudate,  e-ka'dat,  a.   [L.  e,  privative,  and 
caiida,  tail.]    Not  having  a  tail;  tailless: 
UEsd  in  descriptions  in  natural  history. 


Ecbatic,  ek-bat'ik,  a.  [Gr,  eWa«i«,  event— 
ek,  out,  hainO,  to  go.]  Gram,  pertaining 
to  an  event  that  has  happened;  denoting 
a  mere  consequence  or  result,  as  opposed 
to  telle. 

Ecbollc,  ek-bol'ik,  a.  and  n.  [Gr.  ekboie, 
a  throwing  oxxt—ek,  out,  ballo,  to  cast.] 
Promoting  parturition;  a  drug  that  aids 
child-birth. 

EchinococcTiB,  e-ki'no-kok-ns,  n.  [Or. 
ecAino«,urchin,  kokkos,  berry.]  The  hydatid 
of  a  certain  tapeworm  occurring  in  man 
and  other  animals. 

Echlnoid,  s-ki'noid,  a.  Besembling  an 
echinus  or  sea-urchin. 

Ectopia,  ek-to'pi-a,  n.  [Gr.  eJfc,  out,  topoe, 
place.]  Pathol,  a  displacement  of  internal 
parts  of  the  body. . 

Ectoplasm,  ek'to-plazm,  n,  [Gr.  ektaa, 
without,  and  plasma.  Plasma.]  Biol. 
the  exterior  portion  of  a  cell;  matter 
forming  a  cell-wall. 

Ectrotlc,  ek-trot'ik,  a.  [Gr.  ektrOiiJcos, 
causing  abortion  — efc,  out,  and  root  of 

■  titrOsko,  to  wound.]  Med.  preventing  de- 
velopment, especially  preventing  a  disease 
from  developing. 

Edelweiss,  a'dl-vis,  n.  [G.  edel,  noble,  wets«, 
white.]  A  composite  plant  inhabiting  the 
Alps,  and  having  a  specially  woolly  foliage 
and  involucre;  now  cultivated  in  Britain 
and  elsewhere,  but  apt  to  lose  its  peculiar 
appearance. 

Egophony.    See  .^oophont  in  Supp. 

Eldoloclast,  i-do'lo-klast,  n.    Idoloclast. 

Elevator.  Also  a  series  of  travelling  buck- 
ets or  boxes  attached  to  a  belt  and  used 
for  falsing  grain  into  a  store,  or  for  raising 
any  kind  of  material  in  the  same  way; 
large  grain  stores  furnished  with  such 
contrivances  being  themselves  called  ele- 
vators. , ,      '      ,^ 

Emmen8ite,em'inenz-it,n.  [Prom  .BmmeMS, 

■■  the  inventor.]  A'  powerful  explosive 
recently  introduced  for  use  in  torpe- 
does, &C.  -»  ,r»  .-  7* 

Emmetropia,  em  -  me  -  tro'pi  -  a,  n.  [From 
Gr.  en,  in,  matron,  measure,  afid  6ps,  the 
eye.]  The  state  of  the  eye  being  normal 
as  regards  the  focal  length;  as  opposed,] 
for  instance,  to  hypermetropia. 

Emulsify,  e-mul'si-fi,  v.t.  —  emulaified\ 
em,ulsifying.  To  make  or  form  into  an 
emulsion.— Also  Emulsionise,  e-mul'shon-/ 
iz,  in  same  sense. 

Encenla,  en-s6'ni-a,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  en,  ln,l 
kainos,  new.]  A  feast  commemorative  of 
a  foundation  or  consecration ;  a  commemo-' 
rative  ceremonial. 

Endoplasm,  en'do-plazm,  re.  [Gr.  endon, 
within,  and  plasma.  Plasma.]  Biol,  in- 
ternal matter  of  a  cell;  internal  proto-l 
plasm.— Endoplast,  en'do-plast,  re.  The 
nucleus  of  a  cell. 

Endosteum,  en-dos'te-um,  n.    [Gr.  ejidon, 

I  within,  ostedn,  bone.]    Anat.  the  lining 

I  membrane  of  the  marrow  cavity  of  a  bone. 

.  — Endostitis,  en-dos-ti'tis,  re.  Med.  inflam- 

■  mation  of  the  endosteum. 

Eateralgy,  Enteralgia,  en't6r-al-gi,  en-t6r- 
al'ji-su  re.  •  [Gr.  enteron,  intestine,  algos, 
pain.T  Intestinal  neuralgia. 

£iitoplasm,  en'tO-^lazm,  re.  Same  as  .^ndo- 
plasm. 

fntropinm,  en-tro'pi-um,  n.  [Gr.  entropia— 
en,  in,  trepO,  to  turn.]  Med.  an  ailment 
consisting  in  the  turning  in  of  the  edge  of 
the  eyelid,  bringing  the  eyelashes  against 
the  eyeball. 

Eohippus,  e'o-hip-us,  re.  [Gr.  eos,  dawn,  and 
hippos,  horse.]  Geol.  a  fossil  horse  of  the 
Eocene  period  about  the  size  of  a  fox,with 
four  toes  in  the  fore  feet  and  three  in  the 
hind. 

Eosln,  e'o-sin,  re.  [Gr.  eos,  dawn.]  A  dye 
obtained  from  coal-tar  products,  giving  a 
rose-red  colour. 

Epacrls,  ep'a-kris,  re.  [Gr.  epi,  on,  akron, 
top  —  alluding  to  the  flowers.]  A  genus 
of  shrubby  flowering  plants,  type  of  a 
natural  order,  allied  to  the  heaths  and 
mostly  Australian.  , 

Epicranium;  ep-i-kra'ni-um,  n.  [Prefix  epi, 
upon,  and  cranium.']  What  is  upon  the 
cranium;  the  scalp  in  man;  /the  upper 
surface  of  an  insect's  head.     ,, 

Epinasty,  ep'i-nas-ti,  re.  [Gr.  epi,  upon, 
nasfos,  pressed.]    Bot.  a  bending  dowii- 


?h,  cAain;    c/t,  Sc.  locAj    Siffo;    ^i^'ob;    n,  Fr.  tore;    np;,Bing;    fH,  (ften;    th,  tftin;    w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  asure, 


EPIPHSAGM 


788 


gruyeej: 


wards  of  anor^n  owing  to  the  more 
rapid  growth  of  its  upper  than  its  under 
surface.    So  Epinastic,  Epinastically. 

Epipiiragm,  ep'i-fram,.n.  [Gr.epiphragma, 
a  Ud — epi,  on,  pnrasaein,  to  fence  in.]  A 
lid-like  organ  in  animals  or  plants;  the 
disc  or  plate  with  which  certain  snails 
close  the  aperture  of  their  shell. 

Epithelioma,  ep'i-the-li-o"ma,  n.  [Epithk- 
LiDM.J    Cancer  of  the  skin. 

Eqnanimously,  ek-wan'i-mus-li,  adv.  With 
equanimity.    [Thack.] 

Erythrite,  e-rith'rit,  n-  [6r.  erythros,  red.] 
A  mineral,  a  hydrous  arseniate  of. cobalt; 
also  a  rose-red  felspar.  < 

Etag^re,  a-ta-zhar,  n.  [Ft.,  from  itage, 
stage.]  A  piece  of  cabinet  furniture  with 
shelves  tor  holding  ornamental  articles. 

Etyplcal,  Etypic,  5-tip'i-kal,  5-tip'ik,  a.- 
Diverging  from,  or  not  conforming  to,  a 
type. 

Encalyptol,  a'ka-Iip-tol,  n.  rFrom  eucalyp- 
tus, and  ti.  oleum,  .oil.]  The  oil  of  the 
blue-gum  tree  {Eucalyptus  globulus),  used 
as  a  remedy  for  asthma  and  other  ail- 
ments. 

Euchology,  a-kol'o-ji,  n.  [6r.  efuchS,  prayer, 
legO,'to  say.]  A  hook  of  prayers ;  a  liturgy. 

Eugenic,  a-jen'ik,  a.  [Gr.  eu,  well,  root 
gen,  to  produce.]  Pertaining  to  the  pro- 
duction of  fine  offspring.— Eugenics,  s-jen'- 
iks,  n.  The  science  or  department  dealing 
with  this  subject. 

Eupncea,  fip-ne'a,  «.  [Gr.  evprwia  —  eu, 
weU,  pneO,  to  breathe.]  Easy  and  natural 
breathing. 

Eurhythmy,  tl-rith'mi,  n.  '[Gr.  eu,  well, 
rhythmos,  rhythm.]  Artistic  harmony; 
a  proportion  in  anything;  harmonious 
movement ;  med.  tegularity  of  the  pulse. 

Eventration,  e-ven-tra'shon,  n.  [L.  e,  out, 
venter,  the  belly.]  The  act  of  opening  the 
bellv;  protrusion  of  an  organ  from  the 
abdomen. 

Exocarp,  ek'so-karp,  n.  [Gr.  exo,  outside, 
karpos,  fruit.]  £ot.  the  outer  layer  of  a. 
pericarp. 

Exoculate,t  eks-ok'a-lat,  y.<.  To  put  out 
the  eyes  of.— Esoculation,  n. 

Ezophthalmia,  eks-of-thal'mi-a,  n.  [Gr.  ex, 
out,  ophthalmos,  eye.]  Med.  a  protrusion 
of  the  eyeball  from  disease. 

Exscind,  ek-sind',  w.t.  [L.  exscindo—ex,  out, 
scindo,  to  cut.]    To  cut  out  or  off. 

Exsect,  ek-sekt',  v.t.  [L.  exseco,  exseciujn — 
ex,  out,  aeco,  to  cut.]  To  cut  out  or 
away. 

Faddist,  fad'ist,  n.  One  who  deals  in  fads. 
Also  Fad-monger.  —  Faddish,  fad'ish,  a. 
Pertaining  or  given  to  fads;  faddy.— fad- 
dishness,  n. 

Fag-master,  n.  At  certain  public  sohoola, 
one  who  has  a  fag  or  fags  under  him. 

Fan-palm,  n.  A  name  for  the  taliput  and 
one  or  two  other  palms. 

Felicific,  fe-li-sif'ik,  a.  [L.  felix,  felicis, 
happy,  facio,  to  make.]  Alaking  to  be 
happy;  causing  happiness. 

Felsite,  f  el'sit,  n.  (From  the  fels-  of  felspar, 
felstone.']  An  eruptive  rock,  made  up  of 
quartz  and  other  close  felspar  and  very 
hard.— Felsitlc,  fel-sit'ik,  o.  Pertaining 
to  or  containing  felsite. 

Ferula,  fer'a-la,  n.  [L.]  A  ferule;  a  genus 
of  plants,  members  of  which  yield  asafe- 
ticla,  galbanum,  &c. 

Fetulaceous,  f er-a-la'shus,  a.  [L.  ferula,  a 
reed.^  Pertaining  to  reeds  or  canes,  grow- 
ing similar  to  a  reefi. 

Fibroid,  fi'broid,  a.  [From  L.  fibrcf,  fibre.] 
Of  a  fibrous  character.— i'^iferoid  phthisis, 
a  form  of  consumption  characterized  by 
the  jjrowth  of  fibrous  matter  in  the  lungs. 
—Fibrosis,  fi-bro'sis,  n.  Pathol,  a  morbid 
growth  or  development  of  fibrous  matter. 
—Fibroma,  fi-bro'ma,  n.  Pathol,  a  tumour 
or  growth  consisting  largely  of  fibrous 
matter. 

Fibrovascular,  fi-bro-vasTJu-Wr,  a.  Bot. 
consisting  of  woody  fibres  and  vessels. 

Fico,  f5'k0,,n.  [It.,  from  L.  ficus,  a  fig.]  A 
fig,  as  used  in  expressions  of  scorn  or  con- 
tempt.   [iSftafc.] 

Fid,  fid,  n.  [Origin  and  connections  ob- 
scure] A  bar  or  short  piece  of  Vi  tiod  or 
metal;  a  square  bar  helpin;;  to  support  a 


topmast;  a  wooden  pin  for  various  pur- 
poses on  board  ship. 

Figurine,  flg-u-ren',  n.  [rr.,dim.  oi  figure.'] 
A  small  ornamental  figure  or  piece  of 
statuary;  a  statuette. 

Filoplume,  fi'lo-plom,  n.  [L.  fUum,  hair, 
pluma,  feather.]  Omii}ix>l.  one  of  the 
thread-like  or  hair-like  feathers  of  a  bird- 

Florin,  fi'o-rin,  n.  [Comp.  Ir.  Jiothran,  a 
kind  of  grass,  Ir.  and  Gael,  feur,  grass.] 
A  common  British  grass  not  of  mnch  agri-. 
cultural  value. 

Fire-crest,  n.  A  small  British  bird  very 
similar  to  the  gold -crest,  and  so  named 
from  the  polour  of  the  feathers  on  the  top 
of  the  bead:  also  called  Fire -crested 
Wren. 

Fissilingual,  fis-i-ling'gwal,  a.  [L.  fisstis, 
cleft,  lingua,  tongue.]  Having  the  tongue 
cleft  or  forked,  aa^certain  lizards.    ' 

Flabbergast,  flab'6r-gast,  v.t.  .[Of  doubtful 
origin;  out  flabby,  and  aghast,  may  have 
had  some  influence  in  its  formation.}  To 
strike  with  astonishment,  consternation, 
and  dismay.    [CoUoq.] 

Flefche,  flash,  n.  [Fr.].  Ji'ort.  a  simple  field- 
work  with  two  faces  forming  an  angle 
pointing  forward ;  arch,  .a  slender  spire 
such  as  may  be  often  seen  at  the  intersec- 
tion of  the  nave  and  transepts  of  a  church. 

Fluorite,  flii'or-it,  ii.  A  name  equivalent  to. 
fluor-spar. 

Fonrchetfte,fSr-shet',n.  [Fr.  dim.  oifourche, 
a  fork.  Fork.]  A  small  fork-shaped  piece 
or  implement;  the  furcula  or  merry- 
thought of  a  bird. 

Fractlonai.- ii'raciionaZ  distXClation,  the  dis- 
tillation of  a-mixture  of  liquids  that  have 
different  boiling-points,  so  that  the  most 
volatile  comes  over  first,  the  other  or 
others  as  more  heat  *s  applied;  as  in  re- 
fining shale-oil  or  petroleum.— Fraction- 
ize.  Fractionate,  frak'shon-iz,  frak'shon- 
at,  v.t.    To  subject  to  this  process. 

Frangulin,  frang'gu-lin,n.  A  yellow  colour- 
ing matter  used  in  dyeing,  and  obtained 
from  the  bark  of  the  alder-biickthom 
(Rhamnus  frangula). 

French  Berries.  Yellow  berries  (which  -see). 

.  —French  Honeysuckle.a  leguminous  plant 
grown  in  gardens  for  its  scarlet  flowers, 
and  in  S.  Europe  as  a  fodder  plant. 

Fricative,  frik'a-tiv,  n.  [From  L.  frico,  to 
rub.  Frictios.]  A  sound,  or  letter  repre- 
senting it,  characterized  by  a  rubbing  or 
rustling  of  the  breath  as  it  passes  through 
a  narrow  opening  made  by  the  ■  vocal 
organs;  as  /,  8,  or  th. 

Frigatoon,  frig-a-ton',  n.  [Feigatb.]  A 
ship-rigged  sloop-of-war. 

Fu^role,  f  u'sa-rol,  n.  [Fr.  fusarolle,  i?lti- 
matelv  from  li.fusus,  a  spindle.]  Arch. 
a  kind  of  moulding  used  in  the  capitals  of 
pillars;  an  astragal. 

Gadolinite,  gad'o-Iin-it,  n.  [From  Gadolin, 
a  Prussian  chemist.)  A  mineral  of  a 
blackish  colour,  a  silicate  of  the  metals 
yttrium  and  cerium,  and  containing  also 
iron. 

Galago,  ga-l5'go,  n.  A  name  given  to  cer- 
tain animals  of  the  lemur  family.'      ' 

Gastrocnemius,  gas-tro-knS'mi-us,  n.  [Gr. 
gastroknemia,  the  calf,  from  gaster,  belly, 
and  kngme,  lower  half  of  the  leg.]  A 
muscle  which  forms  the  chief  part  of  the 
calf  of  the  leg.— Sastro-enterio,  gas'trO- 
en-ter"ik,  a.  [Gr.  gaster,  stomach,  en- 
iera,  intestines.]  Pertaining  to  the  sto- 
mach and  intestines.  — /Jastro-enteritis, 
gas'tro-en-te-ri"tis,  n.  Inflammation 
of  thd»  stomach  and  intestines.  —  Gas- 
trolith,  gas'tro-lith,  n.  [Gr.  gaster,  and 
Zittos,  a  stone.]  A  calculus  or  stony  concre- 
tion in  the  stornach.- Gastrophrenic,  gas- 
tro-fren'ik,  a.  [Gr.  phren,  diaphragm.] 
Pertaining  to  the  stomach  and  dia- 
phragm.—Gastrovascular,  gns-tro-vas'ktl- 
16r,  a.  Belonging  xilike  to  digestien  and 
circulation  (thepastroyaseuZarbody-cavity 
of  certain  animals). 

Gastrula.,  gas'tru-la,  n.  [A  dim.  of  L.  gaS' 
ter,  Gr.  gaster,  belly]  A  germ  or  embry- 
onic form  developed  by  invagination  from 
a  morula  or  blastula,  and  having  the 
ch-ivactcr  of  a  do-abl3-w.Tllcd  .=;ac  with  an 
orifice  leading  into  it.— Gastnaation,  gos- 


trH-l5'shon,  n.  The  process  by  which  a 
gastrula  is  produced. 

Gelsemliun,  jel-ee'mi-um,  n.  [It.  gdsorrtino, 
jasmine.}  A  tivining  shrub,  the  yellow 
jasmine  of  the  U.  States;  a  drug  derived 
from  this  plant  and  used'  in  various  dis- 
eases, but  rather  dangerous. 

Genipap,  jen'i-pap,  n.  [From  genipapo,the 
name  in  Guian%.}  The  fruit  of  a  S. 
American  and  W.  Indian  tree  of  the  mad- 
der family;  about  the  size  of  an  orange. 

Georgia  Bark.  The  bark  of  a  small  tree 
of  the  Southern  U.  States  belonging  to 
the  cinchona  family,  used  in  fevers. 

Germanium;  jer-ma'ni-um,  n.  [From  (?er- 
mania,  Germany.]  A  metallio  element 
discovered  in  1885,  of  a  grayish-white 
colour  and  fine  lustre. 

Germicide,  jer'mi-sid,  n.  [E,  germ,  and  L. 
ccedo,  to  kill.]  A  substance  that  destroys 
germs,  especially  disease  germs. 

Geropigia,  ^Teruplgia.^  jer-o-pij'i-a,  jer-u- 
pij';-a,  n.  [Sp.  geropigia,  jeropigia.]  A 
mixture  of  grape-juice,  brandy,  colouring 
matter,  &c.,used  to  sophisticate  port  wine. 

Giallo-antlco,  jal'lo-an-te'ko,  n.  [It.  giallo, 
yellow,  antico,  ancient.}  A  fine  yellow 
marble  used  in  ancient  Roine  and  obtained 
from  Numidia. 

Gilt  Toys.  The  trade  term  for  trinkets  of 
copper  or  other  metal  with  a  tMn  coating 
of  gold  or  silver. 

Gingelly-oil,  jin-jel'i,  n.  [Indian  name.] 
The  oil  of  Indian  sesame. 

Glissade,  glis-ad',  n.  [Fr.  glissade,  from 
glisser,  to  glide  or  slide,  from  D.  glissen, 
to  slide,  allied  to  E.  glide.]  A  sliding  or 
gliding;  a  sliding  down  a  slope. 

Globigenna,  glo'bi-je-ri"na,  n.  [L.  globus, 
a  ball,  gerO,  to  bear.]  One  of  the  Fora- 
minifera,  a  microscopic  animal  having  a 
many-celled  shell,  both  found  fossil  and 
still  so  abundant  in  our  seas  that  its  shells 
form  great  calcareous  deposits  -called 
'globigerina  ooze.' 

Glory-pea,  n.  A  leguminous  plant  of  Aus- 
tralia with  fine  scarlet  blossoms. 

GlOBSic,  glos'ik,  n.  [Gr.  glossa,  tongue.]"  A 
system  of  phonetic  spelling  introduced  by 
the  late  Mr.  A.  J.  Ellis,  whereby  the  same 
sound  is  invariably  represented  by  the 
same  letter  or  letters. 

Glossohyal,  glos-o-hi'al,  a.  [Gr.  glossa, 
tongue,  and  E.  hyoid.]  Anat.  pertaining 
to  the  tongue  and  the  hyoid  bone.— Glos- 
sopharyngeal, glos'o-fa-rin"je-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  tongue  and  pharynx  (the 
glossopharyngeal  nerve). 

Gloxinia,  glok-sin'i-a,  n.  [After  (rloxin,  a 
German  botanist.]  A  genus  of  almost 
stemless  plants  with  fine  bell -shaped 
flowers,  natives  of  tropical  America. 

Glticosuria,  Glycosuria,  gle  -  kos  -  u '  ri  -  a, 
gii-kos-u'ii:a,  n.  [From  glucose,'  and  Gr. 
ouron,  urine.]  Patiwl.  the  presence  of 
glucose  in  the  urine. 

Glutseus,  glo-t5'us;  pi.  Glntaei,  glo-tel,  n. 
[Glcteal.]  a  name  common  to  three 
muscles  of  the  buttocks. 

Gnathic,  nath'ik,  a.  [Gr.  gnathos,  jaw.] 
Pertaining  to  the  jaw  or  jaws. 

Goat-moth,  n.  A  large  British  moth  the 
larvsB  of  which,  about  3  inches  long,  do 
much  injury  to  trees  by  hollowing  out 
galleries  in  them. 

Gold-crest,  n.  The  smallest  British  bird ; 
the  golden-crested  wren. 

Golden-rod,  n.  A  name  of  certain  compo- 
site plants  with  rod-like  stems  and  ter- 
minal spikes  or  racemes  of  small  yellow 
flowers. 

Gold-mo!e,  n.    Chrtsochlore. 

Gorgonzola,  gor-gon-zO '  la.  n.  A  kind  of 
Italian  ewe-milk  cheefe  named  after  Gor- 
gonzola, a  village  not  far  from  Slilan. 

Gouache,  gwiish,  n.  [Fr.J  A  method  of 
painting  in  water-colours  so  mixed  as  to 
present  a  dead  opaque  surface. 

Croura,  gou'ra,  n.  [Native  name.]  Tha 
name  of  pigeons  with  a  large  crest  in- 
habiting New  Guinea. 

Gram,  n.  The  name  of  a  chick-pea  exten- 
sively cttltivated  in  the  E.  Indies,  and 
used  as  food  and  fodder.* 

Grippe,  grip,  n.  [Fr.]  A  name  for  influ- 
enza. 

Ground-nnt.    Aracbis,  Eartb-kut. 

Gruyere,  gi-U-yar',  n.     A  kind  of  cheese 


Fate,  f^,  fat,  fftll ;     me,  met,  h Jr ;     pine,  pin ;     note,  not,  mOve ;     tube,  tub,  b\iU  j     oil,  pound ;     ti,  Sc.  abime— the  Fr. «. 


GYRUS 


789 


KAVA 


made  from  a  mixture  of  goats'  and  ewes' 
milk,  80  named  from  Gruy6re  ia  Switzer- 
land. 

Gyrus,  ji'rus ;  pi.  Gyri,  ji'ri,  n.  [Or.  gi^ros, 
a  circle.]  Anat.  a  name  given  to  the 
ridges  or  raised  convolutions  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  brain. 


Haematophilia,  Hsemophilia,  he'mat-o-fil"- 
i-a,  he-mo-ftl'i-a,  n.  [Gr.haima,  haimatos, 
blood,  and  pWtos,  loving.]  Jfed.  a  constitu- 
tional weakness,  manifested  by  a  tendency 
to  excessive  bleeding  from  very  slight  in- 
juries, or  even  spontaneously,  the  result 
often  being  death. 

Hazeline,  ha'zel-in,  n.  A  drug  obtained 
from  the  American  witch-hazel,  usefully 
appliad  for  stanching  bleeding  and  pro- 
moting healing  iu  wounds,bruise8,8prams, 
piles,  &c.  * 

Heelball,  hel'bal,  n.  A  composition  for 
blackening  the  heels  of  shoes,  and  used 
also  for  taking  impressions  from  engraved 
plates,  monumental  brasses,  &c. 

Helbeh,  hel'be,  n.  The  seeds  of  a  species  of 
fenugreek  used  in  Egypt  for  food. 

Heliogravure,  he'li-o-grav-ur,  n.  [Fr.  Mlio- 
gravure—Gt.  helios,  the  sun,  and  Fr.  gra- 
viire,  engraving.}  A  process  by  whieli  a 
photographic  print  is  mechanically  etched 
on  a  copper-plate,  from  which  impressions 
are  then  taken. 

Henec[ueu,  hon'e-ken,  n.  The  Mexican  name 
for  sisal-grass  (which  sec). 

Hepatica,  he-pat'i-ka,  n.  rHKPATic]  A 
species  of  anemone  with  trilobed  leaves; 
any  one  of  an  order  of  plants  (Hepatict) 
allied  to  the  mosses, andcalled liverworts. 
—Hepatocystic,  hep'a-to-sis"tik,  a.  [Gr. 
heiMi',  hepatos,  iiver,  kystia,  bladder.) 
Pertaining  to  the  liver  and  gall-bladder 
jointly.— Hepatogastric,hep'a-to-gas"trik, 
«.  [Gr.  crosier,  stomach.)  Pertaining  both 
to  the  liver  and  stomach.— Hepatotomy, 
hop-a-tot'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  tome,  a  cutting.J 
The  operation  of  cutting  into  the  liver, 

Hesperornis,  hes-per-or'nis,  n.  [Gr.  hes- 
peros,  evening,  western,  ornis,  bird.]  A 
fossil  swimming-bird  of  N.  America,  with- 
out wings,  and  with  strong  teeth  iu  both 

•jaws. 

Heterodont,  het'6r-o-dont,  a.  [Gr.  heteros, 
other,  different,  odoas,  odontos,  a  tooth. J 
Having  teeth  of  different  kinds,  as  molars, 
incisors,  and  canines:  opposed  to /lomodojit. 

Heteronym,  het'6r-o-nim,  n.  [Gr.  heteros, 
other,  onoma,  name.)  A  word  having  the 
same  spelling  with  another  but  a  different 
pronunciation;  a  different  name  for  the 
same  thing. 

Heterophemy,  het-6r-of 'e-mi,  n.  [Gr. 
heteros,  other,  phome,  speech.]  The  saying 
or  writing  of  one  thing  "when  another  is 
intended,  sometimes  resulting  from  men- 
tal disorder. 

Heteroplastic,  het'6r-o-plas"tik.  a.  [Gr. 
heteros,  other,  plassO,  to  form.]  Dissimilar 
or  abnormal  in  structure. 

Eeterotopy,  het-6r-ot'o-pi,  n.  [Gr.  heteros, 
other,  topos,  place.]  Biol,  displacement 
in  position;  abnormal  position  of  an 
organ  or  structure. 

Hiera-picra,  hi'6-ra-pik"ra,  n.  [Gr.  hieros, 
sacred,  pikros,  bitter.)  A  cathartic  medi- 
cine composed  of  aloes  and  canella. 

Hipparion,  hip-a'ri-on,  n.  [Gr.  hipparion, 
a  small  horse,  from  hippos,  a  horse.)  A 
small  species  of  fossil  horse  with  three- 
toed  feet. 

Hippiiri'te,  hip'Q-rit,  n.  [Gr.  hippos,  horse, 
oura,  tail.]  The  name  of  certain  fossil 
bivalves  characteristic  of  the  Cretaceous 
epoch.— Hippuritic,  hip-tl-rit'ik,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  abounding  in  hippurites. 

Holcus,  hoi  kus,  n.  I L.  holcus,  Gr.  holkos, 
a  kind  of  grain.]  A  genus  of  soft  haity 
grasses  of  little  agricultural  value,  though 
one  of  them  is  very  fragrant. 

Homodont,  h5'mo-dont,a.  \Gr.homo8,  same,' 
odous,  odontos,  tooth.)  Having  teeth  all 
similar:  opposed  to  heterodont. 

Homoplasmy,  ho '  mo  -  plas  -  mi ,  n.  [Gr. 
homos,  same,  plassO,  form.]  Biol,  resem- 
blance in  form  or  structure  with  differ- 
ence in  origin.  —  Homoplastic,  ho  -  mo  - 
plas'tik,  a.'  Similar  iu  form  or  general 
structure. 


Hordeolum,  hor-de'o-lum,  n.  [A  dim.  from 
L.  hordeum,  barley,  as  resembling  a  grain 
of  barley.]    A  stye  on  the  eyelid. 

House-carl,  hous'karl,  ii.  A  member  of  the 
body-guard  of  a  king  or  nobleman  in  An- 
glo-Saxon or  Danish  England. 

Huckleberry,  huk'1-be-ri,  n.  [A  corruption 
of  whortleberry.]  A  name  for  certain  N. 
American  plants  allied  to  the  whortle- 
berry. 

Hypermetropia,Hypermetropy,  hi'p6r-me- 
tro"pi-a,  hi-p6r-met'ro-pi,  n.  [Gr.  hyper, 
over,  tnetron,  measure,  ops,  the  eye.)  A 
defect  of  the  eyesight  in  which  the  focus 
for  all  objects  falls  behind  the  retina,  and 
which  is  corrected  by  convex  glasses;  long- 
sightedness. —Hypermetropic,  hi'p6r-me- 
trop'ik,  a. 

Hyperphyaical,  hi-p6r-fiz'i-kal,  a.  Beyond 
what  is  merely  phj'sical;  immatenal; 
supernatural. 

Hyperplasia,  hi-pfir-pla'si-a,  n.  [Gr.  hyper, 
beyond,  pia8S<3,  to  form.)  Pat/to!,  e.xcessive 
growth  of  a  part^by  multiplication  of  cells. 

Hyperpyrexia,  hi'p6r-pi-rek"si-a,  n.  [Prefix 
hyper,  and  pyrexia.]  An  excessive  degree 
of  fever. 

Hypha,  hi'fa,  n.:  pi.  Hyphae,  hi'fe.  [Gr. 
hyphe,  aweb.)  The  thready  orfilamentous 
matter  formingthe  mycelium  of  a  fungus. 
— Hyphal,  hi'fal,  a.    Pertaining  to. 

Hypnosis,  hip-no'si8,n.  The  hypnotic  state; 
a  sort  of  sleep  artificially  induced,  often 
by  the  person  fixing  his  attention  stead- 
fastly upon  some  bright  object,  being  ac- 
companied with  more  or  less  unconscious- 
ness; mesmeric  sleep.— Hypnotist,  hip'no- 
tist,  n.  One  who  hypnotizios.  —  Hypno- 
tizable,  hip-no-ti'za-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  hypnotized. 

Hypon^aty,  hi'po-nas-ti,  n.  [Gr.  hypo, 
under,  nastos,  pressed.]  Bot.  excessive 
growth  of  the-  under  surface  of  an  organ, 
causing  it  to  bend  upwards;  as  opposed 
to  epinasiy. 

Hypophosphite,  hl-po-fos'fit,  n.  The  name 
of  certain  bodies  containing  phosphorus, 
some  of  which  are  used  medlicinally.    •    ' 

Hyposulphite,  hi-po-sul'fit,  n.  The  name 
of  certain  substances  containing  sulphur, 
of  which  the  hyposulphite  of  sodium  ia 
used  in  medicine  and  the  arts. 


I^troohemical,  i-a'tro-kem"ik-al,  a.  [Gr. 
iatros,  physician.]  Pertaining  to  an  old 
medical  theory  in  which  chemistry  was 
relied  on  as  explaining  plysiological  or 
pathological  phenomena.— Iatrop;nysIcal, 
i-a'tro-flz"ik-al,  a.  Med.  explaining  phe- 
nomena by  physics  or  natural  philosophy. 

Idiomorphic,  id'i-o-mor"fik,  a.  [Gr.  idios, 
one's  own,  morpM,  form.]  Having  a 
peculiar  or  distinctive  form. 

Imperatorial,  im-per-a-to'ri-al,  a.  [From 
L.  itniperator,  a  commander,  an  emperor.] 
.  Pertaining  to  a  commander  or  an  em- 
peror; commanding;  imperial. 

Impignorate,  t  im-pig'no-rat,  v.t.  [L.  in,  in, 
and  pignus,  pignoris,  a  pledge.]  To  pledge 
or  pawn ;  to  transfer  as  security. 

Impressionist,  im-presh'on-ist,  n.  One  who 
lays  much  stress  on  impressions ;  an  artist 
who  tries  to  depict  scenes  by  their  general 
and  most  striking  characteristics  as  they 
first  impress  the  spectator.— Impression- 
ism, im-presh'on-izm,  n.  The  views  or 
practice  of  an  impressionist.— Impression- 
istic, a. 

Infix,  in'flks,  Jt.  A  part  of  a  word  similar 
to  a  prefix  or  suflix,  but  inserted  in  the 
body  of  the  word. 

Ingesta,  in-jes'ta,  n.  pi.  [Lit.  things  carried 
in.  Ingest.]  Substances  absorbed  by  an 
organism;  substances  entering  the  ali- 
mentary canal;  things  taken  into  the 
mind. 

Inosite,  i'no-sit,  n.  [Gr.  is,  inos,  strength, 
nerve.]  A  saccharine  substance  found  in 
the  human  body  and  also  in  plants. 

Ihterclavicle,  in-ter-klav'i-kl,  n.  [Prefix 
inter,  And  clavicle.]  A  botie  between  the 
clavicles  or  in  front  of  the  breast-bone  in 
many  vertebrates.  —  Interclavicular,  in* 
t6r-kla-vik"a-l6r,  a.  Situated  between,  or 
pertaining  to  the  space  between,  the  clav- 
icles. 

Interfemoral,  in-ter-fem'o-ral,  a.  fL.  inter. 


between,  femora,  the  thiglis.]    Between 

the  thighs  (the  interfemoral  membrane  of 

bats).   . 

Interregal,  in-tSr-r6'gal,  a.  [L.  inter,  be- 
tween, and  rex,  regis,  a  king.]    Made  or 

carried  on  between  kings. 
Intervocalic,  in't6r-vo-kal"ik,  a.    Placed 

between  two  vowels  in  a  word. 
Isobatliytherm,Isothermobath,i-8o-bath'i- 

therm,  i-so-ther'mo-bath,   n.      [Gr.    isos, 

equal,  bathys,  deep,  thermi,  heat.]    A  lir.,! 

of  equal  temperatures  at  different  deptlis 

in  the  ocean. 
Isonepholic,    i-so-nef'e-lik,   a.      [Gr.    iso!>, 

equal,  nephele,  cloud.]    Showing  an  equal 

degree  of  cloudiness  in  the  sky.. 
Isopycnic,  i-so-pik'nik,  a. .  [Gr.  isos,  equal, 

pyknos,  depse.J    Showing  an  equal  degree 

of  density. 
Ixtle,  iks'tle,  n.    A  name  for  a  kind  of 

fibre  obtained  in  Mexico  from  a  species  of 

agave. 

Jaborandl,  jab-o-ran'di,  n.  [Brazilian.]  A 
drug  obtained  from  a  Brazilian  plant  of 
the  rue  family,  causing  increase  of  -saliva 
and  profuse  perspiration. 

Jaborine,  jab'o-rin,  n.  An  alkaloid  ex- 
tracted from  jaborandi. 

Jeroboam,  jer-o-bO'am,  n.  A  fanciful  name 
for  a  large  old-fashioned  bottle  or  jar  for 
liq"uor. 

Jettee,  jct-e',  n.  A  strong  silky  fibre  pro- 
duced by  an  Indian  plant  (genus  Mars- 
denia,  order  AselepiadacesB). 

Jinrikisha,  jin-rik'i-sha,  n.  [Japanese.]  A 
■small  two-wheeled  carriage,  with  an  ad- 
justable hood  or  cover,  drawn  by  one  or 
more  men,  and  extensively  used  in  Japan. 

Jougg,  jOgz,  n.  pi.  [Fr.  joug,  L.  jugum,  a 
yoke.]  An  instrument  of  punishment  for- 
merly used  in  Scotland,  consisting  of  an 
iron  collar  with  a  short  chain,  attached, 
which  again  was  fastened  to  a  wall  or  post. 

Jubate,  jtt'bat,  a.  [L.  j«6a,  a  mane.]  Hav- 
ing a  mane,  or  hair  similar  to  a  mane. 

Jube,  jb'be,  «.  [Fr.  nib6.]  Arch,  a  name 
given  to  a  rood-loft,  or  a  rood-screen. 

Jumping-hare,  n. .  A  South.  African -rodent 
animal,  allied  to  the  jerboa. 

Junker,  yung'kCr,  n.  [Ger.,  equivalent  to 
yung  herr,  young  master.]  A  young  Ger- 
man nobleman,  especially  one  who  cher- 
ishes aristocratic  and  feudal  prejudices. 

Jupati-palm,  jii-pa-te',  n.  The  S.  American 
palm  that  yields  the  raphia  fibre.     • 

Jussive,  jus'iv,  a.  [From  L.  /wssMm,  an. 
order;  from  jubeo,  jussum,  to  order.]  JPer- 
taining  to  or  having  the  effect  of  an  order; 
expressive  of  command. 

Kafir-bread,  n.  A  kind  of  sago  produced 
by  one  or  two  cycads  of  B.  Africa.— B^fir- 
com,  n.  A  variety  of  millet  (sorghum) 
cultivated  in  parts  of  Africa. — Kaflr-ox,  n. 
The  Cape  buffalo. 

Eairin,  ki'rin,  n.  [Gr.  A:airo«,  the  nick  of 
time.]  An  alkaloid  drugused  with  marked 
effect  in  reducing  fever. 

Eaka,  ka'ka,  n.  [From  its  cry.]  A  New 
Zealand  parrot  or  cockatoo,  which  makes 
itself  a  pest  by  tearing  portions  of-  flesh 
from  the  backs  of  sheep. 

Kakemono,  kak-e-mo'nc3,  n.  A  Japanesfe 
name  for  a  painting  on  paper  or  silk,  hung 
on  a  wall  like  a  map. 

Kakodyle,  kak'o-dil,  n.  [Gr.  kakos,  bad, 
odode,  smell,  and  hyle,  matter.]  A  com- 
pound of  hydrocarbon  and  arsenic ;  a  clear 
liquid  with  an  insupportably  offensive 
smell  and  poisonous  V£ipour. 

Kalmia,  kal'mi-a,  n.  [From  Peter  Kalm, 
a  botanist.]  A  genus  of  American  ever- 
green shrubs  of  the  heath  family,  with 
showy  flowers  in  corymbs. 

Kamala,  kam'a-la,  n.  [Of  Asiatic  origin.] 
A  drug  obtained  from  an  Asiatic  tree, 
used  as  a  vermifuge  and  also  as  a  dye-stuff". 

Karma,  kar'ma,  n.  [Skr.,  act,  fate.]  In  the 
Buddhist  religion,  the  quality  belonging 
to  actions  in  virtue  of  which  they  entail 
upon  the  actor  a  certain  fate  or  condition 
in  a  future  state  of  existence:  a  term 
used  also  in  theosophy. 

Eava,  ka'va,  n.  A  Polynesian,  shrub  of 
the  pepper  family,  and  a  beverage  made 
from  it. 


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790 


MISOCAPJSilC 


Kea,  ke'a,  n.    Same  as  Kaka. 

Keratitis, ker-a-ti'tis.n.  [Gr.  Jceras.keratos, 
hom.alluding  to  the  nomy  cornea.]  Pathol. 
inflammation  of  the  cornea  of  the  eye. 

Kermes-mineral,  n.  A  substance  contain- 
ing  antimony,  used  in  medicine. 

Kincob,  kin'kob,  n.  [An  Indian  word.]  A 
silken  fabric  made  in  India,  enriched  with 
gold  or  silver  thread. 

Kinesodic,  ki-ne-sod'ik,  o.  [Gr.  kinesis, 
motion,  hodos,  way  or  path.]  Transmit- 
ting motor  impulses:  said  of  nerves. 

Eitcbener,  kich'en-^f,  n.  A  kind  of  cooking- 
stove,  with  various  couveniences  com- 
pactly arranged. 

BJTimmhom,  kriim'hom,  n.  [G.,  'crooked 
hom.T  An  old  crooked  wind-instrument 
of  wood;  an  eight-foot  reed-stop  in  an 
organ. 

Knmquat,  kum'kwat,  n.  [A  Chinese  word.] 
A  delicious  variety  of  orange  about  the 
size  of  a  large  gooseberry. 

Labret,  lab'reu,  n.  [EYom  L.  laitrum,  lip.] 
A  lip  ornament  worn  by  certain  savage 
peoples,  consisiingof  a  piece  of  bone.wood, 
or  the  like.inserted  in  an  artificial  opening. 

Lagomorphons,  lag-o-mor'f  us,  a.  [Gr.  lagds, 
a  hare,  moT^he,  shape.]  Having  the  struc- 
ture or  appearance  of  a  hare ;  leporine. 

Iiaisser-faire,  la-sa-far',  n.  [Fr.  laisser,  to 
let,  /aire,  to  do.]  A  letting  alone;  non- 
interference; a  term  especially  used  in 
regard  to  tb,e  interference  of  a  government 
with  social,  commercial,  or  other  matters. 

Iianoline,  lan'o-lin, n.  [L.  Idna,  wool,  oleum, 
oil.]  An  oily  or  greasy  substance  obtained 
from  unwashed  wool,  and  said  to  have 
valuable  therapeatic  properties  in  oint- 
ments, &c. 

Larrikin,  lar'i-kin,  n.  [Origin  doubtful-; 
perhaps  connected  with  verb  to  lark.']  A 
term  in  Australia  for  a  rowdy  or  turbulent 
fellow. 

larvarium,  lar-va'ri-um,  n.  [From  larva.] 
A  case  or  covering  made  by  a  caterpillar; 
a  place  in  which  insects  are  hatched. 

Leipoa,  li-po'a,  n.  [Probably  of  native 
origin.]  One  of  the  megapodes  or  mound- 
birds  of  Australia. 

lemon-kali,  n.  An  effervescing  drink,  made 
by  mixing  lemon  juice  with  dissolved  bi- 
carbonate of  potash. 

Lemures,  lem'a-rez,  n.  pi.  [L.]  The  ghosts 
or  spirits  of  the  dead,  regarded  by  the 
ancient  Romans  as  mischievous  beings 

,  that  had  to  be  rendered  harmless  by  cer- 
tain rites. 

Iiemorine,  lem'a-rin,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  the  lemurs.— Lemnroid,  lem'u- 
roid,  a.  Resembling  the  lemurs ;  belong- 
ing to  the  family  or  group  of  the  lemurs. 

Lepisma,  le-pis'ma,  n.  [From  Gr.  lepis,  a 
scale.]  The  name  of  certain  small  wing- 
less insects  covered  with  silvery  scales  and 
living  about  houses. 

Leptorhine,  Leptorrhine,  lep'to-rin,  a.  [Gr. 
leptos,  thin,  rhis,  rhinos,  the  nose.]  Hav- 
ing the  nasal  bones  thin  or  slender. 

Letter-perfect;  a.  Perfect  to  the  very  letter ; 
having  a  speech  perfectly  committed  to 
memory. 

Levogyrate,  Laevogyrate,  l5-vo-ji'rat,  a. 
[L.  Icevus,  left,  gyro,  gyratum,  to  turn. 
Gyre.]  Turning  rays  to  the  left  in  the 
polarization  of  light:  said  of  crystals  — 
opposite  of  dexirogyraie. 

Lillypilly,  lil'i-pil-i,  n.  [Probably  native 
Australian.  ]  An  Australian  tree  of  the 
myrtle  family,  with  white  flowers. 

Lunnophilous,  lim-nof  'i-lus,  a.  [Gr.  liriiine, 
marsh,  philos,  loving.]  Loving  or  living 
in  pools  and  marshes. 

Limonite,  li'mon-it,  n.  [From  Gr.  leimOn, 
a  moist  meadow.]    An  important  ore  of 

,  iron,  varieties  of  which  are  bog-iron-ore 
and  brown  hematite. 

Linhay,  lin'ha,  n.  [Probably  Mjt=verb  to 
lean,  hay  being  A.  Sax.  haga,  an  inclo- 
Burc.]  A  kind  of  open  shed,  forming  part 
of  the  building  of  a  farm. 

Listerism,  lis'tfr-izm,  n.   [From  Sir  Joseph 

1  Lister,  the  introducer.  ]     The  antiseptic 

i  system  in  surgery,  the  object  of  which  is 

I  to  exclude  living  germs  from  wounds. — 

'LUterian,  lis-te'ri-an,  o.     Pertaining  to 

ithis  system. 


Littoral,  lit'to-ral,  n.  [Littoiial,  a.]  A 
coast  strip  or  district  (the  Red  SenHttoral). 

Lobar,  loijar,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  lobe,  as 
of  the  liver  or  brain.— ioftor  pneumonia, 
inflammation  of  a  whole  lobe  of  the  lungs, 
as  distinguished  from  lobuiar  pnewinoniu, 
which  attacks  the  lungs  in  patches. 

Local.— iocaZ  option,  the  principle  by  which 
a  certain  proportion  of  the  inhabitants  of 
a  locality  may  prohibit  the  sale  of  intoxi- 
cants there. 

Locomotor,  lo-ko-mo'tor,  a.  Physiol,  per- 
taining to  locomotion. — Locomotor  ataxy, 
a  sort  of  paralysis  in  which  a  person  has 
not  command  of  his  limbs,  the  movements 
of  which  are  Often  so  irregular  that  he 
cannot  walk. 

Log-rolling,  n.  The  joining  of  a  number 
of  persons  to  collect  logs,  as  in  lumbering 
or  clearing  land  of  trees ;  hence  the  union 
of  politicians  for  carrying  out  some  pur- 
pose.   [American.] 

Loofa,  lij'fa,  n.  [Arabic  name.]  The  dried 
fibrous  interior  of  a  kind  of  gourd  grown 
in  Egypt  and  elsewhere,  used  as  a  flesh- 
brush  in  washing  or  bathing.  Also  written 
Lufa,  Loo/ar. 

Lovage,  lov'aj,  n.  [By  corruption  from  L. 
ligusticum,  lovage,  from  Ligusticus,  Lig- 
urian.]  A  name  of  certain  stout,  umbelU- 
ferous  plants  of  Europe,  one  of  them  spe- 
cially known  as  Scotch  lovage. 

Lubra,  lo'bra,  n.  A  name  in  Australia  for 
a  female  of  aboriginal  race. 

Lucemarian,  la-s6r-na'ri-an,  n.  [L.  Iticema, 
lamp.]  A  name  for  .certain  jelly-fishes, 
some  of  them  phosphorescent. 

Lucifugal,  LucifugOus,  iQ-sif'u-gal.lQ-sif'O- 
gus,  a.  [L.  lux,  lucis,  light,  and  fngio,  to 
flee.]  Shunning  or  avoiding  the  light  of 
day,  as  bats  or  cockroaches. 

Lymphadenoma,  limf '  ad  -  e  •  no"  ma,  n. 
[Lymph  and  adenoma.1  -A  disease  affecting 
the  lymphatic  glands. 

Lyssa,  lis;a,  n.  [Gr.  lytsa,  madness.]  A 
name  for  hydrophobia. 


Machete,  ma-cha'ta,  n.  [Sp.]  A  kind  of 
large  knife  or  cutlass  used  by  Spanish 
Americans  as  a  tool  and  as  a  weapon. 

Machine-gnu,  n.  A  piece  of  ordnance  that 
js  loaded  and  fired  mechanically,  and  can 
discharge  a  number  of  projectiles  simul- 
taneously or  in  rapid  succession,  having 
usually  two  or  more  barrels,  as  in  the  case 
of  the  Gatling  gun,  the  mitrailleuse,  &c. 

Macrognathic,  mak-rog-nath'ik,  a,  [Gr. 
TnaJcros,  long,  qnathos,  jaw.]  Having  long 
or  prominent  jaws. 

Madia,  ma'di-a,  re.  [From  madi,  the  Chilian 
name.]  A  composite  plant  allied  to  the 
sunflower,  cultivated  for  the  oil  obtained 
from  its  seeds. 

Magazine-rifle,  n.  A  rifle  with  an  attached 
magazine  or  chamber,  containing  a  num- 
ber of  cartridges  that  can  be  fired  off  in 
rapid  succession  by  special  mechanism. 

Mahatma,  ma-hat 'ma,  n.  [Skr.  wuzftd, 
great,  (Ltir^,  mind,  soul.]  A  name  among 
theosophists  for  certain  Asiatic  chiefs  of 
their  faith  said.to  be  able  to  communicate 
by  occult  or  non- material  means  with 
other  persons  at  any  distance. 

Malambo-bark,  ma-lam'  bo,  n.  [S.  Ameri- 
can.] The  bark  of  a  tropical  American 
shrub  of  the  croton  genus,  used  as  a  remedy 
for  diarrhoea  and  as  a  vermifuge,  -also  in 
adulterating  spices. 

Manganese. — Manganese  hrome,  a  rariety 
of  bronze  containing  a  certain  quantity 
of  manganese  and  iron,  alleged  to  possess 
valuable  qualities  for  various  purposes. 

Manicure,  man'i-kar,  n.  [L.  inanus,  the 
hand,  cura,  care.]  A  person  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  trim  the  nails  and  improve 
the  appearance  of  the  hands. 

Manns,  ma'nus,  n.  [L.,  the  hand.]  The 
hand ;  the  part  of  an  animal's  fore-limb 
corresponding  to  the  hand  in  man. 

Margarine.  This  name  in  Britain  is  now 
by  law  attached  to  butterine  or  other 
artificial  imitation  of  butter,  which  is  not 
allowed  to  be  sold  unless  distinctly  so 
marked. 

Marking -nut.  n.  A  tree  of  the  cashew 
family,  the  black  juice  of  the  unripe  fruits 
of  wBlch  is  used  as  marking-ink. 


Marsh-mallow,  n.  A  plant  of  the  hoUyhook 
genus,  growing  naturally  in  marshes,  and 
possessed  of  valuable  demulcent  proper- 
ties. 

Massage,  ma-sazh'  or  mas'aj,  n.  [Fr.,  from 
Gr.  niasso,  to  knead.]  The  process  of 
kneading,  rubbing,  pressing,  slapping, 
&c.,  parts  of  a  person's  body  who  is  sufier- 
ing  from  neuralgic  or  certain  other  ail- 
ments, in  order  to  bring  relief  or  effect  a 
cure.  Also  used  as  a «;.«.- Massagist,  nia- 
sazh'ist,  mas'a-jist,  n.  A  person  who  pr;io- 
tises  the  operation  of  massage;  also  called 
a  masseur  (mas-6r').  —  Massageuse,  nia- 
sazh'fez,  n.  A  female  who  practises  mas- 
sage. 

Matriarchy  ma'tri-ar-ki,  w.  (Gr.  matcv, 
•meter,  mother;  arche;  rule.]  The  rule  or 
predominance  of  the  mother  in  a  family ; 
the  principle  of  determining  descent  aiul 
inheritance  on  the  mother's  side  and  not 
on  the  father's,  as  is  done  by  certain  i)rinii- 
tive  tribes.— Matriarchal,  ma-tri-ar'k;il. «. 
Pertaining  to  matriarchy.— Matriarchal- 
Ism,  ma-tri-ar'kal-izm,  n.  The  practices 
belonging  to  matriarchy. 

Matte,  Matt,  mat,  n.  [Fr.  matte,  from 
G.  matt,  dull,  dim.]  Metal  imperfectly 
smelted  or  purified ;  regulus. 

Meiboiaian,mi-bo'mi-an,  a.  [Prom  ileihom, 
a  German  physician.]  Anat.  a  name  for 
the  small  sebaceous  glands  of  the  eyelids. 

Melanaemia,  mel-a-ne'mi-a,  n.  [Gr.  r-tetas, 
vnelan,  black,  hainia,  blood.)  A  condition 
of  the  blood  in  which  it  contains  blackijli 
particles. 

Melanic,  me-lan'ik,  d.  [Gr.  melas,  melanos, 
black.]  Black ;  belonging  to  a  black  type 
or  class. 

Melinite,  mel'in-it,  n.  An  explosive  made 
in  France,  the  composition  of  which  is 
kept  secret. 

Menology,  me-nol'o-ji,  n.  [Gr.  men,  menos. 
a  month  (same  root  as  moon),  and  logos, 
account.]  A  register  or  calendar  of  events 
according  to  the  days  of  the  months;  a 
calendar  of  saints  and  martyrs  with  their 
feasts  throughout  the  year. 

Mencpaose,  men'o-paz,  n.  [Gr.  men,  meitos, 
month,  paxisis,  a  stopping.]  The  cessation 
of  menstruation  at  the  change  of  life  in 
woman. 

Mentation,  mep  -  ta '  shon.  n,  [L.  mens, 
mentis,  the  mind.]  The  action  or  operation 
of  the  mind. 

Menthol,  men'thol,  n.  [L,  menthai  mint, 
olewm,  oil.]  A  white  crystalline  substance 
obtained  from  oil  of  peppermint,  used 
externallv  in  cases  of  nervous  headache. 

Mesaticephalic,  mes'a-ti-se-fal"ik,  a.  [Gr. 
mesatos,  midmost,  kephale,  head.]  Having 
a  medium  cephalic  index,  between  brachy- 
cephalic  and  dolichocephalic. 

Mesognathous,  me-sog'na-thus,  a.  [Gr. 
m^sos,  middle,  gnaihos,  jaw.]  Anthropol. 
intermediate  between  prognathous  and 
orthognathous. 

Mesquite,  mes'ket,  n.  fSp.  mezquite,  pro- 
bably of  American  origin.]  A  leguminous 
tree  or  shrub  of  America,  with  edible  pods. 

Metabolism,  me-tab'o-lizm,  n.  [Gr.  meta- 
bole,  change.]  Physiol,  the  final  process 
by  which  nutritive  matter  is  absorbed 
into  the  substance  of  cells  or  is  prepared 
for  excretion.— Metabolize,  me-tab'o-liz, 
v.t.    To  subject  to  metabolism. 

Metazoa,  met-a-z6'a,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  meta,  after, 
z6on,  animal.]  All  animals  that  are 
higher  in  the  scale  of  life  than  the  proto- 
zoa. —  Metsusoan,  met-a-zO'an,  a.  and  n. 
Belonging  to  or  one  of  the  metazoa. 

Metrotomy,  me-trot'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  mcira, 
womb,  tome,  cutting.]  The  Operation  of 
cutting  into  the  womb;  hysterotomy. 

Micro-organism,  mi-kro-or'gan-izm,  »i. 
[Gr.  mikros,  small,  and  E.  organism.']  A 
microscopic  organism,  as  a  bacterium  or 
bacillus. 

jaScropyle,  mi'kro-pil,  n.  [Gr.  viikros, 
small,  pylS,  gate.]  Bot.  the  opening  by 
which  a  pollen-tube  enters  the  ovule; 
zool.  an  opening  by  which  the  sperma- 
tozoa fertilize  an  ovum. 

Mina,  mi'na,  n.  [Indian  name.]  An  Indian 
bird  of  the  starling  family  that  can  be 
taught  to  speak,  and  is  often  kept  in 
cages  in  Europe  and  America. 

Misocapnic,  mi-so-kap'nik,  a.    [Gr.  miseo, 


\^ate,  f Hr,  fat,  fall ;  _  me,  met,  bta ;  <  pine,  pin ;  .  note,  xu>t,  mOre ;  ^  tobe,  tub,  b\)U ;     oil^  pound ;     ti.  So.  abua&— the  Fr.  u,/ 


MOLENDINARY 


791 


PHYSIO-SvUx 


to  hate,  and  kapnos.  emoke.]  Hating 
smoke,  especially  tobacco  -  smoke.  [C. 
Kingsley.]  ,  .       _        , 

Molendinary,  mo-len  di-na-n,  a.  (Xi.  molen- 
dinum,  a  mill,  from  molere,  to  grind.] 
Pertaining  to  a  mill  or  milung.— Also 
Molinary,  mol'i-na-ri,  a.    [L.  molina,  a 

Monocondylous,  mon-o-kon'di-lus,a.  [Pre- 
fix'mono,  and  condyle.)  Having  a  sjngle 
occipital  condyle,  as  birds  and  reptiles. 

Monsignore,  Monsigjior,  mon-s5-nyo '  r3, 
mon-sen'yor,  n.  [It.]  Same  as  Monaei- 
gneur  (in  Diet.).        ,„,,..  .„ 

Moorva,  mor'va,  n.  [Skr.]  A  strong  silky 
fibre,  obtained  from  sui  E,  Indian  plant 
of  the  lily  family. 

More-pork,  n.  [Prom  its  cry.]  An  Aus- 
tralian bird  of  the  goatsucker  family. 

Morning-glory,  n.  A  name  given  to  several 
climbing  plants  of  the  convolvulus  family 
with  handsome  flowers. 

Morphinomanla,  Morphlomania,  mor'fin- 
o-ma"ni-a,  mor '  fi  -  o  -  mft"ni  -  a,  n.  [Prom 
morphine,  morphia,  and  mania.)  A  mor- 
bid and  uncoqtrollable  craving  for  mor- 
Ehia:  the  practice  of  taking  morphia 
abitutiUy,  especially  by  subcutaneous 
injection.— Morphinomaniac,  mor'fin^o- 
ma"ni-ak,  n.    One  given  to  this  practice. 

Morula,  mor'u-la,  n.  *  [A  dim.  from  L. 
morum,  mulberiy,  from  the  appearance 
of  the  mass  of  cells.]  Physiol,  a,  roundish 
mass  of  cells  (called  blastomeres),  result- 
ing from  the  division  or  segmentation  of 
an  ovum  or  its  yoUc  in  the  process  of  de- 
velopment. 

Mowbum,  moTDfim,  v.i.  To  heat  and  fer- 
ment when  in  the  mow,  and  thus  receive 
injury :  said  of  hay  or  grain. 

Mucopurulent,  mu-ko-pu'ru-lent,  a.  [Prom 
mucus  and  p.urulent.]  Consisting  of  mucus 
and  pus  (a  mucopurulent  discharge  from 
a  sore). 

Mugwump,  mug^wump,  n.  [Algonkin,  a 
great  man,  a  chief.]  A  person  who  takes 
an  independent  position  in  politics,  or  in 
any  question ;  one  who  thinks  himself  a 
person  of  importance.    [U.  States.] 

Murre,.  mur,  n.  [Etymology  doubtful.] 
A  name  for  the  common  guillemot. 

Musang;  mu-sang^,  n.  [Malay.]  An  animal 
of  south-eastern  Asia  allied  to  the  civet. 

Musculocutaneous,  mu3'kti-16-ku-ta"ne-us, 
a.  [L.  musculus,  muscle,  cutis,  skin.] 
Pertaining  to  the  muscles  and  skin :  said 
of  nerves  that  give  oflF  motor  branches  to 
muscles,  but  terminate  in  the  skin  as 
nerves  of  sensation. 

Myosin,  mi 'o- sin,  n.  [Gr.  my  a,  myoB,  a 
muscle.]  A  pecuUar  constituent  of  muscle. 

Mydsis,  mi-o'sis,  w.  [Gr.  myo,  to  close  the 
eye.]  Pathol,  an  abnormal  contraction  of 
the  pupil  of  the  eye.— Myotic,  m_i-ot'ik,  a. 
and  n.  Causing  such  contraction,  or  a 
drug  that  causes  it. 

Nainsook,  nan'suk,  n.  [HindustanL]  A 
kind  of  muslin,"plain  and  striped,  origi- 
nally made  in  India. 

"UaseDerry,  naz'ber-i,  n.  [Prom  Sp.  nispero, 
medlar,  from  L.  mespilus,  medlar;  modi- 
fled  so  as  to  have  an  English  form,  like 
barberry.]    The  fruit  of  the  sapodilla. 

Natal,  na'tal,  a.  [L.  nates,  the  buttocks.] 
Pertaining  to  the  buttocks  (the  natal  cal- 
losities of  monkeys). 

Necrograplier,t  nek-rog'ra-f6r,  n.  [Gr. 
nekros,  dead,  grapho,  to  write.]  One  who 
writes  an  obituary  notice.    [  Thackeray ^ 

Neoplatonlsm,  ne-o-pla'ton-izm,  n.  [Gr. 
rieos,  new,  and  E.  Platonism.\  A  philoso- 
phical system  that  grew  up  in  Alexan- 
dria, and  prevailed  chiefly  from  the  3d  to 
the  5th  century  after  Christ,  deriving  ele- 
ments from  the  philosophy  of  Plato,  and 
from  Christianity,  Gnosticism,  and  orien- 
tal beliefs. 

Neurasthenia,  na'ras-the-ni"a,  n.  [Gr. 
neuron,  nerve,  astheneia,  weakness.  As- 
thenia.] Med.  nervous  debility  or  ex- 
haustion. 

Neuromuscular,  na-ro-musTcQ-lfer,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  character  of  both 
nerves  and  muscles. 

Neuropathology,  nQ'ro-pa-thol"o-ji,  n. 
[Gr.  neuron,  a  nerve.]    That  branch  of 


pathology  which  treats  of  ailments  of  the 
nervous  system.  .  .      ,     ,  . ,  ,  , 

Noils,  noilz,  «.  pi.  [Origin  doubtful.] 
The  knots  and  short  wool  separated  out 
from  the  long  wool  in  combing. 

Notoryctes,  no-to-rik'tez,  n.  [Gr.  notos, 
south,  oryktes,  a  digger.]  A  mole-like 
eyeless  marsupial  living  in  sandy  tracts 
in  the  centre  of  Australia. 

Noxal,  nok'sal,  a.  [L.  noxa,  injury. 
Noxious.]  Pertaining  to  damage  or  in- 
jury: a  legal  word. 

Nurl,  nerl,  v.t  [Same 'as  knurl,  knarl, 
gnarl.)  To  mill  or  indent  on  the  .edge.— 
Nurling,  nfer'ling,  n.  The  milling  on  the 
edge  of  a  coin  or  the  head  of  a  screw. 

Nyctitropic,  nik-ti-trop'ik,  a.  [Gr.  nyx, 
nyktos,  night,  tropos,  a  turn.]  Bot.  sSid 
of  certain  plants,  the  leaves  of  which  as- 
sume certain  positions  at  night. 

Nystagmus,  nis-tag'mus,  n.  [Gr.  nystagmot; 
a  nodding.]  Med.  an  involuntary  rolling- 
motion  of  the^eyes. 


Oak- leather,  n.  A  fungous  growth  of 
leathery  appearance  in  the  fissures  of  old 
oaks. 

Occultism,  ok'ult-izm,  n.  A  system  of  oc- 
cult or  mysterious  doctrines;  the  beliefs  of 
the  theosophists. 

Oceanography,  o-shan-og'ra-fi,  «.  The  de- 
partment of  knowledge  that  deals  with 
oceanic  phenomena. 

Ocuba-wax,  S-ka'ba,  n.  A  vegetable  wax, 
obtained  from  trees  of  the  nutmeg  genus. 

Odontoglossum,  o-don-to-glos'um,  n.  .  [Gr. 
odous,  odontos,  a  tooth,  and  glossa,  a 
tongue.]  A  genus  of  tropical  American 
orchids,  prized  by  cultivators  for  their 
magnificent  flowers. 

(Estrus,  es'trus,  n.  [Gr.  oistros,  gadfly, 
vehement  desire.]  Irresistible  impulse; 
passion;  sexual  impulse  of  animals. 

Okro,  o'kro,  n.  A  plant  of  the  .mallow 
familj  (genus  Abelmoschus),  cultivated  as 
a  vegetable  in  the  East  and  West  Indies, 
arid  elsewhere. 

Ootrum,  tt'trum,  n.  [Indian  name.l  A 
strong,  white,  silky  fibre,  obtained  from' 
the  stem  of  an  Indian  plant. 

Opeidoscope,'  o-pi'do-skop;  n.  [Gr.  ops, 
voice,  eidos,  form,  skopeo,  to  see.]  An  in- 
strument for  rendering  visible  vibratory 
movements  caused  by  sound,  by  means  of 
a  small  mirror  attached  to  a  membrane 
and  reflecting  rays  of  light  on  a  screen. 

Ophiure,  Ophiuran,  of'i-ur,  of-i-a'ran,  n. 
[Gr.  ophis,  serpent,  oura,  tfiil.]  A  name 
for  star-fishes  with  a  central  disc  very 
distinct  from  the  surrounding  arms. 

Opisthographic,  o-pis'tho-graf"ik,  a.  [Gr. 
opiathen,  behind,  grapho,  to  write.]  Hav- 
ing writing  on  the  back  as  well  as  the 
front. 

Orache,  Orach,  or'ach,  n.  [Formerly  arracft, 
from  Pr.  arroche,  orache;  origin  un- 
known.] A  name  of  several  British  plants 
of  which  a  garden  species  is  used  like 
spinach. 

Ormer,  or'mir,  n.  [Pr.  ormier,  L.  auria 
man's,  lit.  ear  of  the  sea.]  An  ear-shell 
or  sea-ear,  especially  one  of  economic  im- 
portance. 

Ornis,  or'nis,  n.  [Gr.  omis,  a  bird.]  The 
birds  of  a  region,  or  its  avifauna.— 0ml- 
thotomy,  or-ni-thot'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  omia, 
omUhos,  bird,  tome,  a  cutting.]  The  an- 
atomy of  birds. 

Orogeny,  o-roj'e-ni,n.  [Gr.  oros,  mountain, 
and  root  -gen.  Genus.]  The  origin  and 
formation  of  mountains. 

Osteomalacia,  os'te-o-ma-la"si-a,  n.  [Gr. 
osteon,  bone,  malaJda,  softness.]  Pathol. 
a  diseased  softening  of  the  bones. 

Ostiole,  os'ti-ol,  n.    [L.  ostiolum,  dim.  of 

-  ostium,  door.]  A  small  orifice  or  opening, 
as  in  certain  sacs  or  cells  in  plants, — 
Ostiolar,  os-ti'o-l6r,  a.  Pertaining  to  an 
ostiole.— Ostiolate,os-ti'o-lat,a.Pumished 
with  an  ostiole. 

Otocy'st,  o'to-sist,  n.  [Gr.  oua,  Otoa,  ear,  and 
kystis,  bladder!]  A  sac,  vessel,  or  cavity 
containing  the  hearing  apparatus  of  an 
animal,  especially  one  of  the  inverte- 
brates. 

Ozonoscope,  o-zo'no-skop,  n.  [E.  ozone,  and 
Gr.  akopeO,  to  view.]    A  contrivance  for 


showing  the  presence  of  ozone  in  the 
atmosphere,  usually  a  test-paper  impreg' 
nated  with  iodide  of  potassium. 

Fademelon,  pad'e-mel-on,  n.  [Australian 
word.]  A  name  of  certain  kangaroos  that 
live  in  the  bush. 

Paigle,  pa'gl,  n.  [Compare  Welsh  pigl,  a 
plant-name.]  The  cowslip  or  primrofie. 
Palatalize,  pal'a-tal-iz,  v.t.  To  give  a  palatal 
sound  to;  to  convert  from  guttural  tn 
palatal  {church  is  palatalized  as  compared 
with  kirk). 

Palmarian,  Palmary,  pal-ma'ri-an,  pal'ma- 
ri,  a.    Worthy  of  obtaining  the  palm ;  of 
supreme  excellence. 
PiJm-cat.    See  Paradoxure. 
Paludal,  pal'a-dal,  a.    [Prom  L.  pains, 
paludia,  a  marsh.]  Pertaining  to  marshes ; 
generated  by  marshes  {paludal  fever). 
Fapyrograph,  pa-pi'ro-graf,  n.    [Gr.  papy- 
rus, papyrus,  paper,  and  grapho,  to  write.  1 
An  apparatus  for  producing  a  number  of 
copies  of  a  written  document. 
Farabasis,  pa-rab'a-sis,  n.     [Gr.]    Part  of 
an  old  Greek  comedy  in  which  the  chorus 
addressed  the  audience  in  name  of  the 
poet. 

Faradoxure,  par-a-doks'Or,  n.  [Paradox, 
and  Gr.  oura,  tail.]  An  animal  of  south- 
eastern Asia  allied  to  the  civet,  living  on 
the.  fruit  of  palms,  and  able  to  curl  its  tail 
into  a-tight  spiral :  called  also  Palm-cat. 
Farapodium,  par-a-po'di-um,  n.;  pi.  Para- 
podia.  [Gr.  para,  beside,  jioms,  podos,  foot.  I 
A  name  for  the  rudimentary  limbs  of 
many  worms. 

Fauldron,  pftl'dron,  n.  [0.  Pr.  espaUeron, 
from  eapalle,  shoulder.  Epaole.]  A  piece 
of  armour  covering  the  shoulder. 
Pedicure,  ped'i-kar,  n.  [L.  pes,  pedis,  the 
foot,  cura,  care.]  4-  person  who  practises 
the  care-taking  of  other  people's  feet,  cut- 
ting their  corns,  trimming  their  nails,  &c. 
Feirastic,  pi-ras'tik,  a.  [Gr.  peirastikos, 
from  peira,  trial.]  Making  trial  or  test; 
tentative. 

Pelage,  pel'aj,  n.  [Fr.  pelage,  hair,  from 
li.  piius,  hair.  Pile.]  Zool.  the  hairy 
covering  of  an  animal. 
Felecoid,  pel'e-koid,  n.  [Gr.  pelekys,  an 
axe.]  A  mathematical  figure  somewhat 
in  the  shape  of  the  blade  of  a  battle-axe. 
Pentad,  pen'tad,  n.  [Gr.  pentas,  pentados, 
from  pente,  five.]  Ai  aggregate  of  five ;  a 
period  of  five  years. 

Feplus,  pep'lus,  n.    [Gr.  peplos.]    A  kind 
of  large  shawl  worn  as  an  outer  garment 
by  ancient  Greek  women. 
Periapt,  per'i-apt,  n.    [Gr. periapton— peri, 
around,  hapto,  to,  fasten.]    An  armlet  or 
charm  worn  about  a  person.    [Shak.] 
Fes,  pes,  ».    [L.  pea,  foot.]    The  foot;  the 
part  of  any  vertebrate  corresponding  to 
the  human  foot ;  a'ny  foot-like  organ. 
Feziza,  pe-zi'za,  n.    [Gr.  pezis,  a  mush- 
room.]   A  generic  name  of  numerous  cup- 
shaped  fungi. 

Philately,  fi-lat'e-li,  n.  [Fr.  philatilie,  a 
ridiculous  compound,  from  Gr.  philoa,  lov- 
ing, and  aieteia.exemption.from  payment.] 
The  practiqe  of  collecting  all  sorts  of  post- 
age-stamps.—Philatelist,  fi-lat'e-list,  n. 
One  who  collects  postage-stamps. 
Phloem,  flo'em,  n.  [Gr.  phloios,  bark.] 
Bot.  the  liber  or  bast  tissue  in  plants. 
Fhonation,  fo-na'shon,  n.  [Gr..  phone, 
voice.]  The  act  of  uttering  vocal  sounds. 
Fhotofp-avure,  fo'to-grav-ur,  n.  [Gr.  pJios, 
photoa,  light,  and  Fr.  gravure,  engraving.] 
A  process  by  which  an  engraving  is  pro- 
duced on  a  metal  plate  by  light  acting  on 
a  sensitive  surface. 

Photosculpture,  fO-to-skulp'tQr,  n.  A  pro- 
cess by  which  sculpture  is  assisted  by 
photography,  a  person  whose  portrait  is 
to  be  produced  in  sculpture  being  photo- 
graphed all  round  by  a  number  of  cameras, 
and  these  pictures  being  successively 
shown  to  the  artist  by  a  magic  lantern  as 
he  makes  the  clay  model. 
Phylum,  fi'lum, n.:  pi. Phyla.  [Gr.  phylon, 
a  tribe.]  One  of  the  grand  subdivisions  of 
the  animal  or  vegetable  kingdoms. 
Physic-nut,  n.  The  seed  of  one  or  two 
tropica]  plants  (genus  Jatropha),  having 
strong  purgative  and  emetic  properties. 


$b,cAain;    ch,Bc.lochi    e,goi    3,job;    n, Pr.  ton;    us,  sing;    tb,  tften;    tb,  (Ain;    w,  wig;    vi;b,w7ug;    zh, a«ure. 


PICII'ORjVI 


T92 


yCOKZONJERA 


Piciform,  pi'si-form,  a.  [h.  piciis,  wood- 
pecker, and /orma,  form.]  Ornithol.  hav- 
ing the  form  or  characters  of  the  wood- 
pecker and  kindred  birds. 
Picric,  pik'rik,  a.  [Gr.i>ifcro8, sharp,  bitter.] 
Same  ^s  Carbazotic. 

Piney-tdUow,  n.  A  kind  of  vegetable  was 
obtained  from  the  fruit  of  an  Jndian  tree 
( Vatetia  indioa ).  —  Piney- varnish,  n.  A 
resinous  varnish  obtained  from  the  same 
tree. 

Piacatilobate,  pin-E(at'i-lo"bat,  a.  Bot. 
pinnate  with  the  pinnae  lobe-shaped. 
Platinotjrpe,  plat'i-no-tip,  n.  [From  pla- 
tinim  and  type.]  A  permanent  photo- 
graphic print  produced  by  a  process  in 
which  platiunm  is  used. 

Plnmicom,  plo'mi-kom,  n.  [L.  pluma.  Tea.- 
tlier,  comti,  horn.]  One  of  the  so-called 
horns  or  ear-tufts  of  owls. 

Podalgia,  po-dal'ji-a,  n.  {6r.  pous,  podos, 
the  foot,  cUgog,  paiife]  Pain  in  the  foot, 
especially  neuralgic  paip. . 

Pcdarthrum,  po-dax' thrum,  »i.  [Gr.  pous, 
podos,  foot,  arthron,  joint.]  Ornithol.  the 
foot  joint ;  the  joint  uniting  the  toes  to 
the  rest  of  the  leg. 

Pokeweed,  psk '  wed,  n.  [Of  American  In- 
dian origin.]  A  N.  American  plant  (genus 
Phytolacca)  whose  berries  and  root  have 
emetic  and  purgative  properties. 

Polypody,  pol'i-po-di,  n.  [Gr.  polypodion. 
a  kind  of  fern,  from  polys,  many,  and 
pous,  podos,  foot— from  its  spreading  root- 
stock.]  A  name  of  various  ferns,  one  of 
them. common  to  Britain  and  N.  Ame- 
rica. 

I'oon,  p8n,  n.  [Indian  name.]  The  name 
of  several  valuable  timber  trees  of  India 
(genus  Calophyllum). 

Poonac,  pS'nstk,  n.  [A  Tamil  word.]  The 
substance  left  after  the  oil  is  expressed 
from  cocoa-nuts,  used  for  feeding  stock 
and  for  manure. 

Por^ie,  Porgy,  por'gi,  n.  [Origin  doubtful.] 
The  name  given  to  a  number  of  different 
fishes,  some  of  them  used  as  food. 

Pornography,  por-nog'ra-fi,  n.  [Gr.  pome, 
a  prostitute,  grapho,  to  write.]  Literature 
in  which  prostitutes  figure;  obscene  writ- 
ing.— ^Poraographer,  por  -  nog '  ra  -  f  6r,  n. 
One  who  treats  such  subjects.  —  Porno- 
graphic, por-no-graf'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  literary  treatment  of  such  subjects. 

Post-^onic,  post-ton 'ik,  a.  FoUowmg  the 
tonic  or  accented  syllablp. 

Poteutite,  p6'ten-tit,  n.  [L.  potens,  potentis, 
powerful.]  A  blasting  substance  recently 
introduced. 

Poondal,  poun'dal,  n.     [From  pound.]    A 

.  unit  of  force,  being  the  force  which,  act- 
ing for  one  second  upon  a  mass  of  one 
pound,  gives  it  a  velocity  of  one  foot  per 
second. 

Freconlze,  Prseconlze.  pre'kon-iz,  v.t.  [L. 
proeco,  -onis,  a  herald  or  public  crier.]  To 
sunimon  publicly;  to  proclaim  publicly  or 
officially. 

Predella,  pre-del'a,  n.  [It.]  The  basal  part 
of  an  altar-piece;  a  sort  of  shelf  or  ledge 
above  and  at  the  back  of  an  altar. 

Prognosis,  prog-no'sis,  n.  [Gr.  prognosis, 
from  pro,  before,  gnosis,  a  knowing.  Gnos- 
tic] Forekrwwleage;  aforepast;  a  forecast 
of  the  probable  course  of  a  disease. 

Prosencephalon,  pros-en-sef'a-lon.n.  [Pre- 
fix pros,  and  encephalon.]  The  fore-brjiin 
OT  anterior  part  of  the  brain. 

Protemporaneous.t  pro-tem'p5-ra"n6-u8,  a. 
[L.  pro  tevipore,  for  the  time  being.]  For 
the  time  being ;  temporary.    [Thackeray.] 

Psychometry,  si-kom'e-tri,  n.  [Gr.  psyche, 
soul,  mind,  metron,  measure.]  The  estima- 
tion of  the.  relative  stre^jigth  of  mental 
faculties. 

Pterylosis,  ter-i-lo'sis,  n.  [Gr.  vteron,  fea- 
ther, hyle,  a  wood.]  Ornithol.  the  peculiar 
disposition  or  arrangement  of  a  bird's  fea- 
thers on  the  different  parts. 

FuIUcate,  pul'i-kat,  n.  [Probably  of  Indian 
origin.]  A  kind  of  coloured  cotton  hand- 
kerchief made  originally  in  India. 

Punivorous,  pQ-piv'o-rus,  a.  [From  pupa, 
and  L.  voro,  to  devour.]  Eating  or  living 
on  the  pupae  of  other  insects. 

Pyuria,  pi-Q'ri-a.  n.  [Gr.  pyon,  pus,  ouron, 
urine.]  Pathol,  tbei  presence  of  puB  in 
the  urine. 


Quadriceps,  kwod'ri-seps,  n.  [L.  quadms- 
q^iatuor,  four,  and  caput,  head.]  A  large 
muscle  in  the  frout  of  the  thigh.— Quadn- 
cipital,  kwod-ri-sip'i-tal,  a.  Four-headed ; 
belonging  to  the  Quadriceps. 

Quadri'digltate,  kwod-ri-dij'i-tat,  a.  [L. 
Quadrus=guatuor,  four,  digitus,  a  digit.] 
Having  four  fingers  or  toes. 

Quadrifoi-m,  kwod'ri-form,  a.  [L.  quadras 
=  guatuor,  four,  forma,  form,]  Fourfold 
as  regards  form  or  shape. 

QuadrUiteral,  kwod-ri-lit'6r-al,  a.  [L. 
quadrus  =  quatuor,  four,  and  litera,  a 
letter.]  '  Consisting  of  four  letters. 

Quatercentenary,  qua-t6r-sen'te-na-ri,  n. 
[L.  guaier,  four  times,  ccniMm,  a  hundred.] 
A  four-hundredth  anniversary. 

Quebracho,  ke-bra'cho,  n.  The  name  of  S. 
American  timber  trees,  the  bark  of  one  of 
which  is  used  in  tanning,  that  of  another 
in  medicine. 

Quezal,  Quetzal,  kwe'zal,  kwet'zal,  n.  [Na- 
tive name.]  A  magnificent  bird  of  Central 
America,  one  of  the  trogons. 

Quincentenary,  kwin-sen'te-na-ri,  n.  [L. 
quinque,  five,  centum,  a  hundred.]  A  five- 
hundredth  anniversary. 

Quitclaim,  kwit'klam,  n.  The  giving  ui>  of 
a  claiiai ;  a  deed  or  document  resigning 
some  claim  in  f  ^.vour  of  another. 

Backarock,  rak'a-rok,  n.  [From  verb  to 
rack,  and  rock.]  An  explosive  substance 
used  in  mining,  &c.,  consisting  of  potas- 
sium chlorate  and  nitro-bRnzole. 

KafBa,  raf  i  -a,  n.  [Name  in  JIadagascar.] 
A  fibrous  substance  obtained  from  a  palm 
of  Madagascar  and  another  of  S.  America, 
used  for  agricultural  tie-bands.  &c. 

Ragee,  Raggee,  rag'e,  n.  [Indian  word.]  A 
grain-plant  cultivated  in  India  and  else- 
where. 

Ranchero,  ran-cha'rS,  n.  [See  Ranch  in 
Diet.]  A  person  employed  on  a  ranch,  or 
who  owns  or  manages  a  ranch.— Ran- 
cheria,  ran-che-re'a,  n.  The  abode  of  la- 
bourers or  herdsmen  employed  on  a 
ranch. 

Range-finder,  n.  An  instrument  for  deter- 
mining the  distance  of  objects  from  the 
place  Arhere  it  is  used,  especially  for  the 
guidance  of  the  fire  of  artUlery .  Also  called 
a  telemeter. 

Raphia,  ra'fi-a,  n.  A  genus  of  palms,  and 
the  fibre  obtained  from  them.    Baffia. 

Real-school,  n.  [G.  realschute,  that  is,  real 
or  practical  school.]  The  name  of  secon- 
dary schools  in  Germany  in  which  the  so- 
called  modem  subjects  are  chiefly  taught. 

Recto,  rek'ta,  n.  [L.  rectus,  right.]  A  right- 
hand  page,  when  a  t-ook  ij  open ;  the  first 
E  age  of  a  folio  or  leaf,  always  odd  in  num- 
er :  opposed  to  verso. 

Referendum,  ref-iSr-en'dum,  n.  [L.,  some- 
thing to  be  referred.]  The  reference  to 
public  vote  of  measures  passed  by  a  re- 
presentative assembly  for  final  approval 
or  rejection,  practised  in  Switzerland. 

Religiosity. .  Also  means  a  kind  of  weak 
sentimentality  in  religion,  readiness  to 
be  swayed  by  superficial  religious  eeuti- 
ment  while  not  really  guided  by  religious 
dictates. 

Rend-rock,  n.    Same  as  Lithofracleur. 

Re-orient,  re-o'ri-ent,  a.  [Prefix  re,  and 
orient.]    Rising  again.    [Tenn.] 

Retrochoir,  re'trO-kwir  or  ret',  n.  [Prefix 
retro,  and  choir.]  That  part  of  a  church 
which  is  situated  behind  the  choir  or  on 
the  other  side  of  it  from  the  body  of  the 
building. 

ReviSing-barrister,  n.  In  England,  one  of 
those  barristers  appointed  annually  to  re- 
vise the  lists  of  parliamentary  voters  and 
holding  courts  for  the  purpose. 

Rhesus,  re'sus,  n.  A  small  monkey  held 
sacred  in  India. 

Rhlnolith,  ri'no-lith,  n.  [Gr.  rhis,  rhinos, 
the  nose,  lithos,  stone.]  A  concretion 
formed  in  the  nose. — Rhinologlst,  ri-nol'5- 
jist,  n.  One  who  has  a  speciad  knowledge 
of  diseases  of  the  nose. 

Rhodium -oil,  n.  A  volatile  oil  obtained 
from  plants  of  the  convolvulus  genus 
growing  in  the  Canaries  and  used  as  a 
perfume;  also  an  oil  prepared  artifici- 
ally. 


Rider's-bone,  n.  A  hard  lump  which  some- 
times forms  on  the  inside  of  the  thigh  of 
persons  who  ride  much. 

Rigl)t  of  Way.  The  right  of  passing  over 
land  not  one's  own ;  the  right  of  the  public 
to  a  road  or  path  over  a  certain  piece  of 
ground. 

Roburite  ro'bur-it,  n.  [L.  rolur,  strength.! 
An'  explosive  substance  of  recent  intro- 
duction having  ammonium  nitrate  as  its 
basis. 

Bocou,  roTco.n.    Same  as  Annatto. 

Rosaniline,  ro-zan'i-lin,  n.  [Rose  and  ani- 
line.] A  substance  derived  from  aniline, 
and  when  mixed  with  certain  substances 
yielding  useful  dyes. 

Rosollc  Acid,  ro-zol'ik.  A  dye-stulf  akin 
to  rosaniline. 

Rubella,  rO-bel'a,  n.  [L.  rubelhis,  reddish,' 
from  ruber,  red.]  A  disease  resembling 
measles,  accompanied  by  a  reddisii  rash 
and  other  symptoms,  but  less  serious  than 
measles:  called  often  German  Measles. 

Runrjg,  run'rig,  Rundale,  run'dal,  n.  A 
system  of  holding  land  in  which  successive 
strips  owidges  belong' to .difierent  owners 
or  occupiers,  an  old  custom  in  connection 
with  villages  in  Scotland  and  Ireland. 

Rutabaga,  ro-ta-ba'ga,  n.  [Origin  doubt- 
ful.]   A  name  for  the  Swedish  turnip. 


Sabianism,  sa'bi-an-izm,  n.  Same  as  Sa- 
baism. 

Saccharin,  sak'a-rin,  71.  "A  substance  of  in- 
tense sweetness  artificially  obtained  from 
coal-tar,  of  no  nutritive  value  but  appa- 
rently harmless  when  taken  into  the  sys- 
tem. 

Sacro-iliac,  sB-kro-il'i-ak,  a.  Anat  per- 
taining to  both  the  sacrum  and  the  ilium 
isacro-iliac  ligaments). 

Sacrosanct,  sak'ro-sangt,  a.  [L.  sacro- 
sanctus  —  sacer,  sacred,  sanctus,  holy.] 
Sacred  and  inviolable;  holy  and  venerable. 
— Sacrosanctify.t  sak-ro-sang'ti-fi,  v.t— 
-fled,  -fying.  To  render  sacrosanct  or  sacred 
and  inviolable. 

Sacrosclatic,  sa'kro-si-af'ik,  a.  [From 
sacrum  and  sciatic.]  Anat.  pertaining 
jointly  to  the  sacrum  and  ischium. 

Salangane,  sal'an-gan,  n.  [Of  Eastern  ori- 
gin.] The  species  of  swift  which  produces 
the  edible  nests  prized  by  the  Chinese. 

Salt- bush,  n.  A  name  for  Austr-alian 
plants  of  the  orache  genus  which  flourish 
in  dry  regions  and  are  browsed  by  sheep. 

Samovar,  sam'o-var,  n.  [Russian.]  A  tea- 
urn  used  in  Russia  in  which  the  water  is 
heated  by  a  tube  passing  through  it  con- 
taining live  coals. ' 

Saprolegnia,  8ai>-ro-leg'ni-a,  n.  [Gr.  sapros, 
rotten,  legnon,  edge.]  The  fungus  which 
causes  the  weU-kngwn  salmon  disease. 

Baree,  sa-re',  n.  [Hindustani.]  The  chief 
garment  of  a  Hindu  woman,  consisting  of 
a  long  piece  of  cloth  wound  round  the 
waist,  with  the  one  end  hanging  down  in 
front,  the  other  taken  up  and  thrown  over 
the  head. 

Scad,  skad,  n.  [Same  as  shad.]  A  food-fish 
of  Britain.    Also  called  Horse-mackerel. 

Scatnrientjt  ska-tu'ri-ent,  a.  [L.  scaturiens, 
ppr.  of  scaturio,  to  gush  forth.]  Gushing 
forth,  as  water  from  a  spring.    [Lamb.] 

Scenario,  s6-na'ri-o;  Ital.  pron.  she-na're-o, 
n.  [It.]  An  abstract  of  the  chief  inci- 
dents in  any  dramatic  work  arranged  ac- 
cording to' act  and  scene,  giving  4  sort  of 
skeleton  of  the  piece. 

Schizocarp,  shiz'o-karp  or  skiz',  n.  [Or. 
schizO,  to  split,  karpos,  fruit.]  Bot.  a  dry 
fruit  which  splits  at  maturity  into  dis- 
tinct one-seeded  carpels. 

Schizognathous,  shi-zog'na-thus  or  skiz-,  a. 
[Gr.  schico,  and  gvathos,  jaw.]  Ornithol. 
having  the  bony  palate  cleft  in  a  particu- 
lar way. 

ScMzomycetes,  8kiz'S-mi-s5"t«z,  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
schiiO.  and  mykes,  fungus.]  A  division  of 
minute  vegetable  organisms  known  as 
microbes,  bacteria,  &c. 

Schizorhinal,  shiz-o-ri'nal  or  skiz-,  a.    [Gr. 

^his,  rhinos,  nose.]    Ornithol.  having  the 

nasal  bones  cleft  in  a  particular  way. 

Scorzonera,  skor-zo-ne'ra,  n.  [It.}  A  genus 

of  composite  plants,  one  of  which  is  culti- 
vated for  its  carrot-shaped  edible  root. 


.f'wte,f^r,£&t,  ff^i    me,  met,bir;     pine,  pia;    tuSte,  not,  miive ;     tobe,  tub,  b«U :    oil,pouad:.    tt.  Sc.  abuae^tb«  fr. «. 


SCR  AW 


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ULTKAHED 


Scrawl,  skrftl,  n.  [Perhaps  from  scrawl,  a 
form  of  crawl,]  A  young  crab.  [Tenn.] 
Scrophularia,  skrof-u-la'ri-a,  n.  [Because 
used  as  a  remedy  for  scrofula.]  A  genus  of 
gamopetalous  plants  common  in  Britain, 
type  of  a  family  containing  the  foxglove, 
antirrhinum,  calceolaria,  &o. 
Seborrhoea,  se-lio-re'a,  n.  [L.  8e6«m, tallow, 
Gr.  rheO,  to  flow.]  Excess  of  the  fatty 
secretion  of  the  skin. 

Semasiology,  s6'ma-si-ol"o-ji,  n.    (Gr.  ag- 
masia,  signification,  from sema,  sign.]  The 
signification  of  words. 
Sepsis,  sep'sis,  n.  [Gr.  slpsis^  putrefactioii, 
from  sipO,  to  rot.]    Putrefaction;  blood- 
poisoning;  septicemia. 
Sheat-fish,  shet'nsh,  n.    Same  as  Silurus. 
Shippon,  Shippen,  ship'6n,  TO.  [O.E.  scheme, 
schupne,  A.Sax.  scypen,  akin  to  shop.]    A 
.house  for  cattle  or  sheep;  a  stable. 
Ship-railway,  n.  A  railway  by  which  a  ship 
may  be  conveyed  from  one  piece  of  water 
to  another.  "       -       ' 

Siphonostomat'ous,  -  siKo-ud-stom"a-tu8,  a. 
f  Gr.  siphon,  tube,,  stoma,  mouth.]    Zool. 
having  a  tubular  mouth;  having  a  tube 
or  siphon  conveying  water  to  the  gills,  as 
certain  molluscs. 
Sippet,  sip'et,  n.    [A  dim.  form  from  sip  or 
sop.]    A  small  siru  a  little  bit  of  some- 
thing eatable;  a  small  pjeceof  bread  served 
along  with  soup,  broth,  &o. 
Sloyd,  sloid,  ■»!.     [Sw.  fiZdji;  akin  to  E. 
sleight]  A  system  of  manual  training  for 
pupils  in  schools,  originating  in  Sweden. 
Sow-bread,  n.  [From  the  foots  being  eaten 
by  swine.J  The  common  British  species  of 
cyclamen.  —  Sow-thistle,  n.    A  genus  of 
composite   plants  somewhat  resembling 
thistles,  aud  greedily  eaten  by  various 
.  animals. 

Sphalerite,  sfal'6r-it,  n.  [Gr.  sphaleros, 
delusive,  from  sphallO,  to  trip,  to  fail.] 
Same  as  Zinc-blende. 

Spindle-tree,  n.    A  small  tree  (genus- Eu- 
onynius)  found  wild  in  Britain. 
Spine-tail,  n.    A  name  of   several  birds 
having  stiff  pointed  feathers  in  the  tail. 
Spinifex,  spin'i-feks,  n.    An  excessively 
spiny  grass  growing  in  tussocks  and  cov- 
ering large  areas  in  Australia,  where  it 
forms  a  great  impediment  to  travellers. 
Spirillum,  spi-ril'um,  n.    [From  its  spiral 
growth.]    A  microscopic  germ  of  the  bac- 
teria class. 

Bplenology,  sple-nol'o-ji, «.  [Gr.  splen,  the 
spleen,  logos,  doctrine.]  Knowledge  or 
body  of  facts  regarding  the  spleen,  — 
Splenotomy,  sple-not'o-rai,  n.  [Gr.  tome, 
cutting.]  A  cutting  into,  or  the  anatomy 
.of,  the  spleen. 

Splurge,   splerj,  n.    [Probably  a  coined 
word,  suggested  by  splash,  surge,  or  the 
like.]    A  showing  off;  a  great  display  or 
ostentation.    [Colloq.] 
Spode,  spod,  n.   [Gr.  spodos,  ashes.]  A  ma- 
terial composed  of  calcined  ivory,  of  which* 
vases  and  ornaments  are  made. 
Spodumene,  spod'Q-m5n,  n.     [Gr.  spodsu- 
menos,  converted  into  ashes,  from  spodos, 
ashes.]    A  mineral,  a  silicate  of  alumi- 
nium and  lithium,  an  emerald-green  va- 
riety of  which  is  used  as  a  gem. 
Spoil-five,  n.   A  game  of  cards  played  with 
the  whole  pack,  each  player  getting  five 
cards;  when  no  one  takes  three  tricks  the 
game  is  said  to  be  spoiled. 
Sputum,  spa'tum,n.;pZ.  Sputa.  [L.  sputum, 
spittle,   from    spiio,  to    spit.]      Spittle; 
matter  expectorated. 

Staphyloma,  Staphylosis,  staf-i-lS'ma,  staf- 
i-lo'sis,  n.  [Gr.  staphyle,  a  grape  cluster.] 
Pathol,  a  tumour  or  bulging  out  of  the 
eyeball  in  front. 

Star-shoot,  n.  Same  as  JVbstoc— Starwort, 
.stai''w6rt,  n.  The  popular  name  of  British 
plants,  some  of  them  of  the  chickweed 
genus. 

Steatop7gou8,  st6-a-top'i-gus,-a.  [Gr.  stear, 
steatos,  fat,  pygS,  buttocks.]  Having  an  ac- 
cumulation of  fat  on  the  buttocks,  a  pecu- 
liarity of  Hottentot  and  other  women. 
Steel-toys,  n.  A  technical  name  for  small 
articles  of  steel,  as  buttons,  buckles,  &c. 
Steganopodous,  steg-a-nop'o-dus,  a.  [Gr. 
steganos,  covered,  pous,  podos,  foot.]  Or- 
nithol.  having  all  four  toes  W£bbed,  as  the 
gannet  aud  pelicaa. 


Stereobate,  ster'e-o-bat,  n.  [Gr.  stereobates 
~  stereos,  firm,  solid,  and  bainO,  to  go.] 
Arch,  a  kind  of  continuous  pedestal  at  the 
bottom  of  a  wall. 

Stereopticon,  ster-S-op'ti-kon,  n.  [Gr. 
stereos,  solid^  optikoa,  optic]  An  appa- 
ratus in  which  two  magic  lanterns  are 
combined. 

Stodge,  stoj,  v.t.— stodged,  stodging.  [Psr- 
haps  akin  to  stock,  stick,  stoke.]  To  stuff 
or  cram.  —  n.  A  mass  jumbled  together. 


Stodgy,  stoj'i,  o.    Crammed  together 
roughly ;  crude  and  indigestible. . 
Stomach-staggers,  n.  pi.  A  disease  in  horses 


depending  on  a  paralytic  affection  of  the 
stomach.  -j, 

Btrabotomy,  stra'-bot'o-mi,  n.  [Gr.  strabos, 
squinting,  tome,  cutting.]  A  surgical 
operation  for  the  cure  of  squinting  (stra- 
bismus). 

Stramonium,  stra-mo'ni-um,  n.  The  thorn- 
apple  {Datura  Stramonium)  and  a  drug 
obtained  from  it  with  sibailar  properties 
to  "belladonna. 

Strophanthin,  stro-fan'thin.w.  [From  Stro- 
tihalithus,  the  genus  to  which  the  plant 
belongs  —  Gr.  strepho,  to  twist,  anthos, 
flower.]  A  drvig  obtained  from  the  seeds 
of  an  African  plant  (order  Apocynaceee), 
a  muscle  poison,  but  used  in  heart  dis- 
ease. 

Sudamiua,,  stl-dam'i-na,  n.pl.  [From  L. 
sudo,  sudare,  to  sweat.]  Pathol,  minute 
vesicles  appearing  on  the  skin  in  certain 
cases. 

Symbiosis,  sim-bi-o'sis,  n.  [Gr.  syn,  to- 
gether, and  bio8^  life.]  A  sort  of  parasitism 
in  which  two  kinds  of  animals  or  plants, 
or  a  plant  and  an  animal,  live  in  close  re- 
lationship, the  one  b^ing  of  service  to  the 
other  for  protection  or  food. 


Tallegalla.    Taleoalla. 

Tallow-tree,  n.  A  tree  yielding  vegetable 
tallovv,  especially  a  tree  belonging  to 
China  introduced  into  India  and  Ame- 
rica. 

Tank-car,  n.  A  car-  or  railway  wagon 
carrying  a  large  tank  for  the  conveyance 
of  petroleum. 

Taoism,   Taouism,   ta'O-izm,   ta'a-izm,  n. 

■  [From  Chinese  too,way  or  path.]  A  Chinese 
religion  introduced  by  Laotse,  non-theis- 
tic,  Dut  teaching  a  pure  morality,  latterly 
associated  with  beliefs  in  magic  and  other 
superstitions. 

Taqua-nut,  tak'wa,  n.    The  ivory-nut. 

Tara-fern,  ta'ra,  n.  A  New  Zealand  fern 
of  the  bracken  genus  with  an  edible  rhi- 
zome. 

Tarantass,  tar-an-tas',  n.  A  covered  Rus- 
sian carriage  without  springs. 

Tarpon,  Tarpum,  tar'pon,  tar'pum,  n. 
[Origin  unknown.]  A  fine  large  sea-fish 
of  the  Southern  United  States  and  the 
AV.Indies,belonging  to  the  herring  family, 
and  giving  excellent  sport  to  the  angler. 

Tarsia,  tar'si-a,  n.  [It.]  A  kind  of  Italian 
mosaic  woodwork  or  marquetry. 

Tarsometatarsus,  tar's6-met-a-tar"8us,  n. 
Ornithol.  same  as  Tarsus. 

Taxel,  tak'sel,  n.  The  N.  American  badger. 

Teel,  tel,  n.  [Indian  name.]  Indian  se- 
same. 

Teknonymy,  tek-non'i,mi,  n.  [Gr.  teknon, 
child,  onoma,  name.]  The  custom  of  nam- 
ing a  parent  after  his  child,  prevalent 
among  some  uncivilized  peoples. — Tekno- 
nymDUS,  tek-non'i-mus,  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  practising  teknonymy. 

Telautograph,  te-la'to-graf ,  n.  [Gr.  tSle,  far, 
and  E.  autograph.]  A  telegraph  that  re- 
prfldiices  a  facsimile  of  the  person's  hand- 
writing who  sends  a  message. 

Teleineter.  [See  in  Diet.]  Also  an  appa- 
ratus by  which  the  variations  recorded  by 
any  physical  or  other  instrument  fur- 
nished with  an  index  can  be  shown  at  a 
distance  by  means  of  electricity.— Teleme- 
try, te-lem'e-tri,  n.    Measurement  or  ob- 

'  servation  by  means  of  a  telemeter. 

Telepathy,  te-lep'a-thi,  n.  [Gr.  tele,  far, 
pathos,  feeling.]  The  communication  of 
feelings  or  impressions  between  persons 
at  some  distance  from  each  other. — Tele- 
pathic,'tel-e-path'ik,  a.  Pertaining  to 
telepathy. 


Telpherage,  tel '  f ir  -  aj , ».  [Badly  formed 
from  Gr.  tele,  far,  pherO,  to  carry.]  A  sys- 
tem of  automatically  transporting  goods 
on  a  kind  of  elevated  railway  by  means 
of  electricity.^=Telpher-line,  Telpher-rail- 
way, n.  A  railway  of  this  kind. 
Terre-plein,  tar'plan,  n.  [Fr.]  Port,  that 
part  of  a  rampart  on  which  the  guns  are 
placed. 

Tneatrophone,   th5-at ' ro-f on,   n.    [From 
theatre,  and  the  -phone  of  telephone.]    A 
telephone  to  enable  a  person  to  hear  what 
is  said  or  sung  in  a  theatre  though  not 
present  at  the  performance. 
Theriomorphic,  thg-ri-6-mor'fik,  a.    [Gr. 
therion,  animal,  morphe,  shape.]    Having 
the  form  of  an  animal. 
Thrips,  thrips,  n.    [Gr.,  a  kind  of  worm.] 
A  genus  of  minute  insects,  one  of  them 
very  destructive  to  wheat. 
Thymol,  tim'ol,  n.    [From  thyme  aud  L. 
oleum,  oil.]    A  crystalline  substance  ob- 
tained from  oil  of  thyme,  a  strong  anti- 
septic and  dis.infectant,  used  as  a  gargle, 
for  inhalation,  in  skin  diseases,  &c. 
Tiger-flower,  n.    A  Mexican  plant  of  the 
iris  family  with  magnificent  flowers. 
Til,  tel,  n.    Indian  sesame. 
TUlandsia,  til-and'si-a,  m.  [After  a  botanist 
Tillandsius.]  A  magnificent  genus  of  tro- 
pical American  epiphytes  of  the  bromelia 
family. 

Timothy-grass,  n.  [First  recommended  by 
Timothy  Hanson.]  A  kind  of  hard,  coarse 
pasture  grass  extensively  cultivated. 
Toad-flax,  n.  The  name  of  several  indi- 
genous British  plants  allied  to  the  antir- 
rhinum. 

Tombola,  tom' bo-la,  n.  [It.]  A  kind  of 
lottery,  in  which  articles  of  various  kinds 
are  the  prizes. 

TraveUer's-tree,  n.  A  characteristic  tree 
of  Madagascar  belonging  to  the  banana 
family,  so  named  because  the  traveller 
may  allay  his  thirst  from  water  in  the  hol- 
low at  the  base  of  the  leaf-stalks. 
Trigger-fish,  n.  A  name  of  certain  fishes 
which  have  a  dorsal  fin  with  a  strong  ray 
or  spinfe  in  front  that  cannot  be  pressed 
down  till  the  second  ray  is  depressed. 
Tropaeolum,  tro-p5'o-lum,  n.  [Gr.  tropaion, 
a  trophy,  the  leaves  being  shield-shaped, 
the  flowers  helmet-shaped.]  A  genus  of 
S.  American  trailing  or  climbing  plants 
of  the  geranium  family,  some  of  them 
well  known  as  Indian  cress  and  nastur- 
tium. 

Tuba,  tuTia,  n.   [L.,  a  trumpet.   Tdbe.]  A 
largo  musical  instrument  of  brass,  low  in 
pitch  and  resembling  the  bombardon. 
Tuberculine,  tu-berTsQ-lin,  n.    A  medicine 
introduced  hy  Dr.  Koch  for  the  treatment 
of  tuberculosis.— Tuberculosis,  tn-ber'ka- 
lo"8is,  n.     A  disuse  due  to  the  formation 
of  tubercles  in  various  organs  of  the  body; 
a  consumptive  state  of  the  system. 
Tucum,  td'kum,  n.    A  S.  American  palm, 
yielding  a  valuable  fibre  and  oil. 
Tug-of-war,  n.  A  trial  of  strength  between 
two  parties  of  men  who  tug  at  opposite 
ends  of  a  rope,  each  side  trying  to  pull  the 
other  over  a  certain  mark. 
Turps,  t6rps,  n.    A  name  now  often  used 
as  short  for  spirits  or  oil  of  turpentine, 
which  is  popularly,  but  incorrectly,  called 
turpentine. 

Twist,  twist,  n.  [Akin  to  two,  twig,  twine, 
verb  to  twist,  &c.,  too-ness  being  the  idea 
involved  in  all.]  The  part  of  the  body 
where  the  legs  divide  or  bifurcate:  a  good 
old  word.    \Defoe] 

Twy-natured,  twi'na-tOrd,  o.  Double  na- 
tured ;  having  an  animal  and  non-animal 
nature  combined.  [Tenn.] 
Typhlitis,  tif-li'tis,  n.  [Cfr.  typhlos,  blind 
(referring  to  caecum,  from  L.  ctecus,  blind),' 
and  term.  -Ms,  denoting  inflammation.] 
Med.  inflammation  of  the  caecum. 
Typhomalai-ial,  ti'fo-ma-la"ri-al,  a.  Med. 
having  the  character  both  of  typhus  and 
malarial  fever. 

trie,  8'l5,n.  [American.]  A  tree  of  tropical 
America  which  supplies  large  quantities 
of  rubber. 

Ultrared,  ul-tra-red',  a.  Belonging  to  that 
part  of  the  solar  spectrum  which  is  con- 


cbiCftaia;    cA,  Scloc^.;    8,go;    i,job;    &, Fr.  ton;    &g,  8intr:    iB,(hen:    th, ftiu;    v,  tcigi    trli,icMgi    2b,aeuxe.^ 


UMBELLULE 


794 


ZYMOGEN 


tinued'  beyond  the  red  rays.  Similarly 
Ultraviolet,  said  of  the  opposite  end  of 
the  spectrum.— tJltratropical,  trop'i-kaJ, 
a.  Outside  of  the  tropics;  extratropical; 
also,  extremely  tropical  (as  heat).— Ultra- 
zodiacal,  urtra-zo-di"a-kal,  a.  Situated 
outside  of  the  zodiac;  belonging  to  parts 
of  the  heavens  beyond  the  zodiac. 

Umbellule^  um'bel-ul,  n.  [Dim.  of  umbel.'} 
Bot.  a  small  or  partial  umbel. 

Umiak,  O'mi-ak,  n.  [Eskimo.]  A  fiat-bot- 
tomed boat  ol  skin  rowed  by  the  Eskimo 
women. 

Unau,  o'nou,  n.  [S.  American.]  The  two- 
toed  sloth. 

Unearned.  —  Unearned  increment,  the  in- 
crease in  the  value  of  land  which  is  not 
due  to  any  expenditure  on  the  part  of  the 
owner,  as  when  it  arises  from  growth  of 
population. 

Unguis,  ung'grwis,  n,  [L.,  a  nail  .or  claw.) 
A  nail,  claw,  or  noof  of  an  animal ;  some- 
thing resemblSng  tjilaf  bot.  a  claw -like 
portion  of  U  petal.* 

Uredo,  a -re 'do,  n.  [L.,  blight  of  plants, 
from  uro,  to  bum.]  A  genus  of  parasijtic 
fungi  which  cause  such  diseases  in  plants 
as  smut,  rust,  &c. 

Uropod,  Q'ro-pod,  n.  [fir.  ovra,  tail,  pons, 
podoa,  foot.]  A  name  of  certain  posterior 
appendages  of  "the  abdomen- in  crusta- 
ceans serving  as  feet. 

Dropygium,  u-ro-pij''i-um,  n.  [Gr.  owro- 
pygion.'i  Omithol.  the  rump  of  birds.— 
uropy^al,  a-ro-pij'i-al,  a. 

VTagns,  ▼a'gns,  »»•  .tli.  vaous,  wandering, 
from  its  course.  Vague.]  Same  aa  Pneu- 
mogastric  Nerve.  ', 

Valence,  Valency,  vslens,  valen-si,  n. 
[From  L.L.  valenlia,  strength,  from  L. 
vaUo,  to  be  strong.'  Valid.]  Chem.  the 
combining  strength  or  capacity  of  atoms, 
referred  to  hydrogen  as  a  standard;  the 
force  which  determines  with  how  mstny 
atoms  of  an  element  an  atom  of  another 
element  will  combine.  ,r  „  • 

VaUisneria,  val-is-ne'ri-a,  «.  [After  ValUa- 
neri,  an  Italian  naturalist  ]  A  genus  of 
plants  that  grow  at  the  bottom  of  water, 
yaseline,  vas'e-lin,  n.  [Apparently  a  fancy, 
name.]  A  substance  of  a  greasy  appear- 
ance and  yellowish  colour  obtained  from 
petroleum  and  used  in   ointments,  po- 

Velarlum,  v6-la'ri-nm,  n.  [L-.  from  velum, 
a  veil.]  An  awning  stretched  over  an 
ancient  Roman  theatre  or  amphitheatre, 
these  buildings  being  open  to  the  sky. 

Verso,  vfer'so,  n.  [L.  ver»us,  pp.  of  verto,  ver- 
«um,  to  turn.   Vkese.]  A  left-hand  page; 


the  second  page  of  a  leaf  or  folio:  opposed 
to  recto. 

View-point,  n.  Point  of  view;  point  from 
which  a  prospect  may  be  obtained, 

Vigneron,  ven-y6-ron,  n.  [Ft.,  from  vifme, 
vine.l    A  vine-grower ;  a  wine-grower. 

Virelay,  vir'e-la,  n.  [Fr.  virelai,  from 
virer,  to  turn,  to  veer,  and  lai,  a  lay.]  In 
French  literature  a  short  poem,  in  'short 
lines,  with  a  refrain,  and  only  two  rhymes 
throughout. 

Vley,  Vlei,  vli  or  fli,  n.  [D.]  In  S.Africa  a 
name  for  a  swampy  hollow  or  pool  that 
dries  up  at  certain  seasons. 

Volar,t  vo'Ur,  n.  [L.  volare,  to  fly.  Vola- 
tile.] Pertaining  to  flight;  used  in  flying 
(the  volar  membranes  of  bats).    . 

Voodoo,  v5-do',  ?i.  [Perhaps  of  African 
origin.]  Among  the  West  Indian  and 
United  States  negroes  a  person  who  pro- 
fesses to  be  a  sorcerer  or  to  possess  mys- 
terious powers ;  such  mj-sterious  and  ma- 
lign powers  collectively;  an  evil  spirit. 
'  Also  used  adjectively.— Voodooism,  va-dS'- 
izm,  n.    Voodoo  beliefs  or  practices. 

Wallaby,  wal'a-bi,  n.  [Native  Australian.] 

J^  name  in  Australia  for  several  kangaroos 
of  small  size. 

Wattle,  Wattle-tree,  wot'I,n.  A  name  in 
Australia  for  various  specie's  of  acacia, 
some  of  them  with  beautiful  flowers. 

Wattle-bird,  n:  A  name  of  certain  Aus- 
tralian birds  of  the  honey-eater  family, 
having  wattles  hanging  below  the  ear. 

Welwitschia,  wel-wich'i-a,  n.  [From  the 
German  Welwitsch,  who  discovered  it.] 
A  curious  plant  of  S.  Africa,  growing  in 
dry  regions,  arid  having  the  form  of  a 
stumpy  mass  of  wood  with  two.cotyledon- 
ary  leaves,  and  several  short  flower-stalks. 

Wistaria,  wis-ta'ri-a,  n.  [After  Caspar 
If'istar,  an  American  anatomist.]  A  §enus 
of  climbing  and  twining  leguminous 
plants,  of  which  a  N.  American  and  a 
Chinese  species  are  now  well  known  in 
Europe. 

Woodite,  wddlt,  n.'  [From  the  inventor, 
Mrs.  Wood.]  A  recently  introduced  ma- 
terial one  form  of  which  consists  mainly 
of  india-rubber  specially  treated,  and  is 
Recommended  as  a  backing  to  a  ship's 
armour-plates,  another  more  buoyant  va- 
riety being  intended  for  raft  purposes  in 
ship  construction. 

Xanthoma,  zan-thS'ma,  n.  [Gr.  xanlhos, 
yellowj  An  affection  of  the  skin,  consist- 
ing in  the  appearance  of  irregular  yellow- 
ish patches  on  it,  especially  in  the  eyelids. 


Xenlan,  ze'ni-an,  a.  [6r.  xenios,  from  xenos, 
guest,  stranger.]  Pertaining  to  the  bond 
of  hospitality  and  friendship  established 
between  persons  living  in  different  states 
or  countries.    [Gladstone.] 

Xenogamy,  ze-nog'a-mi,  n.  [Gr.  xenos, 
strange,  gamos,  marriage.]  In  bot.  cross- 
fertilization. 

Xylem,  zi'lem,  n.  [Gr.  xylon,  wood.]  In 
vegetable  histology  that  portion  of  a  fibro- 
vascular  bundle  which  develops  into  wood. 
— Xylene,  zi'len,  n.  A  name  of  certain 
hydrocarbons  found  in  coal-tar  and  wood- 
tar.— Xylidine,  zi'li-din,  n.  A  name  for 
several  coal-tar  hydrocarbons  resembling 
aniline,  one  of  them  yielding  a  fine  red 
colour. 

Xylobalsamom,  zllo-bal'sa-mum.  A  kind 
of  balsarn  obtained  from  a  tree  of  Western 
Asia. 

Xylophone,  zi'lo-fon,  n.  [Gr.  xylon,  wood, 
phone,  sound]  A  musical  instrument  in 
which  the  notes  are  given  by  pieces  of 
wood  struck  with  hammers. 

Yeast-plant,  n.  The  plant  or  vegetable 
organism  of  which  yeast  consists;  a  simple 
cellular  growth. 

Yen,  yen,  n.  The  unit  of  account  in  Japan- 
ese money,  nominally  of  the  value  of  4«. 
sterling. 

Ytterbium,  it-t^rTji-um,  n.  [From  Ttterby 
in  Sweden.]  A  rare  chemical  element 
allied  to  erbium  and  terbium. 

Ynlaa,  yu'lan,  n.  The  name  ^iveu  in  Ame- 
rica to  a  species  of  magnolia  with  large 
white  blossoms. 

Zoea,  zo'e-a,  n.  [From  Gr.  zoe,  life.]  The 
nariie  given  to  an  embryonic  stage  in  the 
development  ofcrustaceans. 

Zoochemistry,  z5-o-kem'is-tri,  n.  [Gr.  zoon, 
animal,  and  E.  chemistry.]  Animal  che- 
mistry; the  chemistry  of  animal  siib- 
stances. 

Zooecium,  zo-€'si-um,  n.  [Gr.  z6on,  animal, 
oikos,  house.]  The  chamber  or  receptacle 
in  which  resides  one  of  the  semi-indepen- 
dent animals  of  the  polyzoa  in  company 
with  others  in  similar  chambers. 

Zoogamy,  zo-og'a-mi,  n.    [Gr.  zoon,  animal, 

■  and  gamos,  marriage.]  The  sexual  union 
of  animals  to  produce  young. 

Zoogeography,  zo'o-je-og"ra-fl,  n.  [Gr.  zoon, 
animal,  and  E.  geography.]  The  geogra- 
phical distribution  of  animals,  or  branch 
of  knowledge  dealing  with  it. 

Zymogen,  zi'mo-jen,  n.  [Gr.  zyme,  leaven, 
and  root  gen,  to  produce.]  Any  substance 
which  gives  rise  to  a  ferment  without 
being  itself  a  ferment. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftU;     me,met,h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOve ;     tube,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;     U,  Sc.  abitne-the  Fr.  u. 


KEY 

TO    NOTED    NAMES    IN    FICTION,    MYTHOLOGY.    &c. 

[Certain  other  naines  not  entered  here  ivUl  be  found  in  the  Victionarg  itself.] 


Abdiel,  ab'di-el.  A  seraph  in  Miltou's  Par- 
adise Lost  who  withstood  the  revolt  of 
Satan,  'faithful  found  among  the  faith- 
less, faithful  only  he.' 

Abou  Hassan,  ab'O  has'an.  A  young  man 
of  Bagdad  in  the  Arabian  Nights,  who  is 
carried  while  asleep  to  the  l)ed  of  the 
Caliph  Haroun-al-Kashid,  and  next  mor- 
ning is  persuaded  that  he  really  is  the 
caliph. 

Absolute,  Sir  Anthony.  A  hot-tempered 
and  domineering  but  good-hearted  and 
generous  old  gentleman,  in  Sheridan's 
comedy  of  The  Kivals.  His  son,  the  gal- 
lant and  spirited  Captain  Absolute,  is  in 
love  with  i/ydia  Languish,  and  has  Bob 
Acres  for  nis  rival. 

Abu'dah.  A  merchant  in  the  Tales  of  the 
Genii,  almost  driven  distracted  by  an 
old  hag  that  haunts  him  every  night. 

Achates,  a-ka'tez.  The  faithful  companion 
of  .iEneas  in  Virgil's  J3neid,  adopted  as  a 
type  of  stanch  companionship. 

Acheron,  ak'e-ron.  In  classical  fable  a 
river  of  the  infernal  regions. 

Achilles,  a-kil'lez.  The  chief  Greek  hero 
in  the  siege  of  Troy  as  told  in  Homer's 
Iliad.  He  slew  Hector,  but  according  to 
later  writers  was  himself  slain  by  Paris, 
who  wounded  him  in  the  right  heel,  where 
alone  he  was  vulnerable.  His  bosom 
friend  was  Patroclus,  who  was  killed  by 
Hector.    See  Ilium,  Hector,  &c. 

Acis,  a'sis.  According  to  Ovid  a  Sicilian 
shepherd  beloved  by  Galatea  and  liilled 
by  the  Cyclops  Polyphemus,  who  wished 
Galatea  for  himself. 

Acra'sia.  A  beautiful  enchantress  in 
Spenser's  Faerie  Queene,  typifying  un- 
controlled indulgence  in  sensual  pleasures. 

Acres,  Bob.  A  blustering,  swearing,  but 
cowardly  character  in  Sheridan's  comedy 
of  The  Kivals.    See  Absolute. 

Actseon,  ak-ts'on.  A  huntsman  who,  hav- 
ing surprised  Diana  bathing,  vfa-s  turned 
by  her  into  a  stag  and  torn  by  his  own 
dogs. 

Adamastor,  ad-a-mas'tor.  The  spirit  of  the 
(Jape  of  Storms  (Good  Hope),  described  by 
Camoens  in  his  poem  the  Lusiads. 

Adams,  Parson.  A  country  curate  in  Field- 
ing's J  oseph  Andrews :  poor,pious,learned, 
absent-minded,  and  extremely  ignorant 
of  the  world. 

Admetus,  ad-m5'tus.  A  mythological 
king  of  Thessaly  under  whom,  for  a  year, 
Apollo  served  as  a  shepherd.  SeeAlcestis. 

Adonis,  a-do'nis.  In  Greek  mythol.  a  beau- 
tiful youth  beloved  by  Venus  and  killed 
by  a  wild  boar.  The  myths  connected 
with  Adonis  are  of  Eastern  origin,  and  he 
himself  appears  to  be  a  personification  of 
the  sun. 

.£geu3,  e'jus.  A  legendary  king  of  Athens, 
the  father  of  Theseus. 

.£aeas,  e-n5'as.  The  hero  of  Virgil's  poem 
the  .^neid,  a  Trojan  warrior,  who  came 
to  Italy  after  the  fall  of  Troy,  having 
passed  through  various  adventures  Ijy  the 
way,  and  was  regarded  as  the  remote 
foundi^r  of  Rome.  He  was  said  to  be  the 
'ion  of  Auchises  and  Venus.   See  also  Didn. 

.Solus,  e'o-lus.  God  of  the  winds  among 
the  Greeks  and  Romans.  He  kept  the 
winds  confined  in  a  cave  in  the  .Slolian 
Islands. 

.ffsculapius,  es-kO-irpi-uB.  The  god  of 
medicine  among  the  Greeks  and  Romans. 

Agamemnon,  ag-a-mem'non.  Ijeader  of 
the  Greeks  m  the  war  against  Troy,  slain 
by  his  wife  Clytemnestra  and  her  para- 
mour .SIgisthus.     His  brother  was  Mene- 


laus,  his  son  Orestes,  and  his  daughters 
Iphigenia  and  Electra. 

Aguecheek,  Sir  Andrew.  A  silly  and 
ridiculous  character  in  Shakspere's 
Twelfth  Night,  a  crony  of  Sir  Toby  Belch. 

Ahriman,  yOirimanes,  a'ri-man,  a-ri-ma' 
n5z.  The  evil  prmciple  or  deity  iu  the 
religious  system  of  Zoroaster. 

Almwell,  Viscount.  In  Farquhar's  comedy 
The  Beau.x  Stratagem  a  gentleman  who 
seeks  the  hand  of  Dorinda,  daughter  of 
Lady  Bountiful.  He  and  his  friend  Ai> 
cher  are  the  '  beaux,'  who  carry  on  their 
schemes  in  disguise. 

Ajax,  a'jaks.  A  Greek  hero  of  the  war 
againstTroy,andof  a  tragedyby  Sophocles, 
who  became  frenzied  and  killed  himself 
when  the  armour  of  Achilles  was  awarded 
to  Ulysses. 

Aladdin,  a-lad'din.  A  well-known  char- 
acter in  the  Arabian  Nights,  son  of  a  poor 
tailor  in  China,  who  gains  possession  of  a 
magic  ring  and  lamp,  and  thus  has  at  his 
beck  and  call  the  Genii  who  are  attached 
to  them  as  slaves. 

Alas'nam.  A  prince  in  the  Arabian  Nights 
who  possessed  eight  precious  statues,  but 
was  led  to  seek  for  one  still  more  precious, 
and  found  it  in  the  person  of  a  pure  and 
beautiful  woman.  He  got  a  magic  mir- 
ror, which  became  dimmed  when  it  re- 
flected any  damsel  sullied  with  impurity. 

Alastor,  a-las'tor  In  Greek  a  name  for  an 
avenging  deity,  adopted  by  Shelley  as 
that  of  the  Spirit  of  Solitude  in  his  poem 
Alastor, 

Al  Borak.  A  celestial  animal  of  wonderful 
form  that  carried  Mohammed  to  the 
seventh  heaven. 

Alcestis,  al-ses'tis.  The  heroine  of  a  drama 
of  Euripides.  She  was  the  wife  of  Adme- 
tus, and  gave  herself  up  to  death  in  his 
stead,  but  was  brought  back  from  the 
grave  alive  by  Hercules.  . 

Alcides,  al-si'dez.    A  name  of  Hercules. 

Alcinous,  al-sin'o-us.  In  Homer's  Odyssey 
king  of  the  Phseacians  and  father  of  Nau- 
sicaa,  hospitably  entertains  Ulysses. 

Alcmena,  alk-m6'na.  The  mother  of  Her- 
cules by  Jupiter.    See  Amphitryon. 

Aldiborontiphoscophomlo.  A  character  in 
Henry  Carey's  burlesque  Chrononhoton- 
thologos  (ITii),  the  name  being  humor- 
ously given  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  to  his 
friend  and  printer  James  Ballantvne. 

Alec'to.  In  classical  myth,  one  of  the  three 
Furies. 

All  Baba.  The  hero  of  the  story  of  The 
Forty  Thieves  (in  the  Arabian  Nights), 
whose  treasure  cave  he  is  enabled  to  enter 
by  overhearing  their  magic  password 
'Open  sesame'  ('sesame'  being  the  grain 
of  that  najne).  His  brother  is  Cassim 
Baba,  his  female  slave  Morgiana. 

AUworthy,  Mr  A  country  gentleman  in 
Fielding's  Tom  Jones,  distinguished  for 
benevolence,  charity,  rectitude,  and  mod- 
esty. He  brings  up  Jones,  who  turns  out 
to  be  the  natural  son  of  his  sister. 

Alnaschar,  al-nas'kar.  A  young  man  in 
the  Arabian  Nights  who  lay^  out  all  his 
money  on  a  basket  of  glasswansand  while 
dreaming  of  the  fortune  he  is  to  make  in 
trade  with  this  as  a  foundation  kicks  it 
over,  and  thus  ruins  his  hopes. 

Alpheus,  al-fe'uB.  A  river-god  of  Greek 
mythol.    .See  Arethnsa. 

Alsatia,  al-sa'shi-a.  A  popular  name  for- 
merly given  to  the  district  of  Whitefriars 
in  London,  a '  sanctuary  for  debtors  and 
law-breakers.  It  figures  in  Scott's  For- 
tunes of  Nigel. 


Al  Sirat.  In  Mohammedan  belief  a  bridge 
of  incredible  slendemess  leading  across  the 
abyss  of  hell  into  paradise,  and  which  all 
must  cross  to  get  there. 

Amadis  de  Gaul,  am'a-dis  d6  gal.  The 
hero  of  a  famous  romance  of  chivalry,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  originally  wi-itten  in 
Portugal,  Oaul  standing  for  Wales,  and 
the  romance  belonging  to  those  connected 
with  King  Arthur  and  his  knights.  His 
mistress  was  Oriana. 

Amalthe'a.  A  nymph  of  classic  fable, with 
whose  story  is  connected  the  cornucopia 
or  horn  of  plenty. 

Amaryllis,  am-a-ril'is.  -A  country  girl  in 
ancient  ijastoral  poetry;  hence  a  rustic 
beauty  in  general. 

Amelia.  The  heroine  of  Fielding's  novel 
of  same  name,  wife  of  the  profligate  Cap- 
tain Booth,  and  a  most  perfect  specimen 
of  wifehood. 

Ammon.  An  ancient  Egyptian  deity,  re- 
garded by  the  Greeks  and  Konians  as 
identical  with  Jupiter,  represented  with 
the  head  or  horns  of  a  ram. 

A'mory,  Blanche.  A  young  lady  in  Thack- 
eray's Pendennis,  good  -looking,  clever, 
and  pretending  to  sentiment,  but  shallow, 
selfish,  and  a  vixen.  She  was  at  one  time 
engaged  to  Pendennis,  and  also  to  Harry 
Foker. 

Amphion,  am-fi'on.  A  son  of  Zeus  or 
Jupiter,  at  the  sound  of  whose  lyre  the 
stones  moved  into  their  places  so  as  to  form 
the  walls  of  Thebes  in  Greece. 

Ampbitrite,  am-fi-tri'te.   A  goddess  of  the 

.sea,  the  wife  of  Poseidon. 

Amphitryon,  am-fit'rion.  In  Greek  myth, 
a  fabulous  king  of  Thebes,  husband  of 
Alcmena,  who  became  mother  of  Hercules 
by  Jupiter  when  he  assumed  Amphi- 
tryon's form.  There  are  comedies  by 
Plautus  and  Molifere  on  the  incidents  con- 
nected with  this  story. 

Anchises,  an-kl'sSz.  The  father  of  .£neag 
by  Venus. 

Ancient  Mariner.  Hero  of  a  famous  poem 
by  Coleridge,  turning  on  the  shooting  of 
an  albatros  by  the  mariner. 

Andrews,  Joseph.  A  novel  by  Fielding, 
written  to  ridicule  Richardson's  Pamela, 
the  hero  being  a  virtuous  footman  who 
overcomes  temptations. 

Andromache,  an-drom'a-ke.  The  wife  of 
Hector,  a  beautiful  and  touching  figure  in 
Homer's  Iliad.     See  Hector.  Ilium. 

Andromeda,  an-drom'e-da.  In  Greek  fable 
the  fair  daughter  of  an  Ethiopian  queen, 
exposed  to  a  sea  monster  at  the  command 
of  an  oracle,  but  rescued  by  Per.sens. 

Angelic  Doctor.  A  name  given  \o  Thomas 
Aquinas. 

Antaeus,  an-te'us.  A  giant  in  vincible  soloug 
as  he  touched  the  earth,  killed  by  Her- 
cules, who  held  him  up  and  crushed  him. 

Antigone,  an-tig'o-ne.  The  heroine  of 
Sophocle.s'  tragedy  of  this  name,  daughter 
of  CEdipus.  put  to  death  by  the  tyrant 
Creon  of  Thebes,  for  burying  her  brother 
contrary  to  his  orders. 

Antiph'olus.  The  name  of  the  twin  bro- 
thers, exactly  resem>)ling  each  other,  who 
.ire.  the  chief  characters  in  Shakspere's 
(Comedy  of  Errors. 

Antiquary.    See  Oldbuck. 

Anto'nio.  The  name  of  the  merchant  in 
Shakspere's  Merchant  of  Venice,  hated  by 
Shylock  the  J  ew. 

Anubis,  a-nn'bis.  The  dog-shaped  divinity 
of  ancien'G  Egypt. 

Aphrodite,  af-ro-di'te.  The  Greek  goddess 
identified  by  the  Romans  with  Venus. 


chjctoin;    c  ,  Sc.  locft;      g,9o;    j.iob;     n,Fr.to»;     Dg.sinfir;     9H,t/ien;     tb,tMn;     w.tvig;     wh,u>Aig;    zh.asure. 


APIS 


796 


BEETRAM 


Apis,  a'pis.  The  sacred  bull  of  ancient 
i'^ypt)  worafaipped  as  a  symbol  of  the  god 
Osiria. 

Apoiio.  The  Greek  and  Roman  god  of 
music  and  prophecy,  the averter of  disease 
and  sxilfering,  origmally  a  sun-god  (his 
epithet  Phcebus  meaning  radiant  or  beam- 
ing). He  was  a  son  of  Zeus  and  Latona, 
and  sister  of  Artemis  (Diana). 
ApoUoniHS  of  Tyre.  The  hero  of  a  tale 
which  was  very  popular  in  the  middle 
ages,  and  furnished  the  plot  for  Shali- 
spera's  Pericles,  Prince  of  Tyre. 
Apostle  of  Germany.  St.  Boniface,  an 
Anglo-Saxon  ecclesiastic  of  the  8th  cen- 
tury;—of  Ireland,  St.  Patrick;— of  Tem- 
perance, Father  Matthew;— of  the  Eng- 
lish, St.  Augustine.who  introduced  Chris- 
tianity into  Saxon  England,  and  died  in 
604  or  605 ;— of  the  Gauls,  St.  Irena;us  (2d 
century) ;— of  the  Gentiles,  St.  Paul. 
Arachne,  a-rak'ne.  In  class,  mythol.  a 
maiden  that,  having  surpassed  Minerva 
in. weaving,  was  changed  by  her  into  a 
spider. 

Archimago,  Archimage,  Sx-ki-ma'go,  ar'- 
ki-maj.    An  enchanter  in  Spenser's  JTaerie 
Queene,  a  type  of  hypocrisy. 
Ares,  a'rez.    The  Greek  god  of  war;  same 
as  Mars. 

Arethusa,  a-re-thQ'sa.  One  of  the  Nereids, 
changed  by  Artemis  into  a  fountain  near 
Syracuse,  to  free  her  from  the  pursuit  of 
the  river-god  Alpheus,  whose  waters, 
however,  flowed  under  the  seafrom  Greece 
to  mingle  with  those  of  the  nymph. 
Argo.  In  Greek  legend  the  ship  in  which 
Jason  and  his  companion  heroes  the 
XrflionaKis  sailed  to  bring  back  the  golden 
fleece  from  Colchis  at  the  eastern  extrem- 
ity of  the  Euxine.  Jason  obtained  the 
fleece  by  the  aid  of  Medea,  daughter  of  the 
King  of  Colchis.  See  Jason,  Medea. 
Argus.'  A  creature  of  Greek  mythol.  who 
had  a  hundred  eyes  and  was  ever  watchful. 
Ariadne,  a-ri-ad'ne.  In  Greek  myth,  the 
daughter  of  Minos,  king  of  Crete.  She 
pave  Theseus  a  clue  of  thread  to  guide 
him  out  of  the  labyrinth  after  killing  the 
Minotaur.  Theseus  deserted  her  in  the 
isle  of  Naxos,  and  she  was  commonly  said 
to  haVe  been  married  by  Bacchus. 
Ariel,  a'ri-el.  A  spirit  of  Jewish  and 
middle-age  fable,  adopted  by  Shakspere 
ill  The  Tempest,  and  also  by  Pope  in  his 
P.ape  of  the  Lock. 

Arion,  a-ri'on.  An  ancient  Greek  poet 
(ab.  625  B.C.),  fabled  to  have  been  flung 
into  the  sea  by  sailors,  who  coveted  his 
treasures,  but  to  have  been  carried  safe  to 
laiid  by  a  dolphin. 

Armida,  ar-me'da.  A  beautiful  and  se- 
ouctive  enchaatress  in  Tasso's  Jerusalem 
Delivei:ed,  who  allures  the  hero  Rinaldo 
into  her  delightful  palace  and  garden, 
where  for  a  time  he  forgets  his  high  call- 
ing as  a  crusader. 

Ar'tegal.    A  character  in  Spenser's  Pa6rie 
Queene,  typifying  justice. 
Ar'temis.  The  Greek  goddess  identified  by 
the  Romans  ynih  Diana. 
Artful   Dodger,   The.     .  A  youthful  pick- 
pocket in  Dickens's  Oliver  Twist. 
Arthur.    A  British  king  at  the  time  of  the 
settlement  of  the  Anglo-3axoT!sin  Britain. 
Nothing  is  really  known  of  him,  but  he  has 
become  the  centre  of  a  vast  upgrowth  of 
legend  or  fable,  especially  in  regard  to  the 
pxoloits  .of.  his  Knights  of  the  Round 
Table. 
Asca'nius.    In  VirgU's  .Slneid  the  son  of 

iEneas  and  his  wife  Creusa. 
As'gard.    In  Scand.  mythol.  the  abode  of 
the  gods,  rising  above  Midgard,  that  is, 
the  earth. 

Ashton,  Lucy.  The  heroine  of  Scott's 
novel  The  Bride  of  Lammermoor,  loving 
and  loved  by  Edgar  Ravenswood.'  Mar- 
ried against  her  inclination  to  Frank 
Hayston  of  Bucklaw,  she  goes  mad  on  her 
marriage  night. 

Asmodeus,  as-mo'dS-us  or  as-m5-d5'u8.  An 
evil  spirit  of  the  ancient  Jews  mentidned 
in  the  book  of  Tobit,  and  introduced  by 
Le  Sage  in  his  Diable  Boiteuz,  or  Devil  on 
Two  Sticks. 

Aatar'te.  A-  Phoenician  goddess  equiva- 
lent to  the  Asbtaroth  of  the  Hebrews.  She 


in  some  respects  corresponded  with  the 
Greek  Aphrodite  or  Roman  Venus. 
Astra'a.      In   class,  mythol.  goddess  of 
justice,  the  Lost  of  the  deities  to  leave  the 
earth  at  the  close  of  the  golden  age. 
Atalan'ta.    A  famous  huntress  of  Greek 
myth.,  who  agreed  to  marry  anyone  who 
could  outstrip  her  in  running,  the  conse- 
quence of  f  aiUire  being  death  to  the  wooer. 
She  was  vanquished  by  a  wooer  (Hippo- 
menes),  who  dropped  successively  three 
golden  apples  as  he  ran,  and  thus  led  her 
to  stop  and  pick  them  up.   . 
Ate,  a'ts.     A  Greek  goddess  of  hatred, 
crime,  and  retribution. 
Athene,  a-the'n5.    The-  Greek  goddess  of 
wisdom,  usu'aUy  identified  with  the  Ro- 
man Minerva,  and  also  called  Pallas  .or 
Pallas  A,thene. 

Atlan'tis.  A  large  island  believed  by  the 
ancients  to  have  existed  in  the  Atlantic 
westward  of  the  Straits .  of  Gibraltar. 
Bacon  has  left  an  allegorical  fragment, 
The  New  Atlantis,  in  which  he  represents 
himself  as  having  been  wrecked  on  such 
an  island,  and  having  found  there  an  ideal 
community. 

Atlas.  In-Greek  myth,  a  Titan  compelled 
to  support  the  vault  of  heaven. 
Atreus,  at'rus.  In  Greek  mj-th.  the  father 
of  Agamemnon  and  MeneJaus,  who  are 
hence  called  Atridse  (a-tri'de). 
At'ropos.  One  of  the  three  Fates  among 
the  Greeks ;  it  was  she  who  cut  the  thread 
of  life.  The  others  were  Clotho  and 
Lachesis. 

Audrey,  a'dri.    A  country  wench  in  Shak- 
spere's  As  You  Like  It. 
Aiirora,  a-ro'ra.    In  Roman  mythol.  the 
goddess  of  the  dawn,  in  Greek  called  EOs. 
See  'Cithonua. 

Autolycus,  ft-tol'i-kus.    A  roguish  pedlar 
in  Shakspere's  Winter's  Tale. 
Av'alon.    A  sort  of  fairyland  or  elysium 
mentioned  in  connection  with  the  legends 
of  King  Arthur. 

Aver'nus.  A  name  for  the  Iowot  world 
among  the  Romans,  originally  given  to  a 
gloomy  lake  regarded  as  the  entrance  to 
the  lower  regions. 

Az'rael.  The  angel  of  death  among  the 
Mohammedans. 


Baal.    See  in  Diet. 

Bacchus,  bak'us.  The  Greek  and,  Roman 
god  of  wine,  in  Greek  commonly  called 
Dionysus. 

Backbite,  Sir  Benjamin.  A  spiteful  scandal- 
monger in  Sheridan's  School  for  Scandal. 

Bagstock,  Major.  A  purple-faced,  pompous, 
and  irascible  retired  oflicer  in  Dickens's 
Dombey  and  Son,  always  swaggering  and 
boasting  about  himself  as  '  Joey  B,' '  Old 
Joe  B,'  &c. 

Balder,  Baldur.  A  Scand.  deity,  the  son 
of  Odin  and  Frigga,  beautiful,  -wise,  ami- 
able, and  beloved  of  all  the  gods;  slain 
through  the  guile  of  the  evil  god  Loki. 

Bal'derstone,  Caleb.  A  devoted  but  ridi- 
culous old  domestic  in  Scott's  Bride  of 
Lammermoor,  who  thinks  it  his  duty  by 
all  shifts  to  uphold  the  dignity  of  tho 
family  in  the  direst  scarcity  of  all  exter- 
nal aids  to  assist  him. 

Bxnquo,  bang'kwo.  A  thane  in  Shakspere's 
Macbeth,  whom  Macbeth  causes  to  be 
murdered,  and  whose  ghost  haunts 
him  • 

Barata'ria.  In  Cervantes's  romance  of 
Don  Quixote,  the  so-called  island  of  which 
Sancho  Panza  believes  himself  to  be  ap- 
pointed governor. 

Bar'dell,  Mjs.  Mr.  Pickwick's  landlady  in 
Dickens's  Piclovick  Papers,  who  gets  dam- 
ages against  Mr.  Pickvtick  in  a  trumped- 
tsr  case  of  breach  of  promise  of  marriage. 

Bard  of  Avon— Shakspere :— of  Ayrshire 
Bums;— of  Hoj)©,  Campbell  (Pleasures  of 
Hope);— of  Memory,  Rogers  (Pleasures  of 
Alemory);— of  Olney,  CowpeV  (from  his  re- 
eidence) }— of  Twickenham,  Pope. 

Bar'dolph.  The  red-nosed  follower  of  Fal- 
staff  in  Shakspere's  Merry  AVives  and 
Henry  FV.  —a  swaggering,  drunken,  but 
amusing  rascal. 

Barkis.  A  carrier  in  Dickens's  David 
Copperfield,  who  marries  Daivid's  old  nurse 


Peggotty,  expressing  his  proposal  to  do  so 

by  the  words, '  Barkis  is  willin". 
Barmecide,  bar'me-sid.     In  the   Arabian 

Nights  a  prince  of  the  Barmecide  family. 

who  pretended  to  treat  a  beggar  named 

Shacabac  to  a  sumptuous  feast,  pressing 

him  to  eat,  though  no  dishes  were  on  the 

table. 
Barnwell,  George.    The  hero  of  a  tragedy- 

by  LiUo  (1730)',- a  London  apprentice  who 

is  led  by  a  base  woman  to  rob  his  master, 
■  and  then  to  rob  and  murder  his  uncle,  and 

is  betrayed  by  her  to  the  scaflbld. 

Bassa'nio.  The  lover  of  Portia  in  Shak- 
spere's Merchant  of  Venice.    See  Portia. 

Bates,  Charley.  A  merry  young  pickpocket 

in  Dickens's  Oliver  Twist. 

Baucis  and  Philemon,  ba'sis,  fi-le'mon.  An 

aged  and  affectionate  couple,  who,  having 
hospitably  entertained  the  gods  Jupiter 
and  Mercury,  hoxi  their  humble  abode 
changed  into  a  splendid  temple;  while  they 
themselves,  in  response  to  tneir  wishthat 
they  might  die  together,  were  changed 
iiito  two  trees. 

Bayes,  baz.  The  chief  character  in-  Buck- 
ingham's burlesque  The  Rehearsal  (1671), 
intended  as  a  caricature  of  Drj'den. 

Beatrice,  be'a-tris  (It.  ba-a-trC'cha).  A 
young  lady  beloved  by  Dante,  and  cele- 
brated in  his  Divine  Comedy:  also'  the 
heroine  of  Shakspere's  Much  Ado  About 
Nothing. 

Beau  Tibbs.  A  vain,  foppish,  but  hard-up 
character  in  Goldsmiths  Citizen  of  the 
"World. 

Bede,-  Adam.  The  hero  of  a  novel  by 
George  Eliot,  a  manly  and  straightforward 
artisan,  in  love  with  Hetty  Sorrel,  who  is 
seduced  by  the  young  squire  Arthur  Don- 
nithome.    He  marries  Dinah  Jlorris. 

Bed'ivere,  Sir  One  of  King  Arthur's 
knights,  the  last  who  remained  to  him  at 
his  death,  and  who  threw  his  famous 
sword  into  the  mere,  as  described  in  Ten- 
nyson's Morte  d  Arthur. 

Belch,  Sir  Toby.  .A  jolly  toper,  the  uncle 
of  Olivia  in  Shakspere's  Twelfth  Night, 
who  plays  on  the  foUy  of  Sir  An<&ew 
Aguecheek. 

Be'llal.  A  biblical  word  meaning  worth- 
lessness  or  wickedness,  often  treated  as  a 
proper  name,  and  by  Milton  made  one  of 
the  chief  of  the  fallen  angels. 

Belin'da.  The  heroine  of  Pope's  Rape  or 
the  Lock,  and  of  a  novel  by  Miss  Edge- 
worth. 

Bell,  Adam.  An  archer  and  outlaw  of  nor- 
thern England,  a  hero  of  ballad  romance 
in  association  with  Clym  of  the  Clough 
and  'William  of  Cloudesley. 

Bell,  Peter.    The  subject  of  ■  a  poem  by 

.Wordsworth,  a  hardened,  uncultivated 
boor,  whose  heart,  however,  is  touched  by 
the  fidelity  of  an  ass  to  its  dead  master. 

Bel'laston,  Lady.  An  abandoned  woman 
of  rank  in  Fielding's  Tom  Jones. 

Bel'lenden,  Lady  Margaret.  The  mistress 
of  Tillietudlem  Castle  in  Scott's  Old  Mor- 
tality, a  strong  adherent  of  the  Stuarts. 
Her  granddaughter  Edith  Bellenden  mar- 
ries Henry  Morton,  who  belongs  to  the 
Covenanting  party.     .. 

Beller'ophon.  A  hero  of  Greek  myth,  who 
killed  the  ChimaerSi  when  mounted  on  the 
winged  horse  Pegasus.  He  tried  to  mount 
to  heaven  on  Pegasus,  hut  fell  and  wan- 
dered about  blind  till  his  death. 

Bello'na.  The  goddess  of  war  among  the 
Romans. 

Belphoe'be.  A  huntress  m  Spenser  s  Faene 
Queene,  intended  as  a  likeness  of  Queen 
Elizabeth.  v 

Eelvide'ra.  The  heroine  of  Otway's  tragedy 
Venice  Preserved,  'who  is  driven  mad  by 

B'en'edick.  One  of  the  chief  characters  in 
Shakspere's  Much  Ado  Ahout  Nothing, 
who  has  many  an  encounter  of  wit  with 
Beatrice,  whom  he  at  last  marries.  His 
imme  (frequently  spelled  Benedict)  is 
often  used  as  typical  of  a  married  man. 

Be'owulf.  The  hero  of  a  celebrated  Anglo- 
Saxon  epic,  who  kills  two  man-eating 
semi-human  monsters,  and  at  last  slays  a 
fiery  dragon,  but  dies  from  its  poisonous 

Ber'tram.  Count  of  Rousillori,  tho  unworthy 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftU;     ine.iuet,h£r;    pine,  pin;     nSte,  not,  mOve ;     tabe,  tub,  bull ;     oil,]pound;     u,  Sc.  abitne— the  fr.  n. 


BEULAH 


797 


CHRIEMHILD 


husband  of  Helena  iu  Shaksoere's  All's 
Well  that  Ends  Well.-^Also  the  name  of 
the  family  to  which  belongs   the  hero, 
Harry  Bertram,  of  Scott's  Guy  Manner- 
ing. 
Beu'lab.    In  Bunyan's  Pilgrim's  Progress 
the  land  of  sunshine  and  all  delight,  in 
which  the  pilgrims  rest  till  called  upouto 
cross  the  river  to  the  Celestial  City. 
Bevia   of  Hampton.     A  famous  hero  of 
romance,  English,  French,  and  Italian. 
Big'low,  Hosea.    Thp  professed  writer  of 
several  satirical  poems  on  public  affairs 
in  the  U.  States,  the  real  author  being 
Prof.  J.  Russell  Lowell. 

Biron'.  A  'merry  madcap'  young  lord  in 
the  court  of  the  King  of  Navarre,  in  Shak- 
•spere's  Love's  Labour's'Lost. 

Bla'dud.  A  legendary  king  of -England, 
said  to  have  been  the  father  of  King  Lear, 
and  to  have  founded  Bath. 

Blanchefleur,  blansh'flor.  A  heroine  of 
mediaeval  story,  beloved  by  Flores. 

Bla'tant  Beast.  A  monster  in  Spenser's 
Faerie  Queene,  supposed  to  typify  the 
voice  of  the  mob  or  popular  outcry. 

Blimber,  Dr.  In.  Dickens's  Dombey  and 
Son,  the  proprietor  of  a  select  academy  at 
Brighton,  where  a  few  boys  were  crammed 
with  knowledge,  one  of  these  being  young 
Paul  Dombey.  Hisdaughtor  Cornelia  was 
an  exceedingly  learned  young  lady,  who 
vrove  spectacles  and  despised  sentiment. 

Blouzelinda,  blou-ze-lin'da.  A  country  girl 
in  fiay's  pastoral  poems,  natural  and. un- 
cultivated, such  as  one  might  really  meet, 
and  not  a  figure  from  an  ideal  Arcadia. 

Bob'adil,  Captain.  A  cowardly  braggart  in 
Bnn  Jonson's  Every  Man  in  his  Jlumour. 
He  proposes  to  annihilate  a  hostile  army 
by  selecting  nineteen  other  warriors  like 
himself,  and  challenging  and  killing  the 
enemy  by  successive  twenties. 

BoiE-Gullbert,  Brian  de,  bois-gilTjert.  A 
brave  but  cruel  and  irreligious  leader  of 
the  Knights  Templars  in  Scott's  Ivanhoe, 
inspired  with  an  evil  passion  for  the  Jew- 
ish maiden  Rebecca.  He  falls  dead  when 
about  to  encounter  Ivanhoe. 

lioinbas'tes  Furio'so.  The  hero  of  a  bur- 
Icscjiie  tragic  opera  by  W.  Barnes  Rhodes, 
pruiiuocdiQ  1790. 

Bona  Dea.  A  Roman  female  deity  whose 
worship  was  exclusively  confined,  to  wo- 
men. •    . 

Eon  Gatiltler.  The  pretended  author  of  a 
book  of  humorous  ballads  written  by  Prof. 
Ayf oun  and  Theodore  Martin. 

Booby,  Lady.  A  lady  of  loose  morals  in 
Fielding's  Joseph  Andrews,  who  tries  to 
lead  Joseph  astray. 

Booth,  Captain.  The  husband  of  Amelia, 
iu  Fielding's  novel  of  that  name,  dissi- 
pated but  good-natured. 

Border  Minstrel.    Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Bore8.g,  bo're-as.  In  Greek  and  Roacn 
myth,  a  personification  of  the  north  wind. 

Bottom,  Kick.  The  Athenian  weaver  in 
Shakspore's  Midsummer  Night's  Dream, 
upo;i  whom  the  fairy  queen  Titania  is 
made  to  dote,  and  whose  head  is  changed 
by  Puck  into  that  of  an  ass. 

Bountiful,  Lady  A  benevolent  country 
lady  in  Farquhar's  Beaux'  Stratagem. 

Bowling,  Tom,  bo'ling.  A  naval  character 
in  Smollett's  Roderick  Random,  an  excel- 
lent piece  of  portraiture. 

Boy'thom,  Laurence.  A  gentleman  in 
Dickens's  Bleak  House,  who  expresses  fe- 
rocious sentiments  in  regard  to  persons  of 
whom  he  disapproves,  but  is  really  gentle 
and  kind-hearted,  ana  plays  with  a  tame 
canary. 

Brad'amant,  Bradamante,  brad-a-man'ta. 
A  'virgin  knight'  in  the  Italian  epics  on 
Orlando,  armed  with  an  irresistible  spear. 

Bradwardine,  Baron,  brad-war'din.  A 
Scottish  nobleman  in  Scott's  Waverley, 
brave,  pedantic,  and  a  devoted  adherent 
of  the  exiled  Stuarts.  His  daughter  Rose 
is  in  love  with,  and  latterly  married  to 
Waverley. 

Braff,  Jack.  The  amusing  hero  of  Theo- 
dore Hook's  novel  of  that  name,  vulgar, 
boastful,  and  servile. 

Eragi,  bra'gS.  A  Scand.  deity,  son  of  Odin 
and  Frigga,  the  god  of  eloquence  and 
poetry. 


Bralima,  bra'ma.  The  supreme  god  of  the 
Hindu  trinity,  the  creator,  as  opposed  to 
Vishnu  the  preserver,  ana  Siva  the  de- 
stroyer. 

Bramble,  Matthew,  An  elderly  genlle- 
man  in  Smollett's  Humphrey  Clinker, 
shrewd,  cynical,  and  irascible,  but  gener- 
ous ana  benevolent.  His  sister  Tabitha 
is  a  niggardly,  malicious,  vain,  and  ridi- 
culous old  maid,  who  finally  weds  l(is- 
mahago. 

Brass,  Sampson.  In  Dickens's  Old  Curio- 
sity Shop,  a  knavish  attorney  who  has  a 
sister  Sally,  a  congenial  spirit. 

Breitmann;  Hans,  brit'miin.  The  name 
under  Virhich  the  American  writer  C.  G. 
Iceland  has  published  a  number-  of  humor- 
ous ballads  in  the  Pennsylvania  Dutch 
or  German-English  dialect. 

BPintford,  The  Two  ICings  of.  Twocharac- 
tersiuCuckingham'sfarce  The  Rehearsal, 
represented  as  living  in  the  most  perfect 
unison. 

Briareus,  l)ri'a-ras..  In  (Vre^k  fable  a  giant 
with  a  hundred  arms  and  fifty  heads. 

Brick,  Jefferson.  An  American  journalist 
in  Dickens  8  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  a  slight 
pale  young  man„giving  utterance  to  war- 
like and  bombastic  sentiments. 

Brit'omaxt.  A  "lady  knigh't'.'  in  Spenser's 
Faerie  Queene,  typifying  chastity,  and 
armed  with  an  irresistible  magic  spear. 

Srobding'nag.  The  country  of  the  giants 
in  Swift's  Gulliver's  Travels:  often  writ- 
ten Brobdignag.  . 

Brother  Jonathan.  A  playful  personifica- 
tion of  the  people  of  the  United  States 
collectively. 

Brown,  Tom.  The  hero  of  Thomas  Hughes's 
stories  Tom  Brown's  School-days,  and  Tom 
Brown  at  Oxford,  a  merry,  natural  fellow, 
noways  over-fond  of  books. 

Brunenild,  bra'ne-hilt.  A  princess  of  ex- 
traordinary strength  and  i)rowes3  in  the 
German  epic  the  Nibelungenlied,  over- 
come by  the  devices  of  Siegfried  and 
married  to  Gunther,  King  of  Burgundy. 
Her  vengeance  on  Siegfried,  when  she 
discovers  how  she  has  been  tricked,  leads 
to  many  important  incidents  in  the 
poem. 

Bucephalus,  ba  -sefa-lus.  The  famous 
horse  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

Buddha,  bud'a.  The  founder  of  Btiddhism. 
an  Indian  sage  who  appears  to  have  lived 
in  the  5th  century  b.c. 

Bull,  John.  The  English  nation  personi- 
fied!, originally  used  in  ArbuthnOt's  poli- 
tical satire  The  History  of  John  Bull. 

Bumble.  The  celebrated  pompous  parish 
beadle  in  Dickens's  Oliver  Twist. 

Bunsby,  Jack..-  In  Dickens's  Dombey  &'8on 
the  skipper  of  .a  trading  Vessel,  friend  of 
Captain  Cuttle,  who  regards  him  as  an 
oracle ;  his  words  are  few,  and  his  ideas 
seem  to  be  equally  so. 

Burchell,  Mr.,  bfer'chel.  A  chief  character 
in  Goldsmith's  Vicar  of  Wakefield,  who 
appears  as  a  plain  man  of  abrupt  manners 
and  no  position  in  life,  but  is  really  the 
baronet  Sir  William  Thomhill. 

Buzfuz,  Serjeant.  A  bullying  lawyer  in 
the  famous  breach  of  promise  trial  in 
Dickens's  Pickwick. 

Byron,  Miss  Harriet.  A  beautiful  and  ac- 
complished lady,  who  is  married  to  Sir 
Charles  Grandison  in  Richardson's  novel 
of  this  name. 


Cabirt,  ka-bi'ri.  Mystic  deities  of  whom 
little  is  known,  anciently  worshipped  in 
some  of  the  Greek  islands  and  elsewhere. 

Ca'cus.  A  mythical  robber  and  giant  of 
ancient  Ital.y,  slain  by  Hercules  for  steal- 
ing his  cattle. 

Cade'nus.  Aname  assumed  by  Swift,being 
an  anagram  of  L.  deeanus,  dean.' 

Cadmus.  The  reputed  introducer  of  letters 
into  ancient  Greece,  and  the  founder  of 
Thebes  in  Boeotia,  said  to  have  been  a 
Phoenician. 

Caius,  Dr.,  ka'yus.  A  French  doctor  in 
Shakspere's  Merry  Wives. 

Cal'iban.  A  deformed,  brutal,  and  malig- 
nant creature  in  Shakspere's  Tempest,  off- 
spring of  the  hag  Sycorax,  and  servant  of 
Prospero. 


Calidore,  Sir,  kal'i-dor.  A  knight  who  typi- 
fies courtesy  in  Spenser's  Fagrie  Queene. 

Calliope,  kal-li'o-p5.  The  muse  who  pre- 
sided  over  eloquence  and  heroic  poetry/ 

Calydonlan  Bpar.  A  fabulous  monster  of 
ancient  Greece,  which  ravaged  the  district 
of  Calydon,  and  was  slain  by  the  hero 
Meleager. 

Calypso,  ka-lip'so.  An  ocean  nymph  who 
lived  in  the  island  Ogygia,  where  she  de- 
tained Ulysses  for  seven  years  when  on  his 
return  from  Troy. 

Cam'buscan.  A  king  of  Tartary  in  Chau- 
cer's Squire's  Tale.  Milton  pronounces  it 
kam-bus'kan  erroneously. 

Cam'elot.  A  locality  associated  with  the 
legends  of  King  Arthur. 

Camilla.  In  Virgil's  iEneid  queen  of  the 
Volscians,  so  swift  of  .foot  that  she  could  fly 
over  standing  com  without  causing  it  to 
bend. 

Canace,  kan'a-se.  In  Chaucer's  Squire's 
Tale,  daughter  of  Cambuscan,  possessor 
of  a  magic  ring  and  mirror 

Candour,  Mrs.  A  backbiting  lady  in 
Sheridan's  School  for  Scandal. 

Cantwell,  Dr.  The  hypocritical  hero  of 
Bickerstaff's  play  called  The  Hypocrite 
(1768). 

Cap'ulets.  The  noble  house  in  Verona 
to  which  Juliet  belonged  in  Shakspere's 
Romeo  and  Juliet. 

Car'abas,  Marquis  of.  A  fanciful  title 
standing  for  a  great  nobleman  or  gran- 
dee ;  most  familiar  from  its  occurrence  in 
the  story  of  Puss  in  Boots. 

Carker,  James.  In  Dickens's  Dombey  & 
Son  Mr.  Dombey's  manager,  conspicuous 
for  his  white  teeth  and  snarling  smile, 
treacherous  to  his  employer; 

Cassan'dra.  Daughter  of  King  Priam  of 
Troy,  gifted  with  the  power  of  prophecy, 
but  condemned  by  Apollo  to  be  always 
disbelieved. 

Cassiopeia,  -pe'ya.  In  Greek  fable  a  queen 
of  Ethiopia,  mother  of  Andromeda,  made 
a  constellation  after  her  death. 

Castle  of  Indolence.  A  poem  by  Thomson, 
the  castle  being  a  luxurious  abode  in  a  de- 
lightful land,  inhabited  by  an  enchanter 
who  strives  to  drown  all  he  can  in  sen- 
sual pleasures. 

Castlewood.  The  title  of  a  family  in 
Thackeray's  Esmond.     See  Esmond. 

Castor  and  Pollux.  Twin  deities  among 
the  Greeks  and  Romans,  sons  of  Jupiter, 
latterly  placed  among  the  stars  as  Gemini 
or  the  Twins. 

Caudle,  Mrs.  A  lady  who  figures  in  a 
series  of  humorous  papers  by  Douglas 
Jerrold,  professing  to  give  the  Curtain 
Lectures  she  delivered  to  her  patient 
spouse. 

Ce'crops.  The  first  king  of  Attica,  the 
mythical  introducer  of  civilization  into 
the  country. 

Cedric,  sed'rik.  The  wealthy  Saxon  thane 
in  Scott's  Ivanhoe.'  The  name  appears  to 
be,borrowed  from  a  historic  King  Cerdic 
(ker'dik). 

Celia.  Daughter  of  the  usurping  Duke  in 
Shakspere's  As  You  Like  It,  and  bosom 
friend  of  Rosalind,  with  whom  she  goes, 
both  in  disguise,  to  the  forest  of  Arden. 

Ceres,  Cerberus.    See  in  Diet. 

Chadband,  Rev.  Mr.  Ahypocritical  clergy- 
man in  Dickens's  Bleak  House. 

Charon,  ka'ron.  The  Greek  and  Roman 
god  who  ferried  the  souls  of  the  dead 
across  the  Styx  to  Hades. 

Charybdis,  ka-rib'dis.    See  Seylla. 

Cheeryble  Brothers.  Two  merchants  in 
Dickens's  N  icholas  Nickleby,  alike  in  their 
kind  and  benevolent  characters. 

Che'vy  Chase.  A  famous  old  ballad  de- 
scribing a  contest  near  the  Cheviot  Hills 
between  Percy  and  Douglas  and  their  fol- 
lowers, supposed  to  stand  for  the  battle  of 
Otterbum. 

Chiron,  ki'ron.  One  of  the  Centaurs,  famed 
for  his  knowledge  of  medicine,  music,  and 
other  arts,  the  preceptor  of  Achilles  and 
other  heroes  of  ancient  Greece. 

Chloe,  klo'e.  A  shepherdess  in  the  famous 
pastoral  romance  of  Daphnis  and  Chloe 
by  the  Greek  writer  Longus  (3rd  century 
after  Christ). 

Chriemhlld,  kremTiild.    The  wife  of  Sieg- 


cb,cA{uii;    cA,Sc,  locA;    gi(K>;    it  job;    n,  Fr.  ton;    ng,  siiv;    ra.,1hen;    tb,  <Aiii;    w,  tvig;    wh,uiAig;    zb/asore. 


CHRISTABEL 


798 


DODS 


fried  in  the  Nibelungenlied,  who  exacts 
dreadful  vengeance  for  the  murder  of  her 
husband. 

Chris'tabel.  The  heroine  of  a  beautiful  but 
unfinished  romauticpoem  by  Coleridge. 

Christian.  The  hero  of  Bunyan's  Pilgrim's 
Progress,  his  wife  being  Christiana. 

Chrononhotonthologos.  The  hero  of  the 
burlesque  of  same  name.  See  Aldiboron- 
iiphoscoiiliornio. 

Chuzzlewit,  Martin.  The  hero  of  Dickens's 
novel  of  same  name,  a  young  man  who 
goes  to  America  with  Mark  Taplcy,  and 
meets  with  experiences  that  do  much  to 
improve  his  character.  His  grandfather, 
old  JIartin,"  has  been  filled  with  bitter 
feelings  by  the  way  his  relatives  plot  to 
get  his  money,  but  is  fond  of  young  Martiu. 
A  relative,  Jonas  Chuzzlewit,  is  an  odious 
scoundrel,  who  poisons  himself  to  escape 
the  hangman.  The  famous  Pecksniff  is 
another  relative.  Tom  Pinch,  Sarah  Garap, 
and  Betsy  Prig  also  occur  in  this  novel. 

Cimme'rians.  A  people  fabled  by  Homer 
to  live  in  a  land  of  darkness. 

Cinderella.  The  heroine  of  a  well-known 
and  widely-spread  fairy  tale. 

Circe,  ser'se.  A  sorceress  of  Greek  mythol. 
See  Circean  in  Diet. 

Circumlocution  Oflce.  A.  term  used  by 
Dickens  in  Little  Dorrit  as  a  designation 
of  one  of  the  government  offices,  intended 
to  satirize  the  management  of  such  pub- 
lic departments. 

Claudius.    The  name  of  Hamlet's  uncle. 

Cleishbotham,  Jedediah,  kl^sh '  both-am. 
The  imaginary  editor  of  Scott's  Tales  of 
my  Landlord. 

Clifford,  Paul.  A  romantic  highwayman, 
the  liero  of  Lytton's  novel  of  this  name, 
reformed  by  virtuous  love. 

Clinker,  Humphrey.  The  hero  of  a  novel 
by  Smollett,  brought  up  in  the  work- 
house and  latterly  employed  as  a  servant 
by  Matthew  Bramble.  He  turns  out  to 
be  a  natural  son  of  his  employer,  and  mar- 
ries his  fellow-servant,  Winifred  Jenkins. 

Clio,  kli'o.  One  of  the  nine  iluses,  having 
history  as  her  province. 

Clo'ten.  A  base  and  ill-conditioned  lout, 
the  would-be  lover  of  Imogen  in  Shak- 
spere's  Cymbeline,  son  of  Cymbeline's 
second  wife. 

Clo'tho.  One  of  the  Fates  or  Parcse  among 
the  Greeks  and  Romans,  she  who  spins  the 
thread  of  life,  the  other  two  being  Atropos 
and  Lachesis. 

Cloudesley,  William  of.  A  famous  north- 
country  archer  and  outlaw  in  English 
legend,  whose  companions  were  Clym  of 
the  Clough  and  Adam  Bell. 

Clytemnestra,  kli-tem-nes'tra.  The  wife 
of  Agamemnon,  whom  ihe  and  her  para- 
mour-.^Egisthus  murdered  on  his  return 
from  Troy.  She  was  slain  by  her  son 
Orestes. 

Clytie,  kli'ti-e.  A  nymph  who  fell  in  love 
with  Apollo,  and  was  changed  into  a  sun- 
flower. 

Cockaigne,  Land  of,  ko-kan'.  An  imagi- 
nary country  where  all  sorts  of  good  things 
are  to  be  had  for  the  taking,  and  exist 
in  overflowing  abundance,  celebrated  both 
in  French  and  English  literature. 

Cocytus,  ko-si'tus.  In  classical  myth,  a 
river  of  the  infernal  regions. 

Codlin  and  Short.  Two  Punch  and  Judy 
men  in  Dickens's  Old  Curiosity  Shop, 
who  render  some  service  to  Nell  and  her 
grandfather,  under  the  impression  that 
ultimately  they  will  be  well  paid.  Codlin 
tries  to  represent  himself  as  the  real  bene- 
factor and  not  5hort. 

Coffin,  Long  Tom.  A  fine  type  of  a  seaman, 
1  ch:iracter  in  Cooper's  Pilot. 

Col'brand.    A  Danish  giant  of  romance. 

Co'mus.  A  god  of  revelry  among  the  an- 
cients ;  in  Milton's  masque  of  same  name 
a  lewd  enchanter. 

Con'ingsby.  The  hero  of  a  novel  by  Dis- 
raeli (Earl  of  Beaconsfield),  standing  as  a 
tjrpe  of  the  Young  England  party. 

Cophet'aa.  A  legendary  king  of  Africa, 
celebrated  in  a  ballad  as  having  loved  and 
married  a  beggar  maid. 

Copperfield,  David.  The  hero  of  Dickens's 
novel  of  same  name,  in  which  are  intro- 
duced also  Mr.  Micawber,  David's  aunt 


Betsy  Trotwood,  the  Peggottys,  Steer- 
forth,  Uriah  Heep,  Agnes  ^V'ickfield, 
Mr.  Dick,  &c.  Experiences  of  Dickens's 
own  early  life  are  embodied  in  this  novel. 

Cordelia.  In  Shakspere's  King  Lear  the 
youngest  and  favourite  daughter  of  the 
king,  whose  mind,  however,  is  turned 
against  her,  so  that  he  disinherits  her, 
giving  over  his  kingdom  to  her  two  sis- 
ters.   See  Lear. 

Cor'ydon.  The  name  of  a  shepherd  in  the 
poems  of  Theocritus  and  Virgil ;  hence 
used  for  a  shepherd  or  rustic  in  general. 

Cos'tard.  A  clown  in  Shakspere's  Loves 
Labour 's  Lost. 

Costigan,  Captain.  In  Thackeray's  Pen- 
deunis,  a  hard-up  Irish  warrior,  boastful 
and  making  a  ridiculous  show  of  dignity, 
but  far  too  fond  of  liquor  and  rather  dis- 
reputable. His  daughter  was  an  actress, 
about  whom  Pendeunis  went  wild  as  a 
young  fellow. 

Cotyt'to.  A  goddess  of  licentiousness 
among  the  ancients. 

CoVerley,  Sir  Roger  de.  An  old  knight  and 
country  gentleman  pictured  by  Steele  and 
Addison  in  the  pages  of  the  Spectator,  a 
delightful  compound  of  simplicity,  mo- 
desty, benevolence,  harmless  pomposity, 
eccentricity,  and  whim. 

Crawley.  The  name  of  an  aristocratic 
family  in  Thackeray's  Vanity  Fair.  Old 
Sir  Pitt  is  a  sad  reprobate,  miserly,  ig- 
norant, coarse,  and  drunken,  but  not  de- 
void of  shrewdness.  His  son  Pitt,  latterly 
Sir  Pitt,  was  the  very  reverse  of  this,  but 
pompous,  priggish,  and  dull.  Eis  other 
son  Rawdon  was  a  heavy  dragoon,  a  care- 
less spendthrift  always  in  debt.  He  mar- 
ried Becky  Sharp,  but  her  intimacy  with 
Lord  Steyne  made  him  throw  her  oflf. 

Cres'sida.  The  fair  but  frail  heroine  of 
Shakspere's  Troilus  and  Cresfida,  and 
sung  also  by  Chaucer;  the  daughter  of  one 
of  the  Trojans.  Her  name  does  not  occur 
in  the  classics. 

Crispin.  The  patron  saint  of  shoemakers. 
He  and  his  brother  Crispian  are  said  to 
have  preached  the  gospel  m  Gaul,  and 
supported  themselves  by  making  shoes. 

Cronos.  A  Greek  deity  corresponding  with 
the  Italian  Saturn. 

Crummies,  Mr.  Vincent.  In  Dickens's 
Nicholas  Nickleby,  a  kind-hearted,  eccen- 
tric theatrical  manager,  in  whose  theatri- 
cal company  Nicholas  was  engaged  for  a 
time. 

Crusoe,  Bobineon,  krO'so.  The  hero  of  De- 
foe's famous  story  which  everyone  has 
read. 

Cuttle,  Captain.  A  retired  sea  captain  in 
Dickens's  Dombey  &  Son ;  simple,  credu- 
lous, ignorant,  warm-hearted,  and  gener- 
ous. He  has  an  iron  hook  in  place  of  one 
of  his  hands,  and  a  favourite  saying  of  his 
is,  '  When  found,  make  a  note  of." 

Cybele,  sib'e-lc.  A  goddess  of  agriculture 
and  settled  life  among  the  Greeks  and 
Romans,  represented  with  a  sort  of  tow- 
ered crown  on  her  head. 

Cymbeline,  sim'be-lin.  A  semi-mythical 
king  of  Britain,  standing  for  the  histori- 
cal Cunobelinus,  whose  name  occurs  on 
coins. 

Cynthia,  sin'thi-a.  A  name  for  Diana  or 
the  moon. 

Cytberea,  sith-e-re'a.    A  name  of  Yenus. 


Dae'dalus.  A  mythical  Greek  sculptor  and 
artificer,  who  fled  from  Crete  by  means  of 
wings  invented  by  himself.  His  son  Ic- 
arus accompanied  him,  hut  was  drowned. 

Dag'onet,  Sir.  The  court  fool  of  the  famous 
King  Arthur. 

Dalgetty,  Dugald,  dal'get-i.  A  soldier  of 
fortune  in  Scott's  Legend  of  Montrose, 
brave  and  experienced,  but  vulgar,  con- 
ceited, pedantic,  and  alfrays  with  an 
eye  to  the  main' chance. 

Damocles,  dam'o-kl6z.  A  courtier  whom 
King  Dionysius  of  Syracuse  treated  to  a 
splendid  feast,  but  over  whose  head  he 
caused  a  naked  sword  to  be  suspended  by 
a  horse  hair,  as  a  lesson  that  danger  may 
overhang  greatness  and  outward  felicity. 

Da'mon  and  Phin'tias  (or  Pyth'ias).  Two 
Greeks  of   Syracuse  whose  names  have 


become  tjrpical  of  friendship.  'When 
Phintias  was  condemned  to  death,  but 
was  allowed  to  go  home  to  settle  his  af- 
fairs, Damon  took  his  place  as  surety  that 
he  would  return— as  he  did— to  meet  his 
fate... 

Danae,  dan'a-5.  A  Greek  princess  shut  up 
in  a  brazen  tower,  to  which  Jove  gained 
access  in  form  of  a  golden  shower,  and 
thus  became  by  her  the  father  of  Perseus. 
Daphne,  daf'ne.  A  maiden  pursued  by 
ApoUo,  whom  she  escaped  by  being 
changed  into  a  laurel. 
Daphnis.    See  CMoe. 

Darby  and  Joan.    A  married  couple,  the 
type  of  simple  domestic  happiness,  cele- 
brated in  an  old  ballad. 
Da'vus.    A  common  name  for  a  slave  in 
Latin  comedy. 

Deans,  denz,  Jeanle  and  Effie.  The  hero- 
ines of  Scott's  Heart  of  Midlothian, 
daughters  of  the  peasant  Davie  Deans. 
Effie  was  condemned  for  child-murder, 
but  Jeanie  trudged  all  the  way  to  London 
and  obtained  her  pardon.  Their  father 
was  very  strict  in  religious  matters  and 
strong  in  theological  controversy. 
Ded'lock,  Lady.  The  wife  of  Sir  Leicester 
Dedlock in  Dickens's  Bleak  House,  mother 
out  of  wedlock  to  Esther  Summcrson. 
Dejani'ra.  The  wife  of  Hercules,  uninten- 
tionally the  cause  of  the  hero's  death  by 
giving  him  a  garment  poisoned  with  the 
blood  of  the  centaur  Nessus,  who  told  her 
she  would  thus  retain  her  husband's  love. 
Eeleci&ble  Mountains.  In  Bunyan's  Pil- 
grim's Progress  a  delightful  range  from 
which  the  Celestial  City  could  be  seen. 
De'Ua.  In  classical  literature  a  name  of 
Diana,  from  the  island  of  Delos.  Also  a 
poetical  name  for  a  young  woman  gener- 
ally. 

Demeter,  de-m5'ter.  The  Greek  goddess 
corresponding  with  the  Roman  Ceres. 
See  in  Diet. 
Demogor'gon.  A  mysterious  divinity  men- 
tioned by  some  writers  as  greatly  to  be 
dreaded  and  as  holding  powerful  sway  in 
the  unseen  world. 

Desderao'na.    The  heroine  of  Shakspere's 
Othello,  killed  by  her  husband  Othello, 
who  is  led  by  the  devilish  malice  of  lago 
to  believe  her  unfaithful  to  him. 
Deucallcn  and  Pyrrha,  dO-ka'li-on,' pir'a. 
In  Greek  mythol.  a  man  and  wife  who 
alone  survived  a  deluge  and  became  origi- 
nators of  a  new  race  of  men. 
Dlaiia,  di-an'a.    The  Roman  goddess  "cor- 
responding with  the  Greek  Artemis,  the 
sister  of  Apollo,  a  chaste  virgin,  goddess 
of  hunting  and  of  the  moon. 
Dick,  Mr.    An  amiable  half-witt^  gentle- 
man in  Dickens's  David  Copperneld,  who 
thinks  he  is  bound  to  prepare  a  certain 
'memorial,'  but  cannot  keep  himself  from 
putting  into  it  something  about  the  head 
of  Chai-les  I. 
Diddler,   Jeremy.    An  artful  swindling, 
but  amusing  character  in  Kenny's  farce 
of  Raising  the  Wind  (1S03). 
Di'do.    The  mytliical  queen  of  Carthage, 
described  by  Virgil  in  the  .ilneid  as  hospit- 
ably entertaining  the  shipwrecked  JEneaa, 
falling  in  love  with  him,  and  putting  an 
end  to  her  life  when  he  deserted  her. 
Din'mont,    Dandle  (that   is,  Andrew).    A 
.  farmer  in  Scott's  Guy  Mannering,  brawny, 
pugnacious,    genuinely   hospitable,   ana 
kind-hearted.^ 

Didmede,  di'o-m5d.    A  renowned  Grecian 
chief  at  the  siege  of  Troy. ' 
Dionysus,  di-o-ni'sus.     A  Greek  name  of 
the  god  Bacchus. 

Dioscuri,  di-os-kQ'ri.  A  name  of  the 
twins  Castor  and  Pollux. 
Dives,  di-vez.  The  Latin  word  for  a  rich 
man,  came  to  be  used  as  a  sort  of  proper 
name  for  the  rich  man  of  the  parable  of 
Lazarus,  and  hence  for  a  luxurious  rich 
man  generally. 

Dobbin,  Colonel.  One  of  the  chiief  thar- 
acters  in  Thackeray's  Vanity  Fair,  an  ex- 
cellent soldier  and  thorough  gentleman, 
but  somewhat  shy  and  awkward,  devoted 
to  Amelia  Sedley  as  also  to  her  late  Hus- 
band George  Osborne. 
Dods,  Meg.  The  famous  landlady  6f  eu 
inn  in  Scott's  St.  Ronaji's  'W.llL 


Flt«,  fir,  fat,  fftll ;     mB,  uaet,  her ;     pine,  pin  j     nSte,  not,  mOye ;     tube,  tub,  b\)U ;     oil,  pound ;     u,  8c.  ftbwno-the  Fr.  * 


DODSON 


799 


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Dodson  and  Fogg.  The  pettifogging  lawyers 
who  carried  on  the  breach  of  promise 
action  against  Mr.  Pickwick  in  Dickens's 
Pickwick  Papers.  . 

Doe,  John,  do.  An  imaginary  person  whose 
name  used  .to  appear  in  certain  English 
actions  at  law,  along  with  that  of  liichard 
Roe,  an  equally  shadowy  personage. 

Dogberry  and  Verges.  Two  ridiculous 
constables  in  Shakspere's  Much  Ado  about 
Nothing. 

Dombey,  Mr.-  In  Dickens's  Dombey  &  Son 
a  wealthy  London  merchant  full  of  pride 
and  self-importance,  cold  and  cruel  to  his 
daughter  Florence,  as  being  a  mere  girl, 
but  built  up  in  his  young  son  Paul,  whose 
death  is  a  great  blow  to  him,  while  the 
elopement  of  his  wife  and  the  loss  of  his 
fortune  coinpletely  humble  him.  Captain 
Cuttle  and  his  friend  Bunsby,  Dr.  Blimber, 
Major  Bagstock,  &c.,.also  appear  in  this 
novel. 

Domdan'iel.  ,  In  oriental  legend  a  vast 
subterranean  cavern  haunted  by  sorcerers, 
genii,  &c. 

Dominie  Sampson.  The  profoundly  learned 
tutor  at  EUangowan  in  Scott's  Guy  Man- 
nering,  exceedingly  awkward  and  utterly 
ignorant  of  the  world.  , 

Don  Belianis  of  Greece,  bel-i-a'nis.  The 
hero  of  an  old  romance  of  chivalry. 

Don  Ju'an.  The"  hero  of  a  Spanish  legend 
which  has  been  much  employed  for  the 
dramaticand  operatic  stage,  and  furnished 
the  name  to  Byron's  poem.  The  don  is 
the  type  of  a  finished  and  reckless  libertine 
who  is  at  last  dragged  down  alive  to  the 
infernal  regions.  Byron's  untthished  poem 
borrows  little  or  nothing  but  the  name 
from  the  old  legend. 

Don  Qiilx'ote  (Spanish  pron.  k5-ho'ta).  The 
hero  of  the  great  Spanish  romance  of  Cer- 
vantes, a  Castilian  country  gentleman  so 
crazed  by  reading  books  of  chivalry  that 
he  sallies  forth  as  a  knight-errant  to  suc- 
cour the  oppressed  and  redress  wrongs. 
As  his  squire  ho  takes  along  with  him 
Sancho  Panza,  an  ignorant,  credulous,  an4 
vulgar  peasant,  pot-bellied,  gluttonous, 
and  selfish,  yet  faithful  to  his  master, 
shrewd  and  amusing.  The  knight, 
mounted  on  his  steed  Kcsinante,  equally 
gaunt  with  the  rider,  and  the  squire  on 
nis  ass  Dapple  have  various  amusing  ex- 
periences since  the  don  looks  upon  flocks 
of  sheep  as  armies,  wind-mills  as  giants, 
and  galley-slaves  as  oppressed  gentlemen. 

Dotheboys  Hall  (that  is,  'do  the  boys,' 
cheat  them).  The  famous  academy  of  the 
ignorant  and  brutal  schoolmaster  Squeers 
in  Dickens's  Nicholas  Nickleby. 

Doubting  Castle.  The  castle  of  giant  Des- 
pair in  tiie  Pilgrim's  Progress. 

Dousterswivel,  dcis'tSr-swiv-el.  In  Scott's 
Antiquary,  a  swindling  German  who  pro- 
fesses to  be  able  to  find  hidden  treasures 
by  magical  or  cabalistic  means,  and  ex- 
tracts sums  of  money  frcJm  Sir  Arthur 
Wardour. 

Dowlas,  Dick,  dou'las.  A  young  scapegrace 
in  Oolman's  comedy  The  Heir-at-law,  son 
of  a  petty  shopkeeper  of  Gosport,  who, 
until  the  real  h-eir-at-law  appears,  figures 
as  a  peer  of  the  realm.  Dr.  Pangloss  was 
Dick's  tutor. 

Draw'cansir.  A  bully  and  braggart  in 
Buckingham's  satiric  play  of  The  Rehear- 
sal (1671). 

Dro'mio.  The  name  of  the  twin  brothers 
in  Shakspere's  Comedy  of  Errors,  atten- 
dants on  the  brothers  Antipholus. 

Drugger,  Abel.  In  Ben  Jonson's  Alchemist, 
a  simple  character  who  keeps  a  tobacco 
shop.    • 

Dry'asdust,  Kev.  Dr.  A  fictitious  person- 
age brought  forward  by  Scott  to  intro- 
duce some  of  his  novels.  The  name  is 
used  as  equivalent  to  a  historical  writer  or 
investigator  of  the  driest  and  most  mat- 
ter-of-fact kind. 

Dnes'sa.  A  witch  in  Spenser's  Faerie 
Queene  who  deceives  the  Red  Cross 
Knight,  and  becomes  the  leman  of  the 
giant  Orgoglio,  but  she  and  her  paramour 
are  overthrown  by  Prince  Arthur. 

Dnlcin'ea  del  Tobo'so.  The  country  girl 
whom  Don  Quixote  selected  as  the  lady  of. 
his  knightly  devotion. 


Dumbiedikes,  dum'i-diks.    A  'laird'  or 

_  small  proprietor  in  Scott's  Heart  of  Mid- 

"  lothian,  fond  of  money  and  also  of  Jeanie 
Deans,  to  whom  he  pays  his  addresses 
(without  effect)  in  the  most  silent  and  un- 
demonstrative way.  His  father  was  a 
hard-drinking,  irreligious  character,whose 
death-bed  scene  forms  a  striidng  picture. 

Dundreary,  Lord,  dun-dre'ri.  The  chief 
character  in  Tom  Taylor's  play.  Our 
American  Cousin,  an  amusing  portrait  of 
a  nobleman  whose  head  is  full  of  triviali- 
ties and  whimsicalities. 

Dni'an'dal.  The  wonderful  sword  of  Orlando 
the  hero  of  Italian  romance. 

Dur'ward,  Quentin.  The  hero  of  Scott's 
novel  of  same  name,  an  archer  in  the 
Scottish  Guard  of  Louis  XI.  of  France, 
who  finally  wins  the  hand  of  the  young 

.  Countess  'sabella  "^^  Crove. 


Eblis.  In  Mohammedan  mythology,  the 
chief  of  the  evil  angels. 

Egeria,  e-j6'ri-a.  In  Roman legendanymijh 
from  whom  King  Numa  Pompilius  is  said 
to  have  received  instructions  in  regard 
to  religious  institutions. 

Elaine,  e-lan'.  A.  damsel  ot  the  times  of 
King  Arthur,  who  pines  and  dies  of  love 
for  Lancelot ;  the  heroine  of  one  of  Tenpy- 
son's  Idylls.  , 

Eldora'do.  The  name  of  a  country  exceed- 
ingly richiin  gold,  once  imagined  to  .exist 
in  the  Orinoco  region  of  S.  America. 

Elec'tra.  The  daughter  of  Agamemnon 
and  Clytemnestra,  and  sister  of  Orestes, 
whom  she  abetted  in  the  murder  of  their 
mother,  to  aieenge  the  death  of  their 
father.  ■  H«r  story  was  treated  by  the 
Greek  tragedians,  and  Sophocles  •  has  a 
tragedy  caUod  ty  her  name.        , 

El'shie,  Cannie.  The  Black  Dwarf  in 
Scott's  novel  of  this  name. 

Emily.  '  Little  Em'ly,'  niece  of  Daniel 
Peggotty  in  Dickens's  David  Copperfield, 
betrothed  to  Ham  Peggptty  but  seduced 
by  Steerforth. 

Encel'adns.  A  giant  overthrown  by  the 
thunderbolts  of  Jove  and  cast  under  Etna; 
when  he  turned  from  one  side  to  the  other 
he  shook  the  whole  island. 

Endymion,  en-dim'i-on.  A  beautiful  shep- 
herd kissed  by  Diana  as  he  lay  asleep  on 
Mount  Latmus.  Keats  has  a  celebrated 
poem  of  this  name. 

E'nid.  The  heroine  of  one  of  Tennyson's 
Idylls,  a  perfect  example  of  conjugal  love 
and  patience." 

E'os.  The  Greek  name  equivalent  to  Aurora. 

Epigoni,  e-pig'o-ni.  Certain  legendary 
heroes  of  Greece  who  took  and  destroyed 
the  Town  of  Thebes,  sons  of  the  seven 
princes  who  had  previously  attacked  it, 
and  who  are  celebrated  in  the  tragedy  of 
iEschylus,  The  Seven  Against  Thebes. 

Epimenides,  ep-i-inen'i-dez.  A  sage  or  wise 
man  of  ancient  Greece,  a  prophet  or  seer 
who  is  fabled  to  have  slept  in  a  cave  for 
fifty-seven  years. 

Epimetheus,  ep-i-mS'thOs.  The  brother  of 
Prometheus  and  husband  of  Pandora. 

Er'ato.  One  of  the  muses:  she  presided 
over  lyric  and  especially  amatory  poetry. 

Erebus,  Erinnys.    See  in  Diet. 

E'ris.   A  Greek  goddess  of  strife  or  discord. 

Erl  King.  An  evil  elf  or  goblin  of  German 
superstition. 

E'ros.  The  Greek  name  of  the  god  of  love; 
Cupid. 

Esmond,  Col.  Henry.  The  hero  of  Thack- 
eray's novel  called  Esmond  (time  the  reign 
of  Queen  Anne),  a  chivalrous  soldier  and 
man  of  taste.  He  is  on  the  Jacobite  side 
and  assists  in  a  plan  for  bringing  back 
the  Stuarts.  He  is  attr.xted  for  a  time 
by  his  kinswoman,  the  imperious  and 
ambitious  beauty  Beatrix  Esmond,  but 
latterly  marries  her  mother  and  retires 
to  America. 

Eteocles  and  Poljmices,  e-te'o-klez,  pol-i- 
ni's6z.  In  Greek  mjiih.  sons  of  (Edipus 
who  quarijel  regarding  the  succession  to 
the  throne,  and  fall  in  single  combat  by 
each  other's  hands. 

Eumseus,  u-me'us.  In  Homer's  Odyssey  the 
faithful  swine-herd  of  Ulysses,  attached 
to  and  respected  by  his  master. 


Euphrosjrne,  tt-fros'i-ne.  In  Greek  myth, 
one  of  the  three  graces,  the  others  being 
Aglaia  and  Thalia. 

Euphues.    Hee  Euphuism  in  Diet. 

Euro'pa.  A  nymph  of  Greek  fable  carried 
off  by  Jove  in  the'  form  of  a  white  bull. 

Euryalua,  a-ri'a-lus.    See  Mmts. 

Eurydice,  Q-rid'i-sg.  The  wife  of  the  poet 
Orpheus.    See  Orpheus. 

Euterpe,  Q-t6r'pe.    The  muse  of  music. 

Evan'geline.  i'he  heroine  of  Longfellow's 
well-known  poem,  founded  on^  the  exiiul- 
sion  of  the  French  colonists  frdm  Acadia 
(Nova  Scotia)  in  1756.    * 

Ev'ans,  Sir  Hu^h.  A  laughable  'Welsh 
schoolmaster  in  Shakspere's  Merry 
■Wives. 

Excal'ibnr.  The  famous  sword  of  King 
Arthur. 

Eyre,  Jane,  fir.  The  heroine  of  a  novel  by 
Charlotte  BrontS,  governess  to  a'  gentle- 
man called  Rochester,  to  whom  she  is 
married  after  .thQ  death  of  bis  insane 
'Wife. 


Fag.  The  lying  servant  of  Captain  Abso- 
lute in  Sheridan's  comedy  The  Rivals. 

Fagin,  f  a'gin.  An  old  Jew  and  receiver  of 
stolen  goods  in  Dickens's  01ivetTwist,who 
train.s  boys  to  steal. 

Fair  Maid  of  Perth.  The  heroine  of  Scott's 
novel  so  named,  her  proper  name  being 
Catherine  Glover;  marries  Hal  o'  the 
Wynd,  the  stalwart  armourer. 

Fairservlce,  Andrew.  In  Scott's  Rob  Roy 
the  pragmatical,  conceited,  and  not  over 
honest  Scotch  gardener  at  Osbaldistone 
HaU. 

Faith'fol.  A  companion  of  Christian  in 
Bunyan's  Pilgrim's  Progress,  burned  alive 
at  Vanity  Fair. 

Falstaff,  Sir  John,  f  al'staf .  The '  fat  knight," 
the  finest  comic  character  of  Shakspere 
and  of  literature,  appearing  in  Henry  IV. 
(both  parts)  and  the  Merry  Wives.  Gross, 
sensual,  dishonest,  and  utterly  unprin- 
cipled, he  would  be  despicable  were  it  not 
for  his  overflowing  wit  and  humour,  his 
gaiety  and  good  sense. 

Far'iutoBh,  Marquis  of.  A  Scottish  noble- 
man in  Thackeray's  Newcomes,  who  has 
neither  abHities,  character,  nor  breeding 
to  recommend  him,  but  is  a  great  catch  in 
the  marriage  market  and  is  expected  to 
become  the  husband  of  Ethel  Newcome. 

Fat  Boy.  In  Dickens's  Pickwick  a  I)oy 
named  Joe,  always  either  eating  or  sleep- 
ing. 

Father  of  Comedy.  Aristophanes;— of  Eng- 
lish Poetry,  Chaucer  ;r-of  Epic  Poetry, 
Homer;— of  History,  Herodotus;— of  Tra- 
gedy, jEschylus. 

Fathom,  Ferdinand,  Count.  An  unmiti- 
gated scoimdrel,  the  hero  of  a  nx)vel  by 
Smollett. 

Fat'ima.    The  last  of  Bluebeard's  wives. 

Faulconbridge,  Philip.  In  Shakspere's 
King  John  a  natural  son  of  Richard  I., 
an  outspoken  and  daring  soldier,  true  as 
steel  to  his  friends. 

Faust,  fast  or  foust.  The  hero  of  Goethe's 
celebrated  dramJitic  poem,  in  popular 
German  legend  known  as  Dr.  Faustus,  as 
also  in  Marlowe's  tragedy  of  same  name. 
Faustus  was  a  magician  and  astrologer 
who  sold  himself  to  the  devil  on  condition 
of  obtaining  for  a  period  every  kind  of 
worldly  enjoyment,  at  the  end  of  which 

■  he  realizes  with  horror  and  despair  the 
penalty  he  has  now  to  pay.  The  Faust  of 
Goethe  is  a  creation  of  a  higher  character. 
He  is  a  scholar  who  has  mastered  all  the 
science  of  his  day,  and  has  meditated  on 
the  problems  of  life,  finding  that  all  is  but 
vanity  and  vexation  of  spirit.  The  tragic 
element  here  is  furnished  by  the  fate  of 
the  hapless  Margaret,  whom  he  seduces, 
and  who  is  condemned  for  murdering  her 
baby.  The.  Mephistopheles  of  Goethe — 
the  demonic  being  who  fulfils  all  Faust's 
wishes— is  also  a  far  more  interesting 
figure  than  the  vulgar  fiend  of  the  older 
stories.    ' 

Feeble.  Jestingly  called  by  Falstaff '  most 
forcible  Feebley  one  of  the  knight's  '  rag- 
ged regiment'  in  Henry  IV.  part  ii.  a 
puny,  timid  creature. 


ch,  cAain;    c7t,Se.  locft;    g,go;    j,  job;    n,  Fr.  tou;    us,sing;    sh,  (/len;    th,  tAin;    w,  wig;    wh,  wWg;    zh,  aauigj/ 


FFNELLA 


800 


GULLIVER 


Fenel'la.  A  fairy -like. damsel  in  Scott's 
I'everil  of  the  Peak. 

Ferrex  and  Porrex.  Sons  of  a  mythical 
British  king  Gorboduc,  appearing  in  an 
old  English  tragedy  by  T.  Norton  and  T. 
Sackville  Lord  Buckhunt. 

rer'umbras,  Sir.  The  hero  of  an  old  Eng- 
lish metrical  romance. 

Figaro.  A  sharp-witted  barber  and  valet, 
the  hero  of  Beaumarchais's  Trench  come- 
dies the  Barber  of  Seville  and  Marriage 
of  Figaro,  on  which  are  based  operas  by 
Kossiiii  and  Mozart. 

Fitz-Boodle,  George.  A  name  under  which 
Thackeray  contributed  anumberof  papers 
or  articles  to  Eraser's  Magazine,  of  vary- 
ing character,  but  all  marked  by  his  hu- 
■nour  and  characteristic  features  of  style. 

/  lorac',  Paul  de.  lu  Thackeray's  New- 
comes  a  French  nobleman  married  to  an 
English  wife,  a  kind-hearted  prodigal  who 
latterly  settles  in  England  and  assumes 
the  character  of  the  English  country  gen- 
tleman while  remaining  as  thoroughly 
French  as  ever.  Colonel  Newcome  was 
passionately  in  love  with  Florae's  mother 
in- early  life. 

Flor'imel.  A  virtuous  lady  in  Spenser's 
Faerie  (^ueene.  A  witch  made  by  sorcery 
a  figure  that  was  mistaken  for  her,  but 
the  falsa  Florimel  vanished  away  when 
the  real  one  was  brought  side  by  side. 

Flor'izel.  The  Prince  of  Bohemia  in  Shak- 
spere's  Winter's  Tale,  in  love  with  Perdita. 

Fluel'len.  A  brave  but  pedantic  Welsh 
captain  in  Shakspere's  Henry  V.,  whose 
parallel  between  Monmouth  and  Mace- 
donia is  well  known. 

Flying  Dutchman.  A  phantom  ship  seen 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  said  to  be  commanded  by  a  Dutch 
captain  (Vanderdecken)  who  for  his  im- 
piety has  to  sail  till  the  day  of  judgment. 

Foker,  Harry.  In  Thackeray's  Pendennis 
the  son  of  a  wealthy  brewer,  a  sporting, 
slangy,  wide-awake  young  sybarite,  who 
for  a  time  is  enthralled  by  the  siren 
Blanche  Amory. 

Foppington,  Lord.  A  coxcomb  in  Van- 
lirughs  comedy  The  Relapse,  and  Sheri- 
dan s  Trip  to  Scarborough. 

Ford,  Mrs.  One  of  Shakspere's  MeiTy 
A\ives  of  'Windsor,  who  beioola  Falstatf 
for  his  evil  intentions. 

Fortuna'tus.  The  hero  of  a  popular  +ale 
who  obtained  an  inexhaustible  purse  and 
a  cap  that  Tvould  carry  him  wherever  he 
pleased. 

Fra  Diavolo,  fril  d5-iiv'o-lo.  A  brigand 
chief  of  S.  Italy  who  has  given  name  to 
a  comic  opera  by  Auber,  with  words  by 

.  Scribe. 

Frank'enstein,  -stin.  A  student  of  physi- 
ology in  Mrs.  Shelley's  romance  of  same 
name,  who  attains  profound  knowledge 
and  constructs  a  hideous  monster  endued 
with  the  attributes  of  humanity.  The 
monster,  though  craving  sympathy  and 
love,  proves  the  curse  and  ruin  of  its 
creator. 

Freischiitz,  fri'shuts.  A  marksman  of  Ger- 
m.au  legend  who  obtains  seven  magic 
l-alls,  six  of  which  hit  whatever  he  aims 
at,  but  the  seventh  goes  as  the  fiend 
directs. 

Frcya,  fri'a.  A  Scandinavian  goddess  of 
love  and  song,  often  confounded  with 
Frigga. 

Friar  John.  In  Rabelais's  romance  of 
Gargantua  and  Pantagruel  a  profane  and 
debauched  but  bold  and  amusing  charac- 
ter, always  in  the  heart  of  everything  that 
i?  going  on. 

Triar  Tuck.  The  friar  ■who  is  said  to  have 
lieen  among  Roliin  Hood's  merry  men. 

Fribble.  An  effeminate  and  contemptible 
coxcomb  in  Garrick's  Miss  in  her  Teens. 

Frigga.  A  Scandinavian  goddess,  wife  of 
Odin,  and  corresponding  in  some  respects 
with  "Venus. 

Fudge  Family.  An  English  family  whose 
doings  and  adventures  in  Paris  are  amus- 
ingly chronicled  by  the  poet  Moore  in  a 
series  of  letters  in  verse,  supposed  to  be 
written  by  them. 


Gal'a'had,  Sir." One  of  the  knights  of  King 


Arthur's  Round  Table,  celebrated  for  his 
chastity. 

Galatea,  gal-a-te'a.  A  nymph  of  Greek 
fable  beloved  by  and  loving  Acis,  who  was 
killed  by  the  Cyclops  Polyphemus  from 
jealousy. 

Gamp,  Sarah.  A  monthly  nurse  in  Dick- 
ens's Martin  Chuzzlewit,  fond  of  liquor, 
caiTying  a  big  baggy  umbrella,  and  mak- 
ing frequent  references  to  a  putely  imagi- 
nary friend  of  hers  named  Mrs.  Harris. 

G&n'elon.  One  of  Charlemagne's  knights, 
celebr.ated  for  malevolence  and  treacherj'. 

Ganymede,  gan'i-med.  A  beautiful  j'outh 
of  Greek  fable,  can'ied  to  heaven  from 
Mount  Ida  by  an  eagle,  and  made  cup- 
bearer to  the  gods. 

Gareth.  One  of  King  Arthur's  knights, 
who  served  as  a'  scullion  for  a  year  before 
being  knighted.  His  expedition  in  the 
company  of  Lynette  to  liberate  her  sister 
Lyonors  is  the  subject  of  one  of  Tenny- 
son's Idylls. 

Gargan'tua.  The  hero  of  the  humorous 
and  fantastic  romance  of  same  name  by 
Rabelais.  He  was  a  giant  of  tremendous 
size  who  had  a  son  equally  wonderful 
named  Pantagruel. 

Gaw'ain.  One  of  the  knights  of  the  Round 
Table,  a  nephew  of  King  Arthur,  re- 
nowned for  strength  as  well  as  courtesy. 

Gaw'reys.  Flying  women  described  in  the 
story  of  Peter  AV'ilkins  (by  Robert  Paltock, 
1750),  who  is  shipwrecked  and  meets  with 
them  in  a  strange  land  of  twilight.  The 
winged  men  are  called  Glumms. 

Geierstein,  Anne  of,  gi'er-stin.  The  heroine' 
of  one  of  Scott's  novels  dealing  with  events 
of  early  Swiss  history. 

Gelert,  gel'ert.  The  faithful  hound  of 
Llewellyn,  which  kills  a  wolf  that  would 
have  devoured  its  master's  infant,  and  is 
rashly  slain  by  him  before  ho  sees  how 
matters  really  stand.  Similar  stories  are 
of  almost  world-wide  currency.  ■* 

Gellatley,  Davie,  gcl'at-li.  In  Scott's 
"Waverley  a  crazy  domestic  of.  the  Baron 
Bradwardine,  given  to  answer  questions 
with  snatches  of  song. 

Genevieve,  St. ,  jen'e-vev.  An  apocryphal 
saint,  a  lady  who  according  to  legend  was 
falsely  accused  of  adultery  and  condemned 
to  death,  but  escaped  and  li^'ed  six  years 
in  a  forest  till  her  husband  found  her 
and  took  her  home,  convinced  of  her  inno- 
cence. 

George -a- Green.  The  pinner  or  pound- 
keeper  of  Wakefield,  one  of  the  associates 
of  Robin  Hood. 

Geraint,  ge-rant'.  A  knight  of  the  Round 
Table,  married  to  Enid,  and  celebrated  in 
one  of  Tennyson's  Idylls  of  the  King.  See 
Enid. 

Geryon,  je'ri-on.  In  ancient  classical  le- 
gend, a  monstrous  king  of  Hesperia,  who 
fed  his  oxen  on  human  flesh  and  was  slain 
by  Hercules. 

Giant  Despair.  A  formidable  giant  of  the 
Pilgrim's  Progress  who  lived  in  Doubting 
Castle. 

Gil  Bias,  zhul  bias.  The  hero  of  a  diverting 
novel  by  Le  Sage,  written  in  French, 
though  the  scene  is  laid  in  Spain  and 
incidents  are  taken  from  Spanish  writers. 

Gilpin,  John,  gil'pin.  A  London  linen- 
draper  and  train -band  captain,  whose 
exploits  on  horseback  are  celebrated  in 
Cowper's  humorous  poem  of  same  name. 

Ginevra,  ji-nev'ra.  The  bride  who,  accor- 
ding to  a  well-known  story,  out  of  frolic 
shut  herself  into  a  chest  on  her  wedding- 
day  and  was  thus  entombed  alive. 

Giovanni,  Don,  jo-van'nC.  The  Italian  form 
of  Don  Juan  and  the  title  of  a  noble  opera 
by  Mozart  based  on  the  Don  Juan  le- 
gend. 

Glasse,  Mrs.  A  name  attached  to  a  famous 
cookery-bcok  of  1747,  in  which  the  recipe 
for  cooking  ahare  is  said  to  begin  with  the 
words  '  First  catch  your  h^re,'  though 
this  is  not  really  the  case. 

Glaucus.    A  Greek  divinity  of  the  sea. 

Gloria'na.  The  queen  of  fairyland  in  Spen- 
ser's Faerie  Queene,  intended  to  stand  for 
Queen  Elizabeth. 

Qfubbdub'drib.  In  Swift's  Gulliver's  Tra- 
vels an  island  inhabited  by  sorcerers  or 
magicians,  who  called  up  at  Gulliver's 


desire  the  spirits  of  many  personages  of 
former  times. 

Glumdal'clitch.  An  amiable  girl  giantess 
(forty  feet  high)  who  had  the  care  of  Gul- 
liver when  he  was  in  Brobdingnag. 

Glumms.     See  Gaivrcys. 

Gobbo,  Launcelot.  An  amusing  clown  in 
Shakspere's  Merchant  "of  "Venice,  at  one 
time  servant  to  Shy  lock. 

Godi'va,  Lady.  The  wife  of  Leofric,  Earl 
of  Mercia,  in  the  eleventh  century,  who, 
according  to  the  story,  obtained  relief  from 
burdensome  taxes  for  the  people  of  Coven- 
try by  riding  naked  through  the  town, 
as  her  rude  husband  challenged  her  to  do 
before  he  would  grant  the  favour.  Only 
one  person,  hence  called  'Peeping  Tom,' 
ventured  to  look  out,  and  was  immediately 
struck  blind.  The  story  has  been  versified 
by  Tennyson. 

Golden  Ass.  The  name  of  a  tale  by  the 
Latin  writer  Appuleius,  relating  to  the  ad- 
ventures of  a  young  man  who  for  a  time 
has  been»made  to  assume  the  form  of  an 
ass.  The  story  of  Cupid  and  Psyche  occuriS 
in  it. 

Golden  Fleece.  In  class,  myth,  the  fleece 
of  a  famous  ram  hung  in  agrovein  Colchis, 
and. guarded  by  a  dragon.  It  was  carried 
off  by  the  Argonauts  (which  see  in  Diet.). 

Gon'eril.  One  of  the  two  evil  daughters  of 
King  Lear.    See  Lear. 

Goodf  ellow,  Robin.  A  tricksy  imp  or  sprite 
of  popular  English  tales,  called  also  Ftick. 

Gor'boduc.  A  fabulous  British  king.  See 
Ferrex. 

Grad'gi'ind,  Thomas.  A  successful  busi- 
ness man  connected  with. the  iron  trade 
in  Dickens's  Hard  Times,  who  is  above  all 
sentiment,  and  cares  only  for  what  is 
practical  and  matter-of-fact. 

Gran'dison,  Sir  Charles.  The  hero  of  Rich- 
ardson's novel.  The  History  of  Sir  Charles 
Grandison,  a  somewhat  tiresome  charac- 
ter intended  to  exemplify  the  perfect 
Christian  gentleman. 

Great  Commoner.  William  Pitt.— -Great 
Duke.  The  Duke  of  Wellington.— Great 
Magician.  Sir  Walter  Scott.— Great  Mo- 
ralist. Dr.  Johnson.— Great  "Unknown. 
Sir  Walter  Scott  before  he  was  known  as 
the  author  of  the  Waverley  Jfjjovels. 

Greatheart.  In  the  Pilgrim's  Progress  the 
guide  of  Christiana  and  her  children  to  the 
Celestial  City. 

Greaves,  Sir  Lancelot,  grevz.  A  sort  of 
English  Don  Quixote,  the  hero  of  a  novel 
by  Smollett. 

Green,  'Verdant.  The  hero  of  a  story  of 
Oxford  life  by^Cuthbert  Bede  (Rev.  E. 
Bradley).  Wheil  he  enters  the  university 
as  a  freshman  he  is  as  green  as  his  name 
implies,  and  has  many  jokes  played  ou 
him. 

Gretchen.  A  German  diminutive  of  Mar- 
garet, often  used  of  the  heroine  of  Goethe's 
Faust.    See  Faust. 

Grisel'da.  The  heroine  of  one  of  Chaucer's 
Canterbury  Tales,  .borrowed  from  the 
Italian.  She  was  subjected  to  the  cruelest 
trials  by  her  husband  in  order  to  test  her 
patience  and  obedience,  but  never  com- 
plained or  murmured. 

Grub  Street.  The  former  name  of  a  street 
in  London  which  has  become  identified 
with  hack  writers  and  poor  literature. 

Grundy,  Mrs.  A  farmer's  wife  frequently 
spoken  of  by  Mrs.  Ashfield,  another  far- 
mer's wife,  in  Morton's  comedy.  Speed  the 
Plough  (1798).  Mrs.  Ashfieldis  much  given 
to  speculating  about  'what  Mrs.  Grundy 
will  say'  in  such  and  such  circumstances. 

Gudrun,  gud'ruu.  The  heroine  of  an  old 
German  epic,  a  princess  who  is  carried  off 
and  is  kept  for  years  at  servile  di-udgery, 
because  she  refuses  to  mairy  against  her 
inclinations. 

Guinevere,  gwin'e-vPr.  The  wife  of  King 
Arthur,  notorious  for  her  guilty  attach- 
ment to  Sir  Lancelot,  latterly  retires  to 
a  nunnery ;  best  known  froifi  Tennyson's 
Idylls. 

Gulliver,  Lemuel.  The  hero  of  Swift's 
famous  Gulliver's  Travels,  who  makes 
various  voyages,  and  in  one  way  or  another 
visits  some  remarkable  countries,  espe- 
cially Lilliput,  Brobdingnag,  Laputa,  and 
the  land  of  the  Houyhnhnms.    See  these 


F&te,  f&r,  fat,  ffill ;     me.  met,  hir ;     pine,  pin ;     aOte,  not,  mi^re ;  .  Wbe,  tub,  b\;ll ;     oil,  jpound ;     ti,  Sc.  abune— the  Fr.  f(< 


GUMMIDGE 


801 


ICARUS 


entries,  also  Olubbdubdrib,  Glumdalclitch, 
Strulibi~ugs. 

Gummidge,  Mrs.  The  widow  who  keeps 
house  for  Daniel  Peggotty  in  Dickens's 
David  Copperfield,  always  in  the  depths 
of  melancholy,  as  '  a  lone  lorn  creetur.' 

Gurth.  The  faithful  and  sturdy  swine- 
herd of  Cedric  in  Scott's  Ivanhoe. 

Gurton,  .Gammer.  The  heroine  of  the 
second  known  Old  English  comedy.  Gam- 
mer Gurton's  Needle  (1575),  which  turns 
<ki  the  loss  of  this  useful  article  and  the 
finding  of  it  sticking  in  her  husband 
Hodge's  breeches. 

Guy  or  Warwick.  A  hero  of  English  legend, 
one  of  whose  exploits  was  the.killing  of  a 
formidable  '  dun  cow.' 

Guyon,  Sir,  gi'on.  A  knight  in  Spenser's 
Faerie  Queene,  the  personification  of  tem- 
perance and  self-restraint. 

Gyges,  ji'jez.  A  king  of  ancient  Lydia 
fabled  to  have  had  a  magic  ring  that  ren- 
dered him  invisible,  and  thus  helped  him 
to  slay  his  predecessor  Candaules.' 


Hagen,  ha'gfen.  A  warror  in  tRe  Nibelun- 
genlied  who  kills  Siegfried,  and  is  himself 
killed  by  Chriemhild. 

Eaidee'.  In  Byron's  Don  Juan  the  daugh- 
ter of  the  pirate  Lambro,  a  beautiful  girl 
who  rescues  Juan  when  cast  ashore,  and 
dies  when  her  father  drags  him  off  to 
slavery. 

Halcyons,  hal-si'o-ng.  In  Greek  myth, 
daughter  of  .lEolus  and  -wife  of  Ceyx,  at 
whose  death  she  threw  herself  into  the 
sea  and  became  a  kingfisher. 

Hamlet.  The  prince  of  Denmark,  hero  of 
Shakspere's  finest  tragedy,  the.substance 
of  which  is  contained  in  old  chronicles. 

Hardcastle,  Squire.  In  Goldsmith's  co- 
medy. She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  an  English 
country  gentleman  whose  house  Young 
Marlow  mistakes  for  an  inn,  and  whoso 
daughter  'stoops  to  conquer'  him-,  pre- 
tending to  be  the  chambermaid.  The 
squire  is  a  jovial  old  gentleman,  fond  of 
telling  stories,  and  has  one  especial  fa- 
vourite of  '  grouse  in  the  gun  -  room.' 
Mrs.  Hardcastle  is  a  lady  who  is  devoted 
to  what  is  genteel.  Tony  Lumpkin  is  her 
son  by  a  former  marriage.  See  Lump- 
kin. 

Har'lowe,  Clarissa.  The  heroine  of  Kich- 
ardson's  novel  of  this  name,  a  girl  of  great 
sweetness,  purity,  and  moral  dignity,  whd 
is  overcome  by  drugs  and  betrayed  oy  the 
man  she  Igves,  the  fibertine  Lovelace,  and 
latterly,  scorning  his  offered  reparation 
of  marriage,  dies  of  grief  and  shame. 

Harmo'nia.  In  classical  myth,  a  daughter 
of  Mars  and  Venus  and  wife  of  Cadmus. 
On  her  marriage  day,  she  received  a  neck- 
lace which  proved  unlucky  to  everyone 
that  came  into  possession  of  it. 

Harold,  Childe.  The  hero  of  Byron's 
poem  Childe  Harold's  Pilgrimage,  the 
Childe  being  a  man  of  birth,  wealth,  and 
intellect,  who,  while  still  young,  has  be- 
come sated  with  pleasure,  and  resolves  to 
travel,  thus  giving  the  poet  an  oppor- 
tunity for  much  fine  description  and  re- 
flective writing. 

Har'pagon.  A  wretched  miser,  the  hero  of 
Molitre's  comedy  L'Avare  (The  Miser). 

Har'ris,  Mrs.  Airs.  Gamp's  oft-quoted  but 
imaginary  friend.    See  Gamp. 

Hatch'way,  Lieutenant.  An  amusing  half- 
pay  naval  oflicer,  the  companion  of  Com- 
modore Trunnion  in  Smollett's  Peregrine 
Pickle. 

Hatt'eraick,  Dirk.  The  captain  of  the 
Dutch  smuggling  vessel  in  Scott's  Guy 
Mannering,  in  whose  lugger  Harry  Ber- 
tram is  carried  off;  a  reckless  desperado, 
but  honest  to  his  employers. 

Hatto.  In  German  legend,  an  archbishop 
of  Mainz  devoured  by  an  army  of  rats  (or 
mice)  as  a  judgment  upon  him  for  having, 
during  a  severe  famine,  shut  up  a  number 
of  poor  people  in  a  barn  and  burned  them. 
The  Mouse-tower,  on  an  island  of  the 
Rhine  near  Bingen,  is  said  to  have  been 
the  scene  of  the  bishop's  death. 

Hawk,  Sir  Mulberry.  In  Dickens's  Nicholas 
Nickleby,  a  worthless  roue  who  insults 
Kate  Nickleby  and  kills  in'  a  duel  the 


young  Lord  Verisopht,  who  has  been  his 
associate  and  admirer.  - 

Head'rigs,  Cuddle  ( Cuthbert).  An  amusing 
farm-servant  in  Scott's  Old  Mortality. 

Heart  of  Midlothian.  A  name  for  the'old 
tolbooth  or  jail  of  Edinburgh,  adopted  by 
Sir  W.  Scott  as  the  title  of  one  of  his 
novels,  in  which  it  makes  a  figure.  See 
Deans. 

Hyb^.  The  Greek  goddess  of  youth  and 
cup-bearer  to  the  gods  (before  Ganymede), 
.represented  as  a  very  beautiful  young  girl. 

Hecate,  hek'a-t6.    A  Greek  goddess  whose 

■  powers  were  various,  and  who  was  some- 
times confounded  with"  Artemis  (Diana) 
and  Proserpine,  but  latterly  became  espe- 
cially a  goddess  of  the  infernal  regions 
and  patroness  of  magicians  and  witches. 

Hector.  The  son  of  Priam,  King  of  Troy, 
and  husband  of  Andromache,  the  most 
valiant  among  the  Trojans,  and  the  no- 
blest hero  described  in  the  Iliad.  He  was 
latterly  slain  by  Achilles,  and  his  body 
dragged  round  the  city  walls  in  revenge 
for  his  having  killed  Patroclus.   See  LUum. 

Hec'nba.  The  wife  of  King  Priam  of  Troy, 
and  mother  of  Hector,  Paris,  and  Cassan- 
dra. After  the  fall  of  Troy  she  was  given 
to  Ulysses  as  a  slave,  and  some  say  she 
drowned  herself  in  despair. 

Heap,  UriaA.  Clerk  to  Mr.  Wickfleld,  the 
lawyer,  in  Dickens's  David  Copperfield,  a 
sneaking  and  malignant  character,  always 
proclaiming  how  "umble'  he  is,  but  try- 
ing to  ruin  his  employer  and  marry  his 
daughter  Agnes. 

Hel  or  He'la.  The  Scandinavian  goddess 
of  the  dead,  daughter  of  Loki,  a  frightful 
being,  half  black  and  half  of  fair  com- 
plexion. 

Helen.  The  wife  of  Menelaus,  King  of 
Sparta,  and  daughter  of  Jupiter  and 
Leda,  the  most  beautiful  woman  of  her 
time.  She  was  carried  off  to  Troy  by 
Paris,  and  thus  caused  the  Trojan  war, 
the  Greek  princes  having  combined  in  a 
great  expedition  against  Troy  in  order  to 
recover  her. 

Hel'ena.  The  heroine  of  Shakspere's  All's 
Well  that  Ends  Well,  married  to  Bertram, 
count  of  Rousillon,  who  neglects  and  de- 
spises her  till  brought  to  a  better  frame 
of  mind. 

Hel'icon.  A  mountain  of  Greece  anciently 
sacred  to  Apollo  and  the  muses. 

He'UoB.    The  Greek  name  for  the  sun  and 

.  the  sun-god,  in  the  latter  sense  identified 

"  with  Phcebus  or  Apollo. 

Hephse'stus.    Same  as  Vulcan, 

Hera.    Same  as  Juno. 

Her'culeg  or  Her  'acles.  In  classical  my- 
thology, a  hero  or  demi-god,  son  of  Jupiter 
and  Alcmena,  renowned  for  his  wonderful 
achievements,  twelve  of  which  are  spe- 
cially singled  out  as  the  twelve  labours  «/ 
Hercules.  He  was  for  a  time  slave  to 
Omph?:ie,  Queen  of  Lydia,  and  latterly 
married  to  Dejanira  (which  see).  Being 
mortally  poisoned  by  the  garment  of 
Npssus,  he  voluntarily  ascended  his  fune- 
ral pile,  and  was  received  among  the  gods. 
See  also  Hydra,  Oviph&le,  Cerberus,  &c. 

Hermes,  her'mez.  The  Greek  deity  re- 
garded as  equivalent  to  the  Roman  Mer- 
cury, the  messenger  of  the  gods,  the  in- 
ventor of  the  lyre  (which  he  resigned  to. 
Apollo),  the  god  of  commerce,  and  also  of 
fraud  and  cunning.  He  is  generally  re- 
presented with  small  wings  attached  to 
his  head  and  ankles,  and  with  a  winged 
rod— the  caduceua. 

Hermes  Trismegis'tus.  A  mythical  person- 
age, the  same  as  the  Egyptian  god  Thoth, 
represented  as  the  author  of  a  great  num- 
ber of  ancient  writings. 

Her'mla.  One  of  the  heroines  of  Shakspere's 
Midsummer  Night's  Dream. 

Hermione,  her-mi'o-n6.  In  Shakspere's 
Winter's  Tale  the  wife  of  King  Leontes 
of  Sicily,  unjustly  suspected  by  her  hus- 
band. She  is  an  example  of '  dignity  with- 
out pride,  love  without  passion,  and  ten- 
derness without  weakness.' 

He'ro.  The  beautiful  priestess  of  Venus 
at  Sestes,  to  visit  whom  Leander  used  to 
swim  the  Hellespont.  On  his  death  she 
drowned  herself.  Another  Hero  has  an 
important  part  in  Shakspere's  Sluch  Ado. 


Hesperides,  hes-per'i-dez.  In  Greek  myth, 
three  nymphs  who  lived  in  pleasant  %z.X-> 
dens  in  an  island  of  the  western  ocean. 

•  and  had  charge  of  a  tree  which  produced 
golden  apples.  Hereules  had  to  fetch 
apples  from  this  tree,  which  was  watched 
by  .a  dragon.  • 

Hes'perus.  In  classical  literature,  a  per- 
sonification of  the  evening  star  (the  planet 
Venus). 

Hes'tia.  The  Greek  name  of  the  goddess 
Vesta. 

Hiawatha,  hi-a-wa'tha.  A  mythical  hero 
of  the-N.  American  Indians,  subject  of  a 
poem  by  Longfellow. 

Hip'pocreiie,  -kr5-n5  or  -kr5n.  A  fountain 
of  the  muses  in  ancient  Greece  near  Mount 
Helicon. 

Hippol'yta.  In  classical  literature  a  queen 
of  the  amazons,  married  to  Theseus. 

Hippol'jrtus.  In  Greek  fable,  a  chaste  youth 
whose  stepmother  Phaedra  tries  to  seduce 
him,  and  finding  her  efforts  vain  accusei 
him  to  his  father  of  attempting  her  virtue, 
thus  bringing  about  his  death.   ' 

Eippomenes,  hip-pom'e-nez.  ^ee  Atalanta. 

Hodge.  ■  The  goodman  of  Gammer  Gurton 
in  the  old  comedy  of  this  name,  and  also 
adopted  as  a  name  typical  of  a  country 

^Histic  or  farm  labourer. 

Holof  er'nes.  A  pedant  in  Shakspere's  Love's 
Labour's  Lost. 

Honeycomb,  WllL  One  of  the  members  of 
the  cliib  described  in  the  Spectator,  an 
oracle  on  m^itters  of  fashion. 

Honeyman,  Charles.  A  lackadaisical  High 
Churcli  clergyman  in  Thackeray's  New- 
comes,  an  uncle  to  Clive  Newcome,  smack- 
ing of  the' humbug  and  sybarite. 

Hood,  Robin.  The  famous  archer  and  out- 
law of  mediaeval  England,  a  mere  creation 
of  popular  mythology. 

Hopeful.  A  companion  of  Christian  in  the 
Pilgrim's  Progress. 

Ho'rae.  Ancient  deities  personifying  the 
changes  of  the  seasons,  usually  called  in 
English  the  Hours. 

Hora'tio.  In  Shakspere'»Hamlet  the  friend 
and  intimate  of  the  Prince  of  Denmark. 

Eo'rus.  An  ancient  Egyptian  deity  per- 
sonifying the  sun. 

Houyhnhnma,  hO'inmz.  In  Swift's  Gulli- 
ver's Travels  the  race  of  wonderful  horses 
among  whom  his  hero  is  thrown;  they 
are  endowed  with  reason  and  form  a  civi- 
lized community,  their  servants  being  tho 
Yahoos  (which  see  in  Diet.). 

Hu'dlbras.  The  hero  of  the  famous  satire 
in  verse  by  Samuel  Butler  directed  against 
the  Nonconformists,  Hudibras  being  a 
ridiculous  Presbyterian  knight  -  errant 
with  a  squire  named  Ralph. 

Hugh  of  Lincoln.  A  young  boy  who,  ac- 
cording to  an  old  English  legend,  the 
subject  of  Chaucer's  Prioress's  Tale,  was 
murdered  by  the  Jews  and  his  fate  mira- 
culously made  known. 

Hunter,  Mrs.  Leo.  A  ridiculous  matron 
in  Dickens's  Pickwick  Papers,  noted  for 
hunting  after  any  social  'lion'  within 
her  reach.    ■• 

Hyacin'thus.  A  beautiful  boy  beloved  by 
Apollo,  by  whom  he  was  accidentally  killed 
when  playing  at  the  discus;  from  his 
blood  sprang  the  flower  hyacinth. 

Hy'dra.  A  many-headed  monster  slain  by 
Hercules.    See  in  Diet. 

Hy'las.  A  vouth  beloved  by  Hercules  and 
carried  off  by  water-nymphs  charmed  with 
his  beauty. 

Hyperion,  hi-pe'ri-on,  more  strictly  hi-p6r- 
i'on.  In  ancient  mythol.  one  of  the  Titans; 
sometimes  a  name  equivalent  to  the  sun. 


lachlmo,  yak'i-mo.  An  Italian  villain  in 
Shakspere's  Cymbeline  who  leads  Posthu- 
mus  to  believe  that  his  wife  Imogen  has 
been  unfaithful  to  him^. 

lago,  i-a'go.  The  'ancient'  or  ensign  of 
Othello  in  Shakspere's  tragedy  who,  out  of 
jealousy  and  devilish  malignity,  persuades 
Othello  of  Desdemona's  unfaithfulness. 

Ic'arns,  the  son  of  Daedalus,  fled  with  his 
father  but  soared  too  high,  and  the  sun 
melted  his  artificial  wings,  so  tha!  "no  fell 
into  the  sea  and  was  drowned.  Sed  Dts- 
dahis. 


ch,  cAain;     ch,&o.lochi    StOo;    j,yob;    n,rr.  ton;    ng,  sin?;    th,  tften;     th,  (Ain;    wjtwg; 


wh,  toftig: 


lb,  aeore. 


IDOMEKEUS 


802" 


LILITH 


Xdomeneus,  i-dom'e-nus.  A  king  of  ancient 
Crete,  who  sacrificed  his  own  son  in  fulfil- 
ment of  a  rash  vow  similar,  to  that  of 
Jephthah. 

Il'iujn  or  Sion.  A  poetic  name  of  Troy, 
whence  the  name  of  Homer's  Greek  poem 
the  Iliad.  This  poem  (in  twenty -four 
books)  describes  incidents  that  take  place 
during  part  of  the  ten  years'  war  waged 
by  the  Greeks  against  Troy,  the  cause  of 
which  was  the.  abduction  of  Helen,  wife 
of  the  Greek  prince  Menelaus,  by  Paris, 
son  of  Priam  King  of  Troy.  It  begins 
with  a  quarrel  and  its  important  conse- 
quences between  Achilles,  the  chief  Gre- 
cian warrior,  and  Agamemnon,  the  gen- 
eralissimo 01  the  Greek  host,  and  ends 
with  the  funeral  of  Hector,  who  is  slain 
by  Achilles,  and  whose  parting  with  his 
wife  Andromache  before  the  fatal  contest 
la  one  of  the  most  famous  passages  in  the 
epic.  Gods  as  well  as  heroes  are  freely 
introduced,  and  the  whole  sets  before  us 
a  varied,  richly-coloured,  and  impressive 
picture  of  antique  life. 

Imogen,  im'o-jen.  The  wife  of  Posthumus 
and  heroine  of  Shakspere's  Cymbeline. 
She  suffers  sorrow  arid  hardship  through 
her  husband's  belief  in  her  infidelity  (see 
lachimo),  but  is  made  happy  in  the  end. 

In'dra.    A  Hindu  god  of  .the  heavens. 

Invincible  Doctor.  A  name  for  the  Eng- 
lish scholastic  philosopher  William  of 
Occam  (1270-1347). 

To.  In  classical  myth,  a  princess  beloved 
by  Jupiter,  and  temporarily  changed  into 
a  cow  to  avoid  the  enmity  of  Juno. 

Iphigenia,  if-i-je-ni'a.  A  daughter  of  Aga- 
memnon and  Clytemnestra,who  was  about 
to  be  sacrificed  to  avert  the  wrath  of  the 
gods,  but  was  miraculously  carried  away 
from  Aulis  to  Tauris.  •      . 

I'ris.  The  ancient  goddess  of  the  rainbow, 
also  a  messenger  of  the  gods,  especially  of 
Juno. 

Isaac  of  York.  A  wealthy  Jew,  father  of 
Rebecca  in  Scott's  Ivanhoe. 

Isabella.  The  heroine  of  Shakspere's  Mea- 
sure for  Measure,  for  whom  Angelo,  the 
deputy  of  the  Duke  of  Vienna,  has  an  evil 
passion,  and  whose  brother  Claudio  is 
willing  to  sacrifice  her  virtue, in  return 
for  his  own  safety. 

Isongrim,  i'zn-grim.  The  name  of  the  wolf 
in  the  famous  story  of  Reynard  the  Pox. 

I'sis.  An  Egyptian  goddess  of  the  moon, 
wife  of  Osiris  and  mother  of  Horus,  often 
represented  as  veiled. 

Islands  of  the  Blest  or  Fortunate  Islands. 
Islands  believed  by  the  Greeks  to  lie  far 
out  in  the  Atlantic  and  to  form  a  sort  of 
Elysium. 

Isolde,  i-sold'.  A  heroine  of  mediaeval  ro- 
mance belonging  to  the  Arthurian  cycle, 
the  beloved  of  Sir  Tristram. 

Is'rafil.  In  Mohammedan  mythology,  the 
angel  who  will  blow  the  trump  at  the 
resurrection,  and  who  himself  nas  'the 
sweetest  voice  of  all  God's  creatures.' 

Ithu'riel.  An  angel  in  Milton's  Paradise 
Lost  who  when  he  found  Satan  in  shape 
of  a  toad  touched  him  with  his  spear  and 
thus  at  once  restored  him  to  his  own  pro- 
per shape. 

I'vanhoe.  The  hero  of  Scott's  well-known 
novel,  son  of  Cedric  the  Saxon,  and  a 
favourite  of  Richard  I.;  loves  and  marries 
Rowena  the  Saxon  beauty. 
Ixi'on.  In  classical  mythology,  a  Thessa- 
lian  king  who  for  his  wickedness  was 
punished  in  the  infernal  regions  by  being 
bound  to  a  perpetually  -  revolving  fiery 
wheel. 


Jack,  Colonel.  The  hero  of  a  fictitious 
biography  by  Defoe,  who  from  a  pick- 
pocket becomes  a  sla've-owner  in  America. 

ja'nos.  A  Roman  deity  represented  with 
two  faces  turning  opposite  ways,  and 
whose  temple  was  closed  in  time  of  peace. 

Jaqnes,  jak'wes  'or  zhilk.  A  melancholy 
and  contemplative  lord  in  Shaksperes 
As  You  Like  It. 

Jarley,  Mm.  The  proprietrix  of  a  travel- 
ling waxwork  in  Dickens's  Old  Curiosity 
Shop. 

^  lime,  Bailie  Nlcol.  A  Glasgow  magistrate 


in  Scott's  Rob  Roy,  an  admirably  humor- 
ous creation. 

Ja'son.  An  ancient  Greek  hero,  the  leader 
of  the  Argonauts  and  husband  of  Medea. 

Jer.Ties,  jemz.  Jeames  de  la  Pluche,  the 
pv  assed  writer  of  an  amusing  diary,  one 
of  i'hackeray's  contributions  to  Punch; 
a  footman  who  makes  money  by  railway 
speculation  and  for  a  time  is  a  man. of 
consequence. 

Jellyby,  Mrs.;  jel'i-bi.  In  Dickens's  Bleak 
House  a  lady  so  immersed  in  missionary 
matters,  and  so  much  concerned  for  the 
poor  heathens  in  Africa,  that  she  neglects 
her  own  household. 

Jenkins,  Winifred.  In  Smollett's  Hum- 
phrey Clinker,  Miss  Tabitha  Bramble's 
maid,  who  vmt«3  letters  amusing  from 
their  blunders,  and  becomes  the  wife  of 
Humphrey. 

Jenkinson,  Ephralm.  A  swindler  in  Gold- 
smith's Vicar  of  Wakefield,  who  cheats  the 
vicar  and  his  son  Moses,  and  talks  learn- 
edly about  the  '  cosmogony  of  the  world.' 

Jes'sica.  The  daughter  of  Shylock  the  Jew 
in  Shakspere's  Merchant  of  Venice. 

Jingle,  Alfred.  An,  amusing  swindling 
stroller  in-  Dickens's  Pickwick,  who  talks 
in  a  peculiar  elliptical  style,  and  after 
cheating  Mr.  Pickwick  is  rescued  by  him 
from  a  debtors'  prison.  His  henchman  is 
Job  Trotter. 

Jocas'ta.    See  (Edipus. 

Jones,  Tom.  The  hero  of  a  novel  by  Field- 
ing, manly  and  good-hearted,  but  dissi- 
pated and  wanting  in  self-respect.  He 
marries  Sophia,  d9,ughter  of  Squire  Wes- 
tern. ■- 

Jbtimheim,  y6'ton-him.  .The  abode  of  the 
frost  gianis  in  Scandinavian  mythology. 

Juan,  Don.    See  Don  Juan. 

Ju'liet.  The  heroine  of  Shakspere's  famous 
tragedy  Romeo  and  Juliet,  a  member  of 
the  Capulet  family,  while  Romeo  is  one 
of  th^'Montagues. 

Ju'no.  The  supreme  goddess  among  the 
Romans,  identified  with  the  Greek  Hera. 
See  in  Diet. 

Ju'piter.  The  supreme  Roman  deity,  iden- 
tified with  the  Greek  Zeus.    See  in  Diet. 


Kaf.  In  Mohammedan  mythol.  a  moun- 
tain that  surrounds  and  walls  in  the 
earth. 

Ka'ma.    The  Hindu  god  o.f  love. 

Kay,  Sir.  A  rude  boastful  and  mannerless 
knight  at  King  Arthur's  court. ' 

Keha'ma.  A  great  Indian  rajah  who  ob- 
tains supernatural  powers  but  meets  a 
wretched  doom,  the  subject  of  Southey's 
poem  The  Curse  of  Kehama. 

Eew,  Lady.  In  Thackeray's  Newcomes  an 
aristocratic  dowager,  aunt  of  Ethel  New- 
come,  given  to  domineer  over  all  the  mem- 
bers of  her  family,  though  her  niece  Ethel 
is  apt  to  rebel.  Her  son  Lord  Kew  was  at 
one  time  engaged  to  Ethel. 

Eilmansegg,  Miss.  A 'neb  heiress  with  an 
artificial  leg  of  gold,  celebrated  in  a  comic 
poem  by  Hood.  She  was  married  for  her 
money,  and  her  husband  killed  her  with 
her  precious  leg. 

Kite,  Sergeant.  The  disreputable  but 
amusing  hero  of  Farquhar's  Recruiting 
Officer  (1705). 

Elans,  Peter,  klous.  The  German  proto- 
type of  Rip  Van  Winkle  (see  Winkle). 

Kmck'erbocker,  Diedrich,'  de '  dricfe.  An 
imaginary  Dutchman  put  forward  as  the 
author  of  a  fictitious  history  of  New  York 
written  by  Washington  Irving. 

Kriemhild.    See  Chriemhild. 

Krook.  In  Dickens's  Bleak  House,  a  drun- 
ken old  dealer  in  rags  and  bones  who  dies 
of  spontaneous  combustion 

Kuvera,  k\i-va'ra.  ISie  Hindu  god  of  wealth. 


La  Creery,  Miss.  A  kind-hearted  sprightly 
little  miniature  painter  in  Dickens's  Ni- 
cholas Nickleby. 

Lady  Bountiful.    See  Bouniifvl. 

Lady  of  Lyons.    See  Melnotte. 

Lady  of  the  Lake.  A  female  of  supernatu- 
ral powers  who  figures  in  the  legend  of 
King  Arthur.— Also  the  name  of  a  poem 
by  Sir  Walter  Scott  from  its  heroine  Ellen 


Douglas,  whose  father  has  been  banished 
from  court  by  James  V.  of  Scotland,  and 
lives  in  retirement  at  Loch  Katrine. 

LaerteSrla-er'tez.  In  Greek  story  tlie  father 
of  Ulysses;  in  Shakspere's  Hamlet  sou  of 

.Polonius  and  brother  of  Ophelia. 

Laga'do.  In  Swift's  Gulliver's  Travels,  the 
capital  of  Balnibarbi,  visited  by  Gulliver 
in  his  Laputa  journey,  with  a  celebrated 
academy  of  projectors,  whose  schemes  for 
extracting  sunbeams  from  cucumbers, con- 
verting ice  into  gunpowder,  &c.,  are  at- 
tempted to  be  carried  to  perfection. 

Lalla  Rookh.  The  heroine  of  Moore's  poem, 
represented  as  a  daughter  of  the  empcmr 
Aurungzebe,  and  as  going  to  Cashmere  to 
marry  the  King  of  Bucharia.  On  the  way 
she  is  entertained  by  a  series  of  tales  told 
by  a  young  poet,  with  whom  she  falls  in 
love,  and  who  turns  out  to  be  her  be- 
trothed. 

Lambro.  In  Byron's  Don  Juan,  a  Greek 
pirate,  father  of  Haidee,  represented  as 
having  his  headquarters  in  a  small  island 
of  the  .^gean,  and  as  being  '  the  mildest- 
mannered  man  that  ever  scuttled  ship  "or 
cut  a  throat.' 

Lammermoor,  Bride  of.  Lucy  Ash  ton,  hero- 
ine of  a  tragic  novel  by  Scott.  &Q6Ashton, 
Havenswood. 

Lan'celot  or  Latincelot.  The  most  famous 
of  Kiilg  Arthur's  knights,  paramour  ,of 
Queen  Guinevere. 

Languish,  Lydia.  A  very  romantic  young 
lady,  the  herftine  of  Sneridan's  comedy 
The  Rivals. 

Laocoon,  ia-ok'o-oni  In  Greek  legend,  a 
Trojan  priest  who  along  with  his  two  sons 
was  killed  by  two  enonr|ous  serpents— an 
incident  represented  in  a  very  famous 
group  of  statuary.  » 

Laodamia,  la'o-da-mi"a.  In  classic  fable 
the  wife  of  Protesilaos,  whom  she  foHowed 
to  Hades  after  his  death'. 

Lapu'ta.  A  sort  of  flying  island  visited  by 
Gulliver,  raised  above  the  earth  by  means 
pf  a  huge  loadstone,  and  inhabited  by  per- 
sons engaged  in  the  most  abstruse  studies. 
These  philosophers  were  apt  to.  become  so 
deeply  immersed  in  study  as  to  be  quite 
oblivious  to  everything  else,  and  hence 

.  they  had  attendants  cafled  flappers  whose 

"  duty  it  was  to  rouse  their  attention  by 
striking  them  with  a  blown  bladder  at- 
tached to  a  handle. 

Lato'na.  The  mother  of  Apollo  and  Diana. 

Lannce.  An  amusing  clown  in  Shakspere's 
Two  Gentlemen,  with  a  favourite  dog 
named  Crab. 

Laviu'la.  In  Virgil's  .Sneid,  the  second 
wife  of  apneas,  previously  betrothed  to 
Tumus,  King  of  Latim. 

Lean'der.  In  Greek  story  a  young  man  of 
Abydos  who  used  to  swim  the  Hellespont 
to  visit  Hero  of  Sestos.    See  Hero. 

Lear,  ler.  A  mythical  king  of  Britain,  the 
subject  of  Shakspere's  tragedy  King  Lear. 
Believing  in  the  love  of  his  daughters 
Goneril  and  Regan,  he  divides  between 
them  his  kingdom,  thinking  that  his 
other  daughter  Cordelia  is  undutiful;  but 

.  the  former  drive  him  mad  by  ingratitude,, 
and  he  only  learns  the  worth  of  Cordelia 
when  too  late. 

Leda.  In  Greek  mythol.  the  mother  of 
Castor  and  Pollux,  Helen,  and  Clytem- 
nestra.  She  was  visited  by  Jupiter,  in  the 
form  of  a  swan. 

Lefevre,  l6-f  avr.  A  lieutenant  whose  death 
forms  a  very  affecting  scene  in  interne's 
Tristram  Shandy. 

Legree'.  A  brutal  slave -owner  in  Mrs. 
Stowe's  Uncle  Tom'-s  Cabin. 

Lenore,  le-nor'.  A  heroine  of  German  bal- 
lad whose  dead  lover  in  spectral  form 
carries  her  on  horseback  with  him  to  the 
graveyard.  .    „,. 

Leontes,  le-on'tez.  In  Shakspere's  vV  in- 
ter's Tale,'  King  of  Sicily,  husband  of  Her- 
mione,  and  father  of  Perdita.  The  play 
turns  on  his  insane  suspicion  of  his  wife 
and  the  consequences  following  thereon. 

Leporel'lo.  The  valet  of  Don  Giovanni,  a 
cowardly  fellow  who  aids  him  in  his  liber- 
tinism, though  with  qualms  of  conscience. 

Ll'llth.  In  Jewish  mythol.  a  sort  of  female 
demon  who  was  Adam's  wife  before  Eve 
was  created. 


Fate,  f4r,  fat,  fall ; '    m5,  met,  h6r ;     pine,  pin ;     note,  not,  move ;  .^  tube,  tub,  bull ;     oil,  pound ;  ^  U,  S<J.  .abtmer-the  Fr.  uj 


LILLIPUT 


803 


NEWCOME 


itll'llput.    The  land  of  the  Lilliputians, 

,  pigmies  about  six  inches  high,  in  Swift's 
Gulliver's  Travels. 

Xindabrides,  lin-dab'ri-dez.  A  heroine  of 
old  romance,  whose  name  became  synony- 
mous with  that  of  a  mistress  or  sweet- 
heart. 

lirriper,  Mrs.  A  kind-hearted  and  voluble 
London  lodging-house  keeper,  who  is  the 
chief  character  in  two  of  Dickens's  Christ- 
mas stories. 

LIsmaha'go.  In  Smollett's  Humphry  Clin- 
ker a  Scotch  half-pay  officer,  gaunt  and 
grim,  pedantic  and  disputatious,  and  full 
of  national  pride ;  he  gets  married  to  Ta- 
bitha  Bramble  and  her  £4000. 

Little  Dorrit.  The  heroine  of  a  novel  by 
Dickens,  born  and  brought  up  in  the  Mar- 
shalsea  JPrison. 

Lock'it.r  An  inhuman  jailer  in  Gay's  Beg- 
gar's Opera;  His  daughter  Lucy  is  in 
love  with  Macheath,  the  dashing  high- 
wayman. 

Locrine,  lo-krin'.  A  mythical  king  of  Eng- 
land, son  of  the  equally  mythical  Brut 
or  Brutus. 

Lo'ki.  In  Scandinavian  mythol.  the  evil 
god  who  brought  about  the  death  of 
Balder. 

Lorelei,  lo'r6-li.  In  German  legend  a  siren 
of  the  Khine  who  lures  men  to  destruc- 
tion. I 

Lothair'.  The  hero  of  a  novel  by  Disraeli, 
a  young  nobleman  who  shows  some  favour 
for  the  Koman  Catholic  religion,  but  ulti- 
mately marries  Lady  Corisande  and  at- 
taches himself  to  the  English  Church. 

Lovelace.  The  libertine  hero  of  Kichard- 
son's  novel  Clarissa  Harlowe. 

Lubberland.    Same  as  Cockaigne. 

Lucre'tia.  The  heroine  of  a  legendary  tale 
of  early  Rome,  who  stabbed  herself  after 
being  defiled  by  Sextus  Tarquinius. 

Lud.    A  fabulous  king  of  Britain. 

Lugg'nagg.  An  island  in  Swift's  Gulliver's 
Travels.    See  Struldbrugs. 

Lumpkin,  Tony.  The  son  of  Mrs.  Hard- 
castle  by  her  first  marriage  in  Goldsmith's 
comedy  She  Stoops  to  Conquer;  an  igno- 
rant, idle,  mischievous,  but  good-natured 
young  booby, 

Lycidas,  lis'1-das.  A  poetic  name  under 
which  Milton  in  a  celebrated  elegy  la- 
ments his  deceased  friend  Edward  King. 

Lyndon,  Barry.  The  hero  of  Thackeray's 
Memoirs  of  Barry  Lyndon^  an  Irishman 
who  relates  his  own  adventures  as  an  au- 
dacious sharper  and  swindler. 

Lyonnesse,  li-on-nes'.  A  tract  in  the  south- 
west of  England  said  to  be  now  covered 
by  the  sea. 

Mab.    The  queen  of  the  fairies  according 

to  Shakspere  and  other  English  poets. 

Macaire,  Robert,  ma-kar'.  A  scoundrel 
hero  of  certain  popular  French  plays. 

Macbeth'.  A  historic  personage  who  raised 
himself  to  be  king  of  Scotland,  and  is 
celebrated,  along  with  his  wife  Lady  Mac- 
beth, in  Shakspere's  famous  tragedy,  the 
events  of  which,  however,  are  almost  en- 
tirely fictitious. 

Macduff'.  A  Scottish  thane  who  slays  Mac- 
beth.   See  preceding  entry. 

Mac  Flecknoe,  flek'no.  The  name  under 
which  Dryden  lampoons  the  poet  Shadwell 
in  a  poetical  satire  of  same  name. 

Macheath,  Captain,  mak-heth'.  The  high- 
wayman hero  of  Gay's  Beggar's  Opera, 

•who  declared  he  could  be  so  happy  with 
either  Polly  Peachum  or'  Lucy  Lockit, 
but  was  married  to  the  former,  though  he 
promised  to  marry  the  lattet  and  was  as- 
sisted by  her  to  escape  from  jail. 

Mac-Ivor,  Fergus  and  Flora.  In  Scott's 
Waverley,  a  Highland  chief  and  his  sister 
both  devoted  to  the  cause  of  Charles  Ed- 
ward Stuart.  Waverley  proposed  to  Flora, 
who  was  high-minded  and  beautiful.  Fer- 
gus was  -executed. 

Macsycophant,  Sir  Pertlnax.    The  hero  of 

Macklin's  comedy  The  Man  of  the  World, 

a  Scotsman  who  raised  his  fortunes  by 

booing'    (bowing)    to  the    great    and 

wealthy. 

Ma'doc.  A  prince  or  king  of  Welsh  tradi- 
tion, who  is  said  to  have  discovered  Ame- 


rica long  before  Columbus ;  the  subject  of 
a  poem  by  Southey. 

Mseonldes,  m6-on'i-d5z.  A  poetical  desig- 
nation of  Homer. 

Maid  Marian.    The  wife  of  Robin  Hood. 

Malagrowther,  Sir  Mungo.  A  peevish  and 
bitter  -  tongued  old  courtier  in  Scott's 
Fortunes  of  Nigel. 

Mal'aprop,  Mrs.  A  lady  in  Sheridan's 
comedy  The  Rivals,  •  notorious  for  her 
amusing  bluaders  in  the  use  of  words; 
aunt  and  guardian  to  Lydia  Languish. 

Malvolio.  .The  pompous  and  conceited 
steward  or  major-domo  of  Olivia  in  Shak- 
spere's Twelfth  Night. 

Mambrino's  Helmet.  A  wonderful  helmet 
of  mediaeval  romance  which  Don  Quixote 

.  claimed  to  have  found,  though  his  was 
merely  a  barber's  basin. 

Manfred.  The  hero  of  a  drama  by  Byron, 
a  man  of  sombre  character  who  has  deal- 
ings with  the  ppwers  of  evil. 

Mannering,  Guy.  The  English  officer  and 
gentleman  who  gives  name  to  Scott's  well- 
known  novel,  and  Whose  daughter  is  mar- 
rigd  to  its  hero  Harry  Bertram. 

Man  of  Brass.    See  Talus, 

•  Man  of  Feeling.  The  hero  of  a  sentimental 
and  lachrymose  novel  by  H-enry  Mac- 
kenzie (1771). 

Mantalini,  man-ta-le'ne.  A  dissipated  fop 
in  Dickens's  Nicholas  Nickleby,  husband 
to  a  fashionable  milliner,  latterly  reduced 
to  turn  his  wife's  mangle. 

Marchioness,  The.  A  half  -  8ta,rved  girl, 
maid  of  all  work  to  Sampson  Brass  in 
Dickens's  Old  Curiosity  Shop,  latterly 
married  to  Dick  Swiveller. 

Margaret.  The  heroine  of  Goethe's  Faust. 
See  Faust. 

Marlow.  The  hero  of  Goldsmith's  comedy 
She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  bashful  with  ladies, 
but  by  no  means  so  with  chambermaids. 
See  Hardcastle'. 

Mar'mion.  A  brave  but  profligate  English 
lord,  hero  of  Scott's  poem  of  same  name, 
the  .scene  of  which  is  partly  in  Scotland, 
slain  at  Flodden. 

Mamer,  Silas.  The  character  who  gives 
name  to  a  novel  by  George  Eliot,  a  weaver 
who  believes  himself  deserted  by  God,  and 
has  his  small  store  of  gold  stolen,  but  is 
restored  to  heart  and  hope  by  a  little 
foundling  child  who  comes  to  him. 

Mars.  The  Roman  god  of  v/ar.  See  in  Diet. 

Marsyaa,  mar'si-as.  A  satyr  fabled  to  have 
been  conquered  by  Apollo  in  a  musical 
contest,  and  to  have  been  flayed  alive  by 
the  victor. 

Mawworm.  A  canting  hypocrite  in  Bicker- 
staffs  comedy  The  Hypocrite,  a  believer 
in  Dr.  Cantwell. 

Mede'a.  The  daughter  of  a  king  of  Colchis, 
in  Greek  legend,  a  famous  sorceress,  who 
helps  Jason  to  carry  off  the  golden  fleece, 
is  married  but  afterwards  deserted  by 
him,  and  in  revenge  murders  their  two 
children. 

Megxra,  me-j5'ra.  In  classical  myth,  one 
of  the  three  Furies. 

Meleager,  meI-6-a'j6r.  A  Greek  legendary 
hero,  slayer  of  the  formidable  CSlydonian 
boar  and  lover  of  Atalanta;  his  life  de- 
pended on  how  long  a  firebrand  remained 
unconsumed. 

Melnotte,  Claude.  The  hero  of  Lytton's 
play  The  Lady  of  Lyons,  a  gardener's  son, 
who  marries  a  proud  Lyons  beauty  under 
pretence  of  being  a  prince,  then  becomes 
a  colonel  in  the  arm.y,  and  when. misfor- 
tune overtakes  her  father  finds  happiness 
with  her  at  last, 

Melpomene,  mel-pom'e-n5.  The  Muse  whd 
presided  over  tragedy. 

Melusine,  ma-  Iti  -  s5n.  A  fairy  of  French 
legend,  who  is  condemned  to  become  every 
Saturday  a  serpent  from  the  waist  down- 
ward. 

Memnon.  A  king  of  Ethiopia  slain,  in  the 
Trojan  wax,  where  he  fought  on  the-Tro- 
jan  side. 

Menelaus,  men-e-la'us. "  A  mythical  king 
of  Sparta,  husband  of 'Helen  and  brother 
of  Agamemnon. 

Mephistopheles,  mef-is-tof 'e-lez.  A  fiend 
or  spirit  of  evil  who  figures  in  the  Paust 
story,  and  is  nlade  a  striking  personage  by 
Goethe.    See  Farist. 


Mercury.    See  ffermes. 

Mercutio,  m6r-kO'shi-o.  The  witty  and 
elegant  friend  of  Romeo  in  Shakspere's 
Romeo  and  Juliet. 

Mer'lin.  The  famous  enchanter  of  the 
legends  connected  with  King  Arthur. 

Merpilies,  Meg,  mer'ri-lez.  An  old  gypsy 
woman  who  forms  a  striking  character  in 
Scott's  Guy  Mannering. 

Micaw'ber,  Mr.  Wilkius.  A  delightfully 
humorous  character  in  Dickens's  David 
Copperfield,  given  to  high-flown  language, 
fond  of  good  living,  and  carelessly  impro- 
vident ;  often,  if  one  could  believe  him,  in 
the  deepest  gloom,  but  generally  hopeful 
and  waiting  'for  something  to  turn  up.' 

Mi'das.  A  legendary  king  of  Phrygia,  who 
having  obtained  from  the  godsahe  gift  of 
turning  everything  he  touched  into  gold, 
found  it  a  curse.  Apollo  gave  him  an  ass's 
ears  for  deciding  a  musical  contest  against 
him. 

Miggs.  In  Dickens's  Bamaby  Rudge  the 
shrewish  maid-servant  of  Mrs.  Varden.. 

Minerva.    See  in  Diet. 

Mi'nos.  A  legendary  king  and  lawgiver 
of  Crete,  made  after  death  one  of  the 
judges  of  the  lower  world. 

Min'otanr.  A  monster  of  Greek  fable,  half 
man  half  bull,  lived  in  the  Cretan  laby- 
rinth, and  was  slain  by  Theseus. 

Miran'da.  The  daughter  of  Prospcro  in 
Shakspere's  Tempest. 

Mirza.  A  fictitious  personage,  described  in 
The  Spectator  (No.  159)  as  seeing  a  noble 
allegorical  vision  of  human  life. 

Mo'dred.  The  nephew  of  King  Arthur, 
against  whom  he  rebelled;  he  was  slain 
in  the  battle  that  ensued,  and  in  it  King 
Arthur  also  received  his  death-.wound. 

Montague,  mon'ta-gU.  The  noble  housa 
of  Verona,  to  which  Romeo  belonged  in 
Shakspere's  Romeo  and  Juliet. 

Morgiana,  mor-ji-an'a.  The  clever  female 
slave  of  AU  Baba  in  the  famous  story  of 
The  Forty  Thieves. 

Munchausen,  mun-cha'sn.  The  name  at- 
tached to  a  collection  of  most  e.xtravagant 
and  amusing  fictions,  corrupted  from  the 
real  fiame  of  a  certain  German  officer. 


Nancy.  An  unfortunate  girl  in  Dickens's 
Oliver  Twist,  kind-hearted,  and  faithful 
to  BUI  Sikes,  who  brutally  murdered 
her.   •  ■    •    . 

Narcls'sns.  A  youth  of  Greek  fable,  who 
fell  in  love  with  his  own  image  as  he  saw 
it  reflected  in  a  fountain,  and  pined  away 
and  died.  ■ 

Nausicaa,  na-sik'a-a.  A  princess, .of  the 
Phaeacians  in  Homer's  Odyssey,  who  takes 
compassion  on  Ulysseswhen  shipwrecked. 

Nesera,  ne-S'ra.  A  female  name  occurring 
in  some  of  the  Latin  poets. 

Nell.  The  child  heroine  of  Dickens's  Old 
Curiosity  Shop,  living  with  her  grand- 
father, who  has  a  passion  for  gambling, 
and  at  last  wanders  away  with  her  into 
the  country,  where  both  die.      , 

Nephelococcygia,  -jiet'e-  lo-kok  -  sij"  i  -  a. 
Cloud-cuckoo-town,  the  residence  of  the 
birds  in  Aristophanes's  famous  comedy 
The  Birds,  a  satire  upon  Athens  and  the 
Athenians. . 

Neptune,  Nereids.    See  in  Diet. 

Ncssus.  A  centaur. who  brought  about  the 
death  of  Hercules.    See  Dejanira. 

Nestor.  A  legendary  king  in  southern 
Greece,  one  of  those  who  went  to  Troy, 
wise,  and  the  longest-lived  among  men. 

Newcome,  Colonel.  One  of  the  most  pro- 
minent characters  in  Thackeray's  novel 
The  Newcomes,  brave,  simple,  and  good, 
though  not  over-wise.  He  loses  his  for- 
tune and  retires  to  the  Charterhouse, 
where  he  dies.  His  son  Clive,  a  fine, 
handsome  young  fellow,  who  adopts  the 
profession  of  an  artist,  long  hankers  in 
vain  after  his'  beautiful,  clfever,  and 
spirited  cousin  Ethel  Newcome,  who  is 
the  daughter  of  a  wealthy  banker,  and  is 
intended  to  marry,  ilito  the  nobility.  She 
is  brought  up  to  love^  wealth  and  title,'but 
latterly  is  married  to  Clive.  Other  inem- 
bars  of  the  Newcome  family  are  intro- 
duced, especially  the  odious  Sir  B-jmea, 
whose  ill-treatment  causes  his  wife  to  run 


ch.  chain:    ch-ScAoch;    g,go;    j./ob;    n.  Pr.  to»i;    ng,  eing ;  ^  vh,  thea;    th.  ttin;    w,  «ilg;^  wh,  wMgj    zh,  aaure.^ 


NIBELTTN-GEN 


804 


PEGGOTTY 


away  from  him.  See  also  Florae,  Honey- 
nan,  Kew. 

Nibelongen,  n6' be -lung -en.  A  race  or 
family  in  Grerman  legend  possessed  of 
a  great  treasure,  and  whose  name  is  at- 
tached to  the  old  German  epic  the  Nibe- 
lungenlied  or  song  of  the  Nibelungs.  See 
Siegjriedi  ChrievMld.BrunehUd, 

Nickleby,  Nicholas.  The  hero  of  a  novel 
of  same  name  by  Dickens,  who  teaches 
under  Squeers  at  Dothehoys  Hall,  joins 
the  theatrical  company  of  Mr.  Crummies, 
and  is  befriended  by  the  brothers  Cheery- 
ble.  His  mother,  with  her  rambling  and 
inconsequent  style  of  speaking,  is  very 
amusing.  His  sister  Kate  is  a  charming 
voung  lady;  his  uncle  Ralph  is  a  hard- 
hearted and  miserly  money-lender,  who 
hangs  himself  when  his  scbemes  fail. 

Niflheim,  nef'1-him.  A  region  of. cold  and 
darkness  in  Scandinavian  m^hology. 

Niobe,  ni'o-ba.o  A  queefi  of  classic  story, 
whose  children  were  all  slain  by  Apollo 
and  Diana,  and  herself  turned  into  stone. 
She  is  an  accepted  type  of  grief. 

Niens,  ni'sus.  In  Virgil's  iEneid  a  Trojan 
youth  who  accompauied  .iineas  to  Italy, 
and  fell  in  attempting  to  rescue  his  inti- 
mate friend  Euryalus.  The  two  are  pro- 
verbial types  of  friendship. 

Noggs,  Newman.  In  Dickens's  Nicholas 
Nickleby,  an  extremely  odd  but  kind- 
hearted  character,  clerk  to  Ralph  Nick- 
leby, once  a  country  gentleman. 

Norng.  The  three  fates  of  Scandinavian 
mythology. 

Nerval.    The  heiy)  of  the  last-century  tra- 

fedy  Douglas,  by  the  Rev.  John  Hoine. 
[e  was  the  son  of  Lord  Douglas,  but  was 
brought  up  as  a  peasant,  and  was  killed 
by  his  stepfather  Lord  Randolph,  who 
was  in  ignorance  of  the  relationship. 
Nyin.  A  folldwer  of  Falstaff's  in  Shak- 
spe're's  Merry  Wives  knd  Henry  V.,  an 
amusing  rogue  who  latterly  gets  hanged. 

Ob'eron.  The  king  of  the  fairies,  familiar 
to  us  from  Shakspere's  Midsunjmer 
Night's  Dream,  celebrated  also  in  a  poem 
by  Wieland  and  opera  by  Weber. 

Ochiltree,  Ed'ie,  ocft'il-tre.  A  blue-gown  or 
licensed  beggar,  a  shrewd  an^  humorous 
character  in  Scott's  Antiquary. 

O'dln.  The  supreme  Scandinavian  deity, 
king  of  gods  and  men.  As  god  of  war  he 
holds  his  court  in  ValhaUa,  surrounded 
by  warriors  who  have  fallen  in  battle.  He 
has  two  ravens  ihat  sit  on  his  shoulders 
and  bring  him  tidings  of  all  that  goes  on 
in  the  world.  His  wife  is  Frigga;  one  of 
his  sons  is  Balder  the  Beautiful. 

Odysseus,  o-dis'us.  The  Greek  form  of 
Ulysses;  hence  the  name  of  the  great 
Homeric  epic,  the  Odyssey,  which  nar- 
rates the  wanderings  and  adventures  of 
Ulysses  on  his  way  home  from  the  Trojan 
war.  The  poem,  like  the  Iliad,  is  in 
twenty-f our  books,  and  in  it  we  read  of 
the  Lotus-eaters,  the  Cyclops  Polyphemus, 
the  enchantress  Circe,  the  nymph  Calypso, 
the  descent  of  Ulysses  to  Hades,  Scylla 
and  Charybdis,  the  Sirens,  the  return  of 
Ulysses  to  Ithaca,  and  his  slaughter  of 
the  wooers  who  pestered  his  wife  Penelope 
and  wasted  his  substance. 

CEdipus,  S'di-pus.  A  legendary  king  of 
Thebes  in  Greece,  son  of  Laiusand  Jocasta, 
celebrated  in  tragedy.  Unaware  of  his 
parentage,  he  unwittingly  killed  his  own 
father,  and  having  answered  the  riddle 
nt  the  Sphinx  obtained  the  throne  of 
Thebes  and  his  own  mother  as  his  wife. 
AVhen  the  real  state  of  matters  became 
known  Jocasta  hanged  herself,  and  (Edi- 
1  us  put  out  his  eyes  and  left  Thebes  as  a 
i  oor  wanderer,  attended  by  his  daughter 
Antigone. 

CTuone,  e-n3'n6.  A  nymph  of  classic  fable 
married  to  Paris,  who  deserted  her  for 
Helen,  the  famous  beauty. 

0111)11011,  Jonathan.  An  elderly  gentle- 
man of  antiquarian  tastes,  from  whom 
Scott's  Antiquary  takes  its  name,  a  con- 
firmed bachelor  and  contemner  of  women, 
hasty,  sarcastic,  and  whimsical,  bu£ 
shrewd  and  kind-hearted;  an  admirably 
h  amorous  portrait. 


Old  ICan  of  the  Sea.  In  the  Arabian 
Nights  a  malignant  old  wretch  who  man- 
aged to  get  himself  planted  on  the  shoul- 
ders of  Sinbad,  who  only  got  rid  of  him 
by  intoxicating  him. 

Old  Mortality.  A  novel  by  Scott  dealing 
with  the  persecution  of  the  Covenanters. 
The  real  Old  Mortality  was  an  old  man 
who  liade  it  his  task  to  keep  fresh  the 
tombstones  of  the  Covenanters  in  country 
churchyards. 

Oliver.  One  of  the  twelve  peers  of  Char- 
lemagne. See  Rowland. 
Olivia.  In  Shakspere's  Twelfth  Night  a 
rich  countess  whose  love  is  sought  by  the 
Duke  of  lUyria,  but  who  falls  in- Jove  with 
Viola  when  dressed  as  «,  page,  and  mar- 
ries her  brother  and  coimterpart  Sebas- 
tian. Also  a  daughter  of  the  vicar'  in 
Goldsmith's  Vicar  of  Wakefield.  She 
elopes  with  young  Squire  Thomhill,  who 
.  thinks  he  deceives  her  by  a  mock  mar- 
riage, which  is  found  to  be  real  after  all. 
Olym'pua.  A  mountain  of  northern  Greece 
anciently  fabled  to  be  the  abode  of  the 
gods. 

Omphale,  om'fa-l5.  A  queen  of  Lydia 
whom  Hercules  served-  for  three  years 
as  a  slave,  siiinning  among  her  women  and 
dressed  m  women's  clothes,  while  Om- 
phale kept  his  club  and  lion's  skin. 
Ophe'lia.  The  daughter  of  Polonius  in 
Shakspere's  Hamlet,  loving  and  loved  by 
Hamlet,  but  driven  mad  by  his  treat- 
ment of  her  and  her  father's  death. 
Ores'tes.  A  hero  of  Greek  tragedy,  the  son 
of  Afeamemnon  and  Clytemnestra.  He 
killed  his  mother,  in  punishment  of  his 
father's  murder,  and  for*  this  crime  was 
pursued  by  the  Furies.  His  friendship 
with  Pylades,  who  married  his  sister  Elec- 
tra,  was  proverbial. 

Oria'na.  A  legendjiry  princess  of  England, 
beloved  by  Amadis  de  Gaul. 
Ofion,  o-ri'on.  A  giant  and  mighty  hunter 
of  Greek  fable,  wno.was  blinded  £is  a  pun- 
ishment, but  recovered  his  sight  by  travel- 
ling eastwards  and  exposing-  his  eyes  to 
the  rays  of  the  rising  sun.  After  death 
he  became  a  constellation. 
Orlan'do.  One  of  the  paladins  of  Charle- 
magne, a  hero  of  romance  and  Italian 
epic.  Koland  is  another  form  of  the  name. 
In  Shakspere's  As  You  Like  It  Orlando  is 
the  name  of  Rosalind's  lover. 
Or'mnzd.  The  supreme  deity  of  the  ancient 
Persians  and  the  modem  Parsees,  the  good 
spirit  who  is  opposed  by  the  evil  spirit 
Ahriman,  the  antagonism  of  the  two  being 
a  leading  principle  in  the  Zoroastrian  re- 
ligion. 

Orpheus,  or'fQs.  A  mythical  musician  of 
Greece,  who  could  charm  beasts  and  make 
rocks  and  woods  move  to  his  melody.  His 
wife  Eurydice  having  died,  he  went  to 
Hades  in  quest  of  her,  and  his  music  so 
charmed  the  infernal  deities  that  they 
consented  to  let  her  follow  him,  only  he 
must  not  look  behind  him  till  they  had 
quite  reached  the  upper  world.    But  Or- 

gheus  was  too  impatient,  and  thus  lost 
er  for  ever. 

Orson.    See  Valentine. 

Osbald'istone.  A  family  who  appear  in 
Scott's  Rob  Roy,  the  hero  of  the  story 
being  Frank  Osbaldistone,  who  is  in  love 
with  and  ultimately  marries  Diana  Ver- 
non.' Rashleigh  Osbaldistone  is  the  villain 
of  the  novel,  and  is  killed  by  Rob  Roy. 

Osborne,  Capt.  George.  In  Thackeray's 
Vanity  Fair  a  dandified,  selfish,  and  shal- 
low-hearted young  officer,  who  marries 
Amelia  Sedley,  and  is  killed  at  Avaterloo 
after  proposing  an  elopement  with  Becky- 
Sharp.  His  father,  a  harsh,  purse-proui 
coarse,  and  domineering"  merchant,  had 
pre-viously  cast  him  o§' because  he  objected 
to  the  marriage,  Amelia's  father  having 
become  bankrupt. 

O'Shaa'ter,  Tarn.  The  hero  of  a  narrative 
poem  by  Bums,  who  sees  a  dance  of 
■witches — with  the  devil  as  their  musician 
—in  old  Alloway  Church.  He  is  chased 
by  them  to  the  river  Doon,  and  one  of 
them  tears  the  tail  from  his  mare  Maggie. 

Osl'ria.  .  See  in  Diet. 

Ossian.  A  hero  of  Gaelic  and  Irish  tradi- 
tion. 


Othello.  In  Shakspere's  tragedy  a  Moor  or 
African  who  commands  the  Venetian 
forces,  marries  Desdemona,  the  daughter 
of  a  Venetian  senator,  kills  her  when  de- 
ceived by  the  devilish  lago,  and  then  kills 
himself. 

O'Trigger,  Sir  Lucius.  A  fighting  Irish- 
man in  Sheridan's  comedy  The  Rivals. 
'A  very  pretty  quarrel  as  it  stands'  is  a 
phrase  of  Sir  Lucius. 

Overreach,  Sir  Giles.  A  proud  and  unscru* 
pulous  rascal  in  Massinger^s  comedy  A 
New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts. 


Pac'olet.    A  dwarf  with  a  magic  horse  in 

■  the  old  story  of  Valentine  and  Orsop. 

Page,  Mrs,  Lrx  Shakspere's  Merry  M  ive's  .-v 
lady  who  joins  with  Mrs.  Ford  in  making 
sport  of  Falstaff.  Her  daughter  Anne  is 
desired  in  marriage  by  Slender,  but  mar- 
ries Fenton. 
J'alinu'rus.  The  name  of  .JIneas's  pilot  in 
Virgil's  iEneid,  often  used  as  a  general 
term  for  a  pilot  or  steersman. 

Pallas.    A  name  of  Minerva. 

Pamela,  pa-me'la  or  pam'6-la.  The  heroine 
of  a,  novel  by  Richardson,  a  servant  who 
resists  her  master's  attempts  to  seduce 
her,  and  latterly  becomes  his'wife. 

Pan.  Among  the  Greeks  and  Romans  a 
god  of  flocks  and  herds,  represented  with 
two  horns,  pointed  ears,  and  goat's  legs. 

Pando'ra.  In  classical  myth,  a  woman 
sent  by  the  gods  to  bring  evils  upon  men 
as  a  punishment  of  the  theft  of  fire  by 

•  Prometheus.  Prometheus  would  not-bave 
anything  to  do  with  her,  but  his  brother 
Epimetheus  married  her.  Later  accounts 
say  she  had  a  box  of  blessings,,  which 
being  incautiously  opened  all  escaped  ex- 
cept hope. 

Pangloss,  Dr.  A  ridiculous  pedant  in  Col- 
man's  comedy   The   Heir -at -Law     See 

•  Dowlas. 

Pantag'rneL  An  enormous  giant,  son  of 
Gargantua  in  Rabelais's  famous  romance. 
See  Gareantua. 

Panurge,  pa-n6rj'.  An  important  characWt 
in  Rabelais's  romance  of  Gargantua  and 
Pantagruel,  a  great  friend  of  the  latter,  a 
drunkard,  rogue,  and  coward,  tiut  remark- 
ably clever  and  amusing. 

Fanza,  Bancho,  san'cho  pSu'thE  cr  san'ko 
pan'za.    See  Don  Quixote. 

Par'is.  The  son  of  Priam  of  Troy,  cele- 
brated for  passing  judgment  as  to  the 
comparative  beauty  of  the  three  godd.esEes 
Juno,  VenuB,.aDd  Minerva  -.and  for  carry- 
ing off  Helen,  the  wife  of  Menelaus,  and 
thus  causing  the  Trojan  war. 

Parolles,  pa-rol'es.  A  braggart  and  coward 
in  Shakspere's  All's  Well. 

Partington,  Mrs.  An  imaginary  old  lady 
to  whom  are  assigned  many  laughable 
blunders  in  the  use  of  words.  An  anec- 
dote was  told  by  Sydney  Smith  of  a  Mrs. 
Partington  who,  during  a  tempest  and 
high  tide,  was  seen  with  her  mop  trying 
to  keep  the  Atlantic, out  of  her  house. 

Partridge.  The  attendant  of  Tom  Jones 
in  Fielding's  novel  of  this  name,  faithful, 
simple,  and  ignorant  of  the  world,  but 
naturally  shrewd. 

Patroc'lns.  The  bosom  friend  of  Achilles 
in  Homer's  Iliad,  slain  by  Hector. 

Paul  and  Virginia.  A  pair  of  youthful 
lovers,  whose  history  is  told  in  St.  Pierre's 
very  popular  story  of  same  name. 

Feachum,  pech'um,  A  harbourer  of  thieves 
in  Gay's  Beggar's  Opera.  His  daughter 
Polly  IS  married  to  Macheath,  and  is  -vir- 
tuous in  the  midst  of  depravity.  See 
Macheath. 

Feck'sniff.  In  Dickens's  Martin  Chnzzlc- 
-wit  a  sleek,  unctuous  hypocrite,  an  archi- 
tect by  profession,  so  thoroughly  imbued 
with  hypocrisy  that  it  has  become  second 
nature  with  him.  His  daughters  are  called 
Charity  and  Mercy,  the  former  a  shrew, 
the  latter  giddy  and  thoughtless,  but 
sobered  by  marriage  with  the  scoundrel 
Jonas  Chuzzlewit. 

Peebles,  Peter.  In  Scott's  Kedgauntlet  a 
disreputable  old  pauper,  with  a  craze  for 
litigation. 

Peeping  Tom.    See  Godiva. 

Peg'gotty,  Clara.    Nurse  of  David  Copper- 


£9,ie,  t&x,  faX,  tt/H;     me,met,  h6r;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  mOTe;     tQbe,  tab,  bull;     oil,  pound;     u,  Sc.  abuue— the  Fr.  u. 


PELOPS 


805 


field  in  Dickens  8  novel  of  this  name, 
latterly  marned  to  Barkis  (which  see). 
Her  brother  Daniel  is  a  Yarmouth  fisher- 
man, with  whom  lives  his  nephew  Ham 
Peggotty  and  niece  'Little  Em'ly.' 
Pelops  In  Greek  myth,  the  son  of  Tan- 
talus, killed  and  served  as  food  to  the  gods 
liy  his  father,  who  wished  to  test  their 
oivme  powers.  He  was  restored  to  life, 
and  received  an  ivory  shoulder  in  place  of 
the  one  eaten  by  Ceres.  His  sons  were 
Atreus  and  Thyestes,  and  the  tragic  events 
connected  with  Pelops'  line '  were  famous 
m  antiquity. 

Penden'nis,  Arthur.  The  hero  of  Thack- 
eray s  novel  Pendennis,  a  young  man  of 
middle-class  rank,  somewhat  conceited, 
but  clever,  honourable,  and  good-hearted, 
whQ'inakes  his  way  as  a  novelist  and  man 
^.uif  K®"^!'  ^"^"^  ^^^^^  ''eing  engaged  to 
UlancheAmory  marries  his  cousin  Laura 
iiell.  His  mother  is  a  singularly  sweet 
and  good  woman  devoted  to  her  son.  His 
uncle.  Major  Pendennis,  is  a  diner-out  and 

rnn.n   nhrmr.  r/M»rr»   imi^.n   „; i  <   . 


mo„  „>,„  t  i.    ?""<^V"^'''  "*  '^  diner-out  and 
man.  about  town  who  smcerely  worships 
^ank  and  wealth.  Pendennis's  cliief  friend 
Js  the  barrister  and  publicist  George  War- 
rington.    It  is  Pendennis  who  is-  sup- 
Comes.''"      Thackeray's  novel  The 
Penelope,  pe-nel'o-pg.   The  wife  of  U  lyases, 
during  whose  long  absence  from  home  she 
18  pestered  with  wooers.    Faithful  to  her 
husband  she  puts  them  off  by  saying  she 
hoi^H'^-'''^«°?^°l  *'".t^e  web  she  has  in 
^  w  *^  finished,  and  at  night  unweaves 
what  she  has  woven  by  day 
Penthesilea,  pen-thes-i-Ie'a.  In  Homer  and 
Virgil  a  queen  of  the  Amazons. 
+  ^    m  •,  ^¥  heroine  of  Shakspere's  Win- 
ter's Tale,  daughter  of  Leontes,  King  of 
Bicily  exposed  as  a  child  and  brought  up 
V^JJh^^^^S'^'^.^?'  beloved  by  Florizel. 
Pencles,  pert-klez.      The   fiero  of  Shak- 
spere  s  Pericles,  Prince  of  Tyre,  and  of  a 
popuJar  tale  of  the  middle  ages 
Perseus,  per'sus.   The  slaver  of  the  Gorgon 
Medusa  and  dehverer  o/ Andromeda,  the  ' 
sou  of  Zeus  and  Danap.    It  was  by  means 
of  Medusa's  head  that  he  rescuecf  Andro- 
meda, having  by  it  turned  into  stone  the 
sea-monster  that  threatehed  her. 
Petruchio;  pe-trO'chi-o.    The  hero  of  Shak- 
.  Bperes  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  husband  of 
the  shrew  Katharina. 
Phaeacians.  fe-a'si-anz.    Aa  island  people 
with  whom  Ulysses  came  in  contact  in  his 

^ir^t    T'^®  "*  Theseus,  who  fell  in  love 

^^n^htn^'f.  ^"^°^-*^'*^^-    .A  Greek  hero, 

I^ii  .,™r  °®®^  ?  companion  of  Hercules 

and  had  some  of  this  hero's  arrows,  with- 

<"it  which  Troy  could  not  be  takeLTthe 

subject  of  a  tragedv  by  Sophocles.      * 

,^nia?f^*i:.  \^^S^'^-^FyP"'i'=essof  Athens, 

violated  by  her  sister  Procne's  husband 

Oereus,  and  changed  into  a  nightingale 

PM^S"*..^®^'^^  changed  into  a  swallow?      ' 

Phlegethon,  fleg-e-thon:    In  Greek  fable  a 

river  of  the  infernal  regions  * 

Pickle,  Peregrine.  The  hero  of  an  amusing 

l^h\hl  S-^^'lett.  a  debased  chTS? 

Spp  H.¥7°''*^"'*^^  ^""'1?  °f  a  gentleman. 
See  Hatchway,  Pipes,  Trunnkm. 
Kckwick  Samuel.  The  hero  of  Dickens's 
^^^^'y^<'\.^>^Pers,  in  which  are  narmtld 
the  diverting  experiences  of  Mr.  Pickwick 
and  certain  members  of  a  cl  ub  nameSter 
him,  especially  Messrs.  AVinkle:  Tuoma^ 
and  Snodgrass.  '  -^"P^an. 

Pied  Piper  of  Hamelin.  A  wonderful  Tn„«,- 
cian  of  German  legend  who  S  aw"y  ali 
the  Kits  from  the  town  of  HSmelm  bnV 
IS  defrauded.of  his  promised  reward;  and 
thereupon  pipes  away  the  children  of  the 
hm°,nH^°  '"*''  ^^  ^'^^er  a  neighboidnl 
Si "  v^l?  ^^^  '^<^^er  more  seen.  " 

P^ch,  Tom.  In  Dickens's  Martin  Ohuzzle- 
whoT.k^t''*/''*  ^  Pecksniff  the  aroWteet 
,m«»ifiK?'  ^d^'i'^tage  of  his  simplicity  and 
unselfishness,  and  treats  him  as  a  drudge, 
liL  "^-  d'^coyera  hjs  baseness  and  leales 
'SJ™-l-^^3.^S-*^*erWard8  befriended  by  old 
Martin  Chuzzlewit.  Tom  was  a  great  iSr- 


former  on  the  organ.     His  Fister  Ruth 
l^l^me  the  wife  of  his  friend  JoS  AVest- 

Pipes  Tom    In  Smollett's  Peregrine  Pickle 

modorl  Truv.^r^i'''^  ""^^  whf  kept  Com' 
Pi^tnl     A  f  V,"">oii  s  servants  iu  orcfer.     , 
^avs  t*°"°;r"fF=^taffinShakspere-s 

coward    ''''''*'"«'  swaggering  bully  and 
^i^'giary.   Sir  Fretful.     A  character  in 

frSfe^^a^St"^'  Critic^'t'^^^a^S 

^tirH^^'vHf  ^^-  '  ^"^  Dickens-s  Cricket  on 
bHr,,^  H«  ,  f  Poo^.old  toy-maker  with  a 
blmd  daughter,  whom  he  makes  believe 
thev  are  quite  well  off  and  liviii  in  good 
Pofes  n^'f?r'  ^"^o.rous^ortrlit'.'^ 
<r,  «!!^.i  ^",'^'1  *^hamberlain  of  Denmark 
and  Onh^H?"  """?"'='•  f'-ither  of  La™ 
and  Ophelia  garrulous  and  not  without 

tliinks^  '''"^°""'  ^""^  •^'^^  «o  wise  as  he 
Polynices.    See  Eteocles 
Polyphe'mus.  'A  Cyclops  or  one-eyed  riant 

UWrandh?s'*f''^'  ^'^^  i^risS 
Ulysses  and  his  companions  in  his  cave 
and  devoured  some  of  them:  but  the  relt 
escapel.    "^  ''^'"  ^  ^  drunken  sleep  ^d 

Pomo'na.  The  Roman  goddessof  fruits  and 
fruit-trees,  wife  of  Vertumnus. 

Ponto  Major.  One  of  the  chief  figures  in 
Thackeray's  Book  of  Snobs,  a  retfi^d  offl° 
cer  and  country  gentleman  of  small  estate 
who  IS  forced    nto  the  ranks  of  the  snobs 

IHyh^^.'i  ^''  ^'!^^.  ambition  to  udxoX 
with  '  the  county  families.'  ^ 

Pope  Joan.  A  woman  who,  according  to  a 
once  credited  but  fictitious  story,  hiving 
long:  lived  disguised  as  a  man,  got  hersell 

TS(LTs,lf  '''^'^  ^'  '^'^  *-  *^o 
Portia,  por'shi-a.    A  rich  heiress  in  Shak- 

iStsit&'t^K"*  Venice,  whose  fXr 
nas  settled  that  the  suitor  whom  she  mar- 

keTs'^hf  ^''^  '£'•"?.*  ^""""^  three  sealed^ 
Pntt,!^°*T''v*^'?'^  contains  her  picture. 
ri"hHv*'f/  ^^'^  ^5^'='''  Bassanio,  choosS 
liw  «hp'of?'^^'^i5^^  -^  '^  learned  docter  of 
ShT  w  wi^'"'?'*'^^  gives  judgment  against 
bhylock  the  Jew.    See  Shylodc.         t""""" 

Poseidon,  po-si'don.  The  Greek  sen  .rr,/) 
corresponding  with  Neptune    ^  ^^ 

Post  humus,  leona'tus.  The  husband  nf 
Imogen  in  Shakspere's  Cymbe?fne  who 
hlswfff  ^  believes  in  th^e  infldeb't/^^? 

^a  fl?mP^'^-f °  ^'•"■°f  Eliofs  Adam  Bede 
nesT^f  hp^f^'  '^^'"arkable  for  the  sharp! 
ness  ot  her  tongue,  and  her  pithv  and 
epigrammatic  sayings  ^ 

au^hor'rf  °J  ^  ^'^'^  The  fictitious 
Kiyins^vLf^^^?'^^  ^/  P'-  Arbuthnot, 
parish  rwt^o°*^^'l\*°  be  memoirs  of  a 
&f^vVs^Ker"'>°  Po-Pously 

^o^of  fh\^fe^a^he\1ftS 
WSus^  ""^  "*  Hecub^'sSL' 

^h^cT'v^'-  '^^?,  "'"ar  in  Goldsmith's 
lahious  Vicar  of  Wakefield,  a  good  and 

vanfti'es'^^Hir'^/^^'^"^  weaknesses  tSd 
nnTclffui  '/  ^^®  i?,*  Sreat  housekeeper 
and  stickler  for  gentiUty.  His  dau^'hters 
are  Olivia  and  Sophia,  his  sons  Georgl 
and  Moses  the  latter  of  whom  is  simpff 
wPI'*^''*"''  ^'''i  foolishly  gives  a  good- 
Vvr^^J''''  ^il°^^  "*  8'^ee°  spectacles.  ^ 

Prometheus,  pr5-me'thtl8.  A  divine  ner- 
fiTff«^r^'.,^'"'^''/"y*^°l°8y,  who  bronlht 
fire  from  heaven  toman,  an(i  was  punished 
tJf  ro'J'^'iPl*?'"''  7^"  had  him^chi  Sed 
to  a  rock  of  Mount  Caucasus,  where  an 
eagle  or  vulture  fed  constantly  on  his  liver 
Pro-serpme.  The  daughter  of  Ceres  and' 
wife  of  Pluto,  who  ca?ried  her  off  te^he 
lower  world  while  gathering  flow^s  to 

^o/'&t;  i^m,T^<'^^S?'^  exiled  Duke 
nf   Mii     A^  Shakspere's  Tempest,  father 

Caliban!       '  •*°'^  '^^'^'^  "*  ^^^  and 
Proteus. '  See  in  Diet. 

S.i5c^^-    4  meddlesome  busybody  in 
Poole  8  comedy  of  same  name  (1825)/^ 


RODERICK 

^tlnfj  it^l-  A»  allegorical'  personificH- 
tion  of  the  soul,  a  beautiful  maiden  whopp 
charming  story  is  given  by  the  Lat m 
hp;i*''w^r'T''-.C"Pid  fell  in  love  with 
Jll^'i  ^"^..K^^i''^  bad  to  undergo  niuiiy 
trials,  partly  due  to  the  jealousy  Sf  Venus 
before  the  lovers  were  finaUy  united 

Puck,    ^ee  Good/elloK.      ""•^  ^"^a. 

^  of^^^ffin""^'-  '^"^1^'  ''^  Rrofessor  of  the 

art  of  pufeng    as   he  calls  himself    iu 

pf-vfcf ""  ^  '="'?«'lj'  The  Critic.  ■  '" 

H'-.^i'^cP."-,  ^".  *^i'«-  Ceutlivre's  coined ^• 

A  Bold  Stroke  for  a  AVife,  a  Quaker  who 

IS  cheated  out  of  .a  rich  wife  by  Colonel 

Feignwell  who  personates  him  and  pa^"oi 

P^.^l'^r  °^''''  *be  '  Real  Simon  Pure  • 

Pysmalion  pig-ma'li-on.  A  Greek  sculntor 

who  ,s  said  to  have  fallen  in  love  withlthe 

statue  of  a  beautiful  woman  he  had  mul  • 

and  to  have  had  his  prayer  granted  tW 

she  should  be  endowed  with  Me 

Ce's  P*^'*-^^^-    Tbe  bosom  friend  of 

i  ^f?*0^11'd«*  M  T^^^\  Pir'a-mus,  thiz'be. 
T!^i,vil„  Metamorphoses  two  lovers  of 
Babylon,  whose  parents  were  against  their 
maiTiage.  and  who  conversed  through  a 

I    ^bmk  m  a  wall     Having  agfeed  to  meot 

I  at  the  tomb  of  Ninus,  Thisbe  an-ived  firit 
but  rau  away  at  the  sight  of  a  lioness  all 
bloody,  leaving  her  roBe,  which  Pyrlmus 

I    found  stained  with  blood.    Thinking^eV 
A^^^'^^%  ^'i'ed  himself;  and  ^iil  his 
dead  body  Thisbe  did  likewiser^ 
Pythias.spith'i-as.    See  Dmwn. 

puSelrfr^^"^^^'  author  ^C^^^ 

Quickly,  Mrs.    The  hostess  of  a  London 

Henrv^iv"^^^  ^^  F^^^*^  '^  Shakspere^ 
11  enry  IV.,  garrulous  and  foolish    and 

ifdTbttoX^^^"^  by  Falstaff.who'X^ 

^^V:-  ,^  hideous  and  malignant  dwarf 

Sofeth^^^hS^^^  '^^'"^^^ 
Quixote,  Don.    See  i)on  guixofe. 


cli,(»ftain;    cft,Sc.locA;    s.po;    j.jobj    n,Fr.ton; 


Random   Roderick.    The  hero  of  a  novel 
has  Cn  V  ^^i""  worthless  young  fellow  who 

Woduced*in'l'  ^  archangel  who  is 
TobH  fl^d  Ji?„  **¥  apocryphal  book  of 

/ntkr^8l.'a?a*l&or"''^'^^  ^^-« 
Bas'selas.  A  prince  of  Abyssinia  in  a 
Shtftir  .^^.^'^V  Jphnsonf  detaiAed'i^ 
vaufv-^rS^ViT^^^v,*''  ^  '^^'•t'^i'i  'happy 
thfth  fbT^c^!b'^t3lSgS! 

t^.  lii^qtSd^*^^^  As^iton^a^SS! 
of^Is.t;  *h  ^'=°tfs  Ivanhoe  the  daughter 
no/erbea\\ff'uZ'  Ziti^^l  Vt 

continuat^^?-„f^?,,^^'^*''^«s'ax:s  humorous 
cominuation  of  the  novel— Rebecca  and 

Fvanhoer^""""*"'  ''  ^^^^^^^^  married  "to 
^^<'.:ef  oss"  Knight.    A  knight  in  Spenser's 

^dSter?."'  ''  ^^^  ^'^^'^  'natural 
5«n»"s.    See  Romulus. 

itnadaman'thus.AlegendarykingofLvcia 
who  for.his  justice  was  made  after  death 
a  judge  in  the  other  world 
Rom/^?-  1^  fofidess  of  the  Greeks  and 

pT«iv5^^'**]^°  l''^°w'i  as  Cybele. 
pV^  i^  ^  *^??u°"^*,  ^^""^  of  Italian  romantic 
epic,  one  of  Chariemagne's  paladins  and 
cousin  of  Roland  or  Orlando/  '      ^ 

Robin  Hood.    See.ffood. 

Roderick  Dhn.  An  outlawed  Hi^hlanri 
chief  in  Scott's  Lady  of  the  Lake  w^s 
defeated  in  a  desperate  hand- toT^I 


ag,ei«<,;    ^.tten;    th.tto;    w.wig,    wh.«*ig;    «h.«u«. 


EOE 


806 


STRAP 


fight  with  Fitz-James,  that  is,  the  king 
of  Scotland,  James  V. 

Roe,  Bicliara.  A  fictitious  character  ■whose 
name  formerly  appeared  in  certain  Engli  sh 
legal  proceedings  along  with  that  of  John 
Doe. 

Koister  Doister,  Ralph.  The  hero  of  the 
earliest  English  comedy,  by  Nicholas 
Udall,  printed  in  1556. 

Ro'land.  A  hero  of  tales  connected  with 
Charlemagne,  whose  nephew  he  was,  said 
to  have  been  killed  in  the  rout  of  Charle- 
magne's rear-guard  at  BoncesvaUes.  See 
Rowland,  Orlando. 

Ro'meo.  The  hero  of  Shakspere's  well- 
known  tragedy  Romeo  and  Juliet,  one  of 
the  Montague  familyi  while  Juliet  was  a 
Capulet. 

Rom'ola.  The  heroine  of  a  novel  Of  same 
name  by  George  Eliot,  the  scene  of  which 
is  Florence,  in  the.time  of  Savonarola  and 
the  revival  of  leaiming  in  Italy.  Romola 
is  a  patrician  maiden,  the  daughter  of  a 
learned  man,  and.  marries  a  handsome 
young  Greek  scholar,  Tito  Melema,  who 
turns  out  to  be  self-seeking,  unpt'incipled, 
and  altogether  unworthy  of  his  noble  w  If  e. 

Romulus,  rom'a-lus.  The  legendary  founder 
and  first  king  of  Kome,  twin  brother  of 
Remus.  ,   ■ 

Rosalind,  roz'arlind.  The  spfightly  und 
charming  daugjhter.of  the  banishecl  duke 
in  Shakspere's  As  You  Like  It,  beloved 
by  Orlando.  Dressed  in  male  attire,  and 
accompacied  by  her  coiisin  Celia  and 
Touchstone  the  jester,  she  seeks  her 
exiled  father  in  the  forest  of  Arden. 

Roainante,  roz '  i  -  nan  -  ta.  Don  Quixote's 
famous  'Steed.    See  Don  Qvixote. ' 

Round  Table.  The  large  circuUr  table  at 
which  King  Arthur  and  his  knights  used 
to  sit,  givjng  its  name  lo  an  order  of 
knighthood  instituted  by  the  king. 

Rowe'na.  In  Scott's  Ivanboe  the  fair  Saxon 
lady  whom  theiiiero  gets  for  wife.  See 
Rebecca. 

Rowland,  roland.  B&me  &s  Roland.  Row- 
land and  Oliver  were  two  of  the  most  re- 
nowned of  .Charlemagne's  heroes,  and 
their  names  became  proverbial. 

Rndee,  Bamaby'.  The  hero  of  a'  novel  by 
Dickens,  a  half-witted  young  man,  always 
accampanied  by  a  tame  raven  called 
'Grip.'  Hetakeaan  innocent  part  in  the 
Gordon  '  No  Popery '  riots,  and  is  Con- 
demned to  death,  but  pardoned.  'His 
mother's  life  was  overshadowed, by  the 
knowledge  that  her  husband  and  Bar- 
naby's  father  was  a  murderer,  skulking 
about  the  country  in  danger  of  his  life.    * 


Sabri'na.  A  fabnious  princess  of  antient 
Britain,  said  to  halve  become  tie  nymi5h 
of  the  river  Severn. 

Sampson,  Abel.    See  Dominie  Sampson. 

Band'ford  and  Mf  r'ton.  A  popular  didac- 
tic tale  for  boys,  written  by  Thomas  Day 
in  last  century,  and  recording  the  doings 
of  Harry  Sandford  and  Tommy  Herton, 
and  their  tutor  Mr.  Barlow. 

Sangra'do,  Dr.  A  doctor  in  Le  Sage's  novel 
Gil  Bias,  who  prescribes  copious  bleeding 
and  the  drinking  of  hot  water  for  every 
sort  of  ailment. 

Santa  Glaus.  Apersonage  of  popular  my- 
thology in  the  United  States,  represented 
as  bringing  pj:esents  to  the  young  on 
Christmas-eve.  The  name  is  e'quivalent  to 
St.  Nicholas,  being  based  on  the  Dutch 
form  Sant  Niklaas. 

Sawyer,  Bob.  A  roystering  young  doctor 
in  Dickens's  Pickwick,  close  friend  of  Iten 
Allen,  another  medical  student. 

Scheherazade  or  Shahrazad,  sha-^ra-zM', 
sha-ra-zad'.  The  bride  of  the  Sultan  Sha- 
riyar,  and  the  narrator  of  the  stories  that 
form  the  Arabian  Nights. 

Schlemihl,  Peter,  shla'mel.  The  hero  of  a 
short  German  story  by  Chamisso,  which 
tells  how  he  sold  his  shadow  to  a  mys- 
terious 'man  in  gray,'  and  the  events 
thence  following. 

Scrible'ros,  Martl'nns.  A  fictitious  char- 
acter, a  man  of  learning  but  no  taste,  the 
subject  of  humorous  memoirs  written  by 
Dr.  John  Arbuthnot  in  connection  with 
Pope. 


Scrooge,  skroj.  In  Dickens's  Christmas 
Carol, '  a  grasping,  covetous  old  hunks '  of 
a  London  merchant,  who  is  converted  to 
an  entirely  different  disposition  by  a  series 
of  visions  or  dream  pictures  he  sees  at 
Christmas. 

Scylla,  sU'a.  In  ancient  geography  a  rock 
in  the  Strait  of  Messina  which,  with  the 
adjacent  whirlpool  Charybdis  (ka-rib'dis), 

'  was  p'roverbial  as  a  source  of  danger  to 
mariners,  since  in  trying  to  avoid  the  one 
they  were  liable  to  encounter  the  other. 
Scylla  was  also  represented  as  a  hideous 
monster. 

Sed'ley,  Amelia.  One  of  the  two  chief  female 
characters  of  Thackeray's  Vanity  Fair, 
amiable  and  affectionate,  but  not  iutellec- 
,tual,  and  thus  very  different  from  Becky 
Shirp.  She  marries  George  Osborne,  and 
cherishes  his  memory  till  she  finds'  how 
unworthy  he  was,and  then  marries  Colonel 
Dobbin.  Her  father,  at  one  time  wealthy, 
became  a  poor,  broken -do^vn  creature, 

■  fruitlessly  trying  to  sell  wine,  coals,  &c. 
Her  brothfer  Jos  (Joseph),  •  an  Indian 
civilian,  was  a  fat  and  cowardly  dandy,, 
latterly  victimized  by  Becky  Sharp. 

Semele,  sem'e-is.  In  ancient  myth,  the 
mother  of  Bacchus  by  Jupiter. 

Semir'amis.  A  legendary  queen  of  Assyria, 
wife  and  successor  to  Ninus,  and  mother 
of  Ninyas. 

Sera'pis..-  A  deity  worshipped  in  Egypt, 
chiefly  by  Greek  and  Roman  residents 
there. 

Set'eboB.  A  god  of  the  Patagonians  men- 
tioned in  Shakspere's  Tempest. 

Seven  against  ThebeB.    See  Epigoni. 

Seven  Champions  of  Christendom.  St. 
George  of  England,  St.  Andrew  of  Scot- 
land, St.  Patrick  of  Ireland;  St.  David  of 
Wales,  St.  Denis  of  France,  St.  James  -of 
Spain,  St.  Anthony  of  Italy.*  - 

Seven  Sleepers.    The  subject  of  a  legend 

.which  tells  how  seven  Christian  youths  of 
Ephesus  having  taken  refuge  from  perse- 
cution in  a  cave,  were  there  walled  up,  but 
were  miraculously  made  to  sleep  for  two 
or  three  hundred  years. 

Shacabac.    See  Barmecide. 

Shaf' ton,  Sir  Piercie.  .  A  character  in 
Scott's  Monastery  whose  language  is 
marked  by  the- affectation  called  euphu- 

'•ism. 

Shallow,  Jostice.  A'  foolish  justice  in 
Shakspere's  Merry  'Wiies,  and  Henry  IV. 
(second  part). 

Shandon,  Captain.  '  A  literary  man  in 
Thackeray's  Pendennis,  with  excellent 
abilities  put  easy  "and  self-indulgent, 
spending  muchof  Jiis  time  in  a  debtors' 
prison. 

Bnandy,  Tristrami,  <The  titular  hero  of 
Sterne  s  Life  and  Opinions  of  Tristram 
Shandy,  in  which,  nowever,  his  father 

•and  uncle,  '  Uncle  .Toby,'  take  the  chief 
place.  The  former  (Walter  Shandy),  a 
retired  merchant,  is  a  man  of  much  read- 
ing, but  a  strange  embodiment  of  whims 
and  fantastic  notions.  Uncle  Toby,  who 
has  been  an  officer  in  the  army  in  Flanders, 
and  has. been  wounded,  in  his  childlike 
simplicity,  and  his  all-embracing  human- 
ity— with  the-mimic  sieges  that  he  car- 
ries on  in  his  garden,  and  the  attempts  of 

Widow  Wadman  to  hook  him— is  one  of 
the  finest  and  most  genuinely  humorous 
characters  in  literature. 

Sharp,  Becky.  One  of  the  two  chief  female 
characters  m  Thackeray's  Vanity  Fair- 
clever,  good-looking,  heartless,  ambitious, 
and  utterly  unscrupulous.  She  marries 
Rawdon  Crawley,  is  justly  discarded  by 
him  for  her  intngue  with  Lord  Steyne, 
turns  adventm-ess,  cheats  Jos  Sedley  out 
of  his  money,  and  then  becomes  respect- 
able.   See  Sedley,  Osborne. 

Short.    See  Codlin. 

Shylock.  The  famous  Jew  in  Shakspere's 
Merchant  of  Venice,  who  lends  money  to 
Antonio, '  the  merchant,'  stipulating  that 
if  it  is  not  paid  at  a  certain  date  he  may 
take  a  pound  of  his  debtor's  flesh  instead! 

Siegfried,  zeg'fret.  A  hero  of  Teutonic 
legend,  who  is  celebrated  in  the  German 
epic  the  NibelungenliedL  Sigurd  is  an- 
other form  of  the  name. 

Sigismnnda,  sij-is-mun'da.    In  a  stoiy  by 


Boccaccio  the  daughter  of  a  prince  of  84- 
,  lemo  who  poisons  nersetf  when  her  father 
sends  to  her  the  heart  of  herlover,  a  page 
of  his  named  Guiscardo. 
Sikes,   Bill.     A  brutal  housebreaker  in 
Dickens's  Oliver  Twist,  who  murders  the 
girl  Nancy  that  lives  'with  him,  and  gets 
hanged  by  a  rope  in  trying  to  escape. 
Silence.    A  country  justice,  friend  of  Jus- 
tice Shallow,  in  Shakspere's  Henry  IV. 
Sile'nuB.     In   classical   myth,   the   com- 
panion of  Bacchus,  represented  as  a  jovial^ 
drunken,  sensual,  old  rhan. 
Sind'bad  the   Sailor.     A  merchant  and 
mariner  -  in  the  Arabian.  Nights  who 
makes  several  wonderful  voyages. 
Sis'3nphus.    See  Sisyphean  in  Diet. 
Skim'pole,  Harold.     In  DicRens's  Bleak 
/  House,  an  utterly  selfish  character  who 
poses  as  a  man  of  artistic  tastes  and  a 
child  in  money  matters,  and  takes  advan- 
tage of  his  friends'  good  nature. 
Slawkenbergius.     An   imaginary  author 
quoted  in  Sterne's  Tristram  Shandy .^^d 
represented  as  having  a  huge  nose.  • 
Slender.    A  foolish  country  lout  in  love 
with  'Sweet  Anne  Page'  in  Shakspete's 
Merry  Wives. 

Slick,  Sam.  An  Imaginary  Yankee  clock- . 
jnaker  and  pedlar,  a  shrewd  and  amusing 
character  who  figures  in  several  humor- 
ous narratives  by  Judge  C.  Haliburton  of 
Nova  Scotia.  "* 

Slop,  Dr.  A  narrow-minded  and  irritable, 
medical  man  in  Sterne's  Tristram  Shandy. 
Sly,  Christopher.  A  tinker  in  the  'In- 
duction' to  Shakspere's  Taming  of  the 
Shrew,  who  is  token  ween  dead  drunk, 
dressed  up,  and  made  to  fancy  himself  a 
lord. 

Smelfun'gua.  A  nickname  gif  en  by  Sterne 
to  Smollett,  who  wrote  a  peertsh  account 
of  his  journey  through  France  and  Italy. 
Smike.  An  ill-used  boy  in  Dickens's  Nicho- 
las Nickleby,  befriended  by  Nicholas,  smd 
discovered  to  be  the  son  Df  his  uncle 
•Ralph. 

Sneak,  Jerry.    A  henpecked  husband  in 
Foote's  farce  The  Mayor  of  Garratt. 
Snodgrass,  Augustus.     A  poetical  young 
man,  one  of  the  companions  of  Mr.  Pick- 
wick. 

Sosia,  so"zi-a.    A  slave  of  Amphitrj'on  in 
Plautus's  comedy  of  this  name,  puzzled 
by  the  god  Mercury  assuming  his  form. 
Spenlow  and  Jorkins.   In  Dickens's  David 
Copperfield  a  firm  of  proctors  to  whom 
David  was  articled.    Jorkins  had  little 
share  in  the  business,  but  was  represented 
by  Spenlow  as  very  strict  and  stem,  and 
as  setting  his  face  against  any  lenient  or 
indulgent  course  that  he  himself  would 
otherwise  incline  to  adopt. 
Spo'rua.    A  name  under  which  Pope  satir- 
izes Lord  flervey. 
Square.    See  Thwackum. 
Squeers.    In  Dickens's  Nicholas  Nickleby 
the  ignorant  and  brutal  schoolmaster  of 
Dotheboys  Hall. 

Steerforth.  A  young  man  of  wealth  who 
leads  'little  Em'ly'  astray,  in  Dickens's 
David  Coppei-field,  and  is  drowned  in  a 
shipwreck  at  Yarmouth,  where  Ham  Peg- 
gotty  is  also  drowned  trying  to  rescue 
him. 

St6lla.    A  poetical  name  given  by  Swift  to 
Esther  Johnson,  :i  young  lady  with  whom 
he  was  long  on  most  intimate  terms. 
Steph'ano.    A  drunken  butler  in  Shak- 
spere's Tempest. 

Steyne,  Marquis  of,  stfin.  A  great  English 
nobleman,  who  figures  in  Thackeray's 
Vanity  Fair,  and  also  appears  in  Penden- 
nis—proud,  sarcastic,  irreligious,  sensual, 
despising  his  toadies  yet  accepting  their 
attentions,  heartless  in  pursuit  of  plea- 
sure, yet  maintaining  a  reputable  position 
in  society  and  the  world  at  large.  His 
intrigue  wth  Becky  Sharp  caused  her 
husband  to  discard  her. 
Stiggins.  A  hypocritical  dissenting  preach- 
er, in  Dickens's  Pickwick,  given  lo  the 
consumption  of  strong  waters,  and  dipped 
in  the  horse-trough  by  Old  Weller. 
Strap.  The  faithful  friend  and  attendant 
of  Roderick  Random  (see  Randovi),  who 
shows  him  but  little  gratitude  for  many 
services  rendered. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftU ;     me,  met.hfir;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;     tttbe,  tub,  bvill ;     oil,  pound;     U,  8c.  abtme-the  Fr.  «. 


STilEPHON 


807 


VANESSA 


Btre'phon.  The  name  of  a  shepherd  in  Sir 
Phlfip  Sidney's  Arcadia ;.  often  used  in  a 
general  sense  for  a  rural  swain. 

Struld'brugs.  Wretched  beings  described 
in  Swift's  Gulliver's  Travels,  living  in 
Luggnagg,  who  cannot  die,  but  suffer  from 
the  infirmities  of  old  age. 

Styx.    See  Stygian  in  Diet. 

Surface,  Charles.  A  spendthrift  but  good- 
hearted  fellow  in  Sheridan's  School  for 
Scandal.  His  brother  Joseph  is  a  plausible 
hypocrite  who  professes  much  prudence 
and  benevolence. 

BwiVeller,  Dick.  The  light-hearted  and 
amusing  shabby-genteel  clerk  to  Sampson 
Brass  in  Dickens's  Old  Curiosity  Shop, 
who  latterly  comes  into  a  small  annuity 
and  marries  '  The  Marchioness;' 

Syc'orax.  Afoul  witch  mentioned  in  Shak- 
spere's  Tempest,  ti>  other  of  Caliban. 

Tadpole  and  Taper.  Electioneering  agents 
in  Disraeli's  novel  Coningsby. 
Talus.  A  wonderful  man  of  iron  in  Spen- 
ser's Faerie  Queene,  who  had  an  iron  flail 
with  which  he  executed  summary  justice. 
[Spenser's  Talus  is  based  on  the  classical' 
Talos,  a  brazen  man  made  by  Vulcan.] 
Tannh'auser,  tan-hoi-zfer.  In  German  legend 
a  knight  who  gains  admission  into  a  hill 
where  Venus  holds  her  court,  and  there 
remains  for  years  sunk  in  sensual  delights. 
Being  at  last  allowed  to  go,  he  repairs  to 
Rome  to  seek  absolution  from  the  pope, 
l>ut  is  refused,  and  thereupon  retuips  and 
is  no  more  seen. 

Tan'talna.    See  Tantalize  in  Diet. 
Tapley,  Mark.    In  Dickens's  Martin  Chuz- 
zlewit  the  humble  friend  who  accompanies 
yoiing  Martin  to  America,  and  whose  pride 
m  life  it  is  to  keep  'jolly'  in  the  most  de- 
pressing circumstances. 
Tappertit,  Simon.  A  conceited  and  ridicu-  ,' 
Ions  shrimp  of  an  apprentice  in  Dickens's  j 
Bamaby  Rudge,  employed  by  "Marden  the  I 
locksmith,   and  having  designs  on  his  I 
daughter  Dolly.  I 

Tartuffe,  tar-tuf '.  A  hypocritical  priest  in  ! 
Molifere's  comedy  of  same  name:  hence 
anyone  who  uses  religion  as  a  cloak.  i 

Teazle'  Lady.'  The  heroine  of  Sheridan's  j 
School  for  Scandal,  wife  of  Sir  Peter  j 
Teazle^  who  is  much  her  senior.  She  is  . 
ignorant  of  the  world,  thoughtless  and 
itaprudent,  and  thus  gives  rise  to  scandal  I 
though  really  fond  of  her  husband.  I 

TelemachiLS,  te-lem'a-kus.    Son  of  Ulysses, 
of  whom,  when  he  had  been  long  absent 
after  the  fall  of  Tjp)y,  Telemachus  went 
in  quest,  accompanied  by  Minerva  in  the 
form  of  Mentor. 
Terens,  te'rQs.    See  Philomela. 
Terpsichore.    See  in  Diet. 
Teucer,  tu's6r.    A  Greek  warrior  in  the 
Trojan  war,  the  best  archer  among  the 
Greeks.  .. 

Teufelsdrockh,  Herr,  toi'felz-drfek.  The 
hero  of  Carlyle's  Sartor  Resartus,  a  learned 
German  professor  of  things  in  general, 
who  expounds  a  new  philosophy— the  phi- 
losophy of  clothes. 

Thal'aba.  A  destroyer  of  evil  spirits  and 
sorcerers  in  Sonthey's  poem  Thalaba  the 
Destroyer. 

Thalia.    See  in  Diet. 

Tham'muz.  An  ancient  Syrian  deity,  equi- 
valent to  the  classical  Adonis. 
Theleme,  Abbey  of,  ta-l5m'.  An  institution 
in  Rabelais'sromanceof  Gargantua,  where 
all  good  things  may  be  enjoyed,  and  whose 
motto  is  '  Do  what  you  will.'    [The  name 
is  from  Gr;  thelSma,  will.] 
The'mis.    The  Greek  goddess  of  justice. 
Thersites,  their-si'tez.  The  ugliest  a«d  most 
scurrilous  of  the  Greeks  in  the  Trojan  war, 
Theseus,  the'sfls.  A  famous  legendary  king 
of  Athens  who  overcame  the  Centaurs  and 
slew  the  Minotaur  by  the  assistance  of 
Ariadne,  whom  he  afterwards  deserted. 
The'tis.    A  sea-nymph  of  Greek  mythol., 
mother  of  Achilles  by  Peleus. 
Thisbe.    See  Pyramua. 
Thor.    See  in  Diet. 

Thomhill,  Squire.  A  dissolute  young  man 
,  in  Goldsmith's  Vicar  of  Wakefield,  who, 
abducts  the  vicar's  daughter  Olivia,  and 
Koes  through  what  he  thinks  is  a  mock 


marriage  with  her,  but  it  turns  out  to  be 
binding.  His  uncle,  on  whom  he  is  de- 
pendent, paisses  himself  off  as  -Mr.  Bur- 
chell  (which  see). 

Thwackum  and  Square.  In  Fielding's 
Tom  Jones  two  members  of  Mr.  All- 
worthy's  household,  the  former  engfiged 
as  tutor  to  young  Jones  and  Blifil.  The 
Rev.  Mr.  Thwacknm's  moral  system  was 
based  entirely  upon  the  precepts  of  re- 
vealed religion  and  the  'divine  power  of 
grace;'  whereas  Square  was  a  philoso- 
pher, and  his  morality  was  derived  from 
'  the  -flatural  beauty  of  virtue,  and  the 
eternal  -fitness  of  things."  They  were 
alike  in  being  narrow-minded  pedants, 
without  a  spark  of  real  goodness  be- 
tween them. 

Thyestes,  thi-es'tez.  Son  of  Pelops  and 
brother  of  Atreus,-  ate  in  ignorance  the 
flesh  of  his  own  son,  served  up  to  him  by' 
Atreus  out  of  revenge. 
Tilburl'na.  Daughter  of  the  governor  of 
Tilbury  Fort,  a  character  in  the  burlesque 
tragedy  introduced  in  Sheridan's  comedy 
The  Critic. 

Ti'mon.  A  misanthropical  Athenian,  the 
hero  of  Shakspere's  Timon  of  Athens. 
Tinto,  Dick.  A  very  mediocre  artist  de- 
scribed in  the  introductory  chapter  to 
Scott's  Bride  of  Lammermoor. 
Tire'sias.  A  celebrated  blind  soothsayer 
of  Greek  fable,  • 

Tisiphone,  ti-sif'o-n6.    In  classical  myth, 
one  of  the  three  Furies. 
Tita'nia.  The  queen  of  the  fairies  and  wife 
of  Oberon. 

Ti'tans.  A  race  of  giant  Greek  deities  Vho 
warred  against  Saturn  and  Jupiter,  and 
were  thrown  into  Tartarus. 
Ttte  Barnacle.  The  head  of  the  Circumlo- 
cution Ofiice  in  Dickens's  Little  Dorrit,  a 
caricature  of  heads  of  government  depart- 
ments, ■ 

Titho'nxis.  A  young  man  of  .whom  Aurora 
is-  fabled  to  nave  been  enamoured  and 
whom  Jupiter  made  ifiimortal,  but  as  he 
was  not  also  endowed  with  perpetual  youth 
he  withered  away  and  was  changed  into 
a  cicada. 

Tit'marsh,  Michael  Angelo.    An  assumed 
personality  under  which  some  of  Thack- 
eray's works  were  written,  such  as  Dr. 
Birch  and  his  Young  Friends,  The  Kickle- 
burys  On  the  Rhine,  &c.    Titmarsh's  cou- 
sin Samuel  is  the  hero  of  the  story  called 
The  Great  Hogarty  Diamond.     • 
lodgers,  Mrs.    Keeper  of  a  London  board- 
.  ing-house  for  commercial  gentlemen  in 
Dickens's  Martin  Chuzzlewit. 
Toots,  Mr.    In  Dickens's  Dombey  &  Son  a 
well-to-do  young  man,  warm-hearted  and 
unselfish,  but  rather  scatter-brained,  who 
thinks  himself  dreadfully  in  love  with 
Florence  Dombey;  but  this,  to  use  his  fa- 
vourite expression, '  is  of  no  consequence.' 
Top'sy.    An  amusing  young  slave  girl  in 
Mrs.  Stowe's  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin. 
Touchstone.    A  wise  and  witty  clown  in 
Shak^ere's  As  You  Like  It. 
Trim,  Corporal.    An  old  soldier  acting  as 
servant  to  Uncle  Toby  in  Sterne's  Tristram 
Shandy,  simple,  ignorant,  honest,  and  af- 
fectionate. 

Trin'culo.  A  jester  in  Shakspere's  Tempest. 
Triptol'emus.    An  ancient  Greek  god  of 
agriculture  and  inventor  of  the.  plough, 
son  of  Demeter  or  Ceres. 
Trismegistus.    See  Hermes  Trismegistus. 
Trist'ram,  Sir.  A  knight  of  King  Arthur's 
court  and  a  famous  hero  of  mediaeval  ro- 
mance ;  lover  of  Isolde,  wife  of  his  uncle. 
King  Mark  of  Cornwall. 
Troil,  Magnus.    A  wealthy  Shetlander  in 
Scott's  Pirate,  with  two  charming  daugh- 
.  ters,  Minna  and  Brenda. 
Tro'Uns.    A  son  of  Priam  of  Troy,  repre- 
sented in  post-classical  times  as  in  love 
with  Cressida. 

Trotwood,  Mrs.  Betsy.    The  aunt  of  David 
Copperfield   in   Dickens's  novel  of  this 
name,  kind-hearted  and  strong-minded. 
Troy.    See  Ilium. 

TruUiber,  Parson.   A  course  ignorant  cler- 
gyman in  Fielding's  Joseph  Andrews. 
Trnn'nion,  Commodore.  An  old  retired  sea- 
dog  in  Smollett's  Peregrine  Pickle,  whose 
household  arrangements  are  made'  to  co- 


incide as  far  as  possible  with  those  on 
bdard  ship,  his  servants  being  made  to 
keep  the  watches  and  sleep  in  hammocks. 
See  Hatchway,  Pipes. 

Tug,  Tom.  An  honest  young  waterman  in 
Dibdin's  comic  piece  The  Waterman  (1774). 

Tul'liver.  The  name  of  a  family  with 
whose  fortunes  George  Eliot's  Mill  on  the 
Floss  deals.  The  chief  characters  are  the 
brother  and  sister,  Tom  and  Maggie  Tul- 
liver,  who  at  the  close  of  the  book  are 
both  drowned  together  in  the  Floss. 

Tupman,  Mr  Tracy.  One  ot  the  com- 
panions of  Mr.  Pickwick,  rather  fat,  but  a 
bit  of  a  dandy  and  an  admirer  of  the  ladies. 

Turveydrop,  Mr.  In  Dickens's  Bleak  House 
a  vain  and  selfish  dancing  -  master  who 
ai)es  the  prince-regent  (George  IV.),  poses 
as  a  master  of  deportment,  and  selfishly 
lives  on  his  son's  earnings. 

Twist,  Oliver.  Hero  of  Dickens's  novel  of 
same  name,  a  boy  of  good  parentage 
brought  up  in  a  workhouse  and  thrown 
among  thieves  in  London,  but  always 
gentle  and  innocent. 

Twitcher,  Jemmy.  A  scoundrelly  high- 
wayman in  Gay's  Beggar's  Opera,  who  at 
last  'peaches'  on  the  more  gentlemanly 
rogue  '  Captain '  Macheath. 

Tyb'alt.  A  fiery  young  Capulet  in  Shak- 
spere's. Romeo  and  Juliet,  who  slays  Mer- 
cutio  and  is  slain  by  Romeo. 

Tyr,  ter.  In  Scandinavian  mythol.  the  god 
of  war,  son  of  Otlin  and  brother  of  Thor. 

Vgollno,  O-go-Ie'nS.'  A  nobleman  of  Pisa 
who,  being  defeated  by  his  political  op- 
ponents, was.starved  to  death  along  with 
two  sons  and  two  grandsons;  a  dreadful 
story,  treated  by  Dante  and  other  writers. 

triysses,  a-lis'sez,  in  Greek  Odysseus,  o-dis'- 
fls.  King  of  Ithaca,  one  vt  the  hero'es  of 
the  Trojan  war,  husband  of  Penelope  and 
father  of  Telemachus;  his  wanderings 
after  the  war  form  the  subject  of  the 

,  Odyssey.    See  Odysseus. 

Una.  A  lovely  damsel  in  Spenser's  Fa6rie 
(Jueene,  a  personification  of  trhth.  She 
is  introduced  as  riding  on  a  white  ass  and 
leading  a  lamb;  and  she  comes  to  the 
court  of  the  fairy  queen  Gloriana  to  get 
a  champion  to  slay  a  destructive  dragon, 
the  Red  Cross  Knight  being  accordingly 
sent  with  het.  When  separated  from'the 
Red  Crosp  Knight  a  lion  fawns  on  her 
and  becomes  her  attendant.  Latterly  she 
is  married  to  the  Red  Cross  Knight. 

Uncle  Toby.    See  Shandy. 

Uncle  Tom.  A  negro  slave,  the  hero  of 
Mrs.  Stowe's  novel  of  same  name,  depict- 
ing the  evils  of  slavery  in  the  U.  States. 

Undine,  un'din.  Germ.  \m-de'ne.  A  water- 
nymph  or  sylph,  heroine  of  a  charming 
German  story  Dy  Fouqu6. 

Ura'nia.  The  muse  who  presided  over 
astronomy. 

Uranus,  a'ra-nus.'  A  Greek  deity,  repre- 
sented as  the  most  ancient  of  the  gods, 
the  father  of  Cron'os  or  Saturn  and  grand- 
father of  Zeus  or  Jupiter.  The  name 
means  literally  heavin. 

Uriel,  u'ri-el.  An  archangel  in  Milton's 
Paradise  Lost,  one  of  the  seven  who  stand 
nearest  God's  throne,  regent  of  the  sun, 
and  sharpest-sighted  of  all  the  angels. 

U'ther.  A  legendary  king  of  Britain,  father 
of  King  Arthur. 

Uto'pia.    See  in  Diet 


■Val'entine.  One  of  Shakspere's  Two  Gentle- 
men of  Verona,  a  gallant  young  fellow 
who  marries  Silvia.  Also  the  brother  of 
Margaret  in  Goethe's  Faust,  stabbed  by 
Mephistopheles. 

Valentine  and  Orson.  The  heroes  of  an  old 
romance,  twin  brothers  born  in  a  forest, 
and  the  one  suckled  and  brought  up  by  a 
bear,  the  other  reared  at  the  king's  court. 
Orson  became  a  wild  man  of  the  forest, 
but  was  ultiniately  reclaimed  from  sava- 
gery by  his  brother. 

'Valhalla,  Valkjrr.    See  in  Diet. 

Vanessa.  A  poetical  name  given  by  Swift 
to  Miss  Esther  Vanhomrigh,  a  young  Ady 
with  whom  he  coquetted  and  who  would 
have  gladly  married  him. 


«:V>ii.fi&alni    ch, fie. loch i    g, go;    hjoh;    n, Fr. ton;    ngf^ng',    tB,th«Q;    th,thirx;    w, i^ig;    wb,ui/iig;    zb.asure. 


VANITY 


808 


ZTJLEIKA 


VaaityFair.  AfamousfairirithePilgrim's 
Progreas,  held  in  the  town  of  Vanity, 
where  Christian  and  Faithful  are  mal- 
treated, and  the  latter  condemned  to  be 
burned.  Vanity  Fair  is  the  name  of  one 
of  the  chief  of  Thackeray's  novels.  See 
Crawley,  Dobbin,  OaboiTie,.Sedley,  Sharp, 
Stepne. 

Varden,  Gabriel.  An  honest  master  lock- 
emith  in  Dickens's  Barnaby  Budge,  with 
a  charming  daughter  named  Dolly,  who 

fete  married  to  young  Joe  AVillet.  Mrs. 
arden  was  a  religious  shrew,  a  perse- 
cuted martyr  in  ber  eyes,  and  in  those 
of  her  sycophantic  servant  Miggs. 

Vatb'ek.  The  hero  of  Beckfortrs  power- 
ful romance  of  same  name,  an  eastern 
monarch  guilty  of  the  greatest  crimes,  in 
league  with  demons,  and  latterly  en- 
tombed in  the  abyss  of  Eblis  or  hell. 

Veal,  Mrs.  An  imaginary  woman  of  whose 
appearance  after  death  to  a  Mi-s.  Bargrave 
at  Canterbury,  Defoe  has  given  a  most 
circumstantial  account,  a  fiction  intended, 
it  is  said,  to  help  the  sale  of  an  edition  of 
Drelincourt  on  Death. 

Veiled  Prophet    of  Khoraszan.     One  of 

'  the  metrical  tales  forming  Moore's  Lalla 
Rookh,  founded  upon  the  story  of  a  real 
personage.  The  prophet  claims  to  have 
supernatural  powers,  and  pretends  to  wear 
a  veil  to  hide  the  excessive  brightness  of 
his  countenance,  but  really  to  conceal  his 
deformed  "features. 

Venus.    See  in  Diet. 

Verges,  ver'jez.    See  Dogberry. 

Verisopht,  Lord.  A  young  nobleman  in 
Dickens's  Nicholas  Nickleby,  the  admirer 
and  pupil  of  Sir  Mulberry  H^k. 

Vernon,  Diana.  The  heroine  of  Scott's  Rob 
Roy,  perhaps  the  most  charming  of  all  his 
female  characters  — beautiful,  well-read, 
and  educated,  fond  of  field-sports,  spirited, 
and  self-reliant.  We  meet  with  ber  at 
Osbaldistone  Hall  and  in  the  Highlands, 
and  are  told  that  she  became  the  wife  of 

•Frank  Osbaldistone.  Her  father  was  a 
gentleman  who  intrigued  in  favour  of  the 
exiled  Stuarts. 

Vertum'nus.  A  Roman  god  of  the  crope 
and  orchards. 

Vicar  of  Bray.  An  English  vicar  said  to 
have  lived  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII., 
Edward  VI.,  Mary,  and  Elizabeth,  and  to 
have  been  twice  a  R.  Catholic  and  twice 

.  a  Protestant.  " 

Vicar  of  Wakefield.    See  Primrose. 

Vi'ola.  The  chief  heroine  of  Shakspere's 
Twelfth  Night,  sister  of  Sebastian,  in  love 
with  the  Duke  Orsino,  between  whom  and 
the  lady  Olivia  she  acts  as  intermediary 
dressed  as  a  page.  The  duke  ultimately 
marries  her. 

Virginia.  A  beautiful  Roman  girl  whom 
the  lustful  tribune  Appius  Claudius 
wished  to  get  into  his  power  on  plea  of 
her  being  a  slave,  but  who  was  stabbed 
by  her  own  father  to  preserve  her  from 
such  a  fate.    See  also  Paul  and  Virginia. 

Vivien  or  Vidian.  A  wanton  connected 
with  the  stoi7  of  King  Arthur,  whose 
charms  overcome  the  enchanter  Merlin, 
BO  that  she  inclosed  him  in  a  hollow  oak 
for  all  time  cominp. 

Vor'tigem.  A  mythical  or  semi-mythical 
British  king  said  to  have  married  Rowena, 

.  daughter  of  Hengist. 

Vulcan,  VulCa'nus.'  The  Roman  deity  who 

•  presided  over  fire  and  the  working  of 
metals,  identified  with  the  similar  Greek 
deity  Hephaestus.  He  made  thunderbolts 
for  Jupiter,  arms  for  gods  and  heroes,  and 
tnany  wonderful  contrivances;  and  had 
foi'ges  in  Olympus  as  well  as  under  Etna, 
■where  the  Cyclops  were  his  workmen.  He 
is  always  represented  as  lame. 


Wadman,  Widow.  A  buxom  lady  in  Sterne's 
Tristram  Shandy,  whose  wiles  nearly  cap- 
tivate Uncle  Toby; 

Wagg  and  Wenham.  Two  sycophants  and 
doers  of  dirty  work  for  the  Marquis- of 
Steyne  in  Thackeray's  Vanity  Fair  and 
Pendennis. 

Wamba.  The  hare-brained  jester  of  Cedric 
the  Saxon  in  Scott's  Ivanhoe. 

Wandering  Jew.  A  Jew  who,  according 
to  a  legend  that  arose  in  the  middle  ages, 
was  condemned  for  harsh  treatment  of 
Christ  to  wander  over  the  world  till  his 
second  coming. 

Warrington,  George.  In  Thackeray's  Pen- 
dennis a  young  man  of  good  family,  a 
barrister  aud  writer  for  the  press,  whose 
prosijects  have  been  blasted  by  an  unfor- 
tunate early  marriage— a  great  friend  of 
Pendennis.  Members  of  the  same  family, 
but  of  an  earlier  generation,  give  name  to 
Thackeray's  novel  The  Warringtonsi 

Wa'verley.  The  first  of  Scott's  great  series 
of  novels,  to  which  it  gives  name.  The 
hero  is  Edward  Waverley,  a  young  Eng- 
lish gentleman,  and  the  scene  is  chiefly 
in  Scotland  during  the  rebellion  of  1745. 
The  characters  include  the  Baron.  Brad- 
wardine  and  his  daughter  Rose,  Fergus 
andFloraMac-Ivor.PrinceOharlesEdward 
himself,  and  Davie  Gellatley. 

Wayland,  the  Smith.  A  supernatural 
smith  of  English  and  Scandinaviai}  myth- 
ology. A  farrier  called  Wayland  Smith 
is  introduced  by  Scott  into  his  novel  of 
Kenilworth. 

Weissnlchtwo,  vis'n5c/it-v6.  That  is '  know- 
not-where,'  the  place  in  which  was  situated 
the  university  of  Professor  Teufelsdrockh 
in  Carlyle's  Sartor  Resartus. 

Weller,  Sam.  The  valet  or  personal  at- 
tendant of  Mr.  Pickwick,  in  Dickens's 
Pickwick  Papers,  a  genuine  Londoner, 
uneducated,  ready-witted,  full  of  humour, 
and  devoted  to  his  master's  interests.  His 
father,  Tony  Weller,  is  a  fat  old  coach- 
man, ignorant  of  almost  everything  except 
what  belongs  to  his  business.  Having 
married  a  widow  (who  kept  the  Marquis 
of  Granby  Inn),  he  held  strong  opinions 
about  widows  aud  their  artfulness. 

■W'erther,var'ter.  A  young  German  student, 
the  sickly  sentimental  hero  of  Goethe's 
Sorrows  of  AVerther,  who  puts  an  end  to 
himself,  because  he  vainly  covets  iiis 
neighbour's  wife.  Thackeray  compresses 
the  story  into  a  few  humorous  verses 
more  pithy  than  complimentary  to  the 
hero. 

Western,  Squire.  A  jolly,  ignorant,  coarse, 
hot-tempered,  and  intensely  iwejudiced 
English  squire  in  Fielding's  Tom  Jones. 
His  charming  daughter  Sophia  is  in  love 
with  and  marries  Tom  Jones. 

'Whiskeran'dos,  Don.  The  lover  of  Til- 
buriua  in  Puff's  ridiculous  tragedy  that 
is  introduced  into  Sherfdan's  comedy  The 
Critic. 

Whittington,  Dick.  The  hero  of  a  story 
known  to  every  one,  and  which  seems  to 
have  been  at  least  founded  on  fact. 

Wickfleld,  Agnes.  A  beautiful,  amiable, 
and  sensible  young  lady  in  Dickens's  Da- 
yid  Copperfield,  daughter  of  Mr.  Wickfleld, 
a  lawyer  J  becomes  David  Copperfield's 
second  wife.  Uriah  Heep  was  clerk  to 
her  father,  and  nearly  brought  ruin  upon 
him. 

Wild,  Jonathan.  A  notorious  English 
robber,  who  is  the  hero  of  Fielding's  satiric 
novel  The  Adventures  of  Jonathan  Wild 
the  Great.' 

Wildfire.  Madge.  A  young  woman  in  Scott's 
novel  The  Heart  of  Midlothian,  whose 
brain  has  been  turned  bjj-  seduction  and 
the  murder  of  her  infai%  {ind  who  still 


retains  the  giddiness  and  loye  of  finery 
natural  to  her  character. 

Wild  Huntsman.  A  spectral  huntsman  of 
German 'legend,  who  goes  careering  along 
at  night  with  a  noisy  train  of  men  and 
dogs;  the  subject  of  a  ballad  by  BUrger, 
translated  by  Sir  Walter  Scott.    . 

WUkins,  Peter.  The  hero  of  a  tale  by  a 
Robert  Paltock  (written  about  lV50),  a  sort 
of  Crusoe  who  meets  with  a  winged  race 
of  people  in  a  land  of  twilight.  See  Gawreys. 

Willet,  John.  The  ignorant,  pig-headed 
landlord  of  the  Maypole  in  Dickens's 
Bamaby  Rudge,  who  tyrannizes  over  his 
son  Joe  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  him  run 
away  aud  enlist.  Joe  afterwards  marries 
Dolly  Varden  and  becomes  landlord  him- 
self. 

Wimble,  Will.  An  amusing  character  in 
the  Spectator,  a  member  of  the  club  to 
which  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  and  others 
belong. 

Winkle,  Mr.  Nathaniel.  One  of  the  com- 
panions of  the  im"mortal  Pickwick,  repre- 
sented as  the  would-be  sportsman  of  the 
]iarty,  but  knowing  as  Uttleof  shooting  as 
he  does  of  skating.  He  marries  Arabella 
Allen. 

Winkle,  Rip  Van.  An  American  Dutch- 
man, hero  of  a  story  by  Washington  Irving, 
a  good-humoured,  indolent  sort  of  fellow, 
who  encounters  a  strange  company  play- 
ing at  nine-pins  in  the  Kaatskill  Moun- 
tains, and  having  tasted  their  liquor  falls 
asleep  and  does  not  awake  for  twenty 
years. 

Woden.    Same  as  Odin. 

Wooden  Horse.  A  huge  figure  of  a  horse 
made  of  wood,  and  -containing  armed 
Greeks  which  the  Trojans  were  induced 
by  the  Gfreeks  to  admit  into  Troy,  thus 
leading  to  the  capture  of  the  city. 

Yalioo.    See  in  Diet. 

Ya'ma.  An  Indian  deity,  lord  of  hell, 
fierce  and  terrible. 

Yellowplush,  Mr.  A  fictitious  London  foot- 
man who  figures  as  the  author  of  certain 
memoirs  and  sketches  by  Thackeray, 
written  as  an  illiterate  footman  might 
write. 

Ygg'drasil.  The  tree  of  the  universe,  a 
huge  ash  which  holds  an  important  place 
in  Scandinavian  mythology  and  cosmo- 
gony. 

■yor'ick.  Jester  to  the  king  of  Denmark  in 
Shakspere's"  Hamlet.  Sterne  has  intro- 
duced a  personage  of  this  name  into  his 
Tristram  Shandy— simple,  light-hearted, 
aud  humorous— intended  as  a  ^rtrait  of 
himself. 

Ysolde.    See  Isolde. 

Yvetot,  ev-to.  A  small  town  oi  northern 
France,  not  far  from  Rouen,  the  site  or 
territory  of  which  formerly  gave  the  title 
of  king  to  its  lord  or  possessor.  An  ima- 
ginary king  of  Yvetot  has  been  celebrated 
in  humorous  Terse  by  the  French-  poet 
Beranger. 


Zano'ni.  The  hero  of  a  novel  by  Bulwer 
Lytton,  a  man  who  can  communicate 
with  spirits,  has  the  secret  of  prolonging 
life,  of  producing  gold  and  gems,  &c. 

Ze'phon.  A  cherub  in  Milton's  Paradise 
Lost,  sent  with  Ithtiriel  to  seek  for  Satan 
in  Eden. 

Zeph'jrrus,  Zephsrr.  In  classical  mythol. 
a  personification  of  the  west  wind. 

Zeus.    See  in  Diet. 

Znleika,  zu-l5'ka.  SAn  oriental  female  name 
said  by  the  Mohammedans  to  have  been 
that  of  Potiphar's  wife.  The  heroine  of 
Byron's  Bride  of  Abydos  is  so  named. 


fate,  f&t,  fat,  fftU ;     me,  met,  hte ;     pine,  pin ;     note,  not,  move ;     tabe,  tub,  b\Ul ;     oil,  pound ;     U,  Sc.  abuue-the  Fr.  u. 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  ENGLISH  WBITEKS, 

•WITH.  DATES    OF  BIETH  AND   DEATH. 


Abbott,  Edwin  A.,  D.D.,  theol.  and  misc. 

writer;  1838 ., 

Abbott,Lyman,D.I).,Amer.divine;1835- 
Adams,  W.  H.  '^ 


1828  T- 


Davenport,  misc.  writer; 


Addison,  Jos.,  essayist  and  poet;  1672-1719. 
Agassiz,  Louis,  naturalist;  1807-1873. 
Aikin,  Lucy,  biographer;  1787-1834.  . 
Ainsworth,  W.   Fian.,  tray^   and  geog. ; 

18J7^— . 
Ainsworth,Wm;Harrison,novel.;  1805-1881. 
Aird,  Thomas,  poetj  1802-1876. 

Airy,  Sir  Geo.  Biddell,  astrom;  1801 . 

'Jsenside,  Mark,  poet;  1721-1770. 

•  Icott,  LX)ui«ia  if.,  Amer.  writer  of  tales; 

1833-1888.  • 

Aldrich,   Thos.  Bailey,  Amer.  poet  and 

novelist;  1836-' — . 
Alford,  Henry,  Dean,  scholar  and  poet; 

1810-1871. 
Alison,  Rev.  Arch.,  theologistand  essayist; 

1757-1839. 
Alison,  Sir  Arch.,  historian;  1792-1867. 
Allineham,  Wm^  poet;  1828-1889. 
Arbuthnot,  Dr.  Jonn>  physician  and  wit; 

1675-1735. 

Argyle,  Duke  of,  scientific  writer;  1823 . 

Armstrong,  Prof.  Geo.  F.,  poet;  1845 . 

Armstrong,   John,  poet  and   physician; 

1709-1779. 
Arnold,  Sir  Edwin,  poet  and  misc.  writer; 

1832- — . 
Arnold,  Matthew,  poet  and  misc.  writer; 

1822-1888. 
Arnold,-  Dr.  Thomas,  historian;  1795-18^. 
A'scham,  Roger  (ToxopMlua);  1516-1568. 
Ashmole,  Ehas,  antiquary;  1617-1692.. 
Atterbury,  Francis,  Bp.;  1662-1732. 
Aubrey,  John,  antiq.;  1626-1697. 
Austen,  Jane,  novelist;  1775-1817. 

Austin,  Alfred,  poet;  1835 . 

Aytoun,  Prof.  Witi. 'Edmondstoune,  poet 

and  misc.  writer:  1813-1865. 


Bacon,  Francis,  Lord;  1561-1626. 
Baden-Powell,  Sir  Geo.  S.,  polit.;  1847-i — . 

Bailey,  Philip  James,  poet;  1816 . 

Baillie,  Joanna,  poetess;  1762-1851. 

Bain,  Alex.,  LL.D.,  gram,  and  mental 

science;  1818 . 

Baker,  Sir  Bich.,  chronicler;  156»-1645. 

Baker,  Sir  Samuel  W.,  traveller;  1821 . 

Bale,  John,  Bp.,  chronicler;  1495-1563. 
Ballantine,  James,  poet;  1808-1877. 

Ballantyne,  Rob.  M.,  novelist;  1825 . 

Bancroft,  Geo.,  Amer.  hist.;  1800-1891. 
Banim,  John,- novelist;  1798-1842.  -. 
Eanim,  Michael,  novelist;  1796,-1874. 
Barbauld,   Mrs.,  poet  and  misc.  writer; 

1743-1825. 
Barbour,  John,  Scottish  poet;  1316-1396. 
Barclay,  Alex.  (Ship  of  FqoIs),  poet  and 

divine;  -1475-1552. 
Barham,  Rev.  Rich.  Harris,  'Ingoldsby;' 

1788-1845. 
Baring-GouldjRev.  Sabine,  novel,  and  misc. 

writer,  1884 . 

Barlow,  Joel,- Amer.  poet;  1755-1812. 
Barnficld,  Rich.,  poet;  1574-1627. 

Barrie,  J.  M.,  novelist,  1860 . 

Barrington,   Hon.  Daines,  misc.  writer; 

172^1800. 
Barrow,  Dr.  Isaac,  diyine  and  mathema- 

.tician;  1630-1677. 
Barton,  Bernard,  poet;  1784-1849. 

Bastian,  Prof.  H.  C,  physiol.;  1830 . 

Baxter,  Richard,  divine;.  1615-1 691. 
Bayly,  Thomas  Haynes,  poet;  1797-1839. 
Bayne,  Peter;  biog.;  1830—^,^ 
Beaconsfield.    See  Disraeli. 
Beattie,  James,  poet;  1735-1803. 
Beaumont,  Francis,  dramatist;  1584-1616. 
Beaumont,  Sir  John,  poet;  1583-1627. 
Beaumont,Rev.  Joseph,  D.D.,  poet  {Ps'iche); 
'    1616-1699.  • 

Beckford.  "VT'm.  {ValheD;  1759-184.1. 
Beddoes,  Thomas  liovell.  ttoet;  1803-1849. 


Beecher,  Lyman,  D.D.,  Amer;  divine;  1776- 

1863. 
Beecher,  Hen.  Ward,  Amer.  preacher;  1813- 

1887. 

Behn,  Mrs.  Aphra,  dramatist;  1640-1689.  ' 

Bellenden,  Jonn,  poet  and  translator;  1533- 
1587.  ^ 

Bentham,  Jeremy,  jurist;  1748-1832. 

Bentley,  Rich.;  classical.scholar;  1682-1742. 

Berkeley,  Geo.,  Bp.,  metaphys.;  1685-1763. 

Berners,  Lord,  trans.of  Froisaart;  1467-1S33. 

Besaot,  Walter,  novelist;  1838 . 

Bickerstaff,  Isaac,  dramatist;  1735-1812. 

Bickersteth,  Ed.,  divine;  1786-1850. 

Birch,  Sain.,  Egj'ptologist;  1913-1885. 

Black,  Wm.,  Hovelist;  1841 . 

Blackie,  John  Stuart,  Prof,  of  Greek,  poet 
and  misc.  writer;  1809 . 

Blackmore;  Sir  Rich.,  poet;  d.  1729. 

Blackmore,  Rich.  D.,  novelist;  1825 . 

Blackstpne,  Sir  Wm.,  jurist;  1723-1780. 

Blair,  Hugh,  D.D.,  preacher-  and  rhetori- 
cian; 1718-1800. 

Blair,  Robert,  poet;  1699-1746. 

Blake,  Wm.,  artist-poet;  1757-1827. 

Blessington,  Countess  or,  novel.;  1789-1849. 

Bloomfield,  Robert,  poet;  1766-1823. 

Boece,  Hector,  hist.;  1470-1550. 

Bolingbroke,  Henry  St.  John,  Lord,  misc. 
writer;  1678-1751.  » 

Borrow,- Geo.,trav.  and  linguist;  1803-1881. 

BosweU,  James,  biographer;  1740-1795. 

Boucicault,  Dion,  dramatist;  1822-1890. 

Bowles,  Wm.  Lisle,  poet;  1762-1850. 

Bowring,  Sir  John,  poet-translator;  1792- 
1872. 

Boyd,  Zachary,  divine  and  poet;  1585-1653. 

Boyle,  Robert,  physicist;  1627-1691. 

Braddon,  Mary  Eliz.'  (Mrs.  Maxwell),  nov- 
elist; 1837 . 

Bray,  Mrs.  Anna  Eliza,  novelist;  1790-1883. 

Breton,- Nicholas,  toet:  1545,-1626. 

Brewster,  Sir  David,  physicist;  1781-1868. 

Brome,  Rich.,  dramatist;  d.  1652. 

Bronte,  Anne,  novelist;  1820-1849. 

Bronte,  Charlotte,  novelist;  18W-1855. 

Bronte,  Emily,  novelist;  1818-1848. 

Brooke,  Henry,  novelist,  Ac;  1703-1783. 

Brooks,  Chas.  Shirley,  humorous  writer; 
1816-1874. 

Brougham,  Henry,  Lord,  statesman;  1779- 
1868. 

Broughton,  Rhoda,  novelist;  1840 . 

Brown,  Chas.  Brockdon,  Amer.  novelist; 
1771-1310. 

Brown,  John,  divine;  1722-1787. 

Brown,  John,  M.D.,  physician  and  essayist; 
1810-1882. 

Brown, '  Tom,'  humorist;  1663-1704. 

Brown,  Dr.  Thos.,  metaphys.;  1778-1820. 

Browne,  Sir  Thos.,  physician;  1605-1082. 

Browne,  William,  poet;  1591-1643. 

Browning,  Eliz.  B.,  poetess;  1809-1881. 

Browning,  Robert,  poet;  1812-1889. 

Bruce,  James,  traveller;  1730-1794. 

Bruce,  Michael,  poet;  1746-1767. 

Bryant,  Wm.  Cullen,  Amer.  poet;  1794-1878. 

Buchanan,  Robert,  poet;  1841 .  . 

Buckland,  Pr.  T.,  naturalist;  1828-1880. 

Buckland,  Wm.,  D.D.,  geol.:  1784-1856. 

Buckle,  Henry  Thomas,  histor.j  1822-1862. 

Buckstone,  JohnB.,  dramatist;  1802-1879. 

BudgeU,  Eustace,  misc.  writer;  1686-1736. 

Bulwer-Lytton.    See  Lytton. 

Bunyan,  John,  relig.  writer;  1628-1688. 

Burke,  Edmund,  orator;  1730-1797. ' 

Burnand,  Fr.C,  humorous  writer;  1837 . 

Burnet,  Gilbert,  Bp.,  histor.;  1643-1716. 

Burnett,  Mrs.  Frances  Hodgson,  novelist; 
1849 . 

Bumey,  Chas.,  Mua.  Doc.;  1726-1814. 

Bumey,  Fanny,  Mdme.  D'Arblay,  novel.; 

1752-1840. 
Bums,  Robert,  poet;  1769-1796. 
Burton,  John  Hill,  historian;  1809-1881.  . 
Burton,  Sir  Rich.  F.,  traveller  and  linguist; 

1821-1890. 

Burton,  Robert  {AmLo/MeV-- 1577-1640. 


Butler,  Joseph,  Bp.,  theol.;  1692-1752. 
Butler,  Sam.,  poet  (H%;dibras);  1612-1680. 
Butler,  Wm.  Archer,  religion  and  phllos.; 

1814-1848. 
Byrom,  John,  satiric  poet;  1692-1763. 
Byron,  Lord,  poet;  1788-1824. 


Cable,  Geo.  W.,  Amer.  novelist;  1844—. 

Caird,  John,  D.D.,  preacher;  1820 . 

Calamy,  EdmUnd,  divine;  1600-1666.    . 
Calamy,  Edmund,  D.D.,  biog.;  1671-1732. 
Calverley,  Chas.  Stnart,  poet;  1831-1884. 
Camden,  VVm.,  antiquarian;  1551-1623. 
Campbell,  Geo.,  D.D.,  divine;  1719-1796. 
Campbell,  John,  LL.D;,  misc.  writer;  170S- 

1775. 
Campbell,  John,  Lord-chan.;  1779-1861. 
Campbell,  Thomas,  poet;.  1777-1844. 
Can];iiug,  George,  statesnianand  poet;  1770- 
■   1827. 

Carew,  Richard,  poet  and  antiq.;  1655-1620. 
Carey,- Henry,  musician  and  poet;  d.  1743. 
Carleton,  Wm.,  Irish  novelist;  1794-1869. 
Carlyle,  Thomas,  historian  and  essayist; 

1795-1881. 
Carpenter,  Dr.  Wm.  Benj.,  physiol.;  1813- 

1885. 
Carruthers,  Robert,  LL.D.,  misc.  writer; 

1799-1878. 
Cartwright,  Wm.,  poet;  1611-1643. 
Cary,  Rev.  Henry  Francis,  poet;  1772-1844. 
Caxton,  William,  printer  and  translator; 

1422?-1491. 
Centli^-re,  Susanna,  dramatist;  1667-1723. 
Chalmers,  Alex.,  misc.  writer;  1759-1834. 
Chalmers,  Geo.,  historian;  1742-1825. 
Chalmers,  Thomas,  D.D.,  theologian  and 

■economist;  1780-1847-. 
Chamberlayne,  Wm^  poet;  1619-1689. 
Chambers,  Robt.,  LL.D.,  misc.  writer  and 

publisher;  1802-1871. 
Chambers,  Wm.,  LL.D.,  misc.  writer-and 

publisher;  1800-1883. 
Channing,  Wm.  EUery,  Amer.divine;  1780- 

1842. 
Chapman,  Geo.,  poet;  1557?-1634. 
Chatterton,  Thomas,  poet;  1752-1770. 
Chaucer,  Geofirey,  poet;  1340?-1400. 
Chesterfield,  Earl  of  (Lettera  to  his  Son)i 

1694-1773. 
Chettle,  Henry,  dramatist;  d.  1607? 
Chillingworth,  Wm.,  theol.;  1602-1644. 
Chux-chill,  Charles,  poet  and  misc.  writer; 

1731-1764. 
Churchyard,  Thos.,  poet;  1520-1604. 
Gibber,  CoUey,  dramatist;  1671-1757. 
Clare,  John,  poet;  1793-1864. 
Clarendon,  Edwd.  Hyde,  Earl  of,  historian; 

1608-1673. 
Clarke,  Adam,  LL.D^  theol.;  1762-1832. 
Clarke,  Edw.  Dan.,  LL.D.,  trav.;  1769-1822. 
Clarke,  Mrs.  Mary  Cowden,  misc.  writer; 

1809 . 

Clarke,  Dr.  Samuel,  divine;  1675-1729. 
Clay,  Henry,  Amer.  statestnan;  1777-1852. 
Clemens,  Sam.  Langhome,  Amer.  humor- 
ist; 1836 . 

Cleveland,  John,  poet;  1613-1658. 
Clough,  Arthur  Hugh,  poet;  1819-1861. 
Cobbe,   Miss    Frances  P.,* misc.   writer; 

1822 . 

Cobbett,  Wm.,  poUt.  and  misc.  writer; 
1762-1835. 

Colenso,  Jno.  W.,  Bp.,  theol.;  1814rl883. 

Coleridge,  Hartley,  poet;  1796-1849. 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor,  poet  and  philo- 
sopher; 1772-1834. 

QolUer,  Jeremy,  divine;  1650-1726. 

Collins,  Mortimer,  novelist  and  woet;  -1827- 
1876. 

Collins,  Wm.,_poet;  1721-1759. 

Collins,  Wm.  Wilkie,  novelist;  1824-1889. 

Colman,  George,  dramatist,  the  eldir;  1732- 
1794 

Colman,  George,  dramatist,  the  yonngsr; 

i7e2-i?36;         -        .        . 
Coltou.llev.  Chas.  Caleb  (Locon);  1780-1832 


mo 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  ENGLISH  WEITERS. 


Combe,  Dr.Andrew,  phrenologist  and  phy- 

irioL;  1797-1847.  • 

Combe,  George,  phrenologist;  1788-1868. 
Congreve,  Wm.,  dramatist;  1670-1729, 
Constable,  Henry,  poet;  1562-1613.    " 
Cook,  Eliza.-poetess;  1818-1889. 
Cook,  Capt.  James,  navigator;  1728-1779.  _ 
Cooke,  Thos.,  jKtet.and  misc.  writer;  1703- 

1756.  f:  ,:  ., 

Cooper,' Jas.  Fenimore,  Amer.  novelist : 

1789-1851.  ■    •  .      —- 

Corbet,  Kich.,  Bp.,  poet;  158S-1635.        -. 
Cornish,  Joseph,  theolog.;  works  ITSOrlSO. 
Cornwall,  Barry.    See  Procter;  -  -. 

Cottle,  Jos.,  poet;  1770-1853. 
Cotton,  Charles,  poet;  1630-1687. 
Cotton,  Nath.,  poet  and  physic.;  1705-1788. 
Cotton,  Sir  Sobt.  Bruce,  antiq.;  1571-1631..- 
Coverdale,  ililgs,  biblical  trans.;  1488-1568: 
Cowley,  Abraham,  poet;  1618-1657. 
Cowper,  William,  poet;  1731-1800. 

Cox,  Sir  G.  AV.,  historian,  &c.;  1827 : 

Crabbe,  Rev.  Geo.,  poet;  1734-1832.    •        <" 
Craik,  Dinah  Maria  Mulock,  Mi^.,  novelist; 

1826-1887. 
Craik,  Georgfe  Lillie,  historian;  1798-1866. 
Crashaw,  Rich.,  poet;  1613?-1649. 
Crawford,  Francis  Marion,  Amer.  novelist; 

1854 . 

Creasy,  Sir  Edward,  histor.;  1812-1878. 
Creech,  Thomas,  translator;  1659-1700. 

Creighton,  Mandell,  Bp.,  histor.;  1843 . 

Croker,  Jn.V/ilson,  misc.  writer;  1780-1857. 
Croker,  Thos.  Croftoh,  legends;  1798-1854. 
Croly,  Rev.  Geo.,  poet;  1780-1860. 
Crowe,  Sirs.  Cath.,  novelist;  1800-1876. 
Crowe,. Eyre  Evans,  hist.;  1799-1868,' 
Crowne,  Johfl,  dramatist;  d.  1703  ? 
Cudworth,  Ralph,  philos.;  1617-1688. 
Cumberland,  Rich.,  dramatist;  1732-1811.  - 
Cuniiingham,  Allan,  poet  and  misc.  writer; 

1784-1842. 
Cunnitigham,  Jos.  B.,  hist.;  1812-1851. 
Cunningham,  Peter,  misc.  writer;  1816-1§69. 
Curran,  John  P.,  orator;  1750-1817.  ^ 

Curtis,  Geo.  T.,  Amer.  hist.;  1812 

Cust,  Bobt.  N.,  philol.;  1821 . 

Dale,  Tho8.,theol.;  1797-1870. 
Dallas,  Rob.  C,  misc.  writer;  1754-18S4. 
Dalrymple,  Sir  David.    See  Hatles. 
Dampier,  Wm.,  navigator;  1652-1715. 

Dana,  Jas.  Dwight,  Amer.  nat.;  1813 . 

Dana,  Rich.  Henry,  Amer.  poet;  1787-1879. 
Dana,  Rich.  Henry,  jr;  (Two  Years  Before 

the  Mast);  1815-1882.  ■ 
Daniel,  Samuel,  poet;  1562-1619. 
D'Arblay,  Sladame.    See  Burnky. 
Darwin,  Chas.,  naturalist;  1809-1882. 
Darwin,  Erasmus,  poet  a/id  physician; 

1731-1802. 
Dasent,  Sir  Geo.  Webbe,  Scand.  scholar, 

&c.;  1820 . 

Davenant,  Sir  Wm.,  dramatist  and  "poet; 

1606-1668. 

Davidson,  Sam.,  D.D.,  bibl.  critic;  1807 . 

Davies,  John,  poet;  1565-1618. 

Davies,  Sir  John,  poet;  1569-1626. 

Davy,  Sir  Humphry,  physicist;.  1778-1829. 

Dawkins,  Prof.  W.  Boyd,  geol.;  1838 — s,  * 

Dawson,  Sir  JohnW.,  geol.;  1820—. 

Day,  John,  dramatist;  fl.  1606. 

Day,  Thos.  [Sand/ord  and  Merton);  1748- 

1789. 
Defoe,  Daniel,  novelist  and  m'isc.  "writer; 

1661-1731. 
Dekker,  Thos.,  dramatist;  1670?-16417»v 
De  Morgan,  Au^stus,  math.;  1806-1871. 
Denhatn,  Sir  John,  poet;  1615-1669. 
Dennis,  John,  dramatist,  &c.;  1657-1734. ~ 
De  Quincey,  Thomas,  essayist;  1785-1859. 
Derby,  Earl  of,  trans,  of  Homer;  1799-1869. 
Derham,  "Wm.,  philosopher  and  divine; 

1657-1735. 

De  Vere,  Aubrey  Thos.,  poet;  1814 . 

Dibdin,  Charles,  song-writer;  1745-1814. 
Dibdin,  Dr.  Thos.  Prognall,  bibliog.;  1776- 

1847. 
Dickens,  Charles,  novelist;  1812-1870. 
Digby,  Sir  Kenelm,  philos.;  1603-1665. 
Dilke,  Sir  Charles,  traveller  and  politician; 

1843 .        ,  .    •     • 

Disraeli,  Benj.,  Earl  of  Beaconsfield, 

man  and  novelist;  1804-1881. 
©'Israeli,  Isaac,  misc.  writer;  1766-1848;. 
Dizon,  Wm.  Hepworth,  histor.  and  trav.; 

1821-1879. 
Dobell,  Sydnr/y,  poet  and  critic;  18at-l©4. 
Dobson,  Austw,  poet;  1840-—'. 


JDoddridge,  Philip,  divine;  JToa-lTEL 

Dodsley,  Robt.,  bookseller  and  poet;  1708- 

U-176t 

i)onue,  Dr.  John,  poet;  .1573-1631. 
<  »Doran,  Dr.  John,  misc.  writer;  1807-1878, 
1  .>Doubleday,  Thomas,  poet  and  dramatist; 
"  ■   1790-1870. 

Doudney,  Sarah,  stories;  1842 . 

Dongas,  Gavin,  Scottish  iK>et;  1^4-1522. 

Dowden,  Prof .  Edward,  critic  and  biog.; 
1843 .   " 

Doyle,  Sir  Francis  E.,  poet;  1810-1883. 

Drake,  Nathan,  if.D.,  essayist;  1766--18S6. 

Draper,  iln.W.,  scientific  writer;  1811-1882. 

Drayton,  Michael,  poet;  1563-1631. 

Drummond,  Prof.  Henry,  science  and  re- 
ligion;' 1851 — r-. 

Drummond,  Wm.,  poet;  1585-1649. 

•Dryden,  John,  poet;  1631-1700. 

Dugdale,  Sir  Wm.,  antiq.;  1605-1686. 

Dunbar,  Wm.,  Scottish _poet;  1465^-1530? 

D'Urfey, '  Tom,'  dramatist  and  song-writer; 

■  16537-1723. 
Dwight,>Timothy,D.D.,  Amer.theol.;  1762- 

.1817. 
Dyer,  John,  poet;  1700-1758. 
Djier,  Thos.  Heniy,  historian;  1804-1888. 

Earle,  John,-Bp.,  essayist;  1601-1665.  ^ 
Echard,  Laurence,  hist.;  1670-1730. 
Edgeworth.  Maria,  novelist;  1767-1849. 
Edwards,  ^Miss  Amelia  B.,  novelist,  Egypto- 
logist, &c.;  1831 . 

Edwards,  Hen.  Sutherland,  jnisc.  writer; 

1828 . 

Edwards,  Jonath.^  Amer.  divine;  1703-1758. 
Edwards,  Miss  Matilda  Betham,  novelist; 

1836 . 

Edwards,  Richard,  dramatist;  1523-1566. 

Eggleston.Edwd.,  Amer.  novelist;  1837 . 

EUot,  George   (Marian   Evans),  novelist;. 

1820-1880. 
Eliot,  Jn.,  Amer.  Indian  scholar;  1604-1690. 
EUicott,  Charles  John,  D.D.,  Bp.,  theol.; 

1819 . 

ElUott,  Eben.,  poet;  .1781-1849. 
Ellis,  George,  misc.  writer;  1753-1815. 
Ellis,  Sir  Henry,  antiq.;  1777-1869. 
Ulyot,  Sir  Thomas,  polit.  and  educational 

■  writer,  1490?-1546. 
Emerson,  Ralph  Waido,  Amer.  misc.  writer; 

1803-1882. 
Erskine,  Thos.,  lord-chancellor;  1750-1823.. 
Etherege,  Sir  George,  dramatist;  1635-1691. 
Eusden,  Lawrence,  poet;  1688-1730. 
Evelyn,  John,  diarist,  &c.;  1620-1706. 
Everett,  Edward,  Amer.  orator;  1794-1865. 

Faber,  Dr.  Fred.  Wm.,  poet  and  tlieoL: 

1814-1863. 
Faber,  Geo.  Stanley,  theol.;  1773-1854 
Fabyan,  Robert,  chronicler ;  1450-1513. 
FairiEax,  Edwd.,  poet ;  d.  1635. 
Falconer,  Wm.,  poet;  1732-1769. 
Fansbawe,  Sir  lUch.,  statesman  and  poet ; 

1608-1666. 
Faraday,  Micha^  scientific  writer;  1791- 

1867.  *- 

Farquhar,  Geo.,  dramatist;  1678-1707. 
Farrar,  Fred.  Wm.,  D.D.,  theol.,  sacred 

hist.,  &c.;  1831 . 

Fawcett,  Hen.,  statesman  and  poL  econ.; 

1833-1884. 
Fawkes,  Francis,  poet ;  1720-1777. 
Fellows,  Sir  Chas.,  traveller;  1799-1860. 
Felltham,  Owen  (Besoiws);  1602?-1668. 

Fenn,  Geo.  Manville,  novelist ;  1830 > 

Fenton,  Elijah,  poet ;  1683-1730. 
Ferguson,  Dr.  Adam,  hist.;  1723-1816. 
Ferguson,  Jas.,  astron.;  1710-1776. 
Ferguson,  Sir  Sam.,  poet;  1810-1886. 
Fergusson,  James,  architect ;  1808-188d. 
Fergusson,  Robert,  poet ;  1750-1774. 
Ferrier,  Jas.  Fred.,  metaph.;  1808-1864. 
Ferrier,  Susan  E.,  novelist ;  1782-1854. 
Fielding,  Henry,  novelist ;  1707-1754. 
Fielding,  Sarah,  novelist;  1710-1768. 
Filmer,  Sir  R.,  polit.  writer;  d.  1653. 
Finlay,  Geo.,  LL.D.,  hist.;  1799-1876. 
Pisherv  John,  Bp.;  1459-1535.  .^ 

Fitzgerald,  Percy,  misc.  writer;  1834-*—-. 
Flecknoe,  Rich.,  poet ;  d.  1678. 
Fleetwood,  Wm.,  Bp.;  1656-1723. 
Fleming,  Dr.  John,  naturalist;  1785-18i7f 
Fletcher,  Giles,  poet;  1688-1623. 
Fletcher,  John,  dramatist;  1579-1625. 
Fletcher,  Phineas,  poet ;  1682-1650. 
iflocio,  John,  trans,  and  le]^co§.  j  ^0BS-i6sci. 


Fonblanqne,  Albany,  journalist;  1793-1872. 
Foote,  Sam.,  dramatist;  1720-1777. 

Forbes,  Arch.,  journalist;  1838 . 

Forbes,  Ed w., naturalist;  1815-1854. 
Forbes,  James  D.,  physicist;  1809-1868. 
Ford,  John,  dramatist ;  1586-1639. 
Forster,  John,  hist,  and  biog.;  1812-1876. 
Forsyth,  Wm.,  hist.,  law,  &c.;  1812^ — . 
Fosbroke,  Rev.  Thos.,  antiq.;  1770-1842.     ' 
Foster,  Rev.  John,  essayist ;  1770-1&J3. 

Fowler,  Thos.,  D.D.,  philos.;  1832 . 

Fox,  Charles  James,  politician;  1749-1806. 

Fox,  Geo.,  Quaker;  1624-1691. 

Foxe,  Jolin,-mart}Tologist;  1516-1587. 

Francillon,  Rob.  Ed.,  novelist;  1841 . 

Francis,  Rev."  Philip,  misc.  writer;  1708- 

1773. 
Francis,  Sir  Philip,  politician;  1740-1818. 
Franklin,  Benj.,  Ainer.  misc.  writer;  1706- 

1790. 
Fraser,    Prof.    Alex.  ■  Campbell,    philos.; 

ia9 . 

Fraser,  Jas.  BaiUie,  traveller  and  novelist; 

1783-1856. 

Freeman,  Edw.  Augustps,  hist.;  1823 . 

Frere,.John  Hookham,  poet;  1769-1846. 

Froude,' James  Anthony,  hist.;  1818 . 

Fuller,  Andw.,  Baptist  divine;  1764-1815. 
Fuller,  Thomas^- J>.D..  divine  and  hist.; 

1608-1661,^'^^"^ 


Gairdner,  Jas.,  hist.;  1828 . 

Gait,  John,  novelist;  1779-1839. 
Galton,  Francis,  travels,  &c.;  1822— i—. 

Gardiner,  Sam.  R.,hist.;  1829 . 

Gamett,  Richard,  LL.D.,  poet  and  biog.; 

1835 . 

Garrick,  David,  actor  and  dramatist;  1717- 

1779. 
Garth,  Sir  Sam.,  M.D.,  poet;  1661-1719. 
Gascoigne,  George,  poet;  1525-1577. 
Gaskell,    Elizabeth    Cleghom,    novelist; 

1810-1865. 
Gauden,  John,  D.D.,  Bp.,  theol.;  1605-1662. 
Gay,  John,  poet;  1685-1732. 

Geikie,  Sir  Archibald,  geologist;  1835 , 

Geikie,  James,  geologist;  1839 
Gibbon,  Edwardj  historian;  1737-1794. 
Giffbrd,  Wm.,  critic  and  editor;  1756-1886. 

Gilbert,  John  Thos.,  hist.;  1829 . 

Gilbert,  Wm.  Schwenck,  dramat.;  1836 . 

Gilfillan,  Rev.  Geo.,  misc.  writer;  1813-1878. 
GilfiUan,  Rob.,  poet;  1798-1850. 
Gillies,  John,  LL.D.,  histor.;  1747-1836. 
Gilpin,  Wm.,  divine,  writer  on  scenery,  &c.; 

1724-1804. 
Gladstone,  William    Ewart,    statesman; 

1809 . 

Glanville,  Joseph,  divine  and  philos;  1636- 

1680. 
Gleig,  Geo.  Bob.,  divine  and  histor.;  1796- 

1888. 
Glover,  Richard,  poet;  1712-1785. 
Godwin^  Wm.;  novelist;  1756-1836. 
Goldsmith,  Oliver,  poet  and  misc.  writer; 

1728-1774. 
Good,  John  Mason,  M.D.,  misc.  writer; 

1764-1827. 
Googe,  'Bamaby,  poet;  1540-1594. 
Gordon,   Adam  Lindsey,  AustraL  poet; 

1833-1870. 
Gordon  -  Gumming,    Miss  Constance  F., 

travels:  1837 . 

Gore,  Cath.  Grace,  novelist;  1799-1861. 

Gosse,  Edmund  W.,  poet;  1849 . 

Gosse,  Philip  Hen.,  zool.;  1810-1888. 
Gough,  Richard,  antiq.;  1735-1809. 
Gower,  John,  poet;  1325-1408. 
Grafton,  Richard,  chronicler;  d.  1572? 
Grahame,  James,  poet;  1765-1811. 
Grainger,  Jas.,  M.D.,  poet;  1721-1766. 
Grant,  Mrs.  Anne,  misc.  writer;  1755-1838. 
Grant,  James,  novelist;  1822-1887. 
Grant,  Prof.  Rob.,  IlL.D.,  astronomer; 

1814 , 

Grant,  Thos.  0.,  novelist  and  misc.  writer; 

1792-1864. 
Grattan,  Henry,  statesman;  1746-1820. 
Graves,  Rev.  Richard,  poet  and  novislist 

1716-1804. 
Gray,  David,  poet;  1838-1861. 
Gray,  Thomas,  poet;  1716-1771. 
Green,  John  Richard,  hist.;  1838-18® 
Green,  Matthew,  poet;  1696-1737. 
Greene,  Robert,  dramatist;  1560-1692. 
Greg,  Wm.  Rathbone,  essayist;  1809-1881. 
Grew,  Kehemiah,  M.D.,  natur.;  1641-1712. 
Griffin,  Qer.,  novelist  and  poet;  1803-1840. 
Gilnuad  (Gnmoald;,  ^i«b,,  J>petf  jl^Utt 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST   OF  ENGLISH  WEITERS, 


811 


Grose,  Francis,  antlq.;  1731-1791. 

Grote,  George,  hist.;  1794-1871. 

Grove,  Sir  Geo.,  mus.  and  bibl.  scholar; 

1820 . 

Gurney,  Archer  T.'  divine;  1820-1887. 
Gurnev,  Edw.,_phiios.  writer,  1847-1888. 
Guthrie,  Rev.  Thos.,  D.D.;  1803-1873. 

Habington,  Wm.,  poet;  1605-1654. 
llacket,  John,  D.D.,  Bp.;  1592-1670. 

Baggard,  Henry  Rider,  novelist;  1856 . 

Hailes,  Sir  David  Dalrymple,  Lord.histor.; 

1726-1792. 
Hakluyt,  llich^-Voyages;  1563-1616. 
Hale,  Edw.  Everett,  Amer.  misc.  writer; 

I     1822 . 

Hale,  Sir  Matthew,  jurist.;  1609-1676. 
Haiiburton,  Thos.  Chandler,  novelist;  1803- 

1865. 

Halifax,  Cha*  Montagu,  Earl  of,  poet; 

1661-1715. 
Hall,  Edwd.,  chronicler;  1499-1547. 
Hall,  John,  poet;  1627-1656.  - 
HalJ,  Joseph,  D.D.,  Bp.,  divine  and  satirist; 

1574-1656. 
Hall,  Marshall,  M.D.,  physiol.;  1790-1857. 
jHall,  Rev.  Newman,  divine;  1816-^ — . 
Hall,  Robert,  divine;  1764-1831. 
Hall,  Sam.  barter,  misc.  writer;  1800-1889. 
;Hall,  Mrs.  Sam^Carter,  novelist,  &c.;' 1800- 

1881. 
Hallam,  Heniy,  hist.;  1778-1859. 
Halleck.Pitz-Greene,  Amer.  poet;  1790-1867. 
Halliday,  Andrew,  essayist  and  dramatist; 
I    1830-1877. 

Halliwell-Phillips,  Jatnes  Orchard,  antiq.; 
1    1820-1889. 
Hamerton,  Philip  Gilbert,  misc.  and  art 

writer;  1834 . 

Hamilton,  Alex.,  Amer.  statesman  and 

soldier;  1757-1804. 
Hamilton,  Elizab.,  misc.  writer;  1758-1816.' 
Hamilton,  William,  poet;  1704-1754. 
^Hamilton,  Sir  Wm.,  metaph.;  1788-1856. 
Hammond,  Henry,  JD.D.,  divine;  1606-1660. 
Hammond,  James,  poet;  1710-1742. 
Hampden,  Renn  D.,  Bp.,  theol.;  1793-1868. 
Hannay,  James,  novelist,  &C.;  1827-1873. 

Hardy,  Thomas,  novelist;  1840 . 

Hardyng,  Johr   chronicler;  1378-1465. 

Hare,  Aug.  J^.C,  trav.;  1834 . 

Hare,  Aug.  Wm.,  divine;  1792-1834. 
Hare,  Julius  Charles,  divine;  1795-1856. 
Harington,  Sir  John,  poet,  &c.;  1561-1612. 
Harrington,  Jas.,polit.  theorist  lOceana); 

1611-1677. 
Harris,  James,  philol;  1709-1780. 
Harris,  John,  JD.D.,  divine;  1802-1856. 
Harte,  Francis  Bret,  Amer.  novelist  and 

poet;  1839 . 

Hartley,  David,  M.D.,  philos.;  1705-1757. 
Hartlib,  Samuel,'  miscel.  'writer;  d.  1670. 
Harvey,  Gabjriel,  poet;  1545-1630. 
Hatton,  Joseph,  nov'eust  and  misc.  'writer; 

1839 . 

Hawes,  Stephen,  poet;  d.  1623. 
Hawker,  Rev,  Rooert  Sy  poet;  1803-1875. 
Hawkesworth,  John,  LL.D.,  essayist,  &c.; 
'    1715-1773. 
Hawkins,  Sir  John,  miscwriter;  1719-1789. 

Hawthorne,  Julian,  Amer.  nov.;  1846 . 

Hawthorne,   Nathaniel,   Amer.   novelist: 
'    1804-1864. 

Bay  ley,  William,  poet;  1745-1820. 
Hayward,  Abraham,  Q.O.,  essayist;  1801- 

1884. 
Hayward,  Sir  John,  hist.;  1564-1627. 
Hazlitt,  Wm.;  critic,  &c.;  1778-1830: 
Head,  Sir  Francis  B.,  misc.  writer;  ITSSr 

1875. 
Heame,  Thomas,  antia.;  1678-1735. 
Heber,Reginald,D.D..Bp.,  poet;  1783-1826. 
Helps,  Sir  Arthur,  hisi.  and  essayist;  1817- 

1875.- 
Hemans,  Felicia'  D.,  poetess;  1793"-1835. 
Henley,  Rev.  John,  orator;  1692-1756. 
Henry,  Matthew,  divine;  1662-1714. 
Henry,  Robert,  hist.;  1718-1790.. 
Henryson,  Robert,  Scot,  poet;  1430-1506;    - 

Henty,  George  A.,  novelist;  1832 . 

Herbert,  Lord  Edward,  philos.,  poet,  &c.; 

1583-1648. 
Herbert,  George,  poet;  1693-1633. 
Herb^t,  Sir  Thos.,  traveller;  1606-1682. 
Herrick,  Robert,  poet;  1591-1674. 
Herschel,  Sir  John  F. W.,  astron. ;  1790-1871. 
Hervey,  Rev.  Jas.  (Meditations);  1714-1758. 
Hervey,  John,  Lord,  poet  and  misc.  writer; 

1686-174J. 


Heylin,  Peter,  D.D.,  theol.  and  hist.;  1600- 

1662.    . 
Heywood,  Thos.,  dramatist;  d.  about  1650. 
Hickes,  George,  D.D.,  divine  and  philol.; 

1642-1715. 
Hill,  Aaron,  po^t,  &c.;  1685-1750. 
Hoadly,  Benjamin,  Bp.,  theol.;  1676-1761. 
Hobbes,  Thos.,  philosopher;  1588-1679. 
Hodge,  Chas.,  D.D.,  Amer.  theol.;  1797-'1878. 
Hofl'man,  Chas.  Fenno,  Amer.  poet,  &c.; 

1806-^1884. 
Hogg,  Jas.,  Ettrick  Shepherd,  poet;  1772- 

1835. 
Holcroft,  Thomas,  novelist  and  dramatist; 

1745-1809. 
Holinshed,  Raphael,  chronic!.;  d.  ab.  1680. 
Holland,  Sir  Henry,  M.D.,  medicine,  &c.; 

1788-1873. 
Holland,  Philemon,  M.D.,  translator;  1581- 

1636. 

Hollingshead,  John,  misc.  writer;  1827 . 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell,  Amer.  poet,  &c.; 

1809 . 

Home,  Rev.  John,  dramatist;  1722-1808. 
Hone,  William,  antiq.;  1780-1842.    ' 
Hood,  Thomas,  poet,  &c.;  1798-1845. 
Hook,  Theodore  Edwd.,  novelist„&c.;  1788- 

1841. 
Hook,  Walter  Farquhar,  D.D.,  eccles.  hist.; 

1798-1875. 
Hooke,  Nathaniel,  hist.;  1690-1763. 
Hooker,  Sir  Joseph.  Dalton,  'botanist  and 

trav.;  1817 . 

Hooker,  Richard,  di'vine;  1553-1600. 
Hoole,  Jno.,  trans,  of  Tasso,  &c,;  1727-1803. 
Hope,  Thomas,  novelist;  1770-1831. 
Home,  Richard  Hengist,  poet;  1803-1884. 
Home,  Thos.  Hartwell,  theol.:  1780-1862. 
Horsley,  Sam. ,LL.D.,Bp.,  theol.;  1733-1806. 
Houghton,    Richard    Monckton    ^lilnes. 

Lord,  poet;  1809-1885. 
Howell,  James,  trasveller,  &c.:  1594-1666. 

Howells,  Wm.  D.,  Amer.  novelist;  1837 . 

Howitt,  Mary,  misc.  writer;  1805-1888. 
Howitt,  William,  misc.  writer;  1792-1879. 

Hughes',  Thos.,  novelist,  &c.;  1823 . 

Hume,  David,  hist,  and  philos.;  1711-1776. 

Hunt,  Leigh,  poe^  1784-1859. 

Hunter,  Sir  Wm.  Wilson,  Indian  subjects; 

1840-^. 
Hurd,  Rich.,  D.D.,  Bp.,  theol.  and  critic; 

1720-1808. 
Hutcheson,  Francis,  LL.D.j  philos.:  1694- 

1747. 
Hutton,  JameSjgeoI.;  1726-1797. 
Huxley,  Thos.  Henry,  biologist;  1825—.  • 


Inchbald,  Elizabeth,  dramatists  &c.;  1753- 

1821. 

Ingelow,  Jean,  poetess;  1820 . 

Ingram,  John  H.,  misc.  writer;  1849 . 

Inngs,  Cosmo,  hist,  and  antiq.;  1798-1874. 
Ireland,  Wm.  Henry,  dramatist  and  misc. 

writer  (Shakspere  forgeries);  1777-1835.     ' 
Irving,  Washington,  Amer.  misc.  'writer; 

1783-1869. 


James,  Geo.  P.  B.,  novelist;  1801-1860. 
James,  Henry,  Amer.  novelist  and  misc. 

writer;  1843 

James  I.  of  Scotland,  poet;  1394-1437. 
Jameson,  Mrs.  Anna,  misc.  ■writer,  1797- 

1860. 
Jeaffreson,  Jno.  Cordy,  "novelist  and  misc. 

writer;  1831 . 

Jefferson,  Thos.,  Pres.  U.S.: 1743-1820.. 
Jeffrey,  Francis,  Lord,  critic;  1773-1850. 
Jenyns,  Soame,  misc.  writer;  1703-1787. 
Jerrold,  Douglas,  novelist  and  dramatist; 

1803-1857. 
Jesse,  John  Heneage^miscwriter;  1816-1874. 
Jessop,  Augustus,  D.D.,  hist,  and  biog.,  &c.; 

1824 

JeweU,  John.'D.D.,  Bp.,  theol.;  1522-1671. 
Jewsbury,  Geraldine  E.^  novelist;  1812-1880. 
Johnson,  Dr.   Sam.,  poet,  essayist,  and 

lexicog.;  1709-1784. 
Jones,  Sir  William,  Orientalist;  1746-1794. 
Jonson,  Ben,  dramatist;  1574-1637. 
Jortin,  John,  D.D.,  theol.;  1698-1770. 
Jowitt,  Rev.  Ben.,  theol.  and  Greek  scholar: 

1817 . 


Kames,  Heniy  Home,  Lord,  philos.:  IlS96- 

1782. 
Kavanagh,  Julia,  novelist;  1824-1877. 
Kaye,  Sir  John  W.,  hist.;  1824-1874. 


Keats,  John,  poet;  1735-1821. 
Keble,  John,  poet;  1792-1866. 
Keightley,  Thos.,  hist.,  &c.;  1789-1872. 
Kemble,  Frances   Anne,   memoirs,   &c.: 

1809 . 

Kemble,  John  M.,  A.-Sax.  scholar;  1807- 

1857. 
Ken,  Thos.,-'Bp.,  theoL  and  hymn  writen 

1637-1711. 

Kent,  Charles,  poet  and  journalist:  1823 . 

Kent,  James,  LL.D.,  Amer.  junst.;  1763- 

1847. 
King,  Henry,  D.D.,  poet;  1592-1669. 
Kinglake,  Alex.  Wm.,  hist.,  1811-1891. 
Kingsley,  Rev.  Chas.,  novelist  and  poet; 

1819-1875.  , 

Kingsley,  Henry,  novelist;  1830-1876. 
Kipling,    Rudyajrd,  novelist   and   poet: 

1864- — . 
Kirby,  William,  entomoL;  1759-1860. 
Kitto,  John,  D.D.,  theol.;  1804-1854. 
Knight,   Chas.,  hist,   and  misc.  -Writer; 

1791-1873. 
Knight,  Hemy  Gaily,  poet;  1786-1846. 
Knolles,  Rich.,  hist.;  1643-1610. 
Knowles,  Jas.  Sheridan,  dramatist:  1784- 

■1862. 
Knox.'John,  reformer;  1505-1672. 
Knox,  Vicesimus,  D.D.,  essayist;  1752-1821. 
Kyd,  Thos.,  dramatist;  works  1594-1599. 


Laing,  Malcolm,  hist.;  1762-1818. 
Lamb,  Lady  Caroline,  novelist;  1786-1828. 
Lamb,  Chas.,  essayist  and  poet;  1775-1834. 
Landon,  Letitia  E.,  poetess;  1802-1838. 
Landor,  Walter  Savage,  poet  and  author 

of  Imaginary  Conversations;  1775-1864. 
Lane,  Ed.  Wm.,  Arabic  scholar;  .1801-1876. 

Lane-Poole,  Stanley,  Orientalist;  1854 . 

Lang,  Andrew,  misc.  -writer;  1844 . 

Langhome,  Rev.  John,  poet;  1735-1779. 
Langland,  Wm.  [Piers  Flowman);  1332?- 

1399? 
Lankester,   Prof.  Edwin  Ray,  biologist; 

■   1847 -. 

Lardner,  Dr.  Dionysius,  scientifio  writer; 

1793-1859. 
Latham,  Robert  Gordon,  philol.;  1812-1888. 
Latipier,  Hiigh,  Bp.,  reformer;  1490-1555. 
Lauder,  Sir  Thos.  Dick,  novelist  anf"  ■~\i8c. 

writer;  1784-1848. 
Law,  William,  divine;  1686-1761. 
Lawrence,  Geo.  Alfred,  novelist;  1827-1876. 
Layard,  3ir  Austen  H.,  trav.  and  archaeol.; 

1817—^. 

Lecky,  Wm.  B.  H.,  hist.;  1838 . 

Lee,  Harriet,  novelist;  1766-1851. 
Lee,  Nath.,  dramatist;  1657-1691. 
Lee,  Sophia,  novelist;  1760-1824. 
Leighton,  Robt.,  D.D.,  Abp.,  theol.:  1611- 

1684. 
Leland,  Chas.  G.,  Amer.  misc.  ■writer; 

1824 . 

Leland,  John,  antiq.;  1506-1552. 
Leland,  John,  D.D.,  theol.;  1691-1766. 
Leland,  Thos.,  D.IX,  Irish  hist.,  &c.;  1722- 

1785. 
Lemon,  Mark,  dramatist  and  humorist; 

1809-1870.      . 
Lennox,  Charlotte,  novelist,  &c.;  1720-1804. 
Leslie,  John,  Bp.,  hist.;  1526-1596. 
Leslie,  Sir  JohnLPhysicist;  1766-1832. 
L'Estrange,  Sit  Roger,  journal.;  1616-1704. 
Lever,  Charles  James,  novelist;  1806-1872. 
Lewes,  George  Henry,  philos.,  biog.,  &c.; 

1817-1878. 
Lewes, -.Mrs.—'  George  Eliot.'    See  Eliot. 
Lewis,  Sir  Geo.  Comewall,  hist.;  1806-1863. 
Le-wis,  Matt.  Gregory,  novelist:  1776-1818. 
Leyden,  John,  poet  and  Orientalist;  17i'6- 

1811. 
Lightfoot,  John,  D.D.,  divine;  1692-1675. 
Lillo.'Geo.,  dramatist;  1693-1739. 
Lindley,  John,  botanist;  1799-1865. 
LIngard,  John,  D.D.,  hist.;  1771-1851. 
Linton,  Mrs.   Eliz.   Lynn,  novelist  and 

essayist;  1822 . 

Livingstone,  David,  LL.D.,  trav.;  181S-187S. 
Lloyd,  Robt.,  poet;  1733-1764. 
Locke,  John,  philos.;  1632-1704. 

Locker-Lam pson,  Fred,,  poet;  1821 . 

Lockhart,  John  Gibson,  biog.  and  novelist; 

1794-1854. 
Lockyer,  Jos.  Norman,  astron,;  1836^ — . 
LQ^ge,  Thos.,  dramatist;  1555-1625. 
Logan,  Johnj_poet;  1748-1788. 
Longfellow,  Hen.  Wadsworth,  Amer.  poet; 

1807-1882. 
ipoudon,  John  Claudius,  bo(aQ.i  1783-1843. 


812 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST   OF  ENGLISH   WRITERS. 


Lovelace,  Richaxd,  poet;  1618-1658. 
Lover,  Samuel,  novelist,  &c.;  1797-1868. 
Lowell,  James  Russell,.  Amer.  poet  and 

critic;  1819-1891. 
Lowth,  Robt.,  D.D.,  Bp.,  divine;  1710-1787. 
Lubbock,  Sir  John,  scientist;  1834^—, 
Lydgate,  John,  poet;  1375-1460. 
Lyell,  Sir  Charles,  geoL;  1797-1875. 
Lyly,  John,  dramatist,  &c.;  1553-1600. 
Lyndsay,  Sir  David,  Scotch  poet;  1490-1567. 
Lyttelton,  Geo.,  Lord,  poet;  1709-1773. 

Lytton,  Earl  of,  poet;  1831 . 

Lj'tton,  Ed.  Geo.  Bulwer-Lytton,  Baron, 

uoveUst  and  poet;  1803-1873. 


Macaulay,  Thos.  Babington,  Lord,  hist.; 

1800-1859. 

M'Carthy,  Justin,  novelist,  etc.;  1830 . 

M'Cosh,  Jamjes,   D.D.,  LL.D.,  metaph.; 

1811 . 

M'Crie,  Thos.,  D.D.,  eccles.  hist.;  1772-1835. 
M'Culloch,  John  Ramsay,  political  econ.; 

17S9-1864. 
MacDonald,  Geo.,  LL.D.,  novel,  and  poet; 

1824 . 

Wackay,  Charles,  LL.D.,  poet  and  misc. 

•writer;  1812-1889. 
Mackenzie,  Henry,  novelist;  1745-1831. 
Mackintosh,  Si»  James,  philos.  and  hist.; 

1765-1832. 
JIacklin,  Charles,  dramatist;  1690?rl797. 
Maclagan,  Alex.,  poet;  1811-1880. 
Macleod,  Rev.  Norman,  D.D.,  stories,  &c.; 

1812-1872. 
JIacpherson,  Jas.,  poet  (Oesian);  1738-1796. 
Magiun,  ^V'm.,  LL.D.,  misc.  ■writer;  1794- 

1842. 

Mahaffy,  John  P.,  D.D.,  Greek  hist.,  &c.; 

1839 . 

Mahony,  Fr.  (Father  Prout),  misc.  Tmter; 

1804-1866. 
Malcolm,  Sir  John,  hist.;  1769-1833. 
Mallet,  David,  poet;  1700-1765. 
Malone,  Edmund,  antiq.,  &c.;  1741-1812. 
Malory,  Sir  Thos.  {Morte  Darthur);  1430?- 

1470? 
Malthus,  Rev.  Th.  R.,  pol.  econ.;  1766-1834. 
Mandeville,  Bernard  de,  poet;  1670-1733. 

Manning,  Hen,  EdW.,  Cardinal,  1808 . 

Mansel,  Henry  Longuevllle.  philosopher; 

1820-1871.  •  ■    . 

Mant,  Rich.,  D.D.,  theol.;  1776-1848. 
JIantell,  Gideon,  geol.;  1790-1852. 

Markham,  Clement  R.,  traveller;  1830 . 

JIarlowe,  Christopher,  dramat.;  1564-1593. 
Marryat,  Capt.  Fred.,  novelist;  1792-1848. 
Marsh,  Herbert,  D.D.,  Bp.,  theol.;  1757- 

1839. 
Marston,  John,  poet  and  dramatist;  1570- 

1634. 
Marston,  Philip  Bourke,'poet;  1850-1887. 
Marston,  AYcstland,  dramatist  and  poet; 

1820-1890. 
Martin,  Sir  Theodore,  biograph.,  poet,  &c.; 

1816 .  . 

Martineau,  Harriet,  hist,  and  miscwriter; 

1802-1876. 
Martineau,  Rev.  James,  LL.D.,  theoL  and 

philos.;  1805 . 

Marv'ell,  Andrew,  poet,  &c.;  1620-1678. 
JIason,  Wm.,  poet  and  divine;  1725-1797. 

Massey,  Gerald,  poet;  1828 . 

Massinger,  Philip,  dramatist;  1584-1640. 
MassDn,  David,  critic  and  literary  hist.; 

1822 . 

Mather,  Cotton,  Amer.  theol.;  1663-1728. 
Maurice,  Jn.  F.  Denisou,  divine;  1805-1872. 
May,  Thos.,  poet  and  hist.,  1594-1650.  . 
JMay,  Sir  Thos.  Erskine,  hist.;  1815-1886. 
May  hew,  Henry,  dramatist,  &c.;  1812-1886. 
Mayne.  John,  Scotch  poet;  1759-1836. 
Melville,  Geo.  Jno.  Whyte,  nov.;  1821-1878. 

Meredith,  GeOrge,  novelist;  1828 : 

Merivale,  Chas.,  D.D.,  hist;  1808 . 

Iklickle,  Wm.  Julius,  poet;  1734-1788. 
Middleton.Conyers,  D.D.,  blog.  and  theol.; 
.  1683-1750. 

Middleton,  Thomas,  dramatist;  1570-1627. 
Mill,  James,  hist  and  philos.;  1773-1836. 
Mill,  John  Stuart  logic  and  poL  economy; 

1806-1873. 
Mill^,  Hugh,  ge*l.;  1802-1856. 

Miller,  Joaquin,  Amer.  poet;  1842 . 

Milman,  Henry  Hart,  D.D.,  poet  and  hist.; 

1791-1868. 
Milton.  John;  poet;  1608-1674. 
Mitford,  Maiy  Russell  (Our  Village);  1786- 

1855. 
Mitford,  TTni.,  hist,  of  Greece;  17«-182r. 


Mivart,  St.  George,  naturalist:  1827 . 

Moir,  David  M.  {Delta),  poet;*1798-1851. 
Montagu,  Chaxles.    See  Halifax. 
Montagu,  Lady  M.  W.,  letter  writer;  1690- 

1762. 
Montgomery,  Alex.,  Scot,  poet;  d.  ab.  1608. 
Montgomery,  James,  poet;  1771-1854. 
Jlontgomery,  Rev.  Robt.,  poet;  1807-1856. 
Moore,  Edward,  dramatist;  1712-1757. 
Moore,  Dr.  John,  novelist,  &c.;  1730-1802. 
Moore,  Thomas,  poet;  1779-1852. 
More,  Hannah,  moralist;  1745-1833. 
More,  Henry,  D.D., divine  and  philosopher; 

1614-1687. 
More,  Sir  Thomas  ( Utopia);  1480-1535. 
Morgan,  Lady,  novelist,  &c.;  1786-1859. 
Morier,  James,  novelist;  1780-1849. 

Morley,  Henry,  English  lit.  hist.;  1822 , 

Morley,  Jcjjin,  critic  and  essayist;  1838 . 

Morris,  Lewis,  poet;  1834 . 

Morris,  William,  poet;  1834 — r 
Jlorton,  Thomas,  dramjatist;  1764-1838. 
Motherwell,  William,  poet;  1797-1835. 
Motley,  John  Lothrop,  hist.;  1814-1877. 
Moultrie,  Rev.  John,  poet;  1799-1874. 
Mudie,  Robert,  misc.  writer;  1777-1842. 
Sluir,  John,  orientalist;  1810-1882. 

Muir,  Sir  W.,  orientalist;  1819 . 

MuUer,  Fred.  Max,  philoL;  1823 . 

Mulock,  Dinah.    See  Craik.. 
MunJay,  Anthony,  poet;  15S3-1633. 
JIurohison,  Sir  Rod.  I.,  geol.;  1792-1871. 
Mure,  Wm.  {Hist,  of  Greek  Lit);  1799-1860. 
Murphy,  Arthur,  dramatist,  &c.;  1730-1805. 
Murray,  David  Christie,  novelist;  1847 . 

Nabbes,  Thomas,  dramatist;  d.  1645. 

Naime,  Caroline  Oliphant,  Baroness, 
poetess;  1766-1845. 

Napier,  Sir  Wm.  F.  P.,  hist.;  1785-1860. 

Nash,  Thomas,  dramatist;  1558-1600. 

Neale,  John  Mason,  D.D.,  hymn-writer 
and  theol.;  1818-1866. 

Nelson,  Robert,  reUg.  writer;  1656-1715. 

Newcastle,  Duchess  of,  poetess,  &c.;  1624- 
1673. 

Newman,  Prof.  Fr.  Wm.,  hist.,  theol.,  lin- 
guistics, pol.  econ.,  &c.;  1805 — :-. 

Newman,  Jfohn  Henry,  Cardinal,  theol., 
poet,  &c.;  1801-1890. 

Newton,  Sir  Isaac,  mathemat.  and  theol.; 
1642-1727. 

Newton,  Rev.  John,  divine;  1725-1807. 

Nichol,  John,  poet  and  critic;  1833^^ — . 

Nichol,  John  Pringle,  astron.;  1804-1859. 

Nicoll,  Robert,  poet;  1814-1837. 

Norris,  John,  divine  and  poet;  1657-1711. 

North,  Hon.  Roger,  biog.,  &c.;  1650-1733. 

Norton,  Hon.  Mrs.,  novelist  and  poet;  1808- 

O'Keefe,  John,  dramatist:  1747-1833. 
Oldys,  Wm.,  antiq.  and  biog.;  1687-1761. 

Oliphant,  Mrs.  Margt.,  novelist;  1828 . 

Opie,  Mrs.  Amelia,  novelist;  1769-1853. 
Otway,  Thomas,  dramatist;  1651-1685. 
Ouida.    See  Ram^. 

Overbury,  Sir  Thos.,  poet,  &c.;  1581-1613. 
Owen,  John,  D.D.,  theol.;  1616=-1683. 
Owen,  Sir   Richard,  palaeontologist  and 
compar.  anatomist;  1804 

Paine,  Thomas,  deistical  writer;  1737.:-1809. 

Paley,  Wm.,  D.D.,  moral  phil.;  1743-1805. 

Palgrave,  Sir  Francis,  hist.;  1788-1861.   - 

Palgrave,  Francis  Turner,  poet  and  editor 
of  poetry;  1824 . 

Palgrave,  Wm.  Gifford,  traveller;  1826-1888. 

Park,  Mungo,  traveller;  1771-1806. 

Parker,  Theodore,  Amer.  theol.;  1810-1860. 

Pamell,  Thomas,  D.D.,  poet;  167C-1718. 

Parr,  Samuel,  D.D.,  theol.;  1747-1825. 

Patmore,  Coventry,  poet;  182.3 . 

Pattison,  Mark,essayist;  1813-1884. 

Paulding,  Jas.  Kirke,  Amer.  misc.  •writer; 
1779-1860. 

Payn,  James,  novelist;  1830 . 

Pearson,  John,  D.D.,  Bp.,  theol.;  1612-1686. 

Peele,  George,  dramatist;  1558-1598. 

Pennant,  Thomas,  LL.D.,  naturalist,  &c.; 
1726-1798. 

Pepys,  Samuel  (Diary);  1632-1703. 

Percy,  Thomas,  D.D.,  Bp.  (Reliques  o/ An- 
cient Eng.  Poet.);  1728-1811. 

Petty  (or  Pettie),  Sir  Wm.,  pol.  econ.;  1623- 
16S7. 

Philips,  Ambrose,  poet:  1671-1749. 

Philips,  John,  poet;  1676-1708. 


Phillips,  John,  geol.;  1800-1874. 
Pinkerton,  John,  hist.;  1758-1826. 
Piozzi,  Mrs.  (previously  Thrale);  1741-1821. 
Planchd,  Jas.  R.,  dram,  and  misc.  writer; 

1796-1880. 
Poe,  Edgar  Allan,  Amer.  poet;  1811-1849. 
Pollok,  Robert,  poet;  1799-1827. 
Pomfret,  John,  poet;  1667-1703. 
Pope,  Alexander,  poet;  1688-1744. 
Person,  Richard,  class,  scholar;  1759-1808. 
Porter,  Anna  Maria,  novelist;  1781-1832.  . 
Porter,  Jane,  novelist;  1776-1850. 

Porter,  Noah,  Amer.  philos.;  1811 , 

Porter,  Sir  Robt.  Ker,  traveller;  1775-1842. 
Porteus,  Beilby,  D.D.,Bp.,  theol.;  1731-1808-. 
Potter,  John,  D.D.,  Abp.  of  Canterbury, 

classics  and  theol.;  1674-1747. 
Praed,  W.  Mackworth,  poet;  1802-1839. 
Prescott,  Wm.  Hickling,  Amer.  hist.;  1796- 

1859. 
Price,  Sir  Uvedale  (Tlie  Picturesque);  1747- 

1829. 
Prideaux,  John,' D.D.,  divine;  1587-1650. 
Priestley,  Dr.  Joseph,  philos,  and  divine; 

1733-1804. 
Pringle,  Thomas,  poet;  1788-1834. 
Prior.-Matthew,  poet;  1664-1721. 
Procter,  Adelaide  A.,  pojtess;  1825-1864. 
Procter,  Bryan  Waller,  poet;  1790-1874. 
Proctor,  Richard  A.,  astron.;  1837-1888. 
Prynne,  Wm.,  polemical  writer  (HiatHo- 

Maatioc);  1600-1669. 
Purchas,  Sam.,  D.D.,  collector  of  voyages 

and  travels;  1577-1626. 
Puttenham,  Geo.  (ArtofPoeak);  1530-1600. 

Quarles-  Francis,  poet,  &c.;  1592-1644. 

Radcliffe,  Mrs.,  novelist;  1764-1823. 
Raleigh,  Sir  Walter,  hist,  and  poet;  1552- 

1618.      . 
Ramd,  Louise  de  la  ('Ouida'),  novelist; 

1840 . 

Ramsay,  Allan,  Scotch  poet;  1685-ir58. 

Ramsay,  Andw.  Crombie,  geol.;  1814 . 

Ramsay,  Sir  Geo.,  Bart.,  polit.  econ.,  &c.; 

1800-1871. 
Randolph,  Thos.,  poet;  1605-1634. 

Rawlinson,  Rev.  Geo.,  hist.;  1815 

Ray,  John,  naturalist;  1627-1704. 
Reach,  Angus  B.,  misc.  ■writer;  1821-1866. 
Reade,  Charles,  novelist;  1814-1884. 
Reeve,  Clara,  novelist;  1725-1803. 
Reid,  Capt.  Mayne,  novelist;  1818-1883.. 
Reid,  Thos.,  iJhilosopher;  1710-1796. 
Reynolds,  Frod.,  dramatist;  1765-1841. 
Ricardo,  David,  pol.  econ.;  1772-1823. 
Richardson,  Dr.  B.  W.,  hygiene;  1828——. 
Richardson,  Sam".,  novelist;  1689-1761. 
Riddell,Hen.  Scott,  Scotch  poet;  1798-1870. 
Robertson,  Rev.  Fred..Wm.,  preacher;  1810- 

■1853. 
Robertson.WilL,  D.D., historian;  1721-1793. 
Rochester,  Earl  of,  poet;  1647-1680. 
Rogers,  Henry,  philosopher;  1806-1877. 
Rogers,  Samuel,  poet;  1763-1855. 
Romilly,  Sir  Samuel,  M.P.,  pol.;  1757-1818. 
Roscoe,  AVill.,  historian;  1753-18;{1. 
Roscommon,  Earl  of,  poet;  1633-1684. 
Ross,  Alex.,  misc.  ■writer;  1590-1654. 
Ross,  Ale?.,  Scotch  poet;  1^9-1784. 

Rossetti,  Christina,  poetess;  -1830 . 

Rossetti,  Dante  Gabriel,  poet;  1828-1883. 
Rowe,  Nicholas,  dramatist;  1674-1718. 
Rowley,  AVill.,  dram.;  works  1607^1663. 
Ruskin,  John,  LL.D.,  art  critic;  1819 — 
Russell,  John,  Earl,  biog.;  1792-1878. 
RusseIl,'Wm.  Clark,  novelist,  1844— — . 
Russell,  Wm.  Howard,  journal-  and  hist.; 

1821 . 

Rutherford,  Rev.  Samuel,  theol.;  1600-1661. 
Ruxton,  &.  A.  Fred.,traveller;  1821-1848. 
Rymer,  Thos.,  antiq.;  1638-1714. 

Sabine,  Sir  Ed.,  physicist;  1788-1883. 
Sackviile,  Thos.,  Earl  of  Dorset,  poet;  IKtf- 

1608. 
St.  John,  Jas.  Aug.,  travels,  &c.;  1801-1875. 

Saintsbury,  George,  critic;  1845 . 

Sala,  Greo.  Augustus,  misc.  writer;  1828 . 

Sanderson,  Robt.,  D.D.,  Bp:,  theoL;  1587- 

1663. 
Sandys,  George,  poet;  1577-1644. 
Savage,  Marmion  W.,  novelist;  d.  1872. 
Savage,  Rich.,  poet;  1696-1743. 
Saxe,  John  Godfrey,  LL.D.,  Arnet.  poet; 

1816-1887. 

gajrce,  Arch.  Henry,  philoL;  1846 — . 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST   OF   ENGLISH   WRITERS. 


813 


Schaff,  Philip,  Swiss-Amer.  bibl.  scholar; 

1819 .  ,    . 

Scott,  Michael,  novelist:  1789-1835. 
Scott,  Thos.,  ».D.,  theol.;  1747-1821. 
Scott,  Sir  Walter,  poet,  novelist,  and  hist.; 

1771-1832. 
Sedgwick,.Catherine  Mana,  Amer.  novelist; 

1789-1887. 
Sedley,  Sir  Chas.,  dramatist;  1639-1701. 

Seeley,  Prof.  John  R.,  hist.;  1834 . 

Solden,  John,  polit.  writer;  1584-1654. 
Senior,  Nassau  W.,  pol.  econ.;  1790-1864 
Soward,  Anna,  poetess;  1747-1809. 
Seward,  Wm.,  biog.;  1747-1799. 

Hcwell,  Eliz.,  novelist;  1815 . 

shadwell,  Thos.,  dramatist;  1640-1692. 
Shaftesbury,  Earl  of,  philos.;  1671-1713. 
Sliakspere,  WiUiam;  1564-1616. 
S'.iarpe,  Samuel,  Egyptologist;  1800-1881. 
Sheffield,  John,  Duke  of  Buck.;  1649-1?20. 
Shell,  Rich.  Lalor,  dramatist;  1791-1851. 
Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe,  poet;  1792-1822. 
Shenstone,  AVilliam,  poet;  1714-1763. 
Sheridan,    Richard  Brinsley,  dramatist; 

1751-1816. . 
Sherlock,  Thos., D.D.,Bp.,  theol.;  1678-1761. 
Sherlock,  Dr.  William,  theol.;  1641-1707. 
Shirley,  James,  dramatist;  1596-1666. 
Sihbes,  Rich.,  D.D.,  theol.;  1577-1635. 
Sidney,  Algernon,  polit.  science;  1622-1678. 
Sidney,  Sir  Philip,  poet;  15p4-1586. 
Sigoumey,  Mrs.,  poet;  1791-1865. 
Simms,  Wm.    Gilmore,   Amer.   novelist; 

1806-1870. 

Sims,  Geo.  Rob.,  dramatist;  1847 . 

Skeat,  Walter  Will.,  philol.;  1835 . 

Skelton,  John,  poet;  1460-1529. 

Skene,  Wm.  F.,  hist.;  1809 . 

Skinner,  Rev.  John,  Scotch  poet;  1721-1807. 
Smart,  Christopher,  poet;  1722-1770. 
Smellie,  Wm.,  misc.  writer;  1740-1795. 
Smiles,  Samuel,  biog.;  1812 — -. 
Smith,  Adam,  polit.  econ.;  1723-1790. 
Smith,  Albert,  novelist,  &c.;  1816-1860. 
Smith,  Alex.,  poet;  1830-1867. 
Smith,  Mrs.  Charlotte,  novelist  and  poet; 

1749-1806. 

Smith,  Geo.  Bamett,  misc.  writer;  1841 . 

Smith,  Goldwin,  hist,  and  polit.;  1823 . 

Smith,  Horace,  parodist  and  novelist;  1779- 

1849. 
Smith,  James,  parodist;  1775-1839. 
Smith,  Rev.  Sydney,  divine  and  essayist; 

1771-1845. 
Smith,  Wm.,  LL.D.,  clas.' scholar;  1813-^—. 

Smith,Will. Robertson,  bib.  critic;  1846 . 

Smollett,  Tobias  Geo.,  novelist;  1721-1771. 
Somerville,  Mrs.,  scient.  writer;  1780-1872. 
Somerville,  William,  poet;  1677-1742. 
South,  Robt.,  D.D.,  divine;  1633-1716. 
Southern,  Thos.,  dramatist;  1660-1746. 
Southey,  Robert,  poet  and  misc.  writer: 

1774-1843. 
Southwell,  Robt.,  poet,  &'c.;  1560-1595. 
Spedding,  James,  biog.,  &c.;  1810-1881. 
Spelman,  Sir  Henry,  hist.;  1562-1641. 
Spence,  Rev.  Jps.,  misc.  writer;  1699-1768. 

Spencer,  Herbert,  philos.;  1820 . 

Spenser,  Edmund,  poet;  15-53-1599.  . 
Spottiswood,  Jn.,  Archbp.,  hist.;  1565-1639. 
Sprat,  Thos.,  Bp.,  hist.;  1636-1713. 
Spurgeon,  Rev.  Chas.  Haddon,  preach,  and 

bibl.  expositor;.  1831 . 

gtackhouse,  Thos.,  divine;  1680-1752. 
Stanhope,  Lady  Hester,  travels;  1776-1839. 
Stanhope,  Philip  Henry,  Earl,  hist.;  1805- 

1875. 
Stanihnrst,  Rich.,  hist.,  poet;  1545-1618. 
Stanley,  Arthur   Penrhyn,  D.D.,  divine 

and  eccles.  histor.;  1815-1881. 

Stanley,  Henry  M.,  African  trav.;  1841 . 

Steele,  Sir  Richard,  essayist;  1671-1729.     • 
Steevens,  Geo.,  Shak.  comment.;  1736-1800. 
Stephen,  Sir  James,  hist.,  &c.;  1789-1859. 
Stephen,   Sir   James    Fitzjames,   jurist; 

1829 . 

Stephen,  Leslie,  critic  and  egsay.;  1832 . 

Sterling,  John,  essayist;  1806-1844. 
Sterne,  Rev.  Laurence,  novelist;  1713-1768. 
Stevenson,  Robt.  Louis,  novelist;  1850—^. 
Stewart,  Dugald,  metaph.;  1753-1828. 
Still,  Bp.  John,  dramatist;  1543?-1608. 
Stillingfleet,  Edward,  D.D.,  Bp.,   theol.; 

1635-1699. 
Stirling,  Jas.  Putchinsou,  LL.D.,  philos.; 

1820 . 

Stirling-Maxwell,  Sit  Wm.,  biog.;  1818-1878. 
Stoddard,   Richard   Henry,  Amer.  misc. 

writer;  1825 . 

StojjIj^Jos.,  LL.D.,  Amer.  jurist;  1779-1845. 


Story,  Wm.  Wetmore,  Amer.   poet  and 

misc.  writer;  1819 . 

Stoughton,  Jn..  D.  D.,  eccles.  hist.;  1807 . 

Stow,  Jo^in,  antiq.;  1525-1605. 

Stowe,   Mrs.   Harriet  Beecher,  novelist; 

1812 . 

Strangford,  Lord,  philol.,  &c.;  1825-1869. 
Strickland,  Agnes,  hist.;  1796-1874. 
Strutt,  Joseph,  antiq.;  1742-1802. 
Strype,  John,  eecles.  biog.,  &o.;  1643-1737. 

Stubbs,  Wm.,  D.D.,  Bp.,  hist.;  1825 . 

Suckling,  Sir  John,  poet;  1609-1642. 

Sully,  James,  M.A.,  psychol.;  1842 . 

Surrey,   Henty   Howard,  Earl  of,  poet; 

1516-1547.  .      -    • 

Swift,  Jonathan,  satirist  and  misc.  writer; 

1667-1745. 

Swinburne,  Algernon  Chas.,  poet;  1837 . 

Sydney,  Sir  Philip,  poet,  &c.;  1554-1586. 

Tait,  Peter  Guthrie,  physicist;  1831 . 

Talfourd,  Sir  Thomas  Noon,  poet  and  dra- 
matist; 1795-1854. 

Tannahill,  Robert,  Scotch  poet;  1774-1810. 

Tate,  Nahum,  poet;  1657-1715. 

Taylor,  Bayard,  Amer.  poet  and  miscel. 
writer;  1825-1878. 

Taylor,  Sir  Henry,  dramatist;  1800-1886. 

Taylor,  Isaac,  philos.  and  hist.;  1787-1865. 

Taylor,  Rev.  Isaac,  philol.;  1829 . 

Taylor,  J«remy,  Bp.,  preacher;  1613-1667. 

Taylor,  John, '  water  poet;'  1580-1654. 

Taylor,  Tom,  dramatist;  1817-1880. 

Temple,  Sir  W.,  statesman,  memoirs^  es- 
says, &c.;  1628-1699. 

Tennant,  Wm.,  LL.D.,  poet;  1784-1848. 

Tennyson,  Alfred,  Lord,  poet;  1809 — ?-. 

Thackeray,  Anne  Isabella  (Mrs.  Ritchie), 
1838 . 

Thackeray,  WiUiam  Makepeace,  novelist; 
1811-1863. 

Thirlwall,  Connop,  Bp.,  hist.;  1797-1875. 

Thompson,  Jos.,' Africafl  trav.;  1868 . 

Thomson,  .James,  poet;  1700-1748. 

Thomson,  James,  poet;  1834-1882. 

Thomson,  Wm.,  D.D.,  Abp.,  divine  and 
philos.;  1819-1890. 

Thomson,  Sir  Wm.,  physicist  and  mathe- 

.    matician;  1824 . 

Thomhury,  Walter,  novelist  and  poet; 
1828-1876. 

Tickell,  Thomas,  poet;  1686-1740. 

Ticknor,  Geo.,  Amer.  hist.;  1791-1871. 

Tighe,  Mrs.  Mary,  poetess;  1774-1810. 

Tillotson,  John,  D.D.,  Abp.,  preacher; 
1630-1694. 

Tindal,  Matthew,  theol.;  1657-1733. 

Toland,  John,  deist;  1669-1722. 

Tomlinson,  Chas.,  physicist;  1803 

Tooke,  John  Home,  philol.;  1736-1812. 

Trench,  R.Chenevix,Abp.,  poet  and  theol.; 
1807-1886. 

Trevelyan,  Sir  Geo.  Otto,  biog.;  1838 . 

Tristram,  Rev.  Henry  B.,  <)riental  trav. 
and  naturalist;  1822 . 

Trollope,  Anthony,  novelist;  1815-1883. 

Trollops,  Frances,  novelist;  1790-1863. 

Trollope,  Thos.  A.,  novelist,  &c.;  1810 . 

Tucker,  Abraham,  philos.;  1705-1774. 

TuUoch,  John,  D.D.,  theol.;  1823-1886. 

Tupper,  Martin  P.,  poet,  1810-1889. ' 

Turberville,  Geo.,  poet;  1530-1600? 

Turner,  Sharon,  hist.;  1768-1847. 

Tusser,  Thos.,  bucolic  poetry;  1515-1580. 

Twain,  Mark.    See  Clemens. 

Twiss,  Sir  Travers,  jurist;  1809 . 

Tylor,  Edward  B.,  archseol.  and  ethnol.; 
1832-:—. 

Tyndale,  Will.,  biblical  trans.;  1480-1536, 

Tyndall,  John,  LL.D.;  physicist;  1820 .• 

Tytler,  Patrick  Praser,  hist,  and  biog.; 
1791-1849. 

TTdall,  Nich.,  dramatist;  lb06-1564. 
Urquhart,  Sir  T.,  trans.;  d.  1660? 
Ussher,  Jas.,  D.D.,  divine  and  Wet.;  1580- 
1656. 

Vanbrugh,-Sir  John,  dramatist;  1666-1726. 

Vaughan,  Chas.  John,  D.D.,  theol.;  1816 

Vaughan,  Henry,  poet;  1621-1695. 
Veitch,   Prof.    John,    philos.  and   poet; 

1829 . 

Vere,  Aubrey  Thos.  de,  poet;  1814 . 

Wakefield,  Gilbert,  theol.;  1756-1801. 
Walford,  £dw.,  hist,  and  misc.  writer; 

1823- — . 
Walford,  Mrs.  L.  B.,  novelist;  ? . 


Wallace,  Alfred  Russell,  biologist  and  trav. ; 

1822 . 

Waller,  Edmund,  poet;  1605-1687. 
Walpole,  Horace,  novelist,  &c.;  1717-1797. 
Walton,  lza.3ik{Complete  Angler]}  1593-1683. 
Warburton,  Eliot,  trav.  and  misc.  writer; 

1810-1852. 
Warburton,  Wm.,  D.D.,  Bp.,  theoL;  1698- 

1779. 
Ward,  Adolphus,  Wm.,  hist,  and  biog.; 

1837 . 

Ward,  Mrs.  (Eliz.  Stuart  Phelps)',  Amer. 

novelist,  &c.;  1844 . 

Warner,  Chas.  Dudley,  Amer.  misc.  writer; 

1829 

Warner,  Susan,  Amer.  novelist;  1819-1885. 
Warner,  Will.,  poet;  1558-1609. 
Warren,  Samuel,  novelist,  &c.;  1807-1877. 
Warton,  Joseph,  poet;  1722-1800. 
Warton,  Thos.,  poet;  1728-1790. 
Waterland,  Daniel,  D.D.,  divine;  1683-1740. 
Waterton,  Chas.,  trav.  and  uatuiulist;  1782- 

1866. 
Watson,  Dr.  Richard,  theol.;  1737-1816. 
Watson,  Robert,  LL.IX.iristi.;  1730-1781. 
Watts,  Alaric  A.,  poet;  1799-1864 
Watts,  Isaac,  D.D.,  poet  and  moralist; 

1674-1748. 

Webster,  Augusta,  poetess.  &c.;  1 . 

Webster,  Daniel,  Amer.  Biatesman;  178a- 

1852. 
Webster,  John,  dramatist;  1685?-1654? 
Wesley,  Rev.  Chas.,  hymn-writer;  1708-1788. 
Wesley,  Rev.  John,  theol.;  1703-1791. 
West,  Gilbert,  LL.D.,  poet  and  religious 

writer;  1700M756. 
Westcott,  Brooke  Poss,  D.D.,  Bp.;  theol.; 

1825 . 

Wethorell,  Eliz.    See  Warner,  Susan. 
Whately,  Rich.,  D.D.,  Abp.,  theol.  and  pol. 

econ.;  1787-1863.'  •    ' 

Wheatstone,  Sir  Chas.,  physicist;  1802-1875. 
Whewell,Will.,  D.D.,  scientist  and  philos.; 

1795-1866. 
Whiston,  Will.,  theol.;  1667-1752. 
White,  Rev.GUbert,  of  Selbome,  naturalist; 

1720-1793. 
White,  Henry  Kirke,  poet;  1785-1806. 
Whitehead,  Will.,  poet;  1715-1788. 

Whitman,  Walt,  Amer.  poet;  1819 . 

Whitnejf,  Mrs.  Adeline  D.,  Amer.  novelist 

and  misc.  writer;  1824 . 

Whitney,  Wm.  Dwight,  philol.;  1827 . 

Whittier,  J.Greenleaf,  Amer.  poet;  1807 . 

WicklilTe,  John,  reformer;  1324-1384. 
Wilbertorce,  Sam.,  D.D.,  Bp.,  theol.;  180B- 

1872. 
Wilkes,  John,  ^olit.;  1727-1797. 
Wilkinson,   Sir  John   G.,   Egyptologist; 

1797-1875.  . 

Williams,   Sir  Chas.   Hanbury, '  political 

squibs,  &c.;  1709-17S9. 
Williams,  Helen  Maria,  poems,  &c.;  1762- 

1827. 
Williams,  Dr.  Rowland,  theol.;  1817-1870. 
Willis,  Nath.   Parker,  Amer.   poet,  &c.; 

1807-1867. 
Willmott,  Robt.  Aris,  misc.  writer;  1809- 

1863. 

Wills,  Wm.  G.,  dramatist;  1828 . 

Wilson,  Alex.,  poet  and  naturalist;  1766- 

1813. 

Wilson,  Sir  Dan.',  LL.D.,  arcbaeol.;  1816 . 

Wilson,  John  ('Christopher  North"),  poet 

and  novelist;  1785-1854. 
Wither,  George,  poet;  1588-1667. 
Wodrow,  Robt.,  eccles.  hist.;  1679-1734. 
Wolcot,  John,  M.D.  (Peter  Pindar),  satiric 

poet;  1738-1819. 
AVolfe,  Charles,  poet;  1791-1823. 
Wood,  Anthony  i,  antiq.;  1632-16S5. 
Wood,  Mrs.  Henry,  novelist;  1820-1887. 
Wood,  Rev.  John  Geo.,  naturalist;  1827- 

1889. 
Wordsworth,  Chas.,  D.D.,  Bp.,  theol.  and 

•  scholar;  1806 . 

Wordsworth,  Wm.,  poet;  1770-1850. 
Wotton,  Sir  Henry,  poet,  &c.;  1568-1639. 
Wyatt,  Sir  Thos.,  poet;  1503-1542. 
Wycherley,  William,  dramatist;  1640-1715. 


Tarrell,  Will.,  naturalist;  1784-1856. 

Yates,  Edmund,  novelist,  <fec.;  1831 . 

Yonge,  Charlotte  M.,  novelist;  1823 . 

Yonge,  Chas.  Duke,  hist.;  1812 . 

Young,  Arthur,  agriculturist;  1741-1820. 
Young,  Edwd.,  poet;  I6S4-1765. 
Yule,  Col.  Sir  Henry,  orientalist  and  geog.j 
1820-1889. 


PRONOUNCING    VOCABULARY 

OF  GREEK,   LATIN,    SCBIPTURAL,   AND   OTHER 

ANCIENT    NAMES. 


RULES    AND    DTRECTIONS    FOR    PRONUNCIATION. 


The  pronunciation  indicated  in  the  following  list  is  that  usually 
heard  from  educated  speakers  of  English,  who  as  a  rule  do  not 
attempt  to  pronounce  Greek  or  Latin  or  Scriptural  names  in  the 
way  in  which  they  were  pronounced  by  the  ancients  themselves 
—if  that  could  be  with  certainty  determined — but  rather  seek 
to  assimilate  the  pronunciation  to  that  of  their  own  language. 
There  is  therefore  no  great  difijculty  in  the  pronunciation  of  such 
words,  and  by  attention  to  the  following  rules  and  directions  any 
name  in  the  list  can  be  sounded  correctly. 

Special  knowledge  required  for  the  right  pronunciation  of  these 
words  is — 

1.  Tne  seat  of  accent;  and 

2.  The  sound  to  be  given  to  the  letters  as  they  stand  in  the 
word.  • 

The  syllable  of  the  word  which  is  to  rece-.e  the  accent  is 
denoted  bj'  the  usual  mark,  an  acute  accent,  placed  immediately 
after  it,  as  t^e  first  syllable  of  the  word  Ca'to,  the  second  of  the 
word  Cam-by'ses,  and  the  third  of  the  word  San-cho-jii'a-thon. 
The  seat  of  the  accent  varies  considerably  in  words  of  more  than 
two  syllables,  though  it  is  never  on  the  last  syllable;  in  dissyl- 
lables it  is  always  on  the  first.  The  prontmciation  of  the  latter, 
therefore,  as  also  of  monosyllabic  words,  after  the  following 
remarks  are  studied,  will  present  no  diflSculty,  and  consequently 
few  of  them  are  given  in  the  list  below.  The  division  into  sepa- 
rate syllables  is  denoted  by  the  mark  -  as  well  as  by  the  accentu- 
ation mark.  Two  vowels  coming  together  in  a  word,  but  having 
one  or  other  of  these  marks  between  them,  must  therefore  always 
be  pronounced  as  belonging  to  different  syllables. 

The  sounds  to  be  given  to  the  several  letters  will  be  considered 
under  two  general  heads,  viz.:  1.  The  vowel  letters;  and  2.  The 
consonant  letters.  It  must  always  be  borne  in  mind  that  silent 
letters,  so  common  in  English  (e  fiinal  for  Instance),  are  the  excep- 
tion in  the  words  here  treated  of. 

I.— TEE  VOWEL  LETTERS. 

The  vowels  heard  in  the  words  fate,  me,  pine,  note,  and  tube,  are 
called  long  vowels;  while  those  heard  in  the  words  fat,  inet,  pin, 
not,  and  us,  are  called  short  vowels. 

1^  When  any  of  the  vowel  letters  a,e,i,o,  and  u,  constitute  an 
accented  syllable,  and  also  when  they  end  one,  they  are  pro- 
nounced as  long  vowels;  thus,  in  the  first  syllable  of  the  words 
Ca'to,  Pelops,  Di'do,  So'lon,  and  JuTja,  they  are  pronounced  as 
in  the  respective  key-words  fate,  me,  pine,  note,  and  tube. 

2.  When  the  vowel  letters  are  followed  by  one  or  more  con- 
sonants in  a  syllable,  they  are  pronounced  as  short  vowels;  thus, 
in  the  first  syllable  of  the  words  Cas'ca,  Hec'u-ba,  Cin'na,  Cor*- 
du-ba,  and  Publi-us,  they  are  pronounced  as  in  the  respective 
key- words /a<,  inet,  pin,  not,  and  us. 

3.  When  the  letter  a  constitutes  an  unaccented  syllable,  as  in 
A-by'dos,  and  when  it  ends  one,  as  in  Ju'ba,  it  is  pronounced  as 
o  in  fat.  ■*^ 

4.  The  so-called  diphthongs  cb,  oe,  are  alwaj^  pronounced  as  the 
e  of  me,  and  are  therefore  simple  vowel  sounds,  as  in  Cae'sar,  Pses'- 
tum,  .S'o-lus,  Boe-o'ti-a. 

6.  The  digraph  ai  in  a  syllable  is  pronounced  like  ai  in  wait. 
It  occurs  only  in  Scriptural  names.  The  ai  of  Greek  words  was 
pronounced  like  common  English  afBrmative  ay,  or  much  the 
same  as  i  in  pine;  but  by  the  common  spelling  it  is  Latinized 
into  <z.  An  a  and  an  i  coming  together,  but  belonging  to  different 
syllables,  will  of  course  have  either  the  accent  or  the  mark  -  be- 
tween them. 

6.  When  r  follows  a  in  the  same  syllable,  and  is  itself  followed 
by  a  consonant,  as  in  A^go,  Car-tha'go,  the  a  is  pronounced  as  in 
far.    In  such  a  word  as  Ar'a-dus  it  is  sounded  as  in  fat. 


7.  The  digraph  au,  as  in  Clan'di-ns,  Au-fid'i-us,  is  pronounced 
as  a  in  fall.  An  a  and  a  «  coming  together,  however,  may  belong 
to  different  syllables,  as  in  Em-ma'us. 

.  8.  When  e  constitutes  an  unaccented  syllable,  as  in  the  first  i>f 
the  word  E-te'o-cles,  and  when  it  ends  one,  as  in  E-vad'ne,  it  is 
pronounced  as  e  of  »ne.  And  when  e  is  followed  by  «  as  the  final 
letter  of  a  word,  as  in  Her'mes,  Ar-is-toph'a-nes,  it  is  always  pro- 
nounced as  e  of  me. 

9.  When  e  is  followed  by  r  in  the  same  syllable,  as  in  Her'mes, 
Bler-cu'ri-us,  the  «  is  pronounced  as  e  of  her.  The  letters  i,  u,  and 
y,  before  r,  have  the  same  sound,  as  in  Vir'gU,  Bur'sa,  Cyi'nus. 
When  er  is  followed  by  a  vowel,  however,  e  is  sounded  as  in  met, 
thxis  Er'a-to,  Mer'o-e. 

10.  The  digraph  ei,  as  in  Plei'a-des,  is  pronounced  as  i  of  pine. 
An  e  and  i  coming  together,  however  may  belong  to  different 
syllables.    Compare  Rules  5  and  7. 

11.  The  diphthong  or  digraph  eu,  as  in  Leu-cip'pus,  E-leu'sis, 
Ti-mo'theus,  is  pronounced  as  u  of  tube.  It  occurs  chiefly  in 
Greek  names.  In  other  cases  the  e  and  u  belong  to  sepanite  syl- 
lables.   Compare  Rules  10  and  7. 

12.  When  i  constitutes  the  first  and  last  syllables  of  words, 
whether  accented  or  not,  as  in  l-be'ri-a,  Fa'bi-i,  it  is  pronounced 
as  I  of  pine.  And  t  as  the  terminal  vowel  of  a  syllable  at  the 
end  of  words  is  also  so  pronounced,  as  in  Im'ri,  A-ceph'a-li. 

13.  But  i  at  the  end  of  any  other  unaccented  syllable  than  the 
last,  as  in  In'di-a,  Fa'bi-i,  is  pronounced  as  i  of  pin. 

14.  In  many  cases  i  assumes  the  value  of  y  consonant  in  Eng- 
lish ;  thus  Aquileia  is  pronounced  as  if  Aqui-le'ya,  Cains  as  if 
Ca'yus.    This  is  especially  common  in  the  terminations  of  wor(l^i. 

15.  O  at  the  end  of  an  unaccented  syllable,  as  also  when  consti- 
tuting an  unaccented  syllable.by  itself,  is  genually  pronounced 
long  or  of  medium  length.  Followed  by  r  in  the  same  syllable, 
as  in  Gor'fius,  it  is  not  usually  pronounced  long,  but  as  o  of  not. 
The  o  in  such  a  position  is,  however,  by  some  speakers  ]>ro- 
nounced  rather  long  than  short,  this  being  pretty  much  a  matter 
of  taste. 

16.  At  the  end  of  an  unaccented  syllable,  or  forming  an  unac- 
cented syllable  (as  in  jE'du-i,  A-bi'hu),  t«  is  pronounced  much 
the  same  as  when  accented,  btit  shorter.  Following  q  it  is  pro- 
nounced as  to.  ■ 

17.  The  letter  y  is  pronounced  as  i  wtould  be  in  corresponding 
positions;  thus  the  y  in  Ty'a-na  is  as  i  of  pine;  and  the  y  in  Tyn'- 
da-rus  as  i  of  pin. 

H.— THE  CONSONANT  LETTER8^s 

The  consonant  letters,  6,  d,  f,  h,  j,  Tc,  I,  m,  n,  p,  q,  r,  v,  y,  and  z, 
have  each  but  one  sound,  and  as  that  is  the  Euglish  sound,  they 
present  no  difl^culty.  The  letters  c,  g,  s,  t,  and  x,  have  each 
more  than  one  sound,  and  hence  require  rules  to  pronounce  them 
aright. 

1.  C  and  g  are  hard,  or  sounded  as  in  call  and  gun  respectively, 
when  immediately  followed  by  the  vowel  letters  o,  o,  and  «,  as  in 
Cas'ca,  Cor-neTi-a,  Cur'ti-us,  Hec'a-te,  Hec'u-ba,  Gal'lus,Gor'di-us, 
Au-gus'tu8,  Meg'a-ra.  C  and  g  are  also  hard  immediately  before 
other  consonant  letters,  as  in  Clau'di-us,  Ec-bat'a-na,  Hec'tor, 
Glau'cus. 

2.  C  and  g  are  soft  when,  immediately  followed  by  the  vowel 
letters  e,  i,  and  y,  and  the  so-called  diphthongs  cb,  ce,  either  in  the 
same  or  in  the  following  syllable, as  in  Cer'be-rps,  Cin'na,  Cy-re'ne, 
Cic'e-ro,  Gel'li-us,  Gis'co,  Gy'as,  Ag-e-la'us,  Cse'sar,  Coe-cil'ius.  In 
■words  such  as  Dacia,  Sicyon,  Phocion,  Accius,  Glaucia,  Cappa- 
docia,  the  ci  or  cy,  having  the  accent  immediately  before  it,  is 
often  pronounced  as  shi;  some  authorities,  however,  retain  the 
s  sound  in  such  words. 


CLASSrCAL   AND   SCRIPTURAL   NAMES. 


815 


3.  In  ScripUtral  names,  such  as  Megiddo,  Gideon,  g  is  always 
hard,  except  in  the  single  word  Bethphage.  In  consulting  the 
list  this  will  have  to  bo  kept  in  inind.  The  8  following  Scriptural 
names  will  serve  as  a  guide. 

4.  When  c  and  g  are  initial  letters  of  a  syllable;  and  immedi- 
ately followed  by  n  or  by  t,  they  are  usually  left  silent  in  pronun- 
ciation; thus,  Cneus  is  pronounced  Ne'us;  Gnidus,  Ni'dus;  and 
Ctenos,  Te'nos.  Some  persons,  however,  pronounce  the  c  and  g  in 
these  combinations;  and  should  the  reader  elect  to  do  so,  he  inust 
pronounce  them  hard. 

5.  In  Scripture  namfes  h  often  follows  a  vowel. in  the  same  syl- 
lable; as  in  Micah,  Isaiah,  Calneh.the  vowel  in  these  cases  being 
pronounced  with  its  short  sound  and  the  h  being  mute.  In  Greek 
names  rh  is  equivalent  to  simple  r. 

6.  The  digraph  ch  is  pronounced  as  A,  thus,  Achilles  is  pro- 
nounced A-kil'les;  Chios,  Ki'os;  Enoch,  E'nok.  The  Scripture 
name  Rachel  is  the  single  exception  to  this  rule,  ch  in  it  -being 
sounded  as  in  chain. 

7.  S  as  an  initial  of  words  is  pronounced'  as  8  of  the  wordson,  as 
in  So'lon,  Spar'ta,  Styx.  It  is  commonly  so  pronounced  as  an 
initial  of  other  than  the  first  syllable  of  words,  as  in  Su'sa,  ' 
Si-sen'na;  but  in  some  exceptional  cases  the  s  ij'eceives  the  sound 
of  «,  as  in  the  word  Ca3sar,  which  is  pronounced  Cse'zar.  These 
exceptions  will  be  denoted  by  the  direction '  8  as  «,'  inclosed  within 
parentheses,  thus,  Cae'sar  (s  as  z).    See  also  Rule  10. 

8.  S  final  of  words,  when  preceded  bye,  is  pronounced  as  e;  thus 
Aristides  is  pronounced  Ar-is-ti'd5z.  And  the  e  so  placed  is.  that 
of  the  word  me  as  remarked  already.  But  when  the  final  8  is  pre- 
ceded by  any  other  vowel,  it  is  pronounced  as  8  of  son,  as  in 
Archytas,  Ampnipolis,  Abydos,  Adrastus. 

9.  S  at  the  end  of  words  when  preceded  by  a  liquid,  I,  m,  n,  or 
r,  is  pronounced  as  z,  a^  in  Mars,  which  is  pronounced  Marz; 
Aruns,  A'runz. 

10.  Si  forming  an  unaccented  syllable,  preceded  by  an  accented 
syllable  with  a  final  consonant,,  and  followed  by  a  vowel,  is  com- 
monly pronounced  shi;  as  ia  Al'si-um,  Hor-ten'si-us.  When  the 
si  is  preceded  by  a  vowel  it  is  very  commonly  pronounced  as  zi,  as 
in  Moe'si-a,  He'si'Od,  A-le'si-a,  Cie'si-us;  and  sometimes  as  the  s  of  i 


pleasure,  aa  in  As-pa'si-a,  The-o-do'si-a»  But  theus.,ge  in  these 
cases  is  not  very  well  settled,  and  some  persons  carefully  preserve 
the  pure  sound  of  the  8  even  in  such  situations. 

11.  When  ti  followed  by  a  vowel  occurs  next  after  the  accented 
syllable  of  a  word,  it  is  pronounced  as  sh;  thus  Statius  is  pro- 
nounced Sta'shi-us;  Helvetii,  Hel-ve'shi-i;  and  similarly  with 
Abantias,  Actium,  Maxentius,  Laertius,  &c.  The  proper  sound 
of  the  t  is  preserved,  however,  when  ti  is  accented  or  when  it 
follows  8  at  another  t,  as  in  Mil-ti'a-des,  8al-lus'ti-us,  Bnt'ti-i ; 
80  also,  in  the  termination  -tion,  as  in  A-e'ti-on.  In  such  words 
as  Domitius  the  t  itself  may  be  said  to  receive  the  sh  sound : 
Do-mish'i-us. 

12.  The  digraph  th  is  pronounced  as  th  of  the  word  fftin,  as  in 
Tha-li'a. 

13.  X  at  the  beginning  of  syllables  is  pronounced  as  «,  thus 
Xenophon  is  Zen'o-phon.  But  at  the  end  of  syllables  it  retains  its 
voiceless  sound  of  ks,  thus  Oxus  is  pronounced  Oks'us.  If,  how- 
ever,  the  x  end  a  syllable  which  immediately  precedes  a  vowel  in 
the  accented  syllable,  then  the  4;  may  be  pronounced  with  its 
voiced  Sound,  that  of  hard  g  followed  by  2i  as  in  Alexarchus, 
which  is  often  pronounced  Al-egz-ar'chus. 

14.  The  letter  p,  when  initial,  and  followed  by  t,  is  not  usually 
uttered,  as  in  Ptolem£Eus,  which  is  pronounced  Tol'e-mee-us. 

15.  Ph  represents  the  Greek  character  ^,  and  is  pronounced  as/; 
thus,. Philippi  is  pronounced  Fi-lip'pi.  But  when  ph  is  followed 
by  a  consonant  in  the  same  syllable,  as  in  Phthia,  it  is  usually 
omitted  in  utterance,  this  word  being  pronounced  Thi'a. 

16.  Ps  represents  the  Greek,  character  ^,  which  as  an  initial  is 
pronounced  as  8,  the  ,p  being  generally  omitted  in  utterance,  as 
in  Psyche,  which  is  pronounced  Sy'ke.  Many  persons,  however, 
pronounce  the  p  as  well  as  the  s  of  ps. 

17.  As  a  general  rule,  when  any  combinations  of  consonant 
letters  which  are  difficult  to  utter  occur  at  the  initial  part  of 
words,  the  utterance  of  the  first  may  be  omitted,  thus  Tmolos 
may  be  pronounced  Mo'lus;  Mnemosyne,  Ne-mos'y-ne;  Ctesiphon, 
Tes'i-phon;  while  the  digraph  ch  is  dropped  in  Cbthonia,  making 
the  pronunciation  Tho'ni-a. 


GREEK,    LATIN,    SCRIPTURAL,    AND    OTHER 
ANCIENT   NAMES. 


( The  names  distinctively  Scriptural  are  followed  Djr «. ) 


A'a-Iar,  8. 

Abin'a-dab, «.    " 

Ach-e-ru'si-a 

Ad-herOsal 

M-gsU'e-oa 

^s-cu-la'pi-u8 

Ag-e-nor'i-des 

A'aron  (a'ron),  s. 

A-bi'ram,  8. 

A-chi-ach^-rua, 

A-di-a-be'ne 

.^-ga'tes 

^-so'pus 

A-ges-i-la'us 

Ab'a-cuc,  8. 

Ab'i-shag,  g. 

8. 

A'di-el»  g. 

M-ge'Ti-A 

•iEs-ym-ne'ta9 
.ffi-thi'o-pe 

Ag-e-sip'o-lis 

A-bad'don,  8. 

A-bish'ari,  8. 

A-chi'as,  s. 

Ad-i-tha'im,  8. 

M'geus 

Ag-e-sis'tra-tus 

Ab-a-di'as,  8. 

A-bish'a-lom,  8. 

Ach-il-le'if 

Ad'la-i,  8. 

.ffi-gi'na 

.ffi-thi-o'pi-a 

Ag-la'ia 

Ab'a-na 

A-bish'u-a,  a. 

A.-chil'les. 

Ad'ma-tha,  8. 

^-gis'thus 

^'thi-ops 

Ag-la'o-phon 

Ab'a-rim,  8. 

Ab'i-shur,  s. 

A-chilleug           i 

Ad-me'tus 

JG-go'ne 

A-e'ti-us 

Ag'o-ra 

Ab'a-ris 

Ab'i-sum,  8. 

A'chi-or,  s. 
Aeh'i-tob,  8. 

>Ad'o-na,  8. 

.S-go'nes 

iE-to'li 

A-gric'o-la 

Ab'de-el, «. 

Ab'i-tal,  8. 

•A-do'neus 

^-gos-pot'a-moE 

^-to'li-a 

Ag-ri-gen'tum 

Ab-de'ra 

Ab'i-tub,  8. 

A-chi'vi 

Ad-o-ni'as,  8. 

iE-gos'the-na 

^-to'lus 

A-grip'pa 

Ab-di'as, «. 

A-bi'ud,  8. 

Ach'me-tha,  8. 

A-don-i-be'zek,  8. 

.^-gyp'ti-i 

Af-ri-ca'nus 

Ag-rip-pi'na 
A-har'ah,  s. 

Ab'di-el,  ». 

Ab-o-ra'ca 

Ach-ra-di'na 

Ad-o-ni'jah,  8. 

^-gyp'tus 

Af'ri-cus 

A-bed'ne-go, «. 
A'bel  Me-nolali, 

Ab-ra-da'tes 

A'ci-pha,  8. 

Ad-o-nl'ram,  s. 

^'li-a 

Ag'a-ba,  8. 

A-has'a-i,  8. 

A-broc'o-maa 

A'ci-tho,  8. 

A-do'nis 

^-li-a'nu8 

Ag'a-bus,8. 

A-has'ba-i,  8. 

8. 

Ab'sa-lom,  8- 

Ac'ra-gas 

A-don-i.-ze'dek,  8. 

^'li-us 

Ag-a-me'dea  . 

A-has-u-e'rus,  s 

A-be-o'na 

A-by'dus 

Ac-ris-i-o'ne 

A-do'ram,  s. 

.a;-ma'thi-a 

Ag-a-mem'n<}<t*v 

A-ha'vah,  8. 

Ab'ganrus 
A-bi'a,  8. 
A-bi'ah,  8. 

Ac-a-de'mus 

A-cris'i-us 

A-dram'me-lech, 

iE-mil'i-a 

Ag-a-mem-non'i- 
des 

A-haz'a-i,  s. 
A-ha-zi'an,  s. 

Ac'a-mas 

A-cri'tas 

8. 

^m-il-i-a'nu8 

Ac'a-ra 

Ac-ro-ce-rau'ni-a 

Ad-ra-myt'ti-um 

jE-mii'i-us 

Ag-a-nfp'po 

A-hi'at.  8. 

A-bi'a-saf ,  8. 

Ac-ar-na'nes 

A-croc'o-msB 

A'dri-a 

.fi'mo-na  or  A. 

Ag'a-pe 

A-hi'am,  8. 

A-bi'a-thar,  8. 

Ac-ar-na'ni-^ 

Ac-tse'on 

A-dri-a'nu8 

mo'na 

Ag-a-pe'nor 

A-hi-e'zer,  a. 

A-bi'dah,  s. 

AcT>a-ru8 

Ac'ti-a 

4  'dri-el,  8. 
Ad-u-at'i-ci 

.^'raoriiia 

Ag-a-pe'tns    > 

A-hi'jah,  s. 

Ab'i-dan,  8 

Ac'ci-us 

Ac'ti-um    , ' 

M-ue'aa 

Ag'a-tha  . 

A-hi'kam,  8. 

Ab'i-el,  8. 

A-cel'da-ma,  k 

Ac-tor'i-des 

A-du'el,  81 

.ai-ne'is 

Ag-ath-ar'chuB 

A-him'a-az,  8. 

Ab-i-e'zer, «. 

A-cer'a-t(ia 

A-cu'si-las 

A-dul'lam,  8. 

.iE-oai-a 

A-ga'thi-as 

A-hi'man,  8. 

Ab'i-gail, «, 

A-bi'hu.8. 

A-bi'hud,A 

A-chae'a 

Ad'ardah, »., 

A-dum'mim,  8. 

iB-ol'i-des 

Ag'artho 

A-him'e-lech, «. 

A-chael 

Ad-a-i'ah,  8. 

jE-ac'i-des 

.^'o-lis 

A-gath'o-cles 

A-hin'a-dab,  8. 

A-chae'me'Hes  ■ 

Ad-a-li'a,  8.  ■- 

iE'arCua 

.ai'o-lus 

Ag'a-thon 

A-hin'o-am,  8. 

A-bi'jah,  a/ 

Ach-BB-men'i-dp* 

Ad'a-maik,.,- 

.Si'py-tus 

Ag-a-tho-ni'cu8 

A-hi'ram,  8. 
A-hish'a-nar.-e. 

A-bi'jam,  8. 

A-cha'ia 

Ad'a-mi,  a. 

A-endl'as,  a. 

.ii-quic'o-ll 

A-ga've 

Ab'i-la 

A-cha'i-cus 

A-da'mua 

A-e'don 

A-er'o-po 

Ag-bafa-na 

A-hi'sham,  8. 

Ab-i-le'he 

A-cha'tes 

Ad'a-na 

M'du-i 

A-er'o-pus 

Ag'e-e,  8. 

A-hi'Bhar,  8. 

A-bim'a-el,  8. 

Ach-e-lo'u8 

Ad'a-sa,  a. 
Ad'be-el,  a. 

.as-e'tes 

.ais'chi-nes 

Ag-e-la'us 

A-hith'o-phel,  8. 

A-bim'e-lech,  8. 

Ach'e-ron 

.^-gsB'on 

.aVchy-lus 

A-ge'nor . 

A-hi'tub,8. 

816 


CLASSICAL  AlfD  SCRIPTXJIIAL  NAMES. 


A-ho'ah, «. 

Am-phi-a-ra'us 

An-tip'o-lis 

Ar-gae'ua 

As-e-bi'%  8.' 
As'e-nata,  a. 

Au-te'aa,  a. 

Ba-thyl'lu8 

A-ho'hite,  a. 

Am-phic-ty'o-nes 

An-tis'the-nes 

Ar'ga-lua 

Au-tol'y-cua 

Bav'a-i,  a. 

A-ho'li-ab,  s. 
A-hol'i-bah,  8. 

Am-phid'a-mas" 

An'ti-um 

Ar-ges'tra-tus 

A-se'rer,  8. 

Au-tom'e-don 

Ba'vi-us 

Am-phil'o-chus 

An-to'ni-a 

Ar-gi-nu'sae 

Ash'che-naz,  8. 

Au-to-me-du'sa 

Be-a-li'ah,  a. 

A-ho-li-ba'mah,8. 

Am-phim'a-chu8 

An-to-ni'nu8 

Ar-gi'o-pe 

Ash'i-mah,  8. 

Au-ton'o-e 

Be'a-loth,  8. 

A'i  (al),  8. 

Am-phi'on 

An-to'ni-ua 

Ar-gi-phon'tes 

Ash'ke-lon,  8. 

Av'a-ran,  8. 

Be'an,  8. 

A-i'ah,  8. 

Am-phip'o-lis 

An-to-thi'jah,  8. 

Ar-gi'vi  . 

Ash'ke-naz,  8. 

Av-a-ri'cum 

Beb'a-i,  s. 

Ai-do'neus 

Am-phi-tri'te 

A-nu'bia 

.Ar'go-lia 

Ash'ri-el,  «. 
Ash'ta-roth,  a. 

Av'a-ron,  8. 

Beb'ry-ces  or  Bo 

A-i'jah,  8. 

Afn-phit'ry-on 

An'y-tua 

Ar'gy-ra 

Av-en-ti'nus 

bry'ces 

Ai'ja-leth,  8. 

Am-phry'sus 

A-o'ni-a 

Ar'gy-re 

Ash'to-reth,  8. 

A-ver'nus 

Be-chii'rath,  8. 

Aj'a-lon,  s. 

Am'pli-as,  a. 

A-on'i-des 

Ar-gy-rop'o-lia 

As-iOji'as,  8. 

A-vi-e'nu8 

Bech'ti-leth,  s. 

Ak-rab'bim,  s. 

Am'ra-phel,  s. 

A-pel'les 

A'ri-a 

A'si-el,  8. 

Ax-i'o-chua 

Bed-a-i'ah,  s. 

A-lam'me-lech,.8. 

A-my'clae 

Ap-en-nl'nu8 

A-ri-ad'ne 

As-i-na'ri-a 

Ax-i'on 

Bo-el-i'a-da,  s. 

Al'a-moth,  8. 

Am'y-cu8 

Aph-a-ra'im,  a.- 

A-ri-ae'us 

As-i-na'ru8 

Ax'i-u8 

Be-el'sa-rus,  8. 

Al-a-ri'cu3 

Am'y^don 

A-phar'sach-ite, 

A-ri-ara'nea 

As'ke-lon,  8. 

Az'a-el,  8. 

Be-el'ze-bub,  s. 

Al-ba'ni-a 

Am-y-mo'ne 

8. 

A-ric'i-a 

As'ma-dai,  a. 

Az-a-e'Ius,  8. 

Be'er,  s. 

Al'bi-on 

Am'y-ri8 

A-phaj:'sath- 

Ar-i-ci'na 

As'ma-veth,  a. 

Az-a-li'ah,  s. 

Be-e'ra,  s. 

Al-cae'u8 

Am-y-tha'on 

.  chite,  8. 
A-phe'Kah,  8. 

A-rid'a-i,  8. 
A-rid'a-tha,  8. 

.  As-mo-ne'an,  a. 

Az-a-ni'ah,  a. 

Be-er-e'lim,  8. 

Al-cam'e-nes 

An-a-char'sis 

As-pa'si-a 

A-za'phi-on,  a. 

Be-e'ri,  s. 

Al-ca'nor 

An-ac're-on 

A-pher'e-ma,  8. 

A-ri'eh,  s. 

As'pa-tha,  8. 

Az'a-ra,  s. 

Be-er-la-ha'i-roi, 

Al-ces'te  or  Al- 

A-nac-to'ri-um  • 

Aph'e-tSB 

A'ri-el,  s. 

As-phal-ti'tes 

A-za're-el,  a. ' 

8. 

ces'tis 

An-a-dy-om'e-ne 

A-phi'ah,  8. 

Ar-i-ma-the'a,  8. 

As-phar'a-sua,  s. 

Az-a-ri'ah,  a. 

Bere'roth,  s. 

Al-ci-bi'a^ies 

An'a-%1,  8. 

Aph-o-bo'tuB 

A-rim'i-num . 

As'ri-el,  8. 

Az-a-ri'as,  a. 

Be-er-8he'bah  or 

Al-cid'a-mas 

Ati-a-ha'rath,  s. 

Aph-ro-dis'i-a 

A-ri-o-bar-za'nes 

As-sa-bi'as,  8. 

A'zaz,  8. 

Be-er'she-bab,8. 

Al-ci-da'mua 

An-a-i'ah,  8. 

Aph-ro-dis'i-as 

A-ri'och,  8. 

As-sal'i-tnoth,  a. 

A-za'zel,  a. 

Be-esh'te-rah,  s. 

Al-ci'des  ■    - 

An'a-kim,  8. 

Aph-ro-di'te 

A-ri-o-me'dea 

Aa^sa-ni'as,  a. 

Az-a-zi'ah,  a. 

Bel'e-mu8,  s. 

Al-cim'e-don 

A-nam'me-lech, 

A-pic'i-u3  ' 

A-ri'on 

Aa-sar'a-eus 

Az-baz'a-reth,  8. 

Be'li-al,  s. 

Al-cim^e-nes 

8. 

A'pi-on 

A-ri-o-vis'tus 

As-sa-re'moth,  8. 

A-ze'kah 

,  Bel-i-sa'ri-ua 

Al-cin'o-e 

A-na'ni,  8. 

A-pol-li-na'ria. 

A-ria'ari;  8. 

As-si-de'ans,  8. 

Az-e-phu'rith,  a. 

Bel-ler'o-phon 

Al-cin'o-Tis 

An-a-ni'ah,  8 

A-pol-lo-do'ru8 

Ar-is-twna 

As-su-e'rus,  s. 

A-ze'tas,  8w 

Bel-lo'na 

Al'ci-phron 

An-a-ni'as,  s. 

Ap-ol-lo'ni-a 

Ar-is-tag'o-raa 

As-syrt-a 

A-zi'a,  ,8. 
A'zi-el,  8. 

Bel-lov'a-ci ' 

Al-cip'pe 

A-nan'i-el,  8. 

Ap-ol-lo'ni-us 

Ar-js-tar'chua 

As'ta-cus 

Bel'ma-im,  a. 

Alc-mse'on 

An'a-phe 

A-pcl'los,  8. 

A-ns'te-as 

As'ta-roth,  8. 

A-zi'zah,  8. 

Bel'phe-gor 

Alomaa-onl-daB 

A-na'pu8 

A-poll'yon,  8. 
Ap'pa-im,8. 

A-ris'teus 

As-tar-te 

Az'ma-vetb,  i, 

Bel-shaz'zar,  8. 

Alc-me'na 

An'a-thotli,  8. 

Ar-is-ti'dea 

As-te'ri-a 

A-«o'tus,  8. 

Bel-te-shaz'zsir,s. 

Al-oyo-ne 

A-nat'o-l6    ■ 

Ap'phi^  (af' fi-a), 

Ar-i3-tip'pu9 

As-ter'o-pe 

Az'ri-el,  s. 

Be-na'cus 

A-lec'to 

An-ax-ag'o-ras 

8. 

A'ris-to-bu'lus' 

As-trse'a 

Az'rirkam,  a. 

Be-na'iali,  a. 

A-lec'try-oh 

An-ax-ar'chu8 

Ap'phua  (af 'fus), 

A-ris-to-cle'a 

As-ty'a-gea 

A-zu'bah,  a. 

Ben-e-be'rak,  a. 

Al'e-ma.  8. 
Al'e-meth,e. 

An-ax-e'nor 

8. 

A-ris-to-de'mu8 

As-ty'a-nax 

Az'u-raji,  a. 

Ben-e-ja'a-kan,  8, 

An-ax-ib'i-a 

Ap-pi-a'nu3 

A-ri8-to-gi'ton 

Aa-ty-da-mi'a 

Ben-ha'dad,  s. 

A-le'moa 

A-nax-i-da'saus 

Ap'pi-a  Vi'a 

Ar-is-tom'a-che 

As-tyn'o-me 

Ben-ha'il,  g. 

A-le'sa 

A-nax-i-man'der 

Ap'pi-i  Fo'rum 

Ar-is-tom'e-don 

As-ty'o-che 

B. 

Ben.-ha'nan,  8. 

A-Ie'si-a 

An-ax-Im'e-ne8 

Ap'pi-us 

Ar-is-tom'e-nes 

As-ty-pa-lae'a 

Ben'i-nu,  s. 

A-leu'a-d89 

An-chi'sea 

Ap-pu-le'ius 

A-ris'ton 

At'a-ce 

•Ba'al-ah,  a. 

Ben'ja-min,  g. 

Al-ex-am'e-nes 

An-chi-si'a-des 

A'pri-es 

Ar-ls-toph'a^nea 

A-tar'ga-tia 

Ba'al-atn,  a. 

Ben'ja-mite,  s. 

Al-ex-i'nu8. 

An-co'na 

Ap-ri'lia 

Ar-ia-tot'e-les 

At'a-roth,  a. 

Ba'a-nah,  a. 

Bennu'i,  s. 

Al-fe'nus 

An-cyle 

Ap-u-le'ia 

Ar-i8-tox'e-nu8 

A-ter-e-zi'aa,  8. 

Ba-a-ni'as,  a. 

Ben-o'ni,  s. 

Al'fl-dus 
A-li'^h,  8. 

An-cy'ra 
An-ooc'i-des 

A-puli-a 

A'ri-Tis  or  A-ri'ua 

A'thach,  8. 

Ba'a-rah,  s. 

Ben-zo'heth,  s. 

Aq'ui-la 

Ar-ma-ged'don,8. 

Ath-a-i'ah,  s. 

Ba-a-se'iah,  a. 

Ber'a-ohah,  a.  • 

A-li'an,  8. 

An-drag'orras 

Aq-ui-le'ia 

Ar-min'i-ua 

Ath-a-li'ah,  8. 

Ba'a-shah,  8. 

Ber-a-chi'ah,  a. 

A-li'f8B 

An'dre-as 

Aq'ui-lo 

Ar-mo'ni,  s. 

Ath'a-mas 

Bab'y-Ion 

Ber-a-i'ah,  s. 

Al'U-a 

An'dreua 

Aq-uMo'ni-a 

Ar-mort-cua 

Ath-a-na'si-ua 

Bac'chi-dea 

Be-re'a,  s. 
Ber-e-chi'ah,  a. 

Al-U'fae 

An'drl-a 

A-qui'naa  * 

Ar-no'bi-ua 

Ath-a-ri'as,  a. 

Bac-chi'us 

Al-lob'ro-ges 

An-dro-bulus 

A-qui'num 

Ayo-di,  8. 

A-the'na- 

Bac-chyl'i-dea 

Ber-e-ni'ce 

Al-lon-bach'uth, 

An-dr6-cle'a 

Aq-ui-ta'ni-a 

Ar'o-er,  8. 

A-tbe'nae 

Bac-tri-a'na 

Be-ri'ah,  a. 

8. 

An'dro-cles 

Ar'a-bah,  s. 

Ar-phax'ad,  a. 

Ath-e-naB'u8 

Ba-go'as 

Ber-ni'ce,  8. 

Al-mo'dad,  8. 
Al'na-than,  8. 

An-dro-cli'des 

Ar-a-bat-tha'ne, 

Ar-pi'naa 

Ath-e-nag'o-ras 

Bag'o-i,  s. 

Be-ro'dach-Bal'a- 

An'dro-clus 

8. 

Ar-pi'num 

Ath-e-na'ia 

Ba-ha'ruin-ite,  s. 

dan,  8. 

Al-o-i'dsB 

An-drog'e-nea 

Ar-a-bat-ti'ne,  8. 

Ar'ri-a 

A-the'ne 

Ba-hu'mus,  8. 

Ber'o-e 

A-lo'peK   . 

An-dro'ge-us 

A-ra'bi-a 

Ar-ri-a'nua 

A-then-o-do'ruB 

Ba-hu'rim,  a. 

Be-ro'sus 

Al-pUas'us,  8. 

An-drom'a-che 

A-rach'no 

Ayri-us 

Athlai,  8. 

Ba'isB  (ba'ye) 

Be-ro'thah,  3. 

Al-phe'u8 

An-drom'e-da 

Ar'a-dua 

Ar'sa-cea 

Ath'mo-num 

Bak-buk-i'ah,  a. 

Ber'o-thai,  s. 

Al-pi'nus 

An-dro-nf  cua,  8. 

Ar'a-rath,  a. 

Ar-sin'o-e 

A-til'la 

Ba'la-am  {or  ba'- 

Ber're-tho,  8. 

Al-thsB'a 

An'e-thoth-ite,  8. 

A-ra'thes,  8. 

Ar-ta-ba'nu8 

At'i-pha,  8. 
At-lan'ti-des 

lam),  8. 

Ber'y-tus  or  Be- 

iV-Iy-at'tes 

An'ge-lus 

A-ra'tus 

Ar-ta-ba-za'no8 

Bal'a-dan,  a. 

ry'tus 

A-lj''mon 

A-ni'am,  8. 

A-rau'nah,  8. 
A-rax'eB<i 

Ar-ta-ba'zu8 

A-treb'a-tes 

Bal'a-mo,  8. 

Ber-ze'lua,  8. 

A-mad'a-tha,  8. 

An'na-as,  8. 

Ayta-ce 

At'reua 

Ba-le-a'res 

Be'sai,  8. 

A-mad'a-thus,  8. 

An'ni-bal 

Ar'ba-cea 

Ar.ta-ce'ne 

A-tri'dse 

Bal-tha'sar,  a. 

Bes-o-de'iah,  s. 

Am'a-lek,  8. 

An'nu-us,  8. 

ArT)ath-ite, «. 

Ar-ta'nes 

A-tri'des 

Ban-a-i'as,  a. 

Bes'ti-a 

Am-al-thse'a 

An-tsB'a 

Ar-be'la 

Ar-ta-pber'nes 

At-ro-pa-te'ne 

Ban-na'ia,  a. 

Bet'a-ne,  a. 

Am'a-na,  8. 

An-tse'us 

Ar-be'lua 

Ar-tax-erx'ea 

At'ro-poa 

Ban'u-as,  8. 

Beth-ab'a-ra,  a. 

A-mar'a-cus 

An-tag'o-ras 
An-tal'ci-das 

•Ar-bo'na 

Ar'te-tnaa 

At'tai,  s. 
At-ta-li'a,  a. 

Ba-rab'bas,  8. 

Beth'a-ny, «. 

Am-a-ri'ah,  8. 

Ar-bo'na-i,  a 

Ar-tem-i-do'ru8 

Bar'a-chel,  8. 

Beth-ar'a-bah,  s. 

Am-a-ryl'lia 

An-fe'a 

Ar'ca-dea 

Ar'te-mia 

At'ta-lua 

Bar-a-chi'ah,  s. 

Beth-a'ram,  «. 

Am'a-sa,  8. 

An-te'nor 

Ar-ca'di-a 

Ar-te-mla'i-tL 
Ar-to'na    t^ 
Ar'u-both,  «T 

At^thar'a-tea,  a. 

Bar-a-chi'as,  a. 

Beth-a'ven,  «. 

A-mas'a-i,  8. 

An-te-nort-deB 

Ar-ces'i-las 

At'ti-ca 

Bar-ba'tus 

Beth-az'ma-veth, 

Am-a-shi'ah,  8. 

An'te-roa 

Ar-ces-i-la'u8 

At'ti-cus 

Bar-da'nes 

8. 

A-ma'sis 

An-the'a 

Ar-che-la'us 

A-ru'mah,  a. 

At'ti-la 

Bar-hu'mite,  8. 

Beth-ba'rah,  a. 

Am-a-the'is,  8. 

An-the'la 

Ar-ches'tra-tua 

Ar-u-si'ni 

At-til'i-UB 

Ba-ri'ah,  8. 

Beth-e'tnek,  a. 

Am-a-zi'ah,  8. 

An-the'ne 

Ar'che-Tite,  8. 

Ar-vir'a-guB 

At-ti'naa 

Ba-ri'ne 

Beth-es'dalsasj), 

A-maz'o-nea 

An'ti-as 

Ar'chi-aa 

As-a-di'as,  8. 

At'ti-us 

"Ba'ri-um 

a. 

Am-bi'o-rix 

An-ti-cle'a 
An-tic'y-ra 

Ar-chl-da'mu8 

As'a-el.  8. 

Au-fl-de'na 

Bar-je'sus,  8. 

Beth-e'zel,  8. 

Am-bra'ci-a 

Ar-chil'o-chua 

As'a-hel,  a. 

Au-fld'i-ua 

Bar-jo'na,  a. 

Beth-hac'ce-rim, 

Am-bro'si-a 

An-tid'a-muB 

Ar-chi-me'dea 

Aa-a-i'ah,  a. 

Au'fi-dus 

Ba-ro'dis,  a. 

8. 

A-med'a-tha,  8. 

An-ti-do'ru8 

Ar-chi-pel'a-gus . 

As'a-na,  8. 

A\:.-ge'aa 

Bar'sa-bas,  a. 

Beth-ha'ran,  a. 

Am-e-no'phis 

An-tig'o-ne 

Ar-chy'tas 

A-sar'a-el,  8. 

Au-gus'ta 

Bar-si'na 

Beth-ho'ron,  8. 

A-mil'car 

An-ti-go-ni'a 

Arc-ti'nus 

A-Bar'e-el,  8. 
As-a-re'lah,  a. 
As-baz'a-reth,  a. 

Au-gus-ti'nus 

Barta-cus,  a. 

Beth-oesh'inioth 

A-min'a-dab,  8. 

An-tig'o-nua 

Arc-tu'rua 

Au-gusto-bri'ga 

Bar-thoro-mew, 

8. 

A-mit'ta-i,  8. 

An-ti-lib'a'nns 

Ar'de-a    • 

Au-gus-to-du' 

s. 

Beth-leh'aoth.  8 

A-miz'arbad,  8. 

An-til'p-chus 

Ar-de-a'tes 

Aa-cara-phua 

num 

Bar-ti-ine'us,  a. 

Beth'le-hem,  i. 

Am-med'da-tha, 

An-tim'a-chna 

A-re'li,  8. 

As'ca-lon,  8. 

Au-gus'tu-lus 

Bar-za'nea 

Beth-ma'a-ch.ih, 

s. 

An-tjn'o-us 

A-fe'lite,  f. 

Aa-ca'ni-us 

Au-gus'tua 
Au-le'tes 

Bar-zlHa-i,  8. 

8. 

Am'mi-el,  8. 

An-ti-o-chi'a 

A-re'nse 

As-cle-pi'a-des 

Bas'a-loth,  a. 

Beth-me'on,  a. 

Am-miTiud,  8. 

Am-mi-shad'da-i 

An-ti'o-chu8 

A-re-op'argas 

As-cle-pl-o-do'roB 

Au-ra'nus,  a. 

Bas'ca-ma,  a. 

Beth-o'ron,  a. 

An-ti'o-pe 

Ar-e-taB'u8 

Aa-cle'pi-us 

Au-re'li-a 

Bash'e-math,  a. 

Beth-palet,  a. 

£. 

An-tip'a-ros 

Ar'e-taa,  8. 

As-co'm-ua 

Ai\-re-li-a'nua 

Bas'tari,  8. 

Beth-pe'ov,  a. 

Am-om-phar'e- 

An'ti-pas,  8. 

Arete 

As'cu-lum 

Au-reli-ua 

Ba-ta'Tl 

Beth'pha  ge  (7  t> 

tU3 

An-tip'a-ter 

Ar-e-thu'aa 

Aa'dru-bal 

Au-rora 

Ba-ta'vi-a 

i\  a 
EtthphcJKt,*.- 

Arn'orite,  s. 

An'ti-pbas 

Ar-e-ti'num 

A-se'ap,  8. 
A-S4'?0  Wo, « 

Au-so'nt-a 

Bath-ehe'bah,  8. 

Am-phi'a-uaz 

Ac'ti-pboa 

A'-K/uat «. 

Au-so'ui:Ug 

Batli'shu-a,  8. 

Beth-ixi  pha, «. 

CLASSICAL  AND  SCEIPTURAL   NAMES. 


817 


Beth-re'hob, «. 
Beth-sa'i-da,  s. 
Beth-she'mesh,  s. 
Beth-su'ra,  s. 
Beth-tap'pu-ahj 

s. 
Be-thu'el,  s. 
Be'thul,  8.  • 
Be-thu-li'a  or  Be- 

thu'li-a,  s. 
Be-to'li-u8,  8. 
Bet-o-mes'tham, 

8. 

Bet'o-nim, «. 
Be-u'lah,«. 
Be'zai,  a. 
Bez-a-le'el  or  Bez- 

al'eel,  9. 
Be'zek,  «. 
Be'zer,  8. 
Be'zeth,  8. 
Bi-a'nor 
Bi'a-tas,  s. 
Bi-brac'te 
Bib'ro-ci 
Bib'u-lus 
Big'tha-na,  8. 
Big-va'i  or  Big*- 

va-i,  «. 
Bil'bi-lia 
Bil'e-am,  8. 
Bil'gai,  8. , 
Bin'e-a,  s. 
Bin'nu-i,  a. 
Bir'za-vith,  t. 
Bis'to-nes 
Bi-thi'ah,  *, 
Bith'rohj  8. 
Bi-thy'iu 
Bi-thyn'i-a 
Bit'i-as 
Bi-tu'ri-ges 
Biz-joth'jab,  8. 
Blan-du'si-a 
Blem'my-ea 
Bo-ad-i-ce'a, 
Bo-a-ner'geS,  8. 
Bo'az,  8. 
Boch'e-ru,  s. 
Bce-o'ti-a 
Bo-e'thi-uS 
Boi'i 
Boi'p-rix 
Bo-mil'car 
Bo-e'tes 
Bo'oz,  8.- 
Bo're-as 
Bo-rys'the-nes 
Bos'o-ra,  8. 
Bos'po-rus 
Brac-ca'ti 
Bras'i-das 
Bren-toa'i-cxun 
Bret'ti-i 
Bri-a're-us  or 

Bri'a-reus 
Bri-gan'tes 
Bri-gan'ti-um, 
Bri-se'is 
Bri-tan'ni 
Bri-tan'ni-a 
Bri-tan'ni-cus 
Brit-o-ma'ris 
Brit-o-mar'tis 
Brit'o-nes  or  Bri- 

to'nes 
Bro'mi-u8 
Bro'te-as 
Bruc'te-ri     . 
Brun-du'si-um 
Bru'ti-i  or  Brut'- 

ti-i 
Bu-bas'tis 
Bu-cepb'a-lus 
Bu-da'li-a 
Bu-de'a 
Bu-di'ni 
Bu-do'rum 
Buk-ki'ah,  8. 
Bu'pa-lus 
Bu-pra'si-um 
Bur-dig'a-la 
Bu-si'ris 
Bu'te-o   . 
Bu-thro'tum 
Bu-tor'i-des 
Buz'ite,  8. 
Bu'zy-ges  or  Bu- 

zy'ges 
Bye-sa'tis 


Byz-an-ti'a-cus 
By-aan'ti-um 

c. 

OaVa-des 

Ca-bi'ra 

Ca-bi'ri 

Cad'a-ra 

Ca-de'no 

Cad-me'a 

Cad'mi-el,  8. 

Ca-dru'si 

Cae-ciri-a 

Cse-cil-i-a'nus 

Cae-cil'i-u8 

Cae-ci'na  . 

Cae'cu-bum 

Cae'li-a 

Cse'li-us 

Cae'neus 

Cas'sar  (8  as  e) 

Ca3-6a-re'a  (s  as  ») 

Cae-sa'ri-on  (s  aS' 

.2) 
Cse-se'na 
Cae-sen'ni-us 
Cae'si-a 
Cae'si-us 
Cae-so'ni-a 
Cae-so'nr-us 
Ca'ia-phas,  8. 
Cai'nan,  s. 
Ca'ius 
Cal'a-ber 
■Cal'a-is 
Cal'a-mus 
Cal-au-re'a 
Ca-led'o-hes 
Cal-e-do'ni-a 
Ca-lig'u-la 
Cal'i-tas,  8. 
Cal'li-as 
Cal'li-cles 
Cal-lic'ra-tes 
Cal-li-crat'i-das 
Cal-lig'e-nes 
Cal-lim'a-chus 
Cal-li-me'de? 
Cal-lim'e-doa 
Cal-li-ni'cus 
Cal-li'nus 
Cal-li'o-pe 
Cal-lip'i-des 
Cal-lip'o-lis 
Cal-lir'ho-e 
Cal-lis'the-nes 
^  Cal-lis'to 
Cal-lis'tra-tus 
Cal-lix'e-nus 
Cal-pur'ni-a 
Cal'va-ry,  8. 
Cal-vi'nua 
Cal'y-don 
Ca:.lyp'so 
Cam-a-lo-du'- 

num 
Cam-by'ses 
Cam-e-ri'num 
Ca-mil'la 
Ca-mi'rus 
Ca-moe'nse 
Cam-pa'n-i-a 
Cam-pas'pe 
Cam'py-lus 
Ca'naan  (ka'naii 
or  ka'na-an),  8. 
Can'a-ce 
Can'da-ce 
Can-dau'les 
Ca-nid'i-a 
Ca-nid'i-us 
Ca-nin'i-us 
Ca-no'pu8 
Can'ta-ber 
Can'ta-bri 
Can-ta'bri-a 
Can'tha-rus 
Can-the'la 
Can'ti-um 
Can-u-le'ius 
Ca-nu'si-um 
Cap'a-neus 
Ca-pel'Ia 
Ca-pe'na 
'/d-pe'nas 
Ga-per'na-um,  8. 
Caph-ar-Eol'a- 


Oa-phen'a-tha,  8. 

Ca-phi'ra,  8. 

Caph'to-rini,  s. 

Cap-i-to-li'nus 

Cap-i-to'li-um 

Cap-pad'o-ces 

Cap-pa-do'ci-a 

Ca'pre-aa 

Cap-ri-cor'nus 

Cap'u-a 

Car-a-calla  . 

Ca-rac'ta-cus 

Ca-rau'si-u8 

Car'cha-mis,'8. 

Car-che'don 

Car'che-mish,  8. 

Car-da-me'ne 

Car-dam'y-le 

Car-de'sus 

Car'di-a 

Cair-du'chi 

Ca-re'ab, «, 

Ca-re'su3 

8a'ri-a 
a-ri'naa 
Car-ma'ni-a 
Car'na-im,  8. 
Car-ne'a-des 
Car'ni-on,  8. 
Car'pa-thus 
Car-pe-ta'ni 
Car-poc'ra-tes 
Car-she'na, «. 
Car-te'ia 
Car-tha'go ' 
Car-vil'i-us 
Ca'ry-aa 
Ca-ry-a'tae 
Cas-i-Ii'num 
Ca-siph'i-a,  8. 
Ca'si-U8 
Cas'leu,  8. 
Cas'lu-him,  i. 
Cas-pe'ri-a 
Cas-si-o-do'rus 
Cas-si'o-pe 
Cas-si-o-pe'a 
Cas-si-ter'i-des 
Cas-si-ve-lau'nus 
Cas-ta'li-a 
Cas-to'lua 
Cat'a-na 
Ca-thu'a,  8. 
Cat-i-li'na 
Ca'ti-us 
Cat-K)-bri'ga 
Cat'u-lus 
Ca-tu'ri-ges 
Cau'ca-sus 
Cau-cO'nes 
Cau'di-um 
Cau-lo'ni-a 
Ca-y'cu8 
Ca-yg'ter 
Ce-ciri-ua 
Ce-ci'na 
Ce-cro'pi-a 
Ce-crop'i-dae 
Ce'crops 
Ce'dron  {or  k5'. 

dron),  8.  • 
Cei'lan  (cei=-sS), 

8.      . 

Cel'a-don 

Ce-laB'no 

Cel-ti-be'ri 

Cel'ti-ca 

Cen-clire'a 

Cen'chre-SB 

Ce-ni'na 

Cen-so-ri'nus 

Cen-tau'rus 

Cen-tim'a-nua 

CejQ-tu'ri-pe 

Ceph'a-las 

Ceph'a-las. 

Ceph-al-le'ni-a 

Ceph'a-lus 

Ce'pheus 

Ce-phi'so 

Ce-phis-o-do'rus 

Ce-phi'8us  or  Ce' 

phjs'sus 
Ce'phren 
Cer-a-mi'cus 
Cer'a-sus 
Ce-ra'tu3 
€e-rau'nta 
Cei/be-rua 


Cer-do'us 
Ces-a-re'a  (8  aa  «).' 

8. 

Ce-the'gu8 

Ce'yx 

Cha'bri-as 

Cha'di-as,  8. 

Chje're-a 

Chae-re'mon 

Chie're-phon 

Ch^-rip'pus 

Chae'ro-las 

ChsB-ro-ne'a 

Chal-ce'don 

Chal-cid'i-ce 

Chal-cid'ircus 

Chal-ci'o-po 

Chal-ci'tis 

Chal-das'a 

ChaJ'y-bes 

Cha '  naan     { seie 

Canaan),'8. 
Cha'o-nes 
Cha-o'ni-a 
Cha-o-ni'tis 
Char'a-ka,  8. 
Char'a-shim,  s. 
Char'che-mish,  8. 
Cha're-a,  8.1 
Char'i-cles 
Char-i-cli'des 
Char-i-la'ua 
Char'i-tea 
Char'ini-das 
Char'pii-dea 
Cha-ryb'dis 
Chas'e-ba,  a. 
Ched-or-la'o-mer, 

s.      .       ■ 
Chel'ci-as,  a. 
Che-li'don 
Che-lo'ne 
Che-lu'bai,  3. 
Chem'a-rimsy  8. 
Che-na'ii-nah,  8. 
Cheu'a-ni,  s. 
Chen-a-ni'ah,  8. 
Che-phi'rah,  e. 
Che'r©-a8j ». 
Chej/eth-ims,  a. 
Cher'eth-ites,  8. 
Qher-so-ne'sus 
Ches'a-lon,  s. 
Che-thi'ipj,  8, 
Chil'e-ab,  8. 
Chi-li'on,  s. 
Chi-mae'ra 
Chin'ne-reth,  8. 
Chin'ne-roth,  8. 
Chi-on'i-des 
Chis'leu,  '8. 
Cblo'e 
Cho-a'ni 
Cho-as'pes 
Chob'a-i,  s. 
Choe'ri-lus 
Cho-ra'shan,  8. 
Cho-ra'zin,  8. 
Chos-a-me'us,  8. 
Chos'ro-es 
Cho-ze'ba,  8. 
Chres'i-phon 
Chrys-ag'o-ras 
Chry-sa'or  * 
Chry-sa'o-ria 
Chry-se'i8 
Chry'seus 
Chry-sip'pus 
Ctirys-o-la'us 
Chrys-o-lo'rag 
Chry-sop'o-li8 
Chry-sos'to-mu8 
Chry-soth'e-mi* 
Chtno'ni-a 
Chtho'ni-us 
Chu'shan   Rish.- 

a-tba'im,  s. 
.Cib-a-ri'tis 
Cib-de'Ii 
Ci-bo'tus 
Cib'y-ra 
Cic'e-ro  * 
Cic'o-nes 
Cil'i-ces 
Ci-lic'i-a 
Cim-me'ri-i 
Ci-mo'lus 
Cia'a-don 
Ciu'a-ra 
Cin-cm-na'vu? 


Cin'e-as 

Ciu-get'o-rix 

Cin'gu,-lum 

Cin'na-don  • 

Cin'ne-reth,  'a. 

Cin'ne-roth,  a. 

Oin'y^ras 

Cis-al-pi'na 

Ci-thse'ron 

Cit'i-um 

Clau'dl-a 

Clau-di-a'nus 

Clau'di-U8 

Cla-zom'e-nae 

Cle-ar'chua 

Cle'o-bis 

Cle-o-bu'lus 

Cle-o-da'mua 

Cle-om'a'Chus 

Cle-om'bro-tus 

Cle-o-me'des 

Cle-om'e-dou 

Cle-om'e-nes 

Cle-o'na9 

Cle-o'ne 

Cle-o-ni'cus 

Cle-o'nus 

Cle-on'y-mUB 

Cle'o-paa 

Cle-op'a-tra  or 

Cle-o-pa'tra 
Cle-oph'a-nes 
Cle'o-phas,  s. 
Ole'o-phon 
Cle'o-pu8 
Clim'e-nus 
Clin'i-as 
Clis'the-nes 
Cli-tom'a-chua 
Clit'o-phoa 
Clo-a'ca 
Clo-a-ci'na 
Clo'di-a 
Clo'di-us 
Cloe'li-a 
Clu'si-um 
Clym'e-ne 
Clyt-em-nes'tra 
Coc-ce'ius 
Co-cy'tus 
Coe-cil'i-us 
Coel-e-syrt-a 
Coel-i-o-bri'ga 
Coeli-u8 
Coel-o-sjr'i-a 
Col-ho'zeh,  a. 
Co'li-us,  8. 
Col-la'ti-a 
Col-la-ti'nus 
Col'o-e 
Co-lo'nos 
Col'o-phon 
Co-los'se,  8. 
Col-u-mel'la 
Com-a-ge'na 
Co-ma'na 
Co-me'tes 
Com-ma-ge'ne 
Com'mo-au8 
Com-plu'tum 
Con-a-ni'ah,  a. 
Con-cor'di-a 
Con'dy-lua 
Co-ni'ah,  e. 
Con-o-ni'ah,  a. 
Co-no'pe 
C'on-o-pe'iim 
Con-stan'ti-a 
Con-stan-ti-nop'- 
.  o-lis 

Con-stan-ti'nus 
Con-stan'ti-us 
Co'og,  s. 
Co-pa'is 
Cor'bu-lo 
Cor-cy'ra 
Cor'4u-ba 
Co-rin'e-um 
.Co-rin'na 
Co-ri-o-la'nus. 
Co-ri'o-li 
Cor-ne'li-a 
Cor-ne'li-us 
Corrnu'tus 
Cor-o-ne'a 
Co-ro'nis 
Co-ro'pe 
Cor-so'te 
Oor-to'n:i 
Cor-ty'iu 


Cor-vi'nus 

Cor-y-ban'tes 

Co-ryc'i-a 

Cor'ydon 

Cor'y-thua 

Cot'i-so 

Co-ty-o'ra 

Co-tyt'to' 

Cran'a-e 

Cran'a-os 

Cran'a-us 

Crat'e-as 

Cra-ti'Dus 

Cra-tip'pus 

Crat'y-lua 

Crem'e-rd  . 

Cre-mo'na 

Cres-phon'tes 

Cres-to'no 

Cre'te 

Cre-the'is 

Cret'i-cus 

Cre-u'sa 

Cris-pi'nus 

Crit'i-as 

Crit-o-bulus 

Cron'i-dea 

Cro'ni-ua 

Crot'a-lus 

"Cro-to'na 

Crus-tu-me'ri-a 

Cte'si-aa 

Cte-aibl-us 

Ctes'i-cles 

Ctes-i-la'us 

Cte-sil'o-chus 

Ctes'i-phon 

Cte-sip'pua 

Ctim'e-ne 

Cu-nax'a 

Cu-pi'do 

Cu-re'tes 

Cu'ri-a 

Cu'ri-o 

Cu'ri-us 

Cur'ti-us 

Cu'shan    Rish:a- 

tha'im,  a. 
Cu'shi,  a. 
Cy'a-mon,  a. 
Cy-ax'a-res 
Cy-be'be 
Cyb'e-le 
Cy-bo'tus 
Cyc'la-des 
Cy-clo'pes 
Cy-dip'pe 
Cy-do'nes 
Cy-do'ni-a 
Cyl-le'ne 
Cy-mod'o-ce 
Cy-moth'o-e 
Cyn'a-ra 
Cy-nax'a 
.Cyn-e-gi'rus 
Cyn-o-ceph'a-lsa 
Cyn-o-SE^ges 
C'yn'thi-a 
Cyp'se-lus 
Cyr-e-na'i-ca . 
Cy-re'ne 
Cy-re'ni-us,  8. 
C^f-ririus 
Cy-ro-px-di'a 
Cy-rop'o-lis 
Cy-the'ra 
Cyth-e-rae'a 
Cy-the'ris 
Cy-the'ron 
Cyz'i-cum 
Cyz'i-cus 


D. 

Dab'a-reh, «. 
Dab'ba-sheth,  s.. 
Dab'e-rath,'8. 
Da'bri-a,  a. 
Ba'ci-a 
Dac'ty-li 
Dad-de'us,  8, 
Dae'da-las 
Dai'san,  a. 
Da-la'iah,  a. 
Da-lilah,  s. 
Dal-ma-nu'tha,  8. 
Dal-ma'ti-a  ' 
Bal-mat'i-cus 
Dam'a-Us 


Dam'a-ris,  a. 

Dam-as-ce'nu8 

Da-mas'cus 

Dam-a-sip'puB 

Dam-a-sis'tra-tuB 

Dam  -  a  -  si  -  thy*- 

mus 
Dam'o-cles 
Dam-o-ti'mu9 
Dan'a-e 
Dan'a-i 
Da-na'i-des 
Dan'a-u8 
Dan-dar'i-d»\ 
i)an'i-el,  s. 
Dan-ja'an,  a. 
Da-nu'bi-us 
Daph'ne  (daf'n6J ; 
Dar'da-ni 
Dar-da'ni-«, 
Dar-dan'i-des 
Dar'da-nis 
Dar'da-nu3 
Da-ri'us  •. 
Dat-a-pher'ne» 
Da-the'mah,  t, 
Dau'ni-a 
Deb'o-rah,  a, 
De-cap'o-lis 
Dec-e-le'a 
De-ci-a'nuB 
Dec'i-mus 
De'ci-U8 
Dec'u-inft 
De-dan'im,  8. 
De-ha'vites,  a. 
De-id-a-mi'a 
De-im'a-chuS 
De-i'o-ces 
De-i'o-ne 
De-i'o-pe  • 
De-i-o-pe'ia 
De-i-ot'a-rus 
De-iph'o-bus 
De'i-phon 
De-ip'y-lus 
Dej-a-ni'ra 
De-la'iah,  8. 
De'li-a 
De-Ii'lah,  a. 
De'li-um 
De'li-ua 
De-ma'des< 
De-mag'o^ras 
Dem-a-ra'tu8 
De-tne'ter 
De-me'tri-aa 
De-me'tri-us 
Dem-G-cU'des 
De-moc'ri-tua 
De-mod'o-cu8 
De-mo'nax 
DemTO-ni'cus 
Dem-o-phan'tus 
De-moph'i-lu8 
De.-moph'o-on 
De-mos'the-nes 
De-mos'tra-tus 
Den-ta'tua 
De-od'a-tus 
Der'ce-to 
Der-cyl'li-das 
Der-cyl'lus 
Der'cy-los 
Beu-ca'li-on, 
De-u'el,  8. 
Pev'o-na 
Dex-am'e-nub 
Dex'i-us 
Di-ac-tor'i-des 
Di-ae'ua 
Di-ag'o-ras- 
Di-an'a 
Di-aph'a-nes 
Dib-Ia'im,  s. 
I)ib-la-tha'im,  a. 
Di-cae'a 
Dic-e-ar^chus 
Dic'o-maa 
Did'y-ma 
Did'y-me 
Did'y-mus 
Di-es'pi-ter 
Di-gen'ti-a  ^ 
Dil'e-an,  a. 
Di-mo'nah,  a. 
Birfdy-ma 
Din-dy-me'ne 
Diu'dy-mus 
Dia-ha'bah,  8.) 

62. 


818 


CLASSICAL  AND   SCRIPTURAL  NAMES. 


X)i.noch'a-re8 

Di-noc'ra-tes 

Di-o-cle'a 

Bi'o-cles 

Di-o-cle-ti-a'nufl 

Di-o-do'ruB 

Di-og'e-nes 

Di-og-ne'tua 

Di-o-me'de 

Di-om-e-de'a 

Di-o-me'des 

Di-om'e-don 

Di-o-nae'a 

Di-o'ne 

Di-o-ni'cus 

Di-o-nys'i-a 

Di-o-nys-i-odo'- 

rus 
Di-o-nys'i-us 
Di-o-ny^Bus 
Di'o-pe 
Dl-oph'a-nes 
Di-o-phaS'tus 
Di-o-pi'thes- 
Di-op'o-lis 
Di-os-cor'i-des 
Di-os-cu'ri 
Di-os'po-lU 
Di-o-ti'me 
Di-o-ti'mu8 
Di-ot're-phes 
Diph'i-lus 
Dip'o-lis 
Dip'y-lon 
Div-i-ti'a-ciM 
Div-o-du'rum 
Di-vo'na 
Di-za'hab,  s. 
Doc'i-mus 
Do'da-i,  8. 
Do-da'nim,  >. 
Do-da'vah,  s. 
Do-do'na 
Dol-a-belTa 
Do-li'o-nes 
Doli-u3 
DoFo-pes 
Do-lo'pi-a 
Do-mi-ti-a'nuS 
Do-mi'ti-us 
Do-na'tus 
Der-ce'a 
Dor'i-cus 
Do-ri-e'um 
Bor-y-lae'um 
Dor'y-las 
Dor-yrla'us 
Do-rym'e-nes,  s. 
Do-sith'e-U8 
Drep'a-na 
Drep'a-num 
Dru-sil'la 
Dry'a-des 
Dry-an-ti'des 
Dry'o-pes 
Dij'o-pia 
Du-il'li-a 
Bu-il'li-us 
Du-lich'i-um 
Dum'no-rix 
Dy-nam'e-ne 
Dy-so'ru8 


E-ge'ri-» 
E-ges'ta 
Eg-la'im,  fi. 
Eg-na'ti-a 
Eg-na'ti-us 
Ek-re'bel,  8, 
Ek'ron, «. 
£-la'dab,  s. 
E-lae'a 

El-a-gaVa-lus 
El-a-mi'tae 
El-a-te'a 
El'ci-a,  8. 
£l-da'ah,  8- 
El'e-a 
El'&^  «. 
El-e-a'leh,  8. 
El-e-a'sah,  8. 
El-e-a'zar,  s. 
El-e-a-zu'rus,  8. 
E-lec'tra 
E-lec'try-on 
El-e-phan'ti-ne 
El-e-phan'tia 
El-eu-sin'i-a 
E-leu'sis 
E-leu'the-WB 
El-eu-the'ri-a 
El-ha'nan,  8, 
E-li'ab,  «. 
E-ffa^a,  8. 
E-li'ah,  8. 
E-li'ah-ba,  8. 
E-li'a-kim,  8. 
E-U'a-li,  8. 
E-li'am,  8. 
E-li'as,  s. 
E-li'a-saph,  8. 
E-Ii'a-shib,  8. 
E-li'a-sib,  8. 
E-li'dad,  8. 
E-U'el,  8. 
E-li'e-nai,  8. 
E-li-e'zer,  8. 
E-li'harba,  8. 
E-li'hu,  8. 
E-li'jab,  8. 
E-li'kab.  8. 
E-lim'e-lech,  8. 
E-liph'a-let,  8. 
E-li'phaz,  8. 
E-liph'e-le"h,  8. 
E-liph'e-let,  8. 
E-li'gha,  «. 
E-li'sha-mah,  8. 
E-li'sba-pbat,  8. 
E-li'she-ba,  8. 
E-li'shu-a,  8. 
E-li'u,  8. 
E-li'za-phan,  8. 
E-li'zur,  8. 
El-ka'nah,  8. 
El-la'sar,  8. 
El-mo'dam,  8. 
El-na'am,  a. 
El-na'tban,  8. 
E-lo'i,  8. 
El-pa'al,  8. 
El-palet,  8. 
El-pa'ran,  8. 
El-te'keh,  8. 
El-te'kon,  8. 
El-to'lad,  8i 
E'lul,  8. 
E-lu'zai,  8. 
El-y-ma'is 
El'y-mas,  8. 
El'y-mns 
El-za'bad,  8. 
£l-za'phan,  8. 
E-man'u-el,  8. 
E-ma'thi-a 
Em'e-sa 
E'mims,  8> 
Em-ma'u8,  8.- 
E-mo'da 
E-mo'du8 
Em-ped'o-cles 
E-na're-a 
En-ar'e-te 
En-cel'a-dus 
En-dym'i-on 
En  Eg-la'im,  8. 
En'e-ti 
En-gad'di.  8. 
En  6aa-mm,  8. 
En  Ged'L  8. 
En  Hak-ke/re,  8. 
E-ni'peu8 
E-nis'pe 


En'ni-us 
En'no-mos 
En  Rim'mon,  8. 
En  Ro'gel,  8. 
En  Sbe'mesh,  e. 
En  Tap-pu'ab,  s. 
E-pam-i-tion'das 
Ep'a-phras,  s. 
E-paph-ro-di'tus 
Ep'a-phus 
Ep-e-ae'tus,  8. 
Eph'e-sus 
Eph'e-tae 
Eph-i-al'tes 
E'ph'ra-im,  8. 
Eph'ra-tah,  s. 
Eph'rath,  a. 
E'phron,  8. 
Eph'y-ra 
Eph'y-re 
Ep-i-caa'te 
E-pich'a-ris 
Ep-i-char'mus 
E-pic'ra-tes 
Ep-ic-te'tus 
Ep-i-eu'ros 
Ep-i-cy'des 
Ep-i-dau'rus 
Ep-i-do't8B 
E-pig'e-nes 
E-pig'o-ni 
Ep-i-me'des 
E-pim'e-nes 
Ep-i-men'i-des 
Ep-i-me'theus 
,  E-piph'a-nes 
Ep-i-pha'ni-us 
E-pip'o-lae 
E-pi'rus 
E-pit'a-das 
Ep-i-ti'mus 
Ep'o-na 
E-po'pe 
E-po'peus 
Ep'y-tus  ■■ 
E-qnic'o-lus 
Ei>a-si'nu8 
Er-a-sis'tra-ttis 
E-ras'tus,  8. 
Er'a-to 

Er-a^tos'the-nes 
Er-a-tos'tra-tu8 
Er'a-tus 
Er'e-bu8 
Er-ecb-the'um 
E-recb'theus 
E-ret'ri-a 
Er'ga-ne 
Er-i-boe'a 
Er-i-bytes 
Es-i-ce'a 
Er-ich-tho'ni-ua 
E-rid'a-nus 
E-rig'o-ne 
E-rig'o-nu8 
E-rin'nys 
E-ri'nys 
Er-i-phyla 
E^os'tra-tos 
Er-y-qi'na 
Er'y-thrae 
E-sa'ias,  8. 
Es-dra-elon,  s. 
Es-drelon,  8. 
Es'e-bon,  8. 
E-setri-as,  8. 
Esh-ba'al,  8> 
E'she-an,  8. 
Esh-ta'ol,  8. 
Esh-tem'o-a,  8. 
Es-ma-chi'ah,  8. 
E-so'ra,  8. 
Es-quil'i-se 
Es-qui-U'nus 
Es-senes',  es-s5nz' 
Es-se'ni 
Est'ha-ol,  8. 
lls'ther  (ih=t),  a. 
Es-ti-se'a 
Es-ti-se-o'tis 
Es'u-la 
E-te'o-cles 
E-te'o-clu8 
Eth-ba'al,  s 
E-tru'ri-a 
Eu-boe'a 
Eu-bu'le 
Eu-bn'li-des 
Eu-bulu8 
Eu-cli'des 


Eu'cra-tes 

Eu-crat'i-das 

Eu^iae'mon. 

Eu-dam'i-das 

Eu-de'mu8- 

En-do'ci-a 

Eu-doc'i-mu8 

Eu-el'pi-dea 

Eu-e'nor 

Eu-e'nu8 

Eu-er'ge-ies 

Eu-ge'ni-a 

Eu-ge'ni-us 

Eu-hem'e-rufl 

Eu'ma-chns 

Eu-maB'us 

Eu'me-nes 

Eu-men'i-des 

Eu-ni'ce 

Eu'no-mus 

Eu-o'di-as,  8. 

Eu'pa-tor 

Eu-pa-to'ri-a 

Eu-pho'ri-on 

Eu-phra'te8 

Eu-phros'y-ne 

Eu-pol'e-mus,  8. 

Eu'po-lis 

Eu-rip'i-des 

Eu-ri'pu8 

Eu-roc'ly-don 

Eu-ro'pa 

Eu-ro'tas 

Eu-ry'a-lus 

Eu-ry-bi'ardes 

Eu-ry-cle'a 

Eu-ry-cli'des 

Eu-ryd'i-ce 

Eu-rym'a-chuB 

Eu-ry-me'de 

Eu-rym'e-don 

Eu-ryn'o-mu8 

Eu-ryp'y-le 

Eu-ryp'y-lu8 

Eu-rys'the-nes 

Eu-rys'theus 

Eu-ryt'i-on. 

Eu'ry-tus 

Eu-seTji-us 

Ea-'sta'thi-us 

Eus'the-nes 

Eu-ter'pe 

Eu-trap'e-lu8 

Eu-tro'p.i-u8 

Eu'ty-ches 

Eu't^-chus,  8. 

Eux-i'nus 

E-vad'ne 

E-v^g'o-ra8 

E-Tan'der 

E-ve'nor 

E-ve'nus 

E'vil     Me-ro'- 

dach,  8. 
Ex-quiri-a 
EzOja-i 
Ez-e-ki'as,  8. 
E-zeTci-el,  8. 
Ez-e-ri'as,  8. 
E-zi'as,  8. 
E'zi-on  Ge'ber,  8. 


F. 

FaTji-us 

Pa-bric'i-ua 

Fse'sn-liB 

Fa-le'ri-i 

Fan'ni-i 

Fan'-ni-us 

Paus-ti'na 

Faus-ti'nus 

Fau8'tu-lu8 

Fa-vo'ni-ns 

Fav-o-ri'nufl 

Fel'si-na 

Fe-ret'ri-us 

Fes-cen-ni'nus 

Fes'cu-laa 

Fi-de'nae 

Fid-e-na'tea 

Fim'bri-a 

Fla-min'i-a 

Fla-min'i-us 

Fla'vi-a 

Fla'vi-us 

Flo-ren'ti-a 

Pio-ri-a'nas 

Fod-ta'nuB 


Fon-tie'iu8 

For'mi-8e 

For-mi-a'num 

Por-tu'na 

For-tu-na'tus 

Fron-ti'nus 

Fru'si-no 

Pu'ci-nu8 

Fu-fid'i-us 

Fu'fi-U8 

Fnl'vi-a 

Ful'vi-us 

Fun-da-nus 

Fu'ri-SB 

Fu'ri-us 


Cra'aL  8. 

Ga'a8h,-8. 
Ga-ba'el,  s. 
Gab'a-la 
Gab'bai,  «. 
Gab'ba-tha,  8. 
Ga-bi-e'nu8 
Ga^i-i 
Garbin'i-U8 
Ga'bri-as,  8. 
Ga'bri-el,  8. 
Ga4'a-ra 
Gad'a-renes,  t. 
Gad-di'el,  8. 
Ga-di'ra 
Gad-i-ta'nns 
Gas-tu'li 
Gse-tu'li-a 
Gains,  8. 
Gal'a-ad,  8. 
Ga-lae'sus 
Gal-a-te'a 
Gal-a'ti-a,  8. 
Ga-le'ed,  8. 
Gal-ga'la,  8. 
Gal'i-lee,  s. 
Gal'li-a 
Gal'li-cus 
Gal'li-o,  8. 
Gal-lip'o-lis 
Ga-ma'el,  «. 
Ga-ma'li-el,  8. 
Gam-ma'dim,  8. 
Gan-y-me'de 
Gan-y-me'des 
Gar'ga-ra 
Gart-zim  or  Ga- 

riz'im,  i. 
Ga-rum'na 
Gau-ga-mela 
Ga-za'ra,  s. 
Ga-ze'ra,  8. 
Ged-a-li'ah,  8. 
Ge-de'rah,  8. 
Ge-de'roth,  s. 
Ged-e-ro-tna'im, 

8. 

Ge-ba'zi,  8. 
Ge-li'loth,  8. 
Ge-lo'i 
Ge-mal'li,  8. 
G&-ma-ri'ah,  s. 
Gem'i-ni 
Ge-ne'zar,  8. 
Gen-nes'a-ret,  8. 
Gten-ne'us,  8. 
Gen'se-ric 
Gen'u-a 
Ge-nu'bath,  8. 
Ge-phy'ra 
Gep'i-dae 
Ger'a-sa 
6e-re'a 

Ger'ge-senes,  s. 
Gert-zim  or  Ge- 

riz'im,  8. 
Ger'ma-lus 
Ger-ma'ni-a 
G«r-man'i-ca8 
C^r-rhe'ni-ans,  8. 
Ger'y-on 
Ge'shem,  8. 
Ge'shur,  a: 
Gesh'u-ri,  8. 
Geth-o-li'a8,  8. 
Geth-sem'a-ne,  8. 
G«-tu'li-a 
Ge-n'el,  a. 
GibTDC-thoc,  8. 
Gib'e-a.  8. 
Gib'e-ali,  a. 


Gib'e-ath,  8. 
Gib'e-on,  8. 
Gid'e-on,  8. 
Gid-e-o'ni,  s. 
Gil'a-lai,  a. 
Gil-bo'a,  8. 
Gil'e-ad,  s. 
Gin'ne-thon,-  8. 
Gir'ga-shites,  a. 
Git'tah  He'pher, 

8. 

Git-ta'inj,  8. 

Gi'zon-ite,  a. 

Gly-ce'ri-um 

Gnos'si-a 

Gto'bry-as 

Gol'go-t.ha,  8. 

Gk)-li'ab,  8. 

6o-li'ath,  8. 

Go-mor'rah,  8. 

Gon'gy-lus 

Gor'di-u8 

Gror'gi-as,  8. 

Gor'go-nes 

Gtor-ty'na 

Goth-o-li'as,  8. 

Go-thon'i-el,  8. 

Gra-di'vus 

Grse'ci-a 

Gi«,'iu8 

Gra-ni'cus 

Gra'ti-ae 

Gra-ti-a'nus 

Gra'ti-on 

Gra'ttus 

Gre-go'ri-us 

Gry-ne'nmi 

Giy-ne'us 

Gud-go'dah,  8. 

Gjr'a-rua- 

Gyr-to'na 

Gy-the'nm 


H. 

Ha-a-bash'ta-ri, 

8. 

Ha-am'mo-nai,  8. 
Ha-ba'iah,  s. 
Ha-bak'kuk,  8. 
Hab-a-zi-ni'ah,  8. 
Ha-cha-li'ah,  8. 
Ha-chi'lah,  s. 
Hach-mo'ni,  8. 
Ha-dar-e'zer,  8. 
"Ha-da'sbab,  8. 
Ha'das'sah,  a. 
Ha-dat'tah,  8. 
Had'lai,  a. 
Ha-do'ram,  8. 
Ha-dri-a'nu8 
Ha-dri-at'i-cum 
Had-ru-me'tum 
Hse'mo-nes 
HaB-mo'ni-a 
Hag'a-bah,  8. 
Ha'gar-enes,  8. 
Hag*ga-i,  a. 
Hag'ge-ri,  8. 
Hag-gi'ah,  8. 
Hak'ka-tan,  8. 
Ha-ku'pba,  a. 
Hal-cy'o-ne 
Ha-le'sus 
Ha-li-ac'mon 
Ha-li-ar'tu8 
Hal-i-car-nas'sus 
Hal-lo'esb,  a. 
Hal'my-ris 
Ha-lo'hesh,  8. 
Hal-on-ne'su8 
Ha-ly-at'tes 
Ham-a-dry'a-des 
Ha-mil'car 
Ham-mab-le'- 

koth,  8. 
Ham-me-da'tha, 

8. 

Ham-mo-leTceth, 

8.. 

Ha-mu'el,  8. 
Ha-mu'tal,  a. 
Ha-nam'e-el,  8. 
Ha-nan'e-el,  a. 
Ha-na'ni,  8. 
Han-a-ni'ah,  8. 
Han'na-tbon,  a. 
Han'ni-bal 
Uau-m'el,  a. 


Hapb-ra'im,  8. 

Har'a-dah,  a. 

Har-bo'nah,  8. 

Har-ha'iab,  8. 

Har-mo'di-u8 

Har-mo'ni-a 

Har-ne'pber,  8> 

Ha-ro'eh,  8. 

Ha-ro'sheth,  8. 

Hat'pa-gus 

Har'pa-lus 

Har-pal'y-ce 

Har-poc'ra-tes 
■  Har-py'i-se 

Ha-ru'mapb,  8. 

Har'u-phite,  a. 

Ha-sa-di'ah,  a. 

Has'dru-bal 

Hasb-a-bi'ah,  8. 

Ha-shab'nah,  a. 

Hash-ab-ni'ah,  8. 

Hasb-bad'a-na,  s. 

Hasb-mo'nah,  s. 

Ha-shulDah,  8. 

Ha-shu'phah,  8> 

Has-se-na'ab,  8. 

Ha-su'pha,  8. 

Hat'i-pha,  8. 

Ha-ti'ta,  a. 

Hat-ta'a-vah,  8. 

Hav'i-lah,  «. 

Ha-za'el  or  Haz'- 
a-el,  8. 

Ha'zar    Hat'ti- 
con,  8. 

Haz'a-zon,  8. 

Haz-e-lel-po'ni,  8. 

Ha-ze'rim,  a. 

Ha-ze'roth,  a. 

Haz'e-zoii  Ta 
mar,  8. 

Ha-zi'el,  a. 

Ha'zor  -Ha-dat'- 
tah, g. 

Ha-zu'bab,  s. 

Haz'zu-rim,  8. 

Heb'ron,  8. 

Hec-a-tae'us 

Hoc'a-te 

Hec-a-tom'po-lis 

Hec'uba 

Heg'a-i,  s. 

Heg-e-sil'o-chu3 

He-ge'si-nus 

Heg-e-sip'pu8 

Heg-e-sis'tra-tuB 

Hel-chi'ab,  a. 

Hel-chi'as,  a. 

Hel'd»-i,  8. 

Hel'e-na 

Hel'e-nus 

Hel'i-con 

He-li-o-do'ru9 

He-li-o-gab'a-lus 

He-li-op'o-lis 

Hel'kath    Haz- 
zu'rim,  8. 

Hel-ki'as,  8. 

Hel-la-ni'cus 

Hel-le'nes 

Hel-les-pon'tua 

Hel-re'ti-a 

He-mo'du8 

He-na'dad,  f, 

H  en'e-ti 

He-phass'ti-on 

Heph'zi-bab,  8. 

Hep-tap'o-lis 

Her-a-cle'a 

Her'a-cles 

He-ra-cle'um 

Her-a-cli'd» 

Her-a-cli'tus 

He-rac'li-n8 

Her-cu-la'ne-um 

Her'cu-le8 

Her-cu'le-um 

Her-cyn'i-a 

Her-man-du'n 

Her-noaph-ro-di'. 
tus 

Her-ma-the'n» 

Her-tae'a8 

Her-min'i-us 

Her-mi'o-ne 

Her-mip-pus 

Her-moc  ra-tes 

Her-mog'e-neu 

Her-tno-la'us 

Her-mo'oax 


CLASSICAL  AND  SCRIPTITRAL  NAMES. 


819 


Her-mo-ti'imis 

Hyp^a^nis 

Is-da'el,  8. 

Je-di'dah,  a. 

Jez-ra-hi'ah,  8. 

Kirt-ath,  8. 

Le-och'a-ies 

Her-mun-du'ri 

Hyp'a-tus 

l8h-bo'8heth,  8. 

Je-dl'el,  8. 
Je-du'tbun,  a. 

Jez're-el,  a. 
Jiph'thah-el,  8. 

Kir-i-a-tha'im,«. 

Le-oc'ra-tes 

Her'ni-ci 

Hy-perl30-lu8 

I8h'i,  8. 

Kirt-otb,  8. 

Le-od'a-mas 

He-ro'des 

Hyp-er-bo're-i 

I-shi'jah,  8. 

Je-e'li,  8.- 

Jo'ab,  8. 

Kir-ja-tha'im,  8. 

Le-on'i-das 

He-ro'di-ans,  g. 

Hyp-er-i'des  or 
Hy-pert-des 

Ish'ma-el,  8. 
Ish-ma'ian,  8 

Je-e'zer,  s. 
Je'gar  Sa-ha-du'- 
tha,  8. 

Jo'a-chaz,  a. 

Kir'jath  Je'ar 

Le-on-na'tos 

He-ro'di-as,  s. 

Jo'a-chim,  a. 

rim,  8. 

Le-on-ti'ni 

He-ro'di-on,  a. 

Hyp-e-ri'on 

Ish'od,  8. 

Jo-a-da'nus,  a. 

Klsh'i,  8. 

Le-on'ti-um 

He-rod'o-tu8 

Hyp-erm  -nes'tra 

Ish-u'ah,  8. 

Je-ha-lele-el,  s. 

Jo'ah,  8. 

Kish'i-on,  8. 

Le-oph'a-nea 

He-res' tra-tus 

Hyp-sip'yJe 

iBh-u'ai,  8. 

Je-hal'e-lel,  8. 

Jo'a-haz,  8. 

Ki'shon,  8. 
Ko-la'iah,  a. 

Le'o-phron 

He-si'o-duB 

Hyr-ca'ni-a 

Ish-u'L  8. 
Is-i-do'ru8 

Je-ha-zi'el,  s. 

Jo'a-kim,  a. 

Le-o-tych'i-des 
Lep'i-dus 

He-si'o-ne 

Hyr-ca'nuB 

Jeh-de'iah,  a. 

jo-an'na,  a. 

Ko'rah-ite,  a. 

Hes-pe'ri-a 

Hyr'ta-cus 

Is-ma-chi'ah,  8. 

Je-hez'e-kel,  a. 

.  Jo'a-rib,  8. 

Ku-sha'iah,  a. 

Lep'ti-ne8 

Hes-pert-des 

Hys-tas'pes 

Is-ma'iah,  8. 

Je-hi'ah,  8. 

Jo'ash,  8. 

Les-bo'nax 

Hes'pe-ris 

Is'ma-rus 

Je-hi'el,  8. 

Jo'a-tham,  s. 

Iies-bo-ni'cus 

Hes'pe-rus 

Is-me'iie 

Je-hi-eai,  a. 

J6-ca8'ta 

L. 

Les-tryg'o-nes 

He-sych'i-us 

L 

Is-me'iius 

Je-hiz-ki'ah,  8. 

Joch'e-bed,  s. 

Iie-tu'shim,  a. 

He-tru'ri-a 

I-soc'rartes 

Je-ho'a-dah,  a. 

Jo-elah,  8. 

La'a-dah,  a. 

Leu-ca'di-a 

Hez'e-ki, «. 

I-ac'chus 

Is'ra-el  (s  as  «),  8. 

Je-ho'ad-dan,  a. 

Jo-e'zer,  a. 

La'a-dan,  a. 

Leu-ca'ta  or  Leu- 

H«z-e-ki'ah, «. 

I-a-le'mus 

•I8'8a-char,  8. 

Je-ho-a'haz,  a. 

Jog-be'bah,  a. 

Lab'a-na,  a. 

ca'te    *  «»^ 

He'zi-on,  «. 

I-al'y-STi8 

l8-shi'ah,  8. 

Je-ho'ash,  s. 

Jo-ha'nan,  a. 

Lab-da'ce 

Leu-cip'pe 

Hez'ra-i,  8. 

I-am'bli-chtis 

l8-tal-cu'ru8,  8. 

Je-ho-ha'nan,  8. 

Johan'nes,  a. 

Lab-dac'i-des 

Leu-cip'pi-des 

Hi-ar'bas 

I-an'the  ' 

I8th'mi-a 

Je-hoi'a-chin,  s. 

Joi'a-da,  a. 

Lab'dj^-cus 

Leu-cip'pus 

Hi-ber'ni-a 

I-a'odies 
I-ap'e-tus 

l8'tri-a 

Je-hoi'a-da,  s. 

'  Joi'a-kim,  a. 

La-be'ri-u8 

Leu-con'o-e 

Hi-be'rus 

I-su'ah,  s. 

Je-hoi'a-kim,  a. 

Joi'a-rib,  a. 

La-bi-e'nus 

Leu'co-phrys 
Leu-cop'o-liB 

Hic'e-tas 

I-a'pyx, 

I-tali-a 

Je-hoi'a-rib,  8. 
Je-hon'a-dab,  8. 

Jok'de-am,  a. 

Lac^e-dae'mon 

Hid'da-i,  «. 

I-arToas 

It'a-Ins 

Jok'me-am,  a. 

Lach'a-res 

Leu-co'si-a 

Hid'de-kel,  e. 
Hi-emp'sal 

I-as'i-des 

Ith'a-i,  8. 

Je-hon'a-than,  s. 

Jok'ne-am,  a. 

Lach'e-si8 

Leu-coth'0-e 

I-be'ri 

Ith'a-mar,  s 

Je-ho'ram,  a. 
Je-hosh-a-be'ath, 

Jok'the-el,  a. 

La-co'nes,  pi. 

Leuc'tra  ^ 

Hi-e-rap'o-lis 

I-be'ri-a 

Ith'i-el,  8. 

Jon'a-dab,  a. 

La-co'ni-a  •    ' 

Le-um'mim,  s. 
Leu-tych'i-des 

Hi-e-re'el, «. 

I-be'rus 

I-tho'me 

8. 

Jon'a-thas,  a. 

Lac-tan'ti-us 

Hi-er-e'lus,  8. 

Ib'le-am,  s 

I-tho'ne 

Je-hosh'a-phat,' 

Jo'nath  E'lim 

Lac-tu'ca 

Le-vi'a-than,  8. 

EU-e-re'moth,  a. 

Ib-ne'iah,  8. 

Ith're-am, ». 

8. 

Re-cho'chim,  8. 

La-cu'nu8,  8. 

Le-vit'i-cus,  a. 

Hi-er'inas,  8. 

Ib'y-cu8 

It'ta-i,  8. 

Je-hosh'e-ba,  a. 

Jor-da'nes 

Lad-o-ce'a 

Lex-iph'a-nes 

Hi'e-ro 

I-ca'ri-a 

It-u-rae'a 

Je-ho'shu-ah,  a. 

Jort-bas,  8. 

Lasli-a 

Li-ba'ni-uB 

Hi-e-ro-cle'a 

Ic'a-rus 

Tt-u-re'a,  8. 

Je-ho'vah  Ji'reh, 

Jor'ko-am,  a'. 

LaBli-us 

Lib'a-nus 

Hi-er'o-cles 

I'cha-bod,  *.. 

It'y-lus 

8. 

Jor-nan'des 

La-er'tes 

Lib-i-ti'na 

Hl-e-ron'y-muB 

Ich-nob'a-tes 

I'vah,  8. 

Je-ho'Tah  Tsid'- 
ke-nu,  8. 

Jos'a-bad,  a. 

Lse-stryg'o-nes 

Lib'y-a 

Hi^-ro-sol'y-ma 

Ich-nu'sa 

Ix-i'on 

Jos'a-phat,  a. 

La-hai'roi,*. 

Li-cm'i-a 

Hig-gai'oni  s. 
Bi-la'ri-o 

I-cil'i-u8 

Iz-ra-hi'ah,  s. 

Je-hoz'a-bad,  a. 

Jos-a-phi'as,  8. 
Jos'e-dech,  s. 

■  La'is 

Iii-cin'i-us 

I-co'ni-um 

Iz'ra-hite,  8. 

Je-hoz'a-dak>  a. 

La'ish,  S. 

Lig'u-res 

Hl-la'ri-us 

Ic-ti'nus 

Iz-re'eJ  a. 

Je'hu,  8. 

Jo-se'phu8 

LaJ'a-ge 

Li-gu'ri-a 

Hil-ki'ah,  8. 

I-d8e'a 

Je-hu'cal,  s. 

Josh'a-bad,  a. 

Lam'a-chus 

Lig-u-ri'nu8 

Him'e-ra 

I-dae'us 

Je-hu'di,  8. 

Josh'a-phat,  a. 

La'mi-a 

Li-gus'ti-cum 

Hip-par'chus 

Id'a-lah,  s 

J. 

Je-hu-di'jah,  8. 

Josh-a-vi'ah,  a. 

Lam-pa'di-u8 

Lil-y-bae'.um 

Hip-pa'ri-on 

I-daOia 

Je-i'el,  8. 

Josh'u-a,  8. 

Lam-prid'i-us 

Lim-e-ni'tis 

Hip'pi-as 

I-dis-ta-vi'8u 

Ja'a-Kan,  s. 

Je-kab'ze-el,  8. 

Jo-si'ah,  8. 

Lamp'sa-cu8 

Li-me'ra 

Hip-po-cli'des 

I-dom'e-neus 

Ja-a-ko'bah,  a. 

Jek-a-me'am,.8. 

Jo-si'as,  8. 

Lain'y-rus 

Lim-no-re'a 

Hip-poc'ra-tes 

I-du'el,  8. 

Ja'a-lah,  8. 

Jek-a-mi'ah,  s. 

Jos-i-bi'ah,  a. 

Lan-go-bar'di 

Li-my'ra 

Hip-po-cre'ne- 

I-du-mse'a 

Ja'a-lam,  a. 

Je-ku'thi-el,  a. 

Jo8-i-phi'an,  a. 

La-nu'vi-um 

Lin'go-nes 

Hip-pod'a-mas 

Ig-da-li'ah,  8. 

Ja'a-nai,  a. 

Je-mi'ma,  a. 

Jot'ba-thah,  8. 

La-oc'o-on 

Lip'a-ra 

Hip-po-da-mi'a 

Ig-na'ti-us  • 

Ja'a-6au,  s. 

Jem'na-an,  a. 

Joz'a-bad,  8. 

La-od'a-mas 

Liv'i-a 

Hip-pod'o-ce 

I-gu'vi-um 
I'je  Ab'a-rim,  8. 

Ja-a-za-rd'ah,  a. 

Je-mu'el,  a. 
Jeph'thah,  a. 

Joz'a-char,  a. 

La-od-a-mi'a 

Li-vil'Ia 

Hip-pol'y-tu8 

Ja'a-zer,  a.    • 

Joz'a-dak,  a. 

La-od'i-ce 

Liv'i-U8 

Hip-pom'e-don 

Il'i-as 

Ja-a-zi'ah,  a. 

Je-phun'neh,  8. 

Ju-dae'a 

La-od-i-ce'a 

Lol'li-a 

Hip-pom'e-nes 

Il'i-on 

Ja'dau,  8. 

Je-rali'me-el,  a. 

Ju-gurtha 

La-o-me-di'a 

Lol-li-a'rras 

Hip-po'nax 

I-li'o-neus 

Jad-du'a,  8. 

Jer'e-chu8,  a. 

Ju'li-a 

La-oih'e-don 

LolTi-uB 

Hip-pos'tra-tus 

I-lis'sus 

Ja'el,  8. 

Je'red,  s. 

Ju-li-a'nu8 

La-o-ni'ce 

Lon-din'i-um 

Hip'po-tas 

I-li-thy'ia 

Ja-ha'zab,  8. 
Ja-ha-zi'ah,  a. 

Jer'e-mai,  a. 

Ju-11-o-bri'fa 
Ju-li-op'o-lis 

Lap'a-thus 

Lon-gim'a-nus 

Hir-ca'iius,  8. 

Il'i-um 

Je-re-tni'ah,  a. 

Lap'i-doth,  s. 

Lon-gi'nus 

Hir-pi'ni 

lUyrt-a 

Jah'dai,  8. 

Jer-e-mi'as,  8. 

Ju'li-U8 

Lap'i-thae 

LoRu'ba-mah,  8. 

Hir-pi'nus 

Il-lyr'i-cum 

Jah'di-el,  a. 

Je-ri'ahj  a. 

Ju'pi-ter 

La-ri'nas 

Lo-tha-su'bus,  8. 

Hir'ti-us 
His-pa'ni-a 

Im-man'u-el,  8. 

Jah'do,  8. 

Jert-bai,  a. 

Ju8-tin-i-a'nu8 

La'ri-us 

Lo-toph'a-gi 

In'a-chus 

Jah'le-el,  a. 

Jer'i-cho,  a. 

Jus-ti'nias 

Lar'ti-us 

Lox'i-as 

HIs-pa'nus 

I-nart-me 

Jah'mai,  a. 

Je'ri-el,  a. 

JTu-ve^a'lis 

La-se'a,  s. 

Lu-ca'ni-a 

His-ti-ae'a 

In-dig'e-t8B 

Jah'zah,s. 

Je-ri'jah,  a. 

La-sha'ron,  s. 

Lu-ca'nu8 

His-ti-ae-o'tis 

In-gse'TO-nes 

Jah'ze-eLs. 
Jah'ze-raa  S. 

Jert-moth,  8. 

Lat-e-ra'nu8 

Lu'ce-res 

Bis-ti-se'us 

In-gui-om'e-rus 

Je'ri-oth,  8. 

K 

Lath'y-ru8 

Lu-ce'ri-a 

Hiz-ki'ah,  .8. 

I-no'pu8 

Ja'ir,  8. 

Je-ro-bc/ain,  8. 

La-ti'ni 

Lu'ci-a 

Ho-ba'iah,  s. 

In'su-bres 

Ja'i-ru8,  8. 

Je-roTiam,  s.' 

[Aa  eominonl^ 
written  no  claaav- 

La-ti'nus 

Lu-ci-a'nu8 

Ho-da'iah, «; 

In-ta-phei'nes 

Jam'm-a,  a. 
Ja-mc'tt-lum 

Je-rub-ba'al,  a. 

La'ti-um 

Lu'ci-fer    . 

Ho-de'vah,  a. 

I-ob'a-tes 

Je-rubT)e-sheth, 

cal    worda     are 

La-to-bri'gi 

Lu-cil'i-us 

Ho-di'ah,  8. 
Ho-di'jah,  a. 

I-ol'cos 
I-o'nes 

Ja-no'ah,  a. 
Ja-no'han,  a. 

8. 

Jer'u-el,  a. 

apelled  with  R.l 

La-to'na 
La-tu'mi-a9 

Lu-ci'na 
Lu'ci-u8 

Hol-o-fer'neB,  8. 

I-o'nl-a 

Jap'e-tu8 

Je-ru'sa-lem,  8. 

Kab'ze-el,  a. 

Lau-da-mi'a 

Lu-cre'ti-a 

Ho-mert-dae 

I'o-phon 

Ja'pheth,  8. 

Je-ru'sha,  a. 

Ka'desh  Bai'- 

Latt-ren'ti-a 

Lu-cret'i-lis 

Ho-me'rus 

Iph-e-de'iah>  S. 

Ja-phi'ah,  a. 

Je-sa'iah,  a. 

ne-a,8. 

Lau-ren-ti'ni 

Lu-cre'ti-u8 

Ho-no'ri-us 

Iph'i-clus 

Japh-le'ti,  a. 

JS'Sha'iah,  a. 

Kad'mi-elj  a. 

liau-ren'ti-us 

Lu-cri'nuB 

Ho-ra'ti-us 

I-phic'ra-tes 

Ja-re-si'ah,  a. 

Je-sba'nah,  8. 

Kad'mon-ites 

Lau'ri-on 

Lu-culluB 

Hor-Ha-gid'gad, 

Iph-i-ge-ni'a 

Jart-nrnth,  s. 

Jesh-a-relah,  a. 

Kaiaai.  8. 

La-vin'i-a 

Lu'cu-mo 

8. 

I-phim'e-don 

Ja-ro'ah,  a. 

Je-sheTae-ab,  a. 

Ka-re'ah,  a. 

La-vin'i-um 

liUg-du'num 

Hor-o-na'im, «. 

I'phis 

Jas'a-el,  8. 

Je-shi'mon,  s. 

Kar-na'im,  8. 

La-vi'num 

Lu-per'cus 

Hor-ten'si-uB 

Iph'i-tus 

Ja-sho'be-am,  a. 

Je-shi'shai,  a. 

Ke'dar,  a. 

Laz'a-nis,  a. 

Lu-si-ta'ni-a 

Hos-e'a,  8. 

Iph-tM'me 

Ja-shu'bi,  a. 

Jesh-o-ha'iah,  s. 

Ked'e-mah,  a. 

Le-an'der 

Lu-te'ti-a  {shi) 

Hosh-a-i'ah,  8. 

I'ra,  8. 

■Jath'ni-el,  a. 

Jesh'u-a,  s. 

Ked'e-moth,  a 

Le-an'noth,  s 

Ly-8B'ns 

Ho-sha'ma,  8. 

I'rad,  8. 

Jaz'y-ge8, 

Jesh'u-ah,  s. 

Ke'desh,  a. 

Le-ar'chu8 

Ly-cae'ua 

Ho-she'a,  8. 

I'ram,  8. 

Je'a-rim,  8. 

Je-shu'run,  8. 

Ke-hel'a-thah,  a. 

Leb-a-de'a 

Ly-cam'bes 

Hos-tll'i-u8 

I-re-nae'us 

Je-a'te-rai,  a. 

Je-si'ah,  a. 

Ke-ilah.  a. 

Leb-a-di'a 

Ly-ca'on 

Hy-a-cin'thufl 

I-re'ne 

Je-be-re-cni'ah, 

Je-sim'i-el,  a. 

Ke-la'ian,  a. 

Leb'a-nah,  a. 

Ly-ca'o-nes 

Hy'a-dea 

I'ri,  «. 

8. 

Jes'se,  8. 

Kel'i-tah,  a. 

Leb'a-non,  a. 

Lyc-a-o'ni-a 

Hy'a-le 

I-ri'jah, «. 

Je-bu'si,  8. 

Jes'su-e,  8. 

Kem'u-el,  a. 

Leb'a-oth,  a. 

Ly-ce'um 

Hyb're-as 

I'ron,  8. 

Jeb'u-site,  8. 

Je-su'i,  8. 

Ken'ez-ite,  s. 

Leb-be'us,  a. 

Lyc'i-a 

Hy-das'pes 

Ir'pe-el,  s. 

Jeo-a-mi'ah,  8. 

Je-u'el,  8. 

Ke '  ren  Hap '  - 

Leb'e-dus 

Lyc^i-das 

Hyd-ra-o'tes 

I'ru,  8. 

Jech-o-li'ah,  s. 

Je'ush,  8. 

puch,  8. 

Le-bo'nah,  a. 

Ly-cim'ni-a 

Hy-emp'sal 

I'saac  (i'zak),  8. 

Jech-o-ni'as,  s. 

Je'uz,  s. 

Ke'ri-oth,  s. 

Le-chae'um 

Lyc'i-u8 

Hy-et'tuB 

I-sae'ti8 

Jec-o-ni'ah,  s. 

Jez-a-ni'ah,  s. 

Ke-tu'rah,  a. 

Le-dse'a 

Lyoo-me'des 

Hy-ge'ia 

I-sa'iah  (8  as  «),  s. 

Jec-o-ni'as,  a. 

Jez'e-bel,  a. 

Ke-zi'a,  a. 

Le-haTjim,  8. 

Lyo'o-phron 

Hy-gi'nu8 

I-san'der 

Je-da'iah,  s. 

Je-zfah,  8. 

KiVrothHat-ta'- 

Lel'e-ges 

Lyc-o-re'a 

Hy-l£B'U3 

I-sau'ri-a 

Jed-e-di'ah,  s. 

Je'zi-el,  s. 

a-vah,  s. 

Lem'u-el,  s. 

Ly-co'ris 

Hym-e-nse'us 

I-sau'rus 

Je-de'us,  s. 

Jez-li'ah,  s. 

Kib-za'ira,  s. 

Lem'u-res 

Ly-cur'guB 

JHyr-mettfls 

l8-car'i-ot,  s,  . 

Je-di'a-el,  s- 

JJp-zo'ar,  8, 

Kir  Har'a-seth,5. 

Len'tu-lus 

Lyd'i-a 

820 


CLASSICAL  A2TD   SCKIPTURAL   NAMES. 


Lye'da-mia 

Mar-ga-ri'ta 

M&-ra-tha'im,  a. 

Mtil'ci-ber' 

Ne-ko'da,  8 

Ob-di'a,  8. 

0-se'a,  8. 

Lyg'da-muB 

Mar-gi'tes 

Mer-cu'ri-us 

Mul'vi-ns 

Nem'e-a 

Ob'ri-mo 

0-ge'as,  8. 

LjTi'ceus 

Mar-i-am'ne 

Me-re'moth,  a. 

Murn'mi-us 

Nem'e-sis 

O-cale-a  or  0-ca'- 

0-se'e,  8. 

Ly-san'der 

Mar-i-an-dy'ni 

Mert-bah,  8. 

Mu-na'ti-tis 

Ne-mu'el,  8. 

U-a 

0-she'a,  a. 

Lys'i-as 

Mar'i-moth,  a. 

Me-rib-ba'al,  a. 

Mu-nych'i-a 

Ne-o-bu'le 

0-ce-an'i-des 

O-si'ris 

Lys'i-cles 

Mar'i-sa,  s. 

Me-ri'o-nes 

Mu-ra'na 

Ne-o-cses-a-re'a 

0-ce'a-nu8 

Os'ti-a 

Ly-sim-a-chi'a 

Ma'ri-Tis 

Me-ro'dach,  8. 

Mu-re'tu8 

{aasz) 

0-cbi'el,  8. 

Os-to'ri-us 

Ly-sim'a-chus 

Mar-o-ni't39 

Me-ro'dach  Bal'- 

Mu-sae'tis 

Ne'o'-cles 

0-ci-delu8,  8. 

Oth'ma-ni8 

Ly-sip'puB 

Mar'se-naJ  a. 

a-dan,  8. 

Mu-sag'e-tes 

Ne-o»cli'des 

Oc'l-na,  8. 

Oth'ni-el,  a. 

Ly-Bls'tra-tus 

Mar'sy-as 

Mer'o-e 

Mu-se'um 

Ne-om'a-gus 

0-cric'u-lum 

Oth-o-ni'as,  a. 

Mar'ti-us 

Mer'opo 

Muth-lablsen,  8. 

Ne-o-me'aes 

Oc-ta'vi-a 

0-vid'i-us 

Mas'a-loth,  s. 

Me-sem'bri-a 

Mu'ti-na. 

Ne-op-tore-mus 

Oc-ta-vi-a'nus 

O-vin'i-uB 

M. 

Ma-si'as,  s. 

Me-shel-e-mi'ah, 

Mu'ti-us 

Kep'e-te 

Oc-ta'vi-us 

Ox-y'a-res 

Mas-i-nis'sa 

a. 

Myc'a-le 

Ne-pha'li-a 

0-cyp'e-te 

O-zi'as,  8. 

Ma'a-cah,  s. 
Ma'a-chah,  8.. " 

Mas-re'kah,  a. 

Me-sbez-a-be'el, 

Myc-a-les'BUB 

Ne-pblsh'e-sim, 

Od-e-na'tus 

0-zi'el,  8. 

Mas-sag'e-taa 

8. 

My-ce'nsB 

8. 

0-do'a-cer  or  Od- 

Oz'o-lae 

Ma-ach'a-tni,s. 

Mas-si'as^s. 

Me-shille-mith, 

My-ce'nis 

Neph'tha-li,  a. 

o-a'cer 

Q-zo'ra,  8. 

Ma'a-dai,  s. 

Mas-sil'i-a 

8. 

Myc-e-ri'ntis 

'Neph;tha-liin,  a. 

0-dys'seu3 

Ma-a-di'ah,  «. 

Math-a-ni'as,  s; 

Me-sbo'bab,  a. 

Myc'o-nos 

Neph-to'ah,  a. 

(E-ag'ruB 

Ma-a'i,  s- 

Ma-thu'sa-la,  a. 

Me-8hul'lam,  8. 

Myg'a-le 

Ne-pbu'sim,  a. 

OE-bali-a 

P. 

Ma'a-leh  Ac-rab'- 

Mat'ro-na 

Mes-o-po-ta'mi-a 

Myg-do'ni-a 
My-las'sa  or  My- 

Nep'tha-Ii,  8. 

CE'ba-lus 

bim,  s. 

Mat'ta-nah,  s. 
Uat-ta-ni'an,  a. 

-  Mes-sa'la 

Nep'tha-lim,  a. 

OE-cha'li-a 

Pa'a-rai, «. 

Ma'an-i, «. 
Ma'a-rath, «. 
Ma-a-se'iah,  s. 

Mes-sa-U'na 

la'sa 

Nep-tu'nus 

(E!di-pus 

Pa-ca'ri-us 

Mat'ta-tha,  a.  ■ 

Mes-sa'na  . 

My-o'ni-a 

Ne-re'i-des 

(E'neus 

Pa-<:ho'iiii-n8 

Mat-ta-thi'as,  8. 

Mes-sa'pi-a' 

Myr-ci'nus 

Ne'reus 

(E-nom'arUS 

Pac'o-rus 

Ma-a-zi'ah,  a. 

Mat'te-nai,  s.  ■ 
Matrtha-m'as,  8. 

Mes-sa'pus 

My-ri'ca 

Ner'gal  Shar-e'- 

(E-no'ne 

Pac-tolus 

Mab'da-i, «. 

Mes-se'ne 

My-ri'ce 

zer,  s. 

(E-no'tri-a 

Pa-cu'vi-us 

Ma'ca-lorC, «. 

Mat-the'las,  8. 

Met-a-pon'tum 

Myr-mid'o-nes 

Ne-ri'ah,  a. 

CE-no'truB 

Pad'u-a 

Mac-ca-be'us, «. 

Mat-thi'as 

Me-tau'rus 

My-ron'i-des 

Ne-ri'as,  8. 

0-gul'ni-u8 

Pae'o-nes 

Mac-e-do'ni-a 

Mat-ti-thi'ah,  8. 

Me-te'ftis,  8. 

Myr'si-lus 

Ner'i-toB 

O-gy'ges 

Pae-o'ni-a 

Ma-chan'i-das 

Mau-ri-ta'ni-a 

Me-tbo'ne 

Myr'si-nua 

Ner'vi-i 

O-gyg-i-a 
O'l-cleus 

Pag'a-sae  or  Pag' 

Ma-cha'on 

Mau-so'lus 

Me-thu'sarel,  a. 
Me-thu'se-lah,  a. 

Myr'ti-luB 

NeB-tort-des 

a-sa 

Mach-ba'nai, «. 

Max-en'ti-u8 

Mys'i-a 

Nes-to'ri-us 

O'i-leus 

Pag'a-sus 

Mach-be'nah,  8. 

Max-i-mi'nus 

Me-thym'na 
Me-to^pe 

Myt-i-le'ne 

Ne-tban'e-el,  a. 

Ol'a-mus,  8. 

Pa-gi'el,  8. 

Mach-na-de'bai, 

Max'i-mus 

Neth-a-ni'ah,  a.    ' 

O-le'a-rus 

Pa'i,8.    • 

«. 

Ma-zi-ti'as,  s. 

Met-ro-do'rus 

Netb'i-nim,  a. 

Ol'e-nuB 

Pa-laeph'a-tu8 

Mach-peTah,  a. 

Maz'za-roth,  8.' 

Me-u'nim,  a. 

N. 

Ne-to'phab,  a. 

0-li'a-ros 

Pal-aes-ti'na 

Ma-cw'bi-txs 

Me-a'ni.  a. 

Mez'a-hab,  a. 

Ne-toph'a^thi,  8. 

O-lin'thus 

Pal-a-me'des 

Mad'a-i, «. 

Me-a'ran,  a. 

Me-zen'ti-us 

Na'am,  a. 

Ne-zi'ah,  a. 

01-i-si'po  or  01-i- 

Pal-a-ti'nus 

Ma-di'a-bun,  a. 

Me-bun'nai,  a. 

Mi'a-nim,  a. 

Nd,'a-mab,  8. 

Ni-cae'a 

sip'po 

Pal-es-ti'na,  8. 

Ma-di'ah,  s. 

Me-che'rath-ite, 

Mi-ca'iah,  s. 

Na'arinan,  8. 

Ni-ca'nor 

Ol'i-vet,  8. 

Pal-i-nu'ms 

Ma'di-an,  «. 

8. 

Mi'cha-el,  a. 
Mi-cha'iah,  8. 

Na'a-rah,  a. 

Ni'Ca'tor 

Ol'o-rus 

Pal-i-u'rus 

Mad-man'nah,  8. 

Med'a-ba,  a. 

Na'arrai,  8. 

Nic'e-as 

0-lym'pi-a 

Pal-la'di-um 

M^^^^**' 

Me-de'a 

Ml-che'as,  a. 
Micb'me-thah,  8. 

Ka'a-ran,  a. 

Ni-cepb'o-ris 

O-lym'pi-as 

Pal-la'di-ua 

Med'e-ba,  8. 

Na'a-rath,  a. 

Ni-cepb'o-ras 

0-lym-pi-o-do'- 

Pal-le'ne 

MsB-ce'nas 

Me'di-a 

Mi-cip'sS 

Na'a-Bhon,  a. 

Nic'i-as 

ru8- 

Pal-my'ra 

Mas'na-des 

Me-di-o-la'nui" 

Mid'i-an,  a. 

Na-as'son,  a.- 

Nic-o-bulus 

0-lym'pus 

Pal'ti-el,  8. 

Mae'na-lus 

Me-di'o-lum 

Mi'ja-min,  8. 

Na'a-tbus,  s. 

Ni-cocb'a-res 

0-lyn'thu8 

Pa-mi'sus 

Mse-o'ni-a 

Me-du'sa 

Mik-ne'iah,  a. 

Na-ba-ri'as,  a. 

Nic'o-cles 

Om-a-e'rus,  s. 

Pam'phi-lus 

Mse-on'i-des 

Me-e'da,  a. 

Mil-a-la'i,  a. 

Na-ba-the'ans, «. 

Nic-0-de'mu8 

Om-bro'jieB 

Pam-phy'l8B 

Mse-o'tis 

Meg-a-by'2us 

Mi-la'ni-on 

Nab-u-cbo-don'- 

Nic-o-do'ru3 

O'me-ga,  a. 
Om'pba-le 

Pam-phyl'i-a 

Mag'da-la,  a. 

Meg'a-cles 

Mi-le'tum,  8. 

o-8or,  8. 

Nic-o-la'i-tanB,s. 

Pam-phyluB 

Mag-da-le'ne,  a. 

Me-ga-cli'des 

Mi-Ie'tu8 

Na-dab'a-tha,  a. 

Nic'o-las,  a. 

0-na'tas 

Pan-86'nu8 

Mag'di-el,  a. 

Me-gaa'ra 

Mil-ti'a-des 

NaTia-lal,  a. 

Nic-o-la'us 

O-nes'i-mus 

Pa-nsB'ti-us 

Mag-ne'si-a 

Meg-a-lop'o-lis 

Mil'vi-iiB 

Na-haOi-el,  8. 

Ni-com'a-chus 

On-e-siph'o-ru8,8. 

Pan'da-rus 

Mag'pi-ash,  9. 
MaTia-lah,  a. 

Meg'a-ra 

Mim-ner'inus 

Nalial-lal,  a. 

Nic-o-me-de'a 

O-ne'tor 

Pan-di'on 

Me-gas'the-nts 

Min'ci-us 

Na-ham'a-m,  a. 

Nic-o-me'des 

0-ni'a-res,  8» 

Pan-do'ra 

Ma-hal'a-le-el,  8. 

Me-gid'do,  s. 
Me-het'a-be-el, «. 

Mi-ner'va 

Na'ha-rai,  a. 

Ni-cop'o-Us 

O-ni'as,  s. 

Pan-do'si-a 

MaTia-lath,  8. 

Mi-rd'a-min,  & 

Na'ha-ri,  a. 

Ni-coi'tra-tus 

On-o-mac'ri-tua 

Pan-bel-le'nes 

Ma'ha-li,  8. 

Me-het'a-bel,  8. 

Min'y-sB 

Na'ia-des 

M-gid'i-u3 
Ki-io'tis 

O-phel'tes 

Pan-i-o'nes 

M4-ha-na'im,  a. 
MaTia-neh  Dan, 

Me-hi'da,  a. 

Mir'i-am,  8. 

Na'ioth_,  8. 

0-phi'a-des 

Pan'no-neB 

Me-ao'lan,  8. 

Mis'a-el,  a. 

Na-o'nu,  8. 

Nin'e-ve,  s. 

O'phi-as 

Pan-no'ni-a 

s. 

Me-hu-ja'el,  a. 

Mi-se'num 

Naph'i-si,  8. 
Naph'ta-U,  8. 

Nin'e-vob,  3. 

0-phi-on'i-des 

Pan'o-pe 

MaTia-rai,  a. 

Me-hu'man,  8. 

Mi'sha-el,  a. 

Ni'o-be 

0-phi-u'cbu8 

Pan-o-pe'a 

Ma-ha-zi'oth,  s. 

Me-hu'nim,  8. 

Mi'she-al,  s. 

Naph-tu'hun,  8. 

Ni-pha'tes 

0'pbi-u8 

Pan'o-peuB 

Ha'ia 

Me-ko'nah,  t. 

Mish-man'nah,  e. 

Nar-cis'sus 

Ni'reus 

0-i>hi-u'sa 

Pa-nor'muB 

Mai-an'e-as,  a. 

Me-la'ni-on 

Misl)(ra-ite,  s. 
Mis'pe-retb,  a. 

Nsis-a-mo'nes 

Kis'i-bis 

Op'i-ci 

Paa-tae'ne-tus 

Mak-he'dah,  a. 

Mel-a-nip'pus 

Na-si'ca 

Ni-toc'ris 

Op-is-thoc'o-mse 

Pan'tho-uB 

Mak-heloth,  a. 

Me-lan'theuB 

Mis-re'photn,  a. 
Mis'sa-blb,  a. 

Na-sid-i-e'ntis 

No-a-di'ah,  a.  . 

Op-pi-a'nus 

Pan-ti-ca-pse'um 

Mal'a-chi,  a. 
Mal-chi'ah,  a. 

Me-lan'thus 

Na-than'a-el,  a. 

Nom-en-ta'nus 

0p'pi-u8 

Pan-tiri-us 

Mel-a-ti'ah,  a. 

Mitb-ra-da'tes 

Nartha-ni'as,  8. 

Non'a-cris  • 

Op'ti-mus 

Pa-ny'a-sis 

Mal'chi-el,  a. 

Mel-chi'ah,  a. 

Mith-ri-da'tes 

Nau-cli'des 

No'rd-us 

0-pun'ti-i 

Paph-lag'o-nes 

Mal-chi']a,m,  8. 

Mel-chi'as,  8. 

Mith-ro-bar-za'- 

Nau'cra-tes 

Nor'i-cuni 

0-ra'ta 

Paph-la-go'ni-a 

Jttal-chi-shu'ah, 

Mel'dii-el,  8. 

nes 

Nau'cra-tis 

Nos-o-co-mi'um 

Or-be'lii8 

Pa-pi-a'nus 

a. 

Mel-chis'e-dec,  a. 

Mi't-y-le'ne 

Nau'lo-chus 

No-va'fcRS 

Or-bil'i-us 

Pa'pi-as 

Mal'e-le-el,  a. 

Mel-chi-shu'a,  8. 

Miz-ra'im,  a. 

Nau'pli-a 

No-vi-o-du'num 

Or'ca-des 

Pa-pin-i-a'nus 

Mal-lo'thi,  8. 
Mam-er-ti'nua 

Mel-chiz'e-dek  a. 

Mne-mos'y-ne 

Nau-sic'a-a 

No-vi-om'a-giiB 

Or-chom'e-nos 

Pa-pin'i-us 

Me-le-a'ger 

Mnes'theua 

Nau-sic'ra-tes 

No'vi-Tis 

Or-do-vi'ces 

Pa-piri-u3 

Ma-mil'i-a 

Mel-i-bcB'us 

Mo-a-di'ah,  8. 

Naz'a-reth,  a. 

Nov-o-co'mum 

0-re'a-des 

Par-a-cle'tus 

Ma-mil'i-na 

Mel'i-ca,  8. 

Moe'si-a 

Ne-»'ra 

Nu-ce'ri-a 

O're-as 

Par-a-di'sus 

Mam-ma'ias,  8. 

Me-lis'sa 

Mo-gun'ti-a 

Ne-ap'o-lis 

Nu-man'ti-a 

0-res'tes 

Par'a-li 

Ma-mu'chus,  8. 

Me-lis'sua 

Mola^ah,  8. 

Ne-ar'chus 

Nu-man-ti'nus 

Or-get'o-rix 

Pa-ris-i-i 

Man'a-en,  8. 

Mel'i-ta 

Mo-ne'ta 

Ne-a-ri'ab,  8. 

Nu-me'ni-us 

Ort-cum 

Pa'ri-um 

Ma-naliath,  a. 

Mel-pom'e-ne 

Mon-ta'nris 

Neb'a-i,  a. 

Ku'mi-dae 

0-rig'e-nes 

Par-mash'ta,  8. 

Ma-nas'seh,  8. 

Me-mu'can,  a. 

Mo-o-si'aa,  a. 

Ne-ba'ioth,  8 

Nu-mid'i-a 

O-ri'on 

Par'me-nas 

Ma-rias'ees,  a. 

Men'a-hem,  a. 

Mop-sTi-cre'ne 

Ne-ballat,  8. 

Nu'mi-tor 

0-rith-y'ia 

Par-men'i-des 

Man-da'ne 

Me-nal'cas 

Mop-su-es'ti-a 

Neb-u-chad-nez'- 

Nu-mi-to'ri-us 

O-ro'des 

Ear-me'ni-o 

Man'e-tho 

Me-nan'der 

Mor'de-cai,  a. . 

zar,  8. 

Nu'tri-a 

O-ron'tes 

Par'me-non 

3Ia-nil'i-u8 

Me-na'pi-i  . 
5Ien-e-la'ns 

Mo-resh'eth,  a. 

Ke-bu'zar,  a. 

Nyc-tim'e-ne 

O-ro'pus 

Par-nas'sus 

Manli-ns 

Mo-ri'ah,  a. 

Ne-co'dan.  a. 
Nec-ta-ne  bus 

Nym-phid'i-u8 

O-r0^i-u8 

Par-opa-mi'sus 

Ma-no'ah,  s. 

Men-o-do'rus 

Mort-ni 

Nym-pho-do'rus 

Or'pheuB 

Par-rha'si-us 

Man-ti-ne'a 

Me-o'ne-nim,  8. 

Mor'pheus 

Ned-a-bi'ab,  a. 

Or-sQlus 

Par-shan-da'tha 

Man'tu-a 

Me-on'o-thai,  8. 

Mo-se'ra,  a. 

Ne-e-mi'as,  a. 

Or-sil'o-chus 

8. 

Mar'a-lah,  a. 

Me-pba'ath,  a. 
Me-phi-bo'8heth, 

Mo-se'roth,  a. 

Neg'i-noth,  a. 
Ne-he-mi'ah,  a. 

0. 

Or'ta-lus 

Par-the'ni-a 

Mar'a-thon 

Mo'ses  (8  as  2),  t. 

Or-thag'o-rafl 
Or-tho-bulus 

Par'the-nOn 

Mar'ci-on 

e. 

Mo-sol'lam,  a. 

Ne-he-mi'as,  a. 

Ca-niu 

Par-thea-o-pje'u 

Mar-do-che'us,  8. 

Me-plii'tis 

Mo-8ol'la-moii, «. 

Ne'hi-lofch,  a. 

O-a'ri-gn 

Or-thom'e-nes 

Par-then'o-po 

Mar-dc/ni-us 

Me-ra'iah,  a. 

Mo-tho'ne 

Ne-bush'ta,  s. 

O'a-sis  or  0-a'sis 

Or-tho-si'as,  8. 

Pa-ru'ah,  «. 

Ma-re-o'tis 

Me-ra'ioth,  a. 

Mu-<a-a'nug 

Ne-hush'tan,  8.- 

0-ax'es 

Or-tyg-i-a 

Par-va'im,  a. 

]l|a-re)'shab, ». 

M»-ia'ii, «. 

Mu'ci-U8 

Ke-i'el,  9. 

0-ba<U'ah,  s. 

O-sa'ias, «. 

Pa-rys'a-tie 

CLASSICAL  AIJD  SCillPTtrKAL  NAMES. 


821 


Pa-sar'ga-daa 
Pa-sa'an,  «. 
Pa-siph'a-e 
Pa-sith'e-a 
Pat'a-ra 
Pat'a-reus 
Pat-a-vi'mia 
Pa-ta'vi-um 
Pa-the'us,  «. 
Path-ru'sim, «. 
Pa-tro'cles 
Pa-tro'clus  or 

Pat'ro-clus 
Pa'u,  8. 
Pau-li'na 
Pau-sa'ni-as 
Ped'a-hel, «. 
Pe-dah'zur,  8. 
Pe-da'iah, «. 
Pe-da'ni-us 
Ped'a-sus 
Peg'a-sus 
Pe-ka-hi'ah,  s. 
Pe-la'gi-us 
Pe-la'iah, «. 
Pel-a-li'ah,  8. 
Pe-las'gi 
Pe-Ias'gus 
Pe-la-ti'ah,  a. 
Pe'leth-itfe,«. 
Pe'leus 
Pe-li'as,  «. 
Pe-li'des 
Pe-lig'nl 
Pe'li-on 
Pel-le'ne 
Pe-lop'i-das 
Pel-o-pon-ne'sus 
Pe-lo'rum  or  Pe- 

lo'rus 
Pe-lu'si-um 
Pe-ne'ia 
Pe-ne'iM 
Pe-nel'o-pe 
Pe-ne'us 
Pe-ni'el,  t. 
Pen-tap'o-lis 
Pen-tel'i-cus 
Pen-the-si-le'a 
Pen'theus 
Pe-nu'el, «. 
Pep-a-re'tho8 
Pe-ra'zim,  s. 
Per-dic'ca3 
Per-e-gri'nus 
Per'ga-ma 
Per'ga-mum 
Per'ga-mus 
Pe-ri-an'der 
Per-i-boe'a 
Per'i-oles 
Per-i-cli'des 
Per-i-cli'tus 
Per-i-clym'e-ne 
Per-ic-ti'o-ne 
Pe-ri'da,  s. 
Pe-rig'o-ne 
Per-i-la'ua 
Per-i-me'de 
Per-i-me'la 
Pe-rin'thu8 
Pe-rip'a-tus 
Pe-riph'a-tus 
Pe'riz-zite, «. 
Per'me-nas,  8. 
Per-se'is 
Per-seph'o-ne 
Per-sep'o-lis 
Per'seus 
Per'si-us 
Per'ti-nax 
Pe-ru'da,  8. 
Pe-ru'si-a 
Pe-tharhi'ah,  a. 
Pe-thu'el,  8.  • 
Pe-til'i-us 
Pe-traB'a 
Pe-tre'iu8 
Pe-tro'ni-uB 
Peu-ci'ni 
Pe-ul'thai,  a. 
PhacVreth,  a. 
Phaj-a'ces 
Phse-a'ci-a 
Phaj'dri-a 
Phae-nar'e-te- 
Pha'e-tKon 
Pha-e-thon'ti-aa 
Ptiai'sur,  s. 


Phal-da'ius,  a. 
Pha-le'as,  «.• 
Pha-le'reus 
Pha-le'rus 
Phal'ti-el,  8. 
Pham-e-no'phis 
Pha-nu'el,  8. 
Phar'a-cim,  s. 
Pha'raoh  (fa'rS), 

8. 

Pha-ri'ra,  8. 

Phax-na-ba'zus 

Phax'na-ces 

Phar-sa'li-a 

Phar-sa'lus 

Pha-se'ah,  s. 

Pha-se'lis 

Phas'i-ron,  8. 

Phas'sa-ron,  8. 

PhaV-o-ri'nus 

Pha-yl'lus 

Phe'mi-us 

Phe-ni'ce,  8. 

Phe-nic'i-a,  a. 

Pher'e-cles 

Pher'e-clus 

Phe-rec'ra-tes 

Pher-e-cy'des 

Pher-e-ni'ce 

Pher-e-ti'ma 

Phi'a-le 

Phi'a-lus 

Phib'e-seth, »., 

Phi'di-as 

Phi-dip'pi-des 

Phig-a-le'a 

Phil-a-del'phi-a 

Phil-a-del'phus 

Phil-a-le'thes 

Phi-lar'ches,  a. 

Phi-lar'chus 

Phi-lar'e-tus 

Phi-le'bus 

Phi-le'mon 

Phi-le'tas 

Phi-le'tus 

Phi-lip'pi 

Phi-lip'pi-des 

Phil-ip-pop'o-liB 

Phi-lip'pus 

Phi-lis'ti-a,  a. 

Phl-lis'tim, «. 

Phi-lis'tine,  8. 

Phil-oo-te'tes 

Phil-o-do-re'tu8 

Phil-Orla'us 

Phi-lol'ogns 

Phi-lom-bro-tua 

Phil-o-me'des 

Phil-o-me'la 

Phil-o-me'tor 

Phi-lop'a-tor 

Phil-o-poe'men 

Phi-lo8'tra-tu8 

Phi-lo'tas 

Phil-o-ti'mus 

Phi-lox'e-nus 

Phil'y-ra 

Phin'e-as,  g. 

Phin'e-es,  a. 

Pbin'e-hag,  a. 

Phi'neus 

Phin'ti-as 

Phleg'e-thon 

Phle'gy-SB 

Phli^'si-a 

Pho-cas'a 

Pho'ci-bn 

Pho-cyl'i-des 

Phoe'bi-das 

Phoe-ni'ce 

Phoe-rd'ces 

Phoe-ni'cus 

Phor'ml-o 

Phos'pho-rus 

Pho-ti'nus 

Pho'ti-u8 

Phra-a'tes 

Phra-or'tes 

Phryg'i-a 

PhiVn'i-chua 

Phthi'a 

Phthi-o'tia 

Phyieus 

Phyl'i-ra 

Phyt'a-luB 

Pi-ce'ni 

Pi-cen'ti-a 

Pi-ce'num 

Pic-te'Yi 


Pi-e'ri-a 

Pi-ert-des 

Pi'e-ris 

Pi  Ha-hi'roth,  8. 

Pi-la'tus 

Pil'e-ha,  a. 

Pi-le'ser,  a. 

Pil-ne'ser,  a. 

Pil'tai,  8. 

Pim-ple'a 

Pin'da-rus 

Pi-rse'us  or  Pi- 

rae'eus 
Pir'a-thon,  a. 
Pi-rith'o-us 
Pi-san'der 
Pis'i-da9 
Pi-sid'i-a 
Pi-sis' tra-tus 
Pi-so'nes 
Pith-e-cu'sa 
Pi'thom,  8. 
Pit'ta-cus 
Pit'theus 
Pla-cen'ti-a 
Pla-cid'i-a 
Pla-cid'i-us 
Pla-tae'a 
Plat'a-nus . 
Pla-te'a 
Plei'a-des 
Plin'i-us 
Plis'the-nes 
Plis-to'a-nax 
Plo-ti'nu3 
Plo'ti-u3 
Plu-tar'chus 
Pla'vi-us 
Po-che'reth,  a. 
Pod-a-lirt-us 
Po-dar'gus 
Poe'ci-le 
Poe-o'ni-a 
Pol'e-mon 
Pol-e-mo'ni-um 
Po'li-as 
Po-li-or-ce'tea 
Po-lis'tra-tua 
Pol'li-o 
Po-ly-8B'nu8 
Po-ly-ar'chua 
Po-lyb'i-u8 
Pol-y-bo'tea 
Pol'y-bus 
Pol-y-car'pua 
Pol-y-cle'tU8 
Po-lyc'ra-tea 
Po-lyd'a-maa 
Pol-y-deu'cea 
Pol-y-do'rU8 
Pol-yg-no'tua 
Po-lyg'o-nus 
Po-ly-hym'nl-a 

or  Po-Iyrn'm-a 
Po-lym'e-don 
Pol-ym-nes'tor 
Pol-y-ni'ces 
Pol-y-phe'mus 
Po-Iys'tra-tua, 
Pol-y-ti'mu8 
Po-lyx'e-na 
Po-lyx'e-nu8 
Po-mo'na 
Pom-pe'ia 
Pom-pe-ia'nu8 
Pom-pe'ii  (pe'yi) 
Pom-pe'ius 
Pom-pil'i-a 
Pom-pU'i-ua 
Poni-po'ni.-xia 
Pomi)-ti'nu8 
Pon'ti-us 
Po-plic'o-la 
Pop-psB'a 
PoTa-tha, 
Por'ci-a 
Por'cifus 
Por-pnyr'i-on 
Por-sen'na     or 

Por'se-na 
Por-tum'nua 
Por-tu'nus 
Po-si'don 
Pos-i-do'ni-a 
Po3-i-do'ni-u8 
Posfbu-mua 
Pot'a-mu8 
Pot-i-dffi'a 
Pot'i-phar,  a. 
Pot-i-phe'ia,  <. 


Pot'ni-® 

Prse-nes'te 

Praen-es-ti'nl 

Prse-to'ri-ua 

Pi-at'i-nas 

Prax-ag'o-ras 

Prax'i-as 

Prax-i'nu8 

Prax-it'e-lea 

Pri-am'i-dea 

Pri'a-mua 

Pri-a'pua 

Pri-(Ae 

Pris-ci-a'nua 

Pris-cilla 

Priv-er-na'tea 

Pro-cle'a 

Pro-co'pi-u8 

Pro-crus'tea 

Proc-u-le'iua 

Pro'cy-on 

Prod'i-cus 

Prom'a-chua 

Pro-me'theuB 

Pron'u-ba 

Pro-per'ti-ua 

Prop-y-laa'a 

Pro-ser'pi-na 

Pro-so'pis 

Pro-so'pon 

Pro-tag'o-raa 

Pro-tes-i-la'ua  • 

Pro'teua 

Pro-tog'e-nes 

Prox'e-nua 

Pru-den'ti-ua 

Pru'si-as 

Pryt-a-ne'um 

Pryt'a-nis 

Psam-met'i-chuB 

Ptol-e-m8B'u8 

Ptol-e-ma'ia 

Ptol-e-me'u8, 8. 

Pub-Iic'i-U8 

Pub-lic'orla 

Pub'li-us 

Pu-di'ca 

Piil-che'ri-a 

Pu-te'o-H 

Pu'ti-el,  a. 

Pye-ma'li-on 

Pyl'a-des 

Py-ram'i-dea 

Pyr'a-mu8 

Pyr-e-nae'ua 

Py-re'ne 

Py-ri-j)hleg'e- 

thon 
Py-rora'a-chus 
Pyr'rhi-chua 
Py-thag'o-raa 
Pyth'e-as 
Pyth'i-a 
ftfth'i-aa 
Pyth-i-o-ni'ce 
I^th'oclea 
Pyth-o-do'rua 
Py-thod'o-tua 
Pyth-o-la'uB 


Q. 

Jua-dra'tns 

Juad'ri-cepa 

Juad'ri-frona 

5ui-e'tu8 

Juinc-til'i-a 

Iuinc'ti-U8 

luin-quev'i-ri 

Juin-tiri-a 

Juin-til-i-a'nu8 

Juin-ti'lis 

Juin-til'i-uB 

Juin'ti-U8 

Juir-i-na'lia 

Jui-ri'nna 

2ui-ii'tes 


E. 

Ra'a-mah,  8. 
Ra-a-mi'an,  a. 
Ra-am'ses,  a. 
Rab-bo'ni,  a. 
Ra-bir'i-u8 
Rab'sa-ces,  8. 
RaVsa-ris,  a. 
Bal/aba^eh,  a. 


Ba'chel  {eh[&a  in 
'  church),  a. 
Rad'dai,  a. 
Ra'gau,  8. 
Ra-gu'el,  a. 
Ra-ma-tha'im,  a. 
Ram'arthem,  a. 
Ram'e-ses,  8.  ■ 
Ra-mi'ah,  a. 
Raph'a-el,  a. 
Baph'a-im,  a. 
Ra-tha'mu8,  8. 
Bau'ra-ci 
Ba-ven'na 
Re-a'iah,  a. 
Re-a'te 
Re-bec'ca,  8. 
Re-bek'ah,  a. 
Re-e-la'iah,  a. 
Re-el'ias,  8. 
Re-gil'lu8 
Re-gi'na 
Reg'U-lus 
Be-na-bi'ah,  8. 
Re-ho-bo'am,  a. 
Re-ho1)oth,  8. 
Re-ma-li'ah,  a. 
Re-pha'el,  a. 
Re-pha'iah,  s. 
Be-pha'im,  a. 
Beph'i-dim,  a. 
Re'u,  8. 
Re-u'el,  8. 
Re-u'mah,  8. 
Re-zi'a,  a. 
Rhad-a-man'- 

tb.U8 

Rhse'ti-a 

Rhamp-si-ni'tua 

Rhe'gi-um 

Rhex-e'nor 

Rhi-noc-o-lu'ra 

Rhi-phae'us 

Rhod'a-nua 

Rho'di-i 

Rhod'o-cua,  8. 

Rhod'o-pe 

Rho-do'pia 

Rhop'a-Ius 

Rhox-o-la'ni 

Ri'bal,  8. 

Rob'o-am,  e. 

Bod'a-nim,  a. 

Ro'ge-lim,  g. 

RoT-mu8^  8. 

Ro-ma'ni 

Ro-ma'rms 

Ro-muli-daB 

Rom'u-lua 

Ros'ci-ua 

Rox-a'na 

Rox-o-la'ni 

Ru'bi-con 

RuTsri-us 

Ru'di-» 

Ruf-fi'nuB 

Ru-fi'nu8 

Ru-ha'mah,  8. 

Ru-pil'i-ua 

Ru-the'ni 

Ru'tu-U 

Ru'tu-psB 

Ru-tu'pi-ffl 


s. 

Sa-bac^ha'ni,  8. 
Sa-bas'i 
Sa-ba'oth,-8. 
Sab-a»te'as,  8. 
Sab-a-te'us,  8, 
Sab'a-tus,  a. 
8ab'ba-tha 
Sab-ba-the^l8, 8. 
Sab-be'us,  a. 
Sa-be'ans,  8. 
Sa'bi-e,  8. 
Sa-bi'na 
Sa-bi'nl 
Sarbi'nuB 
Sa-bri'na 
Sab'te-chah,  t. 
Sarbu'ra 
Sa-da-mi'as,  s. 
Sad-de'u8,  a. 
Sad'du-cee,  a. 
Sa-dy-at'tes 
Sal'a-mia 
Sa-la'thi-el, «. 


Sali-i 

Sa-li'oae 

Sal-i-na'tor 

Sal'lai,  8. 

Sal-lu'mus,  a. 

Sal-lus'ti-us 

Sal'ma-cia 

Sal'iua-na'sar,  8. 

Sal-mo'ne 

Sal-mo'neua 

Sa-lo'me 

Sal'o-mon 

Sal-pi'nas 

8al'vi-a 

Sam'a-el,  a 

8a-ma'ia8,  a. 

8a-ma'ri-a 

Sa-nffi'ius,  8. 

Sam'm-riBtt 

Sa-mos'a-ta 

Sam-o-thra'ce 

Sam-o-thra'cea 

Sam'u-el,  a. 

San-a-bas'sar,  a. 

Saa-arbaa'sarrua, 

8. 

San'a-aib,  8. 
San-ballat,  8. 
San-cho-m'a- 

thon 
San-ga'ri-ua 
San-sau'nah,  8> 
San'to-nea 
San'to-ni 
8aph-a-ti'aa,  a. 
Sap-phi'ra    {aap 

'^Baf),  a. 
Sap'pho    (8ap= 

8ar-a-bi'a8,  a. 
Sa'rai  or  Sa'ra-1, 

a. 
Sa-ra'iab,  8. 
■  8a-ra'ias,  a. 
8ar'a-inel,  s. 
Sar-cbed'o-nua 
Sar-dan-a-paluB 
Sar-din'i-a 
Sar'do-nea 
8a-re'a,  a. 
Sa-rep'la,  a. 
Sar'ma-ta9 
8ar-ma'ti-a 
Sa-ron'i-cua 
8a-ro'thi-e,  a. 
8ar-pe'don 
Sar'seKihim,  8. 
Sas-sanl-daa 
Sat'a-nas 
Sath-ra-bu'za« 

nes,  8. 
Sat-ur-nali-a 
Sa-tur'ni-a 
Sat-ur-ni'nas 
Sa-tur'ni-ua 
Sa-tvir'ntia 
Sat'y-ri 
Sau-rom'a-taa 
Sav'a-ran,  a. 
8a-vi'as,  a. 
Sax'o-nes. 
Scse'vo-la 
Sca-man'der 
Bcar-do'iia 
Sche'di-a 
Sche'ri-a 
Schoe'neua 
Sci'a-thoa 
Sci-pi'a^ea 
Scip'i-o 
8ci-ron'i-de8 
8col'o-ti 
Scop-e-li'nua 
Scop'e-loa 
Scri-bo'ni-a* 
Scri-bo'ni-ua 
Scyl-a-ce'um 
Scyl-lae'um 
Scyth'I-a 
Scy-thop'o-llB 
Se-bas'ta 
Seb-as-te'a 
8eb-a8-ti'a 
Seb-aB-top'oUs 
8eb-en'iiy-tua 
8e-be'thu8 
Sei/a-cah.  a. 
Sech-e-ni  aa,  8. 
Se-cun'dua : ' 


Be-<5.n'td 

Se-ges'ta 

Seg-o-bri'ga 

8e-gon'ti-a 

Seg-on-ti'a-d 

8e-go'vi-a 

Se-gun'ti-um 

Se-i'rath,  8. 

Se-ja'nua 

Sel-e-mi'a, «. 

Sel-e-ml'aa,  a. 

8e-le'no 

Sel-eu-ci'a 

Se-leu'ci-dsa 

Se-leu'cia 

Se-leu'cii8 

8el'go-vsB 

Se-li'nua 

Sel-la'si-a 

Se-lym'luri-a 

Se-ma-chi'ah,  8. 

Se-ma'iah,  8. 

8em'e-i,  a. 

Sem'e-le 

Se-merii-Tia,  8. 

Se-mir'a-mia 

Sem'no-nes 

Sem-pro'hi-a 

Sem-pro'ni-us , 

Se-na'ata,  a. 

Sen'e-ca 

Sen-nach'e-rib*  e. 

Sen'o-nea 

Sen-ti'num 

Se-nu'ah,  a. 

Se-o'rim,  a. 

Se-pha'rad,  8. 

Se-phar-va'im,  8. 

Se-phe'la,  a. 

8ep-tein'tri-o 

8ep-tim'i-ii8 

8ep'ti-mu8 

8eq'ua-na 

8eq'ua-ni 

8e-ra'iah,  a. 

Se-ra'pia 

Ser-bo'nia 

8e-re'na 

Ser'gi-ua 

Se-n'phu8 

Ser-vil'i-UB 

Ser'vi-ua 

Se-soa'tris 

8e8'ti-u8 

Set'a-bia 

Se-ve'rua  ■ 

8ex'ti-a 

Sex-ti'lia 

Sex'ti-U8 

Sha-a-IabT)!!!, 

Bha-alTjim,  a. 

Sha'aph,  8. 

8ha-a-ra'ini,  8. 

Sha-aab'gaz,  a. 

Shab'be-thai,  8. 

Shad'da-i,  a. 

Sha-ha-ra'im,  8. 

Bha-baz'i-mah, 

8. 

Shal'i-sha,  8. 
Bhal'le-cheth-,  8. 
Shal-ma'i,  s. 
Shal-man-e'6er,8. 
Sham-a-ri'ah,  a. 
Sham'mai,  a. 
Bham-mu'a,  a. 
8haia-inu'ali,_  a. 
■8ham-she-ra'i,  a. 
8har'a-i,  a. 
Sba-ra'im,  8. 
Bhar-e'zer,  a. 
8ha'ul,  8. 
She-alli-el,  8. 
8he-a-ri'ah,  a. 
She-ba-ni'ah,  8. 
Sheb'a-rim,  8. 
She-bu'el,  8. 
Bhech-a-ni'ah,  8. 

fhe-de'iir.  e. 
he-ha-ri'ah,  8. 
Bhel-e-mi'ah,  8. 
8hero-mi,  a. 
Bhe-lo'jnoth,  a. 
BEe-lu'mi-el,  8. 
Bbem'Srah,  a. 
Sbe-ma'iah,  a. 
Shem-a-rl'ah,  a. 
Shem-eljer,  a. 
Bhe-mi'dah,  s. 

Sbeml-nitbkXA 


822 


CLASSICAL  AND   SOJlIPTtJRAL  NAMES. 


Bhc-mir'a-moth, 

So-phro'ni-us 

Tab'e-el,  a. 

Thau-man'ti-aa 

Tirsha-tha, «. 

U-ri'aa,  s. 

Xen'o-cles 

». 

So-phros'y-ae 

Ta-bel'li-us,  a. 

The-SB-te'tu8 

Ti-sag'o-ras 

U'ri-el. «. 
U-ri'jah,  9. 

Xen-o-cli'dea 

She-mu'el,  8. 

So-rac'te 

Tab'e-rah,  s. 

The-ag'e-aea 

Ti-sam'e-nua 

Xe-noc'ra-tes 

Sheph-a-thi'ahjS. 

So-ra'nus 

Tab'i-tha,  a. 

The-a'no 

Ti-siph'o-ne 

U-sip'e-tes 

Xe-noc'ri-tu8 

Sheph-a-ti'ah,  8. 

So'si-a 

Tab'ri-mon,  a. 

The-ba'is 

Tis-sa-pher'nea 

ITs-ti'ca 

Xe-nod'i-ce 

She-phu'phaa,  8. 

Sos'i-cles 

Tach'mo-nite,  8. 

■  Tlie-co'e>  s. 

Ti-ta'ni-a 

U'ti-ca_ 

Xen-o-do'ru8 

She-re'zer,  s. 

So'si-i    ■ 

Tac'i-tus 

Thel'a-sar,  a. 

•  Ti-tho'nua 

Ux-el-lwiu'iium 

Xe-nod'o-tes 

She'shai, «. 

So-sip'a-ter 

Tae'na-rum 

The-ler'sas,  a. 

Ti-tin'i-u3 

U'zai,  8. 

Xe-nod'o-tu8 

Shesh-baz'zar,  s. 

So-sis'tra-tus 

Tsen'arTOS 

Thel-pu'sa 

Tit'i-ua 

Uz-zi'a,  8. 

Xen-o-me'dea 

She'thar     Boz'- 

Sos'the-nes 

Ta-hap'a-nes,  s. 

The-mis-cy'ra 

Tit'y-rua 

Uz-zi'ah, ». 

Xe-noph'a-nea 

nai,  8. 

So-zom'e-nus 

Tah'pe-nes,  a. 

Tbem'i-son 

Tit'y-U8 

TJz-zi'el, «. 

Xen'o-phon 

Shig-gai'on,  a. 
Shi-gi'o-notn,  8. 

Spar'ta-cus 

Tah-re'a,  8. 

The-mis'to-clea 

Tle-pol'e-mua 

Xen-o-ti'mua 

Spar-ta'nus 

Tal'a-U8 

The-oc'a-nus,  a. 

To'a-nah,  8. 

Xi-me'ne 

Shi-lo'ah,  8. 

8par-ti-a'nus 

Tal-thyb'i-us 

The-o-clym'e-nu8 

To-bi'ah,  8. 

V. 

Shi-lo'ni,  8. 

Spar-ti-a'tae 

Tam'e-sis 

The-oc'ri-tua 

To-bi'aa,  a. 

Shilon-ite,  8. 

Spar-to'lus  ' 

Tau'a-gra 

The-od'a-tua 

To'bi-e,  8. 
To-bi'el,8. 

Va-cu'na     • , 

z. 

Shi-me'ah,  a. 

Sper-chi'us    or 

Tan'a-is 

The-o-do'ra 

Vad-i-mo'nis 

Shi-me'am,  8. 

Sper-che'ua 

Tan'a-quil 

The-o-do-re'tua 

To-gar'inah,  8. 

To'Ta-ite,  8. 

Va'ha-lis     - 

Za-a-na'im,  a. 

Shi-mfe'ath,  8. 

Sphac-te'ri-a 

Tan-hu'meth,  8 

The-o-do-ri'cu8 

.  Va-je-za'tha,  *. 

Za'a-nan,  a. 

Shim'e-i,  a. 

Sphen'do-ne 

Tan'ta-lus 

The-o-do'nia 

Tol-ba'nee,  ff. 

Val-armi'rus 

Za-a-nan'nim,  8. 

Shim'e-on,  8. 

Spin'tha-ms 

Tap-pu'ah,  a. 

The-o-do'si-u8 

To-lo'sa 

Val'da-sua 

Za'a-van,  a. 

Shim'shai,  8. 

Spo-le'ti-um 

Tar'a-lah,  a. 

The-od'o-tes 

To-mae'us 

Val-en-ti'nus 

Zab-a^ise'ans,  8. 

Sho-shan'nini,  8. 

Spo-le'tum 

Ta-re'a,  «. 

The-od'o-tus 

Tom'a-rua 

Va-le'ri-a 

Zab-a-da'ias,  a. 

8ha'ba-el,  s. 

Spor'a-dea 

Tar-en-ti'nua 

The-og'e-nea 

Tom'y-ria 

Va-le'ri-ua 

Zab-a^e'ans,  8. 

Shu'la-nute,  a. 

Spu'ri-us 

Ta-ren'tum 

The-og-ne'tua 

Tor-qua'tus 

Van'da-li 

Zab'a-tu8 

Shu'math-ite,  a. 

Sta-be'ri-us 

Tar-pe'ia 

The-og'nis  ' 

To'u,  8. 

Van-gi'o-nes 

Zab'bai,  a. 

Shu'aam-ite,  a.  ■ 

Sta'bi-ae 

Tar-quin'i-i 

The-oph'a-neS 

Tra'be-a 

Va-ni'ah,  8. 

Zab-de'us,  a. 

Shu-the'lah, «. 

Sta-gi'ra 

Tar-quin'i-u8 

The-o-phras'tua 

Trach-o-ni'tia 

Van'ni-ua 

Zab'di-el,  8. 

Si'a-ha,  a. 

Stag-i-ri'tes 

Tar'ta-rus. 

Th9o-phy-lac'- 

Tra-ja'nus 

Va-re'nua 

Za-bu'lon,  a. 

Sib'be-cai,  a. 

Staph'y-lus 

Tai>te'su8 

tua 

Trans-al-pi'nua 

Va'ri-a 

Zac'cai,  a. 

Sib'bo-leth,  a. 

Sta-ti'ra 

Ta-ti-a'nua 

The-ram'e-nes 

Trans-pa-da'nxia 

Va'ri-ua 

Zac-chae'ua,  & 

Sib-ra'im,  a. 

Sta'ti-us 

Ta'ti-us 

Ther'ma-leth,  a. 

Trans-tib-er-i'na 

Vas'co-nea 

Zac-che'us,  8. 

Si-cam'bri 

StelOi-o 

Tau-ro-me'ni-um 

Ther-mo'don 

Trap'e-zu8 

Vat-i-ca'nu8 

Zach-a-ri'ah,  8. 

Si-cam'bri-a 

Bteph'a-nas,  a. 

Tax'i-la 

Ther-mop'y-las 

Tras-i-me'nua 

-  Vec'to-nea 

Zach-a-ri'as,  a. 

Si-ca'ni 

Steph'a-nus 

Ta-yg'e-tua 

Ther-sil'o-chua 

Tre-ba'ti-u8 

Ve-ge'ti-ua 

Zach'a-ry,  8. 
Za-cyn'thu8 

Si-ca'ni-a 

Ste '  phen     (Bt5'- 

Te-a'num 

Ther-si'tea 

Tre-bel-li-a'nus 

Ve'i-a 

Si-ca'nu8 

vn)^s. 

Teb-a-li'ah,  8. 

The-se'i-d88 

Tre-belOi-ua 

Ve-ien'tea 

Za-leu'cu8 

Sic'ci-U8 

Ste-sicb'o-rus 

Tec-mes'sa 

The-se'ia 

TreTsi-a 

Ve'ii  (ve'yi) 

Zal-mo'nah,  a. 

Si-cil'i-a     - 

Sthen'e-lus 

Tec-tos'a-gea 

The-se'um 

Tre-bo'ni-ua 

Vej'o-Tis 

Zal-mun'nah,  a. 

Sic'u-li 

Stil'i-cho 

Teg'e-a 

The'seus 

TreVe-ri 

Veli-a 

Zam-zum'miin,  & 

Sic'y-on 

Strat'o-cles 

Teg'y-ra 
Te-haph'ne-lies, 

The8'pi-8e 

Tri-cor'y-thua 

Ve-U'na 

Za-no'ah,  a. 

Sic-y-o'ni-a 

Strat-o-ni'ce 

Thesjpro'ti-a 
Theslsa'li-a 

Tri-na'cri-a 

Ve-li'nnm 

Za'ra-ces,  a. 

Si-do'nes 

Strat-o-ni'cua 

a. 

Trin'a-cris 

Ve-U'trss 

Zar-a-i'as,  a. 

Sid'o-nis 

Strep-si'a-des 

Te-hin'nah,  a. 

Thea-sa-lo-ni'ca 

Trip-tol'e-mua 

Vel-le'ius 

Za're-ah,  a. 

Si-gse'um  or  Si- 

Stron'gy-lus 

Te-ko'a,  s. 

Thes'aa-lua 

Trit-o-ge-ni'a 

Ven'e-tl 

Za're-ath-ite,  a. 

ge'um 

Stroph'a-des 

Te-ko'ah,  a. 

Thes'ti-a 

Tri-to'nea 

Ve-ne'ti-a 

Zar'e-phath,  a. 

Bi-gi'o-noth, «. 
Si-la'nus 

Strym'o-nis 

Tel'a-im,  a. 

Thes'ty-lia 

Tri-to'nia 

Ven-tid'iua  • 

.  Zar'e-tan,  a. 

Stym-pha'lis 

Tel'a-mon 

Thes'ty-luB 

Trl-um'vi-ri 

Ven-u-le'iua 

Zar'ta-na,  a. 

Bi-le'nus 

Stym-pha'lus 

Te-las'sar,  a. 

Thim-na'thah, «. 

Triv'i-a 

Ven'u-lua 

Zath'o-e,  a. 

Si-lo'ah,  8. 

Sua-de'la 

TeJ-chi'nes 

Thom'o-i,  a. 

Tro'a-dea 

Ve-nu'si-a 

Za-thu'i,  8. 

Bi-16'am,  a. 

Su-blic'i-u8 

Te-leb'o-aa 

Thra'ci-a 

TrcE-ze'ne 

Ver-cin-get'o-rix 

Zeb-a-di'ah,  a. 

Si-lo'as,  8. 

Su'bu-lo 

Tel'e-clua 

Thra'se-a 

Trog-lo-dytSB 

Ver-gil'i-ua 

Ze-ba'im,  a. 

8i-lo'e,  8. 

Su-bu'ra 

Tel-e-da'mua 

Thra^se'as,  s. 

Tro-gylli-uin,  8. 
Tro'i-lua 

Ver-gin'i-ua 

Zeb'e-dee,  a. 

Bil-va'nus 

Su-bur'ra 

Te-leg'o-nua 

Thraa-y-bulua 

Ve-ro'na 

Ze-bf  nah,  a. 

8il'vi-u8 

Su'ca-thites,  8. 

Te-lem'a-chuB 

Thra-sym'a-chua 

Tro-ja'ni 

Ver-on'i-ca 

Ze-boi'im,  a. 

8im'e-on,  8. 

Su'di-as,  o 

Tel'e-phua 

Thra-sym'e-nea 

Troph'i-mua. 

Ver'ta-gua 

Ze-bo'im,  a. . 

Bi-me'thiis 

Sues'so-nes 

Tel-e-8i'nu8 

Thras-y-me'nua 

Tro-pho'ni-Tia 

Ver-u-la'nufl 

Ze-bu'dah,  a. 

Bim'mi-as 

Sue-to'ni-ua 

Te-leu'ti-aa 

Thu-cyd'i-des 
Thu'n-i 

Try-phe'na,  8. 

Ve-se'vu8 

Zeb'u-lun,  a. 

Bim'o-is 

Su-e'vi 

Tel'li-as 

Tu-bi-e'ni,  a. 

Ves-pa-si-a'nus 

Zech-a-ri'ah,  a. 

Si-mon'.des 

Suf'fe-tes 

Tel-phu'sa 

Thu'ri-um 

Tu-gu-ri'nu8 
Tulli-a 

Ve-su'vi-Tia 

Zed-e-cM'as,  a. 

Sim-plicl-u8 

Su'i-das 

Tem'a-ni,  a. 

Thy-a-ti'ra 

Vet-to'nea 

Zed-e-ki'ah,  a. 

Si'nai,  a. 

Sul-pic'i-a 

Tem'e-ni,  a. 

Thy-es'tea 

Tul-li-a'num 

Ve-tuti-a 

Ze-lo'phe-hadi  a. 

Si-no'pe 
Bip'y-IuS 
Bir-bo'nia 

Sul-pic'i-us 

Tem-e-ni'tes 

Thy'ias 

Tul'li-ua 

ViWi-ua 

Ze-lo'tes,  a. 

Su'ni-um 

Tem'e-noa 

Thym-brae'ua 

Tur-de-ta'ni 

Vic-to-ri'nua 

Ze-ma-ra'im,  a. 

Su-re'nas 

Tem'e-sa 

Thym'e-le 

Tus-ca'ni-a 

Vim-i-nalia 

Zem'a-rite,  a. 

Sir'i-on,  a. 

Su-san'nah   (can 

Tenc-te'ri 

Thy-o'ne 

Tu8-ca-la'nnin 

Vin-cen'ti-u8 

Ze-noTji-a      • 

Bir'i-us  • 

=zan),  a. 

Ten'e-doB 

Thy-o'neua 

Tu'ti-a 

.  Vin-del'i-ci 

Zen-o-do'rua 

Sir'mi-uni 

Su-sa'ri-on 

Ten'ty-ra 

Thyr'e-a 
Ti-be'ri-aa 

Ty'a-na 

Vin-de-lic'i-a 

Zeph-a-ni'ah,  g. 

Si-sam'a-i,  8. 

Su-si-a'na 

Ter'a-phim, ». 

Ty-a-nae'uB 

Vin'di-U 

Zeph'a-tha,  a. 

Sis'e-ra,  a. 

Syb'a-ris 

Te-ren'ti-a 

Tib-e-ri'nua 

Ty-a-ni'tia 

Vin-dob'o-na 

Zeph'on-ite,  a. 

Sis-i.gam'bis 

Syb-a-ri'tis 

Te-ren-ti-a'nua 

Tib'e-ris 

Tych'i-cua 

Vip-sa'ni-a 

Zeph'y-ruB 
Zer-a-hi'ab,  a. 

Si-ein'nes,  8. 

Syb'o-tas 

Te-ren'ti-u8 

Ti-be'ri-ua 

Tydeua 

Vip-sa'ni-ua 

Sis'y-phus- 

Sy-ce'ne,  a. 

Te'reus 

Ti-bid'lu8 

Ty-di'dea 

Vi-ra'go 

Zer-a-i'ah,  a. 

Sit-a-ce'ne 

Sy-e'lu8,  a. 

Ter-gem'i-nus 
Ter-i-da'tes 

Tib-ur-ti'nua 

Tym-pa'ni-a 
Tyn'da-reua 

Vir-gil'i-us 

Ze-re'da,  a. 

Si-tho'ne 

Sy-e'ne 

Ti-ci'nu8 

Vir-gin'ia 

■  Ze-red'a-thah,  a. 

Sit'i-U8 

Sy-e-ni'tea 

Ter'mi-nus 

Ti-fa'ta 

Tyn-dar'i-dea 

Vir-gin'i-118 
Vir-i-a'thus 

Zer'e-rath,  a. 

Sit'ta-ce 

Syl-va'nus 

Terp-sich'o-i\ 

Ti-gel'U-ua 

^jm'da-ria 

Ze-ru'ah,  a. 

Bmin'theus 

Syl'vi-ia 

Ter-ra-ci'na 

Ti-gra'nes 

T^'da-rua 

Vir-i-dom'a-ros ' 

Ze-rub-ba'bel,  s. 

So-bu'ra 

Syl'vi-ua 

Ter'ti-us 

Tig-u-ri'ni 

Ty-pho'eus 

Vi-sel'U-ua 

Ze-ru-i'ah,  a. 

Soc'ra-tes 

Sym-pleg'ardes 

Ter-tul-li-a'nu8 

Ti-mse'oa 

Tyr-rhe'num 

Vis'tu-la 

Zea'xia 

Sod'o-ma 

Sy-ne'si-u8 

Ter-tullus,  a. 

Ti-mag'o-raa 

lyr-tae'uB 

Vi-^tur'^ia 

ZiVe-on,  s. 

Sog-di-a'na 
So-li'nu8 

Sy-no'di-um 

Tet-ra-go'nia 

Tim-a-ra'tua 

Vi-telTi-ua 

Zib'i-a,  8. 

Syn'ti-che,  8. 

Te-trap'o-lis 
•Teu'cn-a 

Ti-mar'chi-deo 

Vi-tru'vi-ua 

Zib'i-ah,  a. 

Sol'o-e 

Syr-a-cu'ssB  ■ 

Ti-mar'chua 

TJ. 

Vo-log'e-aea 

Zid-ki'jah, «. 

Sol'o-mon,  fc"* 

Sy'ri-on,  8. 

Teu'to-nea 

Ti-ma'vua 

Vol'sci-na 

Ziph'i-on.  8. 
Zip'po-rah,  a. 

Sol'y-ma 

Sy-ro-phe-ni'- 

Teu'to-ni 

Ti-me'ua,  a. 

TJ'bi-i 

Vol-sin'i-um 

Sol'v-mi 
Sop'a-ter 

ci-a,8. 

Thad-dae'us,  a. 

Ti^noc'rartea 

U-cal'e-gon 

Vo-lum'ni-a 

Zo-be'bah,  a. 

; 

'         T. 

Thad'de-ua, «. 

Ti-mole-on 

Ul-pi-a'nua 

Vo-lum'm-ua 

Zo-heletb,  a. 

Soph'e-reth,  t. 

Tha-las'si-o 

Ti-molua 

U-lys'sea 

Vol-u-se'nua 

Zo'i-lu8 

So'phi-a 

Tha-las'si-ua 

Ti-mo'the-us 

Um-bre'nua 

Vul-ca'uus 

Zon'a-raa. 

Soph'i-lus 

Tha-le'taa 

Ti-re'si-aa 

U-phar'sin, «. 

Zop'y-rus 

Boph'o-cle8 

Ta'a-nach, ». 

Tha-U'a 

TirTia-kah, ». 

U-ra'ni-a 

Zo're-ah,  a. 

Soph-o-ni'as,  *. 

Ta'a-nath,  a. 

Tham'na-tha,  *. 

TirTia-nah, ». 

U'ra-nua 

X 

Zo-rob'a-bel,  9- 

Soph-o-nis'ba 

Tab'a-oth, ». 
Tab'ba-oth, «. 

Tham'y-ras 

Tir'i-o,  8. 

Ur-ba'nua 

Zo8'i-mua 

So-phro'ni-a 

Tham'y-ris 

Tir-i-ba'zTia 

TTr^i-cua 

Xan'thi-aa 

Zu-ri'el,  a. 

goph-ro-ois'cus 

lab'e-al, «. 

Tbap'sarcus 

Tir-i-da'tes 

U-ri'ah, ». 

Xan-tbip'pe 

Zu-ii-shad'daii  8. 

PRONOUI^CIKG    VOCABULABY 


OP 


MODERN    GEOGRAPHICAL   NAMES. 


HINTS   ON   THE   PEONUNCIATION   OF  FOREIGN  NAMES. 


Foreign  geographical  names  are  spelled  in  English  books  either 
in  the  same  manner  as  they  are  spelled  in  the  language  of  the 
country  to  which  they  belong  (when  that  language  uses  the 
Roman  alphabet),  or  phonetically  in  accordance  with  the  pre- 
vailing sounds  of  the  letters  of  the  English  alphabet. 

In  foreign  languages  there  are  many  sounds  or  shades  of  sound 
not  heard  in  English;  but  foi:  ordinary  purposes  it  is  not  neces- 
sary to  try  to  reproduce  all  these,  and  in  the  key  below  it  will  be 
seen  that  only  six  signs  are  used  to  represent  un-English  sounds. 
These  must  be  learned  by  the  ear  from  those  who  are  able  to 
render  them  accurately,  but  it  may  be  mentioned  that  the 
French  sound  heard  long  in  vHe  and  short  in  biit  is  like  the  sound 
of  u  in  the  Scotch  word  dbune;  that  that  heard  lonjj  in  hleu  and 
short  in  ne'uf  has  some  resemblance  to  the  sound  of  e  in  her;  that 
the  sound  represented  by  n  (as  in  the  French  on)  is  produced  by 
emitting  voice  through  the  mouth  and  nose  at  the  same  time, 
and  is  accordingly  not  a  pure  nasal  (like  the  English  ng  in  sing) 
but  a  semi-nasal;  and  that  the  ch  in  the  German  nacht  is  a  strongly 
aspirated  guttural  like  ch  in  the  Scotch  word  loch.  [Strictly 
speaking  ch  has  this  sound  after  the  vowels  a,  o,  m  only;  after  the 
other  vowels  and  after  consonants  it  is  produced  between  the 
point  of  the  tongue  and  the  fore-part  of  the  palate.]  As  the  key 
shows,  y  is  always  used  with  its  consonantal  sound  as  in  yes.  It 
will  be  understood  that  in  respelling  names  to  indicate  pronun- 
ciation, the  consonants  6,  d, /,  h, },  k,  l,m,n,p,r,t,  v, w,  and  z;  and 
the  digraphs  ng,  nk,  and  sh  always  have  their  usual  English 
sounds;  and  s  always  has  the  hissing  sound  as  in  sea. 

Vowels  and  Vowel  Diorafhs. 

a  is  usually  sounded  a  (see  bottom  of  page),  but  sometimes 
long,  sometimes  short.    In  Hungarian  it  is  often  like  o  in  not. 

3,  in  Swedish  is  sounded  6. 

a  or  ae  is  usually  sounded  like  S.  or  e,  in  Flemish  (and  old. 
Dutch)  like  a. 

aa  in  Danish  is  sounded  as  S,  in  Dutch  as  'A. 

ai  and  ay  usually  have  each  of  the  vowels  sounded,  the  sound 
of  &  being  rapidly  followed  by  that  of  6.  In  German  they  are 
sounded  like  i  in  pine,  in  French  mostly  like  a. 

&.0  in  Portuguese  is  sounded  as  oun. 

au  is  usually  pronounced  either  with  the  sounds  of  the  vowels 
separately,  or  as  a  diphthong  like  ou.  In  French  it  is  pronounced 
like  o  in  note. 

e  is  usually  sounded  like  a  or  e  in  met.  Very  often  it  has  an 
obscure  sound  as  in  the  English  golden.  In  French  it  is  often 
mute. 

eau  in  French  has  the  sound  of  o  in  note. 

ei  and  ey,  like  ai  and  ay,  usually  have  each  of  the  vowels  soun- 
ded separately,  the  sound  of  fi  being  rapidly  followed  by  that  of 
e.  In  Dutch  and  Gernum  they  have  the  sound  of  i.  In  French 
they  are  pronounced  like  a  or  e. 

eu  is,  sounded  in  Dutch  as  in  French,  in  German  like  oi,  in 
other  languages  with  the  sounds  of  the  vowels  separately. 

i  is  usually  sounded  like  e,  or,  when  short,  much  like  i. 

ie  in  Dutch,  German,  and  French  is  sounded  like  e  except 
where  the  letters  belong  to  two  syllables. 

ij  in  Dutch  has  a  sound  like  that  of  i  in  pine. 

o  is  usually  sounded  like  o  or  o,  in  Danish  and  Norwegian 
sometimes  like  5. 

<i  or  oe  is  sounded  in  German,  Danish,  and  Swedish  like  eu  in 
French. 

o  in  Danish  has  a  sound  similar  to  Q. 

oi'is  usually  pronounced  with  the  sounds  of  the  separate  vowels, 
in  French  it  is  like  wa  in  war. 


on  in  French  has  the  sound  of  Q,  in  Dutch  and  Norwegian  that 
of  ou. 

u  is  usually  sounded  as  0  or  \i;  in  French,  as  already  mentioned, 
the  sound  is  peculiar,  and  in  Dutch  is  much  the  same 

U  or  ue  in  German  is  sounded  like  H  or  ii. 

■fl  in  Welsh  is  sounded  like  e. 

ui  in  Dutch  is  pronounced  like  oi  in  oil. 

y  is  usually  sounded  like  6;  in  Danish,  Swedish,  and  Polish 
like  the  French  u.  In  old  Dutch  it  is  used  where  the  digraph  ij 
is  used  in  modem  orthography.  In  Welsh,  without  an  accent 
mark,  it  has  the  sound  of  u,  except  at  the  end  of  a  word,  when  it 
sounds  like  i. 

f  in  Welsh  has  the  sound  oieiame  (like  the  Welsh  ft) 

Consonants  and  Consonantal  Digraphs. 

Most  of  the  consonants  have  the  same  sound  in  the  languages 
of  the  European  continent  using  the  Koman  alphabet  as  they 
have  in  English,  but  the  following  peculiarities  are  to  be  noted:— 

b  at  the  end  of  a  word  is  often  sounded  in  German  like  p.  In 
Spanish  it  is  pronounced  with  very  feeble  contact  of  the  lips  so 
as  to  be  softened  almost  to  a  v-sound. 

c  before  another  consonant  and  before  the  vowels  a,  o,  u  is 
usually  sounded  like  k.  Before  the  vowels  e  and  i  in  French, 
Danish,  Swedish,  and  Portuguese  it  is  sounded  like  s;  in  Italian 
like  ch  in  chain,  in  Spanish  like  th  in  thin,  in  German  like  ts.  In 
Italian  where  another  vowel  follows  ci  (as  well  as  gi  or  sci)  the  i 
is  not  sounded,  having  merely  the  effect  of  softening  the  c.  In 
Spanish  America  c  is  usually  pronounced  as  s  in  those  cases  in 
which  in  Spain  it  is  pronounced  th.  In  Bohemian  and  Polish  it 
is  always  sounded  like  ts,  and  in  Celtic  always  like  k. 

9  is  used  in  French  and  Portuguese  to  indicate  the  s-sound  of  c 
before  the  vowels  a,  o,  and  u. 

ch  in  Dutch,  Polish,  and  Bohemian,  as  well  as  in  German,  has 
the  sound  of  ch;  in  Italian  it  has  the  sound  of  k;  in  French  (ex- 
cept in  some  words  derived  from  the  Greek,  in  which  it  is  soun- 
ded like  k)  that  of  sh. 

cs  in  Hvmgarian  has  the  sound  of  ch  in  chain. 

cz  in  Polish  has  the  sound  of  ch  in  chain,  in  Hungarian  that 
of  ts. 

d  at  the  end  of  a  word  in  German  and  Dutch  is  often  sounded 
like  t.  In  Spanish  and  Danish  between  two  vowels,  and  after  a 
vowel  at  the  end  of  a  word,  it  is  softened  to  a  sound  resembling 
?H  (=th  in  thine).  At  the  beginning  of  a  word  and  when  the 
Spanish  d  is  preceded  by  another  consonant,  a  sound  like  that  of 
the  English  d  is  produced.  When  d  comes  after  1,  n,  r  in  Danish 
it  is  not  sounded. 

dd  in  Welsh  has  the  soimd  of  ih. 

g  before  a  consonant  and  before  the  vowels  a,  o,  and  u  mostly 
has  the  sound  of  g  in  go;  and  it  has  the  same  sound  before  other 
vowels  also  in  German  and  Danish,  and  in  all  situations  in  Polish 
and  Welsh.  After  a  vowel  it  frequently  has  in  German  and 
Danish  a  guttural  sound  like  ch  of  Scotch  loch.  In  Dutch  the 
sound  is  always  like  this,  except  in  the  cpmbinations  gh  and  ng, 
the  former  of  which  is  pronounced  like  g  in  go,  the  latter  like  ng 
in  sing.  In  French,  Portuguese,  Spanish,  and  Swedish  it  has  the 
sound  of  the  j  of  the  same  languages  in  all  situations  in  which  it 
has  not  the  sound  of  g  in  go,  and  in  ItaUau  it  is  then  sounded 
like  our  j.    (See  above  under  c.) 

gh  in  Italian  and  Dutch  has  the  sound  of  g  in  go. 

gl  in  Italian  has  the  sound  of  ly  (y  being  sounded  as  in  yes: 
gli=lye). 

gn  in  French  and  Italian  has  the  sound  of  ny  (BoIogna=bo- 
iSn'ya). 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall ;     me,  met,  h6r,  golden ;     pine,  pin ;     note,  not,  mSve ;  ^tttbe,  tub,  b\ill 
j,iob;    y,yes;    ta,  then;  th,  tMn;   zb,  asure.        French,  vfte,  biit ;   bleti,  neuf;    n,  on, 


,     oil,  pound;     ch,  c^ain;     g,  po; 
Scotch  and  German,  ch,  loch,  nacAfe, 


824 


PRONUNCIATION    OF   MODERN    GEOGRAPHICAL   NAMES. 


gu  in  French  always,  and  in  Portuguese  and  Spanish  before  e 
and  i,  has  the  sound  of  g  in  co. 

gy  in  Hungarian  has  the  sound  of  dy  or  dzh. 

h  in  French,  Italian,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese  is  silent  or 
scarcely  audible.  In  Spanish  it  is  heard  as  a  slight  aspiration 
before  the  combination  ue.  In  Danish  it  is  not  sounded  before 
j,  and  V. 

j  4n  most  languages  has  the  sound  of  y;  in  French  and  Portu- 
guese that  of  zh;  in  Spanish  that  of  eh.  In  Banish  the  sound  of 
the  Danish  j  (that  is,  the  sound  of  the  consonant  y)  is  always 
interpolated  after  the  consonants  k  and  g  before  the- vowels  te,  i>, 
0,  y,  and  i. 

k  in  Norwegian  before  e,  i,  j,  y,  and  the  modifications  of  a  and 
o,  is  sounded  like  ty.  ^* 

Ih  in  Portuguese  has  the  sound  of  ly  (Ital.  gl).  • 

11  in  French  in  formal  speech  has  the  sound  of  ly,but  collo- 
quially is  generally  soimded  like  the  consonant  y  without  any 
1-sound.  In  Spain  it  always  has  the  former  sound  (SeviUa=se-. 
yel'ya),  but  in  Mexico  the  latter  Is  often  substituted.  In  Welsh 
it  has  a  peculiar  sound,  which  is  approximately  rendered  when 
one  attempts  to  pronounce  tl  at  the  beginning  of  a  syllable. 

m  in  French  and  Portuguese  often  has  the  sound  of  n. 

n  in  French  has  the  peculiar  pronunciation  already  mentioned. 

nhhf PortSuese }  ^^^^  *^«  ^""^^  °'  ^'^'»'=^  "^^ ^**^*°  ^ 

qu  in  French  always,  and  in  Portuguese  and  Spanish  before  e 
nud  i,  is  sounded  like  k. 

r  is  almost  always  more  strongly  trilled  than  in  English. 

?  in  Bohemian  •>  ^^^  t^^th  sounded  like  rzh. 

rz  m  Pobsh     i 

s  in  German  is  usually  pronounced  soft,  like  English  z,  at  the 
beginning  of  a  word  where  a  vowel  follows;  in  Hungarian  it  is 
sounded  as  sh. 

80  in  Italian  before  e  and  i  has  the  sound  of  sh.  (Sae  abovQ 
under  c.) 

sch  in  German  has  the  sound  of  sh;  in  Dutch  is  equivalent  to 
ech,  in  ItaUan  to  sk.  " 

sk  before  e,  i,  j,  y,  and  the  modifications  of  a  and  o,  is  sounded 
in  Norwegian  like  sh. 

stj  in  Swedish  when  followed  by  a  vowel  has  the  sound  of  sh. 

sz  in  Polish-    I  j^  ^^^  Bounded  like  sh. 

8  in  Bohemian ) 

8Z  in  Hungarian  is  sottnded  like  s. 

th  in' Welsh  is  sounded  like  th  in  thin,  in  9II  other  European 
languages  using  the  Roman  alphabet  like  th6  simple  t. 

tj  in  Swedish  when  followed  by  a  vowel  has  the  sound  of  ch  in 
chain. 

ts  in  Hungarian  is  sounded  like  ch  in  chain. 

w  in  German  and  Dutch  has  a  sound  closely  resembling  that 
of  V  produced,  by  bringing  the  lips  feebly  into  contact,  not  by 
placing  the  upper  teeth  against  the  lower  Up,  In  Welsh  it  has 
the  sound  of  \i  or  0. 

X  in  Portuguese  has  the  sound  of  sh;  in  old  Spanish  spelling  it 
is  used  where  j  is  now  used  to  represent  the  sound  of  ch. 

,y  may  be  either  a  vowel  or  a  consonant,  and  the  latter  sound  is 
heard  in  Hungarian  after  d,  g,  1,  n,  and  t. 

z  in  German  and  Swedish  has  the  sound  of  ts;  in  Italian  some- 
times that  of  dz,  sometimes  that  of  ts;  in  Spanish  that  of  th  in 
thin.    In  Spanish  America  it  has  usually  the  sound  of  b  in  sing. 

2  in  Bohemian    \  '         .,  ,    .  , 

zs  in  Hungarian  J  '*"®  ^^^  sound  of  zh. 

The  above  rules  havfe  reference  to  languages,  such  as  most  of 
those  of  Europe,  that  use  the  Roman  alphabet  (with  certain 
modifications).  In  regard  to  languageis  that  do  not  use  this 
alphabet,  the  general  ruld  is  to  spell  geographical  names  in  Eng- 
lish phonetically  in  accordance  with,  the  prevailing  sounds  of  the 
letters  of  the  English  alphabet.     In  such  phonetic  spellings. 


however,  the  vowels  usually  receive  their  continental  sounds  (as 
in  far,  vein,  piqw,  rule).  In  Indian  and  some  other  Asiatic  names 
and  in  Arabic  names  a  is  often  used  also  to  represent  the  sound 
of  the  English  u  in  but.  The  vowel  digraph  ai  usually  represents 
the  sound  of  y  in  fiy,  but  sometimes  that  of  a  in  fate;  ei,  most 
commonly  that  of  a  iafate,  but  sometimes  that  of  y  in.  fly;  au  for 
the  most  iiart  sounds  as  ow  in  now,  but  in  some  cases  as  a  in  fall. 
In  the  spelling  of  Indian  names  this  last  digraph  was  often  used 
where  d  is  now  mostly  used,  the  sound  intended  being  that  of  a 
iafar,  or  perhaps  one  somewhat  broader.  The  consonants  j,  w, 
y,  z  have  as  a  rule  their  characteristic  English  sounds,  as  in  jet, 
vet,  well,  zeal;  g  usually  has  its  hard  sound  as  in  get.  Ch  usually 
represents  the  sound  which  it  has  in  chain;  gh  sometimes  that  of 
'a  very  rough  aspirate,  sometimes  a  sound  Uke  that  of  the  North- 
umberland or  Berwickshire  burr,  sometimes,  before  e  or  i,  merely 
the  hard  sound  of  g;  kh  is  the  combination  most  frequently  used 
to  represent  the  sound  of  ch;  and  th  usually  stands  for  the  sound 
which  it  has  in  thin,  sometimes  for  that  which  it  has  in  then. 

In  Indian,  Arabic,  and  some  other  names  aspirated  consonants 
occur,  and  are  represented  in  spelling  by  an  h  following  the  con- 
sonant, as  in  Bhotan.  The  proi)er  sound  of  this  combination  is 
accurately  represented  by  the  letters  composing  it,  but  in  the 
English  pronunciation  of  such  names  this  peculiarity  is  com- 
monly disregarded. 

In  the  spelling  of  geographical  names  belonging  to  languages 
which  do  not  use  the  Roman  alphabet  numerous  variations  are 
found  from  different  causes.  Very  often  the  variation  is  due  to 
the  irregularity  in  the  use  of  our  own  alphabet,  which  leads  one 
person  to  represent  the  same  sound  phonetically  in  one  way,  an- 
other in  another,  as  in  Moorzook,  Murzuk,  &c.  Sometimes  the 
variation  is  due  to  the  obscurity  of  the  sounds  themselves,  as 
where  a  vowel  sound  is  so  short  that  its  exact  quality  can  hardly 
be  determined,  as  in  Bedouin,  Bedawin.  In  other  cases  the  varia- 
tion is  due  to  the  adoption  in  English  of  a  continental  mode  of 
spelling,  as  where  dj  is  adopted  from  the  French  for  j,  as  in  Djeisel 
for  Jebel,  or  tch  from  the  same  language  for  ch,  as  in  Kamtchatka 
(the  common  spelling)  for  Kamchatka,  or  j  from  the  practice  of 
most  continental  nations  using  it  for  y,  as  Ib  Jakutsk  for  Ya- 
kutsk. Other  variations  are  due  to  the  fact  that  the  sounds  to 
be  represented  have  no  signs  for  them  in  the  Roman  alphabet  or 
any  of  its  commonly  used  digraphs,  so  that  different  signs  are 
adopted  to  represent  them  approximately  in  accordance  with  the 
conceptions  of  different  persons.  In  other  cases,  again,  the  varia- 
tion is  accounted  for  by  diffSerences  of  dialect,  or  different  pro- 
nunciations of  the  same  dialect  in  different  parts  of  the  country 
or  region  in  which  a  particular  language  is  spoken. 

Such  variations  should  be  kept  in  mind  by  those  who  consult 
this  list,  since  names  not  foimd  under  one  speUing  may  be  found 
under  some  other  equivalent  spelling.  Thus  names  not  found 
spelled  with  c,  ch,  z,  y,  &c.,  may  be  found  xmder  the  spellings 
k,  kh,  s,  j,  &c.  respectively;  Spanish  names  in  z  may  be  fotmd 
spelled  with  j,  Dutph  names  in  y  may-lM  found  in  ij,  and  so 
forth. 

ACOEBT. 

Afi  to  the  position  of  the  accent  no  general  rules  can  be  given. 
Many  languages  exhibit  no  such  marked  accentual  stress  as  is 
heard  in  English.  This  is  the  case  with  French  indeed,  though 
French  words  are  commonly  regarded  as  having  an  accent  on  the 
last.  The  accentuation  of  Ccerman,  Dutch,  and  the  other  Teu- 
tonic tongues,  in  its  main  features  coincides  with  that  of  English, 
the  root  syllable  having  the  accent.  Italian  words  ending  in  a 
vowel  usually  accent  the  syllable  next  the  last;  the  same  is  the 
case  with  Spanish  and  Portuguese.  Spanish  words  ending  in  a 
consonant  almost  always  accent  the  last ;  if  there  is  any  peculi- 
arity in  accentuatiofii  the  accented  syUabla  is.  usually  printed 
with  an  acute. 


FttOi  far,  fat,  fMl;    me,met,h4r,  gold«a;    pine,  pin;    note,  not,  mOre;    tabe»tab,bQlli    oUiPooncli.  cb,ekain;    g,  90; 


MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMEb. 


AACHEN 


BEARN 


Aachen,  a'cAen 

Aalborg,  Sl'borcft 

Aar,  ar 

Aargau,  ar'gou 

Aarhuus,  or'hOs 

Abaco,  ab'a-ko 

Abana,  ab'a-na 

Abano,  a'ba-no 

Abbeville,  ab-v5l 

Abergavenny,  ab-6r-ga-ven'i  or 

ab-er-ga'ni 
Abergele,  ab-er-geli 
Aberystwith,  ab-6r-i8t'with 
Abistada,  ab-is-ta'da 
Abo,  o'bo 
Aboukir,  a-bOTier 
Abrantes,  a-bran'tes 
Abrolhos,  a-brol'yos 
Abruzzo,  a-br8t'so 
Abydos,  a-bi'dos 
Acajutia,  a-ka-c/iut'la 
Achaia,  a-ka'ya 
Achaltzik,  a-c/tal'tsek 
Acheen,  a-chen' 
Achill,  ak'il 
Achray,  ac/i-ra' 
Aci  Reale,  a'chS  ra-a'la 
Aconcagua,  a-kon-ka'gwa 
Aconquija,  ii-koQ-ke'c^ 
Acre,  a'k6r 
Adalia,  a-dale-a 
Adana,  a-da'na 
Adelsheim,  a'delz-him 
Aden,  a'den 
Aderbljan,  ad-6r-bi-jan' 
Adige,  a'de-ja 
Adour,  a-dc*r' 
Adrianople,  ad-r5-a-n0'pl 
AdriatiCj^  ad-re-at'ik 
iEgean,  e-je'an 
Aero,  a'reu 
Aerschot,  ar'skot 
^tna,  et'na 

Afghanistan,  af-ghan'i-stEln. 
Agades,  ag'a-dez 
Agadir,  a-ga'der 
Agde,  agd 
Agen,  a-zhan 
Aggersoe,  ag'gftr-Beu. 
Agincourt,  a-zhan-kar 
Agnano,  an-ya'no 
Agoa,  a'gwa 
Agua,  a'gwa 
Aguascalientes,  a'gwtls-ka-le- 

en"tes 
Aguilar,  a-gS-lar' 
Agulhas,  a-ga'lyas 
Anmedabad,  ah'med-a-bad" 
Aidin,  i-d5n' 
Aigues-mortes,  ag-mort 
Ain,  an 
Aisne,  an 
Aix,  aks 

Aix  la  Chapelle,  aks  la  sha-pel 
Ajaccio,  a-yach'5 
Ajmir,  aj-mer' 
Akabah,  a-ka-bah' 
Akermann,  a'ker-man 
Akhalzikh,  'a-chaX'tsBch 
Akhissar,  ak-his-sar' 
Akreyri,  ak-ri'r6 
Alabama,  al-a-ba'ma 
Alacranes,  a-la-kra'nes 
Alagoas,  a-la-go'as 
Alais,  a-la 
Alamo,  al'a-mo 
Alamos,  al'a-mos 
Aland,  a'land  or  oiand 
Alashehr,  al-a-shahr' 
Alatamaha,  a-la-ta-ma-ha' 
Alatyr,  al-a-t5r' 
Alava,  al'a-va 
Albacete,  al-ba-tha'te 
Albemarle,  al'be-marl 
Albuera,  al-bu-a'ra 
Albuquerque,  "ai-bu-ker'ka 


Alcala  de  Henares,  al-ka-la'  de 

e-na'res 
Alcanjo,  al'ka-mo 
Alcaiiiz,  al-ka-nygth' 
Alcantara,  ai-kan'ta-ra 
Alcazar,  al-ka-thar' 
Alcester,  al'stfer 
Alcira,  al-the'ra 
Alcoba9a,  al-ko-ba'sa 
AlcolsR,  al-ko-le'a 
Alderney,  g.l'd6r-ni 
Alemtejo,  a-len-ta'zh5 
Alengon,  a-lan-son 
Alfreton,  al'fre-ton 
Algarve,  al-gar'va 
Algeciras,  al-cTie-the'ras 
Algeria,  al-je'ri-a 
Algiers,  al-jerz' 
Algoa,  al-go'a 
Alhama,  al-a'ma 
Alicante,  a-l6-kan'te 
Alicata,  a-le-ka'ta 
Alife,  a-l5'fa 
Alighur,  al-i-gur' 
Al  Jezireh,  al  je-z5're' 
Allahabad,  al'la-ha-bad" 
Alleghany,  al-le-ga'ni 
Allier,  al-le-a 
Alloa,  al'o-a 
Almaden,  al-ma-THen' 
Almali,  al-ma-le' 
Almeida,  al-ma'S-da 
Almeria,  al-me-rfe'a 
Alnmouth,  al'muth 
Alnwick,  an'ik 
Alora,  a-lo'ra 
Alost,  a'lost 

Alpujarras,  ftl-pO-cfcar'ras 
Alsace,  al-sas' 
Altai,  al-ti' 

Altamaha,  al-ta-ma-ha' 
Altenburg,  al'ten-burcA 
Altkirch,  alt'kercA  " 
Altona,  al'to-na 
Alyth,  a'lith 
Amager,  a'ma-ger 
Amarapura,  a-ma-ra-p3'ra 
Amaxichi,  a-maks-6'k6 
Amazonas,  am-a-zo'nas 
Amboise,  on-bwaz 
Ameland,  a'me-lant 
Amersfoort,  a'merz-fort 
Amhara,  am-ha'ra 
Amiens,  a-me-an 
Amirante,  am-i-ran'te 
Amlwch,  am'lok 
Amoy,  a-moi' 
Amur,  a-mor* 
Anadyr,  a-na'd5r 
Anahuac,  a-na-wak' 
Anam,  a-nam' 
Ancona,  an-ko'na 
Andaman,  an-da-man 
Andover,  an'do-v6r 
Andujar,  an-do-cftar' 
Angermiinde,  ang-fer-miin'de 
Angers,  on-zha 
Anglesey,  ang'gl-s5 
Angola,  an-go'la 
Angora,  an-go'ra 
Angostura,  an-gos-to'ra 
Angouleme,  on-gO-lam 
Angoumois,  on-gO-towft 
Angra  Pequena,  ang'gl^  p5- 

ka'nya 
AnguiUa,  ang-gilla 
Anjou,  on-zh5 
Ankobar,  an-ko'bar 
Ankova,  aa-ko'va 
Annapolis,  an-nap'S-lis 
Annecy,  an-g6 
Annonay,  an-no-na 
Antakia,  an-ta-k5'a 
Antananarivo,  an-ta-ua-na- 

re'vo . 
Antibes,  on-teb 


Antigua,  an-t6'ga 
Antioquia,  an-te-S-kS'a 
Antisaua,  an-ti-sa'na 
Antivari,  an-t6'va-re 
Anzin,  on-zan 
Aosta,  a-Os'ta 

Appalachians,  ap-pa-la'chc-anz 
Appalachicola,  ap-pa-la-chi- 

ko'la 
Appenzell,  ap-pen-tsel' 
A  pure,  a-pb'ra 
Apurimac,  a-pO'rS-mak 
Aquila,  a'kw6-ia 
Aracan,  a-ra-kan' 
Aragon,  a'ra-gon 
Aral,  a'ral 

Aranjuez,  a-ran-cA8-eth' 
Arapahoe,  a-rap'a-ho 
Arauco,  fi-rou'ko 
Arboga,  ar-bo'ga 
Arbois,  ar-bwa 
Arbroath,  ar'broth 
Arcachon,  ar-ka-shon 
Archangel,  ark-an'jel 
Arcole,  ar-ko'la 
Ardahan,  ar-da-han' 
Ardfeche,  ar-dash 
Ardennes,  ar-den' 
Ardnamurchan,  ard-na-mur'- 

c?ia.n 
Ardres,  ar-dr 
Ardrishaig,  ard-rish'ag 
Arequipa,  a-re-ke'pa 
Arezzo,  a-ret'so 
Argelfes,  ar-zhe-la 
Argens,  ar-zhon. 
Argentaro.  ar-jen-ta'r5 
Argenteuii,  ar-zhan-t^-ye 
Argentiferes,  ar-zhon-te-ar 
Argostoli,  ar-gos'to-le 
.Vrgyle,  ar-gil' 
Anca,  a-re'ka 
Ari^ge,  a-re-azh 
Arizona,  a-ri-zo'na 
Arkansas,  ar-kan-s%' 
Aries,  arl 
Armagh,  ar-ma' 
Armagnac,  ar-ma-nyak 
Armentiferes,  ar-mon-tyar 
Arpino,  ar-pe'no 
Arques,  ark 
Arras,  dr-ra 
Artois,  ar-twR 
Arundel,  a'run-del 
Aschersleben,  ash'^rz-Ifi-ben 
Ascoli,  as'ko-le 
Ashantee,  ash-an-t5' 
Ashtabula,  ash-ta-bu'la 
Asinara,  S-se-na'ra 
Assam,  as-sam' 
Assaye,  as-si' 
Assiniboine,  as-sin'i-boin 
Assisi,  as-se'zS 
Assouan,  as-so-an' 
Asterabad,  as-te-ra-bad' 
Astrakhan,   as-tra-kau'  or  as- 

tra-cAan' 
Abturias,  as-to'rG-as 
Atacama,  a-ta-ka'ma 
Atchafalaya,  ach-a-fa-li'ya 
Athabasca,  a-tha-bas'ka 
Athenry,  ath'en-ri 
Athens,  ath'enz 
Athlone,  ath-lon' 
Athy,  a-thi' 
Atrato,  a-tra'to 
Aube,  ob 

Aubi^y,  o-be-nye 
Auch,  osh 
Aude,  od 

Audenarde,  o-de-nard 
Auerbach,  ou'6r-baefe 
Augsburg,  ougz'bOrcft 
Aullagas,_oul-ya'ga8 
Aumale,  o-mal 
Aurillac,  o-re-yak 


Austerlitz,  ous'tSr-lets 
Autun,  0-tun 
Auvergne,  o-ver-ny6 
Auxerre,  6s-s5r 
Auxonne,  os-son 
•Aveiro,  a-va'e-ro 
'Avellino,  a-vel-le'no 
Avesnes,  a-van 
Aveyron,  a-va-ron 
Avignon,  a-ve-nyon 
Avila,  a'vi-la 
Avranches,  a-vronsh 
Ayacucho,  a-ya-kd'ch3 
Azerbijan,  a-z6r-bi-jan' 
Azores,  a-zorz' 

B. 

Baalbec,  bal-Vek' 
Babadagh,  ba-ba-dag- 
Bacchiglione,  bak-ke-lyo'na 
Bacharach,  ba-c/ta-rac/i' 
Bacs,  bach 

Badajoz,  ba-THa-cftoth' 
Badakhshan,  bud-ucA-shan' 
Baden,  ba'den 
Baeza,  ba-a'tha 
Bagdad,  bag-dad' 
Bagn^res,  ba-nyar 
Bagnes,  ba-ny6 
Bahamas,  ba-ha'maz 
Bahia,  ba-e'a 
Bahrein,  ba'rin 
Bahr-el-Abiad,  bar-el-ab'e-ad 
Bahr-el-Azrek,  bar-el-az'rek 
Baiern,  bi'^rn 
Baikal,  bi'kal 
Baireuth,  bi'roit 
Baktchiserai,  bak'che-se-ri" 
Balasore,  ba-la-sor' 
Balaton,  bal'a-ton 
Bale,  bal 

Balfrush,  bal-frOsh' 
Balize,  ba-lez' 
Balkan,  bal-kan' 
Balkash,  bal-kash' 
Balkh,  balcA. 
Ballarat,  bal-a-rat' 
Ballina,  bal'li-na 
Ballinasloe,  bal-li-nas-lo' 
Ballymena,  bal-li-me'na 
Balmoral,  bal-mor'al 
Baltic,  bal'tik 
Baltimore,  bgl'ti-mor 
Banff,  bamf 
Bangalore,  bang-ga-lor' 
Bangkok,  bang-kok' 
Bangweolo,  bang-we-o'15 
Banjerruassin,  ban-jer-mas's5n 
Bantam,  ban-tam' 
Bapaume,  ba-pom 
Barbados,  bar-ba'doz 
Barbuda,  bar-bo'da 
Barcelona,  bar-the-lo'na 
Barfeges,  ba-razh 
Bareily,  ba-ra'i-li 
Barfleur,  bar-flAr 
Barnaul,  bar-na'ul 
Baroach,  ba-roch' 
Baroda,  ba-ro'da 
Barquisimeto,  bar-k5-s5-ma'to 
Barranquilla,  bar-ran-kel'ya 
Basel,  ba'zel 
Bassein,  bas-san' 
Bassora,  bas'so-ra 
Bastia,  bas-ts'a 
Bathurst,  ba'th^rst 
Baton  Rouge,  bat'un  rbzh 
Batoum,  ba-t6m' 
Bayeux,  ba-y^ 
Bayonne,  ba-yon 
Bayreutli,  bi  roit 
Bayuda,  ba-yd'da 
Beaminster,  bem'iu-st6r 
Beam,  ba-am 


j.j'ob;  y.  yes;  M,  tten;  th,  tftin;  ah,  asure.       French,  Tfte,  bilt;  t(leu,neuf;  n,on.       Scotch  and  German,  cA,Ioc;i,iiac/it 


826 


MODERN   GEOGRAPHICAL   NAMES. 


Beas,  be'as 

Beaujolais,  bo-zho-l& 

Beauly,  ba'li 

Beaumaris,  bS-ma'ris 

Beauvais,  D5-va 

Beauvoir,  b6-vw?ir 

Becskerek,  bech-kft'rek 

B^darieux,  ba-da-re-^ 

Beerbhoom,  ber-bhOm'- 

Behring's  Strait,  b&'ringz 

Beira,  b5'5-ra 

Beirout  or  Beirut.  See  Beyroot. 

Bejapoor,  be-ja-pOr' 

Bekes,  ba-kesh' 

Belfast,  bel-fast' 

Belgiojoso,  bel-jo-yo'sS 

Belgrade,  bel-grad' 

Belize,  bel-6z' 

Bellary,  bel-a'r8 

Belluno,  bel-lS'no 

Beloochistan,  be-lO-chis-t&n' 

Belvoir,  be'v6r 

Benares,  be-na'res 

Benbecula,  ben-bek'a-la 

Bencoolen,  bea-kd'l6a 

Bendigo,  ben'di-g3 

Bengal,  ben-gtil' 

Benguela,  ben-g&ia 

Benin,'ben-€n' 

Benkoelen,  bea-kOlen 

Berar,  be-rar'  , 

Berbera,  b6rl)e-iU 

Berbice,  bfer-bes'  , 

Berchtesgaden,    berc^'tes-gil- 

den 
Beresina,  ba-ra-ze'na 
Berezov,  oa-ra-zof    , 
Bergamo,  ber'ga-mS 
Bergen,  ber'gen    ' 
Berlichingen,  ber'lS-cWng-en 
Berlin,  ber-len' 
Bermudas,  bfer-ma'daz 
Bemera,  b6r'ne-ra 
Berwick,  bSr'ik 
Besan<;on,  ba-zon-son 
Besika,  ba-sSTift 
Bettws,  bet'tuz 
Beveland,  ba'va-lant 
Beveren,  ba'v6-ren 
Beverwijk,  ba'vfer-vik 
Bewdlev,  bQdli 
Beyra,  ba'e-ra 
Beyroot  or  Beinit,  W-rOt'  or  ba- 

rdt' 
Beziers,  ba-zB-a 
Bhopaul,  bho-pal' 
Bhotan,  bho-tan' 
Bhurtpoor,  bhurt-p8r 
Biafra,  bi-a'f ra 
Biarritz,  be-ar-rets 
Biberach,  bS'be-racft 
Bicanere,  b6-ka-ner' 
Bicester,  bis'ter 
Bidassoa,  .be-das-85'a 
Bideford,  bid'e-ford 
Bielefeld,  be'le-felt 
Bielitz,  be'lets 
Biervliet,  ber'vlet 
Bihacs,  be-hach' 
Bilbao,  bel-ba'o 
Bingen.  beng'en 
Birkenteld,  bSr'ken-felt 
Birkenhead,  b^r'ken-hed 
Birmingham,  b^r'ming-am 
Bisaccia,  be-sach'a 
Bisceglie,  be-shal'ya 
Bischweiler,  bish'vi-16r 
Bissagos,  b5s-sa'go8 
Blankenese,  blan-ke-na'zft 
Blantyre,  blan-tir' 
Blaye,  bla 
Blenheim,  blen'im 
Blois,  blwft 
Bocholz,  ho'cholz 
Bodensee,  bo'dea-z8 
Boeotia,  be-o'shi-a 
Bogota,  bo-go-ta' 
Bohmen,  beu'men 
Bohmerwald,  b^'mer-vSLlt 
Bois  le  Duo,  Iswa  16  diik 
Boj  ador ,  bo-y  a  •dor' 
Bojano,  D6-ya'no 
Bokhara,  bo-c/ia'ra 
Bolivar,  bo-l5'var 
Bologna,  bo-lo'ny& 
Bolsena,  bol-sa'na 
Bomarsund,  bD'mar-siJnd 
Bombay,  bom-ba' 


Bonifoc'cio,  bo-nC-^t'cho 
Bonin,  l>o-nen' 
Boorhanpoor,  b8r-h&n-p<Jr' 
Bootan,  bO-tan' 
Bordeaux,  bor-do 
Bormida,  D5r-m6'd& 
Boroholm,  bom'holm 
Borodino,  bo-ro-de'nS 
Bosna-serai,  bos.na-se-ri' 
Bosnia,  boz'nS-a 
Bosporus,  bos'po-rua 
Bouillon,  bo-yon 
Boulac  or  Boolak,  bO-lak' 
Boulogne,  bo-lo-ny6 
Bourbon,  D6r-b5n 
Bourges,  bOrzh 
Boussa,  bus'sa 
BovinOj  bo-ve'no 
Bowdom,  bo'dea 
Boyacd,  bo-ya-ka' 
Brabant,  bra-bant' 
Braemar,  bra-mar' 
Braganza,  bra-gan'z'i 
Brahilow,  bra-he-lov' 
Brahmapootra,  bra-mtt^S'tiil 
Braila,  bra-5'la 
Brake,  brifke 

Brandenburg,  bran'den-bOrcA 
Brechin,  brec^'in 
Brecon,  ore'kon 
Breda,  bra'da 
Bregenz,  bra'gents 
Breisgau,  bris'got;^ 
Bremen,  bra' men 
Bremerhafen,  bra'm6r-b9-i«D 
Brescia,  bra'she-a 
Breslau,  bres'lou 
Bretagne,  bra-ta-nyd 
Breteuil,  Dra-teii-y6 
Brian^on,  bre-on-85& 
Brienz,  bre'ents 
Brieuc,  br5-Stik 
Brignolles,  bre-nySl 
Brindisi,  breu'de^ 
Brives,  brey 
Brixham,  briks'am 
Brody,  bro'di 
Bromwich,  brum'ich 
Brooklyn,  brVik'lin 
Broughtyf  eriy,  br^'ti-fo-ii 
Brotissa",  brOs  sa 
Bruges,  brilzh 
Bruhl,  brttl 
BrOxin,  briiii 
Brunswick,  brunz'wik 
Bruxelles,  brft-sel' 
Buchan,  bufll'an 
Buchanan,  bu-kan'an 
Bucharest,  hb'chsi-rest 
Buchholz,  bbcTi'holts 
BQckeburg,  biiTse-barcA 
Budukbshan,  bud-ucA-shan' 
Budweis,  bod'yis 
Buenaventura,  bfl-e-na-ven-ty- 

ra 
Bueno8  Ayres,  b\i-e'nos  i'res 
Builtb,  bilth 
Bukowina,  b0-k5-v6'na 
Bunzlau,  bOntslou 
Burdwan,  burd-wan' 
Burgos,  bbr'gos 
Burgundy,  ber'gun-di 
Burntisland,  bemt-i'land 
Burtscheid,  bOrt'shit 
Bunr,  ber'i 
Bushii  ,  ba-sh5r' 
Bussorah,  bus'so-rah 
Buttevant,  but'te-vant 
Buyukdere,  bO-yOk-da'rft 

0. 

Cabul  or  Cabool,  kft'b\il  or  kft- 

bjd' 
Cabulistan,  k^bol-is-tan' 
Caceres,  ka-tha'res 
Cachao,  kach'on 
Cadiz,  ka'diz  or  ka-»H5th' 
Caen,  kon 
Caerleon,  kar-l8'on 
Caermarthen,  kar-m&r'THen 
Caernarvon,  kar-nar'von 
Cagliari,  ka'lya-r6 
Canir,  ka'6r 
Cahors,  ka-or 
Caicos,  ki'koB 
Cairo,  ki'ro 


Caithness,  kath'nes 
Cajamarca.,  ka-c/ia-mar'ka 
Calabar,  ka-Ia-bar' 
Calais,  ka-la 
Calatrava,  ka-la-tra'va 
Caldera,  kal-da'ra 
Callao,  kai-lya'o  ■ 
Calvados,  kal-va-dos 
Camarifias,  ka-ma-re'nyas 
Cambray,  kon-bra 
Cambr^sis,  kon-bra-z8 
Cambridge,  kam'brij 
Camerino,  ka-ma-ie'no 
Cameroons,  ka-me-ronz' 
Campagna,  kam-pa'nya 
Campeche,  kam-pe'che 
Camperduin,  kam'p^r-doin 
Cananore,  kan-an-Sr' 
Canara,  ka'na-ra 
Candahar,  kan-da-har* 
Candeish,  kan'desh 
Canea,  ka-n5'a  * 

Cantal,  kon-tal 
Cantire,  kan-tir'" 
Canton,  kan-toc.' 
Capitanata,  ka-pS-ta-na'ta 
Caprera,  ka-pra'r& 
Caj)ua,  kap'a-a  or  ka'pu-a 
Caracas,  ka-ra'kas 
Carbonara,  kar-bo-na'ra 
Carcagente,  kar-ka-cAen'te 
Cardiff,  kar'dif 
Cardigan,  kar'di-gan 
Cariaco,  ka-re-a'kO 
Carignano,  ka-r6-nya'n5 
Carlisle,  kar-lil' 
.Carlowitz,  kar'Io-vets 
Carishamn,  karlz'ham 
Carlsruhe,  karlz-ro'e 
Carmagnola,  kar-ma-nySlft 
Camiola,  ka.r-n5-o'la 
Carony,  k6-ro-n5' 
Oarpentras,  kar-pon-tras 
Carrara,  k&r-ra'ra 
Cartagena,'  kar-ta-cAa'na 
Cartago,  kar-ta'gS 
Casale,  ka-zala 
Cashel,  kash'el 
Cashgar,  kash-gSr' 
Cashmere,  kash-mSr' 
Cassiguiari,  kas-se-k6-a'r6 
CasteUon,  kas-tel-yon' 
Castelnau,  kas-tel-no 
Castiglione,  kas-te-Iyo'nft 
Castile,  kas-tel' 
Castlebar,  kas-1-bar' 
Castres,  kastr 
Catanzaro,  ka-tan-tsa^ 
Catawba,  ka-ta'ba 
Cattaro,  kat'ta-r3 
Caucasus,  ka'ka-sus 
Caudebec,  kod-bek 
Cauquenes,  kou-ka'nes 
Cauterets,  ko-t6-ra 
Cavan,  ka'van 
Cawnpoor,  kan-pOr' 
Caxamarca,  ka-cAa-mSx^ 
Cayenne,  ki-en'  . 
Cayuga,  ka-ya'^ 
Ceara,  sa-a-ra' 
Cefalu,  cha-fa-ltt' 
Celano,  cha-la'n5 
Celebes,  sel'e-bea 
Celle,  tsel'le 
Cenis,  s6-ne' 
Cephalonia,  sef-a-l5'n6-a 
Ceram,  se-ram' 
Cerigo,  cher'e-go 
Cemowitz,  tsaPno-yets 
Cervin,  ser-van 
Cesena,  cha-sa'na 
Cettinje,  set-ten'ya 
Ceuta,  sa'ta 
Cevennes,  sfe-ven 
Ceylon,  ss-lon' 
Chablis,  shab-l5 
Chagres,  cha'grea 
Chaleur,  sha-Ibr' 
Chalons,  sha-lon 
Chalus,  sha-lOs 
Chamb6ry,  shon-b5-rB 
Chamouni,  Bha-m0-n6 
Champagne,  sl)on-pa-ny6 
Champlain,  sham-plan' 
Chantilly,  shon-te-yO 
Chapala,  cha-pa'la 
Charente,  sha-ront 
Charleroi,  sharl-rw* 


Chartres,  shartr 
Chartreuse,  shar-tr^^ 
Chateaubriant,  sM.-tS-bre-on 
Chateauroux,  sha-to-rO 
Chatelet,  sfaat-la 
Chatellerault,  sha-tel-r5 
Chatham,  chat' am 
Chatillon,  sha-te-yon 
Chaudifere,  sho-de-ar' 
Chaux  de  Fonds,  shO  d6  Wa 
Cheadle,  che'dl 
Cheltenham,  chel'tn-am 
Chelyuskin,  chel-yus'kiix 
Chemnitz,  cTiem'nets  • 
Chenango,  she-nang'gS 
Cherbourg,  sher-bor 
Cheribon,  che'ri-bon 
Cherson,  c^6r-son' 
Chesapeake,  ches'a-pCk 
Cheyenne,  shi-en' 
Chiapas,  chs-li'pas 
Chiavan,  ke-a-va'rS 
Chiavenna,  ke-a-ven'na 
Chicago,  shi-ka'go 
Chichester,  chi'che8-t6r 
Chiclana,  c'aC  Iiia'na 
Chiem-See,  cAe'em-za 
Chiete,  ke-a'ta 
Chihuahua,  ch5-wa'wU 
Chile,  chil'e 

Chillecothe,  chil-le-koth'S 
Chiloe,  ch6:lo-e' 
Chiltepequ'e,  chel-te-pe'ke 
Chimborazo,    chim-b3-ra'z5    or 

ch5m-bo-ra'tho 
Chingleput,  ching-gel-put' 
Chioggia,  k5-oj'a 
Chippenham,  chip'pen-am 
Chippeway,  chip'p6-wa 
Chiquimuia,  ch6-ke-m0ia 
Chiquitos,  ch6-k6'to8 
Chiriqui,  che-re-k6' 
Chiusa,  ke-O'za 
Chiva.    See  Khiva. 
Chobe.  cho'ba 
Cholula,  cho-iaia 
Christiania,  kres-tS-a'nB-Jl 
Chrudim,  cftrO'dem 
Chudleigh,  chud'li 
Chuquisaca,  cha-ks-sa'k& 
Chur,  ch6x' 
Chusan,  cha-san' 
Cienf uegos,  s5-en-f\i-a'g58 
Cincinnati,  sin-sin-na'ti 
Cinque  Ports,  sink'porta 
Cintra,  s5n'tiil 
Ciotat,  s6-o-ta 
Cirencester,  n'ren-ses-tfer  or  sis'- 

e-t6r 
CiudadReal,  thS-8-dad' re-al' 
Ciudad  Rodrigo,  ^6-a-dad'  ro' 

dre'go 
Civita  Vecchia,  ch6-v8-ta'  vek'« 

ke-a 
Clapham,  klap'am 
Cleves,  klevz 
Clitheroe,  kli'THfe-rS 
Clogher,  klo'cA6r 
Clones,  klunz 
Clonmel,  klon-mel' 
Cloud,  St.,  sail  kltt 
Clwyd,  klwid 
Coahuila,  ko-a-wela 
Cobija,  ko-be'cAa 
Coblenz,  ko'blents 
Cochin,  ko-chen' 
Cognac,  ko-nyak 
Cohoes,  ko-hoz' 
Coimbatoor,  ko-im-ba-tOr' 
Coimbra,  ko-Em'bra 
Coire,  kwfir 

Colchagua,  kol-cha'gwa 
Colchester,  kol'ches-tfir 
Coleraine,  kol-ran' 
Colima,  ko-le'ma 
Colne,  koln 
Cologne,  ko-lotf 
Colorado,  kol-o-ra'd5 
Comayagua,  kS-ma-ya'gwi 
Comoro,  kom'o-ro 
Compiegne,  kon-p5-an 
Conchagua,  kon-ch&'gwa 
Congleton,  kong'gel-ton 
Connaught,  kon-nftt' 
Connecticut,  kon-net'i-kut 
Coomassie,  ko-mas'si 
Copenhagen,  ko-pen-hft'gen 
Copiapo,  Ko-p5-a-po' 


rate,  far,  fat,  fgll      me,  met,  h«r,  golden;'    pine,  pin ;    note,  not,  mSre ;    tube,  tab,  bviU      oil,  pound;    cb,eAain:    g,goi 


MODERN   GEOGR 

AJPHICAL  NAMES, 

827 

roquet,  kok'et 

Biableretfl,  de-a-ble-ra 

Eriran,  e're-van 

FUeS0;fvi-a'g3^  „ 

Coquimbo,  ko-kem'bo 

Diarbekir,  de-ar'be-ksr 

Erlach,  ei'lUch 

Funchal,  fOn-shal' 
Ptinen,  ffl'nen 

Cordillera,  kor-del-ya'r& 

Dieppe,  de-ep 

Erlangen,  er'iang-en 

Cordoba  or  Cordova,  kor'do-v& 

Digne,  de-ny6 
Dilolo,  di-lo'lo 

Erzeroum,  er-ze-rom' 

Purneaux  Isls.,  f6r-n3' 

Corigliano,  ko-rel-ya'n5 

Erzgebirge,  erts-ge-ber'ge 

Fumes,  fftm 

Corneto,  kor-na'to 

Dissentis,  dis'sen-tes 

Eschwege,  esh'va-ge 

Filrth,  fCirt 

Cornwall,  korn'wal 

Dnieper,  ne'p6r  or  dnyep'er 

Esquimalt,  es-ke'malt 

Fyen,  fft'en 

Cortona,  kor-to'na 

Dniester,  ngs'tfir  or  dnyes'ter 

Esquimaux,  es'ki-mo 

Fyne,  Loch,  locA  fin 

Coruuna,  ko-run'na;  Spanish, 

Doab,  do-ab' 

Essequibo,  es-se-ke'b3 

Pyzabad,  fi-za-bad' 

Coruna,  ko-rS'nya 

Dobrudsha,  do-br8d'»ha 

Esslingen,  es'ling-en 

Cosenza,  ko-sen'tsa 

Dobrzyn,  dob'zhia 

Estremadura,  es-tre-mtt-dO'itt 

G. 

Cosseir,  kos-sa'er 

Doesburg,  doz'burg 

Eszek,  es'ek 

Cossimbazar,  kos-sim-ba-zar' 

Dolgelly,  dol-gel'li 

Etaweh,  6-ta'we 

Cdtes-du-Nord,  kot-dti-nor 

Dolores,  do-lo'res 

Etienne,  St.,  san-ta-te-en 

Gaboon,  ga-b8n' 

Cotopaxi,  ko-to-pak's6 

Dominica,  dom-i-nslia 
Donaghadee,  do-na-cAa-d6' 

Etive,  et'iv 

Gaeta,  ga-a'ta 

Cotrone,  ko-tro'na 

Etretat,  a-tr-ta 

Galapagos,  ga-Ia-pa'gos  or  gS- 

Courtray,  kor-tra' 

Donauwdrth,  do'nou-v^tirt 

Euboea,  tl-be'a 

la'pa-gos 

Coutances,  ko-tons 
Coventry,  kuv'en-tri 

Doncaster,  dong'kas-tfer 

Euphrates,  Q-fra'tCz 
Eure,  mi 

Galashiels,  ga-la-shelz' 

Donegal,  don'e-gftl 

Galata,  ga'la-ta 

Cowes,  kouz 

Doneraile,  don-6r-al' 

Eutin,  oi-t5n' 

Galena,  ga-l6'na 

Cracow,  kra-kou' 

Dongola,  dong'go-la 
Dordogne,  dor-ao-ny6 

Evesham,  evz'ham  or  enf&m 

Gallipoli,  gal-l5'po-l6 

Cremona,  kra-mo'n& 

Evora,  ev'o-ra 

Galveston,  gal'ves-ton 

Creuzot,  kr^-zo 

Dordrecht,  dor'drecAt 

Evreux,  A-vr^ 

Galway,  gal'wa 

Crewe,  krb 

Dortmund,  dort'mOnt 

Exeter,  eks'e-ter 

Gambier,  gam'bSr 

Crieff,  kref 

Douamenez,  do-ar-hfe-na 

,  Eye,  a  or  i 

Gard,  g^ 

Crimea,  kri-m5'a 

Douay,  d6-a 

Eylau,  i'lou 

Gargano,  gar-ga'nS 

Croagh  Patrick,  kro'acA  pat'rik 

Doubs,  dS 

Gariep,  ga-r6p' 

Croatia,  kro-a'shi-a 

Douglas,  duglas 
Douro,  dfJ'ro  or  do'u-ro 

F. 

Garonne,  ga-ron' 

Cromarty,  krom'6r-ti 
Cronstadt,  kron'stat 

Garvagh,  gar'vacA 

Dovretjeld,  do'vre-fyel 

Gaspe,  gas'pa 

Csaba,  chob'o 

Drave,  drav  oi:  drav 
Drenthe,  dren-ta 
Dreux,  dr^ 

Faal:}org,  fo'borcA 

Gastein,  gas'tin' 

Ceongrad,  chon'grad 

Faenza,  fa-en'tsa 

Geelong,  ge-long' 

Cuddalore,  kud-da-lOr' 

Faeroe,  f a'ro 

Geelvink,  gal-vingk' 

Cuenca,  ku-en'ka ' 

Drogheda,  dro'cAe-da 

Pahlun,  fa'lSn 

Gefle,  ya'fla 

CuUoden,  kul-lod'en 

Drohobycz,  dro'ho-bech 
Dromore,  dra-mor' 

Faioom,  fi-am' 

Gelderland,  gel'der-lant 

Cumana,  ko-ma-na' 

Falkirk,  fftl'kfirk 

Geldern,  gel'dfem 

Curagao  or  Cura?oa,  k(J-ra-sa'6, 

Drontheim,  dronfhim 

Falkland,  fak'land 

Gemona,  ja-mo'na 

,      ko-ra-so'a, 
Curico,  ke-re-ko' 

Dubois,  du-boi'  or  du-bois' 

Falmouth,  fal'muth 

"  Genessee,  jen-e-s5' 

Dubuque,  du-bok' 

Faroe,  fa'ro 

Geneva,  je-ne'va 

Curzola,  kor-dzpla 

Duero,  d\i-e'ro 

Faucigny,  fo-s5-ny6 

Geneve,  zh6-nav 

Cuyaba,  k(5-ya-ba' 

Duisburg,  d5'es-b8rg 

Faversham,  fav'6r-sham 

Genoa,  jen'o-a 

Cuyahoga,  ki-a-ho'ga 

Dulcigno,  dol-che'nyS 

Fayal,  fi-aV 

Genova,  jen'o-va 

Cuzco,  kos'ko 
Cyclades,  sik'la-d6z 

Dulwich,  dul'ich 

Fayence,  ia-yons 

Gerona,  c/ie-r3'na 

Dumfries,  dum-fres' 

Fayetteville,  fa-yet'vil 

Gers,  zhar 
Ghadames,  ga-da'mes 

Czaslau,  chas'lou 

Dttna,  du'na 

Payoum,  fi-iim' 

Czemowitz,  cher'no-vSts 

Dundalk;  dun-dak' 
Dunfermline,  du'n-ferm'lin 

Fecamp,  fa-kon 
Felipe,  San,  san  fe-l5'pe 

Ghauts,  gh^ts 

Gheel,  gal 

D. 

Durazzo,  do-rat'sS 

Pemeren,  fa'me-ren 

Ghent,  gent 

Durham,  dur'am 

Fermanagh,  f6r-man'a 

Ghilan,  ge'ian 

Dtisseldorf,  dtis'sel-dorf 

Fermoy,  f6r-moi' 

Ghizeh,  gS'ze 

Daghestan,  da-ges-tilii' 
Dahomey,  da-ho'mi 

Dvina,  dve'na 

Femex  or  Ferney,  fer-na 

Ghuznee,  guz'nC 

Dysart,  di'zfert 

Ferozepoor,  f  e-roz-piJr' 

Gibraltar,  ji-bral'tilr 

Dakota,  da-ko'ta 

Ferrara,  fer-ra'ra 

Giessen.ges'en" 

Dalkeith,  dal-keth' 

E. 

Ferrol,  fer-rol' 

Gigha,  ge'ga 

Dairy,  dal-ri' 

Fezzan,  fez-zan' 

Gijon,  che-chon' 
Gilghit,  gil'git 
Gilolo,  jg-lo'Io 

Dalton,  dal'ton 

Pichtelgebirge ,  f ecA'tel-ge-bSr ' 

Danakil,  da-na-k6l' 

Ebro>  6'bro  or  a'bro 

ge 

Dankali,  dan-ka-16' 

Ecclefechan,  ek-kl-fecA'an 

Fiesole,  fe-a'so-la 

Girgenti,  jer-jen't8 

Danzig,  dan'tsecA 

Echmiadzin,  ech-mi-ad'zin 

Figeac,  fe-zhak    ■ 

Gironde,  zhe-rond 

Dardanelles,  dar-dtl-nelz' 

Echiica,  e-cho'ka 

Figueras,  fi-ga'ras 

Girvan,  ger 'van 

Darfur,  dar-fSr' 

Ecija,  e'the-cAa 

Fiji,  fe'je 

Gitschin,  gSch'en 

Darien,  da're-en 

Eckmtthl,  ek'mtil 

Pinist6re,  fe-n6s-tar 
Firenze,  i5-ren'tsa 

Giurgewo,  jbr-ja'vo 

Darjiling,  dar-j6'ling 

Ecuador,  ek-wa-d3r' 

.  Gizeh,  ge'ze  or  je'ze 

Darlaston,  dar'las-ton 

Edam,  a-dam' 

Fiume,  fg-S'ma 

.Glencoe,  glen-ko' 

Darwar,  dar-w'slr' 

Edinburgh,  ed'in-bu-m 

Fleurus,  flA-rtt. 

Gloucester,  glos'tgr 

Dauphin6,  do-fe-na 

Edreneh,  ed're-ne 

Flores,  flo'res 

Gluckstadt,  gluk'stat 

Daventry,  da'ven-tri  or  dan'trS 

Egripo,  eg'ri-po . 

Florida,  flo'ri-da 

Gmiinden,  gmtin'den 

Davos,  da-vos' 

Ehrenbreitsteln,  fi-rm-brit'stJa 

Fliielen,  fl<i'e-len 

Gnesen,  gna'zen 

Dawalagiri,  da-wa-la-g6'rS 

Eil,  Loch,  locft  61 

Flushing,  flush'ing 

Goijira,  go-a-cAe'ra 

Debreczin,  da'bre-ts6n 

Eilau,  ilou 

Foggia,  foj'ft 

Godalming,  god'al-mlng 

Decatur,  de-ka't6r 

Einsiedeln,  in'zB-deln 

Foi2c,  fwa 

Godavery,  go-da' ve-ri 

Delagoa,  de-la-go'a 

Eisenach,  i'ze-nkch 

Fojano,  fo-y&'nS 

Golconda,  gol-kon'da 
Goldau,  gol'dou 

Delaware,  del'a-war 

Eisleben,  is'la-ben 

Feldvar,  fetild-var' 

Delfzijl,  delf'zil 

Ekowe,  ech'6-we 
Elbe,  elb  or  el'be 

Foligno,  fo-l6'nyo 

Golspie,  gol'spi 

Delhi,  del'i  or  del-hi' 

Folkestone,  fok'ston 

Gomera,  go-ma'ra 

Delitzsch,  de-lech' 

Elberfeld,  el'ber-felt 

Pontainebleau,  fon-tan-blo 

Goree,  go-ra' 

Dembea,  dem'be-a 

Elbeuf,  el-be;^ 

Fontenoy,  fon-te-nw^, 

Gorgonzola,  gor-gon-ts3'la. 
GorDtz,  geuflets 

Demerara,  de-me-ra'ra 

Elche,  el'cha 

Fontevrault,  fon-te-vro    , 

Denbigh,  den'bi 

El  Dorado,  el  do-ra'do 

Formentera,  for-men-ta'ra 

Gorz,  geurz 
Goteborg,  y^'te-borg 

Dendera,  den'de-ra 

Eleuthera,  el-Q'the-ra 

Formosa,  for-mo'sa 

Dendermonde,  den-der-mon'dc 

•Elgin,  el'gin 

Forres,  for'es 

Gotha,  go'ta 

Gothard,  St.,  sint  goth'ard 

Deniliquin,  de-nil'i-kwin 

EUesmere,  elz'mSr 

Fossano,  fos-sa'no 

Denis,  St.,  san  d6-n5 

Ellora,  el-lo'ra 

Fotheringay,  fo'TH6r-in-ga 

Gothland,  goth'land 

D'Entrecasteaux,  don-tr-kas-to 

Elmina,  el-me'na 

Foug^res,  fo-zhar 

Gottenburg,  got'ten-bOrg 
Gottingen,  geut'ing-en 

Deptford,  det'ford 

Elsinore,  el'se-nOr 

Fowey,  foi 

Derby,  dfer'bi 

Eltham,  elt'am 

Praneker,  fra'ne-ker  - 

Gouda,  gou'da 

Desaguadero,  da-sa-gwtl-de'rS 

Ely,  6'U 
Embrun,  on-briin 

Frankfort,  frangk'fort:  Ger. 
Frankfurt,  frangk'ivtrt 

Goyaz,  go-yaz' 

Deseada,  de-se-a'da 

Graaf-Reynet,  graf-ii'net 
Granada,  gra-na'THa 

Deseret,  des-fer-et' 

Emmerich,  em'me-r6cA- 

Frascati,  fras-ka'te 

D6sirade,  da-zS-rad'. 

Enara,  e-na'ra* 

Fray  Bentos,  fri  ben'tSs 

Granard,  gra-nard' 

Des  Moines,  d6  moin' 

Engadin,  en'ga-d5n 

Freiburg,  fri'barcA 

Grand  Pre,  gron  pra 

Detroit,  de-troit' 

Enghien,  on-g6-an 

Frejus,  fra-zhils 

Grangemouth,  granj 'mouth 

Dettingen,  det'ting-en 

Enkhuizen,  enk-hoi'zen 

Fremont,  fre-mont' 

Granja,  La,  la  gran'cAa 

Deutz.doits 

Deux  Fonts,  det.  pon 

Entrecasteaux,d',  don-tr-kas-to 

Fribourg,  fre-bor' 
Priedland,  fred'lant 

Grantham,  graut'am 

Eperies,  a-pa-re-esh' 

Gratz,  grets 

Deventer,  dev'en-ter 

Epemay,  a-per-na 

Friesland,  frez'land 

GraubUnden,  grou'bflnd-en 

Devizes,  de-vi'zez 

Epirus,  e-pi'rus 
Erie,  e'ri 

Frische  Haff,  fre'sha  haf 

Graudenz,  grou'dents 

Dharwar,  dhar-wSr' 

Friuli,fre-Sl6 

Gravelines,  grt,v-len' 

Ji/ob;  y,  ^es;  cb,  tAea;  th,  (/tin;  zb,  aeure.        French,  vtie,  but;  bleu,  neuf;  u,vn.       Scotch  and  German,  c't,  locA,  nacAji* 


«28 


MODERN   GEOGRAPHICAL   NAMES. 


Gravezginde,  gi^-ve-zftn'de 
Oravina,  gra-v6'n& 
Greenwich,  grin'ich 
Greifswalde,  grifs'val-de 
Greitz,  grits 
Grenada,  gre-na'da 
Grigua,  grS'kwa, 
Grisons,  gr5-zon 
Groningen,  gro'ning-en 
Grosswardein,  grSfl-vSr'din 
GrUtli,  griit'le 
Gruyferea,  grii-yar' 
Guadalaxara,  gwa-da-la-cAa  ra 
Guadalquivir,  gwa-dal-ke-vSr' 
Guadalupe,  gwa-dii-ld'pa 
Guadarrama,  gwa-da-ta'ma 
Guadeloupe,  ga*d6-lbp 
Guadiana,  gwa-d6-a'na 
Guajiro,  gwa-cfce'ro 
Guanahani,  gw&-na-ha'n5 
Guanajuato,  gwa-nii-c/in-a'to 
Guardafui,  gwar'da-fw6 
Guatemala,  gAva-te-iaadla 
Guayana,  gwi-a'nav 
Guayaquil,  gwi-a-kel' 
Guayra,  gwa'e-ra  or  gwl'ift 
Guelders,  gel'derz 
Guercino,  gwer-oh6'no 
Guernsey,  gfem'zi 
Guiana,  Guyana,  gi-a'n& 
Guienne,  g5-en 
Guildford,  gild'ford 
Guinea,  gi'ne 
Guines,  gen 
Guingamp,  gan-gon 
Guisborough,  gizTju-ra 
Gujerat,  gii'je-rat 
Gundamuk,  gun'da-muk 
Gurhwad,  gur-hwal' 
Gwalior,  ^al6-or 
Gympie,  gim'pi '  " 
Gyula,  djO'lo 


Haag,  h&s 

Haarlem,  Haarlem,  h&rletn 
Ha-bana,  a-va'na 
Hadramaut,  ha-drft-mout' 
Hague,  The^ag 
Hamaut  or  Hainault,  b&-n5' 
Hakodade,  ha-ko-da'de 
Halicz,  tia'lech 
Halle,  haile 
Hamadan,  h'i-TaS.-d&a' 
Hamburg,  ham'b&rg 
Hanau,  h&'nou 
Hardonvijk,  har'der-yik 
Haifleur,  har-fl^kr 
Hilri-Bud,  ha'rS-riJd 
Harlech,  har'lech 
Harlingen,  harling-en 
Hartlepool,  har'tel-i)al 
Hrjwich,  har'ich 
Harr,  harts 
Eastings,  has'tingz 
Hatteras,  hat'te-ras 
Havanna  or  Havana,  h&-vil'ail 
Harerfordwest,  ha'vfer-fSrd- 

west  or  h&r'ford-west 
Havre,  a-vr 
Hawaii,  ha-wi'6 
Hawarden,  har'den 
Hawick,  hft'ik 
Haynau,  hi'nou 
Hayti  or  Haiti,  hft'ti 
Hebrides,  heb'ri-d6z 
Heidelberg,  hi'del-bercft 
Heilbronn,  hil'bron 
Helena  (St.),  he-le'na 
Kellers  (St.),  hel'yferz 
Hellespont,  nelles-pont 
HelsingSr,  hal'sgng-etlr 
HelveUyn,  hel-vcl'lin 
Helvoetsluis,  hel'vyt-slois 
Henlopen,  hen-lo'pea 
Herat,  he-rat' 
Hcrault,  a-ro' 
Eereforo,  he're-ford 
Hericourt,  &-r6-k0r' 
HemOsand,  har'ne^-san 
Hertford,  hSrt'ford  or  har'ford 
HertogenDoscb,  ber-to'geu- 

boeeft 
Herzegovina,  herts-e-gC-TS'na 
Hesse,  hes'se  or  bes 


Heves,  harvesh' 
Hexham,  heks'am 
Hiferes,  €-ar 
Higuera,  e-ga'r& 
Hildburghausen,  helt'bdreft- 

bou-zen 
HUdesheim,  b6l'des-him 
Himalaya,  be-mft'la-ya  or  Him- 

a-la'ya 
Hirschova,  bir-sbS'Tft 
Hjelinar,  yel'mSi  ^ 
HjOrrin^  yevlr'ing 
Hoang-Ho,  hwang-h5' 
Hoboken,  ho-bo'ken 
Hochheim,  hocft'him 
Hohenlinden,_ho'en-l5n-den 
Hohenlohe,  bo'en-lo-e 
HohenzoUern;  ho-en-tsol'eru 
Hokitika,  ho-ki-t6'ka 
Holstein,  bol'stin 
Honduras,  hon-do'ras 
Honfleur,  bon-fl^iir 
Honolulu,  ho-no-lO'ltf 
Hooghly,  hog'li 
Hoom,  nom 
Hornsea,  hom'sS 
Horsham,  hots'am  . 
Houghton,  ho'ton 
Hounslow,  hounalo 
Houpe,  ho-pa' 
Housatonic,  bO-sa-ton'ik 
Houssa,  Jious'sa 
Howth,  both 
HSxter,  betiks'tfir 
Huaheine,  hO-a-hi'ne 
Huallaga,  wal-lya'ga 
Huancavelica,  •wau-kU-ve-l?''c"i 
HuascOj  was'ko 
Hu^,  bwa 
Huelva,  u-el'T& 
Huerta,  li-er'ta 
Huesca,  ^-es'ka 
Hulme,  bum 

Hungerford,  bung'gfer-ford 
Huningoe,  hii-nang 
Hurdwar,  burd-war' 
Huy,  hoi  or  we 
Hyeres,  e-ar 
Hytbe,  Mth 


Ibrabim,  eb-ra-bem' 

Ibraila,  e-brSre'ia 

Ichaboe,  ik'a-b5 

Icolmkill,  e-kom-kil 

Idaho,  i'da-ho 

Iglau,  e'glou 

Ij,  i 

Ijssel,  ib'b«1 

Ilfracombe,  il'fra,-kam 

Hba  Grande,  el'ya  gran'dS 

Ilkeston,  il'kes-ton 

Illimani,  el-ye-ma'n6 

Illinois,  il-li-nois'  or  il-li-noi' 

Ilmenau,  el'mk-nba 

Iloilo,  e-lo-elo 

Imbabura,  em-ba-bO'rft 

Imola,  e'mo-la 

Indiana,  in-di-an'a 

Indre,  an-dr 

Ingolstadt,  Sng'ol-si^^at 

Inbambane,  en-yani-ba'n& 

InnerleitUeji,  in-nfer-l5'THen 

Innspruck,  ens'prok 

Intenaken,  en-ter-laTcen 

Inveraray,  in-v6-ra'ri 

Inverkeithing,  in-Tfer-keiH'ing 

Iona,i-o'na 

Iowa,  i'o-wa 

Ipswich,  ips'ich 

Iquique,  e-k5'ke 

Iquitos,  5-ke'to3 

Irak  Ajemi,  le'rak  aj'e-m6 

Irak  Arabi,  6'rak  ar'a-W 

Irkutsk,  Cr-kotsk' 

Iroquois,  i-rO-kwol' 

Irrawaddy,  5r-rtl'wad-di 

Irvine,  6T\m 

Ischia,  esTie-a 

Ischim,  ish-^m 

Is6re,  e-zar 

Iserlohn,  6'zer-l5n 

Iskanderieb,  is-kan-de-re'e 

Islay,  i'la 

Islay  (Pern),  es-li' 

Islington,  iz'ling-ton 


Ismail,  es-ma-6l' 
Ismailia,  es-ma-e'le-a 
Ispahan,  es-pa-han' 
Ithaca,  ith'a-ka . 
Itzehoe,  et'ze-bo 
Ives,  St.,  sint  ivz 
Iviija,  e-ve'sa 
Ivrea,  ev-ra'ft 


Jaen,  cba-en' 

Jagerndorf,  ya'gfem-dorf 

Jahde,  yah'ae 

.  Jalapa,  cAa-la'pa 

Jalisco,  cAa-le^ko 

Jamaica,  ja-ma'kd 

Janina  or  Yanina,  ya'nS-nft 

Jan  Mayen,  yan  mi'eu  .' 

Japura,  cAfe-pO'ra    . 

Jaroslay,  j'a'ro-slav 

Jassyj  yas'sg 

Javari,  ya-va-rS' 

Jedo,  ye'do 

Jelalabad,  jel-al-a-bftd' 

Jena,  ya'na 

Jerez,  cAer'eth 

Jersey,  jfer'zi 

Jeypoor,  ji-p8r' 

Jitolnir,  zhit'o-m5r 

Joachimsthal,  yo'a-cAemz-til 

Joaquin,  San,  san  wa-ken' 

Jobannisberg,  yo-baij'nes-berc)i 

Johore,  jo-hor' 

Joinville,  zhwan-v6l . 

Joliba,  jol'i-ba 

Jonkj  oping,  yetjn-ty^p'ing 

Jorullo,  cfto-ro'Iy3 

Jxian,  San,  sau  c/i\i-an' 

JUlich,  yixISch   , 

Jujuy,  chb-chw^ 

Juliers,  zhu-le-a 

Jumifeges,  zhu-me-azh 

Jungfrau,  yong'frou 

Junin,  c/io--n5n' 

Jutay,  cWti 

JyUand,  yillian 

K. 

Kabul,  ka'bul  or  kft-bul' 
Kairwan,  kif-wan' 
Kaisarieb,  ki-sa-r6'e 
Kaisersworth,  ki'zerz-v^lirt 
Kalahari,  ka-la-ba're 
Kalamazoo,  ka-la-ma-ztt' 
Kalisz,  ka'lesh 
Kalocsa,  ko-loch'o 
Kaluga,  ka-lij'ga 
Kamtchatka,  kam-cbafka 
Kanagawa,  ka-na-ga'wa 
Kandahar,  kan-da-bar' 
Kanbje,  ka'noj 
Kansas,  kan'zas 
Kara-Dagh,  ktU-ra'dag 
Karakorum,  ka-ra-ko'rum 
Karateghin,  ka-ra-te-g8n' 
Karikal,  ka're-kal 
Kasan,  ka-zan' 
Kaschan,  kasb'au 
Kasban,  ka-shan' 
Kastamuni,  kas-ta-mO'ne 
Katahdin,  ka-tah'diu 
Katwjjk,  kat'vik 
Kazan,  ka-zan' 
Kebir,  ke-ber' 
Kecskemet,  kech-ke-met' 
K'^ewatin,  ke-wa'tin 
Rediri,  ke-dg'r6 
Kehl,  kal 
Keighley,  kstbli 
Kelat,  ke-lat' 

Kenia,  ke-n5'a  " 

Kenosha,  ke-no'sha 
Kentucky,  ken  tuk'i 
Keokuk,  ke'o-kuk 
Kerbela,  ker-ba'la 
Kerguelen,  k6r'ge-len 
Kermansbah,  ker-man'Bhil 
Kerrera,  ker're-ra 
Keswick,  kez'ik 
Kewatin,  ke-wat'in 
Khania,  cAa-ne'a 
Khanpoor,  khan-pOr' 
Kbarkow,  cftar-kof 
Kbartoom,  cAar-tbm' 


Kherson,  cfcer-son' . 
Khiva,  cAe'va 
Khojend,  cho-jenS! 
Khokand,  cAo-kand'- 
Khoragsan,  cfto-ras-san' 
.Khotan,  c?io-tan' 
Khuzistan,  c7io-z6-stan' 
Khyber,  cfti'ber 
Kiachta,  ke-acA'ta 
Kichinev,  kisn-in-ef 
Kiel,  kel    . 
Kiev,  ke-yef 
Kilauea,  ki-lou-a'a 
Killala,  kil-la-ia' 
Killaloe,  kil-la-lo' 
Kilmalcolm  or  KiImacolin,kil- 

ma-kom' 
Kirghiz,  ker-g5z' 
Kirkcajdy,  k6r-kft'di 
Kii'kcudbright,  kgr-kij'bri 
Kishenev,  ke-she-nef 
Kissingeii,  kes'ing-en 
Kiusiu,  ke-o'se-o" 
Kiyoto,  ke-yo'to 
Kjobenhavn,  ky^ljeii-boun 
Klagenfurt,  kla'gen-fvurt. 
Klamath,  kla'mat 
Klausenburg,  klou'zen-bOrcfe 
Knaresborough,  narz'bu-ru 
Kobbe,  kob'bl 
Kebenbavn,  kye'&'ben-houn 
Kobistan,  ko-hes-tan' 
Kokan,  ko-kan' 
Koln,  k^bt 
Kolozs var,  kol-osb-var' 
Kolyma,  ko'le-ma 
Konleh,  ko'ne-e 
Kbniggratz,  k^'n5g-gret8 
Konigsberg,  k^'n6gz-ber(A 
Konigstein,  k^'neg-stin 
Koordistan,  kor-dis-tan' 
Kordofan,  kor-do-fan' 
Koreabad,  kor-sa-bad' 
Korsor,  kor'g^^ 
Kosciusko,  kos-i-us'kS 
Kosel,  ko'zel 
Kosseir,  kos-sa'6r 
Kossovo,  kos-so'vo 
Kostroma,  kos-trS'm& 
Kothen,  k^'ten 
Kouban,  k8-ban' 
Kouerdun,  kd-en-lviit' 
Koursk,  kOrsk 
Koutayeh,  kO-ta'ye 
Kowno,  kov'no 
Krageroe,  kra'ge-r^-e 
Kragujevatz,  kra-g&-y5'Tftt8 
Krajova,  kra-yo'vft 
Krakow,  kra'kqu 
Krefeld,  kra'feft 
Kreuznach,  kroits'aach 
Kronach,  kro'nacft 
Kronstadt,  kron'stat 
Krylov,  kri-lof 
Kuban,  kO-ban' 
Kumaon  or  Kumaun,  kv)-m&'OD 

or  kii-moun' 
Kurdistan,  kOr-dis-tan' 
Kurrachee,  kxi-ra'cbc 
Kustenji,  Jkos-ten'je 
Kustrin,  kfts'trSn. 
Kutais,  ko'tis 
Kutayeb,  ks-t&'ye 

L. 

Laaland,  laiBn 
Labrador,  lab-ra-d3r'., 
Labuan,  la-bu-an' 
Laccadives,  lak-a-div«' 
Lachine,  la-shen' 
Ladak,ia-dak' 
Ladoga,  lad'o-g& 
Ladrones,  la-drdnzT 
Lafayette,  laf-a-yet' 
Lahore,  la-hor' 
Laibacb,  li'bacA 
La  Mancba,  la  man'cba 
Lambayeque,  lam-bft-yft'ke 
Lanark,  lan'ark 
Lancashire,  lang'ka-shir 
Lancaster,  lang'kas-tftr 
Lanciano,  lah-cba'nS 
Landes,  lond 
Landrecies,  lon-dr-B6 
Landshut,  lants'hOt 
Lacgeland,  lang'e-Ian 


F&te,far,fat,fftll;    me, met, her, goldea;    plaoipin;    not«, not, mitre;    tab<B, tub, bt;!! ;    oil,poand;    cb,cAwn;    &J2o^ 


MODERN  GEOGEAPHICAL  NAMES. 


829 


Langenaes,  I&ag'e-ndz 
Langenau,  l&ng'e-nou 
Langensalza,  lang-eu-zU'tsK 
Langholm,  lang'om 
Langres,  longr 
Languedoc,  lon-ge-dok 
lianzarote,  lila-BS.-ro't& 
Ijaon,  la-oa 
Laos,  la'os 
Laramie,  l&r'a-me 
Laristan,  la-rSs-taa' 
Lamaca,  lar'na-ka. 
Laswaree,  las-wa'rS 
Latakia,  lil-ta-ke'a 
Lattakoo,  lat-ta-k8' 
Laubach,  lou'bacTi 
Lauenburg,  lou'en-bOrcft 
Laugharne,  la-gar'ne 
Launcestou,  laus'ton 
Lauricocha,  lou-r5-ko'cha 
Lausanne,  lo-zan' 
Lausitz,  lou'zeta 
Lavoro,  la-vo'ro 
Laybach,  li'bacft 
Leamington,  lem'ing-ton 
Lebrija,  la-br5'cfta. 
Lecce,  let'cha 
Leeiiwarden,  la'\i-var-den 
Lefkosia,  lef-ko-ze'a  • 
Lognago,  la-nyu'go 
Legiiano,  la-nya'nS 
Lehigh,  16'hi 
Leicester,  les'tfir 
Lfiiden,  li'den   . 
I'eigh,  16 
lieighlin,  iSliu 
leighton,  l6'ton  (U.  S.) 
Leighton-Buzzard,  la'tom-bua'- 

ziird 
leinster,  len'stSr 
Leipsic,  lip'sik;  or  Leipzig,  lip'- 

tsecfe 
Leith,  15th 
Leitrim,  le'trim 
Leominster,  lem'stfer  or  lem'ina- 

tftr 
Leonard's  (St.),  len'ardz 
La  Pay,  le  pw6 
3  erchenfeld,  ler'cften-f 
lierici,  ler'1-cha 
Lerida,  ler'i-da. 
Leri'us,  Id-ran 
Lerwick,  ler'wik 
I;es  Andelys,  laz  ond-l6 
Lesina,  la's5-na 
T;f-srnanagow,  les-ma-hft'gO 
Leuclitenberg,H6icft.'ten-bercft 
LeuKerbad,  loi'ker-bSd 
Levant,  l5-vant' 
Lei/tcka,  le-vd'ka 
Leaves,  lO'es 
Lewis,  iS'is 
Lewisham,  in'ish-am 
Leyden,  li'den 
Libertad,  le-ber-taTH' 
Lichfield  Uch'feld 
LicldoEdale,  Ud'dez-dal 
Lidkoping,  l5d-ty^p'ing 
Liechtenstein,  lecft'ten-stm 
Lifege,  le-azh 
Liegnitz,  leg'nets 
Liostal,  les'tai 
I.igny,le-ny6 
Liim  Fjord,  iSm'fyor 
Lima,  le'm&  or  li'ma 
Limassol,  l6-mas-sol' 
I;imbourg,  lan-b8r 
Limburg,  iBm'barcfc 
Limerick,  lim'e-rik 
Limoges,  le-mozh 
Limousin,  l6-md-zan 
Limpopo,  lim-po'po 
liinares,  le-na'res 
Lincoln,  ling'kon 
Linkoping,  len-tydup'ing 
Linlithgow,  lin-Uth'go 
Linnhe,  lin'ni 
Linz,  lents 
Lipari,  le'pJUrS 
Lippe,  lep'pe 
Lisbon,  liz'bon 
Lisieux,  l5-z5-^ 
Liskeard,  lis-kard' 
Lisle,  lei 
Iiistowel,  lis-tS'el 
liivomo,  le-7or'no 
L'.andaff,  lan-daf' 
Llandovery,  laE-duv'e 


Llandudno,  lan-did'n5 
Llangollen,  lan-gollen  or  tlan- 

gothlen 
Llanidloes,  la-nid'los 
Llanquihue,  lyan-ke'wa 
Llanrwst;  lan-rSst' 
Loango,  lo-ang'go 
Lochaber,  lochr&'h&t 
Loches,  losh 
Locle,  lo'kl 
Lodomir,  l5-do-m5r' 
Logrono,  l3-gr5'ny(5 
Loir,  Iwar 
Loire,  Iwftr 
Loiret,  Iwa-ra 
Loja  or  Loxa,  Wch& 
Lojano,  lo-ya'np 
Lokeren,  I5'k6-ren 
London,  lun'dun  or  lun'dea 
Longwy,  lon-vs 
Loreto,  lo-ra'to 
Lorient,  lo-re-on 
Lostwithiel,  lost-with'el 
Lot,  15  or  lot 
Lothian,  lo'iHi-an. 
Loudoun,  lou'dun 
Loughborough,  luf' bu-yu 
Lough  Neagh,  loch  na  or  na'- 

a.ch 
Loughrea,  locA-ra' 
Louis  (St.),  lO'is  or  la'i  (U.  8.) 
Louisburg,  la'is-b6rs 
Louisiade,  ld-e-z5-tta' 
Louisiana,  l(i-ez-i-a'ntl 
Louisville,  liJ'is-vil 
Lourdes,  lord 
Lourenco,  l8-ren's5 
Louth,  louth 
Louvain,  la-van 
Louviers,  l8-vi5-ft 
Lowejl,  15'el 
Lowestoft,  lo'stoft 
Loxa  or  Loja,  lo'cfea 
Loyola,  lo-yS'la 
Lozfere,  lo-zar 
Lualaba,  lu-a-lalba 
Luapula,  lii-a-piJla 
Ltibeck,  Wbek 
Lucayos,  lu-ki'os 
Lucerne,  lii-sem' 
Lucknow,  luk'nou 
Ludlow,  lud'lo 
Lugano,  l8-g&'n5 
Lukuga,  lu-ks'gSl 
Lulea,  I8'la-S 
Lund,  land 
Ltineburg,  Ift'ne-biJrcA 
Lundville,  Ift-na-vel  • 
Lupata,  lu-pa'ta 
Lusignah.  Ift-ze-nyon 
Ltttzen,  idt'ssn 
Luxembourg,  Itik-son-bOr 
Luzern,  lo'tsern 
Luzonvlo-zon'  or  lS-th5u* 
Lymington,  lim'ing-ton 
Lyngby,  IGng'btt 
Lyon,  le-6n 
Lyonnais,  le-on-n& 
Lyons,  li'onz 

M. 

Maas,  mas 
Maassluis,  mas'slois 
Maastricht,  mas'trScAt 
Macao,  ma-ka'o  or  ma-kou' 
Macclesfield,  mak'klz-Md 
Macerata,  ma-cha-ra'ta 
Mackinaw  or  Mackinac,'iuak'i- 

nft 
Mdcon,  ma-kon 
Macon  (U.S.),  mSTion 
Macquarie,  ma-kwo'ri 
Madeira,  ma-de'ra  or  ma.-da'e-ra 
Madras,  ma-dras' 
Madrid,  ma-drid';  Sp.  mH- 

THresH' 
Madura,  marda'ra 
Maelstroem,  mal'str^^m 
Maestricht,  mastrecAt 
Magadoxo,     ma-ga-dok  's3    or 

ma'ga-do'sho 
Magdala,  mag-dala 
Magdalena,  mag-da-Ia'nft 
Magdeburg,  mac7t'de-b8rcft 
Magellan,  ma-gel'an 
Magenta,  ma-jen'ta 


MagerBe,  ma'ge-rSG-e 
Maggiore,  ma-jo'ra 
Mabanuddy,  ma-ha'nud-i 
Mah&,  ma-na 
Mahmoudieh,  ma-mb-de'ej 
Mahon,  ma-3n 
Mahren,  ma'ren 
Main,  min 
Mainz,  mints 
Majorca,  ma-jorTsR 
Makadishu,  ma-ka-dS'shtt 
Malabar,  ma-la-har' 
Malaga,  ma'ia-ga 
Malar,  nia'lar 
Maldives,  mal'divi 
Malesherbes,  mal-zerb 
Malmesbury,  mamz'be-ri- 
MalmS,  'marme"5i 
Malplaquet,  mal-pla-ktl 
Malta,  mal'ta 
Malton,  nial'ton 
Malvern,  mal'vfim 
Malwa,  mal'wa 
Mamore,  ma-m5-rft' 
Manaar,  ma-nar' 
Managua,  ma-na'gwft 
Manaos,  ma-na'os 
Manche,  monsh 
Mahdalay,  man'da-la 
Mangalore,  man-ga-15r' 
Manhattan,  man-nat'tan 
Manilla,  ma-nil'ia;  Sp.  Mamift, 

ma-n5'la 
Manisa,  ma-nS'sa 
Manitoba,  rpan-i-toTsa 
Manitowoc,  man-i-tS-wok' 
Mannheim,  man'lum 
Mana,  Le,  16  mon 
Mantua,  man'tti-a 
Manyuema,  man-yu-a'ma 
Manzanares,  miin-tha-na'res 
Manzanillo,  man-sa-nel'yo 
.Maracaibo,  mtt-ra-ka'5-bb 
Marajo,  ma-ra-zho' 
Maranham,  ma-ran-yam' 
MafanhSo,  ma-ra-nyoun 
Marchena,  mar-cha'na. 
Mareotis,  ma-re-o'tis 
Margate,  mar'gat  or  mttr'get 
Maria-Theresjenstadt,  Ina-r6'a- 

ta-ra'z5-en-stat 
Mariazell,  ma-r5'a-tsel 
Marica,  ma-r6'ka 
Marighano,  ma-rel-ya'nS 
Mariposa,  mar-i-po'sa 
Mariquita,  ma-re-ke'ta 
Maritime,  ma-re'te-mS 
Marlborough,  marlTju-rti 
Marmora,  mar'mS-ri 
Maroni,  ma-ro-n6' 
Maros,  mo'rosh 
Marquesas,  mar-kS'sas 
Marsala,  mar-sa'la 
Marseillea,  mar-salz';  Fr  Mar> 

seille,  mar-sa-y6 
Martaban,  mar-ta-ban' 
Martigny,  mar-t5'ny6 
Martinique,  mar-te-n5k' 
Mas-a-fuera,  ma-sa-fy-e'ra 
Mascara,  mas'ka-ra 
Massachusetts.  mas-sa-chO'oets 
Massowa,  massou-a 
Masulipatam,  ma-s8-l5-pa-tam' 
Matamoro.s,  ma-ta-mo'ros 
Matauzas,'  ma-tan'sas 
Matapan,  ma-ta-pan' 
Matarieh,  ma-ta-re'e 
Mauch  Chunk,  mak  chungk 
Maulmain,  moul'min 
Mauritius,  ma-rish'us 
Mayaguez,  mi-a-wea' 
Mayenne,  ma-yen' 
Mayn  or  Main,  min 
Maynooth,  ma-n8th' 
Maypu,  ma-e-pa' 
Mazagan,  ma-za-gan' 
Mazanderan,  ma-zan-de-lSiJl' 
Mazzara,-mat'sa-ra 
Meaco,  me-a'ko 
Meanee,  m5-a'nS 
Meath,  meth 
Meaux,  mo 
Mechlin,  mecMSn 
Mechoacan,  ma-cho-a-kan' 
Mecklenburg,  mek'len-b8rcA 
Medellin,  me-del-yen' 
Medina,  ma-dg'na 
lleiningen,  mi'n5ng-en 


Meissen,  mis'en 
Mekinez,  mek'e-neE 
Mekong,  ma-kong' 
Mekran,  mak-ran' 
Jlelboume,  mel'bfem 
Memphremagog,  mem-fre-ma'- 
„   gog 
Menai,  men'i 
Menam,  ma-nam' 
Mentone,  inen-to'na 
Menzaleh,  men-za'le 
Mequinez,  mek'5-nez 
Mercedes,  mer-sa'des 
Mergui,  mer-gB' ' 
Merida,  mer'e-THa 
Meriden'  mer'i-den 
Merioneth,  me-TS-on'eth 
Mero^,  xner'o-a 
Merseburg,  TnSr'ze-bereft 
Mersey,  m^r'zi 
Merthyr-Tydvil,  m6r-th6r-tid'- 

vil 
Messina,  meB-se'nK 
Meudon,  m^-don 
Meuse,  m^z 

Mexico,  mek'si-ko  or  me'f  Ag-ko 
MeziSres,  ma-ze-ar 
Miako,  m(;-a'k5  ' 
Miami,  mi-am'i 
Michigan,  mish'i-gan 
Michilimackinac,     mish-i-li- 

mak'i-ng. 
Michoacan,  ili5-cho-a-kan' 
Middlesborough  ,mid'delz-bu-ru 
Miffuel  (San),  m5-gel' 
MiEhailow,  me-cM-lof 
Milan,  mi-lan'  or  mil'an 
Milledgeville,  inU'lej-vil 
Milngavie,  mil-gi' 
Milwaukee,  niil-wa'k6 
Minas-Geraes,  m^nas-zhe-ra'es 
Mincio,  jnSn'cho 
Mindanao,  m5n-da-na'o 
Mindoro,  mCn-do'ro 
Minho,  me'nyo 
Minnesota,  min-n6-s5'ta 
Miquelon,  mik'e-lon 
Miramichi,  mir-a-mi-sh5' 
Mirecourt,  mer-kar 
Mississippi,  mis-sis-sip'pi 
Missolonghi,  mis-85-long'g6 
Missouri,  mis-so'ri    • 
Mistassini,  mis-tas-sin'i 
Mitylene,  mi-ti-l6'n3 
Mobile,  mo-b5l' 
Mocha,  mok'a 
Modena,  mod'e-na 
Mijen,  m^'en- 
Moero,  mo-e'ro 
Mogador,  mo-ga-dor' 
Moghilev,  mo-cA5-lef 
Mohacs,  mo-hach' 
Mollendo,  mol-yep.'d3 
Monaco,  mon'a-ko 
Monaghan,  mon'a-chan 
Monagh  Lea,  mo'nacA  Iff 
Mondovi,  moh'do-v5 
Monghir,  mon-ger' 
Monmouth,  mon'muth 
Monomoezi,  mo-no-mo-a'z5 
Monomotapa,  mo-no-mo-tii'pa 
Jlonongahela,  mo-non-ga-h6'la 
Mons,  mons 

Montalegre,  mon-ta-Ie'gre 
Montana,  mon-ta'na 
Montauban,  mon-to-bon 
Montbelliard,  mon-bel-lC-iir 
Montcalm,  mont-kam' 
Montego,  mon-te'go 
Monteith,  mon-teth' 
Mont61imart,  noon-ta-lS-mar 
Montenegro,  mon-ta-na'gro 
Montepulciano,    mon  -  ta  -  pol- 

cha'no 
Monterey,  mon-te-ra' 
Montevideo,  mon-ta-ve'de-o 
Montijo,  mon-t5'c7io 
Montlu<jon,  mon-lu-son 
Montmorency,  mont-mo-ren'si 
Montpellier,  mon-pel-le-a 
Montreal,  mon-tre-el' 
Montreuil,  mon-trra-e-ye 
Montrose,  mon-troz' 
Moquegua,  mo-ke'gwa 
Morava,  mo-ra'va 
Moray,  mur'i 
Morbihan,  mor-be-on 
Morecambe,  mor'kam 


J»iob;  y.yes;  «B,«teni  th,  ftin;  «h|a«uve.        French,  vfte,  bftt;   bleu,nwf;   n,oj».        Scotch  and  German,  eft,  lo«ft,  nacftt, 


830 


MODERN   GEOGRAPHICAL   NAMES. 


Morelos,  mo-rel'os 
Morlaix,  mor-l5 
Mortara,  mor-ta']* 
Moulins,  m&-lan 
Moulmain,  moul-min 
Moultan,  mbl-tan' 
Mourzouk,  mOr-zdk' 
Moville,  mo-vil' 
Mozambique,  mo-zam-b8k' 
Mlihlhausen,  miU'hou-zen 
Mulhacen,  mdl-a-theu' 
MuUingar,  mul-lin-gar' 
Multan,  mbl-tan' 
MUnchen,  mim-cJiea  (=Munich) 
Munich,  mu'nik 
Munkacs,  mon'kach 
MUnster,  miin'ster 
Murcia,  miJr'the-a 
Murfreesborough,  in6r-fr5iT)P- 

ru 
Murghab,  miJr-g&b' 
Muscat,  mus-kat' 
Muskegon,  mus-ke'^on 
Muskingum,  mus-king'gam 
Mysore,  mi-sOr' 

N. 

Naas,  n38  or  n&'as 
Nablus,  na-bliJs' 
Nagasaki,  n&-giUsil'kS 
Nagy  Banya,  nody  bon'yo 
Nagy  KarOs,  nody  k^'r^tish 
Nanant,  na-nant 
NamaquaIand,-Qa-m8,'kwa-Iand 
Namur,  na-mur 
Nancy,  non-se 
Nsjigasaki,  nan-ga-stl'ke 
Nanking,  nan-king" 
Nantes,  nont- 
Nantucket,  nan-tuk'et 
Nantwich,  nan'tich 
Napoli  (Naples),  na'i)o-l8 
Nashua,,  nash'u-a 
Nassau,  nas'soii 
Natal,  na'tal' 
Natchez,  nach'iz 
Natchitoches,  nak'i-tosh 
Naumburg,  noum'borcA 
Nauplia,  na'ple-a 
N^van,  nav'an 
Navarino,  na-TS-re'no 
Neagh,  na  or  na'tUiA 
Neath,  neth 
Nebraska,  ne-bras'ka 
Neilgherries,  nel-ge'riz 
Neisse,  nis'se 
Nemours,  ni-mBr 
Nenagh,  ng'na  or  nS'nacft 
Nepaul,  ne-pal' 
Neuberg,  noi'bercfc 
Neuchatel,  neu-sha-tel 
Neudorf,  noi'dorl 
Neuenburg,  noi'en-bSrcfc 
Neufch&teL  neu-sha-tel 
Neuilly,  ngil-5-ly6 
Neukirch,  noi'kercfc 
Neusiedler  See,  noi-zedler  zS 
Neustadt,  noi'stat 
Neuwied,  noi'ved 
•Nevada,  ne-va'da 
Nevers,  ii6-v5r 
Newcastle,  nalcas-el 
Newfoundland,  nO'found-land 
New  Orleans,  nQ  or'le-anz 
Newry,  nO'ri 
Ngami,  n-g&'me 
Niogat!!,  ni-a«'a-ra 
Nicaragua,  ne-k&-r&'gwft 
Nice,  nes 

Nicobar,  nik-o-btlr' 
Nioolaiev,  n6-k5-li'yef 
Wicopoli,  n6-ko'i)5-l6 
Nicosia,  ne-ko-se'a 
Niemen,  nya'men 
Nienweveld,  ny^'ve-Telt 
Niivre,  n6-avr 
Niger,  ni'j6r 
Niigata,  n6-«-ga'ta 
Nijkerk,  ui'kerk 
Nijmegen,  iii'mft-gen 
Nijnei- Novgorod,  nizh-ni>noT''- 

go-rod 
Nikita,  ne-ke'ta 
Nimwegen,  nim-r&'gen 
Niort,  nfr^r 
Niphon,  ne-fon' 


Nipissing,  nip'is-ing 

Nismes,  nSm 

Nivelles,  ne-vel 

Nivemais,  ne-vSr-nS 

Nord,  nor 

Nordlingen,  n^hrdleng-en 

Norfolk,  nor'fok 

Norrkoping,  nOr-ch^p'ing 

Norwich,  nor'ich 

Nossi-be,  nos-si-bft' 

Noumea,  no-ma-8. 

Novara,  no-va'ra 

Novaya  Zemlya,  no-vi'ytt  zem'- 

lya 
Novgorod,  nov'go-rod 
Novi-Bazar,  no-ve-ba-zar' 
Nuevitas,  nwe-ve'tSa 
Nuneaton,  nun-e'ton 
NUmberg,  num'berch 
Nyangwe,  nyang'we 
Nyanza,  nyan'za 
Nyassa,  nyils'sa 
Nyborg,  nu'borg 
Nykerk,  ni'kerk 
NykOping,  nu-cheup'ing 
Nystad,  n^'stad 

o. 

Oahn,  ^-a-h6' 
Oajaca,  o-a-cAS'kS 
Oban,  oTjan 
Obe,  51)6 
©beid,  o-ba'ed 
Oberland,  o'ber-lSnt 
Ocafia,  o-ka'nya 
Ochill  (Hills),  och'il 
Ochotsk,  o-cfeotsk' 
Oconee,  o-ko'ne 
Odense,  o'den-sS 
"Odenwald,  o'den-valt 
Odessa,  o-des'sa 
Oedenburg,  eu'den-bSrcA 
Oeland,  ^'lan 
Oerebro  or  Orebro,  eh're-brO 
Oesel,  eli'sel 
Oettingen,  ^t'ing-en 
Ogowd,  og'o-wa 
Ohio,  o-hi'o 
Ohlau,  o'lou 
Oise,  waz 
Okhotsk,  i5-cAotsk' 
Oldham,  old'am 
Olenek,  o'la-nek 
016ron,  o-la-ron 
Olivaes,  ol-5-va'es 
Oliveira,  S-l6-va'e-r& 
Olmtitz,  ol'miits 
Omagh,  o-ma' 
Omaha,  o'ma-hft 
Onega,  6-ne'ga 
Oneida,  o-ni'da 
Ontario,  on-ta'ri-o 
Oojein,  6-jin' 
Ooroomiyah,_S-]:«-me'ya 
Oosterhout,  os'ter-hout 
Oran,  o-ran' 
Oregon,  or'i-gon 
Orel,  o-rel' 
Orenburg,  5'ren-b3rg 
Orense,  o-ren'se 
Orgaos,  or-gounz' 
Orient,  L\  lo-rB-on 
Orihuela,  o-r5-wa'la 
Orinoco,  o-re-no'k5 
Orizaba,  o-re-sa'va 
Orleans,  or-ls-on 
Oronoco,  o-ro-noTco 
Orotava,  o-ro-ta'v& 
Orsova,  or-so'va 
Orthez,  6r-ta 
Oruro,  o-rO'ro 
Orvieto,  "or-ve-a'tS 
Osage,  o'saj 
Osakk,  6-sa'ka 
OsnabrUck,  os'na-brfik 
Ostend,  os-tend' 
Osterode,  os-ta-ro'de 
Oswego,  os-we'gg 
Oswestry,  oz'es-tri 
Otago,  o-t&'go 
Otafieite,  o-ta-hi't6 
Otsego,  ot-se'go 
Ottawa,  ot'ta-wa 
Ottoinwa,  ot-um'wa 
Ouachita,  wa'shi-ta 
Oade  or  Oauh,  cud 


Oudenarde,  »-de-nard' 
Oundle,  oun'del 
Ouse,i>z  . 

Ovenjssel,  S-ver-is'sel 
Oviedo,  o-ve-5'THo 
Owhyhee,  o-hTn'he 
Ozark,  O-zark' 

P. 

Pachitea,  pa-che-tfi'a 
Padang,-pa-dang' 
Padua,  pad'Q-a 
Paducah,  pa-dQTca 
Paimboeuf ,  pan-b^hf 
Paisley,  paz'li 
Palawan,  pa-la'wan 
Palembang,  pa-lem-bang 
Palenque,  pa-len'ke 
Palestrina,  pa-les-tr6'na 
Palk's  Strait,  paks 
Palmyra,  pal-mi'ra 
Pamir,  pa-mer*. 
Pamlico,  pam'li-ko 
Pampeluna,  pam-pe-IS'nS 
Pamplona,  pam-plo'na 
Panama,  pa-na-ma' 
Panceova,  pan'oho-vo 
Paola,  pa'o-la 
Paola,  pa-o'la  (U.  S.) 
Papua,  pa'p\i-a 
Para,  pa-ra' 
Paraguay,  par'a-gwa  or  pa-rt.- 

gwl' 
Parahiba,  Parahyba,  pa-rft-Bta 
Paramaribo,  pa-ra-ma'ri-bo 
Parana,  pa-rft-na' 
Paranahyba,  pfi^ra-na-eTja 
Parchim,  par'cfcem 
Parime,  pa-re'me 
Paris,  par'is  or  pa-r5 
Parnahiba,  par-na-e'bS 
PascagQula,  pas-ka-g8'la 
Pas-de-Calais,  pa-d6-ka-la 
Patras,  pa-tras' 
Pattialah,  pat-te-ala 
Pau,  po 

Pavia,  pa'vi-a  or  pa'v5-a 
Pawtucket,  p?i-tiik'et' 
Paysandu,  pi-san-d&' 
Payta,  pi'ta 
Pegu,  pergo' 
Pei-Ho,  pa-ho' 
Peipus,  pa'e-pus 
Pekm,  Pekingi.pS-kin',p5-king' 
PeUew,  pel'a 
Pembina,  pem'bi-na 
Penang,  pe-nang" 
Penicuik,  pen-i-kuk' 
Penmaenmawr,  pen-ma'ea- 

mour 
Penobscot,  pe-nob'skot 
Penrith,  pen'rith 
Penryn,  pen'rin 
Pensacola,  pen-sa-kola 
Penzance,  pen-zans' 
Peoria,  pe-o'ri-a 
Perak,  pa'rak 
P6rigord,  p5-rS-gor 
P6rigueux,  pa-re-g^ 
Pemambuco,  per-nam-boTco 
Perpignan,  per-pe-nyon 
PersepoUs,  pfir-sep'o-lis 
Peru,  pe-ro' 
Perugia,  pa-rii'ja 
Pemgino,  pa-rO-jS'no 
Pesaro,  pe-sa'ro 
Pescia^  pesh'a 
Peschiera,  pe8-k5-a'ra 
Peshawer,  pe-sha'w6r 
Pesth,  pest  or  pesht 
Petchora,  pet-cho'ra 
Peten,  pe-ten' 
Petersburg,  p5't6rz-b6rg 
Peterwardein,  pa-ter-var'din 
Pfalz,  pfalts 
Pforzheim,  pfortsTiim 
Philippine  Islds.^  fil'ip-in 
Philippopoli,  fil-ip-pop'5-l6 
Piacenza,  pe-a-chentsa 
PiaUhy,  pe-a-\i-e' 
Piave,  p5-a'va 
Pichincha,  p6-ch5n  chU 
Pictou,  pik.tO' 
Piedmont,  pM'mont 
Pilatus,  p6-la'tti8 
Pillau,  pellou  " 


Pinerolo,  t>6-na-ro'l5 

Piombino,  p6-om-be'n5 

Pirseus,  pi-re'us 

Pirano^  p6-ra'no 

Pisa,  pe'sa 

Piscataquis,  pis-katVk 

Pistoja,  pes-to'ya 

Pitea,  pe'ta-o 

Plauen,  plou'en 

Plock,  plotsk 

Plymouth,  pli'muth 

Point  -de  Galle,  point  de  gal 

Poitiers,  pwa-t6-a 

Poitou,  pwa-tb 

Poltawa,  pol-ta'va 

Pompeii,    pom-pe'yi   or  pom- 

pa'e-6 
Pondicherry,  pon-di-sher'i 
Pontchartrain,  pon'char-tran 
Ponte  Delgado,  pon'te  del-ga'do 
Pontefract,     pon'ti-frakt     or 

pom'fret 
Pontiac,  pon'ti-ak 
Pontoise,  pon-twaz 
Pontremoli,  pon-tra'mo-lS 
Popayan,  po-pa-yan' 
Poperingue,  po-p6-rang 
Popocatepetl,  po-pO-ka-te-petl' 
Port-au-Prince,  port-o-prins' 
Portici,  por'te-che 
Portmadock,  pOrt-mad'ok 
Porto  Rico,  por'to  rC'ko 
Portree,  port-r5' 
Portsea,  port'se 
Portsmouth,  ports'muth 
Portugalete,  p5r-t\i-ga-la'ta 
Poschiavo,  pos-k5-a'vo 
Potchefstrom,  pot'chef-strom 
Potenza,  po-ten'dza 
Potomac,  po-to'mak 
Potosi,  po-to's5 

Pottawatomie,  pot-ta-wot'o-mi 
Poughkeepsie,  po-kip's6 
Pouilly,  pij-e-ye 
Powhatan,  pou-a-tan' 
Pozzuoli,  pot-tsij'o-lS 
Prague,  prag 
Pretoria,  pre-to'r5-a 
Pre  visa,  pra-v  e'sa 
Procida,  pro'che-da 
Provence,  pro-vons 
Prussia,  prush'i-a 
Pruth,  proth  or  prSt 
Przibram,  pzhe'bram 
Pskov,  pskof 
Puerto  Cabello,  p\i-er'to  fcl-vel'- 

yo 
Punjab,  pun-jab' 
Punta  Arenas,  pbn'ta  a-ra'niis 
Putumayo,  pii-ta-ma'yo 
Puy  de  Dome,  pu6  d6  dom 
Pwllheli,  pol-ha'le 
Pyrenees,  pir-e-nez';  Fr.  p5-ra-na 

Q. 

Qn'Appelle,  ka-.pel' 
Quathlamba,  kwiit-lam'ba 
Quatre  Bras,  ka'tr  bra 
Quebec,  kwe-bek' 
Quelpaert,  kwel'part 
Quentin  (St.),  kon-tan 
Queretaro,  ke-ret'a-ro 
Quiberon,  ke-b6-ron 
Quilleboeuf,  ke-yfe-b^if 
Quillimane,  kcl-l$-ma'n5 
Quillota,  kel-j'o'ta 
Quimper,  kan-par 
Quito,  ke'to 

R. 

Raab,  i*b 
Raasay,  ra'sS 
Rabat,  ra-bat' 
Racine,  ra-sSn' 
Ragusa,  ra-ga'zft 
Rahova,  ra-no'va 
Rahway,  rsv'wa 
Rajamahal,  ra-ja-ma-bal 
Ra^pootana,  raj-pO-ttt'na 
Rajshahye,  raj-sna'he 
Raleigh,  r^'le 
Bambouillet,  ron-btt-y5. 
Ramillies,  ram'i-lez;  Pr.  i*-m5- 
ye 


FM»,£ftr,fat,fttll;    me,  met, Wr, golden ;   .pine, pin;    note, not, mOve ;    tQbe.tub.bijU;    oU, pound;    ch,cftain;    g,oo; 


MODERN   GEOGRAPHICAL   NAMES. 


831 


Rampoor,  ram-por' 
Ramsey,  ram'zi 
Raneegunge,  ra-ne-gunj' 
Rangoon,  rang-gon' 
Raphoe,  ra-fo' 

Rappahannock,  rap-pa-han'nok 
Rasay,  ra'sa 
Rassova,  ras-so'va 
Rastadt,  ras'tat 
Rathkeale,  rath-k6l' 
Rathlin,  rath'lin 
Rathmines,  rath-minz' 
Ratzebvirg,  rat'sa-bOrcft 
Reading,  red'ing 
Realejo,  re-a-la'c/t5 
Recife,  ra-s5'fa 
Redruth,  red'rOth 
Regensburg,  ra'genz-bOrcA 
Reggie,  rej'o 

Reichenbach,  ri'cAen-bacft 
Reichstadt.  ricA'stat 
Reigate,  ri  gat 
Reikiavik,  ri'kya-vik 
Reims,  remz  or  ranz 
Remscheid,  rem'shit 
Renaix,  r6-na 
Renfrew,  ren'fru 
Rennes,  ren 

Restigouche,  res'ti-gash 
Reunion,  ra-ti-n6-on 
Reuss,  rbis 
Rewahi  ra-wa' 
Rheims,  ranz  or  r6mz 
Rhein,  rin 
Rhuddlan,  hrlTH'lan 
Riazan,  re-ya'zan 
Ribeira,  rg-ba'6-ra 
Riccia,  rech'a 
Richelieu,  resh-le-mi 
Richibucto,  rish-i-buk'to 
Rideau,  r5-do' 

Riesengebirge,  re'zen-ge-bEr-ge 
Riga,  re'ga  or  ri'ea 
Righi  or  Rigi,  re'gS 
Rijswijk,  ris'vik 
Rimini,  re'm6-n5 
Rinkjoebing,  reng-ky^b'Sng 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  re'o  de  zha- 

na'e-ro 
Rioja,  re-o'c/ift 
Ripen,  rip'on 
Rivoli,  re'vo-l5 
Roanoke,  ro-an-ok' 
Rochdale,  roch'dal 
Rochefort,  rosh-for 
Rochefoucauld,  tosh-fO-ko 
Rechelle,  La,  la  ro-shel 
Rochester,  roch'es-t6r 
Recroi,  ro-krwft 
Rodez,  ro-da 
Rodriguez,  ro-dr5'gez 
Roermond,  rfir'mont 
Roeskilde.  r^s-kel'da 
Reggeveld,  rog'ge-velt 
Rehan,  ro-on 
Rohilcund,  ro-hil-kund' 
Romagna,  ro-ma'nya 
Romanow,  ro-ma-nof , 
Ronaldshay,  ron'ald-shS 
Ronceavalles,  ron-thes-val'yes 
Roque,  San,  san  ro'ke 
Roraima,  ro-ra'6-ma 
Rosario,  ro-sa're-G 
Roscrea,  ros-kra' 
Roseau,  ro-zo' 
Rosetta,  ro-zet'ta         » 
Rossbach,  ros'baflA 
Rossipnol,  ros-se-nyol' 
Rotherham,  roTH'6r-am 
Rotherhithe,  roTH'6r-hiTH 
Rothesay,  roth'sa 
Rotomahana,  ro-to-m'a-ha'na 
Rotterdam,  rot'6r-dam 
Roubaix,  rS-ba' 
Rouen,  rb-on 
Roumanla,  rS-ma'ni-a 
Roumelia,  rb-ms'li-a 
Roussillon,  rcis-se-yoa 
Roveredo,  ro-va-ra'do 
Rovigo,  ro-ve'go 
Ruapehu,  ni-a-paliS 
Rudolstaat,"r8'dol-8tiit 
Rugeley,  ruj'li 
Rtigen,  ru'gen 
Ruhrort,  ror'ort 
Rumili,  ro'me-ls 
Rusholme,  rush'um 
Russia,  rush'i-a 


Rustchuk,  rust-chuk' 
Rutberglen,   r  uth'  6r  -  glen  or 

-  ruglen 
Ryde,  rid 
Rye,  ri 

s. 

Saale,  zale 

SaarbrUck,  zarT)riik 

Saargemtlnd,  zafge-mtint 

Sabanilla,  sa-ba-nel'ya 

Sachsen,  zak'sen 

Sadowa,  sad'o-va 

Saghalien,  sa-cAa-l5n' 

Saginaw,  «ag'i-na 

Saguenay,  sag-e-na' 

Bahama,  sa-ha'ma 

Sahara,  sa-ha'ra 

Said,  sa-5d' 

Saigon,  si-gon' 

Sajama,  sa-cAa'ma 

Sajansk,  sa-yansk' 

Sakhalin,  sa-c/ta-lSn' 

Sakkara,  sak-ka'ra 

Salado,  sa-la'do 

Salamis,  Ba'la-mis 

Saldanha,  sal-da'nya 

Salem,  sa'lem 

Salford,  sal'ford        1 

Salina,  sa-lc'nS;  in  U.  S,  sa-li'na 

Salisbury,  salz'be-ri 

Saloniki,  8a^lo-n6'k8 

Salep',  sarop 

Salsette,  sal-set' 

Saluen  or  Sal  wen,  sSl-'wBn' 

Saluzze,  sa-l6t'tso 

Salvador,  sal-va-dor' 

Salzbrunn,  salts'brSn 

Salzburg,  salts'borcA 

Samana,  sa-ma-na' 

Samara,  sa-ma'ra 

Samarang,  sa-ma-rang' 

Samarkand,  sa-mar-kand' 

Sambre,  son-br 

Samos,  sa'mos 

Sandusky,  san-duslci 

Sandwich,  sand'wich 

Sangir,  san'ger 

San  Joaquin,  san  wa-ken' 

San  Jose,  san  cfto-Ba' 

San  Juan,  san  cAS-an' 

San  Miguel,  san  me-gel' 

Sanquhar,  sangTifer 

San  Stef ano,  san  stef 'a-no 

Santander,  san-tan-der' 

Santarem,  san-ta-ren' 

Santiago,  san-te-a'go 

Santillana,  san-t6l-ya'na 

Santorin,  san-to-ren' 

SaAne,  son 

Sao  Paulo,  soun  poulo 

Saratoga,  sa-ra-to'ga 

Saratov,  sa-ra'tov 

Sarawak,  sa-ra'wak 

Sarrebourg,  sar-bSr 

Sarrebriick,  sar-brtik 

Sarreguemines,  sar-gfi-mSn 

Sarthe,  sart 

Saskatchewan,  sas-kach'e-won 

Sassari,  sas'sa-re 

Satara,  sa-ta'ra 

Satsuma,  sat-sS'ma 

Sattarah^  sat-ta'ra 

Sault  Sainte  Marie,  s8  sint  m5'- 

re 
Saumur,  so-mtir 
Sauternes,  so-tem 
Savannah,  sa-van'na 
Savoie,  sa-vwa 
Savon  a,  sa-vo'na 
Saxe-Altenburg,  saks-al'ten- 

bSrcft 
Schaflfhausen,  shafhou-zen 
Schaumburg-Lippe,  shoum'- 

bdrcA-lip-pe 
Scheldt,  skelt;  Schelde,  scAel'de 
Schenectady,  ske-nek'ta-di 
Scheveningen,  sc7ia'v«n-ing-en 
Schiedam,  scfi,5'dam 
Schio,  sk6'o 
Schleiz,  shuts 
Schlesien,  shla'z5-en 
Schleswig  or  Sleswick,  shles'- 

v8g,  sles'wik 
Schneekoppe,  shna'kop-pe 
Schbnbrunn,  sh^n'briiu 


Schouten,  sho'ten 
Schouwen,  scTiou'ven 
Schuyler,  ski'l6r 
Schuylkill,  skol'kil 
Schwaben  (Suabia),  shvaijen 
Schwarzbiirg,  shvarts'bOrc^ 
Schwarzwald,  shvarts'valt 
Schweinf urt,  shvin'fort 
Schweiz  (Switzerland),  sbwits 
Schwyz,  shvets 
Sciacca,  shak'ka 
Scilly  Islands,  silli 
Scinde,  sind 
Scio,  s5'o  or  si'o 
Scioto,  si-o'to 
Scone,  skOn 
Scutari,  sk8'ta-r8 
Sealkete,  86-al'kot 
Seattle,  se-at'l 
Sebastopol,_se-bas'to-pol 
Sebenico,  sa-ba'ne-k5 
Sechuen,  se-chwen' 
Sedan,  s6-den 
Sedbergh,  sed'bSrg 
Seeland,.  s6'land 
Segeyia,  se-go'vS-a 
Sehanmpur,  se-ha'run-p8r" 
Seine,  san 
Seistan,  sa-is-tan' 
Semipalatinsk,  se-mi-pa-lS'- 

tinsk" 
Sempach,  zem'pacfc 
Seneca,  sen'e-ka 
Senegal,  sen-ne-gftl' 
Senegambia,  sen-e-gam'b5-ll 
Senlis,  son-les 
Sennaar,  sen-nar' 
Sens,  son 

Serajevo,  se-ri-ya'v5 
Serampore,  se-ram-por' 
Serpipe,  sar-zh6'pa 
Serinagur,  se-re-na-gur' 
Seringapatam,  se-ring-ga-pa- 

tam' 
Sevilla,  sa-vel'ya 
Seville,  se-vil' 
Sevres,  savr 
Sewalik,  se-wa'lik 
Seychelles,  sa-shel' 
Shanghai,  shang-hi' 
Shediac,  she-dC-ak' 
Sheffield,  shef'eld 
Shenandoah,  shen-an-do'a 
Shense,  shen-se' 
Shimiyu,  shi-me'yii 
Shiraz,  she-raz' 
Shire,  she'ra 
Shistova,  shes-to'va 
Sheeburynes?,  sho'be-ri-nes 
Shoshone,  sho-sho-nS' 
Shrewsbury,  shroz'be-ri 
Shumla,  shcJm'ia 
Siam,  8i-am' 

Siebenbiirgen,  ze'ben-hfir-gen 
Siebengebirge,  ze'ben-ge-ber-ge 
Siedlec,  sed'Iets 
Siena,  se-a'na 

Sierra  Leone,  s5-er'ra  Ie-S'n6 
Sigmaringen,  s5g'ma-ring-en 
Siguenza,  se-gen'tha 
Sikoku,  s6-ko'ku 
Simferopol,  s5m-fer-op'ol 
Simplon,  san-plon 
Sinai,  si'na 
Sinde,  Bind 

Singapore,  sing-ga-por' 
Sinigaglia,  s5-ne-galya 
Sinepe,  se-no'pS 
Siout,  s5-5t' 
Sioux,  s5-5'  or  so 
Sisal,  se-sal' 
Sistova,  ses-to'va 
Siwah,  s5'wa 

Sjaelland,  syel'lan  (=S8eland) 
Skiatho,  sk§'a-tho 
Skopelo,  skop'e-lo 
Skowhegan,  sko-h5'gan 
Skyros,  ske'ros 
Sleswick,  sles'wik 
Sliebhbloem,  slev-blOm' 
Sligo,  sli'go 
Slough,  slou 
Sluis,  slois 

Smethwick,  smeTH'ik 
Smolensk,  smo-lensk' 
Smyrna,  smfir'na 
Snohomish,  sno-ho'mish 
Sobraon,  so-bra'on 


8oc(Jtra,  so-kS'trS, 
SoderkOping  or  SSderkjoping, 

s^-der-k^p'eng 
Soerabaya,  sb-ra-ba'ya 
Soerakarta,  sO-i^-kar'ta' 
Soest,  z^st 
Sofala,_so-fa'la 
Sofia,  so-fe'a 
Sognefjord,  sog'na-fyor 
Soignies,  swfi-ny5 
Soissons,  swas-son 
Sokoto,  sok'o-to 
Splesmes,  so-lam 
Soleure,  so-lebr 
Selferino,  sol-fa-r5'no 
Solihull,  80-li-hul' 
Solothum,  so'lo-tom 
Somauli,  so-ma'le 
Somerset,  sum'^r-set 
Somnath,  som-nat' 
Sondershausen,  zou'derz- 

hou'zen 
Sonoma,  so-no'ma 
Sonera,  so-no'ra 
Soodan,  s<J-dan' 
Soerabaya,  sO-ra-ba'ya 
Sophia,  so-fe'a 
Sorata,  sO-ra'ta 
Seroe,  so'reti-e 
Soudan,  sO-dan' . 
Sourabaya,  sa-ra-ba'ya 
Southampton,  suth-amp'ton. 
Southwark,  south'ark 
Spalatro,  sim-Ia'tro 
Spalding,  spal'ding 
Speier  or  Speyer,  spi'er 
Spezzia,  spet'tse-a 
Sphagia,  sfa-ge'a 
Sphakia,  sfa-ke'a 
Spires  (for  Speier),  spirz 
Spitzbergen,  sp5ts-ber'gen. 
Splilgen,  splft'gen 
Spoleto,  spo-la'to 
Sporades,  spor'a-dSz 
Spree,  spra 

Squillace,  skw5l-la'cha 
Srinagar,  sre-na-gar' 
Stalimene,  sta-lim'e-n5 
Stambeul,  stam-bijl' 
Stanovoi,  stan'o-vo-6 
Staubbach,  stoub'bacA 
Stavanger,  sta'vang-ger 
Stavoren,  sta'vo-ren 
Stavropol,  stav'ro-pel 
Steenkerque,  stSn'kerk 
Steiermarlt,  sti'er-mark 
Stellenbesch,  stel'len-bosh 
Stettin,  stet-ten' 
Steuben,  sttl'ben 
Stikine,  sti-ken' 
Stinchar,  stin'shar 
Stockholm,  stok'holm 
Stour,  stour 
Stourbridge,  stferTjrij 
Stow,  st5 

Strabane,  stra-bftn' 
Strachur,  stra-cftur' 
Stralsund,  stral'zont 
Stranraer,  stran-rar' 
Strasbourg,  stras-bor 
Strassburg,  stras'bOrcA 
Stratheam,  strath-em' 
Strichen,  stricft'en 
Stromboli,  strom'bo-Ie 
Stromness,  strom-nes' 
Stromoe,  str^m'e&-e 
Stroud,  Stroud 
Stroudwater,  Btreud'wft-t6r 
Stuttgart,  stut'gart 
Stuj^esant,  sti've-sant 
Styria,  stir^i-a 
Suabia;  swa'bi-a 
Suakin,  su-aTdn 
Subiaco,  sub-e-a'ko 
Sucre,  so'kre 
Suez,  su'ez 
Suffolk,' suf'ok 
Suir,  shor 

Sulaiman,  su-li-man' 
Sulina,  so-le'na 
Sulmona,  sol-mo'na 
Sumatra,  so-ma'tra  or  sn-mS'tfa 
Sumbawa,  s6m-ba'w& 
Surat,  s6-rat' 
Surinam,  so-r6-nam' 
Surrey,  su'ri 

Susquehanna,  sus-kwe-han'na 
Sutherland,  suTH'er-land 


j,/ob;   y,  j/es;   fu,  then;  th,  thin;   zh,  asure         Ppjnch,  vfte,  b&t;   bleu,  neuf;  n,  ore.        Scotch  and  Gierman,  c7t,  loc7i,  nacAt, 


832 


MODERN   GEOGRAPHICAL   NAMES. 


Sutlej,  sutlej 
Suwanne,  sn-wa'ne 
Sveaborg,  sva'a-bSrg 
Swale,  swal 
Swansea,  swon'zB 
Swaawick,  swon'ik 
Swatow,  awa'tou 
Sweaborg,  sva'a-borg 
Swinemilnde,  sve'ne-mfin-de 
Sydenham,  sid'n-am 
Syene,  si-e  ne 
Sjrra,  se'ra 

Syracuse,  si'ra-kOz  or  sir'a-ktlz 
Syria,  si'rl-a 
Szathmar,  sot-mar' 
Szegedin,  seg'e-den 
Szdgeth,  sS'get 

T. 

Taasinge,  t3'85ng-a 
Tabaria,  ta-ba-re'a 
Tabatinga,  ta-ba-t5n'g'a 
Tabreez  or  Tabriz,  ta-brSz' 
Tacazze,  ta-kat'sa 
Tacoary,  ta-ko-a-r5' 
Tadjurah,  tad-jO'ra 
Tadousac,  ta-da-sak' 
Taganrog,  ta-gan-rog' 
Tai-wan,  ti-wan' 
Tahiti,  ta-h6't8 
Tahoe,  ta-ho' 
Tajoora.Jta-jo'ra 
Ta-kiang,  ta-ke-ang* 
Takow,  ta-kou' 
Talavera,  ta-la-va'ra 
Talcahuana,  tal-ka-hwa'na 
Tallahassee,  tal-la-has'se 
Tamatave,  ta-ma-tav' 
Tamaulipas,  ta-mou-le'pas 
Tamaqua,  ta-ma'kwa 
Tampico,  tam-pS'ko 
TananariTo,  ta-na-na-re'vo 
Tanderagee,  tan-de-ra-g6' 
Tanganyika,  tan-gan-yelia 
Tangier,  tan-jer' 
Taormina,  ta-or-m5'na 
Taos,  ta'os,  almost  tous 
Tapajos,  ta-pa'zhos 
Taquari,  ta-kwa-rB' 
Tarakai,  ta-ra-ki' 
Taranaki,  ta-ra-naTcS 
Tarapaca,  ta-ra-pa-ka' 
Tarifa,  ta-rB'fa 
Tarija,  ta-r5'cfta 
Tamopol,  tar-no'pol 
Tamow,  tar'no 
Tamowitz,  tar'no-vSts 
Tarragona,  tar-ra-go'na 
Tashkent,  tash-kent' 
Tasmania,  taz-ma'ni-a 
Tassisudon,  tas-sS-sO'dSn 
TauBtts,  tou'n\is 
Taupo,  tou'po 
Tauranga,  tou-ran'ga 
Taurida,  tou'ri-da 
Taurus,  ta'rua 
Tavolara,  ta-vo-la'ra 
Teh.    See  Ch. 
Teano,  ta-a'n5 
Tecumseh,  te-kum'se 
Teflis,  tef-les' 

Tehama,  ta-ha'ma  or  te-ba'ma 
'ieheran,  te-he-ran' 
Tehuacan,  te-wjl-kan' 
Tehuantepec,  te-wan-te-i)ek' 
Teiga,  tan 

Teignraouth,  tin'muth 
Teith,  teth 
Tejutla,  te-c/iot'la 
Tellicherry,  tel-li-che'ri 
Temes,  ta-mesh' 
Temesvar,  ta-mesh-var' 
Tenasserim,  te-nas'se-rim 
Tenedos,  ten'e-dos 
Teneriffe,  ten-6r-il' 
Tennessee,  ten-nes-sC 
Tequendama,  te-ken-da'mU 
Teramo,  tei'a-mS 
Terceira,  ter-sa'e-rft 
Tercero,  ter-sa'rd 
Terek,  ta'rek 
Termini,  ter'm8-n6 
TornSte,  ter-na'ta 
Terracina,  ier-ra-che'na 
Terrebonne,  ter-bon 
Terre  Haute,  tet're  hot 


Teschen,  tesh'en 

Tete,  ta'ta 

Tevere,  ta've-rS 

Tererone,  ta-va-rS'ni 

Tewksbury,  taks'be-ri 

Tezcuco,  tes-k6'k(J 

Thame,  tarn 

Thames,  temz 

Thanet,  than'et 

Thayetmayo,  tha-yet-mi'o 

Thebaid,  the-ba'id 

Thebes,  thebz 

Theiss,  tis 

Theresienstadt,  ta-r5'z5-en-st&t 

Thermopylae,  tn6r-mop'i-l6 

Thibet,  ti-bet' 

Thionville,  t6-on-T5l 

Thirsk,  thSrsk 

Thisted,  tis'ted 

Thorn,  torn 

Thorshavn,  torsTioun 

Throndhjem,  tron'yem 

Thun,  ton 

Thurgau,  tSr'gou 

Thurles,  th6rlz 

Thurso,  thfer'so 

Tiber,  ti'b6r 

Tibet,  ti-bet' 

Ticino,  t5-ch5'no 

Ticonderoga,  ti-kon-dfr-ro'ga 

'Tidore,  te-dor' 

Tientsm,  ti-en-tsen' 

Tiflis,  tif-les' 

Tigre,  te'gra 

Tigris,  ti'gris 

Tillicoultry,  til-U-kO'tri 

Timbuctoo,  tim-buk'to 

Tippecanoe,  tip-pe-ka-n8' 

Tipperah,  tip'e-ra 

Tipperary,  tip-p6-ra'ri 

Tiree,  ti-r5' 

Tirlemont,  terl-mon 

Tirnova,  t5r'no-va 

Titicaca,  te-te-ka'ka 

Tiumen,  til'men 

Tiverton,  tiv'6r-ton 

Tivoli,  te'vo-le 

Tlascala,  tlas-kala 

Tobago,  to-ba'go 

Tobolsk,  to-bolsk' 

Tocantins,  tok-an-tSns' 

Tokay,  to-ka'  or  to-koi' 

Tokio,  to-ke-o' 

Toledo,  to'le'do;  Sp.  to-Ia'<?HO 

Tolima,  to-le'ma 

Tolosa,  to-lo'sa 

Tongariro,  tong-a-re'r5 

Tongataboo,  ton-ga-ta'biJ 

Tongerloo,  tong-er-16' 

Tongres,  ton-gr 

Tonquin,  ton^cSn' 

Topeka,  to-pe'ka 

Toplitz,  t^p'lets 

Torgau,  tor'gou 

Torino,  to-re'no 

Tornea,  tor'qa-o 

Toronto,  to-ron'to 

Torphichen,  tor-flcA'en 

Torquay,  tor-ke' 

Torrijos,  tor-re'c/iSs 

Tortola,  tor-to'la 

Tortona,  tor-to'na 

Tortosa,  tor-to'sa 

Tortuga,  tor-to'ga 

Touat,  tu-at' 

Toulon,  tO-lon 

Toulouse,  to-lijs 

Touraine,  td-rin 

Toumai,  tOr-nS 

Tours,  tOr 

Towcester,  tous'ter 

Trafalgar,  tra-fal-gar' 

Tralee,  tra-lB' 

Tranent,  tra-nent' 

Tranquebar,  tran-kwe-bar' 

Transkei,  traus-ki' 

Transvaal,  trans-val' 

Trapani,  tra'pa-n5 

Travaucore,  tra-van-kor' 

Trebizond,  treb'i-zond 

Tredegar,  tred'e-gJr 

Tremadoc,  tre-mad'ok 

Tremont,  tre-mont' 

Trfeves,  trav 

Trevjgno,  tra-ve'nyo 

Treviso,  tra-v6'Eo 

Trichinopoly,  tri-chi-nop'u-li 

Trient,  tre-cnt' 


Trier,  trer  (= Treves) 
Trieste,  tre-est'  or  tre-es'ta 
Trikala,  tr6'ka-la 
Trikeri,  tre'ke-re 
Trincomalee,  tren-kom-a-le'  ' 
Trinidad,  trin-i-dad' 
Tripoli,  tre'po-l5 
Tripolizza,  tre-po-let'sa 
Trolhatta,  trOl-hat'ta 
TromsOe,  trom'seii-e 
Trondhjem,  tron'yem 
Trossachs,  tros'aks 
Trowbridge,  tro'brij 
■Troyes,  trwa 

TrujiUo,  Trujdllo,  triJ-cAel'lyo 
Truro,  tro'ro 
Tuam,  tu'am 
Tuat  or  Twat,  twat 
Tubingen,  tti'bing-en 
Tuckahoe,  tuk-a-ho' 
Tucuman,  tb-ko-man' 
Tudela,  tu-THa'la 
Tugela,  tu-g5'la 
Tulare,  tu-lar' 
Tunja,  tOn'cAa 
Turin,  tu-rin' 
Turkestan,  tOr-kes-tM' 
Tumhout,  tum-hout'  or  tttr-ny 
Tuscarora,  tus-ka-ro'ra 
Tuticorin,  tu-te-kor'in 
Tynemouth,  tin'muth 
Tyrol,  te-rol' 
Tyrone,  ti-ron' 

u. 

rrbeda.  O-bS'iHa 

Ucayale,  0-ka-ya'le 

TIdine,  O'dg-na 

Upie,  a'gi 

Uig,  wig 

Uintah,  Q-in'ta 

Uist,  wist 

Uitenhage,  oi'ten-ha-ge 

Ujiji,  u-je'jS 

Ukerewe,  a-ke-r6'we 

Ukraine,  u-kran' 

Uleaborg,  b'la-6-borg 

UUoa,  ol-yo'a 

Ulm,  elm 

Ulundi,  u-len'dS 

Umea,  d'ina-o 

Unterseen,  un'ter-za-en 

Unterwalden,  un'ter-val-den 

Unyamwezi,  uii-yam-wa'zi 

Unyanyembe,  nn-yan-yem'be 

Upernivik,  Upernavik,  u-per'- 

ni-vek,  u-per'na-vek 
Upsala,  op-sk'la 
Urbino,  Cr-be'no 
Urgundab,  ur-gun'dab 
Uruguay,  uri'u-gwa  or  o-''''-gwa'6 
Urumiyah,  O-rO-me'ya 
Usedom,  O'ze-dom 
Ushant,  ii-shon 
Ustica,  os'te-ka 
Utah,  a'ta 
Utica,  a'ti-ka 
Utrecht,  H'tiecht 
Uttoxeter,  ut-toks'e-tfer 


Vaal,  vai 

Vaigatz,  vi-gats* 

Valais,  va-la 

Valdai,  val-di' 

Valence,  va-lons 

Valencia,  va-len'shi-a  or  va-len'- 

the-a 
Valenciennes,  va-lon-se-en 
Valentia,  va-len'shi-a 
■Valladolid,  vai-ya-do-led' 
Vallejo,  val-ya'hS 
Valois,  va-lwft 
Valparaiso,  val-pa-ri'so 
Vancouver's,  van-ko'vferz 
Vaucluse,  vo-klftz 
Vaud,  vo 
Velino,  va-le'no 
Vendue,  von-da 
Vendome,  von-dom 
Venezuela,  ve-ne-thu-a'lft 
Venice,  ven'is 
Venosa,  va-no'sa 
Veutimiglia,  ven-t5-mf i  ya 


Vera  Cruz,  ve'ra  krSa 
Veragua,  va-ra'gwa 
Veroelli,  ver-chel'ls 
Vermandois,  var-mon-dwa 
Vermejo,  ver-ma'cfto 
Vermont,  v6r-mont' 
Verneuil,  var-ne"Ti-g 
Verona,  va-vo'na 
Versailles,  ver-salz'  or  vSr-sa-y6 
Verviers,  var-ve-a 
Vervins,  var-van 
V6soul,  va-siil 
Veszprim,  vas'prSm 
Vevay,  v6-va' 
Vezzano,  vet-tsa'no 
Viborg,  ve'borg 
Vicenza,  ve-chen'tsa 
Vichy,  ve-she 
Vienne,  v5-en 
Vignola,  ve-nyo1a 
Vilaine,  ve-lan 
Villefranche,  vel-fronsh 
Villeneuve,  vEl-n^v 
Vilvorde,  vSl-vor'da 
Vimeira,  ve-ma'e-ra 
Vimieiro,  ve-mfi-a'e-ro 
Vincenfles,  van-sen  or  vin-senz' 
Vindhya,  vend'hya 
Vintimiglia,  T6n-t5-merya 
Visby,  ves'btt 
Vistula,  vis'tQ-la 
Vitoria,  ve-to're-a 
Vivarais,  ve-va-ra 
Viviers,  vg-ve-a 
Vlaardingen,  vlar'd5ng-en 
Vladimir,  vla'de-mSr 
Vlieland,  vle'lant 
Vlissingen,  vlss'sing-en 
Vogelberg,  fo'gel-bercft 
Voigtland,  fo'ec^t-lant 
Volhynia,  vol-hi'ne-a 
Vologda,  vo-log'da 
Vorarlberg,  for-arl'berc& 
Voronej,  vO-ro'nezh 
Vosges,  vozh 
Vostitza,  fos-tet'za 
Vostochni,  vos-tocA'nS 
Vriesland,  vrez'lant 

w. 

Wabash,  wa'bash 
Waday,  wa-di' 
Waerschoot,  var'scftot 
Wagram,  va'gram 
Wahsatcn,  wa-sacb' 
Waigatz,  vi-gats' 
Waikato,  wi-ka'to 
Waitemata,  wi-ta-ma'ta 
Wakatipu,  wa-ka-te'p9 
Walachia,  wa-la'ki-a 
Walcheren,  val'c/te-rer 
Waldeck,  vaFdek 
Waldheim,  valt'him' 
Wallingford,  wol'ling-ford 
Walmer,  w^il'mCr 
AV^lney,  wal'ni 
Walsall,  wal'sal 
Waltham,  wol'tham 
Walton,  w^l'ton 
Walvisch,  val'vish 
Walworth,  wal'wSrth 
Wandsworth;  wandz'wfirtn 
AVanganui,  wan-ga-na'g 
Wapping,  wop'iug 
Warasdin,  va'ras-den 
AVarrington,  wor'ring-ton 
Warsaw,  war'sa 
Warv/ick,  wor'ik 
AVashita,  wosh'i-ta 
Waterloo,  wa-t6r-ib'  or  va-ter-lo' 
Wednesbury,  wenz'be-ri 
Weimar,  vi'mar 
AVeissenburg,  vis'sen-biJrcA 
Weisseufels,  vis'sen-fels 
Weissenhorn,  vis'sen-hom 
AVemyss,  wemz 
AVener,  va'ner 
AVeser,  va'zer 
Westerwald,  vea'ter-valt 
AVetter,  vet'ter 
AVetzlar,  vets'lar 
Wexia,  vek'shC-eti 
AVeymouth,  wu'muth 
AVhampoa,  hwam-po'a 
Whitliy,  hwit'bi 
Whitehaven,  hwifha-ven 


]f!'&te,nir,  fat,ffvll;    me  met,  h«r,  gold«n ;    pine,  pin;    ndte, not,mOve;    tabe,  tub, bijll;    oil, pound;    cb,cAain;    (r, (70; 


MODERN  BIOGL.^i.?HICAL  NAMES. 


833 


Wkitstable,  hwit'sta-bl 
Wiborg,  ve'bSrg 
Widdin,  ved'd5a 
Wien  (Vienna),  v6n 
Wienerwald,  ve'ner-vaifc 
Wiesbaden,  vez'ba-dea 
Wigan,  wig'an 
Wight,  wit 
Wijk,  vik 

Wilhelmsburg,  velTielms-biSrcA 
Wilkesbarre,  wilks'bar-re 
WUlamette,  wil-lii'met 
Willesden,  wil'lev<Ieii 
Wilna,  vel'na 
Wimmera,  wiin-m?5'ra 
Wincheisea,  win'chel-sS 
Winchester,  win'ches-t6r 
Windennere,  win'd6r-m5r 
Windischgratz,  vSn'desh-grets 
Windsor,  wind'zor 
Winlaton,  win'la^ton 
Winnebago,  win-e-ba'gg 
Winnipeg,  win'i-peg 
Winnipegoos,  win'i-pe-g6s 
Winnipegosis,  win-i-pe-go'sis 
Winona,  wi-nO'na 
Wintertnur,  veu'ter-tOr 
Wipper,  vSp'per 
Wisbeach,  -wii'bech 
Wisby,  vesTaii 
Wisconsin,  wis-kon'sin 
Wishaw,  wish'a 
Wismar,  Tez'mHr 
Wittenberg,  Tet'ten-bercA 


Wiveliscombe,  ■wil'skum 

Wladimir,  vla'd&-mer 

Wohlau,  tS'Iou 

Wolf  enbuttel,  vSl'fen-biit-tel 

W'olgjv,  vorga  . 

Wol  verham  pton,        w^  -  T6r  ■ 

hamp'ton 
Wolverton,  wul'v^r-ton 
Wombwell,  •vrdm'bel 
Woolwich,  w\U'ich 
Worcester,  wOs'tSr 
Workington,  w6rk'iDg-toa 
Worksop,  w6rk'sO|p 
Worms,  vormz 
Werth,  v^rt 
Worthing,  wfer'THing 
Woirtley,  wfirt'li 
Wrekin,  rek'iu 
Wrexham,  rek'sam 
Wunsiedel,  von'z6-del 
WUrtemberg.  vftr'tem-bercA 
Wurzburg,  vurts'bbrcA 
Wyandot,  wi'an-dot 
Wyborg,  ve'borg 
Wycombe,  wi'kom 
Wye,  wi  ,     ■ 

Wynaad,  wi-nad' 
Wyoming,  wi-5'mlog 


Xalapa,  ehM&'pi, 
Xenia,  ze'ui-a 


Xenil,  c7te-n6l' 
Xeres,  c^er-es' 
Xingu,  shSn'gi} 

Y. 

Tablonoi,  yab-lo-n5'5 
Yakutsk,  yit-kOtsk' 
Yanaon,  ya-n&'on 
Yangtse-kiang,   yang-tae-kB- 

ang' 
Yanina,  yan'i-na 
Yapura,  ya-p()'ra 
Yarmouth,  yiir'muth 
Yaroslaf ,  ya-ro-sl&f' 
Yavari,  ya-va-r6'   ". 
Y'bicui,  e-b5rkw5' 
Yeadon,  ye'don 
YeUala,  yel-ltt'la 
Yemen,  yem'en 
Yenikaie,  ya-n5-ka'Hl 
Yenisei,  ye-ne-sa'6 
Yeniseisk,  ya-n6-sa'5sk 
Yeovil,  yS'vil 
Y6res,  yar 
Yetholm,  yet'um 
Yokohama,  yo-ko-ha'mH 
Yosemite,  yo-sem'i-te 
Youghall,  yftTial  or  y^l 
Ypres,  Ypem,  e'per,  i'pem 
Yssel,  is'sel 
Ystad,  ft'stad 
Ythan,  i'tban 


Yucatan;  ya-ka-tan' 
Ytlnnan,  yiln-attu' 
Yyetot,  evrtS 

as, 

l^aandam,  iiiln'dam 

Zaandijk,  z^n'dik 

Zacatecag,  sil-ka-ts.'kas 

Zagazig,  za-ga-zeg' 

Zambezi  or  Zambesi,  zam-bfii 

Zante,  zan'ta 

Zanzibar.  zan-z9-bai' 

Zara,  tsii'ra 

Zeeland,  zS,1&D.t 

ZeiJBt,  zlst 

Zeila,  za'la 

Zeitun,  za'tcin 

Zemplin,  zem-pl6n'. 

Zerafshan,  ze-raf-ehan' 

Zerbst,  tserpst 

Zillerthal,  tsel'er-tal 

Zirknitz,  tserk'nSta 

Zlatousk,  zla-t5sk' 

Znaim,  tsulm 

Zoest,  zdst 

Zuider-Zee,  zoi'der-zB 

Zurich,  tsfi'recft . 

Zvornik,  zvor'nek  • 

Zwai-te-Berg,  zvftr'te-berg 

Zweibrilcken,  tsvi'briik-en 

Zwickau,  tsySklcoa 

Zwolle,  ZTOl'le 


SELECT  PEONOUNCING  LIST  OF 
MODEKN  BIOGRAPHICAL"  ITAMES. 


These  names  are  pronoiulced  oa  the  same  principle  as  the  Modem  Geographical  Names.   See  the  introductor;  matter  to  that  List. 


Aa,  a 

Abailard,  a'ba-iard 
Abauzit,  a-bo-z5 
Abhassides,  ab'as-idz 
Abba^e,  ab-ba'ta 
Abbatucci,  ab-ba-tuch'S 
Abel  (GerJ,  a'bel 
Abelard,  ab'e-lard  or  a-ba-lar 
Abencerrage,  a-ben'se-raj 
Abercromby,  ab'6r-krum-bi 
Abemethy,_ab'er-neth-i 
AbicTit,  a'becAt       . 
Abildgaard,  a'bild-gord 
Abinger,  ab'in-j6r 
About,  a-ba 
Achard,  a-shar 
Achmet,  acA'met 
Acnnha,  a-kun'yS 
Adair,  a-dar'" 
Adam  (Fr.),  a-don 
AdansoB,  il-don-son 
Adelung,  a'de-lung 
Agassiz,  ag'a-s5" 
Agnesi,  an-ya'sS 
Agnew,  ag'nti 
Agnolo,  an'yo-l5 
Agoult,  a-go 
Aguesseau,  a-ges-o  ' 
Aguilar,  a-ge-lar  ■ 
Ahmed,  acS'med  ' 
Aiguillon,  a-^S-yon 
Ainslie,  anzli 
Aladdin,  a-lad'din 
Alaric,  al'a-rlk 
Albani,  al-ba'nS     , 
Albert  (Fr.),  al-bSr 
Albornoz,  al-bor-noth 
Albrecht,  ai'brec/it 
Albret,  d'.  dal-brS 
'Albuquerke,  al-bi;v-^erk'ft 
Alculn,  al'kwin 


Aldobrandini,  al^do-bran-de'ne 
Aldrich,  al'dnch 
Aleman,  i-le-man' 
Alembert,  a-lon-bar 
Aleyn,  al'in 
Alflen,  ai-f5-5'r6 
Alford,  al'ford 
Alighieri,  a-l5-g5-5't5 
Allard,  al-lar 
AUeyn,  al'in 
Allori,  al-lo'rS 
Allsop,  al'sop 
AUston,  al'stoH' 
Almagro,  al-ma'gr5 
Almohades,  al'mo-hSdz 
Almoravides,  al-mO'ra-vidz 
Alpini,  al-p6'n6 
Alsop,  al'sop 
Alvarado,  ai-va-ra'THo 
Alvarez  (Sp.),  al-va-reth' 
Alyarez  (Port.),  al'va-res 
Alvinczy,  al-vint'si 
Amadeo,  a-ma-da'o 
Amadeus,  a-ma-d6'u8 
Amalie,  a-ma'l5-e 
Amboise,  on-bwaz 
Amerigo,  a-mer'i-gS 
Amory,  am'o-ri 
Ampere,  on-pSj 
Amyot,  a-m9-o 
Ancelot,  ons-lo 
Ancillon,  on-s5-yon 
Andr6  (Fr.),  on-dra 
Andrea,"  an-dra'a 
Andrieux,  on-drB-ea 
Annesley,  anz'li 
Anquetil,  on-kfr-tSl 
Anstruther,  an'stru-rair  or 

an'ster 
Aquinas,  a-kwi'nas 
Ara^o,  a-ra-gS 


Arbuthnot,  arTiuth-not ;  in 

Scotland,  ar-buth'not 
Archenholz,  ar'c^en-hOlta 
Aretino,  a-re-t6'no 
Argensola,  ar-cAen-sSia 
Anosto,  a-r5-os'to 
Amaud,  ar^no 
Amauld,  ar-n5 
Arnault,  ar-n5 
Amdt,  arnt 
Amould',  ar-ntt 
Arouet,  a-ra-R 
Arteveld,  ar'te-velt 
Artevelde,  ar-te-vel'de 
Ascham,  a^am 
Assheton,  ash'tun 
Auber,  o-bar 
Aubign6,  6-be-nya 
Aubrey,  i^'bri 
Audebert,  od-bar 
Audubon,  o-dU-bon  or  a'du-bon 
Auerbach,  ou'*r-bacA 
Auger,  o-zha 
Augereau,  ozh-ro 
Augier,  o-zhe-a 
Augustine,  a'gus-tin 
Aulnoy,  o-nwa 
Aumale,  o-mal 
Avellaneda,  a-vel-ya-na'sHft 
Averroes,  a-ver'o-es 
Avila,  a'v6-ia 
Ayala,  a-ya'ia 
Azara.  a-tha'rtt 
Azeglio,  '^d-zel'yj» 

Babeuf.'^b^fif 
Baccio,  bat'chs 
Bacciochi,  bat-chok^ 


Bach,  h^eh 

Bache,  bach 

Bagehot,  baj'ofc 

Bahadur,  ba-ha'dijr 

Bahr,  bar 

Bailey,  baOi 

Bailliei  beli 

Baillon,  ba-ySn 

Bajazet,  baj  a-zet 

Bakhuysen,  bak-hoi'zen 

Balboa,  bai-bo'a 

Baldwin,  bjild'win 

Balfour,  bal'fvjr;  in  Scotland, 

bal-far' 
Baliol,  ba'li-ol 
Balsamo,  bal-sa'mS 
Balzac,  bftl-zak 
Ban6r,  ba-nSr' 
Barbauld,  barT3?ild 
Barberini,  bar-be-re'n6 
Barbier,  bar-b5-a 
Barbiere,  bar-b€-a'ri 
Barbour,  bar'bfer 
Barere,  ba-rar 
Barham,  bar'am 
Baring,  ba'ring  i 

Barmecide,  bar'me-Mtt 
Bamave,  bar-nav 
Barnes,  bamz      . 
Bameveldt,  bar'ne-velt 
Barocci,  ba-rof  chB 
Barras,  barr*    , 
Barrett,  bar'et 
Bairot,  bar-o 
Barth,  bart 

Barth61emy,  bar-toJ-m8 
Barthfes,  bar-tft 
BartoU,  bar'to-lS 
Bartolozzi,  bar-to-lot'sS 
Bartsoh,  ba,rch 
Bastiat,  bas-ts-ft 


3,  job;  y,  ves;  th,  tften;  th,$fiin;  z*i,aeure.       French,  vile,  Mt;  hlA,n^;  n,  on. 


Scotoh  and  German,  eh,  locA,  nac^t. 
63 


834 


MODERN   BIOGRAPHICAL   NAilES. 


Bathori,  ba'to-r5 
iJathurst,  bath'first 
Batthyanyi,  bat-ya'nyS 
Bauer,  bou'6r 
Bauhin,  bo-an 
Baumann,  bou'm&n 
Baumeister,  bou'mis-ter 
Bautngartner,  boum'gert-ne» 
Baur,  boar 
Bayard,  ba'ard 
Bayazid,  ba-ya-z5d' 
Beaconsfield,  be'konz-fSld 
Beaton,  be'toa 
Beattie,  bet'i 

Beauchamp  (Eng.),  bs'cham 
Beauohamp  (Fr.),  bo-shon 
Beauclerc,  bo'kUrk 
Beaufort  (Eng.),  bo'fort 
Beaufort  (Fr.j.  bo-for 
Beauhamais,  bo-ar-nS 
Beaumarchais,  b5-m&r-sh& 
Beaumont,  bo  mont 
Beccaria,  bek-a-rOa 
Bechstein,  becA'stiu 
Beethoven,  ba't5-vn 
Behm,  bam 
Behn,  ben 
Behr,  bar 
BehrenSj  b&'renz 
Belknap,  bel'nap 
Bellamy,  bera-mi 
Bellarmin,  bel-iar'tnui 

Bellenden,  bel'en-den 

Bellini,  bel-le'n6 

BeUot,tel-o 

Belon,  b6-lon 

Belzoni,  bel-z5'n8 

Bcngel,  beng'el 

Benoit,  be-nwa 

Bentham.  ben'tham 

Bentivoglio,  ben-te-vol'yo 

B^ranger,  ba-ron-zha 

Beresford,  ber'es-ford 

Berger,  ber-zha 

Berghaus,  berg'hous 

B^not,  ba-re-o 

Berkeley,  bfefke-li,  almost 
barkli 

Berlioz,  ber-l5-5 

Bernier,  ber-n5-5 

Bernini,  ber-ne'nS 

Bernoulli,  Bernouilll,ber-n0l-y6 

Benrer,  ber-6-a 

Berthier,  ber-te-S 

Berthollet,  ber-tol-S 

Besant,  be-zant' 

Bessemer,  bes'e-mer 

Bessiferes,  bes-e-ir 

Betham,  beth'am 

B^thencourt,  ba-ton-kSr 

Bethune,  be'tun 

Bettini,  bet-te'nS 

Bewick,  ba'ik 

Bichat,  be-sha 

Bilderdijk,  bU'der-cUk 

Billaud,  be-yo 

Biot,  be-o  or  b5-ot 

Biron,  be-rOn 

Bischoff,  bish'of 

Bismarck,  biz'mark 

Bjonison,  byetim'son 

Blainville,  blan-vel 

Blanc,  blon 

Blanchard,  blan'sharf 

Blanche,  -blansh 

Blanqui,  blon-k8 

Bljgh,  bli 

Bloch,  blocA 

Blount,  blunt 

Blucher,  blfi'cAer 

Blumenbach,  bl(J'ir'"i-'bacA 

Boccaccio,  bok-kai  mo 

Boccherini,  bok-ke-r6'nS 

Bockh,  beuk 

Boece,  bois 

Boeckn,  beTik 

Boerhaave,  bOrTia-Te 

Bohme,  bml'me 

Boieldieu,  bwal-dy^ 

Boileau,  bwa-l5 

Boisserfe,  bwas-rS 

Bojardo,  bo-yar'dS 

Boleyn,  b^l'in 

Bolivar,  bo-le'var 

Bonaparte,  bon-a-pSrt;  It. 
proa.  bS-nft-par'ta 

Bonneur,  bo-n^ar 

Bonnet,  bon-a 


Bonpland,  bon-plon 
Borghese,  bor-ga'ze 
Borgia,  bor'ja 
Borroraeo,  bor-ro-ma'o 
Boscawen,  bos-ka'en 
Bosquet,  bos'ks 
Bossuet,  bos-sw  , 
Boswell,  boz'wel 
Bosworth,  boz'wfirth 
Botticelli,  bot-te-chellS 
Bouclcault,  bo'si-ko 
Bouflers,  bo-flar 
Boulton,  bol'tun 
Bourbon,  bor-bon 
Bourdaloue,  bOr-dS-IO 
Bourke,  b6rk 
Boussingault,  bO-ean-go 
Bowdoin,  bo'dn 
Bowen,  bo'en 
Bowles,  bolz 
Bowring,  bou'ring 
Bozzaris,  bot'sa-ns 
Brahe,  bra'e 
Bramah,  bra'ma 
Br^ntdme,  broi\-tom 
Brauwer,  brou'er 
Bremer,  bre'mer 
Brentano,  bren-ta'no 
Breughel,  breti'c/iel 
Brinvilliers,  bran-v5l-ya 
Brissot,  bres-o 
Broglie,  brol-yS 
Brongniart,  bron-ne-ar 
Bronte,  bron'te 
Brougham,  brO'am  or  br8m 
Broussais,  bros-a 
Brunei,  brn-nel' 
BrunellescHi,  brS-nel-esTcS 
Brunei,  brft-na 
Bruyfere,  bril-yar 
Bryant,  bri'ant 
Buccleuch,  buk-l8' 
Buch,  bucA 

Buchan,  buk'an  or  bucA'an 
Buchanan,  buk-an'an 
Buflfon,  bu-fOn 
Bugeaud,  bfi-zho 
Bugge,  bug'ge 
Bulow,  bfl'lo 
Bulwer,  bul'wSr 
Bunsen,  bun'sen 
Buonaparte,  bu-S-nS-par'te 
Burckhardt,  burkTiart 
Burdett,  ber-det' 
Burger,  biir'ger 
Burges,  bSr'jes 
Burghley,  ber'll 
Bungny,  bii-re-ny6 
Burke,  D6rk 
Bumes,  bfemz 
Burnet,  b^r'net 
Busby,  buz'bi 
Byron,  bi'ron 

c. 

Caballero,  ka-val-yer'5 
Cabanis,  ka-ba-n^ 
Cabot,  kab'ot 
Cabral,  ka-bral' 
Cabrera,  ka-bra'itt 
Cadet,  ka-da 
Cadogan,  ka-du'gan 
Csedraon,  kad'mon 
Cagliostro,  kal-yos'trS 
Cagnola,  kan-yola 
Cagnoli,  kan-yoli 
Caius(  ohn),  kez 
Calamy,  kal'a-mi 
Caldara,  kal-da'ra 
Calderon,  kal-de-ron' 
Calhoun,  kal-hOn' 
Calmet,  kal'ma 
Cambac^r^s,  kon-ba-sft-res 
Cameron,  kam'er-on 
Camofins,  kam'o-enz 
Campan,  kon-pon 
Campbell^  kam'bel 
Camneggio,  kam-pej'o 
Candolle,  kon-dol 
Canova,  ka-no'va 
Canrobert,  kon-ro-bar 
Can  tern  ir,  kftn'te-mer 
Cantu,  k&n-tO' 
Canute,  kan-at'  or  kaa'tit 
Capel,  kap'el 
Capell,  ka-pel' 


Capet,  ka'pet  or  ka-p& 
Carafa,  ka-ra'fa 
Caravaggio,  ka-ra-vad'jiJ 
Carew,  ka-ra' 
Carlisle,  kar-lil' 
Carlyle,  kar-lil' 
Camot,  kar-no 
Carracci,  kar-rat  ch5 
Carrier,  ka-re-a 
Carteret,  kar'te-ret 
Cartier,  kar-t€-a 
Casaubon,  ka-s^'bon 
Cases,  kaz 
Casimir,  kas'i-mer 
Caspari,  kas-pa're 
Cassagiiac,  kas-san-yak 
Cassini,  kas-se'ne 
Castanos,  kas-tan'yos 
Castiglione,  kas-t6l-yo'ne 
Castlereagh,  kas'l-ra 
Castr6n,  kas-tran' 
Catalani,  kat-a-la'n5 
Catherine,  kath'6r-ia 
Catinat,  ka-te-na 
Cavaignac,  ka-van-yak 
Cavendish,  kav'en-dish,  kau- 

dish 
Cavour,  ka-viJr' 
Caylus,  ka-ltis 
Cecil,  sis'il 
Cellini,  chel-lS'n6 
Cenci,  chen'chs 
Centlivre,  sentliv-Sr 
Cervantes,  s6r-van'tez;  Stian. 

ther-van'tes 
Cesalpino,  cha-sal-p6'no 
Cesare,  cha'sa-ra 
Cesarotti,  cha-sa-rot't6 
Chabas,  sha-ba 
Chabot,  sha-bo 
Chalmers,  cha'mferz 
Chambord,  shon-bor 
Ctiamisso,  sha-mis'o 
ChampoUion,  shon-pol-you 
Chandos,  chan'dos 
Channing,  chan'ing 
Chapone,  sha-pon' 

Charlemagne,  sharle-man 

Chartres,  shartr 

Chasles,  shal 
Chateaubriand,  sha-t5-br5-on 

Chatelet,  shat-la 

Chaucer,  chft's&r 

Ch^aier,  sha-ne-a 

Cherubini,  ker-u-b5'n5 

ChejTie,  chan 

Chiabrera,  ke-a-bra'ra 

Chichele,  chich'e-le 

Chisholm,  chiz'om 

Chladni,  chlid'nB 

Choiseul,  shwa-zefil 

Choisy,  shwa-ze 

Cholmondely,  chumll 

Chopin,  sho-pan 

Christie,  kris'ti 

Christison,  kris'ti-sun 

Chrysoloras,  kris-o-lo'ras 

Chrysostom,  kris'os-tom 

Cimabue,  che-ma-biJ'a 

Cinq^  Mars,  sank-mara 

Cipriani,  che-pre-a'n6 

Clairaut,  kla-ro 

Clarendon,  klar'en-don 

Claude,  klod 

Claverhouse,  klav'ir-hons 

Clavigero,  kla-ve-cAa'ro 

Clavijo,  kla-veTio 

Clement,  klem'ent 

Clootz,  klots 

Clough,  kluf 

Clowes,  klouz 

Cochrane,  kocA'ran 

Cockbum,  ko'bem 

Coehoom,  kaTiom 

Colbert,  kol-bar 

Colebrooke,  kollDrbk 

Colenso,  ko-len'so 

Coleridge,  kol'rij 

Coligny,  kol-en-y5 

Colquhoun,  ko-hOn 

Combe,  kom  or  kbm 

Comines,  ko-m6n 

Comte,  kont 

Cond^,  kon-da 

Condillac,  kon-d5-yak 

Condorcet,  kon-dor-sa 

Contarini,  kon-ta-r5'ne 

Conybeare,  kon'i-ber 


Coombe,  kbm 
Copernicus,  kO-pfir'ni-kus 
Corbould,  kor'bold 
Corneille,  kor-na-y6 
ComwalhSj^  korn-wol'is 
Corot,  ko-ro 
Correggio,  ko-red'jo 
Cortes,  kor'tes 
Cortez,  kor'tez 
Cottin,  kot-an 
Coulanges,  kb-lonzh 
Coulomb,  kb-loa 
Cousin,  ko-zan 
Coutts,  kbts 
Cowley,  kouli 
Cowper,  kb'p6r 
Cranacn,  kra'nacft 
Crashaw,  krash'ft 
Creasy,  kre'si 
Cr^billon,  kra-bg-yon 
Creighton,  kra'ton 
Crichton,  kri'ton 
Cruikshank,  krbk'shank 
Cubitt,  ku'bit 
CuUen,  kul'en 
Cuthbert,  kuthljfert 
Cuvier,  k<i-ve-a 
Cuyp,  koip 
Cyril,  sir*!! 
Czermak,  cher'mak 
Czerny,  cher'nC 

J>, 

Dacier,  dar8e-& 

Dagobert,  dag'o-bfert 

Daguerre,  daiar 

Daguesseau,  (w-ges-S 

Dahl,  dal 

Dalhousie,  dal-hb'zi 

Dallas,  dal'as 

Dalrymple,  dal-rim'pl 

Dalzell,  de-el' 

Dampier,  dam'p6r 

Dana,  da'na 

Dandolo,  dan'do-lo 

Dante,  dan'ta 

Danton,  don-tba 

D'Arblay,  dar'bia 

Dasent,  da'sent 

Daubenton,  db-bon-t<5n 

Daubeny,  ds^'be-ni 

Daun,  doun 

Davenant,  dav'e-nant 

David  (Fr.),  da-ved 

Davoust,  da-viJ 

Davout,  da-vtt 

Deak,  da'ak 

Decazes,  dfe-kSz 

De  la  Beche,  d6  la  bash' 

Delacroix,  d6-la-krw& 

Delambre,  d^lon-br 

Delisle,  d6-l6l 

Delitsch,  da'leoh 

Deluc,  de-lak 

Demoivre,  d6-mwttvr 

Desaix,  de-sa 

Descartes,  da-kart 

Desmoulins,  da-mO-Iaa 

Dessalines,  da-sa-lCa 

Deutsch,  doich 

Devereux,  dev'6r-0 

Devrient,  dev-re-an 

De  Wette,  de  vet'te 

Diderot,  ded-ro 

Didot,  de-do 

Diebitsch,  deTD5ch 

Diefenbach,  de'fea-bacft 

Dietrich,  dS'tricA 

Dietz,  dets 

Diez,  dets 

Dilke,  dilk 

Disraeli,  diz-rali 

Dobell,  do-bel' 

Dbderlein,  d^'der-liu 

Does,  dbs 

Dolce,  dol'cha 

Dolet,  do-la 

Dbllinger,  d^l'ing-er 

Dolomieu,  dol-o-my^ 

Domenichino,  dG-men-e-k6'uo 

Domenico,  do-men'e-kO 

Dominic,  dom'i-nik 

Donati,  do-na'te 

Donizetti,  don-6-dzet'i6 

Dor6,  do-ra 

Douce,  dous 


Pate,  fir,  lat,  fflll ;     me,  met,  h6r,  golden;     pine,  pin;     nSte,  not,  move ;     tube,  tub,  bull ;     oil,  pound;     ch,  dtain;     g,  po; 


MODERN  BIOGRAPHICAL   NAMES. 


835 


'Douglas,  duglas 

Douw,  dou 

Dove  (Ger.),  d^ve 

Drelincourt,  dr6-lan-k8r 

Drouyn  de  Lhuys,  drO-an  d6  lw5 

Dubois,  du-bwa 

Dubufe,  dil-bftf 

Du  Cange,  du  konzh 

Du  ChaiUu,  du  sha-yii 

Duchatel,  du-sha-tel 

Duchesne^  du-shan 

Ducrot,  du-kro 

Dudevant,  diid-von 

Dufrenoy,  d<i-£ra-nwa 

Du  Guesclin,  du  ga-klan 

Duhamel,  da-a-mel 

Dujardin,  du-jar-dan 

Dumas,  dii-ma  ■ 

Dumont, 'd<i-m5n 

Dumouriez,  dii-miJ-rS-S 

Dunois,,  dii-nwa 

Dupleix,  du-pla 

Duplessis,  dti-plSrS6 

Duprat,  dii-pra 

Dupuis,  du-pw6 

Duquesne,  dH-kan 

Durer,  dft'rer 

Duruy,  du-rwS 

Duthie,  duth'i 

Duyckinck,  di'kingk 

Dwight,  dwit . 

Dyce,  dis 

Dyck  (Van),  6Sk 

E. 

Earle,  6rl 
Earlom,  6rlom 
Eaton,  e'tun 
Ebers,  ft'berz 
Edrisi,  ed-re'si 
Egede,  eg'e-de 
Egerton,  ej'6r-ton 
Eginhart,  a'gin-httrt 
Ehrenberg,  a'ren-bercA 
Eichhorn,  icAtom 
Eliot,  el'i-ot 
Ellesmere,  elz'mSr 
Elzevir,  el'ze-ver 
Enoke,  en'ke 
Engel,  eng'el 
Enghien,  on-g5-an 
EatviJs,  ft'eut-ve&sh 
Ercilla,  er-thel'ya 
Eric,  er'ik 
Erigena,  e-rij'e-na 
Erskine,  6r'skin 
Eschenbach,  esh'en-bftrt 
Espartero,  es-par-ter^ 
Esquiros,  es-k5-roB' 
Este,  es'ta 
Estrees,  es-trS 
Eugene,  a-jgn' 
Eugenie,  etl-zh'tl-nS 
Euler,  oi'lfer 
Evans,  ev'anz 
Evelyn,  ev'e-lin 
Ewald,  a'vftlt 
Ewart,  ti'art 
E-wing,  tl'ing 
Eyck,  ik 
Eyre,  ar 

F. 

Fabre,  fa-br 
Facciolati,  fat-cho-ia't6 
Faed,  fad 

Fahrenheit,  fa'ren-hit 
Falconer,  fak'nfef 
Fallen,  fa-Ie-a'rS 
Falkland,  fak'land 
Falkner,  f  ak'nfer 
Farnese,  fiir-na'za 
Far^uhar,  far'kwar  or  -whax 
Fatima,  fat'i-ma- 
Faucher,  fd-sha 
Faugfere,  fo-zhar 
Faust,  foust 
Favart,  fa-var 
Fa-wkes,  faks 
Fechter,  fesh'tfir 
i''*T..elon,  fan-Ion 
Fonwiclc,  fen'wik 
i'^raat,  ter-ma 
Fdtis,  f  a-t53 


Feuerbach,  foi'er-bacA 

FeuUlet.  f^-e-y& 

Pichte,  iScA'te 

Fleschi,  fe-es'ke 

Flguier,  f e-gg-a 

FUlcaja,  fe-le-ka'ya 

Fischer,  fish'er 

Fitzgerald,  fits-jer'ald 

Fitzroy,  fits-roi' 

Flahaut,  fla-o 

Flaubert,  flo-bar 

Flavel,  flav'el 

Fleming,  flem'ing 

Fleury,  fleu-re 

Flotow,  flo'to 

Flourens,  flii-ron 

Flttgel.  flfl'gel 

FoiX,  twa 

Fonblanque,  fon'blank 

Fontenelle,  font:nel 

Foote,  f ut 

Forbes,  forbz;  in  Scotland,  for'- 

bes 
Porcellini,  for-chel-l6'ne 
Forchhammer,  forcA'ham-e^ 
Formes,  f  or'mes 
Forster,  feTir'ster 
Forsyth,  for-sith' 
Fortescue,  for'tes-ka 
Fortuny,  for-t<}'nS 
Foscari,  fos'ka-rS 
Foscolo,  fos'ko-lo 
Fothergill,  foTH'6r-gil 
Foucault,  fo-ko 
Fouch(5,  fO-sha 
PouUb,  fou'lis 
Pouqu6,  fiJ'ka 
Fouquier,  fo-kS-a 
Fourier,  fo-re-a 
Eoy  (Fr.),  fwa 
Frac'astoro,  fra-kas-to'ro 
Prancesca,  fran-ches'ka 
Francia  (It.),  fran'cha 
Prancia  (Sp.),  fran'the-a 
Francois,  fron-swa 
Franz,  frants 
Fraunhof er,  f rounTiS-fer 
Freiligrath,  fri'le-grat 
Frelinghuysen,  fr5'Iing-hi-zn 
Presnel,  fra-nel 
Preund,  froint 
Preycinet.  fra-se-nft 
Preytag,  iri'tacA 
Friedrlch,  fre'drScfc 
Pries,  fres 
Proebel,  fr^'bel 
Froissart,  frois-art' 
Froude,  frOd 
Puchs,  fuks 
Pulton,  ful'tun 
PUrst,  ftlrat 
Puseli,  fa'se-l6 

a 

Gade,  ga'de 
Galen,  ga'Ien 
Galignani,  ga-l6-ny6'nB 
Galilei,  ga-le-la'e 
Galileo,  ga-le-l6'o 
Gait,  gait 
Galvani',  gal-va'n5 
Garcia,  gar'the-a 
Garcilaso,  gar-the-lft'so 
Gamier,  gar-n6-a 
Garofalo,  ga-ro-faio 
Gascoigne,  gas'koin 
Gauss,  gous 
Gtautama,  gtv'ta-ma 
Gautier,  go-ife-f, 
Gravazzi,  ga-vat-sC 
Gay-Lussac,  ga-lii-sttk 
Geddes,  ged'es 
Geefs,  gafs 
Geibel.  gVhel 
G^iger,  gi'ger 
Gellert,  gel'erfc 
Genest,  zh6-na 
Genevieve,  jen'e-v5v 
Genevifeve,  zhen-v5-av 
Genghis  Khan,  jen'gis  kSn 
Genlis,  zhon-les 
Genseric,  jen'se-rik 
Geoffrey,  jef'ri 
Geoffroy,  zhof-rwS 
Geoghegan,  gS'gan 
Gerard,  jer'ard 


Gerard,  zhB-ritr 
Giricamt,  zh5riS-ko 
Grerstacker,  ger'stek-er 
Gervlnus,  ger-ve'nus 
Gesenius,  ge-se'jii-us 
Gesner,  ges'ner 
Gessler,  ges'ler 
Ghiberti,  gS-be'r'tS" 
Ghirlandaio,  ggr-ian-da'yo 
Gibbon,  gib'on 
Gibson,  gib'sun 
Gifford,  gif'ord 
Gilbert,  gil'bert 
Gilchrist,  gij,'kri8t 
Giles,  jilz 
Gilfillan,  gil-fil'an 
Gill,  gU 

Gillespie,  gil-es'pi 
Gillies,  gil'iz 
GiUott,  gil'ot 
Gillray,  gil'ra 
Gilpin,  gU'pin 
Giordano,  jor-da'ji3 
Giorglone,  jor-jo'nS 
Giotto,  jot'o 
Glraldus,  ji-ral'dua 
Girardln,  zhe-rar-dan 
Giulio,  ja'le-o 
Gleig,  gleg 
Gluck,  gl\ik 
Gmelin,  gma'lSn 
Godiva,  go-di'va 
Grodolphin,  go-dol'fin 
Godoy,  go-do'e 
Goethe,  g^-te 
Goldoni,  gol-do'nS 
Goodall,  gud'al 
Goodrich,^eud'rich 
G&rres,  geures 
Gortchakoff,  gor'cha-kof 
Goschen,  go'snen 
Gsschen,  g^'shen 
Gosse.  gos 
Gougn,  gof 
Gould,  gald 
Gounod,  gb-nS 
Gower,  gou'6r 
Graeme,  gram 

gShtSe,}«'^'-'»0'^8'''°» 
Gramont,  gra-mon 
Granger,  gran'jSr 
Granville,  gran'vil 
Greaves,  grevz 
Greenougn,  gr6n'5 
Gregorv,  greg'o-ri 
Grenville,  gren'vil 
Gresham,  gresh'am 
Greuze,  gr^tlz 
Greville,  grev'il 
Grillparzer,  grSl-par-tser 
Grimaldi,  gre-mal'ds 
Grisebach,  gr5'ze-bacA 
Grisi.  grs'se 
Groot,  grot 
Qros,  gro 

Grosvenor,  gro'vn-6r 
Grotius,  grS'shi-us 
Grouchy,  grS-sh5 
Grundtvig,  grnnt'vig 
Guarini,  gwa-fe'ne 
Guameri,  gwar-na'rS 
Guercino,  gwer-che'no 
Gu6rin,  ga-ran 
Guesclin,  ga-klan 
Guglielmi,  gul-yel'mS 
Guicciardinij'gwSt-char-d6'n5 
Guiccioli,  gwet-cho'l8 
Guide  Reni,  gwe'do  ra'ng 
GuiUotin,  gg-yo-tan 
Guise,  gwez 
Guizot,  g5-zo  or  gTv5-zo 
Gustavus,  gus-ta'vus 
Guthrie,  guth'ri 
Gutzkow,  gotsTso 
GiltzlaflF,  gtltsaaf 
■Guy,gi  ' 

Gnyon,  gi'on ;  Pr.  ge-yon 
Guyot,  gg-o 
Guytbn,  gwg-ton 
Guzman,  g\itt  ».iln' 

H. 

Haase,  htt'ze 

Hachette,  a-shet 
Hacklander,  haklan-der 


Hseckel,  hek'el 
Hagedom,  ha'ge-dom 
Haghe,  hag 

Hahnemann,  ha'ne-man 
Hakluyt,  hak'ltit 
Hal^vy,  a-la-v6 
HaUburton,  hal'i-bgr-tun 
Hamertpn,  nam'6r-tun 
Handel,  han'del ;  Ger.  Handel 

ben'del 
Hardicanute,  har-dl-ka-nat' 
Hardinge,  har'din^ 
Hardouln,  ar-dwan 
Hardwicke,  hard'wik 
Hargreaves,  har'grevz 
Haroun-al-Basohid,  lia-rSn'&l 

•  rash'ed 
Hastings,  has'tingz 
HaufF,  houf 
Haughton,  h^'ton 
Haupt,  houpt 
Hauy,  a-we 
Havelock,  hav'e-lok 
Haydn,  hi'dn 
Haynau,  hi'nou 
Heame,  hgm 
Heemskerk,  hBmz^erk 
Heeren,  ha'ren 
Hegel,  ha'gel 
Heine,  hi'ne 
Helnsms^  hin'si-us 
H<Sloise,  a-l5-gz 
Hemans,  hem'anz 
Hengist,  heng'gisfc 
Herbelot,  erb-lo 
He-lot,  her'i-ot 
H6rold,  hS-rold 
Herrera,  er-^r'a 
Herschel,  hgr'shel 
Heuglin,  hoi'glin 
Heyne,  hi'ne 
Heyse,  hi'ze 
Hilaiy,  hil'a-ri 
Hoadley,  hod'li 
Hoche,  osh 
Hohenlohe,  ho'en-lo-e 
Hohenstaufen,  ho'en-stou-f«n 
Hohenzollem,  ho'«n-tsol-em 
Holbein,  hol'bin 
Holmes,  homz 
Horace,  hor'as 
Houdln,  O-dan 
Houghton,  ho'ton 
Houssaye,  O-sa 
Hovrard,  hou'ard 
Howe,  hou 
Howell,  hou'el 
Howitt,  hou'it 
Huber,  A-bar 
Httbner,  hiib'ner 
Huctik 
Huet,  ti-a 
Hughes,  hOz 
Hugo,  <i-go 
Humboldt,  h\im'bolt 
Huss,  husB 
Hutten,'hufen 
Huyghens,  hoi'genz 
Huysum,  noi'sum 
Hyacintbe,  g-a-sant 

I. 

Ibrahim',  5-bra-hemv 
Ideler,  e'de-ler 
Ihre,  e're 
Ingelow,  ing'ge-15 
Ingleby,  inggl-bi 
Inglis,  ing'glz 
Ingres,  an-gr 
Inigo,  in'i-go 
Innes,  in'es 
Irene,  i-re'ne- 
Ireton,  ir'ton 
Iriarte,  e-rS-ar'te 
Isidore,  iz'i-dor 
Iturbide,  5-tur-b6'?H0 
Ivan,  e-van' 

J. 

Jacobi,  ya-k<5T3S 
Jacquard,  zha-ktlr 
Jahn,  yan 
Jameson,  ja'me-sun 
J,anin,  zha-nan 


-yob;  y,  yes;   va,  then;  th,  thin ;   sh,  asure.        French.  Vfte,  biit;  bleu,  neuf;   d,  on.        Scotch  and  Gezmau,  cfc.  loch,  nacftt. 


836 


MODERN   EIOGIii-PHICAL   NAMES. 


Jansen,  ySn'sen 
Jeanne  d'Aro,  zh&n-o&ik 
Jean  Paul,  zhan  ponl 
Jengis,  jen'gis 
Jerome,  jer'om 
Joachim,  yo'a-cAem 
Joinville,  zhoan-v5l 
Jordaens,  yor'danz 
Joubert,  znO-bar 
Jouffro^,  zhSf-rwH 
Joule,  jol 

Jovellanos,  cAo-vel-yft'nos 
Juan,  cfto-an' 
Juarez,  cAo-a'res- 
Julien,  zhA-le-an 
Jung,  yung 
Junot,  zh-fi-nS 
Jussiea,  zhiis-y^ 

K 

KSmpfer,  kemp'ftr 
Kanaris,  Ka'nS^res 
Kauffman,  kouf  miiii 
Kaulbach,  koul'b&cA 
Kavanagh,  kay'a-n& 
Kean,  ken 
Kearny,  kar'ni 
Keats,  kets 
Keble,  keTil 
Keightley,  ketlt 
Keim,  kim 
Keith,  ketn 
Kingsley,  kingzTl 
Klaproth,  klap'riJt 
K16ber,  kla-bar 
Knapp,  nap 
Kneller,  nel'6r 
Knowles,  nSLs 
Knut,  knut 
Kohler,  k^ler 
KOnig,  k^'nig 
Korner,  k^Wner 
Kosciusko,  kos-i-us'ko 
Kossuth,  kos-shat' 
Kotzebue,  kot'se-b8 
Kranach,  kra'nac^ 
Krummacher,  kr\im'&-cAer 
Kuhn,  kon 
Kuhner,  k^'ner  ' 
Kuyp,  koip      - 
Kyrle,  k6rl , 


Labat,  la-ba 
Lablache,  I^bUsh  ' 
Labouchere,  Iab'0-shBr 
Lac^pfede,  la-sa-p&d 
Lacroix,  iS-krwa 
Laennec,  l^n-ek 
Laer,  lar 

Lafayette,  la-f5-yet 
liamarmora,  la-mar'mo-ril 
Ijamartine,  la-mar-t6n 
Lamennais,  la-men-S 
Langloig,  lon-glwa 
liankester,  langk'es-t£r 
Lannes,  lan 
Latham,  la'iHam 
Latreille,  la-tra-y& 
Laudon,  lou'don 
Lavater,  la-va'ter 
Lavoisier,  la-vwa-sB-B 
Layard,  la'ard 
Leake,  lek 
Leblanc,  l6-blon 
Leboeuf ,  l6-btif 
Lebrun,  l6-brun  • 
Leeuwenboek,  l5'fl-Ten-h0k 
Lefebvre,  l6-favr 
Leffevre,  le-f avr 
Legendre,  16-zhondr 
Leibnitz  or  Leibniz,  Bp'nets 
Leigh,  18 
Leighton,  iK'ton 
Tjcland,  lel'and  or  leland 
Lely,  16'li 
Lemaistre,  16-inatr 
Lempriere,  lem'pri-ar 
L'Enclog,  lon-klo 
Lesley  or  Leslie,  lesll 
Leaseps,  l&-seps 
L'Estrange,  le-itrOnj 
Lesueur,  Ife-stl-^tU: 
Lever,  le'rSr 


Leverrier,  16-va-re-5 

Lewes,  la'es 

Lewis,  la'is 

Liebig,  le'becft 

Ligonier,  lig'o-nSr 

Linacre,  lin'a-k6r 

Lindsay,  lin'ze 

Liszt,  lest 

Llorente,  lyo-ren'tS 

Lookhart,  lok'art 

Longueville,  lon-v6l 

Lope  de  Vega,  lo'p5  de  vS'g^ 

Loudon,  lou'don 

Lowe,  15 

Lowell,  lo'el 

Loyola,  loi-oia 

Ltlbke,  lup'ke 

Luther,  lo'ther;  Ger.  WieT 

Lutzow,  Itif  so 

Lyell,  li'el 

Lyon,  li'on 

Lyttelton,  litl-ton 

M. 

Maa8,ma8 
Macaulay,  ma-kt^'le . 
Macchiavelli,Machiavelli,  mttk- 

ya  Telle 
Mackay,  ma-ki'  or  ma-ka' 
Maclean,  mak-lan' 
Macleod,  mak-loud' 
Msxlise,  mak-les' 
MacMahon,  mak-ma-od 
Macready,  mak-r6'di 
Magellan,  ma-gel'an 
Magendie,  ma-zhon-d5 
Maginn,  ma-gin' 
Magliabecchi,  mal-ya-bek'6 
Maguire,  ma-gwir' 
Mahmoud,  ma'mcid 
Mahomet,  ma-hom'et 
Mahon,  ma'on 
Mahony,  ma-hon'i 
Maimonides,  mi-njon'i-dSz 
Maintenon,  man-tfr-nSn 
Mainwaring,  man'a-ring 
Maistre,  matr 
Malcolm,  mal'kom 
Malebranche,  mal-bronsh 
Malesherbes,  mal-zarb 
Malone,  ma-lon' 
Malte-Brun,  malt-briin 
Mantegna,  man-tan'ya 
Manteuflfel,  man'toi-fel 
Manzoni,  man-dso-ne 
Marat,  ma-rS 
Marivaux,  ma-re-vo 
MaYjoribanks,  march'banks 
Marlowe,  mar'lo 
Marochetti,  ma-ro-ket'6 
Marot,  ma-ro 
Mars  (Madame),  mars 
Marsigli,  mar-s6'ly5 
Martineau,  mar'ti-nS 
Martini,  mar-te'ne 
Masaccio,  ma-sat'cho 
Masanlello,  ma-sa-ne-ell5 
Masham,  mash'am 
Masstoa,  ma-sa-na 
MassiUon,  ma-sS-yon 
Massinger,  mas'in-jer 
Mather,  math'er  or  xaSfwair 
Matsys,  mat'sis 
Maturin,  mat'a-rin 
Maughan,  man 
Maupertuis,  mo-per-'tw6 
Maurepas,  mof-pa 
Maurice,  ma'ris 
MavrocordatoB,  mttv-ro-kor-da': 

•  tos 
Majmwaxing,  man'a-ring 
Mazarin,  ma-za-ran  ot  maz'a- 

ren 
Mazzini,  mat-85'nS 
Mdchain,  ma-shan 
Medici,  med'i-chs 
M6hul,  ma-iil 
Meissonier,  ma-Bon-5-a 
Melanchthon,  me-lank'thon 
Mendelssohn,  men'dels-zon 
Menzies,  ming'is  or  meng'is 
Mercator,  mer-ka'tor 
Meredith,  mer'e-dith 
M6rim6e,  ma-r6-ma 
Meulen,  m^'len 
Meyer,  ml'er 


Meyerbeer,  mi'er-bar 

Michel,  mSsh-el 

>Iichelet,  mesh-la 

Mickievitch,  mets-kya'vech 

Mieris,  me'ris 

Migne,  men-y6 

Millais,  mil-la' 

Millet,  me-ya 

Milnes,  milz 

Mirabeau,  m5-ra-bo 

Mirandola,  m6-ran'do-ia 

Moawiyah,'mo-a-we'ya 

Mohammed,  mo-ham'ed 

Mohs,  mos 

Moivre,  mwa;vr 

Moli^re,  mol-yar 

Molina,  mo-l6'na 

Moltke,  molfke 

Molyneux,  mol'i-nOks  or  mol'l- 

.    na 
MoncreiflF,  mon-kr6f 
Monroe,  mun:ro' 
Montague,  mon'targU 
Montaigne,  mon-tan 
Montalembert,  mon-ta-lon-bar 
Montcalm,  mon-kalm 
Montecuculi,  mon-ta-kO'kij-le 
Montefiore,  mon-ta-fe-o'ra 
Montemayor,  mon-ta-ma-yor' 
MontespajQ,  mon-tes-pon 
Montesqtueu,  rnon-tes-kymi 
Montgolfier,  mon-gol-fs-a 
Montgomery,  mont-gum'er-i 
Montmorency,  mont-mo-ren'si 
Montpensier,  mon-pan-se-a 
Moore,  mor  or  mSr 
Morales,  mo-ralez 
Moratin,  mor-a-ten'" 
Moreau,  mo-r5 
Moscheles,  mosh'e-les 
Mosheim,  mosTiim 
Motteux,  mot'a 
Mozart,  mo-zart';  Ger.  mo'tsart 
MUller,  mul'er;  almost  mll'fer 
Muloch,  mulok 
Mulready,  mul-red'i 
Munchhausen,  mtincVhou-zen; 

Eng.    Munchausen,    muu- 

chft'sn 
Murat,  m<i-i* 
Muratori,  mS-ra-to'rS 
Murchison,  mer'chi-sun 
Murdoch,  mfer'dok;  Sc.mur'docft 
Murillo,  mo-rel'yo 
Murray,  mur'i 
Musaus,  ma-za'\iS 
Musset,  m-ft-sa 
Mustapha,  mus'ta-fa 
Mytens,  ml'teuz 

K. 

Nadir  Shah,  na'dSr  sha 
Napier,  na'pi-er- 
Narvaez,  nar-va'eth 
Nasmyth,  na'smith 
Naumann,  nou'man 
Navarrete,  na-var-ra't& 
Neale,  nel   , 
Neander,  n5-an'der 
Nemours,  n6-m8r 
Newcomb,  nti'ktim 
Newcomen,  nO.'kum-en 
Ney,  na 

Niccoli,  nek'o-l5 
Niccolini,  ne-ko-l6'n5 
Nicholas,  nik'o-las 
Nicolai,  ne'ko-li 
Nicot,  n5-ko 
Niebuhr,  neljOr 
Niel,  ne-el 
Niepce,  ne-eps 
Nisard,  ne-zar 
Nitzsch,  nech 
Noailles,  no-a-y6 
NoUekens,  nol'e-kenz 
Nordenskjbld,  nor'den-shmild 
Nostradamus,  nos-tra-da'mus 
Novalis,  no-vaiis 
Nunez,  nOn'yeth 
TJyerup,  i^tU'e-r^jp 

o. 

Gates,  Sts 
Odoacer,  od-o-5'ser 
Oehlenschlager,  ^len-shla-ger 


Oersted,  ^r'sted 
Offenbach,  of'en-bak 
Ogilvie,  O'gl-vi 
Ohm,  om 

Oldys,  ol'dis  or  oldz 
Olivarez,  ol-e-va'reth 
Oosterzee,  Os'ter-za 
Orbigny,  or-ben-y6 
Orcagna,  or-kan'ya  . 
Orellana,  o-rel-ya'na 
Orfila,  or-fe'la 
Origen,  or'i-jen 
Orsini,  or-s6'n6. 
Osbom,  oz'bom 
Osceola,  os-e-o'la 
O'Shaughnessy,  o-shg'nes-i 
Ossoli,  os'o-lg 
Ostade,  os-ta'de 
Oudinot,  0-de-n5 
Oughtred,  o'tred 
Ouseley,  ouz'li 
Outram,  ou'tram 
Owen,  o  en 


Pacheco,  pS-cha'kS 

Paganini,  pag-a-ne'ne 

Paget,  paj'et 

Paisiello,  pi-ze-ellS  . 

Palacky,  pa-lats'ke 

Palestrina,  pa-les-tr€'n& 

Palgrave,  pal'grftv 

Palissy,  pa-l'e-se 

Palmer,- pa'mfer 

Palmerston,  pa'mdr-ston 

Paninij  pa-ne'n6 

Panizzi,  pa-net's6  . 

Panmure,  pan-mOr' 

Paoli,  pou'le 

Papin,  pa-pan 

Paredes,  pa-ra'd«s 

Pareja,  pa-ra'cfta 

Pameli,  par'nel 

Pascal,  pas-kal 

Pasquier,  pas-k6-5 

Pasteur,  pas-t^r 

Paton,  pa'ton  or  pa'ton 

Pecci,  pet'chs 

Pelissier,  pe-le-s6-a 

Pellstier,  pel-t5-ft 

Pelb'co,  pel'i-ko 

Pepin,  pep'in;  Jr.  p6-pan 

Pepys,  peps  or  pep'is 

Percy,  peipsi 

Pereira,  p6r-a'ra;  Port,  pa-rft'6- 

ra  , 

Perez,  pa'reth 
Pergolesi,  per-g5-la'z8 
P^rier,  p5-r5-a 
Perrault,  pa-ro 
Persigny,  per-sGn-yS 
Perthes,  pertes 
Perugino,  pa-rij-je'no 
Peschel,  pa'shel 
Pestalozzi,  pes-ta-Iot'sS 
Potion,  pa-te-on 
Petbfi,  pe-t^'fe 
Petrarch,  pe'trark 
Petrie,  pe'tri  or  pet'ri 
Peyronnet,  pa-ro-na 
Pfeiffer,  pfif'er 
Picard,  p6-kar 
Piccini,  pet-che'n5 
Piccolomini,  pe-ko-lom'6-n5 
Pichegru,  pesh-grft 
Pichler,  pecft'ler 
Pickersgill,  pik'6rz-gil 
Pierre,  pe-ar ' 
Piloty,pe'lo-t8 
Pinturicchio,  p5n-t^rrek'e-o 
Pinzon,  pen-thon' 
Piozzi,  pe-ot'se 
Piranesi,  pe-ra-na'z6 
Pisano,  pe-za'no 
Pizarro,  pi-zar'o;  Sp.  p5-thar'r5 
Planche,  plan'shft 
Pleyel,  pli'el 
Pliny,  plin'i 
Plumptre,  plump'tr 
Plutarch,  plo'tark 
Podiebrad,  TJod-yatrttd 
Poitevin,  pwat-van 
Polignac,  po-len-yak 
Polk,  polk  or  pok 
Pompadour,  pon-ptt-dOr 
Poncelet,  i>Sns-I& 


Fate,  f&r, fat, fAll;_jgpe„ met,  b6r,  golden;    pine,  pin;    note, not, mOre;    tube, tub,  b\)ll ;    oil, pound;    cb,cftain;    g,goi 


MODERN   BIOGRAPHICAL  KAMES/ 


837 


Poniatowski,  po-ne-{l-tov'sk6 

Ponsard,  pon-6tlr 

Ponsonby,  pon'sun-bi  or  pons'- 

Pontchartrain,  pon-shiir-traa 

Porpora,  por'po-rti 

Portaels,  por'tals 

Portalis,  por-ta-l5s 

Potocki,  po-tots'k6 

Pouillet,  pO-ya 

Poussin,  p8-san  ' 

Pradier,  pril-d6-ft 

Praed,  prad 

Pressens6,  pra-son-sa 

Provost,  pra-vo 

Prichard,  prich'ard 

Prideaux,  prid'o 

Primaticcio,  pr5-ma-t5t'cho 

Priscian,  prish'i-an 

Proudhon,  prS-MiOn. 

Prout,  prout 

Ptolemy,  tol'e-mi 

Puget,  pfi'zha, 

Pughe,  pa 

Pugin,  pQ'jin 

Pulci,  pvil'chS 

Pulteney,  pult'ni 

Purcell,  pfer'sel 

Purchas,  pgr'chas 

Pusey,  pa'zi 

Pym,  pim 

Q. 

Juarles,  kwftrlz 
Juatrefages,  k^t» 
JuatremSre,  k&-tr-B 
Ju^rard,  kft-rar 
Juesnay,  ka-nS.  .. 

Juesnel,  ka-nel  * 

Juetelet,  kat-la 
Juicherat,  kesh-rii 
Juiuault,  ke-n5 

R. 

Rabelais,  rab-la 
Bachel  (Mad.),  rft'shel 
Racine,  ra-sen    • 
Baebum,  ra'bfem 
Raffaelle,  ra-fa-ells 
Raimondi,  ri-mou'd6 
Raleigh,  r^'li 
BambouUlet,  ron-bO-yS 
Ram6e,  ra-ma 
Ramsay,  ram'zi 
Ranke,  rftn'ke  V 
Raoul,  ra-ul  or  roul 
Raphael,  rafa-el 
Rapin,  ra-pan 
Ranch,  rou'cA  ' 
Ravaillac,  ra-va-yaJc 
Reade,  red 
Reaumur,  ra-o-mttr 
Reay,  ra  ^, 

R^camier,  r3rka-mS-S 
Reclus,  rek-lft 
Redesdale,  rSdz'dSl 
Redi,  ra'de 
Regnard,  ran-yar 
Regnault,  ran-y5 
Regnier,  ran-yS 
Reichenbach,  ri'cAen-ba«&'' 
Keid,  red 

Reimams,  ri-ma'r\i8 
Rembrandt,  rem'brant 
Remusat,  rS-mii-za 
Renan,  r6-non 
Ecn6,  r6-na 
Retz,  ras  or  ra 
Reuchlin,  roicftlSn 
Renter,  roi'ter ' 
Reybaud,  ra-b5 
Ribera,  re-ba'ra 
Ricasoli,  r6-ka'so-l6 
Riccio,  ret'ch5 
Richelieu,  resh-ly***^ 
Richter,  recVter 
Rienzi,  re-en'z6 
Riston,  r5s'to-r5' 
Rizzio,Tit'zi-o 
Robespierre,  rob-eg-pyftr 
Rochambeau,  ro-shon-^o 
Rochefort,  rosh-for 
Rochefoucauld,  rosh-fO-ko 
Rochejaqnelein,  rosh-zhak-lan 


Roget,  ro'zhft 

Rohan,  ro-on 

Bohlfs,  rolfs 

Rollin,  rol-lan 

Romanoff,  ro-ma'nof 

ROmer,  reh'mer 

Romilly,  rom'il-i 

Ron  sard,  ron-sar 

Roscoe,  ros'ko 

Rose  (6er.),  ro'ze 

Rosellini,  ro-zel-lS'n6 

Rosmini,  ros-me'nS 

Rossetti,  ros-set'te 

Rossini,  ros-se'n6 

Roth,  rot 

Rothschild,  roths'child:    Ger. 

rot'shelt 
Roubiliac,  r8-bel-yak 
Rouget,  rO-zha 
Rouner,  riJ-ar 
Rousseau,  rO-s3 
Rowe,  ro 
Rowley,  rouli 

Royer-CoUard,  rwa-ya-koMttr 
Rubens,  ro'benz 
Rubini,  ra-be'nfi 
Btlckert,  ruk'ert, 
Rufflni,  ruf-fe'nS 
Rutheriord,  ruiH'6r-£ord 
Ruysdael,  rois'dal 
^uyter,  roi'ter 

s. 

Saavedra,  sa-a-va'THra 
Sabine,  sab'in 
Sacheverel,  sa-shev'6r-el 
Sachs,  zaks 
Sacy.  sa-se 

Saint- Arnaud,  ean-tar-nS 
Saint-Cyr,  san-ser 
Sainte-Beuve,  sant-b^v 
Sainte-Croix,  sant-krwa 
Saint-Hilaire,  san-te-lar 
Saintine,  san-ten 
Saint-Just,  san-zhtist 
Saint-Leger,  sant-lej'er  or  sel'- 

in-jer 
Saint-Leonards,  sant-len'ardz 
Saint-Pierre,  san-p5-ar 
Saint-Simon,  san-s6-m5n 
Saladin,  sal'a-din 
Salvator  Ro8a,'sal-va'tor  ro-za 
Salvini,  sal-ve'ne 
Sand  (Ger.),  zant 
Sand  (Fr.),  sand 
Sandeau,  san-ds 
Sandys,  san'dis  or  sandz 
Sannazaro,  san-na-za'ro 
SansoTino,  san-so-vS'no 
Saulcy,  so-se  ' 
Saumarez,  so'ma-rez 
Saurin,  sS-ran 
Saussure,  sS-Bftr 
Savary,  sa-va-rS 
Savigny,  sa-v5n-y6 
Savile,  sa'vil 

Ssivonarola,  sa-Ton-a-r31a 
Saxe,  saks 
Say, sa 

Scaliger,  Bkal'i-j6r 
Scarron,  ska-ron 
Schadow,  sha-do 
Schelling,  shel'ing 
Schiller,  shil'er 
Schlegel,  shla'gel 
Schleicher,  shh'cTier 
Schleiermacher,  shli'er-maeA^r 
Schliemann,  shle'man 
Schldzer,  shlflii'tser 
Schmidt,  shmst 
Schneider,  shni'der 
Schbffer,  shml'fer 
Schomberg,  shom'berg 
Schomburgk,  shom'biirk 
Schdnbein,  sh^lin'bin ' 
Schopenhauer,  sho'pen-hou-er 
Schouvaloff,  shO-valof 
Schubert,  snOTjert 
Schulze,  Bhul'tse 
Schumann,  sho'man 
Schuyler.  skl-Ur 
Schwantnaler,  shvan'ta-ler 
Schwarz,  shvarts 
Schwegler,  ahvag'ler 
Schweinfurth,  shvin'f\irt 
Scoresby,  skorz'bi 


Scribe,  skreb 

Scud6ry,  sktX-da-rS 

Becchi,  sek'e 

Siguier,  sa-ge-a 

Seguiu,  se-gan 

S^gur,  sa-gur 

Selim,  sa-lem' 

Senefelder,  za'ne-fel-der 

Sepulveda,  sa-pul-va'ma 

Servetus,  sfer-ve'tua 

S6vignd,  8a-ven-y& 

Seward,  sa'ard 

Sewell,  stt'el 

Seymour,  se'mur 

Seyton,  se'ton 

Sforza,  sfor'tsa 

Shaftesbury,  shafts'ber-i  '►^ 

Shakespeare,  Shakspeare,Sliak- 

spere,  shaks'per 
Shea,  sha 

Shouvaloff,  sh8-va'lof 
Sicard,  se-kar 
Sickingen,  zek'ing-en 
Siebold,  ze'bolt 
Siemens,  ze'menz 
Sieyfes,  se-yas  or  syS-yas 
Sigismund,  sij'is-mund 
Signorelli,  sSn-yo-rel'le 
Sigourney,  sig'ur-ni 
Simoa  (Fr.),  se-mdn 
Simpson,  sim'sun 
Sinclair,  sing'klar 
Slidell,  sli-del' 
Sloane,  slon 
Smeaton,  smS'ton 
Smollett,  smol'et 
Snyders,  sni'derz 
Soane,  son 
Sobieski,  so-b6-es'k9 
Socinus,  8o-si'nu8 
Solander,  sol'an-der 
Somers,  sum'erz 
Somerville,  6um'6r-vil 
Sothem,  suiH'fem 
Soubise,  88-bez 
Soul6,  siJ-la 
SoulouqUe,  stS-lOk 
Soult,  sOlt 
Southey,  bou'ihI 
Souvestre,  sa-ves-tr 
So  war  by,  sou'6r-bi 
Soyer,  swa-ya 
Spagnoletto,  spa-nyo-let'tS 
Spalding,  sp^^l  ding 
Spallanzani,  spal-aiL-dza-a6 
Spinola,  spe-no'la 
Spinoza,  sp5-n5'za 
Spohr,  sp5r 
Sprague,  sprag 
Sprengel,  spreng'el 
Spurzheim,  Bp\irts1ilm 
Staei,  etal 
Stanhope,  stan'op 
Staunton,  stau'ton 
Steen, staa 
Steenwyk,  etan'wik 
Stein,  stin 

Stephenson,  ste'Ta-sun 
Stevens,  ste'venz 
Stier,  st6r 
StiUcho,  stil'i-k5 
Stoqueler,  8tok'we-l6r 
Stotnard,  stS'thaid 
Stowe,  sto 
Stowell,  8t3'el 
Strachan,  stran 
Strahan,  stran 
Strauss,  strous 
Struensee,  stnffe.. 
Struve,  strO've" 
Sturm,  stiirm 
Suarez,  swa'reth 
Suchet,  8til-Bha 
Sue,  svl 
Sully,  sfi-le 
SuvarofF  or  Suvoroff,  B\j-va'rof, 

su-vo'rof 
Sweyn,  swUn 
Sybel  (von),  zS'bel 
Sydenham,  sid'en-am 
Szechenyi,  s&-cheu'ye 

>    ■¥ 

T.\ 

. .      >H---^ 

Tadema,  tad'erina 
Tagliom,  tal-yO'n" 
Talbot,  tp.l'bot 


Talfoiufd,  tftl'ftird  , 
Talleyrand,  ta^le-ron 
Tallien,  ta-ie-an 
Talmage,  tal'maj  or  tam'aj 
Tamerlane,  tam'6r-lan 
Tartaglia,  tar'tarya 
Tartini,  tar-t6'n6 
Tassoni,  tas-ao'ne 
Tauchnitz,  toucfc'nets 
Tegethoff,  ta'get-hof 
Tegn6r,  teg-nar' 
Tencin,  ton-san 
Teniers,  ten'ySrz 
Tennemann,  ten'e-man 
Terence,  terens 
Teubner,  toip'ner 
Teuffel,  toi'fel 
Texier,  ta-se-a 
Thalberg,  tal'berg 
Theobald,  ths'o-bftid  or  tib'ald 
Theodoret,  the-od'o-ret 
Theodoric,  the-od'o-rik 
Thesiger,  thes'i-jfer 
Th6venot,  tav-n5 
Thibaudeau,  te-bSniS 
Thierry,  te-a-r6 
Thiers,  te-ar 
Thiersch,  tersh 
Tholuck,  tS'l^ik 
Thom,  torn 
Thomas  (Fr.),  t5-mtt 
Thompson,  tom'suu 
Thoms,  tomz 
Thoreau,  tho'ro 
Thofwaldsen,  tor'Tal-zeu 
Thou,  to 

Thouvenel,  tSv-nel 
Thunberg,  tOn'berg 
Tieck,  tek 

Tiedemann,  tS'de-miin 
Tiedge,  ted'ge 
Tighe,  ti 
Timur,  tim'Sr 
Tiraboschi,  te-ra-bosltC 
Tischendorf,  tesh'en-dor' 
Tissot,  t6-s5 
Titian,  tish'an 
Titiens,  tSt'yens 
Tiziano,  t6t-86-a'n5  (Titian) 
Tocqueville,  tok-v«l 
Todlebea,  tod'la-ben 
Tollemache,  tol'mash 
Tomline,  tom'lin 
Torquemada,  tor-ka-ma'ina 
Torricelh,  tor-6-chel'S 
Totila,  tot'i-la 
Toumef ort,  tam-for 
Toussaint  L'Ouverture,  t<H9aa 

lO-ver-tflr 
Townshend,  tounz'end 
Travers,  trav'erz 
Tredgold,  tred'gSld 
Tregelles,  tre-gelz' 
Trevelyan,  tre-vel'yan 
Trevor,  tre'vor 
Tricoupis,  tri-ka'pia 
Trollope,  trol'op 
Troyon,  trwa-ySn 
TrliDner,  triib'nfir 
Tschudi,  cha'dS 
Tulloch,  tul'ocA 
Turenne,  tii-rea 
Turgenjef,  ttir'gen-yef 
Turgot,  tfir-gS 
Tyndall,  tin'dal 
Tyrwhitt,  ter'wit  or  Writ 
Tytler,  tit'l6r 

F. 

Uccello,  8t-chell5 ». 
UdaU,  a'dal  ^ 

Ueberweg,  fl'bte-Tag 
Uhland,  eiant 
Ulfilas,  ul'fl-laa 
uiioa.  ui-y5'a 

ULrici,  \il-rS't8B 

TTrquhart,  driEwart  or  lU/wfaait 

Uvus,  a'mz 

Vaccaxo,  vak'ft-rS 
Vacherot,  vash-r5 
Vaillant,  va-yon 
Valckenaer,  val'ke-nar] 


ji  i*>b ;   y,  yes,    ih,  thea ;  th,  thin ;   zh,  twure.        French,  vde,  bttt;  W^,  n^:  n,  om        Scotch  and  German,  eh.  loch,  aadt^ 


835 


V-^. 


/ 


,?  FOREIGN  DWORDS   AND|PHRASES."\ 


Valentin,  v&len-ten 
ValUfere,  v&-16-6r- 
Valois,  val-wa 
V4mb6ry,  vUm'ba-re 
Vanbrugh,  ran-bro' 
Vancouver,  van-kO'v«r 
Vandyke  or  Van  Dyck,  van-dik' 
Vaaloo,  van-15' 
Vanuucci,  van-nat'chs 
'\^apereau,  vap-r6 
Varahagen,  fam'ha-gen 
Vuroli,  va-rOle 
Vasari,  va-sii'r6 
Vauban,  vo-bon 
Vaucanson,  vo-kon-son 
Vaughan,  vftn  or  T^'an 
Vauquelin,  v5-klaJtt 
A'aux;  vtiks 
Veccni,  vek'6 
Vecellio,  va-chel'6-o 
Veit,  fit 
Veitch,  vSch 
Velasquez,  v5-l&8'keth 
Venddme,  Ton-dom 
Verboecknoven,  verT)<Jk-h5-Teii 
Vergil,  vfer'jil 
Vergniaud,  ver-njo 
Vemet,  ver-na 
Veronese,  va-ro-na'za 
Verstegan,  ver-sts'gan 
Vespucci,  ve8-p8t'cn6 
Veuillot,  v^-yo 
Viardot,  ve-ar-d5 
Vicente,  vS-sen'ta 
Vieta,  v6-a'ta 
Vieuxtemps,  vyeu-toh 
Vignola,  vSn'yo-lH 
Vigny,  ven-y6 
Villars,  ve-lar 
Villegas,  vel-ya'gSs 
Villehardouin,  vel-ar-du-an 
Villile,  ve-lai 
Villetnain,  vel-man 
Villeueuve,  vel-n^v 
Villeroi,  v6l-rwa 
Villiers,  vil'yferz 
Villoison,  vel-w&-z5n 


Vincent  de  Paul,  van-son  d6  pol 

Vinci,  ven'che 

Vinet,  v6-na    . 

Virchow,  fer'cfto 

Virgil,  vfer'jil 

Vischer,  fish'er 

Vives,  ve'ves 

Viviani,  v6-ve-a'n6 

Vladimir,  vladl-mer 

Vogel,  fS'gel 

Vogt,  iocht 

VogUi,  vo-gO-a 

Voiture,  vwa-tflr 

Voltaire,  vol-tar 

Vortigem,  vor'ti-g6m 

V088,  f  08 

w. 

r. 

Waagen,  va'gen  ^ 
Wace,  was 

Wachsmuth.'vaks'mat 
Wadsworth,  wodz'w6rth 
Wagner,  vacA'ner 
Walckenaer,  valk-nar 
Waldemar,  wol'de-mar 
Walker,  wa'ker 
Wallace,  wd'as 
Wallenstein,  val'en-stin 
Waller,  wol'^r 
Wallis,  wol'is 
Walmesley,  wamz'li 
Walpole,  -wol'pol 
Walsh,  wolsh 
Walsingham,  wctl'sing-am 
WaJi/er,  wal'tSr 
Walton,  wftl'tun 
Walworth,  wol'werth 
Wanley,  won'li 
Warburton,  wftrl36r-tun 
Ward,  ward 
Wardlaw,  wardlft 
Warham,  wor'am 
Waring,  wa'ring 
Warner,  war'nfer 
Warren,  •wor'en 


Warrington,  wor'ing-ton 
Warton,  wftrton 
Watson,  wot'sun 
Watt,  wot 
Wattean,  vatrto 
Watts,  wotz 
Waugh,  wa 
Weber,  va'Der 
Weenix,  v&'niks 
Weil,  vU 

Weishaupt,  visTioupt, 
Weiss,  vis 
Weisse,  vi'se 
Welcker,  velTcer 
Wellesley,  welz'li 
Wenceslaus,  wen'ses-las 
Werner,  ver'ner 
Wesley,  wes'li 
Westergaard,  ves'ter-gord 
Wharton,  whar'ton 
Whately,  what'li 
Wheatstone,  whet'stSn 
-Whewell,  hQ'el 
Whitaker.  whit'a-k6r' 
Whitefield,  whit'feld 
Whitelocke,  whit'lok 
Whittier,  wnit'i-6r 
Wieland,  ve'lant 
Wight,  wit 
Wildenow,  vel'de-no 
Wilkes,  wilks 
WiUou^hby,  wil'o^bi 
Wimpften  (Ger.),  vemp'fen; 

(Fr.),  vanp-fan 
Winer,  ve'ner 
Wishart,  wish'art 
Wither,  vnia'ii 
Wolfe,  w\ilf 
WoUaston,  wiil'as-ton 
Wollstonecraft,  wul'ston-kraft 
Wolseley,  wulzli 
Wolsey,  wnl'zi 
Wordsworth,  w6rdz'w6rth 
Worsaae,  vor'so 
iWouverman,  vou'ver-man 
■  Wrangell,  vrang'el 
Wraxall,  raks'jil 


Wrede,  vra'de 
Wren,  ren 

Wriothesley,  li'oths-li 
Wyatti  wi'at       -  - 
Wycherley,  wich'6r-U 
Wyclif,  wik'lif  v 
Wyme,wi'U      ' 
Wyndham,  wind'am 


X. 

Xavier,  zav'i-6r;  8p.  chUrVi-ei' 
Ximenes,  c/ie-ma'nes 


Y. 

Yarrell,  yar'el 
Yonge,  3rung 
Youatt,  yo'at 
Yriarte,  6-re-ar'ta 


z. 

Zahn,  tsan 
Zarate,  tha-ra'ta 
Ziegler,  ts6c/i'lcr 
Ziethen,  tse'ten 
Zimmermann,  ts5m'er-man 
Zingarelli,  dzen-ga-relle 
ZinzendoriE,  tsSn'tsen-dorf 
Ziska,  zis'ka 
Zorrilla,  thor-rel'ya 
Zschokke,  tshok'ke 
Zuccarelh,  dzuk-a-rel'le 
Zuccaro,  dzuk'a-ro 
Zucchero,  dzuk'e-ro 
Zumala-Carreguy,  thd-ma'la- 

kar-ra'gS. 
Zumpt,  tsumpt 
Zuniga,  th6-nye'ga 
Zurbaran,  thur-ba-ran' 
Zwingli,  tsveiig'le 


Fate,  far,  fat,  ffvll ;     me,  met,  hir,  golden ;     pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;  ^tobet  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound?    oh,  c^ain;    g,  po : 
iiiob;  y,  yes;   ch,  tAen;  th,  t^iu;   zb,  asure.        Freacb,  viie,  biit ;   bl€li,  neuf;   n,  on.    "  Scotch  and  German,  c/i,  locA,  uacAt. 


WORDS.   PHRASES.   AND  NOTEWORTHY  SAYINGS, 

FROM    THE   LATIN,  GREEK,    AND    MODERN   LANGUAGES,    MET  WITH    IN 

CURRENT  ENGLISH. 

[Certain  others  wUl  be  found  in  the  Dictionary  itself.'] 


d  has.  [Fr.]  Down,  down  with. 

Ab  extra.  [L.]  From  without. 

Ab  initio.  [L.]  From  the  begianin 

Ab  intra.  [L.]  From  within. 

dbonmarcM.  [Fr.]  Cheap;  a  good  bargain. 

Ab  origine.  [L.J  From  the  origin. 

Ab  ovo.  [L.]  From  the  egg;  from  the  begin- 
ning. 

Ab  ovo  usque  ad  mala.  [L.]  From  the  egg 
to  the  apples  (as  in  Roman  banquets); 
from  beginning  to  end. 

A  bsente  reo.  [L.l  The  accused  being  absent. 

Abeit  invidia.  [L.]  Let  there  be  no  ill-will; 
envy  apart. 

Ab  uno  disce  omnes.  [L.)  From  one  speci- 
men judge  of  all  the  rest. 

Ab  urbe  conditd.  [L.]  From  the  building  of 
the  city;  i.e.,  Rome. 

d  cheval.  [Fr.]  On  horseback. 

Ad  aperturam  (libri).  [L.]  At  the  opening 
of  the  book ;  wherever  the  book  opens. 

Ad  arbilrium.  [L.]  At  pleasure. 

Ad  caletidaa  Groecaa.  [L.l  At  the  Greek  ca- 
lends; i.e.,  never,  as  the  Greeks  had  no 
calends  in  their  mode  of  reckoning. 

Ad  caplandum  rmlgus.  [L.]  To  attractor 
please  the  rabble. 

d  detix  mains.  JFr.]  For  two  hands;  two- 
handed  ;  having  a  double  office. 


Adfinem.  [L.l  To  the  end. 

Adhominem.  [L.]  To  the  man;  to  an  indi- 
vidual's interests  or  passions;  personal. 

Ad  infinitum.  [L.l  To  infinity. 

Ad  interim.  [L.]  In  the  meanwhile. 

A  discretion.  [Fr.]  At  discretion;  unre- 
stricted. 

Ad  libitum.  [L.]  At  pleasure. 

Ad  nauseam.  [L.]  To  disgust  or  satiety. 

Ad  referendum.  [L.]  For  further  considera- 
tion. 

Ad  rem.  [L.]  To  the  purpose;  to  the  point. 

Adscriptus  qleba.  [L.J  Attached  to  the  soU. 

Adsum.  [L.]  I  am  present;  here! 

Ad  unguem.  [L.]  To  the  nail;  to  a  nicety; 
exactly;  perfectly. 

Ad  unum  ovines.  [L.]  All  to  a  man. 

Ad  utrumque  pafatus.  [L.]  Prepared  for 
either  case. 

Ad  valorem.  [L.]  According  to  the  value. 

Ad  vitam  aut  culpam.  [L.]  For  life  or  fault; 
i.e.,  till  some  misconduct  be  proved. 

jSqtw  animo.  [L.]  With  an  equable  mind; 
with  equanimity. 

jEre  perennius.  [L.]  More  lasting  than 
br.a88. 

Affaire  d'amour.  [FrJ  A  love  affair. 

Affaire  d'honneur.  [Fr.]  An  affair  of  hon- 
our; a  dueL 


Affaire  du  eceur.  [Fr.]  An  affair  of  the 
neart. 

A  fortiori.  [L.]  With  stronger  reason. 

Age  quod  agis.  [L.]  Attend  to  what  you  a;:e 
about. 

d  grands  frais.  [Fr.]  At  great  expense. 

d  haute  voix.  [Fr.]  Aloud. 

Aide  toi,  et  le  Ciel  Caidera.  [Fr.]  Help  your- 
self, and  Heaven  will  help  you. 

d  la  belle  itoile.  [Fr.]  Under  the  stars;  in 
the  open  air. 

d  la  bonne  heure.  [Fr.]  In  good  time;  very 
well. 

d  I'abH.  [Fr.]  Under  shelter. 

d  la  dirobie.  (Fr.]  By  stealth. 

d  la  Pran^atse.  [Fr.)  After  the  French 
mode. 

d  la  mode.  [Fr.]  According  to  the  custom 
or  fashion. 

d  Venvi.  [Fr.]  Emulously;  so  as  to  vie. 

Alfresco.  [It.]  In  the  open  air;  cool. 

Aliez-voi4S-en.  [Vt.']  Away  with  you. 

Allons.  [FrJ  Let  us  go;  come  on;  come. 

Alter  ego.  [L.J  Another  self. 

Alter  idem.  [L.]  Another  exactly  similar. 

Amsnde  honorable.  [Fr.]  Satisfactory  apo- 
logy; reparation.  , 

A  inervr.lle.  [Fr.]  To  a  wonder;  marvel- 

.^  lougly. 


fOREIGN   WORDS   AND   PHRASB». 


639 


Amicm  hvmani  generis.  [L.]  A  friead  of 

t  the  human  race. 

Amor  patriae.  [L.]  Love  of  country. 

Amour  propre.  [Fr.]  Self-love;  vanity. 

Ancienrdgimji.  [Fr.]  The  ancient  or  former 
order  of  things. 

Anno  cetaiis  axice..  [L.]  In  the  year  of  his  or 
her  age. 

Anno  Christi.  [L.]  In  the  year  of  Christ. 

Anno  Domini.  IL.]  In  the  year  of  our  Lord. 

AnTW  mundi.  [L.J  In  the  year  of  the  world. 

Anno  urbis  conditce.  [L.j  In  the  year  from 
the  time  the  city  (Rome)  was  built. 

Annus  mirabilia.  [L.l  Year  of  wonder 

Ante  meridiem.  [L.]  Before  noon. 

A  outrance.  [Fr.]  To  extremities. 

Aperfu.  [Fr.]  A  general  sketch  or  survey. . 

A  perte  de  vue.  [Fr.]  Till  beyond  one's  v»°'«'.. 

d  peupr&s.  [Fr.]  Nearly. 

d  piea.  [Fr.J  On  foot. 

dprojMs  deoottes.  [Fr.]  Apropos  of  boots; 
foreign  to  the  subject  or  matter  in  hand. 

A  propos  de  rien.  [Fr.]  Apropos  to  nothing; 
without  a  motive. 

Arbiter  elegantiarum.  [L.]  A  judge  or-  su- 
preme authority  in  matters  of  taste. 

Arcades  ambo.  [L.]  Arcadians  both;  fell'^'^S 
of  the  same  stamp. 

Arcana  imperii.  [L.]  State  secrets. 

Ardentia  verba.  [L.]  Glowing  language 

Argent  (:omptant.  [Fr.]  Ready  money. 

Argumentum,  ad  hominem.  [L.]  An  argu- ' 
ment  to  the  individual  man;  i.e.  to  his 
interests  and  prejudices. 

Argumentum  ad  ignorantiam.  [L.]  An  argu- 
ment founded  on  a  person's  ignorance. 

Argumentum  ad  judicium.  [L.J  Argiiment 
appealing  to  the  judgment. 

Argumentum,  ad  verecundiam..  [L.]  Argu- 
ment appealing  to  modesty. 

Ariston  metron.  Jmt^.^  iloderation  iB  best. 

Arrive  pensie.  [Fr.]  Mental  reservation. 

Ars  est  celare  artem.  [L,.]  It  is  true  art  to 
conceal  art.  .    , 

Ars  longa,  vita  brevis.  [L.]  Art  i^  long,  Ufe 
is  short. 

Artium  magister.  [L.]  Master  of  Arts. 

d  tort  et  a  travers.  [Fr.]  At  random ;  with- 
out consideration. 

Au  contraire.  [Fr.]  On  the  contrary. 

Au  courant.  [Fr.]  Fully  acquainted  with 
i^atters.  ■ 

Au  disespoir.  [Fr.]  In  despair. 

Audi  alteram  partem.  [L.]  Hear  the  qj|^er 
side. 

Au  faU.  [Fr.]  Well  acquainted  with;  ex- 
pert.   . 

Au  fond.  [Fr.]  At  bottom. 

Aurea  mediocntaa.  [L.]  The  golden  or 
■  happy  mean.  , 

Au  reste.  [Fr.]  As  for  the  rest. 

Au  revoir.  [Fr.]  Adieu  until  we  meet  again. 

AussitOt  dit,aussit6t  fait.  [Fr.]  No  sooner 
said  than  done. 

Autant  d'hommes,  autant  d'avis.  [Fr.]  So 
many  men,  so  many  minds. 

Aut  Gcesar  aut  nullus.  [L.]  Either  Caesar  or 
nobody. 

Aut  vincere  aut  mori.  [L.]  Either  to  con- 
quer or  to  die;  death  or  victory. 

Aux  armes!  [Fr.]  To  arms ! 

Avant  propos.  [Fr.]  Preliminary  matter; 
preface. 

A  vostra  salute.  [It.]  Im„„„„_v»»i4.». 

dvotresant^.  [Fr.]      )  To  your  health. 

Bas  bleu.  [Fr.]  A  blue-stocking;  a  literary 
woman. 

BeatcB  memorix.  [L.]  Of  blessed  memory. 

Beaux  esprits.  [Fr.J  Men  of  wit. 

Beaux  yeux.  [Fr.]  Fine  eyes;  good  looks. 

Bel  esprit.  [Fr.J  A  person  of  wit  or  genius; 
a  brilliant  mind. 

Bella!  horrida  bella!  [L.].Wars!  horrid 
wars! 

Ben  trovato.  [It.]  Well  invented. 

Bete  noire.  [Fr.]  A  black  beast;  a  bug- 
bear. 

B.is  dat  qui  dto  dat.  [L.]  He  gives  twice  who 

.   gives  quickly.  , 

Bon  ami.  [Fr.]  Good  friend. 

Bon  gri,  mal  gri.  [Fr.]  With  gcid  or  ill 

>  grace;  willing  or  unwilling. 

Bon  jour.  [Fr.]  Good  day;  good  morning. 

.Bonne  et  belle.  [Fr.]  Good  and  handsome. 

.Boniw/oi.  [Fr.J  Good  faith. 

,J5on  soir.  [Fr.J  Good  evening. 

BreveM.  [Fr.]  Patented. 

Brevi  manu.  [L.J  With  a  short^hand;  ex- 
temporaneottsly,. 


Brvium  fid^Toen:  [L.]  A  harmless  Uiunder. 
bolt. 

Cadit  queeatic.  [L.]  The  question  falls; thJeiei 

is  no  further  discussion. 
Coeca  est  invidia.  [L.l  Envy  is  blind. 
Ooetera  deswvt.  [L.l  The  rest  is  wanting. 
Ceteris  paribus,  [L.]  Other  things  being 

equal. 
Campo  santo.  [It.]  A  burymg-ground. 
Carpe  diem.  (L.J  Enjoy  the  present  day; 

improve  the  time. 
(Jams  belli.  [L.J  That  which  causes  or  justi- 
fies war. 

Causa  sine  quA  non.  [L.]  An  indispensable 
cause  or  condition. 

Cedant  arma  togcs.  [L.]  Let  arms  yield  to 
the  gown,  that  is,  military  authority  to 
the  civU  power. 

Cela  va  sans  dire.  [Fr.J  That  goes  without 
saying;  that  is  a  rbatter  of  course. 

Ce  n'est  que  le  premier  pas  qui  coHte.  [Fr.] 
It  is  only  the  first  step  that  is  difficult. 

C'est  A  dire.  [Fr.J  That  is  to  say. 

C'est  une  autre  chose.  [Fr.J  That's  quite  an- 
other thing.  . .   . 

Ceteris  paribus.  [L.J  See  Cmteris. 

Chacun  A  son  golU.  [Fr.J  Every  one  to  his 
taste. 

Chemin  de  fer.  [Fr.]  Iron  road;  a  railway. 

CMre  arifie.  [Fr J  A  dear  (female)  friend. 

Che  sarA,  sarA.  [It.]  What  will  be,  will  be. 

Chi  tace  confessa.  [It.]  He  who  keeps  silence 
confesses. 

Cigit.  [Fr.j  Here  lies. 

Clarum  et.venerabile  nomen.  [L.]  An  Ulus- 
trious  and  venerable  name. 

Cogito,  ergo  sum.  [L.J  I  think,  therefore  I 
exist. 

Cowu<a8inferi7ente«.  [L.]  Politeness  between 
nations. 

Comme  U  faut.  [Fr.]  As  it  should  be. 

Commune  bonum.  [L.]A  common  good. 

Communions  annis.  [L.J  On  the  annual 
average. 

Communi  consensu.  [L.]  By  common  con- 
'sent. 

Compagnon  de  voyage.  [Fr.]  A  tiL-velling 
companion. 

Compte  rendu.  [Fr.]  An  accoimt  rendered ; 
a  report. 

Con  amove.  [It.]  With  love;  very  earnestly. 

Conditio  sine  quA  non.  [L.J  A  necessary  con- 
dition. 0 

Cohjunctis  viribus.  [L.J  With  united 
powers.    > 

Conoeil  d'itat.  [Fr.J  A  council  of  state;  a 
privy-council. 

Consensus  facit  legem.  [L.J  Consent  makes 
the  law. 

ConsUio  et  prudentia.  [L.J  By  wisdom  and 
prudence. 

Constantia  et  virtute.  [L.J  By  constancy  and 
virtue  (or  bravery). 

Contrabonos  mores.  [L.J  Against  good  man- 
ners. 

Copia  verborum.  [L.J  Rich  supjjly  of  words. 

Coram  nobis.  [L.J  Before  us; in  our  pres- 
ence. 

Cordon  sanitaire.  [Ft.']  A  line  of  guards  to 
prevent  the  spreadmg  of  contagion  or 
pestilence. 

Cottp.  [Fr.J  A  stroke.— OoMp  d'essai,  a  first 
attempt.— Coup  d'etat,  a  sudden  decisive 
blow  in  politics;  a  stroke  of  policy.— Cowp 
de  grace,  .A  finishing  stroKe. — Coup  de 
main,  a  sudden  attack  or  enterprise. — 
CoMp  de  maitre,  a  master  stroke.— Cowp 
d'oeili  a  rapid  glance  of  the  eye;— Coup  de 
pied,  akick.— CoMp  de  soleil,  sunstroke. — 
Coup  de  thddtre,  a  theatrical  effect. 

CoUte  qu'il  coMe.  [Fr.]  Cost  what  it  may. 

Credat  Judceus  Apella.  [L.J  Let  Apella,  the 
superstitious  Jew,  believe  it:  I  won't. 

Credo  quia  absurdum.  [L.]  I  beueve  because 
it  is  absurd. 

Crux  criticorum.  [L.]  The  pu?zle  of  critics. 

CucuUus  nonfacit  monachum.  [L.J  The  cowl 
does  not  make  the  friar. 

Cui  bonot  [L.J  For  whose  advantage?  to 
what  end. 

Cum  grano  salis.  [L.J  With  a  grain  of  salt; 
with  some  allowance. 

Cum  privilepio.  [L.J  With  privilege. 

Curiosa  felicitc^s.  [L-J  Nice  felicity  6f  ex-", 
pression. 

Currente  cdlama,  [L.]  With  a  running  or 
rapid  pen. 

JJame  d'honneur.  [Tr.]  Maid  of  honour. 


De  bon  avgwre.  [Fr.l"  Of  good  anguiy  as 

omen,     ci 
De  bonne  grdee.  IFr.]  With  Eooa  graraj 

willingly.     . .~  '•  .^f.^  -'i  ■■■■.. 

t>e  die  in  diem.  [L.J  From  flay  to  day. 
Digagi.  [Fr.J  Free;  easy;  unconstramei^ 
t)e  gustibus  non  est  disputandum.  [L.]  TJjere 

is  no  disputing  about  tastes. 
Lei  gratid.  [LJ  By  the  erac&of  God. 
Be  jure.  [L.]  From  the  law;  1^  right. 
Belenda  est  Carthago.  [L.J  Caxthage  must 

be  blotted  out,  or  destroyed. 
De-mortuis  nil  nisi  bonum.  fL.J  Say  |i(ftbixi0 

but  good  of  the  dead.  '  '^ 

Be  novo.  [L.J  Anew. 
Deo  adjuvante.  [L.J  God  assiBtlilgi 
Beofavente.  [L.j  God  favouring/'^ 
Beo  gratias.  [L.J  Thanks  to  God. 
Beojuvante.  [L.J  With  God's  help.  ., 
Beo  volente.'[L.\Qod  willing;  by  God's  WlH, 
Be  profundis.  [L.l  Out  of  the  depths. 
Bemuir  ressort.  [Fr.J  A  last  resource. 
BisagrimenL   [Fr.J    Something  disagrefei 

able. 
Besipere  in  loco.  [It.]  To  jeSt^r  be  jolly  at 

the  proper  time. 
Besunt  caetera.  [L.J  The  rex&ainder  is  want- 
ing. 
Bieu  et  mon  droit.  [Pr.]  <Jod  and  my  right. 
Bieu  vous  parde.  [Fr.J  God  protect  you. 
Bignus  mndice  nodus.   [L.J  A   difficulty 

worthy  of  powerful  intervention.  ■ 
Bii  penates.  [L.J  Household  gods. 
Bisjecta  mernbra.  [L.l  Scattered  relnains. 
Bivide  et  impera.  [L.J  Divide  and  rule. 
Dolce  far  niente.  [It.]  Sweet  doing-nothingi 

sweet  idleness. 
Bominus  vobiscinn.  [L.J  The  Lord  be  with 

you. 
Bulc'e  et  decorum  est  pro  patriA  mori.    [L.J 
It  is  sweet  and  glorious  to  die  for  one's 
country. 
Bum  sptro,  gpero.  [L.]  While  I  breathe  % 

hope.  •        ■  V 

Bumvivimw,vvoamm.  [L.]  While  VQliTOf 

let  us  live. 
Burantevitd.  [L.J  During  UfOk 

fcce  homo.  [L.]  Behold  the  mab  r*-^ 
dition  de  luxe.  [Fr.J  A  splendid  and  ex^ 
pensive  edition  of  a  book. 

Editio  princeps.  [L.J  The  first  printed  edi- 
tion of  a  book. 

Ego  et  rex  meus.  [L.J  I  and  my  king. 

Eheul  fugaces  labuntur  anni.  [L.J  .^as!  the 
fleeting  years  glide  by. 

Emeritus.  [L.J  Retired  or  superannuated 
after  long  service. 

En  ami.  [Fr.J  As  a  friend.    .    , — :-. . ,, 

En  arriire.  [Fr.J  In  the  rear;  behind;  SSclb 

En  attendant.  [Fr.J  In  the  meantime^' 

En  avant.  [Fr.J  Forward. 

En  dishabilli.  [Fr.]  In  undress. 

Eneffet.  [Fr.J  IneflFect;  substantially;  really. 

En  famille.  [Fr.J  With  one's  family ;  la  a 
domestic  state. 

Enfant  gdti.  [Fr.]  A  spoiled  child. 

Enfants  perdus.  [Fr.J  Lost  cluldrea:  ft  ISt*' 
lorn  hope. 

Enfant  trouvi.  [Fr.l  A  fouhdlifig. 

Eufin.  [Fr.J  In  short;  at  last;  finally^ 

En  grande  tentte.  [Fr.J  In  full  dress.  ' 

Enpleinjour.JFi.]  In  broad  day.  — 

En  rapport.  [Fr.J  In  harmony ;  in  i 
ment. 

En  r^le.  [Fr.]  According  to  rules;  in  order. 

En  revanche.  TFr.J  In  requital;  in  return. 

En  route.  [Fr.J  On  the  way. 

En  suite.  [Fr.J  In  company;  in  a  set. 

Entente  cordiale.  [Fr.J  Cordial  understand- 
ing, especially  between  two  states. 

Entourage.  [Fr.J  Surroundings;  adjuncts. 

Entre  nous.  |Fr.]  Between  ourselves. 

En  viriii.  [Fr.J  In  truth;  verily. 

Eo  animo.  [L.J  With  that  design. 

Eo  nomine.  [L.]  By  that  name. 

E  pluribus'  unum.  [L.J  On^  out  of  luauy;' 
one  composed  of  many. 

E  re  natd.  [L.J  According  to  the  exigency. 

Esprit  de  corps.  [Fr.J  The  animating  spirit 
of  «•  collective  body,  as  a  regiment. 

Esse  quam  videri..[L.l  To  be  rather  than  to 
seem.  •    .  '  *-f-' 

Est  modus  in  reibus.  [L.J  There  is  a  medmin 

in  aU  things.  -'  '         •*: '  f./^ 

•  Et  ccetera  (or  Et  cetera).  [L.J  And  the  rest. 

Et  hoc  (or  Et  id)  gemu  omne.  [L.J  And  every- 
thing of  the  sort.  .     •„         •■■«*' 

Et  sequentes,  Et  sequentia,  [L.]  And  Jhose. 
that  follow 


840 


FOREIGN  WORDS  AND  PHRASBS. 


Stsiede  eaUris.  [LJ  And  so  of  the  rest. 
}it  eie  de  gimilibm.  [Ii.J  And  so  of  the  like. 
£  tu,  Brviel  [L.]  And  thou  also,  Brutua! 
Ex  adverao.  fli.]  From  the  opposite  aide. 
£x  ammo.    [L.]    Heartilj;  sincerely. 
£x  cathedra.    [IJ.]    From  the  chair ;  with 

the  authority  of  a  professor  or  learned 

man. 
£xeepiio  prohat  re^am.  [I/.]  The  excep- 
tion proves  (or  tests)  the  rule. 
Exceptis  excipiendis.    [L.]  The  due  excep- 
tions being  made. 
£xdono.    [L.]    By  the  gift. 
JRxempUgram.  [L.]  By  way  of  example. 
£xmer&  gratia.  [L.]  Through  mere  favour. 
Ex  necessitate  rei.  [L.]  From  the  necessity 

of  the  case. 
Ex  nihUo  nihU  fit.  [LJ  Out  of  nothing, 

nothing  comes. 
Ex  pede  Serculem.  [L.]  Prom  the  foot  we 

recognize  a  Hercules ;  we  judge  of  the 

whole  from  the  specimen. 
Experientia  docet  stultos.  [L.]  Experience 

instructs  fools. 
Experimentuin  crueis.  [L.J  An  experiment 

of  a  most  searching  nature. 
Ezperto  crede.  [L.J  Trust  one  who  has  had 

experience. 
Ex  post  facto.  [L.]  After  the  deed  is  done; 

retrospective. 
Expressisverbis.  [L.]  In  express  terms. 
Extra  mvros.  [L.]  Beyond  the  walls. 
Ex  uno  discs  omnes.  [L.]  From  one  judge  of 

the  rest. 

Facile  prineeps.  [h.]  Easily  pre-eminent; 

indisputably  the  first. 
Faciliseat  descensus  Avemi  {or  Averno).  [L.] 

The  descent  to  Avemus  (or  hell)  is  easy. 
Facon  de  parler.  fFr.]  Manner  of  speaking. 
Fax  populi.  [L.]  The  dregs  of  the  people. 
Faire  bonne  mine.  [Fr.]  To.put  a  good  face 

upon  the  matter. 
Fait  accompli.  [Fr.]  A  thing  already  done. 
Fama  clamosa.  [L.J  A  current  scandaL 
Far  niente.  [It.]  The  doing  of  nothing. 
Fas  est  et  ab  hoate  doceri.  [L.]  It  is  right  to 

be  taught  even  by  an  enemy. 
Fata  obstant.  [L.]  The  Fates  oppose  it. 
Fer(B  natures.  [L.]  Of  a  wild  natiire;  un- 

domesticated. 
Festuia  lente.  [L.]  Hasten  slowly. 
Fiat  justitia,  ruat  coilum.  [L.]  Let  justice 

be  done  though  the  heavens  should  fall. 
Fiat  lux.  [L.]  Let  there  be  light. 
Fide  et  avwre.  [L.]  By  faith  and  love. 
Fide  etfiducia.  [L.]  By  fidelity  and  confi- 
dence. 
Fidei  defensor.  [L.]  Defender  of  the  faith. 
Fide  non  armis.JJj.]  By  faith,  not  by  arms. 
Fides  Pnnica.  [L.]  Punic  or  Carthaginian 

faith;  treachery. 
Fidus  Adhat^s.  [L.]  Faithful  Achates;  a  ' 

true  friend. 
Filius  nulUus.  [L.]  A  son  of  nobody. 
Filius  terroe.  [L.J  A  son  of  the  earth;  one  of 

low  birth. 
FilUdejoie.  [Fr.]  A  prostitute. 
Finem  respiee.  [L.]  Look  to  the  end. 
Finis  coronat  opus.  [L.]  The  end  crowns 

the  work. 
Flagrante  hello.  [L.l  During  hostilities. 
Flagrante  delicto,  [L.J  In  the  commis'sion 

of  the  crime. 
Flecti,  nonfrangi.  [L.J  To  be  bent,  not 

broken. 
Fons  et  origo.  [L.J  The  source  and  origin. 
Forliter  in  re.  [L.J  With  firmness  in  acting. 
Fortunafavetfortibua.  [L.J  Fortune  favours 

Fronti  nulla  fides,  [h.']  There  is  no  trusting 
to  outward  features. 

Fruges  eonsuvure  nati.  [L.J  Bom  to  con- 
sume fruits;  bom  only  to  eat. 

Fugit  irrepardbile  temptis.  [L.]  Irrecover- 
able time  flies  on. 

Fuimus  Troes.  [L.J  We  were  once  Trojans. 

Fuit  Ilium.  [L.J  Trov  has  been. 

Fulmen  hrutum.  [L.J  A  harmless  thunder- 
bolt. 

Funcitis  officio.  [L.J  Having  performed  one's 
office  or  duty;  hence,  out  of  office. 

Furor  arma  ministrat.  [L.]  Rage  provides 
arms.' 

Furor  loquendi.  fL.J  A  rage  for  speaking. 

Furor  poeticus.  [L.J  Poetical  fire. 

Ckdeti  de  coeur.  [Fr.]  Gaiety  of  heart. 
OalHcL  [L.J  In  French. 
trttf;OT;.,t£r.]  A  boy;  a  ^iraMcr. 


Qarde  du  corps.  [Fr.]  A  body-guard. 

Garde  mobile.  [Fr.J  A  guard  Imble  to 'gen- 
eral service. 

Gardes  bien.  [Fr.J  Take  good  care. 

Gardez  la  foi.  [Fr.J  Keep  the  faith. 

Gaudeamus  igitur.  [L.J  So  let  us  be  joyful. 

Gens  d'aymes.  [Fr.]  Men  at  arms. 

Gens  de  guerre.  [Fr.]  Military  men. 

Gens  de  letlres.  [Fr.J  Literary  men. 

Geniilhomme.  [Fr.J  A  gentleman. 

Germanic^  [L.J  In  German. 

Gloria  in  excelsiSi  [L.]  Gloiy  to  God  in  the 
highest. 

Gloria  pairi.  [L.J  Glory  be  to  the  Father. 

Gnothi  seauton.  [Gr.]  Know  thyself, 

Grace  d,  Dieu.  [Fr.]  thanks  to  God. 

Grand  merci.  [Fr.]  Many  thanks. 
Guerra  al  cuchillo.  [Sp.J  War  to  the  knife. 
Guerre  d'tnort.  [Fr.J  .War  to  the  death. 
Guerre  d  outrance.  £Fr.J  War  to  the  utter- 
most. 

Hand  longia  vUervallis.  (L.J  At  brief  inter- 
vals. 
JBaud  passions  ceguis.  [L.J  Not  with  equal 

steps. 
Haut  goUt.  [Fr.]  High  flavour;  elegant 

tast«. 
Eelluo  Ubrprum.  [L.J  A  devourer  of  books; 

a  book-worm. 
Hiatus  valde  deflendus.  [L.]  A  chasm  or  de- 
ficiency much  to  be  regretted. 
Hie  et  ubiQ'ue.  [L.l  Here  and  everywhere. 
Hie  labo7;  hoc  optis  est.  [L.J  This  is  labour, 

this  is  toil. 
Hinc  illcB  lacrimce.  [L.]  Hence  these  tears. 
Hodie  mihi,  eras  tibi.   [L.J  Mine  to-day, 

yours  to-morrow. 
Hoi  poZtoi.. [Gr.J.The  many;  the  vulgar;  the 

rabble. 
Hombre  de  vn  libro.  [Sp.J  A  man  of  one 

book. 
Homme  des  af  aires.  [Fr.J  A  man  of  busi- 
ness. 
Homme  d^esprit.  [Fr.J  A  man  of  wit  or 

genius. 
Homo  sum;  humani  nihil  a  me  alienum 

puto.  [L.J  I  am  a  man ;  I  count  nothing 

human  indifferent  to  me. 
Honi  soi  qui  mal  y  pense.  [O.Fr.J  Evil  to 

him  who  evil  thinks. 
Honores  mutant  mores.    [L.J    Honours 

change  men's  manners. 
Horresca  referens.  [L.J  I  shudder  as  I  relate. 
Hors  de  combat.  [Fr.]  Out  of  condition  to 

fight. 
Hors  de  la  loi.  [Fr.J  In  the  condition  of  an 

outlaw. 
Hors  de  propbs.  [Fr.J  Not  to  the  point  or 

purpose. 
Hors  d'oeuvre.  [Fr.J  Out  of  course;  out  of 

order. 
Humanumesterrare.  [L.J  To  err  is  human. 

Ibidem.  [L.J  At  the  same  place  (in  a  book). 
Ich  dien.  [Ger.J  I  serve. 
Id  est.  [L.J  That  is:  often  contracted  i.e. 
Id  genus  omne.  [L.J  All  of  that  sort  or  de- 
scription. 
Ignorantio  elenchi.  [L.J  Ignorance  of  the 

point  in  question. 
Ignotum  per  ignotius.  [L.J  The  unknown 

(explained)  by  the  still  more  unknown. 
11  a  le  diable  a«  c<frps.  [Fr.J  The  devil  is  in 

him. 
11  penseroso.  [It.]  The  pensive  man. 
Imo  pectore.  [L.J  From  the  depths  of  the 

chest. 
Impart  Marie.  [L.J  With  unequal  military 

strength. 
Impedimenta.  [L.J  LngMige  or  baggage. 
Imperium  in  imperio.  [L.J  A  government 

or  rule  within  another. 
In  cetemum.  [L.]  For  ever. 
In  articulo  mortis.   [L.J  At  the  point  of 

death;  in  the  last  struggle. 
Inbianco.  [It.]  In  blank;  in  white. 
In  eapite.  [L.]  In  chief. 
Incredulus  odi.  [L.J  Being  incredulous  I 

cannot  endure  it. 
In  curia.  [L.J  In  court. 
Ind^x  expurgatorius.  [L.J  A  list  Of  j^hib> 

ited  books. 
In  dubio.  [L.]  In  doubt. 
In  equilibrio.  [L.J  In  equilibiiam;  «qu&Uy 

balanced. 
In  esse.  [L.J  In  being;  in  actuality. 
In  extenso,  LL.J  At  full  length. 


In  extremis.  [L.J  Atthe  point  Of  d^atb. 

In  formd  pauperis.  [L.l  As  a  poor  man. 

Infra  digmtatem.  [L.J  Below  one's  dignity. 

InfutuTO.  [L.J  In  future;  henceforth. 

In  hoc  statu.  [L.]  In  this  sttite  of  things. 

In  limine.  [L.]  At  the  threshold. 

In  loco.  [L.J  In  the  place;  in  the  natural  or 
proper  place. 

In  l^co  pareMtis.  [L.J  In  the  j>Iace  of  a 
parent.        y- 

In  mediaa  res.  [L.]  Into  the  mldst-of 
things. 

In  memoriam.  .flL.1  To  the  memory  of ;  in 
inemory. 

In  nomine.  [L.J  In  the  name  of.^" 

In  nubibus.  [L.J  In  the  clouds.. 

In  nuce.  [L.J  In  a  nut-shelL 

In  omnia  paratus.  [L.J  Prepared  tot  &U 
things. 

In  partibus  infidelium.  [L.J  In  parts  be- 
longing to  infidels,  or  countries  not  ad- 
hering to  the  Roman  Catholic  faith. 

In  perpeiuum.  [L.]  For  ever. 

In  petto.  [It.]  Within  the  breast;  in  reserve. 

In  posse.  [L.J  In  possible  existence;  in  pos- 
sibility. 

In  prcesenti.  [L.J  At  the  present  moment. 

In  irroprid  pei-sonO.  [L.J  In  one's  own  per- 
son. 

In  puris  naturalibus.  [L.J  Quite  naked. 

In  re.  [L.J  In  the  matter  of. 

In  rerum  ncUurd.  [L.J  In  the  nature  of 
things. 

In  soecida  saeculorum.  [L.]  For  ages  on  ages. 

In  situ.  [It.]  In  its  original  situation. 

In  statu  quo.  [L.J  In  the  former  state. 

Inter  alia.  [L.]  Among  other  things. 

Inter  nos.  [L.]  Between  ourselves. 

In  terrorem.  [L.]  As  a  means  of  terrifying; 
by  way  of  warning. 

Inter  se.  [L.J  Among  themselves. 

In  toto.  [L.]  In  the  whole;  entirely. 

Intra  muros.  [L.J  AVithia  the  walls. 

In  transitu.  [L.J  On  the  passage. 

In  vacuo.  [L.J  In  empty  space;  in  a  vacuum. 

In  vino  Veritas.  [L.]  There  is  truth  in  wine; 
truth  is  told  under  the  influence  of  liquor. 

Invito,  Minerva.  [L.J  Against  the  will  of 
Minerva;  without  genius  or  natural  abili- 
ties. 

Ipse  dixit.  [L.J  He  himself  said  it;  a  dog- 
matic saying  or  assertion. 

Ipsissima  verba.  [L.J  The  very  words. 

Ipso  facto.  [L.J  In  the  fact  itself. 

Ira  furor  brevis  est.  [L.J  Anger  is  a  short 
madness. 

Italic^.  [L.J  In  Italian. 

Jacta  est  alea.  [L.J  The  die  is  cast'.- 

Je  ne  sais  quoi.  [Fr.J  I  know  not  wnat;  a 
something  or  other. 

Je  suis  pret.  [Fr.]  I  am  ready. 

Jet  deau.  [Fr.]  A  jet  of  water;  a  fountain. 

Jeu  de  mots.  (Tr.J  A  play  on  words;  a  pun. 

Jeu  d'esprit.  [Fr.J  A  display  of  wit;  a  witti- 
cism. 

Joci  causa.  [L.]  For  the  sake  of  a  joke. 

Jubilate  Deo.  [L.J  Rejoice  in  God;  be  joyful 
in  the  Lord. 

Judicium  Dei.  [L.J  The  judgment  of  God. 

Jure  divino.  [L J  By  divine  law. 

Jure  humaru).  [L.J  By  human  law. 

Juris  peritus.  [L.]  One  learned  in  the  law. 

Juris  utriusque  doctor.  [L.J  Doctor  of  both 
the  civil  and  canon  law. 

Jus  canonicum.Jli.]  The  canon  lav. 

Jus  civile.  [L.J  The  civil  law. 

Jus  divinum.  [L.J  The  divine  law. 

Jus  et  norma  loguendi.  [L.J  The  law  aiid 
rule  of  speech. 

Jus  gentium.  [L.J  The  law  of  nations. 

Jus  gladii.  [L.]  The  right  of  the  sword.- 

Juste  milieu.  [Fr.J  The  golden  mean. 

Labor  ipse  voluptas.  [L.J  Labour  itself  is  a 
pleasure. 

Labor  omnia  vincit.  [L.J  Labour  conquers 
everything. 

Labor um  dvlcelenimen.  [L.J  The  sweet  sol- 
ace of  our  labours. 

La  fortune  passe  partout.  fFr.]  Fortune 
passes  everywhere;  all  are  liable  to  vicis- 
situdes. 

L'allegro.  [It.]  The  merry  man. 

Lapis  phUoeoplarvm.  [L.J  The  pliiloac^ 
pher's  stone. 

Lapsus  calami.  [L.]  A  slip  of  the  pen. 

Lapsus  Unguce.  [LJ  A  slip  of  the  touguei 

JJapaut  me/moria.  [L.]  A  sbp  of  the  memoij* 

Laris  et  vtnates,  [h.]  Household  gods* 


JPOREICUT' WORDS  AND  PHEASES. 


841- 


Latet  anguie  in'herM.  [L.]  A  Boako  lies  bid 
in  the  grass.  .  ■ 

Iiaiini  dictum.  CL.]  Spoken  in  Latin. 

LaudaH  a  viro  laudato.  [L.]  To  be  praised 
by  one  who  is  himself  praised. 

Laudator  temporia  acti.  [L.]  •  One  who 
praises  time  past. 

Laus  Deo.  [L.]  Praise  to  God. 

L'avenir.  [Fr.]  The  future. 

Le  beau  monde.  [Fr.]  The  fashionable  world. 

Lector  benevole.  [L.]  Kind  or  gentle  reader. 

Legatws  a  latere.  [L.]  A  papal  ambassador.- 

Le  grand  monarque.  [Fr.]  The  great  mon- 
arch: Louis  Xl  V.  of  France. 

Lejeu  rCem.  vaut  pas  la  chandelle.  [Fr.]  The 
game  is  not  worth  tbe  candle;  the  object 
18  not  worth  the  trouble. 

Le  pas.  [Fr.]  Precedence  in  place  or  rank. 

Lea  absens  ont  toujours  tort.  [Fr.]  The  ab- 
sent are  always  in  the  wrong. 

Liae  majesUi.  [Fr.]  High-treason-. 

Le  tout  ensemble.  [Fr.]  The  whole  together. 

Lettre  de  cachet.  [Fr.]  A  sealed  letter  con- 
taining private  orders;  a  royal  warrant. 

Iiex  loci.  [L.j  The  law  or  custom  of  the 
place. 

Lex  non  acripta.  [L.]  XJiiWritten  law;"  com- 
mon law. 

Lex  acripta.  [L.]  Statute  law. 

Lex  talionia.  [L.]  The  law  of  retaliation.- 

L'homine  propose,  et  Dieu  dispose.  [Fr.] 
Man  proposes,  and  Ood  disposes. 

Limoe  labor  etmora.  [L.]  The  labour  and 
delay  of  the  flic;  the  slow  and  laborious 
polishing  of  a  literary  composition. 

Lhnconnu.  [Fr.]  The  unknown. 

Lite  pendente.  [L.]  During  the  trial. 

Litera  acripta  manet.  [L.]  The  written,  let- 
ter remains. 

Loco  citato.  [L.]  In  the-place  cited> 

Locus  claaaicua.  [L.]  A  classical  passage. 

Longo  intervallo.  [L.]  By  or.  at  a  lopg  in- 
terval. 

Lucus  a  non  Iwendo.  [L.]  Fsed  as  typical 
of  an  absurd  derivation— Zmcms,  a  grove, 
having  been  derived  by  an  old  grain-- 
marian  from  luceo,  to  shine—'  from  not 
shining.' 

Lustia  natwrce.  [L.]  A  sport  or  freak  of  na- 
ture. 

Ma  chire.  [Fr J'  My  dear  (fern.). 
Ma  /oi.  [Fr.]  Upon  my  faith.  • 
Magna  est  Veritas,  etprevalebit.  [L.]  Tmth 

is  mighty,  and  will  prevail. 
Magni  nominia  urribra.   [L.]   The  shadow 

of  a  great  name. 
Magnum  bonum.  [L.]  A  great  good. 
Magnum  opva.  [L.]  A  great  work. 
Maison  de  santi.  [Fr.]  A  private  asylum 

or  hospital. 


Maitre  d'hOtel.  [Fr.]  A  house-steward. 

upays.  [Fr.] 
Mala  Mo.  [L.J  Witb.bad  faith;  treacher- 


Maladie  dupays.  [Fr.]  Home-sickness. 


ously. 

Mai  de  dents.  [Fr.]  Toothache. 

Mai  de  mer.    [Fr.T   Sea-sickness. 

Mai  de  tite.  [Fr.]  Headache. 

Malgrd  nous.  [Fr.]  In  spite  of  us. 

Malu/m  in  se:  [L.]  Evil  or  an  evil  initseif. 

Malumprohibitum.  [L.J  An  evil  prohibited. 

Manibua  pedibusque.  [L.]  With  hands  and 
feet. 

Manu  proprid.  [L.]  With  one's  own  hand. 

Mardi  gras.  [Fr.l  Shrove-Tuesday., 

Mare  cZaMSWirv  fL.]  A  closed  sea;  a  bay. 

Mariage  de  convenance,  [Fr.]  Marriage 
from  motives  of  iaterest  rather  than  of 
love. 

Mariage  de  la  main-  gauche.  [Fr.]  Left- 
handed  marriage;  morganatic  marriage. 

Mauvaiae  Jionte.  [Fr.l 'False  modesty. 

Mauvaia  goUt.  [Fr.]  Bad  taste. 

Mauvais  svjet.  [Fr.]  A  bad  subject;  a 

.  worthless  scamp. 

Medio  tutissimua  ibia.  [L.]  In  a  medium 
course  you  will  be  safest. 

Mega  biblion,  mega  kakon.  [Gr.]  A  great 
book  is  a  great  evil. 

Mejudice.  [L.]  I  being  judge;  in  my  opi- 
nion. 

Memento  Tnori.  [L.]  Remember  death. 

Mens  aana  in  corpore  sano.  [L.]  A  sound 
mind  in  a  sound  body. 

Mena  aibi  conscia  recti.  [L.]  A  mind  ccm- 
scious  of  rectitude. 

Meo  periculo.  [L.]  At  my  own  risk. 

Meo  votr>.  [L.]  Accorc! ir.g  to  ray  v,  isi>. 

Mewn  et  tuum.  [h.]  Mine  and  thine. 

Miro^iU  dictv.  [L.]  Wondezful  to  relate. 


Mirabite  viau.  [L.]  Wonderful  to  see. 

Miae  en  scbne.  [Fr.]  The  getting  up  for  the 
stage,  or  the  putting  .on  the  stage. 

Modua  operandi.  [L.]  Manner  of  working. 

Mon  ami.  [Fr.]  My  friend  (masc). 

Mon  cher.  [Fr;]  My  dear  (masc.). 

■Moriumentum  cei-e  perenniua.  [L.]  A  monu- 
ment more  lasting  than  brass. 

More  majorum.  [L.J  After  the  manner  of 
our  ancestors. 

More  auo.  [L.]  In  his  own"w^. 

Mors  omnibus  communis.  [L.]  Death  is 
common  to  all. 

Motu  proprio.  [L.]  Of  his  own  accord. 

Mtdium  m  parvo.  [L.]  Much  in  little. 

Mutatia  mutandis.  [Lij  With  the  necessary 
changes. 

Natale  solum.  [L.I  Natal  soil. 

Neceasitaa  non  hdbet  legem.  [L.]  Necessity 
has  no  law. 

Nie.  [Fr.]  Born;  as  an  unmarried  woman. 

Nemine  contradicente.  [L.]  No  «ne  speak- 
ing in  opposition ;  without  opposition. 

Nemine  diasentiente.  [L.]  No  one  dissent- 
ing ;  without  a  dissenting  voice. 

Nemo  me  impune  las^sait.  [L.]  No  one  as- 
sails me  with  impunity. 

Nemo  mortalium  omnibus  horis  sapit.  [L.] 
.No  one  is  wise  at  all  times. 

Nemo  repente  fuit  turpiasim,us.  [L.]  No  one 
ever  became  a  villain  in  an  instant. 

Ne  plus  ultra.  [L.]  Nothing  further;  the 
uttermost  point ;  perfection. 

Ne  sittor  aupra  crepidam.  [L.]  Let  not  the 
shoemaker  go  beyond  his  last;  let  no  one 
meddle  with  what  lies  beyond  his  range. 

Nihil  ad  rem.  [L.]  Nothing  to  the  point 

Nihil  quod  tetigit  non  orhavit.  [L.]  He 
touched  nothing  without  embellishingit. 

Nii  admirari.  [L.]  To  be  astoiiished  at 
nothing. 

Nil  desperandum,  [L.]  There  is  no  reason 
for  despair. 

Ni  Vun  ni  Tautre.  [Fr.]  Neither  the  one 
.  nor  the  other. 

Nimium  ne  crede  colon.  [L.]  Trust  not  too 
much  to  looks. 

N'importe.  [Fr.l  It  matters  not. 

Nisi  Dominua  frustra.  [L.]  Unless  God  be 
with  us  all  is  in  vain. 

Nohilitaa  sola  est  atque  «»£<«  virtus.  [L.] 
Virtue  is  the  true  and  only  nobility. 

Noblesse  oblige.  [Fr.]  Rank  imposes  obliga- 
tions. •      - 

Nolens  volens.  [L.l  Willing  or  unwilling. 

Noli  me  tangere.  [L.l  Touch  me  not. 

Nolo  episcopari.  [L.J  I  do  not  wish  to  be 
made  a  bishop. 

Nom  de  guerre.  [Fr.]  A  war  name ;  a  pseu- 
donym; a  pen  name. 

Nom  de  plume.  [Fr.]  A  pen  name.  [Incor- 
rect for  Nom,  de  guerre.} 

Non  compos  mentis.  [L.J  Not  in  sound 
mind. 

Non  eat  inventus.  [L.]  He  has  not  been 
found. 

Non  libet.  [LJ  It  does  not  please  me. 

Non  liquet.  [L.]  The  case  is  not  clear. 

Non  omnia  possumus  omnea.  [L.J  We  can- 
not, all  of  us,  do  everything. 

Non  aeqidtur.  [L.]  It  does  not  follow. 

Noace  Uipsum.  [L.]  Know  thyself. 

Noacitur  e  aociia.  [L.J  He  is  known  by  his 
companions. 

Nota  bene.  [L.]  Mark  well. 

NoUa  avona  changi  tout  cela.  [Fr.]  We  have 
changed  all  that. 

Nous  verrona.  [Fr.]  We  shall  see. 

Novus  homo,  [L.J  A  new  "man;  one  who 
has  raised  himself  from  obscurity. 

Nudis  verbis':  [L.]  In  plain  words. 

Nulla  dies  sine  lined.  [L.]  Not  a  day  with- 
out a  line;  no  day  without  something 
done. 

Nulli  secundus.  [L.]  Second  to  none. 

Nunquam  non  paratua.  [L.J  Never  unpre- 
•  pared ;  always  ready. 

Obiit.  [L.]  He,  or  she,  died. 

Obiter  dictum.  [L.J  A  thing  said  by  the  way. 

Obacurum  z)er  obscurius.  [L.J  An  obscurity 

(explained)  by  something  i  more  obscure 

still. 
Oderint  dum  metuant.  [L.]  Let  them  hate 

provided  they  fear. 
Odi  profanum  vulgus.  [L.]  I  loathe  the 

profano  rabble. 
Odium  theologicum.  [L.]  Tho  hatred  of 

theologians. 


OKI  de  bceuf.  [Fr.J  A  bull's^ye. 

CBuwea.  [Fr.]  Works. 

Omn&  ignotum  pro  magnifico.  [L.]  What- 
ever is  unknown  is  held  to  be  magnifl- 

•  cent. 

Omne  solum  forti  patricu  [L.J  Every  soil  is 
a  brave  man's  country. 

Omnia  vincit  amor.  [L.J  Love  conquers  all 
things. 

Omnia  vincit  Idbor.  [L.]  Labour  overcomes 
all  thing^s. 

Operae  prelium  est.  [L.]  It  is  worth  while. 

Ora  et  labora.  [L.l  Pray  arid  work. 

Ora  pro  nobis,  [L.l  Pray  for  us. 

Ore  rotundo.  [L.J  With  round  full  voice. 

Origo  mali.  [L.J  Origin  of  the  evil. 

0!  si  sic  omniA.  [L.]  O !  if  all  things  so;  0! 
if  he  had  always  so  spoken  or  acted. 

0  tempora  t  O  mores.'.  [L.J  0  the  times  t  O 
the  manners ! 

Otium  cum  dignitate.  [L.J  Ease  with  dig- 
nity. 

Pace.  [L.]  By  leave  of;  not  to  give  offence 
to.— Poce  tua,  with  your  consent. 

Palmami  qui  meruit  ferat.  [L.J  Let  him 
who  has  won  the  palm  wear  it. 

Par  excellence.  [Fr.]  By  way  of  eminence. 

Pari  passu.  [L.J  With  equal  pace;  step  for 
step.. 

Par  ndbite  fratrum.  [L.]  A  noble  pair  of 
brothers ;  two  just  alike. 

Parole  d'lwntieur.  [Fr.J  Word  of  honour. 

Para  pro  toto.  [L.J  Part  for  the  whole. 

Partieepa  criminis..  [L.J  An  accomplice  in 
a  crime. 

Parva  componere  magnia.  [L.J  To  compare 
small  things  with  great.  > 

Passim.  [L.]  Everywhere ;  all  through!. 

P&td  de  foie  graa.  [Fr.]  Goose-ljver  pie. 

Pater  patiice.  [L.J  Father  of  his  country. 

Patres  conscripti.  [L.J  Conscript  fathers; 
Roman  senators. 

Pax  vobiacum.  [L.J  Peace  be  with  you. 

Peine  forte  et  dure.  [Fr.J  Strong  and  severe 

'    punishment ;.  a  kind  of  judicial  torture. 

Pensde.  [Fr.J  A  thought. 

Per.  [L.J  For;  Ihrough;  by  .-'Per  conti-a. 
Contrariwise. — Per  annum.  By  the  year ; 
annually.— Per  ceniMOT.  By  the  hundred. 
—Per  diem.  By  the  day;  daily. —Per 
saltum.  By  a  leap  or  jump.— Per  se.  By 
itself  considered. 

Perfervidum  ingenium  Scotorum.  [L.J  The 
intense  earnestness  of  Scotsmen. 

Petitio  prineipii.  [L.J  A  begging  of  the 
question. 

Peu-d-peu.  [Fr.]  Little  by  little. 

Pied  d  terre.  [Fr.J  A  resting-place ;  a  tem- 
porary lodging. 

Pis  aller.  [Fr.J  The  worst  or  last  shift. 

Poco  d  poco.  [It.J  Little  by  little. 

Poeta  naacitur,  non  fit  [L.J  The  poet  is 
bom,  not  made; 

Point  d'appui.  [Fr.]  Point  of  support. 

Poms  asinorum.  [L.J  The  ass's  bridge;  a 
name  for  the  fifth  proposition  in  Eucud. 

Populua  vult  decipi.  [L.J  People  like  to  be 
deceived. 

Pour  fairs  rire.  [Fr.J  To  excite  laughter. 

Poicr  passer  le  temps.  [Fr.J  To  pass  the 
time. 

Pour  prendre  eongd.  [Fr.]  To  take  leave. 

Pronnonitus,  prcemunitus.  [L.J  Fore- 
warned, forearmed. 

Preux  chevalier.  [Fr.J  A  brave  knight. 

Primo.  [L.J  In  the  first  place. 

Primum  mobile.  [L.J  The  source  of  mo- 
tion ;  the  mainspring. 

Principiis  obsta.  [L.J  Resist  the  first  be- 
ginnings. 

Pro  aris  et  foeis.  EL.J  For  our  altars  and 
our  hearths. 

Pro  bono  publico.  [L.J  For  the  good  of  the 
public. 

Pro  et  contra.  [L.J  For  and  against. 

Profanum,  vulgus.  [L.J  The  profane  vulgar. 

Pro  formd.  [L.J  For  the  sake  of  form. 

Proh  pudor.  [L.J  O,  for  shame  ! 

Propaganda  fide.  [L.J  For  extending  the 
faith. 

Pro  patria,  [L.J  For  our  country. 

Pro  rege,  lege,  et  grege.  [L.J  For  the  king, 
the  law,  and  thepeople. 

Prudens  fvturi.  [L.J  Thoughtful  of  the 
future.  ♦ 

Pvnica  fides.  [L.J  Punic  or  Carthaginian 
faith ;  treachery. 

(ivanivml'ibei,  [L-J-Asmucliasyoaplease. 


842 


FOREIGN   WORDS   AND   PHRASES. 


Quantum  mervit.  Uj.]  As  much  as  he  de- 
served. 
Quantum  mutatus    db    iUo.    [L.  ]     How 

changed  from  what  he  once  was. 
Quantum  svfficit.  [L.]  As  much  as  suffices. 
Quelque  chose.  [Pr.l  Something;  a  trifle. 
Quid  pro  quo.  [L.]  Something  in  return;  an 

equivalent. 
Quis  custodiet  ipsos  eugtodesf    [TJ.]   Who 

shall  keep  the  keepers  themselves? 
Qtd  s'excuse  s'accme.  IFr.]  He  who'excuses 

himself  accuses  himself. 
Quivald,}  [Px.'l  Who  goes  there? 
Quoad  hoc.  [L.]  To  this  extent. 
Quocunque  modo.  [L.]  In  whatever  way. 
Qzu>d  avertat  Dews .'  [L.]  Which  may  God 

avert ! 
Quod  erat  demonstrandum.  [L.l  Which  was 

to  be  itroved  or  demonstrated. 
Quod  erat  faciendum.  [L.]  Which  was  to 

be  done. 
Quod  vide.  [L.]  Which  see. 
Quorum  pars  magna  fui.  [L.]  Of  whom,  or 

which,  I  was  an  important  part. 
Qttos  Deus  vult  perdere,  prius  dem^ntat. 

[L.]  Those  whom  God  wishes  to  destroy, 

he  first  makes  mad. 
Qiiot  homines,  tot  sentenUa.  [L.]  Many  men, 

many  mlnqa. 

Raison  d^itat.  [Pr.]  A  reason  of  state. 

Raison  d'itre.  [Pr.]  The  reason  for  a  thing's 
existence. 

Tiara  avis  in  terris,  niffroque  simillimo 
cygno,  [L.l  A  rare  bird  on  earth,  and 
very  like  a  black  swan  (formerly  believed 
to  be  non-existent). 

Reductio  ad  absurdum.  [L.l  The  reducing 
of  a  i)osition  to  an  absurdity. 

Re  infecta.  fL.]  The  business  being  unfin- 
ished. 

Rem  acu  tetigisti.  [li.]  You  have  touched 
the  matter  with  a  needle ;  you  have  hit 
the  thing  exactly. 

Requiescat  in  pace.  [L.]  May  he  (or  she) 
rest  in  peace. 

Res  angusta  domi.  [L.]  Narrow  circum- 
stances  at  home. 

Res  gestae.  [L.]  Things  done ;  exploits. 

JSis  judicata.  [L.]  A  case  or  suit  already 
settled. 

Re'spice  finem.  [L.]  Look  to  the  end. 

Resurgam.  [L.]  I  shall  rise  again. 

Revenons  d  nos  Tnoutons.  [Fr.]  Lef  us  re- 
turn to  our  sheep ;  let  us  return  to  our 
Buhject. 

Robe  de  ehambre.  [Fr.]  A  morning-gown  or 
dressing-gown, 

Ruat  cxlvm.  [L.]  Let  the  heavens  fall. 

Rus  in  urbe.  IL.]  The  country  in  town 

Scd  AtOeum.  [L.l  Attic  salt;'i.e.  wit. 

Salvo  jure.  [L.]  The  right  being  safe. 

Salvo  pudofe.  {L.\  Without  offence  to  mo- 
desty. 

Sans  pear  et  sans  reproche.  [Fr;]  Without 
fear  and  without  reproach. 

Sans  souci.  [Pr.]  Without  care. 

Sartor  resartus.  [L.]  The  botcher  re- 
patched  ;  the  tailor  patched  or  mended. 

Satis  superqite.  [L.]  Enough,  and  more 
than  enough. 

Satis  verborum.  [L-l  Enough  of  words ;  no 
more  need  be  said. 

Sauve  qui  pent.  [Fr.J  Let  him  save  himself 
who  can. 

Savoir  /aire.  [Fr.]  The  knowing  how  to 
act ;  tact. 

Savoir  viore.  [Fr.]  Good-breeding;  refined 
manners. 

Secundum  artem.  OJ.]  According  to  art  or 
rule ;  scientifically. 

Selon  les  regies.  [Pr.]  According  to  rule. 

Semper  avarus  eget.  [L.]  The  avaricious 
is  always  in  want. 

Semper  fideHis.JTL.']  Always  faithful. 

Semper  idem.  [L.l  Always  the  same. 

Semper  paratus.  [L.]  Always  ready. 

Sic  itter  ad  astrcL  [L.]  Such  is  the  way  to 
the  stars,  or  to  immortality. 

Sic  passim.  [L.]  So  here  and  there  through- 
out; 80  everywhere. 

8ie  temper  tyrannia.  [L.]  Ever  so  to  tyrants. 


Sic  transit  gloria  mtmdi.  [L.]  Thus  passes 

away  the  glory  of  this  world. 
Sicut  ante.  [L.]  As  before. 
Sic  vos  non  vobis.   [L.]  ,  Thus  you  labour 

but  not  for  yourselves. 
Similia  similibtiscurantur.  [L.]  Like  things 

are  cured  by  like. 
Si  monumentum  quceris,  circum^pice.  [L.] 

If  you  seek  his  monument,  look  around 

you. 
Sine  curd.  [L.]  Without  charge  or  care. 
Sine  die.    [L.]    Without  a  day  being  ap- 
pointed. 
Sine  dubio.  [L.]  Without  doubt. 
Sine  mora.  [L.]  Without  delay. 
Sine  qua  non.   [L.]    Without  which,  not; 

something  indispensable. 
Si  non  d  vero,  i  ben  trovato.  [It.]  If  not  true 

it  is  cleverly  invented. 
Siste,  viator.  [L.]  Stop,  traveller. 
Sit  tibi  terra  levis.  [L.j  Light  lie  the  elath 

upon  thee. 
Si  vis  pacem,  para  beUum.  [L.]  If  you  wish 

for  peace,  prepare  for  war. 
Sola  'nobilitas  virtus.  [L.]  Virtue  the  only 

nobility. 
Spero  Jmeliora.    [It.]    I  hope  for  better 

things. 
Splendide  mendax.  [L.]  Nobly  untruthful; 

untrue  for  a  good  object. 
Sponte  sud.  [L.f  Of  one's  (or  its)  own  accord. 
Stat  vwgni  nominis  umira.  [L.]  He  stands 

the  shadow  of  a  mighty  name. 
Statu  quo  ante  bellum.  [L.]  In  the  state  in 
which  things  were  before  the  war. 
Status  quo.  [L.]  The  state  in  which. 
Sua  cuiqiie  voluplas.  [L.]  Every  man  has 

his  own  pleasures. 
Stiaviter  in  modo,  fortiter  in  re.  [L.]  Gientle 

in  manner,  resolute  in  execution. 
Sub  jtidice.  [L.]  Under  consideration. 
Subpoena.  [L.]  Under  a  penalty. 
Sub  i^oetexto  jutis.  [L.]  tfnder  the  pretext 

of  justice. 
Sub  rosa.  [L.]  Under  the.rose;  privately. 
Svb  silentw.  [L.]  In  silence. 
Sub  voce.  [L.]  Undei:  such  or  such  a  word; 
Suggestio  falsi.   [L.]   Suggestion  of  false- 
hood. 
Sui  generis.  [L.]  Of  its  own  peculiar  kind. 
Summum  bonum.  [L.]  The  chief  good. 
Summum  Jus,  summa  injuria.    [L.]    The 

rigour  of  the  law  is  the  height  of  oppres- 
sion. 
Suppressio  veri.  [L.]  A  suppression  of  the 

truth. 
Swum  cuique.  [L.]  Let  every  one  have  his 

own. 
Suus  cuique  mos.  [L.]  Every  one  has  his 

particular  habit. 

Tabula  rasa.  [L.]  A  smooth  or  blank  tablet. 
Tcedium,  vitce.  [L.J  Weariness  of  life. 
Tantcene  animia  ccslestibus  irmt  [L.l  Can 

such  anger  dwell  in  heavenly  mind!s? 
Tant  mieux.  [Pr.]  So  much  the  better. 
Tant  pis.  [Pr.]  So  much  the  worse. 
Tejudice.  [L.]  You  being  the  judge. 
TemporamiUantur,et  nos  viutam%ir  in  illis. 

[L.]  The  times  are  changing  and.  we  with 

them. 
Tempus  edax  rentm.   [L.]   Time  the  de- 

vourer  of  all  things. 
Tempus  fugit.  [L.]  Time  flies. 
Tenax  propositi.  [L.]  Tenacious  of  purpose. 
Tenniiius  ad  qusm.  [L.]  The  term  or  limit 
•  to  which. 
Terminus  a  quo.  [L.]  The  term  or  Umit 

from  which. 
Tertium  quid.  [L.]  A  third  something;  a 

nondescript. 
Toga  virilis.    [L.]   The  manly  toga;  the 

dress  of  manhood. 
To  kcOon.    [Gr.]    The  beautiful;  the  chief 

good. 
Tot  homines,  quot  sententicB.  [L.]  So  many 

men,  so  many  minds. 
Totidem  i)erbis.  [Ii.fjn  just  so  many  words. 
Totis  viribus.  [L.]  With  all  his  might. 
Totocoelo.  [L.]  By  the  whole  heavens;  dia^ 

metrically  opposite. 
Tovjours  perdrix.  [Pr.]  Always  partridge; 

always  the  same  thing  over  again. 


Toujours  pret.  (Fr.l  Always  ready. 

Tour  deforce.  [Fr.]  A  feat  of  strength  or 
skill. 

Tout-drfait.  [Fr.]  Wholly;  entirely. 

Tout-drVheure.  [Pr.l  Instantly. 

Tout  au  contraire.  [Fr.]  On  the  contrary. 

Tout  d  vous.  [Fr.]  ^\^lolIy  yours. 

Tout  de  suite.  [Fr.]  Immediately. 

TotU  ensemble.  [Fr.]  The  whole  taken  to- 
gether. 

Tria  juncta  in  vno.  [L.]  Three  joined  in  one. 

Tu  quoque.  [L.]  Thou  also. 

TTbi  bene,  ibipatria.  [L.]  Where  it  is  well 
there  is  one's  country. 

Ubi  supra.  [L.]  Where  above  mentioned. 

IJliiinus  Romatujrum.  [L.]  The  last  of  the 
Romans. 

Una  voce.  [L.]  With  one  voice;  unani- 
mously. 

Un  fait  accompli.  [Fr.]  An  accomplished 
fact. 

Uno  animo.  [L.]  With  one  mind;  unani- 
mously. 

Usqu£  ad  nauseam.  [L.]  To  disgust, 

Usus  loquendi.  [L.l  Usage  in  speaking. 

UtUe  didci.  [L.]  The  useful  with  the  plea- 
sant. 

Ut  infra.  [L.]  As  below. 

Vti  possidetis.  [L.]  As  you  hold  In  posses- 
sion. 

Ut  supra.  [L.]  As  above. 

Fob  vietis.  [L.]  Woe  to  the  vanquished. 

Valeat  quantam  valere  potest.  [L.]  Let  it 
pass  for  what  it-is  worth. 

Varice  lectiones.  [L.]  Various  readings. 

Variort'.m  note.  [L.]  The  notes  of  various 
commentators. 

Varium  et  mutabile  semper  foemina.  [L.l 
Woman  is  ever  a  changeful  and  capri- 
cious thing. 

Veni,  tridi,  vici.  [L.]  I  came,  I  saw,  I  con- 
quered. [Caesar's  message  to  the  senate 
when  he  conquered  Phamaces,  king  of 
Pontus.] 

Verbati7n  et  literatim.  [L.]  Word  for  word 
and  letter  for  letter. 

Verbum,  sat  sapienti.  [L.]  A  word  is  enough 
for  a  wise  man. 

Veritas  prevalebit.  [L.]  Truth  will  prevail. 

Veritas  vincit.  [L.]  Truth  conquers. 

Vdritd  Sana  peur.  [Pr.]  Truth  without 
fear. 

Vestigia  nuUa  retrorsum.  [L.]  No  return- 
ing footsteps;  no  traces  backward. 

Vexata  qucestio.  [L.J  A  disputed  question. 

Via  media.  [L.]  A  middle  course. 

Vide  et  crede.  [L.J  See  and  believe. 

Video  meliora  proboque,  deteriora  sequor. 
[L.J  I  see  and  approve  the  better  course, 
I  follow  the  worse. 

Vide  ut  supra.  [L.]  See  what  is  stated 
above. 

Vi  et  armis.  [L.J  By  force  and  arms;  by 
main  force.  ( 

Vincit  omnia  Veritas.  [L.]  Truth  conquers 
all  things. 

Vires  acquirit  eundo.  [L.]  Ab  it  goes  it  ac- 
quires strength. 

Vir  sapit  qui  pauca,  loquitur.  [L.l  He  is  a 
wise  man  who  says  but  little. 

Virtute  et  fide.  [L.]  By  or  with  virtue  and 
faith. 

Virtute  et  labore.  [L.J  By  virtue  and  labour. 

Virtute  securus.  [L.J  Secure  through  virtue. 

Vis  comica.  [L.J  Comic  power  or  talent. 

Vis  niedicatrix  natura.  [L.J  The  healing 
power  of  nature. 

Vita  brevis,  ars  longa.  [L.]  Life  is  short, 
art  is  long. 

Vitce  via  virtus.  [L,]  Virtue  the  way  of  life. 

VoUd.  [Pr.]  Behold;  there  is;  there  are. 

Voild  tout.  [Pr.]  That's  all. 

Voild  une  autre  chose.  [Pr.]  That's  another 
thing;  that  is  quite  a  different  matter. 

Volenti  non  fit  injuria.  [L.J  No  injustice  is 
done  to  the  consenting  person. 

Vox  et  prceterea-  nihil.  [L.J  A  voice  and 
nothing  more;  sound  but  no  sense. 

Vox  populi,  vox  Dei.  [L  J  The  voice  of  the 
people  is  the  voice  of  God. 

Vulgi.  [L.]  Commonly. 


ABBREVIATIONS   AND   CONTRACTIONS 

COMMONLY  USED  IN  WRITING  AND  PRINTING. 


A.  or  ans.  Answer. 

a.  or  @  (L.  ad).  To.  or  at. 
A.B.  {L-ArtiumBaccalaureua): 

Bachelor  of  Arts;  able-bodied 

'teaman. 
Abl.  Ablative. 
Abp.  Archbishop. 
A.G.  (L.  Ante  Christum).  Before 

Christ. 
a/c;  Acct.  Account. 
A.D.  {Jj.  Anno  Domini).  In  the 

year  of  our  Lord. 
A. B.C.  Aide-de-camp. 
Adj.  Adjective. 
Adjt.  Adjutant. 
Ad  lib.  01  Ad  libit.  {It.  ad  libit- 
um). At  pleasure. 
Adm.  Admiral. 
Adv.  Adverb;  advocate. 
jE.  or  at.  (L.  cetatia).  Of  age; 

aged. 
A.P.A.  Associate  of  the  Faculty 

of  Actuaries. 
A.H.  (L.  Anno  Eegirm).  In  the 

year  of  the  Hegira. 
A.I.C.E.  Associate  of  the  Insti- 
tute of  Civil  Engineers. 
A.K.C.  Associate  of  King's Col- 
■  lege  (London). 
Ala.  Alabama. 
A.M.  (It.  Anno  Mundi),  in  the 

year  of  the  world ;  (L.  Ante 

Meridiem),  before  noon;'(L. 

Artium  Magister),  Master  of 

Axts. 
Anc.  Ancient. 
Anon.  Anonymous. 
Ans.  Answer. 
Antiq.  Antiquities. 
Ap.  or  Apr.  April. 
A.R.A.  Associate  of  the  Royal 

Academy. 
A.R.H.A.    Associate    of    the 

Eoyal  Hibernian  Academy. 
Ari.y  Ariz.  Arizona  Territory. 
Ark.  Arkansas. 
A.R.S.A.  Associate  of  theRoyal 

Scottish  Academy. 
A.R.S.M.  Associate  of  theRoyal 

School  of  Mines. 
A.S^  A.-Sax.  Anglo-Saxon. 
A.U.C.  ill. Anno  Urbis  Conditck 

or  Ab  Urbe  ConditA}.    In  the 
,  year  from  the  building  of  the 

city  (=Rome). 
Aug.  August. 
A.V.  Artillery  Volunteers;  also 

Authorized  Version  (of  the 

Bible).  ^ 

Avoir.  Avoirdupois.) 

'  •-.;         4l>r 

b.  Bom. 

B.A.  Bachelor  of  Arts.y 
Bart,  or  Bt.  Baronet. 
B.C.  Before  Christ. 
B.a.L.  Bachelor  of  Civil  Law. 
B.D.  Bachelor  of  Divinity.  • 
Bk.  Book. 

B.L.  Bachelor  of  Laws. ' 
B.M.  Bachelor  of  Medicine. 
B.Mus.  Bachelor  of  Music. 
Bp.  Bishop. 
Brit.  Britain,  British. 
B.Se.  Bachelor  of  Science. 
B.S.L.  Botanical  Society,  Lon- 
don. 
B.V.  Blessed  Virgin.— B. F.if. 
-  Blessed  Virgin  Mary. 

C.  Centigrade. 

C.  or  Cap.  (L.  caput).  Chapter. 

C.A.-  Chartered  Accountant. 

Oal.  California. 

Cantab.  (L.  Cantdbrigiensis).  Of 

*■  Cambridge. 

Cantuar.  (L.  Gantuariensia).  Of 

»  Canterbury.  •       *< 

Cap^h.  capv.thjaa»ptei. 


Oapt.  Captain. 

Card.  Cardinal. 

Cath.  Catholic. 

G.B.  Companion  of  the  Bath. 

C.G.  Catholic  clergyman. 

O.D.  V.  Carte-de-visite. 

G.E.  Civil  Engineer.     . 

Cent.  (L.  centum).  A  hundred. 

Centig.  Centigrade  (thermome- 
ter). 

Cf.  (L.  confer).  Compare. 

O^F.I.  Cost,  freight,  aad  insur- 
ance. 

C.&.  Coast-guard. 

Cf.G.S.  (usedadjectively).  Centir 
metre.  Gramme,  Second  (as 
units  of  length,  mass,  and 
time). 

Ch.  Chapter;  chorch. 

Chap.  Chapter. 

G.I.  Order  of  the  Crown  of  In- 
dia. 

Cicestr.  {Cicestrenais).  Of  Chi- 
chester. 

C.I.B.  Companion  of  the  Order 
,of  the  Indian  Empire. 

Clk.  Clerk. 

O.if.  (L.  Chirurgice  Magister), 
Master  in  Surgery;  Common 
Metre. 

CM.  G.  Companion  of  the  Order 
of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George. 

Co.  Company;  County. 

Col.  Colonel;  Colonial;  Colos- 
sians;  Column;  Colorado. 

Coll.  College. 

Comp.  Compare  or  comparative. 

Conn.  Connecticut. 

Cor.  Mem.  Corresponding  Mem- 
ber. 

Cor.  Sec.  Corresponding  Secre- 
tary. 

G.P.  Clerk  of  the  Peace. 

C.P.  0.  Clerk  of  the  Privy  Coun- 
cil.    - 

C.P.S.(h.  Gustos  Privati  Sigillifi. 
Keeper  of  the  Privy  Seal. 

Gr.  Credit  or  Creditor. 

Grim.  son.  Criminal  conversa- 
tion or  adultery. 

G.S.  Civil  Service:  Clerk  to  the 
Signet;  Court  of  Session. 

G.S  J.  Companion  of  the  Star  of 
India. 

Ct.  Connecticut. 

Cur.  or  Curt.  Current;  this 
month. 

Cwt.  (L.  ceniMWi,  a  hundred,  and 
Eng.  weight).  A  hundred- 
weight or  hundredweights. 

Gyc.  Cyclopisedia. 

d.  (L.  denarius,  denarii).  A 
penny  or  pence;  died. 

Bak.  Dakota  Territory. 

B.C.  District  of  Columbia;  (It. 
Ba  Capo),  from  the  beginning; 
again. 

B.G.L.  Doctor  of  Civil  Law 

B.B.  Doctor  of  Divinity. 

Bee.  December. 

Bel.  Delaware;  (L.  delineavit), 
he  (or  she)  drew  it. 

Bep,  Deputy. 

B.P.  Dean  of  the  Faculty;  De- 
fender of  the  Faith. 

B.G.  (L.  Bei  Gratia).  By  the 
Grace  of  God. 

Diet.  Dictionary. 

B.L.  Deputy  Lieutenant. 

B.Lit.  Doctor  of  Literature. 

B.M.  or  B.Mus.  Doctor  of  Mu- 
sic. 

Bo.  (It.  ditto).  The  same. 

Bols.  Dollars. 

Boz.  Dozen. 

Br.  Debtor;  Do<5$pr;  Pram  or 


B.Sc.  Doctor  of  Science. 

B.T.  (L.  Doctor  Theologize).  Doc- 
tor of  Divinity. 

Burielm.  {BUnelmensis).  Of  Dur- 
ham. 

B.  V.  (L.  Beo  volente).  God  wil- 
ling. 

Bwt.  (L.  denarius,  penny,  and 
Eng.  weight).  A  pennyweight 
or  pennyweights. 

If:  East  or  Eastern. 

Eblan.  (Eblanensis).  Of  Dublin. 

Ebor.  (L.  Eboracensis).  Of  York. 

E.  C.  Eastern  Central  (postal  dis- 
trict, London) ;  Established 
Church. 

Ed.  Edition  or  editor. 

E.E.  Errors  excepted. 

E.E.T.S.  Early  EngUsh  Text 
Society. 

E.G.  (L.  exempli  graiid).  For 
example. 

E.I.  East  India  or  East  Indies. 

E.I.C.  or  E.LGo.  East  India 
Company. 

E.I. G.S.  East  India  Company's 
Service. 

Ency.  or  Encye.  Encyclopaedia. 

E.N.E.  East-north-east. 

Eng.  England  or  English. 

E.S.E.  East-south-east. 

Esq.  or  Esqr.  Esquire. 

Etc.  (L.  Vt  eaten,  cceterce,  or  cce- 
tera).  And  others;  and  so  forth. 

Et  seq.  (L.  et  sequentes  or  sequen- 
tial, -^iid  the  following. 

Ex.  Example. 

Ex.  div.  Exclusive  of  dividend. 

Exon.{lii  Exonien8i8).Ot  Exeter. 

P.,  Fahr.  Fahrenheit  (thermo- 
meter). 

P.A.S.  Fellow  of  the  Antiqua- 
rian Society. 

P.A.S.E.  Fellow  of  the  Anti- 
quarian Society  of  Edinburgh. 

F.G.  Free  Church  (of  Scotland). 

Pep:  Foolscap. 

P.C.S.  FeUow  of  the  Chemical 
Society. 

F.B.  (L.  Pidei  Befensor  or  Be- 
fensatrix).  Defender  of  the 
Faith. 

Feb.  Februai-y. 

Pec.  [li.  fecit).  He(or8he)didit. 

P.E.I.S.  Fellow  of  the  Educa- 
tional Institute  of  Scotland. 

P.E.S.  Fellow  of  the  Entomo- 
logical Society;  Fellow  of  the 
Ethnological  Society. 

P.P.  A.  Fellow  of  the  Faculty  of 
Actuaries. 

P.F.P.S.  Fellow  of  Faculty  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons 
(Glas.). 

P.G.S.  Fellow  of  the  Geological 
Society. 

F.H.S.  Fellow  of  the  Horticul- 
tural Society. 

P.I. A.  Fellow  of  the  Institute 
of  Actuaries. 

Fid.Def.  See  F.D. 

Piq.  Figure  or  figures;  figura- 
tive or  figuratively. 

PI,  Fla^  or  Fior.  Florida. 

P.L.S.  Fellow  of  the  Linn^ean 
Society. 

P.M.  Field-marshal. 

Po.  or  Pol.  Folio  or  folios. 

P.O.B.  Free  on  Board  (goods 
delivered). 

P.P.  Fire-plug. 

P.P.S.  Fellow  of  the  Philologi- 
cal Society. 

F.R.A.S.  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal 

>H.AstronociicaLSociet7. 


F.B.G.P.  FeUow  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians. 

P.R.C.P.E.  Do.,  Edinburgh. 

P.R.C.S.  Fellow  of  tha  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons. 

F.R.G.S.E.  Do.,  Edinburgh. 

P.R.C.S.I.  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons,  Ireland. 

F.R.G.S.L.  Fellow  of  theRoyal 
College  of  Surgeons,  London. 

P.R.G.S.  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society. 

P.R.I.B.A.  FeUow  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Archi- 
tects. • 

P.R.S.  Fellow  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety. 

P.R.S.-X.  Do.,  Edinburgh. 

P.R.S.L.  FEilow  of  the  Royp? 
Society  of  Literature. 

P.S.A.  Fellow  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries. 

P.S. A.Scot.  Do..  Scotland. 

P.S.S.  Fellow  of  the  Statistical 
Society. 

Pt.  Foot  or  feet.         _  _    . 

P.T.C.D.  FeUow  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin.    '>"  Ml.  i^r-i.i-      * 

P.Z.S.  FeUow  of  the  Zoological 
Society.-' 

Cht.  Georgia.     _        _ 

Gat  or  Gall.  Gallon  or  Gallons. 
G.  G.B.  Grand  Cross  of  the  Bath. 
G.C.M.G.   Grand  Cross  of  St. 

Michael  and  St.  George.  /  _^ 
G.C.S.I.  Grand  Commander  of 

the  Star  of  India.  "* 
Gen.  or  Genl.  General. 
Gent,  or  Gentn.  Qentlemari^Of 

gentlemen.  • 
firm.  Grammes. 
G.M.  Grand  Master.\      ^-. 
G.M.K.P.  Grand  Master  of  the 

Knights  of  St.  Patrick.  •;■' 
Gov.-Gen.  Governor-general. 
G.P.O.  General  Post-office./ 
gr.  Grain  or  Grains. 

H.B.M.  His  (or  Her)  Britannic 

Majesty. 
H.G.M.  His  (or  Her)  Catholic 

Majesty. 
H.E.I.C.S.    Honourable    East 

India  Company's  Service. 
Hf.-bd.  Half-bound. 
ll.G.  Horse  Guards. 
H.H.  His  (or  Her)  Highnesd. 
Hhd.  Hogshead  or  Hogsheads. 
H.I.H.  His  (or  Her)  Imperial 

Highness. 
H.J.  or  H.J.S.  (L.  Hie  Jacet  or 

Hie  Jacet  Sepultus).  Here  lies, 

or  here  lies  buried. 
H.L.  House  of  Lords. 
H.M.  His  (or  Her)  Majesty. 
H.M.P.  (L.  Hoc  Monumentum 

Posuit).  Erected  this  monu- 
ment. 
H.M.S.  His  (or  Her)  Majesty's 

Service;    His  (or  Her)  Ma- 
jesty's Ship. 
Hon.  or  Honbl.  Honourable. 
H.P.  Horse-power.  A 

H.R.  House  of  Representatives. 
H.R.H.    His   (or  Her)   Eoyal 

Highness. 
H.R.I. P.    (L.  hie  requieseit  t» 

pace).  Here  rests  in  peace. 
H.S.  (L.  hie  situs).  Here  Ues.  .^ 
H.S.H.  His  (or^Her)  Serene 

Highness.  /-"'^ 

/.  Island. 

la.  Iowa.  - — _ 

lb.  or  ibid.  (L.  t6td«m)."In  tho 

same  place.  ^  /^ 

Jd.  (L.  idem).  The  same. 


844 


ABBREVIATIONS  AND  CONTRACTIONS  COMMONLY  USED. 


I.e.  (Tj.  id  esD.  That  is. 

J.  U.S.  Usually  looked  upon  as 
the  initials  oi  leaxia  (Jeaita)  Ho- 
minum  Salvaior,  Jesus  the  Sa- 
viour of  Men,  but  originally 
IKS  the  first  three  letters  of 
•IHSOTa  ilesoua),  the  Greek 
form  of  Jesus. 

111.  lUinois. 

Jinp.  (L.  impercUor).  Emperor; 
Imperial,  r 

In.  Inch  or  inchei. 

Incog.  (It.  i7UX>gnito,  incognita). 
Unknown. 

Ind.  Indiana. 

Ind.  T.  Indian  Territory. 

In  loc.  (L.  ill  loco).  In  its  place. 

I.N.R.i.  (L.  lesua  Nazarenus 
Rex  Ivdaeorum).  Jesus  of 
Nazareth,  King  of  the  Jews. 

Inst.  Instant;  the  present 
month. 

I.O.Q.T.  Independent  Order  of 
Good  Templars. 

I.O.O.F.  Independent  Order  of 
Oddfellows. 

I.O.U.  I  owe  you— an  acknow- 
ledgment for  money. 

Ir.  Irish. 

I.R.O.  Inland Bevenue  Office. 

Isl  Island. 

Jan.  January. 

J.C.  Jesus  Christ. 

J.H.S.  8eeI.H.S. 

J.  P.  Justice  of  the  Peace. 

Jr.  Jxmior. 

J.U.D.  {li.Juria  Utriusque Doe- 
tor).  Doctor  or  both  Laws 
(that  is,  ciTU  and  canon). 

Jul.  July. 

Kan.  Kansas. 

K.B.  Knight  of  the  Bath. 

K.C.B.  Kiight  Commander  of 

the  Bath. 
K.C.M.G.  Knight  Commander 

of  St. Michaeland  St. G«orge. 
K.  O.S.I.  Knight  Commander  of 

the  Star  of  India. 
Ken.  Kentucky. 
K.G.  Knight  of  the  Garter. 
K.G.C.B.  Knight  of  the  Grand 

Cross  of  the  Bath. 
Kilog.  Kilogramme. 
Kilom.  Kilomfetre. 
K.L.H.  Knight  of  the  Legion 

of  Honour. 
K.M.  Knight  of  Malta, 
Knt.  Knight. 

K.P.  Knight  of  St.  Patrick. 
Kt.  Knight. 

K.T.  Knight  of  the  Thistle. 
Ky.  Kentucky. 

L.,  I.,  or  £  (L.  libra).  Poimd  or 
pounds  (sterling). 

L.,  lb.,  or  tb.  Pound  or  pounds 
(weight). 

La.  Louisiana. 

L.A.  Law  Agent;  Literate  in 
Arts. 

L.A .  A'.LicentiateApothecaries' 
Hall  (Ireland). 

L.A.S.  Licentiate  of  the  Apo- 
thecaries' Society. 

Lat.  Latin;  latitude. 

Lb.  or  rb.  Pound  or  pounds 
(weight). 

L.C.  Lord  Chamberlain;  Lord 
Chancellor. 

L.C.  (L.  loco  citato).  In  the  place 
Quoted. 

L.C.J.  Lord  Chief -justice. 

L.O.P.  Licentiate  of  the  College 
of  Preceptors. 

Ld.  Lord;  Ldp.  Lordship. 

L.D.8.  Licentiate  of  Dental 
Surgery. 

L.O.  Life  Guards. 

L.I.  Light  Infantry;  Long  Is- 
land. 

Lib.  (L.  liber).  Book. 

Lieut:  Lieutenant. 

Lieut-Col.  Lieutenant-colonel. 

Lieut.-Gen.  Lieutenant-general. 

Liiut.-Qov.  Lieutenant-gover- 
nor. 

Linn.  Linnaeus  or  TilnnsBan. 


Lit.D.  Doctor  of  Literature. 

L.L.  or  L.Lat.  'Low  Latin. 

L.L.A.  Lady  Literate  in  Arts. 

LL.B.  (L.  Le(;um  Baccaiau- 
reus).  Bachelor  of  Laws.  [LIj. 
is  written  because  the  word 
iS  plural.] 

LL.D.  (L.  Legum  Doctor).  Doc- 
tor of  Laws.    [See  LL.B.] 

L.M.  Long  Metre;  Licentiate 
in  Midwifery. 

Lon.  or  long.  Longitude. 

Loq.  (L.  loquiiur).  Speaks. 

L.R.C.P.  Licentiate  Royal  Cel- 
lege  of  Physicians. 

LJi.CiS.  Licentiate  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons. 

L.S.  Linnaean  Society;  (L.  locus 
sigilli)  Plsece  of  the  seal. 

L.S.A.  See  L.A.S. 

L.S.D.  (L.  Librae,  Solidi,  Dena- 
rii). Pounds,  shillings,  pence. 

Lt  Lieutenant. 

M.  (L.  mUU).  Thousand;  (L. 
meridies),iioon;  mile  or  luiles; 
Monsieur. 

m.  Minute  or  minutes. 

M.A.  Master  of  Arts.  SecAJf. 

ifa.  Alinnesota. 

JIad.  or  Madm.  Madam. 

Maj.  Major. 

Maj.-Gen.  Major-generaL 

Mar.  March. 

Mass.  Massachusetts. 

M.B.  (L.  Medidiioe  BMcalau- 
reus).  Bachelor  pf  Memcine. 

M.C.  Master  of  Ceremonies; 
Member  of  Congress ;  Master 
in  Surgery.    See  CM. 

M.D.  (li.MedieiruB Doctor^  Doc- 
tor of  Medicine. 

Md.  Maryland. 

Mdlle.  Mademoiselle. 

M.E.  Military,  alining,  or  Me- 
chanical Engineer. 

Me.  Maine.    -    * 

Mem.  Memorandiun  or  memo- 
randa. 

Messrs.  Messieurs,  Gentlemen. 

M.F.H.  Master  of  Pox  Hounds. 

M.H.S.  Member  of  the  Histori- 
cal Society. 

Mi.  Mississippi. 

M.I.C.E.  Member  of  the  Insti- 
tute of  Ci'N-il  Engiiieers. 

Mich.  Michigan. 

Minn.  Slinnesota. 

Miss.  Mississippi. 

Mile.  Mademoiselle  or  Miss. 

wm.  Millimetres. 

Mme.  Madame. 

Mn.  Michigan. 

M.N.S.  Member  of  the  Numls- 
"matical  Society. 

Mo.  Missouri. 

Mon.  T.  Montana  Territory. 

Mons.  Monsieur;  Sir. 

M.P.  Member  of  Parliament. 

M.P.S.  Member  of  the  Phar- 
maceutical Society;  Member 
of  the  Philolog^^l  Society. 

Mr.  Master  (pron.  Mister). 

M.R.  Master  of  the  Rolls. 

M.R.A.S.  Member  of  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Science;  Member 
of  the  Royal,  Asiatic  Society. 

M.R.G.P.  Member  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians. 

M.R.C.S.  Member  of  the  Royal 
<;!ollege  of  Surgeons. 

M.R.C.V.S.  Member  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Veterinary 
Surgeons. 

M.R.I.A.  Member  of  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy. 

Mrs.  Mistress. 

M.R.S.L.  Member  of  the  Royal 
Societyof  Literature. 

M.S.  (L.  memoriae  socrwrn).  Sa- 
cred to  the  memoiy. 

MS.  Manuscript.  MSS.  Hanu- 
Ecrifts. 

M.8.S.  Member  of  the  Statisti- 
cal Society. 
Mt.  Mount  or  mountain. 
Miu.B.  (L.  Musicce  BaccaZau- 
retu).    Bachelor  of  Music. 

ift«.D.  or  Jfu«.i)oc.  (h.Mwiea 
Doctor).  Doctor  of  Music 


If.  W.  G.M'  Most  "Worthy  Grand 
Master. 

N.  Noon;  North;  Northern. 

N.A.  North  America  or  North 
American. 

N.B.  New  Brunswick;  North 
Britain  (Scotland) ;  (L.  JVpto 
Bene)  Note  well  or  take  notice. 

N.C.  North  Carolina. 

N.£.  New  England;  North-east; 
North-eastern. 

Neb.  Nebraska. 

Nem.  Con.  (L.  nemine  contradi- 
cente).  No  one  contradicting; 
unanimously. 

Nem.  Dis.  (L.  nemine  dissen- 
tiente).  No  one  dissenting. 

NeO^.  Netherlands. 

Nev.  Nevada. 

N.H.  New  Hampshire. 

N.J.  New  Jersey. 

N.Lat.  North  latitude. 

N.M.  New  Mexico. 

N.N.B.  North-north-east. 

N.N.W.  North-north-west. 

No'.  (L.  rMW^ro).  Number. 

Non.  Con.  Not-content;  dissen- 
tient (House'of  Lords). 

Non  obst.  (L.  non'  obstante).  Not- 
withstanding. 

Non  seq.  (L.  non  setptitur).  It 
does  not  follow. 

Nov.  November. 

N.P.  Notary-public. 

N.S.  New  Style;  Nova  Scotia. 

N.T.  New  Testament. 

iV.  W.  North-west;  J^orth-west- 
em. 

N.W.T.  North-west  Territory. 

N.T.  New  York. 

N.Z.  or  N.Zeai.  New  Zealaad. 

0.  Ohio. 

Ob.  (L.  oUU).  Died. 

Oct.  October. 

O.F.  Oddfellows. 

O.H.M.S.  On  Her  Majesty's 
Service. 

O.M.  Old  Measurement. 

Or.  Oregon.     ' 

Ord.  Ordinance  or  ordinary. 

O.S.  Old  Style. 

O.T.  Old  Testament. 

Oxon.CL.Oxoniensis).  Of  Oxford. 

Oa.  Ounce.  INote.  The  e,  as  in 
rie.,  represents  an  old  symbol 
for  a  terminal  contraction.] 

».  page ;  PH.  pages. 

Pa.  Pennsylvania. 

Par.  Paragraph. 

Pari.  Parliament  or  parliamen- 
tary. 

P.Ol  Police  Constable;  Privy 
Council  or  Privy  Councillor. 

Pd.  Paid. 

Penn.  Pennsylvania. 

Per  an.  (L.  per  annum).  Byt&e 
year;  yearly. 

Per  cent,  or  per  ct.  (L.  per  cen- 
tum). By  the  hundred. 

P. G.M.  Past  Grand  Master. 

Ph.D.  (L.  Philosophux  Doctor.) 
Doctor  of  Philosophy.' 

Phil.  Philosophy,  philosophical. 

Pijw.  or  pxt.  (L.  Pinxit).  He 
(or  she)  painted  it. 

P.L.  Poet  Laureate. 

P. L.C.  Poor  Law  Commission- 
ers. 

P.M.  (It.  post  meridiem).  After- 
noon; Past  Master;  Post- 
master. 

P.M.O.  Postmaster-generaL 

P.O.  Post-office. 

P.  <fc  O.Co.  Peninsular  and  Ori- 
ental Steam  Navigation  Com- 
pany. 

P.O.O.  Post-office  Order. 

Pp.  Pages. 

P.P.  Parish  Priest. 

P.P.C.  (Fr.  pour  prendre  congi). 
To  take  leave. 

P.R.  Prize  Ring. 

P.R.A.  President  of  the  Royal 
Academy. 

Pres.  President. 

Pro/.  Profesaoz. 


Pro  tern.  (L.  t)ro  tempore).  For 
the  time  being. 

Prox.  (L.  proximo).  Next  or  of 
the  next  month. 

P.R.S.  President  of  the  Royal 
Society. 

P.B.S.2..President  of  the  Royal 
Scottish  Academy. 

P.S.  (L.  post  scriptum).  Post- 
script. 

P.S.  Privy  SeaL 

P.T.  Post  To'wn; Pupil  Teacher. 
'P.T.O.  Please  turn  over. 
Pxt.  See  Pinx. 

Q.  or  Qu.  <i\ieTj  or  question. 

Q.B.  Queen's  Bench. 

Q.C.  Queen's  College;  Queen's 
Counsel.. 

Q.E.D.  (L.  quod  erat  demon- 
strandam).  Which  was  to  be 
demonstrated. 

Q.E.F.  (L.  quod  erat  faciendum). 
Which  was  to  be  done. 

Q.E.I.  (L.  quod  erat  invenien- 
dum). Which  was  to  be  found 
out. 

Q.-M.  Quarter-master. 

Q.-M.-G.  Quartermaster -gen- 
eral. 

Or.  Quarter,  quire. 

Q.S.  Quarter  Sessions. 

Q.S.  (L.  quantum  sufflcit).  A 
suificient  quantity. 

Qt.  Quart. 

Qu.  Query  or  question. 

Q.v.  (L.  quod  mde.)  Which  see. 

Qy.  Query. 

R.  (L.  Bex).  King;  (Regina) 
Queen;  R6aumur. 

R.A.  Royal  Academy  or  Royal 
Academician;  Rear-admii^; 
Royal  Arch;  Royal  Artillery. 

R.A.M.  Royal  Academy  of 
Music. 

R.A.S.  Royal  Asiatic  Socieiy; 
Royal  Astronomical  Society. 

R.C.  Roman  Catholic. 

R.C.P.  Royal  CoUege  of  Physi- 
cians. 

R.C.S.  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons. 

R.D.  Rural  Dean. 

R.E.  Royal  Engineers;  Royal 
Exchange. 

R^.  Ch.  Reformed  Church. 

Reg.  or  Regt.  Regiment. 

Reg.  Prof.  Regius  Professor. 

Regt.  Regent;  Regiment. 

Rem.  Remark  or  remarks. 

Rev.,  Revd.  Reverend. 

R.G.S.  Royal  Geographical  So- 
ciety. 

R.H.A.  Royal  Horse  Artillery. 

R.H.S.  Royal  Horticultural  or 
Royal  Historical  Society. 

R.I.  Kho'de  Island. 

R.I.B.A.  Royal  Institute  of 
British  Architects. 

R.I.P.  (L.  reqtdescat  in  pace). 
May  he  (or  she)  rest  in  peace  I 

R.M.  Royal  Mail;  Royal  Ma- 
rines; Resident  Magistrate 
.  (Irel.). 

R.M.A.  Royal  Military  Aca- 
demy. 

R.N.  Royal  Navy. 

R.N.R.  Royal  Naval  Reserve. 

Roffen.(Roffensis).  Of  Rochester. 

Rom.  Oath.  Roman  Catholic. 

R.S.  Royal  Society. 

R.S.A.IioyaX  ScottishAcademy. 

R.S.E.  Royal  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh. 

R.S.L.  Royal  Society  of  London. 

R.S.N.  A.  Royal  Society  of  Nor- 
thern Antiquities. 

R.S.V.P.  (Fr.  R^pondes,  tfil 
vous  plait).  Answer,  if  you 
please. 

Rt.  Right. 

Rt.  Hon.  Right  Honourable. 

Rt.  Rev.  Right  Reverend. 

R.U.I.  Royal  University  of 
Ireland. 

R.  V.  Rifle  Volunteers. 

R.W.  Right  Worshipful  0? 
Right  ^rtby. 


ABBREVIATIONS  AND  CONTRACTIONS  COMMONLY  USED. 


845 


B.W.G.M.   Right- Worshipful 

Grand  Master. 
R.W.G.S.  Bight  Worthy  Grand 

Secretary. 
fi.W.G.T.  Right  Worthy  Grand 

Treasurer ;     Right     Worthy 

Grand  Templar. 
R.W.G.W.  Right  Worshipful 

Grand  Warden. 
R.  W.S.&.  W.  Eight  Worshipful 

Senior  Grand  Warden. 
Ry.  Railway. 

S.  Saint;  Signor;  $outh;  south- 
ern; sun. 

s.  Second  or  seconds;  shillings. 

S.A.  South  Africa  or  South 
America. 

S.B.  South  Britain  (England 
and  Wales). 

S.C.  South  Carolina. 

Sc.  (L.  scilicet).  To  mt;  namely; 
being  understood;  (L.sculpsit), 
He  (or  she)  engraved  it. 

Sc.B.  (L.ScienticeBaccalaureus). 
Bachelor  of  Science. 

Sc.D.  (L.  Scientice  Doctor).  Doc- 
tor of  Science. 

Scil.  (L.  scilicet).  To  wit;  name- 
ly; being  understood. 

Sculp,  or  Sculpt.  (L.  sculpsit). 
He  (or  she)  engraved  it. 

8.D.  U.K.  Society  for  the  Diffu- 
sion of  Useful  Knowledge. 

S.E.  South-east;  south-eastern. 

Sec.  or  Secy.  Secretary. 

Sec.  Second. 

See.  01  Sect.  Section. 

Sec.  Leg.  Secretary  of  Legation. 

Sen.  or  Senr.  Senior. 

Seq.  (L.  seqmntes  or  seQtientia). 
The  following  or  the  next. 

Serg.  or  Sergt.  Sergeant.. 

8erj.  or  Sent.  Serjeant. 

8.G.  Solicitor-generaL 

S.J.  Society  of  Jesus. 

Soe.oiSoc]/.  Society. 


Sol.-Gen.  Solicitor-general. 

S.P.C.A.  Society  for  the  Pre- 
vention of  Cruelty  to  Animals. 

S.P.C.K.  Society  for  the  Promo- 
tion of  Christian  Knowledge. 

S.P.G.    Society  for  the- Propa- 

fation  of  the  Gospel. 
'.Q.iJ.    (L.   Senatus  Popu- 
iMsque  Romanvs).  Senate  and 
People  of  Rome. 

Sq.  Square.  Hence,  aq.  ft., 
square  foot  or  feet;  sq.  in., 
square  inch  or  inches;  sq.  m., 
square  mile  or  miles;  sq.  yds., 
square  yards. 

SS.  Saints. 

S.S.  Sunday(or  Sabbath)  School. 

«.«.  Steam-ship. 

S.S.C.  Solicitor  before  the  Su- 
preme Courts. 

S.S.E.  South-south-east. 

S.S.W.  South-south-west. 

St.  Saint;  strait;  street. 

S.T.D.  (L.  Sacrce  Theologim Doc- 
tor). Doctor  of  Divinity.  • 

Ster.  or  Stg.  Sterling. 

S.T.P.  (L.  Sacrce  Theologim  Pro- 
fessor). Profpssor  of  Divinity. 

Supp.  Supplement. 

Supt.  Superintendent. 

Burg.  Surgeon  or  surgety. 

Surv.  Surveying  or  surveyor. 

S.v,  (L.  sub  voce).  Under  the 
word  or  title. 

S.W.  Senior  Warden?  south- 
west; south-western. 

T.  Tenor;  ton  or  tun. 

T.C.D.  Trinity  College,  Dublin. 

Tenn.  Tennessee. 

Tex.  Texas. 

T.O.  Turnover. 

Tom.  Tome  or  volume. 

Tr.  Transpose;  treasurer;  trus- 
tee. 

Trans.  Transactions;  transla- 
tion; translator. 


Trin,  Trinity. 

T.  T.L.  To  take  leave. 


U.G.  (L.  TTrbia  Conditce).  From 

the    building    of    the    city 

(Rome).- 
U.K.  United  Kingdom. 
tflt.  (L.  ultimo.)  Last,  or  of  the 

last  month. 
Unit.  Unitarian. 
Univ.  University. 
U.P.  United  Presbyterian. 
U.S.  United  States. 
U.S.A.  United  States  of  Amerr 

ica,  or  United  States  Army. 
U.S.JSr.  United  States  Navy. 
U.S.S.  United  States  Senate; 

United  States  ship  or  steamer. 
U.T.  Utah  Territory. 

V.  (L.  versus).  Against;  (L. 
vide),  S«e. 

V:A.  Vicar- Apostolic ;  Vice- 
Admiral;  Royal  Order  of  Vic- 
toria and  Albert 

Va.  Virginia. 

V.G.  Vice-chancellor;  Victoria 
Cross. 

V.D.M.  (L.  Verhi  Dei  Minister). 
Minister  of  "the  Word  of  God. 

Ven.  Venerable. 

V.G.  Vicar-general. 

V.g.  (L.  verbi  gratid).  For  ex- 
ample. 

Vid.  (L.  vide).    See. 

Vigom.  (Vigoniensis).  Of  Wor- 
cester. 

Vis.  or  Vise.  Viscount. 

Vis.  (L.  videlicet).  Namely;  to 
wit.    See  note  under  Oz. 

Vol.  Volume;  Vols.  Volumes. 

V.P.  Vice-president. 

V.R.  (L.  Victoria  Regina). 
Queen  Victoria. 

V.Itev.  Very  R«verend. 

Vs.  (L.  versus].-  Agaiast 


V.8.  Veterina^  surgeon. 
Vul.  or  Vulg.  Vulgate. 

W.  West;  western. 

W.O.  Water-closet;  Western 
Central  (postal  district,- Lon- 
don). 

w.f.  Wrong  fount  (in  printing). 

W.I.  West  Indies. 

Winton.  (Wintoniensis).  Of 
Winchester. 

Wis.  or  Wise.  Wisconsin. 

W.  Lon.  West  longitude. 

W.M.  Worshipful  Master. 

W.jy.W.  West-north-west. 

Wpful.  Worshipful. 

W.S.  Writer  to  the  Signet. 

W.S.  W.  West-south-west. 

W.T.  Washington  Territory 

Wt.  Weight. 

W.  Va.  West  Virginia. 

X  (Christ.  {N'ote.  The  X  repre- 
■petits  the  Greek  X  (=CH)  in 
XPI2T  OS  (CAmtos). 

X.d.  Exclusive  of  dividend. 

Xm.  or  Xmas.  Christmaa. 

Xn.  Christian. 

Xnty.  Christianity. 

Xt.  Christ. 

Xtian.  Christian. 

F.  Tear. 

Yd.  Yard. 

Yds.  Yards. 

Y:  The.  [The  Y  in  this  and 
similar  instances  is  a  substi- 
tute for  or  representative  of 
the  Anglo-Saxon  ^  (=th).] 

Y.M.C.A.  Young  Men's  Chris- 
tian Association. 
Yr.  Year;  younger. 
Yra.  Yours. 

ZS.  Zoological  Society. 


FORMS  OF  ADDRESS 

IN  CEREMONIOUS  COMMUNICATIONS  WITH  PERSONS  OP  TITLE  OR 

OFFICIAL  POSITION. 


^Lmbassador.  The  title  'Excellency'  be- 
longs specially  to  ambassadors,  as  well  as 
to  governors  of  colonies,  and  the  Lord- 
lieutenant  of  Ireland.  Address  letters  'His 
Excellency  (with  name  or  distinctive  title 
following)  Her  Britannic  Majesty's  Am- 
bassador and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to 

the  Court  of .'  Begin: '  Sir,'  *  My  Lord,' 

according  as  the  ambassador  possesses 
title  or  not.  When  personal  reference  is 
made  say  'Your  Excellency.'  An  envoy 
extraordinary  or  charg6  d'affaires,  though 
inferior  to  an  ambassador  strictly  so  called, 
also  usually  receives  the  title '  Excellency;' 
and  the  wives  of  ambassadors  are  generally 
addressed  similarly  during  their  hus- 
bands' tenure  of  oQice  and  while  residing 
abroad. 

Aithbishop.  Address: '  His  Grace  the  Lord 

Archbishop  of .'    Begin:  'My  Lord 

Archbishop.'  Refer  to  as  'Yoiir  Grace.' 
The  most  formal  method  of  addressing 
the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  is  as  fol- 
lows: *  The  Most  Reverend  Father  in  God, 
James  (or  whatever  the  Christian  name 
is),  by  Divine  Providence  Lord  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  Primate  of  All  England 
and  Metropolitan.'  The  Archbishop  of 
York  is  addressed  as  'The  Most  Reverend 

Father  in  God, ,  by  Divine  Permission 

Lord  Archbishop  of  York,  Primate  of 
England  and  Metropolitan.'  An  Irish 
archbishop  is   now   addressed  ap.'The 

Most  Re-vercnd  the  Archbishop  ot .' 

An  aro" (bishop  may  be  addressed  as  'The 
Right  Honourable  and  Most  Reverend 


the  Archbishop  of '  if  he  have  a  claim 

to  be  called  '  Right  Hon.'  apart  from  his 
ecclesiastical  position.  In  America  the 
common  form  of  address  is  'The  Most 
Reverend  A—  B— ,  D.D.'  The  wife  of  an 
archbishop  has  no  sijecial  title  in  right  of 
her  husband's  dignity,  behig  only  plain 
Mrs. 

Archdeacon.  An  archdeacon  is  styled 
'Venerable:'  'The  Venerable  the  Arch- 
deacon of .'     Begin:  'Venerable  Sir,' 

or  'Reverend  Sir,'  or  'Mr.  Archdeacon' 
(especially  in  speaking). 

Baron.    Address:  'The  Right  Hon.  Lord 

;'  less  formally '  The  Lord — —.'  Begin: 

'  My  Lord.'    Refer  to  as  '  Your  Lordship.' 

Baron's  Daughter.  Baron's  daughters  are 
all  entitled  to  be  called  'Honourable.' 
Unmarried  they  are  addressed  as  'The 
Hon.  A —  B — ,'  with  Christian  and  sur- 
name.- They  retain  the  title  '  Hon.'  after 
marriage,  the  wife  of  a  commoner  being 
'The  Hon.  Mrs.'  with  husband's  surname, 
the  wife  of  a  knight  or  baronet  being  '  The 
Hon.  Lady,'  with  husband's  surname. 
Begin  'Madam;'  refer  to  as  'Your  Lady- 
ship' if  so  entitled  by  marriage.  If  a 
higher  rank  is  conferred  by  the  husband 
the  title  of  course  corresponds. 

Baron's  Son.  All  the  sons  are '  Honourable,' 
with  Christian  name  and  surname.  In 
Scotland  the  eldest  son  is  addressed  as 
'The-  Hon,  the  Master  of '  (peerage  title), 
or  'The  Hon.  (John),  Master  of.'  Begin: 
'  Sir.'  The  vife  of  a  baron'^  son  is  '  The 
Hon.  Mr^,'  with  husband's  surname  or 


both  Christian  name  and  surname.  Be- 
gin: '  Madam.'  ■  If  the  daughter  of  an  earl, 
marquis,  or  duke  she  must  be  addressed 
accordingly. 

Baroness.    Address:  '  The  Right  Hon.  the 

Baroness /  or  '  The  Right  Hon.  Lady 

,'  or '  The  Lady .'  Begin: '  Madam;' 

refer  to  as  '  Your  Ladyship.' 

Baronet.  Address:  'Sir  A—  B— ,  Bart., 
giving  Christian  name  and  surname.  The 
Christian  name  must  be  given:  it  is  quite 
wrong  to  speak,  for  instance,of  Sir  Vernon 
Harcourt  where  'Vernon'  is  merely  one 
of  the  surnames.  Begin:  '  Sir.'  A  baro- 
net's wife  is  addressed  as  'Lady'  with 
husband's  surname  (her  Christian  name 
would  also  be  used  if  the  daughter  of  a 
duke,  marquis,  or  earl,  and  in  this  case 
she  would  also  be  '  Right  Hon.' ).  Begin: 
'Madam;'  refer  to  as  'Your  Ladyship." 

Bishop.    Address:   'The  Right  Rev.  the 

Lord  Bishop  of ,'  or  '  The  Right  Rev. 

A—  B— ,  Lord  Bishop  of V  or  simply 

'The  Lord  Bishop  of .'   Begin:  'My 

Lord  Bishop;'  refer  to  as  'Your  Lordship.' 
In  formal  documents  a  bishop  is  styled 
'  The  Bight  Beverend  Father  in  God, 
John,  by  Divine  Permission,  Lord  Bishop 
of  - — .'  A  bishop  suflragan  is  addressed 
as  'The  Bight  Rev.  the  Bishop  Suffragan 

of .'  Begin; '  Right  Rev,  Sir.'  Bishops' 

wives  have  no  share  in  their  husbands' 
titles. 

In  Ireland  the  bishops  of  the  Protestant 
church  are  now  most  correctly  addressed 
as  'The  Right  RevereBd  the  Bisbpp  of 


846 


FORMS   OF   ADDRESS'^ 


'  (or  in  the  case  of  Meath  'The  Most 

Reverend').  .Begin:  'Right  Rev.  Sir.'  In 
Scotland  the  usage  is  the  same  — 'The 

Right  Rev.  the  Bishop  of ;'  or  '  The 

Right  Rev.  A—  B— ,  Bishop  of;'  or  'The 

Right  Rev.  Bishop '  (with  surname). 

Begin:  '  Right  Rev.  Sir."  The  Primus  of 
the  Scottish  Episcopal  Church  is  addressed 
as  'The  Most  Rev.'  Begin:  'Most  Rev. 
Sir.'  Neither  Irish  nor  Scottish  bishops 
can  claim  to  be  spoken  of  as '  Lord  Bishop,' 

•  Your  Lordship,'  though  this  is  sometimes 
done. 

A  retired  bishop  is  still  addressed  as 

*  Right  Reverend;'  '  The  Right  Reverend 

Bishop ,' '  Right  Rev.  Sir.   In  Am  erica 

the  form  of  address  to  a  bishop  is  generally 
'The  Right  Rev.  A—  B— .' 

[Roman  Catholic  bishops  in  Ireland  seem 
to  claim  the  title  '  Most  Reverend.'] 

Canon.    Address:  'The  Rev.  Canon .' 

Begin:  '  Reverend  Sir.' 

Cardinal.  The  special  title  of  a  cardinal 
as  such  is  '  His  Eminence.  Begin: '  Your 
Eminence.' 

Chargfi  d'Aitalres.    See  Ambassador. 

Clergy.  The  general  form  of  address  is 
'The  Reverend  A—  B— .'  Begin:  'Rev. 
Sir '  or  simply  '  Sir.'  If  a  clergyman  is  the 
son  of  a  duke  or  marquis  he  is  to  be  ad- 
dressed as '  The  Rev.  Lord  A—  B— ;'  if  the 
son  of  an  earl,  viscount,  or  baron:  'The 
Rev.  the  Honourable  A—  B-1,'  or  'The 
Hon.  and  Rev.  A —  B — .'  If  he  is  a  baronet, 
'  The  Rev.  Sir  A—  B— ,  Bart.' 

Congress,  Members  of  (U.S.).  Addressed 
generally  '  The  Honourable  A —  B — .' 

Consul.  There  is  no  special  form  of  address 
to  a  person  as  such.  'A —  B — ,  Esq., 
H.  B.  M.'s  Consul,'  'Consul-general,'  or 
as  the  -Case  may  be.  In  the  U.  States, 
however,  a  consul  is  commonly  called 
'  Honourable.' 

Countess.  Address:'TheRightHonourable 

the  Countess  of .'    Begin:  'Madam;' 

refer  to  as  '  Your  Ladyship.' 

Dean.    Address:  '  The  Venr  Reverend  the 

Dean  of  .'    Begin:  'Very  Rev.  Sir;' 

more  familiarly  'Mr.  Dean' (used  iuoral 
communications). 

Doctor.  The  initials  denoting  the  particu- 
lar degree  are  placed  after  the  usual  form 
of  address,  whether  D.D.,  LL.D.,  M.D., 
DJSc.,  4o.  'The  Rev.  A—  B— ,  D.D.;' 
•A—  B— ,  Esq.,  M.D.'  Less  formally: '  The 
Rev.  Doctor  B— ;'  '  Doctor  A—  B — .' 

Dowager.  When  the  holder  of  a  title  mar- 
ries, the  widow  of  a  v>revious  holder  of  the 
same  title  becomes  '  dowager,'  this  being 
often  inserted  in  addressing  her:  'The 
Right  Hon.  the  Dowager  Countess  of  - — ;' 

*  The   Dowager   Lady  .'     Instead  of 

'Dowager,'  to  which  some  ladies  object, 
the  Christian  name  may  be  used:  'The 
Right  Hon.  Mary  Countess  of .'  Be- 
gin: 'Madam;'  refer  to  as  'Your  Lady- 
ship.' 

Ducness.  Address: '  Her  Grace  the  Duchess 
of  .'     Begin:  'Madam;'  refer  to  as 

•  Your  Grace." 

Duke.    Address:  '  His  Grace  the  Duke  of 

.'    Begin:  'My  Lord  Duke;'  refer  to 

as  'Your  Grace.'  All  the  children  of  a 
duke  are  entitled  to  be  called  'Right 
Honourable.'  Royal  dukes  are  different. 
Sac  Prince. 

Duke's  Dau^ter.  Address:  'The  Right 
Hon.  Lady,'  with  Christian  name  and 
surname,  or  *  The  Lady,'  with  Christian 
name  and  surname.  Begin:  'Madam;' 
refer  to  as  '  Your  Ladyship.'  If  married 
to  a  commoner  or  a  peer  by  courtesy,  the 
surname  is  derived  from  the  husband's 
name  or  title;  if  to  a  peer  the  wife 
takes  a  title  corresponding  to  her  hus- 
band's. 

Duke's  Son.  A  duke's  eldest  son  takes  by 
courtesy  one  of  his  father's  secondary 
titles,  and  is  thus  usually  a  marquis  or  an 
earl,  being  addressed  exactly  as  if  really 
a  peer  with  the  respective  rank.  His  wife 
receives  the  corresponding  title.being  thus 
a  marchioness  or  countess,  and  their  eldest 
son  takes  also  a  courtesy  title  belonging  to 
the  family,  being  thus  either  a  viscount  or 
a  baron. 

A  diikp's  younger  sop.  is  addressed  simi- 
lar'.y  w>  his  sisters:  'The  Right  Honour- 
able Lord  A—  B— •  or  '  The  Lord  A—  B— .' 
Begin;  '  M;?  IfonJ;  refer  to  as '  Your  Lord- 


ship.'   Their  wives  are  treated  in  a  coiTe- 
sponding  manner:  'The  Right  Honourable 
Lady  A—  il— ,'  or  'The  Lady  A—  B— ;' 
'Madam,'  'Your  Ladyship.' 
Earl.    Address :  '  The  Right  Honourable 

the  Earl  of ,'  or  'The  Earl  of .' 

Begin:  'My  Lord;'  refer  to  as  '  Your  Lord- 
ship.' The  wife  of  an  earl  is  a  countess. 
(See  above.) 

Earl's  Children.  The  eldest  son  of  an  earl 
(like  the  eldest  son  of  a  duke)  takes  a 
courtesy  title  from  his  father  and  thus 
ranks  either  as  a  viscount  or  a  baron, 
being  treated  as  if  really  a  peer  and  his 
wife  as  a  peeress.  The  younger  sons  of 
an  earl  are  all  called  '  Honourable '  (their 
eldest  brother  is  'Right  Honourable')— 
'  The  Hon.  A—  B— ,'  tne  same  as  the  sons 
of  a  baron.    (See  above.) 

The  daughters  of  an  earl  are  all  '  Right 
Honourable,"  and  are  addressed  as  the 
daughters  of  a  duke.    (See  above.) 
Envoy.    See  Ambassador. 
Executive  CouncU,  Members  of  (in  colonial 

■  governments).  Generally  addressed  as 
'  The  Honourable  A—  B — .' 
Governor  of  Colony.  Colonial  governors 
hf^ve  the  title  of  'Excellency'  in  virtue 
of  their  office.  Address:  '  His  Excellency 
A—  B— ,  Esq.  (Sir  A—  B— ,  The  Right 
Honourable  the  Earl  of,.&c.).  Governor  of 

.'    Begin  according  to  rank ;  refer  to 

as  'Your  Excellency."  A  duke  holding 
such  a  position  would,  however,  be  '  His 
Grace,'  'Your  Grace.'  A  governor's  wife 
does  not  have  any  claim  to  be  called 
'  Her  Excellency.'  Lieutenant-governors, 
as  in  India  and  the  Dominion  of  Canada, 
are  styled  '  Honourable,'  '  His  Honour," 
'Your  Honour." 

Governor  of  State  (U.S.).  Usually  addressed 
as  'His  Excellency.'  'His  Excellency 
A—  B— ,  Governor  of ,'  or  '  His  Excel- 
lency the  Governor  of .'  A  lieutenant- 
governor  is  called '  Honourable.' 

Judge.  This  in  Britain  has  not  a  very  dis- 
tinctive meaning.  In  England  and  Ireland 
the  judges  of  the  supreme  courts  are  called 
Lords  Justices  and  Justices;  in  Scotland 
the  judges  are  the  Lords  of  Session.  (See 
Justice,  Lord  Justice,  Lords  of  Session.) 
In  England  the  county  court  judges,  how- 
ever, are  regularly  called  'Judge.'  -'His 

Honour  Judge  "  (surname);   on  the 

bench  referred  to  as 'Your  Honour." 

In  many  British  colonies  the  members 
of  the  higher  courts  are  called  judges  and 
addressed  as  'The  Honourable  A—  B— .' 
In  the  U.  States  the  term  judge  is  regu- 
larly applied  to  all  such  functionaries; 
and  all  are  addressed  in  the  same  way. 

Justice.  Judges  of  the  High  Court  of 
Justice  in  England,  in  the  Chancery  and 
other  divisions,  are  called  justices.  Ad- 
dress: 'The  Honourable  Mr.  Justice ;' 

or  if  a  knight,  '  The  Hon.  Sir  A—  B— .* 
Begin  in  both  cases  'Sir.'  On  the  bench 
he  is  addressed  as '  My  Lord;"  and  referred 
to  as  '  Your  Lordship." 

Justice  of  Peace.  In  England  is  formally 
addressed  in  documents  as  'The  Worship- 
ful,' and  on  the  bench  is  referred  to  as 
'  Your  Worship.' 

King.  To  be  addressed  as  'The  King's 
Most  Excellent  Majesty.'  Begin:  'Sire,' 
or '  May  it  please  Your  Majesty;  *  refer  to 
as '  Your  Majesty." 

Knight  Bachelor.  Treated  as  a  baronet, 
but '  Kt."  is  not  usually  appended  to  the 
name  in  addressing  a  letter.  As  in  the 
cace  of  a  baronet,  carefully  avoid  using  a 
surname  instead  of  a  Christian  name. 

Knight  of  the  Bath,  St.  Michael  and  St. 
George,  Star  of  India.  Address : '  Sir  A— 
B—  G.C.B.,'  or  K.C.B.,  K.M.G.,  K.S.I., 
as  the  case  may  be.    Begin:  '  Sir. 

Knight  of  the  Garter,  Thistle,  St.  Patrick. 
As  above,  with  the  initials  K.G.,  K.T., 
K.P.  respectively  following  the  name. 

Knight's  Wife  (of  any  class).  As-baronet"8 
wife. 

Legislative  Council,  Members  of.  These 
(who  belong  to  colonial  governments)  axe 
generally  addressed  as  the  'Honourable 

Lieutenant-governor.    See  Governor. 
Lord  Advocate  of  Scotland.  Address: '  The 

Right  Honourable  tne  Lord  Ailvocatu.' 
Begin:  'ily  Lord;'  refer  to  as  'Your  Lord- 
shipj 


Lord  Chancellor.  Address:  'The  Right 
Hon.  the  Lord  High  Chancellor;'  or  'The 

Right  Hon.  Earl (or  as  the  case  may 

be).  Lord  High  Chancellor.'  Begin :  '  My 
Lord; '  refer  to  as  '  Your  Lordship.' 
Lord  Chief  Justice  (England).  Address: 
'The  Right  Honourable  the  Lord  Chief 
Justice,'  or  'The  Right  Honourable  Sir 
A —  B— ,  Lord  Chief  Justice."  Begin:  'My 
Lord '  or  '  Sir,'  as  the  case  may  be. 
Lord  Justice  (English  Supreme  Court  of 
Appeal).  Address: '  The  Right  Honourable 
the  Lord  Justice ,'or  'The  Right  Hon- 
ourable Sir  A—  B— .'  Begin: '  Sir.'  When 
on  the  bench  they  are  addressed  'My 
Lord,' '  Your  Lordship.' 
Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland.  Address: 
'  His  Excellency  the  Lord  Lieutenant,'  or 
if  a  duke,  'His  Grace  the  Lord- Lieuten- 
ant.' How  to  begin  and  refer  will  also  be 
determined  by  rank  ('  My  Lord  Duke," '  My 
Lord  Marquis ' ). 

Lord  Mayor.  It  is  only  London,  York,  and 
Di*lin  that  have  a  Lord  Mayor.  Address: 
'The  Right  Honourable  the  Lord  Mayor 

of ,'  or '  The  Right  Hon.  A—  B— ..iLord. 

Mayor  of .'    Begin :  '  My  Lord ; "  refer 

to  as  '  Your  Lordship.' 

The  Lord  Mayor's  wife  is  addressed: 
'The  Right  Honourable  the  Lady  Mayor- 
ess of .'    Begin:  'My  Lady;' refer  to 

as  '  Your  Ladyship.'  i 

Lord  Provost.  Address:  '  The  Right  Hon.' 
the  Lord  Provost  of  Edinburgh;"  'The 
Hon.  the  Lord  Provost  of  Glasgow;'  '  The 
Lord  Provost  of  Aberdeen,'  'Perth,'  or 
'  Dundee.'  Begin: '  My  Lord,"  or  '  My  Lord 
Provost;"  refer  to  as  *  Your  Lordship."  The 
Lord  Provost's  wife  has  no 'share  in  the 
title. 

Lords  of  Appeal  (in  Ordinary).  These  are 
judicial  members  of  the  House  of  Lords, 
who  rank  as  barons  and  are  so  addressed. 
Their  wives  are  baronesses;  their  children 
are  not  specially  distinguished. 
Lords  of  Session.  These  are  the  judges  of 
the  supreme  court  of  Scotland.  Some  of 
these  lords  decide  to  retain  their  surname 
when  elevated  to  the  bench  ('  Lord  Youug'), 
others  substitute  the  name  of  an  estate. 

Address:    'The   Honourable   Lord  ." 

Begin: '  My  Lord; '  refer  to  as '  Yo\ir  Lord- 
ship.'   Their  wives  take  no  title. 
Maid  of  Honour.    Address :  '  The  Honour- 
able Miss .'    Begin: 'Madam.' 

Marchioness.  Address: '  The  Most  Honour- 
able the  Marchioness  of  _'     Begin: 

'  Madam;'  refer  to  as  '  Your  Ladyship. 
Marquis.  Address:  'The  Most  Hon.  the 
Marquis  of .*  Begin:  '  My  Lord  Mar- 
quis; '  refer  to  as  '  Your  Lordship." 
Marquis's  Children.  All  are  '  Right  Hon- 
ourable "  like  those  of  a  duke.  The  eldest 
son  takes  a  courtesy  title  like  the  eldest 
son  of  a  duke,  and  is  similarly  addressed. 
Younger  sons  and  daughters  are  like  those 
of  a  duke. 

Mayor.  Address: '  The  Mayor  of ■,'  or  in 

formal  documents 'The  Right  Worshipful 

the  Mayor  of .'    Address :  '  Sir;"  refer 

to  as  '  Your  Worship.' 

In  the  United  States  mayors  are  usually 
styled  '  Honourable;"  '  The  Hon.  A—  B— , 
Mayor  of."  '        ^ 

Member  of  Parliament.  Not  si)ecially 
recognized  except  by  adding  '  M-P-'  to 
ordinary  address:  'A—  B— ,  Esq.,  M.P.;' 
'  Sir  A—  B— ,  Bart.,  M.P.'  v 

Minister.    See  Ambassador,  Clergy.  ~ 
Moderator  of  General  Assembly  (Scotland). 
'The  Right  Rev.;"  the  assembly  itself  is 
'  The  Venerable.' 

Officers,  Militaiy  and  Naval.  Their  pro- 
fessional rank  is  put  before  any  title  they 
may  independently  possess :  '  General '  or 

'Admiral  the  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of ;' 

'  Colonel  the  Honourable  A —  B— .' 
Premier.    No  special  title  or  address  as 
such. 

President  (U.S.).  Address: '  His  Excellency 
the  President  of  the  United  States;'  'His 
Excellency  A—  B— ,  President  of  the  U. 
States.'  The  Vice-president  and  ex-presi-, 
dents  are '  Honourable;'' '  The  Honourable' 
the  Vice-president;' '  The  Honourable  A— 
B— .' 

Prince.  Address:  'His  Royal  Highness 
th.i  Iriaoeof  T/'ales;'  'His  Royal  High- 
ness Prince  A —  (Christian  name).  If  a 
zojral  du&e:  'Sis  Ks^al  Highness ^ha 


PRINCIPAL   MONEYS   OF   THE   WORLD. 


847 


Duke  of .'    Begin  in  any  case:  'Sir;' 

refer  to  as  'Your  Royal  Highness.* 

Princess.  Address:  '  Her  Royal  Highness 
the  Princess  of  Wales;' '  Her  Royal  High- 
ness the  Princess  A —  (Christian  name);' 
or  if  a  duchess : '  Her  Royal  Highness  the 

Duchess  of .'    Begin:  'Madam;'  refer 

to  as  '  Yoiir  Royal  Highness." 

Privy  Councillor.  All  members  of  the  privy  • 
council  are  entitled  to  be  addressed  as 
'Right  Honourable;'  'The  Right  Honour- 
able A—  B-,  P.C  (omit  'Esq.').  Other- 
irise  according  to  rank. 


Queen.  Address:  'The  Queen's  Most  Ex- 
cellent Majesty.'  Begin:  ■ '  Madam,'  of 
'  May  it  please  Your  Majesty; '  refer  to  as 
'Your  Majesty.' 

Queen's  Counsel.  Ordinary  address  with 
the  addition  of  '  Q.C.' 

Recorder.  Addressed  as  '  The  Worshipful;' 
in  London  '  The  Right  Worshipful.'  Be- 
gin: '  Sir;'  refer  to  as  '  Your  Worship.' 

Senators  (Canada  and  U.  States).  Ad- 
dressed as  '  The-Honourable  A —  B — .' 

Serjeant-at-law.   Address:  '  Seijeaut ,' 

or '  Mr.  Serjeant .' 


Sheriff  of  London.    As  recorder  of  London. 

Viscount.    Address:  'The  Right  Hon.  the 

Lord  Viscount ,'  or  '  The  Right  Hon. 

Lord ■,'  or  'The  Lord  Viscount .' 

Begin: '  My  Lord; '  refer  to  as  '  Your  Lord- 
ship.' 

Viscountess.  Address: '  The  Right  Honour- 
able the  Viscountess ^  or  '  The  Vis- 
countess  ;' '  The  Right  Hon.  Lady .' 

Begin:  '  Madam;'  refer  to  as  '  Yotir  Lady- 
ship.' 

Viscount's  Children.  Are  addressed  in  the 
same  way  as  those  of  a  baron. 


PEINCrPAL   MONEYS   OF   THE   WORLD 

AND 

THETE  EQUIVALENTS  OK  APPROXIMATE  EQUIVALENTS  IN  ENGLISH  CURRENCY. 


Argentine  Bepublic.  The  money  unit  is 
the  peso  or  dollar  of  100  centesimos;  but 
the  chief  currency  is  a  depreciated  paper 
money.  Gold  coins — Onza  or  doblon:  £3,  Is. 
sterling;  argentino  or  five  pesos:  £1;  half- 
argentino:  lOs.  Stiver  coins— Peso,  aver- 
age value,  4!s.;  half -peso:  2s. 

Australia.  Coinage  as  in  Britain.  There 
are  mints  at  Sydney  and  Melbourne. 

Austria-Hungary.  Money  unit,  the  silver 
florin  or  gulden  of  100  kreutzer,  nominal 
value  2s.  sterling,  real  value  about  Is.  8d. 
or  12  florins=JSl  Sterling.    Gold  coins— 8 

fulden:  16s.;  4  gulden:  8s.;  ducat;  9s.  id. 
ilver.  coins— Double  gulden:  3s.  4d.;  gul- 
den; Is.  8d.;  quarter  gulden:  6d. ;  Maria 
Theresa  dollar:  4s.  2d. 

Belgium;'  The  unit,  as  in  France,  is  the 
franc,  divided  into  100  centimes.  Gold 
coins— iO  francs:  Sis.  9d.;  20frs.:  ISs.lOid; 
10  francs:  7s.  lljd.  Silver  coins— 5  francs: 
8s.  Uid.;  2  francs:  Is.  Id.;  1  franc:  &id. 

Bolivia.  The  unit  is  the  boliviano  or  dol- 
lar of  100  centavos,  nominally  of  the  same 
'v££lue  as  the  5-franc  piece  of  Prance  or 
Belgium.  Gold  coins— Onza,:  £3,  28.;  dob- 
lon: 188.  9d.  Silver  coins— I  boliviano:  4s.; 
half-boliviano:  28. 

Brazil.  The  unit  is  the  milreis  of  1000  reis, 
par  value  2s.  Sd.  Gold  coins— 2.0  milreis: 
£2,  6s.;  10  milreis:  £1,  2s.  6d.;  6  milreis: 
lis.  3d.  English  sovereigns  are  also  cur- 
rent. Silver  coins— 2  milreis:  4s.  6d.;  1  mil- 
reis: 28.  3d.;  500  reis:  Is.  lid. 

Bulgaria.  Coinage  assimilated  °to  that  of 
Prance.  The  unit  is  the  lev  or  franc,  and 
there  are  silver  coins  of  i,  1,  2..and  5  levs. 
The  lev  is  divided  into  100  stotinki  or  cen- 
times. 

Canada.  The  chief  coins  of  Canada  (which 
are  minted  in  England)  are  the  silver  dol- 
lar, half-dollar,  and  minor  subdivisions, 
as  in  the  United  States,  accounts  also  being 
kept  in  dollars  and  cents.  By  law  it  is  fixed 
that  the  sovereign  is  equal  to  4  dollars  86| 
cents ;  the  crown  piece,  1  dollar  20  cents ; 
the  half-crown,  60  cents ;  the  florin,  48 
cents;  the  shilling,  24  cents;  the  sixpence, 
12  cents.  United  States  gold  is  a  legal 
tender ;  but  not  much  gold  is  in  circula- 
tion, bank  bills  taking  its  place. 

Cape  Colony.  The  coinage  is  that  of 
Britain. 

Central  American  States,  namely:  Guate- 
mala, Honduras,  Nicaragua,  Salvador, 
and  Costa  Rica.  The  unit  is  the  peso  or 
dollar  of  100  centavos,  nominally  of  the 
value  of  48.  sterling.  There  are  gold  coins 
of  20, 10, 5, 2,  and  1  pesos;  and  silver  pesos, 
half-pesos,  &c.  Coins  belonging  to  the 
neighbouring  countries  also  circulate. 

Ceylon.  The  rupee  is  the  standard  coin  as 
in  India,  but  here  it  is  divided  into  100 
cents.  There  are  half-rupee,quarter-rupee, 
and  lO^ent  coins  in  silver;  5-ccnt,  2-cent, 
&c.,  in  copper.    See  India. 

ChiU.  The  money  unit  is  'the  silver  peso 
or  dollar  of  100  centavos,  approsimately 
equal  to  48.     Gold  coiwe— Condor  or  10 


pesos:  £1, 17s.  6|d.;  medio-condor  or  dob- 
Ion:  18s.  9d.;  peso,  8s.  9d.  Silver  coins — 
Peso  or  dollar:  4s.;  half-peso:  2s.;  20  cen- 
tavos: 9id. 

China.  There  is  no  official  coinage  except 
copper  cash,  of  which  about  22=1  penny. 
Payments  are  -made  in  silver  by  weight, 
and  values  reckoned  by  the  tael,  a  tael  of 
pure  silver  being  at  present  worth  about 
6s.  Mexican  and  American  trade  dollars 
circulate. 

Colombia.  The  unit  is  tBe  peso  or  dollar 
of  10  reals,  nominal  value  4s.  Recently- 
coined  pesos  are  reduced  by  debasement 
to  little  more  than  28.  in  value. 

Corea.  Only  copper  money  is  coined;  there 
are  no  gold  or  silver  Corean  coins. 

Costa  Rica.  See  Centrai,  American  States. 

Denmark.  The  money  of  Denmark  agrees 
with  that  of  Norway  and  Sweden.  The 
unit  is  the  krone  or  crown,  divided  into 
loo  ore ;  value  about  Is.  IJd.,  or  18  kroner 
=£1  sterling.  Gold  coins— 20  kroner:  £1, 
2s.  8d.;  10  kroner:  11*.  lid.    Silver  coins— 

2  kroner:  2s.  Id.;  1  krone:  Is.  hd.;  60  Ore: 
ehd. 

Ecuador.  The  unit  is  the  Sucre  or  dollar, 
a  silver  coin  nominally  equal  to  the  5- 
franc  piece  of  France. 

Egypt.  The  unit  is  the  piastre,  which  is 
nearly  equal  in  value  to  2id.  Gold  coins— 
100  piastres  (the  lira  or  Egyptian  pound):- 
£1, 08.  6d.;  £0  piastres:  IDs.  3d.;  25  piastres: 
68.  lid.   Silver  coins— 10  piastres:  2s.;  5  pi- 

^tres:  Is.;  2i  piastres:  6d.;  1  piastre:  2id. 

Finland.  The  unit  is  the  markka  or  mark 
of  100  penni,  equivalent  to  the  franc  or 
9id.    The  10  markka  in  gold=17s.  Hid. 

France.  The  unit  is  the  franc,  the  approxi- 
mate value  of  which  is  9id.  sterling,  or 
26-22i  francs  to  £1  sterling.  Gold  coins— 
100  francs:  £3,  19s.  Sd.;   50  francs:  £1, 19s. 

,7id.;  20  francs  (Napoleon):  153.  lOid.;  10 
francs:  7s.  lid.  Silver  coins— 5  francs:  3s. 
Hid.;  2  francs:  ls.7d.;  1  franc:  9id.;  i  franc 
or  80  centimes:  43d.;  20  centimes:.  2d. 

The  coinage  of  France  has  been  accepted 
as  the  model  for  that  of  several  other  coun- 
tries, and  the  coins  of  France,  Belgium, 
Switzerland,  Italy,  and  Greece  ("  the  La- 
tin monetary  union " )  are  now  inter- 
changeable, being  of  the  same  weight  and 
fineness.  Those  of  Spain,  Servia,  Rou- 
mania,  &c.,  are  also  on  the  same  basis. 

Germany.  The  unit  is  the  mark  of  100 
pfennige^  which  on  a  gold  basis  is  nearly 
equivalent  to  l3.  sterlmg,  or  20'43  marks 
*=£1.  Gold  coins— 20  marks,  or  double- 
crown:  £1;  10  marks  or  crown:  10s. ;  5 
marks  or  half-crown:  5s.  Silver  coins — 
5"marks:  4s.  4id.;  2  marks:  Is.  9d.;  1  mark: 
lOid-;  50  pfennige:  6Jd.    Thaler,  equal  to 

3  marks,  no  longer  coined. 

Great  Britain.  Tbemoneyunitisthepound 
sterling,  represented  as  a  coin  by  the 
sovereign  and  divided  into  twenty  shil- 
lings, each  shilling  into  twelve  pence.  The 
sovereign  consists  of  gold  of  22  carats  or 
^  or  "Sie  fine,  and  it  .weighs  128"27  grains 


troy.  Hence  40  lbs.  of  gold=1869  sover- 
eigns; 1  lb.-=£46,  148.  6d.;  1  oz.=£8,  178. 
lOld.- 

The  guinea,  a  gold  coin  worth  2l8.,  has 
long  been  withdrawn  from  circulation, 
though  sums  of  so  many  guineas  are  still 
often  spoken  of. 

Gold  coins— The  sovereign  and  half-sove- 
reign are  the  only  coins  that  really  form 
part  of  the  currency,  though  2-sovereign 
and  6-sovereign  pieces  have  been  coined. 

Silver  coins— The  crown  or  five-shilling 
piece;  the  half-crown  or  two  shillings  and 
sixpence;  the  florin  or  two-shilling  piece; 
the  double  florin  or  four-shilling  piece; 
the  shilling,  the  sixpence,  and  the  three- 
penny piece.  The  fourpenny-piece  is  now 
only  coined,  like  the  silver  twopenny  and 
penny  piece,  for  the  so-called  maundy 
money.  The  real  value  of  these  silver  coins 
is  at  present  considerably  below  their 
nominal  value;  the  price  of  silver  being 
low. 

The  coins  of  inferior  denomination  are 
the  bronze  penny,  halfpenny,  and  far- 
thing. 

In  many  British  colonies  the  above  coins 
form  the  chief  currency,  though  in  some 
of  the  colonial  possessions  special  coins 
are  also  in  use.  India  has  a  system  of  its 
own  in  which  it  is  partly  followed  by 
Ceylon  and  Mauritius.  Canada  agrees 
with  the  United  States.  In  Hong  Kong 
and  the  East  the  dollar  is  the  chief  coin. 
See  Canada,  India,  Hong-Kong. 
Greece.  The  money  system  is  the  same  as 
that  of  France  ( see  France  ),  the  unit 
being  called  the  drachma  (divided  into 
100  lepta),  which  is  equivalent  to  the 
franc.  Gold  coins— 20  drachmas:  14s.  2d. 
Pew  gold  coins  exist.  Silver  coins— 5,  2, 
and  1  drachma  pieces,  equivalent  to  corre- 
sponding coins  of  France;  also  pieces  of 
50,  20,  and  10  lepta. 

Guatemala.  See  Central  American  States. 
Guiana,  British.  Accounts  are  commonly 
kept  in  dollars  and  cents,  1  dollar  =  100 
cents.  The  dollar  is  reckoned  at  4s.  2d. 
The  ordinary  British  denominations  of 
pounds,  shillings,  and  pence  are  also  used. 
Gold  coins — English  sovereigns  and  half- 
sovereigns.  United  States  eagles,  half- 
eagles,  quarter-eagles,  and  gold  dollars,  at 
the  respective  rates  of  4l8..  20s.  6d.,  10s.  8d., 
and  4s.  Id.  Gold  coins  of  Mexico,  Spain, 
and  South  America  are  also  in  circula- 
tion. Silver  coins— The  chief  are  those  of 
Britain,  also  dollars  of  the  United  States, 
Mexico,  and  South  America.  Guilders 
and  half-guilders  also  exist,  the  guilder 
being=ls.  IJd. 

Haiti.  Unit,  the  silver  piastre  or  dollar; 
nominal  value,  48.  French  gold  and  silver 
coins  are  current. 

Hawaii.    Same  as  the  United  States,  the 
only  gold  coins  being  those  of  the  States. 
Hawaiian  silver  is  current  along  with  U. 
States  silver. 
Holland.    See  N£TH£Ri.Aia>s. 


M8^ 


PRmCIPAL  MONEYS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


Honduras.  See  Centrai.  Americajt  States. 

Honduras,  British.  British  coins  circulate, 
especially  half-crowns  and  shillings.  Dol- 
lars of  the  United  States  and  Mexico  are 
also  current.  There  is  hut  little  gold  in 
circulation. 

Hong-Kong.  Accounts  are  kept  in  dollars 
and  cents.  The  standard  coinis  the  dollar 
(coined  in  Australia),  varying  in  actual 
value  according  to  the  price  of  silrer,  but 
having  a  regulation  value  of  4s.  Id.  Mexi- 
can and  other  dollars  of  similar  value  are 
also  current.  Silver  coins  of  20,  10,  and 
5  cents  are  legal  tender  for  amounts  of 
two  dollars  or  less.  There  is  no  gold  coin- 

India.  The  unit  is  the  rupee,  a  silver  coin 
which  used  to  be  regarded  as  equivalent 
to  2s.  sterling,  but  owing  to  the  deprecia- 
tion in  silver  is  now  considerably  less. 
The  rupee  is  divided  into  16  annas,  the 
anna  into  4  pice,  the  pice  into  3  pies.  The 
sum  of  100,000  rupees  is  called  a  lac,  of 
10,000,000  a  crore.  There  are  mints  at 
Calcutta  and  Bombay.  .  Gold  coins— The 
mohur  or  15  rupees :  £1, 10s.  There  were 
also  a  double  mohur,  and  10 -rupee  and 
S-rupee  pieces,  but  gold  hardly  exists  as  a 
medium  of  circulation.  Silver  coins— Ku- 
I)ee:  nominally  2s.;  half-rupee:  1«.;  quar- 
ter-rupee: 6ci.;  eighth  oi  a  rupee  (or  2  an- 
nas): 3d. 

Italy.  As  Italy  belongs  to  the  Latin  Mo- 
netary Union  its  coinage  corresponds  with 
that  of  France:  unit,  the  lira  of  100  cen- 
tesimi,  equivalent  to  the  franc.  There 
are  gold  coins  of  5, 10,  20, 50,  and  100  lire; 
silver,  of  ^"j  ^-,  1,12,  and  5  lire.  See  France. 

Jamaica.  Accounts  kept  as  in  Britain, 
and  all  British  gold  and  silver  coins  cir- 
culate and  are  legal  tender.  American 
gold  coins  are  also  current,  the  gold  dol- 
lar at  48.  Id.,  other  gold  coins  at  the  rate 
of  £1,  Os.  6d.  per  5  dollars.  Mexican  and 
old  Spanish  doubloons  are  current  at  £3, 
4s.  each.  There  are  nickel  pennies,  half- 
pennies, and  farthings. 

Japan.  The  yen  or  dollar  is  the  unit,  di- 
vided into  100  sens;  nominal  value,  4g. 
The  gold  yen  is  equivalent  to  the  Ameri- 
can gold  dollar.  There  are  gold  coins  of 
20, 10,  5,  2,  and  1  yens.  The  silver  coins 
are  the  yen,  and  50, 20, 10,  and  5  sen  pieces. 

Iiiberla.  Money  chiefly  British.  Accounts 
kept  also  in  dollars  and  cents. 

Madagascar.  The  only  legal  coin  is  the 
silver  5-f  ranc  piece. 

^lanrltias.    The  money  is  as  in  Ceylon. . . 

Mexico.  The  standard  coin  is  the  dollar 
or  peso  of  100  centavos;  value  about  4s.  id. 
Oold  coins- Onza  or  doblon  of  16  dollars: 
«3,  68.  M.;  half-doblon:  £1,  13s.  id.;  quar- 
ter-doblon:  IBs.  8d.;  double  hidalgo  (20 
dollars):  £4,38.  id.;  hidalgo  (10  dollars): 
£2,  Is.  8d.  Silver  coins — Dollar  or  peso: 
is.  2d.;  half-dollar  (50  centavos):  2«.  Id.; 
quarter-dollar  (25  centavos):  1«.  oid.  Also 
silver  coins  of  one-tenth  and  one-twentieth 
of  a  dollar. 

Montenegro.  The  money  of  the  adjacent 
countries. 

NataL  The  money  is  the  same  as  in  Bri- 
tain. 

Netherlands.  The  unit  is  the  gulden,  guil- 
der, or  florin  of  lOO  cents,  a  silver  coin 
equivalent  to  about  Is.  8d.,  or  12  to  the 
£  sterling.  Oold  coins— \Q  gulden  piece: 
168.  6d.;  6  gulden  piece:  88.  3d.;  ducat: 
Se.  4id.  'Siiwr  eoin8—2i  gulden  (rixdollar): 
4«.  2d.;  1  gulden:  \s.  8d.;  i-gulden:  lOd.: 
25  cents:  5d.;  10  cents:  2d. 

Newfoundland.  As  in  Canada,  with  two- 
dollar  gold  coins  in  addition. 

New  Zealand.    Ck>inage  as  in  Anstralia. 


Nicaragua.  See  Cektral  American  States. 
Norway  and  Sweden.  Norway,  Sweden, 
iind  Denmark  have  the  same  coinage, 
though  the  names  of  the  -pieces  differ 
slightly.  The  unit  is  the  crown,  called 
krone  (plural  kroner)  in  Norway  and  Den- 
mark, krona  (plur-ol  Icronor)  in  Sweden; 
value  Is.  l.^d.,  or  18  to  the  £1  sterling.  The 
krone  or  krona  is  divided  into  100  Cre. 
Gold  coins— 20  kroner:  £1,  28.  Sid.;  10 
kroner:  lis. IJd.;  carolin  (Sweden):  7s.  lid.; 
ducat  (Sweden):  98.  3id.  Silver  coins — 2 
kroner:  28.  2sd.;  1  krone:  1«.  lid.  Also  50, 
40,  25,  and  10  ere  pieces  of  corresponding 
values. ' 

Orange  Free  State,  English  money  is  used 
as  the  currency. 

Ottoman  Empire.  See  Turkey. 
Paraguay.  The  chief  coin  the  peso  or  dol- 
lar of  100  centavos,  nominally  equal  to  48., 
as  in  Chili,  Argentina,  &c. 
Persia.  The  monetary  unit  is  the  kran,  a 
silver  coin  which  may  be  compared  to  tne 
franc.  The  krSn  is  divided  into  20  shahls 
or  1000  dipars,  the  dinir  being  an  imagi- 
nary coin.  Gold  coins — One  toman,  equal 
to  10  krans:  98.  5d.;  half-toman:  48.  8id.; 
quarter-tomau:.  2s.  4jd.  Silver  coins— Five 
krans:  3s.  l^d.;  two  krfins:  l8.  8d.;  one 
krSn:  7W. 

Pern.  The  monetary  unit  is  the  sole  or 
'dollar  of  100  centavos ;  nominal  value,  4s. 
or  5  francs.  There  is  no  gold  currency  at 
the  present  time,  though  gold  coins  of  1, 
2,  6, 10,  and  20  soles  were  formerly  struck 
and  may  still  be  met  with:  Silver  coins — 
Sole:  3s.  4d.;  half  sole:  Is.  8d.;  one-fifth  of 
a  sole  (one  peseta):  8d.;  twen^-five  cen- 
tavos: lOd. 

Portugal.  The  chief  money  unit  is  the 
liiilreis,  the  value  of  which  in  gold  is 
48.  ojd.  The  milreis  is  divided  into  lOOO 
reis  (plural  of  real),  which  are  only  money 
of  account,not  represented  in  the  currency. 
Large  sums  are  stated  in  cento's  or  mil- 
lions of  reis,  a  conto  being  equal  to  £222, 
48.  5Jd.  Gold  coins  — Corda  or  crown  of 
ten  milreis=£2,  4s.  4Jd.;  half-cro%VTi:  £1, 
28.  2Jd.;  one-fifth  crown:  8s.  lOid.;  one 
milreis:  4s.  S^d.  Silver  coi)i8— Five-testoon 
piece  (=500  reis):  28.  2id.;  two  testoons 
(=200  reis):  lOid.;  one  testoon  (=100  reis): 
5id.;  half -testoon  (=50  reis):  2jd. 
Roumanla.  Money  system  the  same  as 
that  of  France,  Italy,  Belgium,  &c.,  the 
unit  being  the  l#i,  which  corresponds  with 
the  franc.  The  lei  is  divided  into  100 
.baris,  which  therefore  correspond  with  the 
French  centimes.  Gold  coins  — Twenty, 
ten,  and  five  lei  pieces,  corresponding  with 
similar  coins  in  France.  Silver  coins — 
Two,  one,  and  half  lei  pieces. 
Russia.  The  monetary  unit  is  the  rouble 
of  100  copecks.  The  silver  rouble  is  of  the 
value  of  about  Ss.  2d.  sterling,  or  £1  ster- 
ling =6  roubles40copecks.  The  circulation 
chfefly  consists  of  paper-money,  from  one- 
rouble  notes  upwards.  Gold  coijis- Im- 
perial or  ten-rouble  piece:  £1,  Ug.  8d.; 
ialf -imperial  or  five  roubles:  15g.  lOd.; 
three  roubles:  9s.  6d.  Silver  coiiis- Rouble: 
38. 2d.;  half-rouble:  Is.  7d.;  quarter-rouble: 
9id.;  20  copecks:  lid.;  10  copecks:  8|d.; 
6  copecks:  2d. 

Salvador.   See  Central  American  States. 
Samoa.    AmericEtn  money. 
Sandwich  Islands.    See  Hawau. 
Santo  Domingo.    The  money  of  Mexico, 
the  United  States,  France,  and  Spain. 
Servia.     The  money  system  corresponds 
with  that  of  France,  the  unit  being  the 
dinar,  equivalent-  to  the  franc.    It  is  di- 
vided into  100  paras  or  cents.    Gold  emn^ 
The  milan  of  at)  dinars,  equivalent  to  the 


French  20-franc  piece,  or  15s.  lOd.  Silver 
coins— Coins  of  2  dinars  (Is.  7d.),  1  dinar, 
and  half-dinar. 

Slam.  The  chief  coin  is  the  tical  or  bat, 
a  silver  piece  of  the  average  value  of  28. 
sterling.  It  exchanges  with  dollars  at 
the  rate  of  3  dollars  for  5  ticals. 

Singapore.  The  same  as  Hong-Kong  (which 

South  African  Republic  (Transvaal).  There 
is  only  British  money  in  circulation. 

Spain.  The  money  corresponds  with  that 
of  France,  Italy,  Belgium,  &c.,  the  mone- 
tary unit  being  the  peseta,  of  same  value 
as  the  franc  (9^d.).  The  peseta  is  divided 
-into  100  centimes  or  into  4  reales.  Gold 
coins- Pieces  of  100,  50,  25,  20,  10,  and 
6  pesetas,  equal  respectively  to  £4,  £2,  £1, 
16s.,  8s.,  and  is.  sterling.  There  is  also 
a  gold  doubloon  of  10  escudos,  value  £3 ,  Os. 
7Jd.sterling.  Siiwer  coins— 5  pesetas  (called 
the  piastre  or  dollar):  4s.;  2  pesetas:  Is.  7d.; 
1  peseta:  Hd.;  25  centimes:  2Jd.;  20  cen- 
times: 2d.  There  is  also  an  escudo  or 
half-dollar=2s. 

Straits  Settlements.  Money  the  same  as 
in  Hong-Kong  (which  see). 

Sweden.    See  Norway  and  Sweden. 

Switzerland.  The  money  is  the  same  as  in 
France,  the  unit  being  the  franc,  divided 
into  100  centimes  or  rappen.  Of  gold  coins 
only  20-franc  pieces  are  coined  by  the  re- 
public itself. 

Tasmania.    As  in  Australia. 

Trinidad.  British  gold,  silver,  and  bronze 
coinage,  with  U.  States  and  Mexican  gold 
as  in  Jamaica  and  Guiana. 

Turkey.  'The  reckoning  is  by  Turkish 
pounds  of  100  piastres  each.  Gold  coim — 
The  lira  or  gold  medjidi6:  IBs.;  the  half- 
lira:  98.;  the  quarter-Lira:  4s.  6d.  Silver 
coins— 20  piastres:  38.  7d.;  10  piastres:  is. 
9jtd.:  5  piastres:  lOJd.;  2  piastres:  4d.;  1  pi- 
astre: 2d. 

United  States.  The  dollar  of  100  cents  has 
been  the  money  unit  of  the  United  States 
since  1786.  The  coinage  at  present  is  as 
follow6<-6oZd  coins— Double-eagle  or  20- 
dollar  piece:  £4,  2s.  ed.;  eagle  or  10  dol- 
lars: £2,  Is.  8d.;  half-eagle  or  5-dollar  piece: 
£1,  Os.lid.;    3-dollar  piece:    128.   iid.; 

3uarter-eagle  or  2i-dollar  piece:  10s.  4d.; 
ollar:  4s.  Hd.  Silver  coins— Dollar :  4s. 
lid.;  half-dollar  or  50  cents:  23.  Ojd.;  quar- 
ter dollar  or  25  cents:  Is.  kd.;  dime  or  10 
cents:  5d.  There  are  also  5-cent  and  8-cent 
pieces  coined  in  nickel  and  cent  pieces  in 
bronze.  Formerly  there  was  a  silver  trade 

•  dollar  coined  to  compete  with  the  ^Mexican 
dollar,  being  a  little  heavier  than  the  or- 

-  dinary  dollar  and  of  the  value  of  about 
4«.  Sid.  sterling.  Silver  coins  of  20  cents, 
5  cents,  and  3  cents  are  also  current,  but 
no  longer' coined. 

tJruguay.  The  peso  or  dollar  is  the  unit, 
as  in  great  part  of  Spanish  South  America, 
divided  into  100  centesimos  or  cents;  ap- 
proximate value  48.  3d.,  or  £1=4'70  pesos. 
There  are  gold  doubloons  of  10  pesos,  as 
well  as  half  and  quarter  doubloons.  The 
silver  coins  are  pesos,  and  pieces  of  50,  20, 
10,  and  5  centesimos<      ,  • 

Venezuela.  The  chief  coins  are  the  silver 
venezolano  or  dollar  of  100  centavos,  and 
the  bolivar  of  20  centavos.  The  former  is 
identical  with  the  5-franc  piece  of  tlie 
Latin  'Union  of  Europe  (see  France),  and 
the  latter  with  the  franc.  There  aie  al?o 
gold  venezolanos. 

■West  Indies.  In  the  British  islands  the 
currency  is  that  of  the  home  countries, 
though  reckoning  by  dollars  and  cents  is 
common,  and  American  coins  are  also  cur- 
rent.   See  Jamaica. 


Plate  I. 


AGRICULTURE. 

Value  of  all  agricultural  products  in  millions  £  sterling. 


V.  States 


I  ijiKc  Gcrinaiiy       Austria   U. Kingdom  Italy        Spain  Australia  Canada 


Pounds  of  grain  produced  per  inhabitant. 


V.  States 


'100       1  ,       990       )    :      gs5      | 
Denmark  Canada  Russia  Roumania  Spain  France  Sweden 


"30     j  850    j  840    j  760    ] 


C)  c)  o  d)  c)  ©  © 

Austria         Argentina        Algeria        Australia       Germany      Belgium   Portugal   Holland   Ireland  Scotland   Italy    England 


Acres  under  grain  per  too  inhabitants 


130  125  102        ) 


U.  Sutes 


Russia  Argentina  Denmark  Roumania  Canada  Australia         Spain 


(r)00©  0  0    ©  ©  0  ®  e 

Greece         Austria  France  {5Weden         Germany         Italy  Portugal   Belgium  Holland  Switzerland  U.Kingdom 


DICTIONARY  OF  STATISTICS. 


Aerolites 

Date 

Locality 

Weight 
(lbs.) 

Remarks 

1748 

Yenisey    .     .     . 

1,600 

1783 

Gran  Chaco  .     . 

32,000 

Near  Tucuman. 

1784 

Bendego,  Brazil 

17,000 

1793 

Graf  Reinet  .     . 

300 

South  Africa. 

1803 

Normandv    .     . 

2000  red-hot  stones. 

1812 

Prague     .    .    . 

200  hot  stones. 

1829 

Bohnmelitz   .     . 

103 

Bohemia. 

1866 

Kuvahinza    .     . 

670 

With  1000  smaller. 

1870 

Greenland     .    . 

49,000 

Now  at  Copenhagen. 

1871 

Greenland     <     . 

20,000 

Now  at  St.  Petersburg. 

The  last  two  were  found  in  the  years  expressed,  but 
may  have  fallen  centuries  ago.  That  of  Gran  Chaco  is 
95  per  cent.  iron.  The  British  Museum  has  an  aerolite 
weighing  five  tons. 

AGE 

The  age  of  various  nations  in  ratios  of  looo  was  stated 
by  Wappaeus  in  1850  thus  : — 


According  to  the  Bulletin  Statistique  the  ratios  in  1876 
stood  thus : — 


» 

E 

t 

■t 

^ 

g 

>. 

4 

Age 

i 
h 

to 
1 

■3 

S 
c 

Q 

0 

i 

"rt 

J 

Under  5 

93 

116 

113 

125 

135 

126 

119 

183 

S-io 

Q2 

109 

III 

io« 

114 

107 

114 

144 

10-15 

88 

98 

108 

95 

100 

9b 

107 

122 

15-20 

88 

90 

93 

95 

86 

98 

ioi 

116 

20-30 

163 

166 

174 

I8i 

174 

177 

168 

169 

30-40 

148 

135 

134 

130 

13b 

13s 

134 

106 

40-50 

125 

118 

lob 

109 

88 

100 

105 

74 

50-60 

102 

78 

tS3 

75 

78 

«3 

78 

47 

60-70 

65 

55 

49 

53 

57 

SI 

51 

24 

Over  70 

30 

35 

30 

29 

32 

27 

23 

IS 

Total 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

r.ooo 

1,000 

1,000 

The  classification  by  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  in  1864 
was  as  follovre : — 


T» 

e 

n 

g 

s 

bt 

X 

Age 

"bt 

M 

3 

i 

a 

•a 

c 

f^ 

& 

^ 

ux 

•-I 

1^ 

Under  10 

251 

186 

206 

241 

249 

244 

229 

10-20 

201 

169 

191 

i»5 

193 

192 

189 

20-30 

169 

164 

105 

168 

171 

170 

168 

30-40 

130 

144 

140 

142 

151 

143 

142 

40-50 

103 

"5 

116 

"S 

107 

107 

112 

50-60 

71 

101 

94 

78 

72 

79 

83 

60-70 

47 

72 

SS 

49 

42 

44 

52 

Over  70 

28 

39- 

33 

22 

IS 

21 

26 

Total 

IjOCO 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

Ij'OOO 

Age 

a 

•0 

1 
"3 

a 

1 

3 

(5 

g 
•0 
% 

CO 

'i 

a 
1 

ll 

>. 

M 

c 
3 

X 

Under  1 

15-60 

Over) 

60   ) 

272 
610 
ii8 

302 
610 

88 

329 

591 

80 

353 

577 

70 

323 

597 
80 

323 

595 

82 

343 

•590 

62 

31S 

59S 

90 

372 

579 
49 

Total 

1 
1,000 1,000 

tjOOO 

IjOOO 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1 
1,000 1,000 

The  following  table  of  age  ratios  in  1000  of  population 
is  from  Census  reports  of  the  various  nations : — 


Country 

Date 

Under 

SVrs. 

5-20 

ao-40 

40-€o 

Over 
60 

England  .     .     . 

1881 

136 

326 

297 

169 

72 

Scotland  .     . 

1881 

137 

331 

290 

16.; 

77 

Ireland      .     . 

1881 

111 

.348 

263 

173 

106 

United  Kingc 

om 

1881 

131 

331 

292 

169 

77 

France      .     . 

1881 

92 

261 

29s 

226 

126 

Prussia      .     . 

1880 

139 

315 

290 

x8o 

76 

Germany  .     . 

1871 

127 

308 

298 

190 

77 

Austria      .     . 

1880 

132 

304 

298 

195 

71 

Russia .     .    . 

i«75 

I3» 

318 

318 

180 

46 

Finland     .     . 

1870 

144 

299 

296 

186 

75 

Italy    .     .     . 

1871 

123 

293 

306 

iq6 

82 

Spain  .     , 

1866 

142 

278 

343 

179 

.-^s 

Portugal  . 

1864 

137 

289 

310 

193 

7^ 

Sweden     . 

1870 

118 

313 

312 

183 

78 

Norway    . 

1870 

135 

299 

310 

166 

90 

Denmark  . 

1870 

I2S 

297 

310 

184 

84 

Belgium    . 

1880 

124 

304 

282 

195 

95 

Holland    . 

X870 

"3 

314 

309 

187 

77 

SwitzerlanH 

1880 

117 

296 

289 

209 

89 

Greece .    . 

1870 

144 

332 

320 

Z48 

56 

Brazil  .     . 

1870 

108 

353 

306 

X46 

87 

United  States    . 

1880 

137 

343 

310 

^S5 

«;6 

Average  .     . 

... 

128 

30» 

306 

X82 

76 

In  the  above  table  it  will  be  observed  that  the  lowest 
ratios  of  children  are  in  France,  Brazil,  and  Ireland. 
This  is  explained  in  the  case  of  Ireland  by  the  fact  that 
the  marriage  rate  is  the  lowest  in  the  world.  Moreover, 
the  highest  ratios  for  people  over  60  years  are  in  France 
and  Ireland.  The  countries  in  which  children  form  the 
largest  ratios  are  Finland,  Greece,  and  Spain,  althougb 
the  birth-rates  in  those  countries  are  by  no  means  tht 
highest ;  it  is  explained  in  the  case  of  Greece  and  Spain 
by  the  short  span  of  life,  the  proportion  of  persons 
passing  their  sixtieth  year,  as  shown  above,  beiiig  veiy 
low. 


AGE 


850 


AGE 


Another  distribution  is  as  follows 

:— 

■ 

United 

Age. 

France 

Prussia 

Proper 

Russia 

Italy 

Sweden 

Belgium 

land 

States 

Average 

Under  lo      .         « 

,        , 

183 

254 

240 

253 

226 

234 

236 

222 

262 

234. 

10-20    . 

. 

170 

soo 

196 

203 

190 

197 

192 

191 

217 

195- 

ao-30    .        *        ^ 

7 

158 

162 

159 

188. 

167 

152 

ISS 

153 

183 

164 

30-40    .        .        m 

. 

^37 

128 

139 

130 

139 

130 

1^7 

136 

127 

133 

40-50    .       ,*       ai 

*        . 

123 

lOI 

009 

99 

III 

119 

108 

116 

93 

109 

50-60    .       ?.        *. 

«        . 

103 

79 

86 

81 

8S 

90 

87 

93 

62 

85 

Over  60        *i       te, 
Total  . 

, 

126 

76, 

71 

46 

82 

78 

95 

89 

56 

80 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000. . 

1,000 

1,000 

I,«XX) 

1,000 

1,000 

AvERAGB  Age  op  all  Living  in  each  Country 
Years 


England  26.0 
Scotland  26.0 
Ireland  27.5 
France  32.6 
Holland  28.0 


Prussia  27.  i  •  Sweden  .  28. 3 
Austjcia  27.6!  Belgium  .  28.8 
Russia  25  6  Switzerland  29.2 
Italy  .  28.5  U.  States.  25.0 
Spain    26.9 1  Brazil   .    .  27.0 

Males  of  Working  Age 


Portugal  27.6 
Norway  28.0 
Denmark  28.0 
Greece  .  25.2 
Average  27.5 


If  we  assume  the  working  age  to  be  from  20  to  60 
years,  and  count  only  male  workers,  the  number  of 
population  depwident  on  the  earnings  of  every  100  male 
adults  would  be  as  follows : — 


France     . 

.  3871 

Belgium   . 

.  418 

U.  States  .    . 

440 

Spain  .    . 

•.  388 

Sweden    . 

.  420 

U.  Kingdom 

448 

Austria     . 

.  413 

Italy    .    . 

.  424 

Scotland    .  '  . 

.463 

Germany  . 

•  417 

England  . 

.  438 

Ireland      .    . 

476 

The  burden  on  the  working  population  in  Ireland  is 
10  per  cent,  heavier  than  in  England,  23  percent.  Kea^ger 
tlian  in  France. 

Various  Cities 


- 

• 

^ 

e 

€ 

ia 

Age. 

0 
-p 

J- 

•    1 

> 

ll 

n 

1 

Under  5 

130 

•71 

69 

83 

134 

13s 

139 

5-20 

297 

216 

233 

265 

268 

•   312 

327 

2Ci-40 

334 

398. 

301 

365 

337 

330 

•  310 

40-60 

177 

242 

283 

202 

174 

171 

168 

Over  60 

62 

■73 

114 

85 

87 

52 

56 

Total 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

United  Kingdom 

The  latids  for  the  three  kingdoms  by^^Census  reports  I 
were : — 


Ag« 

England 

Scotla9d 

Ireland 

1841 

1881 

1841 

1881 

1841 

1881 

Under  5 

.    .        132 

136 

130 

137 

126 

III 

5-10  . 

.    .       %?o 

121 

118 

121 

132 

120 

10-15 • 

.    .        108 

108 

112 

108 

124 

119 

15-20 . 

.     .        100 

98 

104 

lOI 

108 

108 

20-25. 

.    .         97 

90 

100 

92 

96 

92 

25-35. 

•    .       154 

146 

153 

141 

145 

122 

35-45  • 

.      .           IZ2 

112 

no 

109 

106 

108 

45-55-    . 

,      ,             80 

84 

7J 

82 

75 

86 

55-65. 

. « . .         S3 

59 

52 

59 

54 

70 

Over  65 

.    .         44 

46 

45 

50 

34 

64 

rota 

I     .      .      X,00O 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 1  1,600 

;J         _r 

»i 

The  composition  of  the  population  of  England  and 
Wales  as  r^ards  sex  and  age  in  liiSi   Compares  with 

1841  thus; — 


rer 

1000  i. 

nis 

Age 

1 

1841 

1881 

1  Males 

Females 

Total 

Males 

Females 

Total 

Under  5 

1    56 

66 

132 

68 

68 

136 

S-15 

"S 

"3 

228 

114 

"S 

229 

15-25 

9^ 

103 

197 

92 

96 

188 

25-35 

74 

80 

154 

•   70 

76 

146 

35-45 

55 

57 

112 

54 

58 

112 

45-55 

39 

41 

80 

40 

44 

84 

Over  55 

1    46 

SI' 

97 

49   i 

56 

{,  105 

Total 

i  489 

S" 

1,000 

487 

513 , , 

1,000 

The  composition  of  Scotland  in  the  sane  year  .was  as 
follows : — 


Age 

.1841 

1881 

Males 

Females 

Total 

Males 

Females 

Total 

Under  5 

66 

.  64 

130 

69 

'     68 

137 

s-is 

117 

113 

230 

116 

113 

229 

15-25 

97 

107 

.   204 

9b 

97 

193 

25-35 

72 

81 

153 

67 

74 

141 

35-45 

SI 

'     59 

no 

•    SO 

59 

109 

45-55 

35 

41 

76 

37 

45 

82 

Over  55 

42 

55 

97 

46' 

63 

109 

Total 

480 

520 

1,060 

481 

519 

I.OOO 

The  population  of  Ireland  was  composed  as  follows : — 


Per  1000  Inhabitants 

Age 

1841 

1881 

Males 

Females 

Total 

Males 

Females 

Total 

Under  5 

64 

62 

xae 

56 

55 

III 

5-^5 

130 

126 

256 

122 

117 

239 

15-25 

99 

105 

204 

98 

102 

200 

25-35 

69 

76 

145 

57 

65 

122 

35-45 

51 

SS 

106 

SI 

57 

108 

» 45-55 

36 

39 

75 

41 

45 

86 

Over  55 

43 

45 

88 

65 

69 

134 

Total 

493 

S08 

1,000 

490 

510 

1,000 

The  composition  of  the  United    Kingdom    was    as 
follows : — 


1841 

1881 

Age 

Males 

Females 

Total 

Males 

Females 

Total 

o^iS 

15-45 

45-55 

Over  55 

186 
22k 

46 

182 

238 

40 

49 

368 

459 

78 

95 

183 

214 

40 
SI 

181 

229 

44 

59 

363 

443 

84 

no 

Total 

491 

509 

1.000 

487 

513 

1,000 

AGRICULTUE.E 


851 


AGRICULTURE 


AGRICULTURE 

'This  is  th*e  most  important  industry  of  mankind, 
/or  (without  counting  India,  Cliina,  &c.)  it  occupies 
80,000,000  peasants,  represents  a  capital  of  23,000  mil- 
lions sterling,  and  has  annual  products  to.  the  value  of 
almost  4000  millions.  Capital  and  product  have  more 
than  doubled  since  1840,  but  the  number  pf  hands 
engaged  has  not  risen  50  per- cent.,  viz.  : — 


Millions,  £  Sterling 

Agricultural 

Capital 

Product 

Peasants 

1S40 .         .         .             9.036 
i85o           .         .           14.923 
1887  ,         .         .           23,006 

1,824 
2.483 
3.948 

S.:;,  080,000 
66,000,000 
80,050,000 

The  following  tables   show  approximately  how  agri- 
cultural capital  was  made  up  at  the  above  dates  : — 

Year 

1840.     Value  in  Mill 
£  Sterling 

ions. 

Land 

Cattle 

Sundries 

Total 

Europe  .... 
United  States  .     . 
Colonies,  &c.  .    . 

6,471 
400 
224 

875 
96 
23 

820 

100 

27 

8,166 
596 
274 

Total.     .     , 

.  7.095 

994 

947 

9.035 

Year  1860.     Value  in  Millions, 
£  Sterling 


Laiid 

Cattle 

Sundries 

Total 

Europe  .... 
.United  States'.     . 
Colonies,  &c.  .     . 

9.957 
1,382 

523 

1,260 

226 

76 

1,227 

237 

35 

12,444. 
1,845 
.  634 

Total ...     . 

11.862 

1,562 

1.499 

i4.'923 

Year  1887.     Value  in  Millions, 
£  Sterling 

Land 

Cattle 

Sundries 

Total 

Europe  .... 
United  States  .     . 
Colonies,  &c,  .    . 

13.776 
2,560 
1,440 

1.940 
SOI 
260 

1.737 
635 
157 

17.453 
3.696 
1.857 

Total ,     .     . 

17,776 

2,701 

2,529 

23,006 

The  agricultural  capital  of  EurOpe-has  doubled  since 
1840;  that  of  the  United  States  has  increased  sixfold. 
The  average  increase  has  been  197  millions  sterling  per 
annum  in  Europe,  and  67  millions  in  the  United  States. 


The  value  of  agricultural  products  at  the  above  periods 
was  approximately  as  follows  :  — 


Millions,  £  Sterl 

ng 

.Year 

Grain 

Other 
Crops 

Pastoral          .r«»oi 

Products         ^°*^' 

r 

J840 
1S60 
1887 

702 
1,130 
1,091 

538 

•575 

1,445 

584 

778 

1,412 

1,824 
2,483 
3.948 

The  value  of  grain  crops  has  diminished  since  1S60, 
while  that  of  pastoral  products  has  nearly  doubled,  the 
price  of  grain  having  declined  very  notably,,  while  that  of 
meat,  as  also  of  dairy  products,  has  risen.  The  relative 
importance  of  the  three  great  brancheis  of  agricultural 
industry  at  the  said  dates  is  shown  as  follows,  judged  by 
money  values : — 


1840      1       1833 

1887 

Grnin 

Other  ciops  .... 
Pastoral  produce    ..    . 

38.5 
29.8 

31-7 

45-5 
23.2 

31.3 

27.5 
36.8 

35-7 

Total    .... 

100.0 

100. 0 

100.0 

Tillage 

The  area  under  crops  has  risen  from  492  million  acres  in 
1840  to  807  millions  in  1888,  an  increase  of  315  miUions, 
viz.  : — 


In  Europe 

,,  United  States 

„  Colonies,  &c. 

Total 


131  million  acres. 


33 


315 


In  48  years  the  area  of  tillage  and  planting  has  risen  63 
per  cent.,  but  the  grain  crops  have  risen  120  percent., 
viz.  : — 

Millions  of  Bushels 


Year 

Europe 

U.  States  1  Colonies 

Total 

1840 
'1860 
1887 

3,212 
4.046 
5.528 

616      j         291 
1,240              464 
2,586               948 

4."9 

5.750 
9,122 

Improved  implements  and  machinery  have  made  tillage 
more  productive  and  grain  cheaper.  In  1840  each  peasant 
produced  about  73  bushels  of  grain ;  in  i860  the  average 
was  87,  and  in  1887  it  had  risen  to  1 14  ;  that  is,  two  men 
now  produce  more  grain  than  three  did  in  1840.  The 
following  table  shows  the  distribution  of  grain-growing  in 
18S7  :— 


Mi'iions  of  Acres 

Crops,  Millions  of  Bushels 

Wheat 

Oats 

Rirley  j  Various 

Total 

Wheat  j    Oats 

Barley    Various 

Total 

Europe 

United  States 

Colonies,  &c        .        .        . 

c,6 
3< 
46 

72 

26 

3 

38 
3 
7 

■  148 
75 
13 

348 

142 

69 

1,336    j    1,628 
442           640 
465    j         97 

694 
58 
82 

1,930 

1.446 

30+ 

S.588 

2,586 

948 

Total 

174 

lOI 

48      1    236 

559 

2,243    I    2,365 

834       1    3.680 

9,122    i 

In  the  Umted  States  9,000,000  hands  raise  nearly  naif 
as  much  grain  as  66  millions  in  Europe.  Thus  it  appears 
ihat  for  want  of  implements  or  proper  iiiachiucry  there  is 


a  waste  of  labour  in  Europe  equal  to  48  millions  of 
peasants.  In  other  words,  one  farm  l,ibourer  in  the  United 
States  is  worth  more  than  three  in  Europe. 


AGRICULTURE 


852 


AGRICULTURE 


Pastoral  Industry. 

The  production  of  meat  at  the  same  periods  w^''- 
approximately  as  follows  : — 


Tons 

Year 

Europe 

United 
States 

Colonies, 
'    &c. 

Total 

1840 
i860 
1887 

6,800,000 
7,630,000 
8,633,000 

2,120,000 
2,970,000 
4,750,000 

200,000 
400,000 
920,000 

9,120,000 
11,000,000 
14.303,000 

The  production  of  meat  has  risen  57  per  cent,  since 
1840,  while  that  of  grain,  as  we  have  already  seen,  has 
increased  120  per  cent  In  aliquot  parts  production  of 
meat  showed  thus : — 


'     1840 

1&60     ■ 

1887 

Europe      .    .    :     .     . 
United  States     .    .    . 
Colonies,  &c      .    .    . 

74-5 
23-3 

2.2 

69.3 
27.0 

3-7 

6a4 

33-2 
6.4 

Total     .... 

.loao 

ICO.O 

xoao 

See  CaiiU  and  Food. 


Agricultural  Area 

The  area  under  crops  in  the  Tatious  countries'  vras 
approximately,  as  follows  t — 

Millions  of  Acres 


1820 

1840 

1860 

1880 

1888 

U.  Kingdom    . 
France    .     . 
Germany     .    , 
Russia     .    .. 
Austria   .    . 
Italy  .    ..    , 
Spain .     .    \ 
Portugal  ... 
Sweden  .     . 
Norway  .     . 
Denmark     . 
Holland  .    . 
Belgium  .     . 
Other  countries 
* 

19 
48- 

37 
120 
50 
20 

25 
■     3 

I 
2 
4. 
3 
30 

.  22 

55 

45 

13s 
53 
22 

.30 
4 
5 
3 
5 
4 
4 
40 

"22. 

57" 
SO 
145 

26 
30" 

5 

8 

4 
6 

rS 

5 

SO 

23 
66 

58 
183 
60 

35 

32 

S 

12 

4 
8 

5 
5 

56 

21 
6i 

S9 
190 

65 
.  3S 
■  32 

5 

J2 

4 
8 

S 
56. 

Europe  ,    . 
U.  States     . 
Canada  .    . 
Australia     . 
Argentina    . 
Brazil      .  .. 
Algeria    .    . 
Egypt     .     . 

364 
30 

X 

4 

2 

427 

SO 

4 

a 

'i 
5 
4 

471 

90 

8 

3 

I 

X 

6 
4 

546 

166 

10 

10 

3 

2 

7 
5 

558 
201 

13 

14 

% 

.8 

5 

Tota 

I 

•    • 

402 

492 

583 

749 

807 

The  area  has  doubled  since  1820,  the  increase  during 
the  various  periods  having  been  as  follows : — 


Period 
1820-40 
1841-60 
1861-80 
i88i-88 


Millions  of  Acres 
•   90 
91' 
166 

58 


Acres  per  Annum 
4,500^000 
4,550,000 
8,300,000 
7,200,000 


It  is  especially  since  i860  that  improvements  in  agri- 
cultural machinery  have  bctn  attended  with  a  notable 
extension  of  cultivated  area. 


Agricultural  Population 

Hands  engaged  in  tillage  and  pastoral  industries  were 
approximately  as  follows  : — 


1840 

1860         1        1887 

Europe     .     .     . 
United  States     . 
Colonies,  &c 

50,430,000 
2,550,000 
2,100,000 

58, 160,000 
4,340,000 
3,500,000 

66,320,000 
9,000,000 
4,730,000 

Total    .    . 

55,080,000 

66,000,000    \  80,050,000 

The  ratios  of  capit^d  and  products  that  corresponded 
to  the  agricultural  population,  ♦hat  is,  to  each  adult 
peasant,  were : — 


Europe .  .  .  . 
United  States  . 
Colonies,  &c.  .  . 
General  average . 


Capital 


1840 


£ 

162 

235 

134 
164 


1887 


£ 
263 
410 
390 
287 


Product 


1840 


£ 
31 
72 
46 
■33 


1887 


£ 
43 
85. 
61 

SO 


Each  hand  in  the  United  States  produces  double  the 
annual  value  that  prevails  in  Europe. 

Crops 

The  production  of  grain  (excluding  rice)  was  approxi- 
mately as  follows : — 


Millions  of-  Bushels 

•  Bushels  per 
Inhabitant 

? 

■? 

S 

t» 

? 

g 

t-' 

f-i 

s 

00 

00  ' 

09 

rt 

00 

00 

f-l 

ft 

i-t 

'^ 

f-l 

-• 

U.  Kingdom    . 

408 

,S90 

^^ 

3" 

16 

15 

8 

France    .     .•   . 

S^o 

550 

.687 

729 

1=; 

IS 

19 

Germany      .    . 

290 

450 

685 

706 

lo- 

i:^ 

i,«) 

Russia     .     .    . 

1,040 

1,279 

1,461 

1.854 

20 

20 

20 

Austria    .     .    » 

364 

Soo 

578 

687 

13 

16 

17 

Italy  .     .     .     . 

no 

200 

277 

225 

6 

10 

7 

Spam .... 

180 

215 

^26 

300 

It 

14     18 

Portugal .     .     . 

•25 

3^ 

19 

40 

8 

8       9 

Sweden    .     .     . 

14 

35 

93 

104 

5 

10     23 

Finland  .     .     . 

10 

15 

22 

20 

10 

10 

10 

Norway  .     .     . 

6 

.  15 

17 

17 

6 

10 

9 

Denmark      .     . 

40 

6S 

78 

84 

36 

4S 

42 

Holland  .     .     . 

16 

20. 

37 

40 

6 

6 

9 

Belgium  .     .     . 

33 

70 

66 

75 

9 

1=; 

14 

Switzerland .     . 

12 

IS 

17 

18 

6 

6 

6 

Greece     .     .     . 

6 

9 

II 

18 

6 

7 

10 

Servia      .     .     . 

8 

II 

14 

20 

10 

10 

10 

Roumania    .     . 

70 

90 

109 

120 

22 

23 

24 

Turkey,  &c.      . 

170 

196 

209 

220 

12 

14 

15 

Europe    .     .     . 

3.312 

4,146 

5.0-J0 

';,«;88 

14 

IS 

16 

United  States  . 

540 

1.053 

2,325 

2,586 

<?6 

^8 

42 

Canada  .     .     . 

22 

45 

128 

148 

14 

IS 

30 

ChiU  .     .     .     . 

s 

12 

18 

18 

s 

8 

8 

Argentina    .     . 

2 

S 

25 

so 

2 

S 

X3 

Australia      .     . 

I 

10 

^6 

51 

^ 

XO 

IS 

Other  countries 

2^ 

390 

587 

681 

... 

Total    .     . 

4,042 

5.661 

8.159 

9,122 

The  production  of  grain  per  inhabitant  in  Europe  is 
higher  now  than  fifty  years  ago. 


AGRICULTURE 


853 


AGRICULTURE 


The  production  of  wheat  was  approximately  as  fol- 
lows : — 


Millions  of  Bushels 

? 

? 

? 

s 

1H 

CO 

0 

»- 

00 

I-l 

1-1 

i-l 

iH 

United  Kingdom  .    . 

I20 

121 

8S 

78 

76 

France 

190 

223 

'75 

290 

275 

Germany 

SO 

70 

94 

98 

103 

Russia.    .     .    .    t    . 

no 

130 

224 

250 

258 

Austria 

es 

85 

109 

151 

138 

Italy 

60 

75 

"3 

loS 

141 

Spain 

•,->» 

70 

114 

133 

170 

Portugal 

4 

5 

8 

10 

10 

Sweden  and  Norway  . 

X 

2 

4 

4 

6 

Denmark 

3 

4 

S 

6 

S 

Holland 

3 

4 

6 

6 

Belgium 

8 

13 

16 

17 

16 

Switzerland  .    .    .    . 

z 

I 

2 

2 

2 

Greece      .    .    .    .    . 

a 

2 

3 

4 

6 

Servia  ...... 

a 

a 

3 

4 

4 

Roumania     ,    .    ,'  . 

IS 

20 

24 

26 

30 

Turkey,  &c  .     .    .    . 

20 

30 

40 

47 

SO 

Europe 

712 

8S7 

1,126 

1,231 

1,296 

United  States    .    .    . 

78 

137 

338 

•  440 

41S 

Canada    .  -.    .    .    . 

6 

9 

24 

36 

37 

Australia 

2 

8 

24 

38 

45 

India,  &C.     ....    . 

108 

187 

282 

37S 

478 

Total    .■  .    . 

906 

1,198 

t.794 

2,120 

2,271 

Mr.  Spallart's  estimate  of  the  crops  of  the  world  down 
to  1884  compares  with  the  official  returns  and  latest 
estimates  for  1887  as  follows : — 


1871  80 

1875-84 

1883-84 

1887 


Millions  of  Bushels  Yearly 


Wheat    Rye  Barley  Oats  Maize  Sundry  Total 


1,944 
1,962 
2,1x5 
2,243 


1,256 
i|i6s 
1,196 
1,418 


774 
788 
803 
834 


1,870 

1.936 
2,189 

2,365 


1,528 
1,829 
2,035 
1,979 


312 
293 
324 
283 


7,684 

7,973 
8,662 

9,123 


Newmann  Spallart 

's  statement  of  the 

ordinary  produc- 

tion  of  grain  (1874-84)  is  as  follows: — 

Millions  of  Bushels 

1 

0 

>> 

a 
6 

1 

•0 
c 

1 

U.  Kingdom 

88 

a 

82 

i6a 

••• 

... 

334 

France     .    . 

277 

70 

50 

220 

86 

44 

687 

Germany .    . 

102 

220 

95 

260 

... 

8 

685 

Russia.     .     . 

176 

5S6 

113 

446 

17 

130 

1,438 

Poland     .    . 

15 

47 

25 

36 

... 

123 

Austria     .    . 

120 

no 

84 

138 

104 

22 

578 

Italy    ,    .    . 

140 

9 

9 

18 

85 

16 

277 

Spain  .    .    . 

168 

32 

77 

13 

36 

... 

320 

Portugal  .    . 

9 

7 

2 

I 

... 

19 

Sweden     .     . 

3 

19 

15 

SO 

■    ... 

6 

93 

Norway    .    . 

I 

5 

9 

... 

a 

17 

Denmark  .     . 

S 

16 

26 

30 

... 

z 

78 

Holland    .     . 

6 

9 

5 

II 

... 

6 

37 

Belgium    .     . 

20 

16 

4 

24 

... 

2 

66 

Finland     .     . 

••• 

10 

S 

7 

... 

... 

22 

Switzerland   . 

a 

8 

a 

5 

... 

... 

17 

Greece.     .     . 

4 

••• 

2 

3 

a 

iz 

Servia  .    .     . 

4 

I 

3 

z 

S 

... 

14 

Roumania     . 

26 

3 

14 

3 

6i 

a 

109 

Bosnia      .     . 

2 

2 

z 

3 

... 

8 

Bulgaria  .     . 

23 

I 

II 

2 

7 

... 

44 

Eur.  Turkey . 

22 

13 

12 

2 

8 

... 

57 

Europe     .    . 

1,212 

1.150 

643 

1.439 

355 

241 

5.040 

United  States 

400 

23 

42 

420 

1.430 

10 

2.325 

Canadia    .    . 

30 

2 

17 

66 

9 

4 

128 

Chile    .    .    . 

13 

4 

... 

z 

18 

Argentina     . 

10 

... 

z 

... 

14 

... 

25 

Australia  .    . 

20 

... 

2 

9 

5 

... 

36 

Japan  .    .    . 
India   .     .    . 

II 

... 

50 

... 

... 

33 

94 

250 

... 

... 

... 

... 

250 

Egypt  .    .    . 

18 

... 

7 

.   ". 

13 

... 

37 

Algeria     .     . 

10 

... 

34 

a 

... 

a 

48 

AsiaMinor,&c 

86 

... 

60 

... 

146 

Capei  Colony 

8 

... 

... 

... 

4 

... 

12 

•Total    . 

2,o68 

1. 175 

800 

1.936 

i-,890 

290 

8. 159 

*  .The  figures  for  the  Argentine  Republic,  Asia  Minor, 
and  Cape  Colony  are  not  Mr.  Spallart's. 


Tlie  acreage  of  grain-crops  (not  including  rice)  in  1887-88  was  as  follows :— ^ 


Acres 

Acres  per 

- 

Wheat 

Oats 

Barley 

Other  Grain 

Total 

tants 

United  Kingdom  , 

a.670,000 

4,180,000 

.2,260,000 

680.000 

9,790,000 

a8 

France  .        . 

17,180,000 

9,230,000 

2,340,000 

7,850.000 

36,600,000 

97 

Germany       .        . 

4,740,000 

9,410,000 

4,280,000 

15.870.000 

34.300,000. 

74 

Russia  .        .        , 

28.1950,000 

34,890.000 

12,450,000 

83.510.000 

159,800,000 

190 

Poland  .        ,       , 

1,500,000 

3,000,000 

1,000,000 

5,600.000 

11,100,000 

140 

Finlatid.        .       , 

10,000 

300.000 

300,000 

710.000 

1,320.000 

66 

Austria .       * 

9.760,000 

7,190,000 

5,240,000 

15,360.000 

37.550.000 

100 

Italy      .       * 

11,700,000 

1,100,000 

860,000 

6,690,000 

20,350,000 

70 

Spain     .        «.       , 

S,ooo,ooo 

z, 000,000 

4,000,000 

5,000,000 

18,000,000 

loa 

Portugal        ♦       4 

600,000 

zoo.ooo 

200,000 

1,300,000 

2,200,000 

SO 

Sweden          •       4 

200,000 

a,ooo.ooo 

600,000 

1,060,000 

3,860,000 

80 

Norway        •       , 

10.000 

220,.000 

140.000 

100.000 

470,000 

25 

Denmark      .       . 

140,000 

990,000 

780,000 

1,010,000 

2,920,000 

zso 

Holland 

210,000 

280,000 

120,000 

850,000 

1,466,000 

33 

Belgium         ,        , 

680,000 

620,000 

100,000 

990.000 

2,390,000 

41 

Switzerland   .       . 

150,000 

200,000. 

130.000 

420,000 

900,000 

90 

Greece  .       ..        , 

«       *,            f>:              '* 

900,000 

•••• 

400.000 

700,000 

2,000,000 

zoo. 

Roumajua,  Turkey 
Europe .'     .  .       ] 

f  :  1  ? 

<    ^'    i    i^.    . 

6,900,000 

... 

3,600,000 

10,760,000 

21,260,000 

Z40 

94,300,000 

74,710.000 

38.800,000 

158,460.000 

366.270,000 

zzo 

United  States       i 

37,640,000 

25.920,000 

2,650.000 

75,430,000 

141,640,000 

823 

Colonies,  &c.        ; 

45,240,000 

3,460,000 

5,650,000 

7,840,000 

62,190,000 

... 

Total 

•     .     . 

177,180,000 

104,090,000 

47,100,000 

441,730,000 

570,100,000 

AGRICULTURE 


854 


AGRICULTURE 


The  crops  in  1887-S8  were  approximately  as  follows 
(not  counting  rice) : — 


Millions  of  Bushels 

Bushels 

S 

s 

^. 

R 

<S 

-s 

0 

1 

^ 

6 

a 

1 

^ 

0 

< 

&. 

l!"?! 

70 

14 

3" 

32 

al 

U.  Kingdom 

76 

8 

France.    .    . 

2t),S 

246 

49 

26 

"3 

729 

20 

19 

Germany  .    . 

104 

243 

97 

262 

706 

21 

15 

Russia .     .     . 

269 

600 

162 

13 

810 

i,8.S4 

II 

22 

Poland     .    . 

15 

36 

20 

.S2 

123 

II, 

IS 

Finland     .    . 

7 

5 

... 

II 

23 

17 

12 

Austria    •.    . 

i8,<; 

169 

106 

90 

137 

687 

18 

18 

Italy     .     .    . 

no 

14 

9 

75 

17 

225 

II 

8 

Spain  .    .    . 

136 

20 

74 

40 

30 

300 

16 

18 

Portugal  ,    . 

10 

I 

2 

15 

12 

40 

i.S 

9 

Sweden     ,    . 

4 

.S5 

I.? 

... 

30 

104 

27 

22 

Norway    .    . 

... 

9 

4 

4 

17 

S."? 

9 

Denmark  .    . 

6 

30 

22 

26 

84 

28 

42 

Holland    .    . 

6 

13 

,S 

16 

40 

14 

9 

Belgium    .    . 

17 

28 

4 

26 

7S 

31 

13 

Switzerland   . 

2 

S 

2 

..« 

8 

17 

20 

6 

Greece .    .    . 

8 

3 

4 

I 

16 

8 

8 

Roumania     . 

2.S 

... 

14 

64 

9 

ZJ2 

15 

22 

Scrvia  .    .     . 

4 

I 

3 

.S 

3 

16 

14 

8 

Bulgaria   .    . 

.3= 

... 

16 

II 

4 

63 

II 

20 

Turkey     ,    . 

32 

12 

20 

16 

80 

II 

20 

Europe     .    . 

t,336 

1,628 

694 

363 

1,601 

5,622 

i.S 

17 

United  States 

442 

640 

,ss 

1,412 

34 

2,s86 

18 

40 

Canada     .    . 

36 

80 

22 

10 

148 

22 

30 

Australia  .     . 

25 

i.S 

3 

8 

... 

SI 

II 

i.S 

India    .    .    . 

2.S0 

250 

9 

I 

E?ypt.    .    . 

18 

7 

12 

36 

73 

16 

12 

Algeria      .     , 

2^ 

■2 

40 

I 

66 

10 

16 

Japan  .    .    . 

65 

... 

13 

22 

100 

17 

3 

Mexico     .     . 

10 

6 

130 

8 

iM 

15 

Argentina 

22 

... 

2 

26 

..• 

50 

II 

16 

Chili    .    .    . 

16 

... 

2 

4 

22 

10 

8 

Toul    . 

2.243 

2,36s 

834 

1,979 

1,701 

9,122 

... 

The    cultivation   of   wbeat    and   barley  requires   as 
follows : — 


Days  of 
Cultivation 

Mean  Tempera- 
ture, Fahr. 

At 

Wheat 

Barley 

Wheat 

Barley 

Alsace 

Kingston,  Canada    . 
Cincinnati   .... 

131 
106 

137 

122 

92 

60 

68 
60 

.57 
66 

According  to  Brocfr(i885),  the  average  product  per 
acre  of  different  kinds  of  grain,  taken  from  five  years' 
results  in  the  various  countries,  was  as  follows : — 


Bushels 

Wheat 

Rye 

Barley 

Oats 

Maize 

Potatoes 

U.  Kingdom 

35 

33 

38 

33 

France     .    . 

16 

16 

20 

25 

16 

102 

Germany.    . 

19 

16 

24 

27 

... 

121 

Russia     .    . 

9 

II 

9 

18 

.w 

III 

Austria    .     . 

16 

14 

17 

-20 

130 

Hungary.    . 

13 

16 

18 

17 

107 

It;ily    .     .     . 

12 

15 

20 

21 

164 

Sweden    .     . 

20 

20 

34 

34 

... 

121 

Norway  .     . 

25 

27 

3t 

39 

,., 

127 

Denmark 

25 

25 

27 

30 

...<   ■ 

95 

Holland  .     . 

23 

18 

37 

42 

... 

177 

Belgium  .     . 

24 

22' 

35 

40 

... 

164 

U,,  States     . 

12 

13 

22 

26 

24 

76 

Australia .    . 

10 

21 

28 

33 

141 

He  estimates  the  crops  in  Europe  as  follows :- 


Millions  of  Bushels 

Crop 

Deduct 
Seed 

For  Con- 
stimption 

Wheat  .... 

Rye 

Barley   .... 

Oats 

Maize    .... 

1,236 
1,230 

630 
1,528 

210 

■   176 

218 
30 

1,060 
1,055 

540 
1,3  ro- 

180 

Total  .    .    . 

4.834 

689 

S-4.I4S 

He  says  that  2227  million  bushels  are  used  for  human 
food,  and  1918  for  cattle,  alcohol,  &c. ;  the  average  con- 
sumption of  grain  per  head  of  population  in  Europe  being 
410  lbs.,  or  almost  7  bushels,  yearly.  His  estimates, 
however,  appear  altogether  too  low,  being  .160  million 
bushels  short  in  wheat,  and  the  same  in  oats,  while  his 
crop  of  maize  is  but  little  over  half  the  reality.  It  is  to 
be  observed  in  his  favour  that  the  crops  are  now  heavier 
than  when  he  wrote,  in  1885. 

The  production  and  consumption  of  grain  In  the  various 
countries  are  approximately  as  follows  t — 


Cotisumption 

,  Millions. of  Bushels 

ll 

li 

> 

1 

.S 

da 

■    1 

PiS 

fa 

^% 

hJ 

H  • 

s 

'-5 

U.  Kingdom     . 

3" 

240 

3t 

45 

28S 

60a 

France     .    .    . 

729 

330 

100 

15 

338 

783 

Germany ,    .    . 

706 

430 

100 

SO 

200 

780. 

Russia     .    .    . 

1,854 

920 

280 

52 

388 

1,640 

Austria    .    .    , 

687 

320 

100 

20 

230 

670 

Italy  ;    .    .    . 

225 

200 

30 

4 

26 

260 

Spain  .    .    .    . 

'    300 

140 

49 

2 

123 

305 

Portugal  .    .    . 

40 

32 

6 

z 

6 

45 

Sweden    .    .     . 

104 

44 

21 

6 

39 

no 

Norway  .    .    . 

17 

16 

4 

3 

7 

30 

Denmark     .    . 

84 

20 

10 

3 

41 

74 

Holland  .    .    . 

40 

40 

■    3 

6 

14 

63 

Belgium  .    .    . 

75 

60 

9 

10 

■28 

XQ7 

Switzerland  .    . 

20- 

24 

.3 

2 

6 

35 

Greece     ,    .    . 

20 

20 

3 

I 

3 

27 

Servia.     .     .     . 

IS 

10 

.2 

z 

2 

IS 

Roumania    .     . 

120 

30 

18 

2 

10 

60 

Turkey,  &c.      . 

275 

86 

30 

2 

Z27 

24s 

Europe    .    .    . 

5,622 

2,962 

790 

225 

1,874 

5,851 

United  States   . 

2,586 

360 

400 

50 

1,590 

2^400 

(,"»nada    .    .    . 

148 

32 

25 

S 

S6 

Ii3 

Australia .     .    . 

SI 

24 

10 

3 

3 

40 

Argentina     .     . 

50 

15 

10 

25 

India  .     .    .    . 

250 

183 

40 

... 

•  •• 

223 

Other  countries 

415 

271 

40 

... 

154 

46S 

Total     .    . 

9,122 

3,847 

i,3»S 

283 

3,^7 

9,122 

The  average  yield  of  crops  per  lOO  lbs.  of  seed  i^ 
approximately  as  follows : — 


1  Wheat 

Oats 

Biirley 

Rye 

France . 

Germany 

Russia  . 

Denmark 

Sweden 

Holland 

Belgium 

800 
780 
600 

.  :     900 

600 

1,400 

1,200 

750 
700 
750 
800 
400 
1,400 
880 

800 
900 
700 
800 
400 
1,400 
1.310 

700 

600 

.  600 

800 

500 

1,400 

1,210 

AGRICULTURE 


855 


AGRICULTURE 


The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  crops  and  value 
since  1874:— ,f 


i'Million  of  Bushels, 
jK-.j  per  Annum 

Value,  Millions 

1874  84 

1884 

1887 

1874-84 

1887 

Wheat  ^5?!^?'   . 
Rye    .'M-.v.    . 
Barley     .    .  ■•  .     . 
Oats  .,.;...    . 
Maize   *  .    .  »• .     . 
Sundry, -..^.It.. 

Total  *^  *^ 

2,068 

1,17s 

800 

1,936 

1,890 

290 

2,348 
1,226 

795 
2,152 
2,148 

289 

2,243 
1,418 

834 
2,365 
1.979 

283 

543 
235 
153 
202 
204 
30 

412 
227 
108 

.185 
186 

25 

8,159 

8,958 

9,123 

1,367 

1,143 

The  values  of  these  crops  in  1887  were  thus  made  up  : — 


Millions,  £  Sterling 

Wheat 

Oats 

Barley 

Maize 

Rve, 
&'c. 

Total 

Europe    .    .    . 
United  States    . 
India  andlapan 
Colonies,  &c.    . 

261 
71 
52 
28 

142 
36 

"7 

89 
7 

12 

36 
124 

26 

236 
5 

II 

764 
243 

52 
84 

Total     .'  . 

412 

185 

108 

186 

252 

1. 143 

(Deducting  India  and  Japan,  the  value  will  be  1091 
millions,  as  in  the  table  of  nations  at  p.  11.) 
.  If  the  average  prices  of  1874-S4  had  been  maintained, 
mankind  would  have  had  to  pay  1577  millions  sterling  for 
the  crops  of  1887,  a  sum  nearly  40  per  cent,  in  excess  of 
the  above  value.  The  following  table  shows  the  countries 
(1886-87)  that  had  surplus  grain  to  export,  and  those  that 
imported  to  cover  deficits  : — 


Exporters 

Bushels 

Importers 

BuslieJs 

Russia 

215,000,000 

United  Kingdom  . 

286,000,000 

Austria    . 

13,000,000 

France     .... 

54,000,000 

Roumania 

56,000,000 

Germany.     .     .     . 

72,000,000 

U.  States 

168,000,000 

Scandinavia,     .     . 

18,000,000 

Argentina 

24,000,000 

Holland  &  Belgium 

55.000,000 

India  .    . 

27,000,000 

Switzerland  .     .  •  . 

15,000,000 

Australia . 

12,000,000 

Spain  and  Portugal 

11,000,000 

Canada    . 

30,000,000 

Italy 

Total      ... 

36,000,000 

Total   . 

545,000,000 

547,000.000 

Mr.  Spallart  sums  up  the  value  of  all  grain  crops  in 
1884  thus :— 


Millions,  £  Sterling 

«^ 

>, 

a 

•c 

•g 

^ 

Pi 

oa 

0 

S 

e 

r" 

United  States'^'. 

69-5 

3-2 

6.3 

.34- 0 

134.6 

1-4 

249.0 

Russia  .    ./'.;'. 

35-2 

75- 0 

11.5 

28.9 

1.3 

.5-7* 

157-6 

France  ■\.  >."'■. 

69.0 

13-3 

9.1 

31-6 

.5-8 

7-9 

136.7 

Germany  . ' ' .     . 

23-7 

38.2 

15-4 

27.5 

09 

105.7 

Italy     .     .  '  .     . 

35-1 

1-5 

1-5 

1-7 

16.0 

11.0 

66.8 

Austria  proper    . 

5-3 

7-5 

4.4 

62 

1-5 

0.8 

25-7 

Hungary  .     .     . 

10.9 

3-6 

3-b 

2.4 

8.5 

29.0 

Spain    .... 

53-8 

7-5 

18.2 

1.8 

9.0 

0.9 

91.2 

Denmark  .... 

0.9 

2.7 

3.3 

3.4 

0.1 

10.4 

Holland    ... 

1.4 

1.8 

0.7 

1.2 

0.5 

5-6 

Other  countries  . 

135-7 

11.7 

33-6 

29.8 

11.3 

4.8 

226.9* 

;Totan..,.-: 

440.5 

166.0 

107.6 

168.5 

188.0 

34-0 

1104.6 

According  to  Mr.  Spallart  the  average  values  of  grain 
in  1878-81  throughout  the  world  were  as  in  the  following 
table,  and  if  these  prices  were  applied  to  the  avers^je 
crops  for  ten  years  ending  1884,  the  results  would  be  as 
follows : — 


Price,  Pence 
per  Bushel 

Crop,  Million 
Bushe-ls 

Value,  • 
Million  £ 

Wheat  .     .     ,'    . 

Rve 

•Barley  .     .     .     . 
Oats      .... 
Maize    .... 
Sundry  .... 

63, 
48 
■461 

^5 
26, 

25- 

-    2,068 

i    8qo 

1.936 

1,890 

V     290 

■     '    543 
•235 
.153 

f202 

(204 
30 

Total    .     . 

n  8.159  * 

'T  1,367 

As  near  as  we  can  ascertain,  the  crops  and  aggregate 
value  were : — 


Period 

Million 
Bushels 

Value, 
Millions  £ 

Average  Price, 
Pence  per  Bushel 

1831-40 
1851-60 
1874-84 
1887 

4,043 
5.563 
8.159 
9,122 

Vv  624 -^ 
1,130, 
1,367 
1. 143 

\37 
:48; 

The  value  of  agricultural  and  pastoral  products  in  1887 
is  shown  approximately  as  follows  : — 


I    *  He  only  gives  the  total  for  "  Other  countries ; "  the  dis- 
tribution is  mine.  -    -     -  ...^ 


Millions, 

;f  Sterling    * 

Per 
Agricultural 

Agricultural 

Pastoral 

Total 

Labourer 

^^-"^^ 

-•— ^j' 

■-•W.«i#7- 

wy*> 

■"■^<£r 

U.  Kingdom  . 

141 

110 

251 

98 

France  .    .  ^  . 

322 

138 

460 

7t 

Germany    .    . 

262 

162 

424 

52 

Russia  .     .    . 

373 

190 

563 

25 

Poland  .    ... 

34 

21 

.;    55 

34 

Finland .    .    . 

9 

6 

■'    15 

37 

Austria .     »    . 

225 

106 

331 

3^ 

Italy.     .     .    . 

lg3 

51 

204 

37^ 

Spain    .     .  ■  . 

126 

47 

i    173 

63* 

Portugal     .    . 

23 

8 

3' 

35- 

Sweden . ' . •  . 

31 

18 

49 

58 

Norway      .  ■ . 

9 

.  8 

17 

48 

Denmark    .  ? . 

20 

IS 

35 

85 

Holland     .  -  . 

20 

19 

39 

46 

Belgium      .     ." 

41 

14 

55 

56, 

Switzerland     . 

•  9 

10  • 

19 

43: 

Roumania .     . 

?7 

20  ) 

47 

60 

Servia    .     .  ' . 

6 

8  : 

14 

47 

Greece  .     .     . 

14 

S 

19 

60 

Bulgaria     .    . 

14 

5 

19 

40 

Turkey  .     .     . 

16 

9 

25 

45  ' 

■^    ■  ■■  . 
Europe .     .     . 

^.1,875 

•   970 

2.845 

43    '    ' 

United  Si  ales' 

"~-    467 

309 

776 

85 

Canada      .     . 

35 

21 

..   ,0 

70 

Mexico  .     .     . 

25 

8 

'.33 

Australia    .     . 

27 

35 

62 

98 

Cape  Colony  . 

2 

6 

^•8 
^42 

40 

Argentina  .     . 

18 

24 

70 

UruEiuay    .     . 

,  2 

8 

10 

f40 

100 

Chili .     .     .  ■  . 

9 

6 

50 

Brazil     .    .     . 

32 

8 

20 

Algeria  .     .    . 

1+ 

12 

26 

35 

Egypt    .     .     . 

'--rt^^-: 

30 

5 

35 

^5 

1 

VTotal  .     . 

.2.536 

1.41?    j  3.948 

>\  50     Ir 

t^i' 

1 

*  This  is  the  ratio  corresponding  to  the  number  of  hands 
returned  in  the  Cen.sus  of  1871 ;  tlie  real  number  of  hands  is 
probably  4,000,000,  which  would  give  an  average  product  01 
;^43  per  bead. 


AGRICULTURE 


856 


AGRICULTURE 


The  value  of  the  principal  itsms  in  1887  was  approxi- 
mately as  follows : — 

Millions,  £  Sterling 


e 
0 

go. 
V  0 

6u 

II 

» 

c 

3 

1 

1 
in 

'3 

U.  Kingdom 

41 

86 

10 

31 

■... 

55 

28 

251 

France.     .     . 

120 

103 

30 

47 

49 

60 

42 

4bo 

Germany  .    . 

Q3 

117 

30 

55 

S 

69 

55 

424 

Russia .     .     . 

181 

no 

33 

48 

4 

63 

125 

.SbS 

Poland"    ^    . 

19 

7 

3 

5 

■  S 

16 

55 

Finland     .     . 

4 

3 

■     I 

I 

... 

3 

4 

15 

Austria      .     . 

102 

61 

22 

■  3=; 

17 

44 

SO 

331 

Italy     .     .     . 

40 

37 

23 

14 

43 

.  18 

29 

304 

Spain   .     .     . 

55 

15- 

9 

9 

44 

2b 

15 

173 

Portugal  .     . 

7 

S 

2 

3 

10 

5 

3 

31 

Sweden     .    . 

14 

7 

2 

7 

7 

12 

49 

Norway    .    . 

2 

2 

z 

3 

3 

6 

17 

Denmark  .     . 

i^ 

6 

I 

6 

6 

3 

.35 

Holland    .    . 

6 

II 

3 

10 

•6 

3 

39 

Belgium    .    . 

12 

24 

5 

5 

6 

3 

53 

Switzerland    . 

^ 

3 

2 

5 

I 

4 

I 

19 

Greece .    .    . 

3 

3 

4 

I 

3 

3 

3 

19 

Roumania 

17 

7 

3 

5 

3 

II 

I 

47 

Servia  ...     . 

3 

I 

I 

2 

I 

4 

2 

14 

Bulgaria    .    . 

9 

I 

I 

3 

4 

I 

19 

Turkey      .    . 

II 

2 

I 

3 

.    I 

S 

2 

25 

Europe     .    . 

764 

.607 

186 

297 

181 

407 

403 

2.845 

United  States 

24^ 

i6s 

57 

70 

3 

i5<' 

74 

77b 

Canada     .    . 

IS 

10 

•  3 

8 

8 

12 

Sb 

Mexico     .    . 

20 

4 

I 

2 

... 

4 

3 

33 

Australia  ;    . 

P 

IS 

3 

4 

9 

S2 

62 

Argentina.    . 

a 

7" 

2 

4 

I 

6 

14 

42 

Uruguay  .    . 

I 

I 

I 

3 

3 

10 

Cape  Colony. 

2 

I 

3 

2 

8 

Algeria     .     . 

11 

I 

.   I 

3 

6 

4 

36 

Egypt  .    .     . 

13 

17 

u 

2 

35 

Brazil   .    .     . 

I 

30 

2 

3 

4 

40 

Chile    .    .     ' 

.   4 

2 

3 

2 

I 

3 

I 

IS 

Total    , 

1.091 

859 

259 

401 

187 

6o3 

543 

3.948 

The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  agricul- 
tural capital  in  1888  : — 


Millions, 

£  Sterlin 

& 

/vP? 

j    Land 

Cattle  Sundries 

Total 

Inbab. 

U.  Kingdom  . 

1.873 

185 

229 

2,287 

60 

France  .     .    . 

2,688 

218 

323 

3.229 

84 

Germany    .    . 

1,815 

262  J 

230 

2.307 

SO 

Russia  ,     .     . 

1,305 

-■S7*> 

209 

2,090 

25 

Poland  .     .    . 

150 

30 

20 

200 

25 

Finland      .    . 

52 

II 

7 

70 

35 

Austria .    .    . 

706 

io6«i 

90 

902 

38 

Hungary    .    . 

651 

96 

83 

830 

52 

Bosnia  .    .    -. 

14 

9 

2 

25 

18 

Italy.    .    .    . 

1,182 

83 

140 

1.405 

47 

Spain     .    .    .. 

984 

95 

120 

1,199 

66 

Portugal     .    . 

132 

13 

16 

161 

36 

Sweden .     .     . 

240 

.3b 

30 

306 

62 

Norway 

100 

15 

12 

127 

63 

Denmark    .     . 

317 

30 

27 

374 

137 

Holland     .     . 

314 

28 

38 

380 

85 

Belgium      .     . 

377 

34 

44 

445 

74 

Switzerland     . 

I30 

10 

14 

144 

48 

Greece  .    .    . 

138 

34 

18 

180 

90 

Roumania .     . 

254 

37 

32 

323 

64 

Servia    .     .     . 

94 

16 

12 

122 

6r 

Bulgaria     .    . 

90 

10 

10 

no 

33 

Turkey  .    .    . 

38o 

36 

31 

337 

67 

Europe .     .     . 

13.776 

1,940 

1,737 

17.453 

48 

United  Slates. 

3,560 

SOI 

63s 

3.696 

57 

Canada .     .     . 

333 

44 

36 

363 

72 

Mexico  .    .    . 

103 

^5 

13 

131 

13 

Chile     .    .    . 

so 

8 

6 

64 

21 

Argentina  .     . 

III 

49 

17 

177 

44 

Uruguay    .    . 

34 

H- 

5 

53 

80 

Brazil     .     .     . 

105 

7 

12 

124 

10 

Cape  Colony  . 

25 

13 

4 

42 

40 

Australia    .    . 

533 

67 

37 

637 

60 

Algeria  .     .     . 

87 

■38 

13 

128 

32 

Egypt    .    ..    . 

no 

15 

14 

139 

20 

Total  ,     . 

17,776 

2,70t 

2,529 

23,006 

SO. 

The  following 

table  shows  approximately 

the  principal  features  of  agricultural  industry  in  1840.  and  18S7 

:— 

Capital,  Million  £ 

Product,  Million  £ 

Hands 

Productior 

per  Hand 

1840 

1887 

1840            1887 

1840 

1887 

1840 

1887 

United  Kingdom    . 

1 1968 

2,287 

218 

251 

3,400,000 

2,560,000 

£ 

•    65 

97 

France      .... 

1.743 

3.229 

269 

460 

6,950,000 

6,450,000 

39 

71 

Germany  .     .     . 

630 

2,307 

170 

424 

•  6,400,000 

8,120,000 

27 

52 

Russia  .... 

517. 

2,090 

248 

563 

15,000,000 

22,700,000 

16 

25 

Austria      .     .    . 

702 

1.732 

203 

331 

7.500,000 

10,680,000 

27 

31 

Italy     .    .     . 

452 

1. 405 

114 

204 

J,  600,000 

5,390,000 

33 

37 

Sp.-iin   .     .     . 

724 

1. 199 

102 

173 

2,000,000 

2,720,000 

SO 

63 

Portugal   .     . 

100 

161 

18 

31 

700,000 

870,000 

26 

35 

Sweden     .     . 

51 

306 

16 

49 

550,000 

850,000 

30 

58 

Norway    .     . 

30 

127 

8 

17 

250,000 

380,000 

32 

48 

Denmark  .     . 

46 

274 

16 

35 

280,000 

420,000 

56 

85 

Holland    .    . 

245 

380 

20 

39' 

600,000 

840,000 

33 

46 

Belgium    .     . 

235 

445 

30 

55 

900,000 

980,000 

33 

56 

Switzerland    . 

100 

144 

12 

19 

300,000 

440,000 

40 

43 

Turkey,  &c.  . 

623 

1.367 

98 

194 

2,000,000 

2,900,000 

40 

08 

Europe     .    . 

8,166 

17.453 

1,544 

2,84s 

50,430,000 

66,320,000 

31 

'      -43 

United  States 

596 

3,696 

184 

•      776 

2,550,000 

9,000,000 

73 

85 

Canada     .    . 

80 

363 

12 

56 

300,000 

800,000 

40 

70 

Australia  .     . 

18 

637 

6 

62 

100,000 

630,000 

60 

98 

Cape  Colony 

8 

42 

2 

8 

50,000 

200,000 

40 

40 

Argentina 

22 

177 

5 

43 

200,000. 

600.000 

25 

70 

Uruguay  .    . 

6 

586 

I 

10 

50,000 

100,000 

20 

00 

Various     .... 

140 

70 

149 

140,000 

2,400,000 

50 

62 

Totil     . 

9.0:6 

=3.'x>5 

1,824 

3.948 

53,820,000 

80,050,000 

33 

SO 

AGRICULTURE 


Sj7 


AGRICULTURK 


The  value  of  all  live-stock  was  about  28  millions  ster- 
ling; the  production  of  meat  about  160,000  tons  yearly. 
The  grain  crop  has  increased  50  per  cent  in  the  last 
twenty  years.  The  value  of  products  in  1886  was  ap- 
proximately thus : — 


Wheat     . 
Barley,  &c. 
Wine  .    . 

Principal 
crops 


Tons 


630,000 
1,030,000 


Sundries 


5,000,000  Meat  •  .  . 
6,200,000  Dairy  and) 
2,200,000'      poultry    J 

,  Wool.  \ 

hides,  &c.  J 


13.400,000 


Sundries 


6,400,000 
2,600,000 

3,300,000 


12,300,000 


United  States 

Tillage  was  a  chief  occupation  of  the  first  settlers.  In 
1602  Captain  Gosnold  grew  peas  and  beans  in  Massa- 
chusetts, and  in  161 1  wheat  was  grown  in  Virginia.  The 
Dutch  of  Manhattan  (New  York)  sent  home  some  wheat 
to  Holland  in  1626.  Potatoes,  previously  unknown  in 
North  America,  were  introduced  from  England  in  1629 
and  successfully  grown  in  Massachusetts.  Stebbins  relates 
that  in  1637  there  were  lOO  ploughs  at  work  in  Virginia, 
and  37  in  Massachusetts.  In  1640  Mr.  Endicott  of  Salem 
sold  560  fruit-trees  for  250  acres  of  land,  and  in  the  pre- 
ceding year  Manhattan  apples  were  sent  to  Holland. 
South  Carolina  exported  700  bushels  of  potatoes  in  1749- 
New  York  70,ocx>  barrels  of  flour  .in  1750.  The  produc- 
tion of  grain  in  the  eighteenth  century  can  only  be 
roughly  estimated  on  the  basis  of  population ;  exact 
returns  begin  with  the  year  1840. 


Grain  Product,  Million  of  Bushels 

Value  of  Crop, 
Million;^ 

Year 

Produc- 
tion 

Home 
Consumpifon 

Exported 

1700 

5 

e 

I 

1750 

20 

2C 

3 

1775 

60 

6< 

8 

1790 

120 

ia> 

14 

1800 

160 

i6( 

18 

1820 

343 

33f 

7 

34 

1830 

463 

45; 

8 

46 

1840 

616 

601 

IS 

62 

J850 

867 

85s. 

12 

97 

i860 

1,240 

1,320 

:  J 

173 

1870 

1,629 

1.569 

60 

198 

1880 

3,718 

S.425 

293 

276 

1889 

3.454 

... 

... 

243 

■"  The  production  is  at  present  52  bushels  per  inhabitant, 
against  30  in  the  year  1800.  It  forms  33  per  cent,  of  the 
whole  grain-crop  of  the  world,  and  the  ratio  per  inhabitant 
is  only  approacned  by  Denmark,  which  has  42  bushels 
per  inhabitant. 


The  various  crops  since  1840  show  as  follows  : 


Millions  of  Bushels 

Bushels 

Year 

S 

in 

■      «           ^ 

<« 

— 

per 

TO 

a    ■ 

JC 

•s 

Inhabitant 

s 

0 

^ 

^ 

H 

1840 

378 

123 

85 

4 

36 

616 

36 

1850 

592 

147 

101 

.S' 

23 

868 

38 

i860 

840 

.173 

173 

16 

38 

1,240 

40 

1870 

1,094 

248 

236 

26 

25 

1,629 

42 

1880 

^.7^7 

418 

499 

45 

39 

2,718 

54 

1889 

2,110 

750 

490 

64  1    40 

3.454 

53 

The  production  of  grain  in  various  parts  of  the  Union 
was  as  follows  : — 


Millions  of  Bushels 

Year 

New 
England 

Middle 
States 

Southern 

Western 

Total 

1S40 

22 

13s 

280 

179. 

6i6 

1850 

20 

170 

360 

318 

868 

i860 

21 

204 

4x2 

603 

1,240 

1870 

16 

216 

301 

1,096 

1,629 

1880 

18 

233     • 

442 

2,025 

2,718 

1887 

20 

244 

60s 

1.797 

2.666 

The  ratio  of  bushels  produced  per  inhabitant  was  as 
follows :: — 


Year 

New 
England 

Middle 
States 

Southern 

Western 

Union 

1840 

10 

27 

44 

54 

36 

1850 

7 

25 

43 

57 

38 

i860 

7 

25 

40 

62 

40 

1870 

S 

22 

27 

61 

42 

1880 

4 

20 

29 

106 

54 

1887 

5 

18 

36 

78 

44 

The  aggregate  of  crops  of  1887  was  10  per  cent,  below 
the  average  of  1884-88.  • 

The  distribution  of  the  various  crops  in  1887  compares 
with  that  of  1850  as  follows : — 

Millions  of  Bushels 


States 


New  England 

Middle  .  . 
Southern .  . 
Western  .     . 

Union .     .    . 


1850 


1887 


II  8 

61  77 

298  43 

222  47 


101 1 592  1 175 


^1^ 


170 1  33 
360!  47 
318 ;  375 


868  456 


9 
103 

474 
870 


1.456 


108 
84 

552 


244 
605 

1.797 


754  I  2,666 


The  progress      grain-growing  in  twenty  years  is  shown  in  the  Agricultural  Report  for  1889  as  follows : — 


Acreage 

Increase  of 

Por  r'ont 

"*■ 

1869 

1870-79 

1880-88 

1889 

20  Years       1      * "'  "" 

Wheat      .        .  .      .        . 
Maize        .        .        .       ". 
Oats.        .... 
Barley       .        ,        ,        . 
Rye  ..... 
Buckwheat 

19,180,000 
37,100,000 
9,460,000 
1,030,000 
1,660,000 
1,030,000 

25,190,000 
43,740,000 

:       11,080,000 

'■  "   1,530,000 

1,310,000 

f      550,000 

37,280,000 

70,540,000 

22,000,000 

2,480,000 

2,120,000 

880,000 

38,120,000 

78,320,000 

27,460,000 

3,000,000 

2,360,000 

.910,000 

18,940,000 
41,220,000 
18,000,000 

1,970,000         ! 

700,000 

... 

99 
iir 
190 
191 

42 

All  grain  .        .        .      '  . 

69,460,000     1     83,400,000 

135,300,000 

150,170,000 

80,710,000     j          116 

AGRICULTURE 

858 

AGRICULTURES 

Value,  ^Sterling 

Increase  of 
30  Years 

Percent. 

iaea 

1870-79 

188&-88 

1889 

Wheat      . 
Maize 
Oae. 
Barley       . 
R#e,       » 
Buckwheat 

51,000,000 

i3S»70o,OQo 

28,500,000 

4,900,000 

4,6ao,ooo 

3.300,000 

68,100,000 
104,700,000 

23,100,000 
5,200,000 
2,700,000 
1,500,000 

77,300,000 
138,900,000 
37,600,000 
6,600,000 
-  3,300,000 
1,500,000 

71,300,000 
123,700,000 

36,100,000 
6,600,000 
3,500,000 
1.600,000 

20,300,000  . 

7,600,000 
1,700,000 

40 

27- 
35 

Allgraia  , 

228,000,000 

oo5^.30o>oaD 

265;aQO,aoo 

242,600,000 

13,300,000 

6 

■  Tidd,  Million  Bnshels 

P-er 

§ 

i^ 

1 

§ 

Cent. 

s 

1 

"^ 

Wheat    .    .   , 

£6o 

■  -310 

4SO 

490. 

^30 

88 

Maize^    .    .    « 

870 

IrlSO 

i.700 

2,1x0 

1,240 

142 

Oats    .... 

290 

310 

.5S0 

750 

460 

158 

Bafley     .    ^    . 

ag 

34 

54 

64 

35 

121 

Ry£    .    .    .    . 

83 

18 

«S 

28 

5 

22 

Budkwbeat  ^    . 

V 

10 

II 

12 

... 

All  grain;  >»..  .. 

1.489 

1,862 

2,B20 

3.454 

1.965 

131 

Average  Bushels,  per  Acre 

Pence  per  Bushel 

a.          ^ 

s 

e 

9! 

-i       ^ 

§ 

0 

i 

^ 

S 

"            & 

s 

ri 

fH 

n 

r4 

' 

1  a 

«H 

*-i 

"^ 

Wheat.    . 

33s 

12^ 

I2.I  ■ 

12.9 

47 

52 

41 

35 

Make  .    . 

B3.6 

27JC 

24.1 

27.Q 

38 

21 

20 

14 

Oats     .    . 

30.4 

28^ 

26.6 

27,4 

24 

18 

15 

II 

Barley  .    . 

27-9 

22.0 

21,7 

21.3 

41. 

37 

29 

«*; 

Rye^    .    . 

13-5 

14J 

11.9 

12.0 

48 

■35 

31- 

B9 

Buckwheat 

i6.9 

17.7 

12,8 

13  2 

45 

'36 

32 

B2 

All  gram  .. 

•BI.4 

S82.3 

2o;p 

23.D 

36 

•27 

23 

17 

OOTTON   PRODDCaiON,   MILLION   LBS. 


Year 

Produc- 
tion 

HomeUse 

Ebqjorted 

Value  of  Crop, 
Million  £ 

iSoo 

36 

16 

20 

2 

X8lQ 

"5 

20 

95 

5 

-182D 

160 

32 

128 

6 

J830 

350  * 

52 

298 

6 

3840 

878 

134 

744 

IS 

1850 

890 

22s 

66s 

17 

a86o 

1,880 

-434 

a,446 

40 

1870 

1.540 

530 

?,oio 

41 

z88o. 

2.593 

771 

1,822 

59 

1888 

3.440 

1,060 

2,380 

6i 

The  average  tirop  'is  190  lbs.  gitmed  cotton  per  acre. 
iThe  crop  of  cotton-seed  usually  reaches  3,000,000  tons, 
^orth-zas.  per  too. 

'  The  proauction  of  cotton  in  1840  and  1886  was  as 
follows  :-^ 


Millions  of  Lbs. 

Ratio 

iaui 

1883 

1840 

1888 

Mississippi     . 
Georgia      .     . 
Louisiania  .     . 
Alabama    .     . 

-  ..-  V 

193 
163 
153 

117 

62 

Sf 
138 

464 

220 

457 

267 

177 

1.331 

21.9 
18.5 
17.4 
13-3 
7-1 
5-9 
15-9 

15.2 

13.3 
7.B 

C.2 

38.6 

South  Carolina 
North  Carolina 
Arkansas,  Tenne 

^    •    1. 
sse^,  &c. 

Tata. 

S78 

3,440    1  100.0  j  100.0 

Tobacco  Production,  Million  Lbs. 


Year 

Produc- 
tion 

jHomeXJxe 

Export 

.  Value  of 
Crop.  £ 

JcSoo 

Jt07 

18 

89 

J,3QO,OQO 

1810 

117 

25 

92 

1,200,000 

1820 

127 

34 

93 

2,IOO,OCD 

1830 

T42 

46 

96 

2,600.000 

^840 

2T9 

78 

141 

3,900.000 

3850 

250 

82 

z68 

5,300.900 

1860 

303 

XIO 

193 

3;7«o,ooo 

1870 

426 

238 

188 

9,400,000 

0880 

460 

243 

ai7 

7,500,000 

1888 

566 

224 

342 

9,100,000 

"The  proauction  of'^to'bacco  in  1840  and  18S6  was  as 
follows : — ' 


Millions  of  Lbs. 

Ratio 

1810 

1S3& 

1840     f    1888 

Virginia ,    ,    .    .    . 
Kentudcy     ..... 
Tennessee    .... 
Maryland     .... 
North  Carolina     .     . 
Other  States  .... 

75 
53 
SO 
25 
17 
i9 

94 
194 

32 
25 
32 

=52 

34.3 
24.2 
33-8 
11.4 

7.7 
8.6 

i8j5 
36.2 
6.0 
4.7 
6.0 
aRs 

Total    .    .    .. 

219 

529' 

:iao.o 

-X00.0 

The  production  of  butter  and;cheese  in  i8co.ajsd  18S0 
was  as  follows : — 


Millions  of  J^bs. 


Butter 


Cheese 


Milk,  Million 
Gallcms 


1850  I  1880  i  1850  |  1880 


New  York 
Pennsylvania 
Ohio     .   ,    , 
Illinois 
Indiana    . 
Vermont  ^ 
Virginia    . 
Kentucl^. 
Iowa    ^    . 
Michigan . 
Wisconsin 
Missouri  „ 
Kansas    . 
Tennessee 
Maine  ^    .. 
California 
Texas  .    , 
Other  States 

Total 


80  i 
40  i 
34  j 
13  ! 
13  ! 
12 
11 


60 


112 

so 

79 

3 

67   1 

21 

54   •! 

I 

37  ; 

I 

25  i 

-9 

18 

55 
39 
33 
29 
22 

•  18 
14 
14 
14 

126 


16 


j   313 


777    i    106 


•84 


4 

23 

3 

S 


26 


39 
273 


1880 


as2 
37 
47 

45 
7 
7 

3 

li 

8 

25 

3 


4 

Z2 


79 

530 


AGRICULTURE 


859 


AGRICULTURE 


The  production  of  other  articles 

was  as  follows  :— 

- 

1^  .  1860 

1860 

1870    1880 

1886 

Sugar,  million  lbs.  .     . 

155 

248 

269 

166 

246 

240 

Rice, 

8i 

215 

187 

74 

no 

Butter,  •  „        „    .     . 

... 

313 

460 

514 

777 

960 

Cheese,    „        ,,  •  .     . 

... 

106 

104 

153 

272 

380 

Wool,      ..        .... 

.36 

52 

112 

162 

233 

320 

Hay,  tons      .     ,     .    . 

lO 

14 

19 

27 

35 

42 

Potatoes,  bushels    .    . 

io8 

104 

III 

143 

169 

168 

gugar  is  grown  almost  exclusively  in  Louisiana,  rice  in 
South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 
The  following  <iable  shows  the  area  under  fj^rms  :^- 


Year 

Millions  of -Acres 

Improved 

Unimproved 

Total 

1810,    .... 

X850 

1870.    .    .    .    .- 
1880.    .... 
1888 

64 
"3 
190 
285 

345' 

100 
180 
2ao 

249 
302 

164 

293 
410 

534. 
647 

The  above  figures  are  official  except  as  regards  1888 : 
this  last  is  an  estimate,  adding  21  per  cent,  to  the  figures 
for  1880,  as  the  agricultural  report  shows  similar  rise  in 
the  area  under  crops,  namely,  from  165  million  acres  in 
1880  to  200  millions  in  1 8S6  (see  Laiuis). 

The  distribution  of  the  wheat,  maize,  hay,  and  potato 
crops  in  ib8S-89.was  as  follows  : — 


Acres 

Wheat 

Maize' 

Hay 

Potatoes 

Illinois    .    . 

2,380,000 

8,020,000 

3,300,000 

140,000 

Iowa  .     .    . 

1,605,000 

8,860,000 

3,640,000 

190,000 

Indiana  .     . 

2,800,000 

3,680,000 

1,450,000 

80,000 

Kansas   .    . 

1,680,000 

6,810,000 

1,550,000 

140,000 

Missouri  .     . 

1.590,000 

6,800,000 

1,500,000 

90,000 

Ohio  ... 

2,520,000 

3.005,000 

2,570,000 

150,000 

Michigan 

1,610,000 

970,000 

1.400,000 

120,000 

Wisconsin    . 

1,190,000 

1,080,000 

1,730,000 

140,000 

Pennsylvania 

1.350,000 

1,380,000 

2,720,000 

205,000 

Tennessee    . 

1,210,000 

3,670,000 

40,000 

California     . 

3,290,000 

160,000 

1,180,000 

60,000 

Kentuckv     . 

980,000 

2,840,000 

50,000 

New  York    . 

650,000 

700,000 

4,930,000 

370,000 

Texas      .    . 

600,000 

4,570,000 

150,000 

Various  .    . 

14,665,000 

25.775.000 

12,470,000 

75S.OOO 

Total  .    . 

38,120,000 

78,320,000 

38,590,000 

2,530,000 

The  increase  of  farming  area  between  1850  and  1880 
was  as  follows : — 


States 

Millions 

of  Acres 

Rate  of  Increase, 

1860 

1880 

per  Cent. 

New  England '    . 
Middle       .    .    . 
Southern    .    .     . 
Western    .     .     . 

18 
43 
I6S 
67 

S2 

227 
232 

22 

23 

■3*» 

248 

Union  ..    '.     .^  . 

293 

.534 

82 

The  area  of  improved  lands  increased  in  the  same 
interval  thus : — 


States 

•  Millions  of  Acres 

Rate  of  Increase, 

1850      I      1880 

per  Cent. 

New  England     . 
Middle .     :     .     . 
Southern    .  '  .     . 
Western     .    .    . 

II 

26 

49 
27 

13 

37 
82 

IS3 

28 

42 

67 

467 

Union  .... 

"3 

•85 

152 

The  acreage,  product,  and  value  of  the  principal  crops 
in  1889  were  as  follows  : — 


h< 

u 
O.S? 

Acres 

Tons 

Value,  £ 

p< 

Wheat      . 

38,120,000 

13,200,000 

71  ,'300,000 

5-4° 

1.87 

Maize  .    . 

78,320,000,52,700,000!  1 23,700,000 

2-35 

1-58 

Oats    .    . 

27,460,000 

10,700,000'  36,100,000'    3.37 

I-3I 

Barley      . 

3,000,000 

i,40o,ooo|    6,600,000!    ^'"^^ 

2.20 

Rve     .    . 

2,360,000 

700,000,    3,500,000    5.00 

I.  SO 

Buckwheat 

910,000      250,000'    1,600,000    6.40 

1.76 

All  grain  . 

150,170,00078,950,000.242,800,000!   3.07 

1.62 

Potatoes  . 

2,530,000   5,o6o,coof  17,000,0001    3.35 
38,590,00046,600,000  85,000,000  . 1.82 

6.70 

Hay    ..    . 

2.22 

Cotton     . 

i9,o6o,oocrf  1,540,000'  60,800,000 
750,000      250,000     9,100,000 

39.50 

3.20 

Tobacco  . 

36.40 

12.10 

Total    . 

2Il,lOO,CPO0 

414,700,000 

... 

i%97 

The  acreage  of  the  principal  crops  at  various  dates  was  approximately  as  follows : — 


Acres 


1860 


1860 


1870 


.1880 


1889 


Wheat 
Maize 
Oats. 
Barley 
Rye,  &c. 

All  grain 

Potatoes 

Cotton 

Tobacco 

Sugar 

Rice . 

Meadow 


8,000,000 

21,000,000 

5,200,000 

200,000 

1,800,000 


14,500,000 
30,500,000 

6,200,000 
600,000 

3,500,000 


i8,99o;ooo 

38,640,000 

8,790,000 

1,110,000 

1,720,000 


37,990,600 
62,320,000 
16,190,000 
'  1,840,000 
2,590,000 


38,120,000 

78,330,000 

•27,460,000 

3,000,000 

3,280,000 


.36,200,000 


Total 


1,200,000 

6,000,000 

360,000 

250,000 

330,000 

10,000,000 

54,340,000 


54,300,000 
1,300,000 

12,000,000 
430,000 
270,000 
290,000 

13,000,000 

81,590,000 


69,250,000 
1,700,000 

10,200,000 
550,000 
170,000 
110,000 

20,000,000 

101,980,000 


.120,930,000 

1,840,000 

15,950,000 

610,000 

230,000 

170,000 

25,860,000 

165,590,000 


150,190,000 

2,530,000 

19,060,000 

750,000 

230,000 

170,000 

38,590.000 

211,520,000 


AGRICULTURE 


860 


AGRICULTURE 


There  are  no  returns  as  tc  rice  and  sugar  in  18S9,  but 
they  are  doubtless  the  same  as  in  1880.  The  maize  crop 
covers  an  area  as  large  as  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and 
the  total  acreage  under  grain  exceeds  the  dimensions  of 
the  German  Empire.  The  cotton  covers  as  much  land 
as  the  Wisdoms  of  ilolland  and  Belgium  in  the'  a^egate. 

The  area  under  hay  is  as  large  as  England.  The 
dimensions  of  *he  United  States  may  be  briefly  expressed 
thus:— 


Millions  of 
Acres 

Ratio 

Under  crops    .... 
Under  pasjUrS. 

Under  forest    .... 
Unsenled  lands 

213 

447 
176 

1.456 

9-2 

7.6 
63.7 

Total        ..       . 

2,291                loao 

Cattle  were  first  introduced  into  Virginia  in  1609,  and 
into  New  England  in  1624.  They  increased  so  rapidly 
that  in  16^9  the  number  in  the  colonies  was  estimated  at 
30,000.  Dairy-farming  prospered  in  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury, one  farmer  of  Rhode  Island  in  1750  counting  loo 
milch-cows,  and  another  in  the  same  year  selling  six  tons 
of  cheese. 

Nevertheless  cattle-farming  at  first  contended  with 
diflSculties.  It  is  recorded  that  the  first  hogs,  goats,  and 
sheep  introduced  were  killed  and  eaten  by  the  colonists 
•for  want  of  food.  A  second  supply  was  .brought  firom 
the  West  Indies,  and  it  was  made  in  Virginia  punishable 
with  death  to  kill  any  of  these  aiumals.  The  records  of 
N«w  York  show  that  iii  1627  the'price  of  a  cow  was 
£y>',  of  a  yoke  of  oxen  ;^40;  those  of  Philadelphia,  th.it 
the  city  market  consumed  twenty  head  of  homed  cattle 
weekly,  besides  sheep  and  hogs.  Sheep  were  found  tc 
thrive  in  Virginia,  but  no  use  was  made  of  the  wool ;  thi 
sheep  were  shorn  to  keep  them  cool. 


Tlie  fbllowliig  statistics  are  official : — 


1810 

1840 

18S0 

1860 

1870 

1880 

1890 

Horses      .... 

300,000 

4,300,000 

4.900,000 

6,200,000 

7,100.000 

10,400,000' 

14,200,000 

Mules       .... 

1,200,000 

1,100,000 

1,800,000 

2,300,000 

Cattle       .... 

600,000 

14.900,000 

17,800,000 

25,600,000 

23.800,000 

35,900,000 

52,800,000 

Sheep       .... 

600,000 

19,300,000 

21,700,000 

22,500,000 

28,500,000 

35,200,000 

44,300.000 

Pigs 

... 

26,300,000 

30,350,000 

33500.000 

25,100.000 

47,700,000 

51,600.000 

Meat  supply  may  be  taken  at  500  lbs.  per  beef  carcase,  50  lbs.  per  sheep,  and  1 10  lbs.  per  pig. 
to  100  lbs.  of  beef  or  mutton,  and  lard  20  to  100  lbs.  of  pig's  meat. 
The  values  of  cattle  in  1870  and  1890  were  as  foUovtrs : — 


Tallow  is  as  14 


1870 

1890 

Nu^^ber 

Value,  £ 

Per  Head,  £ 

Number 

Value,  £ 

Per  Head,  £ 

Horses      .... 
Mules        .... 
Milch-cows        ... 
Oxen          .... 

Sheep        ,    :    .        . 
Swine        .... 

8.250,000 
1,180,000 
10,100,000 
15.400,000 
40,850,000 
26,750,000 

121,000,000 
23,400,000 
71,000,000 
62,000,000 
16,800,000 
34,000,000 

14.9 
2ao 
7.0 
4.0 
04 
1-3 

14,210,000 
2,330,000 
•15.950,000 
36,850,000 
44,340,000 
51,600,000 

201,900,000 
38,100,000 
73,400,000 

116,600,000 
20,900,000 
50,700,000 

14.3 
16.3 
4.6 
3-2 
o-S 
1.0 

Total     .. 

... 

328,200,000 

... 

501,600,000 

... 

The  distribution  of  live-stock  in  the  great  divisions  of  the  Union  in  1890  was  as  follows  : — 


States 

Number 

Value,  £ 

Horses 

Mules        1         Cattle         |         Sheep 

Pigs 

Sterling 

New  England    . 
Middle       .... 
South         .... 
West          .         .         ..       . 

360,000 

1,680,000 

1,730,000 

10,440,000 

60,000 
1,200,000 
1,070,000 

1,502,000 

5,170,000 

6,980,000 

39,148,000 

1,220,000 

3,280,000 

3,440,000 

^400,000 

350,000 

2,960,000 

13,130,000 

35,160,000 

16,600,000 

68,000,000 

77,400,000 

339,100,000 

Total       . 

14,210,000 

2,330,000      j     52,800,000 

44,340,000 

51,600,000 

501,100,000 

The  average 

value  in 

dollars  was  as  follows  :-^ 

Sutes 

Horses 

Mules 

Cows  j  Oxen 

^heep 

Pigs 

New  England 

94 

28 

24 

3-0 

9.0 

Middle      .     . 

91 

T02 

28 

25 

3-4 

6.S 

South   .    .    . 

7« 

8s 

18 

13 

2.0 

3-S 

West    ,     .     . 

64 

71 

20 

15 

2-3 

50 

1  he  Union    . 

68 

78 

23             16 

2.3 

4.8 

Tliese  values,  as  shown  above,  are  much  lower  than 
prevailed  in  1870,  which  in  the  foregoing  table  are  com- 
puted in  gold,  after  allowing  13  per  cent,  discount  on 
greenbacl«;  If  prices  had  not  fallen,  the  live-stock  of 
1890  would  represent  a  total  value  of  591  millions  £ 
sierlinji. 


Although  the  prices  in  the  Western  States  are  lower 
than  in  other  parts  of  the  Union,  the  wealth  which  they 
possess  in  cattle  is  two-thirds  of  the  total,  amounting  to 
339  millions  sterling.  This  sum  far  exceeds  the  value  of 
live-stock  in  any  European  country  except  Russia,  and  is 
five  times  as  great  as  that  of  the  cattle  of  all  lands  in 
Australasia.  The  increase  numerically  of  stock  in  the 
Western  States  hac  been  as  follows : — 


Horses  . 
Cattle  . 
Sheep  . 
Pigs  .    . 


1860 


1880 


3,220,000 
12,900,000 
11,150,000 
15,200,000 


7,030,000 
22,700,000 
25,200,000 
32,050,000 


1890 


10,440,000 
39,148,000 
36,400,000 
35,160,000 


AGRICULTURE 


861 


AGRICULTURE 


The  States  richest  in  live-stock  were  as  follows  :  — 

Number 


Iowa     . 

Illinois  . 

Texas    , 

New  York 

Ohio      . 

Missouri 

Pennsylvania 

Kansas . 

Indiana 

Nebraska 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

California 

Minnesota 

Dakota . 

Arkansas 

Colorado 

Various 

Total 


Horses  and 
Mules 


1,140,000 

1,230,000 

1,560,000 

680,000 

790,000 

1,020,000 

630,000 

820,000 

720,000 

590,000 

48o,cx)o 

440,000 

55o,ood 

530,000 

420,000 

410,000 

310,000 

320,000 

150,000 

3,750,000 


16,540,000 


Milcih-Cows 


1,330,000 

1,070,000 

•  840,000 

1,550,000 

'790,000 

770,000 

940,000 

750,000 

600,000 

420,000 

450,000 

670,000 

320,000 

38o,cxx) 

270,000 

490,000 

250,000 

330,000 

70,000 

3,660,000 


15,950,000 


Oxen 


2,580,000 

1,710,000 

7,170,000 
780,000 
990,000 

1,520,000 
850,000 

1,830,000 
960,000 

1,310,000 
550,000 
810,000 
520,000 
480,000 
700,000 
620,000 
820,000 
590,000 

1,050,000 
11,010,000 


36,850,000 


Sheep 


480,000 

690,000 

4,750,000 

1,550,000 

3,940,000 

1,200,000 

950,000 

440,000 

1,280,000 

240,000 

2,240,000 

810,000 

810,000 

510,000 

4,040,000 

330,000 

270,000 

270,000 

1,780,000 

17,760,000 


44,340,000 


Pigs 


5,810,000 

5,430,000 

2,320,000 

690,000 

2,610,000 

5,100,000 

1,190,000 

2,730,000 

2,850,009 

2,310,000 

'980,000 

1,090,000- 

2,260,000 

2,240,000 

650,000 

530,000 

480,000 

i,66o,oob 

30,000 

10,640,000 


51,600,000 


Value, 
£  Sterling 


39,900,000 

37,400,000 

30,400,000 

29,300,000 

27,600,000 

25,600,000 

24,300,000 

23,700,000 

22,300,000 

17,900,000 

16,000,000 

■  15,000,000 

13,900,000 

12,300,000 

11,900,000 

11,700,000 

8,900,000 

7,100,000 

6,600,000 

119,300,000 


501,100,000 


FroDx-'ct  of  Meat  and  Tallow 


Tons 

Value,  Million  £ 
Sterling 

Exported 
Meat,    • 
Tons    . 

Year 

1 
2 

> 

0 

1. 

1840 
1850 
i860 
1870 
1880 
18S6 

2,120,000 
2,460,000 
2,970,000 
2,540,000 
4,240,000 
4,750,000 

370,000 
440,000 
530,000 
460,000 
760,000 
880,000 

23 

26 

52  . 

68 

99 

140 

6 

8 

16   . 
14 
IS 
16 

29 
34 
68 
•82 
114 
.156 

30,000 
7S.OOO 
40,000 
46,000 
550.000 
.380,000 

Thie  value  of  all  agricultural  products  since  1840  is 
shown  as  follows  : — 


Million  £  Sterling  •. 

1840 

62 

IS 

20 

8 

4 
16 

29 

14 
7 

2 

7 

184 

ISfiO 

18 

29 

9 

S 

22 

34 

17 

8 

250 

1860 

173 
40 

33 
10 

4 
29 
68 

34 
17 

16 

1870 

1880 

1886 

Grain  ,■..,., 
Cotton      ...    ... 

Hay     .     .;..:.,.    .. 
Potatoes  .     .     .  ;  .     . 

Tobacco  

Vegetables  nnd  fruit  . 
Meat  and  tallow     .    . 
Dairy  products .    .     . 
Eggs  and  poultry  .     . 

Wool 

Hides,  &c 

194 

41 
40 
12 
■    9 
36 

82 

41 

20 

8 

19 

276 

59 
62 

14 
.  8- 
47 
114 

57 
29 
12 

25 

243 

53 

74 

16 

8 

156 
78 

39 
.  16 

.36 

Total .... 

429 
398 

502 
43S 

703 
461 

776 

Official  value    . 

129 

208 

776 

The  difference  between  my  statement  of  values  and  the 
official  tables  (excepting  1886)  can  only  be  explained  by 
supposing  that  meat,  dairy  products,  poultry,  vegetables, 
&c.,  were  omitted  by  Census  Commissioners.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  Commissioner  for  Agriculture  in  1886  has  omitted 
nothing,  and  I  adopt  his  figures  in  every  item.  There  is 
no  allowance  for  forestry,  because  the  Americans  do  not 
regard  it  as  an  agrieultiural  pursuit.  *   '  .   '  '''^■"•^•' 

According  to  3ie  Census  of  1880  it  appears  tKat  76  per 
cent,  of  all  farming  hands  were  males  between  16  and  60 


years  of  age.  If  we  suppose  the  same  ratio  for  previous 
dates,  we  find  the  product  per  male  adult  has  been  as 
follows: — 


'  Year 

Agricultural 

Male- 

Product, 

Product  per 

Hands 

Adults 

Million  £ 

Male  Adult,  ;^ 

1840' 

2,550.000 

I.93S.OOO 

184 

95 

1850 

3,311,000 

2,515,000 

250 

99 

i860 

4,342,000 

3,305,000 

429 

130 

1870 

-  5,923,000 

4,500,000 

502 

III 

188a 

7,671,000 

^,890,000 

703 

119 

1886 

9,000,000 

6,8401000 

776 

113 

The  number  of  agricultural  hands  in  the  above  table,  is 
based  on  the  Census  returns  for  each  date  and  the  Com- 
missioner's estimate  in  his  agricultural  report  for  1886 ; 
but  as  the  Census  returns  for  1840-60  do  not  include 
slaves,  I  have  added,  for  those  years  50  per  cent., of  the 
adult  slaves.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  highest  product 
per  head  was  in  i860,  although  improved  machinery  has 
rendered  farm  labour  much  more  productive  in  later  years. 
The  explanation  is  that  wheat,  for  example,  has  fallen  6c 
cents  a  bushel,  and  maize  in  the  same  ratio.  If  prices  had 
remained  the  same,  the  average  product  per  head  in  1886 
would  have  been  ;^l8o. 

It  is  not  possible  tQ  ascertain  how  the  9,000,000  hands 
in  1886  were  distributed,,  but  if  it  were  in  the  same  ratio 
as  in  1880,  the  agricultural  power  of  the  great  divisions  of 
the  cotmtry  would  be  thus : — 


States 

Agricul. 
tuial 
Hands 

Male 
Adults 

Product, 
Millions  £ 

Product 
per.  Male 
Adult,  £ 

New  England . 
Middle  ... 
Southern     .    . 
Western  .    .    . 

351,000 

981,000 

4,220,000 

3,448,000 

267,000 

74S.OOO 

3,200,000 

2,628,000 

35 
123 
206 
412 

130 

164 

64 

160 

Union .    . 

9,000,000 

6,840^000 

776 

113 

In  Massachusetts,  according  to  the  Agricultural  Report 
for  1888,  the  gross  product  of  land  per  cultivated  acre 
was,  in  English  money,  as  follows : — 

Grain    .     .  £5      I  Onions .     ,  £^g    I  Tobacco    .    .  ;^37 
Potatoes    .     if  I  Cabbage   .     36    |  Strawberries  .     4? 


AGRICULTURE 


862 


AGRICULTURE 


The  value  of  products  consumed  at  home  and  exported 
were: — 


Millions,  £  Sterl 

ng 

Value  Home 

Year 

Home  Con- 
sumption 

Consumption 

Exported 

Total 

£  per  Inhab. 

1840 

167 

17 

184 

10 

1850 

224 

26 

250 

10 

i860 

367 

62 

429 

12 

1870 

420 

82 

502 

II 

1880 

S6i 

142 

703 

II 

1886 

67s 

lOI 

776 

13 

The  principal  States 

in  order  of 

production  in  1886 

were : — 

Value  of  Product,  Million  £ 
Sterling 

Ratio 

In  1886 

Stales 

too 

0    M 

1880 

is 

1 

*rt 

1886 

w:2 

"^ 

H 

z 

< 

a. 

New  York     . 

28      ' 

31 

59 

37 

8.0 

7.6 

Illinois .     .    . 

36 

22 

,S8 

42 

9-1 

7-S 

Iowa     .    .    . 

30 

22 

52 

28 

6.1 

6.8 

Ohio     .    .    . 

27 

23 

SO 

33 

7.2 

6.4 

Pennsylvania. 

24 

23 

47 

27 

S-9 

6.0 

Indiana     .     . 

24 

17 

41 

24 

S3 

S-2 

Texas  .    .    . 

27 

12' 

39 

13 

2.8 

S-o 

Missouri    .     . 

19 

14 

33 

20 

4.4 

4.2 

Kansas      .     . 

IS 

13 

28 

II 

2.4 

3.6 

Michigan  .     . 

14 

13 

27 

19 

4-2 

35 

Wisconsin 

14 

II 

25 

IS 

3-2 

3-2 

Kentucky ,     . 

15 

7 

22 

13 

2.8 

2.7 

California .     . 

13 

7 

20 

13 

2.8 

2.6 

Tennessee 

14 

6 

20 

13 

2.8 

2.6 

Other  States  . 

167 

88 

255 

IS3 

33-0 

32.9 

Total    . 

.   467      '  309 

776 

461 

100.0 

100. 0 

In.  the  above  table  for  1886  the  agricultural  values  for 
each  State  are  as  set  down  in  the  Agricultural  Report  with 
15  per  cent,  added  for  unclassified  articles,  the. total,  467 
millions  sterling,  being  as  given  in  the  report.  The  pastoral 
products  for  each  State  are  based  on  a  medium  of  the  value 
of  dairy  products  (1880)  and  the  value  of  cattle  (1886). 

The  values,  according  to  the  great  diNdsions  of  the 
country,  were : — 


Million  £  Sterling  (i886) 

Ratio 

Slates 

2 

r^ 

0 
•-S2 

Agric 
tura 

0 

0 

P" 

1880 

1886 

1 

^ 

Zg 

New  England 

18 

17 

3S 

23 

S-o 

4-S 

Middle,     .    . 

62 

61 

123 

77 

16.  ^ 

IS- 7 

Southern  .    . 

ISO 

56 

206 

131 

28.  s 

26.5 

Western    .    . 

237 

I7S 

412 

230 

50.0 

53-3 

Union    . 

467 

309 

776 

461 

100.0 

100. 0 

The  product  compares  with  the  area  of  improved  lands 
{1880)  thus:— 


Acres 
Improved 

Product,  £ 

Shillings  per 
Acre 

New  England     . 
Middle.     .     .     . 
Southern   .     ,     . 
Western    .     .     . 

13.000,000 
37,000,000 
82,000,000 
153,000,000 

35,000,000 
123,000,000 
206,000,000 
412.000,000 

S4 
66 

SO 

S4 

Union     .    . 

285.000,000 

776,000.000  1          54 

Year 

Agricultural  Capital,  Mil 
Sterling 

\ox^£     \ 

Inhabi- 

Land 

Cattle 

Sundries 

Total 

tant 

1790 

96 

4 

24 

124 

31 

1810 

200 

10 

40 

250 

47 

1840 

400 

96 

100 

S96 

35 

1850 

662 

114 

161 

V      937 

41 

i860 

1,382 

226 

237 

1.84s 

58 

1870 

1.673 

274 

294 

2,241 

58 

1880 

2,116 

340 

518 

2.974 

60 

1887 

a.  560 

SOI 

63s 

3.696 

60 

The  above  figures  are  ofiScial  except  as  regards  1810 
and  1840,  also  excepting  the  value  of  land  in  1887,  which 
is  put  down  at  21  per  cent,  over  1880,  because  the  area 
of  crops  is  shown  by  the  Commissioner  to  have  risen  21 
per  cent,  between  1880  and  1886. 

The  value  of  farms  and  cattle  (without  sundries),  accord- 
ing to  Census  reports,  was : — 


i         Million,  £  Sterliaj 

£  per  Inhabitant 

YearUl'l 

c 
1) 

s 
u 

c 
■0 

2. 

c 

c 

c 
0 

1 "  "tI 
1      " 

T3 

3 
eg 

1 

c 

-a 

1 

1 

c 
ID 

1850  j    88 

276 

245 

167 

776 

32 

42 

30 

30 

35 

i860  1  113 

423 

538 

534 

1,608 

3b 

51 

52 

55 

52 

1870  i 124 

S70 

318 

935 

1.947 

35 

58 

28 

68 

50 

1880  1 136 

560 

426 

1.334  1  2,456 

34 

44 

28 

70. 

49 

The  increase  of  agricultuial  capital  was  as  follows  : 


Period 

Mean 
Number  of 

Agricul- 
tural Male 

Adults 

Increase 
per  Head, 

Annual 
Increase 
per  Head, 

1841-60 
1861-70 
1871-87 

1.249 
396 

I.4S5 

62,500,000 
39,600,000 
85,600,000 

2,530,000 
3,880,000 
5,710,000 

500 
102 

25s 

25 

10 
IS 

47  years 

3,100 

65,700,000 

4,040,000  • 

775" 

16 

It  appears  from  the  foregoing  statement  that  the  indi- 
vidual gains  of  those  engaged  in  agriculture  were  greatest 
in  the  period  froin  1 841  to  i860,  averaging  ;^25  a  year ; 
the  war  which  ensued  in  1861  had  a  depressing  effect,  the 
average  accumulation  falling  to  ;{^io  a  year  in  the  decade 
ending  1870,  but  since  the  latter  year  there  has  been  a 
great  recovery,  the  average  reaching  ;^I5  per  head  per 
annum.  This  was  not  the  annual  average  of  earnings, 
but  of  savings,  a  result  unexampled  elsewhere. 

Canada 

The  area  in  acres  is  as  follows : — 


Province 

Population 

Acres 

Acres  per 
Inhabitant 

Quebec- 

1,360,000 

121,200,000 

90 

Ontario 

1,920,000 

117,200,000 

60 

Nova  Scotia       .        , 

440,000 

13,400,000 

30 

New  Brunswick 

320,000 

17.300,000 

54 

Prince  Edward  Island 

110,000 

1,300,000 

12 

Manitoba  . 

65,000 

38,400,000 

580 

British  Columbia 

50,060 

217,600,000 

■  4.350 

North- West  lerritory 

SS.ooo 

1,696,000,000 

30,600 

Total    . 

4,320,000 

2,222,400,000 

Sio 

The  above  was  the  population  in  1881,  but  it  is  now 
estimated  at  5,200,000,  showing  an  average  of  430  acres 
per  inhabitant. 


AGRICULTURE 


863 


AGRICULTURE 


Tillage  statistics  for  1S87  were  as  follows  :- 


Acreage 


i 

.  Wheat 

Barley 

Oats 

Miiize 

Potatoes 

Total 

Ontario     . 

Quebec  and  Coast     . 

Manitoba,  &c.  . 

.   1      1,380,000 
380,000 
870,000 

770,000 

90,000 

100,000 

1,680,000 
800,000 
260,000 

160,000 
20,000 

140,000 

280,000 

10,000 

4,130,000 
1,570,000 
1,240,000 

Total      . 

2,630,000 

960,000 

2,740,000 

180,000 

430,000 

6,940,000 

Crop,  Tons 

Ontario     .        .  '     . 
Quebec  and  Coast    . 
Manitoba,  &c.  . 

550.000 
110,000 
330,000 

400,000 
50,000 
50,000 

8oo,o«x> 
400,000 
120,000 

220,000 
25,000 

260,000 

900,000 

60,000 

2,230,000 

1,485,000 

560,000 

Total      . 

990,000 

500,000 

1,320,000 

245,000 

1,220,000 

4,275,000 

The  above  figures  for  Quelle  and  Coast  Provinces  are  estimates  based  on  the  crops  of  1 88 1. 
The  statistics  of  live-stock  at  various  dates  were  — 


1834 

1861     ■ 

1871 

1881 

188»^ 

Horses     , 
Cattle      . 
Sheep      . 
Pigs 

£  .      • 

192,000 

885,000 

1,320,000 

710,000 
2,320,000 
2,550,000 
1,250,000 

860,000 
2,690,000 
3,300,000 
1,410,000 

1,070,000 
3,5x0,000 
3,050,000 
1,210,020 

1,100,000 
3,790,000 
2,602,000 
1,205,000 

i      Total  value. 

24,000,000 

33,000.000    , 

... 

44,300,000 

The  grain-crop  ^  tEe 'D(5minion,  measured  in  bushels, 
were  as  follows : — 


1         1871 

1881 

1884 

Wheat  ....  1   17,000,000 
Oats      .    .    .    .  i  46,000,000 

Barley j   12,000,000 

Maize    .    .     .     .  ;     4,000,000 
Rye,  &c.    ...  1     5,000,000 

30,000,000 

64,000,000 

15,000,000 

9,000,000 

6,000,000 

42,000,000 
88,000,000 
22,000,000 
14,000,000 
6,000,000 

'    Total  ...  1   84,000,000 

124,600,000 

172,000,000 

In  1852  the  total  grain  crop  was  45  million  bushels, 
and  potatoes  6  million  bushels. 

The  value  of  products  in  i»87  was  approximately : — 


Tons 

■  £             Sundries 

£ 

Wheat    .     . 
Oats  .     .     . 
Barley     .     . 
Maize     .     . 

990,000 

1,320,000 

500,000 

245,000 

6,400,000  Timber .     . 
5,300,000  Vegetables 
2^500,000  Poultry ,     . 
1,000,000'  Dairy    .     . 

1  Mcit 

8,200,000 
2,500,000 
2,000,000 
7,500,000 
7,800,00a 
1,100,000 

r,  200,000 
1,300,000 

An  grain 
Straw      .     . 
Hay  .     .    . 
Potatoes 

Principal     \ 
crops  .    j 

3,055,000 
3,000,000 
4,000,000 
1,200,000 

15,200,000/  Foals     .     . 
1,500,000  Tallow  .    . 
6,000,000.  Hides,        > 
1,800,000     wool,&c.  J 

i 

... 
1 

24.500,000'     Sundries. 

31,600,00 

Agricilltural  products 
Animal  products  . 

Total 


£ 
35,200,000 
20,900,000 

56,100,000 


Ontario  has  48  per  cent,  of  the  cgttle,  48  per  cent,  of 
the  area  (of  Canada  proper),  and  produces  65  per  cent,  of 
the  grain.  It  may  be  said  to  represent  60  per  cent.,  of 
the  agricultural  value  of  the  Dominion.  Its  farms  in 
1887  covered  1 1,100,000  acres  of  cleared  land,  of  which 
7,430,000  were  under  crops.     The  official  valuation  for 


1887  is  as  follows,  and  enables  us  to  give  an  estimate  for 
the  rest  of  the  Dominion  : — 


Ontario     'oSrS>^nL 

All  Canada 

I^and    .    .    . 
Buildings  .     . 
Cattle  .    .    . 
Implements   . 

£ 

130,870,000 

38,510,000 

21,700,000 

9,320,000 

„    £ 
87,230,000 

25,690,000 

22,600,000 

6,180,000  ' 

0  ^ 
2i8,roo,ooo 

■64,200,000 

44,300,000 

15.500,000 

Total 

200,400,000 

141,700,000 

342,100,000 

The  official  valuation  of  all  land  occupied  as  farms  in 
Canada  in  i86r  amounted  to  102  millions  sterling.  The 
agricultural  capital  was  approximately  as  follows : — 


Millions,  £  Sterling 

1861 

1837 

Farms 
Cattle 
Sundries  . 

Total 

102 
14 

2S2 
44 
36 

140 

362 

This  shows  an  increase  of- 222  millions  sterling  in  26 
years,  equal  to  ;[^8, 500,000  per  annum,  or  one-tenth  of 
the  annual  average  in  the  United  States  from  1871  to 
.1887,  the  ratio  of  popvdation  being  likewise  about  one- 
tenth.  The  relation  between  agricultural  capital  and 
product  in  Canada  in  r86i  and  1887  was  as  follows  : — 


Yerr 

Millions,  £ 

Ratio  to 

Capital 

Product 

Capital 

i86r      .... 
1887      .... 

140 
362   • 

21 

56 

15:0- 
15-4 

In  the  products  of  Canada  the  preceding  table  includes 
timber,  a  considerable  item,  but  the  United  States  does 
not  include  it  as  an  agricultural  product. 


ARMY 


864 


ARMY 


1862.  Armstrong's  smooth-bore,   charge  40  lljs.,  sent  a 

300-lbs.   shot    through    a   5-uich  wrought-iron 

plate. 
1866.  Woolwich  9- inch  rifle,  chaise  4^  lbs.,  sent  a  250-lbs. 

Palliser  shot  through  an  8-inch  plate. 
1872.  First  Woolwich  Infant,    35   tons,   shot   700  lbs., 

powder  1 20  lbs..     It  sent  a  Palliser  shot  through 

I  Si  inches  iron  and  12  of  teak. 
1874.  Second  Woolwich  Infant,  80  tons,  shot  1 650  lbs., 

powder  300  lbs. 
'1876.  Third  Woolwich  Infant,  81  tons,  shot   1250  lbs., 

went  through  50  feet  of  sand. 
1876.  Armstrong   loo-ton  guns,  broke  22-inch  Creusot 

steel  plates. 
1879.  Shot  from  ■9-inch  gun,  75  lbs.  powder,  unable  to 

pierce  a  12-inch  plate  of  iron  and  steel,  alternate 

layers. 
1886.  Result  of  Knipp's  experiments  at  Meppen : — 


Gun 

Krupp 
Blitisk 


Inch 
9j 


Shot, 

Penetrxf- 

Foot. 

Lbs. 

iion 

Tons 

<W8 

18. 1 

8,630 

812 

17.9 

12,260 

Krupp's  shot  penetrated  i8-inch'  plates ;  the  British 
did  not. 

J  889.  Krupp's  cast  steel  130- ton  gun  has  a  range  of  12 
miles,  and  fires  two  shots  per  minute ;  each  shot 
costs  ;^300  sterling,  and  weighs  2600  lbs. ,  going 
through  19  inches  of  armour ;  charge  of  powder, 
7C0  lbs. 
Down  to  1876,  Mr.  Krupp  had  delivered  i5,ocx3  cannons 
from  his  factory  to  different  nations.     Great  Britain  some- 
times manufactures  two  million  shot  and  shell  in  a  year, 
weighing  20,000  tons  of  iron.     The  cost  of  heavy  guns 
is  as  follows  (1882),  per  ton  : — 


Cast  iron 
Armstrong 


;^2i  I  Krupp 
100     Whitworth 


£^70 
^7S 


During  the  siege  of  Sebastopol,  1855,  the  Allies  threw 
30,000  tons  of  shot  and  shell  into  that  place. 

The  cannon  in  various  countries  may  be  summed  up  thus 
(those  in  fortifications,  &c.,  being  approximately) : — 


Great  Britain  .  .  . 
France  .  ,  .  .  , 
Germany      ,     .     ,     . 

Russia 

Austria 

Italy 

Spain  .    ' 

Portugal 

Holland 

Belgium 

Denmark  .  .  •  . 
Sweden  and  Norway 
Greece  .  .  .  .  . 
Roumania  .  .  .  . 
Turkey 


Europe  .  . 
United  States 
Brazil  ,  . 
Japan      .    . 


The  Worid  . 


Arm'      Navy      Forts,  &c.     Total 


70 

2,06 

l,48( 

i.54< 

85^ 

70c 

4tf 

iy 
22c 
204 
12c 
30c 
120 
312 
1,1 


10,350 
100 

50 
120 


3.087 
2.834 
570 
83.6 
320 
480 

525 
178 
560 

"24s 

672 

70 

36 

200 


10,613 

1.05s 
166 
149 


10,620  11,983 


2,000 
2,800 

3.324 

2,048 

1,000 

500 

300 

no 
120 
120 
170 
100 
no 
94 
2.374 


15.170 

3,000 

200 

100 


18,470 


S.789 

7.694 

5.380 

4.424 

2,170 

1,680 

1,241 

420 

900 

324 

535 

1,072 

300 

443 

3.762 


36.133 

4.ISS 

416 

369 


41.073 


Rifles 


Maker 

Weight,  Lbs. 

Calibre 

Rounds 

England .     . 

Lee-Mitford 

9.4 

•303 

8 

France    .     . 

Lebel  ■ 

9.2 

.315 

8 

Germany 

Mauser 

9-5 

.310 

5" 

Austria    .    . 

Mannlicher 

10.2 

•315 

5 

Italy  .     .     . 

Vetterli 

10.6 

.409 

5 

United  States 

Lee 

... 

.433 

5 

Belgium  .     . 

Mauser 

9-5 

.310 

5 

Turkey    .    . 

Mauser 

•433 

8 

China      ,     . 

Lee 

•433 

5 

The  competition  for  the  Elcho  Shield  in  twenty-four 
years  shows  the  following  score  : — 

Average        Highest 
England  .  .        1,345  i',642 

Ireland    .  1.54°  1.652 

Scotland  .  .        i,s8o  1,510. 


ARMY 


Peace  Footing  (1889) 

Artillery 
Guns 

War 

Cavalry 

Infantry 

Artillery 

Engineers,  &c. 

Total 

Footing 

Great  Britain  . 

17,000 

140,000 

34.000 

19,000 

210,000 

702 

606,000 

France 

77,000 

327,000 

77,000 

74,000 

555.000 

2,060 

1,315,000 

Germany . 

67,000 

341,000 

62,000 

22,000 

492,000 

1,486 

1,492,000 

Russia 

109,000 

579.000 

62,000 

50,000 

800,000 

1. 540 

1,720,000 

Austria    . 

48,000 

193,000 

30,000 

52,000 

323,000 

850 

1,150,000 

Italy 

26,000 

107,000 

33.000 

89,000 

255,000 

700 

940,000 

Spnin       .        .        , 

14,000 

116,000 

11,000 

4,000 

145,000 

416 

400,000 

Portugal  . 

4,000 

17,000 

3,000 

2,000 

26,000 

132 

150,000 

Belgium  . 

6,000 

31,000 

6,000 

5.000 

48,000 

200 

148,000 

Holland  . 

2,000 

21,000 

5.000 

1,000 

29,000 

220 

SS.000 

Denmark 

2,000 

12,000 

2,000 

1,000 

17,000 

120 

60,000 

Sweden  and  Norwaj 

6,000 

43,000 

6,000 

2,000 

S7,ooo 

300 

230,000 

Switzerland 

3,000 

96,000 

18,000 

9,000 

126,000 

42 

207,000 

Greece      . 

3,000 

16,000 

4.000 

3,000 

26,000 

120 

105,000 

Roumania        . 

4,000 

23,000 

6,000 

3,000 

36,000 

312 

118,000 

Servia 

1,000 

14,000 

2,000 

1,000 

18,000 

144 

100,000 

Bulgaria  . 

2,000 

23,000 

2,000 

2,000 

29,000 

96 

100,  coo 

Turkey    .        . 

20,000 

98,000 

30,000 

12,000 

160,000 

1,190 

470,000 

Europe    . 

411,000 
'^  8,000 

2,197,000 

393,000  . 

351,000 

3,352,000 

10,630 

9,366,000 

United  States  . 

15,000 

2,000 

1,000 

26,000 

100 

■ 

South  America 

17,000 

S9.000 

6,000 

7,000 

89,000 

200 

... 

Japan 

3.000 

47.000 

5.000 

5.000 

60,000 

160 

... 

India    ^  . 

23,000 

.  114,000 

4.000 

4,000 

145.000 

... 

... 

I'ersia 

6,000 

17,000 

1,000 

1,000 

25,000 

... 

... 

Total 

468,000 

2,449,000 

411,000 

369,000 

3,697,000 

11,110 

... 

ARMY 


865 


ARMY 


In  the  war  footing  of  European  ai-mies  as  given  above 
only  the  first  line  of  reserves  is  included.  If  all  reserves 
were  included  the  above  numbers  might  be  safely  doubled. 

According  to- Napoleon  Bonaparte,  the  proportions  of 
an  army  should  Tje  70  per  cent,  infantry,   17  per  cent. 


cavalry,  and  13  per  cent,  between  artillery,  engineers, 
and  train.  The  proportions  of  European  armies  in  the 
above  statement  are  66  per  cent  infantry,  12  per  cent, 
cavalry,  and  22  per  cent,  between  artillery,  «ngineers,  and 
train. 


The  standing  armies  of  twelve  principal  countries  of  Europe  have  been  as  follows :- 


Army 

War. 

Soldiers  per  1000. 

Footirlg 

Inhabitants  in  1888 

1810 

1851 

1888-89 

1888-89 

Peace 

War 

Great  Britain          .... 

307,000 

129,000 

210,000 

606,000 

56 

160 

France  .... 

570,000 

365,000 

S5S.0OO 

1,315,000 

138 

370 

Germany 

160,000 

346,000 

492,000 

1,492,000 

102 

310 

Russi:^  . 

558,000 

644,000 

800,000 

1,720,000 

100 

210 

Austria  . 

347,000 

282,000 

323,000 

1,150,000 

80 

280 

ItJdy      , 

75,000 

142,000 

255,000 

940,000 

85 

310 

Spain     . 

54,000 

87,000 

145,000 

400,000 

76 

230 

Portugal 

10,000 

28,000 

26,000 

150,000 

60 

350 

Bels;iuni 

40,000 

48,000 

148,000 

85 

f>An 

Holland. 

22,000 

50,90a 

29,000 

55.000 

70 

140 

Denmark 

75,000 

25,006 

17,000 

60,000 

90 

300 

Sweden . 

43.000 

57,000 

57,000 

230,000 

90 

330 

Europe ., 

• 

2r,  221,000 

2,195,000 

2,957.000 

8,266,000 

'9? 

270 

The  minimum  height  in  the  principal  armies  is  as 
follows : 

/ns. 
.  61.9 
.  63.3 
.  63.0 
.  67.0 
..  65.9 
.    61.9 

For  average  height,  see  p.  62. 

The  proportion  of  meii  drafted  to  the  ranks  out  of  icxx) 
recruits  or  conscripts  was  y — 


Ins. 

British 

.     63.0 

Belgian 

French 

.     60.7 

Swedish 

German 

.     61.9 

American    « 

Austrian     . 

.    61.2 

Prussian^uard 

Italian 

.         .     61.5 

Uhlans       . 

Spanish 

.        .     61.S 

Infantry 

Rejected  for 

Good 

Nation 

for 
Service 

Date 

Under  Height 

Infirmity 

British   .     .     . 

670 

1844-52 

French  .     .    . 

61 

327 

612 

1860-68 

Prussian     ••     . 

95 

380 

525 

1831^63 

Bavarian    .    . 

16 

233 

751 

1822  -53 

Saxon    .     .     . 

220 

380 

400 

1826-54 

Wurtemburger 

120 

410 

470 

1834-57 

Austrian     .     . 

113 

343 

544 

1857-64 

Russian      .     . 

780 

1860-61 

Swede    .     .     . 

101 

180 

719 

1847-48 

.Dane     .     .     . 

150 

320 

530 

1852-56 

Spaniard    .     . 

101 

75 

824 

1857-66 

Belgian  .     .     . 

121 

107 

772 

1841-60 

Hollander  .     . 

160 

71 

769 

1851-61 

United  States. 

... 

720 

1863-65 

The  following  table  shows  the  death-rate  and  ratio 

invalided : — 


Army 

Per  10,000  Soldiers  Yearly 

Date 

Died 

Invalided 

British  .... 
French  .... 
Prussian     ... 
Belgian      ... 
Austrian    .... 
Portuguese     •    « 
Russian      .    .  ^ 
United  States     .  ! 
Do.     Blacks ' 

95 

lOX 

64 
129 
116 
127 

165 
140 
180 

340 
70 
140 

.      90 
210 
170 

250 

1860-68 
1862-69 
1860-63 
1868-69 

1869 

1861-^ 

1858-68 

1859 

1859 

The  dietary  of  the  various  armies  is  as  follows : — 


Weekly 

Daily  Rations,  Oz. 

Rations, 

Oz. 

Army  ' 

■a" 

.1 

8  • 

■U) 

<u 

0 

Extras 
Weekly 

pa 

s. 

C4 

Q  be 

£ 

w 

0 
U 

British .    . 

16 

12 

2 

8 

16 

2 

4 

9  oz.  sugar 

French 

22 

9 

4 

II 

11 

6 

1 

Russian    . 

16 

16 

3=; 

6 

2  galls,  beer 

Austrian  . 

32 

8 

I 

11 

9 

•  •• 

... 

8  oz.  grease 

Italian .     . 

27 

11 

4 

4 

4- 

il  gall,  wine 

Spanish    ; 

18 

8 

6 

... 

16 

3 

3  lbs.  fish 

Belgian     . 

27 

9 

3=; 

8 

3 

5  oz.  butter 

Turkish    . 

.32 

9 

3 

I 

3  oz.  grease 

American . 

22 

20 

2 

16 

5 

10 

22  oz.  beans 

German    . 

28 

8 

3 

....!  ... 

4 

7  oz.  sugar 

The  years  of  service  under  the  colours  and  in  the 
reserve  are : — 


France  . 
Germany 
Austria  . 
Italy  .    . 


Colours 


First 
Reserve 


Second 
Reserve 


15 


Age  at 
Enrolment 


The  equipment  of  infantry  and   cavalry  weighs  as 
follows : — 

Infantry  Cavalry 

British    .    .    .    ,        60  lbs.  125  lbs. 

German ....        60  „  122  „ 

French  ....        72   „  155   „ 
Russian ....        68  ,, 


The  rate  of  marching 

per  hotu:  is  as  follows 

— 

English  Miles 

Ordinary 

Quick 

Double 
Quick 

British  .... 
German         .        . 
French  .... 

3-0 
2.7 

3-3 
3.0 
3-3' 

5-0 

ASTRONOMY 


866 


ATHLETICS 


Planets 


Miles 

Millions  of  Miles 

Ra'tios  of  Size 

,  Weight,  &c 

Mean  Dis- 

Least Dis-    Greatest 

Days  in 
Year 

Diameter 

tance  from 

tance  from    Distance 

Size 

Weight 

Density 

- 

Sun 

Earth      from  Earth 

Earth 

7,901 

91 

...      '           ... 

100 

100 

100 

365 

Mercury 

2,962 

35 

47 

136 

5 

7 

124 

88 

Venus    . 

7,510 

66 

23 

160 

80 

79 

90 

225 

Mars    • '. 

4,920 

139 

62 

245 

14 

12 

96 

687 

Jupiter  . 

85,390 

476 

409 

592 

138,700 

30,000 

20 

4,333- 

Saturn   . 

71.904 

872 

831 

1,014 

74,600 

9,000 

12 

10,759 

Uranus  . 

33,024 

1.753 

1,746 

1,929 

7,200 

1,300 

18 

30,687 

Neptune 

36,620 

2,746 

2,629 

2,863 

9,400 

1.700 

17 

60,127 

Comets 


Years  of 
Revolution 

Millions  of  Miles  from 
Sun 

Next 

Greatest 
Distance 

Least 
Distance 

Return 

Halley    .    . 
Mechain 
Faye  .     .    . 
D' Arrest  ." . 
Biela  .    I^^. 
Brorsen  .     . 
Winnecke    . 
De  Vico .     . 
Encke     .    . 

77 

14 

8 

7 
7 
6 
6 
6 
.3 

3.200 
■&>3 

585 
537 

k^ 
387 

56 
192 

82 

64 

no 
32 

1910 
1899 
1896 
1890 

1893 
1890 
1891 

1895 
1890 

Stars  accorjjing  to  Magnitude 


Magnitude 

iVft 

ISt 

18 

2nd 

'55 

3rd       . 

170 

4th 

500 

6th       . 

6,000 

I2th 

.     10,000,000 

Years  for  Light  to 
Reach  the  Earth  ■ 
3 


/5 

<3<5 


All  down  to  the  36th  magnitude  inclusive,  that  isTover 
8000  in  number,  are  clearly  visible  to  the  naked  eye.  A 
9-foot  telescope  reveals  those  of  the  12th  magnitude,  an 
18-foot  one  those  of  the  13th,  whose  light  takes  2700- 
years  reach  to  us.  Down  to  the  13th  inclusive  comorises- 
27,000,000. 


ATHLETICS 


Distance 

Bicycle 

Tricycle 

Rider 

Hours 

Minutes  Seconds 

Date 

Rider 

Hours  j  Minutes  Seconds  j    D:ite 

I  mile 

5    .. 
10    „ 
20    ,, 
30   .. 
50   „ 
100    ,, 

W.  C.  Jones     . 
S.  G.  Whittaker 
H.  G.  Crocker  . 
S.  G.  Whittaker 

E,  OxboroXigb  . 
W.  F.  Knapp  . 

F.  R.  Fry     .     . 

0 
0 
0 
0 

I 
2 
5 

2 
13 
27 

56 
28 

29 
50 

20 
46 

8 
32 
29 
41 

5 

1890 
1888 

1883 

G.  Gatehouse    . 
G.  Gatehouse    . 
J.  B.  King   .     . 
G.  Gatehouse    . 
F.  W.  Allard    . 
F.  W.  Allard    . 
A.  I.,.  Bower     . 

0 
0 
0 
b 

I 
2 
6 

2 

14 
29 

59 

34 

43 

9 

42 

23 

10 
10 

25 

54 
26 

1887 

■  1888 
1887 

0.  p.  Mills  rode  from  Land's  End  to  John  o'  Groats, 
861  miles,  in  5  days  2  hours;  another  person,  from 
Tunbridge  to  Liverpool,  234  miles,  in  i8|  hours.  In 
1879,  G.  Waller  rode,  at  the  Agricultural  Hall,  Islington, 
1405  miles  in  6  days  of  18  hours;  in  1880,  at  the  same 

Cricket 

The  highest  individual  score  on  record  is  485,  by  A  E. 
Stoddart,  in  1886,  in  a  match  of  Ilampstead  v.  Stoics. 
The  largest  gross  score  is  920,  by  the  Orleans  Club,  3rd 
August  1882. 

The  highest  records  of  throwing  the  cricket-ball  are :  — 

Date  Throw  Yards  Place 

1873  W.  H.  Game  127  Oxford 

1888  —  Crane  128  Melbourne 

Mr.  Crane,  the  champion  thrower,  is  an  American. 
Jumps 


Date    : 


1881 
1883 
1878 
1887 
1886 


Jump 


Long  standing 
Long  running 
High  standing 
High  running 
Pole  jump 


Athlete 


E.  \.  Johnson 
P.  Davin 
E.  A.  Johnson 
W.  Byrd  Page 
Tom  Ray 


Feet    j  Inches 


23 

5 
6 


place,  H.  Higham,  230  miles  in  17  hovurs,  without  dis- 
mounting, in  June  i  >88,  in  a  six -days'  race  at  Islington, 
between  horse  and  bicycle,  the  horse  won  by  2  miles. 
In  1882  there  Vere  9800  bicycle  riders  in  London,  and 
96,oco  in  England  and  Wales. 

Running  and  Walking 


1) 

m 

•a 

Date 

S 

Athlete 

3 
0 

_c 

0 

Place 

>< 

Ul 

1886 

I 

W.  S.  George 

0 

4 

13 

London 

1863 

2 

W.  Lnng 

0 

9 

ii 

Manchester 

1863 

s 

G.  White 

0 

24 

40 

1885 

10 

W.  Cumniings 

0 

SI 

7 

London 

1880 

20 

J.  E.  Warburton 

I 

S6 

c{8 

... 

1881 

30 

G.  Mason 

3 

15 

9 

1 881 

40 

G.  Bailey 

4 

,34 

27 

1887 

50 

G.  Cartwright 

■; 

SS 

5 

188^ 

100 

C.  Rowel  1 

13 

26 

30 

New  York 

The  greatest  distance  walked  in  one  hour  was  8  miles 
172  yards  by  W.  Griffin  in  188 r,  and  in  four  hours  was 
27I  miles  by  W.  Franks  in  18S2.  The  greatest  distance 
run  in'one  hour  was  11  miles  970  yards  by  Louis  Ilennett 
in  1S63. 


EM- 


BANKING. 


Plate  II. 

>■■  '^ 


Banking  Capital,  millions  £. 


268  231 


^^ 


\M\ 


\J.  Statbs  TJ.  KiXGDO>t  Franck      Gr.RMAJiy    Austria  Austkalia  Italy       Russia     Spain   Canada. 


Savings- Brinks  Deposits,  Shillings  per  Inhabitant. 


I)f.nm\kk  Swn  7.1  i;i, AM)  N"invAY  I'jvV.ssiA.  U.  States  AL'sTHAi,iy\ 


65 

1 

1 

62 

60 

59 

50 

46 

40 

27 

22 


16 


12       BQ 


Ar-iKiA       JCvf,]  AMI       :>ivrni  N       Fj^ANCE      SCOTLAND      Italy     Belgium Holuat<dIkela:ndCanada Spain  Rvssia 


Depositors  per  jooo  Inhabitants. 


360 

240 

180 

170 

165 

1 
i  135 

120 

H 


77 

67 

Switzerland  Sca-ndinaviaGermanv    Franxe   Australia  U. Kingdom   Italy      Holland      Belgium    Austria  U.  States 


_JJ 


ATHLETICS 


867 


BANKS 


The  following  pedestrian  feats  in  six  days  are  recorded: — 


Date 

Miles 

Athlete 

Place 

1880 

1888 ..... 

1888 

1882 

550 
621 

623 
660 

Brown 
Albert 
Littlewood 
Hazel 

London 
New  York 

Mr.  Hazel  was  an  Englishman,  and  won  £^cxx>.  In 
1874,  at  Bristol,  Miss  Richards  gained  ^^50  for  her  aged 
parents  by  walking  1000  miles  in  icxdo  consecutive  hours. 
Mr,  Weston  has  walked  5000  miles  in  lOO  days. 


Skati 

NG 

S 

Athlete 

2 

3 

8 

3 

Place 

Q 

>: 

X 

S 

CO 

1889 

I 

A.  Paschin 

0 

2 

"a 

Vienna 

1889' 

I 

O'Donoghue 

0 

2 

S7 

,, 

iSqo 

■    2 

Norseng. 

0 

6 

2"? 

Amsterdam 

1884' 

3 

A.  Paulsen 

0 

10 

34 

New  York 

1890  ' 

S 

Norseng 

0 

16 

48 

Amsterdam 

1884; 

10 

A.  Paulsen 

0 

36 

37 

New  York- 

1884 

2a 

,, 

I 

14 

7 

,, 

1883 

■30 

S.  Montgomery 

2 

31 

J2 

„ 

1882' 

40. 

,, 

^ 

21 

22 

,, 

i88a{ 

SO 

•■• 

4 

13 

36 

•• 

Swimming  . 

Captain  Webb,  swam  from  Dover  to  Calais,  August'24,, 
1875,  in  21  hours  45  minutes,  but  was  beaten  by  William 
Beckwith  in  a  swimming  match  for  ^o  miles  in  60  hours. 
Lord  Byron  swam  across  the  Dardanelles. 


Swimmer 

Distance 

Miles 

Timet!* 

Miss  Beckwith    . 

London  to  Greenwich 

Miss  Parker   .    . 

London  to  Blackwall 

7 

95  min. 

Miss  Dicks     .     , 

Shoreham  to  Brighton 

6 

Miss  Saigeman   . 

6 

Fr.  Cavil   .    .    . 

Putney  to  Blackwall 

16 

4hrs. 



Calais  to  Dover 

23 

I3hrs. 

Miss  Beckwith  was  only  14  years  of  age  when  she 
swam  from  London  to  Greenwich  (1875). 

Date  Distance       Swimmer    Hrs.     Min.     Sec. 

1884 ....        I  mile        J.  Collier        o         28        20 
1881 ...»    500  yards      J.  Finney       o  77 

Boat  Rages 

The  quickest  runs  from  Putney  to  Mortlakewere : — 

Year  Winner  Minutes       Seconds 

1869    .    ,     .  Oxford  20  4 

1873    .    .    .  Cambridge  19  35 

In  45  years  Oxford  won  23,  Cambridge  21,  and  one 
was  a  dead  heat. 


B. 


^.BALLOON 

The  most  remarkabie'ascents  on  record  are : — 


■Date 

Aeronaut 

Place  of  .\scent 

Height, 
Yards 

Distance, 
Miles 

1783 
1804 
1836 

1859 
1862 

Montgolfier- . 
Gay-Lussac  . 
Holland  •.•    . 
Wise    .    .    ; 
Glaisher    .    . 

Lyons  .     .     . 
Paris     .    .     . 
London    t    . 
New  York 
Wolverton     . 

2,000 
7,700 

12,000 

500 

During  the  siege  of  Paris,  September  1870  to  February 
1871,  there  were  64  balloons  sent  up,  containing  91 
passengers,  354  pigeons,  and  3  million  letters  (weighing 
9  tons).  Mr.  Glaisher  states  that  in  3500  balloon  ascents 
only  fifteen  deaths  have  occurred,  that  is,  about  four  per 
thousand. 

Mr.  Godard,  who  died  in  November  1896,  made  over 
2000  ascents.'  Charles  Green,  who  died  in  1870,  had 
made  600 ;  and  Mr.  Coxwell,  who  is  still  living,  over 
700,  having  attained  with  Mr.  Glaisher  a  height  of  seven 
miles. 

The  results  of  Professor  Glaisher's  observations  during 
nine  astents  in  1863-64  were  as  follows : — 


Decrease  of  Tem- 

Humidity 

Elevation, 

perature,  Fahr. 

Feet 

• 

Cloudy  Sky, 

Clear 

Cloudy  Sky  (74) 

Clear  (59) 

1,000 

4 

6 

76 

6i 

2,000 

8 

II 

76 

70 

S.ooo 

18 

21 

74 

69 

10,000 

31 

34 

48 

46 

15,000 

42 

44 

59 

44 

20,000 

49 

52 

29 

33 

23,000 

52 

.0 

40 

16 

30,000 

62 

.... 

BANES 

The  banking  power  of  the  -world  has  increased  in  a 
surprising  degree  in  the  last  fifty  years,  viz. : — 


.     1840 

1870 

1888-90 

Millions;^ 

Millions  £ 

Millions  £ 

United  Kingdom 
United  States 
France  .... 
Germany    .    .    . 
Australia    .    .    . 
Canada.    .    .     .' 
River  Plate     .     . 
Other  couptries  . 

132 

90 

16 

12 

5 

3 

2 

48 

■720 

440 

64 

49 

38 

13 

9 

270 

910 

1,030' 

268 

231 

134 

40 

37 

547 

Total    .    . 

308 

1,602 

3,197 

The  issues  of  State  banks  in  England,  France,  Austria, 
Germany,  Russia,  and  United  States,  compared  with 
specie  reserve  at  tie  subjoined  dates  as  follows : — 


Issue,  Millions  £ 

Specie  Reserve, 
Millions  £ 

1870 

1880 

1890 

1870 

1880 

1890 

Bank  of  England 
Bunk  of  France 
Bank  of  Austria  ' 
German  banks  . 
Bank  of  Russia . 
U.  States  banks 
„      Treasury 

24 
58 
30 
43 
100 
96. 
63 

27 
92 
33 
SO 
140 

73 
72  . 

25 
120 
"42  . 

49 
123 

a  27 
^181 

21 

x5o 

?^ 

28 

79 

17 

3! 
28 

.  68  ' 

21 
103 

.'     22 

:  42  : 

■i  33  1 

229  ji 

Total .    . 

414 

487  i 

iS67 

'54 

251 

4SO 

In  twenty  years  the  specie. reserve  was  trebled,  while 
the  paper  issue  only  rose  33  pet  cent.    The  ratio  of  specie 


BANKS 


863 


BANKS 


to  paper  money  in  general  was  38  per  cent,  in  iS70,  and 
79  per  cent,  in  1890. 

It  appears  that  the  amount  of  capital  employed  in 
banking  has  almost  doubled  since  18  70^  and  multiplied 
nearly  tenfold  since  1840.  Banking  power  consists  of 
capital,  right  of  issue,  and  deposits  in  all  banks,  viz.  : — 


Millions,  £  Sterling 

;^Per 

Capital, 

Deposits 

Total 

Inhabitant 

United  Kingdom  . 

284 

626 

910 

24.0 

France      .     .     .     . 

140 

128 

268 

7.0 

Germany  .     . 

85 

146 

231 

S-o 

Russia      ,     . 

43 

64 

106 

1.2 

Austria     .•   . 

45 

102 

147 

3.8 

Italy    .     .    . 

25 

83 

108 

3.6 

Spain  .     .    . 

3» 

16 

47 

2,8 

Portugal  .    . 

6 

4 

10 

2.2 

Sweden    .     . 

9 

15 

24 

5-3 

Norway    .     . 

S 

I 

6 

3-0 

Denmark.     . 

2 

21 

23 

ir.6 

Belgium  .    . 

II 

19 

30    . 

S-o 

Holland   .     . 

14 

6 

20 

4-5 

Switzerland  , 

S 

12         .    17 

6.0 

Europe     .     . 

704 

1.243 

1.947 

5-5 

United  States 

270 

760 

1,030 

16.1 

Australia  .    . 

26 

108 

134 

37.0 

Canada    .     . 

13 

27 

40 

8.0 

Cape  Colony 

2 

7 

9 

6.0 

Argentina 

12 

17 

29 

8.0 

Uruguay  .    . 

3 

5 

8 

12.0 

Total 

1,030 

2,167    j  3.»97 

7-5 

The  issue  and   specie  reserves  of  the  banks  of  all 
nations  in  1889  were  as  follows  : —  ■■>-^\    • 


£  Sterling 

V'.  .■.,;. 

Specie 

Issue 

Specie  in 
.    Safe 

Ratio 

Per  cent. 

United  Kingdom 

39,000,000 

28,000,000 

70 

France  .... 

121,400,000 

101,000,000 

84 

Germany    .     .     . 

64,000,000 

59,000,000 

91 

Russia  .... 

123,000,000 

33.000,000 

26 

Austria.    .    .    . 

43,500,000 

21,500,000 

SO, 

Italy      .    .    .     . 

43,000,000 

14,000,000 

33 

Spain     .... 

29,500,000 

9,500,000 

32 

Sweden.    .    .    . 

6,300,000 

2,700,000 

44 

Norwav     .     .     . 

2,400,000 

2,500,000 

104 

Denmark   .     .     . 

4,400,000 

3,  lOO.OOO 

70 

Belgium     .     .     . 

15,200,000 

4,400,000 

29 

Holland     .     .     . 

•  17,200,000 

10,600,000 

60 

Switzerland     .     . 

6,200,000 

3,900,000 

63 

Greece  .... 

3,000,000 

1,000,000 

33 

Europe .... 

518,100,000 

294,200,006 

47 

United  States 

26,700,000 

34,300,000 

128 

Canada.     .     .     . 

6,300,000 

1,400,000 

22 

Australia    .     .     . 

5,400,000 

19,300,000 

357 

Cape  Colony  .    . 

700,000 

1,600,000 

230 

Argentina  .     .     . 

44,000,000 

4,500,000 

10 

Uruguay    .     . "  . 

3,100,000 

600,000 

20 

India     .... 

12,000,000 

12,000,000 

100 

Total    .     . 

616,300,060 

367,900,000 

60 

The  above  does  not  include  Government  issues  (for 
which  see  Money.  The  specie  reserve  in  Argentina  and 
Uruguay  is  full  of  doubt. 

The  statements  of  the  twelve  great  banks  of  .Europe  in  December  1889  was  as  follows : — 


Bank  of 

Issue,  £ 

.  Specie,  £ 

Deposits,  £ 

Discount,  £ 

Capital,  £ 

England    . 

24,400,000 

17,800,000 

28,600,000 

36,900,000 

14, 500,000 

France    ■    ,      •  .     ■ 

121,400,000 

100,900,000 

27,800,000 

51,600,000 

7,300,000 

Germany   .        .    ^ 

>      -'       • 

, 

50,000,000 . 

38,900,000 

17,600,000 

33,100,000 

6,000,000 

Austria       .        . 

*-,,'•#,-* 

43,500,000 

21,500,000 

10,700,000 

17,900,000 

9,000,000 

Russia       .        .     '  , 

f,"  "f^ 

123,50(^,000 

33,100,000 

5,400,000 

11,500,000 

4,000,000 

Italy .        .        .     ' 

•  '■■•iv 

,  / 

23,400,000 

9,300,000 

6,500,000 

7,700,000 

8,100,000 

Spain         .       -,     ■   , 

■  X'^ 

29,500,000 

10,500,000 

16,100,000 

42,200,000 

6,000,000 

Netherlands      .        , 

'.',  '  ' 

17,200,000 

10,600,000 

1,200,000 

9,500,000 

2,000.000 

Belgium     ,    '    , 

14,800,000 

4,000,000 

2,200,000 

12.100.000 

3,000,000 

Denmark  .  ,    .  ^ 

\ 

4,400,000 

3, 100,000 

2,000,000 

1,000,000 

Sweden      ,        .        . 

.    '  . 

2,500,000 

1,100,000 

800,000 

3,400,000 

2,200,000 

Norway     . 

' 

2,400,000 

2,500,000 

500,000 

1,200,000 

700,000 

Total 

• 

457,000,000 

253.300,000 

117,400,000 

229,100,000 

63,700,000 

.   The  figures  for  Spain  and  Netherlands  are  those  of  March  1896,  the  deposits  for  Austria  of  1887,  and  the 
Scandinavian  banks  1 858. 

The  discounts  of  the  principal  banks  (according  to 
Spallart,  down  to  1880),  were  : — 


The  rates  of  interest*  since  1 851  have  been  as  fol 
lows : — 


Great  Britain 
I 'ranee  .  , 
Germany .  . 
Austria    .    . 


Italy  .  , 
Holland  , 
Belgium  ', 
Eurijpe  -f, 


4.T7 
4-30 
4-05 
5. 26 

5-35 
3- 60 
3.62 
4.27 


4-23 
3-55 
4-56 
4-77 
5-69 
3-98 
3-59 
4-30 


328 
3-94 
4-30 
4-79 
4.85 
340 
3.60 

3-71 


3-30 
3-34 
4,20 
4.71 
4-74 
3-56 
3-66 
3-93 


«  8 


3.81 
3-84 

4.28 
4.91 

5.22 

3-64 
3.62 
4.12 


3-55 
3.18 
3-70 
4.13 

2.50 
3.63 
3-44 


*  In  the  Middle  Ages  10  per  cent,  was  the  ordinary  rate. 
Philip  Augustus  promulgated  a  law  in  France  in  1222  limit- 
ing ttie  maximum  to  10  per  cent. 


1868 

1880 

1889-90 

Bank  of— 

£ 

£ 

£ 

England .     ,    . 

18,500,000 

24,000,000 

36,900,000 

France    .    .    . 

19,700,000 

41,000,000 

5i,'.oo,ooo 

Germany     .    . 

22,800,000 

32,400,000 

33,100,000 

Austria    .     .    . 

8,200,000 

13,900,000 

17,900,000 

Belgium .    .     . 

5.800,000 

I0,IC0,000 

12,100,000 

.Holland,    .     . 

3.200,000 

4,600,000 

9,500,000 

U.  States  banks  . 

131,100,000 

217,700,000 

378,006,000 

Total    .     . 

209,300,000 

343,700,000 

539, 100,000 

It  has  been  already  shown  that  the  banking  power 
doubled  bet\teen  1S70  and  18S8.    The  above  table  like- 


BEETROOT 


86d 


BIRTHS 


In  Austria  the  production  of  wax  averages  2000  tons. 
The  total  annual  yield  of  bees  in  Europe  may  be  estimated 

thus : — 

Tons  Value,  £ 

Honey  ....    40,000  2,200,000 

Wax      .  .        .     15.000  1,350,000 

Total       .        .    5S.00O  3,550,000 

One  hundred  bees  weigh  an  ounce.  The  wing  of  a  tee 
makes  190  movements  a  second,  of  a  wasp  no,  of  a  fly 
330. 

BEETROOT 

This  is  grown  both  as  cattle  food  and  for  making  sugar. 

The  crop  ranges  from  5  tons  of  roots  per  acre  in  Russia, 
to  9  tons  in  Germany.  In  England  it  has  given  12  tons 
per  acre,  equivalent  for  cattle  food  to  4  tons  of  hay,  and 
worth  16  shilUngs  per  ton ;  but  it  has  been  found  too 
costly  in  cultivation.  Experimental  growing  in  Canada 
has  proved  most  successful.  It  takes  about  1 1  tons  of 
roots  in  Europe  generally  per  ton  of  beet  sugar,  the 
average  of  saccharine  matter  being  9  per  cent,  as  c6m- 
pared  with  4  per  cent,  twenty  years  ago.  In  Germany  8 
tons  of  roots  give  a  ton  of  sugar. 

The  acreage  and  crop  of  all  Kinds  of  beetroot  are 
approximately  as  follows  : — 


Acres 

Tonsy  Beet 

Sugar,  Beet 

France 

1,310,000 

13,300,000 

5,100,000 

Germany     . 

1,700,000 

12,400.000 

8,300,000 

Russia 

1,000,000 

5,200,000 

5^200,000, 

Austria        ,        . 

1,100,000 

6.500,000 

6,500,000 

Belgium      .        , 

145,000 

2,100,000 

2, 100,000 

Holland      . 

60,000 

600,000 

400,000 

Denmark    . 

30,000 

300,000 

300,000 

Europe 


I    5.345i00o   i  40,400,000  I  27,900,000 


1\\!t  Journal  de  'la  Sociiti  Stat,  of  Paris  mentions  that 
the  production  of  beet  sugar  in  the  United  States  during 
five  years  ending  1884  averaged  337, coo  tons  per  aniium, 
from  which  must  be  inferred  that  the  Union  grows  about 
3  million  tons  of  beetrooti  The  following  table  shows 
approximately  the  growth  of  all  kinds  of  beetroot  at 
different  dates : — 


France  . 
Germany 
Russia  . 
Austria  . 
Belgium . 
Holland . 
Denmark 


1836        1860 


Tons 

700,000 

40,000 

10,000 


Tons 
1,500,000 
550,000 
100,000 
200,000 
150,000 


1870 


Tons 

6,600,000 

2,700,000 

2,200,000 

1,500,000 

800,000 

100,000 

200,000 


1880 


1888 


Tons     I 

14,800,000 

11,200,000' 

4.8oo,ooO| 

5,500,000 

1,800,000 

440,000' 

300,000 


Tons 

13,300,000 

12,400,000 

5,200,000 

6,500,000 

2,100,000 

400,000 

300,000 


Europe  750,000  2,5oo,ooo'i4,ioo,ooo 38,840  00040,200,000 


It  appears  that  two-thirds  of  the  total  crop  is  used  for 
making  sugar,  the  product  of  which  now  reaches.2, 800^000 
tons  yearly  in  all  the  world. 

BELLS 

The  largest  are  the  following : — 

Tons 
Moscow  .  .  202 
Burmab  .  .  117 
Pekin .  ...  53 
Novgorod  .  31 
Notre  Dame     18 

Bell-metal  should  have  77  parts  copper  and  23  tin. 

BIRDS 

In  hatching^  the  number  of  days  that  bir<Js  sit  are :— 


Tons 

Tom 

Rouen .    .    .18 

Montreal  . 

.    IS 

Olmutz     ..    .  18 

Cologne    . 

.  n 

Vienna.    .     .  18 

Oxford.    . 

,    8 

St.  Paul's.    .  16 

St.  Peter's 

.    8 

Westminster .  14 

... 

Pigeon  . 
Canary  . 
Hen  . 
Turkey . 


Days 
.  14 
.  14 
.  21 
.  28 


Diick  , 
Goose  . 
Parrot  . 
Swan 


The  ages  to  which  birds  attain  are  :— 


Wren.  . 
Thrush  , 
Hen  .,  . 
Robin  . 
Blackbird 
Goldfinch 
Partridge 
Pheasant ' 


Years 
3 


IS 
15 


Lark  . 

Nightingale.'    18 
Pigeon 
Linnet 
Canary- 
Crane. 
Peacock 
Skylark 


tars 
18 

Sparrow  , 

18 

Goose     , 

20 

Pelican    . 

2^ 

Parrot     . 

24 

Heron-   . 

24 

Crow  .    . 

24 

Swan .    . 

30 

Eagle.    . 

Days 

•  30 
.  30 

.  40 
.  43 


Yean 
.  40 
•  SO 
.  SO 
.  60 
.  60 
.  xoo 
.  100 
.  100 


<■  he  flight  of  the  following  birds  per  hour  is  :— 


Hawk  . 
Eider-duck 


150  miles  I  Rook    . 
90    „      I  Pigeon . 


60  miles 
40    .. 


Carrier-pigeons  from  Paris  to  Versailles,  ten  miles, 
usually  take  twenty  minutes.  In  NoVernber  1882  some 
flew  from  Canton  Vaud  to  Paris,  160  miles,  in  6 J  hours. 

The  departure  and  return  of  birds  of  passage  from 
England  {Bril.  Assoc.  /Report)  are  usually  on  the  follow- 
ing dates : — 


Cuckoo  . 

Blackcap 
Martin  . 
Swallow . 


England 


August  25th 

October  loth 

,,       i2th 

iS^h 


Return 


April  14th 

,,     22nd 

'    >f     14th 

„       TOth 


Days 
Absent 


232 
194 
184 
^77 


Birds'  nests  are  used  in  China  for  making  soup; 
9,000,000  are  imported  yearly  into  Canton,  valued  at 
los.  per  oz.,  fifty  weighing  about  I  lb. 


BIRTHS 

The  birth-rate  per  loco  of  population  was  as  follows :— 


1821-40 

1841-60 

1861-80 

1881-86 

'  1841-60 

1861-80 

1881-86 

France     . 

29-7 

26.7 

25-8 

24.7 

Belgium         ,        . 

30.2 

32.0 

31.0 

Prussia    . 

41.0 

38.6 

39.1 

37.2 

Denmark 

32.8 

31-4 

32-5 

Sweden  . 

33-1 

32.0 

31-4 

29.4 

England 

33-4 

35- 1 

33-3 

Norway  .        , 

313 

32-4 

30.8 

30-9 

Scotland 

35-1 

33-0 

Russia     . 

44-6 

45-S 

49.6 

48.7 

Ireland  . 

26.2 

24.0 

Saxony    . 

38.1 

39-3 

41S 

41.9 

Switzerland  , 

•  •• 

31.0 

28.2 

Wurtemburg 

41.8 

37-7 

Italy      . 

37.2 

37-8 

Austria    . 

39.  S 

40.3 

39-0 

38.3 

Spain    . 

37^* 

Bavaria  . 

30-7 

33-2 

39..2 

38.7 

Hungary 

4S.O 

Paris 

33-9 

31.8 

28.8 

26.7 

Roumania 

37-4 

Holland. 

34-9 

36.3 

34.8 

Australia 

33- S 

BIRTHS  '870 


The  following  table  of  birth-rate  for  various  cities  is- 
not  for  any  uniform  date  or  period  : — 


Alexandria 

Amsterdam 

Barcelona 

Berlin  .     . 

Hirmingham 

Bombay 

Boston 

Breslau 

Brighton 

Bristol . 

Brussels 

Bucharest 

Buda-Pesth 

Buenos  Ayres  31.7 

Christiania    .  34.5 

Copenhagen .  39.  i 


4S-0 
367 
29.2 
37-5 
37-6 
25.6 
30.0 

37-7 
30.6 

34-5 
34-7 
29-5 
35-8 


Dresden    . 
Dublin      , 
Edinburgh 
Geneva 
Glasgow   . 
Hague 
Hamburg 
Havana    • 
Hull     .     . 
Leeds  .     . 
Liverpool 
London    . 
Lyons  .     . 
Madras     . 
Madrid     . 
Manchester 


35  4 
29.1 
32.2 
24-3 
37-4 
39-7 
37- S 
25-4 
36-4 
36.8 
37-6 
34-7 
26.0 

39- o 
37- S 
36.9 


39-ii' 
32.0" 

39-4 
36.7 

30- S 


Munich     . 

Naples 
New  York 
Nottingham 
Paris  .  . 
Philadelphia,  36.0 
Rio  Janeiro  .  35.5 
Rome  .  .  .27.2 
Rotterdam  .  38.8 
St.  Louis  .  .30.0 
St,  Petersburg  37.8 


Sheffield 
Stockholm 
Turin  .  , 
Venice ,  . 
Vienna 


38.0 
33-0 
315 
30.2 
39-2 


The  sexes 

of  children  born  average  as  follows 

:— 

Pel 

1000 

Pel 

lOOO 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

England      . 

S" 

489 

Portugal     , 

515 

485 

Scotland      . 

S»4 

486 

Holland     . 

513 

487 

Ireland   .     . 

515 

48s 

Belgium      . 

514 

486 

U.  Kingdom 

512 

488 

Denmark   , 

513 

487 

France   .     . 

513 

487 

Sweden .     . 

512 

488 

Prussia  .    .. 

514 

4860 

Norway 

514 

486 

Russia    .     . 

^o8 

492 

Switzerland 

512 

488 

Austria   .     , 

«;r6 

484 

Greece  ,     . 

519 

481 

Italy  ,     .     . 

517 

483 

Roumania . 

521 

479 

Spain      .     . 

516 

484 

Europe .     . 

513 

487 

Births  occur  according  to  months  as  follows : — 


T3 

V 

c 

0 

a 

■a 

B 

1 

c 

2 

(1. 

0 

2 

S 

0 

X 

■  Fanuary  , 

'.  February 

100 

105 

103 

107 

122 

114 

106 

93 

no 

105 

114 

119 

108 

"5 

March    . 

103 

109 

103 

no 

98 

112 

112 

April  ,     , 

104 

106 

100 

106 

97 

102 

104 

Mav  .    . 

106 

99 

97 

95 

88 

100 

94 

tune  ,     . 
;[«ly    .     . 

104 

'95 

95 

89 

8S 

89 

86 

102 

96 

.96 

91 

88 

88 

86 

August    . 

96 

96 

98 

93 

88 

91 

96 

September 

9b 

97 

104 

100 

94 

q8 

103 

October  . 

lOI 

95 

100 

98 

no 

100 

99 

November 

96 

97 

100 

98 

"3 

97 

99 

December 

99 

95 

99 

99 

98 

lOI 

100 

Total      . 

1.200 

1. 100 

1,200 

1.200 

1.200 

r.200 

1.200 

^ 

•H   ! 

t 

rt 

£• 

3 
1 

R> 

1 

Vi 

0 

E 

c 

0 

< 

c 

3 

X 

s 

< 

January    .     . 

106 

108     104' 

lo.c; 

9"; 

108 

10  i^ 

107 

rebruary 

106 

108^      99' 

106 

136 

99 

103 

107 

March . 

107 

107|    no 

112 

64 

lo^ 

112 

107 

April    . 
May     . 

102 

102     107 

111 

124 

98 

IQ4 

103 

98 

100     104 

107 

107 

99 

101 

99 

June     . 
July     , 

94 

97|      98 

90 

109 

95 

95 

94 

92 

94'      96 

«5 

no 

98 

96 

93 

August 

91 

96       98 

98 

92 

104 

q8 

95 

September 

108 

III     102 

94 

83 

102 

96 

101 

October    . 

99 

96       97 

99 

90 

103 

97 

99 

November 

96 

83       91 

90 

90 

97 

9S 

97 

December 

lOI 

98       94 

97 

100 

92 

98 

98 

Total    . 

1.200 

I.200  1.200 

1.200 

1.200 

r.200 

1.200 

1.200 

BIRTHS 

The  number  of  births  to  100  marriages  was  as  fol« 
lows-: —  ■*        ■"^*-    ' 


1861-80 

1881-85 

1881-86 

England      .     , 

407 

420 

Germany  .     . 

439 

Scotland 

447 

439 

Russia  ,     .     . 

500 

Ireland  . 

520 

540 

Norwav     .     . 

430 

France   . 

304 

305 

Switzerland    . 

398 

Belgium 

408 

418 

Italv     .     ,     . 

440 

Holland 

422 

470 

Austria      .     . 

419 

Denmark 

360 

376 

Hungary  .     . 

404 

Sweden  . 

414 

408 

Births  according  to  Hours 


.E  m 

J=~. 

E  u 

c' 

Between 

^1 

03  O" 

«1    CO 

Q 

•G 

Midni 

ghit  and  6  a.m.    , 

303 

29.4 

29.6 

285 

29-5 

6  a.  m. 

and  noon      ,     , 

25.6 

25-4 

23.2 

23.8 

24-5 

Noon  and  6  p.m.     .     . 

21.4 

234 

21-5 

21.7 

22.0 

6  p.m 

and  midnight   , 
Total    .     ,     . 

22.7 

21.8 

25-7 

26.0 

24.0 

100. 0 

100.0 

100.0 

100. 0 

100. 0 

From  observations  made  (1855-74)  in  various  countries, 
it  appears  that  1000  maids  or  widows  between  the  ages 
of  15  and  50  have  the  following  number  of  children 


yearly : — 

Ireland    , 

.     4 

France 

Holland  . 

.  10 

Prussia 

Switzerland 

.   11 

Norway 

Belgium  , 

.  17 

Italy  . 

England 

.   17 

Sweden 

«*« 

18 

Scotland 

.  24 

20 

Denmark 

.  3t 

21 
21 

Saxony    . 
Bavaria  . 

•  33 

•  42 

23 

Average  . 

.  21 

The  ratio  of  illegitimate  children  in  various  countries  is 
shown  as  follows  from  observations  in  1S65-78  : — 

iLLEGITIiMATES   IN    lOOO   BiRTHS 

Spain ... 
Portugal 
Italy  .     .     . 
United  States 
Belgium 
Hungary 
France    .     . 
The  ratio  of  still-births  in  various  countries  is  as  fol- 
lows : — 

Per  iooo  Births 
Holland  ...  52 
Belgium  ...  45 
Sweden  ...  32 
Norway  ...  35 

The  occurrence  of  still-births  according  to  months, 
1861-70,  was  as  follows : — 


Greece    .     . 

.  16 

Ireland    .     . 

.  23 

Russia     .     , 

.  31 

HoUand .     . 

•  3S 

Switzerland 

.  48 

Canada  .    . 

.  so 

England .     . 

•  54 

55 

Norway     , 

.     8s 

56 

Germany    . 

.     87 

6S 

Scotland    . 

•     93 

70 

Sweden .     . 

.  102 

71 

Denmark   . 

.  Ill 

71 

Austria  .     . 

•  135 

74 

France    . 

•     .  45 

Prussia    . 

.     .  41 

Austria   . 

.     .  22 

Italy  .     . 

•    •  25 

Switzerland . 

.  46 

Denm.-irk     . 

•  30 

Bavaria  .     . 

•  M 

Average  .     . 

■  37 

?i 

^ 

c 

to 

0 

5? 

3 

c 

2 

0 

•a 

c 

^ 

5 

s 

U4 

Z 

c/} 

J 

£ 

X 

January  .     .     . 

109 

104 

104 

129 

"5 

96 

February 

105 

104 

109 

84 

120 

134 

March 

102 

105 

103 

"5 

88 

HI 

April  .     . 

100 

103 

97 

109 

93 

103 

May    .     . 

99 

104 

91 

109 

104 

109 

June    .     . 

99 

102 

95 

84 

104 

76 

July    .     . 

97 

91 

93 

100 

102 

76 

August    . 

96 

99 

103 

90 

no 

90 

September 

94 

85 

81 

102 

95 

85 

October  . 

96 

102 

107 

87 

72 

90 

November 

98 

99 

108 

100 

104 

1.36 

December 

105 

102 

109 

100 

93 

94 

Total    .     . 

1.200 

1.200 

1.200 

I  200 

•  1,200 

1.200 

crriES 


871 


CLANS 


CITIES 


1- 

Per  1000  Inhabitants 

Mean 

Annual 

Temperature 

"3  2 

Per  1000  Inhabitants 

^  3 

1 

u 

.3 

t: 
n 

10 

Q 

S 
a 

Mean 

Annua 

Tempera 

Alexandria     .    .    . 

232 

45- 0 

34-2 

10.8 

69.0 

Lisbon     .... 

244 

... 

... 

60.4 

Algiers ,    . 

62 

30.1 

64-3 

Liverpool 

600 

37*6 

26.7 

10.9 

50.8 

Amsterdam 

372 

367 

23-7 

13-0 

49-9 

I^ndon  . 

4,280 

34.7 

.  21.2 

13-5 

50.8 

Antwerp    , 

203 

... 

24-7 

Lyons 

402 

26.0 

24.7 

1-3 

53- 0 

Baltimore  , 

332 

21. 1 

... 

54-9 

Madras    . 

398 

39.0 

38.8 

9.2 

81.9 

Barcelona . 

260 

29.2 

... 

61.0 

Madrid    . 

396 

37.5 

37.4 

CKI 

56.2 

Belfast .     . 

185 

28.2 

... 

52.1 

Manchester 

604 

36.9 

25s 

II.4 

48.8 

Berlin    .     . 

1,438 

37-5 

27.6 

9-9 

48.2 

Manilla   . 

270 

■ 

78.4 

Birmingham 

448 

37-6 

19.8 

17.8 

•   48.2 

Marseilles 

360 

... 

28.0 

... 

57-3 

Bombay    . 

773 

25.6 

33.7 

80.3 

Melbourne 

458 

... 

... 

58.0 

Bordeaux  . 

1 241 
■  363 

26.7 

57- 0 

Mexico    . 

212 

... 

30-9 

... 

60.9 

Boston .     , 

30-0 

23-5 

6-5 

48.4 

Milan.     . 

321 

3P-6 

... 

55-1 

Boulogne  . 

V  123 

54  4 

Montreal 

177 

37.0 

... 

44.6 

Bradford    . 

■'  184 

33-1 

21. 1 

12.0 

Moscow  . 

753 

... 

... 

41.0 

Breslau 

273 

37-7 

32.5 

5-2 

46.7 

Munich    . 

280 

39-5 

32.8 

6.7 

48.4 

Brighton    . 

108 

30.6 

19.0 

11.6 

Naples     .    . 

491 

32.0 

33-1 

60.3 

Bristol  .    . 

207 

34-5 

19.6 

14.9 

SW 

Newcastle 

145 

36.8 

21.8 

15.0 

Brussels     . 

463 

34-7 

23-9 

10.8 

50-7 

New  Orleans 

216 

22.7 

6^:z 

Bucharest . 

222 

29-5 

24-5 

S-o 

46.4 

New  York 

1.743 

487 

3i-6 

26.2- 

8:4 

51.8 

Buda-Pesth 

443 

35-8 

35- 2 

0.6 

Si.o 

Nottingham 

3^-7 

22.4 

X4.3 

Buenos  Ayres 

455 

31-7 

•   30.1 

1.6 

62.8 

Oldham  . 

"S 

35-4 

22.8 

12.6 

Cairo    .    . 

37S 

71.2 

Palermo  . 

245 

28.  s 

63. 1 

Calcutta    . 

429 

31-1 

.   784 

Paris   .     . 

2,269 

30.'5 

28.6 

1-9 

51-3 

Chicago     . 

1,503 

20.2 

45-9 

Philadelphia 

1,017 

30.0 

20.5 

9-5 

52.1 

Christiania 

-^ 

34-5 

18.8 

iS-7 

41.S 

Por.tsmouth , 

128 

34-4 

19.7 

14.7 

Cincinnati 

256 

20.2 

54-7 

Quebec    . 

70 

22.9 

40-3 

Constantinop: 

e 

819 

565 

Quito  .     . 

84 

... 

60.9 

Copenhagen  . 

235 

39- 1 

22.1 

17.0 

46.6 

Rio  Janeiro 

356 

35-5 

39-4 

74-2 

Dresden     .    . 

259 

35-4 

25-4/ 

10. 0 

49.1 

Rome .    , 

388 

27.2 

268 

0.4 

60.5 

Dublin  . 

350 

29  I 

27.1 

2.0 

SO.  I 

Rotterdam 

•  194 

38.8 

23-3 

15-5 

510 

Edinburgh 

263 

32.2 

20.2 

12.0 

47.1 

Rouen'    . 

106 

31-3 

Florence 

168 

... 

59-2 

St,  Louis. 

351 

30.0 

19.3 

10.7 

55-0 

Frankfort 

138 

49-6 

St.  Petersburg 

843 

37.8 

51-4 

39.6 

Geneva  » 
Genoa  .  ^ 

69 

24-3 

21.2 

31 

■  47-7 

San  Francisco 

234 

18.1 

... 

55-2 

179 

«... 

61. 1 

Sheffield  .     . 

284 

38.0 

21.6 

16.4 

...    ' 

Glasgow 

512 

37.4 

25-3 

12. 1 

49.8 

Stockholm    , 

222 

33-0 

24.7 

8.3 

42.3 

Hague  .  f 

118 

39-7 

233 

16.4 

52.0 

Sunderland  . 

117 

39-3 

20.9 

18.4 

Hamburg 

454 

37- S 

24- S 

13.0 

47- 0 

Sydney    . 

382 

...  iv. 

62.8 

Havanna 

230 

25-4 

45-7 

78.1 

Tunis  ,    . 

210 

... 

68.8 

Hull  =».« 

' , 

iSS 

36.4 

23.8 

12.6 

Turin  .    . 

241 

31-5 

25.6 

5-9 

53-1 

Jerusalem 

\ 

28 

62.'6 

Valparaiso   , 

lOI 

64.6 

58.0 

Leeds  .  >', 

■A 

3to 

36.' 8 

at.  6 

IS-2 

Venice     ,    , 

152 

30.2 

22.7 

y'-s 

55-4 

Leicester 

123 

38.4 

21.8 

16.6 

..• 

Vienna    .    . 

801 

39-2 

29.0 

51-0 

Leipsic.    , 

169 

26.1 

46.4 

Warsaw  .     , 

432 

44.2 

Lima    .    , 

130 

... 

C 

73-3 

Washington      . 

147 

< 

83.9 

^ 

56.2 

The  density  of  population  of  some  cities  is  shown  in  the 
following  table : — 


London  ^'•T 
Paris  ,  ,' 
Berlin  f  . 
Vienna  .,^^.', 
Florence^ . 
Genoa  <  S 
Dresden  , 
Buda-Pesth  \ 
Milan. 


.Acres,  Area 


76,600 
19.500 
16,200 
13,700 
10,500 
7,900 
7,200 
6.500 
S.500 
4,200 


Inhabitants  per 
.Acre 


51 
"5 
70 
55 
16 
22 
31 
55 
60 
58 


CIVIL  SERVICE 

/In  the  United  Kingdom  there  are  29,000  persons,  with 
.in  aggregate  salary  of  ;^4,ooo,ooo,  say  ;f  130  each. 


CLANS 

For  the  Pretender  in  171 5  : — 


Appin 

300 

Breadalbane 

.    2,000 

Caithness . 

500 

Cameron  . 

,        .     1,000 

Carnworth 

300 

Clanronald 

.    1,000 

Glencoe     . 

300 

Glengary  . 

500 

Glenmoristan 

>        .       100 

Gordon     . 

300 

Hume 

500 

Ken  more. 

300 

Keppoch  , 

.       300 

Linlithgow 

300 

Lovat 

,       800 

M'Donald 

.     1,000 

M'Gregor 

500 

M'Intosh  . 

.       I.OOO 

M'Lean    . 

.       I, COO 

M'Pherson 

.     500 

Marshall  . 

,■' 

soo 

Marr 

1,000 

Montrose . 

2,000 

Murray     . 

' 

300 

Nairn        . 

•  1 

1,000 

Nithsdale.' 

300 

Ogilvy       , 

soo 

Pan  mure  . 

500 

Perth 

1,500 

Robertson 

soo 

Seaforth    . 

3,000 

Southesk  . 

300 

Stormont  . 

300. 

Straglas    . 

100 

Strathmore     , 

300 

Tiillibardine  ,■ 
Wigtown  .    Y 

6,000 

300 

Wintoun  .  "• 

300 

Total 

i- 

31.7=0 

CLANS 


872 


COAL 


For  King  George  : — 

Annandale  .  .  .    500 

Argyle      .  .  .  V.ooo 

Buc'cleuch  .  .  1,000 

Cassils      .  .  .  500 

Douglas    .  ,  .  500 

Dumfries  .  .  .  200 


Dundonald 

300 

Kilmamoi^Tt 

Eglinton  .        . 

300 

Lnuderdale 

Forbes       .         . 

500 

M'Leod    . 

Glencairn . 

300 

M'Neil     . 

Grant 

.     1,000 

Morton     . 

Hamilton . 

.     1,000 

Rae  .        . 

1 


:.  300 
300 
1,000 
I20 
300 
500 


Ross  ^<3r  .  lys- 
Rothes  ■   .  '# 
Roxburgh 
Sutherland 
Weems     . 


-<i 


Total 


COAL 

'fhe  total  production  of  coal  in  the  nineteenth  century  has  been  approximately  as  follows : — 


15.420 


Millions 

of  Tons 

Period 

0 
u 

s 

c 

i 

0 

3 
Pi 

e 
s 

3 
< 

•a  w) 

c 

•3 

c 
U 

1 
3 

< 

■•5 

c 

1 

i 
> 

.0 

1801-20 
1821-40 
1841-50 
1851-60 
1861-70 
1871-80 
1881-89 

210. 
390 
420 
650 
970 

1. 30s 
1,401 

18 
41 
41 
69 
117 
170 
190 

25 
48 

47 
122 

277 
481 
662 

3 

19 
37 

8 

47 

51 

82 

120 

^53 
160 

3 
8 

14 
24 
70 

135 
184 

5 
13     ••• 

44  1     ... 
110  '       1 
260  1       3 
510        6 
970  1     10 

s 

10 

17 

2 

7 
14 
30 

3 

5 

8 

12 

I 

7 
12 

8 

19 
20 

30 

35 
37 
40 

277 
566 

637 
1.093 

1.873 
2.855 
3.78s 

89  years 

S.406 

646 

1.662 

59 

621 

438 

1,912  1     20   ■ 

i 

3^ 

•  53 

28 

20 

189 

11,086 

Value 

,  Million  £  Sterling 

Period 

0 
0 

re 
0 

3 

Oi 

5 

^ 

5t. 

t: 

•0 

< 

•5 

c 

5. 

3 

> 

C3 

1801-20 

1821-40 

1841-50 

1851-60      • 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-89      . 

105 
175 
168 
228 

370 
600 
482 

11 

23 
21 

31 

53 
89 
«5 

10 
18 
16 
34 
75 

121 

i6s 

1 
6 

13 

4 
19 
18 

33 
53 
64 
59 

I 

3 

5 

7 

18 

27 

31 

2 

5 
18 
40 

91  , 

167 

333 

1 
2 
3 

2 

3 

6 

1 

3 
8 

13 

1 

2 

3 

4 

2 

4 

3 
7 
7 
10 
12 
12 
12 

136 
250 

253 

38^ 

681 

1,104 

1,209 

89  years 

2,128 

313 

439 

19 

250 

92 

656 

6 

11 

25 

10 

6 

63 

4,018 

The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  production  and  consumption  in  several  countries  at  various  dates  :— 
I  Production,  Tons 


Yeai 

'.Great  Britain 

France 

Germany 

United  States 

Belgium 

Austria 

Various 

The  World 

1800  .     .     . 

10,100,000 

8c»,ooo 

300,  (XX) 

200, OCX) 

2CX),000 

11,600,000 

1820 

12,500,000 

1,200,000 

i,5cx),ooo 

500, CXX) 

1,000.000 

...< 

500,000 

I7,200,CX30 

1840 

30,000,000 

3,30o,(X)o 

3,400,000 

I,8CX3,CX>0 

3,900,000 

400,000 

2, OCX), 000 

44,8oo,coo 

1850 

49,ocx),ooo 

4, 400, OCX) 

6,7oo,CKX> 

8,000.000 

5,8cx3,cx)0 

2, CXX), 000 

5,500,(X)o 

81,400,000 

i860 

82,OCXI,OCO 

8,30O,CKDO 

i6,7cx5,txx) 

15,200,000 

9,6oo,cx)o 

3,500.000 

7,000,000 

142,300,000 

1870 

IIO,tXXD,000 

13,300,000 

34,oc»,cxx) 

32,900,000 

13,700,000 

9,5C)0,CKD0 

9,000,000 

213,400,000 

1880 

147,000,000 

19,400,000 

59,ioo,cxx> 

70,5<x),ooo 

16, 900, OCX) 

16,100,000 

11,000,000 

340,000,000 

1889 

177,000,000 

24,6cx),ooa 

84,900,000 

142,000,000 

19,800,000 

24,000,000 

12,700,000 

485,000,000 

Year 

Consumption,  Tons 

Great  Britain 

France 

Germany   ' 

United  States 

Belgium 

Austria 

1830 

15, 500, OCX) 

2,700,000 

2,500,000 

1.300.000 

2,000,000 

300,000 

1840  . 

29,000,000 

4,800,000 

3.400.000 

1,800.000 

3,5oo,cx)o 

400,000 

18  so  . 

46,000,000 

9,300.000 

6,000.000 

8,000.000 

4,500,000 

2,000,000 

i860  . 

75,000,000 

14.300,000 

.  15,000,000 

15,500.000 

6,100,000 

3,700,<X)0 

1870  . 

98,000,000 

18,800,000 

30,000,000 

33.000,000 

10,500,000 

10,000,000 

1880  . 

■128.000,000 

28,800,000 

52,000,000 

72.000,000 

11,500,000 

14.500,000 

1889  . 

148,000,000 

34,6oo,coo 

75,000,000 

■ 

I43,cx)o,ooo 

14,300,000 

22,000,000 

COAL 


873 


COAL 


The  average  consumption  yearly  per  inhabitant  was 
approximately  as  follows  :  — 


Cwts 

per  Inhabitant 

1830 

1860 

1888 

United  Kingdom  .         . 

13 

33 

72 

United  Siati-s 

2 

r 

40 

Germany 

I 

4 

28 

France  . 

2 

5 

16 

Belgium 

10 

18 

48 

Russia  .        , 

2 

Austria  . 

2 

II 

Holland 

5 

16 

Spain     . 

... 

I 

2 

Italy 

I 

2 

Sweden . 

6 

Norway 

... 

6 

Denmark 

6 

Switzerland 

5 

Europe . 

2 

S 

18 

Since  1830  the  consumption  in  Europe  of  coal  per 
inhabitant  has  multiplied  ninefold. 

This  is  caused  partly  by  manufactures,  partly  by  rail- 
ways and  steamboats,  but  it  is  expected  that  the  use  of 
electric  power  will  in  future  supersede  in  some  manner 
that  of  coal.  Meantime  the  consumption  of  coal  increases 
year  by  year. 


The  following  table  shows  the  extent  and  estimated 
contents  of  some  of  the  coalfields  of  the  world  : — 


Square  Miles 

Tons 

Great  Britain    .    .     . 

France 

Germany 

Russia     ;     .    .    .     . 
Belgium,  Spain,  &c.   , 
'United  States    .     .    . 

India 

China  and  Japan  .    . 

9,coo 

i,8oo- 

3,600 

27,000 

1,400 

194,000 

35.009 

200,000 

90,000,000,000 

39,000,000,000 
10,000,000,000 

14,000,000,000 
150,000,000,000 

Total    .     . 

471,800 

303,000,000,000 

The  contents,  as  estimated  above,  include  nothing 
beyond  a  depth  of  *40co  feet,  the  deepest  colliery  at 
present  working  being  that  of  Lambert  in  Belgium,  3500 
feet.  The  deepest  in  the  United  Kingdom  is  the  Rose- 
bridge,  2500  feet.  The  above  five  coalfields  contain 
apparently  303,000  millions  of  tons,  which  is  enough  for 
700  years,  at  the  present  rate  of  consumption.  If  to  the 
above  be  added  the  contents  of  coalfields  in  the  United 
States,  Canada,  Australia,  France,  Spain",  and  Belgium, 
the  supply  will  be  found  ample  for  1000  years.  Improved 
machinery  has  greatly  increased  the  yield  per  miner,  and 
thus  produced  a  fall  in  price,  -to  the  advantage  of  all 
industries.  The  official  returns  of  Great  Britain,  Belgium, 
and  Austria  show  as  follows : — 


1874 

1886 

Miners 

Tons  Raised 

Tons  per  Miner 

Miners    * 

Tons  Raised 

Tons  per  Miner 

Great  Britain 
Belgium         . 
Austria  .... 

539,000 

110,000 

67,000 

125,000,000 
15,000,000 
9,000,000, 

232 
136 
135 

485,000 
101,000 
73,000 

160,000,000 
17,000,000 
18,000,000 

330 
168 
247 

In  1889  the  coal  used  for  making  iron  was  approxi- 
mately as  follows : — 

.  Tons 
Great  Britain        ....     17,400,600 
United  States       ....     16,600,000 


Germany 
France,  &c. 


10,000,000 
10,300,000 


Total        .        .        .     54,300,000 
In  1885  the  coal-mining  industry  of  the  world  stood 
approximately  as  follows  :-^ 


c1 

u  S 

s.- 

oS2 

1h 

<>  0 

is 

en  C 

la 

11 

Great  Britain  . 

160 

485,000 

330 

53,700,000 

III 

United  States  . 

104 

300,000 

347 

41,600,000 

139 

Germany     .     . 

74 

£20,000 

336 

17,200,000 

78 

France    .     .     . 

20 

102,000 

196 

9,000,000 

88 

Belgium .     .     . 

17 

101,000 

168 

6,400,000 

(>?, 

Austria  .     .     . 

20 

73,000 

270 

4,200,000 

57 

Other  countries 

20 

100,000 

200 

5,000,000 

50 

Total    .    . 

415 

1,381,000 

300 

137,100,000 

99 

The  number  of  tons  raised  per  miner  is  greater  in- 
United  States  and  Germany  than'  in  Great  Britain. 
Three  fenglish  miners,  nevertheless,  raise  as  much  as  five 
French,  and  the  price  of  coal  in  France  is  always  much 
higher  than  in  England. 

Current  prices  at  pit's  mouth  were  :" — 


Pence  per  Ton 

Period 

•a 

B 
0! 

.  c. 

s 

3 

X 

§ 

|2 

"m 

£ 

bo 

iq 

6 

•H5 

W 

u* 

^ 

< 

0 

jacn 

1871-75  .    .    . 

87 

190 

168 

78 

108 

114 

1876-80  .    .    . 

83 

120 

102 

66 

66 

80 

1881-85  .    •    • 

72 

108 

90 

60 

63 

100 

It  appears  that  9  tons  of  Massachusetts  have  as  much 
carbon  as  10  tons  of  Newcastle  (English)  coal.  The 
percentage  of  coke  obtained  is  as  follows : — 


West pli alia  . 

.  36  per  cent. 

Pennsylvania 

.  89  per  cent. 

Marseilles    . 

.  41       » 

Mayenne .    . 

.  90       » 

Lancashire  . 

.  58       .. 

Wales.    ..    . 

.  91       .. 

The  specific  gravity  and 

percentage  of  carboti  in  different  kinds  of  coal  are  shown 

hus: — 

Weight,  Lbs. 

Percentage 

Weight,  Lbs. 

Percentage 

per  Cubic  Yd. 

Carbon 

per  Cubic  Yd. 

Carbon 

Rhode  Island 

3.054 

86 

Newcastle 

2,160 

87 

Massachusetts 

2,882 

97 

Peat 

2,160 

57 

Pennsylvania 

2.71S 

.89 

Marseilles          ... 

2,080 

63 

Mayenne  (France) 

2.293 

91 

Greek     *  .         .        . 

2,020 

60 

Swansea        .... 

2,266 

89 

Westphalia 

1,840 

63 

Lancashire    .... 
... 

2,240 

83 

Wood       .... 

1,100 

50 

COLONIES 


S74 


COMMERCE 


Madeira  and  the  Azores  are  not  treated  as  colonial 
possessions,  but  as  two  integral  provinces  of  Portugal, 
wfth  deputies  sitting  in  the  Lisbon  Cortes. 

Dutch  Colonies 
The  latest  information  is  to  the  following  effect 


Square  Miles 

Population 

Java  ,        .■       . 

^        ^ 

5^300 

18,100,000 

Sumatra    .        • 

^        , 

46,200 

940,000 

Bencoolen  •       • 

»        , 

9,600 

130,000 

Borneo       .       ■« 

*        , 

197,000 

1,210,000 

Celebes      . 

•        • 

45.200 

350,000 

Moluccas  .        . 

«        •  '■ 

42,400 

330.000 

New  Guinea 

■-       • 

67,400 

200,000 

Palembang    .     » 

■•        « 

61,200 

480,000 

Other  islands  . » 

•        • 

9S.200 

2,160,000 

East  Indies    '   . 

615,500 

23,900,000 

Dutch  Guiana   . 

«        • . 

46,100 

60,000 

Cura9on,  &c. 

•        • 

440 

46,000 

Total 

662,040 

24,006,000 

The  East  Indian  possessions  show  an  aggregate  com- 
Djerce  of  14  millions  sterling  imports  and  16  millions 
exports.  The  gross  revenue  is  ;[^i  1,800,000.  The 
Dutch-India  Company  has  a  monopoly  of  Java,  which 
gives  a  net  profit  of  3  millions  sterling  per  annum.  The 
population  of  the  East  Indian  possessions  is  as  follows  : — 

European  settlers         ....  34>ooo 

Garrison 14,000 

Chinese       ......  '310,000 

Natives        ......  23,542,000 

Total        .        ;    23,900,000 

Most  of  the  natives  are  Mahometans,  except  those,  of 
the  Moluccas,  who  are  Christians. 
The  revenue  is  obtained  thus  :- 
Coffee  plantations 
Opium  p>lantations      .'       . 
Land-tax,  &c.     .        4        . 


Total 


"^^4,700,000 
1,500,000 
5,600,000 

ai, 800,000 


Danish  Coloxies 
Latest  information  may  be  summed  up  thus  ! 


Iceland 
Greenland  .  , 
Faroe  Islands  . 
St.  "I'homas,  &-c. 

Total    . 


74,840 


126,000 


Iceland  is  in  reality  a  republic,  under  Danish  protec- 
tion. In  1804  the  Census  showed  4750  farms,  with 
47,000  inhabitants ;  some  grain  was  then  cultivated.  At 
present  the  island  depends  mainly  on  its  fisheries.  A 
vessel  of  60  tons  with  twelve  men  can  earn  ;^440  in  the 
cod-fishing  season.  Greenland  also  depends  on  fishing, 
the  annual  product  averaging  12,000  barrels  of  blubber 
and  30CO  of  cod-liver.  The  West  Indian  possessions 
comprise  the  three  islands 'of  St.  Thomas,  Sainte  Croix, 
and  St.  John,  which  produce  yearly  7000  tons  of  sugar 
and  one  million  barrels  of  rum.  Denmark  w^s  the  first 
of  all  countries  to  abolish  slavery,  by  liberating  ber^Vest 
Indian  slaves  in  1826. 

German  Colonies 

The  extent  and  population  of  the  new  German  posses- 
sion of  Cameroons  in  Africa  are  not  known.  .The  other 
posse5sions  are ; — 


Square  Miles 

Population  . 

New  Guinea      .    .    . 
Bismarck  Archipelago 
Solomon  Islands    .     . 
Marshall  Islands   .     . 

70,000 

20,000 

9,000 

40 

107,000 

188,000 

80,000 

10,000 

Total    .    .    . 

99,040 

385,000 

COMMEEC£ 

International  trade  has  increased  fortyfold  since  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
ehows  approximately  the  aggregate  value  of  imports  and  exports  fct  each  country : — 

Millions,  £  Sterling 


The  following'  tabled 


1720 

1750 

1780 

1800 

1820  1  1830 

1840 

1860 

1860 

1870 

1880 

1889 

Great  Britain    .        .        .        . 
France     ...,•. 

Germany.        »       *       •        < 
Russia      .                 *        •        1 
Austria  "«       V       a       «       , 
Italy     .^.^       ^        .       •       ', 
Spain    '  '„       1        ,'       «       , 
I'ortugal  .       ,»       .        ,       , 
Scandinavia     . "      .        »       , 
Holland  and  Belgium      « 
Switzerland      .        .        .       j 
Turkey,  &c.      , 

13 
7 
8,' 
8 

3 

10 

2 

3 

4 

I 
2 

21 
13 

IS 
14 

4 

14 
3 

2 
3 

23 

22 
20' 

17 

6 
7 
18 

4 

3 

4 

31 
36 
30 
8 
10 

13 

4 
S 

IS  • 
S 
S 

74 
33 
40 
22 
10 

is 
10 

3 
6 

24 
6 
6 

88 

41 
46 
28 

IS 
so 

7 
3 
8 

30 
8 
7 

114 
66 

52 
33 
22 

30 

10 

4 
12 

45 
10 
10 

169 

95 
70 

40 
29 
38 
II 

5 
18 
61 
20 
20 

375 

167 

130 

48 

47 

52 

2S 

8 

27 
86 
30 
29 

547 
227 
212 
103 

83 
66 

41 
10 

48 
136 

45 
55 

698 

339 

294 

131 
107 
91 
SO 
14 
64 
237 
60 

49 

740 

3" 

367 

118 

92 

94 

59 

18 

73 

310 

60 

72 

Europe     .      '  ,        ,        .        . 
United  States  ..... 
Spanish  America      '.       , 
British  Colonies       «       «       ».       . 

India        .        «        «        ^       »<      i. 
Various    .       »       »       i       «/      . 

1      1                        ^      i. 

62 

10 

a 
9 
S 

103 

is 
3 
9 

10 

137 

3 

20 

I 

10 
IS 

228 

17 
25 

2 

lo- 
20 

249 

23 

30 

3 

II 

25 

301 

23 

35 

9 

10 

30 

408 

41 
48 
21 
20 

35 

576 
62 
70 
44 
30 
50 

1,024 

136 

94 

103 

S3 
80 

I.S73 
165 
135 
128 

85 
105 

2.134 
308 
160 
203 
108 
120 

2.313 
320 
166 
298 

131 
149- 

TheWotkf'     S.      j,       m       t 

y   - 

88 

140 

186 

302 

341    1  407 

573 

832    . 

1,489 

2,191 

3.033 

3.3771 

The  greatest  relative  increase  was  in  the  decade  between  1850  and  i860,  namely,  80  per  cent.,  that  period  being 
contemporaneous  with  the  introduction  of  free  trade. 


Plate 


COMMERCE 


«7o 


COMMERCE 


The  trade  of  all  nations  from  1861  to  1886  was  as  follows  :— 

Millions  £  Sterling- 


Imports 

Exports 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-86 

26  Years 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-86 

26  Years 

United  Kingdom    .        , 

2,701 

3.714 

8,348 

8,763    ' 

2,129 

2,778 

1.74S 

6,652 

France    . 

1,090 

1,560 

1,086 

3.736 

1,100 

1.390 

806 

3.296 

Germany 

950 

1,740 

921 

3,611 

680 

1,270 

925 

2.875 

Russia    . 

270 

490- 

306 

1,066 

280 

480 

339 

1,099 

Austria  . 

302 

570 

302 

1.174 

350 

505 

360 

1. 215 

Italy 

361 

472 

319 

1,152 

263 

444 

262 

969 

Spain  and  Portugal 

222 

253 

231 

706 

164 

242 

199 

605 

Belgium 

305 

562 

355 

1,222 

246 

441 

307 

994 

Holland.    ■     . 

319 

630 

517 

1,466 

258 

432 

399 

1,089 

Scandinavia    . 

169 

348 

235 

752 

151 

262 

169 

582 

Other  countries    ' 

r 

1      \u 

183 

.    174 

345 

702 

225 

159 

.  3" 

695 

Europe   .     " . 

•6,872 

10,513 

6,965 

24.350 

5.846   . 

8,403 

5,822 

20,071 

United  States 

493 

988 

807 

2,288 

361 

1,122 

>  946   , 

.2,429 

Canada  . 

161 

179 

149 

489 

132 

151 

12s    ,. 

A  408 

Australia 

289 

402 

366 

1.057 

191   . 

343    ■ 

282    ' 

.>8i6 

India 

293 

368 

322 

983 

518  i: 

597 

495  , 

1,610 

China  and  Japan 

244 

289 

170 

703 

233  \ 

271 

160  I 

664 

South  America 

528 

587 

317 

1,432 

513  - 

658 

'  3S9  I 

1.530 

Egypt     .        . 

,;  73 

52 

49 

174 

184  • 

136 

\  74*. 

\394 

Java 

'    52 

91 

84   . 

227 

93 

16s 

■  96 ; 

...    354 

Other  countries 

223 

318 

542 

1,083 

.   230  ■ 

311  ■ 

.7602  : 

I.I43N 

Total  .  %- 

■ 

9,228 

13.787 

9.771 

32,786 

8,301 

12.157  , 

8,961,; 

29,419  ^ 

Period 


f  Imports,  of  course,  always  sum  up  a  higher  value  than 
exports,  the  former  including  freight,  insurance,  com- 
mission, and  other  charges,  which  make  up  about  6  per 
cent,  on,  the  original  value  of  exports  at  port  of  shipment. 
The  surpliis  thus  represented  by  imports  has  been  declining 
in  ratio  since  1880,  probably  owing  to  cheaper  freights 
and  the  facilities  afforded  by  telegraphs.  The  surplus 
was  as  follows :—  .,:,!^^,^,;w.;j.^„*fe  :-;  ■?.; ,:  -..;^,-^ 
^  ■"    The  surplus  of  imports  has  been  chiefly  among  European  nations  as  follows  : — 


1861-70  ■  .  jjj- .  "jfi*  . 
1871-80  \-  .  W  .  ix  . 
1881-86  V  .  M  .  «|  . 
1887-88      .^     '■■ 


Millions  Sterling 


1.630/ 
Bio' 

.94  y 


A^  Percentage   2 
over  Exports  ^ 


A 


11.7 


13.6 

\.  9-0 
/6.0 


Millions  £  Sterling 

Percentage  over  Exports 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-86 

26  Years 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-86 

26  Years  J 

United  Kingdom   J.^y    ■^.. 
France   .  .>», .  *|f .' 

vr. 

936 

603 

2,111 

27 

33 

35 

32^ 

170 

280 

440 

12 

35 

14, 

Germany  M  .  X"^.;      '.'      '. 
Italy       .    '«  .  ^  .1      W 

p  970 

470 

... 

736 

40 

38 

26  > 

98 

28 

57 

183 

37 

6 

22 

I9( 

Spain  and  Portugal^     K 

58 

II 

32 

lOI 

35 

S 

16 

,17; 

Belgium.         .         .1     f.; 

59 

121 

48 

228 

24 

27 

16 

23* 

Holland.        .        .       '.\      . 

61 

198 

118 

377 

23 

46 

30 

35 

Scandinavia    .        . 

\    -^^ 

86 

66 

170   ; 

12 

32 

40 

30 

^    The  following  table  shows  the  proportions  of  the  world's 
commerce  corresponding  to  various  nations  since  1830 : — 


1830 

1850 

1870 

1881-86 

1889 

lUnited  Kingdom 
France    .     .     .     .    . 
Germany     .... 

Russia 

Austria 

Italy 

Spain  and  Portugal  . 

Belgium 

HoUand 

Scandinavia     .     .  • . 
Other  countries    .    . 

21.5 
10. 0 
II. 2 
6.8 
3-6 
4.9 

3-2 

3-5 
3.8 
2.0 

.  3-5 

20.4 

11:3 

8.4 

4.9 

H 
4.6 

1.9 

3.5 

4-9 

25.0 
10.4 

9-7 
4.8 
3-7 
30 

2-3 

2.8 

3-2 
2.2 

4-7 

20.8 
10. 1 
9.8 
3.4 
3-5 
31 
2.3 
3-6 
4.8 
2.1 
3-5 

22. 0 

9.2 
10.9 

3-5 
2.7 

2.7 

2-3 

3-3 
5-9 
2.1 

4.0 

Europe 

United  States  .    .    . 
South  America     .     . 
British  colonies    .     . 
China,  &c.  &c.     .     . 

74.0 
5-4 
8.6 
4.6 
7.4 

69.4 

8.3 
8.9 
5-9 

71.8 

7-5 
5-S 
9-5 
5.7 

67.0 
9-3 
35 

10.7 

9-5 

68.6 

9-5 

•    3-4 

9.0 

9-5 

Total.  .     . 

, .-OR-.. 

100. 0 

100. 0 

100. 0 

100. 0 

100. 0 

The  above  comprises  only  merchandise;  specie,  bul- 
lion and  gOld-dust  are  excluded.  The  item  of  British 
colonies  includes  also  India.  ■>  >.^ 

The  commerce  of  the  principal  nations  compared  with 
population  thus  : —  -  -      1 


United  Kingdom 
France  .     . 
Germany    . 
Russia   .     .    , 
Austria  .    . 
Italy.    .    . 
Spain  &  Portugal 
Holland     . 
Belgium 
Scandinavia  , 
Europe  .     .   ' 
United  States 


1830 


s.    d. 


140 
I  14  o 
o  12  6 
o  13  o 
130 
o  16    8 


14  o 

18  o 

12  o 

9  8 


1870 


£    s. 

17    7 

6    4 

5  6 

1  7 

2  7 
2  II 
2  12 

19    8 
12  12 

6  5 
S18 

4    9 


1889 


19  10 

8    3 
7  16 

I    7 


2  6 

3  3 
3  S 

45  o 

18  10 

8  I 

7  o 

5  o 


The  relative  increase  in  the  United  States  has  been] 
much  less  than  inJEurojpe. 


COMMERCE 


876 


COMMERCE 


The  following  table  shows,  in  millions  £  sterling,  the 
average  annual  trade  of  each  country  in  the  years  188 1  to 
1886,  and  also  for  1889,  or  the  year  last  published  : — 


1881-86 

1889 

■> 

to  ■ 

CO 

0. 

^ 

0 

^ 

0. 

,0 

e 

M 

H    . 

B 

H 

United  Kingdom 

391 

291 

682 

427 

313 

740 

France     .    .  •  . 

i8i 

134 

315 

167 

144 

.    311 

Germany . 

IS3 

154 

307 

204 

163 

■367 

Russia 

SI 

•56 

107 

39 

79 

118 

Austria    . 

50 

60 

no 

48 

44 

92 

Italy    .    . 

53 

44 

97 

56 

3» 

94 

Spain  .    . 

30 

27 

57 

29 

30 

59 

Portugal  . 

8 

6 

14 

11 

7 

18 

Sweden    . 

17 

.13 

30 

16 

14 

30 

Norway    . 

9 

6 

IS 

9 

7 

16 

Denmark. 

13 

9 

22 

IS 

IZ 

26 

Belgium  « 

59 

SI 

no 

61 

SO 

III 

Holland-. 

86 

66 

152 

106 

93 

199 

Switjerlarid 

24 

23 

47 

33 

27 

60 

Greece  "  . 

•5 

3 

8 

4 

3 

7 

Roumania 

12 

9 

21 

13 

10 

23 

Servia .     . 

2 

2 

4 

2 

2 

4 

Bulgaria  .• 

2 

2 

4 

3 

3 

6 

Turkey     .    *    . 

17 

9 

26 

so 

13 

33. 

Europe    , 

•    • 

1.163 

96s 

2,128 

1,263 

1.051 

2.314 

1881-86 

1889 

tn 

in 

« 

0 

0. 

0 

•s 

a. 

Q. 

,0 

a. 

Q. 

0 

S 

1-4 

H 

E 

iS  . 

H 

United  States    . 

134 

158 

•  292 

154 

166 

320 

Canada    .    .    . 

25 

21 

46 

23 

19 

42 

Australia .    ,    , 

61 

47 

108 

68 

62 

130 

South  Africa     . 

8 

'9 

17 

9 

10 

19 

Mexico  •.    .     . 

6 

7 

13 

« 

12 

20 

Central  America 

■3 

4 

7 

3 

4 

7 

South  America  . 

S3 

50 

103 

57 

57 

114 

West  Inches .    . 

8 

.8 

.    16 

7 

8 

IS 

India*     .    .     . 

43 

66 

M 

54 

77 

131 

China  . 

22 

19 

41 

26 

23 

49 

Japan . 

6 

8 

14 

II 

11 

22 

Java    . 

14 

16 

30 

14 

16 

30 

Persia.  • 

4 

3 

7 

S 

3 

8 

Egypt . 

8 

12 

20 

7 

12 

19 

Algeria 

.»  . 

10 

■  7 

17 

9 

8 

17 

Cuba  . 

10 

18 

28 

10 

18 

28 

Other  countries 

40 

48 

88 

40 

52 

92 

The  world    .    . 

1,618 

1.466 

3.084 

1,770 

1,607 

3.377 

•  In  this  table  20  per  cent,  is  taken  off  the  nominal  value 
of  Indian  trade  because  the  Government  returns  compute 
the  rupee  at  24  pence. 

The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  weight  of  the  principal  articles  of  merchandise  exchanged  between 
nations: — " 


Tons  Merchandise  Sea-borne  Yearly 

1840 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1880 

1887 

Coal       -J     V 

:} 

m 

1,400,000 

.20,300,000 

30,900,000 

39,200,000 

49,300,000 

Iron 

•■       •( 

H 

f 

1,100,000 

4,200,000 

6,ooo,oco 

8,500,000 

11,800,000 

Timber    . 

f 

■ 

\ 

4,100,000 

6,300,000 

8,000,000 

9,000,000 

12,100,000 

Grain 

•i 

i 

\ 

1,900,000 

^,400,000 

11,200,000 

16,800,000 

19,200,000 

Sugar 

K 

e 

n 

700,000 

1,200,000 

1,800,000 

2,900,000 

4,400,000 

Petroleum 

S 

... 

240,000 

1,400,000 

2,100,000 

2,700,000 

Cotton 

l> 

400,000 

600,000 

1,000,000 

I,200,X)00 

1,800,000 

Wool       , 

S 

a 

20,000 

100,000 

250,000 

300,000 

350,000 

Jute 

H 

8 

... 

100,000 

300,000 

400,000 

600,000 

Meat       , 

H 

f 

u 

... 

100,000 

400,000 

650,000 

700,000 

Coffee     , 

k           m$ 

r^ 

g 

•     1 

200,000 

300,000 

400,000 

500,000 

600,000 

Wine       , 

t.          m 

ti 

200,000 

500,000 

900,000 

1,200,000 

1,400,000 

Salt 

m, 

a 

M 

800,000 

1,000,000 

1,200,000 

1,300,000 

1,300,000- 

Sundries 

Total 

• 

• 

9,180,000 

16,660,000 

24.250,000 

28,950,000 

33,750,000, 

20,000,000 

56,000,000 

88,000,000 

113,000,000 

140,100,000 

The  total  weight  of  sea-borne  merchandise  composing 
the  commerce  of  27  years,  down  to  1887,  and  the  value 
approximately  of  same  at  shipment,  are  shown  as  fol- 
lows:— 


Millions  of 

Value, 

Rat 

oof 

Tons 

Millions 

Weight 

Value 

Coal     .... 

830 

410 

36.0 

1-3 

Iron      .... 

170 

480 

7-4 

1.6 

Timber     .    ..    . 

220 

660 

9-S 

2.1 

Grain   .    .    »  _ . 

180 

1,050 

f       7-8 

3-4 

Sugar  .... 

55 

1.130 

2.4 

3'7 

Petroleum  -..^    . 

33 

180 

1.4 

0.6 

Cotton  .    .  >  ,  , . 

27 

180 

1.2 

0,6 

Salt.    .    ..:^. 

30 
23 

18 

1-3 

... 

Wine    .  .,,•,. 

510 

I.O 

1.6 

Coffee  .    .    .    . 

II 

840 

0.5 

2.7 

Meat     .... 

10 

560 

0.4 

1.8 

Sundries   .    ,    . 

712 

24,982 

31.1 

80.6 

Total    . 

3.300 

31,000 

100,0 

loao 

If  we  compare  the  weight  of\sea-bome  merchandise 
with  the  tonnage  of  shipping  of  all  nations  ft  various 
dates,  we  find  as  follows : — 


Year 

Tons 

Tons 

Tons  Carried  per 

Shippmg 

Merchandise 

Ton  of  Shipping 

1840 

9,400,000 

20,000,000 

2.1 

1865 

17,000,000 

56,000,000 

33 

1875 

18,000,000 

88,000,000 

4-9 

1880 

20,300,000 

113,000,000 

5-6 

1887 

21,200,000 

140,000,000 

6.6 

Each  ton  of  shipping  now  carries  more  than  three  times 
as  much  as  it  did  in  1840,  which  is,  of  course,  due  to  the 
use  of  steam,  one  ton  of  steam-shipping  being  equivalent 
to  four  of  sailing-ships.  The  traffic  of  1887  was  approxi- 
jnatt'y  as  follows  :— 

ToKTtage  Kegister 

Steameis  .        .        .       8,600,000 

Sailing      .        ,        .    12,600,000 


Tons  Carried 

102,000,000 

38,000,000 


Total 


2I,  200,000 


140,000,000 


COMMERCE 


877 


COMMERCE 


,    The  statement  for  ten  years  ending  December  1885 
showed  thus : — 

Millions  £  Sterling 


Imports 
from 

Exports 
to 

Total 

Ratio 

Austria  .     .    . 

54 

30 

84 

42.4 

Great  Britain  . 

20 

24 

44 

22.2 

Germany    .     , 

13 

I 

14 

71 

France   ,     .     . 

9 

8 

If 

8.6 

Turkey  .    .    . 

5 

7 

12 

6.1 

Other  countries 

10 

>7 

27 

13-6 

Total    .    . 

-        1 

87 

198 

lOO.O 

The  imports  were  as  follows  : — 


1880 

1885 

1880-85 

1887 

Textile  goods 
Cotton  yarn 
Shoes    and ) 
leather     f 
Sundries .    . 

1,600,000 
1,000,000 

500,000 

7,100,000 

£ 

1,800,000 
400,000 

800,000 

7,700,000 

£ 
1,700,000 
700,000 

700,000 

6,800,000 

£ 

5,500,000 

700,000 
6,400,000 

Total  .    . 

10,200,000 

10,700.000 

9,900,000 

12,600,000 

The  exports  were  as  follows  ; 


1880 

1885 

1880-86 

1887 

Grain      ^    . 

Sundries 

^  £ 

6,000,000 
2,800,000 

6,800,000' 
3,roo,ooo 

,  £ 

6,200,000 
2,700,000 

£ 

8,600,000 
2,000,000 

Total  .    . 

8,800,000 

9,906.000 

8,900,000 

10,600,000 

United  States 
Trade  with  all  Countries,  Millions  Sterling 


Gross  Trade 

Net  Trade 

Ul 

« 

CO 

Per  In- 

a 

a 

C8 
.0 

a 

v. 
8, 

0 

habitant 

s 

^ 

H 

£ 

^ 

H 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

/, 

£   s.   d. 

179I-I800 

12 

10 

22 

8 

6 

14 

330 

1801-10 

19 

16 

35 

12 

8 

20 

390 

1811-20 

17 

13 

30 

14 

10 

24 

2  15    0 

1821-30 

IS 

15 

30 

12 

11 

23 

220 

1831-40 

25 

21 

46 

23 

18 

40 

2  13    0 

1841-50 

25 

25 

50 

23 

23 

46 

260 

1851-60 

59 

52 

III 

56 

48 

104 

3  17    0 

'1861-70 

69 

S3 

122 

66 

50 

116 

360 

1871-80 

III 

124 

235 

110 

121 

231 

5  r6    0 

1881-86 

137 

161 

298 

135 

156 

291 

5  10    0 

1790 

5 

4 

9 

5 

4 

9 

260. 

1800 

19 

15 

.34 

.  n 

6 

17 

350 

I8I0 

18 

14 

32 

12 

9 

21 

2  18    0 

i8so 

IS 

14 

29 

12 

II 

23 

280 

1830 

13 

IS 

28 

10 

12 

22 

I  15    0 

1840 

20 

26 

46 

18 

23 

41 

260 

1850 

3<> 

30 

66 

34 

28 

62 

2  14    0 

i860 

74 

70 

144 

70 

66 

136 

480 

1870 

93 

81 

171 

«7 

78 

16^ 

450 

1880 

13« 

174 

312 

136 

17a 

308 

630 

1889 

154 

166 

320 

500 

The  above  is  of  merchandise  only,  excluding  bullion. 
.    OflScial  records  of  gross  trade,  including  re-shipnients, 
and  of  the  net  trade  of  the  Union,  as  well  as  of  the 
Colonies  with  Great   Britain   before  Independence,  are 
shown  as  follows  :  — 


Imports 

Exports 

Per 

Inhabitant 

Period 

from  Great 
Britain 

to  Great 
Britain 

Total 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

s.    d. 

1700-10 

267,000 

266,000 . 

533. 000 

16    0 

1711-20 

366,000 

393.000 

759,000 

5    0 

1721-30 

471,000 

579,000 

1,050,000 

2     0 

1731^0 

660,000 

670,000 

1,330,000 

4    0 

1741  -50 

813,000 

-  709,000 

1,522,000 

7    0 

1751-60 

1,577,000 

803,000 

2,380,000 

10    0 

1761-70 

1,763,000 

1,045,000 

1,808,000 

0 

15    0 

1771-80 

i,33t,ooo 

744,000. 

2,075,000 

0 

14    0 

1785 

2,308,000 

894,000 

3,202,000 

1 

0    0 

The  proportion  of  trade  with  Great  Britain  in  the 
commerce  of  the  United  States  since  1790  is  shown  as 
follows : — 


Millions  ^Sterling 

Ratio 

^A 

^  in 

s 

m 

- 

Year 

11 

"is 

n 

fe"S 

•s 

£  2 

iiT^ 

s 

ol 

tS 

^0 

^U 

2 

0 

u 

1790    .... 

5 

4 

9 

ss 

45 

100 

1800    . 

15 

19 

34 

44 

56 

100 

1810    . 

16 

16 

32 

50 

50 

100 

1820    . 

IS 

14 

29 

52 

48 

100 

1830    . 

14 

14 

28 

50 

50 

100 

1840    . 

23 

ag 

46 

SO 

SO 

100 

1850    . 

3a 

34 

66 

48 

52 

100 

i860    . 

68 

76 

144 

47 

53 

100 

1870    . 

8x 

90 

171 

48 

52 

100 

1880    . 

145 

167, 

312 

46 

54 

100 

1889  ■.    .    .    . 

117 

203 

320 

37 

63 

100 

The  statement   for  ten   years  ending   1886  was   as 
follows : — 


Great  Britain  .  . 
Germany  .  .  . 
France  .... 
Cuba.  ■.     .     .     . 

Canada  

China  and  Japan . 
Brazil  .... 
Italy.  .  .  .*. 
Other  countries    . 


Total 


Millions  £,  Sterling 


Imports 
'  from 


32a 
io3 
137 
154 
VS 
66 
96 

23 
263 


1,244 


^?|^"^     Total 


820 
123 
129 
27 

73 
21 

17 
20 

309 


1,539 


1,142 
231 
266 
181 
148 
87 
"3 
43 
572 


2,783 


Ratio 


41.0 

8.3 

9.6 

6.5 
S-3 
3-1 
4.1 
1.6 
20.5 


lOO.O 


.  The  values  pf   exports  in  sixty  years  ending  1S86 
were : — 

Millions  £  Sterling 


<o 

CO 

M 
00 

: 

CO 
09 

CO 

to 

3 

CO 

.1 
10 
00 

<o 

<o 
0 

1 

t- 

.      CO 

Sixty 
Years 

Cotton  . 
Grain    . 

Meat     . 
Petroleum 
Tobacco 
Butter  and 
Cotton  mat 
Iron 
Wooden 
Sundries 

che 

luf 

5es< 
act 

• 
ure 

81 

12 

3 

13 

2 

5 
29 

"4 
J3 

.J: 

IS 
1 
6 
2 
6 

40 

181 
54 
17 

20 

2 

12 

5 

12 

59 

181 
88 
29 
7 
40 
11 
8 

9 
18 

89 

346 

154 

64 

SI 
20 

9 
27 

34 
90 

422 

381 
179 

94 
51 
33 
23 
33 
43 
280 

1.325 

702 
308 
165 
190 
67 
to 
76 

'f 

587 

T 

jta 

I 

145 

202  1  362 

480  870 

1.539  1  3.598 

COMMERCE 


878 


COMMERCE 


The  values  of  imports  for  sixty  years  ending  1886  were  as  follows  :- 

'Millions  £,  Sterling 


\ 

1827-36 

1837-46 

1847-56 

1867-66 

1867-76 

1877-86 

60  Years  '{ 

Sugar       .        . 

IS 

18 

29 

69 

153 

179 

463        ' 

Coffee 

IS 

18 

27 

37 

77 

102 

276 

Woollens . 

23 

21 

42 

63 

108 

85 

342 

Cottons     . 

23 

21 

40 

37 

SO 

S8 

229 

Silks 

21 

23 

46 

43 

52 

77 

262 

Linens 

10 

II 

17 

21 

35 

42 

136 

Iron  manufactures 

10 

8 

33 

31 

69 

69 

220 

Tea  . 

7 

9 

12 

15 

37 

33 

"3 

Sundries  . 

46 

78 

172 

272 

418 

599 

1-585 

Total      . 

• 

170 

207 

418 

588 

999 

1,244  . 

3,626  -u^ 

The  imports  were  as  follows  : — 


1821 

1840 

1860 

1880. 

1888   r-^ 

.     r^    ■    ,-, 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£      4 

Sugar     ;    .    ' 

i,ioo,oco 

1,800,000 

7,100,000 

17,700,000 

19,400,000  i 

Coffee 

90o,cxx) 

1,800,000 

4,500,000 

12,500,000 

15,600,000  : 

Woollen  £;oods 

1,600,000 

I,900,0CX3 

7,800,000 

7,100,000 

10,900,000 

Cotton 

1,600,000 

1,300,000 

1,900,000 

6,200,000 

5,600,000     ; 

Silk 

900,000 

2,000,000 

6,2CX),000 

9,200,CXX5 

7,300,000 

Linen        „ 

500,000 

1,000,000 

2,200,000 

4,700,000 

5,400,000  : 

Iron           ,, 

400,000 

600,000 

3,800,000 

11,200,000 

8,800,000 

Tea  . 

200,000 

1,100,000 

1,800,000 

4,100,000 

2,600,000  . 

Sundries    . 

1,900,000 

6,400,000 

34,600,000 

63,700,000 

78,500,000  .' 

To 

tal 

9,100,000 

17,900,000 

69,900,000 

136,400,000 

154,100,000  J 

The  exports  were  as  follows : — " 


1821 

1840 

1860 

1B80 

1889    -3 

£ 

£ 

.    £ 

£ 

.'^ 

Cotton       .  ~'  .   ^-  .  "   .    ■  . 

4,200,000- 

13,300,000 

39,900,000 

44,000,000 

49,600,000 

Grain 

I,ICX3,000 

2,50O,CX» 

4,600,000 

58,200,000 

25,800,000 

Meat 

300,000 

400,000 

2,100,000 

22,900,000 

21,600,000  , 

Petroleum          .... 

7,500,000 

9,400,000 

Tobacco    ..... 

1,100,000 

2,100,000 

3,900,000 

3,8oo,<xx> 

4,700,000 

Sundries 

2,400,000 

4,800,000 

I5,2(X5,000 

35,000,000 

54,500,000 

■  Total    .        .... 

9^100,000 

23,100,000 

65,700,000 

171,400,000 

165,600,000  J 

The  trade  of  the  Colonies  before  independence  was  as  follows  : — 


1701 

1750! 

1773 

Iiqports.  £ 

Exports,  £ 

Imports,  jQ 

Exports,  £ 

Imports,  £ 

Exports,  £ 

New  England  -,!»--.        ,        .  ■      ; 

New  York 

Pennsylvania 

Carolina 

Virginia,  &c. 

33,000 

19,000 

5,000 

■  17,000 

235,000 

86,000 
32,000 
12,000 
14,000 
199,000 

48,000 

36,000 

28,000 

192,000 

510,000 

344,000 
267,000 
218,000 
133,000 
351,000 

125,000 

•    76,000 

37.000 

457.000 

675,000 

527,000  -^ 
289,000  ^ 

426,000  '3 
345.000  2i 
392,000  ** 

Total   .'    . 

309,000 

343.OCO 

814,000 

1,313,000 

1,370,000 

1.979.000^;^ 

A  The  weight  of  the  principal  exports  was  approximately  as  follows  : 


Tons 

Period 

Cotton 

Grain 

Meat 

Tobacco 

Butter  and 
Cheese 

T;  Total  :^^ 

1827-36.  r*-)ft*;«:i!^ 

1837-46.      . 
1847-56  • 

1S57-66 .      . .     . 
1867-76 .       . ,     . 
1877-86 .       . ;    ■ . ' 

60  years  .>.'[. 

1,600,000 
3,400,000 
4,8oo,cxio 
4,000,000 
4,200,000 
8,800,000 

1,800,000 

2,000,000 

6,000,000 

11,000,000 

18,500,000 

47,000,000 

60,000 

1,000,000 

350,000 

600,000 

1,500,000 

3,600,000 

450,000 
650,000 
750,000 
900,000 
900,000 
.1,100,000 

20,000 

40,000 

200,000 

^  400,000 

,-*  700,000 

3,910,000 
'  6,170,000 
11,940,000 
16,700,000 
25,500,600 
61,200,000 

26,800,000 

86,300,000 

6,210,000 

4,750,000 

1,360,000 

125,420,000 

COPPER 


879 


COTTON 


^^  COPPER 

jThe  production  of  this  metal  has  multiplied  fivefold 


^since  1850,  shown  thus 

:—       y. 

Fine  Copper 

,  Tons 

1850 

1860 

1870 

1880 

1888 

Great  Britain  . 

11,800 

13.540 

7,220 

3.440 

1,500 

France        .••;  . 

2,300 

2,500 

4,900 

5,100 

3,000 

Germany    .    . 

1,650 

3.200 

6,850 

10,140 

15,000 

Russia   .     .     . 

6,000 

S.500 

5.500 

6,100 

5.000 

Spain     .    .    . 

200 

300 

1,100 

21,300 

53.000 

Sweden .     .     . 

2,300 

2,200 

2,000 

1,600 

1,000 

Austria,  &c.    . 

1,600 

1,900 
9,140 

2,000 

2,200 

2,700 

Europe  ,  =«.*■. 

25,850 

29.570 

49,880 

81,200 

(United  States. 

2,700 

5.530 

12,650 

20,260 

103,000 

Chili       .     .'v. 

14,300 

25,100 

30,200 

36,800 

31,000 

Australia    .  '• . 

2,400 

7,600 

9.700 

13,100 

8,000 

Cape  Colony  . 

... 

1,000 

5.000 

8,000 

fVenezuela  .  ^  . 

2,000 

2,000 

3,000 

4,000 

4,000 

Japan     .  • .  -  . 

3,000 

3,000 

3,000 

5.000 

11,000 

Other  countries 

2,000 

3,000 

5,000 

8,000 

15,800 

Total  ■;#." 

52.250 

75.370 

94,120 

142,040 

262,000 

"^ 

l?**'In  1889  the  production  in  the  United  States  was 
107,000  tons  fine  copper,  and  the  consumption  75,000 
tons.  11^:^;^^  C;-  -  • 
"AThejatiolof  copger  to  copper  ore  is  as  follows  : — 


%Per  Cent,  of 
tl^ure  Copper 
i        ••     3 

R         .     4 
S 


England  , 
Australia  •■  . 
United  States 


Per  Cent,  of 
Pure  Copper 

•  7 
.  12 
.     18 


^  The  ai^^^fcopper  trade 'since  1850  has  been  as  fol- 
lows : — f  ^f"^'    ' 


YearJ 

;        ),Tons 

Value 

Fine 

^"^  ported 

Ex- 
ported 

Imports 

E.xports 

Copper 
per  Ton 

7 
i85oirf 
1851-60 
i860  \ 
1861-70 
1870):, 
1871-80 

i88i     . 
1888  ' . 

■•51,000 
78,000 
109,000 
133,000 
137,000 
147,000 
182,000 
280,000 

11,000 
26,000 
31,000 
46,000 
52,000 
56,000 
65,000 
40,000 

1,412,000 
2,254,000 
3,404,000 
4,016,000 
4,039,000 
5,151,000 
4,593,200 
8,600,000 

/ 
1,080,000 
2,531,000 
3.153.000 
3,844,000 
3,772,000 
4,413,000 
4,284,000 
3,ioo,coo 

£ 

102 
98 

107 
89 
76 
78 

68 
80 

-"The  imports   include,  besides  copper,  a  quantity  of 
'  regulus,    or  half-smelted  ore. 

The  following  table  shows  the  annual  yield  of  copper- 
mines  in  Great  "Britain  : — 


•    Period 

1725-45.'^" 
1746-65. V 
1766-85. 
1786-1800 


Trnts  Value,  £, 
'ir  560  84,000 
1,030  160.000 
2,020  ■  290,000 
2,710    430,000 


Period 
1801-20. 
1821-40. 
1841-60. 
1861-80. 


Tons 

5.880 

13,220 

12,840 

8,070 


Value,  I 

720,000 

1,360,000 

1.355.000 

686,000 


*-■ 'The  total  value  of  the  output  for  100  years  ending  1880 
was  91  millions  sterling.  In  18S8  the  total  product  of 
copper  in  the  world  was  valued  at  20  millions  sterling  per 
annum.  The  prices  of  this  metal,  however,  vary  exceed- 
ingly ;  in  iSSzit  was;^67per  ton,  falling  in  1886  to  ;i^40; 
whereupon  a  French  "ring  "  drove  up  the  price  to  ;!^8o, 
but  it  fell  afterwards  to  £10. 

*  It  is  remarkable  that,  although  copper-money  is  no 
longer  in  use,  the  consumption  of  this  metal  is  more  than 
five  times  as  great  as  it  was  forty  years  ago.  This  is  in 
great  measure  explained  by  the  enormous  development  of 
telegraph  wire,  cartridges,  and  other  things  in  which 
copjjer  largely  enters. 


COTTON. 


According  to  Baines  and  other  authorities,  the  prbduc 
tion  of  raw  cotton  was  as  follows : —     •   ^. 


^ 


Million  Lbs. 

1h 

"5  2 

c« 

■2| 

Egypt 

India 

i 

•n 

C3 
>   , 

Total 

1791   .   .   .   . 

•     r     2 

102 

... 

130 

256 

490 

I80I    . 

48 

102 

... 

160 

210 

520 

1811    . 

80 

104 

... 

170 

20I 

555 

1821    . 

180 

86 

6 

175 

183 

630 

1831    .   , 

3S5 

82 

18 

180 

T-hS 

820 

1840    . 

878 

90 

30 

212 

100 

1,310 

1850    . 

890 

90 

45 

310 

100 

1.435 

i860  .. 

x,88o 

90 

5i 

420 

100 

2.551 

1870    . 

1.540 

270 

240 

625 

100 

2.775 

1880    . 

2.593 

86 

282 

•540 

100 

3,601 

1888    . 

3.420 

85 

290 

888 

'  100 

4.783 

Ellison's  table  and  others  shov^  the  consumption  to 
have  been  at  various  dates  as  follows : — 


Millions  of  Lbs. 

1830 

250 

1840 

1850 

1860 

186» 

1880 

1887-8 

United  Kingdom 

4M 

588 

1,140 

1,101 

1,404 

1,530 

France       .     .     . 

68 

116 

140 

226 

220 

2Q0 

310 

Germany  .     .     . 

16 

26 

46 

140 

147 

286 

378 

Russia  .... 

4 

14 

48 

87 

97 

220 

369 

Austria.     .    ,    , 

20 

34 

58 

94 

96 

140 

235 

Italy     .... 

4 

8 

16 

26 

26 

64 

152 

Spain    .... 

b 

14 

.34 

52 

50 

88 

105 

Sweden     .     .     . 

•  I 

2 

8 

16 

16 

25 

28 

Holland    .     .     . 

2 

4 

5 

6 

10 

20 

24 

Belgium    .     .     . 

8 

16 

22 

29 

35 

50 

52 

Switzerland    .     . 

9 

388 

18 

.  24 
988 

30 
1,847 

39 
1.837 

49 

2.546 

52 

Europe      .     .    . 

707 

3,23s 

United  States     . 

n 

i^"? 

288 

390 

400 

768 

1,010 

India    .... 

... 

26 

35 

172 

283 

■Various     .     .     . 

.5 

470 

10 

10 
1,286 

10 

20 

60 

100 

Total     . 

852 

2.273 

2,292 

3.546 

4,628 

-  _  J 

f 

■ 

The  production  and  consumption  of  raw  cotton  in  67 
years  ending  December  1887  were  approximately  as 
follows : — 


Production,  Tons  Aggregate 


Period 


United 
States 


1821-30 
1831-40 
1841-50 
1851-60 
1861-70 
1871-80 
1881-87 


67  years  134,850,000 10,910,000 


1,050,000 
2,270,000 
3,950,000 
6,450,000 
3,750,000 
8,700,000 
8,680,000 


India 


310,000 
480,000 
950,000 
,400,000 
,900,000 
1,630,000 
,240,000 


Egypt 


100,000 
120,000 
170,000 
260,000 
870,000 
,290,000 
910,000 


3,720,000 


Brazil, 
&c. 


120,000 
120,000 
150,000 
150,000 
670,000 
305,000 
230,000 


,685,000 


Total 


,580,000 
1,990,000 
;, 220,000 
,260,000 
,190,000 
,925,000 

!, 060, 000 


51,165,000 


It  appears  that  the  United  States  have  produced  two- 
thirds  of  the  cotton  which  has  been  consumed  by  the 
factories  of  the  world  in  the  last  67  years,  and  that  the 
cotton-crop  of  the  world  shows  a  steady  increase,  the 
decade  ending  1890  showing  400,000  tons  a  year  more 
than  the  preceding.  Great  Britain  consumes  one-third  of 
all  the  cotton  produced,  the  United  States  being  the  next 
largest  consumer.  In  this  industry  France  stood  aheaii 
of  Germany  until  the  war  of  1870. 


COTTON 


880 


COTTON 


Consumption,  Tons  A 

ggregate 

1821-40 

1841-60 

1861-60 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-87 

Total 

Great  Britain  . 

3,310,000 

2,320,000 

3,830,000 

3,540,000 

5,650,000 

4,550,000 

22,200,000 

France     .... 

660,000 

610,000 

830,006 

760,000 

950,000 

■    940,000 

4.750,000 

Germany.        .        . 

190,000 

410,000 

660,000 

650,000 

1,140,000 

1,220,000 

4,270,000 

Russia     .... 

180,000 

-240,000 

360,000 

320,000 

820,000 

890,000 

2,^10,000 

Austria    M       m       »       ' 

160,000 

200,000 

370,000 

330,000 

650,000 

640,000 

2.350,000 

Italy        .... 

40,000 

50,000 

90,000 

120,000 

310,000 

410,000 

1,020,000 

Spain       •        •        .        . 

80,000 

110,000 

200,000 

170,000 

340,000 

340,000 

1,240,000 

Sweden    •       •       .        . 

10,000 

20,000 

50,000  . 

50,000 

90,000 

90,000 

310,000 

Holland  .... 

10,000 

ao,ooo 

25,000 

20,000 

65,000 

70,000 

210,000 

Belgium  ..... 

150,000 

120,000 

130,000 

120,000 

200,000 

170,000 

890,000 

Switzerland      . 

80,000 

90,000 

120,000 

100,000 

200,000 

160,000 
t 

750,000 

Europe    ... 

3,870,060 

4,190,000 

6,665,000 

6,180,000 

10,415,000 

9,480,000 

40,790,000 

United  States  . 

650,000 

*     990,000 

1,550,000 

1,970,000 

^,320,000 

2,780,000 

10,260,000 

India       .       .        o        . 

40,000 

40,000 . 

4S.OOO 

40,000 

130,000 

710,000 

1,025,000 

Total       .        . 

.4,560,000 

5,220,000 

8,260,000 

8,190,000 

12,865,000 

12,970,000 

52,075,000 

There  is  an  "apparent  discrepanqr  in  the  above  table, 
the  consumption  of  cottoil  in  the  period  188J-87  exceed- 
ing the  production  by  910,000  tons,  which  is  explained 
by  the  circumstance  that  cotton  yatn  is  often  counted 
with  raw  cotton.    In  the  said  period  the  cotton-mills  of 


Continental  Europe  figure  above  for  4,930,000  tons  of 
raw  cotton,  but  this  included  910,000  tons  of  yam,  which 
was  thus  counted  twice,  having  been  already  included  as 
raw  cotton  in  the  mills  of  Great  Britain  and  other  coimtries, 
that  produce  more  yam  than  they  require. 


The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  outpjit  of  cotton  cloth  in  English  statute  miles :— 


1821-40 

1841-60 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-87 

Total 

Great  Britain    . 

9,410,000 

27,450,000 

16,300,000 

29,300,000 

23,390,000 

105,760,000 

France 

3,800,000 

8,000,000 

4,300,000 

5,500,000 

5,500,000 

27,100,000 

Germany  . 

1,100,000 

5,800,000 

3,500,000 

6,500,000 

7,000,000 

23,900,000 

Russia      .        . 

1,050,000 

3,500,000 

1,800,000 

4,600,000 

5,150,000 

16, 100,000 

Austria'    .        .        < 

900,000 

3,200,000 

1,900,000 

3,600,000 

3,500,000 

13, 100,000 

Italy 

200,060 

750,000 

650,000 

1,700,000 

2,300,000 

5,600,000 

Spain        .        . 

400,000 

1,700,000 

900,000 

1,900,000 

1,900,000 

6,800,000 

Sweden     .        . 

50,000 

350,000 

250,000 

500,000 

500,000 

1,650,000 

Holland   . 

100,000 

200,000 

100,000 

350,060 

400,000 

1,150,000 

Belgium    . 

800,000 

1,450,000 

700,00a 

1,100,000 

950,000 

5,000,000 

Switzerland 

450,000 

1,150,000 

550,000 

1,J00,000 

900,000 

4,150,000 

Europe     . 

18,260,000 

53.550,000 

30,950,000 

56,150,000 

5i-,40o,ooo 

210,310,000 

United  States  . 

3,700,000 

14,500,000 

11,200,000 

13,300,000 

16,200,000 

58,900,000 

India,  &c. 

240,000 

606,000 

250,000 

650,000 

3,550,000 

5,390,000 

Total 

22,200,000 

68,650,000 

42,400,000 

70,100,000 

71,150,000 

274.500.000 

The  following  summary-  shows  the  business  for  67 
years  approximately,  viz.,  1821-87  : — 


Value,  Millions  £ 

Tons 

Miles 

Cotton 

Ooth 

Cot- 

Manu- 

Net 

Consumed 

Made 

ton 

factures 

U.  Kingdom 

I.S9S 

4,461 

2,866 

22,200,000 

105,760,000 

France    .    . 

355 

X.037 

682 

4,750,000 

27,100,000 

Germany     . 

317 

801 

484 

4,270,000 

23,900,000 

Russia    .    . 

206 

S30 

324 

2,810,000 

16, 100,000 

Austria  .    . 

173 

443 

270 

2,350,000 

13,100.000 

Italy  .    .    . 

75 

178 

103 

1,020,000 

&6oo,ooo 

Spain .    .    . 

93 

332. 

139 

1,240,000 

6,800,000 

Sweden  .    . 

24 

56 

32 

310,000 

1,650,000 

Holland.    . 

16 

39 

23 

220,000 

1,150,000 

Belgium  .     . 

69 

193 

124 

870,000 

5,000,000 

Switzerland . 

56 

153 

97 

750,000 

4,150^000 

Europe   .    . 

2.979 

8,123 

5.144 

40,790,000 

210,310,006 

United  States 

705 

1.563 

858 

10,260,000 

58,900,000 

India,  &c   . 

60 

141 

81 

1,025,000 

5,290,000 

Total    , 

3.744 

9,827 

6,083 

52,075,000 

374,500^000 

The  following  table  shows  the  latest  information  of 
manufacturing  industry  as  regards  cotton ;  the  number  of 
operatives  in  some  covmtries  is  uncertain : — 


Great  Britain 
United  States 
France  .  . 
Germany  .- 
Russia  .  . 
Austria  .  . 
Italy  .  -.  , 
Spain  and  ) 
Portugal ) 
Belgium .  . 
Holland.  . 
Scandinavia 
Switzerland 
India .  .  . 
Japan     .    . 

Total    . 


No.  of 
Spindles 


740,000 
500,000 
900,000 
150,000 
000,000 
100,000 
,200,000 

200,000 

800,000 
300,000 
300,000 
,900,000 
,380,000 
500,000 


82,370,000 


Cotton, 

Million 

Lbs. 


1.530 

Z,OIO 

310 

378 
369 
235- 
152 


52 

24 
38 

52 

283 

30_ 

4.573 


Operatives 


504,000 
200,000 
110.000 
290,000 
180,000 
150,000 
80,000 

53.000 
20,000, 
jo,ooo 
10.000 
30.000 
81,000 
10,000 

1,728,000 


Output,  £ 


101,400,000 
60,200,000 
18,600,000 
23,000,000 
22,200,000 
14,100,000 
9,100,000 

7,200,000 

3,100,000 
1,500,000 
1,700,000 
3,100,000 
14,300,000 
1,600,000 

281,000,000 


CUE.IOSITIES 


8S1 


CUSTOMS 


The  Census  of  1880  classified  offenders  as  follows : — 


Males  . 
Females 


Total 


54.190 
5.068 


59.258 


Americans      46,348 
Foreigners      12,910 


Total    59,258 


White    .     42,280 
Coloured    16,978 


Total .     59,258 


The  Chicago  Tribune  gives  the  following  statistics  of 
murders  and  executions  in  the  United  States  since  1884 : — 


Year 

Murders 

Legal 
Executions 

Lynchings 

1884  . 

1885  . 

1886  . 

1887  . 

1888  . 

1889  . 

3377 
1,808 

1.499 
2.335 
2,184 

3.567 

103 
108 

83 
79 
87 
98 

219 
181 

133 
123 
144 

Total 

14.770       1        558 

975 

There  are  four  States  in  which  capital  punishment  is 
not  allowed:  Maine,  Rhode  Island,  Wisconsin,  and 
Michigan. 

CURIOSITIES 

Prices  paid  in  recent  times  have  been  for — 
Books. — Mr.  Quaritch  paid  ;^490O  for  a  Latin  Psalter, 
and  ;^3900  for  a  Mazarin  Bible  at  Syston  Hall  sale. 

Coins. — In  1889  a  silver  penny  of  William  the  Con- 
queror fetched  £^2,  a  half-crown  of  Elizabeth  ;^44,  and 
one  of  Charles  I.  £iS  sterling. 


Letters  and  Autographs. — In  1889  at  public  sale  in 
London  the  following  prices  were  paid : — 


Addison     , 
Bolingbroke 
Bruce  (trav.) 
Burke   . 
Burns    . 
Byron   . 
Carlyle. 
Coleridge 
Dickens 
Disraeli 
Elizabeth,  Q. 
Elliot,  G. 


/: 

£ 

6 

Pope    . 

.  16 

6 

Quincey 

.   7. 

6 

Richelieu 

.    1; 

S- 

Schiller 

.   0 

2 

Scott     . 

.  17 

6 

Shelley . 

.  19 

9 

Smollett 

•   s 

14 

Sterne  . 

.     8 

6 

Tennyson 

.     7 

II 

Thackeray 

.     6 

64 

Washington  .  10 

6 

Franklin  . 
Gibbon  . 
Hood  .  . 
Hume  .  . 
Irving,  W. 
Johnson,  S. 
Kean,  E.  . 
Keats  .  . 
Lamb,  C.  . 
Nelson  .  . 
Newton 
Foe,  E.      . 

Manuscripts.— ThaX  of  Bums's  poem  "Scots  Wha 
Hae"  was  sold  in  London  in  May  iSgo  for  £jo ;  that  of 
Wilkie  Collins's  novel  "The  Woman  in  White,"  on  the 
same  occasion,  for  £z^o. 

Postage  .Stamps. — A  collection  was  sold  in  Paris  in 
1880  for  ;^8ooo  sterling ;  the  purchaser  was  said  to  be  the 
Duchess  Galiera,  otherwise  known  for  her  princely  dona- 
tion^  to  the  poor  of  Genoa. 

Violins. — At  a  sale  in  Paris  in  1887  the  following 
prices  were  paid  : — 

Date  £ 

Stradivarius       ....    1689  760 

„  ....     1691  480 

Ruggeri     .....    1650  1,280 

A  violin  bow  by  Tourte  fetched  ;^44  sterling. 
Walking-Stick.  —That  of  George  IV.  was  sold  at  auction 
in  July  1890  ioi  £lZ  sterling. 


CUSTOMS 

The  following  table  shows  the  customs  revenue  of  nations : — 


United  Kingdom 

France 

Germany 

Russia 

Austria 

Italy 

Spain 

Portugal 

Belgium 

Holland 

Denmark 

Sweden  and  Norway 


Europe 
United  States 
Canada     « 
Australia  . 
Brazil        . 
India 
Egypt       . 


Amount,  £ 


1871-S3 


20,110,000 

10,320,000 

8,640,000 

10,525,000 

2,610,000 

5,080,000 

4,410,000 

1,790,000 

780,000 

415,000 

950,000 

2,390,000 


The  world 


68.020,000 
26,030,000 
2,715,000 
4,250,000 
6,680,000 
2,220,000 
780,000 


110,695,000 


1887 


19,900,000 

13,400,000 

12,700,000 

10,200,000 

3,000,000 

■  10,000,000 

3,600,000 

3,400,000 

1,200,000 

400,000 

1,200,000 

2,600,000 


81,600,000 
44,600,000 
4,800,000 
7,500,000 
9, 200, 000  > 
3,200,000 
800,000 


151.700,000 


Ratio  to  Total  Commerce 


1871-«0 


Per  Cent 

3-36 

3-78 

3.28 

10.02 

2.38 

5.80 

12.10 

15.22 

0.87 

0.36 

5-42 

7.05 


3-90 

13.10 

8.23 

6,11 

20.-32 
2.33 

4-51 


S-io 


1887 


Per  Cent. 
3.10 

4-45 
4.10 

10.20 
2.40 

11.10 
6.00 

41.00 
1,10 
0.20 
S70 
6.1b 


4.10 
15.00 
1 1. '20 

7-50 

21.00 

2.20 

4.00 


5.60 


Shillings,  per  Inhabitant 


1871-80 


Per  Cenu 
12.5 

i-7 
4.0 
3.0 
i-S 
3.6 
55 
8.5 
3.1 
2.3 
10.  o 
7.6 


4.4 
12.0 
13.0 
34.0 
13. 1 
0.2 
4.0 


3-9 


1887 


Per  Cent. 

10. 5 

7.0 

4-5 
2.2 
1.6 

6.5 
4.2 
18.0 
4.0 
2.0 

Z2.0 
8.0 


5.5 
150 
18.5 

4S.O 
I5-0 
03 
4.0 


5-2 


The  British  customs  revenue  is  shown  as  follows : 


Year 

£ 

Ratio  to 

Shillings  per 

Commerce 

Inhabitant 

1580     .    . 

14,000 

0.42 

0.1 

1614     .    . 

178,000 

4.22. 

0.8 

1684     .    . 

530,000 

6.70 

2.0 

1720     .    . 

1,555,000 

10.40 

S-i 

1800     .    . 

6,788,000 

10.02 

13.0 

1827     ,    . 

21,009,000 

23.10 

18.1 

1844     .    . 

24,277,000 

20.05 

18.0 

1866     .    . 

21,276,000 

4-95 

14.2 

1881     .    . 

19,184,000 

3.36 

11.4 

1888     .    . 

1    20, 100,000 

2.93 

10. 5 

In  1883  the  incidence  of  Briti^  Customs  was  esti- 
mated : — 


Amount  Paid  by  Clas.ses 

Total 

Rich 

Middle 

Working 

Amount 

Spirits 
Wine. 
Tea    . 
Coffee 
Fruits 
Tobacco, 

&l 

£ 

170,000 

4SSOOO 

160,000 

11,000 

35,000 

.  370L000 

£ 

i,35o;ooo 

885,000 

1,288,000 

90,000 

285,000 

2,890.000 

£ 

2,703,000 
26,000 

2,526,000 
212,000 
190,000 

5,620,000 

£ 
4,223,000 
1,366,000 
3,974,000 
313,000 
510,000 
8,890,000 

Tola 

I    . 

I,20I,0uo'  6,808,000 

11,267,090 

19,276,000 

CUSTOMS 


882 


DAIRY 


The  incidence  per  head  on  each  class  was  as  follows ! 


■     Rich 

Middle 

Working 

Total 

Spirits.     .    . 
"Wine.    .    . 
Tea.    .    .    . 
CofiFee      .    . 
Fruits .     .    . 
Tobacco,  &C. 

£  ^.    d. 

O      2   II 

o    7  lo 
029 
002 
007 
06s 

£  s.  d. 
0  2  10 
0  I  10 
029 
002 
007 
056 

£  s.  d, 
023 

021 
002 
002 
050 

£   ^.    d. 
025 
0    0  10 
023 
002 
003 
OSS 

Total    » 

108 

0  13    8 

098 

0  II    4 

The  working  classes  form  69  per  cent.,  the  middle 
class  28  per  cent. ,  and  the  upper  class  3  per  cent,  of  the 
population  of  the  United  Kingdom,  as  appears  from  the 
Probate  returns  (1877). 

The  duties  ad  valorem  on  English  cotton  goods  in 
foreign  covin  tries  in  1884  were  : — 


Per 
Cent. 
China,  Guiana   .    .     .     S 
India,  Queensland  .    .     5 

Turkey 7 

Cape,  Feejee .  .  .  .  10 
Tasmania,  S.  Australia  10 
Uruguay,  W.  Indies  .  12 
Newfoundland  ...  13 


Per 
Cent. 
Belgium,  Greece     .     .  15 
Holland,  New  Zealand  15 

Austria 18 

Canada 20 

Victoria,  Chili    ...  25 

Brazil 30 

Argentine  Republic     .  40 


The  following  table  shows  the  British  tariflf  at  various 
epochs : — 

Duties  Expressed  in  Shillings 


1787 

1819 

1834 

18SS 

Bacon,  cwt.      .    .    . 

47 

■     56 

28 

Books      „ 

20 

100 

100 

; 

Butter     „ 

Z:\ 

20 

20 

Cheese    „ 

I;; 

10 

10 

'. 

Cocoa      „ 

240 

280 

19 

9 

Coffee     „ 

224 

280 

140 

14 

Cotton    „ 

9 

9 

3 

Eggs       » 

3 

6 

6 

Paper      „ 

? 

94 

28 

Potatoes,, 

4 

2 

2. 

Rice        ,i 

7 

IS 

IS 

•  ••    \ 

Soap       ,, 

44 

90 

90 

Spirits,  gallon 

6 

22 

22 

10 

Sugar,  cwt. 

37 

63 

63 

•  >• 

Tallow    „ 

3 

I 

^   ^ 

Tea 

4S 

224 

240 

S6 

Tobacco,, 

392 

448 

784 

393 

Wine,  gallon 

5 

14 

si 

I 

Wool,  cwt. 

S6 

9 

... 

Blanks  in  the  above  table  signify  duty-free.  Grain  was 
subject  to  import-dues  on  a  sliding  scale,  according  to 
market  prices  in  Great  Britain,  down  to  1846. 

The  customs  revenue  of  China  in  1888  reached  .6 
millions  sterling. 


D: 


DAIRT 

The  subjoined,  table  shows  approximately  the  number 
of  milch  cows  and  the  dairy  products  of  various  countries. 
English  cows  average  400  gallons  of  milk  yearly,  and  the 
butter  produce  of  a  good  cow  is  about  140  lbs.  In  Hol- 
land each  cow  gives  about  80  lbs.  of  butter,  and  180  lbs. 
cheese.  New  York  cows  average  330  lbs.  cheese,  Cana- 
dian 2S0  lbs.,  and  Parma  300  lbs.  It  takes  a  gallon  of 
milk  to  make  a  pound  of  cheese. 


Milch  Cows 

Tons  Butter 
and  Cheese 

Value  of  But- 
ter, Cheese, 
and  Milk 

United  Kingdom 

3,400,000 

110,000 

£ 
31,200,000 

France  .... 

4,800,000 

160,000 

47,000,000 

Germany   .     .     . 

6,800,000 

200,000 

55,300,000 

Russia  .... 

7,900,000 

220,000 

47,700,000 

Austria .... 

4,foo,ooo 

130,060 

34,500,000 

Italy      .... 

1,600,000 

50,000 

14,400,000 

Spain     .... 

1,000,000 

30,000 

9,300,000 

Portugal    .     .     . 

200,000 

6,000 

1,900,000 

Sweden       .     .     . 

800,000 

40,000 

7,000,000 

Norway      .     .     . 

400,000 

10,000 

3,000,000 

Denmark  .     .     . 

900,000 

60,000 

6,400,000 

Holland     .     .     . 

000,000 

80,000 

9,500,000 

Belgium     .     ,    . 

600,000 

30,000 

5,000,000 

Switzerland    .     . 

400,000 

40,000 

4,800,000 

Roumania .     .     . 

1,200,000 

20,000 

4,800,0001 

Servia   .... 

300,000 

10,000 

2,000,000 

Turkey.    .    .     . 

300,000 

10,000 

2,000,000 

Europe.    .    .    . 

36,100.000 

1,206,000 

285,800,000 

United  States     . 

15,900.000 

610,000 

79,000,000 

Canada      .    .     . 

1,300,000 

100,000 

7,500,000 

Australia   .    .     . 

600,000 

30,000 

4,000,000 

Total    .    . 

53,900,000 

1,946,000 

376,300,000 

The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  consump- 
tion of  butter  and  cheese  in  various  countries : — 


Consumption,  Tons 

Lbs.  per 

Native 

Imported 

Total 

Inbab. 

U.  Kingdom  . 
France  .    .     . 
Germany    .     . 
Russia  .    .    .* 
Austria  .    .    . 
Italy.     .    .     . 
Spain     .    .    . 
Portugal     .     . 
Sweden .     .     . 
Norway      .     . 
Denmark    .     . 
Holland      .     . 
Belgium      .     . 
Switzerland     . 
Roumania,  &c. 

110,000 

145,000 

185,000 

210,000 

130,000 

50,000 

30,000 

6,000 

25,000 

10,000 

20.  coo 

30,000 
30,000 
15,000 
40.000 

218,000 

10,000 
1,000 
3,000 

10,000 

328,000 

145,000 

185,000 

210,000 

130,000 

60,000 

30,000 

7,000 

25,000 

13,000 

20,000 

30,000 

40,000 

15,000 

40,000 

19 
8 
8 
S 
7 
4 
3 
3 

II 

14 
22 

IS 
IS 
II 

9 

Europe  .    .     . 
United  States 
Canada .     .     . 
Australia    .    . 

1,036,000 

560,000 

50,000 

30,000 

242,000 

1,278,000 

560,000 

50,000 

30,000 

9 
20 
22 
17 

Total    . 

1,676,000 

242,000 

1,918,000 

11 

United  Kingdom 

The  annual  production  of  milk  in  the  United  Kingdom 
exceeds  400  gallons  per  cow,  say  1400  million  gallons, 
of  which  400  millions  are  used  for  making  butter  and 
cheese,  600  millions  as  milk  for  the  table  at  an  average 
of  16  gallons  per  inhabitant,  and  400  millions  in  fattening 
calves,  &C.  The  consumption  in  London  is  only  a  little 
over  .6  gallons  per  inhabitant.  At  the  churning  com- 
petition of  England  in  1889  the  average  production  of 


DEATHS 


8S3 


df:aths 


butter  was  4  per  cent,  that  is  2  J  gallons  milk  to  one 

pound  of  butter.  ,      tv  •  "  j 

The  consumption  of  dairy  products  m  the  United 

Kingdom  has  been  approximately  as  follows  ; — 


I  Native 

[  Butter 

Year  j     and 

I  Cheese, 

Tons 


go.ooo 
95,000 
100,000 
105,000 

lIOjOOO 


Tons  Imported 


Butter     Cheese  ■    Total 


15,000 

37,000 

52,000 

1104,000 

136,'boo 


ig.ood 
26,000 
46,000 
79,000 
82,000 


30,000 
63,000 
98,000 
183.000 

2l8,Q0O 


Total 

Con-  . 

sumption 


120,000 
158,000 
198,000 
288,000 
328,000 


The.  item  of  imported  butter  in  1889  was  made,  up  of 
83,000  tons  real  butter  and  53,000  tons  margarine. 

A  farm  in  Cheshire  of  fifty  milch  cows  has  been 
found  to  produce  9400  tons  of  cheese,  equal  to  429  lbs. 
per  cow,  valued  at  ;^750  sterling.  The  farm  covered  2CO 
acres,  of  which  15  .Avere  under  wheat,  and  the  farnaer's 
balance-sheet  was  as  follows : — 


Payments,  £ 

Receipts,  £ 

Rent  ..... 
Taxes    .    .    .   ". 
Labour  (7  hands). 
Sundries     .    .    . 

400 

60 

296 

S!68 

Cheese  .    . 
Pigs.    .    . 
Sheep    .    . 
Wheat  .    . 

Total" . 

75° 
150 

133 
180 

Total    .    . 

1,024 

1,213 

This  left  the  farmer  a  balance  of  ^^189  to  support  his 
family. 

France 

In  1888  the  production  of  milk  reached  1660  million 
gallons,  or  about  350  per  cow.  French  economists  think 
that  about  40  per  cent.,  say. 660  million  gallons,  is  used 
for  making  butter  and  cheese,  the  product  of  which  would 
be  about  360  million  lbs.  or  160,000  tons.  The  value  of 
milk  is  officially  put  down  at  yd.  per  gallon. 

United  States 
The  following  table  shows  the  official  returns  of  butter 
and  cheese  for  various  years,  and  an  estimate  for  1890 : — 


Year 

Milch 
Cows 

Cheese, 
Tons 

1 
Butter,  {■  Total 
Tons     Product 

Con- 
sumed 

3*^ 

1850' 
i860 
1870 
i83o 
1890 

6,400,000 
8,600,000 
10,  ICO,  000 
12,030,000 
15,950,000 

47,000 
46,000 
68,000 
121,000 
160,000 

138,000  :  185,000 
205,000    251,000 
228,000    296,000 
347,000    468,cxxj 
450,000    610,000 

178,000 
237,000 
268,000 
394,000 
560,000 

16 
17 

IS 

17 
20 

DEATHS 

The  death-rates  per  1600  inhabitants  yearly  were :- 


1861-70 

1871-80 

England    .        .        .        .- 

22.6 

21.3 

Scotland   .        .        , 

' 

22.1 

21.8 

Ireland 

16.8 

18.3 

United  Kingdom 

21.4 

21.0 

France 

22.9 

24-3 

Germany  .        .        , 

... 

27.1 

Austria  Proper  . 

30.4 

31.2 

Hungary  .        . 

38.7 

40.1 

Italy 

30.1 

29.7 

Spain 

29.7 

Belgium 

22.8 

22.6 

Holland 

24.9 

24-3 

Denmark  • 

2ai 

19-3 

Sweden 

20.0 

18.4 

Switzerland 

24.Q 

24.0 

The  rates  in  the  principal  cities  (1878-80)  were  : — 
Dublin    .     .27.1     New  York 
•Edinburgh  .  20.2     Nottingham 
Geneva  .     .  ai.2     Oldham 
Glasgow      .25.3     Palermo 
Hamburg    .  24- «;     Paris 


Alexandria  .'34.2 
Amsterdam..  23.7 


Baltimore 
Belfast  . 
Berlin .  .  , 
Birmingham 
Bombay  . 
Bordeaux 
Boston  . 
Bradford . 
Breslau  . 
Brighton  . 
Bristol  . 
Brooklyn  . 
Brussels  "; 
Bucharest 
Budal-Pesth 


21.1 
28.2 
27.6 
19.8 

33-7 
26.7 

23-5 
21.1. 

32- S 
19.0 
19.6 
25.6 
23-9 
24.S 
35-^ 


Buenos  Ayres  30.1 
Calcutta  . 
Chicago  . 
Christia'nia 
Copenhagen 
Cork  ,.  . 
Dresden  . 


31-1 
27.2 
;l8.8 
22.1 

26.1 

25-4 


27.1 
20.2 

21.2 
2S-3 

24-5. 
45-7 
238 
C1.6 


Havanna 
Hull  .  . 
Leeds     •, 

Leicester  .  21.8 

Leipsic   .  .26.1 

Liverpool  .  26.7 

London  .  .21.1 

Lyons  •  ,  .24.7 

Madras  .  .  38.8 

Madrid  .  .  37.4 
Manchester    25.5 

Marseilles  .  28.0 

Mexico   .  .30,9 

Milan     .  .30.6 

Mbotreal  .  37.2 

Munich  .  .  32.8 

Naples    .  .33.1 

Newcastle  .  21.8 
New  Orleans  22.7 

The  following  table  shows  tiie  death-rate  for  ages 
1000  inhabitants : — 


Philadelphia . 
Portsmouth  . 
Quebec  .  .  . 
Rio  Janeiro  . 
Rome  .  ,  . 
Rotterdam  . 
Rouen  .  .  . 
St.  Louis  .  . 
St.  Petersburg 
San  Francisco 
Sheffield  .  . 
Stockholn\  . 
Sunderland  . 
Turin  .  .  . 
Valparaiso  . 
Venice  .  . 
Vera  Cruz 
Vienna  .  . 
Zurich..     .    . 


26.2 

22.4 
22.8 
28.  s 
«8.6 
20.3 
19.7 
22.9 

39-4 
26.8 

23-3 
31-3 
19-3 
51-4 
18.1 

21  6 

24.7 
20.9 
25.6 

64.6 

22.7 

70.5 

29.0 

25.6 


per 


iUnder  5 

5-10 

10-26 

26-U 

4{M»S  65-66 

65-75 

England  .    . 

63.6 

6.6 

5-S 

10.2 

17.4  '■  31-8 

64-3 

United  States 

58.8 

10. 1 

,';.4 

10.8 

17.6    27.2 

S1.4 

France      .    . 

75-6 

9.2 

8.8 

12.7 

16.6    28.3 

66.3 

Prussia     .    . 

9.2 

6.4 

".5 

18.6    33.0 

(>4-!i 

Austria     .    . 

111.7 

9.8 

6.6 

".3 

21.1    41.S 

92.8 

Switzerland  . 

«.5 

6.3 

11.6 

19.3-  38.4 

82.S 

Italy    .     .    . 

110.6 

11.6 

7.8 

11.7 

17.3    33-1 

70.1 

Spain  .    .     . 

106.2 

11.7 

8.8 

12.9 

23.8  '  42.0 

95-0 

Belgium   .     . 

68.1 

12.7 

8.1 

12.9 

19.0    32.3 

74..'; 

Sweden    .    . 

S7.6 

8.0 

4.8 

8.2 

14-7  i  27.4 

62.6 

Medium    .    . 

81.5 

9-7 

6.8 

11.4  j  18.S  '  33.5 

72.4 

Under  another  classification  of  ages  the  Demaarafia 
( '877)  gives  as  follows  : — 


H 

1 

'2 

I 

i 

! 

-8 

■2 

Period 

D 

u 

0 

Nor\vay      .    . 

116 

29.1 

7.2 

e-s 

II.O 

58.9' 18.4 

1860-68 

Sweden.     .     . 

ISO 

31- 1 

6.9 

%-9 

12.*6 

70.0  20.5 

1861-70 

Denmark    .     . 

i,-;o 

2.3-4 

7-4 

6.8 

13.0 

71.4  21.6 

1860-69 

France  .     .    . 

216 

34-7 

7.2 

8.6 

12;9 

68.2  22.8 

.1856-65 

England     .    . 

191 

,36.7 

6.7 

8.2 

i.'i.7 

67.9  22.8 

1857-66 

Belgium      .     . 

186 

^6.1 

7-7 

8.5 

1.3-4 

79-1  23-3 

1851-60 

Holland      .    . 

211 

36.4 

8.0 

8.0 

1.^.4 

70.1  25.0 

1860-68 

Prussia  .    .    . 

220 

46.0 

7-2 

7.0 

i.';-4 

72.7  25.8 

„ 

Bavaria .     .     . 

372 

.39-8 

7-4 

8.8 

17.3 

81.5  29.5 

„ 

Spain     .    .    . 

226- 

67.8 

8.2 

8.2 

17.0 

95.0  29.6 

„ 

Italy.    .    .     . 

254 

.';3-7 

8.2 

8.1 

17.4 

88.'2  30. 1 

,, 

Austria  .    .    . 

.303 

40.6 

7.3 

8.1 

17.x 

84.0  32.4 

,, 

Russia   .    .    . 

312 

^■7 

9-7 

8.6 

19.4 

78.1  36.8 

,, 

Scotland     .     . 

IS7  34.4 

7.1 

9-3 

16.4 

67.9  22.3 

,, 

Portugal     .    , 

139  36.0J  7.2  '  6.0 

13- s 

80.0'  .... 

1860-62 

According  to  the  above  table  the  countries  which  have 
the  highest  and  the  lowest  death-rates  at  various  ages  arc 
as  follow : — 


Age,  Years 

Highest 

Lowest 

Under  i     ,        ,'       . 

Bavaria 

Norway 

1-5     . 

Spain 

Denmark 

S-15   .... 

Russia 

England 

15-30. 

Scotland 

Sweden 

30-60.. 

Russia 

Norway 

Over  60 

Spain 

Norway 

All  ages 

Russia 

Norway 

DEATHS 


884 


DEATHS 


The  influence  of  season  on  the  death-rate  of  infants  is  shown  in  the  ratio  of  deaths  thus : — 


Deaths  under  Two  Years  of  Age's; 

Holland      Belgium 

Nice 

Genoa 

Najjles 

PalermcS^ 

j^  Algiers  t 

.Bagdad 

Spring    ..... 

Summer          .        •                 . 
Autumn         .        *         .       . 
Winter  .        .       «        • 

S46 
235 
254 
26s 

279 
203 
216 
302 

226 
307 

223^ 

245 

224 

244 
290 

230 

307  V 

209 

254 

202.  ■"'i 
318    J 
24t-. 

20s, 
278. 
285 

'=32v 

-      ai2 
.353 

'^'222 
.'  213 

Total 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000. 

j^jTiioooc.;! 

•'    liooo-^, 

t,    •1,000 

Deaths  under  Thirty  Days 

Spring 

Summer 

Autumn 

Winter 

Year 

Austria  .    . 

250 

246 

25s 

249 

1,000 

Belgium .     . 

259 

193 

246 

302 

1,000 

France    .    . 

239 

225 

267 

269 

1,000 

Florence 

253 

183 

182 

382     ' 

1,000 

Geneva  .    . 

280 

177 

210 

333 

1,000 

Genoa     .     . 

253 

169 

214 

364 

1,000 

Holland.     . 

246 

212 

248 

294 

1,000 

Hungary     . 

231 

216 

271 

282 

l.OOO. 

Levant    .     . 

28s 

162 

178 

375 

1,000 

Milan      .     . 

231 

214 

225 

330 

1,000 

Naples    ,     . 

263 

202 

187 

348 

1,000 

Sicily .     .     . 

228 

20s 

240 

328 

1,000 

According  to  Lombard  and  other  authorities,  deaths  of 
children  under  five  form  the  following  proportioiis  in  1600 
deaths  of  all  ages : — 


France 
Switzerland . 
Sweden      . . 
Belgium       . 
Holland       . 


29s 
340 
349 
369 
448 


Prussia 
Italy  . 
Austria 
Russia.- 


456 
477 
'48s 
554 


The  following  table  shows  how  many  of  1000  infants 
bom  died  in  each  of  the  first  five  years  of  life:-^  . 


u 

"3   • 

S-i 

Ui 

u  M 

■  cs 

C3 

S? 

i>-  c 

Perior' 

^ 

■;SJ 

^ 

^ 

^- 

0 

n 

M 

S 

^ 
^ 

H 

3  c 

England,  1866-75    •    • 

154 

54 

24 

16 

11 

2S9 

741 

Italy,             „        .    . 

223 

91 

38 

26 

19 

397 

603 

Austria  prop.  „          .     . 

259 

56 

32 

21 

17 

38s 

61s 

Belgium,        „          .     . 

174 

53 

29 

^7 

12 

28^ 

715 

Prussia,           „          .     . 

218 

5<' 

29 

18 

13 

S34 

666 

Sweden,          „          ,     . 

137 

42 

21 

IS 

12 

227 

773 

Scotland,     1876-80.     . 

123 

55 

28 

19 

14 

2^9 

761 

Switzerland,      „       ,     , 

190 

32 

14 

9 

7 

252 

748 

Bavaria,  1860-69      •     • 

324 

40 

19 

13 

10 

406 

594 

In 

In 

In 

Russia .    . 

.  425 

Prussia 

.  684 

England 

Spain   .     . 

.  571 

Switzerland 

.  748 

Scotland 

Austria      . 

.614 

France .    . 

•  751 

Sweden 

Bavaria     . 

.  622 

Denmark  . 

•  755 

Ireland 

Italy    .    . 

.  632 

Belgium    . 

•  756 

Norway 

According  to  the  latest  tables  published,  the  numlier  of 
children  of  looo  bom  who  live  to  complete  their  fifth 
year  is  as  follows  : — * 

In  In 

762 
780 
783 
837 
838 

The  death-rate  of  Ultimate  children  is  55  percent, 
extra  in  Switzerland,  and  100  per  cent,  in  France  over 
the  normal  rate.  In  Paris  it  is  observed  that  for  100 
children  who  die  if  suckled  by  the  mother,  220  die  if  given 
out  to  nurse ;  also  that  230  spoon-fed  children  die  for  100 

♦  This  table,  except  as  regards  Ireland  and  Russia,  is  for 
the  years  1881-83.  Erun  n:akes  the^ number  of  children  in 
Russia  who  complete  their  fifth  year  j^  per  thousand ; 
later  writers  only  425. 


reared  at  the  breast  The ''death-rate  of  foundlings  in. 
the  first  year  was  as  follows  :  Marseilles,  38  ;  St.  Peters- 
burg, 40 ;  Lyons,  42 ;  Paris,  57  per  cent. 

The  following  table  from  the  archives  of  i88i  shows 
the  deaths  of  infants  at  Rome  and  Berlin  during  the 
years  1877-S0  x^— 


Die  per  1000  Bom 

Af 

■  Under  30  Days 

Under  12  Months* 

Lawful 

Illegitimate 

Lawful 

Illegitimate 

Rome     .    . 
Berlin     .    . 

52 
57 

164 
262 

174 
133 

329 

452 

The  follovdng  table  is  from  Sir  Lyon  Playfair  and  the 
Swedish  returns,  showing  how  many  of  1000  infants  bom 
lA  each  class  will  survive  to  complete  their  fifth  year  : — 


Condition 

England 

Sweden 

Medium 

Hich      .        . 

Middle  class . '      ,        . 

Poor      .... 

820 
640 
450 

750 

630 

.560 

.785    ■ 
63s 

505 

Dr.  Bianco  gives  similar  tables  for  Turin. 

According  to  Drysdale,  the  death-rate  of  infants  in 
1889  was  1 1  per  cent,  in  the  wealthy  parishes  of  London, 
and. 38  per  cent,  among  the  poor  of  the  East  End. 

Deaths  from  Violence 
The  following  table  was  published  in  1840  :— 

Per  Million  Inhabitants  Yearly 


Period 

Country 

Siiicides 

Acci- 
dents, &c. 

Total 
Violent 
Deaths 

1810-30 

1820-34 

1838-39 

1839 

Sweden  .    . 
Prussia  .     . 
England 
France   .     . 

SI 
90 

64 
81 

626 
396 
682 
187 

677 
486 
746 
268 

In  or  about  the  year  1880  the  number  of  violent  deaths 
in  various  countries  was  as  follows  : — 


/Number 

Ratio  per 
1000  Deaths 

United  Kingdom     . 

23,822 

33-1 

France     .        ,        . 

16,373 

19.7 

Germany .        .        , 

24,592 

21,4 

Russia      .        .        , 

18,500 

7-4 

Austria  proper          . 

10,150 

16.0 

Italy         .        .        . 

6,656 

8.3 

Spain        .        .        ^ 

4,700 

9.6 

Switzerland      ,        ,        , 

2,550 

38.2 

Belgium  .        ,        1        , 

!          2,577 

22.0 

Denmark .        ,        , 

!           <  1,054 

28.1 

Sweden    .        4        ,       ,        . 

2,740 

31.6 

Norway   .        »       »        ,        . 

1,290 

37-7 

Europe     .         .        , 

115.004 

16.2 

United  States  .... 

22.740 

41. 1 

DEATHS 


885 


DEATHS 


The  following  table  of  violent  deaths  was  published  in  1865  :- 


No.  per  Million 

Per  1000  Deaths 

Females  to 

Annum 

Males 

Females 

General' 

100  Males 

England         .       •       .       .        . 
Belgium.        .        .        .        ,        . 
Norway .        ,        •        ji        ■        . 
Sweden  .        .        ^        1        •        . 
United  States'        .        ■        . 
France   .        •        ^        ii        ■        . 
Bavaria  .        «        '.        'i        « 
Hanover         ■        »        ■        ■        * 
Prussia  .    -   «        ■        ■       »        • 
Saxony  .       •       «       ■       t.       '. 

1850-64    . 
1840-49 

1851-SS 
1856-60 

i86o 
1854-60 
1857-61 

1852-57 
1851-60 
1852-58 

692 

3'32 

679 

430 

575 
450 
236 
396 
407 
298 

28 

S2 

i. 
60 

26 

12 

27 

'             22 

,/3 

10 

7 

!-♦ 
If 
7 
3 

19 
14 
40 
21 
46 
16 

a 
17 

15 

>8 

36 
33 

27 

50 

22 

i2d 

,«9 

/2S 

The  following  table  was  published  in  1875  :- 


Period 

Annual  Average 

Per  Million 
Inhabitants 

Per  1000 

. 

Deaths 

Accidents 

Murders 

Suicides 

Total 

England  .-       «       >       . 

1865-73 

15.083 

413 

1,470 

■.16,966 

763 

34.2 

Italy         .        .i       .       . 

1865-74 

6,704 

2,165 

801 

9,670 

370 

12.3 

Prussia     .       «       •       . 

1865-73 

10,430 

414 

3.2" 

14,055 

601 

21.4 

Bavaria     ,    .-/■«       .        . 

1868-74 

1,617 

157 

.  436 

2,210 

450 

14.4 

Austria  proper  , 

1866-74 

6,575 

698 

1,610 

8,883 

426 

13.5 

Belgium    ,      ■„        . 

1870-74 

1,974 

82 

364 

2,420 

466 

20.1 

Sweden    .       •       .        . 

1865-73 

2,100 

88 

342 

2,530 

603        ij        32.0 

The  ratio  of  violent  deaths  was  stated  to  be : — 


England 

Italy 

Prussia 

Bavaria 

Austria  ' 

Belgium 

Sweden 

Seven 
Countries 

Accidents       ^       •       •       . 
Murders,       •       «        •       . 
Suicides'.       .... 

.88.7 

2.5 

8.8 

69.4 

22.3 

83 

74.1 

2.9 

23.0 

73-2 
7.0 
19.8 

74.1 
7.8 
18. 1 

8X.5 

3-4 

151 

83.0 

3-5 

13-5 

78.5 

7-1 

14.4 

Total 

100.0 

lOO.O 

100.0 

100.0 

lOO.O 

100. 0 

100.0     1      100.0 

If  we  take  the  returns  of  the  United  Kingdom  for  1886  and  the  latest  information  regarding  other  countries, 
estimating  the  United  States  with  it;-,  actual  population  at  the  latest  ascertained  ratios,  we  can  have  a  conspectus 
of  all  the  violent  deaths  approximately  that  occur  every  year.  Hungary  and  Holland  are  missing,  and  the  number 
of  murders  in  Russia,  Denmark,  and  Norway  is  unknown.     The  table  stands  thus : — 


Number 

Yearly 

Per  Million 

Per  10,000 

Percentage  of 
Males  in  100 

Deaths 

Accidents 

Suicides 

Murders 

Total 

Violent  Deaths 

England  ..       » 

, 

14.830 

2.254 

311 

17.414 

622 

.324 

72 

Scotland  .        , 

. 

2,164 

261 

19 

2.444 

614 

328 

71 

Ireland     .       « 

• 

1,611 

116 

131 

1.860 

.380 

207 

70 

United  Kingdom 

18,605 

2,631 

461 

21.718 

S90 

310       \ 

,         ^^ 

France     .    .,  » 

, 

13.205 

7,070 

701 

20.976 

540 

250       ; 

75 

Germany  .    *  . 

. 

17,800 

8,480 

610 

26.890 

570 

224 

76 

Austria  proper . 

• 

6.433 

3.543 

663 

10.639 

450 

163 

74 

Italy     .^  »       « 

• 

S.430 

1.397 

2,902 

9.729 

324 

1  X20 

75, 

Russia  i!~«       ■ 
Spain  'S-,       ^ 

« 

16,800 

2,520 

...  ■ 

19,320 

220 

r  70 

'.'A 

in] 

3.670 

25s 

1.330 

5.255 

280        j 
430       ; 

"5 

Sol 

Belgium  «        W 
Sweden    ,        ■ 
Denmark .       3 

1 

2.039 

441 

86 

2.566 

214 

82i 

i 

S,210 

347 

105 

2.662 

602 

356 

73i 

1 

/      640 

S16 

iiiS6 

578 

290 

1 

Norway    .k^     ^ 
Switzerland    • 

1 

i  1.360 

146 

•  •• 

1.506 

753 

480 

K 
» 

1             Z.4OO 

650 

88 

2,138 

713 

356 

>-V 

Europe  '*',^;..„-- 
United  States!  J 

89,592 

27.996 

6,946 

124.55s 

410 

168  ■^'^ 

f"**^ 

* 

36.000 

2,100 

2,462 

40,562 

620 

370 

\  J'X 

ITotaH 

125,592 

30,096 

9,408 

165,117 

450 

190 

' ... ' 

DEATHS 


886 


DEATHS 


The  ratio  of  accidental  deaths  yearly  per  million  in- 
habitants in  or  about  1880  was  as  follows : — 


Percentage 

"*  8  to 

Ratio  of  Sexes 

of  Accidental 

c  0.= 

§§2 
5     s 

Deaths 

s2g 
8cQ 

^ 

Male 

Female 

Prowned 

Burnt 

<•" 

England    . 

676 

74 

26 

22 

9 

303 

France  .     . 

280 

78 

22 

41 

130 

Prussia .    . 

407 

76 

24 

... 

150 

Saxony .    . 

298 

76 

24 

... 

... 

Bavaria      . 

236 

75 

25 

... 

ii>8 

Hanover    . 

396 

79 

21 

... 

Austria .     . 

258 

73 

27 

... 

... 

08 

Switzerland 

60^ 

40 

4 

280 

Italy      .     . 

181 

75 

25 

85 

Spain    .    . 

202 

80 

20 

24 

3 

70 

Belgium     . 

330 

82 

18 

27 

163 

Denmark   . 

232 

... 

60      • 

2 

116 

Sweden      . . 

479 

73 

27 

54 

S 

260 

Norway 

681 

... 

... 

75 

4 

340 

Finland     . 

58.9 

... 

... 

54 

Russia  .     . 

201 

... 

53 

6 

6«; 

U.  States  . 

623 

67 

33 

16 

24 

340 

New  York . 

668 

... 

270 

London     . 

66,=; 

... 

•  •• 

315 

Paris     .    . 

682 

... 

... 

240 

Deaths  from  Alcohoi. 

The  following  is  a  table  of  deaths  from  drink :- 


B 

0-^ 

E 

9i  <a 

8-s 

< 

41 

< 

England    .    . 

1,40s 

2.60 

Italy     .     .    . 

709 

0.8s 

Scotland    .    . 

230 

3-29 

Switzerland  . 

244 

^8x 

Ireland .     .     , 

280 

2.78 

Sweden     .     . 

502 

6.25 

France .    .     , 

448 

0.54 

Norway    .     . 

72 

2.36 

Belgium     .    . 

456 

383 

New  York     . 

324 

12.08 

Lombard's  table  on  deaths  from  drink  will  be  found 
under  Diseases  : — 

The  returns  of  sickness  and  death  firom  drink  in  annies 
is  as  follows : — 

In  the  French  army  33  men  per  million  die  yearly  of 
drink.  In  the  American  war,  1861-63,  deaths  from 
drink  were  350  jjer  million,  and  15  in  10,000  were  sent 
to  hospital  for  drink.  In  the  British  army  the  sick  and 
deaths  from  this  cause  are  : — 


Station 

United  Kingdom 
Mediterranean 
Halifax    . 
West  Indies    . 
Trinidad ,        , 
Dcmerara        . 


Sick 

per  10,000 

.    64 

.  130 

.   £0O 

.   400 

•    530 
.   850 


Deaths 
per  100,000 

^3 

18 

70 
138 
290 
S6o 


Death-Rates  op  Armies 

Army  death-rates  per  10,000  men  yearly,  not  including 
killed  in  war,  are  shown  as  follows : — 

Per  10,000 

67 

87 

58 

147 

153 
Z16 
107 

137 


Army 

Date 

British    ,        , 

.     1879-80 

French    , 

.    1872-74 

German  .        , 

1878 

Russian  . 

.    1871-74 

Austrian, 

.     1870-73 

Italian     . 

.    1870-76 

Belgian  . 

.     1870-74 

Portuguese 

.     1861-67 

•  The  rates  for  the  United  Kingdom  in  later  years  com- 
pare with  those  of  1830-40  as  follows :—   • 

Deaths  Yearly 
per  10,000 

1830-1840       1879-80  1887 

Cavalry    ,       ,       .153  52  43 

Infantry    .        .        .155  65  46 

The  death-rate  among  our  troops  before  Dr.  Fart's 
barrack  reforms  was  enormous,  the  averages  for  the  years 
1818-40  being  as  follows  per  10,000  men  :-=• 

Great  Britain  . 

Australia       ,        . 


Cape 
Canada . 
Gibraltar 
Corfu    . 


IW 

Mauritius 

141 

Madras.  ■} 

155 

Ceylon  .  ■ 

212 

Bengal  .  x 

221 

Jamaica 

283 

Sierra  Leone 

.  305 
.  520 
.  S70 
.  630 

1430 
4830 


Tte  rates  in  the  United  Kingdom  in  1879-80  were  as 
follows  per  ,10,000 : — 


Station 
Ireland    .        . 
England .        , 
Scotland .        . 
United  Kingdom 


Cavalry  , 
Engineers 
Infantry  . 
Artillery  . 


Arm 


S2 
63 
65 
72 


The  improved  condition  of  troops  in  England  is'^own 
by  the  returns  for  the  foot-guards  thus : — 

Deaths  per  10,600  > 


Fever 

Phthisis 

Various 


1868 

25  / 
12s 

54 


187B 


Total 


*  S04    \  77 

On  foreign  service  the  death-rates  Ijaffe  declined  per 
10,000  thus: — 

1818-36  1876 ' 

Gibraltar  .        ,        ,,      .  214  „»  55 

India        .        .        .        .690  ...         •175 

The  death-rates  of  the  French  armjr  in  ilhe*- years 
1872-77  were: — 

Per  10,000  Men 

Engineers.  .  60 
Infantry  .  .  95 
Zouaves    .    .  106 

The  French  army,  according  to  a'  report  in  1867, 
showed  the  following  ratios :— 


Artillery    . 

.  106 

\  Under  ao . 

'•    54 

Cavalry    . 

.  114. 

20-26  .  • . 

.  103 

Turcos 

.  177 

26-36  ,    , 

.    71 

Years  of 
Service 

Composition 
of  Force 

■D^.;^  ^e      !  Annual  Death- 

Under  i    . 
1-4  .    .    . 

4-6  ;  .   . 

6-8  ..    . 
8-11      .    . 
II-X4    .     . 
Over  14     , 

9.6 

J9-3 
19.0 
16:4 

12-5 

las 
12.7 

9-7 
21.3 
21.0 
14.0 

9.8 
1 1.0 
13.2 

zaz 

Z2.0 

Z1.2 
8.6 
7.8 
za4 
Z0.4 

100.0 

ioo.a        j        100.0 

It  appears  the  mortality  is  heaviest  from  the  first  to  the 
end  of  the  fifth  year,  and  lightest  from  the  sixth  to  the 
end  pf  the  tenth  year.  The  death-rate  has  declined, 
viz. :-— • 


Z863-69. 
1872-77 . 


tt.s 
9-5 


The  ratio  in  Algeria  is  usually  double  what  it  is  in 
France.  The  Prussian  army  in  1872  had  a  death-rate  of 
7.2  per  1000,  but  in  1878  the  rate  for  the  whole  German 


DEATHS 


887 


DIET 


Algerian  statistics  show  that  of  looo  infants  born  the 
following  numbers  die  in  the  first  twelve  months  :-^ 


P^uents 

Death  per  looo'^ 

^v 

Boys 

Girls    ' 

General 

French  .... 

244 

146 

207 

Spanish         .        .     -  . 

238 

250 

257 

Italian  .... 

245 

184 

224 

Jewish  .... 

236 

183 

213 

Mahometan  . 

530 

488 

500 

German 

344 

Deaths  according  to  months  in  Algeria,  taking  the 
year  as  1200,  were : — 


January  ■ 
February 
March. 


First  quarter 


April 
May 
June 


96 
86 
91 

273 

71 
72 
86 


July      .        . 
August         .        . 
September  ; 

Third  quarter 

Octobej' 

November    .        . 
December    .        . 

Fourth  quarter 


.  Second  quarter     .    229 

Japan 
The  returns  for.  1878-80  showed  as  follows  : — 


127 
138 
xoa 

367 

127 

"3 

91 

331 


Death- Rate  per 
1000 

■Ratio, of  Deaths 

Under  10 
10-20  . 
20-30  . 
30-40. 
40-50. 
50-60  . 
60-70  . 
70-80  . 
Over  80 

"  ■'"-  25.8 
5-4 
8.6 
9.2. 

"•5' 
13.9, 
12. 1 
4.8 

28.0 
4.9 
7.7 
8.6 

8.7 
11.4 
13.8 
11.6 

S-3 

General  rate        . 

17.0 

100.0 

In  1000  deaths  527  were  of  males,  473  females. 

Brazil 

Death-rate  at  Rio  Janeiro  in  1867-69  averaged  24.4 
per  1000,  the  ratio  showing  thus  : — 

Quarter  ending — 

March  31st      .  .  284 

June  30th        .  .  261 

September  30th  .  228 

December  31st  ,  227 


Under  i    . 

.      14.8 

1-7    . 

.  ,     .      ii.6 

7-25. 

.  .   18.4 

25-40.       . 

>        .  '  22.9 

Over  40    . 

.      32.3 

Year 


1,000 


In  lOCX)  deaths,  546  were  of  males,  454  females  ;  627 
natives,  and  373  foreigners. 


United  States 
The  only  death-rates  published  are  these  : — 

i  Annual  Deaths  per  1000  Inhabitants 


Age 



Massachusetts 

Maryland 

United  States 

Under  s    . 

65.8 

517 

58.8 

5-10     .    . 

10.7 

9-5 

10.1 

10-15   .     • 

51 

5-4 

5-3 

15-25   •    . 

5-8 

5-4 

5.6 

25-45    .    • 

11.9 

10.1 

10.8 

45-55    .     . 

16.4 

18.2 

17.6 

55-65    .    • 

26.3 

28.1 

27.2 

65-75    .    . 

46.9 

56-5 

51-4 

DEPOPULATION 

The  only  European  country  which  has  suffered  depopu- 
lation in  the  present  century  is  Ireland.  It  is  the  result 
partly  of  famine,  partly  of  evictions  by  the  landowners. 
The  official  returns  show  the  number  of  persons  evicted 
thus  :— 

1849-51 263,000 

1852-70     ...-,..    157,000 
1871-87 113,000 

Total       .        .        .    533,000 

This"  is,  however,  far  short  of  the  reality.  The  Census 
of  .1861  showed  the  number  of  one-room  cabins  to  be 
89,400  against  491,300  in  the  Census  of  1841,  from  which 
it  appears  that  402,000  cabins  had  been  pulled  down(,  the 
abodes  of  2,000,000  inhabitants.  The  official  number  of 
emigrants  from  1837  to  1888  was  4,338,000,  but  this.did 
not  include  600,000  who  went  to  England  or  Scotland. 
The  population  has  fallen. from  8,275,oioo  in  1845  to 
'  4,716,000  in  1889,  a  decline  of  43per  cent.  At  present 
it  is  but  150  per  square  mile,  against  190  in  France,  240 
in  Germany,  and  270  in  Italy.  The  marriage-rate  and 
birth-rate  are  the  lowest  in  the  world.  The  ratio  of  able- 
bodied  population,  male  and  female,  between  the  ages  of 
20  and  55  is  much  less  than  in  the  sister  kingdoms,  as 
shown  by.  the  Census  of  1881,  viz.  : — 

England  ......  .432periooo 

Scotland 424        „ 

Ireland 408    '   .,, 

The  drain  upon  persons  of  the  able-bodied  age  has 
been  attended  by  a  remarkable  increase  of  pauperism,  as 
the  official  returns  show  : — 

Year  No.  of  Paupers  Per  1000  Inhab, 

1874.        .        .        .      79,600  15 

1880 ....     100,900  19 

1888 .        .        .        .'    113,900  24 

In  the  above  interval  of  14  years  the  population  de- 
clined by  584,000  souls,  and  yet  the  number  of  paupers 
increased  in  the  ratio  of  43  per  cent. 


DIET 

The  principal  components  6f  animal  food  are  as  follows :— 


Fat 

Nitrogen 

Water 

'     Fat 

Nitrogen 

Water 

Lobster  .        ... 

1        1.2      • 

19.2 

76.6 

Tripe       .        .        . 

16.4 

13.2 

68.0 

Oyster     .        .        . 

1.5 

14.0 

80.4 

Beef 

17. 1 

17.2 

6i-5 

Turbot    .... 

2.9 

18. 1 

78.0 

Mutton 

18. 1 

15.3 

62.5 

Rabbit     .        . 

3-2- 

13-9 

73-2 

Cheese 

41.- 3 

7.0 

38.8 

Salmon    .... 

S-S 

16.1 

77- 0 

Pork 

44.9 

9.8; 

43- 0 

Milk        .... 

7-9 

4.5 

87.0 

Bacon 

63.3 

8.8 

25.0 

Eggs        .... 

lo-s 

14.0 

74.0 

Butler 

Zts> 

S-o 

II.O 

DIET 


888 


DISEASE 


The  components  of  the  British  navy  rations  give  the 
following  analysis : — 


Ounces 
Daily 

Components 

Energy 
Foot- 
Tons 

Nitrogen 

Fat 

Carbon 

Biscuit  .    .    . 
Meat      .    .     . 
Peas,  flour,  &c. 
Sugar    .    .    . 
Cocoa    .    .    . 

20 
14 
7 

2 
I 

2.0 
1.8 
x.o 

as 

0.2 

3.0 

8.4 
S-4 

a8 
0.7 

1,720 

Xi3io 

560 

240 

125 

Total    . 

44 

5.0 

3-2 

18.3 

3.955 

Prison  rations  in  the  United  Kingdom  are  as  follows : — 


Ounces  Daily 

Energy,  Foot-Tons 

Hard 

Light 

Hard 

Light 

Labour 

Labour 

Labour 

Labour 

Bread     .    . 

24.0 

21.0 

1,992 

1.743 

Meat .    •.    . 

4-5 

3-S 

340 

270 

Milk  .    .    . 

2.0 

2.0 

48 

48 

Molasses     . 

I.O 

1.0 

100 

100 

Oatmeal .    . 

2.0 

2.0 

304 

304 

Cheese    .    . 

0.6 

0,6 

98 

98 

Flour .    .    . 

1-3 

0.7 

192 

104 

Salt    .     .    . 

0.5 

O.S 

60 

60 

Cocoa     .    . 

o-S 

o-S 

62 

62 

Vegetables  . 

1.0 

1.0 

10 

10 

Potatoes.    . 

14.0 

14.0 

S30 

530 

Total    . 

Si-4 

1      46.8 

3.736 

3.329 

The  French  navy  rations  weekly  are  as  follows : — 


Weight.  Oz. 

Azote,  Oz, 

Carbon,  Oz. 

Bread    . ;  .    .    . 

190 

2.0 

55- 5 

Meat  ." .  1 .    .    . 

77 

2.3 

8.0 

Peas  . "  .  J .  ;  .  ;  . 

30 

2.2 

12.0 

Butter    .Y.'^.^. 

5 

... 

3-5 

Coflfee    .  ,  . '  .    . 

S 

^•. 

1.0 

Sugar    .|.;>!. 

^6 

... 

2.5 

Wine     .r.f.i. 

120 

... 

S-o 

Brandy  .  ^  .  *".*'^. 

Salt /,.:.t.^. 

VIS 

;s 

... 

4.0 

'    ■'      '-M^ 

' 

Total -'f^l        453 

S-5 

91-5 

The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  ordinary 
■weekly  consumption  of  food  by  a  male  adult  between 
twenty  and  sixty  years : — 


5 

13 
2 

0 

6 

1 

en 

1^' 

(14 

U.  Kingdom . 

9 

so 

10 

36 

9 

4.030 

France .    .    . 

12 

35 

4 

9 

13 

4.170 

Germany 

II 

30 

4 

9 

24 

4.920 

Russia  . 

11 

25 

3 

5 

4 

2,960 

Austria 

10 

30 

4 

9 

13 

3.730 

Italy     . 

8 

12 

2 

4 

I 

1,940 

Spain    . 

10 

32 

2 

3 

... 

2.330 

Portugal 

8 

23 

2 

6 

... 

1.950 

Sweden 

8 

30 

6 

10 

12 

3.390 

Norway 

8 

35 

7 

6 

12 

3.350 

Denmark 

10 

30 

II 

10 

8 

3.460  , 

Holland 

9 

28 

7 

16 

16 

4,090 

Belgium 

II 

30 

7 

13 

25 

5.050 

Switzerland    . 

II 

30 

6 

12 

3 

3.170 

Europe 

10^ 

30 

4 

II 

10 

3,600 

U.  States 

9 

75 

10 

25 

3 

3.390 

Canada 

8 

43 

II 

20 

14 

3.950 

Australia 

• 

loi 

95 

9 

37 

7 

4.490 

The  above  does  not  include  fish,  eggs,  fruit,  vegetables, 
chestnuts,  rice,  and  other  articles  of  much  importance. 
The  aggregate  food  for  a,  man  doing  physical  or  mental 
work  should  be  equal  to  at  least  3300  foot-tons  daily,  for 
a  woman  2200,  and  for  a  child  1 100  foot- tons. 

Meat  is  apparently  the  most  important  element  of 
food.  Dr.  De  Renzi  states  that  4  per  cent,  of  the  popu- 
lation of  Naples  die  of  impoverishment  of  the  blood  caused 
by  want  of  meat.  At  the  ironworks  of  Thorn  the  opera- 
tives fed  on  vegetables,  &c.,  lost  fifteen  days  a  year  by 
sickness  until  meat  was  introduced  in  1833,  when  the 
average  fell  to  three  days  per  operative.     See  Food. 

DISEASE 

In  1883  the  deaths  per  100,000  inhabitants  from  certain 
diseases  were  as  follows  : — 


11 

•a 
0 

1 

ba 

1 

^1 

ll 

Q 

London    .    . 

3 

24 

40 

40 

SO 

61 

64 

Edinburgh    . 

25 

48 

45 

39 

57 

43 

Glasgow  .     . 

2 

46 

557 

162 

90 

139 

250 

Paris    .    .    . 

20 

92 

30 

«7 

4 

47 

216 

Marseilles     . 

38 

139 

19 

102 

6 

139 

315 

Berlin  .    .    . 

I 

18 

29 

224 

68 

0 

412 

Brussels    .    . 

94 

28 

33 

28 

4 

31 

32s 

St.  Petersburg 

46 

153 

14 

136 

75 

57 

236 

Vienna      .     . 

10 

21 

30 

35 

17 

31 

76 

Baltimore.     . 

155 

91 

IS 

194 

82 

31 

*  22 

The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  ratios  of  various  diseases  in  10,000  deaths : — 

England 

France 

Ger- 
many 

Russia 

Italy 

Switzer- 
land 

Belgium 

Holland 

Scandi- 
navia 

United 
States 

Canada 

Apoplexy.  ..,..,. 

270 

400 

390 

210 

360 

370 

310 

280 

350 

140 

no 

Bronchitis  'X. *.«!'. 
Cancer     .J^. 
Diphtheria    .  (£.  £. 
Erysipelas  ^.^.f . 
Heart  .     .    .  f . -• . 

1. 150 

310 

400 

1.500 

30 

600 

480 

220 

620 

130 

/-  235 

260 

150 

160 

300 

140 

180 

330 

130 

126 

360 

270 

210 

360 

304 

280 

130 

230 

480 

114 

36 

48 

35 

... 

.  SO 

40 

... 

68 

620 

290 

230 

200 

580 

38s 

190 

180 

220 

350 

370 

Measles    .... 

184 

180 

100 

80 

95 

46 

165 

ISO 

... 

220 

Phthisis    .... 

1,100 

t;i2o 

1,270 

1,960 

900 

1,110 

1,820 

950 

1,020 

1,420 

1,620 

Pneumonia    .    .    . 

Sio 

720 

400 

1. 150 

S40 

600 

450 

570 

710 

... 

660 

Puerperal .    .    .  :  . 

49 

100 

70 

SO 

SO 

100 

40 

14s 

Rheumatism  .r.  i. 

41 

35 

25 

40 

... 

... 

40 

59 

70 

Scarlatina  *.J.i. 
Scrofula    ..*.*. 

402 

20 

160 

90 

10 

146 

140 

40 

360 

220 

458 

62 

'^ 

... 

i8o 

30 

90 

140 

70 

70 

Small-pox     .    .    . 

130 

8 

40 

60 

S4 

150 

100 

120 

55 

'"•'T^hcJd   .... 

210 

720 

450 

480 

240 

184 

460 

460 

280 

310 

36.. 

\  -•  .-.-^'.cg-cough    , 

250 

"5 

... 

SO 

112 

280 

180 

185 

148 

26c 

DISEASE 

Ague.— 

-In  io,ocx}  deaths  those  from  ague  were  : — 

At 

At 

At 

London . 

•    •     ? 

Amsterdam  . 

.  106 

Finland 

180 

Lisbon  . 

.    .  60. 

Naples     .     . 

.  -107 

U.  States  . 

240 

Haarlem 

.    .  7P 

Portuguese  army  lao 

Athens  .     . 

420 

Zeeland . 

.    .  80 

Genoa      .     . 

.  133 

Rome    .     . 

460 

Apoplexy. — In 

[0,000  deaths 

those  from  this  disease 

■were : — 

At 

At 

At 

Amsterdam    .  380 

Geneva     •.     . 

400 

Naples      .    , 

370 

Athens . 

.  630 

Gibraltar  .     . 

ISO 

New  Orleans 

91 

Bavaria 

•  370 

Hamburg .     . 

620 

Nova  Scotia  . 

5,'; 

Belgium 

.  410 

Holland    . 

.  280 

Paris    .     .     . 

330 

Berlin  . 

.  410 

Iceland      .     . 

100 

Quebec      .     . 

los 

Berne   . 

.  420 

Ireland'      .     . 

160 

Rome    .     .    .. 

S30 

Bologna 

.  420 

Italian  cities  , 

360 

St.  Helena     , 

430 

Bordeaux 

•  780 

Linia    ,     .     . 

70 

St.  Petersburg 

210 

Brussels 

.  310 

Lisbon .     , 

68.; 

Scotland  ■  •     . 

4flo 

Buda  Pestl 

1    .  140 

Malaga      .     , 

V^o. 

Shanghai  .     . 

200 

Canada 

.    98 

Malta   .     . 

600 

Spain    .     .     . 

400 

Christiania 

.  220 

Mantua     .    . 

t;qo 

Sweden      .     . 

SQO 

Copenhage 

n  .  230 

Mexico 

340 

Turin    .     ,    . 

610 

England 

.  280 

Milan   .    ,    , 

200 

U.  States,  Nor 

184 

Frankfort 

.  380 

Montevideo 

4^ 

„     South 

06 

French  citj 

es.  400 

Munich     . 

390 

Zurich  .     .     . 

400 

889 


DISEASE 


The  occurrence  of  apoplexy  is  most  frequent  in  Frsince, 
Russia,  and  Holland  in  winter,  and  in  Canada  in 
summer : — 


Seasons 

France 

Russia 

HoUand 

Canada 

Spring 

Summer    ... 

Autumn    . 

Winter      .        i        . 

•27.0 
237 
19-3 
30.0 

24.0 
23.8 
21.2 
31-0 

85-8 
20.1 . 
23.6 
30-S 

25-3 
26.3 
22.5 
2S-9 

Total 

100.0 

lOO.O 

100.0 

ioo.o 

Its  occurrence  accotding  to  months,  taking  the  year  as 
1200,  was  as  folhsws  : — 


London 
(1840) 

Den- 
mark 

France 

Calcutta 

Italian 
Cities . 

January  .    . 

123 

122. 

139 

108 

143 

February     . 

108 

no 

112 

102 

^2S 

March     .    . 

104 

93 

91 

III 

no 

April .    .     . 

95 

99 

127 

138 

95 

May  .    .     . 

96 

97 

106 

97 

94 

June  .    .    . 

76 

93 

109 

64 

74 

July    .     .    . 

89 

98 

109 

75 

78 

August    .    , 

88 

•77 

67 

83 

74 

September  . 

98 

85 

67 

87 

80 

October  .     . 

80 

103 

67 

97 

90 

November  . 

120 

no 

97 

120 

no 

December    . 

114 

"3 

109 

n8 

117 

I,200 

1,200 

1,200 

1,200 

1,200 

The  increase  of  this  disease  in  England  is  remarkable, 
deaths  yearly  per  million  inhabitants  being  as  follows : — 


1850-66 

•        .  457 

1874-80 

1867-70 

.  504 

1886 

1871-73 

.  517 

550 

577 


In  Holland  it  is  found  that,  of  loo  patients  46  are 
males,  54  females. 

The  distribution  of  this  disease  according  to  age  in 
France  was : — 

Of  1000  Cases 


Asthma. — Of  10,000  deaths  there  are  from  this  disease 
66  in  England,  48  in  Scotland,  and  33  in  Irdand.  Deaths 
accotding  to  season  show  ■: — 


Spring  . 
Summer 
Autumn 
Winter, 


i6.r 

23.2 
53-7 


Brighfs  Disease. — In  10,000  deaths  there  were  of  this 
disease  : — 


At. 

At 

At 

Amsterdam 

120 

Denmark  .     . 

80 

Lisbon  ■'     .    . 

■'30 

Berne  .     . 

100 

Frankfort .     . 

130 

Munich     .    . 

30 

Brussels    . 

SO 

French  cities . 

14 

Norway.   .     . 

60 

Budapesth 

90- 

Holland    .     . 

■;o 

Shanghai  .     . 

i.-io 

Copenhagen 

100 

Italy     .     .     . 

40 

United  States 

35 

Bronchitis. — In    10,000   deaths    there    were  of   this 
disease  : — 


At 

At 

At 

Amsterdam 

.   S20 

Canada 

.      130 

London . 

.  1,450 

Athens      '. 

•  391 

England 

..  i!,o8o 

Rome     , 

.      290 

Berlin   .     . 

.  420 

Ireland  . 

.  1,220 

St.  John's 

.  2,330 

Brussels    , 

.  480 

Lisbon  . 

420 

Scotland 

.  i.Sito 

The  death-rate  among  bronchitis  patients  in  the  Paris 
hospitals  is  6  per  cent  in  the.  quarter  ending  March,  4 
percent,  in  that  ending  June,  2  per  cent  in  the  Sep- 
tember, and  6  per  cent  in  the  December  quarter,  giving 
an  average  of  5  per  cent  for  the  year.  In  Sweden  and 
Narway  .  the  prevalence  of  bronchitis  in  the  various 
months  is  (taking  1200  per  aimum  as  a  total)  thus : — 


Month      Sweden  Norway 


January   . 

.  150 

160 

July    .    . 

•     49 

.S3 

February .. 

.  160 

152 

August     . 

.     46 

48 

March 

•  143; 

13a 

September 

••    58 

62 

April  .     . 

,-.  130' 

112 

October    . 

.     82 

82 

May    i    . 

:iioz 

96 

November 

,  104 

no 

June    .     . 

.    67. 

72 

December 

.  109 

121 

The  prevalence  of  broncnitis  among  British  troops  on 
foreign  stations  was  as  follows : — 

Bronchitis  Patients  per  1000  Sick 

Gibraltar  .  .  132 
Malta  .  .  .  140 
Canada     .     .  156 

The  ratio  among  garrisons  in  the  United  Kingdom 
was  161. 

Deaths  occur  in  London  according  to  season  thus  : — 


St  Helena 

.     61 

Mauritius .     , 

84 

Ceylon .     . 

.     70 

Jamaica    .     . 

85 

Bengal 

.     71 

Cape  Colony 

98 

Spring  . 
Summer 
Autumn 
Winter 


Hi      a 


c 


2a2 

.  27.0 
40-3 

100.0 


Age 
Under  10 
10-^20 
8I-30     , 


Age 
30-40 
41-50 
Si-60 


Calculus  tfr  Stone. — ^In»ibjooo  deaths  ihere  were  of 
this  disease : — 


At 

At 

At 

Lses 

Belgium     . 

•    4 

Geneva  .'7TT,"  6 

Riga.    .    .    . 

% 

»       Age 

Brussels 

•    4 

Hamburg  .;  .    2 

Russia    .    .    . 

^ 

.  no    61-70   .     . 

.  229 

Copenhagen 

•  13 

Holland      .    .    3 

Turin     .    .    . 

a 

.  153    Over  70     . 

.  192 

Denmark    . 

•     4 

Iceland  ...  20 

U.  States  N, . 

X 

.  202 

England     . 

.     6 

Paris.    ...    2 

U.  States;  S.  . 

3 

DISTANCES 


8d0 


DIVORCE 


Demerara — l^ndon    . 
Fernando  P»— Plymouth 
Galway — Boston . 
Gibraltar — Southampton 
Glasgow-^Ncw  York  , 
Halifax — Galway         , 
Havamia — New  YorJc  , 
„  Portsmouth 

Hong-Kong — Honolulu  , 
Hooolulu — Callao 

„  San  Francisco 

„  Tahiti 

,,  Valparaiso 

Jamaica—  Portsmouth 
Java — Cape  of  Good  Hope 
Liverpool — Cape  of  Good  Hope 
„  Cape  Horn 

„  Melbourne 

„  New  York 

„  Pbnland   . 

.,  Quebec     . 

Lisbon — Madeira        . 
London— rBorobay 
„  Calcutta 

„  Demerara    . 

„  Madras        . 

„  Singapore    . 

Madeira — Plymouth   . 
Madras-T-London        . 
Mavuitius — ^Aden         . 
„  Bombay   . 

„  Cape  of  Good  Hope 

,,  Melbourne 

Melbourne-Calcutta  . 
„  Liverpool 

„  Mauritius 

Montevideo— Falmouth 
„  Valparaiso 

New  York— Galway    . 
„  Glasgow  . 

„  Havanna    , 

„  Liverpool 

„  Portsmouth 

„  Southampton 

Pemambuco — ^TenerilTe 
Plymouth — Fernando  Po 

„  Madeira   . 

Portsmouth— Azores'  , 
„  Havanna 

„  Jamaica 

„  New.  York 

„  St.  Helena 

„  Tabid    . 

Quebec — Galway         . 
„         Liverpool     , 
Rio  Janeiro — Southampton 

„  Valparaiso 

St.  Helena — Ponsmouth 

„  Cape  of  Good  Hope 

St  Thomas — Southampton 
St.  Vincent — Pemambuco 

„  TenerifFe 

Sail  Frandsco^Amoor  Riv 

„  Behring's  Struts 

„  Honolulu 

,,  Panama 

Shanghai — Sydney 
Singapore — London   . 
Suez — Calcutta    ,        , 
Sydney— Batavia         . 
„         Cape  Horn  . 
„         Shanghai 
,,         Valparaiso    . 
Tahiti— Honolulu 

„         Portsmouth    . 

Teneriffe — Pemambuco 

Valparaiso — Honolulu 

„  Tahiti      . 

,,  Sydney    . 

,  Panama  . 


4,030 
4.130 
2.385 
1,160 
3,400 
2.16s 
1. 190 
4.029 
4.838 

5. 14s 
2,081 
2.378 
S.902 
4.050 

5.025 
5.998 
7.3^S 
".555 
2,980 
2,770 
2.634 
535 
6.330 
7.950 
4.030 
7.330 
8.345 
1,200 
7.330 
2,822- 

2.503 
2,400 
4.570 
S.230 
".555 
4.570 
2.886 
2.SS0 
2.731 
3.400 
1,190 
2,980 

3.07s 
3,080 
2.450 
4.130 
1,200 
1.390 
4.029 
4.050 
3.075 
4.330 
".530 
2.392 
2.634 
5.060 
3.560 
4.330 
1,800 
3.570 
1,608 
850 
3.946 
2,720 
2,081 
3.150 
4,640 

8.345 
4.580 
3.870 
S.470 
4,640 
6.198 
2.378 
".530 
2,450 
&902 

4.233 
6.198 
3,700 


The  following  table  shows  distances  from  London  as 
the  bird  flies,  in  English  statute  miles  : — 


Algiers 

.  1,050 

Jerasalem  . 

.  2,100 

Amsterdam 

210 

Lima .        , 

.  6,900 

Astrakan    . 

.  2.180 

Lisbon 

.    980 

Azores 

.  1,680 

Madeira     . 

.  r,6oo 

Barcelona  . 

.     680 

Madras 

.  S170 

Belgrade     . 

.  1,040 

Madrid 

.     780 

Berlin . 

.      580 

Malta 

.  1,260 

Bordeaux   , 

460 

Manilla 

.  6,700 

Boston 

.  3.190 

Marseilles  . 

620 

Bremen 

•      390 

Mauritius    . 

.  6,010 

Bmssels      . 

,        .      190 

Melbourne . 

.  9.990 

Bucharest  . 

.  1.270 

Mexico 

.  5,800 

Buda-Pesth 

.     900 

Montevideo 

•  7.150 

Buenos  Ayres 

.  7,260 

Montreal    , 

•  3.340 

Cadiz . 

.  1,080 

Moscow 

.  IjsSo 

Cairo  . 

.  2,160 

Naples 

.  1,000 

Calcutta 

.  4.870 

Natal.     ;  . 

.  5.850 

Canton 

.  5.960 

New  Orleans 

.  4,820 

Cape  Town 

•  5.950 

New  York  . 

.  3.620 

Chicago 

.  4.050 

Palermo     . 

•  1.150 

Colombo    .  . 

•  5.370 

Paris  . 

200 

Constantinople 

.  1,540 

Pekin 

•  5.400 

Copenhagen 

.      600 

Philadelphia 

.  3.700 

Cyprus 

.  1.980 

Quebec 

.  3.200 

Dresden 

.     600 

Quito  . 

.  6,500 

Dublin 

.      280 

Rio  Janeiro 

.  6,000 

Edinburgh  . 

.      300 

Rome 

.      900 

Falklands   . 

.  8.150 

San  Francisco 

.  6,000 

Florence     . 

•     730 

St.  Petersburg 

.  1.380 

Frankfort  • . 

400 

Sierra  Leone 

•  3.300 

Geneva 

.        .      460 

Singapore   . 

.  7.050 

Genoa 

.     650 

Stockholm  . 

910 

Gibraltar    . 

:      .  1, 100 

Sydney  '     . 

I0,T20 

Halifax       . 

.  2.940 

TenerifiFe     . 

.    2,080 

Hamburg   . 

.  ■  450 

Utah. 

.    5.500 

Havanna    . 

.  4.700 

Valparaiso . 

•  7.8«o 

Hong-Kong 

.      .  6.040 

Vienna, 

\      760 

Honolulu   . 

.  8.430 

Warsaw   ■ . 

.      910 

Iceland 

r        .  1,060 

Washington 

.  3.800 

Jamaica 

.  4,800 

Yeddo 

.        .  6.600 

Jersey 

.      170 

Distances  by  railway  route  from  London  are : — 

Mi-les. 

MiUs 

Antwerp     . 

260 

Munich       . 

.     758 

Berlin 

•   ■  733 

Paris  . 

•   ,283 

Constantinople 

.  2,260 

Rome . 

.  1.195 

Copenhagen 

•.      854 

St.  Petersburg 

.  1,748 

Hamburg   . 

.      849 

Stockholm  . 

•  1. 195 

Lisbon 

.  1.603 

Turin . 

.     781 

Madrid 

.        .  1,191 

Vienna 

.     963 

Moscow      . 

.  I.940 

DIV( 

Warsaw 
)RCE 

•  1,130 

Bertillon's  and  other  tables  show  that  the  number  of 
divorces  compare  with  marriages  in  various  countries  as 
follows : — 


Per  10,000 

. 

Per  10,000 

Marriages 

Marriages 

1867-76 

1877-86 

1867-76 

1877-«« 

England    '. 

9 

19 

NorwayV  . 

24 

30 

Scotland     . 

16 

29 

Sweden .     . 

56 

73 

Ireland  .     . 

z 

3 

Holland     . 

50 

91 

U.  Kingdom 

9 

J8 

Belgium     . 

40 

69 

France  .    . 

72 

127 

Roumania . 

99 

106 

Germany    . 

107 

152 

Switzerland 

468 

Russia   .    . 

18 

33 

Paris     .    . 

297 

322 

Poland  .    . 

49 

55 

BerUn    .     . 

420 

533 

Austria  .    . 

7 

10 

Vienna  .     . 

210 

290 

Himgarj'    . 

64r 

Australia    . 

35 

Italy.    .    . 

31 

24 

U.  States   . 

330 

444 

Denmark    . 

353 

406 

Canada .     . 

5 

12 

DIVORCE 


891 


DIVORCE 


Rummer's  table  for  five  comitries  covers  a  period  of  50 


years : — 


y^cmPJt 


.*Vi. ...,..., 


y'^«  •  '  Divorces  per  10,000  Marriages  .>^-^jV^:' 

Period 

g  ■ 

•0 ' 

J 

"o 

.2" 

I 

'if 

1831-40 
1841-50 
1851^60 
1861-70 
1871-80 

49 

:  43  .* 
43 

49/ 
6s 

12 
14 

24 . 
29 

51 

256 
252 

25s 
20s 
256 

r33 
■^37' 
48  . 

*■  70 

^90i 
156. 

229  : 
249 

*.  99' 
112 
124' 

«„27>r 
44  > 

68  ^'^ 
78  ^.' 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  divorces 
(including  judicial  separations)  in  the  various  countries 
during  twenty  years  ending  December  1886.  The  figures 
are  mainly  from  Commissioner  Carroll  Wright's  work. 
(Washington,  1889),  comoiled  firom.  Bertillon's  and  other 
returns  : — 


--  Actual  'Number  of  Divorces  Granted  ^ -m 

1867-71 

1872-76 

1877-81 

1882-86 

aoTears 

England'-'., 

''■V724 

1,050 

1.743 

1,891 

-S.408 

Scotland    '. 

--n  177 

220 

••    337 

390 

J  1,124 

Ireland  .    . ' 

':•■  4 

-;-.i3 

21 

17 

.-V,  55 . 

U.  Kingdom 

90s 

•  1.283 

.    2,J01. 

2,298 

'-  6,587 

France   .     . 

-  9.850 

ii,384 

13.132 

22,750 

S7."6 

Germany     . 

18,450 

22,085 

24.143 

29,140 

93,818 

Russia    .    . 

4.597 

S.09S 

'     5.721 

6.563 

:  21,976 

Poland  .    . 

809 

1.073 

.  1,432 

>  1.725 

.  S.039 

Austria  .    . 

690 

:,  808 

•856 

Hungary     . 

... » 

*■  5.^46 

4.83s 

,•  ... 

Italy  .    .    . 

3.136 

y  3.195 

2,838 

,    ...  . 

.Sweden  .    . 

•  619. 

,     953 

,X.P53 

■1,109. 

3.734 

Norway  .    . 

••• 

162 

;.     J9S 

Denmark  h . 

... 

2,677. 

,  3.046 

... 

•  •• 

Holland.'. 

700 

810 

J. 160 

1.570 

4,340 

Switzerland 

'4.811 

4,588 

Roumania  . 

'  ... " 

1.787 

1,900 

... 

Belgium .    . 

620 

899 

1,189 

1,501 

4.209 

Europe,  ap- 
proximately 

146,600 

57.500 

69,132 

85,100 

258,333 

Canada.     . 

•■■^'i^ 

16 

33 

52 

116 

U.  States    . 

33.574 

68,547 

-89,284 

117.311 

328,716 

Total 

100,189 

126,063 

158,449, 

202,463 

587.164 

In  the  above  table  Germany  is  an  estimate  dowii  to 
1 88 1  (see  p.  221),  and  in  some  cases  where  the  record  of  a 


year  is  missing,  the  average  for  the  other  four  years,  of  the 
period  is  added.    -%. 

Ktm:imer  also  gives  the  following  table  of  the  increase 
of  divorce : — 


S 

s 

5 

g 

s 

s 

^ 

iH 

^ 

i 

^ 

s 

s 

s 

s 

00 

•^ 

•^ 

IH 

l-l 

•H 

fl 

France     .    .    . 

100 

138 

150 

190 

163 

225 

Belgium   .     .    , 

100 

140 

160 

190 

280 

420 

Holland  ...    . 

100 

100 

112 

115 

139 

151 

Saxony^.  -  .  - . 

100 

•83 

^75 

72 

80 

los 

Swedeny... ..  . 

100 

•,98 

109 

113 

132 

161 

Classifying  the  nations  according  to  creed,  we  fand 
divorces  per  10,000  marriages : —  ^ 


Among  Catholics    ■ 
'Among  Protestants 


41 
133 


In  countries  of.  mixed  creeds  the  ratios  were  as  fol* 
lows»: — ' 


I    Divorces  per  10,000  Marriages 


Protestant 
Provinces 


U.  Kingdom 
Bavaria  .     , 
Holland  .  . 
Switzerland 
Hungary  .  . 


15 
61 

45 

595 
283 


Catholic 
Provinces 


Mixed 
Provinces 


Date 


57 

9 

128 


223 

50s 


1871-80 
1862-75 
1850-64 
1876-80 
1878-79 


As  regards  cities  Kumnier  gives  the  following  :— 
Divorces  per.  10,000  Marriages 


Antwerp 
Augsburg 
Berlin.  . 
Breslau  . 
Brussels 
Bucharest 
Christiania'  .. 
Cologne         . 
Copenhagen  . 
Frankfort 
Ghent    . 
Hague  . 

The  above  results  are  for  different  periods  between  i860 
and  1875,  usually  averages  of  five  years. 


IS 
103 

307 
124 

443 
•  17 
64 
292 
171 

17 
III 


Liege  . 

'      .IIS 

London 

40 

Munich 

.    153 

Nuremberg  . 

•      77 

IParis    . 

.     250 

Prague 

.       18 

'Ratisbon 

.      63 

Rotterdam  . 

.     197 

San  Francisco 

.  2233 

Stockholm   . 

.    281 

Vienna 

•    233 

The  proportions  of  divorces  according  to  length  Of  marri^e  were : — 


Years  Married 

France 

Saxony 

Italy 

Switzerland 

Sweden 

Roumania 

Average 

Under  5   .        .        .•       . 
S-10       •  .        .        .        . 
Over  10    .... 

2i;s 
29.6 
48.9 

33-7 
29.3 
350 

40.9 
22.9 
36.2 

36.0 
34.1 
39-9 

11.2 
24.8 
64.0 

30.9 
37.4 
11.7 

32-4 
39.0 
38.6 

Total 

loao 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

icio.o    ■ 

100.0 

100.0 

Date 

1876-79 

1875-77 

1866-79 

i876r8o 

1876-80 

1875-77 

The  percentages  of  marriages  dissolved  at  the  petition  of  husband  or  of  wife  showed  thus : — 


Petition  b> 

Scotland 

Norway 

Belgium- 

Saxony 

Italy 

Roumania 

Massa- 
chusetts 

Average 

Husband       .... 
Wife     ■.       .       .       .       . 

S6 
44 

68 

32 

44 
56 

45 
53 

34 
66 

27 
73 

33 
67 

58 

Total       . 

100 

100       j       100 

100 

100 

100              100    • 

100 

Date      .,..-. 

1S78-81 

1875-80   1     -1880  .   i   1875  80 

1866-79 

1875-77  I  1860-78 

... 

DIVORCE 


892 


DIVORCE 


Switzerland 
The  marriages  and  divorces  were  as  follows : — 


Period 

Marriages 

Divorces 

Divorces 
per  1000 
Marriages 

i877-r8i    .... 
1882-86    .    .    .    ;. 

101,000 

lOOiOOO 

4,811 
4.588 

.47.6 
45-9 

10  years    .... 

201,000 

9.399 

46.7 

The  returns  of  age  were  in  1880  as  follows : — 


Years 

Husband 

Wife 

Toul 

Ratio 

Under  30     .    .    . 
30-40  .    .    .    .    . 

40-50 

Over  50   ..... 

144 
302 
211 
199 

217 
287 
178 
174 

361 
589 
389 
373 

21. 1 

34-S 
22.7 
21.7 

Total    .    . 

856 

856 

r,7i2 

loao 

The  occupations  of  persons  divorced  are  shown  thus  :- 

Per  Million 
Inhabitants^ 

Agriculturists,. 190 

Mechanics       .......    510 

Merchants 6ao 

The  duration  of  marriage  was  as  follows :— 


Years 

Marriages 

Ratio 

Under  a  .... 
2-5.        ..       . 
5-10 

IO-2Q 

Over  20 

9i 
220 
230 

235 
90 

9.5 
2S4 
27.0 
27.6 

Total       .       . 

856 

loao 

Youthful  marriages  seem  most  exposed  to  divorccj  the 
ratios  being  as  follows : — 


Divorces  fer 
10,000  Marriages 
.    620 


Marrying  Age 

Under  20        .       ,       . 

20-40      ........  330 

Over  40 320 

United  States 

The  following-table  compares  marriages  with  divorces 
in  the  only  States  in  which  the  former  are  fully  reported, 
viz. : — Connecticut,  District  of  Coluinbia,  Massachusetts, 
Ohio,  Rhode  Island,  and  Vermont : — 

Aggregate  of  Six  States 


Period 

Marriages 

Divorces 

Divorces  per 
1000  Marriages 

1867-71 .    .    . 
1872-76  .•    .    . 
1877-81 .    .    . 
1882-86 .    .    . 

258,000 
261,000 
263,000 
296,000, 

10,753 
12,577 
13.929 
16,308 

41 
48 
53 
55 

20  years*    .    . 

1,078,000 

53.567 

50 

•  The  ratio  of  divorces  to  marriages  in  the  United  States 
maybe  estimated  from  the  above  six  States,  which,  during 
twenty  years,  bad  a  itiarriage-rate  of  9  per  1000  inhabitants. 


The  several  States  in  their  a^^egate  returns  for  twenty 
years  showed  as  follows : — 


Marriages 

Divorces 

Divorces  per 
1000  Marriages 

Connecticut    . 

District  of  Columbia 

Massachusetts 

Ohio 

Rhode  Island . 

Vermont         .        '. 

97,000  j      8,542 
24,006 1      1,105 
308,000  j      9,853 
544,000      26,367 
50,000        4,462 
55,000        3.238 

88 
45 
32 
48 
89 
59 

Total       . 

1,078,000.1    53,567 

SO 

The  number  of  divorces  yearly  compared  with  the 
mean  population  of  the  great  sections  of  the  United 
States  was  approximately  as  follows  : — 


Staties' 

Divorces  Yearly  per  100,000  Population 

1867-71  j  1872-76 

1877-81 1 1882-86 

20  Years 

N.  England 
Middle    .     . 
South     .    . 
West.    .    . 
The  Union  . 

52 
17 
13 
43 
30 

54 
IS 

17    . 
50 
32 

fi 

24 
54 
35 

52 

19 
31 
65 
42 

S3 
17 

60 

36 

T^e  figures  for  twenty  years,  will,  therefore,  stand 
thus: — ■• 


Period 

Marriages 

Divorces 

Divorces 
per  1000 
Marriages 

1867-71.    .    .    . 
1872-76.    .    .    . 
1877-81.    .    .    . 
1882-86.    .•   ..   . 

1,710,000 
1,980,000  ■ 
2,210,000 
2,430,000 

53.574 
68:547 
89,284 

117.3" 

31-3 
34-6 
40.4 
48.3 

20  years     ..... 

8,330,000    [     328,716. 

39.5 

The  caUs^  for  divorces  granted  were  as  follows  :^— 


Summary  of  Divorces  Granted 

Cause 

To 

Husband 

lo 

Wife 

Total 

Ratio 

Adultery  .... 
Cruelty     .... 
Desertion      .    .    . 
Drunkenness     .    . 
Neglect    .... 
Various    .... 

38.184 
6,122 

51.485 
1.434 
7,426 
7,889 

29,502 
45.473 
75.191 
12,432 

40.374 
13.204 

67,686       20.6 

SI.S95        iS-7 
126,676       38.5 
13.866         4.3 
47.800       14.5 
21,093         6.4 

Total  .    . 

112,540 

216,176 

328,716      100.0 

The  average  duration  of  marriage  before  divorce  was :— 


Cause 

Years  of  Marriage  before  Divorce 
Granted 

To  Husband 

To  Wife 

Total 

Adultery     . 
Cruelty  .    . 
Desertion   . 
Drunkenness 
Neglect .    . 
Varjpus .    . 
All  causes  . 

7-f 
9.8 

9.8 

10.9 

7.6 
9.0 

9.5 
9.2 
9.2 
11,0 
9.3 
7.3 
9-3 

8.6 
9.3 
9.4 

II.O 
9.2 

7.4 
9.2 

DIVORCE 


893 


DIVORCE 


The  number  of  divorces  compar;  J 

v/itli  the  medium  population  of  each  State  in  1870-8 

0  thus : — 

Number  of  Divorces 

Yearly 

1867-71 

'^    1871-76 

1877-«1 

1881-86 

Twenty 
Years 

Average  per 
100,000  Pop, 

Maine    ....... 

1,948 

2,101 

m.Sii 

1.852 

8,412 

67 

New  Hampshire    .                 ... 

781 

1.173 

1.392 

1.633 

4.979 

75 

Vermont         .        .                 ... 

830 

851 

798 

759 

3,238 

50 

Rhode  Island          .                 ... 

938 

1,030 

1.197 

1,297 

4.462 

89 

Connecticut 

2.3H 

2.319 

1.923 

1,986 

8.542 

74 

Massachusetts 

1,781 

2,448 

2,624 

3,000 

9.853 

30 

New  England 

8.592 

9,922 

io,44S 

10,527 

39,486 

53 

New  York      ....'.. 

3.755 

3.224 

3.617 

4.759 

I5.3S5 

16 

New  Jersey 

390 

528 

652 

1,072 

2,642 

13 

Pennsylvania 

3.158 

3.32s 

4. 1 17 

5.420 

16,020 

21 

Delaware 

69 

43 

83 

94 

289) 

10 

District  of  Columbi        .... 

161 

318 

294 

332 

1. 105 

\      37 

425 

465 

495 

800 

2,185 

13 

Middle 

7.958 

7.903 

9.258 

12.477 

37.596 

17 

Virginia  (2) 

758 

932 

I.43S 

2,065 

S.190 

X4 

North  Carolina 

130 

266 

364 

578 

1.338 

5 

South  Carolina 

6 

92 

65 

163 

I 

Georgia 

587 

893 

1.025 

1.454 

3.959 

IS 

198 

340 

62s 

965 

2,128 

48 

Alabama 

479 

752 

1,502 

2.471 

S.204 

23 

Mississippi 

373 

858 

1,506 

2,303 

S.040 

»5 

Louisiana 

173 

319 

446 

759 

1.697 

10 

Texas 

699 

1.547 

3.338 

5,888 

11,472 

48 

Arkansas 

S62 

846 

1.947 

.  2,686 

6,041 

48 

Kentucky 

1,726 

2,242 

2.84s 

3.43s 

10,248 

34 

Tennessee      ...... 

1.41S 

1.954  • 

58,838 

3.418 

9.625 

34 

South 

7,106 

11,041 

17.936 

26,022 

62,105 

24 

Ohio 

4.729 

S.611 

7.093 

8.934    . 

26,367 

46 

5.803 

8.516 

9.702 

12,051 

36,072 

64 

Missouri 

3,281 

3,220 

4.073 

5. 704 

15.278 

38 

S.741 

5. 089 

6.523 

7.840 

25.193 

67 

Iowa      ......< 

2,838 

3".  509 

4.614 

S.603 

3.6,564 

59 

2.63s. 

3.783 

5.492 

6.523 

18.433 

66 

Wisconsin 

2,006 

2,146 

2,484 

3.352 

9.988 

42 

Minnesota 

403 

659 

918 

1.643 

3.623 

30 

Kansas  . 

72s 

1.293 

1,891 

3.282 

7.191 

52 

151 

391 

818 

1,674 

3.034 

50 

Colorado        .        .        .        •    ,    •        • 

•  80 

338 

1.005 

2,264 

3.687 

152 

California 

1,288 

2.553 

3,400 

4.877 

12,118 

87 

Oregon 

369 

448 

759 

1.033 

2,609 

98 

387 

J.  387 

X.594 

710 

4.078 

170 

Nevada,  Dakota,  &c     .       .       .       . 

483 

738 

1,279 

2.795    - 

S.294 

... 

West      .       ... 

29,918 

39.681 

51.64s 

68,385 

189.529 

60 

Total 

S3.S74 

68,547 

89,284 

117.3" 

328,716 

36 

The  number  of  married  couples  and  that  of  divorces 
in  certain  States  and  cities  were  as  follows : — 


Divorces 

States 

Estimated 
Married  Couples 

Divorces 

per 
100,000 

Couples 

1870 

1880 

1870 

1880 

1870 

1880 

New  York 

828,000 

961,000 

731 

834 

88 

87 

Pennsylvania. 

666,000 

809,000 

623 

951 

9^ 

114 

Massachusetts 

275.000 

337.000 

404 

595 

147 

178 

Illinois .     .     . 

480,000 

582,000 

1,178 

2.139 

245 

369 

Ohio     .     .    . 

504,000 

601,000 

992 

1.553 

197 

259 

Maryland .    . 

148,000 

177,000 

84 

128 

,56 

72 

Louisiana .     . 

137,000 

178,000 

30 

109 

22 

61 

Missouri    ,     . 

•325,000 

410,000 

491 

930 

IS2 

227 

California .    . 

106,00c 

163,000 

298 

683 

280 

410 

9  States 

3,469,000 

•4,218,000 

4.831 

7,922 

140 

187 

« 

Divorces 

Cities 

Estimated 
Married  Couples 

Divorces 

per 
100,000 
Couples 

1870 

1880 

1870 

1880 

1870 

1880 

New  York 

178,000 

228,000 

265 

227 

ISO 

100 

Philadelphia  . 

127,000 

160,000 

124 

194 

97 

121 

Boston .     .     . 

51,000 

73-000 

113 

156 

223 

214 

Baltimore .     . 

51,000 

63,000 

60 

98 

118 

10 

Washington  . 

25,000 

34.000 

39 

66 

xc;6 

194 

New  Orleans . 

36,000 

41,000 

15 

38 

42 

93 

St.  Louis  .     . 

S9.0OO 

66,000 

15s 

241 

263 

36=; 

San  Francisco 

28,000 

44,000 

87 

243 

3" 

■^-^o 

Brooklyn  .     . 

79,000 

113,000 

54 

111 

68 

93 

Qeveland .     . 

25,000 

37,000 

114 

168 

4t;6 

4=;4 

Memphis  .     . 

14,000 

15,000 

26 

61 

186 

406 

Milwaukee     . 

17,000 

26,000 

57 

104 

335 

400 

12  cities 

690,000 

900,000 

1,109 

1,706 

160 

190 

EDUCATION 


894 


EDUCATION 


EDUCATION 

The  following  is  a  general  view  of  the  educational  conditiaa  of  die  various  countries  according  to  latest  iaSxr 

mation : — 


Country 

Year 

Schools 

Teachers 

Pupils 

Expenditure,  £ 

School  Children 
per  1000  Pop. 

United  Kingdom 

1888 

30.522 

85,000 

4,605,000 

9,690,000 

123 

France. 

1887 

85.545 

136,800 

6,308,000. 

6,000,000 

17» 

Germany      .        , 

1881 

57.000 

120,000 

7,100,000 

4,000,000 

I4C>< 

Russia  .        .        ,        4 

1889 

43.»oo 

2,510,000 

3,800,000 

2<r 

Austria         .,       .        . 

1889 

35.718 

99.200 

4,903,000 

2,400,000 

130 

Italy     .        .;       . 

1887 

70,507 

86,400 

3,071,000 

1,100,000 

9> 

Spain    .        .        . 

1885 

31,880 

36.000 

1,843,000 

1,200,000 

io6 

Portugal 

1886 

5,663 

257,000 

200,000. 

54 

Switzerland  .        . 

1886 

6,794 

12,720 

630,000 

400,000 

210 

Belgium        ,         . 

1887 

8,257 

10,800 

8o&,ooo 

1,100,000 

13s 

HoUand 

1888 

5,448 

19.870 

758,000 

1,300,000 

14s 

Scandinavia   •, 

1886 

19.936 

1,263,000 

1,200,000 

140 

Roumania    .        . 

1883 

2,807 

134,000 

27 

Servia  ... 

1888 

702 

1,650 

60,000 

200,000 

30 

Greece  .   ^*,      • 

1884 

2,700 

3.374 

143,000 

240,000 

72 

Europe     ^  ;      .       .1 

406.579 

34.393.000 

32,830,000 

105 

United  States*      . 

1888 

171,200 

272,700 

7,850,000 

25.500 

130 

Canada         .,       , 

1887 

15.607 

18,942 

487,000 

1,100,000 

100 

Australia      ..      .       ', 

1888 

9.104 

13,200 

510,000 

1,900,000 

140 

India    .     ~  .,       . 

1888 

133^352 

... 

3,474,000 

2,100,000 

17 

South  Africa«i       •       I 

1888 

1.530 

... 

56,000 

250,000 

40 

Ceylon .    ,  ,1      «       ^ 

1888 

3.650 

... 

131,000 

50 

Algeria      •>  ,.        ,       ic 

1888 

1,214 

... 

110,000 

30 

Argentina     •        ,       { 

1888 

3.227 

7.300 

255.000 

500,000 

70 

Chile    .    .-:•  .       «       i 

1888 

1.450 

... 

86,000 

34 

Uruguay  '^'.',       .       \ 
Venezuela '-.j       .       ( 

1888 

780 

1.530 

54.000 

120,000 

90 

i888 

2,042 

105,000 

30,000 

4S 

Brazil    .     <\.\       ,       ' 

1889 

7,500 

300,000 

•*• 

30 

Egypt  ,        .;       ^ 

1887 

6,640 

7.240 

170,000 

... 

25 

T6taI^>^  . 

Jc 

1        1888 

27.550 

62,520 

2,835,000 

... 

70 

T 

... 

791.425 

... 

50,816,000 

... 

The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  spread  of 
education  in  the  last  fifty  years  : — 


Percentage 

Average  Attendance  at  School 

of  Adults 

able  to  Write 

1840 

1888 

Increase 
per  Cent. 

1840 

1889 

U.  Kingdom 

2,100,000 

4,600,000 

118 

59 

90 

France    .    , 

2,900,000 

6,300,000 

117 

47 

85 

Germany     . 

3,700,000 

7,100,000 

92 

82 

9b 

Russia    .     . 

460,000 

2,510,000 

444 

2 

IS 

Austria    .    . 

2,310,000 

4,900,000 

113 

21 

55 

Italy  ,     .     . 

550,000. 

3,070,000 

458 

16 

47 

Spain.     .     . 

450,000 

1,840,000 

309 

14 

28 

Portugal.     . 

5d,oooj 

260,000 

420 

Holland.     . 

300,000- 

760,000 

153 

70 

86 

Belgium  .    . 

320,000 

810,000 

153 

45 

80 

Scandinavia 

550,000 

1,260,000 

130 

80 

97 

Switzerland . 

400,000 

630,000 

60 

80 

95 

Greece,  &c. . 

90,000 

350,000 

.  290 

Europe    .    . 

14,160,000 

34,390,000 

145 

... 

U.  States     . 

1,260,000 

7,850,000 

520 

8o 

92 

India  .     .     . 

150,000 

3,470,000 

2,210 

... 

•n 

Colonies,  &c 

650,000 

5,100,000 

680 

... 

1       - 

Total    . 

16,240,000 

50,810,000 

217 

...     1     ... 

The  march  of  education  in  Europe  has  been  remark- 
able, for  whereas  population  has  only  increased  33  per 
cent,  since  1840,  the  average  number  of  chil'Uen  attending 
school  has  risen  145  per  cent. 


The  percentage  of  conscripts  who  could  read  was  as 
follows : — 


Germany 
Holland 
France  . 
Belgium 
Austria . 
Italy 
Hungary 
Sweden 
Denmark 
Switzerland 
Russia  . 
Servia    . 


1868 


96 
-82 
76 
74 
34 
32 


1880 


98 
88 
86 
81 
61 
52 
49 


1884 


99 
90 
88 

8S 
69 
53 

55 

too 

100 

98 

21 

21 


The  following  table  shows  the  proportions  of  men  and 
women  able  to  sign  the  marriage  register,  also  of  con- 
scripts able  to  read,  at  various  dates  : — 


Able  to 

Sign  Register 

Able  to  Read 

in  100  Con- 
scripts 

In  100  Men 

In  100  Women 

Year 

•a 

c 

"til 

c 

c 

>. 

■« 

c 
rt 

1 

s 

c 

1841 

&7 

... 

... 

SI 

... 

... 

"  z'f, 

1851 

69 

ss 

... 

i86x 

75 

71 

65 

55 

70 

...  ^ 

1871 

81 

75     43 

73 

63 

23 

80 

43 

l83j 

b8 

36 

55 

84 

78 

33 

87 

52 

EDUCATION 


8S5 


EDUCATION 


As  respects  superior  education,  the  universities  of  the 
world  stand  thus : —  d 


United  Kingdom 

France    .  ^ 

Germany  , 

Russia     .  . ' 

Austria   .  • 

Italy  .    .  , 

Spain .  .  *  • 

Portugal  . 

Belgium  .  « 

Holland  .  , 

Denmark  . 

Sweden   .  . 

Norway  .  » 
Switzerland . 

Greece    .  ^ 

Europe  .  • 
United  States 
Morocco.  '. 


Tdtal  . 


Universities   Professors    Students 


II 

t 

21 

8 

lO 
21 
:30 

X 

4 
4 

T 
2 
I 

4 


lOI 

360 


462 


344 

180 

1,920 

701 

1,430 
600 
^80 

40 
120 
150 

60 

173 
46 
90 
40 


6,274 

4,240 

40 


IO.SS4 


13.400 

10,300 

26,680 

10,400 

18,600 

9,000 

16,200 

1,300 

S.900 

2,300 

1,400 

2,7JO 

1,700 
2,000 

1,800 


123,690 

60,100 

700 

184,490 


There  are  also  universities  in  Canada,  Australia,  and 
India,  of  which  statistics  are  wanting. 

The  number  of  university  students  compared  with 
population  is  much  greater  in  Spain  and  Belgium  than  in 
other  European  countries.. 

Intermediate  education  embraces  a  great  number  of 
colleges,  academies,  lyceums,  &c.,  of  which  details  will 
be  found  in  the  various  countries. 

United  Kingdom 

In  1S30  the  Board  of  Education  was  established,  with 
power  to  spend  ;^30,ooo  on  schools.  The  returns  for 
Great  Britain  (excluding  Ireland)  have  been  as  follows : — 


Year 

.  Sum   • 
Voted,  ;^ 

Number 

Accom- 

Average 

of  Schools 

modation 

Attend- 

Inspected 

for  Pupils 

ance 

1850  ... 

180,000 

.     2.613 

... 

225,400 

i860  .    .   . 

724,000 

7.272 

1,400,000 

884,cxx3 

1870  .•  .    . 

912,000 

10,949 

2-,2I5,O0O 

1,454,000 

1880  .    .    . 

2,854,000 

20,670  . 

4;843,ooo 

3,155,000 

1888  .    .    . 

4,168,000 

22,326 

6,043,000 

4,111,000 

The  number  of  schools  of  all  kinds,  and  the  average 
attendance  of  school-children  in  the  three  kingdoms, 
showed  thus :-» • 


Schools 

Scholars 

IS46 

1888 

.     1846 

1888 

England    .    .    . 
Scotland    .    .    . 
Ireland.    .    .    . 

22,200 
5.042 
9.657 

19,221 

3.10s 

.8,196- 

1,500,000 
220,000 
330,000 

3,615,000 
496,000 
494,000 

Total   ..    . 

36,899 

30,522 

2,050,000 

4,605,000 

The  proportion  of  adults  able 
those  signing  the  marriage  register, 


to  vmte  is 
viz. : — 


shown  by 


!.-  Men 


England  .  .» 
Scotland^  .«  L, 
Ireland .  » .  /. 
United  Kingdom  . 


Per  Cent. 


92 
96 
78 
91 


Women 


90 
92 
76 
89 


General 


91 
94 
77' 
90; 


If  we  compare  the  returns  of  the  whole  United  King- 
dom for  1888  with  those  of  1878  we  find  as  follows  : — 


Number  of  schools 

Accommodation  . 

Average  attend-) 

ance    .    .    .  ) 


1878 


1888 


26.734 
5,543,000 

3,219,000 


30.522 
7,105,000 

.  4,605,000 


Ratio 
brincrease 


Per  Cent 

14 
29. 

44. 


The  returns  for  the  three  kingdoms  in  1888  were  as 
follows  :r- 


Expendi- 
ture. ;f 

Number  ol 
Schools 

Accommo: 
dation 

Average 

Attend-. 

ance 

England 
Scotland 
Ireland   .     . 

-7,440,000 
1,160,000 
1,090,000 

19,221 
3.10S 
8,196 

5,356,000 

687,000 

1,062,000 

3,615,000 

,  496,000 

494,000 

U.  Kingdom 

9,690,000 

30,522 

7,105,000 '  4,605,000 

The  income  of  the  schoob  in  1888  was  made  up  thus : — 


England 

Scotland. 

-  Ireland 

United  . 
Kingdoni 

State  subsidy 
Rates,  &c.   . 

Ji 
3,600,000 

3,840,000 

£ 
570,000 
590,000 

£ 
900,000 
190,000 

£  . 
5,070,000 
4,620,000 

Total 

7,440,000 

1,160,000 

1,090,000 

"9,^90,000 

From  1870  to  1888  the  new  schools  built  in  England 
and  Wales  were : — 


School* 

Number 

Accommodation 
for  Pupils 

Board.        .        .       . 
Voluntary  .       .       .1 

4,562 
6,738 

1,809,000 
1,668,000 

Total 

",300         1       3.477,000 

In  1888  the  schools  of  England  and  Wales  had  68,683 
certified  teachers  and  29,901  pupil  teachers ;  the  average 
expenditure  yearly  was : — 

£  s..  d. 
Board  schools    ....    2    4    8  per  child' 
Voluntary  schools  .    .    r  16    4   ,,  •  „ 

•  Local  taxation  supplied  i8s.  per  child,  fees  lbs.,  and 
the  subsidy  from  the  State  the  rest  In  London  the 
expenditure  was  much  higher,  namely,  6is.  in  Board 
Schools,  and  44s.  in  voluntary  per  child  in  average 
attendance.  The  working  of  both  kinds  of  schools  in 
England  and  Wales  in  188 1  is  shown  thus : — 


Schools 

Average  Attendance 

Xssa. 

1888 

1881 

1888 

Voluntary   . 
Board     .    . 

14.370 
3.692 

14.659 
4.562 

2,008,000 
856,000 

... 

Total    . 

t8,o62 

19,221 

2,864,000 

3,615,000 

In  1880  the  religion  of  the  school-children  of  the 
United  Kingdom  was  as  follows : — 

School  Children 


Church  of  England  •  .  1,539,700 

Presbyterian     .       ■»  .  527,400 

Roman  Catholic;      J  •  526,600 

•ll^firious    .       •       •  ..  1,030,300 

Total       .,  .  3,624,000 


^Percentage 
42.8 
14.6 
14.6 
28.0 


EDUCATION 


896 


EDUCATION 


The  number  of  scholars  is  that  on  the  rolls,  but  the 
average  attendance  is  about  6^  per  cent,  of  same. 


Year 

On  the  Rolls 

Average 
Attendance 

Ratio 

s88o    .        .        , 
1885   .       ;       . 
1888    . 

9,705,000 
11,170,000 
",950,000 

6,049,000 
7,020,000 
7,852,000 

62  per  cent. 

63  M 
65      « 

As  the  population  in  1888  was  60  millions,  the  average 
attendance  was  equal  to  131  per  thousand  of  population, 
against  123  in  the  United  Kingdom.  Considering  the 
vast  extent  and  scattered  population  of  th6  United  States, 
this  result  is  admirable. 

School  revenue  seems  largely  to  exceed  expenditure, 
the  latter  in  1888  being  stated  at  ;^25,51o,ocxd,  whereas 
the  school  revenue  of  18S0  was  said  to  reach  ;C29,ioo,ocx3 
sterling. 


The  school-childrea  in  the  various  States  were  as  follows :— 


1840 

1860 

1885 

Average  Attend- 
ance, 1885 

Average  Attend- 
ance per  1000 
Population,  1880 

Alabama  .        .       .        .        . 

di.ooo 

98,000 

234,000 

145,000 

116            1 

Arkansas  . 

3,000 

43.000 

153.000 

93,000* 

116 

California . 

•  t» 

26,000 

184,000 

116,000 

.136 

Colorado  . 

..*     . 

... 

34,000 

25,000 

130 

Connecticut 

72,000 

90,000 

126,000 

83,000 

133 

Delaware  . 

8,000 

19,000 

31,000 

2I,000 

140 

Florida     »       H 

2,000 

9,000 

62,000 

46,000 

170 

Georgia    » 

st4,ooo 

9S.OOO 

292,000 

195,000 

130 

Illinois      «       , 

37.000 

338,000 

739.000 

491,000 

160 

Indiana    «       1 

S^.oop 

336,000 

501,000 

325,000 

162 

Iowa         .       . 

2,000 

185,000 

473.000 

284,000 

175 

Kansas     «       , 

... 

...  i 

336,000 

194,000 

194 

Kentucky ,       . 

31,000 

183,000 

283,000 

179,000 

109 

Louisiana .       . 

7,000 

48,000 

100,000 

70,000 

74 

Maine       ,       , 

173,000 

189,000 

145.000 

99,000 

151 

Maryland ,        , 

22,000 

80,000 

176,000 

93.000 

100 

Massachusetts 

178,000 

249,000 

340,000 

254.000 

140 

Michigan  . 

31,000 

205,000 

412,000 

253,000 

iSa 

Miniiesot<a         , 

... 

... 

233,000 

119,000 

iSX 

Mississippi        , 

11,000 

67,000 

279,000 

184,000 

163 

Missouri   .        , 

19,000 

203,000 

544,000 

372,000 

170 

Nebraska . 

••• 

••• 

162,000 

81,000 

178 

Nevada     . 

••• 

... 

8,000 

5,000 

166 

New  Hampshin 

90,000 

83,000       \ 

64,000 

4S.0OO 

133 

New  Jersey 

S9.000 

119,000 

817,000 

123,000 

no 

New  York         . 

S37,ooo 

806,000 

Ij025,000 

611,000 

120 

North  Carolina 

19,000 

117,000 

298,000 

186,000 

133 

Ohio         .       , 

225,000 

606,000 

775,000 

518,000 

160 

Oregon     ,        , 

... 

... 

46,000 

31,000 

170 

Pennsylvania    , 

198,000 

670,000 

982,000 

657,000 

153 

Rhode  Island   , 

21,000 

31,000 

53,000 

34.000 

122 

South  Carolina 

17,000 

47,000 

178,000 

122,000 

129 

Tennessee 

31,000 

163,000 

374.000 

192,000 

128 

Texas       ,       , 

... 

63,000 

245,000 

154,000 

97 

Vermont  •       , 

87,000 

80,000 

72,000 

49,000 

150 

Virginia    •      „ 

47.000 

155,000 

475.000 

285,000 

134 

Wisconsin.       ^       « 

2,O0O 

189,000 

322,000 

175.CO0 

134 

Territories      , . 

... 

101,000 

195,000 

110,000 

140 

Total 

I       . 

• 

2,035,000 

5,693,000 

11,170,000 

7,020,000 

140 

In  the  preceding  table  the  ratio  of  school  children  to 
population  in  1885  is  not  correct,  as  the  only  basis  for 
comparison  is  the  Census  of  1880,  which  figures  are  on 
an  average  15  per  cent,  too  low. 

The  two  Virginias,  be  it  noted,  are  put  together  as  one 
State. 

Taking  the  four  great  divisions  of  the  Union,  we 
find: 


States 

Average  Attendance 

Ratio  of 
Increase 

Per  1000 

Population 

in  1885 

1880 

1889 

New  England 
Middle    .    . 
South .    .    . 
West  .    .    . 

541.000 
1,417,000 
1,509,000 
2,582,000 

564,000 
1,505,000 
1,852,000 
3,099.000 

4  per  cent. 

6      „ 
22      .. 
19      .. 

140 

130 
130 
164 

Total    . 

6,049,000 

7,020,000 

17  per  cent. 

140 

The  expenditure  on  primary  schools  in  1880  was : — 


States 

Amount 

Ratio  per 
Inhabitant 

Per  Pupa, 
Average 
Attending 

New  England     , 
Middle  .... 
South    .... 
West     .... 
Pacific  .... 

1,908,000 
4,563,000 
1,479,000 
7,952,000 
683,000 

£  s.    d 
096 
069 
020 
096 
0  10    9 

£  s.  d. 
3  12  0 

3  5  6 
■0  19  6 
3  5  8 
5    3    0 

The  Union  . 

16,585,000 

066 

2  15    0 

•  Arkansas,  Michigan,  and  Texas  give  no  returns  of 
"average  attendance."  For  the  sake  of  comparison,  I 
assume  the  general  ratio  of  the  Union,  that  is,  63  per  cent, 
of  the  children  on  the  rolls, 


Plate  IV. 

Percentage  of  Adults  able  to  write,                     E^  UCATI O  N . 

100                                                                                                                                                                           100 

95                                  p. 

^                                                                                                             r-L^                    95| 

90                                      1 

I 

I         ri^     90| 

85 

i            II 

i 

i 

i 

;   85 

80 

1 

I - 

i 

: 

]     80 

75 

1 

1 

1 
> 

i 

I 

'     75 

70 

1 

' 

J  ■ 

70 

65 

5 

65 

60 

60 

55 

55 

50 

50 

45 

n 

^ 

45 

40 

f 

1 

40 

35 

35 

30 

, 

30 

25 

! 

25 

20 

; 

20 

16 

15 

10 

I 

10 

5 

1 

5 

1 

Percentage  of  population  attending  school;  average  attendance. 

24                                                                                                                                                                                       24 

?3                                                                                                                                                                              23 

22                                                                                                                                                                              22 

21                                                                                                                                                                                21 

20 

g                                                                      20 

19 

2                                                                    19 

18 

3                                                                 13 

17 

i                                                              17 

16 

r  i      V 

16 

15 

< 

.  1    °s 

16 

14 

'f  ;*, 

ria       1:1 

14 

13 

z 

< 

z 

<     r 

1  ?  .. 

ih 

3                         13 

12      ^ 

t 

s 

''  :;                            ? 

0 

3 

:                         12 

11 

5 

S                                       z 

^ 

2 

2        j 

I                         11 

10 

s 

<         ^ 

1  '              ^ 

^ 

~\  '^ 

1-      ^ 

10 

9 

< 

5 

^                 9 

8 

2 

■Ji 

;5 

^                 8 

7 

'-^                  7 

6 

j    ■ 

^        6 

5 

n  J 

s 

'Z        5 

4 

< 

c 

3    ■ 

§       4 
^        3 

3 

;: 

2 

n  i 

- 

"1  "^ 

2 

1 

3 

s 

1 

,. 

■ 

•• 

i 

• 

[_ 

1 

EDUCATION 


807 


EDUCATION 


The  number  of  white  population  over  twenty  years  of 
age  who  could  not  read  was  as  follows : — 


Year 


1840  . 
1850  . 
i860  . 


Number 


550,600 
1,053,000 
1,218,000 


Percentage  of 
Population 


7.8 

11.3 

9,2 


The  Census  subsequently  extended  the  inquiry  to  all 
persons,  white  or  coloured,  over  ten  years  of  age,  with 
the  result : — 


r 

Unable  to  Read 
over  Ten  Years 

Percentage  of 
Population 

1870  .... 
1880  .        .        . 

4,528,006 
3,019,000 

16.0 
8.Z 

This  shows  what  progress  education  has  made  since 
1870,  the  proportion  of  illiterate  persons  over  ten  years 
old  having  been  reduced  by  one-half  in  a  single  decade. 
The  greatest  relative  advancement  is  in  the  South,  where 
(as  shown  above)  the  average,  attendance  of  school 
children  rose  22  per  cent,  between  1880  and  1885.  The 
number  of  children  on  the  school  rolls  in  i860  and  1885 
compared  thus : — 


States 


!        Children  on  Rolls 


New  England 
Middle  .    . 
South     .    . 
West .    .    .    , 

Total    . 


1860 


1885 


722,000 
1,694,000 
1,088,000 
2,189,000 


■  5,693,000 


801,000 
2,431,000 
2,973,000 
4,965,000 


11,170,000 


Increase 


II  per  cent 

44  .. 
173  .. 
127      ,, 


96  per  cent. 


The  intermediate  and  superior  instruction    in   1880 
showed  thus : — 

Numter 

Teachers 

Students 

University  colleges 
Academies    .        .        . 

364 
1,860 

4.240 
S.960 

60,000 
183,000 

Total 

2,224 

10,200 

243,000 

The  most  celebrated  University  is  Harvard,  near  Boston, 
founded  in  1 638.  The  number  of  universities  and  colleges 
in  1775  was  ten,  rising  to  21  in  1791. 

The  University  students  in  1880  were  :— 


Law. 

Theology 

Science 


3,100 
5.800 
8,900 


Medicine 
Arts 


12,000 
30,200 


Total        .    60,000 
The  records  of  Indian  education  for  1888  sum  up  thus 


In  the  preceding  tables  no  accotmt  is  taken  of  orphan- 
ages, &c.,  which  in  1880  instructed  774,000  children, 
viz. : — 


Number 

Children 

Orphanages     .... 
Blind,  &c         .        .        .        . 
Reformatories .... 

411 
67 

751,000 

8,600 

14,200 

Total 

S6i 

773,800 

The  grand  total  of  1888  therefore  reaches  13,126,000 
persons  receiving  instruction,  or  22  per  cent,  of  the 
population. 

Canada 

In  1850  there  were  but  1700  schools,  and  in  1887  the 
number  exceeded  15,60a  The  returns  for  1887  compare 
•with  1879  as  follows  :— 

1879  1887 

Schools    .        .       •    12,786  ...  15,607 

Teachers .        .        .     16,297  ...  18,943 

'Pupils      .        .        .  866,000  ... ,  984,000 

The  returns  for  1887  were  as  follows :— 


Province 

Teachers 

Pupils 
on  Roll 

Average 
Attendance 

Expen- 
diture, £ 

Ontario.    .    .    . 
Quebec .... 
Nova  Scotia  .     . 
New  Brunswick  . 
P.  Edward  I. .     . 
Manitoba,  &c.     . 

7,775 
6,121 
2,119 
1,644 
518 
76s 

504,000 

253,000 

105,000 

69,000 

22,000 

26,000. 

248,000 
130,000 
51,000 
34,000 
12,000 
12,000 

700,000 
70,000 

136,000 
80,000 
30,00c 
90,000 

Total    . 

18,943 

979,000 

487,000    1  1,100,000 

The  Universities  of  Quebec,  Montreal,  and  Toronto  are 
ably  conducted  and  largely  attended. 

Morocco 

There  is  a  Mahometan  university  at  Fez,  attended  by 
700  students,  but  the  studies  are  mostly  limited  to  the 
Koran. 

India 

Public  instruction  may  be  said  to  date  from  1858,  when 
the  East  India  Company  possessions  were  annexed  to  the 
British  Crown.     The  records  show  as  follows :  — 


Year 

Schools 

Scholars 

Expenditure 

1857    . 
1874     . 
1878     , 
1888     . 

43.188 

82,561 

133.352 

200,000 

977.000 

2,196,000 

3,474,000 

200,000 

760,000 

1,660,000 

2,100,000 

Schools 

No. 

Pupils 

Schools 

No. 

Pupils 

Schools 

No.      1     Pupils 

State     .... 
Private      .    .    . 

78.304 
55.048 

2,959,000 
515.000 

Males      .     .    . 
Females  .    .    . 

Total    . 

126,298 

.  7,054 

3,193,700 
280,300 

Primary  .    .    . 
Secondary   ,    . 

Total    . 

89,400 
43.952 

2,557,000 
917,000^ 

Total    . 

133-352 

3,474,000 

133.352 

3,474.000 

133,352    j  3.474,000 

The  above  is  the  number  of  children  on  the  rolls,  the  average  attendance  being  78  per  cent.,  say  2,710  ooo 
children. 

The  Government  subsidy  is  ;^6oo,ooo,  fees  and  local  rates  ;^i,5oo,ooo.     The  Universities  of  Calcutta,  Madra  ■, 
nd  Kombay  have  6000  students. 


ELECTRICITY 


898 


EMIGRATION 


The  voters  and  electors  of  the  Empire  were  as  fol- 
lows : — 


Year 

1874 
1880 


Voters 


Percentage  Electors  per 

Voting  1000  Inhab. 
5,292,000        62  200 

5,832,000        64  205 

Belgium 
The  following  table  shows  the  registered  electors  and 
the  numbers  that  voted  :  — 


Electors 

8,523,000 
9,124,000 


Year 
1 841  . 

1859  .. 
1878  . 
1884  . 


Electors 

24,900 

61,900 

125,100 

195.700 


Voted 
19,100 
45,100 
.64,200 
146,800 


ELECTRICITY 

Lights.; — ^The  following  are  some  of  the  largesit  I%hts 
in  use : — 

Candle- 

Power 

Kensington  Museum .  2,000 

Crystal  Palace  .     .     .  3,000 


Candle- 
Power 
Marseilles,  lighthouse  40,000 
Palais    d' Industrie,  ) 

Paris    .     .     .    .  j  150,000 
Sydney,  lighthouse  .  i8a,ooo 


British  Museum  .  .  5,000 
Liverpool  Docks  .  .  6,000 
San  Jos6,  California    24,000 

The  cost  varies  from  lod,  an  hour  at  Kiensington,  to 
27d.  at  Marseilles,  both  Brush  systenr. 

The  arc  light  at  Liverpool  costs  I5d.,  the  Siemens 
at  the  British  Museum  24d.  The  .  San  Josi  electric 
moon  stands  on  a  tower  7.0Q  feet  high,  is  worked  by  a  9- 
horse  engine,  and  shows  light  for  two  miles  around.  The 
Sydney  light  is  visible  50  miles,  being  the  most  powerful 
yet  made.  The  Marseilles  gives  six  times  more  light  than 
the  old  system,  at  a  saving  of  gd.  per  hour.  The  Ken- 
sington Museum  saves  ;^235  a  year  by  the  change.  The 
smallest  lights  are  Swan  and  Edison's  arc  lights  of  8 
candle-power  for  domestic  use.  A  contract  with  the 
Nottingham  Municipality  in  May  1883  was  for  works  and 
plant  for  supplying  60,000  Swan  lamps  of  20  candle- 
power.  The  cost  of  instalment  was  ;^220,ooo,  and  after 
allowing  for  all  expenses  and  interest  on.  capital,  the 
electric  light  would  cost  40  per  cent,  less  than  gas,  and. 
give  40  pe^  cent,  more  light.  In  the  United  States,  in 
1890,  the^e  were  3,230,000  electric  lights  in  use,  90  per 
cent,  of  the  incandescent  kind.  Turin  is  lit  with  73,000 
candle-power  (equal  to  6000  gas  lamps),  at  a  cost  of 
;^520O  per  aimum.     The  gas  only  cost  £3200. 

In  1885  the  Journal  of  Arts  said  : — *'  As  regards  the 
electric  light,  at  the  present  time  upwards  of  600  dynamos 
and  20,000  lamps  are  in  use,  and  the  cost  of  their  instal- 
lation may  be  estimated  at  about  one  million  sterling."  . 

The  Lane-Fox  system  may  be  described  as  follows ; — 


Horse-Power 

Lights 

Candle-Power 

Aggregate 
Candle-Power 

3 

S 

8 

20 

36 
30 

40 
60 

10 
20 

25 

40 

360 

600 

1,000 

2,400 

The  Brush  system,  with  an  engine  40  horse-power, 
serves  as  follows : — 

Number  of  Lights 

Candle-Power 

Aggregate 
Candle-Power 

I        .        .        .        . 

12      ...        . 
40      ...        . 
400     ...        . 

150,000 

8,000 

2,000 

150 

150,000 
96,000 
80,000 
60,000 

One  engine  of  the  above  power  feeds  400  lamps  on  a 
line  of  30  miles,  consuming  j  50  lbs.  coal  per  hour,  as  com- 
pared with  one  ton  per-  hour  for  gaslight  over  same  length. 

The  Yablochkoff  system  is  said  to  supply  100  candle- 


Berlin  .     . 

73.400 

Hamburg 

.  S.ooo 

Hanover 

20,000 

Dresden 

.  4,000 

Milan  .    . 

20,000 

Lubeck  . 

.  3,000 

London 

6,000 

Turin 

.  3.000 

Liverpool 

2,000 

Elberfeld 

.  3,000 

power  at  a  cost  of  id.  per  hour,  having  reduced  the  cost 
from  6d.  an  hour  in  1877. 

The  number  of  Edison  lights,  underground  wires,  ici 
use  in  Europe  on  the  ist  January  1889  was  as  follows : — 

Schwerin  .  .3,000 
Rotterdam .  2,500 
Munich  .  ,  2,500 
St.  Etienne  4,000 
Strasburg  .  2,500 
besides  Brunswick,  Stuttgart,  Halle,  Crefeld,  and  Darm- 
stadt, making  a  total  of  170,000. 

According  to  the  Magasin  du  Louttre  the  relative  cost  of 
lighting  is— gas  100,  Edison  75,  Yablochkoffss  ^  1884). 

Motor 

1873.  At  the  Vienna  Exhibition  a  pump  was  worked 
at  a  distance  of  J400  yards  by  means  of  an  electric  wire. 

1879.  At  Sermaize,  La  Marne,  a  field  of  six  acres  was 
ploughed  in  six  hours  with  a  wire  attached  to  a  12-horse 
engine  a  mile  distant. 

1 88 1.  At  Oisiel  a  farmer  named  Meiner  ploughed  a 
large  field  by  connecting  an  electric  wire  with  a  waterfall. 

1882.  Project  to  tap  the  force  of  Niagara  by  construct- 
ing turbines,  the  power  of  water  being  estimated  at  ten 
million  cubic  feet  per  second,  or  eight  milliQn  horse-powei. 
and  to  transmit  this  force  through  the  United  States. 
Estimated  value,  ;^300,ooo  a  day,  or  108  millions  sterling 
per  annum.  A  copper  wire,  half-inch  diameter  and  300 
miles  long,  would  suffice  to  convey  30,000  horse-power 
from  Niagara  to  New  York. 

1883.  Four  electric  locomotives  constructed  by  the 
New  York  Railway  Company  to  do  the  work  of  160 
ordinary  locomotives.  Tramcar  at  Kew,  near  London, 
running  by  electricity  at  six  miles  an  hour,  one  accumu- 
lator of  80  lbs.  sufficing  for  seven  hours'  work  ;  cost  6s. 
per  day,  against  26s.  worked  by  horses.  Electric  railway 
from  Portrush  to  Giant's  Causeway,  Ireland.  Electric 
screw-boat  on  the  Thames  at  Greenwich,  9  miles  an  hour. 

1889.  City  of  Buffalo  contracts  with  Niagara  Power 
Company  for  io,oc)o  horse-power  at  ;^30,ooo  per  annum,,  to 
light  the  city  and  drive  factories ;  cable,  20  miles  long. 

1890.  There  are  at  present  645  miles  of  street  railways 
operated  by  electricity  in  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
At  present  45  electric  roads  are  in  course  of  construction, 
aggregating  512  miles  of  way,  for  which  167  cars  are 
being  built.  In  a  short  time  the  total  number  of  electric 
roads  will  be  854,  running  1927  motor  and  trailing  cars, 
with  a  mileage  of  11 58.  .  See  Telegraphy  Telephones. 

EMIGRATION 

Since  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  no  fewer  than  27  millions 
of  people  in  Europe  have  left  their  homes,  broken  up 
family  ties,  and  sought  their  futures  in  new  lands :  * — 


1816-50 

1861-88     )       Total 

United  Kingdom 
France  .... 
Germany  .    .    . 
Russia  .... 
Austria .... 
Italy      .... 
Switzerland    .    . 
Spain    .... 
Portugal    .    .    , 
Sweden   and        ) 
Norway       .    J 
Denmark  .     .    . 
Holland     .    .    . 
Belgium     .    ,    . 
Other  countries  . 

2,369,000 

320,000 

1,130,000 

50,000 

130,000 

320,000 

150,000 

160,000 

90,000 

100,000 

40,000 
25,000 
90,000 
20,000 

7,491,000 

1,220,000 

4,540,000 

350,000 

1,160,000 

3,260,000 

610,000 

580,000 

450,000 

970,000 

180,000 
320,000 
880,000 
200,000 

9,860,000 

1,540,000 

5,670,000 

400,000 

1,290,000 

3,580,000 

760,000 

740,000 

540,000 

1,070,000 

220,000 
34S.60O 
970,000 
230,000 

Europe.    .    .    . 

4,994,000 

22,211,000 

27,205,000 

*  Besides  the  exodus  of  Europeans  there  has  been  aa 
efllux  of  Coolies. 


EMIGRATION 


899 


EMIGRATION 


The  emigration  from  India  averages  22,000  yearly,  the 
lumber  registered  abroad  in  i88o  being  335,000,  viz.  : — 


Mauritins 
Demerara 
Botirbon. 


141,000 
S4,ooo 
43,000 


Trinidad . 
Natal 
Jamaica,  &v. 


26,000 
18,000 
S3.O0O 


Numbers  of  Chinese  Coolies  emigrate  to  Cuba  and 
Peru,  where  they  are  ill-treated.  Cuba  imported  116,000 
in  the  years  1866-73,  and  refused  to  let  them  return  to 
China  on  the  expiration  of  their. contracts  ;  67,000  died. 
The  number  imported  into  Peru  in  the. year  1871  was 
38,650,  of  whom  many  were  put  to  death.  In  1880  in 
one  province  2000  were  massacred. 

The  destinafions  of  European  emigrants  were  :— 


.Down  to  1850 

1851-88 

Total 

United  States      . 

2,633,000 

12,330,000 

14,963,000 

Australia    .    ".    , 

140,000 

1,710,000 

1,850.000 

Canada.     .    .    . 

790,000 

977,000 

1,767,000 

Argentina  ...    . 

80.000 

1,450,000 

1,530,000 

Brazil    .... 

90,000 

790,000 

880,000 

Uruguay    .    .    . 

40,000 

170,000 

210,000 

Algeria 

140,000 

420,000 

560,000 

Cape  Colony  .    . 

30,000 

130,000 

160,000 

Various  countries 

i,05r,ooo 

4,234,000 

5,285,000 

Total    .    .. 

4.994,000 

22,2II,bOO 

27,205,000 

The  exact  proportions  of  sex  and  age  cannot  be  given  ; 
the  following  table  is  not  of  uniform  importance,  some  of 
the  countries  being  classed  from  observations  of  ten  years, 
ethers  for  a  single  year. 


Emigrants  from 

•nS 

c 

•c 

nl 

'  a 

•^ 

^5 

C3 

S 

6 

1 

a: 

1 

0) 

.1 

c 
Q 

1-4 

Men  .... 

46 

50 

52 

32 

4.S 

51 

70 

55 

Women  .    .    . 

32 

a,"; 

2^ 

28 

■*■; 

26 

•  18 

22 

Children      .     . 

22 

25 

25 

40 

20 

23 

12 

23 

Total    . 

100 

100 

roo 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

If  the  proportions  for  the  unascertained  countries  be 
taken  on  the  basis  of  the  first  six  countries  in  the  above 
table,  the  whole  emigration  from  Europe  over  the  seas  for 
74  years  may  be  put  down  thus : — 


Men  . 
Women 
Children 


Total 


11,550,000 
6.730,000 
5,120,000 

23,400,000 


'Die  numbers  of  those  who  died  on  sea  can  never  be 
arrived  at  even  approximately.  Kapp  says  that  20,000 
Irish  perished  of  ship-fever  in  1846-47.  Many  vessels 
lost  20  per  cent.  If  we  were  to  adopt  the  death-rate  on 
Government  emigrant-ships  to  Australia  and  Cape  Colony, 
namely,  5  per  looo  for  men,  6  for  women,  and  52  for 
children,  the  number  of  the  foregoing  who  died  at  sea 
would  be  as  follows : — 


Men 

Women 

Children 


58,000 

40,000 

266,000 


Total 


364,000 


Births  partly  compensate  for  deaths,  being  about  i  in 
200  women  carried. 


The  professions  of  emigrants  have,  not  been  uniformly 
classed  ;  the  following  conveys  a  general  idea : — 


Emigrants  from 

United 
Kingdom 

Germany 

Italy 

Sweden 

Educated   .    . 
Artisans,  &c.  . 
Farm  labourers 
Servants     .    . 

7 
55 
18 
20 

17 

47 
24 

12 

6 

43 
39 

12- 

1-35 

32 

33 

Total    . 

100 

100 

aoo 

100 

The  amount  of  money  which  the  emigrants  took  to 
their  new  homes  was  found  to  average  as  follows  :-^ 


Germans,  1848-52  . 
„     ..  .     1853-54. 
Bntish  m  Canada,  1834  . 
New  York  arrrivals,  1856 


Per  Head 
£  s.  d. 
'29  10  o 
35  o  o 
33  S  o 
14    o    o 


A  moderate  estimate  of  ;^io  per  able-bodied  man 
would  result  as  follows : — 


To 
United  States 
Australia 
Canada        , 
River  Plate  . 
Brazil  .        .        t 
Varioxis  countries 


Total 


75,000,000 
9,900,000 
8,800,000 
8,700,000 
4,400.000 
9,400,000 

115,500,000 


The  great  value  of  the  emigrants,  meantime,  has  been 
in  their  capacity  for  work.  Dr.  Farr  valued  a  man  of  20 
at  ;^234  sterling,  Engel  at  £,2.00,  and  other  writers  at 

;^260. 

In  Australia  it  is  found  that  each  immigrant,  big  and 
little,  increases  the  revenue  by  £i^  yearly.  In  the  Argen- 
tine Republic  the  influx  of  800,000  immigrants  in  twenty 
years  ending  1883  was  accompanied  by  arise  of  ;(f  4,800,000 
in  the  revenue,  say  £€>  per  head.  But  it  is  in  the  United 
States  where  the  value  of  immigration  is  most  apparent ; 
for  example,  a  group  of  200  persons  settled  in  1858  on 
the  territory  now  known  as  the  State  of  Colorado,  and 
in  1880  there  were  1220  miles  of  railway,  14  daily  papers, 
190,000  inhabitants,  real  and  personaJ  estate  valued  at 
9  millions  sterling,  agricultural  products  worth  ;^7oo,ooo 
a  year;  in  1886  the  value  of  property  in  Colorado  had 
risen  to  27  millions  sterling. 

In  the  Republic  of  Uruguay  in  1884  an  official  report 
showed  166,000  European  settlers,  holding  property 
worth  52  millions.  In  the  city  of  Buenos  Ayres  40,000 
Europeans  in  i883Jield  bank-deposits  and  real  property 
worth  ;^47,6oo,ooo,  besides  Irish  and  Scotch  sheep-farms 
valued  at  21  millions  sterling.  The  Census  report  of  the 
United  States  in  1880  showed  an  increase  of  wealth  since 
1850  of  7593  millions  sterling,  and  as  immigrants  were 
I2i  per  cent,  of  the  population,  it  follows  that  they  stand 
for  949  millions  of  the  increase. 

In  Canada  the  agricultural  capital  rose  from  140  mil- 
lions in  1 86 1  to  343  millions  in  1887,  and  as  immigrants 
formed  30  per  cent,  of  the  population,  they  are  entitled 
to  take  credit  for  that  share  of  the  increase,  say  61  mil- 
lions. Agricultural  constituting  only  50  per  cent,  of  the 
wealth  of  Canada,  the  total  accumulation  due  to  the 
immigrants  will  be  122  millions  sterling. 

There  has  been,  moreover,  a  notable  increase  of  wealth 
in  the  Brazilian  provinces  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  San 
Paulo,  &c.,  where  numerous  German  colonies  have  con- 
verted forests  into  productive  lands.  The  following  table 
is  exclusive  of  Brazil  and  Cape  Colony. 


EMIGRATION 


900 


EMIGRATION 


Country 


Wealth  Accumulated  by  Immigrants 


Period 


Arrivals 


Mean 
European 
Population 


Wealth, 
Million  jQ 


Yearly 
Average 
per  Head 


United  States    . 
Australia   . 
Argentine  Republic 
Uruguay   .        . 
Canada     . 


1850-80 
1850-88 
1850  84 
1850-84 
1861-87 


8,002,000 

1,710,000 

880,000 

305.000 

799,000 


4,6oo,oqp 

1,200,000 

300,000 

166.000 

700,000 


949 

714 

80 

Sa 
xsa 


6  17  6 
X5  12  o 

7  14  o 

8  18  6 
6  14  o 


Except  in  Australia,  the  annual  accumulations  have 
been  pretty  much  on  a  level,  about  £7  to  £8  per  annum, 
this  ratio  applying  equally  to  men,  women,  and  children. 
From  the  foregoing  figures  we  can  construct  a  table  of 
the  accumulations  of  emigrants  between  1850  and  1 888 
as  follows : — 


Emigrants 

Mean 
Number 
Abroad 

Accumu- 
lation, 
Million  £ 

PerHead, 

English 

Scotch  .... 

Irish     .... 

Germans 

Various  nations    . 

1,200,000 
250,000 
1,520,000 
1,700,000 
2,296,000 

410 

95 
411 

45? 
460 

34« 
380 
270 
266 
200 

Total 

6,966,000 

1,828 

£61 

It  is  a  coincidence  that  each  emigrant  accumulated  in 
the  last  38  years  about  £260,  and  that  this  is  the  precise 
value  set  by  some  writers  on  each  able-bodied  adult. 
The  strongest  impulse  to  immigration  was  given  by  the 
Homestead  LaW  of  the  United  States  and  similar  mea- 
sures, giving  lands  to  colonists  at  nominal  or  low  prices. 
Down  to  1886  the  United  States  Government  had  thus 
disposed  of  255  million  acres,  the  Australian  colonies  .101 
million  acres.     (See  Lands.) 

The  total  number  of  persons  living  out  of  their  own 
countryis  approximatelyas  follows  (exclusive  of  Coolies): — 

Per  1000  Inhal. 


In  Europe* 

2,537,000 

10 

„  United  States 

8,510,000 

137 

„  Australia 

1,200,000 

300 

„  River  Plate     . 

1,086,000 

240 

„  Canada  . 

800,000 

160 

„  Brazil 

.       460,000 

40 

„  Algeria   . 

190,000 

50 

u  Egypt    . 

91,000 

14 

,,  South  Africa  . 

50,000 

33 

„  Chile       . 

40,000 

IS 

„  China  and  Japan 

6,000 

„  Qther  countries 

200,000 

... 

Total .       .  15,170,000 
Foreign  residents  in  the  various  countries  of  Europe 
are  as  follows : — 


Number 

Number 

U.  Kingdom 
France.    .    .     . 
Germany  .    .     . 
Russia .... 
Austria      .    .    . 
Italy     .... 
Spain  .... 

155-000 

1,115,000 

276,000 

148,000 

127,000 

60,000 

37.000 

Sweden  and  Norway 
Denmark      .    ,    . 
Holland  .... 
Belgium  .     .     .     , 
Switzerland  .     .     . 
Roumania    ;    .     . 
Greece     .... 

26,000 
61,000 
69,000 
143.000 
211,000 
89,000 
20,000 

•  The  number  of  foreigners  in  the  various  European 
States  being  2,537,000,  as  shown  above,  it  is  made  up 
approximately  as  lollows : — 


Germans 
Belgians 
Austrians 
Italians . 
French  . 
Swiss    » 


540,000 
460,000 
360,000 
330,000 
iSo,ooo 
^40,000 


Spaniards 
t)utch  . 
British  . 
Russians 
Swedes  . 
Various- 


120,000 
72,000 
70,000 
70,000 
60,000 

135.000 


Comparing  the   above   figures  with    the   emigration 
statistics,  the  result  is  approximately  as  follows : — 


Period 


1815-50. 
1851-80 
i88i-83 

74  years 


M,^;.,^*,^   I  Now  Living 
Emigrated        AT,r«oH  ^ 


Abroad 


4,994,000 

15,8.68,000 

6,343,000 


430,000 
8,640,000 
6,100,000 


27,205,000   ,  15,170,000 


from  which  it  appears  that  12,035,000  either  died  abroad 
or  returned  to  their  own  countries. 

The  follovying  table  shows  European  emigration  in  1888, 
as  compared  with  population : — 


From 

Number 

Per  Cent,  of 
Population 

England    .... 

171,000 

0.60 

Scotland    .... 

36,000 

0.90 

Ireland      .... 

73.O00 

1.60 

United  Kingdom 

280,000 

0.74 

France       .... 

23,000 

0.06 

Germany  .        .        ,        . 

104,000 

0,23 

Austria      .... 

46,000 

O.I3 

Italy 

297,000 

1.00 

Spain         .        .        •,        . 

71,000 

0.40 

Portugal    .        .        *        . 

13,000 

0.30 

Holland    .... 

18,000 

040 

Belgium    .... 

23,000 

0.40 

Scandinavia       .        .        . 

77,000 

0.90 

Switzerland 

8,000 

0.27 

Making  a  total  of  960,000  souls, 
approximately  as  follows : — 

United  States   .        .        » 
South  America  .... 

British  colonies  .       ^ 

Various  parts    .       .       ■■ 


Their  destination  was 


,„   570,000 

a     23o,CX30 
„,  105,000 

^i,    s,ooo 

S 


960,000 


Emigrants  from  Northern  Europe  still  go  mostly  to  the 
ynited  States ;  those  from  the  Mediterranean  to  South 
America.  The  current  of  emigration  to  Canada  and 
Australia  is  chiefly  British. 

United  Kingdom 
Official  returns  may  be  summed  up  as  follows : — 


1815-29  , 
1830-49  , 
1850-69  , 
1870-79  •, 
1880-88  , 

74  years , 


Per  Annum 

314,000 

2\,Qaa 

2,164,000 

108,000 

4,278,000 

214,000 

2,153,600 

215.000 

3,228,000 

3S9.000 

i64,oo<) 


.     12,137,000 

The  above,  however,  includes  foreign  emigrants,  who 
formed  about  22  per  cent,  of  the  total  The  number  of 
British  subjects  was  a  little  under  ten  millions,  the  follow- 
ing classification  of  natives  of  the  three  kingdoms  being 


EMIGRATION 


901 


EMIGRATION 


as  close  as  can  be  ascertained,  the  figures  before  1840,  as 
Porter  shows,  being  defective 


Period 

English  ]  Scotch 

Irish 

Total 

Per  Annum 

1815-34 
1835-50 
1851-60 
1861-70 
1871-80 
1881-88 

110,000    30,000 
320,000     8o,cxx) 
640,000,  183,000 
650,000  158,000 
970,000  166,000 
1,245,000  228, CXX) 

420,oo( 
1,409,00c 
1,231,00c 
867,00c 
542,cx» 
612,000 

560,000 
1,809,000 
2,054,000 
1,675,000 
1,678,000 
2,085,000 

28,OCX> 
113, (XDO 

205,000 
168,000 
i68,oc>o 
261,000 

74  years 

3,935,000 

845,000  5,081,000 

9,861,000  1    133,000 

The  destinations  were  as  follows : — 


To 

1815^76 

1876-88 

Total 

United  States.    , 
Canada.     .    .     . 
Australia    .    .     . 
Cape,  &c.  .    .     . 

4,425,000 
1,260,000 

I,022,CX)0 
317,000 

1,807,000 
317,000 
485,000 
228,000 

6,232,000 

1,577,000 

1,507,000 

S4S.O0O 

Total    .     . 

7,024,000 

2,837,ocx) 

9,861,000 

The  United  States  took  140,000  a  year  in  the  13  years 
ending  1888,  Canada  25,000,  and  Atistr^ia  37,000  settlers. 


The  returns  for  the  years  1888-89  were  as  follows : — 


Emigrants 

Destination 

1888 

1889 

1888 

1889 

English       .... 

Scotch 

Irish 

United  Kingdom        « 

170,000 
37.000 
73,000 

164,000 
25,000 
65,000 

United  States    . 
Canada      .... 
Australia   .... 
Various      .... 

Total 

196,000 
35 .000 
31,000 
i8,cx» 

i69,ocx) 
28,000 
28,000 

280,000 

254,000 

280,000 

254,000 

At  all  periods  the  United  States  attracted  the  bulk  of 
the  emigration. 


United 
States 

British 
Colonies,  &c. 

Total 

U.  States 
Ratios 

1815-50 
1851-60 
1861-70 
1871-80 
1881-88 

1,308, OCX} 

1,257,000 
1,185,000 
1,088,000 
1,394,000 

1,061,000 
797,000' 

490,  OCX) 
590,  OCX! 
691, OCXS 

2, 369, CXX) 

2,054,CX)0 
1,675,000 
i,678,cxx5 
2,085,000 

55.  a 
61.3 
70.7 
65.0 
66.9 

74  years 

6,232,000 

3,629,000 

9,86i,(X)0 

63.2 

The  respective  destinations  of  the  people  of  the  three 
kingdoms  were  approximately  as  follows  : — 


United 
States 

Canada 

Austra- 
lia 

Cape, 
&c. 

Total 

English  .    . 
Scotch    .    . 
Irish.    .    . 

1,893,000 

265,000 

4,074,000 

872,cxx) 
225,000 
480,000 

820,000 
247,000 
440,000 

35o,oc>o  3,935,000 
io8,cxx)  1    845,9cx> 
87,000  5,081,000 

Total . '" . 

6,232,CXXI 

1,577,000 

i,507,cxx5 

545,000  '9,861,000 

Thp  number  of  colonists  who  survive  and  are  still 
abroad,  and  the  number  of  their  children  (estimated 
according  to  result  of  United  States  Census  in  1880)  may 
be  set  down  approximately  as  follows  : — > 


Settlers  in 

Now  Living 

Children 

Population 

United  States     . 
Canada      .    .    . 
Australia   .    .     . 
Cape,  &c.  .    .    . 

3,180,000 

720,CX)0 

i,o8o,o<X3 
36o,ocx) 

4,3io,cxxj 
940,000 

i,400,ocx> 
470,000 

7,490,ocx) 

1,660,000 

2,480,000 

830,000 

Total    .•    . 

5,340,000 

7,120,0CX) 

12,46o,CCX) 

In  recent  years  there  has  been  a  steady  influx  of  re- 
turned emigrants,  averaging  78,000  for  the  years  1 881 -88, 
or  about  30  per  cent,  of  the  number  of  emigrants  in  that 
periodL  The  remittances  by  Irish  settlers  in  the  United 
States  to  their  friends  at  home,  from  1S51  to  1887, 
amounted  to  ^32,200,000.  The  accumulations  of  wealth 
by  British  and  Irish  emigrants  since  1850,  as  already 
,shown,  amounted  to  916  millions  sterling. 


The  number  of  foreigners  residing  in  the  United  King- 
dom has  been  as  follows  : — 


Year 
1841.    . 
1851      .        . 

Nvtnber 

.             36,  OCX) 
62, (XX) 

Per 

1000  IfiAaK 
1-3 

2-3 

1861     . 
1871     . 
1881     .- 

.        102,000 

.        161, coo 

155.000 

..'. 

3-5 

5.2 
4-4 

France 

In  ten  years  ending  1887  the  number  of  emigrants  that 
left  French  ports  was  46o;ooo,  but  of  these  only  55,000 
were  French,  say  5500  per  annum. 

In  five  years  ending  1872  the  number  of  French 
emigrants  from  Havre  averaged  5100  yearly.  The  above 
figures  do  not  include  settlers  going  to  Algeria  (for  which 
see  Colonies,  p.  126). 

Approximately  the  emigration  from  France  has  been 
as  follows : — 


United  States 
Algeria 
Argentina 
Uruguay  . 
Egypt       . 
Europe     . 


Total 


1840-88 


1,340,000 


Per  Annum 


320,CXIO 

6,600 

300,  CXX) 

6,300 

190,000 

4,000 

50,000 

1,000 

30,000 

6cx) 

450,000 

9,500 

28,000 


The  number  of  French  living  abroad  in  1S60  and  1885 
compared  as  follows : — 


In 


Belgium    . 

Switzerland       . 

United  Kingdom 

Spain 

Italy 

Egypt 

Algeria     .        . 

United  States  . 

South  America. 


Total 


1860 


1885 


35,000 

51, CXX) 

45,000 

59, 000 

i6,cx)0 

20,000 

11,000 

20,CX)0 

5,000 

11, OCX) 

14,000 

16,000 

72,  CXX) 

262,CX30 

110,000 

io7,cxo 

59,000 

167,000 

367,000      j      713,000 


EMIGRATION 


902 


EMIGRATION 


The  official  returns  are  as  follows 

— 

1821-4(V 

1841-60 

1861  60 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-89  . 

»,  69  Years 

English 

Scotch 

Irish 

95.000 

6,000 

258,0(30 

263,000 

4,000 

781,000 

388,000 

■      38,000 

908,000 

615,000 

4S.O0O 
445,000 

449,000 

88,000 

440,000 

602,000 
137,000 
602,000 

2,412,000 

318,000  ' 
3,434,000 

United  Kingdom .        ...       .        . 

French.        .    ■     .        .         .        .        . 

Germans       ...... 

Scandinavians 

Various        ....'.. 

359,000 
54.000 

159,000 
.2,000 

168,000 

i,048;oo6 

77.000 

43S.OOO 

i4,cxx> 

139,000 

1,334,000 

74.000 

947,000 

22,000 

2I3,0<X) 

I,I05,CXD0 

38,000 
817,000 
i36,«oo 
3S9.000 

977,000 

73.000 

755.000' 

•    255,000 

982,000 

1,341,000 

44,ocx> 

1,362,000 

362,OCX3 

1,683,000 

6,164,000 
360,000 

4,475,000 
791,000 

3,544,000 

Total 

742,000 

1,713,000 

2,590,000 

2,455,000 

3,042,006 

4,792.000 

15.334.000 

In  the  above  returns  the  number  of  English  is  made 
to  appear  459,000  in  excess  of,  and  that  of  Irish  fully 
600,000  less  than  the  reality,  as  shown  on  p.  248,  which 
is  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  many  of  the  Irish  wiere 
in  earlier  years  classified  as  English  or  British.  More- 
over, the  Census  of  1 880  showed  that  Irish  settlers  vvere 
more  than  doubl|e  the  number  of  English  and  Scotch 
collectively  (1,855,000  to  917,000),  whereas  the  above 
classification  down  to  1S80  would  make  the  ratio  as  140 
to  100.  -  The  tot^l  immigration  of  69  years  may  be  cor- 
rectly summed  up  as  follows  : — 


Nunil>er 

Ratio 

English    .        .      ■  .        .        • 
Scotch     ■...,. 
Irish • 

1,963,000. 

318,000 

4,140,000 

12.8 

2.8 

27.0 

United  Kingdom     .        •        . 
Germans  .        .-       .        .        . 
Scandinavians  .... 
French     ..... 
Various 

6,421,000 

4.475,000 

791,000" 

360,000 

3,287,000 

41.8 
29.2 

5-a 

2.4 

21.4 

Total 

15,334,000-  • 

.  100.0 

During  31  years  the  record  of  ages  was  kept ;  apd  if 
we  suppose  the  ratios  to  apply  to  the  whole  69  years,  the 
ages  of  immigrants  showed  as  follows : — 


Number 

Ratio  • 

Under  10         .... 
10-20        ..... 
20-30        ..... 

30-40' 

Over  40    ..... 

2,300,000 
3,220,000 
5,670,000 
2,450,000 
1,694,000 

15.0 
21.0 
37-0 
16.0 
1 1.0 

Total 

15.334.000 

lOO.O 

The  returns  of  the  Census  of  1880,  and  the  estimates 
resulting  from  the  immigration  since  then  as  to  the  actual 
number  of  foreigners,  are  » — 


Census, 
1880 

Arrivals, 
1881-88 

Estimated 

Resident^ 

1888 

Germans 
Irish      . 
British  . 
Scandinavians 
Italians         . 
French .        , 
Dutch  . 
Swiss    . 

Austrians  &  Hung 
Russians  and  Pole 
Various 

irians 
s 

i.967,cx)o 

1,855,000 

917,000 

376,000 

44.000 
i07,cxx) 

58,000 

89,  CXX) 
135,000 

85,000 
693,000 

1, 104, OCX) 

536,000 
658,000 
412,000 

201,C»0 
20,0CX) 

151,000 

68.000 

266,000 

i6o,cxx) 

744,000 

2,450,000 
1,920,000 
1,260,000 
630,cxxj 
190,000 
100,000 
i70,cxx) 
i3o,ocxj 

320,CXX) 

190,000 
1,150,000 

Total 

• 

6,336,cxx) 

4,320,000 

8,5io,o(x> 

In  the  last  fifty  years  the  United  States  received  nearly 
15,000,000  settlers,  and  the  Census  of  1880  showed  that 
every.  100  settlers  had  the  following  number  of  children 
living : — German,  148 ;  Irish,  144 ;  British,  122 ;  general 
average,  124.  The  foreign  population  in  December  1888 
stood  approximately  thus  :-t« 


Immigrants 

Children 

Total 

German      .    .     . 

Irish 

British  .         .    . 
Various.    ,•    .     . 

2,450,006 
1,920,000 
1,260,000 
S.BSolooo 

3.650,000 
2,760,000 
1,550,000' 
2,67o,cxx) 

€,ioo,<x» 

4,68o,cxx) 

2,810,000 

■  5,550,000 

Total  foreign  . 

8,510,000 

10,630,000 

I9,l40,<xx) 

The  numbers  and  proportion  of  resident  foreigners  in 
the  whole  population  have  "been  as  follows :  — 


Year 

Population 

Foreign 
Residents 

Percentage 

1820 
1840 
1850 
1866 
1870 
1880 
1383 

9,634,000 
17,069,000 
23,192,000 
31,443,000 
38,558,000 
50,410,000 
6o,ooo,ocx) 

■  177.600 
859,006 
2,241,000 
4,i36.o<xj 
5,566.000 
6,326,ocx> 
8,510,000 

.1.8 
S-o 
9-7 
13. 1 
■I4-S 
12.S 
14.3 

In  the  above  table  "foreign  residents"  of  course  in- 
clude naturalised  American  citizens.  Foreigners  and 
their  children,  as  shown  in  a  previous  table,  constitute 
almost  one^third  of  the  population. 

Canada 

The  net  increase  of  population  by  settlers  may  be 
estimated  on  comparing  the  several  Census  returns  ;  and 
allowing  for  natural  increase,  the  figures  result  approxi- 
mately  thus : — 


Natural' 

Net 

Net 

Year 

Population 

Increase 

Immigration 

Immigration 

of  Decade 

of  Decade; 

per  Annum 

1831 

i,i58,cxx3 

... 

... 

1841 

i,69o,cxx) 

230,000 

302,CX» 

30,2cx> 

iSsi 

2,482,000 

305,000 

487,cxx) 

48,7CX) 

1861 

3,030,000 

370,cxx> 

178,000 

17,800 

1871 

3,833,000 

420,(XX3 

383,000 

38,300 

1881 

4,504,000 

460,000 

211,000 

21,100 

1887 

5,019,000 

310,000 

205,000 

34.200 

56  years 

... 

2,095,ocx) 

i,766,cxx> 

31.500 

The  number  of  British  and  Irish  emigrants  who  went 
to  Canada  from  1815  to  18S8  amounted  (see  p.  248)  to 
1,577,000,  or  90  per  cent,  of  the  above  total. 

Only  a  portion  of  the  European  emigrants  who  landed 
in  the  colony  settled  there,  the  rest  proceeding  to  the 


FASTING 


903 


FINANCE 


The  number  of  victims  in  Ireland  in  1816-17  was 
stated  by  Murchison  and  Kennedy  as  above. 

The  Commissioners'  report  for  1846-47  reduced  the 
number  of  victims  to  6oo,cxx5  by  supposing  "  that  500,000 
Irish  went  into  Great  Britain,  and  that  the  ordinary  death- 
rate  of  Irish  population  is  22  per  thousand  yearly." 
Neither  supposition  was  correct,  the  Census  of  185 1  show- 
ing that  only  314,000  Irish  had  removed  to  England  and 
Scotland,  and  the  Registrar-General's  report  for  16  years 
ending  1880  showing  that  the  normal  death-rate  of  Ire- 
land is  17  per  1000.  In  1851  the  number 'of  persons- 
missing  in  Ireland  was  3,157,000,  accounted  for  in  this 
manner : — 


Official 
Report 

Real 
Figures 

Emigrated         .... 
Went  to  Great  Britain 
Natural  deaths 
Died  of  famiae .... 

1,079,000 
500,000 
978,000 
600,000 

1,079,000 
314,000 
7SS.00O 

1,009,000 

Accounted  for  . 

3,157,000 

3,157.000 

Deaths  from  hunger  and  destitution  in  the  United 
Kingdom  average  more  than  500  per  annum,  and  are 


most  frequent  in 'London.     In  1879  the  deaths  recorded 
from  this  cause  were : — 


NuTnber 


Per  1000 

Deaths 

1.2 

e.6 

37.6 

0-3 


London  ....        loi 

England        ....        313 

Ireland 3,789 

France 260 

In  England  there  were  60  male  to  40  female  victims  ; 
in  France  85  to  15.  In  London  the  real  number  of 
victims  was  much  greater,  many  of  thie  suicides  resulting 
from  hunger.  In  1880  Mr.  Forster  said  the  Irish  death- 
rate  was  10  per  cent,  over  the  average  of  five  years.  In 
1879-80  there  were  17,200  extra  deaths,  apparently 
caused  by  destitution,  in  Ireland. 

PASTING 

1684.  Four  men  taken  alive  out  of  a  mine  in  England, 
after  24  days  without  food; 

1880.  Dr.  Tanner,  New  York,  lived  on  water  40  days, 
losing  36  lbs.  weight. 

On  December  14)  1810,  a  pig  was  buried-  alive  by  fall 
of  a  cliflfat  Dover,  and  on  May  23,  181 1,  it  was  dug  out 
alive,  after  160  days. 

In  1870,  during  the  siege  of  Metz,  a  dc^  that  was 
accidentally  locked  in  a  room  passed  39  days  without 
food  and  recovered. 


FINANCE 
The  revenue  of  the  principal  countries  was  approximately  as  follows :— ^ 


1680 

1780 

1810 

1860 

1889 

I 

£. 

I 

£ 

£ 

United  Kingdom 

2,120,000 

9,200,000 

55,800,000 

58,200,060 

88,500,000 

France 

4,800,000 

14,200,090 

40,000,000 

51,000,000 

^21,800,000 

Geripany  . 

2,000,000 

7,000,000 

11,500,000 

23,800,000 

154,700,000 

Russia 

400,000 

I,600,QOO 

11,000,000 

39,000,000 

88,800,000 

Austria     . 

4,000,000. 

10,400,000 

20,000,000 

74,800,000 

/Italy . 

4 

'•, 

1,500,000 

4,6oo,oDO 

I2,000,00Q 

72,000,000 

Spain 

1,930,000 

3,320,000 

6,000,006 

11,560,000 

35.400,000 

Portugal   . 

... 

... 

1,200,000 

3,200,000 

8,400,000 

Sweden 

•>.. 

... 

I,O0Q,OOO 

1,500,000 

4,800,000 

Norway     . 

... 

... 

... 

800,000 

2,400,000 

Denmark  . 

1,100,000 

1,500,000 

.3,000,000 

Holland    .. 

... 

2,300,000 

4,800,000 

5.800,000 

10, 100,000 

Belgium    . 

... 

... 

... 

4,700,000 

12,900,000 

Switzerland 

... 

1,000,000 

2,900,000 

Greece 

... 

1,000,000 

3,100,000 

Turkey,  &c, 

3,000,000 

9,000,000 

23,300,000 

Europe     . 

15,000,000 

35,000,000 

150,400,000 

244,000,000 

706,800,000 

United  States 

... 

1,900,000 

9,200,000 

80,600,000 

Australia  . 

... 

... 

900,000 

27,600,000 

Canada  •  . 

... 

... 

1,100,000 

7,800,000 

India 

... 

... 

15.600,000 

27,600,000 

69,100,000 

South  Africa 

... 

... 

500,000 

4,000,000 

Argentina . 

... 

... 

200,000 

900,000 

5,400,000 

Brazil 

... 

.• 

1,800,000 

4,000,000 

14,100,000 

Chile 

... 

... 

... 

1,000,000 

5,000,000 

Peru. 

... 

... 

... 

3,000,000 

1,500,000 

Venezuela 

... 

... 

... 

500,000 

1,000,000 

Colombia . 

... 

... 

... 

500,000 

1,000,000 

Mexico      . 

... 

... 

... 

3,000,000 

5,400,000 

Egypt        . 

... 

... 

... 

4,000,000 

9,700,000 

Persia 

... 

... 

... 

1,500,000 

1,700,000 

Japan        . 

... 

"\ 

5,000,000 

13. 100,000 

China 

... 

18,000,000 

26,000,000 

Cuba        .        .        .        . 

... 

... 

r,5oo,ooo 

2,500.000 

The 

worlc 

. 

i8,opo,ooo 

40,000,000 

180,000.000 

325,200,060 

982.300,000 

The  revenue  of  nations  has  trebled  since  1850,  multiplied  5^  times  since  1810,  and  55  times  since  1680.  The 
various  blanks  in  the  above  table  from  1680  to  1810  show  that  the  revenue  cannot  be  stated  for  those  countries; 
approximate  totals  are  nevertheless  given,  for  comparison. 


FINANCE 


•L  ^1^ 


.   The  revenue  of  the  various  nations  since  1820  is 

shown 

approximately  in  million  £  annual  averages, 

as  follows : — 

"      i^ 

s 

^ 

0 

^ 

s 

00 

IS      OB 

.     00 

0» 

CD 

CO 

^      iH 

•^ 

U.  Kingddn>    .64 

61 

68 

71 

77 

88 

France     «    .    .       40 

50-. 

60 

78 

los 

140 

Germany     .    .  li    16 

21 

34 

40 

73 

110 

Russia      «    ••    i^ 

32 

33 

38 

46 

60 

74 

Austria*    »    .    »» 

t'l 

la 

28 

44 

61 

68 

Italy   .,    ►    ,    p 

II 

20 

43 

S3 

63 

Spain  .    *   t   *■ 

PortagaL«j^  C> 

Sweden  *^^aud ) 

Norway    .     j 

r 

.     lO' 

13 

30 

30 

33 

3 

4 

.     5 

6 

8 

HV«    • 

' » 

3 

4 

7 

7 

Denmark      ,    , 

•■'■:  I 

a 

3 

2 

3 

3 

Holland  >    .   .; 

r-  3 

S 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Be^um  *.    .    . 

W  3 

4. 

S 

7 

9 

I3i 

Turkey-    .'    .     . 

s 

7 

9 

It 

14 

16 

Other  countries  , 

,     I 

2 

3 

5 

8 

11 

Europe.    «    »   . 

189 

329 

293 

384 

515 

644 

United  States    . 

s 

6 

12 

37 

62 

76 

Egypt.    .    .    . 

3 

4 

S 

7 

8 

9 

India  .     ,     .  ■=% 

19 

24 

33 

46 

S6  . 

73  • 

British  Colonies 

■  I 

2 

7 

15 

23 

^6 

Other  Countries  ' 

'20 

*4 

33 

42 

60 

72- 

The  world    ,    . 

237 

289- 

383 

531 

724 

910 

If  we  take  the  year  1840  for  point  of  departure,  we 
find  the  expenditure  per  inhabitant  inr.  the .  principal 
countries  has  risen  as  follows : — 


1840 

1850 

1860 

1870 

1881 

1881-88 

U.  Kingdom . 

100 

100 

.125 

113 

ri8 

120 

France .    .     . 

100 

103 

13s 

147 

200 

247 

Germany  .  ' . 

100 

"3 

120 

167 

267 

360 

Russia .    .    . 

100 

130 

156 

190 

200 

180 

Austria     .    . 

100 

130 

140 

■  170 

200 

21S 

Italy     .   ..    . 

100 

15s 

190 

170 

200 

240 

Spain   .     .    . 

100 

121 

ISO 

OAfy 

242 

230 

United  States 

100 

"7. 

133 

SPO 

351 

333 

Australia  .    .. 

100 

90 

375 

360 

424 

S70 

Canada     .  . . 

100  . 

"4 

128 

142 

192 

285 

The  average  annual  revenues  from  different  sources  in 
the  decade  1871-80  were  as  follows : — 


U.  Kingdom 
France  . 
Germany 
Russia  . 
Austria  . 
Italy  .  . 
Spain  . 
Portugal 
Holland, 
Belgiiun. 
Denmark 
Sweden  and 
Norway 

Europe  . 
U.  States 
Canada  . 
Australia 
Brazil     .  • 

Egypt    . 

India.  . 
The  world 


Customs 


£ 

ao,  100,000 

10,300,000 

8,600,000 

8,500,000 

2,600,000 

5,000,000 

4.400,000 

1,800,000 

400,000 

800,000 

1,000,000 

>  2,400,000 


65,900,000 
26,000,000 
2,700,000 
4,100,000 
6,700,000 
800,000 
2,300,000 


108,400,000 


-r^v  ^"     Various 


Tax 


•,600,000 
1,700,000 
•,500,000 
•,300,000 
1,400,000 
1,000,000 
>,6oo,ooo 

800,000 
,800,000 
,500,000 

500,000 

500,060 


£ 

50,600,000 

85,500,000 

53,500,000 

41,500,000 

44,000,000 

35,400,000 

15,800,000 

3,200,000 

6,500,000 

7,000,000 

1,200,000 

4;t3bo,ooo 


73i20o,ooOj348,2o6,ooo 

36,200,000 

2,200,000 

lu,  100,000 

2,200,000 

2,300,000 

31,800,000 


400,000 

5,000,000 

21,100,000 


99,700,000  430,000,000 


Total 


£ 

77,300,000 

104,500,000 

72,600,000 

60,300,000 

56,000,000 

53,400,000 

29,800,000 

5,800,000 

8,700,000 

■9,300,000 

2,700,000 

6,900,000 


487,300,000 

62,200,000 

4,900,000 

14^200,000 

9,300,000 

8,100,000 

55,100,000 


641,100,000 


FINANCE 

The  expenditure  of  the  principal  nations  in  1887  ap- 
peared under  the  principal  beads  as  follows : — 


Govem- 
iKcnt 

.    Debt 

Army  and 
Navy 

Total 

1 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

U.Kingdom 

30,200,000 

27,900,000 

31,900,000 

90,000,000 

France  ,    . 

41,000,000 

52,800,000 

31, 400,oooj  125, 200,000 

Germany  . 

82,300,000 

16,700,000 

31,000,000 

130,000,000 

Russia  .     . 

30,500,000 

28,100,000 

25,000,000 

83,600,000 

Austria.     . 

44,200,000 

16,200,000!  13,600,000 

74,000,000 

Italy     .     . 

34,700,000 

20,700,000  14,200,000 

69,600,000 

Spain    .    . 

15,800,006 

10,900,000 

7,300,000 

34,000,000 

Portugal    . 

4.000,000 

3,600,000 

1,400,000 

9,000,000 

Sweden  and 

1 5,100,000 

Norway 

700,000 

1,400,000 

7,200,000 

Denmark  . 

1,300,000 

500,000 

1,200,000 

3,000,000 

Holland     . 

5,500,000 

3,100,000 

2,806,000 

11,400,000 

Belgium     . 

7,900,000 

3,900,000 

2,000,000 

13,800.000 

Switzerland 

1,600,000 

800,000 

2,400,00a 

Greece  .     . 

1,700,000 

1,500,000 

600,000 

3,800,000 

Roumania. 

r,20Q,000 

2,700,000 

1,300,000 

5,200,000 

Servia  .    . 

.    700,000 

500,000 

600,000 

1,800,000 

Europe      . 

307,700,000 

189,800,000 

166,500,000 

664,000.000 

U.  States  . 

34,700,000 

9,900,000 

11,200,000 

55,800,000 

Total    .^ 

342,400,000 

199,700,000 

177.700,000 

719,800,000 

The  above  does  not  include  Turkey,  whose  expenditure 
is  about  16  triillions  sterling. 

National  expenditure  at  variotis  dates  since.  1830  was 
as  follows : — 


Millions  Steriing 

0 

«■ 

^ 

'  e 

? 

00 

s 

s 

s 

S 

iS 

'* 

■^ 

rt 

'^ 

3 

United  Kingdom  .  • 

55 

^ 

55 

73 

70 

83 

83 

France  .        „       «        . 

41 

•=i7 

60 

81 

QO 

121 1 160 

Germany       ,,      ), 

16 

22 

28 

32 

51 

90 

127 

Russia   .        .^     '.. 

23 

?P 

42 

S6 

6q 

80 

9'> 

Austria .        .       »        . 

18 

28 

39 

45 

59 

75 

82 

Spain     •        .        .        ■. 

12 

19 

31 

37 

41 

56 

73 

9 

II 

14 

21 

S3 

33 

36 

Portugal         , 

3 

3 

4 

4 

S 

8 

9 

Holland 

3 

S 

7 

7 

8 

10 

II 

Belgium         ,^      ;J 

3 

s 

6 

6 

7 

11 

-14 

3 

3 

3 

.1 

Denmark       .  .   /^    J, 

2 

2 

2 

.     3 
5 
2 

3 

Sweden  and  Norway.  V . 
Greece   .         .,      \.'    ''-. 
Roumania      .'       . 

3 
.   1 

3 

-    X 

3 

I 

7 

4 

5 

13 

Turkey  .        .^       .        . 

4 

6 

8 

13 

21 

Europe  .... 
United  States 
Mexico  .        .    '    .        J, 
S.  American  Republics  . 
Brazil     .        .     ^  .  /'  • . 
Canada ...        .       i . 
Australia        .        .;       ;, 
Cape  Colony 

191 

3 

3 

2 

•    2 

.'  I 

■  I 

'i 

243 
5 
3 

2 

3 

1 

'  1 

'  I 

299 
7 

4 
3 

S 

2 
I 
I 

383 
12 
6 

4 
6 

•3 
8 

.    z 

4^4 

58 

5 

8 

8 

4 

12 

3 

598 

54 

4 

II 

" 

ao 

5 
8 

729 
SS 
5 
IS 
IS 
10 

33 

6 

Egypt    .... 

2 

2 

■^ 

5 

14 

9 

India     .        .        ■. 

Java    .     :    J     : 

Japan    .        .       t        . 

22 

25 

28 

52 

5S 

76 

77 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

II 

IX 

... 

II 

II 

The  world     .       t      \ 

230 

290 

358 

486 

638 

8iS 

976 

In  the  above  table  the  expenditure  for  Germany  in- 
cludes the  budgets  of  Pnissaa,  Bavaria,  Saxony,  and  the 
minor  States.  It  does  not  include  State  expenditure  in 
the  United  States,  dot  local  Uues  in  any  cooaby. 


^•INANCE 


005 


FINANCE 


The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  chief  sources  of  revenue  in  1890  (or  latest  year),  how  muph  is  raised 
by  taxatioDi  how  much  for  public  services  : — 


Amount,  j[, 

Shillings  per 

Direct  Taxes 

Customs 

Other  Taxes 

Public  Services 

Total 

Inhabitant 

United  Kingdom 

15,300,000 

20,000,000 

38,206,000 

15,000,000 

88^500,000 

46 

France      »        ,. 

17,900,000 

15,000,000 

69,100,000 

19,800,000 

121,800,000 

64 

Germany  .        » 

12,500,000 

13,500,000 

38,900,000 

89,800,000 

154,700,000 

6S 

Russia      .        . 

8,200,000 

12,100,000 

40,900,000 

27,^00,000 

88,800,000 

20 

Austria     , 

11,700,000 

3,900,000 

34,500,000 

24,700,000 

74,800,000 

39 

Italy 

16,200,000 

10,600,000 

27,000,000 

18,200,000 

72,000,000 

48 

Spain        .       ii 

12,400,000 

6,900,000 

12,600,000 

3,500,000 

35,400,000 

38 

Portugal   . 

1,000,000 

3,100,000 

2,500,000 

1,800,000 

8,400,000 

38 

Sweden    •. 

600,000 

2,100,000 

1,000,000 

1,100,000 

4,800,000 

20 

Norway    . 

... 

1,100,000 

400,000 

900,000 

2,400,000 

24 

Denmark  . 

500,000 

1,400,000 

600,000 

500,000 

3,000,000 

30 

Holland  .. 

2,300,000 

400,000 

5,600,000 

1,800,000 

10,100,000 

44 

Belgium    .  • 

3,100,000 

1,100,000 

3,600,000 

6,100.000 

12,900,000 

■43 

Switzerland 

... 

1,200,000 

600,000 

1,100,000 

2,900,000 

20 

Greece 

900,000 

700,000 

800,000 

700,000 

3, 100,000 

31 

Europe     .        . 

101,600,000 

93,100,000 

276.300,000 

212,600,000 

683,600,000 

45 

United  States  . 

... 

46,600,000 

27,200,000 

6,800,000 

80,600,000 

26 

Canada     . 

•.• 

4,500,000 

1,300,000 

2,000,000 

7,800,000 

31 

Australia  . 

••• 

8,200,000 

2,500,000 

16,900,000 

27,600,000 

150 

India 

i9iSoo,ooo 

1,200,000 

26,800,000 

ai, 600,000 

69,100,000 

7 

Argentina         , 

800,000 

3,900,000 

400,000 

300,000 

5,400,000 

30 

TptaK 

•        • 

121,900,000 

157.500.000 

334,500.000 

260,200,000 

874,100,000 

• 

Expenditure  compared  with  popVilation  at  the  above 
date  thus : — 


\ 

> 

Shillings 

per  Inhabitant 

i 

i 

t-i 

s 

00 

0 

1 

United  Kingdom 

46 

40 

40 

.50 

45 

47 

48 

France  . 

25 

34 

35 

46 

.50 

68 

84 

Germany        , 

12 

IS 

17 

18 

25 

40 

54 

Russia    .        , 

9 

10 

13 

15 

19 

20 

18 

Austria  . 

IS 

20 

26 

28 

.34 

40 

43 

Italy       .        , 

IS 

20 

31 

3» 

34 

40 

48 

Spain     .        » 

lb 

18 

20 

27 

40 

40 

42 

Portugal         • 

11 

17 

20 

20 

24 

36 

40 

Holland         . 

24 

34 

46 

44 

46 

.50 

52 

Belgium          . 

18 

25 

27 

25 

28 

42 

50 

Denmark 

«       4 

36 

35 

33 

31 

34 

24 

30 

Sweden  and  NoWPay     , 

10 

10 

10 

12 

17 

22 

25 

Greece  .        . 

,  ,f    , 

20 

20 

20 

16 

,34 

45 

40 

Roumania 

,        , 

.. 

iq 

20 

Turkey  . 

• 

7 

10 

13 

18 

27 

60 

70 

Europe  . 

-       , 

16 

20 

22 

28 

31 

39 

45 

United  States 

.-- 

■   4 

6 

7 

8 

30 

21 

20 

Brazil    . 

.       , 

7 

9 

12 

15 

18 

23 

26 

Canada .        , 

10 

14 

16 

18 

20 

27 

40 

Australia 

■»            s 

40 

.33 

30 

125 

120 

141 

188 

Cape  Colony . 

.30 

28 

49 

27 

90 

100 

India     . 

. 

5 

S 

S 

7 

7 

8 

8 

Java      . 

7 

10 

10 

10 

10 

12 

12 

. 

12 

12 

27 

40 

56 

30 

33 

Argentme  Repub 

ic 

10 

10 

10 

1.5 

.34 

40 

44 

ChiU       . 

7 

7 

IS 

13 

21 

35 

38 

The  world 

11 

13 

14 

18 

23 

2S 

28 

It  appears  that  since 

183a 

the 

annu 

al  p 

iiblic 

exp 

indi- 

lure  in  EuSrope  per  head  of  population  has  trebled,  but 
that  in  the  United  Kingdom  there  has  been  no  sensible 
increase.  The  ratio  per  inhabitant  has,  meantime,  risen 
more  in  the    United    States,  Canada,  Australia,  and 

Argculina  thar.  ir*  Zurops. 


The  revenue  and  expenditure  of  the  principal  countries 
since  1870  have  been  as  follows : — 


1871-88 

Amount  in  Million  £ 

Revenue 

Expenditure 

Surplus 
Expenditure 

United  Kingdom 

1.474 

1,467 

France 

2,170 

2. 935 

7^S 

Germany     . 

1,610 

1,880 

370 

Russia 

1,192 

1,606 

414 

Austria 

1.154 

1,342 

188 

Italy   . 

1.034 

1,161 

127 

Spain  . 

564 

784 

220 

United  States      . 

1,228 

964 

Australia     . 

333 

464 

131 

Canada 

109 

139 

30 

India  . 

1.152 

1,230 

78 

Other  countries  .' 

2,500 

2,792 

292 

Total    . 

14.520 

16,764 

2;244 

The  revenue  and  expenditure  of  Europe  were  approxi- 
mately as  follows  : — 


Millions  Sterling  j^ 

Revenue 

Expenditure 

Surplus 
Expenditure 

1821-40           .             4 

1841-50 

1851-60 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-88           . 

3.780 
2,290 
2.930 
3.840 
5.080 
5.150 

3.840 

s.3ao 

3.400' 

4.760 

6,030 

6,110 

60 

30 
470 
920 

% 

68  years      . 

23,070 

36,460 

3.390 

In  38  years,  firom  1851  to  1888,  the  expenditure  sur- 
passed income  by  3300  millions  sterling,  say  87  millions 
yeai^ly,  v/Lich  -.vent  iXiC=i^l-j  in  v/ars  and  ai-mameats. 


FOOD 


fl06 


FOOD 


In  the  above  table  grain  includes  what  is  used  both  for 
man  and  beast.  The  averages  per  head  of  population 
were : — 


X 

Lbs.  per  Inhabitant 

Period 

Grain 

.Meat 

Sugar 

Coffee 
and  Tea 

1831-40    ..... 
1851-60    .... 
1874-84    .... 
1887 

900 

1,040 

1,240 

■  1.330 

79 
79 

72 

79 

5 

8 

22 

.      29 

2 

h 

S 

.  The  production  of  wheat,    as  shown  already  when 
treating  of  Agriculture,  has  averaged  as  follows : — 


Tons  Yearly 

Period 

Europe 

United 
States 

Colonies, 
&c. 

Total 

1831-40 
1851-60 
1871-80 
1881-87 
1S88 

17,800,000 
21,420,000 
28,i5o,cx)0 
30,770,000 
32,400,000 

1,950,000 
3,430,000 
8,450,000 

ll,0CXD,00O 
10,370,000 

2,900,000 

5,120,000 

8,250,000 

11,230,000 

14,050,000 

22,650,000 
•  29,970,cxx) 
44,850,000 
53,000,000 
56,820,000 

In  the  period  ending  1840  Europe  produced  80  per 
cent,  of  the  wheat  of  the  world,  as  compared  with  56  per 
cent.. at  present.  In  the  interval. the  production  in  the 
United  States  and  in  the  Colonies  has  quintupled. 


The  production  of  other  grain  during  the  same  period 
was  approximately  as  follows  : —  ■  ■--'•^^B^^ttt' 


Tons  Yearly- 

Period 

Europe 

United 
States 

Colonics, 
&c. 

Total 

1831-40 
1851-60 
1871-80 
1881-87 
1888 

62, 500, OCX) 

79,730,000 
86,850,000 

IOI,230,CXIO 

i05,8oo,o(X} 

ii,55o,cxxD 
22,920,000 
49,500,cxx) 
56,500,cxx) 
68,710,000 

4,300,000 
6,380,000 
7, 150,000 
10,270,000 
9,450,000 

78,35o,txx> 
109,030,000 
143,500,000 
i68,ooo,cx» 
183,960,000 

The  total  grain  production  since  183P  has  been  ap- 
proximately : — 


Tons  Yearly 

Period 

Europe 

United 
States 

Colonies, 
&c. 

Total 

1831-40 
1851-60 
1871-80 
1881-87 
188S 

80,300,000 

10I,I50,CXX3 

ii5,cxx>,oci> 
132,000,000 
138,200,000 

13,500,000 
26,350,000 
57,950,000 
67,500,000 
79,080,000 

7,200,000 

1I,SOO,<XX5 

15,400,000 
21,500,000 

23,5CX3,O00 

101,000,000 
139,000,000 
188,350,000 
221,000,000 
240,780,000 

The  ratio  of  increase  in  production  of  grain  was  thus : — 


1831-40  1 1851-60 

1871-SO 

1888 

Europe 

United  States  .    .    . 
Colonies,  &c.    .... 

100 
100 
100 

126 

160 

144 
430 
214 

172 
326 

Total    .    .    . 

100 

138 

186 

438 

The  weight  and  value  of  grain  used  for  human  food  in  1887  are  shown  approximately  in  the  following  table: 


Tons 

Value, 

Wheat 

Rye 

Oats,  &c.      • 

Total 

Millions  £ 

United  Kingdom     . 

6,2<X),CX)0 

200,CX)0 

6,400,000 

'  46 

France     .        .        , 

8,20O,C«X> 

900,000 

9,100,000 

77 

Germany ,        , 

3,000,000 

6,000,000 

2,200,000 

II,2<X3,000 

68 

Russia      .        , 

4,200,000 

14,500,000 

4,300,000 

23,000,<X)0 

07 

Austria     .        . 

4,300,000 

3,303,000 

800,000 

8,400,000 

S» 

Italy 

3,0CKD,000 

4cx>,ooo 

i,90o,cx» 

5,300,000 

39 

Spain*      , 

3,000,000 

40o,cxx> 

4oo,cxx) 

3,800,000  • 

aS 

Portugal  . 

300,000 

30o,o<x> 

300,000 

900,000 

6 

Sweden     .        , 

30o,cx)o 

7CXD,CXX> 

200,030 

«, 200,000 

8 

Norway    . 

100,000 

200,000 

100,000 

40o,ocx) 

3 

Denmark  . 

200,CXX3 

300,000 

SOO.CXXi 

4 

Holland    . 

500,030 

400,cxx) 

200,000 

1,100,000 

8 

Belgium    . 

800,000 

6oo,cx» 

200,000 

1,600,000 

13 

Switzerland 

300,  cxx) 

200,000 

100,000 

600,000 

4 

Roumania  ^  . 

300,000 

200,000 

300,000 

800,000 

4 

Servia  *  ,       , 

Europe     .V^' 

100,000 

100,000 

100,  coo 

300,000 

2 

34,800,000' 

28,500,000 

11,300,000 

74,600,000    * 

458 

United  States 

7,300,000 

600,000 

2,lCX>,O0O 

IO,000,<XX) 

48 

Canada    . 

800,000 

•... 

100,000 

900,000 

^ 

Australia .               .       ;       . 

700,000 

... 

700,000  ■ 

5 

Tota 

1 

• 

43,600,000 

29,000,000 

13,500,000 

86,200,000 

• 

517 

The  different  kinds  of  meat  produced  were  as  follows : 


Period 

Tons  Yearly 

Beef      1    Mutton    1      Pork 

Total 

1831-40 
1851-60 
1874-84 
4887 

3,821,060  '  2,050,000    2,830,000 
4,950,000  j  2,203,000    3,340,000 
6,303,000  ,  2,470,000  ,  4,490,000 
7,205,000  j  2,709,000  1  4,479,000 

8,701,000 
10,493,000 
13,263,000 
14.393.000 

*  Spanish  statistics,  as  a  rule,  bear  the  impress  of  exag- 
geration, and  hence  the  production  and  consumption  of 
grian  and  the  numbers  of  live-stock  must  be  doubtful. 


The  consumption  of  meat  in  Europe  at  present  averages 
61  lbs.  yearly  per  inhabitant,  against  64  lbs.  in  the  decade 
ending  1840,  viz. : —  ,  ■ 


Lbs.  per 

'nhabitant 

•                 ] 

V       1840 

H   1888 

United  Kingdom 
France      .... 
Germany   .... 
Russia       .... 
Austria      ;        .        .        . 
Belgium    ': 

87 
43 
60 

67 
76 

SO 

109/" 

771 
64 
51 
61 
^65, 

FOOD 


907 


FOOD 


Meantime  there  has  been  an  increased  ccnsumption 
per  head  in  towns. 

About  60,000  tons  of  frozen  mutton  are  imported  into 
Europe  annually  from  Atistralia  and  the  River  Plate.  An 
engine  of  70-horse  power  serves  to  refrigerate  a  chamber 
containing  250  tons  of  meat,  and  consumes  50  tons  of  coal 
in  a  voyage  of  forty  days.. 

The  production  of  meat  was  approximately  as  fol- 
lovrs: — 


Tons  Yearly 

1831-40 

1861-60 

1874-84 

1887 

U.  Kingdom 

980,000 

1,047,000 

1,100,000 

1,105,000 

France    .    . 

670,000 

940,000 

r,  155,000 

1,200,000 

Germany     .• 

900,000 

1,246,000 

1,300,000 

X,375,ooo 

Russia    .     . 

1,430,000 

1,670,000 

1,800,000 

1,885,000 

Austria   .    . 

990,000 

980,000 

1,080,000 

1,080,000 

Italy  .    .-    . 

300,000 

300,000 

330,000 

360,000 

Spain .     .    . 

405,000 

350.000 

470,000 

525,000 

Portugal .     , 

70,000 

77,000 

90,000 

95,000 

Sweden   .    . 

106,000 

120,000 

I3S.0OO 

140.0CX} 

Norway  .     . 

44,000 

64,000 

67,000 

67,000 

Denmark     . 

100,000 

115,000 

110,000 

115,000 

Holland  ,    . 

96,000 

104,000 

120,000 

125.000 

Belgium  .     . 

70,000 

90,000 

106,000 

110,000 

Other      1 
countries ; 

310,000 

360,000 

440,000 

451,000 

Europe    .     . 

6,471,000 

7,463,000 

8.303,000 

8,633,000 

U..  States     . 

2,050,000 

2,650,000 

4,120,000 

4,750,000 

Canada  .    . 

90,000 

140,000 

240,000 

.260,000 

Australia 
Argentine    ) 
Republic  ) 

40,000 

140,000 

300,000 

450,000 

50,000 

100,000 

300,000 

300,000 

Total    . 

8,701,000 

10,493,000 

13,263,000 

14.393.000 

The  annual  production  in  tons  was  as  follows : — 


Beef 

Period 

United 
Kingdom 

Continent 

United 
States 

Colonies, 
&c. 

Total 

1831-40 

1851-60 

1874-84 

1887 

300,000 
410,000 
520,000 
54S.OOO 

2,790,000 
3,420,000 
■3,843,000 
4,029,000 

630,000 

920,000 

1,540,000 

2, 190,000 

100,000 
200,000 
400,000 
441,000 

3,820,000 
4,950,000 
6,303.000 
7,205,000 

Mutton. 


1831-40 
1851-60 

1874-84! 
1887 


480,000 
430,000 
390,000 
365000 


1,320,000 
1,390,00a 
1,420,000 
1,480,000 


170,000 
220,000 
310,000 
390,000 


80,000 
163,000 
350,000 
474,000 


Fork. 

1831-40 

200,000 

1,380,000 

1,250,000 

1851-60 

210,000 

1,600,000 

1,510,000 

20,000 

1874-84 

190,000 

1,940,000 

2,270,000 

90,000 

1887 

195,000 

2,019,000 

2,170,000 

95,000 

2,050,000 
2,203.000 
2,470,000 
2,709,000 


2,830,000 
3,340,000 

4,490.000 

4,479,000 


Total  of  Meat. 


1831-40 

980,000 

5,490,000 

2,050,000 

170,000 

8,700,000 

1851-60 

1,050,000 

6,410.000 

2.650,000 

3.tO,ooo 

10,493,000 

1874-84 

1,100,000 

7,203.000 

4.120,000 

840,000 

13,263,000 

1887 

1,105,000 

7,528,000 

4,750,000 

920,000 

14,393,000 

The  relative  increase  of  each  kind  of  meat  since  1840 
is  shown  in  the  following  table : — 


1831^40 

1861-60 

1887 

Beef      .... 

Mutton 

Pork     .... 

All  meat 

100 
100 
100 
100 

130 
108 
118 
120 

188 
132 

166 

The  production  in  the  various  countries  in  1887  was  approximately  as  follows  : — 


Tons  Produced 

Consumption 

Beef 

Mutton 

Pork 

Total 

United  Kingdom 

S45.O0O 

365.000 

195,000 

1,105.000 

1,783,000 

France 

660,000 

250,000 

290,000 

1,200,000 

1,320,000 

Germany 

710,000 

210,000 

4S5.O0O 

I       I.37S.OOO 

1,385,000 

Russia 

1,050,000 

415,000 

■420,000 

1,885,000 

1,854,000 

Austria 

640,000 

120,C3d0 

320,000 

1,080,000 

1,050,000 

Italy 

220,000 

85.000 

SS.ooo 

360,000 

330,000 

Spain 

125,000 

220,000 

180,000 

525,000 

525,000 

Portugal 

25,000 

25,000 

45.000 

95,000 

94,000 

Sweden 

103,000 

14,000 

23,000 

140,000 

140,000 

Norway 

48,000 

15,000 

4.000 

67,000 

73.000 

Denmark 

74,000 

15,000 

26,000 

115,000 

S7.000 

Hollapd 

93,000 

9,000 

23,000 

125,000 

105,000 

Belgium 

74000 

S.ooo 

31,000 

110,000 

166,000 

Switzerland 

48,000 

6,000 

14.00Q 

68,000 

83,000 

Roumauia 

120,000 

40,000 

80,000 

240,000 

310,000 

Servia       . 

27,000 

23.000 

50,000 

100,000 

7S.OOO 

Greece      . 

12,000 

28,000 

3,000 

43,000 

47,000 

Europe     . 

4,574,ooo_ 

1,845,000 

2,214.000 

8,633,000 

9,297,000 

United  States 

2,190,000 

390,000 

2,170,000 

4,750.000 

4,100,000 

Canada    .        . 

176,000 

24,000 

60,000 

260.000 

200,000 

Australia  . 

115,000 

300,000 

3S.OOO 

450,000 

420,000 

Argentina         .... 

150,000 

150,000 

300.<X30 

250,000 

Tota 

. 

• 

7,205,000 

2,709,000 

4,479,000 

14,393,000 

14,267,000 

There  is  a  surplus  production  of  126,000  tons,  which  is 
consumed  in  the  West  Indies,  Brazil,  and  other  countries. 
At  present  Europe  imports  660,000  tons  yearly,  and  large 
supplies  may  in  future  be  obtained  from  the  United 
States,  Australia,  and  the  River  Plate.     Taking  the 


slaughter  as  usual  in  Europe,  viz.,  20  per  cent,  yearly  of 
homed  cattle,  40  per  cent,  of  sheep,  and  100  per  cent  of 
pigs,  and  the  average  carcase  at  500  lbs.  of  beef,  50  lbs. 
of  mutton,  and  100  lbs.  pork,  the  annual  production  and 
the  available  surplus  for  exportation  would  be  : — 


FOOD 

908       . 

FOOD 

Tons  Production 

Tons 
Consumption 

Tons 

-      Beef 

Mutton 

Pork 

Tc^al 

for  Export 

United  States  . 
Australia  . 
River  Plate 

•        * 

8,190,000 
400,ocx> 

I,120,CX}0 

390,000 
870,00x5 

900, CXX) 

2,170,CWO 

30,000 

lO.CXXJ 

4,750,000 

I,3CX3,000 

2,030,000 

4,140,000 

420,CXX> 
26o,CXIO 

610,000 

880,000 

i,770,cxx) 

Total     . 

3,7io,<xo 

2,l6o,CXX) 

2,210,000 

8,080,000 

4,820,000 

3,260,000 

The  available  surplus  of  the  above  three  countries  will 
be  equal  to  34  per  cent,  of  the  annual  meat  consumption 
of  Eurojse,  say  four  months'  supply. 

At  present,  however,  the  beef  of  the  River  Plate  is  out 
of  the  question,  owifig  to  the  poor  quality  of  the  beasts. 
The  importation  of  frozen  mutton  into  England  from  the 
Southern  Hemisphere  has  increased  rapidly  of  late  years. 
In  1889  the  following  quantities  were  received  : — 


From 

Tons 

Value.  £    j  Per  Ton,  £ 

Australia    .    .    . 
Argentina  .    .    . 
Falklands,  &c     . 

30,600 
i9,7<x> 
7,100 

I,290,CX)0 

750,000 

360,000 

43 
38 
50 

Total    .     . 

57.400 

2,4CX>,O0O 

42 

New  Zealand  sheep  average  70  lbs.,  Argentine  40  lbs., 
and  the  approximate  cost  of  the  mutton  delivered  in 
London  is  as  follows  :— 


Pence  per  Lb, 

£  per  Ton 

First  cost  of  meat 
Freezing  process 
Freight  and  charges  . 

2.5 

1.0 

23.3 
4.7 
9-4 

Total        . 

4.0 

37.4 

The  production  of  beef-extract  has  also  increased,  as  the 
slaughter  at  Liebig's  factory  at  Fray  Bentos,  Uruguay,  rose 
from  aoOjOCXj  head  of  cattle  in  1881  to  580,000  in  1884. 

Block  gave  the  average  annual  consumption  of  meat  in 
the  following  cities  in  ten  years  down  to  1877  as  follows : — 
Pounds  Meat  per  Inhabitant 

.     106 

.      90 

.      75 

.        .     306 


Paris    . 

.     207 

Milan 

Vienna 

.     150 

Berlin 

Dresden 

.     140 

Naples 

Turin  . 

•     125 

Boston 

In  London  the  apparent  consumption  is  only  230,000 
tons,  or  128  lbs.  per  inhabitant,  but  this  does  not  include 
tinned  meats,  such  as  corned  beef. 

In  1861  the  consumption  per  head  was  estimated  at 
172  lbs.  in  London,  138  in  Paris,  119  in  Berlin,  and  103 
in  Madrid. 

The  consumption  of  food  is  approximately : — 


Lbs.  per  Inhabitant 

^M 

"O 

^0 

a 

2 
0 

1 

a  a 

CO 

2 

c« 

1 

1 

U.  Kingdom  .    . 

378 

109 

19 

75 

380 

40 

91 

France   .    , 

540 

77 

8 

20 

570 

20 

66 

Germany 

550 

64 

8 

18 

I,030 

17 

78 

Russia    . 

635 

"SI 

5 

11 

180 

IQ 

6 

Austria  . 

460 

61 

7 

18 

<;6o 

14 

28 

Italy .    . 

. 

4CX5 

26 

4 

8 

SO 

18 

ao 

Spain     . 

. 

480 

71 

3 

6 

20 

17 

6 

Portugal 

. 

500 

49 

3 

12 

40 

17 

18 

Sweden  .     , 

560 

62 

11 

22 

500 

28 

112 

Norway . 

•    440 

78 

14 

13 

500 

40 

144 

Denmark 

.    560 

64 

22 

22 

410 

25 

140 

Holland 

.    560 

57 

15 

35 

820 

20 

240 

Belgium 

•  .590 

65 

15 

27 

1,050 

142 

Switzerland 

.  ,440 

62 

11 

26 

140 

no 

Roumania 

400 

82 

9 

4 

80 

8 

Servia    • 

400 

84 

9 

4 

80 

8 

Europe  .     . 

480 

61 

9 

22 

420 

20 

SI 

United  States 

, 

370 

i.So 

20 

53 

170 

39 

162 

Canada .     . 

. 

400 

90 

22 

45 

600 

40 

73 

Australia     . 

• 

440 

276 

21 

77 

310 

134 

General  ave 
1-= 

ra| 

'fi  . 

440 

72 

II 

28 

380 

64 

The  quantities  of  food  consumed  by  mankind  in  the  various  countries  in  1887  were  approximately  as  follows : — 


Tons 

Grain 

Meat 

Butter  and 
Cheese 

Sugar 

Potatoes 

Coffee  and 
Tea 

United  Kingc 
France  . 
Germany 
Russia  . 
Austria  . 
Italy      . 
Spain     . 
Portugal 
Sweden 
Norway 
Denmark 
Holland 
Belgium 
Switzerland 
Roumania 
Servia    . 

lom 

/ 

6,400,000 

9,1CXJ,(XX5 
11,2(X5,<D(X) 

23,0001000 

8,400,000 

5,300,000 

3,8cx),<x» 

900,000 

1,200,000 

400,ocx> 

50o,cxx) 

I,1C»,CXX5 

i,6oo,coo 
6cx),coo 
8co,<xxj 
3oo,cxx) 

1,783,000 

1,320,000 

i,385,oc» 

^,854,000 

1,050,000 

330,cx)0 

525,000 

94,000 

I40,<x» 

73.000 

57,000 

105,  CXX) 

i65,ooo 
83,000 

210,000 
7S.OOO 

328,000 
145,000 

185, OCX) 

210,000 

130,030 

6o,<x)o 

30,000 

7,000 

25,CXX) 

13,000 

20,CXX) 

30,000 
40,000 
15,000 
20,000 

IO,CKX) 

1,300,000 

400,000 

410,000 

412,000 

305,000 

98,000 

53.060 

24,000 

47.000 

11, OX) 

21,000 
63,000 
70,000 
34.000 
10,000 
4,000 

6,300,000 

10,000,<XX) 

22,000,000 
6,700,000 

IO,CX)0,<X» 

600,000 

2<X>,000 

100,000 

1,100,000 

500,000 

3cx),o<x) 

1,400,000 

2,700,000 

2<X),000 

3cx),ooo 
100,000 

92,000 

7o,<x)o 

10,000 

15,000 

33.000 

16,000 

7,000 

3.000 

15,000 

7,000 

9,000 

27,000 

24,000 

9,000 

l.CXXJ 

Europe . 
United  States 
Canada 
Australia 

74,6cx),ooo 

io,ooo,o<x) 

900,000 

700,000 

9,250,000 
4,roo,obo 

200,0CX) 

420,000 

1,268,000 

560,000 

50,000 

36,000 

3,262,000 
1,440,000 

I<X),000 

110,000 

62,500,000 

3,800,000 

i,30o,cx)o 

500,003 

438,000 

280,000 

10,000 

16,000 

__ 

Tota 

I 

• 

86,acx},ooo 

I3,970,cxx) 

1,914,000 

4,912,000 

68,ioo,cx)o 

744,000 

Plate  V. 


r 


FOOD-SUPPLY. 


Production  of  Meul,  lb;,  yearly  per  Juhabitant. 


U.  States 


Ireland 


Denmark 


Canada 


78      A       '^     7^..'" 

ROUMANIA  NOBWAY  SPAIN 


France 


62,   ]  S^   62, 
Holland  Germany  Austria  Swbden       Switzerland  G.  .BjajAiN        Russia         Belgium       Italv 


Consumption  of  Meat,  lbs.  yearly  per  Inhabitant. 


Australia 


Argentina 


U.  States  G.  Britain  Canada 


&-. 


82 


78       \     ^      77„, 


71  .    /    S     65       1      '^     64 


64     ] 
K'>i..'.ia:.i.\  Norway  France  Spain  Belgium  Germany  Denmark 


'^'S^aSS.^'" 


^  26.) 


SWKUhN  SwirZEKl.ANO  AUSTRIA  HoLLANlJ  IRELAND  Rl'SSlA  llAl. 


TOOD 


909^ 


FOOD 


"The  anntial  value  of  food  eoBStuned  in  various  countries  is  approximately  as  follows  :-r-[ 


Expenditure,  Millions  £  Sterling^                                        | ', 

Grain 

Meat 

Sugar 

Dairy  and 
Poultry 

Potatoes 

Cofifee, 
&c. 

Liquor 

Sundries 

Total 

faabitaitf 

United  iCiogdbm      .7      . 
France 

Germany  .... 
Russia       .        .        . 
Austria      .... 
Italy.  .,  .        .        .        . 
Spain         . 

Portugal    .... 
Sweden     .... 
Norway     .... 
Denmark  .... 
Holland    .        .        .        . 
Belgium     .... 
Switzerland       . 
Roumania         .        .        . 
Servia  ^    .       .       .       . 

46 
77 
68 
97 
S2 

39 
28 

6 

8 

3 

4 
8 
12 

4 
4 

2 

87 

66. 

69 
60 

44 
17 
26 

5 

7 
3 
3 

S' 
8 

3 

23 

6  ' 
6 

S 

2 
I 

I 

I 
I 

6z 

60 

41 

19 

14 

3 

7 

3 

4 

5 

7 

3 

6 

3 

«9 

32 

S6 
II 
22 

■  X 
« 

a 
z 
I 

3 
6 

D 
7 

II 

2 

3 

2 
I 

2 
I 
I 
3 
3 
I 

79 
92 
81 
42 
40 

V      41 

7 
3 
3 
6 

14 
3 
3 

I 

1 

48             372'' 

32             361 

40             400 

82             360 

28             23s 

23              144 

12              112 

3               34 

3               37 

I                IS 

a               x8 

s          56 

3               ao 
3               25 
I                10 

9  12^6 
9  80 

8  8a 
4  12  . 0 
6    10 

4  16  4;  0 

6  10    0 

7  13    0 

7  10  ,  o*. 

9  0  -V> 

8  0  cj 
970 
6  12  0; 
500 

5  0  'oi 

Europe  "^  .        . 
United  States    . 
Canada     ... 
Ajistralia 

458 

1 

S 

416 
123 

6    • 

8 

S3 

21 

a 
2 

363 
"S 

7 
S 

146 
16 

4 

I 

47 

24 

I 

i 

481 

66 

3 

3 

261 

42 

3 

3 

2,225 
455 

28 

6  10    0 

7  12  0 
6  10  0 
850 

Total       .       . 

5^7 

SS3 

78 

490 

167 

73 

SS3 

309 

2,74b 

700 

The  above  represents  the  values  in  first  hands,  to 
which  must  be  added  30  per  cent,  for  distribution  in 
retail.  As  regards  liquor,  the  excise  duties  are  not 
included,  th«se  being  comprised  under  Taxes.  Professor 
Keleti  estimates  the  expenditure  for  food  in  Austria- 
Hungary  at  £g  per  man,  £7  per  woman,  and  £$  per 


child,  or  £7  per  inhabitant,  which  would  be  266  millions 
sterling,  being  20  per  cent,  over  the  estimate  in  the 
above  table  :  his  calculation  is  probably  at  retail  prices. 

*  The  blanks  in  the  table  stand  for  fractions,  the  «mniint 
of  which  is  included  at  foot 


United  Kingdom 
The  home  production  of  wheat  and  m6at  is  as  follows : — 


Wheat,  Bushels 

Beef,  Tons 

Mutton,  Tons 

Pork,  Tons 

Total  Meat,  Tons 

England        .... 
Scotland       .        .       ,.        . 
Izeliyid         .... 

77,000,000 
2,000,000 
1,900,000 

268,000 

58,000 

218,000 

234,000 
88,000 
44,000 

'     113,000 
8,000 

70,000 

615,000 
154,000 
332,000 

United  Kingdom .        .        . 

79,900,000 

544.000 

366,000 

191,000 

1,101,000 

Food-supply  has  improved  in  late  years,  and  the  people 
of  this  countrjr  are  the  best  fed  in  Europe.  The  con- 
sumption per  inhabitant  has  been  approximately  as  fol- 
lows : — 


Wheat 

Meat 

Sugar 

Tea 

Salt 

Beer 

Rice 

Eggs 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Oz. 

Lbs. 

Galls. 

Lbs. 

No. 

1811-30 

?70 

80 

19 

18 

16 

22 

I 

40. 

<§3i-50 

255 

87 

20 

23 

25 

24 

I 

48 

/8ST-70 

320 

90 

35 

44 

45 

28 

3 

60 

1871-80 

354 

93 

60 

67 

72 

29 

II 

65 

1881-88 

370 

102 

70 

77 

72 

27 

II 

70 

1889 

354 

109 

75 

78 

72 

27 

II 

76 

The  consumption  of  meat  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
differs  considerably,  viz.  : — 


Tons  Consumed 

Lbs.  Meat  per  Inhab., 

Great 

Britain 

Ireland 

Great 

Britain 

Ireland 

British    .     . 
Irish  .  ,  .     . 
Foreign  .    . 

769,000 
237,000 
712,000 

S3 
95,000           16 
30,000    ]        49 

43 
t3 

Total    . 

1,718.000 

125,000    1      118 

.56 

The  actual  amount  of  salt  consumed  for  food  is  pro- 
bably no  more  than  36  lbs.  per  inhabitant,  as  one-half 
is  supposed  to  be  used  in  manufactures.  The  following 
table  shows  how  our  bread-supply  and  meat  are  pro- 
vided : — 


Period 

Wheat,  Million 
Bushels  per  Annum 

Meat, 
Tons  per  Annum 

Native 

Im- 
ported 

Total 

Native 

Im- 

ported 

Total 

1841-50 
1851-60 
1861-70 
1871-80 
1881.88 
1889 

108 
103 
102 
77 
72 
70 

14 

47 

73 

114 

144 

154 

122 

150 
175 
191 
216 
224 

1,014,000 
1,047,000 
1,078,000 
1,091,000 
1,105,000 
1,100,000 

44,000 
131,000 
288,000 
540,000 
742,000 

1,014,000 
1,091,000 
1,209,000 
i.379.oo:> 
1,645,000 
1,842,000 

In  1889  Ireland  exported  to  Great  Britain  the  following 
cattle : — 

717,000  cows  =  193,000  tons  meat. 
636,000  sheep  =    20,000        ,, 
545,000  pigs    =    24,000         ,, 


Total 


237,000 


FOOD 


010 


The  weight  and  value  of  grain  used  for  food  in  1887 
.were  approximately  thus : — 

Tons  iValue,  £ 

Wheat    .        ..       .        .800,000  6,800,000 

Rye         ."       .        .  .      .--6oo,ooo>  4,200,000 

Other  grain'    .       .       .    aoo.oooj         1,200,000 


Total' 


,  1,600,000^      112,200,000 


Switzerland 
The  consumption  of  grain  and  meat  in  the  years  1883- 


87  averaged  as  follows : — 

Tons 

Lbs.  per  Inhabitant 

Native 

Im. 

ported 

Total 

Native 

Im- 
ported 

Total 

Grain  . 
Meat   . 

450,000 
68,000 

390,000 
iS.ooo 

840,000 
83,000 

330 
SI 

300 
II 

630 
62 

The  importation  of  grain  is  more  than  treble  what  it 
was  before  1855,  viz.  : — 

„    .   .                          jTonsfer-  Lbs.  per 

M  Annum  i  Inhabitant 

n8si-SS      .        .       ^  120,000  103 

1876-80       .        .        . '  320,0001  231 

1883-87       .        .        .    390,000  300 

Three-fourths  of  the  imported  grain  is  wheat,  the  re- 
mainder maize  and  oats. 

Other  imported  articles  in  the  same  years  averaged  :— 

Quantity  Lbs.  fer  Inhab, 

Coffee,  tons         .            9,200  7 

Sugar,  „   .        .          34,000  26 

Rice        „    .        .           6,800  s 

Wine,  gallons  X  .  12,000,000  galls.  4 

,  J  Cheese  and  condensed  milk  are  exported,  the  average 
being: — ■ 

^"J^fy         ^-^'-'£ 

Cheese.'     '.r     .-26,000  1,600,000 

Milk     .       . '       .  •  13,000  480,000 

j\ 
The  consumption  of  wine  averaged  14  gallons  yearly 
per  inhabitant 

Greece  > 


"Tteconsumption  of  grain  and  meat  averaged  thus  :— 

Tons 

Lbs.  per  Inhabitant 

Native 

Im- 
ported 

Total 

Native 

Im- 
ported 

Total 

Grain  . 
Meat   . 

450,000 
43.000 

130,000 
4,000 

580,000 
47.000 

560 
SO 

170 

5 

73° 
SS 

F0013 

The  ordinary  consumption  of  sugar  is  4000  tons,  and  of 
cofiFee  800  tons  yearly,  being  respectively  as  5  lbs.  and 
I  lb.  per  inhabitant     The  only  fcJod  exports  are : — 

Quantity  IValue,  £ 

Fruit,  tons  i        .       I4o,ooo^  1,520,000 

Oil,  gallons        .    2,100,000  310,000 

Wne,  „             .    1,500,000  .50,000 

The  consimiplion  of  wine  averages  18  gallons  per 
inhabitant 

ROUMANIA 

The  production  of  grain  and  meat  is  approximately 
thus:— 


Grain 

Meat 


Tons 


3,000,000 
280,000 


Lbs.fer 
Inhabitant 

1.250 
no 


The  average  export  of  grain  in  the  years  1882-86  was :— 


Tons  Yearly 

Value.  £ 

Wheat      .... 
Barley       .... 
Rye 

Maize       .       .       ,       .. 

360,000 

240,000 

1          8S.000 

1        640,000 

2tS0O,O0O 

850,000 

400.000 

2,600,000 

Total       .       . 

1,325,000 

6,350,000 

The  exportation  of  cattle  is  not  known,  but  may  be 
estimated  as  equal  to  one-fourth  of  the  meat  product,  say 
70,000  tons  yearly.  This  would  leave  the  consumption 
thus : — y 


Grain  . 
'Meat  . 


X 


\Toni'i 


1,680,0001 


.Lbs.fer 

inhabitant 

650 

62 


■210,000' 

These  ratios  seem  very  high,  but  they  are  based  on  the 
tables  of  the  Stattsttque  Agricole.  The  consumption  of 
sugar  is  only  4  lbs.,  and  of  cofiFee  8  oz.  yearly  per  inhabi- 
tant 

Servia\ 

The  production  of  gndn}  and  meat  isjapproximatdy 
thus :— ' 

TV^ifc  Lbs.  per 

-'^'^        Inhabftant 
Grain  H^       .       .       .    370,000  4^ 

Meat  4.       i       i       I    100,000  ri2 

The  export  of  grain,  .says  Spallart,"  average*  40,ocx> 
tons;  the  meat  surplus  is  probably  25,000  tons  per 
annum. 

Egypt  j^ 

The  average  food  exports  in  the  yfears  1883-^7  were:-r 

Vol      I  Tons, 

value,  /,  Approximately ' 
Grain    .       ..      .    1,010,000  200,000 

Sugar   .        .        .       460,000  33,000 

The  imports  and  exports  of  rice  are  about  equaL  ■ 


United  States 
The  production  of  the  principal  articles  of  food  was : — 


Year 


1840 
1850 
i860 
X870 
1880 
1886 


Grain 


15,400,000 
21,700,000 
31,000,000 
34,700,000 
67,500,000 
71,100,000 


Tons 


Meat 


2,050,000 
2,390,000 
2,890,000 
2,480,000 
4,120,000 
4.750,000 


Sugar 


70,000 
110,000 
120,000 

74.000 
110,000 
110,000 


Rice 


36,000 
96,000 
83,000 
33.000 
50,000 
50,000 


Potatoes 


2,700,000 
2,600,000 
2,800,000 
3,600,000 
4,200,000 
4,200,000 


Butter 


140,000 
205,000 
230,000 
350,000 
430,000 


Cheese 


74.000 
47,000 
68,000 
120,000 
170,000 


FOOD 


yii 


FOOD. 


Some  of  the  above  articles  were  produced  in  excess  of  requirements  for  home  use,  the  quantities  and,.va^ues 
exported  being  thus  : — 


Tons  Yearly 

Value.  £ 

Period 

Grain 

Meat 

Butter  and 
Cheese 

Grain         1 

_M  It^^-' 

1821-30 
1831-40 
1841-50 
1851-60 
1861-70 
1871-80 
1881-87 

150,000 

160,000 

370,000 

710,000 

1,200,000 

3,700,000 

5,020,000 

10,000 

14,000 

40,000 

60,000 

100, oco 

390,000 

510,000 

1,000 

1,(X30 

6,(X>o 

8,000 

40,000 

6o,CKX) 

72,000 

1,200,000 
1,060,000 

3, 120, OCX) 

6, 100, CXX) 
9,4cx),ooo 

27,ICX),000 

38,ioo,o<X) 

30o,o<X)i'  1'            l40,cxxJ 

420,000     1           /  40,000 

1,040,000  ,  :'          210,000 

1,800,000   •             3co,ooo 

3,30o,o<X)             1,550,000 

12,600,000             2,800,000 

20,200,0<X)        i         3,900,000 

^A.       1 

The  disposal  of  the  grain  crops  since  1840  was  approxi- 
mately as  follows  : — 


Period 

Millions  of  Bushels  Yearly 

Crop 

Seed 

Exported    Home  Use 

Total 

1841^50 
1851-60 
1861-70 
1871-80 
1881-87 

740 
1,050 
1,210 
1,980 
2,700 

74 
105 
121 
198 
270 

IS 

29 

48 

143 

200 

652 

916 

1,041 

1.634 
2,230 

740 
1.050 
1,210 
1,980 

2,700 

The  disposal  of  wheat  crop  was  as  follows  approxi- 
mately : — 


Period 

Millions  pf  Bushels  Yearly 

Crop 

Seed    1  Exported 

Home  Use 

Total 

1841-50 

93 

9 

10 

74 

93 

1851-60 

137 

14 

24 

99 

137 

1861: -70 

194 

20 

38 

136 

194 

1871-80 

338 

34 

85 

219 

338 

1881-87 

440 

44 

134 

262 

440 

The  disposal  of 
thus  :— 


the  m;.  -e  crop  was  approximately 


Millions  of  Bushels  Yearly 

i  Period 

Crop 

Seed 

Exported 

Home  Use 

Total 

1841-50 

485 

48 

5 

432 

48s 

1851-60 

715 

72 

S 

638 

715 

1861-70 

965 

97 

.10 

858 

96s 

1871-80 

1,400 

140 

54 

1,206 

1,400 

1881-87 

1,602 

160 

S3        1     1.389 

1,602 

The  disposal   of 
was  as  follows  : — 


oats,   rye,   barley,  buckwheat,  &c. 


The  consumption  of  food  compared  with  population 
was  as  follows  : — 


Lbs.  per  Inhabitant 

Year 

Wheat 

Other 
Grain 

! 

Meat  j  Sugar 

1 

Potatoes 

Butter  and 
Cheese 

1840  .    . 
1850  .     . 
i860  .     . 
1870  .     . 
1880  .    . 
1887  .    . 

240 
220 
260 
244 
320 
250 

1,400 
1. 510 
1.540 
1,620 
1,870 
1,610 

260        i9i?j 
224   i    20' 
202   1    34 
140        41 
157        40 
15s   i     S3 

I  360  i 
5265; 
■  200 
*  202 
'    190 
jf  170  * 

20 
i3 

14 
18 
20 

Native  sugar  only  forms  7  per  cent,  of  what  is  con- 
sumed. The  importation  of  coffee  and  tea  has  been  as 
follows : — 


Tons  Yearly 

Lbs.  per  Inhabitant  : ! 

1861-63    1871-73 

1885-87  1861-63J1871-731885-87 

Coffee 
Tea   . 

58,000 

II,CX)0 

134,000 

27,000 

250,000 
36,000 

4.0         7.4 
0.8          1.5 

9-3 
1.4 

The  meat  product  of  the  United  States  was  approxi- 
mately as  follows : — 


Year 

Tons 

Lbs,  per 
Inhabi- 
tant 

Beef 

Mutton 

Pork 

Total 

1840 
1850 
i860 
1870 
1880 
1888 

662,000 
790,000 
1,140,000 
1,060,000 
i,59o,cx30 
2,190,000 

172,000 
193,000 
200,000 
253,000 
312,000 
390,000 

1,286,000 
1,477,000 
1,630,000 
1,230,000 
2,338,000 
2,190,000 

2,120,000 
2,460,000 
2,970,000 
2,540,000 
4,240,000 
4,750,000 

280 
24C) 

215 

ISO 

j,  190 

S:  178 

It  may  be  seen  that  the  rapid  increase  of  population 
causes  the  surplus  of  meat  to  diminish.  As  soon  as  the 
production  falls  to  120  lbs,  per  inhabitant,  there  will  be 
no  meat  to  export. 

The  Americans  are  the  best  fed  people  in  the  world, 
and  contribute  in  a  great  measure  to  the  abundance  and 
cheapness  of  food  in  other  countries,  their„share  of  pro- 
duction being  shown  thus  : — 


Tons  Grain  Grown  Yearly 


1881-87 


Tons  of  Meat  Produced  Yearlyi 


1841-60 


1861-70 


1881-B7 


.  United  StafSs  . 
Europe 
Colonies^&cu    » 


67,700,000 
132,000,000 

22,5CX),000 


2,200,000 

6,38o,cx)o 

220,000 


2,680,000' 

6,95o,cx)o. 

390,c»0' 


14,400,000 

(7,740,000 

-\  920,000 


222,200,000 


8,800,000 


10,020, 


'^ 


\  ^13,060,000' 


It  appears,  therefore,  that  the  United  States  produce  30  per  cent  of  the  grain,  and  33  per  cent,  of  the'ineatjsf-the 
wprKd, 


FORESTS 


912 


FORESTS 


The  forests  of  the  world  may  be  summed  up  approxi- 
mately thus:  — 


Millions 

Product, 
Million 

Cubic 

Feet 

per  Acre 

Value  of 

of  Acres 

Cubic 
Feet 

Product,  £, 

Russia  .... 

426 

6,200 

IS 

40,800,000 

United  States     . 

466 

9.300 

20 

112,000,000 

Brazil    .... 

13s 

150 

I 

1,000,000 

Canada      .     .     . 

64 

650 

5 

8,200,000 

Sweden  and        ) 
Norway .    .    ) 

61 

900 

IS 

12,000,000 

Austria-Hungary 

.46 

2,000 

45 

18,000,000 

Gran  Chaco   .    . 

37 

40 

I 

.   500,000 

Germany   .     .    . 

32 

1,300 

40 

13,000,000 

France  .... 

21 

1, 100 

50 

10,000,000 

Italy      ..... 

10 

440 

44 

4,000,000 

Algeria  .... 

6 

120 

20 

1,000,000 

Switzerland   '.     . 

2 

140 

70 

1,200,000 

United  Kingdom 

2 

120 

60 

2,000,000 

Total    .    . 

1,308 

'  22,460 

17 

223,700,000 

The  following  table  shows  the  average  yield  of  firewood 
per  acre  of  forest,  according  to  the  age  of  the  trees : — 


Age  of 
Trees, 
Years 

Cubic 
Feet 

1  Age  of 

1  Trees, 

Years 

Cubic 
Feet 

Age  of 
Trees, 
Years 

Cubic 
Feet 

10 
20 

30 
40 

700 
1,800 
3.300 
4.900 

1 

SO 

60 

80 

100 

6,200 

7.500 

9,200 

10,000 

150 
200 
250 
300 

12,800 
13.400 
12,000 
11,000 

The  following  tables  refer  to  the  principal  kinds  of 
forest  trees : — 


Density 

Cohesion 

Strength 

Acacia  .... 

0.717 

7-93 

Alder 

0.601 

4-54 

... 

Ash 

0.697 

6.78 

983 

Aspen 

0.602 

7.20 

Beech 

0.823 

3-57 

Birch 

0.812 

4.30 

672 

Fir 

0.493 

4.18 

583 

Maple 

0.674 

3-58 

Oak 

0.808 

6.49 

1,000 

Pine 

0.559 

2.48 

565 

Poplar 

0.477 

1.97 

538 

Sycamore       .        . 

0.692 

6.16 

744 

The  following  scale   serves  to  ascertain  the  age  of 
trees : — 


Age. 

Inches  Diameter 

Years 

Oak 

Larch 

Elm 

Spruce 

Yew 

10    .    .    . 

S 

4 

I 

4 

I 

20    .     .    . 

■    10 

9 

S 

8 

2 

30    .    .    . 

14 

14 

10 

12 

3 

SO    .    .    . 

23 

24 

23 

19 

4 

70    .    .    . 

32 

33 

36 

24 

6 

100    .    .    . 

41 

40 

50 

27 

9 

150    ..    . 

54 

SO 

61 

36 

14 

200    .    .    . 

64 

58 

71 

44 

20 

250    ..    . 

74 

67 

83 

52 

25 

300    ..     . 

84 

75 

94 

6o- 

30 

Eucalyptus  or  Australian  gum-tree  sometimes  grows 
24  feet  in  three  months ;  bamboo,  2  feet  in  twenty-four 
hours. 


The  maximum  age  to  which  trees  of  different  kinds 
arrive  is  shown  as  follows  : — 


Palm  . 
Elm  . 
Cypress 
Ivy  , 
Maple 
Larch 


Years 

.  250 

.  355 

.  388 

.  448 

.  516 

.  576 


Years 

Lemon 

,    640 

Plane . 

.     720 

Cedar 

.     800 

Chestnut 

.     860 

Walnut 

.     900 

Lime  . 

.  1,076 

Years 


Spruce . 

.     1,200 

Oak      . 

.     1,600 

Olive    . 

.     2,000 

Yew      . 

.     2,880 

Baobab 

.     5, 100 

Dragon 

.     5.900 

The  Crown  forests  of  various  countries  are  as  follows : — 


Area,  Acres 

Product,  jC 

Pence 
per  Acre 

Russia       .        -. 
India         .      ' , 
Sweden  and  Norway 

180,000,000 
35,500,000 
10,300,000 

10,000,000 
1,500,000 

13 

35 

Germany  .        . 
Austria      .        ... 
France 

9,400,000 
7,500,000 
2,110,000 

3,700,000 

1,500,000 

'  1,700,000 

95 

48 

180 

Italy, 

Belgium    .        . 

500,000 
100,000 

200,000 
40,000 

96 
96 

Besides  the  foregoing,  there  are  communal  forests,  the 
area  of  which  is  not  easily  ascertained. 

The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  consump- 
tion of  all  kinds  of  timber  and  firewood  in .  the  various 
countries,  and  the  quantities  of  timber  imported  or  ex- 
ported. 


Millions  of  Cubic  Ft 

.  .Q 

Milli< 

)ns  of 

Consumed  Yearly 

o-g 
b  0. 

.OT3 

Cubic  Ft.  . 

•a 
0 

® 

ii 

■« 
^ 

•o 

I 

1 

a 

b 

03 

U   3 

w 

U.  Kingdom 

60 

470 

530 

14 

390 

France     .    . 

800 

500 

1,300 

35 

200 

... 

Germany .    , 

700 

600 

1,300 
6,100* 

28 

Russia     ,     . 

4,500 

1,600 

70 

X20 

Austria    .    . 

1,200 

700 

1,900 

50 

100 

Italy    .    .    . 

240 

240 

480 

18 

40 

Spain  and 
Portugal  . 

} 

110 

X50 

260 

13 

60 

... 

Belgium  and 

} 

Holland    . 

20 

yo 

no 

12 

40 

Sweden  and 

\ 

• 

Norway     . 

320 

300 

92 

... 

200 

United -States 

3,000 

6,000 

9,000 

150 

... 

•160 

Canada    .    . 

, 

300 

200 

500 

100 

... 

150 

Total    . 

11,25a 

10,850 

22,100 

40 

730 

730 

United  Kingdom 
The  consumption  of  timber  has  been  as  follows : — 


Year 

Millions  of  Cubic  Ft. 

Cubic 
Ft.  per 
Inhabi- 
tant 

Per  Load 
(50  Cubic  Ft.) 

British 

Imported 

Total 

Duty 

Price 

1790 

106 

n 

117 

8 

s. 
7 

s. 
70 

1803 

no 

12 

122 

8 

25 

90 

1811 

no 

14 

124 

7 

55 

18s 

1820 

"5 

22 

i-(7 

7 

6S 

•    160 

1830 

"5 

28 

143 

6 

55 

150 

1840 

"5 

41 

150 

6 

55 

150 

1850 

120 

85 

205 

8 

7 

.70 

i860 

120 

145 

26-, 

9 

4 

63 

1870 

130 

252 

382 

12 

65 

1880 

140 

290 

430 

12 

50 

1889 

140 

392 

532 

14 

42 

FORESTS 

Sweden  and  Norway 

Sweden  and  Norway  produce  about  900  million  cubic 
feet,  the  felling  of  which  employs  40,000  woodcutters. 
One -third  is  used  for  firewood,  the  rest  made  into  timber 
for  building,  &c.,  of  which  200  million  cubic  feet  are 
exported.  Of  the  total  production,  two-thirds  correspond 
to  Sweden,  one-third  to  Norway. 

Belgium 
The  total  forest  area  is   1,220,000  acres,    including 
80,000  that  belong  to  the  State,  and  340,000  to  Com- 
munes, the  rest  being  private  estates.     Annual  product 
70  millions  cubic  feet,  which  yields  about  7s.  an  acre. 

United  States 
The  value  of  timber  and  firewood  consvmied  yearly  is 
shown  approximately  as  follows : — 


9U 


Value,  £ 

1870 

1880 

Firewood  .... 
Fences       .... 
Sleepers,  furniture,  &c. 
Export       .        »        .        . 

15,000,000 

30,000,000 

28,000,000 

4,000,000 

20,000,000 

40,000,000 

48,000,000 

4,000,000 

Total 

77,000,000 

112,000,000 

About  30,000  acres  of  timber  are  felled  daily,  the  saw- 
mills of  Maine  consuming  50  million  feet,  those  of  Michigan 
80  million  feet  monthly.  In  1880  the  Union  counted 
25,700  sawmills,  with  141,600  hands,  whose  wages 
reached  ;^6,70o,ooo  yearly,  turning  out  18,000  million 
linear  feet  of  boards,  valued  at  ;^48,ooo,ooo  sterling.  The 
consumption  of  wood  for  manufactures  is  enormous. 
Even  trifling  articles  of  use  enter  largely  into  the  annual 
consumption.  For  example,  the  Harbour  Springs  factory 
turns  out  8,000,000  wooden  toothpicks  daily.  Minnea- 
polis requires  2,000,000  barrels  yearly  for  its  flour-mills. 

The  forest  area  is  distributed  as  follows : — 

States  Acres  States  Acres 

New  England     ,  19,000,000    Southern .     .    .  233,000,000 
Middle  ....  18,000,000    West  ....  196,000,000 

Making  up  a  total  of  466  million  acres. 

Canada 
The  annual  production  averages  70  million  Ic^,  equal 
to  560  million  cubic  feet,  and  190,000  masts.     The  total 
value  is  ;,^8, 200,000,  home  use  ;i^4,ooo,ooo,  exportation 
^4,200,000. 

India 
Excluding  Bengal  and  Upper  Burmab,  there  are  45 
million  acres  of  forest  (see  p.  56). 

Australia 
According -to  Simmonds,  the  forest  area  is : — 

Acres 
New  South  Wales 
Tasmania 


Western  Australia 
Victoria .        , 
New  Zealand . 


3,760,000 
4,000,000 
19,200,000 
25,600,000 
12,100,000 


Total       .        .  64,660,000 
He  adds  that  in   New  Zealand  it  is  being  rapidly 
diminished. 

FORTIFICATIONS 

Louis  Philippe  spent  16  millions  sterling  on  forts, 
especially  the  enceinte  of  Paris.  Lord  Palmerston  spent 
7i  millions  on  the  coast  fortifications  begun  by  him  in 
1S60.  The  German  Government  has  spent  2\  millions  in 
military  works  around  Strasburg.     The  site  occupied  by 


FREIGHT 

the  Paris  fortifications  is  3900  acres,  and  was  valued  in 
1840  at  ;i^i40  an  acre  ;  it  is  now  about  to  be  sold  for 
;^70o  an  acre,  on  the  levelling  of  the  forts. 

FREIGHT 

The  carrying  trade  of  the  world  has  been  prodigiously 
developed  since  the  introduction  of,,railways  and  steam- 
boats. Down  to  the  year  1850,  when  the  Continent  of 
Europe  had  only  7600  miles  of  railway,  the  ordinary  cost 
of  land-carriage  for  goods  was  ;^3  a  ton  per  100  miles, 
or  six  times  what  it  is  at  present.  Freight  by  sea  then 
averaged  over  40s.  a  ton,  or  more  than  double  what  it  is 
now.  The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  ton- 
nage borne  by  rail  and  shipping  at  various  dates : — 


V 

Millions  of  Tons 

Rail 

Shipping  1      Total 

1830 
1840  . 

1850 
i860 
1870 

1875 

1880 
1887 

3 

"97 
193 
602 

893 
1.358 

24 
30 
37 
48 
64 
80 

113 

139 

27 
46 

134 
241 

666 

795 
i.oos 

1.497 

The  saving  to  the  people  of  Prussia  alone,  in  having 
their  merchandise  carried  by  rail,  was  estimated,  in  1878 
at  120  millions  sterling  per  annum ;  this  would  imply 
that  the  saving  in  1887  for  all  nations  (per  annum)  was  as 
follows  : — 

Tons       Millions  £  Saved 
Europe  ....    752        ...        1,128 
United  States         .        .    553        ...  828 

Colonies         ...       54        ...  81 

Total       .        .  1,358  2,037 

This  saving  may  be  considered  approximately  correct, 
and  is  equal  to  80. per  cent,  of  the  total  annual  expendi- 
ture for  food  (see  Food)  by  the  nations  comprised  above. 
Nevertheless,  the  cost  of  railway  carriage  for  goods  is  by 
no  means  uniform  ;  the  averages  in  1885  showed  thus : — 

Cost  per  100  Miles,  Pence  per. Ton 
U.  States  . 
Belgium    , 
Germany  . 

In  1888  the  railways  of  the  United  Kingdom  carried 
about  260  million  tons  of  merchandise,  the  average 
haulage  being  supposed  to  be  30  miles  :  the  freight 
charged  was  ^38,800,000,  equal  to  i2od.  per  100  miles. 
This  is  precisely  the  rate  charged  on  the  Loncton  and  North- 
western line  for  carrying  meat  from  Liverpool  to  London. 

American  railways  have  reduced  their  charges  more 
than  50  per  cent,  in  twenty  years,  viz. : — 


63 

Italy  .    . 

.     108 

G.  Britain 

i^"; 

70 

Austria    . 

.     Ill 

France    ,    • 

154 

84  J 

Holland  . 

.    "118  • 

Sweden  . 

160 

Railways  of  United  States,  Charge  per  Ton  100  Miles 


Year 
1865 
1870 


£  s. 
o  17 

O  II 


d. 


Year 
1880 
1885 


The  cost  of  sending  a  ton  of  grain  from  Chicago  to 
Liverpool  vid  New  York  was  as  follows  :  — 


Year 

Chicago  to  New 
York 

New  York 

to 
Liverpool 

Chicago  to 
Liverpool, 
Water- 
Route 

By  Water 

By  Rail 

1868   .    .    . 
1873   .    .    . 
1880   .    .    . 
1884   .    .    . 

£  s.  d. 

220 

I    12      0 
I       I      0 
0   12      0 

£   s.    d. 
3  10    0 
2  16    0 
I  12    0 
I     I    0 

£  s.   d. 
130 
I  IS    0 
100 
0  12    0 

£  s.   d. 

,3    5° 
370 
210 
140 

FREIGHT 


914 


FRUIT 


The  above  charge  for  1884  was  equal  to  7d.  per  bushel, 
and  even  lower  rates  have  prevailed  since  then.  The 
charge  from  Chicago  to  Liverpool  fell  63  per  cent,  in  the 
above  interval  of  sixteen  years.  In  1 888  the  charges  from 
Chicago  to  European  ports  per  ton  were  as  follows  : — 


Chicago  to 

Shillings  per  Ton 

Bacon 

Flour 

Liverpool  .        .        . 
London     .... 
Hamburg  .... 
Antwerp     .... 

37 
35 
44 
43 

31 
32 

^l 
36 

The  freights  current  for  ocean  routes  in  li 


Route 

Shillings 
per  Ton 

Miles 

Pence  per 
1000  Miles 

London. to  Singapore  .     . 
London  to  Australia     .    . 
London  to  San  Francisco. 
London  to  Cape  Town     .. 
Newcastle  to  Bombay  .    . 
Antwerp  to  Rio  Janeiro    . 
China  to  New  York.    .    . 

25 
27 
30 
40 
22 
36 
■      45 

8,400 
11,000 
14,000 
6,000 
6,500 
S.400. 
14,000 

36 
30 
26 
80 
40 
80 
39 

This  gives  a  general  average  of  37d.  per  thousand 
miles  of  ocean  freight,  against  90s.  by  railway ;  that  is, 
the  latter  costs'  thirty  times  the  former.  The  President 
of  Civil  Engineers  in  his  inaugural  speech  for  1890  stated 
that  in  1870  it  cost  £2^  to  send  a  ton  of  merchandise 
from  London  to  Sydney,  which. now  costs  only  30s.,  a 
fall  of  94  per  cent.  He  added  that  in  1820  the  con- 
veyance of  cotton  bales  from  Liverpool  to  Manchester, 
thirty  miles,  cost  40s.  a  ton,  which  is  now  done  at  7s.,  a 
fall  of  82  per  cent.  With  reference  to  the  Manchester 
ship-canal,  it  was  stated  in  1889  that  the  railway  charges 
between  Manchester  and  Liverpool  were  still  excessive, 
the  freight  on  a  ton  of  n.irchandise  being  as  follows  : — 


Liverpool  to  Bombay  . 
/  Liverpool  to  Manchester 


10  shillings 

12         >> 


The  ordinary  expense  of  carrying  goods  in  1884  in  all 
countries  was  estimated  thus  : —  ^ 

Shillings  per  Ton,  1000  Miles 

By  sea.        .        .        •      5    I    By  railway.    ^.        ,    foo 
,,  canal      .        .        .    20    |     ,,   highroad      .        .   .300 

There  is  not  much  difference  between  the  freight  paid 
by  waggon  on  highroads  in  France  and  that  charged  by 
caravans  across  Central  Africa.  Thus,  a  camel-load  of 
600  lbs.  from  Berber  to  Suakim  (280  miles)  costs  25s., 
which  is  equal  to  33s.  a  ton  per  100  miles,  10  per  cent, 
over  the  ordinary  charge  by  waggon  in  Europe.  The 
effects  of  freight  on  prices  are  shown  by  the  fact  that 
Athens  imports  wheat  from  Odessa  because  land-carriage 
in  the  interior  of  Greece  is  ;^  10  a  ton  per  100  miles,  and 
coixsequently  it  is  cheaper  to  consume  Russian  wheat. 

Brazilian  railways  still  charge  enormous  freights — 
coffee,  for  example,  paying  ^sod.  per  100  miles,  or  nine 
times  as  much  as  in  the  United  States.  Even  freight  by 
water  in  Brazil  is  dear,  the  Brazilian  steamers  charging 
;^i6  a  ton  from  Montevideo  to  Matto  Grosso,  the  distance 
being  2500  miles. 

In  Australia  the  construction  of  railways  has  been 
attended  with  the  following  reduction  of  freight  charges : — 


Year 
1864 
1872 
1878 
1887 


Haulage  of  One  Ton  Ten  Miles 


Pence 
■75 
36 
24 

.  18 


During  the  gold  fever  extravagant  sums  were  paid  for 
freight,  the  ordinary  charge  in  1851  from  Melbourne  to 
Bendigo  being  £iy>  per  ton. 

FRUIT 

The  degrees  of  sugar  in  various  fruits  are  {«^ 

Apple  . 


Peach  . 

Raspberry 

Strawberry 

Currant 

Gooseberry 


1.6 
4.0 

5-7 
6.1 
7.2 


Mulberry 
Pear     . 
Cherry. 
Grape  . 


I 


'  7.9 
9.2 

"9-4 
10.8 
14.9 


4  The  countries  which  import  fruit  are  the  foUowdng  :— 

- 

Tons 

Value,  £ 

1860 

1880 

1887 

1860 

1880 

1887 

United  Kingdom     . 
Trance     .       .       . 
United  States  . 

79,000 
.    13,000 

107,000 
32,000 
40,000 

320,000 

195,000 

67,000 

1,800,000 
800,000 

3,300,006 
3,900,000 
2,700,000 

6,200,000 
3,000,000 
.4,300,000 

The  countries  which  export  fruit  are  the  following  : — 


— 

Tons    ' 

Value,  £ 

1862 

1875 

.    1887 

1862 

1875 

.1887   , 

Italy  A       .... 
Spain       .... 

Portugal  .        .        .         , 
Greece      .... 

48,000 
34.000 

42,000 

99,000 
72,000 
24,000 
87,000 

240,000 

160,000 

17,000 

107,000 

1,200,000 
700,000 

540,000 

1,600,000 

1,500,000 

160,000 

1,470,000 

2,200,000 

2,200,000 

140,000 

1,900,000 

The  price  of  fruit  in  most  countries  has  fallen  notably 
in  the  last  thirty  years,  which  is  due  to  the  great  increase 
of  productioil,  and  to  improved  facilities  for  bringing 
fruit  to  ports  for  shipment. 

^Ir.  ix)ring,  ex-Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  valued 
the  fruit  crop  of  the  United  States  in  1^0  at  ;^42,ooo,ooo 
sterling, .  and  the  annual  consumption  of  fruit  at  12s. 
English,  per  inhabitant  of  the  Union,  and  24s.  in  New 
York.  The  Royal  Agricultural  Journal  of  Bngland 
states  the  .ncreage  under  fruit-trees  in  the  United  King- 


dom, and  the  importation  of  apples  from  abroad,  to  be 
thus : — 


Fruit  Acreage 

Apples  Imported 

Year 

Acres 

Year 

Tons 

1839 
1872 

1889 

90,000 
172,000 

214,000 

1839 
1869 
1888 

1,800 
12,300 

95,00) 

GOLD  AND  SILVER 


915 


GOLD  AND  SILVER 


GOLD  AND  SILVER 

The  quantity  of  precious  metals  at  remote  dates  of 
antiquity  has  been  often  discussed.  The  following  facts 
are  worthy  of  note  : — 


Date 

B.C.  520. 
B.C.  323. 


8,000,000 


Cjrrus's  booty  from  Asia 

Alexander's  from  Persia  was  351,000 )   g^.  ^^q  qq^ 
talents,  equal  to  .         .         .         .  )        '       ' 
B.C.    44.    Julius  Caesar  seized  in  the  Romans 

treasury  520  tons  gold  and  700  \  75,000,000 
tons  silver,  together  worth  .        . ) 

According  to  Jacob,  the  Roman  Empire  in  time  of 
Augustus,  A.D.  14,  possessed  358  millions  sterling  of 
gold  and  silver.  Jacob,  Tooke,  Newmarch,  &c.,  esti- 
mated the  stock  of  precious  metals  in  the  world  at  various 
dates,  the  result  of  their  views  being  contained  in  the 
following  table,  with  later  information  added  : — 


Tons 

Millions  £ 

Gold 

Silver 

Gold 

Silveir 

Total 

1600  .    .    . 

830 

23,000 

116 

276 

392 

1700  .     .     . 

1.310 

4S.OOO 

183 

450 

633 

1800  .    .    . 

2,730 

88,000 

382 

760 

1,142 

1850  .    .    . 

3,620 

113,000 

507 

976 

1.483 

1880  .    .    .  • 

7,800 

145,000 

1,092 

1,090 

2,182 

1888  .   .   . 

8,600 

160,000 

1,204 

1,010 

2,214 

I890  .    .    . 

8,820 

165,000 

1.23s 

1.213 

2,448 

■  But  for  the  sudden  rise  of  15  per  cent,  in  the  price  of 
silver  in  1890,.  the  stock  of  that  metal,  at  prices  of  1889, 
would  stand  for  no  more  than  1040  millions  sterling. 

Several  eminent  statists  have  published  estimates  of 
the  production  of  precious  metals  since  Columbus  dis- 
covered the  New  World. 

Soetbeer's  table  of  the  prodjicti^  of  gold  and  silver  is 
as  follows : — 


Tons 

Value,  MiUion  £, 

Annual 

Period 

Average  of 

Gold 

Silver 

Gold 

Silver 

Total 

Total,  £, 

1493-1520 

162 

1.316 

23 

14 

37 

1,300,000 

1521^1600 

593 

21,519 

83 

258 

341 

4,300,000 

1601-1700 

911 

37.234 

128 

372 

500 

5,000,000 

1701-40 

638 

15.736 

90 

140 

230 

5,700,000 

1741-80 

90b 

23,718 

127 

213 

340 

8,500,000 

1781-1800 

356 

17.581 

50 

151 

201 

10,500,000 

1801-20 

292 

14.350 

41 

125 

166 

8,300,000 

1821-30 

142 

4,606 

20 

37 

57 

5,700,000 

1831-40 

203 

5. 965 

28 

52 

80 

nS.OOO.OCX) 

1841-50 

548 

7,804 

77 

67 

144 

14,400,000 

1851-60 

2,018 

8.956 

282 

78 

360 

36,cKX),ooo 

1861-70 

1,885 

12,201 

264 

105 

369 

36,900,000 

1871-80 

1.715 

22,347 

241 

178 

419 

41,900,000 

i88i-88 

1,067 

21,960 

I     148 

154 

302 

37,7oo,cx» 

396  years 

11,436 ,215,293 

1^602 

1,944 

3,546 

9,ooo,(X» 

The  values  were  as  follows  : — 


Tons  Gold 

Period 

UnitedlSpanishL      .  1  Aus- 
States  !  America  p"^'^  tralia 

Various 

Total 

1493-1850 

1851-60 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-88 

30       3.045 
830    :          50 
713    1          60 
620    .        105 

373   1        60 

310 

256       772 
271       741 
380       525 
280       260 

1,366 
no 

ICX) 

85 

94 

4.r5i 
a, 018 
1.88s 
1.715 
1.067 

396  years 

2,566  1   3.320 

1,497    2,298     1,755    '1M36 

Value,  Millions 

£ 

1493-1850 

4 

429 

43 

191 

.667 

1851-60 

116 

7 

36 

108 

15 

282 

1861-70 

100 

8 

38 

104 

14 

264 

1871-80 

87 

15 

53 

74 

12 

241 

1881-88 

52 

8 

39 

36 

13 

148 

396  years 

359 

467     1    209 

322 

24s 

1,602 

Tons  Silve; 

8 
2 

S 

u 
u 

a 

i 
1 

*« 
? 

1493-1850 

1851-60 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-88 

.    ■  7 
2,375 
7,750 
8,860 

63,480 
4,570 
4,970 
6,360 

S,8oo 

61,500 

2,04s 
2,105 
3,620 
2,800 

5,800 
550 
790 

1.530 
.  2,100 

19,049 
1.784 
1,961 
3.087 
2,400 

149,829 

8.956 

12,201 

22.347 

21,960 

396  years 

18,992 

85,180 

72,070 

10,770 

28,281 

215.293 

Value,  Millions' £ 


1493-1850 

606 

586 

■     55 

'182 

1,429 

1851-60 

40 

18 

S 

IS 

78 

•1861-70 

20 

43 

18 

7 

17 

105 

1871-80 

62- 

51 

29 

12 

24 

178 

1881-88 

62  . 

41 

20 

IS 

16 

IS+ 

396  years 

•144 

781 

671 

94 

254 

1.944. 

The  value  of  gold  is  taken  at  ;^i40,ooo  per  ton,  that  of 
silver  at  the  current  market  price. 

Jacob  estimated  the  production  of  precious  metals  from 
1492  (date  of  the  discovery  of  America)  to  1829  asfoUows: — 


Period        America 


1492-1545 
1546-1600 
1601-1700 
1701-1809 
i8io=-29 


£ 

17,200,000 
111,400,000 

307,ocx),cx)0 

786,000, OCX) 

84,ooo,cxx> 


337  years  ,1,305,600,000 


Old  World 


Total 


£ 

5,400, <XX3 

7,6oo,cxx) 
30,000,000 
94,ocx3,ooo 
19,000,000 


156,000,000 


£ 
22,600,000 

ii9,cxx),o<5o 
337,000,000 

88o,<XX3,CXXD 

I03,cx»,cxx) 


Annual 
Average 


£ 

420,(X)0 
2,20O,O(X) 
3,370,000 
8,150,000 
5,150,000' 


1,461,600,000  4,400,cxDO 


He  estimated  the  total  stock  of  gold  and  silver  in  Europe  in  1492  at  no  more  than  ;^33,400,ooo,  and  accounted 
for  the  stock  and  production  down  to  1829  as  follows : — 


Period 

Production,  £ 

Consumption 

Balance 

India  and  China 

Manufactures 

Mint 

1492-1600      .... 
1601-1700      .... 
1701-1809      .... 
1810-29          .... 

141,600,000 
337,000,000 
88o,<50o,ooo 
103,000,000 

14,000,000 
33,cx»,cx» 

352,000,C3C30 
40,0(X>,CD00 

28,000,000 

6o,coo,ooo 

352,ooo,cxx) 

112,000,000 

5,cx)0,c«o 
77,000,000 
93,oc»,ooo 
18,000,000 

94,6<»,(x» 

167,000,000 

83,000,003 

Total 

1,461,600,000 

439,000,000 

552,000,000 

i93,ooo,cx» 

The  consumption  in  337  years  amounted  to  1x84  millions  sterling,  being  277  millions  less  than  the  production. 


GOLD  AND  SILVER 


916 


GOLD  AND  SILVER 


Messedaglia's  table  of  precious  metals  for  383  years  is 
as  follows  from  1493  to  1875  • — 


Tons  Produced 

Value 

MilL  £  Stg. 

Gold 

Silver , 

Gold, 

Silver 

Total 

Russia 

I.O^^ 

2,400 
7,900 
7,800 

142 
"64 

22 

•  70 
70 

164 

Germany     .... 
Austria  .    .    .•  .    . 

460 

70 
134 

Europe 

18,100 

206 

162 

368 

Africa 

Australia     .... 
United  States  .     .    . 

732 
1,812 
2,026 

sisoo 

lOl 

250 
280 

47 

lOI 

250 
327 

Mexico 

Peru  ...... 

Chile 

Brazil 

265 

164 

27 

1.037 

76,200 

31,200 

2,600 

37.700 

36 
22 

4 
143 
40 
168 

677 
.   280 

23 
336 

713 
302 

27 

143 

376 

.    168 

Potosi 

Columbia    ..... 

291 
1,214 

Spanish  America  .    . 

2,998 

147,700 

413 

1.316 

1,729 

Various 

392 

9,400 

52 

79 

131 

Total    .    . 

9.453 

180,500 

1,302 

1,604 

2,906 

Tooke's  table  comparing  the  production  of  precious 
metals  in  1848  with  1800  was  as  follows  : — 


Gold 

Silver 

1800 

1848 

1800 

1848 

RiLSsia    .    .. 
Rest     of) 
Europe     J 
Africa     .    . 
India,  &c.    . 

£ 
100,000 

150,000 

280,000 
830,000 

£ 
4,100,000 

360,000 

550,000 
.3,000,000 

£ 
200,000 

1,320,000 
1,000,000 

£ 
200,000 

560,000 

10O,CX)O 

Old  World  . 

1,360,000 

8,010,000 

2,520,000 

860,000 

Mexico    .    , 
N.  Grenada 
Peru  .    .     . 
Bolivia    .    . 
Chili  .     ... 
Brazil      .     . 
U.  States     . 

220,000 
65o,cxx3 
100,000 
70.000 
380,000 
510,000 

500,000 
680,000 
100,000 
60,000 
140,000 
340.000 
240,000 

4,080,000 

40,000 

1,330,000 

46o,cxx3 
290,000 

4,800,000 

1,250,000 
980,000 
180,000 

America.    . 

1,930,000 

2,060,000 

6,200,000 

7,210,000 

The  world  . 

3,290,000 

10,070,000 

8,720,000 

8,070,000 

He  estimated  the  production  in  Russia  and  Siberia  as 
follows : — 


Period 

Gold 

Silver 

Total 

Annual-^ 
Product ' 

1704-1809   . 
1810-24  •    • 
1825-47  .    . 
1848-50  .    . 
1851-54  .    . 

£ 

17,100,000 
2,200,000 
31,000,000 
10,100,000 
12,300,000 

£ 

9,760,000 

1,680,000 

3,940,000 

480,000 

610,000 

£ 

26,860,000 
3,880,000 
34,940,000 
10,580,000 
12,910,000 

£ 

250,000 
260,000 

l,520,OCX> 

3,530,000 
3,230,000 

150  years     . 

72,700,000 

16,470,000 

89,170,000 

590,000 

He  estimated  the  production  in  the  rest  of  Asia  as 
follows : — 


Period 

Gold 

Silver 

Total 

Annual 
Average 

1492-1809   . 
1810-24  .    . 
1825-47  .    . 
1848-50  .    . 
1851-54  .    . 

£ 

127,000,000 

12,040,000 

37,000,000 

8,000,000 

14,400,000 

16,900,000 
1,600,000 
8,200,000 
2,900,000 
3,920,000 

£ 

143,900,000 
13,640,000 
45,200,000 
10,900,000 
18,320,000 

460,000 

920,000 

1,970,000 

■3.670,000 

4,580,000 

362  years     . 

198,440,000 

33,520,000 

231,960,000 

640,000 

It  is  worthy  of  remark,  as  shoWn  in  Soetbeer's  table  on 
the  preceding  page,  that  from  1851  to  1888  the  annual 
production  of  precious  metals  ?iver^ed  from  37  to  41 
millions  sterling.  At  present  it  is  close  on  40  millions, 
and  there  is  no  indication  of  any  future  decline. 

The  production  of  silver  in  the  last  ten  years,  accord- 
ing to  the  United  States  Mint  Report,  was  as  fol- 
lows: — 


Ounces  Fine  Silver 

Price, 
Average 

Year 

United 
States 

Other 
Countries 

The  Worid 

Pence 
perOz. 

1880 

30.300,000 

44,500,000 

74.800,000 

52 

1881 

33,300,000 

45,600,000 

78,900,000 

52 

1882 

36,200,000 

50,300,000 

86,500,000 

54 

1883 

35,700,000 

53,400,000 

89,100,000 

51 

1884 

37,800,000 

43,800,000 

81,600,000 

50: 

1885 

39,900,000 

51,700,000 

91,600,000 

48 

1886 

39,400,000 

53.800,000 

93.200,000 

45I 

1887 

41,300,000 

54,900.000 

96.200.000 

45 

1888 

45,800,000 

64,200.000 

110.000,000 

43 

1889 

50,000,000 

76,000,000 

126,000,000 

42^ 

10  years 

389,700,000 

538,200,000 

927,900,000 

48J 

The  production  of  gold  in  eight  years  ending  December  1888  was  as  follows  :— 


Year 

Ounces  Fine  Gold 

Value  of 

United  States 

Australia 

Russia 

Total 

Product,  £ 

1881    . 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

i,88o,cxx) 
i,6oo,cx» 
1,450,000 
1,490.000 
1,540,000 
1,880,000 
1,600,000 
1,600,000 

1,250,000 
1.150,000 
1,050,000 
1,000,000 
1,100,000 
1,040,000 
1,150,000 
1,500,000 

2,030,000 
1,820,000 
1,900,000 
1,900,000 
1,850,000 
i,84o,cxx} 
1,860,000 
1,850,000 

5,iSo,ooo 
4,570,000 
4,400,000 
4,390,000 
4,490,000 
^,760, 000 
4,610,000 
4,950,000 

21,000,000 
17,600,000 
16,900,000 
16,900.000 
17,300,000 
18,300,000 
17,800,000 
19,200,000 

8  years 

• 

13.040,000 

9,240,000 

15,050,000 

37,330,000 

145,000,000 

GOLD  AND  SILVER 


917 


GOLD  AND  SILVER 


The  production  of  precious  metals  in  the  United  States 
is  officially  estimated  as  follows  : — 


Period 

Gold.  Oz. 

Silver,  Oz. 

Value,  £, 

1845-50      .     .     . 
1851-60      ,     .     . 
1861-70      .     .    . 
1871-80      .     .    . 
i38i-88      .     .     . 

5,200,000 
28,500,000 
24,700,000 
20,500,000 
13,100,000 

300,000 

500,000 

80,000,000 

310,000,000 

310,000,000 

21,000,000 
114,000,000 
120,000,000  . 
163,000,000 
129,000,000 

44  years     .    .    . 

92,000,000 

700,800,000  1  547,000,000 

In  the  above  table,  however,  silver  is  valued  at  6od. 
per  oz. — much  above  the  market  price.  The  gold  pro- 
duced from  1851  to  1888  amounts  to  2486  tons,  the 
silver  to  20,300  tons,  which  latter  is  about  5  per  cent, 
over  Soetbeer's  estimate.  The  relative  quantities  of  the 
two  metals,  as  shown  above,  and  the  price  of  silver  per 
oz.,  as  well  as  its  value  inr exchange  for  gold,  are  given 
in  the  following  table,  which  shows  conclusively  that  it  is 
a  fallacy  to  suppose  that  the  world  is  being  flooded  with 
silver.     If  the  production  were,  as  compared  witJi  gold. 


to  be  of  the  same  magnitude  as  in  the  eighteenth  century, 
we  should  require  double  the  present  quantity  to  be 
produced  yearly.  It  appears,  meantime,  that  silver  is 
relatively  much  less  used  in  manufactures  than  gold,  the 
annual  consumption  under  this  head  being  45  per  cent,  of 
the  gold  produced,  and  27  per  cent,  of  silver : — 


Tons  of 

Price  of 

Ounces  of 

Period 

Silver  to  i 

Silver,  Pence 

Silver  for  i 

of  Gold 

perOz. 

of  Gold 

1600-20      .    .    , 

27.7 

77.0 

12.1 

1700-20 

34-3 

62.0 

15.1 

1800-20 

32.2 

61.0 

15-3 

1821 -40 

33-1 

60.0 

1S.6 

1841-60 

31.0 

60.0 

156 

1861-70 

22.6 

60,0 

15.6 

1871-80 

18.6 

56.0 

16.7 

1881-82 

18.4 

S3-0 

17.6 

1883-84 

18. 5 

S0.7 

18.4 

1885-86 

18.6 

47.0 

19.9 

1887-88 

18.$ 

44-0 

21.2 

1890.    . 

18.7 

5ti.o 

f        18.3 

The  uses  to  which  the  precious  metals  were  put  in  fifty  years  down  to  1888  are  stated  by  Soetbeer  to  be  : — 


71 OQ 

Gold,  Tons 

Silver,  Tons 

Coinage 

Manufactures 

The  East 

Total 

Coinage 

Manufactures  |  The  East 

Total 

1831-40      . 
1841-50      . 
1851-60      . 
1861-70      . 
1871-80      . 

SO 

350 

1.633 

1,008 

849 

i8d 
200 
280 
570 
840 

10 

26 

100 

300 

120 

240 

578 

2,013 

1.878 

1,809 

2,700 
4,800 

1,200 

2,000 

2,200 
2,700 
3.100 
4.500 

2,200 

2,400 

11,300 

12,300 

10,800 

6,900 
9,400 
14,000 
15,400 
16,500 

50  years    , 

3.890 

2,070 

558 

6,518 

8,700 

14.500 

39,000 

62,200 

The  stock  of  silver  is  relatively  much  lower  now,  as 
compared  with  gold,  than  in  the  early  years  of  the  pre- 
sent century,  when  there  were  33  tons  of  silver  in  the 
world  for  i  ton  of  gold.  If  the  price  of  silver  were  ruled 
by  ratio  it  would  have  been  as  follows : — 

!,„,•/,//  Hatio  of  Silver  Ptnce 

ferioa  ^  ^^^^j^  ^^  q^^^       ^^^  ^^^ 

1821-40.        .        .        .33.1  ...  60 

1881-88 ....     18.6  ...        107 

If  the  foregoing  estimates  be  correct,  there  has  been  a 

dearth  of  both  gold  and  silver,  the  production  falling 

short  of  the  consumption,  viz.  : — 


1831-80 

Gold,  Tons 

Silver,  Tons 

Production 
Consumption     . 

6,358 
6,518 

57.273 
62,200 

Deficit   '    . 

160 

4.927 

The  deficit  was  probably  met  by  melting  down  old  plate. 
The  current  of  bullion  (coined  or  uncoined)  between 
nations  since  1861  was  as  follows : — 


Gold,  Millions  £,  Sterling  Imported 

Period 

Great 
Britain 

France 

United 
States 

Various 

Total 

1861-70  .     . 
1871-80  .     . 
1881-88  .     . 

171 
180 
96 

189 
151 
63 

31 
42 
64 

121 
131 
144 

512 

504 
367 

Total    . 

447 

403 

137 

396 

1.383 

Gold  Exported.  Millions  £, 

Period 

8 

1 

< 

3 
0 

*« 
^ 

1861-70    .    .    . 
1871-80    .    .    . 
1881-88    .     .    . 

112 

172 

96 

119 
90 
67 

"3 
74 
35 

108 

76 

34 

60 
92 
13s 

512 
504 
367 

Total    .    . 

380 

276 

222 

218 

287 

1.383 

Silver  Imported,  Millions  £ 

Period 

8 

"O  to 

tn 

3 
0 

1 

3 
0 

1861-70    .    .     . 
1871-80    .     .    . 
i88i-88    .     .     , 

93 
132 

66 

92 

111 

62 

12 
18 
23 

233 

126 

116 

44 
40 
36 

474 
427 

303 

Total    .     . 

291 

265 

S3 

475 

120 

1.204 

Silver  Exported,  Millions  £, 

Period 

c 

8 

11 

0 

1 

•3 

1861-70    .     .     . 
1871-80    .    .     . 
1881-88    .     .     . 

91 
119 

68 

78 
48 
49 

22 

73 

41 

74 
68 
37 

209 
119 
108 

474 
427 
303 

Total    .    . 

278 

T^l^ 

136 

179 

436 

1,204 

GOLD  AND  SILVER 


918 


GOLD  AND  SILVER 


Period 


1861-70 
1871-80 
1881-88 


Total 


Gold  and  Silveti  Millions  £,  Imported 


w  e 


264 

312 

162 


281 
262 

I2S 


c  S 
J3W 


43 
60 
87 


Hti 


233 
126 
128 


738       668      .190       487       504     2,587 


171 
168 


986 

931 
670 


Period 


1861-70 
1871-80 
1881-88 

Total 


Gold  and  Silver  Exported,  Millions  ^ 


203 
291 
164 


658 


c  2 


197 
138 

116 


13s 
147 

76 


108 

76 

34 


451    I    358   I   218 


j3  rt 


rt  Si 


197 


262 
204 
239 


70s 


986 

931 
670 


2,587 


The  current  of  bullion  in  the  last  eight  years  is  more 
clearly  shown  as  follows  : — 


1 

Imports,  Millions  £ 

Exports,  Millions  £, 

1881-88 

Gold 

Silver 

Total 

Gold 

Silver 

Total 

U.  Kingdom     . 

96 

66 

162 

96 

68 

164 

France     ,    .    . 

(y>, 

62 

125 

67 

49 

116 

United  States    . 

64 

23 

87 

35 

41 

76 

Spanish  America 

20 

20 

4 

37 

41 

The  East .    .    . 

12 

116 

128 

2 

19 

21 

Australia .    .    . 

2 

2 

34 

34 

Various    ...    . 

.110 

36 

146 

129 

89 

218 

Total    . 

367 

303 

670 

367 

303 

670 

Since  1881  Great  Britain  appears  to  have  neither 
increased  nor  diminished  her  stodc  of  gold,  but  to  have 
exported  a  small  quantity  of  silver.  France  has  lost  gold 
and  gained  silver:  the  United  States  has  done  exactly 
the  reverse.     India  has  absorbed  both  gold  and  silver. 

The  total  current  to  and  from  the  United  States  for 
sixty-eight  years  is  stated  thus : — 


g^eriod 

Millions  £  Sterling  ' 

Imports 

■Exports 

1821-40  "^i    T*^ 
1841-60    . 
1861-88    . 

^      . 

36 

34 

190 

3 

93 

358 

68  years     ,.       ,^ 

260 

454 

According  to  Mr.  O'Conor,  India  received  in  thirty 
years  ^1^860^9)  smd  retained  no  less  tluui  :— 


Gbld  . 
SUver. 


Total 


£ 
113,200,000 
227,000,000 

340,200.000 


To  which  he  adds  102  millions  for  the  preceding  twenty- 
five  years,  making  altogether  442  millions  sterling  in 
fifty-five  years.  He  considers  that  the  gold  has  been 
practically  withdrawn  from  circulation,  to  be  hoarded  or 
converted  into  ornaments.  Another  writer  says  that  in 
280  yeais  ending  1830  India  absorbed  55,ocjQ  Ipcs  of 


silver,  worth  490  millions  sterling.     Official  tables  give 
the  net  imports  as  follows : — 


Period 

Millions  £  Sterling 

Gold 

Silver 

Total 

1850-59      .    .    . 
1860-69      .    .    . 
1870-79      .    .     . 
1880-86      ... 

18 

59 
18 
28 

S2 
lOI 

SO 
SO 

70 

160 

68 

78 

37  years     .    .    . 

123 

I        253 

376 

Mr.  N.  Spallart  sunamed  up  the  production  and  con- 
sumption of  precious  metals  in  fifty  years  down  to  1880 
as  follows : — 


Value,  Millions  £  Sterling 

Gold  ■ 

Silver 

Total 

Coinage      .    .    . 
The  East   .     .    . 
Manufactures 

S43 
78 

294 

28 
351 
131 

S8r 
429 
425 

Total    .    . 
Production     .    . 

91S 
91S 

520 
520 

1,435 
i>43S 

In  the  above,  "coinage"  does  not  include  what  was 
minted  in  the  East 

The  weight  of  precious  metals  used  in  forty  years  in 
the  various  mints  (including  re-coinage)  from  1850  to 
December  18S9  was : — 


Tons 

Aggregate 

Value, 
Miliions  £ 

Gold 

Silver 

Great  Britain    .    .    . 
France     ..... 

Germany 

Russia 

Austria 

Italy 

Spain  and  Portugal   . 
Scandinavia .... 

HoUand 

Belgium 

1,301 

2,159 

894 

1,102 

137 
123 
220 

3| 

48 

170 

2,620 

5.13s 
6,420 
2,580 
S.360 

2.530 
1,480 
230 
3.290 
2,060 

207 
349 
183 

67 
40 
43 
-  7 
37 
42 

Europe 

United  .States   .    .    . 

Australia 

India 

Japan 

Spanish  America   .    . 

6,189 

2,096 

644 

IS 

no 

140 

31 .70s 
11,460 

29,270 
1,100 
7.700 

1,153 

39> 

90 

265 

25 

90 

Total    .    . 

9.194 

■ 

81,235 

2,020 

The  total  is  made  up  of  1227  millions  sterling  of  g;old, 
and  793  millions  of  silver  money.  The  stocks  of  coined 
and  uncoined  bullion  appear  to  have  been  at  various 
dates  approximately  as  follows : — 


A.D. 

Gold,  Millions 

£ 

Silver,  Millions /■ 

Coined 

Uncoined 

Total 

Coined 

Uncoined'  Total 

1600 

29 

87 

116 

102 

174 

276 

1700 

75 

108 

183 

225 

225 

450 

1800 

126 

256 

383 

360 

400 

7bo 

1848 

157 

343 

500 

388 

580 

968 

1880 

735- 

357 

1,092 

556 

534 

1,090 

1890 

790 

445 

1.235 

642 

571 

1,213 

GOLD  AND  SILVER 


•919 


GRAIN 


The  above  table  will  be  clearer  if  given  in  tons,  viz.  :- 


Silver,  Tons 


Gold,  Tons 


Coined 


Uncoined 


Total 


Coined, 

Ratio  per 

Cent. 


Coined 


Uncoined 


Total 


Coined, 

Ratio  per 

Cent. 


1600 
1700 
1800 
1848 
1880 
.1890 


208 

537 
908 

1.125 
5.250 
S.640 


622 

773 
1,822 

2.450 
2.550 
3,180 


830 
1. 310 
2.730 
3^575 
7,800 
8,820 


25 
41 
33 
32 
67 
64 


8,500 
22,500 
42,000 
45.200 
73.700 
88,100 


14,500 
22,500 
46,000 
67,800 

71.300 
76,900 


^23,000 
45.000 
88.000 
113,000 
145,000 
165,000 


37 
SO 
48 
40 
SI 
S3 


It  appears  that  coinage  now  absorbs  nearly  two-thirds 
of  the  total  stock  of  gold,  and  more  than  haLf  the  silver, 
whereas  forty  years  ago  it  took  only  32  per  cent.'  of  gold, 
and  40  per  cent,  of  silver. 

The  actual  bulk  of  gold  and  silver  coin  in  various 
countries,  according  to  Spallart,  in  1885  was  as  follows  :— 


Tons 

Aggregate 

Value, 

Millions  £ 

Sterling 

Gold  Coin 

Silver 
Coin 

Great  Britain     .    .     . 

915 

2,420 

144 

France     .     . 

1.335 

16,500 

328 

Germany .    . 

915 

4.950 

167 

Russia     .    . 

293 

1,540 

53 

Austria    .     . 

60 

2,100 

27 

Italy    .    .    . 

165 

1,210 

33 

Spain  .  ■  .    . 

143 

2,640 

43 

Portugal  .    . 

67 

220 

11. 

Scandinavia . 

52 

220 

9 

Switzerland  , 

22 

330 

6 

Holland  .     . 

37 

1.430 

18 

Belgium  .    . 

82 

1,210 

22 

Ronmania    . 

8 

330    . 

■4 

Turkey,  &c, . 

113 

990 

=4 

Europe    .  _.. 

•     4,207 

36.090 

889 

United  States 

1,058 

9.570 

228 

Australia .    .    ■ 

16S 

220 

24 

Japan .     .     , 

143 

990 

23 

China .     .     . 

... 

16,500 

ISO 

Java    .... 

... 

1,980 

18 

India  .    .     . 

... 

17,600 

160 

Singapore     . 

■.. 

2,640 

24 

Cape  Colony 

52 

••» 

7 

Cuba  .     .     , 

30 

...   *  ■ 

4 

Canada    ,    . 

23 

no 

4 

Algeria    .     . 

15 

330 

5 

Spanish  America,  &c. 

232 

2,070 

50 

The  wo 

rid 

5.925 

88,100 

1. 591 

The  total  value  is  made  up  of  790  millions  sterling  in 
gold  coin  and  silver  money  nominally  representing  801 
millions,  but  worm  only  642  millions. 

In  1886  Spallart  estimated  the  annual  consumption  for 
manufactures  as  follows  : — 


Per  1000  Population 

Gold,  Oz. 

Silver,  Oz. 

Gold,  Oz. 

Silver,  Oz. 

U,  States     . 

683,000 

4,020,000 

12 

70 

G.  Britain    . 

600,000 

2,520,000 

i6 

66 

France    .     . 

595.000 

2,600,000 

IS 

65 

Germany     . 

420,000 

2,870,000 

9 

60 

Switzerland. 

370,000 

840,000 

125 

28s 

Austria   .    . 

84,000 

1,120,000 

2 

s8 

Italy  .    .    , 

155,000 

665,000 

S 

22 

Russia-   .     , 

85,000 

1,100,000 

I 

12 

Holland  &  ) 
Belgium  J 

102,000 

84»,ooo 

10 

S4 

Various  .    . 

56.000 

1,445,000 

... 

Total    . 

3,150,000 

18,020,000 

... 

... 

The  total  makes  up  90  tons  gold  and  515  tons  silver 
yearly,  which  is  in  harmony  with  Soetbeer's  estimate. 

Besides  the  consumption  for  manufactures,  gold  coin 
loses  I  per  cent,  of- its  weight  in  fifty  years,  silver  I  per 
cent,  in  ten  years.  This  means  a  yearly  loss  of  ij  tons 
of  gold,  and  88  tons  of  silver. 

The  following  table  shovirs  the.  amount  of  gold  and 
silver  plate  stamped  yearly  in  the  United  Kingdom  and 
France : — 


Date 

United  Kingdom, 
Oz.  Yearly 

Date 

France,  Oz. 
Yearly 

Gold 

Silver 

Gold 

Silver 

1801-  20 
1821-40 
1841-50 
1851-60 

l86lr-70 

1871^80 

6,080 

6,640 

7,333 

38.4^5 

29,204 

42,190  . 

1,072,000 

1,130,000 

1,007,000 

930,000 

875,000 

790,000 

1830 
1840 
1850 
'    1860 
1870 
1878 

101,000 
164,000 
169,000 
288,000 
380,000 
409,000 

1,740,000 
2,290,000 
1,840,000 
2,290,000 
2,380,000 
2,460,000 

GRAIN 

The  average  peld  per  acre  in  various  countries,  mostly 
from  1880  to  1887,  was  in  bushels  as  follows  : — 


Wheat 

Barley 

Oats 

Rye 

.Maize 

General 
Average 

U.  Kingdom 

28 

33 

37 

30 

France     .    . 

18 

20 

26 

16 

19 

19 

Germany .    . 

22 

20 

18 

16 

18 

Russia     .    . 

8 

9 

•  IS 

10 

IS 

10 

Austria    .    . 

16 

18 

22 

16 

20 

iS 

Hungary.    . 

18 

19 

22 

IS 

18 

18 

Italy   .     .    . 

12 

IS 

19 

20 

14 

Spain  .    .    . 

12 

18 

•    20 

•  ■« 

18 

IS 

Portugal..  . 

.     13 

IS 

IS 

14 

Sweden    .    . 

22 

26 

30 

25 

30 

Norway  ,    . 

21 

27 

36 

24 

33 

Denmark      . 

.36 

30 

33 

25 

30 

Finland    .    . 

IS 

17 

23 

IS 

17 

Holland  .     . 

27 

40 

42 

21 

2S 

Belgium  .     , 

25 

33 

36 

20 

23 

Switzerland  . 

16 

12 

12 

15 

Roumania    . 

16 

..« 

20 

... 

30 

18 

Greece     .     . 

10 

12 

... 

IS 

12 

Turkey    .     . 

10 

12 

... 

... 

IS 

12 

Europe    .     . 

14 

17 

22 

14 

20 

... 

United  States 

12 

22 

26 

II 

23 

21 

Canada    .     . 

16 

27 

48 

63 

22 

Australia .     . 

12 

20 

28 

30 

IS 

Cape  Colony 

10 

IS 

10 

10 

n 

India  .    .     . 

10 

... 

10 

Egypt.    .    . 

13 

14 

18 

16 

Algeria    .     . 

13 

15 

14 

Argentina    •. 

10 

... 

20 

IS 

Tables  showing  the  acreage  and  production  of  the 
various  kinds  of  grain  will  be  found  under  Agriculturey 
p.  8.     For  consumption,  see  Food. 

In  the  manufacture  of  grain  it  is  found  that  icx>  lbs.  of 
wheat  produce  82  lbs.  of  flour,  and  100  lbs.  of  barley  78 
of  malt. 


ICE 


920 


INCOME 


ICE 

The  consumption  in  the  United  Kingdom  exceeds 
500,000  tons  yearly,  the  quantity  imported  averaging 
300,000  tons,  mostly  from  Norway.  The  ice-crop  of 
the  United  States,  according  to  Simmonds,  averages  12 
million  tons,  of  which  the  Hudson  supplies  2,400,000. 
The  capital  employed  in  this  trade  in  the  United  States 
has  been  estimated  at  8  millions  sterling :  the  ice,  when 
cut,  is  valued  at  4s.  a  ton,  but  is  retailed  at  12s.  Some 
of  the  cities  of  the  world  consume  as  follows  : — 

Tons  Lbs.  per  Inhai, 

London         ...    200,000  ...  102 

Paris     ....      60,000  ,..  60 

New  York     ...    700,000  ...        1,300 

Boston  ....     100,000  ...  700 

Russia  consumes  enormous  quantities.  St.  Petersburg 
alone  counting  10,000  ice-houses. 

National  Earnings 


I. 

INCOME 

The  subjoined  table  shows  approximately  the  annual 
earnings  or  income  of  nations.  It  is  compiled  thus  :  90 
per  cent,  of  agricultural  values,  90  per  cent,  of  mining, 
60  per  cent,  of  manufactures.  Transport  is  computed  at 
10  per  cent,  on  the  gross  value  of  agriculture,  mining, 
and  manufactures  ;  house -rent,  according  to  the  assessed 
valuation  or  the  nearest  estimate ;  commerce,  10  per 
cent,  on  imports  and  exports ;  shipping,  30s.  per  ton 
yearly  of  carrying  power ;  banking,  5  per  cent,  on  banking 
power ;  and  furthermore  an  allowance  of  10  per  cent,  on 
the  total  of  the  preceding  eight  items,  to  cover  the 
earnings  of  domestic  servants,  learned  professions, 
army,  police,  civil  service,  &c.  This  is,  of  course,  a 
conventional  method  for  estimating  the  earnings  of 
nations,  but  will  answer  fairly  well  for  the  sake  of  com- 
parison. 

FROM  Various  Sources 


Millions  £  Sterling 

Per. 

Agri- 
culture 

Mining 

Manu- 
factures 

Internal 
Transport 

House 
Rent 

Com- 
merce 

Shipping 

Banking 

Profes- 
sions 

Total 

Inhab., 

U.  Kingdom 

France         . 

Germany     . 

Russia         . 

Austria        , 

Italy    . 

Spain  .        .        . 

Portugal 

Sweden 

Norway       .        . 

Denmark     .         . 

Holland      . 

Belgium 

Switzerland , 

226 
414 
382 

507 

298 

184 

156 

28 

44 

15 

31 

35 

50 

17 

53 

9 

22 

14 
7 

2 

4 

z 

X 

I 
"(6 

492 

291 

350 

218 

152 

73 

SI 

10 

30 

12 

16 

21 

61 

19 

"3 
96 

103 
94 
59 
33 
27 
5 
10 

4 

6 

8 

17 

S 

13s 
93 
68 

34 

27 

22 

18 

4 

4 

I 

2 

I 
2 

74 
31 
37 
12 

9 

% 

2 

3 

I 

3 

20 
II 
6 

30 
4 
4 
2 

I 
2 

Q) 

X 

3 

I 
I 

45 
13 
12 

5 
7 
5 

2 

I 

I 
I 
I 
I 

117 

98 
89 

56 
33 
27 

5 
10 

4 
6 

9 

15 

S 

1,285 
1,046 
1,076 

975 
6r6 

363 
293 
55  ■ 
104 

41 
66 
102 
167 
55 

33-7 
27.8 
22.2 
"•S 

15-5 
12.2 

16. 5 
12. 1 
22.0 
20.5 

32.5 
22.6 
28.0 
19.0 

Europe 

United  States      . 
Canada 
Australia     . 
Argentina    . 

2.387 

698 

50 

S6 

38 

120 
96 

2 
7 

1,796 

856 

39 

25 

24 

580 

231 

12 

10 

8 

423 

157 

7 

13 

5 

224 

32 

4 

12 

3 

SI 
12 
2 

z 

94 

52 

2 

7 

I 

569 

214 

12 

13 
8 

6,244 

2,358 

130 

144 

87 

19.4 
39-0 
26.0' 
40.2 
248 

Total 

3.229 

225 

2,750 

841 

60s 

27s      j      66 

1 

XS6 

816 

8,963 

20.8 

United  Kingdom 
The  income  of  the  nation  has  been  estimated  thus : — 


Year 

Millions  £ 

Per  Inhabi- 
tant, £ 

Kingdom 

1664 

42 

7.8 

England  and  Wales 

1688 

45 

8.2 

•1 

1770 

122 

16.3 

>i 

1800 

230 

26.0 

1822 

280 

19.8 

Great  Britain 

1840 

504 

19.2 

United  Kingdom 

i860 

760 

26.2 

,, 

1889 

1.285 

33-6 

" 

King's  classification  in  1688  compares  with  later  dates  :- 
A.D.  1688 


Class 

• 
Families 

Average 
Income,  £ 

-Amount,  £ 

Gentry 
Middle 
Trades 
Working     . 

16,500 
114,000 
310,000 
759.500 

360 

los 

50 

IS 

37 

6,000,000 
12,000,000 
15,500,000 
11,500,000 

Tot.cl       . 

1,200.000 

45,000,000 

A.D.   1800 


Class 

Families 

Average 
Income,  £ 

Amount^  £  ] 

Gentry 
Middle 
Trades 
Working     , 

36,000 

181,000 

446,000 

1,117,000 

770 

315 

150 

70 

127 

28,000,000 

57,000,000   : 
67,000,000 
78,000,000   ' 

Total 

1,780,000 

230,000,000  i 

Gentry 
Middle 
Trades 
Working     . 

2122,000  g 
604,000 
1,220,000 
4,774,000 

1,500 
400 
200 

188 

333,000,000 
241,000,000 
244,000,000 
467,000,000 

Total       . 

6,820,000 

1,285,000,000 

England     .        , 
Scotland     . 
Ireland       . 

5,200,000 
740,000 
880,000 

208 

173 
84 

188 

1,084,000,000 
128,000,000 
73,000,000 

United  Kingdom 

6,820.000 

i,i.8f,ooo,ooo 

INCOME 


'.'21 


INCOME 


Professor  Leone  Levi  in  1884  estimated  the  earnings 
of  the  people  as  follows  : — 


Millions  £  Sterling  Yearly 

England 

Scotland 

Ireland 

U.  Kingdom 

Upper  class   ,    , 
Middle  class  .    . 
Working  class    . 

477 

98 

401 

59 
14 

62 

36 

3 

42 

572 
120 

50s        , 

Total    .    . 

976 

13s 

86 

1. 197 

He  estimated  the  wage-earners  in  1884  as  follows  : — 


Number 

Millions  £ 

£  per  Head 

Professional    .     . 
Domestic    .     ,     , 
Commercial    .     , 
Agricultural    .    . 
Industrial  ,    .     . 

300,000 
2,400,000 

900,000 
1,900,000 
6,700,000 

16 
86 

67 

307 

II 

50 
35 
46 

Total    .    . 

12,200,000 

521 

43 

Workers 

Millions  £ 

£  per  Head 

England     .    .     . 
Scotland    .    .     . 
Ireland  .... 
Undefined .     .     . 

8,600,000  ■ 

1,500,000 

1,800,000 

300,000 

401 
62 
42 
16 

47 
41 
23 

S3 

Total    .     . 

12,200,000 

521 

43 

Number 

Millions  £ 

£  per  Head 

Males  under  20  . 

,,      20-65    •    • 

Females  under  20 

„        20-65    • 

1,656,000 
6,530,000 
1,300,000 
2,720,000 

29 

363 

30 

99 

18 
56 
23 
37 

Total    .     . 

12,200,000 

521 

43 

According  to  income-tax  assessments,  the  number  of 
persons  in  the  United  Kingdom  since  i860,  and  Great 
Britain  before  that  date,  having  an  income  of  ;^200  or 
upwards  yearly,  was  as  follows : — 


Year 

Number 

Per  Million 
Populatii.n 

1812 

« 

.      39,765 

3,314 

1850 

« 

.      65,389 

3,115 

i860 

. 

85.530 

2,949 

1870 

« 

130,37s 

4,206 

1880 

• 

•    210,430 

6,313 

The  number  of  persons  enjoying  great  wealth  has  by 
no  means  increased  in  the  same  ratio.  Assessments  over 
;^500O  a  year  showed  as  follows  :— 


Year 

1812 
1850 
i860 
1870 
1880 


Number 

,  409 
,    x,t8t 

*,558' 
I    s,o8o 

2.954 


P'er  Million 
Population 
34 
56 
S3 
■67 
>83 


Taking  the  relative  numbers  of  each  class  to  the  whole 
population,  we  find : — 


Persons  of 

Per  Million  Inhabitants 

Rate  of 

1860 

1880 

Increase 

Great  wealth  .    . 
Easy  fortune  .    . 

S3 

■2,949 

88 
6,313 

66  per  cent. 
112       „ 

This  shows  a  greater  diffusion  of  wealth,  contrary  to 


the  common  impression  that  "  the  rich  are  getting  richer 
every  day," 
The  classification  of  incomes  in  1877  was  as  follows  : 


Over 

;^I0,000 

;^iooo  to      j^i5o  to 
;^10,000         _^iooo 

Total 

England  .    . 
Scotland .    . 
Ireland    .    . 

975 
147 
35 

18,622         275.733 

2,191           27,642 

878           14.473 

295.330 
29,980 
15.386 

U.  Kingdom 

1,157 

21,691     1    317.848 

340,696 

The  earnings  of  the  classes  which  pay  income-tax  are 
supposed  to  reach  just  one- half  those  of  the  nation.  Levi 
made  the  earnings  of  the  working-classes  in  1883  amount 
to  521  millions,  and  Jeans  in  1884  to  535  millions  sterling. 
The  assessments  to  income-tax  have  more  than  doubled 
since  1850,  the  following  table  including  an  estimate 
of  18  millions  for  Ireland  in  1850  (in  which  year  that 
country  was  exempt  from  this  tax)  : — 


Annual  Income,  Millions  £ 

Year 

Houses 

Lands 

Profes- 
sions, &c. 

Total 

1850  .    .    . 
i860  .    .    . 
1870  .    .    . 
1880  .    .    . 
1888  ,    .    . 

47 
61 

77 
"5 
13s 

S6 
58 
65 

61 

171 
216 

303 
392 
440 

274 
335 
445 
577 
636 

Year          England 

Scotland 

Ireland 

United 
Kingdom 

i860  ...         282 
1870  ...         379 
1880  ...         486 
1888  ...         543 

30 
40 
56 
57 

23 
26 

36 

335 
445 
578 
636 

The  relative  increase  of  the  several  items  of  income 
since  1850  showed  thus : — 


Year 

Houses 

Lands 

Railways 

Professions 

Total 

1850  .    .    . 
i860  .    .    . 
1870  .    .    , 
1880  .    .    . 
1888  .    .    . 

100 

130 
164 
238 
280 

•  100 
104 
116 
123 
107 

100 

143 
228 

295 
3SI 

100 
125 
174 
228 
252 

100 
122 
162 
211 
232 

The  relative  increase  of  each  of  the  three  kingdoms 
since  i860  was: — 


Year 

England 

Scotland 

Ireland 

United 
Kingdom 

i860  .    .    . 
1870  .    .    . 
1888  .    .    . 

100 
.34 
193 

100 

133 
190 

100 
113 

156 

100 
133 
191 

Francb 
The  income  has  been  estimated  as  follows : — 


Year 

Millions  £ 

£  per  Inhab. 

Population 

1780    .        .        , 

160 

6.1 

26,300,000 

1800    .        .        , 

216 

7.7 

27,400,000 

1820    .        .        , 

3^5 

10.4 

30,300,000 

1840    ... 

480 

14.1 

34,000,000 

1868    . 

806 

21.6 

37,500,000 

1888  • . 

1,046 

27.8 

38,500,000 

INCOME 


922 


INCOME 


The  distribution  of  income,  according  to  house  valua- 
lion,  seems  to  be  approximately  as  follows 


Class 

Number  of 
Families 

Average 
Income,  £ 

Amount, 
Millions  £ 

Rich    . 
Middle 
Working     . 

160,000 
1,700,000 
6,000,000 

800 

260 
79 

133 

128 
442 
476 

Total 

7,860,000 

1,046 

Germany 
In  1885  Soetbeer  and  others  estimated  the  earnings  of 
the  people  of  Prussia,  Saxony,  and  Baden  at  517  millions 
sterUng,  to  which  adding /ro  rata  for  the  rest  of  Germany, 
the  table  stands  thus : — 


Population 

Elarnings,  £ 

Per  Head,  £ 

Prussia  .... 
Saxony  .... 
Baden    .... 
Bavaria,  &c.  .    . 

28,300,000 
3,180,000 
1,600,000 

13,770,000 

438,000,000 
57,100,000 
22,400,000 

220,000,000 

18.0 
14.0 
16.0 

Total    .    . 

46,850,000 

737,500,000 

15-8 

The  above,  perhaps,  has  reference  only  to  the  classes 
liable  to  income-tax,  the  total  being  manifestly  too  low 
to  include  also  the  working-classes. 

The  income-tax  assessments  of  Prussia  in  1881  and 
1886  were  as  follows : — 


Income, 

Families  Assessed 

1881 

1886 

/150  to  /aio    .        . 
X210  to  ^480    ... 
Overj^48o 

79,000 
.71,700 
21,800 

89,600 
82,400 
26;  800 

Total 

172,500 

198,800 

The  above  comprises  only  families  with  incomes  over 
;fi50  a  year.  In  1883  there  were  7,800,000  persons 
paying  a  poll-tax  whose  incomes  were  under  £1^0.  la 
Saxony  the  income  assessments  were  : — 

Year  Number  £ 

1875     .        .        .        972,000  50,900,000 

1884     .        .        .     1,213,000  57,100,000 

The  annual  earnings  of  the  whole  Empire  would  seem 
to  be  distributed  approximately  as  follows : — 


Class 

Families 

Average,  £ 

Total, 
Millions  £ 

Rich 

Middle  .... 
Working    ,•    .    . 

150,000 
1,200,000 
8,050,000 

1,230 

240 

75 

186 
288 
603 

Total    .    . 

9,400,000 

114 

1,076 

^    According  to  the  scheme  laid  down  in  page  320,  the 

Aus 
Mr.  Coghlan,  Government  statist,  estimates  the  fruits 


gross  earnings  of  the  German  people  in  1889  amounted 
to  1076  millions  sterling,  or  ;^22  4s.  per  inhabitant, 
against  £2%  in  France,  and  ;^34  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

Austria 
Neumann  Spallart  estimated  the  national  earnings  at 
600  millions  sterling  in  1874,  as  compared  with  430 
millions  in  i858,  and  336  millions  in  1859,  this  last  being 
Czernig's  estimate.  If  we  take  the  florin  at  its  nominal 
value  of  24d.,  the  estimate  of  Roschmam  for  1883  will  be 
650  millions  sterling ;  but  if  we  allow  for  the  depreciation  of 
the  airrency,  it  will  not  exceed  610  millions.  My  estimate 
for  1888  is  616  millions  sterling,  as  shown  in  tlje  table. 

Italy 
DflScial  returns  published  in  1881  give  a  very  inadequate 
idea  of  the  earnings  of  the  nation ;  the  first  two  columns 
are  ofiicial,  the  last  is  the  apparent  result : — '- 


Income, 

Number  Assessed 

Gross  Result,  £ 

Under  ;^40. 

/4O  to  ;^200            . 

720O  to  ;^400 

Over  ;^4oo  . 

559.000 

71,000 

5.300 

3,200 

8,400,000 

7,100,000 

1,600,000 

11,300,000 

Total 

638,500 

28,400,000 

As  already  shown,  the  earnings  of  the  Italian  nation 
are  about  364  millions  sterling,  or  ;^I2  per  inhabitant, 
which  is  less  than  half  the  average  per  head  in  France. 

United  States 
In   1840  Tucker's  estimate  of  the  eariiings  of  the 
American  people  was  1066  millions  dollars,  or  22 1  millions 
£  sterling,  made  up  thus  :— 

Product  of  farms        ...    137,200,000 
Manufactures,  &c.      ...    '83,600,000 

Total       .        .    220,800,000 

The  above  estimate  was  too  low,  seeing  that  agricul- 
tural products  were  worth  184  millions  sterling  (as 
already  shown). 

The  national  earnings  at  various  dates  are  shown 
approximately  thus : — 


Millions  £ 

1860 

1870 

1886-89 

Agriculture  . 

225 

45a 

698 

Manufactures 

127 

444 

866 

Mines    . 

40 

60 

96 

Transport     . 

SO 

130 

231 

Commerce    . 

7 

17 

3a 

Shipping 

7 

10 

12 

Banking 

S 

19 

53 

Sundries 

109 

218 

371 

Tota 

I        . 

570 

1.350 

2,358 

rRALIA 

of  all  industries  as  follows ; 


Farming 

Mining 

Manufactures,  &c. 

Total 

Per  Inhabitant 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

New  South  Wales 

17,200,000 

3,800,000 

6,600,000 

27,600,000 

251 

Victoria       .        .        •        . 

13,600,000 

2,700,000 

7,100,000 

23,400,000 

21.3 

Queensland.        .        •       • 

8,300,000 

2,100,000 

2,300,000 

12,700,000 

32.0 

South  Australia  .       .       . 

7,700,000 

400,000 

1,600,000 

9,700,000 

31.0 

New  Zealand       .        •        • 

12,600,000 

1,200,000 

3,300,000 

17,100,000 

28.5 

Tasmania    .        .        «        . 

1,900,000 

500,000 

900,000 

3,300,000 

32. 0 

Western  Australia       . 

900,000 

200,000 

300,000 

1,400,000 

33-0 

Total      . 

62,200,000 

10,900,000 

32,100,000 

95,200,000 

26.4 

INSURANCE 


9*2S 


IRON 


This  left  a  profit  of  ^520,000,  say  about  6  per  cent. 
on  a  capital  of  ;i^8, 500,000  sterling.  The  following  is  an 
official  record  of  all  payments  ty  insurance  companies 
for  losses  by  fire  or  other  calamity ': — 


Fire  .       . 
Halt  . 
Frost    ""  . 
Cattle-plague 
Phylloxera  , 
Sundries    «. 


Total 


1871 


£ 
1,560,000 
1,920,000 
4,500,000. 
1,800,000 

220,000 


10,000,000 


1886 


£ 
2,280,000 
5,100,000 
1,400,000 
1,500,000 
6,640,000 
•880,000 


17,800,000 


The  total  payments  in  1881  were  ;^i6,ooo,ooo,  in- 
cluding ;^5,700,ooo  for  phylloxera.  " 

Germany 
The  returns  of  fire  insurance  show  as  follows :— 


Amount  Insured 

Premium, 

£ 

Losses 
Paid.  £ 

Year 

Millions  £ 

Inhabitant 

1850  .    .    . 
i860  .    .    . 
1870  .    .    . 
1880  .    .    . 

8^5 
1450 
2,030 

3. 125 

27 

40 

If 
67 

1,650,000 
3,000,000 
4,160,000 
6,370,000 

1,200,000 
2,000,000 
2,900,000 
4,400,000 

Russia 
Official  estimates  for  1884-S5  show  an  average  loss  of 
property  yearly  amounting  to  ;^9, 100,000  sterling,  of 
which  ^3,300,000  covered  by  insurance.  The  loss  com- 
pared with  population  is  estimated  at  4s.  per  head  in 
towns,  and  2s.  in  the  rural  population  yearly. 

Austria 
Policies  paid  on  losses  caused  on  farms  in  1886  amounted 
in  Austria  to  ;^2, 900,000,  of  which  ;^  1,800,000  by  fire, 
the  rest  by  hail.  Losses  paid  on  farms  in  Hungary  for 
fire  were  ^  1, 100,000,  being  20  per  cent,  over  the  average 
of  six  preceding  years. 

United  States 
The  Journal  of  Commerce  (New  York)  gives  the  fol- 
lowing : — 


Year 


187s 
1880 
188s 


Insurances  in 
Force,  £ 


1,260,000,000 
1,494,000,000 
2,180,000,000 


Loss  by  Fire, 


16,200,000 
15,600,000 
21,400,000 


The  above  table  shows  the  total  loss  by  fire,  insured 
and  uninsured.  The  latter  shows  the  amounts  paid. by 
the  companies  for  losses  : — 


Year 

Amount 
Insured,  £ 

Premium,  £ 

Losses  Paid, 

£      • 

1856 
1862 
1876 
1881 

175,000,000 

365,000,000 
1,310,000,000 
1,290,000,000 

1,440,000 

3,100,000 

11,800,000 

11,630,000 

880,000 
1,900,000 
8,800,000 
8,950,000 

Marine  Insurance 

In  1880  the  amount  of  marine  insurance  was  estimated 
at  887  millions  sterling,  viz. : —  / 

Millions  £ 

Lloyds 480 

Hamburg        .        .        .        .        .        .     105 

French,  &c .        .    303 

In  1888  the  a^regate  returns  of  seven  Liverpool  com- 
panies showed  an  average  premium  on  all  insurances 
during  three  years  of  only  7  per  xooo,  viz.:  Average 
annual  insurances,  137  millions  sterling ;  premium, 
;^95o,ooo ;  damages  settled,  ;[^400,ooo ;  expenses  of 
management,  ;^ioo,ooo ;  annual  dividend,  14  per  cent, 
on  a  paid-up  capital  of  ^^840, 000.  The  losses,  therefore, 
of  ships  and  cargoes  were  only  3  per  1000  of  value. 

The  Hamburg  Company  showed  as  follows  : — 


Year 


1803 
1820 
1840 
i860 
1878 


Insured,  £ 


400,000 

11,000,000 

20,000,000 

47,000,000 

105,000,000 


Rate  per  1000 


17 


The. French  marine  insurance  returns  were : — • 


1884 

1886 

Policies  issiied   . 
Premiums  .... 
Rate  per  .^1000          . 
■Losses  paid 

£ 

200,100,000 

740,000 ' 

3-7 

530,000 

£ 

175,100,000 

710,000 

4.1 

460,000 

The  losses,  therefore,  averaged  53s.  per  ;^ioqo. 

lEON 

The  production  of  pig  iron,  which  amounted  to  60,000 
tons  in  the  year  1500,  advanced  very  slowly  until  the 
nineteenth  century.  The  following  table  shows  the  quan- 
tities approximately : — 


Date 


1500 
1700 
1740' 
1790 
1800 
1810 
1820. 
1830 
1840 
1850 
i860 
1870 
1880 
1885 
2889 


Tons 


Great  Britain 


6,000 

12,000 

20,000 

68,000 

190,000 

250,000 

400,000 

680,000 . 

1,390,000 

2,250,000 

3,830,000 

5,960,000 

7,750,000 

7,420,000 

8,250,000 


France 


Germany 


I2000 

5,000 

22,000 

lo.oqo 

26,000 

18,000 

40,000 

30,000 

60,000 

40,000 

85,000 

46,000 

140,000 

90,000 

220,000 

120,000 

350,000 

170,000 

570,000 

402,000 

goo,  000 

530,000 

I 

,180,000 

1,390,000 

I 

,730,000 

2,730,000 

I 

,630,000 

3,690,000 

I 

,720,000 

4,530,000 

United  States 


1,000 

30,000 

40,000 

SS.ooo 

110,000 

180,000 

290,000 

560,000 

820,000 

1,670,000 

3,840,000 

4,050,000 

7,600,000 


Various 


37.000 

60,000 

92,000 

110,000 

130,000 

180,000 

270,000 

385,000 

480,000 

640,000 

1,100,000 

1,710,000 

2,090,pOO 

2,310,000 
3,060,000 


Total 


60,000 

104,000 

157,000 

273,000 

460,000 

616,000 

1,010,000 

1,585,000 

2,680,000 

4,422,000 

7,180,000 

11,910,000 

18,140,000 

19,100,000 

25,160,000 


The  figures  from  1500  to  Ijr4d  are  tho?e  given  by  Seaman, 


IRON 


924 


IRON 


The  production  among  minor  countries  since  1830  has  been  approximately  thus  : — 


Tons 

1830 

1850 

1860 

1870 

1S60 

1889 

Belgium 

Austria  .         .         ,         , 

Russia  .... 

Sweden  .... 

Spain     .... 

Various. 

35.000 
80,000 
120,000 
105,000 
20,000 
25,000 

73.000 
140,000 
220,000 
130,000 
40,000 
37.000 

22p,COO 
310,000 
290,000 
180,000 
50,000 
50,000 

520,000 
400,000 
350,000 
290,000 
70,000 
80,000 

490,000 
470,000 
450,000 
400,000 

l6o,OOQ 

120,000 

856,000 
760,000 
600,000 
460,000 
230,000 
160,000 

Total  . 

385,000 

640,000 

1,100,000 

1,710,000 

2,090,000 

3,060,000 

The  percentage  of  iron  contained  in  ironstone  is  as 
follows : — 


France. 

Germany 

England 


United  States 
Australia  .  . 
Algeria      .     . 


Canada 
Russia . 
Sweden 


60 

44 
52 


The  number  of  blast-fumaces  was  ; 


Total  Number 

Working 
in  1885 

Average  Product 
Tons  Iron 
per  Furnace 

1875 

1886 

United  Kingdom 

959 

891 

429 

17.400 

United  States     . 

7-^3 

591 

276 

14,700 

France,     .     .     . 

270 

7,000 

Germany  .     .     . 

4S<5 

252 

17.500- 

Russia  .... 

206 

2.,400 

Austria      .     .     . 

180 

137 

80 

8,900 

Sweden     .     .     . 

... 

224 

1,800 

Belgium    .    .     . 

61 

32 

22,000 

capacity  of  16,900,000  tons,  the  actual  production  having 
been  only  7,510,000:  it  would  appear  that  the  furnaces 
of  Europe  and  America  could  produce  at  least  40  million 
tons  of  iron  yearly. 

The  production  in  1885  was  as  follows  : — 


Tons 

Pig 

Wrought 

Steel 

Great  Britait 
United  State 
Germany . 
France     . 
Belgium  . 
Austria    . 
Russia     , 
Sweden    . 
Spain,  &c. 

k 
s 

7,510,000 

4,040,000 

3,700,000 

1,600,000 

700,000 

700,000 

500,000 

400,000 

290,000 

1,940,000 

1,640,000 

1,460,000 

770,000 

460,000 

300,000 

290,000 

50,000 

190,000 

1,920,000 

1,600,000 

1,140,600 

^30,000 

160,000 

200,000 

250,000 

40,000 

310,000 

Total 

• 

19,440,000 

7,100,000 

6,150,000 

The  furnaces  of  Great  Britain  in  1885  had  a  productive 
The  following  table  shows  approximately '.the  consumption  in  the  principal  countries : — 


United  Kingdom 
France  . 
Germany 
Russia  . 
Austria  . 
Italy 

Spain-     .        . 
Sweden  . 
Belgium .         . 
Various  . 


Europe   . 
United  States 
Colonies,  &c. . 


Total 


Tons 


183Q 


560,000 

250,000 

120,000 

120,000 

100,000 

20,000 

40,000 

80,000 

95,000 

30,000 


1850 


1,415,000 

200,000 

70,000 


1,685,000 


l,97O,OO0r 

600,000 

420,000 

300,000 

160^000 

50,000 

80,000 

100,000 

170,000 

60,000 


3,910,000 
600,000 
132,000 


4,642,000 


1870 


4,260, 

1. 350, 

1.340, 

655. 

430, 

100, 

150. 
310, 
550, 
140, 


000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 


9,285,000 

1,730,000 

225,000 


11,240,000 


1888 


6,700,000 

1,900,000 

4,340,000 

730,000 

770,000 

^290,000 

300,000 

380,000 

830,000 

.  210,000 


16,450,000 

7,900,000 

590,000 


24,940,000 


Lbs.  per  Inhabitant 


1830 


S3 

17 

10 

6 

9 

3 

8 

60 

63 
6 


14 
35 


1850 


170 
37 
27 
II 
la 
6 
13 
63 
90 

9 


35 
56 


1870 


310 
80 

74 
20 
s8 
9 
23 

242 
IS 


70 
100 


1888 


400 

J12 

204 

17 

45 

22 

37 
170 
310 

'20 


120 
290 


The  approximate  value  of  goods  manufactured  from 
iron  and  steel  in  various  countries  is  as  follows  : — 


Iron,  £ 

Steel,  £ 

Total  ;f 

United  Kingdom 

50, 100,000 

84,000,000 

134,100,000 

France  .... 

19,500,000 

15,900,000 

35,400,000 

Germany    .     .     , 

40,500,000 

37,890,000 

78,300,000 

Russia  .... 

5,400,000 

7,000,000 

12,400,000 

Austria .... 

6,200,000 

7,600,000 

13,800,000 

I.aly      .... 

3,500,000" 

600,000 

4,100,000 

Spain     .... 

2,800,000 

900,000 

3,700,000 

Sweden .... 

4,100,000 

2,200,000 

6,300,000 

Belgium     .    .    . 

8,100,000 

6,200,000 

14,300,000 

Europe  .... 

■140,200,000 

162,200,000 

302,400,000 

United  States 

72,000,000 

94,500,000 

166,500,000 

Total    .    . 

212,200,000 

256,700,000 

368,900,000 

The  cost  of  producing  a  ton  of  iron  or  of  steel  in  various 
countries  was  stated  in  1883  in  a  report  drawn  up  by  the 
French  Government  as  follows  : — 


Shillings  per  Ton 

Pig 

Wrought 
Iron 

Steel 

England     .     .     . 
France  .... 
Germany    .    .     . 
Belgium      .     .     . 

SO 
73 
59 
47 

"   122 
182 
144 
130 

160 
224 
19a 
131 

A  bar  of  iron,  value  20s.,  may  be  manufactured  into 
goods  representing  any  of  the  following  values  : — 

Needles        .        .        .11     Buttons  " .        .        .    6,100 
Penknives    .        .        .650    Watch-springs.        .  51,000 


Plate  VL 


00 


-I 
< 
o 
o 

Q 

z 
< 

z 
o 
a 


^i 


s 

O 

■^ 

iS^ 

•4 

K 

<S 

"Sh- 

•s 

i? 

V 

« 

■§ 

8 

^ 

S 

IRON 


925 


IRON 


The  production  of  pig  iron  in  ninety  years  from  1800  has  been  approximately  as  follows  : — 


Period 


1800-20 
1821-40 
1841-50 
1851-60 
1861-70 
1871-80 
1881-89 

90  years 


Tons 


United  Kingdom     United  States 


5,700,000 
16,400,000 
18,200,000 
32,500,000 
47,4CX>,ooo 
65,600,000 
71,200,000 


1,400,000 

3,800,000 

4,200,00b 

6,600,000 

11,400,000 

24,200,000 

47,900,000 


257,000,000 


99,500,000 


Germany 


1,300,000 

2,500,000 

2,600,000 

4,400,000 

10,300,000 

20,600,000 

33,300,000 


75,000,000 


Other  Countries 


4,800,000 
10,100,000 

8,500,000 
13,600,000 
24,500,000' 
31,700,000 
38,700,000 


131,900,000 


Total 


13,200,000 
32,800,000 
33,500,000 
57,100,000 
93,600,000 
142,100,000 
191,100,000 


563,400,000 


Value,  £,  Sterling 


1800-20 
1821-40 
1841-50 
1851-60 
1861-70 
1871-80 
1881-89 

90  years 


40,100,000 
90,200,000 

72,  800, OCX) 

89,4cx),ooo 
128,000,000 
166,800,000 
148,000,000 


735-300,000 


12,600,000 
30,400,000 
23,100,000 

26,40O,0CX5 

5i,30o,(xx3 

1(39,000,000 

196,500,000 


449,300,000 


10,400,000 
17,500,000 

I3,0<X3,OCX3 

17,600,003 
36,400,000 
58,5oo,cx>o 
73,200,000 


226,600,000 


38,400,<xx> 
70,700,000 
42,500,000 
54,400,000 
88,200,000 
90,300,000 
92,000,000 


4761500,000 


101, 
208, 

151. 
187, 

303. 
424. 
509. 


500,000 
800,000 
400,000 
800,000 
goo.cKDO 
600,000 
700,000 


1.887,700,000 


Great  Britain 
United  States 
Germany.  . 
France 
Belgium     . 
Russia        . 
Austria 
Sweden       . 
Spain,  Italy,  &c, 

.  Total 


Tons 


257,000,000 
99,500,000 
75,ooo,cxx) 
49,700,000 
22,200,000 
18,600,000 
17,200,000 
15,100,000 
9,ioo,cx)0 


Value,  £ 


735.300,000 

449,300,000 

226,600,000 

189,400,000 

77,500,000 

65,300,000 

58,6cx>,ooo 

52,300,000 

33,400,000 


563,400,000    !  1,887,700,000 


Visiting  cards  are  now  sometimes  made  of  very  thin 
sheet-iron,  viz, : — 


Belgian      .        , 
Count  Harrach's 


Per  Inch 
Thick 
.  400 
.     640 


Per  Inch 
Thick 
Baron  Krupp's  820 

Count  Renard's  1,000 


The  production  of  steel  has  been  approximately  as 
follows,  in  tons  : — 


'i860 

1870 

1881 

1889 

U.  Kingdom  . 
Continent    .     . 
United  States . 

49,000 
i7,<x)o 
5,000 

215,000 

255,000 

70,000 

1,440,000 
1,565:000 
1,250,000 

3,670,000 
3,195,000 
3,385,000 

Total    . 

71,000 

540,000 

4,255,000 

10,250,000 

According  to  Mr.  Chisholm's  tables  and  others,  the 
production  of  steel  in  all  countries  has  been  as  follows 
since  1870 : — 


Tons 


1 

j        1870 

.     1880 

1889 

Great  Britain 

France 

Germany     . 

Russia         .        . 

Austria 

Belgium 

Sweden 

United  States      . 

515,000 

84,000 

126,000 

5,000 

22,000 

6,000 

12,000 

70,000 

1,440,000 

385,000 

660,000 

295,000 

100,000  . 

95.000 

30,000 

.1,250,000 

3,670,000 
530,000 

1,860,000 

250,000 

300,000 

185,000 

70,000 

3,385,060 

Total        , 

{     540,000 

4,255,000 

10,250,000 

Steel  rails  were  first  used  for  railways  at  Chalk  Farm, 
near  London,  in  1S62.  They  bore  an  annual  traffic  of 
96,ooo,cxx)  tons,  and  after  three  years  were  found  worn 
I  inch.  The  consumption  of  steel  for  railways  in  1882 
was  as  follows : — 


Consumption,  Tons  per  Annum 

New  Lines 

Renewal 

Total 

United  States      . 
Great  Britain  .    . 
Continent,  &c.    . 

1,200,000 

60,000 

680,000 

900,000 
160,000 
655,000 

2,100,000 

220,000 

1,335,000 

Total    .    . 

1,940,000 

1,715,000 

3,655,006 

In  twenty  years  ending  1889  it  appears  that  railways 
have  absorbed  43,500,000  tons  of  steel,  or  almost  half  the 
total  product  The  life  of  an  iron  rail  is  sixteen,  that  of 
a  steel  one  forty,  years. 


The  aggregate  production  of  steel  in  forty  years  may  be  set  down  approximately  as  follows : — 


Pe 

riod 

Tons 

Great  Britain 

United  States 

Germany 

France 

Various 

Total 

1850-69. 
1870-79 . 
1880-89 . 

\       *       * 

2,600,000 

8,300,000 

25,100,000 

700,000 

3,800,000 

21,700,000 

1,300,000 

3,100,000 

12,200,000 

800,000 
2,200,000 
3,800,000 

700,000 
2,100,000 
6,100,000 

6,100,000 
19,500,000 
68,900,000 

40  years 

36,000,000 

26,200,000 

16,600,000 

6,800,000 

8,900,000 

94,500,000 

IRON 


926 


IRRIGATION 


Sweden  exports  yearly  2Cxd,ooo  tons  bar  iron  and 
60,000  tons  pig-iron.  Her  manufactures  of  iron  and 
steel  are  about  ^4,200,000. 

Belgium 
In  1S16  Mr.  John  Cockerill,  from  England,  introduced' 
the  method  of  smelting  with  coke,  and  established  at 
Seraing  one  of  the  finest  ironworks  in  Europe.  The 
industry  advanced  greatly  after  the  separation  from 
Holland  in  1 830,  but  its  most  striking  progress  has  been 
in  the  last  thirty  years.  Official  returns  since  1845  show 
as  follows : — 


Blast 
Furnaces 

Outpu 

,  Tons 

Year 

Operatives 

Iron 

Steel 

184s  .    .    • 

56 

14,600 

62,000 

1850  .    .    . 

65 

11,600 

73,000 

i860  .    .    . 

SI 

26,300 

218,000 

1870  .    ,     . 

48 

41,200 

523,000 

4,000 

1880  .    .     . 

36 

37.300 

493,000 

132,000 

1887  .    .    . 

29 

34.100 

S34.000 

216,000 

The  exports  of  bar  and  wrought  iron  were  as  follows :— 


Year    |    Tons 

Value,  £ 

Year 

Tons 

Value,  £ 

i860 
1865 
1870 

63,000 
118,000 
220,000 

440,000 

800,000 

1,400,000 

1875 
1880 
1887 

183,000 
228,000 
33S.OOO 

2,000,000 
1,600,000 
1,600,000 

The  iron  and  steel  manufactures  are  worth  about 
;^  10, 600,000. 

United  States 

In  1620  a  group  of  forty  ironworkers  arrived  from 
Sussex,  Englan.d,  and  commenced  to  make  iron,  but  in 
1662  a  decree  was  issued  to  prohibit  the  importation  of 
this  metal,  with  the  view  to  promote  iron  manufactures 
in  the  Colony.     This  prohibition  was  removed  in  1682. 
The  first  regular  foundry,  in   North  America  was  that 
established  by  Joseph  Jenks  in  1663,  at  Lynn,  Massachu- 
setts.    There  were  six  existing  in  the  Colonies  in  1750,^ 
when  the  British  Parliament  passed  a  law  to  close  all 
mills,  forges,  or  furnaces  in  the  Colonies,  the  better  to 
protect  British  manufactures.     After  the   Independence 
this  branch  of  industry  made  progress,  bvjt  soon  collapsed, 
owing  to  the  influx  of  British  merchandise.      In  1S33 
Frederick  Gersenhamer  obtained  a  patent  for  using  hot- 
blast  with  anthracite  coal,  and  in  1835  produced  the  first 
iron  so  made. 

The  total  output  of  iron,  which  was  onlv  40,000  tons 
in  1796,  rose  to  287,000  in  1840,  viz. : — 

Tons 
Pennsylvania    .....      98,000 

Ohio.        ......      35,000 

Other  States     .        .        .       .        .    154,000 

Total        .        .        .    287,000 
A  table  published  in  the  latter  year  compared  the  pro- 
duction and  the    number  of  operatives  with   1830  as 
follows : — 

OperaH.es  ^^        ^J-„ 

1830       .        .    29,000  184,000  6.3 

1840      •.        .    56,000  287,000  5.1 

From  this  time  the  construction  of  railways,  especially 
after  the  war  of  1861-65,  g^.^^  a  great  impetus  to  this 
industry,  the  production  being  as  follows : — 

Year  Tons 

1850 564,000 

1870 1,580,000 

In  1873  there  were  719  furnaces  at  work.  In  1889  the 
output  of  pig-iron  reached  7,6oo,ooo  tons,  being  second 
only  to  Great  Britain, 


"  The  Census  "returasiof^fbundrieslandjron works  showed 

thus : '  "^" 

'        ~       _     ,  1870  1880^ 

'Haiids    •        ,        .      _^78,6oa  141,000 

yWages,  ■£(      ~.        ,_^7,5oo,ooo        11,600,000! 
>Manufactures,'';f     .^37,400,000        62,000,0^; 

The  production  of  pie-iron  in  i888"and  iSSo  was  as 
follows: — 

1888 

^  _^  Tons 

'•Pennsylvania!  ;  3,200,000 
Ohio  .  ..  ,  ^  990,000 
Other  States .       .    2,300,000 


188S 

Tons 
3,730,000 
1,090,000' 
2,780,000, 


Total'      ..■^6,490,000.  '^,600,000. 

TEe' manufacture  of 'steel  dates  ftom  11808.  as  fol- 


lows : —  i 
■'  Wear 
1808 
1850 
i860 
1870 
1876 
.  1889 


Tons 
!9oo 


i  I  *  4  •  I2,000 

•  i  k  i  a         64,000 

I       «       4       •       a    520,000' 

•        *       *        i  3;390,ooQ 

At  present  the' United'States'pro'duce  one-thirS  the 
steel  of  the  world.**:  The  make  of  steel, in  i88q  included 
1,510,000  tons  of  rails. 

The  rivalry  between  Grea:t  Britain  and  the  United 
States  in  iron  and  steel* production  is  thuSiindicated  by 
Mr.  Swank : — 


Great  Britain,  Tons 

United  States,  jTons 

1882           ;i889 

1882, 

•1889 

Pig-iron  .    . 
Steel  ingots . 
Steel  rails    . 

8,580,000    8,250,000 
1,670,000    2,140,000 
1,230,000       940,000 

4,620,000 
1,510,000 
1,280,000 

7,605,000 
2,930,000 
i,5io,ooOi 

The  production  of  steel  of  all  descriptions  in  1889  was 
3,690,dioo  tons  in  Great  Britain  and  3,390,000  in  the 
United  States. 

IRRIGATION 

FrancbI 

Only  260,000  acres  irrigated,  whichryield  crops  worth 

£1  per  acre  more  than  ordinary.' 

Italy 

The  canals  in  the  Po  valley  irrigate  1,370,000  acres, 
which  receive  every  day  in  summer  45  million  tons  of 
water,  measured  through  a  great  number  of  little  sluipe- 
gates :  the  permanent  right  to  an  inch  of  water  is  worth 
from  £100  to  £^XX).  The  usual  rent  of  these  lands  is 
£6  per  acre  per  aimum. 

Belgium  . 

Since  1859  an  area  of  160,000  acres  of  waste  lands  has 
been  made  valuable  by  irrigation,  adjoining  State  canals. 

Spain- 

Land  unwatered  may  be  rented  at  5s.  an  acre,  but  the 
irrigated  lands  of  Valencia,  where  the  old  canals  and 
works  of  the  Moors  remain,  readily  rent  at  £t)  per  acre. 
The  total  area  of  irrigated  lands  is  2  J  million  acres. 

Algeria 

The  most  important  work  is  the  "barrage"  at  Habra, 
with  a  basin  holding  30  million  tons  of  water,  the  main 
wall  being  no  feet  h^h,  120  feet  thick,  and  1500  feet 
long.  The  distributory  canals  are  310  miles,  irrigating 
70,000  acres.  It  belongs  to  a  French  Company,  and  cost 
;^i6o,ooo, 

Y 


KANGAROO 


927 


LAND 


K. 


EANGABOO 

These  animals  will  soon  be  extinct,  as  tne  squatters  kiH 
them  wholesale.  The  export  of  kangaroo  skins 'from 
Melbourne  was  as  follows : — 


Year 
1883 
1888 


No. 

20,000 

260,000 


Value,  £ 

i,Soo' 

S4.000 


Kangaroofcan  jutap  a  fence  11  feet  high. 

KOUMISS 

Extracted  by  the  Tartars  from  mares'  milk,  a  gallon  of 
nilk  giving  three  ounces  of  Koumiss  brandy. 


KINGS 

There  are  22  kings  or  emperors.  The  number  who 
have  ruled  in  various  countries  since  the  battle  of  Hast- 
ings, A.D.  1066,  "has.  been  as  follows  :— 


England 
France  . 
Germany 
Russia  . 


Average 

No,    Reign, 

Years 


35 

23 

34 

24 

39 

21 

SO 

16 

Spain  .  . 
Denn&ark 
Sweden  . 
Turkey    . 


Average 

No.    Reign, 

Yeirs 


32 
39 
S3 
35 


26 


15 

The  Turkish  dynasty  dates  only  from  1299.  The 
average  reign  of  the  above  317  monarchs  was  just  twenty 
years. 


L. 


LABOnSER 

Dr.  Farr  estimates  the  value  of  fin  agricultural  labourer 
to  the  commonwealth  as  follows : — 


4ge 
10  . 

IS  . 
so  . 

25- 


Value, 
£ 

.  192 
•  234 
.  246 


Age 

30 
35 
40 

SO 


Value, 

£ 

.  241 
.•  22B 
.  212 
.  168 


Age 

55 
60 

65 
70 


Value, 

£ 

.  138 

•    97 

.     46 

o 


These  figures  of  Dr.  Farr  have  been  often  called  in 
question  as  being  too  high,  but  the  best  authorities  in  the 
United  States  and  Australia  set  even  a  higher  value  on 
able-bodied  immigrants. 

LACE 

This  industry  employs  in  Great  Britain  9000  men  and 
41,000  women,  who  produce  lace  annually  to  the  value 
of  6  millions  sterling.  It  is  stated  that  more  than  500,000 
women  on  the  Continent  m|ike  lace  worth. 30  millions 
yearly,  or  ;^6o  each,  but^this  seems  a  high  average. 

LAKES 

The  following  table  is  merely  intended  as  a  comparison 
of  some  of  the  most  remarkable  lakes  in  the  world : — 


Square 
Mites 

Depth, 
F^et 

Area  Equal  to 

Superior 

32,100 

688 

Ireland 

Victoria  Nyanza . 
Aral    . 

26,900 

23,300 

731* 

Holland 

Huron 

20,400 

600 

Greece 

Baikal 

14,800 

580 

Denmark 

Michigan 

12,900 

690 

Belgium 

Erie    . 

9,600 

84 

Sardinia  Island 

Ontario 

7,650 

510 

Ladoga 

6,250 

Wurtemburg 

Onega 

3,350 

Corsica 

Wanner 

2,130 

294* 

Devonshire 

Wetter 

733 

410 

-Oxfordshire 

Constance 

180 

1,027* 

Isle  of  Man 

Neagh 

153 

42 

Malta 

Maggiore 

130 

700 

Zurich 

40 

6«o 

St.  Helena 

*  Maximum  depth  ;  the  rest  show  the  average  depth. 


LAND 

The  following  conspectus  shows  at  a  glance  the  distri- 
bution and  tenure  of  land  in  various  countries,  the  number 
of  owners,  the  approximate  value,  the  cultivated  area, 
and  other  important  features.  The  "data"  do  not 
correspond  to  any  particular  year,  but  represent  the  latest 
information  : — 


Afea,  Millions  of 

Acres 

0 

0  «> 

<  * 

•a 

Jb 

4J 

t 

^1 

•3 

1° 

■     0;2 

U.  Kingdom 

48 

30 

78 

180,000 

390 

1,544 

France     .    . 

90 

41 

131 

3,226,000 

32 

2,688 

Germany 

65 

68 

133 

2,436,000 

37 

1,815 

Russia     .    . 

345 

899 

1.244 

11,336,000 

31 

1.507 

Austria    .     . 

73 

80 

153 

6,150,000 

20 

1.371 

Italy   ,     .     . 

27 

44 

71 

1,265,000 

36 

1,182 

Spain  .    .     . 

22 

99 

121 

596,000 

p"; 

984 

Portugal  .    . 

5 

17 

22 

419,000 

30 

132 

Sweden    .    . 

12 

89 

lOI 

194,000 

<^oo 

240 

Norway  .    . 

3 

74 

77 

75,000 

200 

100 

Denmark      . 

•7 

2 

9 

71,000 

II 1; 

217 

Holland  .,    . 

S 

3 

8 

154.600 

"  4S 

314 

Belgium  .    . 

5 

2 

7 

315.000 

18 

377 

Greece     .    . 

2 

9 

II 

163,000 

30 

138 

Europe    .    . 

709 

I.4S7 

2,166 

26,580,000 

48 

12,609 

United  States 

■205 

2,086 

2,291 

4,005,000 

1^4 

2,5^ 
282 

Canada   .    . 

lb 

1,902 

1,918 

408,000 

120 

Australia .     . 

12 

1,846 

1,858 

168,000 

380 

■53S 

Argentina    . 

7 

770 

777 

III 

Total    . 

949 

8,061 

9.0K) 

31,161,000 

70 

16.097 

Colbert  in  his  letter  to  Louis  XIV.  estimated  the  value 
of  land  in  France,  England,  and  Holland  in  the  seven- 
teenth century  (1660)  as  follows : — 


Value 


France    . 

England . 
Holland  . 


£ 

122,600,000 
135,000,060 
46,000,000 


Rental 


£ 

15,000,000 
8,500,000 
4,000,000 


Per  Acre 


Value 


24 

90 
180 


Rental 


LAND 


928 


LAND 


Belgium 
Excluding  holdings  of  less  than  2^  acres,  the  tenure  of  land  has  been 


Number  of  Holdings 

Holdings  in  1880. 

Acres 

1846 

1866 

1880 

Cultivated  by 
Owners 

By  Tenants 

T6tai 

2J-12     .... 
12-50     .... 
Over  50 ...   . 

166,000 
69,000 
19,000 

220,000 
82,000 
22,000 

226,OOP 
74,000 
15,000 

152,000 

51,000 

8,000 

74,000 

23,000 

7,000 

226,000 
74,000 
15.000 

Total 

254,000 

324,000 

315.000 

211,000 

104,000 

315,000 

In  1866,  according  to  Consul  Grattan's  report,  only  34 
per  cent,  of  the  land  was  cultivated  by  proprietors ;  in 
1880,  by  the  official  returns,  the  proportion  was  60  per 
cent. 

Greece 

In  1836  the  State  sold  farm-lots  of  30  acres  each  to  a 
large  number  of  agricultural  families  at  47s.  per  acre,  say 
^jo  per  farm.  In  1862  there  were  147,500  peasant 
proprietors,  who  held  5,600,000  acres,  an  average  of  38 
acres,  one-third  being  under  crops;  also  16,100  landed 
gentry  with  large  farms,  who  usually  let  their  lands  to 
tenants  at  22s.  per  acre.  The  area  of  the  kingdom  was 
as  follows : — 


Under  crops  . 
Capable  of  cultivation 
Woods  . 
Mountain  and  pasture 

Total 


Acres 
1,920,000 
3,700,000 
1,440,000 
4,700,000 

11,760,000 


Algeria 

The  laild  grants  cejded  to  settlers  were : — 

Acres 
1840-70 ......    2,110,000 

3871-80.       .....    1,120,000 


Total 


3,230,000 


The  tenure  is  described  at  p.  40.  Only  4  per  cent,  of 
the  landed  area  is  held  by  European  settlers,  the  Arabs 
holding  52  per  cent,  in  farms  of  100  acres  per  family,  and 
the  remainder  {44  per  cent)  being  under  forest  or  Crown- 
lands, 

United  States 

The  area  of  the  United  States  and  the  portion  under 
cultivation  appear  as  follows :  — 


Date  . 

—  .2  0 
^2 

in 

-  f 

Sc 
D.O 

ES 

""is 

3  «S 

Ratio  of 
Improved, 
per  Cent. 

1776 

269 

■  80 

30 

30 

II 

i8ro 

1,018 

164 

64 

t6 

6 

1850 

1,902 

293 

"3 

16 

6 

i860 

2,291 

407 

163 

18 

7 

1870 

2,291 

410 

I9<i. 

18 

8 

1880 

2,291 

534 

28^ 

23 

12 

1888. 

2,291 

356 

15 

The  above  are  official  returns  except  for  188S  (see  fourth 
paragraph  on  p.  43,  AgricitUic7-e),  and  estimate  of  farms  in 
J776  based  on  Census  of  1790. 


Sales  of  public  lands  in  United  States  were  as  follows  :-r- 


Period 

Acres 

Amount          ^"""^' 
^->-d.^    ^Averag^ 

1787-1810  .     .    . 
1811-20      .    .    . 
1821-30      .    .    , 
1831-40      .    .    . 
1841-60      .    .    . 
1861-80      .    .    . 

4,700,000 
15,300,000 
10, 100,000 
62,300,000 
68,500,000 
94,100,000 

1,800,000           200,000 
8,600,000        1,530,000 
2,800,000         i,oio,ono 
14,100,000        6,230,000 
12,700,000         3,430,000 
9,500,000        4,710,000 

Total    .    . 

255,000,000 

49,500,000   ]     2,700,000 

i88r-88      ... 

99,400,000 

12,400,000 

Grand  total    . 

354,400,000 

1     3,500,000 

The  sales  of  lands  during  ten  years  ending  1889  showed 
thus :  — 


Dakota  .  . 
Kansas  .  . 
Nebraska 
Washington 
California  . 
Colorado  •    . 


Acres 
41,300,000 
23,200,000 
21,000,000 
12,900,000 
11,400,000 
10,900,000 


Minnesota 
Florida 
Montana  . 
Louisiana . 
Various 

Total 


Acres 
.  9,000,000 
.  7,300,000 
.  6,700,000 
.  4,300,000 
•  39.500,000 

187,5001000 


The  disposal  of  public  lands  in  102  years  was  approxi- 
mately as  follows : — 


Millions  of  Acres 

1787-1860 

1861-1888 

Total 

Sold 

School  grants .    . 
Railway  grants    . 
Military  grants    . 
Homestead  grants 
Sundry  grants     . 

154 
68 
26 
44 

45 

68 

9 

166 
18 

125 

18 

222 

77 
192 

62 
125 

63 

Total    .    . 

•  337 

404 

741 

In  this  last  table  Homestead  grants  are  distinguished, 
but  in  the  preceding  one  they  are  included  among  lands 
sold.  In  eight  years  ending  18S7  the  lands  taken  up  by 
settlers  comprised  124  million  acres  of  Government  lands 
and  18  millions  belonging  to  railway  companies,  in  all 
averaging  18  million  acres  yearly,  say  120,000  farms  of 
150  acres  each.  The  Homestead  Law  of  1862  has  had  a 
powerful  influence  in  promoting  agriculture,  the  area  of 
improved  lands  being  now  apparently  356  million  acres 
against  163  milKons  in  i860,  an  increase  of  118  per  cent., 
the  area  newly  improved  each  year  averaging  7, 100,000 
acres.  By  this  law  any  immigrant  family  can  obtain  a 
farm-lot  of  160  acres,  on  condition  of  five  years  occu- 
pation, without  other  cost  than  ^^3  for  the  title-deeds. 
From  1862  to  1886  no  fewer  than  690,000  families  re- 
ceived farm-lots  of  this  kind,  covering  III  million  acres, 
or  one-fifth  of  the  total  area  under  farms. 


LAND 


929 


LAND 


According  to  the  agricultural  product  of  1886  for  the 
Union,  the  average  for  these  Homestead  farms  would  be 
products  of  an  annual  value  of  155  millions  sterling,  or 
;f  220  per  family,  and  the  farms  would  represent  a  capital 
value  of  816  millions  sterling,  or  nearly  ^  1200  per  farm. 
Compared  with  the  total  earnings  oiF  the  nation,  these 


Homestead  farmers  appear  to  earn  almost  8  per  cent., 
and  the  value  of  their  farms  and  stock  stands  for  ^  per 
cent,  of  the  aggregate  wealth  of  the  United  States.  • 

The  number  and  area  of  farms  in  the  great  divisions  of 
the  country,  according  to  Census  reports,  were  as  fol- 
lows : — 


States 

Number  of  Farms 

Millions  of  Acres 

1850 

1860 

1870 

1880  • 

1860 

1860 

1870 

1880 

New  England 

Middle 

Southern         .... 
Western 

167,  CXX) 

351,000 
488,000 

444,000 

185,000 
413,000 
640,000 
716,006 

182,000 

456,060 

849,  OCX) 

1, 167,  OCX) 

207,000 

539,000 

1,481,000 

1,778,000 

43 
165 

67 

20 

47 

220 

120 

21 

49    . 
185 

22 

53 
227 
232 

Total 

1,450,000 

1,954,000 

2,  654,  OCX) 

4,005,000 

293 

407 

410 

534 

The  proportion  of  farms  over  icxj  acres  is  increasing  : — 

Acres 

Number  of  Farms 

Ratio 

1860 

1870 

1880 

1860 

1870 

1880 

Under  20          .        .  ■     . 

20-50        

50-100      

100-500    

Over  500 

306,  CXX) 
617,000 
609,000 
487,000 
25,000 

467,ocx) 
848,000 
754,000 
565,000 
20,000 

390,000 

781,000 

1,033,000 

1,696,000 

105,000 

150 
30.1 
29.8 

239 
1.2 

17.6 

•     32.  o- 

28.4 

21.3 

0.7 

9.8 
19.5 

25-7      , 
42.4 

2.6 

Total 

2,844,cx)o 

2,654,000 

4,005,000 

icx).o 

100,0 

100.0 

The  size  of  farms  in  the  Union  is,  however,  diminish- 
ing, as  appears  from  the  following  Census  reports,  viz. : — 


i-^rvco          '  Number  of 
Census               j.^^^3 

Area,  Acres 

Average 

Acres  per 

Farm 

1850    ,        .        .      1,450,000 
i860    ,        .        ,      2,044,000 
1870    .        .        ,      2,654,000 
1880    ,        .        .      4,005,000 

293,ooo,cx)o 
407,000,000 
4io,ocx>,ooo 
534,000,000 

202 
200 
154 
134 

It  may  be  noted  that  farms  over  100  acres  constituted 
only  22  per  cent,  of  the  total  in  1870,  and  rose  to  45  per 
cent,  in  1880. 

Although  most  of  the  farms  are  cultivated  by  the 
owners,  the  three  forms  of  tenure  known  in  France  and 
Italy  exist  in  the  United  States,  namely,  owners,  tenants, 
and  "metayers,"  the  last-mentioned  giving  the  landlord 
half  or  other  portion  of  the  crops  in  lieu  of  rent. 

The  Census  of  1880  showed  as  follows  : — 


Farms 
Held  by 

New 
England 

Middle 
States 

Southern 

Western 

Total 

Proprietors 
Tenants    . 
Metayers  . 

190,000 

10,000 

7,000 

510,000 
56,000 
88,000 

690,000 
141,000 

306,  OCX) 

1,594,000 
115,000 
302,000 

2,984,000 

322,CX)0 

703,000 

Total    . 

207,000 

654,000 

1,137, CXX)  1  2,011,000 

4,009,000 

twice  as  common  as  that  of  tenants  paying  rent  in  money. 
The  above  table  refers  merely  to  the  number  of  farms. 

The  classification  according  to  size  of  farms  in  1880 
was: — 


Acres 

Number  of  Farms 

leld  by 

To 

Owner 

Tenant 

Metayer 

Under  10     , 
10-50 .    .     . 
50-100     .    . 
100-500  .     , 
Over  500 ,    . 

88,000 

583, CXX) 

805,000 

1,416,000 

92, OCX) 

24,000 

138,000 

70,000 

85,000 

5,000 

27,000 

314,000 

159,000 

196,000 

7,ocx) 

139,000 
1,035,000 
1,034,000 
i,697,ocx) 

I04,cx» 

Total    , 

2,984,000 

322,000 

703,000    1  4,009,000 

The  value  of  land  per  acre  is  highest  in  New  Jersey, 


the  Agricultural  Report  for 
table  of  averages  : — 

State  ^'""^ 


showing  the  following 


The  proportion  of  these  holdings  is  shown  as  follows  : — 


Held  by 

New 
England 

Middle 
States 

Southern 

Western 

Total 

Proprietors 
Tenants     , 
Metayers   . 

91.8 
4.8 
,3-4 

78.0 

8.5 

13-5 

60,6 
12.4 
27.0 

79.2 

5-7 

15-1 

74-5 
8.0 

17-5 

Total    , 

100.0 

100,0 

100.0 

lOO.O 

1CX).0 

New  Jersey 
Massachusetts 
Ohio 
New  York 


/>er  Acre 

•  6s 

•  50 
.  46 
.    44 


State 

Vermont  . 
Maryland 
Illinois 
Wisconsin 


Dollars 
per  Acre 

•  36 

•  32 

•  32 

•  23 


In  some  of  the  Western  States  it  is  less  than  five  doUa/s 
or  ;^I  sterling  per  acre. 

The  following  table  shows  the  areas  of  lands  improved 
and  unimproved,  the  number'  of  hands  engaged  in  agri- 
culture, and  the  value  of  the  farms  : — 


It  will  be  observed  that  the  metayer  or  share  system  is 


Millions  of  Acres 

States 

Improved 

Unimproved 

1850 

II 

26 

49 
27 

"3 

1860 

12 

30 
65 
56 

163 

1870 

12 

33 
58 
87 

190 

1880 

13 
37 
82 

153 
285 

18501860 

16  1    16 

"7J155 
40.    65 

180   244 

I870J188O 

New  England    .     . 
Middle      .... 
Southern  .... 
Western   ,     .     .     , 

Total     .     . 

8        8 
16      x5 
126    f47 

70,    7. 

220    249 

LIBRARIES 

The  number  of  estates  proved  in  the  three  kingdoms 
for  legacy-duty  only  in  1877  was  as  follows  : — 


Amount 

! 
England  Scotland 

Ireland 

United 
Kingdom 

Over  ;^2o,ooo    .     . 

/S000-/20,000        . 

^looo-Xsooo    .     . 
Under  ^looo    .     . 

945 

2,784 

7.625 

21,913 

125 

356 
1,262 

2.567 

59 

199 

800 

2,271 

1,129 

3.339 

9,687 

26,751 

Total    .    . 

33.267  1  4,310 

3.329. 

40,906 

Further  details  on  this  subject  as  regards  the  United 
Kingdom,  France,  Italy,  and  Belgium  will  be  found 
under  the  title  Wealth. 

Holland 

The  legacy  and  succession  returns  for  the  years  1880-S3 
gave  the  following  averages : — 

Estates    . 
.        .        .        .        58 
•       356 
.   2,722 
.   6,280 


Over  ;^4o,ooo 
/4000-/40  ,<XX) 
^iooo-j?4ooo 
Under  j^iooo 


Total 


9.416 


LIBRAEIES 


Libraries 

Volumes 

1848 

1830 

1843 

1880 

United  Kingdom  .    . 

France    

Germany      .... 

Russia 

Austria 

Italy . 

Spain  and  Portugal   . 
Switzerland  .... 

Belgium 

Holland 

Scandinavia      .    .    . 

28 

107 

80 

12 
41 

45 
24 
13 
10 
10 
13 

202 
505 
594 
145 
577 
493 
90 

1.654 
105 
220 

94 

1,542,000 
3,975,000 
3,053,000 

451,000 
2,193,000 
2,274,000 

963,  CXX) 

465,006 

400,000 
330,000 
968,000 

3,770,000 

7,298,000 

4,070,000 

950,000 

5,476,000. 

4,349,000 

1,200,000 

1,819,000 

610,000 

800,000 

.  1,250,000 

Europe 

United  States  .    .    . 

383 
20 

4.679 
59 

i6,6i4,ocx) 
600,000 

31,592,000 
2,263,000 

Total    .    . 

403 

4,738  [17,214.000 

33.855.000 

The  above  does  not  include  any  libraries  with  less  than 
10,000  volumes  (except  possibly  those  of  Switzerland). 
The  principal  libraries  of  the  world  are  : — 


British  Museum " 
Imperial,  Paris 
St.  Petersburg 
Berlin    . 
Munich  . 
Vienna  . 
Dresden 
Vatican  . 
Copenhagen 
Gottingen 
Oxford  . 
Brussels 
St.  Genevieve 
Washington 
Boston   . 
Astor,  New  York 


Paris 


Volumes 
1,120,000 
2,078,000 
1,045,000' 
740,000 
810,000 
420,000 
500,000 
340,000 
410,000 
400,000 
300,000 
210,000 
250,000 
230,000 
202,000 
160,000 


MSS. 

41,000 

86,000 

34,000 

15,000 

24,000 

21,000 

4,000 

2,000 

S.ooo 

5,000 

22,000 

20,000 

30,000 


The  library  of  the  British  Museum  has  32  miles  of 
shelves  filled  with  books,  and  is.  visited  by  91,000  readers 
yearly.  The  Biblioth^ue  Imperiale  of  Paris  has  18 
miles  of  books  and  37,000  readers  yearly. 


Wumber 

Volumes 

15.615 

4,640,003 

19.581 

.8,550,000 

56.015 

19,460,000 

930  LIFE 


The  libraries  in  the  United  States  were  as  follows :— r 

Year 
1850 
i860 
1870        .        . 

In  1880  there  were  23,000  school  libraries  containing 
45,000,000  volumes,  and  314  large  public  libraries,  ex- 
clusive of  all  containing  less  .than- 10,000  vblumes. 

LIFE  « 

The  following  table  shows  the  expectation  of  life  in 
various  countries  at  different  ages : — 


Years  to  Live 

Age 

Eng- 
land 

United 
States 

(Belgium 

1 

HoUand 

Saxony 

Sweden 

10 

49.2 

48.7 

44.3 

46.5 

47.0 

48.0 

20 

41.0 

42.2 

37-1 

38.9 

39-3 

4ar 

30 

33-6 

35-3 

1    31-2 

32.1 

32.1 

33.2 

40 

26.7 

28.2 

1    25. 5 

26.2 

25.0 

25-9 

50 

2a  2 

20.9 

19.6 

20.0 

18.0 

19.  r 

60 

13-9 

14. 1 

13.2 

13-3 

11.7 

12.9 

70 

8.9 

8.S 

8.2 

8,0 

6.9 

8.0 

80 

5.5 

4.4 

5-3 

4-6 

3-9 

4.1 

The  expectation  of  life  is  always  longer  with  females 
than  males,  viz. : — 


Age 


Birth  . 
5  years 
10  „ 
20  „ 
30  „ 
40  „ 
SO  „ 
60  „ 
70  „  • 
80  „• 
90  „ 


Years  to  Live 


England       Holland        Sweden       Belgium 


41.9 

51-5 
48.^ 

39.9 

33-2 

26.5 

19.9 

13.6 

8.6 

5.2 

2.8 


Vl, 


45-2 
53-6 
50.3 
42.1 

34-1 
27-5 
20.8 

14-5 
9-1 
5-6 
3-1 


[X, 


34-1 

48.7 

45-9 

38.3 

31.8 

25.0 

18.S 

12.8 

7-9 

4-4 

2.4  I 


36.4 
49.2 

46.5 
39.2 
32.4 
26.4 
19.7 

133 
8,1 

4-5 
2.7 


41.3 
49.4 
46.5 
38.6 
31.2 


45-6 
530 
50.0 
•42.1 

345 


24.3  I  27.2 
18.0  I  20.1 

12.3  13-5 
7.4  I  8.0 
3-9]  4.3 
2.4      2.8 


43-8 

36.4 

30.5 

24.8 

18.9 

12.4 

8.1 

S-2 

Z9 


44-8 

37-7 

31-9 

26.1 

20.3 

r3-9 

8.3 

5-4 

31 


It  will  be  observed  that  the  mean  expectation  at  five 
years  of  age  is  greater  than  at  birth,  but  after  five  years  it 
diminishes.  Finlayson's  table  of  expectation  for  English 
ladies  of  fortune  coincides  closely  with  •  the  result  of 
widows  in  France  in  receipt  of  pensions  : — 


Years,  of  Life 

Age 

English 

French 

French 

Ladies 

Widows 

Male 

40.-      . 

299 

29-3 

SO 

23.0 

22.8 

18.7 

60 

16.2 

16.0 

14.3 

70 

10. 1 

10. 1 

8.7 

80 

S-7 

S-9 

f* 

Kasper  gives  the  percentage  of  persons 
professions  who  reach  70  years  thus:  — 

Pff 


Per 

Cent. 

Physician       .  24 

Teachers        .  27 

Artists .         .  28 


>  thus: 

Per 
Cent. 
Lawyers    .     .  29 

Clerks  ...  32 
Soldiers    .    .  32 


of  various 


Per 

Cent, 

Merchants    .  33 

Farmers    .    .  40 

Clergy.    ,    .  4a 


LIFE 


931 


LIFE 


Expectation  of  life  varies  as  follows  in  England  with 
condition : — 


Years  to  Live 

Age 

Gerjtry 

LaS^uTers       ^ober 

Intemperate 

20    .    .    . 

30    .    .    . 
40     .     .     . 
50     .     •     • 
60     .     .     . 

38 
31 
24 
18 
12 

48 
41 
33 
25 
18     . 

40 

34 
27 
20 
14 

14 

13 

10 

8 

6 

In  the  United  States  the  span  of  life  for  various  pro- 
fessions is  as  follows  : — 


Shopmen  . 
Waggoners 
Labourers 


Years 
41.8 
43-6 
44.6 
46.1 


Mechanics 
Merchants 
Lawyers  . 
Farmers     . 


Years 

47-3 
48.4 
52.6 
64.2 


Madden's  table  of  famous  men,  and  Neuville's  average 
for  professions  at  Frankfort,  give  the  following  spans  of 
life  :— 


Madden  s  Famous  Men 

Years 
Clergymen  .  .  .67 
Physicians  .  .  .68 
Lawyers  ,  ,  .69 
Artists  .  .  .70 
Naturalists  .        .    71 


Neuvillis  Frankfort 

Years 


Physicians 

Lawyers 

Merchants 

Teachers 

Clergy 


53 
54 
57 
57 
66 


Many  remarkable  cases  of  longevity  are  recorded  in  all 
countries  and  all  ranks  of  life. 


I.  Countess  of  Desmond,  killed  by  falling  from_  a 
cherry-tree  in  her  146th  year.  2.  Thomas  Parr,  died 
after  a  dinner-party  at  Lord  Arundel's,  aged  152.  3. 
Cardinal  de  Salis,  who  recommended  daily  exercise  in 
all  weathers,  aged  1 10.  4.  John  Riva,  of  Venice,  who 
chewed  citron  bark  daily,  died  aged  116,  leaving  a  son  of 
14  years.  5.  Henry  Jenkins,  died  aged  1 16,  at  Bolton-on- 
Swale  in  1670.  6.  Mme.  Roviro,'aged  164,  who  died  in 
1741,  leaving  a  son  aged  116.  7.  Peter  Garden,  died  at 
Edinburgh  in  1775,  aged  131,  Bertherand's  death-roll  of 
slaves  at  Carthage  showed  5  per  cent,  over  80,  and  i  per 
cent,  over  100  years.  The  Third  Legion  of  Augustus  had 
a  death-record  which  showed  that  17  per  cent,  passed  70 
years.  Moreover,  Pliny  says— "The  year  of  our  Lord 
76  is  memorable,  for  in  that  year  there  was  a  Census 
from  v/hich  it  appears  that  in  the  part  of  Italy  lying 
between  the  Apennines  and  the  River  Po,  there  were 
found  fifty -four  persons  103  years  old;  fifty-seven  no 
years;  two  I20  years;  four  130  years;  four  135  years; 
and  three  140  years  each." 

In  the  eighteenth  century  Sejoncourt  published  a  list  of 
49  persons  who  had  died  between  the  ages  of  130  and  175 
years.  Among  centenarians  of  recent  date  were  Mrs.  Anne 
Butler,  daughter  of  Admiral  Winn,  died  at  Portsmouth, 
January  1883,  aged  103,  and  Mrs.  Betty  Lloyd,  at  Ruabon, 
Wales,  March  1883,  aged  107.  According  to  Dr.  Farr's 
tables,  of  one  million  male  and  female  persons  bom,  77 
males  and  147  females  will  reach  100  years ;  but  the  newer 
tables  of  Dr.  Ogle  give  only  41  males  and  112  females. 

A  meeting  of  2000  persons  over  70  years  of  age  is 
annually  held  at  Leicester,  and  of  these  4CXD  die  before 
the  next  anniversary. 


Table  of  Survivals  of  a.  Thousand  Born 

Age 

England 

France 

Prussia 

Austria 

Italy 

Spain 

Sweden 

Norway 

Belgium 

Switzerland 

1881-82 

1880-82 

1881-83 

1880-82 

1881-83 

1880-84 

1881-82 

1881-82 

1881-83 

1881-83 

Number  born 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

5  years  .        «        .        . 

762 

751 

684 

614 

632 

571 

783 

838 

756 

747 

10    „    .        » 

736 

724 

648 

569 

591 

530 

746 

803 

732 

721 

IS    ..    •       • 

723 

705 

632 

551 

572 

514 

727 

783 

718 

767 

20    „    >.       ,        « 

706 

68s 

616 

532 

554 

496 

711 

760 

699 

689 

35    "i   .       .,       .       i 

685 

^hl 

596 

506 

531 

476 

691 

733 

675 

665 

30 

660 

627 

571 

477 

508 

457 

669 

704 

648 

639 

40    .,    ,        .        . 

597 

566 

514 

423 

462 

412 

621 

644 

589 

578 

50    ,.    .       • 

S16 

499    • 

452 

357 

407 

35? 

560 

585 

517. 

502 

00    ,.    .        . 

405 

408 

351 

267 

328 

292 

473 

494 

419 

393 

70    , 

255 

268 

205 

ISO 

203 

184 

330 

338 

271 

231 

80 

96- 

104 

65 

44 

.65 

69 

139 

161 

lOI 

69 

The  following  table  distinguishes  the  sexes  in  certain  countries,  but  the  figures  are  not  so  recent  as  those  above : — 


A  r,,^ 

France 

Belgium 

Italy 

Denmark 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Number  born. 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

T.OOO 

1,000 

1,000 

S  years    ...        * 

716 

744 

720 

741 

590 

608 

741 

769 

10    „ 

«'                 •■                 • 

693 

719 

684 

699 

552 

567 

711 

737 

20    „. 

»         m         • 

660 

680 

640 

650 

518 

528 

676 

698 

30    » 

«            .0 

602 

626 

566 

576 

466 

478 

624 

650 

40    „ 

*        »         • 

543 

567 

484 

499 

418 

424 

5^9 

590 

50    .. 

M        .« 

476 

507 

403 

415 

357 

368 

488 

522 

60    „ 

»         .• 

383 

425 

319 

337 

279 

294 

276 

429 

70    „ 

•         •         1 

245 

291 

179 

221 

170 

180 

238 

289 

80    „      . 

86 

113 

60 

76 

58 

62 

84 

114 

Rasper's  table  of  rich  and  poor  shows  survivals  thus : 

Age 
Number  bom ' 
S  years . 


40 
7° 


Rich 

Poor 

1,000 

1,000 

943 

655 

886 

566 

69s 

396 

235 

fs 

Korosi  shows  that  poverty  and  overcrowding  shorten 
the  span  of  life  at  Buda-Pesth  :  in  healthy  (Quarters  it  is 
47  years,  in  the  workmen's  tenement  dwelhngs  only  32 
to  37. 

Evidence  to  the  same  efTect  will  be  found  in  other 
parts  of  this  book ;  the  reader  has  only  to  turn  to  the 
index  for  the  items  Infant-mortality  and  Overcrowding. 


LIGHTHOUSES 


932 


LIVING,  COST  OF 


LiaSTHOUSES 

The  number  in  various  countries  at  different  dates  was 
approximately : — 


1830 

1860 

1885 

England 

244 

396 

Scotland 

130 

193 

Ireland  .        .                 . 

90 

138 

United  Kingdom  . 

260 

464 

727 

France  .        .        .        . 

63 

228 

422 

Germany 

20 

40 

183 

Russia  .        .        .        . 

18 

77 

194 

Austria .        .        .        . 

s 

10 

63 

Italy      .        .        .        . 

10 

91 

263 

Spain     ..       .        .        . 

II 

SO 

178 

Portugal 

4 

15 

30 

Sweden  and  Norway     . 

no 

120 

337 

Denmark 

70 

77 

63 

Holland 

10 

58 

102 

Belgium 

4 

8 

25 

Greece  .        .        .        . 

58 

Turkey  .... 

10 

IS 

134 

Europe. 

595 

1.253 

2.779 

United  States 

130 

379 

1.991 

Canada. 

38 

92 

651 

Australia 

10 

47 

343 

India     .        .        .        . 

IS 

49 

96 

China    .        . 

2 

5 

68 

Japan    .        .        .        , 

... 

59 

Brazil     .        .        .        . 

5 

16 

57 

West  Indies  . 

40 

74 

no 

Spanish  America  . 

IS 

27 

54 

'^-'U: 

Total 

850 

1,942 

6,208 

See  Sir  James  Douglas's  report  to  the  British  Associa- 
tion in  1886.  The  cost  of  lighting  Smeaton's  Eddystone 
lighthouse  in  1759,  with  a  light  of  67  candle-power,  was 


i8d.  per  hour,  a.  sum  now  sufficient  to  provide  a  light  of 
160,000  candle-power.  Canada  uses  100,000  gallons  of 
petroleum  for  lighting  yearly,  at  a  cost  of  ^^4000.  Dunge- 
ness  first  adopted  the  electric  light  in  1862,  and  the 
French  lighthouses  followed  in  1863. 

LIGHTNING 

According  to  Mr.  Preece,  there  are  500,000  lightning 
conductors  in  the  United  Kingdom.  The  number  of 
houses  burnt  yearly  by  lightning  in  Bavaria  was  : — 

1833-43 ...      32 

1880-82  .        .        .      /.       .        .        .134 

The  number  of  persons  killed  by  lightning  averages 
23  in  England,  92  in  France,  165  in  Germany,  908  in 
Russia. 

LIVING,  COST  OF 

The  cost  of  a  workman's  food  in  various  countries  in 
1880  was : — 


Shillings 

per  Week 

Percentnge 

of  Food 

Cost 

Food 

Wages 

Great  Britain 

14 

31 

45 

France  . 

12 

21 

57 

Germany        , 

10 

16 

62 

Belgium 

12 

20 

60 

Italy 

9 

IS 

60 

Spain     . 

10 

16 

62 

United  States 

16 

48 

33 

Australia 

II 

40 

28 

The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  expendi- 
ture of  the  principal  nations  in  the  ordinary  items  that 
make  up  the  cost  of  living.  Food  is  at  wholesale  price 
in  first  hands  (retail  price  being  30  per  cent',  higher),  and 
taxes  include  all  duties,  tolls,  and  rates,  direct  or  indirect, 
that  go  towards  national  or  local  revenues  : — 


Millions 

;^  Yearly 

Food 

Clothing 

Hotise  Rent 

Taxes 

Transport 

Fodder,  &c. 

Sundries 

Total 

United  Kingdom     . 

372 

66 

13s 

IT9 

113 

89 

242 

1,136 

France     .^t^  . 

361 

64 

93 

144 

96 

74 

98 

930 

Germany . 

400 

S3 

68 

109 

103 

87 

160 

980 

Russia     . 

3&> 

51 

34 

72 

94 

128 

190 

929 

Austria  '\ 

235 

30 

27 

55 

59 

44 

121 

571 

Italy  1'  ^^ 

144 

24 

22 

81 

33 

22 

24 

350 

Spain 

112 

16 

18 

37 

27 

15 

SO 

275 

Portugal . 

24 

3 

4 

8 

S 

I 

8 

53 

Sweden    . 

37 

6 

4 

7 

10 

4 

30 

98 

Norway  . 

15 

a 

X 

3 

4 

I 

la 

38 

Denmark  J 

18 

3 

2 

4 

6 

6 

21 

60 

Holland  . 

36 

6 

7 

IS 

8 

7 

17 

96 

Belgium  . 

56 

12 

6 

II 

17 

12 

41 

15s 

Switzerland 

20 

3 

2 

3 

5 

2 

19 

54 

Europe    . 

2,190 

339 

423 

668 

580 

492 

1.033 

5.725 

United  States 

455 

98 

127 

16s 

231 

228 

746 

2,050 

Canada    . 

32 

^8 

7 

10 

12 

8 

40 

"7 

Australia. 

28 

7 

13 

T2 

10 

14     . 

40 

124 

Argentina! 

25 

6 

5 

^^4  . 

8 

7 

20 

85 

Total       .        .       2,730 

458 

575' 

869 

841 

749 

1,879 

8,ioi 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that  the  foregoing  table  is  merely  intended  to  shew  comprehensively  in  round 
numbers  the  anniial  outlay  of  each  nation  under  the  principal  headings  and  in  the  aggregate.  Nothing  like  mathe- 
matical accutacy  is  to  be  expected,  for  it  would  be  impossible.  The  figures,  however,  are  not  set  down  at  raiidom, 
but  are  estimates  based  on  the  observations  of  well-known  writers  and  whatever  is  available  in  the  way  of  official  or 
semi-official  statements.  It  is  true  that  the  cost  of  food,  and  indeed  the  outlay  under  any  of  the  above  heads,  is  likely 
to  vary  remarkably  from  one  year  to  another,  from  which  some  persons  may  feel  disposed  to  think  that  the  table  is  of 
no  value  whatever.  But  this  is  an  objection  that  might  be  made  to  many  tables  of  a  similar  kind,  whether  in  the 
present,  work  or  xq^ihose  of  o^her  wriifiiSi 


LIVING,  COST  OF 


933 


LIVING,  COST  OF 


A  statement  was  published  in  Paris  in  1882  o(  the  cost 
of  maintenance  of  an  artisan's  family,  and  another  by 
Miss  Octavia  Hill  of  a  similar  family  in  London  in  1888, 


Weekly  Expenditure,  Pence 

Paris 

London 

Rent 

Clothing    .... 

Coal  and  light    . 

Bread         .... 

Meat 

Vegetables  and  fruit  . 
Milk,  butter,  &c. 
Tea  and  coffee  . 
Sugar         .... 
Wine  and  liquor 

30 
24 
10 
90 

63 
21 

39 

14 

7 

•35 

69 
56 
16 
40 
48 
36 
23 
16 
10 
10 

Total       .      .. 

£^7    9 

;^i    7    0 

The  earnings  in  both  cases  are  supposed  to  reach  30s. 
a  week.  The  London  artisan  has  to  pay,  moreover,  2od. 
a  week  to  his  insurance  club  :  his  surplus  therefore  is 
only  i6d.  a  week. 

«   The  retail  prices  paid  by  workmen  foi;  food  in  1880 
were  (pence) : —  ^ 


Beef.  Ib..^.^  * 
Bread,  „  .  ' .'  . 
Butter,,,  .^ .  . 
£gg^,  dozen .  . 
Milk,  quaint  .  . 
Sugar,. lb.  .'  . 
Coffee,  ,,  a  '.' 
Rice, 'If,,  S  '.' 
Pork,'l";,VJ\'', 
Potatoes,  cwtM.' 


'     It 

a 

> 

V 

10.0 

9-5 

9.0 

8.0 

6.0 

2.0 

1.6 

2.0 

3-0 

2.0 

17.0 

130 

II.O 

14.0 

14.0 

II.O 

9.0 

10. 0 

9.0 

14,0 

4.0 

2.0 

40 

s-o 

4.0 

S-o 

s-o 

4.0 

so 

iS.o 

iS-o 

17.0 

16.0 

13.0 

130 

4.0 

3-0 

S-o 

7.0 

7.0 

8.0 

7.0 

S-o 

,6.0 

4.0 

4.0 

8.0 

II.O 

4.0 

2.0 
12.0 

9.0 
30 

s-o 
14.0 
SO 
30 
6.0 


Great  Britain 
^,^      --■*      '     -••  '     "^ 

,J^he  cost  of  living  at  various  epochs,  from  estimates  at 
the  respective  dates,  is  shown  thus  : — 


fientleman's  Family  in  London 

1792  ■ 

*  18231^ 

ijl845 

1883 

Renfl^      7     '.->■. 

£ 
60 

£ 
90 

'  £ 
TOO 

£ 
120 

Taxes  V     . 

18 

40 

30 

40 

Servants  (2) 

18- 

24 

30 

40 

Clothing    . 

60 

70 

8q 

100 

Bread       ].        . 
Meat.     Ji. 

2S 

26 

25 

20 

2S 

30 

SO 

80 

Groceries  . 

22 

35 

40 

60 

iWines      ''. 

23 

39 

40 

40 

Dairy      -^.v   ,/. 

50 

70 

70 

90 

Coal  and  light''. 

30 

38 

30 

25 

Washing   .r    ~^. 
Sundries^i.j     ^^ 

16 

22 

30 

40 

58 

81 

95 

no 

jTotall     .      ;. 

40s 

565 

620 

765 

Family  of  five  persons,  besides  two  servants. 

The  period  between  1792  and  1823  shows  a  rise  of  40 
per  cent,  in  31  years ;  that  from  1845  ^0  1S83  one  of  23 
per  cent.  iH/^^S^years.i'' 


Tradesman's  Family  {Bristol) 


1792 

1823 

1846 

1883 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

Rent .... 

10 

IS 

18 

20 

Qothing    . 

10 

12 

12 

IS 

Bread 

20 

21 

20 

16 

Meat. 

10 

14 

20 

28 

Groceries  . 

10 

15 

20 

22 

Sundries    . 

10 

13 

IS 

19 

Total 

70 

90 

los 

120 

English  Labourer  and  Mechanic 


Labourer 

Mechanic 

1792 

1823 

1883 

1792 

1823 

1883 

Bread,  meat,  &c. 
Groceries      .    . 
Rent    .... 
Clothing,  &c.    . 

a 
2 
7 

£ 
17 
3 
3 
8 

£ 
20 

s 

4 
8. 

£ 
18 

4 
3 

17 

£ 

20 

6 

4 
22 

£ 

22 

8 

6 

24 

Total    .     . 

27 

31 

37 

42 

52 

60 

In  1 88 1  Professor  Leone  Levi  estimated  the  annujJ 
expenditure  of  the  people  of  the  United  Kingdom  thus : — 


Quantity 

£ 

Per 

Inliabitanl 

/ 

s.    d. 

Meat,  tons . 

1,400,000 

99,800,000 

2 

17     0 

Fish. 

300,000 

14,500,000 

0 

8    2 

Sugar 

1,000,000 

27,000,000 

0 

15    4 

Potatoes,  tons    . 

4,600,000 

32,200,000 

0 

18    3 

Bread,         „      . 

6,300,000 

77,500,000 

2 

4    0 

Butter  and  cheese,  tons 

350,000 

36,000,000 

I 

0    6 

Milk  and  eggs    . 

42,000,000 

I 

4    0 

Fruit  and  vegetables  . 

28,100,000 

0 

16    0 

Tea  and  coffee   . 

18,300,000 

0 

lo    0 

Wine  and  liquor 

124,000,000 

3 

II    0 

Food  .... 

499,400,000 

14 

4    9 

House-rent 

77,000,000 

2 

4    0 

Coal  and  light    . 

28,700,000 

0 

16    0 

Taxes 

47,500,000 

1 

7    0 

Textiles  and  clothing 

142,800,000 

4 

2     0 

Science  and  books 

12,000,000 

0 

7    0 

Amusements 

12,600,000 

0 

7    4 

Education  . 

11,000,000 

0 

6    6 

Tobacco     . 

13,100,000 

0 

7    8 

Furniture  and  plate    . 

16,000,000 

0 

9    0 

Churches    . 

12,000,000 

0 

7    0 

Water-supply     . 

5,900,000 

0 

3    6 

Total 

878,000,000 

25 

I     9 

France 

The  cost  of  maintaining  a  small  family  of  the  middle 
class  has  been  at  various  dates  as  follows : — 

Per  Annum,  £ 

Year                                              France  Paris 

.1789  .        .        ...     IS  29 

1840  .....     19  48 

i860 44  .114 

1880 51  135 

In  the  seventeenth  century  the  maintenance  of  a  noble 
family  cost  ;^6oo.  per  annum,  but  10  francs  at  that  time 
contained  as  much  silver  as  19  at  present,  and  ;^6oo  was 
therefore  in  reality  ;i^iioo,  irrespective  of  the  superior 
purchasing  power  at  that  period.  In  1679  Madame  de 
Maintenon  writes  to  her  sister,  whose  family  consisted  of. 


LIVING,  COST  OF 


934 


LOCAL  TAXATION 


her  husband,  herself,  seven  male  and  three  female  ser- 
vants, "You  can  live  like  a  princess  on  £600  a  year," 
viz. : — 


Meat 

Bread 

Wine 

Butter 

Sundries 


House 

Expenses 

£44 


36 
120 


Food,  &C. 
Rent 
Wages 
Opera,  &c. 
Dress,  &c. 


Pa 
Annum 
£240 
40 
40 
120 
160 


Total        .        .     240  Total        .        .      600 

The  expenditure  of  the  population  of  Paris  in  1826 
was : — 


Per    . 

Inhabitant 

Amount 

/: 

s. 

d. 

£ 

Food 

14 

2 

0 

12,350,000 

Taxes    . 

.1 

9 

0 

4,760,000 

Rent      . 

4 

n 

3 

4,000,000 

Clothing 

2 

16 

5 

2,470,000 

Furniture 

2 

14 

6 

2,400,000 

Fuel  and  light 

2 

14 

0 

2,380,000 

Servants 

16 

8 

1,610,000 

Cabs  and  horses 

I."; 

6 

1,540,000 

Instruction    . 

II 

S 

1,370,000 

Washing 

8 

9 

1,260,000 

Sundries 

1 

9 

s 

1,290,000 

Tota 

40 

8 

.9 

35,430,000 

The  chief  items  of  food  were : — 

Per 

Inhabitant 

400 

25 

i6S 


Bread,  lbs. 
Wine,  gallons 
Meat,  lbs. 
Dairy 
Sugar,  lbs. 
Sundries   . 


S 


2  12 

3  2 
3  T9 


26 


o  6 
o  o 
8    o 


Total 


14 


The  Industrial  Committee  of  Mulhouse  reported  that 
of  every  100  francs  earned  by  a  workman,  20  went  for 
bread,  15  for  groceries,  18  for  milk,  &c.,  8  for  meat,  15 
for  rent,  and  16  for  clothes,  leaving  8  francs  for  sundries. 

Germany 

In  1850  the  annual  maintenance  of  a  peasant  family  of 
five  persons  in  Prussia  cost  as  follows : — 


Food 

Clothing . 

Rent 

Coal  and  light 

Taxes 


16 

S 
2  14 
2  14 

s 


8    o 


Sundries 3    9    o 


Total 


31  10    o 


Engel  estimates  the  annual  cost  of  maintenance  for  a 
peasant  family  in  Germany  thus : — 

I 

Man 19 

Wife 16 

Three  children 21 


Family  of  five  persons 


56 


He  considers  that  a  child  of  10  years  represents  an  out- 
lay of  ;^8o,  a  youth  of  15  one  of  / 140. 

Roth  estimates  that  a  child  of  to  has  cost  ;^I32,  and 
one  of  13  no  less  than  ;^i86. 

Engel's  figures  are  preferable. 

The  students  of  Heidelberg  University  in  \%Ti  were 
able  to  maintain  themselves  at  an  average  outlay 'of  £l\ 


per  annum,  but  this  rose  to  ;^58  in  1875,  and  to  £()^  ia 
1878. 

Russia 

The  income  and  expenditure  of  a  fisherman's  family 
yearly  is  as  follows  : — 


Income 
Game,  200  lbs. 
Caviar,  200  lbs. 
Fish  .... 
Woodcutting  . 

Total    . 


Expenditure 
Rye,  I  ton  . 
Taxes     .     . 
Clothing     , 
Sundries     . 

Total 


s.  d. 


6    o 


o  14    o 


As  regards  the  income  and  expenditure  of  the  ordinary 
Moujik  or  peasant,  Strebinski  writes  as  follows :  '"  The 
surplus  grain  which  he  has  for  sale  brings  him  in  ;^io 
sterling,  which  goes  thus : — 

£   s.   d. 

Rent 3120 

Taxes oi6u 

Clothing 2  10    o 

Sundries 320 

Total        .       ■.        .  10    o    o 

"His  agricultural  capital  is  (exclusive  of  cattle)  about 
;^33  sterlmg,  viz.  :— 


House     . 
Barn        .         , 
Carts  and  harness  , 
Implements,  &c.     . 

Total 


I 
18 

7 
3 

S 


s.  d. 


8    o 


33    8 


Italy 


The  Piedmontese  peasant,  who  earns  i8s.  a  ^veek, 
spends  13s.  on  food ;  the  labourer  of  the  island  of  Sar- 
dinia earns  only  9s. ,  and  spends  7s.  on  food,  viz. : — 


Piedmont, 
Pence  Weekly 

Island  Df 

Sardinia, 

Pence  Wtekly 

Bread         ;        .        .        . 

Meat 

Wine          .... 
Sundries    .... 

16 
42 
40 
58 

26 

5 
6 

47 

Total 

156 

84 

LOCAL   TAXATION 

The  amount  annually  levied  by  local  authorities  in 
taxes,  tolls,  &c.,  was  approximately  in  the  various  coun- 
tries as  follows,  18S6-87  :— 

England  .     .    .  38,010,000  Russia      ,    ,    .  11,200,000 

Scotland  .    •     .  -4,440,000  Austria    .     .     .  5,300,000 

Ireland     .     .     .  3,330,000  Italy    ....  27,200,000 

United  Kingdom  45,780,000  Holland  .     .     .  2,ioo,(xx) 

France      .     .     .  40,800,000  Belgium  .     .     .  2,25o,cxx3 

Germany .     .     .  44,000,000  United  States    .  84,200,000 

Local  taxation  of  the  United  Kingdom  and  France 
compare  as  follows  : — 


United 
Kingdom, 

France, 

£ 

Shillings  jDer  Inhab. 

Year 

United     '.  t- „ 

Kingdom  1  ^^^"" 

1830    . 
1840    . 
1850    . 
i860    . 
1870    . 
1882    . 
1887    . 

10,820,000 
10,240,000 
11,030,000 
14,950,000 
24,300,000 
38,100,000 
45,800,000 

7,100,000 
8,800,000 
11,700,000 
18,100,000 
21,300,000 
32,400,000 
40,800,000 

9 
8 
8 

10 
16 

23 
24 

4 

s 

7 
10 

13 

17 
31 

MACHINERY 


935 


MANUFACTURES 


M. 


MACHINERY 


The  following  examples  show  the  economy  of  labour 
resulting  from  machinery : — 

1.  Arkwright's  spinning-jenny  enabled  one  operative 
in  i8 1 5  to  produce  as  much  yam  as  200  cculd  a  few  years 
before. 

2.  The  crane  of  Cologne  Cathedral  in  1 870,  with  two 
men,  did  the  same  work  in  one  hour,  in  lifting  stone,  as 
required  60  men  to  work  12  hours  in  the  Middle  Ages ; 
that  is,  one  man  now  is  equal  to  180  of  the  olden  time. 

3.  The  American  boot-making  machine  enables  one 
man  to  turn  out  300  pair  of  boots  daily ;  one  factory  near 
Boston  makes  as  many  boots  as  32,000  bootmakers  in 
Paris.  In  1880  there  were  3100  of  these'  machines  at 
work,  producing  150  million  pair  of  boots  yearly. 

4-  Altmann's  American  reaper  cuts  and  binds  grain 
at  45  minutes  per  acre.  D.  Glynn  of  California  cuts, 
threshes,  Vrinnows,  and  bags  with  each  of  his  machines 
60  acres  of  grain  daily. 

5.  The  United  States  in  1888  produced  600,000 
sewing-machines,  which  could  do  the  work  of  7,200,000 
women. 

6.  In  the  Western  States  of  America  one  man  can 
raise  as  much  wheat  as  will  feed  1000  persons  for  12 
months ;  a  second  can  thresh,  winnow,  and  bag  it,  and 
a  third  convey  it  to  market. 

7.  A  girl  12  years  of  age  in  a  Lancashire  mill  can  turn 
out  35  yards  of  printed  calico  daily,  her  work  in  one  year 
sufficing  to  clothe  yearly  1200  persons  in  the  East 

The  export  of  machinery  from  Great  Britain  is  large. 
In  1888  Russia  took  300  steam- threshers  and  250  portable 
steam-engines. 

The  Trade  Returns  show  the  value  of  British  machinery 
exported  thus  :^- 


1853 
i860. 


.^y 


, ';:  2,000,000 
.  i  3,800,000 


1870 
1888 


£ 

S.  300,000 
iS.ooo.ooo 


MAIZE 
The  crop  of  1887  was  stated  thus ! 


Acres 

Bushels 

France 

Russia 

Austria 

Italy  .... 

Spain 

Portugal     , 

Roumania,  &c.  . 

1,480,00(0 
1,360,000 
5,410,000 
4,680,000 
2,000,000 
200,000 
2,000,000 

26,000,000 
13,000,000 
90,000,000 
75,000,000 
40,000,000 
4,000,000 
40,000,000 

Europe 

United  States     . 
Canada 
Australia    . 

Egypt 

Algeria 
Argentina  . 

27,130,000 
72,390^000 
180,000 
256,000 
680,000 
400,000 
1,700,000 

288,000,000 

1,412,000,000 

9,000,000 

7,000,000 

10,000,000 

10,000,000 

17,000,000 

Totaf       . 

102,730,000 

•  1,753,000,000    . 

The  United  States  crop  in  188S  reached  1988  million 
bushels,  or  49,700,000  tons.  Spallart  estimated  the 
crop  for  the  whole  world  thus : — 


Year 
1871-80 
1883-84 
1887     . 


Millions  of  Bushels 

.  1,528 
.  •  .  2,03s 
.  -  .     1,979 


MANUFACTURES 


The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  value  of 
all  manufactures  in  1888 : — 


Million  jQ  Sterling 

'  Yearly 

Per 

fl 

1 

b0 

?« 

S 

S 

^ 

Inhab- 

>< 

11 

0 
U 

J3 
1 

B 

a 

a 

itant, 

£ 

U.  Kingdom 

170 

15  S 

66 

7S 

42 

312 

820 

21.5. 

France     .     . 

108 

42 

.64 

21 

S2 

198 

485 

12.7 

Germany .    . 

82 

91 

S3 

71 

S3 

233 

583 

12.3 

Russia     .    . 

52 

14 

SI 

20 

51 

175 

363 

4-3 

Austria    .     . 

30 

IS 

30 

23 

39 

no 

253 

S-i 

Italy   .     .     . 

21 

4 

24 

4 

17 

SI 

121 

4.1 

Spain  .     .    . 

16 

4 

16 

I 

12 

36 

ss 

S-o 

Portugal .     . 

2 

I 

3 

3 

7 

16 

3.6 

Sweden    .     . 

a 

6 

6 

6 

8 

22 

SO 

10.5 

Norway  .    . 

I 

I 

2 

3 

4 

8 

19 

•9-S 

Denmark 

I 

I 

1 

4 

6 

II 

26 

13.0 

Holland  .     . 

3 

I 

6 

S 

6 

14 

3S 

8.0 

Belgium  .     . 

16 

17 

12 

13 

6 

38 

102 

17.0 

Switzerland  . 

II 

2 

3 

2 

2 

12 

32 

ii.p 

Europe    .     . 

.■521 

SW 

339 

248 

301 

1,227 

2,990 

9.0 

U.  States      . 

112 

194 

98 

6l 

104 

874 

1.443 

24.0 

Australia .     . 

7 

IS 

4 

3 

6 

6 

41 

"•S 

Total    . 

640 

563 

441 

312 

411 

2,107 

4.474 

n.2 

The  latest  official  return  of  the  manufactures  of  Canada 
gives  a  total  of  64  millions  sterling.  The  following  table 
shows  approximately  the  value  of  manufactures  produced 
yearly  in  the  several  countries  at  various  dates : — 


Millions  £  Sterling 

1780 

1800 

1820 

1840 

1860 

1888 

U.  Kingdom    . 

177 

230 

290 

387 

577 

820 

France     .     .     . 

147 

190 

220 

264 

380 

485 

Germany .     .     . 

50 

60 

.8S 

ISO 

310 

«;8i 

Russia     .    .    . 

10 

IS 

20 

40 

155 

363 

Austria    .     .     . 

30 

so 

80 

142 

200 

253 

Italy   .... 

10 

IS 

2S 

40 

80 

121 

Spain  J     .    .    . 

10 

20 

30 

45 

60 

8"; 

Belgium  .    .     . 

60 

90 

102 

U.  States     .     . 

IS 

2S 

55 

96 

392 

1.443 

Various    ... 

31 

4S 

60 

90 

160 

363 

Total    .     . 

480 

650 

86s  ■ 

1.314 

2.404 

4,618 

Hardware. — The  hardware  lAanufactures  of  the  world 
may  be  approximately  summed  up  thus : — 


Millions 

;^  Sterling 

Iron 

Steel 

Copper 

I,ead 

Tin 

Zinc 

Total 

U.  Kingdc 

m.       50 

84 

10 

3 

S 

3 

155 

France . 

20 

16 

3 

I 

I 

X 

42 

Germany 

40 

38 

3 

3^ 

I 

6 

91 

Russia  . 

S 

7 

I 

i^ 

14 

Austria . 

6 

8 

I 

15 

Italy     . 

3 

I 

... 

4 

Spain    . 

3 

I 

4 

Sweden 

4 

2 

6 

Belgium 

8 

6 

I 

I 

I 

17 

United  Sta 

tes        72 

9S 

14 

7 

4 

'2 

194 

Various 

^7 

20 

278 

3 

I 

I 

I 

43 

Tota 

1    .      228 

35 

18    i  13  1    13 

585 

MANUFACTURES 


936 


MANUFACTURES 


For  details  regarding  the  above  metals,  see  each  under  its  own  title, 
various  dates  was  approximately  as  follows  :— 


The  total  value  of  hardware  manufactures  at 


Millions  £  Sterling 

Year 

U.  Kingdom 

France    Germany 

Russia 

Austria     Italy  j  Spain 

Sweden 

Belgium 

U.  States 

Various 

Total 

17S0.    .    , 

IS 

8 

3 

2 

2 

I 

I 

1 

2 

2 

37 

1800.    .     . 

20 

9 

4 

3 

3 

I 

■     I 

I 

... 

3 

3 

48 

1820.    .     . 

30 

10 

6 

4 

4 

2 

2 

■    2 

7 

5 

72 

1840,    .    . 

40 

12 

7 

5 

S 

2 

2 

3 

2 

10 

7 

9S 

i860.    .    . 

85 

30 

.40 

11 

.   12 

3 

3 

4 

9 

.29 

17 

243  t 

188S.    .    . 

155 

42 

91 

14 

IS 

4 

4 

6 

17       1     194 

43 

5»5  ^ 

The  production  of  the  principal  metals  at  various  dates  \       Textile  Manufactures. — The  consumption  of  fibre  by 
was  approximately  as  follows  : —  I   all  nations  has  been  approximately  as  follows : —        < 


Tons 

Year 

Iron      jCopperj  Lead 
-.      1 

Tin 

Zinc 

Total 

1780  . 

270,0001     6,000    50,000   2,000 

2,000 

330,000 

■rSoo  . 

460,000 

8,000   60,000.  3,000 

3,000 

534,000 

1820  . 

1,010,000 

10,000 

70,000 

4,000 

3,000 

1,097,000 

1840  . 

2,680,000 

25,000 

I20,C00 

6,000 

12,000 

2,843,000 

iSno   . 

7,180,000 

70,000 

220,000 

8,000 

65,000 

7,543,000 

1888  . 

24,800,000 

190,000 

410,000 

35.000 

240,000,25,675,000 

Millions  ot  Lbs. 

Year 

^ 

Cotton 

Wool 

Flax  ;Hemp!  Jute 

Silk 

Total 

1780    . 

220 

440 

500 

350 

30 

1,54° 

1800    . 

303 

460 

600 

400 

30 

1.793 

1820    . 

402 

520 

700 

450   j     ... 

33 

2,105 

1840    . 

1,210 

694 

800 

■  500 

3S 

3.239 

1850    . 

1.335  . 

886 

900 

600 

60 

37 

3.818 

i860    . 

2.451 

1.074 

925 

700 

130 

40 

S.320 

1870    . 

2.67s 

1.579 

1,200 

750 

410 

42 

6,656 

1880   . 

3.501 

1.91S 

1,120 

820    ,     900 

45 

8,301 

1887    . 

4.433 

2,24^2 

1,230  1    880   >  1,310 

50 

10,145 

It  appears  that  the  production  of  metals  has  multiplied 
fifty -fold  since  1800. 

Reducing  to  tons  the  total  weight  oi  fibre  consumed  in  100  years  down  to  1880,  we  find  it  was  approximately  as 
follows : — 


Tons  Aggregate 

Cotton 

Wool 

Flax 

Hemp 

Jute 

.    Silk     . 

T-otalV- 

I78I-1800        .        .        .  \    2,200,000 

4,100,000 

4,900,000 

3,400,000 

.  270,000 

14,870,000 

1801-20    . 

2,500,000 

4,400,000 

5,800,000 

3,800,000 

270,000 

.  16,770,000 

1821-40    . 

4,560,000 

5,500,000 

6,700,000 

4,200,000 

.f. 

300,00a 

21,260,000 

1841-50    . 

5,220,000 

3,600,000 

.  3,700,000 

2,500,000 

200,000 

160,000 

15.380,000 

1851-60  . 

8,260,000 

4,400,000 

4,100,000 

2,900,000 

600,000 

170,000 

20.430,000 

1861-70   . 

8,190,000 

5,900,000 

4,800,000 

3,200,000 

2,000,000 

170,000 

24,260.000 

I87I  80  . 

12,860,000 

7,700,000 

5,200,000 

3,400,000 

3,500.000 

180,000 

32,840,000 

lOQ  years . 

43,790,000 

35,600.000 

35,200,000 

23,400,000 

6,300,000 

1,520.000 

145,810,000 

The  total  output  of  textile  manufactures  in  107  years  was  approximately  as  follows : — 


Millions  £  Sterling 

Period 

U.  Kingdom 

France 

Germany 

Russia 

Austria 

Italy 

Spain 

Belgium 

Various 

U.  States 

Total 

1781-1800     . 

620 

480 

160 

70    !      100 

SO 

90 

no 

.■    SO 

1.730 

1801-20 

980 

680 

210 

90 

140 

70 

120 

160 

•    80 

2.530 

1821-40 

1.538 

921 

334 

172 

243 

101 

172 

6i) 

192 

208 

3.941 

1841-50 

970 

634 

318 

250 

199 

74 

94 

54 

10 1 

261 

2,955 

1851-60 

1,265 

740 

396 

294 

242 

94 

115 

59 

126 

375 

3.706 

1861-70 

1.546 

958 

486 

352 

279 

128 

134 

108 

163 

628 

4.782 

1871-80 

1,872 

945 

607 

486 

331 

156 

158 

151 

198 

706 

5,610 

1881-87 

1,218 

672 

520 

361 

256 

131 

no 

106 

214 

651 

4.239 

107  years 

10,009 

6,030 

3.031 

2.075 

1,790 

804- 

993 

538 

1.264 

2.959 

29.493 

1781  1800 

1801-20 

1821-40 

1841-50 

1851-60 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-67 

Total 

Cottons 
Woollens 
Linens. 
Silks     . 
Sundries 

140 
1,040 

Si 

30 

660 
1,100 

ST'o 

340 

60 

1.506 
1,280 

480 
125 

.   1.05s 

1,064 

372 

3" 

153 

1,440 

1.243 

431 

406 

186 

1,810 

1,661 

544 

522 

245 

2.234 

1.921 

57S 

559 

321 

1.782 

1.366 

.  397 

475 

219 

10,627 

10,67s 

3.494 

3.358 

1.339 

Total 

1.730  ■ 

2.530 

3.941 

2.955 

3.706 

4.782 

5,610 

4.239 

29.493 

MANUFACTURES 


MANUFACTURES 


In  1873  the  Government  estimated  all  Spanish  manu- 
factures at  ;^6o,ooo,ooo  sterling :  much  too  low  a  figure. 

Scandinavia 

In  1765  the  Government  of  Sweden,  fin/Iing  the  nobles 
unable  to  keep  up  agriculture,  passed  a  law  to  close  most 
of  the  factories,  which  caused  the  skilled  workmen  in 
steel-works  and  silk-mills  to  migrate  into  Russia.  The 
law  was  repealed  in  1785,  but  the  mischief  was  done. 
The  factory  statistics  show  thus  : — 

Year  Factories  Product,  £ 

1772      ...       886 


1830 
1840 
1856 
1865 
1876 


1.857 
2,176 

2.513 
2.31S 
2,82s 


700,000 
1,200,000 
2,100,000 
4,200,000 
9,600,000 


A  statement  published  in  1837  was  as  follows  : — 

Woollens      Cottons,  b'c     All  Textiles 
Factories     .        .  109  1,940  2,049 

Operatives  .        .      3,000  10,300  13.300 

Output,  £  .        .  300,000  760,000  1,060,000 

The  statement  for  1865  was  as  follows : — 


Textiles 

£          1  Miscellaneous 

£ 

Cottons        ..   . 
Woollens    .    . 
Silks,  linens,  &c. 

490,000  • 

480,000 

470,000 

Sugar  ,     .     . 

Tobacco   .     . 

Hardware,&c. 

•> 

Total    . 

730,000 

360,000 

1,680,000 

All  textiles  .     . 

1,440,000 

2,770,000 

According  to  Knut  Bonde,  the  factories  .represented 
about  half  the  manufactures  produced,  the  total  value 
having  been  ;^  1,400, 000  in  1824,  and  ;^4, 800,000  in 
1850.  The  hands  employed  in  factories  were  13,300  in 
1837,  and  53,000  in  1876. 

In  the  latter  year  the  factories  were  as  follows : — 


Worked  by 
^team 
Water 
Animals 


Total 


Number 
684 
637    - 
1.504 

2.825 


Horse-Power 
28,000 


In  1838  the  following  table  was  published  : — 


In  later  years  a  valuable  industry  has  sprung  up  at 
Jonkoping  in  the  manufacture  of  wooden  matches,  of 
which  450  millions  are  exported  yearly,  weighing  15,000 
tons. 

In  1880  Denmark  had  720  factories,  with  25,000  opera- 
tives and  10,000  horse-power.  The  textile  products  of 
all  Scandinavia  hardly  reach  four  millions  sterling  per 
annum.  ' 

>    Hardware  manufactures  in  Sweden  may  be  estimated 
thus: — 

Tons  Manufactures, 

Consumed  Value  £ 

Iron  .        .        .     300.000  4,100,000 

Steel .        .        .      80,000  2,200,000 


Total        .     380,000  6,300,000 

Those  of  Norway  are  about  ;^40o,ooo,  and  of  Denmark 
;^6oo,ooo.  * 

Belgium 

In  1830!  when  Belgium  threw  off  the  Dutch  yoke,  her 
factories  were  already  flourishing,  for  they  counted  12,000 
steam-engines,  with  an  aggregate  of  20,000  horse-power. 
Since  then  her  steam-power  in  fixed  engines  for  factories 
an(J  mines  has  grown  prodigiously,  viz.  : — 

Year  Horse-Power 

1830 .......      20,000 

1838 .        .       ^        .        .        .        .      25,300 

i860 162,000 

1S80 209,000 


Textile  Factories 

-  Capital,  £ 

Operatives 

Product,  £ 

Cotton 
Woollen       . 
Hosiery 

2,400,000 
3,000,000 

122,000 
40,000 
50,000 

3.400,000 
1,000,000 

Besides  the  foregoing,  the  linen  factories  turned  out 
750,000  pieces  yearly,  and  the  production  of  lace  was 
valued  at  ;^350,ooo.  ' 

There  were  also  175  foundries,  with  14,000  operatives, 
turning  out  150,000  tons  pig  iron. 

The  production  of  textiles  was  approximately  as  fol- 
lows : — 


Year 

Millions  £ 

•Woollens 

Cottons 

Linens,&c. 

Total 

1840  . 
i860  . 
1880  . 

2 

3 
3 
3 

I 
2 
8 

6 

8 

17 

Production  and  consumption  in  1887  were  approxi- 
mately : — 


Millions  £ 

Production 

Consumption 

Cottons     .... 
Woollens  .... 
Linens      .... 
Silks.  &c 

•1 

5 
.  2 

3 
6 

I 
I 

Total 

16 

II 

The  following  table  combines  the  official  reports  of 
1846  and  1880  :r— 


1846 

1880 

Opera- 
tives 

Horse- 
Power 

Opera- 
tives 

Horse- 
Power 

Product, 
lvalue.  £ 

Coal-mifles  . 
Ironworks    . 
Potteries.     . 
Cotton-mills 
Woollen-     ) 

mills  .  ; 

Flax,  &c.,    J 

mills  .  ; 

Food  .    ,    . 
Sundries .     . 

46,200 
42,300 
35.800 
14,700 

18,200 

60,700 

29,900 
67,000 

22,SCX> 

S.700 
1,200 
1,600 

1,600 

1,100 

2,000 
1.300! 

97.700 
70,000 
51.500 
17.500 

25,000 

50,900 

57.600 
58,600 

87,400 

38,500 

7.700 

9.900 

13,100 

9,800 

54.700 
21,300 

6,200,000 
14,100,000 
3,800,000 
2,700,000 

6,000,000 

5,400,000 

31,600,000 
17,200,000 

Total  .    . 

314,800 

37,000  428,800 

242,400  87,000,000 

Motive  power  in  1880  was  as  follows : — 


In  1880  the  ratio  of  horse-power  was  56  to  every  100 
operatives,  whereas  in  1846  it  was  less  than  12.  Ilorse- 
oower  gr^w  seven-fold  in  thirty-four  years. 


MANUFACTURES 


938 


MANUFACTURES 


The  balance-sheet  of  textile  industries  for  47  years  may 
be  summed  up  thus : — 


Millions  £  Sterling 

Fibre 

Manufactures 

Net 

CoUon  .... 
Wool     .... 
Silk  ..... 
JFlax,  &c.    .    .    . 

58 

73 

7 

53 

141 

190 

17 

130 

83 

117 

10 

77 

Total    .    . 

191 

478 

287 

1841-50      .    .    . 
1851-60      .    .    . 
1861-70      .     .     . 
1871-80      .    .     . 
1881-87      •    •    • 

18 

22 

45 

63 

43 

54 

59 

108 

151 
106 

36 
37 
63 
88 
63 

47  years     .     .     . 

191 

478 

287 

The  hardware  industries  may  be  estimated  thus : — ^. 


Tons 
Consumed 

Manufactures, 
Value,  £ 

Iron  .^  .    .  . 

,Steel.    '•-  .--     . 
Zinc,  copper,  &c. 

6ckD,ooo 
230,000 

8,100,000 
6,200,000 
2,200,000 

Total 

16,500,000 

B  According  to  the  Census  of  1880  there  were  953,ocx) 
persons  engaged  in  manufactures,  and  the  gross  value  of 
their  products  was  87  millions  sterling.  The  statement 
at  page  365  gives  102  millions  for  1888. 

Switzerland 
in  1887  the  Factory  Rep&rt  showed  thus  :-r- 

'^  f'^  "f'T  ^^  \  Factories- 


„       -  ""-^ 
1  Cotton - 

Silk    .  -^  . 

tWool,  flax,  &C. 
j' Lace  .  ■  "i  ,   '■> , 
[  Watches    . 
'Sundries    .  ^_-' 


398 
246 

77 
1,240 

925 


Operativei 
36,400 
26,500 
,  4.200 
23,300 
11,100 
49,200 


\  The  total  was  3087  factories  with  151,000  operatives. 

The  manufactures,  between  the  above  factories  and  the 
work  done  outside,  represented  approximately  the  follow- 
ing values : — 


Textiles  '-'' 
Silks  .  .."". 
Cottons  .  . 
Woollens,  &c. 

Total 


,£ 

5,800,000 

3, 100,000 
1,400,000 


-<!SV 


10,300,000 


Miscellaneous 
Hardware . '  . 
Watches  .  . 
Lace  .  .  . 
Sundries    .     . 


£ 

1,600,000 

3,800,000 

,  4,200,000 

15,400,000 


25,000,000 


Total 
,^'  'United  States 

Reduced  to  English  money,  the  principal  manufactures 
may  be  simimed  up  thus : — 


_-  -  - 

Census  Values,  Millions  of 

^Sterling 

Approximate 
Value  in 

' 

1810'l840 

1860  1  1870 

1880 

1888 

Textiles     .    . 

10 

14 

38 

55 

80 

112 

Hardware 

4 

10 

29 

92 

129 

194 

Food    ... 

8 

18 

64 

no 

168 

202 

Clothing   .    . 

3 

8 

IS 

27 

50 

98 

Leather    .    . 

4 

7 

34 

S6' 

83 

104 

Lumber    .  , . 

I 

3 

20 

42 

49 

63 

Sundries    ,  ^ . 

I 

36 

192 

323 

558 

670 

31  :  96 

392   i    705   j  I. 117 

1.443 

The  principal  manufactures  were  as  follows,  in  millions 
of  dollars.  The  paper  \-alue  of  1870  is  reduced  to  its 
proper  equivalent  in  gold  : — 

I  Millions  of  Dollars 


18101840 

1850 

1860 

1870 

1880 

Flour 

21'    71 

136 

224 

356 

505 

Iron 

17;    37 

49 

71 

287 

336 

Leather    . 

18 

33 

92 

162 

271 

397 

Lumber   . 

6 

IS 

59 

q6 

202 

233 

Cottons    . 

30 

46 

66 

II S 

142 

211 

Machinery 

II 

28 

47 

III 

214 

Clothing  . 

36 

48 

70 

130 

242 

Sugar 

10 

38 

96 

15s 

Woollens . 

17 

21 

48 

6q 

121 

161 

Liquor     . 

16 

IS 

22 

43 

75 

144 

Cabinet-work  . 

18 

18 

24 

55 

83 

Printing  . 

..; 

12 

42 

46 

91 

Implements      . 

T 

18 

42 

69 

Paper 

10 

18 

39 

55 

Soap  and  candles .    . 

... 

rS?    10 
1*404 

17 

18 

27 

Sundries  . 

27:155 

832 

1. 395 

2,447 

Total     . 

152   458 

1. 019. 

1,886 

3.386 

5.370^ 

There  was  no  Census  of  manufactures  in  1820 ;  that  of 
1830  took  only  the  number  of  hands  engs^ed.  The 
Census  of  18 10  gave  the  following;  the  values  being 
■reduced  to  English  money : — 


States         Textile  Goods 

Sundries 

Total 

Ratio 

New  England      2,600,600 
Middle      .     .       3,500,000 
South  .    .    ■.       3,560,090 
West    .    .     .           40,000 

!        £ 

4,900,000 
12,300,000 

4,640,000 
.60,000 

•    £ 
7,500,000 
15.800,000 
8,200,000 
.    100,000 

23.8 

50.0 

259 

3 

Total    .  i    9,700,000 

21,900,000 

31 ,600,000 

100.0 

The  Census  of  1.840  gave  the  following :- 


Hands 

Value,  ;^ 

Product  per 
Hand,  £  « 

Cottons  . 

72,100 

9,700,000 

136 

Woollens 

21,300 

4,300,000 

206 

Mixed  ■  . 

38,400 

9,700,000 

247 

Hardware 

44,100 

7,700,000 

175 

Machinery 

13,000 

2,300,000 

177 

Flour      . 

60,800 

14,800,000 

244 

Houses  . 

85,500 

8,700,000 

102 

Carpentry 

39.900 

3,900,000 

98 

Timber  . 

22,100 

3,200,000 

145 

Liquor   . 

12,200 

3,100,000 

245  - 

Leather  . 

26,100 

6,900,000 

263 

Sundries 

160,000 

20,900,000 

130 

Total    . 

595.500 

95,200,000 

160  , 

States 

Manufactures 

Capital     'M 

New  England    . 

31 

£ 
.800,000 

£ 
18,000,000 

Middle       . 

. 

41 

,600,000 

22,400,000 

South 

. 

II 

,900,000 

8,600,000 

West . 

• 

' 

,900,000 

6,600,000 

;  Total     . 

.  ,_    . 

95 

,200,000 

55,600,000 

Since  1840  there  has  been  a  steady  increase  in  the 
average  product  per  operative,  which  was  then  only 
;^i6o,  and  in  1880  exceeded  ;i^4CO.  This  is  mainly  due' 
to  improved  machinery,  enabling  two  men  now  to  ..pro- ' 
duce  as  much  as  five  did  in  1840.. 


MANUFACTURES 


939 


MANUFACTURES 


The  Census  of  1850  showed  as  follows  : — 


States 

Opera- 
tives 

Millions  £  Sterling 

Product 

Capital  1  Wages 

Product 

Hand.  £ 

N.  England 
Middle    .    . 
South      .     . 
West.    .     . 

313.000 
418,000 
104,000 
122,000 

34 
49 
13 
14 

16 

21 

4 

8 

59 
98 
20 
35 

186 

233 
193 
288- 

Total    . 

957.000 

no 

49 

212 

220 

The  Census  of  i860  showed  as  follows  :- 


States  Y 

Opera- 
tives 

Millions  £  Sterling 

Product 

Capital 

Wages  1  Product 

Hand,  £ 

N.  England 
Middle    .    . 
South     .    . 
West.    .    . 

390,000 
542,000 
126,000 
253,000 

54 
89 

23 

42 

22 

31 

7 

20 

98 

166 

39 

91 

250 
306 
310 
360 

Total  '. 

1,311,000 

208 

80 

394 

301 

That  of  1870,  reduced  to  gold  values,  showed :- 


States    ■ 

Opera- 
tives 

Millions  £  Sterling 

Product 

Capital 

Wages 

Product 

per 
Hand,  £ 

N.  England 
Middle   .     . 
South     .     . 
West.    .    . 

526,000 
801,000 
187,000 
540,000 

85 
156 

24 
102 

8 

34 

167 

.295 

47 

196. 

317 
370 
250 
363 

Total    . 

2,054,000 

367 

135 

705 

344 

That  of  1880  showed  as  follows : — 


^  States 

Opera- 
tives 

Millions  £  Sterling 

Product 

per 
Hand.  £ 

Capital 

Wages 

Product 

N.  England 
Middle   .    . 
South     .     . 
West.    .    . 

645,000 

1,102,000 

228,000 

758,000 

130 

243 

40 

168 

.48 
83 
11 

56 

231 

462 

70 

354 

358 
420 

307 
470 

Total    . 

2,733,ooo|      581 

198 

1,117 

408 

The  value  of  manufactures  was  artificially  heightened 
by  protective  customs  duties.  My  estimate  for  i8i^8,  at 
page  378,  is  1443  millions  sterling.  The  results  of  the 
last  five  Censuses  may  be  summed  up  thus  : — 


Year 

Opera- 
tives 

Millions  £  Sterling 

Product 

Capital 

Wages 

Product 

per 
Hand,  £ 

1840   .     . 
1850   .    . 
i860   .    . 
1870   .    . 
1880   .    . 

596,000 

957,000 

1,311,000 

2,054,000 

2,733,000 

no 
208 
367 

581 

49 
80 

135 
198 

95 
212 

394 

705 

1.117 

160 
220 
301 

344 
408 

The  numbers  for  1870  and  1880  seem  to  include  only 
factory  hands,  as  the  Censuses  for  those  years  give  the 

The  principal  manufacturing  Staltes  have  been  as  follows 


nu,mbers  employed  in  manufactures  througliout  the  Union 
as  2, 707,000  and  3,837,000  respectively.    See  Occupation. 
The  production  and  consumption  of  textile  goods  in 
1888  were  approximately  as  follows  : — 


Millions  £  Sterling 

Production    j  Consumption 

Cotton 

Woollens 

Silks 

Linens,  &c       .        .        . 

60 
39 

I 

63 
44 
14 
13 

Total    . 

112                      134 

The  value  of  all  textile  manufactures  at  various  dates, 
was  approximately :- 


Millions  £  Sterling 

Year 

Woollens 

Cottons 

Silks 

Linens,  ^c. 

Total 

1810 

4 

6 

10 

1840 

4 

9 

... 

I 

14 

1850 

10 

13 

I 

24 

i860 

13 

22 

I 

2 

38 

1870 

23 

26 

2 

4 

55 

1880 

30, 

38 

7 

S 

80 

1888 

39 

60 

8 

S 

112 

The  balance-sheet  of  textile  industries  for  47  years  was 
approximately  as  follows  : — 


Millions  £  Sterling 

Fibre 

Manufactures 

Net  Product 

Cotton 
Wool . 
Silk     . 
Flax,  &C     . 

663 

314 
55       • 
76. 

1,411 
911. 

"5 

184 

748 

597 

60 

108 

Total 

1.108 

2,621 

1.513 

1841-50 
1851-60 
1861-70 
1871-80 
1881-87 

88 
138 
316 

297 
269 

261 

375 
628 
706 
(>5^ 

173        1 

237      : 
312 

409  . 
382      1 

47  years 

1,108 

2,621 

1.S13    . 

The  value  of  hardware  manufactures  may  be  estimated 
for  1888  as  follows: — 


Iron   . 

Steel  . 

Copper       . «' 
Lead  . 
Tin,  zinc,  &c. 


Total 


Tons  Consumed 


4,800, OCX} 

3,150,000 

110,000 

180,000 

70,000 


8,310,000 


Manufactures, 
Value,  £ 


72,000,000 

94,500,000 

14,000,000 

6,700,000 

6,300,000 


193.500,000 


States 

Operatives 

Product,  Millions  £ 

1860 

1860 

1870 

1880 

1860 

1860 

1870 

1880 

New  York      .... 
Pennsylvania. 
Massachusetts 
Other  States  ... 

s,».    K     . 

199,000 
147,000 
178,000 
433.000 

230,000 
222,000 

2I7,0(X) 

642,000 

351,000 

319,600 

279,000 

1,105,000 

501,000 

387,000 

352,000 

1,493,000 

50 
32 
33 
97 

79 
60 

S3 
202 

131 
119 

93 
362 

224 
iSS 

131 
607 

^  Total       . 

957,000 

1,311,000 

2,054,000 

2.733.000 

212 

394 

705 

1,117^ 

MANUFACTURES 


940 


MANUFACTURES 


States 


Ratio  per  Operative 


Wages,  jQ 


Product,  jC 


1 

1860 1860 1870 1880 1850 1860 18701880 

I        1         1         1        1        1 

New  York 

51 

59 

68 

83    250 

340  1  373 

448 

Pennsylvania  . 

52 

56 

69 

72     220 

267 

372 

400 

Massachusetts 

49 

54 

73 

76 

180 

240 

332 

370 

Ohio 

54 

61 

62 

70 

25=! 

334 

330 

395 

Illinois    .        . 

50 

70 

64 

80 

250 

500  1  409 

593 

New  Jersey     . 

50 

59 

75 

76 

210 

270 

373 

420 

Connecticut    . 

49 

bi 

7=; 

81 

196 

270 

300 

344 

Other  States  . 

52 

68 

57 

63 

225. 

316 

317 

3«4 

General  average      . 

SI 

61 

66 

72 

220 

300 

344 

408 

The  motive-power  in  1880  comparedwith  1870 thus : — 


Factories 


Year 


Steam  Water    Total 


1870     140,191 
i88o      156,483 


51,018 
55,400 


Horse-Power 


Steam     Water 


Total 


91,209  1,216,0001,130,0002,346,000 
111,883  2,186,000^1,225,000  3,411,000 


The  distribution  of  motive-power  and  that  of  operatives 
were  as  follows  : — 


Factories 

Horse- Power 

Hands 

1870 

1880 

1870 

1880 

Cotton 
Woollen 
Flour .        , 
Lumber      .        , 
Iron    . 
Paper.        , 
Implements,  &c 

146,000 
93,000 
S77.000 
642,000 
171,000 
S3.000 
664,000 

276,000 
123,000 
771,000 
822,000 
397,000 
124,000 
898,000 

136,000 
90,000 
58,000 

150,000 

78,000 

18,000 

21177,000 

186,000 
105,000 

58,000 
1^8,000 
141,000 

24,000 
2,175,000 

Sundries     .     .    . 

2,346,000 

3,411,000  ,2,707,000 

3,837,000 

Ratio  of  Power  in  1880 

/ 

Steanr 

Steam  and 
Water 

Hands 

Pennsylvania    :   . 
New  York   . 
Ohio    . 

Massachusetts     . 
Michigan     . 
Illinois 
Other  States 

18.4 

10,7 

10.3 

7.8 

6.0 

S-8 

41.1 

15.0 
13-3 
7.7 

4.8 

4.2 

45-9 

13.8 
16.4 
6.3 
9.6 
3-4 
5-4 
45. 1 

Total 

100. 0 

10 

0.0 

lOO.O 

. Canada 

The  earliest  record  of  manufactures  was  published  in 
1830,  as  follows : — Domestic  looms  1300,  turning  out 
4,000,000  yards  of  woollens  and  linens  yearly ;  saw-mills 
1580,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  ;^  1,250, 000 ;  export  of 
timber  ;^i, 000,000  sterling.  There  were  also  1086  mills 
of  various  other  kinds,  and  seven  foundries. 

The  industrial  Census  of  1881  compared  with  1871  as 
follows : — 


Year 

Capital, 
j6 

Product, 

£ 

Operatives 

Average 
Wages,  £ 

1871     . 
1881     . 

16,200,000 
34,400,000 

46,ooo,c«o 
64,400,000 

188,000 
255,000 

45-2 
48.4 

The  average  product  per  operative  was  ;^244  in  187 1, 
and  £2SZ  in  i^oi, 

Australia 

Only  three  of  the  Australian  colonies  publish  detailed 
statistics  of  manufactures,  which  are  given  for  1886-89 
in  Mr.  Coghlan's  Official  Report  for  New  South  Wales. 
Thes6  three  Colonies,  however,  comprise  three-fourths  of 
the  population,  and  if  we  suppose  the  others  have  manu- 
factures in  the  same  ratio,  the  account  will  stand  thus : — 


Factories 

Hands 

Value  of 
Machinery,;^ 

New  South  Wales      . 

Victoria 

New  Zealand      .        . 

Four  other  Colonies  . 

3,106 

2,974 
1,946 
2,680 

45, 600 
54,500 
22,100 
40,700 

'    5,740,000 
5,490,000 
2,110,000 
4,450,000 

Total  .     . 

10,706 

162,900 

17,790.000 

In  New  South  Wales  the  value  of  land  and  buildings 
occupied  by  factories  in  1888  was  ;^9,3SO,ooo,  making  a 
total  of  ;^  1 5, 100,000  invested  in  this  branch  of  industry. 
Supposing  the  ratio  to  be  the  same  in  the  other  Colonies 
as  compared  with  value  of  machinery,  the  result  is: — • 


Manufactures, 
Capital,  £ 

£  per  Inhabi- 
tant 

New  South  Wales     . 
Victoria     .        .        .        . 
New  Zealand     .        .        . 
Four  other  Colonies  .        . 

15,100,000 

14,400,000 

5,500.000 

11,500,000 

13.6 

13.0 

9.0 

12.7 

Total 

46,509,000 

12.8     -i    -i 

The  principal  industries  of  Australia  as  regards  number  of  hands  employed  were : — 


Textiles 

i       Hardware       ! 

1                                            ! 

Food 

Sundries 

Total 

New  South  Wales    .        .     •  .' 
Victoria    .  '      .        .        .        . 

New  Zealand  .  §,  .        » 

S.700 
9,600 
4,100 

j          16,700 
1          20,600 

!        8,100, 

7,400 
5,800 
3.200 

15.800 

18,500 

6,700 

45.600 

<54.5oo 

22,1(}0 

Total 

19.400 

!           45.400           1 

16,400 

41,000 

122,200 

The  averse  product  per  operative  being  £2$'^  in 
Canada  and  £297  in  the  United  States,  we  may  fairly 
suppose  ;^25o  for  Australia,  in  which  case  the  result 
would  be:— 

Value 

Produced,  £ 

New  South  Wales  11,400,000 

Victoria  ....  13,600,000 

(New  Zealand        •■  5,500,000 


Four  other  Colonies  10,200,000 
■^"^^Total^ 


•ib 


40,700,000 


Textiles  . 
Hardware^ 
Food  .    . 
Sundries  , 


Total 


^■'  Value 
Produced,  £ 
.  6,500,000 
.  15,100,000 
•  5. 500,000 
.  13,600,000 

.  40,700,000 


,The  al>OYe  is  the  output  of  factoriesj  the  totsd  value  of 


manufactiues  being  probably  about  64  millions  sterling, 
as  already  stated. 

The  growth  of  manufactures  has  been  very  rapid,  the 
number  of  hands  in  New  South  Wales,  for  example, 
having  risen  thus : — 


1878 

1888 

Males        .... 
Females    .... 

21,500 
3,200 

41.300 
4.300 

Total 

24,700 

45.600 

This  shows  a  rise  of  80  per  ceut,  in  tea  yeais> 


MINING 


941 


MINING 


Value  Millions  £  Sterling 

•0 

U 

0 

u 

•S 
^ 

c 
N 

e 

i 

H-l 

1    • 

"rt' 

1801-20 

41 

125 

4 

10 

4 

13 

136 

333 

1821-40 

48 

89 

8 

15 

.S 

26 

250 

441 

1841-50 

17 

67 

9 

14 

I 

5 

30 

253 

456 

1851-60 

282 

78 

18 

2.S 

2 

.■; 

48 

3»5 

843 

1861-70 

264 

lo.S 

25 

29 

4 

8 

70 

681 

1,186 

1871-80 

241 

178 

35 

ae 

11 

23 

no 

1,104 

1.732 

1881-88 

148 

154 

50 

s8 

14 

21 

"5 

1,050 

1,580 

88  years 

1,101 

796 

149 

151 

32 

71 

412 

3.859 

6.571 

The  foregoing  table  of  tonnage  gives  only  the  metal 
of  gold  and  silver,  the  quantities  of  ore  being  unknown. 
It  has  been,  however,  stated. that  the  average  was  in 
California  7o,ocx)  tons  for  one  ton  of  gold,  and  in 
Australia  94,000  tons  for  one.*  As  regards  silver,  the 
ordinary  yield  in  Spanish  America  is  80  oz.  to  the  ton. 
At  these  rates  we  can  estimate  the  amount  of  ore  raised. 
The  account  of  all  mining  will  then  stand  thus : — 


Millions  of  Tons  Raised 

Gold 
Quartz 

Silver 
Ore 

Iron  Ore 

Lead,  &c. 

Coal 

Total 

1801-20    . 

23 

7 

35 

4 

277 

346 

1821-40    . 

28 

5 

82 

8 

566 

689 

1841-50    . 

44' 

\ 

96 

8 

637 

789 

1851-60    . 

162 

5 

150 

17 

1,093 

1,427 

1861-70    . 

142 

7 

205 

26 

1,873 

2,253 

1871-80    . 

127 

12 

338 

37 

2,855 

3,369 

1881-88   . 

86 

9 

367 

52 

3,300 

3,814 

88  years    . 

612 

49 

1.273 

152 

10,601 

12,687 

As  regards  quantity,  coal  stood  for  nearly  85  per  cent, 
of  all  minerals  extracted.  ** 

The  totaLmBUng_pjodutt.;m^ibe  summed  up  thus  :-^  " 

_     _  /Millions  £  Sterlingj 

iPrecious'"nietai^/, .  »  J!?^''"".    1,897, 

(Metallic  ores'*"'^Njl  ,  ,        ."^    815 

•CoaU^.v  >.       i  ,  «       t^3.859. 

|Tfie* share^Jcprrespondin^B^l^^^everal   countries 
.were :  —  ^  -  -       - 

\  .A 


■  "^ 

!  Millions  £  Sterling 

0  n! 

0 

1^? 

S.F 

•g 

•s 

2 

0   i) 

c 

2 

.30 

ah 

U 

^ 

United  Kingdom 

168 1  33 

24 

36 

2,072 

2,333 

France 

37 

7 

4 

303 

351 

Germany 

i-,A,0 

SI 

31 

II 

15 

419 

■;67 

Russia .       1 .        . 

.    222 

5 

6 

17 

250 

-•Mistria       ,.,       . 

*>6o 

II 

.,  2 

,  I 

8q 

163 

Belgium    .-'. 

... 

8 

7 

243 

258 

United  States      . 

508 

67 

42 

'44 

6 

6X2 

1,279 

Australia      .  | 

322 

13 

23 

358 

Vurious       1./ 

745 

6*5 

36 

46 

39 

81 

1,012 

T^kf^    '. 

1,897 

412 

151 

149 

103 

3.859 

6.571 

•  The  quartz  raised  by  the  gold  mines  of  California  and 
Australia  would  suffice  to  build  150  pyramids  like  that  of 
Cheops.  The  gold  extracted  wouid  fit'  in  a  room  40  by  20 
/eetiaM  15  high.  - 


Excluding  precious  metals,  the  values  of  mining  pro- 
du9ts  were,  in  order  of  time,  as  follows : — 


Millions  £  Sterling, 

>Periad* 

\ 

E 
0 
■o 

.1    c 

8 

c 

.  c  • 

E 

.2 
"5 

E 

3- 

'5) 

2 
0 

1 

*  U! 

fe 

fe 
0 

< 

^ 

D 

> 

V^' 

f  D 

1801-20  .  '.    . 

123 

13 

'  12 

I 

4 

4 

10 

167 

1821-40  . 

204 

27 

23 

4 

19 

7 

20 

304 

1841-50  . 

194 

26 

22 

6 

iq 

■  25 

20 

312 

i85i-t)o  . 

267 

37 

4"^ 

8 

36 

'  54 

36 

483 

1861-70  . 

416 

61 

96 

20 

56 

"3 

55 

817 

1871-80  . 

658 

lOI 

151 

31 

68 

205 

99 

1.313 

1881-88  . 

■    471 

86 

178 

33 

56 

357 

97 

1,278 

88  years . 

• 

2,333 

351 

527 

103 

258 ! 76s 

337 

4.674 

Iron -mining   may  be  summed  up  approximately  as 
follows : — 


Million  Tons  Ore 

Period 

r 

8 

2 

0 
•c 

0 

1801-20 

17 

3 

4 

6 

S 

35 

1821-40 

44 

9 

6 

12 

^ 

10 

82 

1841-50 

49 

10 

7 

14 

1 

IS 

9b 

1851-60 

90 

IS 

II 

12 

2 

20 

150 

1861-70 

101 

27 

31 

17 

•4 

25 

20s 

1871-80 

160 

58 

54 

26 

10 

30 

338 

1881-88 

116 

90 

72 

22 

37 

30 

367 

88  years 

577 

212 

185 

109 

55 

1.35 

1.273 

The  extraction  of  other  minerals  in 
approximately  as  follows : — 


years  was 


Tons 


Lead 

Copper 

Tin 

Great  Britain  .    . 
France  .... 
Germany    .    ..    . 
Russia  .... 
Austria .... 

Italy .  • 

Spain     .     .     .    . 
United  St^^es.     . 
Australia    .     .    . 
Various.    .    .    . 

6,800,000 
1,600,000 
6,000,000 

1,400,000 
1,300,000 
7,500,000 
9,600,000 

400,000 

11,200,000 

1,600,000 

9,700,000 

5,100,000 

600,000 

11,400,000 

2^»X),000 

llRoo.ooo 
11,500,000 

800,000 

360,000 
270,000 

Total    .    . 

34,600,000 

84,900,000 

1,430,000 

The  number  of  persons  employed  in  mining  at  various 
dates  was  approximately  as  follows  : — 


.J  c 

"C  u) 

c 

rt  '5 

0  0 

ri 

0 

a 

Year 

c,b 

'S  5 

C 

0 

oa 

fc. 

0 

^ 

^ 

_ 

_ 

1165,000  10,000  20,000,  30,000  25,000  250,000 
245,000  15,000  40,000  50,000  92,000  442,000 
497,000'  70,000  70,000159.000220,0001,016,000 
56*1,000  152,000  100,000217,600275,000  1,305,000 
654,000234,000,120,000  300,000450.000  1,758,000 
593,000  550,000  112,000337,000440,0002,032,000 


MINING 


942 


MINING 


.  The  weight  of  minerals  raised  compares  with  miners 
approximately,  thus': — 


Year 

No.  of  Miners 

Tons  Raised 

Tons  per  Man 

1820    .     .     . 
1840    .•    .     . 
i860    .     .     . 
1870    .     .     . 
1888     ... 

250,000 

442,  CXX) 

1,016,000 

1,305,000 

2,032,000 

27,000,000 
71,000,000 
198,000,000 

29O,0OO,CXX) 

565, OCX), 000 

108 
160 
194 
222 
270 

The  ratio  for  British  miners  in  1889  was  330  tons 
per  man. 

The  superiority  of  English  miners  is  stated  by  the  Iron 
and  Steel  Ins&itute  to  be  shown  in  the  proportion  of  iron 
ore  extracted  by  each  miner  yearly  as  follows : — 


England 

France 

Algeria 


Tons 
923 
393 
323 


Spain  . 

•Germany 

Belgium 


Tons 

292» 

283 
127 


This,  however,  appears  to  be  exaggerated  as  regards 
English  miners,  for  we  find  (see  p,  401)  that  the  annual 
product  of  all  minerals  in  Great  Britain  in  188S  did  not 
exceed  301  tons  per  miner. 

In  1 884  the  deepest  mines  in  the  woria  were : — 


Mine. 

Country 

Mineral 

Depth,  Feet 

Lambert 

Belgium 

Coal 

3.490 

Birkenberg 

Austria 

Silver 

3,280 

Zwickau 

Saxon V 

Coal 

2.637 

St.  Andre 

Prussia 

Silver 

*i532 

Rosebridge 

England 

Coal 

2.510 

Duckinfield 

;, 

'•,, 

2,448 

Magdala 

Australia 

Gold 

1,950 

Chaumont 

France 

Coal 

1,876 

Kongsberg 

Norway 

Silver 

1,869 

Scheninitz 

Hungary 

1.771 

La  Huerta 

Spain 

X.548 

The  production  of  metals  in  the  present  century  has  been  approximately  as  follows : — 


Tons 

Pig  Iron         i        Copper 

Lead 

Tin 

Zinc           1           Total 

1801-20     . 
1821-40 

1841-50    . 
1851-60     , 
1861-70 
1871-80     . 
1881-88    . 

13,200,000 
32,800,000 
33,500,000 
57, 100, coo 
93,6co,oc» 

I42,100,CXO 

I76,coo,ocx5 

I70,<XX3 

370,000 
335.000 
585,000 
780,000 
1,200,000 
1,540,000 

i,4o6,coo 
i,90o,coo 
i,6cx>,ooo 
3,0oo,cxx) 
4,000,000 
4,400,000 
4,100,000 

60,000 
90,<xx) 
60,000 
70,000 

IOO,CXO 
300,CXX5 

280, cx» 

40,cxxj 
70,000 

SIOjOCXJ 

370,000 

950,<xx3 

i,470,coo 

1,910,000 

14,870,000 
35,230,000 
35,555.000 
60,125,000 
97,880,000 
148,170,000 
183,030,000 

88  years     . 

548,300.000 

4,980,000 

20,400,000 

960,000 

5,020,0CO 

574,86o,oc» 

Value,  Millions  £  Sterling 

Pig  Iron 

Copper 

Lead 

Tin 

Zinc 

Total 

1801-20  .     . 

97 

17 

42 

5 

I 

162^ 

1821-40  ,     , 

209 

37 

3» 

6 

I 

.    291 

1841-50  .     . 

151 

34 

29 

6 

4 

2£^ 

1851-60  .     , 

188 

5« 

43 

8 

7 

304 

1861-70  .     . 

I      301 

70 

49 

12 

18 

450 

1871-80  .     , 

i      425 

94 

62 

33 

24 

,       638 

1881-88  ,     . 

!     446 

105 

50 

25 

28 

6.S4 

•Jl^ 

88  years  .     . 

j  1.817 

415 

313 

95 

«3 

2,723 

Great  Britain 
France  . 
Germany 
Russia  . 
Austria  . 
Belsium  . 
U.  States 
Various   . 

Total 


•Value,  Millions  £  Sterling 


Pig  Iron  Copper    Lead  ,    Tin      Zinc     Total 


723 
181 

24s 
70 
66 
72 

380 
80 


1,817 


162 
19 

36 

20 
10 
10 
60 
98 


415 


82 
16 
65 

S 
IS 

16 

55 
59 


61 
5 

S 


16 


313 


95 


29 

I 

36 


83 


1.057 
222 

387 

S9 

'94 

102 

507 
555 


2,723 


United  Kingdom 
The  progress  of  British  mining  may  be  approximately  shown  thus  : — 


* 

Tons  Raised 

Coal 

Iron  Ore 

Copper  Ore 

Lead  Ore 

Zinc  Ore 

Tin  Ore 

Total 

1780 

8, 500, coo 

200,000 

30,000 

40,000 

5, coo 

5,000 

8,780.000 

1800 

10.100,000 

500,000 

50,000 

50,000 

5.C00 

5,000 

10.710,000 

1820 

I4,CXX5,CXX) 

1,000,000 

100,000 

60,000 

S.ooo 

5.000 

15.170,000 

1830 

i6,ioo,coo 

1,700,000 

150,000 

70,000 

5,000 

S.ooo 

18,080,000 

1840 

3S,oco,ooo 

3,5cx>,ooo 

150,000 

80,000 

10.000 

S.ooo 

38,793,000 

1850 

49, CXX), (XX) 

5.500,000 

180,000 

80,000 

15,000 

10,000^ 

54,785.000 

i860 

80,000,000 

8,ocx),coo 

240,000 

100,000 

15,000 

10,000 

88,285.000 

1870 

lIO,CXX3,CXX) 

14,400,000 

110, OCX) 

110,000 

15, coo 

15.000 

124,650,000 

1880 

147,000,000 

.  i8,ooo,cxo 

55,000 

90,oc» 

30,000 

15,000 

165.190.cxx> 

i883 

170,000,000 

14,600,000 

20,<XO 

60,000 

40,000 

15.000 

184,735,000 

About  ICX3  years  ago  the  weight  of  minerals  raised  daily  in  Great  Britain  was  25,000  tons,  and  in  1888  it  rose  to 
6cX3,ooo.  Improved  machinery  has  effected  a  great  economy  of  labour,  one  man  in  1888  raising  ^s  much  as  four 
could  do  in  locxj.  This  has  caused  a  notable  fall  in  the  price  of  minerals.  Thus  it  happens  that  although  the  weight 
of  minerals  raised  has  increased  twenty-one-fold  since  1 7SC,  the  value  of  same  has  cr'y  riccn  ten-fold. 


MINING 


9^3 


MINING 


Belgium 
The  official  records  for  48  years  show  as  follows : — 


Tons  Raised 

Value.  £ 

Tons  G^nl 

Year 

Miners 

Coal 

Iron 

Totiil 

Coal 

Iron 

Total 

Collier 

1840  .      . 

3,900,000 

200,000 

4,100,000 

1,800,000 

100,000 

1,900,000 

1850  . 

5,800,000 

300,000 

6,100,000 

1,800,000 

100,000 

1,900,000 

42,100 

121 

i860  . 

9,6<x),ooo 

800,000 

10,400,000 

4,300,000 

300,000 

4,600,000 

71,100 

123 

1870  . 

13,700,000 

700,000 

14,400,000 

6,000,000 

200,000 

6,200,000 

79,800 

149 

1S80  . 

16,900,000 

300,000 

17,200,000 

6,800,000 

100,000 

6,900,000 

81,400 

164 

1887  . 

18,400,000 

200,000 

18,600,000 

5,950,000 

50,000 

6,000,000 

77.000 

182 

There -are,  moreover,  stone  quarries,  whose  product  is 
valued  at  ;^i,3co,coo  per  annum. 

Sweden  and  Norway 
The  mining  products  of  Sweden,  may  he,  summed  up 
as  900,000  tons  of  iron  ore  and  300,000  tons  of  coal ;  the 
mines  employ  29,000  persons.  The  production  of  iron 
ore  has  trebled  since  1850.  Norway  has  28  mines, 
employing  2000  hands,  the  output  averaging  ;^  180,000 
per  annum.  The  mining  returns  of  Sweden  for  1870 
and  1887  compare  thus  : — 


Iron  .  '^,,- 
Copper*  .  ;" 
Zinc  .        . 


Tons  Ore 


1870 


700,000 

2,000 

33,000 


1887 


900,000 

1,000 

50,000 


Of  precious  metals  Sweden  raised  in  1870  gold  to  the 
value  of  ;f 1 50,000  and  silver  worth  ;^lo,ooo;  m  1887 
silver  represented  ;^40,ooo  sterling. 

Qreecs 
The  lead  mines  of  Laurium  have  been  wotked  for  maiiy 
years  by  a  French  company,  producing  1,206,000  tons 
ore  in  twelve  years  ending  1888,  one  half  of  which  was 
smelted  near  the  mines.  Small  quantities  of  zinc  ore  are 
also  raised  in  Greece.  The  total  value  of  mineral  pro- 
ducts is  about  ;^6oo,ooo  yearly. 

United  States 
The  following  table  shows  the  date  of  discovery  and 
the  commencement  of  mining  of  certain  minerals : — 


Place 

Dis- 
covered 

Began 
Mining 

Iron      .-it.  • 

Virginia 

1610 

1663 

Copper/"      1. 

Massachusetts 

1632 

1648 

Coal      .        » 

Pennsylvania 

1768 

1784 

Lead     .        !j 

i*        • 

... 

1823 

1829 

Petrbleum     . 

!. 

Pennsylvania 

1826 

184s 

Gold     .    .    . 

California 

1849 

1849 

Silver    .     '  . 

Nevada 

1858 

1859 

Quicksilver    . 

California 

i860 

i860 

The  first  iron-foundry  was  at  Lynn,  Massachusetts,  the 
first  copper  smelting-works  at  Salem  in  the  same  State. 
In  1660  the  Dutch  worked  copper  mines  in  New  Jersey, 
and  about  the  same  time  the  French  Jesuits  at  Lake 
Superior.  A  cargo  of  ninety  tons  of  copper  was  shipped 
from  New  York  in  1766,  but  little  progress  was  made 
until  1843,  when  the  United  States  Government  bought 
the  Lake  Superior  copper-fields  from  the  Chippeway 
Indians.  The  production  of  lead  in  1829  was  7200  tons. 
The  first  regular  oil-wells  were  found  near  Pittsburg, 
Pennsylvania,  in  1845  (see  Otf}.,  Gold  was  discovered 
at  Sutor's  Mill,  California,  in  1849,  silver  by  J.  H.  Com- 
itock  and  James  Phinney  at  Storey  Co.,  Nevada,  in 
1858 ;  small  quantities  of  gold  had  been  found  in  the 
Southern  States  previously. 

The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  principal 


mining  products  (except  gold    and    silver)  at  variojd 
dates : — 


Tons 

Year 

Coal 

Iron  Ore 

Copper 
Ore 

Lead 
Ore 

Total 

1830 
1840 
1850 
i860 
1870 
1880 
1889 

1,300,000 

1,800,000 

8,000,000 

15,000,000 

33,000,000 

70,500,000 

142,000,000 

400,000 
600,000 
1,200,000 
1,600,000 
3,200,000 
8,000,000 
13,300,000 

5.000 

40,000 

80,000 

120,000 

600,000 

7,000 

10,000 

50,000 

80,000 

100,000 

150,000 

250,000 

1,707,000 

2,410,000 

9.255.0C0 

16,720,000 

36,380,000 

78, 770, OCX) 

156,150,000 

as  ful- 


Period- 

Tons 

Value,  Millions  £  Sterliiiij 

Gold 

Silver 

Gold 

Silver 

Total 

1851-60  .    ^ 
1861-70  .    . 
1871-80  .    . 
1881-88  .    . 

830 

713 
620 

373 

7 

2.375 
7.750 
8,860 

116 

100 

87 

52 

20 

63 
62 

116 
120 
149 
114 

38  years .    . 

2.536 

18.992 

355 

144 

502 

The  total  value  of 

mining  products  in  88 

years  was 

approximately  as  follows : — 

Millions  £  Sterling' 

Period 

1 

1 

V 

B 
0 

CO 

c 
0 

u 

§• 

0 

•a 

etroleum 
Coal 

.a 
§ 

w 
g 

h-* 

a. 

1801-40  .    . 

I 

3 

I 

7 

12 

1841-50  .    . 

8 

3 

1 

3 

18 

33 

1851-60  .    . 

116 

5 

3 

6 

3 

40 

-173 

1861-70  .    . 

100 

20 

9 

.S 

8 

17 

01 

2 

252 

1871-80  .    .. 

87 

62 

18 

9 

11 

33 

167 

4 

391 

i88i-88  .    . 

52 

62 

29 

26 

13 

37 

289 

5 

513 

88  years  .     . 

364 

144 

67 

44 

42  1  90 

612 

11 

1.374 

The  production  of  inetallic  copper  and  lead,  according 
to  Keller,  was  as  follows : — 


Year 

184s 
1850 

r85S 
i860 
1865 
1870 

1875 
1880 
1882 


Cofper 


Tons 

100 

650 

3.000 

7.300 

8,600 

12,800 

18,300 

«7,4t» 

41,^00 


i^ai' 


Year 

,Tom 

18  2 

pUf^g.Joo 

1842 

\nJ>  21,800 

1852 

'„\  14.300 

1862 

,     12,900 

1872 

.     23,500 

1875 

.      54.100 

1878 

.     82,600 

1880 

,     88,7CO 

1882 

. 

«L^.f  .  120,000 

About  60  per  cent,  of  the. copper  comes  from  the  Lake 
Superior  fields  above  mentioned,  which  produced  1 90,000 
tons  of  metallic  copper  in  the  ten  years  ending  1882. 


MINING 


944 


MONEY 


The  Potosi  mines  yielded  600  millions  sterling  in  320 
years. 

Canada 


The  mining 

products  in 

1887  were  :— 

Tons 

Value.  £ 

Coal . 
Gold . 
Sundries    . 

.        \        . 

2,100,000 

1,000,000 

200,000 

r,  800,000 

Total 

3,ooo.<xx) 

Mexico 

There  are  350  mines,  which  are  said  to  occupy  100,000 
men.  In  sixty  years  ending  1880  were  raised  180  millions 
sterling  worth  of  silver,  and  nearly  one  million  sterling 
of  gold.  The  mines  are  supposed  at  present  to  stand  for 
a  capital  of  6  millions  sterling.  According  to  Messdaglia, 
the  mines  yielded  in  383  years,  to  1875,  ^  follows : — 


Tons 

Value.  £ 

Gold 

Silver         .... 

26s 
76,200 

36,000,000 
677,000,000 

Total 

76,465 

713,000,000 

Argentina 

Rickard's  report  in  1869  showed  2700  men  employed 
in  various  mines.  The  product  was  3000  oz.  gold, 
44,000  oz.  silver,  700  tons  copper,  and  1000  tons  lead ; 
total  value  ;^ 70, 000  per  annum,  the  capital  employed 
being  ;^300,ooo. 

In  1885  the  yield  of  the  mines  was  estimated  thus  : — 

£ 

Catamarca .        .        .        .        .  Copper 

San  Juan Silver 

Mendoza ,, 

Cordoba  and  Rioja     .        .        .  ,. 


70,000 
40,000 
40,000 
64,000 


Total        .        .        .  214.000 

The  actual  peld  is  supposed  at  present  to  barely  reach 
;^  1 50,000. 

Chile 

Copper  is  the  most  important  mineral,  and  the  ores 
extracted  since  1850  are  supposed  to  be  equivalent  to 
the  following  quantities  of  fine  copper  : — 


Period 


1851-60 
1861-70 
1871-80 
188X-88 

38  years 


Tons 


190,000 
270,000 
330,000 
300,000 


1,090,000 


Value,  £ 


15,200,000 
20,500,000 
20,300,000 
18,000,000 


74,000,000 


In  late  years  nitrate  has  obtained  importance,  ship- 
ments rising  from  350,000  tons  in  1885  to  800,000  in 
1888.  The  coal-fields  are  supposed  to  yield  lO  million 
tons  yearly ;  and  the  silver  mines  5  million  oz.  of  that 
metal,  worth  £,2oo,oco. . 

Venezuela  ^  ' 

The  latest  reports  show  as  follows : —  > 


Oz.          1     Value,  £ 

(Sold           .         .         .        . 
Copper      .... 

250,000 

900,000 

150,000 

Total 

1,050,000 

MONEY 

The  amount  of  money  in  use  among  natioiis^at'varions 
dates  was  (excludLog  copper  and  nickel,  which  are  of 
trifling  value)  approximately  as  follows : — 


Millions  £  Sterling- 

Gold 

Silver 

Paper 

Total 

1600. 
1700. 
1800. 
1848 .... 

i860. 

1890.     ... 

29 

75 
126 

157 
340" 
830 

102 

225 

360   • 

388 

480 

801 

I 

82 

260 

360 

771 

131 
301 
568 
80s 
1,180 
2,402 

The  above  includes  the  paper-money  only  of  Europe, 
United  States,  the  British  Colonies,  and  the  Colonies  of 
France  and  Spain.  No  account  is  taken  of  the  depre- 
ciated currency  of  South  America,  the  value  of  which  is 
merely  conventional,  and  for  the  most  part  ideal. 

The  money  now  in  use  is  approximately  as  follows : — 


Millions  £  Sterling 

Gold 

Silver 

Paper 

Tptal 

;^  per  In- 
habitant 

Great  Britain    . 

102 

22 

39  • 

16, 

4-4  > 

France 

178 

150 

IIS 

443 

11.8 

Germany . 

122 

45 

71 

238 

5-0 

Russia 

39 

14 

123 

176 

2.1 

Austria     . 

8 

19 

76 

103 

2.6 

Italy 

22 

II 

57 

go 

3.0 

Spain 

19 

24 

30 

73 

4-2 

Portugal  . 

9 

2 

I 

12 

2.7 

Scandinavia 

6 

2 

13 

21 

2.3 

Holland    . 

5 

13 

17 

35 

7-7 

Belgium    . 

II 

II 

IS 

37 

6.1 

Switzerland 

3 

3 

6 

12 

4.0 

Turkey,  &c. 

17 

12 

9 

38 

3-4 

Europe     . 

541 

328 

572 

1.441 

4.0 

United  States 

.141 

»7 

208 

436 

7.0 

Canada    . 

.3 

I 

6 

10 

2.0 

Australia  . 

22 

2 

6 

30 

8.2 

Japan 

19 

9 

26 

54 

1-4 

China 

150 

150 

0-5 

India 

10 

170 

12 

192 

1.0 

Java 

18 

18 

0.9 

Cape  Colony 

7 

I 

8 

6.0 

Egypt 

27 

4 

•     31 

6.  a 

Algeria     . 

2 

3 

3 

8 

2.0 

Cuba 

4 

12 

16 

10.0 

Various    . 

14 

29 

43 

Total 

790 

801 

846 

2.437 

... 

For  the  amounts  of  gold  and  silver  coined  between 
1850  and  1890  see  Gold. 
The  amount  of  uncovered  paper-money,  according  to 

Spallart,  was  as  follows : — 


Millions  £  Sterling 

18S0  » 

«   1870    « 

1883 

United  Kingdom  . 

15- 

12^ 

12 

France  .... 

3 

8^ 

27;   1 

Germany        .        . 

/2 

23' 

25 

Russia  .... 

31 

9* 

67 

Austria  .... 

18 

58' 

40 

Italy      .... 

'.n 

36 

■34 

United  States 

IS, 

130 

65 

Various 

4 

32 

72 

Total 

,1-88  1, 

390    ,  -. 

342 

MONEY 


945 


MONEY 


The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  amounts 
of  paper-money  at  various  dates  : — 


Millions 

£  Sterling 

1840 

1S60 

1     1880 

1890 

United  Kingdom 

35 

39 

1      45 

39 

France 

9 

33 

1      90 

"5 

Germany  . 

8 

25 

1      57 

71 

Russia 

70 

105 

1     ^^5 

123 

Austria 

43 

60 

!      6s 

76 

Italv. 

2 

6 

i    ^s 

57 

Various     . 

18 

36 

1      64 

91 

Europe     •.       ' . 

185 

304 

501 

572 

United  Stntes    . 

20 

41 

144 

133 

Colonies,  &c.     . 

I 

IS 

66 

69 

Total       . . 

206 

360 

1     711 

771 

The  above  is  exclusive  of  the  jpaper-money  of  South 
America,  which  has  a  very  doubtful  value. 

Money  was  first  coined  by  King  Pheidon  of  Argos, 
800  B.C.,  of  silver  only.  Croesus  was  the  first,  says 
Herodotus,  to  coin  gold.  Darius  coined  gold  and  silver 
at  1 3i  units  of  silver  to  one  of  gold. 

The  principal  coins  at  present  in  use  are  : — 

GoM 


Country 

Name 

Weight 

Fmeness 

Value 

Oz. 

/; 

S.    d. 

Austria  .    .    . 

Ducat    .    . 

0.112 

986 

0 

Q     6 

,,      ... 

Crown  .     , 

.    0-357 

900 

I 

7    8 

Bolivia  .     .     . 

Doubloon  . 

0.867 

870 

3 

5    0 

Brazil    .    .    . 

20-MiIrei    . 

0-S75 

917 

2 

=;   6 

Chili      .     .     . 

Condor .     . 

0.492 

900 

I 

18   2 

Denmark    .     . 

lo-'l'haler  . 

0.427 

895 

I 

13  0 

France  .     ,     . 

20-Franc3  . 

0.207 

899 

0 

16  0 

Germany    .     . 

lo-'Ihaler  . 

0.427 

903 

I 

13  4 

Great  Britain  . 

Sovereign  . 

0.2  ,7 

916 

I 

0  0 

Greece  .     ,     . 

20-Drachms 

0.185 

900 

0 

14  4 

Holland      .     . 

lo-Guilder. 

0.21^ 

899 

0 

16    8 

India      .     .     . 

Mohur  .     . 

0-374 

916 

I 

Q    6 

Japan     .     .     , 

Cobatig 

0.362 

563 

0 

18    6 

Persia    .     .     . 

Toman  .     . 

885 

0 

5     3 

Russia   .     .     . 

5-Rouble    . 

0.210 

916 

0 

16    8 

Spain     .     .     . 

Alfonso 

0.268 

895 

I 

0    8 

Sweden       .     . 

Ducat    .     . 

0.1 11 

975 

0 

0    4 

Turkey.     .*'. 

100- Piastres 

0.231 

915 

0 

18     2 

Silver 


•  -T  Country 

'  Name 

^  Weight 

Fineness 

Value 

Oz. 

/• 

s.  d. 

Austria  .     .     . 

Florin    .     . 

0.397 

900 

0 

2     0 

'       ,,       ... 

Dollar    .     . 

0.596 

900 

0 

3    0 

Bolivia  .     .     . 

Half-dollar 

0.432 

667 

0 

I     8 

Brazil    ,     .     . 

Milrei    .     . 

0.410 

918 

0 

2     2 

Chili      .     .     . 

Dollar    .     . 

o.8or 

900 

0 

4     I 

China    .     .     . 

Tnel .     .     . 

0 

6    0 

Denmark   .     . 

2-Rig3dak'r 

0.927 

877 

0 

4    7 

France  .     .     . 

5  Francs     . 

0.800 

900 

0 

4    0 

Germany    .     . 

Thaler   .     . 

0-595 

900 

0 

3    0 

Great  Britain  . 

Shilling.     . 

0.182 

925 

0 

I     0 

Greece  ,     .     , 

5-Drachms 

0.719 

9C0 

0 

^     8 

Holland     .     . 

2.i,-Guilder. 

0.804 

944 

0 

4    2 

India     .     .     . 

Rupee    .     . 

0.374 

Q16 

0 

I  10 

Japan    ...     . 

Itzebu    .     . 

0.279 

8go 

0 

I    5 

Persia  ■,*•.     . 

Kran     .     . 

0 

0    6 

Russia'.'''*. '  . 

Rouble  .     . 

0.667 

875 

0 

3    4 

Spain  ?  ."'•  ,     . 

Peseta    .     , 

0.166 

899 

0 

0  10 

Sweden  .4  .     , 

Ri.\dalt-r     . 

1.092 

750 

0 

4    8 

Turkey.^;.'  , 

20- Piastres. 

0.770 

830 

0 

3    7 

Some  Africuu  tribes  use  cowrie  shells,  200  being  value 
for  id. 


United  Kingdom 

According  to  the  best  economists,  the  amount  of  money 
at  various  dates  was  approximately  as  follows : — 


Millions  £  Sterling 

Gold 

Silver 

Paper 

Total  . 

;^  per  lu- 
ll abi  tan  t 

1600  .     .    . 

I 

2 

3 

c,6 

1700  .     .     . 

12 

4 

I 

17 

30 

180J  .    .    . 

37 

8 

25 

70 

4.4 

1848  ,    .    . 

55 

II 

34 

100 

3-7 

1890  .    .    . 

102 

22 

39 

163 

44 

The  following  table  shows  the  principal  gold  coins  in 
use  from  the  fourteenth  century  to  date  : — 


Name 

Date 

Nominal 
Value 

In  Present 
Money 

£  s.    d. 

£  s.   d. 

Noble 

1345 

068 

I     I  10 

Angol 

1465 

068 

0  11    9 

Crown        .         .        . 

1530 

050 

076 

Sovereign  .         .         , 

1551 

I  10    0 

180 

Noble 

1600 

0  IS    0 

0  16    0 

Sovereign  . 

1626 

100 

I    I    4  _ 

The  amount  of  gold  and  silver  coined  from  Henry  III. 
to  December  1889  was  as  follows : —  '..^ 


Reign 

Gold 

Silver 

Total 

Per  Annum 

£ 

£ 

£ 

r£ 

Henry  III.. 

3.898 

3.398 

Edward  I.  . 

38.603 

38.603 

1,100 

Edward  II. 

45.751 

45.751 

2,300 

Edward  III. 

11.344 

85.703 

97.047 

1,960 

Richard  II. 

3.988 

2,228 

6,216 

300 

Henry  IV. . 

.         396 

315 

711 

Henry  V.    . 

19.746 

6,924 

26,670 

3,000 

Henry  VI.. 

318.444 

579.225 

897,669 

22,000 

Edward  IV. 

10,248 

47.843 

58,091 

2,700 

HenrvVII. 

8.399 

116,100 

124,499 

S.ooo 

Henry  VIII. 

675,400 

642,810 

1,318,210 

34.500 

Mary     .     . 

6,500 

6,500 

hliz.ibeth   . 

795.135 

4,836,802 

5.631.937 

125,000 

James  I.     . 

3,666,400 

1,807,300 

5.473.700 

248,000 

Charles  I.  . 

3,319,700 

8.776,545 

12,096,245 

502,000 

Cromwell  . 

154.512 

1.000,000 

I. 154.512 

115,000 

Ch.irles  II. 

4,177,254 

3,722,180 

7,899,434 

320,000 

James  II.   . 

2,113,639 

2,115,600 

4,229,239 

1,410,000 

William  III. 

3,418,060 

7,094,080 

10,512,140 

820,000 

Anne     .     . 

2,485,100 

618,200 

3,103,300 

255,000 

George  I.   . 

8,492,900 

223,050 

8.715.95'^ 

■    670,000 

George  1 1. . 

11,662,200 

304.360 

11,966,560 

360,000 

George  III. 

75.447.489 

6,827,860 

82,275,289 

1,370,000 

George  IV. 

36,395,100 

2,216,168 

38,611,268 

3,860,000 

William  IV. 

10,920,03s 

1,122,100 

12,042,135 

1,720,000 

Victoria 

312,300,000 

231,800,000 

544,100,000 

10,300,000 

Total    . 

476,390,489 

274,040,085 

750.430.S74 

Henry  III.  coined  at  Canterbury,  Edward  III.  at 
York  and  Calais,  Edward  IV.  at  Bristol,  the  rest  mostly 
at  London.  The  coinage,  however,  of  the  present  reign 
has  been  as  follows  : — 


At 

Gold,^ 

Silver,;^ 

'Total,  £ 

London 
Sydney 
Melbourne  . 
India  . 

207,000,000 

61,300.000 

42.000,000 

2,000,000 

25,800.000 
206,000,000 

232,800.000 
.61.300,000, 
^42.000, 000 
208,000,000 

Total 

312,300000 

231,800,000 

544,100,000 

MONEY 

The  Hungarian  Mint  turned  out  in  twenty  years  as 
follows : — 


946 


MONEY 


Period 

Gold,     ;^ 

Silver,  £ 

Total,  jf 

1867-80     ,    .    , 
1881-86     .    .     . 

3,100,000 
1,500,000 

7,000,000 
2,900,000 

10,100,000  • 
4,400,000 

20  years     .    .    ^ 

4,600,000 

9,900,000 

.  14,500,000 

The  total  coinage  of  the  Empire  from  1850  to  1S90 
was  as  follows  : — 


Gold  . 
Silver 


Tons 
137 

5.   ' 


;6o 


Total 


Value,  £ 
19,200,000 
48,200,000 

67,400,000 


Italy 
Inconsequence  of  the  war  with  Austria  in  1866,  forced 
currency  was  given  by  the  Government  to  Treasury  notes 
and  those  of  six  chartered  banks,  with  the  following 
results : — 


Year 

Aggregate 
Issue,  £ 

Specie 
jReserve,  £ 

Gold,  Premium 
per  Cent. 

1870  .... 
1874  .    .-    .     . 
1877  .... 
1880  .... 
1885  .... 
1888  .... 

22,000,000 
35,ooo;ooo 
37,6ocj,ooo 
65,000,000 
51,000,000 
56,800,000 

3,000,000 

25,000,000 " 
11,100,000 

13 
10 
10 
0 
0 

The  currency  in  Deceniber  1884  was  composed  thus :— 


Note,  Lire          Ninnber 

Value,  Lire  - 

£  Sterling 

i.    .    . 

7,600,000 

3,800,000  • 

152,000 

I  . 

33,300,000 

33,300,000  • 

•1,332,000 

2  . 

27,300,000 

54,tioo.ooo  ■ 

2,184,000 

5  • 

35,400,000 

177,000,000 

7,080,000 

10  . 

23,500,000 

235,000,000 

9,400,000 

20  . 

2,160,000 

43,200,000 

1,700,000 

too  . 

525,000 

52,500,000 

2,100,000 

250  . 

266,000 

66,500,000 

2,660,000 

1,000  . 

127,000 

127,000,000 

5,080,000 

Tota 

. 

130,178,000 

792,906,000 

31,688,000 

In  1888  the  total  paper  issue  was  :- 

Treasury  notes     . 
Bank-notes  .... 


£ 
13,800,000 
43,000,000 


Total        .        .  •      .     5$,  800,000 
.  Italy  resumed  specie  payments  on  April  12,  1883.  after 
a  suspension  of  sixteen  years.     The  total  of  gold  and 
silver  minted  in  forty  years  to  iSgo.was  as  follows : — 


Tons 

Value,  £ 

Gold 

Silver        .        .        . 

123 
2.530. 

17,200,000 
22,800,000 

Total 

40,000,000 

Copper  and  nickel  money  were  also  issueU  to  £6'0,Qoo 
worth. 

Holland 
The  total  currency  in  1889  was  as  follows  : 


Belgium 
The  Mint  returns  for  fifty-eight  years  show  as  follows : — 


'              ■  ■■ 1  ■  ■ 

Period 

Gold,  £  ■ 

Silver,  £ 

Total,  £  ' 

1832-60 
1861-70 
J  871-80 
1881-89 

600,000 

7,000,006 

16,000,000 

400,000 

6,400,000 

8,100,000 

7,400,000 

300,000 

7,000,000 

15,100,000 

23,400,000 

700,000 

58  ye^-rs      . 

2.*„cco.ooo    I  2z,noo,ooo 

46,200,000 

£ 

In  Bank, £ 

Gold 

Silver         .... 

Bank-notes 

Treasury  notes  . 

5,000,000 
13,000,000 
17.300,000 

1,000,000 

2,000,000 
5.000,000 

Total 

v_ 

36,300,000 

The  coinage  of  forty  years  down  to  1890  was  as  fol- 
lows : — 


Tons 

V£.luc,  £ 

Gold 

Silver         .... 

48 
3.290 

6,700,000 
29,700,000 

Total        .        . 

... 

36,400,000 

Spain  and  Portugal 

In  1888  the  currency  of  these  kingdoms  was  estimated 
thus  : — 


Spain,  £ 

Portugal,  £ 

Total,  £ 

Gold   .        .        . 
Silver  . 
Bank-notes . 

19,000,000 
24,000,000 
20,000,000 

9,000,000 
2,000,000 
1,300,000 

28,000,000 
26,000,000 
.30,300,000 

Total 

72,000,000 

12,300,000    j   84,300,000 

The  total  coinage  from  185010  1881  was  :-- 


Gold,    ;^ 

Silver.  £ 

Total,  £ 

Spain  ... 
Portugal      ^ 

17,000,000 
13,000,000 

10,000,000 
•  2,000,000 

27,000,000 
15,000,000 

Total 

30,000,000 

12,000,000")   42,000,000 

United  States 

The  currency,   according  to  American  writers,   was 
estimated  at  various  dates  thus : — 


Year 

Coin,  £ 

Paper.  £ 

Total,  £ 

1820    .      . 

7,400,000 

9,400,000 

16,800,000 

1849    .      . 

29,300,000 

25,000,000 

54,300,000 

1854    .      . 

50,900,000 

37,500,000 

88,400,000 

1880    .      . 

104,000,000 

153,000,000 

257,000,000 

1889    .      . 

228,000,000 

208,000,000 

436,000,000 

The  components  in  1880  and  i{ 
American  currency : — 


were  as  follows  in 


'Millions 

Df  Dollars 

Treasury 

Banks  and 
Public 

Total 

1880     1889 

1880  1  1889 

1880 

1889 

Gold . 
Silver 
Bank-notes 
Treasury  notes . 

126 

74 

7 

40 

304 

315 

4 

89 

226 

75 

338 

349 

376 
106 
207 
699 

352 
149 
345 
389 

680 

421 

2ir 

783 

Total 

247    1   71a 

988 

1.388 

1.23s 

2,100 

MONEY 


947 


MONUMENTS 


The  above  may  be  converted  into  English  money  at 
54.80  per  £.  The  output  of  the  Mint,  computed  in  £, 
sterling,  was  as  follows  : — 


Period 

Gold,  £ 

Silver,  £, 

Total,  £, 

1792-1820 

1,300,000 

2,200,000 

3,500,000 

1821-40    . 

1,900,000 

8,900,000 

10,800,000 

1841-50    . 

19,800,000 

4,500,000 

24,300,00a 

1851-60    . 

66^900,000 

9,300,000 

75,300,000 

1861-70    . 

60,400,000 

4,600,000 

65,000,000 

1871-80    . 

85,200,000 

35,600,000 

120,800,000 

1881-89    • 

73,200,000 

58,900,000 

132,100,000 

98  years    . 

307,800,000 

124,000,000 

431,800,000 

The  Silver  Law,  passed  by  Congress  in  July  1890, 
obliges  Government  to  coin  $4,500,000  of  silver  monthly, 
equal  to  ;^i  1,300,000  sterling  per  annum. 

The  war  for  the  Union  in  l86i  caused  a  suspension  of 
specie  payments,  which  lasted  nineteen  years.  The 
quotations  of  paper-money  were  as  follows  : — 


Value  compared  with  Gold 

Year 

Maximum 

Minimum 

Average 

Value  of 
$100 

I   s.   d. 

1862    . 

58 

75 

88 

18     6    0 

1863    . 

79. 

62 

69 

14     6    6 

1864    . 

64 

39 

49 

10    4    0 

1865    . 

74 

46 

64 

13    6    4 

1866    . 

79 

66 

71 

14  \^    0 

1867    . 

74 

70 

72 

14  19    0 

l868     . 

74 

69 

72 

14  19    0 

1869  . 

82 

72 

75 

i;  12    0 

1870   . 

90 

82 

87 

18    2    0 

1871    . 

92 

87 

90 

18  14    0 

1872    . 

98 

87 

89 

18  10    0 

1873  .     . 

92 

85 

83 

i8-   6    0 

lr.74  •     . 

91 

88 

90 

18  14    0 

1875  . 

89 

85 

87 

18    2    0 

1876  . 

93 

87 

90 

18  14    0 

1S77  . 

97 

94 

96 

19  19    0 

1873  , 

98 

20    7    0 

1879  • 

100 

100 

100 

20  16    0 

The  average  for  ten  years  ending  1870  was  75,  and  for 
the  following  decade  93. 

Persia 

The  currency  has  been  depreciated  since  1875  by 
increasing  the  alloy  in  gold  and  silver  coins.  The  kran 
has  now  but  71  grains  of  silver,  against  83  in  the  year 
1875,  and  the  alloy  of  gold  has  been  raised  from  109 
to  115  per  1000.  The  kran  has  fallen  from  a  value  of 
lod.  to  6id.,  and  the  gold  is  at  45  per  cent,  premium. 
Baron  Reuter  has  a  concession  to  issue  bank-notes  up  to 
^800,000,  with  bullion  reserve  50  per  cent. 

Japan 
In  1S88  the  currency  was  as  follows  :— 

Gold 19,000,000 

Sitver 9,000,000 

Bank-notes  .....  15,500,000 

Treasury  notes      ....  10,500,000 

Total        .        .     54,000,000 
Paper-money  is  at  a  discount,  gold  being  25  per  cent. 

Argentina 


premium. 


The  currency  consists  wholly  of  paper-money  notes, 
ranging  from  one  halfpenny  up  to  £-^0  sterling.  The 
halfpenny  notes  are  nominally  for  5  cents,  the  dollar  being 
worth  about  I2d.     In  December  18S4  the  paper  dollar 


was  worth  4Sd.,  but  specie  payments  were  suspended 
in  January  1885,  and  the  quotations  since  then  have 
been :— 


' 

Value  of  Dollar,  Pence 

1886 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

January    .     .     . 

39-5 

33-2 

38.5 

33- 0 

31.8 

21.3 

February .     ,     . 

37-5 

32.6 

37.2 

32.2 

31.0 

21.3 

Marcii      .     .     . 

36.2 

31-5 

36.3 

31.8 

30.2 

19.0 

Apr;l    ..... 

32.8 

31-0 

35.& 

33- 0 

30.2 

17.8 

May    .... 

35-8 

31.0 

350 

32.8 

30-4 

20.4 

June    .... 

36.8 

32.2 

36.1 

32.0 

29.2 

17.0 

July    .... 

3C-5 

35-0 

36.  s 

3I-I 

28.1 

ib.S 

August     .     .     . 

33-5 

36.8 

37.2 

32.0 

27.4 

ig.2 

September     .     . 

34- 0 

40.1 

36.0 

32.  s 

237 

19.0 

October    .     .     . 

33-2 

41.0 

33-6 

32.3 

22.7 

18.0 

November     .     . 

32-4 

37.5 

33-0 

33-2 

21.8 

170 

Decen.bfr     .     . 

33-5 

37-0 

32.9 

33.6 

20.4 

iS-5 

Average   .     .     . 

350 

34-2 

36.0 

32.  s 

27.0 

18-5 

MONUMENTS. 

According  to  Strabo,  the  Tower  of  Babel  was  600  feet, 
high.  The  following  are  remarkable  monuments  and 
obelisks :— 


Name 

Locality 

Height,  Feet 

Weight, Tons 

Wellington    . 

Dublin .     .     . 

20s 

1,000 

Monument    . 

London    .     . 

202 

1, 800 

Nelson     .    , 

London     ,     . 

177 

1,500 

Nelson      .     . 

Dublin.    ..     . 

125 

1,000 

*Lateran    .     . 

Rome  .     .     . 

los 

445 

Alexander     . 

St.  Petersburg 

•    84 

200 

♦Vatican     .     . 

Rome  .     .     . 

83 

220 

•Luxor .     .     . 

Paris    .     .     . 

76 

240 

•Cleopatra 

London     .     . 

68 

140 

•Meidan     .     . 

Constantinople 

50 

60 

•Quirinal    .    . 

Rome  .     .     . 

48 

60 

In  the  foregoing  table  those  marked  with  an  asterisk 
are  Egyptian  monoliths,  or  real  obelisks,  of  extreme 
antiquity.  There  is  also  a  fine  obelisk  at  Heliopolis,  still 
standing.  The  second  of  Cleopatra's  Needles  has  been 
removed  to  the  United  States,  for  erection  in  New  York. 

The  height  of  certain  edifices  is  as  follows : — 
Feet 


Eiffel  Tower,  Paris      .  990 

Cologne  Cathedral .     .  528 

St.  Nicholas,  Hamburg  475 

St.  Peter's,  Rome    .     .  472 

Strasburg  Cathedral    .  468 

Pyramid  of  Cheops      .  452 

St.  Stephen's,  Vienna  .  445 

Amiens  Cathedral  .     .  440 


Freyburg  Cathedral 
Salisbury  Cathedral 
Florence  Cathedral . 
St.  Paul's,  London . 
Milan  Cathedral 
Brussels  Townhall  . 
Invalides,  Paris  .    . 


Feel 
412 
406 

393 
366 
360. 
355 
346 


The  diameter  of  the  following  domes  and  arches  is : — 


Milan  Cathedral  . 
Pantheon,  Paris  . 
Invalides,  Paris  . 
Achmet's  Mosque 


Feet 

'■  55 
.  67 
.  80 
•    92 


Sta.  Maria,  Florence 


St, 


The  cost  of  certain  buildings 

Opera  House,  Paris      . 
Law  Courts,  Brussels    . 
Cathedral,  Cologne 
Parliament,  Westminster 
St.  Peter's,  Rome. 


Paul's,  London. 
Sophia 


Peter's,  Rome 


Feet 
112 
"5 
139 
139 


is  stated  to  have  been : — 

;^i,6oo,oco 
.  1,200,000 
.  2,100,000 
.  3,500,000 
v  3,500.000 

The  Great  Pyramid  of  Cheops  has  85  million  cubic 
feet  of  material,  the  Wall  of  China  6350  millions.  '  The 
Pyramids  are  supposed  to  have  been  built  1500  B.C.,  the 
Wall  of  China  202  B.C.  Next  in  antiquity  are  the  Round 
Towers  of  Ireland,  probably  of  the  6th  century  or  earlier: 
there  are  45,  the  highest  at  Kilmacduagh,  Galway,  loS  fi  , 
diameter  i8j^  ft. 


NAVY 


NAVY 


WAVY 

The  following  is  a  table  of  the  principal  navies  : — 


G.  Britain 
France  . 
Germany 
Russia  . 
Austria  . 
Italy .  . 
Spain  . 
Holland 
Turkey  . 
U.  States 
Various . 

Total 


1810 


1840 


Ships  ]    Guns    \  Ships      Guns 


450 

24,800- 

212 

6,000 

346 

4.450 

"36 

200 

301 
76 

8,000 

1,600   ; 

4f 

60 

1,700   1 

526   1 

1,300  ) 

392 

146 

83 


57 
30 
33 
60 

57 


1,681  I  48,576  )  858 


16,310 
7,600 

5.-460 


l,'200 
1,640 
2,440 
3.250 

2,779 


1889 


Ships    Guns 


373 
348 

lOI 

391 
106 
140 
135 
147 
90 

75 
38s 


40,679     2,291    8,383 


1,460 

1.450 

519 

942 

29s 
318 
492 
560 
200 
542 
1,605 


Thd. average  of  guns  to  a'  vessel  was  29  in  1810, 
rising  to  46  in  J840,  and  declining  to  less  than  4  in 
1889.  Modern  naval  warfare  has  been  changed  by  the 
invention  of  armour-plated  ships,  the  first  of  which  were 
built  for  the  Crimean  war,  4-inch  plates  perfectly  shot- 

froof,  in  1853,  The  Merrimacs  and  Monitors  of  the 
Inited  States  in  1862  marked  a  great  advance.  Finally, 
the  Italians  used  plates  36  inches  thick  for  the  Lepanto. 
The  ironclad  fleets  of  the  world  stand  at  present  approxi- 
mately as  follows : — 


Vessels 

Tons 

Max. 
Plating, 
Inches 

Guns 

Tonnage 
of  Guns 

Great  Britain 

66 

460,000 

24 

610 

9,100 

France    .    . 

52 

310,000 

23 

470 

6,50b 

Germany     . 

27 

104,000 

12 

160 

2,200 

Russia    .    . 

40 

160,000 

16 

421 

4,600 

Austria  .    . 

10 

55,000 

14 

137 

1,500 

Italy  .    .     . 

14 

82,000 

36 

110 

2,200 

Spain      .  .  . 

13 

3S.OOO 

20 

254 

900 

Portugal      . 

I 

2.000 

8 

3 

30 

Sweden  .    . 

IS 

8,000 

12 

24 

90 

Norway  .    . 

4 

2,000 

... 

12 

50 

Denmark     . 

8 

25,000 

12 

107 

900 

Holland.    . 

24 

45,000 

8 

72 

800 

Greece    ,     . 

4 

7,TX30 

... 

24 

Turkey    .     . 

IS 

61,000 

12 

134 

1.340 

United  States 

13 

40,000 

12 

74 

Brazil      .     . 

13 

15,000 

12 

60 

... 

Argentina    . 

3 

8,000 

9 

IS 

... 

Chili  .     .     . 

3 

9,000 

9 

22 

220 

China     .    . 

9 

38,000 

14 

•50 

Japan     .    . 

I 

4,000 

9 

6 

60 

Total    . 

334 

1,470,000 

36 

2,765 

30,490 

The  average  cost  of  building  ironclads  has  been,  per 
ton:  British  ;^48,  French  ^^55,  Italian  £ST,  German 
£(x).  Including  guns  and  equipment,  an  ordinary  iron- 
clad now  costs  ^8o  per  ton.  The  largest  war-vessels 
now  are : — 


Name 

Flag 

Tons 

Horse-Power 

Italia     .... 

Italian  .    .  ■ . 

13,906 

18,600 

Trafalgar  .     ,     . 

British .    .    . 

12,000 

12, 000 

Formidable     .     . 

French .    .     . 

11,400 

8,300 

Catherine.  .    .    . 

Russian     .    . 

10,200 

9,000 

Pelayo  .... 

Spanish     .    . 

10,000 

8,000 

Wilhelm     .     .     . 

German    .     . 

9,800 

8,000 

Mesoudiv6  .•    .    . 

Turkish     .    . 

8,800 

6,800 

Tegethoff  ... 

Atistrian    .    . 

7,400 

S,ooo 

Ting      .... 

Chinese     .    . 

7.300 

6,000 

Maine    .     ,    .     . 

United  State? 

6,600 

8,600 

Heligoland      .     . 

Danish      .    . 

S.-ioo 

4.000 

Koenig  .... 

Holland    ..  . 

5,400 

4.500 

The  following  comparison  of  navies  was  published  in 
the  Daily  News,  1890 : — ■ 


OS 

<> 
0 

c 

c 
rt 

£ 

0  • 

1 

2 

Sea-going  ironclads     . 
Cruisers  (16  knots) .    . 
Coast  ironclads  .    .    . 

Gunboats 

Various 

5^ 
28 

6 

95 
185 

33 
17 

■    21 

45 
190 

13 

7 

12 

13 
131 

23 

3 

13 

36 

188 

3 

15 
124 

Total    .    .    . 

370 

306 

175 

261 

163 

The  same  paper  says:  "In  ships  we  are  well  ahead 
of  any  competitor*  It  is  in  the  matter  of  guns  that  our 
weakiiess  hes.  We  have  afloat  or  ready  to  go  afloat 
1065  modern  heavy  guns ;  France  has  1447,  Russia  has 
423,  Italy  has  180,  and  Germany  has  508.  When  all 
our  war-ships  are  armed,  we  shall  have  afloat  of  guns  that 
can  pierce  15  in.  of  armour  and  upwards  104,  while  France 
will  have  124,  Russia  38,  Italy  40,  and  Germany  61." 

The  torpedo  fleets  of  the  various  flags  are  as  follows : — 


Great  Britain 

.    i6<; 

France         . 

•    17s 

Germany 

135 

Russia 

18^- 

Italy    i 

116 

Spain  . 

26 

Sweden 

19 

Denmark 

42 

Austria 
Holland 
Brazil  . 
Chili  . 
Turkey  . 
China^  . 
Portugal 
Argentina 


43 

31 
18 

25 

52 

31 

6 

9' 


The  number  of  seamen  an(J 

annual  cost  of  the  navies 

are: — 

Men 

Annual 
Expenditure,  £ 

Per  Man, ;^ 

Great  Britain . 

65,000 

13.700,000 

2X1 

France   .        •,        . 

54.000 

9,000,000 

165 

Germany        . 

16,600 

2,000,000 

120 

Russia    ... 

29,000 

4,000,000 

140 

Austria  ... 

8,500 

900,000 

106 

Italy       ,        .        . 

13,000 

5,000,000 

336 

Spain     ... 

14,000 

1,600,000 

114 

Holland 

8,000 

1,100,000 

138 

Turkey  .         .         . 

39.500 

800,000 

20 

United  States 

10,000 

3,000,000 

300 

Total 

257,600 

41,100,000 

160 

Great  Britain 
The  statistics  of  the  Royal  Navy  may  be  summed  up 
as  follows : — 


Year 

Vessels 

Tons 

Guns 

Men 

Cost  per 
Annum,  £ 

1603    .    . 
1685    .    . 
1760    .    . 
1803    .    . 
1850    .    . 
1890    .    . 

42 

179 
32s 
450 

58s 

373 

17,000 

104,000 
321,000 
461,000 
570,000 
680,000 

6,930 
10,600 
24,800 
17,200 

1,460 

10,000 
51,000 
180,000 
48,000 
65,000 

180,000 

390,000 

5,611,000 

12,037,000 

6,438,000 

13,700,000 

When  Philip  II.  sent  the  Armada  in  1588  for  the 
conquest  of  England  it  comprised  : — 
Ships         .        ,        .        132  I  Seamen  ...     10,854 
Cannon     .        .        .    3,165  1  Soldiers  .        .        .    23,200 

The  British  fleet  under  Lord  Howard,  supported  by 
Drake  and  Hawkins,  consisted  of: — 


Ships  . 

Tonnage 

Seamen 


Royal  Navy   Vessels  Hired       Total 


41 

16,000 

8,200 


135 

18,500 

C,6oo 


17a 

34.500 
14,800 


NIGHT 


94d 


OCCUPATION 


Japan. 
The  navy  is  as  fonows  : — 


Num- 
ber 

Guns      Tons 

Horse- 
Power 

Knots 

Ironclad    .     .    . 
Corvettes,  &c.    . 

I 
24 

6 

169 

3.700 
35.400 

3.500 
31,000 

13 

Total    .    . 

25 

175 

39,100 

34.500 

... 

The  vessels  are  manned  by  5000  blue-jackets,  and 
cost  ;^8co,ooo  a  year. 

China 

In  18SS  the  navy  comprised  9  ironclads  and  121  small 
vessels.  The  heaviest  vessels  were  the  Ting  and  Chen, 
each  7300  tons,  6000  horse-power,  l4-inch  plating,  with 
4  Krupp  guns  of  12-inch  bore. 

NIGHT 

The  following  table  shows  the  longest  and  shortest 
nights,  according  to  latitude  : — 


Latitude 

Longest 

Shortest 

Hours 

Minutes 

Hours 

Minutes 

5    •     •     • 

12 

17 

ir 

43 

IS    . 

12 

53 

II 

7 

25    . 

13 

34 

10 

26 

35    • 

14 

22 

9 

38 

45    • 

15 

26 

8 

34 

50    . 

16 

9 

7 

SI 

55    •   . 

17 

7 

6 

S3 

60    . 

18 

30 

S 

30 

65    .. 

'21 

10 

2 

50 

At  6(>\  north  or  south  the  midnight  sun  is  visible  in 
summer.  The  above  table  is  equally  true  of  the  length 
of  days. 


NOBLES 
In  Austria- Hungary  the  number  declines,  viz. :— 


1840          1          1865 

Austria      .... 
Hungary   .■       . 

140,000 
260,000 

87,000 
163,400 

Total 

400,000       1        250,400 

In  Spain  they  are  as  follows  : — 


Grandees     Only  Titular 

Total 

Dukes . 
Marquises   . 
Counts 
Barons 

79 

60 

60 

4 

2 

615 
480 
156 

81 

675 
540 
160 

Total 

203 

1.255 

1.456 

The  British  House  of  Lords  comprises  4  princes,  23 
dukes,  19  marquises,  139  earls,  32  viscounts,  26  bishops, 
and  272  barons ;  in  all,  515  members. 

The  total  nobility  of  the  United  Kingdom  is  as  fol- 
lows : — 


1 

■3 

1 

C 
3 

> 

1 

England    . 

27 

21 

120  . 

28 

294 

490 

Scotharid   . 

8 

4 

43 

s 

25 

85 

Ireland     . 

a 

II 

64 

36 

64 

177 

Total 

37 

36 

227 

69 

383 

752 

There  are  also  26  English  bishops  who  rank  as  peers. 


o. 


OCCUPATION 


The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  number 
of  persons  supported  by  the  principal  industries  in  the 
several  countries : — 


Agriculture   £- 

Commerce, 
&c.  / 

Total 

England 

3,435,000  7.313.000 

15,226,000 

25,974.000 

Scotland 

523,000   1,155,000 

2,058,000 

3,736,000 

Ireland  .     . 

2,562,000 

640,000 

1,898,000 

5,100,000 

U.  Kingdom 

6,520,000 

9,108,000 

19,182,000 

34,810,000 

France-  .     . 

i8,249,oooj  8,194,000 

10,035,000 

36,478,000 

Germany     . 

18,841,000  16,058,000 

10,323,000 

45,222,000 

Russia    .    . 

56, 8i5,ooo',io,  520,000 

8,965,000 

76,300,000 

Austria  .     . 

16,710,000   5,499,000 

12,252,000 

34,461,000 

Italy  .     .     . 

9,169,000   4,494,000 

12,007,000 

25,670,000 

Spain      .     . 

8,170,000   3,490,000 

5,040,000 

16,700,000 

[Portugal 

3,200,000      700,000 

300,000 

4,200,000 

Sweden  .     . 

a,i30,ooo|      850,000 

1,520,000 

4,500,000 

Norway  .     . 

903,000:      306,000 

598,000 

1,807,000 

Denmark     . 

940,000      56oi0oo 
i,2oo,oool  1,910,000 

450,000 

1,950,000 

Belgium .    . 

2,390,000 

5,500,000 

Holland.    . 

2,600,0Q0[        900,000 

800,000 

4,300,000 

Switzerland . 

1,140,0001     970,000 

730,000 

2,840,000 

Greece    .    . 

940,000       260,000 

440,000 

1,640,000 

Europe  .    . 

147,527,00063,819,000 

85,032,000 

296,378,000 

U.  States    . 

23,010, 000 1 1 ,  520,000 

15,620,000 

50,150,000 

Australia     . 

1,200,000      950,000 

1,450,000 

3,600,000 

Total    . 

171,737,000  76,289,000 

I 

102,102,000 

350,128,000 

As  the  Census  retiirns  of  different  countries  adopt  no 
uniform  classification,  some  including  children  and  de- 
pendents, the  tables  cannot  be  followed  unreservedly. 
The  actual  number  of  persons  engaged  in  the  various 
industries  is  approximately  as  follows  : — 


Agri- 
culture 

Manu- 
factures 

Commerce,      ^.^^j 

England .     . 
Scotland .     . 
Ireland    .     . 

1,341,000 
234,000 
986,000 

4,161,000 
641,000 
387,000 

6,210,000    11,712,000 

773,000      1,648,000 

1,002,000  .  2,375,000 

U.  Kingdom 
France     .     . 
Germany 
Russia     .    . 
Austria    .     . 
Italy   .     .    . 
Spain .     .    . 
Portugal .    . 
Sweden    .     . 
Norway  .    . 
Denmark     . 
Belgium  .     . 
Holland  .     . 
Switzerland . 
Greece     .     , 

2,561,000 

6,455,000 

8,120,000 

22,700,000 

10,682,000 

5,397,000 

2,723,000 

873,000 

853,000 

380,000 

420,000 

980,000 

840,000 

440,coo 

187,000 

5,189,000 

4,443,000 

5.350,000 

4,760,000 

3,090,000 

2,281,000 

1,167,000 

300,000 

400,000 

170,000 

250,000 

■953.000 

400,000 

370,000 

52,000 

7,985,000 

5,210,000 

5,910,000 

3,600,000 

2,438,000 

2,200,000 

1,200,000 

100,000 

350,000 

150,000 

160,000 

280,000 

360,000 

290,000 

91,000 

15,735,000 

16,108,060 

19,380,000 

31,060,000 

16,210,000 

9,878,000 

S.090,000 

1,273,000 

1,603,000 

700,000 

830,000 

2,213,000 

1,600,000 

1,100,000 

330,000 

Europe   .    . 
U.  States     . 
Australia      . 

63,611,000 

7,671,000 

398,000 

29,175,000 

3,837,000 

327,000 

30,324,000 

5,884,000 

563,000 

123,110,000 

•  17,392,000 

1,288,000. 

Total    . 

71,680,000 

33.339.000 

36,771,000 

141,790,000, 

OCCUPATION 


050 


OCCUPATION 


United  States 
The  first  Census  as  to  occupation  was  taken  in  1820, 
the  second  in  1840,  since  which  latter  date  they  have 
been  decennial^  viz.  :— 


Year 

Agriculture 

Manufactures 

Commerce,  &c. 

Total 

1820 

2,071,000 

350,000 

72,000 

2,493,000 

1840 

3,718,000 

792,000 

287,000 

4,797,000 

3850 

2,401,000 

958,000 

2,013,000 

5,372.000 

i860 

3,220,000 

1,311,000 

3,756,000 

8,287,000 

3870 

5,923,000 

2,054,000 

4,529,000 

12,506,000 

1880 

7,671,000 

2,707,000 

7,014,000 

17,392,000 

•  The  returns  for  1820  and  1840  include  all  ages  and 
colours,  but  those  for  1850  and  i860  are  only  for  free 
male  adults.  Assuming  that  in  these  years  50  per  cent, 
of  negro  adults  were  engaged  in  agriculture,  and  50  per 
cent,  in  commerce,  &c.,  the  real  number  of  workers 
would  be : — 


!  Year 

Agriculture 

Manufactures 

Commerce,  &c. 

Total 

1820 

2,071,000 

350,000 

72,000 

2,493.000 

'  1840 

3,718,000 

792,000 

287,000 

4,797.000 

1850 

3,329,000 

958,000 

2,950,000 

7,237,000 

i860 

4,342,000 

i,3ii,cx» 

4,878,000 

10,531,000 

1870 

5,923.000 

2,054,000 

4,529,000 

12,506,000 

1880 

7,671,000 

2,707, CXXD 

7,014,000 

17,392,000 

Adopting  the  second  table  as  more  correct,  and  com- 
paring the  numbers  of  persons  occupied  with  that  of  all 
inhabitants,  male  and  female,  between  16  and  60  years 
of  age,  we  find  as  follows : — 


Workers 

Persons  of 

Ratio  of 

Working  Age 

Workers 

1820  .... 

2,493,000 

4,816,000 

S^-7 

1840  .    .    i    . 

4,797,000 

8,887,000 

53-9 

1850  .... 

7,237,000 

12,596,000 

57-4 

i860  .... 

10,531, OCXJ 

i7,30i,ocxj 

60.7 

1870  .... 

12,506,000 

21,561,000 

58.2 

1880  .... 

17,392,000 

27,307,000 

63.6 

The  Census  for  1820  showed  as  follows : — 


States 

Agricul- 
ture 

Manufac- 
tures 

Commerce, 
&c. 

Total 

New  England 
Middle    .    . 
South .     .    . 
West  .    .    . 

285,000 

523,000 

1,064,000 

199,000 

82,000 

160,000 

83,000 

25,000 

22,000 

23,000 

22,000 

S.ooo 

389,000 

706,000 

1,169,000 

229,000 

Total    . 

2,071,000 

350,000 

72,000 

2,493,000 

That  of  1840  was  as  follows : — 


States 

Agricul- 
ture 

Manufac- 
tures 

Commerce, 
&c. 

Total 

New  England 
Middle    .     . 
South .     .     . 
West  .    .    . 

415.000 

810.000 

1,790.000 

703,000 

187,000 
334,000 
149,000 
122,  coo 

74.000 

108,000 

63,000 

42,000 

676,000 
1,252,000 
2,002,000 

867,000 

Total    . 

3,718,000 

792,000 

287,000 

4,797,000 

The  minor  industries  of  1840  were  in  detail  thus  : — 


States 

Com- 
merce 

Navi- 
gation 

Profes- 
sions 

Mining 

Total 

New  England 
Middle    .    . 
South.    .     . 
West.    .     . 

18,000 
50,000 
31,000 
19,000 

44,000 

27,000 

11.000 

7.000 

11,000 
24,000 
17,000 
13,000 

1,000 
7,000 
4,000 
3,000 

74.000 
108,000 
63.000 
42,000 

Total    . 

118,000 

89,000 

65.000 

15,000 

287.000 

The  Census  of  1850  excluded  the  slave  population,  as 
already  observed,  and  showed  as  follows : — 


States 

Agricul- 
ture 

Manufac- 
tures 

Commerce, 
&c. 

Total 

New  England 
Middle    .     . 
South .     .     . 
West  .    .    . 

269.000 
592,000 
736,000 
804,000 

313.000 
418,000 
io4,oco 
123.000 

230,000 
780,000 
360.000 
643,000 

812,000 

1, 790, CXX) 

1,200,000 
1,570.000 

Total    . 

2,401,000 

958,000 

2,013,000 

5,372,000 

The  Census  of  i860  also  excluded  the  slave  population, 
and  showed  thus :— .' 


States 


Occupied 


New  England 
Middle    . 
South .     . 
West  .    . 


Persons  of  Working  Age 
(16-60) 


Males     Females      Total 


1, 104,000  9x5,000  968,000 
2,684,000  2,357,cx»  2,406,000 
1,645,000  2,548,oco'2,463.odo 
2,854,000  3,c398,oco'2,554,coo 


1,883,000 
4,763,000 
5,011,000 
5,652,000 


58.7 
56.4 

33- o 

50.  S 


Total    '.  8,287,oc»9,gi8,<x»  8, 391 ,00017,309,000  47.8 


States 

Agricul- 
ture . 

Manufac- 
tures 

Commerce, 

&c. 

Total 

New  England 
Middle    .    . 
South.     .     . 
West,    .     . 

293,000 

72I^CXXD 

860,000 
1,346,000 

390,000- 
542,000 

126, CXX) 

253,000 

42I,CXX3 
1,421, CXX) 

659.000 
1,255,000 

1,104,000 
2,684,ocx) 
1,645,000 
2,854,000 

Total    . 

3,220',0OO 

i,3ii,<xx> 

3,756,000 

8,287,000 

That  of  1870  included  the  enture  population,  and  gave 
the  following  results  : — 


States 


New  England 

Middle    .  . 

South .     .  . 

West  .     .  . 

Total  . 

Males      .  . 

Females  .  . 

Total  . 


Agricul- 
ture 


316,000 

793,000 

2,669,000 

2,145,000 


5,923,000 


Manufac- 
tures 


5SS.000 
1,012,000 

283, CXX) 

857,000 


2,707,000 


5,526,000 
397,000 


5,923,000 


2.353.000 
354.006 


Commerce, 
&c. 


428, 
1.303, 

792. 
I.3S4. 


CXXD 
OCX) 
000 
000 


3,876.000 


2.790, 
1,086, 


COO 
OOO 


2,707,0x30    3,876,000 


Total 


1,299,000 
3,107,000 
3,744,000 
4,356,000 


12,506,000 


10,670.000 
1,836,000 


12,506,000 


In  1870 


Americans 


Irish 


Germans 


British 


Various 


Total 


Agriculture 
Manufactures    . 
Commerce,  &c.  f 

Total 


5,303,000 
1,778,000 
2,721,000 

9,802,000 


138,000 
265,000 
S44>ooo 

947,000 


225,  OCX) 
308,000 
303,000 

836,000 


95,000 
176,000 
103,000 

374,000 


162,000 

l8o,CXX3 

205,000 
S47,ooo 


5,923,000 

2,  707,  CXXD 

3, 876,  OCX) 
12,506,000 


OCCUPATION 


951 


OIL 


That  of  l8So  gave  the  following  :— 


States 

Agricul- 
ture 

Manufac- 
tures 

Commerce 
&c. 

Total 

New  England 
Middle    .    . 
South .     .    . 
West  .     .    . 

301,000 

847,000 

3,626,000 

2,897,000 

709,000 
.1,425,000 

392,000 
1,311,000 

562,(300 
1,912,000 
1,236,000 
2,174,000 

1,572,000 
4,184,000 
5,254,000 
6,382,000 

Total    . 

7,671,000 

3,837,000  1  5,884,000 

1  17,392,000 

Males 

Females 

Total 

Ratio 

States  , 

Females 
Total 

New  England 
Middle    .     . 
South      .     . 
West.    .     . 

1,239,000 
3,453,000 
4,253,000 
5,800,000 

333,000 

731,000 

r, 001 ,000 

582,000 

1,572,000    72 
4,184,000  I198 
5,254,000  1245 
6,382,000  |333 

19I      91 
42J    240 
571    302 
34!    367 

Total    . 

14.745,000 

2,647,000 

17,392,000  1848 

152.1,000 

Some  of  the  principal  States  showed  as  follows  : — 


Agricul- 
ture 


New  York  . 
Pennsylvania 
Illinois  .  . 
Ohio  .  .  . 
Massachusetts 
Missouri  . 
Indiana  . 
Georgia  . 
Michigan 
Iowa  .  . 
Texas .  . 
Kentucky 
Various    . 


377,00c 
301,00c 
436,00c 
397,oo< 
65,00c 
355,000 
331,00c 
432,000 
240,000 

304,  OCX) 

359. 000 

32I,CXX5 

!,753,ooo 


Manu- 
factures 


630,000 
528,cxx) 

206,0CX3 

242,000 
370,  coo 
110,000 
110,  CXX) 

36,000 
131,000 

70,000 

30,CXX3 

61,000 
,313,000 


■  Com- 
merce, 
&c. 


Total 


878,0x50 
627,000' 
357,000 
3S5.000 
286,coo 
228,000 
194,000 
130,000 
198,000 
154,000 
j33,ooo 
138,000 

!,  206,  OCX) 


1,885,000 
1,456,000 
999,000 
994,000 
.721,000 
693,000 

635.000 
598,000 
569,000 
528,000 
522,000 
520,000 
7,272,000 


OS 


10  9 
8.4 
5-8 
5-8 
4.1 
4.0 
3.6 
3-5 
3-3 
30 
3.0 
30 

4t.6 


The  classification   of   nationality  (counting,   sons    of 
foreigners  as  Americans)  was  in  iSSo  as  follows  : — 


Americans 
Germans 
Irish 
British  . 
Various 


I3,897,cxx3 

1,033,000 

979,000 

467,000 

1,016,000 


802 
59 
56 

26 

57 


Total 


17,392,000         1,000 


Age  and  sex  are  classified  in  the  following  manner :— 


Males  • 

Under  16 

16  to  60 

Over  60 

Total 

Agriculture  . 
Manufactures 
Commerce   . 
Various  .     . 

585,000 
87,ocx3 
26,000 

128,000 

5,888,000 
2,978,000 
1,672,000 
2,447,000 

603:000 

140,000 

53,000 

138,000 

7,o;6,coo 
3.205,000 
1,751,000 
2. 713. coo 

Total    . 

826,CXDO 

12,985,000 

934,000 

14,745-Of-O 

Females 

Agriculture  . 
Manufactures 
Commerce   . 
Various   .     . 

136,000 

47,000 

3,600 

108,000 

436,006 

577,000 

54.000 

1,215,000 

23,000 
8,000 
2,000 

38,000 

593.000 

632.000 

39.000 

1,361,000 

Total    . 

294,000 

2,282,000 

71,^000 

2,647,000 

Total    .  17,671,000  3,837,000  5,884,000  i7,392,ooo'ioo.o 


Total 

A.griculture  . 
Manufactures 
Commerce   . 
Various   .     . 

721,000 

134,000 

29,000 

236,000 

6,326,cx)o 
3,555.000 
1,726,000 
3,666,cx)o 

626.J000 

148,000 

5S,ooo 

176,000 

7,671,000 
■3.837,000 
1,810,000 

4,074, CX30 

Total    . 

1,120,000  ji5,267,<5oo 

1,005,000   1  17, 392,0CX3. 

Of  the  total  number  of  workers  80  per  cent,  were 
men,  13  per  cent,  women,  5  pejr  cent,  boys,  2  per  cent, 
girls. 


The  Census  of  188 1  showed  as  follows  : — 


Australia 


Agriculture 

Commerce 

Mining 

Various 

Children  and 
Servants 

Total 

New  South  Wales  . 
Victoria  .... 
■Queensland    .         . 
South  .Australia 
New  Zealand. 
Tasmania 
Western  Australia  . 

113,000 
124,000 
33.000 
35.ooq 
55.000 
19,000 
S.ooo 

^28,000 

2I,COO 

6,000 
8,000 
14,000 
3,000 
1,000 

18,000 
36,000 
11,000 

2, CXX) 

14,000 
3,000 

165,000 
177,000 
42,000 
60,000 
$0,000 
22,000 
6,000 

427,000 
504,000 
122,000 
175.000 
317,000 
69,000 
18,000 

751,000 
862,000 
214,000 
280,000 
490,000 
116,000 
30,000 

Total 

384,000 

81, CXX) 

84,000 

562,000 

1,632,000 

2,743,000 

Under  agriculture  are  included  both  tillage  and  pastoral 
pursuits.  It  is  probable  that  the  real  number  employed 
in  such  occupations  in  1S81  was  larger  than  appears,  say 
50  per  cent,  more,  as  the  numbers  under  '*  Servants"  and 
*'  Various  "  are  large.     The  ratios  show  : — 


N.S. 
Wales 

.2 
0 

> 

Si  c 
0 

^1 

•0 

Is 

N 

,     CS 

Agriculture 
Mining.     . 
Sundries    . 

I5-0 

2.4 

82.6 

14.4 

4-2 

81.4 

15.6 

5-4 

79.0 

12.4 

0.8 

86.8 

11. 1 

2.9 
86.0 

16.8 

2.7 

80.5 

16.0 

0.3 
83-7 

Total     . 

.100.0 

100. 0 

100,0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

ICX).0 

OIL 

■  There  are  three  principal  kinds  of  oil — vegetable, 
marine,  and  mineral.  The  annual  product,  in  gallons, 
is  approximately  as  follows :  vegetable,  140  millions ; 
marine,  6  millions  ;  mineral,  i8cK>  millions. 

The  yield  of  oil  from  vegetable  products  is  as  follows : — 

Pounds  of  Oil  from  icxD  Lbs.  of 


Horse-chestiiuts     . 

6 

Rape     . 

.    33 

Beech-mast    . 

16 

Colza    . 

.     40 

Hempseed 

18 

Almonds        . 

.    48 

European  linseed  , 

2S 

Poppy   , 

.     58 

Indian  linseed 

29 

Walnuts 

.     60 

Olives  •.        , 

33 

Castor-oil  seed 

.    '6a 

2  £ 


PICTURES 


952 


POPULATION 


PICTURES 

'  Raphael's  "  Holy  Family,"  from  the  Blenheim  Gallerj-, 
was  sold  to  the  National  Gallery  for  ;^ 70,000.  Millet's 
"  Angelas  "  was  sold  at  Paris  for  j^24,ooo  in  18S9,  Millet 
having  painted  it  for  /^"jz  sterling, 

PINS 

In  1888  the  production  was  as  follows : — 

Millions  Weekly 

England 280 

France    ...        .        .        ,        .        .     120 
Holland  and  Germany    ....    xao 

Total        .        .        .        .520 
Birmingham  stands  for  180  millions  of  those  made  in 
England.     In  1850  the  annual  output  in  England  was 
1250  tons,  valued  at  ;^i, 100,090. 

PLACARDS 

The  largest  t^e  on  record  was  prior  to  the  Paris  election 
of  27th  January  1889.  General  Boulanger  had  15,000 
billstickers,  who  put  up  45,000  daily,  in  all  900,000,  at  a 
cost  of  ;^8ooo  sterling.  Jacques  had  10,000  men,  who 
put  up  25,000  daily,  in  all  500,000,  at  a  cost  of  ;^5000. 
In  some  places,  when  they  were  torn  down  after  the 
election,  there  were  found  sixty  layers  alternating  of  the 
rival  placards. 

POLICE 

In  1 88 1  the  maintenance  of  police  in  various  cities  cost 
as  follows : — 


London 
Paris  , 
Vienna 
B^in ,     . 
S.  Francisco 
Buda-Pesth 
Rome.    . 
Leipsic    . 
Bucharest 
Stockholm 


,-..        r-     Per  Inhab., 

*  Peitn 

1,060,000  68 

1,160,000  122 

390,000  99 
70.000 
48. COO 

38.000 
30,000 
24,000 
22,000 
21,000 


Copenhagen    20,000 


16 

52 
27 

5-4 
49 
26 

33 
24 


Genoa    .  , 

Florence  . 

Turin     ,  , 

Antwerp  . 

Trieste  .  . 
Christiania. 

Frankfort  . 

Liege     .  , 

Venice   .  , 
Palermo 

Stuttgart  . 


£  " 

15,000 

14,000 

13,000 

13,000 

12,000 

11,000 

7,000 

6,000 

6,000 

6,000 

14,000 


20 
18 
19 
27 
36 
14 


6 
28 


The  following  comparison  between  the  police  of  London 
and  Paris  was  published  in  1881  : — 


London 

Paris 

Per  10,000  Inhab. 

London  |    Paris 

Number  of  men   i    . 
Arrests  made  .     ,    . 

10,940 
79,490 

8,250  1       29 
231,140 1     210 

39 
1.065 

The  London  police  cost  ;^97  a  year,  the  Paris  ;^I40, 
lier  man.  The  London  man  arrests  seven  persons ;  the 
Paris,  twenty-nine  persons,  per  annum.  For  each  offender 
(including  drunkenness  and  misdemeanours),  the  police 
expenditure  is  /'13  in  London,  and  .^^5  in  Paris.  The 
number  of  London  police  in  1888  was  13,900. 

In  the  United  Kingdom  the'  number  of  police  was  as 
follows : — 


Number 

Per  10,000  Pop. 

1878 

1888 

1878    i    1888 

England   . 
Scotland  . 
Ireland     ... 

30,700 
3.400 
12,300 

37.300 
4,000 
13.900 

12 
10 
24 

13 

10 
29 

United  Kingdom 

46,400 

S3.200 

■ 
14 

15 

The  expenditure  in  1S87  was  as  follows  : — 


Amount.  ^ 

Per 
Policeman,  £ 

Pence  per 
Inhabitant 

England    .     .     . 
Scotland    .     .     . 
Ireland.     .     .    . 

3,700,000 

380,000 

i,570,cxx5 

98 
92 

31 
23 
80 

United  Kingdom 

5,650,000 

102 

36 

In  India  the  police  number  144,000  men,  of  whom 
46,000  carry  swords,  and  55,000  firearms. 

y 
POPULATION  ^ 

The  population  of  the  Roman  Empire  at  the  death  of 
Augustus,  14  B.C.,  was  little  more  than  that  of  the  present 
German  Empire,  being  estimated  by  Bodio  thus  : —    ^ 

Italy     .        .        ,        ,  ""  ,        .      6,000,000 
Spain 6,000,000 


Greece  , 

Gaul 

Other  countries' 


Europe 
Asia 
Africa  . 


K    H    N 


Total    - 


^A 


3,000,000 
3,400,000 
4,600,000 

23,000,000 
19.500.000 
11,500,000 

54,000.000 


The  population  of  Europe  hardly  exceeded  50  millions 
before  the  15th  century.  "*' 


The  growth  of  the  great  European  Powers  in  the  last  400  years  is  shown  as  follows  : — 


1480 

1580            1            1680            }            1780 

1830 

England  'j  ""'.        .  •       .    ■    . 
France     •.]       .        .|       .        . 
Prussia     J      ',        .        . 
Russia,   r.]      I.!      !.       V       . 
Austria    U       Lj       U 
Italy  J    ;       b      '^i       .        . 
Spainf    %      y      /.'      i. 

3,700,000 
12,600,000 
800,000 
2,100,000 
9,500,000 
9.200.000 
8,800,000 

4,600,000 
14.300,000 

1.000,000 

4,300,000 
16,500,000 
10,400.000 

8,150.000 

5.532.000 
18.800.000 

1.400.000 
12,600.000 
14.000,000 
11,500,000 

9,200.000 

9,561,000 
25,100,000 

5,460.000 
26.800,000 
'20,200,000 
12,800.000 

9.960,000 

35,004.000 
37,400,000 
45,260,000 
84,440.oco  ( 
37.830,000 

28, 910, OCX)   ■ 

i6,290,cxx) 

fTotal 

;"  46,700,000 

59.250,000 

73,032,000        j     109,881,000 

285,134,000 

In  the  above,  England  at  present  stands  for  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  Prussia  for  the  German  Empire. 

The  population  of  the  world  has  been  estimated  as 
follows : —  *' 


Date  Author      'Millions 

1804  Malte-Brun    .       640 

i8a8  Ratbi     ...       847 

li8^5  Miclielot    .    .    i,co9 


Date  Author   '  Millions 

1874  Behm-Wagner    1.391 

1878  Levasseur .    ,     1,439 

1883  Beiim-Wagner    1,433 


The  population  of  Europe,  according  to  the  best  autho- 
rities, has  been  as  follows : — 


Date  Author  Population 
1762  Expilly  .-  130,000,000 
1778  Moheau  .  i50,ooo,cx» 
1800  Levasseur  175,000.000 
i8a8  BalLi  .  .  2i4,ooo,(Xio 
1841  Berg-Lova  233,700,000 


Date  Author  Population 
1850  Confronti .  255,000,000 
1861  Hausner  .  283,500,o(x> 
1871  Berg-Loaa  293,000,020 
1882  B. -Wagner  327.800,000 
i886  Levasseur  345.7oc,ooo. 


Plate  VIII. 

♦ 

POPULATION 

Inhabitants  per  square  mile  in  1820  and  iSgo  ■ 

Red  for  1820,  Green  for 

iSgo. 

1 

i 

r 

505 

•  •.■.■:.■■.; 

135 

212 

148 

172 

1    320 

1 

148;;- 

184 

iKtl.ANU 

1  ka:,>  u 

''<:0" 

!::-233!;;i 

:  20 : 

■.'■Xi'y. 

99 

w&. 

T38 

ipl 

:::5$::: 

yM^: 

Germany 

Russia 

< 

Austria 

Italy 

Spain 

■0^X\ 

'^Mk 

•15' 

\n'} 

'■  16  • 

::S;;: 

.  m- 

195 

350 

Portugal 

Sweden 

Norway 

Denmark 

Holland 

287 

530 

127 

190 

::40:: 

'\^M-k 

\'ii::}. 

;;;9ciyi 

■3   ■ 

.  20  . 

l;i,i(.i.  .,1 

tjKl  Ll  1. 

ElK 

JFK 

U.  Si 

atks 

1 

POPULATION 


955 


POPULATION 


Turkey 
In  1840  the  populatiion  and  area  of  the  component 
States  were : — 


Square 
Miles 

Population 

Inhabitants 

per  Square 

Mile 

Turkey  Proper    . 

Moldavia  and      \ 

Wallachia   .    J 

Servia   .... 

130,000 
44,000 
12,000 

7,ic»,ooo 

1,420,000 

380,000 

55 
32 
32 

European  Turkey 
Asia-  Minor     .    . 
Tripoli  .... 
Egypt    .... 

186,000 
710,000 
36o,<xx3 
480,000 

8,9cx3,ooo 
16,100,000 

1,(X»,CXX) 

3,100,000 

48 
23 

i 

Total    .    . 

1,736,000 

29,100,000 

Since  1840  Turkey  has  lost  Moldavia,  Wallachia, 
Egypt,  Servia,  Bulgaria,  Bosnia,  Herzegovina,  Roumelia, 
&c.,  and  is  at  present  reduced  to : — 

Square  Miles     Population 
Turkey  in  Europe .        .      6i,oc»  4,490,000 

Asia  Minor   .        .        .    710,000  i6,i33,oc» 

Total        .    77i,cioo  20,623,000 

In  1880  the  principal  cities  were  the  following : — 

Constantinople .    .    874,000 1  Damascus    .    .    .    150,000 
Smyrna    ....     187,000 1  Bagdad    ....     100,000 

In  1888  European  Turkey  was  supposed  to  have  only 
4,500,cxx>  inhabitants. 

Egypt 

Without  including  the  outlying  dominions,  the  popula- 
tion of  Egypt  proper  has  been  officially  stated  thus  :-»- 

1840 3,100,000 

1872 5,210,000 

1882 6,8i8,ocx> 

-    The  last  Census  showed  499  males  to  501  females, 


Number 

Per  1000 

Males 

Females 

Total 

Males 

Females 

Egyptians    . 
Bedouins     . 
Foreigners  . 

3,222,000 
131,000 
49,000 

3,258,000 
116,000 
42,000 

6,480,000 

247,cxx> 

91,000 

497 
530 

538 

503 
470 
462 

Total    . 

3,402,000 

3,416,000 

6,818,000 

499 

501 

The  population  of  Cairo  and  of  Alexandria  was  in 
1882  as  follows : — 


Cairo 

Alexandria 

Natives     .... 
Foreigners         .        ,        . 

3S3.000 
22,000 

178,000 
49,ocx) 

Total 

37S.OOO 

227,000 

United  States 

The  population  of  the  country  now  known  as  the 
United  States  was  estimated  at  various  periods  before 
Independence,  and  has  been  regularly  taken  in  decennial 
Census  since  1790. 


Year     Population 
1673    .        160,000 

297,OCX3 

.     1,161,000 

.       2,803,CX30 

.  '3,930,000 


1701 
1750 
1775 
1790 


Year  Population 

1800  .     5,3o8,cxx3 

1810  .     7,240,003 

1820  .     9,655,cxx) 

1830  .  12,866,000 

1840  ,  17,063,000 


Year 
1850  , 
i860  , 
1870  , 
1880  , 
1890  , 


Population 
23,192,000 
31,443,000 
38,558,000 
50,156,000 
62,481,000 


The  earliest  detailed  records  of  population  are  as 
follows : — 


1701 

1749 

1775 

1790 

Massachusetts   .    .    . 
Connecticut  .... 
Rhode  Island     .    .    . 
New  Hampshire     .    . 

70,cx» 
30,000 
10,000 

lO.COO 

220,0<X> 

100,000 

35.000 

30,000 

352.000 

262,C»0 

58,000 

102,000 

475,000 
238,000 

69, OCXS 

228,000 

New  England    .    .    . 

120,000 

385.000 

774.000 

1,010,000 

New  York      .... 

New  Jersey   .... 

Pennsylvania      '  and  ) 

Delaware  ...    J 

Maryland 

Virginia 

Carolinas,  &c.    .    .    . 

30,000 
15,000 

20,CXX) 

35,000 
7S.OOO 

I2,CX)0 

ioo,oc» 
60,000 

250,<X)0 

85.000 

200,000 

8l,OCX3 

260,0<X) 

150,000 
401,000 

25S,CX)0 

5i6,o<» 
447,000 

340,000 
184,000 

494,000 

320,000 
748,000 

834,000 

Middle  and  South  .    . 

177,000 

776,000 

2,029,(XX) 

2,920,000 

Total    .    . 

297,000 

i,i6r,ocx) 

2,803,00013,930,000 

Dr.  Currie's  tables  published  in  1798  are  complete 
as  regards  the  i8th  century,  and  besides  the  above  he 
gives  figures  for  the  New  England  States  in  the  pre- 
ceding century,  showing  a  population  of  24,100  souls 
in  1654,  and  of  68,400  in  1673.  It  is  to  be  observed 
that  in  the  above  table  the  column  for  1775  includes 
500,000  slaves,  and  in  1795  likewise  698,000. 

The  population,  according  to  Tucker  and  the  Census 
returns,  was  composed  as  follows : — 


Year 

White,  Native 

Coloured 

Foreigners 

Total 

1800 

4,262,000 

1,002,000 

44,000 

5,308,000 

1810 

5,770,000 

1,377,000 

93,000 

7,240,000 

1820 

7,684,000 

1,772,000 

177,000 

9,633,000 

1830 

10,178,000 

2,328,000 

360,000 

12,866,000 

1840 

J3.336.000 

2,874,000 

859,000 

i7,o69,cxxj 

1850 

17.308,000. 

3,639,000 

2,245,000 

23,192,000 

i860 

22,801, OCX) 

4,486,000 

4,139,000 

31,426,000 

1870 

28,085,000 

4,9<36,cxx) 

5,567,000 

38,558,000 

1880 

2,6,%zg,ooo 

6,647,cxx) 

6,680,900 

50,156,000 

The  increase  of  population  chiefly  arose  from  the 
surplus  of  births  over  deaths,  but  was  materially  swelled 
by  the  number  of  European  settlers.  Tucker's  tables 
down  to  1820,  and  the  Census  returns  since  that  year, 
show  as  follows : — 


Period 

Natural  In- 
crease 

Immigration 
Increase 

Total 

Ratio  of  In- 
crease per 
1000  Pop. 

1801-10 
i8 11-20 
1821-30 
1831-40 
1841-50 
1851-60 
1861-70 
1871-80 
1881-90 

1,883,000 
2,309.000 
3,050,000 
3,602,000 
4,473,000 
5,624,000 
4,820,000 
8,783,000 
7,078,000 

49,000 

84,000 

i83,cx30 

59S.OOO 

1,656,000 

2,627,CXXJ 
2,295,CXX5 

2,815,000 

5,247,000 

i,932,cxx> 
2,393,000 
3,233,000 
4,197,000 
6,129,000 
8,251,000 
7,115,000 
11,598,000 

I2,325,OCX) 

36s 
•  330 
335 
327 
359 
356 
226 
301 
246 

90  years 

41,622,000 

15.551.000 

57,173,000 

... 

The  Census  Commissioner  believes  that  the  Census  re- 
turns for  1870  were  defective,  especially  in  the  Southern 
States,  and  that  the  real  returns  since  i860  should  be  read 
thus : — 


Period 

Natural  In- 
crease 

Immigration 

Total 

Periooo 

1861-70 
1871-80 
1881-90 

6,262,000 
7,341,000 
7,078,000 

2,295,000 
2,815,000 
5,247,000 

8,557.000 
10,156,000 
12,325,000 

273 
254 
246 

POPULATION 


956 


POPULATION 


Allowing  this  amendment,  as  recommended  by  Commissioner  Porter,  the  ratio  of  increase  in  each  decade  per 
looo  inhabitants  was  as  follows  : — 


1801-10 

1811-20 

1821-30 

1831-40 

1841-eO 

1851-60 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-80 

Natural  .... 
Immigration    -.    . 

3S6 
9 

318 
12 

316 
19 

280 
47 

262 

97 

242 
114 

200 

72 

181 
73 

141 

105 

Total    .    . 

36s 

330 

335 

327 

359 

356 

272 

254 

246 

*:i«K*B- 


The  various  nationalities  that  composed  nearly  15  millions  of  settlers  from  1820  to  1888  stood  thus : 


1821-60 

1861-60 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-88 

Total 

Germans  .... 

682,000 

951,000 

820,000 

7S9.000 

1,104,000 

4,316,000 

Irish      ,   .    , 

. 

1,352,000 

1,013,000 

723,000 

450,000 

536.000 

4,074,000 

British 

t 

49,000 

325,000 

385.000 

542.000 

658.000 

1,959,000 

Scandinavians 

S.ooo 

25,000 

136,000 

261,000 

412.000 

839.000 

Italians     . 

*.. 

9.000 

13.000 

61,000 

201,000 

284.000 

French 

_ 

125,000 

76,000 

38,000 

7S.OOO 

36,000 

350,000 

Dutch 

5,000 

11,000 

10,000 

18,000 

151.000 

195,000 

Swiss 

4,000 

25:000 

S4,cao 

31,000 

68,000 

152,000 

Various    . 

3S4.000 

163,000 

318,000 

748,000 

1,154,000 

2.737.000 

Total 

• 

• 

2,576,000 

2,598^000 

2,467,000 

2,945,000 

4,320,000 

14,906,000 

'  There  is  a  very  marked  decline  of  natural  increase, 
which  is  now  only  two-thirds  of  the  ratio  that  prevailed 
early  in  the  century.  The  total  immigration  may  be 
summed  up  thus : — 


Period 

Number 

Per  Annum 

1654-1701. 

J702-1800. 

1801-20     .... 

1821-50     .... 

1851-80     .... 

1881-90     .... 

134,000 

492,000 

178,000 

2,576,000 

8,010,000 

5,247,000 

2,800 

4,950 

8,900 

86,000 

267,000 

540,000 

f  37  years  _j^     .        .        . 

16,637,000 

The  number  of  foreign  residents  at  each  Census,  and 
■the  number  of  those  who  died  or  left  the  country,  are 
shown  in  the  following  table  : — 


Census 
Year 

Number 
Enrolled 

Immi- 
grants of 
Decade 

Number 
Total     at  End  of 
Decade 

Missing 

1:850 
i860 
1870 
1880 

2,245,000 
4,139,000 
5,567,000 
6,680,000 

2,598,000 
2,467,o<» 
2,945,000 

4,843,000  4,139,000 
6,606,000  5,567,000 
8,512,000  6,680iOOO 

704,000 
1,039,000 
1,832,000 

... 

3.S7S.OOO 

The  foreign  residents  found  living  in  the  United  States 
at  each  Census  since  1850  were  as  follows : — 


1860 

1860 

1870 

1880 

Germans   .■    .    . 

584,000 

1,276,000 

1,691,000 

1,967,000 

Irish     .... 

962,000 

1,611,000 

1,856,000 

1,855,000 

British  .... 

380,000 

588,000 

766,000 

916,000 

Scandinavians    . 

18,000 

73,000 

242,000 

440,000 

Italians      .     .     . 

4,000 

11,000 

17,000 

44,000 

French.    .     .     . 

54.000 

110,000 

ll6,(XX3 

107,000 

Dutch  .... 

10,000 

28jOOO 

47,000 

58,000 

Swiss    .... 

13.000 

S3.0OO 

75.000 

89,000 

Various     .    .    . 

220,000 

389,000 

757.000 

1,204,000 

Total    .    . 

2,245,000 

4.139,000 

5,567,000 

6,680,000 

The  losses  among  Germans  in  the  several  decades 
were : — 


Census 

Resident 

Immi- 
gration 

Total 

Number 

at  End  of 

Decade 

Missing 

1850 
i860 
1870 
1880 

584,000 
1,276,000 
1,691,000 
1,967,000 

951,000 
820,000  • 
759.000 

1,535,000 
'2,096,000 
2,450,000 

1,276,000 
1,691,000 
1,967,000 

259,000 
405,000 
483,000 
ft    ••• 

... 

... 

1,147,000 

The  number  naissing  at  the  end  of  each  decade  ranged  The  percentage  of  loss  was  l^s  than  among  Irish,  as 

fiom  15  to  21  per  cent.  appears  from  the  subjoined  table  of  all  nationalities. 

The  loss  by  death  or  leaving  the  country  in  thirty  years  ending  1880  is  shown  as  follows :— 


Germans. 

Irish 

British 

Various 

Total 

Number  in  1850 
Arrived,  1851-80 

584.000 
2,530,000 

962,000 
9,186,000 

380,000 
1,252,000 

319,000 
2,042,000 

2,245,000 
8,oio,coo 

Total 
Number  in  1880 

3,114,000 
1,967,000 

3,148,000 
1,855,000 

1,632,000 
916,000 

2,361,000 
1,942,000 

10,255.000 
6.680,000 

,Xx>ss 

1,147,000 

1,293,000 

716,000 

419,000 

3.57S.OOO 

[In  thirty  years  35  per  cent,  of  the  total  either  died  or  left  the  country. 


rOPULATIOX 


957 


POPULATION 


The  loss  in  the  first  decade  ending  i860  was  17  per 
cent.,  and  in  the  subsequent  decades  almost  20  per 
cent.  4;'i;;v^«f-'!^';v.  •  ..         _     ^ 

The%ta.bles  as  regard  Irish  settlers  show  as  fol- 
lows;:;^- 


Census 

Resident 

Immi- 
gration 

Total 

Number 

at  End  of 

Decade 

Missing 

1850 
i860 
1870 
1880 

962,CXX3 

1,611,000 
1,856,000 
1,855,000 

1,013.000 
723,000 

450,000 

1,975,000 
2,334,000 
2,306,000 

... 

1,611,000 
1,856,000 
1,855,000 

364,000 
478,000 
451,000 

...       1        ...        1       ...       1       ... 

1,293,000 

can  and  in  foreign  population  are  shown  at  each  decade 
thus : — 


The  loss  among  Irish  settlers  in  the  first  decade  was 
18  per  cent.,  in  the  second  20,  and  in  the  third  19  per 
cent.  The  war  of  1861-65  apparently  cost  the  Union 
53,000  German,  and  48,000  Irish  settlers.  According 
to  the  Census  of  1880,  it  appeared  that  for  every  100 
foreign  settlers,  of  whatever  age,  there  were  124  children 
born  in  the  country  of  foreign  parents,  whereas  in  1870 
there  were  only  96.  It  appears,  moreover,  that  foreign 
settlers  comprise  a  larger  ratio  of  people  of  working 
age  than  they  do  of  the  general  population,  viz.  : — 


Population  of  all  Ages 

/ 

1830     1840 

1850 

1860 

1870     1880 

Amencarfs]  i«   . 
Foreignere,!  .-   . 

.  972       950 
28         so 

903 
97 

868 
132 

856 
144 

867 
133 

>iiv 

1,000    1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

Population  betweerj  15  and  60 

AmeriSHS   .i    J 
Foreignerel^V    . 

/  960. 

928 

72 

866 
134 

821 
179 

807 
193 

8^7 
183 

TStlr^ 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

Persons  betw 

een  15  and  60  Years  of  Age ' 

Vlsst 

Of  1000 

Of  1000 

Of  1000 

Americans 

Settlers 

General  Pop. 

1830    . 

504 

750 

5" 

1840    .       , 

509 

751 

521 

1850    . 

520 

748 

543 

i860    .       , 

520 

748 

551 

1870    .       . 

527 

752 

659 

1880    . 

513 

750 

544 

There  was  a  steady  rise  until  1870,  notwithstanding 
the  war  of  1861-65,  but  the  last  decade  showed  a  fall, 
which  is  explained  by  the  greater  number  of  persons  over 
sixty  years  of  age,  who  were  56  per  1000  in  1880,  against 
50  in  1870.  It  is,  nevertheless,  surprising  to  find  that 
the  able-bodied  ratio  among  foreign  settlers  is  precisely 
the  same  as  it  was  fifty  )'ears  ago,  and  has .  not  sensibly 
varied  in  the  whole  period.  It  has  improved  remai-kably 
among  the  American  population.  If  we  compare  the 
growth  of  the  three  great  elements  of  population  betv/een' 
1850  and  1880,  counting  the  children  born  of  foreignl 
parents  as  foreigners,  and  assuming  their  ratio  in  185c  to 
have  been  as  in  1870 — that  is,  96  per  100  settlers — we 
find  as  follows  : — 


^                  "^ 

185b 

1380 

Ratio  of/ 
Increase, 
per  Cen' 

American  whites     . 
Coloured  population 
Foreign     .... 

15,152,000 
3,639,000 
4,401,000 

28.553,000 
6,647,000 
14,956.000 

83 

83 

240 

Total    .    . 

23,192,000 

50,156,000 

116 

The  aliquot  parts  of  the  population,  always  countings 
children  of  foreign  parents  as  foreign,  show  as  follows  : — ■] 


When  the  American  native  population  would  have  loo 

persons  of  working  age,  foreigners  have  145.  .<■  , 

The  percentages  of  persons  of  working  age  in  Ameri- 

The^l^owth  of  the  white  American  and  of  the  colouired 

—  ■  '     ■  -'■  -•■  ■^■jt- "   ' — • 


1800  1  1820 

1340 

1860 

1880fi 

Americans.     .-'.,'  . 
Coloured  population    . 
Foreign      .    .  '.    .    . 

794       781 

190       184 

16         35 

733 
169 
98 

602 
141 
257 

57<a| 
132' 
298 

Total    .    . 

J, 000  1  1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

population,  in  intervals  of  twenty  years,  is  shojvn  thus : 


Number 


American 


4,220,000 

7,514,000 

12,511,000 

18,827,000 

28,553,000 


Coloured 


1,002,000 
.1,772,000 
2,874,000 
4,486,000 
6,647,000 


Increase 


American 


3,294,000 
4,997,000 
6,316,000 
9,726,000 


Colouredl 


/  770,0(3Qj 

I,I02,G0bl 

1,612,000^ 
2,161,000 


Rate  of  Increase 


American, 
.per  Cent. 


Uh^ 


The  white""  American  race  increased  faster  thajQ  the 
coloured,  except  during  the  interval  of  1841-60.  ' 
The  total  increase  during  eighty  years  was : — 
American  whites  "^  .  '  T.'f"  .    576  per  cerit^ 
Coloured  population ^    J-  ^     .    564  per  cent. ' 
_  The  difference  is  small,  but  the  figures  show  conclu- 
sively that  the  white  Ameiicah  race  has  no  tendency  to 
die  out,  as  often  sta.ted.'''C!^^^^^^^i^y^'^i:%r^-^'"'^-','"  • 
_  The  rate  of  increase  has,  hdweWr,  declined  very  notably 
since  1820,  both  among  whites  and  blac^,  especially  the 
latter,  that  among  whites*having-b»en  nearly  stationary 
siiice.i8^„  ' 


Coloured, 
i  per  Cent. 


In  considering  the  ratios  of  the  sex^^wetiMp?  pre-: 
ponderance  of  males  was  very  gffeat  in  1860,  tiic  year 
before  the  war,  and  the  lowest  in  1870.  If  the  ratio  in' 
the  latter  year  were  the  same  as  in  i860,  there  would 
have  been  19,900,000  males,  instead  of  i9,550,ooo.'^"r'This 
shows  a  loss  of  350,000  males,  which  maj^be-set'^own 

as  the  blood-cost  oi  the  war.  yC  '^' 

>  It  will  be  seen  from  the'1^cpdi8|r{S151eFtp^e] 
white  American  population  iij  iSgo  wis  '2S,55§,6cOy%'! 
57  per  ctat.  of  the  total.  This,  noweyer,  siipposes  the 
grandchiWren  of  Europteaji  settler.^  -lb  l?e  of^Anieric^ti' 
race,  which  is  not  strictly  ifss^  ■ 


POPULATION 


958 


POPULATION 


The  Census  returns  give  the. sexes  sipce  1790,  bnt 
only  for  the  white  population  down  to  18 10.  The  returns 
from  1820  are  complete  : — 


Per  1000  Population 

Females 

Males 

females 

1790 

i,6i5,cxx> 

1,557,000 

509 

491 

1800 

2,204,000 

2,ICX),000 

512 

488 

I8IO 

2,988,000 

2,874,000 

510 

490 

1820 

4,896,000 

4,738,000 

S08 

493 

1830 

6,52i,cxx) 

6,333,000 

508 

493 

I840 

8,693,000 

8,381,000 

509 

491 

1850 

11,837,000 

11,355,000 

5" 

489 

i860 

i6,c56i,ooo 

15,365,000 

S" 

489 

1870 

19,550,000 

19,008,000 

507 

493 

1880 

25,519,000 

24,637,000 

Sio 

490 

It  is  remarkable  that  the  relative  numbers  of  the  sexes 
have  varied  little  since  1790.  Meantime  the  ratio  of 
females  was  highest  in  1870,  being  the  census  year  next 
following  the  war  for  the  Union.  If  there  had  been  no 
war,  and  the  ratio  of  males  in  1870  were  the  same  as  in 
i860,  the  population  for  1870  would  have  shown  thus  :=— 
Males  .  .  .  .  ,  "  .  .19,827,000 
Females .19,008,000 


Total       .       .    38,835,000 
The  actual  number  of  males  was  277,(X)o  less,  which 
is  not  surprising,  since  the  Northern  army  lost  227,300 
men  killed  or  who  died  in  hospital. 

The  preponderance  of  males  has  increased  since  1870, 
due  to  immigration,  but  is  still  much  less  than  .in  Aus- 
tralia, Argentina,  Brazil,  India  or  Greece  (see  p.  443}. 
The  sexes  will  probably  be  nearly  even  in  1920. 


The  distribution  of  the  coloured  population  was  at  various  dates  thus : — 


States 

Number                                     j                                 Ratio 

1850 

1860 

1870 

1880        {      1850 

1860 

1870 

1880 

New  England  . 
Middle-    .        .        . 
South 
West 

24,0(X3 

326,000 

3,153,000 

136,000 

25,000 

338,000 

3,890,000 

233,000 

31,000 

388,000 

4,173,000 

314,000 

40,ocx5                 7 

483,000               90 

5,658,000            866 

466,000    1          37 

S 

75 

868 

52 

6 

80 

850 

-64 

6 

85t 
70 

Total 

3,639,000 

4,486,000 

4,906,000 

•  6,647, (X» 

1,000 

1,000           1,000 

1,000 

This  shows  that  the  coloured  population  has  not  migrated  to  any  extent  since  the  emancipation  of  the  slaves  in 
1 86 1,  but  continues  mostly  in.  the  Southern  States. 

The  distribution  of  the  foreign  population  is  shown  thus : — 

Germans 


Stotes 

Number 

Ratio 

1850 

1860 

1870 

1880 

1860 

1860 

1870 

1880 

New  England  . 
Middle      . 
South 
West 

6,000 

236,000 

53.000 

289,000 

23,000 
476,000 
101,000 
676,030 

27,000 

584,000 

103,000 

.     977,000 

37.000 

640,000 

115,000 

1,175,000 

II 

404 

91- 

494 

18 

373 
79 

530 

16 

344    • 
61 

579 

19 

325 

58 
598 

Total 

584,000 

1,276,000 

1,691,000 

1,967,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000  ^ 

Irish 

New  England  . 
Middle      . 
South       .        .        * 
West        .        . 

197,000 
552,000 
•  65,000 
148,000 

306,000 
801,000 

I07,CX30 

397.000 

361,000 

890,000 

81,000 

524,000 

371,000 

865,000 

74.006 

54S.OOO. 

154 

190 

496 

66 

248  . 

194 
486 

44 
283 

200 

467 

40 

893 

Total 

962,000 

1,611,000 

1,856,000. 

1,855,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

All  Foreigners 


New  England  . 

Middle     . 

South 

West        .       . 

.299,000 

1,068,000 

176,000 

702, CXX) 

469,<x)o 
1,652,000 

292,  OCX) 

1,726,000 

648, CXX) 

i,98o,cxx> 

290,OCX> 

2,649,000 

793,000 

2,I30,CX)0 

341,000 

3,4i6,cx)o 

133 

475 

78 

314 

"3 
400 

71 
416 

116 

356' 

52' 

476 

118 

320 

SI 

5" 

Total 

2,245,000 

4,139,000 

5,567,000 

6,680,000 

I,OC» 

1,000 

I.(XX> 

■  1,000 

This  shows  considerable  and  constant  movement  westward  among  all  classes  of  foreigners.    The  percentages  of 
native  Americans  and  of  foreigners  (the  children  of  these  being  coxmted  as  American)  were  : — 


1860 

1880 

New  England 

Middle 

South 

West 

New  England 

Middle 

South 

West     ■ 

Americans 
Foreigners 

890 
1x0 

838 
163 

979 

31 

874 
126 

803 
198. 

820 
180 

978 

23 

830 

180 

Total 

1,000 

I.OOO 

1,000 

1,000 

I, CXX) 

I.OCXJ 

1,000 

I, CXX) 

POPULATION 


959 


POPULATION 


The  following  table  shows  the  population  of  each 
State  at  three  distinct  periods : — 


1800 

ISM 

1880 

1890 

New  York  .    .     . 

589,000 

2,429,000 

5,083,000 

5,982,000 

Pennsylvania   .    . 

602,000 

1,724,000 

4,283,000 

5,249,000 

Ohio .    ,    . 

4S.0OO 

1,519,000 

3,198,000 

3,667,000 

Illinois    .    . 

476,000 

3,078,000 

3,819,000 

Missouri      . 

384,000 

2,168,000 

2,677,000 

Indiana  .    . 

6,000 

686,000 

1,978,000 

2,189,000 

Massachusetts 

423,000 

738.000 

1,783,000 

2,233,000 

Kentucky    . 

221,000 

780.000 

1,649,000 

1,855.000 

Michigan    .    > 

212,000 

1,637,000 

2,090,000 

Iowa .    .    . 

... 

43.000 

1,625,000 

1,907,000 

Texas     .    . 

... 

1,592,000 

2,232,000 

Tennessee   . 

106,000 

829,000 

1,542,000 

1,764,000 

Georgia  .    . 

163,000 

691,000 

1,542,000 

1,834,000 

Virginia ,    . 

880,000 

1,240,000 

1,513,000 

1,649,000 

North  Carolina 

478.000 

753.000 

1,399,000 

1.617,000 

Wisconsin  . 

31,000 

1,315,000 

1,684,000 

Alabama     . 

591,000 

1,263,000 

1,508,000 

Mississippi  . 

9,000 

376,000 

1,132,000 

1,285,000 

New  Jersey 

211,000 

373.000 

1,131,000 

1,441,000 

Kansas  .    . 

996,000 

1,423,000 

South  Carolina 

346,000 

594,000 

996,000 

1,147,000 

Louisiana   . 

352,000 

940,000 

1,117,000 

Maryland    . 

342,000 

470,000 

93S.OOO 

1,040,000 

California    . 

865,000 

1,204,000 

Arkansas     , 

... 

98,000 

803,000 

1,125.000 

Minnesota  .    . 

781,000 

1,300,000 

Maine     .     . 

152,000 

502,000 

649,000 

660.000 

Connecticut 

251,000 

310,000 

623,000 

746,000 

West  Virginia . 

618,000 

760,000 

Nebraska    . 

452,000 

1,057,000 

New  Hanlpshii 

•e  . 

184,000 

285,000 

347.000 

376,000 

Vermont     .    , 

154,000 

292,000 

332,000 

332,000 

Rhode  Island 

69,000 

109,000 

277,000 

34S.OOO 

Delaware    . 

64,000 

78,000 

147,000 

168,000 

Florida  .    . 

54.000 

269.000 

390,000 

Colorado     . 

... 

194,000 

411,000 

Oregon  .    . 

... 

175,000 

312,000 

Utah.    .    . 

«. 

144,000 

206,000 

Dakota  .    . 

.  -. 

135.000 

510,000 

Territories  . 

13,000 

50,000 

564,000 

1,169,000 

The  Union . 

5,308,000 

17,069,000 

50,153,000 

62,480,000 

Dividing  the  Union  into  four  great  sections,  the  popu- 
lation stood  thus  at  each  Census :— ^ 


Year 


1790 
1800 
1810 
1820 
1830 
1840 
1850 
i860 
1870 
1880 
1890 


New 

England 


1,010,000 
1,233,000 
1,472,000 
1.659,000 
1,954,000 
2,236,060 
2,724,000 
3,145,000 
3,506,000 
4,010,000 
4,691,000 


Middle 
States 


14. 


342,000 

,807,000 

479.000 

194,000 

,138,000 

088,000 

593.000 

,294,000 

,770,000,11 

,757,00015 

110,00018 


South 


,580,000 
,214,000 
,997,000 
,932,000 
,164,000 
,367,000 


297,000 
330,000 
254,000 
283,000 


West 


54.000 
292,000 
849,000 
610,000 
378,00017, 
288,000]  5,587,000 
707,000 


9 
13,952.000 

19. 

25. 


Total 


,135,000 
;,396,ooo 


932,000 
308,000 
240,000 
634,000 
866,000 
069,000 
192.000 
443,000 
558.000 
156,000 
480,000 


At  the  beginning  of  the  century  there  were  only  four 
towns  that  had  more  than  20,000  inhabitants :  in  1880 
there  were  102,  viz.  : — 


Population 

1800 

1820 

1840 

1860 

1880 

Over  100,000 .... 
5010100,000.     .    .     . 
20  to  50,000  .... 

0 

2 
2 

3 
t 
3 

4 

I 
16 

9 
9 

25 

20 
16 
66 

Total    .    . 

4 

S 

21 

43 

102 

The  aggregate  of  urban  compared  with  total  population 
in  the  United  States  was  as  follows : —  > 


Uxban. 

Total 

Ratio  of  Urban 

1800  .... 
1830  .    .  ^.    . 
1840  .... 

i860  .... 
1880  .... 

340.000 

460,000 

1,550,000 

4^240,000 

9,160,000 

S,3io',oo6 

9,640,000 

17,070,000 

31,440,000 

50,310,000 

6.4 
4.8 
9.1 
»3-5 
18.2 

The  principal  cities  showed  at  various  dates  thus : — 


The  urban  class  comprises  only  towns  over  20,000 
population. 


Year 

New  York 

Philadelphia 

Boston 

Baltimore 

New  Orleans 

Cincinnati 

Chicago 

1730         .        .        ... 

8,600 

12,000 

11,500 

1750 

10,000 

18,000 

14,000 

... 

... 

1790 

33.000 

44,000 

18,000 

13.800 

... 

... 

1800 

60,000 

69,000 

25,000 

26.000    - 

... 

... 

... 

1810 

96,000 

.95.000 

33.000 

36,000 

17,000 

3.000 

... 

1820 

124,000 

ii3,ooo 

43.000 

63,000 

27,000 

10,000 

... 

1830 

203,000 

161,000 

61,000 

81,000 

46,000 

25,000 

1840 

313.000 

220,000 

93,000 

102,000 

102,000 

46,000 

4.500  . 

1850 

516,000 

340,000 

137,000 

169,000 

116,000 

115,000 

30.000 

i860 

8x4,000 

568,000 

178.000 

214,000 

171,000 

160,000 

109,000 

1870 

942,000 

674,000 

251,000 

267,000 

191,000 

2l6,XXX> 

399,000' 

1880 

1,207,000 

847,000 

363,000 

332,000 

216,000 

256,000 

503,000 

1888         .... 

1,493,000 

1,017,000 

... 

... 

Australia 
The  population  was  at  various  dates  as  follows  :— 


1800      .       .       .       6,500    i860  . 

1820      .        .        .      3S,6oo    1870  . 

1840      .        .        .    257,000    1880  . 

1850      .        .        .    510,000    1888  . 

The  ratio  of  increase  was  : — 


1,234,000 
1,900,000 
2,725,000 
3,672,000 


1851-60 140  per  cent; 

1861-70 55       >• 

1871-80 43       .. 

i88i-88 33        ,. 


The  several  Colonies  since  1850  stood  thus : — 


1860 

1860 

1870 

1880 

1888 

N.  S.  Wales 

189,000 

349,000 

499,000 

742,000 

1,086,000 

Victoria.    . 

76,000 

538,000 

727,000 

860,000 

1,091,000 

S.  Australia 

99,000 

124,000 

184,000 

268,000 

313,000 

Tasmania  . 

70,000 

88<ooo 

101,000 

115,000 

146,000 

New  Zealand 

63,000 

79,000 

348,000 

485,000 

607,000 

Queensland 

28,000 

116,000 

226,000 

387,000 

W.  Australia 

13,000 

16,000 

25,000 

29,000 

42,000 

Total  •  . 

510,000 

r, 222,000 

1,900,000 

2,725,000 

3,672,000 

Press 


960 


PRESS 


In  1878,  excluding  reviews,  there  were  180  papers,  of 
which  124  were  in  French  and  56  in  Flemish. 

United  States 
'  The  first  printing-press  was  brought  from  Amsterdam 
with  49  lbs.  of  type,  and  set  up  at  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts, A.D.  1639,  where  Harvard  University  now 
stands.  Another  was  started  by  W.  Penri  at  Philadelphia 
in  1686.  The  "Hoe"  press  was  invented  by  Robert 
Hoe  at  New  York  in  1833,  and  improved  by  his  sons, 
•who  have  made  lo-cylinder  presses  for  many  of  the  great 
journals  of  America  and  Great  Britain.  The  first  news- 
paper was  at  Boston  in  1690,  and  was  at  once  suppressed 
by  the  Governor.  The  Boston  Newsletter  was  founded 
in  1704;  the  /l/?r<:Mry  of  Philadelphia  in  1719.  Franklin 
-began  the  New  England  Courant  in  1 721.  The  New 
York  Gazette  appeared  in  1725. 

The  number  of  papers  at  various  dates,  and  the  a^re- 
gate  issue  of  copies  monthly,  were  as  follows : — 


Year 

Dailies 

Weeklies 

Reviews, 
&c 

Total 

Issue 
Monthly 

1788 

... 

37 

330,000 

1810 

364 

1,850,000 

1828 

... 

892 

6,100,000 

1840 

130 

1.304 

200 

1.634 

1850 

254 

1,902 

370 

2,526 

34,400,000 

i860 

387 

3.173 

491 

4.051 

74,600,000 

1870 

574 

4,296 

i,oor 

5.871 

119,600,000 

1880 

980 

8,718 

1.70S 

".403 

i86,foo,ooo 

1890 

... 

... 

... 

15.392 

230,000,000 

The  monthly  issue  for  1890  is  only  an  estimate. 
The  circulation  was  as  follows : — 


1850      1      1860      1      1870 

1880 

Dailies    .     . 
Weeklies     . 
Reviews,  &c 

760,000 
2,940,000 
1,440,000 

1,480,000 
7,580,000 
4,605,000 

2,602,000 

10,594,000 

7,646,000 

3,640,000 

19,460,000 

8,080,000 

Total    . 

5,140,000  ]i3,665,ooo 

20,842,000 

31,180,000 

The  aggregate  number  of  copies  issued  monthly  in  the 
above  years  was  approximately  as  follows  : — 


1850 

1860 

1870 

1880 

Dailies    .    . 
Weeklies     . 
Reviews,  &c. 

19,000,000 

14,000,000 

1,400,000 

37,000,000 

33,000,000 

4,600,000 

65,000,000 

47,000,000 

7,600,000 

90,000,000 

88,000,000 

8,100,000 

Total 

34,400,000 

74,600,000 

119,600,000 

186,100^000 

Census  returns  give  the  following  daily  issues  : — 


States 

Number  of  Papers 

Issue 

1870 

1880 

1870      1      1880 

1 

New  England    . 
Middle      .    .    . 
South  .... 
West    .... 

60 
171 

82 
261 

84 

.  259 
122 

497 

310,000 

1,369,000 

146,000 

776,000 

403,000 
1,799,000 

174,000 
1,264,000 

Total    .    . 

574 

962 

2,601,000  1  3,640,000 

In  1880  there  were  10,515  papers  in  English,  641  in 
German,  49  in  Swedish  or  Danish,  41  in  French,  and  26 
in  Spanish.     No  fewer  than  57  were  edited  by  women. 

Japan 

In  1888  there  were  470  newspapers  and  magazmes, 
the  principal  journal  being  the  Osoka-Nippo,  which  issues 
10,000  copies  daily.  The  Japan  Mail  and  Hiogo  Times 
are  in  English.    The  aggregate  issue  of  newspapers,  is 


Per  Inhai. 

4-7 

9.3 

25-9 


about  two  millions  monthly.     The  Life  of  Washington 
was  published  in  1880  in  42  quarto  volumes. 

China 

The  Pekin  Court  Gazette  celebrated  in  1884  the  com- 
pletion of  its  loth  century  :  it  was  640  years  old  when 
the  first  newspaper  was  printed  in  Europe  in  1524. 
Secretary  Ho  has  published  a  translation  of  Shakespeare, 
and  a  Pekin  publisher  has  also  issued  Blackstone's  Com- 
mentaries in  Chinese. 

Australia 

The  first  paper  was  printed  at  Sydney  in  1803.  There 
were  43  in  Australasia  in  1840,  and  the  number  rose  to 
270  in  1882.  The  returns  at  present  are  incomplete, 
but  may  be  taken  approximately  thus  : — 

Dailies ,,    156 

Weeklies,  &c, ......    252 

Total  ^      »        .    40a 

The  number  of  newspapers  "sent  through  the  post 
compared  with  population  thus : — 

Year  Number 

1851  ....      2,150,000 

1871  .        .        .        .  17,580,000 

1888  .        .        .        .  93,410,000 

The  above  shows  an  average  postal  circulation  of 
300,000  copies  daily :  the  total  issue,  therefore,  can  hardly 
fall  short  of  half-a-million  copies,  say  13  millions  monthly, 
or  one-tenth  of  that  of  the  United  Kingdom  in  1883. 

Canada 
In  1765. the  first  paper  was  printed  at  Quebec.     There 
were  88  in  1840,  and  the  latest  report  showed  565.     The 
number  of  newspapers  sent  through  the  post  was : — 
Year  Number       Per  Inhab. 

1870    ....    20,200,000  5.5 

1887    ....    64,^00,000  13.2 

The  total  issue  is  apjjroximately  350,000  copies  daily. 

South  America 
The  first  printing-press  introduced  into  the  New  World 
was  that  established  by  the  Jesuits  at  Cordoba,  in  the 
province  of  Tucuman,  about  1610.  Another  was  estab- 
lished at  Misiones,  in  Paraguay,-  about  1680,  and  some 
books  of  this  press  are  in  the  British  Museum,  dated 
1705-24.  General  Auchmuty,  after  the  capture  of  Monte 
Video,  founded  a  paper  .called  the  Southern  Star  in  1806, 
which,  lasted  only  three  months.  In  1826  Mr.  Love 
founded  at  Buenos  Ayres  a  vreekly  called  the  British 
Packet,  which  died  in  1858.  A  well-known  weekly 
paper  called  the  Panama  Star,  was  founded  by  Archibald 
Boyd  in  1849,  which  still  flourishes.  The  first  daily 
paper  in  the  English  language  which  appeared  in  Spanish 
America  was  the  Buenos  Ayres  Standard,  founded  by 
the  author  of  this  Dictionary,  ist  May  1861,  which  is 
now  the  best  known  journal  of  South  America,  The 
press  of  Argentina  in  1086  was  as  follows : — 


Dailies 

Weeklies,&c.i     Total 

Buenos  Ayres    . 
Provinces  . 

25 
13 

57 
101 

82 
114 

>'        Total 

38 

158         1      196 

There  are  4  English,  3  French,  3  Italian,  2  German, 
and  184  Spanish  newspapers,  which  issue  3,600,000  copies 
monthly. 

India 

In  1880  there  were  644  newspapers,  of  which  forty 
were  in  English,  the  rest  in  Bengali,  Marathi,  and  other 
native  tongues.  In  18S6  there  were  published  8900 
works,  of  which  nine-tenths  were  in  native  languages. 


PRICES 


961 


PRICES 


PRICES 

The  earliest  table  of  prices  is  that  .fixed  by  the  Emperor 
Diocletian,  a.d:  303,  for  the  whole  Roman  Empire, 
viz.  : — 

Prices  in  English  Pence  and  English  Measure 


Wines,  &'c. 
Falernian 
Sorrento 
Sabine . 
Ordinary 
Inferior 
Rustic  . 
Vinegar 
Beer 

Small  do. 
Oil,  ist 

t,    2nd 

•f    3rd 

Groceries 
Tallow. 
Cheese . 
Butter  , 
Lard     . 
Honey . 
Beans  . 
Peas 
Lentils . 
20  eggs- 
20  oysters 
20  figs  . 
20  roses 


Per 
Pint 

15 
IS 


6 

Pet- 
Lb. 


Per 

Meat,  &'c. 

Li. 

Beef     . 

•    4 

Mutton 

•     4 

Lamb  .  • 

.     6 

Pork     . 

.     6 

Ham     . 

•  10 

Sausages 

.     4 

Venison 

•     7 

Boar     . 

•     9 

Sea-fish 

•  14 

River-fish 

.     7 

Salted  „  ^ 

•    4 

Snails,  doz 

en.     I 

Per 

Head 


3 
7 
9 
9 
12 

S 

3 

S 

IS 

IS 


Vegetables.&'c.  20 
Apples .     . 
Cherries    . 
Almonds  . 
Walnuts    . 
Chestnuts . 
Onions.     . 
Turnips    . 
Cucumbers 
Lettuce     . 
Cauliflowers 
•  Melons 
Artichokes 


Game 
Grouse  , 
Dove  .  . 
Pigeon  . 
Wood  do 
Partridge 
Duck  .  . 
Rabbit  . 
Fowl .  . 
Goose 
Fat  do.  . 
Pheasant 
Hare  .    . 

Per .  Clothing,  &'c. 

Pence 
Socks.     .     .       3 
Tunic      .     .     12 
Breeches 
Cloak . 
Boots . 
Shoes . 
Slippers 
Clogs . 
Saddle 
Bridle 
Whip. 
Bath  . 


8 

IS. 
IS 
30 

30 


IS 

12 

18 

IS 

24 
30 
30 

4S 
IS 

150 
80 

no 


IS 

30 

100 

120 

SO 

40 

400 

80 


According  to  Landrin  and  Roswj^,  the  quantity  of 
wheat  that  could  be  bought  at  various  epochs  for  an  ounce- 
of  silver,  say  4s.  of  present  money,  was  as  follows : — 


Period 

Lbs.  of  Wheat 
for  4s. 

Price  per  Ton 

£>   ^-   d. 

B.C.  600 . 

430 

116 

,1    300. 

360 

ISO 

,,    200. 

346 

160 

,.    so   • 

330 

170 

A.  D.  50-300 

324 

I    7    6 

,,      301-500 

320 

18.0 

„       501-800 

314 

186 

,,      801-1400 

307 

190 

,,       I4OI-150O 

314 

186 

,,       I5OI-160O 

250 

I  16    0 

„      1601-1650 

200 

346 

„       165I-I7OO 

IS4 

2  18    0 

„      I70I-I750 

124 

3  12    0 

„      1751-1800 

75 

600 

,,       1801-1850 

37 

12    0    0 

„       1851-1880 

34 

13    5    0 

From  the  above  it  would  appear  that  from  the  time  of 
Alexander  the  Great  down  to  that  of  Columbus  the  price 
of  wheat  averaged  28s.  per  ton ;  but  the  discovery  of 
America,  in  1492,  was  followed  by  such  an  influx  of  gold 
and  silver  into  Europe  that  prices  of  all  commodities  rose 
in  succeeding  centuries,  and  the  price  of  wheat  from  1751 
to  1800  averaged  four  times  as  much  as  in  the  time  of 
Columbus. 


The  tables  of  Sir  Morton  Eden  and  Marquis  Gamier  from  1401  to  1756,  with  continuation  to  the  present  date, 
show  the  price  of  wheat  reduced  to  English  money  as  follows  : — 


Period 

England,  per  Ton 

Year  of  Price 

France,  pei:  Ton 

Year  of  Price 

Highest 

Lowest 

Average 

Highest 

Lowest 

Highest 

Lowest 

Average 

Highest 

Lowest 

;^-- 

£.  s. 

£  ^■ 

£  s. 

£  s. 

£  s. 

1401-10  .    .    . 

2  15 

0  13 

1    8 

1401 

1404 

318 

2  7 

3  2 

1410 

1406 

1411-20  . 

3    3 

I  0 

1  18 

1416 

1411 

2  10 

I  3 

I  17 

141 1 

1413 

1421-30  . 

2    2 

I  0 

I  10 

1429 

1427 

9   I 

I  0 

4  I 

1430 

1428 

1431-40  . 

6  13 

I  2 

2  IS 

1434 

1437 

13  4 

I  IS 

6  IS 

1437 

143s 

1441-50  . 

I  13 

1  0 

I    7 

1442 

1450 

5  1+ 

0  14 

2.  1 

1443 

1448 

1451-60  . 

I  IS 

0  11 

I    5 

1451 

1454 

2    7 

0  19 

I  15 

1457 

1452 

1461-70  . 

I  13 

0  i8 

I    6 

1464 

1463 

2  12 

0   12 

I    4 

1466 

1464 

1471-80  , 

2    0 

I  18 

I      0 

z    8 

1478 

1472 

1481-90  . 

4    2 

0  18 

I  12 

i486 

1489 

318 

I    7 

2    7 

1482 

1489 

1491-X500 

S    0 

0  18 

I  12 

1497 

i495 

2    5 

0  18 

I  10 

1499 

1495 

1501-10  . 

I  IS 

0  18 

I    9 

1501 

1509 

2    12 

0  IS 

I  IS 

1501 

1510 

151 1-20  . 

4  13 

1  10 

2    8 

1512 

1515 

s  14 

0  16 

2    5 

1515 

1511 

1521-30  . 

5  17 

I    7 

3  10 

1521 

1530 

6  17 

I  10 

3  19 

1521 

1526 

1531-40  . 

4    7 

I  18 

3    S 

IS38 

1534 

8  14 

2  11 

4  IS 

1539 

1534 

IS4I-SO  . 

6    7 

I  13 

4    S 

IS44 

1548 

4  12 

2  15 

■  3  16 

IS44 

1541 

i55t-6o  . 

617 

2    8 

3  13 

1556 

iSSS 

7  19 

4    6 

4    6 

1556 

1558 

1561-70  . 

S    3 

3    7 

4    4 

1561 

1568 

II    3 

4  19 

7  IS 

1563 

1564 

1571-80  . 

8    4 

4    0 

5  10 

1573 

1576 

18  13 

S    7 

9    S 

1574 

IS77 

1581-90  . 

8    0 

3  II 

S    7 

1586 

1588 

12  12 

5  12 

7  17 

1590. 

1581 

1591-1600 

IS    9 

4    3 

9  10 

1597- 

1592 

31  19 

7  10 

17    6 

1591 

1600 

1601-10  . 

12  13 

6    I 

8    0 

1608 

1604 

10  15 

s  14 

7    6 

1608 

1602 

1611-20  . 

10  16 

6    2 

8  15 

1617 

1620 

12  17 

5  17 

7    6 

1618 

i6io 

1621-30  . 

13    I 

6    S 

9  IS 

1622 

1628 

14  19 

615 

9  II 

1626 

1624 

1631-40  . 

^5    I 

9  10 

11  10 

1631 

1639 

17  16 

7    4 

9  18 

1631 

1639 

1641-50  . 

18  18 

7  16 

13   S 

1648 

1644 

19  18 

7    0 

n  10 

1650 

1646 

1651-60  . 

13  IS 

S  12 

to    S 

1651 

1654 

19   S 

7  13 

II  n 

1651 

1657 

1661-70  . 

16    S 

6    7 

10  10 

1662 

1666 

2b    2 

5  19 

11  17 

1662 

1668 

1671-80  . 

IS    s 

7-iS 

10    8 

1674 

1676 

12    7 

S  18 

8  14    . 

1679 

•1673 

1681-90  . 

10    1 

s  15 

8    S 

1681 

1688 

12    I 

S    S 

B    7 

1685 

ti688 

1691- 1700 

14  19 

7  10 

12      0 

1698 

1691 

24    5 

6  11 

13    3 

1694 

1691 

1701-10  , 

17  0 

5  12 

9    S 

1709 

1706 

22    0 

4    7 

9  19 

1709 

1707 

17H-20  . 

II  IS 

7  I.-; 

9  10 

1711 

I7I9 

16    4 

3  II 

8  10 

1714 

1718 

1721-30  . 

I?    S 

7    6 

9    a 

1728 

1723 

14    8 

S    I 

7  15' 

1725 

1728 

1731-40  . 

12      1 

S  IS 

8    I 

1740" 

1732 

10  18 

4    2 

6    8 

1740 

1733 

1741-50  . 

8    S 

S    9 

7    S 

1746 

1743 

10    I 

4    8 

7    2 

1741 

1744 

1751-60  .    .     . 

14    5 

7  10 

9  10 

1757 

175s 

9  IS 

.      4    7 

6  12 

1752 

I7S9 

PRICES 


962 


PRICES 


Period 

England,  per  Ton 

Years  of  Price 

France,  per  Ton 

Years  of  Prioe- 

Highest 

Lowest 

Average 

Highest 

Lowest 

Highest 

Lowest 

Average 

Highest 

Lowest 

£  ^■ 

£  s. 

£   -^ 

£  s. 

£        ^^ 

£  ^■ 

1761-70  . 

IS     I 

6    6 

10  12 

1767 

1761 

10  15 

5    8 

7   5 

1770 

1763 

1771-80  . 

13  " 

8  13 

11    9 

1774 

1779 

10  12 

7    6 

8  13 

1771 

1780 

1781-90  . 

13  14 

10    0 

12    0 

1790 

1786 

12  14 

7  16 

9    5 

1789 

1781 

1791-1800 

28  9 

10  15 

15  18 

1800 

1792 

11  16 

9    8 

10  12 

1800 

1799 

1801-10  . 

29  18 

14  14 

21    0 

1801 

1803 

14   5 

8  12 

11  12 

1803 

1809 

1811-20  . 

31  13 

16    8 

21  18 

1812 

1815 

21   0 

10    S 

H    7 

1817 

1814 

1821-30  . 

17  2 

"    3 

14  17 

1825 

1822 

13   2 

9    0 

10  13 

1829 

1822 

1831-40  , 

17  13 

9  17 

14    4 

1839 

183s 

12  17 

8  17 

11     I 

1839 

1834 

1841-50  . 

1-7    5 

10    I 

13     7 

.    1847 

1850 

16  17 

8    6 

I.I     9 

1847 

1850 

1851-60  . 

18  14 

9  13 

13  17 

1855 

1851 

17  0 

8  13 

13    0 

1855 

1851 

1861-70  . 

16     2 

10    I 

13    0 

1867 

1864 

15  10 

9  " 

IS  10 

1868 

1865 

1871-80  . 

14   14 

11    0 

11  17 

1873 

1879 

14  18 

"    S 

13    3 

1871 

1S75 

1881-89  .    .    . 

11      7 

714 

9    5 

1881 

1889 

12    18 

9  IS 

10  15 

1881 

1885 

The  average  prices  of  wheat  in  periods  in  England, 
France,  Italy,  Russia,  and  United  States  were  as  follows, 
per  ton : — 


•o 

s 

B 

2 

•S 

^ 

"Ss 
■55 

2 

c 
W 

k 

Pi 

:3W 

< 

£  *. 

£  s. 

£  s. 

£  ^■ 

£  s. 

£  s. 

1771-80  .    .    . 

11  10 

815 

8    5 

•■-k 

9  10 

1781-90  .   .   . 

13     0 

9  s 

8  16 

10  0 

179I-I800    .    . 

16     0 

10  10 

•II    s. 

... 

12  12 

1801-10   .    .    . 

21      0 

11  10 

13    0 

IS    3 

1811-15   .    .    . 

23    10 

14    0 

14    o- 

17    3 

1816-20   .    .    . 

20    5 

14  15 

9  5 

I?    4 

12  0 

13  12 

1821-25   .    .    . 

14    5 

9  10 

4  10 

5    8 

7  12 

8     S 

1826-30    .     .     . 

15  10 

11  10 

6    0 

8  14 

7  II 

9  18 

1831-35  .   .  . 

13    5 

10  10 

6    5 

7  14 

8    8 

9    4 

1836-40   .    ^    . 

IS    5 

11  10 

6  10 

8    7 

9  16 

10    6 

1841-45  .    ,    . 

13  IS 

II    S 

7  10 

8     3 

7    4 

9  12 

1846-50  .    .    . 

13    0 

II  IS 

8    5 

10    5 

9    4 

10  10 

1851-55  .  .  . 

14    0 

13   S 

11    0 

12    6 

9  12    12      I 

In  18S1  was  published  the  following  table  of  average 


prices  of  whea:t  in  various  countries  during  sixty  years, 
per  ton : — 


Period      1 1 

8 

c 

1 

Russia 
Austria 

•0   to 

2  U) 

i^  '- 

£  ^- 

4;  ^• 

£  s.    £  s. 

/:  s. 

/:  *. 

1821-30 1 15  0 

10  10 

8    3 

7  17 

6  10 

10    0 

10  3 

1831-40  )  14    6 

11   0 

7  14 

7    7 

s  17 

II     7 

9 12 

1841-50*113    7 

11  10 

9    > 

7    0 

7  10 

9  14 

9  1'i 

1851-60  i  13  17 

13  0 

11  13 

10  16 

II     7 

13     3 

12     6 

1861-70  1 13    0 

12  10 

II     7 

11    7   13    0 

12  10 

12    6 

1871-80    11  17 

13   3 

13  13 

II    Sjii  13 

10  16 

12      X 

•  The  price  of  wheat  in  1846,  the  year  of  the  Irish  famine, 
was  as  follows  in  various  parts  of  the  world,  per  ton : — 

Edmbuigh .    .    .    .    14  10 

Genoa 13  18 

London iS  i4 


Alexandria . 
Amsterdam 
Ancona .  . 
Bilbao  .  . 
Brussels 
Christiania. 
Copenhagen 
Dantzic .    . 


11     o 

IS    8 

IS      2' 

II  12 
13    7 


Dublin  .    .'    .  ' .    .     19  14 


Malaga.     ....  13    7 

Milan     ,.-...  13    7 

New  York  ....  9  18 

Odessa  .    .    .     .     ,  82 

St.  Petersburg     .     .  10    8 

Trieste 11    o 


Commendatore  Bodio  gives  the  following  prices  of  wheat  per  ton  in  ten  different  markets,  from  1869  to  1884: — 


Year 


1869  .  '  .  ' 

1870  . 

1871  . 

1872  . 

1873  . 

1874  . 

187s  . 

1876  . 

1877  . 

1878  . 

1S79  .   .   . 

1880  . 

1881  . 
1883  . 

1883  . 

1884  . 
average  16  yeSis 


London 


II  8 

11  4 

12  16 

13  15 

13  6 
12  18 
10  10 

10  19 

12  13 
12   6 

11  10 

12  6 

10  18 

10  12 

10  I 

9  I 

11  II 
6  18 


Paris 


Berlin 


£  s. 
10  i& 

13  4 

14  15 

13  7 

14  4 
13  3 

9  18 

11  o 

12  16, 

13  10 

11  13 

12  5 

13  I 

10,18 

10  6 

9  5 

11  18 
9  6 


10  o 
9  18 

10  15 

11  18 

13  10 
II  12 
9  12 

10  6 

11  7 
9  14 
9  12 

10  16 

10  15 

10  3 

8  16 

8  16 
10  8 

9  6 


Brussels 


£  s. 

II  8 
II  18 
IS  o 

13  8 

14  7 
13  16 

10  18 

11  10 

13  4 
II  10 
II  o 

II  12 
II  II 
10  12 
9  18 
8  i7» 
ii  18 


Amster- 
dam 


£  s. 
II 10 

11  18 

13  4 

12  17 

14  I 

11  12 

10  17 

12  3 
14  16 

11  12 
10  II 
10  12 

10  15 
9  12 

9  8 
8  o 

11  8 
6  12 


Rome 


£  s- 
9  18 

10  12 

11  18 

12  1 

13  I 

13  8 
10  8 

10  18 
12  10 

11  IS 

11  10 

12  I 
10  12 

10  4 
9  10 
8  18 

11  4 


Vienna 


£  s. 

8  6 

9  S 

10  18 

11  12 

13  o 
10  6 
7  12 

7  19 

8  16 
8  o 

8  8 

9  2 
9  3 
8  3 

7  8 
6  10 

8  12 


Buda- 
Pesth 


10  o 

10  18 
13  S 

11  IS 

8  14 

9  I 
10  o 

8  8 

9  6 
10  12 
10  18 

9  9 

8  10 
7  12 

9  18 


Algiers 


10  2 

10  9 

11  18 

11  10 

12  16 

13  6 


12 


14 
IS 

6 

3 
10  3 

10  10 

11  16 
10  7 
10  4 

8  12 
10  18 


New 
York 


£   J. 

10  8 
9  6 

13"^ 

12  3 

13  12 

11  7 

9  14 
9  19 

II  18 

9  7 
9  6 

10  o 
10  4 

8  16 

9  I 
7  10 

10  s 
6  13 


The  highest  average  of  prices  for  sixteen  years  was  at  Paris,  namely  £n,  i8s. ;  the  lowest  at  Vienna,  namely 
/,$,  I2s.  The  highest  prict  for  si  year  was  at  Brussels,  ;^I5  jn  1871 ;  the  lowest  at- Vienna,  £6,  los.  in  1884.  The 
gr-^atest  variation  of  price  was  at  Vienna,  falling  from  £^3  in  '873  to  half  that  sum  in  1884;  the  least  variation  was 
at  Berlin. 


PRICES 


963 


PRICES 


Belgium 
The  following  is  an  official  statement  of  prices  from  1840  to  1887 


1840 

1860 

1860 

1870 

1880 

1887 

i% 

d. 

£   s- 

d. 

£    S' 

d. 

£  s- 

d.  . 

£  ^' 

d. 

£  s.  4. 

Barley,  tott^^^m  '.;    . 

0 

1    0 

0 

9    8 

0 

9  0 

0 

8  12 

0 

6    t    0 

Beef,       „    ^^,^t 

... 

50    0 

0 

63  0 

0 

65   0 

0 

SO    0    0 

Beer,  4q  gallons  iV*' 

... 

0  17 

6- 

0  17 

6 

I  10 

0 

I  17 

0 

2  10    0 

Butter,  ton  -^  .  v« 

... 

... 

85    0 

0 

119  0 

0 

129    0 

0 

104    0    0 

Cheese,   „  a":   .  Jp,: 
Coal,      „  h,i  ,  a. 

28   0 

0 

40    0 

0. 

56    0 

0 

60  0 

0 

60    0 

0 

60    0    0 

••• 

0  12 

0 

0  12 

9 

0  12 

0 

0  II 

^ 

096 

Coffee,    „  *,  -  .    '. 

56   0 

0 

52     0 

0 

68    0 

0 

56  0 

0 

84   0 

0 

88    0    0 

Cotton,   „  :>>/  . 

68    0 

0 

64     0 

0 

60    0 

0 

92  0 

0 

80    0 

0 

48    0    0 

Cows         .  '&^  .  ,$ 

... 

... 

... 

13  12 

0 

13    4 

<  ■ 

II-   40 

Flax,  ton  .  H^  .  ■.■ 

64     0 

0 

60    0 

0 

52  0 

0 

68    0 

0 

40    0    0 

Hay,    „    .  ^  -  f 
Hemp,  ton    |  ,  k 
Honey,   „   :t  .  V 

2  14 

0 

2     6 

0 

2  12 

0 

4  4 

0 

4  10 

0 

380 

40    0 

0 

32    0 

0 

44  0 

0 

48    0 

0 

32    0    0 

35    0 

0 

28   0 

0 

28    0 

0 

40  0 

0 

36    0 

0 

20    0    0 

Horses      .        ,    ' 

14    8 

0 

14    8 

0 

17    4 

0 

30  0 

0 

30    0 

0 

30    0    0 

Iron  wares,  ton    ' 

24    0 

0 

20    0 

0 

7    4 

0 

6  16 

0 

6.16 

0 

480 

Lard,  ton . 

40    0 

0 

40    0 

0 

48    0 

0 

44    0 

Of 

36    0 

0 

28    0    0 

Oats,     „  ♦ 

7    4 

0 

S    8 

0 

8    4 

0 

8  10 

0 

7  10 

0 

5  14    0 

Pigs  .         .         .     ; 

I    4 

0 

I    0 

0 

I     8 

0 

I  10 

0 

I    6 

6 

166 

Potatoes,  ton    .   . 

2  14 

0 

2  16 

0 

3    8 

0 

3    8 

0 

4    2 

0 

3  10    0 

Rye,          „     . 

7  14 

0 

5  16 

0 

8  12 

0 

8    8 

0 

8  18 

0 

5  10    0 

Sheep        .     •  .  v.. 

I  16 

.0 

2    I 

6 

I  16    6 

Silks,  cwt.          r 

... 

' 

600    0 

0 

600    0 

0 

260    0 

0 

312    0    0 

Steel,  ton  .        . 

52    0 

0 

52    0 

0 

52    0 

0 

48    0 

0 

16    0 

0 

4  16    0 

Straw,  „  .   H  . 

I  16 

0 

I    6 

0 

I  12 

0 

2    12 

0 

2  14 

0 

240 

Sugar,  „   .        . 

28    0 

0 

26    0 

0 

29    0 

0 

24    10 

0  ■ 

22     0 

< 

II  12    0 

Timber,  cubic  metre 

3    4 

0 

I    16 

0 

2     4 

0 

240 

Wheat,  ton 

II  10 

0 

8    8 

0 

12  10 

0 

II    14 

0 

II    8 

0 

7  16    0 

Wool,     „ 

... 

... 

•    ... 

84      0 

0 

152   0 

0 

72    0    0 

Woollens,  cwt  .       , 

64    0 

0 

40    0 

0 

46    0 

0 

36      0 

0 

46    0 

0 

28    0    0 

Yarn,  cotton,  ton 

«.. 

... 

128    0 

0 

252      0 

0 

180   0 

0 

112    0    0 

„     linen,     „        . 

.., 

... 

200      0 

O" 

160   0 

0 

84    0    0 

„     woollen,  ton    » 

... 

320'  0 

0 

360    0 

0 

260      0 

0 

400    0 

0 

260    0    0 

'  United.  States 

■The  prices,  in  Massachusetts  from  17S0  to  1880  were  as 
follows : — 


pence 


shUL 


pence 


Apples,  bushel 
Beans,  quart  . 
Beef,  lb,     .    . 
Boots,  pair     . 
Brandy,  gallon 
Butter,  lb. .     . 
Calico,  yard  . 
Cambric,  yard 
Candles,  lb. 
Cheese,     ,, 
Cider,  gallon 
Codfish,  lb. 
Coffee,      „ 
Cottons,  yard 
Eggs,  dozen 
Fish,  lb.     . 
Flannel,  yard 
Flour    .    . 
Gin  .    .    . 
Gloves  .     . 
Ham     .     . 
Handkerchiefs,  each  „ 
Herrings,  dozen 
Hose,  pair.    . 
Lamb,  lb.  .    » 

Lard 

Linen,  yard  . 
Maize,  bushel 
Mi!k,  quart    . 


16 


14 

16 
3 

32 

7 

26 

25 
7 

3   , 


Molasses,  gallon 
Muslin,  yard 
Mutton,  lb. 
Oats,  bushel 
Pork,  lb.    . 
Potatoes,  bushel 
Raisins,  lb. 
Rice,  lb.    . 
Rye,  bushel 
Rum,  gallon 
Salt,  bushel 
Shoes,  pair 
SiLks,  yard 
Soap,  lb.    , 
Starch,  lb. 
Sugar,    „ 
Tallow,  „ 
Tea, 

Veal,       „ 
Vinegar,  gallon 
Wine, 
Wood,  foot 


g 

0. 

e 

% 

0 

e 

i-i 

«? 

*? 

•? 

«o 

i 

i 

SJ 

f-i 

iH 

'' 

M 

■' 

■' 

pence 

24 

36 

19 

22 

15 

22 

26 

37 

29 

27 

18 

13 

II 

3 

4 

3 

4 

4 

6 

24 

32 

21 

27 

27 

... 

1, 

5 

6 

4 

5 

5 

6 

II 

IS 

24 

18 

25 

39 

43 

8 

9 

7 

5 

5 

7 

2 

3 

2 

3 

3 

3 

52 

67 

44 

52 

50 

75 

35 

51 

38 

40 

48 

36 

33 

31 

^^3 

4» 

64 

03 

68 

53 

55 

4b 

bS 

40 

.33 

42 

49 

7 

6 

5 

6 

4 

6 

12 

II 

8 

8 

6 

6 

7 

8 

7 

7 

5 

4 

8 

7 

6 

3 

4 

40 

52 

41 

28 

27 

26 

3 

4 

4 

4 

5 

6 

8 

IS 

0 

10 

8 

8 

75 

83 

66 

63 

19 

21 

22 

41 

30 

35 

45 


The  prices  of  grain,  cotton,  and  refined  sugar  per 
ton  of  2240  lbs.,  at  port  of  shipment,  froip  181 7  to  1889 
were,  reduced  to  English  gold,  as  follows  : — 


Year 

Wheat 

Maize 

Cotton 

Sugar"? 

1817  . 

1818  . 

1819  . 

£  ^. 

17    6 
15    8 
9  12 

£    s. 

12  10 
8  7 
6    5 

£    s. 
122    0 
158    0 
112    0 

£  *^ 
117  0 

117          O: 
102          0 

PRICES 


964 


PRICES 


Year 


iSao  . 

iSsi  . 

1822  . 

1823.  . 

X824  . 

1825  . 

1826  . 

1827  . 
J828  . 

1829  . 

1830  . 

1831  . 

1832  . 

1833  . 

1834  . 

183s  . 

1836  . 

1837  . 

1838  . 

1839  . 

1840  ^ 

1841  . 

1842  . 
i«43  . 
1844  ^ 
184s  . 

1846  . 

1847  . 

1848  , 

1849  , 

1850  ^ 

1851  . 

1852  , 

i8ss  . 
1854  '^ 

185s  f- 

1856  . 

1857  . 

1858  . 

1859  . 
i860  .. 
1861  . 

1863  : 

1863  . 

1864  . 

1865  . 

1866  . 

1867  . 

1868  . 

1869  . 

1870  . 

1871  . 

1872  . 
X873  . 

1874  . 

1875  . 

1876  , 

1877  : 

1878  . 

1879  V 
z88o  . 


•Wheat 


3 
16 
6 
7  17 
4 


le 


10 


8  6 
8  8 

7  14 
12  3 

10  4 

11  13 
7  6 

7  6 

8  12 
6  II 


19 


6 
6 
8  o. 

10  13 
16  3 

8  16 
8  3 
7  14 

7  6 

8  12 
12  o 
12  17 
14  16 

11  14  ■ 
7  16 
7  6 
7  " 

9  12 

7*5 
7  o 
5  3 
9  10 

7  IS 

7  o 
10  16 

8  2 

8  16 

9  3 
10  4- 

8  16 
10  4 

7  12 

8  12 

813 
10  4 

8  4 

9  13 


Maize 


£ 
5 
3 

6 
S 
3 
4 
6 

5 

4 

4 

4 

5 

S\ 

5 

5 

6 

7 
8 

7 
7 
4 
4 
4 
3 
4 
4 
S 
7 
5 
5 
4 
4 
4 
5 
6 

7 
6 

S 
5 
6 
6 
5 
4 
3' 
3 
7 
S 
S 
6 

5 
6 

S 
S 

s 

5 
6 

S 
4 
4 
3 
4 


18 


Cotton 


s. 

I 

s. 

5 

81 

0 

14 

74 

0 

4 

77 

0 

0 

55 

0 

I.") 

72 

0 

3 

98 

0 

6 

57 

0 

0 

47 

0 

I 

50 

0 

9 

47 

0 

4 

47 

0 

16 

43 

10 

5 

47 

0 

16   - 

5a 

0 

II 

60 

0 

9 

78 

0 

3 

78 

0 

% 

66 

0 
0 

68  6 
40  o 

48   Q 

37  o 
28  10 

37  o 
27  10 

36  o 
47  o 
35  o 
30  .0 

57  o 
56  10 

37  10 

46  -o 

45  o 
40  o 
45  o 

59  o 
54  10 

54  10 

51  o 

52  o 

94  o 
186  o 
188  o 
233  o 
140  o 
102  o 

65  o 

84  o 

95  o 

60  o 
78  o 

74  o 

65  o 

60  o 

55  o 

53  o 
50  c 

47  o 
53  o 


Sugar 


£  s. 

93  o 

71  o 

69  o 

56  o 
58  o 
6s  o 
74  o 
66  o 
65  IP 
50  o 

57  o 

49  10 

50  o 
45  10 
43  10 
37 


54 
55 
43 
51 
53 
47 
39 
36 
35  10 

38  o 

44  10 
37  o 
35 
31 
48 
38 
33 
33 
35  10 
35  o 

41  o 
54  10 
57  o 

45  o 

42  o 
41  o 

41  o 
37  o 
33  10 
60  o 

52  o 
32  o 

47  o 

52  o 
51  10 
56  o 
51  10 
47  o 
45  o 
45  o 
45  10 

53  o 
47  o 

39  o 

42  o 


Year 


1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 


Wheat 

£    ^- 

8  II 

9  9 
8  12 
8    2 


Maize 


14 


Cotton 

£  s. 

53  o 

53  o 

SI  o 

49  10 

•50  o 

47  o 

45  o 

46  o 
46  10 


The  Iron  and  Steel  Association  publish  the  following 
prices  (reduced  to  English  gold)  per  English  ton : — 


Year 


1846  . 

1847  . 

1848  . 

1849  . 

1850  . 

iBSi  . 

1852  . 

1853  . 

1854  . 
185s  . 

1856  . 

1857  . 

1858  , 

.1859  . 

i860  . 

1861  . 

1862  . 

1863  . 

1864  . 

1865  . 

1866  . 

1867  . 

1868  . 

1869  . 

1870  . 

1871  . 

1872  . 

1873  . 

1874  . 

187s  . 

1876  . 

1877  . 

1878  , 

1879  . 

1880  . 

1881  . 

1882  . 

1883  . 

1884  . 
188s  . 

1886  . 

1887  . 

1888  . 

1889  . 


Kg  Iron 


£ 

5 

6 

S 
4 
4 
4 
4 
7 
7 
S 
S 
5 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 

5  2 

6  S 

6  2 

7  o 
6  13 

5  I 

6  6 
6  X 

6  II 

8  IS 

7  16 


16 

S 
10 

15 
6 

9 
14 
10 

13 
IS 


18 

IS 

4 

7 


Ba. 


Iron  Rails  Steel  Rails 


£  s. 

19  I 

17  18 

16  9 
14  I 

12  8 

11  S 

12  4 

17  7 
19  o 


IS  10 
IS  6 

14  IS 
13  o 
12  10 
12  S 

12  13 

12°  ID 

13  5 

15  S 

14  2 
14  16 

13  o 
12  15 
12  13 

14  8 

14  13 
17  18 

15  IS 
12  IS 

11  o 
9  14 
9  2 
9  o 

10  IS 

12  10 
12  o 
12  J4 
10  9 


£   ^. 


t3  o 
II  4 
10  o 

9  " 
10  o 

16  3 
16  13 
13   3 


8  17 


8  17 

7  II 

11  o 
13  2 
13-  2 

12  IS 
12  IS 
12  2 

12  z 

13  o 

13  I 
IS  14 
13  16 

II  o 

8  13 
7  14 

7  o 
6  17 

8  12 

10  S 

9  16 
9  8 


The  American  Almanac  gives  the  following  prices  from  1825.10  1886  (reduced  to  English  gold) : — 


1826-30 

1831-40 

1841-60 

1861-60 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-86 

£  s. 

£    s. 

£    s. 

£    s. 

£  s. 

£  ^. 

£    s. 

Beef,  ton  . 

22  0 

25    0 

22    0 

23    0 

22  0 

22    0 

27  10 

Butter,  ton 

70  0 

80    0 

61  10 

89    0 

106  0 

104    0 

102    0 

Cheese,  „ 

33  0 

37    0 

29    0 

38    0 

46  0 

52    0 

47    0 

Coal 

I  13 

I  14 

I    S 

I    S 

I    6 

0  19 

0  16 

Coffee,    ,»         .        .       .. 

65  0 

55    0 

36    0 

49    0 

71    0 

77    0 

50    0 

.Cotton,  „         .        .        . 

56  0 

58    0 

39    0 

50    0 

170    0 

6s    0 

52    0 

Fish,       „         .        .        . 

13  0 

20  10 

26    0 

37    0 

34    0 

30    0 

44   0 

Flour 

13  0 

17    0 

13    0 

14    0 

12  10 

12    0 

10    6 

Hams,    „         .        .        . 

47  0 

49    0 

35    0 

46    0 

45    0. 

42    0 

63"- 1. 0 

Iron,       „         .        .        . 

10  18 

9    7 

6  13 

•  6    I 

6    2 

6  II 

4  II 

PRICES 


065 


PRICES 


1826-30 

1831^ 

1841-50 

18B1-60    . 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-86 

£  ^• 

£   s. 

£    s. 

'      £    s. 

£    s. 

£    s. 

£    s. 

Leather,  ton     . 

98  0 

89    0 

73    0 

102    0 

104    0 

116    0 

107    0    ■ 

Maize,      „ 

5    0 

6  13 

5  H 

6  13 

6    7 

4  13 

5    a    1 

Pork, 

30    0 

39    0 

25    0 

39    0 

40    0 

34    0 

34    0 

Rice,        „ 

14    0 

17    0 

21    0 

19    0 

33    0 

32    0 

35    0 

Sugar,      „ 

35    0 

32    0 

29    0 

29    0 

39    0 

33    0 

28    0 

Tobacco,  „ 

19    0 

33    0 

27    0 

42    0 

58    0 

40    0 

37    0 

Wheat,     „ 

8  10 

10  10 

9    0 

12    3 

II  13 

10    0 

8    2 

Wool,       „ 

125    0 

152    0 

125    0 

162    0 

176    0 

181    0 

172    0 

Prices  at  New  York,  reduced  to  English  gold. 

from 

1855  to  1889:— 

Year 

Flour, 

Leather, 

Bacon, 

Lard, 

Pork, 

Beef, 

Butter, 

Cheese, 

Tobacco, 

Petroleum, 

Eggs 

barrel 

cwt. 

cwt 

cwt. 

cwt. 

cwt. 

cwt. 

cwt. 

cwt. 

100  gallons 

(120) 

s.    d. 

s.     d. 

s.    d. 

s.    d. 

i. 

d. 

J.    d. 

s. 

d. 

s. 

d. 

s.    d. 

J.     d. 

s..  d. 

185s .... 

38    o- 

90    0 

39    0 

48    0 

34 

0 

41    0 

84 

0 

52 

0 

... 

1856.    .    .    . 

35    0 

121    0 

43    0 

48    0 

41 

0 

35    0 

92 

0 

48 

0 

.. 

1857.    .    .    . 

29    0 

130    0 

48    0 

60    0 

47 

0 

35    6 

88 

0 

47 

0 

.. 

1858.    .    .    . 

23    0 

113    0 

44    0 

53    0 

41 

0 

40    6 

83 

0 

42 

0 

1859.    .    .    . 

25    0 

113    0 

49    0 

53    0 

37 

0 

33    0 

76 

p 

42 

6 

x86o.     .     .     . 

25    0 

107    0 

41    0 

52    0 

35 

0 

30    0 

70 

b 

47 

6 

1861.     .     .     . 

24    0 

95    0 

45    0 

46    6 

40 

0 

30    6 

71 

0 

48 

6 

!!• 

i86a.     .     .     . 

20    o« 

84    0 

30    0 

35    0 

27 

0 

30    0 

64 

0 

33 

0 

95    0 

1863.     .     .     . 

19    0 

93    P 

28    0 

33    0 

22 

0 

24    0 

62 

0 

33 

0 

53    0 

1864.     ,     .     . 

15    0 

80    p 

26    0 

27    0 

22 

0 

20    0 

68 

0 

28 

0 

108    0 

1865.     .     .     . 

28    0 

120    0 

70    0 

60    0 

49 

0 

36    0 

100 

0 

66 

0 

198    0 

1866.     .     .     . 

24    0 

95    0 

56    0 

65    0 

54 

0 

47    0 

114 

0 

56 

0 

5a    0 

165    0 

9    0 

1867.     .     .     . 

27    0 

•  115    0 

42    0 

49    0 

47 

0 

41    0 

82 

0 

SO 

0 

36    0 

108    0 

II    0 

1868.     .     .    .' 

31    0 

80    0 

42    0 

49    0 

38 

0 

41    0 

94 

0 

47 

0 

38    0. 

87    0 

9    0 

1869.     .     .     . 

24    0 

,.. 

52    0 

63    0 

49 

0 

31    0 

126 

0 

56 

0 

40    0 

I20      0 

1870.     .     .     . 

22    o 

112    0 

65    0 

65  .0 

53 

0  ' 

30    0 

119 

0 

65 

0 

46    0 

III      0 

14    0 

1871 .... 

24    0 

107    0 

47    0 

54    0 

46 

0 

37    0 

92 

6 

58 

0 

38    0 

■95    o- 

10    0 

187a  .... 

26    0 

98    0 

36    0 

42    0 

■  30 

0 

30    0 

80 

0 

49 

0 

43    0 

.93    0    . 

7    6 

1873.     .     .     . 

27    0 

102    0 

36    0 

37    0 

32 

0 

32    0 

90 

0 

52 

0 

44    0 

90    0 

9    0 

1874.     .     .    . 

26    0 

107    0 

41    0 

40    0 

34 

0 

34    0 

104 

0 

54 

0 

41    0 

65    0 

8    0 

1875.     .     .    . 

22      0 

106    0 

46    0 

57    0 

41 

0 

35    0 

.98 

0 

56 

0 

46    0 

.51    0 

9    0 

1876.     .     .    . 

23      0 

jii    0 

50    0 

55    0 

45 

0 

36    0 

lOI 

0 

S3 

o- 

44    0 

52    0 

10    0 

1877.     .•    .     . 

26    6 

108    0 

49    0 

49    0 

40' 

0 

.34    0 

92 

0 

S3 

0 

46    0 

84    0 

9    6 

1878  .... 

95    0 

100    0 

39    0 

40    0 

32 

0 

36    0 

82 

0 

52 

0 

39    0 

59    0 

6    6 

1879.    .    .     . 

22    0 

95    0 

32    0 

33    0 

27 

0 

29    0 

65 

0 

41 

0 

36    0 

45    0 

6    6 

1880.    .     .    . 

24    0 

109    0 

31    0 

35    0 

28 

6 

30    0 

79 

0 

45 

0 

35    6 

35    0 

7    0 

1881  .... 

23    0 

lot;    0 

38    0 

44    0 

35 

0 

30    0 

92 

0 

52 

0 

39    0 

43    0 

7    0 

1882.    .     .    . 

25    0 

98    0 

47    0 

54    0 

42 

0 

39    0 

89 

0 

52 

0 

39    6 

37    0 

8    0 

1883 

25    0 

99    0 

S3    0 

56    0 

46 

0 

41    0 

87 

0 

S3 

0 

40    0 

36    0 

8    6 

1884 .... 

23    0 

96    0 

48    0 

45    0 

37 

0 

35    0 

85 

0 

48 

0 

42    6 

38    6 

8    9 

1885.    .    .     . 

20   -o 

93    0 

44    0 

37    0 

34 

0 

35    0 

78 

0 

45 

0 

47    0 

36    0 

89 

1886.    .     .    . 

19    6 

93    0 

35    0 

33    0 

28 

0 

28    0 

72 

0 

38 

0 

36    0 

36    0 

7    6 

1887  .... 

18    6 

83    0 

37    0 

34    0 

31 

0 

25    0 

73 

0 

45 

0 

40    0 

32    0 

6    9 

1888  .... 

19    0 

81    0 

39    0 

36    0 

35 

•0 

24    6 

85' 

0 

47 

0 

39    0 

32    6 

6    6 

1889.    ,     .    . 

20    0 

77    0 

39    0 

39    0 

35 

0 

25    6 

76 

0 

45 

•0 

41    0 

32    0 

5    9 

Retail  prices  in.  1870  were  as  follows : — 


•0 

c 
.a 

1 

E 

1 

s 
0 
'5 
0 

s.  d. 

s. 

d. 

s.  d. 

s.  d. 

s.  d. 

Beef.  ib.       .        ,        . 

0  10 

0 

9 

0    5 

0    6 

0    7 

Butter,  lb.    . 

I  10 

8 

I    5 

I    3 

I    7 

Coal,  ton 

46    0 

31 

0 

40    0 

32    0 

44    0 

Cheese,  lb.  . 

0  10 

0 

I     I 

I    0 

I     0 

Coffee,     „    . 

I    4 

3 

I    3 

I    2 

I    3 

Eggs,  dozen 

I    5 

2 

I    0 

0  II 

I    3 

Flour,  barrel 

40    0 

30 

0 

36    0 

25    0 

30    0 

Lard,  lb. 

I    0 

0 

10 

I    0 

0  II 

0  II 

Mutton,      ,, 

0    8 

0 

7 

0    5 

0    5 

0    7 

Milk,  gallon 

I    a 

I 

6 

3    0 

I    2 

I    6 

Molasses,  gallon 

4    2 

4 

0 

4    2 

4    4 

4    2 

Pork,  lb.       . 

0    9 

0 

7 

0    6 

0    6 

0    7 

Potatoes,  bushel  . 

3  10 

3 

S 

4    6 

2      2 

3    P 

Petroleum,  gallon 

2    0 

2 

3 

3    0 

2     4 

3     6 

Rice,  cwt.     . 

60    0 

T6o 

0 

60    0 

60    0 

60    0 

.Soap,    ,, 

56    0 

47 

0 

51    0 

47    0 

50    0 

Sugar,  „ 

65    0 

70 

0 

78    0 

74    0 

70    0 

Tea,  lb. 

4  10 

5 

6 

8    0 

6    8 

5  10 

FBICE-LEVELS. 

Mr.  Jevons  constructed  several  price-levels  from  1782 
to  1869,  as  follows : — 

Table  of  Forty  Classified  Articles. 


M  <n 

Years 

4> 

c 
1 
CJ 

C  3 

.21? 

V    > 

1782    .        . 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

1783-90 

PS 

102 

109 

88 

91 

1791-1800 

116 

119 

135 

86 

112 

1801-10 

150 

157 

170 

71 

133 

1811-20 

124 

134 

166 

72 

"5 

1821-30 

103 

97 

13s 

56 

88 

1831-40 

91 

96 

134 

53 

«3 

1841-50 

88 

76 

127 

42 

73 

1851-60 

srr 

84 

132 

39 

79 

1861-69 

93 

105 

128 

40 

77 

PRICES 

General  Table  at  Intervals  of  Ten  Years. 


Year 
1789 
1799 
1809 


Year 
1846 
1847 
1848 
1849 
1850 
1851 
1852 
1853 


Number 
.     100    " 

.     151 
.     184 


Year 
1819 
1829 
1839 


Number 

•  131 

•  93' 
.     108 


Year 
1849 

1859 
1869 


Number 

•  75 

•  90 
.      89 


Table  of  Price-Level  from  1846  to  1869. 


Number 
100 
106 

89 

85 

87 

87 

89 

106 


Year 
1854 
185s 
1856 

1857 
1858 

1859 
i860  , 
1861 


Number 

'  "S 

.  112 

•  "7 

.  123 

.  108 

.  no 

.  112 

.  no 


Year 

Number 

1862     . 

108   ■ 

1863  . 

1864  . 

1865  . 

1866  . 

107 
106 

'  III 

1867  , 

1868  . 

1869  . 

102 
104 
103 

According  to  the  prices  given  by  Arthur  Young,  the 
following  is  a  general  price- level  from  a.d.  1 301  down  to 
his  time,  and  continued  to  1884  : — 


Cattle 

Beer  . 

Butter 

Grain 

Horses 

Wine. 

Eggs. 

Meat. 

Total 


S 


100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 


800 


95 
80 

75 

95 
105 

70 
100 

85 


705 


80 

80 

75 

133 

100 

130 

70 

65 


160 
80 
100 
270 
132 
200 
70 
200 


733  j  1212 


246 
160 
125 
330 
346 
500 

135 
300 


350 
280 
250 
350 
700 
600 
160 
400 


2142  ]  3090 


500 
350 
350 
240 
800 
700 
270 
550 


3760 


J  PRICES 

The  following  price-levels  embrace  a  period  of  forty 
j'ears  to  1884 : — 


Years 

Jevons 

Econo- 
mist 

Ham- 
burg 

Soetbeer 

Average 

1845-50  .    . 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

1851-55  •    . 

107 

... 

1x2 

114 

m 

1856-60  .    . 

120 

127 

121 

125 

123 

1861-65  .    . 

123 

.<. 

124 

127 

125 

1866-70  .    , 

121 

140 

124 

125 

127 

1871-75  .    . 

... 

127 

133 

136    . 

132 

1876-80  .    . 

... 

.  "5 

123, 

127 

122 

1881-84  .    . 

... 

105 

118 

124 

116  • 

Sauerbeck's  and  other  index-numbers  for  late  years 
are  as  follows  : — 


Sauerbeck 


Year      No, 


1867-77 

1873 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 


Krai- 


Year     INo. 


1861-70 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

187s 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883-84 


107 
112 

109 
i  106 

1  lOI 

1 100 
I  94 
93 
1  97 
94 
96 
90 


Economist 


Year     ;No. 


1845-50 

1871-77 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 


Hamburg 


Year      No, 


1847-50 
1851-60 
1861-70 

1871-75 

1876-80 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 


100 
116 
124 

133 
123 
121 
122 

122 
114 
109 
104 
103 


The  Economist  index -numbers  for  twenty  principal  articles  of  merchandise  showed  as  follows : — 


1845-60 

1867 

1870 

1880 

1881 

1882 

\f!»Si 

1884     1886 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1881-90 

Calico .    .     . 

100 

"3 

135 

95 

lOI 

99 

92 

88         i 

5i 

85 

85 

86 

89 

91 

90 

Coffee , 

100 

151 

134 

151 

122 

100 

82 

106         { 

J9 

84 

153 

199 

166 

186 

129 

Copper 

100 

133 

83 

81 

75 

86 

80 

71 

57 

49 

48 

88 

71 

64 

69 

Cotton 

100 

95 

173 

no 

105 

102 

89 

92          £ 

)o 

80 

85 

88 

93 

92 

92 

Flax     . 

100 

121 

116 

78 

71 

75 

68 

76         ; 

'9 

78 

76 

64 

67 

64 

72 

Indigo 

100 

121 

151 

205 

197 

195 

190 

151        i^ 

\S 

141 

131 

129 

126 

120 

153 

Iron     . 

100 

121 

88 

92 

79 

86 

78 

69         5 

72 

67 

62 

67 

70 

109 

76 

Lead    . 

100 

143 

109 

112 

87 

88 

83 

70         < 

)8 

75 

72 

82 

74 

82 

78 

Leather 

100 

150 

128 

144 

144 

139 

139 

139       1-1 

3 

141 

135 

132 

130 

130 

137 

Meat    . 

100 

105 

123 

•119 

146 

125 

145 

123          15 

7 

"3 

no 

114 

108 

123 

123 

Oil.    . 

TOO 

141 

126 

106 

95 

94 

100 

no        i 

«9 

83 

.''^ 

74 

78 

82 

88 

Silk     . 

100 

204 

174 

135 

130 

139 

126 

117        J 

i8 

98 

129 

"3 

no 

114 

116 

Sugar  . 

100 

123 

83 

70 

60 

67 

60 

54        A 

14 

4b 

37 

46 

6i 

42 

52 

Tallow 

lOO' 

147 

105 

102 

89 

103 

III 

113        J 

i5 

68 

64 

11 

87 

75 

87 

Tea      . 

100 

162 

102 

141 

100 

8q 

76 

92        { 

Jo 

93 

77 

64 

62 

81 

Timber 

100 

103 

99 

105 

106 

no 

108 

100         c 

n 

92 

89 

85 

no 

"S 

lOI 

Tin.    . 

^Z 

166 

138 

109 

no 

134 

114 

104        IC 

K> 

118 

122 

140 

"5 

120 

ir8 

Wheat. 

118 

86 

88 

82 

84 

77 

73         < 

X) 

58 

66 

58 

55 

S6 

67 

Wool  . 

100 

146 

96 

117 

120 

108  !      106 

98         c 

n 

92 

114 

107 

108 

120 

106 

Total    . 

2,000 

2.563 

2.243 

2,160 

2,019 

2,023 

1.924 

1,846    i,6£ 

is 

1.661 

1,730  j'  1,830 

1,782 

1.847 

1.835 

Index -numbers  ace 

Drding  to  Boa 
js  follows : — 

rdofl 

rade  prices  for 

1854-60 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-8J 

(  1889 

British  imports  were  j 

Coffee  . 
Copper. 

100 

131 

181 
6x 

149 

169 

73 

43 

35 

18 

54-603 

L861-70 

1871-80 

1881-88  1889 

Cotton  . 

Currants 
Eggs     . 

100 
100 
100 

222 

58 

109 

106 

75 
142 

90 

75 
124 

87 
67 
120 

Bacon   .        . 

100 

96 

88 

91 

81 

Barley  . 

100 

102 

98 

76 

66 

Flax      . 

100 

"5 

105 

83 

76 

Beef      . 

100 

95 

110 

120 

102 

Flour     . 

100 

83 

94 

72 

64 

Brandy . 

100 

71 

84 

98 

98 

Gloves  . 

100 

130 

125 

112 

108 

Butter  . 

100 

120 

131 

125 

126 

Guano  . 

100 

102 

92 

76 

58 

Cheese  . 

100 

108 

108 

99 

92 

Hemp   . 

100  • 

96 

99 

84 

95 

Cigars  . 

100 

93 

123 

104 

102 

Hides    . 

100 

94 

90 

80 

75 

Cochineal    ' . 

100 

76 

62 

30 

28 

Hops     . 

100 

87 

88 

08 

67 

Cocoa   .        ; 

100 

104 

137 

158 

144 

Indigo  , 

100 

108 

85 

.76 

6S 

PRICES 


967 


PRICES 


1864-60 1861-701871-80 1881-88   1889 


Jute  . 
Lard  . 
Maize  . 
Molasses 
Nitre  . 
Oats 
Oil 

Oil-seeds 
Oranges 
Oxen  , 
Pepper . 
Pork  . 
Potatoes 
Raisins . 
Rice  . 
Rum 
Saltpetre 
Seeds  .' 
Sheep  . 
Silk  . 
Sugar  . 
Tallow  . 
Tea  .  * 
Tobacco 
Wheat  . 
Wine  . 
Wood  . 
Wool    . 

Total 


loo 
loo 
loo 
loo 

ICO 

loo 

lOO 

loo 

lOO 
lOO 
lOO 
400 
100 
lOO 

loo 

lOO 
lOO 
lOO 
lOO 
lOO 
lOO 
lOO 
lOO 
lOO 
lOO 
lOO 
lOO 
lOO 


S.ooo 


98 

88 

82 

98 

108 
no 

92 

112 

80 

104 
128 

81 
103 

70 

75 
88 


90 
81 
81 

"3 

157 
85 
50 
99 
87 


4,921 


91 
82 
80 
70 
84 
96 
84 
107 

73 
130 
104. 

91 
157 

96 

83 
60 

63 
74 

no 
62 
70 
74 
95 

109 

85 
67 

83 
69 


4.727 


72 
76 
66 
58 
70 
76 
70 

82 

61 

125 

142 
84 

180 
92 
68 
5° 
53 
67 

104 
50 
51 
59 
71 

105 
66 

65 
72 

55 


4.252 


77 

64 

55 

57 

60 

68 

68 

79 

50 

"5 

142 

80 

228 

87 
68 

50 
50 
64 

85 
48 

49 
48 
66 
98 
57 
67 
73 
48 


4,026 


Index-numbers  of  British  exports : — 

1864-60 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-88 

1889 

Alkali .       . 

100 

90 

92 

61 

54 

Bags    . 

100 

91 

64 

43 

45 

Beer    . 

100 

106 

120 

113 

no 

Books  . 

100 

93 

75 

(yj 

59 

Boots  . 

100 

"3 

103 

97 

90 

Brass  .        . 

100 

92 

83 

70 

75 

Butter 

100 

97 

124 

126 

115 

Candles       . 

100 

74 

61 

47 

36 

Carpets       . 

100 

113 

no 

84 

80 

Cement        . 

.    100 

93 

91 

75 

68 

Cbeese 

100 

103 

103 

100 

95 

Cloth  . 

100 

133 

137 

140 

151 

Coal    . 

100 

104 

133 

95 

in 

Copper        . 

100 

80 

73 

5S 

43 

Cordage 

100 

96 

98 

8^ 

92 

Cottons 

100 

140 

103 

80 

76 

„      printed  . 

100 

127 

no 

82 

73 

Firearms     . 

100 

136 

1x2 

120 

112 

Flannel 

100 

113 

113 

82 

75 

Glass  .. 

100 

88 

8S 

72 

70 

„    bottle 

100 

92 

97 

87 

87 

Gunpowder 

100 

85 

81 

81 

83 

Hats    . 

100 

92 

68 

52 

52 

Herrings 

100 

108 

116 

104 

88 

Horses         .        ; 

100 

88 

no 

104 

120 

Iron,  pig 

100 

85 

in 

•72 

75 

,,     rails    . 

100 

96 

in 

67 

60 

„     hoops 

100 

80 

78 

53 

52 

Jute     .        .        . 

100 

79 

64 

45 

47 

Lead  . 

.  100 

88 

83 

58 

60 

Leather 

100 

106 

93 

lOI 

104 

Linen  . 

100 

IIO 

104 

91 

80 

„     printed 

100 

118 

lOI 

91 

83 

Oilseed 

100 

106 

88 

69 

70 

Paper  . 

100 

71 

65 

45 

39 

Sailcloth      . 

loo 

108 

"3 

95 

92 

Salt      . 

100 

91 

118 

118 

J4S 

Soap    . 

100 

100 

96 

84 

77 

Silks    . 

100 

118  . 

102 

"3 

98 

Spirits         » 

100 

67 

108 

173 

188 

Steel    . 

100 

91 

94 

65 

44 

Sugar  , 

100 

70 

51 

34 

30 

Tin      . 

100 

89 

83 

83 

80 

1864-601861-70 


1871-80^1881-88 


Wire  . 
Wool  . 
Worsted   . 
Yarn,  cotton 

,,  linen . 

,,     woollen 
Zinc     . 

Total 


100 
100 
100 
160 
100 
100 
100 


S.ooo 


100 

125 

140 
167 
123 
123 
79 


5,077 


87 
116 
no 
125 

xI23 
112 

74 


68 

74 
92 

97 

108 

82 

51 


1889 


74 
65 
88 

92 

112 

77 

55 


4,872      4,151      4,047 


The  summary  of  import  and  export  numbers  is  : — 


Imports       Exports        Total 


1854-60 
1861-70 
1871-80 
1881-88 
1889 


5.000 
4,921 
4.727 
4.252 
4,026 


5.000 

5.077 
4,872 

4.151 
4.047 


10,000 
9.998 
9.599 
8,403 
8,073 


The  foregoing  method,  however,  has  the  disadvantj^e 
that  all  articles  are  treated  as  of  equal  unportance,  wheat 
the  same  as  gunpowder  in  affecting  the  level  of  prices. 
The  British  Association  appointed  a  committee  under 
Professor  Edgeworth  to  frame  a  more  suitable  method  of 
price-level,  and  the  committee  adopted  one  similar  to 
that  of  Mr.  Jevons. 

The  following  are  the  various  Scales  that  have  been 
proposed : — 


e 

St 

1 

1 

1 
% 

.— . 

bo 

s 

0 

.1 

■  I 

s 

< 

Butter*  . 

35 

75 

75 

30 

45 

80 

57 

Sugar    . 

35 

25 

25 

55 

45 

15 

33 

Wine     . 

35 

25 

»S 

70 

45 

40 

Wool      . 

35 

25 

25 

75 

20 

20 

33 

Silk   .     . 

35 

25 

25 

10 

20 

15 

22 

Tea and  ) 
coffee  j 

35 

25 

25 

20 

20 

IS 

23 

Wheat   . 

35 

65 

50 

no 

45 

100 

67 

Barley    . 

35 

65 

50 

55 

45 

35 

47 

Oats  .     . 

35 

65 

SO 

60 

20 

SO 

47 

Metals   . 

70 

SO 

50 

IS 

40 

80 

51 

Qoal  .    . 

... 

100 

40 

70 

Indigo    . 

35 

z 

10 

5 

20 

I 

12, 

Flax  .    . 

35 

3 

30 

10 

20 

5 

17 

Palm-oil 

35 

z 

10 

... 

20 

I 

13 

Timber  . 

70 

30 

30 

20 

70 

60 

47 

Leather . 

70 

25 

25 

20 

70 

40 

62 

Meat.     . 

no 

100 

100 

155 

90 

120 

"3 

Cotton   . 

no 

30 

25 

100 

20 

20 

51 

Sundries 

150 

365 

370 

260 

320 

258 

195 

Total . 

1000 

1000 

1000 

1000 

1000 

1000 

1000 

*  Butter  includes  also  cheese  and  milk. 

In  the  foregoing  "scales  it  will  be  observed  that  four 
writers  took  no  account  of  coal,  .and  one  omitted  wine. 
There  seems  to  have  been  no  good  reason  for  inserting 
indigo  and  palm-oil,  which  are  items  of  trifling  value,  while 
fish,  lard,  rice,  potatoes,  and  other  important  articles, 
are  omitted.  Another  feature  that  seems  inexplicable  is, 
that  four  of  the  above  writers  give  barley  the  same  rela- 
tive importance  as  wheat,  whereas  the  latterj  (see  page 
12)  ought  to  be  three  times  greater  than  the  former.  A 
similar  remark  applies  to  pats,  which  should  stand  for 
only  half  the  value  of  wheat. 


PROSTITUTION 


ees 


PUBLIC  WORKS 


Beginning  from  X84I,  we  have  in  the  following  table 
£  retrospect  of  values  for  44  years ;  that  is  to  say,  if  the 
same  quantity  of  merchandise  produced  and  consumed 
yearly  from  188 1  to  1884  were  bought  and  sold  at  prices 
ruling  in  the  four  preceding  decades,  the  amounts  would 
be  approximately  as  follows : — 


Millions,  £  Sterling 

18il-60 

1861-60 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-84 

Grain      .     .     .     . 

1.419 

,  1.724 

x.osS 

I.S47 

1,326 

Meat       .     .     .     . 

560 

628 

661 

747 

830 

Hardware  .     .     . 

.STe 

525 

504 

593 

384 

Dairy  producfe     . 

236 

266 

303 

333 

340 

Cotton  goods  .     . 

386 

335 

484 

346 

30a 

Woollen  goods    . 

263 

24s 

•280 

s68 

223 

Timber  .... 

428 

.33« 

338 

301 

273 

Coal 

l^ 

241 

241 

241 

189 

Leather .    .    •.     . 

202 

212 

188 

184 

Potatoes-    .     .     . 

"5 

X2S 

154 

164 

181 

Wine     .    .    .     . 

86 

los 

III 

III 

130 

Raw  cotton      .     . 

76 

8,-; 

183 

101 

87 

Wool      .     .     .     . 

160 

145 

125 

97 

83 

Books     .... 

120 

"5 

105 

87 

79 

Silks 

68 

82 

104 

88 

73 

Linens,  &c      .     . 

77 

74 

78 

74 

70 

Su^ar     .    .     .     . 

106 

100 

106 

84 

61 

Coflfee     .    .     .    . 

23 

30 

38 

50 

*» 

Tobacco     .     .     . 

29 

44 

S3 

.^8 

3? 

Tea 

16 

20 

24 

21 

16 

Totil    .     . 

5, 186 

S.439 

S.763 

5.479 

4,910 

The  above  twenty  items  comprise  90  per  cent  of  all 
human  industries  as  regards  products  or  manufactures, 
and  therefore  enable  us  to  arrive  at  the  variations  of  price- 
level  for  the  whole  world — that  is,  the  rise  or  fall  in  the 
purchasing  power  of  gold  since  1850.  The  result  is  as 
follows : — 

Years 

1841-50 100.0 

1851-60 104.7 

1861-70 III.  I 

1871-80 .  105.7 

1881-84  .......  94.7 

PROSTITUTION 

London       .       .       .        .  31,800  83 

Paris 26,990  123 

Berlin 27,300  248 

Lyons 5,520  145 

Marseilles    ....  4,080  iia 

Bordeaux     ....  2,610  125 

The  Paris  police  reports  show  that  89  per  cent  are 
French,  11  per  cent  foreign.  According  to  the  Dici. 
des  Sciences  Med,,  100  prostitutes  may  he  expected  in 
their  lives  to  give  birth  to  60  infants ;  100  married  women 
to  480. 

PROTECTION 

In  o^der  to  promote  certain  local  products  or  manu- 
fiactures,  which  in  some  cases  could  not  be  profita'bly 
cultivated  otherwise,  "protection"  is  given  either  by 
means  of  bounties  or  by  heavy  import  dues  on  foreign 
goods. 

United  Kingdom. 

Between  4he  years  1690  and  1830  Great  Britain  paid 
the  inhabitants  of  Belfast  and  Dundee  28  millions  sterling 
to  enable  them  to  sell  and  export  Irish  and  Scotch  linen 
at  less  than  cost.  The  export  of  linen  has  quadrupled 
since  the  bounties  were  abolished  in  1830,  the  average 
bouaty  before  that  year  having  been  ;^  150,000  per  annum. 


Bounties  on  the  exportation  of  grain  in  England  aver- 
aged ;^  1 60, 000  per  annum  for  some  years,  until  their 
abolition  in  1805. 

France 

In  i860,  by  virtue  of  the  Cobden  Treaty,  it  was  stipu- 
lated that  no  duties  on  foreign  imports  should  exceed  25 
per  cent  ad  valorem.  The  treaty  has  since  lapsed.  In 
1880  a  system  of  shipping  bounties  was  established  as 
follows  :^48  shillings  per  toti  for  building  iron  vessels, 
and  16  shillings  for  wooden  ;  15  pence  per  ton  per  lobo 
miles  nm  on  French-built  vessels  entering  French  ports ; 
7^  pence  per  ton  for  French  vessels  not  built  in  France. 
The  amounts  paid  for  these  bounties  were : — 


Year 

Building 

Navigation 

Total 

1881 
1884 
1886 

;^38.ooo 
179,000 
120,000 

j^39.ooo 
344.000 
303,000 

£77,000 
523,000 
423,000 

There  are  also  fishing  bounties,  which  in  some  years , 
reach  ;^200,ooo,  and   sugar  bounties,  ;^6oo,ooo.      The 
effect  of  the  shipping  bounties  has  certainly  been  to  pro- 
mote French  shipping,  viz, : — 


Entries 

1880 

1887      . 

Increase 

French 
Foreign     . 

3,614,000 
8,750,000 

4,770,000 
8,710,000 

33  per  cent 

In  1889  the  duties  were  increased  on  imported  food  to 
protect  the  French  farmers :  cattle  now  pay  32  shillings, 
sheep  4  shillings  per  head,  and  wheat  50  shillings  per 
ton.  This  causes  bread  to  be  at  times  so  dear  that  muni- 
cipal bakeries  are  established  to  sell  cheap  bread  to  the 
poon 

Belgium. 

Sugar  bounties  average  ;^  170,000  a  year  in  Belgium, 
and  ^150,000  in  Holland. 

United  States. 

Protective  duties  in  1885  compelled  San  Francisco  to 
pay  £9  a  ton  for  American  made  rails,  when  as  good 
could  be  landed  from  England  at  £$  a  ton.  Iron  ore  at 
Pittsburg  cost  40  shillings  per  ton,  when  Bilbao  ores 
could  be  landed  in  New  Y($rk  at  12  shillings. 

PUBLIC  WORKS 

There  is  no  means  of  ascertaining  the  value  or  cost  of 
these  in  the  various  countries.  In  France  a  sum  of  402 
millions  sterling  was  expended  in  80  years,  down  to  1880, 
on  roads,  bridges,  harbours,  and  canals.  In  England 
about  200  millions  have  been  spent  on  sanitary  works 
and  schools.  Thp  United  States  Government  in  90  years, 
down  to  1880,  'Spent  93  millions  sterling  on  public  edifices, 
arsenals,  lighthouses,  &c.  The  system  of  dykes  in  Hol- 
land represents  an  outlay  of  300  millions  sterling.  The 
following  table  shows  the  amount  of  loans  for  public 
works  in  the  United  Kingdom  from  1817  to  1881 : — 


Advanced 

Balance  Due 

Great  Britain        ; 

Irdand 

j^44,7oo,ooo 
31,800,000 

;^26,O20,0OO 

6,100,000 

Total     .... 

;^76,5oo,ooo 

;^32, 120,000 

The  total  account  of  public  works  loans  from  1793  to 
1890  for  the  whole  United  Kingdom  showed  thus : — 

Sums  advanced      ....  ;^ii5, 324,000 

Repaid  by  >  ->rrowers     .        .        .  63,979,000 

Bad  debts,  &c.        .        .        .        .  12,685,000 

Balance  due  in  X890       .       .       .  '«8,66o,ooa 


QUAKERS 


969 


'RAILWAYS 


Q. 


QUAEEBS 

There  are  T8,00b  in  the  United  Kingdcm.  They  have 
a  longer  span  of  life  than  the  general  population,  their 
death-rate  during  twenty  years  averaging  only  i8  per 
thousand  as  compared  with  22  per  thousand,  probably 
the  result  of  temperate  habits.  They  have,  however, 
one- fifth  more  insane  than  the  rest  of  the  population, 
namely,  33  per  .10,000  against  28,  which  perhaps  arises 
from  inter-marriage. 


J  QUICKSILVER 


The  Times  published  the  following  estimate  of  pro- 
duction : —   A-         >,,-.'  -i 


lYear 

Tons 

United  States 

Spain,  &c. 

Total 

1880 
1889 

Average  ten  ) 
years   ,     '   ) 

2005 
880 

199s 
2500 

2280 

4000 

3380 

3640 

The  Almaden  mines  in  Spain  were  worked  by  the 
Romans:  they  still  employ  4000  miners,  who  suffer  a 


tremendous  death-rate.  In  1888  the  value  exported  from 
Spain  was  ;^5oo,ooo.  A  flask  of  quicksilver  weigtjs  76 
lbs.  According  to  Kolb,  the  production  in  California 
was  as  follows : —  , 


Year 

Flasks 

Tons 

Value 

Value 
per  Flask 

1859    . 
i860   . 
1865    . 
1870    . 
1876    .          .      . 

3.400 

9.450 

42.500 

13,800 

41,100 

113 
3'S 

1,420 
460 

1.370 

j^26,000 

66,000 
232,000 

96,000 
,342.000 

7.6/ 

70 : 

5.5  i 
7.0 

8.a^ 

It  appears  that  the  production  has  now  fallen  to  26,000 
flasks  or  880  tons  yearly,  being  about  equal  to  one-third 
of  what  is  produced  annually  in- Spain.  '    *  a.j 

The  aimual  production  and  consumption  average : —  ' 

-*W?  Production 
California 

Spain  .  .  ,, 
Austria  .  .  , 
Various    ,       .       '. 


Total' 


V3300 


Consumption  f  Tons 

Great  Britain  . '     \,  1600 

United  States  .        .  600 

China      .      %        .  500 

Various    .       .       .  600 


Tot^ 


•<    3300 


fi) 


BABBITS 


The  annual  slaughter  is  supposed  to  reach  20  millions 
in  Great  Britain,  70  millions  in  France.*  The  annual 
exportation  from  Belgium  averages  5  millions ;  the  im- 
portation into  Great  Britain,  3  millions.  The  consump- 
tion in  Melbourne  market  is  one  million  yearly.  Rabbits 
were  introduced  into  Australia  a  few  years  ago  for  food, 
but  multiplied  so  rapidly  as  to  become  a  pest.  A  single 
pair  of  rabbits  can  become  multiplied  in  four  years  into 
1,250,000.  The  Sydney  Cabinet  in  the  year  1887 
destroyed  25,300,000  rabbits,  having  spent  ;{J'7.oo,ooo  in 
four  years  to  mitigate  the  pest.  Mr.  Coghlan  says  that 
100  million  acres  of  land  have  been  more  or  less  injured 
by  them.  To  check  their  onward  march  a  fence  of  290 
miles  between  the  Macquarie  and  Darling  rivers  was 
made  at  a  cost  of  ;^24,ooo ;  another  of  346  miles  from 
the  Murray  River  north ;  another  of  260  miles  on  the 
southern  line  of  Queensland  ;  another  of  340  miles  from 
Albury  to  the  Macquarie  ;  but  the  rabbits  broke  through. 
The  number  of  rabbit-skins  exported  averages  yearly : — 


New  South  Wales 
New  Zealand  . 
Victoria        .    ,     . 


15,000,000 
6,000,000 
3,000,000 


besides  looo  bales  yearly  from   South  Australia.     The 
Cabinet  of  Victoria  spends  ;^  15,000  a  year  in  killing 

rabbits. 

RAILWAYS 

"i^he  Almanac  de   Gotha  gives  the  total  mileage  at 
various  dates  as  follows  : — 


Year 
1830 
1840 
1850 
i860 


Miles 

Year 

■T'      210 

.     S.420 
.   23,960 
.   67,350 

1870 

1875 
1880 
1885 

Miles 
139,860 
177,600 
224,900 
307,400 


De  Foville  questions  the  number  of  rabbits  in  France. 


The  Actual 

mileage,  however, 

was  as  follows  :- 

— . 

1840 

1850 

1860 

1870 

1880 

1888 

U.  Kingdom 

838 

6,620 

10,430 

15.540 

17.930 

19,810 

France .     .     . 

360 

1,890 

5,880 

9.770 

14.500 

20,900 

Germany 

341 

3.640 

6,980 

11.730 

20,690 

24,270 

Russia . 

16 

310 

990 

7,100 

14.020 

17,700 

Austria 

90 

960 

2,810 

5.950 

11,500 

15.610 

Italy     . 

13 

270 

1,120 

3.830 

5.340 

7.830 

Spain   . 

... 

80 

1,190 

3.200 

4.550 

5.930 

Portugal 

40 

440 

710 

1,190 

Sweden 

375 

1,090 

3.650 

4.670 

Norway 

... 

40 

170 

690 

970 

Denmark 

20 

70 

470 

830 

1,220 

Holland 

II 

no 

200 

780 

1,440 

1.700 

Belgium 

210 

550 

1,070 

1,800 

2.400 

2,760 

Switzerland    . 

IS 

650 

890 

1,600 

1,870 

Roumania 

150 

860 

1.530 

Servia  .     .     . 

... 

100 

340 

Bulgaria    .     . 

... 

200 

430 

Greece .    .     . 

10 

370 

Turkey      .    . 

40 

390 

700 

900 

Eur^e     .    . 

1,679 

14,465 

31,885 

63.300 

101,720 

130,000 

U.  States .     . 

2,820 

9,020 

30,630 

53.400 

93,670 

156,080 

Canada     .    . 

16 

70 

2,090 

2,500 

6,890 

12,700 

Mexico      .     . 

220 

660 

5.010 

Peru     .    .    . 

... 

50 

250 

1,180 

1,630 

Chili     .    .    . 

... 

... 

120 

450 

1,100 

1.750 

Brazil  .     .     . 



13s 

50s 

2,17s 

S.580 

Argentina      . 

... 

... 

IS 

640 

1.540 

5.550 

Uruguay  .    . 

... 

... 

60 

270 

.  450 

Japan  .    .    . 

... 

75 

910 

India    ,     .     . 

840 

4.830 

9.310 

15.250 

Australia  .    . 

250 

1.230 

S.390 

10,140 

South  Africa . 

... 

••• 

...  ^ 

... 

I.OIO 

2,010 

Algeria     ,    . 

... 

... 

780 

1,840 

Egypt  .    .    . 

... 

275 

SSo 

1,120 

1,260 

West  Indies  . 

••• 

••• 

100 

650 

1,280 

Various    ,    , 

4,51s 

200 

900 

2,870 

The  World   . 

23,555 

66,290 

128,235 

228,440 

354,310 

RAILWAYS 


970 


RAILWAYS 


The  following  table  shows  the  condition  of 

railways  actually  working. 

mostly  for  the 

years  1887-88  :— 

Miles 

Cost, 
Millions  £ 

Passengers, 
Millions 

Goods,  Tons, 
Millions 

Receipts,  £ 

Expenses,;^ 

Net,;^ 

England .... 

13,980 

T^^ 

720 

239 

62,000,000 

32,400,000 

29,600,000 

Scotland  . 

3,100 

114 

74 

39 

8,000,000 

3,800,000 

4,200,000 

Ireland    . 

2.730 

37 

22 

4 

2,900,000 

1,500,000 

1,400,000 

United  Kingdom 

19,810 

86s 

816 

282 

72,900,000 

37,700,000 

35,200,000 

France     .         . 

20,903 

570 

218 

78 

42,400,000 

22,400,000 

20,000,000 

Germany . 

24,270 

495 

316 

179 

54,600,000 

29,300,000 

25,300,000 

Russia     . 

17.700 

314 

38 

SO 

25,300,000 

14,400,000 

io,goo,ooo 

Austria    . 

15,610 

307 

65 

79 

20,800,000 

11,700,000 

9,100,000 

Italy         . 

7.830 

138 

46 

IS 

9,400,000 

6,200,000 

3,200,000 

Spain 

5.930 

94 

IS 

8 

5,600,000 

2,500,000 

3,100,000 

Portugal . 

1,190 

19 

3 

I 

900,000 

400,000 

500,000 

Sweden    . 

4.670 

28 

10 

8 

2,IOO,OOD 

1,300,000 

800,000 

Norway  . 

970 

7 

3 

I 

400,000 

300,000 

100,000 

Denmark. 

1,220 

10 

9 

3 

800,000 

680,000 

120,000 

Holland  . 

1,700 

35 

18 

8 

2,300,000 

1,300,000 

1,000,000 

Belgium  . 

2,760 

71 

73 

41 

6,800,000 

3,500,000 

3,300,000 

Switzerland 

1,870 

37 

27 

9 

3,300,000 

1,800,000 

1,500,000 

Roumania 

I.S30 

29 

2 

2 

1,100,000 

650,000 

450,000 

Servia 

340 

6 

I 

... 

200,000 

100,000 

100,000 

Bulgaria  . 

430 

8 

I 

... 

300,000 

150,000 

■    150,000 

Greece     , 

370 

6 

I 

200,000 

100,000 

100,000 

Turkey    . 

900 

16 

I 

I 

600,000 

300,000 

300,000 

Europe,  . 

130,000 

3.055 

1,663 

765 

250,000,000 

134,780,000 

115,220,000 

United  States 

156,080 

1.949 

451 

590 

198,000,000 

138,000,000 

60,000,000 

Canada    . 

12,700 

151 

12 

18 

8,400,000 

6,200,000 

2,200,000 

Mexico    . 

S.oio 

62 

13 

I 

1,000,000 

700,000 

300,000 

Peru 

1,630 

41 

... 

... 

ChJU 

1.750 

14 

... 

..< 

2,000,000 

1,200,000 

800,000 

Brazil 

5.580 

49 

7 

2 

3,800,000 

2,500,000 

1,300,000 

Argentina 

5.550 

48 

8 

3 

2,800,000 

1,700,000 

1,100,000 

Uruguay . 

450 

S 

I 

... 

300,000 

200,000 

100,000 

Japan 

910 

II 

12 

I 

600,000 

^250,000 

350,000' 

India 

15.250 

145 

103 

23 

15,000,000 

7,500,000 

7,500,000 

Australia . 

10,140 

94 

81 

17 

8,200,000 

5,100,000 

3,100,000- 

South  Africa    . 

2,010 

18 

3 

I 

1,700,000 

900,000 

800,000 

Algeria    . 

1,840 

26 

4 

2 

1,400,000 

900,000 

500,000 

Egypt      . 

1,260 

18 

4 

I 

1,300,000 

600,000 

700,000 

West  Indies     . 

1,280 

16 

... 

... 

... 

... 

Java 

790 

7 

... 

... 

... 

Various   . 

2,080 

27 

... 

... 

... 

Total 

• 

• 

354.310 

5.736 

2,362 

1,424 

494,500,000 

300,530,000 

193.970,000 

There  are  no  particulars,  except  length  of  line,  known 
as  regards  Servia,  Bulgaria,  Greece,  and  Turkey:  it  is 
assumed  in  the  above  table  that  the  ratios  per  mile  are 
the  same  as  in  Roumania.  The  cost  of  construction  in 
Mexico,  being  unknown,  is  assumed  to  be  the  same  as 
in  the  United  States.  In  soine  cases  the  traffic  is  not 
for  the  same  year  as  the  mileage.  Tables  of  traffic 
per  mile  are  given  farther  on.  In  the  preceding  table 
there  are  blanks  as  regards  traffic  for  5780  miles,  or 
li  per  cent,  of  the  total.  Allowing  for  these  blanks, 
the  whole  railway  business  of  the  world  is  summed  up 
as  follows : — 


Miles 

Cost, 
Mil- 
lions 

£ 

Millions 

Millions  £ 

«« 

.  i2 

m~co 
•0  C 
0  0 

&  D. 
u 

SI 

2 

fcc3 

Europe    . 
America  . 
Africa .     . 
Asia    .     . 
Australia . 

130,000 

191,010 

S.S30 

17,636 

10,140 

3.055 

2,348 

67 

172 

94 

1,663 

507 
12 
121 
81 

765 

619 

5 

25 

17 

250 
219 

s 

8 

135 

153 

3 

9 

s 

"5 
66 

2 
8 
3 

3-8 
2.8 

4.6 
3-3 

The  World 

3S4.3IO 

5.736 

2.384 

1.431 

499 

305 

194 

3-4 

The  total  mileage  and  cost  of  construction  for  Europe 
and  the  world  at  various  dates  were  approximately  as. 
follows : —  ' 


Europe 

The  World 

Year 

Miles 

MU- 
lions;^ 

ilf/ 

Miles 

MU- 
lionS;^ 

i^r 

1840 
1850 
i860 
1870 
1880 
1888 

1.679 

14,465 

31.885 

63,300 

101,720 

130,000 

52 

404 

797 

1.476 

2,411 

3.055 

30,900 
27,800 
25,000 
23,300 
23,700 
23.300 

4.515 

23.555 

66,290 

128,235 

228,440 

354.310 

71 
465 
1,079 
2,097 
3.938 
5.736 

15,800 
19,800 
i6,3co 
i6,4cx5 
17,200 
16,100 

A  French  scientific  jounml  in  1890  summed  up  existing, 
railways  thus  :— 

Miles 

Europe 135.200 

Asia ,        .      17,900 

Africa 5.300 

Australia 10  500 

America 191,200 

Total       .        .    360,100 


RAILWAYS 


971 


RAILWAYS 


The  amount  of  capital  invested"  in  railways  at  various^ 

The  progress  of  railw 

"'  construction  is  shown  as  fol- 

dates  was  as  follows : — 

'  lows :—  - 

_ 

Millions  £  Sterling 

^.  Miles  Built  Yearly 

Capital  Sunk  Yearly,  £ 

1840 

1850  1  1860 

1870 

1880 

1888  ;:| 

I  1841-70 

1871-88 

1841r70 

1871-88    t 

United  Kingdom 

28 

,240 

348 

53° 

728 

8.65. 

U.  Kingdoi 

n  :   .     490 

240 

16,700,000 

18,400,000 

France     .    , .  / 

II  . 

57 

171 

274 

392 

570 

France  . 

310  • 

610 

8,,8oo,ooo 

16,300,000 

Germany .  i  .3  . 

,4,6 

61 

*  116 

204 

431 

495 

Germany  , 

380 

700 

6,600,000 

16,100,000 

Russia  <.i..'Vi,;. 

(f  .5 

»g 

119 

234 

314 

Russia .  . 

•      235 

600 

4,000,000 

10,900,000 

Austria*»..i,  :.^. 

iJ»2o.; 

120 

255 

307 

Austria' . 

•    ^96 

530 

4,000,000 

10,500,000. 

Italy    .tt.a.-*. 
Spain' ;^'.?%:'-5.' 

'iffiMS  ■' 

lHlv22 

75 

105 

138 

Italy .    . 

.  ^   130 

220 

2,500,000 

3,500,000 

J^i'.'j 

.   51 

72 

94 

Spain     . 

..  .     los 

,150 

1,700,000 

2,400,000 

Portugal*  ,'s|(-.%.« 

i'KlW* 

7 

I? 

19 

Portugal 

.  '    ti5   • 
.  i       36 

'   4° 

250,000 

650,000 

Sweden  ■.■^.fi^ 
Norway   ;fcS  .it 

i..A 

i  :..• 

*lf^--2. 

7. 

23 

28 

Sweden  . 

J200 

250,000 

"•    1,200,000 

,.' ...  l"? 

■  :i''..«v; 

V   2 

.  4 

7 

Norway. 

.  i     t  6 

45 

70,000 

/      270,000 

Denmark'/ "*%' 
Holland  .Jtr.Q*- 
Belgium   .<  '.^.' 

y...  u 

.-*/.i- 

#; 

-A'  4 

7. 

10 

Denmark 

,        '.16 

V42 

130,000 

330,000 

f ...  f 

y.-ar* 

13 

25 

35 

Holland  : 

.'       ?26 

52 

430,000 

1,200,000 

.  13 

•26 

43. 

5» 

71 

Belgium 

*.        *53 

54 

1,300,000 

1,500,000 

Switzerland  '.>'■> ^ 

r...-\ 

V^^3 

.18 

32 

37 

Switzerland 

30. 

•«■  55 

600,000 

1,000,000 

Roumania,  &c.  . 
Europe^  vspv-r' 

tA     1 

9 

34 

65 

Roumania, 
Europe  . 

&c.    ^    18 

'•?  166 

300,000 

3,100,000 

'52 

404 

797 

1,476 

2,411 

3.055 

.    .     2,046 

3.704 

47.630,000 

86,350,000 

United  States  \ 

.19 

.60 

239 

497 

1,171 

1.949 

United  Stat 

es .     2,696 

.  5.640 

15.900,000 

80,700,000 

Canada    .    . '-. 

;■• '    - 

t^i 

■4   4 

30 

84 

151 

Canada  . 

.    .          83 

S60 

1,000,000 

6,800,000 

Spanish  America 

2S 

81 

228 

Spanish  Am 

enca      .  74 

1,030 

800,000 

11,300,000 

Australia  .frtfe. 
South  Africa  \|. 

;>■;„,,; 

...    . 

•  I 

II 

^  apan    \ 
India 

50 

... 

600,000 

"  .• ...  • 

■'  ...  ■. 

•    46 

88 

145 

160 

.570 

1,500,000 

5,500,000 

•  1. ' 

,■ ,,. 

12 

SI 

94 

Australia 

•    •       :  41 

'  484 

400,000 

4,550,000 

... 

►.. 

9 

18 

South  Afric 

a  .      ^.. 

■•'  III 

•" .     \ 

*      l,0OO,O0O( 

Algeria     .V /.^  • 
Egypt  .;;Vi;l;.. 

... 

... 

J!  ... 

... 

11 

26 

Algeria  . 

•    •     .  ...   ■ 

:     102 

;   1,500,000 

k^ 

••^» 

16 

18 

Egypt    . 

^x8 

40 

«70,ooo 

i   ,'-550,000 

West  Indies  .'v;. 

... 

i.  "'4 
...  1- 

J?;-    I 

8 

16 

West  Indie 

s    .           3 

65 

30,000 

\     ,*:  900,000 

Various jivl:>  .ii*. 

■;  - 

".'"■-■■  2 

7 

25 

Various . 
1            ^Tota 

•  • :        7 

105 

70,000 

'  ^,400,000 

'.TBeiiWorldH 

,''7»:-^ 

46s 

1.079 

2,097 

3.938 

S.736 

1     .    ,  5,022 

12,461 

67,600,000 

201,150,000 

k'  -^ 

■'-!.■   ' 

., 

. 

^  ,-*./.•« 

B«Ji»n.-..J--v.«.-i    ' 

<The  following  table  shows  the  average  cost  of  construction  pe'r  mile,  and  also  the  latest  trsfec.returiiS/pef'mile 
(mostly  for  1887-88) :—   '  — 


2^^ 

VI  C 

c  o 

O'iS 


h    ] 

«^ 

gS?^T 

S"        i 

V 

OS 

w 

Z 

3.680 

1,910 

1,770 

2,110 

1,090 

1,020 

2,250 

1,210 

1,040 

1,380 

790 

590 

1.390 

780 

610 

1,290 

,850 

440 

1,220 

540 

680 

900 

390 

510 

470 

290 

180 

430 

300 

130 

700 

600 

100 

1.350 

750 

,600 

2,450 

1,280 

1,170 

1,780 

940 

840 

1,080 

650 

430 

1.940 

1,050 

890 

1,290 

,900 

390 

700 

490 

210 

510 

340 

170 

660 

280 

380 

1,050 

525 

525 

820 

510 

310 

800 

420 

380    , 

730 

510. 

220 

1,050 

-480 

,570 

is3SO  ^ 

,830  i 

K    ^^    ! 

6  o 


O  m       ' 


United  Kingdon^  .^" 
France  ..•  >  v ', 
Germany  .  ' 
Russiaf^  *  * 
Austria .  .  ! 
Italy-  ".  .  1 
Spain  »,  .  5 
Portugal  *  ,  C 
Sweden .  .  J 
Norway  »        J 

Denmark       , 
Holland 
Belgium 
Switzerland  ,. 
Roumania,  &c. 
Europe  ,'       .T      . 
United  States  -'-    . 
Canada . 

Spanish  America   . 
Japan   •.,      ,, 
India     •■ 
Australia      -^ 
South  Africa'^. 
Algeria  ,.        1       (. 
Egypt  ■ , 
The  World    . 


.43,600 

27,000 

20,400 

17,700 

19,700 

17,800 

15,800 

15.800 

6,106 

7.100 

8,000 

20,600 

25,800 

20,50b 

15.700 

23,400 

12,500 

11,900 

10,900 

12,400 

9.500 

9.300 

8,900 

14,000 

14,100 

16,100 


41,200 
11,000 
13.000 
2,100 
4.600 
6,200 
3.300 
2,700 

2,?00. 

3.400 
^,800 
10,900 
26,700 
14.500 

12,800 

2,900 

900 

1,800 

13,200 
7,100 
8,100 
1.500 
2,200 
3,200 
6.600 


Eriglisli  lines  are  the  most  costly,  Swedish  the  cheapest,  the  difference  being  as  7  to  i.  Only  Iiidiarand' Gerrnany 
earn  over  5  per  cent,  on  capital,  the  average  for  the  world  being  3 J  per  cent.  There  are  13  countries  earning 
over  the  average,  and  11  lesithan  the  average. 


RAILWAYS 


The  passenger  and  goods  traffic  at  various  dates  were 
approximately  .as  follows  :  — 


972 


RAILWAYS 


Millions  of  Passengers 

Goods,  Millions  Tons 

18601870 

1882 

1888 

1860 

i870J  1882  j  1888 

U.- Kingdom   . 

180   363 

721 

816 

82 

170 

256 

282 

France    .     .     . 

57  1 103 

180 

2l8 

22 

■^a 

90 

78. 

Germany     .     , 

48 

136 

210 

316 

24 

q8 

IS7 

179 

Russia    .     .     . 

.S 

14 

38 

38 

3 

8 

3,S 

50 

Austria  .     .     . 

12 

21 

44 

6S 

7. 

2=; 

57 

79 

Italy  .... 

6 

24 

34 

46 

1 

.     6 

10, 

15 

Spain  &  Portugal 

,S 

10 

17 

18 

2 

4 

7 

9 

Scandinavia 

I 

8 

15 

22 

S 

8 

12 

Holland.     ..   . 

2 

6 

18 

18 

I 

2 

4 

8 

Belgium .     .     . 

17 

41 

■;6 

73 

7 

27 

37 

41 

Switzerland 

6 

!■; 

'22 

27 

I 

4 

6 

9 

Roumania,  &c. 

I 

4 

6 

2 

3 

Europe  .    ,     . 

3:^9 

742 

1,3  W 

1,66^ 

150 

401 

669 

765 

U  nited  States  . 

60 

no 

37  S 

4SI 

70 

150 

361 

590 

Canada  .    .     . 

2 

^ 

8 

12 

2 

4 

II 

18 

Spanish  America 

I 

4 

14 

36 

I 

5 

9 

India.     .     .    . 

4 

20 

64 

103 

3 

12 

23 

Australia     .     . 

6 

18 

44 

81 

2 

9 

^7 

Various  .     .     . 

I 

3 

10 

38 

I 

3 

8 

The  World .     . 

413 

900 

1,874 

2,384 

222 

562 

1,070 

1,430 

The  rates  for  passengers  and  goods  in  1883  in  various 
countries,  according  to  they<;«A  des  Economistes,  were  : — 


Pence  per  Ten  Miles 

Ton  Goods, 

1st  Class 

2nd  Class 

3rd  Class 

Miles 

U.  Kingdom 

21 

16 

10 

140 

France     »    . 

20 

IS 

10 

no 

Germany 

15 

11 

8 

82 

Russia     .     . 

18 

14 

8 

120 

Austria    .     . 

19 

14 

9 

"5 

Italv   .     ,     . 

18 

13 

9 

125 

Spain .    :     . 

21 

16 

10 

Portugal .     . 

18 

14 

10 

Sweden   .     . 

15 

II 

8 

160 

Norway  .     . 

8 

5 

2i 

120 

Denmark 

16 

11 

8 

144 

Holland  .     . 

16 

13 

8 

78 

Belgium  .     . 

12 

9 

6 

80 

Switzerland  . 

19 

13 

10 

165 

Greece     .    . 

14 

9 

7 

Roumania    . 

36 

14 

10 

78 

Turkey    .     . 

29 

26 

14 

In  the  United  States  in  1888  the  average  compared 
with  the  rates  on  the  Canadian  Pacific  line  thus  : — 


Pence  per  100  Miles 

Passenger         Ton  Goods 

United  States    . 

Canada     .... 

112           j            52 
90           1            51 

The  passenger  rates  are  those  of  first  class,  and  are 
lower  than  in  Eui'ope. 

The  speed  on  some  of  the  principal  railways  is : — 


Miles 

Hours 

Minutes 

Miles  per 
Hour 

London  to  Grantham 

105 

z 

57 

54 

Paris  to  Poitiers    .     . 

209 

5 

20 

39 

Berlin  to  Minden  .     . 

202 

5 

35 

37 

Vienna  to  Pilsen  .     . 

220 

6 

45 

33 

Rome  to  Pisa  .     .   ' . 

211 

7 

30 

Madrid  to  Saragossa. 

214 

9 

26 

23 

Lisbon  to  Oporto  .     . 

212 

II 

19 

N.  Yorkto Washington 

230 

S 

18 

44 

The  distribution  of  passengers  in  1884  was  as  follows :— 


Percentage  of  Passengers 

First 

Second 

Third 

Total 

England    . 

6 

10 

84 

100 

Scotland    . 

7 

6 

87 

100 

Ireland 

7 

16 

77 

100 

United  Kingdom 

6 

10 

84 

100 

France 

7 

34 

59 

100 

Germany    . 

I 

13 

86 

100 

Russia 

2 

9 

89 

100 

Austria 

I 

13 

86 

100 

Italv  .... 

6 

28 

66 

100 

Sweden 

4 

10 

86 

100 

Norway     . 

8 

92 

100 

Denmark   . 

I 

'      14 

85 

100 

Holland     . 

-9 

25 

66 

100 

Belgium     . 

S 

14 

8i 

100 

Switzerland 

2 

17 

81 

100 

Roumania . 

5 

22 

73 

100 

India 

.1 

2 

97 

100 

In  European  countries  the  highest  ratio  of  first-cl5iss 
passengers  is  in  Holland,  of  second  class  in  France,  and 
of  third  class  in  Norway. . 

The  following  table  shows  the  earnings  and  expenses 
per  mile  xun  by  locomotives  in  various  countries  in  1887- 
88:— 


Pence  per 

8." 

Miles  Run 

Mile  Run 

i5  0 

w 

oi  S 

a 

■  S 

^_, 

X  !2 

^ 

1"^ 

United  States    .    . 

688,800,000 

69 

48 

21 

24,000 

Germany  .    . 

171,400,000 

77 

41 

36 

14,000 

France .    . 

158,800,000 

64 

33 

31 

18,000 

Italy     ..  . 

46,600,000 

48 

32 

16 

24,000 

Austria 

66,100,000 

76 

42 

34 

16,000 

Switzerland 

13,100,000 

61 

33 

28 

22,000 

Sweden     .    . 

10,500,000 

48 

.30 

18 

15.000 

Holland    . 

15,500,000 

.37 

21 

16 

26,000 

Belgium    . 

32,700,000 

50 

26     24 

14,000 

The  mileage  run  by  locomotives  in  the  United  States 
far  exceeds  the  aggregate  mileage  for  the  Continent  of 
Europe.  The  cost  of  running  in  the  United  States  is 
higher  per  mile  than  in  Europe. 

An  ordinary  locomotive  has  300  horse-power,  and 
bums  one  ton  of  coke  for  40  miles  of  goods  train,  or  80 
miles  of  passenger  train.  The  life  of  a  locomotive  is 
usually  fifteen  years,  during  which  it  will  run  240,cxx) 
miles,  and  earn  ;f  60,000,  The  price  is  usually  ;^200o ; 
and  according  to  Engineering,-  Europe  could  turn  put  6400 
locomotives  yearly,  viz..  Great  Britain,  2200;  Germany, 
2000;  France,  1000;  Belgium,  500;  Austria,  400;  and 
other  countries,  300.  Boesig's  factory  at  Berlin  could 
make  300  yearly.  Each  locomotive  has  5416  pieces. 
The  first  in  use  from  Liverpool  to  Manchester  in  1830 
was  of  8  tons,  and  had  a  speed  of  20  miles  an  hour.  In 
1872  the  largest  in  the  United  Kingdom  were  of  27  tons, 
rising  in  1889  to  45  tons. 

There  are  many  60-ton  locomotives  in  the  United 
States,  and  some  in  Canada  of  70  tons.  The  weight  of 
an  empty  passenger  train  in  England  is :  locomotive,  35  ; 
tender,  25;  two  trucks,  12;  eight  carriages,  64;  in  all, 
136  tons.  K  there  be  60  passengers,  their  weight  will  be 
3  tons,  against  136  tons  dead- weight.  The  engine  of  an 
express  train  consumes  10  gallons  of  water  per  mile; 
some  of  the  American  locomotives  have  tenders  with  a 
capacity  of  3000  gallons. 


RAILWAYS 


973 


f«.AILWAYS 


Jeans's  table  of  rolling-stock  in  1885  compares  with 
mileage  and  traffic  as  follows  : — 


in  u 

11 

i 

.  C   w 

S.2  te 

Goods 
d  per 
gon 

.2  S 

fc   3 

6^ 

g2i 

6li 

b-  a>  ba 
O'S  ts 

U.  Kingdom 

15,200 

33.700 

464,000 

76 

41 

610 

France  .     . 

8,800 

19,700 

223,000 

44 

90 

340 

Germany    , 

12,200 

22,200 

250,000 

so 

71 

720 

Russia  .    . 

5, 800 

7,000 

116,000 

33 

180 

440 

Austria  .    . 

4,200 

8.200 

96,000 

27 

126 

820 

Italy.    .    . 

1,900 

5, 600 

32,000 

25 

122 

460 . 

Spam     .    . 

1,200 

3.700 

22,000 

20 

245 

360 

Scandinavia 

1,000 

2,600 

23,000 

IS 

123 

510 

Holland     . 

600 

1,600 

8,000 

35 

90 

1,000 

Belgium     . 

2,300 

5,000 

5'6,ooo 

84 

68 

740 

Switzerland 

Ron  ma-      ) 

nia,  &c.  ) 

600 
2,700 

1,800 
S.400 

9,000 
61,000 

33 
72 

67 

1,000 

Europe  .    . 

56,500 

116,500 

1,360,000 

44 

70 

560 

U.  States  . 

28,600 

18,000 

804,000 

18 

40 

740 

Canada .    . 

1,500 

1,300 

38,000 

12 

105 

480 

Spanish      \ 
America) 

3,000 

i,Soo 

82,000 

14 

55 

Australia    . 

2,300 

2,100 

69,000 

23 

26 

250 

India     .    . 

3,000 

1,900 

82,000 

20 

18 

270 

Various .    . 

4,100 

8,400 

75,600 

44 

Total    . 

99,000; 

150,000 

2,510,000 

28 

63 

570 

A  French  scientific  journal  in  1890  states  that  Europe 
has  61,000  locomotives,  &nd  the  rest  of  the  world  43,000,. 
making  a  total  of  104,000;  it  adds  that  England  has 
80  per  100  miles  of  railway,  Germany  53,  and  France  .47. 

The  increase  of  rolling-stock  in  ten  years  was  very 
great : — 


Europe 

The  World 

4.875 

1885 

1875 

1885 

Locomotives 
Carriages     . 
Waggons     . 

42,000 

90,000 

1,000,000 

56,500 

116,500 

1,360,000 

62,000 

112,000 

1,470,000 

99,000 

150,000 
2,510,000 

Jeans  adds  that  the  above  rolling-stock  in  1875  car- 
ried 1 37 1  million  passengers  and  715  m^illion  tons  of 
goods. 


The  following  table  shows  the  steepest  gradients  in 
some  of  the  most  difificult  railways  : — 


Per  Cent. 

Mont  Gen  is     . 

3-0 

Genoa-Turin  . 

•     3-5 

Darjeeling 

.     4.0 

Tiflis       . 

•     4-5 

Einsiedlen 

.    5-0 

Oroya    . 

Utliberg 
Cantagallo 
Kighi     . 
Vesuvius 


Per  Cent. 
.      6.0 
.      7.0 

95 
.  28.0 
.     63.0 


The  Righi  is  in  one  part  as  steep  as  a  staircase,  the 
Vesuvius  as  a  ladder.  Resistance  increases  with  gradient, 
and  if  the  normal  figure  be  adopted  of  8  lbs.  per  ton 
on  level  way,  the  resistance  at  various  gradients  will  be  : — 


Gradient 

Lbs.  per  Ton 

Gradient 

Lis.  per  Ton 

I  m  100    . 

IS 

5  m  100    .. 

45 

3     .. 

30 

10    ,, 

83 

Resistance  likewise  increases  with  speed  as  follows,  on 
level  way : — 


Miles  per 
Hour 


30 


Lbs.  per 

Ton 
.       8 
•  14 
.  17 


Miles  per 
Hour 
.40 

50 

60 


Lbs.  per 

Ton 
'.  26 

•  33 

•  51 


The  resistance  on  a  railway  is  only  one-third  of  what 
it  is  on  an  ordinary  highroad. 

The  standard  gauge  of  the  world  may  be  said  to  be 
4  ft.  8 J  inches.  In  1881;  the  lines  were  summed  up 
thus  : — ■■ 


Gauge 

Miles 

Ratio 

4  ft.  8J  in.          ... 

Under  4  ft.  8J  in. 

Over  4  It.  8J  in.         .        . 

224,000 
42,400 
36,600 

74.0 
14.0 
12.0 

Tota:i 

303,000 

100.0 

Steel  rails  average  130  tons  per  mile  of  way,  iron  145 
tons.  The  consumption  of  iron  and  steel  for  railways 
has  been  approximately  as  follows  : — ' 


Period 


1825-40 
1841-60 
1861-70 
1871-80 
1881-88 


Europe,  Tons  '  iThe  World,  Tons 


400,000 

8,500,000 

10.,  100,000 

13,200,000 

12,800,000 


Total 


45,000,000 


800,000 
12,500,000 
14,000,000 
23,400,000 
32,300,000 


83,000,000 


The  weight  -of  rail  in  England  varies  from  28  to  76  lbs.  per  yard, 
countries  was  as- follows  (an  estimate  for  1888  is  added)  : — 


In  1882  the  tonnage  of  rails  in  various 


Tons  of  Rails 

Tons  per 

Mile  of 

Rail 

Tons  Estimate 

Iron 

Steel 

Total 

in  1888 

United  Kingdom     .... 

France     

r  rmany 

I  ussia     ...... 

Austria    » 

Belgium 

Various    ...                 .        . 

1,980,000 

1,570,000 

2,550,000 

820,000 

930,000 

265,000 

2,215,000 

2,410,000 

1,715,000 

1,570,000 

920,000 

700,000 

255,600 

1,620,000 

4,390,000 
3,285,o<^-> 

4,12O,0Ot. 

1,740,000 

1,630,000 

520,000 

3,835,000  • 

240 
202 

19s 
126 
128 
210 
ISO 

4,750,000 
4,000,000 
4,650,000 
2,200,000 
2,100,000 
600,000 
4,400,000 

Europe    .   -^   .        . 

United  States 

Colonies,  &c. 

10,330,000 
7,200,000 
3,200,000 

9,190,000 
5,200,000 
3,100,000 

19,520,000 

12,400,000 

6,300,000 

182 
118 
110  ■ 

22,700,000 

18,600,000 

7,800,000 

Total 

20,730,000 

17,490,000 

38,220,000 

IS2 

49,100,000 

RAILWAYS 


974 


RAILWAYS 


1835-87.. 

f   The  return  on 

capital  of  Belgian  lines  in  l888  was : — 

}Period 

Number 

Killed 

One  in 

Cost,  £ 

Net  Product,  £ 

Percentage 

1835-50  ^  .      •  .      ^  . 
1851-70  »'  . 
1871-80  Vi?.         .       (  , 
1881-873?!.:,        .     ,,. 

45,000,000 
232,000,000 
465,000,000 
445,000,000 

IS 

.   34  '•' 
77 
60    . 

3,000,000 
6,600,000 
6,100,000 
7,400,000 

State       ,    .  ..- 
Companies    ' 

':J^  Total  .     . 

\  ^ 

55,300,000 
16,200,000 

2,460,000 
780,000 

.     4-S 
4-8 

71,500,000 1      3,240,000 

.r4.6 

The  traffic  returns  on  all  the  railways  of  Belgium  in  1888  were  as  follows :- 


V    Miles 

Passengers 

Goods,  Tons 

Receipts,  £ 

Expenses,  £ 

•■    Net,;^ 

State  _     .. 
Comimies 

\  1.990    c- 
V       770    ' 

57,900,000 
15.500,000 

25,500,000 
15,300,000 

5,260,000 
1,520,000 

2,800,000    , 
-    740,000 

,  2,460,000, 
780,000  ■' 

Total,      . 

2,760 

73,400,000 

;      40,800,000 

.    6,780,000 

.    3:540,000  j;j. 

^  3,240,000- 

Averages  per  mile 

were  as  follows  :— 

Pas- 
sengers 

Goods, 
Tons 

Receipts, 

Ex- 
penses,;^ 

Net,  £ 

State .T».'<  . 
Companies . 
Total  ^  .  .^ . 

,  29,000 
20,100 
26,700 

12,800 
19.900 
14,800 

2,630 
1,980 
2,450 

1,400 

960 

1,280 

1,230 
1,020 
1,170 

.♦  The  average  cost  of  construction  was  ;^25,8oo  per 
mile,  the  highest  ratio  on  the  Continent  except  France. 

Switzerland  > 

.  Notwithstanding  thef  mountainous  character  of  the 
country,  railways  are  general ;  the  mileage  was : —  ■  - 
Year  j  Miles 

1850  :        .        .  /-15 

1855-         .  ,130 

i860  .      ':,     :      ».  650 
Traffic  returns  were  as  follows : — 


Year 

AfiUs 

1870 

.890 

1880 

.     1,600 

1889 

.     1.950 

3ws: —  .'i  . 

,1.!*-^     '■. 

Year'i 

Miles 

Passengers 

Goods, 
Tons 

Receipts,;^ 

Expenses, 

1875 
1880 
i888 

1,260 
1,600 
1,870 

21,300,000 
21,600,000 
27,100,000 

5,100,000 
5,800,000 
8,600,000 

2,300,000 
2,400,000 
3,300,000 

1,260,000 
1,760,000 

Averages  per  mile  were  as  follows  : — 

.Year 

Passen- 
gers 

Goods, 
Tons 

Receipts, 
£ 

Ex. 
penses,;^ 

Net,;^ 

1875     .    . 
1880     .    . 
1888     .    . 

17,100 
13.500 
14.500 

4,ieo 
3,600 
4,600 

1,840 
1,500 
1,780 

'^-  ...V 

.  790 

940 

■J-  ...  . 
710 
840 

All  the  lines  belong  to  companies.     The  cost  of  con- 
struction down  .to  the  end  of  1888  was  ;^20,Soo  a  mile.  j%. 


Greece 

As  late  as  1880  there  were  but  seven  miles  of  railways, 
the  length  in  1889  being  360  miles,  besides  240  miles 
actually  under  construction. 

Turkey 

All  the  lines  belong  to  companies ;  mileage  as  follows  :-=^ 


r' 


Miles 

Year    /^           ■-   •;   ~  Miles 

40 

1880  ■ ', , rr i^ ^%  -•730^ 

390 

1888  f\^:-.  ^^^'.KA. -5,26o-1 

Year  r  ~  iV*^ 
i860  . 
1870  , 

In  1888  there  were  900  miles  of  rail  in  European,  and 
360  in  Asiatic,  Turkey. 

United  States  \ 

The  first  line  was  from  Boston  to  Quincey,  four  miles,' 
opened  in  1827.  All  the  lines  belong  to  companies,  and 
the  returns  of  mileage  show  thus  : —  ( 


Year  ^-^^   '  f  "^  >    .  Miles 
1830        ."     "W      '.^*!'      23 

1840         ' .         ; ,  .     "  2,820 

1850        .  '     ' .         .     9,020 
i860  ^  _  .  .,    .  ■^,  .   30,630 


Year  *** 

1870  ;^f: 

1880  ;■* . 
1885  >. 


■  Miles 
.  5/53,400 
.''■*'  93.670 
123,320 
250 


.  J  161, 


^  The  distribution    of   mileage,    according  ^  to?  Poor!s 
Manual,  at  various  dates>  was  as  follows  : — t'^^'^t^ 


States 

1850 

1860       1870 

1880 

1889' 

New  England*.^ 
Middle  .    .  0  J: . 
South    .     .*.     .- 
West     ...    . 

2,510 
3,200 
1,280 
2.030 

3,660 

6,350 

8,540 

iS,o8o 

4,490 
10,580 
12,560 
25,290 

5,980 
15,180 
19,570 
Sa»570 

<.6,730i 
19,740; 
39,24C» 
9S.54a 

■-"•  ^  \  ■  Total    .    . 

9,020 

30,630 

52,920 

93.300 

161,250* 

The  cost  of  construction  per  mile  varied  as  follows  :-^ 


ROOMANIA 

Official  statements  show  mileage  tnus :— . 


Year 
1870  , 
1875 


Miles 
150 
770 


Year 
1880 
1889 


Miles 
.tSk  860 

• :  1.530 


Year 

Miles 

Cost,  £  ;    1  Per  Mile,  £<^ 

1850.-'.     .    .     . 
i86o.f.     .    .     . 
1871 .     .     .    .     . 

1881 

1888 

%  9.020 

30,640 

60,520 

101,730 

156,080 

■^  60,200,000 

239,000,000 

555,200,000 

1,274,100,000 

1,949,000,000 

6,600 
;7,8oo 

i  9.300 

■"  12,500 

*^  12,490  \ 

The  cost  of  construction  down  to  1882  was  approximately  as  follows,  according  to  Census  report,  and  in  order  to 
bring  the  general  average  up  to  that  of  Poor's  Manual,  a  percentage  must  be  added  as  below : — , 


Census  Report 

Amended  Average 

Miles 

Cost.  £ 

Per  Mile.  £ 

COSt,;^ 

Per  Mile,  £ 

New  England  r.- 

Middle 

South 

West 

6,150 

16,440 

15,800 

^      66,420 

64,060,000 
306,000,006 
112,000,000 
708,000,000 

10,500 
18,500 
7,100 
10,500 

70,400,000 
337,400,000 
123,200,000 
779,000,000 

11.500 
20,500 
,7,800 
11,700 

Total       ... 

104.810 

z,  190,000,00a 

11.300 

1,310.000,000 

12,500 

RAILWAYS 

975 

RAILWAYS 

New  railways  had  a  marvellous  effect  in  opening  up  the  Western  and  some  of  the  Southern  States  as  follows : — 

Railways,  Miles 

Increase 
per  Cent. 

Farms,  Acres 

Increase 

1871 

1880 

1871 

1880 

per  Cent. 

Illinois 

S.904 

8,326 

41 

25,883.  <x» 

31,674,000 

21 

Ohio     . 

3.740 

6,664 

78 

2i,7i3,cx» 

24,529,000 

13 

Iowa    . 

3,160 

6,113 

93 

15,542,000 

24.753.000 

6r 

Texas  . 

865 

5.344 

520 

i8,397,cxx) 

36,292.000 

98 

Indiana 

3.529 

4.76s 

36 

18,120,000 

31,674,000 

74 

Michigan 

2,116 

4,284 

102 

10,019,000 

13.807,000 

38. 

Missouri 

3,580 

4,211 

62 

21,707,000 

27,879,000 

27 

Kansas 

1.760 

3.718 

III 

5.657,000 

2i,4i7,cx>o 

283 

Wisconsin 

1.725 

3.442 

99 

11,715.000 

15.353.000 

31 

Minnesota 

1,612 

3.391 

110 

6,484,000 

13,403,000 

106 

Nebraska 

943 

2,310 

146 
88 

2,074,000 

9,945,000 

380 

Eleven  State. 

; 

• 

27.934 

52.568 

157,311,000 

250,726,000 

60 

It  appears  that  in  the  above  eleven  States  the  construction  of  26,600  miles  of  railway,  at  a  cost  of  280  millions 
sterling,  was  accompanied  by  a  spread  of  farming  to  an  extent  of  93,500,0x20  acres;  the  value  of  the  yicreased  area 
amounting  to  520  million  dollars,  or  108  millions  sterling,  that  is,  39  per  cent,  of  the  total  cost  of  the  new  railways. 


The  aimual  construction  of  railways  has  averaged : — 


Miles  made  Yearly 

Period 

New 
England 

Middle 
States 

South 

West 

■Total 

1851-60  .    . 
1861-70  .    . 
1871-80  .    . 
1881-89  .    . 

"5 

83 

149 

75 

315 
423 
460 
456 

726 

402 

701 

1,967 

1,005 
1. 321 
2,728 

4.297 

2,161 
2,229 
4.038 
6.795 

Averages  per  mile,  on  the  aggregate,  of  all  railways  in 
the  United  States  were  as  follows : — 


Year 

Pas- 
sengers 

Goods, 
Tons 

Re- 
ceipts,;^ 

Ex- 
penses,;^ 

Net.;^ 

1872  .    .     . 

1875  .     •    • 
1882  .     .    . 
1888  .    .     . 

2,300 
2,600 
3.300 
2,900 

2,500 
2,700 
3,200 
3.800 

1,260 
1,400 
1,410 
1,290 

1,030 
880 
850 
900 

230 

^^ 

560 

390 

Traffic  returns  for  the  whole  Union  show  as  follows : 


Year 

Miles 

Passengers 

Goods,  Tons 

Receipts,  £ 

Expenses,  £ 

1872       .... 
1875       .... 
1882      .... 
1888       .... 

66,200 
74.370 
"3.330 

154.280 

150,000,000 
191,000,000 
375,400,000 
451,400,000 

170,000,000 
202,000,000 
360,500,000 
589,400,000 

84,200,000 
i04,8oo,cxx> 
160,500,000 
198,000.000 

68,800,000 
66,100,000 

95, 800,  OCX) 

138,000,000 

;^i8oo,  sleeping  cars  ;^3SOO.  The  railway  of  greatest 
passenger  trafiSc  was  the  New  York  Elevated,  carrjdng 
191  million  passengers  yearly.  The  construction  of  this 
line  took  2200  tons  of  iron  per  mile,  and  cost  ;^44  per 
yard,  against  ;^500  for  the  London  Metropolitan. 
The  return  on  capital  is  shown  thus : — 


The  average  for  each  passenger  was  a  journey  of  25 
miles,  for  which  he  paid  28d.,  and  for  each  ton  of  goods 
a  haulage  of  115  miles,  for  which  the  fare  was  6od.  The 
value  of  merchandise  carried  was  estimated  at  2950 
millions  sterling.     The  average  price  of  locomotives  was 

The  following  table  for  1888  shows  the  traffic  on  the  lines  actually  working  in  the  principal  States : — 


The  receipts  in  188S 

i  were  as  follows : 

— 

Amount,  £ 

Pence  per  Mile 

Passengers . 

Goods        .        .      >. 

52,2CX>,000 

145,800,000 

1.12 
0.52 

Total       .    -' . 

198,000,000 

... 

Year 

Cost.  £ 

Net  Product,  £ 

Percentage 

1872 

1875 
1882 
1888 

658,300,000 

920,000,000 

1,436,603,000 

1,949,000,000 

15,400,000 
38,700,000 
65,300,000 
60,000,000 

2.3 
4.2 
4.6 
31 

Miles 
Worked 

Receipts,  £ 

Expenses,  £ 

Cost  of 
Construction, 

£ 

Net 
Product,  £ 

Per- 

Passengers 

Goods 

Total 

centage 

Illinois       . 
Ohio  . 
Minnesota . 
Missouri    . 
Pennsylvania 
Wisconsin . 
New  York . 
Kansas      . 
California  . 
Indiana      .        . 
Michigan   . 
Texas 
Various 

18.055 

10,345 
8,863 
8,801 
7.532 
7,482 
7.429 
7.233 
6,940 
6,116 
S.486 
S.019 

45997 

5,200,000 
4,100,000 
2,060,000 

2,200,<X» 

4,900,000 
1,600.000 
4,900,000 
i,390,cxxj 
2,980,000 
2,060,000 
1,940,000 
850,000 
18,059,000 

15,900,000 

13,300,000 
6,26o,cxxj 
7,300,000 

21,300,000 
5,100,000 

12,300,000 
3,510,000 
7,580,000 
5,240,cxx) 
4,160,000 
3,05o,cx)o 

40,530,000 

21,100,000 

I7,40o,txx) 
8,320,000 
9,500,000 

26,200,000 
6,700,000 

17,200,000 
4,900,000 

10,560,000 
7,3{X3,ooo 
6,ioo,<xx) 
3,900,000 

58,589,000 

14,600,000 

12,160,000 
5,060,000 
6,540,000 

15,800,000 
4,620,000 

11,940,000 
3,800,000 
7,030,000 
5,550,000 
4,360,000 
3,160,000 

41,177.000 

i55,ooo,cxx) 

158,300,000 

i04,cxx},ooo 
79,000,000 

142,500,000 
56,000,000 

178,300,000 
52,800,000 
78,303,000 

.51,200,000 
47.500,000 
61,800,000 

568,400,000 

6.5oo,<xxD 
5,240,000 
3,260,000 
2,960,000 

10,400,000 
2,080,000 
5,260,000 
1,100,000 
3,530,000 
1,750,000 
i,740,ocx5 
740,000 

17,412,000 

4.2 
3.3 
31 
3-7 
7-3 
3-7 
2.9 
2.1 
4-S 
3-4 
3-7 
1.2 

3-1 

Total 

145.298 

52,239.000 

145,530,000 

197,769,000 

135.797.000 

1.733.100,000 

61,972,000 

3-6 

RAILWAYS^ 


,976 


RAILWAYS 


Canada 


.Traffic  returns  were  as  follows  : — 

lYeati 

Miles 

Passengers 

Goods,  Tons 

Receipts,  £ 

Expenses,  £ 

Miles  Run 

1875^       »          -          W          ;.T          . 
1880        »        »        3         s-        . 
1889          ■,          ^          ^i         '.^ 

4.830 

6,890 

12,630 

5,200,000 
6,500,000 

I2,2CX3,0OO 

5,700,000 

9,900,000 

17,900,000 

4,050,000 
4,900,000 
8,430,000 

3,280,000 
3,500,000  • 
6,210,000  , 

17,700,000 
22,400,000 

The  first  line  was  opened  in  1836  to  Laprairie,  in  the 
province  of  Quebec,  sixteen  miles.  Mileage  open  to 
traffic  has  been  as  follows  : — 

Year  Miles 


Year 
1840/ 
1851 
1860I 


MiUs 
16 

[2,090 


1870 
1880 
1890 


2,500 
6,890 
13.330 


Averages  per  mile  were  as  follows : — 


Year 


Passen- 
gers 


1875 
1880 


1,100 
940 
970 


Tons 


Receipts, 


1,200 
1,440 
1,440 


830 
710 
670 


E''-  'A  Net,  £ 
penses,£  '  ■" 


660  *.! 


170 
210 


!     500* 

«   ^49<^-1-^,'i8o 


"ITie  ihileage  cost  ol  construction  and  traffic  of  the  several  lines  in  1887  showed  as  follows  :— -^ 


Miles 

Cost,  £       1    Receipts,  £ 

Expenses,  £ 

Net,  ;^     Jlnterest  on  Cost 

Pacific  '•^.f     \T    ^''       - 
Grand  Trunk      >i       «       fl 
Intercolonial)      h       •       K 
Various^     '*'        s       '       t^ 

4.320 

2,600 

900 

3.870 

42,800,000 

60,300,000 

9,200,000 

30,200,003 

2,210,000 

3,330,000 

540,000 

2,000,000 

1,520,000 
2,290,000 

580,000 
1,310,000 

690,00c}     1 
1,040,00^     1 

690,000 

.1.6 

[fhiSc.     .    *    fi 

11,690 

142,500,00c 

8,080,000 

5,700,000 

2,380,000      1          '1.6 

Passengers 

Tons 

Per  Mile 

Miles  Run 

Passengers 

Tons 

Receipts,;^;  Expenses,  £ 

Net,^ 

Pacific    f    'I'f    \-      ■•. 
Grand  Trunk  ,1      f.i 
Various,     "^j.-      ".'      '. 

1,950,000 
5,080,000 
3,670,000 

2,120,000 
6,460,000 
7, 820, coo 

450 

1,960 

750 

490 
2.490 
1,620 

510 

1,280 

530 

350 
880 
390 

160 
400 
140 

6,900,000 
13.800,000    ' 
12,900,000  , 

Total       »>, 

10,700,000 

16,400,000 

900 

1,400 

700 

490 

210 

33,600,000 

Some  of  the  railwajrs  belong  to  the  State,  and  to  most  of  the  others  the  Government  has  given  subsidies. 
The  mileage  and  traffic  of  all  were  made  up  in  1887  thus : — 


Miles 

Passengers 

Goods,  TonsI  Receipts,  £ 

Expenses,  £ 

Net.;^ 

Miles  Run 

.State       .        .        ./       . 
Companies      .        .       '. 

1,200 
10,490 

1,100,000 
9,600,000 

1,200,000    j       580,000 
15,200,000    ]    7,500,000 

600,000 
5,100,000 

2,400,000 

4,800,000 
28,800,000 

Total 

11,690 

10,700,000 

16,400,000 

8,080,000 

5,700,000 

2,380,000 

33,600,000 

The  average  cost  of  construction  and  earnings  per 
train-mile  run  were  as  follows  : — 


Cost,  £ 

Cost  £, 
per  Mile 

Per  Train  Mile,  Pence 

Receipts 

Expenses 

Net 

Pacific    . '  . 
Grand  Trunk 
Various  .    . 

42,800,000 

60,300, OCX) 

39,400,000 

9,900 

23,100 

8,200 

77 
57 
47 

53 
39 
35 

24 
18 
12 

Total    . 

I42,5CX5,000 

12,200 

58 

41 

17 

The  paid-up  capital  on  all  the  lines  in  1887  was  made 
up  as  follows :— 

-^ 

Snares         .        .        •        .        .       67,600,000 

Debentures  •  ,.  ,  ,  .  40,600,000 
Dominion  Government  »  .  26,900,000 
^Provincial  grants/       .        ,        ,        7,400,000 


Total 


142,500,000 


Latest  returns  to  the  end  of  18S9  showed  13,330  miles, 
Jnade  at  a  cost  of  ;^I52, 100,000,  say  ;{^ii,400|per  mile. 


Mexico 
Official  returns  "of  mileage  show  as  .follows : — 


Year 
1865 
1870 


Miles 


(\ 


(^1 


Year 
1880 


Miles 

660 

5.010 


In  1889  the  traffic  was  as  follows  : — 


No. 

Receipts,;^ 

Passengers   . 
Goods,  tons . 

ft 

B 

12,980,000 
880,000 

3io,cxx> 

720,(XX) 

Total 

1,030,000 

There  are  no  State  railways  in  Mexicosj 

Peru 
The  num^iLof  miles  working  was  as  fbllSWSl— • 


Year 
i860 
1870 


Miles 

47 
250 


Year 
1880 
1889 


/Miles 
1,180 
1,630 


In    1870-72   the    Government    borrowed    in   London 
49  millions  strerling,  and  proceeded  to  make  railways  up 


RAILWAYS 


977 


RELIGION 


The  above  estimate  shows  that,  speaking  approxi- 
mately, the  railways  of  Australia  have  already  in  saving 
of  freight  charges  paid  nearly  one-fourth  of  the  cost  of 
construction ;  also  that  they  cause  an  annual  saving  to 
the  people  of  ;^l, 600,000  sterling. 

South  Africa  • 

Mileage  returns  show  as  follows  : — 


Year 

Cape  Colony 

Natal     i     Total 

1874  .... 
1880  .... 
1888  .... 

64 

910 

1,780 

100 
230 

64 
1,010 
2,010 

All  the  lines  belong  to  the  State,  except  one  of  180 
miles  in  Cape  Colony.  Cape  lines  in  1880  carried 
2,700,000  passengers  and  420,000  tons  goods,  being 
1500  passengers  and  230  tons  per  mile.  The  average 
cost  of  construction  was  ;^8900.  This  would  give  a  total 
outlay  of  16  millions  sterling.  Receipts  ^i, 450,000, 
expenses  ;^76o,ooo,  leaving  a  net  profit  of  ;^690,ooo,  say 
4.3  on  the  cost  of  construction. 

The  first  line  was  from  Cape  Town  to  Wellington, 
58  miles,  opened  in  i860;  cost  ^^500, 000.  The  line  to 
Kimberley  diamond  fields  was  opened  in  1885.  In  1888 
there  were  three  principal  lines :  the  Western  720,  the 
Midland  590,  and  the  Eastern  290  miles. 


The  official  returns  are  as  follows : — 


Algeria 


Year 

Miles 

Cost,  I 

Passengers 

Goods,  Tons  }    Receipts,  £, 

Expenses,  £, 

Net,^ 

1877 

1885 

1887 

410 
i,l6o 
1,580 

7,700,000 
16,000,000 

1,020,000 
2,350,000 

26o,cxx> 
1,080,000 

270,000 
850,000 
840,000 

230,000 
605,000 

40,000 
245,000 

Goods  tons,  as  given  above,  averaged  a  haulage  of  100 
under  the  form  of  kilometric  tons.  Including  the  Tunis 
length  of  1840  miles,  representing  an  approximate  outlay  of 


The  first  line  was  opened  in  1856,  from  Alexandria  to 
Cairo,  130  miles;  cost  of  construction,  ;^8ooo  per  mile. 
Records  of  mileage  show  thus  : — 


Year 
i860 
1879 
1885 
1889 


Miles 

920 
950 
956 


Net  Product,  £ 

750,000 
930,000 
730,000 


Details  of  receipts  and  expenditure  showed  thus ; 


Year 

Receipts,  £ 

Expenses,  £ 

Per  Mile 

Receipts,  £ 

Expenses,  £ 

1885 
1889 

1,540,000 
1,330,000 

610,000  ■ 
600,000 

1,620 
1,400 

640 
630 

In  1888  the  lines  carried  3,600,000  paCssengers.  The 
actual  length  of  railways  is  1260  miles,  but  some  are 
not  working.  The  earnings  on  the  total  mileage  would 
not  exceed  ;^io5o,  expenses  ;^48o  per  mile. 

Ismail  Pacha,  during  his  reign,  expended  a  sum  of 
;^  1 3, 300,000  in  the  construction  of  railways,  one  line 
extending  along  the  Nile  valley  to  Siout,  in  Upper  Egypt. 
Net  earnings  are  4  per  cent,  on  cost. 


kilometres,  or  63  miles :  official  returns  give  this  item 
lines,  260  miles,  the  whole  system  in  1889  reached  a 
26  millions  sterling. 

West  Indies 
The  principal  railways  in  this  part  of  the  world  are : — 

Miles 

Cuba 930 

Jamaica,  &c. 160 

Santo  Domingo 70 

Martinique 120 

1,280 
The  traffic  and  earnings  of  these  lines  are  unknown. 

Various  Countries 
The  latest  returns  of  mileage  in  the  following  coimtries 
are  : — 


Miles 

Asia  Minor 

360 

Bourbon     . 

70 

Central  America 

570 

Ceylon 

180 

China 

86 

Cochin-China     . 

40 

Malta 

10 

Mauritius  . 
Newfoundland  . 
Paraguay  . 
Persia 

Sandwich  Islands 
Senegal 
Venezuela  . 


Miles 
90 
90 
90 
10 
56 
250 
180 


Making  a  total  of  2082  miles  for  which  we  have  no 
traffic  returns. 

EANSOM 

In  1360  that  of  King  John  of  France  was  fixed  at 
j^i, 200,000  sterling.  In  1521  that  of  Francis  I.  of 
France  was  fixed  by  Charles  V.  the  Emperor  at  ;^8oo,ooo 
sterling. 


RELIGION 

The  following  are  the  latest  numbers  as  well  as  can  be  ascertained  :— 


Roman  Catholics 

Protestants 

Greeks 

Jews 

Mahometans 

Total 

England 

Scotland 

Ireland 

1,066,000 

318,000 

3,952,000 

24,858,000 
3,371,000 
1,169,000 

44,000 
6,000 
1,000 

... 

25,968,000 
3,695,000 
5,122,000 

United  Kingdom 

France        

Germany 

Russia         .        .        .        . 
Austria        .        .        .  '     . 
Hungary     ..... 

Italy   .  ' 

Spain 

5,336,000 
29,202, CXX) 
16,789,000 

8,300,000 
20,227,000 

9,410,000 
28,360,000 
17,542,000 

29,398,000 

693,000 

29,370,000 

2,950,000 

400,000 

3,174,000 

62,000 

7,600 

65,549,000 

493.000 

2,447,000 

51,000 

53.000 

563,000 

3,000,000 

1,005,000 

641,000 

38,000 

400 

2,600,000 

34,785,000 
29,948,000 
46,722,000 
82,399,000 

22, 125, CXX) 

15,672,000 

28,460,  CXX) 

17,550,000 

RELIGION 


9TS 


RELIGION 


Roniiin  Catholics 

Protestants 

Greeks 

Jews 

Mahometnns 

Tmnl 

Portugal,   .        ^        .        ... 

4,707.500 

^     -  500 

...' 

.4,708,00(1 
4.565,00(9 

Sweden       J       .        ,        , 

I,<X» 

4,561,000 

... 

3,000 

Norway    'J        «        , 

•  500 

1,806,500 

... 

... 

1,807,000 

Denmarli    .!»... 

.  3.000 

1,973,000 

;.', 

4.C500, 

... 

1.980,000 

Holland/    '■*... 
Belgium    ,'/        ■        «        «       'i 

1,440,000 

2,491,000 

... 

1        82,000 

... 

4,013,000 

6,016,000 

10.000 

4,000 

...■ 

6.030,000 

Switzerland!        .        ,        «        '. 

i.igo.cxxj 

1,724,000 

... 

8,000 

...I 

2,922,000 

Greece       }1         ,        ,        ,        •;: 

14,000^ 

1. 000 

1,903,000 

6,000 

24,(X>0 

1,948,000 

Roumania  ^        »        ,        ,        '. 

114,000 

J4.0OQ 

4,529,000  ■ 

400.000 

2,CXX> 

5,059,000 

Servia        ">.        »        •        ,        '.' 

;  8,000 

Si,  000 

1,874,000 

4,000 

15,000 

1,902,000 

Bulgaria     ,        »        .        .        ; 

19,000 

2,432,000 

24,000 

668,000 

3,143,000 

Turkey        .        ,        ,        , 
Europe^-.'      ••        r        ,        » 

,  280,000 

,4S.ooo. 

788,000 

51,000 

3,626,cxx3 

4,790,000 

■  148.959,000 

78,681,600 

80,015,000 

5,937,400 

6,935,000 

320,528,000 

United  States    *?       .        ,        . 

9,000,<X>D 

50,890,000 

... 

110,000. 

... 

60,000,000 

Canada       .       ^        .        .        . 

1,792,000 

2,440,000 

4,232,000 

Spanish  Amencai 

33,340,000 

115,000 

... 

47.000 

33.502,000 

Australia     .         ,         .        , 

845.000 

2,880,000    ' 

... 

1,000 

..', 

3,726,000 

vWest  Indies       ..... 

2,480,000 

1,030,000 

... 

3,510,000 

.Total;      .,      .       t 

196,416,000 

136,036,600 

80,015,000 

6,095,400 

6,935,000 

425,498,oooj 

JThe  creeds  of  the  world  may  be  briefly  stated  thus  : —  ^ 


Roman 
Catholics 

Protestants 

'     Greeks 

Jews 

Mahometans 

Various 

iTotalj 

Europe 

America        .        ,        . 
Australia      .        'f, 
Asia  and  Africa    . 

148,900,000 
44,100,000 
,.     850.000 
^  6,600,000 

78,700,000 

55.300,000 

2,900,000 

3,100,000 

80,000,000 

6,000,000 
100,000 

670,000 

6,900,000 
^194,000.000 

440,000,000 

.320,500,000 

•91,500,000 

3,750,000 

644,370,000 

Total 

2CX3,450,000 

140,000,000 

80,000,000 

6,770,000 

200,900,000 

440,000,000 

1,060,120,000 

The  440  millions  of  pagans  in  the  above  table  marked  "various"  are  inade  up,  in  almost  equal  proportions,  of 
Buddhists.  Brahmans,  and  followers  of  Confucius. 


United  Kingdom 


In  1881  the  classification  was  as  follows  : — 


Anglicans 

Roman  Catholics 

Presbyterians 

All  Others 

Total 

England    .         .         .         .•*■.. 

Scotland    ......... 

Ireland 

18,798,000 

99.000 

636,000 

1,066,000 

318,000 

3,952,000 

114,000 

2,997,cxx) 

486,000 

5,990,000 

281,000 

48,000 

25,968,000 
3,695,000 
5,122,000 

United  Kingdom ' 

19.S33.000 

5,336,000 

3,597,000 

6,3i9,cxo 

34.785,000 

In  1 87 1  the  estimated  numbers  were  : —  ' 


Anglicans 

Roman 
Catholics 

Dissen- 
ters 

Jews 

Total 

England 
Scotland 
Ireland  . 

17,781,000 

73,000 

683,000 

1, 058,  OCX) 

320,000 
4,142,000 

3,971,000 

2,959,000 

577.000 

39,000 
6,000 

I,OC» 

22,849,000 
3,358,000 
5,403,000 

U.Kingd. 

18,537,000 

5.520,cxx) 

7,507,000 

46,000 

31,610,000 

No  census  as  to  religion  is  taken  in  England  or  Scot- 
land. The  above  estimates  are  according  to  the  ratios 
resulting  from  the  marriages  solemnised  yearly  in  the 
'HifTerent  churches. 

In  1882  a  private  census  of  people  attending  church 
.on  Sundays  was  taken,  showing  percentage  to  population 
!as  follows  : —  - 

isheffield     . 
iNottingham       ,        . 
ILiverpool  .  > 
Bristol        .[ 

The  above  was,  however,  much  in  excess  of  the  real 
piercentage,  many  persons  going  to  church  twice.  Only 
i37  per  cent,  of  the  total  worshippers  attended  the  Church 
of  England,  8  per  cent,  being  Roman  Catholics  and  55 
j)cr  cent.  Dis.senters. 


Southampton 

?8 

Hull  . 

41 

Portsmouth 

41 

Bath  .         .         . 

52 

United  States. 
The  number  of  churches  at  various  dates  was  : — 


1830 

1840 

1850 

1860 

1870 

1S85 

Baptist 
Methodist 
Presby-  ) 
terian     ) 
R.  Catholic 
Various     . 

4.384 

2.253 

210 

3.170 

7,900 

2,800 

512 
3.450 

9,600 
13.300 

4,800 

1,200 
9,200 

'12,100 
19.900 

6,4cxD 

2,600 
13,020 

13.900 
21,300 

7,100 

3.S00 
17,000 

3I.350 
29,000 

10.940 

6.755 
30,100 

Total     . 

...     1  38,100 

S4.020 

63,100 

108,145 

The  value  of  church  property  was  as  follows  : — 


Methodists  . 
Baptists  .  . 
Presbyterians 
R.  Catholics 
Various  .    ; 

Total  .     . 


1860 


3,100,000 
2,300,000 
3,100,000 
i,9cx),ooo 
7,800,000 


1870 


14,600,000 
8,700,000 
11,000,000 
12,700,000 
27,200,000 


Number  of  Believers 


1833 


1880 


I,240,CX3O 
2,929,000 
2,102,000 

S55.O0O 
7,532,000 


14,667,000 
10,464,000 
6,478,000 
6,143,000 
12,407,000 


18,200,000    74,200,000  14,358,000  I  50,159.000 


In  188S  the  Roman  Catholics  possessed  7424  churches, 
650  colleges,  3100  schools,  and  520  hosi)itals  and  asylums. 


SCIENCE 


979 


SHIPPING 


SCIENCE 

The  learned  societies  of  the  United  Kingdom  in  1880 
■were  118  in  number  and  counted  66,200  members;  but 
as  many  of  these  were  repetitions,  it  is  not  likely  that 
the  cultivators  of  science  were  more  than  44,000.  The 
aggr^ate  of  15  principal  societies  at  various  dates  was : — 
Year  '  Members 

1830       .,-....  2.201 

1850 IS'769 

1880      .    .  ;       ...       .       .       .       29.061 

In  1882  the  principal  societies  showed  as  follows  : — 


Royal 
Statistical 
Arciiaeological , 
Geological    ,    , 
Antiquaries 
Geouraphical   . 
Botanical. 


552 
807 
."580 
850 
■  640 
3-430 
i,66o 


Pharmaceutical 
Law 
Arts . 

Agricultural 
Zoological     •    .    ' 
British  Association 
Social  Science 


3-250 
1.530 
3.340 
7.950 
2,000 
2.400 
1.550 


IS-  In  1881  the  United-  Kingdom,  had  1355  schools  of 
science,  with  66,600  pupils ;  annual  cost  ^^295,000,  or 
89  shillings  per  pupil.,  In  the  same^ear  the  number  of 
visitors  to  the  different  museums  was  as  follows : — 


British  Museum  .  790,000 
South  Kensington  1,017,000 
Beihrtal  Green  ,  .  451.000 
Patent  Ofi&ce       •      266.000 


National  Gallery 
Kew  Gardens 
Edinburgh  . 
Dublin 


958.000 
612,000 
350.000 
192,000 


SEAMEN 

The  number  of  seafaring  men  in  all  countries  was  in 
1882  as  follows : — 


to 

c 

r:  .  ■ 
3  c 

c  u 

-  >» 

"3) 

_ 

=  U 

j 

^z 

£ 

;: 

"^  u 

j 

•     ^ 

1). 

0 

^ 

2^ 
.2=- 

i 

u 

aj'-^ 

U.  Kingdom 

45-00O 

193,000 

167,000 

405,000 

I. II 

France  - .    . 

43,000 

35.000 

.   94  000 

172,000 

0.4S 

Germany .    . 

8.000 

40,000 

27,000 

75,000 

0.16 

Russia      .     . 

26,000 

23,000 

74,000 

i23,(xio 

0.15 

Austria    .    . 

10,000 

7,tx)o 

9,0<X3 

26,000 

0.07 

Italy    .    .     . 

15,000 

52,000 

74-000 

141,000 

0.50 

Spain  .    .  ■  . 

7.000 

23.000 

44,000 

74,000 

0.4s 

Portusjal  .    . 

4,000 

5.000 

4,000 

13,000 

0.30 

Holland  .     . 

7,oocr 

i8,o<x) 

13,000 

38,000 

0.95 

Denmark .    . 

1,000 

7,000 

5.000 

13,000 

0.70 

Sweden  and  ) 
Norway    J 

9,000 

79,000 

143,000 

231,000 

3-55 

Gr  ece     .     • 

I,CXX) 

1I,<XX3 

15.000 

27,000 

I.. 52 

Turkey.    .    . 

.  4.000 

10,000 

3.000 

17,000 

0.22 

Europe    .    . 

iSo.ooo 

503,000 

672,000 

1,355,000 

0.42 

United  States 

8,000 

120,000 

S4,ooo 

182,000 

0.35 

Canada  •.    . 

... 

50.000 

65,000 

115,000 

2.54 

Brazil .    .    . 

2,000 

6,000 

8,000 

16,000 

0.18 

Argentine     ) 

Republic  ) 

Australia .    . 

1,000 

2,OCO 

8,000 

lljtJOO 

0.5s 

IIjOOO 

3.000 

14.000 

0.48 

Total  ■  .    . 

191,000 

692.000 

810,000 

1,693,000 

0.45 

If  marines  and  coastguards  were  added,  the  total  would 
fall  little  short  of  two  millions  of  men,  or  nearly  3  per 
cent,  of  the  able-bodied  men  of  the  Christian  world. 

SEASONS 

For  medical  ptirposes  the  seasons  are  supposed  to 
begin  on  the  following  dates  :— 

Northern  Hemisphere!  Soiithem  Hemisphere 


Sprihg . 
Summer 
Autumn 
Winter 


Marcii  1st 
June  ist 
September  ist 
December  ist 


September  ist 
Deceniber  isi 
March'ist 
June  ist 


The   mean    temperature    of   the   seasons   in  various 
countries  is  as  follows,  in  degrees  Fahrenheit : — 


Spring 

Summer 

.\utumnl  Winter 

1 

England  . 

47 

6r 

•  51   !  40 

France 

54 

68 

56      41 

Germany  .• 

48. 

65 

48      !      33 

Italy 

59 

75 

6r            45 

Spain 

61 

79 

67      t      51 

Canada    . 

43 

71 

47      \      17 

Jamaica   . 

77 

81 

79      1      76 

New  Sou'h  Wales    . 

63 

70 

64      'i      54 

Cape  Colony    , 

61 

69 

63             56 

Brazil 

73 

79 

75      '      69 

SERVANTS 

Of  1000  fartiilies  at  Berlin  there  were  194  which  kept 
servants  in  1864,  and  only  173  in  1871.  Professor  Leone 
Levi  in  1883  computed  1,951,000  domestic  servants  in 
the  United  Kingdom,  earning  ;^6S,50o,oco  per.annun>, 
say  ;^35  each. 

SHIPPING 

The  following  is  Mr.  Kiaer's  table  of  the  shipping  of 
the  world,  with  a  column  added  for  carrj'ing  power,  in 
which  steamers  are  counted  as  four  times  the  power  of 
sailing-vessels : — 


Year 

Steam, 
Tons 

Sail,  Tons 

Total,  Tons 

Carrying 
Power 

1816  .    . 

1.500 

3,420,000 

3.421.500 

3,426,000 

1820  .    . 

6,200 

3,160,000 

3,166.200 

3,i85,oc» 

1830  .    . 

30,200 

3,020,000 

3.050,200 

3,140,000 

1840  .    . 

97,000 

4,560,000 

4,657,000 

4,950,000 

1850  .    . 

217,000 

6,380,000 

6,597,000 

7,25o,txx) 

i860  .     . 

764,000 

10,710,000 

11,474,000 

13,770,000 

1870  .     . 

i,7io,(xio 

12,350,000 

14,060.000 

19,190,000 

1880  .    . 

4,650,000 

I3(«70,t300 

17,920,000 

31,870,000 

1886  .    . 

7,400,000 

12,000,000 

19,400,000 

41,600,000 

Mr.  Kiaer's  figures  doubtless  apply  only  to  vessels  of 
" long  cours"  as  they  are  less  than  the  total  shipping. 
For  example,  Lloyd's  list  in  1842  shows  for  Europe  only, 
no  fewer  than  88,100  vessels  of  6,547,000  tons., 


The  following  is  an  appro.ximate  table  of  shipping  at  various  dates,  the  British  flag  including  colonial  vessels: — 


180O 

1820 

1842 

1830 

1888 

British      , 

French     

German   .        .        ,        .        . 
American         .... 
Various 

1,856,000 

250,tX)0 

150,000 
970,000 
800.000 

2,654,o<x> 

350,000 

250.000 

1,280,000 

i.3<x>.ooo 

3,311,000 
634,000 
550,000 

2.180,000 

2.70£,000 

5,713.000 

930,000 

700,000 

5,350,000 

3,777.000 

9,050,000 
960,000 
1,230,000 
4,310,000 
6,100,000 

Total 

4,026,cxx) 

5,834,000 

9,380,000 

16,470.000 

21,650,000 

SHIPPING 


980 


SHIPPING 


The  nominal  tonnage  ot  the  various  flags  was  approximately  as  follows  (see  LlojiePs  List  for  1842) : — 


1812 

1860 

1888 

Ail  Vessels 

All  Vessels 

•Steam 

Sail 

Total 

United  Kingdom    . 

2,570,000                4,660,000 

4,350,000 

3,115,000 

7,465.000 

Colonies  .        ,        ,                . 

741.000 

1,053,000 

265,000 

1,320,000 

1,585,000 

British 

3,311,000 

5,713,000 

4,615,000 

4,435,coo 

-•  9,'o5o,ooo 

French 

634,000 

1,010,000 

510,000 

450,000 

960,000 

German 

550,000 

700,000 

500,000 

730,000 

1,230,000 

Russian   ..... 

240,000 

400,000 

140,000 

610. 000  i 

750,000 

Austrian 

210,000 

250,000 

90,000 

130,000 

220,000 

Italian      ,-.%,». 

460,000 

550,000 

175,000 

675,000 

850,000 

Spanish 

280,000 

470,000 

395.000 

205,000 

600,000 

Portuguese      .        .       ,        . 

80,000 

90,000 

15,000 

63,0001 

78,000 

Scandinavi;<n  .... 

620,000 

970,000 

3S5.000 

1,950,000 

2,305.000 

Dutch 

270,000 

300,000 

105,000 

140,000 

245.000 

Belgium  ,       .        .        .        . 

30,000 

30,000 

73000 

4,000 

77.000 

Turkish  ..... 

182,000 

180,000 

64.000 

153.000 

217,000 

Greek    >^«        .... 

186,000 

200,000 

'      y  31.000 

227,000 

258,000 

United  Staiesvi 

2,180,000 

5.350,000 

;  1,770,000 

2,540,000 

4,310,000 

Various   ...... 

147,000 

387,000 

202.000 

330,000 

532,000 

Total 

9,380,000 

16,600,000 

9,040,000 

12,642,000  p^ 

*■  21,682,000 

•    The  carrying  power  of  the  principal  flags  in  iJ 
as  follows : — 


Carrying  Power, 

Tons 

Num- 

'-\3, 

Flag    ; 

ber  of  ^-^^ 
Vessek  «  ft,  h 

Steam 

Sail 

Total 

P      2. 

U.Kingdom 

17,466,000 

3,115,000 

20,515,000 

21,896     930 

Colonies    . 

1,060,000 

1,320,000 

2,380,000 

6,010     400 

British  .    . 

18,460,000 

4,435,000 

22,895,000 

27,9061    820 

French .    . 

2,040,000 

450,000 

2,450,000 

15,278     165 

German     . 

2,000,000 

730,000 

2,730,000 

3.635'    750 

Russian     . 

560,000 

610,000 

1,170,000 

4,406.    270 

Austrian    . 

360,000 

130,000 

490,000 

367  1,320 

Italian  . ,  . 

700,000 

675,000 

1,375,000 

6,810        200- 

Spanish-1^. . 

1,580.000 

205,000 

1,785.000 

1,698    1,050 

Portuguese 

60,000 

63,000 

123,000 

443     270 

Swedish     . 

500,000 

375.000 

875,000 

3.844     230 

Norwegian 

540,000 

1,400,000 

1,940,000 

7,233'    270 

Danish .     . 

380,000 

175.000 

55S.O0O 

3-344;    165 

Dutch  .    . 

420,000 

140,000 

560,000 

609     920 

Belgian.    . 

290,000 

4,000 

294,000 

59  S.000 

Turkish     . 

260,000 

153,000 

413,000 

875     480 

Greek    .    . 

120,000 

227,000 

347,000 

5.157 

bS 

U.  States  . 

7,080.000 

2,540,000 

9,620,000 

22,623 

425 

Chili     .    . 

80,000 

58,000 

138,000 

166 

820 

Japan    .    . 
Brazil    .    . 

290,000 

60,000 

350,000 

1,284 

270 

240,000 

70,000 

310,000 

495 

630 

China*      . 

100,000 

10,000 

110,000 

135 

810 

Various     . 

100,000 

132,000 

232,000 

770 

300 

TheWorld 

36,160,000 

12,642,000 

48,802,000 

107.137!    453 

Exclusive  of  junks  and  canal-boats. 


Mr.  Kiaer's  table  of  vessels  over  100  tons,  in  1881, 
was  as  follows  : — 


Flag  of 

Number 

Total 

Steamers 

Sailing 

Total 

Tonnage 

Great  Britaino    . 

2,869 

11.893 

14,762 

7,010,000 

Prance.    .    .    . 

335 

2.772 

3.107 

840,000 

Germany  .     .     . 

277 

3.113 

3.390 

1,150,000 

United  States     . 

548 

5.9.=i8 

6,506 

2,370,000 

Nor\vay    .    .    . 

148 

4,160 

4.308 

1,460,003 

Sweden     .     .     . 

258 

1.979 

2,237 

470,000 

Denmark  .    .     . 

109 

1,172 

1.281 

230,000 

Italy     .    .    .    . 

103 

2,936 

3.039 

1,070,000 

Spain    .     .    .    . 

226 

1.578 

1,804 

450,000 

Holland    .    .    . 

111 

1,112 

1,223 

420,000 

Greece .... 

20 

1,672 

1,692 

330,000 

Canada     .     .     . 

918 

6,4 -,9 

7.377 

1,140,000 

Various     .     .     . 

470 

3.780 

4.250 

1,385,000 

TheWorld    .     . 

6,392 

48,584 

54.976 

18,325,000 

It  would  appear,  therefore,  that  the  whole  shipping  of 
the  world  may  be  summed  up  as  follows,  for  1888  : — 


.Steamers  .  . 
Sailing-vessels 
Small  craft 

Total    .     . 


Number 


Tons 
Register 


Carrying  1  Carrying 


19,740 
25.197 
62,200 


9,040,000^ 

11,510,000 

1,132,000' 


36,160,0001   1,820 

11,510,000    460 

1,132,000     18 


107,137  I  21,682,000'  48,802,000         453 


Hence  it  may  -be  said  that,  excluding  62,200  sm:\]j 
craft,  the  commerce  of  the  world  is  carried  on  by  4S,cxxi 
vessels,  of  20,500,000  tons  register,  with  a  carrying 
power  of  48  million  tons. 


The  relative  amounts  of  carrying  power  that  corresponded  to  steam  and  sail  at  various  dates  were  as  follows :  - 


Year 

Nomin.nl  Tonnage 

Carrying  Power 

Percentage 

•  Steam 

Sail 

Total 

Steam 

Sail 

Total 

Steam 

Sail 

X820 

20,000 

5,814,000 

5,834,000 

80,000 

,     5,814.000 

5.894,000 

1.4 

98.6 

1840        .        . 

368,000 

9,0 1 2j  coo 

9,380.000 

1,470,000 

9,012,000 

10,482,000 

14.0 

86.0 

i860 

1,710,000 

14,890,000 

16,600.000 

6,840,000 

14,890,000 

21,730,000 

31-5 

68.5 

X870 

3,040,000 

12,900,000 

15,940,000 

12,200.000 

12.900,000 

25,100,000 

48.8 

SI. 3 

1880 

5,88o,coo 

14,400,000 ' 

20,280,000 

23,500,000 

14,400,000 

37,000,000 

61.5 

38.5 

x888 

9,040,000 

12,640,000 

21,680,000 

36,160,000 

12,640,000 

48,800,000 

74.0 

26.0 

SHIPPING 


981 


SHIPPING 


The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  merchant  steam-navies  of  the  world  at  various  dates :— . 


Nominal  Tonnage  of  Steamers 

1340 

1850 

1860 

r.    1870     '1-i 

8fvil88Q' 

1888 

British     . 

, 

•        •        • 

9S,ooo 

i88,oco 

502,000 

>  1,203,000 

3,105,000^* 

4.355.000 

American 

. 

•       •        • 

198,000 

481,000 

870,000 

1,075,00a 

I     1, 211,000- 

1,765,000 

French    . 

. 

>       .        . 

10,000 

27,000 

84,000 

170,000 

,  278,000 

.510,000 

German  . 

. 

10,000 

20,000 

50,000 

82,000 

216.000 

503,000 

Russian  . 

* 

•,       «       • 

10,000 

20,000 

40,000 

70,000 

100  doo 

142,000 

Austrian  . 

.: 

^     'i    • 

10,000 

20,000 

30,000 

50.000 

''  60,000 

^,  90.000 

Itahan     . 

■«( 

}  ■  ■ 

10,000 

15,000 

20,000 

35.000 

>  77.000 

•175,000 

Spanish  . 

. 

5.000 

10,000 

13,000 

45,000 

230,000 

(        1395.000 

Scandiiiavian 

•1 

5,000 

10,000 

25,000 

88,000 

190,000 

1 355. 000 

Dutch 

i     I    '. 

5,000 

10,000 

20,000 

30,000 

>  65,000 

1105,000 

VarioiiS_ . 

Total       .        :' 

10.000 

20,000 

60,000 

190,000 

350,000 

^        645,000 

368,000 

821,000 

1,714,000  i 

3,038,000  ■ 

■i,  5:882,000                 3»<^lP,OOQ' 

\The  c^rrj'ing  power  of  the  principal 


gs  at  various  dates  was  approximately  as  follows:— 


Flag? 


Tons  ■{ 


United  Kingdomje  J" 

Colonies  .'  "IH  * 

British^  ,  « 

American  .  # 

French.,  ,  ,  , 

German  ,  •  » 

Russian  .  «  . 

Spanish   «  ■  ^ 

Italian  '  .  «  « 

Norwegjalj  ,  » 

Dutch    f'.  J  f 

Various  »  <,  * 


1820 


1840 


i  2,440,000 
'<»•      2io,ocd 


2,650,000 
1,340,000 
450,000 
300,000 
150,000 
120,000 
200,000 
110,000 
140.  oco 
434.  oco 


2,840,000 
756,000 


3,596,000 

2,780,000 
664,000 
580,000 
270,000 
295,000 
490,000 
260,000 
275,000' 

1,272,000 


5,894,000 


10,482,000  •' 


1860 


■:$.    6,025,000 

?s)i,  1,194,000 


7,219,000 

7,960,000 

1,265,000 

850,000 

520,000 

510,000 

610,000  , 

850,000 

400,000 

1,546,000 


21,730,000- 


1880 


7IE88! 


V  14.750.000  3*, 

r-.  2,o6o,0(io  ".ii 


fj^  16,810,000 
('  7,700,000 
1,753,000 
1,830,000 
1 ,040,000 
1,250,000 
1,230,000 
1,690,000: 
525,000 
4,072,000 


^  37,900,000  ^ 


^,20,515,000 
5^i  2,380,000' 


.■  22,895,000 
9,620,000 
2,491,000 
2,743,000 
1,170,000 
1,785,000 
,1,375,000 
1,940,000 
/  560,000 
74,221,000 


3,800,0001, 


The  increase  of,  nominal  tonnage  and  of  effective 
carrying  power  in  various  periods  was  approximately  as 
follows : — 


British  v .  .  . 

Amerttati  .  . 

French    .  .  . 

German  .  .  . 

Italian     .  .  _. 

Spanish   .  .  . 

Norwegian  .  . 

Russian  .  .  . 

Dutch      ,  .  . 

Various  .  .  . 

Tot.ll 


Ann 

Lial  Average  of  Increase 

Tons  Register 

Tons  Carrying 
Power 

1841-«0 

1861-88 

1841-60 

1861-88 

120.000 

119,000 

180,000 

560,000 

160,000 

259,000 

60,000 

19,000 

30,000 

45,000 

7,500 

19,000 

14,000 

68,000 

4,500 

10,500 

6,000 

27,000 

9.500 

5,000 

11,000 

45,000 

29,000 

25.000 

29,000 

40,000 

8,000 

12, 200 

12,500 

23.000 

1,500 

6,000 

5.600 

1,OCO 

14,500^ 

94.400 

360,000 

179,000 

562,000 

968,000 

The  net  increase  of  nominal  tonnage  from  1S61  to 
1888  was  179,000  per  annum;  but  this  is  not  the  sum 
of  the  above  column,  as  several  countries  showed  a 
decline. 

Great  as  has  been  the  growth  of  carrying  power  in  the 
last  30  years  it  is  much  less  than  the  increase  in  the 
tonnage  of  port  entries,  which  has  been  3|-fold,  while 
the  carrying  power  has  little  more  than  doubled, 
viz.  :— 


Year 

Norn.  Tonnage 

Carrying  Power 

Port  Entries 

i860.     .     . 
1870 .     .     . 
1880.     .     . 
1888 .     .    . 

16,600,000 
15,940,000 
20,280,000 
21,680,000 

.   21,730,000 
25,100,000 
37,900,000 
48,800,000 

64,100,000 

95,400,000 

166,300,000 

225,200.000 

The  tonnage  of  port  entries  of  sea-going  vessels  at 
various  dates  was  approximately  as  follows  (the  item 
marked  "  various  "  not  being  accurately  known)  : — 


1860 

1870 

1883 

1883 

U.  Kingdom 

12,350,00c 

18,120,000 

29,360,000 

33,950.000 

France     .    , 

4,230,00c 

6,800,000 

12,370,000 

14,030.000 

Germany .     . 

3,730,00c 

6,200,000 

6,530,000 

9, 440,  coo 

Russia      .     . 

2, 1 10, 00c 

3,520,000 

5,020,000 

7,410,000 

Austria     .     , 

2,600,00c 

3,430,000 

4,820,000 

7.540,000 

Italy    .     ,     . 

2,400,000 

3,790,000 

4,690.000 

6,670,000 

Spain  .     .     . 

1,350,00c 

2,500,000 

5.700,000 

11,440,000 

Sweden  and  1 
Norway     ) 

2,100,00c 

3.790,000 

5,400,000 

7,320,000 

Denmark.     . 

600,000 

710,000 

2,230.000 

3,  ■^80, 000 

Holland  .     . 

1,660.000 

2,310,0-0 

3,450,000     5,110,000 

Belgium  .     . 

670,000 

1,580,000 

3,570.ooO|     4,910,000 

Greece      .     . 

930,000 

1,270,000 

1,790,000,     2,370.000 

United  States 

5,005,000 

6,270,000 

15,250,000   15,390,000 

British  Col- 1 
onies     .    ) 

10,880,000  15,200,000 

28,2,60,000  41,300,000 

Suez  Canal  . 
\'arious    .    . 

440,000 

4,350,000     9,440jOOo 

13,500,000^19,500,000   33,500,000'  45,500,000 

Total    .     . 

04,115,00095,430  000  166,290,000225,200,000 

SHIPPING 


982 


SHIPPING 


Entries  in   ballast,  which  are 
table,  showed  tonnage  and  ratio 


included  in  the  above 
to  total  entries  thus  : — 


1870 

1880 

1888      1870'l880i888 

Tons 

Tons 

Tons     !  % 

% 

% 

U.  Kingdom 

3,200,000 

3,100,000 

6,900,000  1  '17 

17 

21 

France     .     . 

200,000 

400,000 

460,000  •     3 

3 

3 

Germany 

810,000 

370,000 

700,000 

13 

6 

a 

Russia     ,     . 

1,820,000 

1,860,000 

4,800,000 

S2 

36 

64 

Austria    ,     . 

840,000 

820,000 

700.000 

2=? 

17 

9 

Italy   .     ,     , 

380,000 

450,000 

570,000 

10 

10 

8 

Spain .     .     . 

600,000 

r, 900,000 

3,800,000 

24 

33 

33 

Sweden    .     . 

1,400,000 

1,900,000 

2,900,000 

b^ 

55 

5a 

Norway  .     . 

1,040,000 

980.000 

850,000 

66 

50 

35 

Denmark 

920,000 

1,480,000 

45 

44 

Holland  .     . 

100,000 

210,000 

3 

4 

Belgium  .     . 

40,000 

1 10,000 

700,000 

2 

3 

14 

U.  States     , 

3,140,000 

... 

21 

It  would  seem  from  the  above  that  as  regards  Euro- 
pean ports  the  aggregate  of  entries  in  ballast  has  not 
materially  varied,  in  proportion,  since  1870,  the  ratio 
being  as  21  per  cent,  of  all  entries.  The  following  table 
shows  the  ratio  of  entries  in  each  country  belonging  to 
the  flag  of  that  country,  and  the  ratio  corresponding  to 
other  or  foreign  flags  : — 


National 

Foreign  Flags 

1870 

1880 !  1887 

1870 

1880  1 1887 

United  Kingdom 

68.4 

70.4  ]  73-6 

31.6 

29.6    26.4 

Russia         .        . 

II. 2 

11.4I    7.9 

88.8 

88.6    92.1 

Norway       » 

70.0 

68.2  1  65.5 

30.0 

318 

34-5 

Sweden 

31.8 

37-2  I  35-8 

68.2 

62.8 

64.2 

Germany     .        . 

35-9 

39-1  143-3 

64.1 

60.9 

5('-7 

Holland      . 

28.3 

30.9  1  30.9 

71.7 

69.1 

69.1 

France         i 

31-5 

30.0  1  36.2 

68.  ■; 

70.0 

63.8 

Spain  .... 

36-9 

26.6  1  39.0 

63.1 

73-4 

61.0 

Italy 

.3f>-5 

34.8  ,  23.6 

63.5 

65.2 

76.4 

United  .'^lates    , . 

38.2 

18.9    21.0 

61.8 

8r.i 

79.0 

The  principal  commercial  ports  of  the  world  showed 
the  tonnage  of  sea-going  entries  in  1888  as  follows  :  — 


London  '. 
New.  York 
Liverpool  . 
Hamburg  . 
Antwerp  . 
Marseilles  . 
Hong-Kong 
Cardiff.  . 
Rotterdam 
Sydney.  . 
Melbourne 
Newcastle 
Hull      .     . 


Tons 
7,470,000 
5,470,000 
5,370,000 
4,410,000 
3,660,000 
3,360,000 
3.330,000 
2,930,000 
2,530,000 
2,380,000 
2,150,000 
1,900,000 
1,900,000 


Havre  V  .  . 
Buenos  Ayres 
Alexandria 
Montevideo  . 
Athens .  .  . 
Genoa  .  .  . 
Bremen  .  . 
Boston  .  .  . 
San  Francisco 
Bordeaux  .  . 
Stettin  .  .  . 
Pliiladelphia  . 
Glasgow    .     . 


Tons 
"I.Biolooo 
1,590,000 
1,590,000 
1,620,000 
1,550,000 
1,480,000 
1,180,000 
1. 100.000 
1,050,000 
1,050,000 
1,040,000 
1,030,000 

990,000 


The  above  sums  up  a  total  of  64  million  tons,  which 
is  nearly  one- third  of  the  commerce  of  the  world,  minor 
ports  making  up  more  than  two-thirds. 

If  we  compare  the  value  of  the  imports  of  all  nations 
with  the  tonnage  of  port  entries  (excluding  ballast  entries) 
at  various  dates,  we  find  : —  ''f-^r'- 


Year 


i86q  . 
1870  . 
1880  , 


Imports, 
Millions  £ 


'707 
1,040 

,1.440 
1.502 


Port  Entries, 
,    Tons 


51,000,000 
76.000,000 
133,000,000 
180,000,000 


Value,  £_ 
per  Ton> 


139 
13-8 
10.8 
'8.3 


This  appears  to  show  that  coal,  iron,  and  articles  of 
less  value,  form  every  svtcceeding  year  a  larger  ratio  of 
sea-borne  merchandise 


The  registered  shipping  belonging  to.the.vaiious  ports 


in  1S82  was  as  follows : —  •♦ 

■J* 


Sail 


Steam!     Total     j  ^^7;"^ 


Liverpool      .  . 

London   .     .  . 

Glasgow  .     .  '. 

New  York    .  . 

Marseilles     .  . 

Hull    .     .    .  . 

Newcastle    .  . 

Sunderland  .  . 

Hamburg     .  . 

Bremen    .     .  . 

Greenock      .  . 

San  Francisco  . 
Philadelpliia 

Trieste     .    .  . 

Leith  .  .  .  . 
Havre .... 
New  Brunswick 

Barcelona     .  . 

Genoa      .     .  . 

Odessa,    .     .  . 

Amsterdam  .  . 
Copenhagen 

Southampton  . 

Antwerp  .     .  . 

Aberdeen      .  . 

Bergen     .     .  . 

Yarmouth     .  . 

Other  ports. .  , 


1,080, 

620, 

350. 

530. 

60, 

40, 

60, 

110, 

140, 

160, 

170, 

110, 

no, 

30, 

20, 

70, 

270, 

100, 

120, 

20, 

i6o, 

40. 

30. 

■  10, 

100, 

60, 

160, 

10,372, 


000  520,000.  1,600 
000'   570,000! 

0001  380*000; 


210,000; 
160,0001 
150,000' 
140,0001 

1I0,000| 

70,000! 
60,000 
40,000 
50,000 
50,000 
60,000 
60,000 
50,000 
10,000 
40,000 
30,000 
50,000 
40,000 
40,000 
40,000 
40,000 
20,000 
20,000 

2,634,000 


1,190, 

730. 
740, 

220, 
190, 
200, 
220, 
210, 
220, 
210 
160, 
160 

90 
80 

120; 

280, 

140, 

150. 

>70 
100 

80 

70 
50 

120 

;•  80 

/160 

13,006 


000 

000 

000 

000 

000 

000  I 

000 

000 

000 

000 

,000 

000 

,000 

,000 

000 

,000 

,000 

000 

000 

000 

000 

000 

000 

000 

000 

,000 

,000 

,000 


3,i6o,ooo': 

2,900,000 

1,870,000 

1,370,000 

'^  700,000 

640,000 

620,000' 

550,000 

420,000 

400,000 

330,000 

310,000 

310,000 

270,000 

260,000 

270,000 

3iOio6o 

860,000 

240,000^ 

'220,000 

220,000 

200,000 

190,000 

170,000 

180,000] 

140,000] 

,^160,000 

20,9io,ooq 


The  world    .  15,002,000  5,644,000  20,646,000  j  371580,900 

Italian  vessels  seem  to  be  worked  cheaper  than  others. 
The  following  statement  was  published  in  i88i'  as  the 
monthly  average  expense  of  a.  vessel  of  IQOO  tons  .with 
a  crew  of  twenty  men  :-^-' 


Italian 
Austrian 
French  , 


i9S 
125 
135 


German 
British' 
American 


?3S 

.j20Q 


The  percentage  of  vessels  Ipst  yearly,  and  tlie^verage 
life  of  shipping  of  various  flags,  as  shown  byMr..<Kiaer,' 


Annual  Loss 


Steamer       Sailing 


American  , 
French  J^  . 
Dutcii  . 
German 
British  . 
Italian  . 
Scandinavian 


'■4.06-^ 
2.47 
384 
Z.77 
2.94 
1-74 
,i-96.v 


5-45 
4.04 

4-49 
4.04 

3-93 
2.94 

L_    320. 


Years  of  a 
Ship's  Life 


20. 

1    \ 


The  weight  pf  anchors  ai>d  chain-cables  for  vessels  is 
as  follows  : —  ; 


Vessel,  Tons 


2CO 

'500. 
I, coo 
2,000 


Anchors, 
,    Tons 


'3 

9i 
i8- 


Heaviest 
in  Cwts. 


J3 
22 


Cable, 
Inches 


Cable, 
Length  in 
Kaihoms 


^iSa 
270 
'30a 


It  is  usual  for  vessels  to  cany  seven  anchors,  four  of 
the  maximum  weight  prescribed  above. 

I'he  value  of  shipping  and  cargoes  lost  yearly  at  sea 
'  jsannot.  lie  ascertained  preciaely.     The  Annual  Registsr. 


SHTPPINt; 


983 


SHIPPING 


Port  entries  in  iS&S  were  as  fcJlows  :- 


At 


Tons 


Flag 


Constantinople  •     .  I  8,790,000  ]  British 
Levant  and  Black  Sea  18,790,000    Turkish 
Red  Sea    .   ' .    .     ,1      540,000  ■  Austrian 
Persian  Gulf .    ...  1      160,000  ;  Various 


Total 


.-'28,280,000  1 


Total 


Terns 


9,270,000 

4,810,000 

3,720,000 

10,480,000 


28,280,000 


In  1888  no  fewer  than  15,820  vessels  entered  the 
Dardanelles,  with  an  aggregate  of  io,46o,ocx>  tons,  the 
share  of  British  vessels  being  7,030,000  tons. 

Egypt 
The  trade  returns  of  the  Suez  Canal  since  1870  will 
be  found  under  the  head  of  Canals,  p.  102. 


The  tonnage  of  arrivals  at  Alexandria  and  that  of 
vessels  passing  through  the-  Suez  Canal  in  1888  showed 
thus : — 


Alexandria, Tons 

Canal,  Tons 

British   .... 

690,000 

7,340,000 

Turkish 

250,000 

30,000 

French  . 

250,000 

580,000 

Austrian 

160,000 

170,000 

Russian . 

lao.ooo 

50,000 

Italian   . 

60,000 

400,000 

Various . 

60,000 

870,000 

Total 

•        • 

1,590,000 

9,440,000 

United  States 
The  merchant  shipping  of  the  Union  at  various  dates  was  in  tonnage  as  follows : 


Year 

High  Seas 

Coasting,  &c 

Total 

Sail 

Steam 

Carrying  Power 

1789         .... 

124,006 

78,000 

202,000 

202,000 

... 

ao2,ooo 

1795 

530,000 

218,000 

748,000 

748,000 

... 

748,000 

1800 

670,000 

300,000 

970,000 

970,000 

... 

970,000 

i8io 

9801000 

440,000 

1,420,000 

1,420,000 

... 

1,420,000 

1820 

580,000 

700,000 

1,280,000 

1,260,000 

ao,ooo 

1,340,000 

1830 

540,000 

650,000 

1,190,000 

1,125,000 

65,000 

1,385  000 

1840 

760,000 

1,420,000 

2,180,000 

1,980,000 

200,000 

2,780,000 

1850 

1,440,000 

2,095,000 

3,535,000 

3,010,000 

525.000 

5,110,000 

i860 

2,380,000 

2,970,000 

5,350,000 

4,480,000 

870,000 

7,960,000 

1870. 

1,450,000 

2,800,000 

4,250,000 

3.175.000 

1,075,000 

7,475,000 

1880 

1,310,000 

2,760,000 

4,070,000 

2,860,000 

1,210,000 

7,700,000 

1889 

1,000,000 

3,310,000 

4,310,000 

2,540,000 

1,770,000 

9,620,000 

American  shipping  differs  from  that  of  other  nations, 
inasmuch  as  less  than  one-fourth  is  engaged  on  the  high 
seas:  coasting  and  internal  traffic  take  77  per  cent,  of 
the  total  merchant-navy.  The  carrying-power  has  risen 
only  20  in  the  last  thirty  years.  It  was  less  in  1880  than 
twenty  years  before,  but  has  since  recovered. 

The  tonnage  of  vessels  built  since  18 12  was  as  fol- 
lows : — 


Period 

Sail 

Steam 

Total 

Carrying 
Power 

Do.  per 
Annum 

1812-20 
1821-30 
1831-40 
1841-50 
1851-60 
1861-70 
1871-80 
1881-89 

730,000     25,000 

830,000      65,000 

1,010, ooo|    175,000 

1.480.000  370,000 
2,93o,oooJ   730,000 

2.110.0001  910,000 
1,770,000:   760,000 

930,000    970,000 

75S.OOO 
895,000 
1,185,000 
1,850,000 
3,660,000 
3,020,000 
2,530,000 
1,900,000 

830,000 
1,090,000 
1,710,000 
2,960,000 
5,850,000 
5,750,000 
4,810,000 
4,810,000 

92,000 
109,000 
171,000 
296,000 
585.000 
S7S.OOO 
481,000 
S34.000 

78  years 

11,790,000*4,005,000 

iS.79S.oooj  27,810,000 

356,000 

If  we  suppose  that  the  vessels  which  have  disappeared 
from  the  register  in  the  last  nine  years  were  either  lost 
or  broken  up  (since  very  few  have  been  sold  to  other 
flags),  we  find  the  death-rate  of  American  vess^  as 
follows : — 


Lost,  &c.. 
Tons  Yearly 

Tonnage  of 
Shipping 

Annual  Loss 
per  Cent. 

Sail    .        .        » 
Strsm.    ,  . 

140,000 
I      4S.OOO 

2,700,000 
1,300,000 

S.2 
30 

Total      * 

^    185.000 

4,900,000 

•     4.4 

The  principal  maritime  states  showed  tonnage  of 
vessels  belonging  to  citizens  of  same  in  1850  and  1880 
thus : — 


State 

Tons 

1860 

1886 

New  York  .        .        , 
Massachusetts    .        . 
Maine         .        .        . 
Pennsylvania      .        . 
Louisiana  .        .        . 
Maryland   .        .        . 
Various       .        .        . 

944,000 
685,000 
501,000 
258,000 
250,000 
193,000 
704,000 

1,220,000 
440,000 
490,000 
280,000 
70,000 
150,000 

1,620,000 

Total 

3.53S.OOO 

4,270,000 

The  proportions  of  trade — that  is,  of  imports  and 
exports  combined — done  on  American  and  on  foreign 
bottoms  since  1821  are  shown  as  follows : — 


Trade,  £ 

Percentage 

Year 

United 
States 
Flag 

Foreign 

Total     • 

« 
u 

•c 

E 

< 

(2 

1821 
1830 
1840 
1850 
i860 
1870 
i&9o 
iS@9 

23,600,000 
27,300,000 
41,900,000 
50,000,000 
105,500,000 
62,000,000 
58,*x>,ooo 
54,000,000 

3,100,000 

3,100,000 

8,500,000 

19,000,000 

53,000,000 

132,000,000 

272,000,000 

253,000,000 

26,700,000 

30,400,000 

50,400,000 

69,000,000 

158,500,000 

194,000,000 

330,800,000 

307,000,000 

89 
90 

83 
72 
66 
32 
17 
17 

n 
10 

17 

96 

34 
68 

83 
83 

SHIPPING 


984 


SHIPPING 


The  tonnage  of  entries  into  United  States  ports  under  various  flags  was : — 


Tonnage 

Ratio 

1860 

1870 

1889 

1860 

1870 

1889 

American.        .        .        , 

3,302,000 

2,452,000 

3,130  000 

66.0 

39-2 

23- S 

British 

1,263,000 

2,792,000 

6,820,000 

252 

44.4 

.51-3 

German.   . 

231,000 

679,000 

1,130,000 

4.6 

10.9 

8.5 

Scandinavian 

32,000 

108,000 

725,000 

0.6 

1-7 

5-4 

Italian 

32,000 

48,000 

290,000 

0.6 

0.8 

2.2 

French      . 

24,000 

a.iooo 

320,000 

0.5 

^•3 

2.4 

Spanish    . 

63,000 

31,000 

260,000 

1-3 

0-5 

1.9 

Various    . 

56,000 

79.000 

635,000 

1.2 

1.2 

4.8 

Tola, 

I 

• 

5,003,000 

6,270,000 

13,310,000 

ioo.o 

100.0 

.    100.0 

The  tonnage  entered  and  cleared  at  the  principal  ports  was  :— 


State 

Entered 

Cleared 

1865 

1875 

1889 

1865 

1875 

1889 

New  York        .        . 
Boston      .... 
Philadelphia     . 
San  Francisco  .        . 
New  Orieans    . 
Various     .... 

2,080,000 
660,000 
160,000 
^20,000 
50,000 
560,000 

4,420,000 
770,000 
580,000 
720,000 
450,000 

2,200,000 

5,600,000 
1,400,000 
1.100,000 
1,050,000 
770,000 

3,390,000    ; 

2,100,000 
670,000 
140,000 
400,000 
70,000 
780.000 

4,310,000 
630,000 
620,000 
750,000 
5^0,000 

2,510,000 

5,450,000 
1,220,000 

870,000 
1,060,000 

770,000 
4,300,000 

Total 

3,830,000 

9,140,000 

.   13,310,000 

4,160,000 

9,340,000 

13,670,000 

The  ibllowing  table  of  steamboat  traffic  was  published  in  1881  for  the  preceding  year : — 


Steamers 

Tonnage 

Passengers       1  Goods,  Tons 

Earnings,  £ 

.  W,^ges,  £ 

Lakes  ...... 

Mississippi  .... 

Ohio 

New  England      ... 

Middle  States      . 

Gulf 

947 
681 

473 

463 

1.459 

1,116 

222,000 
132,000 
107,000 
119,000 
433.000 
208,000 

1,420,000 
2,710,000 
4,030,000 
15,470,000 
135,720.000 
9,160,000 

4,380,000 
4,820,000 
2,410,000 
2,630,000 
7,190,000 
4,110,000 

2,520,000 
.2,460,000 
1,580,000 
1,620,000 
6,660,000 
2,870,000 

690,000 
790,000 
585,000 
560,000 
1,830,000 
965,000 

Total 

S.139 

1,221,000 

168,510,000 

25,5401000 

17,710,000 

5,420,000 

The  crews  mustered  57,100  men,  their  wages  averaging  ;^85.  The  steamers  carried  merchandise  21  times  their 
own  tonnage,  besides  passengers.  Each  steamer  carried  in  the  year  33,000  passengers  and  5000  tons  of  merchandise. 
One  tug  on  the  Mississippi  can  convey  in  six  days,  from  St.  Louis  to  New  Orleans,  boats  carrying  10,000  tons  ol 
grain,  which  would  require  70  railway  trains  of  15  waggons  each. 


The  official  return  of  wrecks  and  casualties  shows  :- 


Tonnage 

df  Vessels 

Lost 

Damaged 

1880 

1889 

1880 

1889 

Atlantic    .    '   . 
Lakes' 
Various     . 

31,000 
11,000 
68,000 

50,000 
13,000 
63,000 

207,000 
111,000 
187,000 

266,000 
146,000 
178,000 

Total  -_  .    .    . 

110,000 

126,000 

505,000 

590,000 

Lo.ss,  £  Steriing 

Loss  of  Lives 

1880 

1889 

1880    I    1889' 

Atlantic     .    '    . 
Lakes 
Various     . 

600,000 

250,000 

1,050,000 

980,000 

250,000 

1,130,000 

110 

29 

330 

144 
9 

459 

Total 

1,900,000 

2,360,000 

469 

612 

Canada 

The  merchant  navy  has  grown  in  tonnage  very  rapidly, 


Year    )     Steam     |       Sail 

Total 

Carrying  Power 

1841           5,000         345,000 
1866    1     28,000         727,000 
1877         77,000      1,233,000 
1888    1  207,000    I     Sbo.ooo 

350,000 

755,000 

1,310,000 

1,087,000 

365,000 

840,000 

1,540,000 

1,710,000 

Although  there  has  been  a  decline  of  220,000  nominal 
tonnage  in  the  last  eleven  years,  there  is  an  actual  increase 
of  170,000  tons  in  carrying  power  owing  to  steamers 
taking  the  place  of  sailing  vessels..  Port  entries  of  the 
high  seas  show  the  following  tonnage : — 


Year  Tons 

1829  .  .  .  430,000 
i860  .  .  .  2,650,000 
1870  .  .  .  3,150,000 
Of  the  entries  in  1888 
ballast. 


Year  Tons 

1880    .         .   ■.  .     3,690,000 

1885    .        .  .     3,840,000 

i883    .        .  .     4,620,000 

there  were  33  per  cent,  in 


Plate  ix. 


r 


STEAM-POWER 


Aggregate  horse-power  of  the  world  at  various  dates,  in  millions. 


1840  1850  j86o  1870 

Horse-porwer  of  nations,  in  millions,  in  1888. 

U,4 

9.2 


z88o 


1888 


Germany.  Francs  Russia         Acstria        Italy     .Belgium      Spain    Scandinavia 


Horse-power  per  1000  inhabitants 
250 


110 


100 


90  90 


70 


30         30        20 


France  SwitzerLaxd  Europe  Norway  Holund  Sweden'     Austria        Spain      Italy    Russia    Portugal 


50 


SQUARES 


&8S 


STEAM 


SQUARES 


iName 

City 

Acres 

Grosvenor; 

London 

lO 

Parade   ,. 

Vienna 

15 

Schloss     .        .        , 

Berlin 

»6 

Bellecour .'       .       '^ 

.( 

Lyons 

3B 

St.  Stephen's    . 

,  f 

Dublin 

40 

STATISTICS. 

The  library  of  the  Royal  Statistical  Society  comprises 
27,000  volumes,  and  is  far  from  complete.  There  are  at 
least  50,000  statistical  works  extant,  and  if  a  student  were 
able  to  examine  three  of  them  daily  he  would  require  50 
years  to  get  through  them.  More  than  500  new  works 
on  statistics  are  published  yparly. 


STEAM 

The  foUowing.  table  shows  approxinaately  the  steam-power  of  ah  nations  at  various  dates :— 


Horse- Power 

1 

Per  100  In- 

■      1840 

1850 

1860 

1870 

1880 

1888 

1888 

United  Kingdoi     ' . '     " . 

620,000 

1,290,000 

2,450,000 

4,040,000 

7,600,000 

9,200,000 

25 

France     .... 

90,000 

370,000 

1,120,000 

1,850,000 

3,070,000 

4,520,000 

11 

Germany .        . 

40,000 

260,000 

850,000 

2,480,000 

5,120,000 

6,200,000 

13 

Hussia      .        .        .        • 

20,000 

70,060 

200,000 

920,000 

1,740,000 

2,240,000 

3 

Austria    .... 

20,000 

100,000 

330,000 

800,000 

1,560,000 

2,150,000 

S 

Italy        .... 

10,000 

40,000 

50,000 

330,000 

500,000 

830,000 

3 

Spain.       .        .        .        u 

10,000  ; 

20,000 

.100,000 

210,000 

470,000 

740,000 

4 

Portugal  .        .       -        i 

V:;- 

10,000 

30,000 

60,000 

80,000 

2 

Sweden    .        .       ,       {.j 
Norway   .        .        .>      y 

20,(XX} 

100,000 

220,000 

300,000 

7 

«. 

... 

10,000 

40,000 

90,000 

180,000 

9 

Denmark 

10,000 

30,000 

90,000 

150,000 

8 

Holland  .... 

10,000 

30,000 

130,000 

250,000 

340,000 

8 

Belgium  .... 

40,000 

70,000 

160,000 

350,000 

610,000 

810,000 

14 

Switzerland 

90,000 

140,000 

230,000 

290,000 

10 

Various    .... 

10,000 

10,000 

80,000 

120,000 

390,000 

600,000 

6 

Europe    .... 

860,000 

2,240,000 

5,540,000 

11,570,000 

22,000,000 

28,630,000 

9 

United  States  , 

760,000 

1,680.000 

3,470,000 

5,590,000 

9,110,000 

14,400,000 

24 

Colonies,  &c.   . 

30,000 

70,000 

400,000 

1,300,OCX3 

3,040.000 

7,120,000 

Total 

1,650,000 

3,990,000 

9,380,000 

18,460,000 

34,150,000 

50,150,000 

The  distribution  of  fixed  steam-power  was  approximately  as  follows  :^- 


■840 

1850 

1860 

1870 

1880 

1888 

United  Kingdon-      . 

Continent 

United  States  .        . ; 

Colonies,  &c.    .        .  j 

Total 

350,000 

100,000 

360,000 

20,000 

500,600 

220,000 

600,000 

40,000 

700,000 

650,000 

800,000 

70,000 

9<x),ooo 
1,860,000 
1,220,000 

120,000 

2,000,000 

3,270,000 

2,200,000 

200,000 

2,200,000 

4,150,000 

3,300,000 

400,000 

830,000 

1,360,000 

2,220,000 

4,100,000 

7,670,000 

10,050,000 

The  distribution  of  railway  steam-power  was  approximately  thus  : — 


1840 

1850 

1860 

1870 

1880 

1888 

United  Kingdor 
Continent 
United  States  . 
Colonies,  &c.    . 

200,000 

90,000 

200,000 

700,000 

630,000 

600,000 

10,000 

1,400,000 

2,210,000 

1,800,000 

300,000 

2,140,000 
5,200,000 
3,300,000 
1,100,000 

3,200,000 
9,640,000 
5,700,o<X) 
2,700,000 

3,500,000 
12,780,000 
9,300,000 
6,400,cc50 

Total 

490,000 

1,940,000  y 

5,710,000 

11,740,000 

21,240,000 

3i,98o.c'jo  - 

The  distribution  of  shipping  steam-power  was  approximately  thus : — 


1840 

1850           1           1860 

1870           1           1880 

1888 

United  Kingdom      . 
Continent 
United  States  . 
Colonies,  &c.    . 

70,000 

50,000 

200,000 

10,000 

90,000 
100,000 
480,000 

20,000 

350,000 

200,000 

870,000 

30,000 

I,O0O,O<X) 

470,000 

i,07O,poo 

80,000 

2,400,006 

1,490,000 

1,210,000 

140,000 

3,500,000 

2,670,000 

1,770,000 

180,000 

Total       "7       . 

330,000 

690,000 

1,450,000 

2,620,000 

5,240,000         1       .8,I20,00f 

2  M 


STEAM 


986 


STEAM 


Summing  up  the  table,  we  find  as  follows  : — 


1840 

1850 

1860 

1870 

1880 

1888 

Fixed        .... 
Locomotives     . 
Shipping  .... 

830,000 
490,000 
330,000 

1,360,000 

1,940,000 

690,000 

2,220,000 
5,710,000 
1,450,000 

4,100,000 

11,740,000 

2,620,000 

7.670,000 

21,240,000 

5,240,000 

10,050,000 

31,980,000 

8,120,000 

Total 

1,650,000 

3,990,000 

9,380,000 

16,460,000 

34,150,000 

50,150,000 

The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  number 
of  fixed  engines  in  1880,  and  of  locomotives  and  steam- 
boats in  18S8 : — 


Nun 

ber 

Steamers 

Fixed  Engines 

Locomotives 

Mercantile 

War 

U.  Kingdom . 

110,000 

16,000 

6,870 

200 

France .    .    . 

37,800 

9,600 

1,020 

200 

Germany  .     . 

5S.100 

13,000 

750 

60 

Russia .     .     . 

8.950 

6,000 

650 

280 

Austria      .     . 

9.150 

4.500 

100 

SO 

Italy      .     .     . 

4.450 

2,000 

270 

150 

Spain    .     .    . 

2,300 

1,300 

420 

2S 

Portugal   .     . 

140 

250 

40 

^0 

Sweden     .     . 

1,500 

700 

960 

30 

Norway    .     . 

1             700 

200 

•540 

20 

Denmark  .     . 

1             800 

200 

290 

20 

Holland    .     . 

1          5.750 

650 

J 10 

30 

Belgium    .     . 

".750 

2,400 

50 

Switzerland    . 

1.500 

650 

30 

Various     .    . 

500 

3,000 

140 

.60 

Europe     .    , 

250.390 

60,450 

12,240     1,155 

.United  States 

60,300 

31,000 

5.920 

70 

Colonies,  &c. 

15,000 

15,700 

600 

80 

Total    . 

325.690 

107,150 

18,760 

1,305 

Steam  being  measured  by  horse-power,  it  is  well  to 
bear  in  mind  the  following  facts  : — 

One  horse-power  will  raise  10  tons  per  minute  a  height 
of  12  inches,  working  8  hours  a  day.  This  is  about 
5000  foot-tons  daily,  or  12  times  a  man's  work. 

(i.)  Mail-coach  horses  :  Four  will  draw  a  coach,  say  2 
tons,  at  the  rate  of  10  miles  an  hour,  for  6  days  every 
week,  and  last  5  years. 

(2.)  Canal  horses :  One  will  draw  a  barge  of  25  tons, 
resistance  108  lbs.,  at  2^  miles  per  hour. 

(3. )  Waggoners'  horses  :  One  will  easily  draw  a  ton  30 
miles  in  a  day  of  12  hours. 

Sims  mentions  a  Devonshire  cart-horse,  15  hands, 
1200  lbs.,  which  gave  an  average  of  8000  foot-tons  daily- 

The  horse-power  of  Niagara  is  3J  millions  nominal, 
equal  to  10  million  horses  effective,  valued  at  ;^i 5,000,000 
per  annum,  if  conveyed  by  electricity  to  New  York. 

The  measurement  of  horse-power,  that  is,  of  raising  a 
certain  weight  12  inches  per  minute  during  8  hours  daily, 
is  variously  given  by  the  best  authorities,  viz. : — 
Us. 


Sraeaton . 

Sims 

Tredgold 


22, 000 

23.400 
27,500 


Desaguliers 
Watt 
Saussure  . 


Lbs. 

37.500 
32,000 
34.000 


In  1880  Mr.  Engel  showed  that  the  value  of  industries 
dependent  on  steam  was  6275  millions  sterling ;  his  table 
for  1880  may  compare  with  one  for  1888  as  follows : — 


Millions  £  Sterling 

Increase 

I 

1880 

1888 

Railways  ••-..        » 
Factories,  §c.         .' 
Steamers   '^,       .        .* 

4.000 
2,000 
•  27s 

S.700 

2,600 

410 

1,700 
600 
13s 

Total 

;.  6,275 

8,710 

2.435 

This  shows  that  in  eight  years  about  300  millions 
sterling  per  annum  of  new  capital  went  into  industries 
worked  by  steam.  Mr.  Engel  finds  that  the  maintenance 
of  a  300-horse  locomotive  costs  £<iCO  a  year,  or  £1  per 
horse-power,  whereas  the  food  of  a  live  horse  costs  ^30 
per  annum.  Stationary  engines,  he  says,  cost  ;^is  per 
annum  per  horse-power.  A  water-wheel  of  loO  horse- 
power costs  only  £•]  per  annum,  or  less  than  i8d.  per 
horse.  He  shows  that  during  twelve  years  ending  1878 
each  locomotive  in  Prussia  drew  yearly  17 10  tons  a 
distance  of  6  miles  per  horse-power ;  that  is,  a  300-horse 
engine  drew  nearly  the  above  weight  daily  10  kilometres 
or  6  miles.  He  shows  further  that  a  live  horse  draws 
about  92  tons  in  the  year  a  distance  of  6  miles,  and  that 
on  comparing  the  cost  of  maintenance,  the  locomotive  does 
its  work  at  one  halfpenny  per  ton,  whereas  the  live 
horse  costs  7s.  for  the  same,  that  it,  one  ton  for  6  miles. 
In  other  words,  horse-draught  costs  168  times  as  much  as 
that  done  by  locomotive.  In  ^mple  form  it  may  be  stated 
thus : — 

Locomotive  draws  daily  100  tons  a  length  of  lOO  miles 
for  50s.,  say  6d.  per  ton  per  100  miles. 

Horse  draws  one  ton  two  miles  daily  for  2od..  being 
at  the  rate  of  84s.  per  ton  per  lop  miles. 

In  1880  the  average  power  of  locomotives  was  250 
horse  in  England,  290  in  Germany,  350  in  France,  and 
420  in  Switzerland. 

United  Kingdom 

In  1775  England  had  20  steam-engines,  with  an  a^re- 
gate  of  300  horse-power.  The  use  of  steam  in  textile 
factories  rose  as  follows : —  ~ 

Year  Horse-Power 

1835 .      41,000  / 

1830 108,000 

i860 375,000 

1870 478,000 

According  to  Fairbaim,  in  i860  the  steam-engines, 
fixed  and  movable,  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  3,650,000 
horse-power.  Engel  made  the  aggregate  in  1880  no  less 
than  6,986,000.  The  following  table  shows  approximately 
the  growth  of  the  various  classes  of  steam-power : — 


Hofse- Power 

Year 

Fixed 

Locomotives 

Steamboats 

Total 

1840 

350,000 

180,000 

70,000 

600,000 

1850 

500,000 

700,000 

90,000 

1,290,000 

i860 

700,000 

1,350,000 

350,000 

2,400,000 

1870 

940,000 

2,100,000 

1,000,000 

4,040,000 

i88o 

2,000,000 

3,200,000 

2,400,000 

7,600,000 

1888 

2,200,000 

3,500,000   .     3,500,000 

9,200,000 

Engel  seems  to  have  under-estimated  the  horse-power 
of  steamers,  his  estimate  for  the  United  Kingdom  in  1880 
being  as  follows  x—  -  >         '~      ' 

Fixed 2,000,000 

Locomotives  .        .        ...        .    3,240,000 

Steamboats    ...,;.    1,746,000 

'S 

J-  6,986,000 
In  the  preceding  table  steamboats,  of  course,  include 
both  merchant  vessels  and  the  royal  navy.    Actual  horse- 
power is  double  the  nominaL 


TIDES 


987 


TOBACCO 


TIDES 

The  height  of  ordinary  tides  at  various  places  is : — 


Bantry . 

Belfast . 

Bergen 

Bordeaux 

Boulogne 

Brest    . 

Calais  . 

Cherbourg 

Dieppe 

Dover 

Drontheim 

Dundee 

Dunkirk 

Fundy  Bay 

Galway 

Glasgow 


Feet  X 
II     Granville  . 
8  I  Greenock  . 
4     Harwich  . 

8  Havre  .  . 
13  Holyhead. 
13  I  Hull     .     . 

Isle  of  Man 
Inverness  . 
Jersey  .  . 
Kingstown 
_  Kinsale  . 
15  I  Leith    .    . 

9  I  Limerick  . 
66  I  Liverpool-. 
10  j  London    . 

9  I  Penibroke 


Feet 

21 

9 

9 

13 


Feet 
.  16 
.  10 
.  9 
.  IS 
.  9 
19 


Penzance  . 
Portsmouth 
Queenstown 
Ramsgate 
St.  Nazare 
St.  Malo  . 
Scarborough .  12 
Shields  .  .■  9 
Sligo  ...  8 
Sunderland  .  10 
Thurso  .  .  9 
Ushant  .  .  20 
Waterford  .  q 
Weston-S.-M.  27 
Westpwrt  .  .  13 
Whitehaven  .     24 


Toulon  has  a  tide  of  4  inches,  which  is  about  the 
average  of  the  Mediterranean. 

TIME 


At  London,  Noon 

Forenoon 


Boston  .    . 

7-15 

Havanna    . 

6.30 

Buenos  Ayre 

s  8.06 

Lima     .     . 

6.52 

Caracas.    . 

7-32 

Lisbon  .     . 

11.24 

Chicago 

6.26 

Madeira 

10.48 

Demerara  . 

8.06 

Madrid  .    -. 

11.46 

Dublin  .     . 

"•35 

Mexico  .     . 

5-24 

Edinburgh . 

11.47 

Montreal    . 

7.06 

Falkland  I. 

8.QJ. 

New  Orleans 

6.00 

Gibraltar    . 

11.38 

New  York  . 

7-05 

Glasgow 

11.44 

Panama 

6.42 

Halifax  .    . 

7.44 

Philadelphia 

6.50 

Quebec  .  .  7.12 
Quito  .  .  6.4s 
Rio  Janeiro  9.07 
San  Francisco  3. 52 
Sandwich    )  „ 

.  Islands  ) 
Sierra  Leone  11.07 
Teneriffe  .  10.52 
Trinidad  .  7.55 
Valparaiso .  7. 13 
Washington    6.52 


Adelaide     . 

Alexandria. 

Algiers  .     . 

Amsterdar.. 

Athens  .     . 

Berlin     ..    . 

Bombay 

Brussels 

Buda-Pesth 

Cairo     .     . 

Calcutta 

Capetown 

Constanti- 


9.14 
2.00 

12.13 

12.20 
1-35 

12-54 
4-51 

12.17 
1.16 
2.07 

5-54 
1. 12 


nople 


ti-  )  , 


Afternoon  * 

Copenhagen 
Dresden 
Florence 
Geneva  .     . 
Jerusalem   . 
Lyons    ,     . 
Madras .     . 
Malta     .     . 
Manilla .     . 
Mauritius    . 
Melbourne . 
Moscow 
Munich .     . 
Naples  .     . 


12.50 

12.54 

;2.-)s 

12.25 

2.21 

12.20 

S.21. 

12.58 

8.03 

348 

9.40 

2.30 

12.46, 

12.57 


Paris 
Pekin     . 
Prague  . 
Rome    ^ 
St.  Peters- ) 
burg   .    J 
Singapore  . 
Stockholm . 
Suez  .    .     . 
Sydney  .     . 
Tunis     .     . 
Venice    .     . 
Vienna  .     . 
Yokohama . 


12.10 

7.46 

12.58 

12.50 

2.04 

6-55 

1.12 

2.10 

10.05 

12.40 

12.50 

1.06 

9.20 


TIN 


The  average  yearly  consumption  of  tin  metal  in  Great 
Britain  was : — 


Years 

Tons,  Tin  Metal 

Value 

British 

Net  Import 

Total 

Ton,^ 

iPoo-20  average 
1821-40        ,, 
1841-60        „ 
iS'ii  . 
JS71   . 
1880  . 
1888  . 

2,510 
4,180 
S.910 
7.450 
10,900 
9,200 
9,200 

450 

810 

6.550 

22,000 

2,510 
4,180 
6,360 
7.450 
11,710 
15.750 
31,200 

76 
70 
107 
122 
136 
91 
117 

*  Dresden,  for  example,  12.54,  signifies  54  minutes  past 
noon. 


The  production  in  1882  was  as  follows  : — 


Tons 

Value  of 
Ore.;^ 

Metal 

Ratio 

per  Cent. 

Tin  Ore 

Tin  Metal 

Great  Britain 
Australia  .     .    . 
Java     .... 

13.700 
24,000 
15,000 

9,200 

17,500 
9,000. 

670,000 

1,250,000 

700,000 

66 

74 
60 

Total    .     . 

52,700 

35.700 

2,620,000 

69 

TOBACCO 

In  18^4  the  production  was  as  follows ; 
Acres 


United  States 
West  Indies 
Brazil 
Japan 
Java 

India  , 
Russia  . 
Austria  . 
Turkey  . 
Germany 
France  . 
Manilla,  &c. 

Total 


6l0;000 

•50,000 

105,000 

100,000 

110,000 

580,000 

iro,ooo 

140,000 

90,000 

52,000 

26,000 

54.000 


Tons 
210,000 
22,000 
38,000 
40,000 
46,000 
170,000 
75,000 
65,000 
35.000 
32,000 
15,000 
20,000 


2,029,000  768,000 

ITie  following  table  shows  the  consumption  in  1883 


approximately  : — 


Tons 


United  Kingdom 

France 

Germany. 

Russia 

Austria    . 

Italy 

Spain  and  Portugal . 

Belgium  and  Holland 

Scandinavia 

Turkey    . 

Switzerland 

Europe    . 

United  States 

India 

Japan 

Brazil 

Colonies,  &c. 

The  World 


Oz.  per 

Inkabifant 

23 

29 

48 

24 
42 


23,000 
32,000 
61,000 
54,000 
48,000 

18,000  22 
18,000  32 
23,600  84 
10,000  40 
1 2,000  70 
7,000      8a 

383,000  44 
85,000      59 

165,000  30 
38,000  39 
20,000  70 
77,000 

768,000 

The  consumption  per  inhabitant  has  increased  much 
more  rapidly  in  France  than  in  the  United  Kingdom, 
viz.  : — 


1801 
i8ii 
1821 
1831 
1841 
1851 
i86r 
1872 
1881 
1888 


Million  Lbs. 


United 
Kingdom 


France 


Oz.  per  In- 
habitant 


United 
Kingdom 


France 


Duty,  Pence 
per  Lb. 


United 
Kingdom 


France 


31 
35 
44 
51 

57 


10 

20 

18 

II 

22 

12 

12 

24 

13 

13 

3b 

13 

17 

44 

18 

20 

,56 

19 

24 

61 

22 

26 

70 

23 

29 

80. 

23 

33 

27 
48 

3^ 
36 

36 
36 
36 
42 
42 


24 
30 
40 
40 
40 


De  Foville  estimates  the  consumption  as  follows : 


France 
Belgium 
Holland 
Germany 


Oi.  per 
Inhabitant 
.     28 
.     87 
.     70 
•     53 


Austria  , 
Norway  . 
Denmark  . 
Russia 


Oz.  per 
Inhabitant 
.     42 

•  35 

•  35 
.     28 


TOYS 


9S8 


TRADE  UNIOiNS 


Full  details  of  the  tobacco  crop  of  the  United  States 
are  given  under  the  title  of  4g>ic\iUure^ 


TOYS 

France  exported  the  following  in  1889 : — 


To 

Tons   -■' 

Value,  ;^ 

Great  Bfirain^     .        .; 
Othct^uatries;    . 

-'     6.335  -^ 

500,000 
2,300,000 

Total' 

7,660 

2,800,000 

Berlin  papers  in  1890  give  statistic?  of  Christmas  trees, 
viz. :— }' 

~-  Bertin  takes      .        ,        »       »       .    400,000 
Dresden  takes.  .        .       .        t        .    200,000 

Those  of  3  feet  sell  for  a  shilling,  10  feet  2s.,  and  20 
feet  I  OS.  to  15s.,  including  the  flower-pot. 


TEADE  UNIONS 

According  to  Mr.  George  Howell,  thefe~are~al5out 
8000  trade  unions  in  Great  Britain,  counting  1,200,000 
members,  with  an  aggregate  revenue  of  ;^2,ooo,ooo.*  He 
publishes  the  following  balance-sheet  for  30  years  down 
to  1S81  :— 

Payments 

Sick  operatives   . 

Out  of  work  operatives       . 

On  strike  operatives 

Pensions 

Funerals 

Accidents    . 

Loans         .        . 


Total       .       ,       ,  ^^;f 4,093,006 
Forty-four  principal  unions  showed  as  follows  i-:; 


Members  . 
Income,  £, 
Reserve,  £^ 


1871 


224,000 

240,000 
200,000 


188^ 


253.000 
293,000 
431  ,o<^ 


The  following  were  the  most  important 

trade  unions  in 

the  United  Kingdom  in  1887  :  — 

Number  ' 

Funds,  £ 

Number  m 

Funds,  ^^ 

Engineers   ..        .        . 
Carpenters    .... 
Boiler-makers 
Cotton-spinners    . 

51.900 
25,500 
25,100 
15.400 

125,100 
40,000 
10,200 
51.700 

IronTounders    .               >. 
Printers     .        .                , 
Bricklayers       , 
Rail-porters 

11,700 
8,100 
7,200 

10,800 

10,403 
20,260 
26,104 

62, 2(^ 

Mr.  Philips  Bevan  in  1880  compiled  the  following 
table  of  strikes  in  the  United  Kingdom  in  ten  preceding 
years : — 

Trades  Districts 


Builders  .  598 

Colliers   .  339 

Textile    .  277 

Carpenters  187 

Masons'".  151 

Various  ;  800 


Total 


2.352 


Scotland  .  .  . 
York  .... 
Lancashire  .  . 
Northumberland 
South-West  .  . 
Various    .    .    . 


473 
338 
149 
138 
135 
1.119 

2.352 


Towns 
London  .  .  56 
Manchester.  44 
Leeds.  .  .  73 
Sheffield.  .  66 
Glasgow  .  .  85 
Edinburgh  .  65 
Newcastle   .  63 


Total 

Italy 

In^ve  years  ending  1876  there  were  206  strikes : — 

Masters  gained  ;•    .        .        .   '    .        .     124 

Operatives  gained 82 

"^  Total       ...    206 

There  were  137  for  higher  wages,  and  69  for  other 
causes. 

The  trades  in  which  the  strikes  in  these  States  occurred  were  (1881-86)  as  follows : — 


United  States 
Commissioner  Wadlin,  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics 
for  Massachusetts,  published  in  1888  a  report  on  strikes 
from  1825  to  1886 ;  with  a  vast  amount  of  detail  on  all  the 
strikes  by  operatives  and  lockouts  by  employers  during 
the  six  years  ending  December  1886.  These  latterlinay 
be  summed  up  thus : — 


Strikes 

Hands 
after  Strike 

Lockolife, 

Hands 
Employed 

Hands  on 

Strike  ■ 

Hands 
Involved 

Massachusetts 
lUinois .     .    . 
New  York .    . 
Pennsylvania 
Ohio     .     .     . 
Various     .    . 

114,000 
214,000 
376,600 
361,600 
132,700 
461,400 

81,100 
191,900 
329,900 
283,400 
109,700 
327,200 

109,300 
213,300 
374,100 
358.100 
130,200 
450,000 

i' 14;  300 
21,400 
71,200 
16,700 
7.500 
29,7oaf 

Total    . 

1,660,300  1 1,323,200 

1,635,000  1  160,800 

- 

Hands  on  Strike 

Trade 

Massachusetts 

Illinois 

New  York 

Pennsylvania 

Ohio 

Various   . 

TotaU 

Mining .        .        » 

. 

30,200 

118,400 

50,700 

59.600 

258,900 

Metals  . 

. 

4,200 

22,000- 

11,400 

90,400 

27,100 

38,300 

193.400 

Transport 

. 

2,500 

17.900 

51,200 

2,700 

3.500 

50,100 

127,900 

Building 

. 

7,600 

9.700 

57.100 

4,200 

1,900 

19,400 

99,90a 

Tobacco        .        . 

1,000 

1,800 

74,100 

2,500 

2,600 

15.400 

97.400 

Clothing       -      •  . 

. 

2,500 

3.900 

47.200 

10,800 

200 

9,800 

74,400 

Cottons 

, 

17,100 

^. 

6,300 

1.900 

500 

17,800 

43.600' 

Shoes    .       K       » 

. 

S2.900 

900 

3.500 

1,200 

4.500 

7,800 

40,800, 

Food    .       ,       , 

, 

... 

33.000 

4.700 

100 

lOO 

2,100 

40,000 

Timber.        »       . 

g^ 

... 

12,000 

... 

... 

32,900 

34.900 

Furniture      ,       • 

1 

900 

9.300 

5.900 

1,100 

2,500 

S.400 

25,100 

Machinery    ,       » 

300 

4.300 

4.500 

2,200 

2,700 

8,300 

22,300 

Brick ,  . 

. 

... 

S.ooo 

6,500 

900 

600 

7.300 

20,300 

Various        .        . 

i 

^       22,100 

41.900 

57.500 

47.000 

12,800 

63,000 

244,300 

Total 

81,100 

191.900 

329.900 

283,400 

109.700 

327,200 

1,323,200 

WAGES 


WAGES 


w. 


WAGES 


The  earliest  scale  of  wages  is  that  fixed  by  the  Emperor 
Diocletian,  A.D.  303,  for  the  whole  Roman  Empire, 
viz. : —  o 

Wages  Daily  without  Food,  Pence  English 

30 
20 

25 

The  pay  to  a  brickmaker  was  I2d.  per  100 ;  to  a  sheep- 
shearer,  Sod.  per  100 ;  to  a  common  schoolmaster,  3od. 
per  month  ;  to  one  who  taught  Greek  or  geometry,  icod. 
per  month  for  each  pupil ;  and  a  lawyer's  fee  was  6ood. 

The  following  is  a  table  of  international  wages  at  three 
periods  of  the  present  century,  reduced  to  English  money 
(see  Embassy  Reports,  1869) : — 


Shepherd    . 

.  10 

Labourer    . 

.  10 

Painter  .     . 

Ass-driver  . 

.  10 

Mason    .     . 

.  20 

Smith     .    . 

Baker     .     . 

.  20 

Carpenter  . 

.  20 

Stonecutter 

Indoor 

Female 

Day  l-abour, 

Labour,  £ 

Labour,  £ 

rence 

1880 

per  Annum 

per  Annum 

1835 

1865; 

1835 

1880 

1836 

1880 

England   .    .     • 

20 

26   i 

30 

12 

20 

6 

9 

Scotland 

16. 

2-; 

28 

9 

18 

«; 

8 

Ireland 

8 

14 

18 

.S 

10 

2 

,•; 

France . 

I'? 

20 

2,'; 

8 

12 

3 

6 

Germany 

8 

16 

18 

4 

10 

2 

5 

Russia . 

6 

12 

12 

3 

8 

2         4 

Austria 

10 

16 

20 

8 

12 

2 

4 

Italy     . 

4 

8 

10 

2 

6 

I 

3 

Holland 

9 

!.■;  1 

20 

6 

10 

3 

5 

Belgium 

9 

18  ! 

20 

6 

10 

3 

.S 

Scandinavia 

8 

14 

4 

8 

2 

4 

Spain  &  Portugal 

8 

10      ! 

16 

8 

... 

.S 

United  States     . 

42 

74    ! 

66 

28 

40 



Tradesmen's  wages  in  l  ? 
as  follows  \ — 


in  various  countnes  were 


Shillings  per  Week 

g| 

8 

£ 

Fi 

-3 

1 

0 

bo 

0£ 

§ 

^ 

'4, 

1  5 

:  ^ 

Printer 

32 

20 

19 

20 

16      54 

62 

Painter 

32 

21 

18 

16 

19 

54 

38 

Plumber     . 

33 

23 

2.'; 

IS 

16 

62 

66 

Tailor 

25 

21 

17 

15 

18 

S8 

50 

Shoemaker 

31 

20 

14 

13 

18 

62 

16 

Carpenter  . 

33 

23 

23 

l6 

17 

44 

42 

Mason 

3.=; 

17 

25 

15 

15 

0 

33 

Smith 

31 

23 

18 

IS 

16      50 

44 

Tinsmith    . 

28 

18 

20  1  16 

15      50 

44 

Baker. 

27 

23 

18     IS 

16       ... 

42 

Collier 

24 

IS 

14 

16 

... 

... 

The  wages  of  farm  labourers  by  the  week  in  various 
countries  were  : — 


1850 

1870 

1880 

£.  s.  d. 

£  s.   d. 

£  s.    d. 

England  . 

096 

0  15    0 

0  17    6 

France     .. 

.090 

0   T2      6 

0  14    0 

Germany  . 

.086 

0  10    6 

0  12     6 

United  States  . 

.  ;    0  16    0 

100 

I    5    0 

Young's  table  of  wages  in  Europe  is  as  follows  : — 


Pence  per  Day 

1830-39 1840-49 

1 

1860-59]1860-65 

1872 

Boilermaker  ~.     . 

13 

IS 

17 

21 

31 

Cabinetmaker  .     . 

13 

14 

17 

20 

28 

Carpenter    .     .     . 

14 

IS 

18 

25 

31 

Chemical  operator 

12 

14 

IS 

19 

23 

Cutler     .     .     .     . 

14 

16 

20 

22 

26 

Dyer 

14 

16 

19 

21 

26 

Jeweller  .     .    ,    . 

20 

24 

25 

32 

.   50 

Mason     ,     .     .     . 

14 

16 

19 

26 

32 

Papermaker      .     . 

12 

14 

17 

19 

26 

Pianoniaker      .    • 

18 

2t 

26 

32 

50 

Printer    .     .     .     . 

22 

25 

25 

34 

50 

Painter    .     .     .     . 

19 

22 

26 

33 

40 

Sawyer    . 

13 

14 

17 

21 

28 

Shoemaker 

II 

12 

14 

17 

25 

Smith .     . 

12 

14 

1     ^9 
24 

21 

26 

Stonecutter 

17 

20 

32 

45 

Spinner  . 

14 

15 

19 

22 

27 

Tailor 

II 

12 

15 

18 

26 

Tanner    . 

14 

IS 

18 

21 

27 

Turner    . 

1        12 

13 

16 

18 

27 

Average  . 

1      ^3 

15 

18 

22 

27 

An  Italian  economist  compares  a  bricklayer's  wages  at 
various  dates  in  three  countries  thus  : — 


Year 

Pence  per  Day 

France 

Switzerland 

Italy 

1850    . 

1857    .        .        . 
1874    .        .        . 

21 
24 

3t 

17 

25 

38 

IS 
17 
35 

.  White's  memoir  gives  the  following  scale  of  wages  in 
England,  France,  and  United  States  in  1825  (an  asterisk 
signifies  "  with  food  ") : — 


England 

France 

U.  States 

s.   d. 

t.    d. 

s.    d. 

Carpenter,  by  day     .    . 

4    0 

2    6 

6    0 

Mason,            ,,           .     . 

4    6 

3    0 

6    8 

Machinist,      ,,           .     . 

4    6 

3    6 

5    6 

Cotton-spinner,  by  day  . 

4    0 

3    6 

5    0 

Woollen-spinner, ,, 

3    9 

3    8 

4    6 

Weaver,                ,,        , 

3    Q 

2    0 

3    9 

Farm  labourer,*  month  , 

27    0 

20     0 

38    0 

Housemaid,*  week   .    . 

3    0 

'       -1 

S    0^ 

Tailors'  wages  in  various  countries  in  1880  were  as 
follows : — 

'Shillings  Weekly 


Great  Britain 
France  . 
Germany 


Belgium 

, 

.   17 

Italy      . 

V 

.    18 

New  York 

..^ 

.  58 

The  pay  in  European  armies  in  1880  was  as  follo\vs^ — 


£  Sterling  per  Annum 

English 

French 

Italian 

General         .        . 

660 

600 

Colonel 

1,000 

280 

280 

Lieutenant-colonel      '  . 

320 

220 

210 

Major    .        .        ,•       . 

292 

180 

170 

Captain          .        , 

212 

120 

lao 

Lieutenant    •        1        • 

118 

So 

90 

Ensign  .        ,        ,        , 

100 

52 

Sergeant        .        .        , 

36 

IS 

... 

Private  ...        1 

18 

5 

vv». 

AVAGES 


990 


WAGES 


The  wages  in  woollen  mills  in  various  countries  in 
1880  were  as  follows  : — 


Shillings  per  Week 


England 

France 

Belgium 

Germany 

U.  States 

Sorter.    . 

24 

22 

10* 

5* 

44 

Carder     . 

24 

II* 

8* 

8* 

25 

Spinner    . 

12» 

II* 

12 

26* 

Dresser    . 

84 

16 

12 

7' 

54 

Weaver   . 

30 

24 

18 

12 

3S 

Fireman  . 

26 

19 

IS 

3S 

Carpenter 

33 

27 

IS 

52 

Engineer . 

40 

27 

18 

i6 

75 

(The  asterisk  signifies  female  hands). 


In  1880  was  published  the  following  table  of  relation 
between  w^es  and  food  in  various  countries  : — 


'  Shillings  per  Week 


Ratio 


? 

■0 

■  3 

3 

1 

J 

■3. 

3 

to 

8 

3 

Great  Britain     . 
France     .     .     . 

31 
21 

14 
12 

19 
10 

100 
100 

45 
57 

55 
43 

Germany .     .     . 

16 

10 

6 

100 

62 

S8 

Belgium  .     .     . 

2Q 

12 

8 

100 

60 

40 

Italy    .'    .     .     . 

15 

9 

6 

100 

60 

40 

Spain  .... 

16 

10 

6 

100 

62 

38 
67 

United  States    . 

48 

16, 

32 

100 

33 

Australia .     .    . 

40 

II 

29 

100 

28 

72 

United  Kingdom 

Year 

Nominal  Wage 

In  Weight  of  Silver 

In  Purchasing  Value 

- 

Sh  epherd  Labourer 

Woman 

Boy 

Shepherd 

Labourer  Woman 

Boy 

Shepherd 

Labourer 

Woman 

Boy 

£s.d.\£s.  d. 

£s.  d. 

£s.d. 

£s.d. 

£s.  d. 

£s.d. 

£s.d. 

£  s.  d. 

£  s.  d. 

£  s-  d. 

£s.d 
2    40 

X400    .    . 

0  16  0 

0  12  0 

080 

060 

I  17  0 

180 

0  18  6 

0  14  0 

5  18  0 

480 

300 

1450    .    . 

100 

0  16  0 

0  12  0 

080 

I  18  0 

I  10  0 

I    3  0 

0  15  6 

6  10  0 

550 

400 

2    TO  0 

1500    .    . 

160 

100 

0  14  0 

0  10  0 

200 

I  II  0 

i^   2  0 

0  15  6 

7  16  0 

600 

440 

300 

1550    •    • 

I  10  0 

160 

0  16  0 

0  12  0 

200 

I  IS  0 

I     I  0 

0  16  0 

800 

700 

440 

340 

3    00 

1600    .     . 

I  16  0 

I  12.0 

100 

0  18  0 

200 

I  15  0 

120 

100 

600 

5    5  0 

360 

1650    .    . 

400 

2  10  0 

r  12  0 

140 

400 

2    12   0 

I  14  0 

I    5  0 

800 

540 

380 

2  10  0 

1700    .     . 

500 

400 

300 

2   10  t3 

5    5° 

440 

330 

2  12  0 

10  10  0 

880 

660 

540 
4.  i^  0 

1750    .    . 

6  10  0 

500 

400 

300 

6  16  0 

5    50 

440 

330 

lO     0  0 

7  15  0 

660 

1800    .    . 

16    0  0 

12    0  0 

800 

600 

16  16  0 

12    12   0 

880 

660 

16  16  0 

12  12  0 

880 

6    60 

1850    .    . 

25    0  0 

20    0  0 

10    0  0 

800 

25    0  0 

20      0  0 

10    0  0 

800 

25    00. 

20    0  0 

10  0  0 

800 

1880    .    . 

36    0  0  ^30    00  '15    0  0 

10     0  0 

36    0  0 

30    0  0 

15    0  0 

10    0  0 

36    0  0 

30    0  0 

IS  0  0 

10    0  0 

In  the  Middle  Ages  "the  pay  of  fighting  men  was  : — 
Old  Money,     Present  Value, 


Count    . 
Baron    . 
Knight  . 
Man-at-arms . 
Cross-bowman 
Archer  . 


Groats 

I   *■ 

40 

2      2 

20 

I      I 

13 

0   13 

3 

0    3 

006 


Artisans'  wages  in  England  have  been  approximately 
as  follows : — 


Shillings  per  Week 

Year 

Black- 
smith 

Mason 

Carpen- 
ter 

Plumber 

Cotton- 
spinner 

1740  .    .    . 
1780  .    .     . 
1820  .    .    . 
1840  .    .    . 
i860  .    .    . 
1880  .    .    . 

16 
17 
24 

21 
28 
32 

16 
17 

25 

23 

30 
35 

IS 
15 
20 
20 
25 
30 

18 
18 

25 

22 

30 

35 

12 
12 
16 
18 
20 
24 

Wages  in  cotton-mills,  according  to  Ellison,  have  been 
as  follows : — 


1839 


69  Hours 


Scutcher    . 

Stripper     . 

Overlooker 

Mule-minder 

Piecer 

Spinner 

Winder 

Sizer . 

Weaver 


1849 


1869 


1887 


60  Hours        157  Hours 


s. 

d. 

s. 

d. 

s. 

d. 

7 

6 

8 

0 

13 

0 

12 

0 

14 

0 

17 

0 

28 

0 

28 

0 

44 

0 

18 

0 

20 

0 

31 

0 

9 

0 

10 

0 

15 

0 

4 

6 

S 

0 

II 

0 

9 

6 

9 

6 

15 

0 

23 

0 

25 

0 

35 

0 

'3 

0 

15 

0 

17 

0 

In  1886  Giffen  gave  the  following  factory  a\ 

erages : — 

tVeekly 

Wages,  Shillings  ■< 

Cotton 

Woollen  (     Linen 

Men      .... 

Women 

Boys     .... 

Girls     .... 

2S2 
IS2 

9-3 
6.8 

23.2 

13.2 

8.5 

7-4 

19.7 

8.9 
6.2 

4-9 

Arthur  Young  found  the  weekly  wages  in  I7b8  thus 


£  s.  d. 
Farm  labotirer  .  .070 
Woman  labourer  .03c 
Collier o  15    c 


Cutler o  14 

Weaver     ....07 
Woman  do.  ...04 


Dr.   Giffen  gives  the  following  table  of  agricultural 
wages  in  1835  and  1885  per  week  :— 


1835 


1885 
£  s.   d. 


Surrey o  10 

Sussex o  10 

Essex o  10 

Dorset 07 

Warwick      .        .        .        .    o  10 

Cheshire       .         .        .         .     o  13 

York o  12 

Wales 07 

Scotland       .         .         .         .09 

Irelnnd  .         .         .         .04 

In  1 88 1  was  published  the  following  comparison  be- 
tween the  wages  of  cotton-mill  operatives  in  Great  Britain 
and  those  in  the.  United  States : — 

Shillings  per  Week 


16 
14 
13 
12 
16 
15 
17 
14 
16 
8 


England 

United 
States 

England 

United 
States 

Sizers  .     . 

•     36 

40 

Cardboys 

.     14 

10 

Weavers 

•     30 

35 

Doffers    . 

•     IS 

16 

Pickers 

•     15 

28 

Warpers  . 

•     IS 

16 

Strippers , 

■     17 

s8 

Winders  . 

•     15 

16 

WAGES 


991 


\v:^G^ES 


In  1867  Leone  Levi  summed  up  the  earnings  of  the 
working  classes  as  follows : — 


f^g^iculture  . 
[Textiles    .     . 
(Building  .     . 
Clothing  .     . 
JMetals      ... 
Ships  and  railways 
Mines  .... 
Servahts  .    .    . 
Various    .    .    . 


Total 


Millions  Sterling  per  Annum 

England 

Scotland 

Ireland 

United 
Kingdom 

44 

8 

23 

75 

33 

6 

8 

47 

35 

4 

4 

43 

21 

S 

7 

33 

27 

3 

2 

3a 

25 

2 

I 

28 

13 

2 

IS 

47 

5 

8 

60 

66 

8 

12 

86 

3" 

43 

65 

419 

In  1884  he  published  a  second  table  in  which  he  com- 
Ijpared  the  earnings  with  1867  thus  : — 


Per  Head,  £ 

Total.  Millions;^ 

1867 

1884 

1867 

1884 

Males  under  20     .    . 
Females    •,,          .     . 
Males  over  20       .     . 
Females     ,,          .     . 

19 

20 

50 
29 

i8 
23 

56 
37 

23 

27 

294 

75 

29 

30 

363 

99 

General  average    .     . 

38 

43 

419 

521 

•'  The  wages  of  able-bodied  seamen,  according  to  the 
Year-Bool:  of  Commerce,  averaged  as  follows : — 


Voyage 

Shillings  per  Month 

1860 

1865  I  1870 

1876  j  1880 

1889 

Mediterranean  . 
North  America . 
South  America  . 
Africa  i     .     .     . 
India  ...    .    . 
Australia .    .     . 
Average   .    .     . 

55 
55 
50 
'55 
SO 
50 
S3 

55 
50 
50 
SO 
50 
50 
51 

52 
.  55 
50 
50 
SO 
50 
51 

70 
70 
65 
65 

fS 
65 
67 

55 
50 
50 
S3 
SO 
50 
51 

66" 

60 

60 

60 

60 

60 

60 

The  above  were  the  rates  in  sailing  vessels,  the  pay  in 
steamers  being  usually  los.  a  month  higher. 

From  miscellaneous  statistics  published  by  the  Board 
of  Trade,  the  wages  in  1880  appear  as  follows  : — 


Trade 

Locality 

Shillings 
Weekly 

Hours  per 
Week 

Bookbinding  .     . 

Edinburgh 

24 

54 

Builders     .    .    . 

London 

25 

52 

ti               .  ■     • 

Portsmouth 

21 

56 

>l               ... 

Bristol 

21 

54 

II               .        .       ^ 

Liverpool 

22 

SO 

Sheffield 

20 

48 

Edinburgh 

20 

48 

ii^        ... 

Glasgow 

18 

43 

Chandlery .    .    . 

London 

22 

,,         ... 

Bristol 

21 

64 

>•         ... 

Liverpool 

21 

54 

Qienic^   .    .    . 

Liverpool 

18 

54 

■> 

Manchester 

20 

60 

Coachbullding    . 

London 

23 

•1         ... 

Liverpool 

20 

56 

Dublin 

16 

58 

Collierv.    .    .     . 

Stafford 

20 

54 

•>         ... 

Glasgow 

18 

57 

Cotton-mills  ,    . 

Manchester 

19 

Trade 


Cotton-mills 
Foundry 


Gasworks 


Hosiery 
Jute  . 
Linen-mills 
Machinery 


Paper-mills 

Porcelain  . 
Screws  .  . 
Shipbuilding 


Sugar 
Twine 

Wcollen-mills 


Locality 


Glasgow 

Birmingham 

Wolverhampton 

Nottingham 

Manchester 

Sheffield 

Cleveland 

London 

Bristol 

Birmingham 

Liverpool 

Manchester 

Edinburgh 

Dublin 

Leicester 

Dundee 

Dundee 

Manchester 

Glasgow 

Birmingham 

London 

Manchester 

Edinburgh 

Stafford 

Birmingham 

Glasgow 

Liverpool 

Hull 

Dundee 

London 

Bristol 

Greenock 

London 

Liverpool 

Greenock 

Dundee 

Stroud 

Huddersfield 


Shillings 
Weekly 


16 
18 
18 

19 
18 

19 
19 
25 


18 
18 
IS 
19 
17 
17 
18 
21 
19 
15 
IS 
24 
16 
21 

19 
16 

25 
17 
17 


18 
18 
15 


Hours  per 
Week 


56 
54 
60 

54 
54 
54 
60 

70 
54 
56 
60 

56 
54 
56 
56 
54 
S'4 
54 
60 
Go 
60 

54 
54 
54 
54 
54 
5$ 
59 
60 

54 
60 
S6 
56 
56 
56 


In  1882  the  ordinary  wages  in  piece-work  for  army- 
clothing  werfe  as  follows :— ^ 


Pence 

Tunic  . 

•        '     38 

Trousers 

.  .  14 

Frock . 

.     22 

Pence 

Dozen  caps 

•     30 

„      towels 

.    .  4 

„      belts 

.     12 

A  good  worker  earns  4s.  daily. 

The  wages  of  a  collier  in  1884  averaged  49d.  daily, 
being  exactly  the  same  as  in  1870,  but  the  output  of  coal 
rose  in  the  interval  from  230  to  318  tons  per  miner; 
thus  the  cost  of  extracting  a  ton  of  coal  was  46d.  in  1884, 
against  65d.  in  1870. 

France 

Wages  in  the  13th  and  14th  centuries,  reduced  to  the 
same  weight  of  silver  in  English  money  of  to-day,  were 
as  follows  per  month  : — 


Is.    d. 

Archer     .     ... 

0  15    0 

Baker      ... 

090 

Blacksmith  .     . 

080 

Butler,  king's  . 

S  10    0 

Carpenter    .     . 

ISO 

Canon     .    .     . 

400 

Archer  .  .  . 
Butler,  king's 
Chamberlain  . 
Chaplain    .     , 


050 
IS    o    o 

2Q      O     .0 

15     O     O 


I    *. 

d. 

Field-marshal 

15    0 

0 

Footman    .    . 

0   s 

0 

Gardener  .     . 

0  i3 

0 

Knio;ht .     .     . 

4  10 

0 

Milliner      .'    . 

I     2 

0 

Queen   .    .     . 

800    0 

0 

ere  as  follows  :— 

I     s. 

d. 

Physician  .     . 

.     15    0 

0 

Secretary   .     . 

7  10 

0 

Surgeon     .     . 

7  10 

0 

Huntsman 

30    0 

0 

WAGES 


992 


WAGES 


Italy 

Bodio's  table  of  wages  for  certain  trades,  reduced  to 
English  money,  gives  the  following  : — 


Shillings 

per  Week 

Trade 

1817 

i8r>9 

1866 

1874 

Iron  mines 

6 

6 

6 

8 

Jdarble  mines 

lo 

II 

II 

19 

Chalk  mines 

6 

6 

9 

10 

Cotton-mill 

7 

7 

8 

ID 

Tlax-mill  . 

8 

lO 

10 

12 

Wool-mill, 

6 

7 

7 

8 

Silk-mill    . 

6 

8 

8 

10 

Dyeing     . 
Tanning   . 
Stone-cutting 
Foundry   . 
Masons     . 

9 
6 

9 
li 

7 

lO 

7 

lO 

8 
8 

II 
8 

12 
8 

10 

12 
10 

13 

10 

14 

Mechanics 

7 

9 

II 

17 

Carpenters 
Wheelwrights 

lO 

8 

13 
8 

16 
9 

19 

II 

Glass-blowers 

I8 

18 

22 

22 

Papermakers 
Compositors 
Tailors 

5 
7 
6 

5 
7 
8 

6 
8 

10 

6 
11 
12 

Brewers    . 

7 

8 

9 

11 

The  aggregate  weekly  earnings  of  20  operatives  in  the 
above  occupations  compared  as  follows  : — 

Year  Shillings      Average 

1847. 156  7.8 

1859 174  8.7 

1866 199  lO.O 

1874    •        •        •        •        •         -245  12.3 

Thus  in  15  years,  from  1859  to  1874,  wages  rose  41 
per  cent.,  but  it  would  appear  from  the  subjoined  table 
that  there  has  been  hardly  any  perceptible  rise  since  1874. 


Wages  for  a 

Working  Day  of  loj  Hours,  in  English  Pence 

Year 

Spinners 

Weavers 

Carpenters 

Masons 

1862  .     .     . 

10.9 

12.3 

18.2 

153 

1863  .     .     . 

11.4 

12.7 

18.2 

iS-3 

1864  ...     . 

11.4 

13.6 

18.2 

15-3 

1865  .     .     . 

11.8 

I4--5 

18.2 

iS-3 

1866  .     .    . 

12.3 

15-4 

18.2 

iS-3 

1867  .     .    . 

12.7 

iS-4 

18.2 

iS-3 

1868  .     .     . 

12.7 

159 

18.2 

15-3 

1869  .     .     . 

13.2 

16.4 

18.2 

IS- 3 

1870  .     .     . 

13.6" 

16.8 

22.7 

18.2 

1871   .     .    •. 

14.5 

173 

22.7 

18.2 

1872  .     .     . 

16.4 

17.7 

22.7 

18.2 

1S73  •     •     • 

18.2 

19.1 

22.7 

20.5 

1874  .     .     . 

20.4 

21.8 

22.7 

20.5 

187s  .     .     . 

20.4 

21.8 

22.7 

20.  s 

1876  .     .     . 

20.4 

21.8 

22.7 

20.5 

1877  •     •     • 

20.4 

21.8 

22.7 

20.5 

1878  .     .     . 

20.4 

21.8 

22.7 

20.5 

1879  .     .     . 

20.4 

21.8 

22.7 

22.7 

1880  .     .     . 

20.4 

22,7 

22.7 

22.7 

1881   .     .     . 

20.9 

22.7 

22.7 

22.7 

1882  .     .     . 

20.9 

22.7 

24.2 

24.2 

1883  .     .     . 

20.9 

22.7 

24.2 

24.2 

1884  .     .     . 

20.9 

22.7 

24.2 

24.2 

The  ratio  of  increase  is  shown  as 

follows  : — 

Year 

Spinner 

Weaver 

Carpenter  1 

Mason 

1864  .     .     , 
1874  .     .     . 
1884  .     .     . 

100 
180 
184 

100 
160 
167 

100 
125 
133 

100 
134 
158 

trades,  and  reducing  these  earnings  to  pounds  of  grain, 
may  be  summed  up  thus  : — 


Professor  Bodio's  tables,  comparing  prices  of  wheat 
and  maize  with  the  average  earnings  of  twenty-seven 


Day  of  Ten  Hours 

Days  to 

Earn  One 

Ton  of 

Year 

Wheat. 

Maize, 

Total, 

Lbs. 

Lbs.- 

Lbs. 

Grain 

1862  .     .     . 

6.2 

6.2 

12.4 

I 

1863 

7-5 

TS 

15.0 

48 

1864 

7-7j 

7-7 

15.4 

146 

1865 

8,0 

8.0 

16.0 

140 

1866 

7.2 

7-2 

14.4 

154 

1867 

6.2 

6.2 

12.4 

181 

1868 

6.4 

6.4 

12.8 

176 

1869 

8.6 

8.6 

17.2 

130 

1870 

8,2 

8.2 

16.4 

136 

1871 

7.0 

7.0 

14.0 

158 

1872 

6.7 

6.7 

13-4 

166 

1873 

6.8 

6.8 

13.6 

163 

1874 

6.4 

6.4 

12.8 

176 

i87.>; 

9.6 

9.6 

19.2 

116 

1876 

9.6 

9.6 

19.2 

116 

1877 

8.2 

8.2 

16,4 

136 

1878 

8.5 

8.5 

17.0 

132 

1879 

8.8 

8.8 

17.6 

127 

1880 

8.5 

8.5 

17.0 

132 

I88I 

10.5 

10.5 

21,0 

106 

1882 

10.5 

10.5 

21.0 

106 

1883 

12. 1 

12. 1 

24.2 

93 

1884 

13-5 

13-5 

27.0 

84 

1885  .   .  . 

137 

137 

27.4 

82 

United  States 

Commissioner  Carroll  Wright,  chief  of  the  Washington 
Bureau  of  Statistics,  has  published  a  retrospect  ot  wages, 
which  may  be  condensed  thus  : — 


Pence  Daily 

Trade 

1 

0 
7 

'  s 

e 

s 

00 

F-l 

m 

i4 

0 

0 

04 

CO 

00 

00 

00 

t- 

rH 

1-4 

rH 

T^ 

iH 

iH 

Blacksmith  .     . 

3S 

42 

63 

79    . 

114 

96 

Bookbinder 

46 

72 

Q6 

75 

Brewer     . 

lOI 

107 

122 

Butcher    . 

17 

31 

46 

101 

68 

Carpenter 

30 

55 

74 

85 

121 

120 

Carriages 

67 

85 

120 

114 

Clocks      . 

.0 

65 

80 

"S 

Clothing  . 

50 

54 

70 

96 

100 

Cordage  . 

58 

46 

7b 

Cottons    .    . 

33 

49 

70 

04 

Glass  .     . 

68 

135 

90 

100 

Harness  . 

44 

60 

77 

... 

Hats    .     . 

"5 

98 

84 

Jewellery . 

49 

75 

77 

160 

Labourers 

24. 

43 

42 

46 

74 

66 

Machinery 

68 

95 

124 

"3 

Masons    . 

42 

73 

bS 

72 

140 

107 

Metals      . 

53 

69 

70 

108 

100 

Millwrights 

55 

57 

65 

76 

132 

127 

Nailers     . 

24 

.SO 

,Sb 

90 

120 

92 

Painters   . 

62 

64 

83 

116 

9« 

Paper  .  .  . 

54 

35 

SO 

85 

85 

Printers    . 

...   ■ 

57 

66 

73 

109 

107 

Shipbuilders 

45 

63 

68 

125 

125 

162 

Shoemakers 

V 

48 

70 

88 

94 

Stonecutters 

... 

6:; 

71 

117 

100 

Tanners   . 

5° 

65 

70 

104 

93 

Teachers  . 

70 

95 

"5 

Teamsters 

58 

68 

72 

88 

Turners    . 

46 

65 

70 

100 

"A 

Woollens 

S3 

44 

66 

.,-6a 

WAGES 


993 


WAGES 


Commissioner  Carroll  Wright  compares  the  average 
wages  in  Massachusetts  and  Great  Britain,  from  i860  to 
1 853,  in  various  trades  as  follows  : — 


Agricultural  ) 
implements  J 
Boots  . 
Bricks  ; 
Building 
Carpets 
Carriages 
Clothing 
Cottons 
Food  . 
Furniture  , 
Glass     .' 


Shillings 
Weekly 


O  2 


43 
48 
36 
62 

25 
57 
42 
27 

41 
46 

i    SI 


37 


17 


Trade 


Shillings 
Weekly 


S  3 


Hats 


Hosiery 
Linen  . 
32  Liquor . 
17  '  Machines 
35  I  Metals  . 
30  I  Printing 
24  j  Priniworks 
16  i  Stone  . 
Woollens 


36    I  Worsted 


.  1  46 

25 

.1  28 

20 

.    27 

•       S3 

13 

80 

•       49 

33 

•       47 
.       48 
.       36 
.       60 

37 
28 

23 
42 

.       29 
•       30 

23 
18 

lie  compares  the  wages  of  men  only,  as  follows :- 


1     Shillings 

Shillings 

Weekly 

Trade 

Weekly 

Trade 

cS  S 

*J  c 

1  "> 

^  a 

^3 
f*  0 

5^1 

Agricultural    ) 
implements  j 

44 

37 

Hats     .    .     . 

59 

34 

Boots     .     .     . 

57 

30 

Hosiery     .     . 

38 

27 

Bricks    . 

36 

23 

Linen  .     .     . 

36 

28 

Building 

62 

33 

Liquor      .     . 

54 

80 

Carpets 

33 

25 

Machines  ••    . 

50 

33 

Carriages  ' 

58 

35 

Metals ,     .     . 

51 

44 

Clothing 

72 

37 

Printing    .     . 

64 

38 

Cottons 

40 

31 

Printworks     . 

42 

33 

Food     . 

46 

23 

Stone    .     .     . 

60 

42 

Furniture 

46 

34 

Woollens  .     . 

32 

31 

Glass     . 

62 

40 

Worsteds  .    , 

36 

25 

The  wages  of  women  and  children  in   1860-83   are 
compared  thus : — 

^Shillings  Wages  Weekly 


Women 

Children 

Massa-  |   Great 

Massa- 

Great 

chusettsi  Britain 

] 

chusetts 

Britain 

Boots 

36 

15 

19 

II 

Carpets 

23 

15 

17 

12 

Carriages  . 

23 

10 

Clothing    . 

31 

36 

16 

19 

Cottons     . 

25 

19 

18 

12 

Food 

24 

lO 

23 

6 

Furniture  . 

25 

23 

Hats .         . 

31 

14 

19 

10 

Hosiery 

25 

16 

23 

9 

Metals 

22 

12 

19 

10 

Printing    . 

26 

12 

19 

TO 

Printworks 

22 

14 

19 

12 

Woollens  . 

!      27 

13 

20 

9 

Linens     ,  . 

1      ^^ 

■  II 

16 

6 

Worsteds  . 

1      25 

14 

16 

11 

The  average  'was  for  women  15^  shillings  a  week  in 
Great  Britain  and  26  in  the  United  States,  and  for 
children  loj  and  19  shillings  respectively. 


The  following  is  a  general  average  scale  of  wages  at 
various  dates : — 

Wages  Shillings  Weekly 


1      Massachusetts 

Great  Britain 

Trade         1 

!  1872 

1878 

1883 

1872 

1878 

1883 

Boots  ....  I    61 

50 

48 

23 

19 

18 

Building  , 

1     ^ 

52 

62 

27 

23 

30 

Carriage  . 

1    70 

58 

57 

27 

30 

20 

Clothing  . 

51 

40 

42 

24 

15 

26 

Cottons    . 

33 

32 

27 

22 

20 

19 

Food   .     . 

40 

46 

41 

19 

32 

II 

Glass  .     . 

47 

44 

51 

29 

25 

29 

Linen .     . 

32 

22 

27 

13 

IS 

12 

Machinery 

56 

42 

48 

28 

20 

29 

Metals     . 

.    64 

48 

47 

28 

27 

31 

Printing  . 

S3 

56 

47 

28 

27 

23 

Printworks 

54 

40 

36 

25 

22 

20 

Shipbuilding 

66 

49 

84 

28 

25 

33 

Woollens      ,     . 

30 

28 

33 

19 

23 

20 

Atkinson  gives  the  following  wages  for  Massachusetts : — 


Shillings  per  Week 


1840 

1850 

i860 

1870 

1880 

Carder 

18 

21 

21 

28 

31- 

Dresser 

29 

41 

46 

64 

55 

Dyer    . 

26 

26 

26 

38 

37 

Labourer 

12 

18 

21 

26 

25 

Mechanic 

25 

31 

38 

38 

40 

Spinner 

21 

28 

31 

42 

40 

Weaver 

18 

21 

18 

27 

31 

The  following  table  by  Commissioner  Wadlin,  for 
Massachusetts  in  1885,  shows  the  percentage  that  wages 
stand  for  in  cost  of  production  in  various  articles :— . 


Per  Cent. 

Per  Cent. 

Agricult.  implements     38 

Hosiery    . 

.    32 

Arms         .        .        .30 

Ink  . 

.        •    25 

Boots 

•    25 

Ivorvware 

.    22 

Bricks 

•     57 

Leather    . 

.     14 

Brooms    , 

•    33 

Linen 

•    33 

Building  . 

.    34 

Liquor    '  . 

•     13 

Buttons    . 

•    27 

Lumber    . 

•      25 

Carpets    , 

.     21 

Machines . 

•    47 

Carriages . 

.        .     46 

Metals      . 

.    36 

Cement    . 

•     32 

Paints 

•     17 

Chemicals 

9 

Paper 

.     18 

Clocks      . 

•     77 

Printing    . 

•     39 

Clothing  . 

•     23 

Rubber     . 

•    25 

Cordage  . 

.     14 

Salt  . 

.     52 

Cottons    , 

•     30 

Silks 

.    30 

Drugs 

•     23 

Stone 

.    56 

Dye-stuffs 

.       21 

Tobacco  . 

•    35 

Earthenware 

.     66 

Toys 

•    52 

Electroplating 

.     28 

Trunks     . 

.     22 

Furniture . 

•     37 

Woollens . 

.     21 

Glass 

.     62 

Worsteds 

.     21 

Commissioner  Wadlin's  report  gives  in  a  classified  form 
the  wages  of  248,000  operatives,  which  in  English  money 
show  as  follows  : — 


Weekly 

Number 

Ratio 

Shillings 

Male 

Female 

Total 

Male 

Female 

Total 

Under  21 
21-29  ■     • 
29-37  •     • 
37-50 .     . 
Over  50  . 

15.700 
20,300 
27,300 
43,600 
67,900 

25,400 

28,200 

12,300 

S.500 

2,000 

41,100 
48,500 
39,600 
49,100 
69,900 

9.0 
11.6 
15.6 
25.0 
38.8 

34-6 
38.3 
16.8 

7-5 
2.8 

16.  ■; 

19.S 
16.0 
19.  S 
28.2 

Total  . . 

174,800  1  73,400  '  248,200  1  lOO.O 

100. 0 

100. 0 

WAGES 


994 


WAGES 


The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  principal  trades  in  1875  ^°<i  "^^S  ^  Massachusetts ;  that  is,  the  number  of 
hands  and  the  amount  of  wages  (in  gold)  reduced  to  English  money  : — 


Boots  . 
Building 
Clothing 
Cottons . 
Food  . 
Furniture 
Leather . 
Machines 
Metals  . 
Paper  . 
Printing 
Printworks 
Rubber . 
Woollens 
Worsteds 
Various. 


Total 


Hands 


1875 


48,000 

24,000 

13.700 

60,200 

4,700 

6,700 

.6,600 

9,600 

17,600 

6,500 

5.500 

3,200 

i,ioo 

19,000- 

1,500 

69,140 


297,040 


1835 


64,900 

27,900 

18,300 

60,100 

11,500 

8,200 

9,200 

14,600 

24,200 

8,600 

9,900 

8,600 

6,500 

19,000 

8,000 

79.830 


379.330 


Wages  Paid,  jQ 


I  Average,  £  per  Hand 


1875 


3,700,000 

1,900,000 

1,000,000 

3,560,000 

■  500,000 

650,000 

700,000 

1,300,000 

2,200,000 

500,000 

550,000 

40,000 

80,000 

1,200,000 

100,000 

5,480,000' 


23,400,000 


The  following  table  shows  the  average  earnings  per  hour, 
and  the  number  of  hours  of  work,  in  the  period  1860-83 : — 


Pence  per  Hour 

Hours 
Massa- 

Weekly 

Trade 

Massa- 

Great 

Great 

chusetts 

Britain 

chusetts 

Britain 

Agricultural    imple- ) 
ments     .         .        J 

8.5' 

8.2 

60 

54 

Boots. 

9.8 

4.2 

60 

52 

Bricks 

6.7 

64 

Building    .. 

12-5 

7.0 

60 

52 

Carriages  . 

"•5 

4-5 

60 

54 

Clothing    . 

8.6 

6.3 

58 

54 

Cottons     . 

5-4 

4.2 

60 

56 

Food          . 

8.3 

2.4 

60 

56      . 

Furniture  . 

9-3 

7.6 

60 

52 

Glass 

10.2 

60 

Hats . 

9.2 

5-» 

60 

54 

Hosiery     . 

5-4 

4.3 

60 

54 

Linen 

5-4 

2.6 

60 

54 

Machinery 

9-8 

6.6 

60 

52 

Metals 

95 

6.9 

60 

54 

Printing     . 

9.8 

5.1 

58 

54 

Printworks 

7.2 

4.6 

60 

54 

Woollens  . 

5-8 

4-3 

60 

56     • 

Worsteds  . 

6.x 

3-2 

60 

56 

The  last  four  Census  reports,  down  to  1S80,  give  the 
following  returns  as  to  amount  of  wages  paid  (in  gold)  in 
all  kinds  of  manufacturing  industries  : — 


Million  Dollars 

Per  Operative 
£  Sterling 

.in 

1850 

1860 

1870 

1880',1860J1860J1870 

1880 

Maine 

7 

8 

14 

14 

51 

47 

52 

«;3 

New  Hampshire     . 

6 

8 

14 

15 

46 

50 

60 

6"; 

Vermont    .... 

2 

3 

6 

5 

52 

66 

61 

S8 

Rhode  Island     .     . 

5 

9 

19 

21 

50 

57 

66 

67 

Connecticut  .     ,     , 

la 

19 

39 

44 

51 

60 

75 

78 

Massachusetts    . .  . 

42      57 

118 

128  '  49 

55 

76 

72 

New  England    . 

74  1 104 

210 

227 j  49 

55 

72  1  70 

iNewYork     .    .    . 

49     65 

142    150!  52 

.W 

72     79 

New  Jersey    .    .     . 

9 

16 

33     46,  49 

59 

80 

73 

Pennsylvania      .     . 

37 

60 

128    134'  52 

50 

74 

70 

Delaware  .... 

I 

3 

4       4    5^ 

60 

70 

62 

Maryland .     .    .    ^ 

7 

7'.    13!    19'  SO 

52 

58 

54 

Middle      .     .     . 

103 

150  1 320  j  402  j  51 

58 

72 

76 

Virginia  . 
Georgia  . 
Kentucky . 
Tennessee 
Louisiana. 
Various     . 

South  . 

Ohio  .  . 
Illinois 
Michigan  . 
Wisconsin 
Missouri  . 
Indiana  . 
Iowa  .  . 
Minnesota 
Various     . 

West    .     . 

The  Union 


18&5 


5,600,000 

2r70O,O0O 

1,200,000 
3,500,000 
1,000,000' 

750,000 

900,000 

1,500,000 

2,400,000 

650,000 

950,000 

600,000 

450,000 

1,200,000 

500,000 

6,700,000 


30,600,000 


1875 


77 
80 

73 

58 
106 

97 
105 
135 
125 

77 

lOO 
125 

73 
63 
67 

79 


80 


1885 


86 

97 
66 
58 
86 

91 
98 
103 
99- 
74 
96 

70 
70 
63 
63 

84 


81 


Million  Dollars 


Per  Operative,  in 
£  Sterling 


1860 I860JI87O 1880 1850:1860 1870 1880 


34     45 


38 


38     94   210 


•235    382   785 


52 


50 


58 


57     45 


270 1  58  '  60 


64 


951  (  5M  58     69 


We  learn  from  the  preceding  table  that  the  average 
wages  for  operatives  have  been  increasing  every  decade. 
Three  operatives  in  1880  earned  more  than  four  did  in 
1850:  they  also  produced  more  (see  p.  379). 

The  ratio  which  wages  bore  to  the  value  of  goods 
manufactured  was : — 


States 

1850  1 

1860 

1870 

1880 

Average 
per  Cent. 

New  England  . 

26 

22 

21 

21 

22 

Middle     . 

23 

19 

18 

18 

19 

South 

21 

18 

16 

16 

18 

West 

21 

17 

17 

16 

18 

Union       .        ,        . 

24 

19 

18 

18 

30 

During  the  gold  fever  at  San  Francisco,  daily  wages 
were  as  follows  : — 


Bricklayer 

i    Stonecutter 

I'iasterer . 

Glazier     . 


s. 

d. 

41 

8 

41 

8 

37 

6 

25 

0 

s. 

d. 

Tailor 

.     16 

8 

Hatter     . 

.     ^ 

3 

Watchmaker  .• 

.     33 

4 

Carpenter 

-     4X 

0 

WARS 


y95 


WARS 


Mr.  Young  published  in  1870  the  following  scale  of 
■wages  current  in  various  States  of  the  Union  : — 


Wages 

Reduced  to  En 

glish 

Money, 

Shillings  Weekly 

■■ 

M 

1 

CS 

«! 

t 

tn  Qj 

1 

c  '5 

.1 

"0 
■  a 

^o 

>, 

nl  3 

(U 

<u  > 

^ 

S 

"«  , 

% 

CU 

J 

U 

Blacksmith    .     .     . 

68 

72 

68 

60 

70 

81 

68- 

JOO 

Bricklayer      .     .'    . 

81 

t)4 

88 

7,=; 

81 

98 

87 

no 

Cabinetmaker    .     . 

66 

68 

68 

v> 

68 

68 

•65 

95 

Carpenter     °.     .     .' 

60 

81 

74 

,so 

76 

94 

68 

100 

Cooper      .... 

63 

78 

65 

^3 

75 

75 

63 

93 

Painter      

67 

70 

7-^ 

63. 

75 

82 

68 

100 

Plasterer  .... 

81 

02 

qo 

78 

80 

94 

80 

1*4 

Shoemaker    .     .     . 

61 

6-; 

60 

63 

64 

70 

.60 

95 

Stonecutter   s     ;     . 

84 

g8 

04- 

81 

105 

100 

87 

no 

Tailor  ...... 

66 

61 

62 

so 

64 

70 

60 

93^ 

Tanner      .... 

66 

63 

68 

■;o 

68 

75 

65 

98 

Tinsmith  .     .     .     . 

63 

6-; 

68 

■(a 

72 

72 

66 

99 

"Wheelwright .     .     . 

68 

7'5 

72 

5S 

70 

90 

75 

100 

iTarm  labourer    .     . 

38 

40 

42 

41 

32 

42 

40 

5« 

t 

Wages 

Reduced  to  English  Money, 

.  Shillings  Weekly 

T3 

c 

'-i   0) 

01 

1 

1 

rt  bo 

0  2 
g§J 

Blacksmith   . 

70 

60 

67 

72 

68 

•Bricklayer     . 

87 

83 

76 

91 

85 

Cabinetmaker 

72 

61 

65 

69 

67 

Carpenter     . 

70 

56 

74 

75 

68 

Cooper 

71 

63 

64 

67 

66 

Painter 

72 

66 

70 

74 

71 

Plasterer 

85 

79 

79 

89 

83 

Shoemaker   . 

61 

■55 

60 

64 

60 

Stone-cutter         * 

88 

85 

80 

87 

86 

Tailor  . 

6s 

58 

61 

65 

62 

Tanner 

68 

59 

65 

68 

65 

Tinsmith 

6q 

61 

65 

68 

66 

Wheelwright 

72 

63 

72 

75 

71 

Farm  labourer 

42 

37 

29 

41  * 

37 

Note. — The  above  wages  were  in  paper  money  at  13  per 
cent,  discount  as  compared  with  gold ;  thus  80s.  were  in 
reality  only  70s. 

WARS 

The  wars  of  ninety  years  down  to  1880  involved  an 
expenditure  of  3047  millions  sterling, 'besides  the  loss  of 
4,470,000  lives,  viz.  : — 


Date 

Belligerents 

Expendi- 
ture, 

Loss  in 
Men 

Milhon  £ 

1793-181S 

England  and  France    . 

1,250 

1,900,000 

1828    .    . 

Russia  and  Turkey  .     . 

20 

120,000 

1830-  40    . 

Spain  and  Portugal  (civil) 

50 

160,000 

1830-47    . 

France  and  Algeria .     . 

38 

110,000 

1848    .     . 

Europe  (civil)       ,     .     .^ 

10 

60,000 

^854-56    . 

England, France,  Russia 

30s 

485,000 

1859    •    . 

France  and  Austria .     . 

45 

63,000 

1863-65    . 

United  States  (civil)      . 

740 

656,000 

1866    .     . 

Prussia  and  Austria      . 

20 

51,000 

1866    .     . 

Franca  and  Mexico 

15 

65,000 

1864-70    . 

Brazil  and  Paraguav     . 

48 

330,000 

1870-71    . 

France  and  Germany    . 

316 

290,000 

1876-77    . 

Russia  and  Turkey  .     . 

190 

180,000 

3.047 

4,470,000 

Suvtmary 


Period 

Expendi- 
ture, 
Million  £ 

Loss  of  Life 

Per  Annum 

Million  £ 

Loss  of  Life 

1790-1820 
1821-1850 
1851-1860 
i86r-i88o 

1 ,250 
118 
350 

1.329 

1,900,000 
450,000- 
548,000 

1,572,060 

42 

4 

35 

66 

63,000 
15,000 
5S.OOO 
79,000 

3.047 

4,470,000 

British  Wars, — In  less  than  306  years,  Great  Britain 
has  expended  1359  millions  sterling  in  war,  viz.  :— 


^     "^ 

Date  • 

Locality 

Commander 

y      % 

1599  •  •     . 

Ireland     .         .         . 

•      4 

Essex 

1642-48     . 

England  and  Ireland 

57 

Cromwell 

1688-97     . 

Ireland  and  Holland 

33 

William  III. 

1702-63     . 

Germany,  Spain,  &c. 

182 

Marlborou"h,&c, 

1759      •     • 

Canada    .        .    •    . 

62 

Wolfe 

1775-80     . 

United  States  . 

121 

Cornwallis 

1793-1815 

France,  &c.  '  ^. 

831 

Wellington 

1854-56     . 

Crimea    .9 

69 

Raglan 

, 

1.359 

In  the  Crimean  War,  97,000  men  tooK  the  field,  of 
whom  2755  were  killed  in  action  ;  18,280  were  wounded, 
and  of  these  1847  died  in  hospital,  and  17,580  died  of 
disease ;  total  deaths  22,182,  or  22 J  per  cent,  of  the  total 
strength. 

French  Wars. — In  2l8  years  France  spent  993  millions 
sterling  in  war,  viz.  : — 


■^^ 

Date 

Reign 

Locality 

S  Ji  0 

a.  3::: 

Commander 

1654-1713!  Louis  XIV.    . 

Flanders,&c. 

154 

Turenne,&c, 

1733-63 

Louis  XV.     . 

,, 

82 

Saxe 

1778-83 

Louis  XVI.    . 

U.  States    . 

22 

Lafayette 

1791-1815 

Napoleon .     . 

Europe,  &c. 

255 

Bonaparte 

1830-47 

Louis  Philipne 

.Algeria  .     . 

38 

Bugeaud,&c. 

1854-56 

Naooleon  III. 

Crimea  .     , 

93 

Pellissier 

1859 

,, 

Italy .     .     . 

18 

iMacMahon 

1866 

,j 

Mexico  .     . 

15. 

Bazaine 

1870-71 

Rhine    .     . 

316 

Lebeuf 

993 

In  the  Crimean  war  309,400  men  took  the  field,  of 
whom  8490  were  killed  in  action  ;  39,870  were  wounded, 
and  of  these  11,750  died  in  hospital,  and  75,375  died  of 
disease ;  total  deaths  95,615,  or  31  per  cent,  of  total 
strength.  It  is  remarkable  that  29  per  cent,  of  the 
wounded  died,  and  30  per  cent,  of  men  admitted  to 
hospital  for  disease,  whereas  the  British  lost  only  10  per 
cent,  of  wounded  and  12  percent,  of  men  admitted  for: 
disease.  At  the  same  time  only  71  per  cent,  of  the 
French  army  were  admitted  to  hospital  for  disease,  namely 
225,000 ;  whereas  147  per  cent,  of  the  British  were  so 
admitted,  that  is,  the  whole  army  nearly  twice  over  during 
the  campaign,  such  admission  reaching  144,400,  or  46,000 
more  than  the   total  strength.      The  casualties  of  the 


WARS 


996 


French  compare  with  those  of  the  other  belligerents  in  I 
the  Crimea  thus  : — 


1  English 

French 

Turk 

Russian 

Total 

Took  field.     . 

98,icx) 

309,400 

165,000 

888,000 

1,460,500 

Killed  in  battle 
Died  of  wounds 
Died  of  sickness 

2,755 

1,847 

17,580 

8,490 
",750 
75,375 

10,100 

10,800 
24,500 

30,600 
42,000 
374.000 

51.945 
66,397 

491.455 

Total  loss 

22,182 

95,615 

45,400 

446,600- 

609,797 

Skois  Fired 


By 

Millions 

Killed 

Shots  to  Kill 

English    .     . 
French     .     , 
Russians .     . 

15 
29 

45 

21,000  Russians    . 
51,000 

48,000  Allies     .     . 

700 
590 
910. 

Total    . 

89 

120,000  men     .     . 

740 

In  the  Franco-Italian  war  128,000  French  took  the 
field,  of  whom  2536  were  killed  in  action ;  17,054  were 
wounded,  and  of  these  2962  died  in  hospital,  besides 
2040  who  died  of  disease ;  total  deaths  7538,  or  6  per  cent. 

In  the  Mexican  war  of  1862-66  there  were  35,000 
French  landed  in.  Mexico,  of  whom  11 80  were  killed  in 
action ;  2559  were  wounded,  and  of  these  549  died ; 
deaths  from  disease  were  4925,  making  a  total  of  6654, 
or  19  per  cent,  of  total  strength. 

In  the  Franco-German  war  of  1870-71, 710,000  French 

took  the  field,  and  of  these  no  fewer  than  138,870  were 

killed   in  action  or  died   in  hospital,    including  2977 

ofiicers.      The  death-roll  of  the  French  was,  of  men 

killed  in  action  or  died  •  hospital,  as  follows : — 

In  France  .  ...     119,929 

In  Germany      .  ...       17,240 

In  Switzerland  .  ...        1,701 


Total        .        .     138,870 
This  includes  45,000  deaths  from  disease,  but  it  is 
believed  that  many  not  recorded  died  of  wounds,  having 
gone  to  their  homes.     Deaths  were  at  least  20  per  cent. 

German  Wars. — The  campaign  of  Sadowa,  between 
Prussia  and  Austria,  in  1866,  showed  as  follows: — 


Prussians 

Austrians 

Total 

Took  field.    .    . 

309,000 

330,000 

639,000 

Killed    .... 
Wounded  .     .     . 
Missing      .    .     . 

2,650 

14,820 

3.30 

11,ICX) 

29,310 
43.750 

13.750 
44.130 
47.054 

Hors-de-combat . 
Returned  home  . 

20,774 
288,226 

84,160 

245,840 

104,934 
534.066 

The  Prussians  had  one  officer  killed  or  wounded  for 
21  men,  the  Austrians  one  for  18  men. 

In  the  Franco-German  war  of  1870-71  the  casualties 
were  as  shown  in  the  following  table  : — 


French 

Germans 

Total 

Took  field .     .     . 
Reinforced      .     . 

420,000 
290,000 

780,000 
223,000 

1,200,000 
513.000 

Total    .     . 

710,000 

1,003,000 

1,713,000. 

Killed    .... 
Died  of  wounds  . 
Died  of  sickness  . 
Disabled     .     .     , 
Prisoners  ..    .    . 

41,000 

36,000 

45.000 

116,000 

446,000 

19,782 
10,710 

14.259 
89,000 

60.782 
46,710 

59.259 
205,000 
446,000 

1  lors-de-combat . 

684,000 

133.751 

817.751 

WARS 


Killed  and  Wounded 


French 


Germans 


Total 


Woerth 
Mars-le-Tour 
Gravelotte  . 
Paris      .     . 
Orleans,  &c. 

Total 


32,000 

11,000 

43.000 

26,000 

16,200 

42,200 

28,500 

■20,ICX5 

48,t5oo 

30,000 

13,300 

43.300 

76,500 

57.400 

133,900 

193,000 

118,000 

311,000 

The  number  of  Germans  killed  includes  4010  missing, 
who  are  supposed  to  have  been  slain  in  action.  The 
hospital  records  of  the  Germans  showed  that  127,870 
wounded  of  their  army  were  admitted,  but  only  10,710 
died,  say  8^  per  cent.  Deaths  from  disease  included 
6965  of  typhoid  fever.  The  minimum  force  in  the  field 
was  781,000  in  August  1870,  the  maximum  937,000  in 
February  1871.  The  death-rate  during  the  whole  cam- 
Pfdgn  in  the  different  arms  was  :— 

Per  Per 

Engineers  . 
Cavalry       . 
Artillery 
Infantry 

The  Germans  fired  off  30  million  musket  cartridges 
and  363,000  rounds  of  artillery,  with  which  they  killed 
or  mortally  wounded  77,000  French,  being  400  shots  to 
killj.as  compared  with  740  in  the  Crimean  war  (q.v. ). 
See  Battles. 

Russian  Wars. — The  campaigns  of  the  last  sixty  years 
cost  335  millions  sterling  and  664,000  men,  viz.  : — 


1000 

1000 

17.6 

Staff. 

;    105.0 

27.1 

Captains  . 

87.0 

27.2 

All  officers 

76.0 

52.3 

Ofiicers  and  men 

•      45-9 

Date 

Reign 

Locality. 

Expenditure, 
Million  £, 

Loss  in 
Men 

1828 
1854-56 
1876-77 
1878-80 

Nicholas  .     . 
Nicholas  .     . 
Alexander  II. 
Alexander  II. 

Balkans  . 
Crimea   . 
Turkey   . 
Khiva, &c. 

IS 
142 

133 
45 

86,000 
447,000 
110,000 

21,000 

52  years 

1        335 

664,000 

American  Wars. — According  to  Stedman,  an  officer 
under  Lord  Cornwallis,  the  strength  of  the  British  and 
American  armies  in  the  War  of  Independence  was : — 

Year  British       Americans 

1776  ....  27.700 

1777  ....  30,000 
1781  ....  7.000 

The  British  army  consisted  largely  of  Hessian  and 
other  soldiers  bought  in  Germany  by  George  III.,  and 
for  whom  the  British  Government  paid  the  following 
sums  to  the  German  princes  : — 


3.300 

8,000 

32,600 


Men 

Sum,  £ 

£  per  Man 

Perished  in 
the  War 

Hesse     .    .     .     16,992 
Brunswick  .     .       5,723 
Anspach,  &c.  .       6,451 

2,6oO,OCX) 

780,000 
1,747,000 

153 
137 
275 

6,500 

3.0IS 
2,328 

Total    .     .  i  29,166 
1     ^ 

5,127, (X)0 

175 

11.843 

During  the  five 
Americans  "fought 
represented  by  the 


Massachusetts 
Connecticut 
Pennsylvania 
Virginia .     . 
New  York  . 
Maryland    , 


years   that   the  war   lasted  288,200 

for  their  country,  the   States  being 
following  numbers : — 

Men,  .Men 

.  83,000     New  Jersey      .     .  .  17,000 

.  40,000    New  Hampshire  .  .  15,000 

.  33,000     Rhode  Island  .     .  .  10,000 

,  32.o<x>    North  Carolina    ,  .  7,300 

.  21,000    South  Carolina     .  .  6,400 

,  i8,cx>o     Georgia,  &c.     .     .  .  5.500 


WATER 


997 


WATER 


The  American  anny,  after  the  surrender  of  Lord  Coi'n- 
wallis,  was  found  to  number  thus  :— 

,  49  regiments  of  foot    ....  28,224 

4            „            horse.         .         .         .  1,536 

4            ,,            artillery      .        .        .  2,340 

I          ,  ,,            pioneers      .        .         .  480 

Jt Total  %  .    .     .        .     32,580 

The  total  expenses  of  the  war  were  135  million  dollars, 
say  28  millions  sterling.  In  the  second  war  with  England 
(1812-15),  the  American  army  at  one  time  counted  32,ocx) 
men  under  the  colours.  In  the  war  with  Mexico  (1845), 
the  Americans  had  90,100  men,  of  whom  7780  died, 
including  6060  of  disease,  and  the  rest  killed  in  action  or 
who  died  of  wounds  received. 

An  official  statement  of  the  war  for  the  Union  in 
1863-65  was  as  follows : —  , 

jNortftern  Army 


Officers 

White 
Men 

Coloured 

Total 

Ratio 

Took  field .'  -ij| 

84jficp. 

2,073,000 

179,000 

2,336,000 

100 

Killed    .r-.y^.^ 

Died  of  wounds 

,,     sickness 

Missing.  ... 

319^ 
27070 
1,720 
1,600 

'^38,7^ 

30,890 

121,110 

60,910 

1.520 

1,046 

26,200 

4,614 

44,240 
34.006 
149,030 
67,124 

1.9 
2.9 

Rehirnedhome 

74,680  ji, 821, 300 

145,620 

2,041,600 

87.3 

Kolb  gives  the  following  summary : — 

;j    Killed  , 

Wounded 

Prisoners 

Northerns     .        .        (A  r43,.';73t  ' 
Southerns     «       :       ..-     f26,72o* 

132,265 
\  101,843 

87,481^, 
■  78.731 ' 

Total     -  .  ^ .      70,293 

234,108 

166,212  ' 

?'  According  to  another  accoimtthe  Northern  army  lost : — 


ti;  Killed  ' 

Died  of 
Sickness 

ToUlJ 

Officers.*"  ".        .■-     . 
Men.^.      ,.\ 

5.221 
90,868 

2,321 
182,329 

7.542 
273,197 

.  TotaU-^  .  -„-  . 

96,089 

184,650  t 

'  280,739^ 

The  Ordnance  department  served  out  7892  cannon, 
4,022,000  rifles,  2,360,000  equipments  for.  infantry  and 
cavalry,  12,000  tons  powder,  42,000  tonSji_lead,  and  1022 
million  rounds  of  cartridge.  ^ 

WATER  ^ 

The  weight  of  alluvial  deposits  to  1 000  gallons  of  water 
is  as  follows : — 


Loch  Katrine 
Windermere  . 
Severn  .  ., . 
Avon  .  .  , 
Tunbridge  , 
Spree  .  .  ~  , 
Geneva  .i,'  . 


Lbs. 


3 
4 
6 

14 


Wear  .-r .  » . 
Ganges  .  '  . 
Cheltenham 
Harrogate  . 
Oxus  ,  .  . 
Seidlitz  .  , 
Atlantic  .     . 


Lbs. 
16 


134 
157 
250 
321 
448 


.  Lbs. 
Danube "  . ' 
Garonne  . 
Rhine  .  . 
Mersey  . . 
Thames  . 
Mississippi 
Spa .    .     . 

'-  A  ton  of  water  contains  224  gallons  or  36  cubic  feet, 
but  sea-water  is  2  per  cent  heavier.  An  inch  of  rainfall 
gives  14,500,000  gallons  of  water  to  the  square  mile,  or 
22,500  gallons  to  the  acre.  Snow  requires  8  cubic  feet 
to  produce  one  cubic  foot  of  water.  +iCurrent  requires  a 
minimum  fall  of  one  inch  in  10  miles.%  The  water-power 
of  Niagara  is  10,000,000  cubic  feet  per  minute,  equal 
to  3,000,000  horse-power.  In  1880  the  United  States 
had  51,000  water-wheels  with  an  aggregate  of  1,500,000^; 
horse-power. 


Water  supply  has  always  been,  a  matter  of  the  highest 
importance.  Rome,  in  the  time  of  the  Cxsars,  had  lune 
aqueducts,  measuring  249  miles  in  the  aggregate :  they 
poured  into  the  city  330  million  gallons  daily,  or  160 
gallons  per  inhabitant  The  great  aqueduct  of  Peru,  built 
by  the  Incas,  was  360  miles  long. ,  Among  modern  works 
the  most  famous  are : — 


Name 


Crbton  (New  York) 
Madrid       . 
Marseilles  . 
Glasgow     . 
Washington  i^-  . 


Miles 


41 
47 
5T 
34 
16,, 


Million 
Gallons  Daily 


40 
60 
SO 
90, 


Cost  of  Work, 


1,800,000 

2,300,000 

450,000 

1,550,000 


The  supply  of  various  cities  is  shown  as  follows  :— 


Ancient  Rome 
Modern  Rome 
London     . ' 
Paris 

New  York 
Chicago  . 
Sydney  '  . 
Glasgow  . 
St.  Louisj^. 
Marseilles"!! 
Buffalo  '. 
Manchester 
Liverpool  -. 
Boston 

San  Francisco 
Newark  . 
Edinburgh 
Dublin  . 
Melbourne 
Hamburg  . 

Artesian  wells  are  of  great  antiquity ;  they  were  known 
at  Thebes  2000  years  before  fhe  Christian  era.  In  modem 
times  that  of  Grenelle,  near  Paris,  is  the  most  famous, 
having  taken  eight  years  in  boring,  1833-41 ;  it  gives 
700,000  gallons  daily,  the  water  rising  32  feet  above  the 
surface,  with  a  temperature  of  81  J°  Fahr. 


lallotts  Daily 

Gallons  per 
Inhabitant 

330,000,000 

160 

200,000,000 

670 

145,000,000 

38 

88,000,000 

39 

88,000,000 

70 

60,000,000 

120 

50,000,000 

120 

26,000,000 

48 

25,000,000 

70 

18,000,000 

SO 

17,000,000 

120 

11,000,000 

20 

11,000,000 

20 

10,000,000 

27 

10,000,000 

42 

10,000,000 

80 

10,000,000 

33 

7,000,000 

22 

7,000,000 

25 

5,000,000 

12 

W'eU 

Depth, 
Feet 

Diameter, 
Inches 

Gallons 

Water  per 

Minute 

Cost  of 
Well.  £, 

Grenelle    .     .     . 
Passy    .... 
Kissingen .     .     . 
St.  Louis,  U.S.  . 
Chicago  jfc."  1.     . 
Calais   .  - .     .    . 
Donchery  .     .     . 
Trafalgar  Square 
Lille      .... 
Algeria.     .     .    . 
Elbeuf  .... 
St.  Denis  .     .     . 

1.798 

1.923 

1,880 

2,200 

700 

1. 138 

1.215 

393 

592 

177 

492 

262 

3-74 

27.60 

4.00 

2-95 
2.28 

484 

1,980 

600 

820  ' 

SOO 

1,130 
66 
28 

14.550* 

40,000 

7,000 

2, 000 

3.560 
3.04s 

320 

-  There  are  78  of  these  wells  in  England,  varying  from 
100  to  1000  feet  Several  have  been  sunk  in  China  more 
than  i  000  feet,  at  a  cost  of  only  seven  shillings  per  foot 

The  water  companies  of  London  in  i85o  showed: 
capital,  ;^i2,463,ooo;  receipts,  ;^i,46o,ooo;  expenses, 
;^740,ooo ;  net  profit,  ;^720,ooo. 

The, water-supply  of  Paris  in  1884  was  as  follows,' 
daily : — 


Aqueduct      .    - 
Seine  and  wells 


.Total 


■■  55.000,000 
33,000,000 

88,000,000 


WEALTH 


903 


WEALTH 


WEALTH 

The  following  conspectus  shows  approximately  the  wealth  of  nations  in  1888,  The  United  States  occupies  the 
first  place.  As  regards  the  amount  of  wealth  per  inhabitant  the  United  Kingdom  stands  second  only  to  Australia ; 
and  when  we  consider  that  most  of  Australia  is  mortgaged  to  British  capitalists  we  may  say  that  in  reality  the 
Untied  Kingdom  has  most  wealth  per  head.  Excluding  Ireland  (where  the  ratio  is  only  ;^124  per  head),  the  ratio 
for  Great  Britain  is  ;^263  per  inhabitant.  It  is  well  to  observe  that  the  subjoined  table  may  serve  for  comparison, 
but  cannot  be  considered  mathematically  correct : — 


Lands 

Cattle, 
&c. 

Houses 

Furni- 
ture 

Railways 

Ships 

Mer- 
chandise 

Bullion 

Sundries 

Total 

Inhab. 

United  Kingdom  . 

1. 544 

414 

2,424 

1,312 

865 

134 

343 

124 

2.340 

9.400 

247 

France  . 

.  2,688 

541 

1.704 

852 

S70 

IS 

iSS 

328 

1.745 

8.598 

224 

Germany 

1.81S 

492 

1,232 

616 

495 

16 

184 

167 

1.420 

6,437 

140 

Russia  . 

1.507 

8.=3 

701 

350 

314 

7 

59 

53 

1.245 

5,089 

55 

Austria  . 

1.371 

386 

SOI 

250 

307 

3 

46 

27 

964 

3.85s 

99 

Italy      . 

1,182 

223 

394 

197 

138 

8 

47 

33 

741 

2,963 

100 

Spain     . 

984 

215 

340 

170 

94 

II 

30 

43 

629 

2,516 

148 

Portugal 

132 

29 

70 

35 

19 

I 

9 

II 

102 

408 

87 

Sweden . 

240 

66 

80 

40 

28 

5 

IS 

4 

159 

637 

125 

Norway          .         , 

100 

27 

17 

9 

7 

12 

8 

2 

6x 

243 

122 

Denmark 

217 

57 

40 

.  20 

10 

4 

13 

2 

41 

404 

230 

Holland 

314 

66 

132 

66 

35 

4 

100 

18 

245 

980 

2t6 

Belgium 

377 

68 

106 

S3 

71 

2 

S6 

22 

252 

1,007 

167 

Switzerland  , 

220 

24 

40 

20 

37 

... 

30 

6 

117 

494 

165 

Roumania     . 

254 

69 

50 

25 

29 

... 

12 

6 

148 

593 

no 

Servia    .        .        . 

94 

28 

20 

10 

6 

... 

2 

3 

54 

217 

108 

Greece  . 

138 

42 

20 

10 

6 

2 

4 

3 

75 

300 

162 

Bulgaria 

90 

20 

20 

10 

8 

3 

3 

51 

20S 

70 

Turkey  . 

280 

57 

40 

20 

16 

3 

17 

12 

148 

593 

120 

Europe . 

13.547 

3.677 

7.931 

3.96s 

3.055 

227 

1.133 

867 

10,537 

44,939 

130 

United  States 

2,560 

1,136 

2,850 

1.425 

1.949 

60 

160 

228 

2,456 

12,824 

210 

Canada . 

282 

80 

127 

64 

151 

6 

21 

4 

24s 

980 

196 

Argentina 

III 

66 

95 

48 

48 

13 

I 

127 

509 

125 

Australia 

533 

104 

239 

120 

94 

I 

65 

24 

193 

1.373 

370 

Cape  Colony 

25 

17 

17 

9 

18 

... 

8 

7 

34 

13s 

130 

Total 

17,058 

5.080 

11,259 

5.631 

S.31S 

294 

1,400 

1.131 

13,592 

60,760 

144 

United  Kingdom 

The  following  table  shows   the  estimates  made   at 

various  dates :— r 


Date 

Millions  £ 

Comprising 

Authority 

1660 

250 

England  and  Wales 

Petty 

1703 

490 

,,            ,, 

Davenant 

1774 

1,100 

..            >, 

Young 

1800 

1,740 

Great  Britain 

Beeke,  Eden 

1812 

2,190 

United  Kingdom 

Colquhoun 

1822 

2,600 

i'»  '         •» 

Lord  Liverpool 

1833 

3.750    . 

,»           »* 

Pablo  Pebrer 

1840 

4,100 

>•           •• 

Porter 

1865 

»    6,113 

,,           „ 

Giifen 

1875 

8,548 

,',           „ 

,, 

1885 

10,037 

,,           ,, 

,, 

1882 

8,720 

..                           •! 

Mulhall 

1888 

9.400 

.. 

•• 

Regarding  Petty's  valuation,  we  only  know  that  land 
constituted  57  per  cent,  of  the  total,  the  selling  price 
being  then  under  £$  an  acre.  At  the  time  of  Davenant 
it  had  risen  to  £%  and  of  Young  to  ;^i8.  Towards  the 
close  of  the  i8th  century  Beeke,  Pitt,  and  Eden  made 
valuations  of  Great  Britain,  all  previous  ones  being  of 
England  without  Scotland.  Dr.  Beeke  valued  the  real 
estate  at  920  millions,  viz. : — 

Land  in  England  ...  600,000,000 
Land  in  Scotland  , .  ,  .  120,000,000 
Houses  in  Great  Britain     .        .     200,000,000 


Real  estate 


;    920,000,000 

The  most  elaborate  work  of  this  kind  was  Colquhoun's 
in  1812,  the  first  valuation  of  the  United  Kingdom:  he 
made  the  total  2745  millions  in  the  currency  of  the 
period,  equal  in  gold  to  2190  millions  sterling.     His 


table  of  values  evidently  formed  the  basis  on  which  Lord 
Liverpool  and  Pablo  Pebrer  afterwards  constructed  theirs. 
Pebrer's  estimate  of  the  value  of  the  United  Kingdom 
in  1833  ^"^  ^  follows : — 


Milliot) 

£  Sterlin 

cr 

England 

Scotland 

'  Ireland 

United 
Kingdom 

Lands    . 

1,000 

200 

400 

1,600 

Cattle     . 

150 

26 

66 

242 

Grain 

40 

7 

13 

60 

Houses  . 

400 

40 

93 

533, 

Furniture 

173 

20 

53 

246 

Public  buildings     . 

42 

4 

II 

57 

Mines  and  canals  . 

151 

10 

5 

166- 

Merchandise  . 

133 

21 

32 

186 

Jewellery  and  clothes 

66 

7 

13 

!   86 

Sundries 

316 

38 

64 

418 

Total 

2.471 

373 

750    . 

•3.594 

He  furthermore  estimated  the  earnings  and  capital  of 
the  United  Kingdom  and  Colonies  thus : — 


U.  Kingdom 
Canada  .  . 
West  Indies 
Mauritius  . 
South  Africa 
Australia     . 

Total    . 


Earnings,  £ 


514,800,000 

17,600,000 

22,500,006 

1,200,000 

1,100,000 

500,000 


557,700,000 


5  c 


3.S94 
62 
89 

13 
6 

3 


Population 


24,300,000 

910,000 

730,000 

100,000 

S5.0O0 

40,000 


3,767  ;26,i3S,ooo 


£  per  Inhab. 


g-2 


149 

68 
121 
130 
109 

75 


144 


21.0 
19.4 
31.0 
12.0 
20.0 

12.5 


21.5 


WEALTH 

Porter's  estimate  in  1840  in  a  manner  confirmed  all 
those  previously  made,  showing  a  progressive  increase  of 
wealth,  and  relied,  moreover,  on  the  legacy  and  succes- 
sion returns.  Dr.  Giffen's  tables  for  1865-75-85  are  sui 
generis,  laying  down  a  new  method  of  valuation,  namely, 
capitalising  the  various  sources  of  income  in  the  income- 
tax  returns.    His  table  fpr  1885  may  be  condensed  thus  :— 


Capital 

Years' 

Income,  £ 

Value,Mill. 

Purchase 

Lands    '  .        . 

65,090,000 

1,691 

28 

Houses       ... 

128,500,000 

1,927 

15 

Farmers'  profits 

65,223,000 

522 

8 

Foreign  loans     . 

21,096,000 

527 

25 

British  railways . 

33,270,000 

932 

28 

Foreign  railways 

3,808,000 

76 

20 

Trades  and  professions 

38,096,000 

S4I 

15 

Furniture,  &c.    . 

960 

Various  companies    . 

34,789,000 

696 

20 

Mines  and  quarries    . 

8,536,000 

31 

4 

Gasworks  , 

5,026,000 

126 

25 

Waterworks 

3,260,000 

65 

20 

Ironworks  . 

2,265,000 

9 

4 

Canals 

3,546,006 

71 

20 

Investments  abroad   . 

50,000,000 

500 

10 

Public  property  . 

500 

Sundries    :•     -. 

91,517.000 

860 

Total 

554,022,000 

10,037 

"    ~       '      "  ' 

999  WEALTH, 

'The  value  of  land  in  the  three  kingdoms  rose  40  per  cent, 
during  the  wars  in  Canada  and  United  States,  but  the 
wars  against  Bonaparte  caused  a  still  greater  rise  owing 
to  the  enormous  prices  paid  for  grain.  The  upward 
movement  continued  until  1877,  from  which  date  there 
has  been  a  steady,  continuous  decline. 

Houses  in  the  early  part  of  the  present  century  were 
little  over  10  per  cent,  of  the  wealth  of  the  nation ;  at 
present  they  exceed  25  per  cent,  of  the  total.  I  have 
capitalised  the  rental  at  18  years,  while  Dr.  Giffen  thinks 
15  years  sufficient.  ■ 

"The  increase  of  house  property  in  the  United  Kingdom 
in  a  single  lifetime,  say  67  years,  has  been  over  2CX)0 
millions  sterling,  viz. : — 


If  there  be  a  weak  point  in  Dr.  Giffen's  method,  it 
is  the  capitalising  of  farmers'  profits  and  income  arising 
from  trades  and  professions,  together  1063  millions  ster- 
ling ; ,  many  people  will  question  whether  these  items 
should  be  counted  at  all. 

The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  principal 
items  of  national  wealth  at. various  dates  : — 


Million  £ 

1812 

1840     {    1860 

1888 

Lands       . 

1,380 

1.680 

1,748 

1.544 

Cattle,  &c. 

240 

280 

350 

414 

Houses    .. 

25s 

740 

1,100 

2.424 

Railways  . 

21 

348 

865 

Shipping  . 

IS 

23 

44 

134 

Merchandise 

SO 

70 

190 

343 

Furniture  . 

130 

370 

580 

1,212 

Bullion 

23 

61 

loS 

124 

Foreign  loans    . . 

105 

330 

420 

1,460 

Roads,  works,  &p.    . 

286 

525 

67s 

880 

Total        .      .  .. 

2,190 

4,100 

5.560 

9,400 

Land  is  still  one  of  the  great  features  of  wealth.  For 
the  sake  of  comparison,  we  may  capitalise  the  rental  at 
thirty  years'  purchase  since  the  middle  of  the  i8th  century. 
As  regards  1888,  it  is  admitted  that  the  rental  valuation 
is  20  per  cent,  more  than  the  landlords  actually  receive, 
and  hence  in  the  following  table  the  value  for  1888  is 
computed  accordingly : — 


Year 

Value  of  Land,  Million  £  Sterling 

England 

Scotland 

Ireland 

Total   . 

1750-  •    ''•     • 
1780  .     .     . 
1814  ,    .     . 

1843  -    .     . 
1850  .    '.     . 
i860  .     .     . 
1868  .     .     . 
1877  .    J    . 

1888  .'  :   . 

381 
507 

1,112 

1.264 
1,286 
1,289 

1.433 
1,548 
1,125 

24 
36 
145 
167 
167 
189 
216 
231 
171 

93 
159 
213 
246 
252 
270 
276 
298 
248 

498 

702 
1.470 
1,677 
1.704 
1.748 

1.925 
!2.077 

^•544,  K 

Number 
of  Houses 

Rental,-;^ 

Value, 
Million  £ 

Annual  Increase 

Year 

Houses 

Value. 
Million  £ 

1821 
1841 
1861 
1887 

3,572.000 
4,775,000 
5,131,000 
7,100,000 

20,300.000 
41,500,000 
61,200,000 
134,700,000 

366 

1,102 
2,424 

60.000 
18,000 
77.000 

18 

56 

It  must  not,  however,  be  supposed  that  2CX30  millions 
sterling  have  been  expen<ied  on  new  houses  since  1821  : 
the  value  of  sites  has  risen  very  remarkably,  which  is 
included  in  the  above  table.  The  actual  house  property 
of  the  United  Kingdom  may  be  distinguished  approxi" 
mately  thus : — 


Number 

Value, 
Million  £ 

House- 

Built  before  1840   .     . 
,,    since  1840     .     . 

.  4,400,000 
2,700.000 

1.570 
854 

357  ■ 
316  - 

Total    .     .     . 

7.100,000 

2,424 

341  - 

There  is  no  country  in  the  world  in  which  the  value  of 
house  property  to  population  is  so  high  as  in  England, 
nor  any  (except  Russia)  where  it  is  lower  thaxi  in  Ireland. 
The  houses  and  values  in  the  three  kingdoms  stand  thus : — 


Houses 

Value.  £      \  £  per  House 

England      .     . 
Scotland      .     . 
Ireland  .     .     . 

5,206,000 
980.000 ' 
914,000 

2,131, 0(X5,000 

.230,000,000 
63,000,000 

408 

235 
69 

U.  Kingdom    . 

7.100,000 

2,424.000,000  ]         341.1'" 

The  growth  of  house  property  in  each  of  the  three 
kingdoms  has  been  already  set  forth  in  detail  under  the 
title  Houses, 

Railways  constitute  an  entirely  new  element  of  wealth 
that  has  sprung  up  in  the  last  fifty  years  :  they  represent  at 
present  a  value  far  in  excess  of  the  National  Debt. 


Year 

Miles 

Cost.  £      Cost  per  Mile 

1840 
i860 
1888 

650 
10.430 
19.810 

21,CXDO,000             32,000 
348,100,000             33,400 
864,700,000             43,700 

The  increase  of  railway  capital  in  twenty  years,  down 
to  i860,  was  ;^i6,4oo,00O  per  annum,  and  ;4i8,400,ooo 
in  the  years  from  i860  to  1888.  Shipping  has  grov/n 
about  nine-fold  in  value  since  Colquhoun's  estimate  in 
1812,  and  at  present  represents  a  sum  equal  to  the  col- 
lective values  of  all  the  other  merchant  navies  of  the 
world ;  for  this  item,  be  it  understood,  does  not  include 
war-vessels,  the  latter  being  counted  with  dockyarcjs, 
arsenals,  and  other  public  property. 


WEALTH 


1000 


WEALTH 


The  shipping  of  our  merchant  navy,  including  machinery 
and  fittings,  represenls  the  following  amount : — 


Tons        j    Value,  £ 

£  per  Ton 

Sailing    . 
Steam     . 

3,115,000 
4,350,000 

24,920,000 
108,750,000 

8 
25 

Total 

7,465,000 

133.670,000 

Merchandise  in  the  above  summary  is  put  down  at  a 
sum  equal  to  six  months'  imports  and  exports  at  the 
several  dates. 

Furniture  is,  at  auctioneers'  estimates,  taken  at  50  per 
cent,  of  the  value  of  house  property.  Bullion  and  foreign 
loans  have  been  estimated  at  various  dates  more  or  less 
at  the  figures  stated.  Foreign  investments  in  1888  were 
api  roxiaiately  as  follows  :  — 

Colonial  loans  and  railways    .         .        430,000,000 
Australian  mortgages      .         .  330,000,000 

Foreign  loans  and  railways     .  700,000,000 


Total        .         .         .     i,46o,oop,o(X) 
Public  properties  in  the  United  Kingdom  were  approxi- 


mately thus ; 

180,000  miles  of  roads 

6000  miles  of  streets  . 

Canals,  docks,  and  royal  navy  . 

Drains,  waterworks,  telegraphs 

Public  buildings 

Parks,  crown  forests,  arsenals,  &c. 


£ 
90,000,000 
60,000,000 
115,000,000 
178,000,000 
240,000,000 
197,000,000 


Total        .         .         .     880,000,000 
The  total  wealth  of  the  three  kingdoms  in  1888  was 

approximately  as  follows : — 


Million  jQ  Sterling 

England  jScotland 

Ireland 

1^'  Total 

Lands 
Houses 
Cattle,  && 
Railways   . 
Furniture  . 
Other  items  *     . 

1.125 

2. 131 

267 

714 
1,066 

2,511 

171 
230 

S3 
114 

"S 
265 

248 
63 
94 
37 
31 

165 

1.544 
2,424 
414 
86s 
1,212 
2,941 

Total    . 

7,814 
/ 

j     948 

638 

9.400 

The  distribution  of  wealth  in  the  United  Kingdom  may 
be  approximately  arrived  at  if  we  multiply  the  number  of 
estates  that  paid  legacy-duty  by  fifty,  which  corresponds 
more  or  less  to  the  number  of  inhabitants.  The  ofiicial 
returns  showing  the  amount  of  property  changing  hands 
under  probate  or  legacy  in  the  years  1885-89  give  the 
averages  thus  per  annum  :  — 


Estates            1   Number  1    Amount,  £ 

Average,  £ 

Over  ^,^500, 000   .     , 
/loo.ooo-^  500,000 
/|io,ooo-^ioo,ooo . 
/looo-Zicooo .     . 
"Under  ^looo     .     . 

11 

147 

2,279 

".153 
30,660 

9,400,000 
27,800,000 
60,400,000 
35,500,000 

10,100, OCX) 

855,000 

190,000 

26,500 

3,200 

330 

Total    .     . 

44,250 

143,200,000 

3.250 

The  above  is  exclusive  of  estates  paying  succession- 
duty,  which  amounted  in  the  same  years  to  an  average 
of  £44i8oo,cxx),  equal  to  31  per  cent  of  the  former.  In 
order,  therefore,  to  estimate  the  total  value  of  property 

*  As  the  amount  under  this  heading  that  would  corre- 
spond to  each  country  cannot  be  ascertained,  the  sum  is 
distributed //•<?  ra/a  according  to  the  income-tax  assessments 
of  the  three  kingdoms. 


changing  hands,  we  may  be  permitted  to  add  31  ^er 
cent  to  the  number  of  each  class  as  given  above,  and  like^ 
wise  to  the  amount.    The  account  will  then  stand  thus  : — ■ 


Estates                   1      Amount,  £ 

Average,  JT 

Over  ;^5oo,o6o  . 
/loo, 000-/500, <XX)  . 

XlO.OOO-^IOO.CXX)       . 

^  1000-/10,000 
Under  j^^ooo    , 

12,000,000 
36,700,cxx) 
78,500,000 
46,800,000 
14,000,000 

855.000 

190,0<DO 

26,5cx> 

3,200 

34® 

Total 

188,000,000 

3.250 

If  we  follow  Porter's  method,  and  multiply  the  above 
number  of  estates  by  fifty,  as  the  number  of  living  persons 
is  about  fifty  times  the  annual  number  of  deaths,  we  find 
the  wealth  of  the  kingdom  is  held  as  in  the  subjoined 
table.  Moreover,  as  each  estate  proved  may  be  taken  to 
stand  for  a  household  averaging  5J  .persons,  we  must 
distribute  the  amount  in  households,  and  not  per  indi- 
vidual : — 


Class 

Households 

Average,  £ 

Aggregate, 
Millions  £ 

Millionaire 
Very  rich 
Rich.     . 
Middle  . 
Struggling 
Ppor      . 

>    .     . 

700 

9.650 

148,250 

730,500 

2,008,000 

3,916,900 

855,000 

190,  OCX) 

26,500 

3,260 
340 

599 
1.834 
3,928 
2,336 

680 

Tota 

1    .     . 

■6,814,000 

9.377 

The  above  total  is  almost  equal  to  the  amount  given 
in  the  conspectus  as  the  wealth  of  the  kingdom,  which 
included  880  millions  for  public  works,  &c.  It  is,  how- 
ever, apparent  that  a  portion  (probably  10  per  cent.)  of 
the  wealth  on  which  probate  .duty  is  paid  consists  of, 
fiduciary  documents  which  cannot  be  considered  in  a 
nation's  wealth,  such  as  bills  of  exchange  and  stocks  of 
the  National  Debt.  This  last,  700  millions  sterling,  is 
held  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  consequently  figures 
among  testamentary  estates,  while  adding  nothing  to  the 
nation's  wealth. 

France 

Numerous  estimates  have  been  made:  those  of  La- 
voisier, 1789,  and  Chaptal,  in  1815,  were  as  follows: — 


Millions 

£ 

1789           1 

1S15 

Rural  property  . 
Urban  property 
Personal  property 

840 
280 
400 

1.040 
320 

440 

Total 

1.520          1 

1,800 

Those  of  Foumier  de  Flaix  and  Yves  Guyot,  from  1826 
to  date,  are  as  follows  : — 


J^laix 

Guyoi 

Year 

Million  £ 

Year 

Million  £ 

Real 

Personal 

Total 

Real  [Personal 

Total 

1826 

1.560 

X,020 

2,580 

1826 

1.720 

1,120 

2,840 

i8l-» 

1,674 

1.152 

2,826 

1833 

1,840 

1.280 

3,120 

1841 

1,881 

1.359 

3.240 

1841 

2,080 

1,520 

3.600 

1849 

2.115 

1.530 

3.64s 

1855 

2,280 

1,560 

3.840 

18  S7 

2,322 

1.971 

4.293 

i860 

2,480 

1,880 

4,360 

186s 

2.934 

2,646 

,S.S8o 

1865 

2,640 

S.2CX) 

4,840 

1873 

3.510 

3.312 

6,822 

1875 

3.560 

3.240 

6,800 

1883 

4.835 

4.275 

9. 1 10 

1885    4,480 

4.080 

8.560 

WEALTH 


::oi 


WEALTH 


The  following   is  a  summary  of   the  most  notable 
estimates : — 

" '  Year  \      "''  Million  £ 

1789    ....     1,520 


181S 
1853 
187 1 
1872 
1879 
1879 
1879 
1880 
1881 


1,800 
5,000 
7,000 
7,600 
8,000 
7.520 
9,600 
9,200 
8,640 
9,110 
8,560 


Author 
Lavoisier 
Chaptal 
Girardin 
Wolowslti 
Ayen 
Foville 

Leroy  Beaulieu 
Ameiin 
Vacher 
Mouey 
Flaix 
Guyot 


The  following  table  shows 

approximately  the 

compo- 

nents  of  the  wealth  of  France  at  various 

dates  :— 

- 

Value  in  Million  \;^ 

1789 

1826 

1840 

1873 

1888 

Land .     .     . 

740 

1.293 

1.473 

3,000 

2,688 

Cattle,  &c.  . 

los 

202 

270 

588 

541 

Houses  .     . 

280 

Sio 

720 

1,150 

1,704 

Furniture    . 

140 

^SS 

360 

67s 

852 

Railways 

10 

270 

S32 

Shipping      . 

4 

7 

7 

12 

IS 

Bullion    .     . 

88 

no 

"S 

180 

300 

Merchandise 

II 

19 

33 

120 

15s 

Public  works 

40 

170 

300 

.  450 

630 

Sundries 

.    112    . 

274 

312 

377 

1. 143 

Total     . 

1,520 

2,840 

3,600 

6,822 

8,56(3 

De  Flaix  and  Vacher  make  the  total  500  or  600 
millions  more  than  the  above  estimate  for  1888,  but 
perhaps  they  have  not  sufficiently  allowed  for.  the  depre- 
ciation of  land  since  1880.  Th©  above  total  is  that  given 
by  Yves  Guyot  for  1885.  The  increase  of  wealth  since 
1873  appears  to  have  averaged  116  millions  sterling  per 
annum. 

Belgium 

Massalski,  in  his  Richesse  de  Belgique  (1880),  sums  up 
the  national  wealth  at  29 J  milliards  of  francs,  or  1180 
millions  sterling,  which  is  17  per  cent,  over  my  estimate. 
It  is  to  be  observed  that  properties  subject  to  legacy  and 
succession  duties  from  1880  to  1885  averaged  only  18 
millions  sterling,  which  at  the  current  death-rate  of  20 
per  thousand  would  give  a  total  wealth  of  900  millions 
sterling,  exclusive  of  royal  palaces,  public  works,  &c.  : 
these  latter  would  hardly  exceed  1 10  millions  sterling. 

Germany 
It  is  remarkable  that  whereas  the  earnings  of  the 
German  people,  as  set  forth  under  the  head  of  Income, 
are  only  i  per  cent  less  than  those  of  France,  the  wealth 
of  Germany  appears  to  be  one-fourth  less.  This  is,  how- 
ever, in  great  measure  explained  by  the  great  difference 
in  the  value  of  land,  Germany  averaging  ;^2i,  France 
;^33  per  cultivated  acre.  The  imperial  assessment  for 
taxation  is  in  the  following  ratio,  and  if  we  suppose 
wealth  to  be  distributed  in  Tike  manner,  it  will  be  as  in 
the  subjoined  table  : — 


1       Ratio 

Millions  £, 

Prussia     . 

• 

60.3 

3.425      . 

Bavaria    . 

11.7 

66s 

Saxony     . 

6.6 

375 

Wurtemburg 

4.3 

244 

Baden 

3-4 

193 

Alsace 

3-4 

193 

Hesse 

2.1 

119 

Other  States  ' 

8.2 

467 

Total 

lOO.O 

5.681 

Soetbeer  shows  that  the  earnings  of  the  Prussian  people 
advanced  25  per  cent,  from  1872  to  1885,  and  if  we 
suppose  that  wealth  increased  in  like  degree,  this  makes 
the  accumulation  of  thirteen  years  amount  to  1 1 36  bmI- 
lions,  or  88  millions  sterling  per  annum — say  40s.  per 
inhabitant,  against  72s.  in  the  United  Kingdom.  " 

Austria 

In  1880  Beer  estimated  the  total  wealth  of  the  monarchy 
at  40,000  million  florins,  or  about  3800  millions  sterling, 
being  only  i^  per  cent,  under  my  estimate.  We  have 
no  means  to  arrive  at  the  increase  of  wealth,  but  Rosch- 
mann  in  18S3  estimated  the  national  earnings,  at  610 
millions  sterling,  against  550  millions  in  1874,  an  increase 
of  II  per  cent.  If  wealth  increased  in  the  same  ratia 
the  accumulation  must  have  been  380  millions  sterling, 
or  42  millions  per  annum,  say  23s.  per  inhabitant,  against 
4CS.  in  Germany.  ^ 

Italy 

Newmann  Spallart  valued  the  total  wealth  of  the 
country  thus : — 

Million  £  Sterling 

Lands  .        ,?-.,,-..      .        .,,.     1,160 
Houses  .         .         .       ■;         i   '^    .  .i^  360 


Furniture,  railways,  &c. 
Total 


404 


1.924 


This  was  too  low  a  valuation,  an  Italian  writer  in  1868 
Iiaving  arrived  at  a  total  of  1934  millions. 

Pantaleoni,  following  Porter's  method,  based  on  legacy 
returns,  shows  that  (exclusive  of  public  property)  the 
wealth  of  the  people  exceeds  2100  millions ;  he  multiplies 
the  amount  of  property  subjected  to  legacy  or  succession 
by  forty.  .The  amount  of  such  property  in  1884  was 
;6  53. 500,000,  and  hence  the  iiational  wealth  was  2140 
millions  sterling.  This  is  exclusive  of  roads,  public 
buildings,  royal  navy,  arsenals,  harbours  &c.,  worth  at 
least  300  millions,  bringing  up  the  total  to  2440  millions 
sterling,  This  is  16  per  cent,  less  than  my  estimate. 
Possibly  some  of  the  property  subjected  to  legacy-duty 
was  undervalued,  in  order  to  enable  the  heirs  to  evade 
a  part  of  the  duties. .  According  to  the  Arckivio,  the 
value  of  lands  and  houses  in  1880  was  1562  millions 
.sterling ;  in  my  table  they  stand  for  1576  millions^  a. 
difference  of  less  than  I  per  cent./       '~      " 

Spain 

The  figures  of  the  Junta  de  Medios  in  1832  compare 
with  mine  for  1888  as  follows  :— 


Million  £  Sterling 

1832 

1888 

Increa.se 

I^nds   .... 
Houses .... 
Railways 
Sundries 

686 
237 

186 

984 
340 

1,098 

298 
103 

94 
912 

Total    /.     .'. 

1,109 

2,516 

1,407 

It  is  manifest  that  the  item  of  sundries  in  1832,  which 
included  .everything  in  the  kingdom  except  land  and 
houses,  was  very  much  understated.  Personal  property 
alone  would  have  been  at  least  25  per  cent  of  total. 
A  proper  valuation  in  1832  would  perhaps  have  shown 
a  total  of  1400  millions.  In  that  case  the  accumulation 
of  the  56  years  down  to  1888  would  average  20  millions 
sterling  per  annum,  or  27s.  per  inhabitant,  as  compared 
with  40S.  in  Germany,  and  72s...inJJnited  Kingdor;. 


WEALTH 


1002 


WEALTH 


Denmark 

In  1885  Falbe  estimated  the  total  wealth  at  372 
mHlions  sterling,  or  8  per  cent,  less  than  my  total  for 
1868.     His  figures  were : — 

Million  £ 

Houses  and  lands 257 

Personal  property 115 


Total 


372 


He  estimated  that  real  estate  had  risen  from  65  millions 
sterling  in  1848,  being  an  increase  of  192  millions  sterling 
in  37  years,  say  ;^5,2oo,0(X)  per  annum.  This  (irrespec- 
tive of  chattels  or  personal  property)  was  -equivalent  to 
an  accumulation  of  60s.  yearly  per  inhabitant.  It  was 
the  direct  result  of  breaking  up  the  estates  of  the  nobles, 
and  facilitating  their  purchase  by  the  peasantry.  • 

Holland 

The  value  of  testamentary  and  succession  property 
which  changed  hands  in  the  years  1879-83,  latest  that 
the  Resume  publishes,  averaged  as  follows : — 

L 
Houses  and  lands        ....      9,100,000 
Dutch  National  Debt ....       1,200,000 
Other  personal  assets  ....     13,000,000 


Total 


23,300,000 


Excluding  the  National  Debt  for  reasons  already  given, 
we  find  a  sum  of  ;^22, 100,000,  which,  multiplied  by 
44  (as  the  living  were  in  those  years  44  times  the  number 
of  deaths),  gives  approximately  the  wealth  of  Holland, 
say  972  millions  sterling ;  the  figure  in  the  consoectus 
is  980  millions. 

United  States 

The  first  Censi«  of  wealth  was  taken  in  1790,  which 
showed  as  follows  : — 

$  L 

Lands    .        .        .    479,000,000     =      99,800,000 
Houses,  &C.  .        .     141,000,000  29,400,000 


Total 


620,000,000 


129,200,000 


The  following  table  shows  the  results  in  English  gold 
at  each  Census,  and  an  estimate  for  1888  as  already 
given  :* — 

*  The  New  York  Journal  of  Comrnerce  in  1887  estimated 
the  wealth  of  the  Union  at  61,000  millions  of  dollars,  or 
12,700  millions  sterling,  showing,  moreover,  that  the  amount 
of  insured  property  had  risen  as  follows : — 

■  y^^r  £ 

1870 735,000,000 

1880  ......  1,495,000,000 

1885 2,184,000,000 


Year 


Wealth, 
Million  £ 


1790  . 
1800 

1810  . 

1820  . 

18-^0 .  . 

i!w;»  . 

185a  . 

i860  . 

1870  . 

1880  . 

1888  . 


129 

222 

312 

392 

SSa 

782 

1,484 

,  3.361 

5,413 

9.077 

12,824 


£  Sterling 
per  Inhabi- 
tant 


33 
42 

43 
41 
43 
46 
64 
107 
140 
180 
210 


Yeaily  Increase 


Of  Wealth,  iPerinnabi- 
£         .      tant 


9,300,000 

9,000,000 

8,000,000 

16,000,000 

23,000,00<J 

70,200,000 
187,700,000 
205,200,000 
366,400,000 
468,400,000 


£   s.    d. 


I    9 

0  19 

1  9 
1  II 
3  10 
6  16 
5  17 
8  4 
8  10 


The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  chief 
components  of  American  wealth  since  1850 : — 


Millions  of  Dollars,  Gold 

1850 

1860 

1870 

1880 

1888 

Land     .  " 

Cattle    . 

Railways 

Factories 

Houses . 

Furniture 

Sundries 

3.310 
550 
290 
520 

1,000 
500 
966 

6,910 
1,080 
1,140 
1,010 
2,600 
1,300 
2,120 

8,320 

1.415 
2,047 
1,902 
S.460 
2,730 
4,108 

10,197 
1,630 

4,897 
2,790 
10,800 
S.400 
7.9?8 

12,306 
2.405 
9.340 
3.500 

14,000 
7,000 

13.05s 

Total    . 

7.136 

16,160 

25.982 

43.642 

61, 600 

Comparing  the  Census  returns  of  1880  with  those  of 
1850,  it  appears  that  the  accumulations  of  thirty  years 
amounted  in  the  State  of  New  York  alone  to  1360  millions 
sterling,  and  that  the  six  States  of  New  York,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Illinois,  Ohio,  Massachusetts,  and  California  stood 
for  60  per  cent,  of  the  total  accumulations  of  the  Union.- 
If  we  suppose  that  each  inhabitant  contributed  equally  to- 
the  public  wealth,  and  take  the  mean  number  of  each 
nationality  for  the  30  years  in  question,  we  find  the  ac- 
cumulations of  30  years  ending  1880  were  made  up  thus : — 


Increase  of  Wealth 

,  Million^ 

Sterling,  by- 

State 

Amen-  j^^j^ 

Ger- 

Others Total 

mans 

New  York    .        . 

1,027  :    156          87 

90      1,360 

Pennsylvania 

831 ,     63  ;     41 

37 

972 

Illinois 

494 

27    1      47 

43 

6ir 

Ohio    .... 

506 

17    1      38 

20 

t;8i 

Massachusetts  •  . 

355 

66           4 

37 

462 

California     . 

195 

23         14 

61 

293 

Other  States 

2,8%2 

"9       143 

■ 

228 

3.312 

Total 

6.230  j     471     }     374 

516 

7.591 

The  several  Census  returns  from  1850  to  1880  show  the  wealth  of  each  State  in  values  reduced  to  English  gold 
(allowing  14  per  cent,  discount  for  paper  values  in  1870)  as  follows  : — 


Million  £  Sterling 

Increase 

£  .Sterling  per  Inhabitant 

of  30 

1850 

1860 

1870 

1880 

Years 

1860    j    1860 

1870    j    1880 

Maine 

26 

39 

63 

104 

78 

44 

60. 

102 

160 

New  Hampshire 

22 

32 

46 

(^ 

46 

70 

96 

144 

196 

Vermont 

19 

25 

42 

60 

41 

60 

r7 

126 

180 

Rhode  Island 

17 

28 

S3 

87 

70 

112 

160 

240    . 

329 

Connecticut 

32 

92 

140 

177 

145 

8s 

SOI 

256 

283 

Massachusetts 

119 

169 

'      384 

581 

462 

120 

13s 

257 

320 

New  England       .... 

235 

38$ 

728- 

"i.orn  . 

842 

86 

123 

208 

270 

..2-P 


WEALTH 


New  York  . 
New  Jersey . 
Pennsylvania 
Delaware  . 
Maryland    . 

Middle  States 

Virginia 
North  Carolina 
South  Carolina 
Georgia 
Florida 
Alabama-    . 
Mississippi  . 
Louisiana  ', 
Texas  .         . 
Arkansas      . 
Kentucky    . 
Tennessee   . 

The  South" 


Ohio    . 

Illinois 

Missouri 

Indiana 

Iowa    . 

Michigan 

"Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

Kansas 

Nebraska 

Colorado 

California 

Oregon 

.Nevada 

Territories 


The  West 
The  Union 


1003 
Million  £  Sterling 


WEALTH 


1800 


224 

384 

42 

98 

150 

29s 

4 

9 

46 

79 

466 


89 

47 
60 

79 

5 

48 

48 

49 

II 

8 

63 
42 


S40 


32 
28 
42 

5 
12 


24s 


1,486 


1860 


86-; 


1870 


1,170 
169 
686 

17 
116 


2,158 


166 

75 
114 

134 

15 
103 
127    i 
125 

76 

46 
138 
103 


1,222 


249 
181 
104 

no 
SI 
53 
57 
II 


43 
6 


894 


3.366 


108 
47 
38 
48 
8 
36 
38 
58 
29 
28 

109 
90 


637 


402 

382 

231 

229 

130 

130 

126 

41 

34 

13 

4 

"5 

9 

6 

38 


1,890 


5.413 


1880 


.1.585 
298 

1,122 
29 
i8i 


3.215 


208 
92 
6i 

"S 
20 

79 
67 
88 
151 
•SI 
183 
13S 


1.^53 


686 
643 
318 
312 
294 
285 

202 

133 

120 

60 

31 

300 

26 

14 
108 


3.532 


9.077 


Increase 
of  30 
Years 


1,361 

256 

972 

25 

13s 


2,749 


119 

45 

I 

45 
15 
31 
19 
39 
140 

43 
120 
76 


713 


1850 


£  Sterling  per  Inhabitant 

1880 


73 
67 
65 
44 
80 


70 


63 
55 
90 

77 
56 
63 
79 
95 
52 
38 
64 
42 


66 


581 
611 
290 
270 
289 
273 
193 
133 
120 
60 
31 
295 

25 

14 
102 


3.287 


7.591 


S3 
38 
42 
42 
26 
30 
30 


55 
75 


43 


1860 


99 
147 

lOI 

80 
"5 


105 


105 
75 
163 
126 

105 

107 

159 
180 
126 
104 
lao 
92 


119 


107 

105 
88 
82 

77 
70 

71 
66 

55 
70 

"3 

120 


92 


64   I   107 


1870 


261 
186 
196 
136 
ISO 


61 
44 
54 
32 
43 
40 

44 
78 

35 
58 
84 
72 


57 


ISO 
151 
138 

138 
108 
108 
120 
91 
93 
104 
100 
206 
100 
145 


136 


140 


32a 
260 
262 
200 
195 


257 


98 
66 
6r 
77 
74 
64 
60 
93 
94 
64 
III 
90 


82 


215 
210 

147 
156 
180 
177 
150 
170 
120 
132 
160 
350 
150 
230 


187 


180 


The  accumulations  per  inhabitant  in  thirty  years  average 
£z^S  sterling,  or  nearly  £7  per  annum,  viz.  : — 


States 

Increase 
Million 

£ 

Annual 
Average,  ^ 

Mean 
Population 

Annual 
Accumu- 
lation per 
Head 

New  England . 
Middle  .     .     . 
South     ... 
West  •  .    .     . 

842 
2.749 

713 
3.287 

28,070,000 
91,630,000 
23,8oo,oc?o 
109,600,000 

3,400,000 
9,500,000 
11,700,000 
12,200,000 

£  s.   d. 
840 
9  13    0 
210 
900 

Union    .     .     . 

7.591 

253,100,000 

36,800,000 

6  17    0 

This  is  a  prodigious  growth  of  wealth  in  thirty  years, 
and  without  parallel  in  the  history  of  the  human  race. 
Nevertheless  the  accumulation  per  head  is  less  than  in 
Australia. 

Australia    • 

According  to  Mr,  Coghlan  the  wealth  of  Australia  was 
approximately  as  follows  : — 


•   Millions  (Population 

Per  Head 

1838  .... 

1863 

1888 

4. 

181 
1,136 

200,000 

1,264,CXX> 

3,680,000 

£ 
130 
144 
307 

This  includes  the  five  Colonies  of  the  mainland,  and 


also  Tasmania  and  New  Zealand.  It  is,  however,  incom- 
plete, because  it  excludes  public  works,  crown-lands,  and 
other  public  properties. 

The  total  wealth,  as  shown  in  the  conspectus,  appears 
to  reach  the  sum  of  1373  millions  sterling,  and  to  have 
grown  in  eighteen  years  as  follows : — 


Million  £  Sterlin 

1870 

\888 

Lands 

. 

89 

533 

Cattle 

47 

67 

Railways   . 

27 

94 

Houses 

60 

239 

Furniture  . 

30 

120 

Merchandise 

29 

65 

Sundries    . 

38 

255 

Total 

• 

320 

1.373 

At  a  meeting  of  one  of  the  Australian  banks  in  London 
in  1888,  it  was  stated  that  the  wealth  of  the  seven  Colonies 
was  as  follows  : — 

yiillion  £ 
Private  wealth  -r  ,i     ^       •        .        •     1,015 
Public  works      ^  ,J      •       >        .        •        i75 
Banks  .......        148 

Total       .        .        .    1,338 
This  was,  however,  irrespective  of  crown-lands,  the 
value  of  which  could  not  be  easily  stated. 


WEALTH 


1004  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


Mr.  Coghlan's  distribution  of  the  wealth  of  the  several 
Colonies  differs  from  my  estimates  as  follows  (1888)  :— 


New  South  Wales 
Victoria 
Queensland 
South  Australia . 
Tasmania  . 
New  Zealand 
Western  Australia 

Total 


Millions  Sterling 


Coghlan 


410 
386 
106 

57 
26 

^45 
6 


1. 136 


Mulhall 


483 
370 
132 
131 
36 
208 

13 


1.373 


Mr.  Coghlan's  figures,  as  already  staged,  exclude  rail- 
ways, crown-lands,  &c.  The  principal  components  of 
wealth  in  1888  may  be  estimated  to  have  stood  thus  in 
million  £  sterling  : — 


I 
3 
0 

3 . 
'c 
5 

c 
53 

•c 

g 

en 

2 

•a 

s 

a 

a. . 

N.  S.  Wales 
Victoria  .     . 
Queensland . 
S.  Australia . 
Tasmania    , 
New  Zealand 
W.  Aus.tralia 

181 

107 

58 

64 

16 

100 

7 

25 

12 
12 

5 

I 

II 

I 

27 
28 

13 

10 

2 

13 

I 

92 

91 
12 

13 

5 
25 

I 

46 

46 

6 

7 

3 

12 

23 
18 

6 

7 
2 
8 

I 

89 
68 

25 

25 
7 

39 
2 

483 
370 
13' 
131 

36 
208 

^3 

440 
337 
330 

4^3 
240 

345 
310 

Total    . 

533 

67 

94 

239 

120 

65 

255 

1.373 

377 

The  increase  of  wealth  in  Australia  would  therefore 
seem  to  have  been  as  follows  :— 


Annual 

Dale 

Wealth, 

Annual 

Mean 

Accumula- 

Million £ 

Increase,;^ 

Population 

tion  per 

Inhabitant 

£>   s.     d. 

1838    .     . 

26 

1863    .     . 

i8r 

6,200,000 

700,000 

8  16    0 

1870    .     . 

320 

19,900,000 

1,600,000 

12    9    0 

1888    .     . 

1.373  . 

58,500,000 

2,800,000 

20  18    0 

The  average  annual  accumulation  per  inhabitant  has 
been  more  than  double  that  in  "the  United  States,  where 
it  has  never  exceeded  £Z  los. 

Respecting  the  Colony  of  New  South  Wales,  Mr, 
Coghlan  states  that  if  public  works,  railways  &c.,  were 
included,  the  total  would  reach  521  millions  sterling,  that 
is,  8  per  cent,  over  my  estimate.  And  as  regards  Victoria, 
one  of  the  Melbourne  papers  (apparently  quoting  the. 
official  statistics  of  Mr.  Hayter)  says :— "  In  the  statistics 
of  the  Colony  for  1886,  an  estimate  is  made  of  the  wealth 
of  the  population  on  the  basis  of  the  property  left  by 
deceased  persons,  it  being  supposed  that  the  average 
amount  left  by  each  person  dying  is  equivalent  to  the 
average  amount  possessed  by  each  person  living.  On 
this  basis  the  national  wealth  amounted  to  nearly  144 
millioiis  sterling,  or  £\%t^  per  head  in  the  five  years  1872 
to  1876;  to  nearly  187  millions  sterling,  or  ;^223  per 
head  in  the  five  years  1877  to  1881 ;  and  to  nearly  286 
millions  sterling,  or  ;^305  per  head  in  the  five  years  1882 
to  1886."  • 

The  above  is  exclusive  of  railways,  public  works  &c., 
which  would  doubtless  bring  up  the  total  to  my  figure 
of  370  millions  sterling  in  18S8.  With  respect  to  New 
Zealand,  the  official  returns  for  1886,  exclusive  of  public 


works,  and  crown-lands,  amounted  to  152  millions  sterlin<T 
which  was  apparently  equivalent  to  200  millions,  includ- 
ing the  items  omitted.  It  is  right  to  observe  that  the 
public  debt,  which  was  175  millions  sterling  in  December 
1889,  IS  he  d  almost  wholly  in  England,  and  ought  there- 
fore to  be  deducted  from  the  wealth.  This  would  leave  a 
balance  of  I200_  millions  sterling,  or  ;^33o  per  inhabitant, 

tfTi  i^f^  '^  *^^  ^^'"-^^  Kingdom,  £zxo  in  the 
United  States,  ^230  in  Denmark,  ^224  in  France. 

Canada 

The  following  table  shows  approximately  the  total 
wealth  m  1 86 1  and  1888 :— 


Million  £  Sterling 

1861 

1888 

Increase 

Lands   ••       .        .        . 

Cattle,  &c.     :        .        .* 

Railways 

Houses. 

Furniture 

Merchandise 

Sundries 

102 
38 
23 
80 
40 
II 
98 

282 
80 

151 

127 

64 

21 

255 

r8o 
42 

128 
47 
24 
10 

157 

Total 

392. 

980 

588 

This  shows  an  annual  accumulation  of  22  millions 
sterling,  with  a  mean  population  of  4,000,000  souls,  say 
£S  los.  per  head,  against  ;^8  los.  in  the  United  States, 
and  £l^  los.  during  the  same  period  in  Austraha. 

Cape  Colony 

In  1883  the  value  of  lands  and  houses  was  assessed 
as  follows : — 

£ 

Cape  Town 4,979,000 

Port  Elizabeth  ' .  .  .  .  1,950,000 
Kimberley  .  .  ;  .  .  .  1,711,000 
Rural  districts      .        .        .        .     29J  160,000 


Total        .        .        .    37,800,000 
This  is  10  per  cent,  less  than  my  estimate  for  1888, 
as  shown  in  the  conspectus. 

WEIGHTS  Ain)  MEASURES 

The  following  is  a  general  table  of  weights  and  mea- 
sures : — 


Name 

Locality 

Equivalent 

Acre      .... 

England 

4,8ao  square  yards 

Almud  .... 

Turkey 

7  —  8  gallons 

,t       .        .        .        . 

Portugal 

4=15    .. 

Amphora 

Rome 

7-  .. 

Ar          .... 

France 

100=247  acres 

Ardeb    .... 

Egypt 

300  lbs. 

Arpeut  .... 

France 

12=10  acres 

Arroba  .... 

Spain 

25  lbs. 

Aum      .... 

Germany 

31  gallons 

Bag,  cocoa    . 

England 

112  lbs. 

,,    coffee    , 

Brazil  < 

160   „ 

,,    nce 

India 

168    „ 

,,    sugar    .        . 

,, 

168    „ 

Bale      .... 

United  States 

48s   .. 

■1         .... 

Brazil 

156   .. 

, 

Egypt 

600   „ 

,, 

India 

376   „■ 

Barrel,  ale     . 

England 

36  gallons 

,,     apples 

United  States 

150  lbs. 

„     flour . 

J, 

"  200   „  ■ 

„     fish    . 

"Norway 

1,000  in  number 

Berkovetz 

Russia 

400  lbs. 

Bonnier 

France 

3  acres 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


1005 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


Name 


Bushel,  barley 

„       beans 

,,      hempseed 

,,      maize 

„      malt. 

„      oats . 

„       peas . 

».      rye    . 

„       salt  . 

,,      wheat 
Bunder . 
Butt       . 
Cable,   . 
Cantar  . 
Cask,  rice 
,,     tallow. 
,,     wine    . 
Catty     . 
Centner 

,,      metric 
Chain    . 
Chaldron,  coal 
Chest,  tea 
Chetvert 
Chittack^       . 
Cord,  wood  . 
Cuartillo 
Cubit     . 
Dessiatine 
Drachm' 
Eimer    . 
Ell 

Fanegai 
Fanegado      . 
Fathom 
Feddan 
Ferrado 
Firkin    . 

Flask,  quicksilver 
Furlong,        i 
Gallon  . 
Gill 

Grain    . 
Gramme 
Hank    . 
Hectare         . 
Hectolitre 

Hide'  .  .  ! 
Hogshead  l^^ 
Hundred,  great,  eggs 
Inch  ,  .  7 
Jar,  oil  .  S 
Joch  .  ' 
Juchart'.'  K 
Kanna  ,; 

Kilderkin  • 
Kilogram'  1; 
Kilometre  ',' 
Klafter.jy^OQd 
Knot'  ^ 
Last     ,        I 

',',        sail  ] 
League .       , 


Lino  •  . 
Litre  _  . 
Load,^bricks:. 

..  Jiay    . 

„  straw . 

,,  wood  J 

Marie  -. 


Locality 


England 


Holland 
England 

Egypt . 
United  States 
England, 

China 
Germany 

England 

Chiiia 

Russia 

India 

Germany 

Spain 

Asia 

Russia 

England 

Austria 

England 

Spain 

England 
Egypt 
Portugal 
England 


France 
England 


Italy 

Hungary 

Switzerland 

Sweden 

Germany 

England 

France 

Austria 

England 

Noi'way 

Germany 

England 

Holland 

Spain 

Portugal 

France ' 

Marine 

Paraguay 

France 

England 


Equivalent 


France 


54  lb?. 

63  ., 
44  .. 
59  .. 
38  .. 
40  .. 

64  .. 
59  .. 

56      M 

61    „ 

2=1  acre 

108  gallons 

120  fathoms 

100  lbs. 

672    ,, 

1,008    ,, 

108  gallons 

3=4  lbs. 

no  lbs. 

220   ,, 

66  feet 

3—8  tons 

82  lbs. 

310   „ 

2  ounces 

^  2.J  tons 

9=1  gallon 

18  inches 

3=8  acres 

16=1  ounce 

12  gallons 

36  inches 

4  bushels 

10=  16  acres 

6  feet 

20~2i  acres 

8=1  acre 

■68  lbs. 

.76   „ 

220  yards 

4  quarts 

4=1  pint 

480=1  ounce 

453 — I  lb. 

840  yards 

100=247  acres 

22  gallons 

150  lbs. 

100  acres 

63  gallons 

» 10  dozen 

12=1  foot 

25  gallons 

100=  143  acres 

5=4  acres 

Ax)=s8  gallons 

100=44       ;, 

18      „ 

1,000=1  ton 

100=62  miles 

2  tons 

a, 000  yards 

3.^  tens 

2    ,, 

18  barrels 

6,380  yards 

6,160    ",, 

6,760  ;, 

4,860     ,, 

6,075     .. 

50=1  acre 

100=22  gallons 

500 

40  bushels 

'  I  ton 

h  ton 

50  cubic  feet 

8  oz.  silver 


Name 


Mark 

Maund 

Motre 

Mancus 

Metzen 

Mile 


Millimetre 
MinutH  . 
Morgen 
Mudden 
Muid 
Oke  . 
Ounce   . 

Pack,  wool 
Palm     . 
Parasang 
Peck      . 
Pennyweight 
Perch     . 
Picul      . 
Piece,  calico 
Pint,      . 
Pipe'     . 
Poin9on 
Pocket,  hops 
Pole 
Pond 
Pood 
Pott 
Pound 

Puncheon 
Quarter    ■' 
Queue,  wine , 
Quintal , 

,,      metrical 
Rittergut 
Rood     . 
Sack,  coal; 

,,     flour 
SSgene  . . 
Second  . 
Salma    . 
Scheffel- 
Schekel . 
Septier  ; 
Sextarius 
Skalpund 
Span 
Strema  , 
Stadium 
Stere,  wood. 
Stone,  fish 

,,      meat 
Stoup    .    ' 
Talent,  gold , 
Tavola 
Tierce,  pork , 
Toise     . 
Ton 

Tub 

Truss,  straw . 

,,     hay 
Tun,  wine 
Tunna  . 
Tunnland 
Vara 
Vedro    . 
Verst     . 
Yard      . 


Locality 


France 

India 

France 

England 

Germany 

England 

Ireland 

Germany 

Turkey  ,, 

Sweden^-- 

Geographical 

France  r 

Germany 

Holland 

France 

Greece 

England  »^ 

Avoirdupois 

England       -, 

Persia  ^^ 
England ' 

China  >. 
England 

:'.%'•  ■" 

France 
England 
II  '* 
Denmark 
Russia 
Norway 
England 
Rome 
England 

'■  „'( 
France 
Spain  .{ 
Austria 
Germany 
England 


Russia 

Spam  i*» 
Germany 
Asia  ^ 
France 
Rome  i 
Sweden 
England 
Greece 

France 
England 


Asia 
Italy  V 
England 
France   ' 
England    ,^ 
United  States 
England    ^  "^ 


Sweden 


Equivalent 


I  Spain' 
Russia 

England 


gold=,^25 

80  lbs. 

100=328  feet 

2  ounces 

24=1  ton 

1,760  yards 

2,240     ,,, 

8,140     ,, 

1.870     „ 

11,770     ,, 

2,025.     ,,, 

25=1  inch 

60=1  hour 

5=3  acres 

pi4=i  ton 

50  bushels 

4=11  lbs. 

16=1  lb. 

12=1  lb. 

^240  lbs."" 

4  inches 

3^  miles 

•<  14  lbs."! 

20=1  ounce 

si  yards 

(133  lbs.' 

_^24  yards 

8"=  I  gallon 

126  gallons 

25  gallons 

168  lbs. 

16^  feet 

100=110  lbs.' 

36  lbs. 

100=21  gallons 

16  ounces 

'12      ,,^ 

120  gallons 

8  bushels 

54  gallons 

"^iio  lbs. 

220  - ,,' 

600  acres 

4=1  acre 

.224  lbs. 

280    ,,• 

7  tons  wood 

60=  I  minute 

4^  acres 

100=145  bushels 

2=1  ounce 

4=17  bushels 

6=1  gallon 

106=  100  lbs. 

9  inches 

4=1  acre 

120  yards 

35  cubic  feet 

14  lbs. 

,8    ,.1 

2=1  gallon 

4  lbs. 

^0=1  acre 

"*320  lbs. 

6^  feet 

2,240  lbs. 

?.poo   „  , 

l84lbs. 

.'56  ■ .. 

252  gallons 

;'4  bushels 

'4=5  acres 

34.1  inches 

10=27  gallons 

100=60  miles 

■  36  inches 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


1006 


WINE 


Grain 


3  S^ 

1 

4) 

Oj, 
0  £ 

1) 

1 

t: 

u-'-^ 

a 

pa. 

.3 
0 

ffi^ 

S 

u 

Cubic  metre 

35-3 

27.60 

.^•45 

10.00 

19.30 

16.50 

5.00 

Bushel    .    . 

1-3 

1.00 

0.12 

0.36 

0.70 

0.60 

0.18 

Quarter  .     . 

10.4 

8.00 

1.00 

2.90 

5.60 

4.80 

X.44 

Ton    ... 

52.0 

40.00 

5.00 

14.50 

28.00 

24.00 

7.20 

Hectolitre    . 

3-5 

2.76 

o.,3^ 

1,00 

1-93 

1.65 

0.50 

Scheffel  .    •. 

1.9 

1-45 

0.18 

0.53 

1.00 

0.86 

0.26 

Metzen   .     . 

2.2 

1.66 

0.21 

0.60 

1. 16 

1.00 

0.30 

Chetvert      . 

1    7.0 

5- 55 

0.70 

2.00 

3-90 

3-30 

1.00 

Length 


Knot 

Mile 

Kilometre 

Verst 

Mile  .    .  •  . 
Knot .    .     . 
Kilometre    . 
Verst  .     .    . 

0.88 

I.CXI 

O.S5 
0.58 

I.oo 
1. 14 
0.62 
0.66 

1.61 
1.83 
I.oo 
1.07 

1.50 
1.71 

0.93 
I.oo 

Liquids 


Lbs. 

0  ^ 

Litre 

HectcS- 

litre 

Eimer 

Barrel 

Hogs- 
head 

Gallon      . 
Litre   .     . 
Hectolitre 
Eimer .     . 
Barrel .     . 
Hogshead 

10. 0 
2.2 
220.0 
124.0 
360.0 
630,0' 

0.14 
0.03 
3.10 

1-75 
S.oo 
8.80 

4-5 

i.o 

100. 0 

56.0 

160.0 

284.0 

0.045 

O.OIO 

1. 000 

0.560 
1.600 

2.835 

0.080 
t).oi8 
1.760 
1.000 
2.880 
S.ooo 

0.027 
0.006 
0.600 
0.340 
1. 000 
1.710 

0.016 
0.004 
0.350 
0.200 
0.576 
1. 000 

Stcndries 


i 

•0 

1  = 

u 

c 

E 

•0 
0 
0 

<   &i 

■ 

< 

Ni 

English  ton 

2,240 

20.00 

I.0I8 

1. 120 

l,ol8 

62.20 

16.80 

Cwt.      .     . 

112 

I.OO 

0.051 

0.036 

51 

^.11 

0.84 

Quintal .     . 

ITO 

0.98 

0.050 

0.055 

50 

3.05 

0.82 

French  ton 

2,204 

19.64 

1. 000 

1. 100 

1,000 

61.00 

16.50 

American  ) 
ton    .     3 

2,000 

17.86 

0.910 

1. 000 

910 

56.40 

15.00 

Kilogram  : 

2.20 

00.02 

O.OOI 

O.OOI 

1.0 

0.06 

0.016 

Pood     .    . 

36 

0.32 

Q.OI7 

0.018 

16.3 

1.00 

0.27 

Picul     ,     . 

I33I      1.20 

0.061 

0.067 

60.0 

3-67 

I.oo 

Superficial 

•3 
(3 

« 

% 

4} 

{3 

0  ■ 

0 

0  i3 

•^.'2  ' 

> 

<j 

3   £ 

< 

<u 

w 

=^.2 

a*<!; 

V 

(A 

A 

ffi 

..^ 

•Jl 

Acre .     .     . 

4,840 

I.oo 

I- 5610.4050.367 

0.0040 

0.0016 

"Morgen .     . 

3,122 

0.65 

1.000.2600.235 

0.0026 

O.OOIO 

Jpch  .     .     . 

6.914 

1-43 

2.23 

0-  576|o.  52o|o.oo57jo.oo22 

Hectare.     . 

12,000 

2.47 

.3-84 

1. 000 

0.910 

0.01000.0039 

Dessiatine  . 

13.100 

2.70 

4.20 

1.093 

I.0CX3 

0.0091 0.0035 

Sq.  kilom.  . 

1. 190.000 

250 

390 

100 

91 

1.00000.3900 

Sq.  mile 

3,097,600 

640 

1,000 

260 

235 

2.601.0      ^ 

Old  English  Measures 


Name 


Magna  Charta 
Edward  HI. 
Henry  VH.  . 
Henry  VHI. 


<a 

u  c"^*L  c  =■ 

a 

m 

«^-o 

n  3 

1225 

217 

266  ' 

1353 

219 

s68 

1496 

224 

280 

1531 

231    282 

■— '    ?■   n  »— ' 


o 


vr.Bi 


CQrl 


266  •  2, 130  ' 

268  j  2,148 

280  j  2,240 

282  I  2,256 


WHEAT 

It  cannot  be  grown  farther  than  60°  N.  lat.     The 
grea*--'  elevation  at  which  it  is  found  is  as  follows : — 


Alps . 
Brazil 
Caucasus 


Feet 
3,600 
5,000 
8,000 


Sierra  Nevada 
Abyssinia . 
Andes 


Feet 

8,200 

10,000 

11,000 


The  yield  in  various  countries  for  100  lbs.  of  seed  is ; 


Russia . 

Sweden 

Denmark 

Prussia 

Spain  . 

Austria 


Lbs. 
500 
500 
600 
600 
600 
700 


France 
Poland 
Great  Britain 
Holland 
United  States 
Italy     . 


Lbs. 
750 
800 
900 
900 
900 

1,000 


The  cultivation  in  the  United  Kingdom  was :- 


Annual  Average 

Period 

Acres 

Million 
Bushels 

Con- 
sumption 

Deficit 

1849-54 .  •  . 

1855-66.    .   ; 
1867-72 .   .    . 
1873-78 .   .    . 
1881-89 .    .    . 

4,270,000 
3,740,000 
3,56o,<xx3 
3,310,000 

2,750,OCX5 

Ii3 

107 

98 

80 

80 

152 
161 
176 
184 
224 

34 
54 
78 
104 
144 

The  average  value  of  wheat  crop  per  acre  in  United 
States  was  as  follows  in  British  money  : — 


Period 
1871-74 
1875-79 


Shillings 
■     58 


Period 
1880-83 
1884-87 


Shillings 

•  49 

•  34 


.See  full  statistics  at  page  8,  Agricullure, 

WINDMILLS 

Holland  has  10,100  windmills,  representing  a  value  of 
20  millions  sterling,  with  an  aggregate  force  of  52,200 
horse-power.  Cost  of  drainage,  lod.  per  acre,  with  a 
lift  of  3  feet ;  2od.  at  6  feet,  and  so  on.  The  average 
area  drained  by  each  mill  in  Holland  is  310  acres,  each 
lifting  1 50,000  tons  or  33  million  gallons  water  daily. 

WINE 

Vineyards,  Area,  and  Production* 


Millions  of  Gallons 

6 

Acres 
(1889) 

per  Annum 

n. 

Country 

CO 

to    rt 

'„.2 

1 

0 

t^ 

iH 

1-4 

"^W 

> 

France  .     . 

4,55(^,000 

810 

670 

520 

112 

44 

Italy      .     . 

7,640.000 

486 

665 

580 

78 

48 

Spain     .     . 

4,200,000 

450 

630 

550 

130 

46- 

Austria  .     . 

i,58o,ocx3 

198 

225 

180 

"5 

15 

Portugal     . 

510,000 

88 

125 

90 

175 

9 

Germany    . 

335. 000 

45 

75 

70 

210 

6 

Russia.  .     . 

300,000 

40 

75 

40 

130 

4 

Turkey  .     . 

200,  OOP 

20 

59 

20 

100 

2 

Greece  .     . 

310,000 

30 

32 

34 

110 

3 

Servia    .     » 

3CX3,OCX) 

13 

46 

45 

150 

3 

Roumania  . 

200,000 

22 

35 

30 

150 

2 

Switzerland 

70,000 

13 

15 

15 

210 

I 

Europe  .    , 

20,195,000 

2,215 

2,652 

2,174 

108 

183 

U.  States  . 

I30,CXX5 

18 

19 

18 

140 

2 

Chili.    .    . 

20O,CXX3 

20 

20 

20 

100 

2 

Argentina 

66,000 

6 

6 

6 

100 

I 

Cape  Colony 

18,000 

4 

4 

4 

220 

Australia    . 

15.000 

2 

2 

2 

140 

Algeria  .    . 

132,000 

15 

18 

40 

300 

3 

Total    . 

20,756,000 

2,280 

2.731 

2,264 

■  109 

191 

For  consumption  of  wine  see  Alcohol,  p.  58.' 


U^INE 


lOQTi 


WINE 


The  figures  for  1876-85  are  by  Newmann  Spallart, 
those  of  1880-88  from  the  MojiitetirVinicole  (apparently 
too  high),  and  the  latest  estimates  are  from  numerous 
sources.  _,An  acre  of  vineyard  has  ordinarily  2400  vine 
plants, 

,  ''Retrospect  of  Production 


Millions  of  Gallons 

1810-20 

1840-50 

1880  88 

France-.        ,        .       ; 

•    455 

820 

670 

Italy    ^        ,        )        : 

310 

360 

665 

Spain    ,        .        J.       t 

170 

250 

630 

Austria.        .        .        T 

590 

500 

225 

Portugal        .         ,        : 

75 

100 

125 

Germany 

30 

40 

75 

Other  countries     . 

120 

230 

321 

Total 

1.750 

2,300 

2,711 

The  vine  flourishes  between  35  and  50  degrees  of  N. 
lat. ,  and  28  and  46  S. 

The  largest  vine  in  the  world  is  said  to  be  one  growing 
at  Oys,  Portugal,  which  has  been  in  bearing  since  1802. 
Its  maximum  yield  was  in  1864,  in  which  year  it  pro- 
duced a  sufficient  quantity  of  grapes  to  make  165  gallons 
of  wine.  In  Portugal  it  is  customary  to  plant  2500  vines 
to  the  acre,  and  the  yield  is  often  240  gallons  per  acre,  or 
a  gaJlon  from  10  vines.  In  South  Africa  a  bushel  of 
grapes  gives  a  gallon  of  wine. 

United  Kingdom 
,The  consumptign  has  been  as  follows  : — 


Year 

Gallons 

Duty, 

Shillings  per 

Gallon 

Gallons  per 
Inhabitant 

1801     s 

i8ii    •        .         . 

1821     4 

1831  ?     : 

1841     (         "r 
1851'     \         -.         . 

1861    !       I 

1871  X     ,      . 
1881    . 
.1888   t 

6,877,CKX) 
5,630,000 
4,702, CXX) 
6,220,000 
6,185,000 
6,282,000 
10,693,000 
16,145,000 
15,550,000 
13.500,000 

ID 
14 
14 

6 
6 
6 

I 
I 
z 

0.45 

0.32 

0.23 

0.26    ■ 

0.22 

0.23 

0.36 

0-53 
0.44 
0.36 

Germany 
^The  area  and  vintage  in  1884  were  as  follows : — 


Acres     1      Gallons 

Value,  £ 

tAlsace'iy  ..   ,    .     . 
BavariaSv  .     .     .     . 
.Wurtemburg,     .     . 
Baden  '.'■    'if  >.    ,     . 
Prussia  s    .^  .    t    . 
Other  States  A,    '..    . 

80,000 
6o,cx)o 
60,000 
5S.OOO 
50,000 
.    30,000 

21,000,000 
9,000,000 
9,000,000 
8,000,000 

8,CXX3,000 

9,000,000 

4,200,000 
1,800,000 
1,800,000 
1,600,000 
1,600,000 
i,3oo,ooo 

"J^.-     . 

33S.OOO 

64,000,000 

12,800,000 

Italy 


>The  vintage  in  the  years  1883-85  averaged  as  follows :— 


^  Gallons 

Value,  £ 

Island  of  Sardinia  ••■.    ,     . 
Redmont  and  Liguria  ,     . 
Lombardy  and  Ycnetia 

>  9,000,000 
57,000,000 
46,000,000 

700,000 
4,600,000 
3,700,000 

Tuscany i  ,.     ,    .     .-  .     . 
States  of  the' Church     ';     ; 

44,000,000 
81,000,000 

3,600,000 
6,500,000 

Naples:*., 

Sicilyf    ,,..,.:• 

138,000,000 

ii,ooo,oco 

106,000,000 

8,500,000 

Total 

481,000,000 

38,60x3,000 

■    The  area  under  vines  increased  rapidly  m  late  years,' 
from  4,8cx),ooo  acres  in  1880  to  7,640,cx3Q  in^i8_88.: 

France  \ 

-  A  table  of  French  vintages  since  1810  is^ve'n  at  p^e 
ig  {Agriculttn-e).  ,..   '  ■  ■\)^^^f<isii9-"'1.  Alt'^''^- 

The  following  statistics  of  Champagne  are  published  at 
Rheims : — 


Millions  of  Bottles 

Year 

V^^- 

Stock 

«i6' 

^.-    Export  » 

1850 

. 

20 

' 

^5- 

i860 

*4           )  . 

36 

;8| 

1870 

39 

14 

1880 

:68 

;        ^7 

1886 

83 

\          ^5 

The  stock  in  1886  was  considered  equal  to  four  years' 
consumption,  which  comprises  3,000,000  bottles  yearly 
in  France,  and  17,000,000  in  other  countries.. 

United  States 
Ofificial  returns  of  the  vintages  since  1840  show  thus  : — 


Year 
1840 
1850 
•i860 


Gallons 

120,000 

220,000 

1,860,000 


Year 
1870. 
1880 . 


Gallons 

3,060,000 

23,300,00c 

17,400,000 


The  Census  of  1880  showed  the  vineyards  thus  : — ■ 


Acres 

Gallons  Wine 

Value,  £  Stg. 

California    .     . 
New  York  ."    . 
Ohio  .... 
Other  States    . 

32,000 

13,000 

10,000 

127,000 

13,600,000 
600,000 
1,600,000 
7,700,000*  " 

850,000 

80,000 

330,000 

.1,540,000 

Total    .     . 

182,000 

23,500,060 

■  2,800,000 

Gallons 
15,000,000 
25,000,000 
30,000,000 
50,000,000 


Greece 
The  area  and  vintage  of  grapes  and  currants  were  as, 
follows: — 

Year  Acres 

i860        .        .        .     162,000 

1875  .  .  .      26o,CXX3 

1879  .        .        .     310,000 
1887 .^ 

Algeria 
Area  and  vintage  have  increased  rapidly  of  late  years, 
viz. : — 

Year                                Acres  Gallons 

1880  .  .  .  55,000  9,000,000 
1885  ,  ,  .  132,000  22,000,000 
i883        .         .         .     238,000  40,000,000 

In  1889  Algeria  exported  34  million  gallons  to  France. 

Wine-Exporting  Countries 
The  exportation  was  approximately  (mill,  galls.) : — 


Year 

France 

Italy 

Spain 

Portugal 

Greece 

Total 

1830    .    ..     . 

18 

2 

10 

3 

33 

1840    .     .     . 

24           3 

15 

4 

46 

1850    .     .     . 

38 

4 

20 

4 

66 

i860    .     .     . 

48 

5 

24 

5 

I 

81 

1870    .     .   -. 

70 

5 

33 

6 

2 

116 

1880    .     .     . 

55 

48 

134 

7 

3 

247' 

1387    .     .     . 

S3 

52 

ib7 

10 

4 

286 

Rudesheimer  is  worth  ;^20  a  gallon.  Prince  Woronzoff 
sells  his  Tokay,  220  years  old,  at  £i)  a  bottle.  Cham- 
pagne vintage  averages  20  million  bottles,  of  which 
France  exports  17  millions.  The  Xeres  vineyards,  15,000 
acres,  produce  4  million  gallons  yearly  of  sherry.  Wine 
loses  strength  after  200  years, 


WOOL 


1008 


WOOL 


WOOL 

The  production  has  been  (unwashed)  approximately  as 
follows : — 


• 

Millions  of  Lbs. 

I  1820 

1840 

1860 

1880 

1887 

United  Kingdom 

1 

'    lOO 

121 

15s 

176 

•160 

France          .'^    . 

ii6 

144 

150 

117 

126 

Germanj; 

64 

85 

125 

120 

lOS 

Russia .        *, 

I02 

126 

164 

203 

240 

Austria         :, 

6o 

72 

81 

80 

70 

Italy     .        :        .        . 

i8 

23 

23 

30 

32 

Spain   .        .        .        . 

40 

42 

S8 

70 

70 

Portugal  ... 

4 

5 

8 

10 

10 

Scandinavia  t  '     . 

IS 

20 

23 

26 

26 

Various        , 

7 

8 

8 

17 

16 

Europe         .^ 

1  526 

646 

795 

849 

8S^ 

United  States 

20 

6S 

75 

233 

320 

River  Plate  . 

4 

IS 

S6 

280 

360 

Cape  Colony, 

2 

10 

28 

52 

■^82 

Australia,      . 

2 

14 

70 

390 

420 

Varioua        » 

6 

36 

84 

184 

181 

Totd 

560 

786 

1,108 

1,988 

2,218 

Europe  in  1820  produced  94  per  cent,  of  the  wool 
of  the  world,  whereas  now  it  does  not  produce  40  per 
cent. 


The  principal  features  of   the  woollen    industry  in 
1887-88  were  approximately  as  follows  : — 


Million  Lbs. 

« 

Woollen  Manufac- 

Wool 

Million 

Lbs,  Yai 

Spun 

tures,  £ 

Pro-  I  Con- 
duced sumed 

Produced 

Consumed 

U.  Kingdom 

160 

43S 

225 

43,900,000 

29,7oo,<xx) 

France    .    , 

126 

420 

162 

30,800,000 

19,000,000 

Germany 

105 

340 

133 

25,100,000 

15.700,000 

Russia    .     . 

240 

154 

100 

17,700,000 

i8,ooo,o(X) 

Austria   .     . 

70 

100 

6S 

11,400,000 

11,100,000 

Italy  .    .     . 

32 

49 

31 

4,700,000 

7,000,000 

Spain      .     . 

70 

56 

35 

6,000, (XX> 

7,400,000 

Portugal 

10 

14 

10 

1,600,000 

1,900,000 

Scandinavia 

25 

25 

14 

2,500,030 

5,500,000 

Belgium .    . 

2 

lOI 

35 

6,000,000 

3,000,000 

Various  .    . 

20 

20 

12 

2,000,000 

4,000,000 

Europe  .    . 

860 

1,715 

822 

151,700,000 

122,300,000 

U.  States    . 

320 

434 

213 

34,400,000 

42,400,000 

Canada  .     . 

'     IS 

14 

8 

1,500,000 

4,000, cxo 

River  Plate . 

360 

10 

5CX3,OCX3 

2,<X)0,CXX* 

Australia      . 

420 

IS 

i,5oo,<x» 

4,000, CXXJ 

a  Africa     . 

82 

5 

100,000 

400,000 

India.    .     , 

SS 

20 

12 

2,000,000 

3,700,000 

Various  .    . 

106 

S 

... 

ICX),000 

13,000,000 

Total    . 

2,218 

2,218 

I.05S 

191,800,000 

191,800,000 

The  aggregate  production  of  wool  for  sixty-seven  years  was  approximately  as  follows : — 


Tons  Unwashed 


Period 

Europe 

0.  States 

River  Plate 

Cape       j    Australia 

Various     {       Total 

1821-30   . 
1831-40  . 
1841-50  . 
1851-60  . 
1861-70   . 
1871-80   . 
1881-87   . 

• 

2,420,000 
2,650,000 
2,970,cx)0 
3,275,000 
3,480,000 
3,490,000 
2,440,000 

100,000 

i5o,cxx> 

300,000 

326,000 

520,000 

880,000 . 

850,000 

60,000 
100,000 
120,000 
190,000 
510,000 
1,020,000 
980,000 

20,000 
30,000 
60,000 
100,000 
130,000 
185,000 
125,000 

20,000 

60,000 

120,000 

250,000 

610,000 

i,33o,cxx> 

1,240,000 

60,000    1     2,686,000 
80,000    1     3,070,0(50 
230,000    1    3,800,000 
320,000         4.455,000 
530,000         5,780,000 
990,000         7,895,000 
635,000         6,270,000 

67  years  . 

20,725,CX» 

3,120,000 

2,980,000 

650,000 

3,630,000    i    2,845,000       33,950,000 

1                       I 

Equivalent  in  Washed,  Tons 


1821-30    .        .        .        .  j     1,820,006 

60,000 

20,000 

10,000 

10,000 

40,000 

1,960,000 

1831-40    . 

i,99o,^»o 

90,000 

30,000 

20,000 

30,000 

50,000 

2,210,000 

1841-50  . 

2,239,000 

180,000 

40,000 

40,000 

60,000 

140,000 

2,690,000 

1851-60  . 

2,466,000 

190,000 

60,000 

70,000 

140,000 

190,000 

3,110,000 

1861-70   . 

2,610,000 

310,000 

170,000 

90,000 

330,000 

320,000 

3,830,000 

1871-80  . 

&, 620,000 

530,000 

340,000 

130,000 

730,000 

59o,ocx3 

4,940,000 

1881-87  . 

1,830,000 

510,000 

330,000 

90,000 

680,000 

380,000 

3,820,000 

67  years  , 

• 

15,560,000 

1,870,000 

990,000 

450,000 

1,980,000 

1,710,000 

22,560,000 

Valtie,  Millions  £ 


1821-30   

280 

10 

4 

2 

4, 

6 

306 

1831-40', 

307 

IS 

6 

3 

10 

8 

349 

1841-50^. 

313 

26 

7 

7 

23 

20 

396 

1851-60   . 

348 

28 

10 

12 

45 

30 

473 

1861-70   . 

334 

42 

26 

17 

102 

43 

564 

1871-80  . 

297 

64 

46 

2S 

184 

^? 

663 

188x^7.  • 

17s 

55 

39 

13 

124 

2S 

'434 

6^  years  .        . 

a.054 

240 

138 

79 

492 

182 

3.18s 

wool. 


1009 


WOOL 


The  movement  of  wool  was  approximately  as  follows : — 


Period 


1821-30  . 
1831-40  . 
1841-50  . 
185^-60  . 
1861-70  . 
1871-80  . 
1881-87  . 

67  years . 


Net  Import,  Tons 


U.  Kingdom 


100,000' 
170,000 
240,000 
380,000 
580,000 
820,000 

680,  OCX) 


2,970,000 


France 


50,000 
60,000 

2CX3,OCX) 

30o,ocx} 

65o,<xx3 

1,010,000 

8So,o<x3 


3,150,000 


Germany 


20,000 
3o,<xx) 

50,CXD0 

70,000 
150,000 
420,000 
600,000 


i,340,cx)0 


Austria 


60,000 
90,000 


150,000 


Belgium 


20,000 
30,000 
60,000 
90,000 
3cx},ocx) 
49o,CKX) 
310,000 


1,300,000 


Various 


10,000 
20,000 

30,OCXD 

40,000 

8o,<xxD 

130,000 

120,000 


430,000 


U.  States 


20,OCX3 
46,000 
100,000 

170,0(X) 
370,o<x) 
36o,cxx3 


1,060,000 


Total 


200,CX)0 

330,000 

620,000 

98o,cxx) 

1 ,930,(xx> 

3,300,000 

3,040,000 


10,400,000 


' 

Net  Export,  Tons 

Period 

Russia 

Spain 

River  Plate 

Cape 

Australia 

Various 

Total 

1821-30   .... 

30,000 

I0,<XX> 

60,000 

20,000 

20,000 

60,000 

200,006 

1831-40   . 

50,000 

10,000 

100,000 

30,000 

60,000 

80,000 

330,000 

1841-50   . 

70,CXXD 

20,000 

120,000 

60,000 

120,000 

230,000 

620,000 

1851-60   . 

100,000 

20,000 

190,000 

100,000 

250,000 

320,000 

980,000 

1861-70   . 

130,000 

30,000 

510,000 

130,000 

610,000 

530,000 

1,940,000 

1871-80    . 

70,000 

4O,0<XD 

I,020,CXJ0 

185,000 

1,330,000 

645,000 

3,290,000 

1881-87   . 

110,000 

40,OCX3 

980,  CXX) 

125,000 

1,240,000 

S45.0OO 

3,040,000 

67  years  , 

560,000 

I70,CX30 

2,980,000 

650,000 

3,630,000 

2,410,000 

10,400,000 

The  proportions  of  wool  consumed  in  the  country  of  its  production,  and  of  iitiported  wool,  were  as  follows : — 


1821-30 

1831-40 

18il-60 

1851-60 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-87 

Not  imported  . 
Imported .        ;        .        . 

92.7 
7-3 

89.7 
10.3 

84.0 
16.0 

78.4 
21.6 

67.0 
33.0 

57- 5 
42-5 

52-5 
47-5 

Total 

lOO.O 

100.0 

100. 0 

loo.o 

100.0 

100.0 

100. 0 

The  consumption  in  the  several  countries  was  approximately  as  follows : 

Tons  Aggregate  Wool  Unwashed 


1821-30 

1831-40 

1841^60 

1861-60 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-87     1       Total 

U.  Kingdom 
France    .     . 
Germany     . 
Jgiussia    .     . 
Austria   .     . 
Italy  .    .    . 
Spain.     .     . 
Portugal 
Scandinavia 
Belgium .    . 
Various  .    . 

570,cxx> 
590,000 
330,000 
420,000 

270,0CX) 

90,000 
150,000 

20,CiOO 

60,000 

35.000 
45.000 

68o,<x)o 

38o,cxio 
430,000 
290,000 

I00,CX)0 

l6o,oco 
25,000 
70,000 
4S.OOO 
50,000 

820,000 

850,000 

470,000 

470,000 

3io,cxx) 

120,000 

160,000 

30,000 

80,000 

75.000 

75.000 

1,040,000 

960,000 

580,000 

490,000 

320,000 

130,000 

200,000 

40,000 

90,000 

100.000 

85,000 

1,290,000 
1,280,000 
690,000 
520,000 
320,000 
160,000 

220,CX30 
50,000 
100.000 
310,000 
150,000 

1,576,000 
1,760,000 
950,000 
720,000 
380,000 
190,000 
250,000 
55.000 
110,000 
500,000 
160,000 

1,200,000 

1,250,000 

950,000 

480,000 

310,000 

160,000 

170,000 

45.000 

70,000 

320,000 

105,000 

7ii70,ooo 

7,360,000 

4,350,000 

3,530,000 

2,200,000 

.  950,000 

i,3io,o(X) 

265,000 

580,000 

1,385^000 

070,000 

Europe  .    . 
U.  States    . 

2,580,000 
100,000 

2,900,000 
170,000 

3,460,000 
340,000 

4,035,000 
420,000 

5,090,000 
690,000 

6,645,000 
1,250,000 

5,060,000 
1,210,000 

29,770,000 
4,180,000 

Total    . 

2,680,000 

3,070,000 

3,800,000 

4,455,000 

5,780,000 

7,895,000 

6,270,000 

33,950,000 

Equivalent  in  Yarn  Spun,  Tons 

U.  Kingdom 
France    .     . 
Germany     . 
Russia    .     . 
Austria  .    .. 
Italy  .     .     . 
Spain      .    . 
Portugal      . 
Scandinavia 
Belgium .     .' 
Various  .    . 

380,000 
370,000 
210,000 

28o,CX)0 

180,000 
60,000 

100,000 
10,000 
40,txx) 
10,000 

20,0(X3 

440,000 

430,000 

240,000 

290.000 

200,000 

65,000 

110,000 

15,000 

45.000 

15.000 

25,000 

520,000 

490.000 

300,000 

310,000 

210,000 

75.000 

110,000 

20,000 

50,000 

25,000 

40,000 

650,000 

530,000 

36o,ocx) 

330,000 

220,000  ■ 

80,000 

130,000 

25,000 

60,000 

30,000 

4S.OOO 

790,000 
620,000 
410,000 
350,000 
220,000 

95,000 
150,000 

30,000 

65,000 
100,000 

75.000 

930,000 

670,ocx> 

480,000 

480,000 

250,000 

115,000 

170,000 

35.000 

70,000 

170,000 

80,000 

700,000 
510,000 
410,000 
320,000 
210,000 

95.00a 
110,000 

30,000 

45,000 
110,000 

60,000 

4,410,000 

3,620,000 

2,410,000 

2,360,000 

1,490,000 

585,000 

880,000 

165,000 

375.000 

460,000 

345.000 

Europe  .    . 
U.  States  ■. 

1,660,000 
60,000 

1,875,000 
100,000 

2, 150,000 
190,000 

2,460,000 
210,000 

2,905,000 
350,000 

3,450,000 
610,000 

2,606,000 
590,000 

17,100,000 
2,110,000 

Total    . 

1,720,000 

1,975.000 

2,340,000 

2,670,000 

3,255,000 

4,060,000 

3,190,000 

19,210,000 

WOOL 

The  \-alue  of  wool  consumed  was  approximately  as 
follows : — 


1010  WOOL 

The  annual  average  consumption  per  inhabitant  was : — 


Mil 

ions 

£  Sterling 

S 

9  ;  s 

s 

0 

^ 

co 

r'l 

^    ^ 

1 

,!, 

Total 

ri 

CO           ^ 

10 

<o 

R 

S 

ft 

00          00 

00 

r4 

iH 

ft 

U.  Kingdom .     . 

70 

81 

91 

1191  140- 

156 

97 

754 

France .... 

68 

79 

86 

96 

III 

"3 

72 

625 

Germany  .     .     . 

40 

44 

53 

65 

73 

81 

57 

413 

Russia  .... 

46 

47 

'  49 

,54 

56 

72 

41 

365 

Austria      .    .     . 

30 

.33 

33 

35 

34 

36 

25 

226 

Italy     .... 

11 

12 

13 

15 

17 

20 

12 

TOO 

Spain    .... 

16 

18 

17 

22 

24 

26 

14 

137 

Portugal    .     .     . 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

6 

4 

30 

Scandinavia  .     . 

7 

7 

8 

10 

10 

10 

6 

.sa 

Belgium    .    .     . 

2 

3 

5 

6 

18 

29 

IS 

78 

Various     .     .     . 

4 

5       7 

8 

13 

13 

8 

5a 

Europe  ^ .    .    . 

296 

332  1  366 

435 

502 

562 

351 

2,844 

U.  States .    .     . 

10 

17!    30 

3a 

62 

lOI 

^3 

341 

Total    .    . 

306 

349 !  396 

473 

564 

663 

434 

3,185 

The  value  of  woollen  manufactures  produced  was  ap- 
proximately thus : — 


Millions 

;^  Sterling 

^ 

^ 

s 

s 

0 

? 

£0 

■3 

i. 

iH 

rH 

r4 

H 

I-t 

iH 

10 

f-i 

s 

£0 

«0 

00 

h. 

U.  Kingdom 

191 

208 

249 

.3" 

412 

476 

320 

2,167 

France     .     . 

185 

205 

233 

252 

325 

328 

230 

1,758 

Germany .     . 

105 

114 

142 

171 

215 

23s 

•185 

1,167 

Russia     .     . 

126 

124 

132 

141 

166 

2X1 

130 

1,030 

Austria    .     . 

81 

85 

90 

93 

107 

no 

.84 

650 

Italy    .     .     . 

27 

27 

.32 

.34 

46 

49 

34 

249 

Spain  .     .    . 

.45 

47 

47 

56 

71 

75 

44 

385 

Portugal .    •. 

5 

7 

8 

11 

14 

•15 

12 

72 

Scandinaivia . 

18 

19 

22 

25 

31 

.30 

18. 

X63 

Belgium  .    . 

■■i 

7 

XI 

13 

47 

75 

44 

202 

Various    .     . 

9 

II 

17 

19 

37 

35 

24 

152 

Europe    .    . 

797 

8S4 

983 

1,126 

1,471 

1,6.39 

i,x35 

7,99.S 

U.  States     . 

27 

45 

81 

117 

190 

282 

241 

983 

Total    . 

824 

899 

1,064 

1.243 

1,661 

1,921 

1,366 

8,978 

The  consumption  of  woollen  goods  in  various  countries 
was  approximately  as  follows : — 


Millions 

£  Sterling 

« 

f 

^ 

^ 

^ 

^ 

^ 

"cS 

i-i 

•H 

1 

iH 

iH 

« 

CO 

10 

t- 

h 

r< 

•H 

r4 

fH 

00 
t-i 

s 

U.  Kingdom 

X40 

158 

X79 

207 

242 

28X 

190 

1.397 

France     .     . 

170 

X84 

193 

187 

235 

xgi 

1x7 

1,277 

Germanv .     . 

100 

104 

XX7 

131 

1.55 

X67 

IXO 

884 

Russia     .     . 

126 

124 

135 

145 

172 

220 

135 

1,0.57 

Austria    .     . 

8x 

85 

90 

93 

X09 

105 

78 

641 

Italy   .    .    . 

27 

30 

37 

44 

67 

71 

49 

325 

Spain .     .     . 

45 

47 

.52 

62 

79 

83 

,52 

420 

Portugal .    . 

7 

9 

XX 

14 

17 

18 

14 

90 

Scandinavia . 

18 

20 

25 

-    .30 

,39 

.53 

38 

222 

Belgium  .     . 

10 

12 

15 

20 

.32 

46 

21 

1.S6 

Various    .     . 

9 
7,33 

12 

785 

x6 

20 

30 

35 

25 

147 

Europe    .     . 

870 

953 

h^77 

1,269 

829 

6,6x6 

U.  States     . 

35 

57 

103 

173 

1^1 

.369 

297 

1,276 

Colonies,  &c. 

I    5^ 

57 

91 

117 

242 

283 

240 

1,086 

Total    . 

,824 

899 

1,064 

1.243 

1,661 

1,921 

1,366 

8,978 

Shi 
7' 

Uings 

per 

Inhabitant,  Yearly 

3 

e 

I 

9      2  i  £: 
t-      S   1  09 

fH 

IH 

pH 

r!< 

f-l 

rH 

CO 

<o 

1 

00 
iH 

00 
IH 

00 

iH 

00 

s 

00 

iH 

United  Kingdom  .        •  1  12 

13 

14 

15 

x6 

x8 

1."; 

France  . 

■    12 

II 

11 

xo 

13 

XX 

q 

Germanv 

7 

7 

7 

7 

8 

8 

7 

Russia    . 

5 

•S 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

.■Austria  . 

7 

7 

7 

6 

7 

6 

6 

Italy 

4 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

Soain     . 

7 

7 

8 

8 

9 

xo 

9 

Scandinavia 

8 

7 

8 

9 

XI 

13 

13 

Belgium 

6 

6 

7 

8 

X2 

x8 

XI 

Eurqpe  . 

8 

8 

8 

8 

9 

9       8 

United  States 

7 

7 

xo 

•13 

14 

17 

15 

United  Kingdom 

The  woollen  industry  dates  its  importance  from  the 
reign  of  Edward  III. ,  who  introduced  foreign  workmen. 

Gregory  King  in  1690,  estimated  the  value  of  woollen 
manufactures  at  eight  millions  sterling,  of  which  one-fourth 
were  exported ;  he  valued  the  wool  at  two  millions  sterling. 

The  woollen  industry  approximately  was  thus  : — 


Millions  of  Lbs. 

Year 

11 

•a 

0 
Q. 

E 

'S'o 
^1 

1 

s 

•a  ■ 

1 

T3 

Value  of ' 
Output,  £ 

X780  ..  .    . 

80 

3 

83 

.58 

58 

16,600,000 

x8oo  .     .     . 

90 

10 

xoo 

68 

75 

x8,ooo,ooo 

1820  .     .     . 

xoo 

xo 

IXO 

75 

80 

18,700,000 

X830  .     .     . 

"5 

,32 

147 

96 

2 

94 

19,400,000 

1840  .    .    , 

120 

48 

x68 

■108 

4 

104 

22,100,000 

1850  .     .     . 

14X 

60 

201 

129 

14 

"5 

27,700,000 

x86o  .     .     . 

144 

X04 

248 

1,53 

28 

"5 

34,600,000 

X870  ...     . 

i,S5 

171 

326 

194 

35 

159 

47,800,000 

1880  .     .     . 

i,S9 

226 

385 

224 

26 

198 

47,500^000 

x888  .     .    . 

136 

300 

436 

245 

40 

205 

43,900,000 

The  output  was  composed  as  follows : 


Year 


Manufactures,  £ 


Home  Use    Export 


14,000, 
11,100, 
13,100, 
14.500, 
16,300, 
17,600, 
18,600, 
21,100, 
26,900, 
19,800, 


000,  2,600,000 

000  6,900,000 

5,600,000 

4,700,000 

5,300,000 

8,600,000 

12,200,000 

,ooo|  2 1,700,000 

ooO|  17,300,000 

,000  20,000,000 


000 
000 
000 
000 
000 


Total 


16,600, 
x8,ooo, 
18,700, 
19,200, 
2x,6oo, 
26,200, 
30,800, 
42,800, 
44,200, 
39.800, 


Ex- 
ported 
Yarn,;^ 


000 
,000 
,000 

,000'  200,000 
,000  500,000 
,000' 1,500, 000 
,ooo'3,8oo,ooo 
,ooo'5, 000,000 
,0003,300,000 
,oool4, 100,000 


Total 
Output, 


16,600,000 
18,000,000 

x8,7oo,ooc; 
19,400,000 
22,  xoo.ooo 
27,700,000 
34,600,000 
47,800,000 
47,500,000 
43,900,000 


The  business  of  sixty-seven  years  may  be  stated  thus : — 


Tons 

Value,  Millions  £ 

Perio( 

Wool 

Yarn 
Spun 

Wool 

Manu- 
factures 

Net 
Result 

1821-30  .    . 
1831-40  .     . 
1841-50  .     . 
1851-60  .     . 
1861-70  .     . 
1871-80  .     . 
1881-87  ,     . 

570,000 
680,000 
820,000 
1,040,000 
1,290,000 
1,570,000 
1,200,000 

380,000 
440,000 
520,000 
650,000 
790,000 
930,000 
700,000 

70 
81 

9» 
119 

140 

156 

97 

*9j 
208 

244 

3" 
412 

476 
320 

121 

127 

153 
192 
272 
320 
223 

67  years  .     . 

7,170,000 

4,4x0,000 

754 

2,162 

1,408 

CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA  * 


We  the  People  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form  a 
more  perfect  Union,  establish  Justice,  insure  domestic 
Tranquillity,  proyide  for  the  common  defence,  promote 
the  general  Welfare,  and  secure  the  Blessings  of  Liberty 
to  ourselves  and  our  Posterity  do  ordain  and  establish 
this  Com  BTiTUTioir  for  the  United  States  of  America. 

ARTICLE  I. 

Section  1.  All  legislative  Powers  herein  granted 
shall  be  vested  in  a  Congress  of  the  United  States,  which 
shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives. 

Skotion  2.  >The  House  of  Representatives  shall  h% 
composed  of  Members  chosen  every  second  Year  by  the 
People  of  the  several  States,  and  the  Electors  in  each 
State  shall  have  the  Qualifications  requisite  for  Electors 
of  the  most  numerous  Branch  of  the  State  Legislature. 

2No  Person  shall  be  a  Representative  who  shall  not  have 
attained  to  the  Age  of  twenty-five  Years,  and  been  seven 
Years  a  Citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not, 
when  elected,  be  an  Inhabitant  of  that  State  in  which  he 
shall  be  chosen. 

^Representatives  and  direct  Taxes  shall  be  apportioned 
among  the  several  States  which  may  be  included  within 
this  Union,  according  to  their  respective  Numbers, 
which  sh^  be  determined  by  adding  to  the  whole  Num. 
ber  of  free  Persons,  including  those  Dound  to  Service  for 
a  Term  of  Years,  and  excluding  Indians  not  taxed,  three 
fifths  of  all  other  Persons.  The  actual  Enumeration 
shall  be  made  witliin  three  Years  after  the  first  meeting 
of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  and  within  every 
subsequent  Term  of  ten  Years,  in  such  Manner  as  they 
shall  by  Law  direct.  The  Number  of  Representatives 
shall  not  exceed  one  for  every  thirty  Thousand,  but  each 
State  shall  have  at  least  one  Representative ;  and  nntU 
such  enumeration  shall  be  made,  the  State  of  New 
Hampshire  shall  be  entitled  to  chuse  three,  Massachu- 
setts eight,  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations 
one,  Connecticut  five.  New  York  six.  New  Jersey  four, 
Pennsylvania  eight,  Delaware  one,  Maryland  six,  Vir- 
ginia ten.  North  Carolina  five.  South  Carolina  five,  and 
Georgia  three. 

*When  vacancies  happen  in  the  Representation  from 
any  State,  the  Executive  Authority  thereof  shall  issue 
Writs  of  Election  to  fill  such  Vacancies. 

5The  House  of  Representatives  shall  chuse  their 
Speaker  and  other  OflB.cers ;  and  shall  have  the  sole  Power 
of  Impeachment. 

Section  3.  'The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall 
be  composed  of  two  Senators  from  each  State,  chosen  by 
the  Legislature  thereof,  for  six  Years :  and  each  Senator 
shall  have  one  Vote. 

2Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in  Con- 
sequence of  the  first  Election,  they  shall  be  divided  as 
equally  as  may  be  into  three  Classes.  The  Seats  of  the 
Senators  of  the  first  Class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  Expira- 
tion of  the  second  Year,  of  the  second  Class  at  the  Ex- 
piration of  the  fourth  Year,  and  of  the  third  Class  at  the 
Expiration  of  the  sixth  Year,  so  that  one-third  may  be 
chosen  every  second  Year ;  and  if  Vacancies  happen  by 
Resignation,  or  otherwise,  during  the  Recess  of  the 
Legislature  of  any  State,  the  Executive  thereof  may  make 
temporary  Appointments  until  the  next  Meeting  of  the 
Legislature,  which  shall  then  fill  such  Vacancies. 

3No  Person  shall  be  a  Senator  who  shall  not  have  at- 
tained to  the  Age  of  thirty  Years,  and  been  nine  Years  a 
Citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not,  when 
elected,  be  an  Inhabitant  of  that  State  for  which  he  shall 
bo  chosen. 

*The  Vice  President  of  the  United  States  shall  be 
President  of  the  Senate,  but  shall  have  no  Vote,  unless 
they  be  equally  divided. 

5The  Senate  shall  chuse  their  other  Officers,  and  also 
a  President  pro  tempore,  in  the  Absence  of  the  Vice 
President,  or  when  he  shall  exercise  the  Office  of  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States. 

*  Thia  copy  of  the  Constitution  is  from  the  copy  printed  in 
George  Ticknor  Onrtis'B  "History  of  the  Constitution,"  which 
yets  compared  with  the  Bella  in  the  Department  of  State, 


6The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  Power  to  try  all  Impeach 
ments.  When  sitting  for  that  Purpose,  they  shall  be  on 
Oath  or  Affirmation.  When  the  President  of  the  United 
States  is  tried,  the  Chief  Justice  shall  preside :  And  no 
Person  shall  be  convicted  without  the  Concurrence  of 
two-thirds  of  the  Members  present. 

■?  Judgment  in  Cases  of  Impeachment  shall  not  extend 
further  than  to  removal  from  Office,  and  Disqualification 
to  hold  and  enjoy  any  Office  of  honour.  Trust  or  Profit 
under  the  United  States  ;  but  the  Party  convicted  shall 
nevertheless  be  liable  and  subject  to  Indictment,  Trifil, 
Judgment  and  Punishment,  according  to  Law. 

Section  4.  iThe  Times,  Places  and  Manner  of  hold- 
ing Elections  fortJenators  and  Representatives,  shall  be 
prescribed  in  each  State  by  the  Legislature  thereof ;  but 
the  Congress  may  at  any  time  by  Law  make  or  alter  such 
Regulations,  except  as  to  the  Places  of  chusing  Senators. 
2The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every 
Year,  and  such  meeting  shall  be  on  the  first  Monday  in 
December,  unless  they  shall  by  Law  appoint  a  different 
Day. 

Section  5.  lEach  House  shall  be  the  Judge  of  the 
Elections,  Returns  and  Qualifications  of  its  own  Mem- 
bers, and  a  Majority  of  each  shall  constitute  a  Quorum  to 
do  business ;  but  a  smaller  Number  may  adjourn  from 
day  to  day,  and  may  be  authorized  to  compel  the  Attend- 
ance of  absent  Members,  in  such  Manner,  and  nnder 
such  Penalties  as  each  House  may  provide. 

2Each  House  may  determine  the  Rules  of  its  Proceed- 
ings, punish  its  Members  for  disorderly  Behaviour,  and, 
with  the  Concurrence  of  two  thirds,  expel  a  Member. 

^Each  House  shall  keep  a  Journal  of  its  Proceedings, 
and  from  time  to  time  publish  the  same,  excepting  such 
Parts  as  may  in  their  Judgment  require  Secrecy  ;  and  the 
Yeas  and  Nays  of  the  Members  of  either  House  on  any 
question  shall,  at  the  Desire  of  one  fifth  of  those  Present, 
be  entered  on  the  Journal. 

♦Neither  House,  during  the  Session  of  Congress,  shall, 
without  the  Consent  of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than 
three  days,  nor  to  any  other  Place  than  that  in  which  the 
two  Houses  shall  be  sitting. 

Section  6.  iThe  Senators  and  Representatives  shall 
receive  a  compensation  for  their  Services,  to  be  ascer- 
tained by  Law,  and  paid  out  of  the  Treasury  of  the 
United  States.  They  shall  in  all  Cases,  except  Treason, 
Felony  and  Breach  of  the  Peace,  be  privileged  from 
Arrest  during  their  Attendance  at  the  Session  of  their 
respective  Houses,  and  in  going  to  and  returning  from 
the  same ;  and  for  any  Speech  or  Debate  in  either  House 
they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any  other  Place. 

2No  Senator  or  Representative  shall,  during  the  Time 
for  which  he  was  elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  Office 
under  the  Authority  of  the  United  States,  which  shall 
have  been  created,  or  the  Emoluments  whereof  shall  have 
been  increased  during  such  time ;  and  no  Person  holding 
any  Office  under  the  United  States,  shall  be  a  member  of 
either  House  daring  his  Continuance  in  Office. 

Section  7.  lAU  Bills  for  raising  Revenue  shall 
originate  in  the  House  of  Representatives ;  but  the  Senate 
may  propose  or  concur  with  Amendments  as  on  other 
Bills. 

2Every  Bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  H9use  of  Rep- 
resentatives and  the  Senate,  shall,  before  it  become  a 
Law,  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the  United  States. 
If  he  approve  he  shall  sign  it,  but  if  not  he  shall  return  it, 
with  his  Objections  to  that  Bfouse  in  which  it  shall  have 
originated,  who  shall  enter  the  Objections  at  large  on 
their  Journal,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  it.  If  after 
such  Reconsideration  two  thirds  of  that  House  shall 
agree  to  pass  the  Bill,  it  shall  be  sent,  together  with  the 
Objections,  to  the  other  House,  by  which  it  shall  likewise 
be  reconsidered,  and  if  approved  by  two  thirds  of  that 
House,  it  shall  become  a  Law.  But  in  all  such  Cases  the 
Votes  of  both  Houses  shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays, 
and  the  Names  of  the  Persons  voting  for  and  against 
the  Bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  Journal  of  each  House, 
respectively.  If  any  Bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the 
President  within  ten  Days  (Sunday  excepted)  after  it 
shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  the  Same  shall  be  a 
Law,  in  like  Manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  anless  the 


lOU 


1012 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


Congress  by  their  Adjotirnment  prevent  its  Betom,  in 
which  Case  it  shall  not  be  a  Law. 

3Every  Order,  Resolution,  or  Vote  to  which  the  Con- 
cnrrence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  may 
be  necessary  (except  on  a  Question  of  Adjournment)  shall 
be  presented  to  the  President  of  the  United  States ;  and 
before  the  same  shall  take  Effect,  shall  be  approved  by 
him,  or  being  disapproved  by  him,  shall  be  repassed  by 
two  thirds  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives 
according  to  the  Rules  and  liimitations  prescribed  in  the 
Case  of  a  Bill. 

Section  8.  The  Congress  shall  have  Power  iTo  lay 
an(^Bollect  Taxes,  Duties,  Imposts  and  Excises,  to  pay 
thefiDebts  and  provide  for  the   common  Defence  and 

feneral  Welfare  of  the  United  States ;  but  all  Duties, 
mposte  and  Excises  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the 
United  States ; 

2To  borrow  Money  on  the  credit  of  the  United 
States 

3To  regulate  Commerce  with  foreign  Nations,  and 
among  the  several  States,  and  with  the  Indian  Tribes; 

*To  establish  an  uniform  Rule  of  Naturalization,  and 
uniform  Laws  on  the  subjects  of  BankrupteieS  through- 
out the  United  States ; 

5To  coin  Money,  regulate  the  Value  thereof,  and  of  for- 
eign Coin,  and  fix  the  Standard  of  Weights  and  Meas- 

bTo  provide  for  the  Punishment  of  counterfeiting  the 
Securities  and  current  Coin  of  the  United  States; 

'To  establish  Post  Oiiices  and  post  Roads; 

8To  promote  the  Progress  of  Science  and  useful  Arts, 
by  securing  for  limited  Times  .to  Authors  and  Inventors 
the  exclusive  Right  to  their  respective  Writings  and  Dis- 
coveries; 

»To  constitute  Tribunals  inferior  to  the  supreme 
Court ; 

loTo  define  and  punish  Piracies  and  Felonies  com- 
mitted on  the  high  Seas,  and  Offences  against  the  Laws 
of  Nations ; 

uTo  declare  War,  grant  Letters  of  Marque  and  Re- 
prisal, and  make  Rules  concerning  Captures  on  Land 
and  Water; 

i2To  raise  and  support  Armies,  but  no  Appropriation 
of  Money  to  that  Use  shall  be  lor  a  longer  Term  than 
two  Years ; 

i3To  provide  and  maintain  a  Navy; 

i*To  make  Rules  for  the  Government  and  Regulation 
of  the  land  and  navy  Forces; 

loTo  provide  for  calling  forth  the  Militia  to  execute 
the  Laws  of  the  Union,  suppress  Insurrections  and  repel 
Invasions; 

16T0  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and  disciplin- 
ing the  Militia,  and  for  governing  such  Part  of  them  as 
may  be  employed  in  the  Service  of  the  United  States, 
reserving  to  the  States  respectively,  the  Appointment  or 
the  Officers,  and  the  Authority  of  training  the  Militia 
according  to  the  discipline  prescribed  by  Congress; 

I'To  exercise  exclusive  Legislation  in  all  Cases  what- 
soever, over  such  District  (not  exceeding  ten  Miles 
square)  as  may,  by  Cession  of  particular  States,  and  the 
Acceptance  of  Congress,  become  the  Seat  of  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  Stetes,  and  to  exercise  like  Authority 
over  all  Places  purchased  by  the  Consent  of  the  Legis» 
lature  of  the  State  in  which  the  same  shall  be,  for  the 
Erection  of  Forts,  Magazines,  Arsenals,  Dock- Yards,  and 
othenneedfnl  Buildings;— And 

isTo  make  all  Laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and 
proper  for  carrying  into  Execution  the  foregoing  Powers, 
and  all  other  Powers  vested  by  this  Constitution  in  the 
Government  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  Department 
or  Office  thereof. 

Section  9.  iThe  Migration  or  Importation  of  such 
Persons  as  any  of  the  States  now  existing  shall  think 
proper  to  admit,  shall  not  be  prohibited  by  the  Congress 

grior  to  the  Year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight, 
at  a  Tax  or  duty  may  be  imposed  on  such  Importation, 
not  exceeding  ten  dollars  for  each  Person. 

2The  Privilege  of  the  Writ  of  Habeas  Corpus  shall  not 
be  suspended,  unless  when  in  Cases  of  Rebellion  or  In- 
vasion the  public  Safety  may  require  it. 

3No  Bill  of  Attainder  or  ex  post  facto  Law  shall  be 
passed. 

*No  Capitation,  or  other  direct  Tax  shall  be  laid, 
unless  in  Proportion  to  the  Census  or  Elnnmeration 
herein  before  directed  to  be  taken. 

5No  Tax  or  Duty  shall  be  laid  on  Articles  exported 
from  any  State. 

6N0  Preference  shall  be  given  by  any  Regulation  of 
Commerce  or  Revenue  to  the  Porta  of  one  State  over 
those  of  another;  nor  shall  Vessels  bound  to,  or  from, 
one  State,  be  obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or  pay  Duties  in  an- 
other. 


'No  Money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  Treasury,  but  in 
consequence  of  Appropriations  made  by  Law;  and  a 
regular  Statement  and  Account  of  the  Receipte  and  Ex- 
penditures of  all  public  Money  shall  be  i>abliJahed  from 
time  to  time. 

8N0  Title  of  Nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  United 
States:  And  no  Person  holding  any  Office  of  Profit  or 
Trust  under  them,  shall,  without  the  Consent  of  the 
C9ngress,  accept  of  any  Present,  Emolument,  Office,  or 
Title,  of  any  kind  whatever,  from  stay  King,  Prince,  or 
foreign  State. 

Sbxjtion  10.  iNo  State  shall  enter  into  any  Treaty, 
Alliance,  or  Confederation;  grant  Letters  of  Marque  and 
Reprisal;  coin  Money;  emit  Bills  of  Credit;  make  any 
Thing  but  gold  and  silver  Coin  a  Tender  in  Payment  of 
Debts;  pass  any  Bill  of  Attainder,  ex  post  facto  Law,  or 
Law  impairing  the  Obligation  of  Contracte,  or  grant  any 
Title  of  Nobility. 

*No  State  shall,  without  the  Consent  of  the  Congress, 
lay  any  Imposts  or  Duties  on  Importe  or  Exports,  except 
what  maybe  absolutely  necessary  for  executing  ite  in- 
spection Laws;  and  the  net  Produce  of  all  Duties  and 
Imposte,  laid  by  any  State  on  Importe  or  Exports,  shall 
be  for  the  Use  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States;  and 
all  such  Laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  Revision  and  Con- 
troul  of  the  Congress. 

SNo  State  shall,  without  the  Consent  of  Congress,  lay 
any  Duty  of  Tonnage,  keep  Troops,  or  Sliips  of  War  in 
time  of  Peace,  enter  into  any  Agreement  or  Compact  with 
another  State,  or  with  a  foreign  Power,  or  enga^  in 
War,  unless  actually  invaded,  or  in  such  imminent 
Danger  as  wjjl  not  admit  of  Delay. 

ARTICLE  n. 

Skotion  1.  JThe  executive  Power  shall  bo  vested  in 
a  President  of  the  United  States  of  America.  He  shall 
hold  his  Office  during  the  Term  of  four  Years,  and,  to- 
gether with  the  Vice  President,  chosen  for  the  seime 
Term,  be  elected,  as  follows: 

2Each  State  shall  appoint,  in  snch  Manner  as  the 
Legislature  thereof  may  direct,  a  Number  of  Electors 
equal  to  the  whole  Number  of  Senators  and  Represents 
atives  to  which  the  State  may  be  entitled  in  the  Congress : 
but  no  Senator  or  Representative,  or  Person  holding  an 
Office  of  Trust  or  Profit  under  the  United  States,  shall 
be  appointed  an  EUector. 

The  Electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  and 
vote  by  Ballot  for  two  Persons,  of  whom  one  at  least 
shall  not  be  an  Inhabitant  of  the  same  State  with  them- 
selves. And  they  shall  make  a  List  of  all  the  Persons 
voted  for,  and  of  the  Number  of  Votes  for  each  ;  which 
List  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to 
the  Seat  of  the  Government  of  the  United  Stetes,  directed 
to  the  President  of  the  Senate.  The  President  of  the 
Senate  shall,  in  the  Presence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives,  open  all  the  Certificates,  and  the  Votes 
shall  then  be  counted.  The  Person  having  the  greatest 
Number  of  Votes  shall  be  the  President,  if  such  Number 
be  a  Majority  of  thewholeNumberof  Electorsappointed; 
and  if  there  be  more  than  one  who  have  such  Majority, 
and  have  an  equal  Number  of  Votes,  then  the  House  or 
Representatives  shall  immediately  chuse  by  Ballot  one  of 
them  for  President ;  and  if  no  Person  have  a  Majority, 
then  from  the  five  highest  on  the  List  the  said  House  shall 
in  like  Manner  chuse  the  President.  But  in  chasing  the 
Presideij^the  Votes  shall  be  taken  by  States,  the  Repre- 
sentetibaftrom  each  State  having  one  Vote.  A  quorum  for 
this  Purpose  shall  consist  of  a  Member  or  Members  from 
two  thirds  of  the  Stetes,  and  a  Majority  of  all  the  Stetes 
^hall  be  necessary  to  a  Choice.  In  every  Case,  after  the 
Choice  of  the  President,  the  Person  having  the  greatest 
Number  of  Votes  of  the  Electors  shall  be  the  Vice  Presi- 
dent. But  if  there  should  remain  two  or  more  who  have 
equal  Votes,  the  Senate-shaU  chuse  from  them  by  Ballot 
the  Vice  President.* 

3The  Congress  may  determine  the  Time  of  chusing  the 
Electors,  and  the  Day  on  which  they  shall  give  their  Votes ; 
whi  ch  Day  shall  be  the  same  throughout  the  United  States. 
*  <No  Person  except  a  natural  born  Citizen,  or  a  Citizen 
of  the  United  Stetes,  at  the  time  of  the  Adoption  of  this 
Constitution,  shall  be  eligible  to  the  Office  of  President; 
neither  shall  any  Person  be  eligible  to  that  Office  who 
shall  not  have  attained  to  the  Age  of  thirty  five  Years, 
and  been  fourteen  Years  a  Resident  within  the  United 
States. 

6In  Case  of  the  Removal  of  the  President  from  Office, 
or  of  his  Death,  Resignation,  or  Inability  to  discharge  the 
Powers  and  Duties  of  the  said  Office,  the  same  shall  de- 
volve on  the  Vice  President,  and  the  Congress  may  by 

*  Altered  to  the  12th  Amendment.    See  page  1014. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


1013 


Law  provide  for  the  Case  of  Removal,  Death,  Resignation 
or  Inability,  both  of  the  President  and  Vice  President,  de- 
claring what  Otficer  shall  then  act  as  President,  and  snch 
Officer  shall  act  accordingly,  until  the  Disability  be  re- 
moved, or  a  President  shall  be  elected. 

•iThe  President  shall,  at  stated  Times,  receive  for  his 
ServiceSj  a  Compensation  which  shallneither  be  increased 
nor  diminished  during  the  Period  for  which  he  shall  have 
been  elected,  and  he  shall  not  receive  within  that  Period 
any  other  Emolument  from  the  United  States,  or  any  of 
them. 

TBef  ore  he  enter  on  the  ExecL;tion  of  his  Office,  he  shall 
take  the  following  Oath  or  Affirmative  :— 

"I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  faithfully 
"  execute  the  Office  of  President  of  the  United  States,  and 
"will  to  the  best  of  my  Ability,  preserve,  protect  and  de- 
"  fend  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States." 

Section  2.  iThe  President  shall  be  Commander  in 
Chief  of  the  Army  and  Navy  of  the  United  States,  and  of 
the  Militia  of  the  several  States,  when  called  into  the  ac- 
tual Service  of  the  United  States:  he  may  require  the 
Opinion,  in  writing,  of  the  principal  Officer  in  each  of  the 
executive  Departments,  upon  any  Subject  relating  to  the 
Duties  of  their  respective  Offices,  and  he  shall  have  Power 
to  grant  Reprieves  and  Pardons  for  Offences  against  the 
United  States,  except  in  Cases  of  Impeachment. 

2  He  shal  I  have  Power,  by  and  with  the  Advice  and  Con- 
sent of  the  Senate,  to  make  Treaties,  provided  two  thirds 
of  the  Senators  present  concur ;  and  he  shall  nominate, 
and  by  and  with  the  Advice  and  Consent  of  the  Senate, 
shall  appoint  Ambassadors,  other  public  Ministers  and 
Consuls,  Judges  of  the  supreme  Court,  and  all  other  Of- 
ficers of  the  United  States,  whose  Appointments  are  not 
herein  otherwise  provided  for,  and  which  shall  be  estab- 
lished by  Law :  but  the  Congress  may  by  Law  vest  the  Ap- 
pointment of  such  inferior  Officers,  as  they  think  proper, 
m  the  President  alone,  in  the  Coarte  of  Law,  or  in  the 
Heads  of  Departments. 

3The  President  shall  have  Power  to  fill  np  all  Vacancies 
that  may  happen  during  the  Recess  of  the  Senate,  by 
granting  Commissions  which  shall  expire  at  the  End  of 
their  next  Session. 

Seotion  .  3.  He  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to  the 
Congress  Information  of  the  State  of  the  Union,  and  rec- 
ommend to  their  Consideration  such  Measures  as  ho  shall 
judge  necessary  and  expedient ;  he  may,  on  extraordinary 
Occasions,  convene  both  Houses,  or  either  of  them,  and  in 
Case  of  Disagreement  between  them,  with  Respect  to  the 
time  of  Adjournment,  he  may  adjourn  them  to  such  Time 
as  he  shall  think  proper ;  he  shall  receive  Ambassadors 
and  other  public  Ministers ;  he  shall  take  Care  that  the 
Laws  be  faithfully  executed,  and  shall  Commission  all  the 
officers  of  the  United  States. 

Seotion  4.  The  President,  Vice  President  and  all  civil 
Officers  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  removed  from  Office 
on  Impeachment  for,  and  Conviction  of,  Treason,  Bribery, 
or  other  high  Grimes  and  Misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE  in. 

Skotioh  1.  The  judicial  Power  of  the  United  States, 
shall  be  vested  in  one  supreme  Court,  and  in  such  inferior 
Courts  as  the  Congress  may  from  time  to  time  ordain  and 
establish.  The  Judges,  both  of  the  supreme  and  inferior 
Courts,  shall  hold  their  Offices  duringgood  Behavior,  and 
shall,  at  stated  Times,  receive  for  their  Services,  a  Com- 
pensation, which  shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  Con- 
tinuance in  Office. 

Section  2.  iThe  judicial  Power  shall  extend  to  all 
Cases,  in  Law  and  Equity,  arising  under  this  Constitution, 
the  Laws  of  the  United  States,  and  Treaties  made,  or 
which  shall  be  made,  under  their  Authority; — to  all  Cases 
affecting  Ambassadors,  other  public  Ministers,  and  Con- 
suls ; — to  all  Cases  of  admirality  and  maritime  Jurisdic- 
tion;—to  Contri)versies  to  which  the  United  States  shall  be 
a  Party ;— to  Controversies  between  two  or  more  States ; 
—between  a  State  and  Citizens  of  another  State;— be- 
tween Citizens  of  different  States ; — between  Citizens  of 
the  same  State  claiming  Lands  under  Grants  of  different 
States,  and  between  a  State,  or  the  Citizens  thereof,  and 
foreign  States,  Citizens  or  Subjects. 

2In  all  Cases  affecting  Ambassadors,  other  public  Min- 
isters and  Consuls,  and  those  in  which  a  State  shall  be 
Party,  the  supreme  Court  shall  have  original  Jurisdiction. 
In  all  the  other  Cases  before  mentioned,  the  supreme 
Court  shall  have  appellate  Jurisdiction,  both  as  to  Law 
and  Fact,  with  such  Exceptions,  and  under  such  Regula- 
tions as  the  Congress  shall  make. 

3The  Trial  of  all  Crimes,  except  in  Cases  of  Impeach- 
ment, shall  be  by  Jury;  and  such  Trial  shall  be  held  in 
the  State  where  the  said  Crimes  shall  have  been  com- 
mitted ;  bat  when  not  committed  within  any  State,  the 


Trial  shall  be  at  such  Place  or  Places  as  the  Congress 
may  by  Law  have  directed. 

Section  8.  iTreason  against  the  United  States,  shall 
consist  only_  in  levying  War  against  them,  or  in  adhering  to 
their  Enemies,  giving  them  Aid  and  Conif  ort.  No  Person 
shall  be  convicted  of  Treason  unless  on  the  Testimony  of 
two  Witnesses  to  the  same  overt  Act,  or  on  Confession  in 
open  Court. 

2The  Congress  shall  have  Power  to  declare  the  Punish- 
ment of  Treason,  but  no  Attainder  of  Treason  shall  work 
Corruption  of  Blood,  or  Forfeiture  except  dnring  the  Life 
of  the  Person  attained. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

Section  1.  Full  Faith  and  Credit  shall  be  ^ven  in 
each  State  to  the  public  Acts,  Records,  and  judicial  Pro- 
ceedings of  every  other  State.  And  the  Congress  may  by 
general  Laws  prescribe  the  Manner  in  which  snch  Acts, 
Records  and  Proceedings  shall  be  proved,  and  the  Effect 
thereof. 

Section  2.  iThe  Citizens  of  each  State  shall  be  en- 
titled to  all  Privileges  and  Immonitiee  of  Citizens  in  the 
several  States. 

2A  Person  charged  in  any  State  with  Treason,  Felony, 
or  other  Crime,  who  shall  flee  from  Justice,  and  be  found 
in  another  State,  shall  on  Demand  of  the  executive  Author- 
ity of  the  State  from  which  he  fled,  be  delivered  up,  to  be 
removed  to  the  State  having  Jurisdiction  of  the  Crime. 

'No Pei-son  held  to  Service  orLabour  in  one  State, 
under  the  Laws  thereof,  escaping  into  another,  shall,  in 
Consequence  of  any  Law  or  Regulation  therein,  be  dis- 
charged from  snch  Service  or  Labour,  but  shall  be  deliv- 
ered up  on  Claim  of  the  Party  to  whom  snch  Service  or 
Labour  may  be  due. 

Section  3.  iNew  States  may  be  admitted  by  the  Con- 
gress into  this  Union ;  but  no  new  State  shall  be  formed 
or  erected  within  the  Jurisdiction  of  any  other  State;  nor 
any  State  be  formed  by  the  Junction  of  two  or  more 
States,  or  Parts  of  States,  without  the  Consent  of  the  Leg- 
islatures of  the  States  concerned  as  well  as  of  the  Congress. 

2The  Congress  shall  have  Power  to  dispone  of  and  make 
all  needful  Rules  and  Regulations  respecting  the  Territory 
or  other  Property  belonging  to  the  United  States ;  and 
nothing  in  this  Constitution  shall  be  so  construed  as  to 
Prejudice  any  Claims  of  the  United  States,  or  of  any 
particular  State. 

Section  4.  The  United  States  shall  guarantee  t^  every 
State  in  this  Union  a  Republican  Form  of  Government, 
and  shall  protect  each  of  them  against  Invasion ;  and  on 
Application  of  the  Legislature,  or  of  the  Executive  (when 
the  Legislature  cannot  be  convened)  against  domestic 
Violence. 

ARTICLE  V. 

The  Congress,  whenever  two  thirds  of  both  Houses  shall 
deem  it  necessary,  shall  propose  Amendments  to  this  Con- 
stitution, or,  on  the  Application  of  the  Legislatures  of  two 
thirds  of  the  several  States,  shall  call  a  Convention  for 
proposing  Amendments,  which,  in  either  Case,  shall  be 
valid  to  all  Intents  and  Purposes,  as  Part  of  this  Consti- 
tution, when  ratified  by  the  Legislatures^of  three  fourths 
of  the  several  States,  or  by  Conventions  in  three  fourths 
thereof,  as  the  one  or  the  other  Mode  of  Ratification  may- 
be proposed  by  the  Congress ;  Provided  that  no  Amena- 
ment  which  may  be  made  prior  to  the  Year  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  eight  shall  in  any  Manner  affect  the 
first  and  fourth  Clauses  in  the  Ninth  Section  of  the  first 
Article ;  and  that  no  State  without  its  Consent,  shall  be 
deprived  of  its  equal  suffrage  in  the  Senate. 

ARTICLE   VI. 

lAll  Debts  contracted  and  Engagements  entered  into, 
before  the  Adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  as  valid 
against  the  United  States  under  thislConstitution,  as  under 
the  Confederation. 

2This  Constitution,  and  the  Laws  of  the  United  States 
which  shall  be  made  in  Pursuance  thereof;  and  all  Treaties 
made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  the  Authority  of  the 
United  States,  shall  be  the  supreme  Law  of  the  Land; 
and  the  Judges  in  every  State  shall  be  bound  thereby,  any 
Thing  in  the  Constitution  or  Laws  of  any  State  to  the 
Contrary  notwithstanding. 

3The  Senators  and  Representatives  before  mentioned, 
and  the  Members  of  the  several  State  Legislatures,  and  all 
executive  and  judicial  Officers,  both  of  the  United  States 
and  of  the  several  States,  shall  be  bound  by  Oath  or 
Affirmation,  to  support  this  Constitution;  but  no  religious 
Test  shall  ever  be  required  as  a  Qualification  to  any  Office 
or  public  Trust  under  the  United  States, 


rioi4 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


ARTICLE  Vn. 


The  Ratification  of  the  ConventionB  of  nine  States,  shall 
be  sufficient  for  the  Establishment  of  this  Gonetitation  be- 
tween the  States  so  ratifying  the  same. 
DoNB  in  Convention  by  the  Unanimous  Consent  of  the 
States  present  the  Seventeenth  Day  of  September  in  the 
Year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and 
Eighty  seven  and  of  the  Independence  of  the  United 
States  of  America  the  Twelfth    In  Witness  where- 
of We  have  hereunto  subscribed  our  Names, 

GO.  WASHINGTON- 
Presidt,  and  Deputy  from  Virginia 
New  Hampshire. — John  Langdon,  N  icholas  Gilman. 
Massachusetts. — Nathaniel  Gorham,  Rufus  King. 
ConTiecticut. — Wm.  Saml.  Johnson,  Roger  Sherman. 
New  York. — Alexander  Hamilton. 
New  Jersey. —Wi\.  Livingston,  Wm.  Paterson,  David 

Brearley,  Jona.  Dayton. 
Pennsylvania.— B.   Franklin,  Robt-  Morris,    Thos. 
Fitz  Simmons,  James  Wilson,  Thomas  Mifflin, 
Geo.  Clymer,  Jared  Ingersoll,  Gonv.  Morris. 
Delaware.— Qeo.  Read,  John  Dickinson,  Jaco.Broom, 

Gunning  Bedford,  jun.,  Richard  Bassett. 
Maryland.— JsiTaeB  M'Henry,  Danl.  Carroll,  Dan.  of 

St.  ThoB.  Jenifer. 
Virginia.— John  Blair,  James  Madison,  Jr. 
North   Carolina.— Wm.   Blount,    Hu.  Williamson, 

Rich'd  Dodds  Spaight. 
South    Carolina.— J.  Rutledge,  Charles   Pinckney, 

Charles  Cotesworth  Pinckney,  Pierce  Butler. 
Georgta.— William  Few,  Abr,  Baldwin. 
Attest: 

William  Jaoesom,  Secretary. 


ARTICLES  IN  ADDITION  TO,  AND  AMENDMENT 

OF  THE    CONSTITUTION    OF    THE    UNITED 

STATES  OF  AMERICA. 

Proposed  by  Congress,  and  ratified  by  the  Legislatures  of  the 
several  States,  pursuant  to  the  Fifth  Article  of  the  orig- 
inal Constitution. 

(ARTICLE  I.) 

Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  establish- 
ment of  religion,  or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise  thereof  ; 
or  abridging  the  freedom  of  speech,  or  of  the  press ;  or 
the  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble,  and  to  pe- 
tition the  Government  for  a  redress  of  grievances. 

(ARTICLE  U.) 

A  well  regulated  Militia,  being  necessary  to  the  security 
of  a  free  State,  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and  bear 
Arms,  shall  not  be  infringed. 

(ARTICLE  III.) 

No  Soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace  be  quartered  in  any 
house  without  the  consent  of  the  Owner,  nor  in  time  of 
war,  but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  law. 

(ARTICLE  IV.) 

The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  persons, 
houses,  papers,  and  effects,  against  unreasonable  searches 
and  seizures,  shall  not  be  violated,  and  no  Warrants  shall 
issue,  but  upon  probable  cause,  supported  by  Oath,  or  af- 
firmation, and  particularly  describing  the  place  to  be 
searched,  and  the  persons  or  things  to  be  seized. 

(ARTICLE  V.) 

No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital,  or  other- 
wise infamous  crime,  unless  on  a  presentment  or  indict- 
ment of  a  Grand  Jury ,  except  in  cases  arising  in  the  land 
or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  Militia,  when  in  actual  service  in 
time  of  War  or  public  danger  ;  nor  shall  any_  person  be 
subject  for  the  same  offence  to  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy 
of  life  or  limb ;  nor  shall  be  compelled  in  any  Criminal 
Case  to  be  a  witness  against  himself,  nor  be  deprived  of 
life,  liberty,  or  property,  without  due  process  of  Jaw;  nor 
shall  private  property  be  taken  for  public  use,  without 
just  compensation. 

(ARTICLE  VI.) 

In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  en^y  the 
right  to  a  speedy  and  public  trial,  by  an  impartial  jury  of 
the  State  and  district  wherein  the  crime  shall  have  been 
committed,  which  district  shall  have  been  previously  asoer 


tained  by  law,  and  to  be  informed  of  the  nature  and  canse 
of  the  accusation ;  to  be  confronted  with  the  witnesses 
against  him ;  to  have  Compulsory  process  for  obtaining 
Witnesses  in  his  favour,  and  to  have  the  Assistance  of 
Counsel  for  his  defence. 

(ARTICLE  vn.) 

In  Suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in  contro- 
versy shall  exceed  twenty  dollars,  the  right  of  trial  by 
jury  shall  be  preserved,  and  no  fact  tried  by  a  jury,  shall 
be  otherwise  re-examined  in  any  Court  of  the  United 
States,  than  according  to  the  rules  of  the  common  law. 

(ARTICLE  Vni.) 

Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive 
fines  imposed,  nor  cruel  and  unusual  punishments  in- 
flicted. 

(ARTICLE  IX.) 

The  enumeration  in  the  Constitution,  of  certain  rights, 
shall  not  be  construed  to  deny  or  disparage  others  re- 
tained by  the  people. 

(ARTICLE  X.) 

The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  by  the 
Constitution,  nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the  States,  are  re- 
served to  the  States  respectively,  or  to  the  people. 

(ARTICLE  XI.) 

The  Judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not  be 
construed  to  extend  to  any  suit  in  law  or  equity,  com- 
menced or  prosecuted  against  one  of  the  United  States 
by  Citizens  of  another  State,  or  by  Citizens  or  Subjects  of 
any  Foreign  State. 

(ARTICLE  XII.) 

The  Electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  states,  and 
vote  by  ballot  for  President  and  Vice-President,  one  of 
whom,  at  least,  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same 
state  with  themselves;  they  shall  name  in  their  ballots 
the  person  voted  for  as  President,  and  in  distinct  ballots 
the  person  voted  for  as  Vice-President,  and  they  shall 
make  distinct  lists  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  President, 
and  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  Vice-President,  and  of  the 
number  of  votes  for  each,  which  lists  tliey  shall  sign  and 
certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  seat  of  the  government 
of  the  United  States,  directed  to  the  President  of  the 
Senate; — The  President  of  the  Senate  shall  in  presence  of 
the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  open  all  the 
certificates  and  the  votes  shall  then  be  counted;— The 
person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  for  Presi- 
dent, shjill  be  the  President,  if  such  number  be  a  major- 
ity of, the  whole  number  of  Electors  appointed;  and  if  no 
person  have  such  majority,  then  from  the  persons  having 
the  highest  numbers  not  exceeding  three  on  the  list  of 
those  voted  for  as  President,  the  House  of  Represent- 
atives shall  choose  immediately,  by  ballot,  the  President. 
But  in  choosing  the  President,  the  votes  shall  be  taken 
by  states,  the  representation  from  each  state  having  one 
vote;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a 
member  or  members  from  two-thirds  of  the  states,  and  a 
majority  of  all  the  states  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice. 
And  if  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  not  choose  a 
President  whenever  the  right  of  choice  shall  devolve  npon 
them,  before  the  fourth  day  of  March  next  following, 
then  the  Vice-President  shall  act  as  President,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  death  or  other  constitutional  disability  of  the 
President. — The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of 
votes  as  Vice-President,  shall  be  the  Vice-President,  if 
such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  Elec- 
tors appointed,  and  it  no  person  have  a  majority,  then 
from  the  two  highest  numbers  on  the  list,  the  Senate 
shall  choose  the  Vice-President ;  a  quorum  for  the  pur- 
pose shall  consist  of  two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of 
Senators,and  a  majority  of  the  whole  numbers  shall  be  nec- 
essary to  a  choice.  But  no  person  constitutionally  ineligi- 
ble to  the  office  of  President  shall  be  eligible  to  that  of 
Vice-President  of  the  United  States. 

(ARTICLE  xrn.) 

Section  1.  Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude 
except  as  punishment  for  crime  whereof  the  party  shall 
have  been  duly  convicted,  shall  exist  within  the  United 
States,  or  any  place  subject  to  their  jurisdiction. 

SxoTioM  2.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  tMe 
article  by  appropriate  legislation. 


CONSTITUTION   OF   THE   UNITED  STATES   OF   AMERICA, 


1015 


(ARTICLE  XIV.) 

Skotion  1.  All  persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the 
United  States,  and  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  thereof,  are 
citizens  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  State  wherein 
they  reside.  No  State  shall  make  or  enforce  any  law 
which  shaU  abridge  the  privileges  or  immunities  of  cil^ 
izens  of  the  United  States ;  nor  shall  any  State  deprive 
any  person  of  life,  liberty,  or  property,  without  due  pro- 
cess of  law;  nor  deny  to  any  person  within  its  jurisdiction 
the  equal  protection  of  the  laws.     ,    „    ,  .-       j 

Section  2.  Representatives  shall  be  apportioned 
among  the  several  States  according  to  their  respective 
numbers,  coimting  the  whole  number  of  persons  in  each 
State,  excluding  Indians  not  taxed.  But  when  the  right 
to  vote  at  any  election  for  the  choice  of  electors  f or  i'res- 
ident  and  Vice-President  of  the  United  Stotes,  Repre- 
sentatives in  Congress,  the  Executive  and  Judicial  otli- 
cers  of  a  State,  or  the  members  of  the  Legislature  thereof, 
is  denied  to  any  of  the  male  inhabitants  of  such  State, 
being  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  or  in  any  way  abridged,  except  for  participation 
in  rebellion,  or  other  crime,  the  basis  of  representation 
therein  shall  be  reduced  in  the  proportion  which  the 
number  of  such  male  citizens  shall  bear  to  the  whole 
number  of  male  citizens  twenty-one  years  of  age  m  such 

Sbotion  8.  No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  or  Repre- 
sentative in  Congress,  or  elector  of  President  and  Vice- 
President,  or  hold  any  office,  civil  or  military,  under  the 


United  States,  or  under  any  State,  who,  having  previously 
taken  an  oath,  as  a  member  of  Congress,  or  as  an  officer 
of  the  United  States,  or  as  a  member  of  any  State  legis- 
lature, or  as  an  executive  or  judicial  officer  of  any  State, 
to  support  the  constitution  of  the  United  States 
shall  have  engaged  in  insurrection  or  rebellion  against 
the  same,  or  given  aid  or  comfort  to  the  enemies  thereof. 
But  Congress  may  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each  House, 
remove  such  disability. 

Section  4.  The  validity  of  the  public  debt  of  the 
United  States,  authorized  bylaw,  including  debts  in- 
curred for  payment  of  pensions  and  bounties  for  services 
in  suppressing  insurrection  or  rebellion,  shall  not  be 
questioned.  But  neither  the  United  States  nor  any  State 
shall  assume  or  pay  any  debt  or  obligation  incurred  in  aid 
of  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  United  States,  or 
any  claim  for  the  loss  or  emancipation  of  any  slave ;  bat 
all  such  debts,  obligations  and  claims  shall  be  held  il- 
legal and  void. 

Section  5.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce, 
by  appropriate  legislation,  the  provisions  of  this  article. 

(ARTICLE  XV.) 

Section  1.  The  right  of  citizens  of  the  United  States 
to  vote  shall  not  be  denied  or  abridged  by  the  United 
States  or  by  any  State  on  account  of  race,  color,  or  pre- 
vious condition  of  servitude. 

Section  2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce 
this  article  by  appropriate  legislation. 


^1^ 


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